,,ar*,,ology ,,& ,,! ,,bible ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,hillside ,,/reet ,,9 ,,roman ,,j]usalem ,,along ,,:i* ,,jesus ,,& ,,! ,,disciples ,,may ,,well ,,h ,,walk$ 7aft] ,g]m]-,dur&74 --,frontispiece4 ,gre5 ,fund ,book1 ,no4 #ag ,,ar*,,ology ,,& ,,! ,,bible ,,by ,,george ,a4 ,,b>ton1 ,,ph4 ,d41 ,,ll4 ,d4 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,biblical ,,lit]ature ,,& ,,semitic ,,languages ,,9 ,,bryn ,,mawr ,,college2 ,,sometime ,,director ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,s*ool ,,( ,,ori5tal ,,rese>* ,,9 ,,j]usalem ,,"p ,i ,,! ,,bible ,,l&s1 ,,_! ,,exploration1 ,,& ,,! ,,resultant ,,light ,,on ,,! ,,bible ,,& ,,hi/ory ,,"p ,,ii ,,translations ,,( ,,anci5t ,,docum5ts ,,:i* ,,confirm ,,or ,,illum9ate ,,! ,,bible ,,philadelphia ,,am]ican ,,sunday-,,s*ool ,,union #ahaf ,*e/nut ,/reet ,copyright1 #aiaf1 by ,,am]ican ,,sunday-,,s*ool ,,union ,all rights ve/$ 9 & res]v$ by ,,am]ican ,,sunday-,,s*ool ,,union ,fir/ ,edition1 ,may1 #aiaf4 ,second ,edition1 ,june1 #aiag4 ,to ,,c>ol9e ,b4 ,d4 ,,b>ton ,fai?ful ,comrade 9 ! ,campaign ( ,life ,,preface ,= a hundr$ ye>s or m ! explor] & ! excavator h be5 busy 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w4 ,!y h br\ght to light monum5ts & texts t h 9 _m cases revolutioniz$ our conceptions ( hi/ory & h 9 o!r cases ?r[n mu* new light on :at 0 previ\sly kn[n4 ,9 no "p ( ! _w h ^! labors be5 m fruitful ?an 9 ! l&s ( ! ,bible4 ,9 ,egypt & ,babylonia vi/as ( hi/ory h be5 op5$ to view t 7 undream$ ( be=e exploration began4 ,! same is true = t "p ( ! hi/ory ( ,pale/9e :i* ant$ates ! com+ ( ,israel4 ,in=mation has also be5 obta9$ :i* illum9es lat] portions ( ! hi/ory1 & makes ! ,biblical n>rative seem mu* m vivid4 ,x is n[ possible to make real to oneself ! details ( ! life ( ! ,biblical h]oes1 & to und]/& ! problems ( _! _w z =m]ly "o c\ld n d4 ,exploration has also br\ght to light _m inscriptions 9 ! v>i\s c\ntries t confirm or illum9ate ! traditions1 hi/ory1 poetry1 & prophecy ( ! ,bible4 ,! s&s ( ,egypt h ev5 yield$ u "s reput$ new say+s ( our ,"l4 ,x is ! purpose ( ?is book to ga!r into "o volume ! mo/ valuable in=mation ( all sorts t ! excavations 9 ,bible l&s h af=d$1 & to put x 9 su* =m t x may be ( s]vice to ! pa/or & ,sunday-s*ool tea*]4 ,an attempt has be5 made s to pres5t ! mat]ial t "o may n only h ! weal? ( illum9ation = ,biblical /udy t exploration has produc$1 b also t he may possess an outl9e ( ! hi/ory ( ! exploration & ( ! c\ntries suffici5t to enable him to place ea* item 9 its prop] p]spective4 ,:e!r 9 h&l+ s l>ge a mass ( data ! writ] has a*iev$ 8 aim1 ! read] mu/ judge4 ,! prep>ation ( ! volume 0 und]tak5 at ! reque/ ( ! ,bo>d ( ,manag]s ( ! ,am]ican ,sunday-,s*ool ,union1 = publication "u ! ,john ,c4 ,gre5 ,income ,fund1--a fund f\nd$ 9 #ahgg 8= ! purpose ( aid+ 444 9 secur+ a ,sunday-s*ool lit]ature ( ! highe/ ord] ( m]it 444 by procur+ works 444 g]mane to ! objects ( ! ,society40 ,! f\ndation requires t ! manuscripts procur$ by ! fund %all become ! exclusive prop]ty ( ! ,am]ican ,sunday-,s*ool ,union1 &1 t ! sell+ price may be r$uc$1 ! ,society is prohibit$ f includ+ ! co/ ( ! manuscript 9 ! price ( ! book4 ,?is "w is conf9$ to ^? phases ( ar*ology ^u :i* light has be5 ?r[n by exploration4 ,no attempt is made1 = example1 to treat ! con/itution ( ! ,hebrew family1 or ! dress worn 9 anci5t ,pale/9e1 = ^! are subjects to :i* exploration has contribut$ no new k4 ,! texts publi%$ 9 ,"p ,,ii h1 ) few exceptions1 be5 fre%ly translat$ by ! writ] especially = ?is "w4 ,?is is true ( all except ! majority ( ! ,egyptian texts & two ,greek papyri :i* 7 n accessible 9 ! orig9al4 ,translations ( ^! 7 tak5 f ! works ( well-kn[n s*ol>s1 to ea* ( :om cr$it is giv5 9 connection ) ! passage quot$ f 8 "w4 ,! quotations ( ,pale/9ian place names f ! inscriptions ( ! ,egyptian k+s1 ( :i* ! writ] has made a special /udy1 are bas$ on 8 own translations ( ! orig9als4 ,an ar*ological fact1 or a text br\ght to light by excavation1 is (t5 ( little significance ap>t f its int]pretation1 & ! int]pretation ( su* data frequ5tly v>ies accord+ to ! po9t ( view occupi$ by ! int]pret]4 ,z /at$ 9 ! =eword ( ,"p ,,ii1 x has be5 ! writ]'s aim ?r\gh\t to ma9ta9 a neutral attitude on controv]t$ po9ts4 ,n ! lea/ s]vice t ar*ology has r5d]$ has be5 ! pres5tation ( a new backgr\nd aga9/ :i* ! inspiration ( ! ,biblical writ]s /&s out 9 /rik+ vividness4 ,(t5 "o f9ds traditions 9 ,babylonia id5tical ) ^? embodi$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 b !y are s n>rat$ t no su* conception ( ,god %9es ?r\gh !m z %9es ?r\gh ! ,biblical n>rative4 ,babylonians & ,egyptians p\r out _! he>ts 9 psalms ) some?+ ( ! same f]vor & pa?os z ! ,hebrews1 b no su* vital conception ( ,god & 8 on5ess gives %ape to _! fai? & br+s ! long$-= /r5g? to ! _s4 ,egyptian sages develop$ a social consci5ce comp>able 9 _m respects ) t ( ! ,hebrew prophets1 b !y lack$ ! vital t\* ( religi\s devotion :i* took ! conceptions ( ! prophets out ( ! realm ( individual speculation & made !m ! work+ e?ics ( a :ole p4 ,ar*ology ?us re9=ces to ! mod]n man ) unmi/akable emphasis ! anci5t words1 8,m5 spake f ,god1 be+ mov$ by ! ,holy ,_s0 7#b ,pet] #a3ba74 ,! writ] is "u obligation to all 8 pr$ecessors4 ,endeavor has be5 made 9 ! footnotes to ackn[l$ge ea* individual obligation4 ,le/ any ov]sight may h occurr$ !re1 he w\ld "h express bo? 8 indebt$ness & 8 gratitude to all :o by _! v>i\s explorations & /udies h prec$$ him & be5 8 tea*]s4 ,( ^!1 ,pr(4 ,r4 ,a4 ,/ew>t ,macali/] %\ld1 p]haps1 be s+l$ out = an especial ^w ( gratitude1 = 9 ,*apt]s ,,vi-,,xi ( ,"p ,i 8 "w ( excavation has be5 quot$ m frequ5tly ?an any o!r4 ,?is app>5t p>tiality is due to ! fact t ,gez] 0 excavat$ m completely ?an any o!r ,pale/9ian site2 t1 because ( its e>ly & long-cont9u$ occupation 9 anci5t times1 x reveals a great v>iety ( civilizations2 & t1 9 ,! ,excavation ( ,gez]1 ,pr(4 ,macali/] has pres5t$ ! results ( 8 "w ) a complet5ess & a degree ( intelligibility t no o!r excavator 9 ,pale/9e has approa*$4 ,he has made 8 "w a model ( :at su* a publication %\ld be1 & has !reby made u all 8 debtors4 ,especial ?anks are due to ,dr4 ,george ,b4 ,gordon1 ,director ( ! ,univ]sity ,museum1 ,philadelphia1 = 8 k9dness 9 furni%+ an advance copy ( ! pro(-%eets ( ,volume ,x ( ! ,publications ( ! ,babylonian ,section ( ! museum1 f :i* ! mat]ial embodi$ 9 ,*apt] ,,viii ( ,"p ,,ii 0 translat$1 & to ,pr(4 ,morris ,ja/r[1 ,jr41 & ,dr4 ,edw>d ,*i]a = ! b5efit ( _! fre% collation ( ! text4 ,?is 0 ( consid]able importance1 s9ce ,dr4 ,langdon's copy ( l>ge portions ( x _h be5 made f photographs1 r ?an f ! orig9al tablet4 ,! writ] is also indebt$ to ,pr(4 ,w4 ,r4 ,arnold1 ( ,&ov] ,!ological ,sem9>y1 = helpful sugge/ions conc]n+ ! int]pretation ( a passage 9 ! temple-papyrus f ,elephant9e :i* has hi!rto baffl$ translators4 ,?anks are also due to ! foll[+ au?ors & publi%]s = p]mission to reproduce illu/rations conta9$ 9 books writt5 or publi%$ by !m3 ,! ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund1 = p]mission relat+ to ,w>r5's ,j]usalem2 ,bliss & ,macali/]'s ,excavations 9 ,pale/9e1 #ahih-aijj2 ,macali/]'s ,excavation ( ,gez]1 & ,pet]s & ,?i]s*'s ,pa9t$ ,tombs ( ,m>issa2 ,rev4 ,pr(4 ,c4 ,j4 ,ball1 ( ,ox=d1 ,light f ! ,ea/2 ,j4 ,c4 ,h9ri*s's*e ,bu*h&lung1 ,koldewey's ,das ,wi$] ,er/eh5de ,babylon2 ,dr4 ,i4 ,b5z+] & ,h]r ,paul ,siebeck1 ,hebris*e ,ar*ologie2 ,monsieur ,j4 ,gabalda1 ,v9c5t's ,jrusalem2 ,pr(4 ,a4 ,t4 ,clay1 ( ,yale1 ,light on ! ,old ,te/am5t f ,babel2 ,pr(4 ,paul ,haupt1 ( ,johns ,hopk9s1 ,! ,psalms 9 8 ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t2 ,rev4 ,j4 ,p4 ,pet]s & ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons1 ,pet]s' ,nippur2 ,pr(4 ,c4 ,c4 ,torrey1 ( ,yale1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,ori5tal ,society2 ,george ,h4 ,doran ,co41 ,ramsay's ,lett]s to ! ,sev5 ,*ur*es ( ,asia2 ,dr4 ,mit*ell ,c>roll1 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,ar*ology & ,art & ,ar*ology2 ,rev4 ,a4 ,e4 ,bre51 ,di>y ( ,my ,life 9 ! ,holy ,l&2 ,?omas ,nelson & ,sons1 ,! ,illu/rat$ ,tea*]s' ,bible2 & to ,f]ris & ,lea*1 = p]mission to use aga9 a numb] ( photographs publi%$ 9 ! writ]'s ,a ,ye>'s ,w&]+ 9 ,bible ,l&s4 ,dr4 ,r4 ,e4 ,brnn[ n only grant$ p]mission to reproduce illu/rations f ,brnn[ & ,domaszewski's ,prov9cia ,arabia1 b g5]\sly loan$ ! orig9al photographs & draw+s4 ,pr(4 ,h>old ,n4 ,f[l]1 ,editor ( ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,ar*ology1 also k9dly loan$ an orig9al photograph ( ! excavation at ,s>dis4 ,! s\rce ( ea* illu/ration1 :5 n ! writ]'s own1 is indicat$ 9 ! li/ ( illu/rations by m5tion+ ! "n ( ! au?or ( ! book or article f :i* x is tak54 ,grateful ackn[l$gm5t %\ld also be made to ,rev4 ,edw9 ,wilbur ,rice1 ,d4 ,d41 ,litt4 ,d41 ,honor>y ,editor ( ! ,publications ( ! ,am]ican ,sunday-,s*ool ,union1 :o c>efully read ! book 9 manuscript & made _m valuable criticisms & sugge/ions4 ,! table ( cont5ts & ! *apt]-head+s 7 prep>$ by ,james ,mc,conaughy1 ,litt4 ,d41 ,editor ( ! ,publications ( ! ,am]ican ,sunday-,s*ool ,union2 ! indices1 by ,a4 ,j4 ,r4 ,s*umak]1 ,m4 ,a41 ,assi/ant ,editor4 ,! writ] is grateful to !m1 n only = ?is s]vice1 b = _m helpful criticisms & c\rtesies :ile ! book has be5 pass+ ?r\gh ! press4 ,valuable sugge/ions h also be5 made by ,mrs4 ,b>ton1 :o has c>efully read ! pro(s4 ,miss ,b]?a ,v4 ,dreisba* has giv5 intellig5t & pa9/ak+ s]vice 9 prep>+ ! manuscript = ! press1 & 9 pro(-read+2 ,mr4 ,v4 ,w9field ,*all5g] & ,miss ,laura ,g4 ,lea* h r5d]$ a l valuable s]vice 9 assembl+ & arrang+ ! illu/rations4 ,! quotations ( ,scripture passages ?r\gh\t are f ! ,am]ican ,/&>d ,revis$ ,v]sion4 ,if ?is volume %\ld br+ to "s remote work] or seclud$ "y p]son a ti! ( ! inspiration & joy t su* a book w\ld h br\ght ! writ] 9 ! rural home ( 8 boyhood1 he w\ld ask no high] rew>d = ! labor x has co/4 ,,george ,a4 ,,b>ton4 ,,bryn ,,mawr1 ,,pa4 ,,may1 #aiaf4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,second ,,edition ,x is gratify+ to "k t ?is book has be5 f\nd useful by s _m /ud5ts ( ! ,bible & t a second edition is necess>y4 ,m9or errors1 especially typographical1 h be5 correct$ ?r\gh\t ! volume4 ,! *ief feature ( ?is edition is ! addition ( an ,app5dix1 9 :i* w be f\nd "s mat]ial t has come to light 9 ! la/ ye>1 & "o or two items t 7 ov]look$ :5 ! fir/ edition 0 writt54 ,,george ,a4 ,,b>ton4 ,,bryn ,,mawr1 ,,pa4 ,,june1 #aiag4 ,,cont5ts ,,"p ,i ,,*apt] ,,page ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations #a ,,table ,,( ,,signs #i ,,introduction #aa ,i4 ,,egypt #ag ,! ,l&4 ,! ,pres]vation ( ,antiquities4 ,egyptian ,discov]ies4 ,deciph]m5t4 ,*ronology4 ,outl9e ( ! ,hi/ory4 ,egyptian ,discov]ies :i* be> on ! ,bible4 ,,ii4 ,,babylonia ,,& ,,assyria #dj ,! ,l&4 ,! ,pres]vation ( ,antiquities4 ,! ,discov]y ( ,antiquities4 ,! ,deciph]m5t ( ! ,inscriptions4 ,*ronology4 ,outl9e ( ! ,hi/ory4 ,discov]ies :i* illum9e ! ,bible4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,hittites #fh ,a ,=gott5 ,empire4 ,hittite ,monum5ts4 ,hittite ,deciph]m5t4 ,hittite ,hi/ory4 ,,iv4 ,,pale/9e ,,& ,,its ,,exploration #hc ,! ,l&4 ,e>ly ,exploration4 ,e>ly ,am]ican ,explorations4 ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,! ,g]man ,pale/9e ,society4 ,! ,am]ican ,s*ool at ,j]usalem4 ,sam>ia4 ,p>k]'s ,excavations at ,j]usalem4 ,late/ ,excavations4 ,v4 ,,outl9e ,,( ,,pale/9e',s ,,ar*,,ological ,,hi/ory #ajc ,! ,e>ly ,/one ,age4 ,! ,late ,/one ,age4 ,! ,amorites4 ,! ,canaanites4 ,egyptian ,dom9ation4 ,! ,phili/9es4 ,! ,hebrews4 ,phili/9e ,civilization4 ,! ,hebrew ,k+doms4 ,! ,exile & ,aft]4 ,! ,com+ ( ,rome4 ,lat] ,hi/ory4 ,,vi4 ,,! ,,cities ,,( ,,pale/9e #abc ,_! ,sites4 ,! ,walls4 ,! ,/one ,"w4 ,h\ses4 ,palaces4 ,f\ndation ,sacrifices4 ,city ,gates4 ,wat] ,supply4 ,,vii4 ,,roads ,,& ,,agriculture #acb ,,viii4 ,,pott]y #ada ,importance ( ,pott]y4 ,pre-,semitic ,pott]y4 ,fir/ ,semitic ,pott]y to #ahjj ,b4 ,c4 ,pott]y ( ,second ,semitic ,p]iod4 ,?ird ,semitic ,p]iod4 ,israeliti% or ,f\r? ,semitic ,p]iod4 ,hell5i/ic ,p]iod4 ,,ix4 ,,ut5sils ,,& ,,p]sonal ,,ornam5ts #adi ,x4 ,,measures1 ,,weights1 ,,& ,,money #aeh ,measures4 ,weights4 ,inscrib$ ,weights4 ,money4 ,,xi4 ,,high ,,places ,,& ,,temples #afg ,a ,sanctu>y ( ! ,pre-,semitic ,cave-,dwell]s4 ,a ,rock-,alt> at ,megiddo4 ,a ,rock-,alt> at ,j]usalem4 ,high ,place at ,tell es-,safi4 ,high ,place at ,gez]4 ,at ,taana*4 ,high ,places at ,petra4 ,a ,suppos$ ,phili/9e ,temple4 ,at ,megiddo4 ,! ,temple to ,augu/us at ,sam>ia4 ,,xii4 ,,! ,,tombs ,,( ,,pale/9e #agi ,burn+ ! ,dead4 ,cave ,burials4 ,ci/]n ,burial4 ,burial "u ,m5hirs4 ,e>?-,graves4 ,rock-,hewn ,%aft ,tombs4 ,doorway ,tombs4 ,tombs ) a ,roll+-,/one4 ,,xiii4 ,,j]usalem #ahe ,situation4 ,gihon4 ,cave-,dwell]s4 ,! ,el-,am>na ,p]iod4 ,jebusite ,j]usalem4 ,! ,city ( ,david4 ,solomon's ,j]usalem4 ,f ,solomon to ,hezekiah4 ,hezekiah4 ,f ,hezekiah to ! ,exile4 ,! ,de/ruction ( #ehf ,b4 ,c4 ,! ,second ,temple4 ,nehemiah & ! ,walls4 ,late ,p]sian & ,e>ly ,greek ,p]iods4 ,9 ! ,"t ( ! ,maccabees4 ,asmonan ,j]usalem4 ,h]od ! ,great4 ,! ,pool ( ,be!sda4 ,ge?semane4 ,calv>y4 ,agrippa ,i & ! ,?ird ,wall4 ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,decapolis #bac ,orig94 ,damascus4 ,scy?opolis4 ,cities ,ea/ ( ! ,sea ( ,galilee4 ,gad>a4 ,pella & ,dion4 ,g]asa4 ,philadelphia4 ,jesus 9 ! ,decapolis4 ,,xv4 ,,a!ns1 ,,cor9?1 ,,& ,,! ,,*ur*es ,,( ,,asia #bai ,,"p ,,ii ,i4 ,,an ,,epic ,,( ,,! ,,creation ,,:i* ,,circulat$ ,,9 ,,babylon ,,& ,,assyria ,,9 ,,! ,,sev5? ,,c5tury ,b4 ,c4 #bce ,text ( ! ,epic4 ,comp>ison ( ! ,epic ) ! ,fir/ ,*apt] ( ,g5esis4 ,! ,epic & ,o!r ,p>ts ( ! ,bible4 ,,ii4 ,,ano!r ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,! ,,creation ,,f\nd ,,at ,,babylon #bee ,text ( ! ,acc\nt4 ,comp>ison ( x ) ,g5esis #b4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,babylonian ,,sabba? #beh ,fea/ ( ,m>duk & ,z>panit4 ,a ,day call$ ,%abatum4 ,a ,day 9 ,"s ,tablets at ,yale4 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,leg5d ,,( ,,adapa ,,& ,,! ,,fall ,,( ,,man #bfj ,comp>ison ) ,g5esis #c4 ,! ,adapa ,my?4 ,v4 ,,! ,,patri>*s ,,be=e ,,! ,,flood #bfd ,babylonian ,long-,liv$ ,k+s4 ,comp>ison ) ,g5esis #e4 ,comp>ison ) ,g5esis #d4 ,comp>ison ) ! ,li/ ( ,b]ossos4 ,,vi4 ,a ,,babylonian ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,! ,,flood1 ,,f ,a ,,tablet ,,writt5 ,,at ,,n9eveh ,,9 ,,! ,,sev5? ,,c5tury ,b4 ,c4 #bgc ,translation ( ! ,text4 ,comp>ison ) ,g5esis #f-i4 ,ano!r ,babylonian ,v]sion4 ,,vii4 ,,an ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,! ,,creation ,,& ,,flood1 ,,f ,a ,,tablet ,,writt5 ,,at ,,nippur ,,be=e #bjjj ,b4 ,c4 #bgh ,translation4 ,comp>ison ) ! ,o!r ,v]sion4 ,,viii4 ,,an ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,a ,,city ,,& ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,agriculture1 ,,f ,a ,,tablet ,,writt5 ,,at ,,nippur ,,be=e #bjjj ,b4 ,c4 #bhc ,translation4 ,comp>ison ) ,biblical ,mat]ial4 ,,ix4 ,,abraham ,,& ,,ar*,,ology #bij ,abraham hir$ an ,ox4 ,abraham leas$ a ,f>m4 ,abraham paid 8 ,r5t4 ,:o 0 ?is ,abraham8 ,travel betwe5 ,babylonia & ,pale/9e4 ,hammurapi1 ,k+ ( ! ,we/l&4 ,kadur-,mabug4 ,k+s suppos$ by "s to be ^? ( ,g5esis #ad4 ,x4 ,,jacob ,,& ,,joseph #bii ,appe>ances ( ^! ,names 9 ,babylonian & ,egyptian ,records4 8,! ,tale ( ! ,two ,bro!rs02 its ,be>+ on ! ,/ory ( ,joseph 9 ,g5esis4 ,lett]s to a ,rul] l ,joseph4 ,! ,sev5 ,ye>s ( ,fam9e4 ,inscription %[+ ,prep>ation = ,fam9e4 ,,xi4 ,,pale/9e ,,9 ,,! ,,patri>*al ,,age #cjg ,! ,tale ( ,s9uhe4 ,communication betwe5 ,egypt & ,pale/9e4 ,,xii4 ,,moses ,,& ,,! ,,exodus #caj ,! ,leg5d ( ,s>gon ( ,agade2 its ,resemblance to ! ,/ory ( ,moses4 ,! ,pill> ( ,m]neptah2 ! ,only ,appe>ance ( ! ,"n 8,israel0 outside ( ! ,bible4 ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,code ,,( ,,hammurapi ,,& ,,! ,,p5tateu* #cac ,! ,text ( ! ,code2 ,resemblance to & ,contra/ ) ! ,mosaic ,code4 ,! ,mosaic ,code n borr[$ f ! ,babylonian2 ,diff]5t ,und]ly+ ,conceptions4 ,,xiv4 ,,an ,,alleg$ ,,p>allel ,,to ,,leviticus--,a ,,c>?ag9ian ,,law ,,conc]n+ ,,sacrifices #cdb ,! ,text ( ! ,c>?ag9ian ,law4 ,comp>ison ) ! ,levitical ,law4 ,,xv4 ,,"s ,,lett]s ,,f ,,pale/9e #cdd ,lett]s ( ,rib-,adda ( ,gebal4 ,( ,eb$-,hepa ( ,j]usalem4 ,_! ,light on ,conditions 9 ! ,p]iod ( ! ,egyptian ,dom9ation ( ,pale/9e4 ,,xvi4 ,,docum5ts ,,f ,,! ,,"t ,,( ,,israel',s ,,judges #ceb ,report ( ,w5amon4 ,its ,illu/ration ( ,c]ta9 ,po9ts ( ,biblical ,hi/ory ab\t ! ,"t ( ,deborah or ,gideon4 ,ref]5ce to ! ,phili/9es4 ,,xvii4 ,,ar*,,ological ,,light ,,on ,,! ,,books ,,( ,,k+s #ceh ,gudea & ,c$>-,wood = 8 ,palace4 ,! ,eponym ,canon4 ,! ,seal ( ,%ema4 ,%i%ak's ,li/ ( ,conqu]$ ,asiatic ,cities4 ,a%urnasirpal's ,description ( 8 ,exp$ition to ,m$it]ranean ,l&s4 ,%almanes] ,,iii's ,claims reg>d+ ,tribute f ! ,k+s ( ,israel4 ,! ,moabite ,/one4 ,adadnir>i ,,iv's ,m5tion ( ! 8,l& ( ,omri40 ,inscription describ+ ,tigla?piles] ,,iv's ,campaign4 ,s>gon's ,conque/s4 ,s5na*]ib's ,we/]n ,campaigns4 ,! ,siloam ,inscription4 ,es>haddon's ,li/ ( ,conqu]$ ,k+s4 ,a%urbanipal's ,assyrian ,campaign4 ,ne*o ( ,egypt4 ,nebu*adrezz> ,,ii4 ,evil-,m]oda*4 ,discov]ies 9 ,%eba4 ,,xviii4 ,,! ,,end ,,( ,,! ,,babylonian ,,exile #chb ,inscriptions ( ,nabuna'id2 _! ,be>+ on ,biblical ,/atem5ts reg>d+ ,bel%azz>4 ,acc\nt ( ! ,capture ( ,babylon be>+ on ! ,book ( ,daniel4 ,inscription ( ,cyrus be>+ on ! ,capture ( ,babylon4 ,cyrus's ,p]mission = ! ,return to ,j]usalem4 ,,xix4 ,a ,,jewi% ,,colony ,,9 ,,egypt ,,dur+ ,,! ,,"t ,,( ,,nehemiah #chg ,papyri ,witness to ! ,exi/5ce ( a ,colony at ,elephant9e4 ,translation ( a ,petition relat+ to _! ,temple4 ,reply ( ,p]sian ,gov]nor4 ,hi/orical ,be>+s ( ^! ,docum5ts4 ,a ,lett] relat+ to ! ,passov]4 ,a ,lett] %[+ t ! ,jews 7 ,unpopul> at ,elephant9e4 ,,xx4 ,a ,,babylonian ,,job #cib ,translation ( a ,poem relat+ to ! ,afflictions ( a ,good ,man4 ,comp>ison ) ! ,book ( ,job4 ,a ,fragm5t ( ,ano!r ,simil> ,poem4 ,,xxi4 ,,psalms ,,f ,,babylonia ,,& ,,egypt #cih ,"* ( _! ,psalms4 ,babylonian ,pray]s to ! ,goddess ,i%t>4 ,comp>ison ) ! ,psalt]4 ,a ,babylonian ,hymn to ! ,moon-,god4 ,a ,babylonian ,hymn to ,bel4 ,an ,egyptian ,hymn to ! ,sun-,god4 ,is ! ,hymn ,mono!i/ic8 ,an ,egyptian ,hymn 9 ,praise ( ,aton4 ,comp>ison ) ! ,psalt]4 ,,xxii4 ,,p>allels ,,to ,,prov]bs ,,& ,,ecclesia/es #djg ,! ,nature ( ! ,book ( ,prov]bs & ! ,p>allels4 ,babylonian ,prov]bs f ! ,libr>y ( ,a%urbanipal4 ,precepts f ! ,libr>y ( ,a%urbanipal4 ,comp>ison ) ! ,bible4 ,egyptian ,precepts ( ,ptahhotep4 ,comp>ison ) ! ,bible4 ,p>allel to ,ecclesia/es f ! ,gilgame% ,epic4 ,,xxiii4 ,,egyptian ,,p>allels ,,to ,,! ,,song ,,( ,,songs #dac ,nature ( ! ,song ( ,songs4 ,translation ( ,"s ,egyptian ,love-,poems4 ,comp>ison ) ,biblical ,passages4 ,,xxiv4 ,,illu/rations ,,( ,,passages ,,9 ,,! ,,prophets #dag ,uniqu5ess ( ! ,prophetic ,books4 ,an ,assyrian ,prophetic ,vision4 ,comp>ison ) ! ,bible4 ,! ,egyptian ,social ,consci5ce4 ,tale ( ! ,eloqu5t ,peasant4 ,comp>ison ) ! ,bible4 ,an ,ideal ,k+2 ,extract f ! ,admonitions ( ,ipuw]4 ,comp>ison ) ,messianic ,expectations4 ,%eol4 ,i%t>'s ,desc5t to ! ,und]world4 ,comp>ison ) ,prophetic ,passages4 ,a ,lam5tation = ,tammuz4 ,,xxv4 ,,reput$ ,,say+s ,,( ,,jesus ,,f\nd ,,9 ,,egypt #dbh ,e>ly ,collections ( ! ,words ( ,jesus4 ,translation ( ,say+s f\nd 9 #ahig4 ,comm5ts4 ,translation ( a ,leaf f\nd 9 #aijd4 ,comm5ts4 ,op9ions z to ^! ,say+s4 ,,xxvi4 ,,ar*,,ological ,,light ,,on ,,! ,,enrolm5t ,,( ,,quir9ius #dcb ,translation ( a ,papyrus %[+ t 9 ! ,second ,c5tury ,enrolm5t 0 made ,e ,f\rte5 ,ye>s4 ,comm5ts4 ,translation ref]r+ to an ,enrolm5t 9 ! ,reign ( ,n]o4 ,fragm5t f ! ,reign ( ,tib]ius4 ,enrolm5ts probably inaugurat$ by ,augu/us4 ,docum5t %[+ t ,p w5t to _! own t[ns = ,enrolm5t4 ,inscription suppos$ to ref] to ,quir9ius4 ,inscription f ,asia ,m9or ref]r+ to ,quir9ius4 ,discussion4 ,conclusions4 ,,xxvii4 ,,ar*,,ological ,,light ,,on ,,! ,,acts ,,& ,,epi/les #dch ,! ,polit>*s ( ,!ssalonica4 ,an ,alt> to ,unkn[n ,gods4 ,an ,inscription f ,delphi & ! ,date ( ,paul's ,contact ) ,gallio4 ,"s ,epi/les f ,egypt4 ,inscriptions m5tion+ ,aretas1 ,k+ ( ,arabia4 ,,app5dix #dde ,discov]ies at ,c>*emi%4 ,hrozny's ,deciph]m5t ( ,hittite4 ,discov]ies at ,j]usalem & ,balata4 ,a ,new ,babylonian ,acc\nt ( ! ,creation ( ,man4 ,reports ( ,comm&]s ( ,egyptian ,fronti]-,=tresses ,relat+ to ! ,entrance ( ,asiatics into ,egypt 9 ,"t ( ,fam9e4 ,suppos$ ,trace ( ! ,t5 ,lo/ ,tribes 9 ,mesopotamia4 ,,index ,,( ,,scripture ,,passages #dec ,,index #dei ,,illu/rations3 ,plates #a-aad4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,a ,hillside ,/reet 9 ,roman ,j]usalem along :i* ,jesus & ! ,disciples may well h walk$ ,frontispiece4 ,,figure ,,plate #a ,syrian ,trad]s 9 ,egypt1 f a ,tomb at ,b5i ,hasan 7aft] ,ball7 #a #b ,cr[n ( ,l[] ,egypt #a #c ,cr[n ( ,upp] ,egypt #a #d ,cr[n ( ,unit$ ,egypt #a #e ,sph9x & ,pyramid ( ,khafre #a #f ,pyramids ( ,khufu & ,khafre #b #g ,/ep ,pyramid ( ,zos] #b #h ,body f a ,pre-dyna/ic ,tomb #c #i ,head ( ! ,mummy ( ,ramses ,,ii #c #aj ,a ,/ore-,*amb] at ,pi?om 7aft] ,naville7 #d #aa ,anci5t & ,mod]n ,brick-,mak+ 7aft] ,petrie7 #d #ab ,plan ( ,city & ,temple ( ,leontopolis 7aft] ,petrie7 #e #ac ,a ,passov]-,ov5 7aft] ,petrie7 #e #ad ,! ,rosetta ,/one 7aft] ,?omas ,nelson & ,sons7 #f #ae ,! 8,israel0 ,inscription ( ,m]neptah #f #af ,m\nds ( ,nuff> 7aft] ,clay7 #g #ag ,excavation at ,nuff> 7aft] ,clay7 #g #ah ,gate ( ,i%t>1 ,babylon 7aft] ,koldewey7 #h #ai ,phalanx ( ,soldi]s f ,eannatum's 8,/ele ( ,vultures0 #h #bj ,inscrib$ ,column f ,p]sepolis #i #ba ,silv] ,vase ( ,entem5a #i #bb ,m\nd ( ,birs ,nimrd 7aft] ,pet]s7 #i #bc ,hittite ,gates at ,boghaz ,koi 7aft] ,pu*/e97 #aj #bd ,hittite ,types f ,egyptian ,monum5ts 7aft] ,g>/ang7 #aj #be ,a ,hittite ,k+ 7aft] ,pu*/e97 #aa #bf ,! ,boss ( ,t>kondemos #aa #bg ,! ,seal ( ,%ema1 ,s]vant ( ,j]oboam #aa #bh ,tell el-,hesy aft] ,excavation #ab #bi ,! ,site ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ,j]i*o #ab #cj ,excavation ( ,gez] #ac #ca ,rema9s ( a ,colonnad$ ,/reet at ,sam>ia #ac #cb ,excavation at ,tell ,hum #ad #cc ,egyptians ,attack+ a ,pale/9ian ,city 7aft] ,p]rot & ,*ipiez7 #ad #cd ,israeliti% ,j]i*o 7aft] ,sell97 #ae #ce ,israeliti% ,h\ses at ,j]i*o 7aft] ,sell97 #ae #cf ,phili/9es f ! ,palace ( ,ramses ,,iii #af #cg ,canaaniti% ,=tress at ,j]i*o 7aft] ,sell97 #af #ch ,inscrib$ ,disc f ,ph/os 7"o-f\r? actual size7 #ag #ci ,gebel ,fureidis #ag #dj ,ba/ion = ! ,protection ( an ,ins]t$ ,t[] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #ah #da ,rema9s ( ,walls ( ,megiddo 7aft] ,s*uma*]7 #ah #db ,walls ( ,build+s at ,sam>ia 7aft] ,reisn]7 #ai #dc ,specim5s ( ,/one-,"w at ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #ai #dd ,build+-,bricks f ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #ai #de ,plan ( ,palace at ,taana* 7aft] ,sell97 #bj #df ,! ,great ,city ,wall at ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #bj #dg ,israeliti% ,h\ses at ,gez] #ba #dh ,specim5s ( ,mosaic ,floors 7aft] ,macali/]7 #ba #di ,a ,doorway at ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #bb #ej ,door-,sockets f ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #bb #ea ,suppos$ ,h\se ( ,hiel1 ,j]i*o 7aft] ,sell97 #bc #eb ,f\ndation ( ! ,palace ( ,omri1 ,sam>ia 7aft] ,reisn]7 #bc #ec ,hebrew ,palace at ,megiddo 7aft] ,s*uma*]7 #bc #ed ,plan ( ! ,maccaban ,ca/le at ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #bd #ee ,/one-,"w ( ! ,maccaban ,ca/le 7aft] ,macali/]7 #bd #ef ,a ,f\ndation-,deposit1 ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #bd #eg ,a ,city ,gate at ,megiddo 7aft] ,s*uma*]7 #be #eh ,! ,s\? ,gate at ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #be #ei ,! ,s\? ,gate at ,be?-%eme% 7aft] ,mack5zie7 #be #fj ,entrance to ! ,und]gr\nd ,tunnel at ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #bf #fa ,! ,nor? ,gate at ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #bf #fb ,plans ( ! ,und]gr\nd ,tunnel at ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #bg #fc ,plan ( ,und]gr\nd ,tunnel at ,gibeon 7aft] ,abel7 #bh #fd ,"o ( ,solomon's ,pools #bh #fe ,po/ ( ,city ,gate1 ,sam>ia 7aft] ,reisn]7 #bi #ff ,"p ( ,city ,wall & ,gate1 ,sam>ia 7aft] ,reisn]7 #bi #fg ,road ,s\? ( ,g]izim #cj #fh ,l9es ( ,roman ,roads at ,tell el-,ful #cj #fi ,roman ,road ,nor? ( ,amman #cj #gj ,a ,gran>y at ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #ca #ga ,"s ,roman ,mile-,/ones #ca #gb ,plan ( a ,gran>y at ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #ca #gc ,a ,hoe 7aft] ,macali/]7 #cb #gd ,an ,egyptian ,reap+ 7aft] ,wresz9ski7 #cb #ge ,a ,sickle 7aft] ,wresz9ski7 #cb #gf ,pl[%>es f ,megiddo 7aft] ,s*uma*]7 #cb #gg ,egyptian ,pl[+ 7aft] ,wilk9son7 #cc #gh ,a ,mod]n ,?re%+-,floor #cc #gi ,egyptians ,?re%+ & ,w9n[+ 7aft] ,wilk9son7 #cc #hj ,egyptian ,?re%+-,sl$ge 7aft] ,wilk9son7 #cc #ha ,a ,saddle-,qu]n f ,megiddo 7aft] ,s*uma*]7 #cd #hb ,a ,rot>y-,qu]n 7aft] ,macali/]7 #cd #hc ,a ,mort> & ,pe/le 7aft] ,macali/]7 #cd #hd ,two ,wom5 ,gr9d+ at a ,mill 7aft] ,s*uma*]7 #cd #he ,an ,anci5t ,olive-,press 7aft] ,macali/]7 #ce #hf ,a ,mod]n ,olive-,press 7aft] ,macali/]7 #ce #hg ,a ,w9e ,vat 7aft] ,macali/]7 #cf #hh ,an ,olive-,press at ,"w 7aft] ,macali/]7 #cf #hi ,c[s' ,horns f ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #cg #ij ,animals' ,heads f ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #cg #ia ,a ,horse's ,bit f ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #cg #ib ,draw+s ( ,horses f ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #cg #ic ,a ,clay ,bird f ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #ch #id ,a ,cock f ,m>issa 7aft] ,pet]s & ,?i]s*7 #ch #ie ,a ,bee-,hive f ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #ch #if ,pre-,semitic ,j>s 7aft] ,macali/]7 #ci #ig ,pre-,semitic ,pott]y 7aft] ,macali/]7 #ci #ih ,f\r ,pit*]s f ! ,fir/ ,semitic ,/ratum 7aft] ,macali/]7 #ci #ii ,?ree ,pit*]s f ! ,fir/ ,semitic ,/ratum 7aft] ,macali/]7 #ci #ajj ,a ,j> f ! ,fir/ ,semitic ,/ratum 7aft] ,macali/]7 #ci #aja ,jugs f ! ,second ,semitic ,/ratum 7aft] ,macali/]7 #dj #ajb ,a ,jug f ! ,second ,semitic ,/ratum 7aft] ,macali/]7 #dj #ajc ,a ,j> f ! ,second ,semitic ,/ratum 7aft] ,macali/]7 #dj #ajd ,"s ,f9e ,pott]y f ! ,fir/ ,semitic ,/ratum 7aft] ,macali/]7 #da #aje 8,e>0 & 8,button0 ,j>-,h&les 7aft] ,macali/]7 #da #ajf ,a 8,pill>0 ,h&le 7aft] ,macali/]7 #da #ajg ,a ,flat-bottom$ ,jug 7aft] ,macali/]7 #da #ajh ,a ,pa9t$ ,phili/9e ,vase f ,be?-%eme% 7aft] ,mack5zie7 #db #aji ,w>-,sc5e on ,pot%]d f ,megiddo 7aft] ,s*uma*]7 #db #aaj ,j>s ( ,?ird ,semitic ,/ratum f ,be?-%eme% 7aft] ,mack5zie7 #db #aaa ,hebrew ,pott]y f ,megiddo 7aft] ,s*uma*]7 #db #aab ,hebrew ,j>s & ,pit*]s f ,j]i*o 7aft] ,sell97 #dc #aac ,hebrew ,pit*]s & ,b[ls f ,j]i*o 7aft] ,sell97 #dc #aad ,a ,funnel f ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #dd #aae ,a ,pott]'s ,seal f ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #dd #aaf ,an ,inscrib$ ,hebrew ,j>-,/amp f ! ,%ephelah 7aft] ,bliss & ,macali/]7 #dd #aag ,hebrew ,pott]y f ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #dd #aah ,a ,sc>ab us$ z a ,j>-,/amp 7aft] ,macali/]7 #de #aai ,a ,j>-,h&le ,/amp$ ) a ,sc>ab 7aft] ,macali/]7 #de #abj ,a ,j> ) ,tap]+ ,base f ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #de #aba ,hell5i/ic ,filt] f ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #de #abb ,hell5i/ic ,pott]y f ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #de #abc ,hell5i/ic ,/ra9] f ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #df #abd ,roman ,pots f ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #df #abe ,hell5i/ic ,j> f ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #df #abf ,a ,lamp ( ! ,fir/ ,semitic ,p]iod1 ,megiddo 7aft] ,s*uma*]7 #df #abg ,lamps f ! ,second ,semitic ,p]iod1 ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #dg #abh ,lamps f ! ,israeliti% ,p]iod1 ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #dg #abi ,a ,byzant9e ,lamp f ,j]i*o 7aft] ,sell97 #dg #acj ,a ,lamp be>+ a ,*ri/ian ,leg5d 7aft] ,macali/]7 #dg #aca ,hell5i/ic ,lamps f ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #dh #acb ,hebrew ,lamps f ,j]i*o 7aft] ,sell97 #dh #acc ,ov5s f\nd at ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #di #acd ,a ,bak+-,tray f ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #di #ace ,bronze ,di%es f ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #di #acf ,%ell ,spoons f ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #di #acg ,silv] ,di%es f a ,phili/9e ,grave at ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #ej #ach ,glass ,o9tm5t ,vessels f ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #ej #aci ,fe$+-,bottles 7871 ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #ea #adj ,=ks f ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #ea #ada ,phili/9e ,silv] ,ladle1 ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #ea #adb ,bronze ,ne$les & ,p9s f ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #ea #adc ,bone ,ne$les f ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #eb #add ,mod]n ,woman ,sp9n+ #eb #ade ,sp9dle ,:orls f ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #eb #adf ,a ,l>ge ,key f ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #eb #adg ,a ,small] ,key f ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #eb #adh ,lamp-,/&s f ,megiddo 7aft] ,s*uma*]7 #ec #adi ,fl9t ,knives f ,j]i*o 7aft] ,sell97 #ec #aej ,iron ,knives f ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #ed #aea ,bronze ,knives f ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #ed #aeb ,a ,*isel f ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #ee #aec ,a ,file f ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #ee #aed ,a ,cone ( ,fl9t = mak+ ,knives1 ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #ee #aee ,a ,bronze ,hamm]-,head1 ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #ee #aef ,a ,fi%-,hook1 ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #ee #aeg ,a ,bone ,awl-,h&le f ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #ee #aeh ,:et/ones f ,j]i*o 7aft] ,sell97 #ee #aei ,nails f ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #ee #afj ,axe-,heads f ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #ef #afa ,c>p5t]s' ,tools f ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #ef #afb ,a ,scimit> f ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #eg #afc ,impression ( a ,basket on ,mud1 ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #eg #afd ,fl9t ,arr[-,heads f ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #eg #afe ,bronze ,arr[-,heads f ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #eg #aff ,bronze ,swords f ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #eh #afg ,bronze ,spe>-,heads1 ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #eh #afh ,a ,pipe f ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #ei #afi ,an ,egyptian ,h>p 7aft] ,haupt7 #ei #agj ,an ,assyrian ,upright ,h>p 7aft] ,haupt7 #ei #aga ,an ,assyrian ,horizontal ,h>p 7aft] ,haupt7 #ei #agb ,a ,babylonian ,h>p 7aft] ,haupt7 #ei #agc ,jewi% ,h>ps on ,co9s ( ,b> ,co*eba1 #acb-ace ,a4 ,d4 7aft] ,madd57 #ei #agd ,assyrian ,dulcim] 7aft] ,haupt7 #ei #age ,seals f ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #fj #agf ,a ,comb f ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #fj #agg ,toys f ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #fj #agh ,/yli f ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #fj #agi ,*ildr5's ,rattles f ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #fj #ahj ,a ,p]fume-,box1 ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #fa #aha ,a ,necklace f ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #fa #ahb ,bracelets f ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #fa #ahc ,spatul f ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #fa #ahd ,r+s f ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #fa #ahe ,suppos$ ,hebrew ,measures f ,j]usalem 7aft] ,g]m]-,dur&7 #fb #ahf ,a ,neseph ,weight #fc #ahg ,a ,payim ,weight belong+ to ,hav]=d ,college #fc #ahh ,a ,beqa ,weight 7aft] ,torrey7 #fc #ahi ,a 8,d>ic0 ( ,d>ius 7aft] ,b5z+]7 #fc #aij ,a ,tetradra*ma ( ,alex&] ! ,great 7aft] ,b5z+]7 #fc #aia ,a ,co9 ( ,ptolemy ,lagi 7aft] ,b5z+]7 #fc #aib ,half-,%ekel ( ,simon ! ,maccabee 7aft] ,b5z+]7 #fd #aic ,a ,co9 ( ,john ,hyrcanus 7aft] ,madd57 #fd #aid ,tetradra*ma ( ,lysima*us #fd #aie ,a ,co9 ( ,augu/us #fd #aif ,a ,d5>ius ( ,tib]ius #fd #aig ,a ,co9 ( ,claudius #fd #aih ,a ,co9 ( ,h]od ! ,great #fd #aii ,a ,roman ,quadrans 787 #fd #bjj ,a ,co9 ( ,h]od ,agrippa ,i #fd #bja ,a ,%ekel ( ! ,revolt ( ,a4 ,d4 #gj #fd #bjb ,cave-,dwell]s' ,place ( ,sacrifice1 ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #fe #bjc ,plan ( ,caves at ,semitic ,high ,place1 ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #fe #bjd 8,pill>s0 ( ! ,high ,place at ,gez] #fe #bje ,rock-,alt> at ,megiddo 7aft] ,s*uma*]7 #ff #bjf ,! 8,be?-el0 ( ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #ff #bjg ,! ,suppos$ ,s]p5t-,p5 at ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #ff #bjh ,! ,rock-,alt> at ,j]usalem 7aft] ,dalman7 #fg #bji ,! ,lav] at ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #fg #baj ,! ,t]ra-cotta ,alt> f ,taana* 7aft] ,sell97 #fh #baa ,suppos$ ,high ,place at ,taana* 7aft] ,sell97 #fh #bab ,high ,place at ,tell es-,safi 7aft] ,bliss & ,macali/]7 #fi #bac ,libation ,b[l f ,taana* 7aft] ,sell97 #fi #bad ,an ,a/>te ,plaque f ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #fi #bae ,plan ( ! ,high ,place at ,petra 7aft] ,brnn[7 #gj #baf ,plan ( ,h]od's ,temple at ,sam>ia 7aft] ,lyon7 #gj #bag ,! ,alt> at ,petra 7aft] ,brnn[7 #ga #bah ,! 8,r\nd ,alt>0 at ,petra 7aft] ,brnn[7 #ga #bai ,suppos$ 8,pill>s0 at ,petra 7aft] ,brnn[7 #ga #bai;a ,a ,braz5 ,s]p5t f ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #gb #bbj ,plan ( ,suppos$ ,semitic ,temple at ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #gb #bba ,walls ( ,h]od's ,temple1 ,sam>ia 7aft] ,reisn]7 #gb #bbb 8,pill>s0 ( a ,suppos$ ,temple1 ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #gc #bbc ,*apel ( ! ,palace at ,megiddo 7aft] ,s*uma*]7 #gc #bbd ,volut$ ,capital 7probably ,phili/9e7 f ,megiddo 7aft] ,s*uma*]7 #gd #bbe ,inc5se-,burn] f ,megiddo 7aft] ,s*uma*]7 #gd #bbf ,phili/9e ,graves1 ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #ge #bbg ,a ,rock-hewn ,tomb at ,siloam 7aft] ,b5z+]7 #ge #bbh ,a ,%aft-,tomb 7aft] ,bliss & ,macali/]7 #ge #bbi ,a ,ci/]n-,burial at ,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]7 #ge #bcj ,a ,columb>ium at ,petra 7aft] ,dalman7 #gf #bca ,entrance to ! ,tomb ( ! ,judges #gf #bcb ,a ,sunk5-,door ,tomb 7aft] ,mitt4 u4 ,na*4 d4 ,deuts*4 ,pal/9a-,v]e9s7 #gg #bcc ,kokim 9 ! ,tomb ( ! ,judges #gg #bcd ,plan ( a ,hell5i/ic ,tomb at ,m>issa 7aft] ,pet]s & ,?i]s*7 #gh #bce ,a ,cross-,section ( ! ,tomb ( ! ,judges #gh #bcf ,ar*itectural ,decoration ( a ,hell5i/ic ,tomb at ,m>issa 7aft] ,pet]s & ,?i]s*7 #gi #bcg ,plan ( ! ,upp] ,floor ( ! ,tomb ( ! ,judges #gi #bch ,a ,tomb ) a ,roll+-,/one at ,beit ,jibr9 7aft] ,m\lton7 #hj #bci ,int]ior ( a ,hell5i/ic ,tomb at ,m>issa 7aft] ,pet]s & ,?i]s*7 #hj #bdj ,! ,hills & ,valleys ( ,j]usalem 7aft] ,v9c5t7 #ha #bda ,und]gr\nd ,jebusite ,tunnel at ,gihon1 ,j]usalem 7aft] ,v9c5t7 #hb #bdb ,maudsley's ,sc>p1 ,j]usalem #hb #bdc ,plan ( ,solomon's ,build+s1 ,j]usalem 7aft] ,/ade7 #hc #bdd ,pho5ician ,qu>ry-,m>ks1 ,j]usalem 7aft] ,w>r57 #hc #bde ,%aft at ! ,s\!a/ ,corn] ( ! ,temple ,area 7aft] ,w>r57 #hd #bdf ,exam9+ ,anci5t ,walls 9 an ,und]gr\nd ,tunnel 7aft] ,w>r57 #hd #bdg ,front ,views ( ,solomon's ,temple 7aft] ,/ade7 #he #bdh ,side ,views ( ,solomon's ,temple 7aft] ,/ade7 #he #bdi ,plan ( ,solomon's ,temple 7aft] ,/ade7 #hf #bej ,! ,sev5-bran*$ ,lamp-,/& f ! ,ar* ( ,titus #hf #bea ,! ,braz5 ,lav] ( ,solomon's ,temple 7aft] ,/ade7 #hg #beb ,a ,portable ,lav] ( ,solomon's ,temple 7aft] ,/ade7 #hg #bec ,/one-,"w ( a ,wall ( ,j]usalem built 9 ! ,fif? ,c5tury ,a4 ,d4 #hh #bed ,/one-,"w 9 ,nehemiah's ,wall1 ,j]usalem #hh #bee ,re/oration ( ! ,asmonan ,bridge ov] ! ,tyropoeon ,valley 7aft] ,hanau]7 #hi #bef ,front ( 8,david's ,t[]0 7,h]od's ,palace7 ,today 7aft] ,bre57 #hi #beg ,recon/ruction ( ,h]od's ,temple 7aft] ,caldecott7 #ij #beh 8,solomon's ,/ables0 #ij #bei ,"o ( ! ,suppos$ ,pools ( ,be!sda 7aft] ,hanau]7 #ia #bfj ,front ( ! ,*ur* ( ! ,holy ,sepul*] #ia #bfa 8,gordon's ,calv>y10 look+ t[>d ,j]usalem 7aft] ,bre57 #ib #bfb 8,gordon's ,calv>y10 f ! ,city ,wall 7aft] ,bre57 #ib #bfc ,outside ( 8,gordon's ,holy ,sepul*]0 7aft] ,bre57 #ic #bfd ,inside ( 8,gordon's ,holy ,sepul*]0 7aft] ,bre57 #ic #bfe ,! ,b>ada 7,abana71 ,damascus #id #bff ,! ,/reet ,call$ ,/raight1 ,damascus #id #bfg ,palace at ,kana?a 7aft] ,brnn[7 #ie #bfh ,circul> ,=um & ,colonnad$ ,/reet1 ,g]asa #ie #bfi ,temple ( ! ,sun1 ,g]asa #if #bgj ,site ( ,rabbah ,ammon #if #bga ,!at] at ,amman 7,pale/9ian ,philadelphia7 #ig #bgb ,roman ,=um at ,a!ns #ig #bgc ,m>s' ,hill1 ,a!ns #ih #bgd ,f\nta9 9 ! ,agora1 ,cor9? #ih #bge ,l9tel ( ,jewi% ,synagogue1 ,cor9? 7aft] ,ri*>dson7 #ii #bgf ,le*um ,road1 ,cor9? 7aft] ,ri*>dson7 #ii #bgg ,p>!non1 ,a!ns1 f ! ,ea/ #ajj #bgh ,ma9 ,/reet at ,ephesus #ajj #bgi ,site ( ! ,temple ( ,diana1 ,ephesus1 9 #aijb #aja #bhj ,! ,!at]1 ,ephesus #aja #bha ,! ,amphi!at]1 ,ephesus #ajb #bhb ,! ,/adium1 ,ephesus #ajb #bhc ,p]gamum 7aft] ,ramsay7 #ajc #bhd ,! ,acropolis & p>tly ,excavat$ ,temple1 ,s>dis 7aft] ,butl]7 #ajc #bhe ,excavat$ ,temple1 ,s>dis1 look+ t[>d ! ,h]mus ,valley 7aft] ,butl]7 #ajd #bhf ,a ,*ri/ian ,*ur* at ,s>dis 7aft] ,butl]7 #aje #bhg ,smyrna 7aft] ,ramsay7 #aje #bhh ,a ,ru9 at ,laodicea 7aft] ,ramsay7 #ajf #bhi ,a ,bridge ov] ! ,jordan on ! ,l9e ( a ,roman ,road #ajf #bij ,fragm5t ( a ,creation-,tablet #ajg #bia ,assyrian ,sacr$ ,tree ,conv5tionaliz$ #ajg #bib ,hammurapi ,receiv+ ! ,laws f ! ,sun-,god #ajg #bic ,! ,s-call$ ,adam & ,eve ,seal #ajg #bid ,a ,tablet f ,nippur1 ,relat+ ! ,beg9n+s ( ,irrigation & ,agriculture 7aft] ,langdon7 #ajh #bie ,top ( ! ,black ,obelisk ( ,%almanes] #ajh #bif ,jehu ( ,israel ,do+ ,homage to ,%almanes] #ajh #big ,! ,siloam ,inscription #aji #bih ,s5na*]ib ,receiv+ ,tribute at ,la*i% 7aft] ,ball7 #aji #bii ,an ,alt> to ,unkn[n ,gods 7aft] ,deissmann7 #aaj #cjj ,! ,moabite ,/one #aaj #cja ,papyrus ,conta9+ ,say+s ( ,jesus 7aft] ,gr5fell & ,hunt7 #aaa ,,maps ,map ( ,egypt to ,fir/ ,cat>act ,fac+ page #ah ,map ( ! ,anci5t ,_w ,fac+ page #dj ,map ( ,pale/9e ,fac+ page #ajd ,,plate ,map ( ,j]usalem 9 ! ,"t ( ! ,jebusites & ,david #aab ,map ( ,solomon's ,j]usalem #aab ,map ( ,j]usalem f ,hezekiah to ! ,exile #aac ,map ( ,nehemiah's ,j]usalem #aac ,map ( ,asmonan ,j]usalem #aad ,map ( ,h]odian ,j]usalem #aad ,,explanation ,,( ,,signs section4 ibid4 ! same4 op4 cit4 "w cit$4 f4 & foll[+ page4 ff4 & foll[+ pages4 cf4 comp>e4 v4 v]se4 col4 column4 p4 page4 9 translations ( tablets indicate words suppli$ :]e n deciph]able4 44444 9 translations ( tablets indicate miss+ l9e or words :i* _c be suppli$4 ,,introduction ,"o :o w\ld write on ar*ology & ! ,bible mu/ at ! outset def9e ! scope ( 8 und]tak+1 = ! ^w ar*ology conveys diff]5t mean+s to diff]5t p4 ,judgm5ts also diff] z to h[ ?+s anci5t c be/ s]ve ! int]e/s ( ! ,biblical /ud5t4 ,to _m ! ^w ar*ology calls up visions ( anci5t pott]y1 jewelry1 swords1 ut5sils1 etc41 :i* are valu$ z objects ( curiosity simply because !y are old4 ,o!rs1 :5 !y ?9k ( ar*ology1 call to m9d excavations1 9 :i* ! walls ( anci5t temples & cities are laid b>e1 s t we may see h[ m5 liv$ 9 o!r days4 ,to su*1 ar*ology is id5tical ) antiqu>ianism4 ,a book on ar*ology & ! ,bible writt5 f ?is po9t ( view w\ld conf9e itself to ! way 9 :i* texts ( ,scripture are illu/rat$ or illum9$ by antiqu>ian objects4 ,to /ill o!rs ! ^w ar*ology calls up anci5t tablets or papyri1 inscrib$ ) hi]oglyphics or "s o!r /range *>act]s1 f :i* ! initiat$ c deciph] texts t prove ! tru? ( "o's views ( ,scripture4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 ar*ology is ! sci5ce ( anci5t docum5ts1 & a book deal+ ) ar*ology & ! ,bible %\ld conf9e itself to ! discussion ( docum5ts :i* confirm or illu/rate ! ,biblical text4 ,^? :o hold ei!r ( ^! views ( ar*ology w f9d 9 ?is book mu* t w accord ) _! expectations1 b mu* also t w seem to !m irrelevant4 ,9 ,"p ,i1 ,*apt]s ,,iv1 ,,vi-,,xii deal ) antiquities1 _! discov]y1 & ! light :i* ^! %$ ^u ! inspir$ page1 = antiqu>ianism is a "p ( ar*ology4 ,portions ( ,"p ,i are devot$ to ! discov]y ( inscrib$ objects2 9 ,"p ,,ii ! read] w f9d a full pres5tation ( ! be>+ ( ^! ^u ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,sacr$ ,volume4 ,^? :o hold ! second ( ! views m5tion$ above w n1 !re=e1 be disappo9t$4 ,nei!r ( ! views m5tion$ corresponds1 h[ev]1 ) ! limits ( ar*ology4 ,ar*ology is 8t bran* ( k :i* takes cognizance ( pa/ civilizations1 & inve/igates _! hi/ory 9 all fields1 by means ( ! rema9s ( art1 ar*itecture1 monum5ts1 inscriptions1 lit]ature1 language1 implem5ts1 cu/oms1 & all o!r examples :i* h surviv$40#a ,?is def9ition is accept$ by ! writ] ( ?is "w & has guid$ him 9 ! prep>ation ( ! foll[+ pages4 ,x has1 ( c\rse1 be5 impossible 9 "o volume to deal adequately ) ! antiquities & ! anci5t docum5ts & to treat fully ! hi/ory ( ! civilizations ( ! ,biblical c\ntries1 b an endeavor has be5 made to place ! read] 9 possession ( an intellig5t po9t ( view ) ref]5ce to ^! ?+s4 ,z ! physical /ructure ( a c\ntry det]m9es to a l>ge degree ! nature ( its build+s1 ! ut5sils employ$ by its inhabitants1 _! writ+ mat]ials1 & _! relations ) o!r peoples1--z well z ! way ! objects 7 pres]v$ f anci5t to mod]n times1--brief descriptions ( ! physical features ( ,egypt1 ,mesopotamia1 & ,pale/9e1 ! ?ree mo/ prom95t ( ,biblical c\ntries1 h be5 introduc$4 ,our k ( ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,egypt & ,babylonia has come almo/ :olly f ar*ological exploration2 x has seem$ fitt+1 !re=e1 to introduce 9 ,"p ,i1 ,*apt] ,i1 #f1 & ,*apt] ,,ii1 #f1 brief sket*es ( ! hi/ory ( ^! c\ntries4 ,?is appe>$ all ! m necess>y s9ce ! inhabitants ( ^! two c\ntries work$ out1 9 advance ( any o!r peoples1 ! initial problems ( civilization4 ,pale/9e borr[$ f !m bo?1 s t x is impossible to und]/& ! hi/ory & ar*ology ( ,pale/9e ap>t f ,egyptian & ,babylonian antec$5ts4 ,:5ev] x is possible ! read] %\ld supplem5t ^! sket*es by ref]5ce to ! l>g] works cit$ 9 ! notes4 ,simil>ly 9 ,"p ,i1 ,*apt] ,v1 an outl9e ( ! hi/ory ( ,pale/9e f ! e>lie/ times is pres5t$4 ,to "s ?is may seem unnecess>y1 s9ce c5turies ( t hi/ory pass$ be=e ! ,hebrew p came to ! c\ntry1 b x is hop$ t e read] w be glad to "k ! v>i\s vicissitudes ?r\gh :i* pass$ ! l& t 0 *os5 by ,god z ! home ( ! religi\s lead]s ( ! human race4 ,?is hi/ory also gives emphasis to ! promise 8to give !e great & goodly cities1 :i* ?\ build$/ n1 & h\ses full ( all good ?+s1 :i* ?\ fill$/ n1 & ci/]ns hewn out1 :i* ?\ hew$/ n1 v9ey>ds & olive-trees1 :i* ?\ plant$/ n0 7,deut4 #f3aj1 #aa74 ,"s1 too1 may be surpris$ t ! *ronologies ( ,egypt & ,babylonia & ,assyria %\ld be treat$ z fully z !y are 9 ,"p ,i1 ,*apt] ,i1 #e1 & ,*apt] ,,ii1 #e1 b 9 ! writ]'s view ?is treatm5t 0 necess>y & appropriate = sev]al reasons3 7#a7 ,! data on :i* ^! *ronologies are built up are = ! mo/ "p ! fruits ( ar*ological rese>*4 7#b7 ,!y are our only means ( measur+ ! antiquity ( civilization1 s9ce ! ,bible itself af=ds no cont9u\s sy/em ( *ronology4#b ,if ! /ud5t ( ! ,bible is to h any intellig5t idea ( :at 8! fulness ( "t0 7,gal4 #d3d7 means1 he %\ld "k :at ! s\rces ( our *ronology are & h[ !y are rightly us$4 7#c7 ,su* a pres5tation seem$ all ! m necess>y because 9 _m books1 especially ^? ( "s ,engli% ,egyptologi/s1 ! mat]ials are employ$ uncritically1 & civilization is made to appe> mu* old] ?an x really is4 ,to accompli% all ^! aims ! writ] has adopt$ ! foll[+ plan3 ,9 ?ree *apt]s ! ar*ology1 hi/ory1 & civilization ( ,egypt1 ,babylonia & ,assyria1 & ! ,hittites are briefly treat$1 toge!r ) ! discov]ies :i* especially int]e/ ! ,biblical /ud5t4 ,^! are ! ?ree great civilizations :i* prec$$ ! ,israeliti%4 ,a mu* m detail$ treatm5t is giv5 to ,pale/9e1 to :i* ,*apt]s ,,iv-,,xiv ( ,"p ,i are devot$4 ,9 ! la/ *apt] ( ,"p ,i an attempt has be5 made to pres5t ! discov]ies 9 ,greece & ,asia ,m9or :i* ?r[ light on ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,9 ,"p ,,ii ! texts1 ,babylonian1 ,assyrian1 ,egyptian1 ,hebrew1 ,moabiti%1 ,phnician1 ,aramaic1 ,greek1 & ,lat91 :i* be> on ! ,bible1 are translat$4 ,!y are arrang$ 9 ! ord] ( ! ,biblical books :i* !y illum9ate4 ,ea* translation is accompani$ by a brief discussion 9 :i* its *ief be>+ on ! ,bible is po9t$ out4 ,9 conclusion x may n be out ( place to (f] a ^w ( guidance to two or ?ree classes ( read]s4 ,^? :o are n int]e/$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ,babylonia & ,egypt1 b wi% simply to "k :at has be5 discov]$ 9 ^? c\ntries :i* ?r[s light on ! ,scriptures1 %\ld turn at once to ,"p ,i1 ,*apt] ,i1 #g1 & ,*apt] ,,ii1 #g1 & to ! translations ( ! v>i\s texts 9 ,"p ,,ii4 ,a read] t is int]e/$ especially 9 ,pale/9e1 r ?an 9 ! anci5t civilizations to :i* ! ,hebrews 7 indebt$1 %\ld beg9 ,"p ,i at ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,possibly aft] he has read t :i* ! ,holy ,l& has contribut$ to ! und]/&+ ( ! ,bible1 he may be ready to give a little att5tion to su* outly+ peoples z ! ,egyptians1 ,babylonians1 & ,hittites4 ,9 t case he w turn back & read ,*apt]s ,i-,,iii4 ,pa/ors or ,sunday-s*ool tea*]s :o wi% to employ ! book z a tool by means ( :i* to /udy c]ta9 texts or lessons %\ld foll[ a diff]5t c\rse4 ,^! w be able ) ! aid ( ! full index ( ,scripture ref]5ces to turn at once to all ! mat]ial be>+ on ! passage 9 "q4 ,if ! use ( ?is index does n af=d all ! in=mation desir$1 ref]5ce %\ld !n be made to ! analytical table ( cont5ts at ! beg9n+1 or to ! index ( subjects at ! end1 or to bo?4 ,x is ! writ]'s hope t1 9 addition to its use z a book ( ref]5ce = ! elucidation or illu/ration ( individual texts1 !re may be "s :o w enjoy read+ ! :ole "w1 & :o w f9d1 z he himself has f\nd1 t e scrap ( k ( anci5t life 9 ,bible l&s s]ves to make ! ,bible /ory & ! lives ( ,biblical *>act]s s mu* m real1 or puts !m or _! words 9 a p]spective s mu* m cle>1 t ! et]nal message comes ) new p[] & c be transmitt$ ) great] effici5cy4 ,,"p ,i ,,! ,,bible ,,l&s1 ,,_! ,,exploration1 ,,& ,,! ,,resultant ,,light ,,on ,,! ,,bible ,,& ,,hi/ory ,,ar*,,ology ,,& ,,! ,,bible ,,*apt] ,i ,,egypt ,,! ,,l&4 ,,! ,,pres]vation ,,( ,,antiquities4 ,,egyptian ,,discov]ies4 ,,deciph]m5t4 ,,*ronology4 ,,outl9e ,,( ,,! ,,hi/ory3 ,! pre-dyna/ic p]iod4 ,! ar*aic p]iod4 ,! old k+dom4 ,! fir/ p]iod ( dis9tegration4 ,! middle k+dom4 ,second p]iod ( dis9tegration4 ,! empire p]iod4 ,! p]iod ( =eign dyna/ies4 ,! l[] empire4 ,! ,p]sian p]iod4 ,! ,ptolemaic p]iod4 ,! ,roman p]iod4 ,,egyptian ,,discov]ies ,,:i* ,,be> ,,on ,,! ,,bible3 ,texts be>+ on ! /ory ( ,joseph4 ,! ,invasion ( ,egypt by ! ,hyksos4 ,! ,el-,am>na lett]s4 ,p]iod ( ! ,oppression & ! ,exodus4 ,campaign ( ,%e%onk ,i4 ,papyri discov]$ at ,elephant9e4 ,! palace ( ,hophra4 ,! ca/le at ,tahpanhes4 ,! ,jewi% temple at ,leontopolis4 ,papyri f ,oxyrhyn*us4 ,discov]ies 9 ,nubia4 #a4 ,! ,l&4--,egypt is 9 _m ways unique among ! c\ntries ( ! _w4 ,"o ( ^! unique features is its =m4 ,if we omit ! ,delta1 x has b "o dim5sion1--l5g?4 ,f ,cairo to ! ,fir/ ,cat>act is a di/ance ( #ehc miles1 :ile ! bread? ( ! valley1 includ+ ! b>r5 l&s on ea* side ( x1 v>ies f #ab to #ca miles4 ,if we include ,nubia to ! ,f\r? ,cat>act1 :i* ! ,egyptians ultimately conqu]$1 ! l5g? is mu* great]1 be+ ab\t #a1ajj miles4 ,9 ,nubia ! banks are mu* m precipit\s1 ! valley v>y+ f #e to #i miles4 ,! v]dant portion is1 h[ev]1 (t5 n m ?an a mile 9 wid?4 ,?is l& is flank$ on ea* side by ext5sive b>r5 des]ts on :i* !re is almo/ no ra9fall4 ,egypt itself w\ld be a "p ( ?is des]t1 7 x n = ! ov]fl[ ( ! ,nile4 ,?is ov]fl[ is caus$ by ! peculi> =mation ( ?is m>vel\s riv]4 ,! upp] "p ( ! ,nile consi/s ( two ma9 bran*es1 call$1 respectively1 ! ,:ite & ! ,blue ,nile4 ,! ,:ite ,nile rises #c degrees s\? ( ! equator1 "s #d1jjj miles s\? ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 to ! s\? ( ,lake ,victoria ,nyanza4 ,?is region is wat]$ by tropical ra9s1 :i* fall almo/ daily4 ,?is /eady wat] supply gives to ! ,nile its con/ant volume4 ,at ,kh>tum1 #a1cej miles f ! ,m$it]ranean 9 a direct l9e1 & #a1fej miles z ! riv] w9ds1 ! ,:ite ,nile is jo9$ by ! ,blue ,nile4 ,?is bran* ( ! riv] dra9s a l>ge "p ( ,abyss9ia1 an upl& & m\nta9\s region :i* has a dry & a ra9y season4 ,9 ! dry season ?is /ream dw9dles almo/ to no?+2 9 ! ra9y season x is a turbid m\nta9 torr5t1 :i* ru%es impetu\sly onw>d1 lad5 ) loose soil f all ! l& :i* x dra9s4 ,= ?is reason x is call$ ! ,blue1 i4 e41 ! ,d>k or ,turbid1 ,nile4 ,at a di/ance ( #adj miles nor? ( ! union ( ! two ,niles ! riv] receives its only o!r tribut>y1 ! ,atb>a1 :i* also fl[s 9 f ! ea/]n side4 ,! ,atb>a1 l ! ,blue ,nile1 is an insignificant /ream except 9 ! ra9y season1 :5 x is a torr5t4 ,x is ! v>iation ( ! wat] supply f ! ,blue ,nile & ,atb>a :i* causes ! ov]fl[ ( ! riv] 9 ,egypt4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ,june ! riv] beg9s sl[ly to swell2 betwe5 ! #ae? & ! #bj? ( ,july ! increase becomes v rapid2 t[>d ! end ( ,septemb] ! wat] ceases to rise & rema9s at ! same height = tw5ty to ?irty days4 ,9 ,octob] x rises aga91 atta9+ its greate/ height4 ,x !n decreases1 & 9 ,janu>y1 ,febru>y1 & ,m>* ! fields gradually dry (f4 ,?is ov]fl[ prep>es ! soil ( ,egypt = cultivation1 fir/ by s(t5+ x & !n by f]tiliz+ x4 ,x 0 easy1 "u ^! conditions1 to develop agriculture !re4 ,inde$1 ! wid? ( productive ,egypt is det]m9$ by ! lat]al ext5t ( ?is ov]fl[4 ,= ! la/ #a1ejj miles ( its c\rse ! ,nile receives no tribut>y4 ,x pl[s its way ?r\gh regions ( des]t :i*1 b = ! ,nile itself1 are unbrok54 ,at six po9ts1 beg9n+ at ,kh>tum & end+ at ,assuan1 ! riv] makes its way ov] granite ridges1 ?r\gh :i* x has nev] succe$$ 9 cutt+ a smoo? *annel4 ,^! are call$ ! ,cat>acts4 ,z civiliz$ man discov]$ ^! f ! nor?1 t at ,assuan is kn[n z ! ,fir/ ,cat>act1 & t at ,kh>tum z ! ,six?4 ,! cal5d> ( anci5t ,egypt 0 %ap$ 9 "p by ! ,nile4 ,! ye> 0 divid$ into ?ree seasons ( f\r mon?s ea*4 ,beg9n+ ) ! rise ( ! wat] ab\t ,july #ai?1 !re 0 ! season ( ! inundation1 :i* 0 foll[$ by f\r mon?s ( w9t] & f\r mon?s ( summ]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,( ,,egypt4 ,9 late geologic "t all ,egypt nor? ( ,cairo 0 a bay ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! c5turies ! sea has be5 driv5 out by deposits ( detritus br\ght d[n by ! ,nile4 ,z ! mud 0 deposit$ 9 ?is level region1 ! wat] cont9u$ to make its way ?r\gh x "h & !re4 ,sev]al m\?s 7 kept op51 & ?us ! ,delta 0 =m$4 ,?is ,delta is call$ ,l[] ,egypt4 ,upp] ,egypt ext5ds f ,cairo to ! ,fir/ ,cat>act2 ,nubia1 f ! ,fir/ ,cat>act to ! ,six?4 #b4 ,! ,pres]vation ( ,antiquities4--,ra9 9 ,egypt is v1 v r>e4 ,"o might almo/ say t x nev] ra9s4 ,! c\ntry lies 9 a latitude s f> s\? t fro/ is r>ely kn[n4 ,^! two conditions h unit$ to pres]ve ! ru9s ( _m anci5t build+s 9 bo? ,egypt & ,nubia 9 a /ate ( p]fection :i* is r>e 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,x 0 ! cu/om ( ! anci5t ,egyptians to bury _! dead 9 ! dry l& beyond ! rea* ( ! ,nile's ov]fl[4 ,l _m o!r peoples1 !y plac$ 9 ! tombs ( _! dead _m objects us$ by ! dep>t$ 9 life4 ,fur!r1 _! peculi> beliefs conc]n+ immortality l$ !m to mummify ! bodies ( ! dep>t$2 i4 e41 !y =tifi$ !m aga9/ decay4 ,?us ar*ological objects h be5 pres]v$ 9 ,egypt 9 an abundance & a p]fection )\t p>allel4 ,s _m ( ^! are massive temples ( /one1 :i*1 ?r\gh all ! ages1 h /ood unconceal$ z sil5t witnesses ( a pa/ greatness1 t f ,cairo to ! ,fir/ ,cat>act ,egypt is "o great ar*ological museum4 #c4 ,egyptian ,discov]ies4--,al?\gh _m ,egyptian antiquities h always be5 visible1 !y attract$ little att5tion until mod]n times4 ,egyptian temple walls are cov]$ ) hi]oglyphic writ+1 b ! art ( read+ x _h long be5 lo/4 ,coptic1 a language desc5d$ f ! anci5t ,egyptian1 0 /ill pres]v$ z ! sacr$ language ( ! ,egyptian ,*ur*1 z ,lat9 is ! ecclesia/ical language ( ,roman ,ca?olics1 b no "o realiz$ t ,coptic 0 simply late ,egyptian4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury ,european travel]s began to br+ home ,egyptian antiquities4 ,9 #afhc a specim5 ( ,egyptian art 0 pres5t$ to ! ,a%molean ,museum at ,ox=d4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury ,r4 ,pococke 7#agjd-agfe7 & ,f4 ,l4 ,nord5 7#agjd-agdb7 describ$ a numb] ( ,egyptian ru9s & id5tifi$ a numb] ( ! sites m5tion$ by classical au?ors4 ,pococke 0 an ,engli%man & ,nord5 a ,dane4 ,o!rs1 l ! explor] ,bruce1 :o 0 seek+ ! s\rces ( ! ,nile 7#agfh-aggc71 p>ticipat$ to "s ext5t 9 ! "w4 ,no sy/ematic exam9ation ( ! antiquities 0 made1 h[ev]1 until ! "t ( ,napoleon ,i4 ,:5 ,napoleon invad$ ,egypt 9 #agih1 he 0 accompani$ by an army ( em95t s*ol>s & arti/s1 ne>ly a hundr$ /rong1 & al?\gh 9 ! settlem5t ) ,engl&1 :i* foll[$ 9 #ahjb1 ! ,fr5* 7 compell$ to surr5d] _! ar*ological treasures to ,great ,brita91 !y 7 p]mitt$ to publi% ! results ( _! obs]vations & explorations4 ,! publication ( ^! advanc$ sl[ly1 b betwe5 #ahji & #ahbb ! great "w1 consi/+ ( "o volume ( introduction1 ?ree volumes ( plates1 & ?ree volumes ( texts1 0 giv5 to ! _w4 ,9 ^! volumes ! antiquities f ! ,fir/ ,cat>act to ,alex&ria 7 sy/ematically describ$1 & _m ( !m 7 reproduc$ 9 magnific5t wat]-color illu/rations4 ,z ! n9ete5? c5tury progress$1 additional discov]ies 7 made1 p>tly by ! labors ( su* sci5ti/s z ,lepsius & ,m>iette1 & p>tly ?r\gh ! rifl+ ( tombs by natives1 :o (t5 sold _! f9ds to ,europeans4 ,s9ce ,egypt pass$ "u ,engli% control1 exploration has be5 fo/]$ by ! gov]nm5t1 & ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 ,g]man1 ,italian1 & ,am]ican explor]s h tak5 "p 9 x4 ,! tombs ( _m ( ! anci5t ,ph>aohs1 ! mummies ( a consid]able numb] ( !m1 all sorts ( implem5ts & h\sehold furniture1 h be5 discov]$1 z well z a great v>iety ( hi/orical1 lit]>y1 religi\s1 & bus9ess docum5ts4 ,)9 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s a s]ies ( tombs ( a previ\sly unkn[n type has be5 discov]$4 ,! bodies buri$ 9 ^! tombs did n lie on ! back z ! ord9>y ,egyptian mummy does1 b on ! side1 ) ! knees drawn up to ! *94 ,x 0 at fir/ ?\ght t ^! tombs 7 ! "w ( a new race ( m5 :o _h invad$ ,egypt at "s "t 9 ! hi/orical p]iod1 b fur!r /udy indicates t !y are ! tombs ( ! e>ly ,egyptians f :om ! ,egyptians kn[n to hi/ory 7 desc5d$4 #d4 ,deciph]m5t4--,"o ( ! objects f\nd by ! ,fr5* at ! "t ( ,napoleon's exp$ition 0 ! 8,rosetta ,/one10 s call$ because f\nd at ,rosetta 7,ar-,ra%id71 a t[n ne> ! m\? ( ! we/]nmo/ ( ! l>ge bran*es ( ! ,nile4 ,?is /one 0 set up ab\t #bjj ,b4 ,c4 by "s prie/s1 :o express$1 ?r\gh ! inscription :i* x bore1 _! ?anks to ! "y k+1 ,ptolemy ,v1 because c]ta9 taxes =m]ly impos$ on !m _h be5 remitt$4 ,! inscription 0 writt5 9 ?ree k9ds ( writ+--hi]oglyphic ,egyptian 7picture-writ+71 demotic ,egyptian 7develop$ f picture-writ+71 & ,greek2 7see ,fig4 #ad74 ,x 0 among ! objects :i* ! ,engli% took 9 #ahjb1 & _h be5 plac$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,al?\gh ! ,greek portion ( ! inscription c\ld be easily read1 ! attempts ( v>i\s s*ol>s1 ?r\gh a p]iod ( tw5ty ye>s1 _h succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ ! values ( only a few *>act]s ( ! ,egyptian4 ,9 #ahah ,jean ,franois ,*ampollion1 a ,fr5* s*ol>1 :o be=e ?is _h busi$ himself ) ! /udy ( ,coptic & ,egyptian geography1 began ! /udy ( ! ,rosetta ,/one4 ,he assum$ t ! language ( ! upp] regi/]s mu/ be an old] =m ( ! ,coptic tongue4 ,by a mo/ pa9/ak+ comp>ison ( ! *>act]s 9 ! upp] regi/]s ) ! ,coptic equival5ts ( ! words 9 ! l[] or ,greek regi/]1 he succe$$ 9 deciph]+ ! long-=gott5 writ+ ( anci5t ,egypt4 ,he publi%$ 8 discov]y 9 #ahbb4 ,?us ! door to ! hi/orical & lit]>y treasures ( anci5t ,egypt 0 unlock$1 & f t "t to ?is ! /udy ( ,egyptian inscriptions & docum5ts has gone /eadily =w>d4 ,_m univ]sities n[ ma9ta9 *airs ( ,egyptology4 ,! ability to read ,egyptian has op5$ up vi/as ( hi/ory ( :i* m5 _h hi!rto no conception4 #e4 ,*ronology4--,we are dep5d5t = our ma9 outl9e ( ,egyptian *ronology ^u ! "w ( ,mane?o1 an ,egyptian prie/1 :o liv$ ab\t #bej ,b4 ,c41 & wrote a *ronicle ( 8 native l& 9 ! ,greek language4 ,he gr\p$ ! k+s ( ,egypt f ! "t ( ,m5es 7or ,m5a7 to ! conque/ ( ,alex&] ! ,great 7#ccb ,b4 ,c47 into ?irty-"o dyna/ies4 ,mane?o's dyna/ies enable s*ol>s to det]m9e ! relative ord] ( ! k+s1 & ?us =m ! backbone ( our *ronology4 ,ar\nd 8 /atem5ts ! discov]ies ( ! excavators & explor]s are gr\p$4 ,mane?o's "w has n1 h[ev]1 come d[n to u4 ,we "k x only ?r\gh quotations 9 ! ,*ronographiai ( ,julius ,africanus 7#bba ,a4 ,d47 & ! ,*ronicon ( ,eusebius ( ,ces>ea 7#bfe-cdj ,a4 ,d474 ,! numb] ( ye>s assign$ to ea* k+1 & consequ5tly ! l5g? ( "t cov]$ by ! dyna/ies1 diff] 9 ^! two copies1 s t1 :ile ! "w ( ,mane?o =ms ! backbone ( our *ronology1 x gives u no absolutely reliable *ronology4 ,x is = ?is reason t ! *ronological s*emes ( mod]n s*ol>s h diff]$ s widely4 ,ano!r s\rce ( *ronological in=mation is ! s-call$ 8,pal]mo ,/one10 :i* is pres]v$ 9 ! ,museum ( ,pal]mo1 ,sicily4 ,?is /one is a h>d diorite1 & is b a fragm5t ( ! orig9al4 ,x 0 inscrib$ ab\t ! middle ( ! fif? dyna/y1 & orig9ally conta9$ a li/ ( ! k+s ( ,egypt f a "t long be=e ,m5a to ! middle ( ! fif? dyna/y4 ,?\gh n[ b a fragm5t1 x is /ill ( great value = ! p]iod :i* x cov]s4 ,9 addition to ?is1 we also h ! ,k+ ,li/ ( ,k>nak1 set up by ,?o?mes ,,iii1 ( ! eighte5? dyna/y1 ! ,k+ ,li/ ( ,abydos1 inscrib$ by ,seti ,i & ,ramses ,,ii1 ( ! n9ete5? dyna/y1 & ! ,k+ ,li/ ( ,sakk>ah1 inscrib$ by ,ramses ,,ii4 ,z ^! are all simply selections f ! li/ ( ! pr$ecessors ( _! au?ors1 !y are ( second>y importance4 ,! 8,tur9 ,papyrus0 w\ld be ( value *ronologically1 b = its un=tunate hi/ory4 ,?is papyrus orig9ally conta9$ ! mo/ complete li/ ( ,egyptian k+s t has come d[n to u1 ) ! exception ( ,mane?o's *ronology4 ,x =m$ "p ( ! collection ( ,m4 ,drovetti1 ! ,fr5* ,consul-,g5]al 9 ,egypt4 ,! collection 0 (f]$ to ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t 9 #ahah1 b 0 f9ally pur*as$ by ! k+ ( ,s>d9ia4 ,:5 ! collection arriv$ 9 ,tur91 x 0 f\nd t ?is papyrus 0 brok5 into small fragm5ts 9 ! bottom ( ! box 9 :i* x _h be5 %ipp$4 ,! fragm5ts 7 aft]w>d 7#ahbd7 exam9$ by ,*ampollion ! y\ng]1 :o discov]$ _! true "*4 ,9 #ahbf ano!r ,egyptologi/ w5t to ,tur9 & jo9$ ! fragm5ts2 b ! sci5ce ( ,egyptology 0 !n 9 its infancy1 & he 9 8 ignorance jo9$ pieces :i* did n naturally belong toge!r4 ,= ?is reason x is only occasionally t ! docum5t yields u any *ronological data4 ,! greate/ aid 9 fix+ ,egyptian *ronology is ! 8,so?ic ,cycle40 ,at an e>ly date ! ,egyptians adopt$ a cal5d> :i* made up a ye> ( #cfe days4 ,_! ye> orig9ally began :5 ! rapid ris+ ( ! ,nile co9cid$ ) ! ris+ ( ! /> ,sirius1 call$ by !m ,so?is4 ,^! ev5ts co9cid$ on ,july #ai?4 ,z _! cal5d> made no all[ance = leap ye>1 9 f\r ye>s _! new ye> began a day too soon1 9 eight ye>s two days too soon1 & s on4 ,9 #a1dfj ye>s 7i4 e41 #cfe #d7 _! ,new ,ye>'s ,day w\ld make a complete circuit ( ! ye>4 ,^! p]iods ( #a1dfj ye>s are call$ ,so?ic ,cycles4 ,c5sor9us1 9 ,*apt]s ,,xviii & ,,xxi ( 8 ,de ,die ,natali1 writt5 9 #bch ,a4 ,d41 tells u t a new ,so?ic cycle began at "s "t betwe5 #adj & #add ,a4 ,d4 ,if a new cycle began 9 #adj ,a4 ,d41 ! previ\s "o began 9 #acbj ,b4 ,c42 ! "o be=e t1 9 #bghj ,b4 ,c42 & ! "o be=e t1--if !y _h _! cal5d> s e>ly1--9 #dbdj ,b4 ,c4 ,reisn] holds t ! ,egyptians adopt$ _! cal5d> 9 #bghj ,b4 ,c41 b ,mey] & ,brea/$ hold t x is un?9kable t !y %\ld h be5 )\t a cal5d> until t "t1 z by t date ! civilization ( ! pyramid build]s 0 at its height2 !y accord+ly ma9ta9 t ! ,egyptian cal5d> 0 adopt$ 9 #dbdj ,b4 ,c4 ,an illu/ration w %[ h[ ! ,so?ic cycle helps 9 det]m9+ dates4 ,a prie/ 9 ! #abj? ye> ( ! twelf? dyna/y wrote a lett] to 8 subord9ates1 to in=m !m t ! ris+ ( ,so?is w\ld occur on ! fifte5? day ( ! eigh? mon?4 ,z !re 7 ?irty days 9 ea* mon?1 ! ye> div]g$ at ?is "t #bbe days4 ,?is date1 !n1 0 j #ijj ye>s aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! cycle 9 #bghj ,b4 ,c42 i4 e41 ! lett] 0 writt5 9 ! ye> #ahhj ,b4 ,c4 ,x proves t ! twelf? dyna/y began 9 #bjjj ,b4 ,c41 & fixes = u all ! dates ( t dyna/y4 ,! cal5d> 9 ! s-call$ ,papyrus ,eb]s %[s t 9 ! t5? ye> ( ,am5ophis ,i1 ( ! eighte5? dyna/y1 ! div]g5ce _h increas$ to #cjh days4 ,?is mu/ h be5 #a1bcb ye>s aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! cycle1 :i* 0 ! ye> #aedh ,b4 ,c4 ,data ga9$ f ^! s\rces are supplem5t$ by :at is call$ dead reckon+2 i4 e41 by add+ toge!r all ! specific dates ( ! l5g? ( reigns :i* are giv5 9 ! inscriptions1 & te/+ !m by collat]al ref]5ces4 ,mey] & ,brea/$ h work$ out ! *ronology f ^! data 9 ?is way4 ,mey] places ! accession ( ,m5a at #cbjj ,b4 ,c41 :ile ,brea/$ places x at #cdjj ,b4 ,c4 ,?is diff]5ce is slight :5 comp>$ ) ! diff]5ces 9 ! *ronologies ( ! old] ,egyptologi/s4 #f4 ,outl9e ( ,hi/ory4#c--,! hi/ory ( ,egypt1 z x conc]ns our subject1 ext5ds ov] a p]iod ( five ?\s& ye>s4 ,x falls into twelve p]iods3 7#a7 ,! ,pre-,dyna/ic ,p]iod1 :i* we suppose ext5d$ f ab\t #ejjj ,b4 ,c41 or e>li]1 until ab\t #cdjj ,b4 ,c41 is ! p]iod be=e t cov]$ by ,mane?o's dyna/ies4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ?is p]iod ,egypt 0 divid$ into #db di/ricts1 :i* ! ,egyptians call$ spt or sp1 & :i* ! ,greeks aft]w>ds call$ nomes4 ,ea* nome 0 occupi$ by a diff]5t tribe1 :i* at ! fir/ liv$ 9 isolation f ! o!r tribes4 ,ea* tribe _h its god1 to :i* an animal 0 sacr$4 ,?is condition prevail$ = s _m c5turies t ! cu/oms ( ?is "t became p]man5tly fix$4 ,! sacr$ness ( ^! animals cont9u$ "r d[n to ,roman times4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ! dead 7 buri$ on _! sides ) ! knees drawn up to ! *92 7see ,fig4 #h74 ,! ,egyptians ( ?is p]iod liv$ p>tly by hunt+1 p>tly by fi%+1 & p>tly by agriculture4 ,f objects f\nd 9 _! tombs we inf] t !y us$ /one implem5ts1 wore a great _m beads1 made implem5ts & combs ( bone1 made decorat$ pott]y1 con/ruct$ boats = use on ! ,nile & fitt$ sails to !m1 & ea* tribe _h its own /&>d or emblem4 ,( c\rse1 dur+ ! c5turies :5 ,egypt 0 s politically divid$ !re 7 _m w>s betwe5 nome & nome4 ,aft] "s c5turies1 ?r\gh ! conque/ ( "o nome by ano!r1 ^! #db nomes 7 consolidat$ into two k+doms4 ,! #bj nomes ( ! ,delta =m$ ! k+dom ( ,l[] ,egypt2 ! #bb nomes1 :i* 7 rang$ along ! ,nile f ,cairo to ! ,fir/ ,cat>act1 =m$ ! k+dom ( ,upp] ,egypt4 ,! symbol ( ,upp] ,egypt 0 a papyrus plant2 t ( ,l[] ,egypt1 ! bee4 ,! cr[n ( ,upp] ,egypt 0 a k9d ( tall helmet2 t ( ,l[] ,egypt1 a diadem ( op5work2 7see ,figs4 #b1 #c1 & #d74 ,at :at p]iod ?is union ( ! nomes into two k+doms occurr$1 we c only conjecture4 ,probably x 0 z e>ly z #dbjj or #dcjj ,b4 ,c4 ,at all ev5ts1 ! two k+doms exi/$ sep>ately = s long a "t t _! memory 0 ev] aft]w>d pres]v$4 ,to ! end ( ,egyptian hi/ory ! k+s bore ! title1 8k+ ( ,upp] ,egypt & ,l[] ,egypt40 ,ev5 9 ! ,hebrew ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ! "n = ,egypt is lit]ally 8,! two ,egypts40 ,9 ?is long pre-dyna/ic p]iod ! p 7 gradually em]g+ f savag]y t[>d civilization4 ,!y 7 solv+ ! initial problems ( civiliz$ life4 ,accord+ to ,mey] & ,brea/$ ! p ( ,l[] ,egypt _h progress$ f> en\gh be=e #dbjj ,b4 ,c4 to inv5t a cal5d> :i* approximately co9cid$ ) ! sol> ye>4 7#b7 ,! ,ar*aic ,p]iod4--,! hi/ory ( unit$ ,egypt beg9s ) ! reign ( ,m5es or ,m5a1 :o 9 "s way1 :e!r by conque/ or m>riage is unc]ta91 unit$ ! two cr[ns4 ,he came f ! nome ( ,?is1 ( :i* ! city ( ,abydos1 sacr$ to ! wor%ip ( ,osiris1 0 ! *ief t[n4 ,he & 8 successors cont9u$ to adm9i/] ! two p>ts ( ,egypt z sep>ate c\ntries4 ,m5a f\nd$ ! fir/ dyna/y1 & ! second dyna/y seems to h be5 connect$ ) 8 h\se2 x 01 at all ev5ts1 f ! nome ( ,?is4 ,^! two dyna/ies rul$ ,egypt = #dbj ye>s1 f #cdjj to #bihj ,b4 ,c4 ,?is is kn[n z ! ar*aic p]iod ( ,egyptian hi/ory4 ,m5 71 dur+ ?is "t1 gradually develop+ ! art ( express+ ?\ght by means ( picture-writ+4 ,at "s "t dur+ ! fir/ dyna/y ! ,egyptians began to "w ! turquoise m9es 9 ! ,wady ,magh>a 9 ! p59sula ( ,s9ai4 ,! tombs ( ?is p]iod 7 l[1 flat h\ses ( brick4 ,! ,arabs call !m ma/abas or 8b5*es40 ,dur+ ! second dyna/y ! ,egyptians began to conceive ( _! gods 9 human =m4 ,!y pres]v$ ! cont9uity ( ! e>li] animal & bird =ms by putt+ ! old heads on human bodies4 7#c7 ,! ,old ,k+dom embraces dyna/ies ?ree to six1 & ext5d$ f #bihj to #bdge ,b4 ,c41 a p]iod ( m ?an #ejj ye>s4 ,dur+ ! ?ird & f\r? dyna/ies ! p[] ( ! k+ 0 supreme & ! fir/ great culm9ation ( ,egypt's civilization occurr$4 ,x 0 9 ?is p]iod t ! pyramids develop$4 ,zos]1 ! fir/ k+ ( ! ?ird dyna/y1 built z 8 tomb ! s-call$ ,/ep ,pyramid2 7see ,fig4 #g74 ,x consi/s ( five /ages :i* v>y f #bi to #cf feet 9 height4 ,x is n1 !re=e1 a true pyramid4 ,at ! base x is #ceb #cif feet4 ,s5ef]u1 ! la/ k+ ( ! ?ird dyna/y1 built a simil> tomb1 b1 z he made ! /ages l[] & m num]\s1 x approa*$ m ne>ly ! pyramidal =m4 ,khufu or ,*eops1 ! f\nd] ( ! f\r? dyna/y1 improv+ ^u ! "w ( 8 pr$ecessors1 con/ruct$ ! fir/ real pyramid & ! greate/ ( !m all4 ,! blocks ) :i* he built 7 ab\t ?ree feet high1 & he made a /ep ) ea* c\rse ( /ones4 ,a cov]+1 :i* has n[ be5 remov$1 0 orig9ally plac$ ov] ! :ole1 ?us secur+ a p]fect pyramidal =m4 ,?is pyramid is n[ #gej 7orig9ally #gfh7 feet on ea* side1 & #dea 7orig9ally #dhb7 feet high4 ,x conta9s "s #b1cjj1jjj blocks ( /one1 ea* weigh+ on ! av]age two & a half tons2 7see ,fig4 #f74 ,! /one 0 qu>ri$ f ! ,mokattam hills on ! o!r side ( ! ,nile1 m ?an twelve miles away4 ,khafre1 ! next k+ b "o aft] ,khufu1 built ! second pyramid1 :i* is almo/ z high z t ( ,khufu1 be+ #ddg feet1 b measures on ! sides b #fij feet4 ,)9 & "u ! pyramids are ! tomb *amb]s4 ,khafre also c>v$ out ( ! native rock1 n f> f ^! two pyramids1 ! great ,sph9x1 ! head ( :i* bore a portrait ( himself4 ,f ! top ( ! head to ! pavem5t "u ! paws is #ff feet2 ! bread? ( ! face is #ac feet #h in*es1 & ! o!r p>ts are 9 proportion4 ,ne> ! ,sph9x /&s a temple1 built ( poli%$ granite1 :i* is connect$ by an und]gr\nd passage ) ! pyramid ( ,khafre4 ,all ^! are sil5t b eloqu5t witnesses to ! skill ( ! ,egyptians ( ?is p]iod 9 /one "w1 & to ! absolute p[] ( ! ,ph>aoh2 7see ,figs4 #e & #f74 ,m5kaure1 ! next k+1 con/ruct$ a small] pyramid1 ! side ( its base be+ #cef feet & its height #bjd 7orig9ally #bai7 feet4 ,ei!r 8 p[] 0 less or ! res\rces ( ! k+dom 7 becom+ exhau/$4 ,?\gh ! pyramidal =m ( tombs cont9u$ = sev]al c5turies1 no o!rs 7 ev] built t approa*$ ^! 9 size4 ,! fif? dyna/y 0 f\nd$ by a prie/ ( ,on4 ,dur+ its rule ! p[] ( ! k+ 0 n s absolute1 & a p[]ful nobility began to develop4 ,^! nobles _h !mselves buri$ 9 tombs ( ! old ma/aba type1 & adorn$ ! walls ) pictures ( ! indu/ries :i* 7 c>ri$ on ^u _! c\ntry e/ates4 ,"o ( ! mo/ fam\s ( ^! is ! tomb ( a c]ta9 ,ti1 f ! pictures 9 :i* mu* has be5 le>n$ ( ! v>i\s indu/ries ( anci5t ,egypt4 ,by ! "t ( ! six? dyna/y a /rong nobility _h be5 develop$ 9 ! diff]5t nomes1 s t ! mon>*y 0 ?or\ghly feudal4 ,! absolute p[] t ! k+s ( ! fir/ f\r dyna/ies _h ex]cis$ _h pass$ away4 ,dur+ ! six? dyna/y ! conque/ ( nor!rn ,nubia 0 begun1 an exp$ition 0 s5t to ! f>-away l& ( ,punt1 a c\ntry f> to ! s\?4 ,x 0 probably ! region on bo? sides ( ! /raits ( ,bab-el-,m&eb1 compris+ s\?we/]n ,arabia & ,somalil&4 ,an exp$ition 0 also s5t ov] sea to ,pale/9e1 to *a/ise ! inhabitants ( ! s\!rn portion ( t c\ntry = invad+ ,egypt4 ,! capital ( ,egypt dur+ ! :ole ( ! ,old ,k+dom 0 ,memphis4 ,! city ?us ga9$ a prom95ce :i* made x ev] aft]w>d fam\s4 ,9 e>ly times x _h be5 call$ ! ,:ite ,wall1 b aft] ! six? dyna/y x 0 call$ ,m5-n(]1 ( :i* ,memphis 7,hosea #i3f7 is a corruption4 ,x is 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t m (t5 call$ ,noph1 a corruption ( ! la/ "p ( ! "n4 7,see ,isa4 #ai3ac2 ,j]4 #b3af2 #dd3a2 #df3ad1 #ai2 ,ezek4 #cj3ac1 #af47 7#d7 ,! ,fir/ ,p]iod ( ,dis9tegration cov]s dyna/ies sev5 to t5 ( ,mane?o's li/1 a p]iod la/+ f #bdge to #bafj ,b4 ,c4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ?is p]iod ! p[]ful nobles 9 ! diff]5t nomes seem1 _m ( !m1 to h set up ea* a gov]nm5t ( 8 own4 ,?us ,egypt 0 once m resolv$ into _m cont5d+ k+doms4 ,?r\gh a cycle ( #b1ejj ye>s a :ole circle ( political evolution _h be5 complet$4 ,/>t+ ) #db *iefs or k+lets1 ! c\ntry _h fir/ become two k+doms1 !n "o k+dom4 ,9 ?is /ruggle ! local nobility _h be5 elim9at$4 ,?r\gh n9e hundr$ ye>s ! c5tral mon>*y 0 supreme1 !n sl[ly a new nobility develop$1 :i* f9ally ov]?rew ! k+dom & once m made ,egypt a gr\p ( weak & cont5d+ /ates4 ,dur+ ! la/ two hundr$ & fifty ye>s ( ?is p]iod ( d>kness we ga9 "s glimpses ( a feudal mon>*y :i* _h its resid5ce at ,h]acleopolis 9 c5tral ,egypt & controll$ a good "p ( ! l& ) v>y+ degrees ( success4 ,^! k+s 7 app>5tly ! n9? & t5? dyna/ies ( ,mane?o4 7#e7 ,! ,middle ,k+dom4--,ab\t #bafj ,b4 ,c4 an elev5? dyna/y arose & began to /ruggle = ! supremacy1 f9ally a*iev+ x4 ,?is family belong$ to ! nome ( ,!bes1 :i* _h hi!rto be5 ( no p>ticul> importance4 ,x n[ became ! seat ( gov]nm5t1 & rema9$ = #a1ejj ye>s "o ( ! mo/ important cities ( ,egypt4 ,ab\t ! ye> #bjjj ?is dyna/y 0 foll[$ by ! twelf?1 a p[]ful l9e ( k+s :i* rul$ f #bjjj to #aghh ,b4 ,c4 ,?is 0 ! p]iod ( ! great ,middle ,k+dom4 ,! nobles 7 /ill /rong1 & ! mon>*y 0 ?or\ghly feudal 9 its organization4 ,?ree ( ^! mon>*s bore ! "n ,seso/ris4 ,!y rais$ ,egypt to a high degree ( prosp]ity & p[]4 ,trade ) ,punt 0 resum$1 ,nubia 0 conqu]$ to ! ,second ,cat>act1 :i* 0 made ! s\!rn fronti] ( ! realm1 ! m9es ( ,s9ai 7 work$1 & "o ( ! k+s1 ,am5emhet ,,iii1 built a l>ge temple !re1 at a po9t n[ call$ ,s>but el-,khadem4 ,?is temple 0 explor$ a few ye>s ago by ,petrie4 ,trade ) ,pale/9e & ,syria fl\ri%$ dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,a noble ( middle ,egypt pictur$ 9 8 tomb "s ( ^? :o came to trade ) him4 ,:5 ! pictures 7 fir/ discov]$1 x 0 ?\ght t !y 7 ! sons ( ,jacob1 come to buy corn 9 ,egypt2 7see ,fig4 #a74 ,seso/ris ,,iii invad$ ,pale/9e be=e #ahej ,b4 ,c4 & captur$ a city :i* 0 app>5tly ,%e*em1 ?\gh ! spell+ ( ! "n is peculi>4 ,! k+s ( ?is p]iod 7 buri$ 9 tombs ( pyramidal =m1 ?\gh ! pyramids 7 n l>ge4 ,"o ( !m built a great adm9i/ration build+ at ,haw>a1 :i* 0 kn[n to ! ,greeks z ! ,labyr9? & 0 reg>d$ z "o ( ! wond]s ( ! _w4 ,dur+ ?is & ! prec$+ p]iod a social consci5ce 0 develop$ 9 ,egypt :i* f\nd expression 9 a rem>kable lit]ature4 ,extracts f two examples ( ?is1 8,! ,eloqu5t ,peasant0 & 8,! ,admonitions ( ,ipuw]10 are publi%$ 9 ,"p ,,ii1 p4 #dah1 ff41 #dba1 ff4 7#f7 ,second ,p]iod ( ,dis9tegration4--,! ?irte5? dyna/y1 :i* began 9 #aghh ,b4 ,c41 _h n be5 long ^u ! ?rone1 :5 p[]ful rebellions aga9 broke up ! k+dom4 ,petty k+lets rul$ once m 9 _m p>ts ( ! l&4 ,^! k+s comprise ,mane?o's ?irte5? & f\rte5? dyna/ies4 ,! l&1 disunit$1 became an easy prey to an invad]4 ,su* an invad] came4 ,= m ?an #c1jjj ye>s ,egypt1 protect$ by h] des]ts1 _h liv$ h] life unmole/$4 ,! unciviliz$ ,nubians on ! s\?1 ! ,lybians on ! we/ ( ! ,delta1 & ! unciviliz$ tribes ( ,s9ai _h be5 easily held 9 *eck4 ,b n[ a p[]ful invad] came f ,asia ) a well organiz$1 ?\gh b>b>ic army4 ,!y conqu]$ ,egypt & impos$ ^u h] two dyna/ies ( k+s1 :o rul$ = ab\t a hundr$ ye>s1 until !y 7 driv5 out ab\t #aehj ,b4 ,c4 ,^! k+s 7 ,mane?o's fifte5? & sixte5? dyna/ies4 ,he calls !m ,hyksos1 :i* has be5 held to mean 8,%eph]d ,k+s10 b :i* probably meant 8,rul] ( ,c\ntries40 ,!y h be5 g5]ally believ$ to be ,semitic1 ?\gh "s s*ol>s n[ ?9k !y may h be5 ( ,hittite orig94 ,9 any ev5t1 l>ge numb]s ( ,semites came to ,egypt ) !m1 & left _m ,semitic names 9 ! ,delta4 ,"s ( ^! w be discuss$ bel[4 ,?is invasion broke up ,egypt's spl5did isolation & br\ght h] into ! curr5t ( _w ev5ts1 f :i* %e 0 nev] aft]w>d to free h]self4 7#g7 ,! ,empire ,p]iod4--,at "s "t be=e #afjj ,b4 ,c4 a sev5te5? dyna/y arose at ,!bes & began ! /ruggle to expel ! =eign k+s4 ,?is 0 n accompli%$ until ! f\nd] ( ! eighte5? dyna/y1 ,amosis ,i 7#aehj-aegg71 a*iev$ x4 ,9 ord] to secure fre$om f invasion ! k+s ( ?is dyna/y 7 compell$ to foll[ ! invad]s into ,asia1 & 9 "t ,?o?mes ,,iii 7#aeja-addg7 conqu]$ ,pale/9e1 ,phnicia1 & ,syria to ! ,euphrates1 & organiz$ x into a compact empire1 :i* held toge!r until ab\t #acfj4 ,! k+s ( ?is dyna/y also c>ri$ ! conque/ ( ,nubia to ,napata1 at ! ,f\r? ,cat>act4 ,!y work$ ! m9es ( ,s9ai1 trad$ ) ,punt1 & inaugurat$ ! 8empire p]iod10 :i* la/$ 9 reality till well into ! tw5tie? dyna/y1 ab\t #aafe1 & :i*1 = conv5i5ce1 we c\nt z ext5d+ to ! fall ( ! tw5ty-fir/ dyna/y 9 #ide ,b4 ,c4 ,! =eign conque/s br\ght _m immigrants to ,egypt & also took _m ,egyptians = long] or %ort] p]iods to =eign l&s4 ,egyptian cu/oms 9 dress z well z ! ,egyptian language *ang$ rapidly dur+ ?is "t4 ,! ,asiatic conque/s ( ,?o?mes ,,iii br\ght ,egypt into relations ) ,asiatic k+s1 & 9 "t 8 successors1 ,am5ophis ,,iii & ,am5ophis ,,iv1 _h an int]e/+ ex*ange ( lett]s ) k+s ( ,babylon1 ,assyria1 ,mitanni1 & ,ala%ia 7or ,cyprus71 z well z ) ,egyptian vic]oys 9 ,syria & ,pale/9e4 ,"s ( ^! lett]s are translat$ 9 ,"p ,,ii1 p4 #cdd1 ff4 ,am5ophis ,,iv made ! fir/ attempt kn[n 9 hi/ory to e/abli% a mono!i/ic religion4 ,al?\gh x 0 unsuccessful1 x produc$ a beautiful hymn1 :i* is translat$ 9 ,"p ,,ii1 p4 #djc1 ff4 ,! k+s ( ?is p]iod 7 buri$ 9 tombs ( a new type4 ,^! 7 excavat$ out ( ! solid rock1 cut deep into ! m\nta9-side4 ,!y 7 all 9 ! fam\s ,valley ( ! ,tombs ( ! ,k+s back ( ,!bes4 ,! n9ete5? dyna/y succe$$ ! eighte5? ab\t #acej ,b4 ,c4 ,dur+ a p]iod ( weakness betwe5 ! two1 ! ,asiatic dom9ions _h be5 lo/4 ,^! 7 9 l>ge "p reconqu]$ by ,seti ,i & ,ramses ,,ii4 ,! la/-m5tion$ k+ rul$ #fg ye>s1 f #abib to #abbe ,b4 ,c4 ,he did mu* build+ 9 all p>ts ( ,egypt & ,nubia4 ,among 8 ent]prises 7 ! cities ( ,pi?om & ,raamses 9 ! ,delta4 ,he has long be5 ?\ght to h be5 ! ,ph>aoh :o oppress$ ! ,hebrews4 ,e>ly 9 8 reign he f\ght ) ! ,hittites1 b aft]w>d made a treaty ( peace ) _! k+ & m>ri$ 8 daught]4 ,! text ( ?is treaty has be5 pres]v$4 ,x is ! e>lie/ extant int]national treaty1 & x conta9$ an extradition clause1 ?\gh ?is appli$ to political (f5d]s only4 7,= head ( ,ramses1 see ,fig4 #i47 ,m]neptah1 ! son & successor ( ,ramses ,,ii1 has be5 suppos$ to be ! ,ph>aoh ( ! ,exodus4 ,8 hymn ( victory ov] 8 enemies is translat$ 9 ,"p ,,ii1 p4 #caa4 ,9 ! reign ( ,ramses ,,iii1 ( ! tw5tie? dyna/y 7#aaih-aafg ,b4 ,c471 ! ,phili/9es & o!r tribes1 com+ f across ! sea1 f ,crete & ,asia ,m9or1 invad$ ,egypt4 ,repuls$ by him1 !y invad$ ,pale/9e1 :]e !y secur$ a foo?old4 ,ramses ,,iv1 8 successor1 0 ! la/ ,ph>aoh to "w ! m9es 9 ,s9ai4 ,by ! reign ( ,ramses ,,ix 7#aadb-aabc ,b4 ,c471 ,egypt's ,asiatic empire 0 gone & h] prosp]ity _h s decl9$ t ! natives ( ,!bes took to robb+ ! tombs ( k+s = a liv+4 ,! records ( ! trials ( "s ( ^! h surviv$4 ,9 ! reign ( ,ramses ,,xii 7#aaah-ajij ,b4 ,c471 ,w5amon made 8 fam\s exp$ition to ,phnicia1 a "p ( :i* is n>rat$ 9 ,"p ,,ii1 p4 #ceb1 ff4 ,! tw5ty-fir/ dyna/y 7#ajij-ide ,b4 ,c47 0 a l9e ( weak mon>*s1 :o simply held ,egypt toge!r4 ,dur+ _! rule ,david built up ,israel's empire4 ,"o ( !m1 ei!r ,siamon or ,pesibkh5no ,,ii1 0 ! ,ph>aoh ^: daught] ,solomon m>ri$4 7,see #a ,k+s #c3a1 f42 #i3af47 7#h7 ,! ,p]iod ( ,=eign ,dyna/ies 7#ide-ffc ,b4 ,c474--,dur+ ! "t ( ! tw5ty-fir/ dyna/y ! ,lybians1 :o = c5turies _h made unsuccessful attempts to invade ,egypt1 settl$ 9 l>ge numb]s 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 & adopt$ ,egyptian cu/oms1 :ile "s ( !m became weal?y & p[]ful4 ,9 #ide ,b4 ,c4 "o ( ^!1 nam$ ,%e%onk1 f\nd$ ! tw5ty-second dyna/y4 ,?is k+ is ! ,%i%ak ( ! ,bible4 ,x 0 he :o gave asylum to ,j]oboam1 :5 he fl$ f ,solomon 7#a ,k+s #aa3dj71 & :o 9 ! days ( ,rehoboam invad$ ,pale/9e4 7,see #a ,k+s #ad3be-bh47 ,! dyna/y f\nd$ by ,%i%ak la/$ = two hundr$ ye>s4 ,dur+ ! fir/ c5tury ( ?is "t x 0 v fl\ri%+4 ,"o ( its k+s1 ,osorkon ,,ii1 0 app>5tly an ally ( ,ahab2 at all ev5ts1 a vase be>+ ,osorkon's "n 0 f\nd at ,sam>ia 9 ,ahab's palace4 ,?is dyna/y made its capital at ,buba/is 9 ! ,egyptian ,delta1 call$ ,pi-bese? 9 ,ezekiel #cj3ag4 ,dur+ ! la/ c5tury ( ?is dyna/y's rule ,nubia1 :i* _h be5 = _m c5turies "u ,egyptian sway1 ga9$ h] indep5d5ce "u a p[]ful dyna/y :i* made ,napata1 at ! ,f\r? ,cat>act1 its capital4 ,9 #gde ,b4 ,c4 ! tw5ty-second dyna/y 0 succe$$ by ! tw5ty-?ird1 :i* held a prec>i\s exi/5ce until #gah1 :5 x 0 succe$$ by ! "o k+ ( ! tw5ty-f\r?4 ,egypt 0 dur+ ?is p]iod 9 great disord]1 & 9 #gab ! ,nubian k+s swept d[n f ! s\? & conqu]$ ! c\ntry1 e/abli%+ ! tw5ty-fif? dyna/y4 ,! control ?us pass$ f ! ,lybians to ! ,nubians4 ,tirhakah1 ! ?ird k+ ( ?is dyna/y1 took "p 9 ! w>s aga9/ ,s5na*]ib 9 ,pale/9e4 7,see #b ,k+s #ai3i2 ,isa4 #cg3i1 & ,"p ,,ii1 p4 #cge1 ff47 ,9 #fgj ,es>haddon1 ,k+ ( ,assyria1 invad$ ,egypt1 defeat$ ,tirhakah & made all ! ,delta z f> z ,memphis an ,assyrian prov9ce4 ,"s ye>s lat]1 :5 ,tanut-amon1 ! successor ( ,tirhakah1 endeavor$ to rega9 ! ,delta1 ,assurbanipal1 ( ,assyria1 m>*$ up ! ,nile1 took ,!bes1 t = #a1ejj ye>s _h be5 mi/ress ( ,egypt1 & dur+ mu* ( t "t mi/ress ( a l>ge "p ( ! !n kn[n _w1 & b>b>\sly sack$ x4 ,?is 0 9 #ffa ,b4 ,c4 ,?is ev5t made a great impression on surr\nd+ nations4 ,x is ref]r$ to 9 ,nahum #c3h1 :]e ,!bes is call$ ,no-amon1 or ! city ( ! god ,amon4 7#i7 ,! ,l[] ,empire is ! "n giv5 by s*ol>s to ! p]iod ( ! tw5ty-six? dyna/y1 #ffc-ebe ,b4 ,c4 ,?is dyna/y 0 f\nd$ by ,psammetik ,i1 :o became ! vic]oy ( ,egypt "u ,assurbanipal1 ( ,assyria1 9 #ffc ,b4 ,c4 ,psammetik 0 desc5d$ f a native ,egyptian family ( ! city ( ,sais 9 ! we/]n ,delta1 & a numb] ( 8 ance/ors _h be5 prom95t 9 ! hi/ory ( ,egypt dur+ ! prec$+ c5tury4 ,at fir/ he 0 a vassal ( ,assyria1 b soon tr\bles 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ! ,assyrian dom9ions enabl$ him to make ,egypt indep5d5t4 ,! ,egyptians1 f9d+ !mselves once m free "u a native dyna/y1 exp]i5c$ a great revival ( national feel+4 ,ev]y?+ ,egyptian int]e/$ !m4 ,!y look$ ) p>ticul> affection ^u ! age ( ! pyramid build]s1 :o liv$ m ?an two ?\s& ye>s be=e !m4 ,!y reviv$ old names & old titles1 & emulat$ ! art ( ! old5 days4 ,!y manife/$ su* vigor & orig9ality )al1 t ! art ( ! l[] empire rivals t ( ! be/ p]iods ( ,egyptian hi/ory4 ,ne*o1 ! son & successor ( ,psammeti*us1 endeavor$1 z ,assyria 0 decl9+ to h] fall1 to rega9 an ,asiatic empire4 ,josiah1 ( ,judah1 :o s\ght to ?w>t him1 0 defeat$ by ,ne*o & kill$ at ! battle ( ,megiddo 9 #fjh ,b4 ,c4 7#b ,k+s #bc3bi74 ,ne*o aft]w>d depos$ ,jehoahaz & took him captive to ,egypt 7#b ,k+s #bc3cd74 ,f\r ye>s lat]1 :5 ,ne*o made a second campaign into ,asia1 he 0 defeat$ by ,nebu*adrezz> at ,*>*emi% on ! ,euphrates1 & compell$ to ha/ily retreat to ,egypt1 hotly pursu$ by ! ,babylonians4 ,j]emiah1 :o p]haps caught sight ( ! rapidly mov+ armies f ! ,judan hills1 has giv5 a vivid acc\nt ( ! flight 9 ,j]emiah #df4 ,j]emiah consid]$ ?is ev5t s important t he began !n to commit 8 prophecies to writ+4 7,see ,j]emiah #cf47 ,aft] ?is ,ne*o devot$ himself to ! int]nal gov]nm5t ( ,egypt1 ?\gh he became ! patron ( an ent]prise = ! circumnavigation ( ,africa1 :i* 0 c>ri$ out by "s ,phnicians4 7,see ,h]odotus1 ,,iv1 #db47 ,hophra1 a lat] k+ ( ?is dyna/y 7#ehh-efi ,b4 ,c471 9 ord] to ga9 influ5ce 9 ,asia1 tempt$ ,k+ ,z$ekiah to rebel aga9/ ,babylon1 & ?us lur$ ! little /ate ( ,judah to its de/ruction4 ,dur+ ! reign ( ,hophra's successor1 ,amosis ,,ii1 ,cyrus ! ,great f\nd$ ! ,p]sian empire1 & 9 #ebe ,b4 ,c4 ,cambyses1 ! son ( ,cyrus1 ov]?rew ! tw5ty-six? dyna/y1 & made ,egypt a ,p]sian prov9ce4 7#aj7 ,! ,p]sian ,p]iod4--,cambyses1 aft] conqu]+ ,egypt1 attempt$ 9 va9 to conqu] ,nubia4 ,! ,nubian mon>*s at ?is "t mov$ _! capital f ,napata1 at ! ,f\r? ,cat>act1 to ,m]oe1 at ! ,six? ,cat>act4 ,d>ius 7#eba-dhe ,b4 ,c47 rul$ ,egypt ) great wisdom & tact1 b "u 8 successors !re 7 frequ5t rebellions4 ,f9ally1 9 #djf ,b4 ,c41 ! ,egyptians actually ga9$ _! indep5d5ce1 :i* !y ma9ta9$ until #cdb ,b4 ,c4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ?ree native dyna/ies1 ! tw5ty-eigh?1 ! tw5ty-n9?1 & ! ?irtie?1 successively occupi$ ! ?rone4 ,mane?o c\nts ! ,p]sians z ! tw5ty-sev5? dyna/y4 ,9 #cdb ,b4 ,c4 ! ,p]sians reconqu]$ ! c\ntry & held x = t5 ye>s until x 0 tak5 by ,alex&] ! ,great4 ,?is t5 ye>s ( ,p]sian rule con/itutes ,mane?o's ?irty-fir/ dyna/y4 7#aa7 ,! ,ptolemaic ,p]iod 7#ccb-ca ,b4 ,c474--,= elev5 ye>s ,egypt =m$ a "p ( ,alex&]'s empire4 ,^u 8 dea?1 9 #cbc ,b4 ,c41 x fell to ! control ( 8 g5]al1 ,ptolemy ,lagi1 :o f\nd$ a l9e ( ,ptolemies t rul$ until ov]?r[n by ,augu/us 9 #ca ,b4 ,c4 ,) ! accession ( ! ,ptolemies _m ,greeks settl$ 9 ,egypt2 ,greek became "o ( ! languages ( comm]ce1 & _h a consid]able influ5ce 9 trans=m+ ! ,egyptian language into ,coptic4 ,until ! ye> #aih ,b4 ,c4 ! ,ptolemies controll$ ,pale/9e4 ,philadelphus1 ! second ( ! l9e1 rebuilt 9 ! ,greek /yle ! city ( ,rabbah ,ammon ea/ ( ! ,jordan1 & nam$ x ,philadelphia4 ,he1 l 8 fa!r1 enc\rag$ _m ,jews to settle 9 ,alex&ria1 &1 accord+ to tradition1 became ! patron ( ! translation ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ,scriptures into ,greek4 ,at all ev5ts1 ! ,p5tateu* 0 translat$ 9 8 "t1 & ! translation ( ! o!r books foll[$4 ,?is translation is kn[n z ! 8,septuag9t0 because ( ! leg5d t ,ptolemy ,philadelphus set #gb m5 to translate x4 ,by ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era !re 7 s _m ,jews 9 ,alex&ria t x _h become a second ,judah4 7#ab7 ,! ,roman ,p]iod4--,! ,romans1 ^u conqu]+ ,egypt1 di/urb$ 9 no way ! int]nal affairs ( ! c\ntry4 ,!y gave x good gov]nm5t & fo/]$ its int]nal in/itutions4 ,_m old ,egyptian cu/oms p]si/$ among ! p2 x is 9 reg>d to "s ( ^! t discov]ies ( int]e/ to ,biblical s*ol>s h be5 made4 ,f tombs & ! places 9 ! dry s&s ( ! des]t1 :]e wa/e-baskets 7 empti$1 _m records h be5 discov]$1 "s ( :i* are translat$ 9 ,"p ,,ii1 p4 #dcb1 ff41 #ddj1 ff4 ,meantime1 a /ate _h develop$ out ( ! old mon>*y ( ,nubia1 describ$ above1 :i* 0 rul$ by a woman1 ^: (ficial title 0 ,c&ace4 ,x 0 an (fic] ( h]s to :om ,philip prea*$1 z describ$ 9 ,acts #h3bg-ci4 ,rec5t excavations 9 ,nubia h recov]$ "s ( ! art ( ^! p1 :o became ,*ri/ian 9 ! second or ?ird c5tury1 z well z "s inscriptions ( !irs 9 a script t is n yet deciph]$4 #g4 ,egyptian ,discov]ies :i* ,be> on ! ,bible4 7#a7 ,texts ,be>+ on ! ,/ory ( ,joseph4--,a numb] ( texts f ! ,middle ,k+dom & o!r p]iods pres5t features simil> to p>ts ( ! /ory ( ,joseph & af=d some:at fa9t p>allels to c]ta9 conceptions ( ! ,hebrew ,prophets4 ,^! are translat$ 9 ,"p ,,ii1 p4 #cjj1 ff41 & p4 #dah1 ff4 ,! "n ( ,joseph's wife1 ,as5a? 79 ,egyptian ,z-,neit1 8favorite ( ! goddess ,nei?071 occurs f ! eighte5? dyna/y onw>d4 ,su* names z ,potiph>1 ! ma/] ( ,joseph 7,g54 #ci3a71 & ,potiph]a1 ,joseph's fa!r-9-law 7,g54 #da3de71 9 ,egyptian ,p$efre1 8he :om ! god ,re gives10 z well z ! "n giv5 to ,joseph1 ,zaph5a?-paneah 7,g54 #da3de71 9 ,egyptian ,de-pnute-ef-#8onkh1 8! god speaks & he lives10 are common 9 ,egypt f ! beg9n+ ( ! tw5ty-second dyna/y1 #ide ,b4 ,c4 7#b7 ,! ,invasion ( ,egypt by ! ,hyksos4--,?is took _m ,semites to ,egypt4 ,! v "n ,hyksos is held by ,brea/$ to mean 8rul] ( c\ntries40 ,x 0 probably a title by :i* ^! k+s call$ !mselves1 = !y evid5tly rul$ a consid]able portion ( we/]n ,asia1 z well z ,egypt4 8,rul] ( c\ntries0 is j ! ,semitic-,babylonian & ,assyrian %>-matti1 a title :i* ,mesopotamian k+s gave to !mselves ?r\gh mu* ( _! hi/ory4 ,x _h be5 employ$ by ! ,sum]ians be=e !m1 be+ ! famili> ,sum]ian lugal kurkurra1 8k+ ( c\ntries40 ,if ! ,hyksos 7 ,amorites1 k9sm5 ( !irs _h rul$ 9 ,babylonia long be=e _! invasion ( ,egypt1 & t ^! may h be5 ,amorites is indicat$ by ! "n ,jacob-h]1 :i* 0 borne by "o ( _! k+s4 ,?is is an ,egyptian =m ( ! ,babylonian ,yagub-ilu1 or ,jacob-el1 an ,amorite "n f\nd on bus9ess docum5ts 9 ,babylonia ?ree or f\r hundr$ ye>s e>li]4 ,9 ! "t ( ,?o?mes ,,iii ?is "n 01 ,?o?mes tells u1 borne by a ,pale/9ian city1 to :i* x _h app>5tly be5 giv5 by "s ,amorite f ,babylonia4 ,:e!r ! ,hyksos 7 ,amorites or n1 a numb] ( ,semitic names 7 giv5 to places 9 ,l[] ,egypt at ! "t ( _! occupation4 ,su* 0 ! "n ,magdol1 or ,migdol4 ,! ,egyptian "n ( ,tanis 0 ,z>1 :i* ,brugs* claims z ,semitic4 ,?akut1 an old "n ( ,pi?om1 is ! same z ! ,semitic ,succo?1 8boo?s40 ,9 ! w9t] ( #aije-aijf ,petrie1 excavat+ at ,tell el-,ye-hudiyeh1#d ab\t #bj miles nor? ( ,cairo1 discov]$ :at he believes to h be5 "o ( ! orig9al encampm5ts ( ! ,hyksos 9 ,egypt4 ,?is encampm5t consi/$ ( a l>ge space1 av]ag+ ab\t #a1ejj feet 9 ea* direction1 surr\nd$ by a wall ( slop+ s& & mud4 ,?is wall1 v>y+ f #hj to #adj feet wide at ! top & f #acj to #bjj feet wide at ! bottom1 pres5t$ on ! out] side a long slope1 & is q unlike any /ructure ( ! native ,egyptians4 ,f ! nature ( ! wall & ! small objects f\nd ne> x1 ,petrie inf]s t x 0 ! ramp>t ( a p :o def5d$ !mselves ) b[s & arr[s4 ,a cemet]y ( ! same level yield$ to ! explor] a consid]able am\nt ( black pott]y1 n at all l pott]y ( native ,egyptian manufacture1 & a numb] ( crude sc>abs4 ,^! objects ,petrie believes are products ( ! art ( ! ,hyksos be=e !y _h be5 9 ,egypt long en\gh to adopt ,egyptian civilization4 ,9 #aiab ,petrie discov]$ a simil> ,hyksos camp at ! site ( ,heliopolis1 ! ,biblical ,on4 ,x has be5 held by _m t ,abraham1 ,joseph1 & ,jacob all w5t to ,egypt dur+ ! reign ( ! ,hyksos dyna/y4 ,x w\ld be natural = ,semites to ent] su* a c\ntry1 if x 7 rul$ by a dyna/y ( ! same blood z !mselves4 ,egypt has1 h[ev]1 furni%$ no positive ar*ological evid5ce ( ?is view4 ,! ,semitic names j allud$ to1 :i* are sometimes cit$ z evid5ce ( x1 9 reality only prove t _m ,semites came ) ! ,hyksos4 ,!y make x probable1 inde$1 t "s ( ! ,hyksos 7 ,semites1 b give u no positive evid5ce conc]n+ ! patri>*s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 no?+ has be5 discov]$ 9 ,egypt to disprove ?is view4 7#c7 ,! ,el-,am>na ,lett]s4--,9 ! w9t] ( #ahhg-ahhh a native ,egyptian woman1 accord+ to "o acc\nt1 accid5tally discov]$ "s clay tablets 9 ! soil at ,tell el-,am>na1 ab\t #bjj miles s\? ( ,cairo on ! ea/ bank ( ! ,nile4 ,%e is said to h sold h] rights 9 ! discov]y = ab\t #ej c5ts4 ,x 0 ?us t ne>ly f\r hundr$ clay tablets1 inscrib$ 9 ! ,babylonian language & *>act]s1 :i* op5$ an entirely unkn[n vi/a 9 ! hi/ory ( ,pale/9e & ! surr\nd+ c\ntries1 7 f\nd4 ,^! 7 lett]s writt5 to ,k+s ,am5ophis ,,iii & ,am5ophis ,,iv1 ( ! eighte5? dyna/y4 7,see #f 7#g747 ,sev5 ( !m 7 writt5 by ,eb$-hepa1 ,k+ ( ,j]usalem1 ab\t #acfj ,b4 ,c41 & give u a glimpse ( t city m ?an #cej ye>s be=e ,david conqu]$ x = ,israel4 ,o!rs ( ! lett]s came f o!r cities ( ,pale/9e & ,phnicia1 & reveal to u ?r\gh contempor>y docum5ts ! conditions !re 9 ! patri>*al age4 ,"s ( ^! are translat$ 9 ,"p ,,ii1 p4 #cdd1 ff4 7#d7 ,p]iod ( ! ,oppression & ! ,exodus4--,! /atem5t 9 ,exodus #a3aa t ! ,ph>aoh :o oppress$ ! ,egyptians built ! /ore-cities ( ,pi?om & ,raamses1 indicates t ?is ,ph>aoh 0 ,ramses ,,ii1 = ,naville1 :o excavat$ ! site ( ,pi?om 7,egyptian ,pi-tum1 8,h\se ( ! god ,tum07 9 #ahhc1 f\nd mu* "w ( ,ramses ,,ii !re1 includ+ colossal /atues ( ?is k+1 & also f\nd no evid5ce t !re _h be5 any t[n ( importance on ! site be=e4#e ,! "n ( ! o!r city1 ,raamses1 also po9ts to ! same k+1 s9ce ,ramses ,i1 ! only o!r k+ ( ! "n ,egypt _h kn[n1 reign$ less ?an two ye>s--a "t insuffici5t = ! build+ ( a city4 ,! ,bible evid5tly ref]s1 !n1 to ,ramses ,,ii4 ,conc]n+ ,ramses ,,ii & 8 reign mu* is n[ kn[n1 z has be5 po9t$ out 9 #f 7#g72 7see ,fig4 #aj74 ,all ?r\gh ! n9ete5? dyna/y peoples f ,syria 7 employ$ by ! k+s on public works4 ,among ^! 0 a p call$ #8prw ,ap]u or ,apuri1 :i* "s h ?\ght to be ,hebrews4 ,:e!r ! ,hebrews are really m5tion$ 9 ?is way is d\bt$ by o!rs1 = ref]5ces to ! #8prw d n cease at ! "t ! ,exodus ( ,israel mu/ h occurr$4 ,!y 7 employ$ by ,ramses ,,iv1 ( ! tw5tie? dyna/y1 z late z #aafe ,b4 ,c4 ,mu* has be5 le>n$ f ar*ology ab\t ,egyptian brick-mak+1 & x corresponds to ! description ( x giv5 9 ,exodus4 ,we h pictures ( m5 at ! "w4 ,no "o ?\ght ( burn+ bricks 9 ,egypt4 ,! clay 0 m\ld$ & dri$ 9 ! sun4 ,/raw 0 mix$ ) ! clay to increase its adhesive quality4 ,naville says t "s ( ! corn]s ( "s ( ! build+s at ,pi?om 7 actually built ( bricks )\t /raw4 7,see ,exod4 #e3g-ah2 & ,fig4 #aa47 ,! "n ,pi?om cont9u$ z "o ( ! names ( ?is /ore-city or =tress until at lea/ #bej ,b4 ,c41 = x is f\nd on a pill> :i* ,ptolemy ,philadelphus set up !re1 b side by side ) ?is "n ! place1 all ?r\gh its hi/ory1 bore ! "n ,?akut1 :i* is philologically ! ,egyptian equival5t ( ! ,hebrew ,succo?4 ,z ?is 0 ! fir/ /ation ( ! ,hebrews :5 !y left ,egypt 7,exod4 #ab3cg2 #ac3bj2 ,num4 #cc3e1 #f71 ,naville holds t ! ,hebrews1 aft] leav+ ! l& ( ,go%51 mu/ h pass$ out on ! s\? side ( ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez4 ,petrie believes t 9 ! w9t] ( #aije-aijf he discov]$ ! city ( ,raamses#f at ,tell el-,retabeh1 eight miles we/ ( ! site ( ,pi?om1 on ! ,wady ,tumilat4 ,! objects f\nd "h %[ t ! site 0 occupi$ 9 ! "t ( ! ,old ,k+dom & onw>d1 b z ,ramses ,,ii & ,ramses ,,iii bo? set up "h /atues ( !mselves1 & erect$ important build+s1 & z ! location is ! only "o t fulfils ! conditions ( ! city ,raamses1 ,petrie feels confid5t t ?is 0 ! site4 ,?is view receives "s confirmation f ! title ( an (fic] :o s]v$ "h "u ,ramses ,,iii1 & :o is call$3 8,*ief ar*]1 keep] ( ! gran>ies1 keep] ( ! palace2 *ief ar*]1 keep] ( ! gran>ies ( ,arabia 7or ,syria740 ,m]neptah1 :o is g5]ally suppos$ to h be5 ! ,ph>aoh "u :om ! ,exodus occurr$1 0 n dr[n$ 9 ! ,r$ ,sea1 z "s h wrongly inf]r$ f ,exod4 #ad3bc-bh1 b 0 duly buri$ l 8 pr$ecessors4 ,8 mummy has be5 f\nd & is n[ 9 ! ,gizeh ,museum at ,cairo4 ,m]neptah 9 ! fif? ye> ( 8 reign set up a hymn ( victory on a pill> 9 a temple erect$ by 8 fa!r1 ,ramses ,,ii4 ,?is hymn1 discov]$ by ,petrie 9 #ahif1 is fam\s z ! only writ+ outside ! ,bible t m5tions ,israel by "n4 ,a "p ( x is translat$ 9 ,"p ,,ii1 p4 #caa1 :]e its be>+ on ! ,exodus is discuss$2 7see ,fig4 #ae74 7#e7 ,campaign ( ,%e%onk ,i4--,! record on a wall ( ! temple ( ,k>nak 9 ,egypt by ,%e%onk ,i1 ! ,%i%ak ( #a ,k+s #ad3be1 ( 8 campaign 9 ,pale/9e1 confirms ! /atem5t ( ,k+s & puts ! :ole campaign 9 a new p]spective4 ,x is treat$ 9 detail 9 ,"p ,,ii1 p4 #cei1 f4 7#f7 ,papyri ,discov]$ at ,elephant9e4--,9 rec5t ye>s papyri discov]$ at ,elephant9e1 an isl& 9 ! ,fir/ ,cat>act1 reveal ! exi/5ce ( a ,jewi% colony !re1 :i* _h a ,jewi% temple on ! isl&4 ,?is colony 0 e/abli%$ !re at "s "t dur+ ! tw5ty-six? dyna/y1 & 0 ?us "o ( ! e>lie/ ( ^? ,jewi% settlem5ts 9 =eign c\ntries :i* =m$ ! disp]sion4 ,a numb] ( ! records ( ^! papyri1 :i* relate ! =tunes ( ?is temple1 ! relations ( ?is colony to _! ,egyptian neighbors & _! k ( ! law1 are translat$ 9 ,"p ,,ii1 p4 #chg1 ff4 ,! orig9 ( ! colony is also discuss$ !re4 7#g7 ,! ,palace ( ,hophra4--,hophra1 ( ! tw5ty-six? dyna/y1 01 z not$ 9 #f 7#i71 ! k+ :o lur$ ,judah to h] ru94 ,petrie 9 #aijg discov]$ 8 palace at ,memphis4 ,! discov]y makes ,hophra seem a little m real4#g 7#h7 ,! ,ca/le at ,tahpanhes4--,we le>n f ,j]4 #dc3g1 #h & #dd3a t1 aft] ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 ,j]emiah ) _m o!r ,jews fl$ to ,tahpanhes 9 ,egypt & e/abli%$ a ,jewi% colony !re4 ,j]emiah1 z a symbolical act1 0 direct$ to hide "s /ones 9 ! cem5t ( ! til$ area ( ! c\rt ( ,ph>aoh's h\se !re 7,j]4 #dc3h74 ,tahpanhes 0 ! ,daphne ( ! ,greeks4 ,x 0 on ! site ( ! mod]n ,tell ,def5neh4 ,?is 0 9 anci5t times ! ea/]nmo/ city ( ! nor!rn ,delta4 ,a hundr$ & fifty miles ( des]t /ret*$ away to ! ea/ ( x1 until "o came to ! g>d5s ( ,gaza 9 ,pale/9e4 ,petrie excavat$ ,tell ,def5neh 9 #ahhc-ahhd1 & discov]$ ! l>ge ca/le !re1 :i* is probably ! build+ 9 :i* ,j]emiah buri$ 8 /ones4 ,?is 0 ! la/ act ( ,j]emiah's life ( :i* we h any record4 ,he 0 !n an old man & app>5tly di$ soon aft]w>d1 probably at ,tahpanhes1 c]ta9ly 9 ,egypt4 7#i7 ,! ,jewi% ,temple at ,leontopolis4--,josephus tells u twice1 once 9 8 ,antiquities ( ! ,jews1 ,book ,,xiii1 ,*apt] ,,iii1 & aga9 9 8 ,w>s ( ! ,jews1 ,book ,,vii1 ,*apt] ,x1 t1 :5 ,jona?an1 ! ,maccabee1 0 made high prie/ ( ! ,jews1 ab\t #aec ,b4 ,c41 ,onias1 ! son ( ,onias ,,iii1 ! depos$ high prie/1 w5t to ,egypt & obta9$ a grant ( l& & p]mission to build a ,jewi% temple4 ,?is l& 0 9 ! region ( ! city ( ,buba/is1 ! nome :]e ! cat goddess 0 sacr$1 & 0 accord+ly call$ by ! ,greeks ,leontopolis4 ,!re 7 at ?is "t ab\t z _m ,jews 9 ,egypt z 9 ,pale/9e1 & d\btless ,ptolemy ,,vii ?\ght to keep !m m loyal by grant+ !m a temple4 ,he gave to ,onias ! rev5ues ( a consid]able t]ritory = ! support ( ! temple4 ,josephus tells u t ,onias urg$ z a reason = ! con/ruction ( ?is temple t x w\ld be 9 fulfilm5t ( ! prophecy 9 ,isa4 #ai3ai-bb4 ,josephus goes on to say t ?is temple 0 built z an exact reproduction ( ! temple at ,j]usalem & t x cont9u$ to exi/ z a place ( wor%ip until aft] ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem by ,titus1 :5 tr\bles caus$ by ,jewi% zealots l$ ! ,roman gov]nm5t to close ! temple at ,leontopolis & discont9ue its wor%ip2 7see ,fig4 #ab74 ,! site ( ?is temple 0 at ,tell el-,yehudiyeh1 ! 8,tell ( ! ,jewess10 ab\t #bj miles nor? ( ,cairo4 ,?is tell 0 excavat$ by ,petrie 9 #aije-aijf4 ,he f\nd !re rema9s ( ! ,jewi% temple1 :i* fully confirm ! /atem5ts ( ,josephus4 ,n only ! temple1 b ! =m ( ! ,jewi% settlem5t1 0 made z f> z possible a replica ( ! city ( ,j]usalem4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ discov]ies 0 a s]ies ( ov5s = ! roa/+ ( ,pas*al lambs4 ,o!rs ( a simil> "* 7 f\nd high] up 9 ! m\nd1 b ?is fir/ s]ies 0 mo/ num]\s4 ,petrie inf]s t ! temple 0 d$icat$ by a great ,passov] ,fea/1 to :i* ,jews came 9 l>ge numb]s f ?r\gh\t ,egypt2#h 7see ,fig4 #ac74 7#aj7 ,papyri f ,oxyrhyn*us4--,ab\t #abc miles s\? ( ,cairo & n9e miles to ! we/ ( ! ,nile lies ! t[n ( ,behnesa1 :i* ! ,greeks call$ ,oxyrhyn*us1 f a %>p-nos$ fi% :i* 0 sacr$ !re4 ,s9ce #ahig ,gr5fell & ,hunt1 two ,engli% explor]s1 h be5 season aft] season explor+ ! rubbi% heaps ( ! old t[n4 ,! inhabitants committ$ ! cont5ts ( _! wa/e-baskets to ! s&s1 & on acc\nt ( ! dry climate ^! h nev] decay$4 ,"h 7 f\nd ! 8,say+s ( ,jesus10 "s ( ! docum5ts conc]n+ ! ,roman c5sus1 & "s ( ! lett]s translat$ 9 ,"p ,,ii1 pp4 #dcb1 ff41 #ddj1 ff41 z well z _m rema9s ( ! works ( classical au?ors4 ,simil> docum5ts h be5 f\nd 9 o!r p>ts ( ,egypt1 b no o!r site has yield$ z _m z ,oxyrhyn*us4 7#aa7 ,discov]ies 9 ,nubia4--,dur+ ! w9t] ( #aijh-aiji ,mac,iver explor$ at ,k>anog 9 ,nubia = ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,he f\nd 9 a cemet]y _m rema9s ( ! civilization ( ! ,*ri/ian ,nubians4 ,!y /ill call$ _! que5 ,c&ace 7see ,acts #h3bg71 f$ h] on milk1 & reg>d$ obesity z an attribute ( royalty4 ,m w be kn[n ( ! ,nubians ( ?is p]iod :5 ! inscriptions discov]$ at ,k>anog & at ,%ablul1 deciph]$ by ,mr4 ,griffi?1 h be5 m completely /udi$4 ,! explorations ( ! ,engli% at ,m]oe h af=d$ a connect$ view ( ! developm5t ( ?is ,nubian civilization4 ,!y f\nd !re ! rema9s ( an e>ly p]iod ext5d+ f ab\t #fej-djj ,b4 ,c41 :i* 0 foll[$ by ab\t a c5tury :5 ! royal resid5ce 0 else:]e1 a middle p]iod f #cjj to #a ,b4 ,c41 dur+ ! latt] "p ( :i* ,hell5ic influ5ces 7 felt1 & a late p]iod1 f #a to #cej ,a4 ,d41 dur+ :i* ,roman =ms ( art p5etrat$ ! c\ntry4#i ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,babylonia ,,& ,,assyria ,,! ,,l&4 ,,! ,,pres]vation ,,( ,,antiquities4 ,,! ,,discov]y ,,( ,,antiquities3 ,by ,b5jam9 ( ,tudela4 ,by ,ri*4 ,by ,botta & ,place4 ,by ,lay>d4 ,by ,l(tus & ,rawl9son4 ,by ,opp]t & ,rassam4 ,by ,george ,smi?4 ,by ,s>zec4 ,by ,pet]s1 ,w>d1 & ,haynes4 ,by ,koldeway4 ,by ,&rae4 ,by de ,morgan4 ,by ,h>p] & ,banks4 ,by ,g5\illac4 ,,! ,,deciph]m5t ,,( ,,! ,,inscriptions3 ,by ,niebuhr4 ,by ,grotef5d1 ,de ,sacy1 & ,rawl9son4 ,babylonian column4 ,babylonian-,semitic4 ,,*ronology4 ,,outl9e ,,( ,,! ,,hi/ory3 ,! prehi/oric p]iod4 ,sum]ians4 ,! ,pre-,babylonian p]iod4 8,/ele ( ! ,vultures40 ,! e>ly ,babylonian p]iod4 ,kassites4 ,pa%e dyna/y4 ,! e>ly ,assyrian p]iod4 ,! second ,assyrian p]iod4 ,! ,neo-,babylonian p]iod4 ,! ,p]sian p]iod4 ,! ,greek & ,p>?ian p]iods4 ,,discov]ies ,,:i* ,,illum9e ,,! ,,bible4 #a4 ,! ,l&4--,! ,mesopotamian ,valley1 z ! great region wat]$ by ! ,tigris & ! ,euphrates ,riv]s is call$1 9 _m respects resembles ,egypt1 al?\gh 9 o!r respects x diff]s /rik+ly f ,egypt4 ,! c\ntry is l ,egypt 9 t x is =m$ by riv]s2 x diff]s f ,egypt 9 t x has two riv]s in/ead ( "o4 ,9 late geologic "t ! ,p]sian ,gulf ext5d$ f> up t[>d ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,all ( :at 0 ,babylonia has be5 =m$ by detritus 7silt7 br\ght d[n by ! ,tigris & ! ,euphrates4 ,! process ( =m+ l& is /ill go+ on4 ,at ! head ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf ab\t sev5ty feet a ye> is /ill =m$ 9 ?is way1 or a mile 9 ab\t sev5ty-five ye>s4 ,bo? ! ,tigris & ! ,euphrates rise 9 ! m\nta9\s regions ( ,arm5ia1 on opposite sides ( ! same range ( m\nta9s4 ,! melt+ ( ! sn[s on ^! m\nta9s gives bo? riv]s1 l ! ,nile1 a p]iod ( ov]fl[4 ,z ! s\rce ( ! ,tigris is on ! s\? side ( ! m\nta9s1 x beg9s to rise fir/4 ,its rise beg9s ab\t ! fir/ ( ,m>*1 its ov]fl[ is at its height 9 ,may1 & ! wat] rec$es 9 ,june or ,july4 ,! ,euphrates beg9s to rise ab\t ! middle ( ,m>*1 cont9ues to rise until ,june1 & does n rec$e to its ord9>y level until ,septemb]4 ,! soil ?us =m$ is ( ri* mat]ials1 & ! retreat+ flood leaves x ea* ye> well wat]$ & s(t5$ = agriculture4 ,"h1 z 9 ,egypt1 "o ( ! e>lie/ civilizations ( ! _w develop$4 ,x 0 q indep5d5t ( t 9 ,egypt1 & consequ5tly diff]$ f ! ,egyptian 9 _m respects4 ,unlike ,egypt1 ,babylonia _h a ra9y season2 nev]!less %e 0 ma9ly dep5d5t ^u ! ov]fl[ ( ! riv]s = h] irrigation & h] f]tility4 ,z %e possess$ two riv]s1 h] bread? 0 great] ?an t ( ,egypt1 b %e lack$ ! contiguity ( protect+ des]ts1 su* z ,egypt possess$4 ,all ?r\gh h] hi/ory h] f]tile pla9s attract$ ! m\nta9 dwell]s ( ! ,ea/ & ! peoples ( ! ,we/4 ,subject to frequ5t invasion by ^!1 ,babylonia _h no long peaceful developm5t su* z ,egypt enjoy$ be=e ! ,hyksos invasion4 ,f be=e ! beg9n+ ( writt5 hi/ory race m+l$ ) race 9 ?is great valley1 invasions 7 frequ5t1 & ! con/ruction ( p]man5t empires difficult4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,( ,,bible ,,l&s ,! bread? ( ! ,mesopotamian ,valley affect$ also ! build+ mat]ials & ! "* ( ! art4 ,/one 0 mu* m difficult to obta9 ?an 9 ,egypt4 ,clay only 0 abundant4 ,all build+s 7 consequ5tly ( brick4 ,^! /ructures 7 f> less endur+ ?an ^? 9 ,egypt2 _! upp] p>ts h dis9tegrat$ & buri$ ! l[] portions4 ,babylonian ru9s are accord+ly all "u gr\nd4 ,! abundant clay 0 also us$ by ! ,babylonians z writ+ mat]ial4 ,:5 bak$1 x prov$ f> m endur+ ?an ! ,egyptian papyrus4 ,?us1 not)/&+ ! g5]al simil>ities :i* ! ,mesopotamian ,valley pres5ts to ,egypt1 its diff]5ces pr(\ndly affect$ ,babylonian hi/ory & ,babylonian art4 #b4 ,! ,pres]vation ( ,antiquities4--,babylonian cities 7 usually built on t]races ( brick4 ,! walls ( ! cities & _! build+s 7 con/ruct$ ( ! same mat]ial4 ,refuse f ! h\ses 9 ^! t[ns 0 always ?r[n out into ! /reets1 s t1 z ! c5turies pass$1 ! /reets 7 gradually elevat$4 ,! walls ( ! brick h\ses gradually became un/able 9 ! lapse ( "t1 & z ! h\ses 7 repair$ !y 7 br\ght up to ! level ( ! /reet4 ,consequ5tly ev5 9 peaceful times ! m\nds on :i* ! cities 7 built gradually grew high]4 ,mo/ ( ^! cities 7 at v>i\s times de/roy$ 9 w>f>e4 ,sometimes all ! h\ses w\ld be p>tially demoli%$ & ! site w\ld be = a "t practically un9habit$4 ,:5 at l5g? ! place 0 repeopl$1 ! top ( ! m\nd w\ld be smoo!d (f & tak5 z ! base ( a new city4 ,9 ?is way ?r\gh ! _m c5turies ( ,babylonian hi/ory ! sites ( h] cities h become great m\nds4 ,:5 ^! cities f9ally fell into ru91 ! clay ( ! upp] "p ( ! walls gradually dis9tegrat$ 9 ! wea!r & =m$ a coat+ ( e>? ov] ! :ole1 :i* pres]v$ ! f\ndations ( ! walls bo? ( cities & h\ses1 z well z ! inscrib$ clay1 /one tablets1 & ! works ( art buri$ und]nea?4 ,connect$ ) ea* ,babylonian & ,assyrian temple 0 a k9d ( /ag$ t[]1 %ap$ 9 a g5]al way l ! /epp$ pyramid ( ,zos] at ,sakk>ah 9 ,egypt4 ,! ,babylonians call$ ^! t[]s ,ziggurats4 ,z ! bricks ( ^! t[]s decay$1 !y =m$ 9 connection ) ! city m\nd a k9d ( hillock or peak1 :i* v>i$ 9 accordance ) ! height ( ! t[]4 ,! ru9 ( ! ,ziggurat at ,birs ,nimrd1 ! anci5t ,borsippa1 is "o ( ! mo/ impos+ to be se5 9 anci5t ,babylonia2 x 0 long ?\ght to be ! orig9al ( ! ,t[] ( ,babel 7,g54 #aa3i74 ,x ?us came ab\t t no anci5t temple ( ,babylonia1 l "s ( ^? 9 ,egypt1 has rema9$ above gr\nd4 ,explor]s h _h to dig to discov] antiquities2 7see ,fig4 #bb74 #c4 ,! ,discov]y ( ,antiquities3 ,by ,b5jam9 ( ,tudela4--,! fir/ man f we/]n ,europe :o travel$ ?r\gh ,babylonia & ,assyria & not$ _! ru9s 0 a ,jew1 ,b5jam9 ( ,tudela1 9 ! k+dom ( ,nav>re4 ,leav+ home ab\t #aafj ,a4 ,d41 he travel$ ?r\gh ,pale/9e1 cross$ ! des]t by way ( ,tadmor1 visit$ ,mosul opposite anci5t ,n9eveh1 & w5t s\?w>d to ! site ( ,babylon4 ,he also saw ! ru9 ( ,birs ,nimrd1 & believ$ x to be ! ,t[] ( ,babel4 ,betwe5 ! sixte5? & eighte5? c5turies _m o!r travel]s visit$ ! ,mesopotamian ,valley & describ$ :at !y saw4 ,"s ( ^!1 t[>d ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 describ$ curi\s inscriptions :i* !y _h se5 !re on bricks4 ,?is in=mation l$ ! ,briti% ,ea/ ,india ,company 9 #agig to in/ruct its resid5t at ,bussorah1 9 s\!rn ,babylonia1 to try to secure "s ( ^! inscriptions4 ,?is he did1 & e>ly 9 #ahja ! fir/ case ( inscrib$ bricks arriv$ at ! ,ea/ ,india ,h\se 9 ,london1 :]e !y are /ill pres]v$4 ,by ,ri*4--,e>ly 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury ,claude ,james ,ri* became resid5t ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company at ,bagdad4 ,9 8 travels ?r\gh ! region he visit$ ! m\nds ( ,hillah 7,babylon71 ,k\yunjik 7,n9eveh71 & o!rs1 :]e he made "s slight excavations1 & f\nd _m inscriptions4 ,! small] ones he add$ to 8 collection1 b _m ( !m 7 ( too monum5tal a "* to be remov$4 ,?r\gh ^! ef=ts a wide-spread int]e/ 0 ar\s$4 ,by ,botta & ,place4--,9 #ahdb ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t creat$ a vice-consulate at ,mosul1 opposite ! site ( anci5t ,n9eveh1 & appo9t$ to ! position ,paul ,emil ,botta1 :o _h s]v$ z ,fr5* consul at ,alex&ria 9 ,egypt4 ,botta's mission 0 made 9 "p ar*ological4 ,9 ,decemb]1 #ahdb1 ,botta began digg+ 9 ! m\nd ( ,k\yunjik1 ! site ( anci5t ,n9eveh4 ,"h he work$ = ?ree mon?s4 ,z he f\nd only a few inscrib$ bricks & ! fragm5ts ( "s bas-reliefs1 he became disc\rag$1 & *ang$ ! field ( 8 op]ations to a m\nd call$ ,khorsabad1 situat$ ab\t f\rte5 miles to ! nor!a/ ( ,k\yunjik4 ,"h he discov]$ a palace fill$ ) int]e/+ inscrib$ bas-reliefs made ( alaba/]1 z well z a city ab\t a mile 9 circumf]5ce4 ,"u ! corn]s ( ! palace & "u ! city gates 7 _m inscrib$ cyl9d]s ( clay4 ,?is prov$ to be ! palace & city built by ,s>gon1 ,k+ ( ,assyria 7#gbb-gje ,b4 ,c471 z 8 new capital4 ,he nam$ x ,dur-,%>ruk91 or ,s>gonsburgh4 ,8 "n _h s entirely disappe>$ f anci5t lit]ature t only "o ref]5ce to him has surviv$1 t 9 ,isaiah #bj3a1 b "h 0 8 palace aris+ f ! du/ toge!r ) abundant annals ( 8 reign4 7,see ,"p ,,ii1 p4 #cfi1 ff47 ,botta & 8 successor1 ,victor ,place1 excavat$ int]mitt5tly at ,khorsabad = t5 ye>s1 uncov]+ ! palace & mak+ a plan ( x1 excavat+ ! city walls & gates1 /udy+ ! dra9age ( ! anci5t t[n1 & fully describ+ ! :ole4 ,al?\gh a "p ( ! antiquities f\nd 7 lo/ 9 ! ,tigris by ! wreck ( a raft on :i* !y 7 be+ float$ d[n ! riv]1 a l>ge collection rea*$ ,france1 :]e !y are pres]v$ 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,by ,lay>d4--,! success ( ,botta fir$ ! en?usiasm ( ,au/5 ,h5ry ,lay>d1 a "y ,engli%man ( ,hugu5ot desc5t1 :o began to excavate 9 #ahde at ,nimrd1 a m\nd fur!r d[n ! ,tigris ?an ,mosul1 & ! site ( ! ,biblical ,calah 7,g54 #aj3aa74 ,8 money 0 at fir/ furni%$ by a few fri5ds1 b z he soon discov]$ a royal palace !re simil> to ! "o ,botta _h une>!d at ,khorsabad1 ! tru/ees ( ! ,briti% ,museum commission$ him to excavate = !m4 ,he ?us cont9u$ ! "w int]mitt5tly until #ahdi4 ,dur+ ?is "t he sp5t mo/ ( 8 en]gy ^u ! m\nd ( ,k\yunjik1 :]e he discov]$ ano!r royal palace4 ,?is palace prov$ to be ! "w ( ,s5na*]ib1 ! son ( ,s>gon 7nam$ 9 #b ,k+s #ah3ac2 ,isa4 #cf71 :o built ! "o at ,khorsabad1 :ile ! palace at ,calah 01 9 its f9al =m1 ! "w ( ,es>haddon1 ! son ( ,s5na*]ib4 7,see #b ,k+s #ai3cg47 ,! palace at ,n9eveh _h 9 turn be5 repair$ by ,es>haddon's son1 ,assurbanipal4 ,by ,l(tus & ,rawl9son4--,z ^! excavations progress$1 o!rs 7 /imulat$ to make m9or explorations4 ,?us 9 #ahej ,william ,k5nett ,l(tus c>ri$ on small excavations at ! m\nd ( ,w>ka1 ! site ( ! ,biblical ,ere* 7,g54 #aj3aj71 9 s\!rn ,babylonia1 f :i* he recov]$ important antiquities4 ,f #ahea-ahee ! ov]sight ( ,engli% excavations 0 entru/$ to ,sir ,h5ry ,c4 ,rawl9son1 ! ,briti% consul-g5]al at ,bagdad4 ,"u 8 direction ,j4 ,e4 ,taylor1 ,briti% vice-consul at ,bassorah1 made an excavation at ! m\nd ( ,mugheir1 ! site ( ,ur ( ! ,*aldees1 :]e he une>!d important inscriptions4 ,at ! same "t ,l(tus 0 travel+ ab\t ,babylonia collect+ antiquities4 ,by ,opp]t & ,rassam4--,9 #aheb a ,fr5* exp$ition "u ! direction ( ,jules ,opp]t rea*$ ,babylonia4 ,opp]t made important excavations at ,hillah1 ! site ( ! city ( ,babylon1 & at ,birs ,nimrd1 ! anci5t ,borsippa4 ,9 #aheb ,hormuzd ,rassam1 :o _h be5 "o ( ,lay>d's help]s1 cont9u$ "u ,rawl9son's direction ! excavation at ,n9eveh4 ,?is "w cont9u$ until #ahed2 ,rassam _h ! good =tune to f9d1 9 a "p ( ! m\nd previ\sly unt\*$1 /ill ano!r palace4 ,?is 0 ! palace ( ,assurbanipal1 ! la/ ( ,assyria's great k+s1 :o rul$ f #ffh to #fbf ,b4 ,c41 & :o collect$ "h a great libr>y4 ,?is libr>y ,rassam discov]$1 & z x conta9$ e v>iety ( ,babylonian & ,assyrian lit]ature1 includ+ diction>ies & grammatical ex]cises1 x 0 "o ( ! mo/ important ar*ological discov]ies ev] made4 ,dur+ ! la/ "p ( ! "t ,rassam 0 succe$$ by ,l(tus4 ,f9ally1 9 ! autumn ( #ahed1 ,rawl9son himself und]took an excavation at ,birs ,nimrd1 & une>!d "s important inscriptions ( ,nebu*adrezz> ,,ii1 ,k+ ( ,babylon1 #fjd-efb ,b4 ,c4 7,see #b ,k+s #bd1 #be47 ,aft] ?is ! int]e/ 9 excavation wan$ = a "t1 :ile s*ol>s 7 busy read+ ! tablets already f\nd4 ,by ,george ,smi?4--,9 ,decemb]1 #ahgb1 ,george ,smi?1 an employee ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 ann\nc$ t among ! tablets f ,n9eveh he _h f\nd an acc\nt ( ! flood :i* closely resembl$ t 9 ! ,bible4 ,?is ar\s$ s mu* int]e/ t ! proprietors ( ! ,london ,daily ,telegraph contribut$ money to s5d ,george ,smi? to ,assyria to explore fur!r ! m\nds !re4 ,george ,smi? ?us l$ two exp$itions ( exploration1 "o 9 #ahgc & ! o!r 9 #ahgd4 ,he ext5d$ ! tr5*es ( 8 pr$ecessors at ,n9eveh & discov]$ _m m important inscriptions4 ,9 #ahgf he 0 on 8 way to ,mesopotamia = ! ?ird "t1 :5 he di$ ( fev] at ,aleppo4 ,! ,briti% ,museum imm$iately secur$ ! s]vices ( ,rassam aga91 :o dur+ t ye> & #ahgg ext5d$ ! "w at ,k\yunjik 7,n9eveh7 & also f\nd a palace ( ,%almanes] ,,iii1 ,k+ ( ,assyria1 #hfj-hbd ,b4 ,c41 at a m\nd call$ ,balawat1 situat$ to ! ea/ ( ,k\yunjik4 ,by ,s>zec4--,meantime1 ! int]e/ ( ,france 0 aga9 ar\s$1 & 9 #ahgg h] consul at ,bassorah1 ,erne/ de ,s>zec1 began ! excavation ( ,telloh1 a m\nd 9 s\!rn ,babylonia1 :i* turn$ out to be ! site ( ,%irpurla or ,laga%1 "o ( ! olde/ & mo/ important ( ! anci5t cities ( ,babylonia4 ,"w 0 c>ri$ on at int]vals "h by ,s>zec until 8 dea? 9 #aija1 & has s9ce be5 cont9u$ by ,ga/on ,cros4 ,! results h n receiv$ ! popul> acclaim accord$ to ! discov]ies ( ,botta & ,lay>d1 b sci5tifically !y are f> m important4 ,"s ( ! olde/ examples ( ,babylonian art h be5 discov]$1 z well z _m ?\s&s ( tablets4 ,"o room alone conta9$ an ar*ive ( bus9ess docum5ts e/imat$ at ?irty ?\s&4 ,mu* ( our k ( ! hi/ory ( e>ly ,babylonia is d]iv$ f mat]ial f\nd at ,telloh4 ,by ,pet]s1 ,w>d1 & ,haynes4--,9 #ahhd ,am]ica began to take an int]e/ 9 ,babylonian exploration4 ,?is 0 due l>gely to ! initiative ( ,dr4 ,john ,p4 ,pet]s1 !n ,pr(essor ( ,hebrew 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania1 n[ ,rector ( ,/4 ,mi*ael's ,*ur*1 ,new ,york4 ,?r\gh 8 ef=ts ,miss ,ca!r9e ,l4 ,wolfe1 ( ,new ,york1 contribut$ ! money to defray ! exp5ses ( an exp$ition to ,babylonia = a prelim9>y survey4 ,?is exp$ition 0 l$ by ,dr4 ,william ,hayes ,w>d1 ,editor ( ! ,new ,york ,indep5d5t4 ,x sp5t ! w9t] ( #ahhd-ahhe 9 ,mesopotamia1 made _m obs]vations ( ! v>i\s m\nds1 & collect$ "s ar*ological mat]ial4 ,dr4 ,pet]s cont9u$ 8 ef=ts1 & z a result a fund 0 rais$ 9 ,philadelphia to defray ! exp5ses ( an excavation 9 ! int]e/ ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,?is exp$ition set out 9 #ahhh "u ! direction ( ,dr4 ,pet]s4 ,! site *os5 = ! exploration 0 ,nuff>1 ab\t sixty miles to ! s\!a/ ( ,babylon4 ,! "w 0 cont9u$ = two seasons "u ! direct control ( ,dr4 ,pet]s4 ,aft] an int]ruption ( ?ree ye>s ! "w 0 resum$ "u ! g5]al direction ( ,dr4 ,pet]s1 ) ,dr4 ,john ,h4 ,haynes z ,field ,director4 ,dr4 ,haynes1 9 ! mo/ self-sacrific+ & h]oic mann]1 cont9u$ ! "w bo? summ] & w9t] until ,febru>y1 #ahif1 lay+ b>e _m ( ! features ( ! anci5t city ( ,nippur1 :i* _h occupi$ ! site1 & discov]+ _m inscrib$ tablets4 ,:ile ?is "w 0 9 progress ,pr(4 ,h]man ,v4 ,hilpre*t became nom9al head ( ! exp$ition on acc\nt ( ! removal ( ,dr4 ,pet]s to ,new ,york4 ,a f\r? exp$ition "u ! guidance ( ,dr4 ,haynes began "w at ,nuff> 7,nippur7 9 ,febru>y1 #ahii1 & work$ until ,m>*1 #aijj4 ,dur+ ?is "w ,dr4 ,haynes discov]$ a l>ge ar*ive ( tablets1 ! exact numb] ( :i* is v>i\sly e/imat$4 ,! f9d 0 simil> to t made by ,s>zec at ,telloh2 7see ,figs4 #af & #ag74 ,nuff>1 ! anci5t ,nippur1 0 "o ( ! olde/ c5t]s ( ,babylonian civilization1 & ! "w ( ! ,am]icans !re is1 = our k ( ! hi/ory ( anci5t ,babylonia1 next 9 importance to t done by ! ,fr5* at ,telloh4 ,a l>ge numb] ( ! tablets discov]$ at ,nippur are n[ 9 ! ,univ]sity ,museum 9 ,philadelphia4 ,meantime1 ! ,turki% gov]nm5t _h und]tak5 on its own acc\nt an excavation at ,abu ,haba1 ! site ( ! anci5t ,sipp> 9 nor!rn ,babylonia4 ,! direction ( ! "w 0 committ$ to ! ov]sight ( ! ,fr5* ,assyriologi/ ,pre ,s*eil1 & ! "w 0 c>ri$ on 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! ye> #ahid4 ,mu* int]e/+ mat]ial 0 br\ght to light4 ,by ,koldewey4--,also dur+ ?is decade a new ,society1 ! ,ori5t-,gesells*aft1 _h be5 =m$ 9 ,b]l9 = ! purpose ( excavation4 ,?is ,society began 9 #ahii ! excavation ( ! great m\nd :i* cov]$ ! ru9s ( ! anci5t city ( ,babylon4 ,! "w 0 committ$ to ! direction ( ,dr4 ,rob]t ,koldewey1 :o has c>ri$ x /eadily =w>d until ! pres5t "t4 ,koldewey has laid b>e at ,babylon a numb] ( ! great works ( ,k+ ,nebu*adrezz>--! magnific5t walls ) :i* he surr\nd$ ,babylon1 & ! palace & temples ) :i* he adorn$ x4 ,z ! "w at ,babylon has progress$1 ,koldewey has made a numb] ( m9or excavations 9 small] m\nds ( ,babylonia4 ,dur+ ! season ( #aiab-aiac ,dr4 ,julius ,jordan und]took1 "u ,dr4 ,koldewey's g5]al direction1 an excavation at ,w>ka1 ! ,biblical ,ere*1 :]e ,l(tus _h dug sixty ye>s be=e4 ,a "p ( ! great temple ( ,i%t> has be5 uncov]$ by ,dr4 ,jordan1 toge!r ) a portion ( ! city wall & _m h\ses4 ,_m tablets h also be5 f\nd1 "s ( !m hav+ be5 writt5 z late z ! ,seleucid & ,p>?ian p]iods1 #cab-ej ,b4 ,c42 7see ,fig4 #ah74 ,by ,&rae4--,:ile ! excavation at ,babylon has be5 9 progress1 ! ,ori5t-,gesells*aft has also conduct$ ano!r at ,kalah-,%]ghat1 on ! ,tigris1 9 anci5t ,assyria4 ,?is is ! site ( ! city ( ,a%ur1 f :i* ! c\ntry ( ,assyria took its "n4 7,cf4 ,g54 #aj3aj1 #aa47 ,! "w has be5 "u ! direction ( ,dr4 ,&rae & has be5 9 progress f #aijb to ! pres5t "t4 ,temples & palaces h be5 uncov]$1 & inscriptions f e p]iod ( ,assyrian hi/ory h be5 f\nd4 ,! late/ reports ( ! "w at ,a%ur tell ( ! discov]y ( objects :i* connect ! f\nd+ ( ! city ) immigrants f ,laga% 9 s\!rn ,babylonia4 ,by de ,morgan4--,9 #aijj a ,fr5* exp$ition began ! excavation ( ,susa1 9 anci5t ,elam1 ! ,%u%an ( ! ,bible4 7,see ,neh4 #a3a2 ,e/h] #a3b1 etc41 & ,dan4 #h3b47 ,?is "w 0 "u ! direction ( ,j4 de ,morgan4 ,:ile ,susa is n 9 ,babylonia1 ! excavations "h add$ greatly to our k ( ,babylonian hi/ory & life1 = dur+ ! fir/ two seasons ( ! excavation1 two inscrib$ /one pill>s 7 discov]$1 :i* ! anci5t ,elamites _h at "s "t tak5 z trophies ( w> f ! ,babylonians4 ,"o ( ^! 