,,lectures ,,on ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,! ,,human ,,m9d4 ,,by ,,! ,,late ,,?omas ,,br[n1 ,m4 ,d4 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,moral ,,philosophy ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,ed9burgh4 ,,9 ,,?ree ,,volumes4 ,,vol4 ,i4 ,,&ov]3 ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,m>k ,,newman4 ,,flagg ,,& ,,g\ld1 ,,pr9t]s4 #ahbb4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,lecture ,i4 ,,page4 ,introduction1 #i ,,lecture ,,ii4 ,relation ( ! ,philosophy ( ,m9d to ! ,sci5ces 9 g5]al1 #bj ,,lecture ,,iii4 ,relation ( ! ,philosophy ( ,m9d to ! ,intellectual ,sci5ces & ,arts1 #ce ,,lecture ,,iv4 ,relation ( ! ,philosophy ( ,m9d to ! ,cultivation ( ,moral ,feel+1 #ej ,,lecture ,v4 ,on ! ,nature ( ,physical ,inquiry 9 g5]al1 #fd ,,lecture ,,vi4 ,on ! ,nature ( ,physical ,inquiry 9 g5]al1 #hj ,,lecture ,,vii4 ,on ,p[]1 ,cause1 & ,effect1 #ih ,,lecture ,,viii4 ,on ,hypo!sis & ,!ory1 #aac ,,lecture ,,ix4 ,recapitulation ( ! ,f\r prec$+ ,lectures1 #abi ,application ( ! ,laws ( ,physical ,inquiry to ! ,/udy ( ,m9d1 #ace ,,lecture ,x4 ,cont9uation ( ! same ,subject1 #add ,,lecture ,,xi4 ,cont9uation ( ! same ,subject1 #afb ,on ! ,ph5om5a ( ,m9d 9 ,g5]al1 #afg ,on ,consci\sness1 #afi ,,lecture ,,xii4 ,on ,consci\sness1 #agh ,on ,m5tal ,id5tity1 #ahj ,id5tity irreconcilable ) ! ,doctr9e ( ,mat]ialism1 #ahj ,di/9ction betwe5 ,p]sonal & ,m5tal ,id5tity1 #ahb ,%aftesbury's ,op9ion ( ,id5tity1 #ahd ,objections to ! ,doctr9e ( ,m5tal ,id5tity1 #ahe ,,lecture ,,xiii4 ,on ! ,direct ,evid5ce ( ,m5tal ,id5tity1 #aib ,objections answ]$1 #bjd ,,lecture ,,xiv4 ,cont9uation ( ! same ,subject1 #bjg ,,lecture ,,xv4 ,cont9uation ( ! same ,subject1 #bbd ,op9ion ( ,mr ,locke respect+ ,id5tity1 #bcj ,s\rce ( 8 ,p>adox respect+ x1 #bcd ,reflections sugge/$ by 8 ,p>adox1 #bce ,,lecture ,,xvi4 ,on ! ,classification ( ! ,ph5om5a ( ,m9d1 #bci ,,lecture ,,xvii4 ,cont9uation ( ! same ,subject1 #bed ,on ! ,ext]nal ,affections ( ,m9d1 9 g5]al1 #bfb ,on ! less ,def9ite ,ext]nal ,affections1 #bfd ,,lecture ,,xviii4 ,on ! m ,def9ite ,ext]nal ,affections1 #bfi ,,lecture ,,xix4 ,on ! ,corporeal ,"p ( ! ,process1 9 ,s5sation1 #bhc ,,lecture ,,xx4 ,p>ticul> ,consid]ation ( our ,s5sations1 #bih ,on ,smell1 #cjj ,on ,ta/e1 #cja ,on ,he>+1 #cje ,,lecture ,,xxi4 ,cont9uation ( ! same ,subject1 #cab ,on ,t\*1 #cbf ,,lecture ,,xxii4 ,on ! ,feel+s ascrib$ to ! ,s5se ( ,t\*1 #cbh ,analysis ( ^! ,feel+s1 #ccj ,,lecture ,,xxiii4 ,cont9uation ( ! same ,subject1 #cde ,,lecture ,,xxiv4 ,cont9uation ( ! same ,subject1 #ceh ,,lecture ,,xxv4 ,on ! ,di/9ction betwe5 ,s5sation & ,p]ception1 #cgi ,on ! ,prim>y & ,second>y ,qualities ( ,matt]1 #chd ,,lecture ,,xxvi4 ,on ,dr4 ,reid's suppos$ ,confutation ( ! ,ideal ,sy/em1 #cie ,hypo!sis ( ! ,p]ipatetics reg>d+ ,p]ception1 #cif ,op9ion ( ,locke--,hobbes--,des ,c>tes--,arnauld--,le ,cl]c ,de ,cr\saz1 reg>d+ ,p]ception1 #cii ,,lecture ,,xxvii4 ,exam9ation ( ,dr ,reid's suppos$ ,confutation ( ,idealism #daa ,,lecture ,,xxviii4 ,conclusion ( ! ,subject1 #dbg ,on ,vision1--,analysis ( ! ,feel+s ascrib$ to x1 #dca ,,lecture ,,xxix4 ,cont9uation ( ! same ,subject1 #ddb ,,lecture ,,xxx4 ,hi/ory ( ,op9ions reg>d+ ,p]ception1 #dei ,op9ion ( ! ,p]ipatetics1 #dfb ---- ( ,des ,c>tes1 #dfd ---- ( ,malebran*e1 #dfi ---- ( ,/ ,au/91 #dgb ,,lecture ,,xxxi4 ---- ( ,leibnitz1 #dgd ,on ! ,ext]nal ,affections comb9$ ) ,desire1 #dgi ,att5tion1 #dhb ,,lecture ,,xxxii4 ,cont9uation ( ! ,same ,subject1 #dij ,on ! ,int]nal ,affections ( ,m9d1 #dig ,on ! ,classification ( ^! ,affections1 #ejj ,,lecture ,,xxxiii4 ,on ,locke1 ,condillac1 & ,reid's ,classification ( ! ,m5tal ,ph5om5a1 #eje ,new ,classification ( ! ,int]nal ,affections1 #eah ,,lecture ,,xxxiv4 ,on ,simple ,sugge/ion1 #ebc ,advantages result+ f ! ,pr9ciple ( ,sugge/ion1 #ebf ,on ,mr ,hume's ,classification ( ! ,associat+ or ,sugge/+ ,pr9ciples1 #ecb ,,lectures ,,on ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,! ,,human ,,m9d4 ,,lecture ,i4--7,,introduction47 ,,g5tlem51 ,! subject on :i* we are ab\t to ent]1 & :i* is to engage1 ,i tru/1 a consid]able portion ( y\r att5tion = _m mon?s1 is ! ,philosophy ( ! ,human ,m9d1--n t speculative & passive philosophy only1 :i* inquires into ! nature ( our intellectual "p1 & ! my/]i\s connexion ( ?is ) ! body :i* x animates1 b t practical sci5ce1 :i* relates to ! duties1 & ! hopes1 & ! great de/9y ( man1 & :i*1 ev5 9 analyz+ ! p[]s ( 8 und]/&+1 & trac+ all ! v>i\s modifications ( :i* x is individually susceptible1 views x *iefly z a g5]al in/rum5t ( good--an in/rum5t by :i* he may h ! dignity ( co-op]at+ ) 8 b5efic5t ,creator1 by spread+ to o!rs ! k1 & virtue1 & happ9ess1 :i* he is qualifi$ at once to enjoy1 & to diffuse4 8,philosophy10 says ,s5eca1 8is n =m$ = artificial %[ or delight4 ,x has a high] (fice ?an to free idl5ess ( its languor1 & we> away & amuse ! long h\rs ( a day4 ,x is t :i* =ms & fa%ions ! s\l1 :i* gives to life its disposition & ord]1 :i* po9ts out :at x is our duty to d1 :at x is our duty to omit4 ,x sits at ! helm1 & 9 a sea ( p]il1 directs ! c\rse ( ^? :o are w&]+ ?r\gh ! waves40 8,non e/ philosophia popul>e artificium1 nec o/5tationi p>atum2 non 9 v]bis s$ 9 rebus e/4 ,nec 9 hoc adhibetur ut aliqua oblectatione consumatur dies1 ut dematur otio nausea4 ,animum =mat et fabricat1 vitam disponit1 actiones regit1 ag5da et omitt5da demon/rat1 s$it ad gub]naculum1 et p] ancipitia fluctuantium dirigit cursum40 ,ep4 #af4 ,su*1 unque/ionably1 is ! great practical object ( all philosophy4 ,if x increase ! happ9ess & virtue ( human k9d1 x mu/ be all[$ to h fulfill$1 to human be+s1 ! noble/ ( e>?ly ends4 ,! greatness ( ?is prim>y object1 h[ev]1 p]haps fix$ too exclusively ! att5tion ( ! moral inquir]s ( antiquity1 :o1 9 consid]+ man z capable ( virtue & happ9ess1 & 9 =m+ nice & subtle di/9ctions z to 8 supreme good1 & ! means by :i* he might atta9 x1 seem almo/ to h neglect$ ! consid]ation ( 8 intellectual nature1 z an object ( m]e physical sci5ce4 ,h5ce x happ5s1 t1 :ile ! sy/ems ( anci5t philosophy exhibit1 9 _m in/ances1 a dignity ( moral s5tim5t z high1 or almo/ z high1 z ! unassi/$ reason ( man c\ld be suppos$ to rea*1 & ! defects ( :i* we p]haps discov] only by ! aid ( t pur] light1 :i* 0 n indulg$ to !m1 !y c sc>cely be said to h left u a s+le analysis ( complex ph5om5a ( ?\ght & feel+4 ,by "s ( !m1 inde$1 especially by ! ,p]ipatetics & ,/oics1 mu* dialectic subtilty 0 employ$ 9 di/9ctions1 t may seem at fir/ to involve su* an analysis2 b ev5 ^! di/9ctions 7 v]bal1 or little m ?an v]bal4 ,! analytical inve/igation ( ! m9d1 9 all its complexity ( p]ceptions1 & ?\ghts1 & emotions1 0 res]v$ to =m almo/ a new sci5ce 9 ! compreh5sive philosophy ( f> lat] ye>s4 ,if1 h[ev]1 dur+ ! fl\ri%+ p]iods ( ,greek & ,roman lett]s1 ?is intellectual analysis 0 little cultivat$1 ! dep>tm5t ( ! philosophy ( ! m9d1 :i* relates to practical e?ics1 0 enri*$1 z ,i h said1 by moral speculations ! mo/ spl5did & sublime4 ,9 ^? ages1 inde$1 & 9 c\ntries 9 :i* no reveal$ w ( heav5 _h po9t$ out & sanction$ "o un]r+ rule ( "r1 x is n to be wond]$ at1 t1 to ^? :o 7 occupi$ 9 endeav\r+ to trace & asc]ta9 su* a rule 9 ! moral nature ( man1 all o!r m5tal inquiries %\ld h seem$ comp>atively insignificant4 ,x is ev5 pleas+ ?us to f9d ! mo/ important ( all inquiries reg>d$ z truly ! mo/ important1 & m9ds ( ! highe/ g5ius1 9 reflect+ on _! own con/itution1 s ri*ly div]sifi$ & adorn$ ) an almo/ inf9ite v>iety ( =ms ( ?\ght1 discov]+ no?+1 9 all ?is spl5did v>iety1 s wor?y ( inve/igation1 z ! conduct :i* x is fitt+ = man to pursue4 ,b ano!r p]iod 0 soon to foll[1 a p]iod 9 :i* ages ( long & dre>y ignorance 7 to be foll[$ by ages ( futile lab\r1 z long & dre>y4 ,no beautiful moral speculations 7 !n to comp5sate ! pov]ty ( intellectual sci5ce4 ,b morality1 & ev5 religion itself1 7 to be degrad$1 z little m ?an te*nical t]ms ( a cold & unmean+ logic4 ,! k ( our m5tal frame 0 !n1 inde$1 pr(ess$ly cultivat$ ) mo/ assidu\s zeal2 & if mu* te*nical phraseology1 & mu* cont5tion1 7 suffici5t to con/itute an elaborate sci5ce1 t assidu\s zeal might well des]ve to h be5 rew>d$ ) s hon\rable a "n4 ,b :at reasonable hope ( a progress truly sci5tific c\ld be =m$1 :5 to treat ( ! philosophy ( m9d 0 to treat ( e ?+ b ( ! m9d & its affections2 :5 "s ( ! mo/ important que/ions1 ) respect to x1 71 ,:e!r its ess5ce 7 di/9ct f its exi/5ce8 :e!r its ess5ce !re=e might subsi/1 :5 x _h no actual exi/5ce8 & :at 7 all ! qualities inh]5t 9 x z a non5tity8 ,9 morals1 :e!r e?ics 7 an art or a sci5ce8 :e!r1 if ! m9d _h fre$om ( *oice1 ?is indep5d5t w be an entity or a quiddity8 & :e!r we %\ld say1 ) a doz5 s*oolm51 t virtue is good1 because x has intr9sic goodness1 or1 ) a doz5 m1 t x has ?is intr9sic goodness1 because x is good8 ,9 natural !ology1 que/ions ( equal mom5t 7 conte/$ ) equal ke5ness & subtilty2 b !y relat$ less to ! ,deity1 ( ^: nature1 transc5d5t z x is1 ! :ole univ]se may be consid]$ z 9 "s degree a fa9t revelation1 ?an to ^? spiritual m9i/]s ( 8 p[]1 ( ^: v exi/5ce nature af=ds no evid5ce1 & ( :om revelation itself may be said to tea* u little b ! m]e exi/5ce4 ,:e!r angels pass f "o po9t ( space to ano!r1 )\t pass+ ?r\gh ! int]m$iate po9ts8 :e!r !y c visually disc]n objects 9 ! d>k8 :e!r m ?an "o c exi/ at ! same mom5t 9 ! same physical po9t8 :e!r !y c exi/ 9 a p]fect vacuum1 ) any relation to ! absolute incorporeal void8 & :e!r if an angel 7 9 vacuo1 ! void c\ld /ill truly be t]m$ p]fect8--su*1 or simil> to ^! 7 ! great inquiries 9 t dep>tm5t ( ,natural ,!ology1 to :i*1 z to a sep>ate sci5ce1 0 giv5 ! "n ( ,angelography3 & ( ! same k9d 7 ! pr9cipal inquiries ) respect to ! ,deity himself1 n s mu* an exam9ation ( ! evid5ce :i* nature af=ds ( 8 self-exi/5ce1 & p[]1 & wisdom1 & goodness1 ^? sublime qualities :i* ev5 our weakness _c contemplate )\t d]iv+ "s additional dignity f ! v greatness :i* x adores1 z a solution ( m subtile po9ts1 :e!r he exi/ 9 imag9>y space z mu* z 9 ! space t is real8 :e!r he c cause a mode to exi/ )\t a sub/ance8 :e!r1 9 kn[+ all ?+s1 he "k univ]sals1 or only ?+s s+ul>8 & :e!r he love a possible unexi/+ angel bett] ?an an actually exi/+ insect8 8,indign&um de i/o1 non disput&um e/40--8,s$ non debuit hoc nobis esse propositum arguta diss]]e1#a et philosophiam 9 has augu/ias ex sua maje/ate detrah]e4 ,quanto satius e/1 ire ap]ta via et recta1 quam sibi ipsi flexus dispon]e1 quos cum magna mole/ia debeas releg]e80#b--8,:y wa/e ourselves10 says ! same eloqu5t morali/2 8:y torture & wa/e ourselves 9 que/ions1 :i* !re is m real subtilty 9 despis+ ?an 9 solv+80-- 8,quid te troques et mac]as1 9 ea qu/ione quam subtilius e/ contempsisse quam solv]e80#c ,f ! necessity ( su* inquiries we are n[ =tunately fre$4 ,! frivol\s solemnities ( argum5t1 :i*1 9 ! disputations ( ,scoti/s & ,?omi/s1 & ! long controv]sy ( ! believ]s & rejectors ( ! univ]sal a p>ti rei1 r5d]$ human ignorance s v pr\d ( its tempor>y triumphs ov] human ignorance1 at l5g? are hu%$ =ev]2 &1 s prec>i\s is all t glory1 ( :i* m5 are ! disp5s]s1 t ! mo/ subtile works1 :i* = ages conf]r$ on _! au?ors a rev]5ce m ?an praise1 & almo/ wor%ip1 w\ld n[ sc>cely f9d a philosophic adv5tur]1 s bold1 z to av[ !m = 8 own4 ,! progress ( intellectual philosophy may inde$1 z yet1 h be5 less consid]able ?an 0 to be hop$ "u its pres5t bett] auspices4 ,b x is n a little1 to h escap$ f a labyr9?1 s v intricate1 & s v d>k1 ev5 ?\gh we %\ld h done no?+ m ?an advance into sun%9e & an op5 pa?1 ) a long j\rney ( discov]y /ill be=e u4 ,we h at la/ arriv$ at ! important tru?1 :i* n[ seems s v obvi\s a "o1 t ! m9d is to be kn[n be/ by obs]vation ( ! s]ies ( *anges :i* x pres5ts1 & ( all ! circum/ances :i* prec$e & foll[ ^!2 t1 9 attempt+ to expla9 its ph5om5a1 !re=e1 we %\ld "k :at ^? ph5om5a are2 & t we might z well attempt to discov]1 by logic1 unaid$ by obs]vation or exp]im5t1 ! v>i\s col\r$ rays t ent] into ! composition ( a sunbeam1 z to discov]1 by dialectic subtilties1 a priori1 ! v>i\s feel+s t ent] into ! composition ( a s+le ?\ght or passion4 ,! m9d1 x is evid5t1 may1 l ! body to :i* x is unit$1 or ! mat]ial objects :i* surr\nd x1 be consid]$ simply z a sub/ance possess+ c]ta9 qualities1 susceptible ( v>i\s affections or modifications1 :i*1 exi/+ successively z mom5t>y /ates ( ! m9d1 con/itute all ! ph5om5a ( ?\ght & feel+4 ,! g5]al circum/ances 9 :i* ^! *anges ( /ate succe$ ea* o!r1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! laws ( _! succession1 may be po9t$ out1 & ! ph5om5a arrang$ 9 v>i\s classes1 accord+ z !y may resemble ea* o!r1 9 ! circum/ances t prec$e or foll[ !m1 or 9 o!r circum/ances ( obvi\s analogy4 ,!re is1 9 %ort1 a sci5ce t may be t]m$ m5tal physiology1 z !re is ano!r sci5ce relat+ to ! /ructure & (fices ( our corporeal frame1 to :i* ! t]m physiology is m commonly appli$2 & z1 by obs]vation & exp]im5t1 we endeav\r to trace ^? s]ies ( *anges :i* are con/antly tak+ place 9 our mat]ial "p1 f ! fir/ mom5t ( animation to ! mom5t ( dea?2 s1 by obs]vation1 & 9 "s measure also by exp]im5t1 we endeav\r to trace ! s]ies ( *anges t take place 9 ! m9d1 fugitive z ^! successions are1 & r5d]$ d\bly p]plex+ by ! reciprocal comb9ations into :i* !y fl[4 ,! innum]able *anges1 corporeal & m5tal1 we r$uce1 by g5]aliz+1 to a few classes2 & we speak1 9 ref]5ce to ! m9d1 ( its faculties or functions ( p]ception1 memory1 reason1 z we speak1 9 ref]5ce to ! body1 ( its functions ( respiration1 circulation1 nutrition4 ,?is m5tal physiology1 9 :i* ! m9d is consid]$ simply z a sub/ance end[$ ) c]ta9 susceptibilities1 & v>i\sly affect$ or modifi$ 9 consequ5ce1 w dem& ( c\rse our fir/ inquiry2 & ,i tru/ t ! intellectual analyses1 into :i* we %all be l$ by x1 w af=d results t w repay ! lab\r ( p]sev]+ att5tion1 :i* !y may (t5 require f y4 ,9 "o v important respect1 h[ev]1 ! inquiries1 relat+ to ! physiology ( m9d1 diff] f ^? :i* relate to ! physiology ( our animal frame4 ,if we c\ld r5d] ourselves acqua9t$ ) ! intimate /ructure ( our bodily organs1 & all ! *anges :i* take place1 9 ! ex]cise ( _! v>i\s functions1 our lab\r1 ) respect to !m1 might be said to t]m9ate4 ,b ?\gh our intellectual analysis 7 p]fect1 s t we c\ld di/+ui%1 9 our mo/ complex ?\ght or emotion1 its con/itu5t elem5ts1 & trace ) exactness ! s]ies ( simpl] ?\ghts :i* h progressively giv5 rise to !m1 o!r inquiries1 equally1 or /ill m important1 w\ld rema94 ,we d n "k all :i* is to be kn[n ( ! m9d1 :5 we "k all its ph5om5a1 z we "k all :i* c be kn[n ( matt]1 :5 we "k ! appe>ances :i* x pres5ts1 9 e situation 9 :i* x is possible to place x1 & ! mann] 9 :i* x !n acts or is act$ ^u by o!r bodies4 ,:5 we "k t man has c]ta9 affections & passions1 !re /ill rema9s ! great inquiry1 z to ! propriety or impropriety ( ^? passions1 & ( ! conduct to :i* !y lead4 ,we h to consid]1 n m]ely h[ he is capable ( act+1 b also1 :e!r1 act+ 9 ! mann] suppos$1 he w\ld be fulfill+ a duty or p]petrat+ a crime4 ,e enjoym5t :i* man c conf] on man1 & e evil1 :i* he c reciprocally inflict or suff]1 ?us become objects ( two sci5ces--fir/ ( t intellectual analysis :i* traces ! happ9ess & mis]y1 9 _! v>i\s =ms & sequ5ce1 z m]e ph5om5a or /ates ( ! sub/ance m9d2--& secondly1 ( t e!real judgm5t1 :i* measures our approbation & disapprobation1 e/imat+1 ) m ?an judicial scrut9y1 n m]ely :at is done1 b :at is sc>cely ?\ght 9 secrecy & sil5ce1 & discrim9at+ "s elem5t ( moral good or evil1 9 all ! physical good & evil1 :i* x is 9 our feeble p[] to execute1 or 9 our /ill frail] he>t1 to conceive & desire4 ,to ?is second dep>tm5t ( inquiry belong ! doctr9es ( g5]al e?ics4 ,b1 ?\gh man 7 truly impress$ ) ! great doctr9e ( moral obligation1 & truly desir\s1 9 con=mity ) x1 ( increas+1 z f> z 8 individual influ5ce may ext5d1 ! sum ( g5]al happ9ess1 he may /ill err 9 ! selection ( ! means :i* he employs = ?is b5evol5t purpose4 ,s ess5tial is k1 if n to virtue1 at lea/ to all ! ends ( virtue1 t1 )\t x1 b5evol5ce itself1 :5 accompani$ ) p[]1 may be z de/ructive & desolat+ z int5tional tyranny2 & not)/&+ ! great pr9ciples ( progression 9 human affairs1 ! :ole native vig\r ( a /ate may be kept d[n = ages1 & ! com=t1 & prosp]ity1 & active indu/ry ( unexi/+ millions be bla/$ by regulations1 :i*1 9 ! int5tion ( _! g5]\s projectors1 7 to /imulate ^? v en]gies :i* !y repress$1 & to relieve t v mis]y :i* !y r5d]$ irrem$iable4 ,x !re=e becomes an inquiry ( p>am\nt importance1 :at are ! means be/ calculat$ = produc+ ! greate/ am\nt ( social good8 ,by :at ord9ances w\ld public prosp]ity1 & all ! virtues :i* n m]ely adorn t prosp]ity1 b produce x1 be mo/ p[]fully excit$ & ma9ta9$8 ,?is political dep>tm5t ( our sci5ce1 :i* is 9 tru? only a subdivision1 ?\gh a v important "o1 ( g5]al practical e?ics1 compreh5ds1 ( c\rse1 ! inquiries z to ! relative advantages ( diff]5t =ms ( gov]nm5t1 & ! exp$i5cy ( ! v>i\s contrivances :i* legislative wisdom may h e/abli%$1 or may be suppos$ to e/abli%1 = ! happ9ess & def5ce ( nations4 ,! inquiries1 to :i* ,i h z yet allud$1 relate to ! m9d1 consid]$ simply z an object ( physiological inve/igation2 or to man1 consid]$ 9 8 moral relations to a community1 capable ( d]iv+ b5efit f 8 virtues & k1 or ( suff]+ by 8 errors & 8 crimes4 ,b !re is ano!r m important relation 9 :i* ! m9d is /ill to be view$1--t relation :i* connects x ) ! ,almighty ,be+ to :om x owes its exi/5ce4 ,is man1 ^: frail g5]ations beg9 & pass away1 b "o ( ! l9ks ( an inf9ite *a9 ( be+s l himself1 uncaus$1 & co-et]nal ) t self-exi/+ _w ( :i* he is ! feeble t5ant8 or1 ,is he ! (fspr+ ( an all creat+ ,p[]1 t adapt$ him to nature1 & nature to him1 =m$ toge!r ) ! magnific5t sc5e ( ?+s ar\nd him1 to enjoy its bless+s1 & to adore1 ) ! gratitude ( happ9ess1 ! wisdom & goodness f :i* !y fl[8 ,:at attributes1 ( a ,be+ s transc5d5t1 may human reason presume to explore8 &1 ,:at homage w be mo/ suitable to 8 imm5sity1 & our no?+ness8 ,is x only = an exi/5ce ( a few mom5ts1 9 ?is pass+ sc5e1 t he has =m$ u8 or1 ,is !re some?+ )9 u1 ov] :i* dea? has no p[]1--some?+1 t prolongs & id5tifies ! consci\sness ( all :i* we h done on e>?1 & t1 aft] ! mortality ( ! body1 may yet be a subject ( ! moral gov]nm5t ( ,god8 ,:5 comp>$ ) ^! que/ions1 ev5 ! sublime/ physical inquiries are comp>atively insignificant4 ,!y seem to diff]1 z x has be5 said1 9 _! relative importance & dignity1 almo/ z philosophy itself diff]s f ! me*anical arts t are subs]vi5t to x4 8,quantum int] philosophiam int]e/1--et ct]as artes2 tantum int]esse exi/imo 9 ipsa philosophia1 int] illam p>tem qu ad hom9es et hanc qu ad ,deos spectat4 ,altior e/ hc et animosior3 multum p]misit sibi2 non fuit oculis cont5ta4 ,majus esse quiddam suspicata e/1 ac pul*rius1 quod extra conspectum natura posuisset40#d ,x is :5 asc5d+ to ^! sublim] objects1 t ! m9d seems to exp&1 z if already %ak+ (f its e>?ly fett]s1 & return+ to its s\rce2 & x is sc>cely too mu* to say1 t ! delight :i* x ?us takes 9 ?+s div9e is an int]nal evid5ce ( its own div9ity4 8,cum illa tetigit1 alitur1 crescit3 ac velut v9culis lib]atus1 9 orig9em r$it4 ,et hoc habet argum5tum div9itatis su1 quod illum div9a delectant40 ,i h ?us briefly sket*$ ! v>i\s important inquiries1 :i* ! philosophy ( m9d1 9 its mo/ ext5sive s5se1 may be said to compreh5d4 ,! nature ( our spiritual be+1 z display$ 9 all ! ph5om5a ( feel+ & ?\ght--! ties :i* b9d u to our fell[-m51 & to our ,creator--& ! prospect ( t unfad+ exi/5ce1 ( :i* life is b ! fir/ dawn+ gleam2 su* are ! great objects to :i* 9 ! dep>tm5t ( y\r /udies committ$ to my *>ge1 x w be my (fice to guide y\r att5tion & curiosity4 ,! %ort p]iod ( ! few mon?s to :i* my c\rse is necess>ily limit$1 w n1 inde$1 all[ me to prosecute1 ) su* full inve/igation z ,i %\ld wi%1 e subject t may pres5t itself 9 s v>i\s a range ( inquiry4 ,b ev5 ^! few mon?s1 ,i flatt] myself1 w be suffici5t to introduce y to all :i* is mo/ important = y to "k 9 ! sci5ce1 & to give su* lights z may enable y1 9 o!r h\rs1 to explore1 ) success1 ! prospects t "h1 p]haps1 may only h op5$ on y\r view4 ,x is n1 ,i tru/1 ) ! lab\rs ( a s+le season t su* inquiries1 on y\r "p1 are to t]m9ate4 ,amid ! v>i$ occupations & v>i$ pleasures ( y\r future ye>s1--9 ! privacy ( dome/ic enjoym5t1 z mu* z 9 ! busi] sc5es ( active ex]tion1--! /udies on :i* y are ab\t to ent] mu/ (t5 rise to y aga9 ) some?+ m ?an m]e remembrance2 because !re is no?+ t c give y int]e/1 9 any p]iod or situation ( y\r life1 to :i* !y are n relat$4 ,! sci5ce ( m9d1 is ! sci5ce ( y\rselves2 ( all :o surr\nd y2 ( e ?+ :i* y enjoy or suff]1 or hope or fe>3 s truly ! sci5ce ( y\r v be+1 t x w be impossible = y to look back on ! feel+s ( a s+le h\r1 )\t con/antly retrac+ ph5om5a t h be5 "h1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ! subjects ( y\r analysis & arrangem5t4 ,! ?\ghts & faculties ( y\r own intellectual frame1 & all :i* y admire z wond]ful 9 ! g5ius ( o!rs1--! moral obligation1 :i*1 z obey$ or violat$1 is ev] felt by y ) delight or ) remorse1--! virtues1 ( :i* y ?9k z (t5 z y ?9k ( ^? :om y love2 & ! vices1 :i* y view ) abhorr5ce1 or ) pity1--! traces ( div9e goodness1 :i* nev] c be abs5t f y\r view1 because !re is no object 9 nature :i* does n exhibit !m1--! feel+ ( y\r dep5d5ce on ! graci\s ,p[] t =m$ y1--& ! anticipation ( a /ate ( exi/5ce m la/+ ?an t :i* is measur$ by ! few beat+s ( a feeble pulse1--^! 9 _! p]petual recurr5ce1 mu/ (t5 recal to y ! inquiries t1 9 ?is place1 engag$ y\r e>ly att5tion4 ,x w be almo/ z little possible = y to ab&on :olly su* speculations1 z to look on ! famili> faces ( y\r home ) a =getfulness ( e h\r :i* !y h made delightful1 or to lose all remembrance ( ! v language ( y\r infancy1 t is e mom5t s\nd+ 9 y\r e>s4 ,?\gh ,i %all endeav\r1 !re=e1 to give z full a view z my limits w p]mit ( all ! objects ( inquiry :i* are to come be=e u1 x w be my *ief wi% to awake 9 y1 or to *]i%1 a love ( ^! sublime inquiries !mselves4 ,!re is a philosophic _s :i* is f> m valuable ?an any limit$ acquirem5ts ( philosophy2 & ! cultivation ( :i*1 !re=e1 is ! mo/ preci\s advantage t c be d]iv$ f ! lessons & /udies ( _m academic ye>s3--a _s1 :i* is quick to pursue :atev] is )9 ! rea* ( human intellect2 b :i* is n less quick to disc]n ! b\nds t limit e human inquiry1 & :i*1 !re=e1 9 seek+ mu*1 seeks only :at man may le>n3--:i* kn[s h[ to di/+ui% :at is j 9 itself f :at is m]ely accr$it$ by illu/ri\s names2 adopt+ a tru? :i* no "o has sanction$1 & reject+ an error ( :i* all approve1 ) ! same calmness z if no judgm5t 7 oppos$ to its own3--b :i*1 at ! same "t1 alive1 ) cong5ial feel+1 to e intellectual excell5ce1 & c&id to ! weakness f :i* no excell5ce is :olly privileg$1 c diss5t & confute )\t triumph1 z x admires )\t envy2 applaud+ gladly :atev] is wor?y ( applause 9 a rival sy/em1 & v5]at+ ! v g5ius :i* x demon/rates to h err$4 ,su* is t philosophic temp] to :i*1 9 ! v>i\s discussions t are to occupy u1 x w be my pr9cipal ambition to =m y\r m9ds2 ) a view n s mu* to :at y are at pres5t1 z to :at y are aft]w>ds to become4 ,y are n[1 inde$1 only ent]+ on a sci5ce1 ( :i*1 by _m ( y1 p]haps1 ! v elem5ts h nev] once be5 reg>d$ z subjects ( speculative inquiry4 ,y h mu*1 !re=e1 to le>n1 ev5 9 le>n+ only :at o!rs h ?\ght4 ,b ,i %\ld be unwill+ to reg>d y z ! passive receiv]s ( a sy/em ( op9ions1 cont5t m]ely to rememb] :atev] mixture ( tru?s & errors may h obta9$ y\r easy ass5t4 ,i _c b look to y 9 y\r matur] "*1 z y\rselves ! philosoph]s ( o!r ye>s2 z ^? :o are1 p]haps1 to add to sci5ce _m ( its ri*e/ tru?s1 :i* z yet are lat5t to e m9d1 & to free x f _m errors1 9 :i* no "o has yet suspect$ ev5 ! possibility ( illusion4 ,! _s :i* is itself to become productive 9 y1 is !re=e1 ! _s :i* ,i wi% to cultivate2 & happy1 z ,i %all always be1 if ,i succe$ 9 convey+ to y t in/ruction :i* x is my duty to communicate1 ,i %all h /ill m happ9ess if ,i c flatt] myself1 t1 9 ?is v in/ruction1 ,i h tra9$ y to habits ( ?\ght1 :i* may enable y to enri*1 ) y\r own spl5did discov]ies1 ! age 9 :i* y live1 & to be y\rselves ! in/ructors ( all ! g5]ations t are to foll[ y4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,argutias s]]e4 ,lect4 v>4 #b ,s5eca1 ,ep4 #ajb4 #c ,ibid1 #di4 #d ,s5eca ,nat4 ,qu/4 ,lib4 #a4 ,prf4 ,,lecture ,,ii4 ,,relation ,,( ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,m9d ,,to ,,! ,,sci5ces ,,9 ,,g5]al4 ,9 my =m] ,lecture1 ,g5tlem51 ,i gave y a slight sket* ( ! dep>tm5ts into :i* ! ,philosophy ( ,m9d divides itself1 compreh5d+1 9 ! fir/ place1 ,! physiology ( ! m9d1 consid]$ z a sub/ance capable ( ! v>i\s modifications1 or /ates1 :i* con/itute1 z !y succe$ ea* o!r1 ! ph5om5a ( ?\ght & feel+2 secondly1 ,! doctr9es ( g5]al e?ics1 z to ! obligation1 "u :i* man lies1 to increase & ext5d1 z widely z possible1 ! happ9ess ( all t live2 ?irdly1 ,! political doctr9es1 z to ! means :i* enable him1 9 society ) 8 fell[ m51 to fur!rmo/ successfully1 & ) ! lea/ risk ( future evil1 t happ9ess ( all1 :i* x is ! duty ( ea* individually to wi% & to promote2 &1 f\r?ly1 ,! doctr9es ( natural !ology1 z to ! exi/5ce & attributes ( t greate/ ( ,be+s1 "u ^: moral gov]nm5t we live1 & ! f\ndations ( our confid5ce t dea? is only a *ange ( sc5e1 :i*1 ) respect to our mortality inde$1 may be said to be its close2 b :i*1 ) respect to ! s\l itself1 is only "o ( ! ev5ts ( a life t is ev]la/+4 ,( ^! great divisions ( our subject1 ! ,physiology ( ! ,m9d1 or ! consid]ation ( ! regul> s]ies ( ph5om5a :i* x pres5ts1 simply z /ates or affections ( ! m9d1 is t to :i* we are fir/ to turn our att5tion4 ,b1 be=e ent]+ on x1 x may be useful to employ a few ,lectures 9 illu/rat+ ! advantages1 :i* ! /udy ( ! m9d af=ds1 & ! pr9ciples ( philosophiz+1 9 _! peculi> application to x--subjects1 :i*1 ?\gh ( a g5]al k9d1 w1 ,i tru/1 leave an influ5ce t w be felt 9 all ! p>ticul> inquiries 9 :i* we are to be engag$2 prep>+ y1 bo? = appreciat+ bett] ! importance ( ^? inquiries1 & = prosecut+ !m ) great] success4 ,"o v obvi\s di/9ction ( ! physical inve/igations ( m9d & matt]1 is1 t1 9 intellectual sci5ce1 ! mat]ials on :i* we op]ate1 ! in/rum5ts ) :i* we op]ate1 & ! op]at+ ag5t1 are ! same4 ,x is ! m9d1 end[$ ) ! faculties ( p]ception & judgm5t1 obs]v+1 comp>+1 & classify+ ! ph5om5a ( ! m9d4 ,9 ! physics ( matt]1 x is1 inde$1 ! m9d :i* obs]ves1 comp>es1 & arranges2 b ! ph5om5a are ^? ( a _w1 :i*1 ?\gh connect$ ) ! m9d by _m wond]ful relations ( reciprocal ag5cy1 /ill exi/s indep5d5tly ( x--a _w t pres5ts its ph5om5a only 9 circum/ances1 ov] mo/ ( :i* we h no contr\l1 & ov] o!rs a contr\l t is p>tial & limit$4 ,! comp>ative facility1 z to all ext]nal circum/ances1 att5d+ ! /udy ( ! m5tal ph5om5a1 is unque/ionably an advantage ( no small mom5t4 ,9 e situation 9 :i* man c be plac$1 z long z 8 intellectual faculties are unimpair$1 x is impossible t he %\ld be depriv$ ( opportunities ( c>ry+ on ?is intellectual /udy2 because1 9 e situation 9 :i* he c be plac$1 he mu/ /ill h ) him t univ]se ( ?\ght1 :i* is ! true home & empire ( ! m9d4 ,no co/ly app>atus is requisite--no t$i\s wait+ = seasons ( obs]vation4 ,he has b to look )9 himself to f9d ! elem5ts :i* he has to put toge!r1 or ! comp\nds :i* he has to analyze1 & ! in/rum5ts t are to p]=m ! analysis or composition4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 to po9t out to y ! advantage :i* arises to ! /udy ( our m5tal frame1 f ! comp>ative facility z to ! circum/ances att5d+ x1 t ,i h l$ y\r att5tion to ! diff]5ce1 9 ?is respect1 ( ! physics ( m9d & matt]4 ,x 0 to %[1--:at is ( mu* m importance1--h[ ess5tial a "r view ( ! sci5ce ( m9d is to e o!r sci5ce1 ev5 to ^? sci5ces1 :i* sup]ficial ?9k]s might conceive to h no connexion ) x2 & h[ va9 x w\ld be to expect1 t any bran* ( ! physics ( m]e matt] c\ld be cultivat$ to its highe/ degree ( accuracy & p]fection1 )\t a due acqua9tance ) ! nature ( t intellectual m$ium1 ?r\gh :i* alone ! ph5om5a ( matt] become visible to u1 & ( ^? intellectual in/rum5ts1 by :i* ! objects ( e sci5ce1 & ( e sci5ce alike1 are measur$1 & divid$1 & arrang$4 ,we might almo/ z well expect to =m an accurate judgm5t1 z to ! figure1 & di/ance1 & col\r ( an object1 at :i* we look ?r\gh an optical glass1 )\t pay+ any reg>d to ! col\r & refractory p[] ( ! l9e itself4 ,! di/9ction ( ! sci5ces & arts1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ^! words are commonly und]/ood1 is z j z x is famili>2 b x may be truly said1 t1 9 relation to our p[] ( discov]y1 sci5ce is itself an art1 or ! result ( an art4 ,:e!r1 9 ?is mo/ beautiful ( processes1 we reg>d ! m9d z ! in/rum5t or ! arti/1 x is equally t by :i* all ! wond]s ( speculative1 or practical k1 are evolv$4 ,x is an ag5t op]at+ 9 ! production ( new results1 & employ+ = ?is purpose ! kn[n laws ( ?\ght1 9 ! same mann] z1 on o!r occasions1 x employs ! kn[n laws ( matt]4 ,! objects1 to :i* x may apply itself1 are inde$ v>i\s1 &1 z su*1 give to ! sci5ces _! diff]5t names4 ,b1 ?\gh ! objects v>y1 ! obs]v] & ! in/rum5t are cont9ually ! same4 ,! limits ( ! p[]s ( ?is m5tal in/rum5t1 are n ! limits ( its p[]s alone2 !y are also ! only real limits1 )9 :i* e sci5ce is compreh5d$4 ,to ! ext5t :i* x all[s1 all ^? sci5ces1 physical or ma!matical1 & all ! arts :i* dep5d on !m1 may be improv$2 b1 beyond ?is po9t1 x w\ld be va9 to expect !m to pass2 or r1 to speak m accurately1 ! v supposition ( any progress beyond ?is po9t w\ld imply ! grosse/ absurdity2 s9ce human sci5ce c be no?+ m ?an ! result ( ! direction ( human faculties to p>ticul> objects4 ,to ! a/ronom]1 ! faculty by :i* he calculates ! di/urb+ =ces t op]ate on a satellite ( ,jupit]1 9 its revolution r\nd its prim>y planet1 is z mu* an in/rum5t ( 8 art1 z ! telescope by :i* he di/+ui%es t almo/ invisible orb2 & x is z important1 & surely z int]e/+1 to "k ! real p[] ( ! intellectual in/rum5t1 :i* he uses1 n = calculations ( ?is k9d only1 b = all ! speculative & moral purposes ( life1 z x c be to "k ! exact p[] ( t subord9ate in/rum5t1 :i* he uses only = 8 occasional survey ( ! heav5s4 ,to ! philosophy ( m9d1 !n1 e speculation1 9 e sci5ce1 may be said to h relation z to a common c5tre4 ,! k ( ! quality ( matt]1 9 ! :ole wide range ( physics1 is n itself a ph5om5on ( matt]1 m ?an ! k ( any ( our intellectual or moral affections2 x is truly1 9 all its /ages ( conjecture1 comp>ison1 d\bt1 belief1 a ph5om5on ( m9d2 or1 9 o!r words1 x is only ! m9d itself exi/+ 9 a c]ta9 /ate4 ,! inanimate bodies ar\nd u might1 inde$1 exhibit ! same *anges z at pres5t1 ?\gh no m9d _h be5 creat$4 ,b sci5ce is n ! exi/5ce ( ^! inanimate bodies2 x is ! pr9ciple ( ?\ght itself v>i\sly modifi$ by !m1 :i*1 z x exi/s 9 c]ta9 /ates1 con/itutes t k :i* we t]m ,a/ronomy2 9 c]ta9 o!r /ates1 t k :i* we t]m ,*emi/ry2 9 o!r /ates our ,physiology1 corporeal or m5tal1 & all ! o!r divisions & subdivisions ( sci5ce4 ,x w\ld surely be absurd to suppose1 t ! mixture ( acids & alkalies con/itutes ,*emi/ry1 or t ,a/ronomy is =m$ by ! revolution ( planets r\nd a sun4 ,su* ph5om5a1 ! m]e objects ( sci5ce1 are only ! occasions on :i* ,a/ronomy & ,*emi/ry arise 9 ! m9d ( ! inquir]1 ,man4 ,x is ! m9d :i* p]ceives bodies1 :i* reasons on _! app>5t relations1 :i* jo9s !m 9 ?\ght z simil>1 h[ev] di/ant !y may be 9 sph]e1 or sep>ates !m 9 ?\ght z dissimil>1 ?\gh app>5tly contigu\s4 ,^! p]ceptions1 reason+s1 & classifications ( ! m9d mu/1 ( c\rse be regulat$ by ! laws ( m9d1 :i* m+le 9 _! jo9t result ) ! laws ( matt]4 ,x is ! object inde$ :i* affects ! m9d :5 s5ti5t2 b x is ! orig9al susceptibility ( ! m9d itself1 :i* det]m9es & modifies ! p>ticul> affection1 v ne>ly1 if ,i may illu/rate :at is m5tal by s co>se an image1 z ! impression :i* a seal leaves on melt$ wax dep5ds1 n on ! qualities ( ! wax alone1 or ( ! seal alone1 b on ! s(tness ( ! "o1 & ! =m ( ! o!r4 ,*ange ! ext]nal object :i* affects ! m9d 9 any case1 & we all "k1 t ! affection ( ! m9d w be diff]5t4 ,x w\ld n be less s1 if1 )\t any *ange ( object1 !re c\ld be a *ange 9 ! m]e feel+1 :atev] x might be1 :i* w\ld result f t diff]5t susceptibility becom+ in/antly z diff]5t1 z if n ! m9d _h be5 alt]$1 b ! object :i* x p]ceiv$4 ,!re is no physical sci5ce1 !re=e1 9 :i* ! laws ( m9d are n to be consid]$ toge!r ) ! laws ( matt]2 & a *ange 9 ei!r set ( laws w\ld equally produce a *ange 9 ! nature ( ! sci5ce itself4 ,if1 to take "o ( ! simple/ ( examples1 ! m9d _h be5 =m$ susceptible ( all ! modifications :i* x admits at pres5t1 ) ! s+le exception ( ^? :i* x receives on ! pres5ce ( light1 ( h[ _m objects & p[]s 9 nature1 :i* we are n[ capable ( di/+ui%+1 mu/ we h rema9$ 9 absolute ignorance6 ,b w\ld ?is comp>ative ignorance ( _m objects be ! only effect ( su* a *ange ( ! laws ( m9d1 z ,i h suppos$8 ,or r1 is x n equally c]ta91 t ?is simple *ange alone w\ld be suffici5t to alt] ! v nature ( ! limit$ sci5ce ( :i* ! m9d w\ld /ill be capable1 z mu* z x n>r[$ its ext5t8 ,sci5ce is ! classification ( relations2 v>y+1 too1 9 e case1 z ! relations obs]v$ are diff]5t2 & h[ v diff]5tly %\ld we1 9 su* circum/ances1 h class$ ! few p[]s ( ! few objects1 :i* might /ill h become kn[n to u1 s9ce we c\ld no long] h class$ !m accord+ to any ( ^? visual relations1 :i* are always ! mo/ obvi\s & prom95t4 ,x is ev51 p]haps1 an extravagant supposition1 t a race ( ! bl9d1 unless end[$ ) "s o!r s5se to comp5sate ! defect ( sight1 c\ld h acquir$ s mu* comm& ( ! common arts ( life1 or s mu* sci5ce ( any sort1 z to pres]ve !mselves 9 exi/5ce4 ,b ?\gh all ?is1 by a v /rong lic5se ( supposition1 7 tak5 = grant$1 x mu/ surely be admitt$1 t ! k :i* man c\ld 9 ^? circum/ances acquire1 w\ld be n m]ely less 9 degree1 b w\ld be z truly diff]5t f t :i* 8 p[]s at pres5t h rea*$1 z if ! objects ( 8 sci5ce1 or ! laws :i* regulate !m1 _h !mselves be5 *ang$ to an ext5t1 at lea/ z great z ! suppos$ *ange 9 ! laws ( m9d4 ,! a/ronomy ( ! bl9d1 if ! ^w might /ill be us$ to express a sci5ce s v diff]5t f ! pres5t1 w\ld1 9 tru?1 be a sort ( *emi/ry4 ,day & night1 ! magnific5t & h>moni\s revolution ( season aft] season1 w\ld be no?+ m ?an p]iodical *anges ( temp]ature 9 ! objects ar\nd2 & t great ,disp5s] ( ! seasons1 ! ,s\rce ( light1 & beauty1 & almo/ ( animation1 at ^: approa* nature seems n m]ely to awake1 b to rise aga91 z x 0 at fir/1 f ! d>kness ( its orig9al *aos1 if its sep>ate exi/5ce c\ld be at all inf]r$1 w\ld probably be class$ z some?+ simil>1 ?\gh inf]ior 9 p[]1 to t unkn[n s\rce ( heat1 :i*1 by a p]il\s & almo/ unkn[n process1 0 fe>fully pil$ & k9dl$ on ! h\sehold he>?4 ,s accu/om$ are we1 h[ev]1 to consid] ! nature & limits ( ! diff]5t sci5ces1 z dep5d+ on ! objects !mselves1 & n on ! laws ( ! m9d1 :i* classes _! relations1 t x may be difficult = y at fir/ to admit ! influ5ce ( ^! m]e laws ( m9d1 z modify+ g5]al physics1 at lea/ to ! ext5t :i* ,i h n[ /at$4 ,b1 t a *ange 9 ! laws ( human ?\ght1 :atev] influ5ce x might h 9 alt]+ ! v nature & limits ( ! physical sci5ces1 w\ld at lea/ affect greatly ! /ate ( _! progress1 mu/ be imm$iately evid5t to ^? :o consid] = a mom5t on :at discov]y dep5ds2 ! progress ( sci5ce be+ obvi\sly no?+ m ?an a s]ies ( individual discov]ies1 & ! numb] ( discov]ies v>y+ ) ! p[]s ( ! individual intellect4 ,! same ph5om5a :i* 7 pres5t to ! m9d ( ,newton1 _h be5 pres5t1 innum]able times be=e1 n to ! und]/&+s ( philosoph]s only1 b to ! v s5ses ( ! vulg>4 ,e ?+ 0 ! same to him & to !m1 except ! obs]v+ & reason+ m9d4 ,to him alone1 h[ev]1 !y sugge/$ ^? /rik+ analogies1 by :i* on a comp>ison ( all ! kn[n circum/ances 9 bo?1 he v5tur$ to class ! =ce :i* reta9s ! planets 9 _! orbits1 ) t :i* occasions ! fall ( a pebble to ! e>?4 8,h ye n li/5'd1 :ile he b\nd ! suns ,& planets to _! sph]es6 ! unequal task ,( human k9d till !n4 ,(t _h !y roll'd ,o'er err+ man ! ye>1 & (t disgrac$ ,! pride ( s*ools4 ----,he took 8 ard5t flight ,?r\gh ! blue inf9ite2 & e /> ,:i* ! cle> concave ( a w9t]'s night ,p\rs on ! eye1 or a/ronomic tube1 ,f>-/ret*+1 snat*es f ! d>k abyss1 ,or su* z f>!r 9 successive skies ,to fancy %9e alone1 at 8 approa* ,blaz$ into suns1 ! liv+ c5tre ea* ,( an h>moni\s sy/em2 all comb9$1 ,& rul$ un]r+ by t s+le p[]1 ,:i* draws ! /one project$ to ! gr\nd40#e ,x is record$ ( ?is almo/ sup]human ,g5ius1 ^: p[]s & atta9m5ts at once make u pr\d ( our common nature1 & humble u ) our disp>ity1 t1 9 acquir+ ! ,elem5ts ( ,geometry1 he 0 able1 9 a v l>ge proportion ( cases1 to pass imm$iately f ,!orem to ,!orem1 by read+ ! m]e enunciation ( ea*1 p]ceiv+1 z x 7 intuitively1 t lat5t evid5ce1 :i* o!rs are oblig$ sl[ly to trace ?r\gh a long s]ies ( ,propositions4 ,:5 ! same ,!orem 0 enunciat$1 or ! same simple ph5om5on obs]v$1 ! successions ( ?\ght1 9 8 m9d1 7 ?us obvi\sly diff]5t f ! successions ( ?\ght 9 o!r m9ds2 b x is easy to conceive ! orig9al susceptibilities ( all m9ds su*1 z exactly to h correspond$ ) ^? ( ! m9d ( ,newton4 ,& if ! m9ds ( all m51 f ! creation ( ! _w1 _h be5 simil> to ! m9d ( ,newton1 is x possible to conceive1 t ! /ate ( any sci5ce w\ld h be51 at ?is mom5t1 :at x n[ is1 or 9 any respect simil> to :at x n[ is1 ?\gh ! laws :i* regulate ! physical *anges 9 ! mat]ial univ]se1 _h cont9u$ unalt]$1 & no *ange occurr$1 b 9 ! simple orig9al susceptibilities ( ! m9d itself8 ,! laws ( ! obs]v+ & comp>+ m9d1 !n1 x mu/ be admitt$1 h modifi$1 & mu/ always cont9ue to modify1 e sci5ce1 z truly z ! laws ( t p>ticul> dep>tm5t ( nature ( :i* ! ph5om5a are obs]v$ & comp>$4 ,b1 x may be said1 we are ,*emi/s1 we are ,a/ronom]s1 )\t /udy+ ! philosophy ( m9d4 ,& true x c]ta9ly is1 t !re are excell5t ,a/ronom]s1 & excell5t ,*emi/s1 :o h nev] paid any p>ticul> att5tion to intellectual philosophy4 ,! g5]al pr9ciples ( philosophiz+1 :i* a m accurate intellectual philosophy _h introduc$1 h become famili> to !m1 )\t /udy4 ,b ^? g5]al pr9ciples are n less ! effect ( t improv$ philosophy ( m9d1 any m ?an a/ronomy & *emi/ry !mselves h n[ a less title to be consid]$ z sci5ces1--because1 f ! g5]al diffusion ( k 9 society1 ^? :o h nev] pr(ess$ly /udi$ ei!r sci5ce1 are acqua9t$ ) _m ( _! mo/ /rik+ tru?s4 ,x is gradually1 & almo/ ins5sibly1 t tru?s diffuse !mselves--at fir/ admir$ & adopt$ by a few1 :o are able to comp>e ! pres5t ) ! pa/1 & :o gladly own !m1 z additions to =m] k1--f !m communicat$ to a wid] circle1 :o receive !m1 )\t discussion1 z if famili> & long kn[n2 & at l5g?1 9 ?is wid5+ progress1 becom+ s ne>ly univ]sal1 z almo/ to seem effects ( a natural in/9ctive law ( human ?\ght3--l ! light1 :i* we readily ascribe to ! sun1 z x fir/ fl[s directly f him1 & =ces 8 image on our sight2 b :i*1 :5 reflect$ f object to object1 soon ceases to rem9d u ( its orig91 & seems almo/ to be a "p ( ! v atmosph]e :i* we brea!4 ,i am aw>e1 t x is n to improvem5ts 9 ! m]e philosophy ( m9d1 t ! great re=mation 9 our pr9ciples ( physical inquiry is commonly ascrib$4 ,yet x is to ?is s\rce--c]ta9ly at lea/ to ?is s\rce *iefly1 t ,i w\ld ref] ! orig9 ( ^? bett] plans ( philosophical inve/igation :i* h di/+ui%$ ) s _m glori\s discov]ies ! age 9 :i* we live1 & ! ages imm$iately prec$+4 ,:5 we ?9k ( ! great g5ius ( ,"l ,bacon1 & ( ! influ5ce ( 8 admirable works1 we are too apt to =get ! sort ( difficulties :i* 8 g5ius mu/ h _h to ov]come1 & to look back to 8 rules ( philosophiz+1 z a sort ( ultimate tru?s1 discov]able by ! m]e p]spicacity ( 8 sup]ior m9d1 )\t ref]r+ !m to ^? simple views ( nature 9 relation to our faculties ( discov]y1 f :i* !y 7 d]iv$4 ,! rules :i* he gives u1 are rules ( physical inve/igation2 & x is v natural = u1 !re=e1 9 e/imat+ _! value1 to ?9k ( ! errone\s physical op9ions :i* prec$$ !m1 )\t pay+ suffici5t att5tion to ! false !ories ( intellect1 :i* _h l$ to ^? v physical absurdities4 ,"l ,bacon1 if he 0 n ! fir/ :o discov]$ t we 7 9 "s degree idolat]s1 to use 8 own metaphor1 9 our intellectual wor%ip1 0 c]ta9ly ! fir/ :o discov]$ ! ext5t ( our idolatry4 ,b we mu/ n =get1 t ! temple :i* he purifi$1 0 n ! temple ( ext]nal nature1 b ! temple ( ! m9d1--t 9 its inmo/ sanctu>ies 7 all ! idols :i* he ov]?rew1--& t x 0 n till ^! 7 remov$1 & ! intellect prep>$ = ! pres5ce ( a nobl] div9ity1 t ,tru? w\ld deign to unveil h]self to adoration2--z 9 ! my/]ies ( ^? ,ea/]n religions1 9 :i* ! fir/ c]emony = admission to ! wor%ip ( ! ,god is ! purification ( ! wor%ipp]4 ,9 ! c\rse ( our analysis ( ! intellectual ph5om5a1 we %all h frequ5t opportunities ( rem>k+ ! influ5ce1 :i* errors ) respect to ^! m]e ph5om5a ( m9d mu/ h _h1 on ! contempor>y sy/ems ( g5]al physics1 & on ! _s ( ! prevail+ plans ( inquiry4 ,x may be en\gh to rem>k at pres5t ! influ5ce ( "o fundam5tal error1 :i*1 z long z x reta9$ its hold ( ! und]/&+1 mu/ h r5d]$ all its en]gies ineffectual1 by wa/+ !m 9 ! se>* ( objects1 :i* x nev] c\ld atta91 because 9 tru? !y _h no real exi/5ce1--to ! neglect ( objects t w\ld h produc$ ! v advantage :i* 0 s\ght4 ,i allude to ! belief ( ! s*ools1 9 ! sep>ate exi/5ce1 or entity z !y te*nically t]m$ x1 ( ! v>i\s ord]s ( univ]sals1 & ! mode 9 :i* !y conceiv$ e acquisition ( k 9 reason+1 to take place1 by ! int]v5tion ( c]ta9 intelligible =ms or species1 exi/+ sep>ately 9 ! intellect1 z ! direct objects ( ?\ght1--9 ! same mann] z !y ascrib$ simple p]ception to ! action ( species ( ano!r ord]1 :i* !y t]m$ s5sible species1--! images ( ?+s d]iv$ inde$ f objects )\t1 b :5 ?us d]iv$1 exi/+ indep5d5tly ( !m4 ,:5 we amuse ourselves ) inquir+ into ! hi/ory ( human folly--t mo/ compreh5sive ( all hi/ories--:i* includes1 at lea/ = _m ages1 ! :ole hi/ory ( philosophy2 or r1 to use a ^w m appropriate ?an amusem5t1--:5 we read ) regret ! melan*oly annals ( g5ius aspir+ to be pre-em95tly frivol\s1 & indu/ry lab\r+ to be ignorant1 we (t5 discov] absurdities ( ! grosse/ k9d1 :i* almo/ cease to be absurdities1 on acc\nt ( o!r absurdities1 probably z gross1 :i* accompany !m2 & ?is is truly ! case1 9 ! grave extravagance ( ! logic ( ! s*ools4 ,! s*ola/ic mode ( philosophiz+1 ridicul\s z x n[ seems1 0 f> f absurd1 :5 tak5 9 connection ) ! s*ola/ic philosophy4 ,x 0 inde$ ! only mode ( proc$ure1 :i* t philosophy c\ld consi/5tly admit4 ,to ^? :o believ$ t s+ul> objects c\ld af=d no real k1 s+ul>ium nullam d>i sci5tiam3 & t ?is 0 to be obta9$ only f :at !y t]m$ intelligible species1 exi/+ n 9 ext]nal ?+s1 b 9 ! intellect itself1 x mu/ h seem$ z absurd to w&]1 9 que/ ( k1 out ( t region 9 :i* alone !y suppos$ x to exi/1 & to seek x among ?+s s+ul>1 z x w\ld n[1 to u1 seem hopeless & absurd1 to f\nd a sy/em ( physical tru?s on ! contemplation & comp>ison ( univ]sals4 ,:ile ?is false !ory ( ! m5tal ph5om5a prevail$1 0 x possible1 t ! ph5om5a ( matt] %\ld h be5 /udi$ on s\nd] pr9ciples ( inve/igation1 :5 any bett] plan mu/ h be5 absolutely inconsi/5t ) ! v !ory ( ?\ght8 ,x 0 9 m9d t ! /ud5t ( g5]al nature 0 to seek 8 guid+ light1 )\t :i* all !n 0 d>kness4 ,! intellectual philosoph]1 if any su* _h !n aris51 to analyze simply ! ph5om5a ( ?\ght1 )\t any ref]5ce to g5]al physics1 w\ld 9 tru? h done m 9 t d>k age1 = ! b5efit ( e physical sci5ce1 ?an if he _h discov]$ a ?\s& prop]ties ( z _m diff]5t sub/ances4 ,let u suppose1 = a mom5t1 t an accurate view ( ! intellectual process ( ab/raction c\ld h be5 communicat$ to a vet]an sage ( ! s*ools1 at ! v mom5t :5 he 0 int5tly contemplat+ ! tree ( ,porphyry1 9 all its bran*es ( species & g5]a1 betwe5 ! individual & ! summum g5us2 & :5 he 0 prep>+ p]haps1 by ?is contemplation ( a few univ]sals1 to unfold all ! philosophy ( col\rs1 or ( ! planet>y movem5ts1 w\ld ! b5efit :i* he receiv$ f ?is cle>] view ( a s+le process ( ?\ght h t]m9at$ 9 ! m]e sci5ce ( m9d--or w\ld n r 8 new views ( m9d h ext5d$ ) a mo/ important influ5ce to 8 :ole wide views ( matt]8--,he mu/ imm$iately h le>n$1 t1 9 ! :ole tree ( g5]a & species1 ! individual at ! bottom ( 8 scale 0 ! only real indep5d5t exi/5ce1 & t all ! re/1 ! result ( c]ta9 comp>isons ( agreem5t or disagreem5t1 7 simple modifications ( 8 own m9d1 n produc$ by any ?+ exi/+ 9 8 intellect b by ! v con/itution ( 8 intellect itself2 ! consid]ation ( a numb] ( individuals z ( "o species be+ no?+ m ?an ! feel+ ( _! agreem5t 9 c]ta9 respects1 & ! feel+ ( ?is agreem5t be+ z simple a result ( ! obs]vation ( !m toge!r1 z ! p]ception ( ea*1 individually1 0 ( its individual pres5ce4 ,x w\ld surely h be5 impossible = him1 ) ?is new & important light1 to return to 8 transc5d5tal inquiries1 into entities1 & quiddities1 & sub/antial =ms2 & ! simple discov]y ( a bett] !ory ( ab/raction1 z a process ( ! m9d1 w\ld ?us h suppli$ ! place ( _m rules ( philosophiz+4 ,! philosophy ( m9d !n1 we mu/ admit1 did1 9 =m] ages at lea/1 ex]cise an important influ5ce on g5]al sci5ce3--& are we to suppose t x has n[ no influ5ce8 ,ev5 ?\gh no o!r advantage 7 to be obta9$ f our pres5t ju/] views ( m9d1 ?an ! protection :i* !y give1 f ^? gross errors ( inquiry to :i* ! philosoph]s ( s long a s]ies ( ages 7 expos$1 ?is alone w\ld surely be no slight ga94 ,b1 great z ?is advantage is1 are we c]ta91 t x is all :i* ! nice/ m5tal analysis c af=d1--or r1 is x n possible at lea/1 t we may /ill1 9 our plans ( physical inve/igation1 be suff]+ "u ! influ5ce ( errors f :i* we %\ld be sav$1 by /ill ju/] views ( ! faculties employ$ 9 e physical inquiry8 ,t we are n aw>e ( any su* influ5ce1 argues no?+2 = to suppose u aw>e ( x1 w\ld be to suppose u acqua9t$ ) ! v errors :i* mislead u4 ,aqu9as & ,scotus1 x is to be presum$1 & all _! cont5ti\s foll[]s1 conceiv$ !mselves z truly 9 ! "r pa? ( physical inve/igation1 z we d at ?is mom5t2 &1 ?\gh we are free f _! gross mi/akes1 !re may yet be o!rs ( :i* we are less likely to dive/ ourselves1 f n hav+ z yet ! slighte/ suspicion ( _! exi/5ce4 ,! "q is n1 ,:e!r our me?od ( inquiry be ju/] ?an !irs8--=1 ( our sup]iority 9 ?is respect1 if any evid5ce ( fact 7 necess>y1 ! noble discov]ies ( ^! lat] ye>s are too magnific5t a pro( to all[ u to h any d\bt1--b1 ,:e!r our plan ( inquiry may n /ill be susceptible ( improvem5ts1 ( :i* we h n[ z little =esight1 z ! ,scoti/s & ,aqu9i/s ( ! advantages :i* philosophy has receiv$ f ! g5]al prosecution ( ! inductive me?od8 ,!re is1 inde$1 no reason n[ to fe>1 t ! obs]vation ( p>ticul> objects1 ) a view to g5]al sci5ce1 w be despis$ z incapable ( giv+ any direct k1 & all real sci5ce be conf9$ to univ]sals4 8,s+ul>ium datur sci5tia40 ,b1 ?\gh a s\nd] view ( "o intellectual process may h bani%$ f philosophy mu* idle cont5tion1 & direct$ inquiry to fitt] objects1 x surely does n !re=e foll[1 t subsequ5t improvem5ts 9 ! philosophy ( m9d are to be absolutely unavail+4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! presumption unque/ionably is1 t if by und]/&+ bett] ! simple process ( ab/raction1 we h fre$ ourselves f _m errors 9 our plans ( inquiry1 a /ill cle>] view ( ! nature & limits ( all ! intellectual processes conc]n$ 9 ! discov]y ( tru?1 may lead to /ill ju/] views ( philosophiz+4 ,ev5 at pres5t1 ,i _c b ?9k t we may trace1 9 no inconsid]able degree1 ! influ5ce ( false notions1 z to "s ( ! ph5om5a ( ! m9d1 9 misdirect+ ! _s ( our g5]al philosophy4 ,i allude 9 p>ticul>1 to "o v important intellectual process1--t by :i* we acquire our k ( ! relation on :i* all physics may be said to be f\nd$4 ,he mu/ h paid little att5tion to ! hi/ory ( philosophy1 & ev5 to ! philosophy ( 8 own "t1 :o does n p]ceive1 h[ mu* ! vague & obscure notions ent]ta9$ ( t int]m$iate tie1 :i* is suppos$ to connect ph5om5a ) ea* o!r1 h t5d$ to fav\r ! inv5tion & ready admission ( physical hypo!ses1 :i* o!rwise c\ld n h be5 ent]ta9$ = a mom5t2--hypo!ses1 :i* attempt to expla9 :at is kn[n by ! introduction ( :at is unkn[n2 z if successions ( ph5om5a 7 r5d]$ easi] to be und]/ood m]ely by be+ r5d]$ m complicat$4 ,?is v unphilosophic passion = complexity1 7:i*1 unphilosophic z x is1 is yet ! passion ( _m philosoph]s17 seems1 to me1 to arise1 9 a great measure1 f a my/]i\s & false view ( causation2 z involv+ always1 9 e s]ies ( *anges1 ! int]v5tion ( some?+ unobs]v$1 betwe5 ! obs]v$ antec$5t & ! obs]v$ effect2--a view :i* may v naturally be suppos$ to lead ! m9d1 :5 x has obs]v$ no actual int]v5tion1 to imag9e any ?+ :i* is n absolutely absurd1 t x may flatt] itself ) ! pleasure ( hav+ discov]$ a cause4 ,x is unnecess>y1 h[ev]1 to enl>ge at pres5t on ?is subject1 z x mu/ aga9 come be=e u2 :5 y w p]haps see m cle>ly1 h[ mu* ! g5]al diffusion ( ju/] views1 z to ! nature & orig9 ( our notion ( ! connection ( ev5ts1 w\ld t5d to ! simplification1 n ( our !ories ( m9d only1 b1 9 a /ill high] degree1 ( our !ories ( matt]4 ,! obs]vations already made1 ,i tru/1 h %[n h[ important1 to ! p]fection ( e sci5ce1 is an accurate acqua9tance ) t intellectual m$ium1 ?r\gh :i* alone ! objects ( e sci5ce become kn[n to u1 & ) ^? intellectual in/rum5ts1 by :i*1 alike 9 e sci5ce1 tru? is to be detect$ & evolv$4 ,on ?is influ5ce1 :i* ! philosophy ( m9d mu/ always ex]cise on g5]al philosophy1 ,i h dwelt ! long]1 because1 important z ! relation is1 x is "o :i* we are peculi>ly apt to =get2 & ! m apt to =get x1 on acc\nt ( t v excell5ce ( ! physical sci5ces1 to :i* x has itself ess5tially contribut$4 ,! discov]ies1 :i* rew>d our inquiry into ! prop]ties ( matt]1 z n[ c>ri$ on1 on pr9ciples bett] suit$ to ! nature & limits ( our p[]s ( inve/igation1 are too spl5did to all[ u to look back to ! circum/ances :i* prep>$ !m at a di/ance2 & we avail ourselves ( rules1 t are ! result ( logical analysis1 )\t reflect+1 & almo/ )\t kn[+1 t !y are ! result ( any analysis :atev]4 ,we are1 9 ?is respect1 l navigators on ! great ocean1 :o p]=m _! voyage successfully by ! results ( obs]vations1 ( :i* !y are altoge!r ignorant2 :o look1 ) p]fect confid5ce1 to _! compass & *>t1 & ?9k ( ! />s z useful only 9 ^? e>ly ages1 :5 ! pilot1 if he v5tur$ f %ore1 _h no o!r directors ( 8 c\rse4 ,x is only "s m skilful m>9] :o is /ill aw>e ( _! guidance2 & :o kn[s1 h[ mu* he is indebt$ to ! satellites ( ,jupit] = ! accuracy ( t v *>t1 by :i* ! cr[ds ar\nd him are me*anically direct+ _! c\rse4 ,! *ief reason1 h[ev]1 = my dwell+ s long on ?is c5tral & gov]n+ relation1 :i* ! philosophy ( intellect be>s to all o!r philosophy1 is1 t ,i am anxi\s to impress _! relation /rongly on y\r m9ds2 n s mu* ) a view to ! importance :i* x may seem to give to ! p>ticul> sci5ce t is to engage u toge!r1 z ) a view to ^? o!r sci5ces 9 :i* y may already h be5 engag$1 or :i* may yet await y 9 ! c\rse ( y\r /udies4 ,! consid]ation ( m9d1 z univ]sally pres5t & presid+1--at once ! m$ium ( all ! k :i* c be acquir$1 & ! subject ( all ! tru?s ( :i* t k consi/s1--gives1 by its own unity1 a sort ( unity & additional dignity to ! sci5ces1 ( :i* _! scatt]$ exp]im5ts & obs]vations w\ld o!rwise be unsusceptible4 ,x is an un=tunate effect ( physical inquiry1 :5 exclusively devot$ to ! prop]ties ( ext]nal ?+s1 to r5d] ! m9d1 9 our imag9ation1 subord9ate to ! objects on :i* x is direct$2 ! faculties are no?+1 ! objects e ?+4 ,! v nature ( su* inquiry leads u p]petually )\t to obs]ve & arrange1 & no?+ br+s u back to ! obs]v] & arrang] )92 or1 if we d occasionally ca/ an inquisitive glance on ! ph5om5a ( our ?\ght1 we br+ back ) u :at ,bacon1 9 8 /rong language1 calls 8! smoke & t>ni% ( ! furnace20--! m9d seems1 to u1 to be brok5 d[n to ! littl5ess ( ! objects :i* x has1 be5 habitually contemplat+2 & we reg>d ! faculties t measure e>? & heav51 & t add inf9ity to inf9ity1 ) a curiosity ( no great] int]e/1 ?an t ) :i* we inquire into ! angles ( a cry/al1 or ! fructification ( a moss4 8,ludit i/is animus10 says "o ( ! mo/ eloqu5t ( ! anci5ts1--8,ludit i/is animus1 non pr(icit2 et philosophiam a fa/igio d$ucit 9 planum40 ,to re/ 9 rese>*es ( ?is m9ute k9d1 inde$1 if we 7 absolutely to ,,re/ 9 !m1 )\t any high] & pr(\nd] views1 w\ld truly be1 z he says1 to drag d[n philosophy f t pure em95ce on :i* %e sits1 to ! v du/ ( ! pla9 on :i* we tread4 ,to ! inquir]1 h[ev]1 ^: m9d has be5 previ\sly embu$ ) ?is fir/ philosophy1 & :o has le>n$ to trace1 9 ! wond]s ( e sci5ce1 ! wond]s ( 8 own intellectual frame1 !re is no physical rese>*1 h[ev] m9ute its object1 :i* does n at once elevate ! m9d1 & d]ive elevation f x4 ,no?+ is truly humble1 :i* c ex]cise faculties t are !mselves sublime4 ----,se>*1 undismay$ ! d>k pr(\nd1 ,:]e ,nature works 9 secret2 view ! b$s ,( m9]al treasure1 & ! et]nal vault ,t b\nds ! ho>y ocean2 trace ! =ms ,( atoms1 mov+ ) incessant *ange1 ,_! elem5tal r\nd2 behold ! se$s ,( be+1 & ! en]gy ( life1 ,k9dl+ ! mass ) ev] active flame2 ,!n to ! secrets ( ! work+ m9d ,att5tive turn2 f dim oblivion call ,h] fleet ideal b&2 & bid !m g ,break ?r\gh "t's b>ri]1 & o'ertake ! h\r ,t saw ! heav5s creat$2 !n decl>e1 ,if ought 7 f\nd 9 ^! ext]nal sc5es ,to move ?y wond] n[4#f ,9 ! physics ( ! mat]ial univ]se1 !re is1 x mu/ be own$1 mu* t is truly wor?y ( our philosophic admiration1 & ( ! sublime/ ex]tions ( philosophic g5ius4 ,b ev5 t mat]ial _w w appe> m admirable1 to him :o contemplates x1 z x 71 f ! height ( 8 own m9d1 & :o measures its inf9ity ) ! range ( 8 own limit$ b aspir+ faculties4 ,he is unque/ionably ! philosoph] mo/ wor?y ( ! "n1 :o unites to ! mo/ accurate k ( m9d1 ! mo/ accurate k ( all ! physical objects amid :i* he is plac$2 :o makes ea* sci5ce1 to ea*1 reciprocally a s\rce ( additional illum9ation2 & :o le>ns1 f bo?1 ! noble/ ( all ! lessons :i* !y c give1--! k & adoration ( t div9e ,be+1 :o has alike creat$1 & adapt$ to ea* o!r1 ) an ord] s h>moni\s1 ! univ]se ( matt]1 & ! univ]se ( ?\ght4 ,,footnotes3 #e ,?omson's ,poem on ! ,dea? ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton4 #f ,ak5side's ,pleasures ( ,imag9ation1 ,book ,i4 v4 #eab-ebf4 ,,lecture ,,iii4 ,,relation ,,( ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,m9d ,,to ,,! ,,sci5ces ,,& ,,arts ,,m ,,/rictly ,,intellectual4 ,9 my la/ ,lecture1 ,g5tlem51 ,i illu/rat$1 at great l5g?1 ! relation :i* ! ,philosophy ( ,m9d be>s to all ! o!r sci5ces1 z ! common c5tre ( ea*4 ,^! sci5ces ,i repres5t$1 z1 9 _! relation to ! p[]s ( discov]y1 t are ex]cis$ 9 !m1 truly arts1 9 all ! v>i\s intellectual processes ( :i*1 ! arti/ is ! same1 & ! in/rum5ts ! same2 & z to ! p]fection ( any ( ! me*anical arts1 x is ess5tial1 t we "k ! p[]s ( ! in/rum5ts employ$ 9 x1 s1 9 ! inv5tive processes ( sci5ce ( e k9d1 x seems ess5tial to ! p]fection ( ! process1 t we %\ld "k1 z exactly z possible1 ! p[]s & ! limits ( ^! intellectual in/rum5ts1 :i* are ex]cis$ alike 9 all1--t we may n wa/e our indu/ry1 9 attempt+ to accompli% ) !m :at is impossible to be accompli%$1 & at ! same "t may n despair ( a*iev+ ) !m any ( ! wond]s to :i* !y are truly adequate1 if skilfully & p]sev]+ly ex]t$2 ?\gh we %\ld h to ov]come _m ( ^? difficulties :i* pres5t !mselves1 z ob/acles to e great ef=t1 b :i* are insurm\ntable1 only to ^? :o despair ( surm\nt+ !m4 ,x 0 to a consid]ation ( ?is k9d1 z to ! prim>y importance ( kn[+ ! que/ions to :i* our faculties are compet5t1 t we are indebt$ = "o ( ! mo/ valuable works 9 our sci5ce1 a "w1 :i* none c read ev5 n[1 )\t be+ impress$ ) rev]5ce = ! great tal5ts ( its au?or2 b ( :i* x is impossible to feel ! :ole value1 )\t an acqua9tance ) ! v]bal trifl+1 & b>r5 controv]sies1 t /ill p]plex$ & obscur$ intellectual sci5ce at ! p]iod :5 x 0 writt54 ,! "w to :i* ,i allude is ! ,essay on ! ,human ,und]/&+1 to ! composition ( :i* ,mr ,locke1 9 8 preface1 /ates himself to h be5 l$ by an accid5tal conv]sation ) "s fri5ds :o _h met at 8 *amb]4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a discussion1 :i* _h no imm$iate relation to ! subject ( ! ,essay1 !y f\nd !mselves unexpect$ly emb>rass$ by difficulties t appe>$ to rise on e side1 :5 aft] _m va9 attempts to extricate !mselves f ! d\bts :i* p]plex$ !m1 x occurr$ to ,mr ,locke1 t !y _h tak5 a wrong c\rse1--t ! inquiry 9 :i* !y 7 engag$ 0 probably "o :i* 0 beyond ! rea* ( human faculties1 &1 t _! fir/ inquiry %\ld h be51 into ! nature ( ! und]/&+ itself1 to asc]ta9 :at subjects x 0 fit to explore & compreh5d4 8,:5 we "k our own /r5g?10 he rem>ks1 8we %all ! bett] "k :at to und]take ) hopes ( success3 & :5 we h well survey$ ! p[]s ( our own m9ds1 & made "s e/imate :at we may expect f !m1 we %all n be incl9$ ei!r to sit /ill1 & n set our ?\ghts on "w at all1 9 despair ( kn[+ any?+2 or1 on ! o!r side1 "q e ?+1 & disclaim all k1 because "s ?+s are n to be und]/ood4 ,x is ( great use to ! sailor1 to "k ! l5g? ( 8 l9e1 ?\gh he _c ) x fa?om all ! dep?s ( ! ocean4 ,x is well he kn[s1 t x is long en\gh to rea* ! bottom1 at su* places z are necess>y to direct 8 voyage1 & caution him aga9/ runn+ ^u %oals t may ru9 him4--,?is 0 t :i* gave ! fir/ rise to ?is essay conc]n+ ! und]/&+4 ,= ,i ?\ght1 t ! fir/ /ep t[>ds satisfy+ sev]al inquiries1 ! m9d ( man 0 v apt to run into1 0 to take a survey ( our own und]/&+s1 exam9e our own p[]s1 & see to :at ?+s !y 7 adapt$4 ,till t 0 done1 ,i suspect$ we began at ! wrong end1 & 9 va9 s\ght = satisfaction 9 a quiet & sure possession ( tru?s t mo/ conc]n$ u1 :ile we let loose our ?\ghts into ! va/ ocean ( be+1 z if all t b\ndless ext5t 7 ! natural & und\bt$ possession ( our und]/&+s4--,?us m51 ext5d+ _! inquiries beyond _! capacities1 & lett+ _! ?\ghts w&] into ^? dep?s1 :]e !y c f9d no sure foot+1 x is no wond] t !y raise que/ions & multiply disputes1 :i*1 nev] com+ to any cle> resolution1 are prop] only to cont9ue & increase _! d\bts1 & to confirm !m1 at la/1 9 p]fect scepticism2 :]eas1 7 ! capacities ( our und]/&+ well consid]$1 ! ext5t ( our k once discov]$1 & ! horizon f\nd1 :i* sets ! b\nds betwe5 ! enlight5$ & d>k p>ts ( ?+s1 betwe5 :at is & :at is n compreh5sible by u1 m5 w\ld p]haps1 ) less scruple1 acquiesce 9 ! av[$ ignorance ( ! "o1 & employ _! ?\ghts & disc\rse1 ) m advantage & satisfaction 9 ! o!r40#g ,^! obs]vations ( ,mr ,locke illu/rate1 v happily1 ! importance ( a "r view ( ! limits ( our und]/&+1 = direct+ our inquiries to ! objects t are truly )9 our rea*4 ,x is n ! wa/e ( intellect1 z x lies torpid 9 ! great multitude ( our race1 t is alone to be regrett$ 9 relation to sci5ce1 :i* 9 bett] circum/ances1 x might improve & adorn4 ,x is 9 _m cases1 ! v indu/ry ( intellect1 busily ex]t$1 b ex]t$ 9 lab\rs t mu/ be pr(itless1 because ! objects1 to :i* ! lab\r is direct$1 are beyond ! rea* ( man4 ,if half ! zeal1 &1 ,i may add1 ev5 half ! g5ius1 :i*1 dur+ s _m ages1 7 employ$ 9 attempt+ ?+s impossible1 _h be5 giv5 to inve/igations1 on :i* ! transc5d5tal inquir]s ( ^? times w\ld c]ta9ly h look$ d[n ) contempt1 !re are _m names t are n[ m5tion$ only ) ridicule or pity1 = :i* we %\ld c]ta9ly h felt ! same deep v5]ation1 :i* our he>ts s readily (f] to ! names ( ,bacon & ,newton2 or p]haps ev5 ! great names ( ,bacon & ,newton might1 9 comp>ison ) !m1 h be5 only ( second>y dignity4 ,x 0 n by idl5ess t ?is high rank ( in/ructors & b5efactors ( ! _w 0 lo/1 b by a bl9d activity m hurtful ?an idl5ess itself4 ,to ^? :o nev] c\ld h ?\ght ( numb]+ ! population ( our own little globe1 x seem$ an easy matt] to numb]1 ) precise ari?metical accuracy1 ! tribes ( angels1 & to assign to ea* ord] ( spiritual be+s its sep>ate duties1 & sep>ate dignities1 ) ! exactness ( "s h]aldic pomp2 &1 amid all ^? visible demon/rations ( ! ,div9ity :i* surr\nd u :]ev] we turn our view1 !re 7 m9ds t c\ld ?9k 9 relation to him1 ( e ?+ b 8 wisdom & goodness2 z if ,he :o creat$ u1 & plac$ ar\nd u ?is magnific5t sy/em ( ?+s1 7 an object sc>cely wor?y ( our rev]5ce1 till we _h fix$ 8 precise /ation 9 our logical categories1 & _h det]m9$1 n ! maje/ic relations :i* he be>s to ! univ]se1 z creat$ & su/a9$ by 8 b\nty1 b all ! frivol\s relations :i* he c be imag9$ to be> to impossibilities & non5tities4 ,o1 son ( e>?6 attempt ye /ill to rise1 ,by m\nta9s pil'd on m\nta9s1 to ! skies6 ,heav5 /ill1 ) laught]1 ! va9 toil surveys1 ,& buries madm5 9 ! heaps !y raise4#h ,x is1 inde$1 !n1 to borr[ ,mr ,locke's metaphor1 ( no slight importance to "k ! l5g? ( our l9e1 ?\gh we _c1 ) x1 fa?om all ! dep?s ( ! ocean4 ,) ! k1 t1 to a c]ta9 dep? at lea/1 we may safely confide 9 x1 we %all n be corrupt$1 by our fe>1 to coa/ along ! %ore1 ) su* cauti\s timidity z to lose all ! treasures :i* might be obta9$ by a m adv5tur\s voyage2 nor tempt$ 9 ! ra%ness ( ignorance or despair1 to tru/ ourselves wildly to e w9d1 ?\gh our c\rse %\ld be amid/ rocks & quicks&s4 ,! /udy ( ! natural limits ( ! faculties ( ! m9d1 has1 inde$1 sometimes be5 misrepres5t$1 z fav\r+ a t5d5cy to vague & unlimit$ d\bt on all subjects1 ev5 on ^? mo/ important to individual & social happ9ess2 z if ! great names1 to :i* we h long giv5 our admiration1 = ! light :i* !y h ?r[n on ! p[]s & weaknesses ( ! human und]/&+1 7 n also ! v names :i* we h be5 accu/om$1 n to admire m]ely1 b to v5]ate1 = excell5ce ( a /ill nobl] k9d4 ,f> f lead+ to g5]al scepticism1 x is1 on ! contr>y1 a s\nd /udy ( ! pr9ciples ( our intellectual & moral nature1 :i* alone c free f ! dang] ( x4 ,if ! sceptical philosophy be false1 z ! ass]tors ( ?is objection w all[ t x mo/ assur$ly is1 x c be ov]come & de/roy$ only by a philosophy t is true2 & ! m deeply1 & ! m e>ly1 ! m9d is embu$ ) ! pr9ciples ( tru?1 ! m confid5tly may we rely on its rejection ( ! errors t are oppos$ to !m4 ,x is impossible = "o1 :o is n absolutely born to lab\r1 to pass ?r\gh life )\t =m+1 9 8 own m9d1 occasionally1 "s imp]fect reflections on ! faculties by :i* he p]ceives & reasons2 or )\t cat*+1 f ^? ) :om he may associate1 "s ( ^? vague notions1 ( a vague philosophy1 :i* pass unexam9$ f m9d to m9d1 & become curr5t 9 ! v colloquial language ( ! day4 ,! alt]natives1 !re=e1 7if we c1 inde$1 ?9k ( any o!r alt]native :5 tru? is "o17 are n ^? ( k & absolute ignorance ( ! m5tal ph5om5a1 b ( k m or less accurate2 because absolute ignorance1 ev5 ?\gh x 7 a /ate to be wi%$1 is beyond our p[] to pres]ve1 9 "o :o enjoys1 9 any respects1 ! b5efit ( education & lib]al society4 ,we might1 ) mu* great] prospect ( success1 attempt1 by m]ely keep+ f 8 view all pr(ess$ treatises on ,a/ronomy1 to prev5t him f acquir+ t slight & common acqua9tance ) ! sy/em ( ! heav5ly bodies1 :i* is necess>y = kn[+ t ! sun does n g r\nd ! e>?1 ?an we c\ld hope to prev5t him f =m+1 or receiv+1 "s notions1 accurate or inaccurate1 z to ! nature ( m9d2 & we surely _c suppose1 t ! ju/] ^? op9ions are1 z to ! nature & =ce ( ! pr9ciples ( belief1 ! feebl] mu/ ! pr9ciples ( belief appe>4 ,x is n s1 t nature has ab&on$ u1 ) pr9ciples :i* we mu/ fe> to exam9e1 & ) tru?s & illusions :i* we mu/ nev] d>e to sep>ate4 ,9 tea*+ u :at our p[]s are incapable ( atta9+1 %e has at ! same "t1 taught u :at tru?s !y may atta92 & )9 ?is b\nd>y1 we h ! satisfaction ( kn[+1 t %e has plac$ all ! tru?s t are important = our virtue & happ9ess4 ,he1 ^: eyes are ! cle>e/ to di/+ui% ! b\nd+ circle1 _c surely1 be ! dulle/ to p]ceive ! tru?s t are )94 ,to "k only to d\bt1 is b ! fir/ /ep 9 philosophy2 & to re/ at ?is fir/ /ep1 is ei!r imbecility or idl5ess4 ,x is n !re t ,wisdom sees1 & comp>es1 & pron\nces2 x is ,ignorance1 t1 ) dazzl$ eyes1 j op5+ f ! d>kness ( ! night1 p]ceives t %e has be5 dream+1 )\t be+ able to di/+ui%1 9 ! sun%9e1 :at objects really exi/+ are ar\nd4 ,he alone is ! philosoph] truly awake1 :o kn[s bo? h[ to d\bt1 & h[ to believe2 believ+ :at is evid5t on ! v same pr9ciples1 :i* lead him to d\bt1 ) v>i\s degrees ( unc]ta9ty1 :]e ! evid5ce is less sure4 ,to conceive1 t inquiry mu/ lead to scepticism1 is itself a species ( scepticism1 z to ! p[] & evid5ce ( ! pr9ciples to :i* we h giv5 our ass5t1 m degrad+1 because /ill m irrational1 ?an t op5 & consi/5t scepticism :i* x dreads4 ,x w\ld1 inde$1 be an unwor?y homage to tru?s1 :i* we pr(ess to v5]ate1 to suppose1 t adoration c be paid to !m only :ile we are ignorant ( _! nature2 & t to approa* _! alt>s w\ld be to discov]1 t ! maje/ic =ms1 :i* seem animat$ at a di/ance1 are only lifeless idols1 z ins5sible z ! inc5se :i* we h (f]$ to !m4 ,! /udy ( ! p[]s & limits ( ! und]/&+1 & ( ! s\rces ( evid5ce 9 ext]nal nature & ourselves1 in/ead ( ei!r =m+ or fav\r+ a t5d5cy to scepticism1 is !n1 x appe>s1 ! sure/1 or r ! only mode1 ( remov+ ! dang] ( su* a t5d5cy4 ,t m9d may soon d\bt ev5 ( ! mo/ important tru?s1 :i* has nev] le>n$ to di/+ui% ! d\btful f ! true4 ,b to "k well ! irresi/ible evid5ce on :i* tru? is f\nd$1 is to believe 9 x1 & to believe 9 x =ev]4 ,nor is x f ! dang] ( scepticism only1 t a j view ( ! pr9ciples ( 8 intellectual con/itution t5ds to pres]ve ! philosophic inquir]4 ,x saves him1 also1 f t presumptu\s & haughty dogmatism1 :i*1 ?\gh free f d\bt1 is n1 !re=e1 necess>ily free f error2 & :i* is1 inde$1 mu* m likely to be fix$ 9 error ?an 9 tru?1 :]e ! inquiry1 t prec$es conviction1 has be5 casual & incomplete4 ,a j view ( our nature z intellig5t be+s1 at ! same "t t x tea*es u en\gh ( our /r5g? to all[ u to re/ ) confid5ce on ! great pr9ciples1 physical1 moral1 & religi\s1 9 :i* alone x is ( importance = u to confide1 tea*es u also en\gh ( our weakness1 to r5d] u indulg5t to ! weakness ( o!rs4 ,we cease to be a/oni%$ t multitudes %\ld diff] f u2 because we "k well1 t :ile nature has made a provision = ! univ]sal ass5t ( mank9d to ^? fundam5tal physical tru?s1 :i* are ess5tial to _! v exi/5ce1 & ^? fundam5tal tru?s ( ano!r k9d1 :i* are equally ess5tial to _! exi/5ce z subjects ( moral gov]nm5t1 %e has left !m1 toge!r ) pr9ciples ( improvem5t t ensure _! intellectual progress1 a susceptibility ( error1 )\t :i* !re c\ld be no progression2 & :ile we almo/ trace back ! circum/ances :i* h modifi$ our own individual belief1 we _c b be aw>e1 at ! same "t1 h[ _m s\rces !re are ( prejudice1 &1 consequ5tly1 ( diff]5ce ( op9ion1 9 ! v>i\s situations 9 :i* ! multitudes1 t diff] f u1 h be5 plac$4 ,to feel ang] at human error1 says an anci5t philosoph]1 is ! same ?+ z if we 7 to be angry ) ^? :o /umble 9 ! d>k1--) ! deaf = n obey+ our comm&1--) ! sick1--) ! ag$1--) ! we>y4 ,t v dulness ( disc]nm5t1 :i* excites at once our wond] & our wra?1 is b a "p ( ! g5]al frailty ( mortality2 & ! love ( our errors is n less inh]5t 9 our con/itution ?an error itself4 ,x is ?is g5]al con/itution :i* is to be /udi$ by u1 t we may "k ) :at mi/akes & weaknesses we mu/ h to deal1 :5 we h to deal ) our fell[-m52 & ! true art1 !re=e1 ( le>n+ to =give individuals1 is to le>n fir/ h[ mu* we h to =give to ! :ole human race4 8,illud potius cogitabis1 non esse irasc5dum erroribus4 ,quid enim1 si quis irascatur 9 t5ebris p>um ve/igia c]ta pon5tibus8 ,quid si quis surdis1 imp]ia non exaudi5tibus8 ,quid si pu]is1 quod neglecto dispectu (ficiorum1 ad lusus et ineptos qualium jocos spect5t8 ,quid si illis irasci velis1 qui grotant1 s5escunt1 fatigantur8 ,int] ct]a mortalitatis incommoda1 et hc e/1 caligo m5tium3 nec tantum necessitas err&i1 s$ errorum amor4 ,ne s+ulis irasc>is1 univ]sis ignosc5dum3 g5]i humano v5ia tribu5da e/40#i ,h[ mu* ( ! fury ( ! p]secut+ _s ( d>k] ages w\ld h be5 s(t5$ & turn$ into mod]ation1 by ju/] views ( ! nature ( man1 & ( all ! circum/ances on :i* belief dep5ds6 ,x appe>s to u s v easy to believe :at we consid] z true1--or1 r1 x appe>s to u s impossible to disbelieve x1--t1 if we judge f our own mom5t>y feel+s only1 )\t any k ( ! g5]al nature ( belief1 & ( all ! pr9ciples 9 our m5tal con/itution by :i* x is div]sifi$1 we v naturally look on ! diss5t ( o!rs z a sort ( wilful & ob/9ate contr>iety1 & almo/ z an insult+ d5ial ( a "r ( approbation1 :i* we consid] ourselves1 9 ^! circum/ances1 z v ju/ly entitl$ to claim4 ,! transition f ?is suppos$ culpability to ! associat$ ideas ( pa9s & p5alties1 is a v natural "o2 & !re is1 !re=e a suffici5t fund ( p]secution 9 m]e ignorance1 ?\gh ! _s ( x 7 n1 z x usually is1 aggravat$ by degrad+ notions ( ! div9e ,be+1 & false impressions ( religi\s duty4 ,v diff]5t are ! s5tim5ts :i* ! sci5ce ( m9d produces & *]i%es4 ,x makes u tol]ant1 n m]ely by %[+ ! absurdity ( endeav\r+ to ov]come1 by puni%m5t1 a belief :i* does n dep5d on suff]+2 b :i* may rema91 & ev5 ga!r additional /r5g?1 9 imprisonm5t1 9 exile1 "u ! axe1 & at ! /ake4 ,! absurdity ( e attempt ( ?is k9d x %ews inde$2 b x makes u feel1 /ill m intimately1 t inju/ice ( x1 :i* is worse ?an absurdity1--by %ew+ our common nature1 9 all ! pr9ciples ( tru? & error1 ) ^? :om we w\ld oppress2 all hav+ faculties t may lead to tru?1 & t5d5cies ( v>i\s k9ds :i* may mislead to error1 & ! m]e accid5tal & tempor>y diff]5ce ( p[] be+1 if n ! greate/1 at lea/ ! mo/ obvi\s circum/ance1 :i*1 9 all ages1 has di/+ui%$ ! p]secutor f ! p]secut$4 ,let n ?is weak1 unkn[+ h&1 ,presume ?y bolts to ?r[2 ,or deal damnation r\nd ! l&1 ,on all ,i judge ?y foe6 ,if ,i am "r1--?y grace imp>t1 ,/ill 9 ! "r to /ay2 ,if ,i am wrong1--,o1 tea* my he>t1 ,to f9d ! bett] way4#aj ,su* is ! language ( dev\t philosophy4 ,no pr\d ass]tion ( individual infallibility1--no triumph ov] ! consequ5ces 9 o!rs1 ( a fallible nature1 :i* ourselves p>take 9 common1--b ! expression ( feel+s m suit$ to e>?ly weakness1--( a mode/ joy ( belief1 :i* is n less delightful = ! humility t temp]s x2 & ( a mode/ sorr[ = ! seem+ errors ( o!rs1 to :i* ! consci\sness ( our own nature gives a sympa?y ( w>m] int]e/4 ,! m important ! subject ( diff]5ce1 ! great]1 n ! less1 w be ! indulg5ce ( him :o has le>n$ to trace ! s\rces ( human error1--( error1 t has its orig9 n 9 our weakness & imp]fection m]ely1 b (t5 9 ! mo/ virtu\s affections ( ! he>t1--9 t respect = age1 & admiration ( virtue1 & gratitude = k9dness receiv$1 :i* make ! op9ions ( ^? :om we love & hon\r seem to u1 9 our e>ly ye>s1 z little que/ionable1 z ! virtues :i* we love to contemplate1 or ! v k9dness :i* we feel at e mom5t beam+ on our he>t1 9 ! t5d] protection t surr\nds u4 ,t ! subjects on :i* we may diff] f o!rs1 are important to happ9ess1 ( c\rse implies1 t x is no slight mis=tune to h err$2 & t ! m]e error1 !re=e1 mu/ be already too great an evil to require any addition f our individual contempt or indignation1 f> less f ! v5geance ( public au?ority1--t may be "r1 9 ! op9ions :i* x conceives to be insult$ by p>tial diss5t2 b :i* mu/ be wrong1 9 ! means :i* x takes to av5ge !m4 ,to be s9c]ely ?ankful = tru?s receiv$1 is1 by ! v nature ( ! feel+1 to be s5sible h[ great a bless+ ^? h lo/ :o are depriv$ ( ! same enjoym5t2 & to look d[n1 !n1 ) insol5t disda91 on ! un=tunate victim ( error1 is1 inde$ to r5d] contemptible1 7z f> z x is 9 our feeble p[] to r5d] x contemptible17 n ! error :i* we despise1 b ! tru? :i* all[s u to despise x4 ,! rem>ks :i* ,i h z yet made1 on ! effects ( acqua9tance ) ! ,philosophy ( ,m9d1 relate to its influ5ce on ! g5]al _s ( philosophical inquiry2 ! advantages :i* mu/ be d]iv$1 9 e sci5ce1 f a k ( ! ext5t ( ! p[] ( ! intellectual in/rum5ts :i* we use = ! discov]y ( tru?2 ! skill :i* we !nce acquire 9 di/+ui%+ ! que/ions 9 :i* we may ju/ly hope to discov] tru?1 f ^? que/ions ( idle & endless controv]sy1 ! decision ( :i* is altoge!r beyond ! rea* ( our faculties2 & ! consequ5t mod]ation 9 ! temp]1 ) :i* we look bo? to our own possible atta9m5ts1 & to ! errors ( o!rs4 ,b beside ^! g5]al advantages1 :i* ! ,philosophy ( ,m9d ext5ds to all ! inquiries ( :i* human g5ius is capable1 !re are "s advantages m peculi>ly felt 9 c]ta9 dep>tm5ts ( sci5ce or art4 ,x is n m]ely ) ! m9d t we op]ate2 ! subject ( our op]ations is also (t5 ! m9d itself4 ,9 education1 9 criticism1 9 poetry1 9 eloqu5ce1 ! m9d has to act ^u m9d1 to produce 9 x ei!r emotions t are tempor>y1 or affections & op9ions t are p]man5t4 ,we h to in/ruct x1--to conv9ce x1--to p]suade x1--to delight x1--to s(t5 x ) pity1--to agitate x ) t]ror or indignation2--& all ^! effects1 :5 o!r circum/ances ( g5ius are ! same1 we %all surely be able to produce m readily1 if we "k ! natural laws ( ?\ght & emotion2 ! feel+s :i* are foll[$ by o!r feel+s2 & ! ?\ghts1 :i*1 exp&+ into o!r ?\ghts1 almo/ ( !mselves produce ! v passion1 or conviction1 :i* we wi% to excite4 8,"o consid]able advantage10 says ,mr ,hume1 8:i* results f ! accurate & ab/ract philosophy1 is its subs]vi5cy to ! easy & humane2 :i*1 )\t ! =m]1 c nev] atta9 a suffici5t degree ( exactness 9 its s5tim5ts1 precepts1 or reason+s4 ,all polite lett]s are no?+ b pictures ( human life 9 v>i\s attitudes & situations2 & inspire u ) diff]5t s5tim5ts ( praise or blame1 admiration or ridicule1 accord+ to ! qualities ( ! object :i* !y set be=e u4 ,an arti/ mu/ be bett] qualifi$ to succe$ 9 ?is und]tak+2 :o1 besides a delicate ta/e & quick appreh5sion1 possesses an accurate k ( ! int]nal fabric1 ! op]ations ( ! und]/&+1 ! work+s ( ! passions1 & ! v>i\s species ( s5tim5t :i* discrim9ate vice & virtue4 ,h[ev] pa9ful ?is inw>d se>* or inquiry may appe>1 x becomes1 9 "s measure1 requisite to ^? :o w\ld describe ) success ! obvi\s & outw>d appe>ances ( life & mann]s4 ,! anatomi/ pres5ts to ! eye ! mo/ hide\s & disagreeable objects2 b 8 sci5ce is highly useful to ! pa9t] 9 del9eat+ ev5 a ,v5us or an ,hel54 ,:ile ! latt] employs all ! ri*e/ col\rs ( 8 art1 & gives 8 figures ! mo/ graceful & engag+ airs1 he mu/ /ill c>ry 8 att5tion to ! inw>d /ructure ( ! human body1 ! position ( ! muscles1 ! fabric ( ! bones1 & ! use & figure ( e "p or organ4 ,accuracy is1 9 e case1 advantage\s to beauty1 & j reason+ to delicacy ( s5tim5t2--9 va9 w\ld we exalt ! "o by depreciat+ ! o!r40#aa ,!re is a mo/ /rik+ passage to ! same purport1 9 t beautiful dialogue on anci5t oratory1 :i* has be5 ascrib$1 )\t any v satisfactory evid5ce1 to v>i\s au?ors1 p>ticul>ly to ,qu9ctilian1 ! y\ng] ,pl9y1 & ,tacitus1 & :i* is n unwor?y ( ! mo/ em95t ( ! names to :i* x has be5 ascrib$4 ,aft] dwell+ on ! univ]sal sci5ce & erudition ( ! great ma/] ( ,roman eloqu5ce1 ! *ief speak] 9 ! dialogue proce$s to %[ ! peculi> advantage :i* oratory mu/ d]ive f moral & intellectual sci5ce1 to ! neglect ( :i* fundam5tal /udy1 z sup]s$$ by ! frivol\s disputations ( ! rhetorical s*ools1 he ascribes ! decay ( eloqu5ce 9 ! age ( :i* he speaks4 8,ita enim e/1 optimi viri1 ita1 ex multa eruditione1 ex pluribus artibus1 et omnium r]um sci5tia1 exundat et exub]at illa admirabilis eloqu5tia4 ,neque oratoris vis et facultas1 sicut cet]>um r]um1 angu/is et brevibus t]m9is eluditur2 s$ is e/ orator1 qui de omni qu/ione pul*re1 et ornate1 et ad p]suad5dum apte dic]e1 pro dignitate r]um ad utilitatem temporum1 cum voluptate audi5tium1 possit4 ,hc sibi illi vet]es p]suadebant4 ,ad hc effici5da intelligebant opus esse1 non ut ,rhetorum s*olis declam>5t1--s$ ut 8 artibus pectus impl]5t1 9 quibus de bonis ac malis1 de hone/o ac turpi1 de ju/o et inju/o disputatur2--de quibus copiose1 et v>ie1 et ornate1 nemo dic]e pote/1 nisi qui cognovit naturam humanam4--,ex 8 fontibus etiam illa pr(luunt1 ut facilius iram judicis vel in/iget1 vel l5iat1 qui scit quid ira1 promptius ad mis]ationem impellat qui scit quid sit mis]icordia1 et quibus animi motibus concitetur4 ,9 8 artibus ex]citationibusque v]satus orator1 sive apud infe/os1 sive apud cupidos1 sive apud invid5tes1 sive apud tri/es1 sive apud tim5tes dic5dum habu]it1 t5ebit hab5as animorum1 et pr\t cujusque natura po/ulabit1 adhibebit manum et temp]abit orationem1 p>ato omni in/rum5to1 et ad usum reposito40#ab ,:at is ! :ole art ( criticism1 9 its mo/ important applications1 b ! k ( ! mo/ natural successions ( ?\ght & feel+ 9 ! m9d8 ,we judge ( ! p]spicuity & ord] ( a disc\rse1 by kn[+ ! progress 9 :i* ! m9d1 by ! developem5t ( tru? aft] tru?1 may be made at la/ to see ! full mean+ ( ! mo/ complex proposition4 ,we judge ( ! beauty ( impassion$ poetry or eloqu5ce1 by kn[+ :e!r ! figures1 ! images1 ! v feel+s describ$1 be su* z1 f our obs]vation ( ! laws t regulate ! int]nal s]ies ( *anges 9 ! m9d1 we "k to be consi/5t ) t /ate ( emotion1 9 :i* a m9d mu/ exi/ t has be5 plac$ 9 ! situation suppos$4 ,if all o!r circum/ances be equal1 he w und\bt$ly be ! be/ critic1 :o kn[s be/ ! ph5om5a ( human ?\ght & feel+2 &1 )\t ?is k1 criticism c be no?+ b a measurem5t ( words1 or a repetition ( ! ev] repeat$ & endless common places ( rhetoric4 ,! k ( nature1--( ! necessity ( :i* critics speak s mu*1 & s ju/ly1 & :i* is z ess5tial to ! critic himself1 z to ! writ] on :om he sits 9 judgm5t1--is only ano!r "n = ! k ( ! successive transitions ( feel+ ( ! m9d1 9 all ! innum]able div]sities 9 :i* x is capable ( be+ modifi$1 by ! v>iety ( circum/ances 9 :i* x maybe plac$4 ,x is = ?is reason1 t1 ) s great an abundance ( ! m]e art1 or r ( ! m]e te*nical phrases ( criticism1 we h s v little ( ! sci5ce ( x2 because ! sci5ce ( criticism implies an acqua9tance ) ! philosophy ( ?\ght & passion1 :i* few c be expect$ to possess2 & ?\gh no?+ c be easi] ?an to deliv] op9ions1 su* z pass curr5t 9 ! draw+-room1 & ev5 9 ! lit]>y circle1 :i* ! frivol\s may admire z pr(\nd1 & ! ignorant z erudite1 & :i* _m voices may be pr\d to repeat2 ?\gh ev5 ! dull & p$antic are z able z ! wise to say1 9 flu5t language1 t "o passage ( a "w ( g5ius is beautiful1 & ano!r ! rev]se1--because "o ( !m is 9 accordance ) "s te*nical rules1 or because ,hom] & ,milton h passages simil> to ! "o1 & n to ! o!r3 x is f> f be+ equally easy to %[1 h[ ! "o passage is beautiful1 f its tru? ( "*1 & ! o!r1 ?\gh p]haps ri* 9 h>mony ( rhy?m & rhetorical ornam5t1 is yet faulty1 by its violation ( ! m important h>mony ( ?\ght & emotion1--a h>mony :i* nature obs]ves z fai?fully1 9 ! progress ( ^? vehem5t passions t appe> mo/ wild & irregul>1 z 9 ! calme/ successions ( feel+ ( ! mo/ tranquil h\rs4 ,x w\ld inde$1 be too mu* to say1 z 9 ! well kn[n c\plet ( ,pope1 8,let su* tea* o!rs :o !mselves excel1 ,& c5sure freely1 :o h writt5 well20#ac = ! critic requires only "o ( ! two great tal5ts1 :i* 9 ! poet1 ought to exi/ toge!r1 b :i* may yet exi/ sep>ately4 ,9 ! poet1 !re mu/ be1 9 ! fir/ place1 an inv5tive fancy to br+ toge!r ?\ghts & images :i* h nev] be5 comb9$ be=e2 & ) ?is inv5tive fancy1 a discrim9at+ judgm5t1 :i* is to measure1 by ! /&>d ( nature1 ! products ( inv5tion2 & to reta9 !m1 only if !y appe> su*1 z ?\gh p]haps nev] be=e comb9$1 might yet1 9 con=mity ) ! natural laws ( ?\ght1 h occurr$ to a m9d1 9 ! circum/ances repres5t$1 z truly1 z ! o!r ?\ghts or images1 :i* ! works ( o!r poets h r5d]$ m famili>4 ,?is latt] tal5t1--! judgm5t :i* det]m9es ! intr9sic beauty & fidelity to g5]al nature1--is all :i* is absolutely requisite to ! critic1 :o is n1 !re=e1 "u ! necessity ( be+ himself 8! great sublime0 :i* he draws4 ,yet1 ?\gh all ! elem5ts ( excell5ce 9 ! arti/ are n absolutely requisite = ! judgm5t ( ! sage & discrim9at+ admir] ( ! noble works :i* t excell5ce may h produc$1 "s ( ^! elem5ts unque/ionably are requisite1--elem5ts1 = :i* ! critic may se>* 9 va9 9 all ! rules ( rhetoricians1 & ev5 9 ! p]usal ( all ! ma/]pieces ( anci5t & mod]n times1 unless1 to an acqua9tance ) ^!1 he add an accurate acqua9tance ) t intellectual & moral nature ( man1 ! beautiful con=mity to :i* 0 ! ess5tial *>m ( all ! pa?os1 & all ! eloqu5ce1 :i* he has admir$4 ,!re is ano!r art1 h[ev]1 to :i* k ( ! intellectual & moral nature ( man is /ill m important--t noble art1 :i* has ! *>ge ( tra9+ ! ignorance & imbecility ( infancy into all ! virtue1 & p[]1 & wisdom ( matur] manhood--( =m+1 ( a creature1 ! fraile/ & feeble/ p]haps :i* heav5 has made1 ! intellig5t & fe>less sov]eign ( ! :ole animat$ creation1 ! int]pret]1 & ador]1 & almo/ ! repres5tative ( ! ,div9ity4 ,! art1 :i* p]=ms a trans=mation s wondr\s1 _c b be admirable itself2 & x is f obs]vation ( ! laws ( m9d1 t all :i* is mo/ admirable 9 x is d]iv$4 ,^! laws we mu/ foll[ inde$1 s9ce !y exi/ n by our contrivance1 b by ! contrivance ( t nobl] wisdom1 f :i* ! v exi/5ce ( ! m9d has fl[$2 yet1 if we "k !m well1 we c lead !m1 9 a great measure1 ev5 :ile we foll[ !m4 ,&1 :ile ! helpless subject ( ?is great moral art is e mom5t requir+ our aid1--) an und]/&+ t may rise1 f tru? to tru?1 to ! sublime/ discov]ies1 or may rema9 sunk =ev] 9 ignorance1 & ) susceptibilities ( vice t may be repress$1 & ( virtue t may be *]i%$1--c we "k too well ! means ( *eck+ :at is evil1 & ( fo/]+ :at is good8 ,x is too late to lie by1 9 indol5t indulg5ce ( affection1 till vice be already =m$ 9 ! little be+ :om we love1 & to lab\r !n to remove x1 & to sub/itute ! virtue t is opposite to x4 ,vice already =m$1 is almo/ beyond our p[]4 ,x is only 9 ! /ate ( lat5t prop5sity1 t we c ) mu* reason expect to ov]come x by ! moral motives :i* we are capable ( pres5t+2 & to di/+ui% ?is prop5sity be=e x has exp&$ itself1 & ev5 be=e x is kn[n to ! v m9d 9 :i* x exi/s1--to tame ^? passions :i* are nev] to rage1 & to prep>e1 at a di/ance1 ! virtues ( o!r ye>s1--implies a k ( ! m5tal con/itution1 :i* c be acquir$ only by a dilig5t /udy ( ! nature1 & progress1 & successive trans=mations ( feel+4 ,x is easy to "k1 t praise or c5sure1 rew>d or puni%m5t1 may increase or less51 ! t5d5cy to ! repetition ( any p>ticul> action2 & ?is1 toge!r ) ! means ( elem5t>y in/ruction1 is all :i* is commonly t]m$ education4 ,b ! true sci5ce ( education is some?+ f> m ?an ?is4 ,x implies a skilful obs]vation ( ! pa/1 & t long =esight ( ! future1 :i* exp]i5ce & judgm5t unit$ af=d4 ,x is ! art ( see+1 n ! imm$iate effect only1 b ! s]ies ( effects :i* may foll[ any p>ticul> ?\ght or feel+1 9 ! inf9ite v>iety ( possible comb9ations--! art (t5 ( draw+ virtue f app>5t evil1 & ( av]t+ evil t may rise f app>5t good4 ,x is1 9 %ort1 ! philosophy ( ! human m9d appli$ practically to ! human m9d1--enri*+ x1 inde$1 ) all t is useful or ornam5tal 9 k1 b at ! same "t giv+ its *ief reg>d to objects ( yet great] mom5t--av]t+ evil1 :i* all ! sci5ces toge!r c\ld n comp5sate1 or produc+ good1 comp>$ ) :i* all ! sci5ces toge!r are z no?+4 ,,footnotes3 #g ,essay on ! ,human ,und]/&+4--,introd4 sect4 #f1 #g4 #h ,pope's ,essay on ,man1 ,ep4 iv4 v4 #gc-gf4 #i ,s5eca1 de ,ira1 lib4 ii4 cap4 #i4 #aj ,pope's ,univ]sal ,pray]1 v4 #be-cb4 #aa ,inquiry conc]n+ ! ,human ,und]/&+1 sec4 ,i4 #ab ,tacitus1 edit4 ,lipsii1 p4 #dhd1 #e4 #ac ,essay on ,criticism1 v4 #ae1 #af4 ,,lecture ,,iv4 ,,relation ,,( ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,m9d ,,to ,,! ,,cultivation ,,( ,,moral ,,feel+4 ,we h already1 ,g5tlem51 consid]$ ! relation :i* ! ,philosophy ( ,m9d be>s to ! ,sci5ces 9 g5]al1 & its p>ticul> application to ^? sci5ces & arts1 9 :i* ! m9d is n m]ely ! in/rum5t ) :i* we c>ry on our intellectual op]ations1 b ! v subject on :i* we op]ate1 z 9 ! great arts ( reason+1 & p]suad+1 ( delight+ ) all ! *>ms ( poetry & eloqu5ce1 ( judg+ ( ! degrees ( excell5ce t h be5 atta9$ 9 ^! delightful arts2 &1 /ill m1 its application to ! noble/1 ?\gh1 9 proportion to its value1 ! lea/ /udi$ ( all ! arts1 ! art ( education4 ,x rema9s /ill1 to po9t out "s moral effects :i* ! /udy ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,m9d produces 9 ! inquir] himself1 effects :i* may n be obvi\s at fir/ sight1 b :i* result f x1 z truly z ! intellectual advantages already po9t$ out4 ,"o v p[]ful & salut>y influ5ce ( moral sci5ce arises directly f ! m]e contemplation ( ! objects ) :i* x is conv]sant--! b5evol5t affections1 ! pleasure :i* att5ds ^!1 ! sacrifices t are made by g5]\s virtue1 & all ! sublime admiration :i* !y excite--! sordid & malevol5t1 & joyless passions ( ! selfi%--! fe> & %ame t att5d ! guilty 9 society1 & ! horrors t1 ) a c]ta9ty ( con/ant return m dreadful ?an _! v pres5ce1 await !m 9 _! solit>y h\rs4 ,x is good to h ^! (t5 be=e u1 & to trace & contra/ all ! imm$iate1 & all ! remote effects ( vice & virtue1 ev5 ?\gh we %\ld =m1 at ! "t1 no direct ref]5ce to our own pa/ or future conduct4 ,)\t any su* ref]5ce to ourselves1 we mu/ /ill be s5sible ( ! pleasure & s]5e confid5ce :i* att5d ! "o1 & ( ! insecurity & remorse :i* =ev] hang ov] ! o!r2 & ! rema9+ impressions ( love & disgu/1 w h an influ5ce on our future conduct1 ( :i* we may probably be altoge!r unconsci\s at ! "t4 ,x is1 9 tru?1 l ! influ5ce ( ! example ( ^? ) :om we habitually associate1 :i* no "o p]ceives at any p>ticul> mom5t1 ?\gh all are e mom5t subject to x2 & to m$itate (t5 on virtue & happ9ess1 is ?us almo/ to dwell 9 a sort ( social communion ) ! virtu\s & happy4 ,! influ5ce ( moral conceptions has1 9 ?is respect1 be5 comp>$ to t ( light1 :i* x is impossible to approa*1 )\t d]iv+ f x "s fa9t col\r+1 ev5 ?\gh we %\ld n sit 9 ! v sun%9e1--or to t ( preci\s od\rs1 amid :i* we _c long rema91 )\t be>+ away ) u "s portion ( ! fragrance4 8,ea enim philosophi vis e/1 ut non solum /ud5tes1 s$ etiam conv]santes juvet4 ,qui 9 solem v5it1 licet non 9 hoc v5]it1 colorabitur3 qui 9 ungu5t>ia tab]na res$]unt1 et paulo diutius commorati sunt1 odorem secum loci f]unt3 et qui apud philosophiam fu]unt1 trax]9t aliquid necesse e/1 quod prodesset etiam neglig5tibus40#ad ,! nature ( ! process1 by :i* ?is moral b5efit arises f ! m]e contemplation ( moral objects1 frequ5tly repeat$1 is f> f obscure1 ?\gh x dep5ds on a cause to :i* y may p]haps z yet h paid little att5tion1 b :i*1 9 an aft] "p ( ! c\rse1 ,i %all h an opportunity ( illu/rat+ at l5g?1--! influ5ce ( ! associat+ pr9ciple 9 ! m9d1--( t pr9ciple1 by :i* ideas & o!r feel+s1 t h (t5 co-exi/$1 acquire1 =ev] aft]1 an almo/ indissoluble union4 ,x is n m]ely1 !re=e1 by hav+ trac$1 m accurately ?an o!rs1 ! consequ5ces ( vice & virtue1 z affect+ ! g5]al "*1 t ! lov] ( moral sci5ce /r5g!ns 8 admiration ( virtue1 & 8 abhorr5ce ( vice4 ,b1 by ! frequ5t consid]ation ( virtue1 toge!r ) ! happ9ess :i* x af=ds1 & ( vice1 toge!r ) its consequ5t mis]y1 ! notions ( ^! become s p]man5tly1 & s deeply associat$1 t future virtue appe>s almo/ l happ9ess ab\t to be enjoy$1 & future vice l approa*+ mis]y4 ,! dread ( mis]y1 & ! love ( happ9ess1 :i* are ess5tial pr9ciples ( our v physical exi/5ce1 are ?us trans=m$ into pr9ciples ( moral conduct1 t op]ate1 be=e reflection1 ) ! rapidity1 & almo/ ) ! en]gy ( in/9cts1--& t1 aft] reflection1 add to our virtu\s resolutions a =ce & /ability1 :i*1 z results ( m]e reason+1 !y c\ld n possess4 ,x is1 besides1 no small advantage ( ! ab/ract consid]ation ( virtue1 z oppos$ to ! mis]ies ( vice1 t1 9 consid]+ ^! philosophically1 we reg>d !m z /ripp$ ( e ?+ t c bl9d or s$uce u2 & we behold !m1 !re=e1 truly z !y are4 ,x is n 9 ! madness ( intemp]ate enjoym5t1 t we see drunk5ness 9 ! goblet1 & disease 9 ! fea/4 ,"u ! actual s$uction ( a passion1 we see dimly1 if we see at all1 any ( ! evils to :i* x leads2 & if ! feel+s1 ( :i* we are !n consci\s1 7 ^? :i* 7 =ev] aft] to be associat$ ) ! remembrance ( ! passion1 x w\ld appe> to u an object1 n ( disgu/ or abhorr5ce1 b ( delight & *oice1 & almo/ ( a sort ( moral approbation4 ,x is ( importance1 !n1 t we %\ld consid] ! passion1 at o!r mom5ts ?an ^!1 t ! images associat$ ) x may be n ( t brief & illusive pleasure1 :i* /upifies its un=tunate victim1 b ( its true inh]5t "*1 ( de=mity1 & ( ! contempt & hatr$ :i* x excites 9 o!rs4 ,su* is ! advantage ( ! po9t ( view1 9 :i* x is se5 by ! moral inquir]1 to :om x pres5ts itself1 n "u its mom5t>y "* ( pleasure1 b "u its la/+ "* ( pa9 & disgu/4 ,by habituat+ himself to consid] ! remote1 z well z ! imm$iate results ( all ! affections & passions1 he le>ns to reg>d virtue1 n m]ely z good 9 itself1 at ! mom5t 9 :i* x is call$ into ex]cise1 b z an inexhau/ible s\rce ( good :i* is cont9ually increas+2 & vice n m]ely z a tempor>y evil 9 itself1 b z a s\rce ( p]man5t & yet deep] mis]y & degradation4 ,e g5]\s pr9ciple1 :i* nature has giv5 him1 is ?us cont9ually d]iv+ new /r5g?1 f ! v contemplation ( ! good :i* x af=ds2 & if1 9 ! frailty ( mortality1 he %\ld /ill be subject to ! occasional influ5ce ( ^? v passions1 :i*1 9 cool] mom5ts1 he dete/s1 he yet does n fall1 ?or\ghly & hopelessly4 ,!re are l+]+ associations ( moral beauty & happ9ess 9 8 m9d1 :i* may save him /ill1--associations t mu/ r5d] x1 9 "s degree at lea/1 m difficult = him ?an = o!rs1 to yield to s$uctions1 ( :i* he has long kn[n ! vanity1 & :i* p]haps ev5 may1 9 "s happi] h\r1 lead him back to t virtue1 ( :i* he has nev] :olly =gott5 ! *>ms4 ,! *>ms ( virtue1 inde$1 x is sc>cely possible1 = him :o has felt !m1 :olly to =get4 ,!re may be eyes t c look unmov$ on ! ext]nal beauty :i* once delight$ !m4 ,b :o is !re t has ev] be5 alive to its bett] influ5ce1 :o c ?9k ( moral lovel9ess )\t a feel+ ( m ?an admiration1--)\t a consci\s enjoym5t1 9 ! possession ( :at is s truly admirable1 or a sigh at hav+ lo/ ! privilege ( dwell+ on x ) delight1 & at be+ oblig$ to %r9k f ! v ?\ght ( :at x once appe>$8 8,= :at c /rive ,) virtue8 :i* ( nature's regions va/ ,c 9 s _m =ms produce to sight ,su* p[]ful beauty8--,beauty1 :i* ! eye ,( hatr$ _c look ^u secure2 ,:i* ,envy's self contemplates1 & is turn'd ,ere long to t5d]ness1 to infant smiles1 ,or te>s ( humble/ love4 ,is ought s fair1 ,9 all ! dewy l&scapes ( ! ,spr+1 ,! ,summ]'s noontide groves1 ! purple eve ,at h>ve/-home1 or 9 ! fro/y moon ,glitt]+ on "s smoo? sea1 is aught s fair ,z virtu\s fri5d%ip8 ,z ! hon\r'd ro(1 ,:i!r1 f highe/ heav51 immortal love1 ,8 tor* e!rial1 & 8 gold5 b[1 ,propiti\s br+s1 & !re a temple holds1 ,to ^: unspott$ s]vice gladly v['d1 ,! social bond ( p>5t1 bro!r1 *ild1 ,) smiles1 & sweet disc\rse1 & g5tle de$s1 ,adore 8 p[]8 ,:at gift ( ri*e/ clime ,e'er drew su* eag] eyes1 or prompt$ su* ,deep wi%es1 z ! zeal1 t snat*e? back ,f ,sl&]'s poison\s too? a foe's r5[n1 ,or crosse? ,dang] 9 8 lion-walk1 ,a rival's life to rescue80 ,! /udy ( moral sci5ce1 !n1 we h se51 has a direct t5d5cy to /r5g!n our atta*m5t to ! virtues :i* we habitually contemplate4 ,ano!r mo/ important advantage d]iv$ f x1 relates to u 9 our high] "* ( be+s capable ( religion1 increas+ our devotion & gratitude to ! ,div9ity1 by ! cle>e/ manife/ation :i* x gives u ( 8 provid5t goodness 9 ! con/itution & gov]nm5t ( ! moral _w4 ,! ext]nal univ]se1 inde$1 ?\gh our /udy 7 conf9$ to ! laws :i* regulate its ph5om5a1 w\ld af=d1 9 itself1 abundant pro( ( ! p[] & wisdom by :i* x 0 creat$4 ,b p[] & wisdom alone excite admiration only1 n love2 :i*1 ?\gh x may be feign$ 9 ! homage t is univ]sally paid to p[]1 is yet1 z an (f]+ ( ! he>t1 paid to x only :5 x is comb9$ ) b5evol5ce4 ,x is ! spl5did b5evol5ce1 !re=e1 ( ! ,supreme ,be+1 :i* is ! object ( our grateful adoration2 &1 to discov] ?is b5evol5ce1 we mu/ look to creatures t h n exi/5ce m]ely1 l inanimate ?+s1 b a capacity ( enjoym5t1 & means ( enjoym5t4 ,x is 9 man1--or 9 be+s capable ( k & happ9ess1 l man1--t we f9d ! solution ( ! wond]s ( ! creation2 :i* w\ld o!rwise1 ) all its regul>ity & beauty1 be b a solit>y wa/e1 l ! b>r5 magnific5ce ( rocks & des]ts4 ,god1 says ,epictetus1 has introduc$ man into ! _w1 to be ! spectator ( 8 works1 & ( _! div9e ,au?or2 & n to be ! spectator only1 b to be ! ann\nc] & int]pret] ( ! wond]s :i* he sees & adores4 -- 4#ae 8,hc qui contemplatur10 says ano!r anci5t ,/oic1 ) a little ( ! bold extravagance ( 8 s*ool1--8,hc qui contemplatur1 quid ,deo pr/at8 ,ne tanta ejus op]a s9e te/e s9t40--8,curiosum nobis natura +5ium d$it2 et artis sibi ac pul*ritud9is suae conscia1 spectatores nos tantis r]um spectaculis g5uit1 p]ditura fructum sui1 si tam magna1 tam cl>a1 t>n subtilit] ducta1 tam nitida1 et non uno g5]e =mosa solitud9i o/5d]et40#af ,9 ! /udy ( :at might be consid]$ z ! v defects ( our moral nature1 h[ pleas+ is x1 to ! philosophic inquir]1 to discov] t provid5t arrangem5t ( a high] ,p[]1 :i* has r5d]$ _m ( ! mo/ /rik+ ( ! app>5t evils ( life subs]vi5t to ! production ( a g5]al utility1 t _h nev] ent]$ into ! contemplation ( its remote au?ors4 ,he :o has nev] /udi$ ! consequ5ces ( human actions1 p]ceives1 9 ! great conc\rse ( mank9d1 only a multitude ( be+s consult+ ea* 8 own peculi> int]e/1 or ! int]e/ ( ! v small circle imm$iately ar\nd him1 ) little1 if any1 app>5t att5tion to ! int]e/s ( o!rs4 ,b he :o has truly /udi$ human actions & _! consequ5ces1 sees1 9 ! prosecution ( all ^! sep>ate int]e/s1 t univ]sal int]e/ :i* is _! great result2 & ! v pr9ciple ( self-reg>d ?us contribut+ to social happ9ess1--unconsci\sly inde$1 b almo/ z surely z ! pr9ciple ( b5evol5ce itself4 ,ea* individual seeks a sev]al goal1 ,b ,heav5's great view is "o1 & t ! :ole4 ,t c\nt]works ea* folly & caprice2 ,t disappo9ts ! effect ( e vice2-- ,all ,virtue's ends f ,vanity's c raise2 ,:i* seeks no int]e/1 no rew>d b praise2 ,& build on wants1 & on defects ( m9d1 ,! joy1 ! peace1 ! glory ( mank9d4#ag ,i h already1#ah--:5 treat+ ( ! influ5ce ( j views ( ! ext5t & limits ( our faculties1 9 fix+ ! prop] tone ( inquiry1 & less5+ equally ! t5d5cy to ! opposite extremes ( dogmatism & scepticism1--/at$ "s important moral advantages t arise f ?is v mod]ation ( ! tone ( inquiry1 p>ticul>ly ) respect to ! temp] ) :i* x prep>es u to receive diss5t f our op9ions )\t ang]1 or insol5t disda91 or ev5 a/oni%m5t4 ,s mu* ( ! int]c\rse ( human society consi/s 9 ! reciprocal communication ( op9ions :i* mu/ (t5 be oppos$ to ea* o!r1 t ?is prep>ation ( ! temp]1 :e!r = amicable & equal discussion1 or = mutual sil5t =be>ance1 is n to be lightly appreciat$ z an elem5t 9 ! sum ( human happ9ess4 ,on ?is po9t1 h[ev]1 & on its relation to ! /ill great] advantages1 or /ill great] evils1 ( national or legislative tol]ance or intol]ance1 ,i be=e (f]$ "s rem>ks1 & !re=e m]ely allude to x at pres5t4 ,! tol]ance ) :i* we receive ! op9ions ( o!rs is a "p1 & an indisp5sable "p1 ( t g5]al ref9em5t ( mann]s to :i* we give ! "n ( polit5ess4 ,b polit5ess itself1 9 all its mo/ important respects1--inde$ 9 e respect1 9 :i* x is to be sep>at$ f ! m]e fluctuat+ & arbitr>y =ms & c]emonies ( ! mon? or ye>1--is no?+ m ?an k ( ! human m9d direct+ g5]al b5evol5ce4 ,x is ! art ( produc+ ! greate/ happ9ess1 :i*1 9 ! m]e ext]nal c\rtesies ( life1 c be produc$1 by rais+ su* ideas or o!r feel+s 9 ! m9ds ( ^? ) :om we are conv]sant1 z w af=d ! mo/ pleasure1 & av]t+1 z mu* z possible1 e idea :i* may lead to pa94 ,x implies1 !re=e1 :5 p]fect1 a f9e k ( ! natural s]ies ( ?\ghts1 s z to di/+ui%1 n m]ely ! ?\ght :i* w be ! imm$iate or ne> effect ( :at is said or done1 b ^? :i* may arise /ill m remotely2 & he is ! mo/ successful 9 ?is art ( giv+ happ9ess1 :o sees ! future at ! greate/ di/ance4 ,x is ?is =esight acquir$ by att5tive obs]vation ( ! v>i\s *>act]s ( mank9d 9 a long int]c\rse ) society1 :i* is ! true k ( ! _w2 = ! k ( ! m]e =ms & c]emonies ( ! _w1 :i* is ( f> easi] acquisition1 is sc>cely wor?y ( be+ call$ a "p ( x4 ,! ess5tial1 & ! only valuable "p ( polit5ess !n1 is z truly ! result ( /udy ( ! human m9d1 z if its m9ute/ rules _h =m$ a regul> "p ( our sy/ems ( intellectual & moral philosophy4 ,x is ! philosophy inde$ ( ^?1 :o sc>cely "k t !y are philosophiz+2 because philosophy1 to !m1 implies some?+ :i* has no o!r ornam5ts ?an diagrams & frightful algebraic *>act]s1 laid d[n 9 sy/ems1 or taught 9 s*ools & univ]sities1 ) ! me?odical t$i\sness ( rules ( gramm>2 & !y are consci\s1 t all1 or ! greate/ "p ( :at !y "k1 has be5 ! result ( _! own obs]vation1 & acquir$ 9 ! v mid/ ( ! amusem5ts ( life4 ,b he1 :o kn[s ! _w1 mu/ h /udi$ ! m9d ( man1 or at lea/--= x is only a p>tial view ( ! m9d :i* is ?us =m$--mu/ h /udi$ x 9 "s ( its mo/ /rik+ aspects4 ,he is a practical philosoph]1 &1 !re=e1 a speculative "o also1 s9ce he mu/ h f\nd$ 8 rules ( action on c]ta9 pr9ciples1 ! results ( 8 own obs]vation & reflection4 ,^! results are1 inde$1 usually lo/ to all b to ! individual3 & ! loss is n to be consid]$ z slight1 m]ely because ! k1 :i* ?us p]i%es1 has be5 usually appli$ by its possessor to frivol\s purposes1 & sometimes p]haps to purposes /ill m unwor?y4 ,:5 we read ! maxims ( ,la ,ro*ef\cauld1 :i*1 false z !y w\ld be1 if !y _h be5 int5d$ to give u a fai?ful univ]sal picture ( ! moral nature ( man1 7 un=tunately too fai?ful a del9eation ( ! passions & pr9ciples t imm$iately surr\nd$ _! au?or1 & met 8 daily view1 9 ! spl5did sc5es ( vanity & ambiti\s intrigue to :i* 8 obs]vation 0 conf9$1--x is impossible n to feel1 t1 acute & subtle z !y are1 _m ( ^! maxims mu/ h be5 only ! expression ( pr9ciples1 :i* 7 float+1 )\t be+ fix$ 9 words1 9 ! m9ds ( _m ( 8 fell[ c\rti]s2 & ! in/ruction1 :i* might be receiv$ f ^? :o h be5 long conv]sant ) mank9d1 9 situations fav\rable to obs]vation1 if1 by any possibility1 x c\ld be collect$ & arrang$1 w\ld probably furni% "o ( ! mo/ important additions :i* c\ld be made to moral sci5ce4 ,h[ mu* polit5ess consi/s 9 k ( ! natural succession ( ?\ghts & feel+s1 & a consequ5t ready =esight ( ! s]ies ( ?\ghts1 :i* x is 9 our p[] indirectly to excite or av]t1 mu/ h pres5t$ itself 9 a v /rik+ mann] to e "o1 ^: pr(essional duties1 or o!r circum/ances1 h l$ him to pay att5tion to ! l[] ord]s ( society4 ,! mo/ b5evol5t ( ! poor1 9 situations too 9 :i* _! b5evol5ce is mo/ /rongly excit$1 z 9 ! sickness ( _! relations or fri5ds1 & 9 :i* !y ex]t !mselves to relieve obvi\s pa91 ) an assiduity ( wat*+ & fatigue1 aft] all ! ord9>y fatigues ( ! day1 t is truly hon\rable to _! t5d]ness1 h yet little =esight ( ! m]e pa9s ( ?\ght2 & :ile 9 ! same situation1 ! ri* & bett] educat$1 ) equal1 or p]haps ev5 ) less b5evol5ce ( int5tion1 c>efully avoid ! introduction ( any subject1 :i* might sugge/1 indirectly to ! suff]] ! melan*oly images ( p>t+ life1 ! conv]sation ( ! poor1 ar\nd ! b$ ( _! sick fri5d1 is su* z c sc>cely fail to pres5t to him e mom5t1 n ! probability m]ely1 b almo/ ! c]ta9ty ( approa*+ dea?4 ,x is impossible to be pres5t1 9 ^! two situations1 )\t rem>k+ ! b5efit ( a little k ( ! human m9d1 )\t :i*1 f> f fulfill+ its real wi%es1 b5evol5ce itself may be ! mo/ cruel ( tortur]s4 ,! same species ( =esight :i* is ess5tial to ! ref9em5ts ( social int]c\rse1 is equally ess5tial 9 ! active occupations ( life1 to t k ( times & circum/ances1 :i* is s important to success2 & ?\gh ?is k may be too (t5 abus$1 to unwor?y purposes1 by ! sordid & ! s]vile1 x is n ! less necess>y to ^? :o pursue only hon\rable plans1 & :o avail !mselves only ( hon\rable means4 ,su* is ! nature ( society1 t ! mo/ g5]\s & patriotic designs /ill require "s conduct to procure = !m au?ority2 &1 at lea/ 9 ! public situations ( life1 )\t a k ( ! nature bo? ( ^? :o are to gov]n1 & ( ^? :o are to be gov]n$1 ?\gh x may be v easy to wi% well to society1 ! h>de/ ( all tasks w be ! task ( do+ x good4 ,may ,i n add1 z ano!r salut>y moral effect ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,m9d1 ! t5d5cy :i* ! /udy ( ! g5]al prop]ties ( our common nature has to less5 t undue v5]ation1 :i*1 9 civiliz$ society1 mu/ always att5d ! adv5titi\s circum/ances ( =tune1 & to br+ ?is d[n1 at lea/ "s degrees1 ne>] to t due respect :i* is indisp5sable = ! tranquillity & good ord] ( a /ate1 & :i* no wise & patriotic morali/1 !re=e1 w\ld wi% to see dim9i%$4 ,x is only 9 ! tumultu\s phr5zy ( a revolution1 h[ev]1 or 9 p]iods ( great & g5]al discont5t1 t ! respect ( ! multitude = ^? :o are elevat$ above !m1 9 rank & =tune1 is likely to fall b5ea? ?is salut>y po9t4 ,s _m ( ! /ronge/ pr9ciples ( our nature1 fav\r ! excess ( x1 t1 9 ! ord9>y circum/ances ( society1 x mu/ always pass f> beyond ! po9t ( calm respect2 s f> beyond x1 inde$1 t ! lesson :i* ! p require mo/ frequ5tly to be taught1 is1 n to v5]ate ! v guilt & folly ( ! ri* & p[]ful1 because !y are ! guilt & folly ( ! ri* & p[]ful4 ,x is to ! objects ( ! idolatry !mselves1 h[ev]1 t ! /udy ( a sci5ce1 :i* consid]s !m z /ripp$ ( e adv5titi\s di/9ction1 & possess+ only ! common virtues & tal5ts ( mank9d1 mu/ be especially salut>y4 ,9 ! ord9>y circum/ances ( a luxuri\s age1 x is sc>cely possible = ! great to consid] !mselves z :at !y truly are2 & ?\gh1 if que/ion$ z to _! belief ( _! common orig9 ) ! re/ ( mank9d1 !y w\ld no d\bt ?9k ! "q an absurd "o1 & readily own _! desc5t f ! same orig9al p>5tage2 !re c be z little d\bt1 t 9 ! sil5ce ( _! own m9d1 & 9 ^? h\rs ( vanity & ambition1 :i*1 to _m ( !m1 are almo/ ! :ole h\rs ( life1 ?is tie ( common nature is r>ely1 if ev] felt4 ,x is impossible inde$1 t x %\ld be (t5 felt1 because1 9 ! circum/ances 9 :i* !y are plac$1 !re is e ?+ to rem9d !m ( a sup]iority1 ( :i* _! passions !mselves are suffici5tly ready to rem9d !m1 & v little to rem9d !m ( an equality1 f ! contemplation ( :i* all _! passions are z ready to turn away4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s circum/ances :i* are too /rong = all ^! passions to ov]come1 & :i* =ce 9 spite ( !m1 ^u ! m9d t self-k1 :i* 9 o!r situations1 x is easy to avoid4 ,9 pa9 & sickness1 not)/&+ all ! va9 magnific5ce :i* ! pride ( gr&eur spreads ar\nd ! c\*1 & ! pr(usion ( unta/$ delicacies1 ) :i* (fici\s t5d]ness /rives to solicit an appetite t loa!s !m1 he :o lies ^u ! c\* )91 beg9s to le>n 8 own nature1 & sees ?r\gh ! spl5d\r t seems to surr\nd him1 z x 71 )\t t\*+ him1 h[ truly =eign x is to t exi/5ce1 ( :i* be=e x seem$ to =m a "p4 ,! feel+ t he is b a man1 9 ! true s5se ( t ^w1 z a frail & dep5dant be+ l ^? ar\nd him1 is "o ( ! fir/ feel+s1 & p]haps n "o ( ! lea/ pa9ful1 :i* arise 9 su* a situation4 ,! impression1 h[ev]1 ( ?is common nature1 is1 :ile x la/s1 a mo/ salut>y "o2 & x is to be regrett$ only1 t heal? _c return )\t br++ back ) x all ^? flatt]+ circum/ances :i* (f] ! same s$uctions z be=e to 8 haughty sup]iority4 ,! sight ( dea?1 or ( ! great home ( ! dead1 9 l mann]1 seldom fails to br+ be=e u our common & equal nature4 ,9 spite ( all ! little di/9ctions :i* a *ur*y>d exhibits1 9 mimic imitation1 & almo/ 9 mock]y1 ( ! great di/9ctions ( life1 ! turf1 ! /one ) its petty sculptures1 & all ! columns & images ( ! m>ble monum5t2 z we read ! inscription1 or walk ov] ! sod1 we ?9k only ( :at lies b5ea? 9 undi/+ui%able equality4 ,!re is sc>cely any "o on :om ^! two great equaliz+ objects1 sickness & ! sight ( dea?1 h n produc$1 = a %ort "t1 at lea/1 "s salut>y moral impression4 ,b ^! are objects :i* _c (t5 occur1 & :i* are accompani$ ) too _m di/ress+ circum/ances1 to r5d] x desirable t !y %\ld be ( v frequ5t occurr5ce4 ,! /udy ( ! m9d1 ( our common moral & intellectual nature1 & ( ^? common hopes :i* await u1 z immortal be+s1 seems 9 "s degree to af=d ! advantage1 )\t ! mixture ( evil3 =1 ?\gh 9 su* speculative inquiries1 ! impression may be less /rik+ ?an :5 accompani$ ) pa9ful circum/ances1 x is m p]man5t1 because1 f ! abs5ce ( ^? p[]ful circum/ances1 x is m frequ5tly & will+ly r5ew$4 ,9 ! philosophy ( m9d1 all ^? h]aldic diff]5ces :i* h conv]t$ m]e human vanity into a sci5ce1 are z no?+4 ,x is man t is ! object ( inve/igation1 & man ) no di/9ctions t are adv5titi\s4 ,! feel+s1 ! faculties1 :i* we consid]1 are end[m5ts ( ! ri* & p[]ful inde$2 b !y are end[m5ts also ( ! meane/ ( ^? on :om !y look ) disda94 ,x is some?+1 !n1 = ^? ^: ?\ghts are cont9ually direct$ by ext]nal circum/ances1 to t p]il\s elevation on :i* !y are plac$1 to be l$ occasionally1 z 9 su* inquiries !y mu/ be1 to measure !mselves & o!rs )\t reg>d to ! accid5tal diff]5ces ( ! heights on :i* !y /&1 & to see :at x is 9 :i* !y truly diff]1 & :at x is 9 :i* !y truly agree4 ,9 ! rem>ks already made1 on ! /udy ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,m9d1 we h consid]$ its effects on ! progress ( ! o!r sci5ces1 & on ! moral dispositions4 ,b1 ?\gh ! /udy _h no effects ( ?is k9d1 moral or intellectual1 is n ! m9d itself a "p ( nature1 & z a m]e physical object1 des]v+ ( our pr(\nde/ & mo/ int5t inve/igation8 or %all x be said1 t :ile we /rive1 n m]ely to measure ! :ole e>?1 & to foll[ 9 our ?\ght ! revolutions ( ^! great orbs1 ^: maje/y may almo/ be said to =ce f u ?is homage ( admiration1 b to arrange1 9 di/9ct tribes1 ^? animalcul> atoms1 ^: v exi/5ce we le>n only f ! glass ?r\gh :i* we view !m2 ! obs]v+ & calculat+ m9d itself is less an object ( univ]sal sci5ce1 ?an ! ant5nae ( an insect1 or ! filam5ts ( a we$8 ,w\ld x be no reproa* to man1 ev5 ?\gh he knew all ?+s besides1 t he yet knew f> less accurately ?an he might "k1 8 own int]nal nature1--l voyag]s :o delight 9 visit+ e coa/ ( ! mo/ di/ant c\ntry1 )\t ! slighte/ acqua9tance1 p]haps1 ) ! int]ior ( _! own8 ,qui t]r pelagique vias1 mundique p] omnes ,articulos spatiatur ovans1 metasque suorum ,h]culeas audet supra posuisse laborum1 ,neglectus jacet usque sibi1 dumque omnia qurit1 ,ipse sui qusitor abe/2 incognita tellus ,solus nauta latet1 propiorque ignotior orbis4 ,w\ld ! l9es :i* foll[ ^!1 if inde$ !re 7 any "o to :om !y 7 applicable 9 _! full ext5t1 convey praise less high ?an t :i* might be giv5 to ! obs]v] ( "s small n]ve or membrane1 t _h nev] be5 obs]v$ be=e1 or ! discov]] ( a new species ( e>?1 9 "s pebble be=e unanalyz$8 ,tu melior ,tiphys1 spreto jam ,phasidis auro1 ,9 te vela p>as1 animatos detegis orbes1 ,humanasque ap]is ausis +5tibus oras4 ,jamque novos lax>i s9us1 animque lat5tis ,arcanas res]>e vias1 closque recessus ,fas ap]ire tibi1 totamque seclud]e m5tem4 ,to ! m9d1 consid]$ z a m]e object ( physical inquiry1 !re is "o circum/ance ( int]e/1 t is peculi>4 ,x is ! "p ( our mix$ nature :i* we h especially 9 view z (t5 z we ?9k ( self1--t by :i* we began to exi/1 & cont9ue to exi/1 by :i* 9 e mom5t ( our be+1 we h rejoic$1 & hop$1 & fe>$1 & lov$2 or r1 x is t :i* has be5 itself1 9 all our emotions1 ! rejoic]1 ! hop]1 ! fe>]4 ,to inquire into ! hi/ory ( ! m9d1 !re=e1 is 9 tru? to look back1 z f> z x is p]mitt$ to u to look back1 on ! :ole hi/ory ( our life4 ,x is to ?9k ( ^? _m pleas+ emotions :i* delight$ u :5 pres5t1 or ( ^? sadd] feel+s1 :i* :5 consid]$ z pa/1 become delightful1 almo/ l ! feel+s t 7 9 !mselves orig9ally pleas+1 & 9 _m cases1 are review$ ) /ill great] int]e/4 ,we _c attempt to ?9k ( ! orig9 ( our k1 )\t br++ be=e u sc5es & p]sons mo/ t5d]ly famili>2 & ?\gh ! effect ( su* remembrances is p]haps less p[]ful1 :5 ! m9d is prep>$ = philosophical inve/igation1 ?an 9 mom5ts 9 :i* x is m passive1 /ill ! influ5ce is n :olly lo/4 ,he mu/ be a v cold philosoph] inde$1 :o1 ev5 9 intellectual analysis1 c retrace ! e>ly impressions ( 8 y\?1 ) z little int]e/ z t ) :i* he looks back on ! common occurr5ces ( ! pa/ day4 ,b x is n any slight int]e/ :i* x may receive f su* peculi> remembrances1 t c be said to give value to ! philosophy ( m9d4 ,x furni%es1 9 itself1 ! sublime/ ( all speculations1 because x is ! philosophy ( ! sublime/ ( all creat$ ?+s4 8,!re is b "o object10 says ,/4 ,augu/9e1 8great] ?an ! s\l1 & t "o is its ,creator40 8,nihil e/ pot5tius illa creatura qu m5s dicitur rationalis1 nihil e/ sublimius4 ,quicquid supra illam e/ jam ,creator e/40 ,:5 we consid] ! p[]s ( 8 m9d1 ev5 )\t ref]5ce to ! wond]s :i* he has produc$ on e>?1 :at room does man af=d = a/oni%m5t & admiration6 ,8 s5ses1 8 memory1 8 reason1 ! pa/1 ! pres5t1 ! future1 ! :ole univ]se1 &1 if ! univ]se h any limits1 ev5 m ?an ! :ole univ]se1 compris$ 9 a s+le ?\ght2 &1 amid all ^! *anges ( feel+s t succe$ ea* o!r1 9 rapid & endless v>iety1 a p]man5t & un*angeable duration1 comp>$ ) :i*1 ! duration ( ext]nal ?+s is b ! exi/5ce ( a mom5t4 8,o :at a patrimony ?is6 a be+ ,( su* inh]5t /r5g? & maje/y1 ,n worlds posse/ c raise x2 worlds de/roy'd ,n injure2#ai :i* holds on its glori\s c\rse1 ,:5 ?9e1 ,o ,nature1 ends60#bj ,su*1 9 dignity & gr&eur1 is ! m9d consid]$1 ev5 ab/ract$ly4 ,b :51 in/ead ( consid]+ ! m9d itself1 we look to ! wond]s :i* x has p]=m$--! cities1 ! cultivat$ pla9s1 & all ! v>ieties ( t spl5did sc5e to :i* ! art ( man has trans=m$ ! des]ts1 & =e/s1 & rocks ( orig9al nature2 :5 we behold him1 n limit+ ! op]ations ( 8 art to t e>? to :i* he seem$ conf9$1 b bur/+ ?r\gh ! v elem5ts1 t appe>$ to encircle him z an insurm\ntable b>ri]--trav]s+ ! waves--/ruggl+ ) ! w9ds1 & mak+ _! v opposition subs]vi5t to 8 c\rse2 :5 we look to ! /ill great] trans=mations :i* he has wr\ght 9 ! moral sc5e1 & comp>e ) ! mis]ies ( b>b>\s life1 ! tranquillity & security ( a well ord]$ /ate2 :5 we see1 "u ! influ5ce ( legislative wisdom1 insurm\ntable multitudes obey+1 9 opposition to _! /ronge/ passions1 ! re/ra9ts ( a p[] :i* !y sc>cely p]ceive1 & ! crimes ( a s+le individual m>k$ & puni%$1 at ! di/ance ( half ! e>?2 is x possible = u to obs]ve all ^! wond]s1 & yet n to feel "s curiosity to exam9e ! faculties by :i* !y h be5 wr\ght1 "s int]e/ 9 a be+ s noble1 t leads u to speculate on ! future wond]s :i* he may yet p]=m1 & on ! f9al de/9y :i* awaits him8 ,?is int]e/ we %\ld feel1 ?\gh no common tie connect$ u ) ! object ( our admiration2 & we _c surely admit t ! object ( our admiration is less int]e/+ to u1 or less sublime 9 nature1 because ! faculties :i* we admire are ^? :i* ourselves possess1 & ! wond]s su* z we are capable ( a*iev+ & surpass+4 ,,footnotes3 #ad ,s5eca1 ,ep4 #ajh4 #ae ,diss]tat4 ab ,arrian1 collect1 lib4 i4 c4 #f4--p4 #ce4 ,edit4 ,upton4 #af ,s5eca de otio ,sap5t4 c4 #cb4 #ag ,pope's ,essay on ,man1 ,ep4 ii4 v4 #bcg-bdj1 & #bde-bdh4 #ah ,lect4 ,,iii4 #ai ,c't injure4 ,orig4 #bj ,"y's ,night ,?\ghts1 ,,vi4 v4 #ece-eci4 ,,lecture ,v4 ,,on ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,physical ,,inquiry ,,9 ,,g5]al4 ,! prec$+ ,lectures1 ,g5tlem51 h1 ,i tru/1 suffici5tly conv9c$ y ( ! importance ( ! sci5ce on :i* we are to ent]1--if1 inde$1 _m ( ! advantages :i* we h consid]$ 7 n ( !mselves s obvi\s1 z readily to h occurr$ to y\r own reflection1 or at lea/ to require less illu/ration1 ?an1--9 my desire to int]e/ n y\r att5tion m]ely1 b y\r zeal\s ard\r1 9 a sci5ce :i* appe>s to me s truly to des]ve x1--,i h ?\ght necess>y to give !m4 ,we h se51 h[ int]e/+ ! m9d is1 z an object ( /udy1 f its own intr9sic excell5ce1 ev5 ?\gh x 7 to be consid]$ 9 no o!r light1 ?an z a m]e "p ( ! univ]sal sy/em ( ?+s1 necess>y1 !re=e1 to be compreh5d$ ) e o!r exi/+ sub/ance1 9 a sy/em ( g5]al physics4 ,we h se51 likewise1 9 h[ _m important respects1 ! /udy ( ! sci5ce ( ,m9d is fav\rable to ! gr[? ( virtu\s s5tim5t1 & to ! ref9em5t & happ9ess ( society2 &1 above all1 h[ ess5tial an acqua9tance ) x is1 to ! prop] conduct ( our inquiries1--n m]ely 9 ^? sci5ces1 ! objects ( :i* are k9dr$ or analog\s1 b 9 e o!r sci5ce1 ! v>i\s objects ( :i*1 h[ev] indep5d5t1 & ev5 remote f x !y may seem1 mu/ always be consid]$1 n z !y exi/ 9 !mselves1 b z !y exi/ 9 relation to x2 s9ce !y c be kn[n to u only ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! m5tal affections1 or feel+s1 excit$ by !m1 :i* h laws peculi> to !mselves1 & analyz$ & arrang$ only by our m5tal faculties1 :i* h _! own peculi> limits ( ext5t & p[]4 ,! fir/ great division ( our c\rse ( inquiry is purely physiological4 ,x has = its object ! m9d1 consid]$ z susceptible ( v>i\s /ates or affections1 & con/itut+1 z x is ?us v>i\sly affect$1 ! :ole ph5om5a ( ?\ght & feel+1 :i*1 ?\gh express$ by a v>iety ( t]ms1 ( functions1 or faculties1 are /ill b ! "o m9d itself exi/+ 9 diff]5t /ates4 ,on retrac+ ^! /ates1 :i* =m ! :ole progress ( our s5ti5t1 intellectual1 & moral life1 we h to inquire into ! prop]ties ( ! sub/ance1 m9d1 accord+ to ! same laws ( inve/igation1 by :i* we inquire into ! prop]ties ( ext]nal sub/ances1--n by assum+ pr9ciples1 f :i* ! ph5om5a may be suppos$ to fl[1 b by obs]v+ & g5]aliz+1 till we arrive at ^? few simple pr9ciples or laws1 :i*1 h[ev] pomp\s ! t]m laws may seem1 z if x d5ot$ some?+ diff]5t f ! ph5om5a !mselves1 & p>am\nt to !m1 are 9 tru?1 no?+ m ?an ! expression ( ! mo/ g5]al circum/ances1 9 :i* ! ph5om5a !mselves h be5 felt by u to agree4 ,z we say ( gold1 t x is t :i* is ( a c]ta9 specific weight1 yell[1 ductile1 fusible at a c]ta9 temp]ature1 & capable ( c]ta9 comb9ations1--because all ^! prop]ties h be5 obs]v$ by ourselves or o!rs1--s we say ( ! m9d1 t x is t :i* p]ceives1 rememb]s1 comp>es1 & is susceptible ( v>i\s emotions or o!r feel+s2 because ( all ^! we h be5 consci\s1 or h obs]v$ !m indirectly 9 o!rs4 ,we are n entitl$ to /ate ) confid5ce any quality1 z a prop]ty ( gold1 :i* we d n rememb] to h obs]v$ ourselves1 or to h receiv$ on ! fai? ( ! obs]vation ( o!rs1 ^: au?ority we h reason to consid] z indubitable2 & z little are we entitl$ to ass]t any quality1 or g5]al susceptibility1 z belong+ to ! human m9d1 ( :i* we h n be5 consci\s ourselves 9 ! feel+s result+ f x1 or = :i* we h n ! au?ority ( ! indubitable consci\sness ( o!rs4 ,! exact co9cid5ce1 9 ?is respect1 ( ! physics ( m9d & ( matt]1 x is important t y %\ld h con/antly be=e y1 t y may n be l$ to reg>d ! comp>ative indi/9ctness & vagu5ess ( ! m5tal ph5om5a z a w>rant = great] boldness ( ass]tion1 & loos5ess ( reason+ ) respect to !m4 ,!re is1 on ! contr>y1 9 su* a case1 /ill great] reason to adh]e rigidly to ! /rict rules ( philosophiz+2 because ! less def9ite ! ph5om5a are1 ! great] dang] is !re ( be+ misl$ 9 discrim9at+ & class+ !m4 ,! laws ( inquiry1 ^? g5]al pr9ciples ( ! logic ( physics1 :i* regulate our se>* ( tru? 9 all ?+s1 ext]nal & int]nal1 d n v>y ) ! "n ( a sci5ce1 or its objects or in/rum5ts4 ,!y are n laws ( "o sci5ce1 b ( e sci5ce1 :e!r ! objects ( x be m5tal or mat]ial1 cle> or obscure1 def9ite or indef9ite2 & !y are ?us univ]sal1 because1 9 tru?1 ?\gh applicable to _m sci5ces1 !y are only laws ( ! "o inquir+ m9d1 f\nd$ on ! weakness ( its p[]s ( disc]nm5t1 9 relation to ! complicat$ ph5om5a on :i* ^? p[]s are ex]cis$4 ,! sort ( reason+ :i* w\ld be false 9 *emi/ry1 w\ld be false 9 a/ronomy1 w\ld be false 9 ! physiology ( our corporeal or intellectual & moral nature1 & 9 all1 = ! same reason2 because ! m9d is ! inquir] 9 all alike1 & is limit$1 by ! v con/itution ( its faculties1 to a c]ta9 ord] ( inquiry1 :i* x mu/1 9 ?is case ( suppos$ errone\s reason+1 h transgress$4 ,on ^! g5]al laws ( inquiry1 z relat+ alike to ! inve/igation ( ! prop]ties ( matt] & ( m9d1 x is my int5tion to dwell1 = "s "t1 ) full discussion2 =1 ?\gh ! subject may be less pleas+1 & may require m sev]e & unremitt+ att5tion on y\r "p1 ?an ! great] numb] ( ! inquiries :i* await u1 x is /ill m important ?an any ( ^!1 because x is1 9 tru?1 ess5tial to !m all4 ,! season ( y\r life is n t :i* ga!rs ! h>ve/2 x is t :i* prep>es ! soil1 by dilig5t cultivation1 = ! fruits :i* are to adorn & enri* x2--or1 to speak )\t a metaphor1 y d n come "h1 t y may make y\rselves acqua9t$1 9 a few mon?s1 ) all ! ph5om5a ( ! univ]se1--z if x 7 only to look on ! motions ( ! planets 9 an orr]y1 or to le>n a few names ( sub/ances & qualities1--b t y may acquire ^? philosophical pr9ciples1 :i* 9 ! c\rse ( a long & hon\rable life1 are to enable y to r5d] y\rselves m famili> e day ) ! works ( nature1 & ) ! sublime plans ( its b5efic5t ,au?or3--& if )\t ! k ( a s+le ^w ( fact1 9 matt] or 9 m9d1 x 7 possible = y to c>ry away f ^! walls a cle> notion ( ! objects ( inquiry1 & ( ! plan on :i* alone inve/igation c be pursu$ ) advantage1 ,i %\ld conceive1 t y _h pr(it$ f> m1 ?an if1 ) confus$ notions ( ! objects & plan ( inve/igation1 y c>ri$ ) y ! p[] ( talk+ flu5tly1 ( obs]vations1 & exp]im5ts1 & hypo!ses1 & sy/ems1 & ( us+1 9 _! prop] places1 all ! h>de/ words ( sci5ce4 ,i mu/ rem>k1 h[ev]1 t ,i %\ld n h ?\ght x necess>y1 ?us to direct s mu* ( y\r att5tion to ! pr9ciples ( sci5tific inquiry 9 g5]al1 if ,i c\ld h tak5 = grant$1 t y _h already enjoy$ ! b5efit ( ! in/ruction ( my illu/ri\s colleague 9 ano!r ,*air1 ^: ,lectures on ,natural ,philosophy1 exemplify+ t s\ndness ( inquiry1 :i* ,i c only recomm5d1 w\ld1 9 t case1 h enlight5$ y m1 z to ! pr9ciples ( physical inve/igation1 ?an any m]e rules1 ( :i* x is possible to po9t out to y ! utility & ! excell5ce4 ,all physical sci5ce1 :atev] may be ! v>iety ( objects1 m5tal or mat]ial1 to :i* x is direct$1 is no?+ m ?an ! comp>ison ( ph5om5a1 & ! discov]y ( _! agreem5t or disagreem5t1 or ord] ( succession4 ,x is on obs]vation1 !re=e1 or on consci\sness1 :i* is only ano!r "n = int]nal obs]vation1 t ! :ole ( sci5ce is f\nd$2 because !re c be no comp>ison1 )\t obs]vation ( ! ph5om5a comp>$1 & no discov]y ( agreem5t or disagreem5t1 )\t comp>ison4 ,s f>1 !n1 z man has obs]v$ ! ph5om5a ( matt] or ( m9d1 s f>1 & no f>!r1 may he inf]1 ) confid5ce1 ! prop]ties ( matt] & ( m9d2 or1 9 ! words ( ! great prim>y aphorism ( ,"l ,bacon1 :i* has be5 s (t5 quot$1 & s (t5 quot$ 9 va91 8,homo1 natur m9i/] et int]pres1 tantum facit et intelligit1 quantum de natur ord9e re vel m5te obs]vav]it2 nec amplius scit aut pote/40#ba ,:at is x t we truly mean1 h[ev]1 :5 we say1 t we are ab\t to inquire into ! nature & prop]ties ( any sub/ance8 ,! "q is a mo/ important "o1 & is f> f be+ s simple z x may at fir/ appe>4 ,f ! m]e misund]/&+ ( ! import ( ?is "q1 ! brighte/ tal5ts ( a long succession ( ages1--tal5ts1 :i*1 ) cle>] views ( ?is s+le po9t1 might h anticipat$ all ! discov]ies ( our own "t1 & introduc$ u1 p]haps1 to discov]ies /ill m brilliant & a/oni%+1 7 wa/$ 9 inquiries z b>r5 z ! frivol\s glory :i* att5d$ !m1--t produc$ inde$ mu* cont5tion1 & m pride1 b produc$ no?+ m2 &1 )\t giv+ any additional k1 took away f ignorance only its humility1 & its p[] ( be+ in/ruct$4 ,:at is x t we truly h 9 view1 or %\ld h 9 view1 :5 we inquire into ! nature ( a sub/ance8 ,! mat]ial univ]se1 & all ! sep>ate sub/ances :i* compose x1 may be consid]$ 9 two lights1--ei!r simply1 z compos$ ( p>ts t co-exi/1 & are to our feel+s cont9u\s1 s z to =m1 ( _m sep>ate & indep5d5t elem5ts1 "o app>5t :ole2 or ( p>ts t *ange _! relative positions1 con/itut+1 by ?is *ange ( place1 all ! physical ev5ts ( ! mat]ial sy/em ( ! _w2 & inquiry may h ref]5ce to a sub/ance 9 bo?1 or ei!r ( ^? po9ts ( view4 ,:at is ?is body8 may be inquir$ ( u1 :5 any p>ticul> body is po9t$ out2 & ! answ] :i* we give w be v diff]5t accord+ to ! p>ticul> light 9 :i* we may h view$ x1 ?\gh x mu/ always relate to x 9 "o or o!r ( ^! two aspects4 ,let u suppose1 = example1 ! body1 conc]n+ :i* ! "q is put1 to be a piece ( glass2 ,i select int5tionally a sub/ance :i* is famili> to y all1 & ( :i* _m ( y probably h suffici5t *emical k to be acqua9t$ ) ! composition4 ,x may be ask$ ( u1 !n1 ,:at is ! sub/ance t]m$ glass8 & our answ] w v>y1 z ,i h said1 ) ! view :i* we take ( x4 ,if we consid] x m]ely z a cont9u\s :ole1 our answ] w be1 t x is a comp\nd ( alkal9e & silice\s matt]--mean+ t p>ticles ( alkali & fl9t co-exi/1 & are app>5tly cont9u\s1 9 t mass ( :i* we speak4 ,su* is "o ( ! answ]s :i* may be giv5 to ! "q2 & ?is sort ( answ] is "o :i* is v commonly giv5 to su* que/ions4 ,x is1 y w p]ceive1 no?+ m ?an ! enum]ation ( ! con/itu5t p>ts ( ! sub/ance1 & consid]s ! sub/ance1 simply z x exi/s alone1 )\t reg>d to any o!r bodies t may exi/ ar\nd x1 or ne> x1 & )\t any allusion to *ange ( any k9d4 ,?is sort ( view1 h[ev]1 may be altoge!r rev]s$2 &1 in/ead ( ?9k+ ( ! p>ts t exi/ toge!r 9 ! sub/ance1 )\t ref]5ce to any *anges1 ( :i* x is ei!r ! ag5t or ! subject1 we may ?9k only ( su* *anges1 )\t ref]5ce to its con/itu5t p>ts4 ,9 ?is latt] po9t ( view1 we may say1 9 answ] to ! "q1 z to ! nature ( ! sub/ance t]m$ glass1 t x is a transp>5t sub/ance1 :i*1 accord+ to ! g5]al laws ( refraction1 b5ds ! light t passes ?r\gh x v>i\sly1 accord+ to ! diff]5t d5sity ( ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* ! rays h imm$iately pass$ be=e arriv+ at x1 or ( ! m$ium1 ?r\gh :i* !y are to pass aft] p5etrat+ x2 t x is a sub/ance fusible at a c]ta9 temp]ature1 n dissolv$ by ! common p[]ful acids1 b soluble 9 a p>ticul> acid t]m$ ! fluoric acid2 t1 :5 /rongly rubb$1 by c]ta9 o!r sub/ances1 x communicates1 = a "t1 to v>i\s bodies1 ! p[] ( attract+ or repell+ o!r bodies2 & we may add to our description1 9 l mann]1 z _m o!r qualities z !re are v>i\s sub/ances :i* produce 9 x any *ange1 or are 9 any way *ang$ by x4 ,9 all answ]s ( ?is k9d1 y w p]ceive t reg>d is uni=mly _h1 n to ! m]e sub/ance1 conc]n+ :i* ! "q is put1 b also to "s o!r sub/ance ) :i*1 9 consequ5ce ( "s motion ( "o or o!r ( ! bodies1 at ! "t ( ! ph5om5on ( :i* we speak1 x has *ang$ its relative position2 =1 if all ! objects 9 nature rema9$ con/antly at re/1 x is v evid5t t we c\ld h no notion ( any prop]ty ( matt] :atev]4 ,9 ! enum]ation ( ! qualities ( glass1 = example1 :5 we speak ( its prop]ties1 we suppose x to h *ang$1 9 e case1 "s relative position ) ! light t passes ?r\gh x1 ! heat t melts x1 ! fluoric acid t dissolves x1 & ! v>i\s bodies t excite 9 x1 or conduct f x1 electricity2 & all ^! bodies1 !re=e1 we mu/ h 9 view1 9 our enum]ation1 z mu* z ! glass itself4 ,z !re are only ^! two diff]5t aspects 9 :i* matt] c be view$1 all physical inquiry1 ) respect to matt]1 mu/1 z ,i h said1 h ref]5ce to "o ( !m2 & if we ?9k t we are inquir+ fur!r conc]n+ x1 our inquiry is truly )\t an object1 & we "k n :at we seek4 ,we may consid] x1 simply z x exi/s 9 space1 or z x exi/s 9 "t4 ,any sub/ance1 consid]$ z x exi/s 9 space1 is ! m]e "n :i* ourselves give to ! co-exi/5ce ( a multitude ( bodies1 simil> 9 nature1 or dissimil>1 9 app>5t cont9uity2 consid]$ z x exi/s 9 "t1 x is t :i* is affect$ by ! prior *anges ( o!r bodies1 or :i* itself produces a *ange ( "s sort 9 o!r bodies4 ,z x exi/s 9 space1 !re=e1 we inquire into its composition1 or1 9 o!r words1 endeav\r to discov] :at are ! elem5t>y bodies t co-exi/ 9 ! space :i* x occupies1 & t are all :i* we truly consid]1 :5 we ?9k t we are consid]+ ! comp\nd z "o di/9ct body4 ,z x exi/s 9 "t1 we inquire into its susceptibilities or its p[]s1 or1 9 o!r words1 endeav\r to trace all ! s]ies ( prior & subsequ5t *anges1 ( :i* its pres5ce =ms an int]m$iate l9k4 ,?is1 !n1 is our mean+1 :5 we speak ( inquir+ into ! nature ( a sub/ance4 ,we h "o1 or bo? ( two objects 9 view1 ! discov]y ( ! sep>ate bodies t co-exi/ 9 ! sub/ance1 or r t con/itute ! sub/ance1 :i* is no?+ m ?an ! sep>ate bodies !mselves1 or ! discov]y ( t s]ies ( *anges1 ( :i* ! pres5ce ( ?is p>ticul> sub/ance1 9 "s new relative position ) respect to o!r bodies1 =ms a "p2 ! *anges :i* o!r bodies1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is alt]$ relative position1 occasion 9 x1 ) ! *anges :i* x occasions 9 o!r bodies4 ,on ^! two diff]5t objects ( physical inve/igation1 ! co-exi/+ elem5ts ( bodies1 & _! successions ( *anges1 x may be ( advantage to dwell a little m fully 9 elucidation ( ! me?od :i* we h to pursue 9 our own dep>tm5t ( physical rese>*2 =1 ?\gh x may p]haps at fir/ appe> to y1 t to treat ( ! pr9ciples ( inquiry1 9 ! physics ( matt]1 is to w&] f ! intellectual & moral speculations :i* peculi>ly conc]n u2 x is 9 tru? only z !y are illu/rative ( inquiries :i* we are to pursue 9 ! physiology ( ! m9d1 t ,i am l$ to make ^! g5]al rem>ks4 ,! pr9ciples ( philosophic inve/igation are1 z ,i h already said1 common to all ! sci5ces4 ,by acquir+ m precise notions ( ! objects ( any "o ( !m1 we c sc>cely fail to acquire1 9 "s degree1 m precision 9 our notions ( e o!r1 & ea* sci5ce may ?us be said to pr(it indirectly by e additional light t is ?r[n ^u ea*4 ,x is by ?is diffusive t5d5cy ( its _s1 almo/ z mu* z by its own sublime tru?s1 & ! important applications ( ^! to g5]al physics1 t ! /udy ( geometry has be5 ( su* ine/imable advantage to sci5ce4 ,^? precise def9itions :i* insure to e ^w ! same exact signification1 9 ! m9d ( e "o :o he>s x pron\nc$1 & t lucid progress 9 ! developem5t ( tru? aft] tru?1 :i* gives1 ev5 to ord9>y p[]s1 almo/ ! same facility ( compreh5sion ) ! highe/ g5ius1 are unque/ionably ( ! utmo/ b5efit to ! ma!matical /ud5t1 :ile he is prosecut+ 8 p>ticul> /udy1 )\t any contemplation ( o!r advantages to be reap$ f !m4 ,b !re c be no d\bt t !y are1 at ! same "t1 prep>+ 8 m9d = excell5ce 9 o!r inquiries1 ( :i* he has !n no conception2 t he w ev] aft] be less ready to employ1 & be m quicksight$ ?an he w\ld o!rwise h be5 9 detect+ vague & indef9ite phraseology1 & loose & incoh]5t reason+2 & t a g5]al _s ( exactness & p]spicuity may ?us at l5g? be diffus$ 9 society1 :i* w ext5d its influ5ce1 n to ! sci5ces m]ely1 b1 9 "s fa9t degree1 also to works ( elegant lit]ature1 & ev5 to ! /ill light] graces ( conv]sation itself4 8,! _s ( geometrical inquiry10 says ,font5elle1 8is n s exclusively atta*$ to geometry1 z to be incapable ( be+ appli$ to o!r bran*es ( k4 ,a "w ( morals1 ( politics1 ( criticism1 or ev5 ( eloqu5ce1 w1 if all o!r circum/ances h be5 ! same1 be ! m beautiful1 = hav+ come f ! h& ( a geometrician4 ,! ord]1 ! cle>ness1 ! precision1 :i*1 = a consid]able "t1 h di/+ui%$ works ( excell5ce on e subject1 h mo/ probably _h _! orig9 9 t ma!matical turn ( ?\ght1 :i* is n[ m preval5t ?an ev]1 & :i* gradually communicates itself ev5 to ^? :o are ignorant ( ma!matics4 ,x (t5 happ5s t a s+le great man gives ! tone to ! :ole age 9 :i* he lives2 & we mu/ n =get1 t ! individual :o has ! mo/ legitimate claim to ! glory ( hav+ introduc$ & e/abli%$ a new art ( reason+1 0 an excell5t geomet]40#bb ,! philosoph] to :om ?is improvem5t ( ! art ( reason+ is ascrib$1 is evid5tly ,desc>tes1 ^: claim is c]ta9ly mu* less legitimate ?an t ( our own illu/ri\s c\ntryman2 b ! works ( ,bacon 7 n v ext5sively /udi$ on ! cont95t1 at ! "t at :i* ,font5elle wrote2 :ile especially 9 ,france1 ! spl5did reputation ( ! great geomet]1 :o %ook1 z mu* ) 8 own wild hypo!sis1 z ) ! weight ( 8 reason+1 ! almo/ idolatr\s wor%ip ( ! ,god ( ! ,s*ools1 seem$ to sweep be=e x ! glory ( e o!r re=m]4 ,! in/ance ( ,desc>tes1 h[ev]1 is a /ill m happy "o ?an 8 +5i\s c\ntryman1 :o 0 himself a ,c>tesian1 c\ld h imag9$ x to be4 ,x is1 inde$1 impossible to conceive a m /rik+ example ( t diffusive influ5ce ( ! g5]al _s ( sci5tific inquiry1 :i* ,i wi% to illu/rate2 s9ce1 9 ?is in/ance1 x surviv$ ! v sy/em by :i* x 0 diffus$2 all t 0 sceptical 9 t mix$ sy/em ( scepticism & dogmatism :i* con/itut$ ! philosophy ( ,desc>tes1 hav+ long cont9u$1 & ev5 n[ cont9u+1 to op]ate b5eficially1 :5 sc>cely a doctr9e ( 8 p>ticul> philosophy reta9s its hold4 ,y w n !n1 ,i tru/1 take = grant$1 t precise notions z to ! objects ( inquiry1 9 any sci5ce1 ev5 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ext]nal physics1 c be s absolutely )\t b5efit to our plans ( inquiry into m9d1 :i* mu/ be pursu$ on ! same pr9ciples1 if x be pursu$ ) any prospect ( success2 & ,i may1 !re=e1 safely solicit y\r att5tion to a little f>!r elucidation ( ! two objects :i* we h 9 view1 9 g5]al physical inquiry1 :e!r x be relative to matt] or to m9d4 ,to inquire into ! composition ( a sub/ance1 is to consid] z "o1 _m sub/ances1 :i* h n ! less an indep5d5t exi/5ce1 because !y are 9 imm$iate proximity to ea* o!r4 ,:at we t]m a body1 h[ev] m9ute1 is a multitude ( bodies1 or to speak m exactly1 an inf9ite numb] ( bodies1 :i* appe> limit$ to u1 inde$1 b may p]haps appe>1 9 _! true "* ( inf9ity1 to be+s ( a high] ord]1 :o may be able to di/+ui% z inf9ite1 :at our limit$ s5ses all[ u to p]ceive only z f9ite4 ,!y are "o1 n 9 nature1 b 9 our ?\ght2 z "o ?\s& individuals1 t 9 nature mu/ always be "o ?\s&1 receive a sort ( unity t is relative m]ely to our conception1 :5 rank$ by u z a s+le regim5t1 or z _m regim5ts become "o by =m+ toge!r an army4 ,9 ! en]gies ( ext]nal matt]1 ! innum]able sep>ate bodies are ?us reg>d$ by u z "o1 :5 ! space :i* divides !m is n measurable by our imp]fect vision1 & z di/9ct or sep>ate1 :5 ! space c be measur$ by u4 ,! unity ( ! aggregate is "h no absolute quality ( ! mass1 b is truly relative to ! obs]v]'s p[] ( di/+ui%+ ! compon5t p>ts2 ! mass be+ "o or _m1 z 8 s5ses are less or bett] able to di/+ui% ^!4 ,?is :ole globe ( e>?1 ) its oceans1 & riv]s1 & m\nta9s1 & woods1 & ) all ! sep>ate multitudes ( its animat$ inhabitants1 may seem to "s be+ ( ano!r species1 only "o cont9u\s & uni=m mass2 z ! masses1 t seem to u uni=m & cont9u\s1 may seem a :ole _w ( sep>ate & v>i$ p>ts1 to ! insect population t sw>ms ^u its surface4 8,a s+le leaf ( a tree10 to borr[ an obvi\s illu/ration f a ,fr5* writ]1 8is a little _w inhabit$ by invisible animals1 to ^: s5ses x appe>s ( imm5se ext5t1 :o see 9 x m\nta9s & abysses t are almo/ immeasurable1 & :o1 f "o side ( ! leaf to ! o!r1 hold z little communication ) ! opposite animalcula1 :o h _! dwell+s !re1 z we d ) our ,antipodes40#bc ,no?+ c appe> to our eyes m uni=m ?an a piece ( glass2 yet we "k1 f its composition1 z a product ( art1 t x is a cong]ies ( bodies1 :i* h no simil>ity to ea* o!r1 & :i* truly exi/ sep>ately f ea* o!r1 9 ! comp\nd1 z !y exi/$ sep>ately be=e ! composition1 ?\gh ! l9es ( space :i* divide !m h n[ ceas$ to be visible to our weak organs2 & ?\gh1 in/ead ( be+ compos$ ( alkal9e & silice\s matt]1 :i* we "k to be diff]5t 9 _! qualities1 ! beautiful transp>5t sub/ance1 consid]$ by u1 71 z f> z we "k1 simple1 9 ! *emical s5se ( ! t]m1 x w\ld /ill be z truly an aggregate ( _m bodies1 n dissimil>1 inde$1 z 9 ! =m] case1 b ea* simil> 9 qualities to ! aggregate itself4 ,! aggregate1 9 %ort1 is1 9 e case1 b a "n inv5t$ by ourselves2 & :at we t]m ! con/itu5t elem5ts1 are all t truly exi/s4 ,to inquire into ! composition ( a body1 is1 !re=e1 only to inquire :at ^! sep>ate bodies are :i* we h *os5 to consid] z "o1 or r :i* are rank$ by u z "o1 f _! app>5t cont9uity4 ,i h dwelt ! long] on ?is po9t ( ! unity ( an aggregate mass1 z d]iv$ f ! m9d ( ! obs]v] only1 & n f its con/itu5t bodies1 :i* are truly sep>ate & indep5d5t ( ea* o!r1 & mu/ always be sep>ate & indep5d5t1 :atev] *anges !y may seem to und]go1 9 ! v>i\s processes ( composition & decomposition1 because ?is is "o ( ! mo/ simple1 &1 at ! same "t1 "o ( ! mo/ conv9c+ examples ( a t5d5cy ( ! m9d1 :i* we %all (t5 h occasion to rem>k 9 ! c\rse ( our intellectual analysis1--! t5d5cy to ascribe to sub/ances )\t1 z if exi/+ 9 !m l p]man5t physical qualities1 ! relations :i* ourselves h =m$1 by ! m]e comp>ison ( objects ) objects1 & :i*1 9 !mselves1 z relations1 are no?