,transcriber's ,note3        ,every     
effort has been made to replicate this  
text as faithfully as      possible4    
,some changes have been made4 ,they are 
listed at the end of      the text4     
,italic text has been marked with       
underscores4      ,bold text has been   
marked with equals signs4          ,,how
 ,,to ,,stuff ,,birds ,,and ,,animals   
,,how ,,to                              
,,stuff ,,birds ,,and ,,animals         
,a ,,valuable ,,book4                   
,,giving ,,instruction ,,in             
,,collecting1 ,,preparing1 ,,mounting1  
,,and                                   
,,preserving                            
,,birds1 ,,animals ,,and ,,insects      
,,new ,,york                            
,,frank ,,tousey1 ,publisher            
#bd ,union ,square                      
,entered according to ,act of ,congress1
 in the year                            
#aijb1 by                               
,,frank ,,tousey1           in the      
,office of the ,librarian of ,congress  

at ,washington1                         
,d4 ,c4          ,,how ,,to ,stuff      
,birds and ,animals4          ,,chapter 
,i4    ,,skinning1 ,,preparing1 ,,and   
,,mounting ,,the ,,mammalia1 ,,or       
,,quadrupeds4      ,,skinning4    ,when 
a quadruped is killed1 and its skin     
intended for stuffing1 the  preparatory 
steps are to lay the animal on its back1
 and plug up its  nostrils1 mouth1 and  
any wounds it may have received1 with   
cotton or  tow1 to prevent the blood    
from disfiguring the skin4 ,the fox will
 serve  admirably our purpose as an     
example4 ,therefore1 ,reynard being     
procured1  we need not say how1 lay him 
on his back in the same position as     
before  recommended2 and1 having first  
stuffed the mouth with cotton and tied  
it up1 and measured his neck and body   
with rule and calipers1 and noted  them1
 proceed4 ,make an incision from the    
last rib nearly to the vent1  but not   
quite up to it4 ,having done so1 proceed
 to raise the skin all  round the       

incision as far as the thighs1 first    
skinning one side and  then the other1  
using the flat end of the knife in      
preference to the  blade to raise the   
skin4 ,having reached the hind legs1    
separate the  latter at the femur or    
thigh-bone1 close to the backbone1      
leaving the  legs attached to the skin4 
,now skin the head-quarters close up to 
the  tail1 and separate from the body at
 the last vertebr1 taking care not  to  
injure the skin4 ,pull the skin over the
 heads of the hip-joints1 and  now the  
carcass may be suspended by the         
hind-quarters1 while the skin  is       
stripped by pulling it gently and       
cutting towards the fore-quarters4  ,the
 fore legs are separated from the body1 
as the hind ones had been1  close to the
 shoulder-bone1 and the skin pulled     
fairly over the head  and close to the  
nose1 when the head is separated from   
the body by  cutting through the last   
vertebr of the neck4 ,reynard is now    
skinned1  the head1 legs and tail being 

all attached to the skin1 from which the
  carcass is separated4    ,the flesh is
 now cut entirely away from the         
cheek-bones1 the eyes  removed1 the     
brains taken out by enlarging the       
occipital opening  behind the cranium1  
the whole cleaned and supplied with a   
coating of  arsenical paste1 and stuffed
 with tow or wool1 to the natural size4 
,the legs are now successively skinned  
by pushing out the bones and  inverting 
the skin over them until the foot-joint 
is visible2 every  portion of flesh and 
tendons must be cut away1 and the bone  
cleaned  thoroughly1 and a coating of   
arsenical soap laid over it as well as  
the skin4 ,wrap tow1 or cotton1 or any  
other suitable material1 round  the     
bone1 bringing it to its natural shape1 
and draw the skin over it  again4 ,do   
this to each leg in succession1 and the 
body itself is ready  for stuffing and  
mounting4    ,the utmost care will not  
prevent accidents2 the fur and plumage  
will  get sullied1 and before stuffing  

it is well to examine the skin1  for    
stains and spots are calculated to      
deteriorate its appearance4  ,grease or 
blood-spots may be removed by brushing  
over with oil of  turpentine1 which is  
afterwards absorbed by dusting plaster  
of ,paris  over4 ,macgillivray          
recommends that all skins1 whether they 
are to be  put away in a cabinet or     
stuffed1 should receive a washing of    
spirits  of turpentine sprinkled on1 and
 gently brushed in the direction of the 
feathers or fur4    ,not to trust too   
much to memory1 it is desirable to      
measure and note  the proportions of the
 animal before skinning1 first taking   
the muzzle  to the tail4 ,afterwards1   
from the junction of the tail to the    
tip4  ,secondly1 from the middle of the 
shoulder-blade1 or scapula1 to the      
articulation of the femur1 or           
thigh-bone4 ,thirdly1 the animal being  
placed on its side1 measure from the    
upper part of the scapula to the  middle
 of the sternum--that is1 to the spot   

where the two sides meet  above1 and    
finally from the socket of the scapula  
to the socket of the  articulation of   
the femur1 or thigh-bone4 ,in addition  
to these1 note1  by measurement with    
caliper compasses1 the size of the head1
 the neck1  the tail1 and other points  
which affect the shape of the animal4   
,these  measurements will serve as a    
guide in stuffing1 and for the size of  
the case and length of the mounting     
wires4 ,in the process of skinning1  it 
is important to avoid penetrating to the
 intestines1 or separating  any of the  
abdominal muscles which lead to the     
intestines2 any such  accident would be 
very disagreeable1 as well as injurious 
to the skin4      ,,stuffing            
,,quadrupeds1 ,,etc4    ,let us suppose 
the animal which we intend to stuff1 to 
be a ,cat4 ,wire  of such a thickness is
 chosen as will support the animal by   
being  introduced under the soles of the
 feet1 and running it through each of   
the four legs4 ,a piece of smaller      

dimensions is then taken1 measuring     
about two feet1 for the purpose of      
forming what is termed by stuffers  a   
tail-bearer4 ,this piece of wire is bent
 at nearly a third of its  length1 into 
an oval of about six inches in length2  
the two ends are  twisted together1 so  
as to leave one of them somewhat longer 
than the  other2 the tail is then       
correctly measured1 and the wire is cut 
to  the length of it1 besides the oval4 
,the wire is then wrapped round  with   
flax in a spiral form1 which must be    
increased in thickness as  it approaches
 the oval1 so as to be nearly equal to  
the dimensions of  the largest vertebr1 
or root of the tail4 ,when finished1 it 
should  be rubbed thinly over with      
flour-paste1 to preserve its smooth     
form1  which must be allowed to dry     
thoroughly1 and then the surface should 
receive a coating of the preservative4  
,the sheath of the tail must now  be    
rubbed inside with the preservative4    
,this is applied with a small  quantity 

of lint1 attached to the end of a wire1 
long enough to reach  the point of the  
tail-sheath4 ,the tail-bearer is then   
inserted into the  sheath1 and the oval 
part of the wire placed within the skin 
of the  belly1 and attached to the      
longitudinal wire1 which is substituted 
for  the vertebr or backbone4    ,four  
pieces of wire1 about the thickness of a
 crow-quill1 are then  taken1 which must
 be the length of the legs1 and another 
piece a foot  or fifteen inches longer  
than the body4 ,one end of each of these
 is  sharpened with a file1 in a        
triangular shape1 so that it may the    
more  easily penetrate the parts4 ,at   
the blunt end of the longest piece a    
ring is formed1 large enough to admit of
 the point of a finger entering  it2    
this is done by bending the wire back on
 itself a turn and a half1  by the      
assistance of the round pincers4 ,on the
 same wire another ring  is formed in a 
similar manner1 consisting of one entire
 turn1 and so  situated as to reach just

 between the animal's shoulders4 ,the   
remaining  part of this wire should be  
perfectly straight1 and triangularly    
pointed at the extremity4    ,all the   
wires being adjusted1 the operation of  
stuffing is next  proceeded with4 ,the  
skin of the ,cat is now extended on a   
table2 and  the end of the noose seized 
with the left hand1 and pushed again    
into  the skin1 till it reaches the     
neck1 when we receive the bones of the  
head into the right hand4 ,the skull is 
now well rubbed over with the  arsenical
 soap1 and all the cavities which the   
muscles before occupied  are filled with
 chopped tow1 flax1 or cotton well mixed
 with preserving  powder4 ,the long     
piece of wire is now passed into the    
middle of the  skull1 and after it is   
well rubbed over with the preservative1 
it is  returned into the skin4 ,the     
inner surface of the neck-skin is now   
anointed1 and stuffed with chopped flax1
 taking care not to distend it  too     
much4 ,nothing like pressure should be  

applied1 as the fresh skin is           
susceptible of much expansion4          
,observe that it is always the inner    
surface which is anointed with the      
arsenical soap4    ,illustration3 ,fig4 
#a4    ,manner of inserting the wires in
 mounting a ,cat4    ,take care that the
 first ring of the wire1 which passes   
into the head1  is in the direction of  
the shoulders1 and the second           
corresponding with  the pelvis1 or      
somewhat towards the posterior part4    
,one of the fore-leg  wires is then     
inserted along the back of the bone1 and
 the point passed  out under the highest
 ball of the paw4 ,when this is         
accomplished1 the  bones of the leg are 
drawn up within the skin of the body1   
and the  wire fastened to the bones of  
the arm and fore-arm with strong thread1
  or small twine4 ,brass wire1 used for 
piano-forte strings1 makes it  more     
secure1 and is not liable to rot4 ,these
 are well anointed1 and  flax or tow    
slivers wrapped round them1 so as to    

supply the place of  the muscles which  
have been removed4 ,to give the natural 
rise to the  larger muscles1 a piece of 
silver should be cut off the length of  
the  protuberance required1 and placed  
in the part1 and the silver wrapped     
over it4 ,this gives it a very natural  
appearance4    ,the mode of fixing the  
legs is by passing one of their pieces  
of wire  into the small ring of the     
horizontal or middle supporting wire4   
,pursue  the same plan with the other   
leg1 and then twist the two ends firmly 
together1 by the aid of a pair of flat  
pincers4 ,for an animal of the  size of 
a ,cat the pieces left for twisting must
 be from five to six  inches in length4 
,after being twisted1 they are bound on 
the under side  of the body-wire with   
strong thread2 the two legs are then    
replaced  and put in the form in which  
we intend to fix them4 ,the skin of the 
belly and top of the shoulders are then 
anointed1 and a thick layer  of flax    
placed under the middle wire4 ,the shape

 is now given to the  scapul on both    
sides1 and all the muscles of the       
shoulders imitated4  ,these will be     
elevated or depressed1 according to the 
action intended  to be expressed4 ,the  
anterior part of the opening is now     
sewed up1 to  retain the stuffing and to
 enable us to complete the formation of 
the  shoulders and the junction of the  
neck4 ,this part of the animal is of    
great importance as regards the         
perfection of its form2 and much of its 
beauty will depend upon this being well 
executed4    ,if the animal has been    
recently skinned1 the best plan possible
 is to  imitate1 as nearly as possible1 
the muscles of the carcass2 by which    
many parts will be noticed which might  
otherwise have been neglected4  ,as a   
rule1 copy ,nature whenever you have it 
in your power4    ,it must be observed1 
as a general rule1 that the wires for   
the hind  legs of quadrupeds should     
always be longer than those of the fore 
legs4    ,the next thing is to form the 

hind legs and thighs1 which must be     
done1  as above described for the fore  
legs2 but with this difference1 that    
they must be wound round with thread1   
drawn through the stuffing at           
intervals1 to prevent it slipping up    
when returned into the skin of the  leg4
 ,they are then fixed1 by passing the   
leg wires into a second ring  of the    
center body wire1 which is situated at  
or near the pelvis2 the  two ends are   
then bent1 twisting them to the right   
and left around the  ring3 and to make  
them still more secure1 they should be  
wound round  with small brass wire or   
pack-thread2 the tail-bearer is then    
attached  in the manner formerly        
described4    ,having completed this    
part of the iron work1 the skin of the  
thighs  is coated inside with the       
preservative1 and the stuffing completed
  with chopped flax or tow4 ,the whole  
inner parts of the skin which  can be   
reached are again anointed1 and the body
 stuffing completed  with chopped flax4 

,care must be also paid not to stuff the
 belly too  much1 as the skin very      
easily dilates4 ,the incision in the    
belly is  now closed by bringing the    
skin together1 and then sewing within   
and  without1 while attention is paid to
 divide the hairs1 and not to  take any 
of them in along with the thread2 but   
should any of them  be inadvertently    
fixed1 they can be picked out easily    
with a point4  ,when this is completed1 
the hair will resume its natural order  
and  completely conceal the seam4       
,the seam should now be well primed on  
both sides with the solution of         
corrosive sublimate1 to prevent the     
entrance of moths4    ,the articulations
 of the legs are then bent1 and the     
animal placed on  its feet1 and pressure
 used at the natural flat places1 so as 
to make  the other parts rise where the 
muscles are visible4    ,a board is now 
prepared1 on which to place the ,cat4   
,but before fixing  it permanently1 the 
animal should be set in the attitude in 

which it is  intended to be preserved1  
and the operator1 having satisfied      
himself1  then pierces four holes for   
the admission of the feet wires1 which  
must  be drawn through with a pair of   
pincers till the paws rest firmly on    
the board4 ,small grooves are then made 
for the reception of the pieces  of     
wires which have been drawn through1 so 
that they may be folded back  and       
pressed down in them1 and not be beyond 
the level of the back of  the board2    
wire nails are now driven half in1 and  
their heads bent down  on the wires to  
prevent them from getting loose1 or     
becoming movable4    ,the stuffer next  
directs his attention to the position   
and final  stuffing of the head and     
neck4 ,the muscles of the face must be  
imitated  as correctly as possible1 by  
stuffing in cotton at the opening of    
the eyes1 as also at the mouth1 ears1   
and nostrils4 ,to aid in this1  also1   
the inner materials may be drawn forward
 by the assistance of  instruments1 and 

also small pieces of wood formed like   
small knitting  meshes4    ,our next    
care is the insertion of the eyes1 which
 must be done while  the eyelids are yet
 fresh4 ,some dexterity and skill are   
required in  this operation1 and on it  
will depend most of the beauty and      
character  of the head4 ,the seats of   
the eyes are supplied with a little     
cement1  the eyes put in their place1   
and the eyelids properly drawn over the 
eyeballs3 but if rage or fear are to be 
expressed1 a considerable  portion of   
the eyeballs must be exposed4 ,the lips 
are afterwards  disposed in their       
natural state1 and fastened with pins4  
,if the mouth  is intended to be open1  
it will be necessary to support the lips
 with  cotton1 which can be removed when
 they are dry4 ,two small balls of      
cotton1 firmly pressed together1 and    
well tinctured with the arsenical  soap1
 must be thrust into the nostrils so as 
to completely plug them up  to prevent  
the air from penetrating1 as also the   

intrusion of moths2  and besides1 it has
 the effect of preserving the natural   
shape of the  nose after it has dried4  
,the same precaution should be adopted  
with the  ears1 which1 in the ,cat1     
require but little attention in setting4
    ,we must again recommend the stuffer
 to see that he has sufficiently        
applied the preservative soap2 and the  
nose1 lips1 eyes1 and paws1  being very 
liable to decay1 must be well imbued    
with spirits of  turpentine4 ,this is   
applied with a brush1 and must be       
repeated six or  eight times1 at        
intervals of some days1 until we are    
certain of the  parts being well primed 
with it2 and1 after all1 it will be     
advisable  to give it a single coating  
of the solution of corrosive sublimate4 
,the methods of stuffing1 which we have 
pointed out in the preceding  pages1 are
 applicable to all animals1 from a ,lion
 down to the smallest  ,mouse4 ,animals 
of a large description require a        
frame-work suited to  their dimensions2 

these he will point out in their order4 
,there are  also some animals whose     
peculiarity of structure requires       
treatment  differing a little from the  
ordinary course4      ,,apes ,,and      
,,monkeys4    ,one of the chief         
difficulties to contend with1 in setting
 up ,monkeys  and ,apes1 is the         
preservation of their hands and hind    
hands1 or what we  commonly call their  
feet2 because we must not attempt to    
deprive these  limbs of their flesh1 as 
we never could again supply its place   
anything  like what is in nature4 ,the  
hands must therefore be dried1 and then 
well imbued with turpentine and the     
solution of corrosive sublimate1        
repeated eight or ten times at least1 at
 intervals of four or five  days4 ,the  
other parts of the stuffing should be   
exactly similar to that  recommended for
 quadrupeds generally4 ,the paws of     
several will require  to be colored with
 the different varnishes1 and1 when dry1
 slightly  polished with fine sand-paper

 to remove the gloss4 ,the callosities1 
on  the hinder parts of many of them1   
will also require to be colored1 and    
treated in the same way as the face4    
,,bats4    ,the wing-membranes of this  
varied and numerous tribe do not require
  either wire or parchment to set them4 
,they are very easily dried by          
distension4 ,they are laid on a board of
 soft wood1 the wings extended  and     
pinned equally at the articulations1    
and1 when dry1 they are  removed from   
the board4      ,,hedgehogs4    ,when it
 is wished to preserve ,hedgehogs1      
rolled into a ball1 which is  a very    
common position with them in a state of 
nature1 there should  be less stuffing  
put into them than is usual with        
quadrupeds1 so that  they may the more  
easily bend4 ,no wires are required in  
this case4 ,the  head and feet are drawn
 close together under the belly2 then   
place the  animal on its back in the    
middle of a large cloth1 and tie the    
four  ends firmly together2 suspend it  

in the air till thoroughly dry1 which   
finishes the operation4    ,if          
,hedgehogs are wished with the heads and
 limbs exposed1 the usual  method of    
mounting is adopted4 ,the skins of      
,mice1 ,moles1 etc41 having  a very     
offensive smell1 it will be necessary to
 add a considerable  portion of the     
tincture of musk to the solution of the 
corrosive  sublimate with which the     
skins are imbued4 ,the same applies to  
,badgers1  ,wolverenes1 ,polecats and   
,skunks1 all of which are               
strong-smelling  animals4      ,,bears4 
,the structure of the wires requires to 
be different in these larger  animals   
from any we have before described4      
,procure a bar one inch thick1 two      
inches broad1 and as long as to reach   
horizontally from the shoulder to the   
connection of the thighs1 or os  pubis4 
,a hole is bored four inches distant    
from one of its ends1 from  which a     
connecting groove must be formed1       
extending on both sides to  the end of  

the plank next the hole2 this groove    
must be cut out with a  hollow chisel   
deep enough to receive the wire4 ,the   
wire is then passed  through it1 one end
 of which is just long enough to be     
twisted with the  other at the end of   
the plank4 ,the wire on both sides is   
now pressed  down into the grooves1 and 
twisted firmly together by the aid of a 
pair  of strong pincers4 ,pierce some   
holes obliquely into the groove and     
insert some wire nails into them1 which 
must be firmly driven home1  and then   
bent over the wire to keep them firm4   
,the longest end of the  wire should be 
at least eighteen inches beyond the bar1
 so as to pass  through the skull of the
 animal4    ,the use of this bar1 it    
will be observed1 is a substitute for   
the  central or supporting wires of the 
body4 ,two other holes are now bored    
into it1 the one two1 and the other     
three inches from the end which  we     
first pierced2 these are for the        
reception of the wires of the  forelegs2