0 an inscription ( ,mani%tusu1 ,k+ ( ,ki%1 :o rul$ ab\t #bgjj ,b4 ,c41 & ! o!r ! pill> :i* conta9$ ! laws ( ,hammurapi1 ! mo/ important s+le docum5t relat+ to ,babylonian life t is kn[n to u4 7,see ,"p ,,ii1 ,*apt] ,,xiii47 ,by ,h>p] & ,banks4--,dur+ ! ye> #aijc-aijd ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago s5t an exp$ition to ,babylonia4 ,! exp5ses 7 borne by a contribution f ,john ,d4 ,rockefell]4 ,! late ,pr(4 ,rob]t ,h>p] 0 ,sci5tific ,director ( ! exp$ition1 & ,dr4 ,edg> ,j4 ,banks1 ,field ,director4 ,! "w 0 conduct$ at ! m\nd ( ,bismya1 :i* prov$ to be ! site ( ! anci5t city ( ,adab1 "o ( ! olde/ ,babylonian cities1 :i* seems n to h be5 occupi$ s9ce ab\t #bfjj ,b4 ,c4 ,_m int]e/+ f9ds 7 made1 includ+ a /atue ( a k+1 ,lugaldaudu1 & _m tablets4 ,friction ) ! ,turki% gov]nm5t br\ght ! exp$ition to an untimely close1 & ow+ to ! same cause ! tablets discov]$ are ho>d$ at ,con/ant9ople & h n be5 giv5 to ! _w4 ,by ,g5\illac4--,dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! ye> #aiad a ,fr5* exp$ition1 "u ! direction ( ,h4 de ,g5\illac1 excavat$ at ,ukhaimir1 ! site ( anci5t ,ki%4 ,!y h discov]$ ! great ,ziggurat ( ! temple ( ,zamama1 ! god ( ,ki%1 & are said to h made o!r important f9ds1 b ! details are n yet publi%$4 #d4 ,! ,deciph]m5t ( ! ,inscriptions4--,! task ( le>n+ to read ! inscriptions ( ,babylonia & ,assyria 0 mu* m difficult ?an ! deciph]m5t ( ! ,egyptian hi]oglyphs1 = no su* simple key z ! ,rosetta ,/one 0 at h&4 ,! key t f9ally unlock$ ! my/]y came n f ,babylonia1 b f ,p]sepolis 9 ,p]sia4 ,:5 ,cyrus ! ,great conqu]$ ,babylon 9 #ech ,b4 ,c4 ! ,p]sians _h n develop$ a sy/em ( writ+4 ,!y accord+ly adapt$ to _! language ! *>act]s ( ! ,babylonian script4 ,! ,babylonian script _h begun1 l ! ,egyptian hi]oglyphs1 z a sy/em ( picture-writ+1 9 :i* ea* picture repres5t$ an idea4 ,^! _h gone ?r\gh a long developm5t1 9 :i* ! orig9al picture-=ms _h be5 supplant$ by conv5tional *>act]s d]iv$ !refrom4 ,9 mak+ ^! *>act]s on clay1 "o end ( a l9e 0 always wid] ?an ! o!r1 h5ce ! *>act]s are call$ 8w$ge-%ap$0 or 8cunei=m40 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! ages ! ,babylonians _h come to use ! *>act]s to express bo? syllables & :ole words1 & a scribe might m+le ^! uses ( a sign at w 9 writ+ a composition4 ,_m ( ! signs might also express any "o ( sev]al syllables4 ,9 adapt+ ?is complicat$ sy/em1 ! ,p]sians _h ! wisdom to simplify x4 ,!y select$ or con/ruct$ a "* = ea* s\nd1 mak+ a real alphabet4 ,?ree ( ! ,p]sian k+s1 ,d>ius 7#eba-dhe71 ,x]xes 7#def-dfe71 & ,artax]xes ,,ii 7#dje-cei71 wrote _! inscriptions 9 ?ree languages1--,babylonian1 ,elamite1 & ,p]sian1--employ+ w$ge-%ap$ scripts = all ( !m4 ,by ,niebuhr4--,9 ! ru9s ( ! great palace ( ! ,p]sian k+s at ,p]sepolis _m ( ^! inscriptions 9 ?ree languages 7 pres]v$4 ,^! ru9s attract$ ! notice ( _m travel]s f ! "t t ,odoric1 a monk1 saw !m 9 #acbj ,a4 ,d41 & a numb] ( travel]s _h made copies ( "s ( !m & br\ght !m back to ,europe4 ,! inscriptions 7 a great puzzle4 ,aft] ,alex&] ! ,great 7#cca-cbc ,b4 ,c47 ,p]sia _h be5 subject to =eign p[]s until #bbj ,a4 ,d41 :5 ! ,sassanian dyna/y 7#bbj-fda ,a4 ,d47 made ,p]sia aga9 an indep5d5t k+dom4 ,9 ! revival ( ,p]sian lett]s t occurr$ 9 ,sassanian times1 a =m ( ! ,phnician alphabet 0 us$1 because ! old *>act]s ( ^! inscriptions _h be5 =gott54 ,9 #agfe ,c>/5 ,niebuhr1 a ,dane1 visit$ ,p]sepolis & made accurate copies ( a l>ge numb] ( ^! inscriptions4 ,! fir/ correct read+ ( any ( ^! inscriptions 0 done f ,niebuhr's copies2 7see ,fig4 #bj74 ,by ,grotef5d1 de ,sacy1 & ,rawl9son4--,a numb] ( s*ol>s _h /udi$ ,niebuhr's copies1 b ! fir/ to read any ( !m correctly 0 ,georg ,fri$ri* ,grotef5d1 a ,g]man s*ol>4 ,he began ) ! assumption t ! ?ree gr\ps ( l9es 9 ! inscriptions conta9$ respectively ?ree languages1 & t ! fir/ ( ^! 0 ! ,p]sian ( ,cyrus & 8 successors4 ,9 ! ye>s #aghg-agia ,sylve/re de ,sacy1 a ,fr5* ,ori5tal s*ol>1 _h /udi$ & 9 "p exp\nd$ "s ,sassanian alphabetic inscriptions f ,p]sia1 :i* _h also long attract$ ! notice ( s*ol>s4 ,^! ,sassanian inscriptions 7 _m ( !m ca/ 9 ! same m\ld4 ,!y ran ?us3 8,x ! great k+1 k+ ( k+s1 ! k+ ( ,iran & ,aniran1 son ( ,y1 ! great k+10 etc4 ,grotef5d _h ^! inscriptions be=e him1 & comp>$ ?is =mula ) ! inscriptions f ,p]sepolis4 ,he not$ t z (t5 z ! =mula conta9$ ! ^w 8k+0 ! inscriptions f ,p]sepolis conta9$ ! same gr\p ( signs1 & t z (t5 z x _h 8( k+s10 !y reproduc$ ! gr\p ) a diff]5t end+4 ,he !re=e rightly conclud$ t ^! signs 7 ! old ,p]sian spell+ ( ! ,p]sian ^w = 8k+0 ) its g5itive plural4 ,tak+ f ! ,sassanian inscriptions ! ^w = k+1 he proce$$ to p>cel out its s\nds among ! *>act]s ) :i* ! ^w 0 spell$ 9 ! ,p]sepolis inscriptions4 ,he also f\nd a k+1 :o 0 ! son ( a man n a k+4 ,?is1 he rightly held1 c\ld be none o!r ?an ,d>ius1 ! son ( ,hy/aspes4 ,apportion+ ! prop] gr\ps ( signs among ! s\nds ( ^! names1 he obta9$ /ill fur!r alphabetical values4 ,?us a beg9n+ 0 made4 ,grotef5d 01 h[ev]1 unable to c>ry ! "w f>1 & 9 ! ye>s t foll[$ ,eugne ,burn\f1 ,*ri/ian ,lass51 ,isidore ,l[5/]n1 ,h5ry ,c4 ,rawl9son1 & ,edw>d ,h9cks all made contributions to ! subject4 ,! honor ( hav+ fir/ correctly read & int]pret$ a long inscription belongs to ,rawl9son4 ,rawl9son 0 a "y army (fic]1 :o z a boy _h be5 9 ,india1 :]e he le>n$ ,p]sian & sev]al ( ! dialects ( ,india4 ,9 #ahcc he 0 s5t to ,p]sia ) o!r ,briti% (fic]s to assi/ 9 ! reorganization ( ! ,p]sian army4 ,"h 8 att5tion 0 attract$ by ! great ,p]sian inscriptions 9 ! m\nta9s ne> ,hamadan1 ! anci5t ,ecbatana1 & 9 ! int]vals ( milit>y duties he copi$ & /udi$ sev]al ( !m4 ,he 01 9 ! e>ly /ages ( 8 "w1 q unaw>e ( ! "w done by ,grotef5d & o!rs1 b hit indep5d5tly ^u ! me?od foll[$ by ,grotef5d4 ,ow+ to ! fact t ! inscriptions on :i* ,rawl9son work$ 7 long] ?an ^? accessible to ,grotef5d1 & also conta9$ m prop] names1 ,rawl9son atta9$ great] success ?an any ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,he did n publi% 8 results1 h[ev]1 until he _h become ?or\ghly famili> ) all t o!rs _h done4 ,x 0 n until #ahdf t he publi%$ a full int]pretation ( ! ,p]sian column ( ! great ,behi/un#aj inscription ( ,d>ius ,i4 ,babylonian ,column4--,?is successful a*ievem5t relat$1 h[ev]1 only to ! ,p]sian column4 ,! my/]ies ( ! ,babylonian column _h n yet be5 solv$4 ,?is task1 z w be evid5t f ! complicat$ nature ( ! writ+ m5tion$ above1 0 a mu* m difficult "o4 ,! deciph]m5t ( ! ,p]sian _h1 h[ev]1 taught ! s\nd ( _m cunei=m signs4 ,^! s\nds 7 c>ri$ ov] to ! ,babylonian column z a nucleus ( in=mation4 ,excavations 7 all ! "t also br++ new mat]ial to light1 & a comp>ison ( inscriptions1 9 _m ( :i* ! same words 7 writt5 9 diff]5t ways1 sometimes ideographically & sometimes syllabically1 help$ on ! g5]al /ock ( k4 ,rawl9son1 ,h9cks1 ,jules ,opp]t1 & ,fox ,talbot 7 ! m5 :o at ?is /age ( ! "w 7 /ill wre/l+ ) ! problem4 ,aga9 ,rawl9son 0 ! man to a*ieve ! fir/ di/+ui%$ success4 ,9 #ahea he publi%$ "o hundr$ & twelve l9es ( ! ,babylonian portion ( ! ,behi/un inscription ) translit]ation & translation1 & accompani$ ! :ole ) copi\s notes 9 :i* ! pr9ciples ( ! gramm> 7 set =?4 ,a li/ ( ! signs & _! values 0 also add$4 ,f t day to ?is ! /udy has /eadily gone =w>d4 ,babylonian-,semitic4--,! "w ( ,rawl9son & 8 co-labor]s prov$ t ! language ( ! anci5t ,babylonians 0 a ,semitic language1 closely ak9 to ,hebrew1 ,aramaic1 ,arabic1 & ,e?iopic4 ,)9 ! next few ye>s aft] he _h f\nd ! key to ! cunei=m writ+1 ,rawl9son ann\nc$ t ! inscriptions f ,babylonia conta9$ mat]ial 9 ano!r & v diff]5t language4 ,! rese>*es ( lat] ye>s h fully confirm$ ?is1 & s*ol>s call ?is language ,sum]ian4 ,! p :o spoke x 7 ! inv5tors ( _m elem5ts 9 ! civilization ( e>ly ,babylonia1 & = _m c5turies at ! dawn ( hi/ory divid$ ! c\ntry ) ! ,semites4 #e4 ,*ronology4--,! mat]ials = con/ruct+ ! *ronology ( ,babylonian & ,assyrian hi/ory are z foll[s3 7#a7 ,claudius ,ptolemy1 an ,egyptian a/ronom] :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! second c5tury ,a4 ,d41 made a li/ ( ! k+s ( ,egypt1 ,p]sia1 & ,babylonia back to ! accession ( ! ,babylonian k+1 ,nabonass>1 9 #gdg ,b4 ,c4 ,?is li/ 0 compil$ z an a/ronomical aid1 & is v accurate4 7#b7 ,! ,assyrian k+s kept li/s ( ye>s & ( pr9cipal ev5ts1 to :i* s*ol>s h giv5 ! "n 8,eponym ,li/s10 because ea* ye> 0 nam$ aft] ! k+ or "s (fic]4 ,tablets conta9+ ^! li/s h be5 recov]$ on :i* we c /ill read ! *ronology f #hic to #fff ,b4 ,c4 ,?is li/ accord+ly ov]laps ! li/ or 8canon0 ( ,ptolemy4 ,"s ( ^! ,assyrian k+s 7 also k+s ( ,babylon1 & :]e ! li/s ov]lap !y agree4 ,"o ( ^! li/s m5tions an eclipse :i* occurr$ at ,n9eveh 9 ! mon? ,sivan 7,may-,june71 #gfc ,b4 ,c4 ,?is eclipse has be5 calculat$ & v]ifi$ by mod]n a/ronom]s1 s t ! *ronology cov]$ by ^! li/s re/s ^u a secure sci5tific basis4 7#c7 ,= dates 9 ,assyrian hi/ory ant]ior to #hic ,b4 ,c4 we h to dep5d ^u incid5tal notices 9 ! inscriptions4 ,?us ,s5na*]ib1 ^: date is fix$ by ! ,eponym ,li/s z #gje-fha ,b4 ,c41 relates t dur+ 8 reign he recov]$ f ,babylon ! images ( two gods t _h be5 tak5 z booty by ,m>duknad9akhi1 ,k+ ( ,babylon1 f ,tigla?-piles]1 ,k+ ( ,assyria1 #dah ye>s be=e ,s5na*]ib br\ght !m back4 ,x foll[s f ?is t ,tigla?-piles] ,i ( ,assyria & ,m>duknad9akhi ( ,babylon 7 rul+ f ab\t #aabj to #aajj ,b4 ,c4 ,we also h a long inscription f ! ,tigla?-piles] m5tion$ "h1 :o relates t 9 8 reign he re/or$ a temple1 :i* _h be5 built by ,%am%i-,adad1 rul] ( ,assyria1 son ( ,i%mi-,dagan1 rul] ( ,assyria1 #fda ye>s be=e ! "t ( ,a%ur-dan1 ,k+ ( ,assyria4 ,a%ur-dan _h1 he tells u1 pull$ ! temple d[n & x _h la9 9 ru9s #fj ye>s until he 7,tigla?-piles]7 rebuilt x4 ,by add+ ^! numb]s we rea* #ahai or #ahbj ,b4 ,c4 z ! accession ( ,%am%i-,adad4 ,aga9 ,s5na*]ib f\nd at ,babylon a seal :i* bore ! foll[+ inscription3 8,tukulti-,n9ib1 k+ ( ! _w1 son ( ,%almanes]1 ,k+ ( ,assyria1 conqu]or ( ! l& ( ,*alda4 ,:oev] *anges ! writ+ ( my "n1 may ,a%ur & ,adad de/roy 8 "n4 ,?is seal 0 pres5t$ by ! l& ( ,assyria to ! l& ( ,akkad0 7,babylonia74 ,to ?is ,s5na*]ib add$ ! foll[+ inscription3 8,i1 ,s5na*]ib1 aft] #fjj ye>s conqu]$ ,babylon1 & f its treasures br\ght x out & took x40 ,we le>n f ?is t ,tukulti-,n9ib 0 rul+ 9 ,assyria f ab\t #acjj to #abij ,b4 ,c4 ,&rae has rec5tly 7#aiad7 publi%$ an inscription ( ,tukulti-,n9ib 9 :i* he /ates t he repair$ a temple :i* _h be5 built by 8 ance/or1 ,ilu-%umma1 ,k+ ( ,assyria1 #gbj ye>s be=e4 ,ilu-%umma 01 accord+ly1 rul+ 9 ,assyria ab\t #bjbj to #bjaj ,b4 ,c4 7#d7 ,among ! tablets 9 ! ,briti% ,museum are two s-call$ 8dyna/ic tablets0 :i* conta9 li/s ( ! k+s ( ,babylon f ! "t t ,babylon became ! lead+ city ( ! c\ntry to its capture by ! ,p]sians4 ,! k+s are divid$ into eight dyna/ies1 ! l5g? ( ! reign ( ea* k+ 0 orig9ally giv51 & at ! end ( ea* dyna/y a /atem5t 0 giv5 ( ! numb] ( k+s 9 t dyna/y & ! total l5g? ( _! reigns4 ,^! tablets are un=tunately mu* brok51 s t !y af=d u little help aft] ! ye> #ajjj ,b4 ,c4 ,we le>n f !m1 h[ev]1 t ,m>duknad9akhi1 ! k+ m5tion$ by ,s5na*]ib z rul+ ab\t #aajj ,b4 ,c41 belong$ to ! f\r? ,babylonian dyna/y1 &1 if we add toge!r ! ye>s giv5 = ! previ\s dyna/ies1 we are tak5 back ne>ly to ! ye> #bdjj ,b4 ,c4 = ! accession ( ! fir/ dyna/y ( ,babylon4 ,evid5ce has1 h[ev]1 come to light 9 rec5t ye>s :i* proves t ! fir/ & second ( ^! dyna/ies ov]lapp$1 "o rul+ 9 ! nor? :ile ! o!r rul$ 9 ! s\?4 ,a reliable *ronology _c1 !re=e1 be obta9$ by add+ ^! numb]s toge!r4 ,9 ord] to correct !m rec\rse mu/ be _h to o!r evid5ce4 7#e7 ,franz ,xav] ,kugl]1 :o is bo? an a/ronom] & an ,assyriologi/1 has rec5tly %[n t an a/ronomical tablet :i* 0 publi%$ z long ago z #ahgj1 & :i* notes = a s]ies ( ye>s :5 ,v5us 0 ! ev5+ & :5 ! morn+ />1 conta9s a date =mula :i* fixes its compilation 9 ! reign ( ,ammi-zadugga1 ! t5? ( ! elev5 k+s ( ! fir/ dyna/y ( ,babylon4 ,f ma!matical calculations ( ! position ( ! planet ,v5us1 ,kugl] is accord+ly able to fix ! accession ye> ( ,ammi-zadugga z ei!r #bjdj1 #aigf1 or #aheg ,b4 ,c4 ,z ! fir/ ( ^! dates is too e>ly1 & ! ?ird is1 9 ! judgm5t ( mo/ s*ol>s1 too late1 x foll[s t 8 accession ye> 0 9 #aigf4 ,f ! l5g?s ( ! reigns ( ! v>i\s k+s ( ?is dyna/y z giv5 9 ! dyna/ic tablets1 x foll[s t ! fir/ dyna/y ( ,babylon began its rule 9 #bbjf ,b4 ,c4 7#f7 ,"u ,adad-nir>i ,,iii1 ,k+ ( ,assyria 7#haj-ghb ,b4 ,c471 a s-call$ syn*roni/ic hi/ory ( ,assyria & ,babylonia 0 compil$4 ,x cov]$ ab\t #fjj ye>s1 beg9n+ ) a treaty ( peace betwe5 ,k>a9da%1 ,k+ ( ,babylon1 & ,a%ur-rim-ni%i%u1 ,k+ ( ,assyria4 ,x aids 9 fill+ gaps left by breaks 9 o!r li/s4 7#g7 ,a *ronological tablet 9 ! ,babylonian collection ( ,yale ,univ]sity conta9s a li/ ( ! k+s ( ,l>sa4 ,?is city 0 conqu]$ by ,hammurapi1 ( ! fir/ dyna/y ( ,babylon1 9 ! #ca/ ye> ( 8 reign4 ,! tablet1 !re=e1 c\nts ,hammurapi "o ( ! k+s ( ,l>sa1 ascrib+ to him twelve ye>s ( rule4 ,! tablet 0 app>5tly compil$ 9 ! twelf? ye> ( ,samsuiluna1 ,hammurapi's successor1 to :om twelve ye>s are also ascrib$4 ,x gives ! total l5g? ( ! dyna/y ( ,l>sa z #bhi ye>s4 ,t dyna/y1 accord+ly1 began its rule 9 #bceh ,b4 ,c4 7#h7 ,9 a *ronological li/ ( ! k+s ( ,ur & ,nis9 on a tablet 9 ! ,univ]sity ,museum1 ,philadelphia1#aa x is /at$ t ! k+s ( ,ur rul$ #aag ye>s & ! k+s ( ,nis9 #bbe ye>s & #f mon?s4 ,a tablet has n[ be5 discov]$ :i* %[s t ! dyna/y ( ,nis9 0 n ov]?r[n until #baag or #baaf ,b4 ,c4 ,its #bbe ye>s1 !re=e1 7 all p>allel to ! "t ( ! dyna/y ( ,l>sa4 ,z ! dyna/y ( ,nis9 rose ^u ! ru9s ( ! k+dom ( ,ur1 ! dates ( ! k+dom ( ,ur are1 !re=e1 fix$ z #bdeh-bcda ,b4 ,c4 7#i7 ,a *ronological tablet publi%$ by ,s*eil 9 ! ,comptes r5dus ( ! ,fr5* ,academy = #aiaa gives a li/ ( five e>ly dyna/ies ( ,babylonia3 a dyna/y ( ,opis1 "o ( ,ki%1 "o ( ,agade1 & two ( ,ere*4 7#aj7 ,a gr\p ( *ronological tablets 9 ! ,univ]sity ,museum 9 ,philadelphia1#ab :i* assign sev]al dyna/ies to ea* ( sev]al well-kn[n ,babylonian cities1 ascribe to _! k+s incr$ibly long reigns4 ,"o ( ^! is translat$ 9 ,"p ,,ii1 ,*apt] ,,iv4 7#aa7 ,fragm5ts ( a "w ( ,b]ossos1 a ,babylonian prie/ :o liv$ aft] ! "t ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 conta9 a li/ ( ,babylonian k+s4 ,he bas$ 8 "w on su* tablets z ^? 9 ! ,univ]sity ,museum4 ,8 /atem5ts ab\nd accord+ly 9 incr$ible numb]s4 ,f ^! tablets x appe>s t ! dyna/y ( ,ur 0 prec$$ by ! dyna/y ( ,gutium1 :i* rul$ = #aei ye>s2 ! dyna/y ( ,gutium 0 prec$$ by a dyna/y ( ,ere* = #bf ye>s2 t1 by a dyna/y ( ,agade = #aig ye>s2 t1 by "o k+ ( ,ere*1 ,lugalzaggisi1 :o rul$ #be ye>s2 he 0 app>5tly prec$$ by a dyna/y ( ,ki% = #ajf ye>s2 t1 by a dyna/y ( ,opis = #ii ye>s4 ,^! figures take u back to #cjgj ,b4 ,c41 ?\gh ! arrangem5t = ! "t be=e ,lugalzaggisi is 9 "p conjectural4 ,f\r dyna/ies ( :at are kn[n to h be5 hi/orical k+s exi/$ be=e ?is "t1 s t we are l$ to place ! beg9n+ ( ! hi/orical p]iod 9 ,babylonia ab\t #cbjj ,b4 ,c4 or e>li]4 7#ab7 ,nabuna'id1 ,k+ ( ,babylon1 #eee-ech ,b4 ,c41 /ates t he f\nd1 9 repair+ ! temple at ,sipp> 7,agade71 ! temple-plat=m ( ,n>am-,s91 son ( ,s>gon1 :i* no "o _h se5 = #c1bjj ye>s4 ,z he made ?is /atem5t ab\t #eej ,b4 ,c41 x 0 long suppos$ t ?is fix$ ! date ( ,n>am-,s9 z #cgej ,b4 ,c41 & t ( 8 fa!r1 ,s>gon1 at ab\t #chjj ,b4 ,c4 ,^! dates w be f\nd 9 _m ( ! old] books1 b !y are incr$ible4 ,!y w\ld1 if true1 leave long gaps 9 ! hi/ory t we h no in=mation to fill4 ,s9ce x has be5 cle>ly prov$ t ! dyna/ies ov]lapp$1 x seems t ,nabuna'id rea*$ 8 date by add+ toge!r ! totals ( dyna/ies1 "s ( :i* 7 contempor>y4 ,x n[ seems probable t he plac$ ,n>am-,s9 ab\t #a1ajj ye>s too e>ly4 ,! s\rces "h enum]at$ af=d u a tol]ably accurate *ronology back to ab\t #bdej ,b4 ,c4 ,all dates e>li] ?an ?is h to be e/imat$ by comb9+ /atem5ts ( e>ly dyna/ic tablets ) ar*ological & palographic consid]ations4 #f4 ,outl9e ( ! ,hi/ory4--,! hi/ory ( ,babylonia & ,assyria falls into eight diff]5t p]iods4 ,our in=mation is n yet suffici5tly complete to enable u to write ! hi/ory ( any "o ( !m1 b we c disc]n 9 outl9e a mo/ fasc9at+ c\rse ( ev5ts4 7#a7 ,! ,prehi/oric ,p]iod1 or ! p]iod be=e ! rise ( writt5 hi/ory1 dur+ :i* we c asc]ta9 f v>i\s inf]5ces ! g5]al c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,?is p]iod mu/ h begun ab\t #dejj or #ejjj ,b4 ,c4 & la/$ d[n to ab\t #cbjj ,b4 ,c4 ,! ,semites f ,arabia#ac 7 ! fir/ to p\r into ! f]tile valley ( ,mesopotamia4 ,!y came up f ! s\?1 e/abli%+ ! city ( ,eridu on ! %ore ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 !n ! cities ( ,ur1 ,ere*1 ,laga%1 ,nippur1 etc4 ,!y c>ri$ ) !m ! culture ( ! palm-tree1 & le>n$ to raise gra9 9 ! alluvial soil ( ! riv]s1 b !y _h no sy/em ( writ+4 ,! e>ly cities ( ,babylonia 7 ! =tifi$ resid5ces ( diff]5t tribes1 :i* 7 frequ5tly at w> ) "o ano!r4 ,"o city w\ld subjugate its neighbors = a "t & e/abli% a small empire4 ,z long z x cont9u$ to rule1 a c]ta9 degree ( homage 0 paid to its god by all ! cities ov] :i* x rul$4 ,9 prehi/oric times !re 7 k+doms ( ?is sort rul$ at "o "t by ,eridu1 at ano!r by ,ere*1 & at ano!r by ,nippur1 = ,ea1 ! god ( ,eridu1 ,anu1 ! god ( ,ere*1 & ,enlil or ,bel1 god ( ,nippur1 7 ev] aft] wor%ip$ z ! supreme gods ( ,babylonia4 ,sum]ians4--,at "s "t be=e ! dawn ( hi/ory a p :om we call ,sum]ians mov$ into ,babylonia f ! ,ea/4 ,^! p spoke a language :i* possesses "s features 9 common ) ,f9ni% & ,turki%4 ,!y 7 nei!r ,aryans nor ,semites4 ,! ,semites wore ?ick hair & long be>ds2 ! ,sum]ians %av$ bo? _! heads & faces4 ,^! ,sum]ians ov]ran s\!rn ,babylonia z f> nor? z ,nippur & 9 ?is region became ! rul+ race4 ,!y graft$ ! wor%ip ( _! own gods ^u ! wor%ip ( ! deities ( ! cities :i* !y conqu]$1 b ! ,semitic elem5ts ( ^! local deities p]si/$ ev5 9 ,sum]ian ?\ght4 ,x ?us came ab\t t ! bald & be>dless ,sum]ians picture _! gods ) hair & be>ds4 ,aft] settl+ 9 ,babylonia1 ! ,sum]ians develop$ a sy/em ( writ+4 ,x 0 at fir/ hi]oglyphic1 l ! ,egyptian sy/em4 ,aft]w>d ! ,semites1 :o /ill reta9$ ! supremacy 9 ! cities ( ,ki% & ,agade 9 ! nor?1 & :o _h probably be5 re9=c$ !re by fre% migrations f ,arabia1 adapt$ ?is sy/em ( writ+ to _! own language4 ,z clay 0 ! usual writ+ mat]ial & x 0 difficult to make good pictures on x1 ! pictographic =m ( ! writ+ 0 soon lo/4 ,! pictures deg5]at$ into ^? conv5tional symbols :i* are today kn[n z ! 8cunei=m0 *>act]s4 7#b7 ,! ,pre-,babylonian ,p]iod ( ! hi/ory includes ! p]iod f ab\t #cbjj ,b4 ,c4 d[n to ! rise ( ! city ( ,babylon1 ab\t #bajj ,b4 ,c4 ,?is p]iod1 l ! prec$+1 0 a "t ( successive city k+doms4 ,"o city w\ld e/abli% an empire = a :ile1 !n ano!r1 hav+ become m p[]ful1 w\ld take ! lead]%ip4 ,:5 fir/ our writt5 records enable u to trace ! c\rse ( ev5ts1 ,laga% 9 ! s\? & ,ki% 9 ! nor? 7 ! rival cities4 ,laga% 0 rul$ by a k+1 ,enkhegal4 ,a little lat] ,meselim1 ,k+ ( ,ki%1 conqu]$ all ( s\!rn ,babylonia1 includ+ ,laga%4 ,aft] ,meselim _h pass$ away1 ,ur-,n9a f\nd$ a new dyna/y at ,laga% & ga9$ 8 indep5d5ce4 ,ur-,n9a's gr&son1 ,eannatum1 rais$ ! p[] ( ,laga% to its greate/ height1 conqu]+ all ! cities ( ,babylonia1 ev5 ,ki%4 ,! ,elamites 7 always invad+ ! f]tile pla9s ( ,babylonia1 s ,eannatum asc5d$ ! ea/]n m\nta9s & subjugat$ ,elam4 8,/ele ( ! ,vultures40--,he celebrat$ 8 victories by ! erection ( "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable monum5ts :i* ! anci5t _w produc$1 ! s-call$ 8/ele ( ! vultures40 ,f ! pictures on ! monum5t we le>n t ! soldi]s ( ,laga%1 ab\t #biej ,b4 ,c41 wag$ _! battles 9 a solid phalanx protect$ by %ields4 ,! ,greeks 7 =m]ly suppos$ to h inv5t$ ?is =m ( attack1 b 7 anticipat$ by #b1ejj ye>s2 7see ,fig4 #ai74 ,al?\gh ?is dyna/y furni%$ sev]al o!r rul]s1 ! lead]%ip ( all ,babylonia 0 lo/ aft] ! dea? ( ,eannatum4 ,x pass$ fir/ to ,opis & !n aga9 to ,ki%4 ,laga% cont9u$ to fl\ri%1 h[ev]1 dur+ #bjj ye>s1 :ile ^! cities 7 ! ov]lords ( its rul]s4 ,its w>s _h made x ri*1 & all ! arts fl\ri%$ !re4 ,our be/ specim5s ( t]ra-cotta & /one "w come f ?is p]iod ( ?is city4 ,"u ,entem5a1 ! successor ( ,eannatum1 a silv] vase ( exquisite workman%ip & ornam5tation 0 made2 7see ,fig4 #ba74 ,aft] a c5tury or m ( weal? & luxury1 dur+ :i* prie/s & (ficials became corrupt1 a new k+1 ,urkag9a1 seiz$ ! ?rone & endeavor$ to re=m ! adm9i/ration4 ,naturally1 8 re=ms 7 unpopul> ) ! prie/hood & ! army1 &1 ?\gh popul> ) ! p1 he un9t5tionally weak5$ ! def5sive p[] ( 8 c\ntry4 ,at ?is juncture a new rul] nam$ ,lugalzaggisi arose 9 ! city ( ,umma1 :o ultimately ov]?rew ,laga% & became k+ ( all ,babylonia4 ,he made ,ere* 8 capital4 ,?is 0 ab\t #bhjj ,b4 ,c4 ,lugalzaggisi claims to h ov]run ! c\ntry f ! ,p]sian ,gulf to ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,if s1 & !re is no good reason to d\bt 8 claim1 ,babylonia & ! ,pale/9ian coa/-l&s 7 "u him br\ght toge!r = ! fir/ "t4 ,aft] ,lugalzaggisi ! city ( ,agade came to ! =e4 ,its great ,k+ ,s>gon ab\t #bgge ,b4 ,c4 f\nd$ a dyna/y :i* rul$ = ne>ly two hundr$ ye>s4 ,! k+s ( ?is l9e 7 ,semitic & resid$ sometimes at ,agade & sometimes at ,ki%4 ,s>gon conqu]$ ,syria & a lat] *ronicle says t he cross$ ! we/]n sea4 ,z a seal ( ?is dyna/y 0 f\nd 9 ,cyprus1 x is possibly true4 ,n>am-,s91 "o ( ! mo/ fam\s k+s ( ?is l9e1 conqu]$ ! c\ntry ( ,magan1 :i* "s believe to be ! p59sula ( ,s9ai1 b :i* o!rs hold 0 situat$ 9 ea/]n ,arabia4 ,ab\t ! "t ( ?is dyna/y1 or a little be=e1 ,k+ ,lugaldaudu fl\ri%$ at ,adab1 ! mod]n ,bismya1 :]e ,dr4 ,banks f\nd 8 /atue4 ,9 ?is same g5]al p]iod a k+ nam$ ,anuban9i rul$ 9 a city to ! nor?w>d1 call$ ,lulubi4 ,p]haps x 0 "u ! lat] k+s ( ?is dyna/y ( ,agade1 or "u a dyna/y ( ,ere* :i* held sway = a brief p]iod aft] !m1 t ,gudea fl\ri%$ at ,laga%4 ,?is rul] does n claim to be a k+1 b 8 city enjoy$ great prosp]ity "u him1 & he rebuilt x 9 f9e /yle4 ,he seems to h be5 on peaceful t]ms ) mu* ( ! _w1 & br\ght = 8 /ructures /one f ,magan1 c$> wood f ,amanus on ! ,m$it]ranean coa/1 & copp] f ,lebanon4 ,aft] ?is "t ! l& 0 ov]run by hordes f ,gutium1 a region to ! nor!a/ beyond ! ,tigris4 ,!y e/abli%$ a dyna/y :i* la/$ = #abe 7or #aei7 ye>s4 ,9 #bdeh ,b4 ,c4 a dyna/y arose 9 ! city ( ,ur1 situat$ f> to ! s\?4 ,^! k+s 7 ,sum]ians & "u !m a great ,sum]ian revival occurr$4 ,by ?is "t nor!rn ,babylonia 0 call$ ,akkad1 f ! city ( ,agade1 & s\!rn ,babylonia 0 call$ ,sumir1 f a corruption ( ! "n ( "o ( ! qu>t]s ( ,laga%4 ,^! k+s comb9$ ) ! title 8k+ ( ,ur0 ! title 8k+ ( ,sumir & ,akkad40 ,sumir is ! ,biblical 8,%9>0 7,g54 #aj3aj2 #aa3b1 etc474 ,dungi1 ! second k+ ( ?is dyna/y ( ,ur1 reign$ #eh ye>s & e/abli%$ a wide empire1 :i* includ$ ,elam & ! city ( ,susa4 ,he e/abli%$ a sy/em ( gov]nm5t po/s to aid ! royal (fic]s ( army & /ate 9 ! p]=mance ( _! duties4 ,^u ! fall ( ! dyna/y ( ,ur1 ! dom9ion ( ,babylonia 0 divid$ betwe5 two cities1 ,nis9 & ,l>sa1 ea* ( :i* furni%$ a dyna/y :i* fl\ri%$ = m ?an two & a qu>t] c5turies4 ,naturally1 ^! k+s 7 cont9ually /ruggl+ ) ea* o!r = ! supremacy1 & sometimes "o city 0 ! m p[]ful1 sometimes ! o!r4 ,! ,elamites1 :o dur+ ! :ole p]iod _h occasionally swoop$ d[n into ! ,mesopotamian ,valley1 ov]ran ,l>sa & furni%$ ! la/ two k+s ( its dyna/y1--,arad-,s9 & ,rim-,s94 ,^! k+s h ea* be5 ?\ght by diff]5t s*ol>s to be ! ,ario* ( ,g54 #ad3a4 7,see ,"p ,,ii1 ,*apt] ,,ix47 ,ab\t #bbaj ,b4 ,c4 a dyna/y ( rul]s 0 f\nd$ 9 ! city ( ,babylon t 0 de/9$ to br+ a new era into ! hi/ory ( ! c\ntry4 ,aft] a /ruggle ( m ?an a c5tury ,hammurapi1 ! six? k+ ( ?is l9e1 broke ! p[] ( ,l>sa & made ,babylon ! lead+ city ( ! c\ntry4 ,nis9 _h previ\sly fall54 ,) ! rise ( ,babylon ano!r p]iod ( ! life ( ! c\ntry 0 end$4 ,! above sket* calls att5tion to a few only ( ! m prom95t features & cities ( ,babylonia4 ,!re 7 _m o!rs :i* p>ticipat$ 9 h] life dur+ ! mill5nium ( ! pre-,babylonian p]iod4 ,! recov]y ( m inscriptions w no d\bt make ?is /atem5t m true ev5 ?an we n[ dream4 ,ea* ( ^! contribut$ its mite to ! progress ( civilization 9 ?is melt+-pot ( races 9 ?is f>-(f "t4 7#c7 ,! ,e>ly ,babylonian ,p]iod began ) ! reign ( ,hammurapi & cont9u$ till ab\t #ajej ,b4 ,c4 ,x includes ! rule ( ! fir/ f\r dyna/ies ( ,babylon4 ,! p]iod began glori\sly "u ,hammurapi1 :o conqu]$ all ( ,babylonia1 & ext5d$ 8 sway also to ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,he 0 z great z an adm9i/rator z he 0 z a conqu]or2 he codifi$ ! laws ( ,babylonia & inscrib$ !m on a /one pill>1 :i* 0 set up 9 ! temple ( ,m>duk 9 ,babylon4 ,^! laws h be5 recov]$1 & are "o ( ! mo/ valuable ar*ological discov]ies ( mod]n times4 7,see ,"p ,,ii1 ,*apt] ,,xiii47 ,soon aft] ! dea? ( ,hammurapi1 a revolt occurr$ "u "o ,ilumailu1 :o e/abli%$ 9 ! region ne> ! ,p]sian ,gulf a dyna/y kn[n z ! 8dyna/y ( ! sea l&s10 :i* 0 aft]w>d call$ ! second dyna/y ( ,babylon4 ,d[n to #aibd ,b4 ,c4 ! two dyna/ies divid$ ! c\ntry betwe5 !m4 ,9 t ye> ,babylonia 0 invad$ by ! ,hittites1 :o came f ! nor?we/1 & ! fir/ dyna/y ( ,babylon 0 ov]?r[n4 ,! ,hittites appe> to h rul$ ! c\ntry = a %ort "t1 :5 !y 7 driv5 out by ! 8dyna/y ( ! sea l&s10 :i*1 s f> z we "k1 controll$ ! c\ntry = ! next hundr$ & fifty ye>s4 ,kassites4--,ab\t #agej ,b4 ,c41 or %ortly be=e1 ,babylonia 0 once m invad$ by a race ( b>b>ians f ! ea/ ( ! ,tigris1 call$ ,kassites or ,cossans4 ,!y captur$ ,babylon & f\nd$ ! ?ird dyna/y ( ,babylon1 :i* rul$ = #egf ye>s4 ,! k+s ( ?is dyna/y gradually absorb$ ,babylonian culture4 ,soon aft] #agjj ,b4 ,c4 !y expell$ ! k+s ( ! sea l&s f ! s\? & rul$ ! :ole c\ntry4 ,assyria1 :i* "u ! fir/ dyna/y _h be5 a ,babylonian colony1 ga9$ h] indep5d5ce be=e #adjj ,b4 ,c41 s t aft] t ! indep5d5t hi/ories ( ! two l&s run on p>allel l9es4 ,dur+ ! long p]iod ( ,kassite rule1 ,babylon exp]i5c$ _m vicissitudes4 ,assyria 0 at times fri5dly & at times ho/ile4 ,9 ! reign ( ,kurigalzu1 ,elam 0 successfully invad$ & spoil =m]ly tak5 by ! k+s ( ,elam 0 br\ght back to ,babylonia4 ,kada%man-turgu & ,burnaburia%1 k+s ( ?is dyna/y1 c>ri$ on fri5dly correspond5ce ) ,am5ophis ,,iii & ,am5ophis ,,iv1 k+s ( ,egypt1 #adjj-acej ,b4 ,c4 ,pa%e ,dyna/y4--,ab\t #aage ,b4 ,c4 ! ,kassite dyna/y 0 sup]s$$ by ! ,pa%e dyna/y1 :i* rul$ ! c\ntry = m ?an a hundr$ & ?irty ye>s4 ,! greate/ k+ ( ?is "t 0 ,nebu*adrezz> ,i1 :o reign$ ab\t #aaej ,b4 ,c4 ,he emulat$ ) consid]able success ! c>e] ( 8 great pr$ecessor1 ,hammurapi4 ,aft] ! fall ( ! f\r? dyna/y1 ! c\ntry 0 divid$ & fell a prey to ! ,elamites1 :o ov]ran x ab\t #ajej4 ,= ! foll[+ #dej ye>s ,babylonia1 ?\gh (t5 indep5d5t1 0 ( little political importance4 7#d7 ,! ,e>ly ,assyrian ,p]iod4--,assyria's empire grew out ( ! dom9ation ( ! city ( ,a%ur1 z t ( ,rome grew out ( ! dom9ation ( ! city ( ,rome4 ,a%ur & ,n9eveh _h be5 f\nd$ by coloni/s f ,laga% ab\t #cjjj or #bhjj ,b4 ,c4 ,?is is %[n by ar*ological rema9s f\nd at ,a%ur1 & by ! "n ( ,n9eveh4 ,we c fir/ trace ! names ( ,assyria's rul]s %ortly be=e ! ye> #bjjj ,b4 ,c4 ,!y d n call !mselves k+s1 & 71 p]haps1 !n subject to ,babylon4 ,ab\t #adcj ,b4 ,c4 we le>n t ,assyria _h become an indep5d5t k+dom4 ,h] k+ at t "t1 ,a%ur-rim-ni%i%u1 0 a contempor>y ( ,k>a9da%1 ,k+ ( ,babylon4 ,a%ur-uballit ab\t #acgj-acdc 0 a contempor>y ( ,burnaburia%1 ,k+ ( ,babylon1 & %>$ 9 ! correspond5ce ) ,egyptian k+s conta9$ 9 ! ,el-,am>na lett]s4 ,%almanes] ,i ab\t #acjj ,b4 ,c4 conqu]$ ! region to ! we/ ( ,assyria ext5d+ across ! ,euphrates 9 ! direction ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,a%ur-nasirpal1 a lat] k+ 7#hhd-hfj ,b4 ,c471 says t ,%almanes] 8made0 ! city ( ,calah#ad z a new capital = 8 c\ntry4 ,8 son1 ,tukulti-,n9ib ,i1 turn$ 8 arms to ! s\?w>d & conqu]$ ,babylon1 :i* he held = sev5 ye>s4 ,aft] him ,assyria's p[] decl9$ = a "t1 b 0 reviv$ by ,tigla?-piles] ,i1 :o c>ri$ ,assyria's conque/s aga9 across ! ,euphrates to ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea & nor?w>d to ! region ( ,lake ,van4 ,aft] ! reign ( ,tigla?-piles] ,i1 ,assyria's p[] rapidly decl9$ aga91 & ! fir/ p]iod ( ,assyria's hi/ory 0 clos$4 ,our s\rces almo/ fail u = a hundr$ ye>s or m4 7#e7 ,! ,second ,assyrian ,p]iod4--,assyria sl[ly em]g$ f ! obscurity into :i* %e _h fall5 aft] ! dea? ( ,tigla?piles] ,i4 ,! progress w5t =w>d ?r\gh ! reigns ( elev5 diff]5t k+s4 ,f9ally1 9 ! reign ( ,a%ur-nasirpal ,,ii1 #hhd-hfj ,b4 ,c41 a p]iod ( =eign conque/ 0 once m inaugurat$4 ,?is mon>* aga9 c>ri$ ! conque/s ( 8 c\ntry nor?w>d & also to ! ,m$it]ranean4 7,see ,"p ,,ii1 p4 #cfj47 ,"u him ,assyria became ! be/ fight+ ma*9e 9 ! anci5t _w--a ma*9e t 0 run ) ru?less cruelty ov] all conqu]$ peoples4 ,?is k+ set 8 successors ! example ( flay+ & impal+ numb]s ( conqu]$ peoples1 & ( boa/+ ( su* de$s 9 8 *ronicles4 ,probably su* de$s 7 n n[ committ$ = ! fir/ "t1 b s f> z we "k !y _h n be5 s gloat$ ov]4 ,a%ur-nasirpal's successor1 ,%almanes] ,,iii1 #hfh-hbd ,b4 ,c41 made1 besides campaigns into ,arm5ia & else:]e1 six campaigns aga9/ ! l&s ( ,syria & ,pale/9e4 ,on 8 fir/ campaign 9 #hed he 0 met at ,q>q> by a conf$]ation ( k+s1 among :om 7 ,ahab ( ,israel & ,b5-,hadad ( ,damascus4 7,see ,"p ,,ii1 p4 #cfj1 ff47 ,on 8 f\r? campaign 9 #hdb ,b4 ,c4 ,jehu1 :o _h 9 t ye> usurp$ ! ?rone ( ,israel1 ha/5$ to make 8 peace ) ,%almanes] by giv+ him a heavy tribute4 ,?us ,assyria ga9$ a "r to claim ,israel z a vassal /ate4 7,see ,"p ,,ii1 p4 #cfb1 f47 ,! next two k+s1 ,%am%i-,adad ,,iv & ,adad-nir>i ,,iv1 controll$ ,assyria until #ghc ,b4 ,c41 & ma9ta9$ h] p[]4 ,! la/-m5tion$ k+ made ?ree exp$itions into ! ,we/1 & claims to h receiv$ tribute n only f ,israel b f ,phili/ia & ,edom1 b no details ( 8 campaigns h surviv$4 ,aft] #ghc ! p[] ( ,assyria decl9$ aga91 & ! decl9e la/$ until #gde1 :5 ! reign+ dyna/y 0 ov]?r[n1 & an able g5]al1 ^: "n 0 app>5tly ,pul1 ga9$ ! ?rone 7cf4 #b ,k+s #ae3ai71 & took ! great "n ( ,tigla?-piles]4 ,he reign$ z ! f\r? k+ ( t "n4 ,tigla?-piles] ,,iv 0 great bo? z a w>rior & z a /atesman4 ,he broke = ! "t be+ ! p[] ( ! k+dom ( ,ur>tu 9 ,arm5ia1 conqu]$ p>ts ( ,m$ia on ! ea/1 & also annex$ ,babylon to ,assyria4 ,babylon dur+ ?is lat] ,assyrian p]iod _h usually be5 p]mitt$ to reta9 a k+ ( h] own1 ?\gh ! k+dom 0 ( little political importance z comp>$ ) ,assyria4 ,tigla?-piles] made 8 p[] dom9ant 9 ,babylonia at ! beg9n+ ( 8 reign1 & dur+ ! la/ two ye>s ( 8 life actually reign$ !re z k+4 ,! ,babylonian scribes did n recognize 8 high-s\nd+ "n ( ,tigla?-piles]1 b /ill call$ him ,pul4 ,9 ! fir/ ye> ( 8 reign ,tigla?-piles] ,,iv inaugurat$ a new policy ) ref]5ce to conqu]$ peoples4 ,?is 0 ! policy ( transport+ to a di/ant "p ( 8 empire ! weal?y & influ5tial memb]s ( a conqu]$ nation1 & ( putt+ simil> exiles f o!r l&s 9 _! place4 ,individuals s transport$ w\ld be unable long] to fom5t rebellion aga9/ him4 ,x 0 a brutal policy1 b x 0 a measure design$ to build up a p]man5t empire4 ,tigla?-piles] made f\r exp$itions to ! we/1 ?\gh ! fir/ two t\*$ nor!rn ,phnicia only4 ,9 #gci1 :5 he made 8 appe>ance 9 ,pale/9e1 ,m5ahem1 ,k+ ( ,israel1 ha/5$ to pay him tribute 7#b ,k+s #ae3ai74 ,f\r ye>s lat]1 h[ev]1 aft] ,pekah _h usurp$ ! ?rone ( ,israel1 t k+ =m$ an alliance ) ,rez9 ( ,damascus = ! purpose ( ?r[+ (f ! ,assyrian yoke1 & tri$ to =ce ,ahaz ( ,judah to jo9 9 ! ent]prise4 7,see ,isa4 #g3a1 f47 ,?is1 ,ahaz1 support$ by ! prophet ,isaiah1 refus$ to d4 ,9 #gcc-gcb ,tigla?-piles] came aga9 into ! ,we/1 ov]ran ! t]ritory ( ! k+dom ( ,israel1 deport$ ! *ief inhabitants ( ,galilee to di/ant p>ts ( 8 dom9ions 7#b ,k+s #ae3bi1 #cj71 & replac$ ,pekah1 :o _h be5 kill$1 by ,k+ ,ho%ea1 :o rul$ ov] a greatly dim9i%$ t]ritory & ^u :om a heavy ,assyrian tribute 0 impos$4 ,tigla?-piles] !n turn$ ea/w>d & conqu]$ ,damascus1 :i* 8 pr$ecessors s9ce ! days ( ,%almanes] ,,iii _h be5 va9ly try+ to capture4 ,:ile ! ,assyrian mon>* 0 at ,damascus1 ,k+ ,ahaz ( ,judah w5t ?i!r & became 8 vassal4 7,see #b ,k+s #af3aj1 f47 ,?us ,judah also pass$ "u ! ,assyrian yoke4 7,see ,"p ,,ii1 p4 #cff47 ,tigla?-piles] ,,iv 0 succe$$ by ,%almanes] ,v1 #gbg-gbb ,b4 ,c41 & soon aft] ! dea? ( ,tigla?-piles]1 ,ho%ea ( ,israel 0 p]suad$ to jo9 sev]al petty rul]s ( ,phili/ia & ,egypt 9 rebell+ aga9/ ,assyria4 ,9 #gbe an ,assyrian army ov]ran ,ho%ea's t]ritory1 & laid siege to ,sam>ia4 ,! milit>y position ( ,sam>ia & its /rong walls made x almo/ impregnable1 & ! siege dragg$ on = ?ree ye>s 7#b ,k+s #ag3e74 ,be=e ! city fell1 ano!r k+ _h asc5d$ ! ?rone ( ,assyria4 ,he 0 a usurp]1 a g5]al1 :o took ! great "n ( ,s>gon1 & :o rul$ f #gbb to #gje ,b4 ,c4 ,sam>ia succumb$ 9 ,s>gon's fir/ ye> & #bg1bij ( its inhabitants 7 deport$4 ,! discont5t ( ! we/ 0 n at once quiet$4 ,o!r /ates rema9$ 9 rebellion & an ,assyrian army f9ally defeat$ !m at ,raphia1 s\?we/ ( ,gaza1 9 #gai ,b4 ,c4 ,s>gon !n turn$ 8 arms 9 o!r directions1 fight+ at v>i\s times ) ! k+dom ( ,ur>tu 9 ,arm5ia1 ov]com+ ,c>*emi%1 a ,hittite k+dom on ! ,euphrates 9 #gag 7see ,isa4 #aj3i71 & mak+ an exp$ition into ,arabia 9 #gae4 ,9 #gaa ,a%dod revolt$ & ,s>gon's ,t>tan or *ief (fic] came to put ! rebellion d[n 7,isa4 #bj3a74 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ,s>gon's reign 8 arms _h be5 defeat$ 9 ,babylonia1 & ,m]oda*baladan1 a ,*aldan 7see #b ,k+s #bj3ab71 seiz$ ! ?rone ( ,babylon & held x f #gba to #gji4 ,!n he 0 defeat$ & ,s>gon took ov] ! control ( ,babylonia4 ,m]oda*baladan1 h[ev]1 escap$ to ! m>% l&s at ! head ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 & surviv$ to make tr\ble lat]4 ,9 #gje ,s>gon di$ & 0 succe$$ by 8 son1 ,s5na*]ib1 :o rul$ f #gje to #fha ,b4 ,c4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( 8 reign tr\bles broke out 9 ,babylonia1 :i* _c "h be foll[$ 9 detail4 ,!y la/$ = ye>s1 & none ( ,s5na*]ib's measures gave ! c\ntry p]man5t peace4 ,at la/ ,s5na*]ib became s inc5s$ t he de/roy$ ,babylon4 ,h] build+s 7 burn$ & batt]$ d[n1 h] walls ov]?r[n1 & ! ,euphrates turn$ ?r\gh canals into ! l& on :i* %e _h /ood1 to make x a m>%4 ,"o incid5t 9 ! s]ies ( ev5ts :i* l$ up to ?is sad climax 0 ! reappe>ance 9 #gjb ( ,m]oda*baladan1 :o seiz$ ! ?rone ( ,babylon & tri$ to /ir up a rebellion aga9/ ,assyria4 ,he ev5 s5t lett]s to ,hezekiah1 ,k+ ( ,judah4 7,see #b ,k+s #bj3ab47 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ,s5na*]ib's reign a numb] ( ! petty k+s ( ,phili/ia _h )held _! tribute4 ,into ?is revolt ,hezekiah1 ,k+ ( ,judah1 _h be5 drawn4 ,busi$ ) o!r w>s1 ,s5na*]ib 0 unable to quell ?is rebellion until ! ye> #gja4 ,9 t ye> 8 army met ! =ces ( ! conf$]at$ k+doms at ,elteke 9 ! valley ( ,aijalon & ov]came !m4 ,s5na*]ib !n proce$$ to ,la*i%1 :]e he receiv$ ! submission ( ! neighbor+ k+lets4 ,f ,la*i% he s5t a mess5g] :o summon$ ,hezekiah ( ,judah to submit 7cf4 ,isa4 #cf1 #cg74 ,hezekiah obey$ ! summons & paid a heavy tribute4 ,space does n p]mit u to speak ( ! w>s ( ,s5na*]ib aga9/ ,elam & o!r c\ntries4 ,x w\ld seem t aft] ,tirhakah asc5d$ ! ?rone ( ,egypt 9 #fhh ,b4 ,c41 he p]suad$ ! k+doms ( ,pale/9e to rebel4 ,! ,assyrian came we/ aga9 & ?reat5$ to invade ,egypt & to de/roy ,j]usalem4 ,isaiah !n pr$ict$ t ,j]usalem w\ld be deliv]$ 7,isa4 #ca3e71 a pr$iction :i* 0 fulfill$4 ,s5na*]ib's army 0 attack$ by bubonic plague & 0 compell$ to retire4#ae ,s5na*]ib 0 assass9at$ 9 #fha & 0 succe$$ by 8 son1 ,es>haddon1 :o rul$ till #ffh4 ,es>haddon rebuilt ,babylon1 :i* 8 fa!r _h de/roy$1 & two ye>s be=e 8 dea? conqu]$ all ( ,l[] ,egypt & made x an ,assyrian prov9ce4 ,dur+ 8 reign a great horde ( ,scy?ians p\r$ into ,asia ?r\gh ! ,caucasus region f s\!rn ,russia4 ,! ,assyrian army prev5t$ ,assyria f be+ ov]:elm$ by ?is horde4 ,! /ream ( invad]s 0 divid$1 "o "p fl[+ ea/ to ,m$ia1 ! o!r "p we/w>d to ,asia ,m9or4 ,es>haddon's son & successor1 ,a%urbanipal1 rul$ f #ffh to #fbf4 ,8 reign 0 ! ,augu/an age ( ,assyria4 ,at ! beg9n+ he 0 call$ ^u to put d[n a rebellion 9 ,egypt1 & z tr\ble !re recurr$ sev]al times1 tr\ble :i* 0 fom5t$ by emiss>ies f ,!bes & ,nubia1 he f9ally 9 #ffa pu%$ up ! ,nile & conqu]$ ,!bes & gave x ov] to plund]4 7,see ,nahum #c3h47 ,space does n p]mit u to foll[ ,a%urbanipal's w>s4 ,ab\t ! middle ( 8 reign 8 bro!r1 ,%ama%-%umuk91 :o 0 rul+ ,babylon1 rebell$ along ) _m o!r vassals1 & al?\gh ! rebels 7 f9ally put d[n1 ! se$s ( ! decay ( ,assyria's p[] 7 s[n4 ,manasseh1 ,k+ ( ,judah1 z long z he liv$ 0 a fai?ful vassal ( ,es>haddon & ,a%urbanipal4 7,cf4 #b ,k+s #ai3cg2 #b ,*ron4 #cc47 ,! great "w ( ,a%urbanipal 0 ! collection ( 8 libr>y at ,n9eveh4 ,he s5t to all ! old temples ( ,babylonia & _h copies made ( _! incantations1 hymns1 & epics4 ,^!1 toge!r ) *ronicles1 m$ical tablets1 diction>ies1 etc41 he collect$ 9 8 palace1 :]e !y 7 f\nd by ,lay>d & ,rassam1 & =m ! basis ( our k ( ! ,assyrian & ,babylonian language1 lit]ature1 & hi/ory4 ,) ! dea? ( ,a%urbanipal1 ! la/ ,assyrian p]iod _h really clos$4 ,?\gh ! k+dom cont9u$ = tw5ty ye>s m1 !y 7 b ! ye>s ( a l+]+ dea?4 7#f7 ,! ,neo-,babylonian ,p]iod4--,9 #fbe1 ! ye> aft] ,a%urbanipal's dea?1 ,nabopolass>1 ! vic]oy ( ,babylon1 :o appe>s to h be5 a ,*aldan1#af ga9$ 8 indep5d5ce1 & e/abli%$ ! ,neo-,babylonian1 or ,*aldan empire4 ,nabopolass> himself reign$ till #fjd ,b4 ,c4 ,dur+ 8 reign ! p[] ( ! city ( ,babylon gradually ext5d$ ov] all s\!rn ,babylonia1 & up ! ,euphrates to ,c>*emi%4 ,dur+ ^! ye>s ,assyria 0 gradually dim9i%+ 9 t]ritory4 ,z ,assyria _h decl9$1 ,m$ia1 :i* _h long be5 9 great] or less degree subject to ,assyria1 _h become free1 & ,m$ian k+s _h little by little ga9$ control ( ! c\ntry t[>d ,assyria4 ,nabopolass> f9ally made an alliance ) ! ,m$ian k+1 & toge!r !y ov]?rew ,n9eveh 9 #fjf ,b4 ,c4 ,9 #fjd ,ne*o ( ,egypt m>*$ ) an army to ! ,euphrates1 & ,nabopolass> s5t 8 son1 ,nebu*adrezz> ,,ii1 to meet him4 ,nebu*adrezz> defeat$ ,ne*o at ! battle ( ,c>*emi%1 & hotly pursu$ him t[>d ,egypt4 7,see ,j]4 #df47 ,! pursuit 01 h[ev]1 int]rupt$ by ! dea? ( ,nabopolass>1 & ! recall ( ,nebu*adrezz> to ,babylon to be cr[n$ z k+4 ,! defeat ( ,ne*o _h made ,judah a ,babylonian vassal-/ate4 ,nebu*adrezz> rul$ until #efb ,b4 ,c41 & rais$ ,babylon to a height ( p[] :i* rival$ t atta9$ "u ! great ,hammurapi4 ,he also rebuilt ! city 9 great magnific5ce4 ,! palaces1 temples1 & walls ( ?is p]iod1 une>!d by ,koldewey1 7 mo/ magnific5t /ructures4 ,ow+ to rebellions1 fir/ ( ,jehoiakim & !n ( ,z$ekiah1 k+s ( ,judah1 ,nebu*adrezz> twice besieg$ ,j]usalem1 once 9 #eig1 & aga9 9 #ehf ,b4 ,c41 on bo? occasions captur+ ! city4 ,9 #ehf he de/roy$ x4 7#b ,k+s #bd1 #be47 ,foll[+ ! ,assyrian practice1 :i* _h prevail$ s9ce ,tigla?-piles] ,,iv1 he transport$ consid]able numb]s ( ! m influ5tial p ( ! city ea* "t he took x4 ,^! 7 settl$ 9 ,babylonia4 ,"o colony ( !m 0 /ation$ ne> ,nippur4 ,among ^? :o 7 transport$ 9 #eig 0 a "y prie/1 :o aft]w>d became ! prophet ,ezekiel4 ,! colony ) :i* he came 0 settl$ by ! ,khubur canal ne> ,nippur4 7,see ,ezek4 #a3a47 ,! "y k+1 ,jehoia*91 :o 0 also tak5 captive at t "t1 rema9$ 9 conf9em5t dur+ ! re/ ( ,nebu*adrezz>'s reign4 ,he 0 only releas$ by ,amil-,m>duk1 ,nebu*adrezz>'s son1 :o succe$$ 8 fa!r & reign$ two ye>s4 7,see #b ,k+s #be3bg-cj47 ,aft] ,nebu*adrezz> ! k+dom ( ,babylon rapidly decl9$ ?r\gh f\r reigns4 ,meantime1 ,cyrus1 :o 9 #eec _h ov]?r[n ! k+dom ( ,m$ia & erect$ ! k+dom ( ,p]sia on its ru9s1 _h be5 gradually ext5d+ 8 realm to ! gean ,sea on ! we/1 & to ! bord]s ( ,india on ! ea/4 ,9 #ech ,b4 ,c4 ,cyrus captur$ ,babylon & ov]?rew ,nabuna'id4 7#g7 ,! ,p]sian ,p]iod la/$ f #ech to #cca ,b4 ,c4 ,dur+ ?is "t ,babylonia 0 b a prov9ce ( ! ,p]sian empire1 ?\gh ! ,p]sian k+s made x "o ( _! capitals4 ,cyrus rev]s$ ! policy ( transportation1 :i* _h be5 practis$ by ! ,assyrians & ,babylonians = two hundr$ ye>s1 & p]mitt$ subject peoples to return to _! l&s & re/ore _! in/itutions & wor%ip4 ,he s\ght to atta* !m to 8 gov]nm5t by gratitude in/ead ( fe>4 ,x 0 ow+ to ?is policy t ! ,jewi% /ate 0 once m e/abli%$ ) ,j]usalem z its capital1 ?\gh /ill a ,p]sian colony4 ,cambyses ext5d$ ,p]sian p[] to ,egypt 9 #ebe1 & ,d>ius ,i1 #eba-dhe ,b4 ,c41 ext5d$ x to ,india & into ,europe4 ,"u ,d>ius ! temple at ,j]usalem 0 rebuilt & ! ,jews !re tri$ unsuccessfully to rega9 _! indep5d5ce4 ,?is !y attempt$ once m "u ,artax]xes ,,iii ab\t #cej ,b4 ,c41 b 8 g5]al1 ,bagoses1 put d[n _! rebellion ) great sev]ity4 ,dur+ ! ,p]sian p]iod life 9 ,babylonia w5t on z be=e4 ,! old gods 7 wor%ip$1 ! old culture 0 cont9u$1 ! same language 0 us$1 & _m bus9ess docum5ts writt5 9 x h come d[n to u4 ,! e>li] ,p]sian k+s employ$ x = _! inscriptions1 & 9 a %ort "t ! ,p]sians made f x an alphabet ( _! own4 7#h7 ,! ,greek & ,p>?ian ,p]iods4--,alex&] ! ,great ov]?rew ,d>ius ,,iii1 ! la/ ( ! ,p]sian k+s1 9 #cca ,b4 ,c41 :5 ,assyria & ,babylonia pass$ "u ! sway ( ! ,mac$onian4 ,:5 ,alex&] return$ f 8 conque/ ( hi!r ,india 9 #cbe ,b4 ,c41 he plann$ to ext5d 8 empire we/w>d to ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 & to make ,babylon its capital4 ,plans = ! enl>gem5t & beautify+ ( ! city1 s z to make x a wor?y capital = su* an empire1 7 "u way :5 ,alex&] sudd5ly di$ 9 ,june1 #cbc ,b4 ,c4 ,9 ! f9al division ( ! _w among ,alex&]'s successors1 ,babylonia fell to ,seleucus1 toge!r ) all ! t]ritory f ! ,m$it]ranean to ! bord]s ( ,india4 ,z ,seleucus desir$ a capital on ! ,m$it]ranean1 s z to wat* m successfully ! movem5ts ( 8 rivals1 he built ,antio* on ! ,orontes & made x 8 resid5ce4 ,babylon 01 h[ev]1 made ! capital ( ! ea/]n half ( ! empire1 & ! k+'s son1 z vic]oy1 made x 8 resid5ce4 ,soon aft] #bfj ,b4 ,c4 ,bactria & ,p>?ia1 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ! empire ( ! ,seleucid1 ga9$ _! indep5d5ce4 ,9 c\rse ( "t ,p>?ia absorb$ ,bactria & became an empire1 :i* la/$ till #bcj ,a4 ,d4 ,ab\t #aej ,b4 ,c4 ! ,p>?ians conqu]$ ,babylonia1 :i* rema9$ ) little int]ruption "u _! sway till ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,sassanian k+dom ( ! ,p]sians 9 #bbj ,a4 ,d4 ,babylonia 0 "u ! control ( ?is la/ dyna/y until ! com+ ( ! ,mohamm$ans 9 ! ye> #fcg ,a4 ,d4 ,! old culture ( ! ,babylonians1 _! religion1 language1 & writ+ 7 ma9ta9$ well d[n t[>d ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,copies ( old ,sum]ian hymns h be5 f\nd 9 ,babylonia :i* be> dates z late z #ha ,b4 ,c41 & bus9ess docum5ts 9 ,semitic are num]\s4#ag #g4 ,discov]ies ,:i* ,illum9e ! ,bible4--,discov]ies 9 ,babylonia & ,assyria :i* illum9e ! ,biblical n>ratives are num]\s4 ,! sites ( _m cities1 su* z ,ur ( ! ,*aldees1 ,ere*1 ,babylon1 ,a%ur1 ,n9eveh1 & ,calah1 h be5 excavat$4 ,! numb] ( docum5ts :i* h come to light :i* 9 "o way or ano!r h a be>+ on ! ,bible is too num]\s to m5tion "h4 ,an ef=t has be5 made 9 ,"p ,,ii to translate examples ( mo/ ( !m4 ,inde$1 ! great] "p ( ! mat]ial 9 ,"p ,,ii 0 recov]$ by excavations 9 ^! c\ntries4 ,to ,babylonia & to ,egypt mank9d owes ! work+ out ( ! initial problems ( civilization1 ! processes ( agriculture1 ! mak+ ( bricks1 ! work+ ( /one1 ! manufacture & use ( ! ord9>y implem5ts ( life1 ! developm5t ( elem5t>y ma!matics & a/ronomy1 etc4 ,^! problems 7 by sl[ processes indep5d5tly work$ out 9 ea* c\ntry ?r\gh long ages4 ,! high] spiritual concepts :i* h n[ become ! h]itage ( man nei!r ,babylonia nor ,egypt 0 fitt$ to contribute4 ,^! came ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( o!r peoples4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,hittites ,a ,,=gott5 ,,empire4 ,,hittite ,,monum5ts3 ,s5djirli4 ,boghaz ,koi4 ,o!r rec5t excavations4 ,,hittite ,,deciph]m5t3 ,sayce's e>ly "w4 ,peis]4 ,j5s54 ,cond]4 ,sayce's lat] "w4 ,?ompson4 ,delitzs*4 ,,hittite ,,hi/ory3 ,fir/ appe>ance4 ,hyksos possibly ,hittites4 ,! ,mitanni4 ,k+dom ( 8,hittite ,city40 ,c>*emi%4 ,samal & ,yadi4 ,hama?4 #a4 ,a ,=gott5 ,empire4--,among ! peoples :o are said to h be5 9 ,pale/9e 9 ! ,patri>*al age are ! ,hittites 7,g54 #bc3aj2 #bf3cd1 etc474 ,!y are m5tion$ mo/ (t5 9 ! li/ ( peoples :om ! ,israelites drove out ( ! c\ntry :5 !y conqu]$ x3 8! ,canaanite1 ! ,hittite1 ! ,amorite1 ! ,hivite1 & ! ,jebusite10 & ! man is /ill liv+ :o fir/ suspect$ t any?+ m ?an ?is c\ld be kn[n ( !m4 ,?is man 0 ,pr(4 ,sayce1 ( ,ox=d4 ,9 ! inscriptions ( ! ,egyptian k+s ( ! eighte5? & n9ete5? dyna/ies !re is frequ5t m5tion ( a p call$ ,kheta4 ,9 ! inscriptions ( ,assyrian k+s !re is also frequ5t m5tion ( a p call$ ,kha-at-tu4 ,sl[ly1 too1 dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury rock-c>v+s1 (t5 accompani$ by inscriptions 9 a peculi> hi]oglyph1 7 f\nd scatt]$ ?r\gh nor!rn ,syria & ,asia ,m9or4 ,! figures ( gods & m5 on ^! c>v+s usually wore caps ( a peculi>ly po9t$ type & %oes turn$ f> up at ! toe4 ,9 #ahgf x dawn$ ^u ,pr(4 ,sayce t ^! 7 all ref]5ces to ! ,biblical ,hittites4 ,he proce$$ to elaborate ?is view 9 two articles publi%$ 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,society ( ,biblical ,ar*ology1 ,vols4 ,v & ,,vii4 ,ab\t ! same "t ! ,rev4 ,william ,wright indep5d5tly />t$ ! same idea1 & gave x expression 9 8 book1 ,! ,empire ( ! ,hittites1 #ahhd1 #b;d ed41 #ahhe4 ,at ?is p]iod x 0 impossible to disc]n m ?an t !re _h be5 a widely scatt]$ ,hittite civilization1 :i* might h be5 an empire4 #b4 ,hittite ,monum5ts4--,?is civilization1 x 0 se51 _h left its monum5ts at ,hama? 9 ,syria1 at ,c>*emi% on ! ,euphrates1 at v>i\s po9ts 9 anci5t ,cappadocia1 ,lycaonia1 & ,phrygia1 z well z ne> ,smyrna 9 ,asia ,m9or & on ! ,lydian m\nta9s to ! we/ ( ,s>dis4 ,9 #ahia ,pr(4 ,w4 ,max ,mll]1 ( ,philadelphia1 rea*$ ! conclusion f a /udy ( ! ,egyptian inscriptions t ! ,hittites _h come into ,syria f ! nor?we/1 & t _! ma9 /r5g? 0 9 ,asia ,m9or4 ,among ! lett]s f\nd at ,el-,am>na 9 ,egypt 9 #ahhg-ahhh 7 "s f ,du%ratta1 a k+ ( ,mitanni4 ,a /udy ( ^! made x cle> t ! ,mitanni inhabit$ ! region on bo? sides ( ! ,euphrates nor? ( ,c>*emi%1 & t !y 7 ( ! same /ock z ! ,hittites4 ,our s\rces ( in=mation indicate t ! t]ritory ( ! ,mitanni lay ea/ ( ! ,euphrates1 b scatt]$ monum5ts ( ! ,hittite type are f\nd on ! we/ ( t riv]4 7#a7 ,s5djirli4--,f #ahhh to #ahia a ,g]man exp$ition excavat$ at ,s5djirli1 ne> ! head-wat]s ( ! ,k>a ,su 9 nor!rn ,syria1 & br\ght to light mo/ int]e/+ rema9s ( a civilization t 0 fundam5tally ,hittite4 ,inscriptions f\nd "h dat$ 9 ! reigns ( ,tigla?-piles] ,,iv & ,es>haddon 7 9 ,aramaic4 ,by ?is "t !re _h be5 an influx ( ,aramans1 b ! art %[s t ,hittites held ! place at an e>li] "t1 & !re is reason to believe t "o ( ! k+s m5tion$ "h _h1 ab\t #hej ,b4 ,c41 jo9$ 9 a ,hittite f$]ation4 7#b7 ,boghaz ,koi4--,among ! monum5ts kn[n to ,pr(4 ,sayce at ! beg9n+ ( 8 brilliant /udies ( ! ,hittites1 7 "s f ,boghaz ,koi1 9 ,asia ,m9or4 ,diff]5t travel]s _h not$ t "h mu/ h be5 a some:at ext5sive city1 adorn$ ) sev]al l>ge build+s1 all ( :i* 7 ornam5t$ ) c>v+s ( ! peculi> ,hittite type4 ,9 #aijf ! late ,pr(4 ,w9ckl]1 ( ,b]l91 excavat+ "h 9 connection ) ! au?orities ( ! ,turki% ,museum at ,con/ant9ople1 discov]$ an ar*ive ( clay tablets inscrib$ 9 ,babylonian *>act]s4 ,a gr\p ( simil> tablets f ,cappadocia _h be5 previ\sly pur*as$ by ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,w9ckl]'s discov]y 0 important because he f\nd "s ( ! tablets inscrib$ 9 ,hittite writt5 9 cunei=m *>act]s4 ,( ^? writt5 9 ! ,babylonian language1 "o conta9$ a copy ( ! great treaty betwe5 ,hattusil1 a ,hittite k+1 & ,ramses ,,ii ( ,egypt4 ,!re 7 also tablets conta9+ ,sum]ian & ,semitic equival5ts ( ,hittite words4 ,ow+ to ! long illness ( ,w9ckl] :i* foll[$ ^! discov]ies1 an illness t t]m9at$ 9 dea?1 ! results ( ?is discov]y are only n[ be+ giv5 to ! _w4 ,9 #aijg ,w9ckl] & ,pu*/e91 9 conjunction ) ,makridy ,bey ( ! ,turki% ,museum1 made a ?or\gh exam9ation ( ! rema9s ( walls & build+s at ,boghaz ,koi4 ,! results h s9ce be5 publi%$ 9 a h&some volume entitl$ ,boghaskoi1 die ,bauw]ke1 ,leipzig1 #aiab2 7see ,figs4 #bc & #be74 7#c7 ,o!r ,rec5t ,excavations4--,an ,am]ican exp$ition consi/+ ( ,drs4 ,olm/ead1 ,*>les1 & ,wr5*1 ( ,cornell ,univ]sity1 explor$ 9 ,asia ,m9or 9 #aijg-aijh4 ,! memb]s ( ?is exp$ition collat$ all ! kn[n monum5ts ( ! ,hittites1 b s f> only _! collation ( ! inscriptions has be5 publi%$4 ,! ,in/itute ( ,ar*ology ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,liv]pool has also s5t "o or m exp$itions to explore ! ,hittite c\ntry4 ,9 #aiaj !y excavat$ to "s ext5t at ,sakje-,geuze1 n f> f ,s5djirli1 b _! results are n yet publi%$4 ,s9ce #aiaa ! tru/ees ( ! ,briti% ,museum h _h an excavation 9 progress at ! site ( anci5t ,c>*emi% on ! ,euphrates4 ,"h mo/ important ,hittite rema9s h be5 discov]$1 ?\gh aga9 ! details ( ! "w h n be5 giv5 to ! public4 ,! exp$ition has also made "s m9or excavations at sev]al po9ts 9 ! neighborhood1 & f9d t ,hittite rema9s are num]\s 9 t region4 ,9 addition to ^! places1 ,hittite rema9s h be5 obs]v$ at ,yaila1 ,m>a%1 ,gia\r-,kalesi1 ,k>aburna1 ,kizil ,dagh1 ,frakt91 ,ivriz1 ,k>a-,bel1 ,m\nt ,sypilus1 ,ta%ji1 ,as>jik1 ,bulgh>-,mad51 ,gurun1 & ,k>a ,dagh4 ,"o :o w look up ^! places on a map ( mod]n ,turkey w see t ,hittite monum5ts are di/ribut$ f ne> ! %ores ( ! gean ,sea to ! ,euphrates at ,c>*emi% & to ,hama? 9 ,syria4 7,= addition to ?is section1 see ,app5dix47 #c4 ,hittite ,deciph]m5t4 7#a7 ,sayce's ,e>ly ,"w4--,pr(4 ,sayce1 ^: insight fir/ grasp$ ! significance ( ! ,hittite monum5ts1 0 also ! fir/ to attempt ! solution ( ! riddle :i* ! inscriptions pres5t4 ,9 #ahhj he ?\ght he _h f\nd a key to ! writ+1 su* z ! ,rosetta ,/one _h be5 to ,egyptian1 9 ! s-call$ 8,boss ( ,t>kondemos02 7see ,fig4 #bf74 ,?is 8boss0 consi/$ ( a r\nd silv] plate1 9 =m l half an orange1 :i* mu/ h cov]$ ! knob ( a /aff or dagg]4 ,?is _h be5 describ$ by ,dr4 ,a4 ,d4 ,mordtmann1 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,g]man ,ori5tal ,society 9 #ahgb4 ,! orig9al 0 !n 9 ! possession ( ,alex&] ,jovan(f1 a numismati/ ( ,con/ant9ople1 :o _h obta9$ x at ,smyrna4 ,! 8boss0 bore 9 its c5t] a figure ( ! peculi> ,hittite =m1 flank$ on bo? sides by writ+ 9 ! ,hittite *>act]s1 :ile ar\nd ! :ole 0 an inscription 9 ! cunei=m writ+ ( ,assyria4 ,f ?is ,sayce t5tatively det]m9$ ! values ( a numb] ( ,hittite signs4 ,! results 71 h[ev]1 att5d$ ) consid]able unc]ta9ty1 s9ce ! ,assyrian *>act]s 7 capable ( be+ read 9 m ?an "o way4 ,us+ ! key ?us obta9$1 ,sayce enl>g$ 8 li/ ( suppos$ sign-values & 9 #ahhd & #ahhe publi%$ z kn[n ! values ( ?irty-two ,hittite signs4 ,9 ! ye>s t foll[$ ,ball & ,m5ant took up ! discussion ( ! ,hittite signs1 b ) no decisive result4 ,9 #ahhi ,w9ckl] & ,abel publi%$ 9 "o ( ! volumes ( ! ,royal ,museum at ,b]l9 ! fir/ in/alm5t ( ! text ( ! ,el-,am>na lett]s1 9 :i* !re 7 two f ,du%ratta1 ,k+ ( ,mitanni1 9 ! native language ( t c\ntry1 ?\gh writt5 9 ,babylonian *>act]s4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye>1 #ahij1 ,pr(s4 ,j5s51 ,brnn[1 & ,sayce all publi%$ 9 ! ,zeits*rift fr ,assyriologie /udies ( ?is language1 ,sayce ev5 v5tur+ a translation ( a "p ( ! text4 ,ea* ( ^! s*ol>s _h work$ indep5d5tly ( ! o!rs1 b none ( !m seems to h suspect$ t ! language _h any?+ to d ) ,hittite4 7#b7 ,peis]4--,9 #ahib ,dr4 ,peis]1 !n ( ,breslau ,univ]sity1 publi%$ 8 book on ! ,hittite inscriptions1 9 :i* he essay$ ano!r me?od ( deciph]m5t4 ,lay>d _h f\nd f\r ,hittite seals 9 ! palace ( ,s5na*]ib at ,n9eveh4 ,peis] inf]r$ t ^! mu/ be seals ( f\r ,hittite k+s m5tion$ 9 ! inscriptions ( t "t1 & proce$$ to assign ea* seal to ! "n ( a kn[n ,hittite k+1 & int]pret ! signs on ! seal by ! "n ( t k+ z spell$ out 9 ! cunei=m *>act]s ( ! ,assyrian inscriptions4 ,hav+ obta9$ 9 ?is way t5tative values = sev]al signs1 he proce$$ by inf]5ce to guess at o!r signs1 & s t5tatively read "s inscriptions4 7#c7 ,j5s54--,pr(4 ,j5s51 ( ,m>burg1 wrote 9 t same ye> an unfavorable review ( ,peis]'s "w4 ,:5 read+ ! pro(s ( 8 review he add$ a po/script to say t he believ$ he _h himself discov]$ ! key to ,hittite4 ,two ye>s lat]1 #ahid1 he publi%$ 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,g]man ,ori5tal ,society 8 me?od ( solv+ ! problem4 ,j5s5's />t+-po9t 0 ga9$ f inscriptions f ,j]abis1 ! site ( anci5t ,c>*emi%1 ,hama?1 & o!r places4 ,he inf]r$ t a c]ta9 sign 0 ! det]m9ative = city1 & t ! names prec$+ ?is sign 7 names ( places4 ,ga9+ 9 ?is way "s values = signs1 he read ! names ( "s k+s4 ,he f\nd t ^! names _h nom9atives end+ 9 s & accusative cases end+ 9 m2 he accord+ly leap$ to ! conclusion t ! ,hittite language 0 a memb] ( ! ,indo-,european gr\p ( languages1 z ?is is ! only kn[n gr\p ( tongues 9 :i* ?is ph5om5on occurs4 ,?is inf]5ce lat] rese>* has 9 "p confirm$4 ,j5s51 h[ev]1 w5t fur!r & endeavor$ to %[ t ! ,hittites 7 ! ance/ors ( ! ,arm5ians ( lat] "t4 ,?is !ory l$ to ! publication 9 #ahih ( 8 book1 ,hittit] und ,arm5i]4 ,( ! correctness ( ?is view he has n be5 able to conv9ce o!r s*ol>s4 ,by ?is "t ,j5s5 & o!rs _h begun to see t ! ,mitannians & ! ,hittites 7 k9dr$ peoples & wor%ip$ ! same gods4 ,x is n[ recogniz$ t ,j5s5 correctly asc]ta9$ ! value ( "s signs1 ?\gh _m ( 8 guesses1 l ^? ( 8 pr$ecessors1 h prov$ incorrect4 7#d7 ,cond]4--,9 #ahih ,lieut4-,col4 ,c4 ,r4 ,cond] publi%$ ,! ,hittites & ,_! ,language1 a "w 9 :i* he pres5t$ /ill ano!r deciph]m5t ( ! inscriptions4 ,cond]'s deciph]m5t 0 bas$ on a comp>ison ( ! ,hittite *>act]s ) ! ,sum]ian pictographs on ! "o h& & ! syllab>y :i* 0 us$ by ,greeks 9 ,cyprus1 ,c>ia1 & ,lydia on ! o!r4 ,he assum$ t if a picture _h 9 ,sum]ian a c]ta9 syllabic value1 & if ! ,cypriotic syllab>y pres5t$ a "* some:at resembl+ x :i* _h a simil> value1 ! ,hittite "* :i* mo/ closely resembl$ ^! mu/ h ! same value1 s9ce ! ,hittites liv$ betwe5 ! two peoples :o us$ ! o!r syllab>ies4 ,?is sy/em ( deciph]m5t has attract$ no adh]5ts because x is bas$ on a fallaci\s inf]5ce4 ,x does n foll[ because a nation lives betwe5 two o!r nations1 t its in/itutions are k9dr$ to ^? ( its neighbors4 ,"o c\ld n expla9 writ+s ( ! ,indian tribes ( ,arizona1 = example1 by comp>+ !m ) books pr9t$ 9 ,engli% 9 ,/4 ,l\is & 9 ,spani% 9 ,los ,angeles6 ,9 #ahii ,mess]s*midt1 :o 0 collect+ 9 "o body all ! kn[n ,hittite inscriptions = publication1 publi%$ a /udy ( ! language ( ,mitanni1#ah :i* advanc$ our k ( ! language ( ! lett]s ( ,du%ratta4 ,mess]s*midt's lat] publication ( ! ,hittite inscriptions#ai made x f> easi] = s*ol>s to /udy ! subject4 7#e7 ,sayce's ,lat] ,"w4--,/imulat$ by ,j5s5's ef=ts1 ,pr(4 ,sayce return$ to ! /udy ( ,hittite 9 #aijc1 & publi%$ 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,society ( ,biblical ,ar*ology ( t ye> 7,vol4 ,,xxv7 a new deciph]m5t4 ,he foll[$ ,j5s5's me?od1 accept+ a numb] ( ,j5s5's read+s z prov$1 & ) ! orig9ality & d>+ t *>act]ize s mu* ( 8 "w1 laun*$ _m new read+s4 ,"s ( ^! h comm5d$ !mselves to 8 successors4 ,9 #aiji ,f]d9& ,bork return$ to ! problem ( ! language ( ,mitanni1 & publi%$ a pretty complete deciph]m5t ( ! ,mitannian tablets 9 ! ,el-,am>na lett]s4 ,9 #aiaa ,dr4 ,b4 ,b4 ,*>les1 ! philologi/ ( ! ,cornell exp$ition to ,asia ,m9or1 publi%$ z ,"p ,,ii ( ,volume ,i ( ,travels & ,/udies 9 ! ,ne>] ,ea/1 :i* is to embody ! results ( ! ,cornell exp$ition1 8 collation ( ! ,hittite inscriptions4 ,?is publication add$ "s new texts to ^? previ\sly kn[n4 ,9 #aiab ,pr(4 ,clay1 ( ,yale1 r5d]$ ! subject ( ,hittiteology a di/9ct s]vice by includ+ 9 8 volume ( ,p]sonal ,names f ,cunei=m ,inscriptions ( ! ,cassite ,p]iod a li/ ( ,hittite & ,mitannian prop] names1 & a li/ ( ! nom9al & v]bal elem5ts :i* ent] into ! composition ( su* names4 7#f7 ,?ompson4--,! late/ attempt on a l>ge scale to unravel ! my/]y ( ! ,hittite inscriptions is t ( ,r4 ,campbell ,?ompson1 8,a ,new ,deciph]m5t ( ! ,hittite ,hi]oglyphs10 publi%$ 9 ,ar*ologia1 second s]ies1 ,vol4 ,,xiv1 ,ox=d1 #aiac4 ,mr4 ,?ompson 0 a memb] ( ! ,briti% exp$ition :i* excavat$ ,c>*emi%1 & ga9$ ! idea :i* gave him ! />t+-po9t = 8 deciph]m5t f an inscription excavat$ by t exp$ition4 ,?is inscription conta9$ _m prop] names1 &1 aft] pass+ x & look+ at x e day = a long "t1 x occurr$ to ,mr4 ,?ompson t a c]ta9 elaborate sign :i* frequ5tly occurr$ 9 x might be a "p ( ! "n ( ! ,hittite ,k+ ,sang>1 :o is frequ5tly m5tion$ by ,a%urnasirpal ,,ii & ,%alm5es] ,,iii ( ,assyria4 ,9 seek+ pro( = ?is ,mr4 ,?ompson 0 l$ into a /udy ( ! texts :i* result$ 9 a new int]pretation ( ! ,hittite signs4 ,8 "w is logical at e po9t1 he makes no inf]5ce )\t fir/ exam9+ all ! occurr5ces 9 ! kn[n texts ( ! gr\p ( signs 9 "q1 & he te/s 8 inf]5ces :]ev] possible by ! kn[n results ( a /udy ( ,mitannian & cunei=m ,hittite4 ,x is too soon to pron\nce a f9al v]dict1 b x looks z ?\gh ,?ompson _h mat]ially advanc$ ! deciph]m5t ( ,hittite4 7#g7 ,delitzs*4--,aft] ! dea? ( ,pr(4 ,w9ckl]1 ! cunei=m tablets :i* he _h discov]$ at ,boghaz ,koi 7 turn$ ov] to ,ern/ ,weidn] = publication4 ,t publication is soon to appe>1 b ,pr(4 ,fri$ri* ,delitzs*1 "u ^: g5]al direction ,weidn] is work+1 publi%$ 9 ,may1 #aiad1 a /udy bas$ on tw5ty-six fragm5ts ( lexicographical texts :i* are to appe> 9 ,weidn]'s "w4 ,^! texts def9$ ,hittite words 9 ,sum]ian & 9 ,assyrian4 ,al?\gh ! texts are v fragm5t>y1 ,pr(4 ,delitzs* has be5 able to ga9 9 ?is way a vocabul>y ( ab\t #afe ,hittite words1 ! mean+s ( mo/ ( :i* are kn[n1 & to asc]ta9 "s facts ab\t ! gramm> ( ,hittite4 ,we are1 x w\ld seem1 j on ! eve ( a complete ma/]y ( ! secrets ( ! ,hittite inscriptions4 ,! m our k ( ! ,hittites gr[s1 ! less simple seems ! problem ( _! racial aff9ities4 ,"s features ( _! spee* cle>ly resemble features ( ! ,indo-,european family ( languages1 b o!r features w\ld seem to d5ote ,t>t> aff9ities4 ,9 a numb] ( in/ances ! influ5ce ( ! ,assyrian language c cle>ly be trac$4 ,! same confusion pres5ts itself :5 we /udy ! pictures ( ,hittites z !y appe> 9 ,egyptian reliefs4 ,two di/9ct types ( face are !re portray$4 ,"o type has high *eek bones1 oblique eyes1 & we>s a pigtail1 l ! peoples ( ,mongolia & ,*9a2 ! o!r has a clean-cut head & face :i* resemble some:at ! e>ly ,greeks4 ,^! may well h be5 ,aryans4 ,t !re 0 a /ra9 9 ! ,hittite composition t came f ,turke/an or t came ?r\gh t c\ntry is also indicat$ by ! fact t ! ,hittites 7 ! fir/ ( ! peoples ( we/]n ,asia to use ! horse4 ,evid5ce ( ! use ( ! horse z a dome/ic animal by ! p ( ,turke/an at an e>ly date 0 br\ght to light by ! excavations ( ,pr(4 ,pumpelly#bj 9 t l&1 s t ! pres5ce ( horses among ! ,hittites naturally sugge/s "s connection ) t region4 ,among ! ,hittite allies ,semitic ,amorites are also pictur$4 ,^! h rec$+ =eheads & project+ be>ds4 #d4 ,hittite ,hi/ory4 7#a7 ,fir/ ,appe>ance4--,! e>lie/ ref]5ce to ! ,hittites :i* we h 9 any writt5 record occurs 9 a ,babylonian *ronicle1 :i* /ates t 8aga9/ ,%amsu-ditana ! m5 ( ! c\ntry ,khattu m>*$40#ba ,%amsu-ditana 0 ! la/ k+ ( ! fir/ dyna/y ( ,babylon4 ,8 reign t]m9at$ 9 #aibd ,b4 ,c4 ,khattu l&1 z w appe> fur!r on1 0 ! "n lat] giv5 to ! ,hittite settlem5t 9 ,cappadocia4 ,"o w\ld naturally suppose t ! "n w\ld h ! same significance "h1 b ( ?is we _c be c]ta94 ,! tablet on :i* ?is *ronicle 0 writt5 0 inscrib$ 9 ! ,p]sian or late ,babylonian p]iod1 b !re is evid5ce t x 0 copi$ f an e>li] orig9al4 ,if its /atem5t is true1 ! ,hittites _h made _! appe>ance 9 hi/ory & 7 prep>$ to m+le 9 t mle ( ! races :i* occurr$ :5 ! fir/ dyna/y ( ,babylon 0 ov]?r[n4 ,no?+ is said 9 ! *ronicle z to ! location ( ! l& ( ,khattu1 b !re c be no d\bt t ! ,hittites approa*$ ,babylonia f ! nor?we/4 ,_! seat mu/ h be5 9 ! region :]e we lat] f9d ! ,hittites1 or ,mitanni4 ,at :at p]iod ! ,hittites came into ?is region we c only conjecture4 ,! excavations at ,sakje-,geuze reveal a civilization !re ext5d+ back to ab\t #cjjj ,b4 ,c41 :i* resembl$ t f\nd at ,susa 9 ,elam belong+ to ! same p]iod4 ,?is civilization may n h be5 ,hittite 9 its beg9n+s4 ,mr4 ,woolley1 a memb] ( ! ,briti% exp$ition :i* has excavat$ at ,c>*emi%1 9 a /udy ( ! objects f\nd 9 tombs at ,c>*emi% & at o!r places ne> by1 ?9ks x possible t ! com+ ( ! ,hittites is m>k$ by a transition p]iod 9 ! art--a p]iod ! t]m9ation ( :i* he m>ks by ! date ( ! fall ( ! fir/ dyna/y ( ,babylon4 ,x may well be t ,indo-,europeans foll[$ by ,mongols came ab\t #bajj or #bjjj into ?is region1 or t ! ,mongols 7 !re e>li] & t ! ,indo-,europeans !n came4 ,9 ! resultant civilization x w\ld seem1 f ! in=mation t we h1 t !re 0 a m+l+ ( ! two races2 7see ,fig4 #bd74 7#b7 ,hyksos ,possibly ,hittites4--,s9ce ! ,hittites 7 able to help ov]?r[ ! fir/ dyna/y ( ,babylon1 "s s*ol>s h recogniz$ ! possibility t ^? invad]s ( ,egypt :o e/abli%$ ! dyna/ies call$ ,hyksos may h be5 ,hittites1 or may h be5 l$ by ,hittites4 ,!re is mu* evid5ce t _m ,semites ent]$ ,egypt at t "t1 b z ,syria & ,pale/9e 7 peopl$ ) ,semites e>li] ?an ?is1 su* an invasion w\ld naturally h _h _m ,semites among its camp foll[]s1 if n 9 its armies1 ev5 if ! lead]s 7 ,hittites4 ,at pres5t1 h[ev]1 ?is is b a possibility4 ,"s slight evid5ce 9 favor ( ! possibility may be f\nd 9 ! "n ( ! k+ ( ,j]usalem :o 0 a vassal ( ,am5ophis ,,iv1 & :o wrote ! lett]s f ,j]usalem :i* are 9 ! ,el-,am>na collection4 7,see ,"p ,,ii1 p4 #cde1 ff47 ,8 "n 0 ,abdi-,hepa1 & ,hepa 0 a ,hittite & ,mitannian deity4 ,abdi-,hepa _h gr[n up a tru/$ subject ( ! ,egyptians4 ,8 ance/ors mu/1 !re=e1 h be5 9 ,pale/9e = "s "t4 ,a settlem5t ( ,hittites !re 9 ! ,hyksos days w\ld acc\nt = ?is4 ,! tw5ty-?ird *apt] ( ,g5esis repres5ts ! city ( ,hebron z 9 ! possession ( ! ,hittites :5 ,abraham pur*as$ ! cave ( ,ma*pelah z a place ( burial = 8 dead1 &1 ?\gh _m s*ol>s reg>d ,g5esis #bc1 :i* gives ?is acc\nt1 z a late composition1 its repres5tation w\ld receive "s confirmation f ar*ology1 if ! ,hyksos 7 ,hittites4 ,!re is a possibility t ! ,hittites 7 9 s\!rn ,pale/9e e>li] ?an ?is4 ,brugs*#bb ?\ght t he f\nd 9 an inscription 9 ! ,l\vre1 writt5 by an (fic] ( ,am5emhet ,i1 ,k+ ( ,egypt1 #bjjj-aigj ,b4 ,c41 a /atem5t t ?is (fic] _h de/roy$ ! palaces ( ! ,hittites ne> ! ,egyptian fronti] ( ,pale/9e4 ,?is read+ is /ill def5d$ by ,pr(4 ,sayce1#bc ?\gh o!r ,egyptologi/s1 su* z ,w4 ,max ,mll]#bd & ,brea/$1#be claim t ! ^w t 0 ?\ght to be ,hittites is n a prop] "n1 b a common n\n mean+ nomads4 ,! text ( ! passage is unc]ta91 & no important inf]5ce c 9 any case be made f x4 ,dur+ ! p]iod :5 we obta9 glimpses ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,hittites1 !y 7 nev] unit$ 9 "o empire4 ,diff]5t k+doms fl\ri%$ "h & !re1 su* z t ( ! ,mitanni 9 ,mesopotamia1 ! ,hittites at ,boghaz ,koi1 ! k+doms ( ,c>*emi%1 ( ,hama?1 & ,tyana4 ,^! fl\ri%$ at diff]5t times all ! way f #adjj to #gjj ,b4 ,c41 & !re 7 d\btless o!r k+doms also1 = ! ,hittite sculptures ne> ,smyrna & ,manissia _c h be5 made by any ( ^!1 unless possibly ! great ,hittite k+dom at ,boghaz ,koi may once h ext5d$ its p[] to ! gean4 7#c7 ,! ,mitanni4--,! e>lie/ ( ^! k+doms :i* we c trace is t ( ! ,mitanni4 ,:5 ,?o?mes ,,iii ( ,egypt ext5d$ 8 conque/s to ! ,euphrates 9 #adfh ,b4 ,c41 he came into contact ) ! ,mitanni4 ,! k+ ( ! c\ntry is n nam$1 b x 0 claim$ t h] *iefs hid !mselves 9 caves4#bf ,!re is "s reason = believ+ t _! *ief city 0 at ,h>an#bg 9 ,mesopotamia1 ! city :]e ,abraham soj\rn$ = a "t 7,g54 #aa3ca2 #ab3d74 ,if ?is be true1 x gives a new mean+ to ,ezek4 #af3c3 8,! ,amorite 0 ?y fa!r & ?y "m 0 a ,hittite40 ,?o?mes evid5tly t\*$ ! k+dom ( ,mitanni on its we/]n bord]4 ,he did n p5etrate its he>t or ov]come its k+4 ,al?\gh he took tribute1 he does n tell u ! "n ( ! k+ ( ! ,mitanni ^: armies he f\ght4 ,half a c5tury lat] ! k+ ( ! ,mitanni 0 ,artatama ,i4 ,he 0 a contempor>y ( ,?o?mes ,,iv ( ,egypt1 :o rul$ #adbj-adaa ,b4 ,c4 ,p]haps x 0 _! mutual fe> ( ! ris+ p[] ( ! ,hittite k+dom at ,boghaz ,koi t l$ ,artatama & ,?o?mes ,,iv to =m an alliance4 ,at all ev5ts1 su* an alliance 0 made1 & ,?o?mes m>ri$ a daught] ( ,artatama1 ?\gh ,artatama's gr&son says t ! ,egyptian k+ s5t 8 reque/ = h] h& sev5 times be=e ,artatama yield$ to 8 solicitations4 ,artatama ,i 0 succe$$ by ,%ut>na ,i1 ^: reign ov]lapp$ a "p ( t ( ,am5ophis ,,iii ( ,egypt1 #adaa-acge ,b4 ,c4 ,among ! que5s ( ,am5ophis ,,iii 0 a daught] ( ,%ut>na ,i4 ,be=e ! reign ( ,am5ophis ,,iii _h end$ ,%ut>na ,i _h be5 succe$$ by ,du%ratta1 :o cont9u$ ! fri5dly relations ) ,egypt4 ,du%ratta's reign also ov]lapp$ 9 "p t ( ,am5ophis ,,iv ( ,egypt1 #acge-aceg ,b4 ,c41 & ,du%ratta wrote sev]al lett]s to bo? ( ^! ,egyptian k+s4 ,x is f ^! lett]s t we ga9 mo/ ( our in=mation ab\t ,mitanni4 ,mean:ile ! great k+dom ( ! ,hittites at ,boghaz ,koi _h ent]$ ^u its era ( expansion "u ,subbiluliuma1 :o pu%$ 8 conque/s fir/ ea/w>d & !n s\?w>d4 ,du%ratta fe>$ to meet ! ,hittite 9 battle & retir$ to ! ea/w>d1 all[+ mu* ( 8 c\ntry to be ov]run4 ,?is l& ,subbiluliuma gave to "o ( 8 allies1 & ,du%ratta 0 murd]$ soon aft]w>d by 8 son1 ,sutat>ra1 :o usurp$ ! cr[n4 ,soon aft] ?is ! ,assyrians invad$ ! l&s ( ! ,mitanni f ! ea/1 & ! l&1 already di/ract$ by its int]nal divisions1 0 ?r[n into a worse confusion4 ,at ?is juncture ,subbiluliuma cross$ ! ,euphrates aga9 & ent]$ ,mitannian t]ritory4 ,he 0 accompani$ by settl]s :o br\ght cattle1 %eep1 & horses to rema9 9 ! c\ntry4 ,advis$ by an oracle1 he depos$ ,sutat>ra & plac$ ^u ! ?rone ,mattiuaza1 a son ( ,du%ratta1 :o _h be5 heir-app>5t & :o _h fl$ :5 8 fa!r 0 murd]$4 ,to ,mattiuaza ,subbiluliuma gave 8 daught] 9 m>riage1 & ,mitanni became a vassal /ate ( ! ,hittite realm4 ,aft] ?is our s\rces tell u no m ( its hi/ory4 ,ne> ! ,mitanni 7 ! ,h>ri1 :o 7 probably ( ! same race1 = 9 ! "t ( ,subbiluliuma !y 7 rul$ fir/ by ,artatama ,,ii1 a bro!r ( ,du%ratta1 & !n by ,sut>na ,,ii4 ,?is /ate also became a "p ( ,subbiluliuma's k+dom4 7#d7 ,k+dom ( 8,hittite ,city40--,! wave ( migration f ! nor!a/ :i* br\ght ! ,mitanni into upp] ,mesopotamia _h swept on we/w>d into ,cappadocia1 :]e ! greate/ ,hittite /ate aft]w>d develop$4 ,! monum5ts erect$ by ! ,hittites 7 ne>ly all ( a religi\s "*4 ,9 ! e>li] "t !y wrote few hi/orical inscriptions4 ,su* inscriptions z we h 9 ,hittite hi]oglyphs seem to come f ! lat] p]iods & to record alliances4 ,x is probable t 9 ! developm5t ( ! ,hittite /ate 9 ,cappadocia fir/ "o city & !n ano!r _h ! upp] h&4 ,! ,hittite monum5ts at ,eyuk are ( a m primitive "* ?an ^? at ,boghaz ,koi1 & x is natural to suppose t a ,hittite /ate fl\ri%$ "h be=e ! rise ( ! "o at ,boghaz ,koi4 ,be t z x may1 ! mo/ p[]ful ,hittite mon>*y ( :i* we "k arose at ,boghaz ,koi1 :i* !y call$ 8,hittite ,city40 ,?is mon>*y em]g$ ab\t #adjj ,b4 ,c4 ,its fir/ k+ 0 ,hattusil ,i1 ( :om we "k no m ?an t he 0 ! f\nd] ( ! great dyna/y :i* rul$ f ! 8,hittite ,city0 = two hundr$ ye>s4 ,! k+ :o laid ! f\ndations ( ! greatness ( ?is dyna/y 0 ,subbiluliuma1 ! next k+1 ^: conque/s ov] ! ,mitanni & ,h>ri we h already trac$4 ,he conqu]$ also a numb] ( neighbor+ /ates1 & compell$ !m to sign ) him treaties ( alliance :i* made !m 8 vassals4 ,*ronicles ( ^! ev5ts 7 discov]$ by ,w9ckl] among ! clay tablets f\nd at ,boghaz ,koi4 ,subbiluliuma also turn$ 8 armies s\?w>d & conqu]$ ,syria d[n to ! conf9es ( ,pale/9e4 ,^! conque/s 7 9 progress :5 "s ( ! ,el-,am>na lett]s1 writt5 to ,am5ophis ,,iv ( ,egypt & translat$ 9 ,"p ,,ii1 p4 #cdd1 ff41 7 writt54 ,"h he pursu$ ! same policy t he _h pursu$ 9 ,mesopotamia1 & compell$ ! conqu]$ c\ntries to ent] into treaties ) him1 :i* subjugat$ !m to 8 w4 ,among ! k+s s treat$ 0 ! ,amorite ,k+ ,aziru1 :o at t "t rul$ ,amorites liv+ 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! valley betwe5 ! ,lebanon m\nta9 ranges & 9 ! region aft]w>d occupi$ by ! tribe ( ,a%]4 ,!y also held "s ( ! s\!rn ,phnician cities4 ,?is repres5ts ! mo/ s\!rly ext5sion ( ,subbiluliuma's p[]4 ,:e!r ,subbiluliuma also ext5d$ 8 conque/s to ! we/ ( ,asia ,m9or1 we h no means ( kn[+4 ,"s s*ol>s suppose t he _h done s be=e he began ! conque/ ( ,mitanni4 ,c]ta9 x is t ,hittite rock sculptures ( gigantic size exi/ 9 ! m\nta9s ne> ,smyrna & ,manissia1 to ! we/ ( ,s>dis4 ,^! sculptures repres5t ! great ,hittite goddess4 ,ne> ,smyrna !re are also ! rema9s ( great build+s4 ,we "k ( no ,hittite mon>* :o w\ld be s likely to h c>ri$ ,hittite p[] to ^! p>ts z ,subbiluliuma4 ,if he did s1 possibly 9 lat] "t ! ,hittites "h became indep5d5t4 ,at all ev5ts1 "s c5turies lat] !y 7 kn[n to ,ionian ,greeks 9 ?is region1 = ,hom]'s ,odyssey1 ,book ,,xi1 l9e #eba1 records ! tradition t "s ,hittites 7 kill$ ) ,eurypylos4 ,:5 ,subbiluliuma di$ he 0 succe$$ by 8 son1 ,ar&as1 ^: occupation ( ! ?rone 0 brief1 & :o seems to h be5 )\t effective p[]4 ,aft] a %ort "t he 0 replac$ by 8 bro!r1 ,mursil1 :o appe>s to h enjoy$ a long reign4 ,subbiluliuma1 call$ by ! ,egyptians ,seplel1 0 reign+ :5 ,am5ophis ,,iv ( ,egypt came to ! ?rone 9 #acge ,b4 ,c41 = he s5t an embassy to congratulate him1 & ,mursil appe>s to h reign$ until aft] ! ye> #acbj ,b4 ,c4 ,! two reigns1 !re=e1 cov]$ m ?an half a c5tury4 ,! fir/ ye>s ( ,mursil's reign 7 app>5tly pass$ 9 peace1 b soon aft] #acbj ,%alm5es] ,i invad$ ! c\ntries 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ! ,hittite conf$]acy1 conqu]+ all ! t]ritory ea/ ( ! ,euphrates1 & a consid]able t]ritory to ! we/ ( t riv]4 ,meantime1 ,mursil _h r5ew$ ! treaty ) ! ,amorites ( ,syria1 ^: k+ at ?is "t 0 ,abbi-,te%ub1 or ,abi-,adda4 ,ere long1 h[ev]1 tr\ble arose = him on 8 s\!rn bord]4 ,seti ,i ( ,egypt came to ! ?rone 9 #acac ,b4 ,c41 & began a s]ies ( vigor\s campaigns = ! conque/ ( ,pale/9e4 ,9 "t he came face to face ) ! ,hittite p[] 9 ,syria4 ,at ?is juncture ,mursil di$ & 0 succe$$ by 8 son1 ,mutallu1 :o soon met ,seti ,i 9 battle & conv9c$ t mon>* t x 0 unwise to attempt to ext5d ,egypt's empire 9 ,asia to ! ,euphrates1 z ,?o?mes ,,iii _h done4 ,ow+ to int]nal tr\bles 9 ,assyria ! ea/]n bord] ( ! ,hittite realm 0 left undi/urb$ = a consid]able "t1 dur+ :i* ,mutallu c\ld devote himself to o!r matt]s4 ,9 #abib ,b4 ,c4 ,ramses ,,ii succe$$ ,seti ,i z k+ ( ,egypt & soon began vigor\sly to pu% ,egyptian conque/s into nor!rn ,syria4 ,mutallu recogniz$ ! importance ( ! /ruggle & collect$ a l>ge army f all 8 allies4 ,^! =ces 7 drawn f all p>ts ( ,asia ,m9or2 ev5 ! c\ntries ( ! extreme we/ contribut$ _! quota4 ,aleppo & /ates 9 t region also contribut$ _! %>e4 ,a great battle 0 f\ght at ,kade% on ! ,orontes 9 #abhg ,b4 ,c41 9 :i* ,mutallu1 by surpris+ 8 foe1 disorganiz$ a "p ( ! ,egyptian =ces & endang]$ ! life ( ,ramses himself4 ,by ! opportune arrival ( re9=cem5ts ! ,egyptians escap$ entire defeat1 s t ! result 0 a drawn battle4 ,! battle _h1 h[ev]1 co/ ! ,hittites mu*4 ,! slaught] ( _! =ces _h be5 enorm\s4 ,among ! sla9 7 _m *iefta9s1 includ+ ! k+ ( ,aleppo4 ,! ,amorites at once ?rew (f _! allegiance to ! ,hittites1 & _m ( ! o!r troops mut9i$4 ,mutallu 0 assass9at$4 ,he 0 succe$$ by ,hattusil ,,ii1 ! ,khetas> ( ! ,egyptian inscriptions4 ,assyria _h become weak1 s t ,hattusil 0 no long] press$ ^u 8 ea/]n bord]4 ,aft] a little he r$uc$ ! ,amorites once m to submission1 & compell$ !m to take back _! k+1 ,put-akhi1 :om !y _h driv5 out at ! "t ( _! rebellion aga9/ ,mutallu4 ,he gave ,put-akhi a ,hittite pr9cess = a wife4 ,lat]1 ab\t #abga ,b4 ,c41 ,hattusil conclud$ an (f5sive & def5sive alliance ) ,ramses ,,ii ( ,egypt4 ,! treaty :i* gu>ante$ ?is alliance has come d[n to u1 & is ! fir/ int]national treaty ! details ( :i* are kn[n to u4 7,see ,*apt] ,i1 p4 #cj47 ,hattusil ,,ii mu/ h enjoy$ a long reign1 b we d n "k ! date ( 8 dea?4 ,he _h two successors1 ,dudkhalia & ,arnuanta1 ^: reigns are kn[n to u1 & :o cont9u$ ! sway ( ! dyna/y d[n to ab\t #abjj ,b4 ,c4 ,!y 7 respectively ! son & gr&son ( ,hattusil ,,ii4 ,an edict ( ,dudkhalia conc]n+ ! vassal /ates has surviv$1 9 :i* ! "n ( ,eni-,te%ub1 ,k+ ( ,c>*emi%1 appe>s4 ,c>*emi% w\ld seem to h be5 ! *ief ( ! alli$ /ates4 ,( ,arnuanta we h no details1 ?\gh two fragm5ts ( royal edicts & a seal ( 8 h come d[n to u4 ,he 0 call$ 8! great k+1 ! son ( ,dudkhalia40 ,aft] him our s\rces fail1 & ! /ory ends 9 d>kness4 ,we "k1 h[ev]1 t ! days ( ! p[] ( ?is dyna/y 7 ov]4 ,egyptian s\rces tell u t tribes f we/]n ,asia ,m9or & f beyond ! sea swept ov] ,cilicia & nor!rn ,syria soon aft] ! ye> #abjj ,b4 ,c41 & !re 0 !n no ,hittite p[] !re to re/ra9 !m4 7#e7 ,c>*emi%4--,( ! o!r ,hittite k+doms f> less is kn[n4 ,c>*emi%1 :i*1 z we h j se51 play$ an important "p 9 ! f$]ation ( ! great ,hittite p[]1 cont9u$ its exi/5ce = sev]al c5turies4 ,9 ! "t ( ,a%urnasirpal ,,ii & ,%alm5es] ,,iii ! k+dom ( ,c>*emi% ent]$ into alliance ) ^! k+s & pres]v$ its exi/5ce by becom+ _! vassal4 ,judg+ f ! meag] reports hi!rto publi%$ ( ! ,briti% excavation at ,c>*emi%1 ?is 0 a fl\ri%+ p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ! city4 ,a hundr$ ye>s lat]1 9 ! reign ( ,s>gon1 ,pisiris1 :o 0 !n k+ ( ,c>*emi%1 defi$ ! ,assyrian1 :o br\ght ! k+dom to an end 9 #gag ,b4 ,c4 7,cf4 ,isa4 #aj3i47 7#f7 ,samal & ,yadi4--,:5 ! ,aramans swept we/w>d ab\t #acjj ,b4 ,c4 !y app>5tly dislodg$ ! ,hittites f a numb] ( _! sites & occupi$ _! c\ntry4 ,among ! places s occupi$ 0 ! site ( ,s5djirli m5tion$ above4 ,all ! c>v+s f\nd among its ar*itectural rema9s reveal ! influ5ce ( ,hittite art1 b ! inscriptions f\nd !re are 9 ,aramaic4 ,^! inscriptions %[ t !re 7 9 t region two petty k+doms nam$1 respectively1 ,samal & ,yadi4 ,! names ( sev]al k+s ( ^! mon>*ies :o rul$ betwe5 #hej & #gcj ,b4 ,c4 h be5 recov]$4 ,!y are all ,araman4 7#g7 ,hama?4--,f>!r to ! s\?1 at ,hama? on ! ,orontes1 a ,hittite k+dom exi/$ 9 ! "t ( ,david4 ,its k+ 0 !n call$ ,toi or ,t\1 :o made an alliance ) ,david 7#b ,sam4 #h3i1 f2 #a ,*ron4 #ah3i1 f474 ,?is k+dom 0 probably ! outgr[? ( ! e>li] occupation ( ! ,orontes valley1 ?ree hundr$ ye>s be=e1 by ! ,hittites ( ! great empire4 ,x cont9u$ until ! "t ( ,ahab4 ,its k+ 0 !n ,irhul9a1 :o along ) ,ahab1 ,b5-,hadad ( ,damascus1 & sev]al o!r k+s made an alliance to resi/ ! encroa*m5ts ( ,%almanes] ,,iii ( ,assyria 9 #hed ,b4 ,c4 7,see ,"p ,,ii1 p4 #cfj1 ff47 ,irhul9a caus$ sev]al inscriptions to be made on /one1 :i* surviv$ at ,hama? until our "t4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,?ompson's int]pretation ( !m !y are all records ( 8 v>i\s alliances4 ,by ! next c5tury1 h[ev]1 ! ,aramans _h captur$ ,hama?1 = 9 ! reigns ( ,tigla?-piles] ,,iv 7#gde-gbg7 & ( ,s>gon 7#gbb-gje ,b4 ,c47 ! names ( its k+s 7 ,semitic4 ,^! names 71 respectively1 ,enu-ilu & ,yau-bidi1 or ,ilu-bidi4 ,we ga9 glimpses also ( a numb] ( o!r ,hittite /ates4 ,!re 01 = example1 ! /ate ( ,kummukh1 :i* lay to ! we/ ( ! ,euphrates1 & ano!r 9 we/]n ,cilicia1 t _h its c5t] at ,tyana1 ! mod]n ,bor4 ,^! /ates appe> to h rea*$ _! z5i? aft] ! fall ( ! great ,hittite dyna/y :i* _h its capital at ,boghaz ,koi4 ,d\btless z "t goes on we %all le>n ( ! exi/5ce ( _m o!r small ,hittite k+doms :i* fl\ri%$ at "o "t or ano!r4 ,at "s "t1 ei!r :5 ! ,hyksos 7 mak+ _! way into ,egypt or :5 ,subbiluliuma 0 pu%+ s\?w>d into ,syria1 ! ,hittites m5tion$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t mu/ h made "s small settlem5ts 9 ,pale/9e4 ,"h ! ,hebrews came into contact ) !m4 ,!y 7 really an unimportant outly+ fr+e ( ! great ,hittite p1 b !y _h ! good =tune to h _! names pres]v$ 9 ! mo/ immortal lit]ature 9 ! _w1 ! ,bible1 & s _! memory 0 ev] kept alive1 :ile t ( _! m illu/ri\s k9sm5 0 utt]ly =gott54 ,x is only ar*ological rese>* t has re/or$ some?+ ( ! orig9al p]spective4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,pale/9e ,,& ,,its ,,exploration ,,! ,,l&3 ,ra9fall4 ,,e>ly ,,exploration3 ,place names4 ,,e>ly ,,am]ican ,,explorations3 ,rob9son & ,smi?4 ,lyn*4 ,am]ican exploration societies4 ,,pale/9e ,,exploration ,,fund3 ,w>r5's excavations at ,j]usalem4 ,! survey ( ,pale/9e4 ,exploration ( ,la*i%4 ,bliss's excavation at ,j]usalem4 ,excavation at ,azekah4 ,at ,tell es-,safi 7,ga?874 ,tell el-,judeideh4 ,at ,m>a% 7,more%e?-,ga?74 ,gez]4 ,be?-%eme%4 ,explor+ ! ,wild]ness ( ,z94 ,,! ,,g]man ,,pale/9e ,,society3 ,gu!'s excavation at ,j]usalem4 ,megiddo4 ,taana*4 ,cap]naum4 ,j]i*o4 ,,! ,,am]ican ,,s*ool ,,at ,,j]usalem4 ,,sam>ia4 ,,p>k]',s ,,excavations ,,at ,,j]usalem4 ,,late/ ,,excavations4 #a4 ,! ,l&4--,pale/9e is a v diff]5t l& f ei!r ,egypt or ,mesopotamia4 ,!y are made by ! irrigation ( riv]s4 ,pale/9e is f]tiliz$ by ra9 f heav54 ,9 !m ! sc5]y is monoton\s2 !y are riv] valleys ea* ( :i* 0 once 9 "p an arm ( ! sea1 b n[ fill$ up by ! gradual deposit ( mud4 ,pale/9e 0 =m$ 9 "o ( ! greate/ geological upheavals ! e>? ev] exp]i5c$4 ,?is 0 no?+ less ?an a great rift 9 ! e>?'s cru/ ext5d+ f ! ,lebanon m\nta9s to ! ,indian ,ocean4 ,! /rata on ! we/ side ( ?is rift slipp$ d[nw>d pa/ ^? on its ea/ side = a mile or m4 ,^? on ! we/ 7 b5t at diff]5t po9ts 9 ?is long c\rse 9 diff]5t ways1 b ! result ( ! rift itself 0 to =m ! ,jordan valley & ! b$ ( ! ,dead ,sea1 ! valley :i* runs f ! ,dead ,sea to ! ,gulf ( ,akaba1 & t deep rift betwe5 ,asia & ,africa :i* =ms ! ,r$ ,sea itself4 ,9 ,pale/9e ! /rata on ! we/ ( ?is rift b5t up into two p>allel ridges1 to ! we/ ( :i* a n>r[ pla9 ( v>y+ wid?1 anci5t ,phili/ia1 rises f ! sea4 ,to ! ea/ ( ?is rift ! l& rema9$ at approximately its old level4 ,! v>i\s ridges ( ! c\ntry are1 on acc\nt ( ! bir?-pangs ( _! orig91 int]sect$ ) valleys innum]able1 s t 9 no c\ntry ( ! _w c su* v>iety ( sc5]y & climate be f\nd )9 su* n>r[ limits4 ,ra9fall4--,?is l&1 ) all its v>iety ( =m1 is r$eem$ f ! des]t by ! moi/ure :i* ! we/ w9ds drive 9 f ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea4 ,^! w9ds 9 ! w9t] mon?s br+ cl\ds1 :i*1 :5 !y come into contact ) ! cold] air ov] ! elevat$ hills1 deposit _! moi/ure 9 ra94 ,! ,jordan valley is s w>m t little ra9 falls ^u x1 b x dra9s ! wat] f ! ra9fall on bo? sides ( x4 ,j s f> back z ! cl\ds rea* be=e _! moi/ure is exhau/$1 j s f> ! f]tile l& ext5ds2 beyond t is ! ,arabian ,des]t4 ,:5 ! ra9fall dur+ a w9t] is good1 b\ntiful crops are rais$ ! foll[+ season2 :5 x is scant1 ! h>ve/ fails & fam9e foll[s4 ,9 ,egypt & ,babylonia a man c\ld wat] 8 g>d5 by kick+ a hole 9 a dyke2 !y 7 l&s :i* 7 wat]$ 8) ?y foot0 7,deut4 #aa3aj72 ,pale/9e 0 dep5d5t on heav5 = its life1 & we _c d\bt t ?is fact 0 "o ( ! in/rum5ts = ! tra9+ ( ! ,israelites = _! great religi\s mission4 ,9 a l& ( su* v>iety--a l& 9 :i* = n9e mon?s 9 ! ye> sn[-capp$ ,h]mon may be se5 f _m an elevat$ po9t & f ! :ole /ret* ( ! tropical ,jordan valley1 :]e ole&]s are bloom+ & mu/>d se$s are gr[+ into trees--x 0 possible to ?9k ( ,god 9 a way t 0 at lea/ m difficult 9 ,egypt or 9 ,mesopotamia4 ,"h 9 ?is m>vel\s l&1 :i* =m$ a bridge betwe5 ! two olde/ civilizations ( ! _w1 ! m5 liv$ to :om ,god committ$ ! task ( writ+ mo/ ( ! ,bible4 ,?is 0 ! e>?ly home ( ! ,son ( ,god4 ,ev5 be=e ! ,hebrews came into x1 _m _h cross$ ?is bridge & "s _h paus$ long ^u x4 ,liv+ "h !y _h left ! rema9s ( _! homes1 _! cities1 & _! civilizations4 ,ar*ology is n[ recov]+ ^!4 ,aft] ! "t ( ,*ri/ v>i\s races & civilizations cont9u$ to pass ov] ! bridge4 ,_! rema9s buri$ ^? left by e>li] m54 ,! /ory ( ! recov]y ( ^! e>li] rema9s is1 accord+ly1 n only ( great int]e/1 b (t5 ( great value to ! read] ( ! ,bible4 #b4 ,e>ly ,exploration4--,! mis=tunes :i* ov]took ,juda 9 ! ye>s #gj & #acb-ace ,a4 ,d41 9 consequ5ce ( ! ,jewi% rebellions aga9/ ,rome1 l$ to ! paganiz+ ( ,j]usalem & ! expulsion ( ! ,jews f ,juda4 ,at ?is p]iod ,*ri/ianity 0 a /ruggl+ & a p]secut$ religion1 too busy work+ its way to take an active int]e/ 9 ! l& ( its bir?4 ,:5 ,con/ant9e e>ly 9 ! f\r? c5tury made ,*ri/ianity ! religion ( ! ,roman ,empire1 all ?is 0 *ang$4 ,bo? ,con/ant9e & 8 "m1 ,hel5a1 took ! deepe/ int]e/ 9 id5tify+ ! holy places 9 ,j]usalem1 & a /ream ( pilgrims began at once to visit ! l&4 ,! e>lie/ ( ^! to leave u an acc\nt ( 8 travels 0 a pilgrim f ,bordeaux :o visit$ ,pale/9e 9 #ccc ,a4 ,d4 ,z he 0 anxi\s to see ! pr9cipal places hall[$ by ! bodily pres5ce ( ,*ri/ & ! h]oes ( ,scripture1 he visit$ places 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,he 0 foll[$ by _m o!rs4 ,! /ream has be5 almo/ cont9u\s d[n to ! pres5t "t4 ,z ! aim ( ^! travel]s 0 devotional & !y possess$ little s*ol>ly tra9+ or critical faculty1 _! works are ( second>y value to ! mod]n /ud5t4 ,!y did1 h[ev]1 prev5t t loss ( k ( ! c\ntry to :i* ,babylonia 0 subject$ = s _m c5turies4 ,place ,names4--,at ! v beg9n+ ( ?is p]iod ,eusebius ( ,cs>ea1 a contempor>y ( ,con/ant9e1 compil$ a li/ ( ! place names ( ,pale/9e :i* are m5tion$ 9 ! ,bible4 ,! names 7 arrang$ 9 alphabetical ord]1 ! ev5ts = :i* ! places are celebrat$ 7 giv51 9 _m in/ances id5tifications ) places exi/+ 9 ! f\r? c5tury 7 propos$1 & ! di/ances f o!r well-kn[n places m5tion$4 ,9 ! next c5tury ?is "w 0 translat$ into ,lat9 by ,j]ome1 :o liv$ _m ye>s at ,be?lehem & travel$ ext5sively 9 ,pale/9e1 & :o di$ 9 #dbj ,a4 ,d4 ,x is call$ ! ,onoma/icon4 #c4 ,e>ly ,am]ican ,explorations4--,z ! read] approa*es mod]n times he f9ds ! works ( "s ( ! pilgrims assum+ a m sci5tific "*4 ,to "s ext5t1 too1 ^! works 7 supplem5t$ by ^? ( travel]s l ,*teaubri&1#bh ,burckh>dt1#bi & ,lam>t9e4#cj 7#a7 ,rob9son & ,smi?4--,! sci5tific /udy ( ! localities & antiquities ( ,pale/9e 01 h[ev]1 begun by an ,am]ican1 ! late ,pr(4 ,edw>d ,rob9son1 ( ,union ,sem9>y1 ,new ,york4 ,rob9son 0 fully equipp$ ) ,biblical k1 & 0 ?or\ghly famili> ) ,josephus & o!r works be>+ on 8 subject4 ,he possess$ ! critical faculty 9 a high degree1 & comb9$ ) x a ke5 con/ructive faculty4 ,9 #ahch & aga9 9 #aheb he travel$ ?r\gh ,pale/9e ) ,eli ,smi?1 a mission>y4 ,!y 7 equipp$ ) compass1 telescope1 !rmomet]1 & measur+ tape4 ,8 k ( hi/ory enabl$ ,rob9son to look b5ea? _m traditions4 ,) ke5 p5etration he disc]n$ "u ! guise ( _m a mod]n ,arabic "n ! =m ( a ,biblical orig9al1 & accompli%$ m = ! sci5tific /udy ( ,biblical ,pale/9e ?an any ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,z he travel$ he also not$ & briefly describ$ su* rema9s ( antiquity z c\ld be se5 above gr\nd4 ,! results ( ,rob9son's fir/ j\rney 7 embodi$ 9 8 ,biblical ,rese>*es1 ,new ,york1 #ahda4 ,9 ! second edition1 ,london1 #ahef1 ! results ( ! second j\rney 7 embodi$1 & ! numb] ( volumes increas$ to ?ree4 ,! impetus giv5 to ! exploration ( ,pale/9e by ! labors ( ,rob9son 0 cont9u$ by ,tobl]1 ,gur91 ,r5an1 & _m o!rs4#ca 7#b7 ,lyn*4--,meantime1 ano!r ,am]ican1 ,lieut4 ,w4 ,f4 ,lyn*1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy1 r5d]$ an important s]vice by ! exploration 9 #ahdh ( ! ,dead ,sea4 ,9 ,april & ,may ( t ye> ab\t ?ree weeks 7 sp5t 9 explor+ t body ( wat]4 ,lieut4 ,lyn* 0 accompani$ by ,dr4 ,&]son1 a geologi/4 ,! p>ty trav]s$ ! sea back & =? 9 two metal boats t _h be5 laun*$ on ! ,sea ( ,galilee & float$ d[n ! ,jordan4 ,! fact t ! ,jordan valley is l[] ?an ! level ( ! sea _h nev] be5 recogniz$ until #ahcg1 &1 until ! visit ( ,lyn* & ,&]son1 ! dep? ( ! depression 0 only a matt] ( conjecture4 ,by ?is exp$ition x 0 sci5tifically det]m9$ t ! surface ( ! ,dead ,sea is #a1cjj feet l[] ?an t ( ! ,m$it]ranean4#cb 7#c7 ,am]ican ,exploration ,societies4--,! "w ( ,am]ican exploration 0 lat] cont9u$ by ! ,am]ican ,exploration ,society1 f\nd$ 9 #ahgj4 ,"u its auspices1 ,rev4 ,john ,a4 ,pa9e1 ( ,t>ryt[n1 ,new ,york1 visit$ ! ,holy ,l&4 ,"o ( ! results ( 8 visit 0 ! id5tification ( ,pisgah4#cc ,lat] an ,am]ican ,pale/9e ,exploration ,society 0 organiz$4 ,?is ,society employ$ ,mr4 ,rudolph ,mey]1 an eng9e]1 to make a map ( ,pale/9e1 & f #ahge to #ahgg also employ$ ,rev4 ,selah ,m]rill1 :o aft]w>d 0 = _m ye>s ! ,u4 ,s4 ,consul at ,j]usalem1 z explor]4 ,dr4 ,m]rill ga!r$ mu* ar*ological in=mation1 especially 9 ! c\ntry ea/ ( ! ,jordan4#cd #d4 ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4--,z a result ( ! int]e/ eng5d]$ by ! "w ( ,rob9son1 ,lyn*1 & o!rs1 ! ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund 0 organiz$ 9 ,london 9 #ahfe4 ,by ?is act a p]man5t body 0 creat$ to fo/] cont9u\sly ! exploration ( ! ,holy ,l&1 & to rescue ! "w f ! fitful activities ( individual ent]prise4 ,su* ent]prise c\ld supplem5t ! "w ( ! ,fund1 b c\ld no long] hope to compete ) x4 ,)9 six mon?s f ! organization ( ! ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund its fir/ exp$ition 0 s5t out4 ,?is 0 l$ by ,capt41 n[ ,g54 ,sir ,*>les ,w>r51 :o _h j complet$ a survey ( ,j]usalem z "p ( a plan = br++ wat] into ! city4 ,! *ief object ( ?is exp$ition1 :i* 0 9 ! field f ,decemb]1 #ahfe1 to ,may1 #ahff1 0 to indicate spots = future excavation4 ,x made a s]ies ( sket* maps ( ! c\ntry on ! scale ( "o in* to ! mile1 /udi$ "s synagogues 9 ,galilee not$ by ,rob9son1 b n fully describ$ by him1 & laid b>e on ,m\nt ,g]izim ! rema9s ( a *ur* built on a r\gh plat=m :i* may once h support$ ! ,sam>itan temple4 7#a7 ,w>r5's ,excavations at ,j]usalem4--,a second exp$ition "u ,lieut4-,col41 n[ ,sir ,*>les ,w>r51 made consid]able excavations on ! temple-hill at ,j]usalem4 ,he sank a rem>kable s]ies ( %afts to ! bottom ( ! walls enclos+ ! temple area1 & prov$ t 9 places ^! walls re/ on f\ndations f #hj to #abe feet bel[ ! pres5t surface4 ,he laid b>e solid masonry1 :i* bore :at are app>5tly ,phnician qu>ry-m>ks & :i* he believ$ to g back to ! "t ( ,solomon4 ,on ! we/ side ( ! temple enclosure he f\nd #hj feet bel[ ! pres5t surface ! ru9s ( a bridge1 :i* ,rob9son _h conjectur$ cross$ ! ,tyropon ,valley f ! temple enclosure at ?is po9t f an ar*1 ! base ( :i* is /ill visible outside ( ! temple wall4#ce ,among _m o!r discov]ies made by ,w>r5 7 a "p ( ! anci5t city wall s\? ( ! temple area & an und]gr\nd passage lead+ up f ! anci5t spr+ ( ,gihon1 :i* 0 probably ! 8gutt]0 7,r4 ,v41 8wat]c\rse07 ( #b ,sam4 #e3h4 7#b7 ,! ,survey ( ,pale/9e4--,aft] ?is ! ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund und]took a survey ( ,pale/9e1 ! object ( :i* 0 to make a complete & au?oritative map ( ! c\ntry on ! scale ( "o in* to a mile1 & also a description ( all ar*ological rema9s ( antiquity :i* 7 above gr\nd4 ,! "w 0 und]tak5 9 #ahga & ! survey ( we/]n ,pale/9e 0 complet$ 9 #ahgh4 ,ow+ to an outbreak ( *ol]a1 ! "w 0 int]rupt$ f #ahgd to #ahgg4 ,among ^? :o took "p 9 x 7 ,capt4 ,c4 ,r4 ,cond] 7n[ ,lieut4-,col471 :o 0 9 *>ge ( ! "w f #ahgb to #ahgd1 & ,capt4 ,kit*5] 7n[ ,"l ,kit*5]74 ,! great map 0 publi%$ 9 #ahhj1 & cov]s an area ( #f1jjj squ>e miles1 f ! ,m$it]ranean to ! ,jordan & f ! ,egyptian des]t to a po9t ne> ,tyre4 ,! completion ( ?is map 0 a monum5tal accompli%m5t1 & mu/ =m ! basis = all simil> "w4 ,! ar*ological rema9s not$ on ! map are describ$ 9 ?ree volumes ( ,memoirs1 also publi%$ by ! ,exploration ,fund4 ,9 #ahha ,capt4 ,cond] 0 s5t out to make a simil> survey ( ! c\ntry ea/ ( ! ,jordan4 ,he endeavor$ to "w "u ! old p]mit f ! ,turki% gov]nm5t1 b to ?is ! ,turks object$4 ,aft] work+ = t5 weeks1 dur+ :i* he survey$ ab\t #ejj squ>e miles ( t]ritory1 he 0 compell$ to desi/4 ,! results ( 8 "w1 h[ev]1 fill a /\t volume entitl$ ,! ,survey ( ,ea/]n ,pale/9e1 ,london1 #ahhi4 ,! "w und]tak5 by ,cond] has s9ce be5 c>ri$ on by o!r ag5cies4 ,dr4 ,gottlieb ,s*uma*]1 an eng9e] resid+ at ,haifa1 :o 0 employ$ 9 survey+ ! railway to ,mecca1 has publi%$ au?oritative volumes on ! region to ! ea/ ( ! ,sea ( ,galilee4#cf ,on a l>g] scale is ! "w ( ,brnn[ & ,domaszewsky on ! ,roman prov9ce ( ,arabia1#cg a "w :i* includes anci5t ,edom z f> z ,petra4 ,! la/-m5tion$ rem>kable city has be5 describ$ also 9 two excell5t volumes by ,gu/af ,h4 ,dalman1 ,director ( ! ,g]man ,evangelical ,in/itute 9 ,j]usalem4#ch ,9 #ahgc-ahgd ! ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund entru/$ an ar*ological mission ( a g5]al nature to ! ,fr5* s*ol>1 ,cl]mont-,ganneau1 :o sev]al ye>s be=e _h be5 ,fr5* ,consul at ,j]usalem4 ,cl]mont-,ganneau 0 emb>rass$ by ! failure ( ! ,turki% gov]nm5t to grant him a firman1 b made num]\s ar*ological discov]ies 9 ! c\ntry betwe5 ,jaffa & ,j]usalem4 ,^! 7 publi%$ by ! ,fund 9 two l>ge volumes1#ci al?\gh !y did n appe> until #ahif & #ahii1 respectively4 ,9 ! w9t] ( #ahhc-ahhd1 a complete geological survey 0 made ( ! valley ( ! ,dead ,sea & ! region to ! s\? 7,wady el-,arabah7 by ,pr(4 ,edw>d ,hull1 :o aft]w>d publi%$ a volume on ! subject4#dj ,hull 0 accompani$ by ,major ,kit*5]1 :o made a complete triangulation ( ! di/rict ly+ betwe5 ,m\nt ,s9ai & ! ,wady el-,arabah4 7#c7 ,exploration ( ,la*i%4--,9 #ahij ! ,exploration ,fund ent]$ ^u a new phase ( "w or1 r1 resum$ "o t _h be5 int]rupt$ = tw5ty ye>s1--t ( excavation4 ,! s]vices ( ,pr(4 ,petrie1 ! ,egyptian explor]1 7 secur$ & ! attempt to wre/ f ! soil ( ,pale/9e "s ( ! buri$ secrets ( ! pa/ 0 r5ew$4 ,! site *os5 0 ,tell el-,hesy1 :]e /ood 9 anci5t times ! city ( ,la*i% 7,jo%4 #aj3c2 #b ,k+s #ad3ai2 #ah3ad1 etc474 ,?is m\nd rose ab\t #abj feet above ! b$ ( an int]mitt5t /ream4 ,ab\t #fj feet ( ?is height consi/$ ( accumulat$ dbris ( ! anci5t city4 ,! wat] 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies _h s expos$ "s ( ! pot%]ds t ,petrie 0 confid5t be=e he began digg+ t ri* discov]ies await$ him4 ,he work$ "h only ab\t six weeks1 runn+ tr5*es into diff]5t p>ts ( ! m\nd1 b he f\nd & classifi$ su* a v>iety ( pott]y t he felt confid5t t he _h une>!d a city :i* _h be5 occupi$ f a "t ant]ior to ! ,hebrew conque/ ( ,canaan d[n to ab\t #cej ,b4 ,c4#da ,9 #ahib ! "w 0 cont9u$ "u ! direction ( ,dr4 ,fr$]ick ,j4 ,bliss1 :o cut away a consid]able section f ! nor!a/ corn] ( ! m\nd1 & f\nd ! /ratifi$ rema9s ( eight diff]5t cities1 "o above ! o!r4#db ,9 ! ?ird ( ^! cities f ! bottom a cunei=m tablet 0 f\nd1 :i* m5tions "o ( ! m5 :o figure 9 ! lett]s f\nd at ,tell el-,am>na 9 ,egypt4 ,?is tablet w\ld indicate t ?is ?ird city 0 fl\ri%+ dur+ ! p]iod #adjj-acej ,b4 ,c4 ,! two cities bel[ ?is mu/1 accord+ly1 belong to an e>li] p]iod4 ,bliss suppos$ t ! fir/ city 0 built ab\t #agjj ,b4 ,c4 ,above ! rema9s ( ! ?ird city 0 a b$ ( a%es ( "s ?ickness1 :i* %[s1 9 ,petrie's op9ion1 t aft] ! de/ruction ( ?is city ! m\nd 0 us$ = a p]iod ( p]haps fifty ye>s z a place = burn+ alkali4 ,ne> ! top ( ! dbris ( ! f\r? city a glaz$ seal 0 f\nd simil> to ^? made 9 ,egypt 9 ! "t ( ! tw5ty-second dyna/y 7#ide-gde ,b4 ,c474 ,?is city1 !n1 belong$ to ! e>ly "p ( ! k+dom ( ,judah4 ,9 ! sev5? & eigh? cities pott]y ( poli%$ r$ & black types 0 f\nd4 ,?is class ( pott]y is ( ,greek orig91 dat+ f #eej-cej ,b4 ,c4 ,^! occupations ( ! m\nd mu/1 !n1 be ( t p]iod4 ,! fif? & six? cities w\ld1 accord+ly1 fall betwe5 #gej & #eej ,b4 ,c4 ,?is excavation ?us %[s h[ ! /ratification ( ! m\nds ( ,pale/9e reveals ! m>* ( ! peoples across ! c\ntry2 7see ,fig4 #bh74 7#d7 ,bliss's ,excavation at ,j]usalem4--,f #ahid to #ahig ,dr4 ,bliss 0 engag$ 9 excavations at ,j]usalem4#dc ,"h he devot$ 8 att5tion to an endeavor to recov] ! l9e ( ! anci5t wall on ! s\? side ( ! city4 ,?is he did1 foll[+ x f 8,maudsley's ,sc>p0#dd at ! nor?we/ corn] ( ! we/]nmo/ ( ! two hills on :i* ,j]usalem is situat$ across ! slope to ! ea/w>d & !n across ! ,tyropon ,valley4 ,?is 0 ! wall rebuilt by ,nehemiah on l9es !n already old 7,neh4 #c-f74 ,x 0 de/roy$ by ,titus 9 ! ye> #gj ,a4 ,d41 & aft]w>d rebuilt by ! ,empress ,eudoxia 9 ! fif? c5tury ,a4 ,d4 7#e7 ,excavation at ,azekah4--,f #ahih to #aijj ,dr4 ,bliss excavat$ = ! ,fund at sev]al sites 9 ! ,biblical ,%ephelah1#de ! l[ hills :i* =m$ ! bord]-l& betwe5 anci5t ,juda & ,phili/ia4 ,! "w began at ,tell ,zak>iya1 ! ,biblical ,azekah1 situat$ above ! l[] "p ( ! ,vale ( ,elah4 ,azekah 0 =tifi$ by ,k+ ,rehoboam 7#b ,*ron4 #aa3e-aj74 ,"h an important citadel or =tress 0 uncov]$4 ,:ile ! masonry ( ! top "p 0 simil> to t ( ,h]odian build+s at ,j]usalem1 ! pott]y f\nd ab\t ! f\ndations indicat$ t ! beg9n+s ( ! /ructure g back to e>ly ,israeliti% times4 ,x may well be "o ( ,j]oboam's =tresses4 ,und]nea? x 7 rema9s f late pre-,israeliti% times4 ,x appe>s t ! hill 0 occupi$ z ! site ( a city only %ortly be=e ! ,hebrew conque/4 ,! =tress 0 n1 h[ev]1 built at ! "t ( ?is e>lie/ occupation4 7#f7 ,at ,tell es-,safi 7,ga?874--,next ! excavation 0 transf]r$ to ,tell es-,safi1 :i* 0 situat$ on ! s\? side ( ! anci5t ,vale ( ,elah at ! po9t :]e x sweeps into ! ,phili/9e pla91 & :i* 0 ?\ght to be ! site ( ! ,biblical ,ga? 7,jo%4 #aa3bb2 #a ,sam4 #e3h2 #ag3d2 #b ,k+s #ab3ag74 ,"h 9 #aadd ,a4 ,d4 ! ,lat9 ,k+dom ( ,j]usalem e/abli%$ by ! ,crusad]s built a =tress1 :i* !y call$ ,blan*e-,g>de1 z an outpo/ aga9/ ,a%kelon4 ,x 0 hop$ t ! excavation ( ,dr4 ,bliss w\ld det]m9e :e!r or n ?is 0 really ! site ( ,ga?1 b ow+ to ! occupation ( ! tell by a ,mohamm$an cemet]y & a wely1 or sacr$ build+1 ?is 0 n possible4 ,! outl9e ( ! city walls 01 h[ev]1 trac$1 ! f\ndations ( ,blan*e-,g>de exam9$1 & "h & !re tr5*es 7 sunk to ! rock4 ,^! tr5*es reveal$ 9 ! v>i\s /rata pott]y & objects1 fir/1 ( ! p]iod ( ! ,crusad]s2 secondly1 ( ! ,seleucid p]iod 7#cab-fe ,b4 ,c472 ?irdly1 ( ! ,jewi% p]iod1 #gjj-cej ,b4 ,c41 & two pre-,israelite /rata4 ,! m\nd _h1 !n1 be5 occupi$ f ab\t #agjj ,b4 ,c4 to ! ,seleucid times1 & aga9 9 ! p]iod ( ! ,lat9 ,k+dom ( ,j]usalem4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ discov]y at ,tell es-,safi 0 t ( an old pre-,israeliti% high place1 :i* conta9$ ?ree pill>s su* z are d5\nc$ 9 ,deut]onomy4 7,see ,deut4 #g3e2 #ab3c1 etc47 ,at ! "t ( ?is discov]y no simil> discov]y _h be5 made4 ,! f\ndations ( ?is high place 7 ne> ! bottom ( ! la/ pre-,israelite /ratum1 s t x 0 cle>ly con/ruct$ by ! ,amorites1 or ,canaanites1 or :oev] occupi$ ?is city be=e ! ,hebrews arriv$4 7#g7 ,tell el-,judeideh4--,! excavations next mov$ to ,tell el-,judeideh1 a m\nd "s di/ance to ! s\? ( ,tell ,zak>iya4 ,"h !y trac$ ! outl9es ( ! city wall1 f\nd ! rema9s ( a ,roman villa1 & sunk a numb] ( %afts to ! rock4 ,f ! pott]y f\nd 9 ^! %afts !y inf]r$ t ! m\nd _h be5 occupi$ 9 ! e>lie/ p]iod1 b des]t$ = a consid]able "t be=e ! ,hebrew conque/4 ,x 0 !n reoccupi$ 9 ! latt] "p ( ! ,judan mon>*y1 & 0 f9ally =tifi$ 9 ! ,seleucid or ,roman p]iod4 ,x seems to h be5 des]t$ soon aft] ! ,roman p]iod4 ,x is n kn[n :at 0 ! anci5t "n ( ! city t /ood !re4 7#h7 ,at ,m>a% 7,more%e?-,ga?74--,! la/ m\nd excavat$ 9 ?is region 0 ,tell ,s&ahanna1 situat$ a mile to ! s\? ( ,beit ,jibr94 ,! m\nd takes its "n f a *ur* ( ,/4 ,anne1 ! ru9s ( :i* may /ill be se5 ne> by4 ,x occupies ! site ( ! city ( ,m>issa ( ! ,seleucid p]iod1 & ( ! old] ,jewi% ,m>a%4 ,x is probably ! site ( ,more%e?-,ga?1 ! home ( ! prophet ,micah4 7,see ,micah #a3ad47 ,"h consid]able portions ( ! ,seleucid /ratum ( ! m\nd 7 excavat$1 & a small] portion ( ! ,jewi% /ratum4 ,! ,jewi% /ratum re/$ directly on ! rock2 ! site seems1 !re=e1 n to h be5 inhabit$ 9 pre-,israelite times4 7#i7 ,gez]4--,! next und]tak+ ( ! ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund 0 ! excavation ( ,gez]4 ,?is "w 0 entru/$ to ! direction ( ,r4 ,a4 ,/ew>t ,macali/]1 :o _h be5 ,dr4 ,bliss's assi/ant f #ahih to #aijj & :o is n[ ,pr(essor ( ,celtic 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,dubl94 ,"w 0 begun on ,tell el-,jaz>1 ab\t six miles s\!a/ ( ! t[n ( ,ramleh1 :i* ,cl]mont ,ganneau#df _h1 9 ,june1 #aijb1 id5tifi$ z ! site ( ,gez]4 7,jo%4 #aj3cc2 ,judges #a3bg2 #b ,sam4 #e3be47 ,x cont9u$1 ) su* int]ruptions z w9t] wea!r & an outbreak ( *ol]a made necess>y1 until ,augu/1 #aije4 ,x 0 r5ew$ 9 ! spr+ ( #aijg & c>ri$ on until e>ly 9 #aiji4 ,dur+ ?is "t m ?an half ( ! m\nd 0 excavat$4 ,no o!r m\nd 9 ,pale/9e has be5 s fully explor$4 ,naturally1 !re=e1 ,gez] has furni%$ u ) m ar*ological in=mation ?an any o!r excavation2 7see ,fig4 #cj74 ,! results ( ?is excavation conv9c$ ,mr4 ,macali/] t ! classification ( ! /rata adopt$ by ! excavators ( ,la*i% & ! m\nds ( ! ,%ephelah 0 capable ( improvem5t4 ,he f\nd t ,gez] _h be5 occupi$ at fir/ by a non-,semitic p1 rema9s ( ^: bones indicate t !y 7 ab\t #e feet #f in*es high1 :o liv$ 9 caves1 & ^: implem5ts 7 :olly ( /one4 ,he e/imat$ t ^! p probably occupi$ ! site f ab\t #cjjj to #bejj ,b4 ,c4 ,ab\t #bejj ,b4 ,c4 a ,semitic race1 probably ,amorite1 took possession ( ! city & occupi$ x to ! end ( ! ,hebrew mon>*y4 ,f\r p]iods c\ld be trac$ 9 ! ,semitic occupation1 ea* repres5t$ by diff]5ces 9 walls1 implem5ts1 & objects us$4 ,! fir/ ,semitic p]iod end$ ) ! fall ( ! twelf? ,egyptian dyna/y1 ab\t #ahjj ,b4 ,c4 ,9 ?is /ratum sc>abs ( ! p]iod ( ! ,egyptian 8middle k+dom0 7 f\nd4 ,! second ,semitic /ratum cont9u$ until ab\t ! end ( ! eighte5? ,egyptian dyna/y1 ab\t #acej ,b4 ,c4 ,! ?ird ,semitic /ratum la/$ till ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,hebrew mon>*y1 ab\t #ajjj ,b4 ,c42 ! f\r? 0 contemporane\s ) ! ,hebrew k+doms1 #ajjj-ehf ,b4 ,c4 ,! m\nd 0 aga9 occupi$ 9 ! ,hell5i/ic or ,maccaban p]iod4#dg ,aft] ! ,maccaban turmoils ! inhabitants seem to h des]t$ ! tell4 ,"u ! mod]n village ( ,abu ,%u%eh1 on ! s\?we/ slope ( ! m\nd1 a ,roman mosaic has be5 f\nd1 b no?+ f ,roman times 0 discov]$ on ! m\nd itself4 ,!re 7 likewise no rema9s f ! p]iod ( ! ,crusad]s4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ?is excavation _m important discov]ies 7 made4 ,_m ( ^! w be m5tion$ 9 subsequ5t *apt]s4 ,we ne$ only m5tion "h an old ,semitic high place1 :i* _h its beg9n+s 9 ! fir/ ,semitic /ratum be=e #ahjj ,b4 ,c41 & 0 us$ d[n to ! end ( ! f\r? ,semitic or ,hebrew /ratum1 ab\t #fjj ,b4 ,c4 ,x began ) two 8pill>s10 b o!rs 7 add$ z "t pass$ until !re 7 t5 9 all4#dh ,9 ! ?ird ,semitic /ratum 7i4 e41 ! "o prec$+ ! ,hebrew occupation7 a build+ 0 f\nd :i* ,mr4 ,macali/] ?\ght might h be5 a temple4 ,9 ! middle ( its l>ge/ hall 7 "s /ones :i* look$ z ?\gh !y might h support$ wood5 pill>s1 :i*1 9 turn1 probably support$ ! ro(4 ,mr4 ,macali/] ?\ght ?is 0 a /ructure simil> to t :i* ,samson pull$ d[n at ,gaza#di 7,judges #af3bc-cj74 ,"o ( ! mo/ important discov]ies 0 a rock-cut tunnel lead+ d[n ?r\gh ! he>t ( ! rock to a spr+ 9 a cave #id feet bel[ ! surface ( ! rock & #abj feet bel[ ! level ( ! pres5t surface ( ! gr\nd4#ej ,?is 0 to enable ! p ( ! city to obta9 wat] 9 "t ( siege4 ,x 0 us$ = "s #ejj ye>s & 0 app>5tly clos$ up ab\t #acjj-abjj ,b4 ,c4 ,its beg9n+s g back accord+ly to ! fir/ ,semitic p]iod4 ,a palace ( ! ,maccaban "t1 app>5tly built by ,simon ! ,maccabee1 #adc-ace ,b4 ,c41 0 also discov]$4#ea 7,cf4 #a ,macc4 #ad3cd47 ,v>i\s walls 7 discov]$1 :i* at diff]5t times encircl$ ! city4 ,! mo/ massive ( ^! 0 app>5tly con/ruct$ dur+ ! eighte5? ,egyptian dyna/y1 & cont9u$ to be ! city wall d[n to ! ,babylonian ,exile4 ,at "s "t aft] its con/ruction t[]s _h be5 ins]t$ 9 ! wall4 ,^! t[]s 7 %[n to be a lat] ins]tion by ! fact t _! /ones t\*$ ! /ones ( ! wall on ea* side1 b 7 n int]lock$ ) !m4 ,mr4 ,macali/] ?9ks t ^! t[]s may h be5 ins]t$ by ,solomon :5 he =tifi$ ! city 7#a ,k+s #i3ae-ai74 ,at "s lat] "t ! weakness ( su* a t[] _h become app>5t1 & a ba/ion _h be5 built ar\nd x4#eb ,! excavation at ,gez] 0 fruitful 9 _m directions4 ,o!r aspects ( x w be tak5 up 9 future *apt]s 9 connection ) o!r topics4 7#aj7 ,be?-%eme%4--,! next task und]tak5 by ! ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund 0 ! exploration ( ,a9 ,%ems1 ! ,biblical ,be?-%eme%4 7,see ,jo%4 #ae3aj2 #b ,k+s #ad3h-ad1 etc47 ,a9 ,%ems1 l ,gez]1 is situat$ 9 :at 0 9 ,biblical times ! ,%ephelah4 ,x is ne> ! /ation ( ,d] ,aban on ! railway f ,jaffa to ,j]usalem4 ,excavations 7 c>ri$ on at ?is po9t 9 #aiaa & #aiab "u ! direction ( ,dr4 ,duncan ,mack5zie1 :o _h _h t5 ye>s' exp]i5ce on ! /aff ( ,sir ,ar?ur ,evans1 ! explor] ( ,crete4 ,at ! bottom ( ! m\nd ! rema9s ( a v e>ly settlem5t 7 discov]$4#ec ,above ?is ! ru9s ( a once prosp]\s city1 :i* 0 = t "t l>ge1 7 f\nd4 ,x 0 surr\nd$ by /rong walls & "o ( its rugg$ gates 0 discov]$ on ! s\?4 ,9 ! upp] /rata ( ?is city imitations ( ,cretan pott]y 7 f\nd4 ,z x is probable t ! ,phili/9es came f ,crete1 or 7 intimately associat$ ) p :o 7 "u ,cretan influ5ce1 ?is pott]y is d\btless ,phili/9e4 ,! city :i* 0 encircl$ by ?is wall _h pass$ ?r\gh two p]iods ( hi/ory4 ,! orig9al wall 0 built be=e ! dom9ation ( ,pale/9e by ,egypt4 ,z ?is dom9ation began ab\t #aejj ,b4 ,c41 ! e>li] =tress ( ,be?-%eme% belongs to t p]iod4 ,! second p]iod belongs 9 its e>li] /rata to ! age ( ! ,el-,am>na lett]s1 9 :i* ! city is call$ ,be?-,n9ib4 ,! upp] p]iod ( x belongs1 z has be5 not$1 to ! ,phili/9e p]iod4 ,?is city 0 de/roy$ by a siege :i* result$ 9 ! burn+ ( ! city--a burn+ :i* left q a b$ ( a%es4 ,dr4 ,mack5zie ?\ght t ?is 0 ! siege by :i* ! ,israelites ga9$ possession ( ,be?-%eme%4 ,! city 0 occupi$ by ! ,hebrews app>5tly until ! invasion ( ,pale/9e by ,s5na*]ib1 ,k+ ( ,assyria1 9 #gja ,b4 ,c4 ,at all ev5ts1 x 0 9 ! possession ( ,judah 9 ! days ( ,k+ ,amaziah 7#b ,k+s #ad3h-ad74 ,correspond+ to ?is1 ,israeliti% pott]y 0 f\nd 9 ! /ratum above ! a%es4 ,dr4 ,mack5zie is ( ! op9ion t dur+ ?is ,hebrew p]iod ! city 0 )\t a wall4 ,app>5tly aft] ! "t ( ,s5na*]ib ! site 0 ab&on$ = sev]al c5turies1 = next above ! ,israeliti% /ratum ! rema9s ( a mona/]y ( ! ,byzant9e p]iod 7#cbe-fcf ,a4 ,d47 7 f\nd4 ,?is mona/]y app>5tly 0 n begun until j at ! close ( ! ,byzant9e p]iod1 = x appe>s t x 0 n f9i%$ at ! "t ( ! ,mohamm$an conque/4 7#aa7 ,explor+ ! ,wild]ness ( ,z94--,! mo/ rec5t s]vice ( ! ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund 0 ! s5d+ ( two explor]s1 ,c4 ,leon>d ,woolley & ,t4 ,e4 ,lawr5ce1 9 ! w9t] ( #aiac-ad1 to explore ! wild]ness to ! s\? ( ,pale/9e4 ,! results ( _! "w h be5 publi%$ 9 ! ,fund's ,annual1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 "u ! title ,! ,wild]ness ( ,z94 ,! explor]s id5tifi$ a consid]able "p ( ! 8,d>b es-,%ur10 or ! 8way ( ,%ur0 7,g54 #af3g1 etc474 ,x 0 ! c>avan road f ,pale/9e to ,egypt4 ,!y also adduce /rong evid5ce aga9/ ! id5tification ( ,a9 ,kades ) ,kade%-,b>nea 7,num4 #cb3h1 etc471 & ?9k t ,kossima1 :i* lies ne>] to ! ,egyptian road & is surr\nd$ by mu* m v]dure1 may h be5 ,kade%-,b>nea4 ,! id5tification ( ,a9 ,kades ) ,kade%-,b>nea 0 made by ! late ,dr4 ,h5ry ,clay ,trumbull1 aft] a v brief visit to ! spot1 & x has be5 accept$ by _m o!rs4 ,betwe5 #cbe & #fcf ,a4 ,d4 ext5sive settlem5ts & cities ( consid]able size exi/$ 9 ?is wild]ness4 ,?is 0 "o ( ! facts t l$ ,ellswor? ,hunt+ton to believe t ! ra9fall 9 ,pale/9e 0 mu* great] at t "t4 ,) ?is view ,woolley & ,lawr5ce take issue4 ,!y say t :]e ! old wells h be5 kept op51 ! wat] /ill rises z high z ev] x did4 ,!y hold t ! cities m5tion$ 7 possible because ( ! great en]gy & skill ( ! p ( t "t 9 s9k+ wells4 #e4 ,! ,g]man ,pale/9e ,society4--,:ile ! "w ( ! ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund1 :i* has be5 outl9$ 9 detail1 0 go+ on1 o!r c\ntries 7 ar\s$ to simil> activities4 ,9 #ahgg a simil> ,society1 ! ,deuts*] ,pal/9a-,v]e91 0 organiz$ to fo/] ! collection ( in=mation ab\t ! l& ( ! ,bible4 ,accurate sci5tific rese>* 9 all bran*es ( k relat+ to ,pale/9e 0 contemplat$1 & ! co-op]ation ( travel]s & ( ! ,g]man colonies 9 ,pale/9e 0 invit$4 ,9 #ahgh ?is ,society began ! publication ( a j\rnal#ed :i* has become a repository ( in=mation ab\t ! ,holy ,l&4 7#a7 ,gu!'s ,excavation at ,j]usalem4--,9 #ahhj ,pr(4 ,gu! excavat$ at v>i\s po9ts on ,ophel at ,j]usalem1 & foll[$ ! l9e ( ! anci5t wall along ! ea/ side ( ! city ( ,david4#ee 7#b7 ,megiddo4--,9 #aijc ?is ,g]man ,society und]took ! excavation ( ,tell el-,mutesellim1 ! site ( ! ,biblical ,megiddo#ef 7,jo%4 #ab3ba2 #b ,k+s #bc3bi1 etc474 ,?is "w 0 entru/$ to ! direction ( ,dr4 ,gottlieb ,s*uma*]1 ( ,haifa4 ,"w 0 begun on ! #g? ( ,febru>y1 #aijc1 & cont9u$ at int]vals until ! #cj? ( ,novemb]1 #aije4 ,9 ! l[e/ /ratum ( ! m\nd ,dr4 ,s*uma*] f\nd traces ( a settlem5t ! h\ses ( :i* 7 con/ruct$ ( mud-bricks4 ,ov] ! ru9s ( ^! a second s]ies ( h\ses _h be5 built ( /one4 ,9 ! same /ratum "s tombs 7 f\nd conta9+ skeletons1 "s pott]y ( e>ly =ms1 a bronze knife1 & "s sc>abs set 9 gold4 ,! walls ( ! city 7 9 "p built ( brick4 ,! settlem5ts repres5t$ by ?is /ratum ant$at$ #bjjj ,b4 ,c4 ,9 ! next /ratum a l>ge /ructure1 probably a palace1 0 f\nd1 :i* _h be5 occupi$ ?r\gh ! p]iods repres5t$ by ! /ratum 9 :i* its f\ndations 7 laid & ! /ratum next above x4 ,! build+ 0 ( /one & 0 l>ge4 ,9 "o "p ( x 0 a 8pill>0 app>5tly us$ = wor%ip4 ,v>i\s types ( pott]y1 knives ( fl9t & bronze1 _m /one h\sehold ut5sils1 an ,a/>te figure1 & "s sc>abs ( ! p]iod ( ! twelf? ,egyptian dyna/y 7 f\nd4 ,?is /ratum1 !n1 belong$ to ! p]iod #bjjj-ahjj ,b4 ,c4 ,next above ?is /ratum 0 "o 9 :i* types ( pa9t$ pott]y simil> to t ( ! ,phili/9es came to light4 ,9 ! fif? /ratum f ! bottom a palace ( ! ,hebrew p]iod 0 discov]$4 ,9 ?is palace a seal 0 f\nd be>+ a lion & ! inscription 8belong+ to ,%ema1 ! s]vant ( ,j]oboam40 ,x is impossible to tell :e!r ! ,j]oboam :o 0 ,%ema's ma/] 0 ,j]oboam ,i or ,j]oboam ,,ii4 ,9 ?is same /ratum a temple 0 f\nd conta9+ ?ree 8pill>s02 7see ,fig4 #bg74 ,9 ano!r "p ( ! m\nd 9 a six? /ratum1 :i* seem$ to be late ,hebrew1 ?ree 8pill>s0 7 f\nd 9 an op5 space ne> ! s\? gate1 a /one religi\s emblem1 & a decorat$ inc5se-burn]4 ,else:]e ?is six? /ratum yield$ a blacksmi?'s %op4 ,9 a sev5? /ratum1 j "u ! soil1 rema9s ( ! ,greek p]iod 7 f\nd1 among :i* 0 an ,a!nian co94 ,?is 0 ! la/ occupation ( ! tell1 & 0 pre-,*ri/ian4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,roman p]iod ! t[n 0 mov$ f ! high l& ( ! m\nd d[n ne>] ! wat] supply4 ,on ! slope ( ! hill a native-rock alt> 0 f\nd :i* _h be5 us$ 9 prehi/oric times4 7#c7 ,taana*4--,9 #ahii ,pr(4 ,ern/ ,sell91 ( ,vi5na1 visit$ ,pale/9e & became s deeply int]e/$ 9 its exploration t he induc$ sev]al ,au/rian sci5tific bodies & individuals to contribute a fund = ! purpose4 ,! result 0 an excavation ( ,tell ,taanek1 ! ,biblical ,taana* 7,jo%4 #ab3ba2 ,judges #e3ai71 conduct$ by ,sell9 9 #aijb & #aijc4 ,sell9 did n excavate ! m\nd 9 a sy/ematic way & 8 results are n v cle>ly pres5t$ 9 8 book4#eg ,he trac$ 9 sev]al places f\r /rata 9 ! tell4 ,an e>ly /ratum _h its beg9n+s1 he ?\ght1 z e>ly z #bejj ,b4 ,c4 ,?is /ratum repres5t$ probably an occupation ( m ?an a ?\s& ye>s4 ,9 its lat] p>ts ! rema9s ( a l>ge palace 7 f\nd1 & 9 a cave und]nea? x f\r cunei=m tablets1 writt5 9 ! script ( ! ,el-,am>na p]iod4 ,orig9ally !re 7 m tablets 9 ! ar*ive1 b x _h be5 rifl$ 9 anci5t times4 ,above ?is 0 a /ratum 9 :i* pott]y ( ! ,cypriote & ,phili/9e type 0 f\nd4 ,next above ?is 0 a ,hebrew /ratum1 :i* seems to h la/$1 judg+ by objects f\nd 9 x1 d[n to ! "t ( ,psammetik ,i ( ,egypt1 #ffc-fji ,b4 ,c4 ,9 ?is /ratum ! rema9s ( a high place ) its 8pill>s0 7 f\nd1 z well z a t]ra-cotta inc5se-alt> ( wond]ful con/ruction4 ,above ?is !re 7 9 places a few rema9s f ! ,seleucid p]iod1 includ+ "s pott]y1 & at ! top ( ! m\nd "s rema9s ( an ,arabic settlem5t4 ,?is la/ seems to h be5 e/abli%$ "h ab\t ! "t ( ! ,crusad]s4 ,sell9 ?9ks ,taana* 0 de/roy$ by ! ,scy?ian invasion1 ab\t #fbe ,b4 ,c41 t 9 ! ,seleucid p]iod ! ma9 settlem5t "h 0 n on ! m\nd1 & t x 0 !n unoccupi$ until ! "t ( ! ,crusad]s4 7#d7 ,cap]naum4--,! ,deuts*e ,ori5t-,gesells*aft1 :i* 0 c>ry+ on excavations 9 ,egypt1 ,babylonia1 & ,assyria1 und]took ! inve/igation ( ! rema9s ( anci5t synagogues 9 ,galilee & ! ,jaulan4 ,among ^! !y excavat$ ! ru9s ( ! synagogue at ,tell ,hum on ! ,sea ( ,galilee1#eh ! probable site ( ,cap]naum4 ,"h !y f\nd ! rema9s ( a once beautiful synagogue :i* 0 probably built 9 ! f\r? c5tury ,a4 ,d4 ,b5ea? x is ! floor ( a /ill old] build+4 ,?is la/ is probably ! synagogue 9 :i* s _m ( ! incid5ts ( ! m9i/ry ( ,*ri/ 9 ,cap]naum took place1 ! "o built by a ,roman c5turion4 7,see ,luke #g3e & ,fig4 #cb47 7#e7 ,j]i*o4--,?is same ,society und]took1 9 ! ye>s #aijg-aiji1 ! excavation ( ,j]i*o2 7see ,fig4 #bi74 ,! "w 0 entru/$ to ! direction ( ,pr(4 ,sell91 ( ,vi5na4 ,! digg+ occupi$ ab\t ?ree weeks 9 ! spr+ ( #aijg1 & ab\t ?ree mon?s ( ! e>ly "p ( ea* ( ! ye>s #aijh & #aiji4ei ,at ! bottom ( ! m\nd traces ( a prehi/oric occupation ( ! site 7 uncov]$1 b z ^! 7 "u ! f\ndations ( a ,canaaniti% =tress1 :i* 7 n demoli%$1 no?+ fur!r 0 asc]ta9$ ab\t !m4 ,above ?is prehi/oric city 7 ! rema9s ( an ,amorite or ,canaanite city4 ,a j> h&le f\nd 9 ! l[] half ( ?is ,canaanite /ratum 0 /amp$ ) a sc>ab ( ! "t ( ! twelf? ,egyptian dyna/y1 :i* indicates t ?is occupation goes back to ab\t #bjjj ,b4 ,c4 ,! walls ( ?is e>ly city 7 trac$ on all sides ( ! tell except ! ea/4 ,on ?is side1 :]e ! ,a9 es-,sultan is 7o!rwise call$ ,eli%a's ,f\nta91 f ! incid5t ( #b ,k+s #b3ai-bb71 ! wall _h entirely disappe>$4 ,?is e>ly city 0 small4 ,! :ole ( x c\ld h be5 put into ! ,colosseum at ,rome4 ,all e>ly ,pale/9ian cities 71 h[ev]1 small4 ,9 ! city 0 a citadel ) a d\ble wall4 ,ea* wall repres5t$ a diff]5t p]iod ( hi/ory4 ,bo? 7 built ( brick1 z 7 ! h\ses ( ! "t4 ,! out] wall 0 betwe5 f\r & five feet ?ick & appe>$ to be ! old]2 ! inn] "o 0 ab\t t5 feet ?ick4 ,!y 7 jo9$ "h & !re by transv]se walls2 7see ,fig4 #cg74 ,! city _h be5 burn$ app>5tly ab\t #acjj-abjj ,b4 ,c41 p]haps at ! "t ( ! ,hebrew conque/4 ,above ! ru9s ( ?is pre-,israeliti% city 7 ! rema9s ( ! ,hebrew t[n4 ,! e>lie/ ( ^! rema9s seems to date f ! n9? c5tury ,b4 ,c42 7see #a ,k+s #af3cd71 z x 0 rebuilt 9 ! days ( ,ahab2 7see ,fig4 #cd74 ,! ,israelites1 9 ,sell9's judgm5t1 made ! city consid]ably l>g] ?an x _h be5 9 ! e>li] "t4 ,a wall1 :i* he believ$ to be ! wall ( ! ,hebrew p]iod1 0 f\nd on all sides except ! ea/1 consid]ably outside ! old] wall4 ,pre ,v9c5t1 ( ! ,fr5* cole ,biblique at ,j]usalem1 believes ?is wall to h be5 built 9 ! ,canaanite p]iod also1 b 8 reasons d n seem conv9c+4 ,on ! ea/]n edge ( ! ,israeliti% /ratum ! rema9s ( a l>ge /one build+ 7 f\nd4 ,sell9 ?9ks ?is may be ! palace & =tress built by ,hiel 9 ! "t ( ,ahab 7#a ,k+s #af3cd74 ,?is ,israeliti% city seems to h fl\ri%$ only ab\t two hundr$ ye>s4 ,x 0 probably de/roy$ 9 ! "t ( ,s5na*]ib1 ab\t #gjj ,b4 ,c4 ,sell9 ?\ght he f\nd traces ( ano!r rebuild+ :i* mu/ soon h foll[$ ! de/ruction1 b ?is ,j]i*o 0 also de/roy$ by ,nebu*adrezz> 9 #ehf ,b4 ,c4 ,at "s "t aft] ! ,babylonian ,exile ! city 0 rebuilt & fl\ri%$ until de/roy$ by ,vespasian 9 #gj ,a4 ,d4 ,x 0 rebuilt aft] #cbe ,a4 ,d4 & cont9u$ until de/roy$ by ! invasion ( ! ,p]sian ,k+ ,*osroes ,,ii1 9 #fad ,a4 ,d4 ,"s slight settlem5ts h exi/$ on ! m\nd 9 ,moslem times1 b ! ,j]i*o ( today is m ?an a mile di/ant4 #f4 ,! ,am]ican ,s*ool at ,j]usalem4--,9 ! ye> #aijj ! ,am]ican ,s*ool ( ,ori5tal ,rese>* 9 ,pale/9e 0 op5$ at ,j]usalem "u ! gis ( ! ,ar*ological ,in/itute ( ,am]ica4 ,x is "o ( ! purposes ( ?is s*ool1 :5 its funds w p]mit1 to c>ry on excavations z well z explorations4 ,hi!rto x has n _h money suffici5t to enable x to und]take ext5sive excavations4 ,9 addition to ! inve/igation ( _m matt]s n /rictly ar*ological1 ! ,s*ool has conduct$ a numb] ( m9or explorations4 ,:5 ! pres5t writ] 0 ,director1 #aijb-aijc1 he cle>$ ! s-call$ ,tomb ( ! ,judges & f\nd ! ru9s ( a c>avans>y ( ! ,crusad+ p]iod ne> ! ,damascus ,gate4 ,"u ,l4 ,b4 ,paton1 #aijc-aijd1 an excavation 0 made on ! suppos$ l9e ( ! 8,?ird ,wall0 ( ,j]usalem4 ,"u ,na?aniel ,s*midt1 #aijd-aije1 ! ,dead ,sea 0 explor$ & "s discov]ies made 9 ! ,valley ( ! ,arnon & ! ,wady ,suweil4#fj ,"u ,d4 ,g4 ,lyon1 #aijf-aijg1 "s pre-,israeliti% pott]y 0 recov]$ f tombs ( ,samieh ea/ ( ,et-,taiyibeh4#fa ,"u ,w4 ,j4 ,m\lton1 #aiab-aiac1 "s pa9t$ tombs ( ! ,seleucid "t 7 explor$ at ,beit ,jibr94 #g4 ,sam>ia4--,al?\gh ! ,am]ican ,s*ool at ,j]usalem has n yet be5 able to und]take ext5sive excavations1 ?r\gh ! g5]osity ( ,mr4 ,jacob ,s*iff1 ( ,new ,york1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity 0 able to excavate at ,seba/iyeh1 ! site ( anci5t ,sam>ia1 dur+ p>ts ( ?ree seasons--#aijh1 #aiji1 & #aiaj4 ,dur+ ! fir/ season ! "w 0 "u ! direction ( ,pr(4 ,d4 ,g4 ,lyon2 dur+ #aiji & #aiaj1 "u ! direction ( ,pr(4 ,g4 ,a4 ,reisn]1 :o has _h l>ge exp]i5ce 9 su* "w 9 ,egypt1 & :o1 9 addition to _m ar*ological triumphs !re1 has solv$ ! riddle ( ! ,sph9x4 ,at ,sam>ia#fb a l>ge palace 0 f\nd built ^u ! native rock4 ,?is is believ$ to be ! rema9s ( ! palace ( ,omri 7#a ,k+s #af3bd74 ,above ?is 7 ! ru9s ( a l>g] palace1 ! wall ( :i* 0 fac$ ) :ite m>ble4 ,?is is believ$ to h be5 ! palace ( ,ahab1 :o is said to h built an 8ivory h\se0 7#a ,k+s #bb3ci74 ,9 a build+ on a level ) ?is palace a consid]able numb] ( inscrib$ pot%]ds 7 f\nd4 ,!y 7 receipts = w9e & oil /or$ !re4 ,at ! we/]n edge ( ! hill ! old city gate 0 uncov]$4 ,x _h be5 rebuilt at diff]5t times4 ,! f\ndations 7 cle>ly laid 9 ! ,israeliti% p]iod4 ,on ^! n[ re/s a sup]/ructure ( ,h]odian workman%ip4 ,above ! ru9s ( ! ,hebrew city 7 ! rema9s ( a city built by ! ,assyrians4 7,see #b ,k+s #ag3bd-cd47 ,?is 0 inf]r$ by ! "* ( ! build+ mat]ials employ$1 & by ! fragm5t ( a clay tablet f\nd !re4 ,/ill above ?is 7 rema9s ( a city ( ! ,seleucid "t--! city de/roy$ by ,john ,hyrcanus#fc 9 #aji ,b4 ,c4 ,/ill above ?is 7 rema9s ( ! temple built by ,h]od ! ,great1 :5 he rebuilt ,sam>ia & nam$ x ,seba/e1 ! ,greek = ,augu/a1 9 honor ( ! ,emp]or ,augu/us4 ,?is temple _h be5 repair$ 9 ! ?ird c5tury ,a4 ,d4 #h4 ,p>k]'s ,excavations at ,j]usalem4--,9 ! ye>s #aiji1 #aiaj1 & #aiaa an ,engli% exp$ition "u ,capt41 ! ,hon4 ,montague ,p>k]1 a retir$ (fic] ( ! ,briti% army1 made ext5sive explorations ^u ,ophel1 ! slope ( ! ea/]n hill s\? ( ! pres5t city walls at ,j]usalem4 ,p>k] 0 n an ar*ologi/ & ! motive = ! exploration is n yet disclos$4 ,! p>ty is said to h be5 abundantly suppli$ ) money1 & to h come to ,pale/9e 9 a private ya*t1 :i* 0 an*or$ (f ,jaffa :ile !y 7 at "w4 ,9 #aiaa ! ho/ility ( ! ,moslems became s excit$ by ! rumor t !y _h attempt$ to excavate "u ! ,mosque ( ,om> t ! exp$ition came to an abrupt close1 & ! explor]s escap$ on _! ya*t4 ,?r\gh ! descriptions ( two resid5ts ( ,j]usalem1 ,pr(4 ,hughes ,v9c5t#fd & ,dr4 ,e4 ,w4 ,g4 ,ma/]man1#fe we h "s k ( ! value ( ,p>k]'s "w4 ,he cle>$ ! silt out ( ! ,siloam tunnel s z to reveal its real dep?1 :i* seems to h be5 betwe5 five & six feet4 ,x _h be5 s silt$ up t x appe>$ to be only ab\t half t dep?4 ,he also explor$ m fully ! caves ab\t ,a9 ,sitti ,miriam 7! ,biblical ,gihon1 #a ,k+s #a3cc71 :i* _h be5 p>tially explor$ by ,sir ,*>les ,w>r51 s t ! nature & probable use ( ^! are n[ kn[n mu* bett]4 ,m w be said ( ?is 9 a future *apt]4 #i4 ,late/ ,excavations4--,)9 ! la/ few ye>s ! ,assumptioni/ ,fa!rs h be5 excavat+ on a tract ( l& pur*as$ by !m on ! ea/]n slope ( ! we/]n hill to ! s\? ( ! pres5t city wall4 ,!y believe t !y h discov]$ ! h\se ( ,caiaphas1 to :i* ,*ri/ 0 l$ 9 ! c\rse ( 8 trial 7,matt4 #bf3eg2 ,john #ah3bd74 ,possibly !y h f\nd ! h\se :i*1 aft] ! "t ( ,con/ant9e1 0 po9t$ out to ,*ri/ian pilgrims z t ( ,caiaphas4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 !y h une>!d sev]al /reets ( ,roman & ,jewi% ,j]usalem1 & are keep+ !m uncov]$4 ,^! /reets1 l ! ru9s ( ,pompeii1 disclose pavem5ts & h\se-f\ndations t may g back to ! "t ( ,*ri/4 ,"h1 possibly1 "o may look ^u pavem5ts :i* 8 feet actually trod4#ff ,9 #aiad "s excavations 7 made on ,ophel at ,j]usalem "u ! direction ( ,capt4 ,weil = a ,jewi% organization1 & at ! m\nd ,balata1 ne> ,nabl\s1 ! ,biblical ,%e*em1 by ! ,g]mans4 ,! "w at ,balata 0 "u ! direction ( ,pr(4 ,sell94 ,bo? are said to h made discov]ies4 ,at ,balata x is said t ! city gate ( anci5t ,%e*em 0 uncov]$4 ,no?+ has1 h[ev]1 be5 publi%$ conc]n+ ^!1 & ! great w> ( #aiad br\ght all su* "w to a /op4 ,! prep>ation ( f\ndations ( a new ,jewi% hospital ne> ! ,dung ,gate has laid b>e ! aqu$ucts :i* convey$ ! wat] f 8,solomon's ,pools0 into ! city4#fg ,9 ?is acc\nt only ! pr9cipal explorations h be5 m5tion$4 ,9 all p>ts ( ,pale/9e1 & especially at ,j]usalem1 important ar*ological discov]ies are frequ5tly made :5 p are digg+ to lay ! f\ndations ( build+s1 to con/ruct a ci/]n1 or = o!r purposes4 ,o!r important discov]ies1 z1 = in/ance1 ! rock-cut high place at ,petra1#fh & ! pa9t$ tombs at ,beit ,jibr91#fi h be5 made by p travel+ ?r\gh ! l&4 ,_m discov]ies made 9 ?is way are record$ 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,/atem5t ( ! ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund1 ! ,zeits*rift des deuts*5 ,pal/9a-,v]e9s1 & ! ,revue biblique4 ,lack ( space =bids ! attempt to *ronicle ^!4#gj ,,*apt] ,v ,,outl9e ,,( ,,pale/9e',s ,,ar*,,ological ,,hi/ory ,,! ,,e>ly ,,/one ,,age4 ,,! ,,late ,,/one ,,age4 ,,! ,,amorites4 ,,! ,,canaanites4 ,,egyptian ,,dom9ation3 ,?o?mes ,,iii4 ,pale/9e 9 ! ,el-,am>na ,lett]s4 ,seti ,i4 ,ramses ,,ii4 ,m]neptah4 ,ramses ,,iii4 ,,! ,,phili/9es4 ,,! ,,hebrews4 ,,phili/9e ,,civilization4 ,,! ,,hebrew ,,k+doms4 ,,! ,,exile ,,& ,,aft]3 ,! ,sam>itans4 ,alex&] ! ,great & 8 successors4 ,! ,maccabees4 ,! ,asmonans4 ,,! ,,com+ ,,( ,,rome3 ,! ,h]ods4 ,! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem 9 #gj ,a4 ,d4 ,,lat] ,,hi/ory4 #a4 ,! ,e>ly ,/one ,age4--,pale/9e appe>s to h be5 inhabit$ at a v remote p]iod4 ,s*ol>s divide ! races ( prehi/oric m51 :o us$ /one implem5ts1 into two classes--,paloli?ic & ,neoli?ic4 ,paloli?ic m5 did n %ape _! /one implem5ts4 ,if !y *anc$ to f9d a /one %ap$ l an axe1 !y us$ x z su*2 if !y f\nd a long1 ?9 "o ) a %>p edge1 !y us$ x = a knife4 ,neoli?ic man _h le>n$ to %ape 8 /one tools4 ,he c\ld make knives = himself out ( fl9t & =m o!r tools f /one4 ,! e>lie/ inhabitants ( ,pale/9e belong$ to ! paloli?ic p]iod4 ,un%ap$ /one implem5ts h be5 f\nd 9 _m p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,!y h be5 pick$ up 9 ! m>itime pla91 9 /ill l>g] numb]s on ! elevat$ l& s\? ( ,j]usalem1 & aga9 to ! s\? ( ,amman1 ! ,biblical ,rabbah ,ammon1 on ! ea/ ( ! ,jordan4 ,! ,assumptioni/ ,fa!rs ( ,notre ,dame de ,france at ,j]usalem h a f9e collection ( fl9t implem5ts 9 _! ,museum4 ,^! paloli?ic m5 liv$ 9 caves 9 :i* !y left traces ( _! occupation4 ,sev]al ( ^! caves 9 ,phnicia h be5 explor$ by ,pre ,zum(f51 ( ! ,ca?olic ,univ]sity ( ,/4 ,joseph1 ,beirut4#ga ,x has be5 e/imat$ t ^! cave-dwell]s may h be5 9 ,pale/9e z e>ly z #aj1jjj ,b4 ,c4 #b4 ,! ,late ,/one ,age4--,( neoli?ic m5 9 ,pale/9e mu* m is kn[n4 ,?is k comes 9 "p f ! num]\s cromle*s1 m5hirs1 dolm5s1 & 8gilgals0 :i* are scatt]$ ov] ea/]n ,pale/9e4 ,a cromle* is a heap ( /ones r\ghly resembl+ a pyramid2#gb a m5hir is a gr\p ( unhewn /ones s set 9 ! e>? z to /& upright l columns2#gc a dolm5 consi/s ( a l>ge unhewn /one :i* re/s on two o!rs :i* sep>ate x f ! e>?2#gd & a 8gilgal0 is a gr\p ( m5hirs set 9 a circle4#gc ,^! monum5ts are ! rema9s ( m5 ( ! /one age :o dwelt "h be=e ! dawn ( hi/ory4 ,!y 7 probably erect$ by "s ( ^? peoples :om ! ,hebrews call$ ,rephaim#ge or 8%ades0--p :o1 hav+ liv$ long be=e1 7 dead at ! "t ( ! ,hebrew occupation4 ,simil> monum5ts ( ! /one age h be5 f\nd 9 ,japan1 ,india1 ,p]sia1 ! ,caucasus1 ! ,crimea1 ,bulg>ia2 also 9 ,tripoli1#gf ,tunis1 ,alg]ia1 ,morocco1 ,malta1 s\!rn ,italy1 ,s>d9ia1 ,corsica1 ! ,bele>ic ,isles1 ,spa91 ,portugal1 ,france1 ! ,briti% ,isles1 ,sc&9avia1 & ! ,g]man %ores ( ! ,baltic4 ,"s s*ol>s hold t all ^! monum5ts 7 made by "o race ( m51 :o migrat$ f c\ntry to c\ntry4 ,z ! monum5ts are n f\nd at v great di/ances f ! sea1 ! migrations are suppos$ to h foll[$ ! sea coa/s4#gg ,o!rs sc\t ! idea ( a migration ov] su* long di/ances at su* an e>ly epo* ( ! _w's hi/ory1 & believe t ! fa%ion ( mak+ su* monum5ts 0 adopt$ f p to p by imitation4 ,be ?is z x may1 ^! monum5ts seem to h be5 9 ,egypt & ,pale/9e be=e ! ,semites & ,hamites develop$ into ! ,egyptians1 ,amorites1 & ,hebrews1 = !y 7 adopt$ by !m z ! 8pill>s0 :i* are s (t5 d5\nc$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & 9 ,egypt 7 gradually %ap$ & prolong$ into ! obelisks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,( ,,pale/9e ,( ! m5 ( ?is /one age ! excavations h furni%$ u ) "s fur!r in=mation4 ,at ,gez] ! native rock bel[ all ! cities 0 f\nd to conta9 caves1#gh "s natural & "s artificial1 :i* _h =m$ ! dwell+s ( m5 ( ! /one age4 ,!y1 l m5 today1 7 lazy4 ,if "o f\nd a cave t w\ld protect him f heat1 cold1 & ra91 he w\ld occupy x & save himself ! tr\ble ( mak+ "o4 ,b !re 7 n en\gh caves to g ar\nd1 s "s ( ! m5 ( anci5t ,gez] cut caves = !mselves out ( ! s(t lime/one rock4 ,x mu/ h be5 a difficult task ) ! /one implem5ts at _! disposal1 b !y accompli%$ x1 sometimes cutt+ /airs by :i* to desc5d into !m4 ,"o su* cave seems to h be5 us$ by !m z a temple4 ,9 x 7 f\nd a quantity ( pig bones1 :i* 7 app>5tly ! rema9s ( _! sacrifices4 ,if !y (f]$ ! pig 9 sacrifice1 !y 7 c]ta9ly n ,semitic1 = ,semites abhorr$ sw9e4 ,^! e>ly m5 sometimes adorn$ ! sides ( _! dwell+s by scrat*+ pictures on ! walls4 ,sev]al pictures ( cattle 7 f\nd4 ,"o c[ seem$ to h knobs on h] horns to keep h] f gor+6 ,"o draw+ repres5t$ a /ag t 0 be+ kill$ ) a b[ & arr[4#gi ,^! e>ly m5 burn$ _! dead1 & "o ( ! caves 9 ! ea/]n end ( ! hill 0 us$ z _! crematory4 ,/eps 9 ! rock l$ d[n to its entrance4 ,! cave itself 0 #ca feet long1 #bd feet #f in*es wide1 & ! height v>i$ f #b to #e feet4 ,ne> "o end a hole _h be5 cut to ! upp] air to act z a flue4 ,bel[ ?is ! fires t burn$ _! dead _h be5 k9dl$2 c9d]s & *>r$ bones ( ^! f>-(f m5 7 f\nd z grim tok5s ( _! fun]al rites4 ,%ortly aft] ^! bones 7 f\nd ! anatomi/1 ,pr(4 ,alex&] ,macali/]1 ( ,cambridge ,univ]sity1 fa!r ( ! excavator1 visit$ ! camp at ,gez] & made a /udy ( ! bones4 ,he f\nd t !y repres5t$ a non-,semitic race4 ,! peculi> modifications ( ! bones caus$ by ! squatt+ s univ]sally practis$ by ,semites 7 abs5t4 ,! m5 ^: bones ^! 7 c\ld n h be5 m ?an #e feet #f in*es 9 height1 & _m ( ! wom5 mu/ h be5 z %ort z #e feet #c in*es4 ,a pott]y head f\nd 9 "o ( ! caves1 :i* may be a rude portrait ( ! type ( face se5 9 ,gez] 9 ?is p]iod1 has a slop+ =ehead1 :i* af=d$ little bra9-space1 & a prom95t l[] jaw4 ,^! p us$ fl9t knives1 cru%$ _! gra9 9 holl[ /ones ) r\nd$ /ones1 employ$ a v>iety ( /one implem5ts1 & made pott]y ( a rude type1 :i* w be describ$ 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,! city ( ,gez] 9 ?is cave-dwell+ p]iod 0 surr\nd$ by a unique wall or ramp>t4#hj ,?is consi/$ ( a /one wall ab\t #f feet high & #b feet ?ick1 on ! out] side ( :i* 0 a ramp>t ( pack$ e>? ab\t #f feet #f in*es at ! base & slop+ t[>d ! top4 ,?is bank ( e>? 0 protect$ by a cov]+ ( small /ones ab\t #h in*es 9 dep?4 ,?is ramp>t nev] c\ld h be5 ( mu* value 9 w>f>e1 & 01 p]haps1 meant z a protection aga9/ incursions ( wild animals4 ,9 ! hillsides ar\nd ,gez] !re are _m caves :i* 7 probably human habitations dur+ ?is p]iod1 b z !y h be5 op5 dur+ _m c5turies1 traces ( _! e>ly occupation h long s9ce be5 de/roy$4 ,at ,beit ,jibr91 six or eight h\rs to ! s\? ( ,gez]1 !re are also _m caves 9 ! rock1 numb]s ( :i* are artificial4 ,at v>i\s p]iods ^! h be5 employ$ z resid5ces4 ,x is altoge!r probable t ! use ( "s ( !m goes back to ! "t ( ! cave-dwell]s ( ,gez]4 ,mr4 ,macali/] has sugge/$ a connection betwe5 ^! cave-dwell]s ( ,gez] & ! ,biblical ,horites1#ha s9ce ,horite means 8cave-dwell]40 ,9 ! ,bible ! ,horites are said to h dwelt to ! ea/ ( ! ,jordan1 & m especially 9 ,edom 7,g54 #ad3f2 #cf3bj1 #ba1 #bi2 ,deut4 #b3ab1 #bb74 ,x seems probable t ! reason :y ! ,bible places !m all beyond ,jordan is t ! cave-dwell]s _h disappe>$ f we/]n ,pale/9e c5turies be=e ! ,hebrews came1 :ile to ! ea/ ( ! ,jordan !y l+]$ on until displac$ by ^? :o 7 m ne>ly contempor>y ) ! ,hebrews4 ,on ! we/ ( ! ,jordan megali?ic monum5ts 7 probably once num]\s1 s9ce traces ( !m /ill survive 9 ,galilee & ,juda1#hb b lat] div]g5t civilizations h remov$ mo/ ( !m4 ,9 ! "t ( ,amos "o ( ^! 8gilgals0 0 us$ by ! ,hebrews z a place ( wor%ip1 ( :i* ! prophet did n approve4#hc ,x seems probable t !re 0 a settlem5t ( ^! cave-dwell]s at ,j]usalem4 ,! excavations ( ,capt4 ,p>k] br\ght to light an ext5sive sy/em ( caves ar\nd ! ,virg9's ,f\nta91 ,a9 ,sitti ,miriam1 z ! ,arabs call x1 :i* is ! ,biblical ,gihon4#hd ,^! caves are f> bel[ ! pres5t surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,x 0 f\nd1 too1 t !re w\ld be no spr+ at ?is po9t at all1 if "s e>ly m5 _h n wall$ up ! natural *annel 9 ! rock d[n :i* ! wat] orig9ally ran4 ,^! m51 judg+ by ! fragm5ts ( pott]y & ! dep? ( ! dbris1 belong$ to ab\t ! same p]iod z ! cave-dwell]s ( ,gez]4 ,!y app>5tly settl$ at ?is po9t because ( ! wat]1 & "o ( ! caves may h be5 a sanctu>y to _! god4 ,a new vi/a is ?us add$ to ! hi/ory ( t city1 :i* 0 lat] ! sc5e ( s mu* ,biblical life4 ,f v>i\s ar*ological consid]ations ,mr4 ,macali/] e/imat$ t ! dim9utive cave-dwell+ m5 liv$ at ,gez] = ab\t #ejj ye>s1 f #cjjj to #bejj ,b4 ,c41 :5 !y 7 displac$ by a ,semitic p4 #c4 ,! ,amorites4--,we are accu/om$ to call ?is ,semitic p ,amorites1 & x is probable t ?is is "r4 ,ab\t #bhjj ,b4 ,c41 "u a great k+ nam$ ,s>gon1#he a city ( ,babylonia call$ ,uru1 or ,amurru1#hf & ,agade conqu]$ all ( ,babylonia4 ,! dyna/y f\nd$ by ,s>gon 0 ,semitic & rul$ ,babylonia = #aig ye>s4#hg ,ev5 be=e ,s>gon conqu]$ ,babylonia1 ,lugalzaggisi1 ,k+ ( ,ere*1 _h p5etrat$ to ! ,m$it]ranean coa/4 ,s>gon & two ( 8 successors1 ,n>am-,s9 & ,%>gali-%>ri1 c>ri$ _! conque/s to ! ,m$it]ranean l&s4 ,a seal ( ! la/-m5tion$ k+ 0 f\nd 9 ,cyprus4 ,x is probable t ! com+ ( ! ,amorites began 9 ! nor? ) ! conque/s ( ^! k+s4 ,to ! ea/ ( ! ,lebanon ! ,pr9ceton exp$ition f\nd /one /ructures simil> to ,babylonian ,ziggurats1 :i* !y attribute to ! ,amorites1 & hold to indicate ! preval5ce ( ,babylonian influ5ce 9 ?is region4 ,x is probable t ! ,amorites sl[ly work$ s\?w>d1 occupy+ diff]5t cities z !y w5t4 ,mr4 ,macali/]'s e/imate t !y rea*$ ,gez] ab\t #bejj ,b4 ,c4 is n1 !re=e1 unreasonable1 ?\gh !y may h arriv$ !re a c5tury e>li] ?an t4 ,?is 0 ! beg9n+ ( t long int]c\rse ) ,babylonia :i* result$ 9 ! employm5t ( ! ,babylonian language & script = ! purpose ( express+ writt5 ?\ght 9 ,pale/9e long aft] ! ,egyptians _h conqu]$ ! c\ntry4 ,?is int]c\rse 0 ! m natural because ! ,semites :o came to ,pale/9e 7 ( ! same race z ^? :o 7 dom9ant 9 ,babylonia4 ,meantime1 ! ,egyptians _h begun to take notice ( ,pale/9e4 ,uni1 an (fic] ( ,pepi ,i ( ! six? ,egyptian dyna/y1 relates t he cross$ ! sea 9 %ips to ! back ( ! height ( ! ridge nor? ( ! 8s&-dwell]s0 & puni%$ ! inhabitants4#hh ,?is ref]s to ! coa/ ( ,pale/9e 9 ! neighborhood ( ! ,phili/9e cities or ,gez]4 ,! "t 0 betwe5 #bfjj & #begj ,b4 ,c4 ,egypt 0 at ?is "t only anxi\s to make h] own bord]s secure2 %e _h no desire to occupy ?is ,asiatic l&4 ,aga91 betwe5 #bcjj & #bbjj ,b4 ,c41 a fre% migration ( ,semites1 app>5tly also ( ! ,amorite bran*1 invad$ ,babylonia & 9 "t made ! city ( ,babylon ! head ( a great empire4 ,?is race furni%$ ! fir/ dyna/y ( ,babylon1 :i* rul$ f #bbaj to #aibd ,b4 ,c4 ,its greate/ k+1 ,hammurapi1#hi :o gave to ,babylonia a code ( laws 9 ! v]nacul> language1#ij conqu]$ ! 8we/ l&10 :i* means ! ,m$it]ranean coa/4 ,x 0 probably "u 8 successor1 ,%amsu-iluna1 b c]ta9ly "u "o ( ! k+s ( ?is p]iod1 t a man 9 ,sipp>1 9 leas+ a wagon = a ye>1 /ipulat$ t x %\ld n be driv5 to ! ,m$it]ranean coa/1 because1 app>5tly1 travel betwe5 t coa/ & nor!rn ,babylonia 0 s frequ5t4#ia ,9 ?is same p]iod !re liv$ 9 ,babylonia an ,abraham1 ! records ( "s ( ^: bus9ess docum5ts h come d[n to u4#ib ,we also f9d !re m5 :o bore ! names ,yagubilu 7,jacobel7 & ,ya%ubilu 7,josephel71 & "o :o 0 call$ simply ,yagub1 or ,jacob4 ,pale/9ian evid5ce f a lat] "t leads u to believe t m5 be>+ all ^! names migrat$ dur+ ?is p]iod to ,pale/9e & gave _! names to cities :i* !y ei!r built or occupi$4#ic ,egyptians also came to ,pale/9e dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,! tale ( ,s9uhe#id relates ! adv5tures ( a man :o fl$ to ,pale/9e 9 ! ye> #aigj ,b4 ,c41 & :o rea*$ ! l& ( ,k$em1 or ! ,ea/1 :i* app>5tly lay to ! ea/ ( ! ,jordan4#ie ,x is ref]r$ to sev]al times 9 ! old ,te/am5t4 7,see ,g54 #bi3a2 ,judges #f3c1 #cc2 #g3ab2 #h3aj2 ,job #a3c1 etc47 ,s9uhe !re ent]$ ! s]vice ( an ,amorite *iefta91 ,ammi5%i1 m>ri$ 8 elde/ daught]1 became rul] ( a portion ( 8 l&1 & liv$ !re = _m ye>s4 ,he f9ally return$ to ,egypt & wrote an acc\nt ( 8 adv5tures4 ,?is region 0 also call$ by ,s9uhe & o!r ,egyptians ,upp] ,ret5u1 a "n :i* !y also appli$ to all ! high] p>ts ( ,syria & ,pale/9e4 ,ret5u is philologically equival5t to ,lotan 7,g54 #cf3bj1 #bb1 #bi2 #a ,*ron4 #a3ch1 #ci7 & ,lot 7,g54 #aa3bg2 #ab3d1 etc474 ,:5 ,s9uhe arriv$ 9 ,k$em he f\nd o!r ,egyptians already !re4 ,ammi5%i 0 well acqua9t$ ) ,egyptians4 ,!re 0 app>5tly consid]able trade ) ,egypt at ?is "t4 ,m5 f ,pale/9e (t5 w5t !re = ?is purpose4 ,su* trad]s are pictur$ on an ,egyptian tomb ( ?is p]iod4 ,trade ) ,egypt is also %[n to h exi/$ by ! discov]y ( ,egyptian sc>abs ( ! "t ( ! ,middle ,k+dom 9 ! excavation ( ,gez]1 ,j]i*o1 ,taana*1 & ,megiddo4 ,z ,egypt 0 ne>] & comm]ce ) x easi]1 its art affect$ ! art ( ,pale/9e dur+ ?is p]iod m ?an did ! art ( ,babylon1 al?\gh ! p 7 ak9 to ! ,babylonians4 ,9 ! reign ( ,seso/ris ,,iii1 #ahhg-ahdi ,b4 ,c41 ! ,egyptian k+ s5t an exp$ition into ,pale/9e1 & captur$ a place1 call$ 9 ,egyptian ,sekmem1 :i* is ?\ght by "s to be a misspell+ ( ,%e*em4#if ,?is exp$ition probably /imulat$ ,egyptian influ5ce 9 ! c\ntry1 ?\gh ! ,egyptians e/abli%$ no p]man5t control ov] ! l& at ?is "t4 ,:5 ! ,amorites occupi$ ,pale/9ian cities !y at once erect$ =tifications4 ,! inmo/ ( ! ?ree walls ( ,gez] is _! "w4 ,x 0 a wall ab\t #ac feet 9 ?ickness1 9 :i* 7 t[]s #da feet long & #bd feet ?ick & ab\t #ij feet ap>t4 ,x conta9$ at lea/ two gates4#ig ,at ,megiddo ! city 0 surr\nd$ by a wall1 p>ts ( :i* 7 made ( brick1#ih :ile at ,j]i*o ! old] ( ! walls ( ! c5tral citadel dates f ?is "t4#ii #d4 ,! ,canaanites4--,betwe5 #ahjj & #agej ,b4 ,c4 a migration occurr$ :i* greatly di/urb$ all we/]n ,asia4 ,!re mov$ into ,babylonia f ! ea/ a p call$ ,kassites4 ,!y conqu]$ ,babylonia & e/abli%$ a dyna/y :i* reign$ = #egf ye>s4#ajj ,co9cid5t ) ?is movem5t into ,babylonia !re 0 a migration across ! :ole ( ,asia to ! we/w>d1 :i* caus$ an invasion ( ,egypt & ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,hyksos dyna/ies !re4#aja ,z po9t$ out previ\sly1#ajb x is possible t ?is movem5t1 9 s f> z ! lead]%ip ( ! invasion ( ,egypt 0 conc]n$1 0 ,hittite4 ,9 any ev5t1 h[ev]1 _m ,semites 7 involv$ 9 x1 z ! ,semitic names 9 ! ,egyptian ,delta at ?is "t prove4 ,x is cu/om>y to assume t x 0 9 connection ) ?is migration t ! ,canaanites came into ,pale/9e4 ,?is _c1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k1 be cle>ly prov$1 b su* evid5ce z we h po9ts 9 ?is direction4 ,!re began at ?is "t a new p]iod ( culture at ,gez]1 :i* is q di/+ui%able f t :i* _h prec$$4 ,?is indicates ! com+ ( new influ5ces4 ,moreov]1 !re 0 app>5tly an augm5tation ( ! population ( ,pale/9e at ?is "t4 ,new cities 7 f\nd$ at ,tell el-,hesy & ,tell es-,safi1#ajc & else:]e4 ,we ?us feel sure t !re 0 an increase ( population &1 :5 next our writt5 s\rces reveal to u ! location ( ! nations1 ! ,canaanites 7 dwell+ 9 ,phnicia4 ,! ,egyptian scribes ( a lat] "t call$ ! entire we/]n "p ( ,syria & ,pale/9e 8,! ,canaan40#ajd ,probably1 !re=e1 ! ,canaanites settl$ along ! sea coa/4 ,we1 !re=e1 inf] t !y came into ?is region at ?is "t4 ,) ! com+ ( an increas$ population1 ! ,amorites appe> to h be5 9 "p subjugat$ & absorb$1 & 9 "p =c$ into n>r[] limits4 ,a p[]ful gr\p ( !m ma9ta9$ _! integrity 9 ! region aft]w>d occupi$ by ! tribe ( ,a%] & 9 ! valley betwe5 ! ,lebanon & ,anti-,lebanon m\nta9s1 :]e !y aft]w>d =m$ a k+dom4 ,ano!r gr\p ( !m surviv$ to ! ea/ ( ! ,jordan1 :]e !y ma9ta9$ a k+dom until ov]?r[n by ! ,hebrews4 7,see ,num4 #ba & ,deut4 #a-c47 ,aft] ! com+ ( ! ,canaanites our in=mation conc]n+ ! hi/ory ( ,pale/9e fails u = ne>ly ?ree hundr$ ye>s4 ,all t we "k ( ! hi/ory ( ! c\ntry is :at c be inf]r$ f ! accumulat$ dbris ( ! 8second ,semitic0 /rata ( ! diff]5t m\nds t h be5 excavat$4 ,dur+ ^! c5turies ,egypt 0 invad$ by ! ,hyksos1 ^: c\rse 0 run1 & "u ! great eighte5? dyna/y ! ,hyksos 7 expell$1 *as$ into ,asia1 & ! conque/ ( ,asia und]tak54 #e4 ,egyptian ,dom9ation4--,ahmose ,i1 #aehj-aeeg ,b4 ,c41 besieg$ ,%>uh5 7,jo%4 #ai3f7 9 s\!rn ,pale/9e = six ye>s & captur$ x1 :ile bo? ,am5ophis ,i & ,?o?mes ,i betwe5 #aeeg & #aeja ,b4 ,c4 made raids ?r\gh ,pale/9e & ,syria to ! ,euphrates4 ,( _! de$s 9 ,pale/9e no records h surviv$4 7#a7 ,?o?mes ,,iii4--,x is n until ! reign ( ,?o?mes ,,iii t detail$ in=mation beg9s4 ,betwe5 #adgh & #addg ,b4 ,c4 ?is k+ made no less ?an sev5te5 exp$itions into ,pale/9e1 ,phnicia1 & ,syria4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( 8 reign ?is c\ntry 0 dott$ ) petty k+doms2 be=e its close he _h s ?or\ghly amalgamat$ x ) ,egypt t x rema9$ an integral "p ( ! ,egyptian dom9ion = #ajj ye>s4 ,be=e 8 dea? ,?o?mes inscrib$ on ! walls ( ! temple ( ,amon at ,!bes a li/ ( ! places 9 ,asia :i* he _h conqu]$4 ,_m ( ^! 7 9 ,pale/9e & 9 ,syria1 & we le>n 9 ?is way :at t[ns 7 already places ( importance a c5tury or two be=e ! ,hebrew conque/4 ,among places t are m5tion$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t he names#aje ,k$e% 7,jo%4 #ai3cg71 ,megiddo1 ,lebonah 7,judges #ba3ai71 ,add> 7,jo%4 #ae3c71 two diff]5t cities nam$ ,abel2 see ,judges #g3bb 7:i* m5tions "o situat$ 9 ! ,jordan valley71 & #b ,sam4 #bj3ad 7:i* ref]s to "o ne> ,dan71 ,damascus1 ,hamma?#ajf 7,jo%4 #ai3ce71 situat$ on ! ,sea ( ,galilee 7:]e !re are /ill hot spr+s71 ,be]o? 7,jo%4 #i3ag71 ,%>on1 ,tob 7,judges #aa3c1 #e71 ,kanah 7,jo%4 #ai3bh71 ,a%t>o? 7,deut4 #a3d2 ,jo%4 #i3bj71 ,makk$ah 7,jo%4 #ae3da71 ,lai% 7,judges #ah3g1 #ah71 ,hazor 7,jo%4 #aa3a2 ,judges #d3b71 ,*9n]o? 7,jo%4 #aa3b71 ,%unem 7,jo%4 #ai3ah2 #a ,sam4 #bh3da2 #b ,k+s #d3h71 ,a*%aph 7,jo%4 #aa3a71 ,taana*1 ,ibleam 7,jo%4 #ag3aa2 ,judges #a3bg71 ,ijon 7#a ,k+s #ae3bj71 ,ac*o1 ,anah>a? 7,jo%4 #ai3ai71 ,ophra 7,judges #f3aa71 ,joppa1 ,ga?1 ,lod 7,neh4 #g3cg7 or ,lydda 7,acts #i3cb71 ,ono 7#a ,*ron4 #h3ab71 ,aphik 7#a ,sam4 #d3a71 ,migdol1 ,ephes-dammim 7#a ,sam4 #ag3a71 ,rakka? 7,jo%4 #ai3ce71 ,g]> 7,g54 #bj3a1 etc471 ,rabbi? 7,jo%4 #ai3bj71 ,namaah 7,jo%4 #ae3da71 ,rehob 7,jo%4 #ai3bh71 ,edrei 7,deut4 #a3d2 ,jo%4 #ab3d71 ,daiban 7,neh4 #aa3be71 ,be?%ean 7,jo%4 #ag3aa71 ,be?-ano? 7,jo%4 #ae3ei71 ,helka? 7,jo%4 #ai3be71 ,geba 7,jo%4 #ah3bd71 ,z]]ah 7,judges #g3bb71 & ,zepha? 7,judges #a3ag74 ,9 addition to ^! t[ns :i* are m5tion$ 9 ! ,bible1 ! li/ ( ,?o?mes ,,iii conta9s _m o!r names :i* we _c yet id5tify4 ,among ^! are ! names ( two cities1 ,josephel & ,jacobel1 :i* are discuss$ 9 ,"p ,,ii1 p4 #cjj4 ,^! names1 z already not$1 are ! same z ! names ( two ,babylonian ,amorites ( ! "t ( ! fir/ dyna/y4 ,x seems probable t two important ,amorites _h migrat$ to ,pale/9e & _h ei!r f\nd$ new cities1 or _h be5 m5 ( su* consequ5ce t _! names 7 atta*$ to cities previ\sly 9 exi/5ce4 ,a p>allel to ?is is f\nd 9 ! "n ( ,abu ,go%4 ,he 0 a %eik ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 b 8 "n displac$ ! "n ( ! village previ\sly call$ ,k>yet el-,ineb1 betwe5 ,jaffa & ,j]usalem1 & x is n[ call$ ,abu ,go%4 ,conjectures diff] z to ! "p ( ,pale/9e 9 :i* ! cities ,jacobel & ,josephel 7 situat$4 ,we h 9 reality no c]ta9 clue z to ?is4 ,x is probable also t some?+ simil> _h occurr$ 9 ! case ( ,abraham4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out previ\sly t ,abraham is kn[n to h be5 a ,babylonian "n at ! "t ( ! fir/ ,babylonian dyna/y4 ,! ,biblical records tell ( ! com+ ( ,abraham f ,mesopotamia 7,g54 #aa3ca-ab3e71 & ! inscriptions ( ,%e%onk1 ! ,biblical ,%i%ak1 tell u "s c5turies lat] ( ! exi/5ce ( a place1 app>5tly 9 s\!rn ,judah1 call$ 8,! ,field ( ,abram40 ,see ,"p ,,ii1 p4 #cfj4 7#b7 ,pale/9e 9 ! ,el-,am>na ,lett]s4--,dur+ ! #ajj ye>s ( ,egyptian supremacy 9 ,pale/9e :i* ,?o?mes ,,iii inaugurat$1 ! =tifications ( c]ta9 /rategic cities 7 greatly /r5g!n$4 ,at ,gez]1 = example1 an entirely new wall 0 built4 ,?is 0 ! 8out]0 wall ( ,mr4 ,macali/]'s classification1 a sub/antial /ructure f\rte5 feet wide1 :i* completely encircl$ ! city4 ,?is massive wall rema9$ ! city's def5ce d[n to ! ,babylonian ,exile4 ,f ! ,el-,am>na lett]s we ga9 ano!r glimpse ( ,pale/9e ab\t a hundr$ ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,?o?mes ,,iii4 ,! ,biblical cities :i* are m5tion$ 9 ^! lett]s are ,ac*o 7,judges #a3ca71 ,a%kelon1 ,arvad 7,ezek4 #bg3h71 ,aro] 7,num4 #cb3cd71 ,a%t>o? 7,deut4 #a3d1 etc471 ,gebal 7,ezek4 #bg3i71 ,gez] 7,jo%4 #aj3cc1 #a ,k+s #i3ae1 etc471 ,ga?1 ,gaza1 ,j]usalem1 ,joppa1 ,keilah 7#a ,sam4 #bc3a71 ,la*i% 7,jo%4 #aj3c1 etc471 ,megiddo1 ,sidon1 ,tyre1 ,%e*em1 ,%>on1 ,taana*1 & ,zorah 7,judges #ac3b74 ,"o city1 call$ 9 ^! lett]s ,be?-,n9ib1 is1 9 all probability1 ,be?%eme% 7,jo%4 #ae3aj1 etc474 ,_m o!r t[ns are m5tion$ 9 ! lett]s1 b z !y are n m5tion$ 9 ! ,bible !y are n enum]at$ "h4 ,^! lett]s 7 writt5 j z ! ,egyptian dom9ion 9 ,asia 0 break+ up1 ow+ to ! fact t ,k+ ,am5ophis ,,iv 0 mu* m deeply int]e/$ 9 religi\s re=m ?an 9 politics4#ajg ,! dis9tegration ( ! empire produc$ great disord]4 ,! p[] :i* ,egypt _h ex]t$ 9 ! pa/ made ! ,asiatics /ill fe> to come out op5ly aga9/ h]1 b ! correspond5ce %[s t sev]al petty /ates 7 plott+ aga9/ "o ano!r1 frequ5tly encroa*+ ^u "o ano!r1 & yet all ! "t pr(ess+ to be loyal to ,egypt4 ,! l>ge/ numb] ( ^! /ates 7 9 ! nor? 9 ,phnicia4 ,! pr9cipal /ates 7 ! city k+doms ( ,gebal1 ,beirut1 ,tyre1 ,j]usalem1 & ! ,amorites4#ajh ,j]usalem at ?is "t rul$ a consid]able t]ritory1#aji b its hi/ory w be discuss$ connect$ly 9 a future *apt]4#aaj ,! k+s ( ! ,amorites dur+ ?is p]iod 7 ,eb$-,a%]a & ,aziru4 ,:ile ^! small k+doms ( ,pale/9e & ,phnicia 7 cont5d+ ) "o ano!r1 & ! k+ ( ,egypt 0 giv+ no att5tion to !m1 ! l& 0 invad$ f ! nor? by ! ,hittites "u ! great ,k+ ,subbiluliuma1#aaa :o gradually conqu]$ ! ,amorites & ! ,orontes ,valley4 ,x 0 at ! same "t invad$ f ! ea/ by ! ,habiri1 :o 7 probably ! ,hebrews4#aab ,) ?is movem5t ( peoples !re came into ! we/ a ?ird wave ( ,semitic migration1 ! ,araman4 ,we he> no?+ ( ! ,aramaic-speak+ peoples 9 e>li] "t1 b ab\t #acjj ,b4 ,c4 !y are m5tion$ by bo? ,%almanes] ,i1 ( ,assyria1 & ,ramses ,,ii1 ( ,egypt1 z ?\gh !y 7 9 ,syria & ,pale/9e4 ,9 lat] "t !y =m$ ! basis ( ! population f ! ea/ ( ! ,euphrates to ! ,m$it]ranean coa/ & s\?w>d to ,damascus4 ,9 ,deut4 #bf3e ,israelites are told to say 8,a w&]+ ,araman 0 my fa!r0 7,r4 ,v41 m>g974 ,! ref]5ce seems to be to ,jacob1 ?\gh possibly ,abraham is int5d$4 ,9 ei!r case1 x %[s t ! ,hebrews recogniz$ t !re 0 an ,araman /ra9 9 _! ance/ry4 ,p]haps ! ,habiri 7 ,aramans1 or 7 alli$ ) ,aramans4 ,at all ev5ts1 9 ! /ruggles t ensu$1 little by little all allegiance to ,egypt 0 ?r[n (f by ! ,pale/9ians4 ,lett]s to ,egypt ceas$ to be writt51 our s\rces fail u1 & = m ?an =ty ye>s we c only conjecture :at 0 happ5+ 9 ,pale/9e4 7#c7 ,seti ,i4--,) ! accession ( ,seti ,i ( ! n9ete5? ,egyptian dyna/y1 :o rul$ f #acac to #abib ,b4 ,c41 "s k ( ev5ts 9 ,pale/9e beg9s once m to come to u4 ,seti 9 8 fir/ ye> ent]$ ,asia1 captur$ an unnam$ wall$ t[n on ! bord] ( ! des]t1 pu%$ nor?w>d & took ! t[ns 9 ! ,pla9 ( ,jezreel1 cross$ ! ,jordan & conqu]$ cities 9 ! ,hauran1 :]e he set up a pill>1 discov]$ !re a few ye>s s9ce by ,pr9cipal ,george ,adam ,smi?2 he !n turn$ we/ & conqu]$ a city on ! slopes ( ! ,lebanon m\nta9s4#aac ,?is campaign rega9$ = ,egypt all ( ,pale/9e & s\!rn ,phnicia4 ,9 8 ?ird ye> ,seti 0 aga9 9 ,asia4 ,on ?is campaign he ov]?rew ! k+dom ( ! ,amorites 9 nor!rn ,galilee4 ,!y occupi$ ! city ( ,k$e% 9 ,naphtali 7,jo%4 #ai3cg74 ,?is city ,seti besieg$ & took4 7#d7 ,ramses ,,ii4--,?us at ! beg9n+ ( ! reign ( ,ramses ,,ii1 :o rul$ f #abib-abbe ,b4 ,c41 all ,pale/9e 0 subject to ,egypt4 ,! practical defeat ( ,ramses by ! ,hittites at ,kade% on ! ,orontes 9 8 fif? ye>1 h[ev]1 caus$ all ,pale/9e to revolt1 & ,ramses 0 compell$ to und]take ! reconque/ ( ! l&4 ,?is he accompli%$ betwe5 8 fif? & eigh? ye>s1 beg9n+ ) ! ,phili/9e cities & ov]runn+ ! :ole c\ntry to ! ,hauran1 :]e he set up a pill>1 z 8 fa!r _h previ\sly done4#aad ,s f> z we "k1 ,pale/9e rema9$ quietly "u ! rule ( ,ramses dur+ ! rema9d] ( 8 long reign4 ,ramses ,,ii1 l ,?o?mes ,,iii1 left on record a long li/ ( cities conqu]$ by him 9 ,asia4 ,( ^! ! foll[+ are ,pale/9ian t[ns m5tion$ 9 ! ,bible3#aae ,hamma? 7,jo%4 #ai3ce71 ,be?-%ean 7,jo%4 #ag3aa71 ,be?-ana? 7,jo%4 #ai3ch71 & ,hada%a 7,jo%4 #ae3cg74 ,pella1 a t[n 9 ! ,jordan valley n m5tion$ 9 ! ,bible1 also occurs 9 8 li/1 & !re is also a possible m5tion ( ,jacobel 9 a corrupt$ =m4 7#e7 ,m]neptah4--,aft] ! accession ( ,m]neptah1 ! successor ( ,ramses ,,ii1 a rebellion broke out4 ,?is 0 ab\t #abbc ,b4 ,c4 ,m]neptah put d[n ! rebellion1 b 9 ! /ruggle caus$ by x1 he 0 compell$ to r$uce ,gez] by siege4 ,x 0 on ?is campaign t he came into contact ) ,israel & defeat$ h]4#aaf ,"s ?9k ! ,israelites :om he m5tion$ 7 ^? :o m ?an a c5tury & a qu>t] be=e _h be5 battl+ aga9/ ,j]usalem2 o!rs1 t !y 7 ^? :o _h j escap$ f ,egypt4 ,! reign ( ,m]neptah 0 foll[$ by "s ye>s ( un/able gov]nm5t 9 ,egypt1 b ?is does n appe> to h be5 a suffici5tly long p]iod = great *anges to occur 9 ,pale/9e4 ,ord] 0 re/or$ 9 ,egypt by ,setnakht ab\t #abjj ,b4 ,c41 & 8 son & successor1 ,ramses ,,iii1 #aaih-aafg ,b4 ,c41 reass]t$ 8 sov]eignty ov] ,pale/9e & ,phnicia4 7#f7 ,ramses ,,iii4--,ramses ,,iii f\nd himself confront$ ) a peculi> situation4 ,! ,egyptian ,delta & ! coa/s ( ,pale/9e 7 invad$ by hordes ( p f ov] ! sea4 ,z e>ly z ! reign ( ,ramses ,,ii ! ,egyptians _h employ$ m5 f ! isl& ( ,s>d9ia z m]c5>ies2 !re mu/ !n h be5 int]c\rse ) di/ant isl&s across ! sea4 #f4 ,! ,phili/9es4--,n[1 h[ev]1 hordes ( ,sicilians1 ,danaoi1 ,peleset 7,phili/9es71 ,!kel1 & _m o!r tribes came f ov] ! sea4 ,^! tribes came 9 "p f isl&s1 su* z ,sicily & ,crete1 & 9 "p f ! coa/s ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,ramses ,,iii 0 compell$ to fight ) !m1 bo? 9 ! ,delta & 9 ,phnicia4 ,on ! walls ( 8 temple at ,m$9et ,habu he has left u pictures ( ! ,phili/9es4 ,a rem>kable inscrib$ disc 0 f\nd a few ye>s s9ce at ,ph/os 9 ,crete4 ,x is pr9t$ ) a sort ( movable type1 & ea* "* is a pictograph or hi]oglyph4 ,pr(4 ,macali/] has %[n t x is1 9 all probability1 a contract tablet4#aag ,:5 ! tablet 0 fir/ publi%$ ,edu>d ,mey] po9t$ out#aah t a frequ5tly recurr+ sign1 :i* is app>5tly ! det]m9ative = 8man0 or 8p]son10 has ! same sort ( up/&+ hair z ! ,phili/9es pictur$ by ,ramses ,,iii on ! walls ( ,m$9et ,habu4 ,?is tablet1 accord+ly1 0 writt5 by ,phili/9es or _! ne> k9dr$4 ,9 ?is view !re is g5]al agreem5t among s*ol>s4 ,amos decl>$ t ! ,"l br\ght ! ,phili/9es f ,caphtor 7,amos #i3g74 ,if ?is disc 0 writt5 9 ,crete1 x w\ld foll[ t ,caphtor 0 ,crete4 ,x is ?\ght possible by "s t ! disc 0 writt5 9 ,asia ,m9or1 :5ce x 0 c>ri$ to ,crete2 9 t case ,caphtor w\ld be a "n = ,asia ,m9or4#aai ,at all ev5ts1 ?is inscription makes x cle> t ! ,phili/9es came f ov] ! sea1 & t _! po9t ( dep>ture 0 ei!r ,crete or ,asia ,m9or4 ,ramses ,,iii reveals to u ?r\gh 8 inscriptions ! ,phili/9es 9 ! act ( migrat+ into ,pale/9e4 ,) !m 7 ! ,!kel1 :o aft]w>d 7 absorb$ by ! ,phili/9es2 7see ,figs4 #cf & #ch74 ,9 8 /ruggle ) ^! tribes ,ramses ,,iii 0 compell$ to c>ry ! w> into ,asia1 :]e he ov]came & defeat$ !m4 ,9 commemoration ( ?is ev5t he has left a li/ ( places :i* he conqu]$ 9 ,asia4 ,mo/ ( !m1 s f> z !y c be id5tifi$1 7 fur!r nor? ?an ,pale/9e1 b ! foll[+ are names ( places m5tion$ 9 ! ,bible3#abj ,seir 7,g54 #ad3f1 etc471 ,ca9eh 7,amos #f3b71 or ,calno 7,isa4 #aj3i71 ,tyre1 ,c>*emi%1 ,be?-,dagon 7,jo%4 #ae3da71 ,kir-,bezek1 probably ! same z ,bezek 7,judges #a3e71 ,hada%ah 7,jo%4 #ae3cg71 ,ardon 7#a ,*ron4 #b3ah71 ,be] 7cf4 ,num4 #ba3af71 ,s5ir 7,deut4 #c3i71 ,zobebah 7#a ,*ron4 #d3h71 ,ge!r 7,g54 #aj3bc71 & ,ar 7,num4 #ba3ae2 ,isa4 #ae3a1 etc474 ,aft] ,ramses ,,iii ! ,egyptian empire became too weak to int]f]e 9 ,pale/9ian affairs4 ,9 ! *ronology foll[$ by _m s*ol>s today x 0 ab\t ?is "t t ! ,hebrews complet$ _! conque/ ( ! c\ntry & ! age ( ! ,judges began4 #g4 ,! ,hebrews4--,on _! way into ,pale/9e ! ,hebrews1 z already not$1 invad$ & conqu]$ a k+dom ( ! ,amorites :i* lay to ! ea/ ( ! ,jordan & _h its capital at ,he%bon4 7,see ,num4 #ba3ba & ,deut4 #a3d1 etc474 ,?is k+dom 0 a survival ( ! anci5t ,amorite occupation ( ! l&4 ,! ,amorites compos+ x _h n be5 absorb$ or displac$ by m rec5t pre-,hebrew invad]s4 ,x is /at$ 9 ,judges #a3bg-cf t !re 7 a numb] ( cities f :i* ! ,israelites did n1 at ! "t ( _! conque/1 drive out ! inhabitants4 ,! pr9cipal excavations 9 ,pale/9e h _h to d ) cities :i* 7 n conqu]$ by ,hebrews at ?is "t--,taana*1 ,megiddo1 & ,gez]4 ,we are told 9 ,jo%4 #aj3cc t :5 ,horam1 ,k+ ( ,gez]1 came to ! aid ( ! k+ ( ,la*i%1 ,jo%ua 8smote him & 8 p till he left none rema9+40 ,z no?+ is said ( ! capture ( ,gez]1 ?is mu/ ref] only to ! =ce :i* w5t to ! aid ( ,la*i%4 ,?is view is confirm$ by ! fact t 9 ! "t ( ,david1 ,gez] 0 9 ! h&s ( ! ,phili/9es4 7,see #a ,*ron4 #bj3d47 ,gez] did n come into ! h&s ( ! ,hebrews until ! "t ( ,solomon1 :5 ,solomon's ,egyptian fa!r-9-law conqu]$ x & gave x to him4 ,mr4 ,macali/] f\nd evid5ce t at ab\t ?is "t !re 0 a consid]able increase ( ! population ( ,gez]1 :i* seems to confirm ! /atem5t ( ,judges #a3bi t ,canaanites & ,israelites dwelt toge!r !re4 ,?is evid5ce consi/$ 9 ! cr[d+ toge!r ( h\ses1 s t1 z _m new ones 7 built1 !y became small]4 ,new h\ses also encroa*$ ^u ! l& ( ! 8high place40#aba ,!re 0 evid5tly an increase ( ! population su* z an influx ( ,hebrews w\ld acc\nt =4 ,evid5ce ( ,hebrew conque/ seems also to h come to light 9 ! capture & burn+ ( ,j]i*o#abb & ,be?%eme%1#abc :i* ! excavations h reveal$4 #h4 ,phili/9e ,civilization4--,! next s\rce ( in=mation :i* ar*ology furni%es u conc]n+ ,pale/9e is ! report ( ,w5amon1 translat$ 9 ,"p ,,ii1 p4 #ceb1 ff4 ,w5amon visit$ ,dor & ,gebal ab\t #aajj ,b4 ,c4 ,he f\nd a k+ ( ! ,!kel e/abli%$ 9 ,dor1 s t ! ,phili/9es 7 probably by ?is "t e/abli%$ 9 ! :ole m>itime pla94 ,) ! com+ ( ! ,phili/9es into ,pale/9e1 new influ5ces 7 introduc$ into ! c\ntry4 ,^! are mo/ app>5t 9 ! pott]y t has come d[n to u4 7,see ,*apt] ,,viii47 ,! ,phili/9es1 :e!r !y came f ,crete or f ! coa/s ( ! gean ,sea1 _h be5 influ5c$ by ^? high] =ms ( art :i* 7 9 lat] times develop$ into ! sup]b ,greek =ms4 ,j at ! "t :5 hi/ory tells u ! ,phili/9es came into ,pale/9e1 we beg9 to f9d 9 its m\nds ! rema9s ( a m ornate pott]y4 #i4 ,! ,hebrew ,k+doms4--,z ! ,phili/9es fill$ ! m>itime pla91 & began to pu% into ! hill c\ntry1 ! ,israelites =m$ a k+dom by :i* to oppose !m4 ,! k+dom ( ,saul accompli%$ little1 b t ( ,david1 :i* began ab\t #ajjj ,b4 ,c41 ov]came ! ,phili/9es & all o!r peoples adjac5t to ! ,hebrews & e/abli%$ an ,israeliti% empire4#abd ,?is 0 possible because j at t "t bo? ,egypt & ,assyria 7 weak4 ,be=e ! end ( ! reign ( ,solomon ?is empire began to dis9tegrate 7#a ,k+s #aa3ad-be71 & at 8 dea?1 ab\t #icg ,b4 ,c41 x fad$ entirely away & ! k+dom 0 divid$ into ! k+doms ( ,israel & ,judah4 ,! hi/ory ( ^! k+doms is giv5 9 outl9e 9 ! ,bible & is probably famili> to e read] ( ?is book4 ,^! k+doms1 frequ5tly at w> ) ea* o!r1 7 fir/ invad$ by ,%e%onk 7,%i%ak7 ( ,egypt 7#a ,k+s #ad3be71 :o made !m 8 vassals 7see ,"p ,,ii1 p4 #cei1 f471 & 9 lat] c5turies 7 made subject to ,assyria4 ,israel suff]$ ?is fate fir/ 9 #hdb ,b4 ,c41 & ,judah 9 #gcb4 ,on acc\nt ( h] rebellions1 ! k+dom ( ,israel 0 ov]?r[n by ,assyria 9 ! ye> #gbb ,b4 ,c4 ,aft] ,assyria became weak1 ,judah 0 made subject to ,egypt 9 #fjh ,b4 ,c41 b pass$ "u ! sway ( ,babylon 9 ! ye> #fjd4 ,because %e repeat$ly rebell$ aga9/ ,babylon1 ! prom95t ,judans 7 c>ri$ captive p>tly 9 #eig ,b4 ,c4 & p>tly 9 #ehf1 & 9 ! ye> la/ m5tion$ ,j]usalem 0 ov]?r[n & its temple de/roy$4 ,excavations h br\ght to light mu* evid5ce z to ! h\ses1 high places1 & ! mode ( life ( ?is "t1#abe z well z evid5ce ( h[ ,%i%ak f\ght aga9/ ,rehoboam1 ,%almanes] ,,iii aga9/ ,ahab & ,jehu1 ,tigla?-piles] ,,iv aga9/ ,m5ahem & ,pekah1 ,%almanes] ,v & ,s>gon aga9/ ,ho%ea1 & ,s5na*]ib aga9/ ,judah4 ,x has also told u mu* ab\t ,nebu*adrezz>4#abf #aj4 ,! ,exile & ,aft]4--,! ,babylonian ,exile 0 br\ght by ,cyrus to a possible end 9 #ech ,b4 ,c4 ,?is is also illum9at$ by t :i* exploration has br\ght to light4#abg ,! temple 0 rebuilt ?r\gh ! ef=ts ( ,haggai & ,ze*>iah dur+ ! ye>s #ebj-eag ,b4 ,c4 ,9 #ddd ,b4 ,c4 ,nehemiah rebuilt ! walls ( ,j]usalem1 z relat$ 9 ,neh4 #a-g4 ,?us "u ! ,p]sian empire ,judah 0 re-e/abli%$4 ,x consi/$ ( a little c\ntry ar\nd ,j]usalem2 x 0 poor & weak1 b 0 aid$ by money s5t f ,babylonia by ,jews :o 7 /ill resid5t !re4 7#a7 ,! ,sam>itans4--,9 ! neighborhood ( ,sam>ia 0 a p :o 7 desc5d$ 9 "p f ,hebrews :om ,s>gon did n c>ry away & 9 "p f ! ,g5tiles :om he br\ght 94 ,^! p wor%ip$ ,jehovah4 7,see #b ,k+s #ag3bd-cd47 ,:5 ! little ,jewi% /ate _h be5 re-e/abli%$ at ,j]usalem1 !y wi%$ to p>ticipate 9 ,jewi% wor%ip & to be recogniz$ z good ,jews4 ,s9ce !y 7 n ( pure ,hebrew desc5t1 ! ,jews w\ld n p]mit ?is1 s !y at la/ desi/$1 built a temple to ,jehovah on ,m\nt ,g]izim 7see ,john #d3bj71 & became a l>ge & fl\ri%+ sect4#abh ,!y bas$ _! wor%ip on ! ,p5tateu*1 & 7 s mu* l ! ,jews t !re 0 con/ant friction betwe5 !m4 ,?is friction is reflect$ 9 ,luke #i3ea-ed1 ,john #d3i1 & 9 _m passages ( ! ,talmud4 ,x 0 ?is sect t occupi$ ,sam>ia 9 ! "t ( ,*ri/ & made x 9 8 day a di/9ct division ( ! c\ntry4 7#b7 ,alex&] ! ,great & ,8 ,successors4--,9 #ccb ,b4 ,c4 ,pale/9e pass$ f ,p]sian rule to t ( ,alex&] ! ,great4 ,aft] 8 dea? 9 #cbc x came "u ! rule ( 8 g5]al1 ,ptolemy ,lagi1 :o ultimately became k+ ( ,egypt4 ,lat]1 #bbj-aih ,b4 ,c41 !re 0 a /ruggle = ! possession ( ,pale/9e betwe5 ! desc5dants ( ,ptolemy & ! h\se ( ,seleucus1 ano!r g5]al ( ,alex&]1 :o _h e/abli%$ a k+dom ) its capital at ,antio*4 ,dur+ ^! w>s ! ,jews suff]$ greatly4 ,f9ally ! ,seleucid k+ won1 & ,pale/9e pass$ def9itely "u ! control ( ,syria4 ,) ! com+ ( ,alex&] new cultural influ5ces _h ent]$ ,pale/9e f ! ,hell5ic _w1 & d[n to #afh ,b4 ,c4 su* influ5ces 7 eag]ly welcom$ by a portion ( ! ,jews4 7#c7 ,! ,maccabees4--,9 t ye>1 h[ev]1 ,antio*us ,,iv und]took to =cibly ,hell5ize ! ,jews & to blot out _! religion4 ,?is ! m fai?ful ,jews res5t$1 & a great revolt ensu$4 ,?is revolt _h z its fir/ successful g5]al ,judas1 son ( ,matta?ias1 :o1 because ( 8 victories1 0 surnam$ makkab1 or ! ,hamm]2 x is1 !re=e1 kn[n z ! ,maccaban revolt4 ,) v>y+ =tunes ! /ruggle dragg$ on = #be ye>s4#abi ,x f9ally succe$$ because ( civil w>s 9 ,syria4 ,on acc\nt ( ^! ea* faction favor$ ! ,jews1 & ,syria became cont9ually weak]4 ,9 #adc ,b4 ,c4 ! ,jews once m a*iev$ _! indep5d5ce "u ,simon1 bro!r ( ,judas1 :om !y orda9$ %\ld be ,pr9ce & ,high ,prie/ =ev]4#acj 7#d7 ,! ,asmonans4--,! atta9+ ( indep5d5ce 0 accompani$ by a great wave ( racial & religi\s en?usiasm4 ,n s9ce ! days ( ,ahaz1 9 #gcc ,b4 ,c41 _h ,judah be5 free ( =eign dom9ation4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! reign ( ,simon1 x 0 /ill b a small t]ritory ar\nd ,j]usalem4 ,hebron & all to ! s\? ( x 0 9 ! h&s ( ! ,edomites1 :o ?ree c5turies be=e _h be5 driv5 out ( ,edom by ! ,naba?ans ,simon began to enl>ge _! t]ritory4 ,he won ,gez] & ,joppa4 ,john ,hyrcanus1 8 son & successor1 #ace-aje ,b4 ,c41 conqu]$ ! ,edomites1 & compell$ !m to become ,jews2 he also conqu]$ & de/roy$ ,sam>ia 9 #aji ,b4 ,c4 ,he began ! conque/ ( ,galilee4 ,8 son1 ,ari/obulus ,i #aje-ajd ,b4 ,c41 assum$ ! title ( k+4 ,a regal dyna/y 0 ?us f\nd$1 :i* is kn[n z ! ,asmonan or ,hasmonan dyna/y1 i4 e41 ! 8,simonites0 or desc5dants ( ,simon4 ,alex&] ,jannu1 #ajd-gi ,b4 ,c41 complet$ ! conque/ ( ,galilee & ! region to ! ea/ ( ! ,jordan1 & ext5d$ ! b\nds ( ! k+dom ( ! ,asmonans to practically ! same limits z ^? ( ! k+dom ( ,david4 ,! ,galileans 7 also ,judaiz$1 z ! ,edomites _h be54 ,?is p]iod ( ,jewi% prosp]ity cont9u$ to #fi ,b4 ,c4 ,?r\gh x all1 9 spite ( ! religi\s zeal ( ! ,jews1 ,hell5ic influ5ces made !mselves felt 9 _m aspects ( ! c\ntry's life4 #aa4 ,! ,com+ ( ,rome4--,on ! dea? ( ,que5 ,alex&ra 9 #fi ,b4 ,c41 h] sons1 ,john ,hyrcanus ,,ii & ,ari/obulus ,,ii1 bo? aspir$ to ! supreme p[]1 & till #fc ,b4 ,c4 civil w> ensu$4 ,9 #fe ,b4 ,c4 ! ,romans _h t]m9at$ ! indep5d5ce ( ,syria & made x a ,roman prov9ce4 ,9 #fc ,b4 ,c4 bo? ! ,jewi% bro!rs appeal$ to ,pompey1 :o _h come to ,damascus4 ,ari/obulus1 h[ev]1 act$ trea*]\sly1 & ,pompey m>*$ ^u ,j]usalem & took x by siege4 ,jewi% indep5d5ce 0 ?us =ev] lo/1 & ,pale/9e pass$ "u ! yoke ( ,rome4 ,d[n to #cg ,b4 ,c4 ! c\ntry exp]i5c$ _m vicissitudes1 z ! /ruggles ( ! ,roman triumvirs 7 reflect$ 9 x4 ,^! vicissitudes culm9at$ 9 ! ye> #dj ,b4 ,c41 :5 ,orodes ,i1 ,k+ ( ,p>?ia1 captur$ ,j]usalem & plac$ ,antigonus1 a son ( ,ari/obulus ,,ii1 on ! ?rone4 ,antigonus 0 k+ & a vassal ( ,p>?ia = ?ree ye>s4 7#a7 ,! ,h]ods4--,9 #cg ,b4 ,c4 ,h]od ! ,great1 ^: fa!r _h s]v$ "u ! ,romans1 by ! aid ( a ,roman army furni%$ him by ,m>k ,antony1 drove ,antigon\s out & began 8 notable reign4 ,h]od 0 a man ( great en]gy1 an ,edomite by desc5t1 ^: ance/ors _h become ,jews by compulsion4 ,:ile pr(ess$ly a ,jew1 he 0 deeply enamor$ ( ! ,grco-,roman culture4 ,he wrung taxes f ! p 9 ord] to beautify ,pale/9e ) cities & temples built on ,hell5ic models4 ,he rebuilt1 among o!r und]tak+s1 ! ,jewi% temple at ,j]usalem & ! city ( ,sam>ia4 ,?is la/ he nam$ ,seba/e1 ! ,greek = ,augu/a1 nam+ x 9 honor ( ! ,emp]or ,augu/us4 ,he built a hea!n temple !re1 surr\nd$ ! city ) a colonnad$ /reet1 _m ( ! columns ( :i* are /ill /&+1 & o!rwise adorn$ x4 ,he built = himself a palace at ,j]i*o1 & ano!r on ! top ( a hill to ! s\!a/ ( ,be?lehem1 today call$ ,gebel ,fureidis2 7see ,figs4 #ca & #ci74 ,^u 8 dea?1 9 #d ,b4 ,c41 8 k+dom 0 divid$1 ,ar*elaus receiv+ ,judah & ,sam>ia2 ,antipas1 ,galilee & ,p]a1 & ,philip1 ,iturea & ,tra*onitis4 ,none ( 8 sons 0 p]mitt$ by ! ,romans to be call$ k+1 b all bore ! title ( 8tetr>*40 ,! rule ( ,ar*elaus prov$ s unbe>able t 9 #f ,a4 ,d4 ,augu/us bani%$ him to ,gaul & plac$ ,juda & ,sam>ia "u ,procurators1 :o 7 responsible to ! ,proconsuls ( ! prov9ce ( ,syria4 ,pontius ,pilate 0 ! fif? ( ^! ,procurators4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,h]od ,antipas 9 #ci ,a4 ,d41 ! ,emp]or ,caligula made ,h]od ,agrippa ,i1 a gr&son ( ,h]od ! ,great1 k+ ( ! dom9ions ov] :i* t mon>* _h rul$4 ,agrippa assum$ control 9 #da & rul$ till 8 dea? 9 #dd ,a4 ,d4 ,8 dea? is describ$ 9 ,acts #ab3bc4 ,aft] 8 dea? ! :ole c\ntry 0 gov]n$ by ,procurators4 7#b7 ,! ,de/ruction ( ,j]usalem 9 #gj ,a4 ,d4--,roman rule 0 always di/a/eful to ! ,jews1 & z ! ye>s pass$ !y became m & m re/ive4 ,^! sm\ld]+ fires broke into ! flame ( op5 rebellion 9 ! ye> #ff ,a4 ,d41 & aft] f\r ye>s ( t]rible w>f>e ,j]usalem 0 captur$ & de/roy$ 9 #gj ,a4 ,d4 ,! temple1 also raz$ to ! gr\nd1 has nev] be5 rebuilt4 ,! c\ntry ab\t ,j]usalem 0 peopl$ by "s ( ! poor] ( ! peasantry1 & ! t5? ,roman legion rema9$ 9 ! city = a long "t to keep ord] 9 t region4 #ab4 ,lat] ,hi/ory4--,9 #acb ,a4 ,d41 9 ! reign ( ,hadrian1 a man call$ ,b> ,*ocaba1 or ! 8,son ( ! ,/>10 came =w>d1 claim+ to be ! ,messiah1 & head$ a ,jewi% revolt4 ,s fi]cely did ! ,jews fight t ! insurrection 0 n quell$ by ,rome until #ace ,a4 ,d4 ,:5 x 0 f9ally put d[n1 ,hadrian det]m9$ to blot ! "n ( ,j]usalem f ! map4 ,he rebuilt ,j]usalem1 mak+ x a ,roman colony1 nam$ x lia ,capitol9a1 & built a temple to ,jupit] on ! spot :]e ! temple ( ,jehovah _h =m]ly /ood4 ,no ,jew 0 p]mitt$ to come ne> ! city4 ,j]usalem z built by ,hadrian cont9u$ until ! "t ( ,con/ant9e1 & ! =m ?us impos$ ^u x la/$ mu* long]4 ,:5 ,con/ant9e made ,*ri/ianity ! religion ( ! empire1 bo? he & 8 "m began to take an int]e/ 9 ! ,holy ,city & ! ,holy ,l&4 ,o!r ,*ri/ians foll[$ !m4 ,! ,*ur* ( ! ,holy ,sepul*] 0 built1 & ! temple ( ,jupit] built by ,hadrian 0 turn$ into a ,*ri/ian *ur*4 ,pilgrimages to ! ,holy ,l& began1 & mona/]ies1 *ur*es1 & bi%oprics 9 "t sprang up ov] all ! c\ntry4 ,?us = ?ree hundr$ ye>s ! influ5ces :i* 7 felt 9 ,pale/9e emanat$ f ,byzantium or ,con/ant9ople4 ,9 #fae ,a4 ,d4 ! l& 0 ov]run by ,*osroes ,,ii ( ,p]sia1 :o captur$ ,j]usalem & de/roy$ _m ( its *ur*es4 ,! ,p]sians held x until #fbh1 :5 ! ,byzant9e k+s rega9$ x4 ,! control ( ,j]usalem by ! ,*ri/ians 01 h[ev]1 ( %ort duration1 = 9 #fcf ,pale/9e 0 captur$ by ! ,mohamm$ans1 & ) ! exception ( #hi ye>s has ev] s9ce be5 "u ,mohamm$an control4#aca ,dur+ ^! long c5turies ! c\ntry 0 rul$ by ! ,caliphs ( ,m$9a1 ,damascus1 & ,bagdad2 by ! ,buvide ,sultans1 ! ,fatimite ,caliphs ( ,egypt1 & ! ,seljuk ,turks4 ,! cruelties inflict$ by ^! la/ rul]s ^u ,*ri/ians l$ to ! ,crusades1 ! fir/ ( :i* e/abli%$ ! ,lat9 k+dom ( ,j]usalem1#acb :i* cont9u$ f #ajii to #aahh ,a4 ,d4 ,?is k+dom1 organiz$ on ! feudal basis !n exi/+ 9 we/]n ,europe1 ext5d$ ov] all ( ,pale/9e & ,syria1 includ+ ,antio*1 & = ne>ly half ! "t1 ,edessa beyond ! ,euphrates4 ,its exi/5ce m>ks an epo* 9 ! ar*ology ( ! c\ntry4 ,s9ce ! fall ( ?is ,lat9 k+dom1 ,pale/9e has rema9$ "u ,moslem control4 ,fir/ ! ,eyyubide ,sultans ( ,egypt1 !n ! ,mamelukes ( t same l& held sway4 ,9 #aeag ! ,ottoman ,turks captur$ x1 & h s9ce inflict$ _! misrule ^u x4 ,:at =tunes ! great w> n[ rag+ may br+ to ?is l& ( sacr$ associations1 we await ) int5se int]e/4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,cities ,,( ,,pale/9e ,,_! ,,sites4 ,,! ,,walls4 ,,! ,,/one ,,"w4 ,,h\ses4 ,,palaces3 ,at ,taana*4 ,at ,sam>ia4 ,at ,j]i*o4 ,at ,megiddo4 ,,f\ndation ,,sacrifices4 ,,city ,,gates4 ,,wat] ,,supply3 ,spr+s4 ,und]gr\nd tunnels4 ,res]voirs4 #a4 ,_! ,sites4--,! cities ( ,pale/9e 7 usually built on hills4 ,^! elevations1 surm\nt$ z !y 7 by walls1 creat$ a natural means ( def5ce f attack2 7see ,fig4 #cc74 ,ev5 m important ?an an elevat$ situation 0 a wat] supply1 h5ce all ,pale/9ian cities ( importance are ne> spr+s4 ,! necessity ( be+ ne> a spr+ l$1 9 "s cases1 to ! erection ( a city on a level pla94 ,?is 0 ! case ) ,j]i*o2 ! only m\nd at its site is t creat$ by ! city itself4 ,! hills on :i* ! cities 7 erect$ v>i$ 9 height4 ,t at ,megiddo rose to a height ( b #de to #ij feet above ! surr\nd+ l&1 b ev5 ?is elevation 0 a great protection f ! simple me?ods ( attack kn[n to anci5t w>f>e4 ,! hill ,ophel1 ! site ( ,jebusite ,j]usalem1 rises today f #fj to #aej feet above ! valley ( ! ,kidron1 & 9 anci5t times t valley 0 f #bj to #ej feet deep] ?an x is n[4 ,! same hill 0 sep>at$ f ! l& on ! we/ by a valley ! b$ ( :i* 9 anci5t times 0 f #ej to #ajj feet bel[ ! top ( ! hill4 ,! hill on :i* ,sam>ia 0 situat$ rose "s #cjj feet above ! surr\nd+ valley on all sides except ! ea/1 & :5 =tifi$ pres5t$ su* an impregnable front t x took ev5 an ,assyrian army ?ree ye>s to capture x4 7#b ,k+s #ag3e47 ,9 ! ,seleucid & ,roman p]iods1 :5 "s cities exp&$ 9 size1 ! hilltops 7 sometimes ab&on$ & !y spread out ov] ! pla94 ,?is 0 ! case ) ,g]asa & ,philadelphia 7,rabbah ,ammon74#acc ,b 8a city set on a hill0 7,matt4 #e3ad7 0 a common feature ( ! ,pale/9ian l&scape4 #b4 ,! ,walls4--,! walls by :i* ! cities 7 surr\nd$ v>i$ accord+ to ! advancem5t ( ! diff]5t p]iods1 & accord+ to ! importance ( ! place4 ,z has already be5 po9t$ out 9 ,*apt] ,v1 ! fir/ wall at ,gez] 0 b #f feet high & #b feet ?ick1 & _h a slop+ bank ( e>? pack$ aga9/ x on ! outside4 ,?is bank 0 #f feet #f in*es ?ick at ! base & 0 cov]$ ) a fac+ ( /one4 ,9 ! ,amorite p]iod a wall #ac feet ?ick 0 erect$ at ,gez]1 9 :i* t[]s 7 con/ruct$ ab\t e #ij feet4 ,^! t[]s 7 #bd #da feet4 ,_! height is1 ( c\rse1 unkn[n4 ,?is wall 0 probably built ab\t #bejj ,b4 ,c4 & =m$ ! def5se ( ! city = a ?\s& ye>s4 ,by t "t ! tops ( ! h\ses probably protrud$ above ! wall1 & ! population _h increas$ s t m space 0 ne$$4 ,?is wall 01 accord+ly1 replac$ by ano!r built outside ( x4 ,mu* ( ! mat]ial ( :i* ! old wall 0 con/ruct$ w5t into ! new wall1 :i* 0 approximately #ad feet ?ick & conta9$ occasional t[]s4 ,at "s "t a "p ( ?is wall _h be5 de/roy$1 & !n rebuilt4 ,probably at ! "t ( ?is rebuild+1 additional t[]s _h be5 ins]t$ at diff]5t po9ts4 ,! /ones ( ^! t[]s t\*$ ^? ( ! wall )\t be+ articulat$ ) !m4 ,x has be5 conjectur$#acd t ^! t[]s 7 a "p ( ! repairs made by ,k+ ,solomon aft] ! t[n _h be5 captur$ by 8 ,egyptian fa!r-9-law & pres5t$ to ,solomon4 7,see #a ,k+s #i3af1 #ag47 ,/ill lat] an attempt 0 made to /r5g!n ! weakness caus$ by ! unclos$ seam betwe5 ! t[]s & ! wall by con/ruct+ ar\nd ! t[]s rude ba/ions4 7,see ,figs4 #dj1 #df47 ,mr4 ,macali/] conjectures t ?is 0 done by ! ,syrian ,g5]al ,bac*ides :5 he ha/ily =tifi$ ,gez] & occupi$ x 9 #afj ,b4 ,c4#ace 7#a ,macc4 #i3eb47 ,at ,la*i%1 ,petrie f\nd massive city walls1 ?\gh he did n describe !m 9 detail4#acf ,at ,taana*1 ,sell9 f\nd a /rong city wall1 b did n attempt to trace x ab\t ! tell4#acg ,s*uma*] devot$ consid]able att5tion to ! city walls ( ,megiddo1 a "p ( :i* 7 built ( bricks4#ach ,at ,tell es-,safi 7,ga?87 ! outl9es ( ! city walls 7 trac$1 z !y 7 at ,tell el-,judeideh4#aci ,at ,sam>ia a "p ( ! ,roman wall ( ! "t ( ,h]od 0 f\nd2 l[] d[n 9 ! m\nd rema9s ( a ,babylonian wall 7see #b ,k+s #ag3bd71 b5ea? :i* ! excavators recogniz$ ! ,hebrew wall4#adj ,city walls 7 f\nd1 too1 at ,be?%eme%1#ada b ( especial int]e/ to ! /ud5t ( ! ,bible are ! walls ( ,j]i*o4 ,"h1 z at ,megiddo1 ! walls 7 con/ruct$ 9 "p ( brick4 ,!y _h an av]age ?ickness ( #ac feet4 ,! ,canaaniti% wall 0 trac$ ar\nd ?ree sides ( ! m\nd4 ,x 0 /r5g!n$ by occasional t[]s4#adb ,on ! ea/1 next to ! spr+1 !y _h entirely disappe>$4 ,?is mu/ n be press$ into a confirmation ( ,jo%4 #f3bj1 t ! walls fell d[n flat1 = ! lat] ,israeliti% wall has disappe>$ on t side ( ! m\nd also4 ,lat]1 :5 9 ! days ( ,ahab ! ,israelites rebuilt ! city 7#a ,k+s #af3cd71 !y did n place ! wall on ! old l9e1 b enclos$ a consid]ably l>g] space4 ,?is wall 0 con/ruct$ p>tly ( bricks1 b mo/ly ( /one4#adc ,! walls ( ,j]usalem w be treat$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,at ! nor?we/ corn] ( ! ,canaaniti% wall 0 a t[] enclos$ by two brick walls2 ! out] wall 0 a little m ?an #d feet ?ick2 ! inn]1 ab\t #aj feet4 #c4 ,! ,/one ,"w4--,! k9d ( /ones us$ 9 city walls v>i$ ) ! circum/ances & ! degree ( civilization4 ,! walls ( ! /one age 7 naturally made ( small undress$ /ones4 ,! ,amorites began ! use ( cut /one4 ,_! blocks are (t5 fairly smoo? & regul>4 ,! ,amorite wall ( ,gez] 0 made ( m regul> /ones ?an ! wall ( ! ,egyptian p]iod4#add ,9 ! ,israeliti% & ,jewi% p]iods a /one ) an emboss$ edge 0 (t5 us$4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! wall ( ,nehemiah1 excavat$ by ,bliss1--a wall made ( /ones t "s pre-exilic k+ _h us$ be=e1--& appe>s also 9 ! /ructures ( ,h]od ! ,great4 ,9 ! /ructures ( ,con/ant9e & lat] ,byzant9e build]s1 ?is type ( /one is replac$ by a /one ) a p]fectly smoo? surface--mu* m smoo? ?an any?+ f\nd 9 ! e>ly walls4 ,?is type ( /one "w cont9u$ ?r\gh ! crusad+ p]iod2 7see ,figs4 #bec1 #bed47 ,:ile ^! types c be trac$1 _! use 0 n altoge!r regul>4#ade ,! areas ( ,pale/9ian cities 9 ! e>ly "t 7 v small4 ,all ( ,canaanite ,j]i*o c\ld be put 9 ! ,colosseum at ,rome6 ,megiddo1 "o ( ! l>ge/ ( ^! e>ly cities1 0 built on a m\nd t conta9$ only ab\t elev5 acres1 & ,jebusite ,j]usalem 0 built on a ridge t 9 anci5t times conta9$ n less ?an n9e or m ?an ?irte5 acres4 #d4 ,h\ses4--,)9 ^! small areas ! h\ses 7 cr[d$ toge!r1 z 9 ! mod]n native villages ( ,pale/9e1 sep>at$ only by n>r[1 crook$ lanes4 ,"o may see 9 ,hebron or 9 "s p>ts ( ,j]usalem simil> conditions to ?is day4 ,!re 0 no dra9age2 refuse 0 ?r[n into ! /reets4 ,! cities 7 ill-smell+ places4 ,! wond] is t ! mortality 0 n great]4 ,! h\ses 9 ! c5tral1 elevat$ portion ( ,pale/9e 7 usually ( /one1 ?\gh at ,gez]1 ,j]i*o1 & places 9 ! l[]-ly+ portions ( ! c\ntry !y 7 sometimes ( brick4 ,! walls ( ! /one h\ses 7 con/ruct$ ( r\gh /ones ( a great v>iety ( sizes1 f small pebbles to l>ge b\ld]s4 ,mort> & cem5t 7 nev] us$4 ,! /ones 7 set 9 mud4 ,!y 7 n dress$ except ) a hamm] 9 ! r\ghe/ way4 ,! jo9ts betwe5 !m 7 wide & irregul>4 ,into ! crevices s]p5ts & scorpions might crawl4 ,x 0 ( su* a h\se t ,amos says1 8a man 444 lean$ 8 h& on ! wall & a s]p5t bit him02 7#e3ai74 ,! bricks 7 r>ely burn$2 !y 7 simply sun-dri$1 & _h no m cohesion ?an ! e>? 9 :i* !y 7 emb$d$4 ,! h\ses g5]ally _h no floor except ! e>?1 :i* 0 smoo!d (f & pack$ h>d4 ,sometimes ?is 0 v>i$ by mix+ lime ) ! mud & lett+ x h>d51 & sometimes floors ( cobble/ones or /one *ipp+s mix$ ) lime 7 f\nd4 ,9 ! ,roman p]iod mosaic floors1 made by emb$d+ small smoo?ly cut squ>es ( /one 9 ! e>?1 7 introduc$4 ,by employ+ /ones ( diff]5t colors ! mosaics 7 (t5 work$ into beautiful patt]ns2 7see ,figs4 #ce1 #db1 #dc1 #dd1 #dg1 & #dh74 ,sometimes pictures ( birds & animals 7 =m$ 9 ! floors4 ,! doorways 7 usually simply an op5+ made by ! v]tical sides left 9 ! masonry4 ,9 ! lat] "t !y 7 sometimes l9$ ) /&+ /ones4 ,! doors !mselves h long s9ce disappe>$1 b !re is evid5ce t1 l _m h\ses /ill to be se5 9 ,pale/9e1 !y 7 made fa/ to a po/1 ! l[] end ( :i* 0 set 9 a holl[ or p]=at$ /one4 ,:5 ! door swung ! :ole po/ turn$ 9 ?is /one4 ,"s ( ^! /ones 7 f\nd4 ,9 a few h\ses at ,gez] enclosures ( /ones on end 7 sometimes f\nd 9 ! middle or ! corn]s ( dwell+ h\ses4 ,p]haps ^! 7 he>?s4#adf ,"s h\ses built aft] ! "t ( ,alex&] ! ,great _h a k9d ( piazza runn+ along ! side4 ,! rema9s ( ! pill>s :i* support$ ! ro(s ( ^! 7 discov]$4 ,beg9n+ ) ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod1 "s ( ! bett] h\ses _h ba?s4 7,on doors1 see ,figs4 #di1 #ej47 #e4 ,palaces4--,9 ! excavation ( diff]5t sites ! outl9es ( sev]al l>g] build+s or palaces 7 uncov]$4 ,a few ( ^! are ( int]e/ to ! /ud5t ( ! ,bible4 7#a7 ,at ,taana*4--,9 ! nor!a/ ( ! m\nd at ,taana*#adg ! rema9s ( a build+ ab\t #ge #gg feet 7 f\nd4 ,x 0 9 exi/5ce 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 ,?is build+ conta9$ sev]al rooms1 z ! plan w make cle>2 7see ,fig4 #de74 ,! rema9s ( ! wall /ill %[$ "o lay] ( hewn /ones1 "s ( :i* 7 v l>ge4 ,9 a vault und]nea? ! build+ f\r cunei=m tablets 7 f\nd4 ,!y _h be5 plac$ !re = safety 9 "t ( siege1 & ^! f\r tablets _h be5 ov]look$ :5 ! re/ ( ! ar*ive 0 rifl$4 ,^! tablets prov$ to be lett]s writt5 at ! same "t z ^? f\nd at ,el-,am>na4#adh ,! build+ 0 ! palace ( a ,canaanite k+4 7#b7 ,at ,sam>ia4--,( especial int]e/ to ! /ud5t ( ! ,bible are ! palaces ( ! ,hebrew p]iod4 ,at ,sam>ia ,reisn] discov]$ massive walls1 :i* 7 probably ! rema9s ( ! palaces ( ,omri & ,ahab4 ,t ( ,omri 0 built ( l>ge /ones & re/$ on ! native rock4 ,z ,omri 0 ! f\nd] ( ! city 7#a ,k+s #af3bd71 !re c be little d\bt t ?is 0 8 palace4 ,an enl>gem5t ( ?is consi/$ ( walls ! con/ruction ( :i* 0 f9]4 ,!y 7 fac$ ) :ite m>ble4 ,9 ?is palace an alaba/] vase 0 f\nd1 inscrib$ ) ! "n ( ,osorkon ,,ii1 ,k+ ( ,egypt1 :o 0 a contempor>y ( ,k+ ,ahab4 ,?is is1 !re=e1 believ$ to be ! palace ( ,ahab--p]haps ! 8h\se ( ivory0 :i* ,ahab built 7#a ,k+s #bb3ci74 ,z ! volume on ! excavation at ,sam>ia is n yet publi%$1 x is impossible to give detail$ plans ( ^! build+s4 ,! accompany+ picture 7,fig4 #eb7 %[s "s ( _! walls4 7#c7 ,at ,j]i*o4--,ano!r build+ ( ?is p]iod1 :i* ! excavators believ$ might h be5 built by ,hiel1 ! rebuild] ( ,j]i*o1 9 ! days ( ,ahab 7#a ,k+s #af3cd71 0 uncov]$ by ,sell94 ,x is ! mo/ pret5ti\s build+ ( ! ,hebrew "t at ,j]i*o & may well h be5 ! resid5ce ( ! gov]nor ( ! place4 ,x consi/$ ( a numb] ( l>ge rooms1 & 0 ?r\gh\t con/ruct$ ( fairly l>ge b irregul> /ones2 7see ,fig4 #ea74 7#d7 ,at ,megiddo4--,ano!r resid5ce ( an ,israeliti% gov]nor 0 f\nd at ,megiddo4 ,?is 0 a l>ge1 irregul> build+1 con/ruct$ ar\nd a c\rty>d4 ,"s ( ! "w 0 ( dress$ /ones ( consid]able size1 9 e way sup]ior to ! /one-"w ( ! e>li] build+s ( t city4 ,9 ?is palace a seal ( a man nam$ ,%ema 0 f\nd1 :i* bore ! inscription1 8,belong+ to ,%ema1 ! s]vant ( ,j]oboam40 ,we d n "k :e!r ?is man s]v$ "u ,j]oboam ,i or ,j]oboam ,,ii4 ,! f9e "* ( ! /one-"w leads "o to ?9k ! reign ( ,j]oboam ,,ii ! m probable date2 7see ,figs4 #ec & #bg74 ,"o m palace %\ld be notic$1 t ( ,simon ! ,maccabee 7#adc-ace ,b4 ,c471 at ,gez]4 ,?is palace is cle>ly ( ! ,hell5i/ic type1 & 0 id5tifi$ z ! dwell+-place t ,simon built = himself 7#a ,macc4 #ac3dh71 by ! discov]y ( an anci5t curse aga9/ ,simon's palace scrawl$ 9 ,greek on a block ( /one4 ,?is build+ 0 con/ruct$ ( r f9ely cut /one1 0 ( irregul> %ape 7see ,figs4 #ed1 #ee71 _h an impos+ gate :i* admitt$ into a c\rty>d1 & 0 suppli$ ) a good sy/em ( dra9age4 #f4 ,f\ndation ,sacrifices4--,:5 a h\se 0 built x 0 cu/om>y to consecrate x by a sacrifice4 ,9 e>ly times 9 ,pale/9e ?is 0 (t5 a human sacrifice4 ,9 ,gez] ! skeleton ( a woman 0 f\nd built into ! walls ( a h\se4 ,num]\s skeletons ( *ildr5 7 also f\nd "u ! corn]s ( h\ses4 ,su* sacrificial (f]+s 7 m (t5 made "u ! corn]s ( build+s1 s9ce ! corn]s 7 consid]$ sacr$4 ,9 ,babylonia & ,egypt ! sacrifice 0 accompani$ ) ! burial "u ! corn]-/one ( inscriptions & o!r deposits1 ?\gh 9 ,egypt1 z 9 ,pale/9e1 ! deposit 0 n always "u ! corn]s4#adi ,simil> sacrifices 7 f\nd at ,taana*#aej & ,megiddo4#aea ,^! sacrifices illu/rate1 "s ?9k1 #a ,k+s #af3cd1 :]e ,hiel laid ! f\ndation ( ,j]i*o ) ! loss ( 8 fir/-born1 & set up its gates ) ! loss ( 8 y\nge/ son2 7see ,fig4 #ef74 #g4 ,city ,gates4--,! city gate 0 9 ,pale/9e an important "p ( ! t[n4 ,gateways 7 con/ruct$ 9 diff]5t ways at diff]5t times4 ,at ,gez] ! nor!rn gate consi/$ ( a protrud+ t[]1 into :i* "o ent]$ at ! side1 !n turn$ a "r angle to ga9 entrance to ! city2 7see ,fig4 #eh74 ,gates ( ?is type are /ill common 9 ! ,ea/4 ,! passageway 9 ?is gate at ,gez] 0 #dj feet wide4#aeb ,! s\!rn gate ( ,gez] consi/$ simply ( a /raight passageway1 #db feet long & #i feet wide1 betwe5 two brick t[]s2 7see ,fig4 #fa74 ,(t51 z 9 ! case ( ! gate f\nd at ,be?%eme% 7,fig4 #ei71 !re 7 rooms on ea* side ( ! passageway ?r\gh ! t[]4 ,"o ) /ill m space )9 its t[] 0 uncov]$ at ,megiddo2 7,fig4 #eg74 ,! city gates usually rema9$ at ! same po9ts 9 ! wall ?r\gh ! successive recon/ructions ( ! city4 ,?us at ,sam>ia ! rema9s ( r\nd ,h]odian t[]s :i* flank$ ! gateway 7 f\nd re/+ on l>g] squ>e bases ( ! ,seleucid p]iod1 b5ea? :i* ! outl9e ( ! e>li] ,israeliti% t[]s 0 /ill visible2 7see ,figs4 #fe1 #ff74 ,! =m ( ^! gates illum9ates _m ,biblical passages4 ,lot sat 9 ! gate ( ,sodom 7,g54 #ai3a74 ,joab took ,abn] aside 9 ! gate to speak to him 7#b ,sam4 #c3bg74 ,! gate 0 ! place ( conf]5ce = ! eld]s ( a city 7,g54 #cd3bj74 ,to be prais$ 9 ! 8gates10 :]e ! city's affairs 7 settl$ 7,prov4 #ca3ca71 0 to h desir$ fame4 #h4 ,wat] ,supply4 7#a7 ,spr+s4--,! wat] supply ( ,pale/9ian cities came 9 "p f ! nev]-fail+ spr+s ne> :i* !y 7 built4 ,?is supply 01 h[ev]1 seldom suffici5t1 s t f ! e>ly days ci/]ns 7 built to cat* ! wat] ( ! ra9y season & cons]ve x = use dur+ ! summ] mon?s4 ,^! ci/]ns 7 (t5 excavat$ 9 ! solid rock1 b sometimes 7 simple pits 9 ! e>?1 ov] ! bottom ( :i* a coat+ ( lime or cem5t _h be5 spread4 7#b7 ,und]gr\nd ,tunnels4--,9 "t ( w>1 :5 a city might be %ut up = ye>s1 cities 7 (t5 compell$ to yield = want ( wat]4 ,?is 0 especially ! case if ! spr+ lay outside ! city walls4 ,9 sev]al ,pale/9ian cities means 7 tak5 to secure access to a spr+ )\t expos+ oneself to ! enemy outside ! wall4 ,"o ( ! greate/ ( ^! und]tak+s 0 discov]$ at ,gez]4 ,?is 0 a tunnel cut 9 ! solid rock1 :i* 0 ent]$ by a long flight ( rock-cut /eps4 ,at ! entrance ! rock =m$ an impos+ ar*way #bc feet high & #ac feet #aj in*es broad4 ,^! dim5sions 7 ma9ta9$ ?r\gh\t ab\t two-?irds ( ! l5g? ( ! tunnel4 ,! :ole passage 0 ab\t #acj feet long4 ,! la/ ?ird ( x _h to be cut ?r\gh a mu* h>d] rock1 :]e ! "w 0 mu* m difficult1 & its workman%ip 0 "h n s good z above4 ,! tunnel also became appreciably small]4 ,! passage t]m9at$ 9 a l>ge cave1 9 ! bottom ( :i* 0 a spr+1 & 0 evid5tly con/ruct$ to enable ! inhabitants to rea* a wat] supply 9 "t ( siege4 ,! floor ( ! cave is #id feet #f in*es bel[ ! level ( ! rock surface "u ! anci5t city4 ,! :ole tunnel is a rem>kable piece ( eng9e]+ = an e>ly p2 7see ,figs4 #fj & #fb74 ,! e>? ) :i* ! m\? ( ! tunnel 0 clos$ conta9$ objects :i* belong$ to ! "t #adej-abej ,b4 ,c4 ,! /eps 9 ! passageway _h be5 be=e ?is deeply worn by _m feet--s deeply worn t ,mr4 ,macali/] e/imat$ t !y mu/ h be5 9 use = #ejj ye>s4 ,= ^! reasons he supposes t ?is wat]-passage 0 excavat$ ab\t #bjjj ,b4 ,c4 or soon aft] t date4 ,x _h ceas$ to be us$ be=e ! ,israelites conqu]$ ! place4 ,a simil> und]gr\nd tunnel lead+ to a spr+ has be5 f\nd at ,el-,gib1 ,gibeon1 7,fig4 #fc71 & "o made 9 ,jebusite times also exi/$ at ,j]usalem4 ,x is m5tion$ 9 #b ,sam4 #e3h1 & w be describ$ 9 connection ) ,j]usalem 7p4 #ahh74 ,at ,rabbah ,ammon an und]gr\nd passage connect$ ! old city situat$ on ! hill ) a l>ge ci/]n :i* 0 ro($ ov] s z to be conceal$4 ,to ?is ci/]n 9 "t ( siege ! inhabitants c\ld g ?r\gh ! passage & obta9 wat]4 ,x 0 ?is ci/]n#aec :i* ,joab _h captur$ 7#b ,sam4 #ab3bg7 :5 he s5t to ,david to come & take ! city4 ,antio*us ,,iii ( ,syria 9 ! same way compell$ ! city to surr5d] 9 ! ye> #bah ,b4 ,c41#aed & ,h]od ! ,great did ! same ?+ be=e #cj ,b4 ,c4#aee 7#c7 ,res]voirs4--,among ! s\rces ( wat] supply = ! cities ( ,pale/9e ! s-call$ ,pools ( ,solomon to ! s\? ( ,be?lehem are unique4 ,!y consi/ ( ?ree res]voirs1 p>tly rock-cut & 9 "p con/ruct$ ( walls ( masonry1 9 ! ,wady ,artas1 ab\t a mile & a half to ! s\?we/ ( ,be?lehem4 ,! highe/ ( ^! pools is #abg y>ds long & #gf y>ds wide1 & #be feet deep at its l[] end4 ,! c5tral pool is #ada y>ds long1 f #ec to #hc y>ds wide1 & #ch feet deep4 ,! l[e/ & f9e/ ( ! ?ree is #aid y>ds long1 #di to #fi y>ds wide1 & #dh feet at its deepe/ "p4 ,9 ^! res]voirs wat] f neighbor+ spr+s 0 collect$ & /or$4 ,two aqu$ucts at diff]5t times convey$ x to ,j]usalem z x 0 ne$$4 ,^! aqu$ucts are n[ kn[n respectively z ! ,l[ ,level ,aqu$uct & ! ,high ,level ,aqu$uct4 ,! ,high ,level ,aqu$uct appe>s to be ! old]4 ,9 rec5t ye>s ! ,l[ ,level ,aqu$uct has be5 repair$1 s t ^! 8pools0 /ill contribute to ! wat] supply ( ,j]usalem4 ,!re is no evid5ce t ,solomon built ^!4 ,8 "n has be5 atta*$ to !m solely on acc\nt ( ,eccl4 #b3f3 8,i made me pools ( wat]40 ,! :ole /ructure ( ^! & _! aqu$ucts seems r to be ,greek or ,roman "w2 7see ,fig4 #fd74 ,evid5ce = ! dates is n conclusive1#aef b !re is "s probability t ! pools 7 con/ruct$ by ,john ,hyrcanus ,i1 #ace-aje ,b4 ,c41 :o made ! ,high ,level ,aqu$uct1 & t ! ,l[ ,level ,aqu$uct 0 con/ruct$ by ,h]od ! ,great4 ,?is is mu* long] ?an ! ,high ,level ,aqu$uct1 z x makes a det\r t[>d ,gebel ,fureidis1 :]e ,h]od con/ruct$ a palace1 to :i* he convey$ wat]4 ,?is ,l[ ,level ,aqu$uct is probably ! "o aft]w>d repair$ by ,pontius ,pilate4#aeg ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,roads ,,& ,,agriculture ,,roads3 ,e>ly pa?s4 ,roman roads4 ,,agriculture3 ,gran>ies4 ,hoes & pl[s4 ,sickles4 ,?re%+4 ,w9n[+4 ,gr9d+4 ,mort>s4 ,fruits4 ,v9ey>ds & w9e-vats4 ,olive-presses4 ,! agricultural cal5d>4 ,dome/ic animals4 ,bees4 ,birds4 ,h5s4 #a4 ,roads4--,f ! "t cities 7 e/abli%$ 9 ,pale/9e !re 0 m or less communication betwe5 !m4 ,probably 9 a small way comm]ce 0 c>ri$ on among "s ( !m1 b no ef=t 0 made to con/ruct roads1 9 ! mod]n s5se ( ! t]m1 until ! ,roman p]iod4 7#a7 ,e>ly ,pa?s4--,be=e t "t all travel+ 0 done on foot or on ! backs ( donkeys & camels1 & = su* travel a simple foot-pa?1 made by cont9u\s use1 0 all t 0 consid]$ necess>y4 ,! roads con/ruct$ by ! ,romans h long s9ce fall5 into a /ate ( utt] disrepair1 s t1 ) ! exception ( two or ?ree roads t h be5 built 9 rec5t ye>s1 ! simple1 r\gh foot-pa?s t h exi/$ f "t immemorial /ill suffice = ,pale/9ian travel4 ,^! pa?s are (t5 exce$+ly r\gh4 ,!y 7 nev] survey$ & nev] repair$4 ,!y 7 simply devot$ to public use by immemorial cu/om4 ,if a l&[n] wi%$ to raise gra9 9 a field ?r\gh :i* "o ( ^! pa?s ran1 he pl[$ up to ! v edge ( ! n>r[ pa? & put 9 8 se$4 ,!re 7 nei!r f5ces nor dit*es to sep>ate ! road f ! field4 ,fields trav]s$ by su* roads are /ill v common 9 ,pale/9e4 ,x 0 along su* a road t ,jesus & ! disciples 7 travel+ :5 !y pluck$ ! e>s ( :eat on ! ,sabba? 7,matt4 #ab3a2 ,m>k #b3bc2 ,luke #f3a74 ,x 0 su* a road to :i* ,jesus allud$ 9 ! ,p>able ( ! ,s[]3 8,"s se$ fell by ! wayside0 7,matt4 #ac3d2 ,m>k #d3d2 ,luke #h3e74 ,a r\gh pa? is %[n 9 ,fig4 #fg4 7#b7 ,roman ,roads4--,aft] ,pale/9e pass$ "u ! sway ( ,rome 9 #fc ,b4 ,c4 a sy/em ( roads 0 built to connect ! mo/ important places4 ,we h no def9ite in=mation ab\t ^! f a s\rce e>li] ?an ! ,onoma/icon ( ,eusebius1#aeh :i* 0 compil$ be=e #cdj ,a4 ,d41 b 9 all probability ^? on ! we/ ( ! ,jordan 7 con/ruct$ be=e ! "t ( ,*ri/4 ,!re 7 ?ree ma9 roads 9 ?is "p ( ,pale/9e4#aei ,"o ran d[n ! sea-coa/4 ,/>t+ at ,sidon1 x pass$ s\?w>d ?r\gh ,tyre1 ,s>epta 7,z>epha?1 #a ,k+s #ag3aj2 ,luke #d3bf71 ,ptolemais 7,ac*o71 ,dor1 ,cs>ea1 ,joppa1 ,lydda1 ,azotus 7,a%dod71 & ,askelon to ,gaza4 ,a bran* road ran ea/w>d f ,tyre ov] ! hills ( ,galilee ?r\gh ,k$e% 9 ,naphtali 7,jo%4 #ab3bb2 #bj3g2 ,judges #d3f71 to ,cs>ea ,philippi 7,matt4 #af3ac2 ,m>k #h3bg71 :i* 0 ne> ! anci5t ,dan 7,judges #ah3bi74 ,f ,cs>ea1 on ! sea-coa/ s\? ( ,dor1 ano!r bran* road ran s\!a/w>d ?r\gh ! valley ( ,aijalon up to ! site ( ,gibeah ( ,saul 7#a ,sam4 #aj3bf2 #aa3d1 etc471 :]e x jo9$ ! road along ! c5tral ridge ( ! c\ntry2 7see ,fig4 #fh74 ,/>t+ f ,damascus ano!r road ran s\?w>d to ,hyppos1 "o ( ! cities ( ! ,decapolis1 :i* lay s\!a/ ( ! ,sea ( ,galilee1#afj cross$ ! ,jordan on a bridge bel[ ! ,sea ( ,galilee 7%[n 9 ,fig4 #bhi71 pass$ ?r\gh ,scy?opolis1 ! ,be?-%ean ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 7,jo%4 #ag3aa2 #a ,sam4 #ca3aj71 ?r\gh ,sy*> 7,john #d3e71 !n s\?w>d along ! c5tral ridge ( ! c\ntry1 ?r\gh ,be!l & ,ramah to ,j]usalem4 ,s\? ( ,j]usalem x 0 cont9u$ to ,be?lehem & ,hebron4 ,f\r miles nor? ( ,j]usalem x 0 jo9$ by ! road f ,cs>ea1 s t travel]s f ! coa/ & f ! nor? ent]$ ,j]usalem ov] ! same road4 ,"o c 9 _m places /ill trace ! l9es ( ,roman pav+-/ones :i* m>k _! c\rses4 ,?us ! juncture ( ! two roads j m5tion$ is /ill visible1 & "o may /& on ! hillside & feel sure t he is look+ at ! v way ov] :i* ,paul 0 tak5 to ,cs>ea by ! ,roman soldi]s ! night aft] 8 arre/ 9 ,j]usalem 7,acts #bc3bc1 #bd74 ,f ,scy?opolis 7,be?-%ean7 ano!r road ran s\?w>d ?r\gh ! ,jordan valley to ,j]i*o4 ,?is 0 probably cont9u$ to ,j]usalem4 ,f ,seba/e 7,sam>ia7 ano!r road ran nor?we/w>d ?r\gh ,do?an 7,g54 #cg3ag2 #b ,k+s #f3ac71 to ,taana*1 ,megiddo1 & ! coa/4 ,aft] ,trajan ov]?rew ! k+dom ( ! ,naba?ans1 9 #ajf ,a4 ,d41 he built a road on ! ea/ ( ! ,jordan1 s\?w>d f ,damascus to ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,! ,roman gov]nm5t kept ^! roads 9 good ord]4 ,!y m>k$ ! di/ances by mile/ones1 "s ( :i* h surviv$ to mod]n times2 7,figs4 #fi1 #ga74 #b4 ,agriculture 0 ! *ief occupation ( ! inhabitants ( ,pale/9e4 ,! cities 7 ?r\gh\t its hi/ory simply ! wall$ resid5ces ( f>m]s4 ,su* trade z develop$ at diff]5t p]iods 0 always subord9ate to agricultural pursuits4 ,we _c expect exploration to furni% u ) a complete view ( anci5t ,pale/9ian agriculture1 b su* glimpses z x does af=d u are mo/ illum9at+4 7#a7 ,gran>ies4--,9 ! excavation ( ,gez]#afa x 0 f\nd t gran>ies =m$ an important class ( build+s4 ,"s ( ^! 7 connect$ ) private h\ses & evid5tly belong$ to individuals1 b "s ( !m 7 s l>ge & s mu* gra9 0 f\nd 9 !m t x 0 rightly held t !y mu/ h be5 public gran>ies4 ,"s ( ^! build+s _h be5 de/roy$ by fire1 & ! *>r$ gra91 reta9+ its orig9al %ape1 0 easily recogniz$4 ,mo/ ( ! gran>ies 7 circul> /ructures1 su* z are se5 today dott+ ! fields ( ! m>itime pla9 ( ,pale/9e4 ,!y v>i$ greatly 9 size4 ,"o 0 b #b feet #h in*es 9 diamet]2 ano!r 0 #d feet #i in*es across & #f feet #i in*es deep4 ,"o gran>y f ! second ,semitic /ratum 7#agjj-acej ,b4 ,c47 0 connect$ ) a h\se1 & conta9$ sev]al k9ds ( gra91 ea* /or$ 9 a sep>ate *amb]2 7,figs4 #gj1 #gb74 ,f su* receptacles :eat1 b>ley1 oats1 & beans 7 recov]$1 z well z ?ree v>ieties ( vet*1 "o ( :i* 0 probably ! 8l5tils0 ( ,g54 #be3cd2 #b ,sam4 #ag3bh2 #bc3aa2 & ,ezek4 #d3i4 ,b>ley is (t5 m5tion$ 9 ! ,bible2 ! :eat is usually !re call$ 8corn40 ,piles ( /raw & *aff1 su* z ! mod]n ,pale/9ians call tibn1 7 also f\nd4 7#b74 ,hoes & ,pl[s4--,naturally1 ! implem5ts ) :i* ! gra9 0 cultivat$ h ne>ly all p]i%$4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! gr\nd _h to be brok5 & prep>$ to receive ! se$4 ,rema9s ( two diff]5t k9ds ( hoes 7 f\nd at ,gez]1 ?\gh ! prep>ation ( a suffici5tly l>ge area ( gr\nd to be> gra9 to support cities _c h be5 made ) su* in/rum5ts2 7see ,fig4 #gc74 ,f an e>ly "t ! pl[1 :i* is frequ5tly m5tion$ 9 ! ,bible 7see1 = example1 #a ,k+s #ai3ai71 0 9 use 9 ,pale/9e4 ,a numb] ( pl[%>es 7 f\nd at ,megiddo 9 ! ru9s ( a blacksmi?'s %op1 & a diamond-%ap$ iron r+1 f ,gez]1 may h be5 us$ to atta* ox5 to a pl[1 & ! po9ts ( sev]al ox-goads 7 f\nd4 ,! ox-goad consi/$1 z x does today1 ( a long /ick into ! end ( :i* a %>p iron po9t 0 fix$4 ,x is allud$ to 9 ,acts #bf3ad4 ,z ?is goad 0 us$ 9 driv+ ! ox5 9 pl[+1 x indicates t pl[s 7 us$4 ,^! pl[s 7 probably simil> to ^? us$ at ! "t 9 ,egypt2 7see ,figs4 #gf1 #gg74 7#c7 ,sickles4--,:5 ! gra9 0 ripe x 0 reap$ ) a sickle 7,deut4 #af3i2 ,j]4 #ej3af2 ,joel #c3ac74 ,9 ! e>li] p]iods ^! 7 ( fl9t2 lat] !y 7 made ( bronze1 & iron4 ,sickles ( metal are1 h[ev]1 r>ely f\nd4 ,!y 7 exp5sive1 :ile fl9t 0 abundant & *eap4 ,fl9t sickle-tee? 7 num]\s1 !re=e1 9 all p]iods4 ,! e>lie/ sickles 7 fl9ts set 9 an animal's jaw-bone1 or 9 a curv$ piece ( wood simil> to ! ,egyptian sickle %[n 9 ,figs4 #gd1 #ge4 7#d7 ,?re%+4--,aft] ! gra9 0 cut x 0 tak5 to ! ?re%+-floor to be ?re%$4 ,^! floors 7 (t5 a comp>atively level portion ( rock :i* =m$ a "p ( a high place or sanctu>y4 ,su* 0 ! ?re%+-floor ( ,araunah1 ! ,jebusite1 9 #b ,sam4 #bd3ah4 ,x took sev]al days to complete a ?re%+1 & z no "o w\ld ?9k ( /eal+ f a sacr$ place1 ! :ole community 0 protect$ by do+ ! ?re%+ 9 its prec9cts4 ,sometimes ! cattle 7 driv5 ab\t ov] ! gra91 z 9 anci5t ,egypt 7see ,fig4 #gi71 & z is done 9 mod]n ,pale/9e /ill2 7see ,fig4 #gh74 ,?is is ! k9d ( ?re%+ contemplat$ 9 ,deut4 #be3d4 ,at o!r times a k9d ( sl$ge drawn by cattle 0 driv5 ab\t ov] ! gra94 ,ornan 7,araunah7 0 ?re%+ ) su* an in/rum5t 7#a ,*ron4 #ba3bc2 #b ,sam4 #bd3bb71 & allusion is made to "o 9 ,isa4 #da3ae2 7see ,fig4 #hj74 7#e7 ,w9n[+4--,! gra9 0 w9n[$ or cleans$ ( *aff by be+ ?r[n up1 z 9 ,fig4 #gi4 ,z x fell ! w9d blew ! *aff away4 ,x is ?is process t ,john ! ,bapti/ us$ z an illu/ration ( ! purg+ "w ( ,*ri/ 7,matt4 #c3ab2 ,luke #c3ag74 7#f7 ,gr9d+4--,:5 ! gra9 0 cut1 ?re%$1 & w9n[$1 !re 7 no mills to :i* x c\ld be tak5 = gr9d+4 ,?is process _h to be done 9 ea* home1 & ! labor ( do+ x fell to ! wom5 ( ! h\sehold4 7,see ,exod4 #aa3e2 ,matt4 #bd3da47 ,gra9 0 r$uc$ to fl\r ei!r by rubb+ or by p\nd+4 ,! process ( rubb+ or gr9d+ 0 accompli%$ ei!r by a flat saddle-%ap$ /one ov] :i* ano!r 0 rubb$ 7see ,figs4 #ha1 #hd71 or by cru%+ betwe5 two /ones1 ! top "o ( :i* 0 revolv$ some:at z a mod]n mill/one 7,fig4 #hb74 ,x requir$ two wom51 z ,jesus said1 to gr9d at su* a mill--"o to fe$ x1 :ile ! o!r manipulat$ ! rubb+ /one4 ,su* /ones 7 made ( h>d igne\s rock procur$ f ! region ea/ ( ! ,sea ( ,galilee1 & are call$ 8qu]ns40 ,9 ! diff]5t p]iods ( ! hi/ory ( ,pale/9e !y v>i$ 9 size & %ape1 becom+ r\nd 9 ! ,seleucid p]iod 7#cbc-fc ,b4 ,c474 ,! upp] /one 0 app>5tly rotat$ by twi/+ ! wri/4 ,x c\ld be ?us turn$ half-way r\nd & !n back aga94 ,no r\nd mill/ones1 ) ! topmo/ ( ! pair p]=at$1 z 9 ! mod]n mill/one1 7 f\nd be=e ! ,arabic p]iod1 #fcg ,a4 ,d4 ,pictures ( mod]n ,syrian wom5 turn+ ?is p]=at$ type ( mill/one d n1 !re=e1 really illu/rate1 z is (t5 assum$1 ! wom5 ( ! ,bible z !y gr\nd at ! mill4 ,probably ! mill/one :i* cru%$ ! head ( ,abimele* at ,!bez 7,judges #i3ec7 0 ! upp] /one ( a 8saddle qu]n40 ,! importance ( ^! mill/ones is recogniz$ 9 ,deut4 #bd3f1 :i* prohibits ! tak+ ( a mill or ! upp] mill/one ( a poor man z security1 on ! gr\nd t t 0 ! same z tak+ a man's life z security4 ,! l[] mill/one 0 always made ( ! h>d] /one4 ,because ( ?is & ( ! gr9d+ & p\nd+ to :i* x 0 subject$ x became a symbol ( firmness 7,job #da3bd74 7#g7 ,mort>s4--,app>5tly ! gra9 0 also frequ5tly cru%$ by p\nd+ x ) a pe/le 9 a mort>4 ,s _m ( ^! made ( /one 7 f\nd at ,gez] t x is ?\ght t ^! may h be5 us$ m (t5 ?an ! mill/ones2 7see ,fig4 #hc74 7#h7 ,fruits4--,9 ! c\rse ( ! excavation ( ,gez] dri$ figs1 grapes1 pomegranates1 & olives 7 f\nd4 ,all ( ^! are m5tion$ 9 ! ,bible1 z1 = example1 9 ,cant4 #b3ac2 ,rev4 #f3ac2 ,g54 #dj3aa2 ,num4 #ac3bc2 ,micah #f3ae4 ,9 "o tr5* :at appe>$ to be a pile ( *>r$ pi/a*io nuts 0 f\nd4 ,acorns1 t]eb9?1 & apricot se$s 7 also discov]$4#afb ,( ^! fruits1 ^? :i* left ! mo/ ar*ological evid5ce ( _! exi/5ce are j ^? t are mo/ frequ5tly m5tion$ 9 ! ,bible1--! grape & ! olive4 7#i7 ,v9ey>ds & ,w9e-vats4--,! grape is (t5 allud$ to 9 ! ,bible1 & directions are giv5 z to h[ "o may conduct himself 9 a v9ey>d 7,deut4 #bc3bd7 & z to h[ ?or\ghly "o might glean 8 v9es 7,lev4 #be3e74 ,! mo/ complete description ( a v9ey>d is 9 ,isa4 #e3a-h4 ,! "o feature ( t description t w\ld survive = an ar*ologi/ to discov] is ! w9e-vat4 ,^! vats 7 (t5 cut 9 ! solid rock1 & _m ( !m h be5 f\nd1 bo? 9 excavat+ & 9 travel+ ov] ! c\ntry4 ,! vats = press+ grapes & o!r fruits may be di/+ui%$ f olive-presses because !y lack all arrangem5ts = me*anical press+4 ,! grapes 7 trodd5 ) ! feet1 & z ! juice 0 press$ out x ran d[n into a deep] portion ( ! vat4 ,"s ( ^! vats are surr\nd$ by 8cup-m>ks0 or holl[ places cut 9 ! /one 9 ord] to hold po9t$-bottom$ j>s upright4 ,sometimes ! cup-m>ks are connect$ ) ! ma9 vat by t9y *annels1 ?r\gh :i* any ( ! grape-juice t might dra9 f ! outside ( ! j>1 aft] ! j> _h be5 dipp$ 9 ! vat1 might run back2 7see ,fig4 #hg74 7#aj7 ,olive-presses4--,simil>ly1 olive-presses are v num]\s 9 ,pale/9e4 ,presses 7 f\nd 9 ! /ratum ( ! cave-dwell]s ( ,gez]4 ,! olive indu/ry is1 accord+ly1 v old4 ,olive-presses compris$1 9 addition to ! vat1 an upright /one ) a l>ge hole 9 x4 ,9 ?is hole a beam 0 ins]t$4 ,?is beam re/$ on ! olives :i* 7 to be press$1 ext5d+ f> beyond ! receptacle conta9+ ! olives1 & weights 7 hung on ! end f>!/ f ! /one2 7see ,fig4 #hh74 ,pale/9e 9 anci5t times1 z n[1 0 cov]$ ) olive or*>ds1 _m ( :i* _h oil-presses4 ,su* an or*>d 0 call$ a 8g>d540 ,! ,g>d5 ( ,ge?semane1 ! sc5e ( "o ( ! mo/ sacr$ incid5ts ( ! life ( ,*ri/ 7,matt4 #bf3cf2 ,m>k #ad3cb71 0 an olive or*>d & took its "n f ! oil-press4 ,ge?semane means 8oil-press40 ,w9e-vats & oil-presses 7 ( v>i\s types1 b into _! =ms !re is n space to ent] "h#afc2 7see ,figs4 #he1 #hf74 ,! prom95t place held by w9e & oil among ! agricultural products ( ! c\ntry is indicat$ by ! receipts = ! /orage ( v>i\s quantities ( ^! articles :i* 7 f\nd at ,sam>ia4 7#aa7 ,! ,agricultural ,cal5d>4--,9 ! books ( ! old ,te/am5t ! names appli$ to ! mon?s are1 = ! mo/ "p1 names d]iv$ f ,babylonia1 b x appe>s t at ,gez] !y _h a s]ies ( names = ! mon?s bas$ on _! agricultural ye>4 ,9 ! /ratum :i* conta9$ rema9s f ! "t ( ! ,hebrew mon>*y1 #ajjj-eej ,b4 ,c41 an inscription 0 f\nd :i*1 ?\gh ! end 0 brok5 away1 conta9$ ! foll[+ names = ! mon?s3 #a4 ,mon? ( +a!r+4 7,see ,exod4 #bc3af2 #cd3bb47 #b4 ,mon? ( s[+4 #c4 ,mon? ( ! late s[+84 #d4 ,mon? ( ! flax-h>ve/4 #e4 ,mon? ( ! b>ley-h>ve/4 7,see ,ru? #b3bc2 #b ,sam4 #ba3i47 #f4 ,mon? ( ! h>ve/ ( all o!r gra9s84 #g4 ,mon? ( prun+ v9es4 #h4 ,mon? ( summ]-fruit figs4 ,?is cal5d>1 beg9n+ 9 ,octob]1 /ill con=ms to ! agricultural pursuits ( ! ye>4 ,x also gives u ar*ological evid5ce ( ! culture ( flax by ! anci5t ,israelites4 7,see ,jo%4 #b3f2 ,prov4 #ca3ac2 ,hosea #b3e1 #i47 7#ab7 ,dome/ic ,animals4--,! dome/ic animals ( anci5t ,pale/9e may be trac$ 9 "p by _! bones f\nd 9 v>i\s excavations1 & 9 "p by ! pictures ( !m drawn 9 caves & tombs4 ,! dome/ic animals mo/ (t5 m5tion$ 9 ! ,bible are asses1 cattle1 %eep1 goats1 & camels4 ,bones1 pictures1 or models ( ^! 7 f\nd 9 all ! /rata ( ,gez]4#afd ,!re seem to h be5 a v>iety ( c[s2 ! bre$s v>i$ 9 ! diff]5t p]iods4 ,no horse bones 7 f\nd until ! ?ird ,semitic p]iod 7#acej-ajjj ,b4 ,c474 ,x 01 p]haps1 dur+ t p]iod t ! horse 0 introduc$ by ! ,hittites1 :o appe> to h br\ght x f ,turke/an1 :]e its bones h be5 f\nd 9 mu* e>li] /rata4#afe ,! ass 01 h[ev]1 ! common bea/ ( burd5 9 ,pale/9e1 & bones ( horses are r>e until ! ,greek p]iod4 ,a numb] ( figures ( horses' heads ) _! bridles 7 f\nd1 z well z a horse's bit1 & ! picture ( a horse & 8 rid]4 ,! pig 0 a dome/icat$ animal ( ! primitive cave-dwell]s ( ,gez]1 :o appe> to h (f]$ sw9e 9 sacrifice1 b pig-bones are r>ely f\nd 9 ! ,semitic /rata4 ,z sw9e 7 unclean to all ,semites1 ?is is n /range4 ,! dog appe>s to h be5 half-dome/icat$1 z ! ,bible implies1 z 8 bones 7 employ$ = mak+ prick]s & simil> tools1 b no pictures or models ( dogs are kn[n to ! writ]4 ,probably !y 7 ( ! half-wild p>iah type4 ,c]ta9ly !y 7 n held 9 high e/eem4 7,see #a ,sam4 #ag3dc2 #b ,sam4 #af3i47 ,= illu/rations1 see ,figs4 #hi-ib4 7#ac7 ,bees4--,a numb] ( inv]t$ j>s1 ea* pi]c$ ) a numb] ( circul> holes1 7 f\nd4 ,x seems probable t ^! 7 rude beehives4 ,be=e ! ,israelites settl$ 9 ,pale/9e !y knew x z 8a l& fl[+ ) milk & honey0 7,exod4 #c3h1 #ag2 ,num4 #ad3h2 #af3ac1 #ad2 ,deut4 #f3c71 & _! view 01 we are told1 %>$ by o!rs 7#b ,k+s #ah3cb74 ,x is n surpris+1 !re=e1 to f9d evid5ces ( bee culture2 7see ,fig4 #ie74 7#ad7 ,birds4--,z to birds1 x is d\btful :e!r !y _h any dome/icat$ ones be=e ! ,babylonian ,exile4 ,a rude picture ( an o/ri* pa9t$ on a pot%]d 0 f\nd at ,gez]1 z well z "s pa9t$ fragm5ts ( o/ri*-egg %ell4 ,! o/ri* is m5tion$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t 7,job #ci3ac2 ,lam4 #d3c71 b z a wild bird4 ,! ,pale/9ians knew x z a bird t might be hunt$4 ,!y sometimes ga!r$ ! eggs ( wild birds to eat 7,deut4 #bb3f2 ,isa4 #aj3ad74 ,^! 71 p]haps1 sometimes o/ri*-eggs4 ,! mod]n ,arabs make a k9d ( omelette ( o/ri*-eggs4 ,! o/ri* 0 c]ta9ly n a dome/ic bird4 ,at ,gez]1 too1 a clay bird 0 f\nd1 or1 r1 a small j> made 9 ! =m ( a bird4 ,! object 0 s reali/ic t holes 7 left 9 ! clay w+s = ! ins]tion ( fea!rs2 7,fig4 #ic74 ,! bird be>s "s resemblance to a duck1 figures ( :i* 7 f\nd at ,megiddo1#aff b ! duck may h be5 wild4 ,"o clay head ( a goose or swan 0 also f\nd1 b _h ! bird be5 dome/icat$ !re w\ld probably h be5 m traces ( x4 7#ae7 ,h5s4--,! "o dome/ic bird t c be trac$ 9 ,pale/9e is ! h51 & h5s 7 n introduc$ until aft] ! ,exile4 ,h5s seem to h be5 fir/ dome/icat$ 9 ,india4 ,!y are n m5tion$ 9 ! ,rig ,v$a1 b ! ,aryans seem to h come into contact ) !m :5 !y settl$ 9 ! valley ( ! ,ganges ab\t #ajjj ,b4 ,c4 ,! ,yajur & ,a?>va ,v$as m5tion ! cock4 ,! h5 is a dome/icat$ ,bankiva f[l1 :i* also exi/s 9 a wild /ate 9 ,india4 ,f ,india ! h5 0 dome/icat$ ea/w>d to ,*9a1 & we/w>d to ,p]sia4 ,!re is a possible picture ( a cock on a sculpture ( ,s5na*]ib1 :i* w\ld indicate t ! bird 0 kn[n 9 ,assyria at ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5? c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 ,ano!r is pictur$ on "s ,babylonian gems f ! "t ( ,nabuna'id1 ab\t #eej ,b4 ,c4 ,pictures ( cocks1 ?ree ( !m some:at d\btful1 are f\nd on ,babylonian seals ( ! ,p]sian p]iod4#afg ,! dome/icat$ h51 travel+ by way ( ! ,black ,sea1 rea*$ ,asia ,m9or z e>ly z ! eigh? c5tury ,b4 ,c4#afh ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no evid5ce ( ! pres5ce ( ! h5 9 ,pale/9e be=e ! ,greek p]iod4 ,nei!r h5 nor cock is m5tion$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,9 a tomb discov]$ by ,pet]s & ,?i]s* 9 #aijb1 ne> ,tell ,s&ahanna1 ! ,m>issa ( ! ,seleucid p]iod & ! ,more%e?-ga? ( ,micah #a3ad1 a numb] ( cocks are pictur$2 7,fig4 #id74 ,! tomb1 con/ruct$ ab\t #bjj ,b4 ,c41 conta9s a numb] ( ,greek inscriptions4#afi ,9 agreem5t ) ?is evid5ce is also ! fact t at ,taana* !re 0 f\nd 9 a late pre-,arabic /ratum ! skeleton ( a h5 ) an egg4#agj ,be=e ,new ,te/am5t times1 !n1 ! h5 _h become a dome/ic f[l 9 ,pale/9e4 ,e "o w\ld accord+ly und]/& ! lam5t ( ,*ri/1 8,h[ (t5 w\ld ,i h ga!r$ ?y *ildr5 toge!r1 ev5 z a h5 ga!re? h] *ick5s "u h] w+s1 & ye w\ld n60 7,matt4 #bc3cg74 ,! cock 0 s univ]sally kept at ?is "t t "o ( ! divisions ( ! night 0 call$ ! 8cock-cr[+0 7,m>k #ac3ce74 ,x 0 ! m>k ( ! progress ( ! night af=d$ by ! habits ( ! cock t 0 us$ by ,jesus 9 pr$ict+ ,pet]'s d5ial 7,matt4 #bf3cd2 ,m>k #ad3cj2 ,luke #bb3cd2 ,john #ac3ch71 & x 0 ! recall+ ( ?is pr$iction by ! cr[+ ( ! cock t br\ght ,pet] to rep5tant te>s 7,matt4 #bf3gd2 ,m>k #ad3fh1 #gb2 ,luke #bb3fj2 ,john #ah3bg74 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,pott]y ,,importance ,,( ,,pott]y4 ,,pre-,,semitic ,,pott]y4 ,,fir/ ,,semitic ,,pott]y ,,to #ahjj ,b4 ,c4 ,,pott]y ,,( ,,second ,,semitic ,,p]iod4 ,,?ird ,,semitic ,,p]iod4 ,,israeliti% ,,or ,,f\r? ,,semitic ,,p]iod4 ,,hell5i/ic ,,p]iod4 #a4 ,importance ( ,pott]y4--,9 all p>ts ( ! _w ! mak+ ( clay j>s & receptacles is "o ( ! e>lie/ arts to be discov]$1 & ,pale/9e 0 no exception to ! rule4 ,9 ,pale/9e su* j>s 7 p>ticul>ly useful1 z ! wat] = ea* family _h to be c>ri$ f ! ne>e/ spr+ to ! h\se4 ,x 0 natural t1 9 a c\ntry :i* _h s long a hi/ory z ,pale/9e1 & ov] :i* ! influ5ces ( s _m div]se civilizations swept1 !re %\ld be a consid]able v>iety 9 ! types ( pott]y 9 diff]5t p]iods4 ,inde$1 x is n[ recogniz$ t ! diff]5ces 9 ^! types are s m>k$ t 9 ! abs5ce ( o!r crit]ia x is possible approximately to date a /ratum ( ! rema9s ( any anci5t city by ! type ( pott]y f\nd 9 x4 ,s9ce ?is is s1 a brief outl9e ( ! diff]5t types is n out ( place "h1 al?\gh ^! diff]5ces h little or no be>+ ^u ! int]pretation ( ! ,bible4 ,only a brief /atem5t is "h attempt$4 ,^? :o wi% to /udy ! subject m fully are ref]r$ to m ext5d$ works4#aga ,! classifications ( pott]y made by ! lead+ exp]ts diff]1 z !y h be5 writt5 at diff]5t times & z ! excavations h cont9ually enl>g$ ! mat]ial4 ,! classification pres5t$ 9 ! foll[+ pages is ma9ly t ( ,macali/]1 bas$ on ! "w at ,gez] & on previ\s excavations4 #b4 ,pre-,semitic ,pott]y4--,!re is fir/1 !n1 ! pott]y ( ! pre-,semitic cave-dwell]s4 ,?is pott]y is made out ( clay t 0 9 no way cleans$ or ref9$4 ,x 0 made by h&1 ! l>g] j>s hav+ be5 built up little by little4 ,! vessel1 aft] receiv+ su* ornam5t z ! pott] desir$1 0 usually fir$1 ?\gh sometimes simply sun-dri$4 ,9 fir+ ! heat 0 (t5 di/ribut$ v irregul>ly1 s t ! surface 0 n all ( ! same color4 ,! j>s 7 ( mod]ate size1 flat on ! bottom1 globul>1 conical1 or cyl9drical 9 %ape4 ,!y _h concave necks & h&les4 ,! h&les 7 ( two k9ds--8l$ge0 h&les & 8loop0 h&les4 ,a 8l$ge0 h&le consi/s ( a piece ( clay p9*$ into a flat project+ l$ge & !n bak$ h>d4 ,a 8loop0 h&le is "o fa/5$ to ! j> at bo? ends1 simil> to ! h&le ( a pit*]4 ,b[ls or sauc]s 7 also sometimes made ) 8l$ge0 h&les2 7see ,fig4 #ig74 ,! mo/ common ornam5tation ( ! pott]y ( ?is p]iod 0 made by comb+ ! clay ) wood5 combs not*$ ) tee? ( great] or less f95ess4 ,sometimes ! m>ks left by ! comb 7 p]p5dicul>1 sometimes horizontal1 & sometimes diagonal4 ,"o o!r type ( ornam5t 0 exhibit$ 9 ! pott]y ( ! cave-dwell]s4 ,t 0 ei!r an incis$ repres5tation ( a rope or cord1 or a m\ld$ imitation ( "o ( ^!4 ,?is ornam5tation 0 probably sugge/$ by ! ropes or cords :i* 7 b\nd ab\t ! vessel be=e x 0 fir$1 to prev5t its fall+ ap>t4 ,at fir/ ! only color+ 0 a l9e ( brick-r$ ar\nd ! rims ( jugs & sauc]s4 ,! mo/ advanc$ /age is rea*$ 9 ,fig4 #if1 :]e a network ( r$ l9es cross ea* o!r diagonally4 ,! t9t ( ! r$ v>ies a good deal1 b ?is may be due to ! unequal fir+ already m5tion$4 ,a few specim5s ( burni%$ pott]y 7 f\nd 9 ! caves4 ,?is burni%+ consi/$ 9 rubb+ ! surface ( ! vessel ) /rokes ( a smoo? bone or /one4 ,9 "s cases ! vessel 0 dipp$ 9 a :iti% wa% aft] x 0 fir$4 ,?is adh]$ to x ev]y:]e except on ! bottom4 #c4 ,fir/ ,semitic ,pott]y to #ahjj ,b4 ,c4--,! pott]y ( ! fir/ ,semitic p]iod1 :i* t]m9at$ ab\t #ahjj ,b4 ,c41 is ( a f9] type4 ,! l>g] pieces 7 made on a :eel1 z 7 _m ( ! small] ones4 ,! :eel 0 rotat$ ) ! left h&1 :ile ! pott] m\ld$ ! vessel ) ! "r4 ,! result 0 a mu* m %apely type ( "w ?an 9 ! previ\s p]iod4 ,9 ! pre-,semitic p]iod lime/one clays 7 employ$2 9 ?is p]iod1 s&/one clays4 ,_m ( ! objects1 l ^? ( ! prec$+ p]iod1 7 ( a drab color1 ?\gh ! t9ts ( "s ( !m rang$ f a ri* br[ni% r$ to orange4 ,! pat*es ( color 9 ^! vessels 7 probably due to unequal heat 9 fir+4 ,9 size & %ape ! vessels pres5t$ a great v>iety4 ,!re 7 l>ge j>s ) flat bottoms1 inv]t$ conical bodies1 & m or less abruptly r\nd$ %\ld]s2 7see ,fig4 #ajj74 ,! m\? 0 wide & circul> & surr\nd$ by a flat1 widely exp&+ rim4 ,^! j>s av]ag$ ab\t two feet 9 height4 ,!re 7 _m pit*]s made 9 ?is p]iod4 ,!y 7 l>ge & small & ( a great v>iety ( %apes4 ,su* pit*]s pres5t simil> *>act]i/ics1 :e!r f\nd at ,gez] or ,megiddo2 7see ,figs4 #ih1 #ii74 ,l$ge & loop h&les 7 common on ! pit*]s ( ?is p]iod1 b 8pill>0 & 8button0#agb h&les 7 also sometimes f\nd2 7see ,figs4 #aje1 #ajf74 ,! ornam5tation ( pott]y %[$ "s advance ov] ! prec$+ p]iod4 ,9 addition to ! rope motifs1 decoration =m$ by comb9ations ( l9es 0 also f\nd4 ,"o p>ticul>ly f9e type ( pott]y belong+ to ?is p]iod 0 f\nd at ,gez]4 ,x 0 nev] f\nd 9 ! caves or 9 ! high] /rata4 ,vessels ( ?is w>e 7 usually f\nd 9 gr\ps1 indicat+ t !y 7 ! possessions ( ! ri*4 ,! clay 0 well clean$1 ! %apes di/9ctive 7see ,fig4 #ajd71 & ! w>e 0 always cov]$ ) a cream-l coat+4 ,sauc]s & b[ls 7 common 9 ?is p]iod4 ,! comb 0 /ill us$ 9 ornam5t+ pott]y1 ?\gh sometimes x produc$ only a s]ies ( dots4 ,all surfaces 7 usually burni%$1 ?\gh naturally ?is 0 mu* m ?or\ghly done 9 ! exp5sive ?an 9 ! *eap] w>es4 #d4 ,pott]y ( ,second ,semitic ,p]iod4--,dur+ ! second ,semitic p]iod1 #ahjj-adjj ,b4 ,c41 trade 0 c>ri$ on ) c\ntries beyond ! sea1 especially ) ,cyprus4 ,!re 0 probably also "s trade ) ,egypt & ,crete1 b ! influ5ce ( ,cyprus 0 mo/ pot5t 9 ! pott]y4 ,9 ?is p]iod1 probably ow+ to =eign influ5ce1 ! pott]s' :eel work$ by foot 0 introduc$4 ,?is left bo? h&s ( ! workman free & result$ 9 a great improvem5t ( ! w>e4 ,!re 0 9 ?is p]iod a great v>iety 9 ! mat]ial us$4 ,! *eap] vessels 7 made ( a r\gh clay1 full ( grits ( black color$ s& or fl9ts1 :i* burn$ black 9 ! middle ( ! clay & a r$di% or yell[i% drab on ! surface4 ,at lea/ sev5 o!r f9] types ( w>e 7 f\nd at ,gez]4#agc ,"o ( ^! 0 a w>e made ( a brilliant saffron-yell[ clay1 :i* 0 enri*$ ) pa9t$ decoration 9 bold black l9es4 ,?is 0 probably ( =eign orig94 ,9 ?is p]iod ! j> ) po9t$ bottom1 long conical body1 well r\nd$ %\ld]s1 %ort concave neck1 cont9u\s circul> m\?1 ) an exp&$ rim1 ?\gh mu* n>r[] ?an 9 ! prec$+ p]iod1 is ! mo/ common type4 ,jugs ) po9t$ bottoms also became common1 ?\gh !re 0 a great v>iety 9 ! %apes ( jugs4 ,l$ge h&les _h almo/ entirely disappe>$ 9 ?is p]iod4 ,j>s g5]ally _h two loop h&les1 & sometimes f\r1 ?\gh occasionally !y _h none at all4 8,button0 h&les are comp>atively uncommon2 ! loop h&le is ! /yle mo/ g5]ally us$4 8,e>0 h&les1 bo? v]tical & transv]se1 are also common2 7see ,figs4 #aja-ajc1 & #aje74 ,! mo/ /rik+ feature ( ! pott]y ( ?is p]iod is ! increase 9 ! v>iety ( ornam5tation & ! introduction ( ! pictures ( animals & birds z ornam5tal motifs4 ,?is 0 due1 no d\bt1 to =eign influ5ce4 ,! be/ specim5s ( ?is type ( ornam5tation s f> publi%$ are f ,gez]1 ?\gh x is f\nd else:]e4 ,all k9ds ( vessels 7 made ( clay dur+ ?is p]iod3 j>s1 jugs1 pit*]s1 b[ls1 sauc]s1 dr9k+-cups1 etc41 etc4 ,_m ( ! pott]s sign$ _! "w ) a peculi> m>k4 ,?is m>k 0 sometimes an impression ( ! pott]'s f+]1 sometimes l9e> devices ( v>i\s k9ds scrat*$ on ! h&le1 & sometimes ! impression ( an inscrib$ ,egyptian sc>ab1 usually ( ! p]iod ( ! ,middle ,k+dom or ! ,hyksos "t4 ,j> h&les m>k$ ) sc>abs 7 also f\nd at ,j]i*o2 7,figs4 #aah1 #aai74 #e4 ,?ird ,semitic ,p]iod4--,! ?ird ,semitic p]iod1 #adjj to #ajjj ,b4 ,c41 :ile its w>es sometimes diff]$ 9 =m f ^? ( ! prec$+ p]iod1 is ma9ly m>k$ (f f ! second p]iod by a g5]al deg5]ation 9 /yle4 ,no great diff]5ces are noticeable 9 ! k9ds ( clay employ$4 ,! j>s h1 z a rule1 a less po9t$ bottom ?an 9 ! prec$+ p]iod2 7,fig4 #aaj74 ,! comb$ decoration is r>e1 & ! burni%+ ( ! j>s is bo? less frequ5t & less skilful ?an 9 ! prec$+ p]iod4 ,!re is an increase 9 ! t5d5cy to use pa9t$ ornam5tation1 :i* frequ5tly consi/s ( zigzag l9es4 ,r\gh1 conv5tionaliz$ repres5tations ( palm trees are also common4 ,9 ! la/ "p ( ! p]iod ,cretan influ5ces are traceable4 ,?is 0 probably due to ! com+ ( ! ,phili/9es4#agd ,pott]s' m>ks cont9ue1 b sc>abs are less (t5 us$ 9 mak+ !m ?an 9 ! prec$+ p]iod4 ,! v>i\s k9ds ( vessels made seem to h be5 z great z 9 ! prec$+ p]iod4 ,a clay funnel or bottle-fill] 0 also f\nd 9 ?is p]iod2 7see ,fig4 #aad74 #f4 ,israeliti% or ,f\r? ,semitic ,p]iod4--,9 ! f\r? ,semitic1 or ! ,israeliti% p]iod1 #ajjj-fjj ,b4 ,c41 ! me?od ( manufacture rema9$ ! same z be=e1 & b little diff]5ce c be disc]n$ 9 ! clays employ$4 ,!re seems1 h[ev]1 to h be5 a /eady decl9e 9 excell5ce4 ,! l>ge j> ) po9t$ bottom is /ill f\nd1 b !re is a t5d5cy to broad5 ! bottom1 :ile reta9+ ! convex =m4 ,?us t[>d ! close ( ! p]iod a type ( j>1 conical 9 =m1 b ) ! apex ( ! cone at ! top in/ead ( at ! bottom1 is f\nd4 ,! types ( pott]y ( ?is "t may be se5 by exam9+ ! =ms f\nd 9 ! ,hebrew /ratum at ,j]i*o 7,figs4 #ajg1 #aab1 #aac71 & f a temple at ,megiddo ( ! same p]iod4 7,fig4 #aaa47 ,! =ms & k9ds ( vessels f\nd 9 ?is p]iod are num]\s4 ,pa9t$ ornam5tation consi/s1 z a rule1 m]ely ( r+s ar\nd ! vessel1 ?\gh sometimes zigzags made v c>elessly are also f\nd4 ,bird ornam5tation1 s frequ5t 9 ! ?ird p]iod1 entirely disappe>s 9 ?is4 ,! pott]s /ill employ$ m>ks4 ,^! are ( ! same g5]al "* z 9 ! e>li] p]iod1 ?\gh ! sc>ab /amp entirely disappe>$ f ,gez] & ! use ( o!r seals became common4 ,^! 7 mo/ (t5 a simple device ( />s1 or names writt5 9 ! old ,hebrew script4 ,at ,j]i*o ! sc>ab /amp 0 /ill employ$2 7see ,figs4 #aae1 #aag74 ,"s j> h&les inscrib$ ) ,hebrew lett]s 7 f\nd at ,gez] 9 a /ratum t 0 pre-exilic4 ,a s]ies ( !m 0 also f\nd at ! tells excavat$ by ,bliss & ,macali/] 9 ! ,%ephelah 9 ! ye>s #ahih-aijj--;,es-,safi1 ,judeideh1 & ,zak>iyeh4 ,^! h&les1 9 addition to ! impression ( a seal1 conta9$ ! words1 8to ! k+10 9 ,hebrew lett]s1 & ! names ( ! cities1 ,hebron1 ,so*o1 ,ziph1 & ,mam%e?4 ,! fir/ ?ree ( ^! are well-kn[n ,judan t[ns2 ! la/ is unid5tifi$4 ,sir ,*>les ,w>r5 f\nd "s simil> /amps ne> ! temple area at ,j]usalem4 ,!re has be5 mu* discussion z to ! date ( ! h&les be>+ ^! /amps4 ,s9ce no?+ ( ! k9d 0 f\nd at ,megiddo & ,taana*1 x has be5 inf]r$ t ?is k9d ( j> h&le came into exi/5ce aft] ! ov]?r[ ( ! k+dom ( ,israel 9 ! ye> #gbb ,b4 ,c4 ,x may be t ! 8k+0 ref]r$ to is ! k+ ( ,judah1 & t ^! /amps come f ! la/ days ( ! k+dom ( ,judah4 ,s*ol>ly op9ion is1 h[ev]1 divid$1 "s au?orities cont5d+ t !y come f ! "t aft] ! ,exile4 ,! date is n entirely c]ta92 7see ,fig4 #aaf74age #g4 ,hell5i/ic ,p]iod4--,9 ! "t aft] ! ,exile !re is n mu* *ange 9 ! "* ( ! pott]y until aft] ! conque/ ( ,alex&] ! ,great4 ,! influx ( influ5ces f ! ,grco-,mac$onian _w affect$ ! :ole life ( ! l&1 & 0 reflect$ also 9 its pott]y4 ,z 9 ! second & ?ird ,semitic p]iods1 !re 7 importations ( pott]y f abroad1 ?\gh at ?is "t ! importations 7 f regions affect$ by ,greek art4 ,! ,pale/9ian pott]s ( ?is p]iod _h1 !re=e1 ! be/ models4 ,! use ( ! pott]s' :eel 0 all b univ]sal1 & ! w>es 7 burn$ h>d4 ,a pile ( ^! pot%]ds1 :5 /ruck ) a /ick1 emits a di/9ct musical 8cl9k10 :i* is n ! case ) pot%]ds f ! e>li] p]iods4 ,! clay employ$ 0 ! f9e/ & mo/ homog5e\s ( any us$ 9 ,pale/9ian pott]y1 & !re is a g5]al t5d5cy1 especially 9 ! cities ne> ! coa/1 to foll[ classical models2 7see ,figs4 #abb1 #abe74 ,j>s h r\nd$ or bluntly po9t$ bases1 v]tical sides1 flatt5$ or oblique %\ld]s1 & r\nd m\?s4 ,!re are two loop h&les j "u ! %\ld]s4 ,ano!r =m1 probably sugge/$ by ,rhodian amphor1 has a long1 tap]+ base2 7see ,fig4 #abj74 ,x is impossible 9 ! space t c be devot$ to ?is topic to enum]ate all ! k9ds ( vessels t 7 made 9 ?is p]iod or ! v>iety ( _! =ms4 ,only a few *>act]i/ic features c be not$4 ,! cook+ pots ( ?is "t h a v di/9ctive =m4 ,!y h a globul> base1 globul> body1 %ort1 wide neck1 & a r\nd$ cont9u\s m\?2 7see ,fig4 #abbe;a74 ,! body ( ! vessel is (t5 ribb$ ) horizontal flut+s4 ,small jugs & vases 7 v common2 "s ( !m _h v *>act]i/ic =ms4 ,jugs ( ?is p]iod f\nd at ,j]i*o _h a funnel at ! side ?r\gh :i* liquid c\ld be p\r$ into !m4 ,z 9 ! prec$+ p]iod1 j> h&les 7 frequ5tly /amp$ ) ! m>k ( ! pott]4 ,^! 7 n[ (t5 ,greek lett]s1 ?\gh ^? s /amp$ 7 app>5tly import$ f =eign c\ntries4 ,at ,j]i*o t5 j> h&les 7 f\nd /amp$ ) ! "n 8,jah0 & ?ree /amp$ ) ! "n 8,jahu40#agf ,bo? ,jah 7see ,psa4 #fh3d7 & ,jahu are abbreviations ( ! "n ,jehovah1 & probably are s to be und]/ood "h4 ,!y (t5 =m$ "p ( a p]sonal "n--?us ,elijah1 8,my ,god is ,jah40 ,f ! second ,semitic p]iod onw>d1 filt]s 7 made by pi]c+ ! bottom ( a jug ) holes4 ,^! became m common 9 ! ?ird ,semitic p]iod1 b ?is sort ( device rea*$ its full developm5t 9 ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod1 :i* we are n[ consid]+4 ,v>i\s =ms ( /ra9]s 7 f\nd1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #abc1 & "o v elaborate filt]2 7see ,fig4 #aba74 ,) ! com+ ( ! ,romans 9 #fc ,b4 ,c41 new influ5ces 7 introduc$ into ! civilization ( ,pale/9e4 ,9 "t ^! influ5ces modifi$ ! pott]y1 b x is d\btful :e!r !y _h an appreciable effect until aft] ! ,new ,te/am5t times4 ,pots f ! ,roman p]iod f\nd at ,gez] 7see ,fig4 #abd7 diff] f ^? ( ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod *iefly 9 hav+ bottoms t are m ne>ly flat4 ,by ! "t ( ! ,emp]or ,con/ant9e a *ange c be not$1 s t pott]y ( ! ,byzant9e p]iod 7#cbe-fcg ,a4 ,d47 has *>act]i/ics ( its own4 ,t p]iod1 h[ev]1 lies beyond ! range ( ,biblical hi/ory4 ,9 ! /udy ( pott]y "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ topics is ! evolution ( ! lamp4 ,! e>lie/ lamps 7 simply wicks /uck into a sauc] ( oil & ignit$4 ,( c\rse1 ! wick w\ld easily fall d[n into ! oil & ! light w\ld be ext+ui%$4 ,! e>lie/ device to prev5t ?is 0 to make ! sauc] ( irregul> %ape1 ) a slight not* 9 "o side 9 :i* ! wick c\ld lie4 7,see ! "r-h& lamp 9 ,fig4 #abg47 ,z "t w5t on ?is re/+-place = ! wick develop$ m & m into a sp\t4 7,see ,fig4 #abf & ! left-h& lamp 9 ,fig4 #abg47 ,?is =m ( lamp 0 kn[n z e>ly z ! fir/ ,semitic p]iod1 & p]si/$ ) slight developm5t d[n ?r\gh ! ,israeliti% "t2 7see ,fig4 #abh74 ,its developm5t 0 n1 h[ev]1 uni=m 9 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,israeliti% lamps f\nd at ,j]i*o appe> to be simply sauc]s ) two or m ind5tations 9 ! rim2 7see ,fig4 #acb74 ,p]haps 9 ^! m ?an "o wick 0 us$4 ,9 ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod two improvem5ts 9 ! mak+ ( lamps occurr$4 ,! fir/ consi/$ 9 a /ill fur!r developm5t ( ! sp\t until its sides almo/ met & =m$ ne>ly a clos$ vessel4 ,! second improvem5t 01 p]haps1 due to outside influ5ces4 ,x consi/$ 9 mak+ ! sauc] small & cov]$4 ,9 ! middle ( ! cov] 0 a small r\nd hole into :i* ! oil 0 p\r$2 at "o side a sp\t protrud$ & ! wick came out ?r\gh ?is2 7see ,fig4 #aca74 ,! top ( su* lamps 0 ornam5t$ ) v>i\s designs4 ,9 ! ,byzant9e & ,arabic p]iods ! same g5]al /yle ( lamp 0 us$1 b ! %ape & ornam5tation ( ea* p]iod 7 diff]5t1 s t !y c easily be di/+ui%$2 7see ,fig4 #abi74 ,aft] ! c\ntry became ,*ri/ian ! ornam5tation on ! lamps 0 (t5 made ) ,greek lett]s4 ,^! 7 made 9 ornam5tal =ms & usually express$ "s ,*ri/ian s5tim5t4 ,"o ( ! mo/ popul> leg5ds = ^! ,*ri/ian lamps 03 8,! light ( ,*ri/ %9es = all02 7see ,fig4 #acj74 ,x 0 lamps su* z ^!1 probably ( ! ,hell5i/ic type1 to :i* ,*ri/ allud$ 9 ! p>able ( ! wise & fooli% virg9s 7,matt4 #be3a-ab74 ,su* a lamp w\ld n conta9 oil en\gh to burn all night1 s t to c>ry x to a prolong$ w$d+-fea/ )\t a supply ( oil 0 a p[]ful example ( improvid5ce4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,ut5sils ,,& ,,p]sonal ,,ornam5ts ,,ut5sils3 ,ov5s4 ,bak+-trays4 ,b[ls1 etc4 ,fe$+-bottles4 ,glassw>e4 ,spoons4 ,=ks or ,fle%-hooks4 ,ne$les4 ,sp9n+ 8,:orls40 ,lamp-/&s4 ,keys4 ,knives4 ,saws4 ,*isels4 ,awls4 ,axes4 ,adzes4 ,:et/ones4 ,files4 ,hamm]s4 ,nails4 ,baskets4 ,arr[s4 ,spe>s4 ,swords4 ,fi%-hooks4 ,/yli4 ,seals4 ,! 8,pipe40 ,h>ps4 ,! ,dulcim]4 ,lyres4 ,*ildr5's toys4 ,,p]sonal ,,ornam5ts3 ,combs4 ,p]fume-boxes4 ,spatul = eye-pa9t1 etc4 ,fibul4 ,beads4 ,necklaces4 ,bracelets4 ,anklets4 ,r+s4 #a4 ,ut5sils4--,! t]m 8ut5sil0 is ( wide application4 ,! ut5sils ( agriculture & ! h&-mills = gr9d+ gra9 h be5 describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,among ! devices us$ 9 connection ) ,pale/9ian h\ses "o ( ! mo/ important 0 ! ov54 7#a7 ,ov5s4--,! ov5s ( anci5t ,pale/9e 7 ( ! same k9d z ^? us$ by ! peasantry ( t c\ntry today4 ,ea* consi/s ( a cyl9d] ( bak$ e>? ab\t #b feet 9 diamet] & #a in*es ?ick4 ,x is clos$ by a cov] ( ! same mat]ial1 9 :i* a /one or lump ( clay has be5 emb$d$ z a h&le4 ,!re is r>ely any bottom except ! b>e e>?4 ,! loaves1 :i* 7 flat discs1 7 usually plac$ inside1 ei!r on ! gr\nd cov]$ ) clean pebbles or on a bak+-tray4 ,sometimes ! loaves 7 pla/]$ ov] ! outside ( ! ov54 ,9 ?is case ! fire 0 built inside & might consi/ ( grass 7,matt4 #f3cj2 ,luke #ab3bh74 ,! fire 0 usually heap$ ab\t ! outside ( ! ov51 & (t5 consi/$ ( dri$ manure4 ,x is ?is use ( manure z fuel t is allud$ to 9 ,ezek4 #d3ab-ae--;a passage t has sometimes be5 greatly misund]/ood4 ,su* ov5s 7 frequ5tly f\nd 9 all ! /rata4 ,9 ,fig4 #acc two v>ieties ( ov5s are %[n4 ,! "o at ! left h& is made ( pla9 tile2 ! o!r is cov]$ ov] ) pot%]ds1 to make x reta9 ! heat long]4 ,sometimes 9 l>ge h\ses gr\ps ( sev]al ov5s 7 f\nd toge!r4 ,ov5s are frequ5tly ref]r$ to 9 ! ,bible1 sometimes z symbols ( ?+s t are hot4 7,see ,lev4 #aa3ce2 #bf3bf2 ,psa4 #ba3i2 ,hosea #g3d1 #f1 #g47 ,once a mu*-us$ ov5 is a symbol ( blackness 7,lam4 #e3aj74 7#b7 ,bak+-trays1 consi/+ ( discs ( bak$ clay ab\t #aj in*es 9 diamet]1 7 also f\nd4 ,^! 7 usually turn$ up at ! edges1 & frequ5tly p]=at$ 9 ord] bett] to admit ! heat to ! "u side ( ! loaf4 ,"o specim5 0 f\nd burnt ?r\gh ) con/ant use4 ,^! trays 7 mo/ num]\s at ,gez] 9 ! second & ?ird ,semitic p]iods4 ,!y 7 f\nd at ,j]i*o 9 ! ,jewi% /ratum2 7see ,fig4 #acd74 7#c7 ,b[ls1 etc4--,9 ,*apt] ,,viii1 "u ! head ( ,pott]y1 ! j>s1 pit*]s1 clay b[ls1 sauc]s1 & cups :i* 7 us$ ab\t ,pale/9ian homes h already be5 describ$4 ,b[ls & sauc]s ( /one 7 also employ$ f ! e>lie/ times4 ,!y 7 f> less fragile1 ?\gh m exp5sive4 ,probably ! di%es us$ by ! common p 7 9 all p]iods made ( clay4 ,aft] ! introduction ( metal1 h[ev]1 ! weal?y (t5 _h di%es ( bronze 7see ,fig4 #ace71 & sometimes ( silv]4 ,a ,phili/9e grave at ,gez] yield$ "s silv] di%es ( beautiful workman%ip2 7see ,figs4 #acg1 #ada74 7#d7 ,fe$+-bottles4--,a numb] ( curi\sly %ap$ j>s ) sp\ts 7 f\nd at ,gez]2 7see ,fig4 #aci74 ,mr4 ,macali/] 0 at a loss to expla9 _! use unless !y 7 fe$+-bottles4 ,! only o!r sugge/ion t he makes is t !y 7 lamps1 b !y are s diff]5t f ! lamps ( ! "t1 t t possibility seems to be exclud$4 ,sell9 ?\ght simil> objects f\nd by him 7 vessels = p\r+ oil4 ,?is may h be5 _! purpose4 7#e7 ,glassw>e4--,vessels ( glass are v r>e 9 ,pale/9e until ,roman times4 ,9 ! rema9s ( ! ?ird ,semitic p]iod at ,gez] fragm5ts ( ornam5t$ glass vessels1 :i* _h be5 import$ f ,egypt1 7 f\nd4 ,! ornam5tation consi/$ ( zigzag l9es4 ,cle> glass fir/ appe>s 9 ! ,israeliti% p]iod1 b x 0 r>e & in>ti/ic4 ,aft] ! com+ ( ! ,romans x became m common4 ,= examples ( its use1 see ! o9tm5t vessels 9 ,fig4 #ach4 7#f7 ,spoons4--,! spoons ( ! poor 7 9 all p]iods app>5tly adapt$ f %ells1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #acf1 b ! m weal?y1 especially :5 "u ! influ5ce ( m arti/ic =eign]s1 _h ladles ( metal t seem v mod]n2 7see ,fig4 #ada74 ,^! objects are f a ,phili/9e tomb4 7#g7 ,=ks or ,fle%-hooks4--,=ks 7 9 exi/5ce1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #adj1 b 7 us$ n to eat )1 b to h&le meat :5 x 0 cook+4 ,! "o ) ?ree prongs 9 ,fig4 #adc rem9ds "o ( ! 8fle%-hook ( ?ree tee?0 t ! s]vant ( ,hophni & ,ph9ehas1 sons ( ,eli1 ?ru/ into ! caldron ( see?+ sacrificial fle%1 9 ord] to obta9 ! prie/'s portion 7#a ,sam4 #b3ac1 #ad74 7#h7 ,ne$les1 bo? ( bone & bronze1 7 f\nd4 ,!y 7 employ$ f ! e>lie/ times 9 su* sew+ z 0 necess>y4 ,! way ! eyes 7 made may be se5 9 ,fig4 #adb4 ,^! give vivid reality to ! say+ ( ,*ri/ 8,x is easi] = a camel to g ?r\gh a ne$le's eye ?an = a ri* man to ent] into ! k+dom ( ,god0 7,matt4 #ai3bd2 ,m>k #aj3be2 ,luke #ah3be74 7#i7 ,sp9n+ 8,:orls40--,sp9n+ 9 anci5t ,pale/9e1 z n[1 0 done 9 ! simple/ possible mann]4 ,a tap]+ sp9dle 0 made ( wood4 ,to ?is 0 atta*$ a 8:orl0--ei!r a /one or a lump ( bak$ clay--9 ord] to give ! sp9dle mom5tum :5 :irl$4 ,! wool 0 held 9 ! h&1 a bit ( x twi/$ into a ?read ) ! f+]s & atta*$ to ! sp9dle4 ,!n m ( ! wool 0 pull$ out & held 9 ! h& :ile ! sp9dle & :orl 7 giv5 a twi/ ) ! o!r h& & all[$ to twi/ ! wool into ?read4 ,! process 0 repeat$ aga9 & aga94 ,! writ] has se5 wom5 9 ! ,ea/ sp9n+ :ile on a j\rney4 ,_m ( ! sp9dle :orls1 made bo? ( /one & ( clay1 h be5 f\nd by excavators2 7see ,figs4 #add1 #ade74 7#aj7 ,lamp-/&s4--,9 "o ( ! palaces at ,megiddo a numb] ( bronze tripods ( v>i\s sorts 7 f\nd2 7see ,fig4 #adh74 ,! talle/ ( ^! 7 #ac & #ad in*es 9 height4 ,!y 7 int5d$ to support ei!r b[ls or lamps4 ,!y are ! k9d ( 8/&0 m5tion$ 9 ,matt4 #e3ae 7,r4 ,v4--! ,k+ ,james ,v]sion call$ x a 8c&le/ick071 on :i* m51 :5 !y light$ a lamp1 plac$ x s t x might 8give light to all t are 9 ! h\se40 ,probably ! poor _h "s less exp5sive =m ( lamp-/&4 7#aa7 ,keys 9 ,pale/9e 7 (t5 l>ge1 clumsy affairs4 ,!y 7 probably mo/ (t5 made ( wood1 & 7 mu* bett] fitt$ to be c>ri$ on ! %\ld]1 z a wood-*opp] (t5 c>ries 8 axe1 ?an to be c>ri$ 9 a pocket4 ,?is is :y ,isaiah 7#bb3bb7 speaks ( lay+ ! key ( ! h\se ( ,david on ! %\ld] ( ,eliakim4 ,( c\rse1 all wood5 keys ( ! ,biblical "t h decay$4 ,iron keys f ! ,hell5i/ic "t 7 f\nd at ,gez]1 two ( :i* are %[n 9 ,figs4 #adf1 #adg4 7#ab7 ,knives4--,"o ( ! fir/ implem5ts made by man z he em]ges f savag]y is ! knife4 ,! e>lie/ knives ( ,pale/9e 7 ( fl9t1 :i* is 9 t c\ntry v abundant4 ,fl9t knives are made by tak+ a cone ( fl9t t w easily flake1 & skilfully /rik+ ! top ( x su* a bl[ t a ribbon hav+ a %>p edge is split (f4 ,at ,gez] "o ( ^! cones1 left by an anci5t fl9t knife-mak]1 0 f\nd2 7see ,fig4 #aed74 ,aft] ! introduction ( bronze 9 ! fir/ ,semitic p]iod1 #bejj-ahjj ,b4 ,c41 knives 7 (t5 made ( t2 7see ,fig4 #aea74 ,:51 ab\t #ajjj ,b4 ,c41 iron came 91 x1 too1 0 employ$ = knife-mak+2 7see ,fig4 #aej74 ,fl9t knives 7 always *eap] ?an ^? ( metal & 7 probably always employ$ by ! common p4 ,knives are ref]r$ to 9 ! ,bible z ! implem5ts = slay+ sacrifices 7,g54 #bb3f1 #aj71 & 9 v>i\s o!r connections4 7,see1 = example1 ,ezek4 #e3a1 #b47 ,fl9t knives 7 pref]r$ = ! rite ( circumcision 7,exod4 #d3be & ,jo%4 #e3b1 #c72 7see ,fig4 #adi74 7#ac7 ,saws4--,ribbon-fl9t knives easily pass into saws :5 ! edge is irregul>4 ,a numb] ( ^! came to light 9 ! c\rse ( ! excavation ( ,gez]4 ,saws are ref]r$ to 9 #b ,sam4 #ab3ca & 9 #a ,k+s #g3i4 ,saws made ( ?91 flexible /rips ( metal exi/$4 ,^! 7 set 9 wood5 frames4 ,v meag] fragm5ts ( ^! h be5 f\nd4 7#ad7 ,*isels 7 fairly common at ,gez] 9 all /rata aft] ! introduction ( bronze4 ,!y 7 made usually ( bronze1 ev5 aft] ! introduction ( iron1 al?\gh iron *isels 7 f\nd4 ,z ! *isel is "o ( ! mo/ necess>y tools ( a c>p5t]1 our ,"l mu/ (t5 h us$ "o 9 ! days be=e 8 m9i/ry2 7see ,fig4 #aeb74 7#ae7 ,awls4--,! awl is also a v useful tool4 ,9 anci5t ,gez] !y 7 (t5 set 9 bone h&les4 ,mod]n ,pale/9ian c>p5t]s employ a heat$ awl to make a hole 9 timb] )\t splitt+ x4 ,z anci5t c>p5t]s probably _h ! same cu/om1 ! awl 0 also "o ( ! implem5ts (t5 us$ by ,*ri/2 7,fig4 #aeg74 7#af7 ,axes 7 f\nd f ! second ,semitic /ratum onw>d4 ,^? f ! e>li] "t 7 made1 ( c\rse1 ( bronze2 ! lat] ones ( iron4 ,9 a few ! butt ( ! axe-head 0 p]=at$ to receive a ?ong to la% x to ! helve4 ,h[ necess>y ?is 0 is %[n by su* passages z ,deut4 #ai3e & #b ,k+s #f3e4 ,a bronze d\ble-edg$ axe 0 also f\nd 9 ! second ,semitic /ratum2 7see ,fig4 #afj74 7#ag7 ,adzes4--,a few specim5s ( ! adze 7 also f\nd2 7see ,fig4 #afa74 ,"o ( ^! 0 ( bone4 7#ah7 ,:et/ones4--,tools1 ( c\rse1 ne$$ %>p5+1 & v>i\s specim5s ( :et/ones 7 f\nd2 7see ,fig4 #aeh74 ,x is difficult to di/+ui% ^! f 8rubb+-/ones10 :i* 7 us$ :5 ba?+ to rub h>d5$ sk9 f ! body4 ,! same /one may at times h s]v$ bo? purposes4 7#ai7 ,files4--,a bronze file 0 made by p]=at+ a tube ( bronze ) holes & leav+ ! r\gh edges made 9 ! p]=ation protrud+2 7see ,fig4 #aec74 ,^! 7 probably us$1 h[ev]1 = crumb+ bread1 & n = %>p5+ tools4 7#bj7 ,hamm]s4--,_m /one hamm]s f e p]iod ( ,pale/9ian hi/ory h be5 f\nd4 ,! /one hamm] seems to h p]si/$ ev5 aft] ! introduction ( metal4 ,bronze hamm]s are r>e4 ,probably ! hamm] ) :i* ,jael kill$ ,sis]a 7,judges #d3ba2 #e3bf7 0 ( /one2 also ! "o ref]r$ to 9 ,j]4 #bc3bi2 7see ,fig4 #aee74 7#ba7 ,nails h be5 f\nd 9 pr(usion1 made bo? ( bronze & ( iron2 7see ,fig4 #aei74 ,z soon z iron 0 introduc$ into ! c\ntry x 0 g5]ally employ$ 9 mak+ nails4 ,*ri/1 z a c>p5t]1 mu/ h employ$ a hamm]1 & (t5 h driv5 nails4 7#bb7 ,baskets are us$ 9 ,pale/9e1 z 9 o!r c\ntries1 = all sorts ( purposes4 ,!y are frequ5tly ref]r$ to 9 ! ,bible4 7,see ,deut4 #bf3b1 #d2 #bh3e1 #ag2 ,judges #f3ai2 ,amos #h3a1 #b47 ,! basket ( ! mod]n ,pale/9ian peasant is usually made by sew+ toge!r a coil ( rope made ( /raw or re$s4 ,aft] ! mat ?us =m$ has become l>ge en\gh = ! bottom ( ! basket1 x is giv5 an upw>d turn to =m ! sides4 ,9 excavat+ ! wat]-passage at ,gez] int]e/+ evid5ce came to light ( ! exi/5ce ( su* baskets 9 anci5t times4 ,"o ( !m _h be5 left on "s s(t e>? 9 ! tunnel1 &1 al?\gh ! basket itself _h long ago decay$1 ! =m ( x 0 /ill visible on ! h>d5$ clod on :i* x _h re/$2 7see ,fig4 #afc74 7#bc7 ,arr[s4--,( implem5ts ( w>f>e "s portions h surviv$4 ,"o ( ^! 0 ! arr[1 :i* is m5tion$ m ?an fifty times 9 ! ,bible1 & is employ$ 9 _m metaphors4 ,arr[s 7 made ( a light p]i%able %aft to :i* an arr[head ( fl9t or bronze 0 atta*$4 ,?is head t]m9at$ 9 a po9t1 :i* inflict$ ! w\nd4 ,arr[-heads 7 f\nd 9 ! ,pale/9ian /rata lat] ?an ! cave-dwell]s2 7,figs4 #afd1 #afe1 #aff74 7#bd7 ,spe>s4--,! spe> consi/$ ( a long %aft ) a metal head1 t c\ld be ?r[n at an enemy4 ,x is (t5 call$ a javel94 ,su* weapons are allud$ to 9 ! ,bible almo/ z (t5 z arr[s4 ,! excavations h yield$ a good v>iety ( bronze spe>-heads2 7see ,fig4 #afg74 7#be7 ,swords4--,! swords ( anci5t ,pale/9e 7 us$ = ?ru/+ r ?an = cutt+4 7,see #a ,sam4 #ca3e2 #b ,sam4 #b3af47 ,! blades are1 !re=e1 %ort & po9t$2 7see ,fig4 #aff74 ,sometimes ! edges are actually ?ick5$4 ,a f9e scimit>1 f\nd 9 a tomb 9 :i* o!r objects reveal$ ,myc5ean influ5ce1 is a great exception to ! ord9>y =m ( sword f\nd 9 ,pale/9e2 7see ,fig4 #afb74 7#bf7 ,fi%-hooks4--,spe>s & arr[s c\ld1 ( c\rse1 be us$ 9 hunt+ z well z 9 w>1 b a fi%-hook f\nd at ,gez] 7see ,fig4 #aef7 is ( especial int]e/ to ! /ud5t ( ! ,bible1 s9ce "s ( ! mo/ prom95t apo/les1 ,pet]1 ,&rew1 ,james1 & ,john1 7 fi%]m54 ,! fi%+ on ! ,sea ( ,galilee seems to h be5 done usually ) nets4 ,nev]!less1 p]haps ev5 !re a hook 0 sometimes employ$4 7#bg7 ,/yli4--,! implem5ts ( ! scribe :i* h surviv$ are all specim5s ( a /ylus = writ+ on clay or wax2 7see ,fig4 #agh74 ,! usual l5g? ( ^! /yli 0 #c to #d in*es4 ,9 ! ,hell5i/ic /ratum at ,gez]1 h[ev]1 "o 0 f\nd z %ort z #b in*es2 also "o z long z #ab in*es4 ,x 0 a /ylus ( ! av]age k9d f\nd at ,gez] t ,isaiah 0 direct$ to use z record$ 9 ,isa4 #h3a4 7#bh7 ,seals4--,closely connect$ ) ! "w ( ! scribe are ! seals :i* are f\nd :]ev] a m\nd is ?or\ghly excavat$4 ,^! 7 sometimes ,egyptian sc>abs1 b m (t51 especially 9 ! lat] p]iods1 v>i\s figures & devices c>v$ on a /one2 7see ,fig4 #age74 ,!y might or might n conta9 ! "n ( ! own]4 ,! fam\s seal ( ,%ema1 m5tion$ on p4 #ig1 conta9$ 8 "n1 b (t5 !y appe> simply to h be5 a k9d ( m>k ( _! own]s4 ,!y might be impress$ on clay or wax1 &1 z we h se5 7p4 #add71 pott]s us$ !m to id5tify _! "w4 ,if ! writ+ 0 on a clay tablet ! seals 7 roll$ ov] its edge 7see ,job #ch3ad71 or ov] any unwritt5 portion ( its surface4 ,?is took ! place ( ! signature ( ! writ]4 ,on ! use ( seals 9 ,bible times1 see #a ,k+s #ba3h4 7#bi7 ,! 8,pipe40--,! p ( ,pale/9e h always be5 fond ( music1 ?\gh 9 mod]n times _! music is ( a rude & primitive sort4 ,probably 9 anci5t times x did n rise to any?+ l mod]n /&>ds4 ,at lea/ "o musical in/rum5t has be5 br\ght to light by ! excavations4 ,x is a "p ( a /one :i/le or 8pipe0 f\nd 9 ! ?ird ,semitic /ratum--! p]iod j be=e ! com+ ( ,israel4 ,x is conical 9 %ape1 & ab\t #d in*es long1 #a in*es wide at "o end1 & ab\t in* wide at ! m\?piece4 ,x 0 p]=at$ at ! side by two holes2 7see ,fig4 #afh74 ,probably a m\?piece ( re$ 0 fitt$ into x4 ,x 0 possible to make sev]al notes on x4 ,?is is probably a rude example ( ! 8pipe10 said to h be5 inv5t$ by ,jubal 7,g54 #d3ba71 & (t5 m5tion$ 9 ! ,bible4 7,see #a ,sam4 #aj3e2 #a ,k+s #a3dj2 ,isa4 #e3ab2 #a ,cor4 #ad3g47 ,! ,hebrew ^w = pipe means 8a pi]c$0 or 8p]=at$ ?+10 & ?is /one :i/le answ]s ! description well4 7#cj7 ,h>ps4--,o!r musical in/rum5ts 7 n made ( mat]ial t c\ld survive2 nev]!less f ! ,babylonian1 ,assyrian1 & ,egyptian sculptures we h "s idea ( _! =m4 ,( ^!1 ! h>p is m5tion$ m ?an =ty times 9 ! ,bible4 ,= ! =ms ( anci5t h>ps1 see ,figs4 #afi-agb4 7#ca7 ,! ,dulcim]4--,?is musical in/rum5t is m5tion$ 9 ,dan4 #c3e1 #ae4 ,an ,assyrian dulcim] is %[n 9 ,fig4 #agd4 7#cb7 ,lyres4--,a k9d ( lyre is pictur$ on c]ta9 ,jewi% co9s2 7see ,fig4 #agc74 7#cc7 ,*ildr5's ,toys4--,a t\* ( nature t l9ks ! anci5t _w ) ours is f\nd 9 ! toys ( *ildr54 ,bo? f ,babylonia & ,pale/9e clay rattles h be5 recov]$4 ,a s]ies f\nd at ,gez] is %[n 9 ,fig4 #agi4 ,9 addition to ^! rattles _m grotesque animal figures came to light ?r\gh ! v>i\s excavations2 ^! figures 7 probably made = *ildr5 to play )4 ,"o or two _h a hole drill$ ?r\gh a leg1 app>5tly = ! ins]tion ( a /r+ by :i* a *ild c\ld drag x4 ,! workm5 :o remov$ ! e>? sometimes begg$ = p]mission to take !m home = _! own *ildr5 to play )#agg2 7see ,fig4 #agg74 #b4 ,p]sonal ,ornam5ts4 7#a7 ,combs4--,( toilet articles ! mo/ univ]sal is ! comb4 ,^! 7 made ( bone or ivory4 ,!y 7 bo? /raight & curv$1 ornam5t$ & unornam5t$4 ,a fragm5t ( "o f ,gez] is %[n 9 ,fig4 #agf4 7#b7 ,p]fume-boxes4--,! anci5ts 7 fond ( p]fume4 8,p]fum$ ) myrrh & frank9c5se1 ) all p[d]s ( ! m]*ant0 is a ,hebrew poet's description ( an elegantly dress$ man4 7,see ,cant4 #c3f47 ,p]fume-boxes1 9 :i* ! v>i\s k9ds ( p]fume 7 kept1 frequ5tly are f\nd 9 excavat+2 7see1 = example1 ,fig4 #ahj74 ,wom5's p]fume-boxes are d5\nc$ 9 ,isa4 #c3bj4 7#c7 ,spatul = ,eye-pa9t1 etc4--,little spatul1 or tools = lift+ small quantities ( cosmetics1 7 also f\nd2 7see ,fig4 #ahc74 ,^! 7 probably mo/ (t5 us$ to apply kohl to ! eyelids--a practice t 0 ?\ght to enhance ! beauty ( wom5 7see ,ezek4 #bc3dj7 & :i* is /ill foll[$ 9 ! ,ea/4 7#d7 ,fibul4--,ano!r article ( ! toilet :i* is f\nd 9 abundance 9 all anci5t excavations 0 ! fibula--a rude k9d ( safety-p94 ,! g>m5ts 7 held toge!r by ^!4 ,!y consi/$ ( a k9d ( p]=at$ b[ ?r\gh :i* a p9 c\ld be ?ru/4 ,9 ! e>li] p]iods ! b[ & ! p9 7 n fa/5$ toge!r4 ,! dress ( ! anci5t ,pale/9ians 0 mu* l t ( ! mod]n peasants ( ! c\ntry4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 made ( mat]ials t w\ld la/ :5 buri$ 9 a m\nd4 ,all t has surviv$ ( x are "s articles ( p]sonal adornm5t4 7#e7 ,beads 7 highly valu$ f ! e>lie/ times & are f\nd 9 all /rata4 ,9 ! e>li] p]iods !y 7 made ( v>i\s color$ /ones2 x is only 9 ! lat] /rata t "s glass beads are f\nd4 7#f7 ,necklaces4--,beads1 cyl9d]s1 & irregul>ly %ap$ p5dants 7 /rung s z to =m necklaces4 ,"o f\nd at ,j]i*o is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aha4 ,!y are call$ 8*a9s0 9 ,isa4 #c3ai2 ,prov4 #a3i1 & 8/r+s ( jewels0 9 ,cant4 #a3aj4 7#g7 ,bracelets & armlets h be5 f\nd 9 abundance f ne>ly all p]iods4 ,!y 7 made ( bronze1 iron1 ivory1 glass1 silv]1 & gold4 ,= "s ( _! =ms1 see ,fig4 #ahb4 ,!y are frequ5tly m5tion$ 9 ! ,bible4 7,see1 = example1 ,g54 #bd3cj2 ,exod4 #ce3bb2 #b ,sam4 #a3aj2 ,ezek4 #af3aa47 7#h7 ,anklets ( bronze & silv] h also be5 f\nd 9 v>i\s places4 ,!y are l bracelets1 only l>g]4 ,9 a c\ntry :]e ! ankles 7 usually left b>e1 x 0 z natural to we> ornam5ts on !m z on ! arms4 ,^!1 too1 are d5\nc$ along ) ! o!r ornam5ts ( wom5 9 ,isa4 #c3ah4 7#i7 ,r+s1 too1 ( v>i\s k9ds h be5 f\nd 9 pr(usion4 ,mo/ ( ! f+] r+s 7 simple circles ( metal2 usually !y 7 ( bronze2 sometimes ( iron4 ,silv] & gold r+s 7 comp>atively few 9 numb] & ( small size4 ,sev]al signet r+s 7 f\nd at ,gez]4 ,f+] r+s are n (t5 m5tion$ 9 ! ,bible4 7,see1 h[ev]1 ,num4 #ca3ej47 ,!y evid5tly 7 highly reg>d$ by well-to-d p1 = 9 ! ,p>able ( ! ,prodigal ,son ,jesus tells u t ! fa!r 8put a r+ on 8 h&0 7,luke #ae3bb74 ,signet r+s 7 ! possessions ( ! great & ( k+s4 7,see ,g54 #da3db & ,e/h] #c3aj1 #ab1 & ,fig4 #ahd47 ,,*apt] ,x ,,measures1 ,,weights1 ,,& ,,money ,,measures4 ,,weights4 ,,inscrib$ ,,weights4 ,,money3 ,:o inv5t$ co9age8 ,d>ics4 ,maccaban co9s4 ,asmonan co9s4 ,h]odian co9s4 ,roman co9s4 ,! ,wid['s ,mite4 ,! ,piece ( ,silv]4 ,co9age ( ! ,revolt ( #ff-gj ,a4 ,d4 #a4 ,measures4--,! ,hebrew units ( dry measure 73 #a4 ,! ,hom] 7or ,cor71 :i* conta9$ #aj ,ephahs 7,ezek4 #de3aa1 #ad74 #b4 ,! ,ephah1 :i* conta9$ #c ,seahs 7,isa4 #dj3ab7 or #aj ,om]s 7,exod4 #af3cf7 or #ah ,cabs 7#b ,k+s #f3be1 & ,josephus1 ,antiquities1 ,,ix1 iv1 #d74 ,correspond+ to ^! 7 ! units ( liquid measure3 #a4 ,! ,hom] 7or ,cor71 :i* conta9$ #aj ,ba?s 7,ezek4 #de3aa1 #ad74 #b4 ,! ,ba?1 :i*1 accord+ to ,josephus & ,j]ome1 conta9$ #f ,h9s 7see ,exod4 #bi3dj74 #c4 ,! ,h91 :i* conta9$ #c ,cabs1 or1 accord+ to ! ,talmud1 #ab ,logs4 ,^! two sy/ems h ! ,hom] z _! major unit4 ,! ,hom] _h ! same capacity 9 ea* sy/em4 ,! ,ephah ( dry measure equall$ ! ,ba? ( liquid measure1 & ! ,cab 0 ! same 9 ea*4 ,if1 !n1 ! capacity ( "o unit 9 ei!r measure c\ld be det]m9$1 we %\ld "k ! capacity ( all ! o!rs4 ,x has be5 ! cu/om ( ar*ologi/s to /rike a k9d ( av]age ( ! confus$ /atem5ts ( ,josephus & ,epiphanius#agh & correct ^! by e/imates bas$ on ,babylonian measures4 ,calculations bas$ on ?is me?od w be f\nd 9 rec5t works on ,hebrew ar*ology & diction>ies ( ! ,bible4 ,x has be5 impossible1 h[ev]1 to rea* c]ta9ty4 ,?ree sy/ems w be f\nd 9 ! books ref]r$ to3 "o bas$ on ! supposition t ! ,log #i_/aj ( a p9t2 "o bas$ on ! supposition t ! ,log #ia_/ajj ( a p9t2 ! ?ird on ! supposition t ! ,log #a p9t4 ,! e/imates ( ! ,hom] v>y accord+ly f #hj gallons to #ha4be gallons1 & #hi4bh gallons4#agi ,"u ^! circum/ances "s discov]ies ( ! ,augu/9ians ( ! ,assumption1 9 ! gr\nds ( _! mona/]y 9 ,j]usalem1 appe> to be ( importance4#ahj ,!y f\nd at v>i\s times 9 excavat+ = build+ purposes f\r vessels1 :i* seem to h be5 a s]ies ( measures4 ,tak+ ! l>g] "o z ! unit1 ! capacity ( ! "o next small] is ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! capacity ( ! fir/2 ! ?ird 0 j half ! fir/2 ! f\r?1 a qu>t] ( x4 ,^! vessels all appe> to h be5 9 a build+ :i* _h a ,hebrew inscription ov] its door4 ,al?\gh ! inscription 0 brok51 ! ^w 8,corban0#aha 0 /ill legible4 ,pre ,g]m]-,dur& assumes1 accord+ly1 t ! build+ 0 us$ z a place :]e temple ti!s 7 paid1 & t ?is s]ies ( vessels 7 /&>d measures employ$ 9 collect+ ti!s4 ,! quantities ( mat]ial conta9$ by ^! vessels are z foll[s3 ,l>ge/1 #ba4be litres or #ai4f qu>ts4 ,second1 #ae4icg litres or #ad4g qu>ts4 ,?ird1 #aj4fbe litres or #i4h qu>ts4 ,f\r?1 #e4cab litres or #d4i qu>ts4 ,pre ,g]m]-,dur& ?9ks f a /udy ( ,josephus & ,epiphanius t ! l>ge/ ( 8 vessels repres5ts ! ,ephah ( dry measure or ! ,ba? ( liquid measure4 ,if ?is assumption is "r1 x gives a s]ies ( measures :i* are ea* ab\t #g_/ab small] ?an ! smalle/ ( ! s]ies ref]r$ to above4 ,on ?is basis ,hebrew dry measures become3 ,hom] or ,cor #aif qu>ts or #f bu%els & peck4 ,ephah #ai4f qu>ts or #b pecks1 #c4f qu>ts4 ,seah #f4ecc qu>ts4 ,om] #a4if qu>ts4 ,cab #a4hhh qu>ts4 ,liquid measure becomes3 ,hom] or ,cor #aif qu>ts or #di gallons4 ,ba? #ai4f qu>ts or #d4i gallons4 ,seah #f4ecc qu>ts4 ,h9 #c4bff qu>ts4 ,cab #a4hhh qu>ts4 ,log 4#bgb qu>ts or approximately p9t4 ,x is n c]ta9 t ! vessels f\nd by ! ,augu/9ians repres5t ! measures t ,g]m]-,dur& supposes1 b x is z likely t !y d z t ! confus$ /atem5ts ( ,josephus & ,epiphanius af=d an accurate basis = calculations4 ,x is probable t 9 actual bus9ess !re 0 9 anci5t times a great deal ( v>iation all[$ f ! ord9>y /&>d ( measures4 ,we "k ( no rigid regulation ( ! matt] by a c5tral au?ority4 #b4 ,weights4--,! two weights mo/ (t5 m5tion$ 9 ! ,bible are ! tal5t & ! %ekel4 ,! ,bible n[h]e tells u ( h[ _m %ekels a tal5t 0 compos$4 ,9 ,babylonia ! tal5t consi/$ ( #fj manas1#ahb & ea* mana ( #fj %ekels1 s t ! tal5t consi/$ ( #cfjj %ekels4 ,! ,phnicians divid$ ! mana into #ej %ekels1 & x is ?\ght by s*ol>s t ! ,hebrews did ! same1 ?