+ m ?an modifications ( our own m9d4 ,x is v difficult = u to believe1 t1 :5 we speak ( a rock1 or a m\nta91 or1 p]haps1 /ill m1 :5 we speak ( a s+le leaf or blade ( grass z "o1 we speak ( a plurality ( indep5d5t sub/ances1 :i* may exi/ ap>t1 z !y n[ exi/ toge!r1 & :i* h no o!r unity ?an 9 our conception4 ,x is ! same ) e o!r species ( relation4 ,! tallness ( a tree1 ! l[ness ( a %rub or we$1 z ^! relative t]ms are us$ by u 9 opposition1 d n express any real quality ( ! tree1 or %rub1 or we$1 b only ! fact t our m9d has consid]$ !m toge!r2 all :i* !y express1 is ! m]e comp>ison t is 9 u1 n any quality 9 ! ext]nal objects2 & yet we c sc>cely br+ ourselves to ?9k1 b t indep5d5tly ( ?is comp>ison1 !re is "s quality1 9 ! tree1 :i* corresponds ) our notion ( tallness1 & "s opposite quality 9 ! %rub or we$1 :i* corresponds ) our notion ( %ortness or l[ness2 s t ! tree w\ld des]ve ! "n ( tall1 ?\gh x 7 ! only object 9 exi/5ce1 & ! %rub or we$1 9 l mann]1 ! epi!t ( l[ly1 ?\gh x alone exi/$1 )\t a s+le object ) :i* x c\ld be comp>$4 ,^! in/ances1 z ,i h said1 are simple1 b !y w n be ! less useful1 9 prep>+ y\r m9ds = consid]+ ! m important natures ( relation 9 g5]al1 t imply1 inde$1 always "s actual qualities 9 ! objects !mselves1 ! p]ception ( :i* leads u aft]w>ds to consid] !m z relat$1 b no actual quality 9 ei!r ( ! objects t prim>ily & directly corresponds ) ! notion ( ! relation itself1 z !re are qualities ( objects t correspond directly ) our s5sations ( w>m? or col\r1 or any o!r ( ! s5sations excit$ imm$iately by ext]nal ?+s4 ,! relation is1 9 e s5se ( ! ^w m5tal1 n m]ely z be+ a feel+ ( ! m9d1 = our k ( ! qualities ( ext]nal ?+s is1 9 ?is s5se1 equally m5tal2 b1 z hav+ its cause & orig9 directly 9 ! v nature ( ! m9d itself1 :i* _c reg>d a numb] ( objects1 )\t =m+ "s comp>ison1 & inve/+ !m consequ5tly ) a numb] ( relations4 ,i h already spok5 ( ! intellectual m$ium1 ?r\gh :i* ext]nal objects become kn[n to u2 & ! metaphor is a j "o4 ,! m$ium1 9 ?is case1 z truly z 9 ! transmission ( light1 communicates some?+ ( its own to t :i* x conveys2 & x is z impossible = u to p]ceive objects long or (t5 toge!r1 )\t t comp>ison :i* in/antly inve/s !m ) c]ta9 relations1 z x w\ld be = u to p]ceive objects1 = a s+le mom5t1 free f ! t9t ( ! col\r$ glass ?r\gh :i* we view !m4 8,omnes p]ceptiones10 says ,"l ,bacon1 us+ a simil> figure1 8omnes p]ceptiones1 tam s5sus quam m5tis1 sunt ex analogia hom9is1 non ex analogia univ]si2 e/que intellectus humanus in/> speculi 9qualis ad radios r]um1 qui suam naturam natur r]um immiscet1 eamque di/orquet et inficit40 ,b1 :atev] may be ?\ght ( relations 9 g5]al1 !re c be no "q1 at lea/1 z to ! nature ( t unity :i* we ascribe to bodies4 ,we h se51 t ! sub/ance1 :i*1 9 ?\ght we reg>d z "o1 is1 9 tru?1 n "o1 b _m sub/ances1 to :i* our ?\ght alone gives unity2 & t all inquiry1 !re=e1 ) respect to ! nature ( a sub/ance1 z x exi/s 9 space1 is an inquiry into ! nature ( ^? sep>ate bodies1 t occupy ! space :i* we assign to ! imag9>y aggregate4 ,to dissipate ?is imag9>y aggregate ( our own creation1 & to %[ u ^? sep>ate bodies :i* occupy its space1 & are all t nature creat$1 is ! great (fice ( ! analytic art ( ,*emi/ry1 :i* does = u only :at ! microscope does1 t enables u to see ! small objects :i* are be=e u at all times1 )\t our be+ able to di/+ui% !m4 ,:5 a *emi/ tells u1 t glass1 :i* appe>s to u "o uni=m sub/ance1 is compos$ ( diff]5t sub/ances1 he tells u1 :at1 ) liveli] p]ceptive organs1 we might h kn[n1 )\t a s+le exp]im5t2 s9ce ! silice\s matt] & ! alkali 7 pres5t to u 9 e piece ( glass1 z mu* be=e he told u ( _! pres5ce1 z aft] x4 ,! art ( analysis1 !re=e1 has its orig9 9 ! m]e imp]fection ( our s5ses1 & is truly ! art ( ! bl9d1 ^: wants x is always /riv+ to rem$y1 & always discov]+ suffici5t pro( ( its inability to rem$y !m4 ,we boa/1 inde$1 ( ! *emical discov]ies :i* we h made ( late1 ) a rapidity ( progress z brilliant1 z x is unexampl$ 9 ! hi/ory ( any o!r sci5ce2 & we boa/ ju/ly1 because we h f\nd1 :at ! g5]ations ( inquir]s t h prec$$ u on our globe1--f> f detect+1--_h n ev5 v5tur$ to guess4 ,)\t allud+ to ! ag5cy ( ! ,galvanic p[]1--by :i* all nature seems to be assum+ be=e u a diff]5t aspect--we h se5 fix$ 9 ! products ( our common fires1 & 9 ! drossy ru/ ( metals1 ! pure/ "p ( t e!real fluid :i* we brea!1 & ! air itself1 :i* 0 s long consid]$ z simple1 ceas+ to be an elem5t4 ,yet :atev] unsuspect$ simil>ities & div]sities ( composition we may h be5 able to trace 9 bodies1 all our discov]ies h n creat$ a s+le new p>ticle ( matt]4 ,!y h only %[n ^! to exi/1 :]e !y always exi/$1 z mu* be=e our analysis z aft] x1--unm>k$ inde$1 b unm>k$1 only because our s5ses alone 7 n capable ( mak+ ! nice discrim9ation4 ,if man _h be5 able to p]ceive1 ) 8 m]e organs ( s5se1 ! diff]5t p>ticles t =m toge!r ! atmosph]ic air--if he _h at all times se5 ! portion ( ^! :i* unites ) ! fuel t w>ms him1 ent] into ?is union1 z di/9ctly z he sees ! mass ( fuel itself1 :i* he fl+s into 8 furnace1 he c\ld n h ?\ght x a v great intellectual a*ievem5t1 to /ate 9 words s common & famili> a fact1--! m]e well-kn[n *ange ( place ( a few well-kn[n p>ticles2 & yet ?is is :at1 9 ! imp]fect /ate ( 8 p]ceptive organs1 he s pr\dly t]ms 8 ,!ory ( ,combu/ion1 ! developem5t ( :i* 0 hail$ by a wond]+ _w1 & 9 ^! circum/ances ju/ly hail$ by x1 z a sci5tific era4 ,to be+s1 capable ( p]ceiv+ & di/+ui%+ ! diff]5t p>ticles1 t =m by _! aggregation1 ^? small masses1 :i*1 aft] ! m9ute/ me*anical division ( :i* we are capable1 appe> atoms to u1 ! pride :i* we feel1 9 our *emical analyses1 mu/ seem z ludicr\s1 z to u w\ld seem ! pride ( ! bl9d1 if "o1 :o _h nev] enjoy$ ! opportunity ( behold+ ! sun1 7 to boa/ ( hav+ discov]$1 by a nice comp>ison ( ! *ang+ temp]ature ( bodies1 t1 dur+ c]ta9 h\rs ( ! day1 !re pass$ ov] our e>? "s great s\rce ( heat4 ,! addition ( "o new s5se to u1 :o h already ! ine/imable advantages :i* vision af=ds1 might probably1 9 a few h\rs1 communicate m in/ruction1 ) respect to matt]1 ?an all :i* is ev] to repay & consummate ! physical lab\rs ( mank9d1--giv+1 p]haps1 to a s+le glance1 ^? sl[ revelations ( nature1 :i*1 "o by "o1 at int]vals ( _m c5turies1 are to immortalize ! future sages ( our race4 8,all philosophy10 says an acute =eign writ]1 8is f\nd$ on ^! two ?+s1--t we h a great deal ( curiosity1 & v bad eyes4 ,9 a/ronomy1 = example1 if our eyes 7 bett]1 we %\ld !n see di/9ctly1 :e!r ! />s really are1 or are n1 s _m suns1 illum9at+ worlds ( _! own2 & if1 on ! o!r h&1 we _h less curiosity1 we %\ld !n c>e a v little ab\t ?is k1 :i* w\ld come pretty ne>ly to ! same ?+4 ,b we wi% to "k m ?an we see1 & !re lies ! difficulty4 ,ev5 if we saw well ! little :i* we d see1 ?is w\ld at lea/ be "s small k ga9$4 ,b we obs]ve x diff]5t f :at x is2 & ?us x happ5s1 t a true philosoph] passes 8 life1 9 n believ+ :at he sees1 & 9 lab\r+ to guess :at is altoge!r beyond 8 sight4 ,i _c help figur+ to myself10 cont9ues ! same lively writ]1 8t nature is a great public spectacle1 :i* resembles t ( ! op]a4 ,f ! place at :i* we sit 9 ! !atre1 we d n see ! /age q z x is4 ,! sc5es & ma*9]y are arrang$1 s z to produce a pleas+ effect at a di/ance2 & ! weights & pullies1 on :i* ! diff]5t movem5ts dep5d1 are hid f u4 ,we !re=e d n tr\ble our heads ) guess+1 h[ ?is me*anical "p ( ! p]=mance is c>ri$ on4 ,x is p]haps only "s me*anician1 conceal$ amid ! cr[d ( ! pit1 :o racks 8 bra9 ab\t a flight ?r\gh ! air1 :i* appe>s to him extraord9>y1 & :o is s]i\sly b5t on discov]+ by :at means x has be5 execut$4 ,?is me*anic1 gaz+1 & wond]+1 & torm5t+ himself1 9 ! pit ( ! op]a1 is 9 a situation v l t ( ! philosoph] 9 ! !atre ( ! _w4 ,b :at augm5ts ! difficulty to ! philosoph]1 is1 t1 9 ! ma*9]y :i* nature pres5ts1 ! cords are completely conceal$ f him1--s completely inde$1 t ! con/ant puzzle has be5 to guess1 :at t secret contrivance is1 :i* produces ! visible motions 9 ! frame ( ! univ]se4 ,let u imag9e all ! sages collect$ at an op]a1--! ,py?agorases1 ,platos1 ,ari/otles1 & all ^? great names1 :i* n[-a-days make s mu* noise 9 our e>s4 ,let u suppose1 t !y see ! flight ( ,phaeton1 z he is repres5t$ c>ri$ (f by ! w9ds2 t !y _c p]ceive ! cords to :i* he is atta*$2 & t !y are q ignorant ( e ?+ beh9d ! sc5es4 ,x is a secret virtue1 says "o ( !m1 t c>ries (f ,phaeton4 ,phaeton1 says ano!r1 is compos$ ( c]ta9 numb]s1 :i* cause him to asc5d4 ,a ?ird says1 ,phaeton has a c]ta9 affection = ! top ( ! /age4 ,he does n feel at 8 ease1 :5 he is n !re4 ,phaeton1 says a f\r?1 is n =m$ to fly2 b he likes bett] to fly1 ?an to leave ! top ( ! /age empty1--& a hundr$ o!r absurdities ( ! k9d1 t might h ru9$ ! reputation ( antiquity1 if ! reputation ( antiquity1 = wisdom c\ld h be5 ru9$4 ,at la/1 come ,desc>tes1 & "s o!r mod]ns1 :o say1 ,phaeton asc5ds1 because he is drawn by cords1 & because a weight1 m heavy ?an he1 is desc5d+ z a c\nt]poise4 ,accord+ly1 we n[ no long] believe1 t a body w /ir1 unless x be drawn or impell$ by "s o!r body1 or t x w asc5d1 or desc5d1 unless by ! op]ation ( "s spr+ or c\nt]poise2 & ?us to see nature1 su* z x really is1 is to see ! back ( ! /age at ! op]a40#bd ,9 ?is exposition ( ! ph5om5a ( ! univ]se1 & ( ^? /range 8follies ( ! wise10 :i* h be5 gravely prop\nd$ 9 ! sy/ems ( philosoph]s conc]n+ !m1 !re is mu* tru?1 z well z happy pleasantry4 ,z f>1 at lea/1 z relates to matt]1 consid]$ m]ely z exi/+ 9 space1--! fir/ ( ! two lights 9 :i* x may be physically view$1--!re c be no "q1 t philosophy is no?+ m ?an an endeav\r to repair1 by art1 ! badness ( our eyes1 t we may be able to see :at is actually be=e u at e mom5t4 ,to be fairly beh9d ! sc5es ( ! great spectacle ( nature1 h[ev]1 is some?+ m ?an ?is4 ,x is n m]ely to "k1 at any "o mom5t1 t !re are _m objects exi/+ on ! /age1 :i* are invisible :]e ! spectators sit1 b to "k !m z pieces ( ma*9]y1 & to obs]ve !m op]at+ 9 all ! wond]s ( ! drama4 ,x is1 9 %ort1 to h t second view ( nature1 z exi/+ 9 "t z well z space1 to ! consid]ation ( :i* ,i am to proce$ 9 my next ,lecture4 ,,footnotes3 #ba ,nov4 ,org4 ,aph4 #a4 #bb ,preface aux ,eloges--uvres1 tom4 v4 p4 #h4 #bc ,font5elle1 ,pluralit des ,mondes1 ,conv]sat4 #c4 #bd ,font5elle1 ,pluralit des ,mondes1 ,conv]sat4 #a4 ,,lecture ,,vi4 ,,! ,,same ,,subject ,,cont9u$4 ,9 my la/ ,lecture1 ,g5tlem51 ,i consid]$1 at "s l5g?1 ! nature ( ,physical ,inquiry 9 g5]al1 & /at$ to y1 9 p>ticul>1 ! two lights1 9 :i* objects may be physically view$1 z exi/+ simply 9 space1 or z exi/+ 9 "t1--! inquiries1 ) respect to ! "o1 hav+ reg>d to ! composition ( bodies2 ! inquiries1 ) respect to ! o!r1 hav+ reg>d to ! *anges1 ( :i* !y are ei!r ! subjects or occasions1 & consequ5tly to _! susceptibilities or _! p[]s--_! susceptibilities ( be+ affect$ by o!r sub/ances1 _! p[]s ( affect+ o!r sub/ances4 ,i use ! ^w susceptibility1 y w p]ceive1 z1 9 ?is case1 synonym\s ) :at ,mr ,locke1 & "s o!r writ]s1 h d5om9at$ passive p[]1 to avoid ! app>5t v]bal contradiction1 or at lea/ ! ambiguity1 :i* may arise f annex+ ! t]m passive to a ^w1 :i* is g5]ally employ$ to signify1 n ! subject ( *ange1 b ! cause or occasion ( *ange4 ,( ^! two po9ts ( view1 !n1 9 :i* an object may be reg>d$1 :5 ! "q is put1 ,:at is x8 we h se51 ,i hope1 suffici5tly di/9ctly1 ! nature ( "o4 ,if1 9 answ]+ ! "q1 we reg>d ! object m]ely z x exi/s 9 space1 & say1 t x is a comp\nd ( c]ta9 sub/ances1 we mean no?+ m1 ?an t1 9 ! portion ( space1 :i* we conceive to be occupi$ by ?is "o imag9>y aggregate1 !re is truly a plurality ( bodies1 :i*1 ?\gh seem+ly contigu\s1 h an exi/5ce1 z sep>ate & indep5d5t ( ea* o!r1 z if !y 7 at ! mo/ remote di/ance2 ! "o aggregate be+ no?+ m ?an a "n = ^! sep>ate bodies1 to :i* ourselves give all ! unity :i* !y h1 m]ely by consid]+ !m z "o4 ,! necessity ( inquir+ into ! nature ( ^! sep>ate elem5t>y bodies1--:i* con/itutes "o ( ! two great dep>tm5ts ( physical inve/igation1--we f\nd to arise f ! imp]fection ( our s5ses1 t are n suffici5tly acute to discov]1 ( !mselves1 ! compon5t p>ts ( ! masses1 :i* nature ev]y:]e pres5ts to u4 ,we are ?us oblig$ to =m to ourselves an art ( analysis1 m]ely t we may p]ceive :at is con/antly be=e our eyes1 9 ! same mann]1 z we are oblig$ to h rec\rse to ! contrivances ( ! optician1 to p]ceive />s & planets1 t are incessantly %$d+ on u _! light4 ,!re is1 inde$1 some?+ truly wor?y ( our a/oni%m5t1 9 ! sort ( k ( ! qualities ( matt]1 :i*1 ) our v imp]fect s5ses1 we are /ill able to atta94 ,:at we conceive ourselves to "k is an aggregate ( _m bodies1 ( ea* ( :i*1 individually1 we may be said1 9 ! /ricte/ s5se ( ! t]m1 to be absolutely ignorant2 & yet ! aggregate1 :i* we "k1 has no real exi/5ce1 b z t v multitude ( bodies1 ( :i* we are ignorant4 ,:5 wat] 0 reg>d$ z a simple sub/ance1 e "o :o look$ ^u a lake or riv]1 conceiv$ t he knew z well :at ! liquid 0 :i* fl[$ 9 x1 z ! *emi/1 :o n[ consid]s x z comp\nd2 & ! *emi/1 :o has le>n$ to reg>d x z comp\nd1 is p]haps z ignorant ( ! true nature ( ! sep>ate bodies t exi/ 9 x1 z ^? :o =m]ly reg>d$ x z simple2 s9ce "o additional discov]y may prove ! v elem5ts1 :i* he n[ reg>ds z ! ultimate con/itu5ts ( wat]1 to be truly comp\nd$ ( o!r elem5ts1 /ill m m9ute1 & n[ altoge!r unkn[n to him4 ,t our only k ( matt] %\ld be ( a multitude ( bodies1 ( ! nature ( ea* ( :i*1 individually1 we are 9 absolute ignorance1 may seem1 at fir/ sight1 to ju/ify _m ( ! mo/ extravagant d\bts ( ! sceptic3 & yet !re is really no gr\nd = su* scepticism1 s9ce1 ?\gh ! coexi/+ bodies be sep>ately unkn[n1 ! effect1 :i* !y produce :5 coexi/+ 9 ! circum/ances obs]v$ by u1 is n ! less c]ta9 & def9ite2 & x is ?is jo9t effect ( ! :ole1 ?us c]ta9 & def9ite1 :i* is ! true object ( our k2 n ! unc]ta9 effect1 :i* ! m9ut] elem5ts might produce1 if !y exi/$ alone4 ,! same aggregates1 :atev] _! elem5t>y nature may be1 op]ate on our s5ses1 z (t5 z !y recur1 9 ! same mann]2 ! unkn[n elem5ts :i* con/itute an oak1 or a t[]1 or ! ivy t cl+s ar\nd x1 excit+ 9 ! m9d ^? p>ticul> s5sations1 to ! ext]nal causes ( :i* we cont9ue to give ! "n ( oak or t[] or ivy2 & excit+ ^!1 z precisely & uni=mly1 z if we 7 acqua9t$ ) ea* m9ute elem5t ( ! objects )\t4 ,our k ( nature mu/ 9 ?is way1 inde$1 be conf9$ to ! mix$ effects ( ! masses :i* x exhibits2 b x is n on t acc\nt less valuable1 nor less sure2 = to ! c]ta9ty ( ?is limit$ k all :i* is necess>y is uni=mity ( ! mix$ effects1 :atev] _! unkn[n coexi/+ causes may be4 ,x is ) masses only1 n ) elem5ts t we are conc]n$1 9 all ! important purposes ( life2 & ! provid5t wisdom ( ! ,au?or ( ,nature1 !re=e1 has 9 ?is z 9 e o!r case1 adapt$ our p[]s to our necessities1--giv+ to all mank9d ! k1 t is requisite = ! purposes :i* all mank9d mu/ equally h 9 view1 & leav+ to a few philosophic inquir]s1 ! curiosity ( discov]+ :at ! sub/ances ar\nd u truly are 9 _! elem5t>y /ate1 & ! means ( mak+ cont9ual progress1 9 ?is nev]-end+ analysis4 ,su* !n is ! nature ( "o ( ! views1 9 :i* physical inquiry may be direct$ to ! discov]y ( elem5ts1 t are exi/+ toge!r1 at ! same mom5t4 ,b is n ?is species ( inquiry1 x may be ask$1 peculi> to matt]1 or may x also be ext5d$ to m9d8 ,x is easy to conceive t1 if matt] always h ext5sion1 & !re=e necess>ily be compos$ ( p>ts1 an inquiry into its composition may =m an important "p ( physical inve/igation2 b ?is sort ( inquiry w seem to y altoge!r inadmissible 9 ! philosophy ( m9d1 s9ce ! m9d is n compos$ ( p>ts t coexi/1 b is simple & indivisible4 ,if1 inde$1 ! t]m composition1 9 ?is application ( x1 be und]/ood /rictly 9 ! same s5se z :5 appli$ to matt]1 x is v evid5t1 t !re c be no inquiry into ! composition ( ?\ghts & feel+s1 s9ce e ?\ght & feel+ is z simple & indivisible z ! m9d itself2 be+1 9 tru?1 no?+ m ?an ! m9d itself exi/+ at a c]ta9 mom5t 9 a c]ta9 /ate2 & yet1 9 consequ5ce ( "s v wond]ful laws1 :i* regulate ! successions ( our m5tal ph5om5a1 ! sci5ce ( m9d is1 9 all its mo/ important respects1 a sci5ce ( analysis1 or at lea/ a sci5ce :i* exhibits to our contemplation ! same results z if x 7 /rictly analytical2 & we inquire into ! sep>ate ideas or o!r feel+s1 involv$ 9 "o complex ?\ght or emotion1 v ne>ly z we inquire into ! corpuscul> elem5ts1 t coexi/ 9 "o seem+ly cont9u\s mass4 ,! nature ( ?is v wond]ful application ( analysis1 or at lea/ ( a process :i* is virtually ! same z analysis1 to a sub/ance1 t is necess>ily at all times simple & indivisible1 w1 h[ev]1 be bett] und]/ood by y1 aft] we h turn$ our att5tion to ! o!r g5]al division ( physical inquiry1 :i* is /ill to be consid]$ by u4 ,i ne$ n ,i hope1 repeat1 aft] ! rem>ks :i* ,i made 9 my la/ ,lecture1 t1 9 lead+ y\r ?\ghts1 = s long a "t1 to ! subject ( g5]al sci5ce1 ,i h _h con/antly 9 view its application to ! ph5om5a ( our own dep>tm5t ( x1 & t we are truly le>n+ to /udy m9d ) accuracy1 :5 we are le>n+ :at x is1 :i* is to be /udi$ 9 ! great sy/em ( ?+s4 ,!re c be no "q at lea/1 t he :o has errone\s notions ( ! objects ( physical inve/igation 9 ! mat]ial univ]se1 w be v likely also to err1 or r _c fail to err1 9 8 notions ( ! objects ( physical inve/igation1 z x relates to m9d4 ,i proce$1 !n1 to consid]1 :at x is :i* we truly h 9 view1 :5 we direct our inquiry1 n to ! m]e composition ( objects exi/+ cont9u\sly 9 space1 b to ! succession ( *anges :i* !y exhibit 9 "t1--to _! susceptibility ( be+ affect$ by o!r sub/ances1 or _! p[] ( affect+ o!r sub/ances4 ,! inquiry1 z y mu/ p]ceive1 involves ! consid]ation ( "s words ab\t :i* a peculi> my/]y has be5 v g5]ally suppos$ to hang--causation1 p[]1 connexion ( ev5ts4 ,b we %all p]haps f9d t :at is suppos$ s peculi>ly my/]i\s 9 !m1 is n 9 ! v simple notions !mselves1 b 9 ! misconceptions ( ^? :o h treat$ ( !m4 ,x is n 9 ?is case1 z 9 ! =m] dep>tm5t ( physical inve/igation1 ! m]e imp]fection ( our s5ses1 t produces ! necessity ( inquiry4 ,matt]1 z exi/+ 9 space1 is :olly be=e u1 & all :i* is necess>y = p]fect k ( x1 9 ?is respect1 is great] delicacy ( our p]ceptive organs1 t we may di/+ui% e elem5t ( ! seem+ly cont9u\s mass4 ,to "k ! m]e composition ( a sub/ance1 is to "k only :at is actually pres5t at ! v mom5t1 :i* we may imag9e s5ses ( ! highe/ p]fection to be capable ( in/antly p]ceiv+2 b to "k all ! susceptibilities & p[]s ( a sub/ance1 ! v>i\s modes 9 :i* x may affect or be affect$ by e o!r1 is to "k x1 n m]ely z x exi/s be=e u 9 ! p>ticul> circum/ances ( any "o mom5t1 b z x might h exi/$1 or may exi/1 9 all possible circum/ances ( comb9ation1--:i* our s5ses1 t are necess>ily conf9$ to ! circum/ances ( ! pres5t mom5t1 nev] c\ld tea* u1 ev5 ?\gh !y 7 able to di/+ui% e atom ( ! m9ute/ mass4 ,if1 inde$1 !re 7 any ?+1 9 ! m]e appe>ance ( a body1 :i* c\ld enable u to pr$ict ! *anges t w\ld take place 9 x1 :5 br\ght into e possible v>iety ( situation1 ) respect to o!r bodies1 or ! *anges :i* x w\ld !n produce 9 ^? o!r bodies1 ! two views1 into :i* ,i h divid$ physical inquiry1 w\ld co9cide exactly2 s t to "k ! cont9u\s elem5ts ( any sub/ance1 w\ld be to "k1 at ! same "t1 its susceptibilities & p[]s4 ,b !re is no?+1 9 ! m]e s5sible qualities ( bodies1 consid]$ sep>ately1 t c give u ev5 ! slighte/ intimation ( ! *anges1 :i*1 9 new circum/ances ( union1 !y might reciprocally suff] or produce4 ,:o c\ld inf]1 f ! simil> appe>ance ( a lump ( sug> & a lump ( calc>e\s sp>1 t ! "o w\ld be soluble 9 wat]1 & ! o!r rema9 unmelt$2 or1 f ! diff]5t aspect ( gunp[d] & sn[1 t a sp>k w\ld be ext+ui%$1 if x fell ^u ! "o1 &1 if x fell ^u ! o!r1 w\ld excite an explosion t w\ld be almo/ irresi/able8 ,b = exp]i5ce1 we %\ld be altoge!r incapable ( pr$ict+ any su* effects1 f ei!r ( ! objects comp>$2 or1 if we did "k1 t ! peculi> susceptibility belong$ to "o ( ! two1 & n ! o!r1 we might z readily suppose1 t calc>e\s sp> w\ld melt 9 wat] z sug>1 & z readily1 t sn[ z t gunp[d] w\ld detonate1 by ! contact ( a sp>k4 ,x is exp]i5ce alone1 :i* tea*es u t ^! effects ev] take place1 & t !y take place1 n 9 all sub/ances1 b only 9 "s p>ticul> sub/ances4 ,x has1 inde$1 be5 suppos$ by _m +5i\s philosoph]s1 t1 if we 7 acqua9t$ ) :at !y t]m ! intimate /ructure ( bodies1 we %\ld !n see1 n m]ely :at corpuscul> *anges take place 9 !m1 b :y ^! *anges take place 9 !m2 & %\ld ?us be able to pr$ict1 be=e exp]i5ce1 ! effects :i* !y w\ld reciprocally produce4 8,i d\bt n10 says ,locke1 8b if we c\ld discov] ! figure1 size1 texture1 & motion ( ! m9ute con/itu5t p>ts ( any two bodies1 we %\ld "k )\t trial sev]al ( _! op]ations "o ^u ano!r1 z we d n[ ! prop]ties ( a squ>e or a triangle4 ,did we "k ! me*anical affections ( ! p>ticles ( rhub>b1 hemlock1 opium1 & a man2 z a wat*-mak] does ^? ( a wat*1 :]eby x p]=ms its op]ations1 & ( a file1 :i* by rubb+ on !m w alt] ! figure ( any ( ! :eels2 we %\ld be able to tell be=e-h&1 t rhub>b w purge1 hemlock kill1 & opium make a man sleep2 z well z a wat*-mak] c1 t a little piece ( pap] laid on ! balance w keep ! wat* f go+1 till x be remov$2 or t1 "s small "p ( x be+ rubb$ by a file1 ! ma*9e w\ld q lose its motion1 & ! wat* g no m4 ,! dissolv+ ( silv] 9 aqua=tis1 & gold 9 aqua regia1 & n vice v]sa1 w\ld be !n p]haps no m difficult to "k1 ?an x is to a smi? to und]/& :y ! turn+ ( "o key w op5 a lock1 & n ! turn+ ( ano!r4 ,b :ile we are de/itute ( s5ses acute en\gh to discov] ! m9ute p>ticles ( bodies1 & to give u ideas ( ! me*anical affections1 we mu/ be cont5t to be ignorant ( _! prop]ties & ways ( op]ation2 nor c we be assur$ ab\t !m any f>!r1 ?an "s few trials we make are able to rea*4 ,b :e!r !y w succe$ aga9 ano!r "t1 we _c be c]ta94 ,?is h9d]s our c]ta9 k ( univ]sal tru?s conc]n+ natural bodies3 & our reason c>ries u h]e9 v little beyond p>ticul> matt] ( fact4 8,& !re=e ,i am apt to d\bt1 t h[ f> soev] human indu/ry may advance useful & exp]im5tal philosophy 9 physical ?+s1 sci5tifical w /ill be out ( our rea*2 because we want p]fect & adequate ideas ( ^? v bodies :i* are ne>e/ to u1 & mo/ "u our comm&4 ,^? :i* we h rank$ into classes "u names1 & we ?9k ourselves be/ acqua9t$ )1 we h b v imp]fect & incomplete ideas (4 ,di/9ct ideas ( ! sev]al sorts ( bodies t fall "u ! exam9ation ( our s5ses p]haps we may h2 b adequate ideas1 ,i suspect1 we h n ( any "o among !m4 ,& ?\gh ! =m] ( ^! w s]ve u = common use & disc\rse1 yet :ile we want ! latt]1 we are n capable ( sci5tifical k2 nor %all ev] be able to discov] g5]al1 in/ructive1 unque/ionable tru?s conc]n+ !m4 ,c]ta9ty & demon/ration are ?+s we mu/ n1 9 ^! matt]s1 pret5d to4 ,by ! col\r1 figure1 ta/e1 & smell1 & o!r s5sible qualities1 we h z cle> & di/9ct ideas ( sage & hemlock1 z we h ( a circle & a triangle2 b hav+ no ideas ( ! p>ticul> prim>y qualities ( ! m9ute p>ts ( ei!r ( ^! plants1 nor ( o!r bodies :i* we w\ld apply !m to1 we _c tell :at effects !y w produce2 nor :5 we see ^? effects1 c we s mu* z guess1 mu* less "k1 _! mann] ( production4 ,?us hav+ no ideas ( ! p>ticul> me*anical affections ( ! m9ute p>ts ( bodies t are )9 our view & rea*1 we are ignorant ( _! con/itutions1 p[]s1 & op]ations3 & ( bodies m remote we are yet m ignorant1 n kn[+ s mu* z _! v outw>d %apes1 or ! s5sible & gross] p>ts ( _! con/itutions40#be ,! fallacy ( ! reason+ ( ?is v em95t philosoph] consi/s p>tly1 9 ! pres5t case1 9 a sort ( petitio pr9cipii1 or1 at lea/1 a false assumption t is involv$ 9 ! v phrase me*anical affections1 & 9 all ! me*anical illu/rations adduc$4 ,if rhub>b purge1 & hemlock kill1 by qualities t c be said to be me*anical1 & if ^! qualities be ,,p]man5t1 !re c be no "q1 t to "k accurately ! me*anical qualities ( ^! sub/ances1 9 relation to ! human body1 w\ld be to "k1 t rhub>b mu/ purge1 & hemlock kill1 z mu* z to "k ! me*anism ( a wat* w\ld be to "k1 t ! wat* mu/ /op1 if a small "p ( x 7 rubb$ by a file4 ,b ! inquiry is /ill left1 :e!r x be ?us1 by ! m]e pr9ciples ( me*anical action1 t rhub>b & hemlock produce _! peculi> effects on ! animal sy/em1 & t silv] is dissolv$ 9 aqua =tis1 & gold 9 aqua regia2 &1 if !re be no reason :atev] to suppose ?is1 we mu/ !n surely admit t ! prophecy w\ld /ill be beyond our p[]1 ?\gh we 7 acqua9t$ ) 8! figure1 size1 texture1 & motion1 ( ! m9ute con/itu5t p>ts0 ( ! diff]5t bodies4 ,9 ! same mann]1 z1 9 ! me*anical division ( a sub/ance1 we mu/ /ill come to o!r sub/ances capable ( fur!r division1 s1 ?\gh we c\ld r$uce all ! *anges t appe> to be wr\ght 9 ! great masses ar\nd u1 to ! *anges wr\ght 9 _! m9ute p>ts1 we mu/ /ill come to c]ta9 ultimate *anges z inexplicable z ^? :i* we see at pres5t4 ,x is z difficult to pr$ict1 )\t exp]i5ce1 ! motion ( "o atom to or f ano!r atom1 z ! motion ( "o mass ( atoms to or f ano!r mass ( atoms4 ,t ! globe ( ! e>? %\ld t5d t[>ds ! sun1 :i* is at s great a di/ance f x1 & %\ld ?us be e mom5t arre/$ )9 t orbit1 f :i*1 if !re 7 no su* deflect+ =ce1 x w\ld e mom5t h a t5d5cy to escape by fly+ (f 9 a /raight l9e1 is1 inde$1 mo/ wond]ful4 ,b precisely ! same laws :i* op]ate on ! :ole globe ( ! e>?1 op]ate on e p>ticle ( :i* ! e>? is compos$1--s9ce ! e>? itself is only ^! sep>ate p>ticles "u ano!r "n2 & if x be wond]ful t all ( ^! %\ld h a t5d5cy to approa* ! sun1 x mu/ be equally wond]ful1 t ea* m9ute con/itu5t p>ticle %\ld t5d individually1 ?\gh1 to use ,mr ,locke's words1 we 7 accurately acqua9t$ ) ! 8figure1 size1 texture1 & motion ( ea*40 ,! same orig9al my/]y ( gravitation1 !n1 w\ld rema91 ?\gh our s5ses enabl$ u to discov] e gravitat+ p>ticle 9 ! intimate /ructure ( ! gravitat+ mass4 ,by kn[+ ! intimate /ructure ( bodies1 we %\ld inde$1 "k :at 7 _! elem5ts mutually affect$1 b n :y ^! elem5ts 7 mutually affect$1 or 7 affect$ 9 "o way r ?an 9 ano!r4 ,! *ief error ( ,mr ,locke1 9 ?is respect1 evid5tly consi/$1 z ,i h said1 9 8 assumption ( ! v ?+ to be prov$1 by tak+ = grant$1 t all ! *anges ( bodies are ! effects ( _! imm$iate contact & impulse1 & ( a k9d1 !re=e1 :i* may be t]m$ /rictly me*anical1--an assumption1 inde$1 :i* h>moniz$ ) ! ma!matical *emi/ry & m$ic9e ( ! age 9 :i* he liv$1 b ( ! ju/ness ( :i* !re is n ! slighte/ evid5ce 9 ! g5]al ph5om5a1 *emical & n]v\s1 ( :i* he speaks4 ,if1 in/ead ( conf9+ 8 att5tion to ! action ( bodies 9 app>5t contact1 he _h turn$ 8 ?\ght to ! great di/ant ag5cies ( nature 9 ! motions ( ! planet>y _w1 x is sc>cely possible to conceive t he %\ld n h discov]$ 8 mi/ake4 ,9 ano!r ( 8 works1 8 ,elem5ts ( ,natural ,philosophy1 he has /at$ v ju/ly1 z a consequ5ce ( ! law ( gravitation1 t if ! e>? 7 ! sole body 9 ! univ]se1 & at re/1 & ! moon 7 sudd5ly creat$ at ! same di/ance f ! e>? z at pres5t1 ! e>? & ! moon w\ld in/antly beg9 to move t[>ds "o ano!r 9 a /raight l9e4 ,:at k ( ! 8figure1 size1 & texture10 ( ! p>ticles ( ! e>? c\ld h enabl$ its human inhabitants to pr$ict ?is in/ant *ange8 & if ! p>ticles ( gold & aqua regia1 & ( hemlock1 rhub>b1 & opium1 :i*1 toge!r ) all ! o!r p>ticles ( our globe1 w\ld 9 ! case suppos$1 in/antly beg9 to move t[>ds ! moon1--c ?us attract & be attract$1 9 gravitation1 ) t5d5cies t are indep5d5t ( e me*anical affection1 :at au?ority c !re be = suppos+1 t ! *emical & vital ag5cies ( ! same p>ticles mu/ be me*anical1 or t ! "o set ( *anges c\ld h be5 pr$ict$ a priori1 if ! o!r 0 confess$ly beyond ! p[] ( philosophic div9ation8 ,b ev5 ) reg>d to ! me*anical affections ( matt] !mselves1 ?\gh all ! *anges :i* take place 9 nature 7 truly r$ucible to !m1 we %\ld /ill h ultimately ! same difficulty 9 attempt+ to pr$ict1 )\t exp]i5ce1 ! *anges t w\ld ensue f !m4 ,! me*anical prop]ties are inde$ ! mo/ famili> to our ?\ght1 because !y are ^? :i* we are con/antly witness+ 9 ! great displays ( human p[] t are mo/ /rik+ to our s5ses4 ,! h\se1 ! bridge1 ! c>riage1 ! vessel1 e implem5t :i* we use1 & ! :ole wide surface ( ! cultivat$ e>?1 pres5t to u1 z x 71 "o univ]sal trophy ( ! victories ( ! great me*ani/1 man4 ,we _c look back to ! "t :5 we 7 ignorant ( ! me*anical prop]ties ( matt]2 b /ill !re 0 a "t :5 !y fir/ became kn[n to u1 & became kn[n by exp]i5ce ( ! motions t result$ f !m4 ,:at c be simpl] ?an ! ph5om5a ( impulse8 ,t a ball 9 motion1 :5 x meets ano!r at re/1 %\ld =ce ?is to quit its place1 appe>s n[ to be some?+ :i* x requir$ no skill or exp]i5ce to pr$ict2 & yet1 ?\gh our faculties 71 9 e respect1 z vigor\s z n[1--if we c\ld imag9e ?is mo/ common ( all ph5om5a to be :olly unkn[n to u1--:at reason %\ld we be able to discov] 9 ! circum/ances t imm$iately prec$e ! %ock1 = inf]r+ ! effect t truly results1 r ?an any o!r effect :atev]8 ,7 ! laws ( motion previ\sly unkn[n1 x w\ld be 9 itself z presumable1 t ! mov+ ball %\ld simply /op :5 x rea*$ ! o!r1 or t x %\ld m]ely reb\nd f x1 z t ! quiesc5t ball %\ld be =c$ by x to quit its /ate ( re/1 & move =w>d 9 ! same direction4 ,we "k1 inde$1 t ! effect is diff]5t1 b x is because we h witness$ x t we "k x2 n because ! laws ( motion1 or any ( ! me*anical affections ( matt] :atev] are qualities t might be inf]r$ indep5d5tly ( obs]vation4 ,exp]i5ce1 !n1 is necess>y 9 e case1 = discov]+ ! mutual t5d5cies ( ! elem5ts ( bodies1 z mu* z = det]m9+ ! reciprocal affections ( ! masses4 ,b exp]i5ce tea*es u ! pa/ only1 n ! future1 & ! object ( physical inquiry is1 n ! m]e solit>y fact ( a *ange :i* has tak5 place1 b ! simil> *anges :i* w cont9ually take place z (t5 z ! objects are aga9 9 ! same circum/ances1--n ! ph5om5a only1 b ! p[]s by :i* ! ph5om5a are produc$4 ,:y is x1 !n1 we believe t cont9ual simil>ity ( ! future to ! pa/1 :i* con/itutes1 or at lea/ is impli$1 9 our notion ( p[]8 ,a /one t5ds to ! e>?1--a /one w always t5d to ! e>?1--are n ! same proposition2 nor c ! fir/ be said to involve ! second4 ,x is n to exp]i5ce1 !n1 alone t we mu/ h rec\rse = ! orig9 ( ! belief1 b to "s o!r pr9ciple1 :i* conv]ts ! simple facts ( exp]i5ce into a g5]al expectation1 or confid5ce1 t is aft]w>ds to be physically ! guide ( all our plans & actions4 ,?is pr9ciple1 s9ce x _c be d]iv$ f exp]i5ce itself1 :i* relates only to ! pa/1 mu/ be an orig9al pr9ciple ( our nature4 ,!re is a t5d5cy 9 ! v con/itution ( ! m9d f :i* ! expectation arises1--a t5d5cy t1 9 e ?+ :i* x adds to ! m]e facts ( exp]i5ce1 may truly be t]m$ in/9ctive2 = ?\gh t t]m is commonly suppos$ to imply some?+ peculi>ly my/]i\s1 !re is no m real my/]y 9 x ?an 9 any ( ! simple/ successions ( ?\ght1 :i* are all1 9 l mann]1 ! results ( natural t5d5cy ( ! m9d to exi/ 9 c]ta9 /ates1 aft] exi/+ 9 c]ta9 o!r /ates4 ,! belief is1 a /ate or feel+ ( ! m9d z easily conceivable z any o!r /ate ( x1--a new feel+1 aris+ 9 c]ta9 circum/ances z uni=mly z 9 c]ta9 o!r circum/ances4 ,!re arise o!r /ates or feel+s ( ! m9d1 :i* we nev] consid] z my/]i\s2 ^?1 = example1 :i* we t]m ! s5sations ( sweetness or ( s\nd4 ,to h our n]ves ( ta/e or he>+ affect$ 9 a c]ta9 mann]1 is n1 inde$1 to ta/e or to he>1 b x is imm$iately aft]w>ds to h ^? p>ticul> s5sations2 & ?is m]ely because ! m9d 0 orig9ally s con/itut$1 z to exi/ directly 9 ! "o /ate aft] exi/+ 9 ! o!r4 ,to obs]ve1 9 l mann]1 a s]ies ( antec$5ts & consequ5ts1 is n1 9 ! v feel+ ( ! mom5t1 to believe 9 ! future simil>ity1 b1 9 consequ5ce ( a simil> orig9al t5d5cy1 x is imm$iately aft]w>ds to believe1 t ! same antec$5ts w inv>iably be foll[$ by ! same consequ5ts4 ,t ?is belief ( ! future is a /ate ( m9d v diff]5t f ! m]e p]ception or memory ( ! pa/1 f :i* x fl[s1 is inde$ true2 b :at resemblance has sweetness1 z a s5sation ( ! m9d1 to ! solution ( a few p>ticles ( sug> on ! tongue1--or ! h>monies ( music1 to ! vibration ( p>ticles ( air8 ,all :i* we "k1 9 bo? cases1 is1 t ^! successions regul>ly take place2 & 9 ! regul> successions ( nature1 :i* c\ld n1 9 "o in/ance m ?an 9 ano!r1 h be5 pr$ict$ )\t exp]i5ce1 no?+ is my/]i\s1 or e ?+ is my/]i\s4 ,x is wond]ful1 inde$1--= :at is n wond]ful8--t any belief %\ld arise z to a future :i* z yet has no exi/5ce2 & :i*1 !re=e1 _c1 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w1 be an object ( our k4 ,b1 :5 we consid] ,:o x 0 :o =m$ u1 x w\ld1 9 tru?1 h be5 m wond]ful1 if ! m9d _h be5 s diff]5tly con/itut$ t ! belief _h n aris52 because1 9 t case1 ! ph5om5a ( nature1 h[ev] regul>ly arrang$1 w\ld h be5 arrang$ 9 va91 & t ,almighty ,be+1 :o1 by enabl+ u to =esee ! physical ev5ts t are to arise1 has enabl$ u to provide = !m1 w\ld h left ! creatures1 = :om he has be5 s b\nte\sly provid5t1 to p]i%1 ignorant & irresolute1 amid elem5ts t seem$ wait+ to obey !m1--& victims ( confusion1 9 ! v mid/ ( all ! h>monies ( ! univ]se4 ,mr ,hume1 inde$1 has attempt$ to %[1 t ! belief ( ! simil>ity ( future sequ5ces ( ev5ts is r$ucible to ! influ5ce ( cu/om1 )\t ! necessity ( any intuitive expectation2 b he has completely fail$ 9 ! reason+ ) :i* he has endeav\r$ to support ?is op9ion4 ,cu/om may acc\nt = ! m]e sugge/ion ( "o object by ano!r1 z a "p ( a tra9 ( images1 b n = t belief ( future realities1 :i* is a v diff]5t /ate ( m9d1 & :i*1 p]haps1 does n foll[ e su* sugge/ion1 h[ev] frequ5t & habitual4 ,! ph5om5on ,a1 a /one has a ?\s& times fall5 to ! e>?2 ! ph5om5on ,b1 a /one w always1 9 ! same circum/ances1 fall to ! e>?2 are propositions t diff] z mu* z ! propositions1 ,a1 a /one has once fall5 to ! e>?2 ,b1 a /one w always fall to ! e>?4 ,at :atev] l9k ( ! *a9 we beg91 we mu/ /ill meet ) ! same difficulty--! conv]sion ( ! pa/ into ! future4 ,if x be absurd to make ?is conv]sion at "o /age ( inquiry1 x is j z absurd to make x at any o!r /age2 &1 z f> z our memory ext5ds1 !re nev] 0 a "t at :i* we did n make ! in/ant conv]sion1--no p]iod1 h[ev] e>ly1 at :i* we 7 capable ( kn[+ t a /one _h fall51 & yet believ$ t1 9 exactly ! same circum/ances1 !re 0 no reason to suppose t x w\ld fall aga94 ,b on ?is p>ticul> error ( ,mr ,hume1 ! v n>r[ outl9e1 )9 :i* ! pres5t sket* is necess>ily b\nd$1 w n p]mit me to enl>ge4 ,i h exam9$ x1 at consid]able l5g?1 9 ! ?ird edition ( ! ,inquiry :i* ,i h publi%$ on ! ,relation ( ,cause & ,effect4 ,x is m imm$iately our pres5t purpose to consid]1 ,:at x truly is :i* is ! object ( inquiry1 :5 we exam9e ! physical successions ( ev5ts1 9 :atev] mann] ! belief ( _! simil>ity ( sequ5ce may h aris58 ,is x ! m]e s]ies ( regul> antec$5ts & consequ5ts !mselves8 or1 ,is x any ?+ m my/]i\s1 :i* mu/ be suppos$ to int]v5e & connect !m by "s invisible bondage8 ,we see1 9 nature1 "o ev5t foll[$ by ano!r4 ,! fall ( a sp>k on gunp[d]1 = example1 foll[$ by ! deflagration ( ! gunp[d]2 &1 by a peculi> t5d5cy ( our con/itution1 :i* we mu/ take = grant$1 :atev] be our !ory ( p[]1 we believe1 t z long z all ! circum/ances cont9ue ! same1 ! sequ5ce ( ev5ts w cont9ue ! same2 t ! deflagration ( gunp[d]1 = example1 w be ! inv>iable consequ5ce ( ! fall ( a sp>k on x2--9 o!r words1 we believe ! gunp[d] to be susceptible ( deflagration on ! application ( a sp>k1--& a sp>k to h ! p[] ( deflagrat+ gunp[d]4 ,!re is no?+ m1 !n1 und]/ood 9 ! tra9s ( ev5ts1 h[ev] regul>1 ?an ! regul> ord] ( antec$5ts & consequ5ts :i* compose ! tra92 & betwe5 :i*1 if any ?+ else exi/$1 x w\ld itself be a "p ( ! tra94 ,all t we mean1 :5 we ascribe to "o sub/ance a susceptibility ( be+ affect$ by ano!r sub/ance1 is1 t a c]ta9 *ange w uni=mly take place 9 x :5 t o!r is pres5t2--all t we mean1 9 l mann] :5 we ascribe to "o sub/ance a p[] ( affect+ ano!r sub/ance1 is1 t1 :5 x is pres5t a c]ta9 *ange w uni=mly take place 9 t o!r sub/ance4 ,p[]1 9 %ort1 is significant n ( any ?+ diff]5t f ! inv>iable antec$5t itself1 b ( ! m]e inv>iabl5ess ( ! ord] ( its appe>ance 9 ref]5ce to "s inv>iable consequ5t1--! inv>iable antec$5t be+ d5om9at$ a cause1 ! inv>iable consequ5t an effect4 ,to say1 t wat] has ! p[] ( dissolv+ salt1 & to say1 t salt w always melt :5 wat] is p\r$ ^u x1 are to say precisely ! same ?+2--!re is no?+ 9 ! "o proposition1 :i* is n exactly1 & to ! same ext5t1 enunciat$ 9 ! o!r4 ,x w\ld1 inde$1 be a v diff]5t !ory ( causation1 if1 )\t tak+ into acc\nt ! important circum/ance ( inv>iabl5ess or ! uni=m c]ta9ty ( be+ at all times foll[$ by a p>ticul> ev5t1 we 7 to say1 t p[] is m]e antec$5ce2 = !re c be no "q1 t ph5om5a prec$e o!r ph5om5a1 :i* we nev] consid] z hav+ any p]man5t relation to !m4 ,!y are reg>d$ z antec$5ts1 b n inv>iable antec$5ts1 & ! reason ( ?is is obvi\s4 ,innum]able ev5ts are con/antly tak+ place toge!r 9 ! imm5se sy/em ( ! univ]se4 ,!re mu/1 !re=e1 always be innum]able co-exi/+ s]ies1 ! p>ts ( ea* ( :i*1 ?\gh p]man5tly relat$ to ea* o!r1 may h no p]man5t relation to ! p>ts ( ! o!r s]ies2 & "o ev5t ( "o s]ies1 may ?us prec$e1 n its own effect m]ely1 :i* is to be its con/ant & uni=m att5dant1 9 all simil> circum/ances1 b ! ev5ts also ( o!r co-exi/+ s]ies1 :i* may nev] occur ) x aga9 at ! same mom5t4 ,!re is no sup]/ition 9 believ+ t an eclipse may be foll[$ by a pe/il5ce1 or an unpleasant dream by "s un=ese5 calamity ( ! day1 ?\gh !re w\ld be mu* sup]/ition 9 believ+1 t ^! antec$5ts & consequ5ts _h any p]man5t relation to ea* o!r4 ,9 ord9>y & famili> cases1 at lea/1 e "o kn[s suffici5tly ! di/9ction ( :at is ?us casual only1 & :at is inv>iable 9 ! ord] ( nature4 ,yet x is only by los+ all sight ( a di/9ction s v obvi\s1 & conf\nd+ inv>iable ) casual consequ5ces1 t ,dr ,reid1 & o!r em95t philosoph]s1 h be5 l$ into mu* labori\s argum5tation1 9 ! confid5ce ( confut+ "o ( ! simple/ & ju/e/ ( metaphysical op9ions4 ,to prove t p[] is m ?an inv>iable antec$5ce1 !y prove t x is m ?an casual antec$5ce1 & t ev5ts d n foll[ ea* o!r1 loosely & confus$ly1 z if antec$5ts c\ld be inv>iable1 :i* _h n consequ5ts z inv>iable1 or1 z if an uni=m s]ies 7 n m]ely ano!r "n = a numb] ( uni=m antec$5ts & consequ5ts4 ,a cause is1 p]haps1 n t :i* has m]ely once prec$$ an ev5t2 b we give ! "n to t :i* has always be5 foll[$ by a c]ta9 ev5t1 is foll[$ by a c]ta9 ev5t1 & accord+ to our belief1 w cont9ue to be 9 future foll[$ by t ev5t1 z its imm$iate consequ5t2 & causation1 p[]1 or any o!r synonym\s words :i* we may use1 express no?+ m ?an ?is p]man5t relation ( t :i* has prec$$ to t :i* has foll[$4 ,if ?is inv>iabl5ess ( succession1 pa/1 pres5t1 & future1 be n t :i* con/itutes "o ev5t ! effect ( ano!r1 ,dr ,reid1 at lea/1 has n po9t$ out any additional circum/ance :i* we mu/ comb9e ) x1 9 our def9ition ( an effect1 ?\gh he has %[n1 inde$1 ) mo/ abundant evid5ce1 if any evid5ce at all 7 necess>y1 t ! antec$5ts & consequ5ts are n ! same2 t we use active & passive v]bs1 9 diff]5t s5ses1 apply+1 z might well be suppos$1 ! "o to ! antec$5t1 ! o!r to ! consequ5t2 t we speak ( effects & causes z if truly diff]5t1 s9ce x is unque/ionably n ! same ?+ to foll[ uni=mly a c]ta9 *ange1 & to prec$e uni=mly a c]ta9 *ange1 & t we nev] ?9k ( giv+ ^? names :]e we d n conceive t !re is "s p]man5t relation4 ,b1 ?\gh ^! di/9ctions might be all[$ to h irresi/ible weight1 9 opposition to ! scepticism1 if su* extravagant scepticism !re ev] 71 :i* affirm$ ! sequ5ces ( ev5ts to be altoge!r casual & irregul>1 !y are surely ( no weight aga9/ t simple def9ition ( p[]1 :i* affirms x to consi/ 9 ! probability ( ! inv>iable sequ5ce4 ( "s ev5t z its imm$iate consequ5t2 s9ce ?is v regul>ity ( ! sequ5ces1 :i* is suppos$ by ! def9ition1 mu/1 ( itself1 h giv5 occasion to all ^? di/9ctions ( ?\ght & language :i* ,dr ,reid has adduc$4 ,t "o ev5t %\ld inv>iably be foll[$ by ano!r ev5t1 is inde$1 x w be all[$1 z e ?+ 9 nature is1 mo/ wond]ful1 & c be ascrib$ only to ! inf9ite s\rce ( e ?+ wond]ful & sublime2 ! w ( t div9e ,be+1 :o gave ! univ]se its laws1 & :o =m$ ^! ) a mo/ b5efic5t arrangem5t = ! happ9ess ( 8 creatures1 :o1 )\t a belief 9 ! uni=mity ( ^! laws1 to direct _! conduct1 c\ld n h kn[n h[ to pres]ve ev5 _! animal exi/5ce4 ,b ! uni=mity ( succession is surely n r5d]$ less wond]ful1 by a m]e *ange ( "n4 ,x is ! same unalt]$ wond] /ill1 :5 we ascribe ! t]m p[] to ! prior ( two ev5ts1 z :5 we ascribe to x ! exactly synonym\s phrase inv>iabl5ess ( antec$5ce2 ea* ( ^! t]ms imply+ no?+ m ?an t ! "o ev5t _c take place )\t be+ imm$iately foll[$ by ! o!r4 ,! p]man5ce & uni=mity ( ! relation are ! ess5tial circum/ances4 ,to be t :i* _c exi/1 )\t be+ in/antly foll[$ by a c]ta9 ev5t1 is to be ! cause ( ! ev5t1 z a correlative effect4 ,x is impossible = u to believe1 t ! inv>iable antec$5t is any ?+ b ! cause1 or ! cause any ?+ b ! inv>iable antec$5t2 z x is impossible = u to believe t homo is ! ,lat9 synonime ( man1 & yet t man is n ! ,engli% synonime ( homo4 ,to "k ! p[]s ( nature1 is1 !n1 no?+ m ?an to "k :at antec$5ts are & w be inv>iable1 foll[$ by :at consequ5ts2 = ?is inv>iabl5ess1 & n any di/9ct exi/5ce1 is all :i* ! %ort] t]m p[]1 9 any case1 expresses2 & ?is1 & ?is alone1 is ! true object ( physical inquiry1 9 t second po9t ( view1 9 :i* we h consid]$ x1 z direct$ to ! successions ( ev5ts4 ,:5ev]1 !re=e1 ! "q is put1 z to any object1 ,:at is x8 !re are two answ]s1 & only two answ]s1 t c be giv5 ) mean+4 ,we may reg>d x z x exi/s 9 space1 & /ate ! elem5ts t co-exi/ 9 x1 or r t con/itute x2 or we may reg>d x1 z x exi/s 9 "t1 & /ate1 9 all ! s]ies ( *anges1 ( :i* x =ms an inv>iable "p1 ! objects to :i* x is relat$ z antec$5t or consequ5t4 ,to comb9e ^! two views ( nature1 z x exi/s 9 space & "t1 & to "k1 ) p]fect accuracy1 e elem5t ( e aggregate1 & e s]ies ( *anges1 ( :i* ea* =ms1 or c =m1 a "p1 w\ld be to "k e ?+ :i* c be physically kn[n ( ! univ]se4 ,to ext5d our m]e physical inquiry /ill f>!r into ! ph5om5a ( nature1 aft] ?is p]fect k1 w\ld be to suppose errone\sly1 t1 9 ! comp\nds be=e u1 ( :i* we "k e elem5t1 !re is "s elem5t1 n yet discov]$1 or1 9 ! well-kn[n successions ( ev5ts1 "s antec$5t or consequ5t z yet unobs]v$2 or x w\ld be to inquire )\t any real object ( inquiry1--a sort ( inve/igation1 :i*1 = two ?\s& ye>s1 0 almo/ ! sole employm5t ( ! subtile & ! /udi\s1 & :i* is f> f hav+ p]i%$1 ) ^? v5]able follies ( ! s*ools1 at :i* we "k s well h[ to smile1 ev5 :ile we are imitat+ !m1 p]haps1 ) simil> errors ( our own4 ,i _c b ?9k1 = example1 t1 on ?is v subject ( ! connexion ( ev5ts1 ! preval5t notions & doctr9es1 ev5 ( v em95t philosoph]s1 are n f> advanc$ beyond ! v]bal complexity ( ! f\r causes ( :i* ,ari/otle treats1 ! mat]ial1 ! =mal1 ! effici5t1 & ! f9al2 or ,plato's five causes1 :i* ,s5eca1 9 "o ( 8 ,epi/les1 briefly def9es ! id ex quo1 ! id a quo1 ! id quo1 ! id ad quod1 & ! id propt] quod1#bf & ?\gh !re 7 no o!r evid5ce ?an ?is "o subject af=ds1 x w\ld /ill1 ,i fe>1 prove suffici5tly1 t1 ) all our manife/ improvem5ts 9 our plans ( philosophical inve/igation1 & all ! spl5did discov]ies to :i* ^! improvem5ts h l$1 we h n :olly lo/ t great art1 :i*1 = s long a "t1 suppli$ ! place ( ! :ole art ( philosophiz+--! art ( inquir+ assidu\sly1 )\t kn[+ :at we are inquir+ ab\t4 ,x is an art1 inde$1 :i*1 !re is too mu* reason to suppose1 w accompany philosophy1 ?\gh always1 x is to be hop$1 9 less & less proportion1 dur+ ! :ole c\rse ( its progress4 ,!re w =ev] be po9ts1 on :i* ^? w reason ill1 :o may yet reason1 ) p]fect accuracy1 on o!r matt]s4 ,) all ^? sublime discov]ies ( mod]n times1 :i* d u s mu* hon\r1 & ) t improv$ art ( discov]y1 :i* is /ill m valuable to u ?an ! discov]ies produc$ by x1 we mu/ n flatt] ourselves ) exemption f ! errors ( d>k] ages--( ages truly wor?y ( ! "n ( d>k1 b to :i* we p]haps give ! "n1 ) m read9ess1 because x seems to imply1 t our own is an age ( light4 ,our real com=t1 9 comp>+ ourselves ) ! irrefragable & subtile doctors ( o!r times1 is n t we d n sometimes reason z indefatigably ill z !y1 & )\t kn[+ :at we are truly reason+ ab\t1 b t we d ?is mu* less frequ5tly1 & are cont9ually less5+ ! numb] ( cases1 9 :i* we reason z ill1 & increas+1 9 proportion1 ! numb] ( cases1 9 :i* we reason bett]1 & d truly "k1 :at objects we are seek+4 ,( all ! cases1 h[ev]1 9 :i* x is ( importance1 t ! m9d %\ld h precise notions ( its objects ( inquiry1 ! mo/ important are ^? :i* relate to ! subject at pres5t consid]$ by u2 because ! nature ( p[]1 9 ! relation :i* x is impossible = u n to feel ( ev5ts1 z reciprocally effects & causes1 mu/ ent]1 9 a great measure1 into e inquiry :i* we are capable ( mak+1 z to ! successive ph5om5a1 ei!r ( matt] or ( m9d4 ,x is ( s mu* importance1 !re=e1 to our future inquiries1 t y %\ld "k :at ?is univ]sal & p>am\nt relation is1 t ,i h dwelt on x at a l5g?1 :i* ,i fe> mu/ h already exhau/$ y\r pati5ce2 s9ce x is a discussion1 ,i mu/ confess1 :i* requires consid]able ef=t ( att5tion2 & :i* has no?+1 ,i mu/ also confess1 to recomm5d x1 b its dry utility4 ,i tru/1 h[ev]1 t y are too well acqua9t$ ) ! nature ( sci5ce1 n to "k1 t x is its utility :i* is its prim>y recomm5dation2 & t y are too desir\s ( advanc+ 9 x1 n to disreg>d ! occasional rugg$ness ( a road1 :i* is f> f be+ always rugg$4 ,x may be all[$ to him1 :o walks only = ! pleasure ( ! mom5t1 to turn away f e pa?1 9 :i* he has n fl[]s & v]dure b5ea? 8 feet1 & beauty :]ev] he looks ar\nd4 ,b :at %\ld we h ?\ght ( ! competitor ( ! ,olympic c\rse1 ^: object 0 ! glory ( a prize1 conte/$ by ! pr\de/ ( 8 contempor>y h]oes1 if1 ) t illu/ri\s rew>d be=e him1--) /r5g? & agility t might ensure him ! possession ( x1--& ) all ! assembl$ multitudes ( ,greece to witness 8 triumph1 he _h turn$ away1 f ! conte/1 & ! victory1 because he 0 n to tread on s(tness1 & to be refre%$ ) fragrance1 z he mov$ along6 ,9 t k :i* awaits y\r /udies1 9 ! v>i\s sci5ces to :i* y\r att5tion may be turn$1 y h a mu* nobl] prize be=e y2 &1 !re=e1 ,i %all n hesitate to call =? occasionally all ! vig\r ( y\r att5tion1 at ! risk ( a little tempor>y fatigue1 z (t5 z x %all appe> to me1 t1 by excit+ y to m ?an ord9>y intellectual activity1 ,i c facilitate y\r acquisition ( a rew>d1 :i* ! li/less ex]tions ( ! indol5t nev] c obta91 & :i* is z truly ! prize ( /r5u\s ef=t1 z ! ,palms ( ! ,circus or ! ,c\rse4 ,,footnotes3 #be ,essay conc]n+ ,human ,und]/&+1 book iv4 c4 #c4 sec4 #be1 #bf4 #bf ,epi/4 #fe4 ,,lecture ,,vii4 ,,on ,,p[]1 ,,cause1 ,,& ,,effect4 ,my la/ ,lecture1 ,g5tlem51 0 *iefly employ$ 9 exam9+ :at x is1 :i* is ! real object ( inquiry1 :5 we consid] ! ph5om5a ( nature z successive2 & we f\nd1 t1 by an orig9al pr9ciple ( our con/itution1 we are l$1 f ! m]e obs]vation ( *ange1 to believe1 t1 :5 simil> circum/ances recur1 ! *anges1 :i* we obs]v$1 w also recur 9 ! same ord]1--t !re is h5ce conceiv$ by u to be a p]man5t relation ( "o ev5t1 z inv>iably antec$5t1 to ano!r ev5t1 z inv>iably consequ5t1--& t ?is p]man5t relation is all :i* con/itutes p[]4 ,x is a ^w1 inde$1 ( mu* seem+ my/]y2 b all :i* is suppos$ to be my/]i\s & p]plex+ 9 x vani%es1 :5 x is reg>d$ 9 its true light z only a %ort g5]al t]m1 expressive ( inv>iable antec$5ce1 or1 9 o!r words1 ( t1 :i* _c exi/ 9 c]ta9 circum/ances1 )\t be+ imm$iately foll[$ by a c]ta9 def9ite ev5t1 :i* we d5om9ate an effect1 9 ref]5ce to ! antec$5t1 :i* we d5om9ate a cause4 ,to express1 %ortly1 :at appe>s to me to be ! only intelligible mean+ ( ! ?ree mo/ important words 9 physics1 imm$iate inv>iable antec$5ce1 is p[]1--! imm$iate inv>iable antec$5t1 9 any sequ5ce1 is a cause1--! imm$iate inv>iable consequ5t is ! correlative effect4 ,! object ( philosophic inquiry1 !n1 9 t second dep>tm5t ( x1 :i* we consid]$ ) respect to ! ph5om5a ( nature z successive1 we h f\nd n to be any ?+ diff]5t f ! ph5om5a !mselves1 b to be ^? v ph5om5a1 z prec$+ or foll[+1 9 c]ta9 regul> s]ies4 ,p[] is n any ?+ t c exi/ sep>ately f a sub/ance1 b is m]ely ! sub/ance itself1 consid]$ 9 relation to ano!r sub/ance1--9 ! same mann]1 z :at we d5om9ate =m1 is n any ?+ sep>ate f ! elem5t>y atoms ( a mass1 b is m]ely ! relation ( a numb] ( atoms1 z co-exi/+ 9 app>5t contact4 ,! sculptor at e /roke ( 8 *isel1 alt]s ! =m ( ! block ( m>ble on :i* he works1 n by communicat+ to x any new qualities1 b m]ely by sep>at+ f x a numb] ( ! corpuscles1 :i* 7 =m]ly includ$ by u1 9 our conception ( ! cont9u\s :ole2 & :5 he has giv5 ! la/ delicate t\*es t f9i% ! ,jupit]1 or ! ,v5us1 or ,apollo1 ! div9e =m :i* we admire1 z if x _h assum$ a new exi/5ce b5ea? ! arti/'s h&1 is /ill 9 itself unalt]$1--! same quiesc5t mass1 t slumb]$ = ages 9 ! qu>ry ( :i* x 0 a "p4 ,quale fusc m>mor 9 ,afric ,solo recisum1 sum]e idoneum ,quoscunque vultus1 seu ,diana ,seu ,cy!ra magis placebit2 ,in=mis1 at]1 sub p$ibus jacet1 ,donec politus ,phidiaca manu ,=mosa t&em de/9at ,induitur lapis ora div4 ,jam1 jamque poni duritiem plac5s1 ,et nunc ocelli1 et gratia mollium ,spirat g5>um1 nunc labella et ,p] nivium coma sp>sa collum4 ,! =m ( bodies is ! relation ( _! elem5ts to ea* o!r 9 space1--! p[] ( bodies is _! relation to ea* o!r 9 "t2 & bo? =m & p[]1 if consid]$ sep>ately f ! numb] ( elem5t>y corpuscles1 & f ! *anges t arise successively1 are equally ab/ractions ( ! m9d1 & no?+ m4 ,9 a =m] ,lecture1 ,i allud$ to ! influ5ce ( errors ) respect to ! nature ( ab/raction1 z "o ( ! pr9cipal causes t ret>d ! progress ( philosophy4 ,we give a "n to "s common quality ( _m sub/ances2 & we !n suppose1 t !re is 9 x some?+ real1 because we h giv5 x a "n1 & /rive to discov]1 :at t is 9 itself1 :i*1 9 itself1 has no exi/5ce4 ,! example1 :i* ,i us$ at t "t1 0 ! v /rik+ "o1 ( ! g5]a1 & species1 & ! :ole classes ( asc5d+ & desc5d+ univ]sals ( ! s*ools4 ,i might h f\nd an example1 z /rik+1 9 ^? ab/ractions ( =m & p[]1 :i* we are n[ consid]+1--ab/ractions1 t h ex]cis$ an influ5ce on philosophy1 z injuri\s z ! :ole s]ies ( univ]sals 9 ,porphyry's memorable tree1 & "o ( :i*1 at lea/1 /ill cont9ues to ex]cise ! same injuri\s influ5ce1 :5 ! tree ( ,porphyry has be5 long disreg>d$1 & almo/ =gott54 ,9 ! philosophy ( ,ari/otle1 =m1 :i* all n[ readily all[ to be a m]e ab/raction ( ! m9d1 :5 consid]$ sep>ately f ! figur$ sub/ance1 0 reg>d$ z some?+ equally real ) matt] itself2 & inde$1 matt]1 :i* 0 suppos$ to d]ive f =m all its qualities1 0 r ! less important ( ! two4 ,( sub/antial =ms1 h[ev]1 long s omnipot5t1 we n[ he>1 only 9 ^? works :i* record ! errors ( o!r ages1 z a "p ( ! hi/ory ( ! fallible be+1 man1 or 9 ^? high] works ( playful ridicule1 :i* conv]t our v follies into a s\rce ( amusem5t1 & f9d abundant mat]ials1 !re=e1 9 :at 0 once ! wisdom ( ! pa/4 ,cramb1 ! "y companion ( ,m>t9us ,scribbl]us1 we are told1 8regrett$ extremely1 t sub/antial =ms1 a race ( h>mless be+s1 :i* _h la/$ = _m ye>s1 & af=d$ a com=table subsi/5ce to _m poor philosoph]s1 %\ld be n[ hunt$ d[n l s _m wolves1 )\t ! possibility ( a retreat4 ,he consid]$ t x _h gone mu* h>d] ) !m1 ?an ) ess5ces1 :i* _h retir$ f ! s*ools1 into ! apo!c>ies' %ops1 :]e "s ( !m _h be5 advanc$ into ! degree ( qu9tess5ces4 ,he ?\ght !re %\ld be a retreat = poor sub/antial =ms among ! ,g5tlem5 ,u%]s at ,c\rt1 & t !re 7 inde$ sub/antial =ms1 su* z =ms ( ,pray] & =ms ( ,gov]nm5t1 )\t :i* ! ?+s !mselves c\ld nev] long subsi/40#bg ,! subject ( ?is pleasantry is1 inde$1 x mu/ be own$1 s absurd 9 itself1 z sc>cely to require ! aid ( wit1 to r5d] x ridicul\s2 & yet ?is m ?an poetic p]sonification ( ! m]e figure ( a body1 z itself a sep>ate unity1 :i* appe>s to u too absurd almo/ to be feign$ z an object ( philosophic belief1 ev5 to su* a m9d z t ( ,cramb1 0 :at1 = age aft] age1 seem$ to ! mo/ intellig5t philosoph]s a complete explanation ( all ! wond]s ( ! univ]se2 & sub/antial =ms1 f> f ne$+ a retreat among ,g5tlem5 ,u%]s at ,c\rt1 _h _! place ( highe/ hon\rs amid ,doctors & ,disputants1 9 e ,s*ool & ,college1 :]e1 ?\gh !y c]ta9ly c\ld n give sci5ce1 !y at lea/ s]v$ ! tempor>y purpose ( r5d]+ ! want ( x unfelt1 & ( giv+ all ! dignity :i* sci5ce itself c\ld h be/[$4 ,! vague & obscure notions1 at pres5t atta*$ to ! words p[]1 cause1 effect1 appe> to me v analog\s to ! notions ( ! ,p]ipatetics1 &1 inde$1 ( ! great] numb] ( ! anci5t philosoph]s1 ) respect to =m2 &1 ,i tru/ t z we h n[ univ]sally le>n$ to consid] =m1 z no?+ 9 itself1 b only z ! relation ( bodies co-exi/+ imm$iately 9 space1 s p[] w at l5g? be z univ]sally consid]$ z only ! relation :i* sub/ances be> to ea* o!r 9 "t1 accord+ z _! ph5om5a are imm$iately successive2 ! inv>iable antec$5t be+ ! cause1 ! inv>iable consequ5t ! effect2 & ! antec$5t & consequ5t be+ all t are pres5t 9 any ph5om5on4 ,!re are1 9 nature1 only sub/ances2 & all ! sub/ances 9 nature1 are e ?+ t truly exi/s 9 nature4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 no additional p[]1 sep>ate1 or diff]5t f ! antec$5t itself1 m ?an !re is =m1 sep>ate or diff]5t f ! figur$ mass1 or any o!r quality1 )\t a sub/ance4 ,9 ! beautiful exp]im5t ( ! prismatic decomposition ( light1 = example1 ! refract+ p[] ( ! prism is n any ?+ sep>ate or sep>able f x1 m ?an its weight or transp>5cy ( col\r4 ,!re are n a prism & transp>5cy1 b !re is a prism giv+ passage to light4 ,9 l mann]1 !re are n a prism1 & refract+ p[]1 & col\r$ rays1 b !re are a prism & rays ( v>i\s col\rs1 :i* we h p]ceiv$ to be deflect$ v>i\sly f _! orig9al l9e ( direction1 :5 !y approa* & quit ! l5s1 & :i* we believe1 w1 9 ! same circum/ances1 cont9ually exhibit ! same t5d5cy4 ,x is ! m]e regul>ity ( ! successions ( ev5ts1 n any additional & m my/]i\s circum/ance1 :i* p[] may be suppos$ to d5ote1 t gives ! :ole value to our physical k4 ,x is ( importance = u to "k1 :at antec$5ts truly prec$e :at consequ5ts2 s9ce we c ?us provide = t future1 :i* we are h5ce enabl$ to =esee1 & c1 9 a great measure1 modify1 & almo/ create1 ! future to ourselves1 by arrang+ ! objects ov] :i* we h comm&1 9 su* a mann]1 z to =m ) !m ! antec$5ts1 :i* we "k to be inv>iably foll[$ by ! consequ5ts desir$ by u4 ,x is ?us we are able to ex]cise t comm& ov] nature1 :i* ,he1 :o is its only real ,sov]eign1 has design$1 9 ! magnific5ce ( ,8 b\nty1 to conf] on u1 toge!r ) ! /ill great] privilege ( kn[+ t ,omnipot5ce to :i* all our delegat$ empire is s humbly subord9ate4 ,x is a comm& :i* c be ex]cis$ by u1 only z be+s1 :o1 accord+ to "o ( ! def9itions t h be5 giv5 ( man1 look bo? be=e & beh9d2 or1 9 ! words ( ,cic]o1 :o jo9 & connect ! future ) ! pres5t1 see+ ?+s1 n 9 _! progress m]ely1 b 9 ! circum/ances t prec$e !m1 & ! circum/ances t foll[ !m1 & be+ ?us enabl$ to provide & arrange :atev] is necess>y = t life1 ( :i* ! :ole c\rse lies op5 be=e u4 8,homo autem 7quod rationis e/ p>ticeps1 p] quam consequ5tia c]nit1 causas r]um videt1 e>umque progressus et quasi antecessiones non ignorat1 similitud9es comp>at1 et rebus prs5tibus adjungit atque annectit futuras7 facile totius vit cursum videt1 ad eamque deg5dam prp>at res necess>ias40#bh ,t p[] is no?+ m ?an ! relation ( "o object or ev5t z antec$5t to ano!r object or ev5t1 ?\gh its imm$iate & inv>iable consequ5t1 may1 p]haps1 f ! influ5ce ( =m] habits ( ?\ght1 or r1 ( =m] abuse ( language1 at fir/ appe> to y an unw>rantable simplification2 =1 ?\gh y may nev] h cle>ly conceiv$1 9 p[]1 any ?+ m ?an ! imm$iate sequ5ce ( a c]ta9 *ange or ev5t1 z its uni=m att5dant1 ! m]e habit ( atta*+ to x _m phrases ( my/]y1 may1 v naturally1 lead y to conceive1 t1 9 itself1 indep5d5tly ( ^! phrases1 !re mu/ be some?+ peculi>ly my/]i\s4 ,b ! long] y att5d to ! notion1 ! m cle>ly w y p]ceive1 t all :i* y h ev] und]/ood 9 x1 is ! imm$iate sequ5ce ( "s *ange ) ! c]ta9ty ( ! future recurr5ce ( ?is effect1 z (t5 z ! antec$5t itself may recur 9 simil> circum/ances4 ,to take an example1 :i* ,i h already repeat$ly employ$1 :5 a sp>k falls ^u gunp[d]1 & k9dles x into explosion1 e "o ascribes to ! sp>k ! p[] ( k9dl+ ! inflammable mass4 ,b let any "o ask himself1 :at x is :i* he means by ! t]m1 &1 )\t cont5t+ himself ) a few phrases t signify no?+1 reflect1 be=e he give 8 answ]1 & he w f9d1 t he means no?+ m ?an t1 9 all simil> circum/ances1 ! explosion ( gunp[d] w be ! imm$iate & uni=m consequ5ce ( ! application ( a sp>k4 ,to take an example m imm$iately connect$ ) our own sci5ce1 we all "k1 t z soon z any "o1 9 ! usual circum/ances ( heal? & fre$om1 wills to move 8 arm1 ! motion ( 8 arm foll[s2 & we all believe1 t1 9 ! same circum/ance ( heal?1 & 9 ! same fre$om f ext]nal re/ra9t1 ! same w to move ! arm1 w be con/antly foll[$ by ! same motion4 ,if we knew & believ$ no?+ m1 ?an t ?is motion ( ! arm w\ld uni=mly foll[ ! w to move x1 w\ld our k ( ?is p>ticul> ph5om5on be less p]fect1 ?an at pres5t1 & %\ld we le>n any ?+ new1 by be+ told1 t ! w w\ld n m]ely be inv>iably foll[$ by ! motion ( ! arm1 b t ! w w\ld also h ! p[] ( mov+ ! arm2 or w\ld n ! p[] ( mov+ ! arm be precisely ! same ?+1 z ! inv>iable sequ5ce ( ! motion ( ! arm1 :5 ! w 0 imm$iately antec$5t8 ,?is te/ ( id5tity1 z ,i h said 9 my ,essay on ! subject1 appe>s to me to be a mo/ accurate "o4 ,:5 a proposition is true1 & yet communicates no additional in=mation1 x mu/ be ( exactly ! same import1 z "s o!r proposition1 =m]ly und]/ood & admitt$4 ,let u suppose ourselves1 !n1 to "k all ! antec$5ts & consequ5ts 9 nature1 & to believe1 n m]ely t !y h once or repeat$ly exi/$ 9 succession1 b t !y h uni=mly done s1 & w cont9ue =ev] to recur 9 simil> s]ies1 s t1 b = ! int]v5tion ( ! ,div9e w1 :i* w\ld be itself1 9 t case1 a new antec$5t1 x w be absolutely impossible = any "o ( ! antec$5ts to exi/ aga91 9 simil> circum/ances1 )\t be+ in/antly foll[$ by its orig9al consequ5t4 ,if an effect be some?+ m ?an :at inv>iably foll[s a p>ticul> antec$5t1 we might1 on ! pres5t supposition1 "k e inv>iable consequ5t ( e antec$5t1 s z to be able to pr$ict1 9 _! m9ute/ circum/ance1 :at ev5ts w\ld =ev] foll[ e o!r ev5t1 & yet h no conception ( p[] or causation4 ,we might "k1 t ! flame ( a c&le1 if we hold our h& ov] x1 w\ld be in/antly foll[$ by pa9 & burn+ ( ! h&1--t1 if we ate or drank a c]ta9 quantity1 our hung] & ?ir/ w\ld cease3--we might ev5 build h\ses = %elt]1 s[ & plant = su/5ance1 =m legislative enactm5ts = ! prev5tion or puni%m5t ( vice1 & be/[ rew>ds = ! enc\ragem5t ( virtue2--9 %ort1 we might d1 z individuals & citiz5s1 :atev] we d at ?is mom5t1 & ) exactly ! same views1 & yet1 7on ! supposition t p[] is some?+ diff]5t f t inv>iable antec$5ce :i* alone we are suppos$ to "k17 we might ) all ?is un]r+ k ( ! future1 & und\bt+ confid5ce 9 ! results :i* x 0 to pres5t1 h no k ( a s+le p[] 9 nature1 or ( a s+le cause or effect4 ,to him :o _h previ\sly k9dl$ a fire1 & plac$ on x a vessel full ( wat]1 ) ! c]ta9ty t ! wat]1 9 t situation1 w\ld spe$ily become hot1 :at additional in=mation w\ld be giv51 by tell+ him t ! fire _h ! p[] ( boil+ wat]1 t x 0 ! cause ( ! boil+1 & ! boil+ its effect8 ,&1 if no additional in=mation w\ld 9 ?is case be giv51 !n1 accord+ to ! te/ ( ?is id5tity ( propositions1 be=e /at$1 to "k ev5ts z inv>iably antec$5t & consequ5t1 is to "k !m z causes & effects2 & to "k all ! p[]s ( e sub/ance !re=e1 w\ld be only to "k :at *anges or ev5ts w\ld1 9 all possible circum/ances1 ensue1 :5 prec$$ by c]ta9 o!r *anges or ev5ts4 ,x is only by conf\nd+ casual ) uni=m & inv>iable antec$5ce1 t p[] c be conceiv$1 to be some?+ diff]5t f antec$5ce4 ,x c]ta9ly is some?+ v diff]5t f ! priority ( a s+le mom5t2 b x is impossible to =m any conception ( x :atev]1 except m]ely z t :i* is con/antly foll[$ by a c]ta9 effect4 ,su* is ! simple1 &1 z x appe>s to me1 ! only intelligible view ( p[]1 z discov]able 9 ! successive ph5om5a ( nature4 ,& yet1 h[ diff]5t f ?is simple view is ! common1 or1 ,i may almo/ say1 ! univ]sal notion ( ! ag5cies1 :i* are suppos$ to be conc]n$ 9 ! ph5om5a t are ! objects ( philosophic inquiry4 ,x is ! detection ( ! p[]s ( nature1 to :i* su* inquiry is suppos$ to lead1--b n ( p[]s1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* alone t phrase is intelligible1 z signify+ ! objects !mselves :i* uni=mly prec$e c]ta9 *anges4 ,! p[]s :i* our inve/igation is to detect1 or :i*1 at lea/1 9 all ! ph5om5a t come "u our obs]vation1 we are to consid] z ! sole effici5t1 ?\gh invisible produc]s ( !m1 are conceiv$ by u to be some?+ f> m my/]i\s1--some?+ t is no "p ( ! antec$5t1 & yet is a "p ( x1--or t int]v5es betwe5 ea* antec$5t & consequ5t1 )\t be+ itself any ?+ int]m$iate1--z if x 7 possible t any ?+ c\ld int]v5e 9 a s]ies1 )\t in/antly becom+ itself a "p ( ! s]ies1--a new l9k 9 ! l5g!n$ *a91--! consequ5t ( ! =m] antec$5t1 & ! antec$5t ( ! =m] consequ5t4 ,to me1 inde$1 x appe>s s v obvi\s a tru?1 t ! sub/ances :i* exi/ 9 nature--! _w1 its liv+ inhabitants1 & ! adorable ,be+ :o creat$ !m1--are all ! real exi/5ces 9 nature1 & t1 9 ! v>i\s *anges :i* occur1 !re=e1 !re c z little be any p[]s or susceptibilities diff]5t f ! antec$5ts & consequ5ts !mselves1 z !re c be =ms diff]5t f ! co-exi/+ p>ticles :i* con/itute !m1--t to lab\r ?us to impress ?is tru? ^u y\r m9ds1 seems to me almo/ l an attempt to demon/rate a self-evid5t proposition4 ,an illusion1 h[ev]1 s univ]sal1 z t :i* supposes ! p[]s ( nature1 to be some?+ m1 ?an ! m]e s]ies ( antec$5ts !mselves1 is n ra%ly1 or )\t v full inquiry1 to be consid]$ z an illusion2 &1 at any rate1 9 ! case ( a mi/ake1 s preval5t & s important 9 its consequ5ces1 x _c be un9t]e/+1 to inquire into ! circum/ances1 t appe> mo/ probably to h l$ to x4 ,inde$ ! m false1 & ! m obvi\sly false ! illusion is1 ! m mu/ x des]ve our inquiry1 :at ^? circum/ances h be5 :i* h s long obta9$ = x ! ass5t1 n ( common und]/&+ m]ely1 b ( ! quick-sight$ & ! subtile4 ,= a full view ( my op9ions on ?is subject1 ,i mu/ ref] y to ! "w :i* ,i h publi%$ on ! ,relation ( ,cause & ,effect2 & ! %ort ab/ract ( !m :i* ,i n[ (f]1 z x w\ld be sup]flu\s = ^? :o h read & und]/ood t "w1 is *iefly = ! sake ( ^? :o may n h _h an opportunity ( p]us+ ! volume itself4 ,"o s\rce ( ! g5]al fallacy unque/ionably is t influ5ce ( ab/raction1 to :i* ,i be=e allud$1 z aid$1 & 9 a great measure p]petuat$1 by ! use ( language1 & ! common unavoidable modes ( grammatical con/ruction4 ,we speak ( ! p[]s ( a sub/ance1 ( sub/ances t h c]ta9 p[]--( ! figure ( a body1 or ( bodies t h a c]ta9 figure1 9 ! same mann] z we speak ( ! /ud5ts ( a univ]sity1 or ( a h\se t has a great numb] ( lodg]s2 & we ?us le>n to consid] ! p[]1 :i* a sub/ance possesses1 z some?+ diff]5t f ! sub/ance itself1 inh]5t 9 x inde$1 b inh]5t1 z some?+ t may yet subsi/ sep>ately4 ,9 ! anci5t philosophy1 ?is error ext5d$ to ! notions bo? ( =m & p[]4 ,9 ! case ( =m1 h[ev]1 we h se51 t ! illusion1 ?\gh x la/$ = _m ages1 did at l5g? cease1 & t no "o n[ reg>ds ! figure ( a body1 z any ?+ b ! body itself4 ,x is probable t ! illusion1 ) respect to p[]1 z some?+ diff]5t f ! sub/ance t is said to possess x1 w\ld1 9 l mann]1 h ceas$1 & giv5 place to ju/] views1 if x _h n be5 = ! cause1 :i* ,i am next to consid]4 ,?is cause is ! imp]fection ( our s5ses1 ! same cause :i*1 9 ! o!r dep>tm5t ( physics be=e exam9$ by u1--! dep>tm5t1 t relates to matt] consid]$ m]ely z exi/+ 9 space1--we f9d to give occasion to all our inquiries into ! compositions ( bodies4 ,9 ?is dep>tm5t ( physics1 h[ev]1 :i* relates to ! successions ( ph5om5a 9 "t1 ! imp]fection ( our s5ses op]ates 9 a diff]5t way4 ,x is n t :i* gives occasion to ! necessity ( inquiry2 = we h se51 t s5ses1 ( ! utmo/ accuracy & delicacy1 c\ld n1 ( !mselves1 & )\t exp]i5ce1 h enabl$ u to pr$ict any "o ev5t1 9 ! innum]able s]ies ( ph5om5a t are con/antly tak+ place ar\nd u4 ,b1 ?\gh s5ses ( ! nice/ discrim9ation c\ld n h r5d]$ inquiry into ! successions ( ev5ts sup]flu\s1 !y w\ld h sav$ u f mu* idle inquiry1 & h giv5 f> great] precision1 if n to our rules1 at lea/ to our uni=m practice1 ( philosophiz+4 ,z our s5ses are at pres5t con/itut$1 !y are too imp]fect1 to enable u to di/+ui% all ! elem5ts1 t co-exi/ 9 bodies1 & ( elem5ts1 :i* are !mselves unkn[n to u1 ! m9ute *anges :i* take place 9 !m1 mu/ ( c\rse be unkn[n4 ,we are h5ce1 f our incapacity ( discov]+ ^! elem5ts by our imp]fect s5ses1 & imp]fect analysis1 incapable ( di/+ui%+ ! :ole s]ies ( ext]nal *anges t occur 9 !m1--! :ole progressive s]ies ( antec$5ts & consequ5ts 9 a ph5om5on t appe>s to our s5ses simple2 &1 s9ce x is only betwe5 imm$iate antec$5ts & consequ5ts1 t we suppose any p]man5t & inv>iable relation1 we are !re=e con/antly on ! wat*1 to detect1 9 ! m obvi\s *anges t appe> to u 9 nature1 "s ( ^? m9ut] elem5t>y *anges1 :i* we suspect to int]v5e4 ,^! m9ute invisible *anges1 :5 actually int]v5+1 are truly :at connect ! obvi\s antec$5ts ) ! obvi\s consequ5ts2 & ! innum]able discov]ies1 :i* we are con/antly mak+ ( ^!1 lead u habitually to suppose1 t1 amid all ! visible *anges p]ceiv$ by u1 !re is some?+ lat5t :i* l9ks !m toge!r4 ,he :o = ! fir/ "t li/5s to ! delightful s\nds ( a viol91 if he be ignorant ( ! !ory ( s\nd1 w v naturally suppose t ! t\* ( ! /r+s by ! b[ is ! cause ( ! melody :i* he he>s4 ,he le>ns1 h[ev]1 t ?is prim>y impulse w\ld be ( little effect1 7 x n = ! vibrations excit$ by x 9 ! viol9 itself2 & ano!r discov]y1 /ill m important1 %ews him t ! vibration ( ! in/rum5t w\ld be ( no effect1 if x 7 n = ! ela/ic m$ium1 int]pos$1 betwe5 8 e> & x4 ,x is no long] to ! viol91 !re=e1 t he looks1 z ! direct cause ( ! s5sation ( s\nd1 b to ! vibrat+ air2 nor w ev5 ?is be long consid]$ by him z ! cause1 if he turns 8 att5tion to ! /ructure ( ! organ ( he>+4 ,he w !n trace effect aft] effect1 ?r\gh a long s]ies ( complex & v wond]ful p>ts1 till he arrive at ! auditory n]ve1 & ! :ole mass ( ! bra91--9 "s unkn[n /ate ( :i* he is at l5g? =c$ to re/1 z ! cause or imm$iate antec$5t1 ( t affection ( ! m9d1 :i* con/itutes ! p>ticul> s5sation4 ,to inquire into ! lat5t causes ( ev5ts is ?us to endeav\r to obs]ve *anges :i* we suppose to be actually tak+ place be=e u unobs]v$1 v ne>ly 9 ! same mann]1 z to inquire into ! composition ( a sub/ance is to /rive to discov] ! bodies t are con/antly be=e u1 )\t our be+ able to di/+ui% !m4 ,x is q impossible1 t ?is con/ant se>*1 & frequ5t detection ( causes1 be=e unkn[n1 ?us f\nd to int]v5e betwe5 all ! ph5om5a obs]v$ by u1 %\ld n1 by ! influ5ce ( ! common pr9ciples ( our m5tal con/itution1 at l5g? associate1 almo/ indissolubly1 ) ! v notion ( *anges z p]ceiv$ by u1 ! notion ( some?+ int]m$iate1 t z yet lies hid f our se>*1 & connects ! p>ts ( ! s]ies :i* we at pres5t p]ceive4 ,?is lat5t some?+1 suppos$ to int]v5e betwe5 ! obs]v$ antec$5t & ! obs]v$ consequ5t1 be+ ! m imm$iate antec$5t ( ! *ange :i* we obs]ve1 is ( c\rse reg>d$ by u z ! true cause ( ! *ange1 :ile ! antec$5t actually obs]v$ by u1 & kn[n1 ceases1 = ! same reason1 to be reg>d$ z ! cause1 & a cause is h5ce suppos$ by u1 to be some?+ v my/]i\s2 s9ce we give ! "n1 9 our imag9ation1 to some?+ ( ! nature ( :i* we mu/ be absolutely ignorant1 z we are1 by supposition1 ignorant ( its v exi/5ce4 ,! p>ts ( a s]ies ( *anges1 :i* we truly obs]ve1 are reg>d$ by u z little m ?an signs ( o!r int]v5+ *anges z yet undetect$2 & our ?\ght is ?us con/antly turn$ f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n1 z (t5 z we ?9k ( discov]+ a cause4 ,! expectation ( discov]+ some?+ int]m$iate & unkn[n betwe5 all kn[n ev5ts1 x ?us appe>s1 is v readily conv]tible into ! common notion ( p[]1 z a secret & invisible tie4 ,:y does x d ?is8 or1 ,h[ does x produce ?is effect8 is ! "q :i* we are con/antly dispos$ to put1 :5 we are told ( any *ange :i* "o sub/ance occasions 9 ano!r2 & ! common answ]1 9 all su* cases1 is no?+ m ?an ! /atem5t ( "s int]v5+ object1 or ev5t1 suppos$ to be unkn[n to ! ask]1 b z truly a m]e antec$5t 9 ! sequ5ce1 z ! m obvi\s antec$5t :i* he is suppos$ to "k4 ,h[ is x t we see objects at a di/ance--a t[]1 = example1 on ! summit ( a hill1 on ! opposite side ( a riv]8 ,because rays ( light are reflect$ f ! t[] to ! eye4 ,! new antec$5t appe>s to u a v intelligible reason4 ,& :y d rays ( light1 t fall 9 confusion f e body1 )9 our sph]e ( vision1 on e po9t ( ! surface ( ! eye1--f ! wood1 ! rock1 ! bridge1 ! riv]1 z well z ! t[]1--give di/9ct impressions ( all ^! diff]5t objects8 ,because ! eye is =m$ ( su* refract+ p[]1 t ! rays ( light1 :i* fall confus$ly on its surface1 conv]ge )9 x1 & =m di/9ct images ( ! objects f :i* !y come1 on t "p ( ! eye :i* is an expansion ( ! n]ve ( sight4 ,aga9 we are told only ( int]v5+ ev5ts be=e unkn[n to u2 & aga9 we consid] ! m]e k ( ^! new antec$5ts z a v intelligible explanation ( ! ev5t :i* we knew be=e4 ,?is con/ant /atem5t ( some?+ int]m$iate1 t is suppos$ to be unkn[n to u1 z ! cause ( ! ph5om5a :i* we p]ceive1 :5ev] we ask1 h[ or :y !y take place8 cont9ually /r5g!ns ! illusion1 :i* leads u to reg>d ! p[]s ( objects z some?+ diff]5t f ! p]ceiv$ objects !mselves2--& yet x is evid5t1 t to /ate int]v5+ *anges1 is only to /ate o!r antec$5ts1--n any ?+ diff]5t f m]e antec$5ce1--& t :atev] numb] ( ^! int]v5+ *anges we may discov] betwe5 ! antec$5t & ! consequ5t1 :i* we at pres5t "k1 we mu/ at l5g? come to "s ultimate *ange1 :i* is truly & imm$iately antec$5t to ! kn[n effect4 ,we may say1 t an orator1 :5 he declaims1 excites ! s5sation ( s\nd1 because ! motion ( 8 vocal organs excites vibrations 9 ! int]v5+ air1--t ^! vibrations ( air are ! cause ( ! s\nd1 by communicat+ vibration to p>ts ( ! e>1 & t ! vibrations ( ^! p>ts ( ! e> are ! cause ( ! s\nd1 by affect+ 9 a p>ticul> mann] ! n]ve ( he>+1 & ! bra9 9 g5]al2--b1 :5 we come to ! ultimate affection ( ! s5sorial organ1 :i* imm$iately prec$es ! s5sation ( ! m9d1 x is evid5t1 t we _c say ( x1 t x is ! cause ( ! s\nd1 by excit+ any ?+ int]m$iate1 s9ce x !n c\ld n itself be t by :i* ! s\nd 0 imm$iately prec$$4 ,x is ! cause1 h[ev]2 exactly 9 ! same mann] z all ! o!r p>ts ( ! sequ5ce 7 causes1 m]ely by be+ ! imm$iate & inv>iable antec$5t ( ! p>ticul> effect4 ,if1 9 our inability ( assign+ any ?+ int]m$iate1 we 7 to say1 t ?is la/ affection ( ! s5sorial organ occasion$ ! s\nd1 because x _h ! p[] ( occasion+ s\nd1 we %\ld say no?+ m ?an if we _h said at once1 t x occasion$ ! s\nd1 or1 9 o!r words1 0 t :i* c\ld n exi/ 9 ! same circum/ances )\t ! s\nd z its in/ant att5dant4 8,:at is !re10 says ,malebran*e1 8:i* ,ari/otle _c at once propose & resolve1 by 8 f9e words ( g5us1 species1 act1 p[]1 nature1 =m1 faculties1 qualities1 causa p] se1 causa p] accid5s8 ,8 foll[]s f9d x v difficult to compreh5d t ^! words signify no?+2 & t we are n m le>n$ ?an we 7 be=e1 :5 we h he>d !m tell u1 9 _! be/ mann]1 t fire melts metals1 because x has a solv5t faculty2 & t "s un=tunate epicure1 or glutton dige/s ill1 because he has a weak dige/ion1 or because ! vis concoctrix does n p]=m well its functions40#bi ,we see only p>ts ( ! great sequ5ces t are tak+ place 9 nature2 & x is on ?is acc\nt we seek = ! causes ( :at we "k 9 ! p>ts ( ! sequ5ces t are unkn[n4 ,if our s5ses _h orig9ally enabl$ u to discrim9ate e elem5t ( bodies1 & consequ5tly1 all ! m9ute *anges :i* take place 9 ^!1 z cle>ly z ! m obvi\s *anges at pres5t p]ceiv$ by u2 9 %ort1 if1 betwe5 two kn[n ev5ts1 we _h nev] discov]$ any ?+ int]m$iate & unkn[n1 =m+ a new antec$5t ( ! consequ5t obs]v$ be=e1 our notion ( a cause w\ld h be5 v diff]5t f t my/]i\s un9telligible some?+ :i* we n[ conceive x to be2 & we %\ld !n1 p]haps1 h f\nd z little difficulty 9 admitt+ x to be :at x simply & truly is1--only ano!r "n = ! imm$iate inv>iable antec$5t ( any ev5t1--z we n[ f9d 9 admitt+ ! =m ( a body1 to be only ano!r "n = ! relative position ( ! p>ts t con/itute x4 ,b1--,i h said 9 my ,essay1--?\gh ! p[]s ( creat$ ?+s be no?+ m ?an _! relation to c]ta9 ev5ts t inv>iably att5d !m1 is ?is def9ition consi/5t ) ! notion :i* we =m ( ! p[] ( ! ,creator8 or1 ,is n 8 effici5cy altoge!r diff]5t 9 nature1 z well z 9 degree8 ,! omnipot5ce ( ,god1 x mu/1 inde$1 be all[$1 be>s to e creat$ p[] ! same relation ( awful sup]iority1 :i* 8 inf9ite wisdom & goodness be> to ! humble k & virtue ( 8 creatures4 ,b z we "k 8 wisdom & goodness1 only by kn[+ :at t human wisdom & goodness are1 :i*1 ) all _! imp]fection1 he has yet p]mitt$ to "k & adore him1--s1 x is only by kn[+ creat$ p[]1 weak & limit$ z x is1 t we c rise to ! contemplation ( 8 omnipot5ce4 ,9 contemplat+ x1 we consid] only 8 w1 z ! direct antec$5t ( ^? glori\s effects :i* ! univ]se displays4 ,! p[] ( ,god is n any ?+ diff]5t f ,god2 b is ! ,almighty himself1 will+ :atev] seems to him good1 & creat+ or alt]+ all ?+s by 8 v w to create or alt]4 ,x is en\gh = our devotion to trace e :]e ! *>act]s ( ! ,div9ity1--( provid5t arrangem5t prior to ?is sy/em ( ?+s1--& to "k1 !re=e1 t1 )\t t div9e w z antec$5t1 no?+ c\ld h be54 ,:]ev] we turn our eyes1--to ! e>?--to ! heav5s--to ! myriads ( be+s t live & move ar\nd u--or to ^? m ?an myriads ( worlds1 :i* seem !mselves almo/ l animat$ inhabitants ( ! inf9ity ?r\gh :i* !y range1--above u1 b5ea? u1 on e side1 we discov]1 ) a c]ta9ty t admits n ( d\bt1 intellig5ce & design1 t mu/ h prec$$ ! exi/5ce ( e ?+ :i* exi/s4 ,yet1 :5 we analyse ^? great1 b obscure1 ideas :i* rise 9 our m9d1 :ile we attempt to ?9k ( ! creation ( ?+s1 we feel1 t x is /ill only a sequ5ce ( ev5ts :i* we are consid]+1--?\gh ( ev5ts1 ! magnitude ( :i* all[s u no comp>ison1 because x has no?+ 9 common ) ^? e>?ly *anges :i* fall b5ea? our view4 ,we d n see any ?ird circum/ance exi/+ int]m$iately1 & b9d+1 z x 71 ! w ( ! ,omnipot5t ,creator to ! ?+s :i* are to be2 we conceive only ! div9e w itself1 z if made visible to our imag9ation1 & all nature at ! v mom5t ris+ ar\nd4 ,x is evid5t1 t 9 ! case ( ! div9e ag5cy1 z well z 9 e o!r in/ance ( causation1 ! introduction ( any circum/ance1 z a bond ( clos] connexion1 w\ld only furni% a new ph5om5on to be itself connect$2 b ev5 ?\gh x 7 possible to conceive ! clos] connexion ( su* a ?ird circum/ance1 z is suppos$ to con/itute ! inexplicable effici5cy betwe5 ! w ( ! ,creator & ! rise ( ! univ]se1 x w\ld dim9i%1 inde$1 b x c]ta9ly _c be suppos$ to elevate1 ! maje/y ( ! p]son1 & ( ! sc5e4 ,our feel+ ( 8 omnipot5ce is n r5d]$ /rong] by ! elevation ( ! complicat$ process2 x is1 on ! contr>y1 ! imm$iate succession ( ! object to ! desire1 :i* impresses ! =ce ( ! omnipot5ce on our m9d2 & x is to ! div9e ag5cy1 !re=e1 t ! repres5tation ( in/ant sequ5ce seems peculi>ly suit$1 z if x 7 m emphatically p[]ful4 ,su* is ! great *>m ( ! celebrat$ passage ( ,g5esis1 descriptive ( ! creation ( light4 ,x is f /at+ no?+ m ?an ! antec$5t & consequ5t1 t ! maje/ic simplicity ( ! description is d]iv$4 ,god speaks1 & x is done4 ,we imag9e no?+ int]m$iate4 ,9 our highe/ contemplation ( ,8 p[]1 we believe only1 t1 :5 ,he will$ creation1 a _w arose2 & t1 9 all future "t1 ,8 w to create _c exi/1 )\t be+ foll[$ by ! in/ant rise into be+ ( :atev] ,he may h will$2 t ,8 w to de/roy any ?+1 w be1 9 l mann]1 foll[$ by its non-exi/5ce2 & ,8 w to v>y ! c\rse ( ?+s1 by miracul\s appe>ances4 ,! w is ! only necess>y previ\s *ange2 & t ,be+ has almighty p[]1 ^: e w is imm$iately & inv>iably foll[$ by ! exi/5ce ( its object4 ,,footnotes3 #bg ,m>t4 ,scrib4 c4 #g4--,pope's ,works1 ,ed4 #ageg1 v4 vii4 p4 #eh1 #ei4 #bh ,cic]o de ,(ficiis1 lib4 i4 c4 #d4 #bi ,re*]*e de la v]it1 liv iv4 c4 ii4--,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #cbb4 ,,lecture ,,viii4 ,,on ,,hypo!sis ,,& ,,!ory4 ,! obs]vations :i* ,i h already made on p[]1 ,g5tlem51 h1 ,i hope1 %[n y1 bo? :at x truly is1 & ! s\rces ( t illusion1 :i* leads u to reg>d x z some?+ m my/]i\s4 ,! pr9cipal s\rce ( ?is illusion1 we f\nd to be our incapacity ( di/+ui%+ ! m9ute elem5ts ( bodies1--t leads u1 9 a mann]1 :i* x is unnecess>y n[ to recapitulate1 to suspect con/antly "s int]m$iate & unobs]v$ objects & ev5ts1 betwe5 ! p>ts ( sequ5ces1 :i* we truly obs]ve1 &1 by ! influ5ce ( ?is habit1 to transf]1 at lea/1 ! notion ( p[]1 f ! antec$5t :i* we obs]ve1 to ! suppos$ m direct antec$5t1 :i* we only imag9e1 & to consid] ! causes ( ev5ts z "s unkn[n circum/ances1 t exi/ betwe5 all ! antec$5ts :i* we "k1 & ! consequ5ts :i* we "k1 & connect ^! toge!r 9 my/]i\s union4 ,! same imp]fection ( our s5ses1 :i*1 f our incapacity ( discov]+ all ! m9ute elem5ts1 & consequ5tly all ! m9ute elem5t>y *anges1 9 bodies1 leads u to =m errone\s notions ( p[] & causation1 has t5d$1 9 l mann]1 to produce a fondness = hypo!ses1 :i*1 )\t r5d]+ ! obs]v$ ph5om5a1 9 any respect1 m intelligible1 only r5d] !m m complicat$1 & increase ! v difficulty1 :i* !y are suppos$ to dim9i%4 ,( ?is t5d5cy ( ! m9d1 :i* is a v injuri\s "o to ! progress ( s\nd philosophy1 ,i mu/ reque/ y\r att5tion to a little full] elucidation4 ,to "k well1 :at hypo!ses truly are 9 !mselves1 & :at x is :i* !y contribute to ! explanation ( ph5om5a1 is1 ,i am conv9c$1 ! sure/ ( all pres]vatives aga9/ t too ready ass5t1 :i* y might o!rwise be dispos$ to give to !m2 & to gu>d y f ! ready adoption ( su* loose conclusions1 9 ! reason+s ( o!rs1 & f ! t5d5cy to simil> ra%ness ( arrangem5t & inf]5ce1 9 y\r own speculative inquiries1 is to p]=m = y ! mo/ important (fice t c be p]=m$1 = ! regulation1 bo? ( y\r pres5t /udies1 & ( ^? matur] inve/igations1 to :i*1 ,i tru/1 y\r pres5t /udies are to lead4 ,i h also endeav\r$ to po9t out to y1 9 :at mann] we are l$ to believe1 t we expla9 ! sequ5ce ( two ev5ts1 by /at+ "s int]m$iate ev5t4 ,if ask$1 ,h[ x is t we he> a voice at a di/ance1 or see a di/ant object8 we imm$iately answ]1 ,because ! prim>y vibration ( ! organs ( spee* is propagat$ 9 successive vibrations ?r\gh ! int]v5+ air1 & because light is reflect$ or emitt$ f ! di/ant object to ! eye2 & he :o he>s ?is answ]1 :i* is obvi\sly no?+ m ?an ! /atem5t ( ano!r effect1 or s]ies ( effects1 t takes place be=e t p>ticul> effect1 conc]n+ :i* ! "q is put1 is p]fectly satisfi$1 = ! "t1 ) ! acquisition :i* he has made1 & ?9ks1 t he n[ kn[s1 h[ x is1 t we he> & see4 ,to "k :y a succession ( ev5ts takes place1 is ?us at l5g? conceiv$ by u1 to be ! same ?+1 z to "k "s o!r *anges1 or s]ies ( *anges1 :i* take place betwe5 !m2 &1 ) ?is op9ion1 z to ! necess>y pres5ce ( "s int]v5+ & connect+ l9k1 x is v natural1 t1 :5 we c no long] /ate or imag9e any ?+ :i* int]v5es1 we %\ld feel z if ! sequ5ce itself 7 less intelligible1 ?\gh unque/ionably1 :5 we c /ate "s int]v5+ circum/ance1 we h m]ely f\nd a new antec$5t 9 ! tra9 ( physical ev5ts1 s z to h n[ two antec$5ts & consequ5ts1 in/ead ( "o simple antec$5t & consequ5t1 & h ?us only d\bl$ our suppos$ my/]y1 in/ead ( remov+ x4 ,s9ce x does appe> to u1 h[ev]1 to remove ! v my/]y :i* x d\bles1 x is ! same ?+1 ) respect to our g5]al practice ( philosophiz+1 z if x did remove x4 ,if we suppose ! int]v5tion ( "s unkn[n cause1 9 e ph5om5on :i* we p]ceive1 we mu/ be equally desir\s ( discov]+ t unkn[n cause1 :i* we suppose to be int]m$iate1--&1 :5 ?is is n easily discov]able1 we mu/ feel a /rong t5d5cy to div9e :at x is1 & to acquiesce1 m readily ?an we %\ld o!rwise h done1 9 ! c]ta9ty ( :at we h only imag9$1--always1 ( c\rse1 imag9+ ! cause1 :i* seems to h mo/ analogy to ! obs]v$ effect4 ,su* is ! nature ( t illusion1 f :i* ! love ( hypo!ses fl[s1--z seem+1 by ! int]v5tion ( a new antec$5t1 to r5d] m intelligible ! sequ5ces ( ev5ts t are obvi\sly be=e u1--?\gh all :i* is truly done1 is to d\ble ! numb] ( antec$5ts2 &1 !re=e1 to d\ble1 in/ead ( remov+ ! difficulty1 t is suppos$ to be involv$ 9 ! consid]ation ( a simple sequ5ce ( ev5ts4 ,a /one t5ds to ! gr\nd--t x %\ld h ?is t5d5cy1 9 consequ5ce ( ! m]e pres5ce ( ! e>?1 appe>s to u mo/ wond]ful2 & we ?9k1 t x w\ld be mu* less wond]ful1 if we c\ld discov] ! pres5ce1 ?\gh x 7 ! m]e pres5ce1 ( some?+ else4 ,we !re=e1 9 our m9d1 run ov] e circum/ance analog\s1 to discov] some?+ :i* we may consid] z pres5t1 t may repres5t to our imag9ation ! cause :i* we seek4 ,! effect ( impulse1 9 produc+ motion1 we "k by con/ant exp]i5ce2 &1 z ! motion1 :i* x produces1 9 a p>ticul> direction1 seems analog\s to ! motion ( ! /one 9 its p>ticul> direction1 we conceive1 t ! motion ( a /one1 9 its fall to ! e>?1 is r5d]$ m intelligible1 by ! imag9$ int]v5tion ( "s impell+ body4 ,! circum/ances1 :i* we obs]ve1 h[ev]1 are manife/ly inconsi/5t ) ! supposition ( ! impulse ( any v gross matt]4 ,! analogies ( gross matt] are accord+ly exclud$ f our ?\ghts1 & we suppose ! impulse to proce$ f "s v subtle fluid1 to :i* we give ! "n ( e!r1 or any o!r "n1 :i* we may *oose to inv5t = x4 ,! hypo!sis is f\nd$1 y w obs]ve1 on ! m]e analogy ( ano!r species ( motion1 & :i* w\ld acc\nt = gravitation by ! impulse ( "s f9e fluid4 ,x is evid5t1 t !re may be1 9 ?is way1 z _m hypo!ses to expla9 a s+le fact1 z !re h be5 circum/ances analog\s obs]v$ 9 all ! v>i\s ph5om5a ( nature4 ,accord+ly1 ano!r set ( philosoph]s1 in/ead ( expla9+ gravitation by ! analogy ( impulse1 h _h rec\rse to ano!r analogy1 /ill m intimately famili> to u--t ( ! ph5om5a ( life3 ,we are able to move our limbs by our m]e volition4 ,! m9d1 !re=e1 x is evid5t1 c produce motion 9 matt]2 & x is h5ce "s int]pos$ spiritual ag5t1 :i* produces all ! ph5om5a ( gravitation4 ,e orb1 9 its revolution on its axis1 or 9 its great j\rney ?r\gh ! heav5s1 has1 accord+ to ?is sy/em ( philosophical my?ology1 "s peculi> g5ius1 or direct+ _s1 t regulates its c\rse1 9 ! same mann] z1 ( old1 ! univ]se itself 0 consid]$ z "o enorm\s animal1 p]=m+ its v>i\s movem5ts by its own vital en]gies4 ,x is ! influ5ce ( ?is analogy ( our own muscul> motions1 z ob$i5t to our volition1--toge!r ) ! mi/ak5 belief ( add+ great] hon\r to ! div9e ,omnipot5t1--:i* has l$ a v l>ge class ( philosoph]s to ascribe e *ange 9 ! univ]se1 mat]ial or intellectual1 n to ! orig9al =esight & arrangem5t m]ely1--! irresi/ible evid5ce ( :i* ev5 ! impiety1 t pr(esses to "q x1 mu/ secretly admit1--b to ! direct op]ation ( ! ,creator & ,sov]eign ( ! _w1-- 8,! mighty ,h&1 ,t1 ev] busy1 :eels ! sil5t sph]es1 ,works 9 ! secret deep2 %oots /ream+ !nce ,! fair pr(usion t o'erspreads ! spr+2 ,fl+s f ! sun direct ! flam+ day2 ,fe$s e creature2 hurls ! tempe/ =?2 ,&1 z on e>? ?is grateful *ange revolves1 ,) transport t\*es all ! spr+s ( life40 ,s prone is ! m9d to complicate e ph5om5on1 by ! ins]tion ( imag9$ causes1 9 ! simple sequ5ces ( physical ev5ts1 t "o hypo!sis may (t5 be said to involve 9 x _m o!r hypo!ses1 inv5t$ = ! explanation ( t v ph5om5on1 :i* is adduc$ 9 explanation ( ano!r ph5om5on1 z simple z itself4 ,! production ( muscul> motion by ! w1 :i* is ! s\rce ( ! hypo!sis ( direct spiritual ag5cy1 9 e production ( motion1 or *ange1 9 ! univ]se1 has itself giv5 occasion to innum]able speculations ( ?is k9d4 ,inde$1 on no subject has ! imag9ation be5 m fruitful ( fancies1 t h be5 /rangely giv5 to ! _w "u ! "n ( philosophy4 ,?\gh y _c be suppos$ to be acqua9t$ ) ! m9ute nom5clature ( anatomy1 y yet all "k1 t !re are p>ts t]m$ muscles1 & o!r p>ts t]m$ n]ves1 & t x is by ! contraction ( our muscles t our limbs are mov$4 ,! n]ves1 di/ribut+ to ! diff]5t muscles1 are evid5tly in/rum5tal to _! contraction2 s9ce ! de/ruction ( ! n]ve puts an end to ! volunt>y contraction ( ! muscle1 & consequ5tly to ! app>5t motion ( ! limb4 ,b :at is ! influ5ce t is propagat$ along ! n]ve1 & 9 :at mann] is x propagat$8 ,= expla9+ ?is mo/ famili> ( all ph5om5a1 !re is sc>cely any class ( ph5om5a 9 nature1 to ! analogy ( :i* rec\rse has n be5 _h1--! vibration ( musical *ords1--! coil+ or uncoil+ ( spr+s1--! motion ( ela/ic fluids1 electricity1 magnetism1 galvanism2--& ! result ( s _m hypo!ses1--aft] all ! lab\r ( /riv+ to adapt !m to ! ph5om5a1 & ! /ill great] lab\r ( /riv+ to prove !m exactly adapt$1 :5 !y 7 f> f be+ s--has be5 ! return to ! simple fact1 t muscul> motion foll[s a c]ta9 /ate ( ! n]ve2--9 ! same mann]1 z ! result ( all ! simil> lab\r1 t has be5 employ$ to acc\nt1 z x has be5 t]m$1 = gravitation1 has be5 a return to ! simple fact1 t1 at all visible di/ances obs]v$1 ! bodies 9 nature t5d t[>d ea* o!r4 ,! m]e sequ5ce ( "o ev5t aft] ano!r ev5t1 is1 h[ev]1 too easily conceiv$1 & has too little 9 x ( t complication1 :i* at once busies & delights u1 to all[ ! m9d to re/ 9 x long4 ,x mu/ =ev] h some?+ to dis5tangle1 &1 !re=e1 some?+ :i* is p]plex$2 =1 su* is ! /range nature ( man1 t ! simplicity ( tru?1 :i* might seem to be its ess5tial *>m1--& :i* r5d]s x d\bly valuable1 9 relation to ! weakness ( 8 faculties1--is ! v circum/ance t r5d]s x lea/ attractive to him2 & ?\gh1 9 8 analysis ( e ?+ t is comp\nd 9 matt]1 or involv$ 9 ?\ght1 he con/antly flatt]s himself1 t x is ?is v simplicity1 :i* he loves & seeks1 he yet1 :5 he arrives at absolute simplicity1 feels an equal t5d5cy to turn away f x1 & gladly pref]s to x any ?+ t is m my/]i\s1 m]ely because x is my/]i\s4 8,i am p]suad$10 said "o1 :o knew our nature well1 8t1 if ! majority ( mank9d c\ld be made to see ! ord] ( ! univ]se1 su* z x is1 z !y w\ld n rem>k 9 x any virtues atta*$ to c]ta9 numb]s1 nor any prop]ties inh]5t 9 c]ta9 planets1 nor fatalities1 9 c]ta9 times & revolutions ( ^!1 !y w\ld n be able to re/ra9 !mselves1 on ! sight ( ?is admirable regul>ity & beauty1 f cry+ out ) a/oni%m5t1 ,:at1 is ?is all80 ,= ! fidelity ( ?is picture1 9 :i* ,font5elle has s ju/ly repres5t$ "o ( ! common weaknesses ( our intellectual nature1 we un=tunately ne$ n ref] to ! majority ( mank9d alone1 to :om1 x may be said1 almo/ ) equal tru?1 t e ?+ is wond]ful1 & t no?+ is wond]ful4 ,! feel+ :i* x describes exi/s ev5 9 ! mo/ philosophic m9d1 & _h c]ta9ly no increas$ influ5ce ev5 on t m9d :i* describ$ x s truly1 :5 x employ$ all its great p[]s1 9 /ill /riv+ to support ! cumbr\s sy/em ( ! ,vortices1 aga9/ ! simple !ory ( attraction4 ,ev5 ,newton himself1 ^: transc5d5t intellect 0 s well fitt$ to p]ceive ! sublimity1 :i* simplification adds to e ?+ t is truly great 9 itself1 yet1 %[$1 by 8 qu]y ) respect to ! ag5cy ( e!r1 t he 0 n absolutely exempt f t human infirmity ( :i* ,i speak2 & ?\gh philosoph]s may n[ be consid]$ z almo/ unanim\s ) respect to gravitation1--9 consid]+ x z ! m]e t5d5cy ( bodies t[>ds ea* o!r1 we yet1 9 admir+ ?is t5d5cy :i* we p]ceive1 feel "s reluctance to admit a m]e fact1 t pres5ts itself s simply to our conception1 & w\ld be bett] pleas$1 if any o!r mode c\ld be po9t$ out1 by :i*1 ) "s dec5t appe>ance ( reason on its side1 ! same effect c\ld seem to be br\ght ab\t1 by a natural app>atus1 bett] suit$ to gratify our passion = ! complicat$ & ! wond]ful4 ,?\gh ! !ory ( ,vortices c sc>cely be said n[ to h any l+]+ def5d] left1 !re is a con/ant t5d5cy1 & a t5d5cy :i* requires all our philosophy to repress x1--to relapse into ! supposition ( a great e!rial fluid1 by ! imm5se ocean1 or imm5se /reams1 ( :i* ! ph5om5on n[ ass]t$ to gravitate1 may be expla9$1 & we h no objection1 to fill ! :ole b\ndless void ( ! univ]se1 ) an inf9ite pr(usion ( ?is invisible matt]1 m]ely t we may ?9k1 ) m com=t1 t we "k h[ a fea!r falls to ! gr\nd2--?\gh ! fall ( ! fea!r1 aft] ?is magnific5t ca/ ( contrivance1 w\ld /ill be z truly inexplicable z at pres5t2 & ?\gh _m o!r difficulties mu/1 9 t case1 be admitt$ 9 addition4 ,x is only 9 geometry1 t we readily all[ a /raight l9e1 to be ! %orte/ t c be drawn betwe5 any two po9ts4 ,9 ! physics ( m9d1 or ( matt]1 we are f> f all[+ ?is4 ,we pref] to x almo/ any curve t is pres5t$ to u by o!rs1--&1 )\t all d\bt1 any curve :i* we h describ$ ourselves2 & we boldly ma9ta91 &1 :i* is yet m fairly believe1 t we h f\nd out a %ort] road1 m]ely because1 9 our philosophical p]egr9ation1 we h *os5 to j\rney _m miles ab\t1 & 9 our delight ( gaz+ on new objects1 h nev] ?\ght ( measur+ ! gr\nd :i* we h trod4 ,i am aw>e1 inde$1 t1 9 ! consid]ation ( ! simple antec$5ts1 & consequ5ts :i* nature exhibits1 x is n ! m]e complication ( ^!1 by ! introduction ( new int]v5+ sub/ances or ev5ts1 :i* obta9s f ! m9d s ready an adoption ( hypo!ses4 ,on ! contr>y1 !re is a sort ( false simplification 9 ! introduction ( hypo!ses1 :i* itself aids ! illusion ( ! my/]y4 ,i t]m ! simplification false1 because x is n 9 ! ph5om5a !mselves1 b 9 our mode ( conceiv+ !m4 ,x is c]ta9ly f> m simple1 9 nature1 t bodies %\ld h a t5d5cy t[>d ea* o!r1 ?an t !re %\ld be oceans ( a subtle fluid1 circulat+ ar\nd !m1 9 vortices1--or /reams ( su* a fluid1 project$ cont9ually on !m f "s unkn[n s\rce1 m]ely to produce ! same exact motions1 :i* w\ld be ! result ( ! reciprocal t5d5cy 9 ! bodies !mselves4 ,b ! int]position ( all ?is imm5sity ( matt]1 to acc\nt = ! fall ( a fea!r or ra9-drop1 cumbr\s z ! contrivance mu/ be all[$ to be1 is yet 9 "o respect1 m simple to our conception1 because1 in/ead ( two classes ( ph5om5a1 ^? ( gravitation & ( impulse1 we h1 9 ref]r+ all to impulse1 only "o g5]al class4 ,man loves :at is simple mu*1 b he loves :at is my/]i\s m2 & a mighty ocean ( e!r1 op]at+ invisibly 9 all ! visible ph5om5a ( ! univ]se1 has ?us a sort ( d\ble *>m1 by unit+ ! false simplification1 ( :i* ,i h spok51 ) abundance ( real my/]y4 ,?is mixture ( ! simple & ! my/]i\s1 is1 9 "s measure1 l ! mixture ( uni=mity ) div]sity1 t is s delightful 9 works ( art4 ,h[ev] pleas+ objects may sep>ately be1 we are soon we>i$ ) w&]+ ov] !m1 :51 f _! extreme irregul>ity1 we _c gr\p !m 9 any di/9ct assemblage1 or discov] "s slight relation ( p>ts to ! :ole2 & we are /ill soon]1 & m pa9fully fatigu$1 :5 e object :i* we see is 9 exact symmetry ) "s o!r object4 ,9 l mann]1 ! m9d w\ld be p]plex$ & oppress$1 if x 7 to conceive a great multitude ( objects or circum/ances1 concurr+ 9 ! production ( "o obs]v$ ev5t4 ,b x feels a sort ( dissatisfaction also1 :5 ! sequ5ces ( ev5ts :i* x obs]ves1 are r$uc$ to ! m]e antec$5ts & consequ5ts ( :i* !y consi/1 & mu/ h a little m complication to flatt] x ) ! belief1 t x has le>n$ some?+ :i* x is important to h le>n$4 ,to "k t a )]$ leaf falls to ! gr\nd1 is to "k1 :at ! v vulg> "k1 z well z ourselves2 b an ocean ( e!r1 :irl+ x d[nw>d1 is some?+ ( :i* ! vulg> h no conception1 & gives a k9d ( my/]i\s magnific5ce to a v simple ev5t1 :i* makes u ?9k1 t our k is great]1 because we h giv51 9 our imag9ation1 a sort ( cumbr\s magnitude to ! ph5om5on itself4 ,t hypo!ses1 9 t wide s5se ( ! ^w :i* implies e ?+ conjectural1 are )\t use 9 philosophy1 x w\ld be absurd to affirm1 s9ce e inquiry may1 9 t wide s5se1 be said to pre-suppose !m1 & mu/ always pre-suppose !m if ! inquiry h any object4 ,!y are ( use1 h[ev]1 n z sup]s$+ inve/igation1 b z direct+ inve/igation to c]ta9 objects1--n z tell+ u1 :at we are to believe1 b z po9t+ out to u :at we are to endeav\r to asc]ta94 ,an hypo!sis1 9 ?is view ( x1 is no?+ m ?an a reason = mak+ "o exp]im5t or obs]vation r ?an ano!r2 & x is evid5t1 t1 )\t "s reason ( ?is k9d1 z exp]im5t & obs]vations are almo/ inf9ite1 inquiry w\ld be altoge!r pr(itless4 ,to make exp]im5ts1 at r&om1 is n to philosophize2 x becomes philosophy1 only :5 ! exp]im5ts are made ) a c]ta9 view2 & to make !m1 ) any p>ticul> view1 is to suppose ! pres5ce ( some?+1 ! op]ation ( :i* !y w t5d ei!r to prove or disprove4 ,:5 ,torricelli1 = example1--proce$+ on ! obs]vation previ\sly made1 by ,galileo1 ) respect to ! limit$ height to :i* wat] c\ld be made to rise 9 a pump1--t memorable obs]vation1 :i* demon/rat$1 at la/1 aft] s _m ages ( errors1 :at ought n = a s+le mom5t to h requir$ to be demon/rat$2 ! absurdity ( ! horror ( a void ascrib$ to nature--:51 proce$+ 9 ?is memorable obs]vation1 ,torricelli made 8 equally memorable exp]im5t ) respect to ! height ( ! column ( m]cury support$ 9 an inv]t$ tube1 & f\nd1 on comp>ison ( _! specific gravities1 ! columns ( m]cury & wat] to be exactly equipond]ant1 x is evid5t t he 0 l$ to ! exp]im5t ) ! m]cury by ! supposition1 t ! rise ( fluids 9 vacuo 0 occasion$ by "s c\nt]pressure1 exactly equal to ! weight support$1 & t ! column ( m]cury1 !re=e %\ld be less 9 height ?an ! column ( wat]1 9 ! exact inv]se ratio ( _! specific gravities1 by :i* ! c\nt]pressure 0 to be su/a9$4 ,to conceive ! air1 :i* 0 !n univ]sally reg>d$ z ess5tially light1 to be n light b heavy1 s z to press on ! fluid b5ea?1 01 at t "t1 to make z bold a supposition z c\ld be made4 ,x 0 inde$1 a tempor>y hypo!sis1 ev5 :5 x l$ to t exp]im5tal demon/ration ( ! fact1 :i* prov$ x =ev] aft] n to be hypo!tical4 ,an hypo!sis1 !n1 9 ! fir/ /age ( inquiry1 f> f be+ inconsi/5t ) s\nd philosophy1 may be said to be ess5tial to x4 ,b x is ess5tial only 9 ?is fir/ /age1 z sugge/+ :at is aft]w>ds to be v]ifi$ or disprov$2 &1 :5 ! exp]im5ts or obs]vations to :i* x directs u d n v]ify x1 x is no long] to be ent]ta9$1 ev5 z an hypo!sis4 ,if we obs]ve a ph5om5on1 :i* we nev] h obs]v$ be=e1 x is absolutely impossible = u1 n to ?9k ( ! analog\s cases :i* we may h se52 s9ce !y are sugge/$ by a pr9cipal ( association1 :i* is z truly a "p ( our con/itution1 z ! s5ses ) :i* we p]ceiv$ ! ph5om5on itself2 &1 if any ( ^! analogies /rike u z rem>kably co9cid5t1 x is equally impossible = u n to imag9e1 t ! cause1 :i* we knew 9 t =m] in/ance1 may also be pres5t 9 ?is analogical in/ance1 & t !y may1 !re=e1 bo? be r$uc$ to ! same class4 ,to /op "h1 &1 f ?is m]e analogy1 to inf] positive id5tity ( ! causes1 & to foll[ out ! possible consequ5ces 9 innum]able applications1 w\ld be to d1 z _m great arti/s 9 sy/ematiz+ h done4 ,:at a philosoph]1 ( s\nd] views1 h[ev]1 w\ld d 9 su* a case1 is v diff]5t4 ,he w\ld assume1 inde$1 z possible or p]haps z probable1 ! exi/5ce ( ! suppos$ cause4 ,b he w\ld assume x1 only to direct 8 exam9ation ( its reality1 by inve/igat+1 z f> z he 0 able1 f pa/ exp]i5ce1 :at ! circum/ances w\ld h be51 9 e respect1 if ! cause suppos$ _h be5 actually pres5t2 &1 ev5 if ^! 7 all f\nd to be exactly co9cid5t1 ?\gh he w\ld ?9k ! pres5ce ( ! cause m probable1 he w\ld be v f> f consid]+ x z c]ta91 & w\ld /ill endeav\r to less5 ! *ances ( fallacy1 by wat*+ ! circum/ances1 %\ld !y aga9 recur1 & v>y+ !m1 by exp]im5t1 9 e possible way4 ,?is pati5ce & caution1 h[ev]1 ess5tial z !y are to j philosophiz+1 require1 x mu/ be confess$1 no slight ef=ts ( self-d5ial1 b ( a self-d5ial :i* is z necess>y to intellectual excell5ce z ! v>i\s moral species ( self-d5ial are to excell5ce & virtue4 8,mr ,locke1 ,i ?9k10 says ,dr ,reid1 8m5tions an em95t musician1 :o believ$ t ,god creat$ ! _w 9 six days1 & re/$ ! sev5?1 because !re are b sev5 notes 9 music4 ,i myself10 he cont9ues1 8knew "o ( t pr(ession1 :o ?\ght t !re c\ld be only ?ree p>ts 9 h>mony1 to wit1 bass1 t5or1 & treble2 because !re are b ?ree p]sons 9 ! ,tr9ity40#cj ,! m9ds t c\ld be satisfi$ ) analogies s v slight1 mu/1 inde$1 h be5 little acqua9t$ ) ! pr9ciples ( philosophic inquiry2 & yet h[ _m sy/ems h be5 advanc$ 9 diff]5t ages1 admir$ by multitudes1 :o knew !m only by "n1 & /ill m rev]$ by ! philosoph]s1 :o glori$ 9 adopt+ !m1 t h be5 f\nd$ on analogies almo/ z slight4 8,! philosoph]s :o =m hypo!tical sy/ems ( ! univ]se1 & ( all its mo/ secret laws10 says ,voltaire1 9 "o ( 8 lively similes1 8are l our travell]s t g to ,con/ant9ople1 & ?9k t !y mu/ tell u a great deal ab\t ! s]aglio4 ,!y pret5d to "k e ?+ :i* passes )9 x--! :ole secret hi/ory ( ! ,sultan & 8 fav\rites1 & !y h se5 no?+ b its outside walls40 ,9 "o respect1 h[ev]1 philosoph]s1 9 _! hypo!tical sy/ems1 f> outdo ! travell]s to ,con/ant9ople4 ,!y n m]ely tell u secrets ( nature1 :i* !y h no opportunity ( le>n+1 b !y believe ! v tales ( _! own fancy4 ,to see any usual ph5om5on1 is1 inde$1 to wond] at x1 at fir/2 b to expla9 x1 is almo/ ! v next /ep1 reason s]v+ r to def5d ! explanation1 :5 x is made1 ?an to assi/ greatly 9 mak+ x2 &1 9 _m cases1 ea* philosoph] has 8 sep>ate explanation1 on :i* he is dispos$ to put z mu* reliance1 z on ! c]ta9ty ( ! fact itself1 n ab&on+ ! hypo!sis1 ev5 ?\gh ! fact %\ld prove to h be5 diff]5t1 b mak+ x b5d1 ) a happy pliability1 to all ! div]sities discov]$1 s z at la/1 p]haps1 to acc\nt = circum/ances ! v rev]se ( ^? :i* x 0 orig9ally inv5t$ to expla94 8,i h he>d10 says ,condillac1 8( a philosoph]1 :o _h ! happ9ess ( ?9k+ t he _h discov]$ a pr9ciple1 :i* 0 to expla9 all ! wond]ful ph5om5a ( *emi/ry2 & :o1 9 ! ard\r ( 8 self-congratulation1 ha/5$ to communicate 8 discov]y to a skilful *emi/4 ,! *emi/ _h ! k9dness to li/5 to him1 & !n calmly told him1 t !re 0 b "o un=tunate circum/ance = 8 discov]y1 :i* 01 t ! *emical facts 7 exactly ! rev]se ( :at he _h suppos$4 ,well !n1 said ! philosoph]1 h ! goodness to tell me :at !y are1 t ,i may expla9 !m by my sy/em40#ca ,to ^? :o "k t fondness = conjecture1 :i* may almo/ be said to be a sort ( intellectual appetite1 !re is no?+ 9 all ! wond]s :i* ,swift tells u ( 8 fabl$ ,h\ynhnhms1 t m>ks !m m /rongly z a diff]5t race f mank9d1 ?an ! total abs5ce ( hypo!sis f _! sy/ems ( k4 8,i rememb]10 says ,gulliv]1 8x 0 ) extreme difficulty t ,i c\ld br+ my ma/] to und]/& ! mean+ ( ! ^w op9ion1 or h[ a po9t c\ld be disputable2 because reason taught u to affirm or d5y only :5 we are c]ta92 & beyond our k we _c d ei!r4 ,s t controv]sies1 wrangl+s1 disputes1 & positiv5ess1 9 false or dubi\s propositions1 are evils unkn[n among ! ,h\ynhnhms4 ,9 ! l mann]1 :5 ,i us$ to expla9 to him our sev]al sy/ems ( ,natural ,philosophy1 he w\ld laugh1 t a creature pret5d+ to reason1 %\ld value itself ^u ! k ( o!r p's conjectures1 & 9 ?+s1 :]e t k1 if x 7 c]ta91 c\ld be ( no use4 ,:]e9 he agre$ entirely ) ! s5tim5ts ( ,socrates1 z ,plato deliv]s !m1 :i* ,i m5tion z ! highe/ hon\r ,i c d t ,pr9ce ( philosoph]s4 ,i h (t5 s9ce reflect$ :at de/ruction su* a doctr9e w\ld make 9 ! libr>ies ( ,europe1 & h[ _m pa?s to fame w\ld be !n %ut up 9 ! le>n$ _w40#cb ,:ile ,i wi% to caution y aga9/ a fondness = hypo!ses1 by %ew+ y1 n m]ely t !y are liable to error1--= inquiry1 ( e k9d1 mu/ be s 9 "s degree1--b t1 9 tru?1 !y leave ! real difficulty ( ! succession ( ! obs]v$ consequ5ts to ! obs]v$ antec$5ts z great z be=e1 & only add1 to ! suppos$ difficulty ( expla9+ "o sequ5ce1 ! necessity ( expla9+ a sequ5ce additional1--,i mu/ rem>k1 at ! same "t1 t :at is commonly t]m$ !ory1 9 opposition to hypo!sis1 is f> f be+ s diff]5t f x z is commonly repres5t$1--at lea/1 9 ! v wide application :i* is usually made ( x4 ,we are told1 by ^? :o lay d[n rules ( philosophiz+1 t ! object ( philosophy is1 to obs]ve p>ticul>s1 &1 f ^!1 to frame g5]al laws1 :i* may1 aga91 be appli$ to ! explanation ( p>ticul>s2 & ! view :i* is ?us giv5 ( ! real prov9ce ( philosophy is und\bt$ly a j "o2--b !re is an ambiguity 9 ! language :i* may deceive y1 & ) respect to :i*1 !re=e1 x is necess>y = y to be on y\r gu>d4 ,if1 by ! t]m g5]al law1 be meant ! agreem5t 9 "s common circum/ances ( a numb] ( ev5ts obs]v$1 !re c be no "q t we proce$ safely 9 fram+ x1 & t :at we h already f\nd 9 a numb] ( ev5ts1 mu/ be applicable to t numb] ( ev5ts2 9 ! same mann]1 z1 aft] comb9+ 9 ! t]m animal ! circum/ances 9 :i* a dog1 a horse1 a %eep agree1 we _c err 9 apply+ ! t]m animal to a dog1 a horse1 a %eep4 ,b ! only p>ticul> to :i*1 9 ?is case1 we c1 ) p]fect confid5ce1 apply a g5]al law1 are ! v p>ticul>s t h be5 be=e obs]v$ by u4 ,if x be und]/ood z m g5]al ?an ! circum/ances obs]v$1 &1 !re=e1 capable ( be+ appli$ ) p]fect c]ta9ty to ! explanation ( new ph5om5a1 we evid5tly1 to ! ext5t 9 :i* ! g5]al law is appli$ beyond ! circum/ances obs]v$1 proce$ on m]e supposition1 z truly1 z 9 any hypo!sis :i* we c\ld h fram$2 & ?\gh ! supposition may be m & m c]ta91 9 proportion to ! numb] ( cases ?us g5]aliz$1 & ! abs5ce ( any circum/ance :i* c be suppos$1 9 ! new case1 to be inconsi/5t ) x1 x nev] c am\nt to actual c]ta9ty4 ,let u take1 = example1 "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ cases ( ?is sort4 ,t bodies t5d to ea* o!r1 9 all circum/ances1 ) a =ce increas+ directly z _! quantities1 & inv]sely z ! squ>es ( _! di/ances1 may seem 9 ! highe/ degree probable inde$1 f ! innum]able facts obs]v$ on our globe1 & 9 ! magnific5t ext5t ( ! planet>y movem5ts2 b x _c be said to be c]ta9 at all di/ances1 9 :i* we h nev] _h an opportunity ( mak+ obs]vations1--z x seems to be v]ifi$ 9 ! heights ( our atmosph]e1 & 9 ! di/ances ( ! planets1 9 _! orbits1 f ! sun1 & f ea* o!r4 ,x is n necess>y1 h[ev]1 to ref]1 = possible exceptions1 to spaces t are beyond our obs]vation2 s9ce1 on ! surface ( our own e>?1 !re is abundant evid5ce1 t ! law does n hold univ]sally4 ,e quiesc5t mass t is capable ( great] compression1 & ( :i* ! p>ticles1 !re=e1 be=e t compression1 are n 9 absolute contact1 %ews suffici5tly1 t ! pr9ciple ( attraction1 :i*1 ( itself1 w\ld h br\ght !m into actual contact1 mu/ h ceas$ to op]ate1 :ile !re 0 /ill a space betwe5 ! p>ticles t w\ld h all[$ its free op]ation2 &1 9 ! ph5om5a ( ela/icity1 & impulse 9 g5]al1 x has n m]ely ceas$1 b is actually rev]s$1--! bodies :i*1 at all visible di/ances1 exhibit$ a reciprocal attraction1 n[ exhibit+ a reciprocal repulsion1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* !y mutually fly (f1 z readily z !y be=e approa*$1--t is to say1 ! t5d5cy ( bodies to ea* o!r be+ conv]t$ into a t5d5cy f ea* o!r1 by a m]e *ange ( di/ance1 s slight z to be almo/ inappreciable4 ,:5 a ball reb\nds f ! e>?1 t[>d :i* x mov$ rapidly be=e1 & ! gravitat+ t5d5cy is ?us evid5tly rev]s$1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( any =eign =ce1 :at eye1 ?\gh x be aid$ by all ! nice/ app>atus ( optical art1 c discov] ! l9es :i* sep>ate ^? inf9itesimal diff]5ces ( proximity1 at :i* ! p>ticles ( ! ball /ill cont9ue to gravitate t[>d ! e>?1 & are aft]w>ds driv5 f x 9 an opposite direction2--yet ! ph5om5on itself is a suffici5t pro(1 t 9 ^! spaces1 :i* seem1 to our organs ( s5se1 s completely ! same1 t x is absolutely impossible = u to di/+ui% !m1 ! reciprocal t5d5cies ( ! p>ticles ( ! ball & ( ! e>? are z truly opposite1 z if ! laws ( gravitation _h1 at ! mom5t at :i* ! reb\nd beg9s1 be5 rev]s$ ?r\gh ! :ole sy/em ( ! univ]se4 ,x is1 inde$1 sc>cely possible to imag9e a m /rik+ pro( ( ! dang] ( ext5d+1 ) too great c]ta9ty1 a g5]al law1 ?an ?is in/ant conv]sion ( attraction into repulsion1 )\t ! addition ( any new bodies1 )\t any *ange 9 ! nature ( ! bodies !mselves1 & a *ange ( _! circum/ances s v slight1 z to be absolutely indi/+ui%able1 b = ! opposite motions t result f x1 ) a *ange ( _! circum/ances4 ,aft] obs]v+ ! gravity ( bodies1 at all heights ( our atmosph]e1 & ext5d+ our survey ?r\gh ! wide spaces ( our sol> sy/em1--comput+ ! t5d5cy ( ! planets to ! sun1 & _! di/urb+ =ces1 z !y op]ate on ea* o!r1--& f9d+ ! result+ motions exactly to correspond ) ^? :i* we _h pr$ict$ by !ory2--9 ^! circum/ances1 aft] an exam9ation s ext5sive1 if we _h affirm$1 z an univ]sal law ( matt]1 t1 at all di/ances1 bodies t5d t[>d ea* o!r1 we %\ld h consid]$ ! wid5ess ( ! induction1 z ju/ify+ ! affirmation2 & yet1 ev5 9 ?is case1 we f9d1 on ! surface ( our e>?1 9 ! mutual %ocks ( bodies1 & 9 _! v re/1 suffici5t evid5ce1 t1 9 mak+ ! univ]sal affirmation1 we %\ld h reason$ falsely4 ,!re is no !ory1 !n1 :i*1 if appli$ to ! explanation ( new ph5om5a1 is n1 to a c]ta9 degree1 conjectural2 because x mu/ proce$ on ! supposition1 t :at 0 true 9 c]ta9 circum/ances1 is true also 9 circum/ances t h n be5 obs]v$4 ,x admits ( c]ta9ty1 only :5 x is appli$ to ! v sub/ances obs]v$1--9 ! v circum/ances obs]v$1--9 :i* case1 x may be /rictly said to be no?+ m ?an ! application ( a g5]al t]m to ! p>ticul>s1 :i* we h be=e agre$ to compreh5d 9 x4 ,:atev] is m ?an ?is is truly hypo!tical1--! diff]5ce be+1 t we commonly give ! "n ( hypo!sis to cases1 9 :i* we suppose ! int]v5tion ( "s sub/ance1 ( ! exi/5ce ( :i*1 z pres5t 9 ! ph5om5on1 we h no direct pro(1 or ( "s additional quality ( a sub/ance be=e unobs]v$1--& ! "n ( !ory to cases1 :i* d n suppose ! exi/5ce ( any sub/ance1 t is n actually obs]v$1 or ( any quality t has n be5 actually obs]v$1 b m]ely ! cont9uance1 9 c]ta9 new circum/ances1 ( t5d5cies obs]v$ 9 o!r circum/ances4 ,?us1 if a planet 7 discov]$ revolv+ 9 ! space :i* sep>ates ! orbits ( any two planets at pres5t kn[n1 7 we to suppose ( matt]1 9 ?is new situation1 t x w\ld be subject to ! same exact law ( gravitation1 to :i* ! o!r planets 7 kn[n to be subject1 & to pr$ict its place 9 ! heav5s1 at any "t1 accord+ to ?is law1 we %\ld be said to =m a !ory ( its motions2 z we %\ld n take = grant$1 any new quality ( a sub/ance1 or ! exi/5ce ( any sub/ance1 :i* 0 n evid5tly pres5t1 b only ( t5d5cies obs]v$ be=e 9 o!r circum/ances1--analog\s inde$1 b n absolutely ! same4 ,we %\ld be said to =m an hypo!sis on ! subject1 if1 mak+ ! same pr$iction1 z to its motions1 & place 9 ! heav5s1 at any giv5 "t1 we 7 to ascribe ! c5tripetal t5d5cy1 :i* conf9es x )9 its orbit1 to ! impulse ( e!r1 or to any o!r me*anical cause4 ,! t]ms1 h[ev]1 ,i mu/ confess1 ?\gh ! di/9ction :i* ,i h n[ /at$ w\ld be1 9 all cases1 a v conv5i5t "o1 are us$ v loosely1 n 9 conv]sation m]ely1 b 9 ! writ+s ( philosoph]s1--an hypo!sis (t5 mean+ no?+ m ?an a !ory1 to :i* we h n giv5 our ass5t1--& a !ory1 an hypo!sis :i* we h adopt$1 or /ill m1 "o :i* we h =m$ ourselves4 ,a !ory1 !n1 ev5 9 t be/ s5se1 to :i* ,i wi% x accurately conf9$1 z (t5 z x v5tures a s+le hair-bread? beyond ! l9e ( =m] obs]vation1 may be wrong1 z an hypo!sis may be wrong4 ,b1 9 a !ory1 9 ?is s5se ( x1 !re are bo? less risk ( error1 & less ext5sive evil f error1 ?an 9 an hypo!sis4 ,!re is less risk ( error1 because we speak only ( ! prop]ties ( bodies1 t mu/ be all[$ actually to exi/2 & ! evil ( error is1 = ! same reason1 less ext5sive1 s9ce x mu/ be conf9$ to ?is s+le po9t2 :]eas1 if we 7 to imag9e falsely ! pres5ce ( "s ?ird sub/ance1 our supposition might involve z _m errors1 z t sub/ance has qualities2 s9ce we %\ld be l$ to suppose1 & expect1 "s or all ( ! o!r consequ5ces1 :i* usually att5d x1 :5 really pres5t4 ,! practical conclusion to be drawn f all ?is v long discussion1 is1 t we %\ld use hypo!ses to sugge/ & direct inquiry1 n to t]m9ate or sup]s$e x2 & t1 9 !oriz+1--z ! *ance ( error1 9 ! application ( a g5]al law1 dim9i%es1 9 proportion to ! numb] ( analog\s cases1 9 :i* x is obs]v$ to hold1--we %\ld n =m any g5]al proposition1 till aft] z wide an induction1 z x is possible = u to make2 &1 9 ! subsequ5t application ( x to p>ticul>s1 %\ld nev] cont5t ourselves1 9 any new circum/ances1 ) ! m]e probability1 h[ev] high1 :i* ?is application ( x af=ds2 :ile x is possible = u to v]ify1 or disprove x1 by actual exp]im5t4 ,,footnotes3 #cj ,on ! ,p[]s ( ! ,human ,m9d1 ,essay vi4 ,*ap4 viii4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #ccd4 #hvo4 edit4 #ca ,traite des ,sy/emes1 *ap4 xii4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #cgb4 #cb ,travels1 ,"p iv1 *ap4 #h4 ,swift's ,works1 edit4 ,ni*ols1 ,vol4 ix4 p4 #cjj4 ,,lecture ,,ix4 ,,recapitulation ,,( ,,! ,,f\r ,,prec$+ ,,lectures2 ,,& ,,application ,,( ,,! ,,laws ,,( ,,physical ,,inquiry ,,to ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,m9d1 ,,comm5c$4 ,= sev]al ,lectures1 ,g5tlem51 we h be5 employ$ 9 consid]+ ! objects t are to be _h 9 view1 9 ,physical ,inquiry 9 g5]al1 a cle> conception ( :i* seems to me z ess5tial to ! ,philosophy ( ,m9d1 z to ! ,philosophy ( ,matt]4 ,i %\ld n[ proce$ to apply ^! g5]al rem>ks m p>ticul>ly to our own sci5ce2 b1 be=e do+ ?is1 x may be ( advantage to retrace slightly our /eps 9 ! progress already made4 ,all inquiry1 ) respect to ! v>i\s sub/ances 9 nature1 we h se51 mu/ reg>d !m z !y exi/ 9 space1 or z !y exi/ 9 "t1--! inquiry1 9 ! "o case1 be+ into _! composition2 ! inquiry1 9 ! o!r case1 into ! *anges :i* !y exhibit4 ,! fir/ ( ^! views we f\nd to be v simple1 hav+1 = its object1 only ! discov]y ( :at is actually be=e u at ! mom5t1--:i*1 !re=e1 if we _h be5 end[$ ) s5ses ( great] delicacy & acut5ess1 we might h kn[n1 )\t any inquiry :atev]4 ,x is ! inve/igation ( ! elem5ts1 or sep>ate bodies1 t exi/ toge!r1 9 ! sub/ances :i* we consid]$1 or r t con/itute ! sub/ances :i* we consid]$1 by occupy+ ! space :i* we assign to ! "o imag9>y aggregate1 & are reg>d$ by u z "o sub/ance1--n f any absolute unity :i* !y h 9 nature1 s9ce ! elem5t>y atoms1 h[ev] cont9u\s or ne>1 h an exi/5ce z truly sep>ate & indep5d5t1 z if !y _h be5 creat$ at ! di/ance ( worlds1--b f a unity1 t is relative only to our incapacity ( di/+ui%+ !m z sep>ate4 ,x is to ! imp]fection ( our s5ses1 !n1 t ?is fir/ division ( ,physical ,inquiry owes its orig92 & its mo/ complete results c\ld enable u to discov] only1 :at has be5 be=e our eyes f ! mom5t ( our bir?4 ,! second division ( inquiry1--t :i* relates to ! successions ( ph5om5a 9 "t1--we f\nd1 h[ev]1 to h a diff]5t orig92 s9ce ! utmo/ p]fection ( our m]e s5ses c\ld %[ u only :at is1 at ! mom5t ( p]ception1 n :at has be51 nor :at w be2 & !re is no?+ 9 any qualities ( bodies p]ceiv$ by u1 :i*1 )\t exp]i5ce1 c\ld enable u to pr$ict ! *anges t are to occur 9 !m4 ,! f\ndation ( all inquiry1 ) respect to ph5om5a z successive1 we f\nd to be t mo/ important law1 or orig9al t5d5cy1 ( our nature1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* we n m]ely p]ceive ! *anges exhibit$ to u at "o p>ticul> mom5t1 b f ?is p]ception1 are l$ irresi/ibly to believe1 t simil> *anges h con/antly tak5 place1 9 all simil> circum/ances1 & w con/antly take place1 z (t5 z ! future circum/ances %all be exactly simil> to ! pres5t4 ,we h5ce consid] ev5ts1 n z casually antec$5t & consequ5t1 b z inv>iably antec$5t & consequ5t1--or1 9 o!r words1 z causes & effects2 & we give ! "n ( p[] to ?is p]man5t relation ( ! inv>iable antec$5t to its inv>iable consequ5t4 ,! p[]s ( sub/ances1 !n1 conc]n+ :i* s _m vague1 & confus$1 & my/]i\s notions prevail1 are only ano!r "n = ! sub/ances !mselves1 9 relation to o!r sub/ances1--n any ?+ sep>ate f !m & int]m$iate1--z ! =m ( a body1 conc]n+ :i* too1 = _m ages1 notions z vague & my/]i\s prevail$1 is n any ?+ diff]5t f ! body1 b is only ! body itself1 consid]$ accord+ to ! relative position ( its elem5ts4 ,=m is ! relation ( imm$iate proximity1 :i* bodies be> to ea* o!r 9 space2--p[] is ! relation ( imm$iate & uni=m proximity1 :i* ev5ts be> to ea* o!r 9 "t2 & ! relation1 f> f be+ diff]5t1 z is commonly suppos$1 :5 appli$ to matt] & to _s1 is precisely ! same 9 k9d1 :e!r ! ev5ts1 ( :i* we ?9k1 be mat]ial or immat]ial4 ,x is ( inv>iable antec$5ce t we speak alike 9 bo? cases1 & ( inv>iable antec$5ce only4 ,:5 we say1 t a magnet has ! p[] ( attract+ iron1 we mean only1 t a magnet _c be br\ght ne> iron1 )\t ! in/ant motion ( ! iron t[>ds x4 ,:5 we say1 9 treat+ ( m5tal influ5ce1 t man1 9 ! ord9>y circum/ances ( heal?1 & :5 free f any =eign re/ra9t1 has ! p[] ( mov+ 8 h&1 we mean only1 t1 9 ^! circum/ances1 he _c w to move 8 h&1 )\t its consequ5t motion4 ,:5 we speak ( ! omnipot5ce ( ! ,supreme ( ,be+s1--:o is ! f\nta9 ( all p[]1 z he is ! f\nta9 ( all exi/5ce1--we mean only1 t ! univ]se arose at 8 comm&1 z its in/ant consequ5ce1 & t :atev] he wills to exi/ or p]i%1 exi/s1 or is no m4 ,?is simple view ( p[]1 z ! m]e antec$5t sub/ance itself1 9 its relation to its imm$iate & inv>iable consequ5ces1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( any my/]i\s tie1--s9ce !re surely c be no?+ 9 nature1 b all ! sub/ances :i* exi/ 9 nature1--x 0 necess>y to illu/rate1 at great l5g?1 9 consequ5ce ( ! v false notions1 t are g5]ally1 or1 ,i may say1 univ]sally preval5t on ! subject4 ,! illu/ration1 ,i am aw>e1 mu/1 to _m ( y1 h appe>$ v t$i\s1 & a suffici5t exemplification ( t lic5se ( exhau/+ occasionally y\r att5tion1 & p]haps1 too1 y\r pati5ce1 ( :i* ,i claim$ ! "r ( ex]cise1 :5ev] x %\ld appe> to me necess>y1 to make any important1 b ab/ract tru? famili> to y\r m9d4 ,i %all n regret1 h[ev]1 any tempor>y feel+ ( we>9ess :i* ,i may h occasion$1 by dwell+ on ?is great fundam5tal subject1 if ,i h succe$$ 9 mak+ famili> to y\r m9ds1 ! tru?s :i* ,i wi%$ to impress on !m1 & h fre$ y f ^? false notions ( occult & un9telligible ag5cy 9 causes1--z some?+ diff]5t f ! m]e causes or antec$5ts !mselves1--:i* appe> to me to h ret>d$1 9 a v s+ul> degree1 ! progress ( philosophy1--n m]ely1 by habituat+ ! m9d to acquiesce 9 ! use ( language1 to :i* x truly affixes no mean+1 ?\gh ev5 ?is evil is "o ( v s]i\s injury 9 its g5]al effects1--b by misdirect+ its inquiries1 & lead+ x1 f ! simplicity ( nature1--9 :i* e glance is tru?1 & e /ep is progress1--to bewild] itself1 ) ! v]bal my/]ies ( ! s*ools1 :]e !re is no refre%m5t ( tru? to ! eye1 t is we>i$ ) w&]+ only f %ad[ to %ad[1--& :]e !re is all ! fatigue ( cont9ual progress1 )\t ! advance ( a s+le /ep4 ,ev5 ^? philosoph]s1 :o h _h ! wisdom to p]ceive1 t man c nev] discov] any ?+ 9 ! ph5om5a ( nature1 b a succession ( ev5ts1 t foll[ ea* o!r 9 regul> s]ies1--& :o1 accord+ly1 recomm5d ! obs]vation & arrangem5t ( ^! regul> antec$5ts & consequ5ts1 z ! only atta9able objects ( philosophy1 yet f\nd ?is v advice1 on ! di/9ction ( :at !y h t]m$ effici5t causes1 z diff]5t f ! physical causes1 or simple antec$5ts1 to :i* !y advise u to devote our :ole att5tion4 ,!re are c]ta9 secret causes1 !y say1 cont9ually op]at+ 9 ! production ( e *ange :i* we obs]ve1 & causes :i* alone des]ve ! "n ( effici5t2 b !y are1 at ! same "t1 c>eful to tell u1 t1 al?\gh ^! causes are con/antly op]at+ be=e u1 & are all :i* are truly act+ be=e u1 we mu/ n hope1 t we %all ev] be able to detect "o ( !m2 & inde$1 ! prohibition ( e attempt to discov] ! effici5t causes ( ph5om5a1--repeat$ 9 endless v>ieties ( precept or repro(1--is ! f\ndation ( all _! rules ( philosophiz+2 z if ! v in=mation1--t :at we are to consid] exclusively1 9 ! ph5om5a ( nature1 is f> less important1 ?an :at we are /udi\sly to omit1--7 n1 ( itself1 m p[]ful1 9 /imulat+ our curiosity to attempt ! =bidd5 se>*1 ?an any prohibition c\ld be 9 repress+ x4 8,felix qui potuit r]um cognosc]e causas40 ,?is w =ev] be ! feel+ ( ! inquir]1 :ile he ?9ks t !re are any causes1 m ?an ^?1 :i* he has already inve/igat$4 ,ev5 ,newton himself1 t sage/ ( obs]v]s & reason]s1 :o c\ld say1 ) ! simplicity ( pure philosophy1 8,hypo!ses non f+o40 yet %[$1 z we h se51 by "o ( ! mo/ hypo!tical ( 8 ,qu]ies1 t he 0 n exempt f ! error :i* he wi%$ to disc\rage--t inord9ate love ( ! unkn[n1 :i* mu/ always lead ^?1 :o believe t !re is some?+ int]m$iate & undiscov]$ truly exi/+ betwe5 ev5ts1 to feel ! anxi\s dissatisfaction ( incomplete inquiry1 9 consid]+ ! m]e antec$5ts & consequ5ts :i* nature exhibits1 & to turn1 !re=e1 z if = com=t1 to any ?ird circum/ance1 :i* c be introduc$1 )\t obvi\s absurdity1 z a sort ( connect+ l9k1 betwe5 ! pairs ( ev5ts4 ,to suppose t ! m9d %\ld n h ?is disposition1 w\ld1 inde$1 be to suppose x void ( t pr9ciple ( curiosity1 )\t :i* !re c be no inquiry ( any k9d4 ,he :o c\ld believe1 t1 betwe5 all ! visible ph5om5a1 !re are c]ta9 invisible ag5cies cont9ually op]at+1 :i* h z real an exi/5ce z all t he p]ceives1 & c\ld yet cont5t himself ) numb]+ ! visible ph5om5a1 & giv+ !m names1 )\t any endeav\r to discov] ! int]v5+ p[]s1 by :i* he is con/antly surr\nd$1 or at lea/ to =m "s slight guess1 z to t univ]sal ma*9]y1 by :i* he conceiv$ all ! wond]s ( nature to be wr\ght1 mu/ be a be+ z diff]5t f ! common intellectual be+s ( ?is e>?1 z ! p]fect sage ( ! ,/oics f ! frail creatures1 ( m+l$ vice & virtue1 t live & err ar\nd u4 ,t1 9 consid]+ ! ph5om5a ( nature1 we %\ld conf9e our att5tion to ! m]e antec$5ts & consequ5ts1 :i* succe$ ea* o!r 9 regul> s]ies1 is unque/ionably ! s\nde/ advice t c be giv54 ,b x is s\nd advice1 = ?is reason m ?an any o!r1 t ! regul> s]ies is1 9 tru?1 all t con/itutes ! ph5om5a1 & t to se>* = any ?+ m1 is n to h an unatta9able object 9 view1 b to h no conceivable object :atev]4 ,!n only c ! inquir] be expect$ to cont5t himself ) obs]v+ & class+ ! sequ5ces1 :i* nature pres5ts to u spontane\sly1 or 9 ob$i5ce to our art1 :5 he is conv9c$1 t all ! sub/ances :i* exi/ 9 ! univ]se--,god & ! ?+s :i* he has creat$--are e ?+ :i* truly exi/s 9 ! univ]se1 to :i* no?+ c be add$1 :i* is n itself a new sub/ance2 t !re c be no?+ 9 ! ev5ts ( nature1 !re=e1 b ! antec$5ts & consequ5ts :i* are pres5t 9 !m2 & t ^!1 accord+ly1 or no?+1 are ! v causes & effects1 :i* he is desir\s ( inve/igat+4 ,aft] ?is exam9ation ( ! notions connect$ ) ! uni=m successions ( ev5ts1 our att5tion 0 next turn$ to ! nature & orig9 ( hypo!tical inquiry1 :i* we f\nd reason to ascribe to ! imp]fection ( our s5ses1 t r5d]s x impossible = u to "k :e!r we h obs]v$ ! :ole tra9 ( sequ5ces 9 any ph5om5on1 f our inability to di/+ui% ! v>i\s elem5ts t may be ! subjects ( m9ute *anges unobs]v$4 ,we are h5ce eag] to supply1 by a little guess-"w ( fancy1 ! p>ts unobs]v$1 & suppose defici5cies 9 our obs]vation :]e !re may truly h be5 none2 till at l5g?1 by ?is habitual process1 e ph5om5on becomes1 to our imag9ation1 ! sign ( some?+ int]m$iate z its cause1 ! discov]y ( :i* is to be an explanation ( ! ph5om5on4 ,! m]e succession ( "o ev5t to ano!r appe>s1 to u1 v difficult to be conceiv$1 because x wants t int]v5+ some?+1 :i* we h le>n$ to consid] z a cause2 b !re seems to be no long] any my/]y1 if we c only suppose some?+ int]v5+ betwe5 !m1 & c ?us succe$ 9 d\bl+ ! difficulty1 :i* we flatt] ourselves ) hav+ remov$2 s9ce1 by ! ins]tion ( ano!r l9k1 we mu/ n[ h two sequ5ces ( ev5ts in/ead ( "o simple sequ5ce4 ,?is t5d5cy ( ! imag9ation to =m & re/ on hypo!ses1--or1 9 o!r words1 to suppose sub/ances pres5t & op]at+1 ( ! exi/5ce ( :i* we h no direct pro(1--we f\nd to be "o great s\rce ( error 9 our practice ( philosophiz+4 ,ano!r s\rce ( error1 we f\nd to be ! too great ext5sion ( :at are t]m$ g5]al laws2 :i* ?\gh a less error 9 itself1 is yet1 9 "o respect1 m dang]\s ?an ! =m]2 because x is ! error ( bett] und]/&+s1--( und]/&+s t w\ld n readily fall into ! extravagant follies ( hypo!ses1 b ackn[l$ge ! ess5tial importance ( induction1 & ?9k !y are proce$+ on x )\t ! slighte/ deviation1 almo/ at ! v mom5t :5 !y are ab&on+ x = conjecture4 ,to obs]ve ! regul> s]ies ( antec$5ts & consequ5ts1 & to class ^! z simil> or dissimil>1 are all :i* philosoph]s c d ) complete c]ta9ty4 ,b !re is a con/ant t5d5cy 9 ! m9d1 to conv]t a g5]al law into an univ]sal law1--to suppose1 aft] a wide induction1 t :at is true ( _m sub/ances t h a v /rik+ analogy1 is z c]ta9ly true ( all t h ?is /rik+ analogy1--& t :at is true ( !m 9 c]ta9 circum/ances1 is true ( !m 9 all circum/ances1--or1 at lea/1 9 all circum/ances :i* are n rem>kably diff]5t4 ,! wide/ induction :i* we c make1 h[ev]1 is /ill limit$ 9 its nature2 &1 ?\gh we may h obs]v$ sub/ances 9 _m situations1 !re may be "s new situations1 9 :i* ! ev5t may be diff]5t1 or ev51 p]haps1 ! v rev]se ( t :i* we %\ld h pr$ict$1 by reason+ f ! m]e analogy ( o!r circum/ances4 ,x appe>$ to me necess>y1 !re=e1 9 consequ5ce ( ! v ambigu\s mann] 9 :i* writ]s on ?is high] bran* ( logic speak ( reason+ f g5]al laws to p>ticul>s1 to w>n y1 t ! application to p>ticul>s c be made ) c]ta9ty1 only to ! v p>ticul>s be=e obs]v$ & g5]aliz$1--& t1 h[ev] analog\s o!r p>ticul>s may seem1 ! application ( ! g5]al law to !m admits only ( probability1 :i* may1 inde$1 z ! induction has be5 wid]1 & ! circum/ances ( obs]v$ analogy m num]\s1 approa* m or less to c]ta9ty1 b mu/ always be %ort ( x1 ev5 9 its ne>e/ approximation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,su*1 !n1 is physical inquiry1 bo? z to its objects1 & its mode ( proc$ure1 p>ticul>ly z x reg>ds ! univ]se )\t2 & ! laws :i* regulate our inquiry 9 ! int]nal _w ( ?\ght are1 9 e respect1 simil>4 ,! same great objects are to be _h 9 view1 & no o!r1--! analysis ( :at is complex1 & ! obs]vation & arrangem5t ( ! sequ5ces ( ph5om5a1 z respectively antec$5t & consequ5t4 ,9 ?is respect1 also1 ,i may rem>k1 ! philosophy ( matt] & ! philosophy ( m9d completely agree--t1 9 bo? equally1 our k is conf9$ to ! ph5om5a :i* !y exhibit4 ,we give ! "n ( matt] to ! unkn[n cause ( v>i\s feel+s1 :i*1 by ! con/itution ( our nature1 x is impossible = u n to ref] to some?+ ext]nal z _! cause4 ,:at x is1 indep5d5t ( our p]ception1 we "k n2 b z ! subject ( our p]ception1 we reg>d x z t :i* is ext5d$1 & consequ5tly divisible1 imp5etrable1 mobile2 & ^! qualities1 or :atev] o!r qualities we may ?9k necess>y to include = express+ ! p>ticul> sub/ances t affect our s5ses v>i\sly1 con/itute our :ole def9ition ( matt]1 because1 9 tru?1 !y con/itute our :ole k ( x4 ,to suppose u to "k :at x is 9 itself1 9 absolute indep5d5ce ( our p]ception1 w\ld be manife/ly absurd3 s9ce x is only by our p]ception1--t is to say1 by ! feel+s ( our m9d1--t x c be kn[n to u at all2 & ^! m]e feel+s ( ! m9d mu/ dep5d1 at lea/1 z mu* on ! laws ( ! m9d affect$1 z on ! laws ( ! sub/ance t affects x4 ,:atev] k we may acquire ( x1 !re=e1 is relative only1 & mu/ be relative 9 all circum/ances2 ?\gh1 in/ead ( ! few s5ses :i* connect u ) x at pres5t1 we 7 end[$ ) z _m s5ses z !re are1 p]haps1 qualities ( matt]1 ! nature ( :i* we are at pres5t incapable ( di/+ui%+2--! only effect ( su* increas$ numb] ( s5ses be+1 to r5d] m qualities ( matt] kn[n to u1 n to make matt] kn[n to u 9 its v ess5ce1 z x exi/s )\t relation to m9d4 8,tell me10 says ,micromegas1 an inhabitant ( "o ( ! planets ( ! ,dog ,/>1 to ! secret>y ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces 9 ! planet ,saturn1 at :i* he _h rec5tly arriv$ 9 a j\rney ?r\gh ! heav5s1--8,tell me1 h[ _m s5ses h ! m5 on y\r globe80--,i quote1 z p]haps ! "n has already in=m$ y f an +5i\s philosophic romance ( ,voltaire1 :o1 f v>i\s allusions 9 ! "w1 has evid5tly _h ,font5elle1 ! illu/ri\s secret>y ( ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 9 view1 9 ! picture :i* he gives ( ! ,saturnian secret>y4--8,we h sev5ty-two s5ses10 answ]$ ! academician1 8& we are1 e day1 compla9+ ( ! smallness ( ! numb]4 ,our imag9ation goes f> beyond our wants4 ,:at are sev5ty-two s5ses6 & h[ pitiful a b\nd>y1 ev5 = be+s ) su* limit$ p]ceptions1 to be coop$ up )9 our r+1 & our five moons6 ,9 spite ( our curiosity1 & 9 spite ( z _m passions z c result f six doz5 ( s5ses1 we f9d our h\rs hang v heavily on our h&s1 & c always f9d "t en\gh = yawn+40--8,i c v well believe x10 says ,micromegas1 8=1 9 our globe1 we h v ne> "o ?\s& s5ses2 & yet1 ) all ^!1 we feel cont9ually a sort ( li/less inquietude & vague desire1 :i* are =ev] tell+ u t we are no?+1 & t !re are be+s inf9itely ne>] p]fection4 ,i h travell$ a good deal 9 ! univ]se4 ,i h se5 _m classes ( mortals f> b5ea? u1 & _m z mu* sup]ior2 b ,i h nev] _h ! good =tune to f9d any1 :o _h n always m desires ?an real necessities to occupy _! life4--,&1 pray1 h[ long may y ,saturnians live ) y\r few s5ses80 cont9u$ ! ,sirian4--8,ah6 b a v %ort "t1 inde$60 said ! little man ( ,saturn1 ) a sigh4--8,x is ! same ) u10 said ! travell]2 8we are =ev] compla9+ ( ! %ortness ( life4 ,x mu/ be an univ]sal law ( nature40--8,alas60 said ! ,saturnian1 8we live only five hundr$ great revolutions ( ! sun 7:i* is pretty mu* ab\t fifte5 ?\s& ye>s ( our c\nt+47 ,y see well1 t ?is is to die almo/ ! mom5t "o is born4 ,our exi/5ce is a po9t--our duration an in/ant--our globe an atom4 ,sc>cely h we begun to pick up a little k1 :5 dea? ru%es 9 ^u u1 be=e we c h acquir$ any ?+ l exp]i5ce4 ,z = me1 ,i _c v5ture ev5 to ?9k ( any project4 ,i feel myself b l a drop ( wat] 9 ! ocean2 &1 especially n[1 :5 ,i look to y & to myself1 ,i really feel q a%am$ ( ! ridicul\s appe>ance :i* ,i make 9 ! univ]se40 8,if ,i did n "k t y 7 a philosoph]10 repli$ ,micromegas1 8,i %\ld be afraid ( di/ress+ y1 :5 ,i tell y1 t our life is sev5 hundr$ times long] ?an y\rs4--,b :at is ev5 t8 &1 :5 we come to ! la/ mom5t1 to h liv$ a s+le day1 & to h liv$ a :ole et]nity1 am\nt to ! v same ?+4 ,i h be5 9 c\ntries :]e !y live a ?\s& times long] ?an ) u2 & ,i h always f\nd !m murmur+1 j z we d ourselves4--,b y h sev5ty-two s5ses1 & !y mu/ h told y some?+ ab\t y\r globe4 ,h[ _m prop]ties has matt] ) y80--8,if y mean ess5tial prop]ties10 said ! ,saturnian1 8)\t :i* our globe c\ld n subsi/1 we c\nt ?ree hundr$1 ext5sive1 imp5etrable1 mobile1 gravitation1 divisibility1 & s =?40--8,t small numb]10 repli$ ! gigantic travell]1 8may be suffici5t = ! views :i* ! ,creator mu/ h _h ) respect to y\r n>r[ habitation4 ,y\r globe is little2 its inhabitants are s too4 ,y h few s5ses2 y\r matt] has few qualities4 ,9 all ?is1 ,provid5ce has suit$ y mo/ happily to ea* o!r40 8,! academician 0 m & m a/oni%$ ) e ?+ :i* ! travell] told him4 ,at l5g?1 aft] communicat+ to ea* o!r a little ( :at !y knew1 & a great deal ( :at !y knew n1 & reason+1 z well & z ill1 z philosoph]s usually d1 !y resolv$ to set out toge!r1 on a little t\r ( ! univ]se40#cc ,t1 ) ! "o ?\s& s5ses ( ! ,sirian1 or ev5 ! sev5ty-two s5ses ( ! inhabitant ( ,saturn1 our notions ( matt] w\ld be v diff]5t f :at !y are at pres5t1 _c be d\bt$2 s9ce we %\ld assign to x qualities1 correspond+ ) all ! v>ieties ( our six doz5 or "o ?\s& classes ( s5sations4 ,b1 ev5 ) all ^! s5sations1 x is evid5t1 t we %\ld /ill "k z little ( matt]1 indep5d5t ( ! ph5om5a :i* x exhibits 9 relation to u1 z we "k1 at ?is mom5t4 ,our def9ition ( x w\ld compreh5d m ph5om5a2 b x w\ld /ill be a def9ition ( its ph5om5a only4 ,we might p]haps be able to fill up ! ,saturnian catalogue ( ?ree hundr$ ess5tial prop]ties1 b ^! w\ld be /ill only ! relations ( matt] to our own p]ception4 ,a *ange 9 ! m]e susceptibility ( our organs ( s5se1 or ( our s5ti5t m9d1 w\ld be relatively to u1 l a *ange 9 ! :ole sy/em ( ?+s1 communicat+1 z x 71 new prop]ties to e object ar\nd u4 ,a s+le s5se additional1 9 man1 might ?us be to ext]nal nature1 l ! creation ( ! sun1 :5 he fir/ bur/ ^u x 9 spl5d\r1 8l ! god ( ! new _w10 & p\r+ e :]e 8 own effulg5cy1 seem$ to %$ on x ! v beauties :i* he only reveal$4 ,if our k ( matt] be relative only1 our k ( m9d is equally s4 ,we "k x only z susceptible ( feel+s t h already exi/$1 & its susceptibilities ( feel+s :i* h n aris51 b :i* may1 9 o!r circum/ances1 arise1 we "k z little1 z ! bl9d c be suppos$ to "k ( col\rs1 or z we1 ) all our s5ses1 "k ( ! qualities :i* matt] might exhibit to u1 if our own organization 7 diff]5t4 ,( ! ess5ce ( m9d1 !n1 we "k no?+1 b 9 relation to ! /ates or feel+s t =m1 or h =m$1 our mom5t>y consci\sness4 ,our k is n absolute b relative2 ?\gh1 ,i mu/ confess1 t ! t]m relative is appli$1 9 an unusual mann]1 :51 z 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 ! relative & correlative are ! same4 ,x is unque/ionably ! same individual m9d1 :i*1 9 intellectual inve/igation1 is at once ! object & ! obs]v]4 ,b ! noble end[m5t ( memory1 ) :i* our ,creator has bless$ u1 solves all ! my/]y ( ?is s+ul> p>adox4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is "o faculty1 our m9d1 simple & indivisible z x truly is1 is1 z x 7 multipli$ & ext5d$1 exp&+ itself ov] t long s]ies ( s5sations & emotions1 9 :i* x seems to live aga91 & to live ) _m lives4 ,b = memory1 !re c be no "q t ! relation ( ?\ght to ?\ght c\ld n h be5 p]ceiv$2 & t h5ce !re c\ld h be5 no philosophy :atev]1 intellectual or moral1 physical or metaphysical4 ,to ?is wond]ful end[m5t1 !n1 :i* gives u ! pa/ to comp>e ) ! pres5t1 we owe t mo/ wond]ful ( relations1 ( :i* ! same be+ is at once ! object & ! subject1 contemplat+ itself1 9 ! same mann]1 z x ca/s its view on objects t are di/ant f x1 comp>+ ?\ght ) ?\ght1 emotion ) emotion1 approv+ its own moral actions1 ) ! complac5cy ) :i* x looks on ! virtues ( ^? :om x admires & loves1 9 ! mo/ remote nation or age1 or pass+ s5t5ce on itself1 z if on a wret* :om x loa!d1 t 0 trembl+ ) consci\s del9qu5cy1 "u ! inquisition ( a sev]e & all-kn[+ judge4 ,! pa/ feel+s ( ! m9d1 !n1 are1 z x 71 objects pres5t to ! m9d itself1 & acquire1 ?us truly1 a sort ( relative exi/5ce1 :i* enables u to class ! ph5om5a ( our own spiritual be+ z we class ! ph5om5a ( ! _w )\t4 ,! m9d is t :i* we "k to h be5 susceptible ( all ! v>iety ( feel+s :i* we rememb]2 & x is only z x is susceptible ( all ^! v>ieties ( feel+1 t we c h any k ( x4 ,we def9e x !re=e1 by /at+ its v>i\s susceptibilities1 includ+ m or few] ( ^!1 9 our def9ition1 z we may ei!r h obs]v$ or rememb]$ m or less1 or g5]aliz$ m or less :at we h obs]v$ & rememb]$2 precisely z 9 our def9ition ( matt]1 we include m or few] qualities1 accord+ to ! ext5t ( our previ\s obs]vation & arrangem5t4 ,t we "k matt]1 only z relative to our own susceptibility ( be+ affect$ by x1 does n less5 ! value ( ! k ( x1 :i* we are able to acquire2 &1 inde$1 x is only z x is capable ( affect+ u1 t ! k ( x c be ( any direct & imm$iate utility4 ,x w\ld1 inde$1 be ! v absurdity ( contradiction1 to suppose ourselves acqua9t$ ) qualities :i* _c affect u4 ,b1 ev5 ?\gh ?is 7 possible1 h[ pr(itless w\ld ! k be1 comp>$ ) ! k ( ! qualities :i* are capable ( affect+ u2 l ! k ( ! seasons ( ! planet ,saturn1 or ( ! planets t h ! ,dog ,/> = _! sun1 comp>$ ) ! m important k ( ! seasons ( our own globe1 by :i* we h ! com=t ( anticipat+1 9 ! lab\rs ( spr+1 ! abundance ( autumn1 & ga!r 9 autumn ! fruits1 :i*1 z products ( v]nal lab\r1 are truly fruits ( ! spr+4 ,to "k matt]1 ev5 relatively1 z our limit$ s5ses all[ u to "k x1 is to h k :i* c sc>cely be call$ limit$4 ,no?