 and two similar holes must be made at  
the other extremity of  the bar for     
receiving the wires of the hind legs4   
,bears always support themselves on the 
full expansion of their dilated  paws1  
so that it is necessary to bring the    
leg-wires out of the claws4  ,the       
leg-wires are bent at right angles for a
 length of five inches  from the upper  
end4 ,these are put through the holes in
 the bar1  and when they have passed    
through they are curved again4 ,two     
small  gimlet-holes are then made for   
the reception of smaller wire1 by which 
the leg-wires must be bound together    
close to the bar4 ,the fore-leg  wires  
are fixed in the same manner1 which     
completes the frame-work4    ,no other  
means are used for middle-sized animals1
 such as the ,lion1  ,tiger1 ,leopard1  
etc4 ,the stuffing is completed as in   
other quadrupeds4    ,the ,walrus1      
,seals1 and other amphibious animals of 
this order1 are  treated in the manner  
of quadrupeds generally1 only that      

leg-wires are  unnecessary1 except in   
the fore-feet2 the tail1 which          
represents the  hind feet1 has merely to
 be dried and kept properly stretched in
 during  this process1 which precaution 
also applies to the fore-feet4 ,they    
are the easiest stuffed of all animals1 
only the skins are very oily2  they     
should be well rubbed with the arsenical
 soap1 and also with the  preserving    
powder4    ,the stuffing of the ,walrus1
 and other large animals of this family1
  should consist of well-dried hay for  
the interior parts1 and tow for  the    
surface next the skin4      ,,beaver1   
,,etc4    ,the ,beaver1 ,musk ,rat1     
,common ,rat1 and other animals whose   
skins have  a strong smell4 ,these      
require to be plentifully supplied with 
the  preservative4 ,the tail of the     
,beaver should be cut underneath1 and   
all the flesh removed1 then stuffed with
 tow or chopped flax1 and  afterwards   
thoroughly dried and well primed with   
the arsenical soap to  prevent          

putrefaction1 to which it is very       
liable4 ,it should also have  repeated  
washings with oil of turpentine4 ,the   
back should be round and  short4        
,,the ,,porcupine4    ,in stuffing this 
animal considerable and varied          
expression may be  given1 both from the 
attitude and disposition of the quills4 
,great  attention is therefore required 
in giving these a proper set during  the
 process of drying4 ,they will require  
to be looked at several times  during   
the first and second day after they have
 been stuffed1 and  any of them that may
 have fallen out of the position        
required1 to be  adjusted4      ,,hares 
,,and ,,rabbits4    ,a very pretty      
attitude for the ,hare or ,rabbit1 is to
 have it seated  in its form in an      
upright position1 as if alarmed at the  
noise of  dogs1 etc4 ,an oval is formed 
of wire and attached to the interior    
frame-work1 after having passed one end 
of it through the anus1 which  must be  
passed through a hole in the board on   

which the animal is to be  fixed4 ,the  
wires of the hind legs must be forced   
through the posterior  part of them1 and
 also fixed into holes formed for their 
reception in  the board4      ,,deer1   
,,antelopes1 ,,goats1 ,,etc4    ,these  
animals should be mounted on the same   
principles as recommended  for the      
,bears4 ,a different mode must1 however1
 be adopted in skinning  the animals1   
which the horns render necessary4 ,it is
 performed in the  ordinary manner until
 the operator reaches the neck4 ,after  
cutting as  near the head as possible1  
another incision must be made1          
commencing  under the chin1 which is    
continued to the bottom of the neck1 or 
from  eight to ten inches in length4 ,by
 this opening1 the remainder of  the    
neck is separated from the head2 the    
tongue is cut out1 and the  occipital   
orifice enlarged1 and the brain         
extracted thereby4 ,the lips  are now   
cut as near as possible to the          
jaw-bones1 and the operator must        

continue progressively ascending towards
 the forehead1 and in this  manner all  
the skin will be separated from the     
head1 except at the  nose1 or point of  
the muzzle4 ,all the muscles are next   
removed by the  scalpel1 and the skull  
well anointed with arsenical soap4 ,the 
muscles  which have been cut out are    
then imitated with chopped flax or      
cotton1  which may be attached to the   
bones with cement4 ,when this is done1  
the  head must be replaced within the   
skin4 ,the orifice under the neck must  
now be sewed up with fine stitches1 so  
that the hair may spread over  them to  
conceal the seam4 ,the whole other parts
 of the mounting is  complete as        
directed for the ,bear4      ,,the      
,,dolphin1 ,,porpoise1 ,,etc4    ,the   
structure of these animals1 as well as  
the other species of the  first family  
of this order1 differs but little in    
general structure4    ,in skinning      
these1 an incision is made under the    
chin1 and continued  to the extremity of

 the tail2 the skin is then detached    
right and left  with the scalpel1 or a  
sharp knife4 ,when the skin has been cut
 back  as far as possible1 disengage the
 vertebr at the tail1 and this will     
enable the operator to detach the skin  
from the back2 the vertebr are  now cut 
close to the head1 and the whole carcass
 removed4    ,all this tribe have a     
thick layer of fat under their skin4 ,in
 the  operation of skinning it requires 
considerable dexterity to leave this    
fat1 or blubber1 adhering to the        
carcass4 ,practice alone will obviate   
this4 ,when this has not been properly  
managed in the skinning1 the only  thing
 to be done afterwards is to scrape it  
thoroughly with a knife4  ,the oil which
 flows from it1 during this operation1  
must be soaked up  with bran1 or plaster
 of ,paris4    ,there being no muscular 
projections in the skin of the          
,porpoise1  there is no use for wires in
 mounting it4 ,a narrow piece of wood   
the  length of the body is quite        

sufficient to keep the skin stretched1  
and  stuffed either with tow or hay4    
,some months are necessary to render  it
 perfectly dry and stiff1 from its      
greasy nature4 ,the grease almost       
always leaves some disagreeable-looking 
spots on the skin4 ,to remove  these1   
and prevent a recurrence of them1       
powdered pumice-stone steeped  in       
olive-oil1 is rubbed thickly on the skin
 with a hand-brush4 ,it is  then gone   
over a second time with emery and oil4  
,it is rubbed in this  way till the skin
 has a glossy appearance1 when it may be
 rubbed dry  with a woolen cloth2 and to
 complete the polish1 a clean woolen    
cloth  may be applied with some force to
 complete the gloss which is natural  to
 the skin in a living state4    ,where a
 very glossy appearance is wished1      
varnishes become necessary1  but some   
difficulty has been experienced in      
getting these to remain  attached to the
 skin in all weathers1 because the      
humidity of rainy  seasons melts        

gum-arabic when it is used as a varnish1
 and when white  varnish is applied1    
both it and the gum-arabic fall off in  
pieces4 ,to  prevent the gum from       
falling off in this way1 by its         
contracting1 the  solution should have  
about an eighth part of ox-gall mixed   
with it1 and  the surface of any body to
 be varnished should be washed with     
ox-gall  and water before the varnish is
 applied1 which will1 almost to a       
certainty1 present it from cracking and 
falling off4 ,it must1 however1  be     
thoroughly dried before the varnish is  
applied4    ,we may here state1 that an 
animal the size of a ,fox or a ,cat1 may
  be skinned1 prepared1 and finally set 
up1 in the space of four or  five hours1
 by a person who has had a little       
practice in the art of  ,taxidermy1 and 
that from ten to fifteen minutes are all
 that will be  required to skin an      
animal of the size just mentioned4      
,,chapter ,,ii4    ,,skinning1          
,,preserving1 ,,and ,,mounting ,,birds4 

,,skinning4    ,immediately after a bird
 is killed1 the throat and nostrils     
should be  stuffed with tow1 cotton1 or 
fine rags1 and a small quantity wound   
round the bill to prevent the blood from
 staining the plumage2 but  should any  
get on the feathers1 notwithstanding    
this precaution1 the  sooner it is      
removed the better1 which should be     
effected by a sponge  which has been    
merely moistened in water4 ,too much    
dispatch cannot be  used in removing the
 skin1 if the bird is shot in a warm    
climate2 but1  in temperate regions1 the
 bird may be allowed to cool4           
,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4    ,manner of  
holding the hands in skinning a bird4   
,in proceeding to skin the bird1 it     
should be laid on its back1 and the     
feathers of the breast separated to the 
right and left1 when a broad  interval  
will be discovered1 reaching from the   
top to the bottom of the  breast-bone4  
7,see fig4 #b47    7,see fig4 #b for the
 manner of separating the feathers and  

using the  scalpel47 ,a sharp pen-knife1
 or scalpel1 must be inserted at the    
point  of the bone1 and cut the outer   
skin from thence to the vent1 taking    
care not to penetrate so deep as the    
flesh1 or upon the inner skin  which    
covers the intestines4 ,the skin will   
then easily be separated  from the      
flesh2 in larger specimens1 by the      
fingers1 or1 in smaller  ones1 by       
passing a small blunt instrument betwixt
 the skin and body1  such as the end of 
the scalpel-handle2 with this you may   
reach the  back4 ,the thighs should now 
be pressed inward1 as in the common     
method  of skinning a rabbit1 and the   
skin turned back1 so far as to enable   
you to separate the legs from the body1 
at the knee-joint4 ,the skin is  then   
pulled downwards1 as low as the rump1   
which is cut close by the  insertion of 
the tail1 as shown in fig4 #b1 but in   
such a manner as not  to injure its     
feathers4 ,the skin is now drawn upwards
 the length of the  wings1 the bones of 

which must also be cut at the           
shoulder-joints2 it  is then pulled up1 
till all the back part of the skull is  
laid bare1  when the vertebr of the neck
 are separated from the head1 and the   
whole body is now separated from the    
skin4 ,you next proceed to remove  the  
brain1 through the opening of the skull1
 for which purpose it may  be enlarged  
by a hollow chisel1 or other iron       
instrument4 ,the eyes  must then be     
taken out1 by breaking the slender bones
 which separate  the orbits from the top
 of the mouth1 in which you may be      
assisted by  pressing the eyes gently   
inwards1 so as not to break them4 ,in   
skinning  the neck great care must be   
taken not to enlarge the opening of the 
ears1 and not to injure the eyelids4    
,the whole of the flesh is next to  be  
removed from the under mandible4        
,illustration3 ,fig4 #c4    ,bird       
suspended for skinning4    ,several     
species will not admit of the skin being
 thus pulled over  their heads1 from the

 smallness of their necks2 some         
,woodpeckers1  ,ducks1 etc41 fall under 
this description2 in which case a       
longitudinal  incision is made under the
 throat1 so as to admit of the head     
being  turned out1 which must be neatly 
sewed up before stuffing4 ,the flesh    
from the head1 wings1 legs1 and rump1   
must then be carefully removed  with a  
knife1 and the cavities of the skull    
filled with cotton or tow4  ,the whole  
inside of the skin1 head1 etc41 must be 
well rubbed with  arsenical soap1 or    
preserving powder1 or spirit of         
turpentine1 or the  solution of         
corrosive sublimate4 ,when it is wished 
to stuff the bird1  it may now be       
immediately done1 as it will easily dry1
 if in a warm  climate2 but in low1 damp
 countries1 it will require artificial  
heat to  do it effectually4    ,when the
 skins are merely wished preserved1 the 
bones of the legs and  wings should be  
wrapped round with cotton or tow1 so as 
to supply the  place of the flesh2 the  

skin is then inverted and hung up to    
dry1 after  using the arsenical soap1 as
 above directed2 before doing which1 in 
larger birds1 a thread or small string  
may be drawn through the rump1  and     
passed up to the inside of the neck1 and
 drawn through the bill1 to  prevent the
 head from stretching too much by its   
own weight4 ,in larger  specimens1 where
 cotton or tow is not easily to be met  
with1 well-dried  hay may be used4      
,the incision for removing the skin is  
frequently made under the wings4  ,this 
may be done with marine birds to        
advantage4 ,the ,penguins and  ,divers  
may be skinned by making the incision in
 the back4    ,the tongue should either 
be kept in the mouth1 or sent home      
separately  with the birds4    ,the     
greatest care must be taken to prevent  
the fat and oily matter1 so  common to  
sea-birds1 from getting on the feathers2
 pounded chalk will  be found an        
excellent absorbent for applying to     
these birds4    ,in sending home        

specimens of birds1 they should be each 
wrapped in  paper1 and closely packed in
 a box2 and camphor1 preserving powder1 
and strong aromatics1 strewn amongst    
them1 to prevent them from being        
attacked by insects2 and they ought to  
be kept in a very dry part of  the      
vessel4    ,it is of the utmost         
consequence to know the color of the    
eyes and legs  of birds1 and these      
things should be carefully noted the    
moment they  are killed2 and it should  
also be mentioned whether they are male 
or female2 such a memorandum ought to be
 attached to the birds by a  ticket4    
,the season of the year in which the    
bird is killed1 must also  be mentioned4
 ,it is also of much consequence to have
 good skeletons1  and1 for this purpose1
 the carcasses may be sent home in a    
barrel1  either in spirits or a strong  
solution of salt and water4    ,mr4     
,salt1 while in ,abyssinia1 packed his  
bird-skins between sheets of  paper1 and
 in the same manner as a hortus siccus1 

or herbarium1 and  they reached ,england
 in perfect safety1 and made excellent  
specimens  when set up4 ,in warm        
climates1 the boxes should be well      
closed1 and the  seams filled with warm 
pitch on the outside1 to prevent the    
intrusion  of insects2 and the inside   
should be supplied with camphor1 musk1  
or  tobacco-dust1 which will prevent the
 attacks of the smaller insects4        
,till practice has given facility to the
 operator1 it will assist in  keeping   
the feathers clean1 if1 as he opens the 
skin of the breast1 he  pins pieces of  
paper or linen cloth on the outside1 but
 after a few  trials this will be       
unnecessary4    ,some of the marine     
fowls are so fat that there is much     
trouble in  separating it from the skin1
 and in warm weather1 great attention   
will be required to prevent it from     
running on the feathers4 ,as much  as   
possible should be scraped off1 in the  
first place1 with a blunt  table-knife  
or palate-knife1 and a quantity of      

powdered chalk applied1  to absorb what 
remains1 which1 when saturated with the 
oily matter1  should be scraped off and 
a fresh supply used1 after which a much 
larger proportion of the preserving     
powder should be applied than in  other 
birds which are not fat4    ,when       
shooting on the sea-coast1 if the       
ornithologist is not provided  with     
these requisites for absorbing the oil1 
which flows quickly from  any wounds of 
the skin1 he will find dry sand a       
tolerable substitute4    ,if1 however1  
after every precaution1 the oily matter 
should get on  the feathers1 the sooner 
it is removed the better1 as1 in birds  
where  the plumage is white1 if it is   
allowed to become hardened it will      
produce a very disagreeable appearance2 
and1 besides1 render that  part         
particularly liable to the attack of    
insects4 ,there are several  effectual  
methods of removing the greasy stains2  
the first1 safest1  and best1 is1 by    
taking a quantity of diluted            

ox-gall--or1 where it  cannot be        
commanded1 sheep's-gall1 or that of any 
other animal--mix it  with about double 
the quantity of water1 and apply it with
 a sponge to  the place which the fatty 
matter has touched1 when it will        
immediately  remove it4 ,the next is by 
using a solution of salt of tartar1 or  
potash1 or soda4 ,this must be made very
 weak1 not exceeding half a             
tea-spoonful to a cup of water1 which   
will have the same effect as  the gall4 
,whichever of these are used1 the place 
must be immediately  afterwards washed  
in pure water1 so as to leave none of   
the gall or  alkaline substance         
remaining4 ,the gall has a gummy        
tendency1 and will  glue together the   
fibers of the feathers1 and1 besides1 it
 has a great  attraction for moisture1  
and1 in humid weather1 will become damp1
 and  therefore produce mold2 the other 
alkaline substances must also be  used  
with much caution and quickness1 because
 they have the power of  changing the   

colors of the plumage1 so that they are 
most useful in  white plumage1 and      
therefore should only be used on colored
 feathers1  where gall cannot be        
procured4    ,one general observation   
applies to the preservation of all      
animal  skins1 which is1 they must be   
made perfectly dry1 so that the sooner  
they are exposed to a free current of   
air the better2 and unless they  are    
speedily and thoroughly dried1 the skin 
will become putrid and  rotten1 and the 
hair or feathers will consequently fall 
off4 ,if a skin  is properly dried1 soon
 after it is killed1 it will keep a     
considerable  time without any          
preservative whatever1 only it will be  
the more liable  to be attacked by      
insects afterwards4    ,the following   
excellent general directions for        
skinning are given by  ,mr4             
,waterton3--,while dissecting1 it will  
be of use to keep in mind1  that in     
taking off the skin from the body1 by   
means of your fingers and  little knife1

 you must try to shove it1 in lieu of   
pulling it1 lest you  stretch it4       
,that you must press as lightly as      
possible on the bird1 and every now  and
 then take a view of it1 to see that the
 feathers1 etc41 are all  right4        
,that when you come to the head1 you    
must take care that the body of  the    
skin rest on your knee1 for if you allow
 it to dangle from your  hand1 its own  
weight will stretch it too much4        
,that1 throughout the whole operation1  
as fast as you detach the skin  from the
 body1 you must put cotton immediately  
betwixt the body and  it1 and this will 
effectually prevent any fat1 blood1 or  
moisture from  coming in contact with   
the plumage4    ,as you can seldom get a
 bird without shooting it1 a line or two
 on  this head will be necessary4 ,if   
the bird be still alive1 press it  hard1
 with your finger and thumb1 just behind
 the wings1 and it will  soon expire4   
,carry it by the legs1 and then1 the    
body being reversed1  the blood cannot  

escape down the plumage and through the 
shot-holes4  ,as blood will have often  
issued out1 before you have laid hold of
 the  bird1 find out the shot-holes1 by 
dividing the feathers with your         
fingers1 and blowing on them2 and then1 
with your pen-knife1 or the  leaf of a  
tree1 carefully remove the clotted      
blood1 and put a little  cotton on the  
hole4 ,if1 after all1 the plumage has   
not escaped the  marks of blood1 or if  
it has imbibed slime from the ground1   
wash the  part in water1 without soap1  
and keep gently agitating the feathers  
with your fingers1 till they are quite  
dry4 ,were you to wash them1  and leave 
them to dry by themselves1 they would   
have a very mean and  shriveled         
appearance4    ,in the act of skinning a
 bird1 you must either have it upon a   
table1  or upon your knee2 probably you 
will prefer your knee1 because1  when   
you cross one knee over the other1 and  
have the bird upon the  uppermost1 you  
can raise it to your eye1 or lower it at

 pleasure1 by  means of the foot on the 
ground2 and then your knee will always  
move  in unison with your body1 by which
 much stooping will be avoided1 and     
lassitude prevented4      ,,stuffing    
,,birds4    ,the first thing to be done 
in stuffing is to replace the skull1    
after  it has been well anointed with   
the arsenical soap1 and washed with the 
solution of corrosive sublimate inside4 
,the thread with which the beak  is tied
 is taken hold of by the left hand1 and 
the head is repassed  into the neck with
 the forefinger of the right hand1 while
 the thread  is pulled on the opposite  
side2 and we are careful that the       
feathers1  at the margin of the opening1
 do not enter with the edges of the     
skin4  ,the bird is now laid on the     
table with the head turned towards the  
left  hand1 and the legs and wings      
adjusted to their proper situation4 ,a  
flat  piece of lead1 about a pound in   
weight1 is laid on the tail1 while the  
feathers of the margins of the opening  