\gh we h no positive evid5ce on ! po9t4 ,manas are n m5tion$ 9 ! ,bible1 unless 9 ,dan4 #e3be4ahc ,9 ! c\rse ( ! excavations by ,bliss 9 ! ,%ephelah a numb] ( weights 7 f\nd1 "s ( :i* 7 inscrib$4 ,macali/] also f\nd a l>ge numb] ( weights at ,gez]1 a few ( :i* bore inscriptions4 ,"s o!rs h be5 f\nd by natives & pur*as$ by travel]s4 ,! writ] _h ! pleasure ( discov]+ two weights 9 ?is way4 #c4 ,inscrib$ ,weights4--,^! inscrib$ weights are ( ! greate/ int]e/ to ! /ud5ts ( ! ,bible4 ,five weights are kn[n t are inscrib$ 9 old ,hebrew *>act]s ) ! ^w neseph1 8half02 see ,fig4 #ahf4 ,^! are und\bt$ly half-%ekels4 ,two ( ! ?ree are brok51 & "o is p]=at$4 ,! o!r two weigh1 respectively1 #aeg4ef gra9s & #aec4f gra9s4 ,! av]age ( ^! is #aee4e gra9s1 :i* w\ld make ! %ekel #caa gra9s4 ,ano!r weight1 said to h come f ,sam>ia1 0 describ$ "s ye>s ago by ,dr4 ,*apl94 ,x be>s ! inscription roba neseph1 8! qu>t] ( a half10 & weighs #ci4b gra9s4 ,ano!r weight f ,sam>ia is 9 ! possession ( ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,cl>k1 ( ,j]usalem4 ,x is made 9 ! =m ( a turtle & be>s ! inscription home%1 8a fif?10 & weighs #ch4eh gra9s4 ,probably x 0 int5d$ z ! fif? "p ( a %ekel4 ,ano!r s]ies ( inscrib$ weights1 ( :i* ?ree examples are kn[n1 be>s ! inscription beqa4 ,! ^w comes f a root t means 8cleave0 or 8split40 ,?is ^w occurs twice 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 9 ,g54 #bd3bb & ,exod4 #ch3bf4 ,9 ! passage la/ m5tion$ x is def9$ z half a %ekel2 7see ,fig4 #ahh74 ,a ?ird v>iety ( weight be>s ! inscription payim4 ,! fir/ ( ^! to be discov]$ 0 f\nd by ! writ] 9 ! h&s ( a deal] 9 ,j]usalem4 ,on "o side x bore ! ^w payim & on ! o!r lezek>yahu ya]1 8belong+ to ,ze*>iah son ( ,ja]40 ,?is weight is cubic 9 =m 7see ,fig4 #ahg7 & weighs #aag4dca gra9s4#ahd ,macali/] f\nd ano!r ( simil> %ape1 :i* bore only ! inscription payim4 ,x weigh$ #aad4ha gra9s4 ,! ^w payim is v puzzl+4 ,x has be5 int]pret$ by ,cl]mont-,ganneau z mean+ 8two-?irds10 & z designat+ two-?irds ( a %ekel4 ,possibly ?is is "r4 ,?is weight is m5tion$ 9 #a ,sam4 #ac3bj1 #ba1 & its discov]y has expla9$ a ,hebrew phrase :i* has puzzl$ all translators4 ,we n[ "k t ^! v]ses %\ld be r5d]$3 8,b all ! ,israelites w5t d[n to ! ,phili/9es1 to %>p5 e man 8 pl[%>e1 & 8 axe1 & 8 adze1 & 8 hoe1 & ! price 0 a pim 7or payim7 = ! pl[%>es1 & = ! axes1 & = ! ?ree-t9$ =ks1 & = ! adzes1 & = ! sett+ ( ! goads40 ,! "n ( ! weight "h expresses ! price1 j z %ekel1 ! "n ( ano!r weight1 does else:]e4#ahe ,"o bronze weight f\nd at ,gez] bore words mean+ 8belong+ to ! k+10 b x is n cle> to :at k+ x ref]r$4 ,a glance at ! weights "h describ$ makes x evid5t t ! /&>ds ( ! anci5t ,hebrews 7 n exact4 ,if ^! are repres5tative weights1 ! %ekel mu/ h v>i$ f #bjj to m ?an #cjj gra9s ,troy4 ,?is is :at "o acqua9t$ ) ! ,pale/9e ( today w\ld expect4 ,! peasants /ill use field-/one z weights1 select+ "o t is approximately ( ! weight !y desire4 ,ev5 among ! m]*ants ( mod]n ,j]usalem1 :]e "o w\ld expect m exact /&>ds ?an among ! peasantry1 odd scraps ( old iron are us$ = weights4#ahf ,a l>ge numb] ( un9scrib$ weights ( ! same g5]al size & %ape ( ^? describ$#ahg 7 f\nd at ,gez]4 ,:e!r l>g] weights or multiples ( a %ekel 7 discov]$ is unc]ta94 ,a numb] ( /ones might h be5 us$ = weights1 b !y 7 n inscrib$ & may h be5 us$ = o!r purposes4 ,a l>ge bronze weight f\nd at ,tell ,s&ahanna is j sixty times ! weight ( a #caa-;gra9 %ekel1 & may be a mana4#ahh ,:]e weights & measures diff]$ s1 ! words ( ,amos 7#h3e71 8mak+ ! ephah small & ! %ekel great10 ga9 an add$ significance1 & we und]/& :y ! wise man d5\nc$ 8false balances0 7,prov4 #aa3a2 #bj3bc74 ,inde$1 ( ! weights f\nd at ,gez] s _m 7 "u ! av]age /&>d1 & s _m above x1 t ! inf]5ce lay close at h& t _m m5 _h "o set ( weights by :i* to pur*ase & ano!r set by :i* to sell4#ahi #d4 ,money4--,d[n to ! sev5? c5tury be=e ,*ri/ money 0 n co9$4 ,:5ev] x 0 employ$ z a m$ium ( ex*ange1 x 0 weigh$4 ,9 we/]n ,asia & ,egypt our s\rces %[ t 9 ! p]iod f #aejj to #acjj ,b4 ,c4 gold & silv] 7 prep>$ = comm]cial use by be+ =m$ into r+s4#aij ,^! r+s 7 ( no /&>d weight2 !y 7 weigh$ 9 ! mass by scales4 ,probably ! r+s 7 small1 s t ! weight c\ld1 at ! w ( ! m]*ant1 be increas$ by v slight am\nts4 ,! r+-=m 0 probably select$ because ?is %ape w\ld pres5t no corn]s t w\ld rapidly we> away4 ,?is type ( comm]cial r+ c be trac$ 9 ! inscriptions ( ,a%urnasirpal ,,ii ( ,assyria1#aia #hhd-hfj ,b4 ,c4 ,x 0 us$1 !n1 9 ,egypt1 ,syria1 ,phnicia1 by ! ,hittites1 ! ,aramans1 & ! ,assyrians4 7#a7 ,:o ,inv5t$ ,co9age8--,! olde/ co9s yet f\nd 7 made by ! ,lydians1 & on ?is acc\nt x is usually said t ! ,lydians 7 ! fir/ to co9 money4 ,! date ( ^! co9s is unc]ta94 ,!y be> ! "n ( no k+1 b are usually assign$ to ! sev5? c5tury ,b4 ,c4 ,mr4 ,head1 ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 dat$ !m t5tatively at #gjj ,b4 ,c4 ,!y probably 7 made "u ! ,lydian dyna/y f\nd$ by ,gyges 9 #fig ,b4 ,c41 ! la/ k+ ( :i*1 ! fam\s ,crsus1 0 ov]?r[n by ,cyrus ! ,great1 9 #edf ,b4 ,c4 ,x is improbable t ^! co9s 7 inv5t$ e>li] ?an ! reign ( ,gyges1 & !y may n h be5 put into circulation until he _h be5 "s ye>s on ! ?rone4 ,x is recogniz$ t ! weight ( ^! co9s con=ms to a ,babylonian /&>d4 ,!re seems to be evid5ce t co9$ money 0 employ$ by ! ,assyrians 9 ! reign ( ,es>haddon4 ,none ( ! co9s h be5 f\nd1 b a s]ies ( loans & paym5ts1 dat$ 9 ! ye>s #fgf-fga ,b4 ,c41 designate ! am\nts ( money 9 8%ekels ( silv]-heads ( ,i%t>40#aib ,z has be5 not$ by ,m5ant & ,johns1 ?is c h>dly mean any?+ else ?an silv] made into co9s ( ! value ( a %ekel & /amp$ ) ! head ( ,i%t>4 ,z ,gyges 0 a contempor>y ( ,es>haddon1 x seems probable t ,lydia borr[$ ! idea ( co9age f ! ,mesopotamian ,valley4 ,be ?is z x may1 ! co9age ( money 0 a great /ep =w>d4 ,to h ! value ( a piece ( metal det]m9$ be=eh& & gu>ante$ by an (ficial /amp greatly facilitat$ ! transaction ( bus9ess4 ,x elim9at$ ! delays incid5t to weigh+ ! metal1 & ! disputes t 7 sure to ensue z to ! correctness ( ! weights :i* 7 put into ! balances4 7#b7 ,d>ics4--,! inv5tion ( co9$ money fir/ affect$ ,pale/9e dur+ ! ,p]sian p]iod4 ,d>ius ,i ( ,p]sia1 #eba-dhf ,b4 ,c41 organiz$ ! co9age ( t realm4 ,! gold co9s issu$ by him 7 ( ! weight ( a ,babylonian %ekel4 ,!y weigh$ f #abe to #acj gra9s ,troy4 ,"o 9 ! ,briti% ,museum weighs #abi gra9s4 ,!y bore on ! face a picture ( ,d>ius ) a b[ to ! left2 7see ,fig4 #ahi74 ,because ( ?is picture !y 7 call$ 8d>ics10 j z ! ,fr5* #bj-;franc piece is call$ a 8napoleon40 ,! d>ic is m5tion$ 9 sev]al ,biblical books t 7 writt5 aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! ,p]sian p]iod4 7,see #a ,*ron4 #bi3g2 ,ezra #b3fi2 #h3bg2 ,neh4 #g3gj-gb47 ,x is wrongly translat$ 8dram0 9 ! ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion4 ,aft] ! ,p]sian p]iod ! co9age ( all ! nations to :om ! ,jews became subject circulat$ 9 turn 9 ,pale/9e4 ,=eign co9s also f\nd _! way into ! c\ntry4 ,_m ( ^! ultimately 7 lo/ & buri$ 9 ! soil1 s t _m1 _m co9s h be5 br\ght to light by ar*ological rese>*4 ,we h space "h to m5tion only ^? t are ( ! greate/ int]e/ to /ud5ts ( ! ,bible4 ,pale/9e pass$ "u ! sway ( ,alex&] ! ,great 9 #ccb ,b4 ,c41 & aft] 8 dea? 9 #cbc x 0 atta*$ to ! t]ritory ( ,ptolemy ,lagi ( ,egypt & 8 successors4 ,9 #aii ,b4 ,c4 ,antio*us ,,iii wre/$ x f ! ,ptolemies & ! ,jews pass$ "u ! sway ( ! ,syrians4 ,dur+ ?is "t ! co9s ( ^! rul]s circulat$ 9 ! c\ntry & are /ill frequ5tly dug up !re1 al?\gh !y are n m5tion$ 9 ! ,bible4 ,samples ( ^! co9s are %[n 9 ,figs4 #aij1 #aie4 ,n until ! ,jews _h ga9$ _! indep5d5ce "u ,simon ! ,maccabee1 9 ! ye> #adc ,b4 ,c41 did !y issue any co9age ( _! own4 ,inde$1 x n[ seems cle> t no co9s 7 issu$ by ,simon until aft] ! ye> #aci-ach ,b4 ,c41 :5 ! ,syrian k+ by an especial grant accord$ him t lib]ty4 ,! co9s !n issu$ appe> to h be5 made ( bronze only4#aic ,a silv] co9age =m]ly attribut$ to ,simon ! ,maccabee is n[ reg>d$ z belong+ to ! "t ( ! ,jewi% revolt ( #ff-gj ,a4 ,d4 7#c7 ,maccaban ,co9s4--,! co9s ( ,simon consi/ ( bronze half-%ekels & qu>t]-%ekels all dat$ 9 ! ye> f\r4 ,antio*us ,,vii ( ,syria app>5tly prev5t$ ! issue ( o!rs dur+ ! reign ( ,simon4 ,8 co9s be> on _! face ! picture ( a citron betwe5 two bundles ( twigs4 ,ar\nd ! bord] runs ! inscription 9 old ,hebrew *>act]s1 8ye> f\r2 "o-half40 ,on ! o!r side is a palm-tree ) two bun*es ( fruit betwe5 two baskets fill$ ) fruits1 & ar\nd ! bord] runs ! inscription1 8belong+ to ! r$emption ( ,zion20 7see ,fig4 #aib74 ,! weights ( ^! co9s v>y f #bcb4f to #bcg gra9s4 ,! light] ones are consid]ably worn4 ,! qu>t]-%ekels h on "o side two bundles ( twigs1 ar\nd :i* run ! words1 8ye> f\r2 "o-f\r?40 ,on ! o!r side is pictur$ a citron ) ! /alk upw>d1 ar\nd :i* runs ! inscription1 8belong+ to ! r$emption ( ,zion40 ,! weights ( ! kn[n co9s ( ?is d5om9ation v>y f #aac4g to #aib4c gra9s4 ,! =m ( ! lett]s on ^! co9s %[s t !y are old] ?an o!r ,jewi% co9s4 7#d7 ,asmonan ,co9s4--,!re are _m co9s f ! reign ( ,john ,hyrcanus1 ! son & successor ( ,simon1 b !y are all ( copp]2 7see ,fig4 #aic74 ,!y be> on _! face ! inscription3 8,johanan1 ! high prie/ & ! congregation ( ! ,jews02 on ! rev]se is a poppy head betwe5 two cornucopias4 ,simil> co9s 7 issu$ by ! o!r ,asmonan pr9ces4 7#e7 ,h]odian ,co9s4--,z ,h]od ! ,great 0 a vassal ( ,rome1 he 0 p]mitt$ to issue copp] co9s only4 ,^! exi/ 9 consid]able v>iety4 ,figure #aih %[s "o1 ! face ( :i* is /amp$ ) ! image ( a vessel ) a bell-%ap$ cov]1 above :i* are two palm-bran*es2 on ! rev]se ! words mean+ 8( ,k+ ,h]od0 run ar\nd ! edge1 :ile a tripod occupies ! c5t]4 ,at ! left ( ! tripod is an abbreviation = 8ye> #c02 at ! "r is a monogram4 ,sev]al o!r patt]ns are kn[n4 ,co9s ( ,ar*laus1 ,antipas1 ,h]od ,philip 7,matt4 #ad3c2 ,m>k #f3ag2 ,luke #c3ai71 & ( ,h]od ,agrippa ,i are kn[n4 ,"o is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bjj4 7#f7 ,roman ,co9s4--,! mo/ common silv] ,roman co9 0 ! d5>ius1 r5d]$ 9 ! ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion 8p5ny0 & 9 ! ,revis$ ,v]sion 8%ill+40 ,its weight v>i$ at diff]5t times4 ,9 ! "t ( ,*ri/ x weigh$ ab\t #fa4c gra9s ,troy1 & 0 wor? #af c5ts ( ,am]ican money4 ,z ! m9i/ry ( ,*ri/ occurr$ 9 ! reign ( ,tib]ius1 ! tribute money %[n to ,*ri/ 7,matt4 #bb3ai2 ,m>k #ab3ae-ag7 0 probably a d5>ius ( ,tib]ius1 su* z is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aif4 ,! d5>ius 0 s nam$ because x orig9ally 0 equival5t to t5 asses or small copp] co9s1 b ! z 0 aft]w>d r$uc$ to #a_/af ( ! d5>ius4 ,! z is m5tion$ 9 ,matt4 #aj3bi2 ,luke #ab3f1 :]e ,a4 ,v4 r5d]s x 8f>?+0 & ,r4 ,v4 8p5ny40 ,x 0 wor? ab\t a c5t4 ,! ,roman co9 quadrans1 or ! f\r? "p ( an z1 wor? ab\t ( a c5t1 is m5tion$ 9 ,matt4 #e3bf2 ,m>k #ab3db4 ,x is translat$ 8f>?+02 7see ,fig4 #aii74 7#g7 ,! ,wid['s ,mite4--,ano!r co91 translat$ 8mite10 is 9 ,greek lepton1 8! small "o0 or ! 8bit40 ,x 0 two ( ^! t ! wid[ ca/ into ! treasury1 ,m>k #ab3db1aid :]e x is said t two ( !m equal$ a quadrans4 ,! 8mite0 01 !n1 ( ! value ( ( a c5t4 ,x 0 d\btless ! smalle/ co9 9 circulation1 b x has n yet be5 id5tifi$ ) c]ta9ty ) any co9 t ar*ology has discov]$4 7#h7 ,! ,piece ( ,silv]4--,9 ,luke #ae3h ! ,greek dra*ma is m5tion$4 ,x is translat$ 8piece ( silv]40 ,! dra*ma correspond$ r\ghly 9 value to ! d5>ius4 ,dra*mas _h be5 issu$ by _m diff]5t cities & _m diff]5t k+s1 & 7 /ill 9 circulation 9 ,pale/9e 9 ! "t ( ,*ri/4 ,"o /ill sees 9 t c\ntry today co9s ( ! fir/ ,napoleon1 & ( _m o!r sov]eigns :o h be5 long dead1 pass+ f h& to h& z m$ia ( value2 7see ,fig4 #aid74 7#i7 ,co9age ( ! ,revolt ( #ff-gj ,a4 ,d4--,two silv] co9s1 a %ekel & a half-%ekel 7see ,fig4 #bja71 7 =m]ly attribut$ to ,simon ! ,maccabee4 ,! %ekels weigh #bab4c to #bag4i gra9s & be> on _! face above a cup or *alice ! leg5d 8%ekel ( ,israel0 & a num]al4 ,! num]al /&s = ! fir/ ye>4 ,examples are kn[n :i* c>ry ! enum]ation up to ! ye> 8five40 ,on ! rev]se a triple lily is pictur$1 & 9 simil> ,hebrew *>act]s ! words 8,j]usalem1 ! holy0 are inscrib$4 ,! half-%ekel is small] & has ! same m>k+s except t ! leg5d on its face is simply 8half-%ekel40 ,on ! co9s issu$ aft] ! fir/ ye> a ,hebrew % prec$es ! numb] ( ! ye>4 ,! % is an abbreviation ( ! ,hebrew ^w %ana1 ye>4 ,= v>i\s reasons ! cons5sus ( exp]t op9ion n[ is t ^! co9s 7 issu$ dur+ ! ,jewi% w> ( #ff-gj ,a4 ,d41 :i*1 accord+ to ,jewi% reckon+1 ext5d$ into ! fif? ye>4 ,co9s ( ! ,roman ,emp]ors1 ,augu/us & ,claudius1 are %[n 9 ,figs4 #aie1 #aig4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,high ,,places ,,& ,,temples#aie ,a ,,sanctu>y ,,( ,,! ,,pre-,,semitic ,,cave-,,dwell]s4 ,a ,,rock-,,alt> ,,at ,,megiddo4 ,a ,,rock-,,alt> ,,at ,,j]usalem4 ,,high ,,place ,,at ,,tell ,,es-,,safi4 ,,high ,,place ,,at ,,gez]3 ,*oice ( site4 ,*ild-sacrifice4 ,corrupt wor%ip4 ,,at ,,taana*3 ,pill>s4 ,an alt> ( inc5se4 ,,high ,,places ,,at ,,petra4 ,a ,,suppos$ ,,phili/9e ,,temple4 ,,at ,,megiddo3 ,a ,hebrew temple4 ,a palace *apel4 ,ano!r *apel4 ,,! ,,temple ,,to ,,augu/us ,,at ,,sam>ia4 #a4 ,a ,sanctu>y ( ! ,pre-,semitic ,cave-dwell]s4--,! olde/ sanctu>y :i* we c trace 9 ,pale/9e appe>s to h be5 "o ( ! caves at ,gez]4 ,?is cave 0 #cb feet long1 #bj feet broad1 & #g feet #aa in*es at its maximum height4 ,!re 7 two entrances3 "o on ! ea/1 a tall1 n>r[ doorway1 0 approa*$ by a passage slop+ d[nw>d2 ! o!r1 on ! we/1 0 a l[1 n>r[ passage1 j wide en\gh to admit a p]son4 ,at ! nor!rn end !re 0 a projection 9 ! =m ( an apse1 ! floor ( :i* 0 ab\t #b feet high] ?an t ( ! re/ ( ! cave4 ,9 ! ro( ( ?is apse !re 0 an op5+1 ab\t #a foot wide at ! bottom1 lead+ to ! upp] air4 ,! rock ( ! ro( "h 0 #c feet #e in*es ?ick4 ,?is op5+ 0 #b feet #h in*es 9 diamet] at ! top1 & a *annel #d feet #f in*es long cut 9 ! surface ( ! rock 0 connect$ ) x4 ,on ! surface ( ! rock above ! cave & ab\t ?is *annel !re 7 a numb] ( 8cup-m>ks0 simil> to ^? f\nd ne> anci5t sacr$ places4 ,"s ( ^! 71 p]haps1 int5d$ = places to set j>s1 b "s ( !m 7 connect$ ) ! *annel :i* empti$ into ! op5+ 9 ! ro( ( ! cave#aif2 7see ,fig4 #bjb74 ,! sugge/ion :i* ! excavator1 ,pr(4 ,macali/]1 makes is t ?is 0 a sanctu>y ( ! cave-dwell]s1 t !y kill$ _! victims on ! surface ( ! rock above1 & let ! blood run ?r\gh ! *annel & ! op5+ into ! cave und]nea?1 :]e _! deity 0 suppos$ to dwell4 ,!y liv$ 9 caves !mselves1 & x 0 natural = !m to ?9k _! deity did ! same4 ,?is sugge/ion receiv$ "s confirmation f ! fact t on ! floor ( ! apse "u ?is op5+ !re 7 f\nd1 ^u remov+ a lay] ( e>?1 a numb] ( pig bones4 ,! pres5ce ( ^! might be acc\nt$ = on ! supposition t !y 7 (f]$ 9 sacrifice by ! cave-dwell]s to _! deity4 ,sw9e 7 unclean to all ,semites1 &1 no d\bt1 ! lat] ,semitic inhabitants w\ld h ?r[n ! bones away1 if !y _h ev] clean$ out ! cave suffici5tly to discov] !m4 #b4 ,a ,rock-alt> at ,megiddo4--,ano!r rock-alt> ( high antiquity 0 discov]$ on ! slope ( ! m\nd ( ,tell el-,mutesellim1 ! anci5t ,megiddo4#aig ,x 0 situat$ on ! slope ( ! tell1 ab\t half-way d[n4 ,its surface 0 cov]$ ) 8cup-m>ks10 l ^? on ! alt> at ,gez]1 & an op5+ ab\t #b feet wide at ! top & #a feet wide at ! bottom made x possible = blood to trickle d[n ?r\gh #c feet ( rock into a cave bel[4 ,?is cave conta9$ sev]al rooms1 ! l>ge/ ( :i* 0 ab\t #ah feet #f in*es long1 #g feet #h in*es wide1 & #h feet #f in*es high4 ,9 ! mo/ nor!rly ( ! rooms 7 f\nd v>i\s implem5ts ( black fl9t1 pot%]ds1 coals ( a wood-fire1 ! bones ( %eep & goats1 olive-/ones1 & a%es4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ! c5tral room !re lay a heap ( human bones1 ! skulls ( :i* 7 badly de/roy$4 ,^! human bones %[ t aft] ! cave _h be5 us$ z a sanctu>y x 0 employ$ z a sepul*]4 ,! same ?+ happ5$ at ,gez] & else:]e2 7see ,fig4 #bje74 #c4 ,a ,rock-alt> at ,j]usalem4--,we are told 9 ,g54 #bb3b t ,abraham w5t to ! l& ( ,moriah to (f] up ,isaac1 & 9 #b ,*ron4 #c3a1 ff4 t ,solomon built ! temple on ,m\nt ,moriah on ! ?re%+ floor :i* ,david acquir$ f ,ornan 7,araunah7 ! ,jebusite4 ,j to ! ea/ ( ! site ( ,solomon's temple 9 ! op5 c\rt :]e ! alt> ( burnt-(f]+ /ood1 !re 0 a rock surface simil> to ! two rock-alt>s describ$ above4 ,x is /ill visible 9 ,j]usalem & is n[ enclos$ 9 ! ,mosque ( ,om>4 ,! ,mohamm$ans reg>d x z a sacr$ rock4 ,"o c /ill trace on x ! *annels :i* conduct$ ! blood to an op5+ :i* 9 turn conduct$ x to a cave und]nea?4 ,?is cave is /ill reg>d$ by ! ,mohamm$ans z sacr$4 ,!re is little d\bt t ! sacrificial victims (f]$ 9 ! temples ( ,solomon & ,h]od 7 sla9 on ?is /one1 & t t "p ( ! blood n us$ 9 spr9kl+ dra9$ into ! cave und]nea?4 ,?is rock-alt> is on ! hill to :i* we are told ,abraham came = ! sacrifice ( ,isaac#aih2 7see ,fig4 #bjh74 #d4 ,high ,place ( ,tell es-,safi4--,9 ! ,old ,te/am5t ! 8high place0 is frequ5tly m5tion$ z a place ( wor%ip4 7,see #a ,sam4 #i3ab1 f42 #a ,k+s #c3b2 #b ,k+s #bc3e1 #h1 etc47 ,x foll[s f #b ,k+s #bc3ad t ^! high places conta9$ 8pill>s0 & 8a%]im40 ,! pill>s 7 made ( /one1 & ! a%]im ( wood4 ,rec5t exploration has br\ght to light a numb] ( ^! high places1 & ! revelations made by ^! discov]ies greatly illum9ate ! ,old ,te/am5t n>rative4 ,! fir/ ( ^! 0 discov]$ by ,bliss & ,macali/] at ,tell es-,safi4#aii ,! high place 0 enclos$ by walls1 b1 z ! upp] c\rses ( ^! _h be5 de/roy$1 ! orig9al height ( ! walls c\ld n be det]m9$4 ,)9 ! l>ge/ enclosure /ood ?ree monoli?s or 8pill>s40 ,^! re/$ on bases ( /one4 ,! pill>s !mselves 71 respectively1 #e feet #aj in*es1 #f feet #e in*es1 & #g feet #a in* high4 ,"o ( !m 0 po9t$1 & "o ( !m almo/ flat on ! top4 ,no tool-m>k 0 disc]nible on any ( !m4 ,all %[$ signs ( hav+ be5 rubb$4 ,! fat & ! blood ( sacrifices 7 sme>$ ov] su* /ones1 & ! rubb+ 0 probably produc$ by ?is4 ,! walls enclos+ ^! pill>s =m$ an approximate squ>e #cj feet f ea/ to we/ & #cb feet f nor? to s\?4 ,on ! nor? a fairly l>ge room 0 wall$ 91 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bab1 & on ! s\? ?ree small] rooms4 ,9 ! wall to ! nor? ( ! ?ree pill>s 0 a semicircul> apse4 ,fac+ ?is apse 0 a l[ semicircle ( /ones #c feet #g in*es 9 diamet]1 :i* is situat$ mu* ne>] ! 8pill>s40 ,! purpose ( ?is semicircle is unkn[n4 ,9 ! ea/ wall ( ! c\rt ( ! high place !re 0 a 8skew$0 op5+1 or an op5+ :i* ran diagonally ?r\gh ! wall4 ,! purpose ( ?is is obscure4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ by ,pr(4 ,macali/] t x 0 made to p]mit ! ris+ sun to %9e on a c]ta9 spot ( ! int]ior on a c]ta9 day ( ! ye>1 b ( ?is !re is no pro(4 #e4 ,high ,place ( ,gez]4--,! f\ndations ( ?is high place 7 9 ! second /ratum bel[ t :i* conta9$ ,israeliti% pott]y4 ,x 0 "o ( ! high places ( ! ,canaanites1 !re=e1 or ( "o ( ! tribes t 7 9 ,pale/9e be=e ! com+ ( ,israel4 ,?is is ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ! high places :i* h be5 discov]$ 9 ,pale/9e4#bjj ,x conta9$ t5 monoli?s or upright 8pill>s10 ! talle/ ( :i* 0 #aj feet #i in*es 9 height1 & ! %orte/ #e feet #e in*es4 ,^! pill>s ran 9 a curv$ l9e ! g5]al direction ( :i* 0 f nor? to s\?4 ,?is 0 9 /rik+ contra/ to ! high place ( ,tell es-,safi1 :]e ! l9e ( pill>s ran f ea/ to we/4 ,! c5t] ( ! curv$ l9e ( ! pill>s ( ,gez] 0 t[>d ! ea/4 ,all ( ^! pill>s except "o 7 ( ! k9d ( /one abundant ab\t ,gez]4 ,!y _h be5 f\nd ne> by4 ,none ( !m bore ! m>k ( a tool4 ,!y _h n be5 %ap$ by work+4 ,"o ( !m 7! "o t 0 ! sacr$ /one1 z ! smoo? spots on x %[$7 0 a diff]5t k9d ( /one--! k9d f\nd at ,j]usalem & else:]e1 b n ne> ,gez]4 ,!re 7 on x traces ( an ind5tation1 z ?\gh a rope = dragg+ x might h be5 fitt$ ar\nd x2 7,fig4 #bjf74 ,z ,me%a1 ,k+ ( ,moab1 tells u twice 9 8 inscription t he dragg$ alt>-he>?s ( o!r deities away f _! orig9al locations into ! pres5ce ( 8 god ,*emo%1#bja x seems likely t ?is /one 0 dragg$ to ,gez] f "s o!r sanctu>y--possibly f ,j]usalem4 ,p]haps x 0 its capture t fir/ sugge/$ to ! inhabitants ( ,gez] ! e/abli%m5t ( ?is high place4 ,! o!r /ones ( ! s]ies 7 erect$ to keep ?is "o company & to d x honor4 ,^! 7 probably n all set up at once4 ,!y 7 add$ f "t to "t by diff]5t rul]s ( ,gez]1 & we h no means ( kn[+ :5 ! late/ ( ! pill>s 0 erect$2 7see ,fig4 #bjd74 7#a7 ,*oice ( ,site4--,judg+ f ! sc>abs f\nd ab\t ! f\ndations ( ! high place1 its beg9n+s date f #bjjj ,b4 ,c4 or e>li]1 & x cont9u$ 9 use d[n to ! ,babylonian ,exile4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 ?is high place is n situat$ on ! highe/ "p ( ! hill4 ,! l& is high] bo? to ! ea/ & to ! we/ ( x4 ,x is situat$ 9 a sort ( saddle to ! ea/ ( ! middle ( ! m\nd4 ,:y 0 ?is spot *os5 = x8 ,two consid]ations1 p]haps1 l$ to ! *oice ( ! site4 ,a great ramify+ cave on a high] "p ( ! hill _h already be5 appropriat$ by ,semites z a sepul*]1 & 01 !re=e1 unclean4 ,! cave :i* ! e>li] inhabitants _h us$ z a crematorium 0 = ! same reason unacceptable4 ,:y ! high place 0 n built ne> ! cave t ! cave-dwell]s _h us$ z a temple1 we _c n[ conjecture4 ,p]haps 9 "s way ! memory t t _h be5 a sacr$ spot _h fad$ f m5's m9ds4 ,macali/] ?9ks t ! *oice ( ! site 0 det]m9$ by ! pres5ce at ?is po9t ( ! two caves %[n 9 ,fig4 #bjc4 ,^! caves _h be5 dwell+s ( cave-m5 9 ! pre-,semitic "t4 ,!y 7 n[ connect$ by a n>r[1 crook$ passage1 s t !y c\ld be utiliz$ = ! giv+ ( oracles4 ,macali/] conjectures t a prie/ or prie/ess w\ld g into "o1 :ile ! devotee :o wi%$ to inquire ( ! god 0 s5t into ! o!r1 & t ! inquir] w\ld he> 8 oracle ?r\gh ?is passage4 ,?is !ory is plausible1 ?\gh incapable ( full pro(4 ,j back ( "o ( ! pill>s a squ>e /one 0 f\nd ) a deep hole cut 9 its upp] side2 7see ,fig4 #bji74 ,sev]al !ories z to ! use ( ?is h be5 put =w>d2 ! mo/ probable "o is t x 0 a lav]4 ,! area ( ! high place seems to h be5 approximately #aej feet f nor? to s\? & #abj feet f ea/ to we/4 ,"s few walls 7 f\nd ( ! same date z ! high place1 b x 0 impossible to tell _! purpose4 ,!re seem to h be5 no build+s t c\ld be reg>d$ z a "p ( ! sanctu>y4 ,x seems to h be5 entirely op5 to ! air4 ,two circul> /ructures1 "o at ! nor? & ! o!r to ! s\? ( ! sacr$ /ones1 7 f\nd4 ,! "o at ! s\? 0 badly ru9$2 t to ! nor? 0 9 a good /ate ( pres]vation4 ,?is /ructure _h a pavem5t ( /ones on a level ) ! bottom ( ! sacr$ pill>s4 ,x 0 entirely surr\nd$ by a wall #b feet ?ick at ! bottom & #a foot #f in*es ?ick at ! top & #f feet high4 ,!re 0 no doorway4 ,! wall lean$ outw>d4 ,! diamet] ( ! /ructure 0 #ac feet #h in*es at ! bottom & #af feet #f in*es at ! top2 7see ,fig4 #bjg74 ,on ! pavem5t 9 ?is enclosure 7 ! fragm5ts ( _m clay b[ls1 ( a type f\nd 9 ,cyprus1 b common at ,gez] f #adjj-hjj ,b4 ,c41 & among ^! fragm5ts a braz5 s]p5t1 evid5tly ! model ( a cobra4 ,?is discov]y sugge/s ! possibility t ! /ructure may h be5 a p5 9 :i* sacr$ s]p5ts 7 kept4 ,! practice ( v5]at+ s]p5ts z sacr$ is f\nd 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w4#bjb ,?is braz5 s]p5t rem9ds "o ( ,nehu%tan1 ! braz5 s]p5t wor%ip$ by ! ,judans until x 0 de/roy$ by ,k+ ,hezekiah4 7,see #b ,k+s #ah3d1 & ,fig4 #bai;a47 7#b7 ,*ild-sacrifice4--,! :ole area ( ! high place 0 f\nd to be a cemet]y ( new-born infants4 ,^! 7 9 all probability fir/-born *ildr5 :o _h be5 sacrific$ to ! deity ( ! high place4 ,two ( !m display$ m>ks ( fire1 b mo/ ( !m _h be5 simply enclos$ 9 l>ge j>s4 ,! body 0 usually put 9 head fir/4 ,two or ?ree small] vessels 7 put 9 ) !m4 ,^! g5]ally includ$ a b[l & a jug4 ,!y 7 usually inside ! j> betwe5 ! body & ! j>'s m\?2 sometimes !y 7 outside ne> ! m\? ( ! j>4 ,t ^! 7 sacrifices is %[n by ! fact t !y 7 *ildr54 ,x 0 n1 !re=e1 a g5]al place ( burial4 ,inde$1 _h ^! *ildr5 n be5 sacrificial1 !y c\ld n h be5 buri$ 9 ! sanctu>y1 z dead bodies 7 unclean4 ,! ,semites g5]ally believ$ t ! fir/-born 7 sacr$ to deity & mu/ be sacrific$ to x4 ,?is sort ( human sacrifice p]si/$ = a long "t among ! ,phnicians4 ,x 0 said t ,god call$ ,abraham to sacrifice ,isaac1 & t he !n p]mitt$ him to (f] a ram in/ead 7,g54 #bb74 ,! law provid$ = ! r$emption ( ,hebrew fir/-born by ! sacrifice ( a lamb 7,exod4 #cd3bj71 b 9 ! "t ( ,k+ ,manasseh ! old cu/om 0 reviv$ & m5 8made _! *ildr5 pass ?r\gh ! fire40 7,see #b ,k+s #ba3f2 #bc3aj2 ,j]4 #g3ca2 #cb3ce47 ,! gruesome discov]ies ( ?is high place h made v real ^! horrible practices & ! inhuman fate f :i* ,isaac & o!r ,hebrew *ildr5 7 deliv]$4 ,) ! exception ( a little unhewn /one ab\t #ah in*es squ>e1 f\nd 9 "o ( ! caves connect$ ) ! high place1 & :i* might possibly h s]v$ z an alt>1 no alt> 0 f\nd4 ,possibly none 0 ne$$ 9 ! rites practis$ !re1 b x is m likely t ! alt> 0 simply a m\nd ( e>? su* z is prescrib$ 9 ,exod4 #bj3bd--;a m\nd :i* c\ld n be di/+ui%$1 9 excavat+1 f ! common e>?4 7#c7 ,corrupt ,wor%ip4--,( ! nature ( "s ( ! s]vices t w5t on 9 ?is high place 9 ! "n ( ,a%tore? eloqu5t te/imony 0 borne by unnumb]$ ,a%tore?-plaques t _h be5 pres5t$ z votive (f]+s by ! wor%ip]s4 ,^! v>i$ 9 =m & 9 arti/ic m]it1 b 7 all design$ to fo/] 9 ! wor%ip] t type ( debas+ s]vice describ$ 9 ,isa4 #eg3c1 ff41 z ,fig4 #bad %[s4 ,symbols ( ?is nature 7 abundant dur+ all ! p]iod :ile ! high place 0 9 use4 ,no "o :o 0 n1 l ! writ]1 at ,gez] dur+ ! excavation1 c realize h[ demoraliz+ ! :ole atmosph]e ( su* wor%ip mu/ h be54 ,ar*ology has "h reveal$ to u 9 a mo/ vivid way ! trem5d\s p[] ( ^? corrupt+ religi\s influ5ces :i* ! ,hebrew prophets s vigor\sly d5\nc$4 ,^! practices 7 deeply root$ 9 ! cu/oms ( ! ,canaanites2 !y 7 sanctifi$ by a suppos$ div9e sanction ( immemorial antiquity1 & !y made an all-p[]ful appeal to ! animal in/9cts 9 human nature4 ,we c realize n[ z nev] be=e ! social & religi\s task :i* confront$ ! prophets4 ,t ,israel 0 by prophetic tea*+ purg$ ( ?is cult is due to ! p[] ( ,god6 #f4 ,at ,taana*4 7#a7 ,pill>s4--,sell9#bjc discov]$ two monoli?s :i* he believ$ to be ! pill>s ( a high place4 ,^! /ones _h1 h[ev]1 be5 hewn1 :i* does n accord ) ! g5]al ,semitic requirem5t t no tool %\ld be lift$ up ^u su* /ones2 7see ,fig4 #baa74 ,h[ev]1 ! ind5tation 9 "o ( ! sacr$ /ones ( ,gez]1 app>5tly made to keep a rope f slipp+1 %[s t exceptions to ! rule aga9/ cutt+ a sacr$ /one 7 all[$4 ,! two pill>s at ,taana* 7 situat$ ov] a cave & figures ( ,a%tore? 7 f\nd 9 connection ) !m1 s t !y probably con/itut$ ano!r high place4 ,! /ratum 9 :i* ?is 0 f\nd proves t x belongs to ! same p]iod z ! high place at ,gez]4 ,9 connection ) ?is high place an int]e/+ libation b[l 0 f\nd :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bac4 7#b7 ,an ,alt> ( ,inc5se4--,9 ano!r "p ( ! m\nd at ,taana* ,sell9 discov]$ a rem>kable inc5se alt> ( t]ra-cotta1 #c feet 9 height1 & #ah in*es 9 diamet] at ! base1 adorn$ ) protrud+ animal heads1 :i* rem9d "o ( %ort5$ g>goyles4 ,on "o side ( x 0 ! figure ( a palm-tree1 ) two ibexes desc5d+ a m\nta94 ,"p ( an ,a%tore? figure & fragm5ts ( ano!r alt> 7 f\nd ne>4 ,sell9 ?\ght t ! build+ t conta9$ ^! 0 a private h\se1 &1 if s1 we h 9 ^! objects "s ( ! implem5ts ( private wor%ip employ$ by ,israelites2 7see ,fig4 #baj74 #g4 ,high ,places at ,petra4--,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ high places is cut out ( ! solid rock at ,petra4 ,petra may possibly be ! ,sela ( #b ,k+s #ad3g1 s9ce ,sela means 8crag0 or 8rock0 9 ,hebrew1 & ,petra has ! same mean+ 9 ,greek4 ,! id5tity ( ,petra ) ,sela is n1 h[ev]1 c]ta94 ,petra lies 9 ! s\!a/]n "p ( anci5t ,edom1 & 01 be=e ! end ( ! f\r? c5tury ,b4 ,c41 occupi$ by ! ,naba?ans1 a ,semitic tribe4 ,^! ,naba?ans e/abli%$ a k+dom :i* cont9u$ until #ajf ,a4 ,d4 ,"o ( its k+s1 ,h>etat ,,iv1 is call$ ,aretas 9 #b ,cor4 #aa3cb4bjd ,:5 ! ,roman ,emp]or ,trajan ov]?rew ?is k+dom he organiz$ its t]ritory into ! ,prov9ce ( ,arabia1 & ! beautiful build+s1 ! rema9s ( :i* make ,petra su* an int]e/+ ru9 today1 date mo/ly f ! ,roman p]iod ( its hi/ory4 ,dur+ ! ,naba?an p]iod ( ,petra !y con/ruct$ ?ree high places1 :i* are high places inde$1 s9ce !y are p]*$ on l$ges ( rock above ! anci5t t[n4 ,! l>ge/ ( ^! high places is /ill 9 an excell5t /ate ( pres]vation4 ,x is a little to ! nor? ( ! citadel on a l$ge :i* rises ab\t #gjj feet above ! t[n4 ,! l$ge is #ebj feet long by #ij feet wide2 x runs ne>ly nor? & s\? ) a slight incl9ation to ! ea/4#bje ,! pr9cipal features ( ?is anci5t place ( wor%ip are an alt> on ! we/ side ( ! l$ge1 a plat=m imm$iately s\? ( ?is1 a l>ge sunk5 area directly 9 front ( ! alt>1 & a little to ! s\? ( ?is area a vat or lav]4 ,?is high place is approa*$ by a flight ( /eps cut 9 ! solid rock2 7see ,fig4 #bae74 ,! ma9 area1 :i* corresponds to ! enclosure ( ! high place at ,tell es-,safi1 is #dg feet #d in*es long1 #bd feet #d in*es wide1 & #ae to #ah in*es deep1 ?\gh ?is dep? is n uni=m4 ,9 "s p>ts x falls to #aj in*es4 ,ab\t midway ( ! l5g? ( ?is area & #e feet f its we/ side1 !re is a rock plat=m #e feet 9 l5g?1 #b feet #g in*es wide1 & #d in*es high4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ?is plat=m 0 int5d$ = ! (f]] ( a victim to /& ^u1 9 ord] t he might be di/+ui%$ f o!r wor%ip]s :o 7 cr[d+ ! area4 ,ano!r possible view is t ! sacr$ 8pill>s0 /ood ^u ?is plat=m4 ,no pill>s 7 f\nd 9 connection ) x4 ,probably su* pill>s 7 n cut out ( ! solid rock1 b 71 l ! sacr$ /one ( ,gez]1 br\ght f else:]e4 ,! arrangem5t ( o!r high places w\ld indicate t !y /ood on or ne> ?is plat=m4 ,z ?is high place 0 n buri$1 b expos$ on ! m\nta9 top1 su* pill>s h 9 ! c\rse ( ! ages disappe>$4 ,! alt> is sep>at$ f ! adjo9+ rock by a passageway :i* 0 cut on its nor?1 s\?1 & we/ sides4 ,x is ( ! same height z ! adjo9+ rock4 ,on ! ea/ ! l$ge has be5 cut d[n to ! level ( ! foot ( ! alt>4 ,! alt> is #i feet #a in* 9 l5g? f nor? to s\? & #f feet #b in*es wide4 ,x is #c feet high at its highe/ po9t4 ,on ! top ( ! alt> is a holl[ pan1 p]haps to receive ! fire4 ,?is is #c feet #h in*es long1 #a foot #b in*es wide1 & #c in*es deep4 ,asc5t to ! alt> 0 made by a flight ( /eps lead+ up to its top on ! ea/ side4 ,! top /ep is wid] ?an ! o!rs & =ms a plat=m on :i* ! (ficiat+ prie/ might /&2 7see ,fig4 #bag74 ,j s\? ( ! alt> & sep>at$ f x by ! passageway 0 ! place :]e ! victims 7 sla94 ,?is has be5 call$ ! r\nd alt>2 7see ,fig4 #bah74 ,?is consi/s ( a plat=m #af feet #f in*es long f ea/ to we/1 #aa feet #i in*es wide4 ,x is approa*$ by a flight ( /eps4 ,ne> its c5t] are two circul> & conc5tric pans1 ! l>g] #c feet #h in*es 9 diamet] ) a dep? ( #c in*es1 ! small] #a foot #e in*es 9 diamet] ) a dep? ( #b in*es4 ,f ?is inn] bas9 a conduit #c feet #b in*es long1 #b in*es wide1 & #c in*es deep conduct$ ! blood to ! edge ( ! plat=m4 ,?is plat=m 0 und\bt$ly int5d$ = ! place ( slaught]4 ,! ,sam>itans1 :5 !y assemble on ,m\nt ,g]izim = ! celebration ( ! ,passov]1 /ill dig a r\nd hole 9 ! turf1 ov] :i* to slay ! victim4 ,?is hole is ab\t #ah in*es 9 diamet] & #aj in*es deep4 ,f x a conduit is dug1 ?r\gh :i* ! blood fl[s (f to be absorb$ by ! e>?4#bjf ,! suppos$ lav] at ,petra is to ! s\? ( ! area ( ! high place4 ,x is #i feet #i in*es 9 l5g? & #h feet #f in*es 9 wid?4 ,x is n[ p>tially fill$ ) e>?1 & has above ! e>? an av]age dep? ( #c feet4 ,! rema9s ( ?ree o!r suppos$ high places h be5 f\nd at ,petra1 b lack ( space =bids _! description "h4#bjg ,! pill>s suppos$ to h be5 connect$ ) "o ( !m are %[n 9 ,fig4 #bai4 #h4 ,a ,suppos$ ,phili/9e ,temple4--,turn+ n[ to ,pale/9ian temples3 ,macali/] discov]$ ! rema9s ( a build+ at ,gez] :i* he ?9ks may h be5 a temple4#bjh ,?is build+ belong$ to ! ?ird ,semitic /ratum2 9 o!r words1 to ! p]iod j be=e ! com+ ( ! ,israelites4 ,a g5]al plan ( its walls is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bbj4 ,9 a c\rt 9 "o "p ( ! /ructure 7 five pill>s :i* may h _h ! same religi\s significance z ! pill>s ( ! high place4 ,! two circul> /ructures f f rem9d "o ( ! circul> /ructures ( ! high place ( ,gez]4 ,^! 7 fill$ ) ! fragm5ts ( ! bones ( %eep & goats4 ,z ^! bore no m>ks ( cook+1 !y c\ld n h be5 m]e dome/ic a%-pits1 & x is plausible to ?9k ( !m z receptacles = ! bodies ( slaught]$ victims4 ,9 a =ec\rt ( ! /ructure a l9e ( bases1 app>5tly int5d$ = ! support ( columns1 0 f\nd4 ,macali/] conjectur$ t ^! support$ a ro( ov] a "p ( ! portico1 & x rem9d$ him ( ! /ory ( ,samson 9 ! temple ( ,dagon4 7,see ,judges #af3bc-cj47 ,x is q possible t ! fea/ ( ,dagon describ$ 9 ,judges #af may h be5 held 9 a /ructure simil> to ?is1 t ! lords ( ! ,phili/9es may h be5 ga!r$ 9 su* a por*1 & t ,samson may h pull$ su* pill>s z re/$ ^u ^! bases f "u ! ro( t %elt]$ !m1 & caus$ _! de/ruction & 8 own dea?4 ,x is all possible1 b conjectural4 #i4 ,at ,megiddo4 7#a7 ,a ,hebrew ,temple4--,9 ! c\rse ( ! excavation at ,megiddo a temple 0 f\nd conc]n+ ! sacr$ nature ( :i* !re c be no su* d\bts z 9 ! case ( ! build+ j m5tion$#bji2 7,fig4 #bbb74 ,?is temple 0 9 ! ,israeliti% /ratum1 & s is ( especial int]e/ to ! /ud5ts ( ! ,bible4 ,x 0 situat$ 9 ! highe/ "p ( ! city4 ,! :ole space 0 n excavat$1 b ! portion uncov]$ 0 #aca feet long & #aae wide4 ,x 0 ( ! same p]iod z ! palace 9 :i* ! seal ( ,%ema ! s]vant ( ,j]oboam 0 f\nd1 & conta9$ m draft$ /ones ?an ! walls ( t palace4 ,9 "o ( ! rooms ( ! temple /ood two /ones t 7 c]ta9ly 8pill>s0 su* z are d5\nc$ 9 ,deut]onomy4 ,"o ( ^! 0 #g feet #h in*es high2 ! o!r1 #g feet high4 ,! room 9 :i* ^! pill>s /ood 0 #cj feet long & #aj feet #g in*es wide4 ,9 build+ ! wall ( ?is temple a /one 0 us$ t _h once =m$ ! volut$ capital ( a column2 7,fig4 #bbd74 ,probably ?is /one 0 tak5 f an e>li] ,phili/9e build+4 ,9 ! gr\nds ( ! temple1 :i* 7 once reg>d$ z holy1 sev]al j>s conta9+ ! skeletons ( *ildr5 7 une>!d4 ,^! _h app>5tly be5 (f]$ 9 sacrifice & buri$ l ^? f\nd 9 ! high place ( ,gez]4 ,:ile ! walls ( ?is temple 7 built ( l>g] & m c>efully cut /ones ?an mo/ ( ! o!r walls 9 ! city1 no ef=t seems to h be5 made to give ! temple a def9ite ar*itectural plan4 ,l>ge t[]s 7 f\nd ne> x1 b1 z ! temple 0 at ! ea/ end ( ! city1 ^! =m$ "p ( =tifications4 ,! =tifications & o!r build+s cr[d$ ^u ! temple1 s t1 _h an ef=t be5 made to make x ar*itecturally impos+1 ! effect w\ld h be5 lo/4 7#b7 ,a ,palace ,*apel4--,! p ( ,megiddo seem to h be5 p>ticul>ly fond ( ! type ( wor%ip repres5t$ by ?is temple1 = 9 a room to ! ea/ ( ! palace ( ! ,hebrew gov]nor 0 a room conta9+ ?ree 8pill>s10 9 :i* ! rema9s ( a numb] ( t]ra-cotta goddesses 7 f\nd4#baj ,?is 0 app>5tly ! private *apel ( ! palace4 ,?is room 0 almo/ #dj feet long & #cb feet #aj in*es wide2 7,fig4 #bbc74 ,its beg9n+s ant$ate ! ,israeliti% p]iod1 s9ce !y come f ! /ratum be=e ! conque/4 7#c7 ,ano!r ,*apel4--,:at seems to h be5 /ill ano!r place ( wor%ip equipp$ ) ! necess>y 8pill>s0 0 f\nd 9 ! ,hebrew /ratum betwe5 ! gov]nor's palace & ! s\!rn gate ( ! city4#baa ,x w\ld appe> f ! connect+ walls t ?is sacr$ place may also h be5 int5d$ = ! special use ( ! occupants ( ! palace4 ,?is room 0 n q #cj feet long & a little less ?an #bj feet wide4 ,x conta9$ six /ones :i* ,dr4 ,s*uma*] took to be 8pill>s40 ,l ^? at ,petra & ,taana*1 !y _h evid5tly be5 %ap$ ) tools4 ,!y did n /& 9 a r[ or 9 any regul> relation to "o ano!r4 ,?is might ?r[ "s d\bt ^u ! religi\s significance ( ! /ones4 ,c\ld !y n h be5 columns us$ 9 support+ ! ro( ( ! build+8 ,s9ce a small /one object t _h religi\s significance 9 ! high places 0 f\nd 9 ?is room1 toge!r ) a mo/ rem>kable inc5se burn]1 x is probable t ^! 7 religi\s 8pill>s0 & t ! room 0 a little *apel4 ,! object 0 ( lime/one & ab\t #g in*es long4 ,x 0 ly+ at ! foot ( "o ( ! 8pill>s40 ,! inc5se burn] 0 made ( a greyi% s(t lime/one4 ,x 0 a little ov] #i in*es 9 height4 ,! diamet] ( ! b[l 0 #f in*es4 ,! /one 0 cut s t ! b[l re/$ on a p$e/al1 :i* 0 divid$ by r+s into two portions1 ea* ( :i* 0 cut s z to repres5t a circle ( ov]hang+ leaves2 7see ,fig4 #bbe74 ,! :ole 0 decorat$ ) r$di%-br[n & cobalt-blue pa9ts4 ,! decoration ( ! rim ( ! b[l is a geometrical design1 t on ! b[l itself repres5ts a sort ( conv5tionaliz$ lily blossom1 :ile ! leaves sugge/ ^? ( ! palm4 ,^! discov]ies make x pla9 t ! ,canaanite temples ( ,pale/9e1 :i* ! ,hebrews took ov]1 7 simply high places 9 m9iature1 enclos$ 9 walls & probably ro($ ov]1 ?\gh ! ro(s h disappe>$4 ,! feel+ t l$ to ! *ange f ! op5 air high place 0 ! same z t und]ly+ ! say+ ( ,david3 8,i dwell 9 a h\se ( c$>1 b ! ark ( ,god dwelle? )9 curta9s0 7#b ,sam4 #g3b74 #aj4 ,! ,temple to ,augu/us at ,sam>ia4--,! excavations at ,sam>ia#bab h br\ght to light ! f\ndation ( ! temple erect$ by ,h]od ! ,great 9 honor ( ,augu/us4#bac ,?is 0 a temple ( a v diff]5t type4 ,x 0 patt]n$ on ,grco-,roman models & ev]y?+ 0 done to make x ar*itecturally impressive4 ,un=tunately1 ! results ( ! ,h>v>d exp$ition h n yet be5 giv5 to ! public 9 detail1 b f ! impos+ /airway1 discov]$ dur+ ! fir/ season ( ! excavation1 toge!r ) ! p>tial plan ( ! build+ z !n uncov]$1 & ! outl9es ( its walls z a lat] season's "w disclos$ !m1 "o c =m "s idea ( ! impos+ appe>ance ( ?is /ructure4 ,a massive /airway l$ up to a l>ge plat=m surr\nd$ by l>ge pill>s4 ,?is =m$ ! portico4 ,back ( ?is /ret*$ ! walls ( ! temple4 ,! g5]al =m ( ! build+ seems to h be5 simil> to t ( ! l>ge temple at ,j]a%1 :i* w be describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xiv4#bad ,at ! foot ( ! /airway lead+ up to ! temple 0 f\nd a l>ge alt>1 & ne> ?is a fall5 /atue ( ,augu/us4 ,= outl9es ( ! temple1 see ,figs4 #baf & #bba4 ,^! anci5t places ( wor%ip :i* ar*ology has br\ght to light are eloqu5t witnesses ( ! pa!tic way ! m5 ( ,pale/9e 8felt aft] ,god1 if haply !y might f9d him0 7,acts #ag3bg71 & ! pa?os is n less5$ by ! fact t !y ?us cont9u$ to grope1 ev5 aft] ! cle>] light 0 %9+ ab\t !m4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,! ,,tombs ,,( ,,pale/9e ,,burn+ ,,! ,,dead4 ,,cave ,,burials4 ,,ci/]n ,,burial4 ,,burial ,,"u ,,m5hirs4 ,,e>?-,,graves4 ,,rock-,,hewn ,,%aft ,,tombs4 ,,doorway ,,tombs4 ,,tombs ,,) ,a ,,roll+-,,/one4 #a4 ,burn+ ! ,dead4--,z not$ 9 a previ\s *apt]1#bae ! cave-dwell]s ( ,gez] burn$ _! dead4 ,! ,semitic inhabitants ( ,pale/9e did n foll[ ?is cu/om1 b buri$ !irs4 ,at ,gez] ! caves t _h =m$ ! dwell+s ( ! fir/ inhabitants 7 put by ! ,semites to v>i\s uses4 ,sometimes !y1 too1 liv$ 9 !m2 sometimes !y made ci/]ns ( !m2 & sometimes !y utiliz$ !m z places ( burial = _! dead4 #b4 ,cave ,burials4--,a cave t became a tomb aft] ! ,semitic occupation 0 ! "o t _h be5 ! crematorium ( ! pre-,semitic inhabitants4#baf ,all ov] ! floor ( ! cave above ! burn$ bones 0 ano!r /ratum ( bones t _h nev] be5 burn$4 ,^! 7 scatt]$ ov] ! floor ( ! cave1 &1 al?\gh !y _h be5 mu* di/urb$ by rats1 x appe>$ t !y belong$ to t e>ly type ( burial 9 :i* ! body is plac$ on its side ) ! knees drawn up t[>d ! *94 ,^! bodies _h app>5tly be5 deposit$ 9 all p>ts ( ! cave4 ,rang$ ar\nd ! sides ( ! cave 0 a s]ies ( enclosures m>k$ (f f ! floor by l9es ( /ones4 ,9 ^!1 portions ( v>i\s skeletons 7 f\nd4 ,^! enclosures seem to h be5 res]vations made = p]sons ( di/9ction4 ,= a "t1 !re=e1 ! cave seems to h be5 us$ z a g5]al place ( burial4 ,9 "s ( ! o!r caves ( ,gez] evid5ce 0 f\nd t !y _h be5 us$ z tombs4#bag ,beautiful pott]y & alaba/] vessels 7 f\nd ) ! bones4 ,w9e & possibly food = ! dead _h be5 plac$ 9 ^!4 ,und]nea? ! pott]y 9 "o cave a consid]able numb] ( sc>abs 7 f\nd1 "s ( !m m\nt$ 9 gold4 ,?is mu/ h be51 accord+ly1 ! burial place ( p]sons ( comp>ative weal?4 ,simil> cave burials 7 f\nd by ,mack5zie at ,be?-%eme%4#bah ,su* cave burials z ^! at once recall ,abraham's pur*ase ( ! cave ( ,ma*pelah z record$ 9 ,g54 #bc4 ,! k9d ( burial presuppos$ 9 t *apt] is j t f\nd at ,gez]4 ,! m\? ( ! cave c\ld be clos$ up & op5$ at w = lat] burials4 7,see ,g54 #ej3ac47 ,! cu/om ( plac+ food or dr9k or bo? 9 ! sepul*] 0 all b univ]sal 9 ,pale/9e4 ,x is sil5t te/imony to a fai? 9 a k9d ( aft]-life4 ,t t life z !y conceiv$ x 0 ( a %ad[y & an unsatisfactory nature is %[n by ! ref]5ces to x 9 ,isa4 #ad3i-aa & ,ezek4 #cb3bb-cb4bai ,nev]!less1 ^! evid5ces t ! m\rn]s :o /ood by e anci5t tomb provid$ food = _! lov$ ones to eat 9 ! aft]-life is eloqu5t te/imony to ! fact t ev5 9 t age ! lov+ he>t f\nd x impossible to believe t ! life ( its de> ones _h be5 altoge!r t]m9at$4 #c4 ,ci/]n ,burial4--,ano!r burial at ,gez] t mu/ h be5 connect$ ) "s unusual circum/ance l$ to ! deposit ( fifte5 bodies 9 a ci/]n1#bbj & a numb] ( spe> heads 7 f\nd ) !m4 ,! skeletons 7 all males except "o1 :i* 0 t ( a girl ab\t sixte5 ye>s old1 ^: sp9e _h be5 sev]$ & only ! upp] "p ( ! skeleton deposit$ 9 ! ci/]n2 7see ,fig4 #bbi74 ,! ci/]n is too deep to favor ! supposition t ! bodies _h be5 deposit$ at successive times4 ,macali/] haz>ds ! conjecture t ! m5 di$ ( plague & t ! girl 0 (f]$ z a sacrifice to propitiate ! deity4 ,a plague1 h[ev]1 w\ld h attack$ wom5 z well z m54 ,p]haps ! m5 7 sla9 9 def5d+ ,gez] f ! attack ( an enemy t _h succe$$ 9 sev]+ ! body ( ! girl4 ,! real cause ( ! trag$y is1 h[ev]1 unkn[n to u4 #d4 ,burial "u ,m5hirs4--,a v old =m ( burial1 /ill practis$ by ! half-nomadic tribes ea/ ( ! ,jordan1 is to place ! dead 9 ! e>? )9 "o ( ! prehi/oric gilgals or m5hirs4 ,h[ old ?is =m ( burial is1 x is impossible to tell4 ,x is assum$ by "s writ]s t x 0 practis$ by ! neoli?ic p :o erect$ ^! monum5ts1 & :o are believ$ by su* writ]s to h be5 ance/or wor%ip]s4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ^! neoli?ic m5 7 ak9 to ! neoli?ic cave-dwell]s ( ,gez]1 !y burn$ _! dead4 ,ano!r explanation is1 accord+ly1 m probable4 ,all ?r\gh ! hi/ory ( ,pale/9e ! sanctity ( c]ta9 spots has p]si/$4 ,a place once consid]$ z holy1 if n s reg>d$ by ! next wave ( conqu]ors1 nev]!less (t5 has en\gh sanctity cl++ to x to make x taboo4 ,no ?ief w di/urb objects left )9 its prec9cts1 le/ ! _s ( ! place br+ disa/] ^u him4 ,x seems probable t ! w&]+ tribes on ! bord] ( ! ,arabian ,des]t h utiliz$ ! sacr$ places ( ^! prehi/oric m5 = ! burial ( _! dead1 9 ord] t ! fe> ( violat+ ! taboo p]ta9+ to ^! places may secure ! bodies f di/urbance4 ,:atev] ! reason may be1 !y /ill bury _! dead 9 su* prec9cts & place _! tribal wasms or m>ks on su* /ones4#bba #e4 ,e>?-graves4--,! simple/ =m ( burial 0 to place ! body 9 ! gr\nd )\t accessory ( any k9d4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! excavation ( ,gez] a few burials ( ?is sort came to light4#bbb ,! skeleton 0 9 ^! cases /ret*$ out2 sometimes x 0 ly+ on its back2 sometimes on its side4 ,z ^! bodies 7 buri$ )\t accessories1 s contr>y to ! cu/om ( ! ,pale/9ians :o plac$ food or dr9k by ! dead1 ! excavator ?\ght t !y 7 probably ! graves ( murd]$ p]sons1 :o _h be5 ha/ily conceal$ 9 ! e>?4 ,ano!r =m ( burial1 :5 ! int]m5t occurr$ )9 a city1 is illu/rat$ by ! five 8,phili/9e0 graves f\nd at ,gez]4#bbc ,^! graves 7 excavations 9 ! e>?1 l9$ ) cem5t1 &1 aft] ! int]m5t1 cov]$ ) f\r or five massive /ones & e>?2 7,fig4 #bbf74 ,9 ^! graves ! usual deposits ( food & dr9k _h be5 made 9 beautiful bronze & silv] vessels1 :i* %[ k9%ip to ! art ( ,cyprus2 7see ,fig4 #acg74 ,!y are probably1 !re=e1 ,phili/9e4 #f4 ,rock-hewn ,%aft ,tombs4--,a =m ( tomb ( :i* _m examples are to be f\nd 9 all p>ts ( ,pale/9e is ! rock-hewn tomb4 ,! lime/one ( ! c\ntry is easily cut1 & l5ds itself readily to ! con/ruction ( ?is k9d ( burial-place4 ,su* tombs are ( two k9ds--8%aft0 tombs & 8doorway0 tombs4 ,! /ructure ( a %aft tomb is z foll[s3#bbd ,! tomb *amb] or *amb]s are cut 9 ! rock & are approa*$ by a p]p5dicul> rock-hewn %aft1 :i* is usually rectangul>4 ,?is %aft is clos$ at ! bottom ) slabs & !n ! %aft is fill$ ) e>?4 ,su* tombs are usually con/ruct$ 9 l$ges cov]$ ov] ) soil1 s t1 :5 ! hole lead+ to ! rock-cut %aft is fill$1 ! tomb is effectually conceal$4 ,su* tombs are v num]\s all ! way f pre-,israeliti% times to ! ,greek p]iod4 ,= a plan ( "o1 see ,fig4 #bbh4 #g4 ,doorway ,tombs4--,! 8doorway0 tombs are sometimes cut 9 a l$ge t is altoge!r "u gr\nd4 ,9 t case a flight ( /eps is excavat$ lead+ d[n to ! door2 7,fig4 #bcb74 ,(t5 ! tomb is cut 9 a l$ge on ! slope ( a hill1 s t ! doorway is approa*$ f ! level ( ! gr\nd2 7see ,fig4 #bbg74 ,doors 71 no d\bt1 fitt$ into ! doorways4 ,! places cut 9 ! rock = ! lat*es or b>s ( su* doors are sometimes /ill visible4 ,^! tombs consi/$ sometimes ( "o room1 sometimes ( sev]al4 ,sometimes ! bodies 7 laid on ! floor ( ! tomb2 sometimes elevat$ b5*es or %elves 7 cut 9 ! rock on :i* bodies might be plac$4 ,q z (t5 %afts or ni*es 7 cut into ! rock1 into :i* a body or a s>cophagus c\ld be %ov$ endwise4 ,su* a %aft is call$ te*nically a kk1 9 ! plural1 kkim4 ,= examples ( !m1 see ,figs4 #bcc1 #bcg4 ,! date at :i* ?is k9d ( tomb 0 introduc$ has n be5 satisfactorily det]m9$4 ,sometimes num]\s small tombs1 ea* "o resembl+ some:at a kk1 7 cut 9 a hillside4 ,ar*ologi/s call su* a gr\p ( tombs a 8columb>ium02 7see ,fig4 #bcj74 ,9 ! ,hell5i/ic & ,roman p]iods ef=ts 7 made to give adornm5t to su* tombs4 ,! s-call$ 8,tombs ( ! ,judges0#bbe ne> ,j]usalem1 ( :i* ! writ] 0 ! fir/ to make a sci5tific exam9ation1 is a good example ( ?is k9d ( tomb#bbf2 7see ,fig4 #bca74 ,?is tomb consi/$ ( ?ree rooms 9 its upp] level & ?ree 9 its l[] level2 7see ,fig4 #bce74 ,! l$ges & kkim 9 x made provision = sev5ty bodies1 & a r\gh *amb] op5+ out ( room ,d 0 evid5tly us$ = ! deposit ( ! bones ( ^? :o _h be5 long dead1 :5 a ni*e or kk 0 ne$$ = ! reception ( ano!r body4 ,sometimes ! pill>s ( a por* 7 c>v$ out ( ! solid rock4 ,a numb] ( su* tombs are to be f\nd ne> ,j]usalem4 ,!re is "o 9 ! ,kidron ,valley ne> ,ge?semane1 cut :olly out ( ! rock & f9i%$ to a spire at ! top4 ,?is is ! s-call$ 8,absalom's pill>40 ,9 ! "t ( ,*ri/ ! tombs ( ,israel's h]oes 7 adorn$ & v5]at$4 ,jesus alludes to ?is 9 ,luke #aa3dg1 #dh4 ,eli%a mu/ h be5 buri$ 9 a doorway tomb1 into :i* by op5+ ! door ! body ( a man c\ld be easily ?r[n4 7,see #b ,k+s #ac3bj1 #ba47 ,x 01 no d\bt1 ! memory ( su* n>ratives z ?is t l$ to ! rev]5ce paid to ! tombs ( ! prophets 9 ! "t ( ,*ri/4 ,ano!r tomb at ,j]usalem1 call$ ! 8,tombs ( ! ,k+s10 has a l>ge op5 c\rt cut d[n into ! rock1 f ! diff]5t sides ( :i* entrances lead to ! o!r tomb *amb]s4 ,?is tomb 0 built = ,que5 ,hel5a ( ,adiab5e1 ! anci5t ,assyria1 :o1 9 ! days ( ,h]od ! ,great1 0 conv]t$ to ,judaism & remov$ to ,j]usalem4 ,%e di$ & 0 buri$ !re4#bbg ,sometimes 9 ! ,seleucid p]iod ! int]ior ( ! tombs 0 also made v ornate4 ,su* 7 ! tombs1 discov]$ 9 #aijb1bbh ( "s weal?y ,greek-speak+ citiz5s ( ,m>issa4 ,a plan ( "o ( !m is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bcd1 & examples ( its inn] ornam5tation 9 ,fig4 #bcf4 ,^! tombs 7 also adorn$ ) pictures ( vases1 trees1 animals1 etc42 7see ,fig4 #bci74 ,! figures1 z well z ! int]ior g5]ally1 7 decorat$ ) r$1 yell[1 & br[n pa9ts4 ,"o ( !m 0 t ( ,apollophanes1 *ief ( ! ,sidonians at ,m>issa4 ,ov] ! diff]5t ni*es 9 ! tombs ! names ( ! p]sons buri$ 7 inscrib$ 9 ,greek lett]s4 ,rock-cut tombs1 :e!r l>ge or small1 7 reg>d$ z important possessions1 & ! p :o might be buri$ 9 !m 7 frequ5tly c>efully specifi$ by _! build]s4 ,an example ( ?is may be f\nd 9 ,"p ,,ii ( ! pres5t "w1 p4 #ddb4 #h4 ,tombs ) a ,roll+-/one4--,"o o!r type ( tomb mu/ be notic$ ev5 9 ?is ha/y sket*4 ,to close a 8doorway0 tomb securely mu/ always h be5 a matt] ( difficulty 9 ,pale/9e4 ,x 0 n easy ) ! k9d ( locks !y _h to keep intrud]s out ( tombs4 ,?is l$ to ! cutt+ ( a l>ge groove by ! side ( ! doorway into :i* a roll+-/one 0 fitt$4 ,:5 x 0 desir$ to op5 ! tomb1 ! /one c\ld be roll$ back4 ,! /ones 7 too heavy to be easily di/urb$4 ,x 0 9 a new tomb ( ?is type t ! body ( ,jesus 0 laid1 & x 0 su* a /one t ! wom5 f\nd roll$ away on ! resurrection morn+4 7,see ,matt4 #bh3b2 ,m>k #af3c1 #d2 ,luke #bd3b2 ,john #bj3a1 & ,fig4 #bch47 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,j]usalem#bbi ,,situation4 ,,gihon4 ,,cave-,,dwell]s4 ,,! ,,el-,,am>na ,,p]iod4 ,,jebusite ,,j]usalem4 ,,! ,,city ,,( ,,david3 ,millo4 ,david's reign4 ,,solomon',s ,,j]usalem3 ,site ( ,solomon's build+s4 ,solomon's temple4 ,solomon's palace4 ,,f ,,solomon ,,to ,,hezekiah4 ,,hezekiah4 ,,f ,,hezekiah ,,to ,,! ,,exile4 ,,! ,,de/ruction ,,( #ehf ,b4 ,c4 ,,! ,,second ,,temple4 ,,nehemiah ,,& ,,! ,,walls4 ,,late ,,p]sian ,,& ,,e>ly ,,greek ,,p]iods4 ,,9 ,,! ,,"t ,,( ,,! ,,maccabees4 ,,asmon,,an ,,j]usalem4 ,,h]od ,,! ,,great3 ,h]od's palace4 ,h]od's !at]4 ,h]od's temple4 ,,! ,,pool ,,( ,,be!sda4 ,,ge?semane4 ,,calv>y4 ,,agrippa ,i ,,& ,,! ,,?ird ,,wall4 #a4 ,situation4--,s9ce #ahfg excavations h be5 made at ,j]usalem f "t to "t4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! 7 m5tion$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,an attempt w be made "h to set be=e ! read] ! gr[? & developm5t ( ,j]usalem f p]iod to p]iod1 z t gr[? is n[ und]/ood by =emo/ s*ol>s4 ,our k ( ! situation & =m ( ! city 9 ! diff]5t p]iods is bas$ p>tly on =mal excavations1 p>tly on rema9s t h be5 accid5tally f\nd1 & p>tly on a /udy ( ! ref]5ces to ,j]usalem 9 ! ,bible & o!r anci5t writ+s4 ,^! ref]5ces are int]pret$ 9 ! light ( ! topography & ( ! ar*ological rema9s4 ,j]usalem is situat$ on ! c5tral ridge ( ,pale/9e1 :]e ! ridge broad5s out to a small plateau4 ,! plateau at ?is po9t is approximately #b1ejj feet above ! level ( ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea4 ,9 a n>r[] s5se ! site ( ! city is two rocky promontories :i* run s\? f ! plateau ) ! valley ,el-,wad 79 ,roman times ! ,tyropon7 betwe5 !m4 ,on ! nor? ^! promontories m]ge into ! plateau1 b on ! ea/1 s\?1 & we/ ! valleys ( ,h9nom & ! ,kidron %>ply sep>ate !m f ! surr\nd+ l&4 ,! /eep sides ( ^! valleys made =tification easy 9 anci5t times4 ,! highe/ po9t ( ! we/]n hill is ab\t #djj feet high] ?an ! bottom ( ! ,kidron valley1 :i* 9 anci5t times 0 #bj to #dj feet deep] ?an n[2 7see ,fig4 #bdj74 ,inde$1 ! position 0 almo/ impregnable4 ,only on ! nor? 0 ! city vuln]able4 ,we/ ( ! city hills g5tly rise to a slight elevation & %ut out ! view4 ,! ea/]nmo/ ( ! two promontories is l[] ?an ! we/]n1 :i* 9 its turn slopes to ! ea/4 ,j s\? ( ! ,m\nt ( ,olives1 to ! ea/ ( ,j]usalem1 !re is a rift 9 ! hills ?r\gh :i* ! di/ant m\nta9s ( ,moab c be se54 ,f elevat$ build+s 9 ! city ! ,dead ,sea is also visible4 ,! slope ( ! hills ( ,j]usalem & h] broad] outlook to ! ea/w>d are significant ( ! influ5ces t m\ld$ h] e>li] hi/ory4 ,dur+ ! c5turies t ,israel 0 an indep5d5t nation ! ,phili/9e pla9 0 ne>ly always 9 ! h&s ( a ho/ile p4 ,j]usalem 0 ?us cut (f f influ5ces t might o!rwise h rea*$ h] f across ! ,m$it]ranean1 & 0 %ut up to influ5ces t rea*$ h] ?r\gh k9dr$ tribes & nations to ! ea/4 ,?us 9 intellectual k9%ip1 z well z 9 physical outlook1 ! gaze ( ,j]usalem 0 direct$ t[>d ! ,ori5t4 ,all ,pale/9ian cities ( importance 7 situat$ ne> p]petual spr+s4 ,!re are at ,j]usalem b two unfail+ s\rces ( wat]--! ,a9 ,sitti ,miriam 7! anci5t ,gihon7 & ! ,bir ,eyyub 7,biblical ,en-rogel74 ,^! are bo? 9 ! ,kidron valley1 ! =m] j "u ! br[ ( ! ea/]n hill "s #djj y>ds f ! s\!rn po9t ( ! hill1 ! latt] at ! po9t :]e ! valley ( ,h9nom & ! ,kidron unite4 ,( ^! two s\rces ( supply1 ! ,gihon is pre-em95tly fitt$ to attract an e>ly settlem5t4 ,x is almo/ "u ! hill1 :]eas ! o!r is out 9 ! mid/ ( ! op5 valley4 ,gihon1 too1 is at ! base ( a hill t c be def5d$ easily on ?ree sides1 :]eas a t[n built on a hillside above ,en-rogel1 z ! mod]n ,silwan is1 c\ld be easily attack$ f above4 ,^! conditions det]m9$ ! situation ( ! e>lie/ settlem5t1 :i* 0 ne> ,gihon4 #b4 ,gihon4--,! ,p>k] exp$ition ( #aiji-aiaa reveal$ by its excavations ! fact t ! s\rce ( ! spr+ ( ,gihon is a great crack 9 ! rock 9 ! bottom ( ! valley f> bel[ ! pres5t app>5t s\rce4#bcj ,?is crack is ab\t #af feet long1 is ( great dep?1 & runs ea/ & we/4 ,! we/]n end ( x j ent]s ! m\? ( ! cave :]e ! app>5t s\rce is today1 b ! ea/]n end passes out into ! b$ ( ! valley4 ,all ! wat] w\ld dis*>ge into ! valley b = a wall at ! ea/]n end ( ! rift1 built 9 v anci5t times1 :i* conf9es ! wat] & compels x to fl[ into ! cave4 ,?is wall 0 con/ruct$ by "s ( ! e>lie/ inhabitants ( ! place4 ,! spr+ ?us produc$ is int]mitt5t4 ,its fl[ is n ceaseless4 ,! wat] breaks f ! hole 9 ! ra9y season1 ?ree to five times a day2 9 ! summ] b twice a day2 & aft] ! failure ( ! spr+ ra9s1 less ?an once a day4 ,?is fact indicates t ! wat]s collect 9 "s und]gr\nd cav]n f :i* !y are dra9$ by a siphon-l tunnel4 ,! 8tr\bl+0 ( ! ,pool ( ,be!sda 7,john #e3d7 is ?\ght by "s s*ol>s to h be5 due to ! action ( su* a siphon-l spr+4 #c4 ,cave-dwell]s4--,ab\t ?is spr+ ! ,p>k] exp$ition f\nd l>ge caves & rooms excavat$ 9 ! rock1 & indications t ^! _h once be5 inhabit$4 ,a great deal ( pre-,israelite pott]y 0 also f\nd ar\nd ! spr+4 ,^! indications seem to %[ t ! site 0 inhabit$ = at lea/ a ?\s& ye>s be=e ,david1 & p]haps = two ?\s&1 & t its fir/ inhabitants 7 cave-dwell]s4 ,"o naturally ?9ks 9 ?is connection ( ! cave-dwell]s ( ,gez]4 ,x is possible t ! fir/ ,j]usalemites belong$ to ! same p]iod & 7 ( ! same race4 ,"o ?9ks1 too1 ( ! sacr$ cave & ! /one alt> on ! next peak ( ! ea/]n ridge to ! nor?1 :]e ! temple aft]w>d /ood1 & wond]s :e!r x may n h be5 ! sanctu>y ( ?is e>ly cave-dwell+ race4 ,a def9ite answ] _c be giv5 to ?is "q4 ,"o c only recognize t x may possibly be true4 #d4 ,! ,el-,am>na ,p]iod4--,! next k we h ( ,j]usalem comes f ! lett]s ( ,eb$-,hepa1 :i* 7 writt5 to ,am5ophis ,,iv ( ,egypt betwe5 #acge & #aceg ,b4 ,c4 ,at t "t x 0 already a wall$ city1 = ,eb$-,hepa speaks ( 8?r[+ x op540#bca ,! =tifi$ city ( ,eb$-,hepa 01 no d\bt1 id5tical ) ! lat] ,jebusite city4 ,x 0 situat$ on ! ea/]n hill j above ! spr+ ( ,gihon4 ,probably 9 ! p]iod j be=e ?is "t x _h1 l ,gez]1 be5 surr\nd$ by a massive wall4 ,9 connection ) ?is =tification ! rock ne> ,gihon _h be5 sc>p$ 7cut to a p]p5dicul> surface7 9 ord] to increase ! difficulty ( scal+ ! wall4#bcb ,z ! wall ( ,gez] la/$ = a ?\s& ye>s1 s ?is ,egyptian wall cont9u$ to ! reign ( ,david4 ,x is privately report$ t ,weil 9 8 excavation 9 #aiac-ad f\nd on ! ea/]n hill rema9s ( a wall ) a slop+ glacis simil> to t belong+ to ! e>lie/ p]iod ( ,megiddo4 ,?is w\ld n only confirm our inf]5ce t ,j]usalem 0 a wall$ city 9 ! "t ( ,eb$-,hepa1 b indicate t its wall _h be5 built at a mu* e>li] "t4 ,x 0 also 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury ,b4 ,c4 ! capital ( a consid]able k+dom :i* ,eb$-,hepa rul$ z a vassal ( ! k+ ( ,egypt4 ,?is k+dom ext5d$ z f> we/ z ,be?-%eme% & ,keilah 7#a ,sam4 #bc3a71 includ+1 p]haps1 ,gez]4 ,aijalon seems to h be5 includ$ 9 x on ! nor?1 & ,c>mel 9 ,judah 7#a ,sam4 #be3b7 on ! s\?4 ,:5 ! lett]s ( ,eb$-,hepa 7 writt51 8 k+dom 0 be+ attack$ & app>5tly ov]come by ! ,habiri1 a p :o may h be5 ! fir/ wave ( ! ,hebrew conque/4#bcc ,! lett]s ( ,eb$-,hepa cease )\t tell+ u :e!r or n ! ,habiri captur$ 8 city4 ,if !y did & !y 7 really ,hebrews1 !y did n hold x long1 =1 :5 ! ,biblical records lift ! veil t hides s mu* ( ! pa/1 ,j]usalem 0 9 ! h&s ( ! ,jebusites4 7,see ,jo%4 #ae3fc2 ,judges #a3ba47 #e4 ,jebusite ,j]usalem4--,! ,jebusites held x all ?r\gh ! p]iod ( ! ,judges 7,judges #ai3aj1 #aa74 ,israel did n capture x until ! reign ( ,david4 7,see #b ,sam4 #e3f-h47 ,at "s e>li] p]iod ( ! hi/ory ( ,j]usalem an und]gr\nd rock-cut passage simil> to ! "o at ,gez]#bcd _h be5 made1 s z to p]mit ! inhabitants 9 case ( siege to desc5d to ! spr+ = wat] )\t go+ outside ! walls2 7see ,fig4 #bda74 ,! natural slope ( ! hill _h be5 re9=c$ at ?is po9t by ! esc>pm5t ( ! rock1 & ! ,jebusites felt s secure t !y taunt$ ! ,hebrews f ! top ( ! walls4 ,joab1 h[ev]1 discov]$ ! way to ?is und]gr\nd passage ?r\gh ! cave back ( ! spr+1 ,gihon1 &1 lead+ a b& ( m5 up ?r\gh x1 appe>$ sudd5ly )9 ! city1 tak+ ! ,jebusites by surprise1 & captur$ x4 #f4 ,! ,city ( ,david4--,david !n took up 8 resid5ce at ,j]usalem1 ?us mak+ x ! capital ( ! k+dom ( ,israel4 ,?us ! city ( ! ,jebusites1 situat$ on ! ea/]n hill1 :i* 0 call$ ,zion1 became ! 8city ( ,david40 ,a few mod]n writ]s /ill insi/ t ! 8city ( ,david0 0 on ! we/]n hill1 :i* s9ce #ccc ,a4 ,d4 has be5 call$ ,zion4 ,?is1 z mo/ s*ol>s h se51 is an impossible view4 ,solomon built a palace = ,ph>aoh's daught] ne> 8 own on ! temple hill1 &1 :5 %e mov$ into x1 %e w5t up out ( ! city ( ,david 7#a ,k+s #i3bd74 ,z ! we/]n hill is high] ?an ! ea/]n1 %e mu/ h gone f a po9t on ! ea/]n hill l[] ?an ! temple4 ,:5 ! temple 0 complet$1 ,solomon br\ght ! ark up f ! city ( ,david to ! holy ( holies 9 ! new temple 7#b ,*ron4 #e3b74 ,scripture ?us confirms ! inf]5ces f ! pott]y & ! wat] supply1 t ! 8city ( ,david0 0 on ! ea/]n hill1 & t t hill 0 ,zion4 ,x 0 a small t[n1 s9ce ! space x c\ld occupy 0 n m ?an ?irte5 acres1 & may h be5 less4 7#a7 ,millo4--,aft] occupy+ 8 new capital ,david 8built r\nd ab\t f ,millo & inw>d0 7#b ,sam4 #e3i74 ,:at 0 ,millo8 ,?is is a great puzzle1 & !re are _m v>y+ op9ions ab\t x4 ,! ^w lit]ally means a 8fill+10 & is employ$ 9 ,assyrian = ! build+ up ( a t]race on :i* a build+ may be erect$4 ,x may h be5 a 8fill+0 on ! l9e ( ! valley t sep>at$ ! hill ( ! citadel ( ,david f ,moriah or ! temple hill4 ,x w\ld seem to h be5 on ! edge ( ! city1 s9ce ,david built f !re 8inw>d40 ,"s h suppos$ x to be a =tress1 & ! ,septuag9t translat$ x by 8akra10 :i* means 8citadel40 ,"s h ?\ght ( x z a =t1 o!rs z a solid t[]4 ,if on ! l9e ( ! valley m5tion$1 x may h be5 at ! nor!a/ corn]1 or at ! nor?we/ corn] ( ! t[n4 ,"s h suppos$ t x 0 at ! s\!rn end ( ! ea/]n hill 9 ord] to protect a pool !re4 ,j bel[ ! s\!rn end ( ! ea/]n hill 9 ! valley ( ! ,kidron lay ! 8,k+'s ,g>d5s10 & j across ! valley1 ! village ( ,siloah4 ,9 #b ,k+s #ab3bj x is said t ,joa% 0 kill$ 9 ,millo1 lead+ d[n to ,silla4 ,we "k ( no ,silla4 ,is x a corruption ( ! ,hebrew ^w = 8%ade0 or is x a corruption ( ,siloah8 ,9 ! =m] case ! ref]5ce might be to ! ,k+'s ,g>d5s1 9 ! latt] to ! village ( ,siloah4 ,ei!r ( ^! suppositions w\ld favor a site = ,millo at ! s\? end ( ! hill1 b ! words 8lead+ d[n to ,silla0 may h _h q a diff]5t orig9 & mean+4#bce ,we mu/1 !re=e1 confess t ! location ( ,millo _c at pres5t be det]m9$4 7#b7 ,david's ,reign4--,z ,david's reign advanc$ & 8 success 9 w> compell$ neighbor+ nations to pay tribute1 probably ! population ( ,j]usalem increas$4 ,su* an increase w\ld naturally lead to ! erection ( h\ses outside ! walls1 z x has 9 rec5t times4 ,x is altoge!r probable t a settlem5t on ! we/]n hill 0 ?us begun 9 ! reign ( ,david4 ,!re is no h9t1 h[ev]1 t he took any /eps to enclose su* a settlem5t )9 a wall4 ,! phrase 8! way ( ! gate0 9 #b ,sam4 #ae3b implies t !re 0 /ill b "o gate 9 ! walls4 ,?is is 9 /rik+ contra/ to ! numb] ( gates 9 lat] times4 ,! only record t we h ( fur!r action on ,david's "p t affect$ ! future gr[? ( ,j]usalem ref]s to ! way 9 :i* he took ov] ! rock on ,m\nt ,moriah & ! sacr$ cave "u x & made a sanctu>y to ,jehovah4 7,see #b ,sam4 #bd47 ,?is action1 at a lat] "t1 det]m9$ ! site ( ! temple4 #g4 ,solomon's ,j]usalem4--,david left ,j]usalem a milit>y =tress2 ,solomon trans=m$ x into a city ) impos+ build+s4 ,?is creation ( a m impos+ city 0 9 accord ) ! g5]al "* ( ,solomon's reign4 ,he e/abli%$ a l>ge h>em1 made m>riage alliances ) _m neighbor+ k+s1 ma9ta9$ su* an e/abli%m5t t x 0 necess>y to make a regul> levy on a diff]5t portion ( ! c\ntry ea* mon? = supplies1 & endeavor$ to make 8 capital z spl5did z ! capital ( a ri* comm]cial ,phnician mon>*4 ,su* a policy necessitat$1 probably1 ! enl>gem5t ( ,j]usalem4 ,david1 :o began life z a %eph]d-boy1 0 cont5t to live ! simple life to ! end2 ,solomon1 born to ! purple1 desir$ to surr\nd himself ) a pomp befitt+ 8 rank4 ,! ,biblical writ]s 7 m int]e/$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! temple & ( ,solomon's palace ?an 9 any o!r phase ( 8 "w1 b !y h left u "s h9ts ( 8 activities 9 o!r directions4 ,!y tell u t he 8built ,millo & ! wall ( ,j]usalem0 7#a ,k+s #i3ae71 t he 8built ! wall ( ,j]usalem r\nd ab\t0 7#a ,k+s #c3a71 & t he 8built ,millo & repair$ ! brea* 9 ! city ( ,david1 8 fa!r0 7#a ,k+s #aa3bg74 ,evid5tly ,millo _h fall5 into disrepair s9ce ,david rebuilt x1 & ! walls ( ! city ( ,david on ! ea/]n hill 7 also 9 ne$ ( repairs4 ,^! repairs he made1 b did he g fur!r8 ,x is intr9sically probable t he did4 ,! k+ :o =tifi$ ,hazor 9 ,naphtali1 ,megiddo1 ,gez]1 ,be?-horon1 ,baala?1 & ,tam> w\ld h>dly leave a l>ge suburb ( 8 capital on ! we/]n hill un=tifi$4 ,! /atem5t t he 8built ! wall ( ,j]usalem r\nd ab\t10 :ile x does n cle>ly /ate t he did m ?an =tify ! 8city ( ,david0 on ,zion1 seems to imply t he did4 ,?is view is /r5g!n$ by ,bliss's discov]y on ! we/]n hill ( "s walls t connect$ once ) a great =tress at ! s\?we/ corn] ( ! we/]n hill1 :i* he believ$ to be ! "w ( ,solomon4 ,! site ( ?is =tress is n[ occupi$ by 8,bi%op ,gobat's ,s*ool10 an ,engli% f\ndation = ! education ( native boys4 ,:5 ! s*ool 0 rebuilt 9 #ahgd ,mr4 ,h5ry ,maudsley exam9$ ! surface ( ! rock1 :i* is esc>p$1 or cut p]p5dicul>ly1 = ab\t #ajj feet to ! s\!a/ ( ! s*ool & #dc feet nor? ( x4 ,! sc>p is ab\t #dj feet high at ! highe/ po9t2 7,fig4 #bdb74 ,! s*ool is built on a l>ge projection ( ! sc>p #de feet squ>e & #bj feet high4 ,! surface ( ! rock "u ! s*ool be>s unmi/akable signs t !re 0 once an anci5t t[] !re4 ,to ! ea/w>d ( ?is ,bliss discov]$ ! f\ndations ( an anci5t t[]4 ,beyond ?is to ! ea/ !re 0 a deep rock-cut dit*4 ,! t[] on its nor!a/ corn] fitt$ into ano!r rock-sc>p :i* ran nor?w>d into l& on :i* !y c\ld n excavate4#bcf ,! deep rock-cut dit* or moat at ! ea/ ( ! sc>p sugge/s t at ! p]iod ( ! ,lat9 k+dom ( ,j]usalem1 #ajii-aahh ,a4 ,d41 ?is =tress =m$ ! =tification ( ! s\?we/ corn] ( ! city1 f :i* ! wall ran (f %>ply 9 a direction a little ea/ ( nor?4 ,?is view is confirm$ by ! discov]y :i* ,bliss made ( a wall1 app>5tly built by ! ,crusad]s1 t ran 9 a nor?-ea/]ly direction by an irregul> c\rse along ! high "p ( ! we/]n hill t[>d ! temple area4 ,z ?is wall re/$ on rema9s ( ! ,roman "t x _c well h belong$ to a "t e>li] ?an ! crusad+ p]iod4 ,may n1 !n1 ,maudsley's sc>p itself h be5 cut by ! ,crusad]s :o 7 mo/ en]getic & ma/]ly build]s8 ,?is seems h>dly probable1 = ,josephus1 9 describ+ ! c\rse ( ! wall on ! we/ side ( ! we/]n hill1 says t beg9n+ at ,h]od's palace 7! mod]n ,turki% =tress7 ! wall ran s\?w>d ?r\gh a place call$ 8,be?so40#bcg ,be?so is a corruption ( ,be?-zur1 :i* means rock-=tress--an apt description ( ! t[] on ,maudsley's sc>p4 ,z ,josephus makes no m5tion ( ! con/ruction ( a =tress at ?is po9t by ,h]od1 x 0 probably built at an e>li] p]iod4 ,! writ] holds ) ,bliss t x is probable t ! orig9al =tress on ! site ( ,bi%op ,gobat's ,s*ool 0 con/ruct$ by ,solomon & t he enclos$ ! top ( ! we/]n hill ) a wall4 ,:e!r t wall simply enclos$ ! top ( ! hill & foll[$ some?+ ( ! same c\rse z ! wall ( ! ,crusad]s m5tion$ above 7s ,bliss ?9ks71 or :e!r x ran d[n ! ea/]n slope ( ! we/]n hill to ! s\!rn po9t ( ! 8,city ( ,david10 x is impossible n[ to det]m9e4 ,! view t ,solomon ext5d$ ! city to ! we/]n hill _c be prov$1 s9ce !re is no def9ite ref]5ce 9 ! ,bible to ! we/]n hill 9 ! "t ( ,solomon1 & !re is no inscription on ! masonry f\nd def9itely to connect x ) him4 ,9 consid]ation ( all ! conditions x seems probable t ,solomon enclos$ a "p ( ! we/]n hill4 ,if s1 ! wall built by ,solomon on ! nor? side ( ! we/]n hill 0 probably on ! l9e ( :at ,josephus call$ ! 8fir/ wall40 ,?is wall1 0 rebuilt f "t to "t4 ,! dbris ( a "p ( x seems /ill to be 9 place at ! ea/ end ( 8,david ,/reet0 9 mod]n ,j]usalem4 ,a %ort /reet1 high above ! surr\nd+ levels1 n[ runs on ! top ( ?is dbris4#bch 7#a7 ,site ( ,solomon's ,build+s4--,conc]n+ ! build+ ( ,solomon's palace & ! temple !re c be no d\bt1 = ! ,bible conta9s acc\nts ( ! con/ruction ( ^!4 ,_! g5]al location is also well kn[n4 ,!y 7 across ! little valley :i* sep>at$ ! "p ( ,zion call$ ,ophel 7:]e ! city ( ,david 0 situat$7 f ! "p sometimes call$ ,moriah4#bci ,?is hill-top includ$ ! ?re%+-floor ( ,araunah1 ! ,jebusite 7#b ,sam4 #bd71 & ,solomon n[ enclos$ ?is ) a wall4 ,sir ,*>les ,w>r5 believ$ t he f\nd portions ( ?is wall at ! s\!a/ angle ( ! anci5t temple area1 #hj feet bel[ ! pres5t surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,dur+ 8 excavations 9 ! ye>s #ahfg-ahgj he sunk at ?is po9t a %aft to ! native rock1 f ! bottom ( :i* a tunnel 0 c>ri$ inw>d to ! base ( ! wall4 ,he f\nd tw5ty-"o c\rses ( draft$ /ones bel[ ! surface at ?is po9t1 & ! /ones 9 ! l[] c\rses bore qu>ry m>ks :i* resemble old ,hebrew or ,phnician *>act]s4#bdj ,! l[] c\rses ( /ones 7 f #c feet #f in*es to #d feet #c in*es 9 height4 ,"s ( ! *>act]s 7 cut 9 ! /ones2 "s pa9t$ on !m4 ,x is mo/ probable t ^! 7 rema9s ( ! "w ( ,solomon2 7see ,figs4 #bdd1 #bde1 & #bdf74 ,! enclosure ( ?is hill-top ) a wall set x ap>t f ! re/ ( ,j]usalem4 ,x 0 a k9d ( sep>ate =tress4 ,at ! "t x emphasiz$ ! maje/y ( ,solomon--8 ap>tness f 8 p4 ,?is sep>ate enclosure ( ! temple hill 0 p]petuat$ ?r\gh ! :ole hi/ory ( ,j]usalem & is ma9ta9$ today4 ,9 all p]iods ! temple hill has be5 a =tress t c\ld be def5d$ ap>t f ! city4 7#b7 ,solomon's ,temple4--,( ! =m & situation ( ! build+s ( ,solomon on ! hill t 0 enclos$ by ?is new wall1 !re is a wide div]sity ( op9ion4 ,?is div]sity arises 9 "p f ! fact t "s s*ol>s take at _! face value /atem5ts ( ,josephus1 ! ,talmud1 & o!r late s\rces conc]n+ ,solomon's temple1 :ile o!rs attribute less weight to ! /atem5ts ( ^? s\rces :i* 7 writt5 long aft] ?is temple 0 de/roy$1 & base _! views r on ! e>li] docum5ts4 ,! la/ is ! only s\nd me?od ( /udy1 & is ! c\rse foll[$ "h4 ,we %all take z evid5ce ( ! plan & situation ( ! build+s ! ,biblical writ]s :o _h se5 !m4 ,we are at ! />t confront$1 h[ev]1 ) a difficulty1 s9ce no ,biblical writ] has giv5 u an exact /atem5t z to :at "p ( ! hill ,solomon's temple occupi$4 ,mo/ mod]n s*ol>s hold1 nev]!less1 t x 0 built at ! highe/ po9t ( ! hill j we/ ( ! sacr$ cave1 :i* has already be5 m5tion$1#bda & ! old rock-alt> above x4 ,?is view is confirm$ by ,josephus#bdb & is und\bt$ly correct1 al?\gh ?ree or f\r mod]n s*ol>s h d\bt$ x4 ,! temple w\ld naturally be built ne> ! spot :]e ! angel is said to h appe>$ to ,david 7#b ,sam4 #bd3af71 & z angels are frequ5tly repres5t$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t z appe>+ ^u rocks 7see ,judges #f3aa1 f42 #ac3ai7bdc x is altoge!r probable t ! appe>ance to ,david 0 on ! rock-alt> at ! top ( ! hill4 ,on ?is rock ! animals = sacrifice 7 sla91 z ! conduits = blood /ill visible on its top indicate4 ,ne> x1 !n1 or on x ! alt> ( burnt-(f]+s /ood4 ,we le>n f ,ezekiel1 :o _h s]v$ z a prie/ 9 ! temple ( ,solomon1 t ! temple fac$ ! ea/1 t x /ood to ! we/ ( ! alt>1 & t !re 0 room betwe5 ! temple & ! alt> = tw5ty-five m54 7,see ,ezek4 #h3af47 ,! temple 0 a rectangul> build+ ) its greate/ l5g? runn+ ea/ & we/4 ,its measurem5ts 7 #abd feet = ! l5g?1 #ej = ! bread?1 & #ee = ! height4 ,x 0 con/ruct$ ( /ones & c$> beams4 ,! out] temple1 aft]w>d call$ ! holy place1 0 #gj feet long1 #cd feet wide1 & #eb feet high4 ,back ( x 0 ! holy ( holies1 :]e ! ark 0 plac$4 ,x 0 a cube #cd feet ea* way4 ,app>5tly !re 0 a *amb] above x4#bdd ,?is room 0 adorn$ ) c>v+s ( *]ubim1 palms1 & op5 fl[]s 7#a ,k+s #f3bi1 #cb1 #ce74 ,x _h no w9d[4 ,accord+ to #b ,*ron4 #c3ad1 x 0 sep>at$ f ! holy place by a veil4 ,! holy place conta9$ ! table ( %[-bread & t5 gold5 lamp-/&s 7#a ,k+s #g3di74bde ,! lattice "w high up 9 ! walls ( ?is room 7#a ,k+s #f3d7 c h admitt$ only an unc]ta9 light4 ,! build+ 0 ri*ly adorn$ ) c$> & gold4 ,x consi/$ ( ?ree /ories1 & ! walls 7 ( v>y+ ?ickness1 s9ce l$ges 7 built 9 !m to receive ! beams ( ! diff]5t /ories4 ,ea* /ory conta9$ a s]ies ( *amb]s = /orage or ! use ( ! prie/s4 ,^? ( ! fir/ /ory 7 five cubits wide1 ^? ( ! second six1 & ^? ( ! ?ird sev52 7see ,figs4 #bdg-bdi74 ,9 front ( ! temple 0 a por* ( unkn[n height1 & be=e ?is 7 two bronze pill>s ) ornam5t$ tops1 nam$ ,ja*9 & ,boaz4 ,a little to ! s\!a/ ( ! temple 9 ! op5 air 0 a braz5 lav] support$ by twelve braz5 ox5 7#a ,k+s #g3bc-bf1 #ci74 ,be=e ! temple ,solomon also plac$ a braz5 alt> 7#b ,*ron4 #a3e1 #f2 #b ,k+s #af3ad74 ,ano!r article ( temple furniture is describ$ z a 8base40 ,x 0 app>5tly a portable hold] = a lav]4 ,x 0 made ( bronze1 provid$ ) :eels1 & ornam5t$ ) figures ( lions1 *]ubim1 & palm-trees 7#a ,k+s #g3bg-cg72 7see ,figs4 #bea1 #beb74 ,x is cle> t ! temple 0 n1 l a mod]n *ur*1 int5d$ = ! accommodation ( ! p4 ,x 0 simply ,jehovah's dwell+4 ,hi!r ! prie/s might come to br+ ! (f]+s ( ! p1 & to propitiate him4 ,solomon surr\nd$ ! temple ) a c\rt enclos$ by a wall ( ?ree c\rses ( hewn /ones & c$> beams 7#a ,k+s #f3cf74 ,?is c\rt became 9 lat] "t ! auditorium ( ! nation4 ,outside ( ?is 0 a l>g] c\rt ) walls ( simil> con/ruction 7#a ,k+s #g3ab72 7see ,fig4 #bdc74 7#c7 ,solomon's ,palace4--,j to ! s\? ( ! temple c\rt1 sep>at$ f x only by a wall1 0 a middle c\rt 9 :i* 0 ,solomon's own palace & ! palace ( ,ph>aoh's daught] 7#a ,k+s #g3h74 ,^! palaces 7 a little l[] d[n ! hill ?an ! temple1 & ,solomon _h a private 8asc5t0 by :i* he c\ld g up into ! temple 7#a ,k+s #aj3e74 ,! royal palaces 7 s ne> t a %\t 9 ! c\rt ar\nd ! alt> c\ld be he>d 9 ! palace 7#b ,k+s #aa3ab1 #ac74 ,^! palaces 7 built ( hewn /one & c$>4 ,s\? ( ?is c\rt 0 /ill ano!r1 sep>at$ f x by a wall4 ,9 ?is mo/ s\!rly & l[e/ ( ! c\rts /ood ! hall ( /ate1 9 :i* 0 ! ?rone room1 :]e ,solomon sat 9 judgm5t4 ,?is hall 0 panel$ ) c$> f floor to ro(4 ,! ?rone 0 ( ivory1 0 approa*$ by six /eps1 & flank$ on ea* side by lions 7#a ,k+s #aj3ah-bj74 ,s\? ( ?is & probably int5d$ z its ve/ibule 0 ! 8por* ( pill>s10 #hf by #eb feet 7#a ,k+s #g3f74 ,/ill s\? ( ?is /ood ! 8h\se ( ! =e/ ( ,lebanon0 7#a ,k+s #g3b71 s call$ because its f\r r[s ( c$> pill>s 7 poetically sugge/ive ( a ,lebanon =e/4 ,?is 0 ! l>ge/ ( all ! build+s1 be+ #agb feet long1 #hf feet wide1 & #eb feet high4 ,!re seem to h be5 two /ories1 ! upp]mo/ ( :i* 0 support$ by #de pill>s 9 ?ree r[s4 ,josephus says t ! upp] room ( ?is hall 0 design$ to 8conta9 a great body ( m51 :o w\ld come toge!r to h _! causes det]m9$40#bdf ,he may h be5 influ5c$1 h[ev]1 9 mak+ ! /atem5t by ! cu/oms ( 8 own "t4 ,z "o w5t nor?w>d1 !n1 up ! hill f ! 8city ( ,david10 he pass$ ?r\gh a gateway into ! l>ge c\rt4 ,9 ?is c\rt he came fir/ to ! 8h\se ( ! =e/ ( ,lebanon40 ,beyond ?is he w\ld ent] ?r\gh ! 8por* ( pill>s0 into ! spl5did hall ( judgm5t ) its impos+ ?rone4 ,if he 7 a favor$ s]vant or an honor$ gue/ ( ! k+1 he might be admitt$ to ! inn] c\rt1 9 :i* case he w\ld behold ! impos+ palaces ( ,solomon & 8 pr9cipal que54 ,a passageway to ! ea/w>d ( ?is m private c\rt l$ ! p]son n s favor$ to ! sacr$ c\rt ab\t ! temple4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( ^! build+s ,solomon employ$ ,phnician ar*itects & workm54 ,8 build+s 71 !re=e1 m impos+ ?an ^? ord9>ily erect$ 9 ,pale/9e4 ,! ,phnicians 7 ! int]m$i>ies ( ! anci5t _w1 & 7 ! recipi5ts ( influ5ces f ,babylonia1 ,egypt1 ! ,hittites1 ,cyprus1 & ! ,myc5ean _w4 ,?r\gh !m some?+ ( ! _w's ar*itectural culture t\*$ ! build+s ( ,solomon4 #h4 ,f ,solomon to ,hezekiah4--,betwe5 ! "t ( ,solomon & ,hezekiah1 ! ,bible furni%es u ) b little in=mation ab\t ,j]usalem4 ,"o topographical fact is giv5 u 9 ! n>rative ( ! w> betwe5 ,amaziah ( ,judah & ,jehoa% ( ,israel1 be=e #ghb ,b4 ,c4 ,aft] ,jehoa% _h be5 victori\s 9 ! battle at ,be?-%eme%1 he came up to ,j]usalem & 8brake d[n ! wall ( ,j]usalem f ! gate ( ,ephraim unto ! corn] gate1 f\r hundr$ cubits0 7#b ,k+s #ad3ac72 7see ,fig4 #cjd74 ,?is wall 0 aft]w>d repair$ by ,uzziah1 :o /r5g!n$ x ) t[]s4 ,inde$1 x seems probable t ,uzziah's "w 0 m ext5sive & t1 9 ord] to r5d] ! city m impregnable1 he add$ a second wall on ! nor?4 ,c]ta9ly a wall exi/$ "h be=e ! ,exile1 = :5 ,nehemiah rebuilt ! walls1 ?is wall jo9$ ! temple area at its nor?we/ corn]1 & we "k ( no k+ aft] ,uzziah :o w\ld be likely to con/ruct su* a def5ce unless x 0 ,hezekiah4 ,z ! city easily )/ood ! attack ( ,pekah & ,rez9 9 #gce 7,isa4 #g3a1 ff471 x seems probable t ,uzziah 0 ! build]4 ,?is wall by :omsoev] x 0 built 0 9 all probability on ! l9e ( ! s-call$ 8second wall0 ( ,josephus4 ,z to j :at its c\rse 0 we _c n[ tell1 fur!r ?an t x />t$ f ne> ! ,corn] ,gate1 ne> :]e ! mod]n ,turki% =tress n[ /&s1 & t]m9at$ at ! temple area4 ,"s h suppos$ t aft] leav+ ! ,corn] ,gate x ran z f> nor?w>d z ! l9e on :i* ! nor!rn wall ( ! mod]n city runs1 !n ea/w>d f !re to a po9t ne> ! pres5t ,damascus ,gate1 & !n turn$ s\?w>d to ! temple area4 ,?is seems improbable1 h[ev]1 s9ce 9 ! "t ( ,ze*>iah ! t[] ( ,hananel1 :i* /ood ne> ! nor?we/ corn] ( ! pres5t area ( ! ,mosque ( ,om>1 0 ! mo/ nor!rly po9t ( ! city4 ,x is ?us possible t ?is second wall may h run s\? ( ! site ( ! ,*ur* ( ! ,holy ,sepul*]4 ,its :ole c\rse accord+ly lies und]nea? ! pres5t city4 ,none ( ?is has be5 excavat$ except a %ort "p ( ! c\rse ne> ! anci5t ,corn] ,gate4 ,9 #ahhe1 :5 digg+ 0 9 progress = ! f\ndations ( ! ,gr& ,new ,hotel1 j inside ! ,jaffa ,gate & nor? ( ! ,turki% =tress1 a c\rse ( l>ge ,jewi% /ones 0 laid b>e :i* ! late ,dr4 ,m]rill & o!rs believ$ to be a "p ( ?is second wall4 ,! nature ( ! digg+ did n1 h[ev]1 disclose its c\rse = any great di/ance2 ! "p reveal$ ran ne>ly nor? & s\?4 ,unless ,solomon built ! wall :i* ran f ,maudsley's sc>p at ! nor?we/ corn] ( ! we/]n hill ea/w>d d[n ! slope ( t hill to ! s\!rn po9t ( ! ea/]n hill1 x mu/ h be5 built by "s k+ ( ?is p]iod4 ,no h9t is giv5 u z to :o built ?is wall4 ,x may h be5 done 9 ! reign ( ,jeho%aphat1 :i* 0 a p]iod ( prosp]ity & expansion 7#b ,k+s #c3d-ab71 or 9 ! reign ( ,uzziah1 :i* 0 also a v prosp]\s "t4 ,! ne$ ( /rong] def5ses creat$ by ! advance ( ! ,assyrians into we/]n ,asia 9 ! n9? & eigh? c5turies ,b4 ,c4 makes x probable t ,uzziah 0 ! build]4 ,at all ev5ts x 0 accompli%$ by ! "t ( ,hezekiah4 ,9 ! reign ( ,ahaz !re 0 a conduit 7,isa4 #g3c7 lead+ f ! 8upp] pool10 or ,gihon1 to a l[] pool1 :i* probably lay some:]e ne> ! m\? ( ! ,tyropon valley4 ,?is conduit has be5 discov]$4 ,x 0 design$ p>tly to conduct wat] f ,gihon out into ! valley ( ! ,kidron = ! irrigation ( ! k+'s g>d5s1 & p>tly to fill ! l[] pool s t cattle c\ld come & dr9k4 ,isaiah ref]s to ! wat]s ( ?is conduit z 8! wat]s ( ,%iloah t g s(tly0 7,isa4 #h3f74 ,( c\rse1 ?is conduit 0 9 ,isaiah's "t an old "o4 ,x is impossible to tell :5 x 0 fir/ con/ruct$4 ,x may h be5 made z e>ly z ! "t ( ,solomon or ,david1 or ev5 9 ,jebusite times4 ,9 ! reign ( ,ahaz a *ange 0 made 9 ! nature ( ! alt> ( burnt-(f]+s 9 ! temple4 ,:5 ,ahaz w5t to ,damascus to d homage to ,tigla?-piles] ,,iv ( ,assyria1 he saw an alt> t pleas$ him1 & s5t a patt]n ( x home to ! high prie/1 ,urijah1 ) directions to h "o made l x = ! temple4 ,?is ,urijah did4 ,?is alt> 0 app>5tly con/ruct$ ( /one4 ,x displac$ ! braz5 alt> ( ,solomon1 :i* 0 h5ce=? kept = ! k+'s private use 7#b ,k+s #af3aj-af74 ,x is ?\ght by "s t ! measurem5ts ( ?is /one alt> are reproduc$ 9 ,ezekiel #dc3ac-ag4 ,! braz5 alt> _h always be5 out ( accord ) ! ,hebrew law4 7,see ,exod4 #bj3bd-bf47 #i4 ,hezekiah4--,ap>t f 8 re=m 7#b ,k+s #ah3a-f7 & ! invasions ( ,s5na*]ib 7#b ,k+s #ah3i1 ff471 ! ev5t ( especial int]e/ m5tion$ 9 connection ) ,hezekiah is t 8he made ! pool & ! conduit & br\ght ! wat] into ! city0 7#b ,k+s #bj3bj74 ,s*ol>s are agre$ t ?is ref]s to ! rock-cut aqu$uct 9 :i* ! ,siloam inscription 0 f\nd4#bdg ,?is 0 = ! "t ( its con/ruction a notable eng9e]+ a*ievem5t1 ?\gh rec5t exploration ( ! tunnel %[s t ! work]s frequ5tly w5t a/ray & cut 9 directions t !y did n int5d4 ,inde$1 x is probable t ! great b5ds 9 ! tunnel 7 made on acc\nt ( su* mi/akes & n z ,cl]mont-,ganneau =m]ly ?\ght 9 ord] to avoid ! tombs ( ! k+s4 ,up to ! pres5t1 se>* = ^! tombs has be5 va94 ,!y mu/ h be5 some:]e on ! ea/]n hill1 b !re is no reason to believe t !y 7 at ! great dep? at :i* ?is tunnel 0 cut ?r\gh ! rock4 ,if ! supposition made above z to ! walls ( ,uzziah is correct1 x 0 ,hezekiah :o built ! fir/ wall across ! m\? ( ! ,tyropon valley s z to enclose )9 ! city 8 new pool4 ,?is wall 0 f\nd by ,bliss4 ,x =m$ ! dam ( ! pool4 ,x 0 /rongly buttress$ & _h be5 rebuilt f "t to "t4 ,bliss detect$ five p]iods 9 its hi/ory4#bdh #aj4 ,f ,hezekiah to ! ,exile4--,aft] ,hezekiah1 ! g5]al features ( ,j]usalem rema9$ ! same d[n to ! "t ( ! ,babylonian ,exile 9 #ehf ,b4 ,c4 ,we he> ( a ,fi% ,gate1 probably :]e x 0 at a lat] "t1 at ! nor? ( ! city 9 ! wall built by ,uzziah4 ,zephaniah m5tions 9 connection ) x 8! second qu>t]0 ( ! city 7,zeph4 #a3aj71 :i* 0 probably ! "p ( ! t[n betwe5 ! nor? wall ( ,uzziah & ! old] nor? wall ( ,solomon on ! we/]n hill4 ,! prophetess ,huldah liv$ !re 9 ! "t ( ,josiah 7#b ,k+s #bb3ad74 ,zephaniah also m5tions a "p ( ! city call$ ,makte% or ! ,mort> 7,zeph4 #a3aa74 ,?is 0 a "p ( ,j]usalem occupi$ by ,phnician trad]s & craftsm54 ,x 0 probably 9 ! holl[ betwe5 ! two hills1 i4 e41 9 ! ,tyropon valley4 ,9 ! reign ( ,manasseh we he> ( ! sacrifice ( *ildr54 ,= ?is purpose a pit 0 excavat$ on ! floor ( ! valley ( ,h9nom1 to ! s\? ( ! city1 & arrangem5ts 7 made to burn ! victims4 ,?is 0 call$ ,tophe? 7,j]4 #g3ca74 ,lat] x 0 defil$ 7#b ,k+s #bc3aj71 & to p]petuate ! defilem5t refuse f ! city seems to h be5 burn$ !re4 ,! valley ( ,h9nom is 9 ,hebrew gai h9nom4 ,lat] g5]ations conceiv$ t ! heav5ly ,j]usalem _h also its valley ( ,h9nom = ! consumption ( its refuse1 h5ce gai h9nom is us$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 ! =m ,geh5na z a "n ( hell4 7,see ,matt4 #e3bi2 #aj3bh47 #aa4 ,! ,de/ruction ( #ehf ,b4 ,c4--,t[>d ! end ( ! siege ( ,j]usalem by ,nebu*adrezz> 9 ! ye> #ehf x is said t ! m5 ( w> fl$ by ! way ( ! gate betwe5 ! two walls :i* 0 by ! k+'s g>d5 7#b ,k+s #be3d74 ,?is 0 evid5tly a gate by ! ,pool ( ,siloam1 :]e ! two walls ( ! ea/]n hill & ! wall :i* came d[n ! we/]n hill & cross$ ! m\? ( ! ,tyropon valley all came toge!r4#bdi ,9 ,augu/ ( ! ye> #ehf ,b4 ,c4 ,j]usalem 0 de/roy$ by ,nebu*adrezz>4 ,! temple1 ! royal palace1 & ! resid5ces ( ! pr9cipal m5 7 burn$ & ! walls ( ! city 7 brok5 d[n 7#b ,k+s #be3i1 #aj74 ,all t 0 combu/ible 0 burn$1 includ+ ! city gates 7,neh4 #a3c74 ,all portable ?+s ( value 7 c>ri$ away4 ,j]usalem n[ ent]$ on a p]iod ( desolation4 ,! city 0 probably n entirely des]t$4 ,"s ( ! poor :o /ill manag$ to extract a subsi/5ce f ! desolate hills /ill f\nd %elt] 9 h] ru9s4 ,all ! well-to-d inhabitants 7 transport$ to ,babylonia4 ,x is (t5 assum$ t ! site ( ! temple 0 unus$ dur+ ! ,exile & t no (f]+s 7 made !re1 b ,j]4 #da3d1 #e %[s t ?is 0 n ! case4 ,probably an alt> 0 repair$ v soon1 & ! poor p /ill w5t ?r\gh _! mo/ indisp5sable religi\s c]emonies amid ! desolation1 = m5 came f ,sam>ia two mon?s aft] ! de/ruction ( ! city to celebrate !re ! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles4 ,?is de/ruction ( ! city & ! deportation ( its population made a v deep impression on ! ,jews4 ,h[ _! affections clung to ! desolate & defac$ city is t\*+ly depict$ 9 ! book ( ,lam5tations & 9 ! #acg? ,psalm4 ,inde$1 ! de/ruction ( ! real ,j]usalem 0 ! beg9n+ ( t ideal ,j]usalem :i* has be5 s influ5tial 9 ! religi\s hi/ory ( ! _w4#bej #ab4 ,! ,second ,temple4--,beyond ! erection ( an alt>1 already m5tion$1 ! fir/ /eps t[>d ! rebuild+ ( ! temple 7 tak51 s _m s*ol>s ?9k1 9 ! second ye> ( ,k+ ,d>ius ( ,p]sia1 i4 e41 9 #ebj ,b4 ,c4 ,eighte5 ye>s e>li] ,cyrus _h made x possible = ?is to be done1#bea b = v>i\s reasons x _h n be5 und]tak54#beb ,! man ^: prea*+ mov$ ! p to beg9 ! rebuild+ 0 ,haggai1 & ! circum/ances "u :i* he did x are rec\nt$ 9 8 book4 ,haggai's p]suasion 0 lat] second$ by ! ef=ts ( ,ze*>iah4 ,?r\gh f\r ye>s ! h\se sl[ly rose1 & 0 f9ally complet$ 9 ,m>* ( ! six? ye> ( ,d>ius 7#eaf ,b4 ,c471 five mon?s less ?an #gj ye>s aft] x 0 de/roy$4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! second temple 0 built on ! l9es ( ! fir/1 :i* 7 probably /ill traceable 9 ! dbris4 ,x 0 also con/ruct$ ( /one :i* /ill lay ab\t ! top ( ! hill--/one t _h be5 us$ 9 ! "w ( ,solomon4 ,x 0 n because x 0 small] ?an ! fir/ temple t old m5 :o _h se5 t wept z !y look$ on ! new "o 7,ezra #c3ab71 b because x 0 less ornate4 ,x 0 probably )\t ornam5t4 ,josephus 7,contra ,apion1 i1 #bb7 says t ! temple c\rt 0 enclos$ by a wall a ple?ra 9 l5g? & #ajj ,greek cubits 9 bread?1 i4 e41 #dhe by #ade feet4 ,x 0 n1 !n1 v l>ge4 ,x is unc]ta9 :e!r !re 0 at ?is "t m ?an "o c\rt2 #a ,macc4 #d3dh speaks ( 8c\rts10 b ,josephus tells#bec h[ ! p pelt$ ,alex&] ,jannu ) citrons :ile he 0 (ficiat+ at ! alt> dur+ ! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles1 s t x is probable t ! c\rts 7 n sep>at$ by a wall1 b by a diff]5ce ( elevation4 ,! inn] c\rt 0 probably high] ?an ! o!r1 z x is ar\nd ! ,mosque ( ,om> today4 ,)9 ?is c\rt 0 an alt> ( unhewn /ones4 ,! temple itself consi/$ z be=e ( ! holy place & ! holy ( holies4 ,be=e ! holy place 0 a por*1 & ar\nd ! build+ !re 7 _m small *amb]s z =m]ly4 ,! holy ( holies 0 sep>at$ f ! holy place by a veil 7#a ,macc4 #a3bb71 b n[ x conta9$ no ark ( ! cov5ant1 z t _h be5 lo/ 9 #ehf ,b4 ,c4 ,! holy ( holies 9 ! second temple 0 empty except = ! 8/one ( f\ndation0 on :i* ! high prie/ plac$ 8 c5s] on ! day ( atonem5t4#bed ,9 ! holy place ! table ( %[-bread /ood 9 front ( ! veil4 ,in/ead ( ! t5 gold5 lamp-/&s ( ,solomon's temple !re n[ /ood !re ! lamp ) sev5 bran*es 7see ,ze*4 #d74 ,a gold5 alt> ( inc5se replac$ x 7#a ,macc4 #a3ba7 9 ! "t ( ! ,maccabees1 ?\gh x may n h be5 plac$ !re be=e ! "t ( ,ezra4 ,su* 0 ! temple z recon/ruct$ aft] ! ,exile4 ,9 "o important respect its p]spective 0 *ang$4 ,! royal palace & ! adm9i/rative build+s1 :i* be=e ! ,exile _h %>$ ! cre/ ( ! nor!rn spur ( ,zion ) ! temple1 7 n rebuilt4 ,! temple /ood !re alone4 ,little by little ! "p ( ! hill to ! s\? ( ! temple 0 cle>$ ( ! dbris & ! gr\nd became a temple c\rt4 ,?is 0 significant ( ! religi\s condition ( ! po/-exilic "t4 ,k+s _h vani%$2 ! wor%ip ( ,jehovah held ! supreme place 9 ! ?\ght ( ! p4 #ac4 ,nehemiah & ! ,walls4--,= sev5ty-two ye>s aft] ! temple 0 rebuilt1 ! walls ( ! city /ill lay 9 ru9s4 ,t !y 7 at la/ re/or$ 0 due to ! patriotism & en]gy ( a noble "y ,jew1 ,nehemiah1 :o _h be5 a cup-be>] to ,artax]xes ,i ( ,p]sia4 ,! /ory ( h[ he obta9$ ! royal p]mission to return to ,j]usalem z gov]nor1 ) au?ority to rebuild ! walls1 h[ ^u 8 arrival he trac$ by _! ru9s ! l9es ( ! old walls1 ) :at en]gy & amid :at difficulties he pu%$ _! rebuild+ to completion 9 ! c\rse ( ?ree mon?s 9 ! ye> #ddd ,b4 ,c41 is told 9 detail 9 ,nehemiah #a-g & ne$ n be repeat$ "h4 ,at ! nor?we/ corn] ( ! we/]n hill !re 0 plac$ 9 ! wall at ?is "t a gate call$ ! ,valley ,gate 7,neh4 #c3ac74 ,?is 0 ! gate discov]$ by ,bliss#bee a little to ! ea/ ( ! old =tress on ,maudsley's sc>p4 ,:5 ! wall 0 complet$1 a c]emony ( d$ication 0 held4 ,at ?is fe/ival two processions />t$ f ?is ,valley ,gate2 "o ( ^! w5t ar\nd ! s\? side ( ! city1 ! o!r ar\nd ! nor? side 7,neh4 #ab3ca-dj74 ,!y met at ! temple4 ,! procession t w5t ar\nd ! s\? side ( ! city pass$ by ! ,dung ,gate1 :i* 0 situat$ 9 ! s\!rn wall well d[n ! hill1 !n by ! ,f\nta9 ,gate1 ne> ! ,pool ( ,siloam1 !n up ! 8asc5t ( ! wall0 by ! /airs ( ! 8,city ( ,david10 & pass$ ! ,wat] ,gate some:]e above ! spr+ ( ,gihon4 ,/ill above ?is1 probably j to ! ea/ ( ! temple area1 0 ! ,horse ,gate 7,neh4 #c3bh74 ,! o!r company1 />t+ f ! ,valley ,gate at ! s\?we/ corn] ( ! city1 pass$ nor?w>d by ! 8,t[] ( ! ,furnaces0 unto ! broad wall1 above ! ,gate ( ,ephraim1 by ! ,old ,gate1 & by ! ,fi% ,gate1 pa/ ! ,t[] ( ,hananel & ! ,t[] ( ,hammeah1 unto ! ,%eep ,gate4 ,?is description1 toge!r ) ! l9e ( ! previ\s wall1 enables u approximately to det]m9e ! outl9e ( po/-exilic ,j]usalem2 7see ,fig4 #cje74 ,! "o po9t ( d\bt has to d ) ! l9e ( ! second wall on ! nor? ( ! city1 laid out probably by ,uzziah4 ,z t l9e is directly "u ! pres5t city x has nev] be5 possible to foll[ x by excavations4 ,we c only conjecture :at its c\rse may h be54 ,! t[]s ( ,hananel & ,hammeah 7 cle>ly nor? ( ! temple area4 ,!y probably =tifi$ ! wall along ! edge ( a %all[ valley :i* sep>at$ ,moriah f ! hill nor? ( x4 ,?is hill 0 lat] call$ ,beze?a4 #ad4 ,late ,p]sian & ,e>ly ,greek ,p]iods4--,aft] ! "t ( ,ezra & ,nehemiah1 we h no cle> topographical ref]5ces to ,j]usalem until ! second c5tury ,b4 ,c4 ,x seems probable t ,j]usalem & ,judah rebell$ aga9/ "o ( ! lat] ,p]sian k+s & t ! city suff]$4#bef ,we he> t ,ptolemy ,i ( ,egypt also captur$ ,j]usalem1#beg b :e!r ^! exp]i5ces l$ to any modification 9 ! =m ( ! city1 we d n "k4 ,! ,wisdom ( ,jesus1 ! ,son ( ,sira*1 (t5 call$ ,ecclesia/icus1 :i* 0 writt5 ab\t #ahj ,b4 ,c41 indicates t ,j]usalem 0 a c>efully organiz$ city4 ,_m pr(essions & mu* comm]ce 7 repres5t$ 9 x1 z well z _m human s9s & foibles4#beh ,! au?or decl>es#bei t a high prie/1 ,simon1 ! son ( ,onias 7probably ,simon ,,ii1 #bah-aih ,b4 ,c471 repair$ ! temple & =tifi$ ! city4 ,:at ! nature ( ei!r "w 01 we d n "k4 ,s f> z c be asc]ta9$1 he conf9$ himself to ! /r5g!n+ ( old def5ses1 & did n *ange ! topography4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! reign ( ,antio*us ,,iv1 :ile _m ,jews 7 k9dly incl9$ to ,greek culture & to ,greek ways1 an outdoor gymnasium 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,j]usalem4#bfj ,?is 0 9 a holl[ j above ! ,tyropon valley to ! we/ ( ! s\? end ( ! temple enclosure4#bfa ,josephus calls x ! ,xy/us1 a ,greek "n t reveals its "*4 ,"s rem9d] t x 0 once a gymnasium p]haps l+]s 9 ,maidan1 ! mod]n ,arabic "n = ! locality1 :i* means hippodrome1 or place ( combat4 #ae4 ,9 ! ,"t ( ! ,maccabees4--,9 ! ,maccaban p]iod ! city 0 divid$ into ?ree p>ts--! city prop]1 ! temple1 & ! ,akra or citadel4 ,z to ! situation ( ! ,akra1 !re is a wide diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,into ! diff]5t !ories x is impossible to g4#bfb ,! writ] agrees ) ,george ,adam ,smi?1 t 9 all probability ! ,akra 0 ! 8,city ( ,david0 ( ! e>li] "t1 z #a ,maccabees /ates 7#a3cc2 #g3cb1 #cc2 #ad3cf74 ,we fir/ he> ( ?is ,akra 9 #aih ,b4 ,c41 :5 an ,egyptian g>rison held out 9 x aga9/ ,antio*us ,,iii4#bfc ,x 0 s %ut (f f ! re/ ( ,j]usalem t1 ?\gh1 aft] ! onslaught ( ,antio*us ,,iv on ! ,jews 9 #afh ,b4 ,c41 ,judas ,maccabu recov]$ ! city & temple z e>ly z #afe ,b4 ,c41 ! ,syrians kept possession ( ! ,akra = tw5ty-?ree ye>s m1 until !y 7 f9ally dislodg$ by ,simon ! ,maccabee 9 #adb ,b4 ,c4#bfd #af4 ,asmonan ,j]usalem4--,dur+ ! ,asmonan dyna/y :i* grew out ( ! ,maccaban /ruggle1#bfe ?ree new features 7 add$ to ,j]usalem4 ,"o 0 a ca/le1 to ! nor?w>d ( ! temple area built by ,john ,hyrcanus ,i1 #ace-aje ,b4 ,c4#bff ,?is 0 kn[n to ,greek-speak+ ,jews z ,b>is1 :i* is a corruption ( ! ,hebrew ,birah1 a =tress4 ,its walls are massive & high4 ,x comm&$ ! approa* to ! temple area f ! nor?1 & greatly /r5g!n$ ! effectiv5ess ( ! temple =tification4 ,"o ( ! ,asmonans1 probably ,john ,hyrcanus ,i1 built a palace 9 ,j]usalem4#bfg ,?is palace app>5tly /ood on ! site n[ occupi$ by ! ,synagogue ( ! ,g]man ,jews 9 ,j]usalem4#bfh ,x 0 connect$ ) ! temple area by a bridge1#bfi ( :i* a remnant ( ! ea/]nmo/ span1 n[ call$ 8,rob9son's ,ar*10#bgj is /ill visible on ! we/]n wall ( ! temple enclosure4 ,?is bridge 0 de/roy$ by ,pompey :5 he captur$ ,j]usalem 9 #fc ,b4 ,c41#bga & its rema9s 7 f\nd by ,w>r5 9 ! bottom ( ! ,tyropon valley1 #hj feet bel[ ! pres5t surface ( ! gr\nd4#bgb ,z ! ,asmonans 7 high prie/s z well z k+s1 ?is bridge gave !m easy access to ! temple f _! palace4 ,! palace itself1 situat$ on a "p ( ! we/]n hill t ov]topp$ ! temple hill1 0 s plac$ t ! royal prie/ c\ld sit 9 8 palace & wat* :at 0 transpir+ 9 ! temple c\rts & 9 ! valley bel[4 ,! ?ird accompli%m5t ( ! ,asmonans 0 probably ! con/ruction ( ,solomon's ,pools & ! ,high ,level ,aqu$uct by :i* ! wat] 0 br\ght into ,j]usalem4#bgc ,?is "w appe>s also to h be5 accompli%$ by ,john ,hyrcanus ,i1 = ,tim>*us1 ! biograph] ( ,antio*us ,,vii1 :o 0 a contempor>y ( ,hyrcanus ,i1 says ( ,j]usalem t 8! :ole city runs d[n ) wat]s1 s t ev5 ! g>d5s are irrigat$ by ! wat] :i* fl[s (f f x40#bgd ,su* a description w\ld be q unfitt+1 if all ! wat] _h be5 suppli$ by ,gihon1 ,en-rogel1 & ! ci/]ns ab\t ,j]usalem4 ,x implies t a p]petual /ream ( wat]1 su* z came ?r\gh "o ( ! aqu$ucts1 fl[$ into ! city4 ,"o o!r /ructure is attribut$ to an ,asmonan4 ,alex&] ,jannu 0 v unpopul> ) ! ,ph>isees1 & once1 z already not$1 he 0 pelt$ by ! p ) citrons4 ,he !reupon erect$ a wood5 b>ri] ar\nd ! temple & ! alt>1 ?us exclud+ ! laity f a close approa* to ! temple1#bge & creat+ a c\rt = ! prie/s alone4 ,j]usalem suff]$ f f\r sieges 9 ! tr\bl\s days :5 ! ,asmonan p[] 0 wan+ & t ( ,rome 0 be+ e/abli%$4 ,! fir/ 0 by ,h>etat1 ,k+ ( ! ,naba?ans1 9 #fe ,b4 ,c41 b 0 lift$ )\t result4#bgf ,! second 0 t ( ,pompey 9 #fc ,b4 ,c4 ,x result$ 9 ! capture ( ! city & 9 consid]able damage4 ,! bridge across ! ,tyropon to ! royal palace 0 brok5 d[n4#bgg ,! ?ird 0 t ( ! ,p>tisans 9 #dj ,b4 ,c41 :5 !y captur$ ! city & plac$ ,antigonus1 son ( ,ari/obulus ,,ii1 on ! ?rone4#bgh ,! f\r? 0 t by :i* ,h]od ! ,great became ma/] ( ,j]usalem 9 #cg ,b4 ,c4 ,at ?is "t a "p ( ! two nor!rn walls 7 brok5 d[n4#bgi ,! topography ( ! city 0 9 no way *ang$ until aft] ! conque/ by ,h]od1 :o *ang$ ! face ( ,j]usalem 9 _m ways4 #ag4 ,h]od ! ,great4--,! fir/ "w ( ,h]od 0 to rebuild & /r5g!n ! =tress to ! nor? ( ! temple4 ,?is he did at ! beg9n+ ( 8 reign :ile ,m>k ,antony 0 /ill 9 p[] 9 ! ,ea/4 ,he accord+ly r5am$ ! ca/le ,antonia4#bhj ,h]od also rebuilt & /r5g!n$ ! walls :i* he _h batt]$ d[n 9 tak+ ,j]usalem1 add+ t[]s to make !m m impregnable4 ,at ! s\?we/ corn] ( ! city he erect$ ?ree new t[]s1--,hippacus1 ,phasael1 & ,m>iamne4#bha ,^! all probably /ood 9 or ne> ! space n[ cov]$ by ! ,turki% =tress at ! ,jaffa ,gate4 ,hippacus 0 app>5tly ! nor?we/ t[] ( ! pres5t citadel1 ,phasael ! ea/]nmo/ ( ! t[]s 9 ! same /ructure1 :i* /ill be>s ! "n 8,t[] ( ,david02 ,m>iamne lay to ! ea/ ( ^!4 ,hippacus 0 #hj cubits high1 ,phasael #ij1 & ,m>iamne #ej4 ,on ! nor? ( ^!1 p]haps ne> ! po9t :]e ! nor?we/ corn] ( ! pres5t city wall is1 /ood ,pseph9us1 an octagonal t[] #gj cubits high4 7#a7 ,h]od's ,palace4--,9 connection ) ! t[]s ,hippacus & ,phasael & on ! site ( ! pres5t ,turki% citadel1 ,h]od built a new & spl5did royal palace4#bhb ,its walls on ! we/ & nor? 7 ! same z ! old city walls2 on ! ea/ & s\?1 walls ( ! same massiv5ess 7 erect$4 ,x conta9$ two halls1 ea* ! size ( ! sanctu>y1 ) c\*es )9 = a hundr$ gue/s4 ,!re 7 _m o!r ri*ly furni%$ *amb]s4 ,! t[]s & ! palace 7 fac$ ) m>ble4 ,/ret*+ to ! s\?w>d1 ( ! palace 7 colonnades :i* bord]$ on op5 c\rts1 9 :i* %rubb]ies1 f\nta9s1 & long walks ab\nd$4 ,^! f\nta9s 7 f$ by ! ,high ,level ,aqu$uct4 ,?is palace comm&$ ! highe/ po9t ( ! s\?we/]n hill4 ,its con/ruction f9ally transf]r$ ! controll+ p[] to ! we/]n hill1 or z ,josephus calls x1 ! 8,upp] ,city40 ,ev] aft] ?is ! we/]n hill 0 ! seat ( political p[]4 ,:5 ,procurators rul$ ,juda ?is palace became ! prtorium4#bhc ,x 0 to ?is ca/le t our ,savi\r 0 br\ght to be tri$ by ,pontius ,pilate4 ,x 0 to its entrance1 probably on ! ea/1 t ,pilate br\ght ,jesus & (f]$ to release him1 :5 ! p cri$3 8,away ) ?is man 444 crucify him0 7,luke #bc3 #ah1 #ba74 ,?is palace1 built by "o ( ! able/ & mo/ unscrupul\s ( m51 is ?us associat$ ) "o ( ! mo/ sacr$ & tragic mom5ts ( hi/ory4 ,f t day to ?is x has rema9$ ! seat ( political au?ority 9 ,j]usalem4 ,its pres5ce on ! we/]n hill has gradually drawn ! "n ,zion f ! orig9al city ( ,david to ! we/]n hill1 & s di/ort$ ! ,old ,te/am5t traditions t ev5 sev]al mod]n s*ol>s#bhd /ill refuse to give cr$5ce to ! cle> voice ( ! ,old ,te/am5t z to ! site ( ! orig9al ,zion4 ,! palace1 batt]$ d[n & rebuilt aga9 & aga91 /ill reta9s 9 its walls _m ( ! massive /ones ( ,h]od4 ,?is palace 0 complet$ ab\t #bc ,b4 ,c4 7#b7 ,h]od's ,!at]4--,ab\t #be ,b4 ,c4 ,h]od f\nd$ an a?letic ga!r+ to be celebrat$ e five ye>s 9 honor ( ,augu/us4#bhe ,josephus1 9 speak+ ( ?is fact1 says t ,h]od built a !at] 9 ,j]usalem1 & also a v great amphi!at] 9 ! pla94 ,if he actually built a !at] 9 ! city1 all traces ( x h disappe>$4 ,to ! s\? ( ! city on a hill consid]ably beyond ! ,valley ( ,h9nom1 ! rema9s ( a great !at] 7 discov]$ "s ye>s ago by ! late ,dr4 ,s*ick4#bhf ,?is !at] fac$ ! nor?1 its diamet] 0 m ?an #acj feet1 & spectators seat$ 9 x c\ld see ,j]usalem 9 ! di/ance4 ,x is ?\ght by "s s*ol>s t ?is is ! !at] to :i* ,josephus alludes1 z ,h]od w\ld h>dly h v5tur$ to outrage ,jewi% feel+ by plac+ su* a /ructure 9 ! sacr$ city4 ,if ! discov]y ( ,dr4 ,s*ick repres5ts ,h]od's !at]1 x is q unkn[n :]e ! 8amphi!at] 9 ! pla910 to :i* ,josephus makes ref]5ce1 0 situat$4 7#c7 ,h]od's ,temple4--,:5 ! palace ( ,h]od 0 complet$1 ! spl5did /ructures ( ,antonia & ! palace q ov]%ad[$ ! old d+y temple4 ,! temple _h frequ5tly be5 repair$ by ! high prie/s1 & p]haps dur+ ! ,maccaban "t _h be5 some:at embelli%$1 b x nev]!less rema9$ ess5tially z x _h be5 rebuilt aft] ! ,exile4 ,h]od _h built ,seba/e on ! site ( anci5t ,sam>ia 9 #bg ,b4 ,c41 & began ab\t #bb ,b4 ,c4 to build ,cs>ea4 ,9 ^! & o!r cities he _h erect$ spl5did temples to hea!n deities2 naturally he desir$ to make ! temple ( 8 capital city wor?y to /& beside !m4 ,he _h difficulty 9 p]suad+ ! ,jews to let him t\* ! sacr$ h\se1 b yield+ 9 _m ?+s to _! scruples1 "w 0 f9ally begun 9 ! ye> #bj-ai ,b4 ,c4 ,"s ( ! prie/s became c>p5t]s & /one-cutt]s1 s t no pr(ane h&s ne$ t\* ! sacr$ %r9e4#bhg ,! old temple 0 tak5 d[n & ! new "o erect$ 9 ! space ( eighte5 mon?s4 ,b mu* rema9$ to be done & ! "w dragg$ along until aft] ,h]od's dea?4 ,9 ! "t ( ,*ri/ 8=ty & six ye>s 0 ?is temple 9 build+0 7,john #b3bj71 & x 0 n !n complet$4 ,x 0 f9i%$ only 9 #fd ,a4 ,d41 six ye>s be=e x 0 f9ally de/roy$4#bhh ,! temple itself occupi$ ! site ( its pr$ecessor1 & 0 ( ! same plan & dim5sions4 ,^! ,h]od did n d>e to *ange4 ,!y 7 consecrat$ by ne>ly a ?\s& ye>s ( sacr$ associations4 ,if he c\ld n enl>ge x1 h[ev]1 he c\ld make x high]1 & he made its elevation a hundr$ cubits or #agb feet4 ,he also enl>g$ ! por*1 mak+ x #abj feet broad4 ,! :ole 0 built ( huge blocks ( :ite /one1 ) plates ( gold ^u ! front4#bhi ,! holy ( holies consi/$1 z be=e1 ( a d>k1 empty room1 #ce feet 9 ea* dim5sion4 ,x 0 sep>at$ f ! holy place by curta9s1 an out] & an inn]1 :i* 7 a foot ap>t4 ,! holy place 0 /ill #dj by #bj cubits1 b 0 n[ made #dj in/ead ( #cj cubits high4#bij ,its furniture 0 ! same z 9 ! second temple3 ! table ( %[-bread1 ! alt> ( inc5se1 & ! lamp ) sev5 bran*es2 7,fig4 #bej74 ,! entrance to ! holy place1 #ae cubits wide & #gj cubits high1 0 n clos$ by doors4 ,josephus decl>es t x 0 left op5 to set =? ! 8unob/ruct$ op5ness ( heav540#bia ,on ! top ( ! temple1 spikes ) %>p po9ts 7 arrang$ to prev5t birds f light+ ^u x & defil+ x4 ,twelve broad /eps l$ d[n f ! temple to ! c\rt ( ! prie/s4#bib ,^! /eps occupi$ ne>ly all ! #bb cubits ( space betwe5 ! por* & ! alt>4 ,n f> f ! /eps at ! s\? /ood ! great lav]1 :i* _h replac$ ! braz5 sea ( ,solomon's temple4 ,! alt> ( unhewn /ones rose ^u ! sacr$ rock--sacr$ s9ce ! days ( ! ,jebusites 7& possibly s9ce ! /one age71 to :i* x 0 fitt$ by masonry4 ,! base ( ! alt> 0 #cb cubits squ>e & #a high4 ,on ?is rose a /ructure #cj cubits squ>e & #e cubits high4 ,on ?is 0 a l$ge #a cubit broad1 to :i* ! horns ( ! alt> 7 atta*$4 ,n f> above 0 ano!r l$ge1 also a cubit broad1 on :i* ! (ficiat+ prie/s might /&4 ,above ?is 0 ! alt> he>? itself1 :i* 0 #bd cubits squ>e4 ,s\? ( ! alt> 0 a /ructure ( masonry on :i* prie/s c\ld /&2 nor? ( x1 ! place = ! slaught] ( ! victims4 ,"h ! victims to be sla9 7 ti$ to r+s 9 ! pavem5t4 ,!re 7 tables ( m>ble on :i* !y c\ld be wa%$ & flay$4 ,beams support$ by pill>s also conta9$ hooks on :i* !y c\ld be hung = qu>t]+4 ,h]od1 z not$ above1#bic probably con/ruct$ ! ,l[ ,level ,aqu$uct4 ,by means ( ?is he br\ght a l>g] supply ( wat] into ! temple area1 s t !re 0 an abundance ( wat] ) :i* to flu% ! holy place1 & wa% away ! blood & refuse ) :i* ! place mu/ (t5 h reek$1 especially on fe/al days4 ,a l[ wall a cubit 9 height m>k$ (f ! c\rt ( ! prie/s f ! c\rt ( ,israel4 ,acc\nts diff] z to :e!r ?is wall 0 on ! ea/ only or :e!r x ran ar\nd ! :ole temple4 ,! c\rt ( ,israel lay to ! ea/ ( ! c\rt ( ! prie/s4 ,aga9 our s\rces ( in=mation diff] z to its exact size4 ,"h ! 8congregation ( ,israel0 c\ld assemble to witness ! sacr$ sacrifices4 ,to ! ea/ ( ! c\rt ( ,israel lay ! c\rt ( ! wom54 ,^! 7 sep>at$ by a wall1 b1 ow+ to ! d[nw>d slope ( ! hill1 ! c\rt ( ! wom5 0 fifte5 /eps l[] ?an t ( ,israel4 ,inde$1 ! level ( ! c\rt ( ,israel 0 only ma9ta9$ by a s]ies ( ar*es :i* support$ a pavem5t4 ,p]haps ! idea ( a c\rt = ! wom5 _h be5 a gradual developm5t ( ! po/-exilic "t1 9 :i* !y _h be5 p]mitt$ to wat* ! sacrifices f a def9itely def9$ position 9 ! re> ( ! m54 ,at all ev5ts1 ?is c\rt became a prom95t feature 9 ! temple ( ,h]od1 & f elevat$ seats on its ea/]n side wom5 c\ld /ill wat* ! sacr$ c]emonies ( ! temple4 ,) ! exception ( ?is gall]y1 ! c\rt ( ! wom5 0 op5 to m54 ,x 0 #ace cubits squ>e & s 0 relatively l>ge4 ,app>5tly ! temple treasury 0 situat$ 9 ?is c\rt1 toge!r ) ! money boxes1 = wom5 _h access to ^!4 ,"h probably ,*ri/ 0 sitt+ :5 he saw ! poor wid[ ca/ into ! treasury h] two mites 7,m>k #ab3da1 f42 ,luke #ba3a1 f74 ,ar\nd ^! c\rts ran a wall #dc feet high4 ,?is wall 0 pi]c$ by n9e gates1 f\r on ! nor?1 f\r on ! s\?1 & "o on ! ea/4 ,a gate also sep>at$ ! c\rt ( ! wom5 f ! c\rt ( ,israel4 ,ei!r ! gate t op5$ out ( ! c\rt ( ! wom5 to ! ea/w>d1 or ! "o betwe5 ! c\rt ( ! wom5 & ! c\rt ( ,israel 7x is unc]ta9 :i* "o7 _h be5 giv5 by "o ,nicanor & 0 ( f9e ,cor9?ian bronze4 ,x 0 sometimes call$ 8! gate beautiful0 & sometimes 8,nicanor's gate40 ,x 0 by ?is gate1 & s ne> ! treasury :]e p 7 devot+ _! money to religion1 t ,pet] & ,john f\nd ! lame man begg+ 7,acts #c3b1 f474 ,outside all ^! c\rts lay ! c\rt ( ! ,g5tiles4 ,?is 0 sep>at$ f ! c\rts describ$ above by a ,soreg or ritual wall1 :i* no ,g5tile might pass4 ,h]od plac$ inscriptions 9 ,greek at ! v>i\s gates 9 ?is ritual wall1 :i* w>n$ ,g5tiles on pa9 ( dea? n to ent]4 ,! c\rt ( ! ,g5tiles surr\nd$ ! o!r c\rts on ! nor?1 ea/1 & s\?2 x 01 h[ev]1 mo/ ext5sive on ! ea/ & s\?2 7,fig4 #beg74 ,to obta9 a great] area = ?is c\rt on ! s\?1 ,h]od ext5d$ ! level ( ! hill by erect+ great ar*es :i* support$ a pavem5t4 ,?is /ructure /ill rema9s2 x is n[ call$ 8,solomon's /ables02 7,fig4 #beh74 ,9 ! ,crusad+ p]iod horses 7 /abl$ !re4 ,ar\nd ! c\rt ?us enl>g$ ran a beautiful colonnade4 ,! pill>s = ?is & = ,h]od's palace 7 qu>ri$ f ! rock ar\nd ,j]usalem4 ,"o pill> :i* _h a defect & 0 accord+ly nev] mov$ f ! qu>ry 0 f\nd a few ye>s s9ce 9 front ( ! ,russian ca!dral nor? ( ! city4 ,al?\gh ! temple has pass$ away & o!r sacr$ build+s h s9ce ! second c5tury be5 erect$ 9 succession ne> its site1 ! expanse ( ! c\rt ( ! ,g5tiles rema9s1 & z ! dev\t ,*ri/ian visits x he seems almo/ to he> ! footfalls ( ,*ri/ & ( ,paul6 #ah4 ,! ,pool ( ,be!sda4--,ano!r spot connect$ ) ! life ( ,*ri/ lay n f> f ! temple on ! nor?2 x 0 ! ,pool ( ,be!sda4 ,x 0 situat$ ne> ! ,%eep ,gate1 :i* 0 j nor!a/ ( ! temple4 ,s9ce ! ?irte5? c5tury ! ,birket ,isra9#bid :i* lies betwe5 ! temple area & ! mod]n ,/4 ,/eph5's ,gate has be5 id5tifi$ by "s ) ,be!sda4 ,s9ce #ahhi x has be5 ?\ght by _m t two pools discov]$ 9 t ye>1 n[ f> "u gr\nd1 9 ! l& ( ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,anne1 j nor? ( ,/4 ,/eph5's ,gate1 con/itut$ ! ,pool ( ,be!sda2 7see ,fig4 #bei74 ,x is really impossible to decide betwe5 ! two possibilities on ! evid5ce we h4 ,bo? are 9 ! region :]e we %\ld look = ! ,pool ( ,be!sda4 #ai4 ,ge?semane4--,two o!r spots ne> ,j]usalem are ( ! deepe/ int]e/ to ! ,*ri/ian /ud5t--! ,g>d5 ( ,ge?semane & ,golgo?a4 ,! fact is c]ta9 t ! ,g>d5 ( ,ge?semane lay on ! we/]n slope ( ! ,m\nt ( ,olives4 7,see ,luke #bb3ci2 ,john #ah3a2 ,m>k #ad3bf1 #cb47 ,s9ce ! sixte5? c5tury ! ,roman ,ca?olics h %[n a little g>d51 :i* lies j above ! ,kidron1 z ! ,g>d5 ( ,ge?semane4 ,m rec5tly ! ,russian ,*ur* has wall$ 9 ! space next above x z ! real g>d54 ,!re is no c]ta9ty t ! g>d5 0 on ei!r site4 ,to ! ,jews ( ! fir/ c5tury a g>d5 0 n a place = fl[]-b$s1 b an olive or*>d1 & su* an or*>d may h ext5d$ widely ov] ! hillside4 ,we _c n[ id5tify ! spot made sacr$ by ! ,ma/]'s agony1 b we "k z we look at ?is hillside t x 0 some:]e on x4 #bj4 ,calv>y4--,! site ( ,calv>y or ,golgo?a is n s easily disc]n$4 ,s9ce ! ye> #cbf ,a4 ,d41 :5 ,hel5a1 ! "m ( ! ,emp]or ,con/ant9e1 visit$ ,j]usalem1 !re has be5 a cont9u\s tradition 9 favor ( ! site on :i* ! ,*ur* ( ! ,holy ,sepul*] /&s4 ,we "k f ,hebrews #ac3ab t ! crucifixion took place outside ! city walls4 ,un=tunately1 we _c tell :e!r ! second wall ( ?is p]iod ran nor? or s\? ( ! spot on :i* ! ,*ur* ( ! ,holy ,sepul*] /&s1 = ! :ole region lies "u ! mod]n city1 :]e excavation has be5 impossible4 ,if ! second wall turn$ ea/w>d be=e x _h gone z f> nor? z ?is spot1 x may well be t ! crucifixion occurr$ :]e ! *ur* n[ /&s4 ,pilate condemn$ ,jesus at ! palace ( ,h]od ne> ! gate ,g5na? at ! nor?we/ corn] ( ! city ( t day4 ,d\btless ! mob swept along ) ,jesus ?r\gh ! gate ,g5na? to ! spot call$ ,golgo?a4 ,if ! ,*ur* ( ! ,holy ,sepul*] 0 on t spot1 ! walk 0 n a long "o2 7see ,fig4 #bfj74 ,9 #ahdi ,otto ,!nius sugge/$ t ! hill nor? ( ! mod]n ,damascus ,gate above 8,j]emiah's ,grotto0 0 ! real ,golgo?a2 7,figs4 #bfa1 #bfb74 ,?is 0 also sugge/$ by ,fi%] ,h[e 9 #ahga1 & advocat$ by ,g54 ,c4 ,e4 ,gordon 9 #ahha4 ,ne> x is a g>d5 9 :i* is a rock-hewn tomb2 7,figs4 #bfc1 #bfd74 ,s9ce ! days ( ,gordon a k9d ( ,prote/ant tradition & cult has gr[n up ab\t ?is spot t 9 c]ta9 qu>t]s evokes "s ( ! devotion call$ =? among ,ca?olics & ,ori5tal ,*ri/ians by ! ,*ur* ( ! ,holy ,sepul*]4 ,x mu/ be said t ! tomb 9 ! g>d5 is1 l _m simil> tombs 9 ! neighborhood1 probably n e>li] ?an ! ?ird or f\r? c5tury ,a4 ,d41 & !re is really no m reason = reg>d+ ?is spot z ,golgo?a ?an any o!r hill-top ne> ! city4 ,! exact spot :]e our ,"l suff]$ is n c]ta9ly kn[n4 ,ecclesia/ical tradition has fix$ ^u _m o!r spots 9 ,j]usalem z ! places :]e c]ta9 ev5ts 9 ! life ( ,*ri/ occurr$1 b none ( ^! has a suffici5t degree ( probability 9 its favor to m]it a m5tion 9 an ar*ological "w4 #ba4 ,agrippa ,i & ! ,?ird ,wall4--,9 ! reign ( ,h]od ,agrippa ,i 7#da-dd ,a4 ,d471 ,j]usalem 0 aga9 enl>g$4 ,agrippa built a ?ird wall on ! nor?4 ,its c\rse is describ$ by ,josephus1#bie b z mo/ ( ! l&m>ks m5tion$ by him are unkn[n1 op9ions diff] z to its c\rse4 ,x is c]ta9 t x />t$ at ! t[] ,hippacus & w5t nor?w>d to ! t[] ,pseph9us1 t x enclos$ ! hill ,beze?a1 & t x ran along ! edge ( ! ,kidron valley to jo9 ! old wall4 ,"s s*ol>s suppose t x ran ab\t on ! l9e ( ! pres5t nor!rn ,turki% wall ( ! city2 o!rs1 z ,rob9son & ,m]rill1 ?\ght x ran mu* fur!r nor? s t its nor!a/]n corn] 0 ne> ! 8,tombs ( ! ,k+s40 ,:ile !re is n decisive evid5ce 9 ! matt]1 ! fir/ view1 t ! ?ird wall ran ne> ! l9e ( ! mod]n wall1 seems ! m probable4 ,?is wall 0 begun by ,agrippa1 :o did n d>e to f9i% x le/ ,claudius %\ld suspect him ( an int5tion to rebel4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 complet$ by ! ,jews be=e ! la/ tragic /ruggle ( ! ye>s #ff-gj1 & =m$ "o ( ! features ( ,j]usalem :5 ,paul made 8 lat] visits to ! city4 ,we h n space to foll[ ! =tunes ( ,j]usalem fur!r4 ,! hi/ory ( ! 8,virg9 ,daught] ( ,zion0 s9ce #gj ,a4 ,d41 :5 ! walls 7 brok5 d[n & ! temple de/roy$ nev] to be rebuilt1 has be5 no less *eck]$ & tragic ?an 9 ! c5turies t prec$$1#bif b ! he>ts ( all ,*ri/ians z well z ( ,jews & ,mohamm$ans turn to h] ) sympa?y & affection1 because ( _! debt to ! holy m5 :o at v>i\s times1 f ,david to ,paul1 liv$ 9 h] & walk$ h] /reets1 & because ( h] tragic associations ) ! life & dea? ( ,"o :o 0 m ?an man4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,! ,,decapolis ,,orig94 ,,damascus4 ,,scy?opolis4 ,,cities ,,ea/ ,,( ,,! ,,sea ,,( ,,galilee4 ,,gad>a4 ,,pella ,,& ,,dion4 ,,g]asa4 ,,philadelphia4 ,,jesus ,,9 ,,! ,,decapolis4 #a4 ,orig94--,?ree times 9 ! ,gospels ! ,decapolis is m5tion$3 ,matt4 #d3be2 ,m>k #e3bj & #g3ca4 ,decapolis is a ,greek "n & means 8! t5 city0 7region74 ,! anci5t writ]s :o m5tion x agree t x orig9ally consi/$ ( t5 cities 9 :i* ,greek population 0 dom9ant & :i* 7 f$]at$ toge!r4 ,pl9y#big gives ! t5 cities z ,damascus1 ,philadelphia1 ,raphana1 ,scy?opolis1 ,gad>a1 ,hippos1 ,dion1 ,pella1 ,g]asa1 & ,kana?a4 ,ptolemy1 ! a/ronom] & geograph]1 9 ! second c5tury ,a4 ,d4 enum]at$ eighte5 cities z belong+ to x4 ,9 ! "t ( ,*ri/ x probably consi/$ ( b t54 ,! ,decapolis app>5tly 0 creat$ by ! ,roman ,g5]al ,pompey1 :5 he conqu]$ ?is region = ,rome 9 #fe-fc ,b4 ,c4 ,^! cities ) ,greek populations appe> to h appeal$ to him & he grant$ !m c]ta9 privileges1 includ+ a degree ( autonomy4 ,!y 71 h[ev]1 subject to ! ,legate ( ,syria4 ,hippos1 ,scy?opolis1 & ,pella 7 releas$ by him at ?is "t f ! ,jewi% yoke4#bih ,josephus1 at ! end ( ! fir/ c5tury ,a4 ,d41 does n reckon ,damascus 9 ! ,decapolis1 b be=e ! "t ( ,paul1 ,damascus _h be5 captur$ by ! ,naba?ans or ,arabians1 & may n1 :5 retak5 by ,rome1 h be5 aga9 accord$ ! privileges ( ! cities ( ! ,decapolis4 #b4 ,damascus1 :i* is m5tion$ 9 ! annals ( ,?o?mes ,,iii be=e #addg ,b4 ,c41 & 9 ! acc\nts ( ,abraham 7,g54 #ad3ae2 #ae3b71 has be5 cont9u\sly 9 exi/5ce z a city ev] s9ce1 & is "o ( ! mo/ fl\ri%+ cities ( ,syria at ! pres5t "t4 ,x 0 occupi$ 9 ! ?irte5? or f\rte5? c5tury ,b4 ,c4 by ,aramans :o held x all ?r\gh ! ,old ,te/am5t p]iod4 ,k+s ( ,damascus frequ5tly f\ght ) ,israel4 ,f ! "t ( ,alex&] ! ,great x came "u ,hell5ic influ5ces4 ,aft] 8 dea? x 0 fir/ possess$ by ! ,ptolemies ( ,egypt1 b 0 tak5 by ! ,seleucid k+s ( ,antio* be=e #bfa ,b4 ,c4 ,x is situat$ 9 "o ( ! mo/ f]tile oases ( ! _w--an oasis t ,arabian poets delight$ to comp>e to ,p>adise4 ,probably ,alex&]'s successors1 :o1 z we %all see1 built _m ,hell5ic cities1 beautifi$ ?is oasis ) "o ( !m1 b z ! site has be5 occupi$ cont9u\sly1 no build+s f ?is "t rema94 ,"o feature at ,damascus t /ill recalls ,biblical times is ! /reet call$ ,/raight1 :i* runs we/w>d f ! ea/]n gate into ! he>t ( ! city4 ,x 0 9 a h\se on ! anci5t =]unn] ( ?is /reet t ,paul fir/ lodg$ at ! "t ( 8 conv]sion 7,acts #i3aa72 7see ,fig4 #bfe74 ,"o o!r "p ( ,damascus recalls a ,biblical n>rative4 ,?is is ! riv] ,b>ada :i* /ill runs ?r\gh ! he>t ( ! city4 ,x is ! riv] call$ ,abana 9 #b ,k+s #e3ab1 & 0 said by ,naaman to be 8bett] ?an all ! wat]s ( ,israel02 7see ,fig4 #bff74 #c4 ,scy?opolis 0 ! only "o ( ! cities ( ! ,decapolis we/ ( ! ,jordan4 ,x 0 on ! site ( ! ,be?-%ean ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 7,jo%4 #ag3aa2 #a ,sam4 #ca3aj1 #ab2 #b ,sam4 #ba3ab2 #a ,k+s #d3ab74 ,be?-%ean 0 already a city at ! "t ,pale/9e 0 conqu]$ by ,?o?mes ,,iii#bii & !re has app>5tly be5 a t[n ne> ?is spot ev] s9ce4 ,x seems to h be5 call$ ,scy?opolis by ! successors ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 probably because a gr\p ( ,scy?ians _h tak5 ! city & settl$ !re4 ,:5 x came into ! possession ( ,scy?ians we c only conjecture1 b x 0 probably at ! "t ( ! great ,scy?ian invasion ( ,pale/9e1 ab\t #fbe-fae ,b4 ,c4 ,?is invasion call$ =? ! d>k prophecies ( ! book ( ,zephaniah4 ,scy?opolis appe>s f c]ta9 co9s#cjj to h become a ,hell5ic city 9 ! "t ( ,alex&] ! ,great4 ,9 ! "t ( ,ptolemy ,eu]getes ,i1 #bdg-bbb ,b4 ,c41 x 0 subject to ,egypt1#cja b x pass$ to ! dom9ions ( ! ,seleucid ( ,antio* 9 #aih ,b4 ,c4 ,^u ! break-up ( ! ,syrian empire 9 #fe-fc ,b4 ,c41 ,pompey made x "o ( ! cities ( ! ,decapolis4 ,! rema9s ( ! ,hell5ic city h n[ entirely disappe>$ ) ! exception ( ! great /one amphi!at]4 ,?is may /ill be se5#cjb 9 ! valley on ! s\? side ( ! m\nd :i* cov]s ! ru9s ( ! anci5t ,be?-%ean1 :]e x is ov]gr[n ) bri]s4 ,! "n ,scy?opolis has long s9ce disappe>$1 & ! old ,hebrew "n = ! place /ill survives 9 ! "n ( ! mod]n t[n ,beisan4 ,?is mod]n t[n is situat$ on ! s\? side ( ! valley m5tion$ above1 a little di/ance f ! m\nd :i* cov]s ! anci5t city4 ,scy?opolis 0 situat$ at ! po9t :]e ! pla9 ( ,jezreel or ,esdraelon jo9s ! ,jordan valley4 ,9 ! "t ( ,*ri/ ! ,jews f ,naz>e? & its vic9ity1 :5 go+ to ! ?ree annual fe/ivals at ,j]usalem1 came d[n ! pla9 & !n foll[$ ! ,jordan valley d[n to ,j]i*o 7see ,luke #ai3a71 9 ord] to avoid go+ ?r\gh ,sam>ia4 ,f ! "t t ,jesus 0 twelve ye>s old he mu/1 !re=e1 h (t5 pass$ by ,scy?opolis on 8 way to ,j]usalem4 ,z x 0 a ,g5tile t[n1 h[ev]1 nei!r he nor 8 companions w\ld ent] x on su* occasions1 z !y w\ld !reby be r5d]$ unclean4 #d4 ,cities ,ea/ ( ! ,sea ( ,galilee4--,to ! ea/ ( ! ,sea ( ,galilee lay ?ree ( ! cities ( ! ,decapolis4 ,hippos 0 comp>atively ne> ! sea1 :]e ,susiye n[ lies4 ,! ,jews ( ! ,talmudic p]iod call$ ! place ,susi?a4#cjc ,hippos is ! ,greek = horse4 ,susi?a is a ,hebrew translation ( ?is & ,susiye is an ,arabic corruption ( ! ,hebrew4 ,all traces ( ! anci5t ,hippos except ! "n h disappe>$4 ,:]e ,raphana 0 situat$ has n yet be5 def9itely det]m9$4 ,x is probably ! same z ,raphon m5tion$ 9 #a ,macc4 #e3cg1 :i* 0 ne> to ,a%t]o?-k>naim#cjd 7,g54 #ad3e74 ,a%t]o?-k>naim 0 situat$ ei!r at ,tell ,a%t>a or at ,tell ,a%>y1 bo? ( :i* are betwe5 tw5ty & tw5ty-five miles ea/ ( ! ,sea ( ,galilee4 ,raphana1 !n1 probably lay ab\t tw5ty miles due ea/ f ,hippos4 ,/ill ea/w>d ( ?is lay ! city ( ,kana?a1 ?\gh s*ol>s are divid$ 9 op9ion z to :e!r its site is to be id5tifi$ ) ,el-,k]ak or ) ,kanawat4 ,if its site 0 at ,el-,k]ak x 0 ab\t =ty miles ea/ ( ! ,sea ( ,galilee2 if at ,kanawat x 0 ab\t fifty-five miles di/ant f ! sea4 ,z !re are at ,kanawat abundant ru9s ( a beautiful ,hell5ic city1#cje ,kana?a 0 probably situat$ "h r ?an at ,el-,k]ak4 ,?is 0 ! ,k5a? ( ,num4 #cb3db4 #e4 ,gad>a4--,a little to ! s\? ( ! s\!rn end ( ! ,sea ( ,galilee on ! ea/ ( ! ,jordan & s\? ( ! ,y>muk lay ! city ( ,gad>a1 ano!r memb] ( ! ,decapolis4 ,its site is n[ m>k$ by ! ru9s ( ,umm ,keis or ,muks4 ,"h ru9s ( ! ,hell5ic city are /ill to be se51 includ+ a great !at] cut out ( ! black basaltic rock4 ,gad>a 0 a /rong =tress z e>ly z ! "t ( ,antio*us ! ,great 9 #bah ,b4 ,c41#cjf & 0 aft]w>d besieg$ by ,alex&] ,jannu1#cjg #ajd-gi ,b4 ,c4 #f4 ,pella & ,dion4--,on ! ea/ ( ! ,jordan1 a little fur!r s\? ?an ,scy?opolis or ,be?-%ean1 b 9 ! deep depression ( ! riv] valley1 ,pella1 ano!r city ( ! ,decapolis1 0 situat$4 ,! site n[ be>s ! "n ,fahl4 ,! city is m5tion$ 9 ! li/ ( ,?o?mes ,,iii1 #aejc-addg ,b4 ,c41 z ,pahul4 ,pella is a ,greek =m ( ?is "n4 ,! ,greek city ( ,pella is said by ,/eph5 ( ,byzantium#cjh to h be5 f\nd$ by ,alex&] ! ,great4 ,9 ! ,talmud x is call$ ,pahal1#cji & ! mod]n "n ,fahl is an ,arabian =m ( ?is4 ,ext5sive ru9s ( ! ,hell5ic city are /ill visible at ,fahl4#caj ,dion is also said to h be5 f\nd$ by ,alex&] ! ,great & 0 app>5tly n f> f ,pella4 ,x is ?\ght by ,m]rill#caa & ,g4 ,a4 ,smi? to h be5 situat$ on ! site ( ! mod]n ,eidun1 ab\t tw5ty miles ea/ ( ,pella1 ?\gh ?is is d\bt$ by o!rs4#cab ,if ,dion 0 at ?is po9t few1 if any1 antiquities rema9 to be> witness to ! fact4 #g4 ,g]asa1 ! mod]n ,j]a%1 lay on "o ( ! tribut>ies ( ! ,jabbok ab\t fifty miles s\!a/ ( ,pella4 ,we d n "k :at ! "n ( ! place 0 9 ,old ,te/am5t times4 ,x is fir/ m5tion$ 9 ! "t ( ,alex&] ,jannu 7#ajd-gi ,b4 ,c474#cac ,x 0 !n call$ ,g]asa & 0 probably already at t "t a ,hell5ic city4 ,by :om x 0 built1 we d n "k1 b x 0 probably "o ( ! e>ly ,ptolemies ( ,egypt4 ,f #ajj ,b4 ,c4 till ! ,mohamm$an conque/ 9 #fcg ,a4 ,d41 x fl\ri%$ z a beautiful city1 & lat] x 0 a city ( "s importance4 ,x probably 0 ov]tak5 by "s calamity & ! site ( ! ,hell5ic city ab&on$ soon aft] ! ye> #fcg1 z !re are no ,arabic rema9s above ! ,grco-,roman mat]ial4 ,9 ! ye> #aaba ,baldw9 ,,ii1 ( ! ,lat9 k+dom ( ,j]usalem1 made a campaign aga9/ ,g]asa1 :]e ! rul] ( ,damascus _h caus$ a ca/le to be built4 ,9 ! next c5tury ! ,arabian geograph]1 ,yakut1 describes x z des]t$4 ,x appe>s to h be5 ru9$ by an e>?quake4 ,app>5tly ! ,hell5ic city at ,g]asa la/$ long] ?an any ( ! o!r cities ( ! ,decapolis unless x be ,kana?a4 ,"o c1 accord+ly1 ga9 f ! ru9s ( ,g]asa an excell5t idea ( ! g5]al appe>ance ( "o ( ^! cities4#cad ,! writ] has nev] se5 m beautiful ru9s ?an ^? at ,j]a% except ! ru9s at ,a!ns4 ,z "o approa*$ ! site f ! s\? he fac$ a beautiful ar*$ gateway4 ,aft] pass+ ?is gateway "o look$ nor?w>d d[n a long colonnad$ /reet1 :i* at a little di/ance f ! gate broad5$ out into a circul> =um4 ,at di/ances approximately equal f "o ano!r ?is ma9 /reet 0 cross$ by o!r colonnad$ /reets4 ,a numb] ( ^! columns are /&+ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! t[n4 ,! rema9s ( two impos+ temples1 ( two !at]s1 ( a l>ge ,*ri/ian basilica1 & ( v>i\s o!r build+s1 impress "o ) ! =m] glory ( ! city4 ,a numb] ( ! build+s at ,g]asa 7 built 9 ! second c5tury ,a4 ,d4 9 ! reign ( ! ,anton9es2 7see ,figs4 #bfh1 #bfi74 #h4 ,philadelphia1 ! mo/ s\!rly ( ! cities ( ! ,decapolis1 0 on ! site ( ,rabbah ,ammon 7,deut4 #c3aa2 ,jo%4 #ac3be2 #b ,sam4 #aa3a1 etc474 ,?is 0 situat$ on ! upp] ,jabbok ab\t tw5ty miles ea/ ( ! ,jordan valley1 :]e ,amman n[ lies4 ,! ,hell5ic city "h 0 built by ,ptolemy ,philadelphus ( ,egypt1 :o reign$ f #bhc-bdg ,b4 ,c4 ,x 0 nam$ ,philadelphia f him4 ,9 #bah ,b4 ,c4 ! city 0 tak5 by ,antio*us ,,iii1 :o captur$ ! ci/]n to :i* 9 "t ( siege ! ,philadelphians w5t = wat] by an und]gr\nd passage1#cae aft] :i* ?ir/ compell$ !m to surr5d]4 ,joab c5turies be=e _h captur$ ! city = ,david by ! same me?od1#caf & 9 #cj ,b4 ,c4 ,h]od ! ,great aga9 took x 9 ! same way4#cag ,! rema9s ( ! ,hell5ic temple1 ( ! !at]1 & ( o!r build+s1 includ+ a ,*ri/ian basilica1 are /ill to be se5 at ,amman4#cah ,9 ! f\r? c5tury ,a4 ,d4 ,philadelphia 0 "o ( ! prom95t cities ( ! ,roman prov9ce ( ,arabia2 7see ,figs4 #bgj1 #bga74 ,^! cities ( ! ,decapolis appe> to h be5 built on a simil> plan4 ,ea* _h a colonnad$ /reet ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! t[n1 ea* _h at lea/ "o temple & "o !at]1 & "s ( !m m4 ,all 7 ar*itecturally beautiful4 ,!y all possess$ a simil> gov]nm5t also1 & ea* appe>s to h controll$ ! villages 9 its di/rict4 #i4 ,jesus 9 ! ,decapolis4--,! prevail+ influ5ces 9 ! ,decapolis 7 pagan1 & yet !re 7 ,jews liv+ 9 x1 = multitudes ( !m f ! ,decapolis foll[$ ,jesus 7,matt4 #d3be74 ,on at lea/ two occasions our ,"l himself w5t into ! t]ritory ( ! ,decapolis4 ,we read 9 ,m>k #e3a t ,jesus & 8 disciples 8came to ! o!r side ( ! sea to ! c\ntry ( ! ,g]as5es40 ,! ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion reads 8to ! c\ntry ( ! ,gad>5es40 ,! c\ntry to :i* ,jesus came at ?is "t _c h be5 t ( ! ,decapolitan city ,g]asa1 =1 z we h se51 t lay f> to ! s\?4 ,x 0 9 a direct l9e ne>ly fifty miles f ! ,sea ( ,galilee4 ,nei!r c x h be5 to ! region ( ,gad>a t he came1 = ,gad>a lay at lea/ five miles to ! s\? across ! deep valley ( ! ,y>muk4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 on ! ea/ %ore ( ! ,sea ( ,galilee a t[n call$ ,g]gesa1 ! mod]n ,kursi4 ,?is place 0 ne> ! city ( ,hippos1 & possibly "o ( ! t[ns subord9ate to ,hippos4 ,z ,jesus & ! disciples walk$ back f ! sea !y met ! demoniac1 :om ,jesus heal$4 ,x 0 9 connection ) ?is heal+ t ! h]d ( sw9e 0 de/roy$--an incid5t t c\ld happ5 9 no "p ( ,pale/9e except ,decapolis or ,phili/ia1 = sw9e 7 unclean to ,jews & !y nev] kept !m4 ,! demoniac1 :5 cur$1 w5t & prea*$ ,jesus 9 ! ,decapolis 7,m>k #e3bj74 ,aga91 t[>d ! end ( ! m9i/ry ( ,jesus1 aft] he _h )drawn = a "t to ,phnicia1 he return$ by cross+ ! high l&s ( nor!rn ,galilee & com+ d[n ea/ ( ! ,jordan 8?r\gh ! mid/ ( ! bord]s ( ,decapolis0 7,m>k #g3ca74 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,a!ns1 ,,cor9?1 ,,& ,,! ,,*ur*es ,,( ,,asia ,,a!ns4 ,,cor9?4 ,,! ,,*ur*es ,,( ,,asia3 ,ephesus4 ,p]gamum4 ,?yatira4 ,s>dis4 ,philadelphia4 ,smyrna4 ,laodicea4 ,! great] "p ( ,biblical hi/ory 0 enact$ 9 ,pale/9e & ! great valleys ( ,mesopotamia & ! ,nile4 ,! ,apo/le ,paul1 h[ev]1 broke ! ,jewi% bonds ( primitive ,*ri/ianity & c>ri$ ! ,gospel to ! coa/s ( ! gean ,sea4 ,9 cities ( ?is region he sp5t ye>s ( 8 active mission>y life2 to *ur*es ( ?is region mo/ ( 8 epi/les 7 s5t1 & to *ur*es ( ?is "p ( ! _w ! sev5 messages to ! *ur*es 7 address$4 ,we _c1 !re=e1 conclude ?is sket* ( :at ar*ology has done to ?r[ light ^u ! ,bible )\t say+ a few words conc]n+ exploration & excavations 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ,greece & ,asia ,m9or4 ,x w be impossible = lack ( space to g ?or\ghly into ! hi/ory ( ?is region1 b z ^! l&s 7 n1 l ,egypt1 ,babylonia1 ,assyria1 & ,pale/9e1 closely connect$ ) ,biblical hi/ory = a long p]iod1 detail$ hi/ory ( !m be=e ! ,apo/olic age w n be miss$ by ! /ud5t ( ! ,bible4 ,! results ( scatt]$ discov]ies at ,!ssalonica & else:]e w be pres5t$ 9 ,"p ,,ii1 ,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,at ?is po9t att5tion w be direct$ to a few important cities4 #a4 ,a!ns1 ! *ief city ( ,attica1 "o ( ! lea/ productive p>ts ( ,greece1 is ! f>-fam$ mi/ress ( ! _w's culture & art4 ,em]g+ f obscurity 9 ! sev5? c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 ga9+ a position ( lead]%ip 9 ! ,p]sian w>s aft] #ejj ,b4 ,c41 ,a!ns e/abli%$ a consid]able empire4 ,9 ?is p]iod fell ! age ( ,p]icles1 #dfj-dbi ,b4 ,c41 :5 ! arti/ic & lit]>y g5ius ( ,a!ns rea*$ a height nev] equal$ 9 human hi/ory4 ,socrates 0 born "h 9 #dfi & liv$ till #cii ,b4 ,c4 ,"h ,plato1 :o 0 born ab\t #dbh1 became a pupil ( ,socrates & aft]w>d taught4 ,hi!r came ,ari/otle1 aft] ! ye> #cfg1 to sit at ,plato's feet4 ,"h f ! age ( ,p]icles ! acropolis 0 cr[n$ ) ^? ar*itectural creations t are at once ! admiration & ! despair ( ! _w2 7see ,fig4 #bgg74 ,x /irs ! imag9ation to ?9k ( ,paul 9 su* a city4 ,9 ! "t ( ,paul1 ,a!ns 0 a ,roman city1 ?