+1 inde$1 c seem m n>r[ 9 ext5t1 if we ?9k only ( ! small numb] ( our s5ses1 by :i* alone ! communication c be c>ri$ on4 ,b :at inf9ity ( objects has nature pres5t$ to ea*6 ,9 ! m]e =ms & col\rs t /rike our eyes1 :at spl5did v>iety6 ! proportion ( all ?+s t bloom or live1 ! e>?1 ! ocean1 ! univ]se1 & almo/ ,god himself appe>+ to our v s5ses1 9 ! excell5ce & beauty ( ! works :i* ,he has made6 ,x is ! same1 ) respect to ! m9d1 ?\gh we "k x only by its susceptibilities ( affection1 9 ! v>i\s feel+s ( our mom5t>y consci\sness1 & _c hope to "k x1 b z ! p]man5t subject ( all ^! sep>ate consci\snesses2 to "k ?us relatively only1 ! affections ev5 ( "o s+le sub/ance1 is to h a field ( ! mo/ b\ndless & inexhau/ible wond]s ev] pres5t & op5 to our inquiry6 ,x may be said to compreh5d e ?+ :i* we p]ceive1 & rememb]1 & imag9e1 & comp>e1 & admire1 all ^? my/]i\s processes ( ?\ght1 :i*1 9 ! happy ef=ts ( ! philosoph] & ! poet1 are conc]n$ 9 ! production ( _! noble/ results1 & :i* are n less des]v+ ( our reg>d1 z !y are e mom5t ex]cis$ by all1 9 ! humble intellectual functions ( common life4 ,9 analyz+ & arrang+ ! m5tal ph5om5a1 !n1 we consid] ph5om5a1 t are div]sifi$1 inde$1 9 individuals1 b1 z species1 are /ill common to all2 = !re is no p[] possess$ by ! mo/ compreh5sive intellect1 :i* x does n %>e1 9 "s proportion1 ) ! dulle/ & rude/ ( mank9d4 ,all m5 p]ceive1 rememb]1 reason1--all1 to a c]ta9 degree at lea/1 f _! little !ories1 bo? physical & metaphysical1 ( ! conduct ( _! fell[ m51 & ( ! pass+ ev5ts ( nature2 & all1 occasionally1 enliv5 _! social int]c\rse1 or _! solit>y h\rs1 ) inv5tions ( fancy1 t la/ b = a mom5t inde$1 & are n wor?y ( la/+ long]1 b :i* are products ( ! same species ( intellectual en]gy1 t gave exi/5ce to ^? glori\s works1 to :i* ages h li/5$ ) increas+ rev]5ce1 & :i*1 immortal z ! spirits t produc$ !m1 are yet to comm& ! v5]ation ( e future age4 ,:5 we see be=e u1 9 its f9i%$ magnific5ce1 a temple1 appropriat$ to ! wor%ip ( ! ,supreme ,be+1 & almo/ wor?y ( be+ fill$ ) 8 pres5ce1 we sc>cely ?9k t x is erect$ accord+ to ! same simple pr9ciples1 & =m$ ( ! same /one & mort>1 z ! pla9 dwell+s ar\nd u1 adapt$ to ! h\rly & humble uses ( dome/ic life2 & by a simil> illusion1 :5 we consid] ! spl5did works ( intellectual art1 we c sc>cely br+ ourselves to ?9k1 t g5ius is b a =m ( g5]al t5d5cies ( association1 ( :i* all p>take2 & t its magnific5t conceptions1 !re=e1 rise1 accord+ to ! same simple laws :i* regulate ! c\rse ( ?\ght ( ! vulg>4 ,9 ?is univ]sality ( diffusion z g5]al t5d5cies1 t may be v>i\sly excit$ by v>y+ circum/ances1 our intellectual p[]s are simil> to ^? o!r pr9ciples ( our nature1--our emotions1 & :atev] feel+s m imm$iately connect$ ) moral action h be5 usually di/+ui%$ by ! "n ( our active p[]s4 ,9 ! philosophy ( bo? we consid]1 n a few di/+ui%$ individuals1 z possess$ ( pr9ciples ess5tially di/9ct 9 k9d1 b ! species man4 ,!y are to be f\nd1 :]ev] !re is a human be+2 & we d n inf] ) m c]ta9ty1 :5 we p]ceive ! impression ( a foot ^u ! s&1 t man has be5 !re1 ?an we expect to f9d 9 him1 :atev] may be 8 /ate ( b>b>ism or civilization1 "s =m ( ! common p[]s1 & passions1 :i*1 ?\gh direct$ p]haps to diff]5t objects1 we h felt & witness$ 9 ! society ar\nd u4 8,! two-legg$ animal10 says ,dr ,reid1 8t eats ( nature's da9ties :at 8 ta/e or appetite craves1 & satisfies 8 ?ir/ at ! cry/al f\nta92 :o propagates 8 k9d z occasion & lu/ prompt2 repels injuries1 & takes alt]nate lab\r & repose2 is l a tree 9 ! =e/1 purely ( nature's gr[?4 ,b ?is same savage has )9 him ! se$s ( ! logician1 ! man ( ta/e & bre$+1 ! orator1 ! /atesman1 ! man ( virtue1 & ! sa9t2 :i* se$s1 ?\gh plant$ 9 8 m9d by nature1 yet1 ?r\gh want ( culture & ex]cise1 mu/ lie =ev] buri$1 & be h>dly p]ceivable1 by himself1 or by o!rs40#cd ,ev5 ( ^? passions ( a pr\d] k9d1 :i* attract our att5tion only :5 !y are on a !atre t all[s _! full display1 "s ve/iges are to be trac$ univ]sally2 ?\gh 9 diff]5t individuals1 !y may exi/ ) v diff]5t degrees ( influ5ce1 & ?\gh _! influ5ce1 accord+ to ! degree ( p[] possess$ by ! individual1 may be att5d$ ) v diff]5t consequ5ces1 to ! few1 or ! _m1 compreh5d$ )9 ! wide or n>r[ circle1 to :i* 8 p[] ext5ds4 ----8,n k+s alone1 ,ea* villag] has 8 ambition to2 ,no sultan pr\d] ?an 8 fett]'d slave4 ,slaves build _! little ,babylons ( /raw1 ,e*o ! pr\d ,assyrian 9 _! he>ts1 ,& cry1 ,behold ! wond]s ( my might40#ce ,x is ?is univ]sal diffusion ( sympa?ies & emotions1 inde$1 :i* gives its :ole =ce to morality1 z a univ]sal obligation2 & r5d]s e?ics truly a sci5ce4 ,nature1 9 requir+ ! fruits ( virtue f all1 has n fix$ ! se$s ( x1 only 9 a few brea/s4 8,nulli prclusa virtus e/1 omnibus patet1 omnes admittit1 omnes invitat1 +5uos1 lib]t9os1 s]vos1 reges et exsules2 non eligit domum1 nec c5sum2 nudo hom9e cont5ta e/40#cf ,virtue has no p>tial fav\rs or exclusions4 ,%e is op5 to all1 %e admits all1 %e invites all4 ,%e asks no weal? nor ance/ry2 b %e asks ! man1--! ma/] or ! slave1 ! cottag] & 8 "l1 ! sov]eign & ! exile4 ,?\gh we "k m9d1 !n only relatively1 9 ! s]ies ( feel+s1 ( :i* we are consci\s1 z we "k matt] relatively 9 ! s]ies ( ph5om5a1 :i* x exhibits to our obs]vation1 we h1 9 ?is relative k1 subjects wor?y ( ! contemplation ( be+s p]mitt$1 9 ^! %ad[+s ( a high] p[]1 to trace "s fa9t image ( ! v maje/y :i* =m$ !m4 ,ev5 ( ! humble/ m9d1 z we h se51 ! v>i\s affections1 s5sitive1 intellectual1 & moral1 t arise 9 x z affections ( our common nature1 are truly admirable2 & :at an increase ( sublimity d !y acquire1 9 m9ds ( high] p[]s6 ,b /ill1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 t ev5 9 m9ds ! mo/ sublime1 z mu* z 9 ! mo/ humble1 all :i* c be truly kn[n is ! successive ph5om5a :i* !y exhibit1 n ! ess5ce ( ! spiritual sub/ance itself2 & t1 ev5 ( ^! successive ph5om5a1 ?\gh we become gradually acqua9t$ ) m & m1 we probably nev] c arrive at any b\nd :i* is to limit _! numb]4 ,! susceptibilities ( ! m9d1 by :i*1 9 diff]5t circum/ances1 x may exi/ 9 diff]5t /ates1 are c]ta9ly z truly inf9ite z ! space :i* surr\nds u1 or z t et]nity :i*1 9 its progress1 measures ! successions ( our feel+s1 & all ! o!r *anges 9 ! univ]se4 ,e new ?\ght1 or comb9ation ( ?\ghts1 is 9 tru? a new /ate or affection1 or ph5om5on ( ! m9d1 &1 !re=e1 a pro( ( ! susceptibility ( t new affection1 z an orig9al quality ( ! m9d2 & e rise 9 k1 f age to age1 & f inquir] to inquir]1 is ?us only ! developem5t ( susceptibilities1 :i* ! m9d possess$ be=e1 ?\gh ! circum/ances :i* at la/ call$ !m =?1 nev] exi/$ till ! mom5t ( ! developem5t4 ,:at %\ld we ?9k ( ! half-nak$ savage ( "s b>b>\s isl&1 if1 9 ! pride ( 8 ignorance1 he 7 to conceive 8 own ?\ghts & feel+s1 to be ! noble/ ( :i* ! human intellect is capable8 &1 p]haps1 ev5 ! m9d ( a ,newton1 is b ! m9d ( su* a savage1 comp>$ ) :at man is h]eaft] to become4 ,,footnotes3 #cc ,voltaire uvres1 tom4 xiv4 p4 #ii-aja4 #dto ,edit4 ( #agga4 #cd ,inquiry into ! ,human ,m9d1 ,introd4 p4 #g4 #hvo4 ,edit4 #ce ,"y's ,night ,?\ghts1 vii4 v4 #cib-cig4 #cf ,s5eca de ,b5eficiis1 lib4 iii4 c4 #ah4 ,,lecture ,x4 ,,! ,,same ,,subject ,,cont9u$4 ,g5tlem51 aft] lay+ d[n ! g5]al laws ( physical inquiry1 ,i _h begun1 9 ! conclusion ( my la/ ,lecture1 to consid] !m1 m p>ticul>ly 9 _! relation to ! /udy ( m9d4 ,"o v important circum/ance ( agreem5t 9 ! physical inve/igations ( m9d & matt]1 we f\nd to be1 t1 ( bo? matt] & m9d1 ! successive ph5om5a are all :i* we truly "k1 ?\gh by ! v con/itution ( our nature1 x is impossible = u n to ascribe ^! to "s p]man5t subject4 ,matt] is ! p]man5t subject ( c]ta9 qualities1 ext5sion1 & its consequ5t divisibility1 attraction1 repulsion2 t is to say1 x is ! p]man5t exhibit] to u ( c]ta9 v>y+ ph5om5a :i* we obs]ve4 ,m9d is ! p]man5t subject ( c]ta9 qualities or /ates or affections ( a diff]5t class--p]ception1 memory1 reason1 joy1 grief1 love1 hate2 t is to say1 ( c]ta9 v>y+ ph5om5a ( :i* we are consci\s4 ,:at matt] is indep5d5t ( our p]ception2 :at m9d is indep5d5t ( its tempor>y v>iety ( feel+1 x is impossible = u to discov]2 s9ce :atev] new k ( matt] we c suppose ourselves to acquire1 mu/ be acquir$ by our p]ception1 & mu/1 !re=e1 be relative to x2 & :atev] new k we c suppose ourselves to acquire ( m9d1 mu/ be itself a /ate or affection ( ! m9d1 &1 !re=e1 only a new m5tal ph5om5on to be add$ to ^? ) :i* we 7 be=e acqua9t$1 z "o ( ! _m /ates 9 :i* ! p]man5t sub/ance m9d is capable ( exi/+4 ,s9ce x is only by _! relation to our own feel+s1 !n1 t sub/ances c be kn[n to u1 beyond ^! relations x w\ld be va9 = u to ?9k ( p5etrat+2 z va91 at lea/1 z w\ld be ! attempts ( ! deaf to discov]1 by a process ( reason+1 ! nature ( ! s5sations ( s\nd1 or ( ! bl9d to det]m9e1 n ! l9es ( direction m]ely1 9 :i* ! v>i\s col\r$ rays ( light pass aft] refraction1 = ^! !y may optically det]m9e1 b ! v>i\s s5sations1 correspond+ ) all ! v>ieties ( t9t into :i* ! sun-beams are brok5 by ! drops ( a fall+ %[]4 ,! sub/ance matt]1 ! sub/ance m9d1 are1 9 ?is respect1 to ! :ole race ( metaphysical inquir]s1 :at ! ra9b[1 z a s]ies ( col\rs1 is to opticians1 :o h nev] se54 ,! absurdity ( su* inquiries1 into any ?+ m ?an ! m]e ph5om5a1 if x be n suffici5tly evid5t ( itself1 may1 p]haps1 be r5d]$ m app>5t1 by a v easy supposition4 ,let u imag9e ! p]man5t unkn[n sub/ance matt]1 & ! p]man5t unkn[n sub/ance m9d1 to be r5d]$1 by ! same div9e p[] :i* made !m1 altoge!r diff]5t 9 _! own absolute ess5ce1 z !y exi/ indep5d5tly1 b to exhibit relatively1 precisely ! same ph5om5a z at pres5t1--t spr+1 & summ]1 & autumn1 & w9t]1 9 e appe>ance t c affect our organs ( p]ception1 succe$ ea* o!r z n[1 p\r+ out ! same pr(usion ( foliage1 & fl[]s1 & fruits1 &1 aft] ! la/ gladness ( ! v9tage & ! h>ve/1 sweep+ ! few l+]+ blossoms1 ) ^? desolat+ bla/s1 :i* seem l ! v de/roy]s ( nature1 :ile !y are only lead+ 91 ) great fre%ness1 "u ! same b5evol5t eye ( ,heav51 ! same delightful circle ( beauty & abundance1--t1 9 m9d1 ! same s5sations are excit$ by ! same objects1 & are foll[$ by ! same remembrances1 & comp>isons1 & hopes1 & fe>s2--9 ^! circum/ances1 :ile all ! ph5om5a :i* we obs]ve1 & all ! ph5om5a ( :i* we are consci\s1 cont9ue exactly ! same1 c we believe1 t we %\ld be able to discov] ! ess5tial *ange1 :i*1 accord+ to ?is supposition1 _h tak5 place1 9 ! p]man5t subjects ( ^! unv>i$ ph5om5a6 ,&1 if1 z long z ! ext]nal & int]nal ph5om5a cont9u$ exactly ! same1 we %\ld be incapable ( discov]+1 or ev5 suspect+1 ! slighte/ *ange1 :]e1 by supposition1 !re _h be5 a *ange s great1 h[ absurd is x to conceive t ! *ang$ or un*ang$ nature ( ! sub/ance itself1 z x exi/s indep5d5tly ( ! ph5om5on1 ev] c become kn[n to u4 ,he1 inde$1 x may always safely be presum$1 kn[s lea/ ( ! m9d1 :o ?9ks t he kn[s its sub/ance be/4 8,:at is ! s\l80 0 a "q once put to ,m>ivaux4 8,i "k no?+ ( x10 he answ]$1 8b t x is spiritual & immortal40 8,well10 said 8 fri5d1 8let u ask ,font5elle1 & he w tell u :at x is40 8,no10 cri$ ,m>ivaux1 8ask any body b ,font5elle1 = he has too mu* good s5se to "k any m ab\t x ?an we d40 ,x is to ! ph5om5a only1 !n1 t our att5tion is to be giv51 n to any va9 inquiries into ! absolute nature ( ! sub/ances :i* exhibit ! ph5om5a4 ,?is alone is legitimate philosophy1--philosophy :i* mu/ =ev] reta9 its claim to our ass5t1 amid ! rise & fall ( all ^? spuri\s speculations1 to :i* our vanity is s fond ( giv+ ! names ( !ory & sy/em4 ,:atev] t may be1 9 itself1 :i* feels1 & ?9ks1 & wills1--if our feel+s1 & ?\ghts1 & volitions be ! same--all :i* we c "k1 & comp>e1 & arrange1 mu/ be ! same2 &1 :ile we conf9e our att5tion to ^!1 ! g5]al laws ( _! succession :i* we inf]1 & ! v>i\s relations :i* !y seem to be> to ea* o!r1 may be admitt$ equally by ^? ^: op9ions1 z to ! absolute nature ( ! feel+ & ?9k+ pr9ciple1 diff] fundam5tally4 ,x requires no peculi> supposition1 or belief1 z to ! nature ( ! m9d1 to "k1 t its tra9s ( ?\ght are influ5c$1 by =m] habits1 or casual association2 & e fact1 :i* ! immat]iali/ has accurately obs]v$ & arrang$1 ) respect to ! influ5ce ( habit or association1 may ?us1 ) equal reason1 =m a "p ( ! intellectual & moral cre$ ( ! mat]iali/ also4 ,on ^! two sy/ems x is n at pres5t my int5tion to make any rem>ks2 all :i* ,i wi%1 n[1 is to expla9 to y1 h[ indep5d5t ! real philosophy ( ! m9d is1 ( any fanciful conjectures1 :i* may be =m$1 ) respect to its ess5ce4 ,x diff]s f ^!1 z ,mr4 ,/ew>t has well obs]v$1 9 ! same mann] 8z ! inquiries ( ,galileo1 conc]n+ ! laws ( mov+ bodies1 diff] f ! disputes ( ! anci5t ,sophi/s1 conc]n+ ! exi/5ce & ! nature ( motion10 or z ! conclusions ( ,newton1 ) respect to ! law ( gravitation1 diff] f 8 qu]y conc]n+ ! mode 9 :i* he suppos$ t gravity might possibly be produc$4 ,! hypo!sis1 involv$ 9 ! qu]y1 y may admit or reject2 ! conclusions1 ) respect to ! law ( gravitation itself1 z f> z relates to our planet>y sy/em1 are1 ,i may say1 almo/ beyond y\r p[] ( reject+4 ,! philosophy ( m9d !n1 & ! philosophy ( matt]1 agree1 9 ?is respect1 t our k is1 9 bo?1 conf9$ to ! m]e ph5om5a4 ,!y agree also1 9 ! two species ( inquiry :i* !y admit4 ,! ph5om5a ( m9d1 9 ! same mann] z we h se5 9 ! case ( matt]1 may be consid]$ z complex & susceptible ( analysis1 or !y may be consid]$ z successive 9 a c]ta9 ord]1 & be>+1 !re=e1 to ea* o!r ! reciprocal relation ( causes & effects4 ,t we c "k ! ph5om5a1 only z f> z we h att5d$ to _! sequ5ces1 & t1 )\t exp]im5t1 !re=e1 x w\ld h be5 impossible = u to pr$ict any ( _! successions1 is equally true1 9 m9d z 9 matt]4 ,_m ( ! successions1 inde$1 are s famili> to u1 t x may appe> to y1 at fir/1 v difficult to conceive1 t we %\ld n h be5 able1 at lea/ ) respect to !m1 to pr$ict1 orig9ally1 :at antec$5ts w\ld h be5 foll[$ by :at consequ5ts4 ,we may all[ c]ta9ly1 t we %\ld n h be5 able to =esee ! pleasure :i* we receive f ! f9] works ( imitative art--f ! successions1 or co-exi/5ces1 9 music1 ( s\nds1 t1 consid]$ sep>ately1 w\ld sc>cely be c\nt$ among ! s\rces ( delight--f ! *>m ( v]sification1 t dep5ds on circum/ances1 s v slight1 z to be altoge!r de/roy$1 & ev5 conv]t$ into pa91 by ! *ange ( quantity ( a s+le syllable4 ,b1 t ! remembrance ( pleasure %\ld n be att5d$ ) desire ( enjoy+ x aga91 seems to u almo/ inconsi/5t ) ! v nature ( ! pleas+ emotion4 ,9 l mann]1 we may all[1 t we c\ld n h pr$ict$ ! sympa?y :i* we feel ) ! di/resses ( o!rs1 :5 !y arise f causes t _c affect u1 & yet make1 = ! "t1 ! agony1 :i* we m]ely behold1 a "p ( our own exi/5ce4 ,b we c sc>cely ?9k1 t we require any exp]i5ce1 to "k1 t ! contemplation ( pa91 :i* we may ourselves h to endure1 %\ld be ! cause ( t pa9ful feel+1 to :i* we give ! "n ( fe>1 or t ! actual suff]+ %\ld be accompani$ ) ! desire ( relief4 ,! tru? is1 h[ev]1 t1 9 all ^! cases1 & 9 all ( !m equally1--x w\ld h be5 impossible1 b = exp]i5ce1 to pr$ict ! consequ5t ( any ( ! antec$5ts4 ,! pleasure1 :i* we feel1 9 ! contemplation ( a "w ( art1 ! pa91 :i* we feel1 at ! sight ( ! mis]y ( o!rs1 are z mu* ! natural effects ( /ates ( m9d prec$+ !m1 z ! fe> ( pa9 is ! effect ( ! consid]ation ( pa9 z hang+ ov] u4 ,our v>i\s feel+s1 simil> or dissimil>1 k9dr$ or discordant1 are all m]e /ates ( ! m9d2 & !re is no?+1 9 any "o /ate ( ! m9d1 consid]$ 9 itself1 :i*1 necess>ily1 involves ! succession ( any o!r /ate ( m9d4 ,t p>ticul> /ate1 = example1 :i* con/itutes ! m]e feel+ ( pa91 in/ead ( be+ att5d$ by t diff]5t /ate :i* con/itutes ! desire ( be+ fre$ f pa91 might h cont9u$1 z "o uni=m feel+1 or might h ceas$1 & be5 succe$$ by "s o!r /ate1 ?\gh 9 ! orig9al adaptation ( our m5tal frames1 by t ,creator's wisdom :i* plann$ ! sequ5ces ( its ph5om5a1 ! p>ticul> affection1 :i* con/itutes desire1 _h n be5 "o ( ! innum]able v>ieties ( affection1 ( :i* ! m9d 0 =ev] to be susceptible4 ,:at susceptibilities ! m9d has exhibit$ 9 ! ord9>y circum/ances 9 :i* x has be5 plac$1 we "k1 & !y h be5 limit$ to a c]ta9 numb]1 correspond+ ) ! feel+s :i* h aris5 9 ^! circum/ances4 ,b ! ,almighty ,p[]1 :o fix$ ?is p>ticul> numb]1 might h increas$ or less5$ ! numb] at ,8 pleasure1 9 ! same mann]1 z ,he might1 at ,8 pleasure1 h multipli$ or dim9i%$ ! :ole numb] ( 8 animat$ creatures2 &1 :]e !re has be5 no limit1 b ! w ( ! ,limit]1 x is exp]i5ce only :i* c give u any k ( ! actual limitation4 ,we are always too mu* incl9$ to believe1 t we "k :at mu/ h be51 because we "k :at is1--& to suppose ourselves acqua9t$1 n m]ely ) ! graci\s ends :i* ,supreme ,goodness _h 9 view1 9 creat+ u1 b ) ! v object1 :i* ea* sep>ate modification ( our intellectual & moral con/itution 0 int5d$ to answ]4 ,i w\ld n1 inde$1 g s f> z ,pope1 9 t passage ( ! ,essay on ,man1 9 :i* he seems to imply1 t our ignorance ( ! wise & h>moni\s int5tions ( ,provid5ce1 9 ! con/itution ( our m9d1 is l ! ignorance ( ! inf]ior animals1 z to ! motives :i* influ5ce ! follies & inconsi/5cies ( _! caprici\s ma/]4 8,:5 ! pr\d /e$ %all "k1 :y man re/ra9s ,8 fi]y c\rse1 or drives him o'er ! pla9s1 ,:5 ! dull ox1 :y n[ he breaks ! clod1 ,is n[ a victim1 & n[ ,egypt's ,god1-- ,!n %all man's pride & dulness compreh5d ,8 action's1 passion's1 be+'s1 use & end2 ,:y do+1 suff]+1 *eck'd1 impell'd2 & :y ,?is h\r a slave1 ! next a deity40#cg ,our ,div9e ,au?or has n left u1 ev5 n[1 to d>kness l ?is4 ,we "k1 9 a great measure1 ! use & end ( our actions & passions1 because we "k :o x is :o has =m$ u to d & to be>1--& :o1 f ,8 own moral excell5ce1 _c h giv5 u any susceptibility1 ev5 t ( suff]+1 :i* does n t5d1 ^u ! :ole1 to /r5g!n virtue1 & to consecrate1 z 9 "s purify+ sacrifice1 ! suff]] ( a mom5t to affections m holy1 & happ9ess m div9e4 ,yet1 ?\gh we "k1 9 ?is g5]al s5se1 our action's1 passion's1 be+'s1 use & end1 z subs]vi5t to ! univ]sal plan ( ,inf9ite ,goodness1 we are n s well acqua9t$ ) ! p>ticul> uses ( ea* /ate ( ! m9d1 z to h be5 able to pr$ict x1 m]ely z a "p or consequ5ce ( ! plan4 ,! k ( e successive modification ( our ?\ght1 is /ill z mu* ! result ( exp]i5ce1 z if ! graci\s plan1 to :i* all ^! successive modifications are in/rum5tal1 7 :olly unkn[n to u3--,yet1 su* is ! influ5ce ( habit1 9 famili>iz+ u to ph5om5a1 t we ?9k1 t exp]i5ce is no?+1 only 9 ^? cases1 9 :i* ! p[] ( exp]i5ce has be5 mo/ frequ5tly & famili>ly felt2 & :ile 9 ! r>] successions ( feel+s1 we all[1 t !re are ph5om5a ( ! m9d1 :i* we c\ld n h =ekn[n1 we f9d x difficult to imag9e1 9 ! recurr5ces ( ! common m5tal ph5om5a1 t1 ev5 orig9ally1 x c\ld h requir$ any peculi> =esight to pr$ict1 :at we are n[ consci\s ( pr$ict+ ) a read9ess1 t seems to u almo/ l ! in/ant glance ( intuition4 ,9 ! philosophy ( ext]nal matt]1 ! great] or less famili>ity ( ev5ts produces an illusion exactly simil>4 ,!re are c]ta9 ph5om5a1 :i*1 we readily admit1 c\ld n1 ( !mselves1 & )\t exp]i5ce1 h indicat$ to u1 ei!r ! *anges :i* prec$$ !m1 or ! *anges :i* 7 to foll[2 :ile !re are o!r ph5om5a1 m famili>1 :i* seem to u to require no exp]i5ce1 = in=m+ u1 bo? ( _! antec$5ts & consequ5ts1--m]ely because !y h be5 ( su* frequ5t occurr5ce1 t we d n rememb] ! "t1 :5 we 7 ignorant ( !m1 or ( ! circum/ances1 by :i* !y are usually prec$$ & foll[$4 ,t a magnetic ne$le %\ld t5d to ! nor?1 r ?an to any o!r po9t1--& t glass1 or amb]1 rubb$ 9 a c]ta9 mann]1 %\ld exhibit ! v /rik+ ph5om5a ( electricity1 transmitt+ ?is p[] ?r\gh c]ta9 sub/ances1 & n transmitt+ x ?r\gh o!rs1 :i* h no?+ peculi> 9 _! s5sible qualities1 to m>k !m z less or bett] fitt$ = ?is communication1 appe> to u to be facts1 :i* we c\ld n h kn[n1 till we _h actually witness$ !m4 ,b t a /one1 roll$ f ! h&1 %\ld cont9ue to move 9 ! same direction1 aft] quitt+ ! h&1 seems a fact1 :i* x mu/ h be5 easy = u to =esee4 ,we are n aw>e1 t x is only ! m famili> occurr5ce ( ! "o ev5t1 ?an ( ! o!rs1 :i* makes its sequ5ce appe> m obvi\s2 & t1 b = ?is great] famili>ity1 we might z readily h suppos$1 t a /one1 aft] quitt+ ! h& :i* flung x1 %\ld h rema9$ 9 ! air1 or fall5 to ! gr\nd1 z t ! ne$le1 )\t any t5d5cy to ! nor?1 w\ld rema9 /ation>y1 to :atev] po9t ( ! compass we might turn x4 ,su* is ! influ5ce ( e>ly acqua9tance ) ! m frequ5t & obvi\s ev5ts1 :e!r 9 m9d or 9 matt]4 ,we h become famili> ) !m1 & ) _! causes & consequ5ces1 long be=e reflection2 & x is n v wond]ful1 t we %\ld conceive ourselves to h kn[n always1 :at we d n rememb] to h ev] le>n$4 ,t to "k1 9 ! s]ies ( m5tal ph5om5a1 :at are ! antec$5ts1 & :at _! consequ5ts1 is "o great bran* ( ! ,philosophy ( ,m9d1 ,i surely ne$ n attempt to demon/rate2 & x w\ld be equally sup]flu\s to demon/rate its importance1 especially aft] ! rem>ks--if ev5 ^! 7 necess>y1--:i* ,i made 9 a =m] ,lecture2 s9ce x is n m]ely1 z a v int]e/+ bran* ( speculative k1 t x is valuable1 b1 z ,i !n %[$1 /ill m valuable1 z ! f\ndation ( e intellectual art1 especially ( ^? noble & almo/ div9e arts1 :i* h1 = _! imm$iate object1 ! illum9ation & am5dm5t ( mank9d--! art ( tra9+ ignorance to wisdom1 & ev5 wisdom itself to k /ill m sublime1--( fix+ y\?ful innoc5ce 9 ! volunt>y practice ( virtue1 t is z yet little m ?an an in/9ct ( :i* x is sc>cely consci\s1--( brea?+ t moral inspiration1 :i* /r5g!ns feeble goodness1 :5 x is ab\t to fall1 tames ev5 ! wilde/ excesses ( ! wilde/ passions1 & leads back1 z if by ! invisible p[] ( "s gu>dian _s1 ev5 ,guilt itself1 to ! happ9ess :i* x _h lo/1 & ! holi] wi%es1 :i* x rejoices to feel once m4 ,s9ce ! ph5om5a ( ! m9d1 h[ev]1 are obvi\sly successive1 l ^? ( matt]1 ! consid]ation ( ! sequ5ces ( ! m5tal ph5om5a1 & ! arrangem5t ( !m 9 c]ta9 classes1 may appe> to y suffici5tly analog\s to ! consid]ation & arrangem5t ( ! sequ5ces ( ! ph5om5a ( ! mat]ial _w4 ,b t !re %\ld be any inquiries1 9 ! philosophy ( m9d1 correspond+ ) ! inquiries into ! composition ( bodies1 may appe> to y improbable1 or almo/ absurd2 s9ce ! m9d1 & consequ5tly its affections--:i* ,i use z a %ort g5]al t]m = express+ all ! v>iety ( ! modes 9 :i* x c be affect$1 & :i*1 !re=e1 are only ! m9d itself z x exi/s 9 diff]5t /ates1--mu/ be always simple & indivisible4 ,yet1 wond]ful1 or ev5 absurd1 z x may seem1 not)/&+ ! absolute simplicity ( ! m9d itself1 & consequ5tly ( all its feel+s or mom5t>y /ates1--! ,sci5ce ( ,m9d is1 9 its mo/ important respects1 a s\rce ( analysis1 or ( a process :i* ,i h said to be virtually ! same z analysis2 & x is only1 z x is 9 ?is virtual s5se analytical1 t any discov]y1 at lea/ t any important discov]y1 c be expect$ to be made 9 x4 ,x is1 inde$1 sc>cely possible to advance1 ev5 a /ep 9 intellectual physics1 )\t ! necessity ( p]=m+ "s sort ( analysis1 by :i* we r$uce to simpl] elem5ts1 "s complex feel+ t seems to u virtually to involve !m4 ,9 ! m9d ( man1 all is 9 a /ate ( con/ant & ev]-v>y+ complexity1 & a s+le s5tim5t may be ! sl[ result ( innum]able feel+s4 ,!re is n a s+le pleasure1 or pa91 or ?\ght1 or emotion1 t may n1--by ! influ5ce ( t associat+ pr9ciple1 :i* is aft]w>ds to come "u our consid]ation1--be s connect$ ) o!r pleasures1 or pa9s1 or ?\ghts1 or emotions1 z to =m ) !m1 =ev] aft]1 an union ! mo/ intimate4 ,! complex1 or seem+ly complex1 ph5om5a ( ?\ght1 :i* result f ! con/ant op]ation ( ?is pr9ciple ( ! m9d1 x is ! lab\r ( ! intellectual inquir] to analyze1 z x is ! lab\r ( ! *emi/ to r$uce ! comp\nd bodies1 on :i* he op]ates1 h[ev] close & intimate _! comb9ation may be1 to _! con/itu5t elem5ts4 ,! process1 & ! in/rum5ts by :i* ! analyses are c>ri$ on1 are1 inde$1 z diff]5t z matt] is f m9d1--cumbr\s z matt]1 9 ! "o case1--9 ! o!r1 simple & spiritual z m9d itself4 ,! aggregates ( matt] we analyze by ! use ( o!r matt]1 add+ sub/ance aft] sub/ance1 & v>y+ manipulation aft] manipulation2--! complex m5tal ph5om5a we analyze virtually by m]e reflection2 ! same individual m9d be+ ! subject ( analysis1 ! in/rum5t ( analysis1 & ! analys+ inquir]4 ,:5 ,i speak1 h[ev]1 ( ! union ( sep>ate ?\ghts & feel+s 9 "o complex s5tim5t or emotion1 & ( ! analytic p[] ( reflection or reason1 x mu/ n be conceiv$1 t ,i use ^! words 9 a s5se precisely ! same z :5 !y are appli$ to matt]4 ,a mass ( matt]1 z we h se51 is1 9 tru?1 n "o body m]ely1 b a multitude ( contigu\s bodies2 all ( :i*1 at ! "t1 may be consid]$ z hav+ a sep>ate exi/5ce1 & z plac$ toge!r m by accid5tal apposition1 ?an by any ess5tial union2--& analysis is no?+ m ?an :at its etymology d5otes1 a loos5+ ( ^! f ea* o!r4 ,9 /rictness ( language1 ?is composition & analysis _c take place 9 m9d4 ,ev5 ! mo/ complex feel+ is /ill only "o feel+2 = we _c divide ! /ates or affections ( our m9d into sep>ate self-exi/+ fractions1 z we c divide a comp\nd mass ( matt] into masses1 :i* are sep>ate & self-exi/+1--nor di/+ui% half a joy or sorr[ f a :ole joy or sorr[4 ,! conception ( gold1 & ! conception ( a m\nta91 may sep>ately arise1 & may be foll[$ by ! conception ( a gold5 m\nta92 :i* may be said to be a comp\nd ( ! two1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,i use t ^w1 to express m]ely1 t :at is ?us t]m$ comp\nd or complex is ! result ( c]ta9 previ\s feel+s1 to :i*1 z if exi/+ toge!r1 x is felt to h ! virtual relation ( equality1 or ! relation :i* a :ole be>s to ! p>ts t are compreh5d$ 9 x4 ,b ! conception ( a gold5 m\nta9 is /ill z mu* "o /ate or feel+ ( "o simple m9d1 z ei!r ( ! sep>ate conceptions ( gold & ( a m\nta9 :i* prec$$ x4 ,9 cases ( ?is k9d1 inde$1 x is ! v nature ( ! result+ feel+ to seem to u ?us complex2 & we are l$1 by ! v con/itution ( our m9d itself1 to consid] :at we t]m a complex idea1 z equival5t to ! sep>ate ideas f :i* x results1 or z compreh5sive ( !m1--z be+ truly to our conception--?\gh to our conception only--&1 !re=e1 only virtually or relatively to u ! inquir]s--! same1 z if x 7 compos$ ( ! sep>ate feel+s co-exi/+1 z ! elem5ts ( a body co-exi/ 9 space4 ,x is ?is feel+ ( ! relation ( c]ta9 /ates ( m9d to c]ta9 o!r /ates ( m9d1 :i* solves ! :ole my/]y ( m5tal analysis1 t seem$ at fir/ s inexplicable1--! virtual decomposition1 9 our ?\ght1 ( :at is by its v nature1 indivisible4 ,! m9d1 inde$1 x mu/ be all[$1 is absolutely simple 9 all its /ates2 e sep>ate /ate or affection ( x mu/ !re=e1 be absolutely simple2 b 9 c]ta9 cases1 9 :i* a feel+ is ! result ( o!r feel+s prec$+ x1 x is its v nature to appe> to involve ! union ( ^? prec$+ feel+s2 & to di/+ui% ! sep>ate s5sations1 or ?\ghts1 or emotions1 ( :i*1 on reflection1 x ?us seems to be compreh5sive1 is to p]=m an intellectual process1 :i*1 ?\gh n a real analysis1 is an analysis at lea/ relatively to our conception4 ,x may /ill1 inde$1 be said ) tru?1 t ! diff]5t feel+s1--! /ates or affections ( m9d :i* we t]m complex1--are absolutely simple & indivisible1 z mu* z ! feel+s or affections ( m9d :i* we t]m simple4 ,( ?is !re c be no d\bt4 ,b ! complexity ) :i* alone we are conc]n$ is n absolute b relative1--a seem+ complexity1 :i* is involv$ 9 ! v feel+ ( relation ( e sort4 ,t we are ?us impress$ ) c]ta9 feel+s ( relation ( conceptions to conceptions1 no "o c d\bt :o kn[s1 t all sci5ce has its orig9 9 ^! v feel+s2 & equival5ce1 or equality1 is "o ( ^? relations1 :i*1 f its v con/itution1 x w\ld be z impossible = ! m9d 9 c]ta9 circum/ances1 n to feel1 z x w\ld be impossible = x1 9 c]ta9 o!r circum/ances1 n to h ^? simple feel+s :i* x comp>es4 ,) p]fect organs ( vision1 & 9 ! full light ( day1 x is n possible = u to look on a tree1 or a rock1 )\t p]ceiv+ x2 b x is n m possible = u to =m a conception ( two trees1 )\t reg>d+ ?is /ate ( m9d1 simple ?\gh x truly is1 :5 absolutely consid]$ z virtually involv+1 or z equal to1 two ( ^? sep>ate feel+s1 :i* con/itut$ ! conception ( a s+le tree4 ,on ?is m]e feel+ ( virtual equival5ce1 is f\nd$ all ! demon/ration ( ^? sci5ces1 :i* claim ! glory ( be+ peculi>ly demon/rative2 our equations & proportions ( ab/ract numb] & quantity involv+ cont9ually ?is analytic valuation ( notions1 z reciprocally proportional4 ,our conception ( an angle ( =ty-five degrees is "o /ate or affection ( m9d1--"o /ate ( "o simple indivisible sub/ance2--su*1 too1 is our conception ( a "r angle4 ,our notion ( f\r or eight is z mu* "o affection ( m9d1 z our notion ( a simple unit4 ,b1 9 reflect+ on ! sep>ate /ates ( m9d :i* con/itute ^! notions1 we are impress$ ) c]ta9 relations :i* !y seem1 to u1 reciprocally to be>1 & we consid] ! angle ( =ty-five degrees z equal to half ! angle ( n9ety degrees1 & our notion ( eight z involv+ or equal to two ( f\r4 ,if "o /ate ( m9d1 :i* con/itutes ! notion ( a c]ta9 ab/ract numb] or quantity1 _h n be5 consid]$ 9 ?is sort ( virtual compreh5siv5ess1 z be>+ ! relation ( equality1 or proportion1 to o!r /ates ( m9d1 :i* con/itute o!r ab/ract notions ( ! same species1 ma!matics w\ld n m]ely h lo/ _! c]ta9ty1 b !re c\ld n1 9 tru?1 h be5 any su* sci5ce z ma!matics4 ,! intellectual analysis1 :i* appe>s to me to con/itute s important a "p ( ! sci5ce ( m9d1 is no?+ m ?an ! successive developem5t1 9 application to ! v>i\s m5tal ph5om5a1 ( ?is feel+ ( equival5ce1 or compreh5siv5ess1 :i* is n conf9$ to ! ma!matical notions ( numb] & quantity1 7?\gh1 f ! great] simplicity ( ^!1 _! equality or proportion may be m accurately di/+ui%$17 b ext5ds to e ?\ght & feel+ :i* we reg>d z complex1 t is to say1 to almo/ e ?\ght & feel+ ( :i* ! m9d is susceptible4 ,we comp>e virtue ) virtue1 tal5t ) tal5t1 n1 inde$1 ) ! same precision1 b c]ta9ly 9 ! same mann]1 & ) ! same feel+ ( proportion1 z we comp>e intellectually "o angle ) ano!r2 & we ask :at ideas are involv$ 9 our complex notions ( religion & gov]nm5t1 ) z /rong a feel+ t a numb] ( ideas are virtually involv$ or compreh5d$ 9 !m1 z :5 we ask1 h[ (t5 ! squ>e ( two is repeat$ 9 ! cube ( six4 ,analysis1 !n1 9 ! ,sci5ce ( ,m9d1 y w p]ceive1 is f\nd$ :olly on ! feel+ ( relation :i* "o /ate ( m9d seems to u to be> to o!r /ates ( m9d1 z compreh5sive ( !m2 b1 :ile ?is seem+ complexity is felt1 x is ! same ?+ to our analysis1 z if ! complexity1 in/ead ( be+ virtual & relative only1 7 absolute & real4 ,x may be object$ to ! application ( ! t]m analysis to ! ,sci5ce ( ,m9d1 t x is a t]m :i*1 its etymology %ews1 z ,i h already admitt$1 to be borr[$ f matt]1 & to convey1 z appli$ to ! m9d1 a notion 9 "s degree diff]5t f its etymological s5se4 ,b ?is is an objection :i* may be urg$1 ) at lea/ equal =ce1 aga9/ e t]m1 or almo/ e t]m1 ( our sci5ce4 ,9 our want ( a peculi> metaphysical language1 we are oblig$ 9 ?is1 z 9 e o!r case1 to borr[ a metaphysical language f ! mat]ial _w2 & we are v naturally l$ to speak ( m5tal composition & analysis1 s9ce to ! m9d :i* feels ! relation ( equival5ce or compreh5siv5ess1 x is precisely ! same ?+ z if our ideas & emotions1 t result f =m] ideas & emotions1 & are felt by u z if involv+ ^! 9 "o complex :ole1 c\ld be actually divid$ into ! sep>ate elem5ts :i* appe> to u ?us virtually or relatively to be compreh5d$ 9 !m4 ,x is f hav+ neglect$ ?is bran* ( ! physical inve/igation ( ! m9d1--by f> ! m important ( ! two1--& hav+ fix$ _! att5tion solely on ! successions ( its ph5om5a1 t "s philosoph]s h be5 l$ to disp>age ! sci5ce z fruitless ( discov]y1 & ev5 to d]ide ! pret5sions or ! hopes ( ^? :o d n consid] x z absolutely exhau/$2--,i w n say n[ m]ely1 9 ! pres5t improv$ /ate ( ! sci5ce1 b z n exhau/$ almo/ be=e philosophy began1 9 ! rude consci\sness ( ! rude/ savage1 :o saw1 & rememb]$1 & comp>$1 & hop$1 & fe>$2 & mu/1 !re=e1 x is said1 h kn[n :at x is to see1 & rememb]1 & comp>e1 & hope1 & fe>4 ,if ! ph5om5a ( ! m9d 7 to be reg>d$ m]ely z successive1--:i* is "o only ( ! two lights 9 :i* !y may be physically view$1--x might1 inde$1 be said1 ) a little m appe>ance ( tru?1 t ?is m]e succession mu/ be z famili> to ! unreflect+ m9d z to ! m9d ( ! philosoph]2 ?\gh1 ev5 9 ?is limit$ s5se1 ! rem>k is f> f be+ accurate4 ,b ! ph5om5a h o!r relations1 z well z ^? ( succession1--relations :i* are n involv$ 9 ! m]e consci\sness ( ! mom5t1 b are discov]able by reflection only1--& to ! k ( :i*1 !re=e1 addition aft] addition may be made by e new g5]ation ( reflect+ inquir]s4 ,f ! v in/ant ( its fir/ exi/5ce1 ! m9d is con/antly exhibit+ ph5om5a m & m complex1--s5sations1 ?\ghts1 emotions1 all m+l+ toge!r1 & almo/ e feel+ modify+1 9 "s great] or less degree1 ! feel+s t succe$ x2--& z1 9 *emi/ry1 x (t5 happ5s1 t ! qualities ( ! sep>ate +r$i5ts ( a comp\nd body are n recognizable by u1 9 ! app>5tly diff]5t qualities ( ! comp\nd itself1--s1 9 ?is spontane\s *emi/ry ( ! m9d1 ! comp\nd s5tim5t1 t results f ! association ( =m] feel+s1 has1 9 _m cases1 on fir/ consid]ation1 s little resemblance to ^! con/itu5ts ( x1 z =m]ly exi/+ 9 _! elem5t>y /ate1 t x requires ! mo/ att5tive reflection to sep>ate1 & evolve di/9ctly to o!rs1 ! assemblages :i* ev5 a few ye>s may h produc$4 ,inde$1 s complex are ! m5tal ph5om5a1 & s difficult ( analysis1--ev5 9 ^? mo/ common cases1 :i* may be said to be famili> to all1--t x is truly wond]ful t ! difficulty ( ?is analysis1 & ! field ( inquiry :i* ?is v difficulty op5s1 %\ld n h occurr$ to ! disp>ag]s ( intellectual discov]y1 & made !m feel1 t :at !y 7 n able to expla9 c\ld n be s well kn[n to all mank9d z to be absolutely incapable ( additional illu/ration4 ,! savage1 !y w tell u1 is consci\s ( :at he feels 9 lov+ 8 c\ntry1 z well z ! sage2 b1 does he "k z well1 or c ev5 ! sage himself in=m u ) precision1 :at ! v>i\s elem5t>y feel+s h be51 t h successively modifi$1 or r1 t h con/itut$ ?is local atta*m5t8 ,! peasant1 inde$1 may h ! feel+ ( beauty1 l ! arti/ :o produces x1 or ! speculative inquir]1 :o analyses ?is v complex emotion-- 8,ask ! swa91 ,:o j\rneys homew>d1 f a summ] day's ,long lab\r1 :y1 =getful ( 8 toils ,& due repose1 he loit]s to behold ,! sun%9e gleam+1 z ?r\gh amb] cl\ds1 ,o'er all ! we/]n sky8 ,full soon1 ,i we51 ,8 rude expression1 & untutor'd airs1 ,beyond ! p[] ( language1 w unfold ,! =m ( ,beauty smil+ at 8 he>t1 ,h[ lovely1 h[ comm&+60#ch ,b ! m]e emotion :i* beauty produces1 is n ! k ( ! simpl] feel+s t h compos$ or modifi$ x2 & ?\gh ! pleasure & admiration 7 to cont9ue exactly ! same1 ! peasant w\ld surely h le>n$ some?+1 if he c\ld be made to und]/&1 t beauty 0 m ?an ! =m & col\r :i* 8 eye p]ceiv$4 ,:at is ?us true ( beauty z diff]5tly und]/ood by ! peasant & ! philosoph]1 is true1 9 l mann]1 ( all ! o!r complex m5tal ph5om5a4 ,x w\ld1 inde$1 be z reasonable to affirm1 t1 because we all move our limbs1 we are all equally acqua9t$ ) ! physiology ( muscul> motion2 or1 to take a case /ill m exactly appropriate1 t we "k all ! sublime/ tru?s ( ari?metic & geometry1 because we "k all ! numb]s & figures ( ! m]e relations ( :i* ^! are ! sci5ce1--z t we are all acqua9t$ ) ! physiology ( ! m9d1 & ! numb] ( elem5ts :i* ent] into our v>i\s feel+s1 because we all p]ceive1 & rememb]1 & love1 & hate4 ,x is1 x w be all[$1 *iefly1 or p]haps1 :olly1 z x is analytical1 t ! sci5ce ( m9d admits ( discov]y2 b1 z a sci5ce ( analysis1 9 :i* new relations are cont9ually felt on reflection1 x pres5ts u ) a field ( discov]y z ri*1 &1 ,i may say1 almo/ z inexhau/ible 9 wond]s1 z t ( ! univ]se )\t4 8,x is ?us10 ,i h else:]e rem>k$1 8ev5 9 ph5om5a1 :i* seem s simple z sc>cely to h admitt$ comb9ation1 :at wond]s h be5 develop$ by sci5tific inquiry6 ,p]ception itself1 t prim>y function ( ! m9d1 :i* 0 surely ! same be=e ,b]keley exam9$ ! laws ( vision z at pres5t1 is n[ reg>d$ by u v diff]5tly1 9 relation to ! mo/ important ( its organs2 & x w\ld n be easy to f9d1 amid all ! brilliant discov]ies ( mod]n *emi/ry1 & ev5 9 ! :ole range ( ! physics ( matt]1 a proposition m completely revolt+ to popul> belief1 ?an t1 :i* x is n[ ! g5]al fai? ( philosoph]s1 t ! s5se ( sight1 :i* seems to br+ ! f>!/ hills ( ! mo/ ext5d$ l&scape1 & ! v b\ndlessness ( space be=e our view1 is1 ( itself1 incapable ( %ew+ u a s+le l9e ( longitud9al di/ance40#ci ,if1 z has be5 /rongly affirm$1 ! sci5ce ( m9d be a sci5ce t is1 by its v nature1 insusceptible ( improvem5t by discov]y1 x mu/ h be5 s1 be=e ! "t ( ,b]keley z n[1 & x might h be5 a suffici5t answ] to all ! argum5ts :i* he adduc$ 9 support ( 8 !ory ( vision1 t ! ph5om5a :i* he boa/$ to h analys$1 7 only ! common & famili> ph5om5a ( a s5se t _h be5 ex]cis$ by all mank9d4 8,! vulg>10 ,i h said1 8w\ld gaze ) a/oni%m5t1 7 !y to p]ceive an electrician inflame gunp[d] ) an icicle2 b !y w\ld n be less conf\nd$ by ^? dazzl+ subtleties ) :i* metaphysicians w\ld p]suade !m1 t ! v actions :i* !y feel to be b5evol5t & dis9t]e/$1 _h _! s\rce 9 ! same pr9ciple ( selfi%ness1 :i* makes man a knave or a tyrant4 ,t ?is p>ticul> doctr9e is false1 is ( no consequ5ce2 ! :ole !ory ( our moral s5tim5t pres5ts results :i* are ne>ly z wond]ful2 &1 inde$1 ! fals5ess ( any metaphysical doctr9e1 if rightly consid]$1 is itself "o ( ! /ronge/ pro(s t ! sci5ce ( m9d is a sci5ce :i* admits ( discov]y2 =1 if all m5 _h equal k ( all ! relations ( all ! ph5om5a ( _! m9d1 no "o c\ld advance an op9ion on ! subject1 ) real belief ( x1 :i* ano!r c\ld discov] to be errone\s4 ,9 ! diff]5t /ages ( ! gr[? ( a passion1 :at a v>iety ( appe>ances does x assume2 & h[ difficult is x (t5 to trace1 9 ! confusion & complication ( ! p>oxysm1 ^? calm & simple emotions1 9 :i*1 9 _m cases1 x orig9at$6--,! love ( dome/ic praise1 & ( ! p>5tal smile ( approbation1 :i* gave excell5ce to ! fir/ ef=ts ( ! *ild1 may exp&1 ) little v>iation1 into ! love ( hone/ & hon\rable fame2 or1 9 m unhappy circum/ances1 may %oot out f its natural direction1 into all ! guilt & madness ( atroci\s ambition2--& c x truly be ma9ta9$1 or ev5 suppos$1 = a mom5t1 t all ?is f9e %ad[+ ( feel+s into feel+s1 is kn[n z mu* to ! rude/ & mo/ ignorant ( mank9d1 z x is to ! pr(\nde/ intellectual inquir]8 ,h[ diff]5t is ! passion ( ! mis]1 z view$ by himself1 by ! vulg>1 & by philosoph]s6 ,he is consci\s1 h[ev]1 only ( ! accuracy ( 8 reason+s on ! probabilities ( future pov]ty1 ( a love ( economy1 & ( temp]ance1 & c]ta9 too ( /rict & rigid ju/ice4 ,to common obs]v]s1 he is only a lov] ( money4 ,!y cont5t !mselves ) ! passion1 9 its mature /ate2 & x w\ld n be easy to conv9ce !m1 t ! mo/ self-d5y+ av>ice involves z its ess5ce1 or at lea/ orig9ally involv$1 ! love ( ^? v pleasures & accommodations1 :i* are n[ sacrific$ to x )\t ! lea/ app>5t reluctance40#dj 8,?is light & d>kness1 9 our *aos jo9'd1 ,:at %all divide8 ,! ,god )9 ! m9d40 ,!re is1 inde$1 a *aos1 9 ! m9d4 ,b !re is a _s ( inquiry1 :i* is =ev] mov+ ov] x1 sl[ly sep>at+ all its m+l$ elem5ts4 ,x is only :5 ^! are sep>at$1 t ! philosophy ( m9d c be complete1 & incapable ( fur!r discov]y4 ,to say t x is n[ complete1 because x has 9 x e ?+ :i* c be ! subject ( analysis1 is z absurd1 z x w\ld be to suppose t ! anci5t *aos1 :5 x conta9$ m]ely ! elem5ts ( ?+s1 be=e ! _s ( ,god mov$ ^u ! wat]s ( ! abyss1 0 already t _w ( life1 & ord]1 & beauty1 :i* x 0 aft] to become4 ,! difficulty :i* arises 9 ! physical inve/igation ( ! m9d1 f ! app>5t simplification ( ^? ?\ghts & feel+s :i*1 on m att5tive reflection1 are felt to be z if comp\nd$ ( _m o!r ?\ghts & feel+s1 t h previ\sly exi/$ toge!r1 or 9 imm$iate succession1 is simil> to ! difficulty :i* we exp]i5ce 9 ! physics ( matt]1 f ! imp]fection ( our s5ses1 t all[s u to p]ceive masses only1 n _! elem5tal p>ts1 & ?us leads u to consid] z simple bodies1 :at a s+le new exp]im5t may prove to be compos$ ( v>i\s elem5ts4 ,9 ! intellectual _w1 ! sl[ progress ( discov]y arises1 9 l mann]1 f ! ob/acles :i* our feeble p[] ( discrim9ation pres5ts to our m5tal analysis4 ,b1 9 m9d1 z well z 9 matt]1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 t x is to ?is v feebl5ess ( our discrim9at+ p[]s1 ! :ole analytic sci5ce owes its orig94 ,if we c\ld di/+ui% in/antly & cle>ly 9 our complex ph5om5a ( ?\ght1 _! con/itu5t elem5ts--if1 = example1 9 t s+le & app>5tly simple emotion1 :i* we feel1 on ! sight ( beauty1 z x lives be=e u1 or 9 ! contemplation ( t ideal beauty1 :i* is reflect$ f works ( art1 we c\ld discov]1 z x 71 9 a s+le glance1 all ! innum]able feel+s1 :i*1 p]haps1 f ! fir/ mom5t ( life1 h be5 conspir+ toge!r1 & bl5d+ 9 ! production ( x--we %\ld !n feel z little int]e/ 9 our !ories ( ta/e1 z 9 a case =m]ly suppos$1 we %\ld h done 9 our !ories ( combu/ion1 if ! mo/ m9ute *anges t take place 9 combu/ion _h be5 at all times di/9ctly visible4 ,! my/]ies ( our intellect1 ! 8alt p5etralia m5tis10 w\ld !n lie = ev] op5 to u2 & :at 0 said poetically ( ,hobbes1 9 ! beautiful v]ses address$ to him on 8 "w ,de ,natura ,hom9is1 w\ld be applicable to all mank9d1 n poetically1 b 9 ! /rictness ( philosophic tru?4 8,qu magna cli mnia1 et tractus m>is1 ,t]rque f9es1 siquid aut ultra e/1 capit1 ,m5s ipsa t&em capitur2 ,omnia hact5us ,qu nosse potuit1 nota jam primum e/ sibi4 8,consultor audax1 et ,prome!i pot5s ,fac9oris animi6 quis tibi d$it deus ,hc intu]i sculis longe abdita1 ,oculosque luce t9xit ambrosia tuos8 ,tu m5tis omnis1 at tu nulla e/ capax4 ,hoc laude solus fru]e3 div9um e/ opus ,animam cre>e2 proximum huic1 o/5d]e4 8,hic c]no levia affectuum ve/igia1 ,gracilesque ,s5sus l9eas2 video quibus ,vehantur alis bl&uli ,cupid9es1 ,quibusque /imulis urgeant ,ir graves1 ,hic et ,dolores et ,voluptates suos ,produnt recessus2 ipsi nec ,timor latet40 ,,footnotes3 #cg ,ep4 i4 v4 #fa-fh4 ,works1 vol4 ,,iii4 p4 #e1 #f4 #ch ,pleasures ( ,imag9ation1 ,book ,,iii4 v4 #ebf-ece4 #ci ,inquiry into ! ,relation ( ,cause & ,effect1 #b;d edition1 p4 #cb1 #cc4 #dj ,inquiry into ! ,relation ( ,cause & ,effect1 #b;d edition1 p4 #bf-cj4 ) "s alt]ations & exclusions4 ,,lecture ,,xi4 ,,application ,,( ,,! ,,laws ,,( ,,physical ,,inquiry1 ,,to ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,m9d1 ,,conclud$4--,,on ,,consci\sness1 ,,& ,,on ,,m5tal ,,id5tity4 ,9 my la/ ,lecture1 ,g5tlem51 ,i consid]$1 v fully1 ! two species ( inquiry :i* ! philosophy ( m9d admits 9 exact analogy to ! two species ( inquiry 9 ! philosophy ( matt]1--! consid]ation ( ! m5tal ph5om5a1 z successive1 & !re=e susceptible ( arrangem5t 9 ! ord] ( _! succession1 z causes & effects1--& ! consid]ation ( !m z complex1 & !re=e susceptible ( analysis4 ,i /at$ to y1 t x 0 *iefly1 if n :olly1 9 ?is latt] view1 z analytical1 t ,i conceiv$ ! philosophy ( m9d to be a sci5ce ( progressive discov]y2 ?\gh1 z a sci5ce ( analogy1 x has n m]ely produc$ results1 z a/oni%+1 p]haps1 9 "s cases1 z any ( ^? :i* ! analysis ( matt] has exhibit$1 b pres5ts /ill a field ( inquiry1 t may be consid]$ z inexhau/ible2 s9ce ! m9d _c exi/1 )\t =m+ cont9ually new comb9ations1 t modify its subsequ5t affections1 & v>y1 !re=e1 ! products1 :i* x is ! lab\r ( our intellectual analysis to r$uce to _! orig9al elem5ts4 ,:at ! *emi/ does1 9 matt]1 ! intellectual analysis does 9 m9d2 ! "o di/+ui%+ by a purely m5tal process ( reflection1 ! elem5ts ( 8 complex feel+s1 z ! o!r op]ates on 8 mat]ial comp\nds1 by processes t are !mselves mat]ial4 ,?\gh ! t]m analysis1 h[ev]1 may be us$ 9 ref]5ce to bo? processes1 ! m5tal1 z well z ! mat]ial1 s9ce ! result ( ! process is virtually ! same 9 bo?1 x has be5 univ]sally employ$ by philosoph]s1 9 ! laws ( ! m9d1 )\t any accurate def9ition ( ! process2 & ,i 0 c>eful1 !re=e1 to expla9 to y ! peculi> mean+1 9 :i* x is /rictly to be und]/ood 9 our sci5ce2 t y might n ext5d to ! m9d & its affections1 t ess5tial divisibility1 :i* is inconsi/5t ) its v nature2 & suppose t1 :5 we speak ( complex notions1 & ( ?\ghts & feel+s t are unit$ by association ) o!r ?\ghts & feel+s1 we speak ( a plurality ( sep>able ?+s4 ,! complex m5tal ph5om5a1 z ,i expla9$ to y1 are complex only 9 relation to our mode ( conceiv+ !m4 ,!y are1 /rictly & truly1 z simple & indivisible /ates ( a sub/ance1 :i* is necess>ily 9 all its /ates simple & indivisible--! results1 r ?an ! comp\nds1 ( =m] feel+s1--to :i*1 h[ev]1 !y seem to u1 & f ! v nature ( ! feel+s !mselves1 _c b seem to u1 to be> ! same species ( relation1 :i* a :ole be>s to ! p>ts t compose x4 ,! (fice ( intellectual analysis1 accord+ly1 9 ! mode 9 :i* ,i h expla9$ x to y1 has reg>d to ?is relation only4 ,x is to trace ! v>i\s affections or /ates ( m9d t h successively contribut$1 to =m or to modify any peculi> s5tim5t or emotion1 & to develope ! elem5ts1 to :i*1 aft] trac+ ?is succession1 ! result+ s5tim5t or emotion is felt by u to be> virtually t relation ( seem+ compreh5siv5ess ( :i* ,i spoke4 ,if1 inde$1 our p]spicacity 7 s acute t we c\ld di/+ui% imm$iately all ! relations ( our ?\ghts & passions1 !re c\ld evid5tly be no discov]y 9 ! sci5ce ( m9d2 b1 9 l mann]1 :at discov]y c\ld !re be1 9 ! analysis ( matt]1 if our s5ses 7 s quick & delicate1 z to di/+ui% imm$iately all ! elem5ts ( e comp\nd8 ,x is only sl[ly t we discov] ! composition ( ! masses )\t2 & we h !re=e a sci5ce ( *emi/ry3--,x is only sl[ly t we discov] ! relations ( complex ?\ght to ?\ght2 & we h !re=e a sci5ce ( m5tal analysis4 ,x is to ! imp]fection ( our faculties1 !n1 z =c+ u to guess & explore :at is half conceal$ f u1 t we owe our labori\s exp]im5ts & reason+s1 & consequ5tly all ! sci5ce :i* is ! result ( ^!2 & ! pr\de/ discov]ies :i* we make may ?us1 9 "o po9t ( view1 :atev] dignity !y may give to a few mom5ts ( our life1 be consid]$ z pro(s & memorials ( our g5]al weakness4 ,if1 9 its relation to matt]1 philosophy be f\nd$1 9 a v great degree1 on ! m]e badness ( our eyes1 :i* prev5ts u f di/+ui%+ accurately ! m9ute *anges t are con/antly tak+ place 9 ! bodies ar\nd u2 we h se51 9 l mann]1 t1 9 its relation to ! m9d1 x is f\nd$ *iefly1 or p]haps :olly1 on ! imp]fection ( our p[] ( discrim9at+ ! elem5t>y feel+s1 :i* compose our great complexities ( ?\ght & passion2 ! v>i\s relations ( :i* are felt by u only on att5tive reflection1 & are1 !re=e1 9 progressive discov]y1 sl[ly add$ to relations t h be=e be5 trac$4 ,9 bo? cases1 ! analysis1 necess>y = ?is purpose1 is an op]ation ( unque/ionable difficulty4 ,b x is surely n less s1 9 m9d1 ?an 9 matt]2 nor1 :5 nature exhibits all h] wond]s to u1 9 "o case1 9 objects t are sep>ate f u1 & =eign2 &1 9 ! o!r1 9 ! intimate ph5om5a ( our own consci\sness1 c we ju/ly ?9k1 t x is ( ourselves we "k ! mo/4 ,on ! contr>y1 /range z x may seem1 x is ( h] di/ant op]ations1 t our k is lea/ imp]fect2 & we h f> less acqua9tance ) ! sway :i* %e ex]cises 9 our own m9d1 ?an ) t by :i* %e guides ! c\rse ( ! mo/ remote planet1 9 spaces beyond u1 :i* we r calculate ?an conceive4 ,! only sci5ce1 :i*1 by its simplicity & compreh5siv5ess1 seems to h atta9$ a maturity t leaves little = future inquiry1 is n t :i* relates imm$iately to man himself1 or to ! prop]ties ( ! bodies on 8 own planet1 t are ev] act+ on 8 p]ceptive organs1 & ess5tial to 8 life & enjoym5t2 b t :i* relates to ! imm5se sy/em ( ! univ]se1 to :i* ! v orb1 t supports all ! multitudes ( 8 race1 is b an atom ( du/1 & to :i* himself1 z an individual1 is z no?+4 8,c\ld he1 ^: rules ! rapid comet b9d1 ,describe or fix "o movem5t ( 8 m9d8 ,:o saw its fires "h rise1 & !re desc5d1 ,expla9 8 own beg9n+ or 8 end8 ,g1 wondr\s creature6 m\nt :]e ,sci5ce guides1 ,g1 measure e>?1 weigh air1 & /ate ! tides2 ,in/ruct ! planets 9 :at orbs to run1 ,correct old ,"t1 & regulate ! ,sun2 ,g1 so> ) ,plato to ?' empyreal sph]e1 ,to ! fir/ good1 fir/ p]fect1 & fir/ fair2 ,g1 tea* ,et]nal ,wisdom h[ to rule-- ,!n drop into ?yself1 & be a fool60#da ,t man %\ld "k s mu* ( ! univ]se1 & s v little ( himself1 is1 inde$1 "o ( ! circum/ances1 :i*1 9 ! language ( ! same poet1 mo/ /rongly *>act]ize him1 z ! 8je/ & riddle0 ( t _w1 ( :i* he is also no less truly 8! glory40 8,t ! intellig5ce ( any be+10 to use ! words ( ,d',alemb]t1 8%\ld n pass beyond c]ta9 limits--t1 9 "o species ( be+s1 x %\ld be m or less circumscrib$1 ?an 9 ano!r--all ?is is n surpris+1 m ?an t a blade ( grass %\ld be less tall ?an a %rub2 or a %rub ?an an oak4 ,b t ! same be+ %\ld be at once arre/$ by ! n>r[ circle :i* nature has trac$ ar\nd him1 & yet con/antly rem9d$1 t1 beyond ^! limits1 !re are objects :i* he is nev] to atta9--t he %\ld be able to reason1 till he loses himself1 on ! exi/5ce & nature ( ^! objects1 ?\gh condemn$ to be et]nally ignorant ( !m--t he %\ld h too little sagacity to resolve an inf9ity ( que/ions1 :i* he has yet sagacity en\gh to make--t ! pr9ciple )9 u1 :i* ?9ks1 %\ld ask itself 9 va91 :at x is :i* con/itutes its ?\ght1 & t ?is ?\ght1 :i* sees s _m ?+s1 s di/ant1 %\ld yet n be able to see itself1 :i* is s ne>1--t self1 :i* x is not)/&+ always /riv+ to see & to "k--^! are contradictions1 :i*1 ev5 9 ! v pride ( our reason+1 _c fail to surprise & conf\nd u40 ,all t rema9s = u1 9 t impossibility :i* nature has impos$ on u ( atta9+ a m intimate k ( ! ess5ce & con/itution ei!r ( m9d or ( matt]1 is to att5d to ! ph5om5a :i* !y pres5t1 analys+ :atev] is complex1 & trac+ ! ord] ( e sequ5ce4 ,by att5tive reflection on ! ph5om5a !mselves1 & on all ! circum/ances :i* prec$e or foll[ !m1 we %all be able to discov] ! relations :i* !y mutually be>1 & to di/+ui% _! casual co9cid5ce1 or succession1 f ^? inv>iable relations :i* nature has e/abli%$ among !m z causes & effects4 ,?is1 humble z x may seem1 is1 z ,i h said1 ! true philosophy ( man2 because x is all ( :i* man is capable4 ,to inquire1 z may be ?\ght1 m deeply into ! ess5ces ( ?+s1 or ! nature ( c]ta9 suppos$ bonds by :i* !y are connect$1 is to %[1 n t we h advanc$ f> 9 ! progress ( sci5ce1 b t we h gone f> a/ray2 n t we "k m ?an philosoph]s ( humbl] views & pret5sions1 b t we "k less2 s9ce x proves t we are unacqua9t$ ) ! limits )9 :i* nature has b\nd$ our prospect1 & h n atta9$ t prime k1 :i* consi/s 9 kn[+ h[ little c be kn[n4 ,if ! philosophy1 n ( m9d only1 b ( ! univ]se1 is to be f\nd1 z ,hobbes has boldly said1 )9 ourselves1--9 ! same mann] z ! p]fect /atue is to be f\nd 9 ! rude block ( ! qu>ry1 :5 all ! sup]flu\s mass1 t adh]es to x1 has be5 remov$1--9 no respect c x m ju/ly be said to be 9 our own m9ds ?an 9 ?is1 t x is only by kn[+ ! true ext5t1 & consequ5tly ! limits1 ( our intellectual p[]s1 t we c =m any rational sy/em ( philosophic inve/igation4 ,!n1 inde$1 ,philosophy may be truly said1 9 8 /rong figurative language1 to be ,human ,reason h]self1 hov]+ ov] all creat$ ?+s1 & proclaim+ _! ord]1 _! causes1 & effects4 8,philosophiam noli cr$]e eam esse1 p] quam fiunt lapides philosophici1 neque illam quam o/5tant codices metaphysici2 s$ ,rationem ,humanum naturalem p] omnes res creatas s$ulo volitantem1 et de e>um ord9e1 causis1 et effectibus1 ea qu v]a sunt r5untiantem4 ,m5tis ergo tu1 et totius mundi filia philosophia 9 te ipso e/2 nondum =tasse figurata1 s$ g5itori mundo qualis erat 9 pr9cipio in=mi similes4 ,faci5dum ergo tibi e/ quod faciunt /atu>ii1 qui mat]iam exculp5tes sup]vacraeum1 imag9em non faciunt s$ inv5iunt40#db ,aft] ^! rem>ks on physical inquiry 9 g5]al1 & its p>ticul> application to our own sci5ce1 ,i tru/ t we %all n[ proce$ to obs]ve1 & analyse1 & arrange ! m5tal ph5om5a1 ) cle>] views1 bo? ( ! mat]ials on :i* we h to op]ate1 & ( ! nature ( ! op]ations :i* we h to p]=m4 ,we may consid] ! m9d z n[ ly+ op5 be=e u1 pres5t+ to u all its ph5om5a1 b pres5t+ !m 9 assemblages1 :i* x is to be our lab\r to sep>ate & arrange4 ,9 ?is sep>ation & arrangem5t1 !re are difficulties1 ,i confess1 ( no slight k9d4 ,b1 ,i tru/1 t y h ! _s1 :i* delights 9 ov]com+ difficulties1 & :i*1 ev5 if its mo/ /r5u\s ex]tions %\ld fail1 delights 9 ! v /r5u\sness ( ! endeav\r4 ,9 :at admits our analysis1 & 9 :at transc5ds x1 we %all always f9d mu* t is truly wond]ful 9 itself1 & des]v+ ( our pr(\nde/ admiration2 &1 ev5 9 ! obscure/ p>ts ( ! great field ( m9d1 ?\gh we may see only dimly1 & mu/1 !re=e1 be cauti\s 9 inquir+1 & fe>ful ( pron\nc+1 we may yet1 p]haps1 be op5+ pa?s t are to lead to discov]y1 &1 9 ! v d>kness ( our se>*1 may p]ceive "s gleams ( t light1 :i*1 ?\gh n[ only dawn+ ^u u1 is to bright5 on ! inquir]s ( o!r ages4 ,9 proce$+ to exam9e & comp>e ! m5tal ph5om5a1 ! fir/ circum/ance t /rikes u1 prior to any attempt to arrange !m 9 classes1 is1 t ! m9d :i* exhibits ^! is susceptible ( a v>iety ( feel+s1 e new feel+ be+ a *ange ( its /ate2 &1 inde$1 x is by su* *anges alone t x manife/s itself1 ei!r 9 our own consci\sness1 or 9 ! actions ( our fell[ m54 ,if x c\ld exi/ only 9 "o ev]la/+ /ate1--su* z n[ con/itutes ! feel+ ( any p>ticul> mom5t1--x is q sup]flu\s to say1 t x c\ld n reason ^u ?is /ate1--= ?is v reason+ w\ld itself imply ! *ange1 :i* is suppos$ to be impossible2 & z little c\ld ?is "o un*ang$ & un*angeable feel+ be an object ( reason+ to o!rs1 ev5 if !re 7 any mode ( its becom+ manife/ to !m1 :i* !re evid5tly c\ld n be4 ,x is1 p]haps1 ev5 n too extravagant an ass]tion ( ,hobbes1 :o supposes a m9d s con/itut$ z to p]ceive only "o col\r1 & to p]ceive ?is con/antly1 & affirms1 t1 9 t case1 x w\ld be absurd to say t x _h any p]ception at all1 be+ r1 z he expresses x1 /upifi$ ?an see+4 8,attonitum esse et =tasse aspect>e eum1 s$ /up5tem dic]em1 vid]e non dic]em2 adeo s5tire semp] idem1 et non s5tire ad idem recidunt40 ,m9d1 !n1 is capable ( exi/+ 9 v>i\s /ates2 an enum]ation ( ! lead+ classes ( :i*1 z ,i be=e rem>k$1 is all t con/itutes our def9ition ( x4 ,x is t1 we say1 :i* p]ceives1 rememb]s1 comp>es1 grieves1 rejoices1 loves1 hates2 & ?\gh ! t]ms1 :atev] !y may be1 t are us$ by u1 9 any su* enum]ation1 may be few1 we mu/ n =get t ! t]ms are m]e inv5tions ( our own = ! purpose ( classification1 &1 t ea* ( !m compreh5ds a v>iety ( feel+s1 t are z truly diff]5t f ea* o!r1 z ! classes !mselves are diff]5t4 ,p]ception is b a s+le ^w2 yet1 :5 we consid] ! numb] ( objects t may act ^u our organs ( s5se1 & ! numb] ( ways 9 :i* _! action1 may be comb9$1 s z to produce "o comp\nd effect1 diff]5t f t :i* ! same objects w\ld produce sep>ately1 or 9 o!r =ms ( comb9ation1 h[ _m are ! feel+s :i* ?is s+le ^w d5otes6--s _m1 inde$1 t no ari?metical computation is suffici5t to measure _! inf9ity4 ,amid all ?is v>iety ( feel+s1 ) :atev] rapidity ! *anges may succe$ ea* o!r1 & h[ev] opposite !y may seem1 we h /ill ! mo/ und\bt+ belief1 t x is ! same individual m9d1 :i* is ?us affect$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,! pleasure1 :i* is felt at "o mom5t1 has inde$ little app>5t relation to ! pa9 t 0 p]haps felt a few mom5ts be=e2 & ! k ( a subject1 :i* we possess1 aft] hav+ reflect$ on x fully1 has equally little resemblance to our /ate ( d\bt :5 we began to inquire1 or ! total ignorance & indiff]5ce :i* prec$$ ! fir/ d\bt t we felt4 ,x is ! same individual m9d1 h[ev]1 :i*1 9 all ^! in/ances1 is pleas$ & pa9$1 is ignorant1 d\bts1 reflects1 kn[s4 ,!re is some?+ 8*ang$ 9 all1 & yet 9 all ! same10 :i* at once con/itutes ! ?\ghts & emotions ( ! h\r1 & yet outlives !m1--some?+1 :i*1 f ! tempor>y agitations ( passion1 rises1 unalt]$ & ev]la/+1 l ! pyramid1 t lifts /ill ! same po9t to heav51 amid ! s&s & :irlw9ds ( ! des]t4 ,! consid]ation ( ! m9d1 z "o sub/ance1 capable ( exi/+ 9 a v>iety ( /ates1 accord+ z x is v>i\sly affect$1 & con/itut+1 9 ^! diff]5t /ates1 all ! complex ph5om5a ( ?\ght & feel+1 necess>ily involves ! consid]ation ( consci\sness1 & ( p]sonal id5tity4 ,to ! exam9ation ( ^!1 accord+ly1 ,i n[ proce$1 z ess5tial to all ! inquiries & speculations1 9 :i* we are aft]w>ds to be engag$2 s9ce1 :atev] p[]s or susceptibilities we may consid] z attributes ( ! m9d1 ?is consid]ation mu/ always suppose ! exi/5ce ( c]ta9 ph5om5a1 ( :i* we are consci\s1 & ! id5tity ( ! s5ti5t or ?9k+ pr9ciple1 9 :i* t consci\sness resides1 & to :i* all ! v>ieties ( ^? ev]-*ang+ feel+s1 :i* =m ! subjects ( our inquiry1 are collectively to be ref]r$4 ,our fir/ inquiry1 !n1 is into ! nature ( ,,consci\sness4 ,9 ! sy/ems ( philosophy1 :i* h be5 mo/ g5]ally preval5t1 especially 9 ?is "p ( ! ,isl&1 consci\sness has always be5 class$ z "o ( ! intellectual p[]s ( ! m9d1 diff]+ f its o!r p[]s1 z ^! mutually diff] f ea* o!r4 ,x is accord+ly rank$ by ,dr ,reid1 z sep>ate & di/9ct1 9 8 ,catalogue ( ! ,intellectual ,p[]s2 & he says ( x1 t 8x is an op]ation ( ! und]/&+ ( its own k9d1 & _c be logically def9$4 ,! objects ( x are our pres5t pa9s1 our pleasures1 our hopes1 our fe>s1 our desires1 our d\bts1 our ?\ghts ( e k9d1--9 a ^w1 all ! passions1 & all ! actions & op]ations ( our own m9ds1 :ile !y are pres5t40 ,& 9 v>i\s p>ts ( 8 works1 :i* x w\ld be ne$less to quote1 he alludes to its radical diff]5ce f ! o!r p[]s ( ! m9d1 z if x 7 a po9t on :i* !re c\ld be no "q4 ,to me1 h[ev]1 ,i mu/ confess1 x appe>s t ?is attempt to d\ble1 z x 71 our v>i\s feel+s1 by mak+ !m n to con/itute our consci\sness1 b to be ! objects ( x1 z ( a di/9ct intellectual p[]1 is n a fai?ful /atem5t ( ! ph5om5a ( ! m9d1 b is f\nd$1 p>tly on a confusion ( ?\ght1 & /ill m on a confusion ( language4 ,s5sation is n ! object ( consci\sness diff]5t f itself1 b a p>ticul> s5sation is ! consci\sness ( ! mom5t2 z a p>ticul> hope1 or fe>1 or grief1 or res5tm5t1 or simple remembrance1 may be ! actual consci\sness ( ! next mom5t4 ,9 %ort1 if ! m9d ( man1 & all ! *anges :i* take place 9 x1 f ! fir/ feel+ ) :i* life comm5c$1 to ! la/ ) :i* x closes1 c\ld be made visible to any o!r ?9k+ be+1 a c]ta9 s]ies ( feel+s alone1 t is to say1 a c]ta9 numb] ( successive /ates ( ! m9d1 w\ld be di/+ui%able 9 x1 =m+1 inde$1 a v>iety ( s5sations1 & ?\ghts1 & passions1 z mom5t>y /ates ( ! m9d1 b all ( !m exi/+ individually1 & successively to ea* o!r4 ,to suppose ! m9d to exi/ 9 two diff]5t /ates1 9 ! same mom5t1 is a manife/ absurdity4 ,to ! :ole s]ies ( /ates ( ! m9d1 !n1 :atev] ! individual mom5t>y successive /ates may be1 ,i give ! "n ( our consci\sness1--us+ t t]m1 n to express any new /ate additional to ! :ole s]ies1 7= to t1 :i* is already ! :ole no?+ c be add$1 & ! m9d1 z ,i h already said1 _c be conceiv$ to exi/ at once 9 two diff]5t /ates17 b m]ely z a %ort mode ( express+ ! wide v>iety ( our feel+s2 9 ! same mann]1 z ,i use any o!r g5]ic ^w1 = express+ briefly ! individual v>ieties compreh5d$ "u x4 ,!re are n s5sations1 ?\ghts1 passions1 & also consci\sness1 any m ?an !re is quadrup$ or animal1 z a sep>ate be+1 to be add$ to ! wolves1 tig]s1 elephants1 & o!r liv+ creatures1 :i* ,i include "u ^? t]ms4 ,! fallacy ( conceiv+ consci\sness to be some?+ diff]5t f ! feel+1 :i* is said to be its object1 has aris51 9 a great measure1 f ! use ( ! p]sonal pron\n ,i1 :i* ! conviction ( our id5tity1 dur+ ! v>i\s feel+s1 or tempor>y consci\snesses ( diff]5t mom5ts1 has l$ u to employ1 z significant ( our p]man5t self1 ( t be+1 :i* is consci\s1 & v>i\sly consci\s1 & :i* cont9ues1 aft] ^! feel+s h ceas$1 to be ! subject ( o!r consci\sness1 z transi5t z ! =m]4 ,i am consci\s ( a c]ta9 feel+1 really means1 h[ev]1 no m ?an ?is--,i feel 9 a c]ta9 mann]1 or1 9 o!r words1 my m9d exi/s 9 t /ate :i* con/itutes a c]ta9 feel+2 ! m]e exi/5ce ( t feel+1 & n any additional & di/+ui%able feel+ t is to be t]m$ consci\sness1 be+ all :i* is ess5tial to ! /ate ( my m9d1 at ! p>ticul> mom5t ( s5sation2 = a pleasure1 or pa91 ( :i* we are n consci\s1 is a pleasure or pa91 t1 9 ref]5ce to u at lea/1 has no exi/5ce4 ,b :5 we say1 ,i am consci\s ( a p>ticul> feel+1 9 ! usual p>aphra/ic phraseology ( our language1 :i* has no mode ( express+1 9 a s+le ^w1 ! m]e exi/5ce ( a feel+1 we are apt1 f a prejudice ( gramm>1 to sep>ate ! s5ti5t ,i & ! feel+ z diff]5t1--n diff]5t1 z !y really are1 m]ely 9 ?is respect1 t ! feel+ is "o mom5t>y & *angeable /ate ( ! p]man5t sub/ance ,i1 t is1 capable ( exi/+ also1 at o!r mom5ts1 9 o!r /ates1--b s radically diff]5t1 z to ju/ify our class+ ! feel+1 9 ! relation ( an object1 to t s5ti5t pr9ciple :i* we call ,i1--& an object to x1 n 9 retrospect only1 z :5 ! feel+ is rememb]$1 or :5 x is view$ 9 relation to o!r rememb]$ feel+s1--b 9 ! v mom5t ( ! prim>y s5sation itself2 z if !re c\ld truly be two di/9ct /ates ( ! same m9d1 at t same mom5t1 "o ( :i* /ates is to be t]m$ s5sation1 & ! o!r diff]5t /ate ( ! same m9d to be t]m$ consci\sness4 ,to e/imate m accurately ! effect1 :i* ?is ref]5ce to self produces1 let u imag9e a human be+ to be born ) 8 faculties p]fect z 9 mature life1 & let u suppose a s5sation to arise = ! fir/ "t 9 8 m9d4 ,= ! sake ( great] simplicity1 let u suppose ! s5sation to be ( a k9d z little complex z possible2 su* = example1 z t :i* ! fragrance ( a rose excites4 ,if1 imm$iately aft] ?is fir/ s5sation1 we imag9e ! s5ti5t pr9ciple to be ext+ui%$1 :at are we to call t feel+1 :i* fill$ & con/itut$ ! brief mom5t ( life8 ,x 0 a simple s5sation1 & no?+ m2 & if only we say1 t ! s5sation has exi/$1--:e!r we say1 or d n say1 t ! m9d 0 consci\s ( ! s5sation1--we %all convey precisely ! same mean+2 ! consci\sness ( ! s5sation be+1 9 t case1 only a tautological expression ( ! s5sation itself4 ,!re w be1 9 ?is fir/ mom5t>y /ate1 no sep>ation ( self & ! s5sation1--no little proposition =m$ 9 ! m9d1 ,i feel1 or ,i am consci\s ( a feel+2 b ! feel+ & ! s5ti5t ,i w1 = ! mom5t1 be ! same4 ,x is ?is simple feel+1 & ?is alone1 :i* is ! :ole consci\sness ( ! fir/ mom5t2 & no ref]5ce c be made ( ?is to a self1 :i* is indep5d5t ( ! tempor>y consci\sness2 because ! k ( self1 z di/9ct f ! p>ticul> feel+1 implies ! remembrance ( =m] feel+s1--( feel+s1 :i*1 toge!r ) ! pres5t1 we ascribe to "o ?9k+ pr9ciple1--recogniz+ ! pr9ciple1 ! self1 ! "o1 z ! same1 amid all its transi5t div]sities ( consci\sness4 ,let u n[1 !n1 in/ead ( suppos+ life1 z 9 ! =m] case1 to be ext+ui%$ imm$iately aft] ! fir/ s5sation1 suppose ano!r s5sation to be excit$1 z = in/ance t :i* is produc$ by ! s\nd ( a flute4 ,! m9d ei!r w be completely absorb$ 9 ?is new s5sation1 )\t any subsequ5t remembrance1--9 :i* case ! consci\sness ( ! s5sation1 z 9 ! case ( ! fragrance t prec$$ x1 w be only ano!r m p>aphra/ic expression ( ! simple s5sation--or ! remembrance ( ! =m] feel+ w arise4 ,if ! remembrance ( ! =m] feel+ arise1 & ! two diff]5t feel+s be consid]$ by ! m9d at once1 x w n[1 by t irresi/ible law ( our nature1 :i* impresses u ) ! conviction ( our id5tity1 conceive ! two s5sations1 :i* x recognizes z diff]5t 9 !mselves1 to h yet belong$ to ! same be+1--t be+1 to :i*1 :5 x has ! use ( language1 x gives ! "n ( self1 & 9 relation to :i* x speaks1 z (t5 z x uses ! pron\n ,i4--,! notion ( self1 z ! la/+ subject ( successive transi5t feel+s1 be+ n[1 & n till n[1 acquir$1 ?r\gh ! remembrance ( =m] s5sations or tempor>y div]sities ( consci\sness1 ! m9d w (t5 aga91 :5 o!r new s5sations may h aris51 g ?r\gh a simil> process1 be+ n m]ely affect$ ) ! p>ticul> mom5t>y s5sation1 b rememb]+ o!r prior feel+s1 & id5tify+ x ) !m1 9 ! g5]al designation ( self4 ,9 ^! circum/ances ! memory ( ! pa/ w (t5 m+le ) & modify ! pres5t2 & n[ inde$1 to =m ! v]bal proposition1 ,i am consci\s ( a p>ticul> s5sation1--s9ce ! v ^w ,i implies t ?is remembrance & id5tification has tak5 place1--may be all[$ to express some?+ m ?an ! m]e exi/5ce ( ! mom5t>y s5sation3 = x expresses also t ! m9d1 :i* n[ exi/s 9 ! /ate ( ?is p>ticul> s5sation1 has =m]ly exi/$ 9 a diff]5t /ate4 ,!re is a remembrance ( =m] feel+s1 & a belief t ! pres5t & ! pa/ h be5 /ates ( "o sub/ance4 ,b ?is belief1 or 9 o!r words1 ?is remembrance ( =m] feel+s1 is s f> f be+ ess5tial to e ?\ght or s5sation1 t innum]able feel+s e mom5t arise1 )\t any su* id5tification ) ! pa/4 ,!y are felt1 h[ev]1 = ?is is necess>ily impli$ 9 _! exi/5ce2 b !y exi/1 z transi5t ?\ghts or s5sations only1 & ! consci\sness1 :i* we h ( !m1 9 ^! circum/ances1 is no?+ m1 ?an ! ?\ghts or s5sations !mselves1 :i* c\ld n be ?\ghts or s5sations if !y 7 n felt4 ,9 ! great] numb] ( our successions ( mom5t>y feel+s1 !n1 :5 no ref]5ce is made to =m] /ates ( ! m9d1 ! consci\sness is obvi\sly no?+ m ?an ! simple mom5t>y feel+ itself z x beg9s & ceases2 & :5 !re is a ref]5ce to =m] /ates ( ! m9d1 we discov] on analysis only a remembrance1 l all our o!r remembrances1 & a feel+ ( common relation ( ! pa/ & ! pres5t affection ( ! m9d to "o p]man5t subject4 ,x is ! belief ( our cont9u$ id5tity :i* involves ?is p>ticul> feel+ ( relation ( pa/ & pres5t feel+s2 & consci\sness1 9 ?is s5se ( ! t]m1 is only a ^w expressive ( t belief4 ,t ! fragrance ( a rose1 ! s\nd ( a flute1 & 9 g5]al all ! o!r objects ( s5se1 might h excit$ precisely ! same imm$iate s5sations z at pres5t1 ,doctor ,reid admits1 ?\gh ! belief ( our p]sonal id5tity _h n be5 impress$ ^u u2 = he ascribes ?is belief to an in/9ctive pr9ciple only1 & ackn[l$ges1 t !re is no?+ 9 our s5sations !mselves1 f :i* any su* inf]5ce c\ld be drawn by reason4 ,if1 !n1 ?is in/9ctive belief ( id5tity _h n be51 z at pres5t1 a natural law ( human ?\ght1--op]at+ irresi/ibly on ! remembrance ( our diff]5t feel+s1 we %\ld h _h no notion ( self1 ( me1 ! s5ti5t & ?9k+ be+1 :o exi/s at ! pres5t mom5t1 & :o exi/$ be=e ! pres5t mom5t3--& :at1 !n1 w\ld h be5 ! consci\sness1 accompany+1 & diff]5t f1 our s5sations1 :5 !y m]ely fla%$ along ! m9d & vani%$8 ,! mo/ zeal\s def5d] ( consci\sness1 z a sep>ate intellectual p[]1 mu/ surely admit1 t1 9 su* circum/ances1 x w\ld h be5 no?+ m ?an s5sation itself4 ,x is ! belief ( our id5tity only1 :i* gives u ! notion ( self1 z ! subject ( v>i\s feel+s1 & x is ! notion ( self1 z ! subject ( v>i\s =m] feel+s1 :i* leads u to reg>d ! consci\sness ( ! mom5t1 z diff]5t f ! s5sation ( ! mom5t2 because x sugge/s to u ^? =m] feel+s1 :i* truly 7 diff]5t f x1 or at lea/ t subject m9d1 :i* unque/ionably exi/$ be=e ! pres5t s5sation4 ,if x be said1 t ! faculty ( consci\sness is no?+ m ?an ?is ref]5ce to ! pa/1 & consequ5t belief ( id5tity1 we may1 9 t case1 v safely admit its exi/5ce2 ?\gh ! classification ( x1 z a peculi> intellectual p[]1 w\ld 9 t case be a mo/ s+ul> anomaly 9 arrangem5t1 & w\ld involve a v absurd1 or at lea/ a v awkw>d use ( a t]m4 ,to ass]t ?is signification ( x1 h[ev]1 w\ld be to admit ev]y?+ = :i* ,i h cont5d$4 ,b x c]ta9ly is n ! s5se1 :i* has be5 atta*$ to x by philosoph]s2 & inde$1 9 ?is s5se1 consci\sness1 in/ead ( hav+ = its objects1 z ,doctor ,reid says1 all 8our pres5t pa9s1 our pleasures1 our hopes1 our fe>s1 our desires1 our d\bts1 our ?\ghts ( e k9d2 9 a ^w1 all ! passions1 & all ! actions & op]ations ( our own m9d1 :ile !y are pres5t10 w\ld be limit$ to ! comp>atively few1 ( :i* ! consid]ation ( our p]sonal id5tity =ms a "p4 ,9 f> ! great] numb] ( our feel+s1 z ,i h already said1 ! s5sation dies away1 almo/ 9 ! mom5t1--n inde$1 )\t be+ enjoy$ or suff]$1 b )\t any ref]5ce to self1 z ! subject ( v>i\s feel+s1 or remembrance ( any prior /ate ( m9d1 z di/9ct f ! pres5t4 ,! belief ( our id5tity1 is surely n ! only belief t arises f an in/9ctive pr9ciple2 & if its exi/5ce entitle u1 9 our sy/ematic arrangem5ts1 to ! possession ( a new intellectual p[]1 e o!r belief t arises in/9ctively f a pr9ciple ( our con/itution1 mu/ give u a simil> title to enl>ge ! catalogue ( our faculties4 ,! nev]-fail+ & in/ant fai?1 by :i* we expect1 )\t ! slighte/ d\bt ( ! simil>ity ( ! future1 t ev5ts w cont9ue to foll[ ea* o!r1 9 ! same ord] z at pres5t1--t bodies w fall to ! gr\nd1 fire burn1 food satisfy ! crav+ ( our appetite--t imm$iate intuitive pr9ciple ( belief1 on :i* all our =esight dep5ds1 & accord+ to :i* we regulate our :ole conduct 9 provid+ = ! future1--%\ld c]ta9ly1 9 t case1 be ascrib$ by u to "s peculi> intellectual p[]1 = :i* x w\ld be easy to inv5t a "n4 ,x is n1 by any inf]5ce ( our reason1 we believe1 t ! s\nd ( a flute :i* prec$$ ! fragrance ( a rose1 & ! fragrance ( a rose :i* foll[$ ! s\nd ( a flute1 excit$ s5sations t 7 /ates ( ! same id5tical m9d2 = !re is no?+1 9 ei!r ( ! sep>ate s5sations1 or 9 bo? toge!r1 f :i* su* an inf]5ce c be drawn2 & yet1 not)/&+ ! impossibility ( inf]r+ x1 we believe ?is1 at lea/ z /rongly1 z we believe any ( ! conclusions ( our reason+4 ,9 l mann]1 x is n by any inf]5ce ( reason we believe1 t fire w w>m u to-morr[1 z x has w>m$ u to-day2 = !re is no?+1 9 ! fire ( to-day1 or 9 ! s5sation ( w>m?1 consid]$ z a m]e sequ5ce ( x1 f :i* ! succession ( a simil> s5sation to ! fire ( to-morr[ c be inf]r$2 yet we also rely on ?is future sequ5ce1 at lea/ z /rongly1 z we believe any ( ! conclusions ( our reason+4 ,9 bo? cases ! p>allel is complete2 & 9 bo?1 ! evid5ce ( a p>ticul> intellectual faculty1 mu/ consequ5tly be alike1--or 9 nei!r is !re suffici5t evid5ce ( su* a p[]4 ,!re is1 inde$1 "o o!r s5se1 9 :i* we (t5 talk ( our consci\sness ( a feel+1 & a s5se1 9 :i*1 x mu/ be all[$1 t ! consci\sness is n precisely ! same z ! feel+ itself4 ,?is is1 :5 we speak ( a feel+1 n actually exi/+ at pres5t1 b pa/--z :5 we say1 t we are consci\s ( hav+ se51 or he>d1 or done some?+4 ,su* a use ( ! t]m1 h[ev]1 is p>donable only 9 ! privileg$ loos5ess & inaccuracy ( famili> conv]sation3 ! consci\sness1 9 ?is case1 be+ precisely synonym\s ) remembrance or memory1 & n a p[]1 diff]5t f ! remembrance4 ,! remembrance ( ! feel+1 & ! vivid feel+ itself1 inde$1 are diff]5t4 ,b ! remembrance1 & ! consci\sness ( ! remembrance1 are ! same--z ! consci\sness ( a s5sation1 & ! s5sation1 are ! same2 & to be consci\s t we h se5 or spok5 to any "o1 is only to rememb] t we h se5 or spok5 to him4 ,mu* ( ?is v confusion ) respect to memory1 h[ev]1 ,i h no d\bt1 has be5 always involv$ 9 ! ass]tion ( consci\sness z a peculi> & di/9ct p[] ( ! m9d4 ,:5 we ?9k ( feel+s long pa/1 x is impossible = u n to be aw>e t our m9d is !n truly retrospective2 & memory seems to u suffici5t to acc\nt = ! :ole4 ,b :5 ! retrospect is ( v rec5t feel+s--( feel+s1 p]haps1 t exi/$ z di/9ct /ates ( ! m9d1 ! v mom5t be=e our retrospect began1 ! %ort int]val is =gott51 & we ?9k t ! prim>y feel+1 & our consid]ation ( ! feel+1 are /rictly simultane\s4 ,we h a s5sation2--we look in/antly back on t s5sation1--su* is consci\sness1 z di/+ui%$ f ! feel+ t is said to be its object4 ,:5 x is any ?+ m ?an ! s5sation1 ?\ght1 or emotion1 ( :i* we are said to be consci\s1 x is a brief & rapid retrospect4 ,its object is n a pres5t feel+1 b a pa/ feel+1 z truly z :5 we look back1 n on ! mom5t imm$iately prec$+1 b on "s di/ant ev5t or emotion ( our boyhood4 ,aft] ?us di/+ui%+ all t is truly pres5t 9 consci\sness1 f common remembrance1 ,i surely ne$ n und]take1 at any l5g?1 to di/+ui% x f t peculi> species ( remembrance1 :i* goes "u ! "n ( consci5ce2 ?\gh _! simil> etymology may h a slight t5d5cy to mislead4 ,consci5ce is our moral memory2--x is ! memory ( ! he>t1 if ,i may apply to x a phrase1 :i*1 9 its orig9al application1 0 mu* m happily employ$1 by "o ( ! deaf & dumb pupils ( ! ,abbe ,sic>d1 :o1 on be+ ask$ :at he und]/ood by ! ^w gratitude1 wrote d[n imm$iately1 8,gratitude is ! memory ( ! he>t40 ,! p[] ( consci5ce does1 inde$1 :at consci\sness does n4 ,x truly d\bles all our feel+s1 :5 !y h be5 su* z virtue inspir$2 8,hoc e/ viv]e bis1 vita posse priore frui20 & x multiplies !m 9 a mu* m fe>ful proportion1 :5 !y h be5 ( an opposite k9d--arre/+1 z x 7 e mom5t ( guilt1 :i*1 ( itself1 w\ld h pass$ away1 z fugitive z our o!r mom5ts1 & susp5d+ !m =ev] be=e our eyes1 9 fix$ & t]rify+ reality4 8,prima et maxima peccantium e/ pna10 says ,s5eca1 8peccasse2 nec ullum scelus1 illud =tuna exornet mun]ibus suis1 licet tueatur ac v9dicet1 impunitum e/ quoniam scel]is 9 scel]e supplicium e/40#dc 8,! fir/ & ! greate/ puni%m5t ( guilt1 is to h be5 guilty2 nor c any crime1 ?\gh =tune %\ld adorn x ) all h] mo/ lavi% b\nty1 z if protect+ & v9dicat+ x1 pass truly unpuni%$2 because ! puni%m5t ( ! base or atroci\s de$1 is 9 ! v bas5ess or atrocity ( ! de$ itself40 ,b ?is species ( memory1 :i* we d5om9ate consci5ce1 &1 inde$1 e species ( memory1 :i* mu/ necess>ily h = its object ! pa/1 is ess5tially diff]5t f ! consci\sness :i* we h be5 consid]+1 t1 9 its v def9ition1 is limit$ to pres5t feel+s1 & ( :i*1 if we really _h su* an intellectual p[]1 our moral consci5ce w\ld1 9 ,dr ,reid's s5se ( ! t]m1 be an object r ?an a "p4 ,consci\sness1 !n1 ,i conclude1 9 its simple/ acceptation1 :5 x is und]/ood z reg>d+ ! pres5t only1 is no di/9ct p[] ( ! m9d1 or "n ( a di/9ct class ( feel+s1 b is only a g5]al t]m = all our feel+s1 ( :atev] species ^! may be1 s5sations1 ?\ghts1 desires2--9 %ort1 all ^? /ates or affections ( m9d1 9 :i* ! ph5om5a ( m9d consi/2 & :5 x expresses m ?an ?is1 x is only ! remembrance ( "s =m] /ate ( ! m9d1 & a feel+ ( ! relation ( ! pa/ & ! pres5t z /ates ( "o s5ti5t sub/ance4 ,! t]m is v conv5i5tly us$ = ! purpose ( abbreviation1 :5 we speak ( ! :ole v>iety ( our feel+s1 9 ! same mann] z any o!r g5]al t]m is us$1 to express briefly ! multitude ( individuals t agree 9 possess+ "s common prop]ty ( :i* we speak2 :5 ! enum]ation ( ^!1 by description & "n1 w\ld be z we>isome to ! pati5ce1 z x w\ld be oppressive to ! memory4 ,b /ill1 :5 we speak ( ! evid5ce ( consci\sness1 we mean no?+ m1 ?an ! evid5ce impli$ 9 ! m]e exi/5ce ( our s5sations1 ?\ghts1 desires1--:i* is utt]ly impossible = u to believe to be & n to be2 or1 9 o!r words1 impossible = u to feel & n to feel at ! same mom5t4 ,?is precise limitation ( ! t]m1 ,i tru/1 y w keep con/antly 9 m9d 9 ! c\rse ( our future speculations4 ,,footnotes3 #da ,pope's ,essay on ,man1 ,ep4 ii4 v4 #ce-ci2 #ai-bd2 & #bi1 #cj4 #db ,ad ,lectorem4--,a ,note prefix$ to ! ,elem5ta ,philosophi4 #dto4 ,am/elod4 #affh4 #dc ,epi/4 #ig4 ,,lecture ,,xii4 ,,on ,,consci\sness1 ,,cont9u$1--,,on ,,m5tal ,,id5tity1--,,id5tity ,,irreconcilable ,,) ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,mat]ialism1--,,diff]5ce ,,betwe5 ,,p]sonal ,,id5tity ,,& ,,m5tal ,,id5tity1--,,objections ,,to ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,m5tal ,,id5tity ,,/at$4 ,9 my la/ ,lecture1 ,g5tlem51 ,i br\ght to a conclusion my rem>ks on ! nature & objects ( ,physical ,inquiry1--! cle> und]/&+ ( :i* seem$ to me1 ess5tially necess>y be=e we c\ld ent] ) any prospect ( success1 on ! physiological inve/igation ( ! ,m9d4 ,we !n op5$ our eyes1 z x 7 on ! great field ( ?\ght & passion1 & on all ! inf9ite v>iety ( feel+s1 :i*1 9 assemblages m or less complex1 & 9 col\rs m or less brilliant or obscure1 x is e mom5t pres5t+ to our int]nal glance4 ,! v attempt to arrange ^! transi5t feel+s z ph5om5a ( ! m9d1 h[ev]1 implies evid5tly "s consid]ation ( ! nature ( t v>i$ consci\sness 9 :i* !y consi/1 & ( ! id5tity ( ! p]man5t sub/ance1 z /ates ( :i* we arrange !m4 ,my la/ ,lecture1 !re=e1 0 devot$ to ?is prim>y consid]ation ( consci\sness1--:i* we f\nd reason to reg>d1 n z any sep>ate & peculi> faculty ( ! m9d1 ( :i* our v>i\s feel+s are1 to use ,dr ,reid's expression1 objects1 & :i* is1 !re=e1 to be add$1 9 e in/ance1 to ! sep>ate pleasures1 pa9s1 p]ceptions1 remembrances1 passions1 t con/itute ! mom5t>y /ates ( ! m9d1--b m]ely z a %ort g5]al t]m1 expressive ( all ^! mom5t>y /ates 9 ref]5ce to ! p]man5t subject m9d4 ,! s5sation ( fragrance1 = example1 is ! consci\sness ( "o mom5t1 z ! remembrance ( t s5sation1 or "s o!r s5sation1 is1 p]haps1 ! consci\sness ( ! succe$+ mom5t2--! m9d1 at e mom5t1 exi/+ 9 "o precise /ate1 :i*1 z "o /ate c be accurately d5ot$ only by "o precise "n1 or by names t are synonym\s1 n by names t are significant ( total div]sity4 ,all :i* we "k1 or c be suppos$ to "k1 ( ! m9d1 inde$1 is a c]ta9 s]ies ( ^! /ates or feel+s t h succe$$ ea* o!r1 m or less rapidly1 s9ce life began2 ! s5sation1 ?\ght1 emotion1 ( ! mom5t be+ "o ( ^? /ates1 & ! suppos$ consci\sness ( ! /ate be+ only ! /ate itself1 :atev] x may be1 9 :i* ! m9d exi/s at t p>ticul> mom5t2 s9ce x w\ld be manife/ly absurd to suppose ! same indivisible m9d to exi/ at ! v same mom5t 9 two sep>ate /ates1 "o ( s5sation1 & "o ( consci\sness4 ,x is n simply because we feel1 b because we rememb] "s prior feel+1 & h =m$ a notion ( ! m9d z ! p]man5t subject ( diff]5t feel+1 t we conceive ! proposition1 8,i am consci\s ( a s5sation10 to express m ?an ! simple exi/5ce ( ! s5sation itself2 s9ce x expresses1 too1 a ref]5ce ( ?is to ! same m9d :i* _h =m]ly be5 recognis$ z ! subject ( o!r feel+s4 ,!re is a remembrance ( "s =m] feel+1 & a ref]5ce ( ! pres5t feel+ to ! same subject2 & ?is m]e remembrance1 & ! intuitive belief ( id5tity :i* accompanies remembrance1 are all t philosoph]s1 by defective analyses1 & a little confusion ( language & ?\ght1 h ass]t$ to be ! result ( a peculi> m5tal faculty1 "u ! "n ( consci\sness2--?\gh consci\sness1 9 ?is s5se1 f> f embrac+ all ! v>ieties ( feel+1--t1 9 ! great] numb] ( in/ances1 beg9 & cease1 )\t any accompany+ ?\ght ( t p]man5t sub/ance to :i* ! transi5t feel+ is ref]able1--mu/ be limit$ to ! comp>atively few1 9 :i* su* a ref]5ce to self is made4 ,consci\sness1 9 %ort1 :5ev] x is conceiv$ to express m ?an ! pres5t feel+1 or pres5t mom5t>y /ate ( ! m9d1 :atev] t may be1 :i* is said to be ! object ( consci\sness1--z if x 7 at once some?+ diff]5t at e mom5t f ! pres5t /ate or feel+ ( ! m9d1 & yet ! v /ate 9 :i* ! m9d is at e mom5t suppos$ to exi/1--is a retrospect ( "s pa/ feel+1 ) t belief ( a common relation ( ! pa/ & pres5t feel+ to "o subject m9d1 :i* is involv$ 9 ! v notion1 or r con/itutes ! v notion1 ( p]sonal id5tity1--& all :i* di/+ui%es ?is rapid retrospect f any ( ! o!r retrospects1 :i* we class z remembrances1 & ascribe to memory z _! s\rce1 is ! m]e briefness ( ! int]val betwe5 ! feel+ t is rememb]$1 & ! reflective glance :i* seems to be imm$iately retrospective4 ,a feel+ ( "s k9d has aris51 & we look in/antly back ^u t feel+2 b a remembrance is surely /ill ! same 9 nature1 & arises f ! same pr9ciple ( ! m5tal con/itution1 :e!r ! int]val :i* prec$es x be t ( a mom5t1 or ( _m h\rs1 or ye>s4 ,i n[ !n proce$1 aft] ^! rem>ks on our consci\sness z mom5t>y1 to a mo/ important inquiry1 :i* arises necess>ily f ! consid]ation ( ! successions ( our mom5t>y consci\sness1 & mu/ be consid]$ z involv$ 9 all our attempts to arrange !m1--! inquiry into ! ,id5tity ( ! ,m9d1 z truly "o & p]man5t1 amid all ! v>iety ( its fugitive affections4 ,9 our exam9ation ( ?is v wond]ful co9cid5ce ( sam5ess & div]sity1 ,i %all conf9e my rem>ks to ! ph5om5a :i* are purely m5tal1 omitt+ ! objections drawn f ! daily wa/e & daily alim5t ( our corporeal "p1 ! :ole =ce ( :i* objection may be admitt$1 )\t any scruple by ^? :o cont5d = ! id5tity only ( ! ?9k+ pr9ciple2 s9ce ! individuality ( ?is w\ld be z little de/roy$1 ?\gh e p>ticle ( ! body 7 completely *ang$1 z ! individuality ( ! body itself w\ld be de/roy$1 by a *ange ( ! m]e g>m5ts t inve/ x4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! m9d is unit$ to a sy/em ( p>ticles1 :i* are 9 a p]petual /ate ( flux1 is1 inde$1 m ?an we c ev] hope to be able to expla92 ?\gh x is really n m inexplicable1 ?an its union to su* a sy/em ( p>ticles w\ld be1 ?\gh !y 7 to cont9ue =ev] un*ang$4 ,i may rem>k1 h[ev]1 by ! way1 t ?\gh ! con/ant /ate ( flux ( ! corporeal p>ticles furni%es no argum5t aga9/ ! id5tity ( ! pr9ciple :i* feels & ?9ks1 if feel+ & ?\ght be /ates ( a sub/ance1 t is ess5tially di/9ct f ^! *ang+ p>ticles1 ! unity & id5tity ( ?is pr9ciple1 amid all ! corpuscul> *anges1--if x c truly be prov$ to be id5tical1--furni% a v /rong argum5t1 9 dispro( ( ^? sy/ems :i* consid] ?\ght & feel+ z ! result ( mat]ial organization4 ,inde$ ! attempts :i* h be5 s]i\sly made by mat]iali/s to obviate ?is difficulty1 involve1 9 e respect1 z mu* absurdity1 ?\gh c]ta9ly n s mu* pleasantry1 at lea/ s mu* int5tional pleasantry1 z ! demon/rations1 :i* ! ,society ( ,free?9k]s communicat$ to ,m>t9us ,scribl]us1 9 _! lett] ( greet+ & invitation4 ,! argum5ts1 :i* !y are repres5t$ z urg+ 9 ?is admirable lett]1 ludicr\s z !y may seem1 are truly z /rong1 at lea/1 z ^? ( :i* !y are a p>ody2 & inde$1 9 ?is case1 :]e bo? are s l1 a v little occasional *ange ( expression is all :i* is necess>y1 to conv]t ! grave ratioc9ation into ! p>ody1 & ! p>ody into ! grave ratioc9ation4 8,! p>ts 7say !y7 ( an animal body10 /at+ ! objection :i* !y pr(ess to answ]1 8are p]petually *ang$1 & ! fluids :i* seem to be ! subject ( consci\sness1 are 9 a p]petual circulation2 s t ! same individual p>ticles d n rema9 9 ! bra92 f :5ce x w foll[1 t ! idea ( individual consci\sness mu/ be con/antly translat$ f "o p>ticle ( matt] to ano!r1 :]eby ! p>ticle ,a1 = example mu/ n only be consci\s1 b consci\s t x is ! same be+ ) ! p>ticle ,b t w5t be=e4 8,we answ]1 ?is is only a fallacy ( ! imag9ation1 & is to be und]/ood 9 no o!r s5se ?an t maxim ( ! ,engli% law1 t ! k+ nev] dies4 ,?is p[] ( ?9k+1 self-mov+1 & gov]n+ ! :ole ma*9e1 is communicat$ f e p>ticle to its imm$iate successor1 :o1 z soon z he is gone1 imm$iately takes ^u him ! gov]nm5t1 :i* /ill pres]ves ! unity ( ! :ole sy/em4 8,!y make a great noise ab\t ?is individuality1 h[ a man is consci\s to himself t he is ! same individual he 0 tw5ty ye>s ago1 not)/&+ ! flux /ate ( ! p>ticles ( matt] t compose 8 body4 ,we ?9k ?is is capable ( a v pla9 answ]1 & may be easily illu/rat$ by a famili> example4 8,sir ,john ,cutl] _h a pair ( black wor/$ /ock+s1 :i* 8 maid d>n$ s (t5 ) silk1 t !y became at la/ a pair ( silk /ock+s4 ,n[ suppos+ ^? /ock+s ( ,sir ,john's endu$ ) "s degree ( consci\sness at e p>ticul> d>n+1 !y w\ld h be5 s5sible1 t !y 7 ! same individual pair ( /ock+s bo? be=e & aft] ! d>n+2 & ?is s5sation w\ld h cont9u$ 9 !m ?r\gh all ! succession ( d>n+s2 & yet aft] ! la/ ( all1 !re 0 n p]haps "o ?read left ( ! fir/ pair ( /ock+s2 b !y 7 gr[n to be silk /ock+s1 z 0 said be=e4 8,& :]eas x is affirm$1 t e animal is consci\s ( "s individual self-mov+1 self-det]m9+ pr9ciple2 x is answ]$1 t1 z 9 a ,h\se ( ,commons all ?+s are det]m9$ by a majority1 s x is 9 e animal sy/em4 ,z t :i* det]m9es ! h\se is said to be ! reason ( ! :ole assembly2 x is no o!rwise ) ?9k+ be+s1 :o are det]m9$ by ! great] =ce ( sev]al p>ticles1 :i*1 l s _m un?9k+ memb]s1 compose "o ?9k+ sy/em40#dd ,! id5tity1 :i* we are to consid]1 is1 z ,i h already said1 ! id5tity only ( ! pr9ciple :i* feels & ?9ks1 )\t reg>d to ! *angeable /ate ( ! p>ticles ( ! bra91 or ( ! body 9 g5]al4 ,?is unity & p]man5ce ( ! pr9ciple1 :i* ?9ks1 if we _h /ill to inv5t a phrase1 ,i w\ld r call m5tal id5tity1 ?an p]sonal id5tity1 ?\gh ! latt] phrase may n[ be consid]$ z almo/ fix$ by ! g5]al use ( philosoph]s4 ,on no sy/em c !re be ?is absolute id5tity1 unless z /rictly m5tal2 =1 if we adopt ! sy/em ( mat]ialism1 we mu/ reject ! absolute la/+ id5tity ( ! ?9k+ pr9ciple altoge!r2 & if we d n adopt t sy/em1 x is 9 ! m9d alone t we mu/ conceive ! id5tity to subsi/4 ,! p]son1 9 ! common & famili> mean+ ( ! t]m1 ?\gh involv+ ! m9d1 is yet m ?an ! m]e m9d2 &1 by ^?1 at lea/1 :o are n conv]sant ) ! writ+s ( philosoph]s on ! subject1 sam5ess ( p]son w\ld be und]/ood z n m5tal only1 b z comb9+ ) ! absolute id5tity ( ! m9d1 "s sort ( id5tity ( ! body also2 ?\gh1 x mu/ be confess$1 t1 9 its application to ! body1 ! t]m id5tity is n us$ ) ! same /rictness1 z 9 its application to ! m9d2 ! bodily id5tity be+ n absolute1 b admitt+ ( consid]able1 & ultimately1 p]haps1 ev5 ( total1 *ange1 provid$ only ! *ange be s gradual1 z n to be inconsi/5t ) app>5t cont9uity ( exi/5ce4 ,/ill1 h[ev]1 id5tity ( p]son1 at lea/ 9 ! popul> notion ( x1 is some?+ m ?an id5tity ( m9d4 8,all mank9d10 says ,dr ,reid1 8place _! p]sonality 9 some?+1 t _c be divid$ or consi/ ( p>ts4 ,a "p ( a p]son is a manife/ absurdity4 8,:5 a man loses 8 e/ate1 8 heal?1 8 /r5g?1 he is /ill ! same p]son1 & has lo/ no?+ ( 8 p]sonality4 ,if he has a leg or an arm cut (f1 he is ! same p]son he 0 be=e4 ,! amputat$ memb] is no "p ( 8 p]son1 o!rwise x w\ld h a "r to a "p ( 8 e/ate1 & be liable = a "p ( 8 engagem5ts2 x w\ld be entitl$ to a %>e ( 8 m]it & dem]it1 :i* is manife/ly absurd4 ,a p]son is some?+ indivisible1 & is :at ,leibnitz calls a monad40#de ,t all mank9d place _! p]sonality 9 some?+1 :i* _c be divid$ into two p]sons1 or into halves or qu>t]s ( a p]son1 is true2 because ! m9d itself is indivisible1 & ! pres5ce ( ?is "o indivisible m9d is ess5tial to p]sonality4 ,b1 ?\gh ess5tial to p]sonality 9 man1 m9d is n all1 9 ! popul> s5se ( ! ^w at lea/1 :i* ?is compreh5ds4 ,?us1 if1 accord+ to ! sy/em ( metempsy*osis1 we 7 to suppose ! m9d1 :i* animates any ( our fri5ds1 to be ! same m9d1 :i* animat$ ,hom] or ,plato1--?\gh we %\ld h no scruple1 9 ass]t+ ! id5tity ( ! m9d itself1 9 ?is corporeal transmigration1--!re is no "o1 ,i conceive1 :o w\ld ?9k himself ju/ifiable1 9 po9t ( accuracy1 9 say+ ( ,plato & 8 fri5d1 t !y 7 z exactly1 9 e respect1 ! same p]son1 z if no metempsy*osis :atev] _h int]v5$4 ,x does n foll[ f ?is1 z ,dr ,reid v /rangely supposes1 t a leg or arm1 if x _h any relation to our p]sonality1 w\ld1 aft] amputation1 be liable to a "p ( our engagem5ts1 or be entitl$ to a %>e ( our m]it or dem]it2 = ! engagem5t1 & ! moral m]it or dem]it1 belong n to ! body1 b to ! m9d1 :i* we believe to cont9ue precisely ! same1 aft] ! amputation1 z be=e x4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is a "q m]ely z to ! comp>ative propriety ( a t]m1 & z su*1 !re=e1 x is unnecess>y to dwell ^u x4 ,x is ( mu* m importance1 to proce$ to ! consid]ation ( ! actual id5tity ( ! m9d1 :e!r we t]m x simply m5tal or p]sonal id5tity4 8,t !re is some?+ und\bt$ly :i* ?9ks10 says ,"l ,%aftesbury1 8our v d\bt itself & scrupul\s ?\ght ev9ces4 ,b 9 :at subject t ?\ght resides1 & h[ t subject is cont9u$ "o & ! same1 s z to answ] con/antly to ! suppos$ tra9 ( ?\ghts or reflections1 :i* seem to run s h>moni\sly ?r\gh a long c\rse ( life1 ) ! same relation /ill to "o s+le & self-same p]son1 ?is is n a matt] s easily or ha/ily decid$1 by ^? :o are nice self-exam9]s1 or se>*]s aft] tru? & c]ta9ty4 8',twill n1 9 ?is respect1 be suffici5t = u to use ! seem+ logic ( a fam\s#df mod]n1 & say1 #8,we ?9k2 !re=e we are4' ,:i* is a notably inv5t$ say+1 aft] ! model ( t l philosophical proposition1 t #8,:at is1 is4' ,miracul\sly argu$6 ,if #8,i am1 ,i am4' ,no?+ m c]ta96 ,= ! ego or ,i be+ e/abli%$ 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! proposition1 ! ergo1 no d\bt1 mu/ hold x good 9 ! latt]4 ,b ! "q is1 #8,:at con/itutes ! we or ,i8' ,&1 #8,:e!r ! ,i ( ?is in/ant be ! same ) t ( any in/ant prec$+1 or to come4' ,= we h no?+ b memory to w>rant u1 & memory may be false4 ,we may believe we h ?\ght & reflect$ ?us or ?us2 b we may be mi/ak54 ,we may be consci\s ( t1 z tru?1 :i* p]haps 0 no m ?an dream2 & we may be consci\s ( t z a pa/ dream1 :i* p]haps 0 nev] be=e s mu* z dreamt (4 8,?is is :at metaphysicians mean1 :5 !y say1 #8,t id5tity c be prov$ only by consci\sness2 b t consci\sness )al may be z well false z real1 9 respect ( :at is pa/4' ,s t ! same successional we or ,i mu/ rema9 /ill1 on ?is acc\nt1 undecid$4 8,to ! =ce ( ?is reason+ ,i confess ,i mu/ s f> submit1 z to decl>e t = my own "p1 ,i take my be+ ^u tru/4 ,let o!rs philosophize z !y are able2 ,i %all admire _! /r5g?1 :51 ^u ?is topic1 !y h refut$ :at able metaphysicians object1 & ,pyrrhoni/s plead 9 _! own behalf4 8,mean:ile1 !re is no imp$im5t1 h9d]ance1 or susp5sion ( action1 on acc\nt ( ^! wond]fully ref9$ speculations4 ,argum5t & debate g on /ill4 ,conduct is settl$4 ,rules & measures are giv5 out1 & receiv$4 ,nor d we scruple to act z resolutely ^u ! m]e supposition t we are1 z if we _h effectually prov$ x a ?\s& times1 to ! full satisfaction ( our metaphysical or ,pyrrhonean antagoni/40#dg ,9 /at+ ! objections1 t may be urg$ aga9/ our m5tal id5tity1 by su* metaphysical or ,pyrrhonean antagoni/s1 z ^? ( :om ,"l ,%aftesbury speaks1 ,i %all endeav\r to exhibit ! argum5t 9 z /rong a light z possible1 & 9 a mann] t appe>s to me 9 "s measure1 new4 ,x is surely unnecess>y = me to w>n y1 t ! argum5t1 h[ev] speci\s1 is a sophi/ical "o2 & ! nature ( ! peculi> sophi/ry :i* x involves %all be aft]w>ds po9t$ out to y4 ,b ,i conceive x to be mo/ important1 9 tea*+ y to reflect = y\rselves1--by f> ! mo/ important lesson :i* y c be taught1--t y %\ld be accu/om$ to consid] ! =ce ( objections t may be urg$1 z cle>ly by ! =ce ( t sur] evid5ce :i* !y oppose1--& t ev5 sophi/ry itself1 :5 x is to be exhibit$ & confut$1 %\ld1 !re=e1 always be exhibit$ fairly4 ,we pay tru? a v easy homage1 :5 we cont5t ourselves ) despis+ h] adv]s>ies4 ,! duty :i* we owe to h] is ( a m manly k9d4 ,x is to gird ourselves = ! battle1--to fit u = ov]com+ ^? adv]s>ies1 :5ev] !y %all d>e to pres5t !mselves 9 array2 & ?is we _c d1 ) absolute confid5ce1 unless we "k well ! sort ( arms1 :i* !y may use1 /rong or feeble z ^? arms may be4 ,i c h no fe>1 t any argum5t ( ?is k9d1 9 :atev] mann] x may be /at$1 c h ! slighte/ influ5ce on y\r conviction2 because x is directly oppos$ by a pr9ciple ( our nature1 :i* is p>am\nt to all reason+4 ,we believe our id5tity1 z "o m9d1 9 our feel+s ( to-day & our feel+s ( ye/]day1 z indubitably z we believe t ! fire1 :i* burn$ u ye/]day1 w\ld1 9 ! same circum/ances1 burn u to-day1--n f reason+1 b f a pr9ciple ( in/ant & irresi/ible belief1 su* z gives to reason+ itself all its validity4 ,z ,"l ,%aftesbury ju/ly says1 8,we act z resolutely1 ^u ! m]e supposition t we are1 z if we _h effectually prov$ x a ?\s& times40 ,to id5tity1 x may be said1 x is necess>y t ! qualities be ! same4 ,t ( :i* ! qualities are diff]5t1 _c be ! same2 & ! only mode ( discov]+ :e!r a sub/ance h ! same or diff]5t qualities1 is to obs]ve1 h[ x affects & is affect$ by o!r sub/ances4 ,x is recogniz$ by u z ! same1 or1 at lea/1 z p]fectly simil>1 :51 9 two correspond+ s]ies ( *anges1 ! same sub/ances affect x 9 ! same mann]1 & x affects1 9 ! same mann]1 ! same sub/ances2 & :5 ei!r ! same sub/ances d n affect x 9 ! same mann]1 or x does n affect1 9 ! same mann]1 ! same sub/ances1 we h no hesitation 9 consid]+ x z diff]5t4 ,?us1 if a :ite sub/ance1 resembl+ exactly1 9 e ext]nal appe>ance1 a lump ( sug>1 d n melt :5 expos$ to ! action ( boil+ wat]1 we d n reg>d x z sug>1 because ! wat] does n act on x z we h uni=mly kn[n x to act on t sub/ance2 or if ! same :ite lump1 9 e o!r respect resembl+ sug>1 affect our ta/e z bitt] or acrid r ?an sweet1 we imm$iately1 9 l mann]1 cease to consid] x z sug>1 because x does n act ^u our n]ves ( ta/e 9 ! same mann] z sug> acts ^u !m4 ,! complete simil>ity1 9 o!r respects1 is f> f suffici5t to make u alt] our judgm5t2 a s+le circum/ance ( manife/ diff]5ce1 9 its mode ei!r ( act+ ^u o!r sub/ances1 or ( be+ act$ ^u by !m1 be+ suffici5t to de/roy ! effect ( a ?\s& manife/ resemblances4 ,let ?is te/ ( id5tity1 !n1 x may be said1 be appli$ to ! m9d1 at diff]5t p]iods1 if ! te/ be all[$ to be a j "o2 & let x be se51 :e!r1 9 ! s]ies ( *anges 9 :i* x acts or is act$ ^u1 ! ph5om5a precisely correspond 9 e case4 ,if ! same objects d n act ^u x 9 ! same mann]1 x mu/ !n be diff]5t1 accord+ to ! v def9ition to :i* we are suppos$ to h ass5t$4--,y1 ( c\rse1 und]/&1 t ,i am at pres5t only assum+ ! "* ( an objector1 & t ,i /ate an argum5t1 ! pr9ciple ( :i* y w aft]w>ds f9d to be false4 ,:5 we comp>e ! li/less inactivity ( ! infant1 slumb]+1 f ! mom5t at :i* he takes 8 milky food1 to ! mom5t at :i* he awakes to require x aga91 ) ! re/less en]gies ( t mighty be+ :i* he is to become1 9 8 matur] ye>s1 p\r+ tru? aft] tru? 9 rapid & dazzl+ pr(usion1 ^u ! _w1 or grasp+ 9 8 s+le h& ! de/9y ( empires1 h[ few are ! circum/ances ( resemblance :i* we c trace1 ( all t intellig5ce :i* is aft]w>ds to be display$1 h[ little m is se51 ?an :at s]ves to give feeble motion to ! m]e ma*9]y ( life4 ,:at prophetic eye c v5ture to look beyond ! p]iod ( di/9ct utt]ance1 & disc]n t v>iety ( "* by :i* ev5 boyhood is m>k$1 f> less are ! intellectual & moral gr[? ( ! ye>s t foll[--! g5ius1 be=e ^: quick glance ! errors & prejudices1 :i* all ! ages & nations ( mank9d h receiv$ z tru?s1 are to disappe>--! political wisdom1 ) :i*1 9 8 calm & sil5t m$itations1 he is to af=d m security to 8 c\ntry ?an c\ld be giv5 to x by a ?\s& armies1 & :i*1 ) a s+le ?\ght1 is to spread protection & happ9ess to ! mo/ di/ant l&s--or t f]oci\s ambition1 ) :i*1 9 un=tunate circum/ances ( p[]1 he is p]haps to bur/ ! :ole frame ( civil society1 & to /amp1 ?r\gh e age1 ! deep & d>k impression ( 8 exi/5ce1 9 ! same mann] z he leaves on ! e>? :i* he has desolat$1 ! track ( 8 sangu9>y foot/eps4 ,! cradle has its equality almo/ z ! grave4 ,tal5ts1 imbecilities1 virtues1 vices1 slumb] 9 x toge!r1 undi/+ui%$2 & x is well t x is s1 s9ce1 to ^? :o are mo/ int]e/$ 9 ! pres]vation ( a life t w\ld be helpless b = _! aid1 x leaves ^? delightful illusions :i* m ?an repay _! anxiety & fatigue1 & all[s !m to hope1 = a s+le be+1 e ?+ :i* x is possible = ! race ( man to become4 ,if cle>] presages ( ! future m9d 7 !n discov]able1 h[ l>ge a portion ( human happ9ess w\ld be de/roy$ by ?is s+le circum/ance6 ,:at pleasure c\ld ! "m feel1 9 h] mo/ delightful ( (fices1 if %e knew t %e 0 nurs+ into /r5g?1 p[]s1 :i* 7 to be ex]t$ = ! mis]y ( t great or n>r[ circle1 9 :i* !y 7 de/9$ to move1 & :i* to h] 7 to be a s\rce1 n ( bless+1 b ( grief1 & %ame1 & despair6 8,^! %all ! fury passions te>1 ,! vultures ( ! m9d10 says ,gray1 on ?9k+ ( a gr\p ( happy *ildr52 8,= see1 h[ all ar\nd !m wait1 ,! m9i/]s ( human fate1 ,& black ,mis=tune's baleful tra92 ,oh6 %ew !m1 :]e 9 ambu% /&1 ,to seize _! prey1 ! murd'r\s b&6 ,oh6 tell !m1 !y are m560 ,,ode ,,iii4 ,to tell !m !y are m51 ?\gh !y 7 capable ( und]/&+ x1 ev5 9 ?is s5se ( ! ^w1 w\ld n communicate in=mation s melan*oly or s a/oni%+ to !mselves1 z1 by break+ too soon t dream ( expectation1 :i* is n to la/ =ev]1 b :i* fulfils ! b5evol5t purpose ( nature :ile x la/s1 x w\ld communicate to ! p>5t :o wat*es ov] !m1 & :o sees 9 !m only ^? pure virtues1 & t happ9ess z pure1 :i* are p]haps m ?an ! nature ( man admits1 & :i*1 at lea/ 9 ! case be=e h]1 are nev] to be realiz$4 ,is ! m9d1 !n1 9 infancy1 & 9 mature life1 precisely ! same1 :5 9 ! "o case1 s _m prom95t div]sities ( "* =ce !mselves ^u ! view1 &1 9 ! o!r case1 s little appe>s to di/+ui% ! future ornam5t ( mank9d1 f him :o is aft]w>ds 8,to eat 8 glutton meal ) gre$y ha/e1 ,nor "k ! h& :i* fe$s him80 ,if we apply ! te/ ( id5tity1 d we f9d t ! same objects1 9 ^! diff]5t p]iods1 act ^u ! m9d 9 exactly ! same mann]2 & are its own feel+s1 9 ! successive tra9s1 intellectual & moral1 ( :i* !y =m a "p1 att5d$ ) consequ5ts exactly ! same8 ,e age1--if we may speak ( _m ages1 9 ! few ye>s ( human life1--seems to be m>k$ ) a di/9ct "*4 ,ea* has its peculi> objects t excite lively affections2 & 9 ea*1 ex]tion is excit$ by affections1 :i*1 9 o!r p]iods1 t]m9ate1 )\t induc+ active desire4 ,! boy f9ds a _w 9 less space ?an t :i* b\nds 8 visible horizon2 he w&]s ov] 8 range ( field1 & exhau/s 8 /r5g? 9 pursuit ( objects1 :i*1 9 ! ye>s t foll[1 are se5 only to be neglect$2 :ile1 to him1 ! objects t are aft]w>ds to absorb 8 :ole s\l1 are z indiff]5t z ! objects ( 8 pres5t passions are de/9$ !n to appe>4 ,9 ! progress ( life1 ?\gh we are (t5 gratifi$ ) ! prospect ( b5evol5ce increas+ z its objects increase1 & ( p[]s ris+ ov] ! greatness ( _! pa/ atta9m5ts1 ?is gratification is n always ours4 ,n slight *anges ( "* only appe>1 :i* require our att5tive inve/igation to trace !m1 b1 9 innum]able cases1 complete & /rik+ contra/s press1 ( !mselves1 ^u view4 ,h[ _m melan*oly opportunities mu/ e "o h _h 9 witness+ ! progress ( intellectual decay1 & ! coldness t /eals ^u ! once b5evol5t he>t6 ,we quit our c\ntry1 p]haps at an e>ly p]iod ( life1 &1 aft] an abs5ce ( _m ye>s1 we return ) all ! remembrances ( pa/ pleasure1 :i* gr[ m t5d] z we approa* _! objects4 ,we eag]ly seek him1 to ^: pat]nal voice we h be5 accu/om$ to li/51 ) ! same rev]5ce z if its pr$ictions _h possess$ oracul> c]ta9ty1--:o fir/ l$ u into k1 & ^: image has be5 con/antly jo9$ 9 our m9d1 ) all t v5]ation :i* does n =bid love4 ,we f9d him sunk1 p]haps1 9 ! imbecility ( idiotism1 unable to recognize u--ignorant alike ( ! pa/ & ( ! future1 & liv+ only 9 ! s5sibility ( animal gratification4 ,we seek ! fav\rite companion ( our *ildhood1 ^: g5tl5ess ( he>t we h (t5 witness$ :5 we h wept toge!r ov] ! same ballad1 or 9 ! ?\s& little incid5ts t call$ =? our mutual compassion1 9 ^? ye>s :5 compassion requires s little to call x =?4 ,we f9d him h>d5$ into man1 meet+ u sc>cely ) ! cold hypocrisy ( dissembl$ fri5d%ip--9 8 g5]al relations to ! _w1 c>eless ( ! mis]y :i* he is n to feel--&1 if he ev] ?9k ( ! happ9ess ( o!rs1 seek+ x z an in/rum5t1 n z an end4 ,:5 we ?us obs]ve all t made u "o1 & gave an h]oic int]e/ ev5 to our *ildi% adv5tures1 absorb$ 9 ! *illness ( selfi% enjoym5t1 d we truly recognize 9 him ! same unalt]$ fri5d1 f :om we 7 accu/om$ to regret our sep>ation1 & d we use only a metaphor ( little mean+1 :5 we say ( him1 t he is become a diff]5t p]son1 & t 8 m9d & "* are *ang$8 ,9 :at does ! id5tity consi/8 ,! same objects no long] act ^u him 9 ! same mann]2 ! same views ( ?+s are no long] foll[$ by simil> approbation or disapprobation1 grief1 joy1 admiration1 disgu/2 & if we affirm t sub/ance to be1 9 ! /ricte/ s5se ( id5tity1 ! same on :i*1 9 two correspond+ s]ies ( ph5om5a1 ! same objects act diff]5tly1 :ile itself also acts diff]5tly on ! same objects2 9 %ort1 9 :i* ! antec$5ts be+ ! same1 ! consequ5ts are diff]5t1 &1 ! consequ5ts be+ ! same1 ! antec$5ts are diff]5t1 :at def9ition ( absolute div]sity c we give1 ) :i* ?is affirmation ( absolute id5tity may n be equally consi/5t8 8,behold ! *ild1 by nature's k9dly law1 ,pleas'd ) a rattle1 tickl$ ) a /raw2 ,"s liveli] play?+ gives 8 y\? delight1 ,a little l\d]1 b z empty q2 ,sc>fs1 g>t]s1 gold1 amuse 8 rip] /age2 ,& beads & pray]-books are ! toys ( age4 ,pleas'd ) ?is bauble /ill1 z t be=e2 ,till1 tir'd1 he sleeps1--& life's poor play is o'er40#dh ,! suppos$ te/ ( id5tity1 :5 appli$ to ! m9d 9 ^! cases1 completely fails4 ,x nei!r affects1 nor is affect$1 9 ! same mann]1 9 ! same circum/ances4 ,x1 !re=e1 if ! te/ be a j "o1 is n ! same id5tical m9d4 ,?is argum5t aga9/ ! id5tity ( ! m9d1 drawn f ! occasional /rik+ contra/s ( "* 9 ! same individual at diff]5t p]iods ( life1 or :51 by great *anges ( =tune1 he may h be5 plac$ sudd5ly 9 circum/ances rem>kably diff]5t1 mu/1 9 "s degree1 h =c$ itself ^u e "o :o has be5 at all accu/om$ to reflect2 & yet1 9 no "o in/ance1 ,i may safely say1 c x h produc$ conviction ev5 = a mom5t4 ,i h /at$ x to y1 )\t attempt+ to less5 its =ce by any allusion to ! fallacy on :i* x is f\nd$2 because ! nature ( ?is fallacy is aft]w>ds to be fully consid]$ by u4 ,!re is ano!r argum5t t may be urg$ aga9/ ! id5tity ( ! s5ti5t & ?9k+ pr9ciple1 :i* has at lea/ equal semblance ( =ce1 ?\gh x does n occur s readily1 because x does n proce$ on ^? g5]al & la/+ *anges ( "* ) :i* e "o mu/ be /ruck1 b on ! pass+ ph5om5a ( ! mom5t1 :i* are n inconsi/5t ) a cont9uance ( ! same g5]al "*1 & :i*1 z common to all mank9d1 & =m+1 inde$1 ! :ole cu/om>y & famili> s]ies ( our ?\ghts & emotions1 excite no a/oni%m5t :5 we look back on !m 9 ! ord] ( _! succession4 ,! m]e div]sity ( our feel+s at diff]5t mom5ts1 x may be said1 is ( itself incompatible ) ! /rict & absolute unity :i* is suppos$ to belong to ! ?9k+ pr9ciple4 ,if joy & sorr[1 su* z e "o has felt1 be diff]5t1 t :i* is joyful1 & t :i* is sorr[ful1 _c be precisely ! same4 ,on ! supposition ( complete unity & p]man5ce ( ! ?9k+ pr9ciple1 no?+ is add$ to x1 no?+ is tak5 away f x2 &1 z x has no p>ts1 no int]nal *ange ( elem5t>y composition c take place 9 x4 ,b t to :i* no?+ is add$1 f :i* no?+ is tak5 away1 & :i* has no p>ts to v>y _! own relative positions & aff9ities1 is s /rictly ! same1 x may be said1 t x w\ld surely be absurd to pr$icate ( x any div]sity :atev]4 ,joy & sorr[ imply an unque/ionable div]sity ( "s k9d2 & if ?is div]sity _c be pr$icat$ ( t sub/ance :i* is precisely ! same1 )\t addition1 subtraction1 or any int]nal *ange ( composition :atev]1 t :i* is joyful1 & t :i* is sorr[ful1 _c h absolute id5tity2 or if we affirm1 t a div]sity1 s /rik+ z to =m an absolute contra/1 is yet n inconsi/5t ) complete & p]man5t unity & id5tity1 we may1 9 l mann]1 affirm1 t a sub/ance :i* is h>d1 heavy1 blue1 transp>5t1--:i* unites ) acids1 n1 ) alkalies1--& :i* is volatilizable at a l[ temp]ature1--is precisely ! same sub/ance z t1 :i* is s(t1 light1 gre51 opaque1--:i* unites ) alkalies1 n ) acids1--& :i* is absolutely infusible & fix$ 9 ! highe/ temp]ature to :i* we c expose x4 ,i h ?us endeav\r$ to place1 9 ! /ronge/ possible light1 ! mo/ impos+ argum5ts :i* ,i c conceive to be urg$ aga9/ ! p]man5t id5tity ( ! s5ti5t & ?9k+ pr9ciple1 t1 9 combat+ ev5 ,sophi/ry itself1 y may le>n1 z ,i h said1 to combat ) x on equal gr\nd1 & assume no advantage b t irresi/ible advantage :i* ,tru? mu/ always af=d to him :o is ! combatant ( ,error4 ,! positive evid5ce ( ! id5tity ( ! m9d ,i %all proce$ to consid] 9 my next ,lecture4 ,,footnotes3 #dd ,m>t4 ,scrib4 *ap4 vii4--,pope's ,works1 edit4 #ageg1 v4 vii4 p4 #hb-hd4 #de ,essays on ! ,intellectual ,p[]s1 ,essay ,,iii4 *ap4 iv4--v4 #a4 p4 #cda4 ,edit4 ,ed4 #ahjh4 #df ,monsieur ,des ,c>tes4 ,%aftesb4 #dg ,%aftesbury's ,*>act]i/ics1 vol4 iii4 p4 #agb-agd4 ,edit4 #agde4 #dh ,pope's ,essay on ,man1 ,ep4 ,,ii4 v4 #bge-bhb4 ,,lecture ,,xiii4 ,,on ,,! ,,direct ,,evid5ce ,,( ,,m5tal ,,id5tity2 ,,& ,,objections ,,answ]$4 ,my la/ ,lecture1 ,g5tlem51 0 employ$ 9 consid]+ ! great "q ( ! ,id5tity ( ! ,m9d1 z "o & p]man5t1 amid all ! inf9ite v>iety ( our feel+s2 & p>ticul>ly1 9 /at+ ! two mo/ =cible objections1 :i* ,i c imag9e to be urg$ aga9/ ?is id5tity1--"o f\nd$ on ! /rik+ contra/s1 intellectual & moral1 :i* ! same m9d exhibits 9 diff]5t p]iods ( life1 & 9 diff]5t circum/ances ( =tune1--! o!r1 m ab/ract1 &1 !re=e1 less obvi\s1 b n less =cible1 f\nd$ on ! m]e div]sity ( our tempor>y feel+s1 z itself inconsi/5t ) id5tity1 at lea/ ) t /rict & absolute id5tity1 to :i*1 z 9 ! case ( ! m9d1 no?+ c h be5 add$1--f :i* no?+ c h be5 tak5 away1--& :i*1 by its v nature1 z simple & indivisible1 mu/ h be5 incapable ( any elem5t>y *ange4 ,s9ce ! exposure ( ! fallacy1 on :i* ^! objections are f\nd$1 w\ld1 h[ev]1 af=d only a sort ( negative evid5ce ( t great tru? :i* !y oppose1 x w be ( advantage1 be=e ent]+ on an exam9ation ( ! objections !mselves1 to /ate1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! nature ( t positive evid5ce1 :i* does n1 inde$1 lead u to ! belief ( ! unity & p]man5ce ( our spiritual be+1 by t sl[ process :i* is d5om9at$ reason+1 b con/itutes to u1 prim>ily & directly1 an impossibility ( disbeliev+ x4 ,i d ?is ! m readily1 f ! opportunity :i* x gives ( mak+ y acqua9t$ ) ! p>am\nt importance ( ^? pr9ciples ( intuitive belief1 :i* are ess5tial to philosophy 9 all its =ms1 z !y are physically ess5tial1 inde$1 to ! v pres]vation ( our animal exi/5ce2 & :i* ! ra% & unphilosophic ext5sion ( !m by "o class ( philosoph]s1 & ! equally unphilosophic misappreh5sion ( !m by o!r writ]s :o controv]t$ !m1 h r5d]$ m necess>y1 ?an x w\ld o!rwise h be51 to /ate to y ) precision4 ,( ^! fir/ tru?s1 z !y h be5 t]m$1 ! subject1 :i* we are at pres5t consid]+1 af=ds "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ examples4 ,! belief ( our id5tity is n ! result ( any s]ies ( propositions1 b arises imm$iately1 9 c]ta9 circum/ances1 f a pr9ciple ( ?\ght1 z ess5tial to ! v nature ( ! m9d1 z its p[]s ( p]ception or memory1 or z ! p[] ( reason+ itself1 on ! ess5tial validity ( :i*1 & consequ5tly on ! intuitive belief ( "s fir/ tru? on :i* x is f\nd$1 e objection to ! =ce ( ^! v tru?s !mselves mu/ ultimately re/4 ,to object is to argue2 & to argue is to ass]t ! validity ( argum5t1 &1 !re=e1 ( ! prim>y evid5ce1 f :i* ! evid5ce ( ea* succe$+ proposition ( ! argum5t fl[s4 ,to object to ! au?ority ( su* prim>y intuitive belief1 w\ld ?us be to reason aga9/ reason1--to affirm & d5y at ! same mom5t1--& to own t ! v argum5ts :i* we urge are unwor?y ( be+ receiv$ & cr$it$4 ,z ! nature ( ! process ( reason+ has n yet come "u our review1 x may n at fir/ appe> to y1 h[ ess5tial ! tru?s ( intuition are to ^? v tru?s :i* are usually oppos$ to !m4 ,b t !y are ?us ess5tial1 a v little att5tion w be suffici5t to %[ y4 ,all belief1 x is evid5t1 mu/ be ei!r direct or indirect4 ,x is direct1 :5 a proposition1 )\t reg>d to any =m] proposition express$ or und]/ood1 is admitt$ z soon z x is express$ 9 words1 or z soon z x rises sil5tly 9 ! m9d4 ,su* are all ! ord] ( tru?s1 :i* h be5 d5om9at$1 on ?is acc\nt1 fir/ tru?s4 ,! belief is indirect1 :5 ! =ce ( ! proposition1 to :i* ass5t is giv51 is admitt$ only 9 consequ5ce ( ! previ\s admission ( "s =m] proposition1 ) :i* x is felt to be intimately connect$2 & ! /atem5t 9 words1 or ! int]nal developem5t ( ^! relative propositions 9 ! ord] 9 :i* _! relation to ! prim>y proposition is felt1 is all t con/itutes reason+4 ,! indirect belief :i* att5ds ! result ( reason+1 ev5 9 ! pr\de/ demon/ration1 is ?us only ano!r =m ( "s fir/ tru?1 :i* 0 believ$ directly & indep5d5tly ( reason+2 &1 )\t ?is prim>y intuitive ass5t1 ! demon/ration itself1 9 all its beautiful precision & regul>ity1 w\ld be z p[]less & futile z ! mo/ incoh]5t v]bal wrangl+4 ,)\t "s pr9ciples ( imm$iate belief1 !n1 x is manife/1 t we c\ld h no belief :atev]2 = we believe "o proposition1 because we discov] its relation to "s o!r proposition1 :i* is itself1 p]haps1 relat$1 9 l mann]1 to "s o!r proposition =m]ly admitt$1 b :i*1 c>ri$ back z f> z x may1 ?r\gh ! longe/ s]ies ( ratioc9ation1 mu/ ultimately come to "s prim>y proposition1 :i* we admit f ! evid5ce conta9$ 9 itself1 or1 to speak m accurately1 :i* we believe f ! m]e impossibility ( disbeliev+ x4 ,all reason+1 !n1 ! mo/ sceptical1 be x rem>k$1 z well z ! mo/ dogmatical1 mu/ proce$ on "s pr9ciples1 :i* are tak5 = grant$1 n because we inf] !m by logical d$uction1 = ?is v inf]5ce mu/ !n itself be f\nd$ on "s o!r pr9ciple assum$ )\t pro(2 b because ! admission ( ^! fir/ pr9ciples is a necess>y "p ( our intellectual con/itution4 ,! ridicule1 !re=e1 ) :i* ,dr ,prie/ley & "s o!r ,engli% metaphysicians1 7 dispos$ to reg>d ! decision ( philosophical que/ions1 on c]ta9 ultimate pr9ciples ( common s5se1 0 surely1 at lea/ 9 its wide degree ( ext5sion1 misplac$2 ?\gh ! phrase common s5se1 x w be admitt$1 0 n ! happie/ t c\ld h be5 *os54 ,! controv]sy1 inde$1 0 truly a v]bal & insignificant "o1 unless z f> z x _h ref]5ce to ! unnecess>y multiplication ( ^! pr9ciples1 by ! philosoph]s ( ?is "p ( ! isl& :om ,dr ,prie/ley oppos$2 s9ce1 if trac$ to _! ultimate evid5ce1 x c\ld h be5 only f "s "o or m ( ! pr9ciples ( common s5se1 at lea/ f ^? prim>y univ]sal intuitions ( direct belief1 :i* 7 all t ,dr ,reid & 8 fri5ds meant to d5ote by ! t]m1 t ! v reason+s employ$ aga9/ !m d]iv$ ev5 ! slighte/ semblance ( =ce4 ,an argum5t t rejects n ! phrase common s5se only1 :i* is ( little consequ5ce1 b also :at ! phrase 0 int5d$1 by its au?ors1 to imply1 is an argum5t confess$ly f\nd$ ^u no?+2 :i*1 !re=e1 z :olly unf\nd$1 requires no answ]1 & :i*1 at any rate1 x w\ld be va9 to attempt to answ]1 because ! answ]1 if x proce$ on any gr\nd :atev]1 mu/ beg9 ) assum+ :at ! argum5t rejects1 z inadmissible4 ,all reason+1 !n1 ,i repeat1 :e!r sceptical or dogmatical1 mu/ take = grant$1 z its prim>y evid5ce1 ! tru? ( c]ta9 propositions1 admitt$ intuitively1 & indep5d5tly ( ! reason+1 :i* foll[s1 b _c prec$e1 ! p]ception ( _! tru?2 & h5ce1 z we _c suppose t ! subsequ5t ratioc9ation1 ?\gh x may af=d room = errors 9 ! process1 c at all add evid5ce to ^! prim>y tru?s2 :i*1 z directly believ$1 are !mselves ! ultimate evid5ce ( ea* successive proposition1 d[n to ! la/ result ( ! longe/ argum5t2 we mu/ admit t our id5tity1 if x be felt by u intuitively1 & felt univ]sally1 imm$iately1 irresi/ibly1 is f\nd$ on ! v same au?ority z ! mo/ exact logical demon/ration1 ) ?is additional advantage1 t x is n subject to ^? possibilities ( error 9 ! /eps ( ! demon/ration1 f :i* no long s]ies ( reason+ c be exempt4 ,s little accu/om$ are we1 h[ev]1 to ?9k ( ?is prim>y fundam5tal evid5ce ( e reason+1 :ile we give our :ole att5tion to ! consecutive propositions :i* d]ive f x _! =ce1 t we le>n1 9 ?is mann]1 to consid] tru? & reason+ z necess>ily connect$1 & to reg>d ! ass]tion ( tru?s t d n fl[ f reason+1 z ! ass]tion ( some?+ :i* x w\ld be equally unwor?y ( philosophy to ass]t or to admit2 ?\gh e ass]tion & e admission1 :i* ! pr(\nde/ reason] c make1 mu/1 z we h se51 involve ! direct or indirect /atem5t ( "s tru? ( ?is k9d4 ,nor is x wond]ful t we %\ld ?us ?9k m ( ! reason+ itself1 ?an ( ! f\ndation ( ! reason+2 s9ce ! fir/ tru?s1 :i* give =ce to reason+ b require no reason+ to e/abli% !m1 mu/ necess>ily be ( a k9d :i* all admit1 & :i*1 !re=e1 z always believ$ by u1 & undisput$ by o!rs1 h excit$ no int]e/ 9 discussion1 & h nev] seem$ to add to our /ock ( k1 l ! results ( reason+1 :i* h add$ to x tru? aft] tru?4 ,yet t !y are ?us un9t]e/+ to u1 is ! effect only ( _! prim>y1 & univ]sal1 & p]man5t =ce4 ,!y are ! only tru?s1 9 %ort1 :i* e "o admits2 & !y seem to u unwor?y ( be+ ma9ta9$ z tru?s1 m]ely because !y are ! only tru?s :i* are s irresi/ible 9 evid5ce1 z to preclude ! possibility ( a d5ial4 ,x is n z ! prim>y evid5ce ( all our processes ( reason+1 h[ev]1 t !y are *iefly valuable4 ,e action ( our lives is an exemplification ( "s "o or o!r ( ^! tru?s1 z practically felt by u4 ,:y d we believe1 t :at we rememb] truly took place1 & t ! c\rse ( nature w be 9 future su* z we h already obs]v$ x8 ,)\t ! belief ( ^! physical tru?s1 we c\ld n exi/ a day1 & yet !re is no reason+ f :i* !y c be inf]r$4 ,^! pr9ciples ( intuitive belief1 s necess>y = our v exi/5ce1 & too important1 !re=e1 to be left to ! casual discov]y ( reason1 are1 z x 71 an int]nal nev]-ceas+ voice f ! ,creator & ,pres]v] ( our be+4 ,! reason+s ( m51 admitt$ by "s1 & d5i$ by o!rs1 h ov] u b a feeble p[]1 :i* resembles ! g5]al frailty ( man himself4 ,^! int]nal revelations f on high1 h[ev]1 are omnipot5t l _! ,au?or4 ,x is impossible = u to d\bt !m1 because to disbelieve !m w\ld be to d5y :at our v con/itution 0 =m$ to admit4 ,ev5 ! ,a!i/ himself1 !re=e1 if1 inde$1 !re be "o :o truly rejects a ,creator & ,rul] ( ! univ]se1 is ?us e mom5t 9 :i* he adapts 8 conduct implicitly1 & )\t reason+1 to ^! directions ( ! ,wisdom t =m$ him1 obey+1 ) mo/ exact subs]vi5cy1 t v ,voice :i* he is pr(ess+ to "q or to d]ide4 ,t ! ass]tion ( pr9ciples ( intuitive belief1 indep5d5t ( reason+1 may be c>ri$ to an extravagant & ridicul\s l5g?1--z1 inde$1 seems to me to h be5 ! case 9 ! works ( ,dr ,reid1 & "s o!r ,scot* philosoph]s1 8 contempor>ies & fri5ds1--no "o c d5y2 nor t ! unnecess>y multiplication ( ^! w\ld be 9 ! highe/ degree injuri\s to s\nd philosophy1--bo? z lead+ u to =m false views ( ! nature ( ! m9d1 9 ascrib+ to x pr9ciples :i* are no "p ( its con/itution1 &1 /ill m1 z *eck+ ! g5]al vig\r ( our philosophic inquiry1 by s$uc+ u into ! habit ( acquiesc+ too soon1 9 ! easy & indol5t fai?1 t x is unnecess>y = u to proce$ f>!r1 z if we _h already advanc$ z f> z our faculties p]mit4 ,x is ! m un=tunate1 because our v avidity = k1 :i* is only ano!r "n = t philosophic curiosity 9 :i* inquiry orig9ates1 is itself fav\rable to ?is too easy acquiesc5ce2 t5d+1 consequ5tly1 by a sort ( d\ble influ5ce1 to repress ! v speculation to :i* x gave rise4 ,?is x does1 by r5d]+ ! susp5se ( ungratifi$ curiosity s pa9ful to u1 z to resemble1 9 a v great degree1 ! uneas9ess :i* we feel f ! ungratifi$ crav+s ( bodily appetite4 ,we m readily1 !re=e1 yield to ! illusion :i* seems to remove ?is susp5se3 & are happy to ?9k1 h[ev] falsely1 t we h n[ complet$ our inquiry1 & t1 )\t attempt+ any m elem5t>y analysis1 we may cont5t ourselves ) simply class+ ! results :i* we h already obta9$4 ,?\gh !re is no human be+ :o mu/ n h felt d\bts on "s po9t or o!r1 x is n e "o :o kn[s h[ to d\bt4 ,to ! p]fection ( a d\bt1 inde$1 x is ess5tial1--if ,i may apply to x :at rhetoricians say ( an epic or dramatic n>rative1--t x %\ld h a beg9n+1 a middle1 & 9 _m cases1 too1 ?\gh n 9 all1 an end4 ,! middle is a v easy matt]2 ! great difficulty relates to ! beg9n+ & ! end1 & to ! end n less ?an ! beg9n+4 ,we err equally1 :5 ! d\bt ceases too soon1 & :5 x does n cease :]e x ought to cease4 ,!re is a scepticism z diff]5t f ! true _s ( philosophy1 z ! mo/ cont5t$ ignorance1 t has nev] que/ion$ a s+le prejudice2 a scepticism1 :i*1 in/ead ( seek+ to di/+ui% tru? f falsehood1 pr(esses to d5y altoge!r ! compet5cy ( our faculties z to mak+ su* a di/9ction 9 any case1 & to :i* any proposition1 !re=e1 is z likely z its opposite4 ,) ?is wild half reason+ extravagance1 :i* is ignorant :e!r x affirms or d5ies1 & :i* does n ev5 "k c]ta9ly t x has any unc]ta9ty at all1 x w\ld be manife/ly absurd to reason2 & we may ev5 truly say ( x1 not)/&+ ! high "* ( p]fect d\bt+ :i* x affects1 t x does n "k h[ to d\bt m ?an ! all-cr$ul\s imbecility :i* x despises & d]ides2 because x does n "k 9 :at circum/ances d\bt is legitimate1 & 9 :at circum/ances x %\ld cease4 ,b1 at ! same "t1 he also1 x may be said1 does n "k h[ to d\bt1 :o is completely satisfi$ ) ! result ( an inquiry :i* he is capable ( prosecut+ /ill fur!r1--ev5 ?\gh x 7 only by ! addition ( a s+le /ep to ! ?\s& :i* he may already h made4 ,tru? is ! la/ l9k ( _m long *a9s2 ! fir/ l9ks ( all ( :i*1 ,nature has plac$ 9 our h&s4 ,:5 we h fairly arriv$ at ! la/1 & feel completely t !re is no l9k beyond1 x w\ld be manife/ly absurd to suppose1 t we c /ill proce$ fur!r2--b if we /op be=e we h arriv$ at ! la/1 ma9ta9+1 )\t /ret*+ out our h& to make ! exp]im5t1 t !re _c be yet ano!r l9k aft] t :i* we h rea*$1 x matt]s n h[ f> we may h advanc$4 ,tru? is /ill beyond u--to be grasp$ only by an arm m vigor\s & p]sev]+4 ,if1 in/ead ( ma9ta9+ boldly1 t we h rea*$ ! la/ l9k ( ! *a91 we cont5t ourselves ) affirm+1 t we h rea*$ ! la/ :i* human ef=t c rea*1 we mu/ bew>e t we d n measure ! incapacity ( ! :ole race ( mank9d by our own individual inability1 or1 :i* is f> f improbable1 t we d n mi/ake = inability1 ev5 9 ourselves1 :at is only ! irksom5ess ( long cont9u$ ex]tion4 ,our p[] is (t5 mu* great] ?an we are will+ to believe2 & 9 _m cases1 z ,la ,ro*ef\cault v ju/ly says1 x is only to excuse to ourselves our own indol5ce t we talk ( ?+s z impossible4 8,non putant fi]i10 says ,s5eca1 speak+ ( p]sons ( ?is "*1 8quicquid fac]e non possunt4 ,ex infirmitate sua f]unt s5t5tiam40--8,scis qu>e non possumus i/a8 ,quia nos posse non cr$imus40--8,magno animo de rebus magnis judic&um e/2 alioqui videbitur ill>um vitium esse quod no/rum e/40 ,mu* evil1 !n1 x mu/ be admitt$1 w\ld arise 9 ! ,philosophy ( ,m9d f a disposition to acquiesce too soon 9 in/9ctive pr9ciples ( belief4 ,b ?\gh ^! may be1 & h be51 multipli$ unnecess>ily1 & beyond ! tru? ( nature1 x is n less c]ta91 t ( our m5tal nature su* pr9ciples are truly a "p4 ,we %\ld1 inde$1 draw mon/]s1 n m51 if we 7 to repres5t ! human head & trunk ) a d\ble proportion ( arms & legs2 b we %\ld also give an unfai?ful portraiture ( ! human figure1 & %\ld draw mon/]s1 n m51 if we 7 to repres5t !m ) b "o arm & leg1 or ) no arm or leg at all4 ,9 l mann]1 to suppose ! m9d end[$ ) m pr9ciples ( intuition ?an belong to x1 w\ld be to imag9e a species ( m5tal mon/]4 ,b x w\ld n less be a m5tal mon/]1 if we 7 to attempt to /rip x ( ! pr9ciples :i* x truly possesses4 ,9 cont5d+1 !n1 = ! au?ority ( c]ta9 fir/ pr9ciples ( belief1 su* z t on :i* ,i conceive ! conviction ( our id5tity to be f\nd$1 ,i am suffici5tly aw>e1 9 h[ _m in/ances1 ref]5ce to ^! has be5 ra%ly made by philosoph]s2 :5 a deep] & m m9ute analysis w\ld h %ewn1 t ! suppos$ fir/ pr9ciples 7 n elem5t>y laws ( ?\ght1 b 7 resolvable into o!rs m simple4 ,x is n to be inf]r$1 h[ev]1 f ! ra% attempts to e/abli% pr9ciples ( intuitive belief :i* d n exi/1 t !re are no su* pr9ciples 9 our m5tal con/itution1 any m ?an x is to be inf]r$1 f ! g5]al preval5ce ( bad reason+1 t x is impossible = a human be+ to reason accurately4 ,i tru/1 at any rate1 t ,i h already suffici5tly w>n$ y1 aga9/ ! dang] ( acquiesc+ too soon 9 any proposition1 z a law ( ?\ght1 preclud+ all fur!r inquiry1 f its own prim>y & indep5d5t evid5ce2 & t ,i h impress$ y1 n m]ely ) ! necessity ( admitt+ "s pr9ciples ( ?is sort1 z ess5tial to e reason+1 b ) ! necessity also1 ( admitt+ !m1 only aft] ! mo/ cauti\s exam9ation4 ,! difficulty ( asc]ta9+ precisely1 :e!r x be tru? :i* we h atta9$1 is1 9 _m cases1 mu* great]1 ?an ! difficulty ( ! actual atta9m5t4 ,philosophy has 9 ?is respect be5 comp>$1 by a v happy illu/ration1--:i*1 !re=e1 homely & famili> z x is1 ,i make no scruple to quote1--to 8a game at :i* *ildr5 play1 9 :i* "o ( !m1 ) 8 eyes b&ag$1 runs aft] ! o!rs4 ,if he cat* any "o1 he is oblig$ to tell 8 "n2 & if he fail to "n him1 he is oblig$ to let him g1 & to beg9 8 runn+ once m4 ,x is ! same10 says ,font5elle1 ! au?or f :om ,i borr[ ?is image1 89 our seek+ aft] tru?4 ,?\gh we h our eyes b&ag$1 we d sometimes cat* x4--,b !n we _c ma9ta9 ) c]ta9ty t x is tru?1 :i* we h caught2--& 9 t mom5t x escapes f u40 ,if !re be1 z x has be5 already %ewn t !re mu/ be1 intuitive tru?s2 &1 if we are n to reject1 b only to weigh cauti\sly1 ! belief :i* seems to u intuitive1 x w be difficult to f9d any1 :i* has a bett] claim to ?is di/9ction1 ?an ! fai? :i* we h1 9 our id5tity1 z "o cont9u$ s5ti5t & ?9k+ be+1 or r1 to speak m accurately1 z "o p]man5t be+ capable ( _m v>ieties ( s5sation & ?\ght4 ,!re is to be f\nd 9 x1 e circum/ance :i* c be requir$ to sub/antiate x z a law ( intuitive belief4 ,x is univ]sal1 irresi/ible1 imm$iate4 ,inde$1 s truly prior & p>am\nt is x to m]e reason+1 t ! v notion ( reason+ necess>ily involves ! belief ( our id5tity z admitt$4 ,to reason1 is to draw a conclusion f "s =m] proposition2 & h[ c "o tru? be inf]r$ f ano!r tru?1 unless ! m9d1 :i* admits ! "o1 be ! m9d1 :i* admitt$ ! o!r8 ,9 its ord]1 z mu* z 9 its importance1 x may be truly consid]$ z ! fir/ ( ^? tru?s :i* d n dep5d on reason+1 & z itself necess>ily impli$1 p]haps 9 all1 c]ta9ly 9 ! great] numb]1 ( our o!r intuitions4 ,i believe1 = example1 )\t be+ able to inf] x1 or ev5 to discov] ! great] probability ( x1 by any process ( reason+1 t ! c\rse ( nature 9 future w resemble ! pa/2 &1 s9ce all mank9d h ! same irresi/ible t5d5cy1 ,i h no scruple 9 ref]r+ x to an orig9al pr9ciple ( our nature4 ,9 tak+ = grant$ ?is simil>ity1 h[ev]1 9 ! ord] ( succession ( two di/9ct sets ( ph5om5a1 ,i mu/ previ\sly h believ$1 t ,i1 ! same s5ti5t be+1 :o expect a c]ta9 ord] 9 ! future ph5om5a ( nature1 h already obs]v$ a c]ta9 ord] 9 ! pa/4 ,s9ce1 !n1 ! belief ( our id5tity is intuitive & irresi/ible1 ! only inquiry :i* rema9s is z to ! circum/ances 9 :i* ! belief arises4 ,id5tity is a relative t]m4 ,x implies ( c\rse1 9 e in/ance1 a d\ble obs]vation ( "s sort4 ,! id5tity ( our m9d is its cont9uance1 z ! subject ( v>i\s feel+s1 or at lea/ z t :i* is susceptible ( v>i\s feel+s4 ,! belief ( x !re=e1 c arise only on ! consid]ation ( its successive ph5om5a2 & is inde$ involv$ 9 ! m]e consid]ation ( ^! z successive4 ,! k ( our m9d z a sub/ance1 & ! belief ( our id5tity dur+ successive feel+s1 may be consid]$ z ! same notion1 express$ 9 diff]5t words4 ,our id5tity is ! unity & sam5ess ( t :i* ?9ks & feels1--itself sub/antially un*ang$ amid ! endless v>iety ( its ?\ghts & feel+s1--capable ( exi/+ sep>ately 9 all ^! diff]5t /ates2 n ceas+ !re=e :5 !y cease1 b indep5d5t ( _! transi5t *anges4 ,! k ( m9d1 !n1 z a sub/ance1 imply+ ! belief ( id5tity dur+ *anges ( /ate _c be involv$ 9 any "o ( ^! sep>ate /ates2 &1 if our feel+s m]ely succe$$ ea* o!r1 9 ! same mann] z ! mov+ bodies ( a long procession are reflect$ f a mirror1 )\t any ve/ige ( !m z pa/1 or consequ5tly1 any remembrance ( _! successions1 we %\ld be z incapable ( =m+ a notion ( ! s5ti5t sub/ance m9d1 ab/ract$ f ! mom5t>y s5sation1 z ! mirror itself2 ?\gh we %\ld inde$ diff] f ! mirror1 9 hav+ :at m9d only c h1 ! s5sations !mselves1 ?us rapidly exi/+ & p]i%+4 ,b1 if x be only on ! consid]ation ( "s pa/ feel+1 t ! belief ( ! p]man5t sub/ance m9d c arise1 x is to ! pr9ciple :i* recals to u pa/ feel+s1 t ! belief is ultimately to be trac$4 ,we rememb]2--& 9 t remembrance is involv$ ! belief1 ! s\rce ( :i* we seek4 ,x is n m]ely a pa/ feel+ t arises to u1 9 :at is commonly t]m$ memory1 b a feel+ t is recogniz$ by u z ours1 9 t pa/ "t ( :i* we ?9k1--a feel+1 !re=e1 ( t m9d :i* n[ rememb]s :at x be=e saw1 p]haps1 or he>d1 or enjoy$1 or suff]$4 ,we are told by writ]s on ?is subject1 t x is f a comp>ison ( our pres5t ) our pa/ consci\sness1 t ! belief ( our id5tity 9 ^! /ates arises2 & ?is use ( ! t]m comp>ison1 :i* is commonly appli$ to a process ( a diff]5t k9d1 may p]haps mislead y z to ?is simpl] process4 ,x is true1 inde$1 t ! belief arises f a feel+ ( ! pa/1 t is rememb]$1 toge!r ) ! consci\sness ( our remembrance z a pres5t feel+1--a contemplation1 z x 71 ( two successive /ates ( ! m9d4 ,b ! comp>ison is no?+ m ?an ?is4--,x is n to be suppos$ t we discov] 9 ! two feel+s "s common quality or proportion1 z :51 9 ari?metic or geometry we comp>e two numb]s1 or two regul> figures2 = ! two feel+s may h no?+ common1 except t v belief ( id5tity :i* is involv$ 9 ! remembrance itself4 ,we rememb] ! pa/1--we feel ! pres5t1--we believe1 & _c b believe1 t ! rememb]] ( ! pa/ exi/$ 9 t pa/ :i* he rememb]s4 ,! process itself is suffici5tly simple1 h[ev] truly wond]ful "o ( ! feel+s may be :i* =ms ! mo/ important "p ( ! process2--= we are n to =get t ! remembrance itself1 ! reveal] ( ! pa/1 is n a pa/1 b a pres5t feel+4 ,x is ! m9d exi/+ = ! pres5t mom5t 9 a p>ticul> /ate1 z mu* z any prim>y & imm$iate s5sation is ! m9d exi/+ 9 a p>ticul> /ate4 ,t ?is /ate ( remembrance1 itself a pres5t feel+1 %\ld be repres5tative to u ( "s =m] feel+1 s z to impress u irresi/ibly ) ! belief ( t =m] /ate ( ! m9d1 is inde$ mo/ wond]ful2 b t x does impress u ) ?is belief1 is z und5iable z ! belief itself is irresi/ible4 ,our fai? 9 our id5tity1 !n1 z be+ only ano!r =m ( ! fai? :i* we put 9 memory1 c be que/ion$ only by ^? :o d5y all memory1 & ) memory all reason+ ( e k9d1--:o believe only ! exi/5ce ( ! pres5t mom5t1 & :o ) respect to e ?+ else1 are z incapable ( oppos+ or que/ion+ z !y are ( believ+4 ,if our memory be unwor?y ( ! fai? :i* we intuitively give to x1 all t is f\nd$ on memory1 & !re=e demon/ration itself1 mu/ equally deceive u4 ,we _c admit ! mo/ rigid demon/ration1 or expect x to be admitt$1 )\t hav+ already admitt$1 intuitively1 t id5tity1 :i* 9 words only we pr(ess to "q1 & to "q :i*1 ev5 9 words1 is to ass]t ! reality ( t :i* we d5y4 ,! belief ( ! id5tity ( self1 !n1 z ! "o p]man5t subject ( ! transi5t feel+s rememb]$ by u1 arises f a law ( ?\ght1 :i* is ess5tial to ! v con/itution ( ! m9d4 ,x has accord+ly all ! qualities1 :i* ,i c imag9e to be requir$ by ! mo/ rigid scrut9iz] ( our pr9ciples ( intuitive ass5t4 ,x is univ]sal1 & imm$iate1 & irresi/ible4 ,i d n believe1 ) m confid5ce1 t ! half ( ?irty-two is equal to ! squ>e ( f\r1 ?an ,i believe1 t ,i1 :o comput$ ! squ>e ( f\r1 am ! same ) t m9d1 :i* computes ! half ( ?irty-two1 & ass]ts ! equality ( ! two numb]s4 ,?is consid]ation is ( itself decisive ( ! "q ( id5tity2 s9ce1 if x be manife/1 t !re is an univ]sal1 imm$iate1 & irresi/ible impression ( our id5tity1--an impression1 :i* _c be trac$ to any law ( ?\ght m simple1--its tru? is e/abli%$ by a species ( evid5ce1 :i* mu/ be all[$ to be valid1 be=e ! v objections c be put1 9 :i* x is pr(ess$ly d5i$2--e objection1 h[ev] sceptical1 involv+1 z we h se51 & necess>ily involv+1 ! ass]tion ( "s su* intuitive proposition1 f :i* alone its au?ority1 if x h any au?ority1 is d]iv$4 ,9 endeav\r+ to move ! :ole _w ( tru? ) 8 lev]1 !re mu/ /ill be "s little spot at lea/1 on :i* ! sceptic mu/ be cont5t to re/ 8 foot z firmly z o!rs4 1 he mu/ /ill be condemn$ to say ) ,ar*im$es2 & if we all[ no re/+-place to 8 foot1--or1 ev5 all[+ him ?is1 if we all[ no fulcrum = ! in/rum5t :i* he uses1 he may contract or l5g!n 8 lev] at pleasure2 b all ! ef=ts1 :i* 9 su* circum/ances1 he c make1 w exhibit no?+ s /rik+ to ^? by :om ! ef=ts are witness$1 z ! labori\s impot5ce ( him :o employs !m4 ,to d5y any fir/ pr9ciples ( intuitive belief1 t are n !mselves to /& 9 ne$ ( a demon/ration1--:i*1 z a demon/ration1 or s]ies ( consecutive propositions1 c be f\nd$1 9 its prim>y evid5ce1 only on "s pr9ciple ( ! same k9d1--is1 inde$1 = su* a sceptical me*anic1 to set 8 foot ^u air1 r ?an on ! gr\nd1 on :i* all ar\nd him are /&+1 & to ?r[ away ! s+le fulcrum on :i* 8 lev] re/s1 & f :i* alone all its p[] is d]iv$4 ,! belief ( our m5tal id5tity1 !n1 we may safely conclude1 is f\nd$ on an ess5tial pr9ciple ( our con/itution1--9 consequ5ce ( :i*1 x is impossible = u to consid] our successive feel+s1 )\t reg>d+ !m z truly our successive feel+s--/ates1 or affections ( "o ?9k+ sub/ance4 ,b ?\gh ! belief ( ! id5tity ( ! sub/ance :i* ?9ks1 is ?us e/abli%$ on ! firme/ ( all gr\nds1 ! v gr\nd1 z we h se51 on :i* demon/ration itself is f\nd$1--ev5 ?\gh no p>ticul> fallacy c\ld be trac$ 9 ! objections br\ght aga9/ x1 :i* ,i detail$ 9 my la/ ,lecture1--x is /ill an int]e/+ inquiry1 9 :at ! fallacy ( ! objections consi/s2 & ! inquiry is ! m int]e/+1 z x w lead u to "s rem>ks & di/9ctions1 :i*1 ,i flatt] myself1 w ?r[ "s light on ! philosophy ( all ! *anges1 mat]ial z well z m5tal1 t are e mom5t tak+ place 9 ! univ]se4 ,! objections br\ght aga9/ ! id5tity ( ! m9d1 f a suppos$ incompatibility ( its div]sities ( /ate ) sam5ess ( sub/ance1 appe> to me to dep5d on ! assumption ( a te/ ( id5tity1 transf]r$1 )\t suffici5t reason1 f ! obvi\s appe>ances ( matt] to m9d1 & :i*1 if matt] be accurately consid]$1 is equally false1 too1 z appli$ to x4 ,! cause ( ! transf]5ce1 h[ev]1 f ! obvi\s mat]ial appe>ances1 is a v natural "o1--! same1 :i* has includ$ s _m analogies1 f ext]nal ?+s1 9 ! language1 :i* we employ to express ! intellectual functions4 ,x is ) ! *anges ( ! mat]ial sub/ances ar\nd u1 t all our op]ations1 :i* leave any fix$ & p]man5t m>ks ( our ag5cy1 are imm$iately conc]n$4 ,x is inde$ only ?r\gh !m1 t our communication ) o!r m9ds c be at all c>ri$ on2 & x is n wond]ful1 !re=e1 t1 9 consid]+ ! nature ( *ange1 ( e k9d1 our philosophy %\ld be /rongly ta9t$ ) prejudices1 d]iv$ f ! mat]ial _w1 ! sc5e ( all ! imm$iate & la/+ *anges1 :i* x is 9 our p[] to produce4 ,h[ mu* ! m]e mat]ialism ( our language has itself op]at$1 9 d>k5+ our conceptions ( ! nature ( ! m9d1 & ( its v>i\s ph5om5a1 is a "q1 :i* is obvi\sly beyond our p[] to solve2 s9ce ! solution ( x w\ld imply1 t ! m9d ( ! solv] 0 itself free f ! influ5ce :i* he trac$ & describ$4 ,b ( ?is1 at lea/1 we may be sure1 t x is almo/ impossible = u to e/imate ! influ5ce too highly2 = we mu/ n ?9k1 t its effect has be5 conf9$ to ! works ( philosoph]s4 ,x has act$1 mu* m p[]fully1 9 ! famili> disc\rse1 & sil5t reflections ( multitudes1 t h nev] _h ! vanity to rank !mselves z philosoph]s1--?us incorporat+ itself1 z x 71 ) ! v ess5ce ( human ?\ght4 ,9 t rude /ate ( social life1 9 :i* languages _h _! orig91 ! inv5tor ( a ^w probably ?\ght ( little m1 ?an ! tempor>y facility1 :i* x might give to himself & 8 companions1 9 communicat+ _! mutual wants1 & conc]t+ _! mutual s*emes ( co-op]ation4 ,he 0 n aw>e1 t1 ) ?is fa9t & p]i%+ s\nd1 :i* a slight diff]5ce ( brea?+ produc$1 he 0 creat+ t :i* 0 aft]w>ds to con/itute "o ( ! mo/ imp]i%able ( ?+s1 & to =m1 9 ! m9ds ( millions1 dur+ e future age1 a "p ( ! complex lesson ( _! intellectual exi/5ce1--giv+ rise to la/+ sy/ems ( op9ions1 :i*1 p]haps1 b = ! inv5tion ( ?is s+le ^w1 nev] c\ld h prevail$ = a mom5t1 & modify+ sci5ces1 ! v elem5ts ( :i* _h n !n begun to exi/4 ,! inv5tor ( ! mo/ b>b>\s t]m may ?us h _h an influ5ce on mank9d1 m important1 ?an all :i* ! mo/ illu/ri\s conqu]or c\ld effect1 by a long life ( fatigue1 & anxiety1 & p]il1 & guilt4 ,( ! g5]al%ip ( ,alex&]1 & ! val\r ( 8 armies1--( all :i* he suff]$1 & plann$1 & execut$1 :at p]man5t ve/iges rema91 b 9 ! writ+s ( hi/orians6 ,9 a v few ye>s1 aft] ! t]m9ation ( 8 dazzl+ c>e]1 e ?+ on ! e>? 0 almo/ z if he _h nev] be54 ,a few phrases ( ,ari/otle a*iev$ a mu* m ext5sive & la/+ conque/1 & are1 p]haps1 ev5 at ?is mom5t1 ex]cis+ no small sway on ! v m9ds :i* smile at !m ) scorn1 & :i*1 9 trac+ ! ext5t ( _! melan*oly influ5ce on ! progress ( sci5ce1 9 c5turies t are pa/1 are unconsci\s t !y are describ+ & lam5t+ prejudices1 ( :i* !y are !mselves /ill1 9 a great measure1 ! slaves4 ,h[ _m tru?s are !re1 ( :i* we are ignorant1 m]ely because "o man liv$6 ,to return1 h[ev]1 to ! objections1 :i* we are to consid]4 ,div]sity ( any k9d1 x is said1 is inconsi/5t ) absolute id5tity1 9 any case1 & 9 ! m9d1 :i* is by supposition indivisible1 no?