are raised by the forefinger and  thumb 
of the left hand1 to prevent their being
 soiled4 ,the inside of  the neck is now
 coated with the arsenical soap2 flax is
 stuffed into  it1 but not too tightly4 
,the back and rump are anointed1 and the
 body  should then be stuffed with tow1 
to about a third of the thickness       
required1 so that the wire may have a   
sort of cushion to rest on4    ,four    
pieces of wire are then prepared1 of the
 thickness proportionate  to the size of
 the bird to be stuffed4 ,the           
center-piece should be  somewhat longer 
than the body of the bird4 ,at about a  
fourth of its  length a small ring is   
formed1 by the assistance of the round  
pincers  or pliers1 and the other end is
 pointed with a file4 ,this wire is     
oiled1 and introduced across the skull1 
and passed into the neck  through the   
center of the flax or tow with which it 
is stuffed--the  ring being situated    
toward the anterior part of the skull1  
for the  purpose of receiving the points

 of each of the wires that are passed   
through the feet and thighs4            
,illustration3 ,fig4 #d to #g4    #d1   
the oval and head-wires of a bird       
separated2 #e1 the tail-bearers         
separated2 #f1 a leg-wire separated2 #g1
 the body-wire1 the head-wire1  the     
tail-bearer and legs connected4    ,the 
following is the mode in which this     
performance is effected3 ,a hole  is    
bored with a brass awl1 the caliber of  
the wire which it is intended  to use4  
,the wire1 which is to continue in the  
leg1 is passed across  the knee1 and    
brought out interiorly1 and1 placing it 
into the ring  above mentioned1 the same
 operation is performed on the other    
side4 ,the  extremities of the wires of 
the legs1 and the end of the central    
wire  beyond the ring1 are all twisted  
together with flat pincers1 and then    
bent towards the tail4 ,the tail-bearer 
is next formed1 which consists  of the  
fourth piece of wire1 with which an oval
 is formed1 by twisting  the two ends   

two or three turns1 so that they may    
form a kind of fork1  with the oval     
nearly the length of the body of the    
bird2 the two points  of the fork must  
be sharpened with a file1 and near      
enough to enable  them to enter the     
rump1 through which they must pass1 and 
their points  will be concealed by the  
rectrices1 or large straight            
tail-feathers1  while the oval is within
 the body of the bird4 ,if the bird is  
large1  the tail-bearer must be firmly  
attached to the interior wires1 by      
twisting a small wire several times     
round both4 ,but unless the bird be     
large1 it may remain quite free4    ,all
 the parts of the skin at which we can  
come must be thoroughly  rubbed with    
preserving soap1 the rump in particular1
 which should1  besides1 be soaked with 
the solution of corrosive sublimate4    
,the  stuffing is now proceeded with1 by
 inserting chopped flax or tow1 till  it
 has attained its proper dimensions4    
,the skin is brought together and  sewed

 up1 while we take the greatest care to 
separate the feathers at  every stitch4 
,the orbits of the eyes are next        
finished1 by inserting1 with small      
forceps and a short stuffing stick1 a   
small quantity of chopped cotton1  while
 attention is paid to round the eyelids 
properly4 ,the glass eyes  are now      
inserted1 taking care to place them     
properly under the eyelids4  ,but1      
before fixing the eye1 a little         
calcareous cement must be used1 to      
prevent them from coming out4 ,if any   
part of the nictitating membrane  is    
visible below1 it must be pushed up with
 the steel point4    ,the stuffing of   
the bird being now completed1 the next  
thing is to  place it either on a       
branch1 or1 if a bird which does not sit
 on trees1  on a piece of plank2        
whichever of these it is1 two holes are 
bored  for the reception of the wires1  
which have been allowed to protrude     
from the soles of the feet1 for fixing  
the bird 7,see fig #h47 ,these1  of     

course1 are pierced in such situations  
as are necessary for the  attitude or   
position of the legs4 ,the wires are put
 through these  holes1 and twisted so as
 to secure the bird in its position4    
,the  attitude of the bird will1 of     
course1 depend upon the fancy and taste 
of the operator1 and ought to be in     
conformity with the manners of the      
birds in a living state4    ,the wire   
frame-work1 above described1 is the most
 simple of any in its  construction1 and
 is better adapted for small than large 
birds4 ,indeed1  it will hardly suit    
those of the larger species4 ,the       
following is  another method of         
constructing the frame-work1 which may  
be used either  in large or small       
birds3--    ,like the former1 it is     
constructed of four pieces of wire4 ,the
  center-piece should be double the     
length of the bird2 it is bent at  a    
third of its length of an oval form1 and
 twisted two turns1 the  shortest end   
being passed into the oval1 and then    

raised against the  longer end1 so as to
 produce a ring at the end1 outside of  
the oval1  large enough to admit the two
 wires which pass from the feet to the  
inside of the bird4 ,it is now twisted a
 second time1 and firmly united  to the 
longer end1 which ought to be straight1 
with a sharp point1  effected by means  
of a file4 ,as before directed1 it is   
rubbed with  oil1 and forced through the
 stuffing of the neck4 ,it ought to be  
so  constructed1 by measurement1 that   
the oval part of the wire shall be  in  
the center of the body inside4 ,the     
wires of the feet and legs1 as  before  
directed1 ought to be straight and      
pointed1 and passed through  the soles  
of the feet as before4 ,when the point  
has penetrated1 the  other end of the   
wire may be bent1 so that by means of it
 we may  be able to assist in forcing up
 the remainder of the wire4 ,the two    
internal ends of the foot-wires are     
twisted together1 and curved  within1 so
 as to pass through the small circle or 

ring of the middle  branch above the    
oval1 to each side of which they are now
 attached with  a piece of small string4
    ,the tail-bearer is constructed on  
the same principles1 and attached  in   
the same manner1 as before described1   
and the latter apparatus is  introduced 
after the neck and back are finished in 
the stuffing4    ,this practice of      
introducing the neck-wire1 after the    
neck is stuffed1  was first adopted at  
the ,jardin des ,plantes at ,paris1 and 
is now  invariably adopted in that      
establishment in preference to          
introducing  it before the neck is      
stuffed4 ,the neck of a swan or other   
long-necked  and large birds1 are even  
done so4 ,it is unquestionably the best 
plan  which has hitherto been           
discovered1 as it preserves the         
cylindrical  shape of the neck4         
,,mr4 ,,bullock',s ,,method ,,of        
,,stuffing ,,birds4    ,mr4 ,bullock1 of
 the ,london ,museum1 ,egyptian ,hall1  
had another method  of arranging the    

wires1 which1 after what we have already
 said1 will  be easily comprehended by a
 reference to figure #h1 where we have  
given a figure of his mode4 ,after the  
skin is taken off and prepared1         
different-sized1 nealed1 iron wires are 
procured1 according to the  size of the 
bird they are to support4 ,the skin is  
laid on its back  without stretching it2
 cut two pieces of wire1 the one rather 
longer  than the bird and the other     
shorter1 so as not to reach to the head 
of  the bird2 twist them together1      
sharpen the ends of the longer by means 
of a file1 and pass one end through the 
rump and the other through the  crown of
 the head1 near the base of the bill4   
,care must be taken not to  extend the  
neck beyond its ordinary length--a very 
common fault in most  preservers4 ,lay a
 little tow along the back of the skin  
for the wire  to rest on1 then take two 
other pieces of strong wire and file    
them to  a point at one end2 these are  
passed through the soles of the feet and

  up the center of the leg-bone1 or     
tarsus4 ,when within the body1 they  are
 to be fastened to the first wires by   
twisting them together1 which1  when    
accomplished1 may be supposed to        
represent the backbone4 ,the wire       
should be left two or three inches out  
of the soles of the feet1 to  fasten    
them in a standing position1 as before  
directed4 ,two smaller  wires are then  
passed through the wings1 as in the     
legs1 and afterwards  fastened to the   
back-wires a little higher up than the  
leg-wires1  taking care that no part of 
the skin is to be extended beyond its   
natural position4    ,illustration3     
,fig4 #h4    ,mr4 ,bullock's method of  
inserting the wires in setting up a     
bird4      ,a ,,new ,,and ,,easier      
,,method ,,of ,,bird ,,skinning ,,and   
,,stuffing4    ,a fair specimen being   
obtained1 take common cotton wadding1   
and with  an ordinary paint-brush stick 
plug the throat1 nostrils1 and1 in large
  birds1 the ears1 with it1 so that when

 the skin is turned no juices  may flow 
and spoil the feathers2 you must then   
provide yourself with  the following    
articles3 ,a knife of this kind is very 
common2 a pair  of cutting pliers1 a    
pair of strong scissors1 of a moderate  
size2 a  button-hook1 a marrow-spoon1   
and a hand-vise4 ,with these1 a needle  
and  thread and a sharpener of some     
kind1 to give your knife an occasional  
touch1 you are prepared1 so far as      
implements go4 ,then provide yourself   
with annealed iron wire of various      
sizes2 some you may buy ready  for use1 
some not2 but you can anneal it yourself
 by making it red  hot in the fire1 and 
letting it cool in the air4 ,common hemp
 is the  next article1 cotton wadding1  
pounded whitening1 and pounded alum1  or
 chloride of lime2 as to the poisons    
which are used1 they will be  spoken of 
by and by4 ,you should also have a      
common brad-awl or two1 and  some pieces
 of quarter-inch pine whereon to stand  
the specimens when  preserved1 if to be 

placed as walking on a plane2 if not1   
some small  pieces of twigs or small    
branches of trees should be kept ready  
for  use1 of various sizes1 according to
 the size of the bird2 something  of the
 form of ,fig4 #i4 ,cedar1 or common    
laurel cut in ,december1 will  be found 
to answer best1 but this must be        
regulated by fancy and the  requirements
 of the case2 oak-boughs are sometimes  
of a good shape4    ,illustration3 ,fig4
 #i4    ,branch for mounting a bird4    
,the best time for preserving specimens 
is in spring1 because then the  cock    
birds are in the best feather1 and the  
weather is not too warm4  ,in mild      
weather three days is a good time to    
keep a bird1 as then the  skin will part
 from the flesh easily4 ,if a specimen  
has bled much over  the feathers1 so as 
to damage them1 wash them carefully but 
thoroughly  with warm water and a       
sponge1 and immediately cover them with 
pounded  whitening1 which will adhere to
 them4 ,dry it as it hangs upon them    

slowly before the fire1 and then        
triturating the hardened lumps gently   
between the fingers1 the feathers will  
come out almost as clean as  ever4 ,to  
test whether the specimen is too        
decomposed to skin1 try the  feathers   
about the auriculars1 and just above the
 tail1 and if they do  not move you may 
safely proceed4    ,lay the bird on his 
back1 and1 parting the feathers from the
 insertion  of the neck to the tail1 you
 will find in most birds a spare space4 
,cut  the skin the whole length of this1
 and1 passing the finger under it on    
either side1 by laying hold of one leg  
and bending it forward1 you will  be    
able to bring the bare knee through the 
opening you have made2 and  with your   
scissors cut it through at the joint2   
pull the shank still  adhering to the   
leg till the skin is turned back as far 
as it will go3  denude the bone of flesh
 and sinew1 wrap a piece of hemp round  
it1  steeped in a strong solution of the
 pounded alum1 and then pull the leg  by

 the claw1 by which means the skin will 
be brought again to its place4          
,illustration3 ,fig4 #aj4    ,after     
having served both legs alike1 skin     
carefully round the back1  cutting off  
and leaving in the tail with that into  
which the feathers  grow1 that is1 the  
,pope's nose4 ,serve the wing-bones the 
same as  the leg1 cutting them off close
 to the body1 and turn the skin inside  
out down to the head4 ,the back of the  
skull will then appear1 and  you will   
now find it of advantage1 as soon as you
 have got the legs  and tail free1 to   
tie a piece of string round the body1   
and hang  it up as a butcher skins a    
sheep4 ,make in the back of the skull a 
cut of the annexed form1 with your      
knife1 which you can turn back  like a  
trap-door1 and with the marrow-spoon    
entirely clear out the  brains2 ,a      
representing the neck1 and ,b the skin  
turned back4 ,having  done this1 wash   
the interior of the skull thoroughly    
with the alum1  and fill it with cotton 

wadding4 ,the next operation requires   
care  and practice--namely1 to get out  
the eyes4 ,this is done by cutting      
cautiously until the lids appear1 being 
careful not to cut the eye  itself1 and 
you can then1 with a forceps1 which you 
will likewise find  useful1 pull each   
from its socket2 wipe the orifice       
carefully1 wash it  with the alum       
solution1 and fill it with cotton       
wadding4 ,cut off the  neck close to the
 skull1 wash the stump1 and the whole of
 the interior  of the skin with the     
alum1 and the skinning is done4         
,illustration3 ,fig4 #aa4    ,wire bent 
for inserting4    ,now comes the        
stuffing4 ,the ordinary mode used by    
bird-preservers  is a simple one1 and   
answers very well2 there is a ,french   
method1  however1 which has its         
advantages1 and will be adverted to     
hereafter4  ,take a piece of the wire   
suitable to the size of the bird--that  
is1  as large as the legs will          
carry--and bend it into the following   

form1  a representing the neck1 b1 the  
body1 and c1 the junction of the  tail1 
allowing sufficient length of the neck  
for the wire to pass some  distance     
beyond the head1 and being sharpened at 
each end1 which may  be done by         
obliquely cutting it with the pliers4   
,wind upon this wire  hemp to the side  
of the bird's body1 which you should    
have lying by you  to judge from1 and it
 will present something of this         
appearance4 ,you  can shape it with the 
hand1 but be careful not to make it the 
least  too large2 and1 after you have   
finished it to your satisfaction1 you   
may singe it1 as the poulterer would    
singe a fowl1 which will make all  neat2
 but be particular to wind the hemp very
 tight4 ,then take the  skin1 lay it on 
the table on its back1 and pass the wire
 at the head  into the marrow where the 
neck is cut off1 through above the roof 
of  the mouth1 and out at one nostril1  
and draw it up close to the skull2  turn
 the skin back1 and draw it down over   

the hemp body1 and pass the  wire spike1
 protruding at the lower end1 through   
the flesh upon which  the tail grows1   
about the center1 and rather below than 
above4 ,the skin  may now be adjusted to
 the hemp body1 and sewn up1 beginning  
from the  top of the breast1 and being  
particularly careful always to take the 
stitch from inside1 otherwise you will  
draw in the feathers at every  pull4 ,at
 first sew it very loose1 and then1 with
 the button-hook1 draw  it together by  
degrees4    ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ab4   
,the hemp wound on the wire4    ,with   
the pliers cut two lengths of wire1 long
 enough to pass up the  legs and into   
the neck1 and leave something over to   
fasten the bird by  to the board or     
spray upon which it is to be placed4    
,the next operation  requires some      
address and great practice1 namely1 the 
passing the wire  up the legs4 ,this is 
done by forcing it into the center of   
the foot1  and up the back of the legs1 
into the hemp body1 through it          

obliquely1  and into the neck1 until it 
is pretty firm4    ,illustration3 ,fig4 
#ac4    ,in doing this1 you must        
remember the ordinary position of a bird
 when  alive1 and1 therefore1 instead of
 passing the wire the whole way  within 
the skin of the leg1 when you get to the
 part where you have  cut off the       
bone--that is1 the knee-joint--pass it  
through the skin  to the outside1 where 
the knee would come naturally in the    
attitude  of standing or perching--it   
makes little difference which4 ,this is 
essential1 because1 if the wire be      
passed the whole way inside the  skin1  
it produces a wrong placing of the legs4
 ,fig #ac will illustrate  this1 a      
representing the line in which the wire 
should run4 ,the bird  is now stuffed1  
and you may at once place it upon a     
spray or board1  as the case may be4 ,in
 placing a bird upon a spray1 the first 
joint  should be bent almost on a level 
with the foot2 and in placing a bird  on
 a board1 one leg should be placed      

somewhat behind the other4 ,if the      
wings are intended to be closed1 as is  
usually the case1 bring them  into their
 place1 which may be done by putting the
 fingers under them1  and pressing them 
together over the back2 you may then    
pass a needle1  or large pin1 of which  
you should have a good supply by you1   
through  the thick part of the upper    
wing into the body1 and so by the lower 
wing1 and if you allow these to         
protrude1 you may fasten to one of them 
a piece of thread1 and wind it carefully
 and lightly round the body1  which will
 keep the feathers in their places1 and 
this thread should be  kept on for a    
fortnight or three weeks1 until the bird
 is dry4 ,the tail  should be kept in   
its place1 also1 for the same time1 by a
 piece of  thin wire bent over it1 thus3
    ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ad4    ,the   
only thing now to do is to put in the   
eyes4 ,the color1 of course1  depends on
 the bird1 and these you may buy at any 
fishing-tackle store4  ,if you do not   

use eyes too large1 you will find little
 difficulty2  the juice of the lids will
 act as a sufficient cement4 ,as to the 
mounting1 ,i shall say nothing about    
that now1 but shall only advert  shortly
 to a ,french method of preserving which
 is more difficult1 but  has the        
advantage of superior firmness4 ,it is  
this3 ,measuring from the  insertion of 
the neck to the tail1 make a wire frame 
of this form1 the  measure taken being  
from ,a4 to ,b4    ,illustration3 ,fig4 
#ae4    ,wire ,used in ,french ,method4 
,upon this end wind hemp for the neck   
only1 and place in the skin in  the same
 way as before directed1 only that1     
instead of one wire being  passed       
through that in which the tail grows1 it
 is a fork that is  passed through it4  
,having formed this frame1 fit on to it 
two legs1  thus3 and after the frame    
itself is in the skin1 pass these from  
the  inside down each leg1 instead of   
from the outside1 and fasten them  on to
 the frame with the pliers1 by twisting 

the ends1 ,b ,b1 round the  frame1 ,c1  
in the first figure4    ,illustration3  
,fig4 #af4    ,the ,wire ,legs4    ,this
 will make all firm1 and you can then   
fill the body with cut  hemp and sew up4
 ,one word as to the other preparations 
used by bird  preservers4 ,these are    
either corrosive sublimate or regulus of
 arsenic1  which is yellow and of a     
consistence like butter4 ,as ,i have    
said  before1 in cold weather1 when     
there are no flies about1 alum will do  
perfectly well2 in warm weather either  
of the two others may be used4 ,i       
should prefer the former--corrosive     
sublimate--as the other is messy1  and  
the chief object is to dry up anything  
which can be attacked by  flesh-seeking 
insects4 ,when you have finished your   
bird you can lay  the feathers with a   
large needle--it is as well to have one 
fixed in  a handle and kept for this    
purpose--and1 tying the two mandibles of
  the bill together with a piece of     
thread until the whole specimen has     