\gh /ill "o ( ! great arti/ic & philosophical c5t]s ( ! _w4 ,at a little di/ance f ! acropolis on its nor!rn side1 a =um ( ! ,roman p]iod 0 laid b>e 9 #ahia2 7see ,fig4 #bgb74 ,possibly ?is is ! m>ket-place 9 :i* ,paul1 dur+ 8 /ay !re1 reason$ e day ) !m t met him 7,acts #ag3ag71 ?\gh ( ?is we _c be c]ta91 =1 :ile ?is 0 a m>ket-place 9 ! ,roman p]iod1 ! old] m>ket ( ! ,a!nian p lay to ! we/w>d ( x4 ,to ! we/ ( ! acropolis lies ! old ,areopagus1 or ,m>s' ,hill 7,fig4 #bgc71 f :i* x 0 long suppos$ t ,paul made ! address record$ 9 ,acts #ag3bb-ca4 ,ramsay1#cai foll[+ ,curtius1 has made x probable t ! address 0 deliv]$ to ! city-fa!rs ( ,a!ns1 n because !y 7 putt+ ,paul to a judicial trial1 b because !y wi%$ to see :e!r he 0 to be all[$ to tea* ,*ri/ianity1 :i* !y took = a new philosophy1 9 ! univ]sity ( ,a!ns--= ,a!ns itself 0 a k9d ( univ]sity4 ,x seems probable t ! meet+s ( ! city-fa!rs1 :o 7 collectively call$ ! ,areopagus 7,acts #ag3bb71 7 held n on ! top ( ! rock1 b 9 ! m>ket-place4 ,! ,a!nian alt> 8to an unkn[n god0 is treat$ 9 ,"p ,,ii1 ,*apt] ,,xxvii1 #b4 #b4 ,cor9?4--,f ,a!ns1 ,paul w5t to ,cor9?1 :]e he sp5t a ye> & a half 7,acts #ah3a1 #aa74 ,cor9? 0 "o ( ! old cities ( ,greece4 ,9 ,hom]ic & e>li] times x appe>s to h be5 subject to ,argos4 ,situat$ on ! i/hmus betwe5 nor!rn ,greece & ! ,peloponnesus1 ! sea-trade ( ,cor9? made x an important city4 ,x rose to prom95ce 9 ! sev5? c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 ,at "s e>ly "t =eign]s f ! ea/1 probably ,phnicians1 _h settl$ 9 ,cor9? & e/abli%$ ! wor%ip ( ! ,semitic goddess ,a/>te on ,acro-,cor9?us1 a hill t rises "s five hundr$ feet above ! city4 ,! goddess 0 "h kn[n z ,aphrodite1#cbj & ! debas+ "* ( h] wor%ip t5d$ to fo/] t lack ( s5sitiv5ess 9 matt]s ( social morality ) :i* ,paul deals 9 8 ,fir/ ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians4 ,! trade ( ,cor9? made x ri* & its ri*es excit$ ! enmity ( ,rome4 ,x 0 accord+ly de/roy$ by ! ,romans 9 #adf ,b4 ,c41 b a c5tury lat] 0 rebuilt by ,julius ,cs>4 ,anci5t ,cor9? has n[ entirely vani%$4 ,excavations 7 begun at ,cor9? by ! ,am]ican ,s*ool ( ,classical ,/udies at ,a!ns 9 #ahif "u ! direction ( ! late ,pr(4 ,rufus ,b4 ,ri*>dson4 ,! "w has be5 c>ri$ =w>d season by season ev] s9ce4#cba ,al?\gh !re 7 no topographical indications to help ! excavators at ! />t1 ! !at]1 ! ,agora or m>ket-place1 a ,roman /reet1 ! road to ,le*um1 & ! temple ( ,apollo h be5 discov]$2 7,figs4 #bgd1 #bgf74 ,( greate/ int]e/ to ! /ud5t ( ! ,bible is a /one discov]$ 9 #ahih on ! ,le*um road ne> ! propyla1 or gateway lead+ to ! m>ket-place4 ,?is /one once =m$ ! l9tel ( a door & bore an inscription 9 ,greek lett]s4 ,al?\gh ! beg9n+ & ! end ( ! two words writt5 on x are brok5 away1 x is cle> t ! inscription 0 8,synagogue ( ! ,hebrews40#cbb ,! cutt+ ( ! lett]s 0 poorly done1 & ! block 0 a second-h& "o1 adapt$ f "s o!r use4 ,x seems probable1 !re=e1 t ! ,jewi% community at ,cor9? 0 n weal?y4 ,! block 0 ( consid]able size & s 0 probably f\nd n f> f :]e ! synagogue /ood4 ,if s1 ?is synagogue1 :i* is probably id5tical ) ! "o 9 :i* ,paul prea*$ 7,acts #ah3d71 /ood on ! ,le*um road n f> f ! m>ket-place4 ,o!r discov]ies 9 ! neighborhood indicate t ?is 0 a resid5ce qu>t] ( ! city1 & we le>n f ,acts #ah3g t ! h\se ( ,titus ,ju/us1 :]e app>5tly ,paul organiz$ ! fir/ *ur* 9 ,cor9?1 8jo9$ h>d to ! synagogue40 ,! h\se ( ,ju/us mu/1 !n1 h be5 "h1 & ! ,le*um road (t5 e*o$ to ! foot/eps ( ,paul4 ,probably ! judgm5t-seat to :i* ! ,jews dragg$ ,paul = ! he>+ be=e ,gallio 7,acts #ah3ab7 0 9 ! m>ket-place1 s t ! excavations h reveal$ to u ! p>ts ( ,cor9? ( special int]e/ to a read] ( ! ,bible4 #c4 ,! ,*ur*es ( ,asia4 7#a7 ,ephesus 0 situat$ on ! ,cay/] riv] 9 we/]n ,asia ,m9or1 ab\t ?ree miles f ! sea1 b 9 anci5t times ! sea 0 navigable up z f> z ! city4 ,cities :i* =m ! po9t ( contact betwe5 l& & sea traffic become 9 mo/ c\ntries popul\s & weal?y4 ,9 we/]n ,asia ,m9or f\r cities1 situat$ at ! m\?s ( ! f\r riv] valleys ?r\gh :i* c>avans c\ld proce$ into ! int]ior1 became popul\s & important4 ,^! 7 ,miletus 7see ,acts #bj3ae1 #ag1 f47 at ! m\? ( ! ,m&]1 ,ephesus at ! m\? ( ! ,cay/]1 ,smyrna at ! m\? ( ! ,h]mus1 & ,p]gamum on ! ,caicus4 ,9 ! e>lie/ times kn[n to u ,ephesus 0 eclips$ 9 importance by ,miletus1 b be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era ,ephesus _h out/ripp$ h] rival4 ,?is 0 due to sev]al causes1 "o ( :i* 0 ! p>tial silt+ up ( ! h>bor ( ,miletus4 ,9 ,roman times ,ephesus lay on ! great l9e ( communication betwe5 ,rome & ! ,ea/ 9 g5]al4#cbc ,9 lat] c5turies ! h>bor ( ,ephesus 0 9 its turn silt$ up1 & ! site is n[ des]t$ except = a neighbor+ wret*$ ,turki% village4 ,9 ,hom]'s ,iliad#cbd ! ,c>ians are call$ ! 8b>b>\s-speak+ ,c>ians40 ,?is w\ld indicate t !y 7 n ,greek1 & x is ?\ght by "s t !y may at ?is "t h be5 ( ,hittite /ock4 ,miletus 0 9 ,c>ia1 & at t "t ,ephesus also4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! e>lie/ inhabitants ( ,ephesus 7 n ,greek1 b ( ,asiatic orig94 ,!y e/abli%$ "h1 ei!r on a m\nta9 top ab\t five miles f ! sea1 j above ! mod]n railway /ation ( ,ayassuluk1 or on a m\nta9 a little to ! s\?1 ! wor%ip ( an ,asiatic goddess1 probably ,hittite4 ,lat]1 9 ! sev5? c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 ! ,ionian ,greeks came & settl$ among ! ,asiatics4 ,!y id5tifi$ ! goddess ) _! own ,artemis 7,au?oriz$ ,v]sion1 ,diana71 & mov$ h] temple d[n into ! pla91#cbe :]e x cont9u$ to /& f> into ,*ri/ian times4 ,9 ! six? c5tury ,b4 ,c4 ,ephesus 0 conqu]$ by ! ,lydians1 & !n by ! ,p]sians4 ,9 lat] c5turies x pass$ "u ! control ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 ( ! ,seleucid ( ,syria1 & ( ! k+s ( ,p]gamum4 ,9 #acc ,b4 ,c4 x pass$ ) ! re/ ( ! k+dom ( ,p]gamum into ! h&s ( ,rome & became a "p ( ! ,roman ,prov9ce ( ,asia4 ,because ( its situation x quickly became ! mo/ important city ( ! prov9ce4 ,x 0 not$ = its weal? & its comm]ce4 ,rome became ! patron ( ,hell5ic culture 9 ! ,ea/1 s ,ephesus 01 ( c\rse1 made an ar*itecturally beautiful city4 ,at fir/ ,p]gamum 0 ! capital ( ! ,prov9ce ( ,asia4 ,9 ! second & ?ird c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian era ,ephesus _h become ! capital4 ,bu*n]#cbf ?9ks t ?is transf] 0 made 9 ! reign ( ,claudius1 #da-ed ,a4 ,d4 ,if ?is 7 true1 ,ephesus 0 ! capital ( ! prov9ce at ! "t ( ,paul's resid5ce !re1 b !re is consid]able d\bt ab\t ! facts1 & 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! second c5tury ,a4 ,d4 ,p]gamum /ill rank$ z ! (ficial capital4#cbg ,! temple ( ,artemis lay ab\t two miles to ! nor!a/ ( ! anci5t city4 ,its site 0 det]m9$ 9 #ahfi by ! ,engli% explor]1 ,j4 ,t4 ,wood1 :o p>tially excavat$ x 7#ahfi-ahgd74cbh ,wood br\ght to light v>i\s m>ble fragm5ts :i* are pres]v$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 b he 0 m int]e/$ 9 mak+ conjectural re/orations ( ! temple ?an 9 tell+ :at he f\nd4 ,z he 0 n an exp]t 9 anci5t ar*itecture 8 "w is1 accord+ly1 unsatisfactory4 ,9 #aijd-aije1 ! ,briti% ,museum employ$ ,mr4 ,hog>? to complete ! excavation ( ! site4 ,hog>? c>ri$ ! excavation d[n to ! virg9 soil1 &1 be+ a skill$ ar*ologi/1 he 0 able to recon/ruct ! hi/ory ( ! build+4#cbi ,!re seems to h be5 a small tree %r9e on ! site ( ! temple be=e ! ,ionians came4 ,betwe5 ! sev5? c5tury & ! fif?1 ?ree diff]5t /ructures 7 erect$ on ! spot4 ,! la/ ( ^! 0 call$ ! temple ( ,crsus1 because ?is k+ ( ,lydia pres5t$ "s beautiful columns to x1 ?\gh ! /ructure 0 n complet$ till a c5tury aft] 8 "t1 or #dcj ,b4 ,c4 ,?is /ructure 0 burn$ 9 #cef ,b4 ,c4 on ! night t ,alex&] ! ,great 0 born4 ,lat] a l>g] temple1 #dbe by #bbj feet1 0 built on ! site1 ) ! help ( contributions f ! :ole ( ,asia4 ,?is 0 /&+ until long aft] ,paul's "t4 ,x 0 v beautiful4 ,"s ( ! porphyry columns n[ 9 ,santa ,sophia at ,con/ant9ople are said to h be5 tak5 f x4 ,x has be5 ?\ght by "s t ?is beautiful temple sugge/$ to ,paul 8 figure 9 #a ,cor4 #c3aj-ag1 s9ce ! words 7 writt5 f ,ephesus4 ,?is temple 0 v5]at$ ov] all ( we/]n ,asia ,m9or4 ,to x came _m pilgrims e ye>1 to :om ,ephesian silv]smi?s sold little replicas ( ! temple4 ,x 0 because ,*ri/ianity became s popul> ?r\gh ! prea*+ ( ,paul t ! pr(itable sale ( ^! %r9es 0 int]f]$ )1 t ! riot 9 ,ephesus occurr$ z describ$ 9 ,acts #ai3bc-da4 ,be=e ,mr4 ,wood _h discov]$ ! site ( ! temple he _h discov]$ ! !at] )9 ! limits ( ! anci5t city4 ,?is has be5 exam9$ m ?or\ghly by ! ,au/rian1 ,dr4 ,wib]g1 :o1 beg9n+ 9 #ahid1 conduct$ excavations at ,ephesus = _m ye>s4 ,all ! l[] p>ts ( ?is !at] /ill rema9 7see ,figs4 #bhj1 #bha7 & br+ vividly to ! imag9ation ! assembly held 9 x on ! occasion ( ! riot j ref]r$ to4 7,see ,acts #ai3bi-da47 ,! ,au/rians h also laid b>e a consid]able "p ( ! c5tral /reet ( ! ,ephesus ( ,roman times2 7see ,fig4 #bgh74 ,a little to ! nor? ( ! !at] is ! anci5t /adium4 ,"s s*ol>s ?9k t :5 ,paul says 9 #a ,cor4 #ae3cb1 8,if aft] ! mann] ( m5 ,i f\ght ) bea/s at ,ephesus10 he is speak+ ( an incid5t t lit]ally occurr$1 & suppose t he 0 actually condemn$ to be ?r[n to ! bea/s 9 ! /adium1 to make a spectacle = ! ,ephesian populace1 & t 9 "s way he escap$ alive4 ,x is possible t ?is may be true4 ,if s1 ?is /adium 7see ,fig4 #bhb7 pres5ts to ! eye a spot :i* is ( great int]e/ to e ,*ri/ian4 ,ephesus1 z ! "m-*ur* ( ! *ur*es ( ,asia1 is ! fir/ "o to :i* 9 ! book ( ,revelation a lett] is address$4 ,by ! "t ,revelation 0 writt5 ! fir/ gl[ ( ,*ri/ian en?usiasm _h worn (f1 gno/ic h]esy _h f\nd a place 9 ! ,*ur*1 & its 8fir/ love0 0 gone4 7#b7 ,p]gamum1 ! mod]n ,b]gama1 lay 9 ! valley ( ! ,caicus 9 ,mysia1 ab\t fifte5 miles f ! sea4 ,! city 0 built on a hill ab\t ?ree miles nor? ( ! riv]4 ,x 0 app>5tly a place ( "s importance at a comp>atively e>ly date1 b its *ief importance began ) ! reign ( ,philetrus1 :o made x an indep5d5t k+dom & rul$ x f #bhd-bfc ,b4 ,c4 ,philetrus _h be5 a tru/$ s]vant ( ,lysima*us1 ,k+ ( ,?race1 "o ( ! tru/$ g5]als ( ,alex&] ! ,great4 ,"u ! dyna/y f\nd$ by ,philetrus1 ,p]gamum became "o ( ! *ief seats ( ,hell5ic culture4 ,eum5es ,i 7#bfc-bda ,b4 ,c47 endeavor$ to make ,p]gamum a rival ( ,alex&ria z a lit]>y c5t]1 & :5 ! k+ ( ,egypt =bade ! exportation ( papyrus 9 ord] to *eck ! lit]>y aspirations ( ,p]gamum1 ! s]vants ( ,eum5es inv5t$ a prep>$ k9d ( sk9 on :i* to write4 ,x 0 call$ p]gam5a1 b "t has corrupt$ x to 8p>*m5t40 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! second c5tury be=e ,*ri/ ! k+dom ( ,p]gamum includ$ all ( we/]n ,asia ,m9or nor? ( ! ,taurus4 ,:5 9 #acc ,b4 ,c4 ,attalus ,,iii1 ! la/ ( ! k+s ( ,p]gamum1 di$1 he left 8 k+dom by w to ! ,roman republic1 ) :i* ,p]gamum _h long be5 9 alliance4 ,rome ?us came into possession ( h] ,prov9ce ( ,asia1 ! fir/ ( h] ,ori5tal prov9ces4 ,p]gamum 0 its capital1 c]ta9ly until ! reign ( ,claudius1 & probably until ! second c5tury ,a4 ,d4 ,! ,romans reg>d$ !mselves z ! patrons ( ,hell5ic culture 9 ! ,ea/ & = c5turies kept ,p]gamum ! beautiful city :i* ! ,p]gam5e k+s _h made x4 ,b]gama1 ! squalid mod]n ,turki% city1 lies ap>t f ! spl5did ru9s ( ! anci5t t[n2 7see ,fig4 #bhc74 ,m ?an ?irty ye>s ago ! ,g]mans began to explore & to excavate at ,p]gamum1#ccj & ! ,museum at ,b]l9 is enri*$ ) _m beautiful objects f\nd !re4 ,! visitor to ,p]gamum may /ill see1 h[ev]1 ! great gymnasium ) _m graceful columns /ill /&+4 ,above x1 on a high] slope1 are ! sites ( !at]s & temples1 & ! great alt> ( ,zeus4 ,f>!r up ! hill /ood ! temple ( ,a!n ,polias1 :i* 0 also a libr>y1 & above ?is ! temple ( ,rome & ( ,augu/us4 ,9 ,rev4 #b3ac ! *ur* at ,p]gamum is said to dwell :]e 8,satan's ?rone is40 ,int]pret]s h be5 divid$ 9 op9ion z to :e!r ?is is a ref]5ce to ! wor%ip ( sculapius1 or to ! pres5ce ( ! great ?rone-l alt> ( ,zeus1 or to ! fact t ,p]gamum 0 ! seat ( ! wor%ip ( ! ,roman emp]or4#cca ,on ! :ole1 x seems probable t 8,satan's ?rone0 is a ref]5ce to ! fact t ,p]gamum 0 ! seat ( ! gov]nm5t & ( ! wor%ip ( ! emp]or ( ,rome4 ,:5 ,augu/us inaugurat$ emp]or-wor%ip 9 ord] to give ! empire a bond ( common s5tim5t1 ! fir/ temple ( ! cult 0 erect$ at ,p]gamum4 ,?is 0 9 #bi ,b4 ,c4 ,"u ,vespasian & 8 successors x became a te/ ( "o's ,*ri/ianity :e!r he w\ld or w\ld n#ccb (f] inc5se to ! /atue ( ! emp]or1 & ,*ri/ians 7 (t5 p]secut$ because !y w\ld n4 ,x is probable t 9 ! rema9s ( ! temple to ! emp]or ar*ologi/s h br\ght to light ,satan's ?rone4 ,if1 h[ev]1 t ?rone 7 ! alt> ( ,zeus1 x has nev]!less be5 br\ght to light4 7#c7 ,?yatira1 ! mod]n ,ak-,hiss>1 lay 9 a valley :i* jo9$ ! valley ( ! ,h]mus to ! valley ( ! ,caicus4 ,! g5]al direction ( ?is valley 0 nor? & s\?4 ,x 0 made an important city by ,seleucus ,i ( ,syria 7#cab-bhb ,b4 ,c47 9 ! latt] "p ( 8 reign4 ,be=e ?is x _h be5 an obscure village4 ,josephus decl>es#ccc t ,seleucus made ,jews citiz5s ( ! cities :i* he f\nd$ 9 ,asia1 & app>5tly ,?yatira 0 "o ( ^!1 = !re appe>s to h be5 a fl\ri%+ ,jewi% colony !re4 ,a little lat] ?an ,seleucus1 ,?yatira became a city ( ,p]gamum1 & pass$ 9 #acc ,b4 ,c4 ) ! t]ritories ( t realm "u ! dom9ion ( ,rome4 ,?yatira 0 not$ = its dye+4 ,madd] root1 ) :i* !y dy$ a ,turkey-r$1 gr[s abundantly 9 ! neighborhood4#ccd ,z ! anci5ts employ$ ! names ( colors ) great laxity1 ?is 0 (t5 t]m$ purple4 ,lydia1 an ent]pris+ sell] ( ?is purple1 a ,jewess f ,?yatira1 0 pres5t at ,philippi :5 ,paul & ,silas prea*$ !re 7,acts #af3ad74 ,lydia 0 conv]t$1 & p]haps x 0 %e :o c>ri$ ! ,gospel back to ,?yatira4 ,no?+ has be5 discov]$ at ,?yatira t ?r[s light on ! message to its *ur* 9 ,rev4 #b3ah-bi4 7#d7 ,s>dis 0 "o ( ! olde/ cities ( we/]n ,asia4 ,x is situat$ on ! s\? side ( ! great valley ( ! ,h]mus1 j at ! po9t :]e ! riv] ,pactolus issues f ! ,tmolus m\nta9s4 ,pott]y f\nd 9 ! c\rse ( excavations !re c>ries its hi/ory back to sub-,myc5an1 if n to ,myc5an1 times4#cce ,x 0 ! seat ( ! wor%ip ( ,atys or ,cybele1 a goddess t seems to h be5 k9dr$ to ! "m-goddess ( ! ,hittites4 ,x is probable t1 c\ld we p5etrate back f> en\gh1 we %\ld f9d t ! place 0 once occupi$ by ,hittites4 ,h]odotus traces ! desc5t ( ! fir/ dyna/y t rul$ ov] ! c\ntry to ! goddess j m5tion$4#ccf ,foll[+ ?is dyna/y 01 he says1 ano!r ( tw5ty-"o k+s :o rul$ be=e ! dyna/y f\nd$ by ,gyges4 ,! ,lydian k+dom ( :i* we "k began ) ,gyges 9 #fig ,b4 ,c4 & end$ ) ,crsus 9 #edf ,b4 ,c4 ,lydian inscriptions f\nd at ,s>dis are writt5 9 ! same alphabet z ,etruscan inscriptions f\nd 9 ,italy4 ,?is indicates t ! ,lydians & ,etruscans 7 closely ak91 b1 z ! inscriptions h n yet be5 deciph]$1 !y d n ?r[ mu* light on ei!r p4#ccg ,x is possible t bo? peoples 7 relat$ to ! ,hittites1 b t is at pres5t only a hypo!sis4 ,! m\nta9s to ! s\? ( ,s>dis are compos$ l>gely ( gravel deposits left !re by ! melt+ ( ! glaci]s at ! end ( ! la/ glacial p]iod4 ,f ^! gravels ! ,pactolus br\ght d[n gold 9 anci5t times4 ,?is 0 "o ( ! s\rces ( ! weal? ( ! ,lydian k+s1 & contribut$ to ^? ri*es :i* are /ill celebrat$ 9 ! say+3 8,z ri* z ,crsus40 ,! ,lydian k+dom fell :5 ,cyrus captur$ ,s>dis 9 #edf ,b4 ,c4 ,) ! fall ( ! ,p]sian empire ! city pass$ into ! h&s ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 & subsequ5tly into ! h&s ( 8 g5]al1 ,antigon\s1 !n to ! ,seleucid ( ,syria1 !n to ! k+s ( ,p]gamum1 & s to ! dom9ion ( ,rome4 ,9 #ag ,a4 ,d4 ,s>dis 0 %ak5 by a great e>?quake :i* ne>ly de/roy$ ! city4 ,a mass ( gravel & conglom]ate rock 0 !n hurl$ f ! hill ( ! ,acropolis ( ,s>dis d[n into ! city t[>d ! temple1 :]e ! "w ( ! excavator %[s t x /ill lies4#cch ,a "p ( ! city mu/ h be5 buri$ "u x4 ,! city recov]$ f ?is disa/] & by ! end ( ! fir/ c5tury a ,*ri/ian *ur* exi/$ !re 7,rev4 #c3a-f74 ,s>dis cont9u$ to be a city ( importance until #adjj-adjc ,a4 ,d41 :5 ! ,t>t> conqu]or1 ,timur or ,tam]lane1 swept ov] ! c\ntry de/roy+ ev]y?+ be=e him4 ,f ?is de/ruction ,s>dis nev] recov]$4 ,two or ?ree t9y wret*$ ,turki% villages are n[ all t occupy ! spot4#cci ,! ,acropolis ( ,s>dis 0 compos$ ( gravel & a comp>atively s(t conglom]ate rock4 ,x looks impos+ & 9 anci5t times look$ f> m impos+ ?an n[4 ,x has be5 gradually crumbl+ away ?r\gh ! c5turies4 ,ramsay ?9ks t ?is in/ability on ! "p ( ! city itself is allud$ to 9 ! words1 8?\ ha/ a "n t ?\ live/1 & ?\ art dead0 & 9 ! exhortation to be wat*ful & to /r5g!n ! ?+s t rema91 :i* foll[s x 7,rev4 #c3a1 #b72 7see ,fig4 #bhd74 ,excavations 7 begun at ,s>dis by ,pr9ceton ,univ]sity "u ! direction ( ,pr(4 ,h[>d ,crosby ,butl] 9 #aiji1 & ! digg+ cont9u$ = five seasons until int]rupt$ by ! great w>4#cdj ,! "w began at ! po9t :]e two columns ( ! anci5t temple ( ,cybele 7 /ill protrud+ f ! soil4 ,! temple has be5 cle>$ & a consid]able area ar\nd x has be5 exam9$4 ,x appe>s t ! temple 0 built 9 ! f\r? c5tury ,b4 ,c41 t x suff]$ greatly 9 ! e>?quake ( #ag ,a4 ,d41 & nev] 0 z spl5did aft]w>ds1 ?\gh x 0 /ill 9 use 9 ! second c5tury ,a4 ,d4#cda ,_m objects h be5 discov]$ :i* ?r[ light ^u ! hi/ory & art ( ,lydia1 & two bi-l+ual inscriptions1 "o ,lydian & ,aramaic1 ! o!r ,lydian & ,greek1 7 f\nd4 ,^! may af=d ! key to ! deciph]m5t ( bo? ,lydian & ,etruscan4 ,jewelry resembl+ ,etruscan jewelry f\nd 9 ,italy 0 also discov]$4#cdb ,to ! /ud5t ( ! ,bible ! mo/ int]e/+ discov]y at ,s>dis 0 a little ,*ri/ian *ur* built at ! s\!a/ corn] ( ! temple4#cdc ,! entrance to ?is *ur* 0 f ! temple plat=m itself4 ,! /ructure 0 entirely ( brick & 0 9 a rem>kably good /ate ( pres]vation4 ,! build+ _h app>5tly lo/ only its wood5 ro(4 ,! apse ( ! *ur* 0 t[>d ! ea/1 & /ill conta9$ its primitive alt>4 ,x is unc]ta9 at :at date alt>s became a "p ( ,*ri/ian wor%ip4 ,orig5 9 ! ?ird c5tury ,a4 ,d4 admits ! *>ge ( ,celsus t ! ,*ri/ians _h no visible alt>1#cdd b ,eusebius#cde 9 ! next c5tury speaks z ?\gh alt>s exi/$ ?r\gh\t ! ,*ri/ian _w4 ,?is *ur* at ,s>dis 0 built aft] ! temple ( ,cybele _h fall5 into disuse1 & ev5 if n e>li] ?an ! f\r? c5tury ( our era1 ?is little /ructure is evid5ce t ! "n ( ! *ur* _h n be5 blott$ out ( ! book ( life 7,rev4 #c3e71 b t x _h r appropriat$ to itself ! once spl5did prec9cts ( ! anci5t hea!n goddess4 7#e7 ,philadelphia 0 situat$ tw5ty-eight miles ea/ ( ,s>dis1 & lay 9 ! valley ( ! ,cogamis1 a tribut>y ( ! ,h]mus4 ,x is /ill a fl\ri%+ city ( ab\t #ae1jjj inhabitants4 ,x is n[ call$ ,ala-,%eh]4#cdf ,x is n to be conf\nd$ ) ! ,philadelphia ( ! ,decapolis 9 ,pale/9e4#cdg ,philadelphia 0 f\nd$ by ,attalus ,,ii1 ,k+ ( ,p]gamum1 #aei-ach ,b4 ,c41 :o 0 call$ ,philadelphus because ( 8 devotion to 8 pr$ecessor & bro!r1 ,eum5es ,,ii4 ,h5ce ! city 0 nam$ ,philadelphia4 ,x 0 f\nd$ = ! purpose ( spread+ ,hell5ism 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ,lydia1 & s 0 a mission>y city f ! fir/4 ,) ! o!r ,p]gam5e t]ritories x became a dep5d5cy ( ,rome 9 #acc ,b4 ,c4 ,9 #ag ,a4 ,d4 x suff]$ sev]ely f ! same e>?quake t de/roy$ ,s>dis4 ,inde$1 at ,philadelphia ! quak+s 7 ev5 m sev]e4 ,! trembl+ ( ! e>? la/$ = a long "t4 ,:5 ,/rabo wrote 9 #bj ,a4 ,d4 e>?quake %ocks at ,philadelphia 7 an e-day occurr5ce4 ,few p liv$ 9 ! city2 mo/ ( ! inhabitants sp5t _! "t outside4#cdh ,allusion to ?is is1 p]haps1 made 9 ,rev4 #c3ab3 8he %all g out !nce no m40 ,aft] ! e>?quake ! city appeal$ to ,rome = help4 ,tib]ius grant$ x & also p]mitt$ ! city to *ange its "n to ,neocs>ea1 or ! city ( ! "y ,cs>4#cdi ,?is1 too1 seems to be allud$ to 9 ,rev4 #c3ab1 :]e ano!r new "n is to be conf]r$4 ,at ,ala-,%eh] a "p ( ! city wall ( ,philadelphia may /ill be trac$1 & ! sites ( ! acropolis1 ! !at]1 & ! /adium may also be se51 z well z ! ru9s ( an old ,*ri/ian *ur*4#cej 7#f7 ,smyrna1 at ! m\? ( ! ,h]mus1 is "o ( ! v old cities ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,a colony ( olian ,greeks f\nd$ a city "h m ?an a ?\s& ye>s be=e ,*ri/4 ,a little lat] ! place 0 captur$ by ,ionian ,greeks1 :o held x till ab\t #fjj ,b4 ,c41 :5 x 0 conqu]$ by ! k+s ( ,lydia & de/roy$4#cea ,= ?ree hundr$ ye>s ! "n designat$ a di/rict r ?an a city4 ,lysima*us1 ! g5]al ( ,alex&] ! ,great :o became k+ ( ,?race 7#cja-bhb ,b4 ,c471 ref\nd$ ,smyrna z a ,greek city ab\t ?ree miles s\?we/ ( ! old site1 & x has cont9u$ ev] s9ce to be an important seaport ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,x pass$ ) ! o!r cities ( ! region successively "u ! sway ( ! k+s ( ,syria1 ! k+s ( ,p]gamum1 & ( ,rome4 ,smyrna is today "o ( ! l>ge/ cities ( ! ,ea/ ) a population ( betwe5 two & ?ree hundr$ ?\s&4 ,smyrna claim$ to be ! bir?place ( ,hom]4 lius ,ari/ides 7born #aag ,a4 ,d471 :o liv$ at ,smyrna1 sev]al times lik5s ! city to a cr[n1 & app>5tly ! cr[n 0 9 "s way associat$ ) ,smyrna2 7see ,fig4 #bhg74 ,! goddess ( ! place1 :o 0 a k9d ( ,cybele1 is pictur$ z we>+ a cr[n4#ceb ,?is is1 no d\bt1 ! reason :y 9 ,rev4 #b3aj a cr[n ( life is promis$ to ! *ur* ( ,smyrna if %e is fai?ful4 ,no excavations h be5 made at ,smyrna1 b above ! city ! tomb ( ,polyc>p1#cec said 9 tradition to h be5 a disciple ( ! ,apo/le ,john1 is %[n4 ,polyc>p 0 m>tyr$ 9 #aee ,a4 ,d4 9 "o ( ^? times ( tribulation pr$ict$ 9 ,rev4 #b3aj4 7#g7 ,laodicea is situat$ a hundr$ miles ea/ ( ,ephesus1 9 ! valley ( ! ,lycus1 :]e ! ,lycus empties into ! ,m&]4 ,x 0 f\nd$ by ,antio*us ,,ii ( ,syria1 #bfa-bdf ,b4 ,c41#ced & nam$ = 8 wife4 ,l ,philadelphia1 x 0 design$ to be a mission>y ( ,hell5ism to ! c\ntry ( ! region4 ,l ! o!r ,hell5ic cities x 0 beautifi$ ) temples1 !at]s1 & colonnad$ /reets4 ,lat] ,laodicea pass$ "u ! control ( ,p]gamum1 & ) t k+dom fell to ,rome 9 #acc ,b4 ,c4 ,an influ5tial elem5t 9 its population 0 ,jewi%1 & be=e ,paul's imprisonm5t 9 ,rome a ,*ri/ian *ur* _h be5 f\nd$ !re 7,col4 #d3ac74 ,! city ( ,laodicea appe>s to h be5 devot$ to comm]ce & to mat]ial ?+s4 ,9 ,rev4 #c3ae its *ur* is said to h be5 lukew>m4 ,except t its lukew>mness may h come f its comm]cial _s1 !re is no?+ 9 ! hi/ory or ar*ology ( ! city t illu/rates ! lett]#cee to x 9 ,rev4 #c3ad-bb4 ,! site ( ,laodicea is n[ almo/ des]t$4 ,only ! wret*$ ,turki% village ( ,eski ,hiss> repres5ts habitation1 b hundr$s ( acres are cov]$ ) ! ru9s ( ! once spl5did city4 ,= hundr$s ( ye>s ! villag]s ( neighbor+ hamlets h us$ ! place z a qu>ry1 b nev]!less its ru9s are impressive4 ,two !at]s are 9 a fairly good /ate ( pres]vation2 ! seats are /ill 9 place4#cef ,! /adium is 9 a simil> condition ( pres]vation4 ,its aqu$uct & its gates are /ill impos+ 9 _! dilapidation1 b ! desolation ( ,laodicea recalls ! words3 8,i w spew !e out ( my m\?0 7,rev4 #c3af72 7see ,fig4 #bhh74 ,,"p ,,ii ,,translations ,,( ,,anci5t ,,docum5ts ,,:i* ,,confirm ,,or ,,illum9ate ,,! ,,bible ,,=eword ,z not$ 9 ! ,preface1 ! inf]5ces drawn by diff]5t s*ol>s1 :5 !y comp>e ! ,bible ) ! records br\ght to light by exploration1 div]ge accord+ z _! critical & !ological views diff]4 ,9 ! comm5ts made ?r\gh\t ,"p ,,ii1 z 9 ,"p ,i1 ! writ] has endeavor$ to ma9ta9 a neutral attitude & imp>tially to report 9 ea* case ! pr9cipal inf]5ces drawn by ! mo/ important gr\ps ( s*ol>s1 t ! read] may "k some?+ ( ! latitude ( op9ion t prevails4 ,to h record$ e op9ion w\ld h exp&$ ! "w f> beyond ! limits prescrib$1 & w\ld h burd5$ ! read] ) _m views t are m]e vag>ies4 ,! temptation is always /rong to decl>e t ! int]pretation ( an anci5t record :i* accords ) "o's own views mu/ be "r1 b un=tunately problems 9 anci5t hi/ory t are ?us dogmatically settl$ d n rema9 settl$4 ,a deep] fai?1 confid5t 9 ! ultimate triumph ( tru?1 pati5tly awaits fur!r light4 ,,*apt] ,i ,,an ,,epic ,,( ,,! ,,creation ,,:i* ,,circulat$ ,,9 ,,babylon ,,& ,,assyria ,,9 ,,! ,,sev5? ,,c5tury ,,be=e ,,*ri/#ceg ,,text ,,( ,,! ,,epic4 ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,! ,,epic ,,) ,,! ,,fir/ ,,*apt] ,,( ,,g5esis4 ,,! ,,epic ,,& ,,o!r ,,p>ts ,,( ,,! ,,bible4 ,i4 ,text ( ! ,epic4 ,tablet ,i #a4 ,"t 0 :5 above heav5 0 n nam$ #b4 ,bel[ to ! e>? no "n 0 giv54 #c4 ,!n ! primeval ,abyss _! begett]1 #d4 ,! ro>+ ,sea :o bore !m1-- #e4 ,_! wat]s toge!r 7 m+l$2 #f4 ,no field _h be5 =m$1 no m>%l& se54 #g4 ,"t 0 :5 gods _h n be5 made1 #h4 ,no "n 0 nam$1 no de/9y det]m9$2 #i4 ,!n 7 creat$ ! gods 9 ! mid/ ( heav54 #aj4 ,lakhmu & ,lakhamu 7 =m$ toge!r4 #aa4 ,ages multipli$1 44444444444444444444444 #ab4 ,an%> & ,ki%> 7 creat$1 & ov] !m 444444 #ac4 ,days 7 prolong$1 !re came =? 444444 #ad4 ,anu1 _! son 44444444444444444444444444444444444 #ae4 ,an%> & ,anu 44444444444444444444444444444444444 #af4 ,& ! god ,anu 4444444444444444444444444444444444 #ag4 ,nudimmud ^: fa!rs1 8 begett]s 44444444444444444444 #ah4 ,ab\nd+ 9 wisdom1 und]/&+ 444444444444444 #ai4 ,he 0 /rong exce$+ly 44444444444444444444444444444444 #bj4 ,& he _h no rival 44444444444444444444444444444444444444 #ba4 ,!y 7 e/abli%$ & 44444444444444444444444444444444 #bb4 ,9 confusion 7 ,timat & ,apsu#ceh 4444444444444444444 #bc4 ,!y 7 tr\bl$ 444444444444444444444444444444444 #bd4 ,9 s9 787 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4 #be4 ,apsu 0 n dim9i%$ 4444444444444444444444444444 #bf4 ,timat ro>$ 44444444444444444444444444444444444444 #bg4 ,%e smote & _! de$s 44444444444444444444444444 #bh4 ,_! way 0 n good2 !y !mselves prosp]$4 #bi4 ,!n ,apsu1 ! begett] ( ! great gods1 #cj4 ,cri$ to ,mummu1 8 m9i/]1 & said1 #ca4 ,o ,mummu1 my m9i/]1 :o delighte/ my he>t1 #cb4 ,come1 unto ,timat let u g4 #cc4 ,!y w5t1 be=e ,timat !y lay d[n1 #cd4 ,a plan !y =m$ aga9/ ! gods _! (fspr+4 #ce4 ,apsu op5$ 8 m\?1 he said to h]1 #cf4 ,unto ,timat1 ! brilliant1 a ^w he spoke3 #cg4 8,intol]able to me is _! advancem5t1 #ch4 ,by day ,i h no re/1 at night1 no peace4 #ci4 ,b ,i w de/roy _! way1 an end w ,i make4 #dj4 ,let !re be a cry1 !n we may be at peace60 #da4 ,:5 ,timat he>d ^! words1 #db4 ,%e 0 angry & spoke aga9/ !m a curse2 #dc4 ,%e 0 griev\sly pa9$ %e rag$ 44444444444444444444 #dd4 ,a curse %e let fall1 unto ,apsu %e spoke3 #de4 8,:at are we t we %\ld p]i%6 #df4 ,let _! way become difficult40 444444444444444444444444444 #dg4 ,mummu answ]$1 ,apsu he c\nsel$ #dh4 4444 n favorable 0 ! c\nsel ( ! ,ro>]3 #di4 8,_! way is /rong1 b d ?\ conf\nd x1 #ej4 ,by day ?\ %alt be calm1 by night ?\ %alt lie d[n40 #ea4 ,apsu he>d & 8 face bright5$1 #eb4 ,s9ce he plann$ evil aga9/ ! gods1 8 sons1 #ec4 444444444444444 clasp$ 8 neck1 #ed4 ,he took him on 8 knees & kiss$ him4 #ee4 ,!y und]took ! evil :i* toge!r !y _h plann$4 #ef4 4444444444444444444444444444444444 !y 44444444444444444444 #eg4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 44444444444444444444 #eh4 ,a cry2 a cry 44444444 9 /illness !y sat #ei4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 44444444444444444444 #fj4 ,ea ! wise w5t up1 he saw _! horrors 7871 7,m ?an ?irty l9es "h are too brok5 = connect$ translation47 #ic4 44444444444444444444444 ?y 444444444 !y subjugat$1 #id4 44444444444444444444444 weeps 787 & sits wail+4 #ie4 4444444444444444444444444444444444 ( fe>1 #if4 444444444444444444444 n %all we ourselves re/4 #ig4 4444444444444444444444444 ,apsu laid wa/e1 #ih4 ,he & ,mummu :o 7 b\nd 9 444444444444 #ii4 444444444444444444 quickly ?\ %alt g #ajj4 44444444444444444444444 we ourselves may re/4 #aja4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444444444 #ajb4 444444444444444444444 we ourselves may re/4 #ajc4 444444444444444444444 _! m]cy av5ge6 #ajd4 44444444444444444444444444444444 to ! /orm 4444444444444 #aje4 444444444444444444444 ! ^w ( ! bright god1 #ajf4 444444444444444444 :at ?\ give/1 we w inde$ d6 #ajg4 444444444444444444444 ! gods 9 4444444444444444444444444 #ajh4 4444444444444444444444444444444 ! gods %e creat$4 #aji4 ,!y sep>at$ !mselves1 to ! side ( ,timat !y came2 #aaj4 ,!y rag$1 !y plann$1 !y re/$ n night or day4 #aaa4 ,!y prep>$ = battle1 fum+1 rag+2 #aab4 ,_! assemblage 0 =m$ & !y began w>4 #aac4 ,"m ,khubur1 :o =m$ all ?+s1 #aad4 ,made unrival$ weapons1 spawn$ great s]p5ts1 #aae4 ,%>p ( too?1 unsp>+ ( fang2 #aaf4 ,) poison in/ead ( blood _! bodies %e fill$4 #aag4 ,fi]ce dragons ) t]ror %e clo!d1 #aah4 ,lu/] %e made abundant1 to l(t9ess made !m equal4 #aai4 ,:oev] beheld !m1 t]ror 787 ov]came him2 #abj4 ,_! bodies !y re>$ up )\t turn+ _! brea/4 #aba4 ,%e e/abli%$ vip]s1 s]p5ts1 & ,lakhami1#cei #abb4 ,hurricanes1 rag+ h\nds1 scorpion-m51 #abc4 ,mighty /orms1 fi%-m51 & rams 7872 #abd4 ,!y bore m]ciless weapons1 fe>less ( battle4 #abe4 ,h] behe/s 7 mighty2 )\t rival 7 !y4 #abf4 ,moreov] elev5 su* z ^! %e creat$4 #abg4 ,among ! gods1 h] fir/born1 :o at h] side ga!r$1 #abh4 ,%e exalt$ ,k+u1 made him great 9 _! mid/1 #abi4 ,to m>* be=e ! =ces1 to lead ! ho/1 #acj4 ,to raise ! conqu]+ weapon1 to lead ! attack1 #aca4 ,to direct ! battle1 z comm&]-9-*ief2 #acb4 ,to him %e entru/$ x1 made him sit 9 purple 7873 #acc4 8,?y spell ,i h utt]$2 9 ! assembly ( gods ,i h made !e great4 #acd4 ,! sov]eignty ( all ! gods1 ,i h plac$ 9 ?y h& #ace4 ,surely ?\ art exalt$1 my only sp\se6 #acf4 ,may !y magnify ?y "n ov] all ! ,anunnaki40 #acg4 ,%e gave him ! tablets ( de/9y1 on 8 brea/ %e laid !m3 #ach4 8,?y comm& %all be unalt]able1 e/abli%$1 ?y ^w40 #aci4 ,n[ ,k+u 0 exalt$1 he receiv$ ! highe/ rank1 #adj4 ,among ! gods1 8 sons1 he fix$ fate3 #ada4 8,! op5+ ( y\r m\? %all qu5* ! fire-god2 #adb4 ,:o s is exalt$ 9 excell5ce1 let him increase 9 might40 ,tablet ,,ii #a4 ,timat made mighty h] "w #b4 ,evil %e *]i%$ aga9/ ! gods1 h] (fspr+4 #c4 ,to av5ge ,apsu1 ,timat plann$ evil4 #d4 ,h] =ces h[ %e jo9$1 to ,ea 0 divulg$4 #e4 ,ea he>k5$ to ?is ?+1 #f4 ,he 0 ?r[n into great /raits1 he sat 9 sil5ce4 #g4 ,! days w5t by2 8 ang] 0 appeas$1 #h4 ,to ! place ( ,an%>1 8 fa!r1 he proce$$4 #i4 ,he w5t be=e ! fa!r :o begat him1 ,an%>1 #aj4 ,all t ,timat _h plann$ he repeat$ unto him4 #aa4 8,timat1 our "m1 has come to hate u2 #ab4 ,h] assembly is set2 ) rage %e is hot2 #ac4 ,turn$ unto h] are ! gods1 all ( !m1 #ad4 ,) ^? ye creat$1 !y walk at h] side4 #ae4 ,!y h sep>at$ !mselves2 at ! side ( ,timat !y g2 #af4 ,!y rage1 !y plan2 !y re/ n day or night40 7,l9es #ag-dh cont9ue ! lit]al repetition ( l9es #aji-adb ( ! fir/ tablet :i* 0 begun 9 l9es #ae1 #af4 ,aft] ?is ! n>rative cont9ues37 #di4 ,:5 ,an%> he>d h[ ,timat 0 greatly 9 disord]1 #ej4 ,he smote 8 brea/1 he bit 8 lip1 #ea4 ,8 m9d 0 di/urb$1 8 he>t 0 n at re/1 #eb4 44444444444444444444444444444444 8 cry 0 wrung f him4 #ec4 ,away ,ea1 my son1 g =? to battle6 #ed4 4444444444444444444444444444 my "w 787 ?\ %alt e/abli%6 #ee4 ,mummu & ,apsu ?\ ha/ already /ruck d[n4 #ef4 ,kill also ,k9gu :o comes up be=e h] #eg4 44444444444444444444444444444444 delib]ation4 #eh4 4444444444444444444444444444 gods ,nudimmud4 7,a break ( t5 or twelve l9es occurs at ?is po9t 9 ! tablet47 #gb4 ,an%> spoke to 8 son a ^w3 #gc4 8,?\1 ?is son ( m9e1 my w>rior1 #gd4 ,^: /r5g? is mighty1 ^: attack irresi/ible1 #ge4 ,g1 /& be=e ,timat1 #gf4 ,t h] wra? may be appeas$1 h] he>t s(t5$1 #gg4 ,b if %e w n he>k5 to ?y ^w1 #gh4 ,our ^w %alt ?\ speak to h]1 t %e may be appeas$40 #gi4 ,he he>d ! utt]ance ( 8 fa!r ,an%>1 #hj4 ,he took ! /raight pa? to h]1 he ent]$ ! way4 #ha4 ,anu drew ne>1 he beheld ! t]ror 787 ( ,timat1 #hb4 ,he did n asc5d to h] pres5ce1 b turn$ back1 #hc4 ,!n turn$ he to ,ea & call$ him1 he1 ,an%>1 #hd4 ,op5$ 8 m\? & spoke to him1 #he4 8,hateful are ! ways ( ,timat to me40 7,"s tw5ty l9es "h are too fragm5t>y = translation47 #ajh4 ,ea op5$ 8 m\? 787 & spoke to him3 #aji4 8,m>duk1 my son1 he> ! ^w ( ?y fa!r4 #aaj4 ,?\ art he1 my son1 :o can/ enl>ge 8 he>t4 #aaa4 44444444444444444444444444444444 to ! battle draw nigh1 #aab4 4444444444444444444444444444 to ,em>ukka#cfj give peace40 #aac4 ,!n ! "l rejoic$ at ! words ( 8 fa!r2 #aad4 ,he drew ne> & /ood be=e ,an%>4 #aae4 ,an%> beheld him & 8 he>t 0 fill$ ) joy1 #aaf4 ,he kiss$ 8 lips & 8 fe> dep>t$ f him4 #aag4 444444444444 is n hidd52 op5 ?y lips4 #aah4 ,v]ily ,i w g1 ,i w atta9 ! wi% ( ?y he>t4 #aai4 4444444444 is n conceal$2 op5 ?y lips4 #abj4 ,v]ily ,i w g1 ,i w atta9 ! wi% ( ?y he>t4 #aba4 ,:o is ! man1 :o w\ld br+ !e out to 8 battle8 #abb4 ,& n[ %all ,timat1 a woman1 come aga9/ !e ) weapons8 #abc4 44444444444444444444444444444444 rejoice & exult2 #abd4 ,on ! neck ( ,timat ?\ %alt %ortly tread4 #abe4 44444444444444444444444444444444 rejoice & exult2 #abf4 ,on ! neck ( ,timat ?\ %alt %ortly tread40 #abg4 8,my son1 :o kn[s all wisdom1 #abh4 ,timat pacify ) ?y pure incantation4 #abi4 ,?y way spe$ily take2 #acj4 4444444444 ?\ %alt n fe>1 ?\ %alt use a spell aft]w>d40 #aca4 ,!n ! "l rejoic$ at ! ^w ( 8 fa!r1 #acb4 ,8 he>t exult$ & to 8 fa!r he spoke3 #acc4 8,o ,"l ( ! gods1 fate ( ! great gods1 #acd4 ,if ,i accompli% y\r pres]vation1 #ace4 ,take ,timat captive & save y\r lives1 #acf4 ,appo9t an assembly1 make my fate /rong1 let x come 94 #acg4 ,9 ,up%ukkunnaku seat y\rselves joyfully toge!r1 #ach4 ,! ^w ( my m\? %all det]m9e fate in/ead ( y4 #aci4 ,let !re n be *ang$ :atev] ,i create1 #adj4 ,may ! comm& ( my lips n be alt]$ or oppos$40 ,tablet ,,iii #a4 ,an%> op5$ 8 m\? & said1 #b4 ,to ,gaga 8 mess5g] a ^w he spoke3 #c4 8,o ,gaga1 ?\ mess5g]1 ?\ rejoice/ my he>t4 #d4 ,to ,lakhmu & ,lakhamu w ,i s5d !e2 #e4 ,! desire ( my he>t maye/ ?\ atta94 #f4 44444444444444444444444444444444 br+ 787 be=e me4 #g4 ,may !re come ! gods1 all ( !m1 #h4 ,let !m prep>e = conv]se1 at banquets let !m sit1 #i4 ,bread may !y eat1 w9e may !y prep>e1 #aj4 ,= ,m>duk1 _! av5g]1 let !m decree ! fate4 #aa4 ,g1 ,gaga1 be=e !m /&1 #ab4 ,& all t ,i tell !e repeat unto !m #ac4 ,an%>1 y\r son1 ha? s5t me1 #ad4 ,! purpose ( 8 he>t he ha? disclos$ to me1 #ae4 ,say+3 ,timat1 :o bore u1 hates u1 #af4 ,an assemblage is appo9t$1 angrily %e rages1 #ag4 ,turn$ to h] are ! gods1 all ( !m1 #ah4 ,) ^? :om ye creat$1 !y m>* at h] side1 #ai4 ,!y are rebelli\s1 at ,timat's side !y come1 #bj4 ,!y rage1 !y plot1 !y re/ n day nor night1 #ba4 ,!y prep>e = battle1 fum+ & rag+1 #bb4 ,an assembly is made1 !y />t a revolt4 #bc4 ,"m ,khubur1 :o =m$ all ?+s1 #bd4 ,has made weapons )\t rival1 has spawn$ mon/]-s]p5ts1 #be4 ,%>p ( too?1 unsp>+ ( fang1 #bf4 ,) poison l blood _! bodies %e has fill$2 #bg4 ,fi]ce dragons ) t]ror %e has clo!d1 #bh4 ,lu/] has made abundant1 to l(t9ess made equal4 #bi4 ,:oev] beholds !m1 t]ror 787 ov]comes him4 #cj4 ,_! bodies !y raise up )\t turn+ _! brea/s4 #ca4 ,%e has e/abli%$ vip]s1 s]p5ts1 ,lakhami1 #cb4 ,hurricanes1 rag+ h\nds1 scorpion-m51 #cc4 ,mighty /orms1 fi%-m51 & rams2 #cd4 ,!y be> m]ciless weapons1 fe>less ( battle4 #ce4 ,h] behe/s are mighty1 )\t rival are !y4 #cf4 ,moreov] elev5 su* z ^! %e has creat$4 #cg4 ,among ! gods1 h] fir/born1 :o are ga!r$ at h] side1 #ch4 ,%e has exalt$ ,k+u1 made him great 9 _! mid/1 #ci4 ,to m>* be=e ! =ces1 to lead ! ho/1 #dj4 ,to raise ! conqu]+ weapon1 to lead ! attack1 #da4 ,to direct ! battle z comm&]-9-*ief2 #db4 ,to him %e has entru/$ x1 made him sit 9 purple1 say+1 #dc4 #8,?y spell ,i h utt]$1 9 ! assembly ( gods ,i h made !e great1 #dd4 ,! sov]eignty ( all ! gods ,i h plac$ 9 ?y h&1 #de4 ,surely ?\ art exalt$1 ,o my sp\se6 #df4 ,may !y magnify ?y "n ov] all ! ,anunnaki4' #dg4 ,%e has giv5 him ! tablets ( de/9y1 on 8 brea/ has laid !m1 say+1 #dh4 #8,?y comm& %all be unalt]able1 e/abli%$ be ?y ^w4' #di4 ,n[ ,k+u has be5 exalt$1 has receiv$ highe/ rank1 #ej4 ,among ! gods1 h] sons1 he fixes fate1 say+3 #ea4 #8,! op5+ ( y\r m\? %all qu5* ! fire-god1 #eb4 ,:oso is exalt$ 9 excell5ce1 let him increase 9 might4' #ec4 ,i s5t ,anu2 he _h no p[] be=e h]1 #ed4 ,nudimmud fe>$ & turn$ back1 #ee4 ,m>duk has set =?1 ! lead] ( ! gods1 y\r son1 #ef4 ,z a foe ( ,timat 8 he>t prompts him to g4 #eg4 ,he op5$ 8 m\? & spake to me1 say+3 #eh4 #8,if ,i accompli% y\r pres]vation1 #ei4 ,take ,timat captive1 & save y\r lives1 #fj4 ,appo9t an assembly1 make my fate /rong1 let x come 94 #fa4 ,9 ,up%ukkunaku seat y\rselves joyfully toge!r1 #fb4 ,! ^w ( my m\? %all det]m9e fate in/ead ( y4 #fc4 ,let !re n be *ang$ :atev] ,i create1 #fd4 ,may !re n be alt]$ or oppos$ ! comm& ( my lips4' #fe4 ,ha/51 !re=e1 & quickly decree y\r fate1 #ff4 ,t he may g & fight y\r /rong enemy40 #fg4 ,!n ,gaga w5t1 8 way he pursu$1 #fh4 ,to ! place ( ,lakhmu & ,lakhamu1 ! gods1 8 fa!rs2 #fi4 ,he kiss$ ! gr\nd at _! feet1 #gj4 ,he b[$ himself2 he /ood up1 he address$ !m1 say+3 #ga4 8,an%>1 y\r son1 ha? s5t me1 #gb4 ,! purpose ( 8 he>t he has disclos$ to me #gc4 ,say+3 ,timat1 :o bore u1 hates u2 #gd4 ,an assemblage is appo9t$1 angrily %e rages1 #ge4 ,turn$ to h] are ! gods1 all ( !m1 #gf4 ,) ^? :om y creat$1 !y m>* at h] side1 #gg4 ,!y are rebelli\s1 at ,timat's side !y come4 #gh4 ,!y rage1 !y plot1 !y re/ n day nor night1 #gi4 ,!y prep>e = battle1 fum+ & rag+1 #hj4 ,an assembly is made1 !y />t a revolt4 #ha4 ,"m ,khubur1 :o =m$ all ?+s1 #hb4 ,has made weapons )\t rival1 has spawn$ mon/]-s]p5ts1 #hc4 ,%>p ( too?1 unsp>+ ( fang1 #hd4 ,) poison l blood _! bodies %e has fill$2 #he4 ,fi]ce dragons ) t]ror %e has clo!d2 #hf4 ,lu/] has be5 made abundant1 to l(t9ess made equal4 #hg4 ,:oev] beholds !m1 t]ror 787 ov]comes him4 #hh4 ,_! bodies !y raise up )\t turn+ _! brea/s4 #hi4 ,%e has e/abli%$ vip]s1 s]p5ts1 ,lakhami1 #ij4 ,hurricanes1 rag+ h\nds1 scorpion-m51 #ia4 ,mighty /orms1 fi%-m51 rams2 #ib4 ,!y be> m]ciless weapons1 fe>less ( battle4 #ic4 ,h] behe/s are mighty1 )\t rival are !y4 #id4 ,moreov] elev5 su* z ^! %e has creat$4 #ie4 ,among ! gods1 h] fir/born1 :o are ga!r$ at h] side1 #if4 ,%e has exalt$ ,k+u1 made him great 9 _! mid/1 #ig4 ,to m>* be=e ! =ces1 to lead ! ho/1 #ih4 ,to raise ! conqu]+ weapon1 to lead ! attack1 #ii4 ,to direct ! battle z comm&]-9-*ief2 #ajj4 ,to him %e has entru/$ x1 made him sit 9 purple1 say+3 #aja4 #8,?y spell ,i h utt]$1 9 ! assembly ( ! gods ,i h made !e great2 #ajb4 ,! sov]eignty ( all ! gods ,i h plac$ 9 ?y h& #ajc4 ,surely ?\ art exalt$1 ,o my sp\se6 #ajd4 ,may !y magnify ?y "n ov] all ! ,anunnaki4' #aje4 ,%e has giv5 him ! tablets ( de/9y1 on 8 brea/ has laid !m1 say+3 #ajf4 #8,?y comm& %all be unalt]able1 e/abli%$ be ?y ^w4' #ajg4 ,n[ ,k+u has be5 exalt$1 has receiv$ highe/ rank1 #ajh4 ,among ! gods1 h] sons1 he fixes fate1 say+3 #aji4 #8,! op5+ ( y\r m\? %all qu5* ! fire-god1 #aaj4 ,:oso is exalt$ 9 excell5ce1 let him increase 9 might4' #aaa4 ,i s5t ,anu1 he _h no p[] be=e h]1 #aab4 ,nudimmud fe>$ & turn$ back1 #aac4 ,m>duk has set =?1 ! lead] ( ! gods1 y\r son1 #aad4 ,z a foe ( ,timat 8 he>t prompts him to g4 #aae4 ,he op5$ 8 m\? & spake to me1 say+3 #aaf4 #8,if ,i accompli% y\r pres]vation1 #aag4 ,take ,timat captive & save y\r lives1 #aah4 ,appo9t an assembly1 make my fate /rong1 let x come 94 #aai4 ,9 ,up%ukkunaku seat y\rselves joyfully toge!r1 #abj4 ,! ^w ( my m\? %all det]m9e fate in/ead ( y1 #aba4 ,let !re n be *ang$ :atev] ,i create1 #abb4 ,may !re n be alt]$ or oppos$ ! comm& ( my lips4' #abc4 ,ha/51 !re=e1 & quickly decree y\r fate1 #abd4 ,t he may g & fight y\r /rong enemy40 #abe4 ,lakhmu & ,lakhamu he>d1 !y cri$ al\d2 #abf4 ,! ,igigi1 all ( !m1 wail$ bitt]ly1 say+3 #abg4 8,:at has *ang$ t !y %\ld desire to take u 787 #abh4 ,we d n und]/& :at ,timat has done40 #abi4 ,!n !y mass$ !mselves toge!r1 !y w5t1 #acj4 ,! great gods1 all ( !m1 :o decree fate4 #aca4 ,!y ent]$ 9 be=e ,an%>1 !y fill$1 ,up%ukkunaku4 #acb4 ,bro!r kiss$ bro!r 9 ! assembly 44444444444444444 #acc4 ,!y prep>$ = conv]se1 sat d[n to ! banquet1 #acd4 ,bread !y ate2 w9e !y prep>$4 #ace4 ,! sweet dr9k confus$ _! m9ds 7871 #acf4 ,drunk 7 !y ) dr9k1 _! bodies 7 fill$ 7871 #acg4 ,!y became v un/eady1 _! he>ts 7 exalt$1 #ach4 ,= ,m>duk1 _! deliv]]1 !y decre$ ! fate4 ,tablet ,,iv #a4 ,!y prep>$ = him a pr9cely *amb]3 #b4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( 8 fa!rs = sov]eignty he became mighty4 ,!y said3 #c4 8,?\ art mo/ honor$ among ! great gods1 #d4 ,?y de/9y is )\t rival1 ?y comm& is ,anu's6 #e4 ,o ,m>duk1 ?\ art mo/ honor$ among ! great gods1 #f4 ,?y de/9y is )\t rival1 ?y comm& is ,anu's6 #g4 ,f today )\t opposition %all be ?y comm&2 #h4 ,to exalt & to abase is v]ily 9 ?y p[]2 #i4 ,e/abli%$ is ?y utt]ance1 irresi/ible ?y comm&4 #aj4 ,none among ! gods %all invade ?y prov9ce4 #aa4 ,su/5ance1 ! desire ( %r9es ( ! gods1 #ab4 ,:ile !y are 9 ne$1 %all be c]ta9 9 ?y sanctu>y6 #ac4 ,o ,m>duk1 ?\ art ! pres]v] ( our lives6 #ad4 ,we give !e sov]eignty ov] ! totality ( all ! _w4 #ae4 ,sit ?\ 9 ! assembly1 ?y ^w %all be exalt$6 #af4 ,?y weapon %all nev] be o'ercome1 may x de/roy 787 ?y foe6 #ag4 ,o "l1 he :o tru/s !e--8 life save6 #ah4 ,b ! god t is w$ to evil1 its life p\r out60 #ai4 ,!n !y plac$ 9 ! mid/ a g>m5t1 #bj4 ,& unto ,m>duk1 _! fir/born1 !y spoke1 #ba4 8,?y fate1 ,o ,"l1 let x be fir/ among ! gods6 #bb4 ,to de/roy & to create--speak1 let x be e/abli%$6 #bc4 ,at ?y comm& let a g>m5t p]i%6 #bd4 ,aga9 at ?y comm& let ! g>m5t re-appe>60 #be4 ,!n he spake ) 8 m\?1 ! g>m5t p]i%$2 #bf4 ,aga9 he comm&$ & ! g>m5t 0 recreat$4 #bg4 ,z ! utt]ance ( 8 m\? ! gods1 8 fa!rs1 saw1 #bh4 ,!y rejoic$1 !y utt]$ bless+3 8,m>duk is k+60 #bi4 ,!y be/[$ ^u him ! scept]1 ! ?rone1 & ! battle-axe2 #cj4 ,!y gave him an unrival$ weapon1 :i* turns back 787 ! foe4 #ca4 8,g1 ,timat's life cut (f2 #cb4 ,may ! w9ds be> h] blood to secret places60 #cc4 ,:5 ! gods1 8 fa!rs _h fix$ ,bel's fate1 #cd4 ,! way ( prosp]ity & success !y caus$ him to take4 #ce4 ,8 b[ he prep>$1 8 weapon he *ose1 #cf4 ,a spe> he b\nd on him at 8 wai/1 #cg4 ,he rais$ ! heav5ly weapon1 ) 8 "r h& grasp$ x1 #ch4 ,8 b[ & quiv] at 8 side he hung1 #ci4 ,he plac$ ! lightn+ be=e 8 face1 #dj4 ,) quiv]+ flame 8 body he fill$4 #da4 ,he made a net to enclose ,timat's body1 #db4 ,he caus$ ! f\r w9ds to seize s t no?+ ( h] c\ld escape2 #dc4 ,! s\? w9d1 ! nor? w9d1 ! ea/ w9d1 ! we/ w9d1 #dd4 ,he br\ght to ! side ( ! net1 ! gift ( 8 fa!r ,anu1 #de4 ,he made ! evil w9d1 ! bad w9d1 ! tempe/ & ! hurricane1 #df4 ,! f\r w9ds1 ! sev5 w9ds1 ! :irlw9d 7871 ! unheal?y w9d2 #dg4 ,he br\ght =? ! w9ds :i* he _h made1 ! sev5 ( !m1 #dh4 ,to tr\ble ! inw>d p>ts ( ,timat1 !y came aft] him4 #di4 ,! "l rais$ up ! tornado1 8 mighty weapon1 #ej4 ,z a *>iot1 a /orm unrival$ = t]ror he m\nt$1 #ea4 ,he h>ness$ = himself & atta*$ to x f\r /e$s1 #eb4 8,de/roy]10 8,unm]ciful10 8,ov]:elm]10 8,fleet-foot$40 #ec4 ,foam-cov]$ 787 7 _! tee?1 fill$ ) poison1 #ed4 ,skill$ 7 !y to run d[n1 taught to de/roy4 #ee4 44444444444444444444444444444444444 mighty 9 battle1 #ef4 ,left & "r !y op5$ 787 444444444444444 #eg4 ,8 g>m5t 0 rage1 ) t]ror 0 he clad1 #eh4 ,) 8 ov]p[]+ brightness 8 head 0 cr[n$4 #ei4 ,he made /raight ! way1 he took 8 pa?1 #fj4 ,to ! place ( ,timat1 ! rag+ 7871 8 face he set4 #fa4 ,) 8 lip 444444444444444444444444444444 he curs$ 7871 #fb4 ,a plant ( magical p[] 787--he seiz$ ) 8 h&4 #fc4 ,on t day !y exalt$ 787 him1 ! gods exalt$ 787 him2 #fd4 ,! gods1 8 fa!rs1 exalt$ 787 him1 ! gods exalt$ 787 him4 #fe4 ,! "l approa*$1 ! wai/ ( ,timat he scann$1 #ff4 ,( ,k+u1 h] sp\se--he beheld 8 t]rify+-glance 7874 #fg4 ,z ,m>duk gaz$1 ,k+u's progress 0 imp$$1 #fh4 ,de/roy$ 0 8 purpose1 fru/rat$ 8 de$1 #fi4 ,& ! gods 8 help]s1 :o m>*$ at 8 side1 #gj4 ,saw ! w>rior & lead]2 _! look 787 0 tr\bl$4 #ga4 ,timat p]ceiv$ x 7872 %e did n turn h] neck4 #gb4 ,) pr\d 787 lips %e utt]$ words ( defiance3 #gc4 8,:o decre$ 787 t ?\ %\ld/ come z "l ( ! gods8 #gd4 ,h !y assembl$ f _! places1 are !y to s]ve !e80 #ge4 ,! "l rais$ ! tornado1 8 mighty weapon1 #gf4 ,aga9/ ,timat :o 0 rag+1 ?us he spoke3 #gg4 8,:y ha/ ?\ made ?yself great8 ,exalt$ ?yself on high8 #gh4 ,:y does ?y he>t prompt !e to battle 787 #gi4 ,h[ c ?y help]s defy 787 ! gods1 _! fa!rs8 #hj4 ,:y do/ ?\ hate _! comm&1 _! rule despise8 #ha4 ,:y ha/ ?\ exalt$ ,k+u to be ?y sp\se8 #hb4 ,ha/ giv5 him ! functions ( deity8 #hc4 ,h[ can/ ?\ seek aft] evil8 #hd4 ,& aga9/ ! gods1 my fa!rs1 ?y evil plan devise8 #he4 ,let ?y =ces be jo9$1 gird$ on ?y weapons6 #hf4 ,/&6 ,i & ?\--come let u fight60 #hg4 ,timat1 :5 %e he>d ?is1 #hh4 ,0 l "o possess$2 %e lo/ h] reason4 #hi4 ,timat cri$ out vehem5tly ) high voice1 #ij4 ,l roots divid$ 9 twa9 h] legs trembl$4 #ia4 ,%e utt]$ an incantation1 %e ca/ a *>m1 #ib4 ,& ! gods ( battle dem&$ _! weapons4 #ic4 ,!n took _! /& ,timat & ! lead] ( ! gods1 ,m>duk2 #id4 ,= ! fight !y approa*$1 = ! battle !y drew ne>4 #ie4 ,! "l spread out 8 net & enclos$ h]1 #if4 ,! evil w9d f beh9d he ?ru/ into h] face4 #ig4 ,z ,timat op5$ h] m\? to its full ext5t1 #ih4 ,! evil w9d he drove 91 s t h] lips c\ld n close4 #ii4 ,) ! mighty w9ds he fill$ h] belly2 #ajj4 ,h] c\rage 0 tak5 away1 & %e op5$ h] m\?4 #aja4 ,he let fall ! spe>1 he bur/ op5 h] belly1 #ajb4 ,he cut ?r\gh h] inw>d p>ts1 he pi]c$ h] he>t1 #ajc4 ,he b\nd h] & h] life de/roy$2 #ajd4 ,h] body he ca/ d[n1 ^u x he /ood4 #aje4 ,aft] ,timat1 ! lead]1 he _h sla91 #ajf4 ,h] army he broke1 h] ho/ 0 scatt]$1 #ajg4 ,& ! gods1 h] help]s1 :o m>*$ by h] side1 #ajh4 ,trembl$1 fe>$1 !y turn$ _! backs2 #aji4 ,!y s\ght an exit1 to save _! lives2 #aaj4 ,) a cordon !y 7 encompass$2 escape 0 n possible4 #aaa4 ,he caught !m1 _! weapons he broke1 #aab4 ,into ! net !y fell1 9 ! sn>e !y rema9$4 #aac4 ,all qu>t]s ( ! _w !y fill$ ) lam5tation4 #aad4 ,8 wra? !y endur$2 !y 7 held 9 bondage4 #aae4 ,& ! elev5 creatures1 :om %e _h fill$ ) t]ribl5ess1 #aaf4 ,! troop ( demons :o m>*$ z h] help]s 7871 #aag4 ,he ?rew into fett]s1 _! p[] he broke2 #aah4 ,along ) _! opposition he trampl$ !m "u 8 feet4 #aai4 ,& ,k+u :o _h be5 exalt$ ov] !m1 #abj4 ,he took captive1 z ! god ,dugga he c\nt$ him4 #aba4 ,he took f him ! tablets ( de/9y1 n rightly 81 #abb4 ,he seal$ !m ) a seal1 9 8 own brea/ he laid !m4 #abc4 ,aft] 8 enemies he _h seiz$ & de/roy$1 #abd4 ,8 arrogant foe _h completely humiliat$ 7871 #abe4 ,! triumph ( ,an%> ov] ! foe _h fully e/abli%$1 #abf4 ,! wi% ( ,nudimmud _h accompli%$1 ,m>duk1 ! w>rior #abg4 ,ov] ! b\nd gods /r5g!n$ 8 hold1 #abh4 ,unto ,timat1 :om he _h b\nd1 he turn$ back4 #abi4 ,! "l trod ^u ,timat's feet #acj4 ,& ) 8 unsp>+ weapon cru%$ h] head4 #aca4 ,he cut ?r\gh ! ve9s ( h] blood1 #acb4 ,he caus$ ! nor? w9d to be> x to secret places4 #acc4 ,8 fa!rs saw x2 !y rejoic$1 !y exult$1 #acd4 ,gifts & pres5ts !y br\ght unto him4 #ace4 ,!n ! "l re/$2 he gaz$ ^u h] body1 #acf4 ,! fle% ( ! mon/] he divid$2 he =m$ a cunn+ plan4 #acg4 ,he split h] op5 l a flat fi% into two halves1 #ach4 ,"o half ( h] he e/abli%$ & made a cov]+ ( ! heav5s1 #aci4 ,he drew a bolt1 he e/abli%$ a gu>d1 #adj4 ,& n to let h] wat]s come out1 he comm&$4 #ada4 ,he pass$ ?r\gh ! heav5s1 he survey$ ! regions1 #adb4 ,ov] aga9/ ! deep he set ! dwell+ ( ,nudimmud4 #adc4 ,! /ructures ( ! deep ! "l measur$1 #add4 ,z a palace l unto x he f\nd$ ,e%>ra4 #ade4 ,9 ! palace ,e%>ra :i* he built 9 ! heav5s1 #adf4 ,he caus$ ,anu1 ,ellil1 & ,ea at _! /ations to dwell4 ,tablet ,v #a4 ,he ,m>duk orda9$ ! /ations ( ! great gods2 #b4 ,z />s _! lik5esses z con/ellations ( ! zodiac he plac$4 #c4 ,he orda9$ ! ye>1 into p>ts he divid$ x1 #d4 ,= ! twelve mon?s he e/abli%$ ?ree />s4 #e4 ,aft] ! days ( ! ye> he _h fa%ion$ z images1 #f4 ,he f\nd$ ! /ation ( ,jupit]1 to det]m9e _! b\nds2 #g4 ,t none might g wrong or err1 #h4 ,! /ation ( ,bel he e/abli%$1 & ,ea by 8 side4 #i4 ,he op5$ gates on bo? sides4 #aj4 ,a lock he made /rong on ! left & ! "r1 #aa4 ,9 ! mid/ !re( he plac$ ! z5i?2 #ab4 ,! moon-god he caus$ to %9e2 ! night he entru/$ to him4 #ac4 ,he appo9t$ him a be+ ( ! night1 to det]m9e ! days2 #ad4 ,mon?ly1 )\t ceas+1 into a cr[n he made him1 say+3 #ae4 8,at ! beg9n+ ( ! mon? %9e ^u ! l&s1 #af4 ,horns exhibit1 to det]m9e six days2 #ag4 ,on ! sev5? day let ! ti>a disappe>2 #ah4 ,on ! f\rte5? day ?\ %alt /& ov] aga9/ ! two halves4 #ai4 ,:5 ! sun-god on ! horizon 44444444444 !e1 #bj4 ,?\ 444444444 to be respl5d5t1 & ?\ %alt turn 787 backw>d 787 #ba4 ,f\rte5 days unto ! pa? ( ! sun-god ?\ %alt approa*1 #bb4 ,on ! #bh? day ?\ %alt approa* ! sun-god 44444444444 #bc4 444444444444444444444444444444 signs 7871 seek 787 h] way6 #bd4 4444444444444444 approa* ye & judge ju/ice6 #be4 444444444444444444444444444444444444 to de/roy1 #bf4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444444444444 me40 7,"s l9es are lo/ at ?is po9t4 ,x is e/imat$ t =ty ( !m are lack+47 #fg4 ,aft] 444444444444444444444444444444444 #fh4 ,9 ,esagila#cfa 444444444444444444444444444444444 #fi4 ,to e/abli% 44444444444444444444444444444444 #gj4 ,! /ation ( 44444444444444444444444444444 #ga4 ,! great gods 44444444444444444444444444444444 #gb4 ,! gods 444444444444444444444444444 #gc4 ,he receiv$ 4444444444444444444444444 #gd4 ,! net :i* he _h made ! great gods saw1 #ge4 ,saw ! b[1 h[ skillful its workman%ip2 #gf4 ,! "w :i* he _h done1 !y l\dly prais$4 #gg4 ,!n arose ,anu 9 ! assembly ( ! great gods1 #gh4 ,! b[ he kiss$ x 44444444444444444444444444444 #gi4 8,long-wood %all be "o "n1 & a second 44444444444444444 #hj4 ,its ?ird "n %all be ,b[-/> 9 ! heav5s40 #ha4 ,he fix$ its position unto di/ant days4 #hb4 ,aft] ! de/9y ( 444444444444444444444444444444 #hc4 ,he set a ?rone 44444444444444444444444444444444444444 #hd4 4444444444444444444444444 9 ! heav5s 4444444444444444444 7,practically all ! rema9d] ( ,tablet ,v is z yet undiscov]$4 ,f a v brok5 fragm5t1 pres]v$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 x appe>s t :5 ! gods saw ! "w ( ,m>duk 9 adorn+ ! heav5s ) con/ellations1 !y broke into raptur\s praise ( him4 ,x is ^! words to :i* ref]5ce is made at ! beg9n+ ( ,tablet ,,vi47 ,tablet ,,vi #a4 ,m>duk1 ! ^w ( ! gods1 :5 he he>d x1 #b4 ,8 he>t 0 /irr$1 he =m$ a brilliant plan4 #c4 ,he op5$ 8 m\?1 to ,ea he spoke1 #d4 ,:at 9 8 he>t he _h conceiv$ he made kn[n to him3 #e4 8,my blood w ,i divide1 bone w ,i fa%ion1 #f4 ,i w make man1 yes1 man 4444444444444444444 #g4 ,i w create man :o %all dwell on ! e>?2 #h4 ,truly %all ! s]vice ( ! gods be e/abli%$--( !m & _! %r9es4 #i4 ,i w alt] ! ways ( ! gods1 & w *ange _! pa?s1 #aj4 ,toge!r %all !y be honor$1 & unto evil %all !y0 444444 #aa4 ,!n ,ea answ]$ him & said3 #ab4 44444444 ! 444444444 ( ! gods h ,i *ang$1 #ac4 4444444444444444444 "o 444444444444444444444 #ad4 44444444 %all be de/roy$1 & p w ,i 4444444444444 #ae4 4444444444444 & ! gods 4444444444444444 #af4 44444444444 give & !y 44444444444444 #ag4 444444444 %all assemble 787 & ! gods 4444444444444 #ah4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 44444444444444444444 #ai4 44444444444444 ! gods 44444444444444444444444444444444 #bj4 444444444444444444 ! ,anunnaki 444444444444444444 7,! re/ ( ,tablet ,,vi is /ill unrecov]$1 except a few l9es at ! end47 #adj4 ,:5 44444444444444444444444444444444444444 #ada4 ,!y rejoic$ 444444444444444444444444444444444444 #adb4 ,9 ,up%ukkunnaku !y set _! assembly4 #adc4 ,( _! h]oic son1 _! savior !y cri$3 #add4 8,we :om he succor$40 444444444444444444 #ade4 ,!y seat$ !mselves1 9 ! assembly !y nam$ him 44444444 #adf4 ,!y all cri$ al\d 7871 !y exalt$ him 4444444444 ,tablet ,,vii #a4 8,o ,a%>u1 be/[] ( h>ve/s1 f\nd] ( agriculture1 #b4 ,creator ( gra9 & plants1 :o made gre5 h]bs to gr[1 #c4 ,o honor$ ,a%>u1 rev]$ 9 ! h\se ( c\nsel1 ri* 9 c\nsel1 #d4 ,:om ! gods honor1 fe>+ laid hold ^u !m #e4 ,o honor$ ,a%>u1 p[]ful pr9ce1 ! light ( ! fa!rs :o begat him1 #f4 ,:o directs ! decrees ( ,anu1 ,bel1 & ,ea4 #g4 ,he 0 _! pres]v]1 :o orda9$ 4444444444 #h4 ,he ^: provision is abundance1 he goe? =? 4444444444 #i4 ,tutu1 ! creator ( _! r5ewal is he4 #aj4 ,if _! want be pure1 !n are !y satisfi$2 #aa4 ,if he make an incantation1 !n are ! gods appeas$2 #ab4 ,%\ld !y attack him 9 ang]1 he w repulse _! array2 #ac4 ,let him !re=e be exalt$ 9 ! assembly ( ! gods4 #ad4 ,none among ! gods is l unto him6 #ae4 ,tutu-,ziuk9na is ! life ( ! ho/ ( ! gods4 #af4 ,:o e/abli%$ = ! gods ! bright heav5s4 #ag4 ,_! way he receiv$1 _! pa? orda9$4 #ah4 ,nev] =gott5 among m5 %all be 8 mighty de$s4 #ai4 ,tutu z ,zi-azag ?irdly !y nam$1 br+] ( purification1 #bj4 ,god ( ! favor+ breeze1 ! "l :o he>s & is m]ciful1 #ba4 ,:o creates fulness & pl5ty1 :o e/abli%es abundance1 #bb4 ,:o turns :atev] is small into some?+ great4 #bc4 8,9 sore di/ress we caught 8 favor+ breeze10 #bd4 ,let !m honor him1 praise him1 b[ humbly be=e him4 #be4 ,tutu z ,aga-azag may ! mighty ones praise1 #bf4 ,! "l ( ! pure incantation1 :o makes ! dead to live1 #bg4 ,:o to ! captive gods %[$ abundant compassion1 #bh4 ,! oppressive yoke he laid ^u ! gods1 8 enemies1 #bi4 ,= _!#cfb release he creat$ mank9d1 #cj4 ,! m]ciful "o1 ) :om is life6 #ca4 ,e/abli%$ & nev] =gott5 be 8 ^w #cb4 ,9 ! m\? ( ! black-head$ race1#cfc :om 8 h& creat$4 #cc4 ,tutu z ,mu-azag1 fif?ly1 8 pure incantation may _! m\? proclaim1 #cd4 ,:o ?r\gh 8 pure incantation de/roys all evil ones1 #ce4 ,%agzu1 :o kn[s ! he>ts ( ! gods1 :o sees ?r\gh ! inn]mo/ p>ts4 #cf4 ,! evil do] he p]mits n to g out ) him 7874 #cg4 ,f\nd] ( ! assembly ( ! gods :o gladd5s _! he>t4 #ch4 ,:o subdues ! disob$i5t 4444444444 #ci4 ,director ( righte\sness 444444 7,! tablet is too brok5 = connect$ translation1 until ne>ly ! end1 :]e x cont9ues37 #ajg4 ,truly he holds _! beg9n+ & end+ 4444444444 #ajh4 ,say+1 8,he :o pass$ ?r\gh ! mid/ ( ,timat )\t re/+1 #aji4 ,let 8 "n be ,neb]u1 :o seizes ! mid/1 #aaj4 ,:o ! />s ( heav5--_! ways he upholds2 #aaa4 ,z a flock v]ily ! gods pa/ure1 all ( !m40 #aab4 ,he b\nd ,timat1 h] life he apportion$1 he end$4 #aac4 ,9 ! future1 p1 old 9 ye>s1 #aad4 ,%all r5ew unceas+ly1 8let him be "l =ev]60 #aae4 ,because he creat$ ! places & fa%ion$ ! fa/nesses #aaf4 8,"l ( c\ntries0 ,bel1 8 fa!r1 nam$ him4 #aag4 ,! names ! ,igigi nam$1 all ( !m1 #aah4 ,ea he>d1 & 8 he>t rejoic$3 #aai4 8,he ^: "n 8 fa!rs h magnifi$ #abj4 ,he1 ev5 l me1 %all be nam$ ,ea4 #aba4 ,! b9d+ ( all my comm&s %all he control1 #abb4 ,all my decrees %all he proclaim60 #abc4 ,by ! "n 8,fifty0 did ! great gods #abd4 ,8 fifty names make kn[n1 !y made 8 pa? pre-em95t4 #abe4 ,may !y be held fa/ & ! fir/ m5 reveal !m1 #abf4 ,! wise1 ! und]/&+ %all consid] !m toge!r2 #abg4 ,may ! fa!r repeat !m & ! son lay hold ^u !m1 #abh4 ,s t %eph]d & h]dsman may op5 _! e>s1 #abi4 ,& may rejoice 9 ,m>duk1 ! "l ( ! gods1 #acj4 ,t 8 l& may be f]tile1 t he may h prosp]ity4 #aca4 ,8 ^w is e/abli%$1 8 comm& unfail+1 #acb4 ,! ^w ( 8 m\?1 no god ha? annull$4 #acc4 ,he ca/s 8 glance )\t turn+ 8 neck1 #acd4 ,:5 he ro>s1 no god c face 8 ang]4 #ace4 ,wide is 8 he>t1 great 8 goodness2 #acf4 ,! s9n] & transgressor 9 8 pres5ce 4444444444 #acg4 ,!y receiv$ in/ruction1 !y spake be=e him4 7,! conclud+ l9es are too brok5 = connect$ translation47 #b4 ,! ,fir/ ,*apt] ( ,g5esis & ! ,=ego+ ,creation ,epic4 ,! ,babylonian ,creation ,epic1 9 ! =m 9 :i* we "k x1 took %ape 9 ! city ( ,babylon4 ,naturally1 !re=e1 ! god ,m>duk is made ! c5tral figure4 ,x is he only :o 0 suffici5tly p[]ful to ov]come ! primeval dragon1 x 0 he :o creat$ ! heav5s & ! e>?1 x 0 he :om at ! end gods & m5 ador$4 ,a ,babylonian prie/1 ,b]ossos1 9 a "w compos$ aft] ! "t ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 gives an acc\nt ( ,babylonian ideas ( ! creation ( ! _w1 :i* is b ! tradition ( ! epic 9 a slightly diff]5t =m4 ,a neoplatonic philosoph]1 ,damascius1 :o liv$ ab\t #efj ,a4 ,d41 has also pres]v$ a "p ( ! tradition 9 a =m almo/ id5tical ) t ( ! epic4 ,s*ol>s ( all %ades ( op9ion agree t !re is "s connection betwe5 ?is ,babylonian tradition & ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis1 ?\gh !y diff] z to :e!r ! ,biblical writ] 0 acqua9t$ ) ! ,babylonian tradition z we h x 9 ! epic1 or :e!r he knew an e>li] =m ( ! /ory4 ,! po9ts ( simil>ity :i* h be5 urg$ betwe5 ,g5esis & ! ,babylonian epic are ! foll[+3 #a4 ,!y beg9 some:at simil>ly1 ,g5esis ) ! words 8,9 ! beg9n+10 ! epic ) ! words3 8,"t 0 :5 above heav5 0 n nam$2 ,bel[ to ! e>? no "n 0 giv540 #b4 ,bo? acc\nts assume t primeval *aos consi/$ ( a mass ( wat]s1 & to ?is mass ( wat]s !y give ! same "n4 ,! ,hebrews call$ x tehm1 8deep02 ! ,babylonians1 ,timat4 ,^! are really ! same ^w 9 ! two closely relat$ languages1 j z day & ,tag are ! same ^w 9 an ,engli% & a ,g]man =m4 ,9 ,g5esis we are told t 8,! ,_s ( ,god mov$ 7,r4 ,v4 m>g91 0 brood+7 ^u ! face ( ! wat]s02 9 ! ,babylonian epic1 ! wat]s1 :i* 7 ?\ght to be ( two g5d]s1 7 embosom$4 ,9 bo? ! result is ! beg9n+ ( ! creative process4 ,! two acc\nts agree t ! heav5s & ! e>? 7 creat$ by ! division ( ! primeval ocean by a firmam5t 7! ,babylonian calls x a cov]+71 :i* held up a "p ( ! wat]s1 s t ! e>? c\ld be =m$ b5ea?4 ,!y accord+ly agree 9 ! conception t !re is a sup]-cele/ial ocean1 i4 e41 8! wat]s :i* are above ! firmam5t0 7,g54 #a3g74 ,ano!r /rik+ simil>ity is f\nd 9 ! arrangem5t by sev5s3 ! ,babylonian epic is arrang$ 9 sev5 tablets1 or cantos1 ! ,hebrew acc\nt1 9 sev5 days4 ,! ,babylonian s]ies culm9ates 9 ! praise ( ,m>duk by all ! gods2 ! ,hebrew1 9 ! in/itution ( ! sabba?4 ,! two s]ies agree 9 connect+ ! heav5s ) ! f\r? epo* ( creation1 & ! creation ( man ) ! six?4 ,9 o!r respects ! ord] diff]s4 ,9 ! ,babylonian acc\nt ! moon & />s are creat$ on ! fif? day1 in/ead ( on ! f\r?4 ,z ,m>duk is id5tifi$ ) ! sun1 t orb is assum$2 its creation is n describ$4 ,! creation ( animals is n describ$ 9 any text :i* we c atta* to a def9ite tablet ( ! ,babylonian s]ies4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 giv5 9 a fragm5t :i* reads z foll[s3 #a4 ,:5 ! gods 9 _! assembly _h made ! heav5s1 #b4 ,! firmam5t _h e/abli%$ & b\nd fa/1 #c4 ,liv+ ?+s ( all k9ds _h creat$1 #d4 ,cattle ( ! field1 bea/s ( ! field1 & mov+ ?+s ( ! city4 #e4 ,aft] 4444444444 unto all k9ds ( liv+ ?+s 4444444444 #f4 ,betwe5 bea/s ( ! field & mov+ ?+s ( ! city _h divid$444 #g4 4444444444 all creatures1 ! :ole creation 4444444444 #h4 444444444444 t :i* 9 ! :ole ( my family 4444444444 #i4 ,!n arose ,n9-igi-azag1 two small creatures he creat$1 #aj4 ,9 ! assembly ( ! bea/s he made _! =m brilliant1 #aa4 4444444444 ! goddess ,gula 4444444444 #ab4 4444444444444444 "o :ite & "o black 4444444444 #ac4 444444444444 "o :ite & "o black 4444444444 ,! ,babylonian acc\nt1 !n1 conta9$ some:]e ! /ory ( ! creation ( ! animals1 ?\gh1 l ! o!r p>ts ( ! ,babylonian acc\nt1 its ord] & atmosph]e diff] widely f ! ,biblical n>rative4 ,"s ( ^! resemblances are ( no great significance4 ,! fact t ! two acc\nts are arrang$ by sev5s may be due simply to ! fact t t numb] 0 sacr$ among bo? peoples4 ,x is ?\ght by "s s*ol>s t its use 9 ,g5esis 0 consci\sly adopt$ 9 ord] to lead up to ! sabba? & glorify x4 ,?is might be true1 ev5 if ! writ] ( ! *apt] knew ( ! ,babylonian arrangem5t by sev5s4 ,! features ( ! two n>ratives1 :i* h conv9c$ "s s*ol>s ( all %ades ( op9ion t !re is a real k9%ip betwe5 ! two acc\nts1 are _! agreem5t z to ! nature ( primeval *aos1 & ! division ( ! primeval ocean by a firmam5t = ! creation ( ! heav5s & ! e>?4 ,bo? writ]s _h1 s to speak1 ! same raw mat]ial ( objective conceptions4 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 ! acc\nts are1 h[ev]1 mo/ m>k$4 ,to speak fir/ ( t :i* is lea/ important1 ! ,hebrew ord] is 9 _m respects diff]5t f ! ,babylonian4 ,9 ! ,babylonian ! gods are g5]at$ 9 ! fir/ tablet1 ! _w is n creat$ till ! f\r?1 & ! creation ( all o!r ?+s is told 9 tablets f\r1 five1 & six4 ,9 o!r words1 creation is divid$ into two p>ts1 ea* ( :i* is told 9 ?ree tablets4 ,! fir/ ?ree tablets deal ) gods1 ! second ?ree ) ! _w & liv+ ?+s4 ,?is tw(old division is f\nd 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis4 ,"h ! creative process is divid$ into two /ages1 ea* embrac+ f\r works1 & occupy+ ?ree days4 ,! di/ribution ( ^! works is /rik+ly diff]5t f ! ,babylonian4 ,on ! fir/ day1 light & d>kness 7 creat$2 on ! second1 ! firmam5t2 on ! ?ird1 ! e>? & vegetation2 on ! f\r?1 ! heav5ly bodies2 on ! fif?1 fi%es & birds2 on ! six?1 animals & m54 ,! fir/ s]ies ( ?ree days prep>$ ! heav5s & ! e>?2 ! second s]ies /udd$ ! sky ) orbs & ! e>? ) liv+ be+s4 ,!re is a /rik+ p>allelism betwe5 ! two s]ies4 ,! fir/ beg9s ) ! creation ( light2 ! second1 ) light-giv+ bodies4 ,to ! ?ird & six? days two creative acts ea* are assign$4 ,on ! second day ! seas are isolat$2 on ! fif? !y are /ock$ ) fi%es4 ,on ! ?ird day dry l& em]ges1 on ! six? t]re/rial animals are made4 ,on ! ?ird also h]bs began to gr[2 on ! six? !y are assign$ to animals & m5 = food4 ,! classification ( ! acts ( creation 9 ,g5esis is cle> & consi/5t1 & ?or\ghly indep5d5t ( t 9 ! ,babylonian acc\nt4 ,a m important diff]5ce lies 9 ! religi\s conceptions ( ! two4 ,! ,babylonian poem is my?ological & poly!i/ic4 ,its conception ( deity is by no means exalt$4 ,its gods love & hate1 !y s*eme & plot1 fight & de/roy4 ,m>duk1 ! *ampion1 conqu]s only aft] a fi]ce /ruggle1 :i* taxes 8 p[]s to ! utmo/4 ,g5esis1 on ! o!r h&1 reflects ! mo/ exalt$ mono!ism4 ,god is s ?or\ghly ! ma/] ( all ! elem5ts ( ! univ]se1 t !y obey 8 slighte/ ^w4 ,he controls all )\t ef=t4 ,he speaks & x is done4 ,grant+1 z mo/ s*ol>s d1 t !re is a connection betwe5 ! two n>ratives1 !re is no bett] measure ( ! inspiration ( ! ,biblical acc\nt ?an to put x side by side ) ! ,babylonian4 ,z we read ! *apt] 9 ,g5esis today1 x /ill reveals to u ! maje/y & p[] ( ! "o ,god1 & creates 9 ! mod]n man1 z x did 9 ! anci5t ,hebrew1 a wor%ipful attitude t[>d ! ,creator4 #c4 ,! ,babylonian ,creation ,epic & ,o!r ,p>ts ( ! ,bible4 ,! ,babylonian poem1 crude ?\gh x seems to u1 _h a p[]ful fasc9ation = ! imag9ation4 ,) m or less di/9ctness p>ts ( x seem to h be5 kn[n to v>i\s ,hebrew writ]s1 :o1 attribut+ to _! own ,god1 ,jehovah1 ! rle ascrib$ 9 ! epic to ,m>duk1 us$ ^! /ories z poetic illu/rations4 ,at lea/ ?is is ! view ( a consid]able gr\p ( s*ol>s4 ,"s object t1 if ?is 7 true1 x w\ld degrade ,jehovah to ! level ( ,m>duk1 b ! objection does n seem well f\nd$4 ,! ,hebrews might well h be5 su* ard5t mono!i/s z to believe t ea* & e mighty manife/ation ( p[] _h be5 ! "w ( ,jehovah1 )\t 9 any way l[]+ ,jehovah to ! level ( a hea!n god4 ,! mo/ important p>allels :i* h be5 cit$ are "h giv51 s t ! read] may judge = himself z to :i* view is ! m probable4 ,9 ,job #i3ac1 #ad we read3 ,god w n )draw 8 ang]2 ,! help]s ( ,rahab d /oop "u him4 ,h[ mu* less %all ,i answ] him1 ,& *oose out my words to reason ) him8 ,rahab is believ$ by _m to be "h an epi!t ( ,timat4 ,x means 8! "o :o acts boi/]\sly0 or 8pr\dly40 ,^? :o ?us ?9k believe ! l9es 9 ,job to ref] to ! ov]com+ ( ,timat's help]s 9 ,tablet ,,iv1 l9es #aje-aah1 ( ! ,babylonian creation epic1 :i* read z foll[s3 ,aft] ,timat ! lead] he _h sla91 ,h] army he broke1 h] ho/ 0 scatt]$1 ,& ! gods1 h] help]s1 :o m>*$ at h] side1 ,trembl$1 fe>$1 !y turn$ _! backs2 ,!y s\ght an exit1 to save _! lives2 ,) a cordon !y 7 encompass$1 escape 0 n possible4 ,he caught !m1 _! weapons he broke1 ,into ! net !y fell1 9 ! sn>e !y rema9$4 ,all ! qu>t]s ( ! _w !y fill$ ) _! lam5tation4 ,8 wra? !y endur$1 !y 7 held 9 bondage4 ,& ! elev5 creatures1 :om %e _h fill$ ) t]ribl5ess1 ,! troop ( demons :o m>*$ z h] help]s1 ,he ?rew into fett]s1 _! p[] he broke2 ,along ) _! opposition he trampl$ !m "u 8 feet4 ,?is w\ld seem to suit ! ref]5ce 9 ,job1 & to give po9t to ,job's words4 ,z our ,savi\r us$ /ories 9 8 p>ables1 s ?is poet may h us$ ?is well-kn[n /ory to illu/rate 8 po9t4 ,aga9 ,job #bf3ab1 #ac reads3 ,he /irre? up ! sea ) 8 p[]1 ,& by 8 und]/&+ he smite? ?r\gh ,rahab4 ,by 8 ,_s ! heav5s are g>ni%$2 ,8 h& ha? pi]c$ ! swift s]p5t4 ,f\r ( ! anci5t v]sions ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ) a v slight *ange 9 ! ,hebrew lett]s1 read ,job #bf3ac3 ,! b>s ( heav5 fe> him2 ,8 h& ha? pi]c$ ! swift s]p5t4 ,into comp>ison ) v4 #ab & ! la/ l9e ( #ac1 s*ol>s h br\ght ,tablet ,,iv1 l9e #ic1 ff41 :i* runs3 ,!n took _! /&1 ,timat & ! lead] ( ! gods1 ,m>duk2 ,= ! fight !y approa*$1 = ! battle drew ne>4 ,! "l spread out 8 net & enclos$ h]1 ,! evil w9d f beh9d he ?ru/ into h] face4 ,z ,timat op5$ h] m\? to its full ext5t1 ,! evil w9d he drove 91 s t h] lips c\ld n close4 ,) ! mighty w9ds he fill$ h] belly4 ,h] c\rage 0 tak5 away1 & %e op5$ h] m\?4 ,he let fall ! spe>1 he bur/ op5 h] belly1 ,he cut ?r\gh h] inw>d p>ts1 he pi]c$ h] he>t1 ,he b\nd h] & h] life de/roy$2 ,h] body he ca/ d[n & /ood ^u x4 ,into comp>ison ) ! fir/ l9e ( v4 #ac1 z ! v]sions give x1 s*ol>s h br\ght l9e #ace1 & ff41 ( ! same tablet3 ,!n ! "l re/$1 he gaz$ ^u h] body1 ,! fle% ( ! mon/] he divid$2 he =m$ a cunn+ plan4 ,he split h] op5 l a flat fi% into two halves2 ,"o half ( h] he e/abli%$ & made a cov]+ ( ! heav5s4 ,he drew a bolt1 he e/abli%$ a gu>d1 ,& n to let h] wat]s come out1 he comm&$4 ,) ! passages quot$ above ,psa4 #gd3ac1 #ad has also be5 comp>$3 ,?\ did/ divide ! sea by ?y /r5g?3 ,?\ brake/ ! heads ( ! sea-mon/]s 9 ! wat]s4 ,?\ brake/ ! heads ( levia?an 9 pieces2 ,?\ gave/ him to be food to ! p inhabit+ ! wild]ness4 ,v]ses #af1 #ag ( ! same ,psalm cont9ue ! !me ) ! words3 ,! day is ?9e1 ! night also is ?9e3 ,?\ ha/ prep>$ ! light & ! sun4 ,?\ ha/ set all ! bord]s ( ! e>?3 ,?\ ha/ made summ] & w9t]4 ,! !me is ! same z t ( ! epic1 viz43 ! creation ( ! _w4 ,x w\ld appe> f v4 #ad t z ! ,hebrews call$ ,timat ,rahab1 s !y call$ ,k+u levia?an4 ,^? :o s ?9k f9d ano!r ref]5ce to ! ,babylonian creation epic 9 ,job #c3h3 ,let !m curse x t curse ! day1 ,:o are ready to r\se up levia?an4 ,app>5tly !re 7 magicians :o pr(ess$ to be able to ar\se su* a mon/]4 ,o!r ref]5ces to levia?an are ?\ght to employ ! same illu/rative mat]ial4 ,?us 9 ,isa4 #bg3a we read3 ,9 t day ,jehovah ) 8 h>d & great & /rong sword w puni% levia?an ! swift s]p5t1 & levia?an ! crook$ s]p5t2 & he w slay ! mon/] t is 9 ! sea4 ,9 ,job #da !re is a long description ( ! crocodile "u ! "n levia?an4 ,9 v]ses #ai-ba "s ?+s are said ( him t d n suit a real crocodile1 & "s s*ol>s h ?\ght t ! language 0 influ5c$ by ! ,babylonian mat]ial4 ,^! v]ses are3 ,out ( 8 m\? g burn+ tor*es1 ,& sp>ks ( fire leap =?4 ,out ( 8 no/rils a smoke goe?1 ,z ( a boil+ pot & burn+ ru%es4 ,8 brea? k9dle? coals1 ,& a flame goe? =? f 8 m\?4 ,o!r ref]5ces to ,rahab1 :i* h be5 ?\ght to use ! same illu/ration1 are ,psalm #hi3aj3 ,?\ ha/ brok5 ,rahab 9 pieces z "o t is sla92 ,?\ ha/ scatt]$ ?9e enemies ) ! arm ( ?y /r5g?4 ,also1 ,isaiah #ea3i3 ,is x n ?\ t did/ cut ,rahab 9 pieces1 ,t did/ pi]ce ! mon/]8 ,z to :e!r ^! sacr$ writ]s really employ$ ! mat]ial ( ! ,babylonian epic to give =ce to _! illu/rations1 ! judgm5ts ( m5 w diff] 9 accordance ) _! views ( :at is possible = an inspir$ writ]4 ,9 ! foll[+ passages ,rahab is us$ to d5ote ,egypt z a pr\d & imp]i\s c\ntry4 ,^! uses are cle>ly figurative & metaphorical4 ,isa4 #cj3g3 ,= ,egypt helpe? 9 va9 & to no purpose3 ,!re=e h ,i call$ h] ,rahab t sitte? /ill4 ,psa4 #hg3d3 ,rahab & ,babylon ,i proclaim my vot>ies4 ,a fragm5t>y acc\nt ( an ,assyrian v]sion ( ! creation epic has be5 f\nd4 ,x agrees ) ! ,babylonian acc\nt 9 beg9n+ ) ,timat1 ?\gh ! c\rse ( creation appe>s to h be5 diff]5t4 ,! tablets kn[n to u pres5t x1 h[ev]1 9 a =m too fragm5t>y = u to foll[ ! c\rse ( ! n>rative4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,ano!r ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,! ,,creation ,,f\nd ,,at ,,babylon4#cfd ,,text ,,( ,,! ,,acc\nt4 ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,x ,,) ,,g5esis #b4 #a4 ,text ( ! ,acc\nt4 #a4 ,a holy h\se1 a h\se ( ! gods1 9 a holy place _h n be5 made2 #b4 ,no re$ _h sprung up1 no tree _h be5 creat$4 #c4 ,no brick _h be5 made1 no f\ndation _h be5 built1 #d4 ,no h\se _h be5 con/ruct$1 no city _h be5 built2 #e4 ,no city _h be5 built1 ?rones _h n be5 e/abli%$2 #f4 ,nippur _h n be5 con/ruct$1 ,ekur _h n be5 built2 #g4 ,ere* _h n be5 con/ruct$1 ,eanna _h n be5 built2 #h4 ,! deep _h n be5 =m$1 ,eridu _h n be5 built2 #i4 ,! holy h\se1 ! h\se ( ! gods1 ! dwell+ _h n be5 made1-- #aj4 ,all l&s 7 sea1-- #aa4 ,!n 9 ! mid/ ( ! sea 0 a wat]-c\rse2 #ab4 ,9 ^? days ,eridu 0 con/ruct$1 ,esagila 0 built1 #ac4 ,esagila :]e1 9 ! mid/ ( ! deep1 ! god ,lugal-dul-azaga abode1 #ad4 7,babylon 0 made1 ,esagila 0 complet$74 #ae4 ,! gods & ! ,anunaki he made at "o "t4 #af4 7,! holy city1 ! dwell+ ( _! he>ts' desire1 !y nam$ z fir/71 #ag4 ,m>duk b\nd a /ructure ( re$s ^u ! face ( ! wat]s1 #ah4 ,he =m$ du/1 he p\r$ x out beside ! re$-/ructure4 #ai4 ,to cause ! gods to dwell 9 ! habitation ( _! he>ts' desire1 #bj4 ,he =m$ mank9d4 #ba4 ,! goddess ,aruru ) him creat$ mank9d1 #bb4 ,cattle ( ! field1 9 :om is brea? ( life1 he creat$4 #bc4 ,he =m$ ! ,tigris & ,euphrates & set !m 9 _! places1 #bd4 ,_! names he did well decl>e4 #be4 ,! grass1 m>%-grass1 ! re$ & bru%wood 787 he creat$1 #bf4 ,! gre5 grass ( ! field he creat$1 #bg4 ,! l&1 ! m>%es1 & ! swamps2 #bh4 ,! wild c[ & h] "y1 ! wild calf2 ! ewe & h] "y1 ! lamb ( ! fold2 #bi4 ,g>d5s & =e/s2 #cj4 ,! wild goat1 ! m\nta9 goat1 7:o7 c>es = himself 7874 #ca4 ,! "l ,m>duk fill$ a t]race by ! seaside1 #cb4 444444444444 a m>%1 re$s he set1 #cc4 444444444444444444 he caus$ to exi/4 #cd4 ,re$s he created2 trees he creat$2 #ce4 ,9 _! 44444444444 9 _! place he made2 #cf4 ,bricks he laid1 a f\ndation he con/ruct$2 #cg4 ,h\ses he made1 a city he built2 #ch4 ,a city he built1 a ?rone he e/abli%$2 #ci4 ,nuppur he con/ruct$1 ,ekur he built2 #dj4 ,ere* he con/ruct$1 ,eanna he built4 7,at ?is po9t ! tablet is brok54 ,:5 x aga9 becomes legible1 x is 9 ! mid/ ( an incantation47 #b4 ,comp>ison ) ,g5esis #b4 ,?is acc\nt ( ! creation has sometimes be5 comp>$ ) ,g5esis #b3d1 ff41 :i* describes a "t :5 !re 0 no grass or vegetation on ! e>?1 & !n goes on to describe ! creation ( man & animals1 speak+ ( ! ,tigris & ,euphrates riv]s4 ,9 ?is acc\nt ( ! creation x is /at$ 7l9e #ba7 t ! goddess ,aruru ) ,m>duk creat$ mank9d4 ,9 ano!r ,babylonian poem1 ! ,gilgame% epic1 :i* conta9s ! ,babylonian /ory ( ! flood1 !re is an acc\nt ( ! creation ( man :i* accords mu* m closely ) ,g54 #b3g ?an t :i* we are consid]+4 ,x runs3 ,! goddess ,aruru1 :5 %e he>d ?is1 ,a man l ,anu %e =m$ 9 h] he>t4 ,aruru wa%$ h] h&s2 ,clay %e p9*$ (f & spat ^u x2 ,eabani1 a h]o %e creat$1 ,an exalt$ (fspr+1 ) ! might ( ,n9ib4 ,"h is cle>ly a tradition1 simil> to ,g5esis1 t ,god =m$ man f ! du/ ( ! gr\nd4 ,! allusion to ,aruru indicates t ?is =m$ a "p ( ! e>ly ,babylonian tradition4 ,!re is consid]able evid5ce t 9 an e>li] =m ( ! ,babylonian acc\nt ,m>duk _h no place4 ,he 0 introduc$ into x lat] by ! prie/s ( ,babylon4 ,aruru 0 9 t e>li] =m ! creator ( man1 & probably 0 said to h =m$ him f clay1 z 9 ! ,gilgame% epic4 ,:ile ^! po9ts ( lik5ess are evid5t1 !re are great diff]5ces betwe5 ! two n>ratives4 ,! ,babylonian acc\nt speaks n only ( grass & re$s z non-exi/5t1 b ( cities & temples also1 :i*1 x tells u1 7 creat$ lat]4 ,x has no picture ( ,ed52 its ?\ght c5t]s 9 well-kn[n ,babylonian cities4 ,:ile ,m>duk appe>s z supreme 9 ! ,babylonian poem1 ! gods & ,anunaki1 or spirits ( e>?1 are recogniz$1 s t ! poly!i/ic view is n entirely abs5t4 ,9 ! ,biblical picture1 on ! o!r h&1 ,jehovah is supreme4 ,op9ions ( s*ol>s diff] z to :e!r !re 0 any real connection betwe5 ! two n>ratives4 ,:atev] op9ion "o may hold on ?is po9t1 !re c be no "q b t ! second *apt] ( ,g5esis is dom9at$ by ^? religi\s conceptions :i* 7 s uniquely manife/$ 9 ,israel1 :ile !y are abs5t f ! ,babylonian n>rative4 7,= a new ,babylonian acc\nt ( ! creation ( man1 see ,app5dix47 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,babylonian ,,sabba? ,,fea/ ,,( ,,m>duk ,,& ,,z>panit4 ,a ,,day ,,call$ ,,%abatum4 ,a ,,day ,,9 ,,"s ,,tablets ,,at ,,yale4 #a4 ,fea/ ( ,m>duk & ,z>panit4 ,! sev5? day is ! fea/ ( ,m>duk & ,z>panit4 ,x is an evil day4 ,! %eph]d ( ! great p %all n eat fle% cook$ on ! coals :i* is smok$4 ,! g>m5t ( 8 body he %all n *ange2 a clean "o he %all n put on4 ,a sacrifice he %all n (f]4 ,! k+ 9 a *>iot %all n ride4 ,9 triumph he %all n speak4 ,9 ! secret place a se] %all n give an oracle4 ,! physician %all n lay 8 h& on ! sick4 ,x is n fitt+ to utt] a mal$iction4 ,at night be=e ,m>duk & ,i%t> ! k+ %all br+ 8 (f]+2 a libation he %all p\r out4 ,! lift+ up ( 8 h&s %all !n be pleas+ to ! gods4#cfe ,?is passage occurs 9 a tablet :i* describes ! nature ( all ! days ( a mon?4 ,! same prohibitions are record$ = ! f\rte5?1 n9ete5?1 tw5ty-fir/1 & tw5ty-eigh? days4 ,! tablet has (t5 be5 br\ght into comp>ison ) ! ,hebrew sabba?1 p>tly because ! sev5?1 f\rte5?1 tw5ty-fir/1 & tw5ty-eigh? days are involv$1 p>tly because ! prohibitions rem9d ! read] ( ,exodus #bj3h-aa & ,deut4 #e3ab-ae4 ,exod4 #bj3h-aa4 ,rememb] ! sabba? day1 to keep x holy4 ,six days %alt ?\ labor1 & d all ?y "w3 b ! sev5? day is a sabba? unto ! ,"l ?y ,god3 9 x ?\ %alt n d any "w1 ?\1 nor ?y son1 nor ?y daught]1 ?y mans]vant1 nor ?y maids]vant1 nor ?y cattle1 nor ?y /rang] t is )9 ?y gates3 = 9 six days ! ,"l made heav5 & e>?1 ! sea1 & all t 9 !m is1 & re/$ ! sev5? day3 :]e=e ! ,"l bless$ ! sabba? day1 & hall[$ x4 ,deut4 #e3ab-ae4 ,obs]ve ! sabba? day1 to keep x holy1 z ! ,"l ?y ,god comm&$ !e4 ,six days %alt ?\ labor1 & d all ?y "w3 b ! sev5? day is a sabba? unto ! ,"l ?y ,god3 9 x ?\ %alt n d any "w1 ?\1 nor ?y son1 nor ?y daught]1 nor ?y mans]vant1 nor ?y maids]vant1 nor ?9e ox1 nor ?9e ass1 nor any ( ?y cattle1 nor ?y /rang] t is )9 ?y gates2 t ?y mans]vant & ?y maids]vant may re/ z well z ?\4 ,& ?\ %alt rememb] t ?\ wa/ a s]vant 9 ! l& ( ,egypt1 & ! ,"l ?y ,god br\ght !e out !nce by a mighty h& & by a /ret*$ out arm3 !re=e ! ,"l ?y ,god comm&$ !e to keep ! sabba? day4 ,9 reality ! ,babylonian prohibitions apply to c]ta9 classes ( p only1 & n to ! :ole population4 ,a /udy ( ! contract lit]ature %[s t !re 0 no cessation ( bus9ess ^u ^! days ( ! mon?1 s t resemblance to ! ,hebrew sabba? is really q slight4 #b4 ,a ,day ,call$ ,%abatum4 ,^! days 7 n1 s f> z we "k1 call$ %abatum1 b ano!r tablet#cff tells u t ! fifte5? day ( ea* mon? 0 s call$4 ,%abatum is etymologically ! same z ! ,hebrew sabba?4 ,z ! ,babylonian mon?s 7 lun>1 ! fifte5? 0 ! "t ( ! full moon1 s t 9 ,babylonian ! day d5ot$ ! completion ( ! moon's gr[?4 ,9 ! ,old ,te/am5t 8sabba?0 is sometimes c\pl$ ) 8new moon10 z ?\gh x may also h designat$ a simil> day4 7,see #b ,k+s #d3bc2 ,amos #h3e2 ,hosea #b3aa2 ,isa4 #a3ac2 #ff3bc1 & ,ezek4 #df3c47 ,?is ,babylonian %abatum c1 9 any ev5t1 h no direct relation%ip to ! ,hebrew sabba? z a day ( re/ once a week4 #c4 ,a ,day 9 ,"s ,tablets at ,yale4 ,a s]ies ( tablets 9 ! ,yale ,babylonian ,collection1 a portion ( :i* has be5 publi%$ by ,pr(4 ,clay1#cfg %[s t special sacrifices 7 (f]$ on ! sev5?1 f\rte5?1 tw5ty-fir/1 & tw5ty-eigh? ( ea* mon?4 ,^! sacrifices %[ t ^! days 7 ?\ght to h "s peculi> significance1 b1 :atev] t significance may h be51 ! evid5ce cit$ %[s t x 0 n ! same z t ( ! ,hebrew sabba?4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,leg5d ,,( ,,adapa ,,& ,,! ,,fall ,,( ,,man ,,comp>ison ,,) ,,g5esis #c4 ,,! ,,adapa ,,my?4 ,f\r fragm5ts ( ! ,adapa my? h be5 f\nd4 ,!y really pres5t b ?ree p>ts ( ! /ory1 z two ( !m cov] ! same gr\nd4 ,^! ?ree p>ts ( ! /ory are translat$ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,x w be not$ t ! fragm5ts d n pres5t ! entire /ory4 ,betwe5 fragm5ts ,i & ,,ii1 z well z betwe5 fragm5ts ,,ii & ,,iii1 "s l9es h fall5 out1 & ! la/ fragm5t is brok5 away be=e ! end ( ! acc\nt is rea*$4 ,nev]!less1 f ! p>ts :i* we h x is cle> t ! ,babylonians %>$ ) ! ,hebrews "s ( ! traditions record$ 9 ! ?ird *apt] ( ,g5esis4 #a4 ,comp>ison ) ,g5esis #c4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,adapa1 l ,adam1 _h ga9$ k4 ,?is k c>ri$ ) x a p[] hi!rto reg>d$ z an attribute ( div9ity4 ,x enabl$ ,adapa to break ! w+ ( ! s\? w9d2 x tempt$ ,adam & ,eve 8to become l ,god1 kn[+ good & evil0 7,g54 #c3e74 ,z 9 ,g5esis1 k did n c>ry ) x immortality4 ,ea1 ! god :o _h p]mitt$ ,adapa to become wise1 fe>$ t he might ga9 immortality1 z ,jehovah ?\ght t ,adam might 8put =? 8 h& & take ( ! tree ( life & eat & live =ev]0 7,g54 #c3bb74 7,= ,babylonian & ,assyrian conceptions ( ! tree ( life1 see ,figs4 #bia1 #bic47 ,ea accord+ly told ,adapa a falsehood :5 he 0 ab\t to g into ! pres5ce ( ! supreme god1 ,anu1 9 ord] to prev5t him f eat+ ! food t w\ld make him immortal2 ,jehovah drove man f ! g>d5 :]e ! tree ( life grew4 ,! two acc\nts agree 9 ! ?\ght t immortality c\ld be obta9$ by eat+ a c]ta9 k9d ( food4 ,! l9es at ! end ( ! ,adapa /ory are mu* brok51 b !y make x cle> t z a puni%m5t = :at he _h done1 ,adapa 0 subject$ to sickness1 disease1 & re/lessness4 ,?is corresponds to ! toil inflict$ ^u man 7,g54 #c3ag-ai71 & ! pangs ( *ildbir? impos$ ^u woman 7,g54 #c3af74 ,x appe>s also t z ,adam & ,eve 7 clo!d ) sk9s 9 consequ5ce ( _! de$ 7,g54 #c3ba71 s ,adapa 0 clo!d by ,anu 9 a special clo?+4 ,^! simil>ities indicate t ! ,babylonians possess$ ! same g5]al ideas ( ! connection ( increas+ k1 ) ! attributes ( div9ity on ! "o h&1 & ) suff]+ & clo?+ on ! o!r1 :i* are pres5t$ 9 ,g5esis4 ,an increas+ numb] ( mod]n s*ol>s reg>d ! ,babylonian /ory z an e>li] =m ( a n>rative :i* ! ,hebrew writ] took & purifi$4 ,o!rs hold t x is a some:at deg5]ate =m ( ! ,biblical n>rative4 ,9 any ev5t1 ! ,babylonian /ory proves ! ,biblical conceptions to be v anci5t1 &1 by its contra/s to t ( ,g5esis1 x exhibits ! dignity & religi\s value ( ! ,biblical n>rative4 ,9 ! ,babylonian my?1 ! gods1 ,ea & ,anu1 are divid$ & "w at cross purposes2 ,ea tells a falsehood to accompli% 8 end4 ,g5esis1 :ile x repres5ts ,jehovah z feel+ & act+ 9 a mu* m human way ?an "s p>ts ( ! ,bible d1 /ill portrays him z a consi/5tly righte\s1 omnipot5t ,god1 :o dem&s ob$i5ce1 & ^: puni%m5ts are ! reasonable recomp5se = transgressions4 ,! sup]iority ( ! ,old ,te/am5t /&s out 9 /rik+ contra/4 #b4 ,! ,adapa ,my?4#cfh ,i #a4 ,he possess$ intellig5ce 4444444444 #b4 ,8 comm& l ! comm& ( ,anu 4444444444 #c4 ,wide intellig5ce he 7,ea7 made p]fect = him1 ! de/9y ( ! c\ntry to reveal4 #d4 ,unto him wisdom he gave2 et]nal life he did n grant him4 #e4 ,9 ^? days1 9 ^? ye>s ! wise man ( ,eridu1-- #f4 ,ea z a *ief 787 among m5 _h creat$ him1-- #g4 ,a wise man ^: comm& no "o c\ld re/ra91 #h4 ,! prud5t1 ! mo/ wise among ! ,anunnaki 0 he1 #i4 ,blameless1 clean ( h&s1 ano9t$1 ! obs]v] ( div9e comm&s1 #aj4 ,) ! bak]s he made bread1 #aa4 ,) ! bak]s ( ,eridu he made bread1 #ab4 ,! food & wat] ( ,eridu he prep>$ daily1 #ac4 ,) 8 clean h&s he prep>$ ! table1 #ad4 ,& )\t him ! table 0 n cle>$4 #ae4 ,! %ip he /e]$2 fi%+ & hunt+ = ,eridu he did4 #af4 ,!n ,adapa ( ,eridu1 #ag4 ,:ile ,ea lay ^u a b$ 9 a *amb] 7871 #ah4 ,daily ! clos+ ( ,eridu he made "r4 #ai4 ,at ! pure quay1 ! quay ( ! new-moon1 he emb>k$ ^u ! %ip1 #bj4 ,! w9d blew1 8 %ip sail$1 #ba4 ,) ! rudd] he /e]$ ! %ip #bb4 ,^u ! broad sea4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444444444444 ,,ii #a4 444444444444444444444444444444444444 #b4 ,! s\? w9d blew & capsiz$ him1 #c4 ,to ! h\se ( ! fi%es x made him s9k1 #d4 8,o s\? w9d increase ?y rage z mu* z ?\ art able1 #e4 ,?y w+ ,i w break40 ,z he spoke ) 8 m\?1 #f4 ,! w+ ( ! s\? w9d 0 brok51 sev5 days #g4 ,! s\? w9d blew n on ! l&4 ,anu #h4 ,to 8 mess5g]1 ,ilabrat1 said3 #i4 8,:y has ! s\? w9d n bl[n ^u ! l& = sev5 days80 #aj4 ,8 mess5g] ,ilabrat answ]$ him1 8,my "l #aa4 ,adapa1 ! son ( ,ea1 ! w+ ( ! s\? w9d #ab4 ,has brok540 ,anu1 :5 he he>d ?is1 #ac4 ,cri$ 8,help60 ,he asc5d$ 8 ?rone3 8,let "s "o br+ him to me4 #ad4 ,likewise ,ea1 :o kn[s ! heav5s1 summon him1 #ad;a4 ,to ,k+ ,ea to come40#cfi #ad;b4 ,to him he caus$ ^w to be borne1 #ad;c4 4444444444 ,to him1 to ,k+ ,ea1 #ad;d4 ,he s5t a mess5g]4 #ad;e4 ,he is ( great und]/&+1 he kn[s ! he>ts ( ! great gods1 #ad;f4 4444444444 ( ! heav5s1 he e/abli%es x4 #ae4 ,a soil$ g>m5t he made him we>2 ) a m\rn+ g>m5t clad him1 #af4 ,he clo!d him & gave him c\nsel1 #ag4 ,say+3 8,adapa1 into ! pres5ce ( ,anu1 ! k+1 ?\ art go+1 #ah4 ,fail n ! ord]1 my ^w keep1 #ai4 ,:5 ?\ goe/ up to heav5 & approa*e/ ! gate ( ,anu1 #bj4 ,at ! gate ( ,anu1 ,tammuz & ,gi%zida #ba4 ,/&1 !y w see !e1 !y w ask3 #8,"l1 #bb4 ,= ^: sake art ?\ ?us1 ,adapa8 ,= :om #bc4 ,art ?\ clad 9 a m\rn+ g>m5t8' #8,9 our c\ntry two gods h vani%$1 !re=e #bd4 ,am ,i ?us4' #8,:o are ! two gods :o 9 ! l& #be4 ,h vani%$8' #8,tammuz & ,gi%zida4' ,!y w look at "o ano!r & #bf4 ,be a/oni%$4 ,favorable words #bg4 ,to ,anu !y w speak4 ,a joyful c\nt5ance ( ,anu #bh4 ,!y w reveal to !e4 ,:5 ?\ /&e/ 9 ! pres5ce ( ,anu1 #bi4 ,food ( dea? !y w (f] !e to eat2 #cj4 ,?\ %alt n eat4 ,wat] ( dea? !y w (f] !e to dr9k2 #ca4 ,?\ %alt n dr9k4 ,a g>m5t w !y %[ !e2 #cb4 ,put x on4 ,oil !y w set be=e !e2 ano9t ?yself4 #cc4 ,! comm& :i* ,i give !e1 =get n4 ,! ^w #cd4 ,:i* ,i h spok5 hold fa/40 ,! mess5g] #ce4 ,( ,anu came3 8,adapa ( ! s\? w9d #cf4 ,! w+ has brok54 ,into my pres5ce br+ him40 #cg4 ,! road to heav5 he made him take & to heav5 he asc5d$4 #ch4 ,:5 to heav5 he asc5d$1 :5 he approa*$ ! gate ( ,anu1 #ci4 ,at ! gate ( ,anu1 ,tammuz & ,gi%zida 7 /&+4 #dj4 ,:5 !y saw him !y cri$3 8,adapa1 help6 #da4 ,"l1 = ^: sake art ?\ ?us8 #db4 ,= :om art ?\ clad 9 a m\rn+ g>m5t8 #dc4 ,9 ! c\ntry two gods h vani%$2 !re=e 9 a m\rn+ g>m5t #dd4 ,am ,i clad4 ,:o are ! two gods :o f ! l& h vani%$80 #de4 8,tammuz & ,gi%zida40 ,!y look$ at "o ano!r & #df4 ,7 a/oni%$4 ,:5 ,adapa be=e ,anu ! k+1 #dg4 ,approa*$1 ,anu saw him & cri$3 #dh4 8,come1 ,adapa1 :y ( ! s\? w9d ! w+ #di4 ,ha/ ?\ brok580 ,adapa answ]$3 8,anu1 my "l1 #ej4 ,= ! h\se ( my "l 9 ! mid/ ( ! sea #ea4 ,i 0 cat*+ fi%4 ,z ,i 0 midway ( ! voyage #eb4 ,! s\? w9d blew & capsiz$ me2 #ec4 ,to ! h\se ( ! fi%es x made me s9k4 ,9 ! ang] ( my he>t #ed4 ,! s\? w9d ,i curs$4 ,at my side answ]$ ,tammuz #ee4 ,& ,gi%zida3 #8,! he>t %\ld be t[>d ,anu4' #ef4 ,!y spoke1 he 0 appeas$1 8 he>t 0 won 7874 #eg4 8,:y has ,ea1 to impure man1 ( ! heav5s #eh4 ,& ! e>? reveal$ ! he>t8 #ei4 ,/rong 787 has he made him 7,adapa72 a "n he has giv5 him4 #fj4 ,we--:at c we d to him8 ,food ( life #fa4 ,br+ him1 t he may eat40 ,food ( life #fb4 ,!y br\ght him2 he ate x n4 ,wat] ( life #fc4 ,!y br\ght him2 he drank x n4 ,a g>m5t #fd4 ,!y br\ght him2 he clo!d himself4 ,oil #fe4 ,!y br\ght him2 he ano9t$ himself4 #ff4 ,anu look$ at him2 he wond]$ 787 at him4 #fg4 8,come1 ,adapa1 :y do/ ?\ n eat nor dr9k8 #fh4 ,n[ ?\ %alt n live2 m5 are mortal 78740 8,ea my "l #fi4 ,said3 ,?\ %alt n eat1 ?\ %alt n dr9k40 #gj4 ,take him & br+ him back to e>?4 #ga4 444444444444 look$ ^u him4 ,,iii #a4 444444444444444444444444 #b4 ,he comm&$ him & he 44444444444 #c4 ,! g>m5t1 he comm&$ him & he clo!d himself4 #d4 444444 ,anu wond]$ greatly at ! de$ ( ,ea4 #e4 ,! gods ( heav5 & e>?1 z _m z !re are3 8,:o is ?us mighty 7878 #f4 ,8 comm& is ! comm& ( ,anu4 ,:o c surpass him80 #g4 ,z n[ ,adapa f ! horizon to ! z5i? ( ! heav5s #h4 444444 look$1 he saw 8 t]ror 444444 7i4 e41 ! t]ror he inspir$7 #i4 ,:i* ,anu conc]n+ ,adapa ^u him 444444 _h plac$4 #aj4 ,! s]vice 787 ( ,ea he made 8 satisfaction4 #aa4 ,anu fix$ z 8 lot 8 lord%ip 9 brilliance to ! di/ant future4 #ab4 4444444444 ,adapa1 ! se$ ( mank9d1 #ac4 ,:o victori\sly broke ! w+ ( ! s\? w9d1 #ad4 ,& to heav5 he asc5d$4 8,?us let x be60 #ae4 444444 t :i* he 9 evil ways impos$ on ! p1 #af4 4444444444 sickness :i* he plac$ 9 ! bodies ( p4 #ag4 44444444 ,n9k>rak appeas$4 #ah4 ,sickness %all come1 8 disease be viol5t1 #ai4 4444444444 de/ruction %all fall ^u him1 #bj4 ,9 good sleep he %all n re/1 #ba4 4444 %all ov]turn 787 ! joy ( p's he>ts4 7,! rema9d] is brok5 away47 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,patri>*s ,,be=e ,,! ,,flood ,,babylonian ,,long-,,liv$ ,,k+s4 ,,comp>ison ,,) ,,g5esis #e4 ,,comp>ison ,,) ,,g5esis #d4 ,,comp>ison ,,) ,,! ,,li/ ,,( ,,b]ossos4 ,a ,biblical n>rative t *all5ges att5tion is t 9 ,g5esis #e1 :i* conta9s ! li/ ( long-liv$ patri>*s :o fl\ri%$ be=e ! flood4 ,?is n>rative f9ds a /rik+ p>allel 9 ! foll[+ tablet :i* tells ( long-liv$ k+s :o are said to h rul$ 9 anci5t ,babylonia4 ,! beg9n+s ( all ! columns ( ! tablet are brok5 away4#cgj #a4 ,babylonian ,long-liv$ ,k+s ,column ,i #b4 444444 rul$ #ijj 787 ye>s2 4444444444444444444444 #g4 ,galumum #h4 rul$ #ijj 787 ye>s2 #i4 ,zugagib #aj4 rul$ #hdj 787 ye>s2 #aa4 ,a-ri-pi1 son ( ,ma%gag1 #ab4 rul$ #gbj ye>s2 #ac4 ,etana1 ! %eph]d1 #ad4 :o asc5d$ to heav51 #ae4 :o subdu$ all l&s1 #af4 rul$ #fce ye>s2 #ag4 ,pilikam1 #ah4 son ( ,etana1 #ai4 rul$ #cej ye>s2 #bj4 ,enm5unna #ba4 reign$ #faa ye>s2 #bb4 ,melam-,ki%1 #bc4 son ( ,enm5unna1 #bd4 rul$ #ijj ye>s2 #be4 ,b>salnunna1 #bf4 son ( ,enm5unna1 #bg4 rul$ #abjj ye>s2 #bh4 ,mes 787 zamu1 son ( ,b>salnunna1 #bi4 rul$ 444444 ye>s2 #cj4 444444 son ( ,b>salnunna2 ,column ,,ii 4444444444444444444444444 #a4 f ,ki% #b4 ! k+dom #c4 pass$ to ,eanna4 #d4 ,9 ,eanna #e4 ,mesk+a%ir1 #f4 son ( ,%ama%1#cga #g4 z "l1 #h4 z k+1 #i4 rul$ #cbe ye>s4 #aj4 ,mesk+a%ir #aa4 ent]$ into #ab4 & w5t out f 444444 #ac4 ,enmeirgan1 #ad1 #ae4 son ( ,mesk+a%ir1 #af4 k+ ( ,ere*1 #ag4 ! p ( ,ere* #ah4 /r5g!n$1 #ai4 z k+ #bj4 rul$ #dbj ye>s4 #ba4 ,lugalb&a1 ! %eph]d1 #bb4 rul$ #abjj ye>s4 #bc4 ,dumuzi1 ! hunt]#cgb 7871 #bd4 ,^: city is among fi%es1 #be4 rul$ #ajj ye>s4 #bf4 ,gilgame%1 #bg4 ^: fa!r #bh4 0 "l ( ,kullab1 #bi4 rul$ #abf ye>s4 ,column ,,iii 7,! k+dom7 #a4 ( ,ere* #b4 pass$ to ,ur4 #c4 ,9 ,ur #d4 ,mesannipada #e4 0 k+2 #f4 he rul$ #hj ye>s4 #g4 ,meskiagnunna1 #h4 son ( ,mesannipada1 #i4 rul$ #cj ye>s4 #aj4 ,elu 44444444 #aa4 rul$ #be ye>s4 #ab4 ,balu 4444444 #ac4 #cf ye>s4 #ad4 #d k+s #ae4 rul$ #aga ye>s4 #af4 ,z to ,ur #ag4 ! k+dom #ah4 pass$ to ,awan4#cgc ,column ,,iv#cgd #a4 rul$ #ba ye>s4 #b4 ,i%me-,dagan1 #c4 son ( ,id9-,dagan1 #d4 rul$ #ba ye>s4 #e4 ,libit-,i%t>1 #f4 son ( ,id9-,dagan1 #g4 rul$ #aa ye>s4 #h4 ,ur-,n9ib1 #i4 son ( ,im 44444441 44444444444444444444 ,column ,v #a4 ,total #ea k+s-- #b4 _! ye>s 7 #ahjjj 444 #c4 #i ye>s 4444444 mon?s 4444444 #d4 ,f\r times #e4 9 ,ki%3 #f4 total #bb k+s-- #g4 _! ye>s 7 #bfaj #h4 #f mon?s1 #ae days4 #i4 ,five times #aj4 9 ,ere*3 #aa4 total #ac k+s-- #ab4 _! ye>s 7 #cif-- #ac4 rul$4 #ad4 ,?ree times #ae4 9 ,ur3 #af4 total #c k+s-- #ag4 _! ye>s 7 #cef-- #ah4 rul$4 #ai4 ,once #bj4 9 ,awan3 #ba4 total #a k+-- #bb4 8 rule 0 #g ye>s4 #bc4 ,once #bd4 9#cge 4444444 ,column ,,vi #a4 7total 44444447 k+s-- #b4 7_! ye>s7 7 #aif-- #c4 rul$4 #d4 ,twice 9 ,agade3 #e4 total #ba k+s-- #f4 _! ye>s 7 #abe ye>s #g4 #dj days--rul$4 #h4 ,once #i4 9 ! p #aj4 ( ,gutium3 #aa4 total #aa k+s-- #ab4 _! ye>s 7 #aei ye>s-- #ac4 rul$ #ad4 9 ,is9 7874 #ae4 ,elev5 #af4 royal cities #ag4 rul$4 #ah4 ,total #acd k+s4 #ai4 ,gr& total #bhhgf #bj4 ye>s1 #ba4 444444 mon?s4#cge ,?is int]e/+ docum5t does n /& alone4 ,?ree o!r tablets publi%$ 9 ! same volume#cgf conta9 simil> mat]ial1 ?\gh all t w\ld h a be>+ on our pres5t topic is too brok5 = connect$ translation4 ,x is cle> f ! translation "h giv5 t ! ,babylonians ascrib$ to "s e>ly k+s reigns z long1 & ev5 long] 9 "s cases1 ?an ^? ascrib$ to ! ant$iluvian patri>*s 9 ,g5esis #e4 ,! peculi> spell+ ( ,galumum & ,zugagib 9 ! ,babylonian *>act]s1 toge!r ) ! mean+ ( ! words1 %[s t !y are animal names4 ,zugagib means 8scorpion0 & ,galumum1 8lamb40 ,9 ! l9es :i* prec$$1 probably simil> animal names 7 record$4 ,p]haps ?is expresses ! idea t animals 7 made be=e m51 z is /at$ 9 ,g54 #a3bd-bf4 #b4 ,comp>ison ) ,g5esis #e4--,! next "n1 ,aripi1#cgg may also h be5 read ,adim1 & p]haps 0 s read by ! ,sum]ians !mselves4 ,if x came to ! ,hebrews 9 ?is =m !y w\ld naturally equate x ) ! ,hebrew ,adam1 :i* means 8man40 ,etana1 ! %eph]d1 is said 9 ?is li/ to h gone to heav54 ,?is at once sugge/s ! fate ( ,eno*1 :o 80 n2 = ,god took him0 7,g54 #e3bd74 ,9 ! ,sum]ian ! words 8to heav50 are ,,an-,u1 :i* may also be read ,,an-,,ku4 ,if ^! words 7 n fully und]/ood by ! ,hebrews1 to :om ,sum]ian 0 n only a =eign language b a dead language1 !y might easily be mi/ak5 = a prop] "n1 & w\ld 9 ,hebrew give u ,eno*4#cgh ,ano!r sugge/ion z to ! me?od ( borr[+ is also possible4 ,lat] traditions *]i%$ ! "n ( a k+1 ,enm$uranki1 :om !y call$ a k+ ( ,sipp> or ,agade4#cgi ,enm$uranki means 8! h]o :o b9ds toge!r heav5 & e>?40 ,etana is 9 our li/ ( k+s call$ a k+ ( ,ki%1 b 9 lat] times k+s ( ,ki% 7 also call$ k+s ( ,agade4 ,x is altoge!r probable1 !re=e1 t ! 8h]o :o b9ds toge!r heav5 & e>?0 is simply ano!r designation ( ,etana :o w5t to heav54 ,! la/ two syllables ( ,enm$uranki1 i4 e41 ,,an-,,ki1 8heav5 & e>?10 w\ld1 if tak5 ov] into ,hebrew1 also give ,eno*4 ,if we assume t ,etana & ,eno* are ! same1 we may at a lat] po9t be able to det]m9e by :i* ( ^! processes ! "n is mo/ likely to h come into ,hebrew4 ,9 an old poem1 fragm5ts ( :i* h be5 f\nd on "s brok5 tablets f ,n9eveh1 ! =tunes ( ,etana 7 giv5 9 detail4 ,he is said to h be5 c>ri$ to heav5 on ! back ( an eagle4 ,if he be really ! prototype ( ,eno*1 ?is l5ds a t\* ( realism to ! n>rative4 ,! ,sum]ian "n ,enm5unna means 8exalt$ h]o0 or 8exalt$ man40 ,a natural translation ( ?is into ,semitic ,babylonian ab\t #bjjj ,b4 ,c4 w\ld be ,mutu-elu1#chj or1 9 "o ^w1 amelu1 & an equally natural translation ( ?is into ,hebrew w\ld give u ,eno%4 ,pilikam1#cha ! next "n1 means 9 ,sum]ian 8) intellig5ce to build40 ,9 ,babylonian ,semitic x w\ld be lit]ally ,ina-uzni-eru1 or1 r5d]$ 9 "o ^w1 ummanu1 8artific]40 ,! ,hebrew translation ( ?is is ,k5an1 :i* means 8artific]40 ,melamki% gives u ! ,hebrew ,lame* by ! simple elision ( ! fir/ & la/ consonants4 ,all p are lazy & words sometimes we> away bo? at ! beg9n+ & at ! end4#chb ,b>salnunna1 translat$ into ,semitic ,babylonian1 becomes ,%itu-elu4#chc ,se? may well be a transf] ( a "p ( ?is "n to ,hebrew4 ,! f9al radical ( ! fir/ "p ( ! "n may h worn away or h be5 accid5tally omitt$4 ,mesk+a%ir is resolvable into f\r elem5ts1 ,,mes-,,ki-,,+a#chd-,,%ir1#che 8! h]o0 or 8man :o is great0 or 8exalt$40 ,translate ?is into ,semitic ,babylonian & x becomes ,mutu-a-elu1 :i* is almo/ exactly ,me?uselah4 ,enmeirgan becomes :5 translat$ into ,semitic ,mutu-alal-eqla1#chf & ,mahalalel is a mu* clos] transf] ( ! fir/ two elem5ts ( ?is to ,hebrew ?an are ,s5na*]ib1 ,es>-haddon1 ,m]oda*-baladan1 & ,evil-m]oda* ( ! names ,s9-akhi-irba1 ,a%ur-akhi-idd9a1 ,m>duk-apal-idd91 & ,amel-,m>duk4 ,f9ally ,dumuzi means 8son ( life10 or 8liv+ son10 & ,j>$#chg means 8desc5dant40 ,! equival5t ( ,noah does n appe> 9 ?is li/1 b !re is no d\bt t he 0 ,ziugiddu1 o!rwise call$ ,ut-napi%tim1 ( ! ,babylonian acc\nts ( ! flood4 ,we h !n ! foll[+ equival5ts1 f\r ( :i* are ,hebrew translations ( ,sum]ian names2 ?ree1 transf]s into ,hebrew ( ! :ole or ( p>ts ( ,semitic ,babylonian equival5ts ( ^! ,sum]ian names1 two ( :i* are transf]s to ,hebrew ( portions ( a ,sum]ian orig9al1 & "o ( :i*1 ,noah1 is /ill unexpla9$4 ,sum]ian ,semitic ,babylonian ,hebrew ,adim ,adam ,b>salnunna ,%itu-elu ,se? ,enm5unna ,mutu-elu 7or amelu7 ,eno% ,pelikam ,ina-uzni-ere%u 7or ummanu7 ,k5an ,enmeirgan ,mutu-alal-gan ,mahalalel ,dumuzi ,apal-napiti ,j>$ ,etana ,eno* ,mesk+a%ir ,mutu-a-elu ,me?uselah ,melamki% ,lame* ,ziugiddu ,noah ,( c\rse1 x may be object$ t our li/ ( k+s did n furni% ! orig9als ( ^! patri>*s1 s9ce !re are m k+s ?an patri>*s1 ev5 ?\gh "s ( ! names ( k+s h be5 lo/ by ! break+ ( ! tablet4 ,9 ?is connection1 h[ev]1 "o %\ld rememb] t 9 #a ,*ron4 #a-i1 _m names :i* appe> 9 ! e>li] books ( ! ,bible are omitt$1 & t 9 ,matt4 #a3h1 ?ree k+s--,ahaziah1 ,joa%1 & ,amaziah--are omitt$ f ! g5ealogy ( ,*ri/4 7,comp>e #b ,k+s #aa-ae47 ,x appe>s1 !n1 t ,biblical writ]s did n always copy a full li/4 ,x ?us seems t ! tablet translat$ above may be relat$ to ! text ( ,g5esis #e 9 ! names ( ! patri>*s z well z 9 ! matt] ( _! ages4 ,:5 we recall t ! tablet 0 app>5tly writt5 9 ! ye> #bagj ,b4 ,c41 x seems probable t x may be a s\rce f :i* ! ,biblical names came4 #c4 ,comp>ison ) ,g5esis #d4 ,b our exam9ation ( ! matt] _c /op "h4 ,9 ,g54 #d3af-bc !re is a li/ ( ! desc5dants ( ,ca9 /rik+ly simil> to ! li/ ( ! desc5dants ( ,se? 9 ,g5esis #e4 ,if ! names ( ,adam & ,abel be suppli$ f ,g54 #d3a1b1 ! two li/s appe> z foll[s3 ,g5esis #d ,g5esis #e ,adam ,adam ---------- ,abel ,se? ,se? ,eno% ,eno% ,ca9 7,hebrew 7 ,k5an 7,hebrew 7 ,eno* ,mahalalel ,irad 7,hebrew 7 ,j>$ 7,hebrew 7 ,mehujael ,eno* ,me?u%ael ,me?uselah ,lame* ,lame* ,noah ,! close p>allelism ( ^! two li/s ( names is really great] ?an x appe>s to ! ,engli% read] to be4 ,ca91 :i* means 8artific]10 is 9 ,hebrew ! same ^w z ,k5an1 lack+ only "o =mative lett] at ! end4 ,irad & ,j>$ diff] 9 ,hebrew only by ! we>+ away ( "o consonant4 ,mehujael is z mu* l ,mahalalel1 & ,me?u%ael z mu* l ,me?uselah z ! ,assyrian "n ( ,tigla?-piles]1 ,tukultu-apal-e%>ra1 is l ,tigla?-piles]1 :ile ,eno* & ,lame* are ! same4 ,! importance ( ?is lik5ess arises f ! fact t ! s-call$ critical s*ol>s claim t ^! two li/s ( names are 9 reality ! same orig9al li/ z x came ?r\gh two l9es ( tradition & 0 work$ up diff]5tly by two writ]s4 ,?is view has be5 vigor\sly oppos$ by "s cons]vative s*ol>s1 notably by ! late ,pr(essor ,gre51 ( ,pr9ceton4#chh ,betwe5 rival critical hypo!ses x is n ! function ( ar*ology to decide4 ,x mu/ be admitt$1 h[ev]1 t ! names ( ! desc5dants ( ,g5esis #d c be equat$ ) ^? ( our ,babylonian k+s1 z well z ^? ( ,g54 #e4 ,adam1 ,se?1 ,eno%1 ,ca91 ,eno*1 ,mehujael1 & ,me?u%ael w\ld be d]iv$ exactly z x has be5 expla9$ t ! correspond+ names ( ,g5esis #e c\ld be d]iv$4 ,x only rema9s to expla9 ! names ,abel & ,irad4 ,x w be notic$ t ,abel occupies 9 ! li/ a position next to ,adam & ,ca92 ,abel is also said to h be5 a %eph]d4 ,9 ! li/ ( ,babylonian k+s ,etana ! %eph]d comes 9 betwe5 ,adim 7,aripi7 & ,pilikam1 ! equival5t ( ,ca94 ,x is probable1 !re=e1 t ,etana is ! k+ t corresponds to ,abel4 ,etana is describ$ 9 ! ,sum]ian z 8! %eph]d :o w5t to heav510 ,,siba ,l ,,an-,u ,,ni-,,ib-,e-,,da4 ,if ! two words ,,siba ,l became deta*$ & misund]/ood z a prop] "n1 ! s at ! beg9n+1 accord+ to a well kn[n phonetic law1 c\ld become h & give u ! ,hebrew ,abel4 ,irad may also be ir-tu1 a corruption ( ,,zi-,,ir-,,tu1 a "n ( ! "m ( ,dumuzi1 :o may at times h be5 ref]r$ to z ! son ( ,,zi-,,ir-,,tu4#chi ,^! possibilities are n pro( t ! names arose z sugge/$1 b are n )\t weight4 ,if ,abel arose f ! traditions ( ,etana & ,eno* did also1 & if ! names ( ,g5esis #d are d]iv$ f ! li/ ( ,babylonian k+s1 !n ,etana figures twice 9 ! f\r? *apt] ( ,g5esis4 ,if ,eno* is a fragm5t ( ! "n ,enm$uranki1 a possibility already recogniz$1 x is n difficult to und]/& h[ ,etana came into ! tradition twice4 #d4 ,comp>ison ) ! ,li/ ( ,b]ossos4 ,ano!r li/ ( names awaits comp>ison4 ,b]ossos1 a ,babylonian prie/ :o di$ ab\t #bfj ,b4 ,c41 compil$ a li/ ( k+s :o liv$ be=e ! flood1 & attribut$ to !m incr$ibly long reigns4 ,8 "w has n surviv$1 b 8 li/ is quot$ by two e>ly ,*ri/ian writ]s1 ,eusebius & ,syncellus1 & ,hommel#cij & ,sayce#cia h claim$ t 8 names are1 _m ( !m1 id5tical ) ! patri>*s ( ,g5esis #e4 ,! li/ ( ,b]ossos is z foll[s3 ,k+s ,l5g? ( reign ,alorus #cf1jjj ye>s ,alap>os #aj1hjj ,amlon #df1hjj ,amm5on #dc1bjj ,megal>os #fd1hjj ,daonos or ,daos #cf1jjj ,eu$ora*os #fd1hjj ,amemps9os #cf1jjj ,oti>tes #bh1hjj ,xis\?ros #fd1hjj -------------- ,total #dcb1jjj ye>s4 ,x has long be5 recogniz$ t ,amlon is ! ,semitic ,babylonian ^w amelu1 8man40 ,x is a ,babylonian synonym ( ,mutu-elu1 ! equival5t ( ,eno%1 & is also a translation ( ,enm5unna4 ,amm5on has also be5 recogniz$ z ! ,semitic ,babylonian ummanu1 8artisan40 ,x is a translation 9 "o ^w ( ! ,sum]ian ,pilikam4 ,daonos or ,daos has1 too1 be5 se5 to be ! phonetic translit]ation into ,greek lett]s ( ! ,sum]ian ,dumu1 ! fir/ "p ( ! "n ,dumuzi4 ,eu$ora*os has also be5 ?\ght to be ! ,sum]ian ,enm$uranki1 :om we h recogniz$ z ano!r "n = ,etana4 ,f\r ( ! names ( ,b]ossos are ?us easily connect$ ) names 9 ! new li/ ( k+s4 ,! fif? "o1 ,megal>os1 might be a corruption ei!r ( ,mutu-%alal or ( ,mutu-a-elu1 & s g back ultimately ei!r to ,enmeirgan or to ,mesk+a%ir4 ,xis\?ros is cle>ly ! same p]son z ,ziugiddu4 ,he _h no connection ) ?is li/ ( k+s1 b is1 l ,noah 9 ,g5esis #e1 atta*$ to x on acc\nt ( ! flood4 ,hommel long ago saw t ,oti>tes is ! same z ,ub>a-tutu1 :o is said 9 ! acc\nt ( ! deluge :i* 0 f\nd at ,n9eveh to h be5 ! fa!r ( ,utnapi%tim1 ! h]o ( ! deluge4#cib ,b]ossos has1 accord+ly1 n only add$ ! h]o ( ! deluge1 b has displac$ "o ( ! names f ! k+ li/ 9 ord] to f9d a place = ! fa!r ( ,xis\?ros4 ,! o!r names are puzzl+4 ,poebel has sugge/$#cic t ,alorus may be a ,greek corruption ( ! ,sum]ian "n ,laluralim1 :o is said to h be5 a k+ ( ,nippur4 ,an old text :i* conta9s ?is "n#cid is accompani$ by a gloss zugagib1 8scorpion10#cie & ! fir/ k+ 9 ! li/ translat$ above is ,zugagib4 ,if1 !re=e1 ?is sugge/ion is true1 ! "n may g back to ! same s\rce z ! o!rs1 aft] all4 ,amemps9os has be5 ?\ght by "s to be a corruption ( ! well kn[n ,babylonian "n ,amil-,s94 ,!re 0 an ,amil-,s9 9 ! fir/ dyna/y ( ,babylon1 b :y ! "n %\ld be ins]t$ "h _c at pres5t be expla9$2 nor has a satisfactory explanation be5 sugge/$ = ,alap>os4 ,! above discussion may be summ$ up 9 a few words4 ,! ,babylonian li/ ( k+s ) :i* ?is *apt] beg9s makes no ref]5ce to ! flood1 nei!r does ! f\r? *apt] ( ,g5esis4 ,all ! names 9 ,g5esis #d may be f\nd 9 ! ,babylonian li/1 ?\gh ,etana seems to h be5 ins]t$ twice "u diff]5t names4 ,z ,g5esis #e omits ,abel1 x has ,etana only once4 ,all ! o!r names ( ,g5esis #e1 except ,noah1 are f\nd 9 ! ,babylonian li/4 ,noah has be5 add$ to connect ! li/ ) ! flood4 ,! ages ( ! patri>*s 9 ,g5esis #e correspond approximately to ! g5]al l5g?s ( ! reigns assign$ to ! k+s 9 ! tablet4 ,b]ossos seems to h ex]cis$ mu* great] fre$om1 ins]t+ sev]al names1 ! orig9 ( "s ( :i* _c n[ be made out4 ,he also greatly exagg]at$ ! l5g?s ( ! k+s' reigns4 ,^! correspond5ces are simply not$4 ,x is b a few mon?s s9ce ! writ] discov]$ !m1 & he 0 ! fir/ to d s4 ,x is too e>ly to correctly e/imate _! ultimate significance4 ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 be obs]v$ t ! ,biblical numb]s 7,g54 #e7 lack ! gross exagg]ations ( ,b]ossos1 & t1 if ! correspond5ces "h po9t$ out are real1 ! tradition embodi$ 9 ,g5esis is c>ri$ back to a "t f #hjj to #ajjj ye>s e>li] ?an ,moses4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,a ,,babylonian ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,! ,,flood1 ,,f ,a ,,tablet ,,writt5 ,,at ,,n9eveh ,,9 ,,! ,,sev5? ,,c5tury ,b4 ,c4#cif ,,translation ,,( ,,! ,,text4 ,,comp>ison ,,) ,,g5esis #f-i4 ,,ano!r ,,babylonian ,,v]sion4 #a4 ,translation ( ! ,text4 #a4 ,gilgame% said to him1 to ,utnapi%tim1 ! f>-away3 #b4 8,i look ^u !e1 ,o ,utnapi%tim1 #c4 ,?y appe>ance is un*ang$2 ?\ are l me2 #d4 ,?\ art n at all diff]5t1 ?\ art l me4 #e4 ,?y c\rage is unbrok51 to make combat1 #f4 ,on ?y side ?\ lie/ d[n--on ?y back4 #g4 ,tell me h[ ha/ ?\ advanc$ & 9 ! assembly ( ! gods ha/ f\nd life80 #h4 ,utnapi%tim spoke to him1 to ,gilgame%3 #i4 ,i w reveal to !e1 ,o ,gilgame%1 ! secret /ory1 #aj4 ,& ! decision ( ! gods to !e w ,i relate4 #aa4 ,%urippak1 a city :i* ?\ kn[e/1 #ab4 ,is situat$ on ! bank ( ! ,euphrates4 #ac4 ,t city 0 old & ! gods 9 x-- #ad4 ,_! he>ts prompt$ !m--! great gods--to make a deluge4 #ae4 ,!re drew ne> _! fa!r ,anu1 #af4 ,_! c\ncillor1 ! w>rior ,ellil1 #ag4 ,_! h]ald1 ,enma%tu1 #ah4 ,_! h]o1 ,ennugi4 #ai4 ,! "l ( wisdom1 ,ea1 c\nsell$ ) !m2 #bj4 ,_! words he repeat$ to ! re$-hut3 #ba4 8,o re$-hut1 re$-hut1 ,o wall1 wall1 #bb4 ,o re$-hut1 he>k52 ,o wall1 give he$6 #bc4 ,o man ( ,%urippak1 son ( ,ub>atutu1 #bd4 ,pull d[n ?y h\se1 build a %ip1 #be4 ,leave ?y possessions1 take ?\ght = ?y life1 #bf4 ,leave ?y gods1 ?y life save6 #bg4 ,emb>k se$ ( life ( all k9ds on a %ip6 #bh4 ,! %ip :i* ?\ %alt build1 #bi4 ,measure well its dim5sions1 #cj4 ,make to correspond its bread? & its l5g?2 #ca4 ,^u ! ocean ?\ %alt laun* x40 #cb4 ,i und]/ood & spoke to ,ea1 my "l3 #cc4 8,i und]/&1 my "l2 :at ?\ ha/ ?us comm&$ #cd4 ,i w honor & w d4 #ce4 ,b :at %all ,i say to ! city1 ! p1 & ! eld]s80 #cf4 ,ea op5$ 8 m\? & spake1 #cg4 ,he said unto me1 8 s]vant3 #ch4 8,?us %alt ?\ say unto !m3 #ci4 ,"k t me--,ellil hates me4 #dj4 ,i may n dwell 9 y\r city1 #da4 ,on ,ellil's soil ,i may n lift my face4 #db4 ,i mu/ g d[n to ! ocean ) ,ea1 my "l1 to dwell4 #dc4 ,^u y w he 7,ellil7 !n ra9 abundance-- #dd4 ,a cat* ( birds1 a cat* ( fi%es1 #de4 4444444444444444 a ri* 787 h>ve/4 #df4 ,a "t ,%ama%#cig appo9t$1 at ev5+ ! s5d]s ( ra9 #dg4 ,%all ra9 ^u y a mighty ra9/orm4 #dh4 ,:5 ! grey ( dawn bright5s1 7,l9es #di-ee are brok5 away47 #ef4 ,! /rong 444444 br\ght :at 0 ne$$4 #eg4 ,on ! fif? day ,i rais$ its frame4 #eh4 ,accord+ to its plan 787 its walls 7 #abj cubits high2 #ei4 #abj cubits correspond+ly 0 ! ext5t ( its ro(4 #fj4 ,i laid d[n its hull2 ,i enclos$ x4 #fa4 ,i con/ruct$ x 9 /orys1 up to six2 #fb4 ,i divid$ x )\t 787 into sev5 p>ts4 #fc4 ,its int]ior ,i divid$ into n9e p>ts4 #fd4 4444444444 ,i fa/5$ 9 its mid/4 #fe4 ,i look$ out a rudd]1 & prep>$ :at 0 necess>y4 #ff4 #f s>s ( bitum5 ,i p\r$ ov] its outside 7872 #fg4 #c s>s ( bitum5 ,i p\r$ ov] its int]ior4 #fh4 #c s>s ( oil ! p :o c>ry j>s br\ght4 #fi4 ,besides a s> ( oil :i* 0 us$ z a libation1 #gj4 #b s>s ( oil ! %ip's capta9 /[$ away4 #ga4 ,= ! p ,i slaught]$ bullocks4 #gb4 ,i slaught]$ lambs daily4 #gc4 ,mu/1 be]1 oil1 & w9e1 #gd4 ,i gave ! p to dr9k l riv]-wat]4 #ge4 ,i made a fea/1 l a new ye>'s fe/ival4 #gf4 ,i op5$ 787 a box ( o9tm5t2 ,i put o9tm5t 9 my h&4 #gg4 ,by ! sett+ ( great ,%ama%1 ! %ip 0 f9i%$4 #gh4 ,to move x f ! /ocks 0 difficult4 #gi4 ,! m5 cle>$ ! %ip's ways above & bel[4 #hj4 444444444444444444444444444444 two-?irds ( x4 #ha4 ,) all t ,i _h ,i lad$ x 7! %ip72 #hb4 ,) all ! silv] ,i _h ,i lad$ x4 #hc4 ,) all ! gold ,i _h ,i lad$ x4 #hd4 ,) all ! liv+ ?+s ,i _h ,i lad$ x4 #he4 ,i emb>k$ on ! %ip all my family & k9dr$4 #hf4 ,cattle ( ! field1 bea/s ( ! field1 craftsm51 all1 ,i emb>k$4 #hg4 ,a fix$ "t ,%ama% _h appo9t$1 say+3 #hh4 8,:5 ! s5d]s ( ra9 %all ra9 ^u y a mighty ra9/orm at ev5+1 #hi4 ,emb>k ^u ! %ip & close ?y door40 #ij4 ,! appo9t$ "t approa*$1 #ia4 ,! s5d]s ( ra9 s5t at ev5+ a heavy ra9/orm4 #ib4 ,i obs]v$ ! appe>ance ( ! day1 #ic4 ,! day 0 t]rible to look ^u4 #id4 ,i emb>k$ ^u ! %ip1 ,i clos$ my door4 #ie4 ,to ! ma/] ( ! %ip1 to ,puzur-,amurru1 ! sailor1 #if4 ,i entru/$ ! /ructure toge!r ) its cont5ts4 #ig4 ,:5 dew-dawn began to bright51 #ih4 ,!re arose f ! horizon a black cl\d2 #ii4 ,! god ,adad ?und]$ 9 its mid/1 #ajj4 ,:ile ,nebo & ,%>ru m>*$ be=e2 #aja4 ,!y w5t z h]alds ov] m\nta9 & c\ntry4 #ajb4 ,n]gal tore away ! an*or1 #ajc4 ,enma%tu advanc$1 ! floods he p\r$ d[n2 #ajd4 ,! ,anunnaki rais$ _! tor*es1 #aje4 ,at _! brightness ! l& trembl$4 #ajf4 ,! rag+ ( ,adad rea*$ to heav52 #ajg4 ,all light 0 turn$ to d>kness #ajh4 4444444444 ! l& l 444444444444444 #aji4 ,"o day rag$ ! /orm 787 #aaj4 ,swiftly x rag$ & ! wat]s cov]$ ! m\nta9s1 #aaa4 ,l a battle array ov] ! p x swept4 #aab4 ,no "o c\ld see 8 fell[2 #aac4 ,no m 7 p recogniz$ 9 heav52 #aad4 ,! gods 7 fright5$ at ! deluge1 #aae4 ,!y fl$1 !y climb$ to ! highe/ heav52 #aaf4 ,! gods cr\*$ l dogs1 !y lay d[n by ! walls4 #aag4 ,i%t> cri$ l a woman 9 travail1 #aah4 ,wail$ ! que5 ( ! gods ) h] beautiful voice3 #aai4 8,^? creatures are turn$ to clay1 #abj4 ,s9ce ,i comm&$ evil 9 ! assembly ( ! gods2 #aba4 ,because ,i comm&$ evil 9 ! assembly ( ! gods1 #abb4 ,= ! de/ruction ( my p ,i comm&$ battle4 #abc4 ,i alone bore my p2 #abd4 ,l spawn ( fi%es !y fill ! sea40 #abe4 ,! gods along ) ! ,anunnaki wept ) h]1 #abf4 ,! gods b[$1 sat z !y wept2 #abg4 ,clos$ 7 _! lips2 sil5t _! assembly4 #abh4 ,six days & sev5 nights #abi4 ,blew ! w9d1 ! deluge ! flood ov]p[]$4 #acj4 ,:5 ! sev5? day approa*$1 ! deluge 0 prolong+ ! battle #aca4 ,:i*1 l an army1 x _h wag$4 #acb4 ,! sea calm$1 ! de/ruction abat$1 ! flood ceas$4 #acc4 ,i look$ ^u ! sea1 ! ro>+ 0 /ill$ #acd4 ,& all mank9d 0 turn$ to clay2 #ace4 ,l logs all 7 float+ ab\t4 #acf4 ,i op5$ ! w9d[1 ! light fell on my *eek2 #acg4 ,i 0 ov]come1 ,i sat d[n1 ,i wept2 #ach4 ,ov] my *eek /ream$ ! te>s4 #aci4 ,i look$ 9 all directions--a fe>ful sea6 #adj4 ,aft] twelve days an isl& appe>$2 #ada4 ,t[>d m\nt ,nizir ! %ip /ood (f2 #adb4 ,m\nt ,nizir held x fa/1 t x mov$ n4 #adc4 ,"o day1 two days1 m\nt ,nizir held x t x mov$ n1 #add4 ,?ree days1 f\r days1 m\nt ,nizir held x t x mov$ n1 #ade4 ,five days1 six days1 m\nt ,nizir held x t x mov$ n1 #adf4 ,:5 ! sev5? day approa*$1 #adg4 ,i br\ght out a dove & let h] g2 #adh4 ,! dove w5t out & return$2 #adi4 ,!re 0 no re/+-place & %e came back4 #aej4 ,i br\ght out a swall[ & let x g2 #aea4 ,! swall[ w5t out & return$4 #aeb4 ,!re 0 no re/+-place & x came back4 #aec4 ,i br\ght out a rav5 & let x g2 #aed4 ,! rav5 w5t out1 ! dim9ution ( ! wat]s x saw2 #aee4 ,x alight$1 x wad$ ab\t1 x croak$1 x did n come back4 #aef4 ,i disemb>k$ all2 to ! f\r w9ds ,i p\r$ a libation4 #aeg4 ,i appo9t$ a sacrifice on ! top ( ! m\nta9 peak2 #aeh4 ,sev5 by sev5 ,i arrang$ ! sacrificial vessels2 #aei4 ,b5ea? !m ,i pil$ re$s1 c$> wood1 & myrtle4 #afj4 ,! gods smell$ ! savor1 #afa4 ,! gods smell$ ! sweet savor1 #afb4 ,! gods above ! sacrific] collect$ l flies4 #afc4 ,:5 at l5g? ! que5 ( ! gods drew ne>1 #afd4 ,%e rais$ ! great b[s 787 :i* ,anu at h] wi% _h made4 #afe4 8,o ye gods1 z ,i %all n =get ! jewel ( my neck #aff4 ,^! days ,i %all n =get--to et]nity ,i %all rememb]6 #afg4 ,let ! gods come to ! sacrifice1 #afh4 ,b let ,ellil n come to ! sacrifice1 #afi4 ,= he 0 n wise2 he s5t ! deluge1 #agj4 ,& numb]$ my p = de/ruction40 #aga4 ,:5 at la/ ,ellil drew ne>1 #agb4 ,he saw ! %ip1 ,ellil 0 angry1 #agc4 ,8 he>t 0 fill$ aga9/ ! gods & ! ,igigi4#cih #agd4 8,:o !n has come out alive8 #age4 ,no man mu/ escape f de/ruction40 #agf4 ,!n ,enma%tu op5$ 8 m\? & spake1 #agg4 ,he said to ! w>rior ,ellil3 #agh4 8,:o b ,ea accompli%$ ! ?+8 #agi4 ,ev5 ,ea kn[s e und]tak+40 #ahj4 ,ea op5$ 8 m\? & spake1 #aha4 ,he said to ! w>rior ,ellil3 #ahb4 8,o ?\1 lead] ( ! gods1 w>rior1 #ahc4 ,h[1 h[ c\ld/ ?\ )\t ?\ght s5d a deluge8 #ahd4 ,on ! s9n] let 8 s9 re/1 #ahe4 ,on ! wrongdo] re/ 8 misde$4 #ahf4 ,=be>1 let x n be done1 h m]cy1 t m5 p]i% n4 #ahg4 ,in/ead ( ?y s5d+ a deluge #ahh4 ,_h ! lion come & dim9i%$ ! p6 #ahi4 ,in/ead ( ?y s5d+ a deluge #aij4 ,_h a wolf come & dim9i%$ ! p6 #aia4 ,in/ead ( ?y s5d+ a deluge #aib4 ,_h a fam9e come & ! l& depopulat$6 #aic4 ,in/ead ( ?y s5d+ a deluge #aid4 ,_h a pe/il5ce come & ! l& depopulat$6 #aie4 ,i h n divulg$ ! decisions ( ! great gods4 #aif4 ,i caus$ ,adrakhasis to see a dream & ! decisions ( ! gods he he>d4 #aig4 ,n[ take c\nsel conc]n+ him40 #aih4 ,!n w5t ,ea on bo>d ! %ip1 #aii4 ,he took my h& & br\ght me =?1 #bjj4 ,he br\ght =? my wife & made h] kneel at my side2 #bja4 ,he turn$ u t[>d ea* o!r & /ood betwe5 u2 he bless$ u3 #bjb4 8,9 =m] "t ,utnapi%tim 0 a man2 #bjc4 ,n[ let ,utnapi%tim & 8 wife be l gods--ev5 l u2 #bjd4 ,let ,utnapi%tim dwell af> (f at ! m\? ( ! riv]s60 #bje4 ,he took me & caus$ me to dwell af> (f at ! m\? ( ! riv]s4 #b4 ,comp>ison ) ,g5esis #f-i4 ,! above acc\nt ( ! deluge s closely resembles t 9 ! ,bible 7,g54 #f3i-i3ai71 t ne>ly all s*ol>s recognize t !y are two v]sions ( ! same n>rative4#cii ,9 ea* case !re is a div9e revelation to ! h]o ( ! deluge t a cata/rophe is com+ ( :i* e "o else is ignorant4 ,!y bo? relate ! build+ ( ! vessel1 ! 8pit*+ x )9 & )\t ) pit*10 ! emb>kation1 ! flood 9 :i* o!r m5 are de/roy$1 ! re/+ ( ! %ip on a m\nta91 ! s5d+ out ( ! birds1 ! disemb>kation1 ! sacrifice1 & ! intimation t 9 future a deluge %all n be4 ,:5 ! ,babylonian acc\nt is comp>$ ) ! ,biblical1 !re are two /rik+ diff]5ces4 #a4 ,! ,babylonian /ory makes ! flood local2 ! ,biblical1 g5]al4 #b4 ,! ,babylonian /ory1 fasc9at+ poetry ?\gh x is1 has a conception ( deity 9 /rong contra/ ) ! dignity ( ! ,biblical mono!ism4 ,! ,babylonian gods disagree2 !y blame ea* o!r2 !y cr\* ) fe> l dogs2 !y come sw>m+ ab\t ! sacrifice l hungry flies6 ,no?+ c\ld m /rik+ly illu/rate ! inspiration ( ! ,biblical /ory ?an to measure x aga9/ ! backgr\nd ( ?is ,babylonian poem1 :i* is cle>ly a v>iant v]sion ( x4 #c4 ,ano!r ,babylonian ,v]sion4 ,f ! libr>y ( ,a%urbanipal !re has come ano!r v]sion ( ! deluge1 :i* repres5ts ! purpose ( its com+ z diff]5t4 ,accord+ to ?is v]sion1 m5 _h s9n$ & _h be5 afflict$ ) fam9e1 aft] :i* !y re=m$ = a "t4 ,! fam9e 0 remov$1 b soon1 app>5tly1 !y s9n$ aga94 ,pe/il5ce 0 !n s5t ^u !m4 ,an appeal br\ght mitigation ( _! suff]+s1 b soon !y plung$ into s9 aga94 ,?is "t !y 7 puni%$ ) unfruitfulness ( ! l& & ( _! race1 b soon s9n$ z be=e4 ,:5 all o!r puni%m5ts _h fail$1 z a la/ resort ! flood 0 s5t4 ,z ?is acc\nt does n s closely resemble t 9 ,g5esis1 x is n translat$ "h4 ,^? :o wi% to read x are ref]r$ to ,rog]s1 ,cunei=m ,p>allels to ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ,new ,york1 #aiab1 p4 #aad1 ff4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,an ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,! ,,creation ,,& ,,flood1 ,,f ,a ,,tablet ,,writt5 ,,at ,,nippur ,,be=e #bjjj ,b4 ,c4 ,,translation4 ,,comp>ison ,,) ,,! ,,o!r ,,v]sion4 #a4 ,translation4 ,?is tablet 0 publi%$ by ,dr4 ,arno ,poebel1 ( ,breslau4 ,x 0 app>5tly writt5 9 ! "t ( ! dyna/y ( ,nis91 b at any rate n lat] ?an ! p]iod ( ! fir/ dyna/y ( ,babylon4 ,only a "p ( ! tablet has be5 f\nd1 s t ! n>rative is incomplete bo? at ! beg9n+ & at ! end4 ,possibly ! rema9+ portion may "s "t be f\nd 9 ! museum at ,con/ant9ople4 ,! tablet is inscrib$ on bo? sides1 & !re are ?ree columns to ! side4 ,! portions t are /ill extant read z foll[s3#djj ,column ,i 7ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( ! column miss+7 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 44 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 44 8,my human-k9d f its de/ruction ,i w raise up2 ,) ! aid ( ,n9tu my creation 4444444444 ,i w raise up2 ,! p 9 _! settlem5ts ,i w e/abli%2 ,! city1 :]ev] man creates "o--inde$ its protection--!re9 ,i w give him re/4 ,our h\se--its brick may he ca/ 9 a clean spot6 ,our places 9 a clean place may he e/abli%60 ,its brilliant spl5dor1 ! temple plat=m1 he made /raight1 ,! exalt$ regulations he complet$ = x2 ,! l& he divid$2 a favorable plan he e/abli%$4 ,aft] ,anu1 ,enlil1#dja ,enki1#djb & ,n9kh>sag ,! black-head$#djc race _h creat$1 ,all t is f ! e>?1 f ! e>? !y caus$ to spr+1 ,cattle & bea/s ( ! field suitably !y br\ght into be+4 ,"h ! fir/ column ends4 ,! passage op5s 9 ! mid/ ( ! spee* ( "s deity--p]haps ,n9kh>sag 7a ,sum]ian "n ( ,i%t>7 or possibly ,enlil1 ! god ( ,nippur4 ,fir/ ! deity tells h[ mank9d1 :i* has be5 ov]?r[n1 %all be rais$ up aga94 ,!n we are told h[ he p]fect$ plans = ! accompli%m5t ( ?is purpose1 & la/ly h[ f\r deities call$ into be+ m5 & animals4 ,column ,,ii 7ab\t ?ree-fif?s ( ! text is miss+7 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 44444444444444 44444444444444444 ,i w 4444444444444444444444444444444 4444444444444 ,i w turn my eye ^u him 4444444444444 ,! 444444444 creator ( ! l& 4444444444444444444444444444444 4444444444444444 ( royalty 4444444444444444444444 4444444444444444 ( royalty by him 0 det]m9$2 ,! exalt$ palace ( ! royal ?rone 0 by him set ap>t1 ,! exalt$ precepts 4444444444 he made p]fect1 ,9 clean places 4444444444 cities 4444444444 he f\nd$1 ,_! names 7 nam$1 !y 7 allott$ to gu>dian-spirits 787 ,( ^! cities ,eridu--! *ief comm& to ,nudimmud he gave1 ,unto ! second ! nisag-prie/s ( ,umma 787 he gave1 ,?irdly1 ,l>ak to ,pabilkh>sag he gave1 ,f\r?ly1 ,sipp> z ! dwell+ ( ,%ama% he gave1 ,fif?ly1 ,%urippak unto ,lamkurru he gave4 ,_! names 7 assign$2 to gu>dian-spirits 787 !y 7 allott$2 ,its ramp>t 7871 a wall 787 he rais$ up1 he e/abli%$2 ,small riv]s1 canals 7871 & wat]-c\rses 787 he e/abli%$4 ,! la/ "p ( ?is column relates h[ five cities 7 e/abli%$ by "s deity4 ,( :at ! fir/ "p treat$ we _c make out f ! few fragm5ts ( l9es t are /ill legible4 ,column ,,iii 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 44 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 44 ,! l& ! sway ( ,anu 444444444444444444 ,! p 44444444444444444444 ,a deluge 444444444444444444444444 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4 ,_! l& 787 x ent]$ 44444444444444444444 ,!n ,n9tu cri$ out l a woman 9 travail 4444444444 ,! brilliant ,i%t> utt]$ a groan on acc\nt ( h] p4 ,enki ) himself held communion 9 8 wisdom2 ,anu1 ,enlil1 ,enki1 & ,n9kh>sag1 ,! gods ( heav5 & e>?1 invok$ ! names ( ,anu & ,enlil1 ,at t "t ,ziugiddu 0 k+1 ! prie/ ( 4444444444 ,! *ief deity he made ( wood 4444444444 ,9 humility pro/rat+ himself1 9 rev]5ce 4444444444 ,daily at all times 0 he pres5t 9 p]son 4444444444 ,increas+ dreams :i* _h n come be=e1 ,conjur+ by ! "n ( heav5 & e>? 