+ c be add$ to x or tak5 away1 & no int]nal *ange c take place1 9 ! relative positions & aff9ities ( p>ts :i* x has n4 ,joy & sorr[ are diff]5t 9 !mselves2 t :i* is joyful1 !re=e1 & t :i* is sorr[ful1 _c be precisely ! same1 or div]sity ( any k9d might be consi/5t ) absolute id5tity4 ,t ! joyful & sorr[ful m9d are precisely ! same1 is n ass]t$1 if ! sam5ess be meant to imply sam5ess ( /ate2 = x is admitt$1 t ! /ate ( ! m9d is diff]5t 9 joy & sorr[6 & ! only "q is1 :e!r ?is diff]5ce1 to :i* we give ! "n ( diff]5ce ( /ate1 be incompatible ) complete & absolute sam5ess ( sub/ance4 ,! true key to ! sophi/ry is1 z ,i h already said1 t x assumes a false te/ ( id5tity1 borr[$1 inde$1 f ! obvi\s appe>ances ( ! mat]ial _w1 b f ^! obvi\s appe>ances only4 ,because div]sity ( any k9d seems1 9 ^! famili> cases1 to be inconsi/5t ) absolute id5tity1 we draw ha/ily ! univ]sal conclusion1 t x is inconsi/5t ) absolute id5tity 9 any case4 ,p>adoxical z ! ass]tion may appe>1 h[ev]1 we may yet safely ass]t1 t1 n 9 m9d only1 b1 z we %all f9d1 9 matt] also2 "s sort ( div]sity is s f> f be+ inconsi/5t ) absolute id5tity1 t !re is sc>cely a s+le mom5t1 if1 inde$1 !re be a s+le mom5t1 9 :i* e atom 9 ! univ]se is n con/antly *ang+ ! t5d5cies t =m its physical "*1 )\t ! slighte/ alt]ation ( its own absolute id5tity2 s t ! v>iety ( /ates or t5d5cies ( ! same id5tical m9d1 9 joy & sorr[1 ignorance & k1 in/ead ( be+ oppos$1 z y might ?9k1 by ! g5]al analogy ( nature1 is 9 exact h>mony ) t g5]al analogy4 ,x is f our view ( matt]1 unque/ionably1 z imply+1 9 all its visible *anges ( /ate1 "s loss ( id5tity1 "s addition or subtraction ( p>ticles1 or *ange ( _! =m ( comb9ation1 t ! objection1 ) respect to ! id5tity ( ! m9d1 dur+ its mom5t>y or la/+ *anges ( /ate1 is d]iv$2 & yet we %all f9d1 t x is only :5 we consid] ev5 matt] itself sup]ficially & slightly1 t we ascribe ! *anges :i* take place 9 x1 to circum/ances t affect its id5tity4 ,to view x m pr(\ndly & accurately1 is to obs]ve1 ev5 9 matt]1 con/ant *anges ( /ate1 :]e ! id5tity has cont9u$ entire1 & *anges z opposite1 z ^? ( ! m9d itself1 :51 at diff]5t p]iods1 x pres5ts itself 9 diff]5t aspects1 z sad & *e]ful1 ignorant & wise1 cruel & b5evol5t4 ,! app>5t my/]y ( ! cont9u$ id5tity ( "o simple & indivisible m9d1 9 all ! v>iety ( /ates1 ( :i* x is susceptible1 is ?us 9 a great measure1 solv$1 :5 we f9d ?is union ( v>iety & sam5ess to be ! result ( a law t is n limit$ to our spiritual be+1 b ext5ds to ! :ole univ]se1 or at lea/ to e ?+ :i* we "k 9 ! univ]se4 ,x c no long] appe> to u peculi>ly wond]ful1 t ! m9d %\ld exi/ at diff]5t mom5ts 9 opposite /ates1 & yet be ! same 9 its own absolute nature1 :5 we %all f9d t ?is compatibility is true ( e atom ar\nd u1 z mu* z ( ! m9d itself4 ,,lecture ,,xiv4 ,,cont9uation ,,( ,,! ,,answ] ,,to ,,objections ,,aga9/ ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,m5tal ,,id5tity4 ,my ,lecture ye/]day 01 9 a great measure1 employ$ 9 illu/rat+ ! prim>y evid5ce ( ^? pr9ciples ( intuitive ass5t1 to :i* we trac$ our belief ( ! id5tity ( ! m9d z "o & p]man5t1 9 all ! v>iety ( its ev]-*ang+ affections4 ,i expla9$ to y1 p>ticul>ly ) a view to t vague & n v lum9\s controv]sy1 9 :i* ,dr ,prie/ley 0 engag$ ) "s philosoph]s ( ?is "p ( ! ,isl&1 9 :at mann] ! tru? ( ^! intuitive propositions mu/ be assum$ or admitt$ by all :o reason1 ev5 by ! wilde/ sceptic :o pr(esses to "q !m2 po9t+ out to y1 at ! same "t1 ! dang] to :i* two ( ! /ronge/ pr9ciples ( our con/itution1 our indol5ce & our love ( k1 alike expose u--! dang] ( believ+ too soon t we h arriv$ at tru?s :i* are susceptible ( any m9ut] analysis4 ,9 con=mity1 !re=e1 ) ! caution :i* ?is dang] r5d]s necess>y1 we exam9$ ! belief ( our cont9u$ id5tity2 & we f\nd x to possess ! di/+ui%+ m>ks1 :i* ,i v5tur$ to lay d[n z ! ?ree great *>act]s ( intuition1 t x is univ]sal1 imm$iate1 & irresi/ible2--s univ]sal1 t ev5 ! v maniac1 :o conceives t he 0 ye/]day emp]or ( ! ,moon1 believes t he is to-day ! v p]son :o _h ye/]day t empire--s imm$iate1 t we _c consid] any two feel+s1 ( our m9d z successive1 )\t in/antly consid]+ !m z feel+s ( our m9d1 t is to say1 z /ates ( "o p]man5t sub/ance1 & s irresi/ible t ev5 to d\bt ( our id5tity1 if x 7 possible = u truly to d\bt ( x1 w\ld be to believe1 t our m9d1 :i* d\bts1 is t v m9d :i* has reflect$ & reason$ on ! subject4 ,hav+ ?us /at$ ! positive gr\nd ( belief1 9 our spiritual id5tity1 ,i proce$$ to consid] ! negative evid5ce :i* might arise f ! confutation ( ! objections urg$ aga9/ x1--objections drawn f ! suppos$ incompatibility ( ! *anges ( our m5tal affections1 ) t /rict absolute id5tity ( sub/ance1 to :i* no?+ c h be5 add$1 & f :i* no?+ c h be5 tak5 away4 ,! te/ ( id5tity1 :i* ?is suppos$ incompatibility implies1 ,i /at$ to be a v false "o1 transf]r$ f matt] to m9d1 & borr[$1 n f a philosophical1 b f a v sup]ficial view ev5 ( matt] itself4 ,if x appe>1 on a clos] inquiry1 t matt] itself1 )\t ! slighte/ loss ( id5tity1 exi/s at diff]5t mom5ts1 9 /ates :i* are n m]ely diff]5t b opposite1 & exi/s 9 almo/ inf9ite v>iety ( su* /ates1 x _c surely seem wond]ful1 t ! m9d also %\ld1 )\t ! slighte/ loss ( its id5tity1 exi/ at diff]5t mom5ts1 9 /ates t are diff]5t & opposite4 ,t a sup]ficial view ( matt]1 z x pres5ts itself to our m]e organs ( s5se1 %\ld lead u to =m a diff]5t op9ion1 is1 h[ev]1 :at might readily be suppos$1 because ! analogies1 :i* t sup]ficial view pres5ts1 are ( a k9d t seem to m>k a loss ( id5tity :5ev] ! /ate itself is alt]$4 ,9 exp]im5tal philosophy1 & 9 ! obvi\s natural ph5om5a ( ! mat]ial _w1 :5ev] a body *anges its /ate1 "s addition or sep>ation has previ\sly tak5 place4 ,?us1 wat] becomes /eam by ! addition1 & x becomes ice by ! loss1 ( a portion ( t matt] ( heat :i* is t]m$ by *emi/s caloric2 :i* loss & addition are1 ( c\rse1 inconsi/5t ) ! notion ( absolute num]ical id5tity ( ! corpuscles1 9 ! ?ree /ates ( wat] z a solid1 a liquid1 & a gase\s vap\r4 ,p]ception1 by :i* ! m9d is metaphorically said to acquire k1 & =getfulness1 by :i* x is metaphorically said to lose k1 h1 x mu/ be confess$1 a v /rik+ analogy to ^! processes ( corpuscul> loss & ga92 &1 s9ce absolute id5tity seems to be inconsi/5t ) a *ange ( /ate 9 ! "o set ( ph5om5a1 ) :i* we are con/antly famili>1 we f9d difficulty 9 p]suad+ ourselves1 t x is n inconsi/5t ) a *ange ( /ate 9 ! o!r set also4 ,x is a difficulty ( ! same k9d z t :i* e "o mu/ h felt1 :5 he le>n$1 = ! fir/ "t1 ! simple physical law1 t matt] is indiff]5t z to ! /ates ( motion & re/1 & t x requires1 !re=e1 z mu* =ce to de/roy completely ! motion ( a body1 z to give x t motion :5 at re/4 ,we h n be5 accu/om$ to take into acc\nt ! effects ( friction1 & ( atmosph]ical resi/ance1 9 gradually de/roy+1 )\t ! int]f]5ce ( any visible =ce1 ! motion ( a ball1 :i* we are consci\s ( ef=t 9 roll+ f our h&2 & we ?9k1 !re=e1 t re/ is ! natural /ate ( a body1 & t x is ! v nature ( motion to cease spontane\sly4 8,d$iscet animus s]o1 quod d$icit diu40 ,x is a v j say+ ( a ,fr5* writ]1 t 8x is n easy to p]suade m5 to put _! reason 9 ! place ( _! eyes2 & t :51 = example1 aft] a ?\s& pro(s1 !y are reasonable en\gh to d _! be/ to believe1 t ! planets are s _m opaque1 solid1 habitable orbs1 l our e>?1 !y d n believe x 9 ! same mann] z !y w\ld h done if !y _h nev] look$ ^u !m 9 ano!r light4 ,!re /ill comes back ^u _! belief some?+ ( ! fir/ notion :i* !y _h1 t cl+s to !m ) an ob/9acy1 :i* x requires a cont9ual ef=t to %ake (f40#di ,x is1 !n1 because "s sub/antial loss or ga9 does truly take place 9 ! *ang+ ph5om5a ( ! bodies imm$iately ar\nd u1 to :i* we are accu/om$ to pay our pr9cipal att5tion1 t we le>n to reg>d a *ange ( /ate 9 matt] z significant ( loss ( id5tity1 & to feel1 !re=e1 "s hesitation 9 admitt+ ! m5tal *anges ( /ate to be consi/5t ) absolute sam5ess ( sub/ance4 ,_h our obs]vation ( ! mat]ial ph5om5a be5 diff]5t1 !re w\ld h be5 a correspond+ diff]5ce 9 our view ( ! *anges ( ! ph5om5a ( ! m9d4 ,if1 = example1 in/ead ( previ\sly ga9+ or los+ caloric1--z 9 ! con/itution ( ?+s ( :i* we h our pres5t exp]i5ce1--! p>ticles ( ! wat] _h sudd5ly assum$ ! /ate ( vap\r on ! s\nd+ ( a trumpet at a di/ance1 & ! /ate ( ice imm$iately on ! ris+ ( ! sun1---9 %ort1 if ! diff]5t *anges ( /ate 9 bodies1 by :i* _! physical "* = ! "t seems1 9 _m cases1 to be :olly alt]$1 _h occurr$ )\t any app>5t loss or ga9 ( sub/ance1 we %\ld !n no long] h f\nd ! same difficulty 9 admitt+ ! *anges ( /ate 9 m9d z consi/5t ) its id5tity2 & ! s5ti5t sub/ance1 :i* previ\sly exi/$ 9 a diff]5t /ate1 might !n1 on ! s\nd+ ( a trumpet1 h be5 conceiv$ by u to beg9 to exi/1 9 ! /ate :i* con/itutes t p>ticul> s5sation ( he>+1 or1 on ! ris+ ( ! sun1 to exi/ 9 t diff]5t /ate :i* con/itutes ! sun's *ange ( col\r z readily z ! mat]ial sub/ance1 previ\sly exi/+ 9 ! =m ( wat]1 to beg9 at ! same mom5t1 )\t any ess5tial or num]ical *ange1 & consequ5tly ) p]fect id5tity1 to exi/ 9 ! new /ate ( /eam1 or 9 ! /ate ( a *ry/all9e mass1 z solid z ! rock f :i* x hangs z an icicle1 or t glitt]s ) its gemmy cov]+4 ,b x may be said1 t ! v supposition :i* we n[ make is an absurd "o2 t ! m]e pres5ce ( ! sun 9 ! firmam5t1 at a di/ance f ! wat]1 _c be suppos$ to conv]t x into ice1 unless ! wat] ga9 or lose some?+1 & consequ5tly cease to h absolute id5tity2 & t ! case1 !re=e1 is ( no value1 z illu/rat+ ! compatibility ( *ange ( /ate 9 our v>i\s s5sations1 ) unalt]$ id5tity ( ! s5ti5t m9d4 ,to ?is ,i might answ]1 t al?\gh ! pres5ce ( ! sun c]ta9ly does n op]ate 9 ! mann] suppos$1--z ! sequ5ces ( ev5ts are n[ arrang$ 9 ! great sy/em ( nature1--x is only by exp]i5ce1 & n by intuition or reason+1 we "k1 t ! pres5ce ( ! sun has n ! v effect :i* ! sep>ation ( caloric n[ produces1 & t !re is no?+ absolutely m wond]ful 9 ! "o case ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,if our exp]i5ce _h be5 ! rev]se ( ?is1--if ! *ange ( place ( a few p>ticles ( caloric _h n1 z n[1 conv]t$ ! liquid wat] into t solid cong]ies ( cry/als :i* we call ice1--we %\ld !n h f\nd z little difficulty 9 conceiv+ t x %\ld n h ?is effect1 z we n[ f9d 9 adapt+ our belief to ! p>ticul> s]ies ( ev5ts :i* con/itute our pres5t exp]i5ce4 ,x is n necess>y1 h[ev]1 to h rec\rse to suppositions ( ?is k9d2 s9ce ! sy/em ( nature1 ev5 accord+ to our pres5t exp]i5ce ( x1 furni%es suffici5t pro( ( *anges z wond]ful 9 ! /ate ( bodies produc$ obvi\sly at a di/ance1 &1 !re=e1 )\t any loss or addition :i* c affect _! id5tity4 ,= suffici5t evid5ce ( ?is1 ,i ne$ appeal only to ! ag5cy ( ! cele/ial gravitation2 t gigantic en]gy ( nature :i* fills ! univ]se1 l ! imm$iate pres5ce ( ! ,deity himself1--to :i*1 9 ! imm5sity ( its influ5ce1 ! di/ances1 n f planets to planets m]ely1 b f suns to suns1 are l ^? invisible spaces betwe5 ! elem5ts ( ! bodies ar\nd u1 t seem actual contact to our eyes1--& 9 comp>ison ) :i*1 ! p[]s1 t play _! feeble "p 9 ! physical *anges on ! surface ( our e>?1 are z inconsid]able z ! atoms1 on :i* !y ex]cise _! little dom9ion1 are to ! massy orbs :i* x wields & directs at w1-- 8,^? bright millions ( ! heav5s1 ,( :i* ! lea/ full ,godhead _h proclaim'd1 ,& ?r[n ! gaz] on 8 knee40--8,admire ,! tumult untumultu\s6 ,all on w+1 9 motion all2 yet :at pr(\nd repose6 ,:at f]vid action1 yet no noise6--z aw'd ,to sil5ce by ! pres5ce ( _! ,"l40 ,! action ( ^! great planet>y bodies on ea* o!r1--x surely _c be d5i$1--leaves !m sep>ate id5tities1 precisely z be=e2 & x is a species ( ag5cy1 s ess5tial to ! magnific5t h>mony ( ! sy/em1 t we _c conceive x to h be5 int]rupt$1 = a s+le mom5t1 s9ce ! univ]se itself 0 =m$4 ,an action1 !re=e1 has be5 con/antly tak+ place on all ! bodies 9 ! univ]se1--& consequ5tly a diff]5ce ( "s sort produc$1--:i* yet leaves _! id5tities unaffect$4 ,b1 ?\gh ! id5tity ( ! sub/ance ( ! sep>ate orbs is n affect$ by _! mutual attractions1 ! /ate1 or tempor>y physical "*1 ( ^! orbs1--consid]$ individually z "o great :ole1--mu/ be affect$1--or x w\ld be absurd to speak ( _! mutual ag5cy at all2 = action implies ! sequ5ce ( a *ange ( "s sort1 & !re c be no action1 !re=e1 :]e ! sub/ances cont9ue precisely ! same1 & _! /ate also precisely ! same1 z be=e ! action4 ,accord+ly1 we f9d1 on our own globe1 t great *anges ( /ate1 su* z =m ! mo/ /rik+ ( its regul> visible ph5om5a1 are produc$ by ?is di/ant op]ation4 ,! wat]s ( our ocean1 = example1 rise & fall1--&1 !re=e1 mu/ h alt]$ /ates1 or physical t5d5cies1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* !y rise & fall1 z !re is no correspond+ addition or subtraction ( matt]1--at regul> int]vals1--:i* x is 9 our p[] to pr$ict ) infallible accuracy1--n because we c div9e any loss ( id5tity 9 ! fluid mass1--any int]nal *ange 9 its elem5t>y composition1 or ! nature & v>ieties ( ! w9ds1 :i* are to sweep along its surface1--b because we "k well1 at :at h\rs1 & 9 :at relative situation1 a c]ta9 great body1 at ! di/ance ( "s hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( miles1 is to be pass+ along ! heav5s4 ,if1 !n1 ! m]e position ( a di/ant heav5ly body c cause ! p>ticles ( our ocean to arrange !mselves 9 a diff]5t configuration1--f t 9 :i* !y w\ld o!rwise h exi/$1 &1 !re=e1 mu/ h produc$ 9 ! p>ticles t *ange ( /ate1 :i* =ces !m1 z x 71 into ?is alt]$ =m1--)\t addition to !m ( any ?+1 or subtraction ( any ?+1--9 %ort1 leav+ 9 !m ! same absolute num]ical or corpuscul> id5tity z be=e1--!re surely c be no great] difficulty1 9 suppos+1 z 9 ! case be=e imag9$1 t a c]ta9 position ( ! sun might h imm$iately caus$ ! p>ticles ( a di/ant liquid1 to arrange !mselves 9 ! p>ticul> configuration1 t con/itutes ! solid ice1--:i*1 ?\gh p]haps a m /rik+ *ange ( /ate1 w\ld n h be5 m truly a *ange ( /ate1 ?an t1 :i* x n[ unque/ionably produces1 9 modify+ ! rise or fall ( our tides4 ,&1 if a di/ant body c produce 9 matt] a *ange ( /ate1 )\t affect+ its id5tity1 by any addition or subtraction1 we may surely admit1 t ! pres5ce ( an ext]nal body1 z 9 p]ception1 may1 9 m9d also1 produce a *ange ( /ate1 )\t affect+ its id5tity2 unless inde$1 7:i* is n impossible1 because no?+ is impossible to human folly17 we %\ld be incl9$ to rev]se our prejudices1 & ma9ta91 t matt] may be easily conceiv$ to *ange ! aff9ities or t5d5cies t =m its physical "*1 9 ! p>ticul> circum/ances obs]v$1 )\t any addition or subtraction ( sub/ance1 b t "s positive addition or subtraction ( sub/ance is1 not)/&+1 ess5tial to ! simple *anges or affections ( ! m9d4 ,if ! moon 7 sudd5ly annihilat$1 our e>? w\ld /ill be ! same id5tical planet1 )\t ! loss or ga9 ( a s+le p>ticle ( sub/ance4 ,b ! /ate ( ?is planet1 z a :ole1 & ( e atom ( ?is planet1 w\ld be in/antly alt]$1 9 _m mo/ important respects1--s completely alt]$1 inde$1 t n an atom ( ! mass w\ld t5d to ! o!r atoms ( ! mass1 9 ! same mann] z be=e4 ,9 l mann]1 if ! light1--:i* n[1 op]at+ on "o ( my organs ( s5se1 causes my m9d to exi/ 9 ! /ate t con/itutes ! s5sation ( a p>ticul> col\r1--7 sudd5ly to vani%1 ! /ate ( my m9d w\ld be in/antly *ang$1 ?\gh my m9d itself1 consid]$ z a sub/ance1 w\ld /ill cont9ue unalt]$4 ,9 bo? cases1--! spiritual1 & ! mat]ial1--& 9 bo? cases1 alike1--absolute id5tity1 9 ! /ricte/ s5se ( ! t]m1 is consi/5t ) innum]able div]sities4 ,9 ! discussion ( ?is suppos$ difficulty1 ,i h *os51 = illu/ration1 9 ! fir/ place1 to consid] ! planet>y attractions1 9 pref]5ce to ^? :i* occur1 9 ! m9ut] *anges1 t are simply t]re/rial2 because 9 ! case ( op]ations at a di/ance1 x is impossible = u1 n to p]ceive1 t1 ev5 9 matt]1 a *ange ( /ate is n inconsi/5t ) complete p]man5ce ( absolute corpuscul> id5tity2 :ile1 9 ! compositions or decompositions1 t occur spontane\sly1 or by artificial exp]im5t1 9 ! physical *anges on ! surface ( our e>?1 ! additions or subtractions ( matt]1 t appe> to u to con/itute ^! ph5om5a1 truly de/roy ! corpuscul> id5tity ( ! sub/ances1 9 :i* ! *ange takes place2 & ! *ange ( /ate is ?us consid]$ by u1 z imply+ a positive sub/antial *ange4 ,b :5 we exam9e ev5 ^! ph5om5a a little m deeply1 we %all f9d1 t1 l ! great op]ations ( gravitation on ! masses ( ! univ]se1--! *ange1 9 ^! also1 is n a positive *ange ( sub/ance1 b is simply a *ange ( /ate 9 a cong]ies ( indep5d5t sub/ances1 :i* we t]m "o sub/ance1 m]ely because ! spaces1 t are really betwe5 !m1 are imp]ceptible to our v imp]fect organs2 ! addition or subtraction ( matt] be+ n t :i* con/itutes ! new /ates or t5d5cies ( ! p>ticles :i* cont9ue pres5t1 b m]ely t :i* gives occasion to ^? *anges ( /ate or t5d5cy2--z ! positions ( ! heav5ly bodies d n con/itute ! ph5om5a ( our tides1 b m]ely give occasion to t diff]5ce ( /ate 9 ! p>ticles ( ! ocean1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* !y assume ( !mselves a diff]5t configuration4 ,man is plac$1 z x has be5 truly said1 on a po9t1 betwe5 two inf9ities1--! inf9itely great1 & ! inf9itely little4 ,x may be an extravagant speculation1 to :i* ,i h be=e allud$1--b x is n absolutely absurd1 to suppose1 t 9 ! unb\nd$ sy/em ( nature1 !re may be be+s1 to ^: vision ! :ole planet>y att5dants ( ea* sep>ate sun1 :i* to u appe> to revolve at di/ances s imm5se1 may yet seem b "o small cohesive mass1 9 ! same mann]1 z to ^? animalcul1 ^: exi/5ce & successive g5]ations _h be5 altoge!r unkn[n to man1 till ! microscope creat$ !m1 z x 7 to 8 feeble sight1--& :i*1 p]haps1 are mighty animals comp>$ ) races ( be+s /ill m m9ute1 t are con/antly liv+ 9 our v pres5ce1 & yet de/9$ nev] to be kn[n to u1--^? bodies1 :i* to u seem "o small cohesive mass1 may appe> sep>at$ by di/ances1 relatively z great1 z to u are ^? ( ! planets4 ,t light1 itself a body1 %\ld pass freely ?r\gh a mass ( solid cry/al1 is reg>d$ by u z a sort ( physical wond]2 & yet x is f> f impossible1 t1 betwe5 ! atoms :i* compose ?is app>5tly solid mass1 :ole nations ( liv+ be+s maybe dwell+1 & ex]cis+ _! mutual works ( peace or ho/ility2 :ile p]haps1 if philosophy c be ex]cis$1 9 bra9s ( su* inf9itesimal dim5sions1 9 ! same mann] z 9 our co>s] organs1 ! nature ( ! atoms1 or di/ant worlds ar\nd !m1 may be divid+ ) endless absurdities1 ! ,ptolemies & ,ari/otles ( ! little republics4 ,we h all s mu* ( ! nature ( ! inhabitants ( ,brobdignag1 t a supposition ( ?is k9d1--:i* is p]haps truly 9 itself n a v probable "o1--yet appe>s to u mu* m improbable1 ?an x really is4 ,we smile1 z recogniz+ our own nature1 :5 ! sov]eign ( t c\ntry ( giants is repres5t$ by ! mo/ un=tunate1 or r ! mo/ =tunate ( all voyag]s1 z 8turn+ to 8 fir/ m9i/]1 :o wait$ beh9d him ) a :ite /aff1 ne> z tall z ! ma9ma/ ( ! ,royal ,sov]eign1 & obs]v+ h[ contemptible a ?+ 0 human gr&eur1 :i* c\ld be mimick$ by su* dim9utive insects40 8,& yet10 said he1 8,i d>e engage1 ^? creatures h _! titles & di/9ctions ( hon\r2 !y contrive _! ne/s & burr[s1 t !y call h\ses & cities2 !y make a figure 9 dress & equipage2 !y love1 !y fight1 !y dispute1 !y *eat1 !y betray40 ,& we fully ent] into ! difficulty :i* ! savans ( ! c\ntry1 :o _h all agre$ t ! new-discov]$ animal c\ld n h be5 produc$ accord+ to ! regul> laws ( nature1 mu/ h f\nd1 9 giv+ him a "n4 8,"o ( !m seem$ to ?9k t ,i might be an embryo1 or abortive bir?4 ,b ?is op9ion 0 reject$ by ! o!r two1 :o obs]v$ my limbs to be p]fect & f9i%$2 & t ,i _h liv$ sev]al ye>s1 z x 0 manife/ f my be>d1 ! /umps :]e( !y pla9ly discov]$ ?r\gh a magnify+-glass4 ,!y w\ld n all[ me to be a dw>f1 because my littl5ess 0 beyond all degrees ( comp>ison2 = ! que5's fav\rite dw>f1 ! smalle/ ev] kn[n 9 t k+dom1 0 ne> ?irty feet high4 ,aft] mu* debate1 !y conclud$ unanim\sly1 t ,i 0 only relplum scalca?1 :i* is int]pret$ lit]ally lusus natur2 a det]m9ation exactly agreeable to ! mod]n philosophy ( ,europe1 ^: pr(essors1 disda9+ ! old evasion ( occult causes1 :]eby ! foll[]s ( ,ari/otle endeav\r$ 9 va9 to disguise _! ignorance1 h inv5t$ ?is wond]ful solution ( all difficulties1 to ! unspeakable advancem5t ( human k40#ej ,:atev] may be ?\ght ( speculations ( ?is k9d1 h[ev]1 ) respect to ! relative di/ance ( ! atoms ( bodies1 x is n ! less c]ta91 t ^! atoms are sep>ate sub/ances1 indep5d5t ( ! o!r simil> or diff]5t sub/ances t app>5tly adh]e to !m 9 cont9uity1--t !y are1 9 tru?1 ! only mat]ial sub/ances :i* really exi/1 s9ce ! bodies :i* we t]m masses are only ^? v atoms "u ano!r "n1--t !y rema91 & _c b rema91 id5tical1 amid all ! *anges ( *emical composition or decomposition1--& t ! *ange :i* !y suff]1 !re=e1 h[ev] /rik+ly _! physical "* may be alt]$ = ! "t1 is a *ange n ( sub/ance b ( /ate only4 ,9 ! case ( ! =mation ( ice1 = example1 ! elem5t>y atoms !mselves1 :i* are all t truly exi/ 9 nature1 are n1 & _c be1 *ang$2 b p>ticles1 :i* 7 =m]ly easily sep>able f adjac5t p>ticles1 n[ resi/ ?is sep>ation by a consid]able =ce4 ,!re is a *ange 9 _! /ate1 !re=e1 s9ce !y n[ exi/ ) a diff]5t degree ( t5d5cy t[>d ea* o!r1--a *ange1 to :i* ! sep>ation ( a quantity ( caloric may1 inde$1 h giv5 occasion1 b :i* is to be di/+ui%$ f t mom5t>y sep>ation itself1 s9ce ! solidity1 :i* is only ano!r "n = ! corpuscul> resi/ance1 cont9ues aft] ! sep>ation is complete1 & w\ld cont9ue =ev]1 unless a *ange ( temp]ature 7 aga9 to re/ore t =m] /ate or t5d5cy ( ! p>ticles1 9 :i* !y 7 easily sep>able4 ,to him :o has le>n$ to consid] bodies z1 :at !y truly are1 a multitude ( sep>ate & indep5d5t corpuscles1 !re is no *ange ( id5tity1 & _c be any *ange ( id5tity1 9 all ! ph5om5a or *anges ( ! univ]se4 ,! atoms1 :i* alone exi/$1 cont9ue z be=e2 & all :i* con/itutes ! ph5om5on1 or v>ieties ( successive ph5om5a1 is a *ange ( _! place or t5d5cy4 ,?is corpuscul> view ( ! mat]ial univ]se1--:i*1 ( c\rse1 admits an inf9ite v>iety ( applications1 correspond+ ) ! inf9ite v>iety ( its ph5om5a1--has _m mo/ /rik+ analogies 9 t moral univ]se1 ) ! ph5om5a ( :i* we are *iefly conc]n$4 ,inde$1 :5 we consid] any ( ! masses be=e u1 z d]iv+ all its app>5t magnitude f a numb] ( sep>ate bodies1 ( :i* x is compos$1--any "o ( :i*1 individually1 w\ld be too m9ute to be di/+ui%able by u1--x is sc>cely possible n to ?9k ( ! simil>ity :i* x pres5ts to ! multitudes ( human be+s t are z x 71 mass$ toge!r 9 ! great nations ( ! e>?2 & 9 :i* any s+le individual1 if he c\ld be suppos$ to h ex]cis$ 8 p[]s sep>ately1 w\ld h be5 truly z insignificant z a s+le atom sep>at$ f ! mass ( :i* x is a "p4 ,:at we call ! greatness ( a nation1 is no?+ m ?an ! union ( a numb] ( little int]e/s & little passions jo9$ 9 "o common object2 to :i* insignificant elem5ts1 s wond]ful :5 comb9$1 if we c\ld di/9ctly r$uce1 by analysis1 ! mo/ unrivall$ p[] t has ev] comm&$ ! admiration & envy ( ! _w1 x w\ld1 at fir/ view1 run "s little risk ( appe>+ contemptible4 ,! advantages ( ?is social union ( mank9d1 z sil5tly felt at e mom5t1 are unque/ionably s inf9ite 9 comp>ison1 z almo/ to s9k into no?+ ! occasional evils to :i* ! aggregation & mass+ ( s _m p[]s1 :5 ill direct$1 may give rise1--?\gh ^! t]rific evils1 :5 !y occur1 may dwell m p]man5tly 9 ! m9d2--l ! visitations ( /orms & e>?quakes1 :i* we rememb] =ev]1 :ile1 ) a sort ( ?ankless =getfulness1 we sc>cely ?9k ( ! calm beauty & regul>ity :i*1 season aft] season1 passes ov] u4 ,! rock :i*1 desc5d+ f ! top ( a m\nta91 lays wa/e :atev] x meets 9 its progress1--& to attempt to /op :i*1 :ile its %ort c>e] la/s1 w\ld be almo/ l in/ant annihilation1--d]ives ?is ov]:elm+ =ce f an inf9ite numb] ( indep5d5t corpuscles1 any "o ( :i*1 if x _h fall5 s+ly1 w\ld h be5 f> less de/ructive ?an ! flutt] ( an insect's w+2 & t tyrannical p[] ( a s+le man1 be=e :i*1 9 unhappy ages ( successful oppression1 ! e>? has s (t5 trembl$1--z be=e "s p[] ( d>kness1 end[$ ) m ?an human sway1--has d]iv$ its irresi/ible might1 n f p[]s includ$ 9 itself1--:i*1 9 ref]5ce to ! objects a*iev$ by x1 w\ld h be5 feeble inde$1--b f ! unit$ p[]s ( be+s /ill feebl]1 :o 7 trembl+ :ile !y execut$ comm&s to :i* !mselves alone gave omnipot5ce4 ,to ?is corpuscul> view1 h[ev]1 ?\gh x is unque/ionably ! sort ( view to :i*1 9 our ultimate physical inquiries into ! ph5om5a ( matt]1 we mu/ come1 y may1 p]haps1 n be suffici5tly accu/om$1 to ent] fully into ! reason+ on ! subject4 ,x w probably be less difficult = y1 if we take r1 z an illu/ration1 ! simpl] case ( impulse2 9 :i* ! bodies affect+ ea* o!r are n1 z 9 *emi/ry1 indi/+ui%able corpuscles1 b masses1 cle>ly def9$1 & easily p]ceptible4 ,i ne$ n1 ( c\rse1 repeat ! argum5ts =m]ly /at$1 to prove t attraction1 h[ev] g5]al x may be z a law ( matt] at all visible di/ances1 does n cont9ue1 b gives place to an opposite t5d5cy at ^? small] di/ances1 :i* we are unable to p]ceive ) our weak organs1 & :i* we le>n to e/imate only by effects t are inconsi/5t ) absolute contact2--= example1 by ! well-kn[n fact ( ! compressibility ( bodies1 :i* c\ld n take place if _! p>ticles 7 already 9 contact1 & :i* by cont9ually increas+ resi/ance to ! compress+ =ce t w\ld br+ ! corpuscles ne>]1 %ews1 t !re is1 at diff]5t degrees ( ne>ness1 a t5d5cy cont9u+ to op]ate1 :i* is ! v rev]se ( attraction4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 e reason to believe1--s9ce repulsion1 z ! fact ( =cible compression %ews1 takes place :ile ! p>ticles ( bodies are /ill at a c]ta9 di/ance1--t ! motion produc$ 9 "o body by ano!r1 & ascrib$ to imm$iate impulse1 is produc$1 )\t actual contact1 by ?is mutual repulsion1 z x is call$1 ( ! bodies :5 br\ght )9 a c]ta9 invisible degree ( vic9ity to ea* o!r2 or1 9 o!r words1--= repulsion means no?+ m my/]i\s ?an ?is simple fact1--! t5d5cy :i* bodies1 9 c]ta9 relative positions ( app>5t b n actual contact1 h to fly (f f ea* o!r ) c]ta9 degrees ( velocity1 z 9 c]ta9 o!r relative positions1 ( di/+ui%able di/ance1 !y h a t5d5cy to approa* ea* o!r4 ,?is repulsion1 or t5d5cy f ea* o!r at "o po9t ( ne>ness1 is ( itself z easy to be conceiv$1 z t attraction1 or t5d5cy t[>d ea* o!r at o!r po9ts ( di/ance1 to :i* we give ! "n ( gravitation2 & x is only f our great] famili>ity ) ! "o1 z op]at+ at di/ances :i* are visible1 :ile ! o!r1--except 9 a few cases1 su* z ^? ( magnetism & electricity1--op]ates only at di/ances :i* are imp]ceptible to u1 t we feel a little m difficulty 9 admitt+ ! repulsion ?an ! attraction ( matt]4 ,!re is !n1--h[ev] univ]sal gravitation may seem1 :5 we ?9k only ( p]ceptible di/ances1--a c]ta9 po9t ( ne> approa*1 be=e actual contact1 at :i* gravitation ceases2 &1 beyond ?is po9t1 ! t5d5cy ( bodies t[>d ea* o!r is conv]t$1--z ! =ce necess>y to compress !m evid5tly %ews1--into a t5d5cy f ea* o!r2 bo? t5d5cies1 inde$1 be+ inexplicable1 b ! "o 9 no respect m s ?an ! o!r4 ,= ?is app>5t digression1 on a po9t ( g5]al physics1 ,i make no apology1 z x is absolutely necess>y = illu/rat+ ! p>ticul> case to :i* ,i am to proce$4 ,! consid]ation ( x requires1 :at ! :ole ( ?is discussion1 inde$1 has already requir$ f y1 no small ex]cise ( pati5t att5tion2 b ,i tru/ t ,i suffici5tly prep>$ y = ?is1 9 a =m] ,lecture1 :5 ,i /at$ ! importance ( su* att5tion1 n m]ely 9 relation to ! subject consid]$ at ! "t1 b z a "p ( y\r m5tal discipl9e1 & ! advantage :i* might ?us be d]iv$ to y\r intellectual "*1 f ! v difficulties :i* ! subject pres5ts4 ,x is 9 philosophy1 z 9 _m a fairy tale4 ,! diff]5t ob/acles :i* ! h]o enc\nt]s1 are n progressively great] & great]2 b 8 mo/ difficult a*ievem5ts are (t5 at ! v comm5cem5t ( 8 c>e]4 ,he beg9s1 p]haps1 ) attack+ ! ca/le ( "s en*ant]1 & has to =ce 8 way1 unassi/$1 ?r\gh ! griff9s & dragons t oppose 8 entrance4 ,he f9i%es ! adv5ture1 ) ! dea? ( ! magician--& /rips him ( "s r+1 or o!r talisman1 :i* r5d]s 8 subsequ5t adv5tures comp>atively easy & secure4 ,i _c v5ture to say1 inde$1 t a p]fect acqua9tance ) ! difficulties ( ! pres5t "q1 & ( "s ( ! late que/ions :i* h engag$ u1 w be su* a talisman to y1 9 y\r future c>e] ( intellectual sci5ce4 ,b ,i may safely say1 t ! habit ( att5tive ?\ght1 :i* ! consid]ation ( subjects1 s ab/ract1 necess>ily produces1 9 ^? :o are n too indol5t to give att5tion to !m1 or too indiff]5t to feel int]e/ 9 !m1 is m truly valuable ?an any talisman1 ( :i* accid5t or =ce might deprive y4 ,! magic ) :i* ?is end[s y1 is n atta*$ to a r+1 or a gem1 or any ?+ ext]nal2 x lives1 & lives =ev]1 9 ! v ess5ce ( y\r m9ds4 ,:5 a billi>d ball1 on be+ /ruck1 approa*es ano!r1 :i* is at re/1 x soon arrives at ! po9t ( seem+1 b n actual contact1 at :i* _! mutual attraction ceases1 & ! =ce :i* x has acquir$ /ill c>ry+ x on1 x passes ?is b\nd+ po9t1 & arrives at a po9t at :i* repulsion has already begun4 ,accord+ly ! body1 =m]ly at re/1 n[ flies (f1 on a pr9ciple precisely simil>1 7?\gh ! m]e direction be opposite7 to t by :i* ! same ball1 if dropp$ f a h& t support$ x1 w\ld1 )\t ! actual impulse ( any body1 h quitt$ its /ate ( re/1 z 9 ! pres5t case1 & h gravitat$1 or1 :i* is ! same ?+1 h mov$ ( itself t[>d ! e>?4 ,be=e ! fir/ ball1 :i* y w1 p]haps m easily rememb] by ! "n1 ,a1 arriv$ s v ne> to ! second ball ,b1 z to h come )9 ! sph]e ( _! mutual repulsion1 ?is second ball 0 at re/1 t is to say1 x _h no t5d5cy to move 9 any direction4 ,?is /ate ( re/1 h[ev]1 is only "o ( ! _m /ates1 9 :i* a body may exi/2 & if1 :i* mu/ surely be all[$1 a body hav+ a t5d5cy to cont9u$ motion1 be 9 a diff]5t /ate1 f "o :i* has no su* t5d5cy1 ?is *ange ( /ate imply+1 x mu/ be rem>k$1 n ev5 ! slighte/ loss ( id5tity1 has be5 produc$ 9 ! body ,b1 by ! m]e vic9ity ( ! body ,a4 ,= ! sake ( illu/ration1 let u n[ suppose ?is body ,a to be hot or lum9\s4 ,x w /ill1 z be=e1 produce ! new /ate ( t5d5cy to motion1 9 ,b1 :5 x arrives )9 ! limits ( _! sph]e ( repulsion4 ,is x less conceivable1 !n1 t ! m]e pres5ce ( ?is hot or lum9\s body %\ld produce ! new s5sation ( w>m?1 or ( col\r1 :i* are diff]5t /ates ( ! s5ti5t m9d1 )\t affect+ 9 ! slighte/ degree ! id5tity ( ! m9d itself1 ?an t x %\ld produce1 )\t any loss ( absolute id5tity1 9 ! body ,b1 an imm$iate t5d5cy1 9 t body1 to move along ) a c]ta9 velocity1 a /ate z diff]5t f t 9 :i* x rema9s at re/1 z ! s5sation ( w>m?1 :i* is "o /ate ( ! m9d1 is diff]5t f ! s5sation ( col\r1 :i* is ano!r /ate ( ! m9d8 ,nor does ! p>allel end "h2 =1 s9ce a body at re/1 acquir+ a t5d5cy to beg9 motion 9 "o p>ticul> direction1 z1 = example1 to move nor?1 mu/ be 9 a diff]5t /ate f t 9 :i* x w\ld h be51 if x _h acquir$ an in/ant t5d5cy to move ea/1 or 9 any o!r direction2 &1 ! direction once begun1 be+ ! same1 s9ce a body hav+ a t5d5cy to move ) "o velocity1 mu/1 at e mom5t ( its progress1 be 9 a diff]5t /ate f t 9 :i* x has a t5d5cy to move ) a diff]5t velocity1 x is evid5t1 t ! m]e pres5ce ( a body may produce1 9 a second body1 accord+ to ! diff]5ce ( _! positions & relative magnitudes1 a v>iety ( /ates1 t1 :5 all ! v>ieties ( direction1 & all ! v>ieties ( velocity are e/imat$ toge!r1 may be consid]$ z inf9ite1--equal at lea/ 9 numb]1 to ! diff]5t /ates ( :i* ! m9d is susceptible1 9 its almo/ inf9ite v>iety ( feel+s2 & all ?is )\t any ess5tial *ange1 t c affect ! id5tity ( ! quiesc5t or mov+ body1 or any ess5tial *ange1 t c affect ! id5tity ( ! m9d4 ,i am aw>e1 t1 :5 y consid]1 = ! fir/ "t1 ?is ass]tion ( an inf9ite v>iety ( /ates1 correspond+ ) all ! innum]able v>ieties ( direction & velocity1 9 ! t5d5cies ( a simple billi>d-ball1 :i*1 9 ! v>i\s circum/ances suppos$1 appe>s to u precisely ! same1 9 all its s5sible qualities1 y may be apt to conceive1 t ! ass]tion mu/ be f\nd$ on a mi/ake1 &1 f ! influ5ce ( =m] prejudice may be incl9$ to ?9k1 t1 :5 x exhibits a t5d5cy to beg9 to move ea/1 at "o "t1 &1 at ano!r "t1 a beg9n+ t5d5cy to move nor?1 ?is does n arise f any diff]5ce ( /ate 9 itself1 b f its be+ m]ely c>ri$ along by ! fir/ ball1 :i* 0 itself previ\sly mov+ 9 "o or o!r ( ^! p>ticul> l9es ( direction4 ,:5 ! ela/ic billi>d-ball1 h[ev]1 b\nds away f ! ball :i* /rikes x1 ?is supposition is manife/ly inapplicable2--&1 9 all cases1 x is ! influ5ce only ( =m] prejudice :i* c lead y to ?is op9ion1--! influ5ce ( t prejudice1 by :i* y may h be5 accu/om$ to consid] impulse1 n z induc+ a t5d5cy to motion at "s little di/ance1 b z involv+ ! necessity ( actual contact4 ,to de/roy ?is prejudice1 a v little reflection on ! ph5om5a ( ela/ic bodies1 9 _! %ocks & mutual retrocessions1 is surely all t c be requisite2 & if ! motion ( ,b1 & consequ5tly its t5d5cy to motion1 h begun1 )\t contact ( ,a1 z x aft]w>ds cont9ues :ile ,a1 ! ela/ic body :i* /ruck x1 is mov+ back 9 an opposite direction1 x c\ld n be by me*anical trusion1 z c>ri$ along by ,a1 :i* is /ill at "s po9ts ( di/ance f x :5 its motion beg9s1 & at /ill great] di/ance ! long] ! motion cont9ues1 t ,b has assum$ any "o ( its v>iety ( /ates1--t1 = example1 9 :i*1 9 "o case1 x t5ds to move ea/1 9 ano!r case to move nor?1 9 "o case to move rapidly1 9 ano!r sl[ly4 ,to say t ! body acquires ?is new t5d5cy because x is impell$1 is only to say t x is impell$ because x is impell$4 ,x is an equally idle use ( language1 to affirm1 z if a ^w c\ld obviate ! difficulty in/ead ( m]ely /at+ x1--t ,a1 9 communicat+ a diff]5t t5d5cy to ,b1 :i* 0 be=e at re/1 does ?is by a pr9ciple1 or p[] ( repulsion2 = ?is1 z ,i h said1 is m]ely to /ate 9 a s+le ^w1 ! regul>ity 9 c]ta9 circum/ances ( ! v fact ass]t$4 ,! diff]5t t5d5cies ( ,b1 & consequ5tly ! diff]5t /ates 9 :i* ,b exi/s1--are n ! less diff]5t1 9 :atev] mann] ! diff]5ce may h be5 produc$1 or by :atev] ^w1 or comb9ation ( words1 ! diff]5ce may be express$4 ,!re is no magic1 9 ! phrase1 pr9ciple ( repulsion1 or p[] ( repulsion1 :i* c r5d] ! same1 /ates or t5d5cies t are 9 !mselves opposite2--=1 z f> z we und]/& ! phrase1 x expresses no?+ m ?an ! inv>iabl5ess ( ! simple fact1 t 9 c]ta9 circum/ances ( relative position1 bodies h a t5d5cy to fly (f f ea* o!r1 z 9 c]ta9 o!r circum/ances ( relative position1 :i* con/itute ! ph5om5a ( gravitation1 !y h a t5d5cy to approa*4 ,:atev] t]m we may employ to d5ote x1 x is /ill a physical fact1 t at a c]ta9 po9t ( ne> & seem+ly close approa* ( ano!r mass1 a body :i* 0 be=e 9 a /ate ( re/1 acquires imm$iately a t5d5cy to fly (f 9 diff]5t directions1 & ) diff]5t velocities at diff]5t times1 & consequ5tly1 t1 if ! t5d5cy to beg9 or to cont9ue motion1 9 "o direction1 & ) "o velocity1 be a /ate diff]5t f t :i* con/itutes ! t5d5cy to beg9 or to cont9ue motion 9 ano!r direction1 & ) ano!r velocity1 ! ball ,b1 9 ^! diff]5t circum/ances1 h[ev] id5tical x may be 9 sub/ance1 exi/s 9 two diff]5t /ates2--or all /ates1 h[ev] diff]5t1 may be said to be ! same4 ,x may be admitt$1 !n1 t ! feel+ ( rapture is a /ate ( m9d1 completely diff]5t f t :i* con/itutes ! feel+ ( agony1--t ! s5sation ( ! fragrance ( a rose1 has no resemblance to our conception ( a sph]e or ( an equilat]al triangle1--& t1 9 g5]al1 all ^? ?\ghts & emotions1 :i*1--m truly ?an ! m]e union ( ! immortal _s )9 u ) ! body :i* x animates1--may be said to con/itute life1 8,love1 ,hope1 & ,joy1 fair ,pleasure's smil+ tra91-- ,hate1 ,fe>1 & ,grief1 ! family ( ,pa920 ^!1 z !y prevail1 9 diff]5t h\rs1 r5d] ! same individual m9d m unlike to itself1 if its /ates or t5d5cies alone1 & n its sub/antial id5tity be consid]$1 ?an ! m9ds p]haps ( any two human be+s1 at ! same mom5t4 ,b /ill1 z we h se51 ev5 f ! analogy ( ! mat]ial _w1--:i* 0 suppos$ to furni% a p[]ful objection1 x is no argum5t aga9/ ! absolute id5tity ( ! m9d1 t exi/s 9 diff]5t /ates1 h[ev] opposite1 any m1 ?an x is an argum5t aga9/ ! absolute id5tity ( a body1 t x1 at "o mom5t1 has a t5d5cy to "o p>ticul> motion1--at ano!r mom5t a t5d5cy to a diff]5t motion1--& at ano!r mom5t1 no t5d5cy :atev] to motion ( any k9d2 s9ce1 9 all ^! cases1 z mu* z 9 ! v>y+ affections ( ! m9d1 !re is a *ange ( /ate1 ) absolute id5tity ( sub/ance4 ,,footnotes3 #di ,font5elle1 ,pluralit des ,mondes1 ,conv]sat4 #fme4 #ej ,gulliv]'s ,travels1 "p ii4 *ap4 #c4 ,,lecture ,,xv4 ,,consid]ation ,,( ,,! ,,objections ,,aga9/ ,,m5tal ,,id5tity1 ,,cont9u$2 ,,op9ion ,,( ,,mr ,,locke ,,respect+ ,,id5tity2 ,,s\rce ,,( ,,8 ,,p>adox ,,on ,,?is ,,subject2 ,,& ,,reflections ,,sugge/$ ,,by ,,x4 ,my la/ ,lecture1 ,g5tlem51 0 employ$ 9 consid]+ ! g5]al objection to ! ,id5tity ( ! ,m9d1 drawn f ! contra/s ( its mom5t>y feel+s1--an objection f\nd$ on ! suppos$ incompatibility ( div]sity ( any k9d1 ) /rict & absolute id5tity4 ,aft] ! v full exam9ation :i* x receiv$1 x is unnecess>y to dwell at any l5g? on ! o!r objection1 drawn f *anges ( g5]al "*1 9 ! same individual1 at diff]5t p]iods ( life1 or 9 diff]5t circum/ances ( =tune2 s9ce precisely ! same argum5ts1 f ! g5]al analogy ( nature1 :i* disprove ! suppos$ incompatibility 9 ! "o case1 disprove x also 9 ! o!r4 ,ev5 matt] itself1 we h se51 may1 )\t ! slighte/ alt]ation ( its id5tity1 exi/ 9 an almo/ inf9ite v>iety ( /ates2 hav+1 9 "s ( ^! /ates1 qualities precisely ! rev]se ( ^?1 :i* x exhibit$ 9 o!r /ates1 attract+ :at x repell$1 repell+ :at x attract$2--& x surely is n m wond]ful1 !re=e1 t ! same id5tical m9d1 also1 %\ld1 9 relation to ! same objects1 9 diff]5t circum/ances1 be susceptible ( an almo/ inf9ite v>iety ( affections1--approv+1 disapprov+1 *oos+1 rep5t+4 ,if we knew no?+ m ( ! relations ( two billi>d balls to ea* o!r1 ?an ! ph5om5a :i* !y exhibit1 9 ! mom5t ( _! mutual p]cussion1 :5 !y h be5 =c$1 )9 a c]ta9 degree ( close vic9ity1 by ! impell+ /roke1 we %\ld reg>d !m1 f _! in/ant reciprocal repulsion1 z hav+ a natural t5d5cy to fly (f f ea* o!r2 &1 9 ! /ate 9 :i* !y !n exi/1 !re is no "q t su* is _! t5d5cy1--a t5d5cy1 :i*1 9 ^! circum/ances1 may be reg>d$ z _! g5u9e physical "*4 ,yet we h only to imag9e ! two balls plac$ at a di/ance f ea* o!r1 l t ( ! remote/ planet f ! sun2 &1 9 trav]s+ ! :ole wide void t int]v5es1 :at a diff]5t physical "* w\ld !y exhibit1 9 _! accel]at+ t5d5cy t[>d ea* o!r1 z if _! v nature 7 la/+ly *ang$8 ,if !re are1 !n1 su* opposite t5d5cies 9 ! same bodies1 )\t any loss ( id5tity1 :y may n ! same m9ds also h _! opposite t5d5cies1 :51 9 l mann]1 remov$1 z x 71 into circum/ances t are diff]5t1 lov+1 p]haps1 :at !y hat$ be=e1 & hat+ :at !y lov$8 ,if ! *ange ( /ate be n tempor>y1 b p]man5t1 ! result+ affections may well be suppos$ to be p]man5tly diff]5t2 &1 inde$1 if !y be diff]5t at all1 _c b be p]man5tly diff]5t1 l ! alt]$ /ate4 ,x is z little wond]ful1 !re=e1 :5 any la/+ *ange ( circum/ances is tak5 into acc\nt1 t ! same individual %\ld no long] exhibit ! same intellectual & moral appe>ances1 z t matt]1 9 its diff]5t /ates1 %\ld no long] exhibit ! same obvi\s ph5om5a1 attract+1 p]haps1 ! v bodies :i* x be=e repell$1 & repell+ ! v bodies :i* x be=e attract$1 & attract+ & repell+ ) diff]5ces ( =ce1 & consequ5t diff]5ces ( velocity 9 ! bodies mov$1 ! v>ieties ( :i* x w\ld require all ! p[]s ( our ari?metic to compute4 ,:5 we obs]ve1 !n1 9 a m9d1 :i* we h long kn[n & valu$1 any m>ks ( alt]$ "*1--:51 = example1 9 "o1 :o1 by ! fav\r1 or r by ! cruelty ( ,=tune1 has be5 rais$1 f a situation comp>atively humble1 to sudd5 di/9ctions ( p[] & opul5ce1 we see ! neglect ( all ^? virtues1 ! wid] opportunity ( ex]cis+ :i* seem$ to him =m]ly ! *ief1 or ev5 ! only1 advantage t r5d]$ su* di/9ctions desirable1--! same frivol\s vanity1 :i* be=e appe>$ to him ridicul\s 9 o!rs1 & ! same contemptu\s insol5ce ( pride1 :i* be=e appe>$ to him contemptible1--a crav+ & impati5t desire ( great] weal?1 m]ely because he has no long] any use to make ( x1 unless1 inde$ t x has become m necess>y to 8 av>ice1 ?an x ev] 0 be=e to 8 want1--& a gay & scornful indiff]5ce to mis]ies1 t are /ill sometimes able to =ce !mselves ^u 8 view1 ! relief ( :i*1 t once seem$ to him s glori\s a privilege1 w\ld n[ n require ( him ev5 ! scanty m]it ( sacrific+ a s+le sup]fluity3 ,:5 we p]ceive ?is contra/1 & almo/ say )9 ourselves1 ,is ?is ! same be+8 we %\ld rememb] t ! influ5ce ( =tune is n conf9$ to ! m]e trapp+1 :i* x gives or takes away1--t x op]ates )9 z mu* z )\t1--& t1 accord+ly1 9 ! case n[ imag9$ by u1 ! new ext]nal circum/ances h be5 gradually modify+ ! m9d1 9 ! same mann]1 z new ext]nal circum/ances ( a diff]5t k9d modify ! bodies1 :i* happ5 to be plac$ 9 !m1--n affect+ _! id5tity1 b alt]+ _! /ate2 & t1 if we c\ld di/+ui%1 z accurately1 ! s]ies ( *anges1 :i* take place 9 m9d1 z we c di/+ui% ^? :i* take place 9 matt]1 we %\ld n be m a/oni%$1 t1 9 circum/ances ( r>e & unhappy occurr5ce1 a disposition once app>5tly g5]\s is g5]\s no m1 ?an we are to obs]ve a body1 attract$ to ano!r body1 at "o di/ance1 & aft]w>ds repell$ f x1 9 consequ5ce m]ely ( a *ange ( _! mutual position1--a *ange s v slight z to be altoge!r undi/+ui%able by our s5ses4 ,i h dwelt on ?is "q at mu* great] l5g? ?an ,i %\ld o!rwise h done1 h[ev] int]e/+ x truly is z a "q ( metaphysics1 because ,i 0 anxi\s to obviate a prejudice :i* is v closely connect$ ) ?is po9t1 & :i*1 mo/ un=tunately = ! progress ( ! ,philosophy ( ,m9d1 has giv5 a wrong bias to ! speculations ( _m v enlight5$ m54 ,no "o1 ,i am aw>e1 c be s s9c]ely sceptical z to d\bt1 ev5 = a mom5t1 8 own id5tity1 z "o cont9u$ s5ti5t be+1 :atev] +5i\s sophi/ry he may urge 9 support ( ! p>adox :i* he pr(esses to hold4 ,b /ill1 :ile ! compatibility ( div]sity ) absolute id5tity1 z n[ expla9$ to y1 0 b obscurely felt1--a compatibility :i*1 to ! be/ ( my remembrance1 no writ]1 ) :om ,i am acqua9t$1 has attempt$ to illu/rate1--! difficulty ( reconcil+ ! gr[? or decay ( k1 & all ! successive contra/s or *anges ( feel+1 :i* our s5sations1 ?\ghts1 emotions1 exhibit1 ) ! p]man5t indivisible unity ( ! same s5ti5t pr9ciple1 has be5 suffici5t1 9 _m cases1 to produce a vague & almo/ unconsci\s t5d5cy to mat]ialism1 9 m9ds t w\ld n o!rwise h be5 easily l$ away by a sy/em s illusive2 &1 :]e x has n produc$ ?is full effect1 x has at lea/ produc$ a t5d5cy1 9 _m cases1 to encumb] ! simple !ory ( ! m5tal ph5om5a ) false & unnecess>y hypo!ses1 v mu* ak9 to ^? ( absolute mat]ialism4 ,)\t ?is absolute mat]ialism1 m9d mu/ /ill be left1 inde$1 z ! ultimate subject ( s5sation1 & ! difficulty truly rema9s ! same2 b x is contriv$ to complicate1 z mu* z possible1 ! corporeal "p ( ! process1 :i* prec$es ?is ultimate m5tal "p1 by ! introduction ( phantasms1 or o!r %ad[y films1 animal spirits1 vibratiuncles1 or o!r s5sorial motions1 t a wid] room may ?us be left = a play ( *anges1 & ! difficulty ( acc\nt+ = ! div]sity ( s5sations be less felt1 :5 x is to be divid$ among s _m sub/ances 9 almo/ con/ant motion2 :ile ! att5tion is1 at ! same "t1 l$ away f ! imm$iate m5tal *ange1 9 :i* alone ! suppos$ difficulty consi/s1 to ! m]e corpuscul> *anges1 9 :i* !re is no suppos$ difficulty4 ,x is a g5]al law ( our int]nal1 z well z ( our ext]nal p]ceptions1 t we di/+ui% mo/ readily :at is lea/ complicat$4 ,9 a *orus ( _m voices1 a s+le discordant voice may escape ev5 a nice discrim9ator ( musical s\nds1 :o w\ld h detect$ in/antly ! slighte/ deviation f ! melody ( a simple air4 ,a juggl]1 :5 he wi%es to )draw a s+le c>d1 is c>eful to pres5t to u _m2 &1 ?\gh ! c>d :i* he )draws is truly be=e our eyes at ! v mom5t at :i* he sep>ates x f ! pack1 we d n discov] ! quick motion :i* sep>ates x1 h[ev] suspici\sly wat*ful we may be1 because our vigilance ( att5tion is di/ract$ by ! numb] ( c>ds :i* he suff]s to rema94 ,x is n because ! c>d :i* he removes is n be=e u1 !n1 t we d n obs]ve ! removal ( x1 b because x is only "o ( _m t are be=e u4 ,x is precisely ! same 9 ^? complicat$ mat]ial processes1 ) :i* "s !ori/s encumb] ! simple ph5om5a ( ! m9d4 ,! difficulty :i* seems1 to !m1 to att5d any div]sity :atev] 9 a sub/ance t is id5tical1 simple1 indivisible1 & incapable ( addition or subtraction1 rema9s1 inde$1 ultimately 9 all its =ce1 & w\ld /rike u equally1 if ?is suppos$ difficulty 7 to be consid]$ alone4 ,b _m hypo!tical vibrations1 or o!r motions1 are giv5 to our consid]ation at ! same mom5t1 t glance ^u our m5tal view l ! rapid movem5ts ( ! juggl]'s h&4 ,we1 !re=e1 d n feel s pa9fully z be=e a difficulty :i* occupies our att5tion only 9 "p2 &1 9 our feeble e/imation ( ?+s1 to r5d] a difficulty less visible to u1 is almo/ l a dim9ution ( ! difficulty itself4 ,= obviat+ ?is t5d5cy to mat]ialism1 or to :at may be consid]$ almo/ z a species ( semi-mat]ialism 9 ! physiology ( ! m9d1 x is ( no small consequ5ce to h accurate views ( ! nature ( our m5tal id5tity4 ,above all1 x is ( importance1 t we %\ld be suffici5tly impress$ ) ! conviction1 t absolute id5tity1 f> f exclud+ e sort ( div]sity1 is p]fectly compatible1 z we h se51 ) div]sities t are almo/ inf9ite4 ,:5 we h once obta9$ a cle> view ( ?is compatibility1 z indep5d5t ( any additions or subtractions ( sub/ance1 we %all no long] be l$ to conv]t our simple m5tal op]ations into long cont9u$ processes1 ( :i* ! la/ l9ks only are m5tal1 & ! prec$+ imag9>y l9ks corporeal2 z if ! introduction ( all ?is play ( hypo!ses 7 necess>y = sav+ t id5tity ( m9d1 :i* we are p]haps unwill+ to ab&on altoge!r2 = x w !n appe> to u n m wond]ful1 t ! m9d1 )\t ! slighte/ loss ( id5tity1 %\ld at "o mom5t beg9 to exi/ 9 ! /ate :i* con/itutes ! s5sation ( ! fragrance ( a rose1 & at ano!r mom5t %\ld beg9 to exi/ 9 ! /ate :i* con/itutes ! s5sation ( ! s\nd ( a flute1 or 9 ! opposite /ates ( love & hate1 rapture & agony--?an t ! same body1 )\t ! slighte/ *ange ( its id5tity1 %\ld exi/1 at "o mom5t1 9 ! /ate :i* con/itutes ! t5d5cy to approa* ano!r body1 & at ano!r mom5t 9 ! opposite /ate :i* con/itutes ! t5d5cy to fly f x1 or t1 ) ! same absolute id5tity1 x %\ld exi/1 at diff]5t mom5ts 9 ! diff]5t /ates1 :i* con/itute ! t5d5cies to beg9 motion 9 directions t are at "r angles to ea* o!r1 s z to beg9 to move 9 ! "o case nor?1 9 ! o!r ea/1 & to cont9ue ?is motion1 at "o "t ) "o velocity1 at o!r times ) o!r velocities1 & consequ5tly1 ) o!r t5d5cies to motion t are inf9ite1 or almo/ inf9ite4 ,) ^! rem>ks1 ,i conclude :at appe>s to me to be ! mo/ accurate view ( ! "q ( our p]sonal1 or1 z ,i h r *os5 to t]m x1 our m5tal id5tity4 ,we h se51 t ! belief ( ?is arises1 n f any inf]5ce ( reason+1 b f a pr9ciple ( intuitive ass5t1 op]at+ univ]sally1 imm$iately1 irresi/ibly1 & !re=e ju/ly to be reg>d$1 z ess5tial to our con/itution1--a pr9ciple1 exactly ( ! same k9d1 z ^?1 to :i* reason+ itself mu/ ultimately be trac$1 & f :i* alone its consecutive s]ies ( propositions c d]ive any au?ority4 ,we h se51 t ?is belief1--?\gh intuitive1--is n involv$ 9 any "o ( our sep>ate feel+s1 :i*1 consid]$ m]ely z pres5t1 might succe$ ea* o!r1 9 endless v>iety1 )\t af=d+ any notion ( a s5ti5t be+1 m p]man5t ?an ! s5sation itself2 b t x arises1 on ! consid]ation ( our feel+s z successive1 9 ! same mann]1 z our belief ( proportion1 or relation 9 g5]al1 arises1 n f ! conception ( "o ( ! relat$ objects or ideas1 b only aft] ! previ\s conception ( bo? ! relative & ! correlative2 or r1 t ! belief ( id5tity does n arise z subsequ5t1 b is involv$ 9 ! v remembrance :i* all[s u to consid] our feel+s z successive2 s9ce x is impossible = u to reg>d !m z successive1 )\t reg>d+ !m z feel+s ( our s5ti5t self2--n fl[+1 !re=e1 f exp]i5ce or reason+1 b ess5tial to ^!1 & necess>ily impli$ 9 !m1--s9ce !re c be no result 9 exp]i5ce1 b to ! m9d :i* rememb]s t x has previ\sly obs]v$1 & no reason+ b to ! m9d :i* rememb]s t x has felt ! tru? ( "s proposition1 f :i* ! tru? ( its pres5t conclusion is d]iv$4 ,9 addition to ?is positive evid5ce ( our id5tity1 we h se51 t ! /ronge/ objections :i* we c\ld imag9e to be urg$ aga9/ x1 are1 z might h be5 expect$1 sophi/ical1 9 ! false te/ ( id5tity :i* !y assume1--t ! contra/s ( mom5t>y feel+1 & ev5 ! m p]man5t alt]ations ( g5]al "*1 9 ! same individual1 af=d no valid argum5t aga9/ x2 s9ce1 n 9 m9d only1 b 9 matt] also1--7f a sup]ficial & p>tial view ( ! ph5om5a ( :i* ! suppos$ objections are d]iv$17--! mo/ complete id5tity ( sub/ance1 )\t addition ( any ?+1 or subtraction ( any ?+1 is compatible ) an inf9ite div]sity ( /ates4 ,i _c quit ! subject ( id5tity1 h[ev]1--?\gh f my belief ( its importance1 ,i may already1 p]haps1 h dwelt ^u x too long1--)\t giv+ y "s slight acc\nt ( ! v /range op9ions ( ,mr ,locke on ! subject4 ,i d ?is1 bo? because "s notice is due1 to ! p>adoxes1--ev5 ?\gh !y be errone\s1--( s illu/ri\s a man1 & because ,i conceive x to be ( great advantage1 to po9t out to y occasionally ! illusions1 :i* h be5 able to obscure ! disc]nm5t ( ^? bright spirits1 :i* nature sometimes1 ?\gh sp>+ly1 grants1 to adorn at lea/ t intellectual gloom1 :i* ev5 !y _c irradiate2 t1 9 _! pa? ( glory1 seem to move along ! heav5s by _! own indep5d5t light1 z if almo/ unconsci\s ( ! d>kness bel[1 b _c exi/ !re = a mom5t1 )\t %$d+1 on ! feeble & d\btful ?rongs b5ea?1 "s fa9t beams ( _! own incommunicable lu/re4 ,x is *iefly1 z connect$ ) ^! em95t names1 t fallacy itself becomes in/ructive1 :5 simply exhibit$1--if ?is only be done1 n f any wi% to disp>age m]its1 t are f> above ! impot5ce ( su* attempts1 b ) all ! v5]ation :i* is due to human excell5ce1 unit$ z x mu/ ev] be to human imp]fection1 8,ev5 ! errors ( great m510 x has be5 said1 8are fruitful ( tru?s20 &1 ?\gh !y 7 to be att5d$ ) no o!r advantage1 ?is "o at lea/ !y mu/ always h1 t !y tea* u h[ v possible x is = man to err2 ?us less5+ at once our t5d5cy to slavi% acquiesc5ce 9 ! unexam9$ op9ions ( o!rs1 &--:i* is mu* h>d] to be done--less5+ also1 z mu* z x is possible = any ?+ to less51 ! /rong conviction1 :i* we feel1 t we are ourselves un]r+4--,! fir/ & mo/ in/ructive lesson1 :i* man c receive1 :5 he is capable ( reflection1 is to ?9k = himself2 ! second1 )\t :i* ! fir/ w\ld be comp>atively ( little value1 is to reject1 9 himself1 t infallibility1 :i* he rejects 9 o!rs4 ,! op9ion ( ,locke1 ) respect to p]sonal id5tity1 is1 t x consi/s 9 consci\sness alone2 by :i* t]m1 9 its ref]5ce to ! pa/1 he c mean no?+ m ?an p]fect memory4 ,z f> back z we are consci\s1 or rememb]2 s f> & no f>!r1 he says1 are we ! same p]sons4 ,9 %ort1 :at we d n rememb]1 we1 z p]sons1 /rictly speak+1 nev] did4 ,! id5tity ( t :i* rememb]s1 & :i* is surely indep5d5t ( ! remembrance itself1 is ?us made to consi/ 9 ! remembrance1 t is confess$ly fugitive2 &1 z if t e possible inconsi/5cy might be cr[d$ toge!r 9 ?is simple doctr9e1 ! same philosoph]1 :o holds1 t our p]sonal id5tity consi/s 9 consci\sness1 is "o ( ! mo/ /r5u\s oppon5ts ( ! doctr9e1 t ! s\l always ?9ks1 or is consci\s2 s t1 9 ?is int]val ( ?\ght1 f consci\sness to consci\sness1--s9ce t :i* is ess5tial to id5tity is1 by supposition1 susp5d$1 ! same id5tical s\l1 z f> z individual p]sonality is conc]n$1 is n ! same id5tical s\l1 b exi/s :5 x does n exi/4 8,!re is ano!r consequ5ce ( ?is doctr9e10 says ,dr ,reid1 8:i* foll[s no less necess>ily1 ?\gh ,mr ,locke probably did n see x4 ,x is t a man be1 & at ! same "t n be1 ! p]son t did a p>ticul> action4 8,suppose a brave ,(fic] to h be5 flogg$ :5 a boy at s*ool1 = robb+ an or*>d1 to h tak5 a /&>d f ! enemy 9 8 fir/ campaign1 & to h be5 made a ,g5]al 9 advanc$ life3 ,suppose also1 :i* mu/ be admitt$ to be possible1 t :5 he took ! /&>d1 he 0 consci\s ( 8 hav+ be5 flogg$ at s*ool2 & t :5 made a ,g5]al1 he 0 consci\s ( 8 tak+ ! /&>d1 b _h absolutely lo/ ! consci\sness ( 8 flogg+4 8,^! ?+s be+ suppos$1 x foll[s1 f ,mr ,locke's doctr9e1 t he :o 0 flogg$ at s*ool is ! same p]son :o took ! /&>d2 & t he :o took ! /&>d is ! same p]son :o 0 made a ,g5]al4 ,:5ce x foll[s1 if !re be any tru? 9 logic1 t ! ,g5]al is ! same p]son ) him :o 0 flogg$ at s*ool4 ,b ! ,g5]al's consci\sness does n rea* s f> back z 8 flogg+1 !re=e1 accord+ to ,mr ,locke's doctr9e1 he is n ! p]son :o 0 flogg$1 ,!re=e ! ,g5]al is1 & at ! same "t is n1 ! same p]son ) him :o 0 flogg$ at s*ool40#ea ,b x is ne$less to d$uce consequ5ces1 f ?is v /range p>adox2 s9ce its au?or himself has done ?is1 mo/ freely & fully1 & (t5 ) an air ( pleasantry1 t1 b = ! place 9 :i* we f9d x1 z =m+ a "p ( a grave me?odical essay on ! und]/&+1 w\ld almo/ lead u to ?9k1 t he 0 himself smil+1 9 secret1 at 8 own doctr9e1 & prop\nd+ x ) ! same mock solemnity ) :i* ! discov]] ( ,laputa has reveal$ to u all ! secrets ( ! philosophy ( t isl& ( philosoph]s4 ,he all[s x to foll[1 f 8 doctr9e1 t1 if we rememb]$ at night1 & nev] b at night1 "o set ( ! ev5ts ( our life2 z1 = in/ance1 ^? :i* happ5$ five ye>s ago2 & nev] b 9 ! day "t1 t diff]5t set ( ev5ts1 :i* happ5$ six ye>s ago2 ?is1 8day & night man10 to use 8 own phrase1 w\ld be two z di/9ct p]sons1 z ,socrates & ,plato2 &1 9 %ort1 t we are truly z _m p]sons z we h1 or c be suppos$ to h1 at diff]5t times1 sep>ate & di/9ct remembrances ( diff]5t s]ies ( ev5ts4 ,9 ?is case1 inde$1 he makes a di/9ction ( ! visible man1 :o is ! same1 & ( ! p]son :o is diff]5t4 8,b yet possibly x w /ill be object$10 he says1 8suppose ,i :olly lose ! memory ( "s p>ts ( my life1 beyond a possibility ( retriev+ !m1 s t p]haps ,i %all nev] be consci\s ( !m aga92 yet am ,i n ! same p]son t did ^? actions1 _h ^? ?\ghts t ,i once 0 consci\s (1 ?\gh ,i h n[ =got !m8 ,to :i* ,i answ]1 t we mu/ "h take notice :at ! ^w ,i is appli$ to2 :i*1 9 ?is case1 is ! man only4 ,& ! same man be+ presum$ to be ! same p]son1 ,i is easily "h suppos$ to /& also = ! same p]son4 ,b if x be possible = ! same man to h di/9ct incommunicable consci\sness at diff]5t times1 x is pa/ d\bt ! same man w\ld at diff]5t times make diff]5t p]sons2 :i* we see is ! s5se ( mank9d 9 ! solemne/ decl>ation ( _! op9ions2 human laws n puni%+ ! mad man = ! sob] man's actions1 nor ! sob] man = :at ! mad man did1 !reby mak+ !m two p]sons3 :i* is some:at expla9$ by our way ( speak+ 9 ,engli%1 :5 we say su* an "o is n himself1 or is beside himself2 9 :i* phrases x is ins9uat$1 z if ^? :o n[1 or at lea/ fir/ us$ !m1 ?\ght t self 0 *ang$1 ! self-same p]son 0 no long] 9 t man40#eb ,su* is ! doctr9e ( a philosoph]1 ^: intellectual excell5ce 0 unque/ionably ( ! highe/ rank1 & ^: p[]s might be consid]$ z entitl+ him to exemption1 at lea/1 f ^? gross errors :i* f> weak] und]/&+s are capable ( discov]+1 if ev5 ?is humble relative privilege _h n be5 too great = man4 ,he cont5ds1 t our remembrance ( hav+ done a c]ta9 action1 is n m]ely to u1 ! rememb]]s1 ! evid5ce by :i* we believe t we 7 ! p]sons :o did x1 b is ! v circum/ance t makes u p]sonally to h done x1--a doctr9e1 :i*1 if ! ^w p]son 7 to be und]/ood 9 ! slighte/ degree 9 its common acceptation1 w\ld involve1 z has be5 ju/ly said1 an absurdity z great z if x _h be5 affirm$1 t our belief ( ! creation ( ! _w actually made x to h be5 creat$4 ,if we c\ld suppose ,mr ,locke to h nev] ?\ght on ! subject ( p]sonal id5tity1 till ?is /range doctr9e1 & its consequ5ces1 7 /at$ to him by ano!r1 x may almo/ be tak5 = grant$1 t he w\ld n h fail$ in/antly to discov] its absurdity1 z a m]e v]bal p>adox2 &1 yet1 aft] mu* reflection on ! subject1 he does n p]ceive t v absurdity1 :i* he w\ld h discov]$1 b = reflection4 ,su* is ! /range nature ( our intellectual con/itution4 ,! v functions1 t1 9 _! daily & h\rly ex]cise1 save u f innum]able errors1 sometimes lead u into errors1 :i*1 b = !m1 we might h avoid$4 ,! philosoph] is l a well arm$ & practis$ w>rior1 :o1 9 8 helmet & coat ( mail1 goes to ! combat ) sur] means ( victory1 ?an ! ill discipl9$ & def5celess mob ar\nd him1 b :o may yet sometimes fall :]e o!rs w\ld h /ood1 unable to rise & extricate himself1 f ! incumbrance ( t v arm\r1 to :i* he has ow$ ! conque/s ( _m o!r fields4 ,:at1 !n1 may we conceive to h be5 ! nature ( ! illusion1 :i* c\ld lead a m9d l t ( ,mr ,locke1 to admit1 aft] reflection1 an absurd p>adox1 & all its absurd consequ5ces1 :i*1 be=e reflection1 he w\ld h reject$8 ,x is to be trac$ *iefly1 ,i conceive1 to a s\rce :i* is c]ta9ly ! mo/ abundant s\rce ( error 9 ! writ+s & sil5t reflections ( philosoph]s1 especially ( ^? :o are gift$ ) orig9ality ( ?\ght1--! ambiguity ( ! language !y use1 :5 !y reta9 a ^w ) "o mean+1 :i* is g5]ally und]/ood 9 a diff]5t s5se2 ! common mean+1 9 ! c\rse ( _! speculations1 (t5 m+l+ ins5sibly ) _! own1 & ?us produc+ a sort ( confusion1 :i* incapacitates !m f p]ceiv+ ! precise consequ5ces ( ei!r4 ,mr ,locke gives 8 own def9ition ( ! ^w p]son1 z compris$ 9 ! v consci\sness :i* he supposes to be all t is ess5tial to p]sonal id5tity2 or at lea/ he speaks ( consci\sness s vaguely & indef9itely1 z to all[ ?is mean+ ( 8 def9ition to be pres5t to 8 own m9d1 z (t5 z he ?\ght ( p]sonality4 8,to f9d10 he says1 8:]e9 p]sonal id5tity consi/s1 we mu/ consid] :at p]son /&s =2 :i*1 ,i ?9k1 is a ?9k+ intellig5t be+1 t has reason & reflection1 & c consid] itself z itself1 ! same ?9k+ ?+1 9 diff]5t times & places1 :i* x does only by t consci\sness1 :i* is insep>able f ?9k+40#ec ,hav+ once giv5 ?is def9ition ( a p]son1 !re c be no "q1 t p]sonal id5tity1 9 8 s5se1 is :]ev] consci\sness is1 & only :]e consci\sness is4 ,b ?is is true ( a p]son1 only z def9$ by him2 &1 if /rictly analys$1 means no?+ m1 ?an t consci\sness is :]ev] consci\sness is1--a doctr9e1 on :i*1 c]ta9ly1 he c\ld n h ?\ght x wor? 8 :ile to give any v long comm5t>y4 ,x appe>s m important h[ev]1 ev5 to himself1 & wor?y ( ! long comm5t>y :i* he has giv5 x1 because1 9 tru?1 he _c refra9 f /ill keep+1 9 8 own m9d1 "s obscure impression ( ! m common mean+ ( ! t]m1 & ext5d+ to a p]son1 z ?us commonly und]/ood1 :at is true only ( a p]son1 z def9$ by him4 ,x is z if "s :imsical naturali/ %\ld give a def9ition ( ! ^w animal1 exclusive ( e w+$ creature1 & %\ld !n ?9k t he 0 prop\nd+ a v notable & subtile p>adox1 9 affirm+ t no animal is capable ( ris+ = a few m9utes above ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,x w\ld be a p>adox1 only inasmu* z x might sugge/ to ^? :o he>d x1 a mean+ diff]5t f t ( ! def9ition2 &1 b = ?is misconception1 :i* ! au?or ( x himself might %>e1 w\ld be s insignificant a truism1 z n to des]ve ev5 ! humble/ ( all praise1 t ( amus+ absurdity4 ,:51 9 su* cases z ?is1 we discov] t s+ul> inconsi/5cy1 :i* is to be f\nd ev5 9 ! v excell5ce ( e ?+ t is human1--! p]spicacity :i* sees1 at an immeasurable di/ance1 9 ! field ( inquiry1 :at no o!r eye has se51 & :i* yet1 9 ! v objects :i* x has grasp$1 is unable to di/+ui% :at is visible to common eyes1 are we to lam5t ! imp]fection ( our m5tal con/itution1 :i* leaves u liable to su* error8 ,or1 z 9 o!r in/ances1 9 :i*1 f our incapacity ( judg+ rightly1 we are tempt$ at fir/ to regret ! pres5t arrangem5t ( ?+s1 are we n r to rejoice t we are s con/itut$ by nature8 if man _h n be5 =m$ to err1 9 ! same mann] z he is =m$ to reason1 & to "k1 t p]fect sy/em ( faculties1 :i* exclud$ error1 mu/ h r5d]$ 8 disc]nm5t too quick1 n to seize in/antly innum]able tru?s1 ! gradual discov]y ( :i*1 by ! ex]cise ( 8 pres5t m limit$ faculties1 has be5 suffici5t to give glory & happ9ess to :ole ages ( philosophical inquiry4 ,if1 inde$1 ! field _h be5 absolutely b\ndless1 he might /ill h cont9u$ to advance1 z at pres5t1 ?\gh ) m gigantic /ep1 & m se>*+ vision1 & f\nd no t]m9ation to 8 unlimit$ c>e]4 ,b ! tru?s :i* relate to u physically1 on ?is b\nd$ sc5e ( ?+s 9 :i* we are plac$1 num]\s z !y are1 are /ill 9 "s measure f9ite1 l t sc5e itself2 & ! too rapid discov]ies1 !re=e1 ( a few g5]ations1 z to ! mo/ important prop]ties ( ?+s1 w\ld h left little m = ! g5]ations :i* 7 to foll[1 ?an ! dull & spiritless task ( le>n+ :at o!rs _h previ\sly le>n$1 or ( tea*+ :at !mselves _h be5 taught4 ,philosophy is n ! m]e passive possession ( k2 x is1 9 a mu* m important respect1 ! active ex]cise ( acquir+ x4 ,we may truly apply to x :at ,pascal says ( ! conduct ( life 9 g5]al4 8,we ?9k10 says he1 8t we are seek+ repose1 & all :i* we are seek+ is agitation40 ,9 l mann]1 we ?9k t x is tru? itself :i* we seek1 :5 ! happ9ess :i* we are to feel mo/ /rongly1 is 9 ! m]e se>*2 & all t w\ld be necess>y1 9 _m cases1 to make ! object ( x appe> indiff]5t1 w\ld be to put x fairly )9 our grasp4 8,our hopes1 l t[]+ falcons1 aim ,at objects 9 an airy height2 ,b all ! pleasure ( ! game1 ,is af> (f to view ! flight40 ,:at little value d we set on discov]ies t h be5 long famili> to u1 ?\gh _! own ess5tial value mu/ /ill cont9ue ! same4 ,ev5 on ! :ole mass ( k1 t has be5 gradually & sl[ly transmitt$ to u1 we reflect ) little int]e/1 unless z x may lead to some?+ yet unkn[n2 & ! result ( a s+le new exp]im5t1 :i* be>s no proportion to ! mass to :i* x is add$1 w yet be suffici5t to r\se & delight e philosoph] 9 ,europe4 ,x is a v %rewd rem>k ( a ,fr5* writ]1 9 ref]5ce to ! torpor1 :i* ! mo/ zeal\s inquir] feels1 z to e ?+ :i* he kn[s1 & 8 insatiable avidity = e ?+ :i* he does n "k1 t 8if ,tru? 7 fairly to %[ h]self z %e is1 all w\ld be ru9$2 b x is pla91 t %e kn[s v well1 ( h[ great importance x is1 t %e %\ld keep h]self out ( sight40 ,if we 7 to acquire1 by an unhappy =esight1 ! k :i* is n yet ours1 x is v evid5t1 t we mu/ soon reg>d x1 9 ! same mann]1 z ! k :i* we h already acquir$4 ,! *>m ( novelty1 ! delights ( gratifi$ curiosity1 w\ld n be = u4 ,! prey w\ld be at our feet2 & x w\ld be va91 !re=e1 to expect t ard\r ( s\l1 :i* is k9dl$1 amid ! hopes & ! fe>s1 ! tumult & ! competition ( ! *ase4 8,if man 7 omnipot5t1 )\t be+ ,god10 says ,r\sseau1 8he w\ld be a mis]able creature3 he w\ld be depriv$ ( ! pleasure ( desir+2 & :at privation w\ld be s difficult to be borne60 ,x may be said1 at lea/ ) equal tru?1 t1 if man 7 omnisci5t1 )\t ! o!r p]fections ( ! ,div9ity1 he w\ld be f> less happy ?an at pres5t4 ,to inf9ite b5evol5ce1 inde$1 accompani$ ) inf9ite p[]1 a correspond+ inf9ity ( k mu/ af=d ! highe/ ( all imag9able gratifications1 by its subs]vi5ce to ^? graci\s plans ( good1 :i* are manife/$ 9 ! univ]se1 & :i*1 9 mak+ kn[n to u ! exi/5ce ( ! ,supreme ,be+1 h made him kn[n to u1 z ! object ( grateful love & admiration4 ,b if1 9 o!r respects1 we 7 to cont9ue z at pres5t1--) our err+ passions1 & moral weaknesses ( e sort1--to be doom$ to h no?+ to le>n1 w\ld be a puni%m5t1 n a bless+4 ,9 su* circum/ances1 if !y 7 to cont9ue =ev]1 ! annihilation ( our intellectual be+ w\ld n be an evil s great1 z ! m]e ext9ction ( our curiosity1 & ( all ! delights & consolations :i* x af=ds1 n m]ely :5 we gratify x1 b :5 we are m]ely seek+ to gratify x4 8,else :]e=e burns1 ,9 mortal bosoms1 ?is unqu5*$ hope ,t brea!s f day to day sublim] ?+s1 ,& mocks possession6 ,:]e=e d>ts ! m9d1 ,) su* resi/less ard\r1 to embrace ,maje/ic =ms1 impati5t to be free1 ,pr\d ( ! /rong cont5tion ( h] toils1 ,pr\d to be d>+80#ed-- 8,:y dep>ts %e wide#ee ,f ! dull track & j\rney ( h] times1 ,to grasp ! good %e kn[s n8 ,9 ! field ,( ?+s :i* may be1 9 ! spaci\s field ,( sci5ce1 pot5t arts1 or dreadful arms1 ,to raise up sc5es1 9 :i* h] own desires ,cont5t$ may repose1--:5 ?+s :i* are ,pall on h] temp] l a twice told tale40#ef ,x is suffici5t1 t we are end[$ ) p[]s ( discov]y4 ,our gratitude is due to ,heav5 = ! gift2 & ! m due = t graci\s wisdom1 :i* has kn[n h[ to limit ! p[]s :i* x gave1 s z to produce a great] result ( good by ! v limitation4 ,our prejudices1 :i* sometimes =bid reason+1 & ! errors1 to :i* our imp]fect reason+ (t5 leads u1 we %\ld consid]1 :5 all _! remote relations are tak5 into acc\nt1 z indirect s\rces ( happ9ess2 & ?\gh we may wi%1 & ju/ly wi%1 to analyse !m1 & to rise above _! influ5ce1--=1 )\t ?is ex]tion1 & consequ5t feel+ ( progress1 on our "p1 !y w\ld be evil r ?an good1--we mu/ n =get1 t x is to !m we owe ! luxury1 :i* ! imm$iate analysis af=ds1 & ! acquisition ( ! innum]able tru?s1 :i* ! preval5ce ( ^! errors1 9 pa/ ages1 has left to be discov]$ by ! ages :i* succe$4 ,9 ?is1 & 9 e ?+ :i* relates to man1 ,nature has _h 9 view1 n ! individual or ! s+le g5]ation only1 b ! p]man5t race4 ,%e has !re=e1 n exhau/$ h] b\nty on any "o p]iod ( ! long succession2 b1 by a provision1 :i* makes our v weakness in/rum5tal to h] goodness1 %e has giv5 to all1 t di/ant & ev]-bright5+ hope1 :i*1 till we arrive at our glori\s de/9ation1 8,leads f goal to goal1 ,& op5s /ill1 & op5s on ! s\l40 ,) en\gh ( m5tal vig\r to advance /ill f>!r 9 ! tracks1 ( sci5ce t are already =m$1 & to po9t out new tracks to ^? :o are to foll[1 we h en\gh ( weakness to prev5t u f explor+ & exhau/+1 :at is to occupy1 9 ! same happy se>*1 ! millions ( millions t are to succe$ u4 ,tru? itself1 inde$1 w always be progressive2 b !re w /ill1 at e /age ( ! progress1 be some?+ to discov]1 & abundance to confute4 8,9 #bd1jjj ye>s10 to borr[ ! pr$iction ( a v skilful prophet1--8,9 #bd1jjj ye>s1 !re w arise philosoph]s1 :o w boa/1 t !y are de/roy+ ! errors :i* h be5 reign+ 9 ! _w = #cj1jjj ye>s pa/2 & !re w be p :o w believe1 t !y are !n only j beg9n+ to op5 _! eyes40 ,9 ^! rem>ks1 on ! nature ( our v>i$ consci\sness1 & on ! unity & id5tity ( ! m9d 9 all its v>ieties1--we h consid]$ ! m5tal ph5om5a 9 _! g5]al aspect4 ,we h n[ to consid] !m z arrang$ 9 k9dr$ classes1--or r to attempt ! difficult task ( ! classification itself4 ,to ?is ,i %all proce$ 9 my next ,lecture4 ,,footnotes3 #ea ,reid's ,essays on ! ,intellectual ,p[]s1 ,essay ,,iii4 ,*ap4 vi4 #eb ,essay conc]n+ ,human ,und]/&+1 ,b4 ii4 c4 xxvii4 sect4 #bj4 #ec ,essay conc]n+ ,human ,und]/&+1 ,b4 ii4 c4 xxvii4 sect4 #i4 #ed ,pleasures ( ,imag9ation1 7fir/ =m ( ! poem17 ,b4 i4 v4 #aff-aga4 #agc-e4 #ee ----,:y dep>ts ! s\l ,wide f ! track4--,,orig4 #ef ,pleasures ( ,imag9ation1 7second =m ( ! ,poem17 ,b4 i4 v4 #bac-bbj4 ,,lecture ,,xvi4 ,,on ,,! ,,classification ,,( ,,! ,,ph5om5a ,,( ,,m9d4 ,aft] consid]+ ! ,ph5om5a ( ! ,m9d 9 g5]al1 we are n[ to proce$ to consid] !m1 9 ! sep>ate classes 9 :i* !y may be arrang$4 ,! ph5om5a !mselves1 inde$1 are almo/ inf9ite1 & x might seem1 on fir/ reflection a v hopeless task1 to attempt to r$uce1 "u a few heads1 ! innum]able feel+s1 :i* div]sify almo/ e mom5t ( our life4 ,b to ^?1 :o are acqua9t$ ) ! wond]s1 :i* classification has p]=m$1 9 ! o!r sci5ces1 ! task1 difficult z x is1 w /ill seem n absolutely hopeless2 ?\gh 9 "o respect1 its difficulty w be m highly e/imat$ by !m1 ?an by o!rs2--s9ce !y only1 :o "k ! advantage ( ! fix$ & def9ite nature ( ! objects ( classification1 9 o!r sci5ces1 c feel1 h[ mu* great] ! ob/acles mu/ be1 to any accurate arrangem5t1 9 a sci5ce1 ( :i* ! objects are indef9ite1 & complex1 incapable ( be+ fix$ = a mom5t 9 ! same /ate1 & de/roy$ by ! v ef=t to grasp !m4 ,b1 9 ?is1 z 9 o!r in/ances1 9 :i* nature has giv5 u difficulties ) :i* to cope1 %e has n left u to be :olly ov]come2 or1 if we mu/ yield1 %e has at lea/ arm$ u = s vigor\s a /ruggle1 t we ga9 additional intellectual /r5g?1 ev5 9 be+ vanqui%$4 8,/udiorum salut>ium1 etiam citra effectum1 salut>is tractatio e/40 ,if %e has plac$ u 9 a labyr9?1 %e has at ! same "t furni%$ u ) a clue1 :i* may guide u1 n inde$ ?r\gh all its d>k & intricate w9d+s1 b ?r\gh ^? broad pa?s1 :i* conduct u into day4 ,! s+le p[]1 by :i* we discov] resemblance or relation 9 g5]al1 is a suffici5t aid to u1 9 ! p]plexity & confusion ( our fir/ attempts at arrangem5t4 ,x beg9s1 by conv]t+ ?\s&s1 & m ?an ?\s&s1 into "o1 &1 r$uc+1 9 ! same mann]1 ! numb]s ?us =m$1 x arrives at la/ at ! few di/9ctive *>act]s ( ^? great compreh5sive tribes1 on :i* x ceases to op]ate1 because !re is no?+ left to oppress ! memory1 or ! und]/&+4 ,if !re _h be5 no su* sci5ce z *emi/ry1 :o c\ld h v5tur$ to suppose1 t ! innum]able bodies1 animate & inanimate1 on ! surface ( our globe1 & all1 :i* we h be5 able to explore 9 ! v dep?s ( ! e>? itself1 are r$ucible1 & ev5 9 ! imp]fect /ate ( ! sci5ce1 h be5 already r$uc$1 to a few simple elem5ts8 ,! sci5ce ( m9d1 z x is a sci5ce ( analysis1 ,i h m ?an once comp>$ to *emi/ry1 & po9t$ out to y1 & illu/rat$1 its v>i\s circum/ances ( resemblance4 ,9 ?is too1 we may hope ! analogy w hold1--t1 z ! innum]able aggregates1 9 ! "o sci5ce1 h be5 r$uc$ & simplifi$1 ! innum]able complex feel+s 9 ! o!r w admit ( a correspond+ r$uction & simplification4 ,! classes :i* we =m1 9 ! m5tal z well z 9 ! mat]ial univ]se1 dep5d1 z y _c b "k1 on c]ta9 relations :i* we discov] 9 ! ph5om5a2 & ! relations accord+ to :i* objects may be arrang$1 are ( c\rse v>i\s1 z !y are consid]$ by diff]5t individuals 9 diff]5t po9ts ( view4 ,"s ( ^! relations pres5t !mselves imm$iately1 z if to our v glance2 o!rs are discov]able only aft] att5tive reflection2--& ?\gh ! =m]1 m]ely z pres5t+ !mselves m readily1 may seem on t acc\nt1 bett] suit$ = ! g5]al purpose ( arrangem5t1 x is n ! less true t ! classification1 :i* approa*es ne>e/ to p]fection1 is f> f be+ always t :i* is f\nd$ on relations1 t seem at fir/ sight ! mo/ obvi\s4 ,! rude/ w&]] 9 ! fields may imag9e1 t ! pr(usion ( blossoms ar\nd him1--9 ! great] numb] ( :i* he is able1 himself1 to discov] _m /rik+ resemblances1--may be r$uc$ into "s ord] ( arrangem5t4 ,b he w\ld be little aw>e1 t ! pr9ciple accord+ to :i* !y are n[ univ]sally class$1 has relation1 n to ! p>ts :i* appe> to him to con/itute ! :ole fl[]1 b to "s small "p ( ! blossom1 :i* he does n p]ceive1 at ! di/ance at :i* he passes x1 & :i* sc>cely attracts 8 eye1 :5 he plucks x f ! /em4 ,to our m5tal classifications ! rem>k is equally applicable4 ,9 ^! too1 ! mo/ obvi\s di/9ctions are n always ^? :i* answ] be/ ! purposes ( sy/ematic arrangem5t4 ,! ph5om5a ( ! m9d1 are only ! m9d itself exi/+ 9 c]ta9 /ates2 &1 z _m ( ^! /ates are 9 _! nature agreeable1 & o!rs disagreeable1 ?is diff]5ce1 :i* is to ! s5ti5t be+ himself ! mo/ important ( all diff]5ces1 may be suppos$1 to af=d ! mo/ obvi\s pr9ciple ( classification4 ,:at is pleasant1 :at is pa9ful1 are p]haps ! fir/ classes1 :i* ! infant has =m$ long be=e he is capable ( di/+ui%+ !m by a "n2 & ! v imbecility ( idiotism itself1 to :i* no?+ is true or false1 or "r or wrong1--& to :i* !re is no future1 beyond ! succe$+ mom5t1--is yet capable ( mak+ ?is prim>y di/9ction1 & ( regulat+1 accord+ to x1 its mom5t>y desires4 8,! love ( pleasure is man's elde/-born1 ,born 9 8 cradle1 liv+ to 8 tomb4 ,wisdom1--h] y\ng] si/]1 ?\gh m grave1 ,0 meant to m9i/]1 n to de?rone#eg ,imp]ial ,pleasure1 que5 ( human he>ts40#eh ,! di/ribution1 :i* we %\ld be incl9$ to make1 ( our m5tal ph5om5a1 accord+ to ?is obvi\s pr9ciple1 w\ld be into ^? :i* are pleas+1 ^? :i* are pa9ful1 & ^? :i* are nei!r pa9ful nor pleas+4 ,b1 h[ev] obvi\s ?is fir/ di/9ction may seem1 z a pr9ciple ( arrangem5t1 ! circum/ances1 on :i* ! diff]5ces dep5d1 are s v indef9ite1 t ! di/9ction1--?\gh x may be useful to h x 9 view1 9 its mo/ /rik+ & p]man5t cases1--_c be adopt$1 z ! basis ( any regul> sy/em4 ,to take ! m]e pleasures & pa9s ( s5se1 = example1--to :at intelligible division c\ld we r$uce ^!1 :i* are n m]ely fugitive 9 !mselves1 b v>y1 f pa9 to pleasure1 & f pleasure to pa91 ) a *ange ( _! ext]nal objects1 s slight (t51 z to be sc>cely appreciable1 &1 9 _m cases1 ev5 :5 ! ext]nal objects h cont9u$ exactly ! same8 ,h[ small1 & h[ v>iable a b\nd>y sep>ates ! w>m? :i* is pleas+ f ! heat :i* pa9s6 ,a c]ta9 quantity ( light is grateful to ! eye4 ,increase x2--x becomes1 n indiff]5t1--?\gh t w\ld be a less *ange1--b absolutely pa9ful2 &1 if ! eye be inflam$1 ev5 ! small quantity ( light1--:i* 0 agreeable be=e1 & :i* seem$1 !re=e1 to admit ( be+ v safely class$ among ! s\rces ( pleasure1--is n[ conv]t$ into a s\rce ( agony4 ,s9ce x is impossible1 !re=e1 to fix ! limits ( pa9 & pleasure1 & e affection or /ate ( m9d1 agreeable1 disagreeable1 or indiff]5t1 may1 by a v trifl+ *ange ( circum/ance1 be conv]t$ into an opposite /ate1 x is evid5t1 t any division1 f\nd$ on ?is vague & transi5t di/9ction1 mu/ p]plex1 & mislead u1 9 our attempts to sy/ematize ! almo/ inf9ite div]sities ( ?\ght & feel+1 r ?an give u any aid 9 ! arrangem5t4 ,! great lead+ division ( ! m5tal ph5om5a :i* has met ) mo/ g5]al adoption by philosoph]s1 is into ^? :i* belong to ! und]/&+1 & ^? :i* belong to ! w2--a division :i* is v anci5t1 b ?\gh sanction$ by ! approbation ( _m ages1 v illogical2 s9ce ! w1 :i*1 9 ?is division1 is nom9ally oppos$ to ! intellect1 is s f> f be+ oppos$ to x 9 reality1 t1 ev5 by ! ass]t]s ( its div]sity1 x is consid]$ z ex]cis+1 9 ! intellectual dep>tm5t1 an empire almo/ z wide1 z 9 ! dep>tm5t allott$ to itself4 ,we reason1 & plan1 & inv5t1 at lea/ z volunt>ily1--z we e/eem1 or hate1 or hope1 or fe>4 ,h[ _m emotions are !re too1 :i* _c1 )\t absolute torture1 be =c$ into ei!r division6 ,to take only a few in/ances1 out ( _m1--to :at class are we to r$uce grief1 joy1 admiration1 a/oni%m5t1 :i* p]haps are n ph5om5a ( ! m]e und]/&+1 & :i*1--?\gh !y may lead indirectly to desires or volitions1--h no?+1 9 !mselves1 t is volunt>y1 or t c be consid]$ z 9 any peculi> degree connect$ ) ! w8 ,! division ( ! m5tal ph5om5a into ^? :i* belong to ! und]/&+1 & ^? :i* belong to ! w1 seems1 !re=e1 to be z faulty1 z w\ld be ! division ( animals1 into ^? :i* h legs & ^? :i* h w+s2 s9ce ! same animals might h bo? legs & w+s1 & s9ce :ole tribes ( animals h nei!r "o nor ! o!r4 ,ano!r division ( ! ph5om5a ( m9d1 simil> to ! =m]1 & ( equal antiquity1 s9ce x corresponds ) ! v anci5t division ( philosophy into ! contemplative & ! active1 is into ^? :i* belong to ! intellectual p[]s1 & ^? :i* belong to ! active p[]s4 8,philosophia et contemplativa e/ et activa2 spectat simulque agit40 ,i mu/ confess1 h[ev]1 t ?is division ( ! m5tal ph5om5a1 z ref]able to ! intellectual & ! active p[]s ( ! m9d1--?\gh x has ! sanction ( v em95t names1 appe>s to me to be faulty1 exactly 9 ! same mann] z ! =m]1 :i*1 inde$1 x may be consid]$ almo/ z repres5t+1 "u a *ange ( "n4 ,its p>ts are n oppos$ to ea* o!r1 & x does n include all ! ph5om5a :i* x %\ld include4 ,is m]e grief1 = example1 or m]e a/oni%m5t1 to be ref]r$ to our intellectual or to our active p[]s8 ,i d n speak ( ! faculties :i* !y may or may n call into action2 b ( ! feel+s !mselves1 z pres5t ph5om5a or /ates ( ! m9d4 ,&1 9 :atsoev] mann] we may def9e ! t]m active1 is ! m9d m active1 :5 x m]ely desires good & fe>s evil1 :5 x looks ) e/eem on virtue1 & ) indignation1 or disgu/1 & contempt on vice1 ?an :5 x pursues a cont9u$ tra9 ( reason+1 or fancy1 or hi/orical inve/igation8 :51 ) ,newton1 x lays d[n ! laws ( planet>y motion1 & calculates1 9 :at exact po9t ( ! heav5s1 any "o ( ! orbs1 :i* move )9 ! imm5se range ( our sol> sy/em1 w be f\nd to h its place at any p>ticul> mom5t1 "o ?\s& ye>s h]eaft]2 :51 ) ,%akespe>e1 x w&]s beyond ! univ]se itself1 call+ races ( be+s into exi/5ce1 :i* nature nev] knew1 b :i* nature might almo/ own--or :51 ) ,tacitus1 x enrols sl[ly1 ye> aft] ye>1 t dreadful reality ( crimes & suff]+s1 :i* ev5 dramatic horror1 9 all its lic5se ( wild imag9ation1 c sc>cely rea*--! long unv>y+ catalogue1 ( tyrants1--& execution]s1--& victims1 t return ?anks to ! gods & die1--& accus]s ri* ) _! blood1 & m mighty1 z m widely hat$1 amid ! multitudes ( pro/rate slaves1 /ill look+ :e!r !re may n yet h escap$ "s l+]+ virtue1 :i* x may be a m]it to de/roy1 & hav+ sc>cely leisure to feel ev5 ! agonies ( remorse1 9 ! cont9u$ s5se ( ! prec>i\sness ( _! own gloomy exi/5ce8 ,:5 x ?us records ! w>n+ lessons ( ! pa/1 or expatiates 9 fields1 :i* itself creates1 ( fairy beauty or sublimity1 or compreh5ds :ole mov+ worlds )9 its glance1 & calculates & measures inf9itude--! m9d is surely active1 or !re are no mom5ts 9 :i* x is s4 ,s little1 inde$1 are ! intellectual p[]s oppos$ to ! active1 t x is only :5 "s intellectual en]gy co-exi/s ) desire1 t ! m9d is said to be active1 ev5 by ^? :o are unaccu/om$ to analytical inquiries1 or to metaphysical nom5clature4 ,! love ( p[]1 or ! love ( glory1 :5 !re is no opportunity ( intellectual ex]tion1 may1 9 ! common acceptation ( ! ^w1 be z passive z tranquillity itself4 ,! passion is active only :51 ) intellectual action1 x comp>es means ) ends1 & diff]5t means ) ea* o!r1 & delib]ates1 & resolves1 & executes4 ,*a9 "s revolution>y usurp] to ! floor ( a dungeon1 8 ambition may be active /ill1 because he may /ill be intellectually busy 9 plann+ means ( deliv]ance & v5geance2 &1 on 8 b$ ( /raw1 may conqu] half ! _w4 ,b1 if we c\ld fett] 8 reason & fancy1 z we c fett] 8 limbs1 :at activity w\ld rema91 ?\gh he 7 /ill to feel t m]e desire ( p[] or glory1 :i*1 ?\gh usually foll[$ by intellectual ex]tion1 is itself z prior to ^! ex]tions1 all t con/itutes ambition1 z a passion8 ,!re w\ld1 inde$1 /ill be 9 8 m9d ! awful elem5ts ( t =ce1 :i* bur/s ^u ! _w ) conflagration & de/ruction2 b1 ?\gh !re w\ld be ! ?und]1 x w\ld be ! ?und] sleep+ 9 its cl\d4 ,to w1 is to act ) desire2 &1 unless 9 ! production ( m]e muscul> motion1 x is only intellectually t we c act4 ,to class ! active p[]s1 !re=e1 z di/9ct f ! intellectual1 is to class !m1 z oppos$ to t1 )\t :i*1 z active p[]s1 !y _c ev5 exi/4 ,x may1 c]ta9ly1 be cont5d$1 t1 ?\gh ! m5tal ph5om5a1 usually rank$ "u ?is head1 are n imm$iately connect$ ) action1 !y may yet des]ve ?is g5]ic di/9ction1 z lead+ to action indirectly1--& if !y l$1 9 any peculi> s5se1 to action1 h[ev] indirectly1 ! claim might be all[$4 ,b1 ev5 ) ?is limit$ mean+1 x is impossible to admit ! di/9ction ass]t$ = !m4 ,9 :at s5se1 = example1 c x be said1 t grief & joy1 :i* surely are n to be class$ "u ! intellectual p[]s ( ! m9d1 lead to action ev5 indirectly1 m ?an any o!r feel+s1 or /ates1 9 :i* ! m9d is capable ( exi/+8 ,we may1 inde$1 act :5 we are joyful or sorr[ful1 z we may act :5 we p]ceive a pres5t object1 or rememb] ! pa/2 b we may also rema9 at re/1 & rema9 equally at re/1 9 ! "o case1 z 9 ! o!r4 ,our intellectual en]gies1 inde$1 ev5 9 ?is s5se1 z indirectly lead+ to action1 are1 9 mo/ cases1 f> m active1 ?an sorr[1 ev5 9 its v excess ( agony & despair2 &1 9 ^? cases 9 :i* sorr[ does truly lead to action1 z :5 we /rive to rem$y ! pa/1 ! m]e regret :i* con/itutes ! sorr[1 is n s closely connect$ ) ! conduct :i* we pursue1 z ! intellectual /ates ( m9d t int]v5$--! successive judgm5ts1 by :i* we h comp>$ projects ) projects1 & *os5 at la/ ! plan1 :i*1 9 relation to ! object 9 view1 has seem$ to u1 ^u ! :ole1 ! mo/ exp$i5t4 ,if1 !n1 z ,i _c b ?9k1 ! arrangem5t ( ! m5tal ph5om5a1 z belong+ to two classes ( p[]s1 ! intellectual & ! active1 be at once incomplete1 & n accurate1 ev5 to ! ext5t to :i* x rea*es1 x may be wor? :ile to try at lea/ "s o!r division1 ev5 ?\gh !re %\ld n be any v great hope ( success4 ,?\gh we %\ld fail 9 our endeav\r to obta9 "s m precise & compreh5sive pr9ciple ( arrangem5t1 !re is also "s advantage ga9$1 by view+ objects1 accord+ to new circum/ances ( agreem5t or analogy4 ,we see1 9 ?is case1 :at _h long-pass$ be=e u unobs]v$1 :ile we 7 accu/om$ only to ! ord] & nom5clature ( a =m] me?od2 =1 :5 ! m9d has be5 habituat$ to c]ta9 classifications1 x is apt1 9 consid]+ objects1 to give its att5tion only to ^? prop]ties :i* are ess5tial to ! classification1 & to ov]look1 or at lea/ comp>atively to neglect1 o!r prop]ties equally important & ess5tial to ! v nature ( ! sep>ate sub/ances t are class$1 b n includ$ 9 ! sy/em z *>act]s ( g5]ic resemblance4 ,! individual object1 inde$1 :5 its place 9 any sy/em has be5 long fix$ & famili> to u1 is probably conceiv$ by u less1 z an individual1 ?an z "o ( a class ( individuals1 t agree 9 c]ta9 respects1 & ! frequ5t consid]ation ( x1 z "o ( a class1 mu/ fix ! peculi> relations ( ! class1 m /rongly 9 ! m9d1 & weak5 proportionally ! impression ( e o!r quality t is n s includ$4 ,a new classification1 !re=e1 :i* includes1 9 its g5]ic "*1 ^? neglect$ qualities1 w ( c\rse draw to !m att5tion1 :i* !y c\ld n o!rwise h obta9$2 &1 ! m v>i\s ! views are1 :i* we take ( ! objects ( any sci5ce1 ! ju/] consequ5tly1 because ! m equal1 w be ! e/imate :i* we =m ( !m4 ,s truly is ?is ! case1 t ,i am conv9c$1 t no "o has ev] read ov] ! m]e t]ms ( a new division1 9 a sci5ce1 h[ev] famili> ! sci5ce may h be5 to him1 )\t le>n+ m ?an ?is new division itself1 )\t be+ /ruck ) "s prop]ty or relation1 ! importance ( :i* he n[ p]ceives mo/ cle>ly1 & :i* he is q a/oni%$ t he %\ld h ov]look$ s long be=e4 ,i surely ne$ n w>n y1 aft] ! obs]vations :i* ,i made 9 my ,introductory ,lectures1 on ! ,laws & ,objects ( ,physical ,inquiry 9 ,g5]al1 t e classification has ref]5ce only to our mode ( consid]+ objects2 & t1 amid all ! v>ieties ( sy/ems :i* our love ( novelty1 & our love ( di/9ction1 or our pure love ( tru? & ord] may introduce1 ! ph5om5a !mselves1 :e!r accurately1 or inaccurately class$1 cont9ue unalt]$4 ,! m9d is =m$ susceptible ( c]ta9 affections4 ,^! /ates or affections we may g5]alize m or less2 &1 accord+ to our g5]alization1 may give !m m or few] names4 ,b :atev] may be ! ext5t ( our vocabul>y1 ! m9d itself1--z indep5d5t ( ^! transi5t designations1 z ,he :o fix$ its con/itution1--/ill cont9ues to exhibit ! same unalt]$ susceptibilities1 :i* x orig9ally receiv$2 z ! fl[]s1 :i* ! same div9e ,au?or =m$1 spr+ up1 9 ! same mann]1 obs]v+ ! same seasons1 & spread+ to ! sun ! same foliage & blossoms1 :atev] be ! sy/em & ! correspond+ nom5clature accord+ to :i* botani/s may h agre$ to rank & "n _! tribes4 ,! great ,pres]v] ( nature has n tru/$ u1 ) ! dang]\s p[] ( alt]+ a s+le physical law :i* ,he has e/abli%$1 ?\gh ,he has giv5 u unlimit$ p[] ov] ! language :i* is ( our own creation4 ,x is /ill ) u1 z x 0 ) our common sire 9 ! orig9al bir?place ( our race4 ,! ,almighty pres5ts to u all ! objects t surr\nd u1 :]ev] we turn our view2 b ,he pres5ts !m to u1 only t we may give !m names4 ,_! p[]s & susceptibilities !y already possess1 & we _c alt] ^!1 ev5 z !y exi/ 9 a s+le atom4 ,x may1 p]haps1 seem absurd1 ev5 to suppose1 t we %\ld ?9k ourselves able to *ange1 by a few g5]ic words1 ! prop]ties ( ! sub/ances :i* we h class$2 & if ! "q 7 put to u1 z to ?is effect ( our language1 9 any p>ticul> case1 !re c be no d\bt1 t we %\ld answ] 9 ! negative1 & express a/oni%m5t t su* a "q %\ld h be5 put4 ,b ! illusion is n ! less c]ta91 because we are n aw>e ( its influ5ce2 &1 inde$1 x c\ld no long] be an illusion1 if we 7 completely aw>e ( x4 ,x requires1 h[ev]1 only a v little reflection on :at has pass$ 9 our own m9ds1 to discov]1 t1 :5 we h giv5 a "n to any quality1 t quality acquires imm$iately1 9 our imag9ation1 a comp>ative importance1 v diff]5t f :at x _h be=e2 & ?\gh nature 9 itself be truly un*ang$1 x is ev] aft]1 relatively to our conception1 diff]5t4 ,a diff]5ce ( words is1 9 ?is case1 m ?an a m]e v]bal diff]5ce4 ,?\gh x be n ! expression ( a diff]5ce ( doctr9e1 x v spe$ily becomes s4 ,h5ce x is1 t ! same w>f>e1 :i* ! rivalries ( individual ambition1 or ! opposite int]e/s1 or suppos$ opposite int]e/s1 ( nations h produc$1 9 ! great !atre ( civil hi/ory1 h be5 produc$1 9 ! small b tumultu\s field ( sci5ce1 by ! suppos$ incompatibility ( a few ab/ract t]ms2 &1 inde$1 z has be5 truly said1 ! sects ( philosoph]s h combat$1 ) m p]sev]+ viol5ce1 to settle :at !y mean by ! con/itution ( ! _w1 ?an all ! conqu]ors ( ! _w h done to r5d] !mselves its ma/]s4 ,/ill less1 ,i tru/1 is x necess>y to repeat ! w>n+1 already s (t5 repeat$1 t y are n to conceive1 t any classification ( ! /ates or affections ( ! m9d1 z ref]able to c]ta9 p[]s or susceptibilities1 makes ^! p[]s any ?+ diff]5t & sep>ate f ! m9d itself1 z orig9ally & ess5tially susceptible ( ! v>i\s modifications ( :i* ^! p[]s are only a %ort] "n4 ,& yet :at innum]able controv]sies 9 philosophy h aris51 & are /ill frequ5tly aris+1 f ?is v mi/ake1 /range & absurd z ! mi/ake may seem4 ,no soon]1 = example1 7 c]ta9 affections ( ! m9d class$ toge!r1 z belong+ to ! w1 & c]ta9 o!rs1 z belong+ to ! und]/&+1--t is to say1 no soon] 0 ! m9d1 exi/+ 9 c]ta9 /ates1 d5om9at$ ! und]/&+1 & 9 c]ta9 o!r /ates d5om9at$ ! w1--?an ! und]/&+ & ! w ceas$ to be consid]$ z ! same individual sub/ance1 & became imm$iately1 z x 71 two opposite & cont5d+ p[]s1 9 ! empire ( m9d1 z di/9ct1 z any two sov]eigns1 ) _! sep>ate nations "u _! contr\l2 & x became an object ( z fi]ce cont5tion to det]m9e1 :e!r c]ta9 affections ( ! m9d belong$ to ! und]/&+1 or to ! w1 z1 9 ! managem5t ( political affairs1 to det]m9e1 :e!r a disput$ prov9ce belong$ to "o pot5tate1 or to ano!r4 ,e new div]sity ( ! faculties ( ! m9d1 inde$1 conv]t$ ea* faculty into a little indep5d5t m9d1--z if ! orig9al m9d 7 l t wond]ful animal1 ( :i* naturali/s tell u1 t may be cut into an almo/ inf9ite numb] ( p>ts1 ea* ( :i* becomes a polypus1 z p]fect z t f :i* x 0 sep>at$4 ,! only diff]5ce is1 t ^? :o make u acqua9t$ ) ?is wond]ful prop]ty ( ! polypus1 ackn[l$ge ! divisibility ( ! p>5t animal2 :ile ^?1 :o ass]t ! spiritual multiplicity1 are at ! same "t ass]tors ( ! absolute indivisibility ( t :i* !y divide4 ,aft] ^! w>n+s1 !n1 :i*1 ,i tru/1 h be5 almo/ sup]flu\s1 let u n[ endeav\r to =m "s classification ( ! m5tal ph5om5a )\t consid]+1 :e!r our arrangem5t be simil> or dissimil> to t ( o!rs4 ,9 %ort1 let u =get1 z mu* z possible1 t any prior arrangem5ts h be5 made1 & ?9k ( ! ph5om5a only4 ,x w\ld1 inde$1 require m ?an human vision1 to compreh5d all ^! ph5om5a ( ! m9d1 9 our gaze at once1-- 8,to survey1 ,/ret*'d out b5ea? u1 all ! mazy tracts ,( passion & op9ion1--l a wa/e ,( s&s1 & fl[]y lawns1 & tangl+ woods1 ,:]e mortals roam bewild]'d40 ,b !re is a mode ( br++ all ?is multitude ( objects1 )9 ! sph]e ( our n>r[ sight1 9 ! same mann]1 z ! expanse ( l&scape1 ov] :i* ! eye w\ld be long 9 w&]+1--! pla9s1 & hills1 & woods1 & wat]falls1--may be br\ght1 by human art1 )9 ! compass ( a mirror1 f> less ?an ! smalle/ ( ! innum]able objects :i* x repres5ts4 ,! process ( gradual g5]aliz+1 by :i* ?is r$uction is p]=m$1 ,i h already expla9$ to y4 ,let u n[ proce$ to avail ourselves ( x4 ,all ! feel+s & ?\ghts ( ! m9d1 ,i h already frequ5tly repeat$1 are only ! m9d itself exi/+ 9 c]ta9 /ates4 ,to ^! successive /ates our k ( ! m9d1 & consequ5tly our arrangem5ts1 :i* c compreh5d only :at we "k1 are necess>ily limit$4 ,) ?is simple ^w /ate1 ,i use ! phrase affection ( m9d z synonym\s1 to express ! mom5t>y feel+1 :atev] x may be1--) ?is diff]5ce only1 t ! ^w affection seems to me bett] suit$ = express+ t mom5t>y feel+1 :5 consid]$ z an effect1--! feel+ itself z a /ate ( ! m9d1 & ! relation :i* any p>ticul> /ate ( m9d1 may be> to ! prec$+ circum/ances1 :atev] !y may be t h induc$ x4 ,our /ates ( m9d1 h[ev]1 or our affections ( m9d1 are ! simple/ t]ms1 :i* ,i c use = express+ ! :ole s]ies ( ph5om5a ( ! m9d 9 all _! div]sity1 z exi/+ ph5om5a1 )\t any mixture ( hypo!sis1 z to ! p>ticul> mode 9 :i* ! successive *anges may be suppos$ to arise4 ,:5 we consid]1 !n1 ! v>i\s /ates or affections ( ! m9d1 :i* =m ?is s]ies1 "o circum/ance ( diff]5ce mu/ /rike u1 t "s ( !m arise imm$iately1 9 consequ5ce ( ! pres5ce ( ext]nal objects1--& "s1 z imm$iately1 9 consequ5ce ( c]ta9 prec$+ affections ( ! m9d itself4 ,! "o set1 !re=e1 are obvi\sly ! result ( ! laws bo? ( matt] & ( m9d1--imply+1 9 ext]nal objects1 a p[] ( affect+ ! m9d1 z well z1 9 ! m9d1 a susceptibility ( be+ affect$ by !m4 ,! o!r set result f ! susceptibilities ( ! m9d itself1 :i* has be5 =m$ by its div9e ,au?or to exi/ 9 c]ta9 /ates1 & to exi/ 9 ^! 9 a c]ta9 relative ord] ( succession4 ,! affections ( ! "o class arise1 because "s ext]nal object is pres5t2--! affections ( ! o!r class arise1 because "s previ\s *ange 9 ! /ates ( ! m9d has tak5 place4 ,to illu/rate ?is di/9ction by example1 let u suppose ourselves1 9 walk+ across a lawn1 to turn our eyes to a p>ticul> po9t1 & to p]ceive !re an oak4 ,t is to say1 ! pres5ce ( ! oak1 or r ( ! light reflect$ f x1 occasions a c]ta9 new /ate ( ! m9d1 :i* we call a s5sation ( vision1 an affection1 :i* belongs to ! m9d alone1 inde$1 b ( :i* we h e reason to suppose1 t ! m9d1 ( itself1 )\t ! pres5ce ( light1 w\ld n h be5 ! subject4 ,! peculi> s5sation1 !re=e1 is ! result ( ! pres5ce ( ! light reflect$ f ! oak2 & we p]ceive x1 because ! m9d is capable ( be+ affect$ by ext]nal ?+s4 ,b ?is affection ( ! m9d1 :i* has an ext]nal object = its imm$iate cause1 is n ! only m5tal *ange :i* takes place4 ,o!r *anges succe$ x1 )\t any o!r ext]nal impression4 ,we comp>e ! oak ) "s o!r tree :i* we h se5 be=e1 & we are /ruck ) its sup]ior magnific5ce & beauty2--we imag9e h[ "s sc5e m famili> to u w\ld appe>1 if x 7 adorn$ ) ?is tree1 & h[ ! sc5e be=e u w\ld appe>1 if x 7 /ripp$ ( x2--we ?9k ( ! numb] ( ye>s1 :i* mu/ h pass$1 s9ce ! oak 0 an acorn2--& we moralize1 p]haps1 on ! *anges1 :i* h tak5 place1 9 ! little hi/ory ( ourselves & our fri5ds1 &1 /ill m1 on ! revolutions ( k+doms1--& ! bir? & decay ( a :ole g5]ation ( mank9d1--:ile x has be5 sil5tly & regul>ly advanc+ to maturity1 ?r\gh ! sun%9e & ! /orm4 ,( all ! v>iety ( /ates ( ! m9d1 :i* ^! processes ( ?\ght involve1 ! only "o1 :i* c be ascrib$ to an ext]nal object z its direct cause1 is ! prim>y p]ception ( ! oak2 ! re/ h be5 ! result n imm$iately ( any ?+ ext]nal1 b ( prec$+ /ates ( ! m9d2--t p>ticul> m5tal /ate1 :i* con/itut$ ! p]ception ( ! oak1 be+ foll[$ imm$iately by t diff]5t /ate1 :i* con/itut$ ! remembrance ( "s tree obs]v$ be=e1 & ?is by t diff]5t /ate :i* con/itut$ ! comp>ison ( ! two2 & s successively1 ?r\gh all ! diff]5t processes ( ?\ght enum]at$4 ,! m9d1 inde$1 c\ld n )\t ! pres5ce ( ! oak1--t is to say1 )\t ! pres5ce ( ! light :i* ! oak reflects1--h exi/$ 9 ! /ate :i* con/itut$ ! p]ception ( ! oak4 ,b z little c\ld any ext]nal object1 )\t ?is prim>y m5tal affection1 h produc$ imm$iately1 any ( ^? o!r /ates ( ! m9d1 :i* foll[$ ! p]ception4 ,!re is1 ?us1 "o obvi\s di/9ction ( ! m5tal ph5om5a2 z 9 relation to _! causes1 ext]nal or int]nal2 &1 :atev] o!r t]ms ( subdivision x may be necess>y to employ1 we h1 at lea/1 "o b\nd>y1 & "k :at x is we mean1 :5 we speak ( ! ext]nal & int]nal affections ( ! m9d4 ,! fir/ /age ( our g5]alization1 !n1 has be5 ! r$uction ( all ! m5tal ph5om5a to two def9ite classes1 accord+ z ! causes1 or imm$iate antec$5ts1 ( our feel+s are !mselves m5tal or mat]ial4 ,our next /age mu/ be ! /ill fur!r r$uction ( ^!1 by "s new g5]alizations ( ! ph5om5a ( ea* class4 ,! =m] ( ^! classes1--t ( our ext]nal affections ( ! m9d1--is1 inde$1 s v simple1 z to require b little subdivision4 ,! o!r class1 h[ev]1 t ( ! int]nal affections or /ates ( ! m9d1--compreh5ds s l>ge a proportion ( ! m5tal ph5om5a1 & ^! s v>i\s1 t1 )\t _m subdivisions1 x w\ld be itself ( little aid to u 9 our arrangem5t4 ,! fir/ great subdivision1 !n1 :i* ,i w\ld =m1 ( ! int]nal class1 is into our intellectual /ates ( m9d1 & our emotions4 ,! latt] ( ^! classes compreh5ds all1 or ne>ly all ! m5tal /ates1 :i* h be5 class$1 by o!rs1 "u ! head ( active p[]s4 ,i pref]1 h[ev]1 ! t]m emotions1 p>tly1 because ,i wi% to avoid ! phrase active p[]s1--:i*1 ,i own1 appe>s to me awkw>d & ambigu\s1 z oppos$ to o!r p[]s1 :i* are n said to be passive2 & p>tly1 = reasons be=e m5tion$1 because our intellectual /ates or en]gies1--f> f be+ oppos$ to our active p[]s1--are1 z we h se51 ess5tial elem5ts ( _! activity1--s ess5tial1 t1 )\t !m1 ^! nev] c\ld h _h ! "n ( active2 & because ,i wi% to compreh5d1 "u ! t]m1 v>i\s /ates ( ! m9d1 :i* _c1 ) propriety1 9 any case1 be t]m$ active1--su* z grief1 joy1 a/oni%m5t1--& o!rs :i* h be5 commonly1 ?\gh1 ,i ?9k1 inaccurately1 ascrib$ to ! intellectual faculties1--su* z ! feel+s ( beauty & sublimity1--feel+s1 :i* are c]ta9ly mu* m analog\s to our o!r emotions1--to our feel+s ( love or awe1--= example1--?an to our m]e remembrances or reason+s1 or to any o!r /ates ( m9d1 :i* c /rictly be call$ intellectual4 ,i speak at pres5t1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 ( ! m]e feel+s produc$ by ! contemplation ( beautiful or sublime objects1--n ( ! judgm5t1 :i* we =m1 ( objects1 z m or less fit to excite ^! feel+s2 ! judgm5t be+ truly intellectual1 l all our o!r judgm5ts2 b be+1 at ! same "t1 z di/9ct f ! feel+s :i* x measures1 z any o!r judgm5t f ! ext]nal or int]nal objects :i* x comp>es4 ,! exact mean+ ( ! t]m emotion1 x is difficult to /ate 9 any =m ( words1--= ! same reason :i* makes x difficult1 or r impossible1 to expla91 :at we mean by ! t]m ?\ght1 or ! t]ms sweetness or bitt]ness4 ,:at c be m opposite ?an pleasure & pa96 ! real di/9ction ( :i* is evid5tly famili>1 n to man only1 b to e ?+ t lives2 & yet if we 7 to attempt to %[1 9 :at _! diff]5ce consi/s1 or to give a v]bal def9ition ( ei!r1 we %\ld f9d ! task to be no easy "o4 ,e p]son und]/&s1 :at is meant by an emotion1 at lea/ z well1 z he und]/&s :at is meant by any intellectual p[]2 or1 if he d n1 x c be expla9$ to him1 only by /at+ ! numb] ( feel+s to :i* we give ! "n1 or ! circum/ances :i* induce !m4 ,all ( !m1 inde$1 agree 9 ?is respect1 t !y imply peculi> vividness ( feel+1 ) ?is important circum/ance1 to di/+ui% !m f ! vivid pleasures & pa9s ( s5se1--t !y d n arise imm$iately f ! pres5ce ( ext]nal objects1 b subsequ5tly to ! prim>y feel+s1 :i* we t]m s5sations or p]ceptions4 ,p]haps if any def9ition ( !m be possible1 !y may be def9$ to be vivid feel+s1 aris+ imm$iately f ! consid]ation ( objects1 p]ceiv$1 or rememb]$1 or imag9$1 or f o!r prior emotions4 ,9 "s cases1--z 9 t ( ! emotion :i* beauty excites1--!y may succe$ s rapidly to ! prim>y p]ception1 z almo/ to =m a "p ( x4 ,yet we f9d no great difficulty ( analysis1 9 sep>at+ ! pleas+ effect ( beauty1 f ! p]ception ( ! m]e =m & col\r1 & c v readily imag9e ! same accurate p]ception ( ^!1 )\t ! feel+ ( beauty1 z we c imag9e ! same feel+ ( beauty to accompany ! p]ception ( =ms & col\rs v diff]5t4 8,sure ! ris+ sun1 ,o'er ! c]ulean convex ( ! sea1 ,) equal brightness1 & ) equal w>m?1 ,might roll 8 fi]y orb2 nor yet ! s\l ,?us feel h] frame exp&$1 & h] p[]s ,exult+ 9 ! spl5d\r %e beholds1 ,l a "y conqu]or mov+ ?r\gh ! pomp ,( "s triumphal day4 ,:5 jo9'd at eve1 ,s(t murmur+ /reams1 & gales ( g5tle/ brea?1 ,melodi\s ,philomela's wakeful /ra9 ,attemp]1 c\ld n man's disc]n+ e>1 ,?r\gh all its tones1 ! sympa?y pursue2 ,nor yet ?is brea? div9e ( nameless joy ,/eal ?r\gh 8 ve9s1 & fan ! awak5'd he>t1 ,mild z ! breeze1 yet raptur\s z ! song40#ei ,our emotions1 !n1 ev5 9 ! cases 9 :i* !y seem mo/ directly to co-exi/ ) p]ception1 are /ill easily di/+ui%able f x2 &1 9 l mann]1 :5 !y arise f ! intellectual /ates ( memory1 imag9ation1 comp>ison1 !y are equally di/+ui%able f :at we rememb]1 or imag9e1 or comp>e4 ,!y =m truly a sep>ate ord] ( ! int]nal affections ( ! m9d1--z di/9ct f ! intellectual ph5om5a1 z ! class1 to :i* !y bo? belong1 is di/+ui%able f ! class ( ext]nal affections1 t arise imm$iately f ! pres5ce ( objects )\t4 ,,footnotes3 #eg ,in/ead ( 8n to de?rone10 ! orig9al has 8& n to m>40 #eh ,night ,?\ghts1 viii4 #eie-eii4 #ei ,pleasures ( ,imag9ation1 ,book ,,iii4 v4 #dfd-dgh4 ,,lecture ,,xvii4 ,,classification ,,( ,,! ,,ph5om5a ,,( ,,m9d4--,,class ,i4 ,,ext]nal ,,/ates4--,,introductory4 ,9 my la/ ,lecture1 ,g5tlem51 ,i endeav\r$ to prep>e ! way1 = arrang+1 9 c]ta9 classes1 t almo/ inf9ite v>iety ( ph5om5a1 :i* ! m9d exhibits1--po9t+ out to y ! peculi> difficulty ( su* a classification1 9 ! case ( ph5om5a s indef9ite & fugitive1 z ^? ( ! m9d1 & ! nature ( t g5]aliz+ pr9ciple ( analogy or resemblance1 on :i* e classification1 :e!r ( ! mat]ial or m5tal ph5om5a1 mu/ alike proce$4 ,i !n took a slight view ( ! prim>y1 lead+1 divisions ( ! ph5om5a ( ! m9d1 :i* h met ) mo/ g5]al adoption1--! v anci5t division ( !m1 z ( two great dep>tm5ts1 belong+ to ! und]/&+ & ! w1--& ! simil> division ( !m1 z ref]able to two classes ( p[]s1 t]m$ ! intellectual & active p[]s ( ! m9d4 ,i expla9$ to y ! reasons1 :i* l$ me to reject bo? ^! divisions1 z at once incomplete1 f n compreh5d+ all ! ph5om5a1 & inaccurate1 f conf\nd+ ev5 ^? ph5om5a1 :i* !y may truly be consid]$ z compreh5d+4 ,aft] reject+ ^!1 x became necess>y to attempt "s new arrangem5t1 especially z we f\nd reason to believe t "s advantage c\ld sc>cely fail to arise f ! attempt itself1 ev5 ?\gh x %\ld fail z to its great object2 & we1 !re=e1 proce$$ to consid] & arrange ! ph5om5a1 z ne>ly z possible1 9 ! same mann] z we %\ld h done1 if no arrangem5t ( !m _h ev] be5 made be=e4 ,9 ?us consid]+ !m1 ! fir/ important di/9ction :i* occurr$ to u1 relat$ to _! causes1 or imm$iate antec$5ts1 z =eign to ! m9d1 or z belong+ to ! m9d itself2 a di/9ction too /rik+ to be neglect$ z a gr\nd ( prim>y division4 ,:atev] t may be1 :i* feels & ?9ks1 x has be5 =m$ to be susceptible ( c]ta9 *anges ( /ate1 9 consequ5ce ( ! m]e pres5ce ( ext]nal objects1 or at lea/ ( *anges produc$ 9 our m]e bodily organs1 :i*1 !mselves1 may be consid]$ z ext]nal to ! m9d2 & x is susceptible ( c]ta9 o!r *anges ( /ate1 )\t any cause ext]nal to itself1 "o /ate ( m9d be+ ! imm$iate result ( a =m] /ate ( m9d1 9 consequ5ce ( ^? laws ( succession ( ?\ghts & feel+s1 :i* ,he1 :o creat$ ! immortal s\l ( man1 z a fa9t %ad[ ( ,8 own et]nal _s1 has e/abli%$ 9 ! con/itution ( our m5tal frame4 ,9 con=mity ) ?is di/9ction1 we made our fir/ division ( ! ph5om5a ( ! m9d1 into its ext]nal & int]nal affections2 ! ^w affection be+ us$1 by me1 z ! simple/ t]m = express+ a m]e *ange ( /ate induc$1 9 relation to ! affect+ cause1 or ! circum/ances1 :atev] !y may h be51 by :i* ! *ange 0 imm$iately prec$$4 ,! class ( int]nal affections1--by f> ! m copi\s & v>i\s ( ! two1--we divid$ into two great ord]s1 our intellectual /ates ( m9d1 & our emotions1 words :i* are1 p]haps1 bett] und]/ood1 be=e any def9ition is attempt$ ( !m1 ?an aft] x1 b :i* are suffici5tly intelligible )\t def9ition1 & appe> to exhau/ completely ! :ole int]nal affections ( ! m9d4 ,we h s5sations or p]ceptions ( ! objects t affect our bodily organs2 ^! ,i t]m ! s5sitive or ext]nal affections ( ! m9d2 we rememb] objects--we imag9e !m 9 new situations--we comp>e _! relations2 ^! m]e conceptions or notions ( objects & _! qualities1 z elem5ts ( our g5]al k1 are :at ,i h t]m$ ! intellectual /ates ( ! m9d2 we are mov$ ) c]ta9 lively feel+s1 on ! consid]ation ( :at we ?us p]ceive1 or rememb]1 or imag9e1 or comp>e1 ) feel+s1 = example1 ( beauty1 or sublimity1 or a/oni%m5t1 or love1 or hate1 or hope1 or fe>2 ^!1 & v>i\s o!r vivid feel+s1 analog\s to !m1 are our emotions4 ,!re is no portion ( our consci\sness1 :i* does n appe> to me to be includ$ 9 "o or o!r ( ^! ?ree divisions4 ,to "k all our s5sitive /ates or affections1--all our intellectual /ates1--& all our emotions1 is to "k all ! /ates or ph5om5a ( ! m9d2 8,unde animus scire incipiat1 quibus in*oet orsa ,pr9cipiis s]iem r]um t5uemque cat5am ,mnemosyne2 ,ratio unde1 rudi sub pectore t>dum ,augeat imp]ium1 et primum mortalibus gris ,ira1 dolor1 metus1 et cur nascantur inanes40#fj ,x mu/ n be conceiv$1 h[ev]1 t1 9 divid+ ! class ( int]nal affections ( ! m9d1 into ! two di/9ct ord]s ( intellectual /ates1 & emotions2 &1 9 speak+ ( our emotions z subsequ5t 9 _! orig91 ,i wi% to be und]/ood1 t ^! nev] are comb9$1 at ! same mom5t1 9 t s5se ( comb9ation1 z appli$ to ! m9d1 :i* ,i h already expla9$ too frequ5tly1 to ne$ aga9 to def9e & illu/rate x4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y v frequ5tly concur2 b1 9 all cases 9 :i* !y d concur1 x is easy = u to di/+ui% !m by reflective analysis4 ,! emotion ( pity1 = example1 may cont9ue 9 ! m9d1 :ile we are intellectually plann+ means ( relief1 = ! suff]]s :o occasion$ x2 b1 ?\gh ! pity & ! reason+ co-exi/1 we h little difficulty 9 sep>at+ !m 9 our reflection4 ,x is ! same ) all our vivid desires1 :i* n m]ely lead to action1 b accompany x4 ,! sage1 :o 9 ! sil5ce ( midnight1 cont9ues /ill ^? lab\rs :i* ! morn+ began1 wat*+1 ) sleepless eye1 ! fate ( "s exp]im5t1 t almo/ promises to place )9 8 h& ! invisible ?read1 :i* leads into ! labyr9?s ( nature1 or explor+ ^? secrets ( ! m9d itself1 by ! aid ( :i* he is aft]w>ds to lay d[n rules ( m accurate philosophiz+1 & to become ! legislator ( all :o ?9k1 is n *e]$1 9 8 toils1 m]ely by occasional anticipations ( ! tru?s t await 8 se>*4 ,! pleasure ( future discov]y is1 z x 71 a con/ant light1 t %9es ^u him & w>ms him2 &1 9 ! v mom5ts 9 :i* he wat*es1 & calculates1 & arranges1 !re are o!r pr9ciples ( 8 nature1 9 z lively ex]cise z 8 p[]s ( obs]vation & reason+4 ,! w>rior1 at ! head ( an army1 :i* he has (t5 l$ f victory to victory1 & :i* he is lead+ aga9 to new fields ( conflict1 does n ?9k ( glory only 9 ! int]vals ( m$itation or action4 ,! passion :i* he obeys1 is n a m]e inspir+ g5ius1 t occasionally desc5ds to r\se or invigorate4 ,x is ! s\l ( 8 cont9u$ exi/5ce1--x m>*es ) him1 f /ation to /ation1--x delib]ates ) him 9 8 t5t1--x conqu]s ) him 9 ! field1--x ?9ks ( new successes1 9 ! v mom5t ( vanqui%+2 &1 ev5 at night1 :5 8 body has yield$ at la/ to ! influ5ce ( t fatigue1 ( :i* x 0 sc>cely consci\s1 :ile !re 0 room = any new ex]tion by :i* fatigue c\ld be increas$1 & :5 all ! anxieties ( milit>y comm& are slumb]+ ) x1 ! passion t animates him1 m active /ill1 does n quit him z he re/s1 b is wakeful 9 8 v sleep1 br++ be=e him dreams1 t almo/ r5ew ! tumults & ! toils ( ! day4 ,our emotions1 !n1 may co-exi/ ) v>i\s s5sations1 remembrances1 reason+s1--9 ! same mann] z ^! feel+s1 s5sitive or intellectual1 may v>i\sly co-exi/ ) ea* o!r4 ,b we d n ?9k x less necess>y to class our s5sations ( vision z diff]5t f our s5sations ( smell1 & our comp>ison1 z itself diff]5t f ! sep>ate s5sations comp>$1 because we may1 at ! same mom5t1 bo? see & smell a rose1 & may endeav\r to appreciate ! relative am\nt ( pleasure :i* t beautiful fl[] ?us d\bly af=ds4 ,9 l mann]1 our intellectual /ates ( m9d1 & our emotions1 are n ! less to be consid]$ z di/9ct classes1 because any vivid passion may cont9ue to exi/ toge!r ) ^? intellectual processes ( ?\ght1 :i* x orig9ally prompt$1 & :i*1 aft] prompt+1 x prolongs4 ,9 all ^! cases1 h[ev]1 9 :i* an emotion co-exi/s ) ! results ( o!r ext]nal or int]nal influ5ces1 x is /ill easy to di/+ui% its subsequ5ce to ! feel+s t prec$$ x4 ,pity1 = example1 z 9 ! case to :i* ,i h be=e allud$1 may co-exi/ ) a long tra9 ( ?\ghts1 t are busily occupi$ 9 endeav\r+ to relieve mo/ effectually ! mis]y :i* is piti$2 b ! mis]y mu/ h be5 itself an object ( our ?\ght1 be=e ! /ate ( m9d :i* con/itutes pity1 c\ld h be5 induc$4 ,! emotion :i* we feel1 on ! contemplation ( beauty1 may cont9ue to co-exi/ ) our m]e p]ception ( ! =ms & col\rs ( bodies2 b ^! =ms & col\rs mu/ h be5 p]ceiv$ by u1 be=e ! delightful emotion c\ld h be5 orig9ally felt4 ,9 %ort1 our emotions1 ?\gh l ! w>m? & radiance1 :i* seem to accompany ! v pres5ce ( ! sun1 r ?an to fl[ f x--!y may seem 9 _m cases to be a "p ( ! v feel+s :i* excite !m1 are yet1 9 e in/ance1 z truly second>y to ^! feel+s1 z ! light :i* beams on u1 on ! surface ( our e>?1 is subsequ5t to ! ris+ ( ! great orb ( day4 ,z yet1 we h advanc$ b a %ort way1 9 our g5]alization ( ! m5tal ph5om5a3 ?\gh1 z f> z we h advanc$1 our division seems suffici5tly di/9ct & compreh5sive4 ,! m9d is susceptible ( c]ta9 exi/+ affections1 ( c]ta9 intellectual modifications :i* arise f ^!1 & ( c]ta9 emotions :i* arise f bo?2 t is to say1 x is capable ( exi/+ 9 c]ta9 /ates1 ! v>ieties ( :i* correspond ) ^! p>ticul> designations4 ,we see1 we rememb]1 or comp>e1 :at we h se51 reg>d :at we see1 or rememb]1 or comp>e1 ) desire or ) av]sion2 & ( ^!1 or ( /ates analog\s to ^!1 ! :ole ( life1 s5sitive1 intellectual1 or moral1 is compos$4 ,e m9ute1 !re=e1 ( e h\r1 9 all its v>iety ( occupation1 is b a portion ( ?is complicat$ tissue4 ,let u suppose ourselves1 = example1 look+ d[n f an em95ce1 on ! prospect b5ea?4--,on "o side all is desolation1--& we see p]haps1 at a little di/ance1 "s half-ro(less hovel1 z mis]able1 z ! wa/e imm$iately ar\nd x1 :i* has sc>cely ! appe>ance ( a dwell+ = any liv+ ?+1 b seems r1 z if ,nature h]self _h orig9ally plac$ x !re1 z a "p ( ! g5]al /]ility & rugg$ness4 ,on ! o!r side1 all is pl5ty & magnific5ce2--& we see1 amid lawns & wood$ banks1 a mansion z diff]5t 9 aspect1 z if ! be+s t inhabit$ x 7 ( a diff]5t race1--:i*1 z a "p ( ! sc5e1 :]e x is plac$1 accords s h>moni\sly ) ! :ole1 t1 )\t x1 ! sc5e itself w\ld appe> incomplete1 & almo/ incongru\s1 z if /ripp$ ( "s ess5tial *>m4 ,to view ^! sep>ate dwell+s1 & all ! objects ar\nd !m--if no o!r feel+ arose--w\ld be to h a s]ies ( ext]nal or s5sitive affections only4 ,b x is sc>cely possible = u to view !m1 )\t ! in/ant rise ( ^? intellectual /ates ( m9d :i* con/itute comp>ison1 & ( ^? affections ( ano!r ord]1 :i* con/itute ! emotions ( admiration & desire 9 ! "o case1 & 9 ! o!r ! emotions t are opposite to admiration & desire1 toge!r p]haps ) "s ( ^? bitt] emotions :i* ! sight ( mis]y makes 9 e brea/ t is n unwor?y ( s sacr$ an influ5ce4 ,9 ?is example1 our intellectual /ates ( m9d1 & our emotions1 h = _! objects ?+s really exi/+ )\t2 b ! ext]nal affections ( our s5ses1 ?\gh ! mo/ p]man5t1 & usually ! mo/ vivid1 & !re=e ! be/ rememb]$1 ( all ! s\rces ( our int]nal feel+s are f> f be+ necess>y1 9 e in/ance1 to ! production ( ^!4 ,!re is a con/ant1 or almo/ con/ant succession ( int]nal affections ( m9d1 ( ?\ghts1 & emotions1 foll[+ ?\ghts & emotions1 :i* ev5 ?\gh we 7 to be r5d]$ incapable ( a s+le new s5sation1--if our animal life c\ld 9 ^! circum/ances be long protract$1--w\ld /ill pres]ve to u also t intellectual & moral exi/5ce1 :i* is ! only life1 t is wor?y ( ! "n4 ,! k :i* we acquire f )\t1 lives 9 u )92 &1 9 su* a case z t :i* ,i h n[ imag9$1 our memory w\ld be to u 9 "s measure e s5se1 :i* we _h lo/1 creat+ to u aga9 t v _w :i* _h vani%$ be=e u4 ,if we c\ld comp>e & love or hate only ?+s actually pres5t1 we %\ld be f> f ! maturity & p]fection ( an infant's m9d1 & %\ld sc>cely be advanc$ to ! rank ( idiocy1 :i* limit$ z x is 9 its range1 /ill compreh5ds 9 its little sph]e ( =esight & memory1 "s few mom5ts at lea/ ( ! pa/1 & ev5 a mom5t or two ( ! future4 ,x is ) ! future & ) ! pa/1 t1 intellectually & morally1 we are *iefly conv]sant4 ,to ^! high capacities ( our be+1 ! subjects1 :i* c ex]cise our p[]s & feel+s1 h[ev] di/ant 9 "t or place1 are z x 7 ev]la/+ly pres5t1--l t my/]i\s et]nal n[1 ( :i* !ologians speak1--9 :i* pa/1 pres5t1 & future are consid]$1 z1 9 e mom5t ( e age1 alike visible to ! omnisci5t glance ( ! ,div9ity4 ,we love ! virtues1 ( :i* we read1 ) ! same sort ( emotion1 ) :i* we love ! virtues t are m+l+ ) u 9 ! pres5t h\r4 ,! patriot ( ! mo/ remote age1--( :om we "k no?+1 b ! hi/orical tale1 ( 8 volunt>y p]ils or suff]+s1 9 "s g5]\s cause1--is l ! fri5d ( our famili> int]c\rse2 & ! sacrifices1 t wr\ght ! happ9ess ( millions ( be+s1 :o are n[ n m]ely unkn[n to u1 b ( :om n a s+le "n is rememb]$ on ! e>?1 awake a sort ( v5]ation1 t is almo/ comb9$ ) gratitude1 z if we 7 9 ! pres5ce ( a p]sonal deliv]]4 ,x is ! same ) absolute unreality1 nor m]ely ) t :i* no long] exi/s1 b ) t :i* nev] _h exi/5ce4 ,we are /ruck ) ! beauty ( :at we only imag9e1 9 ! same mann]1 ?\gh p]haps n ) ! same livel9ess ( feel+1 z we are /ruck ) ! beauty ( ext]nal ?+s4 ,our emotions !n1 h[ev] dep5d5t !y may h be5 orig9ally1 are n[ no long] dep5d5t1 on ^! ext]nal ?+s4 ,!y may arise1 f memory or imag9ation1 z readily z f p]ception2 b :5 !y arise f memory or imag9ation1 !y are z truly di/+ui%able f :at we rememb] & imag9e1 z !y are di/+ui%able f our p]ceptions ( m]e =ms & col\rs & o!r s5sible qualities1 :5 !y arise f :at we p]ceive4 ,to h arrang$ all ! v>ieties ( feel+s ( :i* ! m9d is susceptible1 9 ! ?ree great divisions to :i* our arrangem5t z yet has ext5d$1--?\gh x is unque/ionably to h made "s advance 9 our g5]alization1--is yet to h made only a small "p ( ! necess>y progress2 s9ce ea* ( ^! ?ree ord]s compreh5ds almo/ innum]able ph5om5a1 :i* require ! aid ( m m9ute division4 ,9 ! class ( our ext]nal affections1 inde$1 ?is subdivision is v simple & easy2 s9ce our sep>ate organs ( s5se furni%1 ( !mselves1 a v evid5t gr\nd ( di/9ction4 ,b ! two ord]s ( our int]nal affections h no su* obvi\s & tangible di/9ction1 to s]ve z ! basis ( _! subdivisions4 ,!y admit1 h[ev]1--z ,i tru/ we %all f9d1--( di/9ctions1 :i*1 ?\gh n equally obvi\s1 are almo/ equally def9ite1 & require only a v little reflection1 to be und]/ood z cle>ly1 z ! organic relations1 accord+ to :i* we di/+ui% our s5sations ( s\nd1 or smell1 or sight4 ,x is n my int5tion1 h[ev]1 to proce$1 at pres5t1 to ! consid]ation ( ^! subdivisions2 s9ce ! nature ( ! m m9ute arrangem5t w1 ,i conceive1 be bett] und]/ood1 :5 we come to treat ( ea* sep>ate ord] fully1 ?an !y c\ld be n[1 by ! m]e enum]ation ( a few names1 ( ! propriety ( :i*1 z m]e names1 &1 /ill m ( ! propriety ( ! arrangem5t :i* !y involve1 y c\ld n be expect$ to =m any accurate judgm5t1 )\t a full] elucidation4 ,all :i* ,i mu/ reque/ y1 !n1 at pres5t1 to keep 9 remembrance1 is ! prim>y division1 :i* we h made1 ( ! diff]5t /ates ( ! m9d into two great classes1 & ! second>y division :i* we h made ( "o ( ^! classes1 into its two v compreh5sive ord]s4--,y w rememb]1 !n1 t ! v>i\s affections1 ( :i* ! m9d is susceptible1 are ei!r ext]nal1 z !y arise f causes )\t ! m9d1 or int]nal1 z !y arise f previ\s /ates1 ( ! m9d itself2--t ( ^! int]nal affections1 "s are m]e conceptions or notions ( =m] feel+s1 or ( objects & ( ! qualities or relations ( objects1 z rememb]$ or v>i\sly comb9$ or comp>$1--results ( diff]5t susceptibilities ( our intellectual con/itution1 to :i* diff]5t names h be5 giv51 conception1 memory1 imag9ation1 ab/raction1 reason1 & o!r synonym\s t]ms2--t ^! int]nal affections or /ates ( ! m9d1 :i* ,i h d5om9at$ its intellectual /ates1 are di/9ctly sep>able1 9 our reflective analysis1 f c]ta9 vivid feel+s1 t may arise in/antly 9 ! m9d1 on ! consid]ation ( ^! m]e intellectual results1 or on ! p]ception ( objects )\t1--feel+s ( admiration1 love1 desire1 & v>i\s o!r analog\s1 or opposite /ates ( ! m9d2--b t !re is su* an ord] ( vivid feel+s1 :i* arise1 9 _m cases1 on ! m]e consid]ation ( :at we p]ceive or rememb]1 or imag9e1 or comp>e1 & t ?is ord] is :at ,i wi% to be di/+ui%$ by ! "n ( emotions4 ,accord+ to ?is division1 !re=e1 ( ! m5tal ph5om5a1 into ^? :i* are ( ext]nal & ^? :i* are ( int]nal orig91 & ! subdivision :i* we h made ( ?is latt] class1 ,i %all proce$ to consid]1 fir/1 ,! ext]nal p[]s or susceptibilities ( ! m9d2 #b;dly1 ,! intellectual p[]s or susceptibilities ( ! m9d2 &1 #c;dly1 ,its susceptibilities ( emotion1--beg9n+ ) t class1 :i* we h e reason to suppose to be fir/1 9 ! actual ord] ( developem5t1--! p[]s or susceptibilities ( ! m9d1 9 its imm$iate relation to its own bodily organs4 ,c]ta9 /ates ( our bodily organs are directly foll[$ by c]ta9 /ates or affections ( our m9d2--c]ta9 /ates or affections ( our m9d are directly foll[$ by c]ta9 /ates ( our bodily organs4 ,! n]ve ( sight1 = example1 is affect$ 9 a c]ta9 mann]2 vision1 :i* is an affection or /ate ( ! m9d1 is its consequ5ce4 ,i w to move my h&2 ! h& obeys my w1 s rapidly1 t ! motion1 ?\gh truly subsequ5t1 seems almo/ to accompany my volition1 r ?an to foll[ x4 ,9 con=mity ) ! def9itions be=e giv5 ( p[] & susceptibility1 ! "o z imply+ a ref]5ce to some?+ consequ5t1 ! o!r a ref]5ce to some?+ antec$5t1 ,i %\ld be incl9$ to consid] ! s5sation :i* foll[s ! pres5ce ( an ext]nal object z indicat+ a m5tal susceptibility ( be+ s affect$2--! production ( muscul> motion by ! w1 z indicat+ a m5tal p[]4 ,b ! t]ms are ( less consequ5ce1 if y und]/& fully ! di/9ction t is impli$ 9 !m2 & y may be all[$ /ill1 9 compliance ) ! g5]al language1 to speak ( ! p[] or faculty ( s5sation or p]ception1 if y mean no?+ m1 z (t5 z y use ^! t]ms1 ?an t ! m9d is affect$ 9 a c]ta9 mann]1 &1 !re=e1 mu/ h _h a previ\s susceptibility ( be+ ?us affect$ :5ev] c]ta9 *anges h previ\sly tak5 place1 9 t n]v\s sy/em1 ) :i* x is connect$4 ,9 consid]+ ! susceptibilities ( ! m9d1 ,i compreh5d1 "u its ext]nal affections1 all ^? ph5om5a or /ates ( ! m9d1 :i* are commonly t]m$ s5sations2 toge!r ) all our int]nal organic feel+s ( pleasure or pa91 t arise f /ates ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 z mu* z our o!r s5sations4 ,_m ( ^! are commonly rank$ "u ano!r head1 t ( appetites1--su* z hung]1 ?ir/1 ! desire ( repose1 or ( *ange ( muscul> position1 :i* arises f long-cont9u$ ex]tion2 ! oppressive anxiety1 :i* arises f imp$$ respiration1 & v>i\s o!r diseases1 aris+ f bodily uneas9ess4 ,b ^! appetites evid5tly admit ( be+ analys$ into two di/9ct elem5ts1--a pa9 ( a peculi> species1 & a subsequ5t desire ( t :i* is to relieve ! pa91--/ates ( m9d1 ( :i* "o may imm$iately succe$ ! o!r2 b :i* are1 unque/ionably1 z diff]5t 9 !mselves1 z if no su* succession took place1--z diff]5t z ! pleasure ( music is f ! m]e desire ( enjoy+ x aga91 or z ! pa9 ( excessive heat1 9 burn+1 f ! subsequ5t desire ( coolness4 ,! pa91 :i* is "o elem5t ( ! appetite1 is an ext]nal affection ( ! m9d1 to be class$ ) our o!r s5sations1--! succe$+ desire1 :i* is ano!r elem5t ( x1 is an int]nal affection ( ! m9d1 to be class$ ) our o!r emotions ( desire4 ,we might h felt ! same pa9 ( hung]1 ?\gh we _h n be5 aw>e1 t x arose f want ( food1 & consequ5tly c\ld n h felt any desire ( food1 b m]ely ! g5]al desire ( relief :i* att5ds e disagreeable s5sation4 ,we might h felt ! same uneas9ess1 :i* we t]m ?ir/1 ?\gh we _h n be5 aw>e1 t x w\ld be reliev$ by a draught ( any bev]age1--& ! same pa9 ( imp$$ respiration or fatigue1 ?\gh nature _h n l$ u in/9ctively1 9 ! "o case to p]=m ! muscul> actions necess>y = expiration & inspiration2 9 ! o!r1 to *ange our po/ure1 & ?us give repose to ! we>i$ limbs4 ,:atev] be ! organic /ates1 :i* occasion ^! pa9ful feel+s1 t are elem5t>y 9 our appetites1 !re c be no d\bt1 t "s organic affections prec$e !m1 z truly z "s affection ( an ext]nal organ prec$es ! pa9 ( a burn1 or ! pa9ful tempor>y bl9dness1 :5 we are dazzl$ ) excessive light4 ,& ?\gh1 9 ! case ( ! appetite1 we may give ! same "n to ! pa91 & to ! desire ( t :i* is to relieve ! pa92 or r1 may give "o "n to ! comb9ation ( ! two feel+s1--:i* is n to be wond]$ at1 :]e ! two feel+s are s univ]sally & s imm$iately successive1--?is error1 or r ?is m]e abbreviation ( language1 is no reason t we %\ld consid] ! elem5t>y pa9 itself1 z diff]5t1 9 k9d1 f our o!r pa9s1 t h n m]ely half a t]m to express !m1 b a :ole undivid$ ^w ( _! own4 ,! pa91 ( :i* ! appetite desires ! relief1 is a s5sation1 z mu* z any o!r int]nal bodily pa9 :i* we feel1--a /ate or affection ( ! m9d1 aris+1 imm$iately & solely1 f a /ate or affection ( ! body1--:i* is ! only def9ition t c be giv5 ( a s5sation4 ,! pa9 ( hung] & ?ir/1 !n1 &1 9 g5]al1 e int]nal pa9 aris+ f a /ate ( ! bodily organs1--& di/9ct f ! subsequ5t desires :i* !y occasion1--are z truly s5sations1 z any o!r s5sations2 & ! desires t foll[ ^! p>ticul> s5sations1 are z truly desires1 z any o!r desires ( :i* we h ! consci\sness4 ,we may1 inde$1 if we resolve to inv5t a new "n1 = ^? p>ticul> desires1 t t]m9ate imm$iately 9 ! relief ( bodily pa91 or ! production ( bodily pleasure1 give to su* desires ! "n ( appetites2 b x is surely a v simple analysis only1 t is necess>y to sep>ate1 f ! desire ( relief1 ! feel+ ( ! pa9 :i* we wi% to be reliev$2 s9ce x is v evid5t1 t ! pa9 mu/ h exi/$ prim>ily be=e any su* desire c\ld be felt4 ,t ! v>i\s species ( uneas9ess1 :i* are elem5t>y p>ts ( our appetites1 recur1 at int]vals1 9 :i* !re is "s degree ( regul>ity1 does n alt] _! nature1 :5 !y d recur1 s z to r5d] a peculi> arrangem5t necess>y = includ+ !m4 ,! m5tal /ates1 :i* con/itute ! uneas9ess t is felt1 recur ?us at int]vals1 n f any ?+ peculi> 9 ! m9d itself1 ! ph5om5a ( :i* alone we are consid]+1 b because ! body is only at int]vals 9 ! /ate1 :i* prec$es or induces ^? peculi> m5tal affections4 ,if1 in/ead ( ! two or ?ree p]iods1 at :i* ! appetite ( hung] recurs1 ! n]v\s sy/em 71 "o hundr$ times 9 ! day1 at int]vals ! mo/ irregul>1 9 t /ate1 :i* is imm$iately foll[$ by ! feel+ ( hung]1 ! pa9ful feel+1--& ! consequ5t desire ( food1 :i* has be5 f\nd to relieve x1--w\ld ( c\rse1 be felt "o hundr$ times 9 ! day4 ,! regul>ity1 !re=e1 ( ! recurr5ce ( ?is /ate ( ! n]ves1 is a ph5om5on1 :i* belongs to ! consid]ation ( ! physiologi/ ( ! body1 n ( ! physiologi/ ( ! m9d1 ^: imm$iate (fice is f9i%$1 :5 he c trace any p>ticul> feel+ ( ! m9d to "s affection ( our organic frame1 z its inv>iable antec$5t2 & :o kn[+1 !re=e1 t ! feel+ ( pa9 9 any ( our appetites1 is ! effect or result ( "s organic affection1 is n surpris$ t x %\ld n recur1 :5 t organic affection has n previ\sly tak5 place1--any m ?an he is surpris$ t we d n enjoy ! fragrance ( roses or violets1 :5 !re are no p>ticles ( od\r to be inhal$ by u2 or d n li/5 to songs & *oral h>monies1 :5 !re is no vibration to be transmitt$ to ! auditory n]ve4 ,x is at c]ta9 regul> p]iods1 t ! full light ( day1 & ! twilight ( morn+ & ev5+1 are p]ceiv$ by u4 ,b we d n ?9k x necess>y1 on ?is acc\nt1 to give any peculi> "n to ^! visual p]ceptions1 to di/+ui% !m f o!rs less regul>1 because we "k1 t ! reason ( ! p]iodic recurr5ce ( ^! p]ceptions1 is t ! v>i\s degrees ( sun%9e1 :i* produce !m1 exi/ only at su* int]vals4 ,we are hungry1 :5 ! n]ves ( ! /oma* are 9 a c]ta9 /ate2 we p]ceive ! sun1 :5 ! organ ( vision is 9 a c]ta9 /ate4 ,x is z little wond]ful1 t we %\ld n h ! feel+ ( hung]1 except :5 ! n]ves ( ! /oma* are 9 ?is /ate1 z t we %\ld n h ! p]ception ( ! m]idian sun1 :5 ! sun itself is b5ea? our horizon4 ,s9ce ! m]e pa9s ( appetite1 h[ev]1 mo/ important z !y truly are1 = ! ends :i* !y imm$iately answ]1 are yet ( little importance 9 relation to our g5]al k1 x is unnecess>y to dwell on !m at l5g?4 ,b ,i _c quit ! consid]ation ( !m1 )\t rem>k+ t admirable provision :i* ! graci\s ,au?or ( ,nature has made by !m1 = ! pres]vation n ( our be+ m]ely1 b ( our well-be+--( t heal? & vig\r1 )\t :i*1 a frail & fev]i% exi/5ce1 at lea/ 9 its relation to ?is e>?ly sc5e1 w\ld be ( little value4 ,! daily wa/e ( ! body requires daily supply to comp5sate x2 & if ?is supply be neglect$1 or be inadequate--or1 on ! o!r h&1 if x be inord9ately great1 disease is ! necess>y consequ5ce4 ,to pres]ve ! m$ium1 !re=e1 or at lea/ to prev5t any v great deviation f x1 ,he1 :o plann$ our feel+s & faculties z well z our bodily frame1 has made x pa9ful = u to omit :at is s important to life2 & pa9ful also to prolong ! supply 9 any great proportion1 aft] ! dem&s ( nature h be5 adequately satisfi$4 ,if food _h af=d$ gratification only z reliev+ ! pa9 ( hung]1 ^! natural b\nd>ies ( appetite w\ld h requir$ no aid f moral or physical lessons ( temp]ance4 ,b ! indulg5ce ( nature1 9 conf]r+ on u ! s5se ( ta/e1 & mak+ food a luxury z well z a relief1 we abuse1 z we abuse h] o!r k9dnesses4 ,! pleasures ( ?is mo/ intemp]ate ( s5ses1 may lead1 9 "s degree1 beyond ! due po9t ( supply1 ! great] numb] ( mank9d2 & may drive1 to excesses m injuri\s1 all ^? h]ds ( un?9k+ s5suali/s :o pref] ! sickly enjoym5t ( an h\r1 to ! heal? & virtue1 & intellectual z well z physical com=t1 ( m frugal repa/s4 ,yet ev5 to !m1 nature po9ts out 9 ! feel+ ( satiety1 :]e intemp]ance beg9s1 or :]e x has already begun2 & if !y p]si/1 not)/&+ ?is feel+1 h[ mu* m w\ld !y be 9 dang] ( ov]-load+ ! p[]s ( life1 if !re _h be5 no su* feel+ ( gr[+ uneas9ess1 to suppress ! avidity ( insatiable indulg5ce4 8,?\gh a man knew10 says ,dr ,reid1 8t 8 life mu/ be support$ by eat+1 reason c\ld n direct him :5 to eat1 or :at2 h[ mu*1 or h[ (t54 ,9 all ^! ?+s1 appetite is a mu* bett] guide ?an reason4 ,7 reason only to direct u 9 ?is matt]1 its calm voice w\ld (t5 be dr[n$ 9 ! hurry ( bus9ess1 or ! *>ms ( amusem5t4 ,b ! voice ( appetite rises gradually1 &1 at la/1 becomes l\d en\gh to call (f our att5tion f any o!r employm5t40#fa ,if inde$1 ! necess>y supply 7 long neglect$1 ! morbid /ate ( ! body :i* w\ld ensue1 ?\gh no pa9 ( actual hung] 7 to be felt1 w\ld conv9ce1 at la/1 ! suff]] ( 8 folly4 ,b ! provid5ce ( our graci\s ,creator1 has n tru/$ ! exi/5ce ( man to ! dang]\s admonition ( s r\gh a monitor1 :i* might1 p]haps1 br+ 8 folly be=e him only :5 x 0 too late to be wise4 ,! pa9 ( hung]--t %ort disease1 if x may be s t]m$1 :i* x is 9 our p[] s spe$ily to cure1 prev5ts diseases t m truly des]ve ! "n4 ,betwe5 satiety on "o side1 & want on ! o!r1 ! /ream ( heal? fl[s tranquilly along1 :i*1 b = ^! b\nd>ies1 w\ld spe$ily wa/e itself & disappe>2 z ! mo/ magnific5t riv]1 :i*1 if disp]s$ ov] a b\ndless pla91 w\ld fl[ almo/ into no?+1 owes its abundance & maje/ic beauty to ! v banks t seem to conf9e its wat]s )9 too n>r[ a *annel4 ,besides ^? p>ticul> feel+s ( bodily uneas9ess1 :i*1 z att5d$ ) desire1 con/itute our appetites1 !re are o!r affections ( ! same class1 :i*1 ?\gh n usually rank$ ) our ext]nal s5sations or p]ceptions1 because we f9d x difficult to ascribe !m to any local organ1 are unque/ionably to be arrang$ "u ! same head2 s9ce !y are feel+s :i* arise1 z imm$iately & directly f a c]ta9 /ate ( a "p ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 z any ( ! feel+s :i* we m commonly ascribe to ext]nal s5se4 ,( ?is k9d is t muscul> pleasure ( alacrity & action1 :i* =ms s great a "p ( ! delight ( ! "y ( e species ( liv+ be+s1 & :i* is felt1 ?\gh 9 a less degree1 at e p]iod ( life1 ev5 ! mo/ advanc$2 or :i*1 :5 x ceases 9 age1 only gives place to ano!r species ( muscul> pleasure--t :i* con/itutes ! pleasure ( ease--! same species ( feel+1 :i* d\bles1 to ev] "o1 ! delight ( ex]cise1 by sweet5+ ! repose to :i* x leads1 & ?us mak+ x indirectly1 z well z directly1 a s\rce ( enjoym5t4 ,9 treat+ ( :at h be5 t]m$ ! acquir$ p]ceptions ( vision1 :i* are truly :at give to vision its range ( p[]1 & )\t :i* ! m]e p]ception ( col\r w\ld be ( little m value ?an any o!r ( ! simple/ ( our s5sations1 ,i %all h an opportunity ( po9t+ out to y "s mo/ important purposes1 to :i* our muscul> feel+s are in/rum5tal2 & 9 ! nic] analysis :i* ,i am incl9$ to make ( ! p]ceptions commonly ascrib$ to t\*1--if my analysis be accurate--we %all f9d !m op]at+ at lea/ z p[]fully4 ,at pres5t1 h[ev]1 ,i speak ( !m m]ely z s\rces ( animal pleasure or pa91 ( pleasure dur+ mod]ate ex]cise & repose1 & ( pa9 dur+ morbid lassitude1 or ! fatigue ( oppression & unremitt$ lab\r4 ,! pleasure :i* att5ds good heal?1 & :i* is c]ta9ly m ?an m]e fre$om f pa91 is a pleasure ( ! same k9d4 ,x is a pleasure1 h[ev]1 :i*1 l e o!r long cont9u$ bodily pleasure1 we may suppose1 to be dim9i%$ by habitual enjoym5t2 & x is !re=e1 *iefly1 on recov]y f sickness1 :5 ! habit has be5 long brok5 by feel+s ( an opposite k9d1 t we recognize :at x mu/ orig9ally h be52 if1 inde$ x be 9 our p[] to sep>ate1 completely1 ! m]e animal pleasure f ^? m+l+ reflect+ pleasures :i* arise f ! consid]ation ( pa/ pa91 & ! expectation ( future delight4 ,to ^? among y1 :o "k :at x is to h ris5 f ! long captivity ( a b$ ( sickness1 ,i ne$ n say1 t e function is1 9 ?is case1 m ?an m]e vig\r2 x is a happ9ess1 b to brea! & to move2 & n e limb m]ely1 b almo/ e fibre ( e limb1 has its sep>ate s5se ( enjoym5t4 8,:at a bless$ ?+ x is to brea! ! fre% air60 said ,c\nt ,/ru5see1 on quitt+ 8 dungeon1 ?\gh he 0 quitt+ x only to be l$ to ! place ( execution1 & _c1 !re=e1 be suppos$ to h felt mu* m ?an ! m]e animal delight4 8,he does n scorn x1 :o1 imprison$ long ,9 "s un:olesome dungeon1 & a prey ,to sall[ sickness1 :i* ! vap\rs1 dank ,& clammy ( 8 d>k abode h br$1 ,escapes at la/ to lib]ty & light2 ,8 *eek recov]s soon its heal?ful hue2 ,8 eye relum9es its ext+ui%'d fires2 ,he walks1 he leaps1 he runs--is w+'d ) joy1 ,& riots 9 ! sweets ( e breeze40#fb ,on ^! m]e animal gratifications1 h[ev]1 ,i ne$ n dwell any long]4 ,!re is mu* m to int]e/ our curiosity1 9 ! s5sations & p]ceptions :i* m frequ5tly g "u ^? names2 to ! consid]ation ( :i* ,i %all proce$ 9 my next ,lecture4 ,,footnotes3 #fj ,gray de ,pr9cipiis ,cogit&i1 ,lib4 ,i4 v4 #a-e4 #fa ,on ! ,active ,p[]s1 ,essay ,,iii4 c4 #a4 #fb ,c[p]'s ,task1 book i4 ,,lecture ,,xviii4 ,,on ,,! ,,m ,,def9ite ,,ext]nal ,,affections ,,( ,,m9d ,,9 ,,g5]al4 ,9 my ,lecture ye/]day1 aft] "s fur!r elucidation ( ! triple division :i* we =m$ ( ! m5tal ph5om5a1 z ext]nal or s5sitive affections ( ! m9d1 intellectual /ates ( ! m9d1--emotions1--,i proce$$ to consid] ! fir/ ( ^! divisions1 ( :i* ! *>act]i/ic di/9ction is1 t ! ph5om5a includ$ 9 x h _! causes or imm$iate antec$5ts ext]nal to ! m9d itself4 ,9 ?is division1 ,i compreh5d$1 toge!r ) ! feel+s :i* are univ]sally ascrib$ to c]ta9 organs ( s5se1 _m feel+s1 :i*1 ?\gh unque/ionably orig9at+ 9 /ates ( our bodily organs1 z mu* z our o!r s5sations1 are yet commonly rank$ z a diff]5t ord]--su* z our v>i\s appetites1 or r t elem5t>y uneas9ess :i* is only a "p1 b /ill an ess5tial "p ( our appetites1 & :i* is easily di/+ui%able f ! m]e desire1 :i* is ! o!r elem5t2 s9ce1 h[ev] rapid ! succession ( !m may be1 we are yet consci\s ( !m z successive4 ,! p>ticul> uneas9ess1 x is evid5t1 mu/ h be5 felt z a s5sation be=e ! desire ( t :i* is to relieve ! uneas9ess c\ld h aris54 ,to ! same class1 too1 ,i ref]r$ ! v>i\s organic feel+s1 :i* con/itute ! animal pleasure ( good heal?1 :5 e corporeal function is ex]cis$ 9 j degree2 & 9 a p>ticul> mann]1 our muscul> feel+s1 :e!r ( m]e g5]al lassitude or alacrity2 or ^? fa9t] diff]5ces ( feel+s :i* arise 9 our v>i\s motions & attitudes1 f ! diff]5t muscles t are ex]cis$1 or f ! great] or less contraction ( ! same muscles4 ,^! muscul> feel+s1 ?\gh !y may be almo/ unnotic$ by u1 dur+ ! influ5ce ( /rong] s5sations1 are yet suffici5tly p[]ful1 :5 we att5d to !m1 to r5d] u1 indep5d5tly ( sight & t\*1 9 a great measure s5sible ( ! position ( our body 9 g5]al1 & ( its v>i\s p>ts2 & comp>atively indi/9ct z !y are1 !y become1--9 _m cases1 z 9 ! acquir$ p]ceptions ( vision1 = example1 & equally too1 z ,i conceive1 9 v>i\s o!r in/ances1 9 :i* little att5tion has be5 paid to !m by philosoph]s1--elem5ts ( "s ( ! nice/ & mo/ accurate judgm5ts :i* we =m4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 to t wide/ & mo/ important ord] ( our ext]nal affections1 :i* compreh5ds ! feel+s m commonly t]m$ s5sations1 & univ]sally ascrib$ to p>ticul> organs ( s5se1 t we h n[ to proce$4 ,9 ^!1 we f9d ! rude elem5ts ( all our k1 ! mat]ials on :i* ! m9d is ev] op]at+1 & )\t :i*1 x seems to u almo/ impossible to conceive t x c\ld ev] h op]at$ at all1 or c\ld1 ev5 9 its absolute inactivity1 h be5 consci\s ( its own in]t exi/5ce4 ,?is ord] ( our ext]nal feel+s compreh5ds all ^? /ates ( m9d1 h[ev] v>i\s !y may be1 :i* imm$iately succe$ ! *anges ( /ate1 produc$1 9 any ( our organs ( s5se1 by ! pres5ce ( c]ta9 ext]nal bodies4 ,! m5tal affections are !mselves1--z ,i h said1--commonly t]m$ s5sations2 b we h no v]b1 9 our language1 :i* exactly d5otes :at is express$ 9 ! sub/antive n\n4 ,to feel is1 9 its two s5ses1 ei!r mu* m limit$ or mu* m g5]al1 be+ conf9$1 9 its re/rict$ mean+1 to ! s5sations ( "o organ1 t ( t\*1--& z a m g5]al ^w1 be+ applicable to all ! v>ieties ( our consci\sness1 z mu* z to ^? p>ticul> v>ieties1 :i* are imm$iately successive to ! affections ( our organs ( s5se4 ,we are said1 9 ?is wid] use ( ! t]m1 to feel indignation1 love1 surprise1 z readily z we are said to feel ! w>m? ( a fire1 or ! coldness ( sn[4 ,9 def9+ our s5sations1 to be ^? m5tal affections1 :i* are imm$iately successive to c]ta9 organic affections1 produc$ by ! action ( ext]nal ?+s1 x is v evid5t1 t ,i h made two assumptions1--fir/ ( ! exi/5ce ( ext]nal ?+s1 t affect our organs ( s5se2 &1 secondly ( organs ( s5se1 t are affect$ by ext]nal ?+s2--unless1 inde$1 ! assumption ( ! exi/5ce ( organs ( s5se be consid]$1--z 9 philosophic tru? x unque/ionably is--only ano!r =m ( ! assumption ( ! exi/5ce ( ext]nal ?+s1 s9ce1 9 relation to ! s5ti5t m9d1 ! organs ?us suppos$ to exi/1 are1 9 /rictness ( language1 ext]nal1 z mu* z ! objects suppos$ to act ^u !m4 ,all ( :i* we are truly consci\s1 9 s5sation1 is ! m5tal affection1 ! la/ l9k ( ! s]ies1 9 ! suppos$ process2 :at we t]m our p]ceptions ( organs ( s5se1 or ( o!r ext]nal ?+s t act ^u ^!--our ideas1 = example1 ( a bra9 or an eye1 a h\se or a m\nta91 be+ z truly /ates ( our own p]cipi5t m9d1 & no?+ b /ates ( our own m9d1 z our feel+ ( joy or sorr[1 hope or fe>1 love or hate1--to :i* we nev] ?9k ( giv+ an exi/5ce1 nor a direct & imm$iate cause ( exi/5ce1 out ( ourselves4 ,by ! v con/itution ( our nature1 h[ev]1 or by ! influ5ce ( associations z irresi/ible z intuition itself1--x is impossible = u n to feel ?is ess5tial reality 9 ! causes ( "o set ( our m5tal affections1 9 ! same mann] z x is impossible = u to ascribe x to ano!r set4 ,! bra91 ! eye1 ! h\se1 ! m\nta91 we believe1 & _c b believe1 to h ext]nal exi/5ce1 indep5d5t ( our own2 ! joy & sorr[1 hope & fe>1 love & hate1 we believe1 & _c b believe1 to be m]ely /ates ( our own m9d1 occasion$ by o!r =m] /ates ( m9d1 & dep5d5t1 !re=e1 = _! cont9uance1 on our own cont9u$ exi/5ce only4 ,ev5 9 our wilde/ dreams1--9 :i* we imag9e all ?+s t are possible1 & almo/ all ?+s :i* are impossible2 we nev] consid] our joy or sorr[1 z directly indicative ( any ?