hardened and dried1 the work is done4   
,,chapter ,,iii4    ,,the ,,art ,,of    
,,mounting ,,birds1 ,,dried ,,skins1    
,,feathers1 ,,etc4      ,,mounting ,,in 
,,general4    ,we will suppose that a   
proficiency1 from practice1 has been    
attained in  the art of bird-preserving1
 according to the instructions given4   
,the  proficiency in preserving may     
apply only to the preservation and the  
form1 great and necessary things1 no    
doubt1 as preliminaries2 but1 like      
matter without manner1 of little avail  
alone4 ,for attitude1 ,i would  say1 as 
has been said to many a young artist1 go
 to ,nature1 and there  you will find an
 original in perfection4 ,would you make
 a willow-wren  look like a willow-wren1
 watch him as he there hangs upon the   
weeping  birch1 or stands on a bough    
peering in quest of food4 ,each bird has
 its  own manner1 and if you cannot hit 
the manner1 or make your stuffed skin   
so far amenable as to assume the        
attitude1 it is either ill-stuffed1 or  

you want the requisite knowledge of that
 which you should copy4      ,,bird     
,,pinned ,,up4    ,having fixed on the  
attitude1 it now only remains to put the
 feathers  into their natural order as  
smoothly and regularly as possible2 and 
to  keep them in this state they should 
be bound around with small fillets  of  
muslin fastened with pins as represented
 in fig4 #ag4 ,the bird should  then be 
thoroughly dried1 by placing it in an   
airy situation1 if in  ,summer2 or if in
 ,winter1 near the fire1 but not so     
close as to affect  the natural oil     
contained in the feathers4 ,the want of 
proper attention  in drying ruins many a
 fine specimen2 if long kept damp       
putridity  ensues despite all           
preservatives1 when the skin will become
 rotten1 and  the feathers will soon    
fall off2 besides1 the mold and         
long-continued  damp change the chemical
 properties of the preservatives used4  
,illustration3 ,fig4 #ag4    ,after the 
bird has been thoroughly dried1 the     

fillets are removed2 the  wire which    
protruded from the head is cut off as   
close to the skull as  possible1 with   
the wire cutting pincers elsewhere      
shown4 ,it must then  be attached to a  
circular1 or other shaped piece of wood1
 with the  generic and specific name and
 sex1 as well as its country and        
locality  attached to it1 on a small    
ticket1 when it may be placed in a      
museum4    ,young hands commonly suppose
 that a bird should stand bolt upright1 
with the legs almost perpendicular1 or  
at right-angles to the perch4  ,this is 
a great mistake1 and never to be found  
in ,nature4 ,do we  stand rigid1 like a 
foot-soldier on drill8 ,does not a bird1
 as well  as ourselves1 accommodate     
itself to the thing on which it rests8  
,assuredly it does2 for birds do not1 as
 a young bird-stuffer endeavors  to do1 
find always a perch to rest upon in the 
plane of the horizon4  ,it therefore    
follows that1 as he keeps himself       
upright1 his legs must  accommodate     

themselves to his perch4 ,so in the     
ground-birds there is a  gentle slope   
backwards from the hind toe1 the balance
 being preserved  in both cases by      
throwing the body forward in proportion4
 ,it is not  uncommon to see birds      
preserved with wings and tail spread4   
,now1  ordinarily speaking1 this is very
 objectionable1 because very unnatural4 
,illustration3 ,fig4 #ah4    ,fig4 #ai4 
,fig4 #bj4    ,proper positions of      
birds4    ,a bird preserved is supposed 
to represent a bird in a state of       
repose2  that is1 not in flight2 the    
only modification allowable being with  
regard to those birds whose manner it   
may be to have the wings more  or less  
open on occasions2 thus the falcon      
tribe1 supposing they are  represented  
as devouring a quarry1 or two birds     
toying with each other4  ,it may be that
 a bird essentially aerial1 like the    
swift1 or perhaps  some of the terns or 
the frigate bird1 may be represented as 
actually  on the wing4 ,in this case1 of

 course1 the wings must be spread2 and  
this is best done by passing a wire1 not
 too thick1 from the base of  the       
quill-feathers on the under side        
alongside the bone into the body1  where
 it should be carefully and coaxingly   
inserted towards the tail  until you    
feel that you have a pretty good hold4  
,you may then pass it  carefully under  
the longest quill-feather1 and through  
the back of the  case1 and fasten it by 
bringing it back again through and      
clinching it1  concealing it so by the  
oblique position of the bird that it is 
not  detectable4 ,it is obvious that by 
passing the wire alongside the bone1    
you may bend the wings to any angle you 
please4    ,with regard to the case1    
there are two methods2 one a bell-glass1
  which1 glass being now so reasonable1 
is certainly a very pretty and          
reasonable way of mounting1 but         
inapplicable to birds which are to be   
placed on a wall1 or to be represented  
flying2 although this may be  managed by

 attaching one wire from the point of   
the wing to a twig  sufficiently firm1  
which it will scarcely appear to touch1 
if managed  adroitly4 ,it is likewise   
indispensable that a bird for a shade   
should  be stuffed so well as to look   
nicely in all positions4 ,one thing must
  always be remembered1 do not have your
 case a shade too large1 just  clear the
 object so as not to stint it for room2 
and in flat cases  this applies chiefly 
to depth1 for it should have sufficient 
light1  or it will not look well4       
,wooden cases should be made as slight  
7in  thickness7 as is consistent with   
firmness2 well-seasoned white deal is   
best2 and the case should be formed of  
back1 top and bottom1 open at  the front
 and sides1 and at each corner of the   
front two slight deal  supports1        
rabbited on their inner edges1 and      
presenting on the whole  this           
appearance4    ,having the case         
prepared1 it should be papered with     
ordinary demy paper  on the top and back

 within1 and1 when the paste is dry1    
washed over  carefully with size and    
whitening1 tinted with a little         
stone-blue2  some add some touches of   
white subsequently to represent clouds1 
the  ground representing the air2 some  
also paste a landscape on the back1  but
 this must be good1 or you had better   
have plain color4 ,the bird  to be      
placed in this case is either perching1 
standing or flying4 ,for  the latter1   
directions have been given4 ,as to the  
two former1 the  perch must be firmly   
fixed in the small piece of flat wood   
upon which  it previously stood1 and put
 in upon it1 the wood being fastened to 
the bottom of the case1 either by       
screwing from below1 from above1 or     
gluing with stout glue1 or by passing   
wire through two holes in the  bottom of
 the case and the wood1 and clinching   
above4 ,in this case1  or in screwing   
from below1 let the wire or the screw   
into the wood1  and putty over1 and so  
if the bird is represented standing4    

,the bird  being fixed1 the next thing  
is the decorating or weeding1 as it is  
technically called1 and here we enter   
upon a subject so entirely of  taste and
 fancy1 that no fixed rules1 as to the  
disposition1 can in  all cases be given4
 ,one rule applies equally to this as to
 landscape  painting1 viz41 that there  
should always be a compensation of      
objects4  ,that is1 if you have a turf  
of grass on one side which rises towards
  the top of the case1 there should be  
something in the lower opposite  corner 
to strike the eye1 but not to rise above
 midway at furthest1  and the ground1 or
 floor1 should not be over-furnished    
with moss1 etc4  ,after the bird is     
fixed1 the whole bottom should be       
carefully glued  over with thin glue1   
taking care1 where the bird's feet are  
at the  bottom1 not to touch the toes   
with the glue4 ,some fine-sifted sand   
or gravel should then be sifted over it1
 and it will adhere wherever  the glue  
has touched2 for this purpose a small   

tin shovel is best1  something in this  
form1 and about two inches wide by four 
long1 with a  handle in proportion1     
which can be made to order at any       
tin-man's for a  trifle4    ,everything 
used in weeding should be baked in a    
slow oven1 otherwise  spiders' eggs and 
minute creatures1 which are pretty sure 
to be  contained in it1 will make their 
appearance after the case is closed  in 
the disagreeable form of destroying your
 specimen4 ,moss1 etc41 by  being slowly
 dried1 will also keep its color better4
 ,yellow moss1 found  on the roofs of   
old barns1 and dark gray of the same    
species1 are very  generally useful3 and
 where yellow moss cannot be had1 the   
white or  gray may be colored with      
chrome1 and looks as well4 ,water-plants
 fade1  being more or less succulent1   
and hence a little common water-color   
with gum will be used with advantage and
 look less artificial than  oil paint1  
which is often used4 ,fern looks very   
pretty as an adjunct  for heath-birds1  

but it should be dried gradually and    
carefully1 when  quite full grown1 and a
 small touch of light green1 permanent  
white  forming a portion of it1 will    
give it a freshness and more natural    
appearance4 ,grass in seed 7not in      
flower7 of various kinds is also a  very
 pretty addition2 but bird preservers   
have a habit of using dyed  grass1 and  
yellow and red ,xeranthymum1 or         
,everlasting1 which is  certainly to be 
avoided1 and indeed anything which is   
unnatural4 ,if it  is wished to         
introduce a lump of earth1 or an        
apparent bank1 a piece  of thick brown  
paper1 bent to the requisite shape1 and 
glued over and  covered with sifted sand
 or gravel1 has a very good effect2 but 
insects  and butterflies1 or artificial 
flowers1 unless they are extremely      
natural1 should certainly be avoided4   
,regard should also be had to the       
season at which the bird is usually     
seen4    ,for instance1 ,summer birds   
are1 of course1 surrounded by green and 

living objects1 but ,autumn or ,winter  
visitants by decaying or dead  herbage4 
,it has often been made an experiment to
 represent snow1 but  it is difficult to
 obtain anything white enough1 and at   
the same time  of a crystalline         
character1 which1 of course1 it should  
be4 ,potato  farina nicely dried1 mixed 
with ,epsom salts pounded very fine1    
does not  make a bad substitute2 but the
 real difficulty lies behind1 namely1   
in fixing it1 and1 more than all1 the   
least damp takes very much from  its    
appearance1 if it does not destroy the  
effect1 and hence we must  have recourse
 to mineral aid1 and any very white     
mineral powder mingled  with pounded    
glass is perhaps best4 ,it is           
unnecessary to say that the  herbage    
upon which it is meant to rest should be
 touched all over  with paste1 not glue1
 and the white mixture shaken over and  
left to  dry4 ,what will heighten the   
effect very much1 if prettily executed1 
is a black landscape with a dark leaden 

sky and nearly black earth  mingled with
 moss4 ,to represent water1 a small     
piece of looking-glass1  surrounded with
 moss1 etc41 answers very well4 ,the    
bills and legs of  birds should be      
always varnished1 and where the natural 
color fades  after death it should be   
restored by a thin coat of oil-color of 
the  required shade4 ,the bird being    
fixed and the case garnished1 nothing   
remains but to put in the glass2 this is
 in three pieces1 one for the  front and
 a piece at each end4 ,this can be      
pasted in with very strong  paper round 
the edge1 advancing sufficiently over   
the glass to hold  it4 ,in doing this it
 is not necessary to be very particular 
to avoid  pasting the glass1 as after it
 is dried it can be wiped clean with a  
damp cloth4 ,the last operation is a    
very simple one1 and done in a few      
minutes4 ,you must procure some black   
spirit-varnish1 which you can  make     
yourself by dissolving the best black   
sealing-wax in spirits of  wine1 and    

should be kept corked2 when this is good
 it acts as paint and  varnish at the   
same time1 and dries as fast as it is   
put on4 ,one or two  brass rings screwed
 on at the top of the back of the case  
will finish  the bird1 and if the case  
be nicely and closely made1 there is no 
limit  of time to which the preservation
 of the specimen may not extend4        
,,method ,,of ,,mounting ,,dried        
,,skins4    ,we must now say something  
respecting the setting up of skins which
 have  been preserved by travelers1 and 
sent home from distant parts4    ,the   
general method is exactly the same as in
 stuffing recent specimens4  ,there are1
 however1 some preliminary steps which  
it is necessary to  know4    ,if the    
specimen sent home has been partially   
stuffed1 our first  business is to undo 
the stitches1 if it has been            
sewed--which was an  unnecessary        
process4 ,we then remove the whole      
cotton or tow from the  inside1 by the  
assistance of forceps1 and from the neck

 with a small  piece of wire1 twisted or
 hooked at the end4 ,having finished    
this1  small balls of wet cotton are    
placed in the orbits of the eyes1 and   
the  legs and feet are wrapped round    
with wet cotton or linen rags4 ,a damp  
cloth is then thrown over the bird1 and 
it is allowed to remain in this  state  
till next day4 ,the neck and body are   
then filled with wet linen  or cotton1  
and it will be ready for commencing     
setting up in four or  five hours4      
,the eyes are now put in1 as directed in
 the recent subjects1 and  then stuffed 
in exactly the same manner4 ,some       
difficulty will1  however1 be           
experienced with respect to the         
leg-wires1 and it will  require more    
time and care1 from the dryness of the  
legs1 to get  the wire to penetrate4    
,having proceeded so far as to get the  
bird  generally formed1 the wings are   
next adjusted2 this also is frequently  
difficult1 owing to the stiffness of the
 tendons and want of proper  attention  

in skinning and drying them at first4   
,indeed1 with some of  the ,south       
,american birds1 a proper adjustment of 
the wings is found  impracticable1 owing
 to the attempts of the native ,indians 
of ,guyana1  who seldom dispose them    
properly4    ,when these                
skins--frequently exceedingly valuable  
from their  rarity--are undone1 to be   
remounted1 it is oftentimes found       
utterly  impossible to get the wings to 
take a natural set1 in which case there 
is no other remedy but cutting them off 
close to the body1 and fixing  them     
anew4 ,the scapulars are separated1 they
 are softened with damp  cloths1 and    
then wrapped up with bands of sheet     
lead1 to give them a  proper set4 ,when 
we have got them in their natural shape1
 they must be  fixed to the sides by    
cement and cotton1 and a long pin       
through each1  with the head concealed  
amongst the feathers4 ,the scapulars1   
which we  have cut off1 must then be    
cemented on1 and they will effectually  

cover  the joining of the wings4 ,the   
bird being now arranged1 and all the    
feathers adjusted1 it is wrapped round  
with small bands of fine linen  or      
muslin1 and set aside till thoroughly   
dry4    ,should any feathers be         
disengaged during the mounting1 they    
must be  kept1 and1 when the bird is    
dry1 we can replace them in their proper
  situations with a pair of forceps1    
after they have been touched on  their  
shafts with the cement2 the feathers    
around the place in which we  intend to 
insert them must be held up with the    
probing-needle4    ,if any of the       
feathers are deranged in mounting1 and  
have got a wrong  set1 the only way to  
remedy the defect is to pull them out   
with  forceps1 and re-insert them with  
cement4      ,,of ,,mounting ,,birds1   
,,feather ,,by ,,feather4    ,rare birds
 are frequently received from foreign   
countries1 the skins of  which are in   
such a state of decay1 that it is       
impossible to mount them  by the        

ordinary process above described4 ,the  
only way in which they can  be          
preserved1 is to mount them feather by  
feather1 which1 however1 is a  very     
tedious method4 ,it is as follows3      
,procure a piece of soft pliable wire1  
such as is used by bell-hangers2  or    
take some of the ordinary wire used1 and
 make it red-hot in the  fire1 and allow
 it to cool gradually1 when it will     
become quite  pliable4 ,take five pieces
 of this1 of different lengths1 and form
 them  into the skeleton of a body2     
namely1 two for the back1 one on each   
side1 and one to represent the          
breast-bone4 ,imitate the shape of the  
bird's body as nearly as possible4 ,the 
wires must be roughened with  a file1 at
 the place where all the wires meet1 at 
the neck and rump2  and first wrap the  
place next the neck round with strong   
thread or  fine brass wire4 ,two pieces 
intended for the back must bend gently  
downwards1 and be gradually separated   
from each other towards the  center1 and

 brought together again at the place    
intended for the  rump1 whither they    
must intersect each other1 and be       
twisted two or  three times1 to keep    
them in their place2 they are then      
spread out  as supports for the tail2   
the side-pieces are next formed1 so as  
to  represent the natural bulge of a    
bird's body1 and attached to the rump2  
the piece representing the breast is    
then formed1 joined at the rump1  and   
afterwards continued as long as the     
other tail-pieces1 to support  the      
center of the tail2 while at the front  
extremity a piece is left1  for the     
purpose of forming a neck to which to   
attach the head4 ,two  leg-wires are    
attached to the side-wires1 being rolled
 round them for  several turns1 making a
 frame-work the shape of the bird4      
,after this body has been properly      
formed1 it must be wrapped round  with  
tow-sliver1 and the neck thickened to   
its required dimensions4  ,when this is 
accomplished1 the head1 legs1 wings and 

tail are softened  in the usual manner2 
the eyes are then fixed in with some    
cotton  introduced into the orbits1 with
 a little of the cement4 ,the wings and 
tail are now placed on a table1 with a  
flat leaden weight above each1  to      
restore them to their natural shape4    
,the leg-wires are then passed  through 
the legs1 commencing at the top1 and    
bringing them out at the  soles of the  
feet1 and left with a piece extending   
beyond the claws4    ,the tail is now   
fixed on1 by first attaching to it a    
quantity of cotton  with the cement1    
and1 when dry1 it is fixed to the part  
intended as the  rump4    ,the feet of  
the bird must be fixed into a piece of  
wood1 as a perch1  the ends of which    
must be left some inches beyond the     
body4 ,the end  next to the tail is     
fixed into a table-vise1 with the belly 
upwards1  and the head pointing toward  
the operator4 ,the feathers are now put 
on1 commencing under the tail1 or       
crissum1 with what are termed the       

under-tail coverts2 a coating of cement 
must be previously laid on1 to  attach  
the feathers with4 ,it is proceeded with
 upwards to the breast1  and finally the
 length of the neck1 taking care to put 
the proper  feathers on their respective
 sides1 as the side-feathers have all an
  inclination to one side4 ,the bird is 
now turned with the back up1 still      
keeping the head towards the stuffer2   
and the wings are fixed on with  cement1
 and pins forced through the beards of  
the feathers to conceal  the heads4     
,when this is done put on the feathers  
of the rump1 and  proceed upwards1 as   
has been done with the belly4 ,after    
reaching the  top of the neck1 the head 
is then fixed on with some cotton       
immersed in  the cement1 and allowed to 
dry before attempting to put on the     
feathers4    ,in this mode of mounting a
 bird there are several things which    
must  be attentively adhered to2 these  
are--first1 not to put the feathers  too
 thick1 for there is a danger of running

 short2 secondly1 all the  shafts of the
 feathers must have a small bit cut off 
the tip1 so as to  admit the cement and 
to give them a firmer hold2 and thirdly1
 that the  feathers should all occupy   
their respective parts2 and fourthly1   
that  they should be arranged as they   
are in nature on these parts1 as the    
disposition of every part of the body is
 peculiar to itself4    ,at first1 this 
mode of setting up birds will be found a
 difficult task1  but1 by a little      
practice and experience1 it will become 
familiar and  comparatively easy1       
although it will always be found a      
tedious process4  ,we have seen some    
specimens set up in this way1 which we  
could hardly  detect from those mounted 
in the ordinary manner4    ,besides what
 we have already said concerning the    
stuffing and  preparing of birds1 there 
are many details connected with         
particular  species which demand our    
attention1 and which can only be        
described  as regarding that species4   