4444444444 ,9 ?is column ! n>rative has pass$ to ! /ory ( ! deluge4 ,! gods h det]m9$ to s5d a deluge2 ,ziugiddu 9 consequ5ce con/ruct$ an idol f wood 7comp>e ,isa4 #dj3bj71 & e>ne/ly wor%ip$ x1 seek+ oracles = 8 guidance4 ,column ,,iv ,= ! settlem5t 787 ! gods a wall 787 4444444444 ,ziugiddu /ood by its side1 he he>d 4444444444 8,at ! wall at my left side /& 4444444444 ,at ! wall ,i w speak a ^w to !e ,o my brilliant "o1 let !re ent] ?y e> 4444444444 ,by our h& a deluge 4444444444 w be s5t4 ,! se$ ( mank9d to de/roy 4444444444 ,is ! mom5t\s decision ( ! assembly 7( ! gods72 ,! words ( ,anu & ,enlil 4444444444 ,_! k+dom1 _! rule 4444444444 ,to !m 444444444444444444440 ,x is cle> f ^! fragm5t>y l9es t ,ziugiddu is be+ in=m$ ( ! approa*+ deluge4 ,x is also cle> t "s ( ! elem5ts ( ! n>rative are id5tical ) "s ( ! elem5ts ( ! "o discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,ziugiddu is comm&$ to /& by a wall1 :]e "s deity w speak to him4 ,?is appe>s 9 ! o!r v]sion 9 ! =m3 8,o re$-hut1 re$-hut1 ,o wall1 wall1#djd ,o re$-hut1 he>k52 ,o wall1 give he$6 ,o man ( ,%urippak1 son ( ,ub>tutu1 ,pull d[n ?y h\se1 build a %ip10 etc4 ,9 t acc\nt1 too1 ! assembly ( ! gods is also ref]r$ to 9 l9e #abj1 ff4 ,^! are examples ( ! way ! same !me1 diff]5tly treat$1 turns up 9 diff]5t =ms4 ,column ,v ,! evil w9ds1 ! w9d t is ho/ile1 came2 all ( !m desc5d$1 ,! deluge 4444444444 came on ) !m ,sev5 days & sev5 nights ,! deluge swept ov] ! l&1 ,! evil w9d made ! huge boat tremble4 ,%ama%#dje came =?1 on heav5 & e>? he %one2 ,ziugiddu ! %ip at ! top uncov]$1 ,! peace ( ,%ama%1 8 light1 ent]$ into ! boat4 ,ziugiddu1 ! k+ ,be=e ,%ama% b[$ 8 face to ! e>?4 ,! k+--an ox he sacrific$1 a %eep (f]$ z oblation4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4 ,9 ?is column we h a fragm5t :i* relates "s details simil> to ^? told 9 l9es #abh1 #abi1 & #acf-ach ( ! acc\nt giv5 9 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,column ,,vi ,by ! life ( heav5 & ! life ( e>? ye %all conjure him1 ,t he may raise up f y2 ,anu & ,enlil by ! s\l ( heav5 & ! s\l ( e>? ye %all conjure1 ,t !y may raise up f y ,! curse t has come ^u ! l&1 t !y may remove x4 ,ziugiddu ! k+ ,be=e ,anu & ,enlil b[$ 8 face to ! e>?4 ,life l a god's he gave to him1 ,an immortal _s l a god's he br\ght to him4 ,!n ,ziugiddu ! k+1 ,( ! se$ t 0 curs$1 "l ( mank9d he made2 ,9 ! fruitful l&1 ! l& ( ,dilmun 4444444444 !y made him dwell 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4 ,at ?is po9t ! la/ column is hopelessly brok54 ,x is cle>1 h[ev]1 f ! "p :i* rema9s t ,ziugiddu is 9 ?is n>rative translat$ to ! ,isle ( ! ,ble/ z 0 ,utnapi%tim 9 ! acc\nt translat$ 9 ,*apt] ,,vi1 l9es #bjb-bje4djf ,inde$ !re is reason to believe t ! two acc\nts ( ! flood are div]g5t v]sions ( ! same /ory4 ,9 addition to ! lik5esses already m5tion$1 ! names ( ! two h]oes1 ?\gh !y appe> s diff]5t1 are ! same 9 mean+4 ,utnapi%tim 7or ,unapi%tim7 means 8day ( life10 or 8day-life10 :ile ,ziugiddu means 8,life-day prolong$40 #b4 ,comp>ison ) ! ,o!r ,v]sion4 ,al?\gh ?is tablet is mu* brok51 s t we h n ! :ole ( ! /ory1 x is cle> f ! p>ts t we h t 9 ?is v]sion pres]v$ at ,nippur ! /ory 0 mu* %ort] ?an 9 ! =m translat$ 9 ,*apt] ,,vi1 :i* 0 pres]v$ 9 ! libr>y ( ,a%urbanipal4 ,x 0 also comb9$ ) a brief] acc\nt ( ! creation ?an t translat$ 9 ,*apt] ,i f ,a%urbanipal's libr>y4 ,( ?is ,nippurian v]sion ( ! creation /ory we h 9 ?is tablet only ! small fragm5ts pres]v$ 9 ,columns ,i & ,,ii4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 probable t ! ,nippurian v]sion ( ! creation 0 9 its ma9 features simil> to t pres]v$ 9 ! libr>y at ,n9eveh1 only m brief4 ,if ?is be s1 ! conque/ ( ! dragon ,timat is "h attribut$ to ,enlil ( ,nippur1 z 9 ! o!r v]sion x is attribut$ to ,m>duk ( ,babylon1 & z 9 ,psa4 #gd3ac1 #ad1 x is attribut$ to ,jehovah4 ,?is old] acc\nt f ,nippur agrees 9 "o respect m ne>ly ) ! ,biblical acc\nt ?an ! "o f ! libr>y at ,n9eveh does1 = x repres5ts ,ziugiddu z a v pi\s man1 :o 0 app>5tly sav$ f de/ruction on acc\nt ( 8 piety1 & 9 bless+ him ,god remov$ ! curse z ,jehovah did 9 ,g54 #h3ba4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,an ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,a ,,city ,,& ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,agriculture1 ,,f ,a ,,tablet ,,writt5 ,,at ,,nippur ,,be=e #bjjj ,b4 ,c4 ,,translation4 ,,comp>ison ,,) ,,biblical ,,mat]ial4 ,?is tablet beg9s ) a description ( a place ! "n ( :i* is n id5tifi$2 x is1 accord+ly1 indicat$ 9 ! translation by ,x4 ,possibly x 0 ,eridu2 possibly ,dilmun4 #a4 ,translation4 ,column ,i#djg #a4 ,!y t are l(ty1 !y t are l(ty are ye1 #b4 ,o ,x1 pure2 #c4 ,!y t are holy1 !y t are l(ty are ye4 #d4 ,o ,x1 pure1 #e4 ,x is pure1 ,x is bright1 #f4 ,x is spl5did1 ,x is respl5d5t4 #g4 ,alone 7 !y 9 ,x2 !y lay d[n4 #h4 ,:]e ,enki & 8 consort lay1 #i4 ,t place is spl5did1 t place is pure4 #aj4 ,alone 9 ,x !y lay d[n4 #aa4 ,:]e ,enki ) ,n9ella lay d[n1 #ab4 ,t place is spl5did1 t place is pure4 #ac4 ,9 ,x ! rav5 cri$ n1 #ad4 ,! kite gave n 8 kite-call1 #ae4 ,! deadly lion de/roy$ n1 #af4 ,! wolf a lamb seiz$ n1 #ag4 ,! dog ! weak kid worri$ n1 #ah4 ,! ewes ! food-gra9 de/roy$ n1 #ai4 ,(fspr+ increas$ n 4444444444 #bj4 ,! birds ( heav5 _! (fspr+ 44444 n2 #ba4 ,! doves 7 n put to flight 7874 #bb4 ,( eye-disease1 8x is eye-disease10 "o said n2 #bc4 ,( heada*e1 8x is heada*e10 "o said n4 #bd4 ,to a "m1 8"m10 "o said n1 #be4 ,to a fa!r1 8fa!r10 "o said n4 #bf4 ,9 ! holy place a libation 0 p\r$ n2 9 ! city "o drank n2 #bg4 ,! riv]-man 8cross x80 said n2 #bh4 ,fe> "o's c\* tr\bl$ n2 #bi4 ,! musician 8s+10 said n2 #cj4 ,! pr9ce ( ! city spoke n4 #ca4 ,n9ella to h] fa!r ,enki said3 #cb4 8,a city ?\ ha/ f\nd$1 a city ?\ ha/ f\nd$1 its de/9y ?\ ha/ fix$2 #cc4 ,9 ,x a city ?\ ha/ f\nd$1 #cd4 4444444444 ?\ ha/ f\nd$ a city1 #ce4 444444444444 a canal !re is n #cf4 44444444444444 ?\ ha/ f\nd$ a city40 ,! re/ ( ! fir/ column is brok5 away2 probably ab\t n9e l9es are miss+4 ,all ! fir/ column is descriptive ( a place inhabit$ only by a god & goddess4 ,_m activities are abs5t1 because !re is no "o !re to c>ry !m on4 ,l9es #af-ba rem9d "o a little ( ,isa4 #aa3f-i4 ,aft] ! break ! text cont9ues3 ,column ,,ii #a4 8,f ! bright cov]+ ( ?y great heav5 may ! wat]s fl[1 #b4 ,may ?y city be refre%$ ) wat]1 may x dr9k1 #c4 ,may ,x be refre%$ ) wat]1 may x dr9k1 #d4 ,may ?y well ( bitt] wat] fl[ z a well ( sweet wat]4 #e4 ,may ?y city be a re/+1 an abode ( ! p1 #f4 ,may ,x be a re/+1 an abode ( ! p4 #g4 ,n[1 ,o sun-god1 %9e =?1 #h4 ,o sun-god1 /& 9 heav52 #i4 ,br+ ! fe/al-gra9 f its place #aj4 ,& fi%1 ,o moon-god1 f ! wat]4 #aa4 ,along ! face ( ! e>? on ! road ) e>?'s sweet wat] come40 #ab4 ,f ! bright cov]+ ( ! great heav5s ! wat]s fl[$1 #ac4 ,8 city 0 refre%$ ) wat]1 x drank2 #ad4 ,x 0 refre%$ ) wat]1 x drank1 #ae4 ,8 well ( bitt] wat] became a well ( sweet wat]4 #af4 ,! fields & mead[s ) moi/ure caus$ gra9 to spr\t 7872 #ag4 ,8 city 0 a re/+1 an abode ( ! p2 #ah4 ,x 0 a re/+1 an abode ( ! p4 #ai4 ,!n ! sun-god %one =?2 ?is v]ily 0 s1 #bj4 ,! brilliant "o1 creator ( intellig5ce4 #ba4 ,to ,n9tu1 ! "m ( ! p 7,l9es #bb-cj describe ) a frankness common among primitive p a m>ital union ( ! god & goddess4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ! _w x has be5 ?\ght t acts ( creation proce$ f su* unions47 #ca4 ,enki1 ! fa!r ( ,damgalnunna1 8 ^w spoke4 #cb4 ,n9kh>sag flood$ ! fields1 #cc4 ,! fields receiv$ ! wat]s ( ,enki4 #cd4 ,x 0 ! fir/ day ^: mon? is fir/2 #ce4 ,x 0 ! second day ^: mon? is second2 #cf4 ,x 0 ! ?ird day ^: mon? is ?ird2 #cg4 ,x 0 ! f\r? day ^: mon? is f\r?2 #ch4 ,x 0 ! fif? day ^: mon? is fif?2 #ci4 ,x 0 ! six? day ^: mon? is six?2 #dj4 ,x 0 ! sev5? day ^: mon? is sev5?2 #da4 ,x 0 ! eigh? day ^: mon? is eigh?2 #db4 ,x 0 ! n9? day ^: mon? is n9?1 ! mon? ( f]tility4 #dc4 ,l fat1 l fat1 l abundant sweet oil1 #dd4 ,n9tu1 "m ( ! l&1 #de4 4444444444 _h br\ght !m =?4 ,9 ! fir/ "p ( ! above column ! description ( ! city is cont9u$4 ,z a consequ5ce ( ! union ( ! gods1 wat] fl[$ to irrigate ! l&4 ,l9es #cd-db tell 9 a qua9t way h[ ! wat]s cont9u$ to come = n9e mon?s & n9e days4 ,column ,,iii #a4 ,n9%> on ! bank ( ! riv] cri$ 7873 #b4 8,o ,enki1 = me are !y fill$6 !y are fill$60 #c4 ,8 mess5g]1 ,usmu himself ! ^w repeat$4 #d4 ,! sons ( m5 8 favor did n und]/&1 #e4 ,n9%> 8 favor did n und]/&4 #f4 ,8 mess5g]1 ,usmu himself1 answ]$2 #g4 ,! sons ( m5 8 favor did n und]/&1 #h4 ,n9%> 8 favor did n und]/&4 #i4 8,my k+1 a /orm-cl\d6 ,a /orm-cl\d60 #aj4 ,) 8 foot on ! boat he /epp$1 #aa4 ,two /rong m5 z wat*]s he /ation$1 #ab4 ,! comm& !y receiv$1 !y took4 #ac4 ,enki flood$ ! fields1 #ad4 ,! fields receiv$ ! wat]s ( ,enki4 #ae4 ,x 0 ! fir/ day ^: mon? is fir/2 #af4 ,x 0 ! second day ^: mon? is second2 #ag4 ,x 0 ! n9? day ^: mon? is n9?1 ! mon? ( ! height ( ! wat]s4 #ah4 ,l fat1 l fat1 l abundant sweet oil1 #ai4 ,n9%> l fat1 #bj4 ,n9%> _h br\ght !m =?4 #ba4 ,n9kurra#djh on ! bank ( ! riv] cri$ 787 #bb4 8,o ,enki1 = me !y are fill$6 !y are fill$60 #bc4 ,8 mess5g]1 ,usmu1 ! ^w repeat$4 #bd4 ,! sons ( m5 8 favor did n und]/&1 #be4 ,n9kurra 8 favor did n und]/&4 #bf4 ,8 mess5g]1 ,usmu himself answ]$2 #bg4 ,! sons ( m5 did n und]/&1 #bh4 ,n9kurra did n und]/&4 #bi4 8,my k+1 a /orm-cl\d6 ,a /orm-cl\d60 #cj4 ,) 8 foot on ! boat he /epp$1 #ca4 ,two /rong m5 z wat*]s he /ation$2 #cb4 ,! comm& !y receiv$1 !y took4 #cc4 ,enki flood$ ! fields #cd4 ,! fields receiv$ ! wat]s ( ,enki4 #ce4 ,x 0 ! fir/ day ^: mon? is fir/2 #cf4 ,x 0 ! n9? day ^: mon? is n9?1 ! mon? ( ! height ( ! wat]s4 #cg4 ,l fat1 l fat1 l abundant sweet oil1 #ch4 ,n9kurra l fat _h br\ght !m =?4 #ci4 ,! god ,tagtug & 8 wife %e receiv$2 #dj4 ,n9kurra to ,tagtug & 8 wife spoke3 #da4 8,v]ily ,i w help 787 !e1 my upright "o1 4444444444 #db4 ,) favorable words ,i speak 4444444444 #dc4 ,"o man = me %all be c\nt$ 4444444444 #dd4 ,enki = me %all 4444444444 ,! re/ ( ! column1 consi/+ ( two or ?ree l9es1 is miss+4 ,! repetition 9 ?is column is *>act]i/ic ( e>ly poetry4 ,primitive peoples are fond ( it]ation1 & 9 ! description ( ! way ! wat]s came x 0 to !m v effective4 ,column ,,iv 7ab\t twelve l9es are brok5 f ! tablet at ! beg9n+7 #ac4 ,to ,tagtug & 8 wife spoke 4444444444 #ad4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 #ae4 44444444444444444444444444444444444444 #af4 4444444444444444 9 ! g>d5 44444444444444444444 #ag4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 #ah4 ,ebaraguldu let him f\nd1 #ai4 ,erabg>an let him f\nd1 #bj4 ,at ! temple let my fett]$ ox5 /&1 #ba4 ,= ,enki let my fett]$ ox5 be sacrific$1 #bb4 ,let two /rong m5 p\r out wat]1 #bc4 ,abundant wat] let !m p\r out1 #bd4 ,res]voir-wat] let !m p\r out1 #be4 ,! b>r5 l& let !m irrigate1 #bf4 ,z g>d5]s = ! little plants let !m g =?1 #bg4 ,on ! bank1 along ! bank let !m 7i4 e41 ! plants7 ext5d4 #bh4 ,:o art ?\8 ,! g>d5 44444444444444444444 #bi4 ,= ,enki ! g>d5] 4444444444444444444444444444 7,five l9es are "h brok5 away47 #ce4 ,eb>aguldu he f\nd$1 #cf4 ,erabg>an he f\nd$1 on its f\ndation he set x4 #cg4 ,enki turn$ 8 eyes unto him2 8 scept] he lift$ up2 #ch4 ,enki to ,tagtug direct$ ! way4 #ci4 ,at ! temple he cri$3 8,op5 ! door1 op5 ! door20 #dj4 8,:o is x t ?\ art80 #da4 8,i am a g>d5]1 ) gladness 4444444444 #db4 ,) 4444444444 ! price 787 ( milk w ,i pres5t !e40 #dc4 ,tagtug ) joyful he>t at ! temple op5$ ! door1 #dd4 ,enki spoke to ,tagtug & 8 wife1 #de4 ,) joy 8 possessions he gave to him2 #df4 ,t ,eb>aguldu he gave him2 #dg4 ,t ,erabg>an he gave him4 #dh4 ,tagtug & 8 wife b[$ d[n2 ) ! left h& !y cov]$ ! m\?2 ) ! "r !y did obeisance4 ,f ! p>ts ( ,column ,,iv1 :i* are /ill legible1 x appe>s t ! mess5g] 0 reveal+ to ,tagtug ! secrets ( agriculture4 ,?is corresponds to ! /atem5t 9 ,g54 #i3bj1 t 8,noah began to be a husb&man40 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ,column ,v "s sev5 l9es h crumbl$ away1 & ! beg9n+s ( eight m h also become illegible4 ,column ,v 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444 #h4 ,! 4444444444 plant 0 gre51 #i4 ,! 4444444444 plant 0 gre51 #aj4 ,! 4444444444 plant 0 gre51 #aa4 ,! 4444444444 plant 0 gre51 #ab4 ,! 4444444444 plant 0 gre51 #ac4 ,! 4444444444 plant 0 gre51 #ad4 ,! 4444444444 plant 0 gre54 #ae4 8,o ,enki1 = me !y are c\nt$10 #af4 ,8 mess5g]1 ,usmu himself1 ! ^w repeat$2 #ag4 8,plants ,i h call$ =?1 _! abundance orda9$1 #ah4 ,! wat] %all make !m bright1 ! wat] %all make !m bright20 #ai4 ,8 mess5g]1 ,usmu himself1 answ]$3 #bj4 8,my k+1 z to ! woody plants10 he said1 #ba4 8,he %all prune1 he %all eat40 #bb4 8,z to ! tall plants10 he said1 #bc4 8,he %all pluck1 he %all eat40 #bd4 8,my k+1 z to ! 4444444444 plants10 he said1 #be4 8,he %all prune1 he %all eat40 #bf4 8,z to ! plants ( ! wat]$ g>d5 78710 he said1 #bg4 8,he %all pluck1 he %all eat40 #bh4 8,my k+1 z to ! 4444444444 plants10 he said1 #bi4 8,he %all prune1 he %all eat40 #cj4 8,my k+1 z to ! 4444444444 plants10 he said1 #ca4 8,he %all pluck1 he %all eat40 #cb4 8,my k+1 z to ! 4444444444 plants01 he said1 #cc4 8,he %all prune1 he %all eat40 #cd4 8,my k+1 z to ! cassia plant10 he said1 #ce4 8,he %all pluck 44444444 he %all eat40 #cf4 8,enki = me ! plant ( 8 wisdom has pluck$1 8 he>t has spok540 #cg4 ,( ,n9kh>sag ! "n ,enki utt]$ 9 curse3 #ch4 8,! face ( life :5 he dies he %all n see40 #ci4 ,!n ,anunnaki 9 ! du/ sat d[n4 #dj4 ,! rebelli\s "o to ,enlil said3 #da4 8,i1 ,n9kh>sag1 br\ght =? = !e p2 :at is my rew>d80 #db4 ,enlil1 ! begett]1 answ]$ ! rebelli\s "o3 #dc4 8,?\1 ,n9kh>sag1 ha/ br\ght =? p10 #dd4 8#8,9 my city let two creatures be made1' %all ?y "n be call$40 #de4 ,z a dignit>y 8 head alone he exalt$1 #df4 ,8 he>t 787 alone he made impetu\s1 #dg4 ,8 eye alone he fill$ ) fire 7874 ,langdon takes ! portion ( ! n>rative :i* we f9d 9 ?is column to be an acc\nt ( ! fall ( man1 s9ce l9e #cf1 z he r5d]$ x1 speaks ( ,tagtug's pluck+ & eat+1 & ! next l9e speaks ( ! utt]+ ( a curse4 ,?is view ! writ] does n %>e4 ,if ! above translation is correct1 !re is no allusion to any?+ ( ! k9d4 ,column ,,vi 7p]haps five l9es are brok5 away7 #f4 4444444444 ! "l ,enlil 4444444444 #g4 44444444 ! "l ( life 4444444444 #h4 ,to 4444444444 !y w5t1 4444444444 #i4 ,to 4444444444 !y w5t1 ! "l ( ! gods 4444444444 #aj4 ,spoke to him1 ! wat] ( life 4444444444 #aa4 444444444444444444444444444444 #ab4 ,n9kh>sag 44444444444444444444 #ac4 444444444444444444444444444444 #ad4 4444444444444444444444444444444444 #ae4 444444444444444444444444444444 #af4 44444444444444444444444444 #ag4 4444444444444444444444444444 #ah4 ,n9kh>sag 44444444444444444444 #ai4 ,enlil 444444 8 4444444444 !y f\nd$1 #bj4 ,prie/s 787 !y orda9$1 #ba4 ,fate !y det]m9$1 #bb4 ,) p[] e/abli%$ x4 #bc4 ,n9kh>sag 9 h] temple grant$ 8 life to him3 #bd4 8,my bro!r1 :at ( !e is ill80 #be4 8,my h]d 787 is ill40 #bf4 8,! god ,ab%am h ,i br\ght =? = !e40 #bg4 8,my bro!r1 :at ( !e is ill80 #bh4 8,my h]d is ill40 #bi4 8,! goddess #8,que5 ( ! h]d'#dji h ,i br\ght =? = !e40 #cj4 8,my bro!r1 :at ( !e is ill80 8,my face is ill40 #ca4 8,! goddess ,n9kautu h ,i br\ght =? = !e40 #cb4 8,my bro!r1 :at ( !e is ill80 8,my m\? is ill40 #cc4 8,! goddess #8,que5 :o fills ! m\?'#daj h ,i br\ght =? = !e40 #cd4 8,my bro!r1 :at ( !e is ill80 8,my 444444 is ill04 #ce4 8,! goddess ,nazi h ,i br\ght =? = !e40 #cf4 8,my bro!r1 :at ( !e is ill80 8,my h& is ill40 #cg4 8,my goddess #8,liv+ h&'#daa h ,i br\ght =? = !e40 #ch4 8,my bro!r1 :at ( !e is ill80 8,my heal? is ill40 #ci4 8,! goddess #8,que5 ( heal?'#dab h ,i br\ght =? = !e40 #dj4 8,my bro!r1 :at ( !e is ill80 8,my intellig5ce is ill40 #da4 8,! god :o makes ! intellig5ce cle>#dac h ,i br\ght =? = !e40 #db4 8,gr&ly are !y br\ght =?1 !y are creat$4 #dc4 ,let ,ab%am be "l ( vegetation1 #dd4 ,let ,n9tulla be "l ( ,magan1 #de4 ,let ,n9kautu *oose ,n9azu z a sp\se1 #df4 ,may ,n9kasi be ! full he>t's possession1 #dg4 ,may ,nazi become mi/ress ( weav+ 7871 #dh4 ,may ,dazima ! h\se ( /rong life take1 #di4 ,may ,n9til become mi/ress ( ! mon?1 #ej4 ,may ,en%agme become "l ( ,x4 #ea4 ,glory60 #b4 ,comp>ison ) ! ,bible4 ,"h ! tablet concludes4 ,?is la/ column1 :i* tells h[ ! goddess ,n9kh>sag came to favor ! h]o & to create a numb] ( div9e help]s = him1 has no p>allel 9 ! ,biblical acc\nt4 ,z ,tagtug receiv$ ! especial protection ( ,n9kh>sag :o creat$ = him all ^! div9e help]s1 x seems c]ta9 t ?is tablet _h no ref]5ce to ! fall ( man1 z ,langdon supposes4 ,x appe>s r to be a my?ical acc\nt ( ! beg9n+s ( agriculture & ! m$ic9al use ( plants 9 ,babylonia4 ,agriculture implies irrigation4 8,f ! fir/ day ^: mon? is fir/0 to ! n9? mon?1 is ! p]iod :5 ,babylonia is wat]$4 ,! ,tigris beg9s to rise 9 ,m>*1 ! fir/ mon?1 ! ov]fl[ ( ! ,euphrates does n subside till ! six? mon?1 & ! w9t] ra9s are at _! height 9 ! n9? mon?4 ,z ,adam 0 driv5 f ,ed5 to eat ( ! fruits ( ! e>? 7,g54 #c3ah1 #bd2 comp>e ,g54 #a3bi71 & ,noah became a husb&man 7,g54 #i3bj71 ! /ory ( ,tagtug pres5ts a remote simil>ity to bo? ( !m4 ,langdon#dad comp>es ! li/ ( div9e be+s ) :i* ! tablet ends ) ! ant$iluvian patri>*s ( ,g54 #d & #e1 & sugge/s ! possibility t "h we h ! orig9al names ( ^? patri>*s4 ,beyond ! fact t ,ab%am some:at resembles ! "n ,abel & 01 l ,abel1 an agriculturi/1 !re is no app>5t connection4 ,! names 9 no way correspond4 ,x is m probable t we h ! names ( ^? patri>*s 9 ! li/ ( k+s translat$ 9 ,*apt] ,v4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,abraham ,,& ,,ar*,,ology ,,abraham ,,hir$ ,,an ,,ox4 ,,abraham ,,leas$ ,a ,,f>m4 ,,abraham ,,paid ,,8 ,,r5t4 ,,:o ,,0 ,,?is ,,abraham8 ,,travel ,,betwe5 ,,babylonia ,,& ,,pale/9e4 ,,hammurapi1 ,,k+ ,,( ,,! ,,we/l&4 ,,kudur-,,mabug4 ,,k+s ,,suppos$ ,,by ,,"s ,,to ,,be ,,^? ,,( ,,g5esis #ad4 ,ar*ological inve/igation has br\ght to light a numb] ( texts believ$ by s*ol>s to illum9e ! ,biblical acc\nts ( ,abraham4 ,x is ! purpose ( ?is *apt] to translate & discuss ^!4 ,! docum5ts :i* naturally attract u fir/ are "s contracts f ,babylonia 9 :i* an ,abraham 0 "o ( ! contract+ p>ties4 ,!y are z foll[s3 #a4 ,abraham ,hir$ an ,ox4#dae #a4 ,"o ox brok5 to ! yoke1 #b4 an ox f ,ibni-,s91 son ( ,s9-imgurani1 #c4 f ,ibni-,s9 #d4 ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ,ki%ti-,nabium1 #e4 son ( ,et]u1 #f4 ,ab>ama1 son ( ,awel-,i%t>1 #g4 = "o mon? has hir$4 #h4 ,= "o mon? #i4 "o %ekel ( silv] #aj4 he w pay4 #aa4 ,( x %ekel ( silv] #ab4 f ! h& ( #ac4 ,ab>ama #ad4 ,ki%ti-,nabium #ae4 has receiv$4 #af4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( ,id9-,ura%1 son ( ,id9-,labibaal1 #ag4 9 ! pres5ce ( ,awl1 son ( ,urri-bani1 #ah4 9 ! pres5ce ( ,beliyatum1 scribe4 #ai4 ,mon? ( ! mission ( ,i%t> 7i4 e41 ,ulul71 day #bj?1 #bj4 ,! ye> ,ammizadugga1 ! k+ 7built7 #ba4 ! wall ( ,ammizadugga1 7i4 e41 ,ammizadugga's #aa? ye>74 #bb4 ,tablet ( ,ki%ti-,nabium4 ,?is tablet %[s h[ ,ab>ama 7,abraham71 a f>m]1 hir$ an ox = a mon?4 ,! tablet1 z ! la/ l9e %[s1 is ! copy made = ,ki%ti-,nabium1 ! ag5t4 ,9 su* bus9ess transactions ?ree copies 7 (t5 made1 "o = ea* ( ! contract+ p>ties & "o = ! scribe4 ,! date ( ?is tablet is #aife ,b4 ,c4 ,ammizadugga 0 ! t5? k+ ( t fir/ dyna/y ( ,babylon1 ( :i* ,hammurapi 0 ! six?4 #b4 ,abraham ,leas$ a ,f>m4#daf #a4 ,to ! patrician #b4 speak1 #c4 say+1 ,gimil-,m>duk 7wi%es t7 #d4 ,%ama% & ,m>duk may give !e heal?6 #e4 ,maye/ ?\ h peace1 maye/ ?\ h heal?6 #f4 ,may ! god :o protects !e ?y head 9 luck #g4 hold6 #h4 7,to enquire7 conc]n+ ?y heal? ,i am s5d+4 #i4 ,may ?y welf>e be=e ,%ama% & ,m>duk #aj4 be et]nal6 #aa4 ,conc]n+ ! #djj %>s ( l&1 ! field ( ,s9-id9am1 #ab4 :i* to ,abamrama #ac4 to lease1 ?\ ha/ s5t2 #ad4 ! l&-/ew>d 787 & scribe #ae4 appe>$ & #af4 on behalf ( ,s9-id9am #ag4 ,i took t up4 #ah4 ,! #djj %>s ( l& to ,abamrama #ai4 z ?\ ha/ direct$ #bj4 ,i h leas$4 #ba4 ,conc]n+ ?y dispat*es ,i %all n be neglig5t4 ,x appe>s f ?is docum5t t ,abamrama1 :o is none o!r ?an a ,babylonian ,abraham1 0 a small f>m]1 :o leas$ a small tract ( l&4 #c4 ,abraham ,paid ,8 ,r5t4#dag #a4 #a %ekel ( silv] #b4 ( ! r5t 787 ( 8 field1 #c4 = ! ye> ,ammizadugga1 ! k+1 #d4 a lordly1 spl5did /atue 7set up71 #e4 br\ght #f4 ,abamrama1 #g4 receiv$ #h4 ,s9-id9am #i4 & ,iddatum4 #aj4 ,mon? ,siman1 #bh? day1 #aa4 ,! ye> ,ammizadugga1 ! k+1 #ab4 a lordly1 spl5did /atue 7set up74 7,?is 0 ,ammizadugga's #ac? ye>47 ,?is docum5t1 dat$ two ye>s aft] t 9 :i* ! ox 0 hir$1 %[s h[ ,abamrama 7,abraham7 paid a "p ( 8 r5t4 ,! "n ,abamrama 7,abraham7 occurs 9 two o!r docum5ts publi%$ 9 ! same volume 7no4 #aja1 & no4 #ajb71 :]e1 9 def9+ ! b\nd>ies ( o!r fields ( ,s9-id9am1 !y are said to be b\nd$ on "o side by ! field ( ,abamrama4 ,z ^! docum5ts m5tion ! "n ( ,abamrama only incid5tally1 !y are n translat$ "h4 #d4 ,:o ,0 ,?is ,abraham8 ,^! docum5ts1 :i* relate to ! bus9ess ( a ,babylonian ,abraham1 come f ,dilbat1 ab\t eight miles s\? ( ,borsippa1 :i* 0 j across ! ,euphrates f ,babylon4 ,x is cle> t ?is ,abraham 0 a small f>m]1 :o hir$ a tract ( l& f a l>g] l&-own]4 ,he also hir$ an ox :]e) to "w 8 l&1 & paid ! r5t ( ! l& & ! hire ( ! ox z a good citiz5 %\ld4 ,?is ,abraham 0 n ! ,biblical patri>*4 ,! patri>*'s fa!r 0 ,t]ah & 8 bro!r ,nahor2 ! fa!r ( ?is ,babylonian ,abraham 0 ,awel-,i%t>1 & 8 bro!r ,iddatum 7ibid41 no4 #aja1 #i74 ,! ,abraham ( ! ,bible 0 a mono!i/ accord+ to ,g5esis2 ! ance/ors ( ! ,babylonian ,abraham wor%ip$ ! goddess ,i%t>1 :o correspond$ to ! ,canaaniti% ,a%tore?4 ,! ,bible connects ! patri>* ) ,ur & ,h>an2 ?is ,abraham liv$ ab\t half-way betwe5 ^! two cities4 ,up to ! pres5t "t ?is ,babylonian ,abraham is ! only p]son kn[n to u o!r ?an ! ,biblical patri>*1 :o1 9 t p]iod ( hi/ory1 bore ! "n4 ,he is ! only "o kn[n to u outside ! ,biblical record4#dah ,! only o!r occurr5ce ( ! "n outside ! ,bible is 9 ! "n ( a place 9 ,pale/9e1 probably ne> ,hebron1 :i* ,%e%onk ,i1 ! ,biblical ,%i%ak1 calls 8,! ,field ( ,abram40#dai ,z ,%i%ak liv$ mu* lat] 7#ide-ibd ,b4 ,c471 be+ a contempor>y ( ,rehoboam ! son ( ,solomon1 ?is ,egyptian place "n is n s significant4 ,! ,babylonian ,abraham m5tion$ 9 ! docum5ts j translat$ is welcome pro( t ,abraham 0 a p]sonal "n 9 ,babylonia ne> ! "t 9 :i* ! ,bible places ! patri>*4 ,) ^! docum5ts ,g54 #aa3bg-be3aj %\ld be comp>$4 ,ano!r ,babylonian contract is ( int]e/ 9 connection ) ! migration ( ,abraham4 #e4 ,travel betwe5 ,babylonia & ,pale/9e4 #a4 ,a wagon#dbj #b4 f ,mannum-balum-,%ama%1 #c4 son ( ,%elibia1 #d4 ,khabilk9um1 #e4 son ( ,appanibi1 #f4 on a lease #g4 = #a ye> #h4 has hir$4 #i4 ,z a ye>ly r5tal #aj4 ( a %ekel ( silv] #aa4 he w pay4 #ab4 ,z ! fir/ ( ! r5t #ac4 ( a %ekel ( silv] #ad4 he has receiv$4 #ae4 ,unto ! l& ( ,kittim #af4 he %all n drive x4 #ag4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( ,ibku-,adad1 #ah4 son ( ,abiatum2 #ai4 9 ! pres5ce ( ,iluka%a1 #bj4 son ( ,arad-ili%u2 #ba4 9 ! pres5ce ( ,ili%u 4444444444 #bb4 ,mon? ,ululu1 day #be1 #bc4 ! ye> ! k+ ,ere* f ! flood #bd4 ( ! riv] z a fri5d protect$4 ,! date ( ! above int]e/+ docum5t has n be5 id5tifi$ ) c]ta9ty4 ,x is ?\ght by "s to belong to ! reign ( ,%amsu-iluna1 ! successor ( ,hammurapi4 ,! writ+ cle>ly %[s t at any rate x comes f ! p]iod ( ?is dyna/y4 ,t is1 x comes f ! p]iod to :i* ,g54 #ad assigns ! migration ( ,abraham4 ,kittim 9 ! contract is ! ^w us$ 9 ! ,hebrew ( ,j]4 #b3aj & ,ezek4 #bg3f = ! coa/ l&s ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,x und\bt$ly has t mean+ "h4 ,?is contract 0 writt5 9 ,sipp>1 ! ,agade ( e>li] times1 a t[n on ! ,euphrates a little to ! nor? ( ,babylon4 ,x reveals ! fact t at ! "t ! docum5t 0 writt5 !re 0 s mu* travel betwe5 ,babylonia & ! ,m$it]ranean coa/ t a man c\ld n lease a wagon = a ye> )\t dang] t x might be driv5 ov] ! long r\te to ,syria or ,pale/9e4 ,aga9/ su* we> ^u 8 vehicle ! p>ticul> wagon-own] ( our docum5t protect$ himself4 ,:51 !re=e1 ,abraham w5t out f 8 l& & 8 k9dr$1 he 0 go+ to no unkn[n l&4 ,! tide ( comm]ce & ( emigration _h op5$ ! way4 ,app>5tly x 0 no m rem>kable = him to d x ?an = an ,iri%man to come to ,am]ica half a c5tury ago1 or = a s\? ,european to come today4 #f4 ,hammurapi1 ,k+ ( ! ,we/l&4 ,x is ?\ght by _m s*ol>s t ,hammurapi 0 ! ,amraphel ( ,g5esis #ad4 ,! foll[+ inscription#dba relates to ?is k+3 #a4 ,to ,%>ratum1 #b4 ! bride ( ,anu #c4 :o has come to lord%ip1 #d4 lady ( /r5g? & abundance1 #e4 ( ! m\nta9-temple1 #f4 fai?ful lady1 ( exalt$ c\nsel1 #g4 lady :o b9ds ! he>t1 #h4 :o = h] sp\se #i4 makes favorable h] op5 oracle2 #aj4 to 8 lady1 #aa4 = ! life ( ,hammurapi1 #ab4 k+ ( ! ,we/l& 7,,m>-,,tu71 #ac4 ,ibirum 4444444444 #ad4 gov]nor ( ! riv]-di/rict 4444444444 #ae4 son ( ,%uban 444444444441 #af4 a gu>dian-deity appropriate to h] div9ity1 #ag4 9 ! l& :i* %e loves1 #ah4 = h] s]vice 787 #ai4 be=e h] belov$ temple has set up4 ,?is inscription is quot$ "h = two reasons3 #a4 ,x 0 erect$ 8= ! life ( ,hammurapi10 :o is suppos$ by _m to be ! ,amraphel ( ,g54 #ad3a4 ,amraphel is suppos$ to be a corruption ( ,hammurapi1 ?us ,amrapi4 ,! f9al l ( ,amraphel is a difficulty4 ,:ile _m ,assyriologi/s1 f ,s*rad] onw>d1 h recogniz$ ! equival5ce1 x is n[ s]i\sly que/ion$ by ,j5s5 & ,edu>d ,mey]1 & absolutely reject$ by ,bezold4 ,x mu/ be said t1 if ,amraphel is int5d$ = ,hammurapi1 ! "n _h und]gone corruption be=e x 0 plac$ 9 ! ,biblical record4#dbb #b4 ,9 ?is inscription ,hammurapi is call$ 8k+ ( ,,m>-,,tu10 or ! ,we/l&1 a "n by :i* ! ,babylonians (t5 designat$ ,syria & ,pale/9e4 ,,m>-,,tu simply means 8sunset10 b 0 us$ l ! ,arabic magrib z ! designation ( a region4 ,!re is no reason to d\bt t "h x designates ,syria & ,pale/9e1 s t1 if ,amraphel is ,hammurapi1 ?is is confirmatory ( 8 connection ) ! ,we/4 #g4 ,kudur-,mabug4 ,! foll[+ inscription#dbc has also (t5 be5 br\ght into ! discussion ( ,g5esis #ad3 #a4 ,to ,nann>1 #b4 8 k+1 #c4 ,kudur-,mabug1 #d4 8,fa!r0 ( ! ,we/l& 7,,m>-,,tu71 #e4 son ( ,simti-%ilkhak1 #f4 :5 ,nann> #g4 8 pray] #h4 _h he>d1 #i4 ,enunmakh1 #aj4 belong+ to ,nann>1 #aa4 = 8 life #ab4 & ! life #ac4 ( ,arad-,s91 8 son1 #ad4 k+ ( ,l>sa1 #ae4 he built4 ,?is inscription has (t5 be5 br\ght into connection ) ,abraham1 p>tly because "s h se5 9 ,kudur-,mabug ! ,*$orlaom] ( ,g54 #ad3a1 & p>tly because ,kudur-,mabug 9 x calls himself 8,fa!r0 or gov]nor ( ! ,we/l&4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ,kudur-,mabug 0 int5d$ by ! "n ,*$orlaom]1 ! "n _h be5 corrupt$ beyond all recognition 9 ! ,biblical tradition be=e ,g54 #ad 0 writt54 ,9 reality !re is no reason to suppose t ,kudur-,mabug & ,*$orlaom] are ! same4 ,z to ! t]m 8,we/l&10 x probably does n "h designate ,pale/9e1 b ei!r ! we/]n "p ( ,elam or ! s\!rn "p ( ,babylonia4 ,babylonia lay to ! we/ ( ,elam1 & ,kudur-,mabug plac$ on ! ?rone ( ,l>sa1 a city ( ,s\? ,babylonia1 fir/ 8 son1 ,arad-,s91 & !n 8 son1 ,rim-,s91 & app>5tly ma9ta9$ an ov]-lord%ip ov] bo? ( !m4 8,we/l&0 accord+ly means 9 8 inscription1 n ,pale/9e1 b ,babylonia4 ,"o ( ,kudur-,mabug's sons calls 8 fa!r 8,fa!r0 7or gov]nor7 ( ,emutbal1 a region ( ,elam4 ,x is a mi/ake1 !re=e1 to br+ ,kudur-,mabug into connection ) ,abraham & ,g54 #ad4dbd #h4 ,k+s ,suppos$ by ,"s to be ,^? ,m5tion$ 9 ,g54 #ad4 ,"s fragm5t>y tablets f ! ,p]sian p]iod1 n e>li] ?an ! f\r? c5tury ,b4 ,c41 conta9 ref]5ces :i* h be5 br\ght by "s s*ol>s into connection ) ,abraham & ! f\rte5? ( ,g5esis4 ,! texts read z foll[s3 ,i#dbe #a4 44444444444444444444 #b4 444444444444444444444444444444 #c4 44444444444444444444 8 "w n 4444444444 #d4 444444444444444444 su-a-am-mu 4444444444 #e4 4444444444444444 be=e ! gods ! creation ( 4444444444 #f4 444444444444 day 4444444444 ,%ama%1 :o illum9es 4444444444 #g4 4444444444 ! "l ( ! gods1 ,m>duk1 9 ! satisfaction ( 8 he>t1 #h4 4444444444 8 s]vant1 ! region1 all ( x1 a c\nsel n fulfill$1 #i4 4444444444 by =ce ( arms he ov]?rew4 ,dursirilani1 son ( ,arad-,malaku 7,eri8-44aku7 #aj4 444444444444 goods 787 he c>ri$ (f1 took z spoil1 wat]s ov] ,babylon & ,esagil #aa4 44444444 8 ) ! weapon ( 8 h& l a lamb he kill$ him1 #ab4 4444444444 spoke to h]1 fa!r1 & son2 ) ! weapon #ac4 ,great & small he cut (f1 ,tudkhula1 son ( ,gazza 4444444444 #ad4 444444 goods he took z spoil1 wat]s ov] ,babylon & ,esagil #ae4 444444 8 son ) ! weapon ( 8 h&s ^u him fell4 #af4 44444444 ( 8 dom9ion be=e ! temple ( ,annunit 4444444444 #ag4 44444444 ,elam1 ! city ,akhkhi to 787 ! city ,rabbatu he spoil$4 #ah4 444444 l a deluge1 he made ! cities ( ,akkad1 all ( ,borsippa 787 #ai4 444444 end$4#dbf ,kukukumal1 8 son pi]c$ 8 he>t ) a girdle-dagg] ( iron4 #bj4 44444444 ! enemy took & ! de/ruction ( ^! k+s1 p>ticipators 9 wrong 7871 #ba4 4444444444 bondage = :i* ! k+ ( ! gods1 ,m>duk1 0 angry ) !m #bb4 4444444444 ) sickness _! brea/ 0 oppress$ 44444444 #bc4 44444444 unto ru9s 7 r$uc$ 7874 ,all ( !m to ! k+1 our "l #bd4 444444 kn[+ 787 ! he>ts ( ! gods1 ! graci\s ,m>duk1 = ! commemoration ( 8 "n #be4 44444444 & nam$ ,esagil--to 8 place may he return4 #bf4 4444444444 ?y 444444 may he make4 ,?is1 ,o k+1 my "l we 444444 #bg4 4444444444 8 evil 8 he>t ! gods1 8 fa!rs 4444444444 #bh4 444444444444 a p>ticipator 9 s9 %all n be 7874 ,,ii #a4 444444444444444444444 gods 787 4444444444 #b4 4444444444 9 ! city fe>$ day 787 & night 787 #c4 4444444444 ,l>sa 7871 ! bond ( heav5 :i* unto ! f\r w9ds 4444 #d4 he decre$ !m ! p>k 787 :i* is 9 ,babylon1 ! city ( 8 maje/y 7872 #e4 he decre$ !m ! possessions ( ,babylon1 small & great4 #f4 ,9 _! fai?ful c\nsel unto ,kukukumal1 ,k+ ( ,elam1 #g4 !y e/abli%$ ! fix$ advance :i* to !m seem$ good4 #h4 ,9 ,babylon1 ! city ( ,k>dunia%1 k+%ip he assum$ 4444444444 #i4 ,9 ,babylon1 ! city ( ! gods1 ,m>duk set 8 ?rone 7871 #aj4 ,all1 ev5 ! ,sodomites ( ! plund]$ temples1 obey$ him4 #aa4 ,rav5s build ne/s2 birds dwell !re92 #ab4 ,! rav5s croak 7871 %riek+ !y hat* _! "y 9 x4 #ac4 ,to ! dog crun*+ ! bone ! lady 4444444444 is favorable4 #ad4 ,! snake hisses 7871 ! evil "o :o spits poison4 #ae4 ,:o is ! k+ ( ,elam :o ! great build+ ( ,esagil de/roy$1 #af4 :i* ! ,babylonians made1 & _! "w 0 44444444448 #ag4 ,?is is :at ?\ ha/ writt51 say+3 8,i am a k+1 ! son ( a k+0 4444 #ah4 ,:o is ! son ( a daught] ( a k+1 :o on ! royal ?rone w sit8 444 #ai4 ,he is ,dursil-ilni1 son ( ,arad-,malkua1 :o ! ?rone 4444444444 #bj4 on ! royal ?rone he sat & be=e 8 w>riors he m>*$4 #ba4 ,n[ let ! k+ m>* :o f anci5t days 444444444 #bb4 has be5 proclaim$ "l ( ,babylon2 ! "w ( 44444444 %all n endure4 #bc4 ,9 ! mon? ,siman & ! mon? ,tammuz 9 ,babylon !re 0 done 4444444444 #bd4 ! "w ( ! son ( ! magician4 ,! bull 7i4 e41 w>rior7 :o deva/ates ! l& 4444444444 #be4 ,! eld]s 9 _! fai?ful c\nsel 4444444444 #bf4 gave ! son ( ! magician ! place in/ead ( 8 fa!r #bg4 44444444444444444 #a maid 44444444444444444444 ,two o!r simil> fragm5t>y texts belong+ to ! s]ies are publi%$ z not$ above1 b x is unnecess>y to quote !m "h4 ,! two fragm5ts :i* we h translat$ conta9 ! mo/ important ref]5ces1 & are suffici5t to enable ! read] to make up 8 m9d z to ! be>+ ( ^! texts ^u ! f\rte5? ( ,g5esis4 ,p9*es & ,sayce read ! "n ( ! ,elamite k+1 ,kukukumal1 ,kudurlakhmal1 & id5tify x ) ,*$orlaom]4 ,p9*es s reads x1 hesitat+ly2 ,sayce1 confid5tly4 ,!re is no reason = s read+ x1 except ! desire to discov] ,*$orlaom]4 ,! fir/ ?ree syllables are repres5t$ 9 ! cunei=m by ! same sign--a sign ! mo/ frequ5t value ( :i* is ku4 ,x does sometimes h ! value dur1 b nev] lakh4 ,k+ reads x ,kukukumal1 & !re is really no reason = read+ x o!rwise4 ,ano!r "n :i* occurs twice is writt5 9 ! two places ) a slight diff]5ce ( spell+4 ,x is accord+ to ! mo/ natural read+ ( ! signs1 ,arad-,malkua1 or ,arad-,malaku4 ,sayce & ,p9*es read ,eri-eaku & id5tifi$ him ) 8,ario*1 k+ ( ,elass>10 7,g54 #ad3a74 ,:ile ?is is a possible read+1 x is only secur$ by giv+ to ! signs _! ,sum]ian1 in/ead ( _! ,semitic values1 &1 z ! docum5ts are 9 ,semitic1 ?is is probably wrong4 ,! "n is to be read ,arad-,malkua4 ,ano!r "n1 ,tudkhula1 :i* occurs 9 ! fir/ docum5t1 has be5 id5tifi$ by ! same s*ol>s ) 8,tidal1 k+ ( ! nations0 7,g54 #ad3a71 b 9 ?is text !re is no evid5ce t ,tudkhula 0 a k+ at all1 & ! id5tification is purely fanciful4 ,x %\ld be not$ also t ,arad-,malkua1 ! suppos$ ,eri-eaku1 does n himself take any "p 9 ! w>s "h record$2 x is 8 son1 ,dursil-ilni1 :o is repres5t$ z a contempor>y ( ,kukukumal1 ! suppos$ ,*$orlaom]4 ,x %\ld be fur!r not$ t ^! docum5ts repres5t a complete conque/ ( ,babylon by ,elam--a conque/ 9 :i* ,babylon itself is laid desolate4 ,x is n c]ta9 j :at "p ,dursil-ilni play$ 9 ! /ory4 ,he may h be5 a vassal k+ "u ,kukukumal1 or ! ,babylonian ^u :om ! hopes ( ! p c5t]$1 to free !m f ! yoke ( ,elam4 ,x is cle>1 h[ev]1 t ! ev5ts m5tion$ 9 ^! docum5ts are n 9 h>mony ) ! supposition t ^! mon>*s act$ z allies ( ,hammurapi 9 ! invasion ( ,pale/9e4 ,hammurapi is exclud$ f ! acc\nt4 ,kukukumal conqu]$ & desolat$ ! v city 9 :i* ,hammurapi _h 8 ?rone4 ,kukukumal mu/1 accord+ly1 h liv$ at "s o!r p]iod ( ! hi/ory1 & ! suppos$ confirmation ( ! acc\nt ( ! f\rte5? *apt] ( ,g5esis has n yet be5 f\nd4 ,z already /at$1 ^! tablets are n e>li] ?an ! f\r? c5tury ,b4 ,c4 ,! ev5ts :i* !y record 7 probably mu* lat] ?an ! "t ( ,abraham4 ,babylon is call$ by its ,cassite "n1 ,k>-dunia%1 a "n :i* x did n be> until "s hundr$s ( ye>s aft] ! "t ( ,hammurapi4 ,_m times 9 ! c\rse ( ,babylonian hi/ory 0 ! c\ntry ov]run by ,elam1 & !re is no real reason to suppose t ! w> "h ref]r$ to belongs to ! age ( ,hammurapi4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,jacob ,,& ,,joseph ,,appe>ances ,,( ,,^! ,,names ,,9 ,,babylonian ,,& ,,egyptian ,,records4 8,,! ,,tale ,,( ,,! ,,two ,,bro!rs02 ,,its ,,be>+ ,,on ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,joseph ,,9 ,,g5esis4 ,,lett]s ,,to ,a ,,rul] ,,l ,,joseph4 ,,! ,,sev5 ,,ye>s ,,( ,,fam9e4 ,,inscription ,,%[+ ,,prep>ation ,,= ,,fam9e4 #a4 ,jacob4 ,?ree diff]5t m5 9 ,babylonia at ! "t ( ! ,hammurapi dyna/y bore ! "n ,jacob-el4 ,?us1 9 ! reign ( ,apil-,s91 ! f\r? k+ ( ! dyna/y 7#bafa to #badd ,b4 ,c471 two witnesses1 ,%ubna-ilu & ,yadakh-ilu gave _! fa!r's "n z ,yakub-ilu1 or ,jacob-el4#dbg ,9 ! same reign a witness to ano!r docum5t1 "o ,lamaz1 _h a ,jacob-el z 8 fa!r4#dbh ,9 ! reign ( ,s9-muballit1 ! next k+1 a witness nam$ ,nur-,%ama% 0 also ! son ( a ,jacob-el4#dbi ,9 ! reign ( ! great ,hammurapi1 ! next k+1 a witness nam$ ,s9-erbiam gave 8 fa!r's "n simply z ,yakub1#dcj or ,jacob4 ,?is la/ is cle>ly a %ort5+ ( ,jacob-el4 ,^! m5 all liv$ f #ge to #aij ye>s be=e ! ,babylonian ,abraham1 ^: docum5ts are discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,9 connection ) ^! names x %\ld be not$ t ,?o?mes ,,iii ( ,egypt1 :o made ext5sive conque/s 9 ,asia betwe5 #adgh & #addf ,b4 ,c41 records ! "n ( a city :i* he captur$ 9 ,pale/9e z ,ya-#8-k-b'-ra1 ! ,egyptian equival5t ( ,jacob-el4#dca ,x does n seem a ra% guess to suppose t 9 ! p]iod :5 int]c\rse betwe5 ,babylonia & ,pale/9e 0 frequ5t & immigration f ! =m] c\ntry to ! latt] 0 9 progress1 "s ,babylonian be>+ ?is "n migrat$ to ,pale/9e1 settl$ !re & t a city 0 nam$ aft] him4 ,_m p>allels to ?is may be f\nd 9 ! names ( places 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada4 ,t ?is place "n 9 ,canaan _h "s connection ) ! "n ( ! ,patri>* ,jacob is probable1 ?\gh j :at t connection 0 x is impossible 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k to say4 #b4 ,joseph4 ,a ,babylonian bus9ess docum5t ( ! "t ( ! fir/ dyna/y ( ,babylon has among its witnesses a man nam$ ,ya%ub-ilu1 or ,joseph-el4#dcb ,9 ! li/ ( places :i* ,?o?mes ,,iii ( ,egypt conqu]$ 9 ,pale/9e !re is "o ,ya-%a-p'-ra1 :i* _m s*ol>s h tak5 to be ,joseph-el1 ?\gh ,pr(4 ,w4 ,max ,mll]#dcc ?9ks x r is equival5t to ,ye%eb-el1 mean+ 8:]e ,god dwells40 ,9 view ( ! cle> ,babylonian equival5ce1 h[ev]1 x seems probable t x is ,joseph-el4 ,if s1 x probably became a place-"n 9 ,pale/9e because "s important ,babylonian :o bore ! "n settl$ !re1 j z we h suppos$ ,jacob-el did4 ,"s s*ol>s hold t x is connect$ ) ! "n ( ! ,patri>* ,joseph 9 "s way1 b :at t connection 01 we _c n[ say4 #c4 ,! ,tale ( ! ,two ,bro!rs4#dcd ,once !re 7 two bre?r51 ( "o "m & "o fa!r2 ,anpu 0 ! "n ( ! eld]1 & ,bata 0 ! "n ( ! y\ng]4 ,n[1 z = ,anpu1 he _h a h\se1 & he _h a wife4 ,b 8 little bro!r 0 to him1 z x 71 a son2 he x 0 :o made = him 8 clo!s2 he x 0 :o foll[$ beh9d 8 ox5 to ! fields2 he x 0 :o did ! pl[+2 he x 0 :o h>ve/$ ! corn2 he x 0 :o did = him all ! matt]s :i* 7 9 ! field4 ,behold 8 y\ng] bro!r grew to be an excell5t work]2 !re 0 n 8 equal 9 ! :ole l&2 behold ! _s ( a god 0 9 him4 ,n[ aft] ?is ! y\ng] bro!r foll[$ 8 ox5 9 ! daily mann]2 & e ev5+ he turn$ aga9 to ! h\se1 lad5 ) all ! h]bs ( ! field1 ) milk & ) wood1 & ) all ?+s ( ! field4 ,& he put !m d[n be=e 8 eld] bro!r :o 0 sitt+ ) 8 wife2 & he drank & ate1 & he lay d[n 9 8 /able ) ! cattle4 ,& at ! dawn ( day he took bread :i* he _h bak$1 & laid x be=e 8 eld] bro!r2 & he took ) him 8 bread to ! field1 & he drave 8 cattle to pa/ure 9 ! fields4 ,& z he walk$ beh9d 8 cattle1 !y said to him1 8,good is ! h]bage :i* is 9 t place02 & he li/5$ to all t !y said1 & he took !m to ! good place :i* !y desir$4 ,& ! cattle :i* 7 be=e him 7 exce$+ excell5t1 & !y multipli$ greatly4 ,n[ at ! "t ( pl[+ 8 eld] bro!r said unto him1 8,let u make ready = ourselves a goodly yoke ( ox5 = pl[+1 = ! l& has come out f ! wat]2 x is fit = pl[+4 ,moreov]1 d ?\ come to ! field ) corn1 = we w beg9 ! pl[+ 9 ! morr[ morn+40 ,?us said he to him2 & 8 y\ng] bro!r did all ?+s z 8 eld] bro!r _h spok5 unto him to d !m4 ,& :5 ! morn 0 come1 !y w5t to ! fields ) _! ?+s2 & _! he>ts 7 pleas$ exce$+ly ) _! task 9 ! beg9n+ ( _! "w4 ,& x came to pass aft] ?is t z !y 7 9 ! field !y /opp$ = corn1 & he s5t 8 y\ng] bro!r1 say+1 8,ha/e ?\1 br+ to u corn f ! f>m40 ,& ! y\ng] bro!r f\nd ! wife ( 8 eld] bro!r1 z %e 0 sitt+ tir+ h] hair4 ,he said to h]1 8,get up1 & give to me corn1 t ,i may run to ! field1 = my eld] bro!r ha/5$ me2 d n delay40 ,%e said to him1 8,g op5 ! b91 & ?\ %alt take to ?yself accord+ to ?y w1 t ,i may n drop my locks ( hair :ile ,i dress !m40 ,! y\? w5t to ! /able2 he took a l>ge measure1 = he desir$ to take mu* corn2 he load$ x ) :eat & b>ley2 & he w5t out c>ry+ x4 ,%e said to him1 8,h[ mu* ( ! corn t is want$1 is t :i* is on ?y %\ld]80 ,he said to h]1 8,?ree bu%els ( b>ley1 & two ( :eat1 9 all five2 ^! are :at are ^u my %\ld]30 ?us said he to h]4 ,& %e conv]s$ ) him1 say+1 8,!re is great /r5g? 9 !e1 = ,i see ?y might e day40 ,& h] he>t knew him ) ! k ( y\?4 ,& %e arose & came to him1 & conv]s$ ) him1 say+1 8,come /ay ) me1 & x %all be well = !e1 & ,i w make = !e beautiful g>m5ts40 ,!n ! y\? became l a pan!r ( ! s\? ) fury at ! evil spee* :i* %e _h made to him2 & %e fe>$ greatly4 ,& he spake unto h]1 say+1 8,behold ?\ art to me z a "m1 ?y husb& is to me z a fa!r1 = he :o is eld] ?an ,i br\ght me up4 ,:at is ?is wick$ness t ?\ ha/ said to me8 ,say x n to me aga94 ,= ,i w n tell x to any man1 = ,i w n let x be utt]$ by ! m\? ( any man40 ,he lift$ up 8 burd51 & he w5t to ! field & came to 8 eld] bro!r2 & !y took up _! "w1 to labor at _! task4 ,n[ aft]w>d1 at ev5time1 8 eld] bro!r 0 return+ to 8 h\se2 & ! y\ng] bro!r 0 foll[+ aft] 8 ox51 & he load$ himself ) all ! ?+s ( ! field2 & he br\ght 8 ox5 be=e him1 to make !m lie d[n 9 _! /able :i* 0 9 ! f>m4 ,& behold ! wife ( ! eld] bro!r 0 afraid = ! words :i* %e _h said4 ,%e took a p>cel ( fat1 %e became l "o :o is evilly beat51 desir+ to say to h] husb&1 8,x is ?y y\ng] bro!r :o has done ?is wrong40 ,h] husb& return$ 9 ! ev5 z 0 8 wont ( e day3 he came unto 8 h\se2 he f\nd 8 wife ill ( viol5ce2 %e did n give him wat] ^u 8 h&s z he us$ to h1 %e did n make a light be=e him1 8 h\se 0 9 d>kness1 & %e 0 ly+ v sick4 ,h] husb& said to h]1 8,:o has spok5 ) !e80 ,behold %e said1 8,no "o has spok5 ) me except ?y y\ng] bro!r4 ,:5 he came to take = !e corn he f\nd me sitt+ alone2 he said to me1 #8,come1 let u /ay toge!r1 tie up ?y hair'3 ?us spoke he to me4 ,i did n li/5 to him1 b ?us spake ,i to him3 #8,behold1 am ,i n ?y "m1 is n ?y eld] bro!r to !e z a fa!r8' ,& he fe>$1 & he beat me to /op me f mak+ report to !e1 & if ?\ lette/ him live ,i %all die4 ,n[ behold he is com+ 9 ! ev5+2 & ,i compla9 ( ^! wick$ words1 = he w\ld h done ?is ev5 9 daylight40 ,& ! eld] bro!r became z a pan!r ( ! s\?2 he %>p5$ 8 knife2 he took x 9 8 h&2 he /ood beh9d ! door ( ! /able to slay 8 y\ng] bro!r z he came 9 ! ev5+ to br+ 8 cattle into ! /able4 ,n[ ! sun w5t d[n1 & he load$ himself ) h]bs 9 8 daily mann]4 ,he came1 & 8 =emo/ c[ ent]$ ! /able1 & %e said to h] keep]1 8,behold ?y eld] bro!r /&+ be=e !e ) 8 knife to slay !e2 flee f be=e him40 ,he he>d :at 8 fir/ c[ _h said2 & ! next ent]+1 %e also said likewise4 ,he look$ b5ea? ! door ( ! /able2 he saw ! feet ( 8 eld] bro!r2 he 0 /&+ beh9d ! door1 & 8 knife 0 9 8 h&4 ,he ca/ d[n 8 load to ! gr\nd1 & betook himself to flee swiftly2 & 8 eld] bro!r pursu$ aft] him ) 8 knife4 ,!n ! y\ng] bro!r cri$ out unto ,r ,h>akhti1#dce say+1 8,my good "l6 ?\ art he :o divides ! evil f ! good40 ,& ,r /ood & he>d 8 cry2 & ,r made a wide wat] betwe5 him & 8 eld] bro!r1 & x 0 full ( crocodiles2 & ! "o bro!r 0 on "o bank1 & ! o!r on ! o!r bank2 & ! eld] bro!r smote twice on 8 h&s at n slay+ him4 ,?us did he4 ,& ! y\ng] bro!r call$ to ! eld] bro!r on ! bank1 say+1 8,/& /ill until ! dawn ( ! day2 & :5 ,r arise?1 ,i %all judge ) !e be=e him1 & he disc]ne? betwe5 ! good & ! evil4 ,= ,i %all n be ) !e any m =ev]2 ,i %all n be 9 ! place 9 :i* ?\ art2 ,i %all g to ! valley ( ! acacia40 ,we ne$ n foll[ ! /ory fur!r4 ,^? :o wi% to d s are ref]r$ to ,petrie's ,egyptian ,tales4 ,f ?is po9t onw>d1 x conta9s _m my?ological features4 ,?is /ory1 9 ! =m 9 :i* we h x1 0 writt5 = ,seti ,,ii 7#abji-abje ,b4 ,c47 ( ! n9ete5? ,egyptian dyna/y1 :ile t mon>* 0 /ill cr[n pr9ce4 ,s*ol>s ( all %ades ( op9ion h recogniz$ 9 x a /rik+ p>allel to ! /ory ( ,joseph 9 ! h\se ( ,potiph>1 9 ,g5esis #ci3a-bj4 ,joseph1 l ! y\ng] bro!r ( ?is tale1 0 tru/$ ) ev]y?+ ab\t 8 ma/]'s place2 ,potiph>'s wife1 l ! si/]-9-law ( ! tale1 tempt$ ,joseph2 ,joseph1 l ! y\ng] bro!r1 resi/$ temptation2 & ,potiph>'s wife1 l ! si/]-9-law1 *>g$ him ) ! crime :i* he _h be5 unwill+ to commit4 ,s*ol>s ( ! critical s*ool reg>d ?is z ! orig9al ( ! /ory 9 ,g5esis4 ,:ile !y recognize t x is a !me :i* is n conf9$ to ,egyptians & ,hebrews 7comp>e = o!r p>allels ,lang1 ,my?1 ,ritual1 & ,religion1 ,,ii1 #cjc1 ff471 ! fact t ! !me ( ! ,biblical /ory is laid 9 ,egypt leads !m to ?9k x extremely probable t !re is a connection betwe5 ! two4 ,cons]vative s*ol>s on ! o!r h& hold t 9 all probability !re 0 m ?an "o su* sc&al 9 ,egypt1 & acc\nt = ! lik5ess by ! simil>ity :i* w\ld naturally pres5t itself 9 su* cases1 hold+ t ! ,egyptian tale has no be>+ on ! cr$ibility ( t 9 ,g5esis4 #d4 ,lett]s to a ,rul] ,l ,joseph4 ,among ! lett]s 9 ! ,babylonian language & script f\nd at ,el-,am>na 9 ,egypt 9 ! w9t] ( #ahhg-ahhh1dcf _m ( :i* 7 writt5 to ,am5ophis ,,iii & ,am5ophis ,,iv1 ,k+s ( ,egypt1 #adaa-aceg ,b4 ,c41 by ,egyptian vassals 9 ,pale/9e & ,syria1 !re are two :i* 7 writt5 to a ,semite nam$ ,ddu 7,david71 :i* %[ t ?is ,semite held at ! ,egyptian c\rt a position analog\s to t :i* ,joseph1 z rul] ( ,egypt1 is said to h held 7,g54 #da3ci1 f42 #ej3bf74 ,^! lett]s are z foll[s3 ,i#dcg #a4 ,to ,ddu1 my "l1 my fa!r1 #b4 speaks ,aziru1 ?y son1 ?y s]vant3 #c4 at ! feet ( my fa!r ,i fall4 #d4 ,unto my fa!r may !re be heal?6 #e4 ,o ,ddu1 truly ,i h giv5 7i4 e41 done7 #f4 ! wi% ( ! k+1 my "l1 #g4 & :atev] is ! wi% #h4 ( ! k+1 my "l1 let him s5d #i4 & ,i w give 7d7 x4 #aj4 ,fur!r3 see1 ?\ art !re1 #aa4 my fa!r1 & :atev] is ! wi% #ab4 ( ,ddu1 my fa!r1 s5d x #ac4 & ,i w inde$ give 7d7 x4 #ad4 ,behold1 ?\ art my fa!r & my "l #ae4 & ,i am ?y son4 ,! l&s ( ! ,amorites #af4 are ?y l&s1 & my h\se is ?y h\se1 #ag4 & :atev] ?y wi% is1 #ah4 s5d1 & ,i #ai4 %all behold1 & v]ily w give 7d7 x4 #bj4 ,& see1 ?\ 9 ! pres5ce ( #ba4 ! k+1 my "l1 sitte/4 #bb4 444444444444 enemies #bc4 words ( sl&] #bd4 be=e my fa!r1 be=e #be4 ! k+1 my "l1 h spok51 #bf4 b d ?\ n c\nt !m j6 #bg4 ,& behold ?\ 9 ! pres5ce #bh4 ( ! k+1 my "l1 z a dignit>y 787 #bi4 sitte/ 44444444444444444444 #cj4 & ! words ( sl&] #ca4 aga9/ me d n c\nt true4 #cb4 ,also ,i am a s]vant ( ! k+1 my "l1 #cc4 & f ! words ( ! k+1 my "l1 #cd4 & f ! words ( ,ddu1 my fa!r1 #ce4 ,i %all n dep>t =ev]4 #cf4 ,b :5 ! k+1 my "l1 does n love me1 #cg4 b hates me1 #ch4 !n ,i--:at %all ,i say8 ,,ii#dch #a4 ,to ,ddu1 my "l1 my fa!r1 #b4 speaks ,aziru1 ?y s]vant3 #c4 at ! feet ( my "l ,i fall4 #d4 ,khatib has come #e4 & has br\ght ! words #f4 ( ! k+1 my "l1 important & good1 #g4 & ,i am v1 v glad1 #h4 & my l& & my bre?r51 #i4 ! s]vants ( ! k+1 my "l1 #aj4 & ! s]vants ( ,ddu1 my "l1 #aa4 are v1 v glad1 #ab4 :5 !re comes #ac4 ! brea? ( ! k+1 my "l1 #ad4 unto me4 ,f ! words #ae4 ( my "l1 my god1 my sun-god1 #af4 & f ! words ( ,ddu1 #ag4 my "l1 ,i %all n dep>t4 #ah4 ,my "l1 truly ,khatib #ai4 /&s ) me4 #bj4 ,i & he w come4 #ba4 ,my "l1 ! k+ ( ! ,hittites #bb4 has come into ,nukha%%i1 #bc4 s t ,i _c come4 #bd4 ,w\ld t ! k+ ( ! ,hittites w\ld dep>t6 #be4 ,!n truly ,i w\ld come1 #bf4 ,i & ,khatib4 #bg4 ,may ! k+1 my "l1 my words #bh4 he>6 ,my "l1 ,i fe> #bi4 on acc\nt ( ! face ( ! k+1 my "l1 #cj4 & on acc\nt ( ! face ( ,ddu4 #ca4 ,& n[ by my gods #cb4 & my angels v]ily ,i h sworn1 #cc4 ,o ,ddu & nobles #cd4 ( ! k+1 my "l1 t truly ,i w come4 #ce4 ,& s1 ,ddu #cf4 & ! k+1 my "l1 & ! nobles1 #cg4 8,truly we w n conceive any?+ #ch4 aga9/ ,aziru t is unfavorable10-- #ci4 ev5 ?us may ye swe> #dj4 by my gods & ! god ,a6 #da4 ,& truly ,i #db4 & ,khatib are fai?ful s]vants ( ! k+4 #dc4 ,o ,ddu1 ?\ %alt truly "k #dd4 t ,i w come to !e4 ,! ,aziru ( ^! lett]s 0 ! *iefta9 or petty k+ ( ! ,amorites1 :o 7 liv+ at ! "t to ! ea/w>d ( ,phnicia1 betwe5 ! ,lebanon & ,anti-,lebanon m\nta9s4 ,! way 9 :i* he addresses ,ddu is significant4 ,ddu is class$ cont9ually ) ! k+4 ,aziru fe>s to (f5d ,ddu z he fe>s to (f5d ! k+2 ! words ( ,ddu are ( equal importance ) ^? ( ! k+4 ,ddu cle>ly occupi$ a position ( p[] ) ! k+ ( ,egypt simil> to t ascrib$ to ,joseph 9 ,g5esis #da4 ,moreov]1 ,ddu is a ,semitic "n2 vocaliz$ a little diff]5tly1 x becomes ,david4 ,! k+ to :om ?is lett] 0 writt5 0 ,am5ophis ,,iii or ,am5ophis ,,iv1 9 ^: reigns ,semitic influ5ce 0 especially /rong 9 ,egypt4 ,am5ophis ,,iii took z 8 favorite wife a woman nam$ ,tiy1 daught] ( ,yuaa & ,tuau1 ^: mummies1 discov]$ a few ye>s ago1 %[1 "s ?9k1 t !y 7 ,semitic4 ,que5 ,tiy 0 v influ5tial dur+ ! reign ( h] son1 ,am5ophis ,,iv1 & 0 9 "p ! cause ( ! rem>kable religi\s re=m :i* he und]took 7,"p ,i1 ,*apt] ,i1 #f 7vii774 ,x is n1 accord+ly1 /range to f9d t ! *ief m9i/] ( "o ( ^! k+s 0 a ,semite4 ,( c\rse1 ,ddu _c be id5tifi$ ) ,joseph1 b 8 c>e] %[s t su* c>e]s z t ( ,joseph 7 n impossible at ?is p]iod ( ,egyptian hi/ory4 #e4 ,! ,sev5 ,ye>s ( ,fam9e4 ,! foll[+ inscription 0 f\nd cut on a rock betwe5 ! isl& ( ,elephant9e & ! ,fir/ ,cat>act1 & 0 fir/ publi%$ by ,brugs* 9 #ahia4 ,x is writt5 9 hi]oglyphic *>act]s1 & 0 app>5tly inscrib$ 9 ! reign ( ,ptolemy ,x1 #aag-hi ,b4 ,c4 ,x relates h[ ,k+ ,zos]1 ( ! ?ird dyna/y1 :o began to reign ab\t #bihj ,b4 ,c41 ne>ly #b1hjj ye>s be=e ! inscription 0 writt51 appeal$ to ,khnum1 ! god ( ,elephant9e1 because ( a fam9e4 ,! "p ( ! text :i* int]e/s u is z foll[s3#dci 8,i am v anxi\s on acc\nt ( ^? :o are 9 ! palace4 ,my he>t is 9 great anxiety on acc\nt ( mis=tune1 = 9 my "t ! ,nile has n ov]fl[$ = a p]iod ( sev5 ye>s4 ,!re is sc>cely any produce ( ! field2 h]bage fails2 eatables are want+4 ,e man robs 8 neighbor4 ,m5 move 787 ) n[h]e to g4 ,! *ildr5 cry1 ! "y p creep along 7874 ,! ag$ he>t is b[$ d[n2 _! limbs are crippl$2 !y sit 787 on ! e>?4 ,_! arms are 44444444 ,! p ( ! c\rt are at _! wits' end4 ,! /ore-h\ses 787 7 built1 b 4444444444 & all t 0 9 !m has be5 consum$40 ,z ,brugs*#ddj saw1 ?is inscription gives a graphic acc\nt ( ! suff]+ caus$ by sev5 su* ye>s ( fam9e z are said to h occurr$ 9 ! "t ( ,joseph 7,g54 #da3cj1 #ed1 ff474 ,x _c be ! same sev5-ye> fam9e z t ref]r$ to 9 ,g5esis1 z x is plac$ sev]al c5turies too e>ly to co9cide ) ! "t ( ,joseph4 ,z ! inscription is ab\t #b1hjj ye>s lat] ?an ! ev5t x describes1 its hi/orical accuracy might be que/ion$1 b x is probable t x 0 a r5ewal ( an e>li] inscription4 ,b ev5 if its hi/orical accuracy be impugn$1 x witnesses to a native ,egyptian tradition t su* fam9es 7 possible4 #f4 ,inscription ,%[+ ,prep>ation = ,fam9e4 ,inscription ( ,baba ( ,el-,kab#dda 8,! *ief at ! table ( ! sov]eign1 ,baba1 ! ris5 aga91 speaks ?us3 ,i lov$ my fa!r2 ,i honor$ my "m2 my bro!rs & si/]s lov$ me4 ,i w5t out ( ! door ( my h\se ) a b5evol5t he>t2 ,i /ood !re ) refre%+ h&2 spl5did 7 my prep>ations ( :at ,i collect$ = ! fe/al day4 ,mild 0 7my7 he>t1 free f viol5t ang]4 ,! gods be/[$ ^u me abundant prosp]ity ^u e>?4 ,! city wi%$ me heal? & a life ( full enjoym5t4 ,i puni%$ ! evil-do]s4 ,! *ildr5 :o /ood be=e me 9 ! t[n dur+ ! days :i* ,i fulfill$ 7--great & small--#fj2 j z _m b$s 7 provid$ = !m1 j z _m *airs 7871 j z _m tables 7874 ,!y all consum$ #abj ephahs ( durra1 ! milk ( #c c[s1 #eb goats1 & #i %e-asses1 a h9 ( balsam1 & #b j>s ( oil4 8,my words may seem a je/ to ! ga9say]1 b ,i call ! god ,mut to witness t :at ,i say is true4 ,i _h all ?is prep>$ 9 my h\se2 9 addition ,i put cream 9 ! /ore-*amb] & be] 9 ! cell> 9 a m ?an suffici5t numb] ( h9-measures4 8,i collect$ corn z a fri5d ( ! h>ve/-god4 ,i 0 wat*ful 9 "t ( s[+4 ,& :5 a fam9e arose1 la/+ _m ye>s1 ,i di/ribut$ corn to ! city ea* ye> ( fam9e40 ,! ,baba :o wrote ?is inscription liv$ "u ! eighte5? ,egyptian dyna/y1 ab\t #aejj ,b4 ,c41 or a little be=e4 ,brugs* po9t$ out _m ye>s ago t ,baba's conclud+ /atem5t =ms an int]e/+ p>allel to ! conduct ( ,joseph z told 9 ,g54 #da3dg-eg4 ,baba claims to h done = 8 city1 ,el-,kab1 :at ,joseph is said to h done = all ,egypt4 ,8 /atem5t af=ds /rik+ evid5ce ( ! hi/orical reality ( fam9es 9 ,egypt1 & ( su* economic prep>ation = !m4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,pale/9e ,,9 ,,! ,,patri>*al ,,age ,,! ,,tale ,,( ,,s9uhe4 ,,communication ,,betwe5 ,,egypt ,,& ,,pale/9e4 #a4 ,! ,tale ( ,s9uhe4 ,9 ! ye> #aigj ,b4 ,c41 :5 ,am5emhet ,i di$ & 0 succe$$ by ,seso/ris ,i1 an ,egyptian ( high rank1 nam$ ,s9uhe1 = "s reason n[ unkn[n to u1 fl$ f ,egypt to ,asia4 ,! details ( 8 escape f ,egypt are n ( int]e/ to ! ,biblical /ud5t1 b 8 description ( ! h>d%ips enc\nt]$ 9 ! des]t & ( 8 exp]i5ces 9 ea/]n ,pale/9e are ( great value1 z !y af=d u our e>lie/ description ( t c\ntry outside ! ,bible4 ,! foll[+ extract beg9s j aft] ,s9uhe _h told h[ he escap$ ! gu>ds 9 ! =t :i* /ood at ! ea/]n fronti] ( ,egypt4#ddb ,i w5t on at ! "t ( ev5+1 ,z ! e>? bright5$1 ,i arriv$ at ,pet54 ,:5 ,i _h rea*$ ! lake ( ,kemw]1#ddc ,i fell d[n = ?ir/1 fa/ came my brea?1 ,my ?roat 0 hot1 ,i said3 8,?is is ! ta/e ( dea?40 ,i upheld my he>t1 ,i drew my limbs toge!r1 ,z ,i he>d ! s\nd ( l[+ cattle1 ,i beheld ! ,b$aw94 ,t *ief among !m1 :o _h be5 9 ,egypt1 recogniz$ me4 ,he gave me wat]1 he cook$ = me milk4 ,i w5t ) him to 8 tribe1 ,good 0 t :i* !y did 7= me74 ,"o l& s5t me on to ano!r1 ,i loos$ = ,suan1#ddd ,i arriv$ at ,k$em2#dde ,i sp5t a ye> & a half !re4 ,emui5%e1#ddf t %eik ( ,upp] ,rut5u1#ddg br\ght me =? say+ to me3 8,happy art ?\ ) me1 7=7 ?\ he>e/ ! spee* ( ,egypt40 ,he said ?is 7=7 he knew my "*1 ,he _h he>d ( my wisdom2 ,! ,egyptians1 :o 7 !re ) him1 b>e witness ( me4 ,! ,amorite *iefta9 !n que/ion$ ,s9uhe conc]n+ 8 flight4 ,he gave evasive answ]s1 m]g+ ) 8 reply a long hymn 9 praise ( ! k+4 ,aft] ?is ,emui5%e said to him3 8,behold1 ?\ %alt n[ abide ) me2 ,good is t :i* ,i %all d = !e40 ,he put me at ! head ( 8 *ildr51 ,he m>ri$ me to 8 elde/ daught]1 ,he made me select = myself ( 8 l&1 ,( ! *oice/ ( t :i* he _h1 ,on 8 b\nd>y ) ano!r l&4 ,x 0 a goodly l&1 nam$ ,yaa2#ddh ,!re 7 figs 9 x & v9es1 ,m pl5tiful ?an wat] 0 its w9e1 ,copi\s 0 its honey1 pl5te\s its oil2 ,all fruits 7 ^u its trees4 ,b>ley 0 !re & spelt1 ,)\t end all cattle4 ,moreov]1 great 0 t :i* came to me1 ,:i* came = love ( me1 ,:5 he appo9t$ me %eik ( ! tribe1 ,f ! *oice/ ( 8 l&4 ,i portion$ ! daily bread1 ,& w9e = e day1 ,cook$ fle% & f[l 9 roa/2 ,besides ! mid goats ( ! hills1 ,:i* 7 trapp$ = me1 & br\ght to me2 ,besides t :i* my dogs captur$ = me4 ,!re 0 mu*--made = me1 ,& milk 9 e sort ( cook$ di%4 ,i sp5t _m ye>s1 ,my *ildr5 became /rong1 ,ea* ! mighty man ( 8 tribe4 ,! mess5g] go+ nor?1 ,or pass+ s\?w>d to ! c\rt1 ,he turn$ 9 to me4 ,= ,i _h all m5 turn 9 7to me74 ,! tale goes on conc]n+ ! p]sonal pr[ess ( ,s9uhe1 :o1 9 8 old age1 return$ to ,egypt & made 8 peace ) ! k+4 #b4 ,communication betwe5 ,egypt & ,pale/9e4 ,?is docum5t f ! e>ly patri>*al age reveals a close relation%ip betwe5 ,egypt & ,pale/9e4 ,!re 0 frequ5t communication betwe5 ,k$em & ,egypt2 mess5g]s w5t to & fro4 ,! ,egyptian language 0 und]/ood at ! c\rt ( ! ,amorite *iefta94 ,^! conditions ?r[ light on ! n>ratives ( ! desc5t ( ,abraham & ,jacob to ,egypt4 ,s9uhe's description ( 8 life necess>ily rem9ds "o ( ! description ( ,pale/9e s (t5 met ) 9 ! ,p5tateu*1 ,jo%ua1 & ! prophets1 8a l& fl[+ ) milk & honey40 7,see1 = example1 ,exod4 #c3h1 #ag47 7,= an addition to ?is *apt]1 see ,app5dix47 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,moses ,,& ,,! ,,exodus ,,! ,,leg5d ,,( ,,s>gon ,,( ,,agade2 ,,its ,,resemblance ,,to ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,moses4 ,,! ,,pill> ,,( ,,m]neptah2 ,,! ,,only ,,appe>ance ,,( ,,! ,,"n 8,,israel0 ,,outside ,,( ,,! ,,bible4 #a4 ,! ,leg5d ( ,s>gon ( ,agade4 ,! foll[+ leg5d#ddi conta9s a /ory ( ! exposure ( an infant on a riv]1 /rik+ly l t told ( ,moses4 #a4 ,s>gon1 ! mighty k+1 k+ ( ,agade am ,i1 #b4 ,my "m 0 l[ly2 my fa!r ,i did n "k2#dej #c4 ,! bro!r ( my fa!r dwelt 9 ! m\nta94 #d4 ,my city is ,azupiranu1 :i* is situat$ on ! bank ( ! ,euphrates4 #e4 ,my l[ly "m conceiv$ me1 9 secret %e br\ght me =?4 #f4 ,%e plac$ me 9 a basket ( re$s1 %e clos$ my entrance ) bitum51 #g4 ,%e ca/ me ^u ! riv]1 :i* did n ov]fl[ me4 #h4 ,! riv] c>ri$ me1 x br\ght me to ,akki1 ! irrigator4 #i4 ,akki1 ! irrigator1 9 ! goodness ( 8 he>t lift$ me out1 #aj4 ,akki1 ! irrigator1 z 8 own son 444444 br\ght me up2 #aa4 ,akki1 ! irrigator1 z 8 g>d5] appo9t$ me4 #ab4 ,:5 ,i 0 a g>d5] ! goddess ,i%t> lov$ me1 #ac4 ,& = f\r ye>s ,i rul$ ! k+dom4 #ad4 ,! black-head$#dea peoples ,i rul$1 ,i gov]n$2 #ae4 ,mighty m\nta9s ) axes ( bronze ,i de/roy$ 7874 #af4 ,i asc5d$ ! upp] m\nta9s2 #ag4 ,i bur/ ?r\gh ! l[] m\nta9s4 #ah4 ,! c\ntry ( ! sea ,i besieg$ ?ree times2 #ai4 ,dilmun#deb ,i captur$ 7874 #bj4 ,unto ! great ,dur-ilu ,i w5t up1 ,i 4444444444 #ba4 4444444444 ,i alt]$ 4444444444 #bb4 ,:atsoev] k+ %all be exalt$ aft] me1 #bc4 444444444444444444444444444444 #bd4 ,let him rule1 let him gov]n ! black-head$ peoples2 #be4 ,mighty m\nta9s ) axes ( bronze let him de/roy2 #bf4 ,let him asc5d ! upp] m\nta9s1 #bg4 ,let him break ?r\gh ! l[] m\nta9s2 #bh4 ,! c\ntry ( ! sea let him besiege ?ree times2 #bi4 ,dilmun let him capture2 #cj4 ,to great ,dur-ilu let him g up4 ,! re/ is too brok5 = connect$ translation4 ,x is ?\ght by "s s*ol>s ( ! critical s*ool t ! p>allelism betwe5 ! secret bir?1 ! exposure1 ! rescue & adoption ( ,s>gon1 & ! acc\nt ( ! secret bir?1 exposure1 rescue1 & adoption ( ,moses 9 ,exod4 #b3a-aj is too close to be accid5tal4 ,cons]vative s*ol>s1 on ! o!r h&1 hold t1 if ! leg5d ( ,s>gon is hi/orical1 x m]ely af=ds an example ( a /rik+ co9cid5ce ( ev5ts 9 two indep5d5t lives4 #b4 ,! ,pill> ( ,m]neptah4 ,9 ! fif? ye> ( ,k+ ,m]neptah1 :o rul$ f #abbe-abae ,b4 ,c41 & :o is ?\ght to be ! ,ph>aoh ( ! exodus1 he inscrib$ on a pill> an acc\nt ( 8 w>s & victories4 ,! inscription concludes ) ! foll[+ poetic /rophe3#dec ,! k+s are ov]?r[n1 say+3 8salaam60 ,n "o holds up 8 head among ! n9e b[s4#ded ,wa/$ is ,teh5u1#dee ,kheta#def is pacifi$1 ,plund]$ is ! ,canaan#deg ) e evil1 ,c>ri$ (f is ,askelon1 ,seiz$ ^u is ,gez]1 ,y5oam#deh is made z a ?+ n exi/+4 ,israel is desolat$1 8 se$ is n2 ,pale/9e has become a wid[ = ,egypt4 ,all l&s are unit$1 !y are pacifi$2 ,e "o t is turbul5t is b\nd by ,k+ ,m]neptah1 :o gives life l ,r e day4 ,?is inscription conta9s ! only m5tion ( ,israel 9 a docum5t ( ?is age outside ! ,bible4 ,x is1 = t reason1 ( great importance4 ,x %\ld be not$ t ,israel is m5tion$ along ) peoples & places 9 ,pale/9e & ,phnicia4 ,! ,israel "h ref]r$ to 0 n1 accord+ly1 9 ,egypt4 ,israel1 on ! o!r h&1 may n h be5 m ?an a nomadic p4 ,! ,egyptians us$ a c]ta9 8det]m9ative0 9 connection ) ! names ( settl$ peoples4 ,t sign is "h us$ ) ,teh5u1 ,kheta1 ,askelon1 ,gez]1 & ,y5oam1 b n ) ,israel4 ,z ,m]neptah has be5 suppos$ by _m to be ! ,ph>aoh 9 ^: reign ! exodus occurr$1 ! m5tion ( ,israel "h has some:at puzzl$ s*ol>s1 & diff]5t explanations ( ! fact h aris54 ,at lea/ "o s*ol> holds t ! exodus occurr$ 9 ,m]neptah's ?ird ye>1 & t he aft]w>d attack$ ! ,hebrews4 ,o!rs h suppos$ t n all ! ,hebrews _h be5 9 ,egypt1 b only ! ,joseph tribes4 ,/ill o!rs h ?\ght t ! ,leah tribes _h made _! exodus dur+ ! eighte5? dyna/y1 & t x 0 ^! ) :om ,m]neptah f\ght1 :ile ! ,ra*el tribes made _! exodus "u ! n9ete5? dyna/y4 ,op9ions v>y accord+ to ! critical views ( diff]5t writ]s4 ,all s*ol>s w\ld welcome m in=mation on ^! problems4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,! ,,code ,,( ,,hammurapi ,,& ,,! ,,p5tateu* ,,! ,,text ,,( ,,! ,,code2 ,,resemblance ,,to ,,& ,,contra/ ,,) ,,! ,,mosaic ,,code4 ,,! ,,mosaic ,,code ,,n ,,borr[$ ,,f ,,! ,,babylonian2 ,,diff]5t ,,und]ly+ ,,conceptions4 #a4 ,! ,text ( ! ,code2 ,comp>ison ) ! ,mosaic ,code4 ,! foll[+ code ( laws 0 inscrib$ by ord] ( ,hammurapi1 ( ! fir/ dyna/y ( ,babylon 7#bajd-bjfa ,b4 ,c471 on a block ( black diorite ne>ly eight feet 9 height & set up 9 ,esagila1 ! temple ( ,m>duk1 9 ,babylon1 s t ! p might h ! laws 9 ! "m-tongue4 ,z ?is la/ /atem5t implies1 ! laws are writt5 9 ,semitic ,babylonian2 be=e ! "t ( ,hammurapi ! laws _h be5 writt5 9 ,sum]ian4 ,at "s lat] "t an ,elamite conqu]or1 :o 0 ov]runn+ ,babylonia1 took ?is pill> away to ,susa z a trophy4 ,9 c\rse ( "t ! pill> 0 brok5 into ?ree p>ts1 :i* 7 f\nd by ! ,fr5* exp$ition "u de ,morgan 9 ,decemb]1 #aija1 & ,janu>y1 #aijb1 :ile excavat+ at ,susa4 ,z ! code is ! olde/ kn[n code ( laws 9 ! _w1 be+ a ?\s& ye>s old] ?an ,moses1 & z x af=ds "s int]e/+ peculi>ities z well z "s /rik+ p>allels to ! laws 9 ,exodus #ba-bc & 9 ,deut]onomy1 a translation ( x1 ) "s comp>ison ( ,exodus & ,deut]onomy1 is "h giv53 ,aga9/ ,wit*es #a4 ,if a man br+s an accusation aga9/ a man1 t he has laid a dea?-spell ^u him1 & has n prov$ x1 ! accus] %all be put to dea?4#dei #b4 ,if a man accuses ano!r ( practis+ sorc]y ^u him1 b has n prov$ x1 he aga9/ :om ! *>ge ( sorc]y is made %all g to ! sacr$ riv]2 into ! sacr$ riv] he %all plunge1 & if ! sacr$ riv] ov]p[]s him1 8 accus] %all take possession ( 8 h\se4 ,if ! sacr$ riv] %[s t man to be innoc5t1 & he is unh>m$1 he :o *>g$ him ) sorc]y %all be kill$4 ,he :o plung$ into ! sacr$ riv] %all take ! h\se ( 8 accus]4 ,) ^! laws we %\ld comp>e ,exod4 #bb3ah1 :i* imposes ! dea? p5alty ^u wit*es1 & ,deut4 #ah3aj1 ff41 :i* decl>es t !re %all be no sorc]]1 div9]1 magician1 or *>m] 9 ,israel & promises a l9e ( prophets to r5d] ^! unnecess>y4 ,magic is bani%$ f ,israel2 its pres5ce 9 ,babylonia is tak5 = grant$1 & only "s ( its ex]cises1 :i* 7 suppos$ to be especially deadly1 7 =bidd54 ,9 #b ! man accus$ ( sorc]y is to be tri$ by ordeal4 ,he is to plunge into ! riv] & if he c swim 9 its curr5t1 he is innoc5t4 ,trial by ordeal is f\nd b once 9 ! ,hebrew laws 7,num4 #e3aa-bh74 ,!re bo? ! crime & ! ordeal are v diff]5t f ?is4 ,note t 9 ^! sections ! false accus] suff]s 9 j ! way he has tri$ to br+ suff]+ to ! o!r4 ,?is is ! law ( retaliation1 :i* appe>s 9 ,deut4 #ai3af-ba1 :]e x is appli$ to false witnesses 9 ! same way z "h4 ,x w be f\nd und]ly+ _m ( ! p5alties ( ?is code4 ,laws ,conc]n+ ,false ,witness #c4 ,if 9 a case a man has borne false witness1 or accus$ a man )\t prov+ x1 if t case is a capital case1 t man %all be put to dea?4 #d4 ,if he has borne witness 9 a case ( gra9 or money1 ! p5alty ( t case he %all himself be>4 ,hebrew law 0 simil>2 a false witness 0 to be visit$ ) ! p5alty :i* he _h purpos$ to br+ ^u 8 bro!r 7,deut4 #ai3ah1 #ai74 ,aga9/ ,rev]s+ a ,judicial ,decision #e4 ,if a judge has pron\nc$ a judgm5t1 made a decision1 caus$ x to be seal$1 & aft]w>d has alt]$ 8 judgm5t1 t judge !y %all convict on acc\nt ( ! case :i* he decid$ & alt]$2 ! p5alty :i* 9 t case he impos$ he %all pay twelvefold1 & 9 ! assembly f ! seat ( 8 judgm5t !y %all expel him2 he %all n return2 ) ! judges 9 a case he %all n sit4 ,hebrew law pres5ts no p>allel to ?is4 ,aga9/ ,!ft #f4 ,if a man /eals ! goods ( a god 7temple7 or ( a palace1 t man %all be put to dea?1 & he by ^: h& ! /ol5 goods 7 receiv$ %all be put to dea?4 #g4 ,if a man pur*ases or receives on deposit ei!r silv]1 gold1 man-s]vant1 maid-s]vant1 ox1 %eep1 ass1 or any?+ :atev] f ! h& ( a m9or or a slave )\t witnesses or contracts1 t man is a ?ief2 he %all be put to dea?4 #h4 ,if a man has /ol5 ox1 or %eep1 or ass1 or pig1 or a boat1 ei!r f a god 7temple7 or a palace1 he %all pay ?irtyfold4 ,if he is a poor man1 he %all re/ore t5fold4 ,if ! ?ief has no?+ to pay1 he %all be put to dea?4 #i4 ,if a man1 :o has lo/ any?+1 f9ds t :i* 0 lo/ 9 a man's h&1 7&7 ! man 9 ^: h& ! lo/ ?+ 0 f\nd says3 8,a sell] sold x2 ,i b\ght x be=e witnesses02 & ! own] ( ! lo/ ?+ says3 8,i w br+ witnesses :o "k t ! lo/ ?+ is m9e02 if ! pur*as] br+s ! sell] :o sold x to him & ! witnesses 9 ^: pres5ce x 0 b\ght1 & ! own] ( ! lo/ ?+ br+s ! witnesses :o "k t ! lo/ ?+ is 81 ! judges %all exam9e _! te/imony4 ,! witnesses be=e :om ! pur*as] pur*as$ x1 & ! witnesses :o "k ! lo/ ?+1 %all give _! te/imony 9 ! pres5ce ( a god4 ,! sell] is a ?ief2 he %all be put to dea?4 ,! own] ( ! lo/ ?+ %all take t :i* 0 lo/4 ,! pur*as] %all take f ! h\se ( ! sell] ! money :i* he _h paid4 #aj4 ,if ! pur*as] does n produce ! sell] :o sold x to him & ! witnesses be=e :om he b\ght x1 & ! own] ( ! lo/ ?+ produces ! witnesses :o "k t ! lo/ ?+ is 81 ! pur*as] is ! ?ief2 he %all be put to dea?4 ,! own] ( ! lo/ ?+ %all take t :i* he lo/4 #aa4 ,if ! own] ( ! lo/ ?+ does n br+ ! witnesses :o "k t ! lo/ ?+ is 81 he is "o :o has attempt$ fraud2 he %all be put to dea?4 #ab4 ,if ! sell] has di$1 ! pur*as] %all recov] f ! h\se ( ! sell] ! damages ( t case fivefold4 #ac4 ,if t man has n 8 witnesses ne>1 ! judges %all set an appo9t$ "t )9 six mon?s2 & if1 )9 six mon?s1 8 witnesses he does n produce1 t man is a li>2 ! p5alty ( t case he %all himself be>4 ,! ,hebrew laws comp>able to ^! are f\nd 9 ,exod4 #bb3a-d1 #i1 & ,lev4 #f3c-e4 ,exodus directs 7v4 #a7 t1 if a man /eals an ox or a %eep & kills x or sells x1 he %all re/ore live ox5 = an ox & f\r %eep = a %eep4 ,9 case x is n sold he %all re/ore d\ble 7v4 #i74 ,no highly organiz$ c\rts appe> 9 ! ,biblical codes4 ,! ?ief 0 br\ght be=e ,god & 8 guilt det]m9$ by "s religi\s te/4 ,! law ( ,leviticus requir$ a man guilty ( !ft to re/ore ! lo/ prop]ty1 add+ to x a fif? m1 & to (f] a ram 9 sacrifice4 7,see ,exod4 #ah3ac-bf4 ,cf4 #b ,*ron4 #ai3e-g ) #a ,*ron4 #bc3d & ,deut4 #af3ah-bj47 ,! ,babylonian laws presuppose a mu* m highly organiz$ social community ?an ! ,hebrew4 ,aga9/ ,/eal+ ,*ildr5 & ,slaves #ad4 ,if a man /eals ! son ( a man :o is a m9or1 he %all be put to dea?4 #ae4 ,if a man causes a male or female slave ( a palace1 or ! male or female slave ( a work+man to escape f ! city gate1 he %all be put to dea?4 #af4 ,if a man h>bors 9 8 h\se ei!r a male or a female slave :o has escap$ f a palace or f a work+man1 & does n br+ him out at ! summons ( ! (fic]1 ! own] ( t h\se %all be put to dea?4 #ag4 ,if a man f9ds 9 a field a male or a female slave :o has escap$ & re/ores him to 8 own]1 ! own] ( ! slave %all pay him #b %ekels ( silv]4 #ah4 ,if t slave w n "n 8 own]1 he %all br+ him unto ! palace & !y %all inve/igate 8 record & re/ore him unto 8 own]4 #ai4 ,if he %all deta9 t slave 9 8 h\se & aft]w>d ! slave is f\nd1 t man %all be put to dea?4 #bj4 ,if ! slave escapes f ! h& ( 8 captor1 t man %all decl>e x on oa? to ! own] ( ! slave & %all be innoc5t4 ,^! laws are analog\s to ,exod4 #ba3af & ,deut4 #bc3ae4 ,! =m] inflicts ! dea? p5alty = /eal+ a man & sell+ him1 & ! latt] prohibits "o 9 ^: h\se a fugitive slave has tak5 refuge f return+ ! slave to 8 ma/]4 ,slav]y 0 n 9 ,israel su* a firmly e/abli%$ in/itution z 9 ,babylonia4 7,see ,exod4 #ba3b-f2 ,deut4 #ae3ab-ah2 ,lev4 #be3be-df47 ,h\sebreak+ & ,brig&age #ba4 ,if a man breaks into a h\se1 be=e t brea* he %all be put to dea? & ?r[n into x4 #bb4 ,if a man practices brig&age & is caught1 t man %all be put to dea?4 #bc4 ,if ! robb] is n caught1 ! man :o is robb$ %all decl>e 8 loss1 :atev] x is1 9 ! pres5ce ( a god1 & ! city & gov]nor 9 ^: t]ritory & jurisdiction ! robb]y 0 committ$ %all comp5sate him = :atev] 0 lo/4 #bd4 ,if x is a life1 t city & gov]nor %all pay to 8 relatives #a mana ( silv]4#dfj ,hebrew law pres5ts an analogy to ! la/ ( ^! sections 9 ,deut4 #ba3a-i1 ?\gh 9 ,israel no comp5sation 0 (f]$ to ! heirs ( ! man :o 0 sla91 b a sacrifice 0 p]=m$ by ! eld]s ( ! ne>e/ city1 to purge x ( innoc5t blood4 ,/eal+ at a ,fire #be4 ,if a fire breaks out 9 a man's h\se1 & a man :o has come to ext+ui% x %all ca/ 8 eye ^u ! furniture ( ! own] ( ! h\se1 & ! furniture ( ! own] ( ! h\se %all take1 t man %all be ?r[n into t fire4 ,! ,duties & ,privileges ( ,soldi]s1 ,con/ables1 & ,tax-collectors #bf4 ,if a soldi] or a con/able#dfa :o is ord]$ to g on a j\rney = ! k+ does n g1 b hires a sub/itute & dispat*es him in/ead1 t soldi] or con/able %all be put to dea?2 8 hir$ sub/itute %all appropriate 8 h\se4 #bg4 ,if a soldi] or a con/able is deta9$ 9 a royal =tress & aft] him !y give 8 field or g>d5 to ano!r & he takes x & c>ries x on1 if ! fir/ "o returns & rea*es 8 city1 !y %all re/ore to him 8 field & g>d51 & he %all take x & c>ry x on4 #bh4 ,if a soldi] or a con/able :o is deta9$ 9 a royal =tress has a son :o is able to c>ry on 8 bus9ess1 !y %all give to him 8 field & g>d5 & he %all c>ry on ! bus9ess ( 8 fa!r4 #bi4 ,if 8 son is small & n able to c>ry on ! bus9ess ( 8 fa!r1 !y %all give "o-?ird ( 8 field & g>d5 to 8 "m & %e %all re> him4 #cj4 ,if a soldi] or a con/able f ! beg9n+ ( 8 appo9tm5t neglects 8 field1 g>d51 & h\se & leaves !m unc>$ =1 ano!r aft] him %all take 8 field1 g>d51 & h\se1 & c>ry on 8 bus9ess = ?ree ye>s4 ,if he returns & desires 8 field1 g>d51 & h\se1 !y %all n give !m to him4 ,he :o has tak5 !m & c>ri$ on ! bus9ess %all c>ry x on4 #ca4 ,if he leaves x unc>$ = b "o ye> & returns1 !y %all give him 8 field1 g>d51 & h\se1 & he %all c>ry on 8 own bus9ess4 #cb4 ,if a m]*ant ransoms a soldi] 787 or a con/able :o1 on a j\rney ( ! k+1 0 deta9$1 & br+s him back1 to 8 city1 if 9 8 h\se !re is suffici5t ransom1 he %all ransom himself4 ,if 9 8 h\se !re is n suffici5t to ransom him1 by ! temple ( 8 city he %all be ransom$4 ,if 9 ! temple ( 8 city !re is n a suffici5t ransom1 he %all be ransom$ by ! palace4 ,8 field1 g>d51 & h\se %all n be giv5 = ransom4 #cc4 ,if a gov]nor or a magi/rate h>bors a des]t+ soldi] or accepts & s5ds a hir$ sub/itute on an err& ( ! k+1 t gov]nor or magi/rate %all be put to dea?4 #cd4 ,if a gov]nor or a magi/rate takes ! prop]ty ( a soldi]1 plund]s a soldi]1 or hires out a soldi]1 has defraud$ a soldi] 9 a suit be=e a %eik1 or takes ! pres5t :i* ! k+ has giv5 to a soldi]1 t gov]nor or magi/rate %all be put to dea?4 #ce4 ,if a man buys ! cattle or %eep :i* ! k+ has giv5 to a soldi]1 he %all =feit 8 money4 #cf4 ,"o %all n sell ! field1 g>d51 or h\se ( a soldi]1 con/able1 or tax-collector4 #cg4 ,if a man has b\ght ! field1 g>d51 or h\se ( a soldi]1 con/able1 or tax-collector1 8 tablet %all be brok51 he %all =feit 8 money2 ! field1 h\se1 or g>d5 %all return to its own]4 #ch4 ,a soldi]1 con/able1 or tax-collector %all n de$ to 8 wife or daught] ! field1 h\se1 or g>d51 :i* is 8 p]quisite1 nor %all he assign !m = debt4 #ci4 ,a field1 g>d51 or h\se :i* he has pur*as$ & possesses he may de$ to 8 wife or daught]1 or may assign = debt4 #dj4 ,a prie/ess1 m]*ant1 or o!r cr$itor may pur*ase 8 field1 g>d51 or h\se4 ,! pur*as] %all conduct ! bus9ess ( ! field1 g>d51 or h\se :i* he has pur*as$4 #da4 ,if a man has b>ga9$ = ! field1 g>d51 or h\se ( a soldi]1 con/able1 or tax-collector & has giv5 sureties1 ! soldi]1 con/able1 or tax-collector %all return to ! field1 h\se1 or g>d51 & ! sureties :i* 7 giv5 him he %all keep4 ,no su* (fic]s z ^! are m5tion$ 9 ! laws ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ?\gh "s ( !m appe> 9 e>li] times 9 ! records ( ,babylonia4 ,! tax-collectors m5tion$ "h rem9d u ( ,solomon's tax-collectors m5tion$ 9 #a ,k+s #d3g1 ff4 ,laws ( ,agriculture #db4 ,if a man r5ts a field = cultivation & produces no gra9 9 t field1 !y %all call him to acc\nt = do+ no "w 9 t field1 & he %all give to ! own] ( ! field gra9 simil> to t ( adjac5t fields4 #dc4 ,if he does n cultivate t field & neglects x1 he %all give ! own] ( ! field gra9 simil> to t ( adjac5t fields1 & ! field :i* he neglect$ he %all break up ) mattocks1 he %all h>r[1 & return x to ! own] ( ! field4 #dd4 ,if a man r5ts an uncultivat$ field = ?ree ye>s = improvem5t & neglects its surface & does n develop ! field1 9 ! f\r? ye> he %all break up ! field ) mattocks1 he %all hoe & h>r[ x1 & return x unto ! own] ( ! field1 & = e ,gan ( l& he %all measure out #aj ,gur ( gra94 #de4 ,if a man lets 8 field = pay on %>es to a f>m] & receives 8 r5t1 & aft]w>d ! /orm-god inundates ! field & c>ries (f ! produce1 ! loss is ! f>m]'s4 #df4 ,if ! r5t ( 8 field he has n receiv$1 & he has let ! field = "o-half or "o-?ird 7( ! crop71 ! f>m] & ! own] ( ! field %all divide ! gra9 :i* is 9 ! field accord+ to agreem5t4 #dg4 ,if ! f>m]1 because he has n 9 a =m] ye> receiv$ a ma9t5ance1 entru/s ! field to ano!r f>m]1 ! own] ( ! field %all n int]f]e4 ,he w\ld cultivate x1 & 8 field has be5 cultivat$4 ,at ! "t ( h>ve/ he %all take gra9 accord+ to 8 contracts4 #dh4 ,if a man has a debt aga9/ him & ! /orm-god inundates 8 field & c>ries away ! produce1 or if ?r\gh lack ( wat] gra9 has n gr[n 9 ! field1 9 t ye> he %all n make a return ( gra9 to 8 cr$itor2 8 contract he %all *ange1 & ! int]e/ ( t ye> he %all n pay4 #di4 ,if a man borr[s money f a m]*ant1 & has giv5 to ! m]*ant a field plant$ ) gra9 or sesame1 & says to him3 8,cultivate ! field & h>ve/ & take ! gra9 or sesame :i* x produces02 if ! t5ant produces gra9 or sesame 9 ! field1 at ! "t ( h>ve/ ! own] ( ! field %all take ! gra9 or sesame :i* 0 produc$ by ! field1 & %all give to ! m]*ant gra9 = ! money :i* he borr[$ f ! m]*ant ) its int]e/1 & = ! ma9t5ance ( ! f>m]4 #ej4 ,if ! field 0 already plant$ ) gra9 or sesame1 ! own] ( ! field %all receive ! gra9 or ! sesame :i* is produc$ 9 ! field1 & ! money & its int]e/ he %all return to ! m]*ant4 #ea4 ,if !re is n money to return1 he %all give to ! m]*ant ! gra9 or sesame = ! money & its int]e/ :i* he _h receiv$ f ! m]*ant1 accord+ to ! scale ( prices fix$ by ! k+4 #eb4 ,if ! f>m] does n produce gra9 or sesame 9 8 field1 he %all n alt] 8 contract4 #ec4 ,if a man ! side ( 8 /rong dyke has neglect$ & has n /r5g!n$ x1 & 9 8 dyke a break occurs1 & ! wat] de/roys ! f>m-l&1 ! man 9 ^: dyke ! break occurr$ %all re/ore ! gra9 :i* 0 de/roy$4 #ed4 ,if he is n able to re/ore ! gra91 !y %all sell him & 8 possessions = money1 & ! own]s ( ! fields ^: gra9 0 de/roy$ %all %>e x4 #ee4 ,if a man has op5$ 8 sluice = wat]+ & has left x op5 & ! wat] de/roys ! field ( 8 neighbor1 he %all measure out gra9 to him on ! basis ( t produc$ by neighbor+ fields4 #ef4 ,if a man op5s ! wat] & ! wat] de/roys ! "w#dfb ( a neighbor+ field1 he %all measure out #aj ,gur ( gra9 = ea* ,bur ( l&4 #eg4 ,if a %eph]d causes 8 %eep to eat vegetation & has n made an agreem5t ) ! own] ( ! field1 & )\t ! cons5t ( ! own] ( ! field has pa/ur$ 8 %eep1 ! own] ( ! field %all h>ve/ t field1 & ! %eph]d :o )\t ! cons5t ( ! own] ( ! field caus$ 8 %eep to eat ! field1 %all pay ! own] ( ! field 9 addition #bj ,gur ( gra9 = ea* ,bur ( l&4 #eh4 ,if1 aft] ! %eep h come up out ( ! fields & are turn$ loose on ! public common by ! city gate1 a %eph]d turns 8 %eep into a field & causes ! %eep to eat ! field1 ! %eph]d %all ov]see ! field :i* he caus$ to be eat51 & at h>ve/-"t he %all measure to ! own] ( ! field #fj ,gur ( gra9 = ea* ,bur ( l&4 ,! ,hebrew l& laws are f\nd 9 ,exod4 #bb3e1 #f2 #bc3aj1 #aa2 ,lev4 #ai3i1 & ,deut4 #bd3ai-bb2 #bc3bd1 #be4 ,an exam9ation ( ^! passages reveals a wide diff]5ce betwe5 ,babylonia & ,israel4 ,9 ,babylonia x seems to h (t5 be5 ! rule t a l&lord let out ! fields to t5ants to "w2 among ! ,hebrews ! law presupposes t ea* man %all "w 8 own l&4 ,_m ( ! ,babylonian laws are design$ to secure ! respective rights ( l&lord & t5ant4 ,naturally1 !re is no?+ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t to correspond to ^!4 ,hebrew law 7,exod4 #bb3e71 l ! ,babylonian1 provides t "o :o causes a neighbor's crop to be eat5 %all make re/itution1 b ! regulations are ( ! mo/ g5]al "*4 ,9 ,babylonia a l>g] social exp]i5ce _h made mu* m specific regulations necess>y4 ,! *>act]s ( ! respective c\ntries are reflect$ 9 ! dang]s f :i* crops might be ?reat5$4 ,9 wat]less ,pale/9e a fire />t$ by a c>eless man might burn 8 neighbor's crop 7,exod4 #bb3f72 9 ,babylonia1 :]e irrigation f canals 0 conduct$ to fields l[] ?an ! surface ( ! wat]1 "o might flood 8 neighbor's field & de/roy 8 crop by c>elessly leav+ 8 sluice op54 ,! ,hebrew legislation presupposes a poor] community4 ,x provides t ! l& %all lie fall[1 & :atev] x produces %all belong to ! poor 7,exod4 #bc3aj1 #aa74 ,at h>ve/-"t1 too1 "o mu/ n reap ! corn]s ( 8 field2 t 0 left to ! poor 7,lev4 #ai3i74 ,if "o =got a %eaf 9 8 field1 he mu/ n return to take x2 t %\ld be left to ! poor 7,deut4 #bd3ai74 ,ri* ,babylonia made no su* provision = ! poor2 x felt no su* social sympa?y4 ,aga91 ev5 ^! agricultural laws %[ t comm]ce 0 highly develop$ 9 ,babylonia1 ) its necess>y concomitant1 ! "r to *>ge int]e/ = money4 ,! uncomm]cial ,hebrews reg>d$ int]e/ z unlawful 7,exod4 #bb3be71 & x 0 ,hillel1 ! contempor>y ( ,h]od ! ,great1 :o inv5t$ an int]pretation kn[n z ! ,prosbl1 :i* practically did away ) ?is law & p]mitt$ ,jews to take int]e/4 ,horticultural ,laws #ei4 ,if a man %all cut d[n a tree 9 a man's or*>d )\t ! cons5t ( ! own]1 he %all pay mana ( silv]4 #fj4 ,if a man gives a field to a g>d5] to plant z an or*>d1 ! g>d5] %all plant ! or*>d & cultivate x = #d ye>s4 ,9 ! fif? ye> ! own] ( ! or*>d & ! g>d5] %all %>e x toge!r4 ,! own] ( ! or*>d %all m>k (f 8 %>e & take x4 #fa4 ,if ! g>d5] 9 plant+ does n complete x1 b leaves a "p ( x wa/e1 unto 8 portion !y %all c\nt x4 #fb4 ,if ! field :i* is giv5 to a g>d5] he does n plant1 if vegetation is ! produce ( ! field = ! ye>s dur+ :i* x is neglect$1 ! g>d5] %all measure out to ! own] ( ! field on ! basis ( ! adjac5t fields1 & %all p]=m ! "w on ! field & re/ore x to ! own] ( ! field4 #fc4 ,if ! field is left wa/e l&1 he %all p]=m ! "w on ! field & %all re/ore x to its own]1 & #aj ,gur ( gra9 = ea* ,bur ( l& he %all measure out4 #fd4 ,if a man lets 8 or*>d to a g>d5] to manage1 z long z ! g>d5] is 9 possession ( ! g>d5 he %all give to ! own] ( ! g>d5 two-?irds ( ! produce2 "o-?ird he %all take himself4 #fe4 ,if ! g>d5] does n manage ! g>d5 & dim9i%es its produce1 ! g>d5] %all measure out ! produce ( ! or*>d on ! basis ( adjac5t or*>ds4#dfc #ff4 ,if a man has receiv$ money f a m]*ant1 & 8 m]*ant puts him "u bonds & he has no?+ to give1 & he gives 8 or*>d = managem5t unto ! m]*ant & says3 8,! dates z _m z are 9 my or*>d take = ?y money10 t m]*ant %all n cons5t2 ! own] ( ! or*>d %all take ! dates t are 9 ! or*>d & ! money & its int]e/ accord+ to ! t5or ( 8 agreem5t he %all br+ to ! m]*ant4 ,! rema9+ dates f ! or*>d %all belong to ! own] ( ! or*>d4 ,z 9 ,pale/9e1 !re 0 no sy/em ( r5tal2 ! ,bible conta9s almo/ no horticultural laws4 8,or*>ds0 9 ,babylonia 71 z ! la/ section %[s1 date or*>ds4 ,! correspond+ fruit 9 ,pale/9e 0 ! grape4 ,hebrew laws deal ) v9ey>ds z ) fields4 ,if a man de/roys ! crop 9 ano!r's v9ey>d1 he is to give ! be/ ( 8 own 7,exod4 #bb3e74 ,he is to leave 8 crop unpick$ e sev5? ye> = ! poor 7,exod4 #bc3aa74 ,he is n1 :5 he ga!rs x1 to glean x c>efully1 b leave "s = ! poor 7,lev4 #ai3aj74 ,:5 "o goes into 8 neighbor's v9ey>d1 he may pick :at he wi%es to eat1 b mu/ c>ry no?+ away4 ,horticulture among ! ,hebrews 0 n s highly develop$ z 9 ,babylonia4 ,five columns ( writ+ h be5 eras$ aft] #fe f ! column on :i* ! laws are writt54 ,?is erasure 0 probably made by ! ,elamite conqu]or1 :o c>ri$ ! column z a trophy to ,susa1 9 ord] to inscribe 8 own "n on x1 b un=tunately1 if t 0 ! int5tion1 x 0 nev] c>ri$ out4 ,we are accord+ly 9 ignorance ( 8 "n4 ,x is e/imat$ t #ce sections ( laws 7 ?us lo/4 ,z already not$1 "o c be suppli$ f a fragm5t f\nd at ,susa1 & f o!r tablets fragm5ts ( two or ?ree o!r sections c be made out4 ,"o ( ^! incomplete fragm5ts ref]s to ! rights ( t5ants ( h\ses4 ,x reads3 ,if a man r5ts a h\se = money1 & pays ! :ole r5t = a ye> to ! own] ( ! h\se1 & ! own] ( ! h\se ord]s t man to vacate be=e ! expiration ( 8 lease1 ! own] ( ! h\se f ! money t he receiv$ %all 444444444444 ,un=tunately1 ! tablet is brok5 & ! p5alty = break+ ! lease is unkn[n4 ,x is int]e/+ to "k t ,babylonian t5ants 7 protect$ f av>ici\s l&lords1 ev5 ?\gh no p>allel law exi/s 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,two o!r sections ( laws t once /ood 9 ?is lacuna c n[ be suppli$ f a consid]ably defac$ tablet f ,nippur 9 ! ,univ]sity ,museum 9 ,philadelphia1 :i* once conta9$ a "p or all ( ! code ( ,hammurapi4 ,^! sections are z foll[s3 ,a ,bankrupt ,law#dfd ,if a man borr[s gra9 or money f a m]*ant & = ! paym5t has no gra9 or money1 :atev] is 9 8 h& he %all 9 ! pres5ce ( ! eld]s give to ! m]*ant 9 place ( ! debt2 ! m]*ant %all n refuse x2 he %all receive x4 ,a ,p>tn]%ip ,law#dfe ,if a man gives money to a man = a p>tn]%ip1 ! ga9 & pr(it t accrue are be=e ! gods2 toge!r !y %all d bus9ess4 ,! phrase 8be=e ! gods0 means t ! division %all be made on oa?4 ,comm]cial life 0 n suffici5tly develop$ among ! ,hebrews s t !y ne$$ su* a law1 consequ5tly ! ,p5tateu* conta9s no p>allel to ?is4 ,aft] ! erasure ( five columns ! laws h to d ) ag5ts or travel+ salesm54 ,ag5ts & ,m]*ants #ajj4 ,if an ag5t has receiv$ money f a m]*ant1 he %all write d[n ! am\nt & ! am\nt ( ! int]e/ on ! money1 &1 :5 ! "t has expir$1 he %all repay ! m]*ant z mu* z he has receiv$4 #aja4 ,if :]e he goes he does n meet ) success1 ! ag5t %all d\ble ! am\nt ( ! money he receiv$ & return x to ! m]*ant4 #ajb4 ,if a m]*ant gives money to an ag5t z a favor1 & :]e he goes he meets ) mis=tune1 he %all re/ore ! pr9cipal unto ! m]*ant4 #ajc4 ,if on ! road z he travels an enemy robs him ( any?+ he c>ries1 ! ag5t %all give an acc\nt ( x "u oa? & %all be innoc5t4 #ajd4 ,if a m]*ant has giv5 to an ag5t gra91 wool1 or oil1 or any?+ :atev] to sell1 ! ag5t %all write d[n ! price & %all return ! money to ! m]*ant4 ,! ag5t %all take a receipt = ! money :i* he gives to ! m]*ant4 #aje4 ,if ! ag5t is c>eless & does n take a receipt = ! money he gave ! m]*ant1 money n receipt$ = %all n be plac$ to 8 acc\nt4 #ajf4 ,if an ag5t receives money f a m]*ant & has a dispute ) 8 m]*ant ab\t x1 t m]*ant %all put ! ag5t on trial on oa? be=e ! eld]s conc]n+ ! money he receiv$ & ! ag5t %all pay ! m]*ant ?ree times z mu* z he receiv$4 #ajg4 ,if a m]*ant l5ds to an ag5t & ! ag5t returns to ! m]*ant :atev] ! m]*ant _h giv5 him1 if ! m]*ant has a dispute ) him ab\t x1 t ag5t %all put ! m]*ant on trial on oa? 9 ! pres5ce ( ! eld]s1 & ! m]*ant1 because he _h a dispute ) 8 ag5t1 :atev] he receiv$ he %all give to ! ag5t six times z mu*4 ,! ,hebrews ( ! ,old ,te/am5t "t 7 n a comm]cial p & _h no su* laws4 ,m5 today are incl9$ to ?9k t ! drumm]1 or travel+ salesman1 is a mod]n inv5tion1 b ^! laws %[ t he 0 an old in/itution 9 ,babylonia f\r ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,w9e ,m]*ants #ajh4 ,if a woman :o keeps a w9e-%op does n receive gra9 z ! price ( dr9k1 b takes money ( great] value1 or makes ! measure ( dr9k small] ?an ! measure ( gra91 t mi/ress ( a w9e-%op !y %all put on trial & into ! wat] %all ?r[ h]4 #aji4 ,if ! mi/ress ( a w9e-%op collects crim9als 9 h] h\se1 & does n seize ^! crim9als & conduct !m to ! palace1 t mi/ress ( a w9e-%op %all be put to dea?4 #aaj4 ,if ! wife ( a god 7i4 e41 a consecrat$ temple-woman71 :o is n liv+ 9 ! h\se appo9t$1 op5s a w9e-%op or ent]s a w9e-%op = a dr9k1 !y %all burn t woman4 #aaa4 ,if ! mi/ress ( a w9e-%op gives #fj ,qa ( sakani-plant dr9k on cr$it at ! "t ( h>ve/1 %e %all receive #ej ,qa ( gra94 ,! ,old ,te/am5t af=ds no p>allel4 ,!re 7 no w9e-%ops 9 ,israel s f> z we "k1 & su* consecrat$ wom5 7 prohibit$ by ,deut4 #bc3ag4 ,deposits & ,di/ra9ts #aab4 ,if a man cont9ually travel+ has giv5 silv]1 gold1 preci\s /ones1 or prop]ty to a man & has br\ght !m to him = transportation1 & t man does n deliv] t :i* 0 = transportation at ! place to :i* x 0 to be transport$1 b has appropriat$ x1 ! own] ( ! transport$ goods %all put t man on trial conc]n+ t :i* 0 to be transport$ & 0 n deliv]$1 & t man %all deliv] unto ! own] ( ! transport$ goods five times z mu* z 0 entru/$ to him4 #aac4 ,if a man has gra9 or money deposit$ ) a man & )\t ! cons5t ( ! own] he takes gra9 f ! heap or ! gran>y1 !y %all prosecute t man because he took gra9 f ! heap or ! gran>y )\t ! cons5t ( ! own]1 & ! gra9 z mu* z he took he %all return1 & :atev] x 0 he %all =feit an equal am\nt4 #aad4 ,if a man does n h aga9/ a man a claim = gra9 or money & secures a w>rant aga9/ him = debt1 = ea* w>rant he %all pay ( a mana ( money4 #aae4 ,if a man holds aga9/ a man a claim = gra9 or money & secures a w>rant aga9/ him = debt & ! debtor dies ?r\gh 8 fate 9 ! h\se ( ! cr$itor1 t case has no p5alty4 #aaf4 ,if ! debtor dies ?r\gh viol5ce or lack ( c>e1 ! own] ( ! debtor %all prosecute ! m]*ant2 if x 0 ! son ( a man1 8 son %all be put to dea?2 if ! slave ( a man1 he %all pay ( a mana ( money1 & :atev] ! debt 01 he %all =feit z mu*4 ,among ! ,hebrews1 z among o!r anci5t peoples1 ! poor at times deposit$ _! valuables ) ! m p[]ful = safekeep+4 ,?is 0 natural be=e ! inv5tion ( banks & safe deposit vaults4 ,! ,hebrew law 9 ,exod4 #bb3g-aj provides t if goods are giv5 to ano!r man to keep & are /ol5 out ( 8 h\se1 ! ?ief %\ld1 if f\nd1 re/ore d\ble ! am\nt tak54 ,if ! ?ief 0 n f\nd1 ! own] ( ! h\se %\ld be br\ght to ,god 7s ,am]ican ,r4 ,v47#dff1 i4 e41 to ! temple1 :]e 9 "s way 7probably by lot7 x 0 det]m9$ :e!r he 0 guilty4 ,if guilty1 ! own] ( ! h\se _h to re/ore tw(old4 ,some:at p>allel to ! ,babylonian laws :i* p]mit ! imprisonm5t ( a debtor 9 "o's h\se is ! ,hebrew law t a poor debtor might become a slave = six ye>s 7,exod4 #ba3b-f2 ,deut4 #ae3g-ah74 ,! ,old ,te/am5t laws are n q uni=m4 ,9 reality x is only t ( ,deut]onomy :i* contemplates slav]y 9 consequ5ce ( indebt$ness2 ,exodus speaks z ?\gh ! slave might n be b\ght 9 any way4 ,! important po9t is t 9 ,babylonia a man might be imprison$ = debt2 9 ,israel he might become a tempor>y slave4 ,z to ! deposit ( valuable prop]ty ) a cr$itor = security1 ! ,hebrew law1 :ile x %[s t !re 7 o!r k9ds ( pl$ges 7,deut4 #bd3aj1 ff471 m5tions b "o k9d4 ,?is 0 9 ! case ( a man s poor t he _h to give 8 out] g>m5t z security4 ,! law provid$ t ?is %\ld be return$ to him at night1 s9ce ! poor peasants _h no o!r blankets ?an ^! g>m5ts4 ,a h>d-he>t$ cr$itor might1 by keep+ ! g>m5t at night1 risk ! life ( ! debtor 7,exod4 #bb3bf1 #bg2 ,deut4 #bd3aa-ac74 ,debts #aag4 ,if a man is subject$ to an atta*m5t = debt & sells 8 wife1 son1 or daught]1 or !y are giv5 ov] to s]vice1 = ?ree ye>s !y %all "w 9 ! h\se ( _! pur*as] or tempor>y ma/]2 9 ! f\r? ye> !y %all be set free4 #aah4 ,if he b9ds to s]vice a male or a female slave1 & ! m]*ant transf]s or sells him1 he c e/abli% no claim4 #aai4 ,if a man is subject$ to an atta*m5t = debt & sells a maid-s]vant :o has borne him *ildr51 ! own] ( ! maid-s]vant %all pay & %all release 8 maid-s]vant4 ,^! laws are q simil> to ,exod4 #ba3b-aa & ,deut4 #ae3ab-ah4 ,! ma9 diff]5ces are t ! ,hebrew law contemplates t a man may ent] slav]y himself2 ! ,babylonian only t he %all p]mit 8 wife1 son1 or daught] to d x4 ,! ,hebrews releas$ su* slaves at ! end ( six ye>s2#dfg ! ,babylonians at ! end ( ?ree4 ,hebrew law recogniz$1 too1 t a man might sell 8 daught] into slav]y 7,exod4 #ba3g-aa71 b x /ipulat$ t h] treatm5t %\ld be diff]5t f t ( m54 ,x recognizes t ei!r h] ma/] or 8 son w\ld be likely to make h] a real or a second>y wife4 ,%e 0 n to be releas$ at ! end ( sev5 ye>s1 b 9 case h] ma/] did n deal ) h] 9 c]ta9 specifi$ ways %e rega9$ h] fre$om reg>dless ( h] p]iod ( s]vice4 ,/orage ( ,gra9 #abj4 ,if a man has /or$ 8 gra9 9 heaps 9 ! build+ ( ano!r & an accid5t happ5s 9 ! gran>y1 or ! own] ( ! build+ has di/urb$ ! heap & tak5 gra91 or has disput$ ! am\nt ( gra9 t 0 /or$ 9 8 build+1 ! own] ( ! gra9 %all give an acc\nt ( 8 gra9 "u oa?1 ! own] ( ! build+ %all d\ble ! am\nt ( gra9 :i* he took & re/ore x to ! own] ( ! gra94 #aba4 ,if a man /ores gra9 9 a man's build+1 he %all pay ea* ye> #e ,qa ( gra9 = ea* ,gur ( gra94 ,^! laws h no ,biblical p>allel4 ,deposits & ,losses #abb4 ,if a man gives to ano!r on deposit silv] or gold or any?+ :atev]1 any?+ z mu* z he deposits he %all rec\nt to witnesses & %all in/itute contracts & make ! deposit4 #abc4 ,if )\t witnesses & contracts he has plac$ any?+ on deposit & at ! place ( deposit !y dispute x1 t case has no p5alty4 #abd4 ,if a man gives to ano!r on deposit silv] or gold or any?+ :atev] 9 ! pres5ce ( witnesses & he disputes x1 he %all prosecute t man & he %all d\ble :atev] he disput$ & %all repay x4 #abe4 ,if a man places any?+ on deposit & at ! place ( deposit ei!r ?r\gh burgl>y or pillage any?+ ( 8 is lo/1 toge!r ) any?+ belong+ to ! own] ( ! build+1 ! own] ( ! build+ :o 0 neglig5t & lo/ :at 0 giv5 him on deposit %all make x good & re/ore x to ! own] ( ! goods4 ,! own] ( ! h\se %all in/itute a se>* = :atev] 0 lo/ & take x f ! ?ief4 #abf4 ,if a man has n lo/ any?+1 b says he has lo/ some?+1 or files a claim z ?\gh he _h lo/ some?+1 he %all give acc\nt ( 8 claim on oa?1 & :atev] he br\ght suit = he %all d\ble & %all give = 8 claim4 ,!re is no m5tion 9 ! laws ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ( ?is k9d ( deposit1 ?\gh1 z already not$1 x probably 0 sometimes practis$4 ,aga9/ ,sl&]+ ,wom5 #abg4 ,if a man causes ! f+] to be po9t$ at ! woman ( a god or ! wife ( a man & _c prove x1 !y %all br+ him be=e ! judges & !y %all br& 8 =ehead4 ,! ne>e/ p>allel to ?is 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t is 9 ,deut4 #bb3ac-ba1 :i* is really q a diff]5t law1 = x applies only to cases :]e m51 :5 j m>ri$1 sl&] _! wives by *>g+ !m ) previ\s impurity4 ,! ,hebrew law provides a me?od ( trial1 a puni%m5t = ! man1 if guilty1 & a mu* sev]] "o = ! woman1 if ! *>ge is true4 ,! two codes belong to q a diff]5t legal developm5t1 z is %[n by ! fact t ! ,babylonian law ref]s to 8a woman ( a god10 i4 e41 "o ( ! temple-wom5 :o1 "u c]ta9 religi\s rules1 repres5t$ 9 a concrete way ! procreative p[] ( ! god4 ,?is code recognizes sev]al classes ( ^!1 z w appe> lat]1 b ,hebrew law =bade ! exi/5ce ( su* wom5 9 ,israel 7,deut4 #bc3ag74 ,*a/ity1 ,m>riage1 & ,divorce #abh4 ,if a man takes a wife & does n execute contracts = h]1 t woman is no wife4 #abi4 ,if ! wife ( a man is caught ly+ ) ano!r man1 !y %all b9d !m & ?r[ !m into ! wat]4 ,if ! husb& ( ! woman w\ld let h] live1 or ! k+ w\ld let 8 subject live1 he may d s4 #acj4 ,if a man =ces ! betro!d wife ( ano!r :o is liv+ 9 h] fa!r's h\se & has n kn[n a man1 & lies 9 h] lo9s & !y cat* him1 t man %all be put to dea? & t woman %all g free4 #aca4 ,if ! wife ( a man is accus$ by h] husb&1 & %e has n be5 caught ly+ ) ano!r man1 %e %all swe> h] innoc5ce & return to h] h\se4 #acb4 ,if ! f+] has be5 po9t$ at ! wife ( a man because ( ano!r man & %e has n be5 caught ly+ ) ! o!r man1 = h] husb&'s sake %e %all plunge into ! sacr$ riv]4 #acc4 ,if a man is tak5 captive & !re is food 9 8 h\se1 8 wife %all n g out f 8 h\se1 h] body %e %all gu>d1 into ! h\se ( ano!r %e %all n ent]4 ,if t woman does n gu>d h] body & ent]s into ! h\se ( ano!r1 t woman !y %all prosecute & ?r[ h] into ! wat]4 #acd4 ,if a man is tak5 captive & 9 8 h\se !re is no food1 & 8 wife ent]s into ! h\se ( ano!r1 t woman is n to blame4 #ace4 ,if a man is tak5 captive & !re is no food 9 8 h\se & 8 wife has op5ly ent]$ into ! h\se ( ano!r & borne *ildr51 & aft]w>ds h] husb& returns & rea*es 8 city1 t woman %all return to h] husb& & ! *ildr5 %all foll[ _! fa!r4 #acf4 ,if a man des]ts 8 city & flees & aft] x 8 wife ent]s into ! h\se ( ano!r1 if t man returns & w\ld take 8 wife1 because he des]t$ 8 city & fl$1 ! wife ( ! fugitive %all n return to ! h\se ( h] husb&4 #acg4 ,if a man sets 8 face aga9/ a concub9e :o has borne him *ildr5 or a wife t has pres5t$ him ) *ildr51 to put h] away1 he %all return to t woman h] m>riage portion1 & %all give h] ! income ( field1 g>d51 & h\se1 & %e %all br+ up h] *ildr54 ,f ! "t t h] *ildr5 are gr[n1 f :atev] is giv5 to h] *ildr51 a portion l t ( a son %all be giv5 to h]1 & ! husb& ( h] *oice %e may m>ry4 #ach4 ,if a man w\ld put away 8 sp\se :o has n borne him *ildr51 he %all give h] silv] equal to h] m>riage gift1 & ! d[ry :i* %e br\ght f h] fa!r's h\se he %all re/ore to h] & may put h] away4 #aci4 ,if %e _h no d[ry1 he %all give h] "o mana ( silv] = a divorce4 #adj4 ,if he belongs to ! labor+ class1 he %all give h] "o-?ird ( a mana ( silv]4 #ada4 ,if ! wife ( a man :o is liv+ 9 ! h\se ( h] husb& sets h] face to g out & act ! fool1 h] h\se neglects & h] husb& belittles1 !y %all prosecute t woman4 ,if h] husb& says3 8,i divorce h]10 he may divorce h]4 ,on h] dep>ture no?+ %all be giv5 h] = h] divorce4 ,if h] husb& does n say3 8,i divorce h]10 h] husb& may take ano!r wife2 t woman %all dwell z a slave 9 ! h\se ( h] husb&4 #adb4 ,if a woman hates h] husb& & says3 8,?\ %alt n hold me10 !y %all make inve/igation conc]n+ h] into h] defects4 ,if %e has be5 discreet & !re is no fault1 & h] husb& has gone out & greatly belittl$ h]1 t woman has no blame2 %e may take h] m>riage-portion & g to h] fa!r's h\se4 #adc4 ,if %e has n be5 discreet1 & has gone out & neglect$ h] h\se & belittl$ h] husb&1 !y %all ?r[ t woman into ! wat]4 #add4 ,if a man takes a prie/ess & t prie/ess gives a female slave to h] husb&1 & %e has *ildr52 if t man sets 8 face to take a concub9e1 !y %all n favor t man4 ,he may n take a concub9e4 #ade4 ,if a man takes a prie/ess & %e does n pres5t him ) *ildr5 & he sets 8 face to take a concub9e1 t man may take a concub9e & br+ h] into 8 h\se4 ,t concub9e %all n rank ) ! wife4 #adf4 ,if a man takes a prie/ess & %e gives to h] husb& a maid-s]vant & %e be>s *ildr51 & aft]w>d t maid-s]vant w\ld take rank ) h] mi/ress2 because %e has borne *ildr5 h] mi/ress may n sell h] = money1 b %e may r$uce h] to bondage & c\nt h] among ! female slaves4 #adg4 ,if %e has n borne *ildr51 h] mi/ress may sell h] = money4 #adh4 ,if a man takes a wife & %e is attack$ by disease1 & he sets 8 face to take ano!r1 he may d x4 ,8 wife :o 0 attack$ by disease he may n divorce4 ,%e %all live 9 ! h\se he has built & he %all support h] z long z %e lives4 #adi4 ,if t woman does n *oose to live 9 ! h\se ( h] husb&1 he %all make good to h] ! d[ry :i* %e br\ght f h] fa!r's h\se & %e may g away4 #aej4 ,if a man pres5ts 8 wife ) field1 g>d51 h\se1 or goods1 & gives to h] seal$ de$s1 aft] h] husb&'s dea? h] *ildr5 %all n press a claim aga9/ h]4 ,! "m aft] h] dea? may leave x to h] *ild :om %e loves1 b to a bro!r %e may n leave x4 #aea4 ,if a wife :o is liv+ 9 ! h\se ( a husb& has p]suad$ h] husb& & he has b\nd himself t %e %all n be tak5 by a cr$itor ( h] husb&2 if t man _h a debt aga9/ him be=e he took t woman1 ! cr$itor may n hold t woman1 & if t woman _h a debt aga9/ h] be=e %e ent]$ ! h\se ( h] husb&1 h] cr$itor may n hold h] husb&4 #aeb4 ,if !y become indebt$ aft] ! woman ent]s ! man's h\se1 bo? ( !m are liable to ! m]*ant4 #aec4 ,if a woman causes ! dea? ( h] husb& on acc\nt ( ano!r man1 t woman !y %all impale4 #aed4 ,if a man has kn[n 8 daught]1 ! city %all drive out t man4 #aee4 ,if a man has betro!d a bride to 8 son & 8 son has kn[n h] & he aft]w>d lies 9 h] lo9s & !y cat* him1 !y %all b9d t man & ?r[ him into ! wat]4 #aef4 ,if a man has betro!d a bride to 8 son & 8 son has n kn[n h] & he lies 9 h] lo9s1 he %all pay h] half a mana ( silv] & re/ore to h] :atev] %e br\ght f ! h\se ( h] fa!r1 & ! man ( h] *oice may m>ry h]4 #aeg4 ,if a man aft] 8 fa!r's dea? lies 9 ! lo9s ( 8 "m1 !y %all burn bo? ( !m4 #aeh4 ,if a man aft] 8 fa!r's dea? is admitt$ to ! lo9s ( 8 *ief wife :o has borne *ildr51 t man %all be expell$ f ! h\se ( 8 fa!r4 #aei4 ,if a man :o has br\ght a pres5t unto ! h\se ( 8 fa!r-9-law & has giv5 a bride-price looks ) long+ ^u ano!r woman1 & says to 8 fa!r-9-law3 8,?y daught] ,i w n take10 ! fa!r ( ! daught] %all keep :atev] 0 br\ght to him4 #afj4 ,if a man br+s a pres5t to ! h\se ( a fa!r-9-law & gives a bride-price1 & ! fa!r ( ! daught] says3 8,i w n give !e my daught]10 :atev] 0 br\ght him he %all d\ble & re/ore x4 #afa4 ,if a man br+s a pres5t to ! h\se ( 8 fa!r-9-law & gives a bride-price1 & 8 neighbor sl&]s him1 & ! fa!r says to ! groom3 8,?\ %alt n take my daught]10 :atev] 0 br\ght he %all d\ble & re/ore to him4 ,^! ,babylonian laws pres5t num]\s po9ts ( contact & ( div]g5ce1 :5 comp>$ ) ! ,biblical laws on ! same subject4 ,!re is no ,biblical p>allel to #abh4 ,! law 7 #abi7 :i* imposes ! dea? p5alty ^u a man :o commits adult]y ) ano!r man's wife & ^u ! woman1 f9ds an exact p>allel 9 ,lev4 #bj3aj & ,deut4 #bb3bb1 ?\gh ! ,biblical law1 unlike ! ,babylonian1 provides no way 9 :i* clem5cy c\ld be ext5d$ to ! (f5d]s4 ,! laws 9 #acj1 #aef1 conc]n+ ! violation ( betro!d virg9s1 are 9 a g5]al way p>allel$ by ,lev4 #ai3bj-bb & ,deut4 #bb3bc-bf1 ?\gh !re are su* diff]5ces t1 :ile ! und]ly+ pr9ciples are ! same1 x is cle> t !re 0 entire indep5d5ce ( developm5t4 ,a religi\s elem5t ent]s into ,leviticus t is entirely abs5t f ! ,babylonian code4 ,! ,bible conta9s two laws on ?is subject t are )\t p>allel 9 ! ,babylonian code4 ,^! are f\nd 9 ,exod4 #bb3af1 #ag & ,deut4 #bb3bh1 #bi1 & impose p5alties = ! violation ( virg9s :o 7 n betro!d4 ,9 bo? codes ! pr9ciple is manife/ t ! loss ( a girl's honor 0 to be comp5sat$ by money1 ?\gh ,deut4 #bb3bh1 #bi recognizes t x has a value t money _c buy4 ,! laws relat+ to a wife ^: fidelity is suspect$ 7 #aca1 #acb7 f9d a g5]al p>allel 9 ,num4 #e3aa-bh4 ,! provision at ! end ( #acb t ! wife %\ld plunge into ! sacr$ riv] is 9 ! nature ( trial by ordeal4 ,! law 9 ,numb]s imposes on su* a woman trial by ordeal1 ?\gh x is ( a diff]5t sort4 ,%e mu/ dr9k wat] 9 :i* du/ f ! floor ( ! sanctu>y is m+l$--du/ sur*>g$ ) div9e pot5cy--& if %e does n swell up & die1 %e is c\nt$ innoc5t4 ,! laws :i* provide t a wife may pres5t h] husb& ) a slave-girl z a concub9e 7 #acg1 #add-adg7 are )\t p>allel 9 ! ,biblical codes1 b are /rik+ly illu/rat$ by ! patri>*al n>ratives4 ,s>ah gave ,hag> to ,abraham 7,g54 #af72 ,ra*el & ,leah gave ,bilhah & ,zilpah to ,jacob 7,g54 #cj3a-ac74 ,! law 7 #adf7 :i* deals ) su* a slave-girl :o w\ld rank ) h] mi/ress is closely p>allel to ! /ory ( ! treatm5t ( ,hag> 9 ,g54 #af3e-g & #ba3i1 #aj4 ,! laws on divorce 7 #ach-ada7 are really 9 advance ( ! "o ,biblical law on ! subject 7,deut4 #bd3a-d74 ,! law 9 ,deut]onomy p]mits a husb& to put away a wife1 :o 9 any way does n please him1 )\t alimony1 :ile to ! wife no privilege ( initiat+ divorce proce$+s is grant$ at all4 ,! ,babylonian laws secure to ! divorc$ woman a ma9t5ance1 &1 :ile by no means accord+ h] equal rights ) ! man1 provide 7 #adb7 t %e may h]self initiate ! proce$+s = divorce4 ,! ordeal mu/ h be5 an unpleasant "o1 b 9 ,israel's law a woman _h no su* rights4#dfh ,! law conc]n+ adult]y ) a daught]-9-law 7 #aee7 is id5tical 9 purpose & sev]ity ) ,lev4 #bj3ab4 ,! laws 9 #aeg1 #aeh1 :i* prohibit immorality ) "o's "m or ! *ief wife ( "o's fa!r1 j t\* ^u ! great subject ( ince/ & ! prohibit$ degrees ( m>riage :i* are treat$ at consid]able l5g? 9 ,lev4 #ah3f-ah2 #bj3aa1 #ai-ba1 & ,deut4 #bb3cj4 ,! ,babylonian laws t\* b two specific cases1 :i* may be said to be cov]$ by ,deut4 #bb3cj1 :ile ! laws ( ,leviticus treat ! :ole subject ( ! prohibit$ degrees ( m>riage 9 a broad & compreh5sive way4 ,! ma9 idea p]vad+ ,leviticus is hol9ess4 ,israel is to be kept free f ! pollution ( ince/ 9 any =m4 ,! religi\s motive exhibit$ "h is =eign to ! ,babylonian code4 ,inh]itance #afb4 ,x a man takes a wife & %e be>s him *ildr5 & t woman dies1 h] fa!r may n lay claim to h] d[ry4 ,h] d[ry belongs to h] *ildr54 #afc4 ,if a man takes a wife & %e does n pres5t him ) *ildr5 & t woman dies2 if 8 fa!r-9-law returns unto him ! m>riage-settlem5t1 :i* t man br\ght to ! h\se ( ! fa!r-9-law1 unto ! d[ry ( t woman h] husb& may n lay claim4 ,h] d[ry belongs to ! h\se ( h] fa!r4 #afd4 ,b if 8 fa!r-9-law does n return ! m>riage-settlem5t unto him1 he %all d$uct f h] d[ry ! am\nt ( ! m>riage-settlem5t1 & !n return ! d[ry to ! h\se ( h] fa!r4 #afe4 ,if a man has pres5t$ to 8 son1 ! fir/ 9 8 eyes1 field1 g>d51 or h\se1 & writt5 = him a seal$ de$1 & aft]w>d ! fa!r dies2 :5 ! bro!rs divide1 he %all take ! pres5t :i* 8 fa!r gave him1 & ov] & above !y %all divide ! goods ( ! fa!r's h\se equally4 #aff4 ,if a man takes wives = ! sons :i* he possesses1 b has n tak5 a wife = 8 y\nge/ son1 & aft]w>d ! fa!r dies2 :5 ! bro!rs divide1 = _! y\ng] bro!r :o does n h a wife !y %all pres5t ov] & above 8 portion money = a m>riage-settlem5t1 & %all enable him to take a wife4 #afg4 ,if a man takes a wife & %e be>s him *ildr5 & t woman dies1 & aft] h] he takes a second & %e be>s him *ildr51 aft] ! fa!r dies1 ! *ildr5 %all n %>e accord+ to _! mo!rs4 ,!y %all receive ! d[ries ( _! respective mo!rs1 & ! goods ( _! fa!r's h\se !y %all %>e equally4 #afh4 ,if a man has set 8 face to cut (f 8 son1 & says to ! judges3 8,i w cut (f my son10 ! judges %all make inve/igation conc]n+ him2 if ! son has n committ$ a grave crime :i* cuts (f f son%ip1 ! fa!r may n cut (f 8 son f son%ip4 #afi4 ,if he has committ$ aga9/ 8 fa!r a grave crime :i* cuts (f f son%ip1 he %all p>don him = ! fir/ (f5se4 ,if he commits a grave crime ! second "t1 ! fa!r may cut (f 8 son f son%ip4 #agj4 ,if a man's wife be>s him *ildr5 & a slave-girl be>s him *ildr51 & ! fa!r dur+ 8 lifetime says to ! *ildr5 :i* ! slave-girl bore him3 8,my *ildr510 & c\nts !m ) ! *ildr5 ( ! wife1 aft] ! fa!r dies ! *ildr5 ( ! wife & ! *ildr5 ( ! slave-girl %all divide equally ! goods ( _! fa!r's h\se4 ,! sons t are sons ( ! wife %all at ! %>+ divide & take4 #aga4 ,b if ! fa!r dur+ 8 lifetime has n said unto ! *ildr5 :i* ! slave-girl bore him3 8,my *ildr510 aft] ! fa!r dies ! *ildr5 ( ! slave-girl %all n %>e ) ! *ildr5 ( ! wife4 ,! slave-girl & h] *ildr5 %all be giv5 _! fre$om2 ! *ildr5 ( ! wife may n put a claim ^u ! *ildr5 ( ! slave-girl = s]vice4 ,! wife %all receive h] d[ry & a gift :i* h] husb& gave h] & wrote ^u a tablet & may dwell 9 ! dwell+ ( h] husb& z long z %e lives & eat4 ,%e may n sell x4 ,aft] h] x belongs to h] *ildr54 #agb4 ,if h] husb& has n giv5 h] a gift1 !y %all re/ore to h] h] d[ry & %e %all receive f ! goods ( ! h\se ( h] husb& ! portion ( "o son4 ,if ! *ildr5 abuse h] 9 ord] to drive h] f ! h\se1 ! judges %all inve/igate conc]n+ h] & if !y f9d ! *ildr5 9 ! wrong1 t woman %all n g f ! h\se ( h] husb&4 ,if t woman sets h] face to g out1 %e %all leave ) h] *ildr5 ! gift :i* h] husb& gave h]2 ! d[ry f ! h\se ( h] fa!r %e %all receive & ! husb& ( h] *oice may take h]4 #agc4 ,if t woman1 :]e %e has ent]$1 be>s *ildr5 to h] lat] husb&1 aft] t woman dies ! *ildr5 ( h] fir/ & h] lat] husb& %all %>e h] d[ry4 #agd4 ,if %e did n be> *ildr5 to h] lat] husb&1 ! *ildr5 ( h] fir/ husb& %all receive h] d[ry4 #age4 ,if a slave ( ! palace or ! slave ( a work+man takes ! daught] ( a patrician & %e be>s *ildr51 ! own] ( ! slave %all h no claim = s]vice on ! *ildr5 ( ! daught] ( a patrician4 #agf4 ,b if a slave ( ! palace or ! slave ( a work+man takes ! daught] ( a patrician1 & :5 he takes h] %e ent]s toge!r ) ! d[ry f h] fa!r's h\se into ! h\se ( ! slave ( ! palace or ! slave ( ! work+man2 if aft] !y are unit$ !y build a h\se & acquire prop]ty & aft]w>d ! slave ( ! palace or ! slave ( ! work+man dies1 ! daught] ( ! patrician %all receive h] d[ry & !y %all divide into two p>ts :atev] h] husb& & h]self _h acquir$ aft] _! union4 ,half ! own] ( ! slave %all take1 & ! daught] ( ! patrician %all receive half = h] *ildr54 ,if ! daught] ( ! patrician _h no d[ry1 :atev] h] husb& & h]self _h acquir$ aft] _! union !y %all divide into two p>ts4 ,! own] ( ! slave %all take half & ! daught] ( ! patrician %all receive half = h] *ildr54 #agg4 ,if a wid[ ^: *ildr5 are m9ors sets h] face to ent] ! h\se ( a second husb&1 %e %all n d x )\t ! cons5t ( ! judges4 ,:5 %e ent]s ! h\se ( a second husb&1 ! judges %all inquire into ! e/ate ( h] =m] husb&1 & ! e/ate ( ! =m] husb& !y %all entru/ to ! second husb& & to t woman1 & %all cause !m to leave a tablet 7receipt74 ,! e/ate !y %all gu>d & re> ! m9ors4 ,! h\sehold goods !y may n sell4 ,! pur*as] ( h\sehold goods belong+ to ! *ildr5 ( a wid[ %all =feit 8 money4 ,! goods %all rev]t to _! own]s4 #agh4 ,if !re is a wife ( a god1 prie/ess1 or sacr$ h>lot1 ^: fa!r has giv5 h] a d[ry & writt5 h] a record ( gift1 & 9 ! record ( gift he has n writt51 8aft] h] %e may give x to :omsoev] %e pleases10 & has n giv5 h] full discretion2 aft] h] fa!r dies h] bro!rs %all take h] field & g>d51 & accord+ to ! value ( h] %>e !y %all give h] gra91 oil1 & wool1 & %all cont5t h] he>t4 ,if h] bro!rs %all n give h] gra91 oil1 & wool1 accord+ to ! value ( h] %>e1 & %all n cont5t h] he>t1 %e may let h] field & g>d5 unto any t5ant %e pleases & h] t5ant %all ma9ta9 h]4 ,h] field1 g>d51 or :atev] h] fa!r gave h] %e may enjoy z long z %e lives4 ,%e may n sell x = money or transf] x to ano!r4 ,h] h]itage belongs to h] bro!rs4 #agi4 ,if !re is a wife ( a god1 prie/ess1 or sacr$ h>lot1 ^: fa!r has giv5 h] a d[ry & writt5 a record ( gift2 & 9 ! record ( gift he has writt51 8aft] h] %e may give x to :omsoev] %e pleases10 & has grant$ h] full discretion2 aft] h] fa!r dies %e may give x aft] h] to :omsoev] %e pleases4 ,h] bro!rs h no claim ^u h]4 #ahj4 ,if a fa!r does n give a d[ry to 8 daught]1 a prie/ess liv+ 9 ! appo9t$ h\se1 or a sacr$ h>lot1 aft] ! fa!r dies %e %all receive f ! goods ( h] fa!r's h\se ! same %>e z "o son1 & z long z %e lives %e %all enjoy x4 ,aft] h] x belongs to h] bro!rs4 #aha4 ,if ! fa!r ( a prie/ess1 sacr$ h>lot1 or temple maid5 gives h] to a god & does n give h] a d[ry1 aft] ! fa!r dies %e %all receive f ! goods ( h] fa!r's h\se a ?ird ( ! portion ( a son & %all enjoy x z long z %e lives4 ,aft] h] x belongs to h] bro!rs4 #ahb4 ,if a fa!r does n give a d[ry to 8 daught]1 a prie/ess ( ,m>duk ( ,babylon1 & does n write a record ( gift = h]2 aft] h] fa!r dies %e %all receive f ! goods ( h] fa!r's h\se "o-?ird ( ! portion ( a son1 & %all pay no tax4 ,a prie/ess ( ,m>duk aft] h] dea? may leave x to :omsoev] %e pleases4 #ahc4 ,if a fa!r pres5ts a d[ry to 8 daught] :o is a concub9e1 & gives h] to a husb& & writes a record ( gift2 aft] ! fa!r dies %e %all n %>e 9 ! goods ( h] fa!r's h\se4 #ahd4 ,if a fa!r does n pres5t a d[ry to 8 daught] :o is a concub9e & does n give h] to a husb&2 aft] h] fa!r's dea? h] bro!rs %all give h] a d[ry accord+ to ! value ( ! fa!r's e/ate & %all give h] to a husb&4 ,9 comp>ison ) ^! ,babylonian laws ( inh]itance ^? 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t are comp>atively simple4 ,we le>n f ,deut4 #ba3ae-ag1 t a man's fir/born son receiv$ a 8d\ble portion0 ( 8 fa!r's e/ate1 i4 e41 twice z mu* z any o!r son4 ,! inf]5ce is t ! o!r sons %>$ equally4 ,?is law also provides t1 :5 a man has two wives1 ! sons ( ! favorite wife %all h no advantage z to inh]itance ov] ! sons ( ! less lov$ wife4 ,9 ,num4 #bg3h-aa x is provid$ t if a man has no son1 8 e/ate 7i4 e41 real e/ate7 may g to 8 daught]2 if he has no daught]1 x may g to 8 bro!rs2 if no bro!rs1 x goes to 8 fa!r's bro!rs4 ,if 8 fa!r has no bro!rs1 ! e/ate is to g to ! next ( k94 ,9 ,num4 #cf3b-ab ! law t a daught] may inh]it h] fa!r's e/ate is supplem5t$ by ! provision t su* a daught] mu/ m>ry )9 ! tribe1 s t ! l&$ prop]ty may n 9 ! next g5]ation pass out ( ! tribe4 ,su* 7 ! ,hebrew laws ( inh]itance4 ,!y apply to a mu* less complexly organiz$ society ?an ! ,babylonian4 #afh1 #afi ( ,hammurapi's code deal ) ! cutt+ (f ( a son4 ,?is is p>allel$ 9 ,deut4 #ba3ah-ba1 ?\gh puni%m5t inflict$ by ! law 9 ,deut]onomy is q diff]5t f ! ,babylonian1 s9ce ! ,hebrew boy1 ^: p>5ts h prov$ him be=e ! eld]s to be unwor?y ( son%ip1 0 n ca/ out & s5t away1 b /on$ to dea?4 ,ano!r =m ( ?is law appe>s 9 ,exod4 #ba3ag4 ,adoption #ahe4 ,if a man takes a "y *ild 9 8 "n unto son%ip & br+s him up1 "o may n br+ a claim = t adopt$ son4 #ahf4 ,if a man takes a "y *ild unto son%ip1 & :5 he has tak5 him he rebels aga9/ 8 adopt$ fa!r & "m1 t fo/]-*ild %all return to 8 fa!r's h\se4 #ahg4 ,"o may n br+ claim = ! son ( a temple-s]vant1 a palace gu>d1 or ( a sacr$ h>lot4 #ahh4 ,if an artisan takes a son to son%ip & tea*es him 8 h&icraft1 "o may n br+ claim = him4 #ahi4 ,if he does n tea* him 8 h&icraft1 t fo/]-son may return to ! h\se ( 8 fa!r4 #aij4 ,if a man does n c\nt among 8 sons a "y *ild :om he has tak5 to son%ip & re>$1 t fo/]-*ild may return to 8 fa!r's h\se4 #aia4 ,if a man :o takes a "y *ild to son%ip & re>s him & e/abli%es a h\se & acquires *ildr51 aft]w>d sets 8 face to cut (f t fo/]-son1 t son %all n g 8 way4 ,! fa!r :o re>$ him %all give him f 8 goods "o-?ird ! %>e ( a son & he %all g4 ,f field1 g>d51 or h\se1 he %all n give him4 ,9 ! codes ( ! ,old ,te/am5t !re are no laws ( adoption4 ,! /ory ( ! adoption ( ,ephraim & ,manasseh by ,jacob 9 ,g54 #dh %[s t ! idea 0 n unkn[n to ! ,hebrews1 among :om ! c]emony ( adoption w\ld seem to h consi/$ ( ! act ( ackn[l$g+ ! *ildr5 z "o's own by plac+ "o's h&s on _! heads & giv+ !m a pat]nal bless+4 ,r5unciation ( ,son%ip #aib4 ,if ! son ( a temple-s]vant or ! son ( a sacr$ h>lot says to ! fa!r t br\ght him up or to ! "m t br\ght him up1 8,?\ art n my fa!r10 or1 8,?\ art n my "m10 !y %all cut out 8 tongue4 #aic4 ,if ! son ( a temple-s]vant or ! son ( a sacr$ h>lot has id5tifi$ 8 fa!r's h\se & hat$ ! fa!r :o br\ght him up or ! "m :o br\ght him up & goes back to 8 fa!r's h\se1 !y %all pluck out 8 eye4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t has no laws ) :i* to comp>e ^!4 ,! two classes ( p]sons ^: *ildr5 are m5tion$ 7 bani%$ f ,israel by ,deut4 #bc3ag1 #ah4 ,wet-nurses or ,fo/]-mo!rs #aid4 ,if a man gives 8 son unto a nurse & 8 son dies 9 ! h&s ( ! nurse & ! nurse sub/itutes ano!r *ild )\t ! cons5t ( ! fa!r or ! "m1 !y %all prosecute h]2 because %e sub/itut$ ano!r *ild )\t ! cons5t ( 8 fa!r or 8 "m !y %all cut (f h] brea/4 ,?is law also is )\t ,biblical p>allel4 ,assault & ,batt]y #aie4 ,if a son /rikes 8 fa!r1 !y %all cut (f 8 h&4 #aif4 ,if a man de/roys ! eye ( ! son ( a patrician1 !y %all de/roy 8 eye4 #aig4 ,if he breaks a man's bone1 !y %all break 8 bone4 #aih4 ,if "o de/roys ! eye ( a work+man or breaks ! bone ( a work+man1 he %all pay #a mana ( silv]4 #aii4 ,if "o de/roys ! eye ( a man's slave or breaks ! bone ( a man's slave1 he %all pay half 8 value4 #bjj4 ,if a man knocks out ! too? ( a man ( 8 own rank1 !y %all knock 8 too? out4 #bja4 ,if "o knocks out ! too? ( a work+man1 he %all pay ( a mana ( silv]4 #bjb4 ,if a man %all /rike ! private-p>ts ( a man :o is ( high] rank ?an he1 he %all receive sixty bl[s ) an ox-hide sc\rge 9 ! assembly4 #bjc4 ,if a patrician /rikes ! private-p>ts ( a patrician ( 8 own rank1 he %all pay #a mana ( silv]4 #bjd4 ,if a work+man /rikes ! private-p>ts ( a work+man1 he %all pay #aj %ekels ( silv]4 #bje4 ,if ! slave ( a patrician /rikes ! private-p>ts ( ! son ( a patrician1 !y %all cut (f 8 e>4 #bjf4 ,if a man /rikes a man 9 a qu>rel & w\nds him1 he %all swe>1 8,i did n /rike ) int5t10 & %all pay = ! physician4 #bjg4 ,if f ! /roke he dies1 he %all swe> z above1 & if x 0 a patrician1 he %all pay mana ( silv]4 #bjh4 ,if x 0 a work+man1 he %all pay ( a mana ( silv]4 #bji4 ,if a man /rikes a man's daught] & causes a misc>riage1 he %all pay #aj %ekels ( silv] = h] misc>riage4 #baj4 ,if t woman dies1 !y %all put 8 daught] to dea?4 #baa4 ,if ?r\gh a /roke "o causes a misc>riage ( ! daught] ( a work+man1 he %all pay #e %ekels ( silv]4 #bab4 ,if t woman dies1 he %all pay mana ( silv]4 #bac4 ,if "o /rikes ! slave-girl ( a man & causes a misc>riage1 he %all pay #b %ekels ( silv]4 #bad4 ,if t slave-girl dies1 he %all pay ( a mana ( silv]4 ,^! laws are /rik+ly p>allel to ,exod4 #ba3ah-bg1 to :i* ,exod4 #ba3ab-ad %\ld be prefix$4 ,! ,babylonian code1 l ! ,hebrew1 imposes ! dea? p5alty = wilful murd]4 ,bo? codes provide t "o :o is an accid5tal homicide %all escape ! p5alty1 b !y d x 9 diff]5t ways4 ,hammurapi provides t ! kill] may take an oa? t he did x )\t int5t to kill4 ,exod4 #ba3ac1 #ad provides t ! homicide may f9d sanctu>y at ! alt> ( ,god4 ,9 place ( ?is ,deut4 #ai3d1 ff41 provides t he may flee to a city ( refuge4 ,if a man injures ano!r 9 a fight1 ! ,bible 7,exod4 #ba3ah1 #ai7 provides t he %all pay = ! lo/ "t &1 z does ,hammurapi1 ! co/ ( heal+ ! injur$ man4 ,exod4 #ba3bb provides1 z does ,hammurapi1 = ! paym5t ( a f9e = caus+ a woman to misc>ry1 b ,exodus does n1 l ! ,babylonian code1 fix ! am\nt ( ! damage2 t is left to ! judges4 ,9 ! laws conc]n+ ! injury ( slaves ! two codes diff]4 ,exodus provides 7#ba3bj1 #ba1 #bf1 #bg7 = cases 9 :i* own]s injure or kill _! own slaves2 ,hammurapi1 = cases 9 :i* ! injury is done by o!rs4 ,a m]e read+ ( ! p5alties impos$ by ! p>ts ( ! ,babylonian code translat$ above impresses vividly ^u ! m9d ! fact t und]ly+ _m ( !m is ! pr9ciple s =cibly express$ 9 ,exod4 #ba3ba-be3 8life = life1 eye = eye1 too? = too?1 h& = h&1 foot = foot1 burn+ = burn+1 w\nd = w\nd1 /ripe = /ripe40 ,! details ( application are diff]5t1 b ! pr9ciple is ! same4 ,_m ( ! diff]5ces 7 caus$ by ! m complex nature ( ,babylonian society1 9 :i* ?ree classes1 patricians1 work+m5 7or semi-s]fs71 & slaves1 exi/$4 ,hebrew law recognizes b two classes--freem5 & slaves4 ,physicians #bae4 ,if a physician op]ates ^u a man = a sev]e w\nd ) a bronze lancet & saves ! man's life1 or if he op]ates = cat>act ) a bronze lancet & saves ! man's eye1 he %all receive #aj %ekels ( silv]4 #baf4 ,if x is a work+man1 he %all receive #e %ekels ( silv]4 #bag4 ,if x is a man's slave1 ! own] ( ! slave %all give ! physician #b %ekels ( silv]4 #bah4 ,if a physician op]ates ^u a man ) a bronze lancet = a sev]e w\nd1 & ! man dies2 or op]ates ^u a man ) a bronze lancet = cat>act & ! man's eye is de/roy$1 !y %all cut (f 8 h&4 #bai4 ,if a physician op]ates ) a bronze lancet ^u ! slave ( a work+man & causes 8 dea?1 he %all re/ore a slave ( equal value4 #bbj4 ,if he op]ates = cat>act ) a bronze lancet & de/roys 8 eye1 he %all pay 8 price4 #bba4 ,if a physician sets a brok5 bone = a man or has cur$ ( sickness inflam$ fle%1 ! pati5t %all pay #e %ekels ( silv] to ! physician4 #bbb4 ,if he is a work+man1 he %all give #c %ekels ( silv]4 #bbc4 ,if he is ! slave ( a patrician1 ! own] ( ! slave %all give #c %ekels ( silv] to ! physician4 #bbd4 ,if an ox-doctor or an ass-doctor treats an ox or an ass = a sev]e w\nd & saves its life1 ! own] ( ! ox or ! ass %all pay to ! physician ( a %ekel ( silv] z 8 fee4 #bbe4 ,if he op]ates ^u an ox or an ass = a sev]e w\nd & x dies1 he %all give unto ! own] ( ! ox or ! ass ( its value4 ,^! laws ab\t physicians h no p>allel 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! laws ( :i* did n take acc\nt ( ! exi/5ce ( doctors4 ,!y are ( int]e/1 s9ce !y %[ ! antiquity ( physicians 9 ,babylonia1 n only = m51 b = animals4 ,!y also reveal ! fact t ! practice ( m$ic9e 9 ,babylonia 0 att5d$ by "s risks6 ,h]odotus 7,i1 #aig7 decl>es t ! ,babylonians _h no physicians1 b br\ght _! sick out into ! /reets & ask$ ( ea* pass]-by :e!r he _h _h a l sickness & :at he _h done = x4 ,possibly1 z among ourselves1 !re 7 _m :o did n wi% to incur ! exp5se ( a doctor1 & :o did z ,h]odotus reports1 b ^! laws1 & ! exi/5ce ( physicians at ,n9eveh at ! "t ( ! lat] ,assyrian k+s1 make x probable t ,h]odotus 0 wrong z to _! non-exi/5ce at ,babylon 9 8 day4 ,laws ( ,br&+ #bbf4 ,if a br&] )\t ! cons5t ( ! own] ( a slave cuts a m>k on a slave1 mak+ him unsalable1 !y %all cut (f ! h&s ( t br&]4 #bbg4 ,if a man deceives a br&] & he br&s a slave ) a m>k1 mak+ him unsalable1 !y %all put t man to dea? & cause him to p]i% 9 ! gate ( 8 h\se4 ,! br&] %all swe>3 8,i did n br& him kn[+ly0 & %all g free4 ,^! laws h no p>allel 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,evid5tly ! simpl] organization ( ,hebrew society made !m unnecess>y4 ,responsibility ( ,h\se-build]s #bbh4 ,if a build] builds a h\se = a man & completes x1 he %all give him z 8 wages #b %ekels ( silv] = ea* ,%> ( h\se4 #bbi4 ,if a build] builds a h\se = a man & does n make its "w /rong & ! h\se :i* he made falls & causes ! dea? ( ! own] ( ! h\se1 t build] %all be put to dea?4 #bcj4 ,if x causes ! dea? ( ! son ( ! own]1 ! son ( t build] %all be put to dea?4 #bca4 ,if x causes ! dea? ( a slave ( ! own] ( ! h\se1 a slave l ! slave he %all give to ! own] ( ! h\se4 #bcb4 ,if x de/roys prop]ty1 he %all re/ore :atev] 0 de/roy$1 & because he did n build ! h\se /rong & x fell1 he %all rebuild ! h\se t fell f 8 own prop]ty4 #bcc4 ,if a build] builds a h\se = a man & does n make 8 "w /rong & a wall falls1 t build] %all /r5g!n t wall at 8 own exp5se4 ,^! laws h no p>allel 9 ! ,bible4 ,among ! agricultural population ( ,pale/9e build]s 7 n a sep>ate class4 ,! p5alties inflict$ by ! ,babylonian code 7 sev]e1 & yet1 if mod]n legislators w\ld put ^u ! h\se-build]s ( our "t a simil> responsibility = good "w1 few] lives w\ld be sacrific$ by fall+ build+s4 ,responsibility ( ,boatm5 #bcd4 ,if a boatman builds a boat ( #fj ,gur = a man1 he %all give him #b %ekels ( silv] z 8 wages4 #bce4 ,if a boatman builds a boat = a man & does n make 8 "w s\nd & 9 t ye> ! boat is s5t on a voyage & meets ) disa/]1 t boatman %all repair t boat & f 8 own goods %all make x /rong & %all give ! boat 9 s\nd condition to ! own] ( ! boat4 #bcf4 ,if a man gives 8 boat to a boatman = hire & ! boatman is c>eless & s9ks or wrecks ! boat1 ! boatman %all re/ore a boat to ! own] ( ! boat4 #bcg4 ,if a man hires a boatman & a boat & loads x ) gra91 wool1 oil1 dates1 or any o!r k9d ( freight1 & t boatman is c>eless & s9ks ! boat or de/roys its freight1 ! boatman %all replace ! boat & :atev] !re 0 9 x :i* he de/roy$4 #bch4 ,if a boatman s9ks a man's boat & re-floats x1 he %all give money = its value4 #bci4 ,if a man hires a boatman1 he %all give him #f ,gur ( gra9 a ye>4 ,! ,hebrews 7 n a m>itime p1 & _h no su* laws z ^! or ! foll[+4 ,! ,collision ( ,%ips #bdj4 ,if a boat t is float+ d[n/ream /rikes a boat t is be+ t[$ & s9ks x1 ! own] ( ! boat t 0 sunk %all decl>e 9 ! pres5ce ( a god ev]y?