+ sep>ate f ourselves1 & indep5d5t ( u1 8,:ile o'er our limbs sleep's s(t dom9ion spread1 ,:at ?o' our s\l fanta/ic measures trod1 ,o'er fairy fields2 or m\rn'd along ! gloom ,( pa?less woods2 or d[n ! craggy /eep ,hurl'd headlong1 swam ) pa9 ! mantl$ pool2 ,or scal$ ! cliff1--or danc$ on holl[ w9ds1 ,) antic %apes1 wild natives ( ! bra920 x 0 /ill only ! cliff1 ! wood1 ! pool1 :i* we consid]$ z ext]nal3 ! sorr[ ) :i* we m\rn$ along our gloomy track1 ! pa9 ) :i* we swam ! turbid wat]1 ! horror :i* we felt at ! antic %apes1 ) :i* we m+l$ 9 ! gho/ly dance1 7 felt to be :olly 9 ourselves1 & con/itut$1 :ile !y la/$1 ! v feel+ ( our own exi/5ce4--,! belief ( an ext]nal _w is1 h[ev]1 to come aft]w>ds "u our full exam9ation3--,x is suffici5t1 = ! pres5t1 to "k1 t 9 ! p]iod aft] infancy1 to :i* alone our memory ext5ds1 we are l$1 irresi/ibly1 to believe 9 x2 & t ! belief ( x1 !re=e1 9 :atev] mann] x may h orig9at$ 9 ! imp]fect p]ceptions ( our infancy1 is n[1 :5 ^? p]ceptions are mature1 s completely beyond ! p[] ( argum5t to ov]come1 t x exi/s1 z /rongly1 9 ^? :o reason aga9/ x1 z 9 ^? :o reason = x2--t ! ref]5ce to a direct ext]nal cause1 h[ev]1 does n accompany e feel+ ( our m9d1 b is conf9$ to a c]ta9 numb] ( t long succession ( feel+s1 :i* =ms ! v>i$ consci\sness ( our life1--& t ! feel+s1 ) respect to :i* ?is ref]5ce is made1 are ! class ( s5sations1 :i*1 :5 comb9$ ) ?is ref]5ce1 h commonly be5 di/+ui%$ by ! "n ( p]ceptions4 ,t we h no p]fect evid5ce ( ! ext]nal exi/5ce ?us ascrib$ by u1--indep5d5tly ( our own irresi/ible belief ( x1 may be all[$ to ! sceptic2 & ! reason+ ( ,doctor ,reid on ! subject1 z f> z he proce$s beyond ! ass]tion ( ?is irresi/ible belief1 & attempts1 :at has be5 commonly reg>d$ z a confutation ( ! scepticism on ?is po9t1--by repres5t+ x z proce$+ on a mi/ake1 ) respect to ! nature ( our ideas1--is itself1 z we %all aft]w>ds f9d1 nugatory & fallaci\s4 ,b /ill1 not)/&+ ! errors ( philosoph]s ) respect to x1 ! belief itself is1 9 ! circum/ances 9 :i* we n[ exi/1 s truly a "p ( our con/itution1 t to cont5d aga9/ x 9 argum5t w\ld be to admit its validity1 s9ce x w\ld be to suppose ! exi/5ce ( "s "o :om we are fairly und]tak+ to in/ruct or to confute4 ,9 :at circum/ance ! intuitive belief1--if1 z ,i h said1 ! belief be 9 any case intuitive1--arises2 or r1 9 h[ l>ge a proportion ( cases1 9 :i* ! ref]5ce seems prim>y & imm$iate1 x is1 m probably1 ! effect ( second>y associations transf]r$ f s5se to s5se1 w appe> bett] aft] ! m9ute analysis on :i* we are to ent]1 ( ! diff]5t tribes ( our s5sations4 ,9 ref]r+ to ! p>ticul> class ( s5sations1 & consequ5tly to an ext]nal cause1 a c]ta9 numb] only ( ! affections ( our m9d1 !re c be no d\bt1 t we proce$ n[1 9 ! mature /ate ( our k1 ) m accuracy1 ?an we c\ld h atta9$1 9 t e>ly p]iod ( life1 :5 our orig9al feel+s 7 m rec5t4 ,we h n[ a cle>] & m def9ite belief ( an ext]nal _w1 & ( objects ( s5sations sep>ate f our s5sations !mselves2 )\t :i* g5]al belief1 previ\sly obta9$1 we %\ld z little h ascrib$ to an ext]nal organic cause _m ( our feel+s1 :i* we n[ ascribe to "o--our s5sations ( s\nd & fragrance1 = example1--z we n[ ascribe to su* an imm$iate ext]nal cause1 our emotions ( joy or sorr[4 ,a /ill m important acquisition1 is our k ( our own organic frame1 by :i* we are enabl$1 9 a great measure1 to v]ify our s5sations1--to produce !m1 z x 7 at pleasure1 :5 _! ext]nal objects are be=e u1 & 9 ?is way to correct ! feel+s1 :i* h ris5 spontane\sly1 by ^?1 :i* we ourselves produce4 ,?us1 :51 9 rev]ie1 our conceptions become peculi>ly vivid1 & ! objects ( our ?\ght seem almo/ to exi/ 9 our pres5ce2 if only we /ret* out our h&1 or fix our eyes on ! =ms t are p]man5tly be=e u1 ! illusion vani%es4 ,our organ ( t\* or ( sight1 is n affect$ 9 ! same mann]1 z if ! object t *>ms u 9 our mus+ dream1 7 really pres5t2 & we class ! feel+1 !re=e1 z a conception1--n z a s5sation1--:i*1 b = ! opportunity ( ?is correction1 we %\ld unque/ionably1 9 _m in/ances1 h done4 ,b ?\gh1 9 =m+ ! class ( our s5sations1 we d]ive _m advantages f t full k :i* ! exp]i5ce ( _m ye>s has giv51 we pur*ase ^! by disadvantages :i* are p]haps z great1 & :i* are great]1 f ! v circum/ance1 t x is absolutely out ( our p[] to e/imate _! am\nt4 ,:at we consid] z ! imm$iate s5sation1 is n ! simple m5tal /ate1 z x orig9ally foll[$ t corporeal *ange1 :i* n[ prec$es x2 b1 at lea/ 9 ! mo/ /rik+ ( all ! tribes ( our s5sations1 is a v diff]5t "o4 ,we h ! au?ority ( reason1 a priori1 z %ew+ no peculi> connexion ( ! po9ts ( ! ret9a ) "o place ( bodies m ?an ) ano!r2 & we h ! au?ority also ( obs]vation1 9 ! celebrat$ case ( ! "y man :o 0 c\*$ by ,*eseld51 & 9 o!r cases ( ! same peculi> species ( bl9dness1 9 :i* ! eyes1 by a surgical op]ation1 h be5 r5d]$ = ! fir/ "t capable ( di/9ct vision1 t if we _h _h no organ ( s5se b t ( sight1 & no in/9ctive judgm5t _h be5 sup]add$ to m]e vision1 we %\ld n h _h ! p[] ( di/+ui%+ ! magnitude & di/ant place ( objects2--a m]e expanse ( col\r be+ all :i* we %\ld h p]ceiv$1 if ev5 col\r itself c\ld 9 ^! circum/ances1 h be5 p]ceiv$ by u z exp&$4 ,yet x is suffici5t n[1 t rays ( light1 precisely ! same 9 numb]1 & 9 precisely ! same direction1 z ^? :i* at "o p]iod ( our life1 exhibit$ to u col\r1 & col\r alone1 %\ld fall once m on ! same small expanse ( n]ve1 to give u in/antly t b\ndlessness ( vision1 :i*1 almo/ z if ! fett]s ( our mortal frame 7 %ak5 (f1 lifts u f our dungeon1 & makes u truly citiz5s1 n ( ! e>? only1 b ( ! univ]se4 ,simple z ! pr9ciple may n[ seem1 :i* di/+ui%es our second>y or acquir$ p]ceptions ( vision f ^? :i* 7 prim>y & imm$iate1 x 0 long be=e ! di/9ction 0 made2 & till a p]iod :i*--if we consid] x 9 relation to ^? long ages ( philosophic inquiry1 or1 r1 mo/ unphilosophic argum5tation1 :i* _h gone be=e--may be consid]$ almo/ z 9 our own "t1 longitud9al di/ance 0 conceiv$ to be z completely an orig9al object ( sight z ! v>ieties ( m]e col\r & brilliancy4 ,!re may1 !re=e--?\gh we h n yet be5 able1 & may nev] be able1 to discov] x1--be a correspond+ diff]5ce 9 our o!r s5sations1 :i* n[ seem to u simple & imm$iate4 ,9 ! case ( s\nd1 inde$1 !re is a v evid5t analogy to ^! visual acquir$ p]ceptions2 s9ce a con/ant ref]5ce to place m+les ) our s5sations ( ?is class1 9 ! same mann]1 ?\gh n s di/9ctly1 z 9 our p]ceptions ( sight4 ,we p]ceive ! s\nd1 z x 7 ne> or at a di/ance1 9 "o direction r ?an 9 ano!r2 z1 9 ! case ( longitud9al di/ance 9 vision1 we p]ceive col\r at "o di/ance r ?an at ano!r4 ,yet !re is z little reason1 f ! nature ( ! organic *anges !mselves1 to suppose1 t diff]5t affections ( our auditory n]ves %\ld orig9ally give u diff]5t notions ( di/ance1 z t su* notions %\ld orig9ally be produc$ by diff]5t affections ( ! ret9a3 &1 z 9 sight & he>+1 s x is f> f improbable1 t1 9 all our s5ses1 !re may1 by ! reciprocal influ5ce ( ^! ^u ea* o!r1 or by ! repeat$ lessons ( individual exp]i5ce 9 ea*1 be a simil> modification ( ! orig9al simple feel+s1 :i*1 9 t fir/ /age ( exi/5ce t op5$ to u ! _w & its ph5om5a1 ea* individual organ sep>ately af=d$4 ,our reason+ ) respect to !m1 !re=e1 z orig9al organs ( s5se1 may1 p]haps1 be z false1 z our *emical reason+ w\ld be1 7 we to attempt to inf] ! prop]ties ( an uncomb9$ acid1 or alkali1 f our obs]vation ( ! v diff]5t prop]ties ( a neutral salt1 into ! composition ( :i* we "k t ! acid or ! alkali has ent]$4 ,if1 inde$1 x 7 9 our p[] to be introduc$ to a society1 l t ( :i* ,did]ot speaks1 9 8 ,lett] on ! ,deaf & ,dumb1 & to hold communication ) !m1 all our d\bts on ?is subject w\ld be remov$4 8,:at a /range society10 says he1 8w\ld five p]sons make1 ea* ( !m end[$ ) "o only ( our five diff]5t s5ses2 & no two ( ! p>ty ) ! same s5se6 ,!re c be no d\bt1 t1 diff]+1 z !y mu/ diff]1 9 all _! views ( nature1 !y w\ld treat ea* o!r z madm51 & t ea* w\ld look ^u ! o!rs ) all due contempt4 ,x is1 inde$1 only an image ( :at is happ5+ e mom5t 9 ! _w2 we h b "o s5se1 & we judge ( e ?+40#fc--8,!re is1 h[ev]10 he ju/ly rem>ks1 8"o sci5ce1 ?\gh b "o sci5ce1 9 :i* ! :ole society ( ! diff]5t s5ses might agree1--! sci5ce :i* has relation to ! prop]ties ( numb]4 ,!y might ea* arrive1 by _! sep>ate ab/ractions1 at ! sublime/ speculations ( ari?metic & algebra2 !y might fa?om ! dep?s ( analysis1 & propose & resolve problems ( ! mo/ complicat$ equations1 z if !y 7 all s _m ,diophantuses4 ,x is p]haps10 he adds1 8:at ! oy/] is do+ 9 its %ell40#fd ,f su* a society1--if1 inde$1 we c\ld hold any communication ) ^! pr(\nd algebrai/s1 except 9 _! common sci5ce ( numb]s1--we might und\bt$ly le>n1 :at are ! direct imm$iate affections ( m9d1 to :i* our s5ses individually give rise1 & consequ5tly1 h[ mu*1 :ile feel+ has bl5d$ ) feel+1 !y h reciprocally op]at$ on ea* o!r4 ,b1 9 our pres5t circum/ances1 unaid$ by int]c\rse ) su* liv+ ab/ractions1 x is impossible = u to remove :olly ?is unc]ta9ty1 z to ! k9d & degree ( influ5ce1 :i* exp]i5ce may h _h1 9 modify+ our prim>y s5sations4 ,we may wi%1 inde$1 to be able to di/+ui% our pres5t feel+s1 f ^? :i* ! same objects orig9ally excit$2 b1 s9ce no memory c g back to ! p]iod1 at :i* we did n p]ceive longitud9al di/ance1 z x 71 imm$iately by ! eye1 z little1 we may suppose1 c any memory g back to ! p]iod1 :5 o!r s5sations1 less int]e/+ ?an ^? ( vision1 7 fir/ excit$4 ,c\ld we trace ! s]ies ( feel+s1 9 a s+le m9d1--z v>i\sly modifi$1 9 ! progress f infancy to maturity1--we %\ld "k m ( ! intellectual & moral nature ( man1 ?an is probably ev] to be reveal$ to 8 inquiry1--:5 9 ages1 z remote f t 9 :i* we live1 & p]haps z mu* m enlight5$1 z our own age may be said to be 9 relation to ! p]iod ( orig9al d>kness & b>b>ism1 he is /ill to be se>*+ into 8 own nature1 ) ! same avidity z n[1 ,he mu/1 inde$ be a v dull obs]v]1 :o has n felt1 on look+ at an infant1 "s desire to "k ! little processes ( ?\ght1 t are go+ on 9 8 curi\s & active m9d2 & :o1 on reflect+ on ! value1 z an atta9m5t 9 sci5ce1 :i* ! sage/ philosoph] w\ld set on ! consci\sness ( ^? acquisitions :i* infancy has already made1 is n /ruck ) t ne>ness1 9 :i*1 9 "s po9ts1 extreme k & extreme ignorance may almo/ be said to meet4 ,:at metaphysician is !re1 h[ev] subtile & pr(\nd 9 8 analytical inquiries1 & h[ev] successful 9 ! analyses :i* he has made1 :o w\ld n give all 8 pa/ discov]y1 & all 8 hopes ( future discov]y1 = ! c]ta9ty ( kn[+ ) exactness :at e infant feels8 ,! full in/ruction1 :i* su* a view ( our progressive feel+s1 f _! v orig91 9 ! fir/ s5sations ( life1 w\ld af=d1 ,nature1 9 h] wisdom1 h[ev]1 has n communicat$ to u1--m ?an %e has communicat$ to u ! nature ( t /ate ( be+1 :i* awaits ! s\l aft] x has f9i%$ its c>e] ( mortality4 ,our exi/5ce seems1 9 our conception ( x1 nev] to h _h a beg9n+4 ,z f> back z we c rememb] any ev5t1 !re is always a p]iod1 t appe>s to u /ill f>!r back1 ! ev5ts ( :i* we _c di/+ui%2 z1 :5 we look t[>d ! di/ant horizon1 we see1 less & less di/9ctly1 9 ! long l9e :i* ! sun%9e ( ev5+ /ill illum9ates1 pla9s1 & woods1 & /reams1 & hills1 m di/ant1 half melt+ into air1 beyond :i* our eye c f9d no?+1--?\gh we are /ill c]ta91 t o!r woods1 & /reams1 & pla9s are !re1 & t x is only ! imp]fection ( our sight1 :i* seems to b\nd !m z 9 ano!r _w4 ,x is to man1 :5 he ?9ks ^u 8 own beg9n+1 z if he felt himself 9 a _w ( en*antm5t1 amid ! %ades & fl[]s ( :i* he _h be5 w&]+1 unconsci\s ( ! "t at :i* he ent]$ x1 or ( ! objects t are await+ him1 :5 he %all h arriv$ at ! close ( t pa?1 ^: w9d+s /ill lead him =w>d1--& kn[+ little m1 ?an t he is himself happy1 & t ! unkn[n ,be+1 :o has rais$ ?is magnific5t sc5e ar\nd him1 mu/ be ! ,fri5d ( ! mortal1 :om he has deign$ to admit into x4 8,well pleas$ he scans ,! goodly prospect1--&1 ) inw>d smiles1 ,treads ! gay v]dure ( ! pa9t$ pla91-- ,beholds ! azure canopy ( heav51 ,& liv+ lamps1 t ov]-ar* 8 head1 ,) m ?an regal spl5d\r1--b5ds 8 e> ,to ! full *oir ( wat]1 air1 & e>?2 ,nor he$s ! pleas+ error ( 8 ?\ght1 ,nor d\bts ! pa9t$ gre5 or azure ar*1 ,nor que/ions m ! music's m+l+ s\nds1 ,?an space1 or motion1 or et]nal "t2 ,s sweet he feels _! influ5ce to attract ,8 fix$ s\l1 to bright5 ! dull glooms ,( c>e1 & make ! de/9$ road ( life ,delightful to 8 feet4 ,s1 fables tell1 ,! adv5tur\s h]o1 b\nd on h>d exploit1 ,beholds ) glad surprise1 by secret spell ,( "s k9d sage1 ! patron ( 8 toils1 ,a vision>y p>adise disclos$1 ,amid ! dubi\s wild2--,) /reams1 & %ades1 ,& airy songs1 ! en*ant$ l&scape smiles1 ,*e]s 8 long lab\rs1 & r5ews 8 frame40#fe ,! philosophic use ( ! t]m s5sation does n necess>ily imply1 :at1 9 its popul> use1 is consid]$ almo/ z involv$ 9 x2 & p]haps1 !re=e1 x may n be sup]flu\s to w>n y1 t x is n conf9$ to feel+s1 :i* are pleasurable or pa9ful1 b ext5ds to e m5tal affection1 t is ! imm$iate consequ5ce ( impression on our organs ( s5se1--( :i* m5tal /ates or affections1 _m1 &1 z ,i am incl9$ to ?9k1 by f> ! great] numb]1 are ( a k9d1 t _c be t]m$ ei!r agreeable or disagreeable4 ,( ! objects ( sight1 = example1 :i* are ( su* v frequ5t occurr5ce1 h[ few are !re1 at :i* we look1 ei!r ) pleasure or ) pa91--if we except t indirect pleasure1 :i*1 9 p>ticul> cases1 !y may af=d1 z communicat+ to u in=mation1 t is valuable 9 itself1 or z gratify+ ev5 our idle/ curiosity4 ,to take "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ cases ( ?is sort1--?\gh we may d]ive1 f ! p]usal ( a "w t int]e/s u1 ! pure/ delight1 x is a delight1 result+ only f ! conceptions1 :i* ! au?or1 9 consequ5ce ( ! happy contrivance ( symbolic *>act]s1 has be5 able to transfuse1 z x 71 f 8 own m9d into ours2 b1 dur+ all ! "t ( ! p]usal1 s5sations1 almo/ innum]able1 h be5 excit$ 9 u1 by ! sep>ate *>act]s1 ) :i* ! pages are cov]$1 t h nev] m+l$ ev5 ! fa9te/ direct pleasure1 ) ! g5]al emotion1 :i* !y1 & !y alone1 h indirectly produc$4 8,i appreh5d10 says ,dr ,reid1 8t1 besides ! s5sations1 t are ei!r agreeable or disagreeable1 !re is /ill a great] numb] t are indiff]5t4 ,to ^! we give s little att5tion1 t !y h no "n1 & are imm$iately =got1 z if !y _h nev] be52 & x requires att5tion to ! op]ations ( our m9ds1 to be conv9c$ ( _! exi/5ce4 ,= ?is end1 we may obs]ve1 t1 to a good e>1 e human voice is di/+ui%able f all o!rs4 ,"s voices are pleasant1 "s disagreeable2 b ! f> great] "p c nei!r be said to be "o or ! o!r4 ,! same ?+ may be said ( o!r s\nds1 & no less ( ta/es1 smells1 & col\rs2 & if we consid]1 t our s5ses are 9 cont9ual ex]cise :ile we are awake1 t "s s5sation att5ds e object !y pres5t to u1 & t famili> objects seldom raise any emotion1 pleasant or pa9ful1--we %all see reason1 besides ! agreeable & disagreeable1 to admit a ?ird class ( s5sations1 t may be call$ indiff]5t4 ,! s5sations t are indiff]5t1 are f> f be+ useless4 ,!y s]ve z signs1 to di/+ui% ?+s t diff]2 & ! in=mation we h conc]n+ ?+s ext]nal1 comes by _! means4 ,?us1 if a man _h no e> to receive pleasure f ! h>mony or melody ( s\nds1 he w\ld /ill f9d ! s5se ( he>+ ( great utility2 ?\gh s\nds gave him nei!r pleasure nor pa91 ( !mselves1 !y w\ld give him mu* useful in=mation2 & ! l may be said ( ! s5sations we h by all ! o!r s5ses40#ff ,x is z signs1 inde$1 f> m ?an z m]e pleasures 9 !mselves1 t our s5sations are to u ( su* ine/imable value4 ,ev5 9 ! case to :i* ,i be=e allud$1 ( ! symbolic or arbitr>y *>act]s ( a language1 :5 we consid] all ! important purposes to :i* ^! are subs]vi5t1 z rais+ u orig9ally f absolute b>b>ism1 & sav+ u f relaps+ into x1 !re might be an appe>ance ( p>adox1 inde$1 b !re w\ld be p]fect tru? 9 ass]t+1 t ! s5sations :i* are !mselves indiff]5t1 are m preci\s1 ev5 9 relation to happ9ess itself1 ?an ! s5sations :i* are !mselves accompani$ ) lively delight1 or r1 ( :i* x is ! v ess5ce to be delightful4 ,happ9ess1 ?\gh necess>ily involv+ pres5t pleasure1 is ! direct or indirect1 & (t5 ! v di/ant result ( feel+s ( e k9d1 pleasurable1 pa9ful1 & indiff]5t4 ,x is l ! beautiful pr(usion ( fl[]s1 :i* adorn our summ] fields4 ,9 our admiration ( ! foliage1 & ! blossoms1 & ! pure airs & sun%9e1 9 :i* !y seem to live1 we almo/ =get ! d>kness ( ! soil 9 :i* _! roots are spread4 ,yet h[ mu* %\ld we err1 if we 7 to consid] !m z d]iv+ _! *ief nutrim5t f ! beams t %9e ar\nd !m1 9 ! w>m? & light ( :i* we h w&]$ ) joy4 ,t delightful radiance alone w\ld h be5 ( little efficacy1 )\t ! %[]s1 f :i*1 9 ^? v w&]+s1 we h (t5 s\ght %elt] at noon2 or at lea/ )\t ! dews1 :i* 7 unhe$$ by u1 z !y fell sil5tly & almo/ ins5sibly on our ev5+ walk4 ,) ! common division ( our s5sations into five classes1--^? ( smell1 ta/e1 he>+1 sight1 t\*1 we h be5 famili>1 almo/ f our *ildhood2 & ?\gh ! classification may be f> f p]fect1 9 ref]5ce to our s5sations !mselves1 consid]$ simply z affections ( ! m9d1 x is suffici5tly accurate1 9 ref]5ce to ! m]e organs ( s5se2 =1 ?\gh our s5sations ( heat & cold1 9 "o v important respect1 :i* is aft]w>ds to be consid]$ by u1 h mu* less resemblance to ! o!r s5sations :i* we acquire by our organs ( t\*1 or at lea/ to s5sations1 :i* we are g5]ally suppos$ to d]ive f t organ1 ?an to s5sations1 :i* we receive by ! m$ium ( o!r organs1 our s5sations ( smell & s\nd = example--/ill1 z !y arise f an affection ( ! same organ1 !y may be m conv5i5tly ref]r$ to ! same1 ?an to any o!r class2 s9ce1 if we quit t obvi\s l9e ( di/9ction1 :i* ! diff]5ce ( organs af=ds1 we %all n f9d x easy to def9e !m by o!r l9es z precise4 ,b :atev] may be ! arbitr>y division or arrangem5t :i* we may =m ei!r ( our s5sations !mselves1 or ( ! organs t are previ\sly affect$1 ! susceptibility ( ! m9d1 by :i* x is capable ( be+ affect$ by ! *anges ( /ate 9 our m]e bodily organs1 mu/ be reg>d$ z1 9 e s5se ( ! ^w1 ( prim>y value 9 our m5tal con/itution4 ,to ! individual1 inde$1 x may be said to be 9 itself all ! ?+s :i* are ar\nd him1 h[ev] ne> or af>2 because x is truly t1 by :i* alone all ?+s ne> or af> become kn[n to him4 ,x con/itutes by ?is mutual relation1 :i* x e/abli%es1 a p[] ( m ?an magic ag5cy1 be=e :i* ! great gulf1 t appe>$ to sep>ate =ev] ! worlds ( matt] & ( _s1 disappe>s1--:i* ?us l9ks toge!r sub/ances1 t seem$1 9 _! nature1 incapable ( any common bond ( union1--& :i*1 br++ ! :ole inf9ity ( ?+s1 )9 ! sph]e ( our own m9d1 communicates to x "s fa9t semblance ( ! omnipres5ce ( its ,au?or4 8,:at is t organ10--says an eloqu5t ,fr5* writ]1 speak+ ( ! eye1--8:at is t a/oni%+ organ1 9 :i* all objects acquire1 by turns1 a successive exi/5ce1--:]e ! spaces1 ! figures1 & ! motions1 t surr\nd me1 are z x 7 creat$1--:]e ! />s1 t exi/ at ! di/ance ( a hundr$ millions ( leagues1 become a "p ( myself1--& :]e 9 a s+le half in* ( diamet]1 is conta9$ ! univ]se80 ,?is p[] ( ext]nal s5se1 :i* fir/ awakes u into life1 cont9ues1 ev] aft]1 to wat*1 z x 71 r\nd ! life :i* x awoke1 lavi%+ on u p]petual v>ieties ( in/ruction & delight2 & if1 f ! simple pleasures1 & simple elem5t>y k :i* x imm$iately af=ds1 we trace its influ5ce1 ?r\gh all ! successive feel+s to :i* x indirectly gives rise1 x may be said to exi/1 by a sort ( intellectual & moral transmutation1 9 ! mo/ ref9$ & e!rial ( all our ?\ghts & emotions4 ,:at ,grey says ( x1--9 ! comm5cem5t ( 8 beautiful fragm5t ,de ,pr9cipiis ,cogit&i1 address$ to 8 fri5d ,we/1 is n too high a panegyric1--t e ?+ delightful & amiable1 fri5d%ip & fancy1 & wisdom itself1 h _! prim>y s\rce 9 x4 8,non illa leves primordia motus ,quanquam p>va1 dabunt4 ,ltum vel amabile quicquid ,usquam oritur1 trahit h9c ortum2 nec surgit ad auras1 ,qu9 ea conspir5t simul1 ev5tusque secund5t4 ,h9c v>i vitai artes1 ac mollior usus1 ,dulce et amiciti v9clum3 ,sapi5tia dia ,h9c roseum acc5dit lum51 vultuque s]5o1 ,humanas ap]it m5tes1 nova gaudia mon/rans4 ,illa etiam1 qu te 7mirum7 noctesque diesque ,assidue fovit inspirans1 l+uamque sequ5tem ,temp]at 9 num]os1 atque horas mulcet in]tes1 ,aurea non alia si jactat orig9e ,musa40#fg ,s mu*1 inde$1 ( human k1 & ( all t is valuable & delightful 9 human feel+1 involves ^! elem5t>y s5sations1 z x 7 9 ! v ess5ce ( ! ?\ghts & feel+s !mselves1 t "o ( ! mo/ acute ( mod]n ,fr5* metaphysicians1 &1 ) sc>cely an exception1 all ! philosoph]s ( ! ,fr5* metaphysical s*ool1 :o are 8 foll[]s1 h consid]$ ! :ole v>iety ( human consci\sness1 z m]e s5sation v>i\sly trans=m$2 ?\gh1 9 /at+ ! nature ( ?is trans=mation1 & ! diff]5ce ( ! s5sations z trans=m$ f ! prim>y =ms ( m]e ext]nal feel+1 !y h n be5 s explicit1 z ! ass]tors ( a sy/em s p>adoxical ought assur$ly to h be54 ,on ! fallacies ( ?is v preval5t !ory ( m9d1 h[ev]1 :i* is aft]w>ds to be exam9$ by u fully1 ,i ne$ n at pres5t make any rem>ks4 ,?\gh ?is excessive simplification ( ! ph5om5a ( human ?\ght & feel+ is1 h[ev]1 f> m ?an ! ph5om5a truly all[1 x is n ! less c]ta91 t all ! v>ieties ( our consci\sness1 ?\gh n m]e trans=mations ( ext]nal s5se1 are1 :5 trac$ to _! s\rce1 ! results ( s5sation1 9 its v>i\s orig9al =ms4 ,9 inquir+ into ! ph5om5a ( our s5ses1 !n1 we beg9 our inquiry1 :]e k itself beg9s1 & ?\gh ! twilight1 :i* hangs ov] ?is fir/ op5+ ( intellectual life1 is p]haps only a presage1 or a "p ( t obscurity :i* is to att5d ! :ole track ( human inve/igation1 x /ill is twilight only1 n absolute d>kness4 ,we c discov] mu*1 ?\gh we _c discov] all2 & :]e absolute discov]y is n all[$1 !re is /ill left to u a probability ( conjecture1 ( :i*1 9 su* limit$ circum/ances1 ev5 philosophy may ju/ly avail h]self1 )\t dep>t+ f h] legitimate prov9ce4 ,,footnotes3 #fc uvres1 tom4 ii4 p4 #ab4 #fd ,p4 #aca4 #fe ,pleasures ( ,imag9ation1 ,book ,,iii4 v4 #dic--ead4 ,! fix$ s\l1 v4 #eje4 ,exploits1 v4 #ejh2 & ,spells1 v4 #eji4 ,orig4 #ff ,on ! ,intellectual p[]s1 ,essay ,,ii4 c4 #af4 #fg ,lib4 ,i4 v4 #ah-be4 & #bh-ca4 ,,lecture ,,xix4 ,,brief ,,notice ,,( ,,! ,,corporeal ,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,process1 ,,9 ,,s5sation4 ,! m5tal ph5om5a1 ( ! class :i* is at pres5t "u our consid]ation1 be+ ^?1 :i* arise1 9 consequ5ce ( c]ta9 previ\s affections ( our organs ( s5se1 x is necess>y1 t we %\ld take "s notice ( ! corporeal "p ( ! process2 ?\gh x mu/ always be rememb]$1 t x is ! la/ "p ( ! process1 ! m5tal affection only1 :i* truly belongs to our sci5ce1--& t1 if ?is1 9 all its v>ieties1 _h be5 ! result ( any o!r species ( affections ( organs con/itut$ 9 any o!r mann]1--z long z !re 0 ! regul> correspond5ce ( c]ta9 m5tal affections ) c]ta9 organic affections1--! philosophy ( m9d w\ld h cont9u$ precisely ! same z n[4 ,our sy/ems ( anatomy1 & ( ! physiology ( our m]e bodily frame1 w\ld inde$ h be5 diff]5t1--b n t m intimate physiology1 :i* relates to ! functions ( ! animat+ _s1 ^: pres5ce is life1 & )\t :i* our bodily frame1 9 all its beautiful adaptation ( p>ts to p>ts1 is a ma*9e1 z in]t & p[]less1 z ! sep>ate atoms t compose x4 ,! great ess5tial organ ( all s5sation is ! bra91 ) its app5dages1 p>ticul>ly ! n]ves t issue f x to c]ta9 organs1 :i* are m /rictly t]m$ ! organs ( s5se2 z x is !re ! imm$iate objects1 or ext]nal causes ( s5sation1 ! p>ticles ( light1 = example1 9 vision1 or ( od\r 9 smell1 arrive1 & come1 z x 71 into contact ) ! s5sorial sub/ance4 ,ea* organ1 z y well "k1 has objects peculi> to itself1 :i* x w\ld be sup]flu\s to enum]ate2 & s9ce ! bl9d are /ill s5sible ( s\nd1 ! deaf ( col\r1 & bo? ( smell1 & ta/e1 & t\*1 !re mu/ evid5tly be "s diff]5ce1 ei!r 9 ! s5sorial sub/ance itself :i* is diffus$ ov] ! diff]5t organs1 or 9 ! mode ( its diffusion & exposure 9 ! diff]5t organs1 f :i* ?is /rik+ div]sity ( _! relative s5sibilities proce$s4 ,! n]v\s matt] h[ev]1 consid]$ sep>ately f ! coats 9 :i* x is envelop$1 is ( ! same half-fibr\s1 b s(t & pulpy texture1 z ! sub/ance ( ! bra9 itself1 & is 9 p]fect cont9uity ) t sub/ance1 =m+1 !re=e1 ) x1 :at may be consid]$ z "o mass1 z mu* z ! :ole bra9 itself may be consid]$ z "o mass2 :i* has1 inde$1 = its *ief seat ! great cavity ( ! head2 ! 8,sup]as hom9is s$es1 arcemque c]ebri2 ,namque illic posuit solium1 et sua templa sacravit1 ,m5s animi2--0#fh b :i* ext5ds1 by innum]able ramifications1 ov] ! :ole surface1 & ?r\gh ! int]nal p>ts ( ! body4 ,! m9d1 9 t c5tral bra9 9 :i* x is suppos$ to reside1 communicat+ ) all ^! extreme bran*es1 has be5 comp>$1 by a v obvi\s1 b a v beautiful similitude1 to ! p>5t ,ocean1 receiv+ f innum]able di/ances ! wat]s ( its filial /reams3 8,ac uti long9quis desc5dunt montibus amnes1 ,velivolus ,tamisis1 flav5tisque ,indus ar51 ,euphratesque1 ,tagusque1 et opimo flum9e ,ganges1 ,undas quisque suas volv5s1--cursuque sonoro ,9 m>e prorumpunt2 hos magno accl9is 9 antro ,excipit ,oceanus1 natorumque ord9e longo ,dona recognoscit v5i5tum1 ultroque s]5at ,co]uleam faciem1 et diffuso m>more ridet4 ,haud alit] species prop]ant se inf]re novell ,c]tatim m5ti40#fi ,9 ! bra9 itself1 ! anatomi/ is able to %ew u1 ) p]fect cle>ness1 _m complicat$ p>ts1 :i* we mu/ believe to be adapt$ = answ]+ p>ticul> purposes 9 ! economy ( life2 b :5 we h gaz$ ) admiration on all ! wond]s :i* 8 dissect+ h& has reveal$ to u1 & h li/5$ to ! names ) :i* he mo/ accurately di/+ui%es ! little cavities or protub]ances :i* 8 knife has ?us laid op5 to our view1 we are /ill z ignorant z be=e ( ! p>ticul> purposes to :i* su* v>ieties ( =m are subs]vi5t2 & our only consolation is1--= !re is surely "s com=t 9 be+ only z ignorant z ! mo/ le>n$1--t we "k z mu* ( ! di/9ct uses ( ! p>ts z ! anatomi/ himself1 :o exhibits !m to u1 & tea*es u h[ to "n !m4 ,a /ructure1 9 e respect diff]5t1 ?\gh assur$ly less fit ?an ! pres5t :i* has be5 *os5 by inf9ite wisdom1 might1 z f> z we "k1 h answ]$ exactly ! same end2 :i* is z mu* z to say1 t our ignorance on ! subject is complete4 ,! only physiological facts ( importance1 9 ref]5ce to s5sation1 are1 t if ! n]ves1 :i* t]m9ate 9 p>ticul> organs1 be greatly diseas$1 ! s5sations :i* we ascribe to ^? p>ticul> organs cease2 & cease1 9 l mann]1 if ! cont9uity ( ! n]ves be de/roy$1 by cutt+ !m 9 any "p ( _! c\rse1 or if1 )\t loss ( absolute cont9uity1 _! /ructure1 9 any "p ( _! c\rse be impair$ by pressure1 :e!r f tight ligatures drawn ar\nd !m = ! purpose ( exp]im5t1 or f natural morbid causes4 ,9 %ort1 if ! bra9 & n]ves be 9 a s\nd /ate1 & c]ta9 sub/ances be appli$ to c]ta9 p>ts ( ! n]v\s sy/em1--z1 = in/ance1 sapid bodies to ! extremities ( ! n]ves ( ta/e1 or light to t expansion ( ! optic n]ve1 :i* =ms :at is t]m$ ! ret9a1--!re is !n in/ant s5sation2 & :5 ! bra9 itself is n 9 a s\nd /ate to a c]ta9 ext5t1 or :5 ! n]ve :i* is diffus$ on a p>ticul> organ is1 ei!r at ?is extremity ( x1 or 9 any "p ( its c\rse1 to a c]ta9 degree impair$1 !n !re is no s5sation1 ?\gh ! same ext]nal causes be appli$4 ,?is v slight g5]al k ( ! circum/ances 9 :i* s5sation takes place1 & ( ! circum/ances 9 :i* x does ,,n take place1 is all ! k :i* physiology af=ds u ( ! corporeal "p ( ! process2--& x is likely to cont9ue s =ev]1--at lea/ 9 all ! m important respects ( our ignorance1--s9ce any *anges :i* occur 9 ! corpuscul> motion1 & consequ5t new arrangem5t ( ! p>ticles ( ! sub/ance ( ! bra9 & n]ves1 correspond+ ) ! div]sities ( feel+ dur+ ^? p>ticul> /ates1--if su* corpuscul> motions or *anges d really take place1--are probably f> too m9ute to be obs]vable by our organs2 ev5 ?\gh we c\ld lay op5 all ! int]nal p>ts ( ! bra9 to complete obs]vation1 )\t de/roy+1 or at all affect+1 ! usual ph5om5a ( life3-- ,9 8foll[+ life ?r\gh creatures we dissect1 ,we loose x1 9 ! mom5t we detect40 ,inde$1 we are n able to d ev5 s mu* z ?is2 = life has already vani%$1 long be=e we h come ^u ! v]ge ( its secret prec9cts4 ,x is l a ,magician1 t op]ates at a di/ance on e side1 b /ill keeps himself ap>t1 )9 a n>r[ circle4 ,if we rema9 )\t ! circle1 we may gaze ) nev]-ceas+ admiration1 on ! wond]s t play 9 rapid succession be=e our eyes4 ,b1 if we ru% )91 to =ce an av[al1 ( ! secret en]gy t produces !m1 ! en*ant] & ! en*antm5ts alike are fl$4 ,! bra91 !n1 & ! v>i\s n]ves ( s5se 9 cont9uity ) x1 may1 :5 tak5 toge!r1 be consid]$ z =m+ "o great organ1 :i* ,i w\ld t]m briefly ! s5sorial organ1 ess5tial to life1 & to ! imm$iate production ( ^? m5tal ph5om5a :i* con/itute our s5sations1 &1 p]haps1 too1 modify+ 9 "s measure1 directly or indirectly1 all ! o!r ph5om5a ( ! m9d4 8,dum m5s alma caput c]ebrique palatia celsa ,occupat1 et famulos sublimis dirigit artus1 ,et facili imp]io n]vorum flectit hab5as1 ,illius ad nutum s5sus extranea r]um ,explorant signa1 et /udio exempl>ia fido ,ad dom9am adducunt2 vel qui /atione locantur ,vic9a1 capitisque tu5tur lim9a1 ocelli1 ,n>esque1 auriculque1 et vis arguta palati2 ,vel qui p] totam currit sp>so agm9e molem ,tactus1 ad extremas speculator corporis aras4 ,8 s5sim auxiliis in/ructa fidelibus1 olim ,m5s humilis nulloque jac5s +loria cultu ,c>c]is 9 t5ebris mox sese attolit 9 auras ,dives opum v>i>um1 et sid]a sc&it ,olympi40 ,( ! nature ( ! connexion ( ?is great s5sorial organ ) ! s5ti5t m9d1 we nev] %all be able to und]/& m ?an is involv$ 9 ! simple fact1 t a c]ta9 affection ( ! n]v\s sy/em prec$es imm$iately a c]ta9 affection ( ! m9d4 ,b1 ?\gh we are accu/om$ to reg>d ?is species ( mutual succession ( bodily & m5tal *anges1 z peculi>ly inexplicable1 f ! v diff]5t nature ( ! sub/ances :i* are reciprocally affect$1 x is truly n m s ?an any o!r case ( succession ( ev5ts1 :]e ! ph5om5a occur 9 sub/ances t are n diff]5t 9 _! prop]ties1 b analog\s1 or ev5 absolutely simil>2 s9ce1 9 no "o in/ance ( ?is k9d1 c we p]ceive m ?an ! uni=m ord] ( ! succession itself2 & ( *anges1 ! successions ( :i* are all absolutely inexplicable1 or1 9 o!r words1 absolutely simple1 & unsusceptible1 !re=e1 ( fur!r analysis1 none c be ju/ly said to be m or less s ?an ano!r4 ,t a peculi> /ate ( ! m]e p>ticles ( ! bra91 %\ld be foll[$ by a *ange ( /ate ( ! s5ti5t m9d1 is truly wond]ful2 b if we consid] x /rictly1 we %all f9d x to be by no means m wond]ful1 ?an t ! arrival ( ! moon1 at a c]ta9 po9t ( ! heav5s1 %\ld r5d] ! /ate ( a body on ! surface ( our e>?1 diff]5t f :at x o!rwise w\ld naturally be or t ! /ate ( e p>ticle ( our globe1 9 its relative t5d5cies ( gravitation1 %\ld be in/antly *ang$1 z x unque/ionably w\ld be1 by ! de/ruction ( ! mo/ di/ant satellite ( ! mo/ di/ant planet ( our sy/em1 or probably too1 by ! de/ruction ev5 ( "o ( ^? remote/ ( />s1 :i* are illum9at+ _! own sy/em ( planets1 s f> 9 ! dep? ( inf9ity1 t _! light1--to borr[ a well-kn[n illu/ration ( sid]eal di/ance1--may nev] yet h rea*$ our e>?1 s9ce ! mom5t at :i* !y d>t$ =? _! fir/ beams1 9 ! creation ( ! univ]se4 ,we believe1 inde$1 ) z mu* confid5ce1 t "o ev5t w uni=mly h = its consequ5t ano!r ev5t1 :i* we h obs]v$ to foll[ x1 z we believe ! simple fact t x has prec$$ x1 9 ! p>ticul> case obs]v$4 ,b ! k ( ! pres5t sequ5ce1 z a m]e fact1 to be rememb]$1 & ! expectation ( future simil> sequ5ces1 z ! result ( an orig9al law ( our belief1 are precisely ( ! same k9d1 :e!r ! sequ5ce ( *anges be 9 m9d1 or 9 matt] s+ly1 or reciprocally 9 bo?4 ,:at ! nature ( ! *ange is1 t is produc$ at ! extremity ( ! n]ve1 x is beyond our p[] to /ate1 or ev5 to guess2 & we are equally ignorant ( ! mann] 9 :i* ?is affection ( ! n]ve is communicat$1 or is suppos$ to be communicat$1 to ! bra94 ,b t "s affection is gradually propagat$1 f ! "o to ! o!r1 s z to r5d] ! *ange 9 ! /ate ( ! bra9 subsequ5t1 by a c]ta9 int]val1 to ! *ange 9 ! /ate ( ! n]ve1 is univ]sally believ$4 ,9 apply+ to ?is *ange ! t]m impression1 a t]m inde$ :i* _h be5 9 common use be=e1 ,dr ,reid is c>eful to po9t out ! reason = :i* ?is t]m appe>s to him pref]able to o!rs2 & ?\gh ,i confess t ! ^w seems to me to convey too mu* ! notion ( a peculi> well kn[n species ( action2 t :i* consi/s 9 produc+ a c]ta9 configuration ( ! object impress$1 correspond+ ) ! figure ( ! impress+ object1 ! v notion t has _h s p]nici\s an effect 9 ! !ory ( p]ception2 & ?\gh ,i conceive ! simple t]m *ange or affection to be all :i* is safely admissible1 z long z ! nature ( ! p>ticul> *ange is absolutely unkn[n2 /ill x mu/ be confess$ t impression is a t]m a little m g5]al ?an ! o!r names ( action1 to :i* ,dr ,reid alludes1 & !re=e pref]able to !m1 9 ! pres5t case4 8,!re is suffici5t reason10 he says1 8to conclude1 t1 9 p]ception1 ! object produces "s *ange 9 ! organ2 t ! organ produces "s *ange ^u ! n]ve2 & t ! n]ve produces "s *ange 9 ! bra94 ,& we give ! "n ( an impression to ^? *anges1 because we h n a "n m prop] to express1 9 a g5]al mann]1 any *ange produc$ 9 a body1 by an ext]nal cause1 )\t specify+ ! nature ( t *ange4 ,:e!r x be pressure1 or attraction1 or repulsion1 or vibration1 or some?+ unkn[n1 = :i* we h no "n1 /ill x may be call$ an impression4 ,b ) reg>d to ! p>ticul> k9d ( ?is *ange or impression1 philosoph]s h nev] be5 able to discov] any ?+ at all40#gj ,t ! ^w impression is n s free1 z ,dr ,reid supposes1 f t hypo!tical mean+ :i* he wi%$ to avoid1 ,i h already rem>k$4 ,b ! reason assign$ by him = 8 pref]5ce ( x1 is unque/ionably a j "o2 s9ce a phrase :i* expresses ! lea/ possible k1 mu/ be all[$ to be ! be/ suit$ to human ignorance1--t ignorance1 :i*1 n 9 ! philosophy ( intellect only1 b 9 :atev] track ( sci5ce we may proce$1 & :atev] tru?s we may pr\dly discov] 9 our way1 /ill meets u at ! end ( e pa?1 z if to mock at once our weakness & our pride1--& :i* seems to u to be e :]e1 because x is1 :]ev] we are ourselves4 ,! spl5d\r ( nature1 z x exi/s 9 itself1 is1 if ,i may speak figuratively1 l sun%9e on a b\ndless pla91 on ! fl[]s & h]bage ( :i*1 ?\gh !re be innum]able v>ieties ( col\r1 !re is brilliancy 9 all4 ,b ! mis=tune is1 t1 z soon z we h approa*$ ne> en\gh to di/+ui% ! div]sity ( t9ts1 _! brilliancy is s obscur$ by our v approa* to !m1 t _! nice div]sities are no long] di/+ui%able2 z if man c\ld n move along1 )\t ?r[+ 8 own %ad[ on e ?+ be=e him4 ,:5 ,i say1 t we are ignorant ( ! nature ( t *ange1 :i* is propagat$ along ! n]ve to ! bra91 ,i speak 9 ref]5ce to an op9ion t is univ]sal4 ,b1 ?\gh x may be improbable1 x is c]ta9ly f> f impossible1 t !re is really no su* progressive communication1 z ?is :i* is suppos$4 ,! bra9 & n]ves1 ?\gh1 f ! diff]5ce ( names1 y might be l$1 p]haps1 to consid] !m z di/9ct1 ,i h already said1 are n sep>ate organs1 b are 9 cont9uity ) ea* o!r1 at lea/ z mu* z v>i\s p>ts ( ! bra9 itself1 :i* are compreh5d$ "u t s+le t]m1 c be said to be cont9u\s4 ,:5 tak5 toge!r1 !y =m :at is truly "o complicat$ s5sorial organ1--! organ ( all our s5sations1 accord+ to ! diff]5t /ates 9 :i* ! organ exi/s1 or ! diff]5t p>ts ( x :i* are *iefly affect$4 ,9 he>+1 = example1 a c]ta9 /ate ( t "p ( ! s5sorial organ1 :i* con/itutes ! auditory n]ves1--9 vision1 a c]ta9 /ate ( t "p ( x1 :i* con/itutes ! optic n]ves1 is necess>y to s5sation1--&1 9 bo? cases1 accord+ to ! univ]sal supposition on ! subject1 all or "p ( ! bra9 likewise mu/ exi/ 9 a c]ta9 /ate1 ( :i* we "k no?+ m1 ?an t x is foll[$1 9 ! "o case1 by ! s5sation ( s\nd1 9 ! o!r case by t ( sight4 ,! connexion ( ! m9d ) ! bodily frame1--:i* mu/ be equally inexplicable on e supposition t c be =m$1--is n suppos$1 by any philosoph]1 to dep5d on ! /ate ( a s+le physical po9t ( ! bra9 alone2 &1 if x ext5d to m ?an "o su* po9t1 !re is no?+1--9 ! nature ( ! connexion itself1 indep5d5tly ( exp]i5ce1--:i* necess>ily limits x to "o portion ( ! complex s5sorial organ1 m ?an to ano!r1--to ! p>ticles ( ! c5tral mass ( ! bra91 = example1 m ?an to ^? ( ! n]ve itself4 ,x is exp]i5ce1 !n1 to :i* we are ref]r$2 & exp]i5ce1 ?\gh x %[s t c]ta9 n]ves are n ess5tial to life1 s9ce life cont9ues equally1 aft] !y may h be5 impair$1 or ev5 de/roy$1 is f> f %[+ t an affection ( !m is n ess5tial to s5sation1 at ! v mom5t ( ! p>ticul> s5sation2 nor does x af=d ev5 ! slighte/ evid5ce1 to ju/ify ! belief1 t ! only use ( ! n]ve is to communicate a c]ta9 affection to ! bra91 :i* affection ( ! m]e c5tral "p ( ! s5sorial organ1 w\ld1 ( itself1 imm$iately induce s5sation1 ?\gh ! n]ves 7 annihilat$ 9 ! prec$+ in/ant4 ,! s5sation may be ! imm$iate effect1 n ( ! /ate ( ! bra9 only1 b ( ! /ate ( ! bra91 & ( any p>ticul> n]ve1 consid]$ z exi/+ toge!r at ! mom5t2 9 ! same mann]1 z1 by ^? :o ascribe ! imm$iate orig9 ( s5sation to ! m]e bra91 exclusive ( its n]v\s app5dages1 x is suppos$ to dep5d on ! /ate1 n ( "o physical po9t ( ! c5tral bra91 b on ! /ate ( _m su* co-exi/+ po9ts4 ,we "k n1 to :at ext5t1 9 ! great s5sorial organ1 ?is *ange is necess>y2 b we believe1 t1 to "s ext5t1 x is necess>y2 & ! "q is1 :e!r1 9 ! :ole portion s affect$1 ! affection be produc$ by a succession ( *anges1 propagat$ f "p to "p8 ,?is may1 p]haps1 be ! m probable supposition3--b1 :atev] may be ! comp>ative probability or improbability1 x c]ta9ly has n be5 demon/rat$ by obs]vation or exp]im5t2 nor c !re be said to be1 a priori1 any absurdity 9 ! opposite supposition1 t ! s5sorial affection1 to :atev] ext5t x may be necess>y1 is n progressive1 b imm$iate1--t1 z long z ! s5sorial organ1 7"u :i* t]m ,i compreh5d1 z ,i h already frequ5tly repeat$1 n ! bra9 m]ely1 b also its n]v\s app5dages1 t exi/ 9 app>5t cont9uity ) ! bra917 is unimpair$1 by accid5t or disease1 ! pres5ce ( ! imm$iate object ( s5se1 at ! ext]nal organ1 :i* on e supposition1 mu/ be foll[$ by "s s5sorial *ange ( /ate1 is in/antly foll[$ by t g5]al *ange ( /ate ( ! int]nal organ1 :atev] x may be1 :i* is necess>y to s5sation1 9 ! p>ticul> case2 9 ! same mann]1 z ! pres5ce ( a cele/ial body1 at a c]ta9 po9t 9 ! heav5s1 is imm$iately foll[$ by a *ange ( /ate1 9 ! :ole gravitat+ p>ticles ( our globe2 ! *ange 9 any long l9e ( ^! gravitat+ p>ticles be+ n communicat$ f ea* to ea*1 b dep5d+ only on ! pres5ce ( ! di/ant sun or planet2 & beg9n+ 9 ! mo/ remote p>ticles ( ! l9e1 at ! v same in/ant1 z 9 t :i* is ne>e/1 on ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,an in/ant *ange1 9 ! long l9e ( s5sorial p>ticles1--if ! affection ( a long l9e ( ^! p>ticles be necess>y1--on ! pres5ce ( a p>ticul> object1 is n m improbable 9 itself1 ?an ?is in/ant & univ]sal influ5ce ( gravitation1 t v>ies ) all ! v>y+ positions ( a di/ant object4 ,b is x1 inde$1 c]ta91 t1 9 s5sation1 !re is an affection ( ! c5tral bra91 :e!r imm$iate or progressive8 ,is x n possible1 at lea/1 or m ?an possible1 t ! /ate ( ! m9d1 :5 we p]ceive col\rs & s\nds1 may be ! imm$iate consequ5t ( ! alt]$ /ate ( t "p ( ! s5sorial organ1 :i* =ms ! expansion ( ! n]ve 9 ! eye or e>8 ,! s5sations mu/ be suppos$1 9 e !ory1 to be ! consequ5ts ( /ates induc$ 9 "s s5sorial p>ticles1 & !re is no?+ b ! m]e names ( bra9 & n]ve1 inv5t$ by ourselves1 & ! notions :i* we h *os51 )\t evid5ce1 to atta* to ^! m]e names1 :i* w\ld m>k ! s5sorial p>ticles 9 ! n]v\s expanse itself1 z less fitt$ to be ! imm$iate antec$5ts ( sight & he>+1 ?an ! simil> s5sorial p>ticles 9 any portion ( ! c5tral mass ( ! bra94 ,!re is no reason1 9 %ort a priori1 = suppos+ t a /ate ( ! s5sorial p>ticles ( ! n]ves _c be ! cause ( s5sation1 & t ! s5sation mu/ be ! effect ( a /ate equally unkn[n1 ( app>5tly simil> p>ticles1 9 t o!r "p ( ! g5]al s5sorial organ1 :i* we h d5om9at$ ! bra94 ,s5sation1 inde$1 is prev5t$ by decay1 or g5]al disease ( ! bra91 or by sep>ation ( ! n]ve1 or pressure on x1 9 any "p ( its c\rse4 ,b x is f> f improbable1 t ^! causes1 :i* mu/ evid5tly be injuri\s to ! organ1 may act1 m]ely by prev5t+ t s\nd /ate ( ! n]ve1 :i* is necess>y = s5sation1 & :i*1 9 an organ s v delicate1 may be affect$ by ! slighte/ influ5ces1--by influ5ces f> slight]1 ?an may naturally be expect$ to result f su* an injury ( su* a "p4 ,! n]ves & bra91 toge!r1 =m "o great organ2 & a s\nd /ate ( ! :ole organ1 ev5 f ! analogy ( o!r gross] organs1 may well be suppos$ to be necess>y = ! heal?y /ate & p]fect function ( ea* sep>ate "p4 ,if1 inde$1 ! appe>ance ( ! bra9 & n]ves 7 su*1 z m>k$ !m to be peculi>ly fitt$ = ! communication ( motion ( any sort1 !re might be "s presumption1 f ?is v circum/ance1 9 fav\r ( ! op9ion1 t s5sation takes place1 only aft] a progressive s]ies ( affections ( "s sort1 propagat$ along ! n]ve to ! int]ior bra94 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$1 t ! nature1 bo? ( ! sub/ance ( ! n]ves !mselves1 & ( ! s(t & lax sub/ance1 9 :i* !y are loosely emb$d$1 r5d]s !m v ill adapt$ = ! communication ( nice v>ieties ( motion1 & gives "s additional likelihood1 !re=e1 to ! supposition1 t affections ( ! s5sorial organ1 s di/9ct z our s5sations are f ea* o!r1 & s exactly correspond+ ) ! slighte/ *anges ( ext]nal objects1 d n dep5d on ! progressive communication ( fa9t & imp]ceptible motion1 9 circum/ances s unfav\rable to ! un9t]rupt$ progress ev5 ( t m p[]ful motion1 :i* c be measur$ by ! eye4 ,9 a case s d\btful z ?is1 h[ev]1 9 :i* ! int]v5+ *anges suppos$ by philosoph]s1--if su* a progressive s]ies ( motions d really take place1--are confess$ to be beyond our obs]vation1 x is impossible = any "o1 :o has a j s5se ( ! limits1 :i* nature has oppos$ to our se>*1 to pron\nce ) c]ta9ty1 or ev5 p]haps ) t fa9t species ( belief1 :i* we give to m]e probability4 ,my conjectures on ! subject1 !re=e1 ,i /ate simply z conjectures1 & no?+ m4 ,if1 inde$1 :at is b a m]e conjecture c\ld be %[n to be well f\nd$1 x w\ld add ano!r case to ! innum]able in/ances1 9 :i* philosoph]s h lab\r$1 = ages1 to expla9 :at did n exi/1--cont5t+ !mselves1 aft] _! long toil1 ) ! skill & indu/ry :i* !y h exhibit$1 9 remov+ difficulties1 :i* !y _h be=e1 ) great skill & indu/ry1 plac$ 9 _! own way4 8,i am n s mu* conv9c$ ( our radical ignorance10 says an +5i\s writ]1 8by ! ?+s t are1 ( :i* ! nature is hid f u1 z by ! ?+s t are n1 ( :i* not)/&+ we contrive to give a v tol]able acc\nt2 = ?is %ews t we are n m]ely )\t ! pr9ciples :i* lead to tru?1 b t !re are o!r pr9ciples 9 our nature1 :i* c accommodate !mselves v well1 & =m a close connexion1 ) :at is positively false40 ,b :atev] reason !re may be = remov+ ?is suppos$ l9k ( ! corporeal "p ( ! process ( s5sation1 !re is ano!r prior l9k1 :i* x appe>s to me ( great importance to sep>ate f ! *a94 ,i allude to ! di/9ction1 :i* is commonly made1 ( ! objects ( s5se1 z act+ !mselves on our organs1 or z act+ ?r\gh :at is t]m$ a m$ium4 8,a second law ( our nature10 says ,dr ,reid1 8reg>d+ p]ception is1 t we p]ceive no object1 unless "s impression is made ^u ! organ ( s5se1 ei!r by ! imm$iate application ( ! object1 or by "s m$ium :i* passes betwe5 ! object & ! organ4 ,9 two ( our s5ses1 to wit1 t\* & ta/e1 !re mu/ be an imm$iate application ( ! object to ! organ4 ,9 ! o!r ?ree1 ! object is p]ceiv$ at a di/ance1 b /ill by means ( a m$ium1 by :i* "s impression is made ^u ! organ4 ,! effluvia ( bodies drawn into ! no/rils1 ) ! brea?1 are ! m$ium ( smell2 ! undulations ( ! air1 are ! m$ium ( he>+2 & ! rays ( light pass+ f visible objects to ! eye1 are ! m$ium ( sight4 ,we see no object1 unless rays ( light come f x to ! eye4 ,we he> n ! s\nd ( any body1 unless ! vibrations ( "s ela/ic m$ium1 occasion$ by ! tremul\s motion ( ! s\nd+ body1 rea* our e>4 ,we p]ceive no smell1 unless ! effluvia ( ! smell+ body ent] into ! no/rils4 ,we p]ceive no ta/e1 unless ! sapid body be appli$ to ! tongue1 or "s "p ( ! organ ( ta/e4 ,nor d we p]ceive any tangible quality ( a body1 unless x t\* ! h&s1 or "s "p ( our body40#ga ,x is evid5t1 t1 9 ^! cases ( a suppos$ m$ium1 :i* ,dr ,reid consid]s z =m+ s important a di/9ction ( our s5sations1 ! real object ( s5se is n ! di/ant object1 b t :i* acts imm$iately ^u ! organs1--! light itself1 n ! sun :i* beams x on u1--! odor\s p>ticles1 :i* ! w9d has waft$ to u f ! rose1 n ! rose itself ^u its /em1--! vibrations ( ! air1 )9 our e>1 n ! cannon t is fir$ at ! di/ance ( miles4 ,! light1 ! od\r1 ! vibrat+ air1 by :i* alone our s5ses are affect$1 act on our n]ves ( sight1 ( smell1 & he>+1 ) an influ5ce z direct1 & z little limit$ 9 ! k9d ( action1 z t ) :i* ! fruit1 :i* we eat or h&le1 acts on our n]ves ( ta/e or t\*4 ,?is influ5ce ( ! objects imm$iately ext]nal is all1 9 :i* our organs ( s5se1 & consequ5tly ! m9d z ! pr9ciple ( m]e s5sation1 is conc]n$4 ,! ref]5ce to ! di/ant sun1 or rose1 or cannon1 :i* alone leads u to speak ( a m$ium 9 any ( ^! cases1 is ! effect ( ano!r pr9ciple ( our intellectual nature1--! pr9ciple ( association1 or sugge/ion1--t is aft]w>ds to be consid]$ by u1 )\t :i*1 inde$1 our m]e transi5t s5sations w\ld be comp>atively ( little value2 b :i*1 z a quality or susceptibility ( ! m9d1 is n to be conf\nd$ ) t1 by :i* ! m9d becomes1 in/antly s5ti5t1 9 consequ5ce ( a c]ta9 *ange produc$ 9 ! /ate ( its s5sorial organ4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 precisely ! same s]ies ( *anges mu/ take place 9 nature1 :e!r we class ! sun1 ! fl[]1 ! cannon1 z ! objects ( s5se1 or m]ely ! light1 ! odor\s p>ticles1 & ! vibrat+ air1 x may p]haps be ?\ght1 t ! di/9ction n[ made is only a v]bal "o1 ( no real importance4 ,b x w n appe> su* to ^? :o are conv]sant ) ! diff]5t !ories ( p]ception :i* we are aft]w>ds to review2 _m ( :i*1 t h _h ! greate/ sway1 & a sway ! mo/ fatal to ! progress ( intellectual philosophy1 appe>1 to me1 to h aris5 entirely1 or at lea/ *iefly1 f ?is v misconception z to ! real ext]nal object ( s5se4 ,x is suffici5t at pres5t to allude to ! effect1 :i* ! m]e di/ance ( ! suppos$ object mu/ h _h1 9 giv+ room to all ! follies ( imag9ation to fill up ! int]val4 ,x may be necess>y1 h[ev]1 to rem>k by ! way1 t ?\gh ,i d n conceive ! bodies :i* act ?r\gh a m$ium1 z x is said to be ! real objects ( ! p>ticul> s5se2--! imm5se orb ( ! sun1 = example1 9 all its magnitude1 to be ! object ( t small organ by :i* we are s5sible ( light2 or ! cannon1 :i* exi/s we "k n :]e1 to be ! object ( t organ by :i* we are s5sible ( s\nd2--,i am /ill f> f object+ to ! popul> & v conv5i5t phraseology1 by :i* we speak ( see+ ! sun1 & he>+ ! cannon--a phraseology t expresses briefly a ref]5ce1 :i* c\ld n o!rwise be express$ b by a v awkw>d circumlocution1 & to make any innovation 9 :i* w\ld be z absurd1 z to reject ! popul> phrases ( ! sun's ris+ & sett+ m]ely because !y are inconsi/5t ) our a/ronomical belief4 ,! mo/ rigid philosophy c require no m1 ?an t1 :5 we talk ( ! sun's actual sett+1 we %\ld mean by x1 only a c]ta9 position relative to t great lum9>y at :i* ! e>? arrives 9 its diurnal revolution1--& t1 :5 we talk ( see+ x desc5d1 we %\ld mean no?+ m1 ?an t we see light ( a c]ta9 brilliancy1 f :i* we inf] ! exi/5ce & relative position ( ! orb t has project$ x4 ,i h be5 l$ into ^! obs]vations1 on ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! corporeal process :i* prec$es s5sation1 by ! desire ( remov+1 z mu* z possible1 any obscurity 9 :i* y\r notions on ! subject might be involv$1--z ,i "k well ! influ5ce :i* ev5 a slight confusion 9 our notion ( any "p ( a complicat$ process has1 9 spread+1 z x 71 its own d>kness & p]plexity ov] p>ts ( ! process1 :i* o!rwise we %\ld h f\nd no difficulty 9 compreh5d+4 ,y might ?9k1 t y knew less di/9ctly ! m5tal s5sation itself1 because y knew only obscurely ! s]ies ( bodily *anges t prec$e s5sation2 b /ill x mu/ be rememb]$1 t x is only ! la/ l9k ( ! corporeal *a91--! ultimate affection ( ! s5sorial organ1 9 :atev] mann] & to :atev] ext5t x may be affect$1--imm$iately antec$5t to ! affection ( ! m9d1 :i* is to be consid]$ z t ) :i* nature has unit$ ! correspond+ *ange 9 our m5tal frame4 ,?is my/]i\s influ5ce ( our bodily on our m5tal "p has be5 poetically comp>$ to t :i* ! sun 0 suppos$ to ex]cise on a lyre1 t =m$ "p ( a celebrat$ ,egyptian /atue ( ,memnon1 :i* 0 said to become musical :5 /ruck ) its beams2 & ?\gh ! poet has ext5d$ ! similitude1 beyond our m]e elem5t>y s5sations1 to ! complex p]ception ( beauty1 x is /ill a v happy illu/ration--z f> z a m]e poetic image c be an illu/ration--( ! p[] :i* matt] ex]cises ov] ! h>monies ( m9d3-- 8,= z old ,memnon's image1 long r5[n ,by fabl+ ,nilus1 to ! quiv]+ t\* ,( ,titan's ray ) ea* repulsive /r+ ,cons5t+1 s\nd$ ?r\gh ! w>bl+ air ,unbidd5 /ra9s1--ev5 s did ,nature's h&1 ,to c]ta9 species ( ext]nal ?+s ,attune ! f9] organs ( ! m9d4 ,s ! glad impulse ( cong5ial p[]s1 ,or ( sweet s\nd1 or fair proportion'd =m1 ,! grace ( motion1 or ! bloom ( light1 ,?rills ?r\gh ,imag9ation's t5d] frame1 ,f n]ve to n]ve4 ,all nak$ & alive1 ,!y cat* ! spread+ rays2 till n[ ! s\l ,at l5g? discloses e tuneful spr+1 ,to t h>moni\s movem5t f )\t4 ,responsive4 ,!n ! *>m1 by ,fate prep>'d ,diffuses its en*antm5t4#gb ,fancy dreams ,( sacr$ f\nta9s1 & ,elysian groves1 ,& vales ( bliss6 ! ,intellectual ,p[] ,b5ds f 8 awful ?rone a wond]+ e>1 ,& smiles2 ! ,passions1 g5tly soo!d away1 ,s9k to div9e repose2 & ,love & ,joy ,alone are wak+40#gc ,:5 we consid] ! v>iety ( our feel+s ?us wond]fully produc$1--! pleasures1 &1 /ill m1 ! inexhau/ible k1 :i* arise1 by ?is my/]i\s h>mony1 f ! imp]ceptible affection ( a few p>ticles ( n]v\s matt]1 x is impossible = u n to be impress$ ) m ?an admiration ( t ,p[]1 :i* ev5 our ignorance1 t is sc>cely capable ( see+ any ?+1 is yet1 by ! greate/ ( all ! b\nties ( heav51 able to p]ceive & admire4 ,9 ! creation ( ?is int]nal _w ( ?\ght1 ! ,div9e ,au?or ( our be+ has kn[n h[ to comb9e inf9ity itself ) t :i* may almo/ be consid]$ z ! mo/ f9ite ( ?+s2 & has repeat$1 z x 71 9 e m9d1 by ! almo/ creative s5sibilities ) :i* ,he has end[$ x1 t simple b maje/ic act ( omnipot5ce1 by :i*1 orig9ally1 ,he call$ f ! rude elem5ts ( *aos1 or r f no?+1 all ! spl5did glories ( ! univ]se4 ,,footnotes3 #fh ,gray de ,pr9cip1 ,cogit4 lib4 i4 v4 #dh-ej4 #fi ,gray de ,pr9cip4 ,cogit4 lib4 i4 v4 #ed-fc4 #gj ,on ! ,intellectual ,p[]s1 ,essay ,,ii4 *ap4 ii4 #ga ,on ! ,intellectual ,p[]s1 ,essay ,,ii4 *ap4 ii4 #gb 8,!n ! *>m10 c4 to 8en*antm5t10 f ! second =m ( ! ,poem4 ,! correspond+ clause1 9 ! fir/ =m1 f :i* all ! re/ ( ! quotation is tak51 is ?is1 8,!n ! inexpressive /ra9 ,diffuses its en*antm5t40 #gc ,pleasures ( ,imag9ation1 ,book ,i4 v4 #aji--aca4 ,,lecture ,,xx4 ,,p>ticul> ,,consid]ation ,,( ,,our ,,s5sations4--,,nameless ,,tribes ,,( ,,s5sations--,,s5sations ,,( ,,smell--,,( ,,ta/e--,,( ,,he>+4 ,a consid]able portion ( my la/ ,lecture1 ,g5tlem51 0 employ$ 9 illu/rat+ ! corporeal "p ( ! process ( p]ception1 :i*1 ?\gh less imm$iately connect$ ) our ,sci5ce ?an ! m5tal "p ( ! process1 is /ill1 f its intimate connexion ) ?is m5tal "p1 n to be altoge!r neglect$ by ! intellectual inquir]4 ,! importance ( cle> notions ( ! m]e organic *anges is1 inde$1 mo/ /rik+ly exemplifi$ 9 ! v false !ories ( p]ception :i* h prevail$1 & 9 "s measure /ill prevail2 & :i* evid5tly1 9 "p at lea/1 owe _! orig9 to ^? confus$ notions1 to :i* ,i allud$ 9 my la/ ,lecture1 ( ! objects ( p]ception1 z suppos$ to op]ate at a di/ance ?r\gh a m$ium1 & ( complicat$ s]ies ( *anges suppos$ to take place 9 ! n]ves & bra94 ,9 consid]+ ! ,ph5om5a ( our ,m9d1 z !y exi/ :5 we are capable ( mak+ !m subjects ( reflection1 ,i m5tion$ to y1 9 a =m] ,lecture1 t al?\gh we h to enc\nt] _m additional difficulties1 9 consequ5ce ( e>ly associations1 t modify =ev] aft] our orig9al elem5t>y feel+s1 ) an influ5ce t is inappreciable by u1 because x is truly unp]ceiv$1 !re are yet "s advantages1 :i* ?\gh !y d n fully comp5sate ?is evil1 at lea/ enable u to make "s d$uction f its am\nt4 ,! b5efit to :i* ,i allude1 is f\nd *iefly 9 ! class ( ph5om5a :i* we are n[ consid]+1--a class1 inde$1 :i* o!rwise we %\ld n h reg>d$ z half s compreh5sive z x truly is1 s9ce1 b = our previ\s belief ( ! exi/5ce ( a p]man5t & indep5d5t sy/em ( ext]nal ?+s acquir$ f o!r s\rces1 we %\ld h class$ by f> ! great] numb] ( ! feel+s1 :i* we n[ ref] to s5se1 among ^? :i* arise spontane\sly 9 ! m9d1 )\t any cause ext]nal to ! m9d itself4 ,?\gh ! s5sations1 :i* arise f affections ( ! same organ--z ^? ( w>m? & ext5sion = example1 or at lea/ ! feel+ ( w>m? & a tactual feel+1 t is commonly suppos$ to involve ext5sion1 f affections ( ! same n]ves ( t\*1--are n1 9 e case1 m analog\s to ea* o!r1 ?an ! s5sations :i* arise f affections ( diff]5t organs1--& ?\gh1 if we 7 to consid] ! s5sations alone1 !re=e1 )\t ref]5ce to _! organs1 we might n =m precisely ! same classification z at pres5t1--! division1 accord+ to ! organs affect$1 9 mo/ cases corresponds1 s exactly1 ) t :i* we %\ld make1 9 consid]+ ! m]e s5sations z affections ( ! m9d1 & af=ds 9 itself a pr9ciple ( classification1 s obvi\s & def9ite1 t we _c hesitate1 9 pref]r+ x to any o!r :i* we might attempt to =m4 ,9 ! arrangem5ts ( e sci5ce1 x is ( ess5tial consequ5ce1 t ! l9es ( diff]5ce1 :i* di/+ui% "o class f ano!r1 %\ld be well m>k$2 & ?is advantage is peculi>ly important 9 ! sci5ce ( m9d1 ! objects ( :i* d n1 z 9 ! o!r great dep>tm5t ( nature outla/ inquiry1 b are1 9 e case1 s v %ad[y & fugitive1 z to flit f u1 9 ! v glance1 t endeav\rs to cat* _! almo/ imp]ceptible outl9e4 ,9 exam9+1 !n1 accord+ to _! organs1 our classes ( s5sation2 & consid]+ :at feel+s ! organic affections excite at pres5t1 & :at we may suppose !m to h excit$ orig9ally1--,i %all beg9 ) ^? :i* are mo/ simple1 tak+ !m 9 ! ord] ( smell1 ta/e1 he>+1--n s mu*1 f any hope1 t ! in=mation1 :i* ^! af=d w ?r[ any great light on ! m complex ph5om5a ( sight & t\*1 z because ! consid]ation ( !m is easi]1 & may prep>e y gradually = ?is difficult analysis1 :i* awaits u aft]w>ds1 9 ! exam9ation ( ^? m p]plex+ ph5om5a4 ,i beg91 !n1 ) ! consid]ation ( t v simple ord] ( our s5sations :i* we ascribe to our organ ( ,,smell4 ,! organ ( smell1 z y well "k1 is pr9cipally 9 ! no/rils1--& p>tly also 9 "s cont9u\s cavities on :i* a portion ( ! olfactory n]ves is diffus$4 ,n>ibus int]ea cons$it odora hom9um vis ,docta leves capt>e auras1 ,pan*aia quales ,v]e novo exhalat1 ,florve quod oscula fragrant ,roscida1 cum ,zephyri furtim sub vesp]is hora ,respondet votis1 mollemque aspirat amorem4#gd ,:5 ! p>ticles ( od\r affect our n]ves ( smell1 a c]ta9 /ate ( m9d is produc$1 v>y+ ) ! nature ( ! odorif]\s body4 ,! m]e exi/5ce ( ?is /ate1 is all ! in=mation :i* we c\ld orig9ally h receiv$ f x1 if x _h be5 excit$ previ\sly to our s5sations ( a diff]5t class4 ,b1 ) our pres5t k1 x seems imm$iately to communicate to u mu* m important in=mation4 ,we are n m]ely s5sible ( ! p>ticul> feel+1 b we ref] x1 9 ! in/ant1--almo/ 9 ! same mann]1 z if ! ref]5ce itself 7 involv$ 9 ! s5sation1--to a rose1 hemlock1 honeysuckle1 or any o!r sub/ance1 agreeable or disagreeable2 ! imm$iate pres5ce1 or vic9ity ( :i* we h =m]ly f\nd to be att5d$ ) ?is p>ticul> s5sation4 ,! p[] ( mak+ ! ref]5ce1 h[ev]1 is unque/ionably d]iv$ f a s\rce diff]5t f t1 f :i* ! m]e s5sation is imm$iately d]iv$4 ,we mu/ previ\sly h se51 or h&l$1 ! rose1 ! hemlock1 ! honeysuckle2 or if1 )\t mak+ ?is p>ticul> ref]5ce1 we m]ely consid] our s5sation ( smell z caus$ by "s unkn[n object ext]nal to our m9d1 we mu/ at lea/ h previ\sly se5 or h&l$ "s o!r bodies1 :i* excit$1 at ! same "t1 s5sations analog\s to ! pres5t4 ,if we _h be5 end[$ ) ! s5se ( smell1 & ) no o!r s5se :atev]1 ! s5sations ( ?is class w\ld h be5 simple feel+s ( pleasure or pa91 :i* we %\ld z little h ascrib$ to an ext]nal cause1 z any ( our spontane\s feel+s ( joy or sorr[1 t are equally la/+ or equally transi5t4 ,ev5 at pres5t1 aft] ! connexion ( our s5sations ( a fragrance ) ! bodies :i* we t]m fragrant1 has be51 9 a great measure1 fix$ 9 our m9d1 by innum]able reflections1 we /ill1 if we att5d to ! process ( ! ref]5ce itself1 are consci\s ( a sugge/ion ( remembrance1 & c sep>ate ! s5sation1 z a m]e feel+ ( ! m9d1 f ! k ( ! object or ext]nal cause ( ! s5sation1 :i* seems to u a subsequ5t /ate ( ! m9d1 h[ev] close ! succession may be4 ,inde$1 :at is !re :i* we c discov]1 9 ! m]e s5sation ( fragrance1 t is itself significant ( solidity1 ext5sion1 or :at ev] we may reg>d z ess5tial to ! exi/5ce ( ?+s )\t8 ,z a m]e *ange 9 ! =m ( our be+1 x may sugge/ to u ! necessity ( "s cause or antec$5t ( ! *ange4 ,b x is f> f imply+ ! necessity ( a corporeal cause2--any m ?an su* a direct corporeal cause is impli$ 9 any o!r modification ( our be+1 intellectual or moral1--9 our belief1 = example1 ( ! mo/ ab/ract tru?1 at :i* we may h arriv$ by a sl[ developem5t ( proposition aft] proposition1 9 a process ( int]nal reflective analysis1--or 9 ! mo/ ref9$ & sublime ( our emotions1 :51 )\t ?9k+ ( any "o ( ! objects ar\nd1 we h be5 m$itat+ on ! ,div9ity :o =m$ !m--himself ! pure/ ( spiritual exi/5ces4 ,our belief ( a sy/em ( ext]nal ?+s1 !n1 does n1 z f> z we c judge f ! nature ( ! feel+s1 arise f our s5sations ( smell1 m ?an f any ( our int]nal pleasures or pa9s2 b we class our s5sations ( smell z s5sations1 because we h previ\sly believ$ 9 a sy/em ( ext]nal ?+s1 & h f\nd1 by uni=m exp]i5ce1 t ! introduction ( "s new ext]nal body1 ei!r felt or se5 by u1 0 ! antec$5t1 ( ^? /ates ( m9d :i* we d5om9ate s5sations ( smell1 & n ( ^? int]nal pa9s or pleasures1 :i* we !re=e di/+ui% f !m1 z ! spontane\s affections ( our own indep5d5t m9d4 ,,on ,,ta/e4 ,) ! organ ( ta/e y are all suffici5tly acqua9t$4 ,9 consid]+ ! ph5om5a1 :i* x pres5ts1 9 ! peculi> s5sations t directly fl[ f x1 x is necess>y to make "s little ab/raction f ! s5sation ( t\*1 :i* accompanies !m1 9 consequ5ce ( ! imm$iate application ( ! tangible sapid body to ! organ2 b ! s5sations1 ?us co-exi/+1 are s v diff]5t 9 !mselves1 z to be easily di/+ui%able4 ,:5 ! organ ( ta/e is 9 a s\nd /ate1 ! application ( c]ta9 sub/ances produces1 imm$iately1 t *ange or affection ( ! s5sorial organs1 :i* is att5d$ ) a correspond+ *ange or affection ( ! s5ti5t m9d4 ,9 our pres5t /ate ( k1 we imm$iately ref] ?is simple s5sation1 to some?+1 :i* is bitt]1 or sweet1 or acrid1 or ( "s o!r d5om9ation ( sapid quality2 & we h no hesitation1 9 class+ ! s5sations z s5sations1--effects ( laws ( action t belong jo9tly to matt] & m9d1--n z feel+s t arise 9 ! m9d1 f its own indep5d5t con/itution4 ,b1 if we att5d suffici5tly to ! feel+ t arises 9 ! case ( ta/e1 we %all f9d1 h[ev] imm$iate ! ref]5ce to a sapid body may seem to be1 t x is truly successive to ! simple s5sation1 & is ! m]e sugge/ion ( =m] exp]i5ce1 :5 a body previ\sly recogniz$ by u z an ext]nal sub/ance1 0 appli$ to our organ ( ta/e2--9 ! same mann]1 z1 :5 we see a%es & dy+ emb]s1 we imm$iately inf] "s previ\s combu/ion1 :i* we c\ld n h inf]r$1 if combu/ion itself _h be5 a ph5om5on altoge!r unkn[n to u4 ,9 ! simple s5sation :i* prec$es ! ref]5ce1--! m]e pleasure ( sweetness or ! m]e pa9 ( bitt]ness--!re is no?+ :i* seems to m>k m di/9ctly ! pres5ce ( honey or wormwood1 or any simil> ext]nal sub/ance1 ?an 9 any ( our joys or sorr[s1 to :i* we h n giv5 a "n2 & !re c be no d\bt1 t1 if ! p>ticul> feel+ :i* we n[ t]m joy1 & ! p>ticul> feel+ :i* we n[ t]m sorr[1 _h be5 excit$1 :5ev] we knew1 f o!r s\rces1 t c]ta9 bodies 7 appli$ to ! tongue1 we %\ld h consid]$ ^! int]nal feel+s z s5sations1 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w1 precisely 9 ! same mann]1 z we n[ reg>d1 z s5sations1 ! feel+ :i* we t]m sweetness1 & ! feel+ :i* we t]m bitt]ness1 because1 l ^! s5sations1 !y c\ld n h fail$ to sugge/ to u1 by ! common influ5ce ( association1 ! pres5ce & direct co9cid5ce ( ! object )\t4 ,9 ! case ( ta/e1 !re=e1 z 9 ! case ( smell1 we c\ld n1 f ! simple s5sations1--if ^! alone _h be5 giv5 to u1--h d]iv$ any k ( an ext]nal _w1 ( sub/ances ext5d$ & resi/+2 b we consid] !m z s5sations1 9 ! /rict philosophic mean+ ( ! t]m1 because we h previ\sly acquir$ our belief ( an ext]nal _w4 ,x may be rem>k$ ( ^! two classes ( s5sations1 n[ consid]$1 t !y h a great] mutual resemblance1 ?an our s5sations ( any o!r k9d4 ,x is only a bl9d man :o ?9ks1 t :at is call$ sc>let is l ! s\nd ( a trumpet2 b !re are ta/es :i* we consid] z l smells1 9 ! same mann] z we consid] !m to be l o!r ta/es2 &1 if we _h n acquir$ a di/9ct k ( ! seats ( our diff]5t organs1 & _h yet kn[n t smells & ta/es arose f ext]nal causes act+ ^u "s "o or o!r ( ^!1 we %\ld probably h be5 greatly puzzl$1 9 _m cases1 9 our attempt to ref] ! p>ticul> s5sation to its p>ticul> organ4 ,9 consid]+ ! advantages :i* we d]ive f our organs ( smell & ta/e1 ! m]e pleasures :i* !y directly af=d1 z a "p ( ! g5]al happ9ess ( life1 are to be reg>d$1 f _! frequ5t occurr5ce1 z ( no consid]able am\nt4 ,! fragrance ( ! fields ent]s l>gely into t obscure b delightful gr\p ( images1 :i* rise 9 our m9ds on ! m]e names ( spr+1 summ]1 ! c\ntry1 & seems to repres5t ! v =m ( e!real purity1 z if x 7 ! brea? ( heav5 itself4 ,if we imag9e all ! innum]able fl[]s :i* nature p\rs out1 l a tribute ( inc5se to ! ,god :o is adorn+ h]1 aga9 to be /ripp$1 9 a s+le mom5t1 ( _! od\r1 ?\gh !y 7 to reta9 all _! bright div]sities ( col\r+1 x w\ld seem z if !y 7 depriv$ ( a _s :i* animates !m1--h[ cold & dead w\ld !y in/antly become1--& h[ mu* %\ld we lose ( t v]nal joy1 :i* r5d]s ! season ( blossoms almo/ a new life to ourselves4 8,9 va9 ! gold5 ,morn al(t ,waves h] dew-bespangl$ w+2 ,) v]meil *eek & :isp] s(t ,%e woos ! t>dy ,spr+2 ,till ,april />ts1 & calls ar\nd ,! sleep+ fragrance f ! gr\nd10#ge ,x is by ?is delightful quality t ! tribes ( vegetable life seem to hold a sort ( social & spiritual communion ) u4 ,x is1 z x 71 ! voice ) :i* !y address u1 & a voice :i* speaks only ( happ9ess4 ,to him :o walks among ! fl[]s :i* he has t5d$1 8,ea* odorif]\s leaf1 ,ea* op5+ blossom1 freely brea!s abroad ,its gratitude1 & ?anks him ) its sweets40 ,! pleasures ( ! s5se ( ta/e1 9 ! mod]ate enjoym5t ( :i* !re is no?+ repreh5sible1 are1 9 a peculi> mann]1 associat$ ) family happ9ess4 ,to h met frequ5tly at ! same bo>d1 is no small "p ( _m ( ! delightful remembrances ( fri5d%ip2 & to meet aga9 at ! same bo>d1 aft] ye>s ( abs5ce1 is a pleasure t almo/ makes atonem5t = ! long & dre>y int]val betwe54 ,9 "s half-civiliz$ c\ntries1 9 :i* ! influ5ce ( simple feel+s ( ?is k9d is at once m =cible 9 itself1 & less obscur$ 9 ! confusion ( ev] v>y+ frivolities & passions1 ?is hospitable bond =ms1 z y well "k1 "o ( ! /ronge/ ties ( mutual obligation1 suffici5t (t5 to *eck ! impetuosity ( v9dictive passions :i* no o!r remembrance c\ld1 9 ! mom5t ( fury1 re/ra94 ,_h !re be5 no pleasure atta*$ to a repa/1 indep5d5t ( ! m]e relief f ! pa9 ( hung]1 ! co>se & equal food w\ld probably h be5 tak5 by ea* individual ap>t1 & might ev51 l our o!r animal necessities1 h be5 associat$ ) feel+s :i* w\ld h r5d]$ solitude a duty ( ext]nal decorum4 ,x w\ld n be easy1 ev5 = ^? :o h be5 accu/om$ to trace a simple cause ?r\gh all its remote/ op]ations1 to say1 h[ mu* ( happ9ess1 & h[ mu* ev5 ( ! w>m t5d]ness ( virtue1 w\ld be de/roy$1 by ! *ange ( mann]s1 :i* %\ld simply put an end to ! social meal2 t meal :i* n[ calls all ! memb]s ( a family to susp5d _! c>es = a :ile1 & to enjoy t *e]fulness1 :i* is be/ reflect$ f o!rs1 & :i* c be p]man5t only :5 x is s reflect$1 f s\l to s\l1 & f eye to eye4 ,"o v important advantage1 m directly obvi\s ?an ?is1 & ( a k9d :i* e "o may be dispos$ m readily to admit1 is af=d$ by our s5ses ( smell & ta/e1 9 guid+ our selection ( ! sub/ances :i* we take z alim5t>y4 ,to ! o!r animals1 ^: s5ses ( ?is ord] are s mu* quick]1 & ^: in/9cts1 9 accommodation to _! want ( g5]al language1 & consequ5t difficulty ( acquir+ k by mutual communication1 are provid5tially allott$ to !m1 9 a degree1 & ( a k9d1 f> surpass+ ! in/9cts ( ! sl[ b noble reflector man1 ^! s5ses seem to furni% imm$iate in/ruction z1 to ! sub/ances prop] = n\ri%m5t1 to ! exclusion ( ^? :i* w\ld be noxi\s4 ,to man1 h[ev]1 :o is "u ! gu>dian%ip ( affections m b5eficial to him ?an any in/9ct ( 8 own c\ld be1 !re is no reason to believe1 t !y d ?is prim>ily1 & ( !mselves1 ?\gh1 9 ! /ate 9 :i* he is br\ght up1 in/ruct$ ) respect to e ?+ noxi\s or salut>y1 by ^? :o wat* con/antly ov] him 9 ! e>ly p]iod ( 8 life1 & hav+1 !re=e1 no necessity to appeal to ! m]e discrim9ation ( 8 own indep5d5t organs1 &1 /ill m1 z 9 ! artificial /ate ( ?+s1 9 :i* he lives1 8 s5ses are at once p]plex$ & pall$1 by ! v>iety & confusion ( luxuri\s prep>ation1 x is n easy to say1 h[ f> 8 prim>y in/9cts1--if x _h n be5 ! high & inevitable dignity ( 8 nature to rise above ^!1--might1 ( !mselves1 h op]at$ z directors4 ,b1 :atev] _! prim>y influ5ce may be1 ! second>y influ5ce ( 8 organs ( ta/e & smell is n ! less important4 ,:5 we h once completely le>n$ :at sub/ances are noxi\s1 & :at are salut>y1 we !n1 h[ev] simil> !y may be 9 _! o!r s5sible qualities1 discrim9ate ^! z (t5 z !y are aga9 pres5t$ to u1 by t ta/e or smell1 :i* !y affect ) diff]5t s5sations2 & our acquir$ k has ?us ultimately1 9 guid+ our *oice1 ! =ce & ! vivacity ( an orig9al in/9ct4 ,,he>+4 ,9 consid]+ ! ph5om5a ( ! s5se ( he>+1 to :i* ,i n[ proce$1 ,i may apply to !m ! same rem>k1 :i* has be5 already appli$ to ! ph5om5a ( ! s5ses be=e consid]$4 ,!y are class$ by u1 z s5sations1 m]ely 9 consequ5ce ( our previ\s belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( ^? ext]nal bodies1 ! motion ( :i* we h kn[n to be foll[$ by simil> feel+s4 ,our m9d beg9s sudd5ly to exi/ 9 a c]ta9 /ate2 & we call ?is /ate joy or sorr[1 )\t suppos+ t x dep5ds on ! imm$iate pres5ce ( any ext]nal object4 ,x beg9s aga9 to exi/1 9 a diff]5t /ate1 & we say1 t we he> a flute1 ref]r+ ! feel+ imm$iately to an ext]nal cause4 ,b !re c be no d\bt1 t1 9 mak+ ?is ref]5ce1 9 ! "o case1 & n 9 ! o!r1 we are influ5c$ by exp]i5ce1 & by exp]i5ce alone4 ,if we suppose ourselves end[$ ) ! s+le s5se ( he>+1 & incapable !re=e ( hav+ previ\sly se5 or felt ! flute1 :i* is brea!d be=e u1 or any o!r ext5d$ & resi/+ object :atev]1 we may imag9e ! m]e s\nd to recur1 innum]able times1 )\t discov]+ any mode by :i* x c give u m k1 ?an we %\ld receive f a simil> recurr5ce ( any int]nal joy or sorr[4 ,t we %\ld be able to ref] x to a body1 su* z we n[ mean1 :5 we speak ( a flute1 is manife/ly impossible2 s9ce ?is implies k ( solidity1 & =m1 & col\r1 :i* c\ld n be acquir$ )\t t\* & sight4 ,b !re seems ev5 no reason to ?9k1 t we %\ld ref] x to any ext]nal cause :atev]1 unless1 inde$1 su* a ref]5ce necess>ily accompani$ e feel+1 :i* we "k is f> f be+ ! case1 s9ce we h _m int]nal pleasures1 n m l to ea* o!r1 ?an !y are to ! s\nd ( a flute1 :i* we d n ref] to any ?+1 sep>ate or sep>able1 f ! con/itution ( our own m9d4 ,9 he>+1 !re=e1 z 9 ta/e & smell1 we d n d]ive f its s5sations our k ( ?+s ext]nal1 b1 9 consequ5ce ( our k ( ?+s ext]nal1 we reg>d ^! feel+s1 z s5sations1 9 ! common philosophic mean+ ( t t]m4 ,simple z our s5se ( he>+ may seem1 x af=ds a /rik+ specim5 ( t almo/ inf9ite v>iety1 :i* is n inconsi/5t ) ! close/ resemblance2 & ! notion :i* we may =m ( ! innum]able v>ieties ( s\nd1 is p]haps n m va/1 :5 we attempt to w&] ov] its b\ndless discrepancies1 ?an :5 we limit ourselves to its greate/ simil>ities1 9 a s+le ^w ( a language1 or1 9 t :i* we might be incl9$ at fir/ to reg>d z simplicity itself1 a s+le musical tone4 8,a flute1 a viol91 a hautboy1 & a ,fr5* horn10 x has be5 truly rem>k$1 8may all s\nd ! same tone1 & be easily di/+ui%able4 ,nay1 if tw5ty human voices s\nd ! same note1 & ) equal /r5g?1 !re w /ill be "s diff]5ce4 ,! same voice1 :ile x reta9s its prop] di/9ctions1 may be v>i$ _m ways1 by sickness or heal?1 y\? or age1 leanness or fatness1 good or bad hum\r4 ,! same words1 spok5 by =eign]s & natives1 nay1 by diff]5t prov9ces ( ! same nation1 may be v easily di/+ui%$40#gf ,:5 we speak ( ! value ( ?is s5se z a "p ( our m5tal con/itution1 x is en\gh to say1 t x is to x we are indirectly indebt$ = ! use ( v]bal language1--t p[] s peculi>ly di/9ctive ( man1 t1 9 ! poetical phraseology ( "o celebrat$ c\ntry1 x gave him 8 "n z a divid] ( ! voice1 or1 9 o!r words1 an utt]] ( articulate s\nds4 ,if we consid] spee* simply z a m$ium ( ! reciprocal expression ( pres5t feel+s to ! little society ( citiz5s & fri5ds ( :i* we are a "p1 ev5 9 ?is limit$ view1 ( :at ine/imable value does x appe>6 ,to communicate to e "o ar\nd u1 9 a s+le mom5t1 ! happ9ess :i* we feel ourselves1--to express ! want1 :i* we h full confid5ce1 w be reliev$ z soon z x is kn[n1--or to h ! /ill great] privilege ( be+ ourselves ! m9i/]s ( com=t to wants1 :i* o!rwise c\ld n h be5 reliev$ by u1 because !y c\ld n h be5 discov]$1--:5 ! he>t :i* we love is weigh$ d[n ) imag9>y grief1 to h x 9 our p[]1 by a few simple s\nds1 to conv]t angui% itself into rapture1--^! are surely no slight advantages2 & yet comp>$ ) ! b5efit :i* x af=ds to man z an intellectual be+1 ev5 ^! are 9 consid]able4 ,to be )\t language1 spok5 or writt51 is almo/ to be )\t ?\ght2 & if1 n an individual only1 liv+ among 8 fell[s ^: light may be reflect$ ^u him1 b our :ole race _h be5 s con/itut$1 x is sc>cely possible to conceive t be+s1 ^: in/9cts are s mu* less v>i\s & p[]ful ?an ^? ( ! o!r animals1 c\ld h held ov] !m t dom9ion1 :i* !y n[ s easily ex]cise4 ,:]ev] two human be+s1 !re=e1 are to be f\nd1 !re language is4 ,we mu/ n ?9k1 9 a speculative comp>ison ( ?is sort1 ( m]e savage life2 = ! rude/ savages w\ld be z mu* sup]ior to a race ( be+s )\t spee*1 z ! mo/ civiliz$ nations at ?is mom5t are1 comp>$ ) ! half-brutal w&]]s ( =e/s & des]ts1 ^: f]oci\s ignorance seems to "k little m ?an h[ to de/roy & be de/roy$4 ,ev5 ^! are /ill associat$ 9 tribes1 t conc]t toge!r v]bally _! s*emes ( havoc & def5ce2 & employ1 9 delib]at+ on ! massacre ( be+s z little human z !mselves1 or ! plund] ( a few huts1 t seem to conta9 no?+ b mis]y & ! mis]able1 ! same glori\s in/rum5t ) :i* ,socrates br\ght wisdom d[n f heav5 to e>?1 & ,newton made ! heav5s !mselves1 & all ! wond]s :i* !y conta91 desc5d1 z x 7 to be grasp$ & measur$ by ! feeble arm ( man4 ,su* are ! b5efits ( language1 ev5 9 its fugitive /ate2 b ! noble/ ( all ! b5efits :i* x conf]s1 is 9 t p]man5t transmission ( ?\ght1 :i* gives to ea* individual ! p[]s & ! wisdom ( 8 species2 or1 r1--= ! unit$ p[]s & wisdom ( 8 species1 z !y exi/ 9 myriads1 at ! same mom5t ) himself1 ^u ! globe1 w\ld be comp>atively a trifl+ end[m5t1--x gives him ! ri* inh]itance ( ! accumulat$ acquisitions ( all ! multitudes1 :o1 l himself1 9 e prec$+ age1 h inquir$1 & m$itat$1 & pati5tly discov]$1 or by ! happy inspiration ( g5ius1 h f\nd tru?s :i* !y sc>cely s\ght1 & p5etrat$1 ) ! rapidity ( a s+le glance1 ^? dep?s ( nature1 :i* ! weak /eps & dim tor*-light ( g5]ations aft] g5]ations _h va9ly lab\r$ to explore4 ,by t happy inv5tion1 :i* we owe indirectly to ! e>1 ! b\nd>ies ( "t seem to be at once remov$4 ,no?+ is pa/2 = e ?+ lives1 z x 71 be=e u4 ,! ?\ghts ( be+s :o _h trod ! mo/ di/ant soil1 9 ! mo/ di/ant p]iod1 arise aga9 9 our m9d1 ) ! same w>m? & fre%ness z :5 !y fir/ awoke to life 9 ! bosom ( _! au?or4 ,t sy/em ( p]petual transmigration1 :i* 0 b a fable1 z believ$ by ,py?agoras1--becomes reality :5 x is appli$1 n to ! s\l itself1 b to its feel+s4 ,!re is !n a true metempsy*osis1 by :i* ! poet & ! sage1 9 spread+ _! conceptions & emotions f brea/ to brea/1 may be said to ext5d _! exi/5ce ?r\gh an ev]-*ang+ immortality4 ,:o does n feel ! ju/ness ( :at ,lucan says1 :5 he speaks ( ! ev5ts ( ,ph>salia1 & pr$icts ! lively feel+s ) :i* !y are aft]w>ds to be reg>d$1 n z pa/1 & !re=e indiff]5t1 b z pres5t1 & almo/ future3 8,hc et apud s]as g5tes1 populosque nepotum1 ,sive sua tantum v5i5t 9 secula fama1-- ,sive aliquid magnis no/ri quoque cura laboris ,nom9ibus prodesse pote/1--cum bella leg5tur1 ,spesque metusque simul1 p]ituraque vota movebunt2 ,attonitique omnes1 veluti v5i5tia fata ,non transmissa leg5t1 et adhuc tibi magni favebunt40#gg 8,!re is )\t all d\bt10 z has be5 ju/ly obs]v$1 8a *a9 ( ! ?\ghts ( human k9d1 f ! orig9 ( ! _w d[n to ! mom5t at :i* we exi/1--a *a9 n less univ]sal ?an t ( ! g5]ation ( e be+ t lives4 ,ages h ex]t$ _! influ5ce on ages2 nations on nations2 tru?s on errors2 errors on tru?s40 ,9 con=mity ) ?is idea ( ! g5]ation ( ?\ght1 ,i may rem>k1 t we are 9 possession ( op9ions1--:i*1 p]haps1 regulate our life 9 its mo/ important moral conc]ns1 or 9 all its intellectual pursuits1--) respect to :i*1 we are z ignorant ( ! orig9al au?ors1 by :om !y h be5 sil5tly & imp]ceptibly transmitt$ to u f m9d to m9d1 z we are ignorant ( ^? ance/ors1 on ^: exi/5ce 9 ! ?\s&s ( ye>s :i* prec$$ our entrance into ! _w1 our life itself has dep5d$1 & )\t :om1 !re=e1 we %\ld n h be54 ,! unlimit$ transmission ( ?\ght1 :i* ! inv5tion ( language all[s1 br+s ! univ]se ( m9d into t po9t ( view1 9 :i* an eloqu5t liv+ ,fr5* au?or has consid]$ ! physical univ]se1--z exhibit+1 at once1 all its spl5did v>ieties ( ev5ts1 & unit+1 z x 71 9 a s+le mom5t ! wond]s ( et]nity4 8,comb9e10 says he1 8by y\r imag9ation1 all ! faire/ appe>ances ( ?+s4 ,suppose t y see1 at once1 all ! h\rs ( ! day1 & all ! seasons ( ! ye>1--a morn+ ( spr+ & ( autumn1--a night brilliant ) />s1 & a night obscure ) cl\ds1--mead[s1 enamell$ ) fl[]s1--fields1 wav+ ) h>ve/1--woods1 heavy ) ! fro/s ( w9t]1--y w !n h a j notion ( ! spectacle ( ! univ]se4 ,is x n wondr\s1 t :ile y are admir+ ! sun1 :o is plung+ b5ea? ! vault ( ! we/1 ano!r obs]v] is behold+ him z he quits ! regions ( ! ea/1--9 ! same in/ant repos+1 we>y1 f ! du/ ( ! ev5+1 & awak+1 fre% & y\?ful1 9 ! dews ( morn6 !re is n a mom5t ( ! day1 9 :i* ! same sun is n ris+1 %9+ 9 8 z5i?1 & sett+ on ! _w6 or1 r1 our s5ses abuse u1 & !re is no ris+1 nor sett+1 nor z5i?1 nor ea/1 nor we/2 b all is "o fix$ po9t1 at :i* e species ( light is beam+ at once f ! unalt]able orb ( day40 ,9 l mann]1--,if ,i may v5ture to consid] ! ph5om5a ( ! m9d 9 ! same fanciful po9t ( view1--e mom5t may be said to be exhibit+ ! bir?1 & progress1 & decay ( ?\ght4 ,infancy1 maturity1 old age1 dea?1 are m+l$1 z x 71 9 "o univ]sal sc5e4 ,! op9ions :i* are p]i%+ 9 "o m9d1 are ris+ 9 ano!r2 & (t51 p]haps1 at ! la/ fad+ ray ( ! flame ( g5ius1 t may h almo/ dazzl$ ! _w ) excess ( brilliancy1 "s /> may be k9dl+1 :i* is to %9e ^u ! intellectual univ]se ) equal light & glory3--#gh 8,fl[]s ( ! sky6 ye1 too1 to age mu/ yield1 ,frail1 z y\r silk5 si/]s ( ! field6 ,/> aft] /> f ,heav5's high ar* %all ru%2 ,suns s9k on suns1 & sy/ems sy/ems cru%2 ,headlong1 ext9ct1 to "o d>k c5tre fall1 ,& ,dea?1 & ,night1 & ,*aos1 m+le all6 ----,till1 o'er ! wreck1 em]g+ f ! /orm1 ,immortal ,nature lifts h] *angeful =m2 ,m\nts f h] fun]al pyre on w+s ( flame1 ,& so>s1 & %9es1--ano!r1 & ! same40 ,su* are ! b5efits result+ f t happie/ ( all inv5tions1 :i* we may be said to owe to our s5se ( ,he>+1--if1 inde$1 x be an inv5tion ( man1 & n r1 z _m h ?\ght1 a coeval p[]1 be/[$ on him by 8 provid5t ,creator at ! v mom5t :i* gave him life4 ,b /ill1 :e!r orig9al or inv5t$1 ! e> mu/ equally h be5 its prim>y recipi5t4 ,we h se51 9 ! view :i* we h tak5 ( x1 t ( our m social int]c\rse x con/itutes ! *ief delight1--giv+ happ9ess to h\rs1 ! we>y+ heav9ess ( :i* mu/ o!rwise h r5d]$ exi/5ce an insupportable bur!n2 & t1 9 its m important "*1 z fix$1 9 ! imp]i%able records :i* are transmitt$1 9 un9t]rupt$ progression1 f ! g5]ation :i* passes away to ! g5]ation t succe$s1 x gives to ! individual man1 ! product ( all ! creative en]gies ( mank9d2 ext5d+1 ev5 to ! humble/ intellect1 :i* c /ill mix itself ) ! illu/ri\s dead1 t privilege1 :i* has be5 poetically allott$ to ! immortality ( g5ius1 ( be+ 8! citiz5 ( e c\ntry1 & ! contempor>y ( e age40 ,,footnotes3 #gd ,gray de ,pr9cipiis ,cogit&i1 ,lib4 ,i4 v4 #acj-acd4 #ge ,gray on ! ,pleasure aris+ f ,vicissitude1 ,/anza ,i4--,9 v4 i4 ! orig9al has1 in/ead ( 89 va910 8n[40 #gf ,reid's ,inquiry into ! ,human ,m9d1 c4 iv4 sect4 #a4 #gg ,ph>salia1 lib4 vii4 v4 #bjg--bac4 #gh ,d>w9's ,botanic ,g>d51 ,canto ,,iv4 v4 #cga--chj4 ,,lecture ,,xxi4 ,,on ,,he>+--,,cont9u$4 ,g5tlem51 aft] consid]+1 9 a =m] ,lecture1 "s /ates ( m9d1 :i* arise imm$iately f affections ( our n]ves1 & :i*1 !re=e1 ,i c see no reason = class+ ap>t f our o!r s5sations1 ,i proce$$1 9 my la/ ,lecture1 to consid] ! feel+s1 :i* are m commonly t]m$ s5sations1 beg9n+ ) ! mo/ simple ( ^!1 9 ! ord] ( smell1 ta/e1 & he>+4 ,9 ! elucidation ( ^!1 my great object 0 to %[1 t !re is no?+1 9 ! m]e /ates ( m9d1 t con/itutes ! s5sations ( fragrance1 sweetness1 s\nd1 :i* c\ld h l$ u to ascribe !m to corporeal objects z _! causes1--m ?an 9 any ( our int]nal joys or sorr[s1--if we _h _h no o!r means ( acquir+ k ( ^? causes1 ?an are af=d$ by ! s5sations !mselves1--t1 9 %ort1 we consid] !m z s5sations1 or ext]nal affections ( ! m9d1 because we h previ\sly believ$ 9 an ext]nal _w1--n t we believe 9 an ext]nal _w1 m]ely because we h _h ^? p>ticul> s5sations4 ,! v>i\s advantages1 :i* ^! ?ree s5ses af=d1 ,i endeav\r$ to po9t out to y2 &1 9 p>ticul> occupi$ a great "p ( my ,lecture1 9 illu/rat+ ! advantages = :i* we are indebt$ to our organ ( he>+1 z ! m$ium ( language1 & by x1 m or less directly1 n ( ! high acquisitions ( sci5ce & civilization only1 b ( ! rude/ =ms ( social communication1 & almo/ ( social exi/5ce4 ,aft] ! rem>ks on ?is advantage receiv$ f language1 :i* is unque/ionably1 & beyond all comp>ison1 ! mo/ ine/imable b5efit :i* ! s5se ( he>+ af=ds1--x w\ld be improp] to omit :olly ! m5tion ( ! pleasure1 :i* we receive f x1 z a s\rce ( musical delight1--( t expression ( feel+1 :i* itself1 almo/ l v]bal disc\rse1 may be said to be a language1 s9ce x is ! utt]ance ( ?\ght & emotion f he>t to he>t1--b :i* has a voice1 z indep5d5t ( ! m]e arbitr>y =ms ( spee*1 z ! te>s ( gratitude1 or ! smiles ( love1 t may inde$1 give eloqu5ce to words1 b require no words to r5d] !m eloqu5t4 ,?\gh1 :5 v /rictly consid]$1 ev5 ! pure1 & almo/ spiritual delight ( music1 may p]haps be c\nt$ only a pleasure ( s5se1 x yet approa*es1 by s _m /rik+ analogies1 to ! nature ( our intellectual enjoym5ts1 t x may almo/ be said to belong to t class2 & ?\gh1--relatively to m9ds t are capable ( enjoym5ts m truly intellectual1--x is to be consid]$ z a m]e pa/ime or relaxation1 x assumes a f> high] "*1 9 its relation to ! g5]al pleasures ( common m9ds1 & may be said1 at lea/1 to be ! intellectual luxury ( ^?1 :o are incapable ( any o!r luxury1 t des]ves s hon\rable a "n4 ,& x is well1 t !re %\ld be "s int]m$iate pleasure ( ?is sort1 to )draw = a :ile ! dull & ! s5sual1 f ! gross] exi/5ce 9 :i* !y may be sunk1 & to give !m "s glimpses1 at lea/1 ( a /ate ( pur] enjoym5t1 ?an t :i* is to be d]iv$ f ! sordid ga9s1 & sordid luxuries1 ( common life4 ,( ! influ5ce1--:e!r salut>y or injuri\s1--:i* music has ^u ! g5]al "*1--:5 cultivat$1 to great ref9em5t1 & s univ]sally z almo/ to become a "p ( ! habit ( daily social life1--x is n1 at pres5t1 ! place to speak4 ,b ( its tempor>y influ5ce1 z a s\rce ( tranquilliz+ delight1 !re c be no d\bt1--nor1 p]haps too1 ( its occasional efficacy1 9 excit+ emotions ( a /rong] k9d1 :5 peculi> circum/ances may h pr$ispos$ to !m 9 a v high degree4 ,b !re c be z little d\bt1 t by f> ! great] numb] ( anecdotes ( ?is k9d1 :i* h be5 h&$ d[n 9 anci5t hi/ory1 are z fabul\s1 z ! exi/5ce ( t god ( music1 to ^: miracul\s influ5ce alone1 !y c\ld1 ) any dec5t appe>ance ( epic or dramatic tru?1 h be5 ascrib$4 8,he>1 h[ ,timo!us' v>i$ lays surprise1 ,& bid alt]nate passions fall & rise2 ,:ile at ea* *ange1 ! son ( ,lybian ,jove ,n[ burns ) glory1 & !n melts ) love1-- ,n[ 8 fi]ce eyes ) sp>kl+ fury gl[1 ,n[1 sighs /eal out1 & te>s beg9 to fl[2 ,p]sians & ,greeks l turns ( nature f\nd1 ,& ! _w's victor /ood subdu$--by s\nd60#gi ,on ^! l9es1 :i* allude to ! celebrat$ ode ( ,dryd51--:o adapt$1 ) mo/ happy application1 to ! burn+ ( ! ,p]sian palace1 an anecdote record$ ( ! p[] ( ,timo!us ov] ! same great w>rior1 on ano!r occasion1--,i may rem>k1 by ! way1 :at influ5ce ! accid5tal composition ( ?is ode has _h1 9 giv+ almo/ a sort ( dignity to ! v madness ( ! act :i* x records4 ,x is impossible = u1--ev5 ?\gh we knew well h[ fictiti\s is ! circum/ance atta*$ to x1--n to look ^u ! action1 9 a diff]5t light1 f t 9 :i* we %\ld h view$ x1 if we _h read only ! hi/orical acc\nt ( x1 z orig9at+ 9 a drunk5 debau*1 at ! in/igation ( a drunk5 pro/itute4 ,su* is ! influ5ce ( g5ius4 ,its p[] ext5ds n ov] ! pres5t & ! future m]ely1 b1 9 "s measure1 also ov] ! pa/1 :i* might h seem$ fix$ =ev]4 ,9 spite ( our conviction1 we look ^u an action ( ,alex&] diff]5tly1 because an individual exi/$1 _m c5turies aft] him1 & 9 a c\ntry :i* w\ld !n h be5 ju/ly c\nt$ b>b>\s1 by ! v b>b>ians :om he ov]came4 8,ebrio scorto de tanta re f]5te s5t5tiam1 unus et alt]1 et ipsi m]o on]ati1 ass5tiunt3 ,rex quoque fuit avidior quam pati5tior4 #8,qu9 igitur ulcisimur ,grciam1 et urbi faces subdimus8' ,omnes incalu]ant m]o2 itaque surgunt temul5ti ad inc5d5dam urbem1 cui armati1 pep]c]ant40#hj ,( ! wond]s1 :i* 7 said1 9 anci5t times1 to h be5 p]=m$1 on ! m9d & body1 by a judici\s adaptation ( musical s\nds1 to ! nature ( ! p>ticul> case1 intellectual1 moral1 or corporeal1 ,i might read _m hi/ories to y1 f ! orig9al au?ors1 :i* w\ld p]haps n be less truly ludicr\s 9 ! s]i\s gravity ( _! n>ration1 ?an 9 ! affect$ solemnity ( ! fictiti\s p]sonage ^: spee* ,i am ab\t to quote4 ,! exp]im5t ) :i* ! quotation closes is1 x mu/ be all[$1 a v p[]ful "o1 & c]ta9ly c\ld n h be5 m successful1 9 ! h&s ( ,timo!us himself4 8,! b>e m5tion ( music ?rew ,cornelius into a passion4 #8,h[ c y dignify1' quo? he1 #8?is mod]n fiddl+ ) ! "n ( music8 ,w any ( y\r be/ hautboys enc\nt] a wolf n[-a-days ) no o!r arms b _! in/rum5ts1 z did t anci5t pip] ,py?oc>is8 ,h ev] wild bo>s1 elephants1 de]1 dolph9s1 :ales1 or turbots1 %ew$ ! lea/ emotion at ! mo/ elaborate /ra9s ( y\r mod]n scrap]s1 all :i* h be51 z x 7 tam$ & humaniz$ by anci5t musicians8 ,:5ce proce$s ! deg5]ancy ( our morals8 ,is x n f ! loss ( anci5t music1 by :i* 7says ,ari/otle7 !y taught all ! virtues8 ,else might we turn ,newgate into a college ( ,dorian musicians1 :o %\ld tea* moral virtues to ^? p4 ,:5ce comes x t our pres5t diseases are s /ubborn8 :5ce is x t ,i daily deplore my sciatical pa9s8 ,alas6 because we h lo/ _! true cure1 by ! melody ( ! pipe4 ,all ?is 0 well kn[n to ! anci5ts1 z ,!ophra/us assures u1 7:5ce ,clius calls x loca dol5tia decant>e7 only inde$ "s small rema9s ( ?is skill are pres]v$ 9 ! cure ( ! ,t>antula4 ,did n ,py?agoras /op a company ( drunk5 bullies f /orm+ a civil h\se1 by *ang+ ! /ra9 ( ! pipe to ! sob] spondaeus8 & yet y\r mod]n musicians want art to def5d _! w9d[s f common nick]s4 ,x is well kn[n t :5 ! ,lac$aemonian mob 7 up1 !y commonly s5t = a ,lesbian musician to appease !m1 & !y imm$iately grew calm z soon z !y he>d ,t]p&] s+3 ,yet ,i don't believe t ! ,pope's :ole b& ( music1 ?\gh ! be/ ( ?is age1 c\ld keep 8 hol9ess's image f be+ burnt on a fif? ( ,novemb]4' #8,nor w\ld ,t]p&] himself1' repli$ ,alb]tus1 #8at ,bill+sgate1 nor ,timo!us at ,hockley 9 ! ,hole1 h any mann] ( effect1 nor bo? ( !m toge!r br+ ,horneck to common civility4' #8,t's a gross mi/ake1' said ,cornelius1 v w>mly1 #8& to prove x s1 ,i h "h a small lyra ( my own1 fram$1 /rung1 & tun$ aft] ! anci5t mann]4 ,i c play "s fragm5ts ( ,lesbian tunes1 & ,i wi% ,i 7 to try !m ^u ! mo/ passionate creatures alive4'--#8,y nev] _h a bett] opportunity1' says ,alb]tus1 #8= yond] are two apple-wom5 scold+1 & j ready to uncoif "o ano!r4' ,) t ,cornelius1 undress$ z he 01 jumps out into 8 balcony1 8 lyra 9 h&1 9 8 slipp]s1--) a /ock+ ^u 8 head1 & wai/-coat ( murrey-col\r$ sat9 ^u 8 body3 ,he t\*$ 8 lyra ) a v unusual sort ( an h>pegiatura1 nor 7 8 hopes fru/rat$4 ,! odd equipage1 ! unc\? in/rum5t1 ! /rang5ess ( ! man & ( ! music1 drew ! e>s & eyes ( ! :ole mob t 7 got ab\t ! two female *ampions1 & at la/ ( ! combatants !mselves4 ,!y all approa*$ ! balcony1 9 z close att5tion z ,orpheus's fir/ audi5ce ( cattle1 or t ( an ,italian op]a1 :5 "s fav\rite air is j awak5$4 ,?is sudd5 effect ( 8 music enc\rag$ him mightily1 & x 0 obs]v$ he nev] t\*$ 8 lyre 9 su* a truly *romatic & enh>monic mann] z ^u t occasion4 ,! mob laugh$1 sung1 jump$1 danc$1 & us$ _m odd ge/ures1 all :i* he judg$ to be caus$ by ! v>i\s /ra9s & modulations4 #8,m>k1' quo? he1 #89 ?is1 ! p[] ( ! ,ionian1 9 t1 y see ! effect ( ! olian4' ,b 9 a little "t !y began to gr[ riot\s1 & ?rew /ones2 ,cornelius !n )drew4 #8,bro!r1' said he1 #8d y obs]ve ,i h mix$ unaw>es too mu* ( ! ,phrygian8 ,i might *ange x to ! ,lydian1 & s(t5 _! riot\s temp]s3 ,b x is en\gh3 le>n f ?is sample to speak ) v5]ation ( anci5t music4 ,if ?is lyre 9 my unskilful h&s c p]=m su* wond]s1 :at mu/ x n h done 9 ^? ( a ,timo!us or a ,t]p&]8' ,hav+ said ?is he retir$ ) ! utmo/ exultation 9 himself1 & contempt ( 8 bro!r2 &1 x is said1 behav$ t night ) su* unusual haught9ess to 8 family1 t !y all _h reason to wi% = "s anci5t ,tibic5 to calm 8 temp]40#ha ,t1 9 enlight5$ c\ntries1 s _m wond]s %\ld h be5 relat$ & cr$it$1--if no ph5om5a t c\ld ju/ify !m 7 truly obs]v$1--may p]haps on fir/ reflection1 appe> s unacc\ntable1 z almo/ to induce belief ( ! wond]s !mselves1 z less inexplicable ?an ! v cr$it :i* 0 giv5 to !m4 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$1 t1 9 all ages1 & ev5 9 c\ntries ( philosoph]s1 !re is a v l>ge fund ( cr$ulity 9 man1--:i* yields1 v readily1 to e ?+ t is n absolutely impossible1 & :i* is ev5 n v nice1 9 e/imat+ :at is impossible1--lean+ always1 :5ev] !re is ! slighte/ d\bt on ?is po9t1 ) a v fav\rable incl9ation to ! side ( ! possibility2--&1 9 ! second place1 t ! ph5om5a ( music are precisely ( a k9d1 :i* gives ?is cr$ulity ! wide/ scope4 ,!y are pleas+ 9 !mselves1 & ( a k9d !re=e1 on :i* x is gratify+ to ! imag9ation to dwell--_! influ5ce on ! m9d is felt 9 a v high & wond]ful degree1 ev5 )\t any fabul\s addition2--!y are produc$ by in/rum5ts1 :i* seem1 9 _! s5sible appe>ance1 s little adequate to ! production ( !m1 t ! result is almo/ l ! effect ( sup]natural ag5cy1 to :i* we "k n h[ to give any limits2--&1 :5 a little my/]y is once admitt$1 ! imag9ation1 :i* has fairly got ov] ! difficulty ( ?is fir/ admission1 is n v scrupul\s aft]w>ds z to degrees1 b is suffici5tly ready ( itself to admit a great deal m1 )\t paus+ to consid] its exact am\nt4 ,! ph5om5a ( music1 9 addition to _! g5]al int]e/1 are truly wor?y1 9 ano!r respect1 ( our a/oni%m5t1 f t /rik+ div]sity ( organic p[] 9 ! p]ception ( melody & /ill m ( h>mony :i* !y exhibit 9 diff]5t individuals1 9 :om all o!r circum/ances are app>5tly ! same1--a div]sity :i* has (t5 attract$ ! att5tion ( philosoph]s1 & has l$ ev5 ^? :o h no great t5d5cy to speculation ( any k9d1 to wond] at lea/1 :i* is ! fir/ /ep ( all philosophiz+4 ,9 ! pres5t in/ance1 h[ev]1 un=tunately1 ?is fir/ /ep is ! only /ep :i* philosoph]s h be5 able to take4 ,!y h be5 oblig$ to desi/1 aft] all _! ef=ts to proce$ f>!r1 & to submit to %>e1 & ev5 to ackn[l$ge t !y %>e1 ! ignorance ( ! vulg>4 ,if1 inde$1 ! want ( musical e> _h involv$ ei!r a g5]al defect ( he>+1 or a g5]al sl[ness ( discrim9ation 9 o!r cases ( nice div]sity1 ! wond] w\ld n h be5 great4 ,b ^?1 :o are )\t e> = music1 p]ceive z readily z o!rs1 ! fa9te/ :isp]2--!y di/+ui% l !m1 ! fa9te/ %ades ( diff]5ce 9 ! m]e articulations ( s\nd :i* con/itute ! v>ieties ( language1 nor ! articulations only1 b ! diff]5ces also ( ! m]e tones ( affection or displeasure1 grief or gaiety1 :i* are s /rik+ly analog\s to ! v>i$ expression ( musical feel+2--& _! p[] ( discrim9ation 9 e o!r case1 9 :i* ! judgm5t c be ex]cis$1 is n less p]fect4 ,nay1--to increase /ill m ! difficulty1--!y are (t5 z s5sible1 z o!rs1 ( ! beauty ( s]ies ( tones ( a diff]5t k9d2 & "s ( our be/ poets & declaim]s1--:o ( c\rse mu/ h _h a quick disc]nm5t ( metrical rhy?m1 & ( ! melody ( elocution1--h yet be5 incapable ( di/+ui%+ ! musical relations ( s\nds1 z reciprocally high or l[1--! melody t results f !m 9 c]ta9 successions1 & ! h>mony or ! discord ( _! union4 ,t x dep5ds1 *iefly1 or p]haps entirely1 on ! /ructure or /ate ( ! m]e corporeal organ ( he>+1--:i* is ( a k9d1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 peculi>ly complicat$1 & !re=e susceptible ( great orig9al div]sity 9 ! p>ts1 & relations ( ! p>ts t =m x1 is v probable2 ?\gh ! diff]5ce ( ! sep>ate p>ts !mselves1 or ( _! relations to ea* o!r1 may1 to ! m]e eye1 be s m9ute1 z nev] to be discov]$ by dissection1--?us leav+1 to e future race ( inquir]s1 ! same difficulty :i* has p]plex$ ourselves1 & ! same impossibility ( ov]com+ x4 ,9 ! s5se ( vision1 ,i may rem>k1 !re is a species ( defect1 v analog\s to ! want ( musical e>1--a defect1 :i* consi/s 9 ! difficulty1 or r ! incapacity1 ( di/+ui%+ "s col\rs f ea* o!r--& col\rs :i*1 to g5]al obs]v]s1 seem ( a v opposite k9d4 ,z ! want ( musical e> implies no g5]al defect ( m]e quickness ( he>+1 ?is visual defect1 9 l mann]1 is to be f\nd 9 p]sons1 :o are yet capable ( di/+ui%+1 ) p]fect accuracy1 ! =m1 & ! great] or less brilliancy ( ! col\r$ object2--& ,i may rem>k too1 9 confirmation ( ! op9ion1 t ! want ( musical e> dep5ds on causes n m5tal b organic2 t1 9 ?is analog\s case1 "s attempts1 n absolutely unsuccessful1 h be5 made1 to expla9 ! app>5t confusion ( col\rs1 by c]ta9 peculi>ities ( ! ext]nal organ ( sight4 ,?\gh ! "o case1 h[ev]1 7 to ?r[ no light ^u ! o!r1 x is /ill gratify+ to philosoph]s1 to h a case at all analog\s1 to :i*1 :5 !y are we>y ( consid]+ :at has baffl$ all _! endeav\rs to expla9 x1 !y may h ! com=t ( turn+ away _! att5tion1 )\t ! mortification ( seem+ absolutely to fly f ! subject4 ,su* is ! /range con/itution ( our nature1 t m]ely to h ano!r difficulty pres5t$ to u1 ?\gh x may yet be absolutely unsurm\ntable 9 itself1--if only x h "s slight resemblance to a =m] difficulty1--seems to u almo/ z if we _h succe$$ 9 expla9+ ! fir/2--& ea* difficulty1 by a v conv5i5t transposition1 :i* our pride kn[s well h[ to make1 supplies1 accord+ z we may h be5 consid]+ ! "o r ?an ! o!r1 ! place ( explanation to t :i* is aft]w>ds to expla9 x1 no less cle>ly1 9 its turn4 ,9 consid]+ s\nd relatively to its ext]nal cause1 we give ! "n ( vibration to ! successive pulses1 or alt]nate approa*es & recessions ( ! p>ticles ( ! ela/ic s\nd+ body2 & ! ^w is a v conv5i5t "o = express+ ?is s]ies4 ,b /ill x may be necess>y to w>n y1 t ! ^w1 ?\gh s+le1 is n ! less expressive ( a plurality ( /ates1 :i* h no o!r unity1 ?an z !y are compreh5d$ 9 ?is s+le ^w1--a ^w1 l _m o!r s+le words1 by :i* we express ! comb9ation ( v>i\s objects1 or inv5t$ by u1 m]ely to aid our weakness1 t is incapable1 )\t su* helps1 ( conceiv+ or rememb]+ ev5 a small "p ( t wide s]ies ( physical *anges1 :i* we are able to discov] 9 ! univ]se1 if ea* ev5t ( ! s]ies 7 to be di/+ui%$ by a peculi> "n4 ,?is m]e aid ( our weakness1 h[ev]1 we are apt1 by a v absurd1 b a v g5]al fallacy1 to consid] z some?+1 mu* m dignifi$ 9 its nature ?an a m]e arbitr>y v]bal abbreviation1--z truly an explanation ( ! v ph5om5a1 or s]ies ( ph5om5a1 :i* x simply designates4 ,y mu/ n flatt] y\rselves1 h[ev]1 t y h advanc$ ! slighte/ /ep1 9 expla9+ ! connexion ( s\nd ) ! pulses ( air1 :5 y h m]ely inv5t$ a brief t]m = ^? successive pulses1 & ascrib$ ! s\nd to vibration2 y h1 inde$1 giv5 a "n to a s]ies ( corpuscul> ph5om5a1 b y h n discov]$ any ?+ additional to ! ph5om5a !mselves1 :i* c be consid]$ z explanatory to ! *anges produc$4 ,:at1 !n1 is truly meant1 :5 x is said1 t1 = produc+ ! m5tal affection1 :i* con/itutes he>+1 "s previ\s vibration is necess>y8 ,x c]ta9ly _c mean1 z ,i h already rem>k$1 t ! vibration is any ?+ 9 itself diff]5t f ! s]ies ( physical ev5ts :i* x expresses1 h[ev] few or num]\s ^! may be1 s9ce x is only ! "n :i* we give to !m1 :5 we consid] !m toge!r2 nor c x mean t ! direct cause ( ! s5sation is any ?+ diff]5t f ! "o organic /ate imm$iately prec$+ ! s5sation1--a /ate :i* may1 inde$1 h result$ f a long sequ5ce ( prior organic /ates1 produc$ dur+ ! cont9u$ vibratory motion ( ! air1 b :i* is itself1 9 its relation to ! ph5om5on :i* succe$s x1--t affection ( ! s5ti5t m9d :i* con/itutes he>+1--to be consid]$ indep5d5tly ( ^! prior /ates1 t h no o!r relation to ! m9d1 ?an z gradually induc+ t ultimate organic /ate1 :i* is ! /ate t is foll[$ by s5sation4 ,!re is a "p1 less or great]1 ( ! s5sorial organ1 :i* mu/ be affect$1 9 a c]ta9 mann]1 be=e ! s5sation ( he>+ c take place2 &1 9 vibration1 !re is no?+ b a repeat$ approa* & secession ( ! vibrat+ p>ticles4 ,if vibration1 !n1 or a s]ies ( pulses1 be necess>y1 x is evid5t t a correspond+ s]ies ( *anges 9 ! organ is necess>y2 t is to say1 !re is no "o in/ant1 at :i* ! vibrat+ p>ticles are 9 su* a /ate relatively to ! s5sorial organ1 t if no previ\s *ange _h be5 excit$ 9 ! organ itself1 !y c\ld h produc$ 9 x imm$iately1 ! precise /ate1 :i* is in/antly foll[$ by ! m5tal affection ( he>+4 ,!re mu/1 !re=e1 be a s]ies ( *anges1 9 ! s5sorial organ itself1 ! la/ ( :i* only is foll[$ by s5sation4 ,! p>ticles ( ! air1 or any o!r ela/ic m$ium1 = example1 mu/1 9 _! fir/ appulse1 produce a c]ta9 /ate ( ! s5sorial organ2 9 _! second appulse1 a diff]5t /ate1 by act+ on an organ1 already affect$ 9 a c]ta9 mann]2 9 _! ?ird appulse1 a /ill diff]5t /ate2 & ?us successively1 till1 at la/1 !y produce t p>ticul> def9ite /ate ( ! s5sorial organ1 9 consequ5ce ( :i*1 ! m9d becomes in/antly s5ti5t1--a /ate :i* c\ld n h be5 produc$ by any s+le impulse ( ! p>ticles on ! unaffect$ organ1 because !n vibration1 or a s]ies ( pulses1 w\ld n h be5 necess>y4 ,to ?is successive modification ( /ates ( an organ1 t]m9at+ 9 a p>ticul> result1 diff]5t f ea* ( ! prior /ates1 !re are abundant analogies 9 ! hi/ory ( ! m9d1 & _m 9 ! ph5om5a ( s5sation itself4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ( ^! is ! production ( ! s5sation ( :it5ess1 by ! rapid revolution ( a cyl9d]1 on :i* ! sep>ate prismatic col\rs1 & ! sep>ate col\rs only1 are pa9t$1 9 c]ta9 proportions2 ea* col\r1 9 ?is case1 act+ on ! organ already affect$ by a =m] col\r1 till a s5sation altoge!r diff]5t f ! result ( ea* ( !m :5 sep>ate1 is _! jo9t ultimate result1 ! s5sation ( :it5ess1 )\t any ext]nal object t is :ite4 ,9 ?is way only1 by a s]ies ( progressive organic affections1 & n by any s+le affection1 c ! vibration ( an ela/ic m$ium1 z diff]5t f "o simple unrepeat$ impulse1 t]m9ate 9 ! production ( s\nd4 ,x is1 9 %ort1 a "n = ?is s]ies ( *anges1 & no?+ m4 ,if1 9 a case s v obscure z t ( musical e>1 9 :i* all t is truly evid5t1 is1 t 9 diff]5t individuals1 !re is a div]sity ( "s k9d or o!r--,i c\ld p]mit myself to indulge any conjecture ) respect to ?is div]sity1--,i might p]haps1 be incl9$ to look to ! view n[ giv5 ( ! real nature ( vibration1 & its progressive effects on ! auditory "p ( our n]v\s sy/em1 z furni%+ "s slight gr\nd1 n1 inde$1 = any !ory1 :i* is f> too presumptu\s a ^w1 b = ! pref]5ce ( "o m]e possibility1 to o!r m]e possibilities1 :i* is all t c be hop$ 9 any conjecture1 on s v dim & impalpable a subject4 ,we h se5 t ! s]ies ( pulses ( ! vibrat+ air1--if vibration1 or a s]ies ( pulses be necess>y to s\nd1--mu/ produce a s]ies ( *anges 9 ! s5sorial organ1 :i* produce no correspond+ affection ( ! m9d1 till1 at la/1 a /ate ( ! organ is produc$1 :i* is att5d$ ) s5sation4 ,?is1 & ?is only1 c be meant1 :5 we speak ( vibration z ! antec$5t ( s\nd1--a s]ies ( organic *anges1 &1 aft] ?is s]ies1 an affection ( ! m9d4 ,9 su* circum/ances1 x is c]ta9ly m probable1 t ! organ ?us affect$ ) a s]ies ( progressive *anges1 does n pass in/antly f ! greate/ *ange to ! /ate 9 :i* x 0 orig9ally1 be=e ! fir/ pulse1 b t x reta9s ?is /ate1 = a "t1 h[ev]1 %ort1 or1 at lea/1 passes ?r\gh "s s]ies ( /ates1 9 its gradual return1 s t1 if a new vibration be excit$ by ! pulse ( any s\nd+ body1 be=e ! organ ( he>+ h return$ to its orig9al /ate1 ! effect may be suppos$ to be diff]5t f t :i* x w\ld h be51 if ! same vibration _h be5 prim>ily communicat$ to ! organ1 9 its /ate ( re/1 or 9 t /ate1 :i*1 f our want ( a bett] ^w1 may be t]m$ its /ate ( re/4 ,! ph5om5a mo/ analog\s to ^! vibratory affections ( ! e>1 z dep5d+ on successive impulses1 are unque/ionably ! ph5om5a ( titillation1 or r1 to express :at is s famili> & simple1 by a m homely & appropriate ^w1 ! ph5om5a ( tickl+4 ,9 ?is1 ! great circum/ance di/+ui%+ musical feel+1 is to be f\nd1 t ! feel+ arises n f ! sep>ate impressions1 b f _! successions or co-exi/5ce4 ,:5 ! palm ( ! h& is g5tly tickl$1 z ! f+] passes rapidly & repeat$ly ov] ! palm1 ! p>ts fir/ affect$ are aga9 affect$ ) v>i\s degrees ( pressure1 z ! e>1 9 melody1 is successively affect$ by repeat$ v>ieties ( vibration2 & v>i\s p>ts ( ! organ ( t\* exi/1 at ! same mom5t1 9 v>i\s /ates1 =m+ "o jo9t result ( s5sation1 z1 9 h>mony1 v>i\s vibrations ( ! organ ( he>+ co-exi/1 & bl5d toge!r 9 "o m+l$ delight4 ,to produce tickl+1 a c]ta9 rapidity ( succession is necess>y2 =1 if ! p>ts1 fir/ affect$1 h return$ to _! orig9al /ate1 be=e o!r p>ts beg9 to be affect$1 or !mselves to be affect$ aga91 ! sl[ motion1 x is evid5t1 may be cont9u$1 = any l5g? ( "t1 )\t any effect1 diff]5t f t ( simple pressure4 ,! quick]1 !n1 ! return ( ! p>ts may be to _! orig9al /ate1 ! less w be ! titillation2 &1 x is v probably1 a diff]5ce 9 ?is quickness ( return1 :i* con/itutes ! diff]5ce ( tickli%ness1 s rem>kable 9 diff]5t individuals1 :o feel1 equally1 ! light pressure ( ea* sep>ate t\*4 ,t !re is a diff]5ce ( tickli%ness1 9 diff]5t p]sons1 y all "k2 "s be+ easily excit$ ev5 to convulsive laught]1 by slight motions1 t sc>cely produce any effect 9 o!rs1 beyond t ( ! simple prim>y s5sation ( t\*4 ,a p]son :o is tickli%1 & a p]son :o is n tickli%1 agree 9 receiv+ ?is fir/ tactual s5sation2 b !y diff] aft]w>ds1 9 ?is respect1 t :5 ! same slight impulse is rapidly repeat$1 on ! same surface1 x produces a liveli] effect ?an be=e1 9 ! "o1 b n 9 ! o!r4 ,! organ ( ! "o :o is n tickli% is 9 ! same /ate1 or ne>ly 9 ! same /ate1 :5 x receives ! second1 ?ird1 & f\r? impression1 z :5 x receiv$ ! fir/1 & no peculi> excitem5t1 !re=e1 is produc$4 ,! organ ( ! o!r1 m susceptible1 or m t5aci\s ( ! affection produc$1 has n return$ to its orig9al /ate1 :5 ! rapid impression is repeat$1 & is1 !re=e1 at e new impression1 affect$ 9 a diff]5t mann]4 ,proce$+ on ! analogy ( ^! ph5om5a1--( m]e tickl+1 ) :i* ,i may suppose y to be all acqua9t$1--an analogy :i*1 /rik+ z x is 9 _m circum/ances1 ,i readily own1 does n ju/ify m ?an conjecture 9 ! case to :i* ,i w\ld apply x1--,i conceive x to be1 at lea/1 n absolutely impossible1 s9ce a div]sity ( "s k9d1 !re mu/ be1 t 9 ^? :o receive no pleasure f music1 z 9 ^? :o are n tickli%1 !re is a rapid return ( ! n]v\s organ1 aft] ea* sep>ate affection1 to its orig9al /ate2 t ea* sep>ate t\* or pressure 9 ! "o case1 & ea* sep>ate tone 9 ! o!r case1 produces its p>ticul> effect1--t effect :i* x w\ld h produc$ 9 all1 if unaccompani$ by any o!r tone 9 music1 or slight pressure 9 tickl+1--b t a succession ( ^! produces no effect diff]5t f t :i* ea* w\ld h produc$ s+ly4 ,a c]ta9 int]val is necess>y = di/9ct he>+ 9 e case2 &1 be=e ?is int]val has pass$1 ! auditory n]ves1 9 ?is case1 may be imag9$ to be aga9 quiesc5t1 or ne>ly quiesc5t4 ,i ne$ n add1 t1 9 an inquiry ( ?is sort1 all :i* is necess>y1 is to acc\nt = ! m]e orig9al defect ( pleasure2 s9ce1 if ! relations ( notes1 z reciprocally high or l[1 nev] gave any delight1 ! e>1 hav+ no object ( int]e/ 9 ^! successions1 w\ld soon habitually neglect !m1 & at l5g? cease altoge!r to di/+ui% !m1 att5d+ only to ! v]bal mean+ ( s\nds1 & n to _! tone2 9 ! same mann]1 z we pay little att5tion to ano!r relative diff]5ce ( voices z m or less l\d1 unless :5 ! diff]5ce is v consid]able1 & n 9 ^? common diff]5ces ( int5sity :i* di/+ui% e voice 9 conv]sation f e o!r voice1--or z1 aft] liv+ long 9 a prov9ce1 ! dialect ( :i* is di/+ui%$ by any acc5tual peculi>ities1 we at la/ become unconsci\s ( ^!1 & he> ! words1 z x 71 /ripp$ ( _! peculi>ity ( tone4 ,9 :at is t]m$ ! cultivation ( a musical e>1 h[ev]1 we h n an analogy m]ely1 b a direct pro( ( ?is influ5ce ( habit4 ,t ! e> may be improv$ by cultivation1 or1 9 o!r words1 by nice att5tion to ! diff]5ces ( musical s\nd1 e "o kn[s2 & if ?is att5tion c enable u1 ev5 9 mature life1 to di/+ui% s\nds z diff]5t 9 !mselves1 :i*1 b = ! habitual att5tion1 we %\ld h reg>d$ z ! same1 x may well be suppos$1 t cont9u$ inatt5tion1 f e>lie/ infancy1 may r5d] u ins5sible ( musical relations /ill m obvi\s & precise1 ?an ^? :i* we h ?us only le>n$ to di/+ui%2 or1 :i* is ! same ?+1 t cont9u$ att5tion f infancy to slight musical diff]5ces ( s\nd1--an att5tion :i* may be reg>d$ z ! natural effect ( pleasure receiv$1--may r5d] u capable ( di/+ui%+ tones z v dissimil>1 ! diff]5ces ( :i*1 h[ev] obvi\s at pres5t1 we %\ld sc>cely1 b = su* orig9al att5tive discrim9ation1 h be5 able to detect4 ,:at1 9 comp>ison1 ! ref9$ musical e> ( a p]=m]1--almo/ e h\r1 & e mom5t1 ( ^: life has be5 sp5t amid s\nds1 8,untwi/+ all ! *a9s1 t tie ,! hidd5 s\l ( h>mony10-- is to a common musical e>1 t common musical e> may be to ^? 9 :om ?is discrim9at+ skill seems to be :olly or ne>ly defective4 ,! ref9$ musician1--:o1 b = ! long practice ( 8 art1 w\ld h %>$ t incapacity :i* n[ excites 8 wond]1--is a/oni%$1 t p]sons ( common e> d n di/+ui% ! nice diff]5ces :i* appe> to him almo/ z rem>kable z ^? diff]5ces :i* !y are capable ( p]ceiv+2 & ! p]son ( common musical e> only does ! same ?+1 :5 he is a/oni%$ t ! less ref9$ diff]5ces1 rem>k$ by himself1 are n obvi\sly di/+ui%able by all mank9d1 or1 at lea/1 by all :o h no deafness to incapacitate !m f he>+ ! sep>ate s\nds4 ,! discrim9ation 9 bo? has dep5d$ on previ\s att5tion1 :i* has necess>ily be5 great] 9 "o case ?an 9 ! o!r2 & :at att5tion c we suppose to h be5 orig9ally giv51 if f ! cause :i* ,i h v5tur$ to /ate z a possible "o 9 p]sons )\t musical e>1 no pleasure _h orig9ally be5 felt by !m 9 any sequ5ce ( notes z successive1 & ! :ole value ( s\nd be5 to !m ! mean+ ( :i* x 0 symbolically repres5tative1 :i*1 accord+ly1 !y h le>n$ to discrim9ate 9 e case1 z accurately z o!rs4 ,i might foll[ out ?is speculation at mu* great] l5g?2 b ,i h already dwelt too long on :at is at be/ a conjecture1 & :at1 p]haps1 ev5 z a m]e conjecture1 is f\nd$ only on a slight analogy4 ,aft] ! exam9ation ( ! ph5om5a ( ,smell1 ,ta/e1 & ,he>+1 :i* are peculi>ly simple1 ,i proce$ to ! consid]ation ( ,s5ses1 :i* af=d ph5om5a t are m complicat$1 or1 at lea/1 :i* seem m complicat$1 z consid]$ 9 ! mature /ate ( ! m9d2 :5 ! s5sations t arise f "o set ( organs1 by frequ5t co-exi/5ce ) s5sations t arise f affections ( o!r sets ( organs1 are1 z x 71 bl5d$ ) !m 9 "o comp\nd p]ception1 & s p]man5tly modifi$ =ev] aft]1 t x is difficult 9 all cases1 & 9 _m cases p]haps impossible1 to =m any accurate notion ( ! s5sations z !y exi/$ 9 _! orig9al elem5t>y /ate4 ,s9ce1 ( ! two s5ses ( ,sight & ,t\*1 t ( ,sight1--z f>1 at lea/1 z we are able1 by intellectual analysis at pres5t to discov] its orig9al s5sations1--is m simple1 & m analog\s to ! s5ses be=e consid]$1 ,i %\ld be incl9$1 on ^! acc\nts1 to proce$ to ! consid]ation ( x1 previ\sly to any inquiry into ! s5se ( ,t\*4 ,b ?is ord]1 ?\gh unque/ionably ! m regul>1 if we _h to consid] only ! orig9al s5sations ( ea* organ1 w\ld be att5d$ ) great inconv5i5ce 9 consid]+ _! subsequ5t modifi$ s5sations2 s9ce ^? ( ,vision dep5d1 9 a v great degree1 on ! prior affections ( ,t\*1 ) ! nature ( :i*1 !re=e1 x is necess>y = y to be acqua9t$ 9 ! fir/ place4 ,i am aw>e1 inde$1 t1 9 consid]+ ev5 ,t\*1 ,i may sometimes f9d x necess>y to ref]1 = illu/ration to ! ph5om5a ( ,vision1 ?\gh ^! h n be5 consid]$ by u1 & mu/1 !re=e1 = ! "t1 be tak5 ^u tru/4 ,b :5 ph5om5a are at all complicat$1 su* occasional anticipations are absolutely unavoidable4 ,s5sation1 inde$1 says ,ari/otle1 is a /raight l9e1 :ile intellect is a circle1-- 1 1--or to use ! p>aphra/ic translation ( ,cudwor?1 9 8 treatise on ,immutable ,morality1 8,s5se is ( t :i* is )\t4 ,s5se :olly gazes & gads abroad2 &1 !re=e1 do? n "k & compreh5d its object1 because x is diff]5t f x4 ,s5se is a l9e1 ! m9d is a circle4 ,s5se is l a l9e1 :i* is ! flux ( a po9t runn+ out f itself2 b intellect l a circle1 t keeps )9 itself40#hb ,t s5se is n a circle is1 inde$1 true1 s9ce x t]m9ates 9 a po9t2 b f> f be+ a /raight l9e1 x is "o ( ! mo/ p]plex+ ( curves1 & is cross$ & cut by s _m o!r curves1--into _m ( :i* x fl[s1 & unites ) !m completely1--t :5 we arrive at ! extremity ( ! l9e1 x is almo/ impossible = u to det]m9e ) accuracy :at curve x is1 :i*1 9 ! /range confusion ( our diagram1 we h be5 attempt+ to trace f its initial po9t4 ,i proce$1 !n1 to ! consid]ation ( ! ph5om5a ( ! s5se ( ,,t\*4 ,if priority ( s5sation alone 7 to be reg>d$1 ! s5se ( t\* might des]ve to be consid]$ 9 ! fir/ place2 z x mu/ h be5 ex]cis$ long be=e bir?1 & is probably ! v feel+ ) :i* s5ti5t life comm5ces4 ,! act ( bir?1 9 relation to ! m9d ( ! little /rang]1 :o is ?us pa9fully u%]$ into ! wide sc5e ( ! _w1 is a s]ies ( feel+s1 ( ?is class2 & ! fir/ feel+ :i* awaits him1 on 8 entrance1--9 ! *ange ( temp]ature to :i* he is expos$1--is /ill to be ref]r$ to ! same organ4 ,x is at ?is mo/ important mom5t ( exi/5ce1 :5 "o d>k & solit>y life ( mon?s1 ( :i* no ve/ige is aft]w>ds to rema9 9 ! memory1 is f9i%$1 & a new life ( _m ye>s1--a life ( sun%9e & society1--is j beg9n+1 t1 9 ! figurative language ( ! au?or1 :om ,i am ab\t to quote to y1 ,pa91 ! companion ( human life1 receives him on ! fir/ /ep ( 8 j\rney1 & embraces him 9 8 iron arms4 8,primas tactus agit p>tes1 primusque m9ut ,laxat it] ccum turb1 recipitque ru5tem4 ,non idem huic modus e/ qui fratribus2 amplius ille ,imp]ium affectat s5ior1 p5itusque m$ullis1 ,vic]ibusque habitat totis1 pellisque rec5tem ,funditur 9 telam1 et late p] /am9a vivit4 ,necdum etiam matris pu] eluctatus ab alvo ,multiplices solvit tunicas1 et v9cula rupit2 ,sopitus molli somno1 tepidoque liquore ,circumfusus adhuc2 tactus tam5 aura lacessit ,jamdudum levior s5sus1 animamque reclusit4 ,idque magis1 simul ac solitum bl&amque calorem ,frigore mutavit cli1 quod v]b]at acri ,impete inassuetos artus2 tum svior ad/at1 ,humanque comes vit ,dolor excipit2 ille ,cunctantem fru/ra et tremulo multa ore qu]5tem ,corripit invad5s1 f]reisque amplectitur ulnis40#hc ,x is at ?is mom5t1 s pa9ful to himself1 t he is af=d+ to ano!r bosom1 p]haps ! pure/ delight ( :i* our nature is capable1 & has already k9dl$1 9 a he>t1 ( ! exi/5ce ( :i* he is z ignorant1 z ( ! love :i* he excites 9 x1 t w>m? ( affection1 :i* is nev]1 b 9 ! grave1 to be cold to him1 & to :i*1 9 ! _m mis]ies t may await him1--9 sorr[1 9 sickness1 9 pov]ty1--& p]haps too 9 ! p5it5ce ( guilt itself1--:5 !re is no o!r eye1 to ^: k9dness he c v5ture to look1 he is /ill to turn ) ! confid5ce1 t he has yet1 ev5 on e>?1 "o fri5d1 :o w n ab&on him1--& :o w /ill ?9k ( t innoc5t be+1 ^: eye1 be=e x 0 consci\s ( light1 seem$ to look to h] = ! love & protection1 :i* 7 ready to receive him4 ,,footnotes3 #gi ,pope's ,essay on ,criticism1 v4 #cgd--cha4 #hj ,qu9tus ,curtius1 lib4 v4 cap4 #g4 #ha ,m>t4 ,scrib4 ,book ,i4 c4 #g4 ) "s exclusions4 #hb ,page #ih1 #ii4 #hc ,gray de ,pr9cip4 ,cogit4 lib4 i4 v4 #fd-hj4 ,,lecture ,,xxii4 ,,on ,,! ,,feel+s ,,ascrib$ ,,to ,,! ,,s5se ,,( ,,t\*1--,,& ,,analysis ,,( ,,^! ,,feel+s4 ,9 my ,la/ ,lecture1 ,g5tlem51 ,i f9i%$ ! rem>ks :i* ,i _h to (f]1 on our s5se ( he>+2 & 9 ! conclusion ( x1 _h begun ! consid]ation ( a v important ord] ( our feel+s1 ^? :i* belong to ! s5se ( t\*4 ,( ^!1 ,i may m5tion1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! s5sations ( heat & cold1--s5sations t arise f affections ( our n]ves ( t\*1 or at lea/ f affections ( n]ves1 :i*1 z equally diffus$ & int]m+l$ ) !m1 x is impossible to di/+ui% f ^? :i* con/itute our organ ( t\*1 ! same wide surface r5d]+ u s5sible1 z x 71 at e po9t ( w>m? z ( pressure4 ,i h also rem>k$ to y1 h[ little analogy !re is ( our s5sations ( w>m?1 to ! o!r s5sations commonly ascrib$ to ?is organ2 & ! great diff]5ce ( ! feel+s1 has l$ "s physiologi/s to believe1 t ! organs ( s5sations s diff]5t1 mu/ !mselves be diff]5t4 ,b ev5 ?\gh ! s5sations 7 z dissimil> z is suppos$1 !re is no reason a priori to believe1--& to exp]i5ce1 x is evid5t1 t1 9 ?is case1 we _c appeal1 s z to d]ive f x any gr\nd = believ+1--t s5sations1 :i* are v diff]5t1 mu/ arise f affections ( diff]5t organs4 ,z f>1 inde$1 z we c safely appeal to exp]i5ce1 9 ?is v case1 !re are s5sations :i* we nev] hesitate 9 ref]r+ to our tactual n]ves1 z diff]5t f ! m common s5sations ascrib$ to t\*1 z ! s5sation ( w>m? itself4 ,i allude to ! pa9 ( puncture or lac]ation ( ! sk94 ,inde$1 if ! bra9 be ultimately ! great organ ( all our s5sations1 x is evid5t t we mu/ ref] to affections ( "o s5sorial organ1 n ! v>i\s feel+s ( t\* only1 b1 ) !m ! /ill great] v>iety ( feel+s1 t con/itute our s5sations ( smell1 ta/e1 s\nd1 & col\r4 ,b are we inde$ sure1 t !re truly is t great dissimil>ity suppos$1 or may n our belief ( x arise f our ref]5ce to t\* ( s5sations t truly d n belong to x8 ,su*1 at lea/1 is ! op9ion1 to :i*1 ,i ?9k1 a nic] analysis w lead u4 ,! prim>y orig9al feel+s1 :i* we owe to our m]e organ ( t\*1 ,i consid] z ( a k9d1 all ( :i* are f> m analog\s to ! s5sations ( w>m?1 or ( pa9 on puncture1 ?an to ! p]ceptions ( =m & h>dness1 :i* are g5]ally reg>d$ z tangible4 ,be=e ent]+ on ! analysis1 h[ev]1 x w be necess>y to consid]1 :at are ! s5sations :i* we are suppos$ to owe to ?is organ4 ,! s5sations ( heat & cold1--z receiv$ f our organ ( t\*1--we may almo/ lay out ( acc\nt 9 our analytical inquiry4 ,x is unnecess>y to dwell on !m1 or ev5 to repeat1 9 application to !m1 ! argum5t1 :i* has be5 already appli$ m ?an once to ! s5sations be=e consid]$4 ,x is q evid5t1 t1 9 class+ our w>m? or *illness1 z a s5sation1--& n z a feel+ t has aris5 spontane\sly 9 ! m9d1--we are influ5c$ by t exp]i5ce1 :i* has previ\sly giv5 u ! belief ( objects ext]nal1--at lea/1 ( our own corporeal frame1--& t1 if we _h be5 unsusceptible ( any o!r s5sations1 ?an ^? ( heat & cold1 we %\ld z little h believ$ ^! to arise directly f a corporeal cause1 z any ( our feel+s ( joy or sorr[4 ,! same rem>k may be appli$ to ! pa9ful s5sations ( puncture & lac]ation4 ,x is only to ! o!r m important in=mation ascrib$ to ! s5se ( t\*1 !re=e1 t our att5tion is to be direct$4 ,by t\*1 we are commonly said to be made acqua9t$ ) ext5sion1 magnitude1 divisibility1 figure1 motion1 solidity1 liquidity1 viscidity1 h>dness1 s(tness1 r\ghness1 smoo?ness4 ,^! t]ms1 ,i readily all[1 are v conv5i5t = express+ notions ( c]ta9 =ms or /ates ( bodies1 t are easily di/+ui%able4 ,b1 ?\gh specifically di/+ui%able1 !y admit g5]ically ( v consid]able r$uction & simplification4 ,h>dness & s(tness1 = example1 are expressive only ( great] or less resi/ance1--r\ghness is irregul>ity ( resi/ance1 :5 !re are int]vals betwe5 ! po9ts t resi/1 or :5 "s ( ^! po9ts project beyond o!rs1--smoo?ness is complete uni=mity ( resi/ance1--liquidity1 viscidity1 are expressive ( c]ta9 degrees ( yield+ness to our ef=t1 :i* solidity excludes1 unless :5 ! ef=t employ$ is viol5t4 ,all1 9 %ort1 ,i repeat1 are only diff]5t species or degrees ( t :i* we t]m resi/ance1 :atev] x may be1 :i* imp$es our cont9u$ ef=t1 & imp$es x v>i\sly z ! sub/ances )\t are !mselves v>i\s4 ,su* is "o ord]1 !n1 ( ! feel+s commonly ascrib$ to ! s5se :i* we are at pres5t consid]+4 ,to proce$ to ! o!r suppos$ tangible qualities1 be=e includ$ 9 our enum]ation1--figure is ! b\nd>y ( ext5sion1 z magnitude is t :i* x compreh5ds2 & divisibility1 if we consid] ! app>5t cont9uity ( ! p>ts :i* we divide1 is only ext5sion "u ano!r "n4 ,if we except motion1 !re=e1 :i* is n p]man5t1 b accid5tal1--& ! k ( :i* is evid5tly second>y to ! k :i* we acquire ( our organs ( s5se1 be=e :i* ! objects are said to move1 & second>y 9 a mu* m important s5se1 z result+ n f any direct imm$iate organic /ate ( "o p>ticul> mom5t1 b f a comp>ison ( s5sations pa/ & pres5t1--all ! in=mation1 :i* we are suppos$ to receive prim>ily & directly f t\*1 relates to modifications ( resi/ance & ext5sion4 ,?\gh x is to ! s5se ( t\*1 h[ev]1 t ! orig9 ( ! k ( ^! is g5]ally ascrib$1 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k1 9 opposition to ?is op9ion1 t 9 bo? cases1 ! ref]5ce is wrongly made1--t if we _h ! s5se ( t\* only1 we %\ld n be s5sible ( resi/ance1 nor1 ,i conceive1 ev5 ( ext5sion1--& t we seem to p]ceive ! v>ieties ( ext5sion & resi/ance imm$iately by t\* only1 because ! simple orig9al tactual feel+ has become repres5tative ( ^!1 9 ! same mann]1 & = ! same reason1 z we seem to p]ceive ! v>ieties ( di/ance imm$iately by ! eye4 ,! s5se ( t\* has unque/ionably1 l all our o!r s5ses1 its own peculi> feel+s1 ?\gh1 = ! simple orig9al feel+s1 atta*$ to ! affections ( ?is mo/ ext5sive ( organs1 we h un=tunately no "n1 b t :i* is appli$ 9 popul>1 & ev5 9 philosophic language1 to all ! affections ( ! m9d4 ,our joy or grief1 hope or fe>1 love or hate1 ,i be=e rem>k$1 we t]m feel+s1 z readily & frequ5tly1 z we use ?is t]m to express our s5sations ( t\*2 & t1 :i*1 h[ev] re/rict$ 9 its orig9al mean+1 is n[ ! common "n ( our m5tal affections ( e class1 has1 by ?is ext5sion1 un=tunately1 become a v unfit "o1 = di/+ui%+ a limit$ ord] ( ^? affections4 ,:atev] be ! t]m1 :i* we may use1 h[ev]1 !re is1 & mu/ be1 a s5sation peculi> to t\*1 )\t reg>d to ! ext5t or quantity ( ! surface impress$1--z !re is1 9 col\r1 a s5sation peculi> to vision1 )\t reg>d to ! ext5t ( ! portion ( ! ret9a on :i* ! light may h fall54 ,e physical po9t ( our organ ( t\*1 :5 exi/+ 9 a c]ta9 /ate1 is capable ( induc+ 9 ! m9d a peculi> feel+1 ?\gh no o!r physical po9t ( ! organ 7 affect$1--z e physical po9t ( ! ret9a1 ?\gh b a s+le ray ( light 7 admitt$ to ! eye1 is capable ( induc+ 9 ! m9d a peculi> affection ( vision2 & :5 _m su* physical po9ts are affect$ toge!r1 by "s impress+ surface1 ! =m ( :i* we ?9k t we discov] imm$iately by t\*1 x is f exp]i5ce only t we c le>n ! vic9ity ( ! physical po9ts ( our own tactual surface ?us impress$1 & consequ5tly ! cont9u$ ext5sion ( ! object :i* impresses !m4 ,be=e we h s mu* k ( ext]nal ?+s1 z to "k ev5 t we h any bodily organs :atev]1--& x is ( ?is /ate ( absolute ignorance alone t we mu/ ?9k1 z (t5 z we speculate on ! in=mation :i* our s5ses sep>ately af=d1--:5 we "k z little ( our bodily frame1 z ( t mat]ial univ]se1 ( :i* we "k no?+1 we _c1 by ! v t]ms ( ?is supposition1 "k t diff]5t po9ts ( our organ ( t\* are affect$ 9 a c]ta9 mann]1--t ^! po9ts are contigu\s to ea* o!r--& t ! mass affect+ ^! contigu\s po9ts mu/ consequ5tly itself be compos$ ( po9ts1 t are1 9 l mann]1 contigu\s4 ,we "k no?+ ( our organs--we "k no?+ ( any ext]nal masses--b a c]ta9 feel+ is excit$ 9 our m9d2 & x is ?is simple feel+ alone1 :atev] x may be1 :i* con/itutes ! direct elem5t>y s5sation ( t\*1 ?\gh ?is simple elem5t>y s5sation1 l _m o!r s5sations1 may aft]w>ds be s bl5d$ ) o!r feel+s1 z to become significant ( !m1 & ev5 to seem to involve !m1 z if orig9ally & necess>ily coexi/+4 ,x is impossible = u at pres5t1 inde$1 to h a body impress$ on u1 )\t ! imm$iate notion ( some?+ ext]nal & ext5d$1--z x is impossible = "o1 ^: sight is p]fect1 to op5 8 eyes1 9 ! light ( day1 )\t p]ceiv+1 z x 7 imm$iately1 ! long l9e ( v>iegat$ l&scape1 9 ! sc5]y be=e him3--! "o impossibility is exactly equal to ! o!r2 yet we "k1 9 ! case ( vision1 t all :i* we imm$iately p]ceive1 at ! v mom5t1 :5 our eyes seem to compreh5d ! worlds ( half inf9ity1 9 ! hemisph]e on ,:i* we gaze1 is a small expanse ( light1--if ev51 :i* ,i greatly d\bt1 !re truly be1 9 our orig9al p]ceptions ( ?is s5se1 s mu* ( ext5sion1 z is impli$ 9 ! smalle/ possible expanse4 ,9 t\*1 9 l mann]1 ,i conceive1 t ! imm$iate s5sation1 ?\gh1 l col\r1 x may n[ seem insep>able f ext5sion & outness1--if1 on ! au?ority ( ,b]keley1 ,i may v5ture to use t b>b>\s b expressive t]m1--01 l col\r1 orig9ally di/9ct f !m1--t1 by ! m]e orig9al s5sations ( ?is organ1 9 %ort1 we c\ld z little "k ! exi/5ce ( an impress+ body1 z1 by ! m]e orig9al s5sations ( vision1 we c\ld le>n t su* a body exi/$ at ! extremity ( ! room 9 :i* we sit4 ,9 def9+ s5sation1 :5 we began our inquiry into its nature1 ,i /at$ x to be t affection ( ! m9d1 :i* is imm$iately subsequ5t to ! affection ( c]ta9 organs1 induc$ by ! action ( ext]nal bodies2 & ,i admitt$1 t1 9 ?is def9ition two assumptions 7 made1--! exi/5ce ( =eign *angeable ext]nal bodies1 z sep>ate f ! m9d1--& ! exi/5ce ( organs1 also sep>ate f ! m9d1 & 9 relation to x truly ext]nal1 l o!r bodies1 b =m+ a p]man5t "p ( our corporeal frame1 & capable ( be+ affect$1 9 a c]ta9 mann]1 by ! o!r bodies1 ( :i* ! exi/5ce 0 assum$4 ,z f> z our analytical inquiry has yet proce$$1 ^! assumptions are assumptions /ill4 ,we h n be5 able to detect1 9 ! s5sations consid]$ by u1 m ?an 9 any ( our int]nal pleasures or pa9s1 any circum/ances t seem to be indicative ( a mat]ial _w )\t4 ,our analytical inquiry itself1 h[ev]1 ev5 9 attempt+ to trace ! circum/ances1 9 :i* ! belief orig9ates1 mu/ proce$ on t v belief4 ,accord+ly1 9 exam9+ our s5ses ( smell1 ta/e1 & he>+1 ,i uni=mly took = grant$ ! exi/5ce ( odorif]\s1 sapid1 & vibrat+ bodies1 & consid]$ m]ely1 :e!r ! s5sations1 excit$ by ^!1 71 ( !mselves1 capable ( communicat+ to u any k ( ! ext]nal & indep5d5t exi/5ce ( ! bodies :i* excit$ !m4 ,9 ! pres5t /age ( our inquiry1 ,i mu/1 9 l mann]1 take = grant$ ! exi/5ce ( bodies1 :i* act1 by _! contiguity or pressure1 on our organ ( t\*1 z ! odorif]\s or sapid p>ticles1 act on our n]ves ( smell & ta/e--n t ,i assume ?is belief1 z exi/+ 9 ! m9d ^: intellectual acquisitions are ! subject ( inquiry1--=1 9 t case1 ! inquiry itself w\ld be sup]flu\s4 ,i assume x1 m]ely z exi/+ 9 ! m9d ( u ! inquir]s1--& only1 because x is impossible1 )\t su* an assumption to make ! suppositions t are necess>y = ! inquiry4 ,all our language is at pres5t adapt$ to a sy/em ( ext]nal ?+s4 ,!re is no direct vocabul>y ( scepticism2 & ev5 ! mo/ cauti\s & philosophic inquir]1 !re=e1 mu/ (t5 be oblig$ to express 8 d\bt1 or 8 diss5t1 9 language t implies affirmation4 ,9 ! pres5t case1 :5 we attempt to analyse our s5sations1 x is impossible to speak ( ! circum/ances 9 :i* ! infant is plac$1 or1 ,i may say ev51 to speak ( ! infant himself1 )\t t assumption :i* we h be5 oblig$ to make4 ,! real exi/5ce ( an ext]nal univ]se1 & ! belief ( t exi/5ce1 are1 h[ev]1 9 !mselves1 p]fectly sep>ate & di/9ct2 & x is n ! exi/5ce ( an ext]nal _w1 :i* we are n[ endeav\r+ to e/abli% z an object ( belief4 ,we are only endeav\r+1 9 our analysis ( ! s5sations af=d$ by our diff]5t organs1 to asc]ta9 9 :at circum/ance ! belief arises4 ,!re might be a _w ( suns & planets1 ?\gh !re 7 no human be+1 ^: m9d c\ld be affect$ ) belief ( x2 & ev5 ! mo/ zeal\s def5d]s ( ! reality ( ext]nal nature mu/ admit1 t1 ?\gh no creat$ ?+ b ourselves 7 9 exi/5ce1 our m9d might /ill h be5 s con/itut$1 z to h ! v s]ies ( feel+s1 :i* =m at pres5t its successive ph5om5a1 & :i* are ascrib$ 9 no small numb] to ! action ( ext]nal ?+s4 ,are ! prim>y s5sations d]iv$ f ! organ ( t\*1 !n1 ( su* a k9d z to af=d u t k1 :i* !y are suppos$ to give ( ?+s )\t8 ,let u imag9e a be+1 end[$ ) ! s5se ( t\*1 & ) e o!r s5se & faculty ( our m9d1 b n ) any previ\s k ( 8 own corporeal frame1 or ( o!r ?+s ext]nal1--& let u suppose a small body1 ( any %ape1 to be press$1 = ! fir/ "t1 on 8 op5 h&4 ,:atev] feel+s m]e t\* c give1 directly ( itself1 w\ld ( c\rse be ! same 9 ?is case1 z n[1 :5 our k is increas$1 & complicat$1 f _m o!r s\rces4 ,let ! body1 ?us impress$1 be suppos$ to be a small cube1 ( ! same temp]ature ) ! h& itself1 t all consid]ation ( heat or cold may be exclud$1 & ! feel+ produc$ be z simple z possible4 ,:at1 !n1 may we suppose ! consequ5t feel+ to be8 ,x w1 ,i conceive1 be a simple feel+ ( ! k9d ( :i* ,i h already spok51 z capable ( aris+ f ! affection ( a s+le po9t ( our organ ( t\*1--a feel+ t v>ies inde$ ) ! quantity ( pressure1 z ! s5sation ( fragrance v>ies ) ! numb] ( ! odor\s p>ticles1 b involves z little ! notion ( ext5sion1 z t notion is involv$ 9 ! m]e fragrance ( a violet or a rose4 ,! connection ( ?is orig9al tactual feel+1 h[ev]1 ) t ( ext5sion1 is1 n[1 s indissoluble1 z1 inde$1 x c\ld n fail to become1 9 ! circum/ance 9 :i* x has uni=mly aris51 t x is almo/ impossible to conceive x z sep>ate4 ,we may p]haps1 h[ev]1 make a ne> approa* to ! conception ( x1 by us+ ! g5tle gradual pressure ( a small po9t$ body1 :i*1 9 ! v>i\s slight feel+s1 excit$ by x1--be=e x p5etrate ! cuticle1 or cause any consid]able pa91--may repres5t1 9 "s measure1 ! simple & imm$iate effect1 :i* pressure 9 any case produces1--exclusively ( ! associate feel+s :i* x indirectly sugge/s4 ,su* ( y1 z h ! curiosity to try ! exp]im5t1 ) any small bodies1 n absolutely po9t$1--su* z ! head ( a p91 or any body ( simil> dim5sions1--w be a/oni%$ to feel1 h[ v slightly1 if at all1 ! notion ( ext5sion or figure is involv$ 9 ! feel+1 ev5 aft] all ! intimate associations ( our exp]i5ce2--c]ta9ly f> less ?an ! notion ( longitud9al di/ance seems to u to be involv$ 9 ! imm$iate affections ( our s5se ( sight4 ,x is an exp]im5t1 !re=e1 :i* ,i mu/ reque/ y n to neglect to make4 ,b ! pressure ( su* a l>ge body1 z ! cube1 :i* we h suppos$ to be press$ aga9/ our organ ( t\*1 n[ awak5s v diff]5t feel+s4 ,we p]ceive1 z x 7 imm$iately1 =m & h>dness4 ,may n1 !n1 ! k ( resi/ance & ext5sion1 & consequ5tly ! belief ( ! ess5tial qualities ( matt]1--be orig9ally communicat$ by ! affections ( ?is organ8 ,! feel+ ( resi/ance1--to beg9 ) ?is1--is1 ,i conceive1 to be ascrib$1 n to our organ ( t\*1 b to our muscul> frame1 to :i* ,i h already m ?an once direct$ y\r att5tion1 z =m+ a di/9ct organ ( s5se2 ! affections ( :i*1 p>ticul>ly z exi/+ 9 comb9ation ) o!r feel+s1 & modify+ our judgm5ts conc]n+ ^!1 7z 9 ! case ( di/ant vision1 = example17 are n less important ?an ^? ( our o!r s5sitive organs4 ,! s5sations ( ?is class1 are1 inde$1 9 common circum/ances1 s obscure1 z to be sc>cely he$$ or rememb]$ by u2 b !re is probably no contraction1 ev5 ( a s+le muscle1 :i* is n att5d$ ) "s fa9t degree ( s5sation1 t di/+ui%es x f ! contractions ( o!r muscles1 or f o!r degrees ( contraction ( ! same muscle4 ,i mu/ n be und]/ood1 h[ev]1 z mean+ t we are able1 9 ?is mann]1 by a sort ( in/9ctive anatomy1 to p]ceive & numb] our own muscles1 & :5 _m ( !m are act+ toge!r1 z !y usually d1 to di/+ui% ea* f ea*2 =1 till we /udy ! int]nal /ructure ( our frame1 we sc>cely "k m1 ?an t we h limbs :i* move at our w1 & we are altoge!r ignorant ( ! complicat$ ma*9]y :i* is subs]vi5t to ! volition4 ,b ea* motion ( ! visible limb1 :e!r produc$ by "o or m ( ! invisible muscles1 is accompani$ ) a c]ta9 feel+1 t may be complex1 inde$1 z aris+ f v>i\s muscles1 b :i* is consid]$ by ! m9d z "o2 & x is ?is p>ticul> feel+1 accompany+ ! p>ticul> visible motion1--:e!r ! feel+ & ! invisible p>ts contract$ be truly simple or comp\nd1--:i* we di/+ui% f e o!r feel+ accompany+ e o!r quantity ( contraction4 ,x is z if a man1 born bl9d1 7 to walk1 = ! fir/ "t1 9 a fl[] g>d54 ,he w\ld di/+ui% ! fragrance ( "o p>t]re f ! fragrance ( ano!r1 ?\gh he might be altoge!r ignorant ( ! sep>ate od\rs unit$ 9 ea*2 & might ev5 consid] z "o simple p]fume1 :at 01 9 tru?1 ! m+l$ product ( a ?\s&4 ,obscure z our muscul> s5sations are 9 common circum/ances1 !re are o!r circum/ances1--:i* ,i po9t$ out to y 9 treat+ be=e ( ?is subject1--9 :i* !y make !mselves abundantly manife/4 ,i ne$ n ref] to ! diseas$ /ate ( ! muscles1 9 :i* !y become pa9fully s5sible2 & ,i w admit1 t ! ref]5ce to su* a morbid /ate1 9 :i* ! /ructure may be suppos$ to be alt]$ by ! disease1 w\ld p]haps sc>cely be a fair "o4 ,x is suffici5t to ref] to ph5om5a ( :i* e "o mu/ h be5 consci\s innum]able times1 & :i* imply no disease nor la/+ diff]5ce ( /ate4 ,:at is ! feel+ ( fatigue1 = example1 b a muscul> feel+8 t is to say1 a feel+ ( :i* our muscles are z truly ! organ1 z our eye or e> is ! organ ( sight or he>+4 ,:5 a limb has be5 long ex]cis$1 )\t suffici5t int]vals ( re/1 ! repetition ( ! contraction ( its muscles is accompani$1 n ) a slight & obscure s5sation1 b ) "o :i* am\nts1 if x be gradually increas$1 to sev]e pa91 & :i* be=e x arrives at ?is1 has pass$ progressively ?r\gh v>i\s /ages ( uneas9ess4 ,ev5 :5 !re has be5 no previ\s fatigue1 we _c make a s+le p[]ful ef=t at any "t1 )\t be+ s5sible ( ! muscul> feel+ connect$ ) ?is ef=t4 ,( ! pleasure :i* att5ds m mod]ate ex]cise1 e "o mu/ h be5 consci\s 9 himself1 ev5 9 8 ye>s ( maturity1 :5 he seldom has rec\rse to x = ! pleasure alone2 & mu/ rememb]1 /ill m ! happ9ess :i* x af=d$ him 9 o!r ye>s1 :5 happ9ess 0 ( less co/ly & labori\s production ?an at pres5t4 ,by t admirable provision1 ) :i* nature accommodates ! bless+s :i* %e gives1 to ! wants t /& 9 ne$ ( !m1 %e has1 9 t e>ly p]iod1--:5 ! pleasure ( m5tal fre$om1 & ! ambitions ( busy life1 are necess>ily exclud$1--made ample am5ds to ! little slave ( affection1 9 t disposition to spontane\s pleasure1 :i* r5d]s x almo/ an ef=t to be sad1 z if exi/5ce itself 7 delight2 giv+ him a fund ( indep5d5t happ9ess 9 ! v air :i* %e has p\r$ ar\nd him1 & ! ready limbs :i* move ?r\gh x1 almo/ )\t 8 bidd+4 ,9 t beautiful passage1 9 :i* ,goldsmi? describes ! s\nds t come 9 "o m+l$ murmur f ! village1 :o does n feel ! =ce ( ! happ9ess :i* is compris$ 9 ! s+le l9e1 t speaks ( 8,! playful *ildr51 j let loose f s*ool80#hd ,x is n ! m]e fre$om f ! intellectual task ( :i* we ?9k2 x is mu* m1 t bur/ ( animal pleasure1 :i* is felt 9 e limb1 :5 ! long con/ra9t t has repress$ x is remov$1 & ! :ole frame is giv5 once m to all ! fre$om ( nature4 ,x is by ! pleasure ( ex]tion1 & ! pa9 ( inex]tion1 t we are r\s$ f t indol5ce1 into :i*1 ) great injury to society1 t requires our contribution ( active aid1 we o!rwise might s9k2--z we are r\s$1 9 l mann]1 by ! pleasure ( food1 & ! pa9 ( hung]1 to take ! alim5t t is necess>y = our individual su/5ance2 & ?\gh ! m]e alim5t is1 inde$1 m important = life1 x is n m important = happ9ess ?an t pleasure ( activity :i* calls & =ces u f our slo?ful repose4 8,!e1 too1 ,my ,p>idel1--,i saw !e !re1 ,/ret*'d on ! rack ( a too easy *air40 ,) ! same happy provision ) :i* %e has consid]$ ! "y ( our own species1 ,nature has1 9 ! o!r animals1 ^: s\rces ( g5]al pleasure are /ill m limit$ ?an 9 ! *ild1 conv]t$ _! muscul> frame into an organ ( delight4 ,x is n 9 se>* ( ri*] pa/ure t ! horse gallops ov] 8 field1 or ! goat leaps f rock to rock2 x is = ! luxury ( ! ex]cise itself4 8,if ! %ell-fi% on ! %ore10 says ,dr ,f]guson1 8p]=m no visible action b t ( op5+ & clos+ 8 %ell1 to receive ! br9e t accommodates1 or to exclude ! f\l matt] t annoys him1 !re are o!r animals t1 9 ! opposite extreme1 are active2 & = :om ,nature seems to adm9i/] ! means ( supply1 m]ely z a re/orative ( t /r5g? :i* !y are s freely to wa/e 9 ! seem+ly sportive or viol5t ex]cises to :i* !y are dispos$40#he 8,! b\nd+ fawn1 t d>ts across ! glade1 ,:5 none pursues1 ?r\gh m]e delight ( he>t1 ,& spirits buoyant1 ) excess ( glee2 ,! horse z wanton1 & almo/ z fleet1 ,t skims ! spaci\s mead[ at full spe$1 ,!n /ops1 & snorts1 &1 ?r[+ high 8 heels1 ,/>ts to ! volunt>y race aga92 ,! v k9e1 t gambol at high noon1-- ,! total h]d1--receiv+ fir/ f "o1 ,t leads ! dance1 a summons to be gay2 ,?\gh wild _! /range vag>ies1 & unc\? ,_! ef=ts1 yet resolv$1 ) "o cons5t1 ,to give su* act & utt]ance z !y may ,to ec/acy1 too big to be suppress'd40#hf ,x is ?is appe>ance ( happy life :i* spreads a *>m ov] e little gr\p1 ) :i* ,nature animates h] sc5]y2 & he :o c look )\t int]e/ on ! "y lamb1 z x frolics ar\nd ! bu%1 may gaze1 inde$1 on ! magnific5t l&scape z x op5s be=e him1--b x w be ) an eye :i* looks languidly1 & 9 va91 = pleasure :i* x _c f9d4 ,^! obs]vations1 on our muscul> pa9s & pleasures1 9 con=mity ) t view ( !m :i* ,i endeav\r$ to give y1 9 a =m] lecture1 are n digressive n[1 nor uselessly repeat$4 ,x is ( great importance = ! applications :i* we h to make1 t y %\ld be fully aw>e t our muscul> frame1 is n m]ely a "p ( ! liv+ ma*9]y ( motion1 b is also truly an organ ( s5se4 ,:5 ,i move my arm1 )\t resi/ance1 ,i am consci\s ( a c]ta9 feel+2 :5 ! motion is imp$$1 by ! pres5ce ( an ext]nal body1 ,i am consci\s ( a diff]5t feel+1 aris+ p>tly1 inde$1 f ! m]e s5se ( t\*1 9 ! mov+ limb compress$1 b n consi/+ m]ely 9 ?is compression1 s9ce1 :5 ! same pressure is made by a =eign =ce1 )\t any muscul> ef=t on my "p1 my g5]al feel+ is v diff]5t4 ,x is ! feel+ ( ?is resi/ance to our progressive ef=t1 7comb9$1 p]haps1 ) ! m]e tactual feel+7 :i* =ms :at we t]m1 our feel+ ( solidity or h>dness2 &1 )\t x1 ! tactual feel+ w\ld be no?+ m1 ?an a s5sation indiff]5t or agreeable1 or disagreeable or sev]ely pa9ful1 accord+ to ! =ce ( ! pressure1 9 ! p>ticul> case2 9 ! same way1 z ! matt] ( heat1 act+1 9 diff]5t degrees1 on ?is v organ ( t\*1 & on diff]5t portions ( its surface1 at diff]5t times1 produces all ! int]m$iate s5sations1 agreeable1 disagreeable1 or indiff]5t1 f ! pa9 ( excessive cold1 to ! pa9 ( burn+2 & produces !m 9 l mann]1 )\t sugge/+ ! pres5ce ( any solid body1 ext]nal to ourselves4 ,7 ! cube1 !re=e1 9 ! case suppos$1 press$1 = ! fir/ "t1 on ! h&1 x w\ld excite a c]ta9 s5sation1 inde$1 b n t ( resi/ance1 :i* always implies a muscul> ef=t t is resi/$1 & consequ5tly n t ( h>dness1 :i* is a mode ( resi/ance4 ,x w\ld be v diff]5t1 h[ev]1 if we fairly made ! attempt to press aga9/ x2 =1 !n1 our ef=t w\ld be imp$$1 & ! consequ5t feel+ ( resi/ance w\ld arise2 :i*1 z co-exi/+ 9 ?is case1 & 9 e case ( ef=t1 ) ! p>ticul> s5sation ( t\*1 might aft]w>ds be sugge/$ by x1 on ! simple recurr5ce ( ! same s5sation ( t\*1 s z to excite ! notion ( h>dness1 9 ! body t\*$1 )\t ! r5ewal ( any muscul> ef=t on our "p1 9 ! same mann] z ! angul> surfaces ( ! cube1 if we *ance to turn our eye on x1 are sugge/$ by ! m]e plane ( col\r1 :i* x pres5ts to our imm$iate vision1 & :i* is all t our imm$iate vision w\ld1 ( itself1 h made kn[n to u4 ,! feel+ ( resi/ance1 !n1 ,i tru/1 x w be admitt$1 & consequ5tly ( h>dness1 & all ! o!r modes ( resi/ance1 is a muscul>1 n a tactual feel+4 ,b ?\gh ! resi/ance or h>dness ( ! cube1 z imply+ "s c\nt] ef=t1 may n be imm$iately s5sible to our sup]ficial organ ( t\*1 are n its dim5sions s p]ceiv$8 ,its cubical =m1 x w be all[$1 _c be felt1 z only "o ( its surfaces is suppos$ to be press$ ^u ! h&2 b1 is n at lea/ ?is squ>e surface p]ceiv$ imm$iately8 ,9 %ort1 does n t\*1 orig9ally & imm$iately1 convey to u ! k ( ext5sion8 ,) our pres5t complete belief ( ext]nal ?