,it will1 however1 be impossible for us 
to  enter into all these minutely1 but  
only give a few examples as general     
guides4 ,we shall take these in         
systematic succession4                  
,,preservation ,,of ,,colors4    ,in the
 preservation of the feathers of ,birds1
 little else is required  to prevent the
 dissipation of their colors than to    
keep them as much as  possible from air 
and light4 ,these two agents1 which were
 indispensable  to their beauty and     
perfection in a living state1 now       
exercise their  influence as destroyers1
 and that influence will sooner or later
 work  its ends according to the        
quality1 texture1 or color of the object
 with  which it is contending4 ,the     
feathers are now deprived of two agents1
  which in a living state contributed to
 their vigor and their beauty1  namely1 
the internal circulating juices which   
they received from the  body of the     
animal1 and the external application of 
oil by the bill of  the bird1 supplied  

from a gland which is placed over the   
rump of all  birds4    ,the colors of   
the rapacious tribes are not so         
evanescent as those of  many others1 as 
they1 for the most part are composed of 
intense browns  and blacks1 which are   
not so easily absorbed by light or air1 
so that  they continue for a very long  
period without any sensible difference4 
,there are1 however1 certain other      
points which are liable to almost       
immediate change of color after the     
death of the animals1 and these are  the
 cere and skin of the legs and feet1 and
 the naked skin on the heads  and necks 
of ,vultures and their congeners4 ,we   
shall treat of these  individually4     
,now1 as all these colors which we have 
described are liable to change1         
immediately after death1 it is evident  
that considerable nicety will  be       
required to give the preserved specimen 
the appearance of nature4  ,these must1 
therefore1 be supplied artificially with
 the varnish  colors1 which we have     

particularly described in their proper  
place1  as also the combinations for the
 formation of compound colors4 ,the     
reddish-brown color mentioned1 of which 
the fold is composed1 must be  touched  
by a mixture of the scarlet varnish1    
with a little powdered  burnt umber1 and
 the blue streaks with which it is      
traversed1 colored  above with cobalt   
blue4 ,all the varnish colors have a    
tendency to  shine1 which1 it will be   
evident1 is not the character of any    
part of  the skin1 or caruncle of the   
bird described4 ,as soon1 therefore1 as 
it  is thoroughly dry1 which will be in 
about an hour1 the whole surface  must  
be gently rubbed with very fine         
sand-paper1 which will completely       
remove the gloss and give the appearance
 of nature4    ,some nicety will be     
required in painting betwixt the hairs1 
but it can  be easily managed with a    
little caution4 ,sometimes these hairs  
are  liable to become brown1 in which   
case they can be touched with the  black

 varnish4    ,as these birds are        
inhabitants of warm climates1 some care 
is  requisite1 after killing them1 to   
prevent decay2 the tendons of the  legs 
should be extracted to prevent their    
being attacked by moths1 and  their     
place supplied by some cotton and       
preservatives4 ,the tendons are         
extracted by means of a longitudinal    
incision made behind the tarsus4  ,the  
edges of this incision can easily be    
brought together when the bird  is under
 the process of preparation4            
,,chapter ,,iv4    ,,collecting ,,and   
,,preserving ,,birds' ,,eggs ,,and      
,,nests4      ,few objects of ,natural  
,history are more interesting than the  
nests of  birds4 ,to the reflecting     
naturalist1 they open up a wide field   
for  inquiry4 ,speaking of the          
examination of birds1 in the exercise of
 their  mechanical arts of constructing 
nests1 ,professor ,rennie says3 ,this   
work is the business of their lives--the
 duty which calls forth that  wonderful 

ingenuity which no experience can teach1
 and which no human  skill can rival4   
,the infinite variety of modes in which 
the nests  of birds are constructed1 and
 the exquisite adaptation of the nest   
to the peculiar habits of the           
individual1 offer a subject of almost   
exhaustless interest4 ,the number and   
variety of the eggs of birds  are       
curious subjects of contemplation1 and  
should be carefully noted  whenever     
opportunity offers4 ,they are as        
essential to the personal  history of   
the species as any other part of our    
inquiries4    ,the eggs are emptied of  
their contents by making a very small   
hole  at each end with a point4 ,by     
blowing at one of the ends1 the contents
  will escape by the other1 unless the  
young has been already formed2 in  which
 case a larger hole must be made in the 
side of the egg1 and the  contents      
removed with a small hook4 ,the hole    
should then be stopped  up by pasting a 
little gold-beater's leaf over it4 ,the 

eggs are then  either returned to their 
nest1 in which they ought to be         
cemented1 or  should be fixed down by   
one side to cards1 with the name and    
locality  attached4    ,the best manner 
of conveying loose eggs to a distance is
 to put some  cotton at the bottom of   
the nest1 and then another layer above  
them4  ,the nests should all be put up  
in separate boxes1 if possible1 and  so 
packed that the pressure of the lid may 
not injure the eggs1 or a  box with     
several compartments should be used1    
taking care that each  is carefully     
marked4 ,it would also be of consequence
 to have the  nests attached to the     
branches1 with those species which build
 on  trees1 which will enable us to     
trace the ingenious means employed by   
those little animals in constructing    
their habitations4 ,in sending  home    
specimens from a foreign country1 the   
seams of the box should  be covered by  
pitched cloth1 to protect them from the 
influence of  moisture4    ,to preserve 

the shells of eggs1 first take care to  
clear them of their  contents2 get a    
small1 fine-pointed common syringe1 such
 as is sold  in toy-shops1 and inject   
the specimen with water until it comes  
out  quite clean4 ,when an egg has been 
partly hatched or addled1 the removal   
of the contents generally includes that 
of the internal membrane or  pellicle3  
this makes the shell weaker4 ,when the  
specimens are quite  clean internally1  
and have become dry 7which will be in a 
day or two71  take the syringe and      
inject them with a strong solution of   
isinglass  7with a little sugar-candy   
added to prevent its cracking72 blow    
this  out again whilst warm4 ,let the   
shell get dry1 and then wash the outside
  with a soft wet cloth to remove saline
 particles1 dirt from the nest1  etc4   
,this method varnishes the inside1 and  
the first specimen on which  it has been
 tried was the before-mentioned         
hedge-accentor's egg1 which  is to this 
day as bright in color as a fresh       

specimen4    ,also in a pair of         
nightjar's eggs1 of which species the   
delicate  gray tint is particularly     
evanescent1 one was injected in the     
manner  described1 and the other was    
not2 in the first the gray is still     
perfectly defined1 in the other it has  
entirely disappeared4 ,eggs which  have 
lost their internal pellicle become     
strengthened by this process1  and those
 which have not lost their color greatly
 improved4          ,,chapter ,v4       
,,skinning1 ,,preserving1 ,,and         
,,setting ,,up ,,reptiles1 ,,fishes     
,,and ,,molluscous  ,,animals1 ,,etc4   
,,tortoises ,,and ,,turtles4            
,,skinning4--,the first operation is to 
separate the back and breast-shells     
with a strong short knife or chisel4 ,if
 the force of the hand is  inadequate1 a
 mallet may be used1 taking care not to 
strike so hard as  to crack the shell4  
,these two bony plates being covered by 
the skin1 or by scales1 the  scapula1   
and all the muscles of the arm and neck1

 in place of being  attached to the ribs
 and spine1 are placed below1 from which
 cause the  tortoise has been termed a  
retroverted animal4 ,the vertebral      
extremity  of the scapula is articulated
 with the shield1 and the opposite      
extremity of the clavicle with the      
breast-plate in such a manner that  the 
shoulders form a ring for the passage of
 the windpipe and gullet4    ,after the 
turtle is opened1 all the flesh which   
adheres to the  breast-plate1 and also  
to the upper shell1 is removed1 while   
attention  is paid to the parts as above
 described4 ,the head1 fore-feet1 and   
tail  are skinned as in quadrupeds2 but 
none of these must be removed from  the 
upper shell1 but left attached4    ,all 
the fleshy parts being removed1 the     
shells are washed out with a  sponge1   
and carefully dried4 ,they are then     
slightly rubbed with the  arsenical     
soap4    ,,stuffing4--,wires are now    
passed through the middle of the legs1  
after  the skin has been rubbed with the

 preservative4 ,the skull is returned   
to its place1 and the whole of the head1
 neck1 and legs stuffed with  chopped   
flax or tow4 ,the parts of the skin     
which have been cut are then  sewed     
together4 ,the back and breast-plates   
are then united by four  small holes1   
being bored at their edges1 and united  
by strings or small  wires4 ,the        
junction of the bones may then be       
attached with the cement1  colored so as
 to correspond with the shell4    ,if   
the calipash is dirty1 it may be cleaned
 with a slight solution  of nitric acid 
and water2 afterwards cleanly washed1   
oiled1 and then  rubbed with a woolen   
rag1 to give it a polish4               
,,crocodiles ,,and ,,lizards ,,in       
,,general4    ,,skinning4--,all this    
tribe are skinned in the same manner as 
quadrupeds4  ,care1 however1 is required
 in skinning the tails of the smaller   
species1 as they are very liable to     
break4 ,the skins being of a  dry       
nature1 require but little of the       

preservative4 ,after they are           
thoroughly dried they will keep a very  
long time without decay4                
,,stuffing4--,stuff them as directed for
 quadrupeds4 ,they admit of but  little 
variety of attitude4 ,the small species 
are exceedingly apt  to change color in 
drying2 which must be imitated with the 
colored  varnishes1 and afterwards      
dimmed with sand-paper4 ,to keep them in
 their  natural colors1 they should be  
preserved in spirits4    ,the skins of  
such as are glossy should be varnished  
after they are  perfectly dry4          
,,serpents ,,in ,,general4              
,,skinning4--,in skinning serpents there
 is some nicety required1 to cut  them  
so as not to disfigure the scales2 the  
opening should be made in  the side1    
commencing at the termination of the    
scales2 and they should  on no account  
be divided1 as upon their number the    
species is mostly  determined4    ,it is
 a very frequent practice to send home  
serpents without the  head1 which       

renders them quite unfit for any        
scientific purpose4 ,this  proceeds from
 the fear of receiving poison from the  
fangs4 ,but there  is not the slightest 
danger of being affected1 as these can  
easily be  cut out by means of pincers4 
,the head should be cleaned and the     
brain  removed1 in the same manner as   
recommended for birds and quadrupeds1   
the skull anointed and then returned    
into the skin4    ,when the skin is     
removed1 it may be rolled up and packed 
in small  space4 ,the simplest way to   
preserve small species is to put them in
  spirits1 which must not be too strong1
 as it will destroy the colors4    ,mr4 
,burchell1 in his four years' journey   
through ,africa1 glued the  skins of the
 smaller serpents perfectly flat on     
paper1 which preserved  the size of the 
animal1 and the skin retained all the   
beauty of life4    ,,stuffing4--,the    
skin1 if not recent1 must be first      
softened in the  manner recommended for 
birds4 ,a piece of wire is taken1 the   

length  of the animal1 which must be    
wrapped round with tow till it is of a  
proper thickness1 and above the whole a 
spiral band of sliver should be         
carefully wrapped4 ,it is then placed   
inside of the skin1 and sewed up4  ,the 
eyes are placed in as directed for      
quadrupeds and birds4 ,when dry1  give  
the serpent a coat of varnish1 and then 
twist it into any attitude  wished4 ,a  
favorite and striking one is to have it 
wound round some  animal1 and in the act
 of killing it4      ,,frogs ,,and      
,,toads4    ,,skinning4--,the mouth is  
opened1 and the first vertebr of the    
neck is  cut4 ,the whole inside of the  
mouth is cut out with scissors4 ,the two
  jaws are next raised up1 and the skin 
is pushed back with the fingers  of the 
right hand1 while the body is drawn back
 in a contrary direction  with the other
 hand1 and the whole body is then drawn 
out at the mouth4  ,the legs are then   
returned to their proper place4         
,,stuffing4--,the simplest method of    

stuffing these animals is with sand4  ,a
 small funnel is placed in the mouth1   
and pour in well-dried sand4  ,when     
full1 a small piece of cotton is pushed 
into the throat1 with some  of the      
cement1 to keep the sand from escaping  
on moving the animal4    ,the ,frog is  
then placed on a board1 and in an       
attitude4 ,when quite dry1  give it a   
coat of varnish4 ,when this has         
perfectly dried1 very small             
perforations are made under the belly   
with the point of a needle1 and  the    
sand allowed to escape1 leaving the body
 in its natural form4    ,these animals 
are liable to change of color from      
drying1 and should1  therefore1 be      
painted with the varnish to their       
natural hues4 ,there is  less difficulty
 with ,toads in this respect1 as they   
are usually of a  brown color1 and not  
liable to much change4    ,they may be  
perfectly preserved in spirits4         
,,fishes4    ,the best method of        
securing the scales and colors of ,fish1

 is1 as soon  as they are caught1 to    
apply cambric or tissue paper to them1  
which  will soon dry and adhere firmly2 
the body may be then taken out and the  
skin dried4 ,when the skin is to be     
stuffed1 roll it in a moist cloth1      
which will not only render it pliable1  
but also soften the tissue  paper1 so as
 it can be removed1 when the colors will
 be found to be  much brighter than by  
any other method with which we are yet  
acquainted4      ,,lampreys1 ,,eels1    
,,and ,,other ,,fish ,,of ,,similar     
,,form4    ,these species may be skinned
 in the same manner as ,frogs and       
,toads1 by  drawing the body through the
 mouth4      ,,of ,,skinning ,,fish ,,in
 ,,general4    ,the fish should be      
procured as fresh as possible1 more     
particularly if  it is one of those on  
which the scales are loosely attached4  
,lay it  on one side and cut the gills  
with a pair of scissors2 then introduce 
a little tow or piece of sponge into the
 place to prevent the blood  from       

flowing during the process of skinning2 
let the fins be raised  and gently      
extended1 and two pieces of paper1      
something the shape  of each1 be placed 
under them1 only extending a little     
beyond them4  ,coat the paper with a    
weak solution of gum-arabic1 and put a  
piece of  similar size on the top of the
 fin2 by pressing these gently they will
  adhere and dry in a few minutes2 these
 will keep the fins extended1 and       
preserve them during the operation of   
stuffing4 ,when these are dry1  take a  
piece of tissue paper or thin silk1 and 
press it gently on one  side of the     
fish4 ,the natural glutinous matter     
which covers the scales  will be        
sufficient to make it adhere firmly2 it 
will soon dry and form  a strong        
protection to the scales during the     
skinning4 ,without this  precaution the 
skin could not be removed from mullet1  
sea beaver1 etc41  without the scales   
being much disfigured1 and losing many  
of them4  ,indeed1 in such fishes1 it is

 not amiss to put on an additional      
coating  of paper with gum-water4 ,this 
will not only secure the scales1 but    
will also assist in keeping the proper  
form of the fish1 by preventing         
distention4    ,when these papers are   
thoroughly dry1 turn the fish on a soft 
cloth1  with the uncovered side upwards1
 and open it with sharp scissors from   
the bottom of the tail-fin to nearly the
 point of the snout1 keeping as         
correctly on the lateral line as        
possible1 which can be seen in most     
fishes4 ,the cheek should be afterwards 
cut open1 so that the flesh may  be     
removed from it2 cut also the flesh from
 the opposite cheek1 and  supply its    
place by cotton4 ,the skin must now be  
detached from the  flesh1 which will    
require some care at first4 ,it must be 
commenced at  the head1 and separating  
it downwards with the assistance of a   
knife1  and the fin-bones must be cut   
through with scissors4 ,the spine must  
now  be cut through close to the head1  

and also at the tail1 and the body      
removed4    ,all the animal matter      
having been completely removed from the 
skin1  the inside must be wiped dry1 and
 the preservative applied in the same   
manner as directed for birds and        
quadrupeds4 ,great care is necessary to 
prevent it from being too much          
distended4    ,,in ,,sharks and ,,large 
,,fishes1 an incision is made below the 
head1 and  extended to the fin of the   
tail2 the skin is then separated on each
  side with a scalpel1 cutting back as  
far as possible1 so that the  vertebr   
may be cut close to the head4 ,the tail 
is then skinned4 ,the  head is pushed   
inwards1 and the skin passed over it    
above1 and all the  cartilage cut       
carefully away4 ,care must be taken not 
to enlarge the  branchial openings too  
much1 which would render it necessary to
 sew  them up again1 and it is not easy 
to hide a seam in a fish's skin4        
,,diadon1 ,,tetradon1 and ,,balistes1   
and their congeners1 are opened by the  

belly4 ,the ostracion is enveloped in a 
skin1 which consists of a single  piece1
 the tail of which only is free and     
flexible4 ,the opening in the  belly    
must not be large2 the tail must be     
opened1 the flesh cut away1  and stuffed
 with cotton4      ,,stuffing4    ,the  
skins1 being properly anointed1 are     
filled with tow or cotton4 ,this  must  
be so managed that there will be no     
prominences on the outside of  the skin1
 which in fishes1 is smooth and even for
 the most part4 ,when  properly filled1 
they must be sewed up1 and set aside to 
dry in the  air1 but not exposed to the 
rays of the sun4 ,in a few days1 the    
papers  with which the fins were        
extended are taken off1 by damping them 
with  a sponge4 ,the glass eyes are now 
introduced1 after filling the orbits    
with cotton and a little cement to      
secure them in their places4 ,the  skins
 may then be coated with turpentine     
varnish4    ,,sharks4--,in stuffing     
these large fishes1 it is necessary to  

use a  stick for a center support4 ,this
 must also enter the head1 through the  
opening of the throat4 ,if it is        
intended that the specimen shall be     
suspended from the ceiling1 wire-hooks  
must be fastened into the wood4  ,from  
these must be placed upright wires1 so  
that they penetrate the  skin1 and pass 
through the back4 ,let the whole        
internal surface of the  skin be well   
rubbed with the preservative4 ,the body 
is then stuffed to  its full size1 and  
afterwards sewed up4 ,the stuffing of   
the head must  be completed through the 
orbits of the eyes1 and also by the     
mouth4  ,this finished1 the glass eyes  
are inserted1 as in other animals1 and  
fixed by means of cement4    ,many      
species of fish have semi-transparent   
cartilages connected with  the eyes4    
,these must be imitated with gum-arabic 
and powdered starch1  as well as the    
cornea of the eyes4    ,the skins of all
 fish1 which are similar to that of     
sharks1 must be  well supplied with     

spirits of turpentine1 after they are   
mounted1 more  particularly the head and
 fins2 but as they are not glossy1 they 
do not  require to be varnished4        
,when the fins are strong1 it is        
necessary to keep them extended by      
means of a wire introduced through them4
    ,in the ,diadons1 the chief thing to
 be attended to1 beyond what we have    
stated1 is1 to take care that the       
spines1 with which their skins are      
beset1 are not broken or depressed in   
any way4    ,salmon1 ,trout1 ,tench1    
,carp1 ,pike1 etc41 are very easily     
preserved1 as  the scales are firmly    
attached to the skin2 and although they 
become  somewhat dim from drying1 their 
colors and brilliancy are considerably  
restored by means of varnish1 if applied
 before they are thoroughly  dried4     
,after a lapse of time1 the varnish will
 rise into little scales2 to  remove    
these1 nitric acid1 diluted in water1   
must be applied to the  whole external  
surface1 which has the effect of        

completely taking  off the varnish1 or  
at least of raising it from the skin1   
which1  when allowed to dry1 can be     
wholly removed by rubbing it with a     
small brush4 ,it may then be varnished  
again2 when dry1 it will ever           
afterwards continue quite solid4        
,what is above recommended will apply to
 almost all fishes4      ,,lobsters1    
,,crabs1 ,,etc4    ,in this class are   
included crabs1 lobsters1 and their     
congeners4 ,these  animals are all      
protected by a coriaceous covering1 or  
shell1 which  is easily preserved1      
although there is considerable          
difficulty in  preserving the colors of 
some species4    ,the flesh must be     
extracted from the large claws of       
lobsters and  crabs by breaking the     
smallest possible piece from their      
points and  introducing a small1 crooked
 wire2 in the smaller claws the flesh   
must  be allowed to dry1 and to         
facilitate this extremely small         
perforations  should be made in opposite

 sides of the shell by means of a sharp1
  triangular awl1 so as to allow the air
 to pass through it4    ,in lobsters the
 branchi and all the intestines must be 
cut away2  the latter is effected by    
separating the body from the lower      
parts1  and then extracting the internal
 parts with any sharp instrument2  it   
should then be dried and cemented       
together1 after being well  anointed    
with the preservative4 ,in crabs1 the   
body1 with all the limbs  attached1 is  
pulled separate from the back shell and 
the whole fleshy  matter carefully      
picked out and preserving powder and the
 solution of  corrosive sublimate       
applied to the different internal parts4
 ,in drying  lobsters1 crabs1 etc41 they
 should be exposed to a free current of 
air1  but not to the sun's rays1 as it  
reddens the shells of crustaceous       
animals4    ,it need hardly be          
mentioned1 that before applying the     
preservatives1  the shells should be    
well washed with cold water4    ,the    