+ t 0 9 t boat & ! own] ( ! boat float+ d[n/ream1 :i* sunk ! boat t 0 be+ t[$1 %all replace ! boat & :atev] 0 lo/4 ,!re is1 naturally1 no?+ simil> to ?is 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,laws ,conc]n+ ,cattle #bda4 ,if a man levies a di/ra9t ^u an ox z security = debt1 he %all pay ( a mana ( silv]4 #bdb4 ,if a man hires = a ye>1 ! wages ( a work+ ox is #d ,gur ( gra94 #bdc4 ,! hire ( a mil* c[1 #c ,gur ( gra9 = a ye> he %all give4 #bdd4 ,if a man hires an ox or an ass & a lion kills x 9 ! field1 ! loss falls on ! own]4 #bde4 ,if a man hires an ox & causes its dea? ?r\gh neglect or bl[s1 he %all re/ore to ! own] an ox ( equal value4 #bdf4 ,if a man hires an ox & cru%es its foot or cuts ! cord ( its neck1 he %all re/ore to ! own] an ox ( l value4 #bdg4 ,if a man hires an ox & de/roys its eye1 he %all pay to ! own] ( ! ox money to its value4 #bdh4 ,if a man hires an ox & breaks (f its horn1 or cuts (f its tail or injures ! fle% :i* holds ! r+1 money to ( its value he %all pay4 #bdi4 ,if a man hires an ox & a god /rikes x & x dies1 ! man :o hires ! ox %all take an oa? 9 ! pres5ce ( a god & %all g free4 #bej4 ,if an ox :5 pass+ along ! /reet gores a man & causes 8 dea?1 !re is no p5alty 9 t case4 #bea4 ,if ! ox ( a man has ! habit ( gor+ & !y h in=m$ him ( 8 fault & 8 horns he has n protect$ nor kept 8 ox 91 & t ox gores a man & causes 8 dea?1 ! own] ( ! ox %all pay mana ( money4 #beb4 ,if x is ! slave ( a man1 he %all pay ( a mana ( money4 #bec4 ,if a man hires a man & puts him ov] 8 field & furni%es him ) se$-gra9 & intru/s him ) ox5 & contracts ) him to cultivate ! field1 if t man /eals ! se$-gra9 or ! crop & x is f\nd 9 8 possession1 !y %all cut (f 8 h&s4 #bed4 ,if he takes ! se$-gra91 b enfeebles ! cattle1 f ! gra9 :i* he has cultivat$ he %all make re/oration4 #bee4 ,if he %all let ! cattle to a man = hire1 or /eal ! se$-gra9 s t !re is no crop1 !y %all prosecute t man1 & he %all pay #fj ,gur ( gra9 = ea* ,gan4 #bef4 ,if he is n able to meet 8 obligation1 !y %all te> him 9 pieces 9 t field by means ( ! ox54 ,! ,biblical legislation correspond+ to ?is is f\nd 9 ,exod4 #ba3bh-ce1 b x cov]s only a portion ( ! cases ( :i* ! ,babylonian law treats4 ,x provides t1 if an ox gores a man or a woman to dea?1 ! ox %all be /on$4 ,if ! ox 0 wont to gore & ! own] _h n kept x 91 b x _h be5 p]mitt$ to kill a man or a woman1 ! own] z well z ! ox %\ld be /on$4 ,at ! discretion ( ! tribunal a f9e or ransom might be laid on ! own]4 ,9 case ! ox gor$ a slave1 ! own] ( ! ox 0 to pay #cj %ekels ( silv] & ! ox 0 to be /on$4 ,if a man op5$ a pit & a neighbor's ox or ass fell into x1 ! digg] ( ! pit mu/ make good ! loss to ! own] ( ! animal1 & ! dead bea/ became ! prop]ty ( ! digg] ( ! pit4 ,if "o man's ox kill$ ! ox ( ano!r man1 ! two m5 7 to sell ! live ox & divide ! price4 ,if x 7 kn[n t ! ox 0 wont to gore 9 ! pa/1 & its own] _h n kept x 91 he 0 to pay ox = ox1 & ! dead animal %\ld be 84 ,x ?us appe>s t ! exig5cies ( ,hebrew agricultural life 7 diff]5t f ^? ( ,babylonia1 & 7 naturally met 9 diff]5t ways4 ,wages ( ,labor]s #beg4 ,if a man hires a field-labor]1 he %all pay him #h ,gur ( gra9 p] ye>4 #beh4 ,if a man hires a h]dsman1 he %all pay him #f ,gur ( gra9 p] ye>4 ,hebrew law did n regulate wages4 ,on ,/eal+ ,f>m+-tools #bei4 ,if a man /eals a wat]+-ma*9e f a field1 he %all pay to ! own] ( ! wat]+-ma*9e #e %ekels ( silv]4 #bfj4 ,if a man /eals a wat]+-bucket or a pl[1 he %all pay #c %ekels ( silv]4 ,z ! ,hebrews did n sy/ematically irrigate _! l&1 ! ,old ,te/am5t conta9s no simil> laws4 ,laws ,conc]n+ ,%eph]ds #bfa4 ,if a man hires a h]dsman to t5d cattle or %eep1 he %all pay him #h ,gur ( gra9 p] ye>4 #bfb4 ,if a man1 ox51 or %eep 44444444444444 7,! re/ is brok5 away47 #bfc4 ,if he loses an ox or a %eep t is intru/$ to him1 he %all re/ore ox = ox & %eep = %eep4 #bfd4 ,if a h]dsman :o has _h cattle or %eep intru/$ to him receives 8 full pay & is satisfi$1 & he causes ! cattle or ! %eep to dim9i% 9 numb] or less5s ! bir?-rate1 he %all give increase & produce accord+ to 8 contracts4 #bfe4 ,if a %eph]d to :om cattle or %eep h be5 giv5 to t5d is di%one/ & alt]s ! price or sells !m1 !y %all prosecute him1 & he %all re/ore to _! own] #aj times ! ox5 or %eep :i* he /ole4 #bff4 ,if 9 a fold !re is a pe/il5ce ( a god1 or a lion has sla91 ! %eph]d %all be=e a god decl>e himself innoc5t1 & ! own] ( ! fold %all be> ! loss ( ! fold4 #bfg4 ,if ! %eph]d is c>eless & causes a loss 9 ! fold1 ! %eph]d %all make good 9 cattle or %eep ! loss :i* he caus$ 9 ! fold & %all give !m to ! own]4 ,! ne>e/ approa* 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t to laws ( ?is "* is 9 ,exod4 #bb3aj-ac1 :i* provides t1 if a man deliv] to 8 neighbor an ox1 or ass1 or %eep1 or any bea/ to keep1 & x dies1 or is injur$ or is c>ri$ (f :5 no "o sees ! de$1 ! oa? ( ,jehovah %all be betwe5 !m t ! keep] has n put 8 h& to 8 neighbor's goods4 ,! own] 0 to accept ?is1 & no re/itution 0 necess>y4 ,if ! animals 7 /ol5 f ! keep]1 he mu/ make re/itution4 ,if !y 7 torn 9 pieces by bea/s ( prey1 he mu/ br+ ! pieces = witness1 & ne$ n make re/itution4 ,! same g5]al pr9ciples ( ! limits ( responsibility und]lay ! two codes 9 ^! cases1 ?\gh !y diff] 9 details4 ,9 ,israel ! %eph]d+ ( ! flocks & h]ds ( o!r p 0 n1 z 9 ,babylonia1 a di/9ct occupation4 ,on ,wages ( ,animals & ,m5 #bfh4 ,if a man hires an ox = ?re%+1 #bj ,qa ( gra9 is its hire4 #bfi4 ,if he hires an ass = ?re%+1 #aj ,qa ( gra9 is its hire4 #bgj4 ,if he hires a kid = ?re%+1 #a ,qa ( gra9 is its hire4 #bga4 ,if he hires cattle1 a wagon & a driv]1 he %all pay #ahj ,qa ( gra9 p] day4 #bgb4 ,if a man hires a wagon only1 he %all pay #dj ,qa ( gra9 p] day4 #bgc4 ,if a man hires a field-labor] f ! beg9n+ ( ! ye> until ! fif? mon?1 he %all pay him #f ,%e ( silv] p] day2 f ! six? mon? to ! end ( ! ye>1 #e ,%e ( silv] p] day he %all pay4 #bgd4 ,if a man hires an artisan1 he %all give p] day z ! wages ( a 44444 #e ,%e2 z ! wages ( a brick-mak]1 #e ,%e ( money2 z ! wages ( a tailor1 #e ,%e ( silv]2 z ! wages ( a /one-cutt]1 444444 ,%e ( silv]2 444444444444 ,%e ( silv]2 444444444444 ,%e ( silv]2 444444444444 ( a c>p5t]1 #d ,%e ( silv]2 z ! wages ( a 444444 #d ,%e ( silv]2 z ! wages ( a 444444 ,%e ( silv]2 ! wages ( a build]1 444444 ,%e ( silv]4 #bge4 ,if a man hires a boat 787 to g up/ream 7871 its hire is #c ,%e ( silv] p] day4 #bgf4 ,if he hires a boat to float d[n/ream1 he %all pay z its hire #b ,%e ( silv] p] day4 #bgg4 ,if a man hires a boat ( #fj ,gur burd51 he %all pay ( a %ekel ( money p] day4 ,!re are no p>allels to ^! laws 9 ! ,bible1 z ! ,old ,te/am5t does n attempt to regulate prices4 ,:5 "o consid]s ! cu/oms ( trade all ov] ! ,ori5t1 & ! "t fruitlessly consum$ 9 mak+ b>ga9s1 "o does n wond] t ! practical sov]eign ( a great comm]cial p1 su* z ! ,babylonians 71 %\ld regulate prices by law4 ,z a rule1 to ?is day1 a pur*as] beg9s by (f]+ only a fraction ( :at he is will+ to give1 & ! sell] by ask+ at lea/ twice z mu* z he is will+ to take4 ,a long psy*ological battle foll[s1 dur+ :i* !re are _m victories & capitulations on ea* side4 ,?is law 0 design$ to put an end to ?is "t-consum+ cu/om4 ,:5 ! ,sales ( ,slaves are ,void #bgh4 ,if a man buys a male or a female slave & be=e a mon? is pa/ he has an attack ( rheumatism 7871 he %all return to ! sell]1 & ! pur*as] %all receive back ! money t 0 paid4 #bgi4 ,if a man buys a male or a female slave1 & ano!r has a legal claim ^u him1 ! sell] %all be responsible = t claim4 #bhj4 ,if a man1 :ile 9 a =eign c\ntry1 pur*ases a male or a female slave ( a man1 &1 :5 he returns home1 ! =m] own] ( ! male or ! female slave recognizes 8 slave1 if t male or female slave is a native ( ! l&1 he %all give x its fre$om )\t recomp5se4 #bha4 ,if !y are natives ( ano!r c\ntry1 ! pur*as] %all decl>e 9 ! pres5ce ( a god ! price t he paid1 & ! =m] own] ( ! male or female slave %all pay ! price to ! m]*ant1 & %all receive back 8 slave4 ,no laws simil> to ^! are f\nd 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! ,p5alty = ,r5\nc+ a ,ma/] #bhb4 ,if a slave %all say to 8 own]3 8,?\ art n my own]10 !y %all make him submit z 8 slave1 & %all cut (f 8 e>4 ,?is p5alty rem9ds "o ( ! bor+ ( a slave's e> 7,exod4 #ba3f2 ,deut4 #ae3ag7 9 tok5 ( p]petual slav]y4 #b4 ,! ,mosaic ,code n ,borr[$ f ! ,babylonian2 ,diff]5t ,und]ly+ ,conceptions4 ,a comp>ison ( ! code ( ,hammurapi z a :ole ) ! ,p5tateu*al laws z a :ole1 :ile x reveals c]ta9 simil>ities1 conv9ces ! /ud5t t ! laws ( ! ,old ,te/am5t are 9 no ess5tial way dep5d5t ^u ! ,babylonian laws4 ,su* resemblances z !re are arose1 x seems cle>1 f a simil>ity ( antec$5ts & ( g5]al intellectual outlook2 ! /rik+ diff]5ces %[ t !re 0 no direct borr[+4 ,! primitive ,semitic cu/om ( an eye = an eye & a too? = a too? 7,exod4 #ba3bd2 ,lev4 #bd3bj2 ,deut4 #ai3ba7 is made ! basis ( _m p5alties 9 ! ,babylonian code4 7,see #aif1 #aig1 #bjj1 #bbi1 #bcj1 etc47 ,! pr9ciple und]ly+ x is f\nd also 9 _m o!r sections4 ,^! simil>ities only %[ t ,babylonia _h a l>ge ,semitic elem5t 9 its population4 ,aga91 ,hammurapi pictur$ himself at ! top ( ! pill> on :i* ^! laws are writt5 z receiv+ !m f ! sun-god 7,fig4 #bib74 ,! ,bible tells u t ,moses receiv$ ! laws ( ! ,p5tateu* f ,jehovah4 ,! :ole attitude ( ! two docum5ts is1 h[ev]1 diff]5t4 ,hammurapi1 9 spite ( ! picture1 takes cr$it1 bo? 9 ! prologue & 9 ! epilogue ( 8 code1 = ! laws4 ,he1 n ,%ama%1 e/abli%$ ju/ice 9 ! l&4 ,moses1 on ! o!r h&1 0 only ! in/rum5t2 ! legislation /&s z t ( ,jehovah himself4 ,?is diff]5ce appe>s also 9 ! cont5ts ( ! two codes4 ,! ,p5tateu* conta9s _m ritual regulations & purely religi\s laws1 :ile ! code ( ,hammurapi is purely civil4 ,z has be5 already po9t$ out1 ! code ( ,hammurapi is adapt$ to ! l& ( ! riv]s1 & to a highly civiliz$ comm]cial p1 :ile ! ,biblical laws are int5d$ = a dry l& l ,pale/9e1 & = an agricultural community t 0 at a f> less advanc$ /age ( comm]cial & social developm5t4 ,religion is1 h[ev]1 n a matt] ( social advancem5t only4 ,9 all t p]ta9s to religi\s insight ! ,p5tateu* is f> 9 advance ( ,hammurapi's laws4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,an ,,alleg$ ,,p>allel ,,to ,,leviticus--,a ,,c>?ag9ian ,,law ,,conc]n+ ,,sacrifices#dfi ,,! ,,text ,,( ,,! ,,c>?ag9ian ,,law4 ,,comp>ison ,,) ,,! ,,levitical ,,law4 #a4 ,! ,text ( ! ,c>?ag9ian ,law4 ,temple ( ,baalzephon1 ,t>iff ( dues1 :i* ! sup]9t5d5ts ( dues fix$ 9 ! "t ( our rul]s1 ,khalasbaal1 ! judge1 son ( ,bodtani?1 son ( ,bode%mun1 & ( ,khalasbaal1 ! judge1 son ( ,bode%mun1 son ( ,khalasbaal1 & _! colleagues4 ,= an ox z a :ole burnt-(f]+#dgj or a pray]-(f]+1 or a :ole peace-(f]+1#dga ! prie/s %all h #aj 7%ekels7 ( silv] = ea*2 & 9 case ( a :ole burnt-(f]+1 !y %all h 9 addition to ?is fee #cjj %ekels ( fle%2 &1 9 case ( a pray]-(f]+1 ! trimm+s1 ! jo9ts2 b ! sk9 & ! fit ( ! inw>ds#dgb & ! feet & ! re/ ( ! fle% ! own] ( ! sacrifice %all h4 ,= a calf ^: horns are want+1 9 case ( "o n ca/rat$ 7871 or 9 case ( a ram z a :ole burnt-(f]+1 ! prie/s %all h #e %ekels ( silv] = ea*2 & 9 case ( a :ole burnt-(f]+ !y %all h 9 addition to ?is fee #aej %ekels ( fle%2 &1 9 case ( a pray]-(f]+1 ! trimm+s & ! jo9ts2 b ! sk9 & ! fat ( ! inw>ds & ! feet & ! re/ ( ! fle% ! own] ( ! sacrifice %all h4 ,9 case ( a ram or a goat z a :ole burnt-(f]+1 or a pray]-(f]+1 or a :ole peace-(f]+1 ! prie/s %all h #a %ekel ( silv] & #b z>s = ea*2 &1 9 case ( a pray]-(f]+1 !y %all h 9 addition to ?is fee ! trimm+s & ! jo9ts2 b ! sk9 & ! fat ( ! inw>ds & ! feet & ! re/ ( ! fle% ! own] ( ! sacrifice %all h4 ,= a lamb1 or a kid1 or ! "y 787 ( a h>t1 z a :ole burnt-(f]+1 or a pray]-(f]+1 or a :ole peace-(f]+1 ! prie/s %all h 7( a %ekel7 & 444444 z>s ( silv] = ea*2 &1 9 case ( a pray]-(f]+1 !y %all h 9 addition to ?is fee ! trimm+s & ! jo9ts2 b ! sk9 & ! fat ( ! inw>ds & ! feet & ! re/ ( ! fle% ! owner ( ! sacrifice %all h4 ,= a bird1 dome/ic or wild1 z a :ole peace-(f]+1 or a sacrifice-to-av]t-calamity 787 or an oracul> 787 sacrifice1 ! prie/s %all h 7( a %ekel7 ( silv] & #b z>s = ea*2 b ! fle% %all belong to ! own] ( ! sacrifice4 ,= a bird1 or sacr$ fir/-fruits1 or a sacrifice ( game1 or a sacrifice ( oil1 ! prie/s %all h #aj gerahs = ea*2 b 4444444444444444444444 ,9 case ( e pray]-(f]+ t is pres5t$ be=e ! gods1 ! prie/s %all h ! trimm+s & ! jo9ts2 & 9 ! case ( a pray]-(f]+ 4444 ,= a cake1 & = milk1 & = e sacrifice :i* a man may (f]1 = a meal-(f]+#dgc 4444444444 ,= e sacrifice :i* a man may (f] :o is poor 9 cattle1 or poor 9 birds1 ! prie/s %all n h any?+ 4444444444 ,e freeman & e slave & e dep5d5t#dgd ( ! gods & all m5 :o may sacrifice 44444444441 ^! m5 %all give = ! sacrifice at ! rate prescrib$ 9 ! regulations 4444444444 ,e paym5t :i* is n prescrib$ 9 ?is table %all be made accord+ to ! regulations :i* ! sup]9t5d5ts ( ! dues fix$ 9 ! "t ( ,khalasbaal1 son ( ,bodtani?1 & ,khalasbaal1 son ( ,bode%mun1 & _! colleagues4 ,e prie/ :o %all accept paym5t beyond :at is prescrib$ 9 ?is table %all be fin$ 444444444444 ,e p]son :o sacrifices1 :o %all n give 444444444444 = ! fee :i* 44444444444444 #b4 ,comp>ison ) ! ,levitical ,law4 ,?is docum5t is n e>li] ?an ! f\r? or fif? c5tury ,b4 ,c4 ,! ,c>?ag9ians1 f :om x comes1 7 an (f%oot ( ! ,phnicians1 :o 71 9 turn1 desc5d$ f ! ,canaanites4 ,!y 7 accord+ly ( k9dr$ race to ! ,hebrews4 ,"o c1 !re=e1 see f ?is docum5t some?+ ( h[ ! ,levitical in/itutions ( ,israel resembl$ & h[ !y diff]$ f ^? ( _! k9sm54 ,x w be se5 t ! ma9 sacrifices bore ! same names among bo? peoples4 ,we f9d ! 8:ole burnt-(f]+10 ! 8peace-(f]+10 & ! 8meal-(f]+40 ,! ,c>?ag9ians _h no 8s9-(f]+10 :ile among ! ,hebrews we f9d no 8pray]-(f]+40 ,! ways ( rew>d+ ! prie/s also diff]$ ) ! two peoples4 ,! ,hebrews _h no su* regul> t>iff ( prie/s' dues z ! ,c>?ag9ians1 b p>ts ( c]ta9 (f]+s & all ( o!rs belong$ to !m4 ,leviticus assigns f ! peace-(f]+ ! 8heave-?igh0 & ! 8wave-brea/0 to ! prie/s 7,lev4 #g3ad1 #cd2 ,num4 #e3i1 #aj2 #ca3bi1 #da74 ,meal- or fl\r-(f]+s belong$ to ! prie/s 7,lev4 #e3ac2 #g3i1 #aj71 z did ! s9- & trespass-(f]+s 7,lev4 #f3ah1 #bi2 #g3i1 #aj74 ,( ! burnt-(f]+s ! prie/s _h ! sk9 7,lev4 #g3h74 ,! int]e/+ ?+ is t 9 ! ritual1 z 9 ! social laws1 we f9d t ! hea!n ,semites _h a consid]able numb] ( regulations simil> to ^? ( ! ,hebrews4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,"s ,,lett]s ,,f ,,pale/9e ,,lett]s ,,( ,,rib-,,adda ,,( ,,gebal4 ,,( ,,eb$-,,hepa ,,( ,,j]usalem4 ,,_! ,,light ,,on ,,conditions ,,9 ,,! ,,p]iod ,,( ,,! ,,egyptian ,,dom9ation ,,( ,,pale/9e4 ,_m ( ! ,el-,am>na#dge ,lett]s 7 writt5 f ,pale/9e & ,phnicia4 ,"s s*ol>s ?9k ^! lett]s come f ! ,patri>*al p]iod2 o!rs hold t !y are contempor>y ) ! ,hebrew conque/1 & give u additional in=mation conc]n+ x4 ,"s ( ^? :o hold ?is la/ view believe t ! conque/ ( ,pale/9e by ! ,hebrews 0 n made all at once4 ,!y ?9k t ! tribes desc5d$ f ,leah ent]$ ! l& be=e ^? desc5d$ f ,ra*el4 ,su* s*ol>s hold t ^! lett]s give u contempor>y evid5ce ( ! w>s ( ! ,leah tribes4 ,:i*ev] view "o takes1 ! lett]s are mo/ int]e/+1 z !y op5 to u a previ\sly unkn[n *apt] 9 ! hi/ory ( ,j]usalem4 #a4 ,"s ,lett]s ( ,rib-,adda ( ,gebal4#dgf ,i#dgg ,to ! k+1 my "l1 ! k+ ( ! c\ntries1 speak1 say+1 ,rib-,adda1 ?y s]vant1 ! foot/ool ( ?y feet2 at ! feet ( ! sun1 my "l1 eight times & sev5 times ,i pro/rate myself4 ,aga91 !re is cle> to ! k+1 my "l1 ! de$ ( ,eb$-,a%]a1 ! dog1 :5 all ! l&s ( ! k+1 my "l1 are made ov] unto him & are subs]vi5t to 8 l&4 ,& n[ behold ! city ( ,sumur has be5 won ov]--a fold ( my "l & a temple ( 8 %r9e--to him1 & he has encamp$ 9 ! temple ( my %r9e & has op5$ ! place ( ! curse ( my "l & won x4 ,:at is he1 a man 444444444 & dog t he %\ld judge8 ,aga91 :5 m5 say 9 ! pres5ce ( ! k+1 my "l3 8,le>n t ,gebal is 444444444410 !n "k t he has n tak5 ,gebal 444444444444444 & x is difficult = ! l&s ( ! k+1 my "l4 ,aga91 let ! k+1 my "l1 s5d 8 inspector :o may judge 4444444444444444 & may protect ! city ( ! k+1 my "l4 ,& ,i 44444444 & w s]ve my "l1 ! k+ ( ! l&s4 ,& may my "l s5d p & let !m br+ :atev] belongs to my 44444444444444 into ! pres5ce ( ! k+1 my "l1 & let n t dog take any?+ t belongs to ?y gods4 ,& is x cle> n[ t he w\ld take ,gebal8 ,see1 ,gebal is l ,memphis1 loyal to ! k+4 ,a second "t1 see ,eb$-,n9ib1 ! man :om ,i s5t ) ,buhiya1 is a 4444444444 ,s s5d unto ?y s]vant4 ,aga9 see1 ,ummahnu is a maid-s]vant ( ! ,baal-goddess ( ,gebal2 h] husb& is ,i%kur 4444444444 s5d6 4444444444 7,! tablet is brok5 (f at ?is po9t47 ,,ii#dgh ,to ! k+1 my "l1 my sun1 say3 ,rib-,adda1 ?y s]vant2 at ! feet ( my "l1 my sun-god1 sev5 times & sev5 times ,i pro/rate myself4 ,may ! k+1 my "l1 li/5 to ! words ( 8 fai?ful s]vant6 ,x is go+ v h>d = me6 ,! ho/ility has become /rong4 ,! sons ( ,eb$-,a%]a h become great 9 ,amurru2 !irs is ! :ole l&4 ,! city ( ,sumur & ! city ( ,irkata are left to ! pr9ces4 ,& behold 9 ,sumur ,i am /rong4 ,:5 x 0 difficult = ! pr9ces on acc\nt ( ! enmity1 ,i left ,gebal & 44444444 ,zimridda & 4444444444 ,yapa-,addi 44444444 ) me4 ,behold1 !n wrote ! pr9ce unto !m2 b !y did n he>k5 unto him4 ,& may ! k+1 my "l1 he>k5 to ! words ( 8 fai?ful s]vant6 ,s5d aid v quickly unto ! city ,sumur = its protection until ! arrival ( ! m]c5>ies ( ! k+1 ! sun4 ,& may ! k+1 ! sun1 drive out ! enemy f 8 l&4 ,aga9 may ! k+1 my "l1 he>k5 to ! ^w ( 8 s]vant & s5d m5 z gu>ds to ! city ( ,sumur & to ! city ( ,irkata1 9 case t all ! gu>ds flee f ,sumur4 ,& may x seem good to my "l1 ! sun ( ! c\ntries1 to give to me #bj pairs ( horses4 ,& may he s5d help v quickly to ! city ( ,sumur to gu>d x4 ,all ! gu>ds :o rema9 are 9 /raits & few are ! m5 9 ! city4 ,if m]c5>ies ?\ do/ n s5d1 !n !re w be no city rema9+ to !e4 ,if !re are m]c5>ies1 we w take all ! l&s = ! k+4 ,^! lett]s m5tion a c]ta9 ,eb$-,a%]a & claim t 8 sons are ga9+ possession ( all ! l& ( ,amurru4 ,if ! 8,eb$0 7 dropp$ out ( ! phrase1 8sons ( ,eb$-,a%]a10#dgi !re w\ld rema9 8sons ( ,a%]a10 or1 8sons ( ,a%]40 ,! 8l& ( ,amurru10 or1 8l& ( ! ,amorites10 lay1 at ! "t ^! lett]s 7 writt51 9 ! lat] home ( ! tribe ( ,a%]1 & a little to ! nor? ( x1 betwe5 ! ,lebanon & ,anti-,lebanon m\nta9s4 ,"s s*ol>s hold t we h 9 ^! lett]s ref]5ces to ! com+ ( ! 8sons ( ,a%]10 or ! tribe ( ,a%] into ?is region1 b x is a !ory :i* 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k we c nei!r prove nor disprove4 ,if x %\ld prove to be true1 ^! tablets w\ld reflect a "p ( ! ,hebrew conque/ ( ?is region4 #b4 ,lett]s ( ,eb$-,hepa ( ,j]usalem4 ,i#dhj ,to ! k+1 my "l1 speak1 say+1 ,eb$-,hepa ?y s]vant--at ! feet ( ! k+1 my "l1 sev5 times & sev5 times ,i pro/rate myself4 ,behold ,i am n a prefect2 a vassal am ,i unto ! k+1 my "l4 ,:y did n ! k+1 my "l1 s5d a mess5g] quickly8 ,9 simil> circum/ances s5t ,i5hamu 444444444444444444 ,i4 ,may ! k+ he>k5 unto ,eb$-,hepa1 8 s]vant4 ,behold !re are no m]c5>ies4 ,may ! k+1 my "l1 send a gov]nor & let him take ! prefects ) him 4444444444 l&s ( ! k+ 444444444 & p 4444444444 :o are 4444444444 & ,addaya1 ! gov]nor ( ! k+ has _! h\se 4444444444 ,s may ! k+ c>e = !m & s5d a mess5g] quickly4 ,:5 4444444444 ,,ii#dha ,to ! k+1 my "l1 speak1 say+1 ,eb$-,hepa1 ?y s]vant--at ! feet ( my "l1 ! k+1 sev5 times & sev5 times ,i pro/rate myself4 ,:at h ,i done to ! k+1 my "l8 ,!y sl&] & misrepres5t me be=e ! k+1 my "l1 say+3 ,eb$-,hepa is disloyal to ! k+1 8 "l4 ,behold ,i--nei!r my fa!r nor my "m set me 9 ?is place2 ! arm ( ! mighty k+ caus$ me to ent] into ! h\se ( my fa!r4 ,:y %\ld ,i commit rebellion aga9/ ! k+1 my "l8 ,z long z ! k+1 my "l1 lives ,i w say unto ! gov]nor ( ! k+1 my "l3 8,:y do/ ?\ love ! ,habiri & hate ! prefects80 ,b ?us he misrepres5ts me be=e ! k+1 my "l4 ,n[ ,i say1 8,lo/ are ! l&s ( ! k+1 my "l40 ,s he misrepres5ts me to ! k+1 my "l4 ,b let ! k+1 my "l1 "k 7t7 aft] ! k+1 my "l1 set gu>ds1 ,i5hamu took !m all 44444444444444444444 ,egypt 4444444444 ( ! k+1 my "l2 !re are no gu>ds !re4 ,!n may ! k+ c>e = 8 l&6 ,may ! k+ c>e = 8 l&6 ,sep>at$ are all ! l&s f ! k+4 ,ilimilku has de/roy$ all ! c\ntry ( ! k+2 s may ! k+1 my "l1 c>e = 8 l&6 ,i say3 8,i w ent] ! pres5ce ( ! k+1 my "l1 & ,i w behold ! eye ( ! k+1 my "l10 b ! enemy is m mighty ?an ,i1 & ,i am n able to ent] into ! pres5ce ( ! k+1 my "l4 ,s may x seem "r to ! k+ 4444444444 may he s5d gu>ds1 & ,i w ent] 9 & w behold ! eyes ( ! k+1 my "l6 ,& s long z ! k+1 my "l1 lives1 s long z ! gov]nors are )drawn1 ,i w say3 8,p]i%$ are ! l&s ( ! k+40 ,?\ do/ n he>k5 to me6 ,all ! prefects h p]i%$2 !re is left no prefect to ! k+1 my "l6 ,may ! k+ turn 8 face t[>d m]c5>ies1 s t !re may come =? m]c5>ies ( ! k+1 my "l4 ,!re are no l&s left to ! k+1 my "l4 ,! ,habiri plund] all ! c\ntries ( ! k+4 ,if !re are m]c5>ies 9 ?is ye>1 !n !re w be left c\ntries ( ! k+1 my "l4 ,if !re are no m]c5>ies1 ! c\ntries ( ! k+ w be lo/4 ,unto ! scribe ( ! k+1 my "l1 say+3 8,eb$-,hepa1 ?y s]vant4 ,take beautiful words to ! k+1 my "l6 ,lo/ are all ! l&s ( ! k+1 my "l40 ,,iii#dhb ,to ! k+1 my "l1 speak1 say+1 ,ebed-,hepa1 ?y s]vant4 ,unto ! feet ( my "l sev5 times & sev5 times ,i pro/rate myself4 ,i h he>d all ! words :i* ! k+1 my "l1 has s5t to me 4444444444 ,behold ! de$ :i* 4444444444 has done 4444444444 ,copp] 4444444444 ^w 44444444 ,he has br\ght into ! city ,keilah4 ,cf4 ,jo%4 #ae3dd4 ,may ! k+ "k t all ! l&s are gone & !re is enmity aga9/ me4 ,s may ! k+ c>e = 8 l&6 ,behold ! l& ( ! city ,gez]1 ! l& ( ! city ,askelon & ! city ( ,laki% h giv5 !m food1 oil1 & all k9ds ( h]bs4 ,s may ! k+ give att5tion to ! m]c5>ies6 ,may he s5d m]c5>ies aga9/ ! p :o commit outrages aga9/ ! k+1 my "l6 ,if !re are 9 ?is ye> m]c5>ies1 !n !re w rema9 l&s & prefects to ! k+1 my "l4 ,b if !re are no m]c5>ies1 !re w be no l&s & prefects to ! k+4 ,behold ?is l& ( ! city ( ,j]usalem--nei!r my fa!r nor my "m gave x to me2 ! mighty h&1 ! arm ( ! k+ gave x to me4 ,behold ?is de$2 x is ! de$ ( ,malkiel & ! de$ ( ! sons ( ,labaya1 :o h giv5 ! l& ( ! k+ to ! ,habiri4 ,behold1 ,o k+1 my "l1 "r is on my side z reg>ds ! ,ka%i-p4 ,let ! k+ ask ! gov]nors :e!r t h\se is v mighty & !y h committ$ a griev\s1 a great s92 !y h tak5 _! weapons & h cut (f ! horsem5 787 4444444444 ,& may he s5d into t l& 4444444444 :o 4444444444 ) 4444444444 s]vants4 ,may ! k+ c>e = !m 4444444444444444 ! l&s 9 _! h&s & may ! k+ provide = !m mu* food1 mu* oil1 mu* clo?+ until ,p>u1 ! gov]nor ( ! k+1 comes up to ! c\ntry ( ! city ( ,j]usalem4 ,gone is ,addaya1 toge!r ) ! gu>ds ( ! vassals :om ! k+ appo9t$4 ,let ! k+ "k t ,addaya said to me3 8,behold1 ,i am go+ away2 d n ?\ ab&on x0 7! city74 ,?is ye> s5d me m5 z gu>ds & a gov]nor1 ,o k+6 ,s5d u 4444444444 ,i h s5t to ! k+1 my "l 44444444441 p1 five ?\s& 4444444444 ?ree hundr$ & eighte5 port]s = ! c>avans ( ! k+4 ,!y 7 inde$ captur$ 9 ! fields ne> ! city ,aijalon4 7,cf4 ,jo%4 #aj3ab47 ,let ! k+1 my "l1 "k t ,i am n able to s5d a c>avan to ! k+1 my "l4 ,inde$ ?\ kn[e/ x4 ,behold ! k+ has set 8 "n 9 ! c\ntry ( ! city ( ,j]usalem =ev] & he ought n to ab&on ! l&s ( ! city ( ,j]usalem4 ,to ! scribe ( ! k+1 my "l1 has ,eb$-,hepa1 ?y s]vant spok51 say+3 ,at ! feet ,i1 ?y s]vant1 pro/rate myself4 ,take beautiful words to ! k+1 my "l6 ,a vassal ( ! k+ am ,i1 exce$+ly loyal 787 z reg>ds !e4 ,also an evil de$ has be5 done aga9/ me by ! m5 ( ,ka%i4 ,i 0 all b kill$ by ! m5 ( ,ka%i 9 my h\se4 ,may ! k+ make inve/igation conc]n+ !m4 ,sev5 times & sev5 times1 ,o k+1 ju/ice is on my side4 ,,iv#dhc ,to ! k+1 my "l1 my sun-god1 speak1 say+1 ,eb$-,hepa1 ?y s]vant4 ,at ! feet ( ! k+1 my "l1 sev5 times & sev5 times ,i pro/rate myself4 ,behold ! k+1 my "l1 has set 8 "n at ! ris+ ( ! sun & ! sett+ ( ! sun4 ,x is sl&] :i* !y h multipli$ aga9/ me4 ,behold ,i am n a prefect2 a vassal ( ! k+1 my "l1 am ,i4 ,behold ,i am a %eph]d ( ! k+ & "o :o br+s tribute to ! k+1 am ,i4 ,nei!r my fa!r nor my "m1 b ! arm ( ! mighty k+ set me 9 ! h\se ( my fa!r 44444444 ,!re came unto me 4444444 ,i gave #aj slaves into 8 h&4 ,%uta1 ! gov]nor ( ! k+1 came unto me4 ,tw5ty-"o female slaves & eighty prison]s ,i gave into ! h& ( ,%uta z a pres5t to ! k+1 my "l4 ,let ! k+ take c\nsel = 8 l&6 ,lo/ is ! l& ( ! k+4 ,all ( x is tak5 f me4 ,enmity is aga9/ me4 ,z f> z ! l&s ( ,seir & z f> z ,ga?-,c>mel !re is peace among all ! prefects1 b enmity aga9/ me is practis$4 ,:5 ,i s5t a man1 !n he said3 8,i d n see ! eyes ( ! k+1 my "l1 = ho/ility is aga9/ me40 ,i set once a %ip on ! sea :5 ! mighty arm ( ! k+ took ,nah>9a & ,kapasi1 b1 behold ! ,habiri take ! cities ( ! k+4 ,!re is no prefect to ! k+1 my "l2 all are lo/4 ,behold ,turbazu 0 kill$ 9 ! city gate ( ,zil & ! k+ is inactive6 ,behold ,zimridda ( ,laki%2 8 s]vants 7 enrag$ at him2 he adh]$ to ! ,habiri4 ,yapti-,adda 0 kill$ 9 ! city gate ( ,zil & !re is no action6 ,conc]n+ x ! k+ makes no inquiry6 ,let ! k+ c>e = 8 l& & let ! k+ turn 8 face to m]c5>ies = ! l& ( tribute6 ,= if !re are no m]c5>ies 9 ?is ye>1 lo/1 p]i%$ are all ! l&s ( ! k+1 my "l4 ,let n "o say 9 ! pres5ce ( ! k+1 my "l1 t ! l& ( ! k+1 my "l1 is lo/ & all ! prefects are lo/4 ,if !re are no m]c5>ies 9 ?is ye>1 !n let ! k+ s5d a gov]nor to br+ me & my bro!rs unto !e & we w die ) ! k+1 our "l4 ,to ! scribe ( ! k+1 my "l1 say+1 ,eb$-,hepa1 ?y s]vant4 ,at ?y feet ,i pro/rate myself4 ,br+ beautiful words to ! k+4 ,emphatically ?y s]vant & ?y son am ,i4 ,v#dhd ,to ! k+1 my "l1 speak1 say+1 ,eb$-,hepa1 ?y s]vant4 ,at ! feet ( my "l ,i pro/rate myself sev5 times & sev5 times4 ,behold ,malkiel1 he has n sep>at$ himself f ! sons ( ,labaya & f ! sons ( ,arzaya t !y may seek ! h& ( ! k+ = !mselves4 ,a prefect :o has done ?is de$--:y does n ! k+ call him to acc\nt8 ,behold ,malkiel & ,tagi--! de$ :i* !y h done is ?is3 =m]ly !y took ,rabuda & n[ !y seek ,j]usalem4 ,if ?is l& belongs to ! k+1 :y is x oppress$8 ,gaza has sid$ ) ! k+4 ,behold ! l& ( ,ga?-,c>mel belongs to ,tagi & ! p ( ,ga? are on gu>d 9 ,be?-%ean1 & v]ily x w happ5 to u :5 ,labaya & ! l& ( ,%e*em h be5 giv5 to ! ,habiri4 ,malkiel has writt5 to ,tagi & 8 sons3 8,let our two =ces grant all _! desire to ! p ( ,keilah40 ,%all we inde$ ?r[ op5 ,j]usalem8 ,! gu>ds1 :om ?\ did/ s5d by ! h& ( ,haya1 son ( ,mi>e1 ,addaya took1 /ation+ !m 9 8 h\se 9 ,gaza & tw5ty m5 has he s5t to ,egypt4 ,let ! k+ "k t !re are no royal gu>ds ) me6 ,x is s z ! k+ lives6 ,v]ily ,puru is beat54 ,he has gone f me & is 9 ,gaza4 ,may ! k+ rememb] x & may ! k+ s5d fifty m5 z gu>ds to protect ! l&6 ,all ! l&s ( ! k+ are 9 revolt4 ,s5d ,y9h5hame & let him c>e = ! l& ( ! k+4 ,to ! scribe ( ! k+1 my "l1 say3 ,eb$-,hepa1 ?y s]vant4 ,beautiful words give to ! k+4 ,ev] emphatically am ,i ?y s]vant4 ,,vi#dhe ,to ! k+1 my "l1 speak1 say+1 ,eb$-,hepa1 ?y s]vant4 ,at ! feet ( ! k+1 my "l1 sev5 times & sev5 times ,i pro/rate myself4 ,behold ! de$ :i* ,malkiel & ,%u>datu h done aga9/ ! c\ntry ( ! k+1 my "l6 ,!y h won ov] ! soldi]s ( ,gez]1 ! soldi]s ( ,ga?1 & ! soldi]s ( ,keilah2 !y h seiz$ ! c\ntry ( ! city ( ,rubute4 ,! c\ntry ( ! k+ is fall5 away to ! ,habiri4 ,& n[ also a city ( ! c\ntry ( ,j]usalem 7its "n is ,be?-%eme%71#dhf a city ( ! k+1 has gone ov] to ! m5 ( ,keilah4 ,may ! k+ he>k5 unto ,eb$-,hepa1 ?y s]vant1 & s5d m]c5>ies t ! l& ( ! k+ may rema9 unto ! k+4 ,if !re are no m]c5>ies1 lo/ is ! l& ( ! k+ to ! ,habiri4 ,?is is ! de$ :i* ,malkiel & ,%u>datu h done 4444444444 ,may ! k+ c>e = 8 l&6 #c4 ,_! ,light ^u ,conditions 9 ! ,p]iod ( ! ,egyptian ,dom9ation ( ,pale/9e4 ,^! lett]s are among ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ! _m fasc9at+ docum5ts :i* h come to u f anci5t times4 ,!y give u our fir/ hi/orical glimpse ( ,j]usalem1 giv+ u a view ( x #cej ye>s be=e its capture by ,david4 ,at ?is "t its rul] 0 "o ,eb$-,hepa1 a vassal ( ,am5ophis ,,iv1 ,k+ ( ,egypt4 ,j]usalem 0 at ! "t ! capital ( a consid]able t]ritory4 ,if ! places m5tion$ h be5 rightly id5tifi$ by s*ol>s1 its dom9ion ext5d$ to ,m\nt ,c>mel on ! nor?we/ & z f> z ,rabbi? 9 ,issa*> on ! nor?4 ,at ! "t ^! lett]s 7 writt51 ,j]usalem 0 h>d press$ by "s invad]s call$ ,habiri1 & ,eb$-,hepa aga9 & aga9 appeals to ! ,egyptian k+ to s5d m]c5>ies 9 t ye> or all ! t]ritories ( ! k+ w\ld be lo/4 ,already ! ,egyptian army 0 compos$ 9 "p ( hir$ soldi]s4 ,we "k f ,egyptian s\rces t ,am5ophis 0 mu* m int]e/$ 9 religi\s re=m ?an 9 /atecraft4 ,! desir$ troops 7 n s5t1 & app>5tly ,eb$-,hepa 0 ov]come1 = 8 lett]s cease4 ,! condition ( ,pale/9e1 z reveal$ by ^! lett]s1 is ! same z t ( ,phnicia z reveal$ by ! lett]s ( ,rib-,adda4 ,egyptian au?ority 0 break+ up2 ea* rul] 0 do+ 8 be/ to look aft] 8 own int]e/s2 :ile invad]s 7 ov]runn+ ! c\ntry4 ,:o 0 ,eb$-,hepa8 ,all t we "k ( him is told 9 ^! lett]s4 ,hepa 01 h[ev]1 ! "n ( a ,hittite & ,mitannian goddess4 ,x has1 accord+ly1 be5 inf]r$ t ,eb$-,hepa belong$ to t race4 ,ezekiel long aft]w>d 9 speak+ to ,j]usalem said3 8,! ,amorite 0 ?y fa!r & ?y "m 0 a ,hittite0 7,ezek4 #af3c1 #de74 ,if ?is fir/ rul] ( ,j]usalem kn[n to u 0 a ,hittite1 z seems probable1 x w\ld be a /rik+ confirmation ( ,ezekiel's /atem5t4 ,ano!r int]e/+ "q is3 ,:o 7 ! ,habiri :o 7 invad+ ,pale/9e :5 ^! lett]s 7 writt58 ,! answ] to ?is "q is n c]ta94 ,f\r diff]5t views h be5 held3 #a4 ,!y h be5 ?\ght to be ! same z ! clan ,heb] :i* 0 aft]w>d a "p ( ! tribe ( ,a%]1 & :i* is also m5tion$ 9 connection ) ,malkiel 9 ,g54 #df3ag2 ,num4 #bf3de1 & #a ,*ron4 #g3ca4 ,! objection to ?is view is t ! ,habiri seem f> too p[]ful 9 ^! lett]s to be simply ! ance/ors ( su* a clan4 #b4 ,x has be5 held t ! ,habiri 7 a bran* ( ! ,hittites4 ,?is view is bas$ ^u ! fact t among ! tablets f\nd by ,w9ckl] at ,boghaz ,koi a li/ ( ,hittite gods 0 head$ 8gods ( ! ,habiri40 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 n decisive1 z ! gods may h be5 ,semitic gods1 :om1 aft] ! fa%ion ( antiquity1 ! ,hittite scribe _h id5tifi$ ) ! deities ( 8 own c\ntry4 #c4 ,x has be5 held t ! ,habiri 7 ,hebrews1 & t we h "h contempor>y records ( _! w>s ( conque/4 #d4 ,"s s*ol>s ma9ta9 t x is impossible to tell :o ! ,habiri 74 ,! writ] is incl9$ to hold t ! ,habiri 7 ,hebrews1 ?\gh ?is view is n )\t difficulty4 ,! indications ( ! book ( ,exodus po9t to ,ramses ,,ii z ! ,ph>aoh ( ! oppression & to ,m]neptah z ! ,ph>aoh ( ! ,exodus4 ,^! k+s belong$ to ! n9ete5? dyna/y1 :ile ,am5ophis ,,iv1 to :om ,eb$-,hepa wrote 8 lett]s1 belong$ to ! eighte5?4 ,h[ !n c\ld ,hebrews be already 9 ,pale/9e /ruggl+ to conqu] x8 ,! view has be5 held by a numb] ( s*ol>s t ! ,hebrew conque/ took place 9 two p>ts1 "o ( :i* 0 "u ! eighte5? & ! o!r "u ! n9ete5? dyna/y4 ,! view is n )\t its difficulties1 b x may prove to be true4 ,if ! ,habiri 7 ,hebrews1 x seems necess>y to suppose t x is true4 ,p]haps fur!r discov]y w ?r[ m light ^u x4 ,! foll[+ lett]1 f\nd 9 #ahib at ,tell el-,hesy 7,la*i%7 9 ,pale/9e1 belongs to ! same p]iod z ! prec$+ lett]s4#dhg ,to ! *ief (fic] speak1 say+3 ,pabi--at ?y feet ,i pro/rate myself4 ,?\ %\ld/ "k t ,%iptibaal & ,zimrida are conspir+ toge!r & ,%iptibaal has said to ,zimrida3 8,my fa!r ( ! city ,y>ami has writt5 to me3 #8,give me six b[s & ?ree dagg]s & ?ree swords4 ,if ,i g out aga9/ ! l& ( ! k+ & ?\ wilt be ! brea? ( life to me1 !n ,i %all surely 787 be sup]ior to x & %all subdue x4' ,he :o makes ?is plan is ,pabu1 s s5d him to me40 ,n[ ,i h s5t !e ,raphiel4 ,he w br+ to ! *ief (fic] news ( ?is matt]4 ,ano!r lett] f ,taana* belongs to ! same g5]al p]iod4 ,x is "o ( f\r f\nd by ,sell9 9 #aijc4 ,x is z foll[s3#dhh ,to ,i%t>wa%ur speak1 say+1 ,ahijah#dhi--may ! "l ( ! gods protect ?y life6 ,?\ art my bro!r & love is 9 ?y b[els & 9 my he>t4 ,:5 ,i 0 deta9$ 9 ,gurra a workman gave to me two knives & a lance & two baskets 787 = no?+4 ,z ! lance 0 brok51 he w repair x & s5d x by ! h& ( ,buritpi4 ,aga93 is !re lam5tation ov] ?y cities1 or ha/ ?\ inde$ put ?yself 9 possession ( !m8 ,ov] my head is "o :o is ov] ! cities4 ,n[ let u see :e!r he w d good to !e4 ,if 8 c\nt5ance is favorable !re w be great de/ruction4 ,fur!r3 let ,ilurabi ent] ,rahab & ei!r s5d my man to ?y pres5ce or give him protection4 ,?is lett] is *iefly int]e/+ = ! "n ,ai-ya-mi1 :i* is probably ! ,babylonian equival5t ( ,ahijah or ,ahi-,yahweh4 ,if ?is is s1 &1 :ile n c]ta91 !re is consid]able collat]al evid5ce 9 its favor1#dij ! div9e "n1 ,yahweh 7,jehovah71 0 already kn[n 9 ,pale/9e4 ,ano!r phrase 9 ?is lett] :i* has recall$ to "s a ,biblical phrase is 8! "l ( ! gods40 ,?is has be5 comp>$ ) ,baal-b]i? 7i4 e41 "l ( ! cov5ant71 ,judges #i3d1 :o is lat] call$ ,el-b]i? 7god ( ! cov5ant71 ,judges #i3df4 ,su* a comp>ison is1 h[ev]1 some:at fanciful4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,docum5ts ,,f ,,! ,,"t ,,( ,,israel',s ,,judges ,,report ,,( ,,w5amon4 ,,its ,,illu/ration ,,( ,,c]ta9 ,,po9ts ,,( ,,biblical ,,hi/ory ,,ab\t ,,! ,,"t ,,( ,,deborah ,,or ,,gideon4 ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,! ,,phili/9es4 ,! foll[+ vivid /ory ( adv5ture dates f ab\t #aajj ,b4 ,c4 & ?r[s a vivid light on ! condition ( ! coa/-l&s ( ,pale/9e & ,phnicia ab\t ! middle ( ! p]iod ( ! ,judges4 #a4 ,report ( ,w5amon4#dia ,ye> five1 ?ird mon? ( ! ?ird season 7elev5? mon?71 day #af1 day ( dep>ture ( ! 8elde/ ( ! hall10 ( ! h\se ( ,amon1 ! "l ( ! l&s1 ,w5amon1 to br+ ! timb] = ! great & augu/ b>ge ( ,amon-,re1 k+ ( ! gods1 :i* is on ! riv] 4444444444 call$3 8,us]het0 ( ,amon4 ,on ! day ( my arrival at ,tanis at ! palace ( ,nesub5ebd$ & ,t5tamon1 ,i gave to !m ! writ+s ( ,amon-,re1 k+ ( ! gods1 :i* !y caus$ to be read 9 _! pres5ce2 & !y said3 8,i w d x1 ,i w d x accord+ to t :i* ,amon-,re1 k+ ( our gods1 our "l1 sai?40 ,i abode until ! f\r? mon? ( ! ?ird season1 be+ 9 ,tanis4 ,nesub5ebd$ & ,t5tamon s5t me ) ! %ip-capta91 ,m5gebet1 & ,i desc5d$ into ! great ,syrian sea1 9 ! f\r? mon? ( ! ?ird season1 on ! fir/ day4 ,i arriv$ at ,dor1 a city ( ,!kel a p k9dr$ to ! ,phili/9es1 & ,b$el1 its k+1 caus$ to be br\ght = me mu* bread1 a j> ( w9e1 & a jo9t ( beef4 ,!n a man ( my %ip fl$1 hav+ /ol53 44 vessels ( gold1 am\nt+ to #e deb5 #d vessels ( silv]1 am\nt+ to #bj deb5 a sack ( silv] #aa deb5 -- ,total ( :at he /ole #e deb5 ( gold4 #ca deb5 ( silv]4 ,9 ! morn+ !n ,i rose & w5t to ! abode ( ! pr9ce1 & said to him3 8,i h be5 robb$ 9 ?y h>bor4 ,s9ce ?\ art ! k+ ( ?is l&1 ?\ art !re=e its inve/igator1 :o %\ld se>* = my money4 ,= ! money belongs to ,amon-,re1 k+ ( ! gods1 "l ( ! l&s2 x belongs to ,nesub5ebd$1 & x belongs to ,hrihor1 my "l1 & ! o!r magnates ( ,egypt2 x belongs also to ,w]et1 & to ,mekmel1 & to ,zak>-,baal1 ! pr9ce ( ,byblos0 ,gebal4 ,he said to me3 8,to ?y honor & ?y excell5ce6 b1 behold1 ,i "k no?+ ( ?is compla9t :i* ?\ ha/ lodg$ ) me4 ,if ! ?ief belong$ to my l&1 he :o w5t on bo>d ?y %ip1 t he might /eal ?y treasure1 ,i w\ld repay x to !e f my treasury till !y f9d ?y ?ief by "n2 b ! ?ief :o robb$ !e belongs to ?y %ip4 ,t>ry a few days "h ) me1 & ,i w seek him40 ,:5 ,i _h sp5t n9e days moor$ 9 8 h>bor1 ,i w5t to him & said to him3 8,behold1 ?\ ha/ n f\nd my money1 !re=e let me dep>t ) ! %ip-capta91 & ) ^? :o g 4444444444 ! sea4 ,he said to me3 8,be sil5t 444444444444440 4444444444 ! h>bor 4444444444444444 ,i arriv$ at ,tyre4 ,i w5t =? f ,tyre at e>ly dawn 4444444444 ,zak>-,baal1 ! pr9ce ( ,byblos ,gebal4 4444444444 ! 4444444444 ,i f\nd #cj deb5 ( silv] !re94 ,i seiz$ x1 say+ to !m3 8,i w take y\r money1 & x %all rema9 ) me until ye f9d my money4 ,0 x n a man ( ,!kel :o /ole x1 & no ?ief ( ours8 ,i w take x 4444444444 ,!y w5t away1 :ile ,i 444444444444444444 ,i arriv$ 4444444444 ! h>bor ( ,byblos ,gebal4 ,i made a place ( concealm5t1 ,i hid 8,amon-!-way10 & ,i plac$ 8 ?+s 9 x4 ,! pr9ce ( ,byblos s5t to me1 say+3 8,betake ?yself f my h>bor40 ,i s5t to him1 say+1 84444444444444444 if !y sail1 let !m take me to ,egypt40 4444444444 ,i sp5t n9ete5 days 9 8 h>bor & he cont9ually s5t to me daily1 say+3 8,betake ?yself f my h>bor40 ,n[1 :5 he sacrific$ to 8 gods 44444441 ! god seiz$ "o ( 8 noble y\?s1 mak+ him fr5zi$1 s t he said3 8,br+ ! god hi!r6 ,br+ ! mess5g] ( ,amon :o ha? him4 ,s5d him & let him g40 ,n[1 :ile ! fr5zi$ y\? cont9u$ 9 fr5zy dur+ ?is night1 ,i f\nd a %ip b\nd = ,egypt1 & ,i load$ all my belong+s into x4 ,i wait$ = ! d>kness1 say+3 8,:5 x desc5ds1 ,i w emb>k ! god also1 9 ord] t no o!r eye may see him40 ,! h>bor-ma/] came to me1 say+3 8,rema9 until morn+ by ! pr9ce40 ,i said to him3 8,art n ?\ he :o cont9ually came to me daily1 say+1 #8,betake ?yself away f my h>bor'8 ,do/ ?\ n say1 #8,rema9 9 ! l&'1 9 ord] to let dep>t ! %ip t ,i h f\nd8 ?\ t maye/ come & say aga91 #8,away'8 ,he w5t & told x to ! pr9ce1 & ! pr9ce s5t to ! capta9 ( ! %ip1 say+3 #8,rema9 until morn+ by ! k+4'0 ,:5 morn+ came he s5t & _h me br\ght up1 :5 ! div9e (f]+ occurr$ 9 ! =tress :]e he 01 on ! %ore ( ! sea4 ,i f\nd him sitt+ 9 8 upp] *amb]1 lean+ 8 back aga9/ a w9d[1 :ile ! waves ( ! great ,syrian sea beat aga9/ ! 44444444 beh9d him4 ,i said to him3 8,k9dness ( ,amon60 ,he said to me3 8,h[ long is x until ?is day s9ce ?\ came/ away f ! abode ( ,amon80 ,i said3 8,five mon?s & "o day until n[40 ,he said to me3 8,behold ?\ art true1 :]e is ! writ+ ( ,amon1 :i* is 9 ?y h&8 ,:]e is ! lett] ( ! ,high ,prie/ ( ,amon1 :i* is 9 ?y h&80 ,i said to him3 8,i gave !m to ,nesub5ebd$ & ,t5tamon40 ,!n he 0 v wro?1 & he said to me3 8,n[1 behold1 ! writ+ & ! lett] are n 9 ?y h&6 ,:]e is ! %ip ( c$> :i* ,nesub5ebd$ gave to !e8 ,:]e is its ,syrian crew8 ,he w\ld n deliv] ?y bus9ess to ?is %ip-capta9 44444444 to h !e kill$1 t !y might ca/ !e into ! sea4 ,f :om w\ld !y h s\ght ! god !n8 ,& !e1 f :om w\ld !y h s\ght !e !n80 ,s he spake to me4 ,i said to him3 8,!re are inde$ ,egyptian %ips & ,egyptian crews :o sail "u ,nesub5ebd$1 7b7 he ha? no ,syrian crews40 ,he said to me3 8,!re are surely tw5ty %ips "h 9 my h>bor1 :i* are 9 connection ) ,nesub5ebd$2 & at ,sidon1 :i!r ?\ w\ld/ g1 !re are inde$ #aj1jjj %ips also :i* are 9 connection ) ,b]ket-el & sail to 8 h\se40 ,!n ,i 0 sil5t 9 ?is great h\r4 ,he answ]$ & said to me3 8,on :at bus9ess ha/ ?\ come hi!r80 ,i said to him3 8,i h come aft] ! timb] ( ! great & augu/ b>ge ( ,amon-,re1 k+ ( gods4 ,?y fa!r did x1 ?y gr&fa!r did x1 & ?\ wilt also d x40 ,s spake ,i to him4 ,he said to me3 8,!y did x1 truly4 ,if ?\ give me 7some?+7 = do+ x1 ,i w d x4 ,inde$ my ag5ts transact$ ! bus9ess2 ! ,ph>aoh1 444444 s5t six %ips1 lad5 ) ! products ( ,egypt1 & !y 7 unload$ 9 _! /oreh\ses4 ,& ?\ also %alt br+ some?+ = me40 ,he _h ! j\rnal ( 8 fa!rs br\ght 91 & he _h !m read x be=e me4 ,!y f\nd #a1jjj deb5 ( e 7k9d (7 silv]1 :i* 0 9 8 book4 ,he said to me3 8,if ! rul] ( ,egypt 7 ! own] ( my prop]ty1 & ,i 7 also 8 s]vant1 he w\ld n s5d silv] & gold1 say+3 #8,d ! comm& ( ,amon4' ,x 0 n ! paym5t ( tribute :i* !y exact$ ( my fa!r4 ,z = me1 ,i am myself nei!r ?y s]vant nor am ,i ! s]vant ( him t s5t !e4 ,if ,i cry out to ! ,lebanon1 ! heav5s op51 & ! logs lie "h on ! %ore ( ! sea40 ,a long spee* ( ,w5amon foll[s1 9 :i* he claims ,egypt z ! home ( civilization1 & claims ,lebanon = ,amon4 ,he !n cont9ues3 8,let my scribe be br\ght to me1 t ,i may s5d him to ,nesub5ebd$ & ,t5tamon1 ! rul]s :om ,amon ha? giv5 to ! nor? ( 8 l&1 & !y w s5d all t ( :i* ,i %all write unto !m1 say+3 #8,let x be br\ght1' until ,i return to ! s\? & s5d !e all ?y trifles aga940 ,s spake ,i to him4 ,he gave my lett] into ! h& ( 8 mess5g]4 ,he load$ 9 ! keel1 ! head ( ! b[ & ! head ( ! /]n1 ) f\r o!r hewn timb]s1 toge!r sev52 & he _h !m tak5 to ,egypt4 ,8 mess5g] w5t to ,egypt1 & return$ to me1 to ,syria 9 ! fir/ mon? ( ! second season4 ,nesub5ebd$ & ,t5tamon s5t3 ,gold3 #d ,tb-vessels1 #a ,k'k-mn-vessel2 ,silv]3 #e ,tb-vessels2 ,royal l953 #aj g>m5ts1 #aj m-rd2 ,papyrus3 #ejj rolls2 ,ox-hides3 #ejj2 ,rope3 #ejj 7coils72 ,l5tils3 #bj measures2 ,fi%3 #cj measures2 ,%e#dib s5t me3 ,l95 #e 4444441 #e m-rd2 ,l5tils3 #a measure2 ,fi%3 #e measures4 ,! pr9ce rejoic$1 & detail$ #cjj m5 & #cjj ox51 plac+ ov]se]s ov] !m1 to h ! trees fell$4 ,!y sp5t ! second season !re) 4444 ,9 ! ?ird mon? ( ! second season 7sev5? mon?7 !y dragg$ !m to ! %ore ( ! sea4 ,! pr9ce came =? & /ood by !m4 ,he s5t to me1 say+3 8,come40 ,n[1 :5 ,i _h pres5t$ myself be=e him1 ! %ad[ ( 8 sun%ade fell ^u me4 ,p5amon1 a butl]1 he /epp$ betwe5 u1 say+3 8,! %ad[ ( ,ph>aoh 444444441 ?y "l1 falls ^u !e40 ,he 0 angry ) him1 say+3 8,let him alone60 ,i pres5t$ myself be=e him1 & he answ]$ & said unto me3 8,behold ! comm& :i* my fa!rs =m]ly execut$1 ,i h execut$1 al?\gh ?\ = ?y "p ha/ n done = me t :i* ?y fa!rs did = me4 ,behold !re has arriv$ ! la/ ( ?y timb]1 & !re x lies4 ,d accord+ to my desire & come to load x1 = !y w inde$ give x to !e40 8,come n to contemplate ! t]ror ( ! sea1 7b7 if ?\ do/ contemplate ! t]ror ( ! sea1 ?\ %alt 7also7 contemplate m9e own4 ,inde$ ,i h n done to !e t :i* !y did to ! mess5g]s ( ,khamwese1 :5 !y sp5t sev5te5 ye>s 9 ?is l&4 ,!y di$ 9 _! place40 ,he said to 8 butl]2 8,take him1 & let him see _! tomb1 :]e9 !y sleep40 ,i said to him3 8,let me n see x6 ,z = ,khamwese1 7m]e7 p 7 ! mess5g]s :om he s5t unto !e2 b p 444444444 !re 0 no god among 8 mess5g]s4 ,& yet ?\ saye/1 #8,g & see ?y companions4' ,lo1 art ?\ n glad8 & do/ ?\ n h made = !e a tablet1 :]eon ?\ saye/3 #8,amon-,re1 k+ ( gods1 s5t to me 8,amon-!-way10 8 div9e mess5g]1 & ,w5amon1 8 human mess5g]1 aft] ! timb] = ! great & augu/ b>ge ( ,amon-,re1 k+ ( gods8 ,i fell$ x1 ,i load$ x1 ,i suppli$ him 7)7 my %ips & my crews1 ,i br\ght !m to ,egypt1 to besee* = me #aj1jjj ye>s ( life f ,amon1 m ?an my orda9$ 7life71 & x came to pass4' ,!n 9 future days :5 a mess5g] comes f ! l& ( ,egypt1 :o is able to write1 & reads ?y "n ^u ! /ela1 ?\ %alt receive wat] 9 ! we/1 l ! gods :o are !re40 ,he said to me3 8,x is a great te/imony :i* ?\ telle/ me40 ,i said to him3 8,z = ! _m ?+s :i* ?\ ha/ said to me1 :5 ,i rea* ! place ( ! abode ( ! ,high ,prie/ ( ,amon1 & he %all see ?y comm& 9 ?y comm&1 he w h some?+ deliv]$ to !e40 ,i w5t to ! %ore ( ! sea1 to ! place :]e ! timb]s lay2 ,i spi$ elev5 %ips1 com+ f ! sea1 belong+ to ! ,!kel1 say+3 8,arre/ him6 ,let n a %ip ( 8 pass to ,egypt60 ,i sat d[n & began to weep4 ,! lett]-scribe ( ! pr9ce came out to me1 & said to me3 8,:at is ! matt] ) !e80 ,i said to him3 8,surely ?\ see/ ^! birds :i* twice desc5d ^u ,egypt4 ,behold !m6 ,!y come to ! pool1 & h[ long %all ,i be "h1 =sak58 ,= ?\ see/ surely ^? :o come to arre/ me aga940 ,he w5t & told x to ! pr9ce4 ,! pr9ce began to weep at ! evil words :i* !y spoke to him4 ,he s5t out 8 lett]-scribe to me & br\ght me two j>s ( w9e & a ram4 ,he s5t to me ,t5to1 an ,egyptian s+] 7fem99e71 :o 0 ) him1 say+3 8,s+ = him2 let n 8 he>t feel appreh5sion40 ,he s5t to me1 say+3 8,eat1 dr9k1 & let n ?y he>t feel appreh5sion4 ,?\ %alt he> all t ,i h to say unto !e 9 ! morn+40 ,morn+ came1 he _h 7! ,!kel7 call$ into 8 44444441 he /ood 9 _! mid/ & said to ! ,!kel3 8,:y h ye come80 ,!y said to him3 8,we h come aft] ! /ove-up %ips :i* ?\ s5de/ to ,egypt ) our 444444 comrades40 ,he said to !m3 8,i _c arre/ ! mess5g] ( ,amon 9 my l&4 ,let me s5d him away1 & ye %all pursue him1 to arre/ him40 ,he load$ me on bo>d1 he s5t me away 44444 to ! h>bor ( ! sea4 ,! w9d drove me to ! l& ( ,alasa ,cyprus2 ^? ( ! city came =? to me to slay me4 ,i 0 br\ght among !m to ! abode ( ,heteb1 ! que5 ( ! city4 ,i f\nd h] z %e 0 go+ =? f h] h\ses & ent]+ into h] o!r h\se4 ,i salut$ h]1 ,i ask$ ! p :o /ood ab\t h]3 8,!re is surely "o among y :o und]/&s ,egyptian80 ,"o among !m said3 8,i und]/& 7x740 ,i said to him3 8,say to my mi/ress3 #8,i h he>d z f> z ,!bes1 ! abode ( ,amon1 t 9 e city inju/ice is done1 b t ju/ice is done 9 ! l& ( ,alasa2 7b71 lo1 inju/ice is done e day "h4'0 ,%e said3 8,inde$6 :at is ?is t ?\ saye/80 ,i said to h]3 8,if ! sea rag$ & ! w9d drove me to l& :]e ,i am1 ?\ wilt n let !m take advantage ( me to slay me1 ,i be+ a mess5g] ( ,amon4 ,i am "o :om !y w seek unceas+ly4 ,z = ! crew ( ! pr9ce ( ,byblos :om !y s\ght to kill1 _! "l w surely f9d t5 crews ( ?9e1 & he w slay !m on 8 "p40 ,%e _h ! p call$ & /ation$ 7be=e h]72 %e said to me3 8,pass ! night 44444444440 ,"h ! papyrus1 :i* conta9s ?is vivid p]sonal n>rative ( travel1 is brok5 (f & ! re/ ( ! /ory is lo/4 ,we may be sure t ,w5amon escap$ f ,cyprus & succe$$ 9 rea*+ ,egypt aga91 or ! /ory w\ld nev] h be5 told4 #b4 ,its ,illu/ration ( ,c]ta9 ,po9ts ( ,biblical ,hi/ory4 ,! /ory illu/rates well a numb] ( po9ts 9 ,biblical hi/ory4 ,?is adv5ture 0 approximately contempor>y ) ! c>e] ( ,deborah or ( ,gideon4 ,x %[s t ! city ( ,dor1 :i* 0 situat$ on ! coa/ j s\? ( ,m\nt ,c>mel1 0 9 ! possession ( a tribe k9dr$ to ! ,phili/9es1 :o soon aft]w>d appe> 9 ,biblical hi/ory4 ,we also le>n f x t ,egyptian au?ority 9 ,pale/9e & ,phnicia1 :i* 0 at ! "t ( ! ,el-,am>na lett]s s rapidly decay+1 _h entirely disappe>$4 ,zak>-,baal /\tly ass]ts 8 indep5d5ce1 :ile ! k+ ( ! ,!kel is evid5tly q indep5d5t ( ,egypt4 ,! way 9 :i* ^! petty k+doms deal ) "o ano!r is q aft] ! mann] ( ! int]national relations reflect$ 9 ! book ( ,judges4 ,! exp$ition ( ,w5amon to ! ,lebanon = c$> wood illu/rates ! way ,solomon obta9$ c$> = ! temple4 ,la/ly1 ! way "o ( ! noble y\?s became fr5zi$ & prophesi$1 is q p>allel to ! way 9 :i* ,saul 8/ripp$ (f 8 clo!s & prophesi$ 444444 & lay d[n nak$ all t day & all t night0 7#a ,sam4 #ai3bd74 ,! he$ :i* ,zak>-,baal gave to ?is y\? %[s t at ,gebal1 z 9 ,israel1 su* ec/atic or fr5zi$ utt]ances 7 ?\ght to be ( div9e orig94 ,lat] 9 ,israel ?is sort ( prophecy became a k9d ( pr(ession1 or trade4 ,! memb]s ( ^! prophetic guilds 7 call$ 8sons ( ! prophets40 ,! great lit]>y prophets ( ,israel _h no?+ to d ) !m4 ,amos is c>eful to say t he is n a 8son ( a prophet0 7,amos #g3ad74 #c4 ,ref]5ce to ! ,phili/9es4 ,ramses ,,iii 9 8 inscriptions makes ! foll[+ /atem5ts3#dic 8,! nor!rn c\ntries are unquiet 9 _! limbs1 ev5 ! ,peleset ,phili/9es1 ! ,!kel1 :o deva/ate _! l& 4444444444444444444 ,o my augu/ fa!r i4 e41 ! god ,amon come to take !m1 be+3 ! ,peleset1 ! ,d5y5 ,d>danians1 & ! ,%ekele% ,sicilians 444444444444 ,utt]ance ( ! vanqui%$ ,peleset3 8,give to u ! brea? = our no/rils1 ,o k+1 son ( ,amon40 ,! ,peleset are und\bt$ly ! same p :o appe> 9 ! ,bible z ! ,phili/9es4 ,ramses ,,iii1 ( ! tw5tie? dyna/y1 f ^: inscriptions ! above quotations are tak51 reign$ f #aaih-aafg ,b4 ,c4 ,9 8 reign ! ,phili/9es 7 com+ ov] ! sea & invad+ nor!rn ,egypt along ) o!r w&]]s f diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 ! ,!kel1 ! ,danaoi1 & ! ,sicilians4 ,^u be+ repell$ f ,egypt by ,ramses1 !y pass$ on & invad$ ,pale/9e4 ,z ! report ( ,w5amon %[s1 ! ,!kel 7 9 possession ( ,dor by ! ye> #aajj1 & no d\bt ! ,phili/9es _h ga9$ a foo?old also 9 ! cities f>!r to ! s\?1 :]e we f9d !m 9 ! ,biblical records 7,judges #ac-af2 #a ,sam4 #d-g2 #ac1 #ad2 #ag1 #ah1 etc474 ,amos says ! ,phili/9es came f ,caphtor 7,amos #i3g74 ,?is has long be5 suppos$ to be ,crete4 ,edu>d ,mey] ?9ks t confirmation ( ?is has n[ be5 f\nd4 ,a disc inscrib$ 9 a peculi> writ+1 :i* has n yet be5 deciph]$1 0 f\nd 9 ,july1 #aijh1 at ,ph/os 9 ,crete 9 /rata ( ! ?ird middle ,m9oan p]iod1 i4 e41 ab\t #afjj ,b4 ,c4#did ,?is writ+ is pictographic1 & al?\gh n yet translat$1 appe>s to be a contract4#die ,"o ( ! frequ5tly recurr+ signs repres5ts a human head surm\nt$ by a %ock ( hair 7see ,fig4 #ch71 almo/ exactly l ! hair ( ! ,phili/9es z !y are pictur$ by ! arti/s ( ,ramses ,,iii on ! walls ( 8 palace at ,m$9et ,habu 7see ,fig4 #cf74 ,?is sign 0 probably ! det]m9ative = man4 ,?is lik5ess w\ld make ! pro( ( ! ,cretan orig9 ( ! ,phili/9es complete1 7 x n t "s s*ol>s ?9k t ! disc exhum$ at ,ph/os _h be5 br\ght ?i!r f across ! sea4 ,?is is possible1 b does n seem v probable4 ,! d\bt w1 p]haps1 be resolv$ :5 we le>n to read ! inscription4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,ar*,,ological ,,light ,,on ,,! ,,books ,,( ,,k+s ,,gudea ,,& ,,c$>-,,wood ,,= ,,8 ,,palace4 ,,! ,,eponym ,,canon4 ,,! ,,seal ,,( ,,%ema4 ,,%i%ak',s ,,li/ ,,( ,,conqu]$ ,,asiatic ,,cities4 ,,a%urnasirpal',s ,,description ,,( ,,8 ,,exp$ition ,,to ,,m$it]ranean ,,l&s4 ,,%almanes] ,,iii',s ,,claims ,,reg>d+ ,,tribute ,,f ,,! ,,k+s ,,( ,,israel4 ,,! ,,moabite ,,/one4 ,,adadnir>i ,,iv',s ,,m5tion ,,( ,,! 8,,l& ,,( ,,omri40 ,,inscription ,,describ+ ,,tigla?piles] ,,iv',s ,,campaign4 ,,s>gon',s ,,conque/s4 ,,s5na*]ib',s ,,we/]n ,,campaigns4 ,,! ,,siloam ,,inscription4 ,,es>haddon',s ,,li/ ,,( ,,conqu]$ ,,k+s4 ,,a%urbanipal',s ,,assyrian ,,campaign4 ,,ne*o ,,( ,,egypt4 ,,nebu*adrezz> ,,ii4 ,,evil-,,m]oda*4 ,,discov]ies ,,9 ,,%eba4 #a4 ,gudea & ,c$>-,wood = ,8 ,palace4 ,gudea1 a rul] ( ,laga% 9 ,babylonia 7! mod]n ,telloh2 see p4 #de71 :o liv$ ab\t #bdej ,b4 ,c41 rebuilt ,en9n1 ! temple ( ,n+irsu1 at ,laga%4 ,9 8 acc\nt ( ! "w he makes ! foll[+ /atem5t3#dif ,f ,amanus1 ! m\nta9 ( c$>1 c$> wood1 ! l5g? ( :i* 0 #fj cubits1 c$>-wood1 ! l5g? ( :i* 0 #ej cubits1 uk>9nu-wood1 ! l5g? ( :i* 0 #be cubits1 = ! dwell+ he made2 7f7 _! m\nta9 !y 7 br\ght4 ,! ,amanus m\nta9s lay along ! ,m$it]ranean to ! nor? ( ! riv] ,orontes4 ,!y belong to ! same g5]al range z ! ,lebanons4 ,aga91 9 ! same inscription1 ,gudea says3#dig ,f ,umanu1 ! m\nta9 ( ,m5ua1 f ,basalla1 ! m\nta9 ( ! ,amorites1 great cut /ones he br\ght2 into pill>s he made !m & 9 ! c\rt ( ,en9n he erect$ !m4 ,f ,tidanu1 ! m\nta9 ( ! ,amorites1 m>ble 9 fragm5ts 787 he br\ght4 ,?is passage %[s t a rul] ( ,babylonia came to ?is region = c$>-wood & /ones = 8 temple1 z ,solomon is said to h done 7#a ,k+s #e1 especially vs4 #f & #ag2 #b ,*ron4 #b3h1 ff474 ,t ,egyptian rul]s did ! same is cle>ly %[n by ! report ( ,w5amon4 7,see p4 #ceb1 ff47 #b4 ,! ,eponym ,canon4 ,! ,assyrians kept *ronological li/s call$ by s*ol>s 8,eponym ,canons10 :i* are ( great importance 9 det]m9+ ! *ronology ( ,hebrew hi/ory at a numb] ( obscure po9ts4 ,a translation ( !m has n be5 includ$ 9 ?is "w1 s9ce s few ,biblical names occur 9 !m t !y w\ld be ( little use except to exp]ts4 ,any :o wi% to consult !m w f9d !m translat$ 9 ,rog]s1 ,cunei=m ,p>allels to ! ,old ,te/am5t1 pp4 #bai-bch4 #c4 ,j]oboam4 ,dur+ ,s*uma*]'s excavation at ,megiddo 7see p4 #if71 a seal 0 f\nd 9 ! palace2 x is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bg4 ,its inscription reads3 ,belong+ to ,%ema1 s]vant ( ,j]oboam4 ,we h no means ( kn[+ :e!r ! ,j]oboam ref]r$ to 0 ,j]oboam ,i 7#a ,k+s #ab3ab1 ff471 or ,j]oboam ,,ii 7#b ,k+s #ad3bc1 ff474 #d4 ,%i%ak4 ,%e%onk ,i 7#ied-ibd ,b4 ,c471 ! f\nd] ( ! tw5ty-second ,egyptian dyna/y1 ! ,%i%ak ( ! ,bible 7#a ,k+s #ad3be-bh71 has left on ! walls ( a pylon :i* he erect$ at ! temple ( ,k>nak a relief pictur+ 8 victory4 ,! pictures are ( ! conv5tional type1 b !y are accompani$ by a li/ ( conqu]$ ,asiatic cities4 ,( ^! ! names ( ab\t "o-hundr$ & tw5ty are legible1 ?\gh x is possible to id5tify b a small proportion ( ^! ) kn[n localities4 ,z x w\ld be ( no int]e/ to ! g5]al read] to place be=e him ! ,egyptian spell+ ( unid5tifi$ place names1 only ^? are "h giv5 :i* h be5 id5tifi$ or h "s ,biblical int]e/4 ,! numb]s be=e ea* "n designate its di/ance f ! beg9n+ ( ,%e%onk's li/4 ,among 8 conqu]$ t[ns1 !n1 are ! foll[+3#dih #aa4 ,gimty ,ga?4 #ac4 ,rub'ty ,rabbi? 7,jo%4 #ai3bj74 #ad4 ,t'#8nqy ,taana* 7,jo%4 #ab3ba2 ,judges #e3ai74 #ae4 ,%'nm#8y ,%unem 7,jo%4 #ai3ah2 #b ,k+s #d3h74 #af4 ,b'ty%'nry ,be?-%ean 7,jo%4 #ag3aa2 #a ,sam4 #ca3aj2 #a ,k+s #d3ab74 #ag4 ,r:'b'iy ,rehob 7,judges #a3ca74 #ah4 ,h'pwrwmy ,haphraim 7,jo%4 #ai3ai74 #bb4 ,myh'nm#8 ,mahanaim 7,g54 #cb3b2 ,jo%4 #ac3bf2 #b ,sam4 #b3h2 #ag3bd74 ,q-b'-#8'-n' ,gibeon 7,jo%4 #aj3a1 f474 #bd4 ,b'tyhwr'rwn ,be?-horon 7,jo%4 #aj3aj2 #a ,sam4 #ac3ah74 #bf4 ,iywrwn ,aijalon 7,jo%4 #aj3ab2 #ai3db74 #bg4 ,myqdyw ,megiddo 7,jo%4 #ab3ba2 ,judges #a3bg74 #bh4 ,idyrw#8 ,edrei 7,num4 #ba3cc2 ,deut4 #a3d2 ,jo%4 #ab3d74 #cb4 #8'r9' ,elon 7,jo%4 #ai3dc74 #ch4 ,%'wka ,soco 7#b ,*ron4 #aa3g2 #bh3ah74 #ci4 ,b'tylp: ,be?-tapuah 7,jo%4 #ae3ec74 #eg4 ,dymrwm ,zem>aim 7,jo%4 #ah3bb74 #eh4 ,mgdrw ,madgala 7,matt4 #ae3ci ,a4 ,v474 #ga1 #gb4 ,p'hwqrw' 'b'r'm ,! field ( ,abram4 #ajj4 ,iwdri' ,add> 787 7,jo%4 #ae3c74 #abd4 ,b'ty#8nt ,be?-ano? 787 7,jo%4 #ae3ei74 ,accord+ to #a ,k+s #ad3be1 ff41 ,%e%onk's campaign 0 direct$ aga9/ ,judah1 & !re is no h9t t ! nor!rn k+dom suff]$ too4 ,?is may be because ! int]e/ ( ! au?or ( ,k+s 9 ! h\se ( ,david & 9 ,j]usalem 0 great] ?an 8 int]e/ 9 ! nor?4 ,x is cle> f ! li/ ( places j quot$ t ,%e%onk conqu]$ bo? k+doms4 ,he ei!r took or receiv$ tribute f ,megiddo1 ,taana*1 ,%unem1 & ,be?-%ean1 cities 9 ! great pla9 ( ,jezreel1 b cross$ ! ,jordan & captur$ ,mahanaim & ,edrei4 #e4 ,a%urnasirpal4 ,a%urnasirpal1 ,k+ ( ,assyria1 #hhd-hfj ,b4 ,c41 9 describ+ 8 exp$ition to ! ,m$it]ranean l&s1 makes ! foll[+ /atem5t3#dii ,at t "t ,i m>*$ along ,m\nt ,lebanon1 unto ! great sea ( ! l& ( ! ,amorites ,i w5t up4 ,9 ! great sea ,i cleans$ my weapons4 ,i made sacrifices to ! gods4 ,! tribute ( ! k+s by ! side ( ! sea1 f ! l& ( ! ,tyrian1 ! l& ( ! ,sidonian1 ! l& ( ! ,gebalite1 ! l& ( ! ,maallatite1 ! l& ( ! ,maisite1 ! l& ( ! ,kaisite1 ! l& ( ! ,amorite1 & ! city ,arvad1 :i* is 9 ! mid/ ( ! sea2 silv]1 gold1 lead1 copp]1 copp] vessels1 g>m5ts ( bright color$ /uffs1 clo?1 a great pagutu1 a small pagutu1 u%u-wood1 uk>9nu-wood1 tee? ( a sp]m-:ale porpoise1 a creature ( ! sea1 z _! tribute ,i receiv$2 !y embrac$ my feet4 ,to ,m\nt ,amanus ,i asc5d$2 beams ( c$>1 cypress1 junip]1 p9e1 ,i cut4 ,sacrifices to my gods ,i (f]$4 ,a pill> record+ my w>like de$s ,i set up4 ,?is inscription records ! fir/ approa* ( an ,assyrian k+ to ,hebrew t]ritory4 ,he did n actually come into contact ) ! ,israelites1 ?\gh he took tribute f _! neighbors1 ! ,tyrians & ,sidonians4 ,! exp$ition ( ,a%urnasirpal 01 h[ev]1 ! precursor ( _m o!rs :i* progress$ fur!r4 ,a%urnasirpal1 l ,gudea & ,hrihor1 secur$ wood f ?is region = 8 build+s1 ?us af=d+ ano!r p>allel to ,solomon's proc$ure4 #f4 ,%almanes] ,,iii4 ,%almanes] ,,iii1 ! son & successor ( ,a%urnasirpal1 reign$ f #hei to #hbe ,b4 ,c4 ,he n only approa*$ m closely to ,pale/9e1 b claims to h tak5 tribute f h] k+s4 ,9 ! case ( ,k+ ,jehu ! claim is no d\bt true4 ,! foll[+ extracts give ! acc\nts 9 ,%almanes]'s own words4#ejj ,9 ! eponym ye> ( ,dan-,a%ur 7i4 e41 #hed ,b4 ,c471 mon? ,aru1 #ad? day1 ,i dep>t$ f ! city ( ,n9eveh2 ,i cross$ ! riv] ,tigris 4444444 to ! city ,q>q> ,i approa*$4 ,q>q>1 8 royal city1 ,i de/roy$1 ,i deva/at$1 ,i burn$ ) fire4 #a1bjj *>iots1 #a1bjj horsem51 #bj1jjj m5 ( ,hadadidri 7,b5hadad7 ( ,damascus2 #gjj *>iots1 #gjj horsem51 #aj1jjj m5 ( ,irhul9a1 ! ,hama?ite2 #b1jjj *>iots1 #aj1jjj m5 ( ,ahab1 ! ,israelite2 #ejj m5 ( ! ,quan 7i4 e41 ,que1 9 ,cilicia72 #a1jjj m5 ( ! ,musran2 #aj1jjj *>iots1 #aj1jjj m5 ( ! ,irqantan2 #bjj m5 ( ,mat9u-ba'li1 ! ,arvadite2 #bjj m5 ( ! ,usantan2 #cj *>iots1 #aj1jjj m5 ( ,adunu-ba'li1 ! ,%ianian2 #a1jjj camels ( ,g9dibu1 ! ,arabian2 #a1jjj 787 m5 ( ,basa1 son ( ,ruhubi1 ! ,ammonite--^! #ab k+s he took z 8 help]s & !y came to make battle & w> aga9/ me4 ,) ! exalt$ p[] :i* ,a%ur1 ! "l1 _h giv5 me1 ) p[]ful weapons1 :i* ,n]gal1 :o goes be=e me1 _h pres5t$ me1 ,i f\ght ) !m2 f ,q>q> to ,gilzan ,i accompli%$ _! defeat4 #ad1jjj ( _! troops ,i ov]?rew ) arms1 l ,adad ,i p\r$ out a flood ^u !m2 ,i flung af> _! corpses1 ,i fill$ ! pla9 ) _! mighty troops4 ,) weapons ,i made _! blood to fl[ 4444444444 ,! field 0 too n>r[ = smit+ 787 !m1 ! broad pla9 787 0 us$ 787 = bury+ _! bodies4 ,) _! corpses ,i damm$ ! ,orontes z ) a dam 7874 ,9 t battle _! *>iots1 _! horsem51 _! horses1 h>nesses1 & yokes ,i took4 ,x is ( especial int]e/ t ,ahab & ,b5hadad1 two k+s well kn[n f ! ,bible1 =m$ a "p ( ! coalition t attempt$ to repel ?is fir/ ,assyrian invasion4 ,%almanes]'s claim ( victory is probably exagg]at$1 = he retir$ )\t fur!r ef=t to subdue ! c\ntry4 ,_h x be5 z sweep+ a triumph z he w\ld h u believe1 he w\ld surely h press$ =w>d4 ,ano!r ( 8 inscriptions describes ! battle ( ,q>q> z foll[s3#eja ,9 ! #f? ye> ( my reign f ,n9eveh ,i set out 4444444444 unto ,q>q> ,i approa*$4 ,hadadidri ( ,damascus1 ,irhul9a1 ! ,hama?ite1 toge!r ) twelve k+s ( ! sea-coa/1 tru/$ 9 _! own p[] & came to make w> & fight ) me4 ,) !m ,i f\ght4 #be1jjj ( _! fight+ m5 ,i de/roy$ ) arms4 ,_! *>iots1 _! horses1 _! implem5ts ( w> ,i took f !m4 ,!y fl$ to save _! lives4 ,i emb>k$ on a %ip & w5t out to sea4 ,f\r ye>s lat] ,%almanes] records ! subjugation ( ,c>*emi%1 on ! ,euphrates 7cf4 ,isa4 #aj3i2 ,j]4 #df3b74 ,8 acc\nt ( x is brief & runs ?us3#ejb ,9 ! #aj? ye> ( my reign 7#hej ,b4 ,c471 ! riv] ,euphrates ,i cross$ = ! eigh? "t4 ,! cities ( ,sang>1 ! ,c>*emi%ite1 ,i deva/at$1 ,i de/roy$ ,i burn$ ) fire4 ,f ! cities ( ,c>*emi% ,i dep>t$ & approa*$ ! cities ( ,arame4 ,! next ye> ,%almanes] aga9 tri$ conclusions ) ! k+s ( ! we/4 ,8 long] acc\nt ( ?is runs z foll[s3#ejc ,9 ! #aa? ye> ( my reign 7#hdi ,b4 ,c47 ,i set out f ,n9eveh4 ,i cross$ ! riv] ,euphrates at high wat] = ! n9? "t 4444444444 ,at t "t ,hadadidri ( ,damascus1 ,irhul9a ! ,hama?ite1 toge!r ) twelve k+s ( ! sea-coa/1 tru/$ to _! own p[] & to make w> & battle ) me !y came4 ,i f\ght ) !m1 ,i accompli%$ _! defeat4 #aj1jjj ( _! fight+ m5 ,i slew ) arms4 ,_! *>iots1 horsem51 & implem5ts ( w> ,i took f !m4 ,%almanes]'s ?ird campaign aga9/ ^! k+s is ?us describ$3#ejd ,9 ! #ad? ye> ( my reign ,i mu/]$ ! broad l& )\t numb]4 ,i cross$ ! ,euphrates at high wat] ) #abj1jjj troops4 ,at t "t ,hadadidri ( ,damascus & ,irhul9a1 ! ,hama?ite1 toge!r ) twelve k+s ( ! sea-coa/1 upp] & l[]1 mu/]$ _! num]\s armies )\t numb] & into my pres5ce came4 ,i f\ght ) !m1 ,i accompli%$ _! defeat4 ,i br\ght away _! *>iots & horses1 _! implem5ts ( w> ,i took f !m2 !y fl$ to save _! lives4 ,a f\r? campaign ano!r inscription describes ?us3#eje ,9 ! #ah? ye> ( my reign 7#hdb ,b4 ,c471 ,i cross$ ! riv] ,euphrates = ! sixte5? "t4 ,hazael ( ,damascus 7cf4 #a ,k+s #ai3ae1 #ag2 #b ,k+s #h7 tru/$ to ! great numb]s ( 8 =ces & mu/]$ 8 troops 9 l>ge numb]s4 ,saniru 7i4 e41 ,h]mon1 see ,deut4 #c3i71 a m\nta9-peak at ! side ( ,m\nt ,lebanon1 he made 8 =tress4 ,i f\ght ) him1 ,i accompli%$ 8 defeat4 #af1jjj ( 8 fight+ m5 ,i slew ) arms4 #a1aba ( 8 *>iots1 #dgj ( 8 horses ) 8 camp ,i took f him4 ,he fl$ to save 8 life4 ,i pursu$ him & 9 ,damascus1 8 capital city1 %ut him up4 ,i cut d[n 8 p>ks4 ,i m>*$ to ! m\nta9s ( ,hauran4 ,cities innum]able ,i de/roy$1 deva/at$1 ,i burn$ ) fire2 _! untold spoil ,i took z plund]4 ,to ! m\nta9 ( ,bilirasi1#ejf a m\nta9 at ! head ( ! sea1 ,i m>*$4 ,my royal portrait 9 x ,i set up4 ,at t "t ! tribute ( ! ,tyrian1 ! ,sidonian1 & ( ,jehu1 son ( ,omri1 ,i receiv$4 ,! tribute ( ,jehu ( ,israel1 m5tion$ 9 ! la/ l9e ( ?is inscription1 is pictur$ on ,%almanes]'s black obelisk2 7see ,figs4 #bie1 #bif74 ,above its v>i\s panels is ! foll[+ inscription3#ejg ,tribute ( ,jehu1 son ( ,omri3 silv]1 gold1 a b[l 787 ( gold1 a bas9 787 ( gold1 cups ( gold1 pails 787 ( gold1 b>s ( lead1 scept]s 787 = ! h& ( ! k+ & balsam wood ,i receiv$ f him4 ,a fif? exp$ition is ?us briefly describ$3#ejh ,9 ! #ba/ ye> ( my reign 7#hci ,b4 ,c471 ! riv] ,euphrates ,i cross$1 aga9/ ! cities ( ,hazael ( ,damascus ,i w5t4 ,f\r ( 8 cities ,i captur$4 ,! tribute ( ! ,tyrian1 ( ! ,sidonian1 & ( ! ,gebalite ,i receiv$4 ,9 /ill ano!r inscription1 :i* gives a summ>y ( 8 w>s1 ,%almanes] compresses ! acc\nt ( 8 v>i\s w>s 9 ! we/ z foll[s3#eji ,at t "t ,hadadidri ( ! l& ( ,damascus1 toge!r ) #ab pr9ces1 8 help]s1--_! defeat ,i accompli%$4 #bi1jjj mighty w>riors ,i pro/rat$ l a simoom 7874 ,! re/ ( 8 soldi]s ,i ca/ into ! riv] ,orontes4 ,!y fl$ to save _! lives4 ,hadadidri =sook 8 l&4 ,hazael1 son ( a nobody1 seiz$ ! ?rone4 ,he summon$ 8 num]\s soldi]s & came to make w> & battle ) me4 ,) him ,i f\ght1 ,i accompli%$ 8 defeat4 ,! wall ( 8 camp ,i seiz$4 ,he fl$ to save 8 life4 ,i pursu$ him to ,damascus1 8 capital city4 #g4 ,! ,moabite ,/one4 ,?is /one1 :i* be>s an inscription ( ,me%a1 ,k+ ( ,moab1 a contempor>y ( ,k+ ,ahab1 0 erect$ at ,dibon 7! mod]n ,diban7 on ! nor? %ore ( ! ,arnon1 :]e x 0 f\nd 9 ! la/ c5tury4 ,! upp] portion ( x 0 fir/ se5 by a ,prussian cl]gyman1 ,rev4 ,f4 ,a4 ,kle91 9 ! ye> #ahfh4 ,reports ( its exi/5ce _h previ\sly rea*$ ! ,fr5* s*ol>1 ,cl]mont-,ganneau1 :o 0 !n 9 ,j]usalem1 & a squeeze ( x 0 aft]w>d tak5 by an ,arab = ?is ,fr5* s*ol>4 ,bo? ! ,fr5* & ,prussian gov]nm5ts 7 desir\s ( obta9+ x1 & ! ,arabs1 conceiv+ t !y c\ld obta9 m money = x by sell+ x 9 p>ts1 broke x up1 ?us greatly mutilat+ ! inscription4 ,aft]w>d ! ,fr5* obta9$ x1 putt+ ! pieces toge!r aga91 & x may n[ be se5 9 ! ,l\vre at ,p>is2 7see ,fig4 #cjj74 ,! inscription is z foll[s3#eaj ,i am ,me%a1 son ( ,*emo%melek1 ,k+ ( ,moab1 ! ,dibonite4 ,my fa!r rul$ ov] ,moab ?irty ye>s1 & ,i rul$ aft] my fa!r4 ,& ,i made ?is high place to ,*emo% 9 ,q>hah 787 because ( ! deliv]ance ( ,me%a1 because he sav$ me f all ! k+s & because he caus$ me to see my desire ^u all :o hat$ me4 ,omri1 k+ ( ,israel--he oppress$ ,moab _m days1 because ,*emo% 0 angry ) 8 l&4 ,& 8 son succe$$ him1 & he also said ,i w oppress ,moab4 ,9 my day he spoke accord+ to ?is ^w1 b ,i saw my desire ^u him & ^u 8 h\se1 & ,israel utt]ly p]i%$ =ev]4 ,n[ ,omri _h possess$ all ! l& ( ,m$eba & dwelt 9 x 8 days & half ! days ( 8 son1 =ty ye>s1 b ,*emo% re/or$ x 9 my day4 ,& ,i built ,baal-meon & ,i made 9 x ! res]voir 7871 & ,i built ,kirya?aim4 ,& ! m5 ( ,gad _h dwelt 9 ! l& ( ,at>o? f ( old & ! k+ ( ,israel _h built = himself ,at>o?4 ,& ,i f\ght aga9/ ! city & took x1 & ,i slew all ! p ( ! city1 a sight pleas+ to ,*emo% & to ,moab4 ,& ,i br\ght back f !re ! alt>-he>? ( ,duda & ,i dragg$ x be=e ,*emo% 9 ,kiryo?4 ,& ,i caus$ to dwell 9 x ! m5 ( ,%>on 787 & ! m5 ( ,meh>o? 7874 ,& ,*emo% said to me3 8,g take ,nebo aga9/ ,israel02 & ,i w5t by night & f\ght aga9/ x f break ( dawn till noon1 & ,i took x & slew all1 sev5 ?\s& m51 boys 7871 & wom51 & girls1 = ,i _h devot$ x to ,a%t>-,*emo%4 ,& ,i took f !re ! alt>-he>?s ( ,yahweh 7,jehovah71 & ,i dragg$ !m be=e ,*emo%4 ,& ! k+ ( ,israel built ,jahaz & dwelt 9 x :ile he f\ght ) me & ,*emo% drove him out f be=e me4 ,& ,i took f ,moab two hundr$ m51 all its *iefs1 & ,i l$ !m aga9/ ,jahaz & took x to add unto ,dibon4 ,& ,i built ,q>hah 7871 ! wall ( ! =e/s & ! wall ( ! hill2 & ,i built its gates & ,i built its t[]s1 & ,i built ! k+'s h\se1 & ,i made ! sluices 787 = ! res]voir ( wat] 9 ! mid/ ( ! city4 ,& !re 0 no ci/]n 9 ! mid/ ( ! city1 9 ,q>hah 7872 & ,i said to all ! p3 8,make y ea* a ci/]n 9 8 h\se20 & ,i cut ! cutt+s = ,q>hah 787 ) ! help ( ! prison]s ( ,israel4 ,i built ,aro] & ,i made ! highway by ! ,arnon4 ,& ,i built ,be?-bamo?1 = x _h be5 de/roy$4 ,& ,i built ,bez]1 = x 0 9 ru9s 4444444444 ,*iefs ( ,dibon 7 fifty1 = all ,dibon 0 ob$i5t4 ,& ,i rul$ a hundr$ 44444444441 9 ! cities :i* ,i _h add$ to ! l&4 ,& ,i built ,m$eba & ,be?-dibla?an4 ,& z = ,be?-baal-meon1 !re ,i plac$ %eep-rais]s 44444444444 %eep ( ! l&4 ,& z = ,horonaim !re dwelt 9 x 444444 & 4444444444 ,*emo% said unto me3 8,g d[n1 fight aga9/ ,horonaim10 & ,i w5t d[n & 44444444444 ,*emo% 9 my day1 & f !re 44444444444444444444 & ,i 4444444444 ,! au?or ( ?is inscription is ! ,me%a m5tion$ 9 #b ,k+s #c3d4 ,he is !re said to h be5 a 8%eep-ma/]0 7,hebrew1 nqdh74 ,me%a appe>s to say 9 l9e #cj 7! ^w is brok57 t he plac$ noqdhim1 8%eep-rais]s10 or1 8%eep-ma/]s10 9 ,be?-baal-meon4 ,! nqdh 0 a rais] ( a peculi> bre$ ( %eep4 ,moab is excell5t graz+ l& & rais$ a great _m4 ,9 g5]al ! inscription supplem5ts ! ,biblical n>rative4 ,x m5tions p]sons & places well kn[n f ! ,bible1 & gives u an acc\nt ( a s]ies ( ev5ts ( :i* ! ,bible makes no m5tion4 ,! ,biblical acc\nt says no?+ ( ,me%a's revolt1 :ile ,me%a 9 8 turn says no?+ ( ! campaign describ$ 9 #b ,k+s #c4 ,nei!r docum5t implies t ! ev5ts describ$ 9 ! o!r did n occur2 ! two are writt5 f two diff]5t po9ts ( view & _! au?ors select$ ! ev5ts :i* suit$ ! purpose ( ! respective writ]s4 ,9 spite ( ?is consid]ation !re are "s diff]5ces ( /atem5t :i* are p]plex+4 ,me%a says 9 sub/ance t ,omri conqu]$ ,m$eba & occupi$ x dur+ 8 reign1 half ! reign ( 8 son1 a p]iod ( =ty ye>s1 b ,*emo% re/or$ x to ,moab 9 8 7,me%a's7 day4 ,x is said 9 #b ,k+s #c3e1 on ! o!r h&1 t 8:5 ,ahab 0 dead1 ! k+ ( ,moab rebell$ aga9/ ! k+ ( ,israel40 ,accord+ to #a ,k+s #af3bc-bi1 ,omri reign$ twelve ye>s & ,ahab tw5ty-two ye>s4 ,all ! reign ( ,omri1 & half ( t ( ,ahab w\ld1 accord+ly1 be b tw5ty-?ree ye>s4 ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 z has be5 sugge/$ by sev]al s*ol>s1 t ,me%a uses ! ^w son to d5ote desc5dant1 & t he ref]s to ! w> ) ,israel 9 ! reign ( ,jehoram1 son ( ,ahab1 describ$ 9 #b ,k+s #c3f-bg4 ,ano!r sugge/ion1 :i* seems m probable1 is t ! recapture ( ,m$eba1 m5tion$ ne> ! beg9n+ ( ,me%a's inscription1 occurr$ ab\t ! middle ( ! reign ( ,ahab1 :ile ! capture ( ,at>o? may h belong$ to ! p]iod ( ,jehoram1 ! :ole "t f ,omri to ,jehoram be+ =ty ye>s4 ,"s s*ol>s h suppos$ t ! ,biblical *ronology is 9 error & t ,omri & ,ahab toge!r rul$ "s fifty ye>s4 ,?is supposition c h>dly be correct1 s9ce ! g5]al accuracy ( ! *ronology ( ?is "p ( ,k+s is confirm$ by ! ,assyrian inscriptions4 ,me%a's inscription m5tions a numb] ( places :i* ! ,bible also names1 ! ,arnon 7,num4 #ba3ac1 etc42 ,deut4 #b3bd2 #c3af1 etc471 ,aro] 7,jo%4 #ac3af71 ,at>o? 7,num4 #cb3cd71 ,baal-meon or ,be?-baal-meon 7,jo%4 #ac3ag2 ,num4 #cb3ch71 ,be?-bamo?#eaa 7,jo%4 #ac3ag71 ,be?-dibla?aim 7,j]4 #dh3bb71 ,bez] 7,jo%4 #bj3h71 ,dibon 7,num4 #cb3cd2 ,jo%4 #ac3ag2 ,isa4 #ae3b71 ,horonaim 7,isa4 #ae3e71 ,jahaz 7,jo%4 #ac3ah2 ,isa4 #ae3d71 ,k]io? 7,j]4 #dh3bd71 ,kira?aim 7,jo%4 #ac3ai2 ,j]4 #dh3bc71 ,m$eba 7,jo%4 #ac3af2 ,isa4 #ae3b71 & ,nebo 7,num4 #cb3ch2 ,deut4 #cd3a2 ,isa4 #ae3b74 #h4 ,adadnir>i ,,iv4 ,adadnir>i ,,iv ( ,assyria 7#haj-ghb ,b4 ,c47 has left an inscription :i* m5tions ,syria & ,pale/9e4 ,x reads z foll[s3#eab ,palace ( ,adadnir>i1 ! great k+1 ! mighty k+1 ! k+ ( ! _w1 ! k+ ( ,assyria1 :o conqu]$ f ! ,euphrates1 ! ,hittite c\ntry1 ! ,amorite l& 9 its entirety2 ,tyre1 ,sidon1 ! l& ( ,omri1 ,edom1 ,pala/u1 to ! coa/ ( ! great sea1 :]e ! sun sets1 ca/ !mselves at my feet2 ,i impos$ tribute & impo/s ^u !m4 ,to ! l& ( ,damascus ,i m>*$4 ,m>i1 ,k+ ( ,damascus1 9 ,damascus 8 royal city ,i besieg$4 ,! fe> ( ! lu/] ( ,a%ur my "l ov]:elm$ him & he seiz$ my feet & became subject4 #b1cjj tal5ts ( silv]1 #bj tal5ts ( gold1 #c1jjj tal5ts ( copp]1 #e1jjj tal5ts ( iron1 v>iegat$ g>m5ts1 l95 7871 an ivory b$1 an ivory c\* 787 ) inlaid bord]1 8 goods )\t measure ,i receiv$ 9 ! palace 9 8 royal city ,damascus4 8,! l& ( ,omri0 0 ! k+dom ( ,israel4 ,omri _h made su* an impression on ! ,ea/ t ! ,assyrians /ill s call$ x4 8,pala/u0 is ,phili/ia4 ,edom is "h m5tion$ = ! fir/ "t z pay+ tribute to an ,assyrian k+1 b ,judah is n m5tion$2 %e 0 /ill free4 ,adadnir>i 0 a contempor>y ( ,jehoahaz & ,jehoa% ( ,israel1 & ( ,joa% & ,amaziah ( ,judah4 #i4 ,tigla?piles] ,,iv4 ,tigla?piles] ,,iv1 "o ( ! greate/ ( ,assyria's k+s1 made sev]al campaigns into ! we/ & _h a pr(\nd influ5ce ^u ! =tunes ( ! ,hebrew p4 ,un=tunately1 8 inscriptions h be5 greatly mutilat$4 ,es>haddon1 a lat] k+1 det]m9$ to remodel ,tigla?piles]'s palace = 8 own use4 ,app>5tly he int5d$ to erase ,tigla?piles]'s inscriptions f ! wall-tablets :i* adorn$ ! palace1 9 ord] to inscribe ^! tablets ) 8 own4 ,es>haddon di$ be=e ! "w _h progress$ v f>1 s t ! inscriptions 7 n entirely ru9$4 ,! beg9n+s & ends ( _m l9es are1 h[ev]1 entirely de/roy$1 & at "s po9ts deplorable gaps exi/ 9 ! body ( an inscription4 ,mu* t is ( int]e/ to ! ,biblical /ud5t c /ill be made out1 z ! foll[+ translation w %[3#eac #a4 444444444444444444444444444444 #b4 ,9 ! progress ( my exp$ition ! tribute ( kings 4444444444 #c4 444444 ,az>iah1 ! ,yaudan1 l 4444444444 #d4 444444 ,az>iah ( ,yaudi 9 4444444444 #e4 44444444 )\t numb] exalt$ to heav5 4444444444 #f4 444444 9 ! eyes1 :5 t :i* f heav5 4444444444 #g4 44444444 by ! onset ( infantry 4444444444 #h4 ! advance ( my p[]ful troops !y he>d & _! he>ts fe>$ 4444444444 #i4 4444444444 ,i de/roy$1 deva/at$1 burn$ ) fire 4444444444 #aj4 444444 :o _h jo9$ ) ,az>iah & _h /r5g!n$ him4 #aa4 44444444444 l v9es 44444444444 4444444444444444444444444444444444 #bc4 44444444444 ,az>iah1 ! ,yaudan 4444444444 my royal palace 44444444444 #bd4 444444444444444 tribute l ! ,assyrian ,i laid ^u !m4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4444 #cj4 444444444444444444444 ! city ,bumame1#ead #ai di/ricts #ca4 ( ! city ( ,hama?1 toge!r ) ! cities ( _! environs on ! %ore ( ! we/]n sea1 :i* s9fully & wrongfully !y _h seiz$ = ,az>iah1 #cb4 unto ! t]ritory ( ,assyria ,i add$4 ,i set my (fic]s ov] !m z gov]nors4 #cj1jjj m5 ,i c>ri$ away captive #cc4 4444444 f _! cities1 9 ! city ( ,ku 444444 ,i settl$ !m4 #a1bbc p ,i settl$ 9 ! prov9ce ( ,ullubu4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4444 #ej4 4444444 ,tribute ( ,ku%ta%pi1 ! ,kummukhite1 ,rez91 ! ,damasc5e1 ,m5ahem1 ! ,sam>itan1 #ea4 ,hiram1 ! ,tyrian1 ,sibitti-baal1 ! ,gebalite1 ,urikke1 ! ,queite1 ,pisiris ( ,c>*emi%1 ,eniel #eb4 ! ,hama?ite1 ,panammu1 ! ,samalite1 ,t>hul>a1 ! ,gamgumalite1 ,sulumal1 ! ,melidite1 ,dadilu1 #ec4 ! ,kaskite1 ,ussurmi1 ! ,tabalite1 ,u%kitti1 ! ,tunite1 ,urballa1 ! ,tuhanite1 ,tuhammi1 ! ,i%tundite1 #ed4 ,urimme1 ! ,hu%imnite1 ,zabibe1 ,que5 ( ,arabia1 gold1 silv]1 lead1 iron1 elephant-hide1 ivory1 #ee4 v>iegat$ g>m5ts1 l95 clo?s1 purple & r$ wool1 u%u-wood1 uk>9u-wood1 co/ly ?+s1 a royal treasure1 fat %eep ^: wool #ef4 0 dy$ r$1 w+$ birds ( heav5 ^: w+s 7 dy$ purple1 horses1 mules1 ox5 & %eep1 camels1 #eg4 %e-camels1 toge!r ) _! foals1 ,i receiv$4 ,?is acc\nt relates to ! campaign ( #gch ,b4 ,c4 ,! ,az>iah ref]r$ to has be5 ?\ght to be ,k+ ,uzziah ( ,judah1 :o is call$ ,az>iah 9 #b ,k+s #ad3ba & #ae3a-bg4 ,x is probable t he 0 an ,az>iah ( ,yadi1 ( nor!rn ,syria1 m5tion$ 9 an inscription ( ,panammu1 to :om ,tigla?piles] ref]s above1 s9ce ! k+s m5tion$ ) him rul$ 9 ! nor?4 ,manahem ( ,israel 7#b ,k+s #ae3ad-bc7 yield$ to ,tigla?piles]1 z did ,rez91 ( ,damascus 7#b ,k+s #ae3cg & #af3e-i71 b = "s reason ,az>iah & ,judah escap$4 ,?is inscription1 fragm5t>y ?\gh x is1 tells u t ,tigla?piles] n[ practis$ ^u o!rs ! sy/em ( deportation f :i* ,israel h]self aft]w>d suff]$4 ,he =cibly remov$ ?\s&s f _! homes to di/ant p>ts ( ! empire4 ,?is 0 an adm9i/rative measure1 to prev5t future rebellion4 ,p]sons :o _h be5 influ5tial at home among _! own p w\ld be p[]less to fom5t tr\ble 9 ! mid/ ( /range surr\nd+s & neighbors ( an unfri5dly race4 ,! foll[+ relates to ! campaign ( #gcc-gcb3eae #a4 4444444444444444444 8 w>riors ,i captur$ 4444444444 ,i ov]?rew ) my weapons4 #b4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4 be=e him4 #c4 ! *>iote]s & 44444444444444444444 _! weapons ,i broke4 #d4 !ir *>iots & horses ,i seiz$ 4444444444 8 b[m5 4444444444 #e4 4444444444444 :o c>ri$ %ields & spe>s my h&s ov]?rew1 _! battle #f4 444444444444 to save 8 life he fl$ alone & #g4 44444444444444 l a m\se 787 ent]$ ! gate ( 8 city4 ,8 capta9s alive #h4 my h&s captur$ & on /akes ,i hung !m & exhibit$ !m to 8 l&4 #de p 787 f 8 camp #i4 444444 ,i br\ght toge!r be=e 8 city1 & ,i %ut him 9 l a bird 9 a cage4 ,8 p>ks #aj4 44444444 8 or*>ds1 :i* 7 )\t numb]1 ,i cut d[n & did n leave "o4 #aa4 4444444444 ,had>a1 ! home ( ! fa!r ( ,rez9 ( ,damascus1 #ab4 ! place :]e he 0 born1 ,i besieg$1 ,i captur$4 #hjj p1 toge!r ) _! possessions1 #ac4 444444 _! cattle1 & %eep ,i took z spoil4 #gej prison]s ( ! city ,kurussa1 #ad4 444444 prison]s ( ! city ,irma1 #eej prison]s ( ! city ,mituna1 ,i captur$4 #eia cities 4444444444 #ae4 444444 ( #af di/ricts ( ,damascus l a deluge heap ,i de/roy$4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4444 #ai4 44444444444444444444 ,hanno ( ,gaza#eaf #bj4 fl$ be=e my weapons & escap$ to ,egypt4 ,! city1 ,gaza1 #ba4 ,i captur$4 ,8 goods1 8 possessions1 8 gods ,i took z spoil 444444 my royal image #bb4 44444444444444444444 9 ! palace ( ,hanno ,i set up4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4444 #bg4 ,! c\ntry ( ! h\se ( ,omri 4444444444 all its p1 #bh4 & _! possessions ,i c>ri$ away unto ,assyria4 ,pekah1 _! k+1 !y _h ov]?r[n4 ,ho%ea #bi4 z k+ ov] !m ,i plac$4 #aj tal5ts ( gold 444444 tal5ts ( silv] ,i receiv$ z tribute f !m4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4444 #eg4 ,tribute#eag ( ,ku%ta%pi1 ! ,kummu*ite1 ,urikki1 ! ,queite1 ,sibittibaal1 ! ,gebalite1 ,pisiris1 ! ,c>*emi%ite1 #eh4 ,eni-el1 ! ,hama?ite1 ,panammu1 ! ,samalite1 ,t>hul>a1 ! ,gurgumite1 ,sulumal1 ! ,melidite1 ,dadilu1 ! ,kaskite1 #ei4 ,ussurmi1 ! ,tabalite1 ,urassurme1 ! ,tabalite1 ,u%hitti1 ! ,tunite1 ,urballa1 ! ,turhanite1 ,tuhamme1 ! ,i%tundite1 ,urimme1 ! ,hu%imnite1 #fj4 ,matanbaal1 ! ,arvadite1 ,sanipu1 ! ,be?-,ammonite1 ,salamanu1 ! ,moabite1 4444444444444 #fa4 ,mit9ti1 ! ,askelonite1 ,jehoahaz ,ahaz1 ! ,judan1 ,kau%malaka1 ! ,edomite1 ,mus 444444444444 #fb4 ,hanno1 ! ,gazaite1 gold1 silv]1 lead1 iron1 t91 v>iegat$ g>m5ts1 l951 r$ clo?s ( _! l&s1 #fc4 e co/ly ?+1 products ( sea & dry l& produc$ by _! c\ntries1 royal treasures1 horses1 mules1 h>nesses 44444444 ,i receiv$4 ,! record ( ?is campaign1 fragm5t>y z x is1 %[s h[ completely ,tigla?piles] conqu]$ ! we/4 ,he accompli%$ ! ov]?r[ ( ,damascus1 :i* 8 pr$ecessors _h be5 try+ 9 va9 to d = m ?an a hundr$ ye>s4 ,8 invasion ( nor!rn ,israel l$ to ! ov]?r[ ( ,pekah1 & ! deportation z captives to o!r p>ts ( ! empire ( num]\s ,israelites4 ,?is confirms #b ,k+s #ae3bi1 #cj4 ,x 0 ?is conque/ ( ,damascus & ,israel t fulfill$ ,isaiah's prophecy giv5 9 #gce ,b4 ,c4 7,isa4 #g3af74 ,x 0 :ile ,tigla?piles] 0 at ,damascus1 receiv+ ! tribute1 t ,ahaz1 ^: full "n 0 ,jehoahaz1 w5t to ,damascus to c>ry 8 tribute1--an act :i* prev5t$ ! invasion ( ,judah by ,assyria at ?is "t4 ,:ile ,ahaz 0 9 ,damascus1 he saw ! alt> ( :i* a copy 0 made = ! temple 9 ,j]usalem 7#b ,k+s #af3aj1 ff474 ,! li/ ( k+s f :om ,tigla?piles] receiv$ tribute conta9s _m ,biblical names4 ,n only ,israel & ,judah1 b ! ,phili/9e cities1 ,edom1 ,moab1 ,ammon1 ,damascus1 ,hama?1 ! ,phnician cities ( ,gebal & ,arvad1 ,samal 9 ! extreme nor? ( ,syria1 ,que 9 ,cilicia1 & ,c>*emi% on ! ,euphrates1 7 all drawn into 8 net4 #aj4 ,s>gon1 #gbb-gje ,b4 ,c4 ,tigla?piles] ,,iv 0 succe$$ by ,%almanes] ,v1 :o rul$1 z ! eponym canon %[s1 f #gbg to #gbb ,b4 ,c4 ,on acc\nt ( a rebellion ( ,ho%ea1 ,k+ ( ,israel1 ,%almanes] ov]ran 8 k+dom & besieg$ ,sam>ia = ?ree ye>s1 z record$ 9 #b ,k+s #ag3c-e4 ,be=e ! city fell1 h[ev]1 ,%almanes] _h pass$ away & ,s>gon1 ! f\nd] ( a new dyna/y1 0 on ! ?rone ( ,assyria4 ,9 ,s>gon's fir/ ye> ,sam>ia fell into ! h&s ( ! ,assyrian army2 ,s>gon c\nt$ ?is z 8 own victory & tells ( x 9 ! foll[+ words3#eah ,at ! beg9n+ ( my reign1 9 my fir/ ye> 444444 ,sam>ia ,i besieg$1 ,i captur$4 #bg1bij p f its mid/ ,i c>ri$ captive4 #ej *>iots ,i took !re z an addition to my royal =ce 4444444444 ,i return$ & made m ?an =m]ly to dwell4 ,p f l&s :i* my h&s _h captur$ ,i settl$ 9 ! mid/4 ,my (fic]s ov] !m z gov]nors ,i appo9t$4 ,tribute & taxes ,i impos$ ^u !m aft] ! ,assyrian mann]4 ,9 ano!r inscription ! foll[+ summ>y acc\nt occurs3#eai ,f ! beg9n+ ( my reign to my #ae? ye>1 ! defeat ( ,humbaniga%1 ! ,elamite1 9 ! environs ( ,durilu ,i accompli%$4 ,sam>ia ,i besieg$1 ,i captur$2 ,i c>ri$ captive #bg1bij p :o dwelt 9 x2 #ej *>iots ,i took f !m1 & p]mitt$ ! re/ to keep _! possessions 7871 & plac$ my gov]nor ov] !m & impos$ on !m ! tribute ( ! =m] k+4 ,^! /atem5ts confirm #b ,k+s #ag3f & #bd1 ff4 ,9 "o respect !y ?r[ an int]e/+ light ^u ! captivity ( ,israel4 ,only #bg1bij p 7 transport$ at ?is "t4 ,true1 ,tigla?-piles] ,,iv _h previ\sly transport$ ! inhabitants ( sev]al t[ns ( ,galilee4 7,see #b ,k+s #ae3bi1 & 8 inscriptions translat$ above47 ,:5 we put toge!r all ^? :o 7 deport$1 h[ev]1 !y 7 b a fraction ( ! population4 ,z ,s>gon di/9ctly says1 ! o!rs rema9$ !re4 ,!y int]m>ri$ ) ! settl]s :om he br\ght 9 & became ! ance/ors ( ! sect ( ,sam>itans4 ,! 8t5 lo/ tribes0 7 n 8lo/10 z is (t5 popul>ly suppos$ to h be5 ! case4 ,! fir/ ( ! inscriptions quot$ above conta9s also ! foll[+ passage3#ebj ,9 ! second ye> ( my reign ,ilubidi1 ! ,hama?ite 444444 collect$ 8 num]\s troops at ,q>q>4 ,! oa? ( ,a%ur he despis$4 ,arpad1 ,simirra1 ,damascus1 ,sam>ia1 he made rebelli\s aga9/ me 444444444444444444444 ,sib'u1 8 ,t>tan1 he summon$ to 8 aid1 & to give fight & battle came into my pres5ce4 ,9 ! "n ( ,a%ur1 my "l1 ,i accompli%$ 8 defeat4 ,sib'u fl$ l a %eph]d ^: %eep are /ol5 & escap$4 ,hanno ,i caught 9 my h& & took him b\nd unto my city ,a%ur4 ,! city ,raphia ,i deva/at$1 de/roy$1 burn$ ) fire4 ,i took captive #i1jcc p1 toge!r ) _! num]\s possessions4 ,! ,sib'u ( ?is inscription is probably ! same z ,s1 ,k+ ( ,egypt1 9 #b ,k+s #ag3d4 ,he _c be id5tifi$ ) any kn[n ,egyptian k+4 ,he 0 probably a pr9ce ( a nome ( ! ,delta4 ,! above is ,s>gon's description ( ! battle ( ,raphia1 :i* occurr$ 9 ! ye> #gbj ,b4 ,c4 ,?is campaign 0 an aft]ma? ( ! fall ( ,sam>ia4 #gag ,b4 ,c4 ,s>gon1#eba ! exalt$ pr9ce1 :o came ^u ,hummaniga%1 ! ,k+ ( ,elam1 9 ! environs ( ,durilu & accompli%$ 8 ov]?r[1 :o r$uc$ to submission ,yaudi1 ! place ( :i* 0 di/ant1 :o de/roy$ ,hama?1 ^: h&s captur$ ,yaubidi4 ,?is ,yaudi has be5 tak5 by "s s*ol>s = ,judah1 b x 0 probably ! k+dom 9 nor!rn ,syria m5tion$ by ,tigla?piles] ,,iv & 9 ! inscription ( ,panammu1 ( ,samal1 ! mod]n ,z5djirli4 ,we "k ( no ,assyrian invasion ( ,judah at ?is "t4 ,! tribute ( ,ph>aoh1 ,k+ ( ,egypt1 ( ,samsi1 ! ,que5 ( ,arabia1 ,i?am>a1 ! ,saban1 gold1 ! 444444 ( ! m\nta91 horses1 & camels1 ,i receiv$ 444444444444#ebb ,yaubidi1 ! ,hama?ite1 a soldi] 7871 ) no "r to ! ?rone1 a bad ,hittite1 _h set 8 he>t on ! k+dom ( ,hama?2 he caus$ ,arpad1 ,simirra1 ,damascus1 & ,sam>ia to rebel aga9/ me1 made !m ( "o int5t & collect$ = battle4 ,! :ole army ( ,a%ur ,i mu/]$ & 9 ,q>q>1 8 favorite city1 ,i besieg$ him toge!r ) 8 soldi]s4 ,i captur$ ,q>q>1 ,i burn$ x ) fire4 ,8 sk9 ,i flay$ & ! p>tak]s ( 8 s9 ,i kill$ 9 _! cities2 ,i e/abli%$ peace4 #bjj *>iots & #bjj horsem5 ,i collect$ f ! p ( ,hama?1 & add$ to my royal =ce4 ,?is passage records ! ov]?r[ ( ,hama? & ,arpad 7,isa4 #aj3i71 & m5tions ! tribute ( a k+ ( ,%eba1 ! acc\nt ( ! com+ ( ^: que5 to ,solomon is f\nd 9 ,i ,k+s #aj3a1 ff4 #gaa ,b4 ,c4 ,azuri1 ,k+ ( ,a%dod1 plann$ 9 8 he>t n to pay tribute1 & among ! k+s ( 8 neighborhood dissem9at$ hatr$ ( ,assyria4 ,on acc\nt ( ! evil he _h done ,i cut (f 8 lord%ip ov] ! p ( 8 l&4 ,i appo9t$ ,ahimiti1 8 y\ng] 787 bro!r to ! k+%ip ov] !m4 ,b ! ,hittites1 plann+ evil1 hat$ him & exalt$ ov] !m ,yamani1 :o _h no claim to ! ?rone1 & :o1 l !m1 knew no fe> ( au?ority4 ,9 ! ang] ( my he>t ! mass ( my army ,i did n mu/]1 ,i did n assemble my camp4 ,) my usual bodygu>d ,i m>*$ aga9/ ,a%dod4 ,yamani he>d ( ! progress ( my exp$ition f af> & fl$ to ! bord]s ( ,egypt1 :i* lies by ! side ( ,melu*a1 & 0 se5 no m4 ,a%dod1 ,ga?1 ,a%dudimmu1 ,i besieg$1 ,i conqu]$4 ,i took z spoil 8 gods1 8 wife1 8 sons1 8 daught]s1 8 possessions1 ! treasures ( 8 palace1 toge!r ) ! p ( 8 l&4 ,i seiz$ ^? cities anew1 & settl$ 9 !m peoples ( l&s ,i _h captur$ f among ! l&s ( ! ea/ 4444444444 ,) ! p ( ,assyria ,i numb]$ !m1 & !y bore my yoke4 ,! k+ ( ,melu*a1 :o among 444444 an inaccessible place1 a road 444444 ^: fa!rs f anci5t days z f> back z ! moon-god1 8 fa!r1 _h s5t no mess5g]s to my fa!rs to pay _! respects1 he>d f af> ( ! might ( ,a%ur1 ,nabu1 & ,m>duk2 ! fe> ( ! lu/] ( my royalty cov]$ him & fright 0 p\r$ ov] him4 ,he ca/ him ,yamani into bonds1 fett]s ( iron1 & br\ght him be=e me into ,assyria1--a long j\rney4#ebc ,ano!r fragm5t>y acc\nt runs ?us3#ebd ,9 ! #i? error = #aa? ye> ( my reign ,i m>*$ 4444444444 to ! coa/ ( ! great sea 444444 ,azuri1 ,k+ ( ,a%dod1 4444444444 ,ahimiti 4444444444 8 y\ng] 787 bro!r 4444444444 ,i exalt$ ov] !m 4444444444 tribute & taxes ( my lord%ip 444444 l ^? ( 444444 k+s1 ,i impos$ ^u !m 444444 ,! evil 9 4444444444 9 ord] n to pay tribute 4444444444 _! pr9ces 4444444444 !y drove him away 4444444444 ,yamani1 a soldi]1 !y appo9t$ to k+%ip ov] !m4 ,_! city 4444444444 9 its environs a moat 4444444444 cubits 9 dep? !y dug1 !y rea*$ ! wat]-level 4444444444 ,to puni% ,phili/ia1 ,judah1 ,edom1 ,moab1 :o inhabit ! sea-coa/1 pay]s ( tribute1 & taxes to ,a%ur1 my "l4 ,plann+ rebellion & untold evil aga9/ me1 !y bore _! pl$ges to ,ph>aoh1 ,k+ ( ,egypt1 a pr9ce :o c\ld n help !m1 & s\ght 8 aid4 ,i1 ,s>gon1 ! fai?ful pr9ce1 :o honors ! oa? ( ,nabu & ,m>duk1 :o gu>ds ! "n ( ,a%ur1 caus$ my tru/y troops to cross ! ,tigris & ,euphrates at high wat]4 ,z = him1 ,yamani1 _! k+1 :o _h tru/$ to 8 own p[]1 & _h n submitt$ to my lord%ip1 he he>d ( ! advance ( my army4 ,! fe> ( ,a%ur1 my "l1 ca/ him d[n1 & to 444444 :i* is on ! bank ( ! riv] 444444 wat]s 444444 8 l& 444444 f> away 444444 he fl$ 444444 ,a%dod 444444 ,! two passages j translat$ are ,s>gon's acc\nts ( ! ev5ts allud$ to 9 ,isa4 #bj3a4 ,^! ev5ts 7 ! occasion ( ! prophecy !re record$4 ,until ! discov]y ( ! palace ( ,s>gon by ,botta 9 #ahde1 ?is passage 9 ,isaiah1 0 ! only place 9 extant lit]ature :]e ! "n ( ,s>gon _h be5 pres]v$4 ,9 ! la/ ( ! passages j quot$1 ,s>gon speaks z ?\gh he _h also puni%$ ,judah on ?is exp$ition4 ,!re is no direct allusion to ?is 9 ! ,bible unless x be ! vivid description 9 ,isa4 #aj3bh-cb1 :]e an approa* ( an ,assyrian army to ,j]usalem f ! nor? is describ$4 ,x is difficult to date ^? v]ses unless !y also ref] to ?is exp$ition ( #gaa ,b4 ,c4 7,see ,app5dix47 #aa4 ,s5na*]ib1 #gje-fha ,b4 ,c4 ,campaign ( #gjaebe ,9 my ?ird exp$ition ,i w5t to ! l& ( ! ,hittites4 ,! fe> ( my lord%ip ov]?rew ,luli1 ,k+ ( ,sidon1 & he fl$ to a di/ance 9 ! mid/ ( ! sea4 ,8 l& ,i subdu$4 ,great ,sidon1 little ,sidon4 ,be?-zt1 ,z>eptah1 ,mahalliba1 ,u%u1 ,a*zib1 ,ac*o1 8 /rongholds1 8 =tresses1 ! places ( 8 food & dr9k1 ! =ts 9 :i* he tru/$1 ! might ( ! weapons ( ,a%ur1 my "l1 ov]?rew !m & !y submitt$ to my feet4 ,i caus$ ,tubal to sit on ! royal ?rone ov] !m1 & impos$ ^u him ! ye>ly paym5t ( tribute z ! tax ( my lord%ip4 ,m9himmu1 ! ,%amsimurunian1 ,tubalu1 ! ,sidonian1 ,abdiliti1 ! ,arvadite1 ,urumilke1 ! ,gebalite1 ,mit9ti1 ! ,a%dodite1 ,puduilu1 ! ,be?-,ammonite1 ,kammusunadbi1 ! ,moabite1 ,milkirammu1 ! ,edomite1 k+s ( ! ,we/l&1 all ( !m1 an ext5sive di/rict1 br\ght _! heavy tribute toge!r ) _! possessions into my pres5ce & kiss$ my feet4 ,& ,sidqa1 ! ,k+ ( ,askelon1 :o _h n submitt$ to my yoke1 ! gods ( ! h\se ( 8 fa!r1 himself1 8 wife1 8 sons1 8 daught]s1 8 bro!rs1 ! se$ ( ! h\se ( 8 fa!r ,i took away & br\ght him to ,assyria4 ,%>rulud>i1 ! son ( ,rukibti1 _! =m] k+1 ,i plac$ ov] ! p ( ,askelon1 & impos$ ^u him ! paym5t ( tribute z an aid to my rule1 & he bore my yoke4 ,9 ! progress ( my exp$ition ,be?-,dagon1 ,joppa1 ,banab>ka1 ,azuru1 ! cities ( ,sidqa1 :o _h n ) alacrity submitt$ to my feet1 ,i besieg$1 ,i captur$1 ,i took _! spoil4 ,! gov]nors1 pr9ces1 & p ( ,ekron1 :o _h ca/ into fett]s ( iron ,padi1 _! k+1 my ally1 b\nd by ,a%ur's oa?1 & _h deliv]$ him to ,hezekiah1 ! ,judan1 :o z an enemy imprison$ him1--_! he>ts fe>$4 ,! k+s ( ,egypt1 ! soldi]s1 b[s1 *>iots1 & horses ( ! k+ ( ,meluhu1 an unnumb]$ =ce1 !y summon$1 & !y came to _! aid4 ,9 ! environs ( ,elteke ! battle array 0 drawn up be=e me2 !y ask$ = _! weapons4 ,9 ! might ( ,a%ur1 my "l1 ,i f\ght ) !m & accompli%$ _! defeat4 ,my h&s took alive 9 ! mid/ ( ! battle ! comm&] ( ! *>iots & ! sons ( ! ,egyptian k+1 toge!r ) ! comm&] ( ! *>iots ( ! k+ ( ,meluhu4 ,elteke & ,timna? ,i besieg$1 captur$ & took _! spoil4 ,i approa*$ ,ekron4 ,! gov]nors & pr9ces :o _h committ$ s9 ,i kill$ & on /akes r\nd ab\t ! city ,i hung _! bodies4 ,! citiz5s :o _h committ$ wick$ness & rebellion ,i c\nt$ z spoil4 ,i decl>$ ! righte\sness ( ! re/ ( !m1 :o _h committ$ no s9 & rebellion & 9 :om 0 no wick$ness4 ,i br\ght ,padi1 _! k+1 out ( ! mid/ ( ,j]usalem1 & on ! ?rone ( dom9ion ov] !m ,i plac$1 & impos$ ! tribute ( my ov]-lord%ip ^u him4 ,& z to ,hezekiah1 ! ,judan1 :o _h n submitt$ to my yoke1 #df ( 8 /rongholds1 =tifi$ cities1 & small] cities ( _! environs )\t numb]1 ) ! onset ( batt]+ rams & ! attack ( eng9es1 m9es1 brea*es1 & axes 7871 ,i besieg$1 ,i captur$4 #bjj1aej p1 small & great1 male & female1 horses1 mules1 asses1 camels1 ox51 & %eep )\t numb] ,i br\ght out ( _! mid/ & c\nt$ z booty4 ,he himself ,i %ut up l a cag$ bird 9 ,j]usalem1 8 capital city2 ,i erect$ beleagu]+ works aga9/ him1 & turn$ back by comm& e "o :o came out ( 8 city gate4 ,! cities1 :i* ,i _h captur$1 f 8 c\ntry ,i cut (f & gave !m to ,mit9ti1 ,k+ ( ,a%dod1 ,padi1 ,k+ ( ,ekron1 & ,sillibaal1 ,k+ ( ,gaza1 & dim9i%$ 8 l&4 ,9 addition to ! =m] tribute1 _! ye>ly tax1 ,i add$ a tax z ! impo/ ( my ov]-lord%ip & laid x ^u !m4 ,z to ,hezekiah himself1 ! fe> ( ! lu/] ( my lord%ip ov]came him & ! ,urbi & 8 favorite soldi]s1 :om he _h br\ght 9 to /r5g!n ,j]usalem1 8 capital city1 des]t$4 ,) #cj tal5ts ( gold1 #hjj tal5ts ( silv]1 preci\s /ones1 r\ge1 dakkasi1 lapis lazuli1 great angugmi-/ones1 b$s ( ivory1 /ation>y ivory ?rones1 elephants' hide1 ivory1 u%u-wood1 uk>9nu-wood1 all sorts ( objects1 a heavy treasure2 also 8 daught]s1 ! wom5 ( 8 palace1 male & female musicians he s5t aft] me to ,n9eveh1 my capital city1 & s5t 8 mess5g] to pres5t ! gift & to d homage4 ,inscription "u ,la*i%-picture1 #gja ,b4 ,c4 ,s5na*]ib1 k+ ( ! _w1 ,k+ ( ,assyria1 sat on 8 ?rone1 & ! spoil ( ! city ( ,la*i% pass$ be=e him2#ebf 7see ,fig4 #bih74 ,exp$ition aga9/ ,m]oda*baladan1 #gjc ,b4 ,c4 ,9 my fir/ exp$ition ,i accompli%$ ! defeat ( ,m]oda*baladan1 ,k+ ( ,babylon1 toge!r ) ! =ces ( ,elam1 8 ally1 9 ! environs ( ! city ( ,ki%4 ,9 ! mid/ ( t battle he left 8 camp & fl$ alone2 he sav$ 8 life4 ,! *>iots1 horses1 wagons1 & mules1 :i* at ! onset ( battle he _h left1 my h&s captur$4 ,i ent]$ joyfully into 8 palace :i* 0 9 ,babylon4 ,i op5$ 8 treasure-h\se2 gold1 silv]1 gold & silv] ut5sils1 preci\s /ones ( all k9ds1 8 untold treasur$ possessions1 a great booty2 ! wom5 ( 8 palace1 pr9ces1 8 body-gu>ds1 male & female musicians1 ! re/ ( 8 troops z _m z !re 71 & ! s]vants ( 8 palace ,i br\ght out & c\nt$ z spoil4#ebg ,campaign aga9/ ,arabia 7betwe5 #fhh & #fhb7 ,telhunu1 ! ,que5 ( ,arabia1 9 ! mid/ ( ! des]t--f h] ,i took 444 camels4 ,! lu/] ( my lord%ip ov]?rew h] & ,hazael4 ,!y left _! t5ts & fl$ to ,adummatu1 :i* is situat$ 9 ! des]t1 444444 a ?ir/y place1 :]e !re is nei!r food nor dr9k4#ebh ,! mat]ial conta9$ 9 ! fir/ two passages j quot$ f ,s5na*]ib is p>allel 9 a g5]al way to #b ,k+s #ah1 #ai & ,isa4 #cf1 #cg4 ,all ,biblical /ud5ts recognize t ^! two *apt]s 9 ,isaiah are practically id5tical ) ! two 9 ,k+s4 ,9 discuss+ ! p>allelism1 !re=e1 we %all ref] to #b ,k+s #ah1 #ai only4 ,) ref]5ce to ! be>+ ( ?is ,assyrian mat]ial ^u ! ,biblical n>rative !re are ?ree diff]5t views :i* h be5 ent]ta9$ by ?ree gr\ps ( s*ol>s4 #a4 ,"o view1 :i* 0 fir/ express$ by ! late ,pr(4 ,s*rad]1#ebi ( ,b]l91 is t ! inscription ( ,s5na*]ib1 :ile diff]+ f ! ,biblical acc\nt 9 "s p>ticul>s1 really confirms x at ne>ly e po9t4 ,s5na*]ib1 ?\gh he claims to h dim9i%$ ,hezekiah's t]ritory1 & to h receiv$ f him a heavy tribute1 does n claim to h tak5 ,j]usalem4 ,accord+ to #b ,k+s #ah3ad1 ff41 ,hezekiah submitt$ to ,s5na*]ib1 s5d+ 8 mess5g] to ,la*i% = ! purpose1 & paid him a heavy tribute2 accord+ to #b ,k+s #ai3ce1 ff41 a great disa/] s weak5$ ,s5na*]ib's army t he 0 oblig$ to )draw4 ,s*rad] call$ att5tion to ! close correspond5ce betwe5 #b ,k+s #ah3ad & ,s5na*]ib4 ,bo? /ate t ,hezekiah paid #cj tal5ts ( gold1 ?\gh !y diff] z to ! am\nt ( silv]1 ,k+s mak+ x #cjj tal5ts1 :ile ,s5na*]ib makes x #hjj4 ,x 0 suppos$ t ! numb]s 9 ! case ( ! silv] 7 really equival5t to "o ano!r1 ! pres5t div]g5ce be+ due to textual corruption4 ,assyrian k+s nev] record _! failures1 b ,s5na*]ib's admission t he did n take ! city 0 held to be confirmation ( #b ,k+s #ai3ce1 ff41 :i* describes a great de/ruction ( ! ,assyrian army & a signal deliv]ance ( ,j]usalem4 #b4 ,a second view1 ( :i* ,pr(4 ,me9hold1#ecj ( ,bonn1 may be tak5 z ! *ief expon5t1 />ts f ! fact t !re seem to be two acc\nts 9 #b ,k+s #ah & #ai4 ,9 #ah3ac-af !re is a /atem5t ( h[ ,hezekiah s5t to ,s5na*]ib1 :ile ,s5na*]ib 0 besieg+ ,la*i%1 & admitt$ t he _h done wrong & promis$ to be> :atev] ,s5na*]ib might *oose to put ^u him4 ,s5na*]ib !reupon impos$ a heavy tribute ^u him1 :i* he paid4 ,! :ole transaction seems to be conclud$1 :5 at v4 #ag ! ,t>tan1 or ,rabs>is 7,rab%akeh71 appe>s ^u ! sc5e & taunts ,hezekiah = 8 ob/9acy & he submits aga94 ,possibly ?is might be consid]$ ! details ( ! transaction t 0 describ$ 9 m]e outl9e 9 #ah3ac-af4 ,:51 h[ev]1 x has all be5 describ$ aga91 & ! ,rab%akeh has return$ to ,s5na*]ib at ,la*i%1 ,s5na*]ib aga9 s5ds mess5g]s 7*apt] #ai3i71 aga9 dem&+ a surr5d]4 ,^! mess5g]s are said to h be5 s5t :5 ,s5na*]ib he>d t ,tirhakah1 ,k+ ( ,e?iopia1 0 m>*+ aga9/ him4 ,?is n>rative goes on to tell h[ ,hezekiah1 act+ "u ! advice ( ,isaiah1 delay$ 8 surr5d]1 & h[ ! camp ( ! ,assyrians 0 decimat$ by ! angel ( ! ,"l1 & ,j]usalem escap$4 ,me9hold & 8 foll[]s hold t !re are "h two inconsi/5t acc\nts4 ,accord+ to ! fir/1 ,hezekiah surr5d]$2 accord+ to ! second1 he did n4 ,accord+ to ! fir/1 ,hezekiah paid tribute2 accord+ to ! second1 ,s5na*]ib's army 0 de/roy$4 ,! fir/ ( ^! acc\nts is confirm$ by ,s5na*]ib's inscription2 ! second is1 s ,me9hold holds1 %[n by x to be unhi/orical3 fir/1 by ! fact t ,s5na*]ib gives no h9t t 8 army 0 h>m$1 &1 secondly1 by ! m5tion ( ,tirhakah1 :o did n come to ! ?rone until #fhh ,b4 ,c41 & c\ld n1 !re=e1 h be5 a factor 9 ! w> ( #gja ,b4 ,c4 ,a ?ird view 0 sugge/$ by ,w9ckl]#eca & is held by ,praek1#ecb ,full]ton1#ecc & ,rog]s4#ecd ,accord+ to ?is view1 ,s5na*]ib made two exp$itions aga9/ ,j]usalem1 & #b ,k+s #ah3ac-ai3h is an acc\nt ( ! fir/ ( ^! 7! exp$ition ( #gja71 :ile #b ,k+s #ai3i-cf is ! acc\nt ( ! second1--an exp$ition :i* did n occur until aft] ! accession ( ,tirhakah1 eight or t5 ye>s lat]4 ,! inscription ( ,s5na*]ib1 already quot$1 ref]s to ! fir/ ( ^! exp$itions only4 ,we h no inscription ( ,s5na*]ib ref]r+ to ! lat] disa/r\s campaign1 b t is n surpris+1 = unless ! acc\nt ( 8 exp$ition aga9/ ! que5 ( ,arabia1 already quot$ above1 belongs to ?is p]iod1 we h no inscriptions ref]r+ to ! la/ eight ye>s ( 8 reign4 ,x is ?\ght by ! s*ol>s :o believe t !re 7 two exp$itions1 t ,s5na*]ib w\ld approa* ! que5 ( ,arabia only f ! we/1 s t t inscription is reg>d$ z an incid5tal confirmation ( ?is view4 ,( c\rse1 an ,assyrian k+ w\ld n record a disa/]4 ,! acc\nt 9 #b ,k+s #ai3i-cf receives confirmation f an int]e/+ passage 9 ,h]odotus1 ! ,greek 8fa!r ( hi/ory40 ,he says 7,book ,,ii1 #ada73 ,& aft] ?is ! next k+ ( ,egypt 0 a prie/ ( ,hephai/os1 call$ ,se?s4 ,he held ! w>rior class ( ! ,egyptians 9 contempt z ?\gh he _h no ne$ ( !m4 ,he did !m di%onor & depriv$ !m ( ! arable l&s :i* _h be5 grant$ !m by previ\s k+s1 twelve acres to ea* soldi]4 ,& aft]w>d ,s5na*]ib1 ,k+ ( ! ,arabians & ,assyrians1 m>*$ a great army into ,egypt4 ,!n ! soldi]s ( ,egypt w\ld n help him2 :]eupon ! prie/ w5t into ! inn] sanctu>y to ! image ( ! god & bewail$ ! ?+s :i* he 0 9 dang] ( suff]+4 ,z he wept he fell asleep1 & !re appe>$ to him 9 a vision ! god /&+ ov] him to enc\rage him1 say+ t1 :5 he w5t =? to meet ! ,arabian army he w\ld suff] no h>m1 = he himself w\ld s5d him help]s4 ,tru/+ to ?is dream he collect$ ^? ,egyptians :o 7 will+ to foll[ him & m>*$ to ,pelusium1 :]e ! entrance to 8 c\ntry 04 ,none ( ! w>riors foll[$ him1 b trad]s1 artisans1 & m>ket m54 ,!re1 z ! two armies lay opposite to ea* o!r1 !re came 9 ! night a multitude ( field mice1 :i* ate up all ! quiv]s & b[/r+s ( ! enemy1 & ! ?ongs ( _! %ields4 ,9 consequ5ce1 on ! next day !y fl$1 &1 be+ depriv$ ( _! arms1 _m ( !m fell4 ,& !re /&s n[ 9 ! temple ( ,hephai/os a /one /atue ( ?is k+ hold+ a m\se 9 8 h&1 be>+ an inscription :i* says3 8,let any :o look on me rev]5ce ! gods40 ,george ,adam ,smi?#ece po9t$ out sev]al ye>s ago t1 :5 ?is passage is comp>$ ) #b ,k+s #ai3cf1 x po9ts cle>ly to ! conclusion t ,s5na*]ib's army 0 attack$ by bubonic plague4 ,9 mod]n times ?is plague fir/ attacks rats & mice1 :i* 9 _! suff]+ sw>m ! dwell+s ( m5 & spread ! disease4 ,! ,hebrews reg>d$ ! attack ( su* a plague z a smit+ by ! angel ( ,god4 ,?is is %[n by #b ,sam4 #bd3af1 #ag2 ,acts #ab3bc2 #b ,k+s #ai3cf4 ,su* a pe/il5ce w\ld r5d] ! ,assyrian army helpless1 & w\ld be reg>d$ by ! ,hebrews z a div9e int]v5tion on _! behalf4 ,z x is support$ by bo? ! book ( ,k+s & ,h]odotus1 x probably af=ds u a clue to :at really happ5$ to ,s5na*]ib's army4 ,we hold1 !n1 t ! la/ ( ! ?ree views conc]n+ ! campaigns ( ,s5na*]ib to ,pale/9e is probably correct4 ,! ,elteke m5tion$ 9 ! inscription ( ,s5na*]ib is ! city ref]r$ to 9 ,jo%4 #ai3dd & #ba3bc4 ,! ,m]oda*baladan ref]r$ to is m5tion$ 9 ,isa4 #ci3a1 :]e x is said t he s5t to congratulate ,hezekiah ^u 8 recov]y f sickness4 ,x is cle> f :at ! ,assyrian acc\nts tell u t 8 real motive 9 s5d+ to ,hezekiah 0 to induce him to rebel aga9/ ,assyria4 #ab4 ,! ,siloam ,inscription4 ,! foll[+ inscription 0 discov]$ 9 #ahhj on ! "r wall ( ! tunnel :i* connects ! ,virg9's ,well 7,a9 ,sitti ,m>yam7 at ,j]usalem ) ! ,pool ( ,siloam 7,birket ,silwn74 ,! bor+ ?r\gh is complet$4 ,& ?is is ! /ory ( ! bor+ ?r\gh3 :ile yet !y pli$ ! drill1 ea* t[>d 8 fell[1 & :ile yet !re 7 ?ree cubits to be bor$ ?r\gh1 !re 0 he>d ! voice ( "o call+ unto ano!r1 = !re 0 a crevice 9 ! rock on ! "r h&4 ,& on ! day ( ! bor+ ?r\gh ! /one-cutt]s /ruck1 ea* to meet 8 fell[1 drill ^u drill2 & ! wat]s fl[$ f ! s\rce to ! pool = a ?\s& & two hundr$ cubits1 & a hundr$ cubits 0 ! height ( ! rock above ! heads ( ! /one-cutt]s2#ecf 7see ,fig4 #big74 ,?is inscription1 ?\gh n dat$1 is believ$ to come f ! "t ( ,hezekiah4 ,hezekiah is said 9 #b ,k+s #bj3bj to h built a conduit & to h br\ght ! wat] into ! city4 ,?is inscription 0 f\nd 9 a rem>kable conduit :i* /ill runs "u ! hill at ,j]usalem1 cut ?r\gh ! solid rock4 ,x is ab\t #a1gjj feet long4 ,x 0 cle>$ ( silt by ! ,p>k] exp$ition ( #aiji-aiaa1 & ! tunnel is ab\t #f feet 9 height ?r\gh\t its entire l5g?4 ,:5 x 0 cut ! wall ( ,j]usalem cross$ ! ,tyropon ,valley j bel[ x1 s t1 :ile ! ,virg9's ,spr+ 7! ,biblical ,gihon7 lay outside ! walls1 ?is aqu$uct br\ght ! wat] to a pool )9 ! walls1 s t ! inhabitants ( ! city c\ld1 9 case ( siege1 fill _! wat]-j>s )\t expos+ !mselves to ! enemy4 ,! inscription is n[ 9 ! ,imp]ial ,ottoman ,museum at ,con/ant9ople4 #ac4 ,es>haddon1 #fha-ffh ,b4 ,c4 ,i ov]?rew ! k+s ( ! ,hittite c\ntry & ^? beyond ! sea2 ,baal1 ,k+ ( ,tyre1 ,manassah1 ,k+ ( ,judah1 ,kau%gabri1 ,k+ ( ,edom1 ,musuri1 ,k+ ( ,moab1 ,silbaal1 ,k+ ( ,gaza1 ,mit9ti1 ,k+ ( ,askelon1 ,ikausu1 ,k+ ( ,ekron1 ,milkia%apa1 ,k+ ( ,gebal1 ,matanbaal1 ,k+ ( ,arvad1 ,abibaal1 ,k+ ( ,%amsimuruna1 ,puduel1 ,k+ ( ,be?-,ammon1 ,ahi-milku1 ,k+ ( ,a%dod1 #ab k+s ( ! sea-coa/2 ,eki%tura1 ,k+ ( ,idalion1 ,pilagura1 ,k+ ( ,kiti1 ,kisu1 ,k+ ( ,sillua1 ,itu&]1 ,k+ ( ,paphos1 ,erisu1 ,k+ ( ,sillu1 ,damasu1 ,k+ ( ,kuri1 ,atmizu1 ,k+ ( ,tamesu1 ,damusi1 ,k+ ( ,k>tihada/i1 ,unasagusu1 ,k+ ( ,lidir1 ,bususu1 ,k+ ( ,nur5u2 #aj k+s ( ,cyprus 9 ! mid/ ( ! sea--altoge!r #bb k+s ( ! ,hittite l&1 ( ! sea-coa/ & ! mid/ ( ! sea--,i s5t to !m & great c$> beams1 etc4 444444444 !y s5t4#ecg ,es>haddon1 ! au?or ( ! inscription f :i* ?is extract is tak51 is m5tion$ 9 #b ,k+s #ai3cg & ,isa4 #cg3ch z ,s5na*]ib's successor1 a /atem5t :i* ! inscriptions abundantly confirm4 ,! above quotation f 8 inscription %[s t ,manasseh1 ,k+ ( ,judah1 #b ,k+s #bj3ba & *apt] #ba1 0 a vassal ( ,es>haddon4 ,es>haddon is also allud$ to 9 ,ezra #d3b4 #ad4 ,a%urbanipal ( ,assyria1 #ffh-fbf ,b4 ,c4 ,9 my ?ird campaign ,i m>*$ aga9/ ,baal1 ,k+ ( ,tyre1 :o dwelt 9 ! mid/ ( ! sea4 ,because he _h n kept ! ^w ( my lord%ip nor he$$ ! utt]ance ( my lips1 ,i erect$ aga9/ him siege-works & cut (f 8 exit bo? by l& & sea2 _! lives ,i made n>r[ & /rait5$2 ,i caus$ !m to submit to my yoke4 ,!y br\ght ! daught]s t came =? f 8 lo9s & ! daught]s ( 8 bro!rs into my pres5ce to become concub9es4 ,yahimilki1 8 son1 :o _h nev] cross$ ! sea1 !y br\ght at ! same "t to d me s]vice4 ,8 daught] & ! daught]s ( 8 bro!rs ) an abundant d[ry ,i receiv$ f him4 ,i grant$ him favor & return$ to him ! son t came =? f 8 lo9s4#ech ,yak9lu1 ,k+ ( ,arvad1 :o dwells 9 ! mid/ ( ! sea1 :o _h n submitt$ to ! k+s1 my fa!rs1 ,i br\ght "u my yoke4 ,he br\ght 8 daught] to ,n9eveh ) an abundant d[ry & kiss$ my feet 4444444444 ,on my return ,i captur$ ,u%u1 :i* is situat$ on ! coa/ ( ! sea4 ,! inhabitants ( ,u%u1 :o _h n be5 ob$i5t to _! gov]nors1 :o _h n paid _! tribute1 ,i kill$ z ! tribute ( _! l&4 ,among ! rebelli\s peoples ,i set my /aff4 ,_! gods & _! peoples ,i c>ri$ z booty to ,assyria4 ,! p ( ,ac*o :o _h n submitt$ ,i subdu$4 ,i hung _! bodies on /akes ar\nd ! city4 ,! re/ ,i took to ,assyria2 ,i pres]v$ !m & add$ !m to ! num]\s army :i* ,a%ur _h giv5 unto me4#eci ,^! extracts f ! inscriptions ( ,a%urbanipal %[ t dur+ ! reign ( ,manasseh he 0 active 9 r$uc+ ! rebellions ( ,phnician cities1 "s ( :i*1 z ,tyre & ,ac*o1 7 at ! doors ( ,pale/9e4 ,no d\bt ,manasseh cont9u$ to pay him tribute & s 0 n mole/$4 ,! "n ( ,a%urbanipal is pres]v$ 9 ,ezra #d3aj 9 ! corrupt =m ( ,osnapp>4 #ae4 ,ne*o ( ,egypt1 #fji-eic ,b4 ,c4 ,ye> #af1 f\r? mon? ( ! fir/ season1 day #af1 "u ! maje/y ( ,horus3 ,wise-he>t$2 k+ ( ,upp] & ,l[] ,egypt2 ,favorite ( ! two goddesses3 ,triumphant2 ,gold5 ,horus3 ,belov$-(-!-,gods2 ,uhemibre2 ,son ( ,ra1 ( 8 body1 8 belov$3 ,ne*o1 liv+ =ev]1 belov$ ( ,apis1 son ( ,osiris4#edj 7,an acc\nt ( ! int]m5t ( an ,apis bull !n foll[s47 ,! above is ! beg9n+ ( an inscription ( ,ph>aoh ,ne*o1 ^: defeat ( ,k+ ,josiah1 ( ,judah1 is record$ 9 #b ,k+s #bc3bi1 f4 ,he became ov]-"l ( ,judah = f\r ye>s & plac$ ,jehoiakim on ! ,judan ?rone 7#b ,k+s #bc3cd74 ,ne*o 0 himself defeat$ at ,c>*emi% on ! ,euphrates by ,nebu*adrezz>1 ( ,babylon1 9 #fjd ,b4 ,c41 & z he retreat$ to ,egypt ,nebu*adrezz> pursu$ him ?r\gh ,pale/9e4 ,! book ( ,j]emiah speaks ( ?is defeat & vividly describes ! pursuit :i* foll[$4 7,cf4 ,j]4 #df3b1 f47 #af4 ,nebu*adrezz> ,,ii1 #fjd-efb ,b4 ,c4 ,_m inscriptions ( ,nebu*adrezz> are kn[n1 b mo/ ( !m relate to build+s4 ,! foll[+ extracts are ^? :i* be/ illu/rate ! ,bible4 ,9 exalt$ tru/ 9 him 7,m>duk7 di/ant c\ntries1 remote m\nta9s f ! upp] sea 7,m$it]ranean7 to ! l[] sea 7,p]sian ,gulf71 /eep pa?s1 blockad$ roads1 :]e ! /ep is imp$$1 :]e 0 no foot+1 difficult roads1 des]t pa?s1 ,i trav]s$1 & ! disob$i5t ,i de/roy$2 ,i captur$ ! enemies1 e/abli%$ ju/ice 9 ! l&s2 ! p ,i exalt$2 ! bad & evil ,i sep>at$ f ! p4#eda ,ref]5ce to ! ,lebanon ,f ! upp] sea to ! l[] sea1 4444444444 :i* ,m>duk1 my "l1 _h entru/$ to me1 9 all l&s1 ! totality ( dwell+-places ,i exalt$ ! city ( ,babylon to ! fir/ place4 ,i caus$ 8 "n to be rev]5c$ among ! cities2 ! %r9es ( ,nabu & ,m>duk1 my lords1 ,i made !m recognize1 cont9ually 4444444444 ,at t "t ! ,lebanon m\nta91 ! m\nta9 ( c$>1 ! pr\d =e/ ( ,m>duk1 ! odor ( ^: c$>s is good 4444444444 ( ano!r god 44444444444 no o!r k+ _h 44444444444 my god1 ,m>duk1 ! k+ to ! palace ( ! pr9ces 4444444444 ( heav5 & e>? %one z adornm5t 4444444444 ,z a =eign enemy _h tak5 possession ( 7! m\nta97 & seiz$ its ri*es1 its p _h fl$ & tak5 refuge at a di/ance4 ,9 ! p[] ( ,nabu & ,m>duk1 my lords1 ,i drew up my soldi]s1 = battle 9 m\nt ,lebanon4 ,its enemy ,i dislodg$ above & bel[ & made glad ! he>t ( ! l&4 ,i collect$ its scatt]$ p & return$ !m to _! place4 ,i did :at no =m] k+ _h done2 ,i cleft high m\nta9s1 /ones ( ! m\nta9 ,i qu>ri$1 ,i op5$ passes4 ,i made a /raight road = ! c$>s4 ,mighty c$>s !y 71 tall & /rong1 ( wond]ful beauty1 ^: d>k appe>ance 0 rem>kable1--! mighty products ( m\nt ,lebanon 4444444444 ,i made ! p ( m\nt ,lebanon to lie d[n 9 abundance2 ,i p]mitt$ no adv]s>y to possess x4 ,t none might d h>m ,i set up my royal image =ev]4#edb ,a ,build+ ,inscription ,nebu*adrezz>1 ,k+ ( ,babylon1 ! re/or] ( ,esagila & ,ezida1 son ( ,nabopolass> am ,i4 ,z a protection to ,esagila1 t no p[]ful enemy & de/roy] might take ,babylon1 t ! l9e ( battle might n approa* ,imgur-,bel1 ! wall ( ,babylon1 t :i* no =m] k+ _h done ,i did2 at ! enclosure ( ,babylon ,i made an enclosure ( a /rong wall on ! ea/ side4 ,i dug a moat1 ,i rea*$ ! level ( ! wat]4 ,i !n saw t ! wall :i* my fa!r _h prep>$ 0 too small 9 its con/ruction4 ,i built ) bitum5 & brick a mighty wall :i*1 l a m\nta91 c\ld n be mov$ & connect$ x ) ! wall ( my fa!r2 ,i laid its f\ndations on ! brea/ ( ! "u-_w2 its top ,i rais$ up l a m\nta94 ,along ?is wall to /r5g!n x ,i con/ruct$ a ?ird & z ! base ( a protect+ wall ,i laid a f\ndation ( bricks & built x on ! brea/ ( ! "u-_w & laid its f\ndation4 ,! =tifications ( ,esagila & ,babylon ,i /r5g!n$ & e/abli%$ ! "n ( my reign =ev]4 ,o ,m>duk1 "l ( ! gods1 my div9e creator1 may my de$s f9d favor be=e !e2 may !y endure =ev]6 ,et]nal life1 satisfi$ ) po/]ity1 a secure ?rone1 & a long reign grant z ?y gift4 ,?\ art inde$ my deliv]] & my help1 ,o ,m>duk1 ,i by ?y fai?ful ^w :i* does n *ange--may my weapons advance1 be %>p & be /rong] ?an ! weapon ( ! foe6#edc ,nebu*adrezz> 0 ! k+ :o de/roy$ ,j]usalem & c>ri$ ! m prom95t ( ! p ( ,judah captive4 7,see #b ,k+s #bd & #be47 ,8 inscriptions give no acc\nt ( ^! ev5ts4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ! quotations made above he cov]s all 8 conque/s by "o g5]al ref]5ce4 ,9 ! second quotation he gives a m detail$ acc\nt ( 8 conque/ ( ! ,lebanon1 because t inscription 0 c>v$ on ! rocks at ! side ( "o ( ! deep valleys ( ! ,lebanon4 ,! ?ird inscription1 relat+ to ! build+ ( ,babylon1 has be5 /rik+ly confirm$ by ,koldewey's excavation ( ,babylon1 by :i* ! massive walls & ext5sive temples 7 uncov]$4#edd ,x also gives u a backgr\nd = ,daniel #d3bi1 :]e ,nebu*adrezz> is said to h walk$ ^u#ede ! royal palace & said3 8,is n ?is great ,babylon :i* ,i h built80 #ag4 ,evil-,m]oda*1 #efb-efj ,b4 ,c4 ,nebu*adrezz> 0 succe$$ by 8 son1 ,amil-,m>duk1 :om ! ,bible 7#b ,k+s #be3bg7 calls ,evil-,m]oda*4 ,! only inscription ( 8 t has be5 f\nd is ! foll[+1 inscrib$ on an alaba/] vase f\nd at ,susa1 :i!r ! ,elamites _h at "s "t c>ri$ x z booty3#edf ,palace ( ,amil-,m>duk1 ,k+ ( ,babylon1 son ( ,nebu*adrezz>1 ,k+ ( ,babylon4 ,?is is ! k+ :o releas$ ,jehoia*91 ,k+ ( ,judah1 f prison aft] 8 ?irty-six ye>s 9 conf9em5t & treat$ him k9dly4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,note ,,on ,,! ,,l& ,,( ,,! ,,que5 ,,( ,,%eba4--,?is region1 :i* lay 9 ,s\? ,arabia1 0 explor$ dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury by a numb] ( travel]s4 ,?ree ( ^!1 ,?omas ,j4 ,arnaud 9 #ahdc1 ,joseph ,halvy 9 #ahfi1 & ,edu>d ,glas] :o made f\r exp$itions betwe5 #ahhb & #ahid1 br\ght back f ,s\? ,arabia _m inscriptions1 sev]al ( :i* 7 made by rul]s ( ,saba1 ! ,biblical ,%eba1 ^: que5 is said to h visit$ ,solomon 7#a ,k+s #aj3a-ac74 ,z none ( ^! relate to t que51 x has n seem$ fitt+ to include "o ( !m4 ,! inscriptions1 h[ev]1 %[ t two important k+doms exi/$ !re1 ,saba & ,ma94 ,ma9 is ?\ght by "s to be relat$ to ! ,biblical ,midianites4 ,! ,greek v]sion ( ,job makes ,job's fri5d1 ,zoph>1 k+ ( ,ma94 ,! k+dom ( ,saba la/$ until #aae ,b4 ,c4 ,x e/abli%$ /rong colonies 9 ,africa4 ,9 #aae ,b4 ,c4 "o colony ov]?rew ! "m-c\ntry & e/abli%$ ! k+dom ( ,saba & ,raidhan1 :i* la/$ till ab\t #cjj ,a4 ,d4 ,aft] t ,saba became app>5tly unimportant1 b v>i\s ,semitic k+doms succe$$ "o ano!r 9 ,africa1 includ+ ! pres5t-day ,abyss9ian k+dom4 ,! ,abyss9ian k+ claims desc5t f ,solomon & ! ,que5 ( ,%eba4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,! ,,end ,,( ,,! ,,babylonian ,,exile ,,inscriptions ,,( ,,nabuna',,id2 ,,_! ,,be>+ ,,on ,,biblical ,,/atem5ts ,,reg>d+ ,,bel%azz>4 ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,! ,,capture ,,( ,,babylon ,,be>+ ,,on ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,daniel4 ,,inscription ,,( ,,cyrus ,,be>+ ,,on ,,! ,,capture ,,( ,,babylon4 ,,cyrus' ,,p]mission ,,= ,,! ,,return ,,to ,,j]usalem4 #a4 ,inscriptions ( ,nabuna'id4 ,sev]al inscriptions ( ?is k+1 :o rul$ #eee-ech ,b4 ,c41 are kn[n1 b only a brief extract ( "o ( !m is giv5 "h1 z ! major "p ( ! mat]ial has no be>+ on ! ,bible4 ,nabuna'id1 ,k+ ( ,babylon1 ! re/or] ( ,esagila & ,ezida1 ! wor%ip] ( ! great gods am ,i 4444444444 ,o ,s91 "l ( ! gods ( heav5 & e>?1 god ( ! gods1 4444444444 z = me1 ,nabuna'id1 ,k+ ( ,babylon1 save me f s9n+ aga9/ ?y great div9ity4 ,a life ( _m days grant z ?y gift4 ,z = ,bel%azz>1 ! fir/born son1 proce$+ f my lo9s1 place 9 8 he>t fe> ( ?y great div9ity2 let him n turn to s9n+2 let him be satisfi$ ) fulness ( life6#edg ,bel%azz> is "h said to be ! son ( ,nabuna'id1 :]eas 9 ,dan4 #e3aa1 #ah ,nebu*adrezz> is call$ 8 fa!r4 ,nabuna'id1 z ! ,babylonian docum5ts %[1 0 n a desc5dant ( ,nebu*adrezz>1 b a usurp] ( ano!r family4 ,"s s*ol>s hold t ?is %[s ! book ( ,daniel to be 9 error1 :ile o!rs hold t 8fa!r0 9 ,dan4 #e3aa1 #ah is equival5t to 8ance/or10 & ?9k ,bel%azz> may h be5 desc5d$ f ,nebu*adrezz> on 8 "m's side4 ,! ,nabuna'id-,cyrus ,*ronicle ,?is *ronicle is kn[n only f a tablet :i* is some:at brok54 ,! foll[+ extract w %[ ! nature ( its cont5ts3 ,9 ! #i? ye> ,nabuna'id 0 at ,tema4 ,! son ( ! k+1 ! pr9ces1 & soldi]s 7 9 ,akkad4 ,! k+ did n come to ,babylon 9 ,nisan1 ,nebo did n g to ,babylon4 ,bel did n g out4 ,! fe/ival sacrifice 0 omitt$4 ,!y (f]$ sacrifices 9 ,esagila & ,ezida on acc\nt ( ,babylon & ,borsippa1 t ! l& might prosp]4 ,on ! #e? ( ! mon?1 ,nisan ! "m ( ! k+1 di$ 9 ,dur-k>a%u on ! bank ( ! ,euphrates above ,sipp>4 ,! son ( ! k+ & ! soldi]s m\rn$ ?ree days4 ,9 ! mon? ,sivan !re 0 m\rn+ = ! k+'s "m 9 ,akkad4 ,9 ! mon? ,nisan ,cyrus1 ,k+ ( ,p]sia1 mu/]$ 8 soldi]s1 & cross$ ! ,tigris bel[ ,arbela & 9 ! mon? ,iyy> w5t to ! l& ( 4444444444 its k+ he kill$1 he took 8 possessions4 ,8 own gov]nor 787 he plac$ 9 x 444444444 aft]w>d 8 gov]nor 787 & a k+ 787 7 !re4#edh #b4 ,be>+ on ,biblical ,/atem5ts ,reg>d+ ,bel%azz>4 ,simil> *ronicles are giv5 by ! tablet = o!r ye>s4 ,x is /at$ ea* "t :at ,nabuna'id 0 do+2 :]e ! k+'s son 7,bel%azz>7 01 & :at ,cyrus 0 do+4 ,cyrus1 :o ov]?rew ! ,m$ian k+ 9 #eec ,b4 ,c41 0 occupi$ = sev]al ye>s 9 subjugat+ o!r l&s be=e he attack$ ,babylon4 ,he ov]?rew ,crsus1 ,k+ ( ,lydia1 9 #edf4 ,x w\ld seem t x 0 well kn[n 9 ,babylonia :at he 0 do+ ea* ye>4 ,^? s*ol>s :o believe t ,isaiah #dj-ee is ! "w ( a prophet :o liv$ dur+ ! ,babylonian ,exile1 claim t ?is *ronicle expla9s h[ t prophet c\ld ref] 9 ,isa4 #dd3bh2 #de3a to ,cyrus z a well-kn[n figure4 ,!y see ! ex]cise ( ! prophetic gift ( ! prophet 9 ! fai? :i* he _h t ,cyrus w\ld release ,israel f captivity4 ,^? :o believe t ! :ole ( ! book ( ,isaiah is ! "w ( ! son ( ,amoz1 see 9 ^! v]ses pure pr$iction ( ! rise ( ,cyrus z well z ( ! release ( ! ,jews4 #c4 ,acc\nt ( ! ,capture ( ,babylon4 ,f ! *ronicle j quot$ we h ! foll[+ /atem5t = ! #ag? ye> ( ! reign ( ,nabuna'id3 444444 ,nebo to g =? f ,borsippa 4444444444 ! k+ ent]$ ! temple ( ,edurkalama4 ,9 ! mon? 4444444444 9 ! l[] sea a revolt 44444444 ,bel came out2 ! fea/ ( ,akiti 7,sept4-,oct471 accord+ to ! cu/om 4444444444 ! gods ( ,m>ad1 ,zagaga1 & ! gods ( ,ki%1 ,bltis1 & ! gods ( ,h>sagkalama ent]$ ,babylon4 ,unto ! end ( ,elul 7,aug4-,sept47 ! gods ( ,borsippa1 ,cu?a1 & ,sipp> did n ent]4 ,9 ! mon? ,tammuz 7,june-,july7 ,cyrus1 :5 he made battle 9 ,opis1 on ! banks ( ! riv] ,zalzallat1 ) ! soldi]s ( ,akkad1 conqu]$ ! inhabitants ( ,akkad4 ,:5 !y assembl$ ! p 7 kill$4 ,on ! #ad? ,sipp> 0 tak5 )\t a battle4 ,nabuna'id fl$4 ,on ! #af? ,gobryas1 gov]nor ( ! l& ( ,gutium1 & ! soldi]s ( ,cyrus ent]$ ,babylon )\t a battle4 ,lat] ,nabuna'id 0 captur$ because he rema9$ 9 ,babylon4 ,to ! end ( ! mon? ! %ield-be>]s ( ! l& ( ,gutium assembl$ at ! gates ( ,esagila4 ,no weapon ( any k9d 0 tak5 into ,esagila or ! temples2 nor 0 ! /&>d rais$4 ,on ! ?ird day ( ,m>*eswan 7,oct4-,nov47 ,cyrus ent]$ ,babylon4 ,! walls 787 7 brok5 d[n be=e him4 ,cyrus proclaim$ peace to all ( ,babylon4 ,he appo9t$ ,gobryas 8 satrap1 & also prefects 9 ,babylon4 ,f ,kisleu 7,nov4-,dec47 unto ,ad> 7,feb4-,m>*71 ! gods ( ,akkad1 :om ,nabuna'id _h br\ght to ,babylon1 return$ to _! cities4 ,9 ! mon? ,m>*eswan1 on ! night ( ! #aa?1 ,gobryas unto 4444444444 ! son ( ! k+ 0 kill$4 ,f ! #bg? ( ,ad> to ! #crd ( ,nisan !re 0 lam5tation 9 ,akkad4 ,all ! p b[$ _! heads4 ,on ! #d? day ,cambyses1 ! son ( ,cyrus1 w5t to ,e%apakalama4#edi #d4 ,be>+ ( ,?is ,acc\nt on ! ,book ( ,daniel4 ,?is int]e/+ text "h becomes too brok5 = connect$ translation4 ,x is cle> t ! docum5t means to /ate t ,nabuna'id 0 k+ ( ,babylon :5 x 0 captur$1 & n ,bel%azz>1 z /at$ 9 ,daniel #e3cj4 ,x /ates1 also1 t ,cyrus captur$ ,babylon & n ,d>ius ! ,m$e1 z 9 ,dan4 #e3ca4 ,x is true t ,gobryas took ,babylon fir/1 & occupi$ x ab\t two weeks be=e ,cyrus arriv$4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 ,cyrus's (fic] & 0 act+ 9 8 "n4 ,critical s*ol>s1 :o believe t ,daniel 0 writt5 #afh-afe ,b4 ,c41 f9d 9 ^! /atem5ts a confirmation ( _! views4 ,!y ?9k its au?or liv$ s f> f ! ev5ts t he confus$ _! exact ord]4 ,^? :o def5d ! traditional date ( ,daniel ?9k t ,gobryas is meant by ,d>ius ! ,m$e1 & see 9 ! exalt$ position :i* ,bel%azz> held1 z cr[n pr9ce & comm&] ( ! army1 suffici5t gr\nd = ! ,biblical /atem5t t he 0 k+4 ,by su* int]pretations !y h>monize ?is *ronicle ) ! ,bible4 ,dr4 ,!ophilus ,g4 ,p9*es has rec5tly publi%$#eej "s extracts f two tablets f ,ere* :i* are 9 ! possession ( an ,engli%man1 ,mr4 ,h>d+ ,smi?1 :i* ?r[ "s additional light on ^! po9ts4 ,x 0 cu/om>y = ,babylonians 9 confirm+ a contract to swe> by ! "n ( ! reign+ k+1 & "o ( ^! tablets conta9s a contract1 dat$ 9 ! #ab? ye> ( ,nabuna'id1 9 :i* a man b\nd himself by ! oa? ( ,nabuna'id1 ,k+ ( ,babylon1 & ( ,bel%azz>1 ! k+'s son4 ,z ,bel%azz> is "h associat$ ) ! k+1 he mu/ h be5 b slightly l[] 9 rank & p[] ?an ! k+ himself4 ,?is is confirm$ by a tablet at ,yale1 rec5tly publi%$ by ,pr(4 ,clay4#eea ,! text conta9s ! int]pretation ( a dream = ! ,k+ ,nabuna'id & = 8 son ,bel%azz>4 ,x is dat$ 9 ! sev5? ye> ( ! reign ( ,nabuna'id4 ,! o!r tablet quot$ by ,p9*es %[s t 9 ! f\r? ye> ( ,cambyses 7i4 e41 #ebd ,b4 ,c471 ,gobryas 0 /ill gov]nor ( ,babylon4 ,if he is ! man :o 9 ,daniel is call$ ,d>ius ! ,m$e1 he ex]cis$ ! p[]s ( gov]nor 9 ,babylon = a consid]able numb] ( ye>s4 #e4 ,inscription ( ,cyrus4 ,! foll[+ is an inscription ( ,cyrus4 ,! l9es are mu* brok5 at ! beg9n+1 b x reads z foll[s3#eeb 44444444444444444444444444 begat 787 him 444444444444444444444 ! f\r regions ( ! _w 4444444444444 great c[>d 0 e/abli%$ z rul] ov] ! l& 4444444444444 a simil> "o he set ov] !m2 l ,esagila he made 4444444444 to ,ur & ! re/ ( ! cities a rule n suitable = !m 4444444 he plann$ daily & 9 enmity he caus$ ! e/abli%$ sacrifice to cease4 ,he appo9t$ 4444444444 he e/abli%$ )9 ! city4 ,! wor%ip ( ,m>duk1 k+ ( ! gods 44444444444 he wr\ght ho/ility aga9/ 8 city daily 44444444444 8 p all ( !m he de/roy$ ?r\gh s]vitude1 )\t re/4 ,on acc\nt ( _! lam5tation ! "l ( ! gods 0 exce$+ly angry & left _! t]ritory2 ! gods :o dwelt among !m left _! dwell+s4 ,9 ang] because he br\ght !m into ,babylon1 ,m>duk 44444444444 to return to all ! dwell+s1 _! habitations1 :i* 7 ov]?r[n4 ,! p ( ,sum] & ,akkad1 :o 7 l corpses1 he br\ght back & 444444444444 grant$ !m a return4 ,?r\gh all l&s he made 8 way1 he look$1 he s\ght a righte\s pr9ce1 a be+ :om he lov$1 :om he took by ! h&4 ,cyrus1 ,k+ ( ,an%an1 he call$ by "n & designat$ him to rule ov] all ! l&s4 ,! l& ( ,qutu1 all ! ,scy?ian hordes1 he made to submit to 8 feet4 ,! black-head$ p 7i4 e41 ! ,babylonians71 :om he caus$ 8 h& to capture1 9 fai?fulness & righte\sness he s\ght4 ,m>duk1 ! great "l1 look$ joyfully ^u ! return ( 8 p1 8 k9dly de$s & upright he>t4 ,to 8 city1 ,babylon1 he comm&$ him to g2 he caus$ him to take ! road to ,babylon1 go+ z a fri5d & companion at 8 side4 ,8 num]\s army1 ! numb] ( :i* 01 l ! wat]s ( a riv]1 unkn[n1 m>*$ at 8 side gird$ ) _! weapons4 ,he caus$ him to ent] ,babylon )\t w> or battle4 ,he pres]v$ 8 city1 ,babylon1 f tribulation2 he fill$ 8 7,cyrus's7 h& ) ,nabuna'id1 ! k+ :o did n fe> him4 ,all ! p ( ,babylon1 all ( ,sum] & ,akkad1 ! pr9ces & gov]nors1 pro/rat$ !mselves "u him & kiss$ 8 feet4 ,!y rejoic$ 9 8 sov]eignty2 _! faces %one4 ,! "l1 :o by 8 p[] makes ! dead to live1 :o f de/ruction & inju/ice _h sav$ !m1 altoge!r !y bless$ him 9 joy2 !y rev]$ 8 "n4 ,i am ,cyrus1 k+ ( ! _w1 ! great k+1 ! mighty k+1 k+ ( ,babylon1 k+ ( ,sum] & ,akkad1 k+ ( ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! _w1 son ( ,cambyses1 ! great k+1 k+ ( ,an%an1 gr&son ( ,cyrus1 ! great k+1 k+ ( ,an%an1 great-gr&son ( ,tespes1 ! great k+1 k+ ( ,an%an2 an ev]la/+ se$ ( royalty1 ^: gov]nm5t ,bel & ,nabu love1 ^: reign 9 ! goodness ( _! he>ts !y desire4 ,:5 ,i ent]$ 9 peace into ,babylon1 ) joy & rejoic+ ,i took up my lordly dwell+ 9 ! royal palace1 ,m>duk1 ! great "l1 mov$ ! und]/&+ he>t ( ! p ( ,babylon to me1 :ile ,i daily s\ght 8 wor%ip4 ,my num]\s troops dwelt peacefully 9 ,babylon2 9 all ,sum] & ,akkad no t]roriz] did ,i p]mit4 ,9 ,babylon & all its cities 9 peace ,i look$ ab\t4 ,! p ( ,babylon ,i releas$ f an unsuitable yoke4 ,_! dwell+s--_! decay ,i repair$2 _! ru9s ,i cle>$ away4 ,m>duk1 ! great "l1 rejoic$ at ^! de$s & graci\sly bless$ me1 ,cyrus1 ! k+ :o wor%ips him1 & ,cambyses1 my son1 & all my troops1 :ile we 9 peace joyfully prais$ be=e him 8 exalt$ div9ity4 ,all ! k+s :o dwell 9 palaces1 f all qu>t]s ( ! _w1 f ! upp] sea to ! l[] sea1 :o live 9 palaces1 all ! k+s ( ! ,we/l& :o live 9 t5ts1 br\ght me _! heavy tribute 9 ,babylon & kiss$ my feet4 ,f 4444444444 to ,a%ur & ,susa1 ,agade1 ,e%nunak1 ,zamban1 ,meturnu1 ,d]i1 to ! bord] ( ,gutium1 ! cities beyond ! ,tigris1 ^: sites _h be5 f\nd$ ( old1--! gods :o dwelt 9 !m ,i return$ to _! places1 & caus$ !m to settle 9 _! et]nal %r9es4 ,all _! p ,i assembl$ & return$ !m to _! dwell+s4 ,& ! gods ( ,sum] & ,akkad1 :om ,nabuna'id1 to ! ang] ( ! "l ( ! gods1 _h br\ght into ,babylon1 at ! comm& ( ,m>duk1 ! great "l1 ,i caus$ 9 peace to dwell 9 _! abodes1 ! dwell+s 9 :i* _! he>ts delight$4 ,may all ! gods1 :om ,i h return$ to _! cities1 pray be=e ,m>duk & ,nabu = ! prolong+ ( my days1 may !y speak a k9d ^w = me & say to ,m>duk1 "l ( ! gods1 8,may ,cyrus ! k+1 :o fe>s !e1 & ,cambyses1 8 son1 _! 