+s1 inde$1 & especially ( our organs ( s5se1 ! mo/ important ( ^!1 ! orig9 ( our k ( ext5sion1 seems to u a matt] ( v easy explanation4 ,! squ>e surface presses on our organ ( t\*1--x affects n a s+le physical po9t m]ely1 b a portion ( ! organ1 correspond+ exactly1 9 surface ) itself2 & ! p]ception ( ! simil> squ>e1 x w be said1 ?us imm$iately arises4 ,b1 9 all ?is easy explanation1 x is v /rangely =gott51 t ! feel+1 :atev] x may be1 :i* ! impression ( ! squ>e surface produces1 is n itself ! squ>e configuration ( our tactual organ1 correspond+ ) t surface1 b ! /ate ( a v diff]5t sub/ance1 :i* is z little squ>e1 z x is r\nd or elliptical1--:i* is1 inde$1 f its own absolute simplicity1 incapable ( resemblance 9 %ape to any ?+2 & ! resemblance ( :i*1 !re=e1 to ! %ape ( ! m]e organ1 is z little to be expect$ 9 ! s5sations ( t\*1--z t o!r /ate ( m9d1 :i* con/itutes ! s5sation ( ! fragrance ( a rose1 c be expect$ to resemble ! %ape ( ! odor\s p>ticles !mselves1 or ( ! organ ( smell1 :i* is affect$ by !m4 ,! v k :i* t\* is suppos$ to give1 is1 9 ?is case1 mo/ inconsi/5tly1 assum$1 z exi/+ 9 ! m9d1 be=e ! v t\* :i* is suppos$ to give x4 ,if1 inde$1 ! m9d c\ld "k1 t a "p ( its ext]nal corporeal organ is compress$ into ! =m ( a squ>e1 or t ano!r squ>e surface is compress+ t organ1 ! difficulty w\ld be at an end2 = x w\ld1 !n1 mo/ und\bt$ly1 h t v k ( ext5sion1 ! orig9 ( :i* we seek4 ,b x is n expla9$1 h[ ! m9d1 :i* alone c h s5sation or k1 & :i* c]ta9ly is n squ>e itself1 is to be made acqua9t$ ) ! squ>5ess ( its own corporeal organ1 or ( ! =eign body2 nor1 inde$1 h[ ! squ>5ess ( ! m]e ext]nal organ %\ld produce ?is p>ticul> affection ( ! m9d1 m ?an if ! organ 7 compress$ into ! %ape ( a polygon ( "o ?\s& sides4 ,let x be suppos$1 t1 :5 a small cube is press$ on ! h&1 "o hundr$ physical po9ts ( ! organ ( t\* are affect$ 9 a c]ta9 mann]4 ,we h1 x is said1 an imm$iate p]ception ( a squ>e surface4 ,let x next be suppos$1 t1 in/ead ( "o hundr$ ( ^! cont9u\s po9ts ( ! organ1 an equal numb] ( po9ts1 at v>i\s di/ances 9 ! surface ( ! body1 are affect$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,on ?is supposition x w sc>cely be said1 t ! p]ception ( a squ>e w\ld arise1 :5 !re is no squ>e1 m ?an any o!r imag9able =m1 9 ! space compreh5d$ 9 ! pressure4 ,yet :at diff]5ce is !re1 9 ^! two cases1 to a m9d t is1 by supposition1 absolutely ignorant ( e bodily organ1 & consequ5tly alike ignorant ( ! ne>ness or di/ance ( ! po9ts ( ! organ ( t\*8 ,9 bo? cases1 "o hundr$ po9ts1 equally s5sible1 are affect$1 & are affect$ precisely 9 ! same mann]2--& !re is truly no diff]5ce1 unless we tacitly suppose ! m9d to be consci\s ( ! bodily frame1 &1 !re=e1 ( ! cont9uity ( c]ta9 po9ts ( ! organ ( t\*1 ) ! o!r po9ts t are proximate to !m1--a sort ( k1 = :i* x w\ld n be easy to acc\nt1 & :i* x is impossible to conceive1 )\t conc$+ ! v po9t 9 "q4 ,a little att5tive reflection on ! circum/ances ( ^! two cases1 w1 p]haps1 aid y 9 free+ y\r m9ds f ! illusive belief1 ( :i* x may n be easy = y at fir/ to dive/ y\rselves1--t ! cont9uity & simil>ity ( %ape1 :i* are kn[n to u ! inquir]s1 are kn[n also to t little s5ti5t be+1 ^: fir/ elem5ts ( k we are endeav\r+ to trace4 ,we are too apt to =get1 9 inquiries ( ?is sort1 t x is n 9 our organ ( t\* m]ely1 t a c]ta9 ext5t ( ! n]v\s extremity ( our s5sorial organ is affect$4 ,?is occurs1 equally1 9 e o!r organ4 ,9 ! sup]ficial expansion ( ! n]ves ( he>+1 smell1 ta/e1 = example1 x is n a po9t m]ely t is affect$1 b a numb] ( cont9u\s po9ts1 precisely1 z 9 ! sup]ficial organ ( t\*2 & if1 !re=e1 ! notion ( ext5sion 9 g5]al1 or ( figure1 :i* is limit$ ext5sion1 arose :5ev] a "p ( ! n]v\s expansion 0 affect$ 9 any way1 we %\ld d]ive ^! notions z mu* f a ta/e1 or a smell1 or a s\nd1 z f any ( ! configurations or affections ( our organ ( t\*4 ,x is n1 !re=e1 m]ely because a c]ta9 limit$ "p ( ! s5sorial organ is affect$1 t we h ! notion ( ! squ>e surface1 9 ! case suppos$ by u3 =1 if ?is alone 7 necess>y1 we %\ld h squ>e in*es1 & half in*es1 & v>i\s o!r =ms1 rectil9e> or curvil9e>1 ( fragrance & s\nd4 ,b1 x may p]haps be urg$1 ?\gh all our organs mu/1 inde$1 exi/ equally ) our organ ( t\* ( a c]ta9 %ape :5 affect$1--& ?\gh ! s5sorial figure ( our o!r organs1 is n accompani$ ) any ( ^? m5tal affections1 :i* con/itute ! p]ception ( angul> or curvil9e> figure1 !re is some?+1 9 ! nature ( t "p ( ! s5sorial organ1 :i* t]m9ates on ! g5]al surface ( ! body1 t impresses ! m9d1 imm$iately1 ) a s5sation1 correspond+ ) ! exact figure1 9 :i* ! organ may itself exi/4 ,:5 ! squ>e1 !re=e1 9 ! case imag9$ by u1 is impress$ ^u ! organ1 ! m5tal affection :i* con/itutes our notion ( a squ>e may imm$iately arise1 ?\gh x w\ld n arise f ! simil> squ>5ess ( our organs ( smell or he>+4 ,9 answ] to ?is m]e supposition1 ,i may rem>k1 t ! s5sorial organ ( t\* exi/s1 at e mom5t1 ( a c]ta9 %ape1 & t we yet h no p]ception ( ?is %ape1 s z to be able to del9eate ! :ole ext5t ( our tactual organ1 9 ! same mann] z we c\ld del9eate ! impress+ squ>e1 9 ! case suppos$3 or1 if x be said1 t ! configuration ( ! organ does n excite ?is m5tal affection1 9 ! quiesc5t /ate ( ! "p1 b only :5 x is itself affect$1 ,i may rem>k1 t we are z little able to del9eate its figure1 :5 we are expos$ to ! action ( heat1 :i* yet acts mo/ p[]fully ^u ?is v organ1 induc+ s5sations1 at lea/ z vivid z ^? ( h>dness or figure4 ,x may /ill1 h[ev]1 be cont5d$1 = 9 a "q ( ?is sort ,i wi% fairly to imag9e e possible argum5t--x may /ill be cont5d$1 t1 ?\gh ! organ ( t\* has no effect1 9 ?is way m]ely z configur$1 & might1 9 any o!r configuration op]ate1 precisely 9 ! same mann]1 on ! s5ti5t m9d1--/ill ! h>mony ( ! bodily & m5tal *anges is s arrang$ by nature1 t ! organic /ate 9 t\*1 :atev] x may be1 is imm$iately foll[$ by ! k ( ! ext5sion ( ! impress+ body1--9 ! same mann] z a c]ta9 /ate ( ! organ ( smell1 :atev] t /ate may be1 is imm$iately foll[$ by t affection ( ! m9d1 :i* con/itutes our s5sation ( ! fragrance ( a rose4 ,?\gh ?is argum5t1 9 tru?1 r begs ! "q1 ?an attempts to meet x1 let u give to x all ! =ce :i* x may claim4 ,! accurate det]m9ation ( ! po9t may1 inde$1 seem1 at fir/ almo/ impossible2 s9ce 9 :atev] mann] ! seem+ p]ception may arise1 x mu/ be admitt$1 t we n[ seem to p]ceive ext5sion1 z x 7 imm$iately1 by t\*2 ?\gh n m imm$iately ?an 9 vision we seem to p]ceive ! positions ( objects 9 diff]5t di/ances be=e our eyes4--,b !re is1 =tunately1 at lea/ "o te/1 :i* ! po9t 9 "q /ill admits4 ,if ! app>5t p]ception ( ext5sion by t\*1 be truly & orig9ally imm$iate1 & n acquir$1 l ! app>5t p]ception ( di/ance 9 vision1 s z to involve a sort ( intellectual measurem5t or sugge/ion ( "s sort1 aft] ! prim>y s5sation1--! p]ception mu/ be con/ant & univ]sal1 n conf9$ to a few simple & famili> =ms1 :i*1 if we c di/+ui% ^! alone1 we may be suppos$ to h le>n$ f exp]i5ce1 b ext5d+ to =ms ( e k9d2 = x w\ld c]ta9ly be a v /range abuse ( ! lic5se ( supposition1 to imag9e t we p]ceive a squ>e imm$iately1 b n a circle1 or a circle b n a squ>e1 or inde$ any o!r figure4 ,ev5 at pres5t1 !n--?\gh ! circum/ances ( ! trial1--:5 ! exp]i5ce ( _m ye>s mu/ h exhau/$ s _m v>ieties ( =m1 associat+ ! notion ( ^! ) ! p>ticul> tactual feel+ :atev] t may be--are surely v unfav\rable to ! op9ion :i* ,i ma9ta91--ev5 at pres5t1 ,i may safely tru/ to exp]im5t1 ! det]m9ation ( ! "q4 ,:5 a body :i* we d n see1 is press$ on any "p ( our tactual organ1 d we imm$iately discov] its =m1--z imm$iately1 z we are s5sible ( fragrance1 :5 our organ ( smell is 9 a heal?y /ate1 & an odorif]\s body is pres5t$ to x1 or ( s\nd1 :5 a cannon is fir$ beside u8 ,?is we c]ta9ly %\ld d1 if figure 7 z direct an object ( ! s5se ( t\*1 z fragrance & s\nd are ( ! s5ses ( smell & he>+4 ,ev5 ?\gh x be a =m ( ! simple/ k9d1 squ>e1 r\nd1 triangul>1 t is ?us press$ ^u our palm1 we sc>cely di/+ui% ! precise species ( figure = a mom5t1 & are long be=e we c conv9ce ourselves1 t we h p]ceiv$ its exact magnitude1 9 ! det]m9ation ( :i*1 aft] all1 we %all v probably be mi/ak51 if we conf9e ourselves to ! m]e intellectual measurem5t2 ?\gh we %\ld ev5 add to ! imm$iate s5sation ( t\*1 all ! discrim9at+ skill ( our judgm5t & reflection4 ,b1 if ! body be irregul> 9 =m1--h[ev] slight ! irregul>ity may be1 & ( a species t w\ld n p]plex 9 ! slighte/ degree our s5se ( sight1 & :i* c]ta9ly1 !re=e1 %\ld p]plex z little our s5se ( t\*1 :i* is suppos$ to be /ill m imm$iately p]ceptive ( =m1--we are incapable = "s "t1 & ,i may ev5 say are incapable altoge!r1 ( fix+1 ) precision1 its magnitude & figure--t v magnitude & figure :i* are yet said to be ! direct objects ( t\*4 ,( ?is a s+le trial may conv9ce any "o2 x is a trial :i* z x seems to me decisive1 ,i mu/ reque/ y to make4 ,are we !n entitl$ to say1 9 ! case ( ! squ>e surface ( ! cube press$ ^u our h&1 t ?\gh we _c discov] o!r =ms & magnitudes1 we yet discov] its ext5sion1 & consequ5tly its figure1 by ! imm$iate s5se ( t\*8--or may we n r conclude ) confid5ce1 t :at is true ( o!r =ms is true ( ?is also1 t x is only 9 consequ5ce ( m frequ5t exp]i5ce we h le>n$ z x 7 to di/+ui%1 ) "s degree ( c]ta9ty1 ! simpl] =ms1 :i*1 z m]e =ms1 are n m direct objects ( ! s5se ( t\* ?an =ms ! mo/ irregul>1 & t )\t su* exp]i5ce1 !re=e1 our m]e s5se ( t\* is incapable ( in=m+ u ( ! figure ( bodies1 imm$iately & orig9ally4 ,if !n ! k ( ext5sion be n d]iv$ f our imm$iate s5se ( t\*1 x mu/ be d]iv$ f "s o!r s\rce1 :i* all[s x to be associat$ ) ! feel+s ( t\*1 & aft]w>ds sugge/$ by ^!1 9 ! same mann] z di/ant ext5t1 9 ! case ( vision1 is sugge/$ by a few slight v>ieties ( col\r4 ,let u endeav\r1 !n1 s9ce "s su* s\rce !re mu/ be1 to discov] :at ! s\rce is4 ,,footnotes3 #hd ,des]t$ ,village1 v4 #abj4 #he ,pr9ciples ( ,moral & ,political ,sci5ce1 ,"p ,i4 c4 i4 sect4 i4 #hf ,c[p]'s ,task1 ,book ,,iv4 ,,lecture ,,xxiii4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,! ,,feel+s ,,usually ,,ascrib$ ,,to ,,! ,,s5se ,,( ,,t\*1 ,,cont9u$4 ,my la/ ,lecture1 ,g5tlem51 0 employ$ 9 consid]+ ! in=mation :i* we receive f ! s5se ( t\*1 or r ! in=mation :i* we are commonly suppos$ to receive f t s5se1--b :i*1 9 a great "p at lea/1 ,i am incl9$ to ascribe to ano!r s\rce4 ,! qualities ( bodies1 suppos$ to be made kn[n to u by t\*1 ,i r$uc$ to two1 ( :i* all--:atev] be ! v>iety ( names t express !m1--are m]e v>ieties1 ,,resi/ance & ,,ext5sion3--solidity1 liquidity1 viscidity1 h>dness1 s(tness1 r\ghness1 smoo?ness1 be+ modes ( ,,resi/ance1 & no?+ m2--figure1 magnitude1 divisibility1 z evid5tly no?+ m ?an modes ( ,,ext5sion3 & ,i /at$ reasons1 :i* induce me to believe1 t nei!r our feel+ ( resi/ance nor t ( ext5sion1 has its direct orig9 9 ! s5se ( t\*2 ?\gh ! orig9al simple feel+1 :i* ?is organ af=ds1 is n[1 f con/ant association1 almo/ indiscrim9ately comb9$ ) bo?1 9 "s "o or o!r ( _! v>ieties4 ,! fir/ ( ^! classes1--t :i* includes ! v>i\s modifications ( resi/ance1--,i exam9$ at great l5g?1 & %[$1 ,i tru/1 t x is n to our organ ( t\* we are indebt$ = ^!1 b t !y are feel+s ( ano!r s5se1 ( :i* our muscul> frame is ! organ1--! feel+s1 9 %ort1 ( :i* e "o mu/ h be5 consci\s1 :o has attempt$ to grasp any body1 or to press aga9/ x1 :5 ! full contraction ( ! muscles mu/1 ( c\rse1 h be5 imp$$4 ,accord+ z ! body is h>d or s(t1 r\gh or smoo?1--t is to say1 accord+ z x resi/s1 9 v>i\s degrees1 ! progress ( our ef=t ( contraction1--! muscul> feel+1 :i* arises f ! v>i\sly imp$$ ef=t1 w v>y 9 proportion2 & we call h>d1 s(t1 r\gh1 smoo?1 t :i* produces "o or o!r ( ! v>ieties ( ^! muscul> feel+s ( resi/ance1--z we t]m sweet or bitt]1 blue or yell[1 t :i* produces ei!r ( ^! s5sations ( ta/e or vision4 ,) ! feel+ ( resi/ance1 !re is1 inde$1 9 e case1 comb9$1 a c]ta9 tactual feel+1 because we mu/ t\* :atev] we attempt to grasp2 b x is n ( ?is m]e tactual feel+ we ?9k1 :5 we t]m bodies h>d or s(t1--x is ( ! great] or less resi/ance :i* !y af=d to our muscul> contraction4 ,i next proce$$ to consid] ! o!r class ( suppos$ tangible qualities1 :i* includes ! v>i\s modifications ( ext5sion1 & urg$ _m argum5ts to %[1 9 l mann]1 t1--h[ev] indissolubly ^! may seem at pres5t to be connect$ ) ! simple feel+s ( our organ ( t\*1--x is n to our simple orig9al feel+s ( ?is s5se1 t we owe our k ( !m1 z qualities ( ?+s )\t4 ,?\gh ! notion ( ext5sion1 h[ev]1 may arise 9 ! mann] :i* ,i h suppos$1 ?is1 x may be said1 is n ! notion ( ext]nal exi/5ce4 ,to :at1 !n1 are we to ascribe ! belief ( ext]nal reality1 :i* n[ accompanies our s5sations ( t\*8 ,x appe>s to me to dep5d on ! feel+ ( resi/ance1--! organ ( :i*1 z a muscul> feel+1 ,i be=e expla9$ to y1 :i* break+ 91 )\t any kn[n cause ( diff]5ce1 on an accu/om$ s]ies1 & comb9+ ) ! notion ( ext5sion1 & consequ5tly ( divisibility1 previ\sly acquir$1 furni%es ! elem5ts ( t comp\nd notion1 :i* we t]m ! notion ( matt]4 ,ext5sion1 resi/ance2--to comb9e ^! simple notions 9 some?+ :i* is n ourselves1 & to h ! notion ( matt]1 are precisely ! same ?+2 z x is ! same ?+ to h comb9$ ! head & neck ( a man ) ! body & legs ( a horse1 & to h ! notion ( t fabul\s be+1 :i* ! anci5ts d5om9at$ a c5taur4 ,x c]ta9ly1 at lea/1 w\ld n be easy = any "o to def9e matt] m simply1 ?an z t :i* has p>ts1 & t :i* resi/s our ef=t to grasp x2 &1 9 our analysis ( ! feel+s ( infancy1 we h be5 able to discov] h[ bo? ^! notions may h aris5 9 ! m9d1 & aris5 too1 9 circum/ances1 :i* mu/ lead to ! comb9ation ( !m 9 "o complex notion4 ,! infant /ret*es out 8 arm = ! fir/ "t1 by t volition )\t a kn[n object1 :i* is ei!r a m]e in/9ct1 or v ne> ak9 to "o1--?is motion is accompani$ ) a c]ta9 feel+1--he repeats ! volition :i* moves 8 arm fifty or "o ?\s& times1 & ! same progress ( feel+ takes place dur+ ! muscul> action4 ,9 ?is repeat$ progress1 he feels ! tru? ( t intuitive proposition1 :i*1 9 ! :ole c\rse ( ! life t awaits him1 is to be ! s\rce ( all 8 expectations1 & ! guide ( all 8 actions1--! simple proposition1 t :at has be5 z an antec$5t1 w be foll[$ by :at has be5 z a consequ5t4 ,at l5g? he /ret*es out 8 arm aga91 & in/ead ( ! accu/om$ progression1 !re arises1 9 ! resi/ance ( "s object oppos$ to him1 a feel+ ( a v diff]5t k9d :i*1 if he p]sev]e 9 8 volunt>y ef=t1 increases gradually to sev]e pa91 be=e he has half complet$ ! usual progress4 ,!re is a diff]5ce1 !re=e1 :i* we may1 )\t any absurdity1 suppose to a/oni% ! little reason]2 = ! expectation ( simil> consequ5ts1 f simil> antec$5ts1 is obs]vable ev5 9 8 e>lie/ actions1 & is probably ! result ( an orig9al law ( m9d1 z univ]sal1 z t :i* r5d]s c]ta9 s5sations ( sight & s\nd ! imm$iate result ( c]ta9 affections ( our eye or e>4 ,to any be+1 :o is ?us impress$ ) belief ( simil>ities ( sequ5ce1 a diff]5t consequ5t necess>ily implies a diff]5ce ( ! antec$5t4 ,9 ! case at pres5t suppos$1 h[ev]1 ! infant1 :o z yet kn[s no?+ b himself1 is consci\s ( no previ\s diff]5ce2 & ! feel+ ( resi/ance seems to him1 !re=e1 some?+ unkn[n1 :i* has its cause 9 some?+ t is n himself4 ,i am aw>e1 t ! application to an infant1 ( a process ( reason+ express$ 9 t]ms ( su* grave & =mal philosophic nom5clature1 has "s *ance ( appe>+ ridicul\s4 ,b ! reason+ itself is v diff]5t f ! t]ms employ$ to express x1 & is truly z simple & natural1 z ! t]ms1 :i* our language obliges u to employ 9 express+ x1 are ab/ract & artificial4 ,! infant1 h[ev]1 9 8 feel+ ( simil>ity ( antec$5ts & consequ5ts1 & ( ! necessity1 !re=e1 ( a new antec$5t1 :]e ! consequ5t is difficult1 has ! reason+1 b n ! t]ms4 ,he does n =m ! proposition z univ]sal1 & applicable to cases t h n yet exi/$2 b he feels x 9 e p>ticul> case1 z x occurs4 ,t he does truly reason1 ) at lea/ z mu* subtility1 z is involv$ 9 ! process n[ suppos$1 _c be d\bt$ by ^? :o att5d to ! manife/ results ( 8 little inductions1 9 ^? acquisitions ( k1 :i* %[ !mselves 9 ! actions1 &1 ,i may say1 almo/ 9 ! v looks ( ! little reason]1--at a p]iod long be=e t to :i* 8 own remembrance is aft]w>ds to ext5d1 :51 9 ! matur] progress ( 8 intellectual p[]s1 ! d>kness ( et]nity w meet 8 eye alike1 :e!r he attempt to gaze on ! pa/1 or on ! future2 & ! wi% to "k ! ev5ts1 ) :i* he is aft]w>ds to be occupi$ & int]e/$1 w n be m unavail+1 ?an ! wi% to retrace ev5ts1 t 7 ! occupation & int]e/ ( ! mo/ important ye>s ( 8 exi/5ce4 ,!n1 8,s--:5 ! "m1 b5d+ o'er 8 *>ms1 ,clasps h] fair nursel+ 9 delight$ arms2-- ,) sp>kl+ eye ! blameless plund]] owns ,h] s(t embraces & ende>+ tones1 ,seeks ! salubri\s f\nt ) op5+ lips1 ,spreads 8 inquir+ h&s1 & smiles & sips40#hg ,ev5 !n1 _m a process ( ratioc9ation is go+ on1 :i* might h s]v$ z an example ( /rict logic to ,ari/otle himself1 & :i* af=ds results1 f> m valuable to ! individual reason]1 ?an all ! cont5ts ( all ! folios ( ! cr[d ( t great logician's s*ola/ic comm5tators4 ,t ! notions ( ext5sion & ext]nal resi/ance1 :i* are ?us suppos$ to be acquir$ f ! progressive contraction ( muscles1 & ! difficulty oppos$ to _! accu/om$ contraction1 :i* introduces sudd5ly a new feel+1 :5 all ! antec$5t feel+s _h be5 ! same1 %\ld be directly comb9$1 only ) ! s5sations ( t\*1 _c appe> wond]ful1 :5 we reflect1 t x is only 9 ! case ( t\*1 !re is t frequ5t coexi/5ce or imm$iate succession1 :i* is necess>y to ! subsequ5t union4 ,9 ! case ( ! acquir$ p]ceptions ( vision1 x might1 9 l mann]1 be ask$1 :y is x t we d n smell ! exact di/ance ( a rose1 z we see its exact di/ance1 z soon z we h turn$ our eye on ! bu% on :i* ! rose is gr[+8 ,& ! only answ] :i* c be giv51 is t !re has n be5 9 smell t exact & frequ5t coexi/5ce ( feel+s :i* has occurr$ 9 vision4 ,x surely is n m wond]ful1 !re=e1 t ! same argum5t %\ld hold 9 ! acquir$ p]ceptions ( t\*1 9 :i* ! coexi/5ce is /ill m frequ5t & exact4 ,:5 we li/5 to a flute1 our muscles may be contract$ z be=e1 or quiesc5t z be=e2 :5 ! od\r ( a rose is waft$ to u1 n a s+le muscle may be m or less affect$4 ,b1 )\t ! action ( muscles1 we _c grasp a ball1 nor press aga9/ a resi/+ body1 nor move our h& along its surface4 ,:atev] feel+s1 !re=e1 are involv$ 9 muscul> contraction1 may be1 or r ,i may say1 if ! common laws ( association op]ate1 mu/ be associat$ ) ! simple feel+s ?us con/antly coexi/+1 :atev] !y may be1 :i* ! organ ( t\* orig9ally af=ds4 ,to suppose1 t1 9 a case ( su* frequ5t coexi/5ce or succession1 no association takes place1 & t our feel+s ( t\*1 are1 at ?is mom5t1 z simple z !y 7 orig9ally1 w\ld surely be to suppose ! univ]sal influ5ce ( ! associat+ pr9ciple to be susp5d$ 9 ?is p>ticul> case4 ,i h already expla9$ ! mann]1 9 :i*1 ,i suppose1 ! infant1 to obta9 ! notion ( some?+ ext]nal & sep>ate f himself1 by ! int]ruption ( ! usual tra9 ( antec$5ts & consequ5ts1 :5 ! pa9ful feel+ ( resi/ance has aris51 )\t any *ange ( circum/ances1 ( :i* ! m9d is consci\s 9 itself2 & ! process by :i* he acquires ?is notion1 is only ano!r =m ( ! v process1 :i*1 dur+ ! :ole c\rse ( 8 life1 is involv$ 9 all 8 reason+s1 & regulates1 !re=e1 all 8 conclusions1 ) respect to e physical tru?4 ,9 ! view :i* ,i take ( ! subject1 accord+ly1 ,i d n conceive t x is by any peculi> intuition1 we are l$ to believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( ?+s )\t4 ,i consid] ?is belief z ! effect ( t m g5]al intuition1 by :i* we consid] a new consequ5t1 9 any s]ies ( accu/om$ ev5ts1 z ! sign ( a new antec$5t1 & ( t equally g5]al pr9ciple ( association1 by :i* feel+s t h frequ5tly coexi/$1 fl[ toge!r1 & con/itute aft]w>ds "o complex :ole4 ,!re is some?+ :i* is n ourself1 some?+ :i* is repres5tative ( l5g?--some?+ :i* excites ! feel+ ( resi/ance to our ef=t2 & ^! elem5ts comb9$1 are matt]4 ,b1 :e!r ! notion arise 9 ! mann] ,i h suppos$1 or diff]5tly1 !re c be no d\bt t x has aris51 long be=e ! p]iod to :i* our memory rea*es2 & ! belief ( an ext]nal _w1 !re=e1 :e!r f\nd$ directly on an intuitive pr9ciple ( belief1 or1 z ,i r ?9k1 on associations z p[]ful z intuition 9 ! p]iod :i* alone we "k1 may be said to be an ess5tial "p ( our m5tal con/itution1 at lea/ z f> back z t con/itution c be made ! subject ( philosophic inquiry4 ,:atev] x may h be5 orig9ally1 x is n[ z impossible = u to disbelieve ! reality ( "s ext]nal cause ( our s5sations1 z x is impossible = u to disbelieve ! exi/5ce ( ! s5sations !mselves4 ,on ?is subject1 scepticism may be +5i\s 9 va92 & equally va91 ,i may say1 w\ld be ! attempt$ confutation ( scepticism2 s9ce x _c affect ! s]i\s int]nal belief ( ! sceptic1 :i* is ! same be=e z aft] argum5t2 un%ak5 by ! +5uity ( 8 own reason+s1 or r1 z ,i h be=e rem>k$1 tacitly assum$ & affirm$ 9 t v combat ( argum5t1 :i* pr(esses to d5y x4 ,x is 9 va91 t ,b]keley ass]ts 8 sy/em1 ) a zeal & acut5ess1 :i* might1 p]haps1 h succe$$ 9 conv9c+ o!rs1 if !y c\ld only h previ\sly succe$$ 9 conv9c+ himself1 n z a speculative philosoph] m]ely1 b z a human be+1 conv]sant ) 8 k9d1 act+1 & suff]+1 & rememb]+1 & hop+1 & fe>+4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 m ?an m]e +5uity ( argum5t c\ld p]=m4 ,ev5 9 publi%+ 8 "w ) ! s9c]e desire ( in/ruct+ & conv]t+ o!rs1 ! great & prim>y conv]t 0 yet to be made1 9 ! conv]t] himself4 ,9 ! ,life ( ,b]keley1 prefix$ to ! edition ( 8 collect$ works1 an acc\nt is giv5 ( a visit :i* he paid1 at ,p>is1 to ,malebran*e1 ! celebrat$ au?or ( a sy/em1 9 _m respects simil> to 8 own4 ,he f\nd him 9 a weak /ate ( heal?1 b abundantly eag] to ent] into disputation1 on a sci5ce :i* he lov$1 & especially on 8 own doctr9es1 :i* he lov$ /ill m2 b ! discussion 0 at la/ c>ri$ on ) m vehem5ce ?an ! feeble bodily frame ( ,malebran*e c\ld be>2 & 8 dea? 0 said to be occasion$1 or at lea/ ha/5$1 by ?is un=tunate intellectual combat4 ,:5 we consid] ?is int]view ( two illu/ri\s m51 ea* ( :om1 9 accordance ) 8 own sy/em1 mu/ h be5 incapable ( any direct k ( ! exi/5ce ( ! o!r1 ! viol5t reciprocal action ( ^! mutual non5tities1 might seem ludicr\s1 if !re 7 n1 9 ! dea? ( any "o1 & especially ( a philosoph] s e/imable 9 e respect z ! au?or ( ,! ,se>* ( ,tru?1 some?+ too s]i\s to be consi/5t ) any feel+ ( levity4 ,x is m suitable1 bo? to ! occasion itself1 & to our own intellectual weakness1 to reg>d ?is accid5tal int]view ( two philosoph]s1 cont5d+ s /r5u\sly aga9/ ea* o!r1 = ! tru? ( doctr9es1 :i* r5d]$ ! real exi/5ce ( ea*1 at be/1 v problematical1 z only a /rik+ in/ance ( ! read9ess ) :i* all ! pride ( human reason yields itself1 z x 71 spontane\sly & humbly1 to ! sway ( ^? m p[]ful pr9ciples1 :i* ,he1 :o has arrang$ our mutual con/itution1 has s graci\sly accommodat$ to ! circum/ances 9 :i* ,he has plac$ u4 ,! gift ( reason itself1 t mo/ ine/imable ( our intellectual gifts1 w\ld h be5 truly1 if no?+ m _h be5 add$ to x1 a p]il\s acquisition1 to be+s n absolutely incapable ( error2 s9ce ^! are po9ts on :i* a s+le mi/ake1 if !re _h be5 no opportunity ( repair+ x1 might h be5 fatal1 n to our happ9ess m]ely1 b to our v exi/5ce4 ,on ^! po9ts1 h[ev]1 ,nature has n left u to a p[] s fallible1 & to indol5ce1 :i* might =get to ex]cise ev5 ?is feeble p[]4 ,%e has giv5 u pr9ciples :i* d n err1 & :i* op]ate )\t ! necessity ( any ef=t on our "p4 ,9 ! wilde/ speculative errors1 into :i* we may be l$1 !re is a voice )91 :i* speaks1 inde$1 only 9 a :isp]1 b 9 a :isp] ( omnipot5ce1 at :i* ! l\d voice t l$ u a/ray1 is /ill1--?us op]at+ on our m9d1 z ! secret irresi/ible influ5ce ( gravitation op]ates on our body1 pres]v+ x1 amid all ! disord] & irregul>ity ( its spontane\s motions1 /ill atta*$ to t e>?ly home :i* has be5 prep>$ ) e b\ntiful provision = our tempor>y resid5ce4 ,if !re 71 inde$1 any sceptic z to ! exi/5ce ( an ext]nal _w1 :o c\ld s]i\sly pr(ess t 8 practical conduct 0 9 accordance ) 8 speculative disbelief1 we might v ju/ly ex]cise1 ) respect to 8 own pr(ession1 t philosophic d\bt or disbelief1 :i* he recomm5ds4 ,pyrrho1 ! great f\nd] ( ?is philosophy1 is1 inde$1 said to h act$ s truly on 8 pr9ciples1 t if a c>t ran aga9/ him1 or a dog attack$ him1 or if he came ^u a precipice he w\ld n /ir a foot to avoid ! dang]4 8,b 8 att5dants10 says ,dr ,reid1 8:o happily = him1 7 n s great sceptics1 took c>e to keep him out ( h>m's way1 s t he liv$ till he 0 n9ety ye>s ( age40#hh ,9 all ^! cases1 we may safely take = grant$1 t ?is v5]able sceptic1 :5 he exhibit$ himself ) 8 dome/ics knew1 at lea/ z well z ! spectator1 ! nature ( ! com$y :i* he 0 act+1 = _! ent]ta9m5t1 & 8 own imag9$ glory2--t he c\ld discrim9ate1 ) p]fect accuracy1 ! times :5 x w\ld be safe1 & ! times :5 x w\ld be unsafe1 = him to be consi/5t2--& t he w\ld nev] feel1 9 s /rong & lively a mann]1 ! =ce ( 8 own pr9ciples1 z :5 he 0 ei!r absolutely alone1 or ) att5dants )9 a v few in*es ( ! gr\nd on :i* he 0 philosophiz+4 ,we are told1 accord+ly1 t :5 8 passions 7 too /rongly r\s$1 to all[ him to rememb] ! "p :i* he 0 act+1 he ent]$ ) suffici5t read9ess into 8 native "* ( a m]e human be+4 ,( ?is1 "o ludicr\s in/ance is record$1 9 :i* 8 ang] aga9/ 8 cook s completely got ! bett]1 bo? ( 8 moral & physical philosophy1 t1 ) ! spit 9 8 h&1 & ! meat on x1 :i* _h be5 roa/+1 he pursu$ him to ! v m>ket-place4 ,_m /ories ( ?is sort1 h[ev]1 we may well suppose1 w\ld be inv5t$ aga9/ philosoph]s1 ( a class1 t at once *all5g$ ! opposition ( ! :ole mob ( mank9d1 & af=d$ subjects ( t obvi\s & easy ridicule1 :i* ! mob ( mank9d1 ev5 )\t ! provocation ( su* a *all5ge1 are always suffici5tly ready to seize4 ,into a detail ( ! sceptical sy/em ( ,b]keley1 x is unnecess>y to ent] at any l5g?2 s9ce1 not)/&+ ! g5]al acut5ess :i* its truly illu/ri\s au?or has display$ 9 ?is1 & 9 all 8 works1 ,i _c b consid] 8 ideal sy/em1 z pres5t+ a v imp]fect & inaccurate view1 n m]ely ( ! real ph5om5a ( ! m9d1 b ev5 ( ! sceptical argum5t aga9/ ! exi/5ce ( matt]4 ,x 0 n z a sceptic1 h[ev]1 t ?is mo/ dev\t & amiable ( philosoph]s1 to :om ,pope sc>cely paid a high] complim5t ?an 0 /rictly due1 9 ascrib+ to him 8e virtue "u heav510#hi--;x 0 n z a sceptic t he 0 desir\s ( be+ rank$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i h no d\bt t 8 sy/em seem$ to him valuable1 *iefly = be+1 z he conceiv$1 an antidote to scepticism1 & t he 0 f> less anxi\s to display acut5ess1 ?an to expose ! sophi/ry ( mat]ialism1 & to pres5t z he ?\ght1 an additional argum5t = ! exi/5ce ( a div9e omnipres5t m9d1 :i* unque/ionably x w\ld h af=d$1 & an argum5t too1 x mu/ be own$1 completely irresi/ible1 if our m]e ideas 7 :at he conceiv$ !m to be4 ,^!1 he evid5tly consid]$1 n z /ates ( ! individual m9d1 b z sep>ate ?+s exi/+ 9 x1 & capable ( exi/+ 9 o!r m9ds1 b 9 !m alone2 & x is 9 consequ5ce ( ^! assumptions1 t 8 sy/em1 if x 7 to be consid]$ z a sy/em ( scepticism1 is *iefly defective4 ,b hav+1 z he suppos$1 ^! ideas1 & conceiv+ t !y did n p]i%1 :5 !y ceas$ to exi/ 9 8 m9d1 s9ce ! same ideas recurr$ at int]vals1 he d$uc$ f ! necessity :i* !re seem$ = "s omnipres5t m9d1 9 :i* !y might exi/ dur+ ! int]vals ( recurr5ce1 ! necess>y exi/5ce ( ! ,deity2 & if1 inde$1 z he suppos$1 ideas be some?+ diff]5t f ! m9d itself1 recurr+ only at int]vals to creat$ m9ds1 & incapable ( exi/+ b 9 m9d1 ! demon/ration ( "s inf9ite omnipres5t m9d1 9 :i* !y exi/ dur+ ^! int]vals ( recurr5ce to f9ite m9ds1 mu/ be all[$ to be p]fect4 ,! precise nature ( ! argum5t1 & its demon/rative =ce1 if ! hypo!tical circum/ances :i* ,b]keley himself 0 f> f consid]+ z hypo!tical1 be admitt$1 h n be5 suffici5tly reg>d$ by philosoph]s1 :5 !y express _! a/oni%m5t1 t a sy/em1 :i*1 if n scepticism1 is at lea/ s mu* ak9 to x1 or s fav\rable1 at lea/1 to ! g5]al sceptical _s1 %\ld yet h be5 br\ght =w>d1 z its truly pi\s au?or in=ms u1 = ! express purpose ( combat+ scepticism4 ,he is n1 inde$1 always a v p]spicu\s unfold] ( 8 own op9ions1 b 9 a passage ( 8 ?ird ,dialogue1 ! s]ies ( propositions :i* ,i h n[ /at$ z con/itut+ 8 demon/ration1 are deliv]$ by himself1 ) great di/9ctness & brevity4 8,:5 ,i d5y10 says ,philon\s to ,hylas1 8:5 ,i d5y s5sible ?+s1 an exi/5ce out ( ! m9d1 ,i d n mean my m9d 9 p>ticul>1 b all m9ds4 ,n[1 x is pla91 !y h an exi/5ce ext]ior to my m9d1 s9ce ,i f9d !m1 by exp]i5ce1 to be indep5d5t ( x4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 "s o!r m9d :]e9 !y exi/ dur+ ! int]vals betwe5 ! times ( my p]ceiv+ !m1 z likewise !y did be=e my bir?1 & w\ld d aft] my suppos$ annihilation4 ,& z ! same is true ) reg>d to all o!r f9ite creat$ spirits1 x necess>ily foll[s1 !re is an ,omnipres5t ,et]nal ,m9d1 :i* kn[s & compreh5ds all ?+s1 & exhibits !m to our view1 9 su* a mann]1 & accord+ to su* rules1 z he himself ha? orda9$1 & are by u all t]m$ ! laws ( ,nature40#ij ,! exi/5ce ( ideas z sep>ate f ! m9d1 & ! p]man5t exi/5ce ( ^!1 :5 !y h ceas$ to exi/ 9 ! individual m9d1 are evid5tly assumptions z gratuit\s z ! assumption ( ! ext]nal exi/5ce ( matt] itself c\ld h be52 or r1 ! p]man5t & indep5d5t ideas1 are truly matt]1 "u ano!r "n2 & to believe t ^! =eign indep5d5t sub/ances1 :i* pass f m9d to m9d1 exi/ 9 ! m9d1 is n to intellectualize matt]1 b to mat]ialize intellect4 ,a m9d conta9+1 or capable ( conta9+ some?+ =eign )9 itself1 & n m]ely "o =eign sub/ance1 b a multitude ( =eign sub/ances1 at ! same mom5t1 is no long] t simple indivisible exi/5ce1 :i* we t]m$ _s4 ,any ( ! elem5t>y atoms ( matt] is1 inde$1 m truly spiritual2 ! v notion ( recipi5cy ( any k9d1 be+ z little consi/5t ) our notion ( m9d1 z ! notion ( h>dness or squ>5ess4 ,! :ole =ce ( ! pi\s demon/ration1 !re=e1 :i* ,b]keley flatt]$ himself ) hav+ urg$ irresi/ibly1 is completely obviat$1 by ! simple d5ial1 t ideas are any ?+ m ?an ! m9d itself affect$ 9 a c]ta9 mann]2 s9ce1 9 ?is case1 our ideas exi/ no long] ?an our m9d is affect$1 9 t p>ticul> mann]1 :i* con/itutes ea* p>ticul> idea2 &1 to say t our ideas exi/ 9 ! div9e m9d1 w\ld ?us be to say1 only1 t our m9d itself exi/s 9 ! div9e m9d4 ,!re is n ! s5sation ( col\r1 9 addition to ! m9d1 nor ! s5sation ( fragrance 9 addition to ! m9d2 b1 accord+ to t ju/] view ( ! m5tal ph5om5a1 :i* ,i h repeat$ly endeav\r$ to impress on y1 ! s5sation ( col\r is ! m9d exi/+ 9 a c]ta9 /ate1 & ! s5sation ( fragrance1 is ! m9d exi/+ 9 a diff]5t /ate4 ,! mo/ philosophic scepticism1 z to ! exi/5ce ( ext]nal ?+s1 is unque/ionably t1 :i* is f\nd$ on ?is v view ( ! ph5om5a ( ! m9d4 ,all ! t]ms1 :i* we use to express our k1 s5sations1 p]ceptions1 ideas1 notions1 propositions1 judgm5ts1 intuitions1 conclusions1--or :atev] o!r t]ms we may employ to express p>ticul> v>ieties ( ?\ght1 are significant1 x may be said1 & truly said1 ( /ates or affections ( ! m9d1 & ( no?+ m4 ,:at ,i t]m my p]ception ( ! col\r1 or s(tness1 or %ape1 or fragrance1 or ta/e ( a pea*1 is a c]ta9 /ate ( my own m9d1 = my m9d surely c be consci\s only ( its own feel+s2 or r1 z ! consci\sness ( pres5t feel+s is a r$undancy ( language1 my m9d1 affect$ 9 a c]ta9 mann]1 :e!r x be ) :at is t]m$ s5sation or k1 or belief1 c /ill be no?+ m ?an my m9d itself affect$ 9 a c]ta9 mann]1--my m9d1 itself exi/+ 9 a c]ta9 /ate4 ,aga9/ ?is argum5t1 ,i confess t ,i "k no m]e argum5t :i* c be adduc$ 9 opposition1--any m1 ?an ,i "k any m]e argum5t :i* c be adduc$1 aga9/ ! /range conclusions t are mo/ legitimately drawn f ! doctr9e ( ! inf9ite divisibility ( matt]1 & v>i\s o!r physical & ma!matical applications ( ! notion ( inf9ity4 ,9 no "o ( ^! cases1 h[ev]1 d we feel our belief %ak52--because x is f\nd$ ei!r on associations s e>ly1 & /rong1 & indissoluble1 z ^? :i* we h be5 endeav\r+ to trace1 or is n 9 ^?1 or 9 pr9ciples ( direct intuition1 9 t species ( int]nal revolution :i* gives to reason itself1 9 ! prim>y tru?s on :i* e argum5t proce$s1 its div9e au?ority2 & we only smile at conclusions1 9 :i* x is impossible = u to f9d a s+le logical error1 b :i* f ! con/itution ( our nature1 x is physically impossible = u to admit1 or to admit at lea/1 )\t an in/ant diss5t1 :i* r5d]s our mom5t>y logical admission z nugatory1 z if ! direct exi/5ce ( an ext]nal _w _h be5 e/abli%$ by ! cle>e/ logical demon/ration4 ,9 "o ( ! ,anniv]s>y ,orations ( ,sir ,william ,jones1 ( :i* ! subject is ! philosophy ( ! ,asiatics1 he in=ms u t a sy/em ( idolism1 v simil> to t ( ,b]keley1 is to be f\nd 9 ! metaphysics ( ,h9do/an4 ,! fundam5tal t5et ( "o great s*ool ( ! philosoph]s ( t anci5t l& ( philosophy1 is ! disbelief ( ! exi/5ce ( matt]--! ph5om5a ( ! seem+ mat]ial univ]se1 be+ conceiv$ by !m to be only an illusive repres5tation :i* ! ,deity pres5ts to ! m9d1 7& :i* !y di/+ui% by ! "n ( ,maja37--:ile ! opposite species ( scepticism is to be f\nd 9 ano!r sect ( ! philosoph]s1 :o disbelieve ! exi/5ce ( m9d1 & r$uce all ! ph5om5a ( ?\ght to mat]ial organization4 ,! same subtilty & ref9em5t ( scepticism1 :i* h l$ to ! sy/ems ( mat]ialism & idolism 9 our ,we/]n ,_w1 are to be f\nd1 we are told1 9 ! correspond+ sy/ems ( ! ,ea/4#ia ,:y is x t we are /ruck ) no common emotion on f9d+1 9 ! metaphysics ( t di/ant c\ntry1 sy/ems ( op9ions s simil> to our own8 ,is x t ! notion ( ! imm5se space1 :i* sep>ates u1 unites ) our conception1 & impresses u1 z x 71 ) ! omnipres5ce ( our own intellectual nature1--:5 we recognize on sc5es s remote & 9 circum/ances ( society s diff]5t1 ! same ?\ghts1 & d\bts1 & errors1 :i* h p]plex$1 & occupi$1 & delight$ ourselves8 ,?is recognition1 9 :atev] circum/ances x may occur1 gives to u a feel+ ( m ?an k9dr$1--a sort ( id5tity ) ! univ]sal nature ( man1 9 all its times & places4 ,! belief :i* o!rs %>e ) u seems to be our own belief :i* has pass$ f ea* to ea*1 or is pres5t to all1 l ^? p]man5t ideas ( :i* ,b]keley speaks1 t quit "o intellect to exi/ 9 ano!r4 ,we _c sep>ate ! ?\ght :i* we rememb] f ! notion ( ! m9d :i* we rememb] to h conceiv$ x2--& x seems to u1 !re=e1 n z if simil> d\bts & errors1 b almo/ z if ! v d\bts & errors ( our own m9d1 & its ard\r ( inquiry1 & frequ5t disappo9tm5ts1 & occasional1 b r>e felicities ( discov]y1 _h spread & r5ew$ !mselves 9 a remote exi/5ce4 ,x is ?is recognition ( our common nature1 :i* gives ! *ief int]e/ to sc5es t h be5 occupi$ ) ! passions ( be+s l ourselves4 ,! m\nta9s1 :i* ! ,titans 7 fabl$ to h heap$ up 9 _! w> aga9/ ,jupit]1 mu/ h excit$ ev5 9 ! mo/ dev\t believ]s ( ,grecian my?ology1 emotions f> less ard5t & imm$iate1 ?an ! sight ( ! humbl] cliffs1 at :i* ! small ,sp>tan ho/1 & _! gallant lead]1 devot$ !mselves 9 ! def5sive w> aga9/ ! ,p]sian invad]4 ,! races ( m5 may p]i%1 b ! remembrance ( !m /ill lives imp]i%able1 & seems to claim k9dr$ ) u1 z (t5 z we tread ! same soil1 or m]ely ?9k ( ^? :o h trod x4 8,turn ?y sight ea/w>d1 o'er ! "t-hu%'d pla9s1 ,n[ graves ( vani%'d empire1 once gleam'd o'er ,f flames on hall['d alt>s1 hail'd by hymns ,( se]s1 awak5]s ( ! wor%ipp'd ,sun6 ,ask sil5t ,tigris--,bid ,euphrates tell ,:]e is ! grove-cr[n'd ,baal1 to ^: /]n fr[n ,b['d haughty ,babylon8--,*aldea1 fam$ ,= />-taught sages1--h>d ,ph5icia's sons4 ,fi]ce fe>-surm\nt+ curb]s ( ! deep1 ,:o /ret*'d a float+ sceptre o'er ! seas1 ,& made mank9d "o empire8--,:]e is n[ ,egypt's wide-homag'd ,isis8--:]e ! ,?ors1 ,t %ook ! %ak]s ( ! ,roman _w80 ,! v gods ( all ^! c\ntries h p]i%$1 b ! mortals :o b5t ! knee be=e !m /ill survive 9 ! immortality ( our common nature1--9 t univ]sal int]e/ :i* gives to u a sort ( intellectual exi/5ce 9 sc5es & times ! mo/ remote1 & makes ! ?\ghts & emotions ( o!rs z x 7 a "p ( our own be+1--unit+ ! pa/1 ! pres5t1 & ! future1 & bl5d+ man ) man :]ev] he is to be f\nd4 ,,footnotes3 #hg ,d>w9's ,botanic ,g>d51 ,canto ,,iii4 v4 #cec-d1 & #ceg-cfj4 #hh ,reid's ,inquiry into ! ,human ,m9d1 *ap4 i4 sect4 #e4 #hi ,epilogue to ! ,satires1 ,dial4 ,,ii4 v4 #gc4 #ij ,?ree ,dialogues1 c4 p4 #aji-aaj4 #ia ,! sub/ance ( ?is ref]5ce occurs 9 ! ,elev5? ,anniv]s>y ,disc\rse1--,works1 v4 i4 p4 #afe-f4 #dto4 ,edit4 ,,lecture ,,xxiv4 ,,! ,,same ,,subject1 ,,cont9u$4 ,g5tlem51 hav+ /at$1 9 a =m] ,lecture1 ! reasons :i* seem to %[1 t ! orig9 ( our notion ( ext5sion1 & ( ! notions1 :i* x involves1 ( figure1 magnitude1 divisibility1 is n to be f\nd 9 our s5se ( t\*1 ,i endeav\r$1 9 my la/ ,lecture1 to trace ^! to _! real s\rce1--caution+ y at ! same "t1 ) respect to ! great difficulty ( ! inquiry1 & ! v humble reliance1 !re=e1 :i* we c h any title to put1 on ! results ( our inve/igation ( a subject s v obscure4 ,9 our pres5t circum/ances1 :5 we attempt su* an inve/igation1 x is impossible = u to d]ive ev5 ! slighte/ aid1 f remembrance ( our orig9al feel+s2 s9ce memory1--:i* aft]w>ds c look back ?r\gh s _m long & busy ye>s1 & compreh5d all ( life1 b ! v comm5cem5t ( x1--sees yet1 9 ?is dawn ( be+1 a d>kness :i* x _c p5etrate4 ,we h already =m$1--spontane\sly1 & )\t ! aid ( any "o1--our little sy/em ( physical sci5ce1 & h1 9 tru?1 enri*$ ourselves ) acquisitions1 f> m important ?an any :i* we are aft]w>ds to =m1 ) all ! mature vig\r ( our faculties1 & all ! spl5did aids ( tradition>y philosophy1--at a "t1 :5 we seem sc>cely capable ( m ?an ( brea?+ & mov+1 & tak+ our alim5t1 & :5 ! faculties1 t leave u s mu* invaluable k1 are to leave u no k ( ! means1 by :i* we h acquir$ x4 ,to ! p]iod ( our fir/ s5sations1 !re=e1 we _c look back2 &1 h5ce1 all :i* rema9s = u1 9 an inquiry ( ?is k9d1 is to consid] ! circum/ances 9 :i* ! infant is plac$1 & to guess1 z ne>ly z g5]al analogy w all[ u1 ! nature & ! ord] ( ! feel+s1 :i*1 9 su* circum/ances1 w\ld arise1 9 a be+ possess+ ! p[]s & susceptibilities ( man1 b de/itute ( all ! k :i* man possesses4 ,9 ^! fir/ circum/ances ( life1 ! infant1 ( c\rse1 _c "k t he has a bodily frame1 or a s+le organ ( t frame1 m ?an he c "k1 t !re are o!r bodies 9 nature1 t act ^u 8 own2 & we are n entitl$ to suppose1--h[ev] difficult x may be = u to accommodate our supposition to ! true circum/ances ( ! case1--t because we1 ! inquir]s1 "k1 t ext]nal bodies are press+ on 8 organ ( t\*1 ! little s5sitive be+ is to h any k1 b ( ! m5tal affections1 :i* ^! ext]nal bodies excite4 ,h[ ! k ( any ?+ m ?an 8 own m9d is acquir$1 is1 9 tru?1 ! v difficulty1 :i* x is our lab\r to solve4 ,9 con=mity ) ?is view1 !n1--:5 we look on ! infant1--"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable circum/ances1 :i* /rike u1 is its t5d5cy to use its muscles1 ) almo/ incessant ex]cise1 p>ticul>ly ! muscles ( ^? p>ts1 :i* are aft]w>ds its pr9cipal organs ( measurem5t4 ,its little f+]s are cont9ually clos+ & op5+1 & its little arms ext5d+ & contract+4 ,! feel+s1 !re=e1--:atev] ^! may be1--:i* att5d ! progressive contraction ( ^? p>ts1--& "s feel+ unque/ionably att5ds ! contraction 9 all its /ages1--mu/ be cont9ually aris+ 9 its m9d1 beg9n+ & f9i%+1 9 regul> s]ies1 & v>y+ exactly1 ) ! quantity ( ! contraction4 ,a succession ( feel+s1 h[ev]1 :5 rememb]$ by ! m9d1 :i* looks back ^u !m1 we f\nd to involve1 necess>ily1 ! notion ( divisibility into sep>ate p>ts1 &1 !re=e1 ( l5g?1 :i* is only ano!r "n = cont9u$ divisibility4 ,"t1 9 %ort1 is to our conception1 a s]ies 9 con/ant onw>d progress1 & _c be conceiv$ by u1 b z a progressive s]ies1 ( :i* our sep>ate feel+s are p>ts2 ! remembrance ( ! ev5ts ( our life1 :5ev] we take any di/ant retrospect ( !m1 be+ l ! remembrance ( ! space1 :i* we h trav]s$ 9 a j\rney1--an indi/9ct cont9uity ( l5g?1 z truly divisible1 9 our conception1 into ! sep>ate ev5ts :i* we rememb]1 z ! space1 :i* we rememb] to h trav]s$1 into its sep>ate v>iety ( sc5es4 ,"t1 !n1 or rememb]$ succession1 we f\nd to involve1 n metaphorically1 z is commonly said1 b truly & /rictly1 9 its v ess5ce1 ! notions ( l5g? & divisibility1--! great elem5ts ( ext5sion2 & :atev] o!r feel+s may be habitually & uni=mly associat$ ) ^!1 w involve1 ( c\rse1 ^! elem5t>y notions4 ,! s]ies ( muscul> feel+s1 ( :i* ! infant is consci\s1--9 incessantly clos+ & op5+ 8 little h&1--mu/1 on ^! pr9ciples1 be accompani$ ) ! notion1--n1 inde$1 ( ! exi/5ce ( 8 h&1 or ( any ?+ ext]nal1--b ( a c]ta9 l5g? ( succession2 & ea* /age ( ! contraction1 by frequ5t r5ewal1 gradually becomes significant ( a p>ticul> l5g?1 correspond+ ) ! portion ( ! s]ies4 ,:5 any h>d body1 !re=e1 is plac$ 9 ! infant's h&1--?\gh he _c1 inde$1 h any k ( ! object1 or ( ! h&1--he yet feels1 t he c no long] p]=m ! accu/om$ contraction1--or1 to speak m accurately1--s9ce he is unacqua9t$ ) any p>ts t are contract$1 he feels1 t he c no long] produce 8 accu/om$ s]ies ( feel+s2 & he kn[s ! quantity ( contraction1 :i* rema9$ to be p]=m$1 or r ! l5g? ( ! s]ies1 :i* rema9$ to be felt4 ,! place ( ?is rema9+ l5g? is n[ suppli$ by a new feel+1 p>tly muscul>1 & p>tly ! result ( ! affection ( ! compress$ organ ( t\*1--& is suppli$ by ! same feel+1 at ! same po9t ( ! s]ies1 z (t51 z he attempts to r5ew ! contraction1 :ile ! body rema9s )9 8 h&4 ,! tactual feel+1 !re=e1--:atev] x may be1--becomes1 by ?is frequ5t repetition1 associat$ ) ! notion ( t p>ticul> progressive s]ies1 or l5g?1 ( :i* x ?us uni=mly supplies ! place2 & at la/ becomes repres5tative ( ?is p>ticul> l5g?1 precisely 9 ! same mann]1 z1 9 ! acquir$ p]ceptions ( vision1 c]ta9 %ades ( col\r become repres5tative ( di/ance1 to :i* !y h1 ( !mselves1 no resemblance or analogy1 :atev]2 & we ?us le>n to feel l5g?1 z we le>n to see l5g?1--n directly by ! m]e affections ( our tactual or visual organs1 b by ! associat$ notions :i* !y sugge/4 ,if "t1--z p]ceiv$ by u 9 ! cont9u$ s]ies ( our feel+s1--d involve conceptual l5g? & divisibility1 x seems1 inde$1 sc>cely possible1 t1 9 ! circum/ances suppos$1 ! notions suppos$ %\ld n arise1--t ! infant %\ld be consci\s ( a regul> s]ies ( feel+s1 9 ! contraction ( its f+]s & arms1 & yet t portions ( ?is s]ies %\ld n become significant ( v>i\s proportional l5g?s2--&1 if ! notion ( c]ta9 proportional l5g?s d truly accompany c]ta9 degrees ( progressive contraction1 x seems equally impossible1 accord+ to ! g5]al pr9ciples ( our m5tal con/itution1 t ! comp\nd tactual & muscul> feel+1 :i* mu/ arise 9 e case1 9 :i* any "o ( ^! degrees ( contraction is imp$$1 %\ld n become associat$ ) ! notion ( t p>ticul> l5g?1 ( :i* x supplies ! place1 s z at la/ to become truly repres5tative ( x4 ,9 ?is mann]1 ,i endeav\r$ to expla9 to y1 h[ our k ( ! m]e l5g? ( bodies may h be5 acquir$1 f v>ieties ( l5g? t are recogniz$ z coexi/+ & proximate1 & are felt to unite1 z x 71 & t]m9ate 9 our s5sation ( resi/ance1 :i* int]rupts !m equally1 & int]rupts always a great] numb] ( ! coexi/+ tru?s1 9 proportion to ! size ( ! body compress$2 &1 9 a simil> mann]1 our notions ( ! o!r dim5sions ( bodies1 :i* are only ^! v>ieties ( l5g? 9 diff]5t directions4 ,i _c conclude ?is summ>y1 h[ev]1 )\t recall+ to y\r att5tion1 a v simple exp]im5t1 :i* ,i reque/$ y to make = y\rselves1--an exp]im5t1 t1 ev5 9 ! unfav\rable circum/ances 9 :i* x mu/ n[ be tri$1 is yet1 ,i conceive1 demon/rative ( ! influ5ce ( m]e "t1 z an elem5t ( t complex notion1 :i* we h be5 exam9+1 :5 ! m rapid measurem5ts ( vision1--:i* are confess$ly n orig9al b acquir$1--are exclud$4 ,if1 9 pass+ our f+]1 ) diff]5t degrees ( sl[ness or rapidity1 along ! same surface1 ) our eyes %ut1--ev5 ?\gh we %\ld previ\sly "k ! exact b\nd>ies ( ! ext5t ( surface1--we feel x almo/ impossible n to believe1--& b = ! contr>y evid5ce ( vision1 c\ld n h hesitat$ a s+le mom5t 9 believ+1--t ?is ext5t is great] or less1 accord+ z ! "t employ$ 9 p]=m+ exactly ! same quantity ( motion1 ) exactly ! same =ce ( pressure1 on ! same quantity ( our organ ( t\*1 may h be5 great] or less1--x mu/ surely be admitt$1 t ! notion ( ! l5g?1 :i* ?us uni=mly v>ies ) ! "t1 :5 all o!r circum/ances are ! same1 is n absolutely indep5d5t ( ! "t1--or x mu/1 9 l mann]1 be believ$1 t our notion ( visual di/ance1 :i* v>ies ) ! di/ribution ( a few rays ( light on ! small expanse ( ! optic n]ve1 is yet indep5d5t ( ^? fa9t %ades ( col\r+1 accord+ to ! m]e v>ieties ( :i*1 x seems at "o "t to lay op5 to our view a l&scape ( _m miles1 & at ano!r "t to pres5t to u1 z x 7 be=e our v eyes1 an object ( sc>cely an in* 9 diamet]4 ,! great] dimness1 & dim9i%$ size ( a few objects 9 ! back gr\nd ( a picture1 :i* is 9 itself "o col\r$ plane ( light1 does n m truly seem to increase ! l9e ( di/ance ( ^? objects1 ?an1 9 ! o!r case1 ! increas$ sl[ness ( ! motion ( our h& along any surface1 seems to l5g!n ! l9e :i* sep>ates "o ( its b\nd>ies f ! o!r4 ,t we n[ seem to p]ceive ext5sion1 imm$iately by t\*1 _c be d5i$2 &1 9 a case s obscure z ?is1--) our v limit$ k1 & our v limit$ p[] ( add+ to ?is k1--x may seem ! mo/ prud5t1 & p]haps ev5 ! mo/ suitable1--z x is1 )\t all "q1 by f> ! easie/ "p1--to acquiesce 9 ! op9ion1 t ! p]ception1 :i* n[ seems imm$iate1 0 s orig9ally1--t ! belief ( ! pres5ce ( an ext]nal figur$ body1 is1 by ! v con/itution ( our nature1 atta*$ to a c]ta9 affection ( ! m]e organ ( t\*4 ,b1 s9ce !re are circum/ances1--z we h se51--:i* %[ ?is op9ion1 :5 v nicely exam9$1 to be inadmissible1 we may1 at lea/1 attempt to proce$ a little f>!r1 if we d ?is ) a suffici5t s5se ( ! v great difficulty ( ! attempt1 9 relation to our p[] & k1 & consequ5tly ) a v humble assurance1 z to ! c]ta9ty ( any op9ion :i* we may be l$ to =m4 ,to "k ! m9d well1 is to "k its weaknesses z well z its p[]s2 & x is precisely 9 a case ( ?is sort1 t he1 ^: k is lea/ imp]fect1 w be ! be/ judge ( its imp]fection1 &1 !re=e1 ! lea/ dispos$ to put complete reliance on x 9 8 own speculations1--or to ass]t x dogmatically1 :5 he (f]s x1 z all op9ions1 on s v obscure a subject1 %\ld be (f]$1 to ! inquiry1 r ?an to ! und\bt+ ass5t4 ,! analysis1 ,i own1 is "o :i* mu/ require a consid]able ef=t ( att5tion on y\r "p1 because x is truly "o ( ! mo/ subtile on :i* ,i c\ld call y to ent]4 ,b y mu/ be aw>e1 t ?is subtlety is 9 ! nature ( ! v inquiry itself2 s9ce x is an inquiry into ! elem5ts & progressive gr[? ( feel+s1 :i* seem to u1 at pres5t1 simple & imm$iate1 & t ! alt]natives1 !re=e1 are n ^? ( great] or less subtlety & ref9em5t ( analysis1 b ( attempt+ ! analysis1 or ab&on+ x altoge!r4 ,be=e proce$+ f>!r1 9 our inquiry ) respect to ! orig9 ( ! notion ( ext5sion1 x may1 h[ev]1 be ( advantage1 to take a %ort retrospect ( ! progress :i* we h already made2 =1 if we h f\nd no?+ m1 we h1 at lea/1 z ,i conceive1 f\nd reason to reject a consid]able "p ( our =m] belief on ! subject1 :i*1 ?\gh a negative acquisition1 is yet a v important "o4 ,?\gh we %\ld n be able to discov] ! true s\rce ( ! notion :i* we seek1 x is some?+1 at lea/1 to "k1 t we h little reason to expect to f9d x1 :]e we h uni=mly be5 accu/om$ to seek x4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !n1 we h se5 ! fallacy ( ! supposition1 t our k ( ext5sion may be easily acc\nt$ =1 by ! simil>ity 9 figure ( ! compress$ "p ( ! organ ( t\* to ! compress+ body1 s9ce ! notion ( ext5sion is n a /ate ( ! mat]ial organ1 compress$ & figur$1 :i*1 z m]e matt]1 h[ev] exquisitely organiz$1 is z little capable ( ?is notion1 z ( smell1 or ta/e1 love or av]sion1 b1 a /ate ( ! m9d itself1 :i* is susceptible ( %ape or pressure1 be+ z little squ>e1 :5 x p]ceives a squ>e1 z :5 x p]ceives a circle2 & any affection ( :i*1 !re=e1 may be suppos$ z mu* to foll[ any "o %ape1 z any o!r %ape ( ! m]e ext]nal organ4 ,if1 inde$1 z ?is explanation mo/ /rangely seems to assume1 we c\ld be suppos$ to h any previ\s k ( ! %ape ( our organ ( t\*1 no?+ m w\ld be necess>y1 = we %\ld !n h a p]fect k ( ext5sion1 ?\gh no o!r ext5d$ body b our own organ ( t\* 7 9 exi/5ce4 ,to ref] u to ! organ is1 h[ev]1 only to br+ ! v same difficulty "o /ep ne>]1 s9ce previ\sly to ! application ( an ext]nal body1 ! m9d has z little k ( ! %ape ( its organ ( t\*1 z x has ( ! body compress+ x2 & x is manife/ly mo/ absurd1 to ascribe ! orig9 ( our k ( ext5sion1 to our k ( ! resemblance 9 figure ( an ext]nal body to our organ2 s9ce ?is v k ( ! resemblance mu/ imply ! previ\s k ( ! figure ( bo?1 & consequ5tly ( t v ext5sion1 :i*1 accord+ to ?is supposition1 mu/ be kn[n to u ,,be=e x is kn[n4 ,9 ! second place1 we h se51 t1 if ! configuration ( ! s5sorial organ 7 ! only circum/ance necess>y1 to induce1 imm$iately1 9 m9d1 ! notion ( figure1 ?is notion %\ld accompany e s5sation ( e k9d2 ! smell ( a rose1 = example1 z mu* z ! pressure ( a cube or a sph]e3 = ! n]v\s expansion1 9 ! organ ( smell1 & 9 e o!r organ1 is ( a c]ta9 figure1 be=e s5sation1 dur+ s5sation1 & aft] s5sation1 z mu* z ! n]v\s expansion ( ! organ ( t\*4 ,&1 ?\gh we 7 to conf9e ourselves :olly to ?is organ1 ! n]v\s matt] 9 x is1 at all times1 ( a c]ta9 %ape1 z mu* :5 !re is no pressure on x1 z :5 x is expos$ to su* pressure2 yet ! m]e figure ( ! organ ( t\*1 is n !n accompani$ ) ! m5tal notion ( its figure2 nor is ?is ! case1 m]ely :5 ! s5se is quiesc5t1 b1 9 _m cases1 9 :i* x is affect$ 9 ! mo/ lively mann]2 z1 = example1 :5 we are expos$ to great cold or heat1 9 :i* cases1 ! %ape ( ?is v tactual organ1 ?us /rongly affect$1 is z mu* unp]ceiv$ by u1 z :5 !re is no affection ( x :atev]4 ,la/ly1 :i* is a po9t ( mu* m importance1 because x has relation to ! only philosophic view ( t\*1 z ! imm$iate organ ( ext5sion2 ! view1 9 :i* ! m]e configuration ( ! compress$ organ1 z simil> to t ( ! compress+ body1 is laid out ( acc\nt1 & ! imm$iate belief ( ext5sion is suppos$ to dep5d on ! orig9al con/itution ( ! m9d1 by :i* its affections h be5 arrang$1 s z to correspond ) c]ta9 affections ( ! bodily organs2 ! m5tal /ate :i* con/itutes ! p]ception ( a squ>e1 aris+ imm$iately :5 ! organ ( t\* is affect$1 9 a c]ta9 mann]1 z t m5tal /ate :i* con/itutes ! s5sation ( ! fragrance ( a rose1 arises imm$iately1 :5 ! organ ( smell is affect$1 9 a c]ta9 mann]2 ?is op9ion too1 philosophic z x is1 comp>$ ) ^? :i* we be=e consid]$1 ?\gh1 9 tru?1 x only assumes ! po9t 9 "q1 )\t attempt+ to solve any difficulty1 suppos$ to be connect$ ) x1 we h yet f\nd to be z little t5able1 z ! op9ions t suppose ! m5tal notion ( figure to dep5d on ! peculi> figure ( ! compress$ mat]ial organ4 ,! consid]ation :i*1 z ,i /at$ 9 my la/ ,lecture1 seems to me decisive on ?is po9t1 is1 t1 if t\* in=m u ( ext5sion imm$iately1 z smell in=ms u ( fragrance1 sight ( col\r1 & he>+ ( s\nd2 x mu/ d ?is 9 e in/ance1 )\t relation to p>ticul> figure1 z smell1 sight1 & he>+1 ext5d to all od\rs1 hues1 & s\nds2 = x w\ld c]ta9ly be1 z ,i said1 a v /range abuse ( ! lic5se ( supposition1 to imag9e t we p]ceive a squ>e imm$iately by t\*1 b n a circle2 or a circle1 b n a squ>e2 or any "o figure1 b n any o!r figure4 ,9 %ort1 if figure be ! direct prim>y object ( t\*1 z sight is ( vision1 we %\ld feel imm$iately e =m impress$1 z we see imm$iately e col\r4 ,x is only :5 ! figures are v simple & regul>1 h[ev]1 su* z we might be suppos$ to h easily le>n$1 9 ! same mann] z we le>n1 visually1 to judge ( di/ances1 t we are able to discov] !m1 z x 71 imm$iately1 by t\*2 &1 ev5 :5 we are able1 9 ?is mann]1 to det]m9e ! species ( figure1 t is to say1 ! m]e outl9e ( a body1 we are r>ely able to det]m9e ! exact magnitude :i* t outl9e compreh5ds2 yet1 z our organ mu/ be affect$ by ea* "p ( ! compress+ surface1 by ! c5tral p>ts1 z mu* z by ! ext]ior p>ts :i* =m its outl9e1 & by ^!1 z mu* z by ! c5tral p>ts2 & z e feel+ :i* ! organ directly af=ds1 mu/ be imm$iate1 :5 !re is no *ange ( ! position1 or o!r circum/ances ( ! object1 t might v>y ! s5sation1 we %\ld1 if m]e t\* communicat$ to u ! k suppos$1 be able to det]m9e1 exactly & in/antly1 ! magnitude & figure2 or1 x is evid5t1 t ! det]m9ation ( magnitude & figure mu/ dep5d :olly1 or 9 "p1 on some?+ t is diff]5t f t\*4 ,! magnitude we are f> f be+ able to discov] exactly1 ev5 ( simple figures2 & :5 ! =m is v irregul>1 & we "k no?+ m1 ?an t a c]ta9 body is press$ aga9/ our h&1--! magnitude & figure are alike difficult to be discov]$2 s difficult1 t ,i may safely say1 t no "o1 :o makes ! exp]im5t1 w f9d1 on op5+ 8 eyes1 t 8 tactual or intellectual measurem5t has1 9 any "o case1 be5 exact1 or 8 notion ( ! figure half s di/9ct z x n[ is1 aft] a s+le glance4 ,c we !n ?9k t x is by m]e t\* we discov] figure1 z exactly z by ! glance ( our mature vision1--t we discov] x1 9 all its v>ieties1 orig9ally by t\*1 & z accurately at fir/1 z aft] innum]able trials1--:5 we discov] x1 only 9 a few cases1 t are previ\sly famili> to u1 & ev5 9 ^! v imp]fectly8 ,! det]m9ation ( ! =m impress$1 9 :i* we are almo/ consci\s ( a sort ( intellectual measurem5t1 has surely a mu* great] resemblance to ! p]ceptions1 :i* we t]m acquir$1 ?an to ^? :i* are imm$iate4 ,9 vision1 = example1 :5 ! orig9al p[] ( t s5se has be5 /r5g!n$ & enri*$1 by ! acquisitions :i* x is capable ( receiv+ f o!r s\rces1 we see a long l9e ( di/ance be=e u2 & ! small di/ances ) :i* we are famili>1 we di/+ui% ) suffici5t accuracy2 b1 9 our visual measurem5t ( great] di/ances1 we are almo/ c]ta9 to err1 tak+ (t5 ! less = ! great]1 & ! great] = ! less4 ,x is precisely ! same 9 t\*4 ,:5 a small body1 :i* we h nev] se51 is press$ ^u our h&1 we are able1 if its surface be squ>e1 or circul>1 or ( any o!r =m1 ) :i* we are well acqua9t$1 to det]m9e its figure1 )\t mu* hesitation2 because we h le>n$1 tactually1 to di/+ui% ^! regul> figures4 ,b1 9 endeav\r+ to det]m9e1 9 ?is mann]1 by t\* alone1 ! figure ( any irregul> body1 less famili> to u1 ?\gh1 z a direct object ( s5se1 if t\* be ! s5se ( figure1 x %\ld be equally & z imm$iately tangible z ! mo/ regul> =m1 we feel a hesitation ( ! same sort1 z :5 we attempt to asc]ta9 by our eye1 ! exact di/ance ( a remote object4 ,to "k ext5sion or figure1 is to "k1 n "o po9t m]ely 9 ! surface ( a body1 b _m cont9u\s po9ts2 & if1 :5 ! surface1 is circul>1 we "k ^! cont9u\s po9ts1 & _! relation to ea* o!r1 imm$iately on pressure1 we mu/ "k1 z imm$iately1 ! same po9ts & _! relations1 ?\gh ! surface compreh5d+ !m1 in/ead ( be+ circul>1 %\ld be ( an outl9e m irregul>4 ,we c]ta9ly _c "k ?is irregul> surface to h any ext5sion at all1 unless we "k "s p>ts ( x2 &1 :5 ! pressure is uni=m f e po9t1 & ! organ ( t\* uni=m1 on :i* ! pressure is made1 x w\ld be absurd to suppose1 t we "k fifty1 or eighty1 ( ! hundr$ po9ts :i* =m ! impress+ surface1 b _c det]m9e its figure1 because we are ignorant ( ! tw5ty ( fifty rema9+ po9ts2 :5 ^! rema9+ po9ts are act+ on our organ ( t\*1 9 exactly ! same mann] z ! fifty or eighty :i* we "k1 & :51 if ! surface conta9+ m]ely ! same numb] ( po9ts1 _h be5 circul>1 or ( any o!r s+le =m1 z famili> to u1 ! :ole hundr$ po9ts w\ld h be5 kn[n to u equally & at once4 ,:5 our p]ceptions ( =m1 !n1 are s v>i\s & irregul>1 & are m or less quick & precise1 exactly z ! %ape :i* we endeav\r to det]m9e1 has m or less resemblance to %apes t are famili> to u1 x does n seem too bold an inf]5ce to conclude1 t ! k ( figure1 :i*1 z all ext5sion t is capable ( be+ p]ceiv$ by u1 mu/ h "s b\nd>y1 is no?+ m ?an ! k ( ext5sion1 is n ! /ate ( m9d orig9ally & imm$iately subsequ5t to affections ( our organs ( t\*1 any m ?an ! p]ception ( di/ance is ! /ate ( m9d orig9ally & imm$iately subsequ5t to affections ( our organ ( sight2 & ! v /rik+ analogy ( ^! two cases1 x w be ( great importance = y to h con/antly 9 view2 z x w r5d] x less difficult = y to admit _m circum/ances1 ) respect to t\*1 :i* y might o!rwise h be5 sl[] to conceive4 ,t we %\ld seem to p]ceive ext5sion imm$iately by t\*1 ?\gh t\* orig9ally1 & ( itself1 c\ld n h af=d$ ?is p]ception1 w n !n appe> m wond]ful1 ?an ! app>5tly imm$iate p]ception ( di/ance by ! eye1 :i*1 ( itself1 orig9ally af=d$ u no p]ception ( t sort2 nor ! impossibility ( feel+ a body1 )\t ! notion ( x1 z ext5d$1 be m wond]ful ?an ! simil> impossibility ( sep>at+ col\r f ext5sion1 9 ! case ( di/ant vision4 ,above all1 ! analogy is valuable1 z %ew+ ! clos5ess & indissolubl5ess ( ! union1 :i* may be =m$ ( feel+s t h 9 !mselves no resemblance4 ,:at common prop]ties1 c\ld we h conceiv$ 9 vision1 & t absolute bl9dness1 :i* has nev] _h a s+le s5sation f light6 &1 yet1 x is wor?y ( rem>k1 t ! p]ceptions ( ! bl9d1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is s+ul> p[] ( association1 =m truly ! mo/ important "p ( ^? v p]ceptions ( vision1 ( :i*1 z a :ole1 !y are un=tunately depriv$4 ,we d n m]ely see ) our eyes1 :at we may h felt ) our h&s2 b our eyes1 9 ! act ( vision1 h borr[$1 z x 71 ^? v s5sations4 ,! pro(1 t our p]ception ( ext5sion by t\*1 is n an orig9al & imm$iate p]ception ( t s5se1 is altoge!r indep5d5t ( ! success ( any endeav\r :i* may be made1 to discov] ! elem5ts ( ! comp\nd p]ception4 ,x w\ld n be less true1 t t\* does n af=d x1 ?\gh we %\ld be incapable ( po9t+ out any o!r s\rce1 f :i* x c be suppos$ to be d]iv$4 ,( ! difficulty ( ! attempt1 & ! caution ) :i* we %\ld v5ture to =m any conclusion on ! subject1 ,i h already spok54 ,b ! analysis1 difficult z x is1 is too int]e/+ n to be attempt$1 ev5 at ! risk1 or p]haps ,i %\ld r say1 ) ! v great probability1 ( failure4 ,9 su* an analysis1 h[ev]1 ?\gh we are to proce$ ) ! greate/ caution1 x may be necess>y to w>n y1 t x is a "p ( ?is v caution1 n to be easily t]rifi$1 by ! appe>ance ( p>adox1 :i* ! result ( our analysis may pres5t4 ,?is appe>ance we may be c]ta91 t any analysis :i* is at all accurate mu/ pres5t1 because ! v object ( ! analysis is to %ew1 t s5sations1 :i* appe> simple & direct1 are n simple1--t our s5ses1 9 %ort1 are n fitt$1 ( !mselves1 to convey t in=mation1 :i* !y n[ appe>1 & ?r\gh ! :ole c\rse ( our memory h appe>$ to u in/antly to convey4 ,x is v f>1 inde$ f foll[+1 z a necess>y consequ5ce1 t e analysis ( our s5sations :i* af=ds a p>adoxical result1 is1 !re=e1 a j "o--= error may be extravagant 9 appe>ance z well z 9 reality4 ,b x may truly be reg>d$ z a necess>y consequ5ce1 t e accurate & orig9al analysis ( our s5sations mu/ af=d a result1 t1 z fir/ /at$1 w appe> p>adoxical4 ,to ^? :o are :olly unacqua9t$ ) ! !ory ( vision1 no?+ c]ta9ly c seem1 z fir/ /at$1 m absurd ?an ! ass]tion1 t we see1 n ) our eyes m]ely1 b *iefly by ! m$ium ( ano!r organ1 :i* ! bl9d possess 9 z great p]fection z ourselves1 & :i*1 at ! mom5t ( vision1 may p]haps be absolutely at re/4 ,x mu/ n surprise y1 !re=e1 ?\gh ! elem5t :i* seems to me to =m ! mo/ important con/itu5t ( our notion ( ext5sion %\ld 9 l mann]1 z fir/ /at$ to y1 seem a v unlikely "o4 ,?is elem5t is our feel+ ( succession1 or "t--a feel+1 :i* necess>ily1 involves ! notion ( divisibility or s]ies ( p>ts1 t is s ess5tial a con/itu5t ( our m complex notion ( matt]1--& to :i* notion ( cont9u\s divisibility1 if ! notion ( resi/ance be add$1 x is sc>cely possible = u to imag9e1 t we %\ld n h acquir$1 by ?is union1 ! v notion ( physical ext5sion1--t :i* has p>ts1 & t :i* resi/s our ef=t to grasp x4 ,t memory is a "p ( our m5tal con/itution1 & t we are ?us capable ( ?9k+ ( a s]ies ( feel+s1 z successive to ea* o!r1 ! exp]i5ce ( e mom5t tea*es u suffici5tly4 ,?is succession frequ5tly repeat$1 sugge/s imm$iately1 or implies ! notion ( l5g?1 n metaphorically1 z is commonly said1 b z absolutely z ext5sion itself3 &1 ! great] ! numb] ( ! successive feel+s may h be51 ! great] does ?is l5g? appe>4 ,x is n possible = u to look back on ! ye>s ( our life1 s9ce !y =m truly a progressive s]ies1 )\t reg>d+ !m z a sort ( l5g?1 :i* is m di/9ct inde$1 ! ne>] ! succession ( feel+s may be to ! mom5t at :i* we consid] !m1 b :i*1 h[ev] remote1 is /ill felt by u z "o cont9u$ l5g?1 9 ! same mann]1 z :51 aft] a j\rney ( _m hundr$ miles1 we look back1 9 our memory1 on ! di/ance ov] :i* we h pass$1 we see1 z x 71 a long track ( :i* "s p>ts1 p>ticul>ly ! ne>] p>ts1 are suffici5tly di/9ct1 b ( :i* ! re/ seems lo/ 9 a sort ( di/ant obscurity4 ,! l9e ( our long j\rney+--or1 9 o!r words1 t almo/ immeasurable l9e ( pla9s1 hills1 declivities1 m>%es1 bridges1 woods1--to endeav\r to compreh5d :i* 9 our ?\ght1 seems an ef=t z fatigu+ z ! v j\rney itself--we "k well1 c be divid$ into ^? v>i\s p>ts3--&1 9 l mann]1 ! progressive l9e ( "t--or1 9 o!r words1 ! cont9u$ succession1 ( :i* ! joy1 ! hope1 ! fragrance1 ! regret1 ! melody1 ! fe>1 & innum]able o!r affections ( ! m9d1 7 p>ts1 we feel t we c m5tally divide into ^? sep>ate portions ( ! tra94 ,cont9u\s l5g? & divisibility1 ^? great elem5t>y notions ( space1 & ( all t space conta9s1 are ?us f\nd 9 e succession ( our feel+s4 ,!re is no language 9 :i* "t is n describ$ z long or %ort1--n f any metaphor--= no m]e arbitr>y metaphor c be ?us univ]sal1 & inevitable1 z a =m ( human ?\ght--b because x is truly impossible = u to consid] succession1 )\t ?is notion ( progressive divisibility atta*$ to x3 & x appe>s to u z absurd to suppose1 t by add+1 to our retrospect ( a week1 ! ev5ts ( ! mon? prec$+1 we d n truly l5g!n ! succession1 z x w\ld be to suppose1 t we d n l5g!n ! l9e ( actual di/ance1 by add+1 to ! few la/ /ages ( a long j\rney1 ! _m /ages t prec$$ x4 ,x is ?is spread+ out ( life into a long expanse1 :i* all[s man to create1 z x 71 8 own _w4 ,he _c *ange1 inde$1 ! sc5e ( ext]nal ?+s4 ,b ?is may be said1 9 "o s5se1 to be ! resid5ce only ( 8 corporeal "p4 ,x is ! moral sc5e 9 :i* ! _s truly dwells2 & ?is adapts itself1 ) h>moni\s lovel9ess1 or ) horror z suitable1 to ! "* ( its pure or guilty inhabitant4 ,if b a s+le mom5t ( life1--a physical po9t1 z x 71 ( ! long l9e--c\ld be review$ at once1 consci5ce w\ld h little p[] ( retribution4 ,b he :o has liv$1 z man %\ld live1 is p]mitt$ to enjoy t be/ happ9ess :i* man c enjoy1--to behold1 9 "o cont9u$ s]ies1 ^? ye>s ( b5evol5t wi%es or ( h]oic suff]+1 :i* are at once 8 m]it & 8 rew>d4 ,he is surr\nd$ by 8 own pure ?\ghts & actions1 :i*1 f ! mo/ remote di/ance1 seem to %9e ^u him :]ev] 8 glance c rea*2 z 9 "s climate ( p]petual summ]1 9 :i* ! inhabitant sees no?+ b fruits & blossoms1 & inhales only fragrance1 & sun%9e1 & delight4 ,x is 9 a moral climate z s]5e & cl\dless1 t ! de/9$ inhabitant ( a /ill nobl] _w moves on1 9 t glori\s track1 :i* has heav5 be=e1 & virtue & tranquillity beh9d2--& 9 :i* x is sc>cely possible to di/+ui%1 9 ! immortal c>e]1 :5 ! e>?ly "p has ceas$1 & ! heav5ly beg9s4 ,is x 9 metaphor only1 t a y\? & maturity1 & old age ( guilt1 seem to /ret* !mselves out 9 almo/ endless ext5t1 to t eye :i*1 ) all its %udd]+ reluctance1 is /ill condemn$ to gaze on !m1--:51 aft] ! long retrospect seems f9i%$1 "s fraud1 or excess1 or oppression1 /ill rises & adds to ! dreadful l9e--& :5 et]nity itself1 9 all ! horrors :i* x pres5ts1 seems only a /ill long] l9e ( ! same dreadful species1 t admits ( no o!r measure1 ?an ! cont9u$ suff]+s1 & remembrance1 & t]rors t compose x6 ,x is a j & beautiful obs]vation ( an anci5t ,/oic1 t "t :i* is pa/ is l some?+ consecrat$ to ! gods1 ov] :i* =tune & mortality h no long] any p[]1 & t1 dreadful z x mu/ be to ! wick$1 to :om _! own memory is an object ( t]ror1 x /ill1 to ! virtu\s1 (f]s itself z a consolation or joy--n 9 s+le mom5ts l ! pres5t h\r1 b 9 all t long s]ies ( ye>s :i* rises be=e u1 & rema9s ) u at our bidd+4 8,ille qui multa ambitios cupiit1 sup]b contempsit1 insidios decepit1 av> rapuit1 prodig effudit1--necesse e/ memoriam suam timeat4 ,atqui hc e/ p>s temporis no/ri sacra ac d$icata1 omnes humanos casus sup]gressa1 extra regnum =tun subducta2 quam non inopia1 non metus1 non morborum incursus exagitat4 ,hc nec turb>i nec eripi pote/2 p]petua ejus et intrepida possessio e/4 ,s+uli tantm dies1 et hi p] mom5ta1 prs5tis sunt3 at prt]iti temporis omnes1 cum juss]is ad]unt1 ad arbitrium tuum se inspici ac det9]i pati5tur40 ,by ^?1 :o c look back on ye>s t are long pa/1 & yet say1 t ! cont9u$ progress1 or ! l5g? & ! %ortness ( "t1 are only metaphorical expressions1 x might be said ) equal ju/ness1 t ! r\ndness ( a sph]e1 is a metaphor1 or ! angul>ity ( a cube4 ,we d n m truly consid] ! "o z angul> & ! o!r z r\nd1 ?an we consid] ! "t to be cont9u\sly progressive1 9 :i* we consid]$1 fir/ ! "o figure1 & !n ! o!r1 & inquir$ into ! prop]ties ( ea*4 ,t :i* is progressive mu/ h p>ts4 ,"t1 or succession1 !n involves ! v notions ( longitud9al ext5sion & divisibility1 & involves ^!1 )\t ! notion ( any ?+ ext]nal to ! m9d itself2--= ?\gh ! m9d ( man _h be5 susceptible only ( joy1 grief1 fe>1 hope1 & ! o!r v>ieties ( int]nal feel+1 )\t ! possibility ( be+ affect$ by ext]nal ?+s1 he w\ld /ill h be5 capable ( consid]+ ^! feel+s1 z successive to ea* o!r1 9 a long cont9u$ progression1 divisible into sep>ate p>ts4 ,! notions ( l5g?1 !n1 & ( divisibility1 are n conf9$ to ext]nal ?+s1 b are involv$1 9 t v memory1 by :i* we consid] ! s]ies ( ! pa/1--n 9 ! memory ( di/ant ev5ts only1 b 9 ^? fir/ successions ( feel+1 by :i* ! m9d orig9ally became consci\s ( its own p]man5ce & id5tity4 ,! notion ( "t1 !n1 is precisely coeval ) t ( ! m9d itself2 s9ce x is impli$ 9 ! k ( succession1 by :i* alone1 9 ! mann] =m]ly expla9$ to y1 ! m9d acquires ! k ( its own reality1 z some?+ m ?an ! m]e s5sation ( ! pres5t mom5t4 ,conceiv+ ! notion ( "t1 !re=e1 t is to say ( feel+s pa/ & pres5t1 to be ?us "o ( ! e>lie/ notions :i* ! infant m9d c =m1 s z to prec$e its notions ( ext]nal ?+s1 & to involve ! notions ( l5g? & divisibility1 ,i am incl9$ to rev]se exactly ! process commonly suppos$2 &1 in/ead ( d]iv+ ! measure ( "t f ext5sion1 to d]ive ! k & orig9al measure ( ext5sion f "t4 ,t "o notion or feel+ ( ! m9d may be unit$ indissolubly ) o!r feel+s1 ) :i* x has frequ5tly coexi/$1 & to :i*1 b = ?is coexi/5ce1 x w\ld seem to h no common relation1 is suffici5tly %[n by ^? ph5om5a ( vision to :i* ,i h already s frequ5tly allud$4 ,9 :at mann]1 h[ev]1 is ! notion ( "t peculi>ly associat$ ) ! simple s5sation ( t\*1 s z to =m1 ) x1 ! p]ception ( ext5sion8 ,we are able1 9 ! !ory ( vision1 to po9t out ! coexi/5ce ( s5sations :i* produce ! subsequ5t union2 t r5d]s ! p]ception ( di/ance app>5tly imm$iate4 ,if a simil> coexi/5ce ( ! orig9al s5sations ( t\*1 ) ! notion ( cont9u$ & divisible succession1 _c be po9t$ out 9 ! pres5t case1 ! op9ion :i* ass]ts x1 mu/ be consid]$ m]ely z a wild & extravagant conjecture4 ,! s\rce ( su* a coexi/5ce is n m]ely to be f\nd1 b is at lea/ z obvi\s1 z t :i* is univ]sally admitt$ 9 ! case ( vision4 ,be=e ,i proce$1 h[ev]1 to /ate to y1 9 :at way ,i conceive ! notion to be acquir$1 ,i mu/ aga9 w>n y ( ! necessity ( bani%+1 z mu* z possible1 f y\r view ( ! m9d ( ! infant 9 ?is e>ly process1 all ^? notions ( ext]nal ?+s1 :i* we are s apt to reg>d z almo/ orig9al 9 ! m9d1 because we d n rememb] ! "t1 :5 !y arose 9 our own4 ,z we "k well1 t !re are ext]nal ?+s1 ( a c]ta9 =m1 act+ on our organs1 :i* are also ( a c]ta9 =m1 x seems s v simple a process1 to p]ceive ext5sion--t is to say1 to "k t !re exi/ )\t u ^? ext]nal =ms1 :i* really exi/--t to endeav\r to discov] ! mode1 9 :i* ext5sion1 t n[ appe>s s obvi\s a quality ( ext]nal ?+s1 is p]ceiv$ by u1 seems to be a ne$less se>*1 at a di/ance1 = :at is already be=e our v eyes4 ,& x w be all[$1 t all ?is w\ld1 inde$1 be v easy to a m9d l ours1 aft] ! acquisitions ( k :i* x has made2 b ! difficulty ( ! v "q is1 h[ ! m9d ( ! infant makes ^! acquisitions1 s z to become l ours4 ,y mu/ n ?9k ( a m9d1 t has any k ( ?+s ext]nal1 ev5 ( its own bodily organs1 b ( a m9d simply affect$ ) c]ta9 feel+s1 & hav+ no?+ b ^! feel+s to lead x to ! k ( ?+s )\t4 ,to proce$1 !n1--,! h& is ! great organ ( t\*4 ,x is compos$ ( v>i\s articulations1 t are easily moveable1 s z to adapt x readily to *anges ( %ape1 9 accommodation to ! %ape ( ! bodies :i* x grasps4 ,if we %ut our h& gradually1 or op5 x gradually1 we f9d a c]ta9 s]ies ( feel+s1 v>y+ ) ea* degree ( ! op5+ or clos+1 & giv+ ! notion ( succession ( a c]ta9 l5g?4 ,9 l mann]1 if we gradually ext5d our arms1 9 v>i\s directions1 or br+ !m ne>] to u aga91 we f9d t ea* degree ( ! motion is accompani$ ) a feel+ t is di/9ct1 s z to r5d] u completely consci\s ( ! progression4 ,! gradual clos+ ( ! h&1 !re=e1 mu/ necess>ily give a succession ( feel+s1--a succession1 :i*1 ( itself1 might1 or r mu/1 furni% ! notion ( l5g?1 9 ! mann] be=e /at$1 ! l5g? be+ diff]5t1 accord+ to ! degree ( ! clos+2 & ! gradual /ret*+ out ( ! arm gives a succession ( feel+s1 :i*1 9 l mann]1 mu/ furni% ! notion ( l5g?1--! l5g? be+ diff]5t accord+ to ! degree ( ! /ret*+ ( ! arm4 ,to ^? :o h _h opportunities ( obs]v+ infants1 ,i ne$ n say1 h[ mu* use1 or r :at con/ant use1 ! future inquir] makes ( 8 little f+]s & arms2 by ! frequ5t contraction ( :i*1 & ! consequ5t r5ewal ( ! s]ies ( feel+s involv$ 9 ea* gradual contraction1 he _c fail to become s well acqua9t$ ) ! progress1 z to di/+ui% ea* degree ( contraction1 &1 at la/1 aft] innum]able repetitions1 to associate ) ea* degree ! notion ( a c]ta9 l5g? ( succession4 ,! p>ticul> contraction1 !re=e1 :5 ?us (t5 repeat$1 becomes ! repres5tative ( a c]ta9 l5g?1 9 ! same mann] z %ades ( col\r1 9 vision become ultimately repres5tative ( di/ance1--! same pr9ciple ( association1 :i* =ms ! comb9ation 9 ! "o case1 op]at+ equally 9 ! o!r4 ,9 ^! circum/ances ( acquir$ k1--aft] ! s]ies ( muscul> feel+s1 9 ! volunt>y clos+ ( ! h&1 has become s famili>1 t ! :ole s]ies is anticipat$ & expect$1 z soon z ! motion has begun1--:5 a ball1 or any o!r sub/ance1 is plac$ = ! fir/ "t 9 ! infant's h&1 he feels t he c no long] p]=m ! usual contraction1--or1 9 o!r words1 s9ce he does n fancy t he has muscles :i* are contract$1 he feels t ! usual s]ies ( s5sations does n foll[ 8 w to r5ew x1--he kn[s h[ mu* ( ! accu/om$ succession is /ill rema9+2 & ! notion ( ?is p>ticul> l5g?1 :i* 0 expect$1 & int]rupt$ by a new s5sation1 is ?us associat$ ) ! p>ticul> tactual feel+ excit$ by ! pressure ( ! ball1--! great] or less magnitude ( ! ball prev5t+ a great] or less portion ( ! s]ies ( feel+s 9 ! accu/om$ contraction4 ,by ! frequ5t repetition ( ?is tactual feel+1 z associat$ ) t feel+1 :i* att5ds a c]ta9 progress ( contraction1 ! two feel+s at la/ fl[ toge!r1 z 9 ! acquir$ p]ceptions ( vision2 & :5 ! process has be5 repeat$ ) v>i\s bodies innum]able times1 x becomes1 at la/1 z impossible to sep>ate ! m]e tactual feel+1 f ! feel+ ( l5g?1 z to sep>ate ! :it5ess ( a sph]e1 9 vision1 f t convexity ( ! sph]e1 :i* ! eye1 ( itself1 w\ld h be5 =ev] incapable ( p]ceiv+4 ,z yet1 h[ev]1 ! only dim5sion ( ! k1 ( :i* we h trac$ ! orig91 is m]e l5g?2 & x mu/ /ill be expla9$1 h[ we acquire ! k ( ! o!r dim5sions4 ,if we _h _h b "o muscle1 x seems to me v d\btful1 :e!r x w\ld h be5 possible = u1 to h associat$ ) t\* any o!r notion ?an t ( m]e l5g?4 ,b nature has made provision1 = giv+ u a wid] k1 9 ! v>i\s muscles1 :i* %e has di/ribut$ ov] diff]5t p>ts1 s z to enable u to p]=m motions 9 v>i\s directions at ! same in/ant1 & ?us to h coexi/+ s]ies ( feel+s1 ea* ( :i* s]ies 0 be=e consid]$ z involv+ ! notion ( l5g?4 ,! infant b5ds "o f+] gradually on ! palm ( 8 h&2 ! f+]1 ?us br\ght d[n1 t\*es "o "p ( ! surface ( ! palm1 produc+ a c]ta9 affection ( ! organ ( t\*1 & a consequ5t s5sation2 & he acquires ! notion ( a c]ta9 l5g?1 9 ! rememb]$ succession ( ! muscul> feel+s dur+ ! contraction3--he b5ds ano!r f+]2 x1 too1 t\*es a c]ta9 "p ( ! surface ( ! palm1 produc+ a c]ta9 feel+ ( t\*1 t coexi/s & comb9es1 9 l mann]1 ) ! remembrance ( a c]ta9 succession ( muscul> feel+s4 ,:5 bo? f+]s move toge!r1 ! coexi/5ce ( ! two s]ies ( successive feel+s1 ) ea* ( :i* ! m9d is famili>1 gives ! notion ( coexi/+ l5g?s1 :i* receive a sort ( unity1 f ! proximity 9 succession ( ! tactual feel+s 9 ! contigu\s p>ts ( ! palm :i* !y t\*1--feel+s1 :i* h be=e be5 f\nd to be proximate1 :5 ! palm has be5 repeat$ly press$ along a surface1 & ! tactual feel+s ( ^! p>ts1 :i* ! clos+ f+]s t\* at ! same mom5t1 7 always imm$iately successive1--z imm$iately successive1 z any ( ! muscul> feel+s 9 ! s]ies ( contraction4 ,:5 a body is plac$ 9 ! infant's h&1 & its little f+]s are b5t by x z be=e1 sometimes "o f+] only is imp$$ 9 its progress1 sometimes two1 sometimes ?ree1--& he ?us adds to ! notion ( m]e l5g?1 :i* w\ld h be5 ! same1 :atev] numb] ( f+]s _h be5 imp$$1 ! notion ( a c]ta9 numb] ( proximate & coexi/+ l5g?s1 :i* is ! v notion ( bread?2 & ) ^!1 accord+ z ! body is l>g] or small]1 is comb9$ always ! tactual affection produc$ by ! pressure ( ! body1 on m1 or few]1 ( ! int]ior p>ts ( ! palm1 & f+]s1 :i* _h be=e become1 ( !mselves1 repres5tative ( c]ta9 l5g?s1 9 ! mann] describ$2 & ! concurr5ce ( ^! ?ree v>ieties ( l5g?1 9 ! s+le feel+ ( resi/ance1 9 :i* !y all seem to meet1 :5 an incompressible body is plac$ )9 ! sph]e ( ! clos+ f+]s1--h[ev] rude ! notions ( concurr+ dim5sions may be1 or r mu/ be1 z at fir/ =m$1--seems at lea/ to af=d ! rude elem5ts1 f :i*1 by ! frequ5t repetition ( ! feel+ ( resi/ance1 toge!r ) ! proximate l5g?s1 ( :i* x has become repres5tative1 cle>] notions ( ! k9d may gradually arise4 ,! progressive contractions ( ! v>i\s muscles :i* move ! arms1 z af=d+ simil> successions ( feel+s1 may be consid]$ 9 precisely ! same light1 z s\rces ( ! k ( ext5sion2 &1 by _! motion 9 v>i\s directions1 at ! same "t ) ! motion ( ! f+]s1 !y concur p[]fully1 9 modify+1 & correct+1 ! in=mation receiv$ f ^!4 ,! :ole h& is br\ght1 by ! motion ( ! arm1 to t\* "o "p ( ! face or body2 x is !n mov$1 s z to t\* ano!r "p1 &1 ) ! frequ5t succession ( ! simple feel+s ( t\*1 9 ^! p>ts1 is associat$ ! feel+ ( ! int]v5+ l5g?1 d]iv$ f ! s5sations t accompani$ ! progressive contraction ( ! arm4 ,b ! motion is n always ! same2 &1 z ! same feel+ ( t\*1 9 "o "p1 is ?us foll[$ by v>i\s feel+s ( t\* 9 diff]5t p>ts1 ) v>i\s s]ies ( muscul> feel+s betwe51 ! notion ( l5g? 9 v>i\s directions1 t is to say1 ( l5g? 9 v>i\s s]ies comm5c+ f "o p[]1 is obta9$ 9 ano!r way4 ,t ! k ( ext5sion1 or 9 o!r words1 ! association ( ! notion ( succession ) ! simple feel+s ( t\*1 w be rude & indi/9ct at fir/1 ,i h already admitt$2 b x w gradually become m & m di/9ct & precise3 z we c h no d\bt1 t ! p]ception ( di/ance by ! eye1 is1 9 ! fir/ /ages ( visual association1 v indi/9ct1 & becomes cle>] aft] ea* repeat$ trial4 ,= _m weeks or mon?s1 all is confusion 9 ! visual p]ceptions1 z mu* z 9 ! tactual & muscul>4 ,inde$1 we h abundant evid5ce ( ?is cont9u$ progress ( vision1 ev5 9 mature life1 :51 9 c]ta9 pr(essions t require nice p]ceptions ( di/ance1 ! p[] ( p]ception itself1 by ! gradual acquisitions :i* x obta9s f exp]i5ce1 seems to unfold itself m & m1 9 proportion to ! wants t require x4 ,! !ory ( ! notion ( ext5sion1 ( :i* ,i h n[ giv5 y b a slight outl9e1 might1 if ! %ort space ( ^! ,lectures all[$ suffici5t room1 be develop$ ) _m illu/rations1 :i* x is n[ impossible to give to x4 ,i mu/ leave y1 9 "s measure1 to supply ^! = y\rselves4 ,x may be ?\ght1 inde$1 t ! notion ( "t1 or succession1 is1 9 ?is in/ance1 a sup]flu\s incumbrance ( ! !ory1 & t ! same advantage might be obta9$1 by suppos+ ! muscul> feel+s !mselves1 indep5d5tly ( ! notion ( _! succession1 to be connect$ ) ! notion ( p>ticul> l5g?s4 ,b ?is op9ion1 x mu/ be rem>k$1 w\ld leave ! difficulty precisely z be=e2 & suffici5t evid5ce 9 confutation ( x1 may be f\nd 9 a v simple exp]im5t1 :i* x is 9 ! p[] ( any "o to make4 ,! exp]im5t ,i _c b consid] z ( ! m value1 s9ce x seems to me1--,i w n say decisive1 = t is too presumptu\s a ^w1--b /rongly corroborative ( ! !ory1 :i* ,i h v5tur$ to propose2 = x %[s1 t1 ev5 aft] all ! acquisitions1 :i* our s5se ( t\* has made1 ! notion ( ext5sion is /ill modifi$1 9 a mann] ! mo/ /rik+ & irresi/ible1 by ! m]e *ange ( accu/om$ "t4 ,let any "o1 ) 8 eyes %ut1 move 8 h&1 ) mod]ate velocity1 along a "p ( a table1 or any o!r h>d smoo? surface1 ! portion1 ov] :i* he presses1 w appe> ( a c]ta9 l5g?2 let him move 8 h& m rapidly1 ! portion ( ! surface press$ w appe> less2 let him move 8 h& v sl[ly1 & ! l5g?1 accord+ to ! degree ( ! sl[ness1 w appe> increas$1 9 a mo/ wond]ful proportion4 ,9 ?is case1 !re is precisely ! same quantity ( muscul> contraction1 & ! same quantity ( ! organ ( t\* compress$1 :e!r ! motion be rapid1 mod]ate1 or sl[4 ,! only circum/ance ( diff]5ce is ! "t1 occupi$ 9 ! succession ( ! feel+s2 & ?is diff]5ce is suffici5t to give complete div]sity to ! notion ( l5g?4 ,if any "o1 ) 8 eyes %ut1 suff] 8 h& to be guid$ by ano!r1 v sl[ly along any surface unkn[n to him1 he w f9d x impossible to =m any accurate guess z to its l5g?4 ,b x is n necess>y1 t we %\ld be previ\sly unacqua9t$ ) ! ext5t ( surface1 along :i* ! motion is p]=m$2 = ! illusion w be ne>ly ! same1 & ! exp]im5t1 ( c\rse1 be /ill m /rik+1 :5 ! motion is along a surface ) :i* we are p]fectly famili>1 z a book :i* we hold 9 our h&1 or a desk at :i* we are accu/om$ to sit4 ,i mu/ reque/ y1 n to take = grant$ ! result :i* ,i h n[ /at$1 b to repeat = y\rselves an exp]im5t1 :i* x is s v easy to make1 & :i*1 ,i _c b ?9k is s v important1 z to ! influ5ce ( m]e diff]5ce ( "t1 9 our e/imation ( longitud9al ext5t4 ,x is an exp]im5t1 tri$1 unque/ionably1 9 mo/ unfav\rable circum/ances1 :5 our tactual feel+s1 repres5tative ( ext5sion1 are s /rongly fix$1 by ! long exp]i5ce ( our life2 & yet1 ev5 n[1 y w f9d1 on mov+ y\r h&1 sl[ly & rapidly1 along ! same ext5t ( surface1 ?\gh ) precisely ! same degree ( pressure 9 bo? cases1 t x is z difficult to conceive ! ext5t1 ?us sl[ly & rapidly trav]s$1 to be ! same1 z x is difficult to conceive ! ext5t ( visual di/ance to be exactly ! same1 :5 y look alt]nately ?r\gh ! diff]5t ends ( an inv]t$ telescope4 ,if :5 all o!r circum/ances are ! same1 ! diff]5t visual feel+s1 aris+ f diff]5ce ( ! m]e direction ( light1 be repres5tative ( l5g?1 9 ! "o case1--! long] or %ort] succession ( "t1 :5 all o!r circum/ances are ! same1 has surely z mu* reason to be consid]$ z repres5tative ( x1 9 ! o!r case4 ,are we1 !n1 to believe1 t ! feel+ ( ext5sion1 or1 9 o!r words1 ( ! def9ite figure ( bodies1 is a simple feel+ ( t\*1 imm$iate1 orig9al1 & indep5d5t ( "t2 or is !re n r reason to ?9k1 z ,i h endeav\r$ to %[1 t x is a comp\nd feel+1 ( :i* "t1 t is to say1 our notion ( succession1 is an orig9al elem5t8 ,,lecture ,,xxv4 ,,on ,,! ,,di/9ction ,,betwe5 ,,s5sation ,,& ,,p]ception1--,,& ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,prim>y ,,& ,,second>y ,,qualities ,,( ,,matt]4 ,my la/ ,lecture1 ,g5tlem51 0 *iefly employ$ 9 consid]+ ! nature ( t complex process :i* takes place 9 ! m9d1 :5 we ascribe ! v>i\s classes ( our s5sations to _! v>i\s ext]nal objects1--to ! analysis ( :i* process we 7 l$1 by ! importance :i* ,dr ,reid has atta*$ to ! di/9ction ( s5sation & p]ception2--a s5sation1 z und]/ood by him1 be+ ! simple feel+ t imm$iately foll[s ! action ( an ext]nal body on any ( our organs ( s5se1 consid]$ m]ely z a feel+ ( ! m9d2 ! correspond+ p]ception be+ a ref]5ce ( ?is feel+ to ! ext]nal body z its cause4 ,! di/9ction ,i all[$ to be a conv5i5t "o1 if ! nature ( ! complex process :i* x expresses be rightly und]/ood4 ,! only "q t seem$1 philosophically1 ( importance1 ) respect to x1 01 :e!r ! p]ception 9 ?is s5se1--! ref]5ce ( ! s5sation to its ext]nal corporeal cause1--imply1 z ,dr ,reid cont5ds1 a peculi> m5tal p[]1 coext5sive ) s5sation1 to be di/+ui%$ by a peculi> "n 9 ! catalogue ( our faculties1 or be n m]ely "o ( ! results ( a m g5]al p[]1 :i* is aft]w>ds to be consid]$ by u1--! p[] ( association1--by :i* "o feel+ sugge/s1 or induces1 o!r feel+s t h =m]ly coexi/$ ) x4 ,x w\ld be ne$less to recapitulate ! argum5t m9utely1 9 its relation to all ! s5ses4 ,t ( smell1 :i* ,dr ,reid has himself *os5 z an example1 w be suffici5t = our retrospect4 ,c]ta9 p>ticles ( odor\s matt] act on my no/rils1--a peculi> s5sation ( fragrance arises1--,i ref] ?is s5sation to a rose4 ,?is ref]5ce1 :i* is unque/ionably some?+ sup]add$ to ! orig9al s5sation itself1 is :at ,dr ,reid t]ms ! p]ception ( ! fragrant body4 ,b :at is ! ref]5ce itself1 & to :at s\rce is x to be ascrib$8 ,t we %\ld h suppos$ our s5sations to h _h a cause ( "s sort1 z we suppose a cause ( all our feel+s int]nal z well z ext]nal1 may inde$ be admitt$4 ,b if ,i _h _h no o!r s5se ?an t ( smell1--if ,i _h nev] se5 a rose1--or1 r1 s9ce ! k :i* vision af=ds is *iefly ( a second>y k9d1 if ,i _h no mode ( becom+ acqua9t$ ) ! comp\nd ( ext5sion & resi/ance1 :i* ! m]e s5sations ( smell1 x is evid5t1 are incapable ( af=d+1--c\ld ,i h made ?is ref]5ce ( my s5sation to a quality ( a fragrant body8 ,c\ld ,i1 9 %ort1 h _h m ?an ! m]e s5sation itself1 ) t g5]al belief ( a cause ( "s sort1 :i* is n conf9$ to our s5sations1 b is common to !m ) all our o!r feel+s8 ,by m]e smell1 z x appe>s to me1 ,i c\ld n h become acqua9t$ ) ! exi/5ce ( corporeal sub/ances1--9 ! s5se 9 :i* we n[ und]/& ! t]m corporeal1--nor1 consequ5tly1 ) ! qualities ( corporeal sub/ances2 &1 if s1 h[ c\ld ,i h _h t p]ception ( :i* ,dr ,reid speaks1--t ref]5ce to a fragrant body1 ( :i*1 z a body1 ,i 0 be=e 9 absolute ignorance8 ,i %\ld1 inde$1 h ascrib$ ! s5sation to "s cause or antec$5t1 l e o!r feel+2 b ,i c\ld z little h ascrib$ x to a bodily cause1 z any feel+ ( joy or sorr[4 ,i ref] x n[ to a rose2 because1 be+ end[$ ) o!r s5sitive capacities1 ,i h previ\sly le>n$1 f ano!r s\rce1 ! exi/5ce ( causes )\t1 ext5d$ & resi/+1--because ,i h previ\sly t\*$ or se5 a rose1 :5 ! s5sation ( fragrance coexi/$ ) my visual or tactual s5sation2 & all :i* di/+ui%es ! p]ception f ! m]e s5sation1 is ?is sugge/ion ( =m] exp]i5ce1 :i* rem9ds me n[ ( o!r feel+s1 ) ! cont9uance or cessation ( :i*1 9 innum]able =m] in/ances1 ! fragrance itself also cont9u$ or ceas$4 ,! p]ception 9 %ort1 9 smell1 ta/e1 he>+1 is a s5sation sugge/+1 by association1 ! notion ( "s ext5d$ & resi/+ sub/ance1 fragrant1 vapid1 vibratory1--a notion :i* smell alone1 ta/e alone1 he>+ alone1 nev] c\ld h af=d$2 b :i*1 :5 once receiv$ f any o!r s\rce1 may be sugge/$ by ^! z readily z any o!r associate feel+ t has frequ5tly coexi/$ ) !m4 ,to ! simple prim>y s5sations ( vision ! same rem>k may be appli$4 ,a m]e s5sation ( col\r c\ld n h made me acqua9t$ ) ! exi/5ce ( bodies1 t w\ld resi/ my ef=t to grasp !m4 ,x is only 9 "o s5se1 !re=e1--t :i* af=ds u ! k ( resi/ance1--t any ?+ l orig9al p]ception c be f\nd2 & ev5 9 ?is1 ! process ( p]ception1 z ,i =m]ly expla9$ to y1 implies no peculi> p[]1 b only common s5sations1 ) associations & inf]5ces ( precisely ! same k9d1 z ^? :i* are cont9ually tak+ place 9 all our reason+s & tra9s ( ?\ght4 ,ext5sion & resi/ance1 ,i ne$ sc>cely repeat1 are ! complex elem5ts ( :at we t]m matt]2 & no?+ is matt] to our conception1 or a body1 to use ! simpl] synonym\s t]m1 :i* does n involve ^! elem5ts4 ,if we _h no o!r s5se ?an t ( smell1 &1 !re=e1 c\ld n h ref]r$ ! s5sations to any fragrant body1 :at1 9 ,dr ,reid's mean+ ( ?is t]m1 w\ld ! suppos$ p[] ( p]ception1 9 ^! circum/ances1 h be58 ,:at w\ld x h be51 9 l mann]1 if we _h _h only ! s5se ( ta/e 9 sweetness & bitt]ness1--or ( he>+ 9 melody1--or ( vision 9 col\r1--)\t ! capacity ( kn[+ light z a mat]ial sub/ance1 or ! bodies t vibrat$1 or ! bodies ( ano!r k9d t 7 sweet or bitt]8 ,x is only by ! s5se ( t\*1 or1 at lea/1 by t class ( p]ceptions :i* ,dr ,reid ascribes to t\*1--& :i*1 !re=e1 ?\gh trac$ by u1 9 "p1 to ano!r s\rce1 ,i1 = brevity's sake1 compreh5d "u t t]m 9 our pres5t discussion1--x is only by t\* t we become acqua9t$ ) ^? elem5ts :i* are ess5tial to our v notion ( a body2 & to t\*1 !re=e1 9 8 own view ( x1 we mu/ be indebt$1 directly or indirectly1 z (t5 z we ref] ! s5sations ( any o!r class to a corporeal cause4 ,ev5 9 ! suppos$ p]ceptions ( t\* itself1 h[ev]1 z we h se51 ! ref]5ce ( our feel+s to an ext]nal cause is n demon/rative ( any peculi> p[] ( ! m9d1 to be class$ sep>ately f its o!r faculties4 ,b :5 a body is fir/ grasp$1 9 infancy1 by f+]s t h be5 accu/om$ to contract )\t be+ imp$$1 we le>n to consid] ! s5sation z ! result ( a cause t is diff]5t f our own m9d1 because x breaks an accu/om$ s]ies ( feel+s1 9 :i* all ! antec$5ts1 felt by u at ! "t1 7 su* z 7 be=e uni=mly foll[$ by a diff]5t consequ5t1 & 7 expect$1 !re=e1 to h aga9 _! usual consequ5t4 ,! cause ( ! new s5sation1 :i* is ?us believ$ to be some?+ diff]5t f our s5ti5t self1 is reg>d$ by u z some?+ :i* has p>ts1 & :i* resi/s our ef=t1 t is to say1 z an ext]nal body2--because ! muscul> feel+1 excit$ by ! object grasp$ is1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! v feel+ ( t :i* we t]m resi/ance2 &1 secondly1 because1 by uni=mly supply+ ! place ( a def9ite portion ( a progressive s]ies ( feel+s1 x becomes ultimately repres5tative ( t p>ticul> l5g? ( s]ies1 or numb] ( p>ts1 ( :i* x ?us uni=mly supplies ! place4 ,p]ception1 !n1 ev5 9 t class ( feel+s by :i* we le>n to consid] ourselves z surr\nd$ by sub/ances ext5d$ & resi/+1 is only ano!r "n1 z ,i h said1 = ! result ( c]ta9 associations & inf]5ces t fl[ f o!r m g5]al pr9ciples ( ! m9d2 & ) respect to all our o!r s5sations1 x is only ano!r "n = ! sugge/ion ( ^! v p]ceptions ( t\*1 or at lea/ ( ! feel+s1 tactual & muscul>1 :i* are1 by ,dr ,reid1 ascrib$ to t s+le s5se4 ,if we _h be5 unsusceptible ( ^! tactual & muscul> feel+s1 &1 consequ5tly1 _h nev] conceiv$ ! exi/5ce ( any ?+ ext5d$ & resi/+ till ! s5sation ( fragrance1 col\r1 sweetness1 or s\nd _h aris51 we %\ld1 aft] any "o or all ( ^! s5sations1 h /ill kn[n z little ( bodies )\t1 z if no s5sation :atev] _h be5 excit$4 ,! di/9ction1 !n1 on :i* ,dr ,reid has f\nd$ s mu*1 involves1 9 8 view ( x1 & 9 ! view t is g5]ally tak5 ( x1 a false conception ( ! nature ( ! process :i* he describes4 ,! two words s5sation & p]ception1 are1 inde$1 z ,i h already rem>k$1 v conv5i5t = express+1 9 "o case1 ! m]e exi/5ce ( an ext]nal feel+1--9 ! o!r case1 ! ref]5ce :i* ! p]cipi5t m9d has made ( ?is feel+ to an ext]nal cause4 ,b ?is ref]5ce is all1 :i* ! p]ception sup]adds to ! s5sation2--& ! s\rce ( ! ref]5ce itself we are /ill left to seek1 9 ! o!r pr9ciples ( our intellectual nature4 ,we h no ne$1 h[ev]1 to inv5t a peculi> p[] ( ! m9d = produc+ x2 s9ce !re are o!r pr9ciples ( our nature1 f :i* x may readily be suppos$ to fl[1--! pr9ciple by :i* we are l$ to believe1 t e new consequ5t1 9 a tra9 ( *anges1 mu/ h _h a new antec$5t ( "s sort 9 ! tra91--& ! pr9ciple ( association1 by :i* feel+s1 t h usually coexi/$1 sugge/ or become repres5tative ( ea* o!r4 ,) ^! pr9ciples1 x c]ta9ly is n wond]ful1 t :5 ! fragrance ( a rose has uni=mly affect$ our s5se ( smell1 z (t5 z ! fl[] itself 0 pres5t$ to u1 we %\ld ascribe ! fragrance to ! fl[] :i* we h se5 & h&l$2--b ?\gh x w\ld n be wond]ful1 t we %\ld make x1 x w\ld inde$ be wond]ful1 if1 ) ^! pr9ciples1 we did n make t v ref]5ce1 = :i* ,dr ,reid ?9ks x necess>y to h rec\rse to a peculi> faculty ( p]ception4 ,su*1 !n1 is ! view1 :i* ,i w\ld take ( t di/9ction ( s5sation & p]ception1 :i* ,dr ,reid1 & ! philosoph]s :o h foll[$ him1 & _m ( philosoph]s1 too1 t prec$$ him1--= ! di/9ction1 z ,i h said1 is f> f be+ an orig9al "o1--h und]/ood 9 a diff]5t s5se2 9 consequ5ce1 z ,i _c b ?9k1 ( a defective analysis ( ! m5tal process1 :i* con/itutes ! ref]5ce ( our feel+s ( ?is class to causes t are )\t4 ,!re is ano!r di/9ction1 :i* he has adopt$ f ! philosoph]s t prec$$ him1 & :i* =ms an important "p ( 8 sy/em ( p]ception1--a di/9ction1 t is j to a c]ta9 ext5t1--?\gh n to ! full ext5t1 & 9 ! precise mann]1 9 :i* he & o!r writ]s h ma9ta9$2--& ) respect to :i*1 !re=e1 x w be necess>y to po9t out to y1 h[ f> ,i conceive x to be safely admissible4 ,i allude to ! division1 :i* has be5 =m$ ( ! prim>y & second>y qualities ( matt]4 8,e "o kn[s t ext5sion1 divisibility1 figure1 motion1 solidity1 h>dness1 s(tness1 & fluidity1 7 by ,mr ,locke call$ prim>y qualities ( body2 & t s\nd1 col\r1 ta/e1 smell1 & heat or cold1 7 call$ second>y qualities4 ,is !re a j f\ndation = ?is di/9ction8 ,is !re any ?+ common to ! prim>y1 :i* belongs n to ! second>y8 ,& :at is x8 8,i answ]1 t !re appe>s to me to be a real f\ndation = ! di/9ction2 & x is ?is3 ,t our s5ses give u a direct & a di/9ct notion ( ! prim>y qualities1 & in=m u :at !y are 9 !mselves2 b ( ! second>y qualities1 our s5ses give u only a relative & obscure notion4 ,!y in=m u only1 t !y are qualities t affect u 9 a c]ta9 mann]1 t is1 produce 9 u a c]ta9 s5sation2 b z to :at !y are 9 !mselves1 our s5ses leave u 9 ! d>k4 8,! notion we h ( prim>y qualities is direct1 & n relative only4 ,a relative notion ( ! ?+1 is1 /rictly speak+1 no notion ( ! ?+ at all1 b only ( "s relation :i* x be>s to some?+ else4 8,?us gravity sometimes signifies ! t5d5cy ( bodies t[>ds ! e>?2 sometimes x signifies ! cause ( t t5d5cy3 ,:5 x means ! fir/1 ,i h a direct & di/9ct notion ( gravity3 ,i see x1 & feel x1 & "k p]fectly :at x is2 b ?is t5d5cy mu/ h a cause3 ,we give ! same "n to ! cause2 & t cause has be5 an object ( ?\ght & ( speculation4 ,n[ :at notion h we ( ?is cause1 :5 we ?9k & reason ab\t x8 ,x is evid5t1 we ?9k ( x z an unkn[n cause1 ( a kn[n effect4 ,?is is a relative notion1 & x mu/ be obscure2 because x gives u no conception ( :at ! ?+ is1 b ( :at relation x be>s to some?+ else4 ,e relation :i* a ?+ unkn[n be>s to some?+ t is kn[n1 may give a relative notion ( x2 & !re are _m objects ( ?\ght1 & ( disc\rse1 ( :i* our faculties c give no bett] ?an a relative notion4 8,hav+ premis$ ^! ?+s to expla9 :at is meant by a relative notion1 x is evid5t1 t our notion ( prim>y qualities is n ( ?is k9d2 we "k :at !y are1 & n b>ely :at relation !y be> to some?+ else4 8,x is o!rwise ) second>y qualities4 ,if y ask me1 :at is t quality or modification 9 a rose :i* ,i call its smell1 ,i am at a loss to answ] directly4 ,^u reflection ,i f9d1 t ,i h a di/9ct notion ( ! s5sation :i* x produces 9 my m9d4 ,b !re c be no?+ l to ?is s5sation 9 ! rose1 because x is ins5ti5t4 ,! quality 9 ! rose is some?+ :i* occasions ! s5sations 9 me2 b :at t some?+ is1 ,i "k n4 ,my s5ses give me no in=mation ^u ?is po9t4 ,! only notion1 !re=e1 my s5ses give is ?is1 ,t smell 9 ! rose is an unkn[n quality or modification1 :i* is ! cause or occasion ( a s5sation :i* ,i "k well4 ,! relation :i* ?is unkn[n quality be>s to ! s5sation ) :i* nature ha? connect$ x1 is all ,i le>n f ! s5se ( smell+2 b ?is is evid5tly a relative notion4 ,! same reason+ w apply to e second>y quality4 8,?us ,i ?9k x appe>s1 t !re is a real f\ndation = ! di/9ction ( prim>y f second>y qualities2 & t !y are di/+ui%$ by ?is1 t ( ! prim>y we h by our s5ses a direct & di/9ct notion2 b ( ! second>y only a relative notion1 :i* mu/1 because x is only relative1 be obscure2 !y are conceiv$ only z ! unkn[n causes or occasions ( c]ta9 s5sations ) :i* we are well acqua9t$40#ib ,?\gh1 z ,i h expla9$ to y fully1 9 my =m] ,lectures1 we %\ld n1--at lea/ 9 f> ! great] numb] ( our s5sations1--h consid]$ !m1 orig9ally1 z proce$+ f ext]nal causes1 we yet1 aft] ! acquisitions ( k1 ) :i* ! fir/ ye>s ( our life enri* u1 believe1 t !re is an ext]nal cause ( all our s5sations1--( smells & ta/es1 z mu* z ( ^? feel+s ( ! m9d1 :i* con/itute our notions ( ext5sion & resi/ance4 ,b ! diff]5ce1 9 ^! cases1 is1 t ?\gh we le>n1 by exp]i5ce ( c]ta9 successions or co-exi/5ces ( feel+s1 to ref] to a corporeal cause our s5sations ( fragrance1 & v>i\s o!r species ( s5sations1 !re is no?+ 9 ! s5sation ( fragrance itself1 or 9 ! o!r analog\s s5sations1 ( :i* ,i speak1 t might n indicate z mu* a cause directly spiritual1 z a cause l t to :i* we at pres5t give ! "n ( body1--:ile ! v notion ( ext5sion & resi/ance comb9$1 seems necess>ily to indicate a mat]ial cause1 or r is truly t :i* con/itutes our v notion ( matt]4 ,we believe1 inde$1 t our s5sations ( fragrance1 sweetness1 s\nd1 h causes ( "s sort1 z truly z we believe1 t our feel+s ( ext5sion & resi/ance h a cause1 or causes ( "s sort2 b if we h previ\sly giv5 ! "n ( matt]1 ) direct ref]5ce to ! "o set ( effects1 & n ) direct ref]5ce to ! o!r1 x necess>ily foll[s1 t1 9 relation to matt]1 z (t5 z we speak or ?9k ( x1 ! qualities :i* correspond ) ! "o set ( effects1 t h l$ u to use t "n1 mu/ be reg>d$ by u z prim>y1 & ! o!rs1 :i* may1 or may n coexi/ ) ^!1 only z second>y4 ,an ext]nal body may1 or may n be fragrant1 because fragrance is n "o ( ! qualities previ\sly includ$ by u 9 our def9ition ( a body2 b x mu/ be ext5d$1 & pres5t an ob/acle to our compress+ =ce1 because ^! are ! v qualities1 :i* we h includ$ 9 our def9ition1 & )\t :i*1 !re=e1 ! def9ition mu/ cease to be applicable to ! ?+ def9$4 ,if1 orig9ally1 we _h inv5t$ ! ^w matt] to d5ote ! cause1 :atev] x might be1 ( our s5sations ( smell1 x is v evid5t1 t fragrance w\ld !n h be5 to u ! prim>y quality ( matt]1 z be+ t :i* 0 ess5tial to our def9ition ( matt]1--& all o!r qualities1 by :i* ! cause ( smell might1 or might n at ! same "t affect our o!r s5ses1 w\ld !n h be5 second>y qualities only1--z be+ qualities compatible ) our def9ition ( matt]1 b n ess5tial to x4 ,:at we n[ t]m matt]1 h[ev]1 ,i h repeat$ly obs]v$1--is t :i* we consid] z occupy+ space1 & resi/+ our ef=t to compress x2 & ^? qualities ( matt] may well be said to be prim>y1 by :i* matt] itself1 z ?us def9$1 becomes kn[n to u1--or by ! union ( :i*1 9 our conception1 we =m ! complex notion ( matt]1 & give or )hold t "n accord+ z ^! qualities are pres5t or abs5t4 ,ext5sion & resi/ance are ! di/+ui%+ qualities t direct u 9 all our applications ( ! ^w :i* compreh5ds !m4 ,!y are truly prim>y qualities1 !re=e2 s9ce1 )\t our consid]ation ( !m1 we nev] c\ld h =m$ ! complex notion ( ! sub/ance itself1 to :i* we aft]w>ds1 9 our analysis ( t complex notion1 ascribe !m sep>ately z qualities2--& all ! o!r qualities1 :i* we may aft]w>ds f9d occasion to ref] to an ext5d$ resi/+ sub/ance1 mu/ evid5tly be second>y1 9 ref]5ce to ^? qualities1 )\t :i* z previ\sly comb9$ 9 our ?\ght1 we c\ld n h _h ! prim>y notion ( ! sub/ance to :i* we ?us second>ily ref] !m4 ,if1 9 ! case :i* we h already frequ5tly imag9$1 ( ! s+le s5se ( smell1 we _h be5 absolutely unsusceptible ( e o!r ext]nal feel+1 we might1 inde$1 h consid]$ our s5sation z ! effect ( "s cause1--& ev5 ( a cause t 0 diff]5t f our m9d itself2 b x is v evid5t t we c\ld n h consid]$ x z ! effect ( ! pres5ce ( matt]1 at lea/ z t t]m is n[ und]/ood by u4 ,if1 9 ^! circum/ances1--aft] frequ5t repetition ( ! fragrance1 z ! only quality ( bodies ) :i* we c\ld be acqua9t$1--we 7 to acquire 9 an in/ant all ! o!r s5ses :i* we n[ possess1--s z to become capable ( =m+ t complex notion ( ?+s ext5d$ & resi/+1 :i* is our pres5t notion ( matt]1 we %\ld !n1 inde$1 h a full] notion ( ! rose1 ( ! m]e fragrance ( :i* we be=e 7 s5sible1 )\t kn[+ ( :at x 0 ! fragrance1 & might le>n to ref] ! fragrance to ! rose1 by ! same coexi/5ces ( s5sations :i* h l$ u1 9 our pres5t circum/ances1 to comb9e ! fragrance ) o!r qualities1 9 ! complex conception ( ! fl[]4 ,ev5 !n1 h[ev]1 ?\gh ! fragrance1 :i* 0 our fir/ s5sation1 _h truly be5 kn[n to u be=e ! o!r qualities1 & ?\gh ! s5sation1 !re=e1 w\ld des]ve ! "n ( prim>y1 ! ref]5ce ( ?is e>li] feel+ to ! ext]nal rose z its cause1 w\ld /ill truly be second>y to ! e>li] ref]5ce1 or r to ! e>li] comb9ation ( o!r qualities1 9 "o complex :ole1 by :i* we _h =m$ to ourselves ! notion ( ! ext5d$ & resi/+ rose1 z a body1 t admitt$ ! subsequ5t ref]5ce ( ! delightful s5sation ( fragrance to be made to x1 z ! equal cause ( ^! diff]5t effects4 ,9 ?is s5se1 !n1 ! di/9ction ( ! prim>y & second>y qualities ( matt] is j1--t1 :atev] qualities we ref] to a mat]ial cause mu/ be1 9 ref]5ce1 second>y to ^? qualities t are ess5tial to our v notion ( ! body1 to :i* ! subsequ5t ref]5ce ( ! o!r qualities is made4 ,we h =m$ our def9ition ( matt]2 &1 z 9 e o!r def9ition ( e sort1 ! qualities includ$ 9 ! def9ition1 mu/ always1 9 comp>ison ( o!r qualities1 be prim>y & ess5tial1 relatively to ! ?+ def9$4 ,nor is ?is all4--,x w be admitt$ likewise1 t ! qualities t]m$ prim>y1--:i* alone are includ$ 9 our g5]al def9itions ( matt]1 & :i* are all1 z we h se51 modifications ( m]e ext5sion & resi/ance1 are1 ev5 aft] we h le>n$ to consid] ! causes ( all our s5sations z sub/ances ext]nal to ! m9d1 /ill felt by u to be ext]nal1 ) m cle>ness & vividness1 ?an ! o!r qualities1 :i* we t]m second>y4 ,! diff]5ce is p>tly1 & *iefly1 9 ! nature ( ! s5sations !mselves1 z already expla9$ to y1 b dep5ds also1 ,i conceive1 9 no inconsid]able degree1 on ! p]man5ce & univ]sality ( ! objects :i* possess ! prim>y qualities1 & ! read9ess ) :i* we c r5ew our feel+ ( !m at w1 f ! con/ant pres5ce ( our own bodily frame1 itself ext5d$ & resi/+1 & ( ! o!r causes ( ^! feel+s ( ext5sion & resi/ance1 t seem to be e :]e surr\nd+ u4 ,ta/es1 smells1 s\nds1--ev5 col\rs ?\gh m la/+ ?an ^!--are n always be=e u2--b !re is n a mom5t at :i* we _c1 by ! m]e /ret*+ ( our h&1 produce at pleasure1 ! feel+ ( some?+ ext5d$ & resi/+4 ,x is a v natural effect ( ?is diff]5ce1 t ! "o set ( causes :i* are always be=e u1 %\ld seem to u1 !re=e1 peculi>ly p]man5t1 & ! o!r set1 t are only occasionally pres5t1 %\ld seem almo/ z fugitive z our s5sations !mselves4 ,9 ^! mo/ important respects1 !re is1 !n1 a j gr\nd = ! di/9ction ( ! prim>y f ! second>y qualities ( bodies4 ,!y are prim>y 9 ! ord] ( our def9ition ( matt]2 & !y are felt by u z peculi>ly p]man5t1 indep5d5tly ( our feel+s1 :i* !y seem at e mom5t ready to awake4 ,! p[] ( affect+ u ) smell1 ta/e1 sight1 or he>+1 may or may n be pres5t2 b ! p[] ( excit+ ! feel+s ( ext5sion & resi/ance is con/antly pres5t1 & is reg>d$ by u z ess5tial to our v notion ( matt]1--or1 9 o!r words1 we give ! "n ( matt]1 only :]e ?is complex p]ception is excit$ 9 u4 ,we seem1 !re=e1 to be con/antly surr\nd$ ) a mat]ial _w ( sub/ances ext5d$ & resi/+1 t is to say1 a _w ( sub/ances capable ( excit+ 9 u ! feel+s :i* are ascrib$ to ! prim>y quality ( matt]2--b /ill ! feel+ ( ^! prim>y qualities1 :i* we reg>d z p]man5t1 is n less ?an ! feel+ ( ! second>y qualities1 a /ate or affection ( ! m9d1 & no?+ m2--& 9 ! "o case1 z mu* z 9 ! o!r1 9 ! p]ception ( ! qualities t]m$ second>y1 z mu* z ( ! qualities t]m$ prim>y1 ! feel+1 :5 x occurs1 is ! direct or imm$iate result ( ! pres5ce ( ! ext]nal body ) ! quality ( :i* x corresponds2--or1 if !re be any diff]5ce 9 ?is respect1 ,i conceive t our feel+ ( fragrance1 or sweetness1 01 orig9ally at lea/1 a m imm$iate result ( ! pres5ce ( odor\s or sapid p>ticles1--?an any feel+ ( ext5sion1 )\t ! m9d1 0 ! effect ( ! fir/ body :i* we t\*$4 ,to ! ext5t :i* ,i h n[ /at$1 !n1 ! diff]5ce ( ^! classes ( qualities may be admitt$4 ,b z to ! o!r diff]5ces ass]t$1 !y seem to be f\nd$ on a false view ( ! nature ( p]ception4 ,i _c discov] any ?+ 9 ! s5sations !mselves1 correspond+ ) ! prim>y & second>y qualities1 :i* is direct1 z ,dr ,reid says1 9 ! "o case1 & only relative 9 ! o!r4 ,all are relative1 9 8 s5se ( ! t]m1 & equally relative1--our p]ception ( ext5sion & resi/ance1 z mu* z our p]ception ( fragrance or bitt]ness4 ,our feel+ ( ext5sion is n itself matt]1 b a feel+ excit$ by matt]4 ,we ascribe1 inde$1 our s5sations z effects to ext]nal objects t excite !m2 b x is only by ! m$ium ( our s5sations t ^!1 9 any case1 become kn[n to u z objects4 ,to say t our p]ception ( ext5sion is n relative1 to a c]ta9 ext]nal cause ( ?is p]ception1 direct or indirect1 z our p]ception ( fragrance is relative to a c]ta9 ext]nal cause1 w\ld be to say t our p]ception ( ext5sion1 induc$ by ! pres5ce ( an ext]nal cause1 is n a m5tal ph5om5on1 z mu* z ! p]ception ( fragrance1 b is some?+ m ?an a /ate ( ! m9d2 =1 if ! p]ception ( ext5sion be1 z all our p]ceptions & o!r feel+s mu/ surely be1 a m5tal ph5om5on1 a /ate ( m9d1 n ( matt]1 ! ref]5ce made ( ?is to an ext]nal cause1 mu/ be only to some?+ :i* is conceiv$ relatively z ! cause ( ?is feel+4 ,:at matt] is indep5d5tly ( our p]ception1 we "k n1 & _c "k1 = x is only by our s5sations t we c h any connexion ) x2 & ev5 ?\gh we 7 suppos$ to h our connexion ) x enl>g$1 by v>i\s s5ses additional to ^? :i* we possess at pres5t1 & our acqua9tance ) x1 !re=e1 to be f> m m9ute1 ?is v k1 h[ev] widely augm5t$1 mu/ itself be a m5tal ph5om5on1 9 l mann]1 ! ref]5ce ( :i*1 to matt]1 z an ext]nal cause1 w\ld /ill be relative only l our pres5t k4 ,t ! connexion ( ! feel+ ( ext5sion1 ) a corporeal sub/ance really exi/+ )\t1 dep5ds on ! arbitr>y arrangem5t made by ! ,deity2 & t all ( :i* we are consci\s might1 !re=e1 h exi/$1 z at pres5t1 ?\gh no ext]nal cause _h be51 ,dr ,reid1 :o ascribes to an intuitive pr9ciple1 our belief ( an ext]nal univ]se1 virtually all[s2 & ?is v admission surely implies1 t ! notion does n1 directly & necess>ily1 involve ! exi/5ce ( any p>ticul> cause1 :atev] x may be 9 itself1 by :i* ! ,deity has ?\ght prop] to produce ! correspond+ feel+ ( our m9d4 ,x is q evid5t1 t we _c1 9 ?is case1 appeal to exp]i5ce1 to in=m u :at s5sations or p]ceptions are m or less direct2 = exp]i5ce1 /rictly und]/ood1 does n ext5d beyond ! feel+s ( our own m9d1 unless 9 ?is v relative belief itself1 t !re are c]ta9 ext]nal causes ( our feel+s1--causes :i* x is impossible = u n to conceive z really exi/+1 b ( :i* we "k no?+ m ?an t our feel+s1 9 all t wide v>iety ( /ates ( m9d1 :i* we express briefly by ! t]ms s5sation or p]ception1 are made to dep5d on !m4 ,9 ! s]ies ( /ates 9 :i* ! m9d has exi/$1 f ! fir/ mom5t ( our life1 to ! pres5t h\r1 ! feel+s ( ext5sion1 resi/ance1 joy1 sorr[1 fragrance1 col\r1 hope1 fe>1 heat1 cold1 admiration1 res5tm5t1 h (t5 _h place2 & "s ( ^! feel+s1 x has be5 impossible = u n to ascribe to a direct ext]nal cause2 b !re h n be5 9 ! m5tal s]ies1 :i* is all ( :i* we c be consci\s1 bo? t feel+ ( ! m9d :i* we t]m ! p]ception ( ext5sion1 & also body itself1 z ! cause ( ?is feel+2 = body1 z an actual sub/ance1 _c be a "p ( ! consci\sness ( ! m9d1 :i* is a diff]5t sub/ance4 ,x is suffici5t = u to believe1 t !re are ext]nal causes ( ?is feel+ ( ! m9d1 p]man5t & indep5d5t ( x1 :i* produce 9 regul> s]ies1 all ^? ph5om5a t are f\nd by u 9 ! physical ev5ts ( ! univ]se1 & ) ! cont9uance ( :i*1 !re=e1 our p]ceptions also w cont9ue2 we _c truly suppose m1 )\t conceiv+ our v notion ( ext5sion1 a m5tal /ate1 to be itself a body ext5d$1 :i* we h z little reason to suppose1 z t our s5sation ( fragrance1 ano!r m5tal /ate1 is itself a fragrant body4 ,x is ne$less to prolong ?is discussion1 by endeav\r+ to place ! argum5t 9 new po9ts ( view4 ,! simple answ] to ! "q1 8,is our notion ( ext5sion1 or ( ! o!r prim>y qualities ( matt]1 a ph5om5on or affection ( matt] or ( m9d80 w\ld be ( itself suffici5t2 = if x be a /ate ( ! m9d1 z mu* z our feel+ ( heat or ( fragrance1 & a /ate produc$ by ! pres5ce ( an ext]nal cause1 z our s5sations ( heat or fragrance are produc$1 !n !re is no reason to suppose1 t ! k is1 9 "o case1 m direct ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,9 bo?1 x is ! effect ( ! pres5ce ( an ext]nal cause1 & 9 bo? x mu/ be relative only1--to adopt ,dr ,reid's phrase1--to t p>ticul> cause :i* produc$ x2 ! k ( :i* cause1 9 ! case ( ext5sion1 z mu* z 9 ! case ( fragrance1 is no?+ m ?an ! k1 t !re is )\t u1 some?+ :i* is n our m9d itself1 b :i* exi/s1 z we _c b believe1 p]man5tly & indep5d5tly ( our m9d1 & produces accord+ to its own v>ieties1 9 relation to our corporeal frame at "o "t1 t affection ( ! m9d :i* we d5om9ate ! p]ception ( ext5sion2 at ano!r "t1 t diff]5t affection ( ! m9d1 :i* we d5om9ate ! p]ception ( fragrance4 ,:at x is1 z x exi/s 9 absolute indep5d5ce ( our p]ceptions1 we :o become acqua9t$ ) x1 only by ^? v p]ceptions1 "k n1 9 ei!r case2 b we "k x at lea/1--:i* is ! only k important = u1--z x exi/s relatively to u2 t is to say1 x is impossible = u1 f ! v con/itution ( our nature1 n to reg>d ! v>iety ( our p]ceptions1 z occasion$ by a correspond+ v>iety ( causes1 ext]nal to our m9d2 ?\gh1 ev5 9 mak+ ?is ref]5ce1 we mu/ /ill believe our p]ceptions !mselves1 to be altoge!r diff]5t & di/9ct f ! ext]nal causes1 :atev] !y may be1 :i* h produc$ !m2 to be1 9 %ort1 ph5om5a purely m5tal1 & to be ?is equally1 :e!r !y relate to ! prim>y or ! second>y qualities ( matt]2 our notion ( ext5sion1 9 :atev] way ! ,deity may h connect$ x ) ! pres5ce ( ext]nal ?+s1 be+ z mu* a /ate ( ! m9d itself1 z our notion ( sweetness or s\nd4 ,^! obs]vations1 on ! process ( sugge/ion1 :i*1 9 ! ref]5ce to an ext]nal cause1 di/+ui%es our p]ceptions f our simpl] s5sations1--& on ! real & suppos$ diff]5ces ( ! prim>y & second>y qualities ( matt]1--w h prep>$ y1 ,i tru/1 = und]/&+ bett] ! claim :i* ,dr ,reid has made to ! hon\r ( ov]?r[+ :at he has t]m$ ! ideal sy/em ( p]ception4 ,x is a claim1 z ,i h said1 :i* appe>s to me truly wond]ful1 bo? z made by him & admitt$ by o!rs2 ! mighty a*ievem5t :i* appe>$ to him to be ! ov]?r[ ( a great sy/em1 be+ no?+ m1 ?an ! pro( t c]ta9 phrases are metaphorical1 :i* 7 int5d$ by _! au?ors to be und]/ood only z metaphors4 ,9 p]ception !re is1 z ,i h already frequ5tly repeat$1 a c]ta9 s]ies--! pres5ce ( an ext]nal object--! affection ( ! s5sorial organ--! affection ( ! s5ti5t m9d4 ,z ! two la/1 h[ev]1 belong to "o be+--! be+ call$ self--:i* cont9ues ! same1 :ile ! ext]nal objects ar\nd are incessantly *ang+2--x is n wond]ful1 t1 9 speak+ ( p]ception1 we %\ld (t5 ?9k m]ely ( ! object z "o1 & ( ourself1 7?is comp\nd ( m9d & matt]17 z also "o1--unit+ ! organic & m5tal *anges1 9 ! s+le ^w :i* expresses our p]ception4 ,to see & to he>1 = example1 are s+le words1 expressive ( ?is :ole process--! bodily z well z ! m5tal "p--= we d n consid] ! t]ms z applicable1 9 /rict philosophic propriety1 to cases1 9 :i* ! m]e m5tal affection is ! same1 b ! corporeal "p is believ$ by u to be diff]5t1--z 9 sleep1 or rev]ie1 :5 ! ca/le1 ! =e/1 ! /ream1 rise be=e u z 9 reality1 & we feel z if we 7 truly li/5+ to voices :i* we love4 ,t we feel1 z if we 7 li/5+1 & feel z if we saw1 is our language1 :51 9 our wak+ h\rs1 we speak ( ?is ph5om5a ( our dreams1--n t we actually saw & he>d--?us evid5tly %ew+1 t we compreh5d1 9 ^! t]ms1--:5 us$ )\t ! qualify+ words z if--n ! m5tal *anges ( /ate only1 b ! :ole process ( p]ception1 corporeal z well z m5tal4 ,! m]e organic "p ( ! process1 h[ev]1 be+ ( importance1 only z x is foll[$ by ! m5tal "p1--& be+ always foll[$ by ! m5tal "p1--sc>cely ent]s into our conception1 unless 9 cases ( ?is sort1 :5 we di/+ui% p]ception f vivid imag9ation1 or :5 ! :ole comp\nd process ( p]ception is a subject ( our philosophic inquiry4 ,z sight1 he>+1 p]ception1 involve1 9 a s+le ^w1--process bo? m5tal & corporeal1--s1 ,i h no d\bt1 t idea1 ?\gh n[ conf9$ m /rictly to ! feel+s ( ! m9d1 0 long employ$ ) a m vague signification1 s z sometimes to mean ! m5tal affection1 sometimes ! organic affection1 sometimes bo?2--9 ! same mann]1 z at pres5t we speak ( sight1 sometimes z m5tal1 sometimes z organic1 sometimes z bo?4 ,x compreh5ds bo?1 :5 we di/+ui% ! m\nta9 or =e/ :i* we see1 f ! m\nta9 or =e/ ( :i* we dream4 ,x is m5tal only1 :5 we speak ( ! pleasure ( sight4 ,x is organic only1 :5 we say ( an eye1 9 :i* ! passage ( ! rays ( light has become ob/ruct$1 t its sight is lo/1 or has be5 injur$ by disease4 ,! consid]ation ( ?is d\ble s5se ( ! t]m idea1 9 "s ( ! old] metaphysical writ]s1 correspond+ ) our pres5t d\ble s5se ( ! ^w p]ception1 z involv+ bo? ! corporeal & m5tal "p ( ! process1 removes1 ,i ?9k1 mu* ( t app>5t confusion1 :i* is sometimes to be f\nd 9 _! language on ! subject2 :5 !y comb9e ) ! t]m expressions1 :i* c be und]/ood only 9 a mat]ial s5se1 aft] comb9+ ) x1 at o!r times1 expressions1 :i* c be und]/ood only ( ! m9d2 z x is n impossible t a p]iod may arrive1 :5 mu* ( our reason+1 t involves no obscurity at pres5t1 may seem obscure & confus$1 to our successors1 9 t c>e] ( inquiry1 :i*1 p]haps1 is yet sc>cely begun2 m]ely because !y may h limit$1 ) /rict] propriety1 to "o "p ( a process1 t]ms1 :i* we n[ use z significant ( a :ole process4 ,9 ! same mann]1 z we n[ exclude :olly f ! t]m idea e ?+ organic1 s may e ?+ organic h]eaft] be exclud$ f ! t]m sight2 & f ! simple phrase1 s famili> at pres5t1 t an eye has lo/ its sight1 "s future philosoph] may be incl9$ to ass]t1 t we1 :o n[ use t phrase1 consid] ! p]ception ( vision1 z 9 ! mat]ial organ2 &1 if he h ! tal5ts ( ,dr ,reid1 he may ev5 =m a s]ies ( admirable ratioc9ations1 9 dispro( ( an op9ion :i* nobody holds1 & may consid] himself1 & p]haps1 too1 if he be z =tunate z ! au?or ( ! ,inquiry into ! ,human ,m9d1 may be consid]$1 by o!rs1 z ! ov]?r[] ( a mighty sy/em ( metaphysical illusion4 ,h[ truly ?is has be5 ! case1 9 ! suppos$ ov]?r[ ( ! ideal sy/em1 ,i %all proce$ to %ew 9 my next ,lecture4 ,,footnote3 #ib ,on ! ,intellectual ,p[]s1 ,essay ,,ii4 c4 #ag4 ,,lecture ,,xxvi4 ,,on ,,dr ,,reid',s ,,suppos$ ,,confutation ,,( ,,! ,,ideal ,,sy/em2 ,,hypo!sis ,,( ,,! ,,p]ipatetics ,,reg>d+ ,,p]ception2 ,,& ,,op9ions ,,( ,,v>i\s ,,philosoph]s ,,on ,,! ,,same ,,subject4 ,! rem>ks :i* ,i (f]$1 9 my la/ ,lecture1 9 illu/ration ( :at h be5 t]m$ ! prim>y & second>y qualities ( matt]1 7 int5d$ *iefly to obviate t false view ( !m1 9 :i* ! "o set ( ^! qualities is di/+ui%$1 z af=d+ u a k t is direct1 & ! o!r set1 a k t is relative only2--z if any qualities ( matt] c\ld become kn[n to ! m9d1 b z !y are capable ( affect+ ! m9d ) c]ta9 feel+s1 & z relative1 !re=e1 to ! feel+s :i* !y excite4 ,:at matt] is1 b z ! cause ( ^? v>i\s /ates ( m9d1 :i* we d5om9ate our s5sations or p]ceptions1 x is surely impossible = u1 by p]ception1 to discov]4 ,! physical univ]se1 amid :i* we are plac$1 may h innum]able qualities t h no relation to our p]cipi5t m9d1--& qualities1 :i*1 if our m9d 7 end[$ ) o!r capacities ( s5sation1 we might discov] z readily z ^? :i* we "k at pres5t2 b ! qualities t h no relation to ! pres5t /ate ( ! m9d1 _c to ! m9d1 9 its pres5t /ate1 be elem5ts ( its k4 ,f ! v con/itution ( our nature1 inde$1 x is impossible = u n to believe1 t our s5sations h ext]nal causes1 :i* correspond ) !m1 & :i* h a p]man5ce1 t is indep5d5t ( our transi5t feel+s1--a p]man5ce1 t enables u to pr$ict 9 c]ta9 circum/ances1 ! feel+s :i* !y are aga9 to excite 9 our p]cipi5t m9d2 & to ! union ( all ^! p]man5t ext]nal causes1 9 "o great sy/em1 we give ! "n ( ! mat]ial _w4 ,b ! mat]ial _w1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* alone we are entitl$ to speak ( x1 is /ill only a "n = a multitude ( ext]nal causes ( our feel+s1--( causes :i* are1 recogniz$ by u z p]man5t & uni=m 9 _! nature2 b are s recogniz$ by u1 only because1 9 simil> circum/ances1 !y excite uni=mly 9 ! m9d ! same p]ceptions1 or1 at lea/1 are suppos$ by u to be uni=m 9 _! own nature1 :5 ! p]ceptions :i* !y excite 9 u are uni=m4 ,x is accord+ to _! mode ( affect+ ! m9d1 !n1 ) v>i\s s5sations1 t we "k !m1--& n accord+ to _! own absolute nature1 :i* x is impossible = u to "k1--:e!r we give ! "n ( prim>y or second>y to ! qualities :i* affect u4 ,if our s5sations 7 diff]5t1 our p]ceptions ( ! qualities ( ?+s1 :i* induce ^! s5sations 9 u1 w\ld in/antly h a correspond+ diff]5ce4 ,all ! ext]nal exi/5ces1 :i* we t]m matt]1--& all ! ph5om5a ( _! motion or _! re/1--if kn[n to u at all1 are kn[n to u only by excit+ 9 u1 ! p]cipi5ts ( !m1 c]ta9 feel+s3--& qualities1 :i* are n m or less directly relative to our feel+s1 z s5ti5t or p]cipi5t be+s1 are1 !re=e1 qualities :i* we mu/ be =ev] incapable ev5 ( div9+4 ,?is1 & "s o!r discussions :i* h ( late engag$ u1 7 9 "p int5d$ z prep>atory to ! inquiry on :i* we ent]$ 9 ! close ( my ,lecture1--! inquiry into ! ju/ness ( ! praise :i* has be5 claim$ & receiv$ by ,dr ,reid1 z ! confut] ( a v absurd !ory ( p]ception1 till !n univ]sally preval5t3--& if1 inde$1 ! !ory1 :i* he is said to h confut$1 _h be5 ! g5]al belief ( philosoph]s till confut$ by him1 !re c be no "q1 t he w\ld h _h a j claim to be consid]$ z "o ( ! *ief b5efactors ( ! ,philosophy ( ,m9d4 ,at any rate1 s9ce ?is glory has be5 ascrib$ to him1 & 8 suppos$ confutation ( ! !ory ( p]ception1 by little images ( objects convey$ to ! m9d1 has be5 consid]$ z =m+ "o ( ! mo/ important eras 9 intellectual sci5ce1 x has acquir$1 f ?is univ]sality ( mi/ake ) respect to x1 an int]e/ :i*1 f its own m]its1 x w\ld c]ta9ly be f> f possess+4 ,9 ! ,philosophy ( ! ,p]ipatetics1 & 9 all ! d>k ages ( ! s*ola/ic foll[]s ( t sy/em1 ideas 7 truly consid]$ z little images d]iv$ f objects )\t2 &1 z ! ^w idea /ill cont9u$ to be us$ aft] ?is orig9al mean+ _h be5 ab&on$1 7z x cont9ues /ill1 9 all ! works t treat ( p]ception17 x is n wond]ful t _m ( ! accu/om$ =ms ( expression1 :i* 7 reta9$ toge!r ) x1 %\ld h be5 ( a k9d t1 9 _! /rict etymological mean+1 might h seem$ to h>monize m ) ! !ory ( ideas z images1 :i* prevail$ :5 ^! p>ticul> =ms ( expression orig9ally became habitual1 ?an ) t ( ideas z m]e /ates ( ! m9d itself2 s9ce ?is is only :at has happ5$ ) respect to innum]able o!r words1 9 ! transmutations ( mean+ :i* !y h receiv$ dur+ ! long progress ( sci5tific inquiry4 ,! idea1 9 ! old philosophy1 _h be5 t1 ( :i* ! pres5ce imm$iately prec$$ ! m5tal p]ception1--! direct ext]nal cause ( p]ception2 & accord+ly1 x may well be suppos$1 t :5 ! direct cause ( p]ception 0 believ$ to be1 n a =eign phantasm1 b a peculi> affection ( ! s5sorial organ1 t ^w1 :i* _h =m]ly be5 appli$ to ! suppos$ object1 w\ld /ill imply "s ref]5ce to ! organic /ate1 :i* 0 believ$ to supply ! place ( ! %ad[y film1 or phantasm1 9 be+1 :at x _h be5 suppos$ to be1 ! imm$iate antec$5t ( p]ception4 ,idea1 9 %ort1 9 ! old writ]s1 l ! synonym\s ^w p]ception at pres5t1 0 expressive1 n ( "o "p ( a process1 b ( two p>ts ( x4 ,x includ$1 ) a c]ta9 vague compreh5siv5ess1 ! organic *ange z well z ! m5tal1--9 ! same way z p]ception n[ implies a c]ta9 *ange produc$ 9 our organs ( s5se1 & a consequ5t *ange 9 ! /ate ( ! m9d2 & h5ce x is surely n v a/oni%+1 t :ile _m expressions are f\nd 9 ! works ( ^! old] writ]s1 :i*1 9 treat+ ( ideas1 h a ref]5ce to ! m5tal "p ( ! process ( p]ception1 o!r expressions are occasionally employ$ :i* relate only to ! mat]ial "p ( ! process1--s9ce bo? p>ts ( ! process1 z ,i h said1 71 to a c]ta9 degree1 d5ot$ by t s+le ^w4 ,all ?is might v naturally take place1 ?\gh no?+ m 0 meant to be express$ by x ?an ^! two p>ts ( ! process1--! organic *ange1 :atev] x might be1 & ! subsequ5t m5tal *ange1 )\t ! necess>y int]v5tion ( some?+ di/9ct f bo?1 su* z ,dr ,reid supposes to h be5 meant by ! t]m ,idea4 ,x is ?is application1 to ! bodily "p ( ! process1 ( expressions1 :i* he consid]$ z int5d$ to be appli$ to ! m5tal "p ( p]ception1 t has sometimes misl$ him 9 ! views :i* he has giv5 ( ! op9ions ( =m] philosoph]s4 ,b /ill m frequ5tly has he be5 misl$1 by und]/&+ 9 a lit]al s5se phrases :i* 7 int5d$ 9 a metaphorical s5se1 & :i* seem s obvi\sly metaphorical1 t x is truly difficult to acc\nt = ! misappreh5sion4 ,inde$1 ! same metaphors1 on ! m]e use ( :i* ,dr ,reid f\nds s mu*1 cont9ue /ill to be us$ 9 ! same mann] z be=e he wrote4 ,we speak ( impressions on ! m9d1--( ideas bright or obscure1 p]man5t or fad+1--( s5ses1 t are ! inlets to our k ( ext]nal ?+s1--& ( memory1 9 :i* ?is k is /or$1--precisely z ! writ]s & speak]s be=e u us$ ^! phrases2 )\t mean+ any ?+ m1 ?an t c]ta9 organic *anges1 necess>y to p]ception1 are produc$ by ext]nal objects1--& t c]ta9 feel+s1 simil> to ^? orig9ally excit$ 9 ?is mann]1 are aft]w>ds r5ew$1 ) m or less p]man5ce & vivacity1 )\t ! recurr5ce ( ! objects t orig9ally produc$ !m2--& to arrange all ! moods & figures ( logic 9 confutation ( m]e metaphors1 su* z ,i _c b ?9k ! images 9 ! m9d to h be51 :i* ,dr ,reid s p[]fully assail$1 seems an und]tak+ n v diff]5t f t ( expos+1 syllogi/ically & s]i\sly1 all ! follies ( ,grecian ,paganism z a sy/em ( !ological belief1 9 ! hope ( conv]t+ "s un=tunate poeta/] or poet1 :o /ill talks1 9 8 rhym+s to 8 mi/ress1 ( ,cupid & ! ,graces4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o v important practical inf]5ce to be drawn f ?is misappreh5sion1--! necessity ( avoid+1 z mu* z possible1 9 philosophic disquisition1 ! language ( metaphor1 especially :5 ! precise mean+ has n be=e be5 po9t$ out1 s z to r5d] any misconception ( ! int5d$ mean+1 :5 a metaphor is us$1 z ne>ly impossible z ! condition ( our intellectual nature w all[4 ,9 calculat+ ! possibility ( ?is future misconception1 we %\ld nev] e/imate our own p]spicuity v highly2 = !re is always 9 man a r$undant facility ( mi/ake1 beyond our mo/ lib]al all[ance4 ,z ,pope truly says1-- 8,! diff]5ce is z great betwe5 ,! optics see+1 z ! objects se520 &1 un=tunately1 x is ! object only :i* is 9 our p[]4 ,! fallible optics1 t are to view x1 are beyond our contr\l2 & :atev] op9ion1 !re=e1 ! mo/ cauti\s philosoph] may ass]t1 he ought nev] to flatt] himself ) ! absolute c]ta9ty1 t1 9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s1 he may n be exhibit$1 & confut$1 z ! ass]tor ( a doctr9e1 n m]ely diff]5t f t :i* he has pr(ess$1 b exactly opposite to x4 ,! true nature ( ! op9ions really held by philosoph]s is1 h[ev]1 to be det]m9$ by ref]5ce to _! works4 ,to ?is !n let u proce$4 ,! language ( ,mr ,locke1--to beg9 ) "o ( ! mo/ em95t ( ^!1--is un=tunately1 s v figurative1 :5 he speaks ( ! intellectual ph5om5a17?\gh ,i h no d\bt t he w\ld h avoid$ ^! figures1 if he c\ld h =ese5 ! possibility ( _! be+ int]pret$ lit]ally17 t x is n easy to %[1 by any s+le quotation1 h[ v diff]5t 8 op9ions z to p]ception 71 f ^? :i* ,dr ,reid has repres5t$ !m to be4 ,! great "q is1 :e!r he believ$ ! exi/5ce ( ideas1 z ?+s 9 ! m9d1 sep>ate f p]ception1 & int]m$iate betwe51 ! organic affection1 :atev] x might be1 & ! m5tal affection2 or :e!r ! idea & ! p]ception 7 consid]$ by him z ! same4 8,9 ! p]ception ( ext]nal objects10 says ,dr ,reid1 8all languages di/+ui% ?ree ?+s1--! m9d t p]ceives1--! op]ation ( t m9d1 :i* is call$ p]ception1--& ! object p]ceiv$4 ,philosoph]s h introduc$ a f\r? ?+1 9 ?is process1 :i* !y call ! idea ( ! object40#ic ,x is ! m]it ( %ew+ ! nullity ( ?is suppos$ f\r? ?+1 :i* ,dr ,reid claims1 & :i* has be5 grant$ to him1 )\t exam9ation4 ,! p]ception itself1 z a /ate ( ! m9d1 or1 z he *ooses to call x1 an op]ation ( ! m9d1 he admits1 & he admits also ! organic *ange :i* prec$es x4 ,did ,mr ,locke !n cont5d = any ?+ m1 = t f\r? ?+1 ! idea1 di/9ct f ! p]ception1--ov] :i* ,dr ,reid supposes himself to h triumph$8 ,t he did n cont5d = any ?+ m1 nor conceive ! idea to be any ?+ diff]5t f ! p]ception itself1 is suffici5tly app>5t f innum]able passages bo? ( 8 ,essay itself1 & ( 8 admirable def5ce ( ! great doctr9es ( 8 ,essay1 9 8 controv]sy ) ,bi%op ,/ill+fleet4 ,he repeat$ly /ates1 t he uses ! ^w idea1 z synonym\s ) conception or notion1 9 ! common use ( ^? t]ms2 8 only reason = pref]r+ x to notion1 7:i* assur$ly ,dr ,reid c\ld n suppose to mean any ?+1 di/9ct f ! m9d7 be+1 t ! t]m notion seems to him bett] limit$ to a p>ticul> class ( ideas1 ^? :i* he te*nically t]ms mix$ modes4 ,t ideas are n diff]5t f p]ceptions is cle>ly express$ by him4 8,to ask at :at "t a man has fir/ any ideas10 he says1 8is to ask :5 he beg9s to p]ceive2 hav+ ideas & p]ception be+ ! same ?+40#id ,if he speaks ( our s5ses1 z ! inlets to our ideas1 ! metaphor is surely a v obvi\s "o2 or1 if any "o w /ill cont5d1 t :at is said metaphorically mu/ h be5 int5d$ really1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 t he uses precisely ! same metaphor1 9 cases 9 :i* ! real application ( x is absolutely impossible1 z1 = example1 ) respect to our p]ceptions or s5sations1 & t1 if we are to und]/&1 f 8 use ( su* metaphors1 t he believ$ ! ideas1 ?us introduc$1 to be di/9ct f ! m9d1 we mu/ und]/&1 9 l mann]1 t he believ$ our s5sations & p]ceptions1 introduc$1 9 l mann]1 to be also ?+s self-exi/+1 & capable ( be+ admitt$1 at c]ta9 inlets1 into ! m9d z _! recipi5t4 8,our s5ses1 conv]sant ab\t p>ticul> s5sible objects1 d convey10 he says1 8into ! m9d1 sev]al di/9ct p]ceptions ( ?+s1 accord+ to ^? v>i\s ways :]e9 ^? objects d affect !m40#ie 8,! s5ses are av5ues provid$ by nature = ! reception ( s5sations40#if ,i _c b ?9k1 t ^!1 & ! simil> passages t occur 9 ! ,essay1 ought1 ( !mselves1 to h conv9c$ ,dr ,reid1 t he :o ?us spoke ( ,,p]ceptions1 convey$ into ! m9d1 & ( av5ues provid$ = ! reception ( ,,s5sations1 might also1 :5 he spoke ( ! conveyance ( ideas into ! m9d1 & ( av5ues = ! reception ( ideas1 h meant no?+ m ?an ! simple ext]nal orig9 ( ^? notions1 or conceptions1 or feel+s1 or affections ( m9d1 to :i* he gave ! "n ( ideas2 especially :5 !re is n a s+le argum5t 9 8 ,essay1 or 9 any ( 8 works1 t is f\nd$ on ! sub/antial reality ( our ideas1 z sep>ate & di/9ct ?+s 9 ! m9d4 ,i %all ref] only to "o additional passage1 :i* ,i purposely select1 because x is1 at ! same "t1 v full ( ! p>ticul> figures1 t h misl$ ,dr ,reid1 & %ews1 !re=e1 :at ! true mean+ ( ! au?or 0 at ! "t at :i* he us$ ^! figures4 8,! o!r way ( ret5tion1 is ! p[] to revive aga9 9 our m9ds ^? ideas1 :i* aft] impr9t+ h disappe>$1 or h be5 z x 7 laid aside out ( sight2 & ?us we d1 :5 we conceive heat or light1 yell[ or sweet1 ! object be+ remov$4 ,?is is memory1 :i* is1 z x 7 ! /oreh\se ( our ideas4 ,= ! n>r[ m9d ( man n be+ capable ( hav+ _m ideas "u view & consid]ation at once1 x 0 necess>y to h a repository to lay up ^? ideas1 :i* at ano!r "t x might h use (4 ,b our ideas be+ no?+ b actual p]ceptions 9 ! m9d1 :i* cease to be any ?+1 :5 !re is no p]ception ( !m1 ?is lay+ up ( our ideas 9 ! repository ( ! memory1 signifies no m b ?is1 t ! m9d has a p[] 9 _m cases to revive p]ceptions1 :i* x has once _h1 ) ?is additional p]ception annex$ to !m1 t x has _h !m be=e4 ,& 9 ?is s5se x is1 t our ideas are said to be 9 our memories1 :5 inde$ !y are actually no :]e1 b only !re is an ability 9 ! m9d :5 x w to revive !m aga91 & z x 7 pa9t !m a-new on itself1 ?\gh "s ) m1 "s ) less difficulty2 "s m lively1 & o!rs m obscurely40#ig ,! doctr9e ( ?is truly em95t philosoph]1 !re=e1 is1 t ! pres5ce ( ! ext]nal object1 & ! consequ5t organic *ange1 are foll[$ by an idea1 8:i* is no?+ b ! actual p]ception20 & t ! lay+ up ( ^! ideas 9 ! memory1 signifies no?+ m1 ?an t ! m9d has1 9 _m cases1 a p[] to revive p]ceptions :i* x has once _h4 ,all ?is1 ,i conceive1 is ! v doctr9e ( ,dr ,reid on ! subject2 & to h confut$ ,mr ,locke1 !re=e1 if x _h be5 possible = him1 mu/ h be5 a v un=tunate confutation1 z x w\ld h be5 also to h confut$ z completely ! v op9ions on ! subject1 :i* he 0 dispos$ himself to ma9ta94 ,i may n[ proce$ fur!r back1 to ano!r philosoph] ( great em95ce1 ^: "n1 un=tunately = its reputation1 is associat$ m ) 8 political & religi\s errors1 ?an ) 8 analytical inve/igations ( ! nature ( ! ph5om5a ( ?\ght4 ,! au?or to :om ,i allude is ,hobbes1 )\t all "q "o ( ! mo/ acute intellectual inquir]s ( ! c\ntry & age 9 :i* he liv$4 ,z ! physiology ( ! m9d1 9 ,brita9 at lea/ seem$ at t "t to be almo/ a new sci5ce1 he 0 v g5]ally complim5t$ by 8 contempor>y poets1 z ! discov]] ( a new l&4 ,"s v beautiful ,lat9 v]ses1 address$ to him1 ,i quot$ to y1 9 a =m] ,lecture1 9 :i* x 0 said1 on occasion ( 8 "w on ,human ,nature1 t ! m9d1 :i* _h be=e kn[n all ?+s1 0 n[ = ! fir/ "t made kn[n to itself4 8,omnia hact5us ,qu nosse potuit1 nota jam primum e/ sibi40 ,& 9 :i* he 0 said1 9 reveal+ ! m9d1 to h p]=m$ a "w1 next 9 div9ity to t ( creat+ x4 8,div9um e/ opus ,animum cre>e1 proximum huic o/5d]e40 ,by ,c[ley1 :o /yles him 8! discov]] ( ! gold5 l&s ( new philosophy10 he is comp>$ to ,columbus1 ) ?is diff]5ce1 t ! _w1 :i* t great navigator f\nd1 0 left by him1 rude & neglect$1 to ! culture ( future indu/ry2 :ile t :i* ,hobbes discov]$ might be said to h be5 at once explor$ by him & civiliz$4 ,! eloqu5ce ( 8 /rong & p]spicu\s /yle1 ,i may rem>k by ! way1 seems to h met ) equal comm5dation1 f 8 poetical panegyri/s1 ) :om1 c]ta9ly n f ! excell5ce ( 8 own v]ses1 he appe>s to h be5 9 s+ul> fav\r4 ,8 /yle is ?us describ$1 9 "s v]ses ( ,%effield1 ,duke ( ,buck+ham3 8,cle> z a beautiful transp>5t sk91 ,:i* nev] hides ! blood1 yet holds x 92 ,l a delici\s /ream x ev] ran ,z smoo? z woman1 & z /rong z man40#ih ,! op9ions ( ,hobbes1 on ! subject :i* we are consid]+1 are /at$ at l5g?1 9 t "p ( 8 ,elem5ts ( ,philosophy1 :i* he has entitl$ ,physica2 &1 f> f ju/ify+ ,dr ,reid's ass]tion1 ) respect to ! g5]al ideal sy/em ( philosoph]s1 may be consid]$1 9 ?is important respect1 z f>1 at lea/1 z relates to ! unity ( ! idea1 & ! p]ception itself1 z simil> to 8 own4 ,s5sation or p]ception1 he traces to ! impulse ( ext]nal objects1 produc+ a motion along ! n]ves t[>ds ! bra91 & a consequ5t reaction outw>ds1 :i* he seems to ?9k1 v falsely inde$1 may acc\nt = ! ref]5ce to ! object z ext]nal4 ,?is hypo!sis1 h[ev]1 is ( no consequ5ce4 ,! only important po9t 9 ref]5ce to ! suppos$ univ]sality ( ! sy/em ( ideas1 is :e!r ?is philosoph] ( ano!r age1 ass]t$ ! exi/5ce ( ideas1 z int]m$iate ?+s1 di/9ct f ! m]e p]ception2 &1 on ?is subject1 he is z explicit z ,dr ,reid himself c\ld be4 ,! idea or phantasma1 z he t]ms x1 is ! v p]ception or actus s5ti5di4 8,phantasma enim e/ s5ti5di actus2 neque diff]t a s5sione1 alit] quam fi]i diff]t a factum esse40#ii ,! same doctr9e1 & ,i may add also1 ! same expression ( ! unity ( ! actus s5ti5di & ! phantasma1 are to be f\nd 9 v>i\s o!r p>ts ( 8 works4 ,i may1 h[ev]1 proce$ /ill fur!r back1 to an au?or ( yet wid] & m v>i$ g5ius1 "o ( ^? extraord9>y m5 :om nature gives to ! _w1 = h] mightie/ purposes1 :5 %e wi%es to *ange ! aspect1 n ( a s+le sci5ce m]ely1 b ( all t c be kn[n by man2 t illu/ri\s rebel1 :o1 9 ov]?r[+ ! au?ority ( ,ari/otle1 seem$ to h acquir$1 z x 7 by "r ( conque/1 a sway 9 philosophy1 z absolute1 ?\gh n s la/+1 z t ( ! ,grecian despot4 8,"t10 says "o ( ! mo/ eloqu5t ( 8 c\ntrym51 8has de/roy$ ! op9ions ( ,des ,c>tes4 ,b 8 glory subsi/s /ill4 ,he appe>s l "o ( ^? de?ron$ mon>*s1 :o1 on ! v ru9s ( _! empire1 /ill seem born = ! sov]eignty ( mank9d40 ,on ! op9ions ( ,des ,c>tes1 ) respect to p]ception1 ,dr ,reid has dwelt at great l5g?1 & has n m]ely repres5t$ him z jo9+ 9 t belief ( ideas1 di/9ct f p]ception1 :i* he repres5ts z ! univ]sal belief ( philosoph]s1 b has ev5 express$ a/oni%m5t1 t ,des ,c>tes1 ^: g5]al op9ions might h l$ him to a diff]5t conclusion1 %\ld yet h jo9$ 9 ! common "o4 8,! sy/em ( ,des ,c>tes10 he says1 8is ) great p]spicuity & acut5ess expla9$ by himself1 9 8 writ+s1 :i* ought to be consult$ by ^? :o w\ld und]/& x40#ajj ,he probably 0 n aw>e1 :5 he wrote ^! few l9es1 h[ important 0 ! ref]5ce :i* he made1 especially to ^? :om he 0 address+2 s9ce1 ! m !y /udi$ ! view :i* he has giv5 ( ! op9ions ( ,des ,c>tes1 ! m necess>y w\ld x become = !m to consult ! orig9al au?or4 8,x is to be obs]v$10 he says1 8t ,des ,c>tes reject$ a "p only ( ! anci5t !ory1 conc]n+ ! p]ception ( ext]nal objects by ! s5ses1 & t he adopt$ ! o!r "p4 ,t !ory may be divid$ into two p>ts1--! fir/1 t images1 species1 or =ms ( ext]nal objects1 come f ! object1 & ent] by ! av5ues ( ! s5ses to ! m9d2 ! second "p is1 t ! ext]nal object itself is n p]ceiv$1 b only ! species or image ( x 9 ! m9d4 ,! fir/ "p ,des ,c>tes & 8 foll[]s reject$1 & refut$ by solid argum5ts2 b ! second "p1 nei!r he nor 8 foll[]s h ?\ght ( call+ 9 "q2 be+ p]suad$ t x is only a repres5tative image1 9 ! m9d1 ( ! ext]nal object t we p]ceive1 & n ! object itself4 ,& ?is image1 :i* ! ,p]ipatetics call$ a species1 he calls an idea1 *ang+ ! "n only1 :ile he admits ! ?+40#aja--8;,des ,c>tes1 accord+ to ! _s ( 8 own philosophy1 ought to h d\bt$ ( bo? p>ts ( ! ,p]ipatetic hypo!sis1 or to h giv5 8 reasons1 :y he adopt$ "o "p1 z well z :y he reject$ ! o!r "p2 especially s9ce ! unle>n$1 :o h ! faculty ( p]ceiv+ objects by _! s5ses1 9 no less p]fection ?an philosoph]s1 & %\ld !re=e "k1 z well z !y1 :at x is !y p]ceive1 h be5 unanim\s 9 ?is1 t ! objects !y p]ceive are n ideas 9 _! own m9ds1 b ?+s ext]nal4 ,x might h be5 expect$1 t a philosoph]1 :o 0 s cauti\s z n to take 8 own exi/5ce = grant$1 )\t pro(1 w\ld n h tak5 x = grant$1 )\t pro(1 t e ?+ he p]ceiv$ 0 only ideas 9 8 own m9d40#ajb ,all ?is might c]ta9ly h be5 expect$1 z ,dr ,reid says1 if ! tru? _h n be51 t ! op9ions ( ,des ,c>tes are precisely opposite to ! repres5tation :i* he has giv5 ( !m1--t1 f> f believ+ 9 ! exi/5ce ( images ( ext]nal objects1 z ! imm$iate causes or antec$5ts ( p]ception1 he /r5u\sly cont5ds aga9/ !m4 ,! pres5ce ( ! ext]nal body1--! organic *ange1 :i* he conceives to be a sort ( motion ( ! small febrils ( ! n]ves & bra91--& ! affection ( ! m9d1 :i* he expressly ass]ts to h no resemblance :atev] to ! motion t gave occasion to x1--^! are all :i* he conceives to con/itute ! process ( p]ception1 )\t any idea1 z a ?+ di/9ct1--a f\r? ?+ int]v5+ betwe5 ! organic & ! m5tal *ange4 ,& ?is process is exactly ! process :i* ,dr ,reid himself supposes1 ) ?is only diff]5ce1--an unimportant "o = ! pres5t argum5t1--t ,dr ,reid1 ?\gh he admits "s int]v5+ organic *ange1 does n /ate1 positively1 :at he conceives to be its nature1 :ile ! ,fr5* philosoph] supposes x to consi/ 9 a motion ( ! n]v\s fibrils4 ,! doctr9e ( ,des ,c>tes is to be f\nd1 v fully /at$1 9 8 ,pr9cipia ,philosophi1 9 8 ,dioptrics1 & 9 _m passages ( 8 small controv]sial works4 ,he n m]ely rejects ! ,p]ipatetic notion1 ( images or %ad[y films1 ! resemblance ( ext]nal ?+s1 receiv$ by ! s5ses1--cont5d+1 t ! m]e organic affection--! motion ( ! n]v\s fibril--is suffici5t1 )\t any su* images1 8div]sos motus t5uium uniuscujusque n]vi capillam5torum suffic]e ad div]sos s5sus produc5dum20 & prov+ ?is by a v apposite case1 to :i* he frequ5tly recurs1 ( a bl9d man det]m9+ ! dim5sions ( bodies by compreh5d+ !m )9 two cross$ /icks1--9 :i* case1 he says1 x _c be suppos$1 t ! /icks transmit1 ?r\gh !mselves1 any images ( ! body2 b he ev5 proce$s to acc\nt = ! common prejudice1 ) respect to ! use ( images ( p]ception1 ascrib+ x to ! well-kn[n effect ( pictures 9 excit+ notions ( ! objects pictur$4 8,su* is ! nature ( ! m9d10 he says1 8t1 by its v con/itution1 :5 c]ta9 bodily motions take place1 c]ta9 ?