,hermit-,crab always takes possession of
 the shell of some turbinated  ,univalve
 as its domicile4 ,these are easily     
preserved by pulling out  the animal    
after it is dead4 ,an incision is made  
in the soft tail of  the animal1 and the
 contents allowed to run off2 it is then
 filled  with cotton and imbued with the
 preservative2 some cement is then put  
on the tail and the animal returned to  
its shell1 which completes the          
operation of preserving4    ,in sending 
home crustaceous animals1 the larger    
species should be  emptied of their     
fleshy matter1 which1 however1 is not   
necessary with  the smaller species2    
they should be packed in middling-sized 
cases1 and  each wrapped in separate    
papers1 with a thick bed of cotton or   
flax  between each4 ,in ,lobsters1 and  
the species which are allied to them1   
great care must be exercised in         
preserving the tentacula or feelers     
which emanate from their heads1 as these
 become very brittle after they  are    

dried4 ,in proceeding to set up         
specimens which have been sent  home1   
they should be immersed in cold water   
for some time1 to give  pliability to   
the tentacula and other parts1 without  
which it will be  impossible to set them
 up in any way without their breaking4  
,mr4 ,bullock recommended that ,crabs   
and all other crustaceous animals       
should be immersed in corrosive         
sublimate and water for an hour         
previous to their being put into        
attitudes4    ,when the joints become   
loose they are in general attached by   
glue1 but  the cement is much better4   
,n4 ,b4--,on no account whatever use    
warm water in cleaning crustaceous      
animals1 as it is certain to change     
their colors4          ,,chapter ,,vi4  
,,preserving ,,spiders1 ,,gally-,,worms1
 ,,and ,,insects4      ,,spiders4       
,the general directions which we shall  
give respecting ,insects1 hold  good as 
to ,spiders1 only we must mention there 
is considerable  difficulty in          

preserving the bodies of ,spiders1 which
 generally1 in a  very short time1      
shrink into a shapeless mass4 ,to       
prevent this1 the  body should be       
pricked with the triangular awl and the 
contents pressed  out2 it should then be
 stuffed with very fine carded cotton or
 down1  which can be pushed in by a     
pricker1 blunted a little at the point4 
,when properly distended1 the small     
aperture should be filled up with  a    
little cement1 or a solution of         
gum-arabic4 ,the legs of the larger     
species1 such as the ,bird-catching     
,mygale and the ,scorpions1 are also    
liable to shrink1 and should be stuffed 
in the same manner as that of  the body4
    ,in those species of ,spiders which 
we have thus prepared1 and whose  colors
 are rich and likely to be affected by  
the action of the  atmosphere1 we must  
endeavor to arrest its progress by      
immediately  imbuing the animal1 after  
it is set up1 with the solution of      
corrosive  sublimate1 and in an hour    

after with a thin coating of a very weak
  white-spirit varnish2 for this        
purpose1 take a tea-spoonful of  the    
ordinary white-spirit or elastic        
varnish1 and add to it two              
tea-spoonfuls of spirit of wine2 apply  
this wash with a fine camel-hair  brush1
 which will quickly dry1 and have a     
strong tendency to preserve  the color4 
,the varnish1 being thus reduced in     
strength1 will not leave  any gloss on  
the insect1 nor will it be at all       
perceptible4    ,mr4 ,samouelle1 author 
of ,the ,entomologist's ,useful         
,compendium1 in  speaking of preserving 
,spiders1 says3 ,the best preserved     
specimens  that ,i have seen are those  
where the contents of the abdomen have  
been  taken out and filled with fine    
sand4 ,i have preserved several in this 
way1 and find it answers the purpose4   
,mr4 ,donovan makes the following       
observations on the preservation of     
,spiders3    ,to determine whether some 
species of ,spiders could be preserved  

with  their natural colors1 ,i put      
several into spirits of wine2 those with
  gibbous bodies soon after discharged a
 very considerable quantity of  viscid  
matter1 and therewith all their         
beautiful colors2 the smallest  retained
 their form1 and only appeared rather   
paler in the other colors  than when    
they were living4    ,during the course 
of last ,summer1 among other ,spiders1  
,i met with a  rare species2 it was of a
 bright yellow color1 elegantly marked  
with  black1 red1 green1 and purple2 by 
some accident it was unfortunately      
crushed to pieces in the chip-box       
wherein it was confined1 and was1       
therefore1 thrown aside as useless2 a   
month or more after that time ,i        
observed that such parts of the skin as 
had dried against the inside  of the box
 retained the original brightness of    
color in a considerable  degree4 ,to    
further the experiment1 ,i made a       
similar attempt1 with some  caution1 on 
the body of another ,spider1 and1 though

 the colors were not  perfectly         
preserved1 they appeared distinct4      
,from further observations ,i find1 that
 if you kill the ,spider1 and           
immediately after extract the entrails1 
then inflate them by means of  a        
blow-pipe1 you may preserve them        
tolerably well2 you must clean them  on 
the inside no more than is sufficient to
 prevent moldiness1 lest you  injure the
 colors1 which certainly1 in many kinds1
 depend on substance  that lies beneath 
the skin4    ,scorpions1 and all the    
,spider tribe1 may be sent home in      
spirits1 which  will preserve them      
perfectly1 and when taken out and dried1
 they will  be found to have suffered   
nothing from their immersion4 ,we have  
seen  some specimens sent up1 after     
being sent home in spirits1 which       
rivaled  any which have been preserved  
in a recent state4 ,the animals of this 
class are particularly liable to the    
attacks of insects1 particularly  in    
warm countries1 on which account the    

mode of transporting them  and keeping  
them in spirits is1 perhaps1 superior to
 all others4 ,if1  however1 they are set
 up in a warm climate1 they should be   
well soaked  with the solution of       
corrosive sublimate1 made according to  
the recipe  of ,mr4 ,waterton4    ,for  
the setting up of this class1 see the   
directions for preserving  insects4     
,,insects4    ,every country of the     
world is replete with this extensive and
  interesting class of beings1 whose    
forms are infinitely diversified1  and  
whose species are the most numerous of  
any class in the animal  kingdom4       
,before any attempt is made to collect  
insects1 certain apparatus must  be     
provided1 not only to enable us to      
secure them1 but also to preserve  them 
after they are caught4    ,first1 then1 
we must be provided with a quantity of  
wooden boxes1 from  #ah to #bj inches   
long1 #ae to #ag inches wide2 and two   
inches deep4 ,these  should have        
well-filled lids1 with hinges1 and      

fastened by a wire  catch1 or small     
bolt4 ,the bottom should have a layer of
 cork1 about the  sixth of an inch in   
thickness1 which should be fixed down   
with very  strong paste1 made according 
to our recipe2 and also some wire nails1
  to prevent it from springing4 ,over   
the cork should be pasted white  paper4 
,the box should be anointed inside with 
oil of petroleum4 ,if that  cannot be   
procured1 make an infusion of strong    
aromatic plants1 such as  cinnamon1     
aloes1 thyme1 laurel1 sage1 rosemary1 or
 cloves1 and wash the  inside with it4  
,a small packet of camphor should be    
wrapped in a piece  of rag1 and         
deposited in a corner of the box4    ,we
 must also be provided with a quantity  
of ,insect pins1 of different  sizes1   
corresponding with the size of the      
insect4 ,the pins used for  setting     
should be longer than those which are   
taken to the field4    ,bottles1 with   
mouths from an inch and a quarter to two
 inches in  diameter1 must also be      

procured1 and these must be             
three-fourths full  of spirits1 such as 
weak brandy1 rum1 gin or whisky4        
,,hunting-,,box4--,we must besides have 
what is termed a hunting-box1 for       
carrying in our pocket1 when seeking    
after insects4 ,this should be  made of 
strong pasteboard or chip1 for          
lightness1 or1 if this is no            
consideration1 of tin4 ,it must be of an
 oblong-oval shape1 rounded at  the     
ends1 for the convenience of the pocket4
 ,it should be from eight to  ten inches
 long1 four to five inches wide1 and two
 and a half to three  inches deep4 ,it  
must have a layer of cork both in the   
bottom and top of  the lid1 inside1 for 
attaching insects to1 when caught during
 the day4  ,the larger insects are      
placed at the bottom1 and the smaller   
ones on  the lid4    ,,the              
,,entomological4--,we next procure a    
net1 constructed similar to a           
bat-fowling net4 ,this is either made of
 fine gauze or coarse muslin2  it may   

either be green or white--the latter is 
the best for observing  small insects   
which may be caught2 the green1 however1
 is better  adapted for catching ,moths4
 ,the net-rods should be made of        
hickory1  beech1 hazel1 or holly2 they  
ought to be five feet in length1 quite  
round1 smooth1 and tapering to an obtuse
 point2 the oblique cross-piece  at the 
point should be of cane1 and fitted into
 the angular ferule2 the  rod must be   
divided into three or four pieces1 so   
that it may be taken  asunder and       
carried in the pocket2 the upper part of
 each joint must  have a ferule affixed 
to it1 for the purpose of articulating  
the other  pieces4 ,each joint should   
have a notch or check to prevent the rod
 from  twisting4    ,the net itself1    
must have a welting all around it1      
doubled so as to  form a groove for the 
reception of the rods4 ,in the center of
 the upper  part or point it must have a
 small piece of chamois leather1 so as  
to  form a kind of hinge2 this must be  

bound round the welting1 and divided  in
 the middle1 so as to prevent the cross 
pieces from slipping over  each other2  
it shows about four inches of the gauze 
turned up1 so as to  form a bag2 there  
are strings for the purpose of passing  
through the  staple1 to which the net is
 firmly drawn on each side4 ,when the   
net is  used a handle is to be held in  
each hand4    ,if it is intended to take
 insects on the wing1 by means of this  
net1  for which it is admirably adapted1
 it may be folded together in an        
instant4 ,if the gauze is fine enough1  
and preserved whole1 even the  smallest 
insect cannot escape4 ,it may be also   
applied in catching  ,coleopterous      
,insects1 which are never on the wing1  
as well as  ,caterpillars4 ,when used   
for this purpose the ,entomologist must 
hold  it expanded under trees1 while    
another must beat the branches with a   
stick4 ,great numbers of both insects   
and larva will fall in the gauze1  and  
by this means many hundreds may be      

captured in a day4    ,another method is
 to spread a large table-cloth under    
trees and bushes1  and then beat them   
with a stick4 ,an umbrella reversed has 
frequently  been used for the same      
purpose4 ,bose1 the celebrated          
naturalist1 used  this last method--he  
held the umbrella in the left hand1     
while he beat  the bushes with the      
other4    ,,the ,,hoop ,,or ,,aquatic   
,,net4--,this net is used for capturing 
,aquatic  ,insects1 which are either    
lurking at the bottom1 swimming through 
the  liquid element1 or adhering to     
plants4 ,it may also be successfully    
used  in sweeping amongst grass and low 
herbage1 for ,coleopterous ,insects1    
and others which are generally to be    
found in such situations4 ,the  socket  
for the handle may be made of such      
dimensions as will answer the  second   
joint of the ,entomological net-rod1    
which will save carrying  another       
handle2 or a walking-stick may be made  
to fit it4    ,a ,,vial4--,this may     

either be made of tin or crystal1 and   
used for  collecting ,coleopterous and  
other ,creeping ,insects4 ,the mouth    
should  be nearly an inch wide1 and a   
cork exactly fitted to it1 in the center
  of which must be inserted a small     
quill1 to afford air1 and inserted      
about an inch beyond the cork1 to       
prevent the insects from escaping4  ,if 
the bottle is made of tin1 and of a     
larger size1 a tin tube must be         
introduced into its side1 and           
terminating externally at the surface4  
,a ,,digger4--,the instrument is either 
made of iron or steel1 and is about  six
 or seven inches in length1 fixed into a
 turned wooden handle4 ,it  is used for 
collecting the pupae of ,lepidopterous  
,insects1 at the  roots and in the      
clefts of the bark of trees2 and also   
for pulling off  the bark1 particularly 
from decayed trees1 under which many    
curious  and rare insects are frequently
 found4 ,it is most useful with an      
arrow-headed point4    ,,setting        

,,needles4--,fitted into a small wooden 
handle1 the needle itself  should be    
about three inches long1 and about the  
thickness of a small  darning-needle    
slightly bent from about the middle4 ,a 
straight needle  is used for extending  
the parts of insects2 at one end of the 
handle is  the needle1 and at the other 
a camel's hair pencil1 which is used for
  removing any dirt or dust which may be
 on the insects4 ,the pencil may  be    
occasionally drawn through the lips1    
brought to a fine point1 and  used for  
disposing the antenn and palpi of       
insects of the minute kinds4            
,,setting-,,boards4--,these must be made
 of deal board1 from a foot or  fifteen 
inches long1 and eight or ten inches    
broad1 with a piece of  wood run across 
the ends1 to prevent them from warping4 
,they are  covered with cork1 which must
 be perfectly smooth on the surface1    
with  white paper pasted over it4       
,several boards will be required1 by    
persons  who are making collections1 as 

some of the insects take a considerable 
time to dry1 so that they may be fit for
 introducing into a cabinet4    ,the    
boards should be kept in a frame made   
for the purpose4 ,it should  consist of 
a top1 bottom1 and two sides2 the back  
and front should  have the frames of    
doors attached by small hinges1 and     
their centers  covered with fine gauze1 
for the free passage of air2 the sides  
should  have small pieces of wood       
projecting from them1 for the boards to 
rest  on2 which should be at such a     
distance from each other that the pins  
may not be displaced in pushing the     
boards in or drawing them out4 ,the     
frame should be placed in a dry1 airy   
situation4    ,,braces4--,these are     
merely small pieces of card1 cut in     
different forms1  attached to the       
butterfly and other insects4 ,they are  
pinned down on  the insects1 to keep    
their wings1 etc41 in a proper state1   
till they  acquire a set4      ,,the    
,,eggs ,,of ,,insects4    ,the eggs of  

insects preserve their form and color in
 a cabinet1 in  general1 without much   
trouble4 ,swammerdam had a method of    
preserving  them when they appeared to  
be giving way4 ,he made a perforation   
within  them with a fine needle1 pressed
 out their contents1 afterwards         
inflated them with a glass blow-pipe1   
and filled them with a mixture of  resin
 and oil of spike4      ,,the ,,larv1   
,,or ,,caterpillars4    ,the easiest way
 of destroying the ,caterpillar is by   
immersion in spirit  of wine4 ,they may 
be retained for a long time in this     
spirits without  destroying their color4
    ,mr4 ,william ,weatherhead had an   
ingenious mode of preserving ,larv4 ,he 
killed the ,caterpillar1 as above       
directed1 and having made a small       
puncture in the tail1 gently pressed out
 the contents of the abdomen1  and then 
filled the skin with fine dry sand1 and 
brought the animal to  its natural      
circumference4 ,it is then exposed to   
the air to dry1 and it  will have become

 quite hard in the course of a few      
hours1 after which  the sand may be     
shaken out at the small aperture and the
 ,caterpillar  then gummed to a piece of
 card4    ,another method is1 after the 
entrails are squeezed out1 to insert    
into  the aperture a glass tube which   
has been drawn to a very fine point4    
,the operator must blow through this    
pipe while he keeps turning the  skin   
slowly round over a charcoal fire2 the  
skin soon becomes hardened1  and1 after 
being anointed with oil of spike and    
resin1 it may be placed  in a cabinet   
when dry4 ,a small straw or pipe of     
grass may be substituted  for the glass 
pipe4    ,some persons inject them with 
colored wax after they are dried4       
,,the ,,pupa4    ,when the insects have 
escaped from their ,pupa skin1 the skin 
usually  retains the shape and general  
appearance it did while it contained the
  insect4 ,it is therefore ready for a  
cabinet1 without any preparation        
whatever4 ,but if the animal has not    

quitted its envelope1 it will be        
necessary either to drop the ,pupa into 
warm water1 or to heat it in a  tin case
 before the fire2 the former mode1      
however1 is the best1 and  least liable 
to change the colors of the ,pupa4      
,,method ,,of ,,breeding ,,insects4     
,,breeding ,,cages4--,these must be made
 of oak1 or other hard wood1 as pine  is
 apt to kill the ,caterpillars1 from its
 smell of turpentine4 ,the most         
convenient size for a breeding cage is  
eight inches in breadth1 four  deep1 and
 one foot in height4 ,it is not proper  
to place within a cage  more than one   
species of ,caterpillar1 as many of them
 prey upon each  other4 ,indeed1 animals
 of the same species will devour each   
other1 if  left without food4 ,the      
,caterpillars of insects1 for the most  
part1 will  only eat one particular kind
 of food1 so that it is better to have  
no  more than one sort in a cage4       
,there must be at the bottom of the cage
 earth to the depth of two  inches2 this

 should be mixed with some fine sand and
 vegetable earth1  if possible1 to      
prevent it from drying4 ,the cages      
should be kept in a  cool cellar or damp
 place1 because many insects change into
 the ,pupa  condition under the earth2  
so that it would require to be somewhat 
moist1 to prevent the destruction of the
 animal4 ,the shell or case of  the     
,pupa also becomes hard1 if the earth is
 not kept moist2 and1 in  that event1   
the animal will not have sufficient     
strength to break its  case at the time 
it ought to emerge from its confinement1
 and must  consequently die1 which but  
too frequently happens from             
mismanagement4    ,some seasons are more
 favorable than others for the          
production of  ,caterpillars1 and to    
keep each kind by themselves would      
require an  immense number of cages1 as 
well as occupy much time in changing the
  food1 and paying due attention to     
them4 ,to obviate this1 some persons    
having large breeding cages1 with a     

variety of food in them1 which  must be 
cleaned out every two days1 and fresh   
leaves given to the  ,caterpillars2 as1 
on due attention to feeding1 the beauty 
and vigor of  the coming insects will   
much depend4    ,the ,larv of insects1  
which feed beneath the surface of the   
earth1  may be bred in the following    
manner3 ,let any box that is about three
  or four feet square1 and two or three 
feet deep1 be lined internally  with    
tin1 and a number of very minute holes  
be bored through the sides  and bottom4 
,put into this box a quantity of earth1 
replete with such  vegetables as the    
,caterpillars subsist on1 and sink it   
into a bed of  earth1 so that the       
surface may be exposed to the different 
changes of  the weather4 ,the lid should
 be covered with brass or iron net-work1
 to  prevent their escape1 and for the  
free admission of air4    ,the young    
,entomologist should obtain a cabinet of
 about thirty drawers1  arranged in two 
tiers1 and covered in with folding      