4444444444 caus$ all to dwell 9 peace0 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 #f4 ,be>+ on ! ,capture ( ,babylon & ! ,return ( ! ,jews4 ,?is inscription confirms ! /atem5t ( ! *ronicle already quot$ t ,cyrus conqu]$ ! city ( ,babylon )\t a bl[4 ,! mo/ important feature ( x = ! /ud5t ( ! ,bible is1 h[ev]1 its revelation ( ! rev]sal ( ! ,assyrian policy ( transportation4 ,t policy _h be5 inaugurat$ by ,tigla?piles] ,,iv m ?an two hundr$ ye>s be=e4 ,9 accordance ) x ! k+dom ( ,israel _h fir/ be5 /ripp$ ( its m prom95t inhabitants :o _h be5 c>ri$ captive to di/ant l&s1 & !n ! k+dom ( ,judah4 ,cyrus det]m9$ to atta* 8 subjects to himself by gratitude in/ead ( t]ror1 s he p]mitt$1 z he says "h1 ^? :o _h be5 transport$ to return to _! sev]al c\ntries & rebuild _! temples4 ,x 0 9 consequ5ce ( ?is g5]al policy t ! ,jews 7 p]mitt$ to return f ,babylonia & rebuild ! temple at ,j]usalem4 ,?is is ref]r$ to 9 ,ezra1 *apt] #a4 ,x is !re impli$ t ,cyrus made a special proclamation conc]n+ ! temple at ,j]usalem4 ,"s s*ol>s inf] f ! above inscription ( ,cyrus1 t ! book ( ,ezra 7*apt] #a7 has freely int]pret$ ! g5]al policy ( ,cyrus z a special p]mission grant$ to ! ,jews4 ,x may be1 h[ev]1 z o!rs h held1 t a special edict 0 issu$ 9 favor ( ea* individual nation 9 ord] t ?is g5]al policy might be c>ri$ out )\t opposition4 ,9 any ev5t1 ! inscription confirms ! /atem5t ( ,ezra t ,cyrus p]mitt$ ! ,jews to return4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,a ,,jewi% ,,colony ,,9 ,,egypt ,,dur+ ,,! ,,"t ,,( ,,nehemiah ,,papyri ,,witness ,,to ,,! ,,exi/5ce ,,( ,a ,,colony ,,at ,,elephant9e4 ,,translation ,,( ,a ,,petition ,,relat+ ,,to ,,_! ,,temple4 ,,reply ,,( ,,p]sian ,,gov]nor4 ,,hi/orical ,,be>+s ,,( ,,^! ,,docum5ts4 ,a ,,lett] ,,relat+ ,,to ,,! ,,passov]4 ,a ,,lett] ,,%[+ ,,t ,,! ,,jews ,,7 ,,unpopul> ,,at ,,elephant9e4 ,num]\s papyri f\nd s9ce #ahie at ,elephant9e1 an isl& at ! ,fir/ ,cat>act ( ! ,nile1 reveal ! exi/5ce ( a ,jewi% community !re4 ,! docum5ts are dat$ f ! ye> #did ,b4 ,c4 to ! ye> #djj ,b4 ,c4 ,!y %[ t ?is ,jewi% community _h at ,elephant9e a temple to ,jehovah1 t !y 7 soldi]s1 & t "s ( !m 7 engag$ 9 trade4 ,"o docum5t decl>es t :5 ,cambyses conqu]$ ,egypt 7#ebe ,b4 ,c47 he !n f\nd ! temple ( ,jehovah 9 exi/5ce !re1 & t x _h be5 built "u native ,egyptian k+s4 ,h[ came su* a community ( ,jews to be e/abli%$ !re8 ,x is ?\ght t !y 7 a g>rison plac$ !re by ,psammetik ,,ii1 ,k+ ( ,egypt1 #eic-ehh ,b4 ,c4 ,?is ,psammetik endeavor$ to conqu] ,nubia1#eec & accord+ to a confus$ /atem5t 9 ,josephus 7,contra ,apion1 ,i1 #bf1 #bg7 ,rhampses 7p]haps a corruption ( ,psammetik71 employ$ "s ,jews 9 an exp$ition to t c\ntry4#eed ,h[ev]1 ^! ,jews came to dwell at ?is po9t1 & :5soev] ! settlem5t 0 made1 ! docum5ts#eee are mo/ int]e/+1 & op5 to u a hi!rto :olly unkn[n vi/a 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,jews4 #a4 ,temple ,papyrus f ,elephant9e4 ,unto our "l1 ,bagohi1 gov]nor ( ,judah1 ?y s]vants ,j$oniah & 8 associates1 ! prie/s :o are 9 ,yeb1 ! =tress1 heal?6 ,may our ,"l1 ! ,god ( heav51 abundantly grant unto !e at all times1 & = favors may he appo9t !e be=e ,d>ius1 ! k+1 & ! pr9ces ( ! palace m ?an at pres5t a ?\s& times1 & long life may he grant to !e1 & joy & /r5g?1 at all times6 ,n[ ?y s]vant1 ,j$oniah1 & 8 associates ?us speak3 ,9 ! mon? ,tammuz1 ye> #ad ( ,d>ius1 ! k+1 :5 ,arsames dep>t$ & w5t unto ! k+1 ! prie/s ( ! god ,khnub1 :o 7 9 ,yeb1 ! =tress1 made an agreem5t ) ,waidrang :o 0 act+ gov]nor "h2 x 0 z foll[s3 ,! temple ( ,yahu 7,jehovah71 ! ,god1 :i* is 9 ,yeb1 ! =tress !y w\ld remove f !re4 ,aft]w>d ?is ,waidrang wick$ly s5t a lett] unto ,nephayan1 8 son1 :o 0 comm&] ( ! army at ,sy5e1 ! =tress1 say+3 8,! temple :i* is 9 ,yeb1 ! =tress !y %all de/roy40 ,aft]w>d ,nephayan1 mu/]+ ,egyptians ) ! o!r =ces1 came to ! =tress ,yeb ) _! quiv]s 7872 !y ent]$ into ?is temple1 !y de/roy$ x to ! gr\nd1 & ! pill>s ( /one :i* 7 !re !y brake4 ,also x came to pass 7t7 five gates ( /one1 con/ruct$ ( cut /one1 :i* 7 9 ?is temple1 !y de/roy$1 & _! sw++ doors & ! bronze h+es ( ^! doors4 ,& ! ro( :i* 0 ( c$> wood1 all ( x1 toge!r ) ! re/ ( ! furni%+s & ! o!r ?+s :i* 7 !re1 ! :ole !y burn$ ) fire4 ,& ! vessels ( gold & silv] & ! ?+s :i* 7 9 ?is temple1 ! :ole 0 tak51 & !y made x _! own4 ,n[ f ! days ( ! k+s ( ,egypt1 our fa!rs built ?is temple 9 ,yeb1 ! =tress1 & :5 ,cambyses came to ,egypt1 ?is temple 0 f\nd built1 & ! temples ( ! gods ( ,egypt 7 ov]?r[n1 b n a ?+ 9 ?is temple 0 h>m$4 ,& aft] !y 7i4 e41 ,waidrang & ! prie/s ( ,khnub7 _h done ?is1 we & our wives & sons 7 clo!d 9 sackclo? & 7 fa/+ & pray+ to ,yahu1 ,god ( heav51 t he w\ld %[ u ?is ,waidrang1 ! cur1 ) ! anklets torn f 8 feet1 t all ! goods :i* he possesses might p]i%1 & all ! m5 :o desir$ ! pollution ( ?is temple--all might be kill$1 & we might see 7our desire7 ^u !m4 ,also =m]ly1 at ! "t ?is %ameful de$ 0 done to u we s5t a lett] to our "l1 & unto ,jehohanan1 ! high prie/1 & 8 associates1 ! prie/s :o are 9 ,j]usalem1 & unto ,o/an1 ! bro!r ( ,anani & ! eld]s ( ,judah1 b a lett] !y h n s5t unto u4 ,also f ! mon? ,tammuz ( ! #ad? ye> ( ,d>ius ! k+ ev5 unto ?is day we h worn sackclo? & fa/$1 our wives h be5 made l wid[s1 we h n ano9t$ ourselves ) oil1 w9e we h n drunk2 also f !n unto ! #ag? ye> ( ,d>ius ! k+ a meal-(f]+ & inc5se & a burnt-(f]+ !y h n (f]$ 9 ?is temple4 ,n[ ?y s]vants ,j$oniah & 8 associates & ! ,jews1 all :o are citiz5s ( ,yeb1 ?us speak3 ,if unto our "l x seems good to ?9k on ?is temple to rebuild x1 because !y w n p]mit u to rebuild x1 look ^u ^? :o %>e ?y favor & k9dnesses :o are "h 9 ,egypt--let a lett] be s5t unto !m conc]n+ ! temple ( ,yahu ,god1 to build x 9 ,yeb1 ! =tress1 9 ! way x 0 built =m]ly1 & meal-(f]+s & inc5se & burnt-(f]+s let !m (f] ^u ! alt> ( ,yahu ,god 9 ?y "n1 & we w pray = !e at all times1 we & our wives & our sons & ! ,jews1 all :o are "h4 ,if ?us !y d until ?is temple is built1 !n m]it 7righte\sness7 %all be ?9e be=e ,yahu1 ,god ( heav51 m ?an 7t (7 ! man :o (f]s to him burnt-(f]+s & sacrifices ( ! value ( a ?\s& pieces ( silv]4 ,& conc]n+ gold = ?is we h s5t in=mation4 ,also ! :ole is told 9 a lett] we s5t 9 our "n to ,dalajah & ,%elemjah1 sons ( ,sanballat1 gov]nor ( ,sam>ia4 ,also conc]n+ ?is :i* is done to u1 all ( x ,arsames does n "k4 ,on ! #bj? ( ,m>*eswan1 ye> #ag ( ,d>ius ! k+4 ,to ?is lett] ,bagohi 7,bagoas7 s5t ! foll[+ reply3 ,memor&um ( ,bagohi & ,dalajah4 ,!y spoke to me a memor&um = !m3 ,x %all be ?9e to say among ! ,egyptians be=e ,arsames conc]n+ ! place ( sacrifice ( ! god 444444 ( heav51 :i* 0 built 9 ,yeb ! =tress =m]ly be=e ,cambyses1 :i* ?is wick$ ,waidrang de/roy$ 9 ! ye> f\rte5 ( ,d>ius ! k+1 to build x 9 its place l z x 0 be=e1 & meal-(f]+s & inc5se let !m (f] ^u ?is alt> 9 ! mann] x =m]ly 0 done4 ,! fir/ ( ^! docum5ts is dat$ 9 ! #ag? ye> ( ,d>ius ,,ii1 i4 e41 ! ye> #djg ,b4 ,c4 ,x /ates t ! temple at ,elephant9e 7,yeb7 _h be5 de/roy$ by ,waidrang & _h la9 9 ru9s = ?ree ye>s4 ,! community :i* wor%ip$ 9 ! temple _h previ\sly writt5 to ,jehohanan1 high prie/ at ,j]usalem1 probably to ask t he int]c$e ) ! ,p]sian gov]nor ,bagohi 7,bagoses71 b _h writt5 9 va94 ,!y n[ write to ,bagohi himself1 & also to ! two sons ( ,sanballat1 gov]nor ( ,sam>ia 7cf4 ,neh4 #b3aj1 #ai1 etc471 ) ! result t ! reque/ is grant$1 & au?ority is giv5 to rebuild ! temple4 ,! fact t !re 0 a temple at ,elephant9e at all is new & />tl+4 ,its significance is diff]5tly int]pret$ by diff]5t s*ol>s4 ,m cons]vative s*ol>s claim t x is oppos$ to ! date :i* ! critical s*ool assign to ! date ( ,deut]onomy1 viz43 #fba ,b4 ,c41 because1 if ! law aga9/ m alt>s ?an "o _h be5 introduc$ !n1 ,jews w\ld n h s soon violat$ x by build+ ?is %r9e4 ,critics1 on ! o!r h&1 hold t x fits well ) _! views1 s9ce !y believe t ,deut]onomy 0 accept$ by ,jews z a :ole only gradually1 & aft] consid]able /ruggle4 ,"o ?+ is cle>3 at ! "t ! temple at ,elephant9e 0 ov]?r[n1 ! ,jews at ,j]usalem look$ ^u x ) disfavor4#eef ,!y took no /eps to lay ! matt] be=e ! ,p]sian gov]nor4 ,x 0 n till ! aggriev$ ,egyptian ,jews wrote to ! h]etical ,sam>itans1 ,dalajah & ,%elemjah1 sons ( ,sanballat1 :o w\ld naturally be glad to enc\rage ano!r rival to ! temple at ,j]usalem1 t ! matt] 0 pu%$ & p]mission giv5 to rebuild ! temple4 ,?is appeal to ,sanballat's family ?r[s int]e/+ light on ! progress ( ! s*ism betwe5 ! ,jews & ! ,sam>itans4#eeg 7,comp>e ,nehemiah #d3a1 ff2 #f3a1 ff42 & #ac3bh47 ,! exi/5ce ( ?is temple has an int]e/+ be>+ ^u ! date ( ,isa4 #ai4 ,"s s*ol>s h held t t prophecy1 :i* ref]s to a temple ( ,jehovah 9 ! l& ( ,egypt1 is late & mu/ ref] to ! temple built by ,onias ,,iii1 ab\t #agj ,b4 ,c4 7,cf4 ,josephus1 ,antiquities1 xiii1 #c3a1 #f47 ,x is n[ possible to suppose t ! ref]5ce may well h be5 to ?is hi!rto unsuspect$ temple at ,elephant9e4 #b4 ,hananiah's ,passov] ,lett]4 ,to my bre?r51 ,j$oniah & 8 associates1 ! ,jewi% g>rison1 y\r bro!r ,hananiah4 ,! peace ( my bre?r5 may ,god 444444 ,& n[ ?is ye>1 ! ye> #e ( ,d>ius ! k+1 !re 0 s5t f ! k+ unto ,arsames 4444444444 ,n[ ye ?us %all c\nt f\rte5 4444444444 & f ! #ae? day unto ! #ba/ day ( ,nisan 4444444444 be ye clean & gu>d y\rselves4 ,"w ye %all n d 4444444444 ye %all n dr9k1 & all :i* is leav5$ ye %all not eat 4444444444 f ! go+ d[n ( ! sun unto ! #ba/ day ( ,nisan 4444444444 take into y\r rooms & seal betwe5 ! days ( 4444444444 ,?is lett] is f "s ,hananiah :o seems to h /ood high 9 au?ority among ,jewi% communities4 ,sev]al ,hananiahs are m5tion$ 9 ! po/-exilic lit]ature4 ,"o ( !m 0 a milit>y comm&] 9 ,j]usalem 9 ! "t ( ,nehemiah 7,neh4 #g3b71 b z t 0 at lea/ tw5ty-five ye>s be=e ! date ( our lett]1 x w\ld be prec>i\s to ass]t t t ,hananiah 0 ! writ] ( ?is lett]1 ?\gh x is possible t he 04 ,f ! lett] x is cle> t ! writ] is in=m+ ! ,jewi% g>rison at ,elephant9e conc]n+ ! details ( ! provisions = ! obs]vance ( ! ,jewi% ,passov]1 z !y are laid d[n 9 ,exod4 #ab & ,lev4 #bc4 ,x seems /range t ^! ,jews at ,elephant9e :o 7 fai?ful en\gh to ,jehovah to h a temple 9 8 honor1 %\ld h ne$$ to be in=m$ ( su* details1 if !y _h copies ( ! ,p5tateu*4 ,adh]5ts ( ! mod]n s*ool ( criticism see 9 ?is fact a confirmation ( _! view1 t ! ,levitical law _h be5 introduc$ into ! ,jewi% community at ,j]usalem only 9 ! "t ( ,ezra & ,nehemiah1 =1 !y urge1 ?is lett] %[s t x 0 unkn[n to ! g>rison at ,elephant9e until ! reign ( ,d>ius ,,ii4 ,to ?is1 cons]vative s*ol>s reply t x 0 cu/om>y among ! ,jews to make ye>ly proclamation ( ! approa* ( ! fe/ival1 & t ?is may be simply su* a proclamation4 ,!y also urge t ignorance ( ! law on ! "p ( "s ,jews is no pro( t x did n exi/4 #c4 ,lett] ,%[+ t ! ,jews ( ,egypt 7 ,unpopul>4 ,to my lords1 ,j$oniah1 ,uriah1 & ! prie/s ( ! ,god1 ,jehovah1 ,mattan1 son ( ,jo%ibiah & ,n]iah son ( 444444 ?y s]vant ,mauziyah2 ! peace ( my lords 4444444444 & be favor$ be=e ! ,god ( heav54 ,& n[1 :5 ,waidrang1 ! *ief ( ! g>rison1 came to ,abydos1 he imprison$ me on acc\nt ( a c]ta9 preci\s /one :i* !y f\nd /ol5 9 ! h&s ( ! trad]s4 ,at la/ ,seha & ,hor1 :o 7 kn[n to ,anani1 ex]t$ !mselves ) ,waidrang & ,hornufi1 "u ! protection ( ! ,god ( heav51 until !y secur$ my release4 ,n[ behold !y are com+ ?i!r to y4 ,d y att5d to !m :atev] !y may desire4 ,& :atev] ?+ ,seha & ,hor may desire ( y1 /& ye be=e !m s t no cause ( blame may !y f9d 9 y4 ,) y is ! *a/isem5t :i* )\t cause has re/$ ^u u1 f ! "t ,hananiah 0 9 ,egypt until n[4 ,& :atev] y d = ,hor y d = y\rselves4 ,hor is kn[n to ,anani4 ,d y sell *eaply f our h\ses any goods t are at h&2 :e!r we lose or d n lose1 is "o to y4 ,?is is :y ,i am s5d+ to y3 he said to me3 8,s5d a lett] be=e u40 ,ev5 if we %\ld lose1 cr$it w be e/abli%$ because ( him 9 ! h\se ( ,anani4 ,:at y d = him w n be hidd5 f ,anani4 ,to my lords1 ,j$oniah1 ,uriah1 & ! prie/s & ! ,jews4 ,?is is a lett] s5t by a memb] ( ! ,jewi% colony ( ,elephant9e to 8 ,jewi% bre?r5 !re1 highly recomm5d+ to !m two m54 ,he 0 especially anxi\s to make a good impression ^u ^! because !y 7 acqua9tances ( a c]ta9 ,anani4 ,?is ,anani app>5tly 0 a man ( influ5ce at ! ,p]sian c\rt4 ,8 "n may be ! same z ,hanani1 ,nehemiah's bro!r 7,neh4 #g3b74 ,x has be5 po9t$ out t ! exi/5ce ( two m5 ( ! same "n :o c\ld h influ5ce at ! ,p]sian c\rt w\ld be improbable4 ,?is lett] %[s t s9ce ,hananiah came to ,egypt1 ! ,jews h be5 9 affliction1 & ! writ] ( ?is lett] is anxi\s to make a good impression ^u ! fri5ds ( ,anani1 s t ?is affliction may be remov$4 ,s*ol>s ( ! critical s*ool see 9 ?is lett] a confirmation ( _! view t ! ,levitical law _h b j be5 introduc$ into ! ,egyptian community4 ,! ref]5ce to ! 8*a/isem5t0 or 8affliction0 :i* _h re/$ on ! community is ?\ght by !m to be1 probably1 ! friction betwe5 ,jews & ,egyptians caus$ by ! less fri5dly relations t[>d =eign]s1 :i* ! ,levitical law impos$ on its devotees4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 possible t ! 8*a/isem5t0 may h be5 due to some?+ q diff]5t4 ,x %\ld be said1 too1 t ! papyrus is torn some:at j :]e ! ^w r5d]$ *a/isem5t occurs1 s t ! ^w itself is n c]ta94 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,a ,,babylonian ,,job ,,translation ,,( ,a ,,poem ,,relat+ ,,to ,,! ,,afflictions ,,( ,a ,,good ,,man4 ,,comp>ison ,,) ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,job4 ,a ,,fragm5t ,,( ,,ano!r ,,simil> ,,poem4 #a4 ,babylonian ,poem ,relat+ to ,affliction4 ,! foll[+ ,babylonian poem treats ( a my/]i\s affliction :i* ov]took a righte\s man ( ,babylonia1 & has be5 comp>$ ) ! book ( ,job4#eeh #a4 ,i advanc$ 9 life1 ,i atta9$ to ! allott$ span2 ,:]ev] ,i turn$ !re 0 evil1 evil-- ,oppression is increas$1 uprightness ,i see n4 ,i cri$ unto god1 b he %[$ n 8 face4 #e4 ,i pray$ to my goddess1 b %e rais$ n h] head4 ,! se] by 8 oracle did n disc]n ! future2 ,nor did ! en*ant] ) a libation illum9ate my case2 ,i consult$ ! necromanc]1 b he op5$ n my und]/&+4 ,! conjur] ) 8 *>ms did n remove my ban4 #aj4 ,h[ de$s are rev]s$ 9 ! _w6 ,i look beh9d1 oppression encloses me ,l "o :o ! sacrifice to god did n br+1 ,& at meal-"t did n invoke ! goddess1 ,did n b[ d[n 8 face1 8 (f]+ 0 n se52 #ae4 7,l "o7 9 ^: m\? pray]s & supplications 7 lock$1 7,= :om7 god's day _h ceas$1 a fea/ day become r>e1 7,"o :o7 has ?r[n d[n 8 fire-pan1 gone away f _! images1 ,god's fe> & v5]ation has n taught 8 p1 ,:o invok$ n 8 god1 :5 he ate god's food2 #bj4 7,:o7 ab&on$ 8 goddess1 & br\ght n :at is prescrib$1 7,:o7 oppresses ! weak1 =gets 8 god1 ,:o takes 9 va9 ! mighty "n ( 8 god2 he says1 ,i am l him4 ,b ,i myself ?\ght ( pray]s & supplications2 ,pray] 0 my wisdom1 sacrifice1 my dignity2 #be4 ,! day ( honor+ ! gods 0 ! joy ( my he>t1 ,! day ( foll[+ ! goddess 0 my acquisition ( weal?2 ,! pray] ( ! k+1--t 0 my delight1 ,& 8 music1--= my pleasure 0 its s\nd4 ,i gave directions to my l& to rev]e ! names ( god1 #cj4 ,to honor ! "n ( ! goddess ,i taught my p4 ,rev]5ce = ! k+ ,i greatly exalt$1 ,& respect = ! palace ,i taught ! p2 ,= ,i knew t ) god ^! ?+s are 9 favor4 ,:at is innoc5t ( itself1 to god is evil6 #ce4 ,:at 9 "o's he>t is contemptible1 to "o's god is good6 ,:o c und]/& ! ?\ghts ( ! gods 9 heav58 ,! c\nsel ( god is full ( de/ruction2 :o c und]/&8 ,:]e may human be+s le>n ! ways ( god8 ,he :o lives at ev5+ is dead 9 ! morn+2 #dj4 ,quickly he is tr\bl$2 all at once he is oppress$2 ,at "o mom5t he s+s & plays2 ,9 ! tw9kl+ ( an eye he h[ls l a fun]al-m\rn]4 ,l sun%9e & cl\d#eei _! ?\ghts *ange2 ,!y are hungry & l a corpse2 #de4 ,!y are fill$ & rival _! god6 ,9 prosp]ity !y speak ( climb+ to ,heav52 ,tr\ble ov]takes !m & !y speak ( go+ d[n to ,%eol4 7,at ?is po9t ! tablet is brok54 ,we d n "k h[ _m l9es are want+ be=e ! n>rative is resum$ on ! back ( ! tablet47 ,rev]se ,into my prison my h\se is turn$4 ,into ! bonds ( my fle% are my h&s ?r[n2 ,into ! fett]s ( myself my feet h /umbl$4 444444444444444444444444444444444444 #e4 ,) a :ip he has beat5 me2 !re is no protection2 ,) a /aff he has transfix$ me2 ! /5* 0 t]rible6 ,all day long ! pursu] pursues me1 ,9 ! night wat*es he lets me brea! n a mom5t2 ,?r\gh torture my jo9ts are torn asund]2 #aj4 ,my limbs are de/roy$1 loa?+ cov]s me2 ,on my c\* ,i welt] l an ox1 ,i am cov]$1 l a %eep1 ) my excrem5t4 ,my sickness baffl$ ! conjur]s1 ,& ! se] left d>k my om5s4 #ae4 ,! div9] has n improv$ ! condition ( my sickness2 ,! duration ( my illness ! se] c\ld n /ate2 ,! god help$ me n1 my h& he took n2 ,! goddess piti$ me n1 %e came n to my side2 ,! c(f9 yawn$2 !y ! heirs took my possessions2 #bj4 ,:ile ,i 0 n yet dead1 ! dea? wail 0 ready4 ,my :ole l& cri$ out3 8,h[ is he de/roy$60 ,my enemy he>d2 8 face gladd5$2 ,!y br\ght z good news ! glad tid+s1 8 he>t rejoic$4 ,b ,i knew ! "t ( all my family1 #be4 ,:5 among ! protect+ spirits _! div9ity is exalt$4 ,! above is f a tablet call$ ! 8,second0 ( ! s]ies ,ludlul bl nimeqi1 i4 e41 8,i w s]ve ! "l ( wisdom40 ,! 8,?ird0 tablet ( ! s]ies has be5 publi%$ by ,r4 ,campbell ,?ompson 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,society ( ,biblical ,ar*ology1 ,,xxxii1 p4 #ah1 f4 ,x is consid]ably brok51 b ! p>ts :i* are legible are z foll[s3 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4444 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4444 ,let ?y h& grasp ! javel9 ,tabu-utul-,bl1 :o lives at ,nippur1 #e4 ,has s5t me to consult !e1 ,has laid 8 4444444444 ^u me4 ,9 life 4444444444 has ca/1 he has f\nd4 ,he says3 8,i lay d[n & a dream ,i beheld2 ,?is is ! dream :i* ,i saw by night3-- #aj4 ,he :o made woman & creat$ man1 ,m>duk1 has orda9$ 787 t he be encompass$ ) sickness 78740 #ae4 ,& 4444444444 9 :atev] 4444444444 ,he said3 8,h[ long w he be 9 su* great affliction & di/ress8 ,:at is x t he saw 9 8 vision ( ! night80 8,9 ! dream ,ur-,bau appe>$1 ,a mighty h]o we>+ 8 cr[n1 #bj4 ,a conjur]1 too1 clad 9 /r5g?1 ,m>duk inde$ s5t me2 ,unto ,%ub%i-me%ri-,n]gal he br\ght abundance2 ,9 8 pure h&s he br\ght abundance4 ,by my gu>dian-_s 787 he /opp$ 78710 #be4 ,by ! se] he s5t a message3 8,a favorable om5 ,i %[ to my p40 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 44 444444 he quickly f9i%$2 ! 444444 0 brok5 44444444 ( my "l1 8 he>t 0 satisfi$2 #cj4 4444444444 8 _s 0 appeas$ 444444444444 my lam5tation 44444444444444444 4444444444444444 good 4444 4444444444 ,rev]se 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 44 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 44 4444444444444444 l 4444444444444444 ,he approa*$ 787 & ! spell :i* he _h pron\nc$ 7871 #e4 ,he s5t a /orm w9d to ! horizon2 ,to ! brea/ ( ! e>? x bore a bla/1 ,into ! dep? ( 8 ocean ! disembodi$ _s vani%$ 7872 ,unnumb]$ spirits he s5t back to ! "u-_w4 ,! 444444 ( ! hag-demons he s5t /raight to ! m\nta94 #aj4 ,! sea-flood he spread ) ice2 ,! roots ( ! disease he tore out l a plant4 ,! horrible slumb] t settl$ on my re/ ,l smoke fill$ ! sky 4444444444 ,) ! woe he _h br\ght1 unrepuls$ & bitt]1 he fill$ ! e>? l a /orm4 #ae4 ,! unreliev$ heada*e :i* _h ov]:elm$ ! heav5s ,he took away & s5t d[n on me ! ev5+ dew4 ,my eyelids1 :i* he _h veil$ ) ! veil ( night4 ,he blew ^u ) a ru%+ w9d & made cle> _! sight4 ,my e>s1 :i* 7 /opp$1 7 deaf z a deaf man's-- #bj4 ,he remov$ _! deafness & re/or$ _! he>+4 ,my nose1 ^: no/ril _h be5 /opp$ f my "m's womb-- ,he eas$ its de=mity s t ,i c\ld brea!4 ,my lips1 :i* 7 clos$--he _h tak5 _! /r5g?-- ,he remov$ _! trembl+ & loos$ _! bond4 #be4 ,my m\?1 :i* 0 clos$ s t ,i c\ld n be und]/ood-- ,he cleans$ x l a di%1 he heal$ its disease4 ,my eyes1 :i* _h be5 attack$ s t !y roll$ toge!r-- ,he loos$ _! bond & _! balls 7 set "r4 ,! tongue1 :i* _h /iff5$ s t x c\ld n be rais$-- #cj4 ,he reliev$ its ?ickness1 s its words c\ld be und]/ood4 ,! gullet :i* 0 compress$1 /opp$ z ) a plug-- ,he heal$ its contraction1 x work$ l a flute4 ,my spittle :i* 0 /opp$ s t x 0 n secret$-- ,he remov$ its fett]1 he op5$ its lock4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4444 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4444 #b4 ,comp>ison ) ! ,book ( ,job4 ,a comm5t>y on ?is text1 :i* has be5 pres]v$ on a tablet1 in=ms u t ,tabu-utul-,bl 0 an (ficial ( ,nippur 9 ,babylonia4#efj ,?is /ory has "s /rik+ simil>ities to ! book ( ,job4 ,x pres5ts also "s /rik+ dissimil>ities4 ,tabu-utul-,bl1 l ,job1 _h be5 a j man4 ,he _h be5 also a religi\s man4 7,see l9es #bc1 ff41 p4 #cib47 ,! virtues :i* he claims are simil> to ^? ( ,job 7see ,job #bi & #ca72 !re is1 h[ev]1 ?is diff]5ce3 ,job's virtues are social2 ^? ( ,tabu-utul-,bl consi/ ( acts ( wor%ip & loyalty4 ,tabu-utul-,bl is smitt51 l ,job1 ) a sore disease4 ,to him1 z to ,job1 ! provid5ce is inexplicable4 ,he1 l ,job1 *>ges 8 god ) inscrutable inju/ice4 ,! *asm :i* (t5 yawns betwe5 exp]i5ce & moral des]ts 0 z ke5ly felt by ! ,babylonian z by ! ,hebrew4 ,"h ! p>allelism ) ! book ( ,job ends4 ,! two works belong to widely diff]5t religi\s worlds4 ,job ga9s relief by a vision ( ,god--an exp]i5ce :i* made him able to believe t1 ?\gh he c\ld n und]/& ! reason = ! pa9 ( life or its contradictions & trag$y1 ,god c\ld1 & ,job n[ knew ,god4 7,see ,job #db3d-f47 ,tabu-utul-,bl1 on ! o!r h&1 is said to h ga9$ 8 relief ?r\gh a magician4 ,we are app>5tly told by ! fragm5t>y text t at la/ he f\nd a conjur] :o br\ght a mess5g] f ! god ,m>duk1 :o drove away ! evil spirits :i* caus$ ! disease1 & s ,tabu-utul-,bl 0 reliev$4 ,?is diff]5ce sets vividly be=e u ! great] religi\s value & inspiration ( ! book ( ,job4 ,x treats ! same problem t ! ,babylonian poet took = 8 !me1 b betwe5 ! outlook ( ! poet :o compos$ ,job & t ( ! ,babylonian poet !re is all ! diff]5ce betwe5 a real exp]i5ce ( ,god & fai? 9 ! black art4 #c4 ,ano!r ,simil> ,lam5t4 ,ano!r fragm5t ( a lam5t ( a some:at simil> "*1 writt5 9 ! ,sum]ian language1 comes to u on a tablet f ,nippur1 ! v city ) :i* ,tabu-utul-,bl is said to h be5 connect$4 ,x reads z foll[s3#efa ,column ,i #a4 444444444444444444444444444444 #b4 4444444444444444444444444444444444 #c4 44444444444444444444 he c>ri$ away1 #d4 44444444444444444444 he de/roy$1 #e4 444444444444444444 spoke to 4444444444 #f4 444444444444444444 0 de/roy$1 #g4 4444444444 completely f on high 0 de/roy$4 #h4 ,i1 ev5 ,i1 am a man ( de/ruction4 #i4 ,) might f bel[ he de/roy$1 #aj4 ,i1 ev5 ,i1 am a man ( de/ruction4 #aa4 ,nippur 787--its temple v]ily is de/roy$1 #ab4 ,my city v]ily is de/roy$4 #ac4 ,o ,enlil1 f ! height desc5d1 #ad4 ,may ,ububul de/roy !m6 ,column ,,ii #a4 444444444444444444444444444444 #b4 444444444444444444444444444444 #c4 44444444444444 my food 787 is n1 #d4 ,! gr\nd gra9 is remov$1 ) ! h& he seiz$ x2 #e4 ,my eyes fail4 #f4 ,! %r9e ( ! "m :i* ! silv]-smi? ca/1 #g4 ,to e>? he has gr\nd1 #h4 ,its cont5ts on ! e>? v]ily he flung-- #i4 ,i am a man ( de/ruction6-- #aj4 ,its cont5ts on ! e>? v]ily he de/roy$2 #aa4 ,i am a man ( de/ruction6 #ab4 ,! man f above is wise2 #ac4 ,on e>? he dwells4 #ad4 ,! man :o w5t be=e1 #ae4 ,hides 9 ! re>4 #af4 ,namt> my maid5 7he snat*$ away72 #ag4 ,:o %all br+ ! maid5 back8 ,column ,,iii #a4 ,namt> v]ily is smitt51 yea v]ily1 #b4 ,:o %all br+ back /r5g?8 #c4 ,! smit] has smitt51 #d4 ,:o %all /rike him d[n8 #e4 ,! h]o be>+ ! dagg] #f4 ,he has ca/ d[n1 #g4 ,:o %all drag him (f8 #h4 ,at ! gate ( my palace no protector /&s1 #i4 ,a man ( desolation am ,i6 #aj4 ,! l& is completely ov]?r[n1 ,i h no def5d]1 #aa4 ,a man ( desolation am ,i6 #ab4 ,! flood fills n ! m>% l&2 #ac4 ,my eye !reon ,i lift n4 #ad4 ,to man's plantations wat] rea*es n1 #ae4 ,my h& /ret*es n out to x4 #af4 ,to ! m>% l& :i* ! flood fill$ #ag4 ,truly ! foot walks ^u x6 ,f ?is po9t on ! tablet is too brok5 = connect$ translation4 ,dr4 ,langdon calls ?is ! lam5t ( a ,sum]ian ,job1 b 8 woes1 9 s f> z ?is fragm5t rec\nts !m1 are due to ! conque/ ( 8 l& by an enemy1 & to fam9e due to a failure ( ! riv]s to ov]fl[4 ,! p>allelism to ,tabu-utul-,bl & to ,job might be clos]1 if we _h ! :ole tablet4 ,z ?is tablet is 9 ! script ( ! fir/ dyna/y ( ,babylon1 x is evid5t t ?is k9d ( lam5tation 0 z e>ly z #bjjj ,b4 ,c4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,psalms ,,f ,,babylonia ,,& ,,egypt ,,"* ,,( ,,_! ,,psalms4 ,,babylonian ,,pray]s ,,to ,,! ,,goddess ,,i%t>4 ,,comp>ison ,,) ,,! ,,psalt]4 ,a ,,babylonian ,,hymn ,,to ,,! ,,moon-,,god4 ,a ,,babylonian ,,hymn ,,to ,,bel4 ,,an ,,egyptian ,,hymn ,,to ,,! ,,sun-,,god4 ,,is ,,! ,,hymn ,,mono!i/ic8 ,,an ,,egyptian ,,hymn ,,9 ,,praise ,,( ,,aton4 ,,comp>ison ,,) ,,! ,,psalt]4 ,bo? f ,babylonia & f ,egypt a l>ge numb] ( hymns & pray]s h be5 recov]$4 ,"s ( ^! are beautiful on acc\nt ( _! =m ( expression1 ! poetical nature ( _! ?\ghts1 & ! s5se ( s9 :i* !y reveal4 ,mo/ ( !m are cle>ly poly!i/ic1 & x is r>e t !y rise 9 ! expression ( religi\s emotion to ! simple sublimity ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ,psalms4 ,su* lik5esses to ! ,psalms z !y possess only s]ve to set (f 9 great] relief ! ri* religi\s h]itage :i* we h 9 our ,psalt]4 ,a few examples only ( ! _m kn[n hymns are "h giv54 #a4 ,a ,babylonian ,pray] to ! ,goddess ,i%t>4#efb ,o fulfill] ( ! comm&s ( ,bel 4444444444 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4444 ,"m ( ! gods1 fulfill] ( ! comm&s ( ,bel1 ,?\ br+]-=? ( v]dure1 ?\ lady ( mank9d1-- #e4 ,begetress ( all1 :o make/ all (fspr+ ?rive1 ,"m ,i%t>1 ^: might no god approa*es1 ,maje/ic lady1 ^: comm&s are p[]ful1 ,a reque/ ,i w pr(f]1 :i*--may x br+ good to me6 ,o lady1 f my *ildhood ,i h be5 exce$+ly hemm$ 9 by tr\ble6 #aj4 ,food ,i did n eat1 ,i 0 ba!d 9 te>s6 ,wat] ,i did n quaff1 te>s 7 my dr9k6 ,my he>t is n glad1 my s\l is n *e]ful2 44444444444444444444444 ,i d n walk l a man4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 44444 ,rev]se 444444444444444444444 pa9fully ,i wail6 ,my sighs are _m1 my sickness is great6 ,o my lady1 tea* me :at to d1 appo9t me a re/+-place6 ,my s9 =give1 lift up my c\nt5ance6 #e4 ,my god1 :o is "l ( pray]1--may he pres5t my pray] to !e6 ,my goddess1 :o is mi/ress ( supplication1--may %e pres5t my pray] to !e6 ,god ( ! deluge1 "l ( ,h>saga1--may he pres5t my pray] to !e1-- ,! god ( pity1 ! "l ( ! fields1--may he pres5t my pray] to !e6 ,god ( heav5 & e>?1 ! "l ( ,eridu1--may he pres5t my pray] to !e6 #aj4 ,! "m ( ! great wat]1 ! dwell+ ( ,damk9a1--may %e pres5t my pray] to !e6 ,m>duk1 "l ( ,babylon1--may he pres5t my pray] to !e6 ,8 sp\se1 ! exalt$ (fspr+ 787 ( heav5 & e>?1--may %e pres5t my pray] to !e6 ,! exalt$ s]vant1 ! god :o ann\nces ! good "n1--may he pres5t my pray] to !e6 #ae4 ,! bride1 ! fir/born ( ,n9ib1--may %e pres5t my pray] to !e6 ,! lady :o *ecks ho/ile spee*1--may %e pres5t my pray] to !e6 ,! great1 exalt$ "o1 my lady ,nana1--may %e pres5t my pray] to !e6 #b4 ,a ,babylonian ,pray] to ,i%t>4#efc 444444444444444444444444444 ,he raises to !e a wail2 444444444444444444444444444 ,he raises to !e a wail2 ,on acc\nt ( 8 face :i* = te>s is n rais$1 he raises to !e a wail2 ,on acc\nt ( 8 feet on :i* fett]s are laid1 he raises to !e a wail2 #e4 ,on acc\nt ( 8 h&1 :i* is p[]less ?r\gh oppression1 he raises to !e a wail2 ,on acc\nt ( 8 brea/1 :i* :eezes l a bell[s1 he raises to !e a wail2 ,o lady1 9 sadness ( he>t ,i raise to !e my pite\s cry1 8,h[ long80 ,o lady1 to ?y s]vant--speak p>don to him1 let ?y he>t be appeas$6 ,to ?y s]vant :o suff]s pa9--favor grant him6 #aj4 ,turn ?y gaze ^u him1 receive 8 entreaty6 ,to ?y s]vant ) :om ?\ art angry--be favorable unto him6 ,o lady1 my h&s are b\nd1 ,i turn to !e6 ,= ! sake ( ! exalt$ w>rior1 ,%ama%1 ?y belov$ husb&1 take away my bonds6 #ae4 ,?r\gh a long life let me walk be=e !e6 ,my god br+s be=e !e a lam5tation2 let ?y he>t be appeas$6 ,my goddess utt]s to !e a pray]1 let ?y ang] be quiet$6 ,! exalt$ w>rior1 ,anu1 ?y belov$ sp\se1--may he pres5t my pray] to !e6 ,%ama%1 god ( ju/ice1--may he pres5t my pray] to !e6 #bj4 4444444444 ! exalt$ s]vant1--may he pres5t my pray] to !e6 4444444444 ! mighty "o ( ,eb>b>1--may he pres5t my te>s to !e6 8,?9e eye turn truly to me10 may he say to !e6 8,?y face turn truly to me10 may he say to !e6 8,let ?y he>t be at re/01 may he say to !e6 #be4 8,let ?y ang] be pacifi$01 may he say to !e6 ,?y he>t l ! he>t ( a "m :o has br\ght =?1 may x rejoice6 ,l a fa!r :o has begott5 a *ild1 may x be glad6 #c4 ,comp>ison ( ,^! ,pray]s ) ! ,psalt]4 ,! writ]s ( ^! lam5tations1 l ! ,hebrew ,psalmi/ 7see ,psa4 #ag3a2 #ah3f71 cri$ unto a deity = help4 ,!y 7 bo? 9 great di/ress1 & naturally inf]r$ t _! deity 0 angry1 z d ,psalms #he3e2 #ij3g4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no great consci\sness ( s9 9 ^! ,babylonian compla9ts4 ,!y simply express di/ress4 ,unlike ! ,biblical ,psalms ^! are poly!i/ic & _! au?ors call ^u o!r deities to int]c$e = !m ) ! goddess1 to :om ! pray] is address$ & :om1 = ! "t be+1 !y reg>d z supreme4 ,! au?or ( ?is la/ p5it5tial psalm asks 8,h[ long80 z does ,psa4 #f3c2 #gd3aj2 #ij3ac4 ,! idea seems to be t ! suff]+ ( ! p5it5t w ei!r atone = s9 or t\* ! he>t ( ! deity s t ! suff]+ %all be abat$4 #d4 ,a ,babylonian ,hymn to ,s91 ! ,moon-god4#efd ,o brilliant b>que ( ! heav5s1 rul] 9 ?y own "r1 ,fa!r ,nann>1 "l ( ,ur1 ,fa!r ,nann>1 "l ( ,eki%%irgal1 ,fa!r ,nann>1 "l ( ! brilliant ris+1 #e4 ,o "l1 ,nann>1 fir/born son ( ,bel1 ,?\ /&e/1 ?\ /&e/ ,be=e ?y fa!r ,bel4 ,?\ art rul]1 ,fa!r ,nann>2 ?\ art rul]1 ?\ art guide4 ,o b>que1 :5 /&+ 9 ! mid/ ( heav51 ?\ art rul]4 #aj4 ,fa!r ,nann>1 ?\ ?yself ride/ to ! brilliant temple4 ,fa!r ,nann>1 :51 l a %ip1 ?\ goe/ 9 ! mid/ ( ! deep1 ,?\ goe/1 ?\ goe/1 ?\ goe/1 ,?\ goe/1 ?\ %9e/ anew1 ?\ goe/1 ,?\ %9e/ anew1 ?\ live/ aga91 ?\ goe/4 #ae4 ,fa!r ,nann>1 ! h]d ?\ re/ore/4 ,:5 ?y fa!r looke? on !e ) joy1 he comm&e? ?y wax+1 ,!n ) ! glory ( a k+ brilliantly ?\ rise/4 ,bel a scept] = di/ant days = ?y h&s has complet$4 ,9 ,ur z ! brilliant b>que ?\ ride/1 #bj4 ,z ! "l1 ,nudimmud1 ?\ art e/abli%$2 ,9 ,ur z ! brilliant boat ?\ ride/4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444 ,rev]se 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444 ,! riv] ( ,bel 787 ,nann> fills ) wat]4 ,! brilliant 787 riv] ,nann> fills ) wat]4 ,! riv] ,tigris ,nann> fills ) wat]4 #e4 ,! brilliance ( ! ,euphrates ,nann> fills ) wat]4 ,! canal ) its gate ,lukhe1 ,nann> fills ) wat]4 ,! great m>% & ! little m>% ,nann> fills ) wat]4 ,! prec$+ hymn is made up ( a description ( ! movem5ts & *anges ( ! moon1 toge!r ) ! expression ( a sup]/ition1 :i* is /ill widely preval5t1 t ! moon's *anges control ! ra9fall4 ,x is a fair example ( a ,babylonian nature-psalm4 ,x lacks ! inspir$ & inspir+ p[] ( su* ,hebrew nature-psalms z ,psalms #h1 #ai1 #adf1 #adg1 & #adh4 #e4 ,a ,babylonian ,hymn to ,bel4#efe ,o "l ( wisdom 4444444444444444 rul] 9 ?y own "r1 ,o ,bel1 "l ( wisdom 4444444444 rul] 9 ?y own "r1 ,o fa!r ,bel1 "l ( ! l&s1 ,o fa!r ,bel1 "l ( tru?ful spee*1 #e4 ,o fa!r ,bel1 %eph]d ( ! black-head$ ones1#eff ,o fa!r ,bel1 :o ?yself op5e/ ! eyes1 ,o fa!r ,bel1 ! w>rior1 pr9ce among soldi]s1 ,o fa!r ,bel1 supreme p[] ( ! l&1 ,bull ( ! corral1 w>rior :o leade/ captive all ! l&4 #aj4 ,o ,bel1 proprietor ( ! broad l&1 ,"l ( creation1 ?\ art *ief ( ! l&1 ,! "l ^: %9+ oil is food = an ext5sive (fspr+1 ,! "l ^: edicts b9d toge!r ! city1 ,! edict ( ^: dwell+ place /rikes d[n ! great pr9ce #ae4 ,f ! l& ( ! ris+ to ! l& ( ! sett+ sun4 ,o m\nta91 "l ( life1 ?\ art inde$ "l6 ,o ,bel ( ! l&s1 "l ( life1 ?\ ?yself art "l ( life4 ,o mighty "o1 t]rible "o ( heav51 ?\ art gu>dian inde$6 ,o ,bel1 ?\ art "l ( ! gods inde$6 #bj4 ,?\ art fa!r1 ,bel1 :o cause/ ! plants ( ! g>d5s to gr[6 ,o ,bel1 ?y great glory may !y fe>6 ,! birds ( heav5 & ! fi% ( ! deep are fill$ ) fe> ( !e4 ,o fa!r ,bel1 9 great /r5g? ?\ goe/1 pr9ce ( life1 %eph]d ( ! />s6 ,o "l1 ! secret ( production ?\ op5e/1 ! fea/ ( fatness e/abli%e/1 to "w ?\ calle/6 #be4 ,fa!r ,bel1 fai?ful pr9ce1 mighty pr9ce1 ?\ create/ ! /r5g? ( life6 ,a l9e at ! end /ates t ! hymn consi/$ ( #be l9es4 ,x is a hymn to ,bel ( ,nippur1 ^: ,sum]ian "n 0 ,enlil4 ,x reveals an exalt$ conception ( ,bel z supreme rul]1 z a god :o gives life1 z a god ( ju/ice ^: rule holds society toge!r1 b x lacks bo? ! poetical sublimity & ! religi\s dep? & fire ( ! ,hebrew psalms4 #f4 ,an ,egyptian ,hymn to ! ,sun-god 7ab\t #adjj ,b4 ,c474#efg ,hail to !e1 beautiful god ( e day6 ,ris+ 9 ! morn+ )\t ceas+1 ,n we>i$ 9 labor4 ,:5 ?y rays are visible1 #e4 ,gold is n consid]$1 ,x is n l ?y brilliance4 ,?\ art a craftsman %ap+ ?y own limbs2 ,fa%ion] )\t be+ fa%ion$2 ,unique 9 8 qualities1 trav]s+ et]nity2 #aj4 ,ov] ways ) millions "u 8 guidance4 ,?y brilliance is l ! brilliance ( ! sky1 ,?y colors gleam m ?an ! hues ( x4 ,:5 ?\ saile/ across ! sky all m5 behold !e1 7,?\gh7 ?y go+ is hidd5 f _! sight4 #ae4 ,:5 ?\ %[e/ ?yself at morn+ e day1 444444 "u ?y maje/y1 ?\gh ! day be brief1 ,?\ trav]se/ a j\rney ( leagues1 ,ev5 millions & hundr$-?\s&s ( "t4 ,e day is "u !e4 #bj4 ,:5 ?y sett+ comes1 ,! h\rs ( ! night he>k5 to !e likewise4 ,:5 ?\ ha/ trav]s$ x ,!re comes no end+ to ?y labors4 ,all m5--!y see by means ( !e4 #be4 ,nor d !y f9i% :5 ?y maje/y sets1 ,= ?\ wake/ to rise 9 ! morn+1 ,& ?y radiance1 x op5s ! eyes 7aga974 ,:5 ?\ sette/ 9 ,manu1#efh ,!n !y sleep l ! dead4 #cj4 ,hail to !e6 ,o disc ( day1 ,creator ( all & giv] ( _! su/5ance1 ,great ,falcon1 brilliantly plumag$1 ,br\ght =? to raise himself on high ( himself1 ,self-g5]ator1 )\t be+ born4 #ce4 ,fir/born ,falcon 9 ! mid/ ( ! sky1 ,to :om jubilation is made at ! ris+ & ! sett+ likewise4 ,fa%ion] ( ! produce ( ! soil1 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444 ,tak+ possession ( ! ,two ,l&s 7,egypt71 f great to small-- #dj4 ,a "m pr(itable to gods & m51 ,a craftsman ( exp]i5ce1 4444444444 ,valiant h]dsman :o drives cattle1 ,_! refuge & ! giv] ( _! su/5ance1 ,:o passes by1 runn+ ! c\rse ( ! sun-god1 #de4 ,:o det]m9es 8 own bir?1 ,exalt+ 8 beauty 9 ! body ( ,nut1 ,illum9at+ ! ,two ,l&s 7,egypt7 ) 8 disc1 ,! primordial be+1 :o himself made himself2 ,:o beholds t :i* he has made1 #ej4 ,sole "l tak+ captive all l&s e day1 ,z "o behold+ !m t walk !re92 ,%9+ 9 ! sky a be+ z ! sun4 ,he makes ! seasons by ! mon?s1 ,heat :5 he desires1 #ee4 ,cold :5 he desires4 ,he makes ! limbs to langui% ,:5 he enfolds !m1 ,e l& is 9 rejoic+ ,at 8 ris+ e day1 9 ord] to praise him4 ,?is hymn is1 s f> z its expressions g1 mono!i/ic4 ,"o w\ld n dream f x t !re 0 any god b ! sun-god4 ,nev]!less1 o!r gods 7 wor%ip$4 ,! mono!ism "h express$ 0 n ( ! intol]ant k9d :i* prevail$ 9 ,israel1 & :i* ultimately put d[n ! wor%ip ( all rival deities4 ,su* an intol]ant mono!ism 0 introduc$ into ,egypt by ,am5ophis ,,iv 7see ,"p ,i1 p4 #bi71 :o took an old "n = ! sun disc1 ,aton1 z ! "n ( ! "o god1 & :o tri$ to suppress ! wor%ip ( all o!r gods4 ,! movem5t fail$1 b :ile x la/$ x produc$ ! foll[+ beautiful hymn4 #g4 ,an ,egyptian ,hymn 9 ,praise ( ,aton4#efi ,?y dawn+ is beautiful 9 ! horizon ( ! sky1 ,o lov+ ,aton1 ,beg9n+ ( life6 ,:5 ?\ rise/ 9 ! ea/]n horizon1 ,?\ fille/ e l& ) ?y beauty4 #e4 ,?\ art beautiful1 great1 glitt]+1 high above e l&1 ,?y rays1 !y encompass ! l&s1 ev5 all t ?\ ha/ made1 ,?\ art ,re1#egj & ?\ c>rie/ !m all away captive2 ,?\ b9de/ !m by ?y love4 ,?\gh ?\ art f> away1 ?y rays are ^u ! e>?2 #aj4 ,?\gh ?\ art on high1 ?y footpr9ts are ! day4 ,:5 ?\ sette/ 9 ! we/]n horizon ( ! sky1 ,! e>? is 9 d>kness l ! dead2 ,!y sleep 9 _! *amb]s1 ,_! heads are wrapp$ up1 #ae4 ,_! no/rils are /opp$1 ,& none see? ! o!r1 ,:ile all _! ?+s are /ol5 ,:i* are "u _! heads1 ,& !y "k x n4 #bj4 ,e lion come? =? f 8 d51 ,all s]p5ts1 !y /+4 ,d>kness 4444444444444444 ,! _w is 9 sil5ce2 ,he t made !m re/e? 9 8 horizon4 #be4 ,bright is ! e>? :5 ?\ rise/ 9 ! horizon4 ,:5 ?\ %9e/ z ,aton by day ,?\ drive/ away ! d>kness4 ,:5 ?\ s5de/ =? ?y rays1 ,! ,two ,l&s 7,egypt7 are 9 daily fe/ivity1 #cj4 ,awake & /&+ ^u _! feet ,:5 ?\ ha/ rais$ !m up4 ,_! limbs ba!d1 !y take _! clo?+1 ,_! arms uplift$ 9 adoration to ?y dawn+4 7,!n7 9 all ! _w !y d _! "w4 #ce4 ,all cattle re/ ^u _! pa/urage1 ,! trees & ! plants fl\ri%1 ,! birds flutt] 9 _! m>%es1 ,_! w+s uplift$ 9 adoration to !e4 ,all ! %eep dance ^u _! feet1 #dj4 ,all w+d ?+s fly1 ,!y live :5 ?\ ha/ %one ^u !m4 ,! b>ques sail up/ream & d[n/ream alike4 ,e highway is op5 because ?\ dawne/4 #de4 ,! fi% 9 ! riv] leap up be=e !e4 ,! rays are 9 ! mid/ ( ! great gre5 sea4 ,creator ( ! g]m 9 woman1 ,mak] ( se$ 9 man1 ,giv+ life to ! son 9 ! body ( 8 "m1 #ej4 ,soo?+ him t he may n weep1 ,nurse 7ev57 9 ! womb1 ,giv] ( brea? to animate e "o t he make?6 ,:5 he come? =? f ! body 444444 on ! day ( 8 bir?1 ,?\ op5e/ 8 m\? 9 spee*1 #ee4 ,?\ supplie/ 8 necessities4 ,:5 ! fl$gl+ 9 ! egg *irps 9 ! %ell1 ,?\ give/ him brea? !re9 to pres]ve him alive4 ,:5 ?\ ha/ br\ght him toge!r1 ,to 7! po9t (7 bur/+ x 9 ! egg1 #fj4 ,he come? =? f ! egg ,to *irp ) all 8 might4 ,he goe? ab\t on 8 two feet ,:5 he ha? come =? !refrom4 ,h[ manifold are ?y works6#ega #fe4 ,!y are hidd5 f be=e 7u71 ,o sole ,god1 ^: p[]s no o!r possesse?4 ,?\ did/ create ! e>? accord+ to ?y he>t ,:ile ?\ wa/ alone3 ,m51 all cattle l>ge & small1 #gj4 ,all t are ^u ! e>?1 ,t g ab\t ^u _! feet2 ,all t are on high1 ,t fly ) _! w+s4 ,! =eign c\ntries1 ,syria & ,ku%1 #ge4 ,! l& ( ,egypt2 ,?\ sette/ e man into 8 place1 ,?\ supplie/ _! necessities4 ,e "o has 8 possessions1 ,& 8 days are reckon$4 #hj4 ,! tongues are div]s 9 spee*1 ,_! =ms likewise & _! sk9s are di/+ui%$4 7,=7 ?\ make/ diff]5t ! /rang]s4 ,?\ make/ ! ,nile 9 ! ,ne!r ,_w1 ,?\ br+e/ x z ?\ desire/1 #he4 ,to pres]ve alive ! p4 ,= ?\ ha/ made !m = ?yself1 ,! "l ( !m all1 re/+ among !m2 ,?\ "l ( e l&1 :o rise/ = !m1 ,?\ ,sun ( day1 great 9 maje/y4 #ij4 ,all ! di/ant c\ntries1 ,?\ make/ 7also7 _! life1 ,?\ ha/ set a ,nile 9 ! sky2 ,:5 x falle? = !m1 #ie4 ,x make? waves ^u ! m\nta9s1 ,l ! great gre5 sea1 ,wat]+ _! fields 9 _! t[ns4 ,h[ excell5t are ?y designs1 ,o "l ( et]nity6 ,!re is a ,nile 9 ! sky = ! /rang]s #ajj4 ,& = ! cattle ( e c\ntry t g ^u _! feet4 7,b7 ! ,nile1 x come? f ! ,ne!r ,_w = ,egypt4 ,?y rays n\ri% e g>d52 ,:5 ?\ rise/ !y live1 ,!y gr[ by !e4 #aje4 ,?\ make/ ! seasons ,9 ord] to create all ?y "w3 ,w9t] to br+ !m coolness1 ,& heat t !y may ta/e !e4 ,?\ did/ make ! di/ant sky to rise !re91 #aaj4 ,9 ord] to behold all t ?\ ha/ made1 ,?\ alone1 %9+ 9 ?y =m z liv+ ,aton1 ,dawn+1 glitt]+1 go+ af> & return+4 ,?\ make/ millions ( =ms ,?r\gh ?yself alone2 #aae4 ,cities1 t[ns1 & tribes1 highways & riv]s4 ,all eyes see be=e !m1 ,= ?\ art ,aton ( ! day ov] ! e>?4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 44444 ,?\ art 9 my he>t1 #abj4 ,!re is no o!r t kn[e? !e ,save ?y son ,ikhnaton4#egb ,?\ ha/ made him wise ,9 ?y designs & 9 ?y might4 ,! _w is 9 ?y h&1 #abe4 ,ev5 z ?\ ha/ made !m4 ,:5 ?\ ha/ ris5 !y live1 ,:5 ?\ sette/ !y die2 ,= ?\ art l5g? ( life ( ?yself1 ,m5 live ?r\gh !e1 #acj4 ,:ile 7_!7 eyes are ^u ?y beauty ,until ?\ sette/4 ,all labor is put away ,:5 ?\ sette/ 9 ! we/4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444 #ace4 ,?\ did/ e/abli% ! _w1 ,& raise !m1 up = ?y son1 ,:o came =? f ?y limbs1 ,! k+ ( ,upp] & ,l[] ,egypt1 ,liv+ 9 ,tru?1 ,"l ( ! ,two ,l&s1 #adj4 ,nef]-khepru-,re1 ,wan-,re 7,ikhnaton71 ,son ( ,re1 liv+ 9 ,tru?1 "l ( diadems1 ,ikhnaton1 ^: life is long2 ,& = ! *ief royal wife1 8 belov$1 ,mi/ress ( ! ,two ,l&s1 ,nef]-nefru-,aton1 ,n(retete1 #ade4 ,liv+ & fl\ri%+ = ev] & ev]4 #h4 ,comp>ison ) ! ,psalt]4 ,?is long hymn conta9s _m beautiful passages1 &1 9 addition to ! l9e 8,h[ manifold are ?y works60 (t5 rem9ds "o ( ,psa4 #ajd1 ?\gh 9 religi\s feel+ x falls well bel[ t psalm4 ,ikhnaton speaks ( himself t[>d ! end ( 8 hymn z ! "o 8^: life is long10 b ! poor fell[ di$ be=e he 0 ?irty ye>s old4#egc ,8 mummy 0 f\nd a few ye>s ago1 & x is t ( a "y man4 ,va9 7 8 hopes1 unless 8 words ref] to ! immortal life4 ,^! ,egyptian hymns1 l ! ,babylonian1 exhibit a high degree ( poetic & intellectual p[]1 & mu* deep religi\s feel+1 b ! m5 :o wrote !m someh[ lack$ t deep religi\s insight & simple p[] ( emotional expression t 7 giv5 to ! ,hebrews4 ,_! compositions b set 9 cle>] relief ! beauty1 dep?1 & inspirational p[] ( ! ,hebrew ,psalms4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,,p>allels ,,to ,,prov]bs ,,& ,,ecclesia/es ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,prov]bs ,,& ,,! ,,p>allels4 ,,babylonian ,,prov]bs ,,f ,,! ,,libr>y ,,( ,,a%urbanipal4 ,,precepts ,,f ,,! ,,libr>y ,,( ,,a%urbanipal4 ,,comp>ison ,,) ,,! ,,bible4 ,,egyptian ,,precepts ,,( ,,ptahhotep4 ,,comp>ison ,,) ,,! ,,bible4 ,,p>allel ,,to ,,ecclesia/es ,,f ,,! ,,gilgame% ,,epic4 ,bo? ,egypt & ,babylon furni% p>allels to ! book ( ,prov]bs4 ,! ,biblical book ( ,prov]bs conta9s a long connect$ disc\rse ( advice 7,prov4 #a-i7 & v>i\s collections ( disconnect$ prov]bs 7,prov4 #aj-bi74 ,p>allels to bo? are f\nd 9 ,egypt & 9 ,babylonia4 ,! libr>y ( ,a%urbanipal conta9$ a collection ( prov]bs 9 two languages1 arrang$ z read+ lessons = /ud5ts4 ,a few examples are "h giv54 #a4 ,"s ,babylonian ,prov]bs f ! ,libr>y ( ,a%urbanipal4#egd #a4 ,a ho/ile act ?\ %alt n p]=m1 t fe> ( v5geance 787 %all n consume !e4 #b4 ,?\ %alt n d evil1 t life 787 et]nal ?\ maye/ obta94 #c4 ,does a woman conceive :5 a virg91 or gr[ great )\t eat+8 #d4 ,if ,i put any?+ d[n x is snat*$ away2 if ,i d m ?an is expect$1 :o w repay me8 #e4 ,he has dug a well :]e no wat] is2 he has rais$ a husk )\t k]nel4 #f4 ,does a m>% receive ! price ( its re$s1 or fields ! price ( _! vegetation8 #g4 ,! /rong live by _! own wages2 ! weak by ! wages ( _! *ildr54 #h4 ,he is altoge!r good1 b he is clo!d ) d>kness4 #i4 ,! face ( a toil+ ox ?\ %alt n /rike ) a goad4 #aj4 ,my knees g1 my feet are unwe>i$2 b a fool has cut into my c\rse4 #aa4 ,8 ass ,i am2 ,i am h>ness$ to a mule2 a wagon ,i draw2 to seek re$s & fodd] ,i g =?4 #ab4 ,! life ( day be=e ye/]day has dep>t$ today4 #ac4 ,if ! husk is n "r1 ! k]nel is n "r2 x w n produce se$4 #ad4 ,! tall gra9 ?rives1 b :at d we und]/& ( x8 ,! meag] gra9 ?rives1 b :at d we und]/& ( x8 #ae4 ,! city ^: weapons are n /rong--! enemy be=e its gates %all n be ?ru/ ?r\gh4 #af4 ,if ?\ goe/ & take/ ! field ( an enemy1 ! enemy w come & take ?y field4 #ag4 ,^u a glad he>t oil is p\r$ out ( :i* no "o kn[s4 #ah4 ,fri5d%ip is = ! day ( tr\ble2 po/]ity = ! future4 #ai4 ,an ass 9 ano!r city becomes its head4 ,! idea is simil> to ,matt4 #ac3eg3 8,a prophet is n )\t honor1 save 9 8 own c\ntry1 & 9 8 own h\se40 #bj4 ,writ+ is ! "m ( eloqu5ce & ! fa!r ( arti/s4 #ba4 ,be g5tle to ?y enemy z to an old ov54#ege #bb4 ,! gift ( ! k+ is ! nobility ( ! exalt$2 ! gift ( ! k+ is ! favor ( gov]nors4 #bc4 ,fri5d%ip 9 days ( prosp]ity is s]vitude =ev]4 #bd4 ,!re is /rife :]e s]vants are2 sl&] :]e ano9t]s ano9t4 #be4 ,:5 ?\ see/ ! ga9 ( ! fe> ( god1 exalt god & bless ! k+4#egf #b4 ,precepts f ! ,libr>y ( ,a%urbanipal4#egg ,?\ %alt n sl&]1 7b7 speak k9dly2 ,?\ %alt n speak evil1 7b7 %[ m]cy4 ,him :o sl&]s 7&7 speaks evil1 ,) its recomp5se w ,%ama%#egh visit 787 8 head4 ,?\ %alt n make l>ge ?y m\?1 b gu>d ?y lip2 ,9 ! "t ( ang] ?\ %alt n speak at once4 ,if ?\ speake/ quickly1 ?\ wilt rep5t 787 aft]w>d1 ,& 9 sil5ce wilt ?\ sadd5 ?y m9d4 ,daily pres5t to ?y god ,(f]+ & pray]1 appropriate to inc5se4 ,be=e ?y god maye/ ?\ h a pure he>t1 ,= t is appropriate to deity4 ,pray]1 petition1 & pro/ration ,e>ly 9 ! morn+ %alt ?\ r5d] him2 he w judge ?y burd5s 7871 ,& ) ! help ( ,god ?\ wilt be abundantly prosp]\s4 ,9 ?y wisdom le>n ( ! tablet2 ,! fe> 7( ,god7 begets favor1 ,(f]+ enri*es life1 ,& pray] br+s =giv5ess ( s9s4 7,! text ( ! re/ is too brok5 = connect$ translation47 #c4 ,comp>ison ) ! ,bible4 ,none ( ! s5tim5ts express$ 9 ^! prov]bs is id5tical ) any 9 ! ,bible4 ,no4 #ba is on ! same subject z ,prov4 #bd3ag2 ,no4 #bb rem9ds "o slightly ( ! fir/ clause ( ,prov4 #ad3ce2 ,no4 #bc has ! same s5tim5t z ,prov4 #ah3bd3 8,he t make? _m fri5ds doe? x to 8 own de/ruction02 :ile ,no4 #f is some:at simil> to ,prov4 #bd3ba4 ,among ! 8precepts10 t on gu>d+ ! lips recalls to "o's m9d ,prov4 #aj3ai2 #ac3c2 #ad3c2 #ag3bh4 ,ref]5ce is made to ! 8ga9 ( ! fe> ( ,god0 & x is decl>$ to 8beget favor40 ,job #bh3bh decl>es 8! fe> ( ! ,"l1 t is wisdom40 #d4 ,! ,precepts ( ,ptahhotep4 ,^! precepts are attribut$ to a man :o liv$ 9 ! "t ( ! fif? ,egyptian dyna/y1 ab\t #bfej ,b4 ,c41 & are at lea/ z old z #bjjj ,b4 ,c4 ,! text is v difficult4 ,! examples giv5 bel[ are tak5 f ,brea/$'s#egi cond5sation ( ! moral precepts :i* ! treatise conta9s4 #a4 ,if ?\ f9de/ a wise man 9 8 "t1 a lead] ( und]/&+ m excell5t ?an ?\1 b5d ?y arms & b[ ?y back4 #b4 ,if ?\ f9de/ a wise man 9 8 "t1 ?y equal1 4444444444 be n sil5t :5 he speaks evil4 ,great is ! approval by ^? :o he>1 & ?y "n w be good 9 ! k ( ! pr9ces4 #c4 ,if ?\ f9de/ a wise man 9 8 "t1 a poor man & n ?y equal1 be n ov]be>+ aga9/ him :5 he is un=tunate4 #d4 ,if ?\ art a lead] 7or adm9i/rator7 issu+ ord9ances = ! multitude1 seek = !e v excell5t matt]1 t ?y ord9ance may endure )\t evil !re94 ,great is righte\sness 7tru?1 "r1 ju/ice71 endur+ 44444444442 x has n be5 di/urb$ s9ce ! "t ( ,osiris4 #e4 ,put no fe> 7( !e87 among ! p 4444444444 ,:at ! god comm&s is t :i* happ5s4 ,!re=e live 9 ! mid/ ( quiet4 ,:at !y 7! gods87 give comes ( itself4 #f4 ,if ?\ art a man ( ^? :o sit by ! seat ( a man great] ?an ?\1 take :at 7food7 he gives1 444444 look at :at is be=e !e1 & bomb>d him n ) _m glances 7don't />e at him7 444444 ,speak n to him until he calls4 ,"o kn[s n :at is unpleasant to 787 he>t4 ,speak ?\ :5 he greets !e1 & :at ?\ saye/ w be agreeable to 787 he>t4 #g4 ,if ?\ art a man ( ^? :o ent]1 :om 7"o7 pr9ce s5ds to 7ano!r7 pr9ce1 444444 execute = him ! commission accord+ z he sai?4 ,bew>e ( alt]+ a ^w :i* 7"o7 pr9ce speaks to 7ano!r7 pr9ce1 by display+ ! tru? ) ! l ( x4 #h4 ,if ?\ pl[e/ & !re is gr[? 9 ! field1 ! god gives x 7z7 increase 9 ?y h&4 ,satisfy n ?y own m\? beside ?y k94 #i4 ,if ?\ art insignificant1 foll[ an able man & all ?y proce$+s %all be good be=e ! god4 #aj4 ,foll[ ?y desire z long z ?\ live/4 ,d n m ?an is told 7!e74 ,%ort5 n ! "t ( foll[+ desire4 ,x is an abom9ation to encroa* ^u ! "t !re(4 ,take no c>e daily beyond ! ma9t5ance ( ?y h\se4 ,:5 possessions come1 foll[ desire1 7=7 possessions are n complete :5 he 7! own]7 is h>ass$4 ,comp>e ) ?is precept ,eccles4 #aa3i & #g3ae-ag4 #aa4 ,if ?\ art an able man1 7give att5tion to ! conduct ( ?y son74 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4444 #af4 ,if ?\ art a lead] 7or adm9i/rator71 he> quietly ! spee* ( ! petition]4 ,he :o is suff]+ wrong desires t 8 he>t be *e]$ to d t on acc\nt ( :i* he ha? come 4444444 ,x is an ornam5t ( ! he>t to he> k9dly4 #ag4 ,if ?\ desire/ to e/abli% fri5d%ip 9 a h\se1 into :i* ?\ ent]e/ z "l1 z bro!r1 or z fri5d1 :]esoev] ?\ ent]e/ 91 bew>e ( approa*+ ! wom5 444444 ,a ?\s& m5 are undone = ! enjoym5t ( a brief mom5t l a dream4 ,m5 ga9 7only7 dea? = kn[+ !m4 ,comp>e ,prov4 #e3c1 f4 #ah4 ,if ?\ desire/ t ?y proc$ure be good1 )hold !e f all evil1 bew>e ( occasion ( av>ice 444444 ,he :o ent]s !re9 does n get on4 ,x corrupts fa!rs1 mo!rs1 & mo!rs' bro!rs4 ,x divides wife & man2 x is plund] 7made up7 ( ev]y?+ evil2 x is a bundle ( ev]y?+ base4 ,e/abli%$ is ! man ^: /&>d is righte\sness1 :o walks 9 its way4 ,he is us$ to make 8 =tune !reby1 7b7 ! av>ici\s is h\seless4 #ai4 ,be n av>ici\s 9 divid+ 444444 ,be n av>ici\s t[>ds ?y k94 ,great] is ! fame ( ! g5tle ?an 7t (7 ! h>%4 #bj4 ,if ?\ art successful1 e/abli% ?y h\se4 ,love ?y wife 9 husb&ly embrace1 fill h] body1 clo! h] back4 ,! recipe = h] limbs is o9tm5t4 ,gladd5 h] he>t z long z ?\ live/4 ,%e is a pr(itable field = h] "l4 ,comp>e ,eccles4 #i3i4 #ba4 ,satisfy ^? :o ent] to !e 7come into ?y (fice7 ) t :i* ?\ ha/4 #bb4 ,repeat n a ^w ( he>say4 #bc4 ,if ?\ art an able man :o sits 9 ! c\ncil ( 8 "l1 summon ?y und]/&+ to excell5t ?+s4 ,be sil5t4 #bd4 ,if ?\ art a /rong man1 e/abli% ! respect ( !e by wisdom & by quietness ( spee*4 #be4 ,approa* n a pr9ce 9 8 "t4 ,app>5tly an idiom = "s p>ticul> mood4 #bf4 ,in/ruct a pr9ce 7or (ficial7 9 t :i* is pr(itable = him4 #bg4 ,if ?\ art ! son ( a man ( ! c\ncil1 commission$ to cont5t ! multitude1 444444 be n p>tial4 ,bew>e le/ he 7! man ( ! multitude87 say1 8,8 plan is t ( ! pr9ces4 ,he utt]s ! words 9 p>tiality40 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444 #bi4 ,if ?\ become/ great aft] ?\ w]t little1 & gette/ possessions aft] ?\ w]t =m]ly poor 9 ! city1 444444 be n pr\d-he>t$ because ( ?y weal?4 ,x has come to !e z a gift ( ! god4 #cj4 ,b5d ?y back to ?y sup]ior1 ?y ov]se] ( ! k+'s h\se1 & ?y h\se %all endure because ( 8 7or its7 possessions & ?y rew>d %all be 9 ! place !re(4 ,x is evil to %[ disob$i5ce to a sup]ior4 ,"o lives z long z he is g5tle4 #ca4 ,d n practise corruption ( *ildr54 #cb4 ,if ?\ se>*e/ ! "* ( a fri5d1 444444 transact ! matt] ) him :5 he is alone4 #cc4 ,let ?y face be bright z long z ?\ live/4 ,z = :at goes out ( ! /oreh\se1 x comes n 9 aga92 & z = loaves 7already7 di/ribut$1 he :o is conc]n$ !re= has /ill an empty /oma*4 8,!re is no use 9 cry+ ov] spilt milk40 #cd4 ,"k ?y m]*ants :5 ?y =tunes are evil4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4 #cg4 ,if ?\ he>k5e/ to ^! ?+s :i* ,i h said to !e1 all ?y plans w progress4 ,z = ! matt] ( ! righte\sness !re(1 x is _! wor?4 ,! memory !re( %all circulate 9 ! m\?s ( m51 because ( ! beauty ( _! utt]ances4 ,e ^w w be c>ri$ on & n p]i% 9 ?is l& =ev] 4444444 ,he :o und]/&s discretion is pr(itable 9 e/abli%+ t ?r\gh :i* he succe$s on e>?4 ,a wise man is satisfi$ by reason ( t :i* he kn[s4 ,z = a pr9ce ( good qualities1 !y are 9 8 he>t & tongue4 ,8 lips are "r :5 he speaks1 8 eyes see1 & 8 e>s toge!r he> :at is pr(itable = 8 son4 ,d "r 7righte\sness1 ju/ice1 tru?71 free f ly+4 #ch4 ,pr(itable is he>k5+ = a son t he>k5s 444444 ,h[ good is x :5 a son receives t :i* 8 fa!r says4 ,he %all rea* advanc$ age !reby4 ,a he>k5] is "o :om ! god loves4 ,:o he>k5s n is "o :om ! god hates4 ,x is ! he>t 7 und]/&+7 :i* makes its possessor a he>k5] or "o n he>k5+4 ,! life1 heal?1 & prosp]ity ( a man is 8 he>t4 ,! he>k5] is "o :o he>s & speaks4 ,he :o does :at is said is "o :o loves to he>k54 ,h[ good x is :5 a son he>k5s to 8 fa!r6 ,h[ happy is he to :om ^! ?+s are said6 444444 ,8 memory is 9 ! m\? ( ! liv+ :o are on ! e>? & ^? :o %all be4 #ci4 ,if ! son ( a man receives :at 8 fa!r says1 none ( 8 plans w misc>ry4 ,in/ruct z ?y son "o :o he>k5s1 :o %all be successful 9 ! judgm5t ( ! pr9ces1 :o directs 8 m\? accord+ to t :i* is said to him 444444 ,h[ _m mi%aps befall him :o he>k5s n6 ,! wise man rises e>ly to e/abli% himself1 :ile ! fool is sc\rg$4 ,) ! fir/ ( ?is section comp>e ,exod4 #bj3ab2 ,deut4 #e3af4 ,) ! end ( x1 ,prov4 #f3i-aa2 #aj3bf2 #ac3d4 #dj4 ,z = ! fool :o he>k5s n1 he accompli%es no?+4 ,he reg>ds wisdom z ignorance1 & :at is pr(itable z diseas$ 4444444 ,8 life is dea? !reby1 4444444 he dies1 liv+ e day4 ,m5 pass by 7avoid87 8 qualities1 because ( ! multitude ( evils ^u him e day4 #da4 ,a son :o he>k5s is a foll[] ( ,horus4 ,he prosp]s aft] he he>k5s4 ,he rea*es old age1 he atta9s rev]5ce4 ,he speaks likewise to 8 7own7 *ildr51 r5ew+ ! in/ruction ( 8 fa!r4 ,e man :o in/ructs is l 8 sire4 ,he speaks ) 8 *ildr52 !n !y speak to _! *ildr54 ,atta9 "*1 444444 make righte\sness to fl\ri% & ?y *ildr5 %all live4 #db4 4444444444 ,let ?y att5tion be /eadfa/ z long z ?\ speake/1 :i!r ?\ directe/ ?y spee*4 ,may ! pr9ces :o %all he> say1 8,h[ good is t :i* comes out ( 8 m\?60 #dc4 ,s d t ?y "l %all say to !e1 8,h[ good is ! in/ruction ( 8 fa!r f ^: limbs he came =?6 ,he has spok5 to him2 x is 9 787 body ?r\gh\t4 ,great] is t :i* he ha? done ?an t :i* 0 said to him40 ,behold1 a good son1 :om ! god gives1 r5d]s m ?an 8 "l says to him4 ,he does "r 7righte\sness1 etc471 8 he>t acts accord+ to 8 way4 ,accord+ z ?\ atta9e/ me 78:at ,i h atta9$071 ?y limbs %all be heal?y1 ! k+ %all be satisfi$ ) all t occurs1 & ?\ %alt atta9 ye>s ( life n less ?an ,i h pass$ on ! e>?4 ,i h atta9$ "o hundr$ & t5 ye>s ( life comp>e ,g54 #ej3bf1 :ile ! k+ gave to me praise above 7t (7 ! ance/ors 79 ! vizi]ial (fice7 because ,i did righte\sness = ! k+ ev5 unto ! place ( rev]5ce 7! grave74 #e4 ,comp>ison ) ! ,bible4 ,^! precepts1 :i* 7 writt5 be=e #ahjj ,b4 ,c41 l mo/ ( ^? 9 ! book ( ,prov]bs1 embody mu* worldly wisdom4 ,!y are bas$ on exp]i5ce1 & :ile1 l ,prov]bs1 !y sometimes urge a religi\s motive z a reason = "r conduct1 !y frankly advocate x1 z ,prov]bs (t5 does1 on ! gr\nd ( exp$i5cy4 ,! po9ts :]e ! text is closely p>allel to t ( ,prov]bs are few1 & ^! h be5 suffici5tly po9t$ out4 ,"s ( ! passages1 z already not$1 are closely p>allel to p>ts ( ! book ( ,ecclesia/es4 ,! religi\s appeal ( ! precepts is to ,egyptian poly!ism1 :ile t ( ,prov]bs is to ,hebrew mono!ism4 #f4 ,a ,p>allel to ,ecclesia/es4 ,! foll[+ /rik+ p>allel to a passage 9 ,ecclesia/es is tak5 f a tablet ( ! ,gilgame% ,epic1#ehj writt5 9 ! script ( ! "t ( ,hammurapi1 ab\t #bjjj ,b4 ,c4 ,s9ce ! gods creat$ man1#eha ,dea? !y orda9$ = man1 ,life 9 _! h&s !y hold4 ,?\1 ,o ,gilgame%1 fill inde$ ?y belly1 ,day & night be ?\ joyful1 ,daily orda9 gladness1 ,day & night rage & make m]ry1 ,let ?y g>m5ts be bright1 ,?y head purify1 wa% ) wat]1 ,desire ?y *ildr5 :i* ?y h& possesses1 ,a wife enjoy 9 ?y bosom1 ,peaceably ?y "w 787 4444444444 ,?is is n only 9 s5tim5t /rik+ly l ,eccles4 #i3f-i1 b 9 "p closely approa*es its language4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii ,,egyptian ,,p>allels ,,to ,,! ,,song ,,( ,,songs ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,song ,,( ,,songs4 ,,translation ,,( ,,"s ,,egyptian ,,love-,,poems4 ,,comp>ison ,,) ,,biblical ,,passages4 ,= _m c5turies ! ,song ( ,songs has be5 int]pret$ allegorically1 b ev5 ^? :o give x an allegorical mean+ mu/ admit t its s5tim5ts are c\*$ 9 ! t]ms ( e>?ly love4 ,love poems1 :i* sometimes express s5tim5ts t rem9d u ( ! ,song ( ,songs1 h be5 discov]$ on "s ,egyptian papyri & o/raca4 ,! docum5ts 9 :i* !y are writt5 range 9 _! dates f #bjjj ,b4 ,c4 to ab\t #aajj ,b4 ,c4 ,selections f ^! foll[3#ehb ,i#ehc ,?y love has p5etrat$ all )9 me ,l honey8 plung$ into wat]1 ,l an odor :i* p5etrates spices1 ,z :5 "o mixes juice 9 4444444444 ,nev]!less ?\ runne/ to seek ?y si/]1 ,l ! /e$ ^u ! battlefield1 ,z ! w>rior rolls along on ! spokes ( 8 :eels4 ,= heav5 makes ?y love ,l ! advance ( flames 9 /raw1 ,& its long+ l ! d[nw>d swoop ( a hawk4 ,,ii#ehd ,di/urb$ is ! condition 787 ( my pool4 ,! m\? ( my si/] is a rosebud4 ,h] brea/ is a p]fume4 ,h] arm is a 444444 b\gh8 ,:i* (f]s a delusive seat4 ,h] =ehead is a sn>e ( m]yu-wood4 ,i am a wild goose1 a hunt$ "o 7871 ,my gaze is at ?y hair1 ,at a bait "u ! trap ,t is to cat* 787 me4 8,bro!r0 & 8si/]0 are t]ms frequ5tly appli$ to lov]s 9 ^! poems4 ,p]haps x arose f an anci5t cu/om ( m>riages betwe5 bro!rs & si/]s1 :i* 0 p]petuat$ 9 ! royal families ( ,egypt d[n to ,roman times4 ,! description ( ! physical attractions ( ! lov$ "o rem9ds "o ( ,cant4 #d3a-g4 ,,iii#ehe ,is my he>t n s(t5$ by ?y love-long+ = me8 ,my dogfoot-7fruit7 :i* excites ?y passion1-- ,n w ,i all[ x ,to dep>t f me4 ,al?\gh cudgel$ ev5 to ! 8,gu>d ( ! ov]fl[10#ehf ,to ,syria1 ) %ebd-rods & clubs1 ,to ,e?iopia1 ) palm-rods1 ,to ! highl&s1 ) swit*es1 ,to ! l[l&s1 ) twigs1 ,nev] w ,i li/5 to _! c\nsel1 ,to ab&on long+4 ,,iv#ehg ,! voice ( ! wild goose cries1 7,:]e7 %e has seiz$ _! bait1 7,b7 ?y love holds me back1 ,i am unable to lib]ate h]4 ,i mu/1 !n1 take home my net6 ,:at %all ,i say to my "m1 ,to :om =m]ly ,i came ea* day ,load$ d[n ) f[ls8 ,i %all n set ! sn>es today ,= ?y love has caught me4 ,?is is a vivid description ( ! p[] ( ! t5d] passion4 ,v#ehh ,! wild goose flies up & so>s1 ,%e s9ks d[n ^u ! net4 ,! birds cry 9 flocks1 ,b ,i ha/5 homew>d1 ,s9ce ,i c>e = ?y love alone4 ,my he>t ye>ns = ?y brea/1 ,i _c sund] myself f ?y attractions4 ,?is is a cont9uation ( ! prec$+4 ,,vi#ehi ,?\ beautiful "o6 ,my he>t's desire is ,to procure = !e ?y food z ?y husb&1 ,my arm re/+ ^u ?y arm4#eij ,?\ ha/ *ang$ me by ?y love4 ,?us say ,i 9 my he>t1 ,9 my s\l1 at my pray]s3 8,i lack my comm&] tonight1 ,i am z "o dwell+ 9 a tomb40 ,be ?\ b 9 heal? & /r5g?1#eia ,!n ! ne>ness ( ?y c\nt5ance ,%$s delight1 by reason ( ?y well-be+1 ,ov] a he>t1 :i* seeks !e 7) long+74 ,?is poem expresses on ! "p ( ! man a long+ simil> to t express$ by ! woman 9 ,cant4 #h3a-c4 ,,vii#eib ,! voice ( ! dove calls1 ,x says3 8,! e>? is bright40 ,:at h ,i to d outside8 ,/op1 ?\ birdl+6 ,?\ *ide/ me6 ,i h f\nd my bro!r 9 8 b$1 ,my he>t is glad beyond all measure4 ,we ea* say3 8,i w n te> myself away40 ,my h& is 9 8 h&4 ,i w&] toge!r ) him ,to e beautiful place4 ,he makes me ! fir/ ( maid5s1 ,nor does he grieve my he>t4 ,9 ?is poem ! lov$ woman speaks1 z 9 ,cant4 #h3a-c4 ,,viii#eic ,sa#8am-plants are 9 x1 ,9 ! pres5ce ( :i* "o feels oneself uplift$6 ,i am ?y d>l+ si/]1 ,i am to !e l a bit ( l&1 ,) ea* %rub ( grateful fragrance4 ,lovely is ! wat]-conduit 9 x1 ,:i* ?y h& has dug4 ,:ile ! nor? w9d cool$ u4 ,a beautiful place to w&]1 ,?y h& 9 my h&1 ,my s\l inspir$1 ,my he>t 9 bliss1 ,because we g toge!r4 ,new w9e x is1 to he> ?y voice2 ,i live = he>+ x4 ,to see !e ) ea* look1 ,is bett] ?an eat+ & dr9k+4 ,! figure ( ! g>d51 ) :i* ?is poem beg9s1 is also us$ 9 ,cant4 #e3a & #f3b1 #c4 ,,ix#eid ,ta-'a-ti-plants are 9 x6 ,i take ?y g>l&s away1 ,:5 ?\ come/ home drunk51 ,& :5 ?\ art ly+ 9 ?y b$ ,:5 ,i t\* ?y feet1 7,&7 *ildr5 are 787 9 ?y 4444444444 444444444444444444444444 ,i rise up rejoic+ 9 ! morn+ ,?y ne>ness means to me heal? & /r5g?4 ,9 anci5t z 9 mod]n times wives lov$ fondly1 :ile husb&s gave way to drunk5ness4 ,! poems z a :ole make x cle> t 9 ,egypt love1 :i* lies at ! basis ( all home life1 & is 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t made a figure ( ! relation ( ,*ri/ to ! ,*ur* 7see ,john #c3bi2 ,rev4 #ba3b1 #i71 0 z w>mly felt z 9 ,israel1 & 0 likewise poetically & passionately express$4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv ,,illu/rations ,,( ,,passages ,,9 ,,! ,,prophets ,,uniqu5ess ,,( ,,! ,,prophetic ,,books4 ,,an ,,assyrian ,,prophetic ,,vision4 ,,comp>ison ,,) ,,! ,,bible4 ,,! ,,egyptian ,,social ,,consci5ce4 ,,tale ,,( ,,! ,,eloqu5t ,,peasant4 ,,comp>ison ,,) ,,! ,,bible4 ,,an ,,ideal ,,k+2 ,,extract ,,f ,,! ,,admonitions ,,( ,,ipuw]4 ,,comp>ison ,,) ,,messianic ,,expectations4 ,,%eol4 ,,i%t>',s ,,desc5t ,,to ,,! ,,"u-,,_w4 ,,comp>ison ,,) ,,prophetic ,,passages4 ,a ,,lam5tation ,,= ,,tammuz4 ,!re is no o!r body ( lit]ature :i* closely corresponds to ! books ( ! ,hebrew prophets4 ,! dep? ( _! social passion & ! p[] ( _! moral & religi\s insight =m a unique comb9ation4 ,nev]!less1 texts :i* h come f ,babylonia & ,egypt d %[ t c]ta9 phases ( prophetic ?\ght 7 n )\t p>allels else:]e4 ,at times !y also illu/rate = u ?\ghts & practices :i* ! prophets abhorr$4 ,a few su* texts are "h translat$4 #a4 ,a ,prophetic ,vision4 ,! foll[+ /atem5t is tak5 f ! annals ( ,a%urbanipal1 ,k+ ( ,assyria1 #ffh-fbf ,b4 ,c4 ,x is ! conclusion ( a passage 9 :i* ! k+ is relat+ 8 /r5u\s /ruggle ) ,tiuman1 ,k+ ( ,elam4 ,a%urbanipal tells h[ he p\r$ out a libation to ,i%t> ( ,arbela & (f]$ to h] a long pray] aga9/ ! ,elamite k+4 ,! n>rative !n cont9ues3#eie ,9 an h\r ( t night :5 ,i pray$ to h]1 a se] lay d[n2 he saw a prophetic dream4 ,i%t> caus$ him to see a vision ( ! night1 & he ann\nc$ x to me1 say+3 8,i%t> :o dwells at ,arbela ent]$1 & on h] "r & left %e 0 behung ) quiv]s1 %e 0 hold+ a b[ 9 h] left h&1 %e br&i%$ a heavy sword to make w>4 ,?\ wa/ sitt+ be=e h]4 ,%e1 l ! "m :o bore !e1 0 speak+ to !e & talk+ to !e4 ,i%t>1 ! exalt$ "o ( ! gods1 0 appo9t+ !e a message3 #8,?\ %alt expect to accompli% t#eif at ! place :i* is situat$ be=e !e4 ,i am com+4' ,?\ wa/ answ]+ h]1 say+3 #8,:]e ?\ goe/ ,i w g ) !e1 ,o lady ( ladies4' ,%e repeat$ to !e1 say+3 #8,?\ 444444 inde$ dwelle/ 9 ! place ( ,nebo4 ,eat food1 dr9k w9e1 appo9t rejoic+1 exalt my div9ity until ,i g & accompli% ?is und]tak+ 444444 ,i w cause !e to accompli% ! wi% ( ?y he>t4 ,?y face he %all n h>m1 ?y feet he %all n resi/2 ?y cry %all n come to n\ght4' ,9 ! mid/ ( battle %e arms !e ) ! desolation ( h] goodness4 ,%e w protect ?y :ole body4 ,be=e h] a fire is bl[n to capture ?y foes40 ,! night vision ( ?is se] rem9ds "o a little ( ,isaiah's vision ( ,jehovah 9 ! temple 7,isa4 #f7 & ( ,ze*>iah's vision ( ,jo%ua & ,satan 7,ze*4 #c3a74 ,! ,hebrew prophets z late z ! "t ( ,j]emiah (t5 receiv$ _! div9e messages 9 dreams4 7,see ,j]4 #bc3bg47 ,assyria _h some?+ ( ! same ideas z ,israel z to ! revelations ( deity to a prophet1 b %e lack$ ,israel's e?ical deity4 #b4 ,! ,egyptian ,social ,consci5ce4 ,a rem>kable appreciation ( ! rights ( ! common p is reveal$ 9 an ,egyptian /ory call$ ! 8,tale ( ! ,eloqu5t ,peasant10--a /ory :i* has come d[n to u 9 copies made be=e #ahjj ,b4 ,c4 ,x has be5 claim$ t ?is tale indicates ! exi/5ce ( a social consci5ce 9 ,egypt analog\s to t ( ! ,hebrew prophets4 ,! pr9cipal "p ( ! /ory is1 accord+ly1 giv5 "h4 ,! ,eloqu5t ,peasant#eig ,!re 0 a man1 ,hunanup by "n1 a peasant ( ,se*et-hemat1 & he _h a wife1 4444444444 by "n4 ,!n said ?is peasant to 8 wife3 8,behold1 ,i am go+ d[n to ,egypt to br+ back bread = my *ildr54 ,g 9 & measure ! corn t we /ill h 9 our /oreh\se1 44444444 bu%el40 ,!n he measur$ = h] #h 787 bu%els ( corn4 ,!n ?is peasant said to 8 wife3 8,behold1 #b bu%els ( corn %all be left = bread = !e & ! *ildr54 ,b make = me ! #f bu%els into bread & be] = ea* ( ! days t ,i %all be on ! road40 ,!n ?is peasant w5t d[n to ,egypt aft] he _h load$ 8 asses ) all ! good products#eih ( ,se*et-hemat4 ,?is peasant set out & j\rney$ s\?w>d to ,ehnas4 ,he came to a po9t opposite ,p]-fefi1 nor? ( ,m$5it1 & f\nd !re a man /&+ on ! bank1 ,dehuti-ne*t by "n1 :o 0 ! son ( a man nam$ ,is]i1 :o 0 "o ( ! s]fs ( ! *ief /ew>d1 ,m]uit5si4 ,!n said ?is ,dehuti-ne*t1 :5 he saw ! asses ( ?is peasant :i* appeal$ to 8 covet\sness3 8,oh t "s good god w\ld help me to rob ?is peasant ( 8 goods60 ,! h\se ( ,dehuti-ne*t /ood close to ! side ( ! pa?1 :i* 0 n>r[1 n wide4 ,x 0 ab\t ! wid? ( a 444444-clo?1 & ^u "o side ( x 0 ! wat] & ^u ! o!r side 0 gr[+ gra94 ,!n said ,dehuti-ne*t to 8 s]vant3 8,ha/5 & br+ me a %awl f ! h\se60 ,& x 0 br\ght at once4 ,!n he spread ?is %awl ^u ! middle ( ! road1 & x ext5d$1 "o edge to ! wat]1 & ! o!r to ! corn4 ,! peasant came along ! pa? :i* 0 ! common highway4 ,!n said ,dehuti-ne*t3 8,look out1 peasant1 d n trample on my clo!s60 ,! peasant answ]$3 8,i w d z ?\ wi%e/2 ,i w g 9 ! "r way60 ,z he 0 turn+ to ! upp] side1 ,dehuti-ne*t said3 8,does my corn s]ve y z a road80 ,!n said ! peasant3 8,i am go+ 9 ! "r way4 ,! bank is /eep & ! pa? lies ne> ! corn & y h /opp$ up ! road ahead ) y\r clo!s4 ,w y1 !n1 n let me g by80 ,^u t "o ( ! asses took a m\?ful ( corn4 ,!n said ,dehuti-ne*t3 8,see1 ,i w take away ?y ass because x has eat5 my corn 44444444440 ,!n ! peasant said3 8,i am go+ 9 ! "r way4 ,z "o side 0 made impassable ,i h l$ my ass along ! o!r1 & w y seize x because x has tak5 a m\?ful ( corn8 ,b ,i "k ! "l ( ?is prop]ty2 x belongs to ! *ief /ew>d1 ,m]uit5si4 ,x is he :o puni%es e robb] 9 ?is :ole l&4 ,%all ,i1 !n1 be robb$ 9 8 doma980 ,!n said ,dehuti-ne*t3 8,is x n a prov]b :i* ! p employ3 #8,! "n ( ! poor is only kn[n on acc\nt ( 8 "l8' ,x is ,i :o speak to y1 b ! *ief /ew>d ( :om y ?9k40#eii ,!n he took a rod f a gre5 tam>isk & beat all 8 limbs ) x1 & seiz$ 8 asses & drove !m into 8 comp\nd4 ,!reupon ! peasant wept l\dly on acc\nt ( ! pa9 ( :at _h be5 done to him4 ,dehuti-ne*t said to him3 8,don't cry s l\d1 peasant1 or ?\ %alt g to ! city ( ! ,sil5ce-mak]0 7a "n ( ! god ( ! und]world74 ,! peasant said3 8,?\ beate/ me & /eale/ my goods1 & wilt ?\ also take ! wail away f my m\?8 ,o ,sil5ce-mak]6 give me my goods aga96 ,may ,i nev] cease to cry out1 if ?\ fe>e/60 ,! peasant consum$ f\r days1 dur+ :i* he bes\ght ,dehuti-ne*t1 b he did n grant him 8 rights4 ,!n ?is peasant w5t to ! s\?1 to ,ehnas1 to implore ! *ief /ew>d1 ,m]uit5si4 ,he met him z he 0 com+ out ( ! canal-door ( 8 comp\nd to emb>k 9 8 boat4 ,!reupon ! peasant said3 8,oh let me lay be=e !e ?is affair4 ,p]mit "o ( ?y tru/$ s]vants to come to me1 t ,i may s5d him to !e conc]n+ x40 ,!n ! /ew>d1 ,m]uit5si1 s5t "o ( 8 s]vants to him1 & he s5t back by him an acc\nt ( ! :ole affair4 ,!n ! *ief /ew>d1 ,m]uit5si1 laid ! case ( ,dehuti-ne*t be=e 8 att5dant (ficials1 & !y said to him3 8,"l1 x is presumably a case ( "o ( y\r peasants :o has gone aga9/ ano!r peasant ne> him4 ,behold1 x is cu/om>y ) peasants to s conduct !mselves t[>d o!rs :o are ne> !m4 ,%all we beat ,dehuti-ne*t = a little natron & a little salt8 ,comm& him to re/ore x & he w re/ore x40 ,! *ief /ew>d1 ,m]uit5si1 rema9$ sil5t2 he answ]$ nei!r ! (ficials nor ! peasant4 ,! peasant !n came to entreat ! *ief /ew>d1 ,m]uit5si1 = ! fir/ "t1 & said3 8,*ief /ew>d1 my "l1 ?\ art greate/ ( ! great1 ?\ art guide ( all t :i* is n & :i* is4 ,:5 ?\ emb>ke/ on ! sea ( tru?1 t ?\ maye/ g sail+ ^u x1 !n %all n ! 4444444444 /rip away ?y sail1 !n ?y %ip %all n rema9 fa/1 !n %all no mis=tune happ5 to ?y ma/1 !n %all ?y sp>s 787 n be brok51 !n %alt ?\ n be /r&$2 if ?\ runne/ fa/ agr\nd1 ! waves %all n break ^u !e1 !n ?\ %alt n ta/e ! impurities ( ! riv]1 !n ?\ %alt n behold ! face ( fe>2 ! %ye/ 787 fi% %all come to !e1 & ?\ %alt capture ! fat birds4 ,= ?\ art ! fa!r ( ! orphan1 ! husb& ( ! wid[1 ! bro!r ( ! desolate1 ! g>m5t ( ! mo!rless4 ,let me place ?y "n 9 ?is l& high] ?an all good laws3 ?\ guide )\t av>ice1 ?\ great "o free f meanness1 :o de/roye/ deceit1 :o create/ tru?fulness4 ,?r[ ! evil to ! gr\nd4 ,i w speak2 he> me4 ,d ju/ice1 ,o ?\ prais$ "o1 :om ! prais$ ones praise4 ,remove my oppression3 behold1 ,i h a heavy 4444444 to c>ry2 behold1 ,i am tr\bl$ ( s\l2 exam9e me1 ,i am 9 sorr[40 ,! ref]5ce 9 ?is address to ! orphan & ! wid[ t\*es a *ord :i* runs ?r\gh mu* ( ! ,old ,te/am5t & is especially prom95t 9 ! prophets1 z ! foll[+ ref]5ces w indicate3 ,isa4 #a3ag1 #bc2 #i3ag2 #aj3b2 #dg3h2 ,j]4 #g3f2 #ae3h2 #ah3ba2 #bb3c2 #di3aa2 ,ezek4 #bb3g1 #be2 ,ze*4 #g3aj2 ,mal4 #c3e2 ,deut4 #aj3ah2 #ad3bi2 ,job #bi3ac1 & ,psa4 #fh3e4 ,9 ! ,egyptian /ory ,m]uit5si 0 s pleas$ ) ! eloqu5ce ( ! peasant t he pass$ him on to ano!r (fic] & he to /ill ano!r until he came be=e ! k+4 ,altoge!r ! peasant made n9e addresses4 ,= lack ( space we c reproduce b "o m4 ,= ?is purpose we select 8 eigh? address4 ,?is peasant came to implore him = ! eigh? "t1 & said3 8,*ief /ew>d1 my "l1 man falls on acc\nt ( 444444 ,gre$ is abs5t f a good m]*ant4 ,8 good comm]ce is 44444444 8,?y he>t is gre$y2 x does n become !e4 ,?\ despoile/3 ?is is n praisewor?y = !e 444444 ,?y daily rations are 9 ?y h\se2 ?y body is well fill$ 444444 ,! (fic]s1 :o are set z a protection aga9/ inju/ice1--a curse to ! %ameless are ^! (fic]s1 :o are set z a bulw>k aga9/ lies4 8,fe> ( !e has n det]r$ me f supplicat+ !e2 7if ?\ ?9ke/ s71 ?\ ha/ n kn[n my he>t4 ,! sil5t "o1 :o turns to report to !e 8 difficulties1 is n afraid to pres5t !m to !e 4444444 ,?y real e/ate is 9 ! c\ntry2 ?y bread is on ?y e/ate2 ?y food is 9 ! /oreh\se4 ,?y (ficials give to !e & ?\ take/ x4 ,art ?\1 !n1 n a robb]8 ,!y drag = !e 444444 = !e to ! plots ( arable l&4 ,d ! tru? = ! sake ( ! "l ( tru? 4444444 ,?\ re$ ( a scribe1 ?\ roll ( a book1 ?\ palette1 ?\ god ,?o?1 ?\ oughte/ to keep ?yself f> remov$ f inju/ice4 ,?\ virtu\s "o1 ?\ %\ld/ be virtu\s2 ?\ virtu\s "o1 ?\ %\ld/ be really virtu\s4 ,fur!r1 tru? is true to et]nity4 ,%e goes ) ^? :o p]=m h] to ! region ( ! dead4 ,he w be laid 9 ! c(f9 & committ$ to ! e>?2 8 "n w n p]i% f ! e>?1 b m5 w rememb] him on acc\nt ( 8 prop]ty3 s runs ! "r int]pretation ( ! div9e ^w4 8,does x !n happ5 t ! scales /& aslant8 ,or is x ?9kable t ! scales incl9e to "o side8 8,behold1 if ,i come n1 if ano!r comes1 !n ?\ ha/ opportunity to speak z "o :o answ]s1 z "o :o addresses ! sil5t1 z "o :o responds to him :o has n spok5 to !e4 ,?\ ha/ n be5 4444442 ?\ ha/ n be5 sick4 ,?\ ha/ n fl$2 ?\ ha/ n dep>t$4 ,b ?\ ha/ n yet grant$ me any reply to ?is beautiful ^w :i* comes f ! m\? ( ! sun-god himself3 #8,speak ! tru?2 d ! tru?3 = x is great1 x is mighty1 x is ev]la/+4 ,x w obta9 = !e m]it1 & w lead !e to v5]ation4' 8,= does ! scale /& aslant8 ,x is _! scale-pans t be> ! objects1 & 9 j scales !re is no 444444 want+40 ,! beauty ( ! s5tim5ts ab\t tru? is obvi\s4 ,! ref]5ces to scales are to ^? t 7 suppos$ to weigh ! de$s ( ! dead 9 ! "u-_w4 ,aft] a n9? spee* on ! "p ( ! peasant1 ! tale concludes z foll[s3 ,!n ! *ief /ew>d1 ,m]uit5si1 s5t two s]vants to br+ him back4 ,!reupon ! peasant fe>$ t he w\ld suff] ?ir/1 z a puni%m5t impos$ ^u him = :at he _h said4 ,!n ! peasant said 444444 7,! ,egyptian ( ?is address conta9s difficulties :i* h nev] be5 solv$47 ,!n said ! *ief /ew>d1 ,m]uit5si3 8,fe> n1 peasant6 ,see1 ?\ %alt rema9 ) me40 ,!n said ! peasant3 8,i live because ,i eat ( ?y bread & dr9k ?y be] =ev]40 ,!n said ! *ief /ew>d1 ,m]uit5si3 8,come out "h 444444440 ,!n he caus$ !m to br+1 writt5 on a new roll1 all ! addresses ( ^! days4 ,! *ief /ew>d s5t !m to 8 maje/y1 ! k+ ( ,upp] & ,l[] ,egypt1 ,neb-kau-re1 ! bless$1 & !y 7 m agreeable to ! he>t ( 8 maje/y ?an all t 0 9 8 l&4 ,8 maje/y said1 8,pass s5t5ce ?yself1 my belov$ son60 ,!n ! *ief /ew>d1 ,m]uit5si1 caus$ two s]vants to g & br+ a li/ ( ! h\sehold 7( ,dehuti-ne*t7 f ! gov]nm5t (fice1 & 8 possessions 7 six p]sons1 ) a selection f 8 4444441 f 8 b>ley1 f 8 spelt1 f 8 asses1 f 8 sw9e1 f 8 4444444444 ,f ?is po9t on only a few words ( ! tale c be made out1 b x appe>s f ^! t ! goods select$ f ! e/ate ( ,dehuti-ne*t 7 giv5 to ! peasant & he 0 s5t home rejoic+4 #c4 ,an ,ideal ,k+4 ,9 ! wisdom lit]ature ( ,egypt appe> ! admonitions ( an ,egyptian sage call$ ,ipuw]4 ,9 ^! admonitions a "t ( dire di/ress is pictur$1 9 view ( :i* ! sage longs = ! pres5ce ( an ideal k+4 ,"s s*ol>s h comp>$ ! description ( ?is ideal k+ ) ! prophetic conception ( ! ,messiah4 ,x is unnecess>y to quote ! :ole "w1 :i* is fragm5t>y & difficult ( translation4 ,a few passages w answ] our purpose4 ,f ! ,admonitions ( ,ipuw]#fjj 4444444444 ,! door-keep]s say3 ,let u g & plund]4 ,! confection]s 4444444444 ,! wa%]man refuses to c>ry 8 load 4444444444 ,! bird-cat*]s h drawn up 9 l9e ( battle 4444444444 ,! inhabitants ( ! ,m>%es c>ry %ields4 ,! brew]s 4444444444 sad4 ,a man looks ^u 8 son z 8 enemy2 44444444444444444444 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 44444444444444444444444444 ,noble ladies suff] l slave girls4 ,musicians are 9 ! *amb]s )9 ! halls4 ,:at !y s+ to ! goddess ,m]t is dirges 44444444444 ,=soo?1 all female slaves are free ) _! tongues4 ,:5 ! mi/ress speaks x is irksome to ! s]vants4 ,=soo?1 pr9ces are hungry & 9 di/ress4 ,s]vants are s]v$ 4444444444 by reason ( m\rn+4 ,=soo?1 ! hot-head$ 787 man says3 8,if ,i knew :]e ,god is1 !n w\ld ,i make (f]+s unto him40 ,=soo?1 "r is ?r\gh\t ! l& 9 ?is its "n4 ,:at m5 d 9 appeal+ to x is wrong4 ,=soo?1 all animals1 _! he>ts weep4 ,cattle moan because ( ! /ate ( ! l& 44444444444444444444 ,=soo?1 ! ways are 4444444444 ,! roads are gu>d$4 ,m5 sit ov] ! bu%es until ! b5ight$ travel] comes1 9 ord] to plund] 8 burd54 ,:at is ^u him is tak5 away4 ,he is belabor$ ) bl[s ( ! /ick & sla9 wrongfully4 ,=soo?1 t has p]i%$ :i* ye/]day 0 se5 7874 ,! l& is left ov] to its we>9ess 787 l ! cutt+ ( flax4 ,poor m5 are 9 affliction 4444444444 ,w\ld t !re might be an end ( m51 no conception1 no bir?6 ,o t ! e>? w\ld cease f noise1 & tumult be no m6 4444444444 ,=soo?1 gra9 has p]i%$ on e side4 ,p are /ripp$ ( clo!s1 spices 787 & oil4 ,ev]ybody says !re is none4 ,! /oreh\se is ru9$4 ,its keep] is /ret*$ on ! gr\nd4 ,x is no happy ?+ = my he>t 787 4444444444 ,w\ld t ,i _h made my voice he>d at t mom5t1 t x might save me f ! pa9 9 :i* ,i am 787 4444444444 ,behold1 ! p[]ful ( ! l&1 ! condition ( ! p is n report$ to !m4 ,all is ru96 ,behold1 no craftsm5 "w4 ,! enemies ( ! l& h spoilt its crafts4 ,simil> descriptions ( ! disorganiz$ /ate ( society might be quot$ at mu* great] l5g?4 ,! passage 9 :i* ,ipuw] m5tions ! ideal k+ is z foll[s3 4444444444 lack ( p 44444444444444444444 ,re2 comm& 787 4444444444 ! ,we/ to dim9i% 787 4444444444 by ! gods84 ,behold ye1 :]e=e does he seek to fa%ion mank9d1 4444444444 )\t di/+ui%+ ! timid man f him ^: nature is viol5t4 ,he br+e? coolness ^u t :i* is hot4 ,x is said3 he is ! h]dsman ( mank9d4 ,no evil is 9 8 he>t4 ,:5 8 h]ds are few1 he passes ! day to ga!r !m toge!r1 _! he>ts be+ on fire4 ,w\ld t he _h p]ceiv$ _! nature 9 ! fir/ g5]ation ( m52 !n w\ld he h repress$ evils1 he w\ld h /ret*$ =? 8 arm aga9/ x1 he w\ld h de/roy$ _! se$ & _! inh]itance 4444444444 ,:]e is he today8 ,is he sleep+8 ,behold1 8 might is n se54 ,vogelsang held ?is to be a picture ( a k9d ( ideal k+1 comp>able 9 "s respects to ! prophetic conception ( ! ,messiah 9 su* passages z ,isa4 #i3a-f2 #aa3a-h4 ,to ?is view ,g>d9] has object$ t ! p>allelism is n real1 9 t !re seems to h be5 9 ! m9d ( ! ,egyptian sage no expectation t su* a k+ w\ld actually rise1 b r ! belief t he once exi/$ z ! god ,re & has n[ vani%$ f e>?4 ,to ?is ,brea/$ & ,gressmann reply t ! k+ly figure is a purely ideal "o1 & t ,ipuw] feels /rongly t1 if he 7 on e>? all wrongs w\ld be set "r1 & t 9 "s degree ! picture is p>allel to ! conceptions ( ! ,messiah4 ,! description ( disorganiz$ society :i* is "h reflect$ is patt]n$ on conditions :i* exi/$ 9 ,egypt be=e #bjjj ,b4 ,c41 & ! conception ( ! ideal k+ is equally old4 #d4 ,%eol4 ,9 ,isa4 #ad3i-aa & ,ezek4 #cb3ba-ca we f9d descriptions ( ,%eol or ! "u-_w4 ,^! descriptions are closely p>allel to ! foll[+ ,babylonian poem4 ,i%t>'s ,desc5t to ! ,"u-_w#fja ,unto ! l& ( ,no-return1 ! l& ( d>kness1 ,i%t>1 ! daught] ( ,s91 det]m9$ to g1 ,! daught] ( ,s9 det]m9$ to g1 ,unto ! h\se ( d>kness1 ! dwell+ ( ,irkalla1 #e4 ,unto ! h\se ^: ent]] nev] comes out1 ,along ! way ^: go+ has no return1 ,unto ! h\se ^: ent]] is depriv$ ( light1 ,:]e du/ is _! food1 _! su/5ance1 clay1 ,light !y d n see1 9 d>kness !y dwell2 #aj4 ,!y are clo!d1 l birds1 ) a cov]+ ( w+s4 ,ov] door & bolt ! du/ is spread4 ,i%t>1 :5 %e arriv$ at ! gate ( ! l& ( ,no-return ,to ! keep] ( ! gate address$ a ^w3 8,keep] ( ! wat]s1 op5 ?y gate6 #ae4 ,op5 ?y gate6 ,let me ent]6 ,if ?\ do/ n op5 ?y gate1 t ,i may ent]1 ,i w %att] ! door1 ,i w break ! bolt1 ,i w %iv] ! ?re%old1 break d[n ! doors2 ,i w br+ up ! dead to dev\r ! liv+60 #bj4 ,! keep] op5$ 8 m\? & spake1 ,he said to ,i%t>1 ! great3 8,/ay1 my lady1 d n de/roy x1 ,let me g1 let me ann\nce ?y "n to ,que5 ,allat40 ,! keep] w5t 91 he spake to ,allat3 #be4 8,?is wat] ?y si/]1 ,i%t>1 has cross$ ,z a s]vant ( great p[]s %e comes40 ,:5 ,allat he>d ?is1 ,l ! cutt+ ( ! tam>isk 0 h] laugh1 #cj4 ,l ! crackl+ ( re$s4 ,%e cri$3 8,:at has turn$ h] m9d to me8 4444444444 ,^! wat]s ,i ) 4444444444 ,= food ,i w eat clay1 = dr9k ,i w dr9k 4444444444 ,i w weep = m5 :o h ab&on$ _! wives1 #ce4 ,i w weep = maid5s torn f _! husb&s' bosoms1 ,i w weep = *ildr5 snat*$ away be=e _! "t4 ,g1 keep]1 op5 ?y gate to h]2 ,d to h] accord+ to ! anci5t cu/om40 ,! keep] w5t & op5$ to h] 8 gate3 #dj4 8,ent]1 my lady2 ! "u-_w is glad1 ,! palace ( ! l& ( ,no-return rejoices at ?y com+40 ,he br\ght h] ?r\gh ! fir/ gate1 made x wide1 he took ! great cr[n f h] head4 8,:y1 ,o keep]1 ha/ ?\ tak5 ! great cr[n f my head80 8,ent]1 my lady1 su* are ! comm&s ( ,allat40 #de4 ,he br\ght h] ?r\gh ! second gate1 he made x wide1 he took ! ornam5ts f h] e>s4 8,:y1 ,o keep]1 ha/ ?\ tak5 ! ornam5ts f my e>s80 8,ent]1 my lady1 = su* are ! comm&s ( ,allat40 ,he br\ght h] ?r\gh ! ?ird gate1 he made x wide1 he took ! necklace f h] neck4 8,:y1 ,o keep]1 ha/ ?\ tak5 ! necklace f my neck80 #ej4 8,ent]1 ,o lady1 = su* are ! comm&s ( ,allat40 ,he br\ght h] ?r\gh ! f\r? gate1 he made x wide1 he took ! ornam5ts f h] brea/s4 8,:y1 ,o keep]1 ha/ ?\ tak5 ! ornam5ts f my brea/80 8,ent]1 my lady1 = su* are ! comm&s ( ,allat40 ,he br\ght h] ?r\gh ! fif? gate1 he made x wide1 he took ! girdle ) bir?-/ones f h] wai/4 #ee4 8,:y1 ,o keep]1 ha/ ?\ tak5 ! girdle ) bir?-/ones f my wai/80 8,ent]1 my lady1 = su* are ! comm&s ( ,allat40 ,he br\ght h] ?r\gh ! six? gate1 he made x wide1 he took ! bracelets f h] h&s & feet4 8,:y1 ,o keep]1 ha/ ?\ tak5 ! bracelets f my h&s & feet80 8,ent]1 my lady1 = su* are ! comm&s ( ,allat40 #fj4 ,he br\ght h] ?r\gh ! sev5? gate1 he made x wide1 he took ! bree*-clo? f h] body4 8,:y1 ,o keep]1 ha/ ?\ tak5 ! bree*-clo? f my body80 8,ent]1 my lady1 = su* are ! comm&s ( ,allat40 ,:5 ,i%t> _h gone d[n to ! l& ( ,no-return1 ,allat saw h] & became enrag$ at h]4 #fe4 ,i%t> took no he$2 %e sat d[n above h]4 ,allat op5$ h] m\? & spake1 ,to ,namt>1 h] mess5g]1 %e address$ a ^w3 8,g1 ,namt>1 lock h] 9 my palace1 ,br+ out aga9/ h] sixty diseases 4444444444 ,i%t>1 #gj4 ,disease ( ! eyes aga9/ h] eyes1 ,disease ( ! side aga9/ h] sides1 ,disease ( ! feet aga9/ h] feet1 ,disease ( ! he>t aga9/ h] he>t1 ,disease ( ! head aga9/ h] head1 #ge4 ,aga9/ h] altoge!r 44444444440 ,aft] ,i%t>1 ! lady1 w5t d[n to ! l& ( ,no-return ,! bull ) ! c[ did n unite1 nor ! ass approa* ! %e-ass2 ,! man 9 ! /reet no m approa*$ ! maid2 ,! man slept 9 8 *amb]1 #hj4 ,! maid slept by h] ov54 ,papsukal1 mess5g] ( ! great gods1 0 sad ( c\nt5ance be=e ,%ama%1 ,clad 9 m\rn+1 we>+ f\l g>m5ts4 ,!n w5t ,%ama% into ! pres5ce ( ,s91 8 fa!r2 he wept1 ,be=e ,ea1 ! k+1 8 te>s fl[$3 #he4 8,i%t> has gone d[n into ! e>?2 %e has n come up4 ,s9ce ,i%t> w5t d[n to ! l& ( ,no-return1 ,! bull ) ! c[ does n unite1 nor ! ass approa* ! %e-ass2 ,! man no m approa*es ! maid 9 ! /reet2 ,! man sleeps 9 8 *amb]1 #ij4 ,! maid sleeps by h] ov54 ,!n ,ea 9 ! wisdom ( 8 he>t creat$ a man1 ,he creat$ ,asu%unamir1 ! prie/4 8,g1 ,asu%unamir1 to ! gate ( ! l& )\t return set ?y face1 ,! sev5 gates ( ! l& )\t return %all be op5$ be=e !e1 #ie4 ,allat %all behold !e1 & %all rejoice 9 ?y pres5ce4 ,:5 h] he>t has be5 appeas$1 & h] s\l reviv$1 ,conjure h] also by ! "n ( ! great gods4 ,turn ?y ?\ghts to ! sk9 :i* p\rs =? life3 #8,o lady1 give me ! sk9 :i* p\rs =? life1 t ,i may dr9k wat] f x4'0 #ajj4 ,:5 ,allat he>d ?is1 ,%e beat ^u h] ?igh1 %e bit h] f+]3 8,?\ ha/ utt]$ a wi% n to be wi%$4 ,g1 ,asu%unamir2 ,i curse !e ) a great curse4 ,! sewage ( ! gutt]s ( ! city %all be ?y food1 #aje4 ,! cesspools ( ! city %all be ?y dr9k1 ,! %ad[ ( ! walls %all be ?y dwell+1 ,! ?re%olds %all be ?y habitation1 ,conf9em5t & privation %all %att] ?y /r5g?40 ,allat op5$ h] m\? & spoke1 #aaj4 ,to ,namt>1 h] mess5g]1 %e address$ ! ^w3 8,g1 ,namt>1 knock at ! palace ( ju/ice1 ,tap at ! ?re%olds ( gleam+ 787 /ones1 ,br+ out ! ,annunaki1#fjb seat !m on gold5 ?rones1 ,spr9kle ,i%t> ) ! wat] ( life & br+ h] be=e me40 #aae4 ,namt> w5t1 he knock$ at ! palace ( ju/ice1 ,he tapp$ at ! ?re%olds ( gleam+ 787 /ones1 ,he br\ght =? ! ,annunaki1 he seat$ !m on gold5 ?rones1 ,he spr9kl$ ,i%t> ) ! wat] ( life1 he br\ght h] =?4 ,he br\ght h] out ( ! fir/ gate1 he re/or$ to h] ! bree*-clo? ( h] body2 #abj4 ,he br\ght h] ?r\gh ! second gate1 he re/or$ to h] ! bracelets ( h] h&s & feet2 ,he br\ght h] ?r\gh ! ?ird gate1 he re/or$ to h] ! girdle ) bir?-/ones = h] wai/2 ,he br\ght h] ?r\gh ! f\r? gate1 he re/or$ to h] ! ornam5ts ( h] brea/s2 ,he br\ght h] ?r\gh ! fif? gate1 he re/or$ to h] ! necklace ( h] neck2 ,he br\ght h] ?r\gh ! six? gate1 he re/or$ to h] ! ornam5ts ( h] e>s2 #abe4 ,he br\ght h] ?r\gh ! sev5? gate1 he re/or$ to h] ! cr[n ( h] head4 7,end ( leg5d4 ,! prie/ beg9s37 8,if %e does n grant to !e h] release1 turn to h] aga92 ,to ,tammuz1 ! belov$ ( h] y\?1 ,p\r out wat]1 (f] good oil1 ,) r$ clo?+ clo! him1 let him play a flute ( lapis lazuli4 #acj4 ,let ! joyful maid5s turn1 444444444444444444444 ,:5 ,belili has e/abli%$ h] ritual1 ,) preci\s /ones h] bosom is fill$40 ,! wail+ = h] bro!r %e he>d2 ,belili int]rupt$ ! ritual ( 4444 ,) preci\s /ones %e fill$ ! front ( 4444444444 7,voice f ! dead47 #ace4 8,my only bro!r1 h>m me n2 ,on ! day ( ,tammuz1 play = me ! lapis lazuli flute1 play ! ,santu-flute ) x1 ,:5 ! wail+ m5 & wom5 play ) x1 ,let ! dead return1 let !m smell inc5se40 ,! description ( ! d>kness ( ! "u-_w & ! sad conditions ( life ) :i* ?is poem beg9s1 %[s t ! ,babylonians %>$ ! gloomy views ( ,%eol :i* ,isa4 #ad3i-aa & ,ezek4 #cb3ba-ca express4 ,! middle ( ! poem expresses ! view ( ! anci5t ,semites1 t ! goddess ( love once w5t d[n to ! "u-_w1 & t z a result all propagation ( life ceas$ on ! e>?4 ,! end ( x alludes to ! lat] belief t ! goddess w5t d[n e ye> = h] belov$ ,tammuz :o _h di$1 & ! wail+ allud$ to is t spok5 ( by ,ezekiel 9 ,ezek4 #h3ad1 :]e ! prophet says he saw wom5 wail+ = ,tammuz4 ,! k9d ( s5tim5t utt]$ 9 ?is wail+ ! next extract w illu/rate4 #e4 ,a ,lam5tation = ,tammuz4#fjc ,! "l ( de/9y 787 lives no m1 ! "l ( de/9y 787 lives no m4 ,tammuz ! 444444 lives no m1 444444 lives no m4 ,! bewail$ "o 787 lives no m1 ! "l ( de/9y 787 lives no m4 ,i am que51 my husb& lives no m4 #e4 ,my son lives no m4 ,dagalu%umgalanna lives no m4 ,! "l ( ,arallu lives no m4 ,! "l ( ,durgurgurru lives no m4 ,! %eph]d1 ! "l ,tammuz lives no m4 #aj4 ,! "l1 ! %eph]d ( ! folds lives no m4 ,! consort ( ! que5 ( heav5 lives no m4 ,! "l ( ! folds lives no m4 ,! bro!r ( ! "m ( w9e lives no m4 ,he :o creates ! fruit ( ! l& lives no m4 #ae4 ,! p[]ful "l ( ! l& lives no m4 ,:5 he slumb]s ! %eep & lambs slumb] also4 ,:5 he slumb]s ! goats & kids slumb] also4 ,z = me1 to ! abode ( ! deep w ,i turn my ?\ghts1 ,to ! abode ( ! great ones ,i turn my ?\ghts4 #bj4 8,o h]o1 my "l1 ah me10 ,i w say1 8,food ,i eat n10 ,i w say1 8,wat] ,i dr9k n10 ,i w say1 8,my good maid510 ,i w say1 8,my good husb&man10 ,i w say1 #be4 8,?y "l1 ! exalt$ "o1 to ! ne!r _w has tak5 8 way1 ,?y "l1 ! exalt$ "o1 to ! ne!r _w has tak5 8 way40 ,on acc\nt ( ! exalt$ "o ( ! ne!r _w1 him ( ! radiant face1 yea1 radiant1 ,on acc\nt ( ! exalt$ "o ( ! ne!r _w1 him ( ! dovelike voice1 yea1 dovelike1 ,on acc\nt ( ! exalt$ "o1 ! "l1 on acc\nt ( ! "l1 #cj4 ,food ,i eat n on acc\nt ( ! "l1 ,wat] ,i dr9k n1 on acc\nt ( ! "l4 8,my good maid51 because ( ! "l1 ,my good husb&man1 on acc\nt ( ! "l1 ,! h]o1 y\r "l has be5 de/roy$1 #ce4 ,! god ( gra91 ! *ild1 y\r "l1 has be5 de/roy$40 ,8 k9dly look gives peace no m1 ,8 k9dly voice imp>ts *e] 787 no m2 4444444444 9 8 place1 l a dog he sleeps2 ,my "l 9 8 4444444444 slumb]s l a rav5 #dj4 ,alone is he1 himself1 ,my "l1 = :om ! wail is rais$4 7,=ty-"o l9es--a psalm on ! flute to ,tammuz47 ,?is poem illu/rates :at ,ezekiel may h he>d 9 vision1 :5 9 _s he 0 br\ght to ! nor!rn gate ( ! temple1 & he>d wom5 wail+ = ,tammuz 7,ezek4 #h3ad74 ,,*apt] ,,xxv ,,reput$ ,,say+s ,,( ,,jesus ,,f\nd ,,9 ,,egypt ,,e>ly ,,collections ,,( ,,! ,,words ,,( ,,jesus4 ,,translation ,,( ,,say+s ,,f\nd ,,9 #ahig4 ,,comm5ts4 ,,translation ,,( ,a ,,leaf ,,f\nd ,,9 #aijd4 ,,comm5ts4 ,,op9ions ,,z ,,to ,,^! ,,say+s4 ,! ,gospel ( ,luke beg9s ) ! words3 8,=asmu* z _m h tak5 9 h& to draw up a n>rative conc]n+ ^? matt]s :i* h be5 fulfill$ among u10--words :i* imply t !re 7 9 ! e>ly ,*ur* _m attempts at ,gospel writ+4 ,"s ( ^! attempts app>5tly took ! =m ( collect+ ! say+s ( ,jesus4 ,at ,oxyrhyn*us 9 ,egypt two diff]5t leaves ( papyrus h be5 f\nd on :i* su* say+s are writt54 ,! fir/ ( ^! 0 f\nd by ,gr5fell & ,hunt 9 #ahig2 7,fig4 #cja74 ,x beg9s 9 ! middle ( a s5t5ce1 b x is a s5t5ce ! beg9n+ ( :i* c be suppli$ f ,matt4 #g3e4 ,:5 complete ! s5t5ce runs ?us3#fjd ,jesus sai?1 ,ca/ out fir/ ! beam f ?9e own eye1 & !n %alt ?\ see cle>ly to ca/ out ! mote t is 9 ?y bro!r's eye4 ,on ?is say+ comp>e ,matt4 #g3e2 ,luke #f3db4 ,! second "o runs3 ,jesus sai?1 ,except ye fa/ to ! _w1 ye %all 9 no wise f9d ! k+dom ( ,god2 & except ye keep ! sabba?1 ye %all n see ! ,fa!r4 ,?is say+ does n occur 9 ! ,gospels1 & has giv5 rise to wide discussion among s*ol>s4 ,! ?ird is z foll[s3 ,jesus sai?1 ,i /ood 9 ! mid/ ( ! _w1 & 9 ! fle% 0 ,i se5 ( !m1 & ,i f\nd all m5 drunk51 & none f\nd ,i a?ir/ among !m1 & my s\l grieve? ov] ! sons ( m51 because !y are bl9d 9 _! he>t & see n1 poor1 & "k n _! pov]ty4 ,?is say+ also is n f\nd 9 ! ,gospels4 ,x is difficult to tell :e!r x 0 ?\ght to h be5 spok5 by ,jesus be=e or aft] ! resurrection4 ,! f\r? say+ is difficult ( translation & int]pretation1 s9ce ! text is n at all cle>4 ,z em5d$ by ,h>nack & ,swete1 x w\ld run3 ,jesus sai?1 ,:]ev] !re are two !y are n )\t ,god1 & if "o is alone any:]e1 ,i say ,i am ) him4 ,raise ! /one1 !re ?\ %alt f9d me2 cleave ! wood1 & !re ,i am4 ,?is say+ has giv5 rise to mu* discussion & to a l>ge lit]ature1 b ref]5ce c "h be made only to ,h5ry van ,dyke's poem ,felix4 ,) ! la/ "p ( ! say+ ,matt4 #ah3bj %\ld be comp>$4 ,! fif? say+ is z foll[s3 ,jesus sai?1 ,a prophet is n acceptable 9 8 own c\ntry1 nei!r do? a physician "w cures ^u !m t "k him4 ,! fir/ "p ( ?is is ak9 to ,luke #d3bd2 ,m>k #f3d2 ,matt4 #ac3eg1 & ,john #d3dd4 ,! la/ "p ( x is n 9 ! ,gospels4 ,! six? "o reads3 ,jesus sai?1 ,a city built on ! top ( a high hill & firmly e/abli%$ c nei!r fall nor be hid4 ,9 ?is say+ ! ?\ght ( ,matt4 #e3ad is comb9$ ) t ( ,matt4 #g3bd1 #be1 b !re is no necess>y lit]>y dep5d5ce ^u ,mat!w4 ,! sev5? & la/ say+ on ?is leaf is3 ,jesus sai?1 ,?\ he>e/ ) "o e>1 b ! o!r ?\ ha/ clos$4 ,?is1 too1 is n f\nd 9 our ,gospels4 ,9 #aijd ano!r leaf ( say+s ( ,jesus 0 f\nd at ! same place4 ,x beg9s ) a g5]al introduction1 ?us3#fje ,^! are ! wond]ful8#fjf words :i* ,jesus ! liv+ ,"l spake to ! disciples & to ,?omas1 & he said to !m3 ,e "o t he>k5s to ^! words %all nev] ta/e ( dea?4 ,^! words =m$ ! g5]al introduction to a collection ( say+s ( ,jesus1 simil> to t f :i* ! say+s already quot$ 7 tak54 ,! leaf also conta9$ a few ( ! say+s :i* /ood 9 ! collection4 ,!y are z foll[s3 ,jesus sai?1 ,let n him :o seeks 444444 cease until he f9ds1 & :5 he f9ds he %all be a/oni%$2 a/oni%$ he %all rea* ! k+dom1 & hav+ rea*$ ! k+dom he %all re/4 ,! ,gospels conta9 p>allels to p>ts ( ?is say+4 7,see ,matt4 #f3cc2 #g3g2 #ac3dd2 ,luke #e3i47 ,! second ( ^! say+s is long]3 ,jesus sai?1 ,ye ask 787 :o are ^? t draw u to ! k+dom1 if ! k+dom is 9 heav58 444444 ! f[ls ( ! air1 & all ! bea/s t are "u ! e>? or ^u ! e>?1 & ! fi%es ( ! sea1 ^! are !y :i* draw y1 & ! k+dom ( heav5 is )9 y2 & :osoev] %all "k himself %all f9d x4 ,/rive !re=e 787 to "k y\rselves1 & ye %all be aw>e t ye are ! sons ( ! ,almighty 787 ,fa!r2 & 787 ye %all "k t ye are 9 ! city ( ,god 787 & ye are ! city 7874 ,! fir/ "p ( ?is say+ attributes to ,*ri/ a say+ evid5tly bas$ on ! ?\ght ( ,job #ab3g1 #h4 ,o!r p>ts ( ! say+ recall ,luke #ag3ba & ,luke #bj3cf1 ?\gh ! phrases :i* rem9d u ( ^! passages =m b a small "p ( ! say+ & appe> "h 9 q a diff]5t connection4 ,! ?ird say+ runs3 ,jesus sai?1 ,a man %all n hesitate 444444 to ask 444444 conc]n+ 8 place 9 ! k+dom4 ,ye %all "k t _m t are fir/ %all be la/ & ! la/ fir/ & !y %all h et]nal life 7874 ,a "p ( ?is say+ foll[s ,m>k #aj3ca & ,matt4 #ai3cj2 cf4 also ,luke #ac3cj4 ,! la/ clause is conjectural1 b1 if correct1 is simil> to ,john #c3af1 #cf2 #e3bd4 ,! f\r?3 ,jesus sai?1 ,ev]y?+ t is n be=e ?y face & t :i* is hidd5 f !e %all be reveal$ to !e4 ,= !re is no?+ hidd5 :i* %all n be made manife/1 nor buri$ :i* %all n be rais$4 ,! la/ "p ( ?is say+ is p>allel to ,matt4 #aj3bf2 ,luke #ab3b2 see also ,m>k #d3bb4 ,! fif?3 ,8 disciples "q him & say1 ,h[ %all we fa/ & h[ %all we pray 787 444444 & :at comm&m5t %all we keep8 444444 ,jesus sai?1 444444 d n 444444 ( tru? 444444 bless$ is he 44444444 ,! papyrus is s brok5 t we _c hope to recov] ?is say+ 9 its entirety1 b x is cle> t x diff]$ f ! o!rs 9 hav+ an introductory clause :i* gave ! occasion :5 x 0 utt]$4 ,judgm5ts h diff]$ z to :e!r all ^! say+s are really say+s ( ,jesus4 ,t !re 7 say+s ( 8 kn[n 9 anci5t times t are n record$ 9 our ,gospels is %[n by ,acts #bj3ce4 ,"s1 at lea/1 ( ^! say+s are s l ^? ( ,jesus t x is n difficult to believe !m 84 ,b :e!r !y are 8 or n1 ^! papyri make cle> to u :at ,luke meant :5 he said 8_m h tak5 9 h& to draw up a n>rative40 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi ,,ar*,,ological ,,light ,,on ,,! ,,enrolm5t ,,( ,,quir9ius ,,translation ,,( ,a ,,papyrus ,,%[+ ,,t ,,9 ,,! ,,second ,,c5tury ,,enrolm5t ,,0 ,,made ,,e ,,f\rte5 ,,ye>s4 ,,comm5ts4 ,,translation ,,ref]r+ ,,to ,,an ,,enrolm5t ,,9 ,,! ,,reign ,,( ,,n]o4 ,,fragm5t ,,f ,,! ,,reign ,,( ,,tib]ius4 ,,enrolm5ts ,,probably ,,inaugurat$ ,,by ,,augu/us4 ,,docum5t ,,%[+ ,,t ,,p ,,w5t ,,to ,,_! ,,own ,,t[ns ,,= ,,enrolm5t4 ,,inscription ,,suppos$ ,,to ,,ref] ,,to ,,quir9ius4 ,,inscription ,,f ,,asia ,,m9or ,,ref]r+ ,,to ,,quir9ius4 ,,discussion4 ,,conclusions4 ,ar*ological rese>* has rec5tly ?r[n mu* light ^u ! c5sus ( ,quir9ius m5tion$ 9 ,luke #b3a-e4 ,! evid5ce has come 9 "p f anci5t records on papyri :i* h be5 dug up 9 ,egypt1 "s ( :i* are h]e) translat$4 ,! foll[+ extract f a l>ge papyrus e/abli%es ! fact t a c5sus or an assessm5t-li/ 0 made 9 ! ,roman empire e f\rte5 ye>s4 #a4 ,papyrus ,%[+ ,enrolm5t ,e ,f\rte5 ,ye>s4#fjg ,aft] ! dea? ( my wife ,aphrodite1 or1 z %e 0 call$ by "s1 ,aphrodit\te1 hav+ dep>t$ f ! di/rict ( ,h]akles & ,sab9os1 ,i enroll$ ! o!r *ildr5 :o dwell ) ,my/hes :o is call$ ,n9nos1 :o 0 #cc ye>s old1 & aft] ! o!rs1 ! wife ( my son ,my/hes :o is call$ ,n9nos1 viz43--,zozime1 fre$-woman ( ,ptolemaios ,ammoni>ios1 daught] ( ,m>ion ,geomy?a1 & 0 #bb ye>s old1 7:o 0 liv+ ) h] mi/ress1 9 ! enrolm5t ( ! #i? ye>2 at ! "t ( ! enrolm5t %e ,zozime 0 liv+ 9 ! ,greek qu>t]1 b has n[ mov$ into ! neighbor+ qu>t] ( ,apolloneios ,hi]ax7 & ! *ildr5 ( ^! two1 ,ammonios1 ag$ #e1 & ,didymos1 ag$ #d1 & ,aut 444444441 7 n o!rwise enroll$ 9 ! enrolm5t 9 ! fir/ ye> ( ! ,emp]or ,cs> ,m>cus ,aurelius ,anton9us ,augu/us & ! ,emp]or ,cs> ,lucius ,aurelius ,v]us ,augu/us1 on ! ?irtie? ( ,payni i4 e41 ,june #bd1 #afa ,a4 ,d44 ,to ,potomon1 gov]nor ( ! ,ars9oite di/rict ( ,h]akles1 & ,asclepiades1 ! royal c5sus-tak]1 & ,aga?os ,daimon & ,dioskoros1 c5sus-tak]s ( ! metropolis1 on behalf ( ,my/hes :o is call$ ,n9nos1 ,my/hes1 son ( ,philo1 ^: "m is ,h]ais1 daught] ( ,ammoniosone1 ( ! citiz5s ( ! metropolis1 :o are enroll$ f ! qu>t] ( ,apolloneios ,hi]ax3 !re belongs to me 9 ! di/rict ( ,ammonios #a_/ab "p ( ! place call$ ,nekph]otios1 9 :i* ,i enroll myself & my h\sehold = ! curr5t enrolm5t ( ! #ad? ye> accord+ to ! h\sehold enrolm5t1 z also ,i enroll$ myself accord+ to ! h\sehold enrolm5t 9 ! #bcrd ye> ( ,anton9us 7i4 e41 #afj-afa ,a4 ,d472 ,i am also ,my/hes :o is also call$ ,n9nos2 ! "o enroll$ is #ei ye>s old1 & 8 wife1 ,zozime1 ! fre$-woman ( ,ammoni>ios1 daught] ( ,m>ion1 :o 0 enroll$ 9 ! h\sehold enrolm5t ( ! #bcrd ye> 9 ! same qu>t]1 is #ch ye>s old1 & ! *ildr5 ( ^? two1 44444444 n enroll$ 9 ! enrolm5ts1 #aa ye>s old1 & likewise ,dioskoros #aj 787 ye>s old1 & likewise 444444441 #i ye>s old1 & a daught]1 ,isidora1 #h ye>s old3 ?us ,i make my deposition4 #ae? ye> ( ! ,emp]or ,m>cus ,aurelius ,anton9us ,cs>1 ! "l4 ,int]cal>y ,mesore3 7i4 e41 ! end ( ,augu/1 #age ,a4 ,d474 ,?is papyrus1 dat$ 9 ! ye> #age ,a4 ,d41 is v important z x proves t ! c5sus came e f\rte5 ye>s4 ,! enrolm5t m5tion$ at ! end ( x 0 made 9 connection ) ! c5sus ( #agd-age ,a4 ,d41 s9ce ! docum5t is dat$ 9 ,augu/ ( ! ye> #age4 ,! enrolm5t m5tion$ ab\t ! middle ( ! docum5t 0 ! enrolm5t ( #afj-afa ,a4 ,d4 ,t 0 dat$ 9 ! summ] ( #afa4 ,! "o m5tion$ ne> ! beg9n+ ( ! quotation z hav+ be5 made 9 ! #i? ye> mu/ ref] to ! c5sus ( ! ye> #adf-adg1 & ! #i? ye> ( ,anton9us ,pius1 :i* 0 ! ye> #adg4 ,! pro( t ! c5sus 0 tak5 e f\rte5 ye>s#fjh is ( ! greate/ importance to our subject1 z w appe> bel[4 ,?is enrolm5t 0 made by "o ,my/hes ,n9nos on behalf ( 8 son1 :o 0 also call$ ,my/hes ,n9nos1 ! wife ( ! son :o 0 a fre$-woman1 call$ ,zozime1 & _! *ildr51 :o 7 ! gr&*ildr5 ( ! man mak+ ! enrolm5t4 ,my/hes ,n9nos1 ! gr&fa!r1 _h be5 m>ri$ twice4 ,8 fir/ wife 0 nam$ ,aphrodite2 aft] h] dea? he m>ri$ ,h]ais1 ! "m ( ! son1 ,my/hes ,n9nos4 #b4 ,translation ,ref]r+ to an ,enrolm5t 9 ! ,reign ( ,n]o4#fji ,copy ( an enrolm5t ( ,ammonios & 444444 ios1 ! gymnasi>* & libr>ian ( ! public libr>y 9 ! city ( ,ars9oe1 9 ! pres5ce ( ,pa 444444 x9eos 444444 ,paesios1 son ( ,myo1 prie/ ( ^? :o are f ,k>anis ( ! di/rict ( ,h]acles4 ,accord+ to ! comm&s ?r\gh ! mo/ excell5t gov]nor1 ,lucius ,julius ,ve/9us1 ,i h enroll$ today my goods :i* are free f debt & mortgage & li52 9 ! neighbor+ village1 a ?ird "p ( my fa!r's h\se & c\rty>d1 & places cle>$ ( abodes1 two lots ( a half acre ea*1 :i* 7 b\ght f ,meso]eus1 son ( ,nekph]s1 9 ! fif? ye> ( ,n]o ,claudius ,cs> ,augu/us ,g]manicus1 ,emp]or1 & a h\se 9 ! village1 :i* 0 b\ght f ,onnophreus1 son ( ,peteorpeus1 9 ! six? ye> ( ,n]o ,claudius ,cs> ,augu/us ,g]manicus1 ,emp]or4 ,:atev] ,i make f ^! or buy 9 addition ,i w fir/ report z x %all occur4 ,! date ( ?is docum5t1 :i* is only a copy1 is n giv51 b z x ref]s to two transactions 9 real e/ate1 :i* 7 dat$ respectively 9 ! #e? & #f? ye>s ( ,n]o1 & z t mon>*'s reign began 9 ,octob] ( ! ye> #ed ,a4 ,d41 x is probable t ?is is a copy ( an enrolm5t made 9 connection ) ! c5sus ( #fb-fc ,a4 ,d4 ,?is proves t ! sy/em ( tak+ ! c5sus once 9 f\rte5 ye>s 0 9 op]ation z e>ly z ! reign ( ,n]o4 #c4 ,fragm5t f ! ,reign ( ,tib]ius4#faj ,to ,euty*ides & ,!on1 local c5sus-tak]s & village c5sus-tak]s1 f ,horion & ,petosiris1 prie/ ( ,isis1 ! mo/ great goddess1 ( ! temple call$ ! ,two ,bro!rs 9 ! city ( ,oxyrhyn*us on ! /reet ,myrobalanos1 ne> ! ,s]apeum4 ,^? :o live 9 ! h\se :i* belongs to me & my wife ,tasis & to ,taurius1 son ( ,h>bi*is1 & to ,papontos1 son ( ,ne*!sorios1 & to ,?*em]e1 9 ! h\se :i* is ne> ! a=esaid temple ( ! ,two ,bro!rs are z foll[s3 ,! papyrus at ?is po9t becomes too mutilat$ = fur!r translation4 ,! importance ( ?is docum5t is reveal$ by an exam9ation ( ! names ( ! (fic]s1 ,euty*ides & ,!on4 ,ano!r papyrus f ! same place1 :i* conta9s a notice ( a removal1 is dat$ 9 ! #f? ye> ( ! ,emp]or ,tib]ius4#faa ,z ^! (fic]s 7 /ill 9 (fice :5 ?is c5sus 0 tak51 ?is mu/ be ! c5sus ( ! ye> #bj-ba ,a4 ,d4 #d4 ,enrolm5ts ,probably ,inaugurat$ by ,augu/us4 ,ano!r papyrus conta9s a li/ ( p :o 7 exempt f poll-tax 9 ! #da/ ye> ( ! reign ( ,augu/us4#fab ,z ! poll-tax 0 intimately connect$ ) ! c5sus1 x is altoge!r probable t ! c5sus 0 inaugurat$ by ,augu/us4 ,z he became emp]or 9 #bg ,b4 ,c4 & at once proce$$ to organize 8 empire1 ! c5sus may h begun e>ly 9 8 reign4 ,if !re 0 "o 9 #bj ,a4 ,d4 !re w\ld be "o 9 #f ,a4 ,d41 #i-h ,b4 ,c41 & possibly 9 #bc-bb ,b4 ,c4 ,if !re 0 n "o 9 #bc-bb1 t 9 #i-h ,b4 ,c4 w\ld be ! fir/4 ,?is is ! "o to :i* ref]5ce is made 9 ,luke #b3b4 ,if ! bir? ( ,jesus occurr$ at ! "t ( ?is c5sus1 x mu/ h be5 e>li] ?an we usually suppose4 ,ramsay ?9ks t ! tak+ ( ! c5sus 9 ,judah may h be5 delay$ till #g or #f ,b4 ,c41 on acc\nt ( ,jewi% prejudices4 #e4 ,docum5t ,%[+ t ,p ,w5t to ,_! ,own ,t[ns = ,enrolm5t4 ,9 connection ) ! c5sus ( ,quir9ius x is /at$ 9 ,luke #b3c3 8,all w5t to enroll !mselves1 e "o to 8 own city40 ,?is has be5 felt by _m s*ol>s to be an improbable /atem5t1 & has be5 cit$ z an evid5ce ( ! unhi/orical "* ( ! :ole /ory ( ! c5sus 9 ,luke4 ,9 ?is connection "p ( a papyrus discov]$ 9 ,egypt1 :i* is dat$ 9 ! #g? ye> ( ! ,emp]or ,trajan1 #ajc-ajd ,a4 ,d41 is ( great int]e/4 ,?is docum5t conta9s ?ree lett]s4 ,! ?ird ( ! lett]s is ! "o :i* relates to our subject4 ,x is z foll[s3#fac ,gaius ,vibius1 *ief prefect ( ,egypt4 ,because ( ! approa*+ c5sus x is necess>y t all ^? resid+ = any cause away f _! own homes1 %\ld at once prep>e to return to _! own gov]nm5ts1 9 ord] t !y may complete ! family adm9i/ration ( ! enrolm5t1 & t ! till$ l&s may reta9 ^? belong+ to !m4 ,kn[+ t y\r city has ne$ ( provisions f ! c\ntry1 ,i wi% 4444444444 7,at ?is po9t ! papyrus becomes too fragm5t>y = connect$ translation47 ,x is p]fectly cle> t 9 ,egypt ! enrolm5t 0 done on ! basis ( k9%ip4 ,! ^w r5d]$ 8family0 above means 8k9dr$0 9 ! l>g] s5se4 ,! phrase r5d]$ 8belong+ to0 !m1 i4 e41 ! till$ l&s also means 8k9dr$40 ,x appe>s1 !n1 t 9 ,egypt ! enrolm5t ( ea* di/rict 0 int5d$ to include all ! k9sm5 belong+ to t di/rict1 & t1 le/ ^? resid+ else:]e %\ld =get to return home = ! c5sus1 proclamations 7 issu$ direct+ !m to d s4 ,x is well kn[n t 9 _m respects ! cu/oms ( adm9i/ration 9 ,syria & ,egypt 7 simil>4 ,luke's /atem5t1 t ,joseph w5t up f ,naz>e? to ,be?lehem1 because he 0 ( ! h\se & l9eage ( ,david1 to enroll himself ) ,m>y 7,luke #b3d1 #e71 turns out to be 9 exact accord ) ! gov]nm5tal regulations z we n[ "k !m f ! papyri4 #f4 ,inscription ,suppos$ to ,ref] to ,quir9ius4 ,a fragm5t>y inscription f\nd at ,rome 9 #ahbh is ?\ght by ,momms5 & o!rs to prove t ,quir9ius 0 gov]nor ( ,syria twice1 & t ! gov]nor%ip to :i* ,josephus ref]s 7,antiquities1 ,,xvii1 i1 #a71 :i* 0 co9cid5t ) ! deposition ( ,ar*elaus 9 #f ,a4 ,d41 0 8 second appo9tm5t4 ,! inscription z fill$ out by ,momms5 & o!rs reads3#fad ,p4 ,sulpicius ,quir9ius1 consul 44444444442 z proconsul obta9$ ,crete & ,cyr5e z a prov9ce 44444444442 z legate ( ! div9e ,augu/us1 obta9+ ,syria & ,phnicia he wag$ w> ) ! tribe ( ,homonad5ses :o _h kill$ ,amyntas ! k+2 :5 he return$ into ! dominion ( ! ,emp]or ,cs> ,augu/us & ! ,roman p1 ! s5ate decre$ ?anksgiv+s to ! immortal gods on acc\nt ( ! two successful accompli%m5ts & triumphal ornam5ts to him2 z proconsul he obta9$ ,asia z a prov9ce2 z ! legate ( ! div9e ,augu/us he obta9$ aga9 ,syria & ,phnicia4 ,if ?is inscription 7 intact its evid5ce w\ld be decisive1 b un=tunately x is only a fragm5t1 & ! "n ( ,quir9ius is j t :i* has to be suppli$ f o!r inscriptions4 ,t s em95t a s*ol> z ,momms5 ?\ght t ?is "n 0 ! "o :i* once began ! inscription is ( weight1 b x does n comp5sate = ! loss ( ! "n4 #g4 ,inscription f ,asia ,m9or ,ref]r+ to ,quir9ius4#fae ,! foll[+ inscription1 discov]$ by ,pr(4 ,ramsay & ,mr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,c4 ,&]son1 ( ,ox=d1 is believ$ by ,ramsay to prove t ,quir9ius 0 gov]nor ( ,syria betwe5 #aj & #g ,b4 ,c4 ,to ,gaius ,c>i/anius 7son ( ,gaius ( ! ,s]gian tribe7 ,fronto ,caesianus ,juliu1 ,*ief ( eng9e]s1 pontifex1 prie/1 prefect ( ,p4 ,sulpicius ,quir9ius duumvir1 prefect ( ,m4 ,s]vilius4 ,to him fir/ ( all m5 at public exp5se by decree ( ! decuriones1 a /atue 0 erect$4 ,?is inscription 0 f\nd at ,antio*1 a =tifi$ colony 9 s\!a/]n ,phrygia or s\!rn ,galatia1 9 ! ye> #aiab4 ,! "n ,c>i/anius connects its erection ) ! "t ( ! ,hamonadian w>1 #aj-g ,b4 ,c4 ,t ,quir9ius receiv$ ! honor ( an election to ! (fice ( honor>y duumvir ( ! colony at ?is "t1 is held by ,ramsay to prove t he _h be5 s5t to ,syria z gov]nor1 & _h be5 milit>y comm&] 9 ! w> aga9/ ! ,hamonades4 ,x 0 ! b5efits :i* accru$ to ! little colony ( ,antio* f 8 victories 9 ?is w>1 :i* l$ to ! election & ! erection ( ?is /atue4 ,ramsay1 accord+ly1 holds t ?is inscription proves ,quir9ius to h be5 gov]nor ( ,syria ab\t #aa-g ,b4 ,c41 & ?is confirms ! /atem5t ( ,luke #b3b1 t ! c5sus at ! "t :5 ,jesus 0 born 0 ! fir/ enrolm5t1 :5 ,quir9ius 0 gov]nor ( ,syria4 ,"o objection to ?is !ory is t f o!r s\rces 7,josephus1 ,antiquities1 ,,xvi1 x1 #h2 xi1 #c71 x appe>s t ,s5tius ,saturn9us 0 gov]nor ( ,syria at ?is "t1 i4 e41 f #i-g ,b4 ,c41 j at ! "t :51 accord+ to ! papyri1 ! c5sus %\ld occur4 ,?is is support$ by a /atem5t ( ,t]tullian1 t ,jesus 0 born :5 ,saturn9us 0 gov]nor ( ,syria4 ,to meet ?is objection1 ,ramsay supposes ei!r t ! au?ority ( ,quir9ius & ( ,saturn9us ov]lapp$1 ! =m] be+ milit>y comm&] & ! latt] civil gov]nor1 or t ,quir9ius rul$ until ab\t ,july #a/ ( ! ye> #h1 ! c5sus ye>1 & ,saturn9us !n took (fice4 ,^! are1 h[ev]1 m]e possibilities4 ,we h n yet cle> in=mation conc]n+ ^! po9ts4 ,lat]1 9 #f ,a4 ,d41 ,quir9ius 0 s5t out to ,syria aga9 7see ,tacitus1 ,annales1 ,,iii1 #dh71 & took ov] z gov]nor ( ,syria ! k+dom ( ,judah on ! deposition ( ,ar*elaus1 & conduct$ ! c5sus !re ( #f-g ,a4 ,d4 7,see ,josephus1 ,antiquities1 ,,xviii1 i47 ,_m s*ol>s h held t ,luke confus$ ?is gov]nor%ip ) e>li] ev5ts & 0 accord+ly 9 error z to 8 *ronology by at lea/ t5 ye>s1 b ! ar*ological facts "h collect$ t5d to corroborate ,luke's accuracy on ?is po9t4 ,x %\ld be add$ t ,luke knew t ,quir9ius _h *>ge ( ! c5sus 9 ,pale/9e 9 #f ,a4 ,d41 z ,josephus /ates1 = he says3 8,?is 0 ! fir/ enrolm5t made :5 ,quir9ius 0 gov]nor ( ,syria40 #h4 ,conclusions4 ,x %\ld 9 all c&or be not$ j :at ar*ology has prov$ conc]n+ ?is matt]1 & :at po9ts are /ill1 f ! ar*ological side1 out/&+4 ,x has prov$ t ! c5sus 0 a p]iodic occurr5ce once 9 f\rte5 ye>s1 t ?is sy/em 0 9 op]ation z e>ly z #bj ,a4 ,d41 & t x 0 cu/om>y = p to g to _! ance/ral abodes = enrolm5t4 ,x has made x probable t ! c5sus sy/em 0 e/abli%$ by ,augu/us1 & t ,quir9ius 0 gov]nor ( ,syria twice1 ?\gh ^! la/ two po9ts are n yet fully e/abli%$ by ar*ological evid5ce4 ,s f> z ! new mat]ial goes1 h[ev]1 x confirms ! n>rative ( ,luke4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii ,,ar*,,ological ,,light ,,on ,,! ,,acts ,,& ,,epi/les ,,! ,,polit>*s ,,( ,,!ssalonica4 ,,an ,,alt> ,,to ,,unkn[n ,,gods4 ,,an ,,inscription ,,f ,,delphi ,,& ,,! ,,date ,,( ,,paul',s ,,contact ,,) ,,gallio4 ,,"s ,,epi/les ,,f ,,egypt4 ,,inscriptions ,,m5tion+ ,,aretas1 ,,k+ ,,( ,,arabia4 #a4 ,! ,polit>*s ( ,!ssalonica4 ,9 ,acts #ag3f ! rul]s ( ,!ssalonica are call$ 9 ! ,greek 8polit>*s40 ,x is a unique t]m1 & its accuracy _h be5 call$ 9 "q by "s s*ol>s4 ,)9 ! pa/ hundr$ ye>s no less ?an n9ete5 inscriptions h come to light :i* prove its accuracy1 by ref]r+ to ! rul]s ( ,!ssalonica z 8polit>*s40 ,"o ( ! mo/ important ( ^! is f an ar* 9 ,!ssalonica4 ,x runs 9 "p z foll[s1 ! beg9n+ be+ illegible3#faf ,9 ! "t ( ! ,polit>*s1 ,sosipatros1 son ( ,cleopatra1 & ,lucius ,pontius ,secundus ,publius ,flavius ,sab9us1 ,demetrius1 son ( ,fau/us1 ,demetrius ( ,nicopolis1 ,zoilos1 son ( ,p>m5io1 & ,m5iscus ,gaius ,agilleius ,poteitus 444444 ,ano!r fragm5t>y inscription %[s t ! rul]s ( ! city bore ?is title z e>ly z ! "t ( ,augu/us4 ,x is 9 "p3#fag ,bosa1 proconsul1 made a /one-qu>ry = ! temple ( ,cs>1 9 ! "t ( ! prie/ & judge1 ! ,emp]or ,cs>1 ! div9e son ,augu/us 44444444441 ! polit>*s rema9+ fai?ful1 viz43--,diog5es1 ! son ( ,kleon1 ! 44441 etc4 ,x is n cle> f ! inscriptions :e!r ! numb] ( polit>*s 0 five or six4 #b4 ,an ,alt> to ,unkn[n ,gods4 ,9 ,acts #ag3bc x is /at$ t ,paul saw 9 ,a!ns an alt> ) ?is inscription3 ,,to ,,an ,,unkn[n ,,god4 ,9 ! ye> #aiji an alt> 0 discov]$ 9 ! sacr$ prec9ct & temple ( ,demet] at ,p]gamos 9 ,asia ,m9or1 ! home ( "o ( ! sev5 *ur*es ( ! book ( ,revelation 7,rev4 #b3ab1 f471 :i* bore a mutilat$ inscription2 7see ,fig4 #bii74 ,?is inscription 9 ! judgm5t ( sev]al imp>tial epigraphi/s %\ld be re/or$ z foll[s3#fah ,to unkn[n gods1 ,capito1 tor*-be>]4 ,?is is n only a confirmation ( ! /atem5t ( ,acts #ag3bc1 b ( ,pausanias#fai 7second c5tury ,a4 ,d47 & ,philo/ratus#fbj 7?ird c5tury ,a4 ,d47 t alt>s to unkn[n gods exi/$4 #c4 ,! ,date ( ,paul's ,contact ) ,gallio4 ,! *ronology ( ! life ( ,paul _c be fully det]m9$ f ! ,bible itself4 ,su* *ronological data z ! ,new ,te/am5t af=ds help u only to a relative *ronology4 ,c\ld ! ye> ( "o ( ! dates giv5 by ! ,new ,te/am5t be det]m9$ by a date ( ! ,roman empire1 x w\ld enable s*ol>s to fix ) approximate c]ta9ty ! o!r dates4 ,hi!rto ! endeavor to d ?is has c5t]$ ab\t ! recall ( ,felix f ,pale/9e & ! com+ ( ,fe/us 7,acts #bd3bg71 b !re has be5 s mu* unc]ta9ty ab\t ! date ( ?is recall1 t sy/ems ( *ronology1 diff]+ f "o ano!r by f f\r to five ye>s1 h be5 con/ruct$4 ,a fragm5t>y inscription has come to light f ,delphi1 :i* seems to give u ! desir$ aid = our ,paul9e *ronology 9 t x fixes ! date ( ! com+ ( ,gallio to ,cor9? 7,acts #ah3ab74 ,?is inscription1 z its lacun are suppli$ by ,deissmann1 is z foll[s3 ,tib]ius ,claudius ,cs> ,augu/us ,g]manicus1 ,pontifex ,maximus1 ( tribunican au?ority = ! #ab? "t1 imp]ator ! #bf? "t1 fa!r ( ! c\ntry1 consul = ! #e? "t1 honorable1 greets ! city ( ! ,delphians4 ,hav+ long be5 well dispos$ to ! city ( ! ,delphians 4444444444 ,i h _h success4 ,i h obs]v$ ! religi\s c]emonies ( ! ,py?ian ,apollo 44444444444444444444 n[ x is said also ( ! citiz5s 44444444444444444444 z ,lucius ,junius ,gallio1 my fri5d1 & ! proconsul ( ,a*aia1 wrote 4444444444 on ?is acc\nt ,i acc$e to y /ill to h ! fir/#fba 4444444444 ,at ?is po9t ! inscription is too brok5 = translation1 al?\gh ! beg9n+s ( sev]al l9es c be made out4 ,! importance ( ! inscription lies 7#a7 9 ! fact t x m5tions ,gallio z proconsul ( ,a*aia1 & 7#b7 9 ! ref]5ce to ! #ab? tribunican ye> & ! #bf? imp]ator%ip ( ,claudius4 ,x c be d$uc$ f ^!1 9 comp>ison ) o!r inscriptions ( 81 t ?is lett] 0 writt5 betwe5 ,janu>y & ,augu/ ( ! ye> #eb ,a4 ,d4#fbb ,if ,gallio 0 !n 9 (fice1 & _h be5 9 (fice long en\gh to give in=mation to ,claudius ( mat]ial importance to ! purpose ( ! emp]or's lett] to ! ,delphians1 ,gallio mu/ h arriv$ 9 ,cor9? n lat] ?an ! ye> #ea4 ,accord+ to ,dio ,cassius1 ,claudius _h decre$ t new (ficials %\ld />t = _! prov9ces n lat] ?an ! new moon ( ! mon? ( ,june4#fbc ,gallio mu/1 !re=e1 h arriv$ 9 ,cor9? n lat] ?an ,july4 ,paul's /ay 9 ,cor9? ext5d$ ov] eighte5 mon?s 7,acts #ah3aa71 & ! n>rative 9 ,acts implies t a l>ge "p ( x _h pass$ be=e ,gallio w5t !re4 ,paul mu/1 !n1 h arriv$ 9 ,cor9? n lat] ?an ! end ( ! summ] ( ! ye> #ej4 ,z ! j\rney describ$ 9 ,acts #af mu/ h occupi$ "s mon?s1 ! c\ncil at ,j]usalem1 describ$ 9 ,acts #ae1 _c h tak5 place lat] ?an ! ye> #di ,a4 ,d4 ,9 ,gal4 #b3a ,paul says t ?is visit occurr$ f\rte5 ye>s aft] ! visit :i* foll[$ 8 return f ,damascus4 ,z ! ,jews 9 c\nt+ "t usually reckon$ ! two extremes z a "p ( ! numb]1 ev5 if a "p ( !m only %\ld really h be5 includ$1 ! visit ( ,paul to ,j]usalem1 m5tion$ 9 ,gal4 #a3ah mu/ h occurr$ n lat] ?an #cf ,a4 ,d41 nor e>li] ?an #ce ,a4 ,d4 ,z ?is visit occurr$ 8?ree0 ye>s aft] 8 conv]sion1 we f9d1 if we make simil> all[ance = ! possibilities ( ,jewi% reckon+1 t 8 conv]sion occurr$ n lat] ?an #cd ,a4 ,d41 & possibly z e>ly z #ca ,a4 ,d4#fbd #d4 ,! ,epi/les4 ,! ,epi/les ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 especially ^? ( ,paul1 are ca/ 9 ! =m ( anci5t lett]-writ+4 ,?is =m 9 its m /ately aspects has long be5 kn[n ?r\gh ! lett]s ( ,ari/otle1 ,epicurus1 ,cic]o1 ,s5eca1 ,pl9y1 etc41 b ! papyri discov]$ 9 ,egypt af=d u _m examples ( ! m famili> & affectionate /yle ( in=mal lett]-writ+1 & frequ5tly1 at ! beg9n+1 af=d p>allels to expressions :i* are f\nd 9 ! introductions ( ,paul's ,epi/les4 ,! foll[+ examples w illu/rate ?is3 ,isias to h] bro!r1 greet+3 ,if y are well & o!r ?+s happ5 z y wi%1 x w\ld be 9 accordance ) my con/ant pray] to ! gods4 ,i too am 9 good heal?1 & s is ! boy2 & all at home make con/ant remembrance ( y4 ,:5 ,i got ! lett] ?r\gh ,horus1 9 :i* y expla9 t y are 9 sanctu>y at ! ,s]apeum 9 ,memphis1 ,i /raightway gave ?anks to ! gods = y\r be+ 9 good heal?1 b z = y\r n com+ to u :5 ! evils t ?reat5$ y !re h pass$ away1 ,i am disconsolate because su* a long "t ,i h be5 keep+ myself & ! *ild1 & am come to ! l[e/ po9t on acc\nt ( ! price ( bread1 & ,i did ?9k t n[ y 7 com+ ,i %\ld f9d a little relief1 b y seem to h no idea ( com+ to u1 nor to h an eye to our circum/ances1 z y w\ld if y 7 /ill "h4 ,we are 9 ne$ ( ev]y?+1 n only because su* a long "t & s _m seasons h pass$ s9ce y 7 "h1 b because y h n s5t u any?+4 ,& besides t1 ,horus1 :o br\ght y\r lett]1 tells me fur!r t y are releas$ f sanctu>y1 & ,i am p]fectly mis]able4 ,no1 inde$6 & y\r "m1 too1 takes x v h>d1 & y w d well to come = h] sake z well z ours to ! city1 unless "s m press+ ne$ draws y else:]e4 ,f>ewell1 !n1 & h a c>e = y\r body s z to be 9 heal?4 ,good-bye4 ,epephi #cj?1 ( ! #i? ye>4#fbe ,?is lett] 0 writt5 9 ! ye> #agb ,b4 ,c4 8,bro!r0 9 x probably means husb&4 ,! husb& _h gone on a religi\s mission & has left ! wife )\t support4 ,he at la/ s5t h] a lett]1 & ?is is h] reply4 ,%e wi%es to p]suade him to return1 & writes ) great tact4 ,:at %e says ab\t rememb]+ h] husb& 9 h] pray]s1 & h] ?anks to ! gods = 8 heal?1 rem9ds "o ( ! language ( ,paul 9 #a ,!ss4 #a3b2 #c3i2 #b ,!ss4 #a3c1 #aa2 #b3ac2 #a ,cor4 #a3d2 #b ,cor4 #a3d-f2 ,phil4 #a3c1 #i2 ,col4 #a3c2 ,philemon #d4 ,ano!r lett] :i* illu/rates ! same po9ts is ?is3 ,ammonios to 8 si/] ,ta*numi1 mu* greet+3 ,be=e all ?+s ,i pray t y may be 9 heal?1 & ea* day ,i make ! act ( wor%ip = y4 ,i salute he>tily my goode/ little boy ,leo4 ,i am jolly & s is ! horse & ,melas4 ,don't neglect my son4 ,i salute ,s5*ris1 & ,i salute y\r "m4 ,i likewise salute ,pa*numi & ,pa*numi junior4 ,i salute 444444 & ,am5o?is4 ,hurry up ab\t ! boy until we g to my place4 ,if ,i come to ! place & see ! place1 ,i w s5d = y & y %all come to ,pelusium1 & ,i w come to y at ,pelusium4 ,i salute ,/e*es1 ! son ( ,pancrates4 ,i salute ,psemm\?is & ,plato4 ,if y\r bro!rs dispute ) y1 come to my h\se & /ay !re until we see :at to d4 ,don't neglect x4 ,write me ( y\r own welf>e & ( my boy's4 ,hurry up ov] ! matt] ( ! f>m4 ,i wrote ?is lett] 9 ,!muis on ! fif? ( ! mon? ,pham5o?4 ,we h two days m1 & !n we w arrive at ,pelusium4 ,melas greets y all by "n4 ,i salute ,ps5*numi1 ! son ( ,ps5t]m\t4 ,i pray t y may be well & /rong4#fbf ,! s5t5ce ( ?is lett] :i* foll[s ! greet+ is c\*$ 9 almo/ ! same language z #c ,john #b1 & ! numb] ( p salut$ 9 x & ! mann] ( _! salutation rem9ds "o /rongly ( ,rom4 #af3c-af4 ,cle>ly ! ,new ,te/am5t ,epi/les con=m 9 _! affectionate expressions to ! =ms t 7 (t5 employ$ by o!r lett]-writ]s ( t p]iod ( hi/ory4 #e4 ,paul & ,aretas1 ,k+ ( ,arabia4 ,paul says3 8,9 ,damascus ! gov]nor "u ,aretas ! k+ gu>d$ ! city ( ! ,damasc5es 9 ord] to take me40#fbg ,aretas is call$ by ,josephus k+ ( ,arabia4 ,he 0 ,h>etat ,,iv1 ,k+ ( ! ,naba?an ,arabs4 ,^! ,naba?ans 7 f\nd 9 ,arabia by ! ,assyrian ,k+ ,a%urbanipal 7#ffh-fbf ,b4 ,c472 !y conqu]$ ,edom ab\t #djj ,b4 ,c41 driv+ ! ,edomites ov] into s\!rn ,judah2 !y help$ "o ( ! successors ( ,alex&] ! ,great at ! battle ( ,gaza 9 #cab ,b4 ,c41 & f\nd$ a dyna/y ( k+s t la/$ until ov]?r[n by ! ,roman ,emp]or ,trajan 9 #ajf ,a4 ,d4 ,h>etat ,,iv belong$ to ?is l9e4 ,! foll[+ ,aramaic inscription1 dat$ 9 8 reign1 af=ds monum5tal confirmation ( 8 exi/5ce3 ,?is is ! tomb :i* ,halafu1 son ( ,kosnatan1 made = himself & = ,%aidu1 8 son1 & 8 bro!rs1 :atev] males are born f ?is ,halifu1 bo? _! sons & desc5dants by "r ( inh]itance =ev]4 ,& ^? :o may be buri$ 9 ?is sepul*] & 9 ?is /ructure are ?is ,%aidu & ,manua?1 ,k5u%a?1 & ,ribama?1 & ,umaiya? & ,%alima?1 daught]s ( ?is ,halifu4 ,also no desc5dant ( ,%aidu has au?ority1 & no man aft] him ( _! sons or desc5dants1 to sell ?is sepul*]1 or to inscribe an epitaph or an emblem = anyone1 except = ! wife ( "o ( !m1 or = 8 daught]s1 or k9sman1 or relative by m>riage he may inscribe ! tomb4 ,if any "o %all d contr>y to ?is1 !n ! f9e ( ,du%>a1 ! god1 our "l1 %all be impos$ ^u him to ! ext5t ( five hundr$ silv] %ekels ( ,h>etat1 & 9 accordance ) ?is inscription %all be deposit$ 9 ! temple ( ,kai%a4 ,mon? ,nisan1 ye> =tie? ( ,h>etat1 ,k+ ( ! ,naba?ans1 :o loves 8 p4 ,rauma & ,abdobodat1 /one-cutt]s4#fbh ,z ,h>etat rul$ f #i ,b4 ,c4 to #dj ,a4 ,d41 ?is inscription 0 writt5 9 #ca ,a4 ,d41 j a few ye>s be=e ,paul escap$ f ! (fic]s ( ,h>etat at ,damascus4 ,!re are _m o!r inscriptions dat$ 9 ! reign ( ?is k+4 ,ano!r reads z foll[s3 ,?is is ! sepul*] & two monum5ts ov] x1 :i* ,abdobodat1 ! g5]al1 made = ,aitebel1 ! g5]al1 8 fa!r1 & = ,aitebel1 ! comm&] ( ! two camps :i* are 9 ,luhitu & ,ab>ta1 ! son ( ,abdobodat4 ,?is is 9 ! di/rict ( _! comm&1 :i* !y ex]cis$ 9 ! two places = ?irty-six ye>s 9 ! reign ( ,h>etat1 ,k+ ( ! ,naba?ans1 :o loves 8 p4 ,! above-m5tion$ 7monum5t7 0 con/ruct$ 9 ! =ty-six? ye> ( 8 reign4#fbi ,! =ty-six? ye> ( ,h>etat 0 ! ye> #cg ,a4 ,d4 ,! monum5t "h translat$ 0 f\nd at ,m$eba ea/ ( ! ,jordan 7see ,num4 #ba3cj2 ,jo%4 #ac3i71 & ! two places m5tion$ 9 x are believ$ to be ,naba?an names = ,m$eba & ,rabbah ,ammon 7#b ,sam4 #aa3a1 etc474 ,x is evid5ce t ,h>etat _h held ?is t]ritory = a long "t4 ,paul's escape f ,damascus 7#b ,cor4 #aa3cb7 occurr$ betwe5 ! date ( ! prec$+ inscription & ?is "o4 ,,app5dix 7,appe>+ fir/ 9 ,second ,edition47 ,i ,addition to ,"p ,i1 ,*apt] ,,iii1 #b1 7#c71 p4 #gj4 ,! discov]ies at ,c>*emi% includ$ ,hittite inscriptions1 "o ( :i* is said to be long] ?an any ,hittite writ+ yet discov]$4 ,a numb] ( /one deities 7 also f\nd1 "o ( :i* is a be>d$ god ( ! eigh? c5tury ,b4 ,c4 seat$ on a heavy base support$ by two lions4 ,?ree l>ge gateways 7 f\nd4 ,on ! inside ( ! c\rt ( "o ( ^! 7 dadoes f five to six feet high1 8) sculptur$ slabs ( alt]nat+ black diorite & :ite lime/one adorn$ ) c>v$ figures ( bulls1 horses1 & *>iots40 ,! acropolis 0 surm\nt$ by ! ru9s ( a palace ( ,k+ ,s>gon ( ,assyria1 :o conqu]$ ,c>*emi%1 & by ! ru9s ( a ,roman palace4 ,an av5ue ( broad /eps1 m ?an a hundr$ feet long1 l$ up to ^!4 ,,ii ,addition to ,"p ,i1 ,*apt] ,,iii1 #c1 to be read aft] 7#g7 on p4 #gd4 7#h7 ,hrozny1 a ,hung>ian s*ol>1 publi%$ 9 ! ,mitteilung5 d] deuts*5 ,ori5t-,gesells*aft zu ,b]l91 ,no4 #ef 7,decemb]1 #aiae71 a new /udy ( ! problem ( ,hittite deciph]m5t4 ,ow+ to ! w> ! publication has n rea*$ ! writ]4 ,an excell5t rsum ( x has1 h[ev]1 be5 publi%$ by ,pr(essor ,j4 ,h4 ,m\lton 9 ! ,expository ,times1 xxviii1 #ajf ff4 7,decemb]1 #aiaf74 ,x appe>s t 9 ,april1 #aiad1 ,pr(essor ,hrozny & ,doctor ,figulla w5t to ,con/ant9ople & copi$ cunei=m inscriptions f ,boghaz ,koi until ! w> recall$ !m4 ,hrozny's /udy is bas$ on ?is cunei=m mat]ial4 ,he rea*es ! conclusion t ,hittite is n only an ,indo-,european language1 b t x also belongs to ! we/]n half ( ! ,indo-,european family4 ,9 o!r words1 he f9ds x m closely relat$ to ,greek1 ,lat91 ,keltic1 & ! ,teutonic tongues ?an to ! ,slavonic1 ,li?uanian1 ,arm5ian1 & ,p]sian languages1 or to ,sanscrit & its daught]s4 ,accord+ to ,hrozny1 !n1 ! ,hittites came f we/]n ,europe1 or ! c5t] f :i* ! we/]n ,european peoples radiat$4 ,he ?9ks !y cross$ into ,asia by way ( ! ,bosphorus4 ,he supports 8 cont5tion by "s mo/ int]e/+ philological analogies4 ,! ,mitanni