\ghts imm$iately arise1 t h no resemblance :atev]1 z images1 to ! motions 9 consequ5ce ( :i* !y arise4 ,! ?\ghts :i* words1 writt5 or spok51 excite1 h surely no resemblance to ! words !mselves4 ,a slight *ange 9 ! motion ( a p5 may produce1 9 ! read]1 affections ( m9d ! mo/ opposite2 nor is x any reply to ?is to say1 t ! *>act]s trac$ by ! p5 are only occasions1 t excite ! m9d itself to =m opposite images1--= ! case is equally /rik+1 :5 no su* image c be =m$1 & ! feel+ is ! imm$iate result ( ! application ( ! ext]nal body4 ,:5 a sword has pi]c$ any "p1 is n ! feel+ excit$ z diff]5t altoge!r f ! m]e motion ( ! sword1 z col\r1 or s\nd1 or smell1 or ta/e2 & s9ce we are sure1 9 ! case ( ! m]e pa9 f ! sword1 t no image ( ! sword is necess>y1 ought we n to ext5d ! same inf]5ce1 by analogy1 to all ! o!r affections ( our s5ses1 & to believe ^! also to dep5d1 n on any images1 or ?+s transmitt$ to ! bra91 b on ! m]e con/itution ( our nature1 by :i* c]ta9 ?\ghts are made to arise1 9 consequ5ce ( c]ta9 corporeal motions80 ,! passage is long1 inde$1 b x is s cle>1 & s decisive1 z to ! misrepres5tation by ,dr ,reid ( ! op9ion :i* he /rangely consid]$ himself z confut+1 t ,i _c refra9 f quot+ ! orig9al1 t y may judge = y\rselves1 ( ! real mean+1 :i* a translation might be suppos$ to h err$ 9 convey+4 8,probatur de9de1 talem esse no/r m5tis naturam1 ut ex eo solo quod quidam motus 9 corpore fiant ad quaslibet cogitationes1 nullam i/orum motuum imag9em ref]5tes1 possit impelli2 et speciatim ad illas confusas1 qu s5sus1 sive s5sationes dicuntur4 ,nam videmus1 v]ba1 sive ore prolata1 sive tantum scripta1 quaslibet 9 animis no/ris cogitationes et commotiones excit>e4 ,9 eadem *>ta1 cum eodem calamo et atram5to1 si tantum calami extremitas c]to modo supra *>tam ducatur1 lit]as ex>abit1 qu cogitationes prliorum1 tempe/atum1 furi>um1 affectusque indignationis et tri/iti 9 lectorum animis concitabunt2 si v]o alio modo f]e simili calamus moveatur1 cogitationes valde div]sas1 tranquillitatis1 pacis1 amnitatis1 affectusque plane contr>ios amoris et ltiti efficiet4 ,respondebitur =tasse1 scripturam vel loquelam nullos affectus1 nullasque r]um a se div]s>um imag9ationes imm$iate 9 m5te excit>e1 s$ tantummodo1 div]sas intellectiones2 qu>um de9de occasione anima ipsa v>i>um r]um imag9es 9 se ef=mat4 ,quid autem dicetur de s5su doloris et titillationis8 ,gladius corpori no/ro admovetur2 illud sc9dit2 ex hoc solo sequitur dolor2 qui sane non m9us div]sus e/ a gladii1 vel corporis quod sc9ditur locali motu1 quam color1 vel sonus1 vel odor1 vel sapor4 ,atque ideo cum cl>e videamus1 doloris s5sum 9 nobis excit>i ab eo solo1 quod aliquae corporis no/ri p>tes contactu alicujus alt]ius corporis localit] moveantur1 conclud]e licet1 m5tem no/ram esse talis natur1 ut ab aliquibus etiam motibus localibus omnium aliorum s5suum affectiones pati possit4 8,prt]ea non depreh5dimus ullam diff]5tiam int] n]vos1 ex qua liceat judic>e1 aliud quid p] unos1 quam alios1 ab organis s5suum ext]norum ad c]ebrum p]v5ire1 vel omn9o quidquam eo p]v5ire prt] ipsorum n]vorum motum localem40#ajc ,x is sc>cely possible to express m /rongly1 or illu/rate m cle>ly1 an op9ion s exactly ! rev]se ( t doctr9e ( p]ception1 by ! m$ium ( repres5tative ideas or images1 ascrib$ by ,dr ,reid to its illu/ri\s au?or4 ,x w\ld n be m unju/1 ev5 aft] all 8 labori\s writ+s on ! subject1 to rank ! suppos$ confut] ( ! ideal sy/em1 z himself "o ( its mo/ /r5u\s *ampions1 ?an to make ?is *>ge aga9/ ,des ,c>tes1 & to say ( him1 9 ,dr ,reid's words1 t 8! image :i* ! ,p]ipatetics call$ a species1 he calls an idea1 *ang+ ! "n only1 :ile he admits ! ?+40#ajd ,to ^! au?ors1 ^: op9ions1 on ! subject ( p]ception1 ,dr ,reid has misconceiv$1 ,i may add "o1 :om ev5 he himself all[s1 to h %ak5 (f ! ideal sy/em1 & to h consid]$ ! idea & ! p]ception1 z n di/9ct1 b ! same1 a modification ( ! m9d1 & no?+ m4 ,i allude to ! celebrat$ ,jans5i/ writ]1 ,arnauld1 :o ma9ta9s ?is doctr9e z expressly z ,dr ,reid himself1 & makes x ! f\ndation ( 8 argum5t 9 8 controv]sy ) ,malebran*e4 ,b1 if ,i 7 to quote to y e less important writ]1 :o disbeliev$ ! reality ( ideas or images1 z ?+s exi/+ sep>ately & indep5d5tly1 ,i might quote to y almo/ e writ]1 ,briti% & =eign1 :o1 = ! la/ c5tury1 & = _m ye>s prec$+ x1 has treat$ ( ! m9d4 ,! n>r[ limits ( a ,lecture h =c$ me to conf9e my notice to ! mo/ illu/ri\s4 ,( all evid5ce1 h[ev]1 ) respect to ! preval5ce ( op9ions1 ! mo/ decisive is t :i* is f\nd1 n 9 treatises read only by a few1 b 9 ! popul> elem5t>y works ( sci5ce ( ! "t1 ! g5]al text-books ( s*ools & colleges4 ,i %all conclude ?is long discussion1 !re=e1 ) %ort quotations f two ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ & popul> au?ors1 ( ?is v useful class4 ,! fir/ is f ! logic or r ! pneumatology1 ( ,le ,cl]c1 ! ,fri5d ( ,locke4 ,9 8 *apt]1 on ! nature ( ideas1 he gives ! hi/ory ( ! op9ions ( philosoph]s on ?is subject1 & /ates among !m ! v doctr9e :i* is mo/ =cibly & accurately oppos$ to ! ideal sy/em ( p]ception4 8,o!rs10 he says1 8held t ideas & ! p]ception ( ideas are absolutely ! same 9 !mselves1 & diff] m]ely 9 our relative application ( !m2 t same feel+ ( ! m9d1 :i* is t]m$ an idea1 9 ref]5ce to ! object :i* ! m9d consid]s1 is t]m$ a p]ception1 :5 we speak ( x relatively to ! p]cipi5t m9d2 b x is only ( "o modification ( ! m9d t we speak 9 bo? cases40 ,accord+ to ^! philosoph]s1 !re=e1 !re are1 9 /rictness ( language1 no ideas di/9ct f ! m9d itself4 8,alii putant ideas et p]ceptiones ide>um easdem esse1 licet relationibus diff]ant4 ,idea1 uti c5s5t1 proprie ad objectum ref]tur1 quod m5s consid]at2--p]ceptio1 v]o1 ad m5tem ipsam qu p]cipit2 s$ duplex illa relatio ad unam modificationem m5tis p]t9et4 ,itaque secundum hosce philosophos1 null sunt proprie loqu5do ide a m5te no/ra di/9ct40#aje ,:at is x1 ,i may ask1 :i* ,dr ,reid consid]s himself z hav+ add$ to ?is v philosophic view ( p]ception8 &1 if he add$ no?+1 x is surely too mu* to ascribe to him ! m]it ( detect+ errors1 ! c\nt] /atem5t to :i* _h long =m$ a "p ( ! elem5t>y works ( ! s*ools4 ,9 addition to ^! quotations1--! numb] ( :i* may p]haps already h produc$ at lea/ z mu* we>9ess z conviction1--,i %all cont5t myself ) a s+le p>agraph1 f a "w ( ,de ,cr\saz1 ! au?or1 n ( "o m]ely1 b ( _m v popul> elem5t>y works ( logic1 & unque/ionably "o ( ! mo/ acute ?9k]s ( 8 "t4 ,8 works ab\nd ) _m sagaci\s rem>ks1 on ! s\rces ( ! prejudice involv$ 9 t ideal sy/em1 :i* ,dr ,reid conceiv$ himself ! fir/ to h ov]?r[n2 & he /ates1 9 ! /ronge/ language1 t our ideas are no?+ m ?an /ates or affections ( our m9d itself4 8,cogit&i modi--quibus cogitatio no/ra modificatur1 quos induit alios po/ alios1 sufficiunt1 ut p] eos ad r]um cognitionem v5iat2 nec sunt f+5d ide1 ab illis modificationibus div]s40#ajf ,i may rem>k by ! way1 t precisely ! same di/9ction ( s5sations & p]ceptions1 on :i* ,dr ,reid f\nds s mu*1 is /at$ & en=c$ 9 ! diff]5t works ( ?is +5i\s writ]4 ,inde$ s v simil> are 8 op9ions1 t if he _h liv$ aft] ,dr ,reid1 & _h int5d$ to give a view ( t v sy/em ( p]ception :i* we h be5 exam9+1 ,i d n ?9k t he c\ld h v>i$ 9 ! slighte/ respect1 f t view ( ! process :i* he has giv5 9 8 own orig9al writ+s4 ,x appe>s !n1 t1 s f> is ,dr ,reid f hav+ ! m]it ( confut+ ! univ]sal1 or ev5 g5]al illusion ( philosoph]s1 ) respect to ideas 9 ! m9d1 z images or sep>ate ?+s1 di/9ct f ! p]ception itself2 t 8 own op9ions z to p]ception on ?is po9t at lea/1 are precisely ! same1 z ^? :i* g5]ally prevail$ be=e4 ,f ! "t ( ! decay ( ! ,p]ipatetic ,philosophy1 ! process ( p]ception 0 g5]ally consid]$1 z involv+ no?+ m1 ?an ! pres5ce ( an ext]nal object--an organic *ange or s]ies ( *anges--& an affection ( ! m9d imm$iately subsequ5t1--)\t ! int]v5tion ( any idea z a f\r? sep>ate ?+ betwe5 ! organic & ! m5tal affection4 ,i h no d\bt1 t1--) ! exception ( ,b]keley & ,malebran*e1--:o _h peculi> & v errone\s notions on ! subject1 all ! philosoph]s :om ,dr ,reid consid]$ himself z oppos+1 w\ld1 if !y _h be5 que/ion$ by him1 h admitt$1 be=e !y he>d a s+le argum5t on 8 "p1 t _! op9ions1 ) respect to ideas 7 precisely ! same z 8 own2--& :at !n w\ld h rema9$ = him to confute8 ,he might1 inde$1 /ill h said1 t x 0 absurd1 9 ^? :o consid]$ p]ception z a m]e /ate or modification ( ! m9d1 to speak ( ideas 9 _! m9d3 b ! v language1 us$ by him = ?is purpose1 w\ld probably h conta9$ "s metaphor z little philosophic4 ,we mu/ /ill all[ m5 to speak ( ideas 9 _! m9d1 if !y w only cons5t to believe t ! ideas are truly ! m9d itself v>i\sly affect$2--z we mu/ /ill all[ m5 to talk ( ! ris+ & sett+ ( ! sun1 if !y w only admit t ! motion :i* produces ^? appe>ances is n 9 t maje/ic & tranquil orb1 b 9 our little globe ( e>?1 :i*1 c>ry+ along ) x1 9 its daily revolution1 all our busy wisdom & /ill busi] folly1 is itself z re/less z its re/less inhabitants4 ,t a m9d1 s vigor\s z t ( ,dr ,reid1 %\ld h be5 capable ( ! s]ies ( misconceptions :i* we h trac$1 may seem wond]ful1 & truly is s2 & equally1 or r1 /ill m wond]ful1 is ! g5]al admission ( 8 m]it 9 ?is respect4 ,i tru/ x w impress y ) "o important lesson1--:i* c\ld n be taught m =cibly ?an by errors ( s great a m9d1--t x w always be necess>y = y to consult ! op9ions ( au?ors1--:5 _! op9ions are ( suffici5t importance to des]ve to be accurately /udi$--9 _! own works & n 9 ! works ( ^? :o pr(ess to give a fai?ful acc\nt ( !m4 ,f my own exp]i5ce1 ,i c mo/ truly assure y1 t !re is sc>cely an in/ance1 9 :i*1 on exam9+ ! works ( ^? au?ors :om x is ! cu/om m to cite ?an to read1 ,i h f\nd ! view :i* ,i _h receiv$ ( !m to be fai?ful4 ,!re is usually some?+ m or some?+ less1 :i* modifies ! g5]al result1--"s m]e conjecture repres5t$ z an absolute affirmation1 or "s limit$ affirmation ext5d$ to analog\s cases1 :i* x 0 n meant to compreh5d4 ,&1 by ! v>i\s additions or subtractions1 ?us made1 9 pass+ f m9d to m9d1 s mu* ( ! _s ( ! orig9al doctr9e is lo/1 t x may1 9 "s cases1 be consid]$ z hav+ made a =tunate escape1 if x be n at la/ repres5t$1 z directly opposite to :at x is4 ,x is l ^? engrav$ portraits ( ! em95t m5 ( =m] ages1--! copies ( m]e copies1--f :i* e new arti/1 9 ! succession1 has tak5 some?+1 or to :i* he has add$ some?+1 till n a l9eam5t rema9s ! same4 ,if we are truly desir\s ( a fai?ful lik5ess1 we mu/ h rec\rse once m to ! orig9al pa9t+4 ,,footnotes3 #ic ,on ! ,intellectual ,p[]s1 ,essay ,,ii4 *ap4 xii4 #id ,essay conc]n+ ,human ,und]/&+1 ,b4 ii4 *ap4 i4 sect4 #i4 #ie ,sect4 #c4 #if ,sect4 #ab4 #ig ,essay conc]n+ ,human ,und]/&+1 ,b4 ii4 *ap4 x4 sect1 #b4 #ih ,on ,hobbes & 8 ,writ+s1 v4 #cg-dj4--,works1 p4 #ahj4 #dto ,edit4 #ii ,elem5ta ,philosophi1 ,p>s ,,iv4 c4 xxv4 sect4 #c4 #ajj ,on ! ,intellectual ,p[]s1 ,essay ,,ii4 c4 #h4 #aja ,ibid4 #ajb ,ibid4 #ajc ,pr9cipia ,philosophi1 ,p>s ,,iv4 ,sect4 #aif4--p4 #aij1 #aia4 ,am/4 #affd4 #ajd ,on ! ,intellectual ,p[]s1 ,essay ,,ii4 c4 #h4 #aje ,cl]ici ,pneumatologia1 ,sect4 i4 cap4 v4 subsect4 #aj4 #ajf ,t5tam5 ,novum ,metaphysicum1 ,sect4 xxxvii4--,gron+1 #agbe4 ,,lecture ,,xxvii4 ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,dr ,,reid',s ,,suppos$ ,,confutation ,,( ,,idealism1 ,,conclud$4 ,my la/ ,lecture1 ,g5tlem51 br\ght to a conclusion ! rem>ks :i* ,i _h to (f] on ! ,s5se ( ,t\*1 & p>ticul>ly on ! mann] 9 :i* ,i suppos$ ! m9d to acquire its k ( ext]nal ?+s4 ,) ?is v important "q ( ! exi/5ce ( matt]1 ! "n ( ,dr ,reid is intimately connect$1 to :om ! highe/ praise is usually giv51 = 8 suppos$ confutation ( all scepticism on ! subject2 z if he _h truly e/abli%$1 by argum5t1 ! exi/5ce ( a mat]ial _w4 ,& yet1 ,i confess1 t ) all my respect = t excell5t philosoph]1 ,i d n discov]1 9 8 reason+s on ! subject1 any gr\nd = ! praise :i* has be5 giv54 ,! evid5ce = a sy/em ( ext]nal ?+s1--at lea/1 ! sort ( evid5ce = :i* he cont5ds1--0 n m]ely ! same1 b 0 felt also to be precisely ! same1 be=e he wrote z aft]w>ds4 ,nay1 ,i may add1 t ! =ce ( ! evid5ce1--if t t]m c be ju/ly appli$ to ?is species ( belief1--0 admitt$1 9 its fulle/ ext5t1 by ! v sceptic1 aga9/ :om *iefly 8 argum5ts 7 direct$4 ,t ,dr ,reid 0 a philosoph] ( no common rank1 e "o1 :o has read 8 works ) att5tion1 & ) c&\r1 mu/ admit4 ,x is impossible to d5y1 t1 to great p[] ( pati5t inve/igation1 9 :atev] inquiries he und]took1 he unit$ great caution1 9 discrim9at+ ! objects ( legitimate inquiry1 toge!r ) consid]able acut5ess1 ( ! same sage & temp]ate k9d1 9 ! prosecution ( su* inquiries z appe>$ to him legitimate4 ,&1--:i* is a praise1 t1 un=tunately = mank9d1 & /ill m un=tunately = ! individual1 does n always att5d m]e intellectual r5[n1--x is impossible to d5y to him ! m covetable glory1 t 8 ef=ts1 ev5 :5 he err$ speculatively1 _h always 9 view ^? great int]e/s1 to :i*1 & to :i* alone1 philosophy itself is b a second>y consid]ation1--! prim>y & ess5tial int]e/s ( religion & morality4 ,^! praises are c]ta9ly n high] ?an 8 m]its4 ,b1 at ! same "t1 :ile by philosoph]s 9 "o "p ( ! isl&1 8 m]its seem to h be5 unju/ly und]valu$1 ,i _c b ?9k also1 t1 9 8 own c\ntry1 !re has be5 an equal or r a f> great] t5d5cy to ov]-rate !m1--a t5d5cy aris+ 9 "p f ! influ5ce ( 8 academic situation1 & 8 amiable p]sonal "*--p>tly1 & 9 a v high degree1 f ! g5]al reg>d = ! moral & religi\s objects :i* he uni=mly _h 9 view1 z contra/$ ) ! consequ5ces t are suppos$ to fl[ f "s ( ! pr9ciples ( ! philosoph]1 ^: op9ions he p>ticul>ly combat$--& p>tly also1 ,i may add1 f ! eloqu5ce ( 8 ,illu/ri\s ,pupil1 & ,fri5d1 & ,biograph]1 ^: und]/&+1 s little liable to be biass$ by any prejudices b ^? ( virtue & affectionate fri5d%ip1 has yet1 p]haps1 be5 influ5c$ 9 "s degree by ^? happy & noble prejudices ( ! he>t1 & :o1 by ! p]suasive *>ms bo? ( 8 ,lectures & ( 8 ,writ+s1 c\ld n fail to ca/1 on any sy/em ( op9ions :i* he might adopt & exhibit1 "s spl5d\r ( reflection f ! brilliancy ( 8 own m9d4 ,! g5ius ( ,dr ,reid does n appe> to me to h be5 v inv5tive1 nor to h possess$ mu* ( t ref9$ & subtile acut5ess1 :i*1--capable z x is ( be+ abus$1--is yet absolutely necess>y to ! p]fection ( metaphysical analysis4 ,x is *iefly on 8 op9ions1 9 relation to ! subject at pres5t "u our view1 t 8 reputation z an orig9al ?9k] re/s4 ,inde$1 x is on ^! t he has incl9$ himself to re/ x4 ,9 a "p ( a lett] to ,dr ,gregory1 pres]v$ 9 ,mr ,/ew>t's ,memoir1 he consid]s 8 confutation ( ! ideal sy/em ( p]ception1 z involv+ almo/ e ?+ :i* is truly 84 8,i ?9k !re is h>dly any ?+ t c be call$ m9e10 he says1 89 ! philosophy ( m9d1 :i* does n foll[ ) ease f ! detection ( ?is prejudice40#ajg ,yet !re are few circum/ances1 connect$ ) ! =tune ( mod]n philosophy1 t appe> to me m wond]ful1 ?an t a m9d1 l ,dr ,reid's1 s le>n$ 9 ! hi/ory ( metaphysical sci5ce1--& f> too hon\rable to lay claim to praise to :i* he did n ?9k himself fairly entitl$1--%\ld h conceiv$1 t1 on ! po9t ( :i* he speaks1 any great m]it--at lea/ any m]it ( orig9ality--0 ju/ly ref]able to him p>ticul>ly4 ,inde$1 ! only circum/ance1 :i* appe>s to me m wond]ful1 is1 t ! claim ?us made by him1 %\ld h be5 s readily & g5]ally admitt$4 ,8 suppos$ confutation ( ! ideal sy/em is resolvable into two p>ts--fir/1 8 attempt to ov]?r[ :at he t]ms 8! common !ory0 ( ideas or images ( ?+s 9 ! m9d1 z ! imm$iate objects ( ?\ght--& secondly1 ! evid5ce :i* ! simpl] !ory ( p]ception may be suppos$ to yield1 ( ! reality ( an ext]nal _w4 ,! latt] ( ^! inquiries w\ld1 9 ord]1 be m appropriate to our late tra9 ( speculation2 b we _c und]/& x fully1 )\t "s previ\s att5tion to ! =m]4 ,t ,dr ,reid did "q ! !ory ( ideas or images1 z sep>ate exi/5ces 9 ! m9d1 ,i readily admit2 b ,i _c all[1 t1 9 do+ ?is1 he que/ion$ ! common !ory4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i conceive1 t1 at ! "t at :i* he wrote1 ! !ory _h be5 univ]sally1 or at lea/ almo/ univ]sally1 ab&on$2 & t1 ?\gh philosoph]s might h be5 9 ! habit ( speak+ ( ideas or images 9 ! m9d1--z we cont9ue to speak ( !m at ?is mom5t1--!y meant !m to d5ote no?+ m !n1 ?an we use !m to d5ote n[4 ,! phraseology ( any sy/em ( op9ions1 :i* has spread widely1 & = a l5g? ( "t1 does n p]i% ) ! sy/em itself4 ,x is transmitt$ f ! sy/em :i* expires1 to ! sy/em :i* beg9s to reign1--v ne>ly z ! same cr[n & sceptre pass1 ?r\gh a long succession1 f mon>* to mon>*4 ,to te> away our v language1 z well z our belief1 is m ?an ! bolde/ introduc] ( new doctr9es c hope to be p]mitt$1 = x w\ld be to =ce our ignorance or errors too gl>+ly on our view4 ,he f9ds x easi]1 to s$uce our vanity1 by leav+ u some?+ :i* we c /ill call our own1 & :i* x is n v difficult = him to accommodate to 8 own views2 s t1 :ile he all[s u to pron\nce ! same words1 ) ! same confid5ce1 we are s5sible only ( :at we h ga9$1 & are n pa9fully rem9d$ ( :at we h be5 =c$ to disc>d4 ,by ?is1 too1 he has ! advantage ( add+1 9 "s measure1 to 8 own novelties ! weight & importance ( anci5t au?ority2 s9ce ! feel+s1 associat$ ) ! "n z =m]ly us$1 are transf]r$1 secretly & imp]ceptibly1 ) ! "n itself4 ,!re is sc>cely a t]m 9 popul> sci5ce1 :i* has n gone ?r\gh v>i\s transmutations ( ?is sort4 ,x is n wond]ful1 !re=e1 t ! phrase image 9 ! m9d1 :i* 0 no metaphor z us$ by ! ,p]ipatetics1 %\ld h be5 reta9$1 9 a figurative s5se1 9 metaphysical discussions1 long aft] ! au?ority ( ,ari/otle _h ceas$1 & :5 "o :o c\ld ma9ta91 ) a squ>e cap on 8 head1 8a !sis on ! univ]sal a p>ti rei10 0 no long]1 z ,voltaire says1 8consid]$ z a prodigy40 ,at ! "t ( ,dr ,reid's publication1 ! image 9 ! m9d 0 z truly a m]e relic ( an obsolete !ory ( p]ception1 z ! ris+ & sett+ ( ! sun 7 relics ( t obsolete a/ronomy1 9 :i* ?is great lum9>y 0 suppos$ to make 8 daily j\rney1 r\nd ! atom :i* he enlight5$4 ,be=e proce$+ to ! pro( ( ?is ass]tion1 h[ev]1 ) respect to ! orig9ality & importance ( ,dr ,reid's rem>ks on ?is subject1 "s previ\s obs]vations w be necess>y4 ,9 ! discussions1 :i*1 z yet1 h engag$ our att5tion1 y may1 p]haps1 h rem>k$ t ,i h made little1 if any1 use ( ! ^w idea1--a ^w ( v frequ5t occurr5ce1 9 ! speculations ( philosoph]s1 ) respect to ! ph5om5a ( p]ception1 & ! intellectual ph5om5a 9 g5]al4 ,i h avoid$ x1 p>tly on acc\nt ( its g5]al ambiguity1 b1 m especially1 ) a view to ! "q at pres5t be=e u1 t1 on exam9+ x1 y might be z free z possible1 f any prejudice1 aris+ f our =m] applications ( ! t]m4 ,! t]m1 ,i conceive1 ?\gh conv5i5t = its brief expression ( a v>iety ( ph5om5a1 :i* might o!rwise require a m p>aphra/ic expression1 might yet be omitt$ altoge!r1 9 ! metaphysical vocabul>y1 )\t any great inconv5i5ce1--c]ta9ly )\t inconv5i5ce1 equal to t :i* arises f ! ambigu\s use ( x1 ) diff]5t s5ses1 by diff]5t au?ors4 ,b1 :atev] ambiguity x may h _h1 ! notion ( x1 z an image 9 ! m9d sep>ate & di/9ct f ! m9d itself1 _h c]ta9ly be5 giv5 up1 long be=e ,dr ,reid _h publi%$ a s+le rem>k on ! subject4 ,9 its pres5t g5]al use1 x is appli$ to _m species ( ! m5tal ph5om5a1 to our p>ticul> s5sations or p]ceptions1 simple or complex1 to ! remembrances ( ^!1 ei!r z simple or complex1 & to ! v>i\s compositions or decompositions ( ^!1 :i* result f c]ta9 intellectual processes ( ! m9d itself4 ,! pres5ce ( c]ta9 rays ( light1 = example1 at ! ret9a1 is foll[$ by a c]ta9 affection ( ! s5sorial organ1 :i* is imm$iately foll[$ by a c]ta9 affection ( ! s5ti5t m9d4 ,?is p>ticul> affection1 :i* is m /rictly & def9itely t]m$ ! s5sation or p]ception ( r$ness1 is likewise sometimes t]m$1 :5 we speak m 9 ref]5ce to ! ext]nal light1 :i* causes ! s5sation1 ?an to ourselves1 z s5ti5t ( x1 an idea ( r$ness2 & :51 9 "s tra9 ( int]nal ?\ght1 )\t ! r5ew$ pres5ce ( ! rays1 a c]ta9 /ate ( ! m9d arises1 diff]5t1 inde$1 f ! =m]1 b hav+ a consid]able resemblance to x1 we t]m ?is /ate ! conception or remembrance ( r$ness1 or ! idea ( r$ness2 or1 comb9+ ?is p>ticul> idea ) o!rs1 :i* h n co-exi/$ ) x z a s5sation1 we =m1 :at we t]m ! complex idea1 ( a r$ tree1 or a r$ m\nta91 or "s o!r ( ^? %ad[y =ms1 ov] :i* ,fancy1 9 ! mom5t ( creat+ !m1 fl+s1 at pleasure1 h] *angeful col\r+4 ,an idea1 h[ev]1 9 all ^! applications ( ! t]m1 :e!r x be a p]ception1 a remembrance1 or "o ( ^? complex or ab/ract v>ieties ( conception1 is /ill no?+ m ?an ! m9d affect$ 9 a c]ta9 mann]1 or1 :i* is ! same !ory1 ! m9d exi/+ 9 a c]ta9 /ate4 ,! idea is n di/9ct f ! m9d1 or sep>able f x1 9 any s5se1 b is truly ! m9d itself1 :i* 9 its v belief ( ext]nal ?+s1 is /ill recogniz+ "o ( ! _m =ms ( its own exi/5ce4 8,qualis ,hamadryadum1 quondam1 si =te sororum ,una novos p]agrans saltus et devia rura1 7,atque illam 9 viridi suadet procumb]e ripa ,fontis pura quies et opaci frigoris umbra7 ,dum prona 9 latices speculi de m>g9e p5det1 ,mirata e/ subitam v5i5ti occurr]e ,nympham2 ,mox eosdem quos ipsa artus1 eadem ora g]5tem ,una inf]re gradus1 una succ$]e sylv1 ,aspicit allud5s1 seseque agnoscit 9 undis4 ,sic s5su int]no r]um simulacra su>um ,m5s ciet1 et proprios obs]vat conscia vultus40#ajh ,9 s5sation1 !re is1 z we h se51 a c]ta9 s]ies1--! pres5ce ( ! ext]nal body1 :atev] ?is may be 9 itself1 indep5d5tly ( our p]ception1--! organic affection1 :atev] x may be1 :i* att5ds ! pres5ce ( ?is body1--& ! affection ( m9d t is imm$iately subsequ5t to ! organic affection4 ,i speak only ( "o organic affection2 because1 ) respect to ! m9d1 x is ( no consequ5ce :e!r !re be "o only1 or a s]ies ( ^!1 prior to ! new m5tal /ate induc$4 ,x is en\gh1 t1 :5ev] ! imm$iate s5sorial organ has begun to exi/ 9 a c]ta9 /ate1 :e!r ! *ange :i* produces ?is /ate be s+le1 or second1 ?ird1 f\r?1 or fif?1 ( a succession ( *anges1 ! m9d is in/antly affect$ 9 a c]ta9 mann]4 ,?is new m5tal /ate induc$ is s5sation4 ,b1 says ,dr ,reid1 ! s5sation is accompani$ ) a p]ception1 :i* is v diff]5t f x2 & on ?is diff]5ce ( s5sation & p]ception is f\nd$ ! *ief "p ( 8 sy/em4 ,! di/9ction ?us made by him1 has be5 commonly1 ?\gh v falsely1 consid]$ z orig9al2 ! radical diff]5ce itself1 :e!r accurate or inaccurate1 & ! m9or di/9ctions f\nd$ ^u ?is1 be+ laid d[n ) precision 9 "s ( ! common elem5t>y works ( logic1 ( a mu* e>li] p]iod4 8,:5 ,i smell a rose10 he says1 8!re is 9 ?is op]ation bo? s5sation & p]ception4 ,! agreeable od\r ,i feel1 consid]$ by itself1 )\t relation to any ext]nal object1 is m]ely a s5sation4 ,x affects ! m9d 9 a c]ta9 way2 & ?is affection ( ! m9d may be conceiv$1 )\t a ?\ght ( ! rose1 or any o!r object4 ,?is s5sation c be no?+ else ?an x is felt to be4 ,its v ess5ce consi/s 9 be+ felt2 & :5 x is n felt1 x is n4 ,!re is no diff]5ce betwe5 ! s5sation & ! feel+ ( x2 !y are "o & ! same ?+4 ,x is = ?is reason1 t we be=e obs]v$1 t1 9 s5sation1 !re is no object di/9ct f t act ( ! m9d by :i* x is felt2 & ?is holds true ) reg>d to all s5sations4 8,let u next att5d to ! p]ception :i* we h 9 smell+ a rose4 ,p]ception has always an ext]nal object2 & ! object ( my p]ception1 9 ?is case1 is t quality 9 ! rose :i* ,i disc]n by ! s5se ( smell4 ,obs]v+ t ! agreeable s5sation is rais$ :5 ! rose is ne>1 & ceases :5 x is remov$1 ,i am l$1 by my nature1 to conclude "s quality to be 9 ! rose1 :i* is ! cause ( ?is s5sation4 ,?is quality 9 ! rose is ! object p]ceiv$2 & t act ( my m9d1 by :i* ,i h ! conviction & belief ( ?is quality1 is :at 9 ?is case ,i call p]ception40#aji ,t ! ref]5ce to an ext]nal object is1 9 ?is case1 some?+ m ?an ! m]e s5sation itself1 is v evid5t2 ! only "q is1 :e!r x be necess>y to ascribe ! ref]5ce to a peculi> p[] t]m$ p]ception1 or :e!r x be n r ! result ( a common & m g5]al pr9ciple ( ! m9d4 ,:5 ,i smell a rose1 t is to say1 :5 c]ta9 odor\s p>ticles act on my organ ( smell1 a c]ta9 /ate ( m9d is produc$1 :i* con/itutes ! s5sation ( t p>ticul> fragrance2 & ?is is all :i* c ju/ly be ascrib$ to ! m9d z simply s5ti5t4 ,b ! m9d is n s5sitive m]ely1 9 ! /rict s5se ( t t]m1 = !re are _m /ates ( x1 :i* d n dep5d on ! imm$iate pres5ce ( ext]nal objects4 ,^? feel+s1 ( any k9d1 :i* h be=e exi/$1 toge!r1 or 9 tra9s ( succession1 arise aft]w>ds1 z x 7 spontane\sly1 9 consequ5ce m]ely ( ! exi/5ce ( "s o!r "p ( ! tra94 ,:5 ! fragrance ( a rose1 !re=e1 has be5 frequ5tly accompani$ ) ! s5sations ( vision1 t arise1 :5 a rose is be=e u1 ) ! muscul> & tactual s5sations1 t arise on h&l+ x1 ! m]e fragrance1 ( itself1 w aft]w>ds sugge/ ^! s5sations1 & ?is sugge/ion is all1 :i*1 9 ! case ( smell1 in/anc$ by ,dr ,reid1 is t]m$ ! p]ception1 z di/+ui%$ f ! m]e s5sation4 ,we ascribe ! fragrance to ! unse5 ext]nal rose1 precisely 9 ! same mann] z we ascribe smoke & a%es to previ\s combu/ion2 or1 f a portrait1 or a pictur$ l&scape1 inf] ! exi/5ce ( "s arti/ :o pa9t$ x4 ,yet1 9 inf]r+ ! arti/ f ! picture1 x is surely n to any m]e p[] ( s5se1 t we ascribe ! inf]5ce1 & z little %\ld we trace to any su* simple p[]1 :at is 9 ?is in/ance t]m$ p]ception4 ,! p]ception is a sugge/ion ( memory1 comb9$ ) ! simple s5sation4 ,!re are n1 9 ascrib+ ! smell to odor\s p>ticles ( a rose1 z its cause1 s5sation1 p]ception1 & association or sugge/ion1 z ?ree p[]s or g5]al pr9ciples ( ! m9d4 ,b !re are s5sation & ! associate sugge/ion2 &1 :5 ^! coexi/1 p]ception coexi/s1 because p]ception is ! "n :i* we give to ! union ( ! =m] two4 ,!re is1 inde$1 ! belief ( "s cause ( ! s5sation1 z !re is a belief ( "s cause ( e feel+ ( ! m9d1 int]nal z well z ext]nal2 b ! cause1 9 ! case ( smell1 is suppos$ to be ext]nal1 & corporeal1 m]ely because ! pres5ce ( an ext]nal rose has be5 previ\sly le>n$ f ano!r s\rce1 & is sugge/$ :5 ! s5sation ( fragrance recurs1 9 intimate association4 ,9 ! case ( ta/e1 to proce$ to our o!r s5ses--! p]ception1 z x is t]m$ by ,dr ,reid1 is precisely ( ! same k9d--a m]e ref]5ce ( association4 ,we h previ\sly le>n$1 f o!r s\rces1 to believe 9 ?+s )\t1 & ^!1 z sapid bodies act+ on our tongue1 are sugge/$ by ! m]e s5sation1 :i*1 b = ! means ( ?is sugge/ion1 w\ld h be5 a s5sation alone1 ( :i* ! cause w\ld h be5 z little conceiv$ to be corporeal z ! causes ( any ( ! int]nal affections ( ! m9d4 ,! melody ( a flute1 if we _h _h no s5se b t ( he>+--! r$ness ( a rose1 if we _h _h no s5se b t ( vision1 w\ld z little1 z ! s5sation ( smell :5 consid]$ z a transi5t /ate ( ! m9d1 h involv$1 or giv5 occasion to1 ! notion ( corporeal sub/ance4 ,we ref] ! melody to ! ext]nal flute1 & r$ness to ! ext]nal rose1 because we h previ\sly acquir$ ! notions ( ext5sion & resi/ance--( a flute & ( a rose z ext]nal sub/ances--& ?is ref]5ce ( m]e sugge/ion is all1 :i*1 9 ^! cases1 di/+ui%es ! p]ception f ! s5sation4 ,)\t ! sugge/ions ( memory1 9 %ort1 we c\ld n 9 ^! cases h _h1 9 ,dr ,reid's s5se ( ! t]m1 any p]ceptions :atev]1 to di/+ui% ! causes ( our s5sations z ext]nal1 m ?an ! causes ( any ( our o!r feel+s4 ,! great p]ception1 !n1 9 ! s5se1 9 :i* he und]/&s ! t]m1 is t by :i* we prim>ily =m ! complex notion ( ext5sion & resi/ance--t :i* has p>ts1 & t :i* resi/s our attempt to grasp x--s9ce all ! o!r p]ceptions1 ( :i* he speaks1 9 contradi/9ction f m]e s5sations1 are only ^! complex notions1 sugge/$ by ! p>ticul> s5sations1 & comb9$ ) !m1 9 consequ5ce ( =m] association1 & ! g5]al ref]5ce to a cause ( "s sort1 :i* may be suppos$ to att5d our feel+s ( e k9d1 int]nal z well z ext]nal1 :5 consid]$ z *anges or new ph5om5a4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 f any peculi> p[]1 to be di/+ui%$ by ! "n ( p]ception1 t ?is complex notion ( ext5d$ resi/ance appe>s to me to arise1 b f ! union ( our notion ( ext5sion1 acquir$ by ! m]e remembrance ( v>i\s progressive s]ies ( feel+s1 ) ! notion ( resi/ance1 :5 an accu/om$ s]ies ( muscul> feel+s )\t any *ange ( circum/ances1 9 ! m9d itself1 is int]rupt$ by t peculi> & v diff]5t muscul> feel+ :i* arises f imp$$ ef=t4 ,p]ception1 9 %ort1 9 all our s5ses1 is no?+ m ?an ! association ( ?is complex notion ) our o!r s5sations--! notion ( some?+ ext5d$ & resi/+1 sugge/$ by ^! s5sations1 :5 ! s5sations !mselves h previ\sly aris52 & sugge/$ 9 ! same mann]1 & on ! same pr9ciple1 z any o!r associate feel+ sugge/s any o!r associate feel+4 ,x is v evid5t t p]ception1 9 ,dr ,reid's s5se1 is n ! m]e ref]5ce to a cause ( "s sort1 = x w\ld !n be z compreh5sive z all ! feel+s or *anges ( ! m9d1--our hope1 fe>1 ang]1 pity1--:i* we ascribe to "s cause or antec$5t1 z mu* z our ta/es & smells2 x is ! ref]5ce ( c]ta9 feel+s to a corporeal cause1 t is say1 to a cause ext5d$ & resi/+4 ,if1 = example1 )\t any previ\s k ( ext]nal ?+s1 on ! fir/ s5sation ( fragrance1 or sweetness1 or s\nd1 or col\r1 we c\ld be suppos$ to be capable ( believ+ t !re 0 "s cause ( ?is new /ate ( our be+1 ?is w\ld n be p]ception1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* he uses t t]m2 & yet b = our organ ( t\*1 or at lea/ b = feel+s :i* are commonly ascrib$ to t organ1 x w\ld be manife/ly impossible = u to make m ?an ?is vague & g5]al inf]5ce4 ,:5 a rose is pres5t1 we f9d1 & h uni=mly f\nd1 t a c]ta9 s5sation ( fragrance arises1 :i* ceases :5 ! rose is remov$4 ,! influ5ce ( association1 !re=e1 op]ates 9 ?is1 z 9 e o!r case ( ord9>y co-exi/5ce4 ,we d n m]ely suppose t ! s5sation has "s cause1 z we believe t our joys & sorr[s h a cause1 b we ascribe ! fragrance to ! ext]nal sub/ance1 ! pres5ce ( :i* we h f\nd to be s ess5tial to ! production ( x4 ,p]ception 9 e case1 z ,i h said1 9 :i* x is to be di/+ui%$ f ! prior s5sation1 is a ref]5ce ( ?is prior s5sation to a mat]ial cause2--& ?is complex notion ( a mat]ial cause1--t is to say1 ( some?+ ext5d$ & resi/+1--m]e smell1 m]e ta/e1 m]e he>+1 m]e vision1 nev] c\ld h af=d$4 ,i h already expla9$ h[ ?is notion ( matt]1 z x appe>s to me1 is produc$1 or may be imag9$ to be produc$4 ,a tra9 ( muscul> feel+s has be5 frequ5tly repeat$1 s t ! s]ies has become famili> to ! infant1 con/itut+ 9 its remembrance ! notion ( a c]ta9 progressive l5g?4--,:5 all ! kn[n antec$5t circum/ances h be5 ! same1 ! well-kn[n s]ies is sudd5ly brok51 s z to excite 9 ! m9d ( ! infant ! notion ( a cause :i* is n 9 itself2--?is cause1 :i* is some?+ =eign to itself1 is t :i* excites ! p>ticul> muscul> feel+ ( resi/ance1--& x is comb9$ ) ! notion ( a c]ta9 l5g?1 because x uni=mly supplies ! place ( :at has be5 felt z a c]ta9 l5g?1 s z at la/1 by ! op]ation ( ! common laws ( association1 to become truly repres5tative ( x1 or r to involve x 9 "o complex feel+1 9 ! same mann] z col\r1 9 vision1 seems to involve :ole miles ( di/ance4 ,su* is all t seems to me to con/itute :at ,dr ,reid w\ld t]m p]ception1 ev5 ) respect to ! feel+s commonly t]m$ tactual2--& 9 all ! o!r classes ( s5sations x is obvi\sly no?+ m ?an ! sugge/ion ( ^! associate feel+s1 9 ! same way z any o!r feel+s1 9 our tra9s ( ?\ght & emotions1 are sugge/$ by ^? conceptions or o!r feel+s :i* h frequ5tly accompani$ !m4--,x is suffici5t to ?9k ( a m9d1 possess+ all ! o!r susceptibilities ( s5sation1 b ^? :i* give u ! p]ceptions commonly ascrib$ to t\*1 to be s5sible h[ truly :at we t]m p]ception 9 ! o!r s5ses1 is ! m]e sugge/ion ( ^!4 ,if we 7 capable only ( smell+1--or _h no o!r s5sations ?an ^? ( m]e ta/e1 m]e s\nd1 m]e col\r1--:at p]ception c\ld we h _h ( a mat]ial cause ( ^! s5sations8--& if x be to ! m]e sugge/ion ( ! object ( ano!r s5se t we owe :at is t]m$ p]ception 9 all ^! s5sations1--9 :at circum/ance does ! ref]5ce ( ^! to a resi/+ & ext5d$ sub/ance1 diff] f any o!r ( ! common ref]5ces :i* ! pr9ciple ( association enables u to make8 8,s5sation10 says ,dr ,reid1 8c be no?+ else ?an x is felt to be4 ,its v ess5ce consi/s 9 be+ felt2 & :5 x is n felt1 x is n4 ,!re is no diff]5ce betwe5 ! s5sation & ! feel+ ( x2 !y are "o & ! same ?+40#aaj ,b ?is is surely equally true1 ( :at he t]ms p]ception1 :i*1 z a /ate ( m9d1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 is1 accord+ to 8 own acc\nt ( x1 z diff]5t f ! object p]ceiv$1 z ! s5sation is4 ,we may say ( ! m5tal /ate ( p]ception too1 9 8 own language1 z inde$ we mu/ say ( all our /ates ( m9d1 :atev] !y may be1 t x c be no?+ else ?an x is felt to be4 ,its v ess5ce consi/s 9 be+ felt2 & :5 x is n felt1 x is n4 ,!re is no diff]5ce betwe5 ! p]ception & ! feel+ ( x2 !y are "o & ! same ?+4 ,! s5sation1 inde$1 :i* is m5tal1 is diff]5t f ! object excit+ x1 :i* we t]m mat]ial2 b s also is ! /ate ( m9d :i* con/itutes p]ception2 = ,dr ,reid 0 surely too zeal\s an oppon5t ( ! sy/ems1 :i* ascribe e ?+ to m9d alone1 or to matt] alone1 to consid] ! p]ception z itself ! object p]ceiv$4 ,t 9 s5sation1 z contradi/+ui%$ f p]ception1 !re is no ref]5ce made to an ext]nal object1 is true2 because1 :5 ! ref]5ce is made1 we !n use ! new t]m ( p]ception2 b t 9 s5sation !re is no object di/9ct f t act ( ! m9d by :i* x is felt2 no object indep5d5t ( ! m5tal feel+1 is surely a v /range op9ion ( ?is philosoph]2 s9ce :at he t]ms p]ception1 is no?+ b ! ref]5ce ( ?is v s5sation to its ext]nal object4 ,! s5sation itself he c]ta9ly supposes to dep5d on ! pres5ce ( an ext]nal object1 :i* is all t c be und]/ood1 9 ! case ( p]ception1 :5 we speak ( its objects1 or1 9 o!r words1 ( ^? ext]nal causes1 to :i* we ref] our s5sations2 = ! mat]ial object itself1 he surely c\ld n consid] z =m+ a "p ( ! p]ception :i* is a /ate ( ! m9d alone4 ,to be ! object ( p]ception1 is no?+ m ?an to be ! =eign cause or occasion1 on :i* ?is /ate ( ! m9d directly or indirectly arises2 & an object1 9 ?is only intelligible s5se1 z an occasion1 or cause ( a c]ta9 subsequ5t effect1 mu/ on 8 own pr9ciples1 be equally all[$ to s5sation4 ,?\gh he does n in=m u1 :at he means by ! t]m object1 z peculi>ly appli$ to p]ception--7& inde$1 if he _h expla9$ x1 ,i _c b ?9k t a great "p ( 8 sy/em1 :i* is f\nd$ on ! confusion ( ?is s+le ^w1 z some?+ diff]5t f a m]e ext]nal cause ( an int]nal feel+ mu/ h fall5 to ! gr\nd17--he yet tells u1 v explicitly1 t to be ! object ( p]ception1 is some?+ m ?an to be ! ext]nal occasion1 on :i* t /ate ( ! m9d arises :i* he t]ms p]ception2 =1 9 argu+ aga9/ ! op9ion ( a philosoph]1 :o cont5ds = ! exi/5ce ( c]ta9 images or traces 9 ! bra91 & yet says1 8t we are n to conceive ! images or traces 9 ! bra9 to be p]ceiv$1 z if !re 7 eyes 9 ! bra92 ^! traces are only occasions1 on :i*1 by ! laws ( ! union ( s\l & body1 ideas are excit$ 9 ! m9d2 &1 !re=e1 x is n necess>y1 t !re %\ld be an exact resemblance betwe5 ! traces & ! ?+s repres5t$ by !m1 any m ?an t words or signs %\ld be exactly l ! ?+s signifi$ by !m30#aaa--;,he adds1 8,^! two op9ions1 ,i ?9k _c be reconcil$4 ,= if ! images or traces 9 ! bra9 are p]ceiv$1 !y mu/ be ! objects ( p]ception1 & n ! occasions ( x only4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if !y are only ! occasions ( our p]ceiv+1 !y are n p]ceiv$ at all40#aab--;,did ,dr ,reid1 !n1 suppose t ! feel+1 :atev] x may be1 :i* con/itutes p]ception z a /ate ( ! m9d1 or1 9 %ort1 all ( :i* we are consci\s 9 p]ception1 is n /rictly & exclusively m5tal1 z mu* z all ( :i* we are consci\s 9 remembrance1 or 9 love1 or hate2--or did he wi% u to believe t matt] itself1 9 any ( its =ms1 is1 or c be1 a "p ( ! ph5om5a or /ates ( ! m9d2--a "p !re=e ( t m5tal /ate or feel+ :i* we t]m a p]ception8 ,our s5sations l our remembrances or emotions1 we ref] to "s cause or antec$5t4 ,! diff]5ce is1 t 9 ! "o case we consid] ! feel+ z hav+ = its cause "s previ\s feel+ or /ate ( ! m9d itself2 9 ! o!r case we consid] x z hav+ = its cause some?+ :i* is ext]nal to ourselves1 & indep5d5t ( our transi5t feel+s1--some?+ :i*1 9 consequ5ce ( =m] feel+s sugge/$ at ! mom5t1 x is impossible = u n to reg>d z ext5d$ & resi/+4--,b /ill :at we ?us reg>d z ext5d$ & resi/+1 is kn[n to u only by ! feel+s :i* x occasions 9 our m9d4 ,:at matt]1 9 its relation to ! p]cipi5t m9d1 c be1 b ! cause or occasion1 direct or indirect1 ( t class ( feel+s :i* ,i t]m s5sations or p]ceptions1 x is absolutely impossible = me to conceive4 ,! p]cipi5t m9d1 9 no "o ( its affections1 c be said to be ! mass ( matt] :i* x p]ceives1 unless ! sep>ate exi/5ce1 ei!r ( matt] or ( m9d1 be ab&on$ by u1 ! exi/5ce ( :i*1 ,dr ,reid w\ld h be5 ! la/ ( philosoph]s to yield4 ,he ackn[l$ges t our p]ceptions are consequ5t on ! pres5ce ( ext]nal bodies1 n f any necess>y connexion subsi/+ betwe5 !m1 b m]ely f ! arrangem5t :i* ! ,deity1 9 8 wisdom1 has *os5 to make ( _! mutual ph5om5a2 :i* is surely to say1 t ! ,deity has r5d]$ ! pres5ce ( ! ext]nal object ! occasion ( t affection ( ! m9d1 :i* is t]m$ p]ception2 or1 if x be n to say ?is1 x is to say no?+4 ,:atev] /ate ( m9d p]ception may be2 :e!r a prim>y result ( a peculi> p[]1 or a m]e second>y ref]5ce ( association t foll[s ! p>ticul> s5sation1 ( :i* ! ref]5ce is made1 x is itself1 9 ei!r view ( x1 b a /ate ( ! m9d2 & to be ! ext]nal occasion or antec$5t ( ?is /ate ( m9d1 s9ce x is to produce1 directly or indirectly1 all :i* con/itutes p]ception1 is surely1 !re=e1 to be p]ceiv$1 or !re mu/ be some?+ 9 ! m]e ^w p]ceiv$1 diff]5t f ! physical reality :i* x expresses4 ,! confusion ( ,dr ,reid's notions on ?is subject1 seems to h aris5 f a cause1 :i* has be5 ! *ief s\rce ( ! g5]al confusion t prevails 9 intellectual sci5ce2 &1 inde$1 x 0 pr9cipally ) ! view ( exhibit+ ?is confusion1 & its s\rce1 to y /rongly1 t ,i h dwelt s long on a criticism1 :i*1 to ^? among y :o are n acqua9t$ ) ! ext5sive & important applications t h be5 made ( ?is doctr9e1 may1 p]haps1 h appe>$ ( v little int]e/4 ,dr ,reid1 x is evid5t1 0 n suffici5tly 9 ! habit ( consid]+ ! ph5om5a ( ! m9d1--its p]ceptions1 z well z its remembrances1 judgm5ts1 passions1 & all its o!r affections1 :atev] ^! may be1--9 ! light 9 :i* ,i h repres5t$ !m to y1 m]ely z ! m9d affect$1 9 a c]ta9 mann]1 accord+ to c]ta9 regul> laws ( succession1 b z some?+ m my/]i\s ?an ! subject ( ?is sequ5ce ( feel+s2 =1 b = ?is notion ( some?+ m my/]i\s1 ! object ( p]ception1 & ! ext]nal occasion ( t /ate ( m9d :i* we t]m p]ception1 mu/ h convey$ precisely ! same notion4 ,to h a cle> view ( ! ph5om5a ( ! m9d1 z m]e affections or /ates ( x1 exi/+ successively1 & 9 a c]ta9 s]ies1 :i* we are able1 !re=e1 to pr$ict1 9 consequ5ce ( our k ( ! pa/1 is1 ,i conceive1 to h made ! mo/ important acquisition :i* ! intellectual inquir] c make4 ,to say1 m]ely1 t x is to h le>n$ to di/+ui% t :i* may be kn[n1 f t :i* nev] c be kn[n1 & :i* x !re=e w\ld be an idle wa/e ( lab\r to attempt to discov]1--w\ld be to say f> too little4 ,x is to see ! m9d1 9 a great measure1 z x is 9 nature1 dive/$ ( e ?+ =eign1 pass+ in/antly f ?\ght to ?\ght1 f s5sation to s5sation1 9 almo/ endless v>iety ( /ates1 & diff]+ z completely f t cumbr\s repres5tation ( x1 :i* philosoph]s are fond ( repres5t+ to u1 z ! planets revolv+ freely 9 ! imm5se space ( our sol> sy/em1 diff] f ^? mimic orbs1 :i*1 )\t any pr9ciple ( motion 9 !mselves1 are1 z x 71 dragg$ along1 9 ! complex me*anism ( our orr]ies4 ,9 object+1 h[ev]1 to ,dr ,reid's notion ( p]ception1 ,i am f> f wi%+ to erase ! ^w f our metaphysical vocabul>y4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i conceive x to be a v conv5i5t "o1 if ! mean+ atta*$ to x be suffici5tly expla9$1 by an analysis ( ! complex /ate ( m9d1 :i* x d5otes1 & ! use ( x conf9$ rigidly to cases 9 :i* x has ?is mean+4 ,s5sation may exi/1 )\t any ref]5ce to an ext]nal cause1 9 ! same mann] z we may look at a picture1 )\t ?9k+ ( ! pa9t]2 or read a poem1 )\t ?9k+ ( ! poet1--or x may exi/ ) ref]5ce to an ext]nal cause2 & x is conv5i5t1 !re=e1 to conf9e ! t]m s5sation to ! =m] ( ^! cases1 & p]ception to ! latt]4 ,b1 !n1 x mu/ be und]/ood1 t ! p]ception is no?+ b ! sugge/ion ( ideas associat$ ) ! simple s5sation1 z x orig9ally took place1--or is only ano!r "n = ! orig9al simple s5sation itself1 9 ! cases1 if any !re be1 9 :i* s5sation involves imm$iately 9 itself1 ! belief ( "s exi/5ce ext]nal to ! s5ti5t m9d1--or is only a m]e inf]5ce1 l all our o!r inf]5ces1 if x arise1 9 ! mann] 9 :i* ,i h endeav\r$ to expla9 to y1 h[ ! notions ( ext5sion & resi/ance 9 an ext]nal cause ( our feel+s1 might arise1 & be aft]w>ds sugge/$ 9 association ) o!r feel+s t _h frequ5tly accompani$ x4 ,to give a brief summ>y1 h[ev]1 ( ! argum5t :i* ,i h urg$2--9 t /ate ( acquir$ k1 long aft] ! fir/ elem5t>y feel+s ( infancy1 9 :i* modifi$ /ate alone1 ! ph5om5a ( ! m9d c become to u objects ( reflective analysis1 c]ta9 feel+s are ref]r$ by u to an ext]nal mat]ial cause4 ,! feel+s !mselves1 z prim>ily excit$1 are t]m$ s5sations1 &1 :5 foll[$ by ! ref]5ce to an ext]nal cause1 receive ! "n ( p]ceptions1 :i* m>ks no?+ m 9 addition to ! prim>y s5sations1 ?an ?is v ref]5ce4 ,b :at is ! ref]5ce itself1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! new "n is giv58 ,x is ! sugge/ion ( "s ext5d$ resi/+ object1 ! pres5ce ( :i* _h be=e be5 f\nd to be att5d$ ) t p>ticul> s5sation1 :i* is n[ aga9 ref]r$ to x4 ,if we _h _h no s5se b t ( smell2 no s5se b t ( ta/e2 no s5se b t ( s\nd2 no s5se b t ( sight2 we c\ld n h kn[n ! exi/5ce ( ext5d$ resi/+ sub/ances1 &1 !re=e1 c\ld n h ref]r$ ! pleasant or pa9ful s5sations ( ^? classes to su* ext]nal causes1 m ?an we ref] directly to an ext]nal cause1 any pa9ful or pleas+ emotion1 or o!r int]nal affection ( ! m9d4 ,9 all b "o class ( our s5sations1 !n1 x is evid5t t :at ,dr ,reid calls p]ception1 z ! op]ation ( a peculi> m5tal faculty1 is no?+ m ?an a sugge/ion ( memory or association1 :i* diff]s 9 no respect f o!r sugge/ions aris+ f o!r coexi/5ces or successions ( feel+s1 equally uni=m or frequ5t4 ,x is only 9 a s+le class ( s5sations1 !re=e1--t :i* ,dr ,reid ascribes to t\*1--t p]ception1 :i* he reg>ds z a peculi> faculty1 ext5d+ to all our s5sations1 c be said to h any prim>y op]ation1 ev5 ?\gh we %\ld agree ) him 9 suppos+1 t our belief ( ext5d$ resi/ance is n r$ucible by analysis1 to any m g5]al pr9ciples4 ,if1 h[ev]1 my analysis ( ! complex notion ( matt] be j1 p]ception1 9 its relation to our orig9al s5sations ( t\*1 z mu* z 9 relation to ! imm$iate feel+s :i* we d]ive f smell1 ta/e1 sight1 & he>+1 is only "o ( ! _m op]ations ( ! sugge/+ or associat+ pr9ciple4 ,b1 ev5 on 8 own pr9ciples1 ,i repeat1 x mu/ be conf9$ to ! s+le class ( feel+1 :i* he consid]s z tactual1 & is n an orig9al pr9ciple1 coext5sive ) all ! orig9al v>ieties ( s5sation4 ,ev5 9 ! s+le class1 to :i* x is ?us1 on 8 own pr9ciples1 to be conf9$1 x is n s mu* :at he w\ld t]m a faculty1 z an intuitive belief1 by :i* we are l$ irresi/ibly1 on ! exi/5ce ( c]ta9 s5sations1 to ascribe ^! to causes t are ext]nal & corporeal2 or1 if we give ! "n ( faculty to ?is peculi> =m ( intuition1 we %\ld give x equally to all our intuitions1 & rank among our faculties1 ! belief ( ! cont9u$ ord] ( ,nature1 or ! belief ( our own id5tity1 z mu* z our belief ( ext]nal ?+s1 if our s5ses !mselves are unable to give u any in=mation ( !m4 ,,footnotes3 #ajg ,acc\nt ( ! ,life1 c4 p4 xci4 prefix$ to ,reid's ,works4 ,ed94 #ahjc4 #ajh ,gray1 de ,pr9cip4 ,cogit4 ,lib4 ,i4 v4 #adc--aec4 #aji ,on ! ,intellectual ,p[]s1 ,essay ,,ii4 c4 #af4 #aaj ,see be=e1 p4 #daf4 #aaa ,on ! ,intellectual ,p[]s1 ,essay ,,ii4 c4 #h4 #aab ,ibid4 ,,lecture ,,xxviii4 ,,on ,,dr ,,reid',s ,,suppos$ ,,pro( ,,( ,a ,,mat]ial ,,_w--,,on ,,vision--,,& ,,analysis ,,( ,,! ,,feel+s ,,ascrib$ ,,to ,,x4 ,9 my ,lecture ( ye/]day1 ,g5tlem51 we 7 engag$ 9 consid]+ ! gr\nds ( ,dr ,reid's claim to ! hon\r ( detect+ & expos+ ! fallacy ( ! hypo!sis ( ideas z images1 or ?+s1 9 ! m9d1 di/9ct f ! m9d itself1--a claim :i*1 ?\gh made by "o :o has _m o!r indubitable titles to our respect & gratitude1 we f\nd1 9 ?is p>ticul> in/ance1 to be inadmissible4 ,x appe>$1 on an exam9ation ( ! orig9al works ( ! em95t philosoph]s :o prec$$ him = m ?an a c5tury1 & ev5 ( ! common elem5t>y treatises ( ! s*ools1 t1 ?\gh aft] ! ,p]ipatetic hypo!sis ( species _h be5 univ]sally or g5]ally ab&on$1 ! language ( t hypo!sis cont9u$ to subsi/ metaphorically1--z x cont9ues ) equal =ce at ?is mom5t1--x 0 only metaphorically t x did ?us cont9ue2 & t :5 ,dr ,reid1 !re=e1 conceiv$1--9 prov+ ideas n to be self-exi/+ ?+s1 sep>ate & di/9ct f ! p]cipi5t m9d itself1--t he 0 confut+ :at e body believ$1 he m]ely assum$ z real :at 0 int5d$ z metaphorical1 & ov]?rew op9ions :i* ! au?ors1 to :om he ascribes !m1 w\ld !mselves h be5 equally eag] to ov]?r[4 ,b !re is yet ano!r po9t1 connect$ ) ! !ory ( p]ception1 on :i* he is believ$ to h made an important addition to our metaphysical k4 ,i allude to 8 suppos$ pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( a mat]ial _w4 ,9 ?is1 too1 we %all f9d1 t he has truly add$ no?+ to our =m] k2 t he has left u1 9 %ort1 our belief z orig9ally felt by u1 b has n suppli$ u ) ! slighte/ evid5ce 9 addition to ! =ce ( t orig9al belief itself1 nor giv5 any additional /r5g? to t v belief1 :i* be=e 0 confess$ly irresi/ible4 ,! confutation ( ! scepticism on ?is subject1 x is evid5t1 may be attempt$ 9 two ways1--by %ew+ ! argum5ts urg$ by ! sceptic to be logically false2 or by oppos+ to !m ! belief itself1 z ( evid5ce ei!r directly intuitive1 or ! result1 at lea/1 ( o!r intuitions1 & e>ly & univ]sal associations & inf]5ces1 s irresi/ible aft] ! fir/ acquisitions ( infancy1 z to h !n all ! =ce ( intuition itself4 ,z long z ,dr ,reid conf9es himself to ! latt] ( ^! pleas1 he proce$s on safe gr\nd2 b 8 foot+ is n s firm :5 he assails ! m]e logic ( ! sceptic1--= ! sceptical argum5t1 z a m]e play ( reason+1 admits ( no reply4 ,x is va9 = him to say1 t ! scepticism proce$+1 z he ?9ks1 on ! belief ( ideas 9 ! m9d1 z ! direct objects ( p]ception1 mu/ fall ) ^! ideas2 =1 ?\gh ! scepticism may be consi/5t ) ! belief ( ideas z sep>ate exi/5ces 9 ! m9d1 x does n dep5d1 9 ! slighte/ degree1 on _! exi/5ce or non-exi/5ce4 ,we h only to *ange ! t]m ideas into ! synonym\s phrase affections or /ates ( ! m9d1 & ! scepticism1 if n /rong]1 is at lea/ 9 /r5g? exactly :at x 0 be=e4 ,9 ! "o case ! sceptic w say1 t we are s5sible ( ideas only1 n ( ext]nal objects1 :i* may h no resemblance to our ideas2 9 ! o!r case1 t p]ception is b a /ate ( ! m9d z mu* z any ( our o!r feel+s1 & t we are consci\s only ( ?is1 & o!r /ates or affections ( our m9d1 :i* h v>i\sly succe$$ ea* o!r1 & n ( ext]nal objects1 :i* !mselves c be no p>ts ( t tra9 ( m5tal consci\sness4 ,:atev] weight !re may be 9 ! =m] ( ^! sceptical !ories1 exi/s1 ,i may say1 ev5 ) great] =ce1 because ) great] simplicity1 9 ! second2 & ! task1 !re=e1 ( prov+ by logic1--if logical pro( 7 requisite = our belief1--! exi/5ce ( a mat]ial _w1 w\ld rema9 z labori\s z be=e1 aft] ! fulle/ confutation ( ! sy/em1 :i* might suppose p]ception to be c>ri$ on by ! m$ium ( little images ( bodies 9 ! m9d4 ,s f>1 inde$1 w\ld ! confutation ( ?is hypo!sis z to p]ception1--ev5 if ,dr ,reid _h truly ov]?r[n x1--be f less5+ ! =ce ( ! scepticism z to ! exi/5ce ( matt]1 t1 ( two sceptics1 "o believ+ e ?+ ) respect to ideas :i* ,dr ,reid suppos$ himself to h confut$1 & ! o!r believ+ ideas to be m]e /ates ( 8 m9d1 !re c be no "q1 t ! =m] w\ld be ! m easy to be ov]come1 s9ce 8 belief w\ld already involve ! exi/5ce ( ,,some?+ sep>ate f ! m9d2 :ile ! o!r might ma9ta91 t all ( :i* he 0 consci\s1 0 ! m]e s]ies ( affections ( 8 own m9d1 & t beyond ?is consci\sness he c\ld "k no?+4 ,aga9/ ! argum5t ( "o1 :o f\nds 8 v argum5t on 8 consci\sness m]ely1 & pr(esses to h no k ei!r ( little images1 or ( any ?+ else beyond 8 consci\sness1 x w\ld be z idle to urge1 t ideas are n little images 9 ! m9d1 z x w\ld h be5 = a ,c>tesian to attempt to confute ! ,newtonian sy/em ( attraction1 by a d5ial ( ! ,ptolemaic sph]es4 ,all t rema9s1 !n1 to supply ! place ( logical demon/ration1 :i* w\ld be ne$less :]e ! belief is z /rong z t ( demon/ration itself1 is ! p>am\nt =ce ( ?is univ]sal & irresi/ible belief2 & !re is no fe> t ?is c be weak5$ by any argum5t1 or be less felt by him :o d5ies x1 ?an by him :o ass]ts x4 ,we are consci\s1 inde$1 only ( ! feel+s t are ! mom5t>y /ates ( our own m9d2 b "s ( ^! x is absolutely impossible = u n to ascribe to causes t are ext]nal1 & indep5d5t ( u2 & ! belief ( a sy/em ( ext]nal ?+s1 is "o ( ^! v /ates ( ! m9d1 :i* itself =ms1 & w ev] =m1 a "p ( ! tra9 ( our consci\sness4 ,?is ,mr ,hume himself1 ! great sceptic :om ,dr ,reid opposes1 admits z readily z ,dr ,reid himself3--8,a ,cop]nican or ,ptolemaic1 :o supports ea* 8 diff]5t sy/em ( a/ronomy1 may hope to produce a conviction1 :i* w rema9 con/ant & durable1 ) 8 audi5ce4 ,a ,/oic or ,epicurean displays pr9ciples1 :i* may n only be durable1 b :i* h an effect on conduct & behavi\r4 ,b a ,pyrrhonian _c expect1 t 8 philosophy w h any con/ant influ5ce on ! m9d3 or1 if x _h1 t its influ5ce w\ld be b5eficial to society4 ,on ! contr>y1 he mu/ ackn[l$ge1 if he w ackn[l$ge any ?+1 t all human life mu/ p]i%1 7 8 pr9ciples univ]sally & /eadily to prevail4 ,all disc\rse1 all action1 w\ld imm$iately cease2 & m5 rema9 9 a total le?>gy1 till ! necessities ( nature1 unsatisfi$1 put an end to _! mis]able exi/5ce4 ,x is true1 s fatal an ev5t is v little to be dread$4 ,nature is always too /rong = pr9ciple2 &1 ?\gh a ,pyrrhonian may ?r[ himself1 or o!rs1 into a mom5t>y amazem5t & confusion by 8 pr(\nd reason+s1 ! fir/ & mo/ trivial ev5t 9 life w put to flight all 8 d\bts & scruples1 & leave him ! same1 9 e po9t ( action & speculation1 ) ! philosoph]s ( e o!r sect1 or ) ^? :o nev] conc]n$ !mselves 9 any philosophical rese>*es4 ,:5 he awakes f 8 dream1 he w be ! fir/ to jo9 9 ! laugh aga9/ himself40#aac ,9 :at respect does ?is diff] f ! language ( ,dr ,reid himself1 :5 he says1 t 8! belief ( a mat]ial _w is old]1 & ( m au?ority1 ?an any pr9ciples ( philosophy4 ,x decl9es ! tribunal ( reason1 & laughs at all ! artill]y ( ! logician40#aad ,surely1 if x decl9e ! tribunal ( reason1 x is n by reason+ t x is to be support$1--ev5 ?\gh ! reason] %\ld h ! great tal5ts :i* ,dr ,reid unque/ionably possess$4 ,! sceptic1 & ! or?odox philosoph] ( ,dr ,reid's s*ool1 ?us come precisely to ! same conclusion4 ,! cre$ ( ea*1 on ?is po9t1 is compos$ ( two propositions1 & ( ! same two propositions2 ! fir/ ( :i* is1 t ! exi/5ce ( a sy/em ( ?+s1 su* z we und]/& :5 we speak ( an ext]nal _w1 _c be prov$ by argum5t2 & ! second1 t ! belief ( x is ( a =ce1 :i* is p>am\nt to t ( argum5t1 & absolutely irresi/ible4 ,! diff]5ce1 & ! only diff]5ce is1 t1 9 ass]t+ ! same two propositions1 ! sceptic pron\nces ! fir/ 9 a l\d tone ( voice1 & ! second 9 a :isp]1--:ile 8 suppos$ antagoni/ passes rapidly ov] ! fir/1 & dwells on ! second1 ) a tone ( confid5ce4 ,! negation 9 ! "o case1 & ! affirmation 9 ! o!r case1 are1 h[ev]1 precisely ! same4 ,to him1 inde$1 :o consid]s ! tone only1 & n ! mean+1 !re may seem to be a real /rife ( s5tim5t2 b1 if we neglect ! tone1 :i* is ( no consequ5ce1 & att5d to ! mean+ only ( :at is affirm$ & d5i$ by bo?1 we %all n be able to discov] ev5 ! slighte/ discrepancy4 ,!re is no argum5t ( m]e reason+ t c prove ! exi/5ce ( an ext]nal _w2 x is absolutely impossible = u n to believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( an ext]nal _w4 ,we may call ^! two propositions1 !n1 a summ>y ( ! doctr9e ( ,reid1 or ( ! doctr9e ( ,hume1 z we please2 = x is truly ! common & equal doctr9e ( ! two4 ,?\gh we h ?us se5 reason to d5y to ,dr ,reid ! m]it commonly ascrib$ to him1 on ! po9ts :i* we h be5 consid]+1 relative to ! !ory ( p]ception1 ,i tru/ y w n on t acc\nt1 be ins5sible to ! m]its :i* he truly possess$4 ,he kn[s little1 inde$1 ( ! human m9d1 :o does n "k1 h[ compatible _m errors & misconceptions are ) ! brighte/ & mo/ active en]gies ( intellect4 ,on ?is 8,i/hmus ( a middle ,/ate10 ( :i* ,pope speaks1 man1 ?\gh n 8reason+ b to err10 is yet subject to occasional error1 ev5 9 8 pr\de/ reason+s4 ,) all 8 wisdom1 he is /ill b 8d>kly wise20 & ) all ! gr&eur ( 8 be+1 b 8rudely great40 ,,vision4 ,our inquiry into ! nature ( ! s5sations ( t\*1--or at lea/ ( ^? s5sations1 :i* are truly1 & ( o!rs :i* are commonly1 ?\gh1 ,i ?9k1 falsely1 ascrib$ to ?is organ1 has l$ u into speculations1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* ,i h be5 oblig$ to anticipate _m rem>ks1 t m peculi>ly belong to ! s5se :i* /ill rema9s to be consid]$ by u1--! s5se ( sight1 t to :i* we owe s mu* ( our mo/ valuable in=mation1 ) respect to nature1 & s _m ( ^? pleasures1 :i* ! b\nty ( ,him1 :o1 has =m$ u to be happy1 z well z to be wise1 has s graci\sly int]m+l$1 ) all ! prim>y means ( our in/ruction4 ,! anticipations1 into :i* ,i h be5 l$1 7 necess>y = ?r[+ light on ! subjects be=e consid]$1 p>ticul>ly on ! complex feel+s ascrib$ to t\*1--! k ( :i* feel+s1 h[ev]1 0 /ill m necess>y1 = und]/&+ fully ! complex p]ceptions ( ?is s5se4 ,x is ?us sc>cely possible1 9 sci5ce1 to treat ( "o subject1 )\t consid]+ x 9 relation to "s o!r subject1 & (t5 to subjects betwe5 :i*1 on fir/ view1 x w\ld be difficult to trace any relation4 ,e ?+ ?r[s light ^u e ?+1--?\gh ! reflection1--:i* is1 9 _m cases1 s bright1 z to =ce itself ^u common eyes--may1 9 o!r cases1 be s fa9t1 z to be p]ceptible only to eyes ( ! nice/ disc]nm5t4 ,x may almo/ be said1 t !re is an univ]sal aff9ity 9 tru?s1--l t univ]sal attraction1 :i* unites to ea* o!r1 z "o common sy/em1 ! :ole masses :i* are scatt]$ ?r\gh ! inf9ity ( space1 & by :i*1 z ,i h be=e rem>k$1 ! annihilation ( a s+le p>ticle ( matt]1 9 any "o ( ^! orbs1--h[ev] inconceivably slight its elem5t>y modification might be ( ! g5]al sum ( attraction1--w\ld 9 t v in/ant be productive ( *ange ?r\gh\t ! univ]se4 ,x is n easy to say1 :at any "o sci5ce w\ld h be51 if any o!r sci5ce _h n exi/$4 ,h[ diff]5t did ,a/ronomy become1 9 consequ5ce ( ! accid5tal burn+ ( a few sea-we$s ^u ! s&1 to :i* ! orig9 ( glass has be5 ascrib$2 &1 :5 we ?9k ( ! univ]sal accessions1 :i* navigation has made to e dep>tm5t ( k1 :at an inf9ity ( tru?s may be consid]$ z almo/ />t+ into exi/5ce1 at ! mom5t1 :5 ! pol>ity ( ! magnet 0 fir/ obs]v$6 8,true to ! pole1 by !e ! pilot guides ,8 /eady helm1 amid ! /ruggl+ tides1 ,braves ) broad sail ! unmeasurable sea1 ,cleaves ! d>k air1 & asks no /> b !e40#aae ,! anticipations1 :i* h be5 made1 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 w be ( advantage1 9 abridg+ mu* ( ! lab\r1 :i* w\ld h be5 necess>y 9 treat+ ( vision simply4 ,i may n[ safely leave y1 to make1 = y\rselves1 ! application ( _m argum5ts1 on :i* ,i h dwelt at l5g?1 9 treat+ ( ! o!r s5ses4 ,! organ ( sight1 z y well "k1 is ! eye1--a ma*9e ( su* exquisite & obvi\s adaptation to ! effects produc$ by x1 z to be1 ( itself1 9 demon/rat+ ! exi/5ce ( ! ,div9e ,be+ :o contriv$ x1 equal 9 =ce to _m volumes ( !ology4 ,! a!i/1 :o has se51 & /udi$1 its int]nal /ructure1 & yet cont9ues an a!i/1 may be fairly consid]$ z beyond ! p[] ( m]e argum5t to reclaim4 ,! m9ute details ( its /ructure1 h[ev]1 belong to ! anatomi/4 ,x is en\gh = our purpose to "k1 t1 by an app>atus ( great simplicity1 all ! light1 :i*1 f e qu>t] /rikes on ! pellucid "p ( ! ball ( ! eye1--& :i* if x cont9u$ to pass 9 ! same direction1 w\ld ?us produce "o m+l$ & indi/9ct expanse ( col\r1--is s refract$1 z x is t]m$1 or b5t f its =m] direction to c]ta9 focal po9ts1 z to be di/ribut$ aga9 on ! ret9a1 9 di/9ct portions1 agree+ ) ! portions :i* come f ea* sep>ate object1 s exactly1 z to =m on x a m9iature l&scape ( ! sc5]y )\t4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,t we may v>y1 at our pleasure1 ! field ( ?is l&scape1 ! ball ( ! eye is furni%$ ) c]ta9 muscles1 :i* enable u to direct x m p>ticul>ly t[>d ! objects :i* we wi% to view2 & accord+ z ! light :i* falls f ^! may be m or less int5se1 !re are p>ts :i* m9i/] to ! s5sibility ( ! eye1 by increas+ or dim9i%+ 9 proportion ! transp>5t ap]ture at :i* ! light is admitt$4 ,!re are1 !n1 9 ?is truly wond]ful & beautiful process1 9 ! fir/ place1 z det]m9+ :at objects1 9 ! wide sc5e ar\nd u1 are to be visible at ! mom5t1 ! contraction ( c]ta9 muscles1 on :i* ! p>ticul> field ( our vision dep5ds1 & :i* may almo/ be said to enable u to increase ! ext5t ( our field ( vision1 by enabl+ u to v>y x at w2--9 ! second place1 ! ext]nal light1 emitt$ f all ! objects )9 ?is radiant field1 :i*1 on its arrival at ! ret9a1 is itself ! direct object ( vision2 9 ! ?ird place1 ! provision = increas+ or dim9i%+ ! diamet] ( ! pupil1 9 proportion to ! quantity ( t incid5t light2--9 ! f\r? place1 ! app>atus1 by :i* ! disp]s$ rays ( light are made to assume )9 ! eye1 ! focal conv]g5ce necess>y = di/9ct vision2--& la/ly1 ! expansion ( ! optic n]ve1 z a "p ( ! great s5sorial organ1 ess5tial to s5sation4 ,! diff]5ce ( ! ph5om5a1 produc$ by ! v>ieties ( ! ext]nal light itself1 is exhibit$ 9 almo/ e mom5t ( our wak+ exi/5ce2 & ! div]sities1 aris+ f o!r p>ts ( ! process1 are n less /rik+4 ,!re are peculi> diseases :i* affect ! optic n]ve1 or o!r p>ts ( ! s5sorial organ imm$iately connect$ ) x1--!re are o!r diseases :i* affect ! refract+ app>atus1--o!rs :i* affect ! iris1 s z to prev5t ! enl>gem5t or dim9ution ( ! pupil1 :5 diff]5t quantities ( light are p\r$ on x1--o!rs1 :i* affect ! muscles t v>y ! position ( ! ball1--&1 9 all ^! cases1 we f9d1 z might be expect$1 a correspond+ diff]5ce ( ! ph5om5a4 ,to op5 our eyes at pres5t1 is n to h a s+le simple feel+2 x is1 z x 71 to h innum]able feel+s4 ,! col\r1 ! magnitude1 ! figure1 ! relative position ( bodies1 are se5 by u at once4 ,x is n a small expanse ( light1 :i* we p]ceive1 equal m]ely to ! surface ( ! n>r[ expansion ( ! optic n]ve4 ,x is ! univ]se itself4 ,we are pres5t ) />s1 :i* beam ^u u1 at a di/ance t conv]ts to no?+ ! :ole wide diamet] ( our planet>y sy/em4 ,x is z if ! tie1 :i* b9ds u d[n to ! globe on :i* we dwell1 belong$ only to our o!r s5ses1 & _h no influ5ce ov] ?is1 :i*1 ev5 9 its union ) ! body1 seems /ill to reta9 all ! p[]1 & unb\nd$ fre$om1 ( its cele/ial orig94 ,x is ( importance1 h[ev]1 to rememb]1 t1 ev5 9 ! p]ception ( ! mo/ di/ant body1 ! true object ( vision is n ! di/ant body itself1 b ! light t has rea*$ ! expansive t]m9ation ( ! optic n]ve2 & ! s5se ( vision1 !re=e1 :i* seems s indep5d5t ( ! tie t b9ds u to our small spot ( e>?1 is z truly limit$ to x1 z any ( our o!r s5ses4 ,if ! light c\ld exi/ 9 ! same mann]1 mov+ 9 ! same v>ieties ( direction1 z at pres5t1--?\gh no o!r bodies 7 9 exi/5ce1 ?an ! light itself1 & our s5sorial organ1--all ! s5sations belong+ to m]e sight w\ld be exactly ! same z n[2 & accord+ly we f9d1 z light is1 9 a great measure1 manageable by u1 t we h x 9 our p[] to v>y at pleasure1 ! visual notions1 :i* any "o w\ld o!rwise h =m$ ( bodies1--)\t alt]+ ! bodies !mselves1 or ev5 _! position ) respect to ! eye1--by m]ely int]pos+ sub/ances1 to modify ! light reflect$ or emitt$ f !m4 ,! same pap]1 :i* we t]m :ite1 :5 we obs]ve x ) our nak$ eye1 seems blue or r$1 :5 we look at x ?r\gh glass1 ( su* a k9d1 z absorbs all ! light :i* ent]s x1 b ! rays ( ^? p>ticul> col\rs2 & x seems l>g] or small]1 z we look at x ?r\gh a concave or convex l5s1 :i* leaves ! object precisely z x 01 & affects only ! direction ( ! rays t come f x3--! reason ( all :i* div]sities ( p]ception is1 t1 ?\gh :at we are accu/om$ to t]m ! object cont9ues ! same1--:atev] sub/ance may be int]pos$ betwe5 x & ! eye1--t1 :i* is really ! object ( vision1 is diff]5t2 & our p]ceptions1 !re=e1 correspond ) ! div]sity ( _! real objects4 ,9 treat+ ( ! di/9ction :i* has be5 made1 ( ^? objects ( s5se :i* act directly on our organs1 & ( ^? :i* act ?r\gh a m$ium1 z x has be5 t]m$1 ,i be=e rem>k$ to y ! confusion1 into :i* we might be l$1 by ?is di/9ction1 :i* =gets t ! suppos$ m$ium is itself ! real object1 z truly1 z any ( ! objects1 :i* 9 _! relations to o!r s5ses1 are t]m$ direct4 ,9 no in/ance1 h[ev]1 has x l$ to s mu* confusion1 z 9 ! case ( vision4 ,x is ! m important1 !re=e1 = y1 to h precise notions on ?is subject1 & to h con/antly 9 m9d1 t1 ?\gh indirectly1 we may be said to p]ceive by sight di/ant objects1 z truly z we p]ceive col\r1 /ill ! direct object ( vision is n ! object1 exi/+ p]man5tly at a di/ance1 b ^? rays ( light1 ^: exi/5ce is indep5d5t ( ! object1 & :i* h receiv$1 f ! object t reflects !m1 no?+ m ?an a *ange ( _! direction1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* !y h come )9 ! b\nd>y ( t small pellucid circle ( ! eye1 :i*1 insignificant z x may seem1 compreh5ds 9 itself :at is truly ! :ole sph]e ( our vision4 ,sight1 !n1 :i* compreh5ds all ! v>ieties ( col\r1 is ! object1 & ! only object1 ( ! s5se :i* we are consid]+4 ,b1 simple z x is1 ( :at in/ruction1 & joy1 & beauty1 & ev]-v>y+ magnific5ce1 is x ! s\rce6 8,c>m9e quo ,dea te dicam1 gratissima coeli ,prog5ies1 ortumque tuum2 gemmantia rore ,ut p] prata levi lu/ras1 et floribus halans ,purpureum ,v]is gremium1 sc5amque vir5tem ,p+is1 et umbrif]os colles1 et crula regna8 ,gratia te ,v5]isque lepos1 et mille colorum1 ,=m>umque *orus sequitur1 motusque dec5tes4 ,at caput invisum ,/ygiis ,nox atra t5ebris4 ,abdidit1 horr5dque simul ,=mid9is ora ,p]vigilesque /us ,cur>um1 atque anxius ,angor2 ,undique ,ltiti flor5t mortalia corda1 ,purus et arridet l>gis fulgoribus !r40#aaf 8,hail1 holy light1 (fspr+ ( heav5 fir/ born6 ,or ( ! ,et]nal1 coet]nal beam1 ,may ,i express !e unblam'd8 s9ce ,god is light1 ,& nev] b 9 unapproa*$ light ,dwelt f et]nity2 dwelt !n 9 ,!e1 ,bright ,efflu5ce ( bright ,ess5ce increate6 --,or he>'/ ?\ r1 pure e!real ,/ream6 ,^: f\nta9 :o %all tell8 ,be=e ! ,sun1 ,be=e ! heav5s1 ,?\ w]t1 & at ! voice ,( ,god1 z ) a mantle did/ inve/ ,! ris+ _w ( wat]s d>k & deep1 ,won f ! void & =mless inf9ite40#aag ,h[ pa!tic is ! v beauty ( ?is invocation1 :5 we consid] ! feel+s ) :i* x mu/ h be5 writt5 by him1 :o1 8,l ! wakeful bird1 ,sung d>kl+10#aah & :o seems to h look$ back on t lovel9ess ( nature1 f :i* he 0 sep>at$1 ) ! melan*oly read9ess1 ) :i* ! ?\ghts ( ! un=tunate & ! sorr[ful /ill rev]t to pa/ enjoym5ts2 z ! prison]1 ev5 :5 fett]$ to 8 dungeon-floor1 /ill turns 8 eye1 almo/ involunt>ily1 to t s+le gleam ( light1 :i* rem9ds him only ( sc5es t exi/ no long] to him4 8,?us ) ! ye> ,seasons return2 b n to me returns ,day1 or ! sweet approa* ( ev5 or morn1 ,or sight ( v]nal bloom1 or summ]'s rose1 ,or flocks1 or h]ds1 or human face div9e2 ,b cl\d in/ead1 & ev]-dur+ d>k ,surr\nd me40#aai ,h[ (t5 mu/ he h felt1--& h[ deeply mu/ su* a m9d h felt1--! =ce ( t compla9t1 :i* he puts into ! m\? ( ,samson1--a compla9t1 :i* may surely be =giv51 or almo/ =giv51 to ! bl9d3-- 8,o :y 0 sight ,to su* a t5d] ball z ! eye conf9$1 ,s obvi\s1 & s easy to be qu5*'d2 ,& n1 z feel+1 ?r\gh all p>ts diffus$1 ,t %e might look at w ?r\gh e pore80#abj ,! imm$iate object ( vision1 we h se51 !n1 is light1 :i* gives rise to all ! v>i\s s5sations ( col\r2 &1 s9ce ! days ( ,b]keley1 philosoph]s h1 ) sc>cely any exception1 admitt$1 t ! k ( ! di/ance1 magnitude1 & real figure ( objects1 :i* seems at pres5t to be imm$iately receiv$ by sight1 is ! result ( k acquir$ by ! o!r s5ses3--?\gh !y h1--,i ?9k )\t suffici5t reason1--z univ]sally suppos$1 t ! sup]ficial ext5sion1 ( l5g? & bread?1 becomes kn[n to u by sight orig9ally2--t !re is1 9 %ort1 a visible figure ( objects1 correspond+ ) ! picture :i* !y =m on ! ret9a1 & *ang+1 !re=e1 ) _! *ange ( position relatively to ! eye1--& a tangible figure ( objects1 p]man5t & indep5d5t ( _! *ange ( place2 ! latt] be+ ! real figure sugge/$ by ! =m]1 ne>ly 9 ! same mann] z ! conception ( objects is sugge/$1 by ! arbitr>y s\nds1 or writt5 "*1 :i* d5ote !m4 ,! inquiry1 ) respect to ! tru? ( ?is visible figure1 z a s5sation1 may1 h[ev]1 be omitt$1 till we h consid]$ ! =m] op9ion1 :i* respects ! visual p]ception ( di/ance1 & ( ! figure & magnitude :i* are t]m$ tangible4 ,if x _h be5 duly consid]$1 t x is light :i* is ! true object ( vision1 & n ! lum9\s body1 ! "q1 z f> z x dep5ds on reason+ a priori1 exclusively ( any in/9ctive connexions t might be suppos$1 c\ld n h admitt$ ( v long discussion4 ,f :atev] di/ance light may come1 x is b ! po9t ( ! long l9e :i* t]m9ates at ! ret9a1 ( :i* we are s5sible2 & ?is t]m9at+ po9t mu/ be ! same1 :e!r ! ray has come f a few feet ( di/ance1 or f _m miles4 ,! rays1 t beam f ! adjac5t mead[1 or ! grove1 are n ne>] to my eye1 at ! in/ant ( vision1 ?an ^? :i* h be5 reflect$ f ! m\nta91 on ! v v]ge ( ! horizon1 or f ! cl\d t hangs at an immeasurable di/ance above my head4 ,! light1 t conv]ges on our eye1 f all ! />s ( heav51 )9 :at we t]m ! field ( our vision1 is collect$1 9 a space1 t _c be l>g] ?an ! ret9a on :i* x falls4 ,a cube or a sph]e is repres5t$ to u1 by ! two dim5sions ( a col\r$ plane1 v>i\sly %ad$1 z truly1 z by ! object itself ) its triple dim5sions2 &1 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! exact correspond5ce ( ^! d\ble & triple dim5sions1 9 all _! v>ieties ( relation to ! eye1 ! :ole art ( p]spective consi/s4 ,a co9 ( a s+le in* 9 diamet]1 :5 plac$ be=e ! eye1 &1 ( c\rse1 int]cept+ only an ext5t ( light equal to ! ext5t ( its own surface1 is suffici5t to hide f u1 by actual eclipse1 ! fields1 & villages1 & woods1 t seem$ /ret*$ 9 almo/ endless cont9uity be=e u4 ,unless1 !re=e1 !re be "s in/9ctive & imm$iate sugge/ion1 ( c]ta9 di/ances1 magnitudes1 & figures1 by c]ta9 v>ieties ( ! s5sation ( col\r1 !re is no?+ 9 ! m]e light itself1 or 9 its relation to ! eye at ! mom5t ( vision1 :i* seems fit to communicate ! k ( ^!4 ,n ( di/ance2 = ! rays f di/ant objects1 :5 !y produce vision1 are z ne> to ! ret9a1 z ! rays f objects t are contigu\s to ! eye4 ,n ( real magnitude2 = an object1 ) :i* we are famili>1 appe>s to u ( ! same size1 at di/ances1 at :i* e ?+ m]ely visual is s completely *ang$1 t its magnitude1 z f> z x dep5ds on m]e radiation1 may be demon/rat$1 f ! laws ( optics1 to be equal only to a half1 or a t5? "p ( its app>5t magnitude1 :5 ne>]4 ,n ( figure2 =1 )\t ! k ( longitud9al di/ance1 we c\ld n di/+ui% a sph]e or a cube f a plane surface ( two dim5sions2 & an object1 ) ! %ape ( :i* we are famili>1 appe>s to u ( ! same =m1 9 all directions2 ?\gh x may be demon/rat$ optically1 t ! visual figure1 z f> z x dep5ds on m]e radiation1 mu/ v>y ) e v>iety ( position4 ,i h said1 t ! k ( ! real magnitude1 figure1 & position ( bodies1 c\ld n be obta9$ imm$iately f ! div]sities ( ! m]e surfaces ( light at ! ret9a2 unless x 7 ! sugge/ion ( "s in/9ctive pr9ciple1 by :i* ! "o feel+ 01 orig9ally & insep>ably1 connect$ ) ! o!r3 & ,i h made ?is exception1 to prev5t y f be+ misl$1 by ! works on ?is subject1 s z to ?9k1 t ! orig9al p]ception ( di/ance implies1 9 ! v notion ( x1 a physical impossibility4 ,"s div]sity !re evid5tly mu/ be ( ! imm$iate s5sation ( sight1 or ( o!r feel+s coexi/+ ) x1 :5 a diff]5ce ( magnitude or figure is sugge/$3 ! visual affection1 :i* is foll[$ by ! notion ( a mile1 _c be ! same z t :i* is att5d$ ) ! notion ( half a foot2 nor t :i* is att5d$ ) ! p]ception ( a sph]e1 be ! same z t :i* sugge/s a plane circul> surface4 ,:atev] ! numb] ( ! v>i$ sugge/ions ( ?is k9d may be1 !re mu/ be1 at lea/1 an equal v>iety ( ! imm$iate s5sations t give rise to !m2 & ^! correspond+ s]ies ( s5sations & sugge/ions1 may orig9ally be associat$ toge!r by an in/9ctive pr9ciple1 z mu* z any o!r pairs ( ph5om5a1 ! connexion ( :i* we ascribe to in/9ct2 or1 9 o!r words1 suppose an adaptation ( !m to ea* o!r1 by ! graci\s provision ( ! ,p[] :i* =m$ u1 = a purpose un=ese5 by u1 & unwill$ at ! mom5t4 ,x is n m wond]ful1 a priori1 t a s5sation ( col\r %\ld be imm$iately foll[$ by ! notion ( a mile ( di/ance1 ?an t ! irritation ( ! no/ril1 by any v /imulant od\r1 %\ld be imm$iately & involunt>ily1 foll[$ by ! sudd5 contraction ( a di/ant muscul> organ1 l ! diaphragm1 :i* produces1 9 sneez+1 ! viol5t expiration necess>y = expell+ ! acrid matt]2--or t an increase ( ! quantity ( light p\r$ on ! eye1 %\ld be in/antly1 & )\t our consci\sness1 foll[$ by a contraction ( ! transp>5t ap]ture4 ,i am f> f say+1 t !re truly is su* an in/9ctive association ( our orig9al visual feel+s1 ) correspond+ notions ( di/ance & magnitude1 9 ! pres5t case2 =1 at lea/ 9 man1 ,i believe ! contr>y4 ,i mean only1 t ! "q has1 a priori1 only great] probability on "o side1 n absolute c]ta9ty2 & t exp]i5ce is necess>y1 be=e we c decide x ) p]fect confid5ce4 ,9 ! case ( ! o!r animals1 !re seems to be little reason to d\bt1 t ! t$i\s process1 by :i* man may be truly said to le>n to see1 is n necess>y = _! visual p]ceptions4 ,! calf1 & ! lamb1 newly dropt into ! _w1 seem to measure =ms & di/ances ) _! eyes1 z di/9ctly1 or at lea/ almo/ z di/9ctly1 z ! human reason] measures !m1 aft] all ! acquisitions ( 8 long & helpless infancy4 ,( ^! races ( our fell[ animals1 ,nature is z once ! ,tea*] & ! great ,protectress1--supply+ to !m1 imm$iately1 ! p[]s :i* are necess>y = _! pres]vation1--z1 9 ! long cont9u$ affection ( ! human p>5t1 %e f> m ?an comp5sates to man1 ! e>ly in/9cts :i* %e has d5i$ to him4 ,if ! o!r animals _h to le>n to see1 9 ! same mann] ) ourselves1 x w\ld be sc>cely possible1 t _! exi/5ce %\ld be pres]v$ to ! p]iod1 at :i* ! acquisitions necess>y = accurate p]ception c\ld be made2 ev5 ?\gh ! ho( _h be5 an in/rum5t ( t\* & measurem5t1 z conv5i5t z ! h&4 ,= ?is diff]5ce 9 ! relative circum/ances ( _! situation1 ! ,almighty ,be+1--to ^: univ]sal b5evol5ce1 no?+ :i* he has creat$ is too humble = 8 c>e1--has made suffici5t provision1 9 giv+ !m t e>ly maturity1 :i* makes !m1 = _m mon?s1 ! sup]iors ( him1 :o is aft]w>ds to rule !m ) a sway1 t is sc>cely consci\s ( ef=t4 8,hale are _! "y1 f human frailties fre$1 ,walk unsu/a9$1 &1 unsupport$1 fe$4 ,!y live at once1--=sake ! dam's w>m side1-- ,take ! wide _w1 ) nature = _! guide1-- ,b\nd o'er ! lawn1 or seek ! di/ant glade1 ,& f9d a home 9 ea* delightful %ade40#aba ,?is in/9ctive sugge/ion1 :i*1 h[ev] subsequ5t x may be to ! prim>y visual s5sation1 seems l imm$iate p]ception 9 ! "y ( o!r races ( animals1 is a v /rong additional pro(1 if any su* 7 necess>y1 t !re is no physical impossibility1 9 ! supposition t a simil> orig9al sugge/ion may take place 9 man4 ,! "q1 z ,i be=e said1 becomes truly a "q ( obs]vation & exp]im5t4 ,b1 9 man1 !re is n t necessity = ! in/9ct1 :i* exi/s 9 ! peculi> situation ( ! o!r animals2 & we f9d accord+ly1 t !re is no trace ( ! in/9ct 9 him4 ,x is long be=e ! little nursel+ %ews1 t 8 eye has di/+ui%$ objects f ea* o!r1 s z to fix _! place4 ,we are able almo/ to trace 9 8 ef=ts ! progress :i* he is gradually mak+2--&1 9 ^? /rik+ cases1 :i* are sometimes pres5t$ to u1 ( ! acquisition ( sight1 9 mature life1 9 consequ5ce ( a surgical op]ation1--aft] vision _h be5 ob/ruct$ f infancy1--x has be5 f\nd1 t ! actual magnitude & figure1 & position1 ( bodies1 7 to be le>n$ l a new language1--t all objects seem$ equally close to ! eye1--& t a sph]e & a cube1 ( ea* ( :i* ! tangible figure 0 previ\sly kn[n1 7 n s di/+ui%able 9 ! m]e s5sation ( vision1 t ! "o c\ld be said1 ) c]ta9ty1 to be ! cube1 & ! o!r ! sph]e4 ,9 %ort1 :at _h be5 suppos$1 ) e appe>ance ( probability1 0 demon/rat$ by exp]im5t1--t we le>n to see1--& t vision is truly1 :at ,swift has p>adoxically def9$ x to be1 ! art ( see+ ?+s t are invisible4 ,,footnotes3 #aac ,essays--,inquiry conc]n+ ,human ,und]/&+1 ,sect4 xii4 ,"p #b4 #aad ,inquiry into ! ,human ,m9d1 c4 ,*ap4 v4 ,sect4 #g4 #aae ,d>w9's ,botanic ,g>d51 ,canto ,,ii4 v4 #bjc-f4 #aaf ,gray1 de ,pr9cip4 ,cogit4 lib4 i4 v4 #he-if4 #aag ,p>adise ,lo/1 ,book ,,iii4 v4 #a-ab4 #aah ,ib4 v4 #ch1 #ci4 #aai ,ib4 v4 #dj-da4 #abj ,samson ,agoni/es1 v4 #ic-ig4 #aba ,"y's ,p>aphrase on a "p ( ! ,book ( ,job1 v4 #bce-bdj4 ,,lecture ,,xxix4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,! ,,feel+s ,,ascrib$ ,,to ,,vision1 ,,cont9u$4 ,! *ief "p ( my la/ ,lecture 0 employ$ 9 consid]+ ! ,ph5om5a ( ,vision1 & p>ticul>ly 9 prov+1 t vision1--simple & imm$iate1 z x n[ seems to u1 ev5 9 its mo/ magnific5t results1--is truly ! application ( an art1 ( long & t$i\s acquirem5t1--( t art ) :i* we le>n to measure =ms & di/ances1 ) a s+le glance1 by avail+ ourselves ( ! in=mation1 previ\sly receiv$ f o!r s\rces2--! mix$ product ( innum]able obs]vations1 & calculations1 & detections ( =m] mi/akes--:i* 7 ! philosophy ( our infancy1 & ea* ( :i*1 sep>ately1 has be5 long =gott51--recurr+ to ! m9d1 9 aft]-life1 ) ! rapidity ( an in/9ct4 ,( all ! arts1 :i* man c acquire1 ?is is1 )\t "q1 ! ri*e/1 bo? 9 wond] & 9 value--s ri* 9 value1 t if ! race ( man _h be5 incapable ( acquir+ x1 ! v possibility ( _! cont9u$ exi/5ce seems sc>cely conceivable2 & s ri* 9 subjects ( wond]1 t to be mo/ famili> ) ^!1 & to /udy !m ) mo/ att5tion1 is to f9d at e mom5t new miracles ( nature1 wor?y ( /ill increas+ admiration4 8,p] te quicquid habet mundus1 mirabile nobis1 ,p&itur2 acceptumque tibi decus omne ref]tur ,t]r>um4 ,g5tes nequicquam int]luit /u ,vic9as pelagus2 tu das sup]>e vi>um ,ardua1 et obtutu ,se/on conjungis ,abydo4 ,necm>is angu/i tantum discrim9a sol]s ,decipis1 oceanique moras2 ,tu sid]a ,cli ,subjicis humanis oculis1 et dissita longe ,das spect>e loca1 et ,dias invis]e s$es4 ,nativa h9c quamvis f]imur gravitate deorsum ,ad ,/ygias s$es1 ,ditisque inamabile regnum1-- ,m5te tam5 sursum rapti ad sublimia2 molem ,exuimus t]r5am1 animosque quamus ,olympo40#abb ,on ?is subject ! rem>ks ( ,dr ,reid1 :i* ,i am ab\t to quote1 are n less j ?an !y are /rik+ly express$4 8,if we %all suppose an ord] ( be+s1 endu$ ) e human faculty b t ( sight1 h[ incr$ible w\ld x appe> to su* be+s1 accu/om$ only to ! sl[ in=mations ( t\*1 t1 by ! addition ( an organ1 consi/+ ( a ball & socket ( an in* diamet]1 !y might be enabl$ 9 an in/ant ( "t1 )\t *ang+ _! place1 to p]ceive ! disposition ( a :ole army1 or ! ord] ( a battle1 ! figure ( a magnific5t palace1 or all ! v>iety ( a l&scape8 ,if a man 7 by feel+ to f9d out ! figure ( ! peak ( ,t5]iffe1 or ( ev5 ,/ ,pet]'s ,*ur* at ,rome1 x w\ld be ! "w ( a lifetime4 8,x w\ld appe> /ill m incr$ible to su* be+s z we h suppos$1 if !y 7 in=m$ ( ! discov]ies :i* may be made by ?is little organ 9 ?+s f> beyond ! rea* ( any o!r s5se3 ,t by means ( x we c f9d our way 9 ! pa?less ocean2 t we c trav]se ! globe ( ! e>?1 det]m9e its figure & dim5sions1 & del9eate e region ( x4 ,yea1 t we c measure ! planet>y orbs1 & make discov]ies 9 ! sph]e ( ! fix$ />s4 8,w\ld x n appe> /ill m a/oni%+ to su* be+s1 if !y %\ld be fur!r in=m$1 ,t1 by means ( ?is same organ1 we c p]ceive ! temp]s & dispositions1 ! passions & affections ( our fell[-creatures1 ev5 :5 !y want mo/ to conceal !m8 ,t :5 ! tongue is taught mo/ artfully to lie & dissemble1 ! hypocrisy %\ld appe> 9 ! c\nt5ance to a disc]n+ eye2 ,& t by ?is organ1 we c (t5 p]ceive :at is /raight & :at is crook$ 9 ! m9d z well z 9 ! body8--,h[ _m my/]i\s ?+s mu/ a bl9d man believe1 if he w give cr$it to ! relations ( ^? t see6 ,surely he ne$s z /rong a fai? z is requir$ ( a good ,*ri/ian40#abc ,! same obs]vation has be5 put 9 a /rong light1 by ! supposition1 t x _h be5 z uncommon1 to be born ) ! p[] ( sight1 z x is n[ to be born incapable ( x2--9 :i* case x has be5 truly said1 t 8! few :o _h ?is r>e gift w\ld appe> z prophets or inspir$ tea*]s to ! _m40#abd ,! v easy pr$ictions ?us made1 w\ld be f\nd1 con/antly1 or almo/ con/antly fulfill$1 by ^? :o c\ld =m no conception ( ! means by :i* ! effects pr$ict$ 7 =ese52 & wond]ful z ! dreams & visions ( prophetic inspiration may appe>1 !y surely c\ld n seem m wond]ful1 z a m$ium ( communication1 ?an t by :i* ! v secrets ( ! m9d1 & ev5ts app>5tly ! mo/ di/ant1 7 made kn[n1 ?r\gh ! int]v5tion ( a small ball l ! eye4 ,9 %ew+ ! mann] by :i* we le>n to comb9e1 ) our visual s5sations1 ! k obta9$ by t\*2 or1 z ,i am r incl9$ to ?9k1 = reasons =m]ly /at$1 ! k falsely ascrib$ to m]e t\*2 x w n be necess>y to g ov] ! diff]5t v>ieties ( figure1 magnitude1 di/ance4 ,! mo/ /rik+ ( ^! is di/ance1--:i*1 inde$1 may be truly said to involve ! o!r two2 s9ce ! di/ance ( an object is m]ely ! ext5sion ( ! long l9e t int]v5es betwe5 ! object & our eye1 & ! consequ5t magnitude ( ! int]v5+ objects1 & t :i* we consid]1 reg>d$ z "o ext5d$ :ole4 ,( ?is "o great :ole1 :at we t]m ! di/ant object1 is no?+ m ?an ! b\nd>y4 ,! cottage1 at ! end ( a field1 is a "p ( t comp\nd magnitude ( :i* ! field & ! cottage are sep>ately p>ts1 exactly 9 ! same mann] z ! w+ ( a h\se1 is a "p ( ! comp\nd magnitude ( ! :ole build+4 ,! l9e ( field :i* connects our eye ) ! cottage1 may1 inde$1 be a long] l9e1 b x is a l9e ( precisely ! same sort z t :i* connects ! w+s ( ! h\se ) our organ ( sight1 or ) ea* o!r4 ,x is va9 to ?9k ( ascrib+ ! p]ception ( di/ance to ! measurem5t ( ! diff]5t angles subt5d$ by objects1 at diff]5t di/ances1 or to an equally nice measurem5t ( ! diff]5t degrees ( incl9ation ( ! axis ( ! eyes1 necess>y = di/9ct vision1 9 p>ticul> cases1--z if all m5 7 in/9ctively geomet]s1 & ! peasant & ! v idiot 7 incessantly occupi$ 9 measur+ angles2 = if ?is measurem5t 7 truly in/9ctive1 x w\ld occur1 9 infancy1 z 9 maturity1 & be imm$iate1 9 ^? :o h acquir$ ! p[] ( vision1 by t surgical op]ation to :i* ,i allud$ 9 my la/ ,lecture4 ,b ! mo/ decisive ( all consid]ations1 ) respect to ?is suppos$ geometry1 is1 t ! angles1 subt5d$ by ! object at its diff]5t di/ances1 & ! incl9ation ( ! optic axis1 9 ! spontane\s accommodation ( ! eyes to ! di/9ct vision ( ! object at diff]5t di/ances1 ?\gh truly exi/+1 to ! m]e optical exam9] ( ! object1 & ! light1 & ! eye1 z "o comp\nd ph5om5on1 h no real exi/5ce1 z feel+s ( ! m9d1 ( ! individual :o sees1 & are kn[n b to v few ( ! imm5se multitudes1 :o )\t ! slighte/ acqua9tance ) geometry1 or ! slighte/ k ( ! v l9es1 ^: angles !y are suppos$ to measure1 are yet able to di/+ui% ! di/ances ( objects z accurately z ! mo/ exp]t ma!matician4 ,h[ is x possible t ! angles1 :i* remote objects make relatively to ! eye1 %\ld be kn[n orig9ally1 :5 ! remote objects !mselves are n kn[n1 b m]ely ! po9ts ( light on ! ret9a8 ,9 relation to ! eye1 z ! organ1 & to ! m9d1 z orig9ally s5ti5t 9 vision1 ^! po9ts ( light 7 truly all t exi/$4 ,! light1 inde$1 trav]s$ a c]ta9 space1 9 pass+ f ! object to ! eye1 & ! l9es ( direction ( ! diff]5t rays1 9 arriv+ at "o focal po9t at ! ret9a1 =m$ truly diff]5t angles4 ,b ! angles c\ld n be kn[n1 unless ! radiant l9es !mselves 7 kn[n2 & ( ^!1 ! m9d c\ld h no k4 ,dur+ ! :ole "t ( _! conv]g5ce1 till !y rea*$ ! expansion ( ! optic n]ve1 ! rays ( light 7 z little capable ( produc+ vision1 z d>kness itself2 &1 :5 !y rea*$ ! ret9a1 ! l9es1 & consequ5tly ! angles1 exi/$ no m4 ,( :atev] use1 !re=e1 su* angles may be to ! optician1 9 lay+ d[n1 & illu/rat+ ! pr9ciples ( 8 sci5ce1 !y are ( no use 9 ! actual liv+ measurem5ts ( sight4 ,man may reason1 inde$1--b he mu/ reason f :at he kn[s2 &1 !re=e1 if ! det]m9ation ( di/ance be ! result ( any judgm5t1 x mu/ be ( a judgm5t =m$ f feel+s :i* truly h1 or h _h exi/5ce4 ,su* feel+s1 ! elem5ts ( our visual judgm5ts1 x is n v difficult to discov]4 ,! great pr9ciple1 9 ?is case1 is ! pr9ciple ( association1 by :i* ! notions d]iv$ f t\*1--or1 at lea/1 ! notions :i* are commonly suppos$ to be d]iv$ f t s5se1 are sugge/$ imm$iately by ! visual feel+s :i* coexi/$ ) ! s5sations ( t\*2 9 ! same mann]1 z ! words ( a language1 :5 a language has be5 fully le>n$1 sugge/ :atev] ! words may h be5 us$ to d5ote4 ,a *ild1 ^: eye has already le>n$ to di/+ui% objects1 he>s ! ^w cup frequ5tly repeat$1 :5 a cup is held be=e him2 & ! ^w aft]w>ds sugge/s ! ?+4 ,?is process e "o und]/&s4 ,b we are n equally aw>e1 t1 9 ! prior /age ( le>n+ to di/+ui% ! cup by ! eye1 ! *ild w5t ?r\gh a process exactly simil>1--t ! visual feel+1 :i* ! rays ( light f ! cup excit$1 coexi/$ ) ! tactual & muscul> feel+1 :5 he h&l$ ! cup2 & t ! "o feel+ 0 ?us associat$1 =ev] aft] ) ! o!r4 ,! means by :i* we acquire our k ( ! di/ance ( objects1 may be r$uc$ to ?ree1--! diff]5ce ( ! affections ( ! optic n]ve1--! diff]5t affections ( ! muscles1 employ$ 9 v>y+ ! refract+ p[] ( ea* eye1 accord+ to ! di/ance ( objects1 & 9 produc+ t p>ticul> incl9ation ( ! axis ( ! two eyes1 :i* directs !m bo? equally on ! p>ticul> object1--&1 ?irdly1 ! previ\s k ( ! di/ance ( o!r objects1 :i* =m1 ) t :i* we are consid]+1 a "p ( "o comp\nd p]ception4 ,to beg91 !n1 ) ! affections ( ! ret9a4 ,^! become signs ( di/ance1 9 two ways1 by ! ext5t ( ! "p ( ! ret9a affect$1 & by ! m or less vivid affection ( ! "p4 ,x is evid5t1 f ! laws ( optics1 t1 accord+ to ! di/ance ( ! object f ! eye1 !re mu/1 :5 all o!r circum/ances are ! same1 be a diff]5ce ( ! ext5t ( ! ret9a1 on :i* ! light falls4 ,?is illum9at$ portion ( ! n]v\s expanse1 z suppos$ to be in/antly p]ceiv$1 is :at is t]m$ ! visible figure ( an object2 &1 ?\gh ,i am dispos$ to "q ! k1 :i* ! m9d is believ$ to acquire ( ?is figure1 f ! m]e s5sation ( col\r1 to :i* ! affection ( ! ret9a gives rise1--,i am f> f d5y+1 t ! s5sation itself1 :atev] x may orig9ally be1 w be diff]5t accord+ to ! ext5t ( ! ret9a affect$1 z ! s5sation ( heat is diff]5t1 accord+ to ! ext5t ( ! surface1 :i* has gr[n w>m] or cold]1--or ( fragrance1 accord+ z a small numb] ( odor\s p>ticles h act$ on a portion ( ! surface ( ! organ ( smell1 or a great] numb] ( ^! on a great] portion ( t surface4 ,! diff]5t feel+s1 !n1 :5 m or less ( ! ret9a has be5 affect$1 are capable ( be+ associat$ ) o!r feel+s1 :i* may coexi/ ) !m4 ,an object1 held at ! di/ance ( a foot f ! eye1 affects "o "p ( ! ret9a1--held at arm's l5g?1 x affects less ( ! ret9a2 & ?is diff]5ce1 n inde$ z p]ceiv$ 9 figure1 b z p]ceiv$ 9 ! v>iety1 :atev] t may orig9ally be1 ( ! result+ s5sation1 be+ f\nd con/ant & uni=m1 becomes ( itself significant ( ! di/ance4 ,ano!r mode1 9 :i* ! affection ( ! ret9a becomes significant ( di/ance1 is by ! brightness or dimness ( ! visible figure1 & its di/9ctness or indi/9ctness ( outl9e2 or1 z ,i w\ld r say1 by ! peculi> s5sations1 )\t reg>d to figure1 :i* accompany ^? v>ieties ( light4 ,s9ce1 at a di/ance1 less light falls f objects on ! eye1 & _! outl9e becomes less def9ite1 a new measure is ?us obta9$1 9 addition to t :i* is d]iv$ f ! m]e diff]5ce 9 ext5t ( ! ret9a affect$4 ,9 ! illusion ( ?is spontane\s measurem5t1 consi/s ! *ief magic ( ! pa9t]s art4 ,by diff]5t %ades ( col\r1 he produces correspond+ p]ceptions ( di/ance2 & ?us1 mak+ "o "p ( a plane surface seem m remote ?an ano!r1 conv]ts x1 z f> z ! m]e eye c judge1 into a cube or sph]e1 or any o!r solid1 :i* he *uses to pres5t to u4 ,by ! indi/9ct outl9e :i* he gives to 8 small figures1 9 ! back gr\nd ( a l&scape1 he leads u to consid] !m1 n z dim9utive 9 !mselves1 :i* we %\ld conceive !m to be1 if1 ) equal smallness1 _! outl9e 7 cle>]1 b m]ely z less or m remote4 ,he is ?us able to v>y 8 figures 9 ?ree ways1 to make !m l>g] or small]1 m or less bright1 & m or less precisely def9$2 &1 by unit+ ^! v>ieties1 9 v>i\s proportions1 to di/+ui% n m]ely :at is l>ge f :at is small1 b ! dim9utive f ! di/ant1 & ! gigantic f ! ne>4 ,accord+ly we f9d1 t1 9 circum/ances1 9 :i* ! m$ium ( transmission ( light f objects is mu* alt]$1 our p]ception ( di/ance & magnitude becomes less accurate4 ,9 a fog1 objects appe> to u greatly magnifi$2 because1 ! effect produc$ on ! ret9a1 9 ! ext5t ( ! visible figure & its dimness & indef9ite outl9e1 is truly ! same1 z :5 a l>g] object1 9 ! common /ate ( ! atmosph]e1 is se5 by u at a di/ance4 ,f ! same pr9ciple1 objects se5 "u a bright] sky1 & 9 pur] air1 seem ne>] ?an !y really are1 to ^?1 ^: notions ( di/ance h be5 acquir$ 9 a less happy climate4 ,?is has be5 rem>k$1 by travell]s 9 ,italy1 & p>ticul>ly by "o ( ! mo/ illu/ri\s ( ^? :o h visit$ t beautiful c\ntry1--a travell]1 ^: att5tion _h be5 p>ticul>ly turn$ to obs]vations ( ?is sort4 ,! v acute obs]v]1 ( :om ,i speak1 is ,b]keley1 9 ^: ,!ory ( ,vision !re is to be f\nd a v int]e/+ ,section1 9 :i* he at once describes ?is impression1 & acc\nts = x4 ,our affections ( ! ret9a1 !n1 bo? 9 ! ext5t ( ! n]v\s expansion affect$1 & 9 ! species ( affection1 af=d "o set ( feel+s1 ) :i* ! notion ( di/ance may be associat$1 9 ! same mann] z ! s\nds or visual *>act]s ( a language may be associat$ ) ! conceptions :i* !y d5ote1 or any o!r feel+s ) any o!r feel+s4 ,! next set ( feel+s :i* we h to consid]1 9 relation to our p]ception ( di/ance1 belong to a class1 ( ! importance ( :i* ,i h _h frequ5t occasion to speak1 ! muscul> feel+s1 9 ! contraction ( ^? muscles1 :i* adapt ! nice refract+ app>atus 9 ea* eye1 to ! degree ( refraction1 necess>y = di/9ct vision 9 ! p>ticul> case1 & produce t incl9ation ( ! axis ( vision to ea* o!r1 :i* is necess>y = direct+ bo? eyes equally on ! object4 ,! muscul> feel+ may be slight inde$1 b /ill x is suffici5t to modify1 9 "s degree1 ! :ole comp\nd s5sation ( ! mom5t4 ,"o degree ( contraction is att5d$ ) a p>ticul> feel+2 ano!r degree ) a diff]5t feel+2 &1 z !re are v>i\s muscles1 subs]vi5t to ! motions ( ! eyes1 "s ( :i* are ex]t$1 :ile o!rs are quiesc5t1--! feel+1 x is evid5t1 mu/ v>y1 n ) ! degree ( contraction m]ely1 b also ) ! muscles contract$4 ,a c]ta9 muscul> feel+1 h[ev] simple or complex1 accompanies ! m]e visual s5sation1 & bl5ds ) x2 & x is ) ?is comp\nd feel+1 muscul> & visual1 t ! notion ( di/ance is associat$4 ,! muscul> adaptation1 h[ev]1 x may be rem>k$1 seems1 9 a great measure1 to imply ! v k :i* x is suppos$ to give2 s9ce we _c1 in/antly & volunt>ily1 adapt our eyes to ! /ate necess>y = di/9ct vision1 at a p>ticul> di/ance1 unless we h previ\sly kn[n t p>ticul> di/ance4 ,! necess>y adaptation1 h[ev]1 if x be n ! result ( a rapid *ange ( v>i\s degrees ( contraction 9 ea* p>ticul> case may dep5d1 n on our k & w1 b on an in/9ctive connexion ( c]ta9 motions ) c]ta9 feel+s1 9 :i* !re is z little consci\sness ( design1 z 9 t v analog\s in/9ct1 or connexion ( motions ) feel+s1 :i* increases or dim9i%es ! diamet] ( ! pupil1 accord+ to ! quantity ( light :i* is p\r$ ^u ! eye1 :5 ! individual1 f> f will+ ! contraction1 does n "k ev5 t su* a contraction has tak5 place4 ,a ?ird elem5t1 9 ! calculation ( ! di/ance ( an object1 is ! previ\s k ( ! di/ance ( o!r objects1 :i* =m toge!r ) x "o comp\nd p]ception4 ,?us1 :5 we look along a road1 & obs]ve a man on horseback1 :o has ne>ly approa*$ a h\se :i* we "k1 we h ( c\rse little difficulty 9 det]m9+ ! di/ance ( ! rid]4 ,e "o mu/ h felt h[ mu* easi] 8 judgm5ts ( ! di/ance ( mov+ objects are1 9 sc5es ) :i* he is 9 "s degree acqua9t$1 ?an 9 a c\ntry :i* is new to him2 & :at aid ! int]position ( a v>iety ( objects gives1 ev5 ?\gh we may n be well acqua9t$ ) ! exact ext5t & di/ance ( ea*4 ,to an inexp]i5c$ eye1 !re=e1 9 a fir/ voyage1 a %ip at a di/ance seems f> ne>] ?an x truly is1 f ! abs5ce ( v>i$ int]v5+ objects 9 ! l9e betwe54 ,ev5 9 ! case ( a riv]1 :i* is n s broad z to prev5t u f di/+ui%+ objects on ! opposite side1 x is ) great difficulty t we attempt to guess ! di/ance1 ) any approa* to exactness4 ,!re is a con/ant t5d5cy to suppose ! bread? ( ! riv] less ?an x is1 & consequ5tly ! objects on ! opposite bank ne>] ?an !y are4 ,= ! same reason1 ! horizontal l9e1 9 :i* innum]able objects int]v5e betwe5 ! eye & ! horizon1 appe>s s mu* long] ?an ! l9e ( altitude ( ! m]idian1 t ! vault ( ! sky does n seem a hemisph]e1 b a f> small] segm5t ( a great sph]e4 ,on ?is subject1 h[ev]1 ri* z x is 9 illu/ration1 my "t w n all[ me to dwell long]4 ,b ,i regret ?is ! less1 z ! subject is "o ( ^?1 :i* 9 ! dep>tm5t ( optics1 come "u ! consid]ation ( "o ( my ,colleagues1 ^: happy ,g5ius has ! art ( describ+ fully :at ! n>r[ compass ( 8 lectures may h oblig$ him to /ate briefly2 & :o leaves little = o!rs to add1 ev5 on subjects to :i* he alludes only = incid5tal illu/ration4 ,^! few v slight rem>ks1 h[ev]1 w be suffici5t to %[1 9 :at mann] ! notion ( di/ance may be associat$ ) m]e visual feel+s1 t 9 !mselves orig9ally involve no notion ( di/ance1 z ! words ( a language1 :i*1 9 !mselves1 ei!r z s\nds or *>act]s1 involve no relation to "o object m ?an to ano!r1 become in/antly significant ( p>ticul> objects1 & excite emotions ( love or joy1 or hate1 or indignation1 l ! v pres5ce ( "s liv+ fri5d or foe4 ,x has be5 v ju/ly rem>k$1 t1 if all m5 _h uni=mly spok5 ! same language1 9 e "p ( ! _w1 x w\ld be difficult = u n to ?9k t !re is a natural connexion ( our ideas & ! words :i* we use to d5ote !m2 & x is n wond]ful1 !re=e1 t a simil> illusion %\ld take place ) respect to :at may be t]m$ ! univ]sal language ( vision2 s9ce1 9 ! case ( visual p]ception1 all m5 may be truly said to h ! same language2 ! same s5sations ( sight1 be+ to all significant ( magnitude & di/ance4 ,& x is well t ! judgm5ts :i* we =m1 on ^! important po9ts1 are ?us prompt & spontane\s2 =1 if we _h to wait till we _h calculat$ ! di/ance & magnitude ( e ?+ ar\nd u1 by a measurem5t ( angles1 we %\ld be cut (f1 9 our optical c>e]1 be=e we c\ld1 ) all our geometry1 det]m9e1 ) precision1 :e!r ! ?+s :i* we ne$$ mo/1 or ! objects ( greate/ p]il to u1 7 t5 or a ?\s& paces di/ant1 & :e!r !y 7 ( ! bulk ( a mole hill or ( a m\nta94 ,a m9iature image ( ! objects :i* we see1 is pictur$ on ! ret9a1 9 an inv]t$ position2 & ?\gh an image is pictur$ 9 ea* eye1 we see n two objects b "o4 ,to philosoph]s1 :o are ev5 m exp]t 9 f9d+ my/]ies ?an 9 solv+ !m1 ?is s+le vision ( ! erect object1 f a d\ble image ( ! object inv]t$1 has usually seem$ v my/]i\s2 & yet !re is really no?+ 9 x at all my/]i\s1 to any "o1 :o has le>n$ to consid] h[ mu* ( ! visual p]ception is ref]able to association4 ,if ! light1 reflect$ f a s+le object t\*$ by u1 _h produc$ n two m]ely1 b two ?\s& sep>ate images 9 our eyes1 erect or inv]t$1 or 9 any int]m$iate degree ( incl9ation1 ! visual feel+1 ?us excit$1 h[ev] complex1 w\ld /ill h accompani$ ! t\* ( a s+le object2 & if only x _h accompani$ x uni=mly1 ! s+le object w\ld h be5 sugge/$ by x1 precisely 9 ! same mann] z x is n[ sugge/$ by ! p>ticul> visual feel+ t att5ds ! pres5t d\ble inv]t$ image4 ,to ?is suppos$ anomaly 9 ! language ( vision1 a p]fect analogy is to be f\nd 9 ! mo/ obvi\s cases ( common language4 ,! two words he conqu]$ excite exactly ! same notion z ! s+le ,lat9 ^w vicit2 & if any language 7 s p>aphra/ic z to employ t5 words = ! same purpose1 !re w\ld be no great reason = philosophic wond] at ! unity ( ! notion sugge/$ by s _m words4 ,! two images ( ! s+le object1 9 ! arbitr>y language ( visual p]ception1 are1 z x 71 two words significant ( "o notion4 ,:atev] ! simple orig9al s5sation ( vision may be1 !n1 x is capable ( be+ associat$ ) o!r notions1 s z to become significant ( !m4 ,b to :at does ! simple orig9al s5sation itself am\nt8 ,is x m]e col\r1--or is x some?+ m8 ,! univ]sal op9ion ( philosoph]s is1 t x is n col\r m]ely :i* x involves1 b ext5sion also1--t !re is a visible figure1 z well z a tangible figure--& t ! visible figure involves1 9 our in/ant orig9al p]ception1 sup]ficial l5g? & bread?1 z ! tangible figure :i* we le>n to see1 involves l5g?1 bread?1 & ?ickness4 ,t x is impossible = u1 at pres5t1 to sep>ate1 9 ! s5sation ( vision1 ! col\r f ! ext5sion1 ,i admit2 ?\gh n m completely impossible1 ?an x is = u to look on ! ?\s& feet ( a mead[1 & to p]ceive only ! small in* ( gre5ness on our ret9a2 & ! "o impossibility1 z mu* z ! o!r1 ,i conceive to arise only f intimate association1 subsequ5t to ! orig9al s5sations ( sight4 ,nor d ,i d5y1 t a c]ta9 "p ( ! ret9a1--:i*1 be+ limit$1 mu/ !re=e h figure1--is affect$ by ! rays ( light t fall on x1 z a c]ta9 bread? ( n]v\s expanse is affect$ 9 all ! o!r organs4 ,i cont5d only1 t ! p]ception ( ?is limit$ figure ( ! portion ( ! ret9a affect$1 does n ent] into ! s5sation itself1 m ?an 9 our s5sations ( any o!r species1 !re is a p]ception ( ! n]v\s bread? affect$4 ,! imm$iate p]ception ( visible figure has be5 assum$ z indisputable1 r ?an attempt$ to be prov$1--z1 be=e ! "t ( ,b]keley1 ! imm$iate visual p]ception ( di/ance1 & ( ! ?ree dim5sions ( matt]1 0 suppos$1 9 l mann]1 to be )\t any ne$ ( pro(2--& x is1 !re=e1 impossible to ref] to argum5ts on ! subject4 ,i presume1 h[ev]1 t ! reasons1 :i* h l$ to ?is belief1 ( ! imm$iate p]ception ( a figure t]m$ visible1 z di/+ui%$ f t tangible figure1 :i* we le>n to see1 are ! foll[+ two1--! only reasons :i* ,i c ev5 imag9e1--t x is absolutely impossible1 9 our pres5t s5sations ( sight1 to sep>ate col\r f ext5sion1--& t !re are1 9 fact1 a c]ta9 l5g? & bread? ( ! ret9a1 on :i* ! light falls4 ,) respect to ! fir/ ( ^! argum5ts1 x mu/ be admitt$1 by ^? :o cont5d = ! imm$iate p]ception ( visible figure1 t x is n[ impossible = u to ref] to our orig9al feel+s1 & t we c speak1 ) absolute c]ta9ty1 only ( our pres5t feel+s1 or1 at lea/1 ( ^? :i* we rememb]1 z belong+ to a p]iod long aft] our fir/ s5sations4 ,:at may1 or may n1 h be5 orig9ally sep>able1 we _c !n1 det]m9e4 ,b :at1 ev5 n[1 is ! species ( ext5sion1 :i* x is impossible = u1 9 our visual p]ceptions1 to sep>ate f col\r8 ,is !re ! slighte/ consci\sness ( a p]ception ( visible figure1 correspond+ ) ! affect$ portion ( ! ret9a1--or is n ! sup]ficial magnitude1 & ! only magnitude1 :i* we connect ) col\r1 9 any case1 ! v sup]ficial magnitude :i* we t]m tangible1--a magnitude1 t does n dep5d on ! diamet] ( ! ret9a1 b is v>i\sly1 great] or less1 dep5d+ only on ! magnitude & di/ance ( ! ext]nal object4 ,! m]e l5g? & bread?1 !n1 :i* we _c sep>ate f col\r1 are n ! l5g? & bread? ( ! figure t]m$ visible1--= ( ! p]ception ( ^! limit$ dim5sions1 we h no consci\sness1--b ! l5g? & bread? t are truly tangible2--& !re is n a s+le mom5t ( visual p]ception1 9 :i* ! slighte/ evid5ce is af=d$ by our consci\sness ( t difficulty ( sep>ation1 ) respect to ! affect$ portion ( ! expanse ( ! ret9a1 on :i* ! suppos$ argum5t1 z to ! p]ception ( visible figure1 is f\nd$4 ,ev5 ?\gh ! sup]ficial dim5sions ( l5g? & bread?1 connect$ ) col\r 9 vision1 7 ^? ( ! figur$ ret9a affect$1 & 7 necess>ily limit$ to its small expanse1 !re w\ld /ill be no great] impossibility ( sep>at+ ! col\r f m]e l5g? & bread? 9 vision1 ?an ( sep>at+ x f ! triple dim5sions ( l5g?1 bread?1 & ?ickness3 & ! argum5t1 !re=e1 if x _h any =ce1 w\ld be equally applicable to ^!4 ,i op5 my eyes1 9 ! light ( day1 ) a wide l&scape ar\nd me4 ,i h a s5sation1 or p]ception1 ( v>ieties ( col\r1 & ( all ! dim5sions ( matt]4 ,i _c sep>ate ! col\r f ! l5g? & bread? ( ! trunk ( a l>ge oak be=e me2 b equally impossible is x = me1 to sep>ate ! col\r f ! convexity & ! magnitude2 &1 f ?is equal impossibility1 ,i might conclude1 ) equal =ce1 t ! p]ception ( ! convexity & ! magnitude is imm$iate & orig9al1 z ! p]ception ( m]e l5g? & bread?4 ,:]e all ?+s are equal1 we _c ju/ly d5y to "o :at we all[ to ano!r4 ,he :o affirms1 t1 9 look+ at a sph]e1 he c sep>ate1 z elem5ts ( 8 s5sation1 ! col\r & ! convexity1 may be all[$ to use ?is argum5t ( impossibility1 z pro( ( orig9al connexion1 9 ! o!r case4 ,b x is only a p]son s privileg$ by nature1--& :]e is su* a p]son to be f\nd8--:o c fairly use x4 ,we are able1 inde$1--n :ile we cont9ue to look at ! sph]e1 b ) a sort ( m5tal ef=t1 aft]w>ds to sep>ate ! col\r f ! convexity1 & to imag9e ! same col\r unit$ ) any o!r surface1 plane or concave1--! reason ( :i* is v evid5t4 ,our s5sation ( col\r has n be5 uni=mly associat$ ) "o species ( ext5sion1 b ) all its v>ieties2 & may1 !re=e1 be sugge/$ 9 possible coexi/5ce ) all4 ,9 all ^! v>ieties1 h[ev]1 two dim5sions h be5 con/antly impli$2 &1 !re=e1 ! association ( col\r ) ^! is complete & indissoluble4 ,if e surface 9 nature _h be5 convex1 x is by no means improbable1 t we %\ld h f\nd ! same difficulty1 9 attempt+ to sep>ate col\r f convexity1 :i* we n[ f9d1 9 attempt+ to sep>ate x f m]e l5g? & bread?4 ,x is ! same1 9 v>i\s o!r affections ( ! m9d1 z 9 our s5sations4 ,!re are feel+s1 :i* we _c sep>ate f o!r feel+s1 & :i*1 we yet "k1 mu/ h be5 orig9ally sep>ate4 ,i might ref] to ! sil5t gr[? & maturity ( almo/ e passion1 ( :i* ! m9d is susceptible4 ,b !re is suffici5t pro(1 ev5 9 affections1 :i* seem in/antane\s4 ,! "m1 :5 %e looks at h] babe1 _c behold x )\t feel+s1 v diff]5t f ^?1 :i* ! same =m & col\r1 9 ano!r infant1 w\ld h excit$2 & yet1 impossible z x is to sep>ate1 9 ?is case1 ! m]e visual s5sation1 f t emotion ( happy & in/ant fondness :i* accompanies x1 !re is surely no natural connexion ( ! emotion1 ) ! m]e l5g?1 & bread?1 & col\r4 ,! impossibility ( sep>at+ ! s5sation ( col\r f ! notion ( ext5sion1 x appe>s1 !n1 is n a decisive pro( ( an orig9al connexion ( ^!2 =1 if x 7 decisive1 x w\ld prove /ill m2--& we might1 f ?is alone1 ass]t ) equal confid5ce1 ! orig9al visual p]ception ( ?ree dim5sions1 z t ( two1 & ( ! magnitude & figure1 :i* we t]m tangible1 z mu* z ( ^?1 :i* we h *os5 to t]m visible4 ,x is surely z little possible = u1 :5 we op5 our eyes on "s wide & magnific5t l&scape1 to sep>ate ! col\r1 z a m]e visual s5sation1 f ! field1 ! m\nta91 ! =e/1 ! /ream1 ! sky1 z to sep>ate x f ! half in*1 or in* ( our ret9a1 ( ! p]ception ( :i* we h no consci\sness 9 any case2 & x is too mu* = ^? :o d5y ! imm$iate p]ception ( ^? great] magnitudes1 to urge1 9 pro( ( ! necess>y orig9al p]ception ( ?is in* or half in*1 :at1 if valid 9 any respect1 mu/ e/abli% no less ! proposition :i* !y d5y1 ?an ! proposition :i* !y affirm4 ,b1 x w be said1 !re is truly a c]ta9 figure ( ! "p ( ! ret9a1 on :i* ! light falls4 ,! fact is und5iable4 ,b ! "q is1 n :e!r su* a figure exi/1 b :e!r ! p]ception ( ! figure necess>ily =m a "p ( ! s5sation4 ,! bra91 & n]v\s sy/em 9 g5]al1 are ( a c]ta9 =m1 :5 !y are affect$ 9 any mann]4 ,b x does n !re=e1 foll[1--z ! fact suffici5tly %[s1--t ! k ( ?is =m con/itutes any "p ( ! *angeful feel+ ( ! mom5t4 ,to conf9e ourselves1 h[ev]1 to ! m]e s5ses1--x is n 9 ! organ ( sight only1 t ! n]v\s matt] is ( a c]ta9 %ape3--x is exp&$ into "s %ape or o!r1 9 e organ4 ,:5 ! :ole1 or a "p1 !re=e1 ( ! olfactory organ1 is affect$ by ! rays ( od\r1 if ,i may s t]m !m1 we might1 ) exactly ! same gr\nd = our belief1 suppose1 t ! k ( a c]ta9 ext5sion mu/ accompany ! fragrance1 because a c]ta9 n]v\s expanse is1 9 ?is case1 affect$1 z t ! notion ( a c]ta9 ext5sion mu/1 = ! same reason1 & = ! same reason alone1 accompany ! s5sation ( col\r4 ,x is because ! same light1 :i* acts ^u ! organ ( "o p]son1 may be made visible to ano!r1 t we conceive x m peculi>ly to be figur$1 z x 71 on ! n]v\s expanse1 :5 x is n 9 itself truly m figur$1 ?an ! numb] ( coexi/+ p>ticles ( od\r1 :i* affect ! n]ve ( smell4 ,we _c exhibit ! p>ticles ( od\r1 h[ev]1 act+ on ! no/ril ( any "o4 ,b1 :5 ! eye is dissect$ f its orbit1 we c %[ ! image ( a lum9\s body1 di/9ctly =m$ ^u ! ret9a4 ,we1 ! obs]v]s ( ! dissect$ eye1 h ?us a cle>] notion ( ! l5g? & bread? ( ! n]v\s matt] affect$ 9 ! "o case ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,b x is n 9 ! dissect$ eye t vision takes place2 & z ! liv+ eye1 & ! liv+ no/rils1 are alike affect$ 9 m ?an "o physical po9t1 we mu/ surely admit1 t 9 bo? cases1 & 9 bo? cases equally1 a c]ta9 l5g? & bread? are affect$1 & t !re is an olfactory figure z truly z a visible figure4 ,! m]e visibility ( ! image to ano!r p]son _c alt] ! nature ( ! organic affection itself to ! s5ti5t individual4 ,if ! olfactory figure be n necess>ily accompani$ ) ! p]ception ( ext5sion1 !re is no /rong] reason a priori1 to suppose t :at is t]m$ ! visible figure1--:i* is no?+ m ?an a simil> affection ( a n]v\s expanse1--%\ld be accompani$ ) ! k ( ! "p ( ! ret9a affect$4 ,^! argum5ts1 h[ev]1 ?\gh !y seem to me to invalidate completely ! only argum5ts :i* ,i c imag9e to be urg$ 9 support ( our orig9al p]ception ( figure by ! eye1 are negative only4 ,b !re is also a positive argum5t1 :i* seems to me truly decisive1 aga9/ ! suppos$ necess>y p]ception ( visible figure1--t x implies ! bl5d+ ( ?+s :i* _c be bl5d$4 ,if ! m]e visual s5sation ( col\r imply1 9 itself1 no figure1 ,i c conceive x to be bl5d$ ) any figure2 b n s1 if x imply1 9 itself1 a fix$ def9ite figure1 s ess5tial to ! v s5sation ( ! col\r1 t )\t x ! col\r c\ld n = a s+le mom5t be p]ceiv$4 ,dur+ ! :ole "t1 !n1 9 :i* ,i am gaz+ on a wide l&scape1 !re is1 accord+ to ! op9ion ( ^? :o cont5d = ! necess>y p]ception ( visible figure1 n col\r m]ely1 b a c]ta9 small col\r$ expanse1 ( def9ite outl9e1 con/antly p]ceiv$--s9ce1 )\t ?is1 col\r itself c\ld n be p]ceiv$2 &1 dur+ all ?is "t1 !re is also a notion ( a figure ( a v diff]5t k9d1 ( ?ree dim5sions1 & ( magnitude almo/ inf9itely great]1 comb9$1 n ) col\r m]ely1 b ) ! same col\r$ expanse4 ,!re mu/1 !re=e1 be "s possible comb9ation ( ^! =ms & magnitudes2 s9ce x is ! col\r :i* we p]ceive t is bl5d$ ) ! tangible magnitudes sugge/$4 ,n[1 ?\gh !re are c]ta9 feel+s :i* may coexi/ & unite1 x appe>s to me1 t !re are o!rs :i* _c be s bl5d$4 ,i may comb9e1 = example1 my notion ( a plane or convex surface1 ) my notion ( :it5ess or blu5ess1 h>dness or s(tness1 r\ghness or smoo?ness2 b ,i _c bl5d my notions ( ^! two surfaces1 ! plane & ! convex1 z "o surface1 bo? plane & convex1 m ?an ,i c ?9k ( a :ole :i* is less ?an a fraction ( itself1 or a squ>e1 ( :i* ! sides are n equal1 & ! angles equal only to ?ree "r angles4 ,! same blue or :ite surface _c appe> to me1 !n1 at once plane & convex1 z x mu/ d if !re be a visible figure ( "o exact outl9e coexi/+ ) ! tactual figure :i* is ( a diff]5t outl9e2 nor1 ev5 ?\gh ! surface 7 9 bo? cases plane1 c x appe> to me1 at ! same mom5t1 half an in* squ>e1 & _m feet squ>e4 ,all ?is mu/ be done1 h[ev]1 z (t5 z we op5 our eyes1 if !re be truly any p]ception ( visible figure coexi/+ ) ! m]e sugge/ions ( t\*4 ,! visible figure ( ! sph]e1 on :i* ,i fix my gaze1 is said to be a plane ( two dim5sions insep>able f col\r1 & ?is insep>able col\r mu/ yet be comb9$ ) ! sph]e1 :i* ,i p]ceive di/9ctly to be convex4 ,accord+ to ! common !ory1 !re=e1 x is at once1 to my p]ception1 convex & plane2 &1 if ! sph]e be a l>ge "o1 x is p]ceiv$1 at ! same mom5t1 to be a sph]e ( _m feet 9 diamet]1 & a plane circul> surface ( ! diamet] ( a qu>t] ( an in*4 ,! ass]tion ( s /range a comb9ation ( incongruities w\ld1 inde$1 require "s p[]ful argum5ts to ju/ify x2 yet is has be5 ass]t$1 n m]ely )\t positive evid5ce1 z if n /&+ 9 ne$ ( any pro(1 b 9 absolute opposition to our consci\sness2 & ! only argum5ts :i* we c ev] imag9e to be urg$ = x1 are1 z we h se51 ( no weight1--or w\ld t5d z mu* to prove ! orig9al visual p]ception ( tangible figures1 z ( ! figure t is t]m$ visible4 ,is x n at lea/ m probable1 !re=e1 t ?\gh1 l ! p>ticles ( od\r :5 !y act ^u our no/rils1 ! rays ( light affect a portion ( ! ret9a1 s z to produce on x an image1 :i*1 if ! eye 7 sep>at$ f its orbit1 & its coats dissect$1 might be a di/9ct visible figure to ! eye ( ano!r obs]v]2 ?is figure ( ! portion ( ! ret9a affect$1 ent]s z little into ! simple orig9al s5sation ( sight1 z ! figure ( ! portion ( ! olfactory n]v\s expanse1 :5 x is affect$1 ent]s into ! s5sations ( smell8--& t1 :5 ! simple affection ( sight is bl5d$ ) ! ideas ( sugge/ion1 9 :at are t]m$ ! acquir$ p]ceptions ( vision1--z1 = example1 9 ! p]ception ( a sph]e1--x is col\r only :i* is bl5d$ ) ! l>ge convexity1 & n a small col\r$ plane8--:i* small col\r$ plane be+ necess>ily limit$ 9 ext5t & =m1 s z nev] to be l>g] ?an ! ret9a itself1 _c bl5d ) v>i\s =ms & magnitudes1 & :i*1 if x c\ld ev5 be suppos$ to con/itute a "p ( ! convexity ( a sph]e p]ceiv$ by u1 /ill c\ld n diffuse its own limit$ & insep>able col\r ov] ! :ole magnitude ( ! sph]e4 ,i h /at$ to y my own op9ion ) respect to visible figure1--an op9ion1 :i* to myself1 ,i confess1 appe>s almo/ c]ta91 or1 at lea/1 f> m probable ?an ! op9ion g5]ally ent]ta9$1 t has no evid5ce 9 our consci\sness at any "o mom5t ( vision to support x4 ,b on subjects ( ?is k9d1 :i* are 9 !mselves s v subtile1 &1 !re=e1 s liable to error1 ,i mu/ beg y1 at all times1 & especially :5 ! opposite s5tim5t has ! au?ority ( g5]al belief1 to consid] any op9ion1 :i* ,i may submit to y1 z (f]$ m to y\r reflection1 ?an = y\r passive adoption ( x4 ,if ,i wi% y1--rev]5tly1 inde$1 b /ill freely1--to weigh ! evid5ce ( doctr9es ( philosophy1 :i* are sanction$ ev5 by ! greate/ names ( e age1 ,i mu/ wi% y /ill m1 because x w be /ill m y\r duty1 to weigh well ! evid5ce ( op9ions t come to y1 ) no o!r au?ority ?an t ( "o v fallible individual4 ,9 look+ back on ! s5ses :i* we h be5 consid]+1 :at a b\ndless field d we seem already to h be5 endeav\r+ to trav]se8 & h[ admirable w\ld ! m9d h be51 ev5 ?\gh x _h be5 capable ( no o!r (fice ?an t ( repres5t+1 9 ! union ( all its s5sations1 z 9 a liv+ mirror ( ! univ]se1 ! spl5did conceptions ( ! great ,be+ :o =m$ x2 or1 r ( creat+ a-new 9 itself1 t v univ]se :i* x repres5ts & admires8 ,su* is ! p[] ( ! s5ses2--( ----8s5ses1 t inh]it e>? & heav5s1 ,enjoy ! v>i\s ri*es ,nature yields2-- ,f> nobl]1 give ! ri*es !y enjoy2 ,give ta/e to fruits1 & h>mony to groves1 ,_! radiant beams to gold1 & gold's bright fire2 ,take 9 at once ! l&scape ( ! _w1 ,at a small inlet1 :i* a gra9 might close1 ,& half create ! wond]\s _w !y see4 ,b = ! magic organ's p[]ful *>m1 ,e>? 7 a rude1 uncol\r$ *aos /ill2-- ,l ,milton's ,eve1 :5 gaz+ on ! lake1 ,man makes ! mat*less image1 man admires40#abe ,,footnotes3 #abb ,judicium ,p>idis1 v4 #adf--aeh4 ,ap4 ,mus4 ,anglican1 vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #bgd4 ,,edit4 #agda4 #abc ,inquiry into ! ,human ,m9d1 c4 c4 #f4 sect4 #a4 #abd ,reid's ,inquiry into ! ,human ,m9d1 c4 c4 #f4 sect4 #b4 #abe ,"y's ,night ,?\ghts1 ,,vi4 v4 #dbj-dbg1 #dbi-dcj1 & #dce-dcf4 ,,lecture ,,xxx4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,op9ions ,,reg>d+ ,,p]ception4 ,g5tlem51 9 my la/ ,lecture1 ,i br\ght to a conclusion my rem>ks on ,vision1 ) an inquiry into ! ju/ness ( ! univ]sal belief1 t1 9 ! p]ception ( objects by ?is s5se1 !re are two modifications ( ext5sion1 a visible z well z a tangible figure2 ! "o orig9ally & imm$iately p]ceiv$ by ! eye1 ! o!r sugge/$ by =m] exp]i5ce4 ,i /at$1 at consid]able l5g?1 "s argum5ts :i* induce me to believe1 9 opposition to ! univ]sal doctr9e1--t1 9 :at are t]m$ ! acquir$ p]ceptions ( sight1 !re is n ?is union ( two sep>ate figures ( diff]5t dim5sions1 :i* _c be comb9$ ) ea* o!r1 m ?an ! ma!matical conceptions ( a squ>e & a circle c be comb9$ 9 ! conception ( "o simple figure2 t ! orig9al s5sations ( col\r1 ?\gh1 l ! s5sations ( smell or ta/e1 & e o!r species ( s5sation1 aris+ f affections ( def9ite portions ( n]v\s sub/ance1 d n involve ! p]ception ( ?is def9ite outl9e1 m ?an m]e fragrance or sweetness1 b t ! col\r is p]ceiv$ by u z figur$1 only 9 consequ5ce ( be+ bl5d$ by intimate associations ) ! feel+s commonly ascrib$ to t\*4 ,philosoph]s1 inde$1 h admitt$1 or1 at lea/1 mu/ admit1 t we h no consci\sness ( t :i* !y yet suppose to be con/antly tak+ place1 & t ! only figure :i* does truly seem to u1 9 vision1 to be comb9$ ) col\r1 is t :i* !y t]m tangible1--t1 = example1 we _c look at a col\r$ sph]e1 ( f\r feet diamet]1 )\t p]ceiv+ a col\r$ figure1 :i* is t ( a sph]e f\r feet 9 diamet]1 & n a pla9 circul> surface ( ! diamet] ( half an in*2 yet1 ?\gh we h no consci\sness ( p]ceiv+ any su* small col\r$ circle1 & h no reason to believe t su* a p]ception takes place1 !y /ill cont5d1 )\t any evid5ce :atev]1 t we see at e mom5t :at we d n rememb] to h ev] se54 ,aft] our v full discussion ( ! g5]al ph5om5a ( p]ception1--z common to all our s5ses1 & z peculi>ly modifi$ 9 ! diff]5t tribes ( our s5sations1--,i might n[ quit a subject1 to :i* its prim>y int]e/ z ! orig9 ( our k1 has l$ me to pay1 p]haps1 a disproportionate att5tion4 ,b besides ! !ories1 to ! consid]ation ( :i* our g5]al inquiry has incid5tally l$ u1 !re are "s hypo!tical op9ions on ! subject1 ( :i* x is necess>y t y %\ld "k at lea/ ! outl9e1--n because !y ?r[ any real light on ! ph5om5a ( p]ception1 b because1 extravagantly hypo!tical z !y are1 !y are yet ! op9ions ( philosoph]s1 ^: em95ce1 9 o!r respects1 r5d]s indisp5sable "s slight k ev5 ( _! v errors4 ,9 review+ ^! hypo!ses1 x w be necess>y to call y\r att5tion to t doctr9e ( causation1 :i* ,i be=e illu/rat$ at great l5g?1 & :i* ,i tru/1 !re=e1 ,i may safely take = grant$ t y h n =gott54 ,9 s5sation1 ,i consid] ! feel+ ( ! m9d to be ! simple effect ( ! pres5ce ( ! object2 or1 at lea/1 ( "s *ange1 :i* ! pres5ce ( ! object produces 9 ! s5sorial organ4 ,! object has ! p[] ( affect+ ! m9d2 ! m9d is susceptible ( be+ affect$ by ! object1--t is to say1 :5 ! organ1 9 consequ5ce ( ! pres5ce ( ! ext]nal object1 exi/s 9 a c]ta9 /ate1 ! affection ( ! m9d imm$iately foll[s4 ,if ! object 7 abs5t1 9 any p>ticul> case1 ! m9d w\ld n exi/ 9 ! /ate :i* con/itutes ! s5sation produc$ by x2 &1 if ! susceptibility ( ! m9d _h be5 diff]5t1 ! object might h exi/$1 z n[1 )\t any subsequ5t s5sation4 ,9 all ?is s]ies ( m]e *anges1 or affections1 9 consequ5ce ( c]ta9 o!r prec$+ *anges1 or affections1 ?\gh a "p ( ! s]ies be mat]ial1 & ano!r "p m5tal1 !re is truly1 z ,i h repeat$ly rem>k$ to y1 no m my/]y ?an 9 any o!r s]ies ( *anges1 9 :i* ! s]ies is n 9 matt] & m9d successively1 b exclusively 9 "o or ! o!r4 ,!re is a *ange ( /ate ( "o sub/ance1 9 consequ5ce ( a *ange ( "s sort 9 ano!r sub/ance2 & ?is m]e sequ5ce ( *ange aft] *ange is all :i* we "k 9 ei!r case4 ,! same ,almighty ,be+1 :o =m$ ! v>i\s sub/ances to :i* we give ! "n ( matt]1 =m$ also ! sub/ance to :i* we give ! "n ( m9d2 & ! qualities ) :i* he end[$ !m1 = ^? graci\s ends :i* he int5d$ !m to answ]1 are m]e susceptibilities ( *ange1 by :i*1 9 c]ta9 circum/ances1 !y beg9 imm$iately to exi/ 9 diff]5t /ates4 ,! weight ( a body is its t5d5cy to o!r bodies1 v>y+ accord+ to ! masses & di/ances2--9 ?is in/ance1 ! quality may be said to be /rictly mat]ial4 ,! gre5ness or r$ness ascrib$ to c]ta9 rays ( light1 are words expressive m]ely ( *anges t arise 9 ! m9d :5 ^! rays are pres5t on ! ret9a2 9 ?is case1 ! quality1 ?\gh ascrib$ to ! mat]ial rays z antec$5t1 involves ! consid]ation ( a c]ta9 *ange ( /ate 9 ! m9d :i* !y affect4 ,b ! gre5ness or r$ness1 ?\gh involv+ ! consid]ation bo? ( m9d affect$1 & matt] affect+1 is n less conceivable by u z a quality ( matt] ?an ! weight1 :i* also involves ! consid]ation ( two sub/ances1 affect+ & affect$1 ?\gh bo? g "u ! "n ( matt] alone4 ,all ! sequ5ces ( ph5om5a are my/]i\s1 or none are s4 ,x is wond]ful1 t ! pres5ce ( a load/one %\ld cause a piece ( iron to approa* x2 & t ! pres5ce ( ! moon1 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! heav5s1 %\ld be cont9ually alt]+ ! relative t5d5cies ( all ! p>ticles ( our e>?4 ,9 l mann]1 x is1 inde$1 wond]ful1 t a /ate ( our bodily organs %\ld be foll[$ by a *ange ( /ate ( ! m9d1 or a /ate ( our m9d by a *ange ( /ate ( our bodily organs2 b x is n m wond]ful1 ?an t matt] %\ld act on di/ant matt]1 or t "o affection ( ! m9d1 %\ld be foll[$ by ano!r affection ( ! m9d1 s9ce all :i* we "k 9 ei!r case1 :5 matt] acts ^u matt]1 or :5 x acts ^u m9d1 is1 t a c]ta9 *ange ( "o sub/ance has foll[$ a c]ta9 *ange ( ano!r sub/ance1--a *ange :i*1 9 all circum/ances exactly simil>1 x is expect$ by u to foll[ aga94 ,we h exp]i5ce ( ?is sequ5ce ( *anges alike 9 bo? cases2 &1 b = exp]i5ce1 we c\ld n1 9 ei!r case1 h pr$ict$ x4 ,?is view ( causation1 h[ev]1--z n m un9telligible 9 ! reciprocal sequ5ces ( ev5ts 9 matt] & m9d ?an 9 _! sep>ate sequ5ces1--c\ld n occur to philosoph]s :ile !y reta9$ _! my/]i\s belief ( secret l9ks1 connect+ e obs]v$ antec$5t ) its obs]v$ consequ5t2 s9ce m9d & matt] seem$1 by _! v nature1 unsusceptible ( any su* common bondage4 ,a peculi> difficulty1 !re=e1 z y may well suppose1 0 felt1 9 ! endeav\r to acc\nt = _! mutual successions ( ph5om5a1 :i* vani%es1 :5 ! necessity ( any connect+ l9ks 9 causation is %ewn to be falsely assum$4 ,9 _! views ( p]ception1 !re=e1 z a m5tal effect produc$ by a mat]ial cause1 philosoph]s appe> to h be5 emb>rass$ by two great difficulties3--! production ( ?is effect by remote objects1--z :5 we look at ! sun & />s1 9 _! almo/ inconceivable di/ances above our heads2 & ! production ( ?is effect by a sub/ance1 :i* has no common prop]ty t r5d]s x capable ( be+ l9k$ ) ! m9d 9 ! mann] suppos$ to be necess>y = causation4 ,^! two suppos$ difficulties appe>1 to me1 to h l$ to all ! wild hypo!ses t h be5 advanc$ ) respect to p]ception4 ,! =m] ( ^! difficulties1--9 ! remot5ess ( ! object p]ceiv$1--ev5 ?\gh ! pr9ciple _h n be5 false :i* supposes1 t a *ange _c take place 9 any sub/ance1 9 consequ5ce ( ! *ange ( position ( a di/ant object1--a pr9ciple1 :i* ! gravitation ( e atom disproves1--arose1 x is evid5t1 f false views ( ! real objects ( p]ception4 ,x is on ?is acc\nt1 t ,i 0 at "s pa9s1 :5 we ent]$ on our inquiry into ! nature ( p]ception1 to %ew ! futility ( ! di/9ction :i* is made ( objects t act imm$iately on ! s5ses1 & ^? :i* act on !m ?r\gh a m$ium1--! m$ium1 9 ?is case1 z light 9 vision1 & ! vibrat+ air 9 s\nd1 be+ ! real object ( ! p>ticul> s5se1--& ! ref]5ce to a m remote object be+ ! result1 n ( ! simple orig9al s5sation1 b ( k previ\sly acquir$4 ,! mi/ake z to ! real object ( p]ception1 & ! suppos$ difficulty ( action at a di/ance1 mu/ h _h v consid]able influ5ce 9 produc+ ! ,p]ipatetic doctr9e ( p]ception by species1 ( :i* ! cumbr\s ma*9]y seems to h be5 little m ?an a contrivance = de/roy+1 z x 71 ! di/ance betwe5 ! s5ses & ! objects t 7 suppos$ to act on !m4 ,accord+ to ?is doctr9e1 e object is cont9ually ?r[+ (f c]ta9 %ad[y films or resemblances ( itself1 :i* may be directly pres5t to our organs ( s5se1 at :atev] di/ance ! objects may be1 f :i* !y fl[$4 ,^! species or phantasms1--! belief ( ! sep>ate exi/5ce ( :i* mu/ h be5 greatly fav\r$ by ano!r t5et ( ! same s*ool1 ) respect to =m z ess5tially di/9ct f ! matt] ) :i* x is unit$1 7 suppos$ to be transmitt$1 9 a mann]1 :i* !re 0 no great anxiety to expla91 to ! bra9 & to ! m9d itself4 ,i ne$ n detail to y ! process by :i* ^! s5sible species1 ?r\gh ! int]v5tion ( :at 7 t]m$ ! active & passive intellect1 7 said to become1 at la/1 intelligible species1 s z to be objects ( our und]/&+4 ,x is ) ! m]e s5sitive "p ( ! process1 t we h at pres5t any conc]n2 & 9 ?is1 ( itself1 !re is suffici5t absurdity1 )\t trac+ all ! fur!r modifications1 ( :i* ! absurdity is capable1 if ,i may speak s lightly ( follies t h a "n1 :i*1 = m ?an a ?\s& ye>s1 0 ! mo/ v5]able ( human names1 to pass !m curr5t z wisdom1--& :i* 7 read & hon\r$ z wisdom by ! wise ( s _m g5]ations4 ,i _c pay y s v poor a complim5t1 z to suppose x necess>y to employ a s+le mom5t ( y\r "t 9 confut+ :at is n only a m]e hypo!sis1 7& an hypo!sis :i* leaves all ! real difficulties ( p]ception precisely z be=e17 b :i*1 ev5 z an hypo!sis1 is absolutely inconceivable4 ,if vision _h be5 our only s5se1 we might1 p]haps1 h und]/ood1 at lea/1 :at 0 meant by ! species1 t directly produce our visual images4 ,b :at is ! phantasm ( a s\nd or an od\r8 or :at species is x1 :i*1 at "o mom5t1 produces only ! feel+ ( cold1 or h>dness1 or figure1 :5 a knife is press$ aga9/ u1 & ! next mom5t1 :5 x p5etrates ! sk91 ! pa9 ( a cut8 ,! knife itself is exactly ! same unalt]$ knife1 :5 x is m]ely press$ aga9/ ! h&1 & :5 x produces ! incision2 & ! diff]5ce1 !re=e1 9 ! two cases1 mu/ arise1 n f any species :i* x is con/antly ?r[+ (f1 s9ce ^! w\ld be ! same1 at e mom5t1 b f "s /ate ( diff]5ce 9 ! m]e n]ves affect$4 ,i fe>1 h[ev]1 t ,i h already fall5 into ! folly :i* ,i pr(ess$ to avoid1--! folly ( attempt+ to confute1 :at1 consid]$ 9 itself1 is n wor?y ( be+ s]i\sly confut$1 & sc>cely wor?y ev5 ( be+ prov$ to be ridicul\s4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 9 ju/ice to its au?or1 t ! doctr9e ( p]ception1 by int]m$iate phantasms1 is n a s+le op9ion alone1 b a "p ( a sy/em ( op9ions1 & t !re are _m errors1 :i*1 if consid]$ s+ly1 appe> too extravagant = ! ass5t ( any rational m9d1 t lose mu* ( ?is extravagance1 by comb9ation ) o!r errors1 z extravagant4 ,:atev] difficulties ! hypo!sis ( species involv$1 x at lea/ seem$ to remove ! suppos$ difficulty ( p]ception at a di/ance1 & by ! half spiritual t5uity ( ! s5sible images1 seem$ also to af=d a sort ( int]m$iate l9k1 = ! connexion ( matt] ) m9d2 ?us appe>+ to obviate1 or at lea/ to less51 ! two great difficulties1 :i* ,i suppose to h giv5 occasion to ! pr9cipal hypo!sis on ?is subject4 ,:5 ! doctr9e ( species1 z modifi$1 9 ! d>k & b>r5 age ( ,dialectics1 by all ! additional absurdities1 :i* ! indu/ri\s sagacity ( ! s*oolm5 c\ld give to x1 _h1 at l5g?1 lo/ t empire1 :i* x nev] %\ld h possess$1 ! orig9al difficulty ( acc\nt+ = p]ception1 rema9$ z be=e4 ,if ! cause 0 to be l9k$1 9 "s mann] or o!r1 ) its effect1 h[ 0 matt]1 s diff]5t 9 all its prop]ties1 to be connect$ ) m9d8 ,! %orte/ possible mode ( obviat+ ?is difficulty1 01 by d5y+ t any direct causation :atev] took place betwe5 our m9d & our bodily organs8 & h5ce arose ! sy/em ( occasional causes1 z ma9ta9$ by ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( ! foll[]s ( ,des ,c>tes1--a sy/em1 :i* suppos$1 t !re is no direct ag5cy ( our m9d on matt]1 or ( matt] on our m9d1--t we are z little capable ( mov+ our own limbs by our volition1 z ( mov+1 by our volition1 ! limbs ( any o!r p]son1--z little capable ( p]ceiv+ ! rays ( light1 t h ent]$ our own eyes1 z ! rays :i* h fall5 on any o!r eyes1--t our p]ception or volunt>y movem5t is1 !re=e1 to be ref]r$1 9 e case1 to ! imm$iate ag5cy ( ! ,deity1 ! pres5ce ( rays ( light1 )9 our eye1 be+ ! m]e occasion on :i* ! ,deity himself affects our m9d ) vision1 z our desire ( mov+ our limbs is ! m]e occasion1 on :i* ! ,deity himself puts our limbs 9 motion4 ,x is ( s mu* importance to h a full conviction ( ! dep5d5ce ( all ev5ts on ! great ,s\rce ( ,be+1 t x is necess>y to /rip ! doctr9e1 z mu* z possible1 ( e ?+ truly objectionable1 le/1 9 ab&on+ :at is objectionable1 we %\ld be tempt$ to ab&on also ! important tru? associat$ ) x4 ,! p[] ( ,god is s magnific5t 9 itself1 t x is only :5 we attempt to add to x 9 our conception1 t we run "s risk ( degrad+ :at x mu/ always be impossible = u to elevate4 ,t ! *anges :i* take place1 :e!r 9 m9d or 9 matt]1 are all1 ultimately1 resolvable into ! w ( ! ,deity1 :o =m$ alike ! spiritual & mat]ial sy/em ( ! univ]se1 mak+ ! e>? a habitation wor?y ( its noble inhabitant1--& man an inhabitant almo/ wor?y ( t sc5e ( div9e magnific5ce1 9 :i* he is plac$1 is a tru?1 z conv9c+ to our reason1 z x is delightful to our devotion4 ,:at confid5ce d we feel1 9 our joy1 at ! ?\ght ( ! ,et]nal ,be+1 f :om x fl[s1 z if ! v ?\ght gave at once security & sanctity to our delight2 & h[ consolot>y1 9 our little h\r ( suff]+1 to ?9k ( ,him :o wills our happ9ess1 & :o kn[s h[ to produce x1 ev5 f sorr[ itself1 by t p[] :i* call$ light f ! orig9al d>kness1 & /ill seems to call1 out ( a simil> gloom1 ! sun%9e ( e morn+4 ,e joy ?us becomes gratitude1--e sorr[ resignation4 ,! eye :i* looks to ,heav5 seems1 :5 x turns aga9 to ! sc5es ( e>?1 to br+ d[n ) x a pur] radiance1 l ! v beam+ ( ! pres5ce ( ! ,div9ity1 :i* x %$s on e object on :i* x gazes1--a light 8,t gilds all =ms ,t]re/rial1 9 ! va/1 & ! m9ute2 ,! unambigu\s foot/eps ( ! ,god1 ,:o gives its lu/re to an insect's w+1 ,& :eels ,8 ?rone ^u ! roll+ worlds40#abf ,t ! ,deity1 9 ?is s5se1 z ! ,creator ( ! _w1 & will] ( all ^? great ends1 :i* ! laws ( ! univ]se accompli%1--is ! au?or ( ! physical *anges :i* take place 9 x1 is !n mo/ true1--z x is mo/ true also1 t ! same ,p[]1 :o gave ! univ]se its laws1 c1 = ! p>ticul> purposes ( 8 provid5ce1 v>y ^! at pleasure4 ,b !re is no reason to suppose1 t ! objects :i* he has made surely = "s ends1 h1 z made by him1 no efficacy1 no p[] ( be+ in/rum5tal1 to 8 own great purpose1 m]ely because :atev] p[] !y c be suppos$ to h1 mu/ h be5 d]iv$ f ! ,f\nta9 ( all p[]4 ,x is1 inde$1 only z possess+ ?is p[]1 t we "k !m to exi/2 & _! p[]s1 :i* ! doctr9e ( occasional causes w\ld de/roy altoge!r1 are1 relatively to u1 _! :ole exi/5ce4 ,x is by affect+ u t !y are kn[n to u4 ,su* is ! nature ( ! m9d1 & ( light1 = example1 t light _c be pres5t1 or1 at lea/1 ! s5sorial organ _c exi/ 9 a c]ta9 /ate1 9 consequ5ce ( its pres5ce1 )\t t in/ant affection ( m9d1 :i* con/itutes vision4 ,if light h n ?is p[] ( affect+ u ) s5sation1 x is1 ) respect to u1 no?+1--= we "k x only z ! cause ( ! visual affection4 ,t :i* excites 9 u ! feel+s ( ext5sion1 resi/ance1 & all ! qualities ( matt]1 is matt]2 &1 to suppose t !re is no?+1 )\t u1 :i* excites ^! feel+s1 is to suppose1 t !re is no matt] )\t1 z f> z we are capable ( =m+ any conception ( matt]4 ,! sy/em ( occasional causes seems1 !re=e1 to be only a m awkw>d & complicat$ modification ( ! sy/em ( ,b]keley2 =1 z ! ,deity is1 9 ?is sy/em1 himself ! au?or ( e *ange1 ! only conceivable use ( matt]1 :i* _c affect u1 m ?an if x 7 n 9 exi/5ce1 mu/ be z a remembrance1 to ,him :o is ,omnisci5ce itself1 at :at p>ticul> mom5t he is to excite a feel+ 9 ! m9d ( "s "o ( 8 s5sitive creatures1 & ( :at p>ticul> k9d t feel+ is to be2 z if ! ,omnisci5t c\ld /& 9 ne$ ( any memorial1 to excite 9 our m9d any feel+1 :i* x is ,8 wi% to excite1 & :i* is to be trac$ :olly to 8 own imm$iate ag5cy4 ,matt] !n1 accord+ to ?is sy/em1 has no relations to u2 & all its relations are to ! ,deity alone4 ,! ass]tors ( ! doctr9e1 inde$1 seem to consid] x1 z repres5t+1 9 a m sublime light1 ! div9e ,omnipres5ce1 by exhibit+ x to our conception1 z ! only p[] 9 nature2 b !y might1 9 l mann]1 affirm1 t ! creation ( ! inf9ity ( worlds1 ) all ! life & happ9ess t are diffus$ ov] !m1 r5d]$ less in/ead ( m sublime1 ! exi/5ce ( ,him1 :o1 till !n1 0 ! sole exi/5ce2 = p[]1 t is d]iv$1 d]ogates z little f ! prim>y p[]1 z d]iv$ exi/5ce d]ogates f ! ,be+ f :om x fl[s4 ,yet ! ass]tors ( ?is doctr9e1 :o conceive1 t light has no effect 9 vision1 are p]fectly will+ to admit t light exi/s1 or r1 are /r5u\s affirm]s ( its exi/5ce1 & are anxi\s only to prove1 9 _! zeal1 = ! glory ( ,him1 :o made x1 & :o makes no?+ 9 va91 t ?is1 & all ,8 works1 exi/ = no purpose4 ,light1 !y cont5d1 has no influ5ce :atev]4 ,x is z little capable ( excit+ s5sations ( col\r1 z ( excit+ a s5sation ( melody or fragrance2 b /ill x exi/s4 ,! production ( s v simple a /ate z t ( vision1 or any o!r ( ! modes ( p]ception1 ) an app>atus1 :i* is n m]ely complicat$1 b1 9 all its complication1 absolutely )\t efficacy ( any sort1 is s f> f add+ any sublimity to ! div9e nature1 9 our conception1 t x c sc>cely be conceiv$ by ! m9d1 )\t less5+1 9 "s degree1 ! sublimity ( ! ,au?or ( ! univ]se1 by less5+1 or r de/roy+1 all ! sublimity ( ! univ]se :i* he has made4 ,:at is t idle mass ( matt]1 :i* _c affect u1 or be kn[n to u1 or to any o!r creat$ be+1 m ?an if x 7 n8 ,if ! ,deity produces1 9 e case1 by 8 own imm$iate op]ation1 all ^? feel+s :i* we t]m s5sations or p]ceptions1 he does n fir/ create a multitude ( in]t & cumbr\s worlds1 invisible to e eye b 8 own1 & incapable ( affect+ any ?+ :atev]1 t he may "k :5 to op]ate1 z he w\ld h op]at$ be=e4 ,?is is n ! awful simplicity ( t ,omnipres5ce1 8,^: ^w leaps =? at once to its effect2 ,:o calls = ?+s t are n1 & !y come40#abg ,if1 inde$1 ! complication ( ! process c\ld remove any difficulty :i* truly exi/s1 or ev5 any difficulty :i* is suppos$ to exi/1 ! sy/em might be m readily adopt$ by t human weakness1 to :i* ! removal ( a s+le difficulty is ( s mu* value4 ,b ! v attempt to remove ! difficulty1 is m]ely by pres5t+ x 9 ano!r =m4 ,omnipres5t1 z ! ,creator is1 he is /ill1 l t m9d :i* he has =m$ aft] 8 own image1 a spiritual ,be+2 & ?\gh !re c be no "q z to ! ext5t ( 8 p[] ov] matt]1 ! op]ation ( ?is inf9ite p[] is z little conceivable by u1 9 any o!r way ?an z a m]e antec$5ce ( *ange1 z ! reciprocal limit$ action ( m9d & matt]1 9 man1 & ! objects :i* he p]ceives & moves4 ,x is itself inde$1 a pro( ( action ( ?is v k9d2 & to /ate x1 ) ! view ( obviat+ any difficulty t may be suppos$ to be involv$ 9 ! mutual influ5ce ( m9d & matt]1 seems z absurd1 z x w\ld be = a sophi/1 :o %\ld pr(ess to believe1 f an exam9ation ( ! w+s ( birds1 t _! heavy p9ions are incapable ( be>+ !m ?r\gh ! air1 to illu/rate 8 p>adox by ! maje/ic so>+ ( ! eagle1 :5 he m\nts /ill high] & high] ?r\gh ! sun%9e t encircles him1 be=e he /oops f 8 height above ! cl\ds1 to ! cliffs :i* he deigns to make 8 l[ly home4 ,! sy/em ( occasional causes1 ?\gh x ceas$ to be kn[n1 or at lea/ to be adopt$1 "u t "n1 has n ! less cont9u$1 by a m]e *ange ( d5om9ation1 to receive ! ass5t ( philosoph]s1 :o reject$ x "u its anci5t "n4 ,x is1 inde$1 ! _s ( ?is sy/em alone1 :i* gives any s5se :atev] to ! di/9ction t is univ]sally made ( causes1 z physical & effici5t1--a di/9ction :i* implies1 t1 beside ! antec$5ts & consequ5ts1 9 a s]ies ( *anges1 :i* are suppos$ to h no mutual influ5ce1 & might1 !re=e1 be antec$5t & consequ5t 9 any o!r ord]1--!re is "s int]v5+ ag5cy1 :i* is1 9 e ev5t ( ! s]ies1 ! true effici5t4 ,matt]1 9 %ort1 does n act on m9d1 nor m9d on matt]4 ,! physical cause1 9 ?is nom5clature1 t exi/s = no purpose1 z be+ absolutely insuffici5t2 or1 9 o!r words1 absolutely incapable ( produc+ any *ange :atev]1 is ! occasional cause ( ! o!r nom5clature1 & no?+ m2 & all :i* 0 cumbr\s & sup]flu\s 9 ! "o1 is equally cumbr\s & sup]flu\s 9 ! o!r4 ,on ?is subject1 h[ev]1 :i* ,i h discuss$ at l>ge 9 my ,"w on ,cause & ,effect1 ,i ne$ n add any rem>ks to ^? :i* ,i (f]$ 9 an e>ly "p ( ! c\rse4 ,x is suffici5t1 at pres5t1 to po9t out ! absolute id5tity ( ! two doctr9es 9 e ?+ b 9 "n4 ,! next sy/em to :i* ,i w\ld direct y\r att5tion1 is t ( ,malebran*e1 :o is1 inde$1 to be rank$ among ! pr9cipal ass]t]s ( ! doctr9e ( occasional causes1 :i* we h n[ be5 consid]+1 b :o1 9 addition to ?is g5]al doctr9e1 _h peculi> views ( ! nature ( p]ception4 ,8 op9ions1 on ?is subject1 are deliv]$1 at great l5g?1 9 ! second volume ( 8 ,se>* ( ,tru?--,la ,re*]*e de la ,v]it--a "w :i* is di/+ui%$ by mu* eloqu5ce1 & by _m v pr(\nd rem>ks on ! s\rces ( human error1 b :i* is itself an example1 9 ! great sy/em :i* x supports1 ( error z /rik+ z any ( ^? :i* x eloqu5tly & pr(\ndly discusses4 ,x is truly un=tunate = 8 reputation z a philosoph]1 t ^! discussions d n =m a sep>ate "w1 b are bl5d$ ) 8 own errone\s sy/em1 ! outl9e ( :i* e "o kn[s too well1 to ?9k ( /udy+ its details4 ,all t is necess>y1 to give him 8 j reputation1 is m]ely t he %\ld h writt5 less4 ,he is at pres5t kn[n1 *iefly z ! au?or ( a v absurd hypo!sis4 ,he w\ld h be5 kn[n1 & /udi$1 & hon\r$1 z a v acute obs]v] ( our nature1 if he _h nev] compos$ ^? p>ts ( 8 "w1 to :i*1 probably1 :5 he ?\ght ( o!r g5]ations1 he look$ z to ! basis ( 8 philosophic fame4 ,8 hypo!sis1 z _m ( y probably "k1 is1 t we p]ceive n objects !mselves1 b ! ideas ( !m :i* are 9 ,god4 ,he beg9s 8 suppos$ demon/ration ( ?is p>adox ) a sort ( negative pro(1 by attempt+ to %ew ! inadequacy ( e o!r mode ( acc\nt+ = our p]ception ( ! ideas ( ?+s2 = ,i ne$ sc>cely /ate to y1 :at is involv$ 9 ! v enunciation ( 8 metaphysical !orem1--t he reg>ds ideas z di/9ct f p]ception itself1 n ! m9d affect$ 9 a c]ta9 mann]1 b some?+ sep>ate & indep5d5t ( ! m9d4 ,he !n proce$s to 8 positive pro(1 ass]t+1 9 ! fir/ place1 t x is 8absolutely necess>y t ,god %\ld h 9 himself ! ideas ( all ! be+s :i* he has creat$1 s9ce o!rwise he c\ld n h produc$ !m20#abh &1 9 ! second place1 t ,god is unit$ to our s\l by 8 pres5ce1 8s t he may be said to h t relation ( place to ! m9d1 :i* space has to body40#abi ,:]ev] ! human m9d is1 !re ,god is1 & consequ5tly all ! ideas :i* are 9 ,god4 ,we h ?us a fund ( all ! ideas necess>y = p]ception1 & a fund1 :i*1 9 consequ5ce ( ! ubiquity ( ! div9e m9d1 is ev] pres5t1 requir+1 !re=e1 = our p]ception ( !m1 only t div9e w1 )\t :i* no *ange c take place4 ,t p]ception takes place1 by ! pres5ce ( ?is "o /ock ( ideas et]nally pres5t 9 ! div9e m9d1 ) :i* e o!r m9d is unit$1--r ?an by ! creation ( an inf9ite numb] ( ideas 9 ea* sep>ate m9d1--he conceives to be prov$1 by v>i\s reasons1--by ! great] simplicity ( ?is mode1--by its peculi> consi/5cy ) t /ate ( dep5d5ce on ! div9e ,be+1 z ! s\rce ( all light1 9 :i* ! m9d ( man is repres5t$ 9 _m passages ( ,scripture1--by v>i\s notions1 su* z ^? ( inf9ity1 g5]a1 species1 c4 ! univ]sality ( :i* he conceiv$ to be inconsi/5t ) ! absolute unity & limitation ( e idea1 t does n d]ive a sort ( inf9ity f ! m9d 9 :i* x exi/s1--& by "s o!r reasons1 v my/ical & v feeble1 9 :i*1 ?\gh x may n be difficult to discov] :at _! au?or meant1 x is c]ta9ly v difficult to conceive1 h[ a m9d s acute z 81 c\ld h be5 influ5c$ by !m4 ,x is1 inde$1 only ?is relation ( ! m9d ( ,malebran*e to 8 own v /range hypo!sis1 :i* !re is any int]e/ 9 trac+2 =1 ?\gh ,i h ?