doors4 ,there is  a great convenience in
 this size1 as the cabinet is rendered  
more  portable1 and at the same time    
admits of having another of the same    
size1 being placed above the top of it1 
as the collection increases1  without   
injuring the uniformity1 and thus the   
drawers may be augmented  to any extent4
 ,it is immaterial whether the cabinet  
is made of mahogany  or oak2 sometimes  
they are constructed of cedar1 but      
seldom of pine1  or any other soft wood4
 ,small cells must be made in the inside
 of the  fronts for camphor4            
,,corking ,,of ,,drawers4--,the simplest
 way to get the cork is to purchase  it 
of a cork-cutter1 ready prepared1 but it
 will be much cheaper for  the          
,entomologist to prepare it himself4 ,in
 this case1 it should be cut  into      
strips of about three inches wide1 with 
a cork-cutter's knife1  to smooth the   
surface and to divide it4 ,the strips   
should be fixed in  a vise1 and cut to  
the thickness required with a fine saw2 

but grease  must not be used in the     
operation1 as it will not only prevent  
the cork  from adhering to the bottom of
 the drawer1 but will also grease the   
paper which should be pasted on its     
surface4 ,the black surface of the  cork
 should be rasped down to a smooth      
surface4 ,after having reduced  the     
slips to about three quarters of an inch
 in thickness1 the darkest1  or worst   
side of the slip should be glued down to
 a sheet of brown1  or cartridge paper2 
this should be laid on a deal board1    
about three  feet in length1 and the    
width required for a drawer or box2 a   
few fine  nails1 or brads1 must be      
driven through each piece of cork to    
keep it  firm and in its place until the
 glue be dried2 by this means1 sheets   
of cork may be formed the size of the   
drawer4 ,all the irregularities  are    
filed or rasped down quite to a level   
surface1 and then polished  smooth with 
pumice-stone4 ,the sheet1 thus formed   
and finished1 is glued  into the        

drawers4 ,to prevent its warping1 some  
weights must be equally  distributed    
over the cork1 that it may adhere firmly
 to the bottom  of the drawer4 ,when    
quite dry1 the weights are removed1 and 
the cork  covered with fine white paper1
 but not very thick4 ,the paper is      
allowed  to be quite damp with the paste
 before it is placed on the cork1 and1  
when dry1 it will become perfectly      
tight4    ,insect cabinets should be    
kept in a very dry situation1 otherwise 
the  antenn1 legs1 etc41 will become    
quite moldy4 ,the same evil will ensue  
if the insect is not perfectly dry      
before it is placed in the cabinet4     
,should an insect be covered with mold1 
it can be washed off with a             
camel's-hair pencil1 dipped in          
camphorated spirits of wine2 in which   
case the insect must be dried in a warm 
airy situation before being  placed in  
the cabinet4    ,there should always be 
plenty of camphor kept in the drawers1  
otherwise  there is great danger to be  

apprehended from mites2 where these     
exist1  they are easily discovered by   
the dust which is under the insects by  
which they are infested4 ,in which case 
they must be immediately taken  out and 
rubbed clean with a fine camel's-hair   
pencil1 and well imbued  with the       
solution of corrosive sublimate1 and    
then placed near a fire1  taking care1  
however1 that too great a heat is not   
applied1 as it will  utterly destroy the
 specimen4 ,the ,butterfly1 ,sphinx1 and
 ,moth tribes  are extremely liable to  
the attack of mites1 and should1        
therefore1 be  frequently examined4     
,,chapter ,,vii4    ,,receipts4    ,,for
 ,,various ,,articles ,,used ,,in ,,the 
,,preservation ,,and ,,setting ,,up ,,of
 ,,animals4      ,,solution ,,of        
,,corrosive ,,sublimate4    ,mr4        
,waterton's ,method4    ,put a good     
large tea-spoonful of well-pounded      
corrosive sublimate into  a wine bottle 
full of alcohol 7spirits of wine74 ,let 
it stand over  night1 and1 the next     

morning1 draw it off into a clean       
bottle4 ,when  the solution is applied  
to black substance1 and little white    
particles  are perceived on them1 it    
will be necessary to make it weaker1 by 
the  addition of some alcohol4    ,a    
black feather1 dipped in the solution1  
and then dried1 will be a good  test of 
the state of the solution3 if it be too 
strong1 it will leave a  whiteness upon 
the feather4      ,,arsenical ,,soap4   
,invented by ,becoeur1 ,apothecary1     
,metz4        ,arsenic in powder1       
#b pounds4      ,camphor1               
#e ounces4      ,white ,soap1           
#b pounds4      ,salt of ,tartar1       
#ab ounces4      ,powdered ,lime1       
#d ounces4    ,the soap must be cut in  
small and very thin slices1 put into a  
crucible  with a small quantity of      
water1 held over a gentle fire1 and     
frequently  stirred with a wooden       
spatula1 or a piece of wood of any kind4
 ,when it  is properly melted1 the      
powdered lime and salt of tartar must   

then be  added1 and thoroughly mixed4   
,it must now be taken off the fire1 the 
arsenic added gently1 and stirred4 ,the 
camphor must be reduced into  a powder1 
by beating it in a mortar1 with the     
addition of a little  spirits of wine4  
,the camphor must then be added1 and the
 composition  well mixed with a spatula1
 while off the fire4    ,it may be again
 placed on the fire1 to assist in making
 the ingredients  incorporate properly1 
but not much heated1 as the camphor will
 very  rapidly escape4 ,it may now be   
poured into glazed earthen pots1 and    
allowed to cool1 after which a piece of 
paper should be placed over the  top1   
and afterwards some sheep leather1 and  
then set aside for use4 ,the            
composition is about the thickness of   
ordinary flour paste4    ,when it is    
necessary to use the soap1 put as much  
as will answer the  purpose into a      
preserve pot1 and add to it about an    
equal proportion of  water4 ,this is    
applied to the skin or feathers with a  

bristle brush4    ,n4 ,b4 ,it should be 
kept as close as possible1 and used with
 caution1 as  it is a deadly poison4    
,the above is the receipt made use of at
 the ,jardin des ,plantes1 ,paris4      
,mr4 ,laurent's ,receipt4    ,a         
distinguished ,french naturalist1       
,laurent1 recommends the following      
composition1 after ten years experience1
 for preserving the skins of  stuffed   
animals4 ,he observes1 at the same time1
 that it penetrates  them with greater  
readiness1 and preserves them much      
better than any  preparation which has  
hitherto been in use4        ,arseniate 
of ,potash1             #b drachms4     
,sulphate of ,alumine1             #b   
do4      ,powdered ,camphor1            
#b    do4      ,white ,soap1 powdered1  
#a-b oz4      ,spirits of ,wine1        
#f oz4      ,essence of ,thyme1         
#c drops4    ,the arseniate of potash1  
sulphate of alumine1 and soap1 are to be
  placed in a vial1 with a large mouth1 
and the spirits of wine to be  poured on

 them1 at a heat of twenty five degrees1
 and they will be  perfectly combined in
 twenty-four hours4 ,the essence of     
thyme is then  added1 when the vial must
 be carefully corked4 ,this composition 
is to  be shaken together1 before it is 
made use of1 and it must be spread  over
 the skin of the animal or bird with a  
brush4      ,,solution ,,of             
,,pearl-,,ashes4    ,two ounces of      
pearl-ash to one gallon of water4       
,,annealed ,,iron ,,wire4    ,take      
common iron wire1 make it red-hot1 and  
suffer it to cool  gradually2 this      
renders it soft and pliable1 so that it 
may be easily  bent in any direction4   
,,cement4        ,fine ,whitening1      
#b oz4      ,gum-,arabic1               
#b oz4      ,finest ,flour1             
#a-b oz4      ,ox-,gall1 a tea-spoonful4
    ,the whole to be dissolved1 and     
mixed well with water into thick paste4 
,this is well adapted for attaching     
different objects1 and especially  for  
fixing shells to pasteboard1 etc4       

,,gum ,,paste4        ,white ,sugar     
,candy1      #b oz4      ,common        
,gum-,arabic1      #d oz4    ,let these 
be melted in a pot of hot water1 and    
then strained through  a linen or       
horse-hair sieve4 ,when properly        
dissolved1 add to it two                
table-spoonfuls of starch1 or           
hair-powder1 and mix the whole well     
together4 ,this paste may be used for   
many purposes1 and it never  spoils4 ,it
 may be dried1 and by pouring a little  
warm water on it1  it will soon be ready
 for use4 ,if it is wished to be all    
melted1 and  hurriedly1 the pot         
containing it should be placed in warm  
water or sand4      ,,flour ,,paste4    
,make flour paste in the ordinary way1  
and add to it a small portion of  the   
solution of corrosive sublimate1 or     
powdered corrosive sublimate4  ,this    
will prevent the attack of mites1 to    
which paste is very liable  when dried4 
,this paste may be dried into a cake1   
and moistened when  required4           

,,solution ,,of ,,gum-,,arabic4    ,the 
solution of gum-arabic is made by simply
 adding water to it4 ,when  used as a   
varnish1 or for attaching objects1 it is
 extremely apt to get  too brittle in   
very warm weather1 and to crack or split
 off in scales2  to prevent this1 a     
quarter of an ounce of white or brown   
sugar candy  must be added to two ounces
 of gum-arabic4      ,,paper1 ,,paste1  
,,gummed4    ,take a coffee-pot1 filled 
with water1 and add to it a quantity of 
paper1 which has been slightly sized1   
like that used for printing  engravings4
 ,let it boil for three hours1 and when 
the water has  evaporated1 boil it again
 for a similar length of time4 ,take out
  the paper1 and squeeze it well in a   
colander1 and then pound it in  a       
mortar1 until it is reduced to a very   
fine paste4 ,it must then be  dried4    
,when it is required for use1 add to it 
some of the solution of  gum-arabic2 and
 keep it in a pot for use4      ,,pollen
 ,,powder4    ,the paper made as above  

directed1 when well dried1 is pounded in
 a  mortar till it becomes a very fine  
powder2 it is then put into a tin       
pepper-box1 and when any of the parts of
 ,parrots' bills1 etc41 are  wished to  
have this powdered appearance1 a little 
of the solution of  gum-arabic is washed
 over the part with a camel's-hair      
pencil1 and the  powder dusted on it and
 allowed to dry4      ,,red ,,varnish4  
,take a stick of red sealing-wax1 beat  
it down with a hammer1 and then  put it 
into a vial1 with an ounce of strong    
spirit of wine1 which will  dissolve it 
within four or five hours4 ,it may be   
applied to any part  with a camel's-hair
 pencil1 and it will dry in less than   
five minutes4    ,black1 yellow1 and    
green1 or indeed any color of varnish1  
may be made  from sealing-wax of these  
various colors4    ,to those            
unacquainted with the combination of    
colors we may mention  that a mixture of
 blue and yellow produces green2 pink   
and blue makes  purple2 red and yellow1 

orange2 black1 red1 and yellow1 brown2  
black  and blue1 gray4 ,these may be    
varied1 in an infinity of shades1 by    
either color predominating1 and by the  
addition of other colors4      ,,luting 
,,for ,,rendering ,,bottles             
,,air-,,tight4        ,common ,resin4   
,red ,ochre reduced into a fine powder4 
,yellow ,wax4      ,oil of ,turpentine4 
,these must be melted over a fire in the
 following manner3 and the  vessel in   
which it is made should be capable of   
holding three times the  quantity       
required1 to allow room for boiling up4 
,an earthenware pipkin  with a handle is
 the best thing for the purpose1 and a  
lid must be made  of tin to fit it4 ,the
 luting will be rendered more or less   
brittle1 or  elastic1 as the red ochre  
prevails3    ,the wax is first melted1  
and then the resin2 the ochre is then   
added in  small quantities1 and stirred 
quickly with a spatula each time4 ,when 
all the ochre has been added1 it must be
 allowed to boil six or eight  minutes2 

the turpentine is then added1 and       
briskly stirred with the  spatula1 and  
continue to boil it4 ,there is          
considerable risk of the  mixture taking
 fire1 and should it do so1 the lid must
 immediately be  put on the vessel to   
extinguish it4    ,to ascertain the     
consistence of the luting1 a little must
 be1 from  time to time1 dropped on a   
cool plate1 or flat piece of iron4 ,if  
it  is too soft1 more of the ochre must 
be added to it2 and if too hard1        
additional wax and turpentine4          
,,tow ,,and ,,flax ,,slivers4    ,these 
are fillets of prepared tow and flax1 of
 from one to three inches  in breadth4  
,they are extremely uniform in their    
thickness1 being made  to weight1 and   
can easily be procured from any         
flax-spinning mill1 at a  moderate price
 per pound weight4      ,,method ,,of   
,,making ,,enamel-,,eyes ,,for          
,,animals4    ,much of the character and
 expression of animals depends upon     
their  eyes2 it will1 therefore1 be     

evident that great attention is         
necessary  in the artificial imitation  
of these4    ,in this operation1 a pipe 
of baked earth is used1 or a tube of    
glass  six or seven inches in length1 at
 the end of which a little white  enamel
 is placed4 ,this is placed to the      
flame1 so that it may be  blown4 ,this  
enamel forms a globe1 whose dimensions  
depend upon the  quantity of air        
introduced4 ,when this globe is of the  
size wished1 we  place in the middle1   
and perpendicularly to the point of the 
pipe1 the  quantity of enamel necessary 
to form the enamel4 ,the second enamel  
is  then incorporated with the first by 
presenting it to the flame1 while       
attention is paid to turn the pipe      
gradually round1 so that the enamel  may
 diffuse itself equally1 and the iris be
 exactly circular4 ,if it is  required  
that this iris should be of various     
colors1 like that of man  for example1  
small filaments of enamel are           
distributed in diverging  rays of the   

suitable color2 the eye is then placed  
in the flame1 until  these have         
incorporated with the iris1 after which 
the pupil is placed  as before directed1
 and the glass applied as before        
directed4    ,during this operation1 the
 globe is almost certain of sinking     
down1  partly from the air escaping1    
partly from the heat1 and from the      
pressure which is used in applying the  
different substances2 air must  again be
 supplied from time to time to prevent  
it from losing its form4  ,this becomes 
particularly necessary when glass is    
applied1 and when it  is extended over  
the whole surface of the iris4    ,the  
eye having got its form and size1 the   
pipe is taken away4 ,to effect  this1   
after the air has been introduced1 the  
entrance of the pipe  is stopped with   
the finger1 and the back part of the eye
 exposed to  the flame2 when the air    
contained in the globe1 and rarified by 
the  pipe1 comes through at the place   
where the flame has most action4 ,this  

opening is prolonged by turning the     
point of the flat pincers1 or an        
iron-wire1 all round the pipe2 one point
 only is left by which the eye  remains 
fixed4 ,it is then warmed equally all   
over1 after which it is  exposed to a   
gentle heat1 and when it again cools1 it
 is separated from  the pipe4           
,,articles ,,required ,,for ,,skinning  
,,and ,,mounting ,,quadrupeds1 ,,birds1 
,,reptiles1 ,,and ,,fishes4      #a4 ,a 
box containing scalpels of different    
shapes2 a pair of scissors       with   
pointed blades1 and two or three pointed
 forceps of different       sizes1 the  
extremities of one of which ought to be 
indented4      #b4 ,two flat pincers1 or
 pliers1 large and small4      #c4 ,a   
round pincer for turning wire4      #d4 
,a cutting pincer for wire4      #e4 ,a 
hammer4      #f4 ,two files4      #g4 ,a
 triangular4      #h4 ,points for       
perforating holes4      #i4 ,a saddler's
 awl for drilling holes2 also various   
shoemaker's awls1       which will be   

found useful4     #aj4 ,brushes of      
different sizes for putting the         
preservative on the       animals' and  
birds' skins1 and for smoothing and     
dusting the       feathers4     #aa4 ,an
 assortment of iron-wire of all sizes4  
#ab4 ,flax and tow1 coarse cotton4 ,when
 these cannot be had1 untwisted         
ropes or cords4 ,a quantity of tow and  
flax slivers for twisting       round   
the leg-bones of small quadrupeds and   
birds4     #ac4 ,some small hardwood    
meshes for assisting in stuffing4       
,,instructions ,,to ,,travelers4    ,the
 best means of procuring living animals 
is by applying to the  natives of the   
different countries1 who are accustomed 
to their habits1  and the situation in  
which they are likely to be found1 and  
to take  them in traps and snares4 ,they
 are also more likely to be able to find
  their retreats1 so that they may take 
these animals in a young state1  and    
also birds in their nests4    ,by thus  
securing animals while young1 they are  

much more likely to  reach home in a    
living state4 ,every exertion should be 
used to render  them familiar1 when1    
being habituated to the appearance of   
man1 they  will be more able to resist  
the effects of a tedious sea-voyage than
  those which have been taken when wild1
 and are under a continued degree  of   
excitement4 ,every care should be taken 
to soothe and caress them2  and there is
 no animal whose manners cannot be      
softened by gentle  treatment4 ,during  
fine weather1 they should be allowed to 
take exercise  on the deck1 as nothing  
is so injurious to their health and     
growth as  being long pent up in a small
 cage4 ,while thus confined1 it will be 
obvious that they require a much smaller
 portion of food then when they  can    
have sufficient room to exercise        
themselves4 ,many of these animals  are 
lost from overfeeding4 ,their diet      
should be given with great  regularity1 
but always in such quantity as they can 
easily digest4    ,next to food1        

cleanliness is of the utmost importance1
 and if this  requires too much of the  
attention of those who are bringing them
  home1 it will be easy to procure the  
assistance of some of the crew4  ,and   
unless this is strictly attended to1    
there is little chance of  preserving   
their health4    ,when animals' skins   
are imported1 it is also necessary to   
bring the  head and feet4 ,those of the 
mammalia1 which can be put into a barrel
 or  bottle1 should be preserved entire 
in spirits4    ,in the event of not     
being able to transport the carcass the 
next best  thing is to bring the        
skeleton along with the skin4 ,it will  
not be  necessary to mount these4 ,all  
that is required is to boil the bones1  
take off the flesh1 and dry them4       
,afterwards all the bones belonging  to 
the same skeleton should be put in a bag
 by themselves1 taking  care to fill up 
the bag with dried moss1 or any other   
substance which  will prevent friction4 
,the more effectually to secure this1   

the small  and tender bones ought to be 
wrapped in paper4 ,it is of the utmost  
consequence that not a bone should be   
lost4    ,in shooting birds1 it is of   
much importance not to use the shot too 
large2 indeed1 it ought to be           
proportioned1 as nearly as possible1 to 
the size of the bird to be shot at4     
,when the bird is killed1 the blood     
must be carefully wiped away1 and a     
little cotton must be put into the  bill
 to prevent the blood flowing from it to
 injure the feathers4 ,the  wound should
 also be stuffed with cotton4    ,birds 
should be skinned as soon as possible1  
as the feathers are apt to  fall off if 
kept too long4 ,the os coccygis must be 
kept attached to the  skin4 ,if several 
individuals of the same species be      
killed1 one should1  if possible1 be    
preserved entire in spirits1 with the   
whole muscles of  the body4 ,if the bird
 has a fleshy crest1 it ought to be     
preserved in  spirits4    ,it is of the 
utmost consequence to procure the male1 

female and young1  and these at         
different ages1 besides1 as many species
 are subject to  great variety1 in their
 progress from the young to the adult   
state4  ,this is more particularly the  
case with ,eagles and ,hawks1 many of   
which  have been described as different 
species in their immature state4 ,the   
eggs and nest should also be procured4  
,,reptiles4--,the chief thing to be     
attended to in skinning reptiles is  not
 to injure the scales2 and in the lizard
 kind care must be taken not  to break  
the tail4 ,but for all the smaller and  
middle-sized species  the best mode is  
to preserve them in spirits2 and of the 
larger kinds1  which are skinned1 the   
skeletons ought to be kept4 ,the flesh  
should be  taken away with knives and   
scalpels as well as possible1 and the   
bones  thoroughly dried and packed in a 
box with cotton or grass1 and they can  
be articulated after they are brought   
home4 ,when the skeletons are too  large
 they may be separated into convenient  

parts for packing4      ,,the ,,end4    
,one of ,our ,best                      
,,the ,,liberty ,,boys ,,of '#gf        
,,it ,,contains                         
,stories of the ,american ,revolution   
,by ,,harry ,,moore             #cb     
,pages      ,colored ,covers      ,price
 #e ,cents      ,dick ,slater1 the hero 
of this series1 is the daring young     
captain of a  gallant band of boy       
patriots1 who fight for ,american       
,independence4 ,read  how they win fame 
and glory on the battlefield4 ,a little 
love theme  runs through each story and 
adds to their charm4    ,,read ,,them   
,,every ,,week    ,choose from ,this    
,list3     ,no4     #ahd ,the ,liberty  
,boys in ,district #if2 or1 ,surrounded 
by ,redcoats4     #ahe ,the ,liberty    
,boys and the ,sentinel2 or1 ,the       
,capture of ,fort        ,washington4   
#ahf ,the ,liberty ,boys on the ,hudson2
 or1 ,working on the ,water4     #ahg   
,the ,liberty ,boys at ,germantown2 or1 
,good ,work in a ,good ,cause4     #ahh 