\ght x my duty to give y a slight sket* ( ! hypo!sis itself1 z a "p ( ! g5]al hi/ory ( our sci5ce1 ) :i* ! reputation & g5ius ( its au?or r5d] x necess>y = y to h "s acqua9tance1 ,i am f> f ?9k+1 t x c ?r[ any light on our speculations1 9 ! pres5t improv$ /ate ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,m9d4 ,i %all n wa/e y\r "t1 !re=e1 ) po9t+ out to y ! innum]able objections to 8 hypo!sis1 :i*1 aft] ! view already giv5 by me ( ! simple process ( p]ception1 are1 ,i tru/1 s manife/1 z n to require to be po9t$ out4 ,x may be m int]e/+ to consid]1 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,philosophy ( ,m9d1 :at circum/ances l$ to ! =mation ( ! hypo!sis4 ,9 ! fir/ place ,i may rem>k1 t1 not)/&+ 8 v5]ation = ! great] numb] ( ! op9ions ( ,des ,c>tes1 ,malebran*e un=tunately _h n adopt$ ! v enlight5$ views ( t em95t philosoph]1 ) respect to ! nature ( ideas4 ,he consid]$ !m z exi/+ di/9ct f ! s5ti5t or p]cipi5t m9d1--&1 reason+ v ju/ly f ?is error1 inf]r$ _! pres5ce 9 ! m9d ( ! ,deity1--:o =m$ ! univ]se1 n casually1 b accord+ to conceptions1 t mu/ h prec$$ creation1--! ar*etypes1 or exempl>s1 ( all t 0 to be creat$4 ,?is op9ion1 z to ! et]nal =ms subsi/+ 9 ! div9e m9d1 agrees exactly ) t ( ,plato1 9 "o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ ( 8 doctr9es1 & c]ta9ly "o ( ! mo/ poetical1--:i*1 ?\gh a t]m ( praise t usually does n imply mu* excell5ce ( philosophy1 is ! species ( praise to :i* ! philosophy ( ,plato has ! ju/e/ claim4 ,x has be5 deliv]$1 9 v p[]ful v]se1 by "o ( our own poets1 :o describes himself z1 9 sci5ce1 a foll[] ( ! g5ius ( anci5t ,greece1 & :o 0 wor?y ( ! inspir+ pres5ce ( t maje/ic guide3 8,ere ! radiant sun ,sprang f ! ea/1 or 'mid ! vault ( night ,! moon susp5d$ h] s]5] lamp2 ,ere m\nta9s1 woods1 or /reams1 adorn'd ! globe1 ,or ,wisdom taught ! sons ( m5 h] lore1-- ,!n liv$ ! ,almighty ,"o1 !n1 deep retir$ ,9 8 unfa?om'd ess5ce1 view'd ! =ms1 ,! =ms et]nal ( creat$ ?+s2 ,! radiant sun1 ! moon's nocturnal lamp1 ,! m\nta9s1 woods1 & /reams1 ! roll+ globe1 ,& ,wisdom's mi5 cele/ial4 ,f ! fir/ ,( days1 on !m1 8 love div9e1 he fix'd ,8 admiration1 till1 9 "t complete1 ,:at he admir$ & lov$1 8 vital smile ,unfold$ into be+4 ,h5ce1 ! brea? ,( life1 in=m+ ea* organic frame2 ,h5ce1 ! gre5 e>?1 & wild res\nd+ waves2 ,h5ce1 light & %ade alt]nate1 w>m? & cold1 ,& cle> autumnal skies1 & v]nal %[]s1 ,& all ! fair v>iety ( ?+s40#acj ,x is 9 ! writ+s ( ,/ ,augu/9e1 h[ev]1--:o _h himself imbib$ a consid]able portion ( ! _s ( ! ,platonic philosophy1--t ! true s\rce ( ! hypo!sis1 :i* we are n[ review+1 is to be f\nd4 ,?is v em95t fa!r ( ! *ur*1--^: acut5ess & eloqu5ce w\ld h entitl$ him to v high consid]ation1 ev5 ?\gh 8 works _h relat$ to subjects less int]e/+ to man1 ?an ^? noble subjects ( :i* !y treat1--seems to h met ) peculi> hon\r f ! ,fr5* !ologians1 & to h giv5 a v evid5t direction to _! intellectual inquiries4 ,x is inde$ impossible to read ! works ( any ( ! !ological metaphysicians ( t c\ntry1 )\t meet+ ) con/ant ref]5ces to ! op9ions ( ,/ ,au/91 & an impli$ ref]5ce1 ev5 :]e x is n express$1--p>ticul>ly to ! v op9ions mo/ analog\s to ^? ( ,malebran*e4 ,! op9ion ( ,augu/9e1 to :i* ,i p>ticul>ly allude1 is t :i* =ms ! pr9cipal doctr9e ( 8 metaphysical philosophy1--t !re is a supreme et]nal univ]sal ,tru?1 :i* is int]nally pres5t to e m9d1 & 9 :i* all m9ds alike p]ceive ! tru?s1 :i* all alike are1 z x 71 necessitat$ to believe1--! tru?s ( ari?metic & geometry1 = example1 & ! prim>y ess5tial tru?s ( morality4 ,^! tru?s we feel to be et]nal1 because we feel t !y are n cont+5t on ! exi/5ce ( ^? :o p]ceive !m1 b 71 & are1 & mu/ =ev] be ! same2 & we feel also1 t ! tru? is "o1 :atev] be ! numb] ( individuals t p]ceive x1 & is n conv]t$ into _m tru?s1 m]ely by ! multitude ( believ]s4 8,if10 says he1 89 disc\rs+ ( any tru?1 ,i p]ceive t to be true :i* y say1 & y p]ceive t to be true :i* ,i say1--:]e1 ,i pray y1 d we bo? see ?is at ! v mom5t8 ,i c]ta9ly see x n 9 y1 nor y 9 me1--b bo? see x 9 t un*angeable tru?1 :i* is beyond & above our individual m9ds40 8,si ambo videmus v]um esse quod dicis1 et ambo videmus v]um esse quod dico1 ubi1 qus1 id videmus8 ,nec ego utique 9 te1 nec tu 9 me2 s$ ambo 9 ipsa qu supra m5tes no/ras e/1 incommutabili v]itate40 ,y mu/ n conceive t ,i am cont5d+ = ! ju/ness ( ! op9ion :i* ,i am n[ /at+ to y--,i /ate x m]ely z illu/rative ( ! sy/em ( ,malebran*e4 ,if we suppose1 ) ,augu/9e1 t !re is "o et]nal ,tru?1 :i* conta9s all tru?s1 & is pres5t to all m9ds t p]ceive 9 x ! tru?s :i* x conta9s1 x is b "o /ep m1 & sc>cely "o /ep m1 to believe t our ideas ( all ?+s are conta9$ & p]ceiv$ 9 "o omnipres5t ,m9d1 to :i* all o!r m9ds are unit$1 & :i* is itself ! et]nal ,tru?1 t is pres5t to all4 ,inde$1 "s ( ! passages :i* are quot$ 9 ! ,se>* ( ,tru?1 f ,/ ,au/91 %[ h[ /rongly ! au?or conceiv$ 8 own op9ions to be sanction$ by t anci5t au?ority4 ,= "s ( ! happie/ applications :i* h be5 made ( ?is v anci5t sy/em ( ,*ri/ian metaphysics1 ,i may ref] y p>ticul>ly to ! works ( ,f5elon1--to 8 demon/ration ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 = example1--9 :i* _m ( ! mo/ ab/ract subtleties ( ! ,metaphysics ( ,augu/9e become liv+ & eloqu5t1 9 ! reason+s ( ?is amiable writ]1 :o knew s well h[ to give1 to e subject :i* he treat$1 ! t5d]ness ( 8 own he>t1 & ! p]suasion & dev\t confid5ce ( 8 own und\bt+ belief4 ,9 ?is ,prote/ant c\ntry1 9 :i* ! att5tion ( !ologians has be5 almo/ exclusively devot$ to ! ,scriptures !mselves1 & little comp>ative att5tion paid to ! writ+s ( ! ,fa!rs1--unless1 z /rictly illu/rative ( ! texts ( ,scripture1 or ( ! m]e ,hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*1--! influ5ce ( ! metaphysical op9ions ( ,/ ,au/9 is less to be trac$2 & ! argum5t drawn f ! et]nal omnipres5t ideas ( unity1 & numb] & inf9ity1 on :i* s mu* /ress is laid by ,ca?olic philosoph]s1 9 demon/rat+ ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 is h5ce sc>cely to be f\nd at all1 or1 at lea/1 occupies a v inconsid]able place1 9 ! num]\s works ( our c\ntrym51 on ! same great subject4 ,! sy/em ( ,malebran*e1 might1 inde$ h aris5 9 ?is c\ntry2 = we h _h writ]s1 :o1 )\t 8 g5ius1 h adopt$ 8 errors2 b !re c be no d\bt1 t x 01 by its v nature1 mu* m likely to arise1 9 ! c\ntry :i* actually produc$ x4 ,,footnotes3 #abf ,c[p]'s ,task1 ,book ,v4 v4 #haj-had4 #abg ,c[p]s ,task1 ,book ,v4 v4 #fhf-g4 #abh ,re*]*e de la ,v]it1 ,liv4 ,,iii4 c4 vi4 #abi ,re*]*e de la ,v]it1 ,liv4 ,,iii4 c4 vi4 #acj ,pleasures ( ,imag9ation1 ,book ,i4 v4 #ei-gh4 ,,lecture ,,xxxi4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,op9ions ,,reg>d+ ,,p]ception1 ,,conclud$--,,on ,,! ,,ext]nal ,,affections ,,comb9$ ,,) ,,desire1 ,,or ,,on ,,att5tion4 ,9 my la/ ,lecture1 ,g5tlem51 ,i gave y a slight sket* ( "s !ories1--or1 to speak m accurately1 ( "s hypo!tical conjectures1 :i* h be5 =m$ ) respect to p]ception1--po9t+ out to y1 at ! same "t1 ! two suppos$ difficulties :i* appe> to me to h l$ to !m1 9 false views ( ! real objects ( p]ception1 & ( ! nature ( causation2 ! difficulty ( acc\nt+1 ) ^! false views1 = ! suppos$ p]ception ( objects at a di/ance1 & = ! ag5cy ( matt] on a sub/ance1 s little capable z m9d1 ( be+ l9k$ ) x1 by any common bond ( connexion4 ,( su* hypo!ses1 we consid]$ ?ree1--! doctr9e ( ! ,p]ipatetics z to p]ception by species1 or %ad[y films1 t fl[ f ! object to ! organ1--! ,c>tesian doctr9e ( ! indirect subs]vi5cy ( ext]nal objects1 z ! m]e occasions on :i* ! ,deity himself1 9 e in/ance1 produces 9 ! m9d ! /ate :i* is t]m$ p]ception1--& ! p>ticul> doctr9e ( ,malebran*e1 himself a zeal\s def5d] ( t g5]al doctr9e ( occasional causes1 z to ! p]ception ( objects1 or r ( ! ideas ( objects 9 ! div9e m9d4 ,! only rema9+ hypo!sis1 :i* des]ves to be notic$1 is a v celebrat$ "o1 ( ,leibnitz1 ! doctr9e ( ! pre-e/abli%$ h>mony1 :i*1 ,i h no d\bt1 orig9at$ 9 ! same false view ( ! necessity ( "s connect+ l9k 9 causation2 & 0 int5d$1 !re=e1 l ! o!rs1 to obviate ! suppos$ difficulty ( ! action ( matt] on m9d1 & ( m9d on matt]4 ,accord+ to ?is doctr9e1 ! body nev] acts on ! m9d1 nor ! m9d on ! body1 b ! motions ( ! "o1 & ! feel+s ( ! o!r1 are absolutely indep5d5t1 hav+ z little influ5ce on ea* o!r1 z !y h on any o!r m9d & body4 ,! m9d feels pa91 :5 ! body is bruis$1 b1 f ! pre-e/abli%$ ord] ( its own affections1 x w\ld h felt exactly ! same pa91 ?\gh ! body1 at t mom5t1 _h be5 re/+ ^u roses4 ,! arm1 inde$1 moves at ! v mom5t1 :5 ! m9d has will$ its motion2 b1 x moves ( itself1 9 consequ5ce ( its own pre-e/abli%$ ord] ( movem5t1 & w\ld move1 !re=e1 equally1 at t v mom5t1 ?\gh ! m9d _h wi%$ x to rema9 at re/4 ,! exact correspond5ce ( ! motions & feel+s1 :i* we obs]ve1 arises m]ely f ! exactness ( ! *oice ( ! ,deity1 9 unit+ ) a body1 t 0 =m$ by ,him1 to h ( itself1 a c]ta9 ord] ( indep5d5t motions1 a m9d1 t 0 =m$ ( itself to h a c]ta9 ord] ( indep5d5t b correspond+ feel+s4 ,9 ! un]r+ exactness ( ?is *oice1 & mutual adaptation1 consi/s ! exquisit5ess ( ! h>mony4 ,b1 h[ev] exquisite1 x is /ill a h>mony only1 )\t ! slighte/ reciprocal action4 ,! m9d1 & its organic frame1 are1 9 ?is sy/em1--to borr[ ! illu/ration ( x :i* is commonly us$1--l two "t-pieces1 :i* h no connexion ) ea* o!r1 h[ev] accurately !y may agree1--& ea* ( :i* w\ld indicate ! h\r1 9 ! v same mann]1 ?\gh ! o!r _h be5 de/roy$4 ,9 l mann]1 ! s\l ( ,leibnitz1--= ! great !ori/ himself may surely be us$ to illu/rate 8 own hypo!sis1--w\ld1 ?\gh 8 body _h be5 annihilat$ at bir?1 h felt & act$1 z if ) its bodily app5dage1--/udy+ ! same works1 inv5t+ ! same sy/ems1 & c>ry+ on1 ) ! same w>f>e ( books & epi/les1 ! same long c\rse ( indefatigable controv]sy2--& ! body ( ?is great philosoph]1 ?\gh 8 s\l _h be5 annihilat$ at bir?1 w\ld n m]ely h gone ?r\gh ! same process ( gr[?1 eat+1 & dige/+1 & p]=m+ all its o!r ord9>y animal functions1--b w\ld h a*iev$ = itself ! same intellectual glory1 )\t any consci\sness ( ! works :i* x 0 writ+ & correct+1--w\ld h argu$1 ) equal /r5u\sness1 = ! pr9ciple ( ! suffici5t reason1--claim$ ! hon\rs ( ! diff]5tial calculus1--& lab\r$ to prove ?is v sy/em ( ! pre-e/abli%$ h>mony1 ( :i* x w\ld1 c]ta9ly1 9 t case1 h be5 "o ( ! mo/ illu/ri\s examples4 ,to say ( ?is hypo!sis1 :i* 0 ! dream ( a great m9d1--b ( a m9d1 ,i mu/ confess1 :i* 0 v fond ( dream+1 & v apt to dream1--t x is a m]e hypo!sis1 is to speak ( x too fav\rably4 ,l ! doctr9e ( occasional causes1 x supposes a sy/em ( ext]nal ?+s1 ( :i*1 by ! v pr9ciple ( ! hypo!sis1 !re c be no evid5ce1 & :i* is absolutely ( no utility :atev]1 b z x enables a philosoph] to talk1 m ju/ly1 ( pre-e/abli%$ h>monies1 )\t ! possibility1 h[ev]1 ( kn[+ t he is talk+ m ju/ly4 ,if ! m9d w\ld h exactly ! same feel+s z n[1--! same pleasures1 & pa9s1 & p]ceptions ( m5 & h\ses1 & e ?+ ext]nal1 ?\gh e ?+ ext]nal1 compreh5d+ ( c\rse ! v organs ( s5se1 _h be5 annihilat$ ages ( ages be=e itself exi/$1 :at reason c !re be to suppose1 t ?is useless sy/em ( bodily organs1 & o!r ext]nal ?+s1 exi/ at pres5t8 ,! univ]sal irresi/ible belief ( mank9d1 to :i* philosoph]s ( a diff]5t s*ool might appeal1 _c be urg$ 9 ?is case1 s9ce ! admission ( x1 z legitimate evid5ce1 w\ld at once1 disprove ! hypo!sis4 ,we d n m truly believe1 t light exi/s1 ?an we believe1 t x affects u ) vision1 & t1 if !re _h be5 no light1 !re w\ld h be5 no s5sation ( col\r4 ,to ass]t ! pre-e/abli%$ h>mony1 is1 inde$1 almo/ ! same ?+1 z to affirm & d5y ! same proposition4 ,x is to affirm1 9 ! fir/ place1 positively1 t matt] exi/s1 s9ce ! h>mony1 :i* x ass]ts1 is ( matt] & m9d2 & !n to affirm1 z positively1 t its exi/5ce is useless1 t x _c be p]ceiv$ by u1 & t we are1 !re=e1 absolutely incapable ( kn[+ :e!r x exi/s or n4 ,aft] /at+ to y s _m hypo!ses1 :i* h be5 =m$ on ?is subject1 ,i ne$ sc>cely rem>k1 :at a fund ( p]petual conjecture1 &1 !re=e1 ( p]petual controv]sy1 !re is 9 ! v>i$ wond]s ( ! ext]nal & int]nal univ]se1 :5 x is s v difficult = a few philosoph]s to agree1 z to :at x is :i* gives rise to ! simple/ s5sation ( w>m?1 or fragrance1 or col\r4 ,x might be ?\ght1 t1 9 ! intellectual op]a1 if ,i may rev]t to t +5i\s & lively allegory1 ( :i* ,i avail$ myself 9 "o ( my e>ly ,lectures1 9 treat+ ( g5]al physical inquiry1--z ! :ole spectacle :i* we behold1 is pass+ )9 our m9ds1 we are1 9 ?is in/ance at lea/1 fairly beh9d ! sc5es1 & see ! me*anism ( ,nature truly z x is4 ,b ?\gh we are really beh9d ! sc5es1 & ev51 9 "o s5se ( ! ^w1 may be said to be ourselves ! mov]s ( ! ma*9]y1 by :i* ! :ole repres5tation is c>ri$ on1 /ill ! m9ute p>ts & arrangem5ts ( ! complicat$ me*anism are conceal$ f our view1 almo/ z completely z f ! obs]vation ( ! di/ant spectators4 ,! prim>y spr+s & weights1 inde$1 by ! ag5cy ( :i* ,phaeton seem$ to be c>ri$ (f by ! w9ds1 are left visible to u2 & we "k1 t :5 we t\* a c]ta9 spr+1 x w put 9 motion a conceal$ set ( :eels1 or t :5 we pull a cord1 x w act ^u a sy/em ( pullies1 :i* w ultimately produce a p>ticul> effect desir$ by u2 b :at is ! numb] ( :eels or pullies1 & h[ !y are arrang$ & adapt$ to ea* o!r s z to produce ! effect1--are left to our p5etration to div9e4 ,on ?is subject we h se51 t z _m grave absurdities h be5 =m$ into sy/ems1 & hon\r$ ) comm5t>ies & confutations1 z 9 ! op]a ( ext]nal nature1 at :i*1 9 ! quotation =m]ly made to y1 ! ,py?agorases & ,platos 7 suppos$ to be pres5t4 8,x is n a sy/em ( cords & pullies :i* we put 9 motion10 says ,ari/otle1 8--= to move su* a heavy & di/ant mass w\ld be beyond our p[]1--b only a numb] ( little phantasms connect$ ) !m1 :i* h ! =m1 inde$1 ( cords & pullies1 b n ! sub/ance1 & :i* are light en\gh1 !re=e1 to fly at our v t\*40--8,we d n truly move any :eels10 says ! great inv5tor ( ! ,sy/em ( ,occasional ,causes2 8=1 z we did n make ! :eels1 h[ c we "k ! pr9ciple on :i* _! motion is to dep5d1 or h su* a comm& ov] !m z to be capable ( mov+ !m8 ,b :5 we t\* a spr+1 x is ! occasion on :i* ! ,me*ani/ himself1 :o is always pres5t1 ?\gh invisible1 & :o mu/ "k well h[ to move !m1 sets !m in/antly 9 motion40--8,we see ! motion10 says ,malebran*e1 8n by look+ at ! :eels or pullies1--= !re is an imp5etrable veil :i* hides !m f u1 b by look+ at ! ,me*ani/ himself1 :o mu/ see !m1 because ,he is ! mov] ( !m3 & ^: eye1 9 :i* !y are imag$ z he gazes on !m1 mu/ be a liv+ mirror ( all :i* he moves40--8,x is n a spr+ t acts ^u ! :eels10 says ,leibnitz2 8?\gh1 :5 ! spr+ is t\*$1 ! :eels beg9 to move imm$iately1 & nev] beg9 to move at any o!r "t4 ,?is co9cid5ce1 h[ev]1 is n ow+ to any connexion ( "o ) ! o!r2 =1 ?\gh ! spr+ 7 de/roy$1 ! :eels w\ld move exactly z at pres5t1 beg9n+ & ceas+ at ! same precise mom5ts4 ,x is ow+ to a pree/abli%$ h>mony ( motion 9 ! :eels & spr+2 by :i* arrangem5t ! motion ( ! :eels1 ?\gh completely indep5d5t ( ! o!r1 always beg9s at ! v mom5t :5 ! spr+ is t\*$40--8,no10 exclaims ,b]keley1 8x is all illusion4 ,! :eels1 & cords1 & weights1 are n se5 because !y exi/1 b exi/ because !y are se52 &1 if ! :ole ma*9]y is n absolutely annihilat$ :5 we %ut our eyes1 x is only because x f9ds %elt] 9 ! m9d ( "s o!r ,be+ ^: eyes are nev] %ut1--& are always op51 !re=e1 at ! "t :5 ours are clos+40 ,f all ?is v>iety ( conjectural speculations1 ! conclusion :i* y w p]haps h drawn mo/ readily1 is t :i* is too (t5 ! result ( our rese>*es 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,sci5ce1--t !re may1 z ,d',alemb]t truly says1 be a great deal ( philosophiz+1 9 :i* !re is v little ( philosophy4 ,i h n[ f9i%$ ! rem>ks :i* ,i _h to make on ! v important class ( our ext]nal affections ( m9d1 z !y may be consid]$ simply2 b x is n always simply t !y exi/2 &1 :5 !y occur 9 comb9ation ) o!r feel+s1 ! appe>ance :i* !y assume is sometimes s diff]5t1 z to lead to ! errone\s belief1 t ! complex feel+ is ! result ( a di/9ct p[] ( ! m9d4 ,:51 9 my attempt to arrange ! v>i\s feel+s ( :i* ! m9d is susceptible1 ,i divid$ ^! into our ext]nal & int]nal affections1 accord+ z _! causes are1 9 ! "o case1 objects )\t ! m9d1 &1 9 ! o!r case1 previ\s feel+s1 or affections ( ! m9d itself3 & subdivid$ ?is latt] class ( int]nal affections into ! two ord]s ( our intellectual /ates ( m9d1 & our emotions2 ,i w>n$ y1 t y 7 n to consid] ^! z always aris+ sep>ately1 & z m]ely successive to ea* o!r2--t1 9 ! same mann]1 z we may bo? see & smell a rose1 s may we see1 or comp>e1 or rememb]1 :ile "u ! influ5ce ( "s or o!r ( our emotions2 ?\gh1 at ! same "t1 by analysis1 or at lea/ by a reflective process t is simil> to analysis1 we may be able to di/+ui% ! emotion f ! coexi/+ p]ception1 or remembrance1 or comp>ison1--z we are able1 by a v easy analysis1 9 l mann]1 :5 we bo? see & smell a rose1 to di/+ui% 9 our complex p]ception1 ! fragrance f ! col\r & =m4 ,!re is "o emotion1 9 p>ticul>1 t is capable ( s _m modifications1 & has s ext5sive a sway ov] human life1 :i* x may be said almo/ to occupy f ! fir/ wi%es ( our infancy to ! la/ ( our old age1 t x _c fail to be comb9$ ) _m ( our o!r feel+s1 bo? s5sitive & intellectual4 ,! emotion to :i* ,i allude is desire2 a feel+ :i* may exi/ ( v>i\s species & degrees1 f ! /ronge/ passion ( :i* ! m9d is susceptible1 to ! slighte/ wi% ( kn[+ a little m accurately ! mo/ trifl+ object be=e u2--& ?\gh1 9 speak+ ( x at pres5t1 ,i am anticipat+ :at1 accord+ to ! /rict division :i* we h made1 %\ld n be br\ght =w>d till we consid] ! emotions 9 g5]al1 ?is anticipation is absolutely unavoidable = und]/&+ "s ( ! mo/ important ph5om5a1 bo? ( p]ception1 :i* we h be5 consid]+1 & ( ^? intellectual faculties :i* we are soon to consid]4 ,i ne$ n repeat to y1 t ,nature is n to be gov]n$ by ! sy/ems :i* we =m2 t ?\gh our sy/ematic arrangem5ts ought n to be complicat$1 h] ph5om5a are almo/ always s2 & t1 :ile e ?+ is ?us int]mix$ & connect$ ) e ?+ 9 ! actual ph5om5a ( m9d z well z ( matt]1 x w\ld be va9 = u to ?9k ( accommodat+ our physical discussions ) absolute exactness1 ev5 to ! mo/ p]fect divisions & subdivisions :i* we may be capable ( =m+4 ,all t is necess>y is1 t we %\ld n dep>t f our ord] ( arrangem5t )\t "s advantage 9 view1 & an advantage great] ?an ! slight evil :i* may arise f ! appe>ance ( tempor>y confusion4 ,! reason ( my anticipation1 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 is to expla9 to y :at ,i conceive to con/itute ! ph5om5a ( att5tion1--a /ate ( m9d :i* has be5 und]/ood to imply ! ex]cise ( a peculi> intellectual p[]1 b :i*1 9 ! case ( att5tion to objects ( s5se1 appe>s to be no?+ m ?an ! coexi/5ce ( desire1 ) ! p]ception ( ! object to :i* we are said to att5d2 z1 9 att5tion to o!r ph5om5a ( ! m9d1 x is1 9 l mann]1 ! coexi/5ce ( a p>ticul> desire ) ^! p>ticul> ph5om5a4 ,! desire1 inde$1 modifies ! p]ception1 r5d]+ our feel+ m int5se1 z any o!r emotion w\ld d1 t has equal relation to ! object4 ,b !re is no op]ation ( any p[] di/9ct f ! desire & p]ception !mselves4 ,to und]/& ?is fully1 h[ev]1 x may be necess>y to make "s previ\s rem>ks on ! coexi/5ce ( s5sations4 ,9 ! circum/ances 9 :i* we are plac$ by our b5efic5t ,creator1 9 a _w ( objects capable ( excit+ 9 u v>i\s feel+s1 & ) s5ses awake to ! pr(usion ( delight1--brea?+ & mov+ 9 ! mid/ ( od\rs1 & col\rs1 & s\nds1 & press$ alike 9 g5tle reaction1 :e!r our limbs be 9 ex]cise or repose1 by t firm soil :i* supports u1 or ! s(tness on :i* we re/1--9 all ?is m+l+ action ( ext]nal ?+s1 !re is sc>cely a mom5t 9 :i* any "o ( our feel+s c be said to be truly simple4 ,ev5 :5 we consid] b "o ( our organs1 to ! exclusion ( all ! o!rs1 h[ innum]able are ! objects t concur 9 produc+ ! complex affections ( a s+le s5se8 ,9 ! eye1 = example1 h[ wide a sc5e is op5 to u1 :]ev] our glance maybe turn$8--woods1 fields1 m\nta9s1 riv]s1 ! :ole atmosph]e ( light1 & t magnific5t lum9>y1 :i* conv]ts into light ! :ole space ?r\gh :i* x moves1 z if incapable ( exi/+ b 9 spl5d\r4 ,! m]e op5+ ( our eyelid is l ! )draw+ ( a veil1 :i* be=e cov]$ ! univ]se3--,x is m2 x is almo/ l say+ to ! univ]se1 :i* _h p]i%$1 ,exi/ aga96 ,innum]able objects1 !n1 are con/antly act+ toge!r on our organs ( s5se2 & x is evid5t1 t _m ( ^! c1 at once1 produce an effect ( "s sort 9 ! m9d1 because we truly p]ceive !m z a coexi/+ :ole4 ,x is n a s+le po9t ( light only :i* we see1 b a wide l&scape2 & we are capable ( comp>+ v>i\s p>ts ( ! l&scape ) ea* o!r1--( di/+ui%+ v>i\s od\rs 9 ! comp\nd fragrance ( ! mead[ or ! g>d51--( feel+ ! h>mony ( v>i\s coexi/+ melodies4 ,! v>i\s s5sations1 !n1 may coexi/1 s z to produce "o complex affection4 ,:5 !y d coexi/1 x mu/ be rem>k$1 t !y are individually less int5se4 ,! same s\nd1 = example1 :i* is sc>cely he>d 9 ! tumult ( ! day1 is capable ( affect+ u p[]fully if x recur 9 ! calm ( ! night2 n t x is !n absolutely l\d]1 b because x is no long] m+l$ ) o!r s\nds1 & o!r s5sations ( v>i\s k9ds1 :i* r5d]$ x weak]1 by coexi/+ ) x4 ,x may be reg>d$1 !n1 z a g5]al law ( our p]ceptions1 t :5 _m s5sations coexi/1 ea* individually is less vivid ?an if x exi/$ alone4 ,x may be consid]$ almo/ z ano!r =m ( ! same proposition to say1 t :5 _m s5sations coexi/1 ea* is n m]ely weak]1 b less di/9ct f ! o!rs ) :i* x is comb9$4 ,:5 a few voices s+ toge!r1 we easily recognize ea* sep>ate voice4 ,9 a v full *orus1 we di/+ui% ea* ) m difficulty2 &1 if a great multitude 7 s++ toge!r1 we %\ld sc>cely be able to di/+ui% any "o voice f ! re/1 m ?an to di/+ui% ! noise ( a s+le bill[1 or a s+le da%+ ( a few p>ticles ( agitat$ air1 9 ! :ole ?und]s ( ! ocean & ! /orm4 ,:5 _m s5sations coexi/1 & are1 !re=e1 ( c\rse weak] & less di/9ct1 if any "o 7 sudd5ly to become mu* m int5se1 ! re/ w\ld fade 9 proportion1 s z sc>cely to be felt4 ,a ?\s& fa9t s\nds murmur ar\nd u1 :i* are in/antly hu%$ by any l\d noise4 ,if1 :5 we are look+ at ! glitt]+ firmam5t ( suns 9 a w9t] night1 any "o ( ^? di/ant orbs 7 to become z radiant z our own sun1 :i* is itself b ! /> ( our planet>y sy/em1 !re c be no "q1 t1 l our sun on its ris+1 x w\ld qu5* ) its brilliancy1 all ^? little glimm]+ lights1 :i* w\ld /ill %9e on u1 inde$1 z be=e1 b w\ld %9e on u )\t be+ p]ceiv$4 ,x may be reg>d$1 !n1 z ano!r g5]al law ( ! m9d1 t :5 _m s5sations coexi/ ( equal int5sity1 ! effect ( ! increas$ int5sity ( "o is a dim9i%$ int5sity ( ^? :i* coexi/ ) x4 ,let u n[1 = ! application ( ^! rem>ks1 consid]1 :at x is :i* takes place 9 att5tion1 :5 _m objects are toge!r act+ on our s5ses1 & we att5d1 p]haps1 only to a s+le s5sation4 ,z a m]e description ( ! process1 ,i _c use a happi] exemplification1 ?an t :i* ,condillac has giv5 u 9 8 ,logique4 ,let u imag9e a ca/le1 :i* comm&s1 f its elevation1 an ext5sive view ( a doma91 ri* ) all ! beauties ( nature & art4 ,x is night :5 we arrive at x4 ,! next morn+ our w9d[-%utt]s op5 at ! mom5t :5 ! sun has j ris5 above ! horizon1--& close aga9 ! v mom5t aft]4 ,?\gh ! :ole sweep ( c\ntry 0 %ewn to u b = an in/ant1 we mu/ h se5 e object :i* x compreh5ds )9 ! sph]e ( our vision4 ,9 a second or a ?ird in/ant we c\ld h receiv$ only ! same impressions :i* we receiv$ at fir/2 consequ5tly1 ?\gh ! w9d[ _h n be5 clos$ aga91 we %\ld h cont9u$ to see b :at we saw be=e4 ,?is fir/ in/ant1 h[ev]1 ?\gh x unque/ionably %ew$ u all ! sc5e1 gave u no real k ( x2 &1 :5 ! w9d[s 7 clos$ aga91 !re is n "o ( u :o c\ld h v5tur$ to give ev5 ! slighte/ description ( x1--a suffici5t pro(1 t we may h se5 _m objects1 & yet h le>n$ no?+4 ,at l5g? ! %utt]s are op5$ aga91 to rema9 op5 :ile ! sun is above ! horizon2 & we see once m :at we saw at fir/4 ,ev5 n[1 h[ev]1 if1 9 a sort ( ec/acy1 we 7 to cont9ue to see at once1 z 9 ! fir/ in/ant1 all ?is multitude ( diff]5t objects1 we %\ld "k z little ( !m :5 ! night arriv$1 z we knew :5 ! w9d[ %utt]s 7 clos$ aga9 aft] ! v mom5t ( _! op5+4 ,to h a k ( ! sc5e1 !n1 x is n suffici5t to behold x all at once1 s z to compreh5d x 9 a s+le gaze2 we mu/ consid] x 9 detail1 & pass successively f object to object4 ,?is is :at ,nature has taught u all4 ,if %e has giv5 u ! p[] ( see+ _m objects at once1 %e has giv5 u also ! faculty ( look+ b at "o1--t is to say1 ( direct+ our eyes on "o only ( ! multitude2 & x is to ?is faculty1--:i* is a result ( our organization1 says ,condillac1--t we owe all ! k :i* we acquire f sight4 ,! faculty is common to u all3 & yet1 if aft]w>ds we 7 to talk ( ! l&scape :i* we _h all se51 x w\ld be v evid5t1 t our k ( x w\ld n be exactly ! same4 ,by "s ( u1 a picture might be giv5 ( x ) tol]able exactness1 9 :i* !re w\ld be _m objects su* z !y 71 & _m1 c]ta9ly1 :i* _h v little resemblance to ! p>ts ( ! l&scape :i* we wi%$ to describe4 ,! picture :i* o!rs might give1 w\ld probably be s confus$1 t x w\ld be q impossible to recognize ! sc5e 9 ! description1 & yet all _h se5 ! same objects1 & no?+ b ! same objects4 ,! only diff]5ce is1 t "s ( u _h w&]$ f object to object irregul>ly1 & t o!rs _h look$ at !m 9 a c]ta9 ord]4 ,n[1 :at is ?is ord]8 ,nature po9ts x out to u h]self4 ,x is ! v ord] 9 :i* %e pres5ts to u objects4 ,!re are "s :i* are m /rik+ ?an o!rs1 & :i*1 ( !mselves1 almo/ call to u to look at !m2 !y are ! pr$om9ant objects1 ar\nd :i* ! o!rs seem to arrange !mselves4 ,x is to !m1 accord+ly1 t we give our fir/ att5tion2 & :5 we h rem>k$ _! relative situations1 ! o!rs gradually fill up ! int]vals4 ,we beg91 !n1 ) ! pr9cipal objects2 we obs]ve !m 9 succession2 we comp>e !m1 to judge ( _! relative positions4 ,:5 ^! are asc]ta9$1 we obs]ve ! objects t fill up ! int]vals1 comp>+ ea* ) ! pr9cipal object1 till we h fix$ ! positions ( all4 ,:5 ?is process ( successive1 b regul> obs]vation1 is accompli%$1 we "k all ! objects & _! situations1 & c embrace !m ) a s+le glance4 ,_! ord]1 9 our m9d1 is no long] an ord] ( m]e succession2 x is simultane\s4 ,x is t 9 :i* !y exi/1 & we see x at once di/9ctly4 ,! compreh5sive k ?us acquir$1 we owe to ! m]e skill ) :i* we h direct$ our eyes f object to object4 ,! k has be5 acquir$ 9 p>ts successively2 b1 :5 acquir$1 x is pres5t at once to our m9d1 9 ! same mann]1 z ! objects :i* x retraces to u1 are all pres5t to ! s+le glance ( ! eye t beholds !m4 ,! description :i* ,i h n[ giv5 y1 v ne>ly aft] ! words ( ,condillac1 is1 ,i ?9k1 a v fai?ful repres5tation ( a process ( :i* we mu/ all repeat$ly h be5 consci\s4 ,x seems to me h[ev]1 fai?ful z x is1 z a m]e description1 to leave ! great difficulty unexpla9$1 & ev5 unrem>k$4 ,we see a multitude ( objects1 & we h "o complex indi/9ct feel+4 ,we wi% to "k ! sc5e m accurately1 & 9 consequ5ce ( ?is wi%1 ?\gh ! objects !mselves cont9ue z be=e1 we no long] seem to view !m all1 b only "o1 or a few2 & ! few1 :i* we n[ see1 we see m di/9ctly4 ,su* ,i conceive to be ! process2 b ! diff]5ce is1 t ?\gh we seem to view only a few objects1 & ^! mu* m di/9ctly1 ! field ( ! eye /ill compreh5ds a wide expanse1 ! light f :i* sc>cely affects u1 :ile ! light f o!r p>ts ( x1 ?\gh n m brilliant1 produces 9 u di/9ct p]ception4 ,x is va9 = ,condillac to say1 t x is 9 consequ5ce ( a faculty :i* we h ( direct+ our eyes on "o subject1 a faculty :i* is ! result ( our organization1 & :i* is common to all mank9d2 =1 9 ! fir/ place1 if ?is direction ( our eyes1 ( :i* he speaks1 on a s+le object1 be meant1 9 its /rict s5se1 ( ! eye itself1 :i* we direct1 x is n true t we h any su* faculty4 ,we _c direct our eyes s z n to compreh5d equally 9 our field ( vision1 _m objects beside t s+le object :i* is suppos$ to h fix$ our att5tion2 & if1 by ! direction ( our eyes1 be meant ! exclusive or limit$ p]ception by our m9d itself1 !re rema9s ! difficulty1--h[ x happ5s1 t :ile light f innum]able objects falls on our ret9a z be=e1 x no long] produces any di/9ct vision relatively to ! objects f :i* x comes1--:ile light c]ta9ly n m brilliant1 f o!r objects1 produces vision mu* m di/9ct ?an be=e4 ,let u consid] ?is difficulty :i*1 9 tru?1 con/itutes ! pr9cipal ph5om5on ( att5tion1 a little m fully4 ,:5 ,condillac speaks ( ! faculty ( ! m9d1 by :i* he supposes x capable ( direct+ ! eye1 exclusively1 on c]ta9 objects1 he mu/ speak ( t only1 ( :i* we are consci\s1 previ\sly to ! m di/9ct p]ception ( ^? objects1 z c]ta9 p>ts ( ! sc5e4 ,:at is x1 !n1 ( :i* we are consci\s1 betwe5 ! indi/9ct p]ception ( ! wide sc5e1 & ! di/9ct p]ception ( p>ts ( ! sc5e8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re is a g5]al desire ( kn[+ ! sc5e m accurately4 ,?is is ! prim>y feel+ ( ! process ( att5tion4 ,b ?is prim>y feel+ is soon succe$$ by o!rs4 ,indi/9ct z ! :ole complex sc5e may be1 "s p>ts ( x m brilliant1 or m /rik+ 9 g5]al "*1 are less indi/9ct ?an o!rs4 ,!re are a few m prom95t p>ts1 z ,condillac says1 ar\nd :i* ! re/ are indi/9ctly arrang$4 ,) "s "o ( ^!1 !n1 z 9 itself m impressive & attractive1 we beg92 our g5]al desire ( kn[+ ! :ole sc5e hav+ be5 foll[$ by a wi% to "k ?is pr9cipal "p m accurately4 ,! next /ep is to prev5t ! eye itself f w&]+1 t no new objects may di/ract x1 & t !re may be z little confusion z possible ( ! rays f diff]5t objects1 on t "p ( ! ret9a1 on :i* ! rays fell f ! p>ticul> object :i* we wi% to consid]4 ,we fix our eyes1 !re=e1 & our :ole body1 z /eadily z we c1 by ! muscles subs]vi5t to ^! purposes4 ,s f>1 unque/ionably1 no new faculty is ex]cis$4 ,we h m]ely ! desire ( kn[+ ! sc5e be=e u1--! selection ( "s prom95t object1 or r ! m]e p]ception ( x1 z peculi>ly prom95t1--! desire ( kn[+ x p>ticul>ly1--& ! contraction ( a few muscles1 9 ob$i5ce to our volition4 ,no soon]1 h[ev]1 has all ?is tak5 place1 ?an in/antly1 or almo/ in/antly1 & )\t our consci\sness ( any new & peculi> /ate ( m9d int]v5+ 9 ! process1 ! l&scape becomes to our vision altoge!r diff]5t4 ,c]ta9 p>ts only1 ^? p>ts :i* we wi%$ to "k p>ticul>ly1 are se5 by u2 ! rema9+ p>ts seem almo/ to h vani%$4 ,x is z if e ?+ be=e _h be5 b ! d\btful col\r+ ( en*antm5t1 :i* _h disappe>$1 & left to u ! few prom95t realities on :i* we gaze2 or r1 x is z if "s in/ant en*antm5t1 ob$i5t to our wi%es1 _h dissolv$ e reality besides1 & br\ght clos] to our sight ! few objects :i* we desir$ to see4 ,/ill1 h[ev]1 all ( :i* we are truly consci\s1 z prec$+ imm$iately ! *ange ( appe>ance 9 ! sc5e1 is ! m]e desire1 ( :i* ,i h spok51 comb9$ c]ta9ly ) expectation ( t m di/9ct vision :i* foll[s4 ,!re may be a comb9ation ( feel+s1 b no new & peculi> feel+1 ei!r z simple1 or coexi/+ ) o!r feel+s1--no indication1 9 %ort1 ( ! ex]cise ( new p[]4 ,ev5 ?\gh we %\ld be incapable1 !re=e1 ( und]/&+ h[ ! desire %\ld h ?is effect1 x w\ld n be ! less true1 t ! desire ( kn[+ accurately a p>ticul> object 9 a gr\p1 is in/antly1--or1 at lea/1 in/antly aft] "s organic *ange :i* may probably be necess>y1--foll[$ by a m vivid & di/9ct p]ception ( ! p>ticul> object1 & a comp>ative fa9tness & indi/9ctness ( ! o!r objects t coexi/ ) x2 & t :at we call att5tion is no?+ m4 ,are ! comp>ative di/9ctness & indi/9ctness1 h[ev]1 a result :i* we _h no reason to expect8 or are !y n r :at might1 9 "s degree at lea/1 h be5 expect$1 f our k ( ! few physical facts ) respect to our co-exi/+ s5sations1 :i* ,i h already po9t$ out to y1 & f ! circum/ance :i* we are next to consid]8 ,we h se51 9 ! obs]vations already made by u1 t _m co-exi/+ p]ceptions are indi/9ct1 & t :5 "o becomes m vivid1 ! o!rs become /ill fa9t]4 ,all t is necess>y1 !re=e1 is to discov] "s cause ( increas$ vividness ( t "o to :i* we are said to att5d4 ,if we c discov] any reason :y ?is %\ld become m vivid1 ! comp>ative indi/9ctness ( ! o!r p>ts ( ! sc5e may be consid]$ z foll[+ ( c\rse4 ,su* a cause exi/s1 unque/ionably1 9 t feel+ ( desire1 )\t :i* !re c be no att5tion4 ,to att5d1 is to h a desire ( kn[+ t to :i* we att5d1 & att5tion )\t desire is a v]bal contradiction1--an inconsi/5cy1 at lea/1 z great z if we 7 said to desire to "k )\t any desire ( kn[+1 or to be att5tive )\t att5tion4 ,:5 we att5d1 !n1 to any "p ( a complex gr\p ( s5sations1 !re is always an emotion ( desire1 h[ev] slight ! emotion may be1 connect$ exclusively ) t p>ticul> "p ( ! gr\p to :i* we att5d2 & :atev] effect our emotions produce on ! complex feel+s t accompany !m1 we may expect to be produc$1 9 "s great] or less degree1 by ! desire 9 ! complex process :i* we t]m att5tion4 ,! effect :i* our expectation might anticipate1 is ! v effect t is truly f\nd to take place1--an increas$ livel9ess ( t "p ( ! complex gr\p1 to :i* alone ! desire relates4 ,t x is ! nature ( our emotions ( e sort1 to r5d] m vivid all ! m5tal affections ) :i* !y are peculi>ly comb9$1 z if _! own vivacity 7 9 "s measure divid$ ) ^!1 e "o :o has felt any /rong emotion1 mu/ h exp]i5c$4 ,! eye has1 z x 71 a d\ble quickness1 to p]ceive :at we love or hate1 :at we hope or fe>4 ,o!r objects may be se5 slightly2 b ^!1 if se5 at all1 become in/antly p]man5t1 & _c appe> to u )\t impress+ _! pres5ce1 z x 71 9 /rong] feel+ on our s5ses & our s\l4 ,su* is ! effect ( emotion1 :5 comb9$ ev5 ) s5sations t are ( !mselves1 by _! own nature1 vivid2 & m>k1 !re=e1 less /rik+ly1 ! increase ( vividness receiv$4 ,! vivify+ effect1 h[ev]1 is /ill m rem>kable1 by its relative proportion1 :5 ! feel+s ) :i* ! emotion is comb9$1 are 9 !mselves peculi>ly fa9t1 z 9 ! case ( m]e memory or imag9ation4 ,! object ( any ( our emotions1 ?us m]ely conceiv$ by u1 becomes1 9 _m cases1 s vivid1 z to r5d] ev5 our accompany+ p]ceptions comp>atively fa9t4 ,! m5tal abs5ce ( lov]s1 = example1 is prov]bial2 & :at is ?us t]m$ 9 popul> language abs5ce1 is no?+ m ?an ! great] vividness ( "s m]e conception1 or o!r int]nal feel+1 ?an ( any1 or all ( ! ext]nal objects pres5t at ! "t1 :i* h no peculi> relation to ! prevail+ emotion4 8,! d>k5$ sun ,loses 8 light2 ,! rosy-bosom'd ,spr+ ,to weep+ ,fancy p9es2 & yon bright ar* ,contract$1 b5ds into a dusky vault4 ,all nature fades1 ext9ct2 & %e alone1 ,he>d1 felt1 & se51 possesses e ?\ght1 ,fills e s5se1 & pants 9 e ve94 ,books are b =mal dulness1--t$i\s fri5ds1 ,& sad amid ! social b& he sits ,lonely & unatt5tive4 ,f 8 tongue ,! unf9i%$ p]iod falls2 :ile1 borne away ,on swell+ ?\ght1 8 waft$ _s flies ,to ! va9 bosom ( 8 di/ant ,fair2 ,& leaves ! semblance ( a lov]1 fix'd ,9 melan*oly site1 ) head decl9$ ,& love-deject$ eyes40#aca ,:at bright] col\rs ! fe>s ( sup]/ition give to ! dim objects p]ceiv$ 9 twilight1 ! inhabitants ( ! village :o h to pass ! *ur*y>d at any late h\r1 & ! little /ud5ts ( ballad lore1 :o h c>ri$ ) !m1 f ! nurs]y1 _m tales :i* !y almo/ tremble to rememb]1 "k well4 ,& 9 ! second sight ( ?is nor!rn "p ( ! isl&1 !re c be no d\bt1 t ! objects :i* ! se]s conceive !mselves to behold1 truly are m vivid1 z conceptions1 ?an1 b = ! sup]/ition & ! melan*oly "* ( ! natives1 :i* h>monize ) ! objects ( ?is gloomy =esight1 !y w\ld h be52 & t x is 9 consequ5ce ( ?is bright5+ effect ( ! emotion1 z concurr+ ) ! dim & %ad[y objects :i* ! vap\ry atmosph]e ( our lakes & vallies pres5ts1 t fancy1 relatively to ! individual1 becomes a tempor>y reality4 ,! gift$ eye1 :i* has once believ$ itself fav\r$ ) su* a view ( ! future1 w1 ( c\rse1 ev] aft] h a quick] =esight1 & m frequ5t revelations2 its own wild] emotion communicat+ /ill m vivid =ms & col\rs to ! objects :i* x dimly p]ceives4 ,on ?is subject1 h[ev]1 ,i ne$ n seek any additional illu/ration4 ,i may fairly suppose y to admit1 z a g5]al physical law ( ! ,ph5om5a ( ,m9d1 t ! influ5ce ( e emotion is to r5d] m vivid ! p]ception or conception ( its object4 ,i mu/ rem>k1 h[ev]1 t :5 ! emotion is v viol5t1 z 9 ! viol5ce ( any ( our fi]c] passions1 ?\gh x /ill r5d]s e object1 ) :i* x h>monizes1 m vivid & prom95t1 x m+les ) !m "s degree ( its own confusion ( feel+4 ,x magnifies & di/orts2 & :at x r5d]s bright]1 x does n !re=e r5d] m di/9ct4 8,! flame ( passion1 ?r\gh ! /raggl+ s\l ,deep-k9dl$1 %ews across t sudd5 blaze ,! object ( 8 rapture1 va/ ( size1 ,) fi]c] col\rs & a night ( %ade40#acb ,! species ( desire :i* we are consid]+1 h[ev]1 is n ( ?is fi]ce & tempe/u\s k9d4 ,emotions ( a calm] species h ! vivify+ effect1 )\t ! indi/9ctness2 & precisely ( ?is degree is t desire :i* con/itutes att5tion z coexi/+ ) ! s5sations1 or o!r feel+s to :i* we are said to att5d4 ,we h f\nd1 !n1 9 ! desire :i* accompanies att5tion1 or r :i* *iefly con/itutes x1 ! cause ( t increas$ int5sity :i* we s\ght4 ,:5 all ! v>i\s objects ( a sc5e are ( !mselves equally1 or ne>ly equally1 int]e/+ or indiff]5t to u1 ! union ( desire1 ) any p>ticul> p]ception ( ! gr\p1 might be suppos$1 a priori1 to r5d] ?is p]ception 9 "s degree m vivid ?an x 0 be=e4 ,x is n necess>y t ?is diff]5ce ( vividness %\ld take place :olly1 or ev5 be v /rik+1 9 ! fir/ in/ant2 =1 by becom+ 9 ! fir/ in/ant ev5 slightly m vivid1 x acquires additional col\r+ & prom95ce1 s z to increase t int]e/1 :i* l$ u orig9ally to select x = our fir/ m9ute obs]vation1 & ?us to bright5 x m & m progressively4 ,inde$1 :5 we reflect on our consci\sness dur+ :at is call$ an ef=t ( att5tion1 we feel t "s su* progress z ?is really takes place1 ! object becom+ gradually m di/9ct :ile we gaze1 till at l5g? x requires a sort ( ef=t to turn away to ! o!r coexi/+ objects1 & to r5ew ) !m ! same process4 ,att5tion1 !n1 is n a simple m5tal /ate1 b a process1 or a comb9ation ( feel+s4 ,x is n ! result ( any peculi> p[] ( ! m9d1 b ( ^? m]e laws ( p]ception1 by :i* ! increas$ vividness ( "o s5sation produces a correspond+ fa9tness ( o!rs coexi/+ ) x1 & ( t law ( our emotions1 by :i* !y communicate great] int5sity to e p]ception1 or o!r feel+1 ) :i* !y coexi/ & h>monize4 ,,footnotes3 #aca ,?omson's ,seasons--,spr+1 v4 #ajjf-ajba4 #acb ,pleasures ( ,imag9ation1 ,book ,,ii4 v4 #acg-adj4 ,,lecture ,,xxxii4 ,,on ,,! ,,ext]nal ,,affections ,,( ,,m9d ,,comb9$ ,,) ,,desire1 ,,cont9u$4--,,on ,,! ,,int]nal ,,affections ,,( ,,m9d4--,,classification ,,( ,,!m4 ,9 my la/ ,lecture1 ,g5tlem51 ,i conclud$ my sket* ( ! diff]5t hypo!ses ( philosoph]s ) respect to p]ception1 ) an acc\nt ( t ,pre-e/abli%$ ,h>mony1 by :i* ,leibnitz1 exclud+ all reciprocal ag5cy ( m9d & matt]1 endeav\r$ to acc\nt = ! uni=m co9cid5ce ( our m5tal feel+s ) our bodily movem5ts1--an hypo!sis :i*1 ?\gh x does n seem to h ga9$ _m foll[]s out ( ,g]many1 produc$ ! mo/ en?usia/ic admiration 9 ! c\ntry ( its au?or4 ,i may rem>k by ! way1--z a v /rik+ example ( ! /range mixture ( seem+ly opposite qualities1 :i* we frequ5tly f9d 9 ! "* ( nations1--t1 :ile ! c\ntry1 ( :i* ,i speak1 has met ) ridicule1--mo/ unju/ 9 degree1 z national ridicule always is1--= ! heav9ess ( its labori\s erudition1 x mu/ be all[$ to surpass all o!r c\ntries 9 ! passionate en?usiasm ( its philosophy1 :i*1 p>ticul>ly 9 metaphysics1 f ! reign ( ,leibnitz to ! m rec5t wor%ip paid to ! transc5d5talism ( ,kant1 seems sc>cely to h admitt$ ( any calm approbation1 or to h kn[n any o!r inquir]s ?an viol5t p>tisans & viol5t foes4 ,aft] my rem>ks on ?is hypo!sis1 :i* clos$ my view ( our ext]nal affections ( m9d1 z !y exi/ simply1 ,i next proce$$ to consid] !m1 z !y exi/1 comb9$ ) desire1 9 t /ate ( ! m9d1 :i* is t]m$ att5tion1--a /ate :i* has be5 suppos$ to indicate a peculi> intellectual p[]1 b :i*1 ,i endeav\r$ to %ew y1 admits ( be+ analyz$ into o!r m g5]al pr9ciples4 ,x is to our consci\sness1 ( c\rse1 t we mu/ ref] = ! tru? ( any su* analysis2 & ! process :i* x reveals to u1 9 att5tion1 seems1 ,i ?9k1 to ju/ify ! analysis :i* ,i made1 indicat+ a comb9ation ( simpl] feel+s1 b n any new & di/9ct species ( feel+1 to be ref]r$ to a peculi> faculty4 ,we see _m objects toge!r1 & we see !m indi/9ctly4 ,we wi% to "k !m m accurately1--& we are aw>e1 t ?is k c be acquir$ only 9 detail4 ,we select "s "o m prom95t object1 f ! re/1--or r1 )\t any selection on our "p1 ?is object excites1 9 a high] degree1 our desire ( obs]v+ x p>ticul>ly1 m]ely by be+ m prom95t1 or1 9 "s o!r respect1 m int]e/+ ?an ! re/4 ,to obs]ve x p>ticul>ly1 we fix our body1 & our eyes1--= x is a case ( vision :i* ,i h tak5 = an example1--z /eadily z possible1 t ! light f ! same po9ts ( ! object may cont9ue to fall on ! same po9ts ( ! ret9a4 ,toge!r ) our wi%1 we h an expectation1 ! natural effect ( uni=m pa/ exp]i5ce1 t ! object w n[ be m di/9ctly p]ceiv$ by u2 &1 9 accordance ) ?is expectation1 :5 ! process1 :i* ,i h describ$1 is complet$1 ! object1 z if x knew our v wi%1 & ha/5$ to gratify x1 does become m di/9ct2 &1 9 proportion z x becomes ?us m vivid1 ! o!r objects ( ! gr\p become gradually fa9t]1 till at l5g? !y are sc>cely felt to be pres5t4 ,su*1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( any new & peculi> /ate ( m9d1 is ! m5tal process1 z f> z we are consci\s ( x2 &1 if ?is be ! process1 !re is no reason to inf] 9 x ! op]ation ( any p[] ( ! m9d diff]5t f ^? :i* are ex]cis$ 9 o!r cases4 ,! g5]al capacities ( p]ception1 & desire1 & expectation1 & volunt>y comm& ( c]ta9 muscles1 :i*1 on e view ( ! ph5om5a ( att5tion1 we mu/ all[ ! m9d to possess1 are1 ( !mselves1 suffici5t to expla9 ! ph5om5a1 & preclude1 !re=e1 any fur!r ref]5ce4 ,! bright5+ ( ! objects to :i* we att5d1 t is to say1 ( ! objects :i* h int]e/$ u1 & :i* we feel a desire ( kn[+1 & ! consequ5t fad+ ( ! o!r coexi/+ objects1 ,i expla9$1 by ! well kn[n influ5ce1 n ( desire m]ely1 b ( all our emotions1 9 r5d]+ m vivid ^? objects ( p]ception or fancy1 ) :i* !y h>monize2 & ,i illu/rat$ ?is influ5ce by v>i\s examples4 ,! phantasms ( imag9ation1 9 ! rev]ies ( our wak+ h\rs1 :5 our ext]nal s5ses are /ill op51 & quick to feel1 are1 z m]e conceptions1 f> less vivid ?an ! prim>y p]ceptions1 f :i* !y orig9ally fl[$2 & yet1 "u ! influ5ce ( any /rong emotion1 !y become s mu* m bright & prom95t ?an ext]nal ?+s1 t1 to ! impassion$ mus]1 on di/ant sc5es & p]sons1 ! sc5es & p]sons truly ar\nd him1 are almo/1 z if !y 7 n 9 exi/5ce4 ,if a m]e conception1 !n1 fa9t z x mu/ always be by its own nature1 c ?us be r5d]$ m vivid ?an reality1 by ! union ( any /rong desire1 x is surely less wond]ful1 t ! same cause %\ld communicate ! same sup]ior vividness to ! bright] realities ( p]ception4 ,if :at we rememb] ) int]e/1 & wi% to see aga91 become s mu* m vivid 9 our fancy1 m]ely by ?is v wi%1 t we sc>cely p]ceive any "o ( ! innum]able objects be=e our eyes1 :at we truly see1 9 its own lively col\r+1 & feel a /rong desire ( kn[+ m intimately1 may well be suppos$ to r5d] u less s5sible to ! o!r coexi/+ objects1 :i* ! v %ad[s ( our imag9ation1 :5 bright5$ by a simil> desire1 7 able mutually to annihilate or eclipse4 ,9 addition to ?is direct vivify+ influ5ce ( ! desire itself1 "s "p1--&1 p]haps a v consid]able "p--( ! bright5+ ( ! object1 dur+ att5tion1 may arise indirectly f ! m]e muscul> adaptation ( ! organ4 ,i d n speak m]ely ( t int]nal adaptation1 :atev] x may be1 :i* accommodates ! organ to ! object1 &1 !re=e1 v>ies ) ! di/ance ( ! object1 b ( t simpl] contraction1 :i* keeps ! organ1 z a :ole1 /eadily fix$4 ,x is prov$ by _m facts1 t a c]ta9 "t is necess>y1 = vision1 &1 probably1 9 l mann]1 = all our p]ceptions4 ,a cannon ball1 = example1 ?\gh x mu/ h reflect$ light to u1 dur+ its passage1 may yet pass be=e our eyes1 s rapidly1 z n to be p]ceiv$2 &1 if a "p ( ! eye be affect$1 9 a c]ta9 mann]1 by "o col\r1 & a diff]5t col\r fall ^u x s rapidly aft] ! fir/1 t ! =m] affection has n previ\sly ceas$1 ! result is n ! visual affection1 :i* ! second col\r alone w\ld h produc$1 b t :i* w\ld h aris5 at once f a mixture ( ! two col\rs4 ,9 ?is way1 9 an exp]im5t :i* has be5 (t5 p]=m$1 = ! demon/ration ( ?is simple & beautiful fact2 if a cyl9d] be pa9t$ 9 longitud9al b>s1 ) ! prismatic col\rs1 9 c]ta9 proportions1 & be revolv$ rapidly on its axis1 its surface to ! eye w n seem to pres5t any "o ( ! col\rs1 :i* are really pa9t$ on x1 b an uni=m :it5ess1 :i* x has n1 on a s+le po9t ( its :ole surface4 ,if rays ( diff]5t col\rs1 fall+ 9 rapid succession1 on ! same po9ts ( ! ret9a1 ?us seem to m+le ) ea* o!r1 & produce "o confus$ effect1 x mu/ evid5tly be ( great importance1 = di/9ct vision1 t ! eyes %\ld be s fix$1 t ! rays f ! objects :i* we wi% to obs]ve1 may n fall1 on "s p>ts ( ! ret9a1 previ\sly affect$ by ! light ( o!r objects1 b1 z mu* z possible1 on ! same p>ts1 dur+ ! :ole "t ( our obs]vation4 ,?is c be done1 z ,i h said1 only by ! cont9u$ ag5cy ( c]ta9 muscles2 & h5ce arises t feel+ ( muscul> ef=t1 ( :i* we are consci\s 9 ! process4 ,h[ difficult is x = u1 to keep a muscle1 = any l5g? ( "t1 9 ! same exact po9t ( contraction1 )\t ! slighte/ deviation f ?is po9t1 is well kn[n to physiologi/s2 &1 x is n wond]ful1 !re=e1 t 9 att5tion1 we %\ld be consci\s ( a consid]able ef=t1 9 endeav\r+ to fix /eadily any ( our organs4 ,! p[] ( ?us fix+ our muscles1 is a p[] :i* improves by habitual ex]cise2 & x is probably v mu* 9 ?is way1 t ! practis$ eye is able s rapidly to di/+ui% ! m9ute p>ts ( objects1 :i* require f o!rs a mu* long] ef=t ( att5tion4 ,b1 :atev] ! effect ( ! muscul> adaptation may be1 x is n ! less c]ta91 if we reflect on our feel+s1 t ! m5tal "p ( ! process ( att5tion involves no?+ m1 9 addition to ! prim>y p]ception1 :i* is its object1 ?an desire ) expectation4 ,?is is all ( :i* we are truly consci\s1 previ\sly to ! bright5+ ( ! p]ception itself1 to :i* we are said to att5d2--a bright5+1 :i*1 f ! g5]al laws ( emotion1 might v naturally be expect$ z ! result ( ! union ( desire1 ) any ( our s5sations4 ,9 su* circum/ances1 !n1 x is n wond]ful1 t we %\ld rememb] be/ ! objects to :i* we pay mo/ att5tion1 s9ce ?is is only to say1 t we rememb] be/ ! objects on :i* we h dwelt longe/1 & ) greate/ int]e/1 & :i* we h1 !re=e1 kn[n mo/ accurately4 ,su* are our s5sations or p]ceptions1 :5 unit$ ) desire1 exhibit+ appe>ances1 :i* seem1 at fir/1 to indicate1 ?\gh !y d n truly indicate1 a peculi> p[] or susceptibility ( ! m9d4 ,we %all f9d1 9 consid]+ our intellectual /ates ( m9d1 ! ord] ( m5tal ph5om5a1 to :i* we next proce$1 t ! union ( desire ) ^!1 has l$1 9 l mann]1 to ! belief ( _m di/9ct intellectual p[]s1 :i* yet1 l att5tion1 admit ( be+ analyz$ into simpl] elem5ts4 ,^! intellectual ph5om5a !mselves1 9 _! simple /ate1 mu/1 h[ev]1 be fir/ exam9$ by u4 ,hav+ n[1 !n1 (f]$ all ! obs]vations = :i* our limit$ c\rse all[s me room1 on ! v important prim>y class ( ext]nal affections ( ! m9d1 ,i proce$ accord+ to our g5]al division1 to consid] ! second>y class ( its int]nal affections2 ^? /ates ( x1 :i* are n ! result ( causes =eign to ! m9d itself1 b imm$iate consequ5ts ( its own prec$+ feel+s4 ,! ,div9e ,contriv] ( our m5tal frame1 :o =m$ ! s\l to exi/ 9 c]ta9 /ates1 on ! pres5ce ( ext]nal ?+s1 =m$ x also to exi/1 9 c]ta9 successive /ates1 )\t ! pres5ce or direct influ5ce ( any ?+ ext]nal2 ! "o /ate ( ! m9d1 be+1 z imm$iately ! cause ( ! /ate ( m9d :i* foll[s x1 z1 9 our ext]nal feel+s1 ! *ange produc$1 9 our corporeal organ ( s5se1 is ! cause ( any "o ( ! p>ticul> affections ( t class4 ,9 ! "o class1 t ( our int]nal affections1 ! ph5om5a dep5d on ! laws :i* regulate ! successive *anges ( /ate ( ! m9d itself4 ,9 ! o!r class1 t ( our ext]nal affections1 !y dep5d on ! laws ( ! m9d1 inde$1 :i* is susceptible ( ^! peculi> *anges ( /ate2 b !y dep5d1 9 an equal degree1 on ! laws :i* give to matt] its peculi> qualities1 &1 consequ5tly1 its peculi> influ5ce on ?is m5tal susceptibility4 ,if light 7 to be annihilat$1 x is v evid5t1 t1 ?\gh our m9d itself 7 to cont9ue end[$ ) all its pres5t susceptibilities1 x nev] aga9 c\ld behold ! sun1 ar\nd ^: cold & gloomy mass our e>? might /ill revolve z n[2 nor1 9 su* circum/ances1 is !re any reason to suppose t x w\ld exi/ 9 any "o ( ^? v>i\s /ates1 :i* con/itute ! delightful s5sations ( vision4 ,^! s5sations1 !n1 dep5d on ext]nal ?+s1 z mu* z on ! m9d itself4 ,b1 ?\gh aft] we h once be5 enri*$ ) ! spl5did acquisitions1 :i* our p]ceptive organs af=d u1 e ?+ ext]nal 7 to vani%1 n f our sight m]ely1 b f all our s5ses1 & our m9d alone 7 to exi/ 9 ! inf9ity ( space1 toge!r ) t ,et]nal ,maje/y :i* =m$ x1--/ill ?\ght aft] ?\ght1 & feel+ aft] feel+1 w\ld arise1 z x 71 spontane\sly1 9 ! disembodi$ _s1--if no *ange 9 its nature 7 to take place2 & ! :ole _w ( light1 & fragrance1 & h>mony1 w\ld1 9 its remembrance1 almo/ rise aga91 z if outliv+ annihilation itself4 ,x is by ?is capacity ( int]nal *ange ( /ate1 inde$1 t ! s\l is truly immortal1 :i*1 if x 7 capable ( no affections1 b ^? :i* ,i h t]m$ ext]nal1 w\ld itself be virtually z mortal z all ! mortal ?+s t are ar\nd x2 s9ce1 b = !m1 z causes ( its feel+s1 x c\ld n1 9 ^! circum/ances1 ( complete dep5d5ce1 h any feel+s :atev]1 & c\ld1 !re=e1 exi/ only 9 t /ate ( orig9al ins5sibility1 :i* prec$$ ! fir/ s5sation t gave x consci\sness ( exi/5ce4 ,x is1 9 ! true s5se ( immortality ( life1 immortal1 only because x dep5ds = its feel+s1 z well z = its m]e exi/5ce1 n on ! /ate ( p]i%able ?+s1 :i* are b ! atmosph]e t floats ar\nd x1 b on its own indep5d5t laws2 or1 at lea/1--= ! laws ( m9d1 z well z ! laws ( matt]1 c mean no?+ m1--dep5ds1 = ! successions ( its feel+s1 only on ! provid5t arrangem5ts1 ( t ,all-=esee+ ,p[] ^: w1 z x exi/$ at ! v mom5t at :i* x call$ e ?+ f no?+1 & gave to m9d & matt] _! p[]s & susceptibilities1 is ?us1 consequ5tly1 9 ! :ole s]ies ( effects1 f age to age1 ! et]nal legislation ( ! univ]se4 ,ev5 :ile our s\l is unit$ to ?is bodily frame1 & cont9ually capable ( be+ affect$ by ! objects t are cont9ually pres5t ) x1 by f> ! great] numb] ( our feel+s are ^? :i* arise f our int]nal successions ( ?\ght4 ,innum]able z our p]ceptions are1 !y are b a small "p ( ! v>i$ consci\sness ( a day4 ,we d n see1 or feel1 objects m]ely1 = ?is alone w\ld be ( little value1--b we comp>e !m ) ea* o!r1--we =m plans ( action1 & prosecute !m ) assidu\s att5tion1--or we m$itate on ! means by :i* !y may mo/ effectually be prosecut$2 & ) all our p]ceptions ( ext]nal ?+s1 & plans ( s]i\s ?\ght1 a cont9u$ fairy "w ( involunt>y fancy1 is incessantly m+l+1 9 consequ5ce ( ! laws ( sugge/ion 9 ! m9d itself1 l ! transi5t %ad[s1 on a /ream1 ( ! cl\ds t fl$ ov] x1 :i* picture on x _! mom5t>y =ms1 z !y pass 9 rapid v>iety1 )\t affect+ ! c\rse ( ! busy curr5t1 :i* glides along 9 its maje/ic track1 z if !y _h nev] be54 ,if we _h ! p[] ( ext]nal s5se only1 life w\ld be z passive z ! mo/ unconnect$ dream1 or r f> m passive & irregul> ?an ! wilde/ ( our dreams4 ,our remembrances1 comp>isons1 our hopes1 our fe>s1 & all ! v>iety ( our ?\ghts & emotions1 give a h>mony & unity to our g5]al consci\sness1 :i* make ! consci\sness ( ea* day a little drama1 or a connect$ "p ( t /ill great] drama1 :i* is to end only ) ! dea? ( its h]o1 or r ) ! comm5cem5t ( 8 glori\s apo!osis4 ,h[ wide a field ! int]nal affections ( ! m9d pres5t1 )\t dep5d5ce on ! sy/em ( mat]ial ?+s1--) :i* we are connect$1 inde$1 by _m delightful ties1 b by ties t h relation only to ?is mortal sc5e1--is prov$ 9 a v /rik+ mann]1 by ! increas$ en]gy ( ?\ght :i* we (t5 seem to acquire 9 ^? h\rs ( ! quiet ( ! night1 :5 e ext]nal influ5ce is ne>ly exclud$1--! h\rs ( inw>d m$itation1 9 :i* ! m9d has be5 poetically said1 to retire into ! sanctu>y ( its own imm5se abode1 & to feel !re & enjoy its spiritual inf9ity1 z if admitt$ to ! e!rial dwell+s & ! fea/s ( ! ,gods4 8,nonne vides1 quoties nox circumfunditur atra ,imm5si t]ga ,oceani t]ramque polumque1 ,cum r]um obduxit species obnubilus ,a] ,nec fragor impulsas aut vox allabitur aures1 ,ut nullo intuitu m5s jam defixa1 rec$it ,9 sese1 et vires intra se colligit omnes8 ,ut magno hospitio potitur1 seque excipit ipsa ,totam intus2 seu jussa ,deum discumb]e m5sis4 ,nam neque sic illam solido de m>more tecta ,nec cum porticibus capiunt laqui>ia c5tum ,aurea1 tot di/9cta locis1 tot regibus apta1 ,qusitque epul1 ,tyrioque in/ructus ab o/ro2 ,ut gaudet sibi juncta1 sibique int5ditur ipsa1 ,ipsa sibi tota incumb5s1 totamque p]]rans ,imm5sa imm5sam spatio longeque pat5tem4 ,seu dulces int] latebras ,heliconis amni1 ,et sacram ,phbi nemorum div]titur umbram1 ,fcundum pl5o ex]c5s sub pectore num52 ,seu causas r]um occultas1 et sem9a volvit1 ,et queis fd]ibus conspir5t maximus !r ,neptunusque ,pat]1 ,tellusque1 atque omnia gignant2 ,sive altum virtutis it] subducit1 et almus ,molitur leges1 queis =tunata juv5tus ,p>eat1 ac pace imp]ium tutetur et armis40#acc ,! int]nal /ates ( m9d1 !n1 :i* =m ! class next to be consid]$ by u1 pres5t to our inquiry no n>r[ or un9t]e/+ field4 ,we are to f9d 9 ^! aga9 e ?+1 ?\gh 9 fa9t] col\rs1 :i* delight$ & int]e/$ u 9 ! =m] class2 :ile we are1 at ! same "t1 to discov]1 an abundant s\rce ( feel+s /ill m delightful & sublime 9 !mselves1 & /ill m int]e/+ to our analysis4 ,we are no long] m]e s5sitive be+s1 t gaze ^u ! univ]se1 & feel pa9 or pleasure z a few ( its elem5t>y p>ticles t\* our n]ves4 ,we are ! discov]]s ( laws1 :i* e elem5t ( ! univ]se obeys1--! trac]s ( ev5ts ( ages t are pa/1--! calculators & prophets ( ev5ts1 t are n to occur till g5]ation aft] g5]ation ( ! prophetic calculators t succe$ u %all !mselves h pass$ away2--&1 :ile we are ?us able to discov] ! innum]able relations ( creat$ ?+s1 we are1 at ! same "t1 by ! m$ium ( ^! int]nal /ates ( our own m9d1 ! discov]]s also ( t ,inf9ite ,be+1 :o fram$ e ?+ :i* x is our glory to be capable m]ely ( obs]v+1 & :o1 )\t act+ directly on any ( our organs ( s5se1 is yet pres5t to our intellect ) z bright a reality ( p]ception1 z ! suns & planets :i* he has =m$ are pres5t to our corporeal vision4 ,! species ( philosophical inquiry1 :i* our int]nal affections ( m9d admit1 is exactly ! same z t :i* our ext]nal affections admit2 t is to say1 we are 9 our inquiry1 to consid] ! circum/ances 9 :i* !y arise1 & ! circum/ances :i* foll[ !m1 ) ! relations :i* !y appe> to u mutually to be> to our ext]nal feel+s1 & to ea* o!r1 & no?+ m4 ,x is z little possible = u1 indep5d5tly ( exp]i5ce1 to discov] a priori1 any reason t "o /ate ( m9d %\ld be foll[$ directly by ano!r /ate ( m9d1 z1 9 ! case ( our ext]nal feel+s1 to discov] any reason1 t ! pres5ce ( light %\ld be foll[$ by t p>ticul> m5tal /ate :i* con/itutes ! s5sation ( col\r1 n by t :i* con/itutes ! p]ception ( ! song ( a night+ale1 or ! fragrance ( a violet1--or t ^? ext]nal causes %\ld be foll[$ by _! peculi> s5sations1 r ?an by ! p]ception ( col\r4 ,x is equally va9 = u to ?9k ( discov]+ any reason1 9 ! nature ( ! m9d itself1 :i* c\ld h enabl$ u to pr$ict1 )\t actual exp]i5ce1 or1 at lea/1 )\t analogy ( o!r simil> in/ances1 any ( ! m]e intellectual *anges ( /ate1--t ! sight ( an object1 :i* we h se5 be=e 9 o!r circum/ances1 %\ld recal1 by in/ant spontane\s sugge/ion1 ^? o!r circum/ances :i* exi/ no long]2--t 9 meet+1 9 ! mo/ di/ant c\ntry1 a native ( our own l&1 x %\ld be 9 our own p[]1 by a s+le ^w to annihilate1 z x 71 = ! mom5t1 all ! seas & m\nta9s betwe5 him & 8 home2--or1 9 ! dep? ( ! mo/ gloomy dungeon1 :]e its wret*$ t5ant1 :o has be5 its t5ant = half a life1 sees1 & sc>cely sees1 ! few fa9t rays t s]ve b to speak ( a sun%9e1 :i* he is n to enjoy1 & :i* !y deprive him ( ! com=t ( =gett+1 & to r5d] visible to 8 v eyes t wret*$ness :i* he feels at 8 he>t1--t ev5 ?is creature ( mis]y1--:om no "o 9 ! _w p]haps rememb]s b ! s+le be+1 ^: regul> pres5ce1 at ! h\r at :i* he gives him1 day by day1 ! means ( add+ to 8 life ano!r ye> ( wret*$ness l ! pa/1 is sc>cely felt z ! pres5ce ( ano!r liv+ ?+1--%\ld yet1 by ! influ5ce ( a s+le ?\ght1 ent] into ! in/ant possession ( a fre$om beyond t :i* ! m]e de/ruction ( 8 dungeon c\ld give1--a fre$om :i* re/ores him n m]ely to ! lib]ty1 b to ! v ye>s :i* he _h lo/1--to ! woods1 & ! brook1 & ! fields ( 8 boyi% frolics1 & to all ! happy faces :i* 7 only z happy z 8 own4 ,! innum]able examples ( su* successions ( ?\ght we "k f exp]i5ce1 b f exp]i5ce only4 ,x is en\gh = u1 h[ev]1 to asc]ta9 ! simple fact1 t ! int]nal sugge/ions ( ?\ght aft] ?\ght1 )\t ! recurr5ce ( any ext]nal object does take place1 z truly z s5sation itself1 :5 ext]nal objects recur1--to obs]ve ! g5]al circum/ances relat+ to ! sugge/ion1--& to arrange ! pr9ciple on :i* x seems to dep5d1 z a pr9ciple ( our intellectual con/itution4 ,:ile we attempt no m ?an ?is1 we are c]ta9 at lea/ t we are n attempt+ any ?+ :i* is beyond ! sph]e ( human ex]tion4 ,to attempt m1 & to /rive to discov]1 9 any "o ( ! s]ies ( our int]nal feel+s1 "s reason :i* might h l$ u orig9ally to pr$ict its exi/5ce1 or ! exi/5ce ( ! o!r m5tal affections :i* succe$ x1 w\ld be to hope to discov]1 :at is n m]ely beyond our p[] ev5 to div9e1 b :at we %\ld be incapable ( kn[+ t we _h div9$1 ev5 ?\gh we %\ld casually h succe$$ 9 mak+ ! discov]y4 ,9 ! classification ( our int]nal feel+s1 z 9 e classification1 &1 inde$1 9 e ?+1 intellectual or moral1 :i* c ex]cise u1 x is evid5t1 t we may err 9 two ways1 by excess or defici5cy4 ,we may multiply divisions )\t necessity1 or we may lab\r 9 va9 to =ce into "o division individual div]sities1 :i* _c1 by any lab\r1 be made to correspond4 ,! gold5 mean1 ( :i* morali/s speak1 is z important 9 sci5ce1 z 9 our practical views ( happ9ess2 & ! habit ( ?is cauti\s speculative mod]ation1 is1 probably1 ( z difficult atta9m5t 9 ! "o1 z ! habitual cont5tm5t :i* is necess>y to ! enjoym5t ( ! o!r4 ,:5 we ?9k ( ! inf9ite v>iety ( ! physical objects ar\nd u1 & ( ! small numb] ( classes 9 :i* !y are at pres5t arrang$1 x w\ld seem to u1 if we 7 ignorant ( ! hi/ory ( philosophy1 t ! regul> progress ( classification mu/ h be5 to simplify1 m & m1 ! g5]al circum/ances ( agreem5t1 on :i* arrangem5t dep5ds2 t1 9 ?is progressive simplification1 millions ( div]sities mu/ h be5 orig9ally r$uc$ to ?\s&s1--^!1 aft]w>ds1 to hundr$s1--& ^! aga91 successively1 to divisions /ill m m9ute4 ,b1 ! tru? is1 t ?is simplicity ( division is f> f be+ s progressive 9 ! arrangem5t ev5 ( ext]nal ?+s4 ,! fir/ /eps ( classification mu/1 inde$1 uni=mly be1 to r$uce ! great multitude ( obvi\s div]sities to "s less ext5sive tribes4 ,b ! m]e guess-"w ( hypo!sis soon comes 9 to supply ! place ( labori\s obs]vation or exp]im5t1 & ( t sl[ & accurate reason+ on obs]vations & exp]im5ts1 :i*1 to m9ds ( v rapid imag9ation1 is p]haps1 a lab\r z we>isome1 z1 9 ! long obs]vation itself1 to wat* = h\rs1 ) an eye fix$ l ! telescope ?r\gh :i* x gazes1 "o con/ant po9t ( ! heav5s1 or to m9i/] to ! furnace1 & hang ov] x 9 pa9ful expectance ( ! transmutations :i* x t>dily pres5ts4 ,by ! unlimit$ p[] ( an hypo!sis1 we 9 a mom5t range toge!r1 "u "o g5]al "n1 myriads ( div]sities ! mo/ ob/9ately discordant2 z if ! m]e giv+ ( a "n c\ld ( itself alt] ! qualities ( ?+s1 mak+ simil> :at 0 dissimil> be=e1 l words ( magic1 t conv]t any ?+ into any ?+4 ,:5 ! hypo!sis is prov$ to be false1 ! tempor>y magic ( ! spell is ( c\rse dissolv$2 & all ! orig9al div]sities appe> aga91 to be rang$ once m 9 a wid] v>iety ( classes4 ,ev5 :]e1 )\t any su* guess-"w ( hypo!tical resemblance1 divisions & arrangem5ts h be5 =m$ on ! ju/e/ pr9ciples1 accord+ to ! qualities ( objects kn[n at ! "t1 "s new obs]vation1 or new exp]im5t1 is cont9ually %ew+ diff]5ces ( composition or ( g5]al qualities1 :]e none 7 conceiv$ be=e2 & ! same philosophy is ?us1 at ! same mom5t1 employ$ 9 unit+ & disunit+1--9 r$uc+ _m objects to a few1 & sep>at+ a few into _m1--z ! same electric p[]1 at ! mom5t 9 :i* x is attract+ objects ne>] to x1 repels o!rs :i* 7 almo/ 9 contiguity1 & (t5 br+s ! same object close to x1 only to ?r[ x (f ! next mom5t to a great] di/ance4 ,:ile a nic] artificial analysis1 or m accurate obs]vation1 is detect+ unsuspect$ resemblances1 &1 /ill m frequ5tly1 unsuspect$ div]sities1 !re is h5ce no fix$ po9t nor regul> advance1 b a sort ( ebb & fl[ ( wid] & n>r[] divisions & subdivisions2 & ! classes ( an int]v5+ age maybe few] ?an ! classes bo? ( ! age :i* prec$$ x1 & ( t :i* comes aft] x4 ,= a v /rik+ example ( ?is alt]nation1 ,i may ref] to ! hi/ory ( t sci5ce1 :i* is to matt] :at our intellectual analysis is to m9d4 ,! elem5ts ( bodies h be5 m & few] successively1 v>y+ ) ! analyses ( almo/ e di/+ui%$ *emi/2 f> f hav+ few] pr9ciples ( bodies1 z *emi/ry advances1 h[ _m m elem5ts h we n[ ?an 9 ! days ( ,ari/otle6 ,!re c be no "q1 t :5 man fir/ look$ ar\nd him ) a philosophic eye1 & saw1 9 ! sublime rud5ess ( nature1 some?+ m ?an objects ( savage rapacity1 or /ill m savage indiff]5ce1 he mu/ h conceiv$ ! v>ieties ( bodies to be innum]able2 & c\ld z little h ?\ght ( compreh5d+ !m all "u a few simple names1 z ( compreh5d+ ! :ole e>? itself )9 8 n>r[ grasp4 ,9 a %ort "t1 h[ev]1 ?is n>r[ grasp1 if ,i may v5ture s to express myself1 did /rive to compreh5d ! :ole e>?2 & soon aft] man _h made ! fir/ great advance 9 sci5ce1 ( wond]+ at ! inf9ity ( ?+s 9 :i* he 0 lo/1 we _h sages1 su* z ,?ales1 ,anaxim5es1 & ,h]aclitus1 :o 7 =m+ e ?+ ( a s+le pr9ciple1--wat]1 or air1 or fire4 ,! f\r elem5ts1 :i* aft]w>ds reign$ s long 9 ! s*ools ( physics1 gave place to a s+le pr9ciple ) ! al*emi/s2 or to ?ree pr9ciples1--salt1 sulphur1 & m]cury1--) *emi/s less bold 9 conjecture4 ,^!1 aga91 7 soon multipli$ by obs]v]s ( /ill nic] discrim9ation2 & mod]n *emi/ry1 :ile x has %ewn "s bodies1 :i* we reg>d$ z diff]5t1 to be compos$ ( ! same elem5ts1 has1 at ! same "t1 %ewn1 t :at we reg>d$ z elem5ts1 are !mselves comp\nds ( elem5ts :i* we knew n be=e4 ,to him :o looks back on ! hi/ory ( our own sci5ce1 ! analytic sci5ce ( m9d1 :i*1 z ,i h already said1 may almo/ be reg>d$1 9 its mo/ important aspects1 z a sort ( intellectual *emi/ry1--!re w appe> ! same alt]nate wid5+ & n>r[+ ( classification4 ,! m5tal ph5om5a are1 9 "o age or c\ntry1 ( _m classes2 9 a succe$+ age1 or 9 a diff]5t c\ntry1 !y are ( few]2 & aga91 aft] ! lapse ( ano!r age1 or ! passage ( a riv] or a m\nta91 !y are ( _m m4 ,9 our own isl&1 aft] ! decay ( s*ola/ic metaphysics1 f ,hobbes to ,hume1--if ,i may use ^! names1 z dates ( eras1 9 a sci5ce1 on :i*1 ) all _! un=tunate errors on _m ( ! mo/ important po9ts ( human belief1 !y bo? unque/ionably ?rew a degree ( light1 :i* r5d]$ _! errors on ^! subjects ! m to be lam5t$1--9 ?is long & brilliant p]iod1--:i*1 ( c\rse1 includes1 ) _m o!r em95t names1 ! v em95t au?or ( ! ,essay on ! ,human ,und]/&+1--!re 0 a t5d5cy to simplify1 z mu* z possible1 ! classification ( ! ph5om5a ( m9d2 & m reg>d1 p]haps1 0 paid to ! simil>ities ( ph5om5a1 ?an to _! diff]5ces4 ,subsequ5tly to ?is p]iod1 h[ev]1 ! philosophy ( ,dr ,reid1 &1 9 g5]al1 ( ! metaphysicians ( ?is "p ( ! isl&1 has _h ! opposite t5d5cy1--to enl>ge1 z ,i conceive1 f> beyond :at 0 necess>y1 ! numb] ( classes :i* !y consid]$ z too limit$ be=e2--&1 9 proportion1 m reg>d has p]haps be5 paid to ! diff]5ces1 or suppos$ diff]5ces ( ph5om5a1 ?an to _! resemblances4 ,!re c be no d\bt1 at lea/1 t we are n[ accu/om$ to speak ( m p[]s or op]ations ( ! m9d1 ?an ev5 ! s*oolm5 !mselves1 fond z !y 7 ( all ! nice/ subtleties ( inf9itesimal subdivision4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ?is respect1 h[ev]1 is n s /rik+1 :5 we consid] successions ( ages1 9 :i*1 ( c\rse1 f our g5]al notion ( ! effects ( "t1 we are accu/om$ to expect v>iety1 z :5 we look to neighb\r+ c\ntries at ! same p]iod1 especially if we consid] ! advantage ( t noble art1 :i* might h be5 suppos$1 by ! wide diffusion :i* x gives to op9ion1 to h remov$1 z to human s5tim5t1 all ! b\nd>ies ( m]e geographic di/ance4 ,slight1 h[ev]1 z ! di/ance is :i* sep>ates ! two c\ntries1 ! philosophy ( ,france1 9 its views ( ! ph5om5a ( m9d1 & ! philosophy ( ,brita91 p>ticul>ly ( ?is "p ( ,brita91 h = m ?an half a c5tury diff]$ z mu*1 z 9 ! philosophy ( diff]5t ages2 c]ta9ly 9 a degree f> great]1 ?an1 b = exp]i5ce1 x w\ld h be5 easy = u to suppose4 ,9 ,france1 all ! ph5om5a ( m9d h be51 dur+ t p]iod1 reg>d$ z s5sations1 or trans=m$ s5sations1 t is to say1 z s5sations v>i\sly simplifi$ or comb9$4 ,! works ( ,condillac1 :o pr(ess$ to h f\nd$ 8 sy/em on t ( ,locke1 b :o evid5tly did n und]/& fully :at ,locke int5d$1 gave ! pr9cipal tone to ?is philosophic belief2 & x has be5 fo/]$ s9ce by t passion = ! simple & ! wond]ful1 :i*1 :5 ^! two objects c be unit$1 is p]haps ! /ronge/ ( all our intellectual passions4 ,9 ! sy/em ( ! ,fr5* metaphysicians1 !y are unit$ 9 a v high degree4 ,t ?is univ]sal pres5ce ( s5sation1 :e!r true or false1 is at lea/ v simple1 _c be d5i$2 & !re is c]ta9ly abundant matt] ( wond] 9 ! suppos$ discov]y1 t all ! v>iety ( our int]nal feel+s are ^? v feel+s ( a diff]5t class1 to :i* !y h s little appe>ance ( belong+4 ,x is a sort ( p]petual masqu]ade1 9 :i* we enjoy ! pleasure ( recogniz+ a famili> fri5d 9 a v>iety ( grotesque dresses1 & ! pleasure also ( enjoy+ ! mi/akes ( ^? ar\nd u1 :o take him = a diff]5t p]son1 m]ely because he has *ang$ 8 robe & 8 mask4 ,! fallacy ( ! doctr9e is precisely ( t k9d1 :i*1 if once admitt$1 is mo/ difficult to be %ak5 (f4 ,x relates to a sy/em :i* is v simple1 v wond]ful1 & obvi\sly true 9 "p4 ,inde$1 :5 !re are s _m actual trans=mations ( our feel+s1 s _m emotions1 ( :i* ! pr9cipal elem5ts are s little recognizable1 9 ! complex affection t results f !m1--! supposition t all ! v>ieties ( our consci\sness may be only modes ( "o simple class ( prim>y feel+s1 false z x is1 is f> f be+ ! mo/ /rik+ example :i* ! hi/ory ( our sci5ce pres5ts ( ! extravagance ( philosophic conjecture4 ,! speculations ( ! ,fr5* s*ool ( philosoph]s1 to :i* ,i h n[ allud$1 z to ! suppos$ univ]sal transmutations ( feel+1 be>1 z y c sc>cely fail to h rem>k$1 a v obvi\s resemblance1 9 extreme simplicity1 to ! speculations ( al*emi/s on transmutations ( ano!r k9d4 ,! resemblance is /at$ ) great =ce by a liv+ ,fr5* au?or1 himself a metaphysician ( no humble rank4 ,i allude to a passage :i* y w f9d quot$ by ,mr ,/ew>t1 9 "o ( ! valuable prelim9>y diss]tations ( 8 volume ( ,essays1 f a "w ( ,de ,g]&o4 8,x requir$ no?+ less10--says ?is +5i\s writ]1--8?an ! unit$ spl5d\r ( ! discov]ies br\ght to light by ! new *emical s*ool1 to te> ! m9ds ( m5 f ! pursuit ( a simple & prim>y elem5t2 a pursuit r5ew$ 9 e age1 ) an indefatigable p]sev]ance1 & always r5ew$ 9 va94 ,) :at feel+s ( contempt w\ld ! physiologi/s ( =m] times h look$ d[n on ! *emi/s ( ! pres5t age1 ^: timid & circumscrib$ sy/em admits ne>ly =ty diff]5t pr9ciples 9 ! composition ( bodies6 ,:at a subject ( ridicule w\ld ! new nom5clature h af=d$ to an al*emi/6 8,! ,philosophy ( ,m9d has its al*emi/s also2 m5 ^: /udies are direct$ to ! pursuit ( "o s+le pr9ciple1 into :i* ! :ole sci5ce may be resolv$2 & :o flatt] !mselves ) ! hope ( discov]+ ! gr& secret1 by :i* ! pure gold ( tru? may be produc$ at pleasure40#acd ,?is secret ( ! intellectual opus magnum1 ,condillac conceiv$ himself to h f\nd2 or1 r1 z ,i h already said1 he ascrib$ ! gr& discov]y to our own illu/ri\s c\ntryman4 ,9 ?is ref]5ce ! :ole s*ool ( ,fr5* metaphysicians h v /rangely agre$2 conf]r+ on ,mr ,locke a praise :i* !y truly meant to d him hon\r1 b praise :i* ! object ( x w\ld h ha/5$ to disclaim4 ,he c]ta9ly 0 n t al*emi/ 9 ! sci5ce ( m9d :i* !y conceiv$ him to be2 ?\gh he 0 a *emi/ 9 x1 unque/ionably1 & a *emi/ ( ! highe/ rank4 ,,footnotes3 #acc ,d4 ,he9sius4 ,de ,contemptu ,mortis1 ,lib4 i4 #acd ,*ap4 ,i4 ,sect4 ii4 p4 #ae1 #af4 #dto4 ,edit4 ,,lecture ,,xxxiii4 ,,on ,,! ,,classification ,,( ,,! ,,m5tal ,,ph5om5a1 ,,by ,,locke--,,by ,,condillac--,,by ,,reid--,a ,,new ,,classification4 ,g5tlem51 9 ! conclusion ( my la/ ,lecture1 ,i allud$ to ! sy/em ( ! ,fr5* metaphysicians1 z an in/ance ( error f extreme simplification 9 ! analysis ( t class ( our feel+s :i* we are n[ consid]+4 ,( ?is sy/em1--:i* des]ves "s full] notice1 on acc\nt bo? ( ! great tal5ts :i* h /at$ & def5d$ x1 & ( its v wide diffusion1--,i may rem>k1 9 ! fir/ place1 t x is f> f be+1 :at its au?or & 8 foll[]s consid] x to be1 a m]e developem5t ( ! sy/em ( our illu/ri\s c\ntryman4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y agree ) ,locke only 9 "o po9t1 & t a negative "o1--z to :i* all philosoph]s may n[ be consid]$ z unanim\s1--! d5ial ( :at 7 t]m$ innate ideas4 ,9 e ?+ :i* c be /rictly said to be positive 9 8 sy/em1 ?is great philosoph] is ne>ly z completely oppos$ to ,condillac & 8 foll[]s1 z to ! un9telligible wrangl]s ( ! anci5t s*ools4 ,to conv9ce y ( ?is1 a v slight /atem5t ( ! two sy/ems w be suffici5t4 ,accord+ to ,locke1 ! m9d1 to ^: exi/5ce ?\ght or feel+ is n ess5tial1 might1 b = s5sation1 h rema9$ =ev] )\t feel+ ( any k9d4 ,f s5sation we acquire our fir/ ideas1--to use a ^w1 :i*1 f its ambiguity ,i am n v fond ( us+1 b :i*1 f its con/ant occurr5ce1 is a v important "o 9 8 sy/em4 ,^! ideas we _c m]ely rememb] z pa/1 & comp\nd or decomp\nd !m 9 v>i\s ways1 b we c comp>e !m 9 all _! v>iety ( relations2 & accord+ z _! objects are agreeable or disagreeable1 c love or hate ^? objects1 & fe> or hope _! return4 ,we rememb] n ext]nal ?+s only1 s z to h ideas ( !m1--ideas ( s5sation1--b we rememb] also our v remembrance itself1--our ab/ractions1 comp>isons1 love1 hate1 hope1 fe>1 & all ! v>ieties ( reflex ?\ght1 or feel+2 & our remembrance ( ^! int]nal feel+s1 or op]ations ( our m9d1 furni%es ano!r abundant s\rce ( ideas1 :i* he t]ms ideas ( reflection4 ,! comp>ison1 h[ev]1--& x is ?is po9t alone :i* c be ( any consequ5ce 9 ref]5ce to ! ,fr5* sy/em1--! comp>ison1 z a /ate ( ! m9d1 ev5 :5 x is ex]cis$ on our s5sations or p]ceptions1 is n itself a s5sation or p]ception1--nor is our hope1 or fe>1 or any o!r ( our reflex feel+s2 = !n1 in/ead ( ! two s\rces ( our ideas1 ! di/9ction ( :i* =ms ! v gr\ndwork ( ! ,essay on ! ,human ,und]/&+1 we %\ld truly h b "o s\rce1 & our ideas ( reflection w\ld !mselves be ! v ideas ( s5sation to :i* !y are oppos$4 ,our s5sations1 inde$1 directly or indirectly give rise to our reflex feel+s1 b !y d n involve !m2 !y are only prior 9 ord]1--! occasions1 on :i* c]ta9 p[]s or susceptibilities ( feel+ 9 ! m9d evolve !mselves4 ,su* is ! sy/em ( ,locke1 on ^? v po9ts1 on :i* ! ,fr5* philosoph]s mo/ /rangely pr(ess to reg>d him z _! great au?ority4 ,b x is surely v diff]5t f ! sy/em1 :i* !y affect to f\nd on x4 ,accord+ to !m1 s5sation is n m]ely t prim>y affection ( m9d1 :i* gives occasion to our o!r feel+s1 b is itself1 z v>i\sly compos$ or decompos$1 all ! v>iety ( our feel+s4 8,if we consid]10 says ,condillac1 9 a p>agraph1 :i* may be said to conta9 a summ>y ( 8 :ole doctr9e1 ) respect to ! m9d--8if we consid] t to rememb]1 to comp>e1 to judge1 to di/+ui%1 to imag9e1 to be a/oni%$1 to h ab/ract ideas1 to h ideas ( numb] & duration1 to "k tru?s1 :e!r g5]al or p>ticul>1 are b s _m modes ( be+ att5tive2 t to h passions1 to love1 to hate1 to hope1 to fe>1 to w1 are b s _m diff]5t modes ( desire2 & t att5tion1 9 ! "o case1 & desire1 9 ! o!r case1 ( :i* all ^! feel+s are modes1 are !mselves1 9 _! orig91 no?+ m ?an modes ( s5sation1 we _c b conclude1 t s5sation involves 9 itself--enveloppe--all ! faculties ( ! s\l40#ace ,:atev] we may ?9k ( ?is doctr9e1 z true or false1 +5i\s or absurd1 x seems1 at lea/1 sc>cely possible1 t we %\ld reg>d x z ! doctr9e ( ,locke--( him1 :o sets out1 ) a prim>y division ( our ideas1 into two di/9ct classes1 "o class ( :i* alone belongs to s5sation2 & :o consid]s ev5 ?is class ( our m]e ideas1 n z involv+ all ! op]ations ( ! m9d ) respect to !m1 b only z ! objects ( ! m9d1 9 ^! v>i\s op]ations2--z be+ :at we comp>e1 n ! v feel+ ( our comp>ison itself--! inducem5ts to passion1 n :at con/itutes any ( our passions1 z a /ate1 or s]ies ( /ates1 ( ! m9d4 ,to r5d] ! p>agraph1 :i* ,i h quot$ f ,condillac1 at all accordant ) ! real doctr9e ( ,locke1 x w\ld be necess>y to rev]se x1 9 almo/ e proposition :i* x involves4 ,! doctr9e1 !n1 z exhibit$ by ,condillac & 8 foll[]s1 :atev] m]it x may h 9 itself1 or h[ev] void x may be ( m]it ( any k9d1 is n ! doctr9e ( him f :om x is said to be d]iv$4 ,b its agreem5t or disagreem5t ) ! sy/em ( any o!r philosoph]1 is comp>atively1 ( v little consequ5ce4 ,! great "q is1 :e!r x be j1--:e!r x truly h ! m]it ( pres5t+ a fai?ful picture ( ! m5tal ph5om5a1 :i* x pr(esses to develope to u m cle>ly4 ,h we reason to believe1 !n1 t all ! v>i\s feel+s ( our m9d1 :i* =m ! classification ( its int]nal affections1 are m]ely1 to use ,condillac's phrase1 trans=m$ s5sations8 ,trans=m$ s5sations1 x is evid5t1 on 8 own pr9ciples1 ?\gh ! phrase might seem vague & ambigu\s1 9 any o!r sy/em1 c mean no?+ m ?an s5sations m or less lively1 or m or less complex4 ,x _c signify any ?+ t is absolutely diff]5t or sup]add$2 =1 if !re be any ?+1 9 any complex feel+ ( ! m9d1 :i* did n orig9ally =m a s5sation1 or a "p ( a complex s5sation1 ?is addition1 h[ev] slight1 is itself a pro(1 t all ! ph5om5a ( ! m9d are n m]e s5sations1 v>i\sly repeat$--t s5sation1 9 %ort1 does n 8involve0 all ! affections & faculties ( ! s\l4 ,is e feel+1 !n1 9 ! :ole s]ies ( our v>i$ consci\sness1 ref]able1 9 all its p>ts1 to s5sation1 z its orig9al s\rce8--n its s\rce m]ely1 9 "o v evid5t respect1 z t :i* is1 9 ord]1 truly prim>y to all our o!r feel+s1 b z t :i* ess5tially con/itutes !m all1 9 ! same mann] z ! wat]s ( ! f\nta9 are aft]w>ds ! v wat]s :i* fl[ along ! mead8 ,to prove ! affirmative ( ?is1 x is a/oni%+1 ) :at read9ess ,condillac1--:o is g5]ally reg>d$ z a nice & subtile reason]1 & :o c]ta9ly1 z 8 "w on t subject %[s1 _h /udi$ ) att5tion ! great pr9ciples ( logic1--passes f faculty to faculty1 & f emotion to emotion1 pr(ess+ to f9d s5sation ev]y:]e1 )\t exhibit+ to u ev5 ! semblance ( :at he seeks1 & yet repeat+ ! con/ant affirmative1 t he has f\nd x1--z if ! frequ5t repetition1 7 itself a pro( ( :at is frequ5tly repeat$1--b prov+ only t ! v>i\s feel+s ( ! m9d agree1 z might be suppos$1 9 be+ feel+s ( ! m9d--n t !y agree 9 be+ s5sations1 z t ^w is us$ by himself1 & z x is1 9 common philosophic use1 di/+ui%$ f ! o!r m g5]al t]m4 ,except ! m]e frequ5cy ( ! affirmation1 & ! unque/ionable priority 9 ord] ( "t1 ( our s5sations to our o!r feel+s1--!re is n ! slighte/ evid5ce1 9 8 sy/em1 ( t univ]sal transmutation :i* x affirms4 ,x may be necess>y to m5tion1 t1 9 ^! rem>ks on ! sy/em ( ! illu/ri\s preceptor ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,p>ma1 ,i allude1 9 p>ticul>1 to 8 ,treatise 8( ,s5sations10 :i* conta9s 8 m mature op9ions on ! subject--n to 8 e>li] "w1 on ! orig9 ( human k1 9 :i* he has n v5tur$ on s bold a simplification2 or at lea/1 has n express$ x 9 language s precise4 ,! great error ( ,condillac1 z x appe>s to me1 consi/s 9 suppos+ t1 :5 he has %[n ! circum/ance f :i* any effect results1 he has %[n ?is result to be ess5tially ! same ) ! circum/ance :i* produc$ x4 ,c]ta9 s5sations h ceas$ to exi/1 c]ta9 o!r feel+s h imm$iately aris52--^! new feel+s are !re=e ! o!rs "u ano!r %ape4 ,su* is ! secret1 b v false1 logic1 :i* seems to p]vade 8 :ole doctr9e on ! subject4 ,if all t is meant 7 m]ely1 t :atev] may be ! v>y+ feel+s ( ! m9d1 ! m9d itself1 9 all ?is v>iety1 :5 x rememb]s or comp>es1 hates or loves1 is /ill ! same sub/ance1 z t :i* saw1 he>d1 smell$1 ta/$1 t\*$1 !re c\ld be no?+ objectionable 9 ! doctr9e1 b !re w\ld !n c]ta9ly be no?+ new 9 x2--&1 in/ead ( ?9k+ ei!r ( ,locke or ( ,condillac1 we might ?9k1 at pleasure1 9 /at+ su* a doctr9e ( any ( ! innum]able ass]tors ( ! spirituality ( ! ?9k+ pr9ciple4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 is n ! mean+ ( ! ,fr5* metaphysician4 ,he ass]ts ?is id5tity ( sub/ance1 inde$1 l ! philosoph]s :o prec$$ him1 b he ass]ts /ill m4 ,x is n ! p]man5t sub/ance ( m9d only :i* is ! same4 ,its affections1 or /ates1 :i* seem1 9 _m respects1 absolutely diff]5t1 are ! same z ^? v affections1 or /ates1 f :i* !y seem to diff]--& are ! same1 m]ely because !y h succe$$ !m2 =1 z ,i h already said1 except ! frequ5cy ( 8 affirmation1 t !y are ! same1 !re is no o!r evid5ce b t ( ! m]e succession 9 ord] ( "t1 by :i* he attempts to sub/antiate _! sam5ess4 ,! orig9 ( ?is false reason+ ,i conceive to be ! analogy ( ,,matt]1 to :i* 8 sy/em1 by r$uc+ all ! affections ( m9d to t class :i* is imm$iately connect$ ) ext]nal ?+s1 mu/ h l$ him to pay peculi> att5tion4 ,yet1 9 ju/ice to him1 ,i mu/ rem>k1 t1 al?\gh a sy/em :i* r$uces e feel+ to m]e s5sation1 & consequ5tly connects e feel+1 9 its orig91 ) ! qualities ( matt]1 mu/ be fav\rable to mat]ialism1 & has unque/ionably fo/]$ ?is1 9 a v high degree1 9 ! ,fr5* s*ool ( metaphysics1 !re is no reason to consid] ,condillac himself z a mat]iali/2 on ! contr>y1 8 works conta9 _m v j rem>ks on ! errors ( mat]ialism4 ,b /ill 8 sy/em1 z ,i h said1 by lead+ him cont9ually to our organs ( s5se1 & to ! objects :i* act ^u !m1 mu/ h r5d]$ ! ph5om5a ( matt] peculi>ly apt to recur to 8 m9d 9 all its speculations4 ,n[1 9 matt]1 !re c be no "q z to ! reality ( t transmutation1 :i*1 z appli$ to m9d1 =ms ! *ief pr9ciple ( 8 intellectual analysis4 ,9 ! *emi/ry ( ! mat]ial elem5ts1 ! comp\nds are ! v elem5ts !mselves4 ,:5 any two sub/ances1 pres5t toge!r1 vani% z x 7 f our view1 & a ?ird sub/ance1 :e!r l or unlike to ei!r ( ! =m]1 pres5ts itself 9 _! place1 we believe ?is ?ird sub/ance1 h[ev] dissimil> x may appe>1 to be only ! coexi/5ce ( ! two o!rs2 & inde$1 s9ce we h no reason to believe t any *ange takes place1 9 ! numb] ( ! corpuscles ( :i* our planet is compos$1 ! :ole s]ies ( its corpuscul> *anges c be only new comb9ations ( p>ticles t exi/$ be=e4 ,! doctr9e ( ,py?agoras1 9 its application to ! mat]ial _w1 is 9 ?is respect philosophically accurate3 ,tempus edax r]um1 tuque invidiosa vetu/as ,omnia de/ruitis1 vitiataque d5tibus vi ,paulatim l5ta consumitis omnia morte4 ,nec species sua cuique manet2 r]umque novatrix ,ex aliis alias rep>at natura figuras4 ,nec p]it 9 toto quicquam1 mihi cr$ite1 mundo1 ,s$ v>iat faciemque novat2 nascique vocatur ,incip]e esse aliud quam quod fuit ante1--morique ,des9]e illud idem4 ,cum s9t hue =sitan illa1 ,hc translata illuc1 summa tam5 omnia con/ant4#acf ,) respect to ! m]e elem5ts ( matt]1 !re=e1 ! pres5t may be said1 & truly said1 to be exactly ! pa/2 &1 9 ! :ole s]ies ( ph5om5a ( ! mat]ial univ]se1 f ! mom5t ( its creation to ?is pres5t mom5t1 !re has be5 no?+ new1 b m]e *anges ( relative position4 ,?is absolute sam5ess ( result1 9 all ! app>5t *anges ( matt]1 ,condillac applies1 by a mo/ unw>rantable ext5sion1 to ! m]e affections ( ! m9d2 &1 because two affections ( m9d are foll[$ by a ?ird1 he consid]s ?is ?ird to be ! two =m] co-exi/+1 or1 z he t]ms x1 trans=m$4 ,! feel+ :i* foll[s ano!r feel+1 h[ev] seem+ly diff]5t1 is ?us1 9 8 sy/em1 ! same1 because x results f x2 & x is v easy = him1 9 ?is way1 to prove all our feel+s to be s5sations1 by ?is simple/ ( argum5ts1 t s5sation 0 ! fir/ /ate induc$ 9 m9d1 & t1 h5ce1 s9ce all our o!r feel+s1 ( e species1 mu/ h foll[$ x1 !y mu/ h orig9at$ 9 x1 & !re=e1 be5 ?is v s5sation "u a m]e *ange ( =m4 ,x is numb] "o ( ! long s]ies2 &1 if numb] two be a trans=m$ s5sation1 because x results f numb] "o1 :i* 0 a s5sation1 numb] ?ree mu/ be equally s1 because x foll[s numb] two2 & ?us1 successively1 ! :ole s]ies4 ,i p]ceive a h>e2 ,i p]ceive a %eep3--ea* ( ^! sep>ate /ates ( my m9d is a s5sation4 ,i _c att5d to !m long1 he says1 )\t comp>+ !m1 & p]ceiv+ ^? circum/ances ( agreem5t1 :i* lead me to apply to bo? ! ^w quadrup$4 ,all ?is is mo/ indubitably true4 ,x is impossible1 or1 at lea/1 x is n v common = u to obs]ve any two animals long1 toge!r1 )\t ?9k+ ( "s ( ! circum/ances 9 :i* !y agree or diff]4 ,! "o /ate ( m9d is a consequ5ce ( ! o!r /ate ( m9d4 ,b ?is is f> f prov+ ! comp>ison itself1 z a subsequ5t /ate or ph5om5on ( ! m9d1 to be ! same m5tal /ate z ! m]e p]ception ( ! two animals :i* simply prec$$ x4 ,if ! evid5ce ( our consci\sness is to be tru/$1 x is v diff]5t2 & 9 :at o!r evid5ce c ! ass]tion ( _! sam5ess be f\nd$8 ,we d n feel ! /ate ( m9d1 :i* con/itutes ! comp>ison1 to be virtually equal to ! two /ates ( m9d :i* con/itut$ ! sep>ate p]ception1 z we feel ! relation ( virtual equality betwe5 our notion ( ! numb] eight1 & our notions ( six & two comb9$2 ! "o feel+ does n virtually compreh5d ! two o!rs1 & x surely does n compreh5d !m 9 any gross] physical s5se2 = !re c]ta9ly is no?+ 9 ! absolute spiritual unity ( our ?9k+ pr9ciple :i* c lead u to believe t ! /ate or affection ( m9d :i* con/itutes ! p]ception ( a horse1 & ! /ate or affection ( m9d :i* con/itutes ! p]ception ( a %eep1 unite1 9 t diff]5t /ate or affection ( m9d1 :i* con/itutes ! comp>ison ( ! two1 9 ! same mann] z ! solid *ry/als ( any salt unite1 9 solution1 ) ! liquid :i* dissolves !m4 ,!y d n involve or con/itute1 !y m]ely give occasion to ?is ?ird /ate1 & give occasion to x1 m]ely 9 consequ5ce ( ! peculi> susceptibilities ( ! m9d itself1 z =m$1 by its div9e ,au?or1 to be affect$ 9 ?is p>ticul> mann]1 aft] be+ affect$ 9 ^? diff]5t mann]s1 :i* con/itute ! sep>ate p]ceptions1 z s5sation itself1 ! prim>y feel+1 0 made1 to dep5d on "s previ\s organic affection produc$ by an ext]nal object4 ,x is n1 !re=e1 z be+ susceptible ( m]e s5sation1 b z be+ susceptible ( m ?an m]e s5sation1 t ! m9d is able to comp>e its s5sations ) ea* o!r4 ,we may see1 & c]ta9ly d see1 objects toge!r1 )\t =m+ uni=mly ! same comp>ison2 :i* c\ld n be ! case if ! m]e coexi/5ce ( ! two p]ceptions con/itut$ or involv$ ! comp>ison itself4 ,9 ! case ( a horse & %eep1 = example1 ?\gh ^!1 9 ! s5sations :i* !y excite1 _c1 at diff]5t times1 be v diff]5t1 we comp>e1 at diff]5t times1 _! col\r1 _! =ms1 _! magnitudes1 _! functions1 & ! uses to :i* we put !m1 & we consid] !m z relat$ 9 v>i\s o!r ways4 ,! p]ceptions be+ ! same1 ! comp>isons1 or subsequ5t feel+s ( relation1 are diff]5t2 & ?\gh ! relation _c be felt b :5 bo? objects are consid]$ toge!r1 x is truly no "p ( ! p]ception ( ea*4 ,accord+ to ! ,fr5* sy/em1 ! sci5ce1 :i* we n[ /rangely reg>d z ( difficult acquirem5t1 w\ld be no?+ m ?an ! m]e op5+ ( our eyes4 ,7 we to %ew to a peasant1 absolutely unacqua9t$ ) ! v elem5ts ( geometry1 diagrams repres5t+ two "r angles1 & a plane triangle1 he might c]ta9ly1 ?\gh he c\ld n give !m names1 p]ceive ^! figures z cle>ly z ! mo/ exp]t ma!matician4 ,e ?+ :i* m]e s5sation c\ld produce1 9 ?is case1 w\ld be ! same 9 bo?2 & no?+ c be add$ to ?is prim>y s5sation1 s9ce e ?+ is said to be actually involv$ 9 ! s5sation itself4 ,yet1 ) all 8 accurate p]ception ( ! figures1 h[ev] cle>1 & vivid1 & la/+1 ! peasant w\ld n f9d1 9 ?is imm$iate p]ception1 ! equality ( ! two "r angles tak5 toge!r to ! ?ree angles ( ! triangle1 or any o!r geometrical relation4 ,! comp>ison1 !n1 & ! belief ( an univ]sal tru? ( proportion1 :i* results f t comp>ison1 are c]ta9ly some?+ m ?an ! m]e s5sation itself4 ,!y are1 9 %ort1 new /ates ( m9d1 z di/9ct f ! m]e p]ception ( ! figures 9 ! diagram1 z ! p]ception ( a circle itself diff]s f ! p]ception ( a squ>e4 ,to comp>e "o animal ) ano!r1 is1 inde$1 to h diff]5t visual images2 b ! m]e coexi/5ce ( visual images is only a gr\p1 l>g]1 or small]1 z ! images are m or few]1 & all :i* trans=mation c d is to add to ?is gr\p or take away f x4 ,innum]able objects may be1 & are1 cont9ually pres5t to u at once1 s z to produce "o complex affection ( m9d1--fields1 groves1 m\nta9s1 /reams1--b ! m]e coexi/5ce ( ^!1 s z to =m 9 our ?\ght "o sc5e1 involves no feel+ ( comp>ison2 & if ! m9d _h n be5 susceptible ( o!r affections ?an ^? ( s5se1 or ( m]e remembrance ( ! pa/ objects ( s5se1 ei!r 9 :ole or 9 "p1 x might1 :5 su* a sc5e 0 pres5t1 h exi/$ =ev] 9 ! /ate :i* =ms ! complex p]ception ( ! sc5e1 )\t ! slighte/ notion ( ! ,,relation ( its p>ts to ! :ole1 or to ea* o!r4 ,:5 ,i ?us attempt to prove1 by s _m we>y+ argum5ts1 t ! feel+ :i* con/itutes our comp>ison ( our s5sations1 or1 9 o!r words1 our belief ( _! agreem5t or disagreem5t1 is itself a /ate ( m9d1 diff]5t f ei!r ( ! sep>ate s5sations :i* we comp>e1 & diff]5t f bo?1 z m]ely coexi/+1 ,i _c b feel1 :at _m ( y h probably felt already1 z if ,i 7 lab\r+ to demon/rate a m]e truism4 ,inde$1 :5 ,i consid] ! argum5t z any ?+ m1 x is necess>y = me to call to m9d ! great "n1 & great tal5ts1 ( ! au?or ^: sy/em ,i oppose1--! praise :i* ! sy/em has receiv$1 ( extreme subtlety ( analysis1 comb9$ ) extreme simplicity1 & its wide diffusion1 z ! univ]sal1 or ne>ly univ]sal1 metaphysical cre$1 ( "o ( ! mo/ enlight5$ nations ( ,europe4 ,b = ^! remembrances1 ,i mu/ confess1 t ! sy/em :i* supposes our comp>ison to be ! ideas comp>$1 & no?+ m1 z if ^! _h fl[$ toge!r into "o1 w\ld appe> to me to correspond almo/ exactly ) an ironical !ory ( ! same process1 &1 inde$1 ( all ! intellectual processes1 propos$ 9 our own c\ntry1--n 9 ! ,essay on ,human ,und]/&+1 b 9 a v diff]5t "w1--a !ory :i* supposes comp>ison1 or judgm5t1 to be only ! conflux ( two ideas1 9 "o propositional canal4 8,simple ideas are produc$ by ! motion ( ! spirits 9 "o simple canal3 :5 two ( ^! canals disembogue !mselves into "o1 !y make :at we call a proposition3 & :5 two ( ^! propositional *annels empty !mselves into a ?ird1 !y =m a syllogism1 or a ratioc9ation4 ,memory is p]=m$ 9 a di/9ct ap>tm5t ( ! bra91 made up ( vessels simil>1 & l situat$ to ! ideal1 propositional1 & syllogi/ical vessels1 9 ! prim>y p>ts ( ! bra94 ,aft] ! same mann]1 x is easy to expla9 ! o!r modes ( ?9k+2 z also :y "s p ?9k s wrong & p]v]sely1 :i* proce$s f ! bad configuration ( ^? gl&s4 ,"s1 = example1 are born )\t ! propositional or syllogi/ical canals2 9 o!rs1 t reason ill1 !y are ( unequal capacities2 9 dull fell[s1 ( too great a l5g?1 :]eby ! motion ( ! spirits is ret>d$2 9 trifl+ g5iuses1 weak & small2 9 ! ov]-ref9+ spirits1 too mu* intort$ & w9d+2 & s ( ! re/40#acg ,9 exam9+ ! sy/em ( ,condillac1 :i* mu/ c]ta9ly be all[$ to be> a consid]able resemblance to ?is sy/em1 ,i h in/anc$ ! feel+ ( relation1 9 comp>ison1 m]ely z be+ "o ( ! simple/ examples :i* ,i c\ld select4 ,i might1 ) equal reason1 h in/anc$ o!r /ates ( m9d2 9 p>ticul>1 all ! v>iety ( our emotions1--a/oni%m5t or desire1 = example1 :i* are z little s5sations1 9 ! philosophical mean+ ( ! t]m1 z !y are fe> or sorr[4 ,! feel+ ( pleasure1 9 all its degrees ( vividness or fa9tness1 is a /ate ( m9d v diff]5t f t :i* con/itutes desire ( ! recurr5ce ( its object2 =1 o!rwise1 ! desire w\ld be itself ! v gratification1 :i* x supposes to be abs5t4 ,x is induc$1 inde$1 by ! remembrance ( ! pleasure2 b x is a consequ5ce ( ! remembrance1 n a "p ( x4 ,x is l t g5]al activity ( life1 to :i* amid ! mild brea?+s ( spr+1 ! torpid animal awakes1 t1 9 cont9ual w9t] w\ld h slumb]$ =ev] 9 ins5sibility1--or1 l ! bud1 :i*1 )\t w>m? & moi/ure1 nev] c\ld h bur/ f ! leafless /em2 b :i* is /ill1 9 itself1 some?+ v diff]5t f ! sun%9e & ! %[]4 ,x seems to me n improbable1 t ! error ( ,condillac1 & ( ! o!r ,fr5* metaphysicians1 :o h adopt$ 8 lead+ doctr9e1 may h aris5 9 "p1 or1 at lea/1 may h escap$ detection m readily1 f ! ambigu\s signification ( ! ^w s5tir1 :i* is a v]b orig9ally1 inde$1 & /rictly expressive ( m]e s5sation2 b appli$ also1 by a sort ( metaphorical ext5sion1 to our emotions & o!r affections ( m9d1 t d n orig9ate directly l s5sation1 9 an ext]nal cause4 ,?\gh ?is m]e arbitr>y ^w1 h[ev]1 may be applicable to a v>iety ( feel+s1 x does n1 !re=e1 foll[1 t ^! are all modifications ( t small class ( feel+s1 to :i* ! ^w 01 9 its prim>y s5se1 conf9$1--any m ?an f ! /ill wid] use1 9 our language1 ( ! t]m feel+1 z applicable to all ! /ates ( ! m9d1 x w\ld foll[1 t ^! are all modes ( affection ( our s5se ( t\*4 ,/ill1 h[ev]1 ,i _c b ?9k1 t1 if ! t]m s5tir _h be5 ( less vague application1 a m9d1 s acute z t ( ,condillac1 c\ld n h fail$ to discov]1 9 ! imag9>y pro( :i* he (f]s ( ! intellectual transmutations ( 8 simple & univ]sal pr9ciples1 ^? unw>rantable assumptions1 :i*1 ev5 to humbl] m9ds1 seem s obvi\s1 z sc>cely to require = ! detection ( !m1 _m mom5ts' ?\ght4 ,^! obs]vations1 ,i flatt] myself1 h %[n suffici5tly ! error ( ! sy/em1 :i* w\ld conv]t all our feel+s into s5sations1 9 "s indescribable /ate ( metamorphosis4 ,! sy/em1 ,i confess1 appe>s to me a v /rik+ example ( an extreme1 into :i* we are m apt to fall1 f ! v false notion1 t x is *>act]i/ic ( philosophic g5ius1--! extreme ( excessive simplification1--:i* is evil1 n m]ely z be+ false 9 itself1 b1 ,i may rem>k also1 z be+ productive ( ! v confusion1 to :i* simplicity is suppos$ to be adv]se4 ,:5 we ?9k ( love1 or hate1 or fe>1 or hope1 z fundam5tally & truly no?+ m ?an affections ( ext]nal s5se1 we try to recognize ! orig9al s5sations ( smell1 ta/e1 he>+1 t\*1 & sight1 :i* h be5 trans=m$ into !m2 b we try 9 va9 to recognize :at is ess5tially diff]5t1 & lose ourselves1 !re=e1 9 ! attempt4 ,we p]ceive e ?+1 z x 71 ?r\gh a mi/1 :i* x is impossible = our vision to p5etrate1 & we are at lea/ z mu* p]plex$ by hav+ only "o object to seek amid ! multitude1 z if we consid]$ all ! ph5om5a ( m9d1 )\t any classification :atev]4 ,be=e clos+ ?is slight review ( ! !ory ( trans=m$ s5sations1 ,i mu/ rem>k1 t1 ev5 ?\gh x 7 /rictly true1 t all ! feel+s ( ! m9d1 if consid]$ simply z feel+s ( ! m9d1 are m]e s5sations v>i$ or trans=m$ by "s /range int]nal process1 undescrib$ & indescribable1--/ill1 9 con=mity ) e j pr9ciple ( philosophiz+1 x w\ld be necess>y to =m two classes ( ^! m5tal ph5om5a1 correspond+ ) ! prim>y classification :i* we h made ( !m4 ,t ! m9d %\ld beg9 imm$iately to exi/ 9 a c]ta9 /ate1 9 consequ5ce ( ! pres5ce ( ext]nal objects1 s t x w\ld n1 at t mom5t1 h exi/$ 9 t /ate1 b = ! pres5ce ( ! ext]nal object1 is a pro( ( "o set ( laws1 :i* connect m9d directly & imm$iately ) matt]4 ,t x %\ld aft]w>ds beg9 to exi/ 9 a simil> /ate1 )\t ! recurr5ce ( any ext]nal cause :atev]1 9 consequ5ce ( its own susceptibilities only1 is a pro( ( ano!r set ( laws peculi> to ! m9d itself4 ,! complete diff]5ce ( ! cause1 9 ! two in/ances1 w\ld ju/ify1 or r require a diff]5t arrangem5t ( ! effect2 z1 :5 ! same motion ( a piece ( iron is produc$1 at "o "t by impulse1 at ano!r by ! pres5ce ( a magnet1 at ano!r by its m]e gravity1 we consid] ! motion1 ?\gh itself ! same 9 velocity & direction1 z ref]able to diff]5t physical p[]s4 ,) ! same /ates ( m9d v>i\sly produc$1 we %\ld /ill h to speak ( ext]nal & int]nal m5tal susceptibilities ( affection1 z1 ) ! same motions ( a piece ( iron v>i\sly produc$1 we speak ( magnetism1 impulse1 gravitation4 ,! v celebrat$ sy/em :i* ,i h n[ be5 combat+1--a sy/em1 :i*1 by ! univ]sality ( transmutation suppos$ 9 x1 truly des]ves ! "n ( intellectual al*ymy1--may !n be reg>d$ z exemplify+ "o species ( error 9 arrangem5t1--! error ( a simplification beyond :at ! ph5om5a all[4 ,?is species ( error1 9 ! philosophy ( m9d1 has n prevail$ v g5]ally 9 our c\ntry1--by f> ! m g5]al t5d5cy1 especially on ?is "p ( ! isl&1 be+ to excessive amplification4 ,in/ead ( wa/+ ! lab\r ( our analysis on elem5ts t d n admit ( any fur!r decomposition1 we h giv5 up ?is lab\r too soon1 & h class$1 9 _m cases1 z ultimate pr9ciples1 :at appe> to me to be susceptible ( /ill nic] analysis4 ,! ph5om5a ( m9d are1 accord+ly1 9 ! g5]al te*nical language ( ! sci5ce1 ref]r$ by u to _m p[]s1 :i* ,i _c b ?9k1 are n s diff]5t z to furni% gr\nd ( ultimate di/9ction1 b are truly only v>ieties ( a few m simple p[]s or susceptibilities4 ,:ile ,i am f> f conceiv+1 !re=e1 ) ,condillac & 8 foll[]s1 t all our /ates ( m9d are m]e s5sations modifi$ or trans=m$1 s9ce ?is belief appe>s to me to be a m]e assumption )\t ev5 ! slighte/ evid5ce 9 our consci\sness1 ,i am equally unwill+ to admit ! v>iety ( p[]s1 ( :i* ,dr ,reid speaks4 ,9 "o s5se1 inde$1 ! susceptibilities1 or p[]s1 :i* ! m9d possesses1 may be said1 ) propriety1 to be /ill m num]\s1--z num]\s z its feel+s !mselves1--= x mu/ nev] be =gott51 t :at we t]m classes1 are only words ( our own inv5tion1--t ! feel+s :i* we arrange z belong+ to "o class1 are truly diff]5t 9 !mselves1 precisely 9 ! same mann] z ! feel+s arrang$ 9 diff]5t classes are reciprocally diff]5t1--t ea* feel+ is1 & mu/ be1 indicative ( a peculi> susceptibility ( be+ affect$ 9 t p>ticul> mann]1--& t ! m9d has1 !re=e1 truly1 z _m susceptibilities1 z1 9 v>i\s circum/ances1 x c h diff]5t feel+s4 ,b /ill1 :5 we arrange ^! diff]5t ph5om5a 9 c]ta9 classes1 x is an error 9 classification to give a new "n to v>ieties t c be ref]r$ to o!r p>ts ( ! division already made2 & x is on ?is acc\nt ,i object to ! unnecess>y amplification ( our intellectual sy/ems1 9 arrang+ ! ph5om5a ( m9d "u s _m p[]s z ^? ( :i* we are accu/om$ to speak4 ,our v>i\s /ates or affections ( ! m9d1 ,i h already divid$ into two classes1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! circum/ances :i* prec$e !m1--! ,ext]nal & ! ,int]nal1--& ?is latt] class into two ord]s1--our ,intellectual ,/ates ( ,m9d1 & our ,emotions4 ,x is ) ! intellectual ph5om5a t we are at pres5t conc]n$2 & ?is ord] ,i w\ld arrange "u two g5]ic capacities1 t appe> to me to compreh5d or exhau/ ! ph5om5a ( ! ord]4 ,! :ole ord]1 z compos$ ( feel+s1 :i* arise imm$iately1 9 consequ5ce ( c]ta9 =m] feel+s ( ! m9d1 may be te*nically t]m$1 9 ref]5ce to ^! feel+s :i* h induc$ !m1 ,sugge/ions2 b1 9 ! sugge/$ feel+s !mselves1 !re is "o /rik+ diff]5ce4 ,if we analyse our tra9s ( intellectual ?\ght exclusively ( ! ,emotions :i* may coexi/ or m+le ) !m1 & ( s5sations t may be accid5tally excit$ by ext]nal objects1 we %all f9d !m to be compos$ ( two v di/9ct sets ( feel+s1--"o set ( :i* are m]e conceptions or images ( ! pa/1 t rise1 image aft] image1 9 regul> sequ5ce1 b simply 9 succession1 )\t any feel+ ( relation necess>ily involv$1--:ile ! p]ceptions ( relation1 9 ! v>i\s objects ( our ?\ght1 =m ano!r set ( feel+s1 ( c\rse z v>i\s z ! relations p]ceiv$4 ,conceptions & relations1--x is ) ^!1 & ) ^! alone1 t we are intellectually conv]sant4 ,!re is ?us an evid5t gr\nd = ! arrangem5t ( ! int]nal sugge/ions1 t =m our tra9s ( ?\ght1 "u two heads1 accord+ z ! feel+ excit$ directly by "s =m] feel+1 may be ei!r a simple conception1 9 its turn1 p]haps1 giv+ place to "s o!r conception z transi5t2 or may be ! feel+ ( a relation :i* two or m objects ( our ?\ght are consid]$ by u z be>+ to ea* o!r4 ,!re is1 9 %ort1 9 ! m9d1 a capacity ( association2 or z1 = reasons aft]w>ds to be /at$1 ,i w\ld r t]m x1--! capacity ( ,simple ,sugge/ion1--by :i* feel+s1 =m]ly exi/+1 are reviv$1 9 consequ5ce ( ! m]e exi/5ce ( o!r feel+s1 z !re is also a capacity ( feel+ resemblance1 diff]5ce1 proportion1 or relation 9 g5]al1 :5 two or m ext]nal objects1 or two or m feel+s ( ! m9d itself1 are consid]$ by u1--:i* m5tal capacity 9 di/9ction f ! =m]1 ,i w\ld t]m ! capacity ( ,relative ,sugge/ion2 & ( ^! simple & relative sugge/ions1 our :ole intellectual tra9s ( ?\ght are compos$4 ,z ,i am no lov] ( new phrases1 :5 ! old c be us$ )\t dang] ( mi/ake1 ,i w\ld v will+ly1 sub/itute = ! phrase relative sugge/ion1 ! t]m comp>ison1 :i* is m famili>1 & expresses v ne>ly ! same mean+4 ,b comp>ison1 ?\gh x involve ! feel+ ( relation1 seems to me also to imply a volunt>y seek+ = "s relation1 :i* is f> f necess>y to ! m]e int]nal sugge/ion or feel+ ( ! relation itself4 ,! resemblance ( two objects /rikes me1 inde$1 :5 ,i am /udi\sly comp>+ !m2 b x /rikes me also1 ) n less =ce1 on _m o!r occasions1 :5 ,i _h n previ\sly be5 =m+ ! slighte/ int5tional comp>ison4 ,i pref]1 !re=e1 a t]m :i* is applicable alike to bo? cases1 :5 a relation is s\ght1 & :5 x occurs1 )\t any se>* or desire ( f9d+ x4 ,! t]m judgm5t1 9 its /rict philosophic s5se1 z ! m]e p]ception ( relation1 is m exactly synonym\s ) ! phrase :i* ,i h employ$1 & might h be5 sub/itut$ ) safety1 if ! vulg> use ( ! t]m1 9 _m vague significations1 _h n giv5 "s degree ( indi/9ctness ev5 to ! philosophical use ( x4 ,i may rem>k1 too1 t 9 our works ( logic & intellectual physiology1 judgm5t & reason+ are usually discuss$ sep>ately1 z if !re 7 "s ess5tial diff]5ce ( _! nature2 &1 !re=e1 s9ce ,i include !m bo?1 9 ! relative sugge/ions ( :i* ,i %all aft]w>ds h to treat1 x seems advisable1 n to employ = ! :ole1 a "n :i* is already appropriat$1 & v g5]ally limit$1 to a "p4 ,z ! rise 9 ! m9d ( ! feel+ ( relation1 f ! m]e p]ception or conception ( objects1 is1 h[ev]1 :at ,i mean to d5ote by ! phrase ,relative ,sugge/ion2 & z judgm5t1 9 its /ricte/ s5se1 is no?+ m ?an ?is feel+ ( relation1--( any two or m objects1 consid]$ by u toge!r1--,i %all make no scruple1 to use ! %ort] & m famili> t]m1 z synonym\s1 :5 !re c be no dang] ( its be+ misund]/ood4 ,! intellectual /ates ( ! m9d1 !n1 to give a brief illu/ration ( my division1 ,i consid] z all ref]able to two g5]ic susceptibilities1--^? ( ,simple ,sugge/ion & ,relative ,sugge/ion4 ,our p]ception or conception ( "o object excites1 ( itself1 & )\t any kn[n cause1 ext]nal to ! m9d1 ! conception ( "s o!r object1 z :5 ! m]e s\nd ( our fri5d's "n1 sugge/s to u ! conception ( our fri5d himself1--9 :i* case1 ! conception ( our fri5d1 :i* foll[s ! p]ception ( ! s\nd1 involves no feel+ ( any common prop]ty1 ) ! s\nd :i* excites x1 b is precisely ! same /ate ( m9d1 :i* might h be5 induc$1 by v>i\s o!r previ\s circum/ances1 by ! sight ( ! *air on :i* he sat1--( ! book :i* he read to u1--( ! l&scape :i* he pa9t$4 ,?is is ,simple ,sugge/ion4 ,b1 toge!r ) ?is capacity ( ,simple ,sugge/ion1 by :i* conception aft] conception arises 9 ! m9d1--precisely 9 ! same mann]1 & 9 ! same /ate1 z ea* might h =m$ a "p ( o!r tra9s1 & 9 :i* ! p>ticul> /ate ( m9d t arises by sugge/ion does n necess>ily involve any consid]ation ( ! /ate ( m9d :i* prec$$ x1--!re is a sugge/ion ( a v diff]5t sort1 :i*1 9 e case1 involves ! consid]ation1 n ( "o ph5om5on ( m9d1 b ( two or m ph5om5a1 & :i* con/itutes ! feel+ ( agreem5t1 disagreem5t1 or relation ( "s sort4 ,i p]ceive1 = example1 a horse & a %eep at ! same mom5t4 ,! p]ception ( ! two is foll[$ by t diff]5t /ate ( m9d :i* con/itutes ! feel+ ( _! agreem5t 9 c]ta9 respects1 or ( _! disagreem5t 9 c]ta9 o!r respects4 ,i ?9k ( ! squ>e ( ! hypot5use ( a rightangl$ triangle1 & ( ! squ>es ( ! two o!r sides2--,i feel ! relation ( equality4 ,i see a dramatic repres5tation2 ,i li/5 to ! cold conceits :i* ! au?or ( ! trag$y1 9 8 omnipot5t comm& ov] w>riors & lov]s ( 8 own creation1 gives to 8 h]o1 9 8 mo/ impassion$ situations2--,i am in/antly /ruck ) _! unsuitabl5ess to ! "* & ! circum/ances4 ,all ! intellectual successions ( feel+1 9 ^! cases1 :i* con/itute ! p]ception ( relation1 diff] f ! results ( simple sugge/ion 9 necess>ily involv+ ! consid]ation ( two or m objects or affections ( m9d t imm$iately prec$$ !m4 ,i may ?9k ( my fri5d1 9 ! case ( simple sugge/ion1--t is to say1 my m9d may exi/ 9 ! /ate :i* con/itutes ! conception ( my fri5d1 )\t t previ\s /ate :i* con/itutes ! p]ception ( ! s\nd ( 8 "n2 = ! conception ( him may be sugge/$ by v>i\s objects & remembrances4 ,b ,i _c1 9 ! cases ( relative sugge/ion1 ?9k ( ! resemblance ( a horse & a %eep2 ( ! proportion ( ! squ>es ( ! sides ( a "r-angl$ triangle2 or ( ! want ( ! tru? ( nature 9 ! expressions ( a dramatic h]o1 )\t ^? previ\s /ates ( m9d1 :i* con/itute ! conceptions ( a horse & a %eep--( ! sides ( ! triangle1--or ( ! language ( ! w>rior or lov]1 & ! circum/ances ( triumph1 or hope1 or despair1 9 :i* he is exhibit$ to u by ! creative arti/4 ,) ^! two capacities ( sugge/$ feel+s1 simple & relative1 :i* are all t truly belong to ! class ( intellectual /ates ( ! m9d1--v>i\s emotions may concur1 p>ticul>ly t mo/ g5]al ( all emotions1 ! emotion ( desire1 9 "s "o or o!r ( its v>i\s =ms4 ,accord+ z ?is desire does or does n concur ) !m1 ! intellectual /ates !mselves appe> to be diff]5t2 &1 by ^? :o d n make ! necess>y analysis1 are suppos$1 !re=e1 to be indicative ( diff]5t p[]s4 ,by simple sugge/ion1 ! images ( ?+s1 p]sons1 ev5ts1 pass 9 /range & rapid succession2 & a v>iety ( names1 expressive ( diff]5t p[]s1--conception1 association1 memory1--h be5 giv5 to ?is "o simple law ( our intellectual nature4 ,b1 :5 we wi% to rememb] "s object2 t is to say1 :5 we wi% our m9d to be affect$ 9 t p>ticul> mann]1 :i* con/itutes ! conception ( a p>ticul> ?+1 or p]son1 or ev5t1--or :5 we wi% to comb9e new images1 9 "s picture ( fancy1 ?is coexi/5ce ( desire1 ) ! simple c\rse ( sugge/ion1 :i* cont9ues /ill to foll[ its own laws1 z mu* z :5 no desire exi/$ ) x1--seems to u to r5d] ! sugge/ion itself diff]5t2 & recollection1 & imag9ation or fancy1 :i* are truly1 z we %all aft]w>ds f9d1 no?+ m ?an ! union ( ! sugge/$ conceptions1 ) c]ta9 specific p]man5t desires1 are to u1 z x 71 di/9ct additional p[]s ( our m9d1 & are s arrang$ 9 ! sy/ems ( philosoph]s1 :o h n made ! v simple analysis1 :i* alone seems to me to be necess>y = a m precise arrangem5t4 ,9 l mann]1 ^? sugge/ions ( ano!r class1 :i* con/itute our notions ( proportion1 resemblance1 diff]5ce1 & all ! v>iety ( relations1 may1 z ,i h already rem>k$1 arise1 :5 we h _h no previ\s desire ( trac+ ! relations1 or may arise aft] t previ\s desire4 ,b1 :5 ! feel+s ( relation seem to u to arise spontane\sly1 !y are n 9 !mselves1 diff]5t f ! feel+s ( relation1 t arise1 9 our int5tional comp>isons or judgm5ts1 9 ! longe/ s]ies ( ratioc9ation4 ,( su* ratioc9ation1 !y are truly ! mo/ important elem5ts4 ,! p]man5t desire ( discov]+ some?+ unkn[n1 or ( e/abli%+1 or confut+1 or illu/rat+1 "s po9t ( belief or conjecture1 may coexi/1 inde$1 ) ! cont9u$ s]ies ( relations t are felt1 b does n alt] ! nature ( t law1 by :i* ^! judgm5ts1 or relative sugge/ions1 succe$ ea* o!r4 ,!re is no p[] to be f\nd1 b only ! union ( c]ta9 intellectual /ates ( ! m9d1 ) c]ta9 desires1--a species ( comb9ation n m wond]ful 9 itself1 ?an any o!r complex m5tal /ate1 z :5 we1 at ! same mom5t1 see & smell a rose1--or li/5 to ! voice ( a fri5d1 :o has be5 long abs5t f u1 & see1 at ! same mom5t1 t face ( affection1 :i* is aga9 giv+ confid5ce to our he>t1 & gladness to our v eyes4 ,our intellectual /ates ( m9d1 !n1 are ei!r ^? resemblances ( pa/ affections ( ! m9d1 :i* arise by simple sugge/ion1 or ^? feel+s ( relation1 :i* arise by :at ,i h t]m$ relative sugge/ions1--! "o set result+1 inde$1 f "s prior /ates ( ! m9d1 b n involv+ necess>ily1 any consid]ation ( ^! previ\s /ates ( m9d1 :i* sugge/$ !m1--! o!r set1 necess>ily1 involv+ ! consid]ation ( two or m objects1 or two or m affections ( m9d1 z subjects ( ! relation :i* is felt4 ,h[ readily all ! intellectual /ates ( m9d1 :i* are commonly ascrib$ to a v>iety ( p[]s1 may be r$uc$ to ^? two1 w appe> m cle>ly1 aft] we h consid]$ & illu/rat$ ! ph5om5a ( ea* set4 ,i %all proce$1 !re=e1 9 ! fir/ place1 to ! ph5om5a ( simple sugge/ion1 :i* are usually ref]r$ to a pr9ciple ( association 9 our ideas4 ,,footnotes3 #ace ,traite des ,s5sations1 ,"p ,i4 ,*ap4 vii4 ,sect4 #b4 #acf ,ovid4 ,metamorph4 ,lib4 ,,xv4 v4 #bcd-f1 & #beb-h4 #acg ,m>t4 ,scrib4 c4 xii4 ,,lecture ,,xxxiv4 ,,classification ,,( ,,! ,,int]nal ,,affections ,,( ,,m9d1 ,,cont9u$1--,,on ,,simple ,,sugge/ion1--,,advantages ,,result+ ,,f ,,! ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,sugge/ion1--,,on ,,mr ,,hume',s ,,classification ,,( ,,! ,,causes ,,( ,,associate ,,feel+s4 ,g5tlem51 my g5]al arrangem5t ( ! v>i\s ph5om5a1 or /ates ( ! m9d1 is1 ,i tru/1 n[ suffici5tly famili> to y4 ,we "k ! m9d only 9 ! succession ( ^! /ates1 z !y v>y1 f mom5t to mom5t2 & y h le>n$ to class !m1 z1 9 ! fir/ place1 ,ext]nal or ,int]nal ,affections1 accord+ z ! m5tal *anges ( /ate t are induc$1 h aris5 imm$iately f ! pres5ce ( ext]nal objects1 or f "s prec$+ /ate ( ! m9d itself1--& ! latt] ( ^! classes1 y h le>n$ also to subdivide into its two di/9ct ord]s ( ,intellectual ,/ates ( ! ,m9d & ,emotions4 ,?us f> we h proce$$1 ,i tru/1 )\t mu* risk ( misconception4 ,9 my la/ ,lecture1 ,i proce$$ to consid] ! =m] ( ^! ord]s1 & arrang$ all ! v>iety ( our ,intellectual ,/ates ( ,m9d "u two g5]ic capacities1--^? ( ,simple & ( ,relative sugge/ion4 ,intellectually1 we conceive or we judge2 our pa/ feel+s1 9 ,simple ,sugge/ion1 ( image aft] image1 arise aga91 9 col\rs m or less fa9t1 )\t any kn[n cause ext]ior to ! m9d4 ,by our capacity ( ! o!r species ( ,sugge/ion1 we are impress$ ) feel+s ( a diff]5t ord]1 t arise :5 two or m objects are contemplat$ toge!r1--feel+s ( _! agreem5t1 proportion1 or "s "o or o!r ( ! v>iety ( _! relations4 ,( ^! two ord]s ( feel+s1 & ( ^! alone1 consi/s ! :ole v>i$ tissue ( our tra9s ( ?\ght4 ,all ! intellectual p[]s1 ( :i* writ]s on ?is bran* ( sci5ce speak1 are1 z we %all f9d1 only modes ( ^! two1 z !y exi/ simply1 or z !y exi/ 9 comb9ation ) "s desire m or less p]man5t1--) ! desire ( prosecut+ a cont9u$ inquiry1 = example1 or ( evolv+ its results to o!rs1--z 9 ! long s]ies ( our ratioc9ation2 or ( fram+ "s spl5did succession ( images & incid5ts1 z 9 ! magic pictures ( poetry & romance4 ,! simplification may1 p]haps1 at pres5t appe> to y excessive2 b ,i flatt] myself1 t aft] ! two g5]ic capacities !mselves %all h be5 fully consid]$ by u1 x w n appe> to y m ?an is absolutely necess>y = accuracy ( analysis & arrangem5t4 ,,simple ,,sugge/ion4 ,! intellectual ph5om5a :i* we are1 9 ! fir/ place1 to consid]1 !n1 are ^? ( ,simple ,sugge/ion1 :i* are usually class$ "u ! g5]al t]m ( ! ,association ( ,ideas1--a t]m employ$ to d5ote t t5d5cy ( ! m9d1 by :i* feel+s1 t 7 =m]ly excit$ by an ext]nal cause1 arise aft]w>ds1 9 regul> successions to ea* o!r1 z x 7 spontane\sly1 or at lea/ )\t ! imm$iate pres5ce ( any kn[n ext]nal cause4 ,! limitation ( ! t]m1 h[ev]1 to ^? /ates ( m9d1 :i* are exclusively d5om9at$ ideas1 has1 ,i conceive1 t5d$ greatly to obscure ! subject1 or at lea/ to deprive u ( ! aid :i* we might h receiv$ f x 9 ! analysis ( _m ( ! mo/ complex ph5om5a4 ,! influ5ce ( ! associat+ pr9ciple itself ext5ds1 n to ideas only1 b to e species ( affection ( :i* ! m9d is susceptible4 ,our int]nal joys1 sorr[s1 & all ! v>iety ( our emotions1 are capable ( be+ reviv$ 9 a c]ta9 degree by ! m]e influ5ce ( ?is pr9ciple1 & ( bl5d+ ) ! ideas or o!r feel+s :i* awak5$ !m1 9 ! same mann] z our conceptions ( ext]nal ?+s4 ,^! la/1 h[ev]1 x mu/ be admitt$1 pres5t ! mo/ /rik+ & obvi\s examples ( ! influ5ce ( ! pr9ciple1 & are1 !re=e1 ! fitte/ = illu/rat+ x4 ,! fa9t & %ad[y elem5ts ( pa/ emotions1 z m+l+ 9 any pres5t feel+1 x may n be easy to di/+ui%2 b our remembrances ( ?+s )\t are cle> & def9ite1 & are easily recogniz$ by u z images ( ! pa/4 ,we h se51 9 ! hi/ory ( our s5ses1 by :at admirable means ,nature has provid$ = communicat+ to man ^? fir/ rude elem5ts ( k1 :i* are aft]w>ds to be ! mat]ials ( 8 sublime/ speculations1--& ) :at /ill m admirable goodness %e has m9i/]$ to 8 pleasure 9 ^! prim>y elem5ts ( ?\ght1 & 9 ! v provision :i* %e has =m$ = ! subsi/5ce ( 8 animal frame1--mak+ ! organs by :i* he becomes acqua9t$ ) ! prop]ties ( ext]nal ?+s1 n ! f\nta9 ( k only1 b an ev]-m+l+ s\rce ( enjoym5t & in/ruction4 ,x is ?r\gh ! m$ium ( p]ception1 z we h se51--t is to say1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ^? s5sitive capacities already s fully consid]$ by u1--t we acquire our k ( ! prop]ties ( ext]nal ?+s4 ,b if our k ( ^! prop]ties 7 limit$ to ! mom5t ( p]ception1 & 7 ext+ui%$ =ev] ) ! fad+ s5sation f :i* x sprang1 ! acquisition ( ?is fugitive k w\ld be ( little value4 ,we %\ld /ill1 inde$1 be s5sible ( ! mom5t>y pleasure or pa92 b all exp]i5ce ( ! pa/1 & all t confid5ce 9 ! regul> successions ( future ev5ts1 :i* fl[s f exp]i5ce ( ! pa/1 w\ld ( c\rse1 be exclud$ by univ]sal & in/ant =getfulness4 ,9 su* circum/ances1 if ! common wants ( our animal nature rema9$1 x is evid5t1 t ev5 life itself1 9 its wor/ & mo/ mis]able /ate1 c\ld n be support$2 s9ce1 ?\gh oppress$ ) ?ir/ & hung]1 & )9 rea* ( ! mo/ delici\s fruits & ! mo/ pl5tiful spr+-wat]1 we %\ld /ill suff] )\t any k ( ! means by :i* ! suff]+ c\ld be rem$i$4 ,ev5 if1 by "s provision ( ,nature1 our bodily con/itution _h be5 s fram$1 z to require no supply ( subsi/5ce1 or if1 in/9ctively & )\t reflection1 we _h be5 l$ on ! fir/ impulse ( appetite1 to repair our daily wa/e1 & to %elt] ourselves f ! v>i\s causes ( physical injury to :i* we are expos$1 ?\gh our animal life might !n h cont9u$ to be ext5d$ to z long a p]iod z at pres5t1 /ill1 if b a succession ( mom5t>y s5sations1 x w\ld h be5 "o ( ! l[e/ =ms ( m]e animal life4 ,x is only z capable ( look+ be=e & beh9d1--t is to say1 z capable ( ^? spontane\s sugge/ions ( ?\ght :i* con/itute remembrance & =esight1--t we rise to ! dignity ( intellectual be+1 & t man c be said to be ! image ( t ,pure/ ( ,intellects1 :o looks backw>d & =w>d1 9 a s+le glance1 n on a few ye>s only1 b on all ! ages ( et]nity4 8,deum te scito esse10 says ,cic]o1 9 allusion to ^! p[]s1--8,deum te scito esse1 siquidem ,deus e/1 qui viget1 qui s5tit1--qui mem9it1 qui prvidet1 qui tam regit et mod]atur et movet id corpus1 cui prpositus e/1 quam hunc mundum pr9ceps ille ,deus40 8,7 x n s1 ! ,s\l1 all dead & lo/1 ,z ! fix'd /ream b5ea? ! impassive fro/1#ach ,=m'd = no end1 & impot5t to please1 ,w\ld lie inactive on ! c\* ( ease2 ,&1 he$less ( pr\d fame's immortal lay1 ,sleep all h] dull div9ity away40#aci ,)\t any remembrance ( pleasures =m]ly enjoy$1 or ( sorr[s long pa/ & long endur$1--look+ on ! p]sons & sc5es :i* _h surr\nd$ u f ! fir/ mom5t ( our bir?1 z if !y 7 objects altoge!r unkn[n to u1--incapable ev5 ( z mu* reason+ z /ill gleams ?r\gh ! dreadful /upor ( ! maniac1--or ( convey+ ev5 t fa9t expression ( ?\ght ) :i* ! rude/ savages1 9 ! rude/ language1 are /ill able to hold "s communication ( _! passions or designs2--su*1 b = t capacity :i* we are consid]+1 w\ld h be5 ! deplorable picture ( ! :ole human race4 ,:at is n[ rev]$ by u z ! mo/ g5]\s & h]oic virtue1 or ! mo/ pr(\nd & p5etrat+ g5ius1 w\ld h be5 no?+ m ?an ?is wret*$ness & imbecility4 ,x is ! sugge/+ pr9ciple1 ! reviv] ( ?\ghts & feel+s :i* h pass$ away1 t gives value to all our o!r p[]s & susceptibilities1 intellectual & moral--n inde$1 by produc+ !m1 =1 ?\gh unevolv$1 !y w\ld /ill1 z lat5t capacities1 be a "p ( ! orig9al con/itution ( our spiritual nature1--b by r\s+ !m into action1 & furni%+ !m ) ^? accumulat+ & inexhau/ible mat]ials1 :i* are to be ! elem5ts ( future ?\ght & ! objects ( future emotion4 ,e tal5t by :i* we excel1 & e vivid feel+ :i* animates u1 d]ive _! en]gy f ! sugge/ions ( ?is ev]-active pr9ciple4 ,we love & hate1--we desire & fe>1--we use means = obta9+ good1 & avoid+ evil1--because we rememb] ! objects & occurr5ces :i* we h =m]ly obs]v$1 & because ! future1 9 ! simil>ity ( ! successions :i* x pres5ts1 appe>s to u only a prolongation ( ! pa/4 ,9 conf]r+ on u ! capacity ( ^! spontane\s sugge/ions1 !n1 ,heav5 has mu* m ?an d\bl$ our exi/5ce2 =1 )\t x1 & consequ5tly )\t ^? faculties & emotions :i* involve x1 exi/5ce w\ld sc>cely h be5 desirable4 ,! v importance ( ! b5efits :i* we d]ive f x1 h[ev]1 r5d]s u p]haps less s5sible ( its value2 s9ce x is s m+l$1 ) all our k1 & all our plans ( action1 t we f9d x difficult to conceive a /ate ( s5ti5t be+1 ( :i* x is n a "p1 & to e/imate1 consequ5tly1 at a j am\nt1 ! advantage :i* x af=ds4 ,! future memory ( p]ception seems to u almo/ impli$ 9 p]ception itself2 & to speculate on t /range /ate ( exi/5ce :i* w\ld h be5 ! condition ( man1 if he _h be5 =m$ )\t ! p[] ( remembrance1 & capable only ( a s]ies ( s5sations1 has1 at fir/1 an appe>ance almo/ ( absurdity & contradiction1 z if we 7 imag9+ conditions :i* 7 9 _! nature incompatible4 ,yet1 assur$ly1 if x 7 possible = u to consid] su* a subject a priori1 ! real cause ( wond] w\ld appe> to be1 n 9 ! abs5ce ( ! sugge/ions ( memory1 z 9 ! case1 imag9$1 b 9 t remembrance ( :i* we h ! happy exp]i5ce4 ,:5 a feel+1 ( ! exi/5ce ( :i* consci\sness furni%es ! only evid5ce1 has pass$ away s completely1 t n ev5 ! slighte/ consci\sness ( x rema9s1 x w\ld surely1--b = t exp]i5ce1--be m natural to suppose t x _h p]i%$ altoge!r1 ?an t x %\ld1 at ! di/ance ( _m ye>s1 )\t any r5ewal ( x by ! ext]nal cause :i* orig9ally produc$ x1 aga9 />t1 z x 7 ( itself1 into be+4 ,to =esee t :i* has n yet begun to exi/1 is1 9 itself1 sc>cely m unacc\ntable1 ?an to see z x 7 be=e u1 :at has :olly ceas$ to exi/4 ,! pres5t mom5t is all ( :i* we are consci\s1 & :i* c /rictly be said to h a real exi/5ce1 9 relation to ourselves4 ,t mode ( "t1 :i* we call ! pa/1 & t o!r mode ( "t1 :i* we call ! future1 are bo? equally unexi/+4 ,t ! k ( ei!r %\ld be add$ to u1 s z to =m a "p ( our pres5t consci\sness1 is a gift ( ,heav51 mo/ b5eficial to u inde$1 b mo/ my/]i\s1 & equally1 or ne>ly equally my/]i\s1 :e!r ! unexi/+ "t1 ( :i* ! k is indulg$ to u1 be ! future or ! pa/4 ,! advantage :i* we d]ive f ! pr9ciple ( sugge/ion1 x mu/1 h[ev]1 be rem>k$1 consi/s1 n 9 its m]e revival ( ?\ghts & feel+s1 ( :i* we _h be=e be5 consci\s1 b 9 its revival ( ^! 9 a c]ta9 ord]4 ,if pa/ objects & ev5ts _h be5 sugge/$ to u aga91 n 9 t s]ies1 9 :i* !y _h =m]ly occurr$1 nor accord+ to any ( ^? relations1 :i* human disc]nm5t has be5 able to discov] among !m1 b 9 endless confusion & irregul>ity1 ! k ?us acquir$1 h[ev] gratify+ z a s\rce ( m]e v>iety ( feel+1 w\ld avail u little1 or r w\ld be :olly pr(itless1 n m]ely 9 our speculative inquiries z philosoph]s1 b 9 ! simple/ actions ( common life4 ,x is q evid5t1 t1 9 ?is case1 we %\ld be altoge!r unable to turn our exp]i5ce to acc\nt1 z a mode ( avoid+ future evil or obta9+ future good2 because1 = ?is application ( our k1 x w\ld be requisite t ev5ts1 be=e obs]v$1 %\ld occur to u1 at ! "t1 :5 simil> ev5ts might be expect$4 ,we refra9 f ta/+ ! poison\s b]ry1 :i* we h kn[n to be ! occasion ( dea? to him :o ta/$ x2 because ! m]e sight ( x br+s aga9 be=e u ! fatal ev5t1 :i* we h he>d or witness$4 ,we satisfy our appetite ) a salut>y fruit1 )\t ! slighte/ appreh5sion2 because its famili> appe>ance recals to u ! refre%m5t1 :i* we h repeat$ly receiv$4 ,b1 if ^! sugge/ions 7 rev]s$1--if ! agreeable images ( heal? & refre%m5t 7 all t 7 sugge/$ by ! poison\s plant1 & pa91 & convulsions1 & dea? 7 ! only images sugge/$ by ! sight ( ! grateful & n\ri%+ fruit1 !re c be no d\bt1 to :i* ( ! two1 our un=tunate pref]5ce w\ld be giv54 ,to take ! mo/ famili> ( all in/ances1--t ( language1--:i*1 ei!r z writt5 or spok51 is 9 su* con/ant use1 & :i* is s ess5tial1 n m]ely to our fir/ advance1 f absolute b>b>ism1 b to ! common dome/ic necessities1 ev5 ( b>b>\s life1 t1 )\t x1 we c sc>cely conceive two individuals1 h[ev] rude1 to exi/ toge!r1--?is1 x is evid5t1 c\ld n h be5 inv5t$1--nor1 if inv5t$1 c\ld x s]ve any o!r purpose ?an to mislead1--if ! words spok5 7 to h no great] *ance ( sugge/+ ! mean+ int5d$ by ! speak]1 ?an any o!r mean+1 :i* any o!r words ( ! language might be employ$ to d5ote4 ,:at social affection c\ld cont9ue = an h\r1 if ! sight ( a fri5d 7 to sugge/1 9 intimate comb9ation1 n ! k9dnesses :i* he _h conf]r$1 & all ! enjoym5ts ( :i* he _h be5 ! s\rce1 b ! malice1 & envy1 & rev5ge ( "s jeal\s & disappo9t$ enemy8 ,he :o has giv5 u1 9 "o simple pr9ciple1 ! p[] ( reviv+ ! pa/1 has n made 8 gift s unavail+4 ,! feel+s1 :i* ?is wond]ful pr9ciple pres]ves & re/ores1 arise1 n loosely & confus$ly--= :at is !re 9 ! :ole wide sc5e ( nature1 :i* does s occur8--b1 accord+ to g5]al laws or t5d5cies ( succession1 contriv$ ) ! mo/ admirable adaptation to our wants1 s z to br+ aga9 be=e u ! k =m]ly acquir$ by u1 at ! v "t :5 x is mo/ pr(itable t x %\ld return4 ,a value is ?us giv5 to exp]i5ce1 :i* o!rwise w\ld n be wor?y ( ! "n2 & we are enabl$ to ext5d x almo/ at pleasure1 s z to pr(it1 n m]ely by t exp]i5ce :i* ! ev5ts ( nature1 occurr+ 9 con=mity ) ^! g5]al laws1 mu/ at any rate h af=d$ to u1--b to regulate ?is v exp]i5ce itself1--to dispose objects & ev5ts1 s t1 by t5d5cies ( sugge/ion1 on ! firmness ( :i* we may put p]fect reliance1 !y %all give u1 p]haps at ! di/ance ( _m ye>s1 su* lessons z we may wi% !m to yield1--& ?us to inv5t & create1 9 a great measure1 ! intellectual & moral hi/ory ( our future life1 z an epic or dramatic writ] arranges at 8 w ! cont9u$ sc5es ( 8 v>i\s & magnific5t n>rative4 ,i ne$ n add1 t x is on ?is skilful managem5t ( ! laws1 :i* regulate our tra9s ( ?\ght1 ! :ole !ory & practice ( education are f\nd$2--t art1 :i* ,i h already repeat$ly repres5t$ to y z ! noble/ ( all ! arts ( man--itself ! animat+ _s ( e o!r art--:i* ex]ts its own imm$iate op]ation1 n on lifeless ?+s1 b on ! affections & faculties ( ! s\l itself--& :i* has rais$ u f ! du/1 :]e we slept or trembl$1 9 sluggi%1 yet f]oci\s ignorance1 ! victims ( ea* o!r1 & ( e elem5t ar\nd u1 to be ! %>]s & diffus]s ( ! bless+s ( social polity1 ! measur]s ( ! e>? & ( ! skies1 & ! rational wor%ipp]s ( t et]nal ,be+ by :om !y & we 7 creat$4 ,t !re is a t5d5cy ( ideas to sugge/ ea* o!r1 )\t any r5ew$ p]ception ( ! ext]nal objects :i* orig9ally excit$ !m1 & t ! sugge/ion is n1 altoge!r loose & indef9ite1 b t c]ta9 ideas h a peculi> t5d5cy to sugge/ c]ta9 o!r relative ideas 9 associate tra9s ( ?\ght1 is too famili> to y1 z a g5]al fact ( our intellectual nature1 to require to be illu/rat$ by example4 ,x has be5 beautifully comp>$1 by ! mo/ philosophic ( our poets1 to ! mutual influ5ce ( two sympa!tic ne$les1 :i* ,/rada1 9 "o ( 8 ,prolusions1 avail+ himself ( a suppos$ fact1 :i* 0 !n believ$1 or sc>cely d\bt$ by _m philosoph]s1 makes ! subject ( v]ses1 suppos$ to be recit$ by ,c>d9al ,bembo1 9 ! "* ( ,lucretius4 ,! ne$les 7 fabl$ to h be5 magnetiz$ toge!r1 & susp5d$ ov] diff]5t circles1 s z to be capable ( mov+ along an alphabet4 ,9 ^! circum/ances1 by ! rema9+ influ5ce ( _! orig9al k9dr$ magnetism1 !y 7 suppos$1 at :atev] di/ance1 to foll[ ea* o!r's motions1 & pause accord+ly at ! same po9t2 s t1 by wat*+ !m at conc]t$ h\rs1 ! fri5ds1 :o possess$ ?is happy telegraph1 7 suppos$ to be able to communicate to ea* o!r _! feel+s1 ) ! same accuracy & confid5ce z :5 !y 7 toge!r4 8,= :5 ! diff]5t images ( ?+s1 ,by *ance comb9'd h /ruck ! att5tive s\l ,) deep] impulse1 or1 connect$ long1 ,h drawn 8 frequ5t eye2 h[e'er di/9ct ,! ext]nal sc5es1 yet (t ! ideas ga9 ,f t conjunction an et]nal tie ,& sympa?y unbrok54 ,let ! ,m9d ,recal "o p>tn] ( ! v>i\s league1-- ,imm$iate1 lo6 ! firm conf$]ates rise1 ,& ea* 8 =m] /ation /raight resumes2 ,"o movem5t gov]ns ! cons5t+ ?rong1 ,& all at once ) rosy pleasure %9e1 ,or all are sadd5'd ) ! glooms ( c>e4 ',twas ?us1 if anci5t fame ! tru? unfold1 ,two fai?ful ne$les1 f ! in=m+ t\* ,( ! same p>5t-/one1 toge!r drew ,its my/ic virtue1 & at fir/ conspir'd ,) fatal impulse quiv]+ to ! pole1 ,!n1 ?\gh disjo9'd by k+doms1--?\gh ! ma9 ,roll'd its broad surge betwixt1--& diff]5t />s ,beheld _! wakeful motions1--yet pres]v'd ,! =m] fri5d%ip1 & rememb]'d /ill ,! alliance ( _! bir?4 ,:ate'er ! l9e ,:i* "o possess$1 nor pause nor quiet knew ,! sure associate1 ere1 ) trembl+ spe$1 ,he f\nd its pa?1 & fix$ un]r+ !re4 ,su* is ! secret union1 :5 we feel ,a song1 a fl[]1 a "n1 at once re/ore ,^? long connect$ sc5es :]e fir/ !y mov'd ,! att5tion4 ,backw>d ?r\gh h] _m walks1 ,guid+ ! wanton fancy to h] scope1 ,to temples1 c\rts1 or fields1--) all ! b& ,( 7liv+7#adj =ms1 ( passions1 & designs1 ,att5dant2 :5ce1 if pleas+ 9 itself1 ,! prospect f t sweet accession ga9s ,r$\bl$ influ5ce o'er ! li/5+ ,m9d4 ,by ^! my/]i\s ties1 ! busy p[] ,( ,memory h] ideal tra9 pres]ves ,entire2 or1 :5 !y w\ld elude h] wat*1 ,reclaims _! fleet+ foot/eps1 f ! wa/e ,( d>k ,oblivion40#ada ,:at !n are ^! my/]i\s ties8--or1 to /ate ! "q m philosophically1 :at are ! g5]al circum/ances :i* regulate ! successions ( our ideas8 ,t !re is "s regul>ity 9 ^! successions1 mu/1 z ,i h already rem>k$1 h be5 felt by e "o2 & !re are _m ref]5ces to su* regul>ity 9 ! works ( philosoph]s ( e age4 ,! mo/ /rik+ anci5t ref]5ce1 h[ev]1 to any g5]al circum/ances1 or laws ( sugge/ion1--?\gh ! innum]ation ( ^! is h9t$1 r ?an develop$ at any l5g?1--is t :i* y w f9d 9 a passage1 quot$ by ,dr ,beattie & ,mr ,/ew>t1 f ,ari/otle4 ,x is a passage explanatory ( ! process by :i*1 9 volunt>y rem9isc5ce1 we endeav\r to discov] ! idea ( :i* we are 9 se>*4 ,we are said to hunt = x--7 is ! ^w 9 ! orig9al7--among o!r ideas1 ei!r ( objects exi/+ at pres5t1 or at "s =m] "t2 & f _! resemblance1 contr>iety1 & contiguity-- 1 1 ' 1 1 4 4#adb ,?is brief enum]ation ( ! g5]al circum/ances :i* direct u 9 rem9isc5ce is wor?y ( our att5tion on its own acc\nt2 & is n less rem>kable on acc\nt ( ! v close resemblance :i* x be>s to ! arrangem5t aft]w>ds made by ,mr ,hume1 ?\gh !re is no reason to believe t ! mod]n philosoph] 0 at all acqua9t$ ) ! classification :i* _h1 at s great a di/ance ( "t1 anticipat$ 8 own4 ,i mu/ rem>k1 h[ev]1 t ?\gh x w\ld be 9 ! highe/ degree unju/ to ! well-kn[n lib]ality & frankness ( ,mr ,hume's "*1 to suppose him to h be5 aw>e ( any enum]ation ( ! g5]al circum/ances on :i* sugge/ion appe>s to dep5d1 prior to t :i* he has himself giv5 u1 8 attempt 0 f> f be+ s orig9al z he suppos$4 ,i d n allude m]ely to ! passage ( ,ari/otle1 already quot$1 nor to a correspond+ passage1 :i* ,i might h quot$1 f "o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ ( 8 comm5tators1 ,dr ,?omas ,aqu9as1 b to v>i\s passages :i* ,i h f\nd 9 ! works ( writ]s ( mu* m rec5t date1 9 :i* ! influ5ce ( resemblance & contiguity1 ! two g5]ic circum/ances to :i*1 on 8 own pr9ciples1 8 own triple division %\ld h be5 r$uc$1 is p>ticul>ly po9t$ out4 ,?us1 to take an example f an elem5t>y "w ( a v em95t au?or1 ,erne/i1 publi%$ 9 ! ye> #agcd1--;8 ,initia ,doctr9 ,solidioris1--) :at precision has he laid d[n ^? v laws ( association ( :i* ,mr ,hume speaks4 ,aft] /at+ ! g5]al fact ( sugge/ion1 or association1 "u ! ,lat9 t]m phantasia1 he proce$s to /ate ! pr9ciples :i* guide x4 ,all ! v>iety ( ^! int]nal successions ( our ideas1 he says1 may be r$uc$ to ! foll[+ law4 ,:5 "o image is pres5t 9 ! m9d1 x may sugge/ ! image ( "s abs5t object--ei!r ( "o t is simil> 9 "s respect to t already pres5t--or ( "o ( :i* ! pres5t is a "p--or ( "o :i* has be5 pres5t toge!r ) x on "s =m] occasion4 8,hujus autem phantasi lex hc e/2 ,prs5tibus animo r]um imag9ibus quibuscunque1 recurr]e et r$ire ad animum possunt r]um abs5tium olimque p]cept>um imag9es1 prs5tibus similes1 vel qu>um1 qu sunt prs5tes1 p>tes sunt1--vel d5ique1 quas cum prs5tibus simul hausimus40#adc ,ev5 ! arrangem5t1 z /at$ by ,mr ,hume1 is n express$ 9 m =mal t]ms4 ,b z x is to 8 arrangem5t ! philosoph]s ( our own c\ntry are accu/om$ to ref]1 9 treat+ ( association1 ! importance ?us atta*$ to x gives x a pref]able claim to our full] discussion4 ,x is /at$ by him briefly 9 two p>agraphs ( 8 ,essay on ! ,association ( ,ideas4 8,?\gh x be too obvi\s to escape obs]vation10 he says1 8t diff]5t ideas are connect$ toge!r1 ,i d n f9d t any philosoph] has attempt$ to enum]ate or class all ! pr9ciples ( association2 a subject1 h[ev]1 t seems wor?y ( curiosity4 ,to me !re appe> to be only ?ree pr9ciples ( connexion among ideas1 viz4 resemblance1 contiguity 9 "t or place1 & cause or effect4 8,t ^! pr9ciples s]ve to connect ideas1 w n1 ,i believe1 be mu* d\bt$4 ,a picture naturally leads our ?\ghts to ! orig9al4 ,! m5tion ( "o ap>tm5t 9 a build+ naturally introduces an inquiry or disc\rse conc]n+ ! o!rs4 ,& if we ?9k ( a w\nd1 we c sc>cely =be> reflect+ on ! pa9 :i* foll[s x4 ,b t ! enum]ation is complete1 & t !re are no o!r pr9ciples ( association except ^!1 may be difficult to prove to ! satisfaction ( ! read] or ev5 to a man's own satisfaction4 ,all we c d1 9 su* cases1 is to run ov] sev]al in/ances1 & exam9e c>efully ! pr9ciple :i* b9ds ! diff]5t ?\ghts to ea* o!r1--nev] /opp+1 till we r5d] ! pr9ciple z g5]al z possible4 ,! m in/ances we exam9e1 & ! m c>e we employ1 ! m assurance %all we acquire1 t ! enum]ation :i* we =m f ! :ole is complete & entire40#add ,on ^! p>agraphs ( ,mr ,hume1 a few obvi\s criticisms pres5t !mselves4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 h[ev]1 ,i mu/ obs]ve1--to qualify 9 "s degree ! sev]ity ( ! rem>ks :i* may be made on 8 classification1--t x is evid5t1 f ! v language n[ quot$ to y1 t he is f> f br++ =w>d 8 classification z complete4 ,he /ates1 inde$1 t x appe>s to him1 t !re are no o!r pr9ciples ( connexion among our ideas ?an ! ?ree :i* he has m5tion$2 b he adds1 t ?\gh ! reality ( _! influ5ce z connect+ pr9ciples w n1 he believes1 be mu* d\bt$1 x may /ill be difficult to prove1 to ! satisfaction ( 8 read]1 or ev5 ( himself1 t ! enum]ation is complete2 & he recomm5ds1 9 consequ5ce1 a c>eful exam9ation ( e in/ance ( sugge/ion1 9 ! successive tra9s ( our ideas1 t o!r pr9ciples1 if any su* !re be1 may be detect$4 ,b to proce$ to ! actual classification1 z pres5t$ to u by ,mr ,hume4 ,a note1 :i* he has add$ to ! p>agraph t conta9s 8 sy/em1 af=ds p]haps z /rik+ an in/ance z is to be f\nd 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce ( t illusion1 :i* ! excessive love ( simplicity t5ds to produce1 ev5 9 ! mo/ acute & subtile philosoph]1 s z to bl9d1 to ! mo/ manife/ inconsi/5cies1 9 8 own arrangem5t1 ^? p[]s ( critical disc]nm5t :i* w\ld h fla%$ in/ant detection on inconsi/5cies f> less gl>+ly app>5t 9 ! speculations ( ano!r4 ,aft] /at+1 t !re appe> to him to be only ! ?ree pr9ciples ( connexion already m5tion$1 ,mr ,hume adds1 9 a note1--z an in/ance ( o!r connexions app>5tly diff]5t f ^! ?ree1 :i* may1 not)/&+1 be r$uc$ to !m1-- 8,contra/ or contr>iety1 also1 is a species ( connexion among ideas4 ,b x may p]haps be consid]$ z a mixture ( causation & resemblance4 ,:]e two objects are contr>y1 ! "o de/roys ! o!r1 i4 e4 is ! cause ( its annihilation1 & ! idea ( ! annihilation ( an object implies ! idea ( its =m] exi/5ce40 ,:5 we he> or read = ! fir/ "t ?is little !ory ( ! sugge/ions ( contra/1 !re is1 p]haps no "o :o does n feel "s difficulty 9 believ+ x to be a g5u9e speculation ( t p[]ful m9d :i* produc$ x4 ,contra/1 says ,mr ,hume1 is a mixture ( causation & resemblance4 ,an object1 :5 contra/$ ) ano!r1 de/roys x4 ,9 de/ruction !re is causation2 & we _c conceive de/ruction1 )\t hav+ ! idea ( =m] exi/5ce4 ,?us1 to take an in/ance1--,mr ,hume does n d5y1 t ! idea ( a dw>f may sugge/1 by contra/1 ! idea ( a giant2 b he says t ! idea ( a dw>f sugge/s ! idea ( a giant1 because ! idea ( a dw>f de/roys ! idea ( a giant1 & ?us1 by ! connect+ pr9ciple ( causation involv$ 9 all de/ruction1 may sugge/ ! idea de/roy$2 & he adds1 z an additional reason = ! sugge/ion1 t ! idea ( ! annihilation ( a giant implies ! idea ( ! =m] exi/5ce ( a giant4 ,& all ?is /range & complicat$ analysis1--?is explanation1 n ( ! obscurum p] obscurius1 :i* is a mu* m intelligible p>alogism1 b ( ! lucidum p] obscurum1 is s]i\sly br\ght =w>d by its v acute au?or1 z illu/rat+ ! simple & famili> fact ( ! sugge/ion ( opposites1 9 contra/1 by opposites4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,i may rem>k1 t 9 ,mr ,hume's view ( contra/1 x is n easy to discov] :at ! resemblance is ( :i* he speaks1 9 a case 9 :i* ! objects 9 !mselves are said by him to be s contr>y1 t ! "o absolutely de/roys ! o!r by ?is contr>iety alone2 &1 inde$1 if !re be truly ?is mix$ resemblance 9 contra/1 :at ne$ is !re ( hav+ rec\rse to annihilation or causation at all1 to acc\nt = ! sugge/ion1 s9ce ! resemblance alone 9 ?is1 z 9 e o!r case1 might be suffici5t to expla9 ! sugge/ion1 )\t ! necessity ( any sep>ate division2--z ! lik5ess ( a s+le feature 9 ! c\nt5ance ( a /rang]1 is suffici5t to br+ be=e u 9 conception ! fri5d :om he resembles1 ?\gh ! resemblance be 9 ! s+le feature only4 ,9 ! second place1 !re is no tru?1 if1 inde$1 !re be any mean+ :atev]1 9 ! ass]tion t 9 contra/ "o ( ! objects de/roys ! o!r2 =1 s f> is ! idea ( ! dw>f f de/roy+ ! idea ( ! giant1 t1 9 ! actual case suppos$1 x is ! v reason ( ! exi/5ce ( ! second idea2 nay1 ! v supposition ( a p]ceiv$ contra/ implies t !re is no su* annihilation2 = bo? ideas mu/ be pres5t to ! m9d toge!r1 or !y c\ld n appe> ei!r simil> or dissimil>1 t is to say1 c\ld n be kn[n by u z contra/$1 or contr>y1 9 any respect4 ,x is1 inde$1 n v easy to conceive1 h[ a m9d s acute z t ( ,mr ,hume %\ld n h discov]$ t grosse/ ( all logical & physical errors1 involv$ 9 8 explanation1 t x acc\nts = ! exi/5ce ( a feel+1 by suppos+ x previ\sly to exi/ z ! cause ( itself4 ,if z he says1 ! idea ( ! annihilation ( an object implies ! idea ( its =m] exi/5ce--an ass]tion :i* is by no means s fav\rable z he ?9ks to 8 own !ory--x mu/ surely be admitt$1 t no annihilation c take place be=e ! exi/5ce ( t :i* is to be annihilat$4 ,:e!r1 !re=e1 we suppose1 t ! idea ( ! dw>f1 :i* sugge/s ! idea ( ! giant1 annihilates t idea1 or is itself annihilat$ by x1 ! two ideas ( ! dw>f & ! giant mu/ h exi/$1 be=e ! annihilation ( ei!r4 ,! sugge/ion1 9 %ort1 :i* is ! difficulty1 & ! only difficulty to be expla9$1 mu/ h completely tak5 place1 be=e ! pr9ciple c ev5 be imag9$ to op]ate1 on :i* ! sugge/ion itself is said to dep5d4 ,su* m9ute criticism1 h[ev]1 is p]haps m1 ?an x is necess>y to give to a doctr9e s obvi\sly false1 ev5 sanction$ z x is by s v em95t a "n4 ,,footnotes3 #ach 8,l ! tall cliff b5ea? ! impassive fro/40--,,orig4 #aci ,caw?orn4--,regulation ( ! ,passions1 c4 v4 #ae-bj4 #adj ,pa9t$--,,orig4 #ada ,pleasures ( ,imag9ation1 ,book ,,iii4 v4 #cab-ceb4 #adb ,ari/ot4 de ,memor4 & ,rem9isc4 c4 ii4-v4 ,,ii4 p4 #hf4 ,edit4 ,du ,val4 #adc ,de ,m5te ,humana1 ,c4 ,i4 ,sect4 xvi4 p4 #ach1 #aci4 #add ,hume's ,inquiry conc]n+ ,human ,und]/&+1 ,sect4 ,,iii4 ,,end ,,( ,,vol4 ,,fir/4 ,transcrib]'s notes3 ,obvi\s typos h be5 correct$1 b obsolete spell+s h be5 reta9$ 7e4g4 8develope01 8contr\l01 8recal074 ,italic text has be5 m>k$ ) und]scores4 ,text orig9ally 9 small capitals has be5 made ,,upp] ,,case4 ,inconsi/5t hyph5ation 7e4g4 8co-exi/0 & 8coexi/07 has be5 reta9$4 ,footnotes h be5 numb]$ consecutively & ga!r$ at ! end ( ea* lecture4 ,! orig9al edition sometimes lack$ appropriate op5+ or clos+ quotation m>ks2 !y h be5 add$ :]e evid5t bas$ on o!r editions ( ! "w4 ,greek *>act]s foll[ ! orig9al & may conta9 diacritical errors4