,the ,liberty ,boys' ,indian ,decoy2 or1
 ,the ,fight on ,quaker ,hill4     #ahi 
,the ,liberty ,boys ,afloat2 or1        
,sailing ,with ,paul ,jones4     #aij   
,the ,liberty ,boys in ,mohawk ,valley2 
or1 ,fighting ,redcoats1 ,tories1       
and ,indians4     #aia ,the ,liberty    
,boys ,left ,behind2 or1 ,alone in the  
,enemy's ,country4     #aib ,the        
,liberty ,boys at ,augusta2 or1 ',way   
,down in ,georgia4     #aic ,the        
,liberty ,boys' ,swamp ,camp2 or1       
,fighting and ,hiding4     #aid ,the    
,liberty ,boys in ,gotham2 or1 ,daring  
,work in the ,great ,city4     #aie ,the
 ,liberty ,boys and ,kosciusko2 or1 ,the
 ,fight at ,great ,falls4     #aif ,the 
,liberty ,boys' ,girl ,scout2 or1       
,fighting ,butler's ,rangers4     #aig  
,the ,liberty ,boys at ,budd's          
,crossing2 or1 ,hot ,work in ,cold      
,weather4     #aih ,the ,liberty ,boys' 
,raft2 or1 ,floating and ,fighting4     
,for sale by all newsdealers or sent to 
any address on receipt of  price1 #e    

cents per copy1 in money or postage     
stamps4    ,,frank ,,tousey1 ,publisher1
 #bd ,union ,square1 ,n4 ,y4            
,,useful ,,and ,,instructive ,,books4   
,,how ,,to ,,do ,,the ,,black           
,,art--,containing a complete           
description of the     mysteries of     
,magic and ,sleight-of-,hand1 together  
with many wonderful     experiments4 ,by
 ,a4 ,anderson4 ,illustrated4 ,price #aj
 cents4 ,address     ,frank ,tousey1    
publisher1                              
,n4 ,y4     ,,how ,,to ,,be ,a          
,,detective--,by ,old ,king ,brady1 the 
world known detective4     ,in which he 
lays down some valuable and sensible    
rules for     beginners1 and also       
relates some adventures and experiences 
of     well-known detectives4 ,price #aj
 cents4 ,for sale by all newsdealers    
in the ,united ,states and ,canada1 or  
sent to your address1 post-paid1     on 
receipt of price4 ,address ,frank       
,tousey1 publisher1       ,new ,york4   
,,how ,,to ,,become ,a                  

,,conjurer--,containing tricks with     
,dominoes1 ,dice1 ,cups     and ,balls1 
,hats1 etc4 ,embracing #cf              
illustrations4 ,by ,a4 ,anderson4       
,price #aj cents4 ,address ,frank       
,tousey1 publisher1            ,new     
,york4     ,,how ,,to ,,do ,,mechanical 
,,tricks--,containing complete          
instructions for     performing over    
sixty ,mechanical ,tricks4 ,by ,a4      
,anderson4 ,fully     illustrated4      
,price #aj cents4 ,for sale by all      
newsdealers1 or we will     send it by  
mail1 postage free1 upon receipt of     
price4 ,address ,frank     ,tousey1     
,publisher1                             
,n4 ,y4     ,,how ,,to ,,do ,,sixty     
,,tricks ,,with ,,cards--,embracing all 
of the latest and     most deceptive    
card tricks with illustrations4 ,by ,a4 
,anderson4 ,price     #aj cents4 ,for   
sale by all newsdealers1 or we will send
 it to you by     mail1 postage free1   
upon receipt of price4 ,address ,frank  
,tousey1     ,publisher1                

,n4 ,y4     ,,how ,,to ,,make           
,,electrical ,,machines--,containing    
full directions for making              
electrical machines1 induction coils1   
dynamos1 and many novel toys     to be  
worked by electricity4 ,by ,r4 ,a4 ,r4  
,bennett4 ,fully illustrated4     ,price
 #aj cents4 ,for sale by all newsdealers
 in the ,united ,states and     ,canada1
 or will be sent to your address1       
post-paid1 on receipt of     price4     
,address ,frank ,tousey1 publisher1     
,new ,york4     ,,how ,,to ,,become ,a  
,,bowler--,a complete manual of bowling4
 ,containing full     instructions for  
playing all the standard ,american and  
,german games1     together with rules  
and systems of sporting in use by the   
principal     bowling clubs in the      
,united ,states4 ,by ,bartholomew       
,batterson4 ,price     #aj cents4 ,for  
sale by all newsdealers in the ,united  
,states and     ,canada1 or sent to your
 address1 postage free1 on receipt of   
the     price4 ,address ,frank ,tousey1 

publisher1                     ,new     
,york4     ,,how ,,to ,,become ,,an     
,,engineer--,containing full            
instructions how to proceed     in order
 to become a locomotive engineer2 also  
directions for     building a model     
locomotive2 together with a full        
description of     everything an        
engineer should know4 ,price #aj cents4 
,for sale by all     newsdealers1 or we 
will send it to you1 postage free1 upon 
receipt     of the price4 ,address      
,frank ,tousey1 publisher1              
,new ,york4     ,,how ,,to ,,become ,a  
,,naval ,,cadet--,complete instructions 
of how to gain     admission to the     
,annapolis ,naval ,academy4 ,also       
containing the course     of            
instructions1 descriptions of grounds   
and buildings1 historical     sketch1   
and everything a boy should know to     
become an officer in     the ,united    
,states ,navy4 ,compiled and written by 
,lu ,senarens1 ,author     of ,how to   
,become a ,west ,point ,military ,cadet4

 ,price #aj cents4 ,for     sale by     
every newsdealer in the ,united ,states 
and ,canada1 or will be     sent to your
 address1 post-paid1 on receipt of the  
price4 ,address     ,frank ,tousey1     
publisher1                              
,new ,york4     ,,how ,,to ,,do         
,,chemical ,,tricks--,containing over   
one hundred highly amusing     and      
instructive tricks with chemicals4 ,by  
,a4 ,anderson4 ,handsomely              
illustrated4 ,price #aj cents4 ,for sale
 by all newsdealers1 or sent            
post-paid1 upon receipt of price4       
,address ,frank ,tousey1 ,publisher1    
,new ,york4     ,,how ,,to ,,make       
,,musical ,,instruments--,full          
directions how to make a     ,banjo1    
,violin1 ,zither1 olian ,harp1          
,xylophone and other musical            
instruments1 together with a brief      
description of nearly every     musical 
instrument used in ancient or modern    
times4 ,profusely     illustrated4 ,by  
,algernon ,s4 ,fitzgerald1 for #bj years

 bandmaster     of the ,royal ,bengal   
,marines4 ,price #aj cents4 ,for sale by
 all     newsdealers1 or we will send it
 to your address1 postpaid1 on          
receipt of the price4 ,address ,frank   
,tousey1 publisher1      ,new ,york4    
,,muldoon',s ,,jokes--,this is one of   
the most original joke books ever       
published1 and it is brimful of wit and 
humor4 ,it contains a large             
collection of songs1 jokes1 conundrums1 
etc41 of ,terrence ,muldoon1     the    
great wit1 humorist1 and practical joker
 of the day4 ,we offer     this amusing 
book1 together with the picture of      
,muldoon1 for the     small sum of #aj  
cents4 ,every boy who can enjoy a good  
substantial     joke should obtain a    
copy immediately4 ,address ,frank       
,tousey1     publisher1                 
,new ,york4                             
,,get ,a ,,copy ,,of                    
,secret ,service                        
,,containing                            
,exciting stories of ,old and ,young    

,king ,brady1 ,detectives    -    -     
,by ,a ,,new ,,york ,,detective         
,price #e ,cents                        
,issued ,weekly         ,colored ,covers
                                    #cb 
,pages    ,read how these famous        
detectives work up dangerous cases and  
run the  criminals down4 ,every story is
 a rare treat and contains the most     
startling adventures1 deep mysteries and
 interesting scenes4    ,,you ,,will    
,,like ,,these ,,stories    ,here are   
,some of the ,best ,numbers3    ,no4    
#bhf ,the ,bradys in the ,saddle2 or1   
,chasing ,broncho ,bill4     #bhg ,the  
,bradys and the ,mock ,millionaire2 or1 
,the ,trail which ,led to               
,tuxedo4     #bhh ,the ,bradys' ,wall   
,street ,trail2 or1 ,the ,matter of ,x4 
,y4 ,z4     #bhi ,the ,bradys and the   
,bandit's ,gold2 or1 ,secret ,work in   
the        ,southwest4     #bij ,the    
,bradys and ,captain ,thunderbolt2 or1  
,daring ,work in ,death        ,valley4 
#bia ,the ,bradys' ,trip to ,chinatown2 

or1 ,trailing an ,opium ,fiend4     #bib
 ,the ,bradys and ,diamond ,dan2 or1    
,the ,mystery of the ,john ,street      
,jewels4     #bic ,the ,bradys on       
,badman's ,island2 or1 ,trapping the    
,texas ,terror4     #bid ,the ,bradys   
and the ,hop ,hitters2 or1 ,among the   
,opium ,fiends of        ',frisco4      
#bie ,the ,bradys and ,boston ,ben2 or1 
,tracking a ,trickster to               
,tennessee4     #bif ,the ,bradys'      
,latest ,bad ,man2 or1 ,the ,case of    
,idaho ,ike4     #big ,the ,bradys and  
the ,wall ,street ,wonder2 or1 ,the     
,keen ,detective's        ,quick ,case4 
#bih ,the ,bradys' ,call to ,kansas2 or1
 ,the ,matter of ,marshal ,mundy4       
#bii ,the ,bradys and ,old ,bill        
,battle2 or1 ,after the ,colorado       
,coiners4    ,for sale by all           
newsdealers or sent to any address on   
receipt of  price1 #e cents per copy1 in
 money or postage stamps    ,,frank     
,,tousey1 ,publisher1 #bd ,union        
,square1 ,n4 ,y4      ,,our ,,ten ,,cent

 ,,hand ,,books4    ,,useful1           
,,instructive ,,and ,,amusing4          
,containing valuable information on     
almost every subject1 such as  ,writing1
 ,speaking1 ,dancing1 ,cooking2 also    
,rules of ,etiquette1  ,the ,art of     
,ventriloquism1 ,gymnastic ,exercises1  
and ,the ,science of  ,self-,defense1   
etc41 etc4      #a ,napoleon's ,oraculum
 and ,dream ,book4    #b ,how to ,do    
,tricks4    #c ,how to ,flirt4    #d    
,how to ,dance4    #e ,how to ,make     
,love4    #f ,how to ,become an         
,athlete4    #g ,how to ,keep ,birds4   
#h ,how to ,become a ,scientist4    #i  
,how to ,become a ,ventriloquist4   #aj 
,how to ,box4   #aa ,how to ,write ,love
 ,letters4   #ab ,how to ,write ,letters
 to ,ladies4   #ac ,how to ,do ,it2 or1 
,book of ,etiquette4   #ad ,how to ,make
 ,candy4   #ae ,how to ,become ,rich4   
#af ,how to ,keep a ,window ,garden4    
#ag ,how to ,dress4   #ah ,how to       
,become ,beautiful4   #ai ,frank        
,tousey's ,u4 ,s4 ,distance ,tables1    

,pocket ,companion and ,guide4   #bj    
,how to ,entertain an ,evening ,party4  
#ba ,how to ,hunt and ,fish4   #bb ,how 
to ,do ,second ,sight4   #bc ,how to    
,explain ,dreams4   #bd ,how to ,write  
,letters to ,gentlemen4   #be ,how to   
,become a ,gymnast4   #bf ,how to ,row1 
,sail and ,build a ,boat4   #bg ,how to 
,recite and ,book of ,recitations4   #bh
 ,how to ,tell ,fortunes4   #bi ,how to 
,become an ,inventor4   #cj ,how to     
,cook4   #ca ,how to ,become a ,speaker4
   #cb ,how to ,ride a ,bicycle4   #cc  
,how to ,behave4   #cd ,how to ,fence4  
#ce ,how to ,play ,games4   #cf ,how to 
,solve ,conundrums4   #cg ,how to ,keep 
,house4   #ch ,how to ,become ,your ,own
 ,doctor4   #ci ,how to ,raise ,dogs1   
,poultry1 ,pigeons and ,rabbits4   #dj  
,how to ,make and ,set ,traps4   #da    
,the ,boys of ,new ,york ,end ,men's    
,joke ,book4   #db ,the ,boys of ,new   
,york ,stump ,speaker4   #dc ,how to    
,become a ,magician4   #dd ,how to      
,write in an ,album4   #de ,the ,boys of

 ,new ,york ,minstrel ,guide and ,joke  
,book4   #df ,how to ,make and ,use     
,electricity4   #dg ,how to ,break1     
,ride and ,drive a ,horse4   #dh ,how to
 ,build and ,sail ,canoes4   #di ,how to
 ,debate4   #ej ,how to ,stuff ,birds   
and ,animals4   #ea ,how to ,do ,tricks 
with ,cards4   #eb ,how to ,play ,cards4
   #ec ,how to ,write ,letters4   #ed   
,how to ,keep and ,manage ,pets4   #ee  
,how to ,collect ,stamps and ,coins4    
#ef ,how to ,become an ,engineer4   #eg 
,how to ,make ,musical ,instruments4    
#eh ,how to ,become a ,detective4   #ei 
,how to ,make a ,magic ,lantern4   #fj  
,how to ,become a ,photographer4   #fa  
,how to ,become a ,bowler4   #fb ,how to
 ,become a ,west ,point ,military       
,cadet4   #fc ,how to ,become a ,naval  
,cadet4   #fd ,how to ,make ,electrical 
,machines4   #fe ,muldoon's ,jokes4     
#ff ,how to ,do ,puzzles4   #fg ,how to 
,do ,electrical ,tricks4   #fh ,how to  
,do ,chemical ,tricks4   #fi ,how to ,do
 ,sleight of ,hand4   #gj ,how to ,make 

,magic ,toys4   #ga ,how to ,do         
,mechanical ,tricks4   #gb ,how to ,do  
,sixty ,tricks with ,cards4   #gc ,how  
to ,do ,tricks with ,numbers4   #gd ,how
 to ,write ,letters ,correctly4   #ge   
,how to ,become a ,conjuror4   #gf ,how 
to ,tell ,fortunes by the ,hand4   #gg  
,how to ,do ,forty ,tricks with ,cards4 
#gh ,how to ,do the ,black ,art4   #gi  
,how to ,become an ,actor4   #hj ,gus   
,williams' ,joke ,book4    ,all the     
above books are for sale by newsdealers 
throughout the ,united  ,states and     
,canada1 or they will be sent1          
post-paid1 to your address1 on  receipt 
of #aj;c4 each4    ,send ,your ,name and
 ,address for ,our ,latest ,illustrated 
,catalogue4                             
,,frank ,,tousey1 ,publisher1           
#bd ,,union ,,square1      ,,new ,,york4
              ,transcriber's notes3     
,in the original1 there are two         
,,chapter ,v's4 ,the last two chapters  
have been renumbered to correct this4   
,the following is a list of changes made

 to the original4      ,the first line  
is the original line1 the second the    
corrected one4        the brains taken  
out by enlarging the occiptal opening   
the brains taken out by enlarging the   
occipital opening        annointed1 and 
the body stuffing completed with chopped
 flax4      anointed1 and the body      
stuffing completed with chopped flax4   
,the fore-eg wires are fixed in the same
 manner1      ,the fore-leg wires are   
fixed in the same manner1        drawn  
through the rump1 and and passed up to  
the inside of the neck1      drawn      
through the rump1 and passed up to the  
inside of the neck1        and drawn    
through bill1 to prevent the head from  
stretching      and drawn through the   
bill1 to prevent the head from          
stretching        but after a few trials
 this will be unneccessary4      but    
after a few trials this will be         
unnecessary4        while the thread is 
pulled on the opposide side2      while 
the thread is pulled on the opposite    

side2        ,it may be that a bird     
essentially aerial1 like the wift1      
,it may be that a bird essentially      
aerial1 like the swift1        not the  
character of any part of the skin1 or   
earuncle of the      not the character  
of any part of the skin1 or caruncle of 
the        ,these must be imitated with 
gum arabic and powdered starch1         
,these must be imitated with gum-arabic 
and powdered starch1        ,a small    
packet of camphor should be rapped in a 
piece of rag1      ,a small packet of   
camphor should be wrapped in a piece of 
rag1        most convenient size for a  
breeding cage is eight inches in breath1
      most convenient size for a        
breeding cage is eight inches in        
breadth1        ,a small straw or pipe  
of gras may be substituted for the glass
 pipe4      ,a small straw or pipe of   
grass may be substituted for the glass  
pipe4        this should be mixed with  
some find sand and vegetable earth1     
this should be mixed with some fine sand

 and vegetable earth1        #h4        
,point's for perforating holes4      #h4
 ,points for perforating holes4         
also various shoemakers awls1 which will
 be found useful4      also various     
shoemaker's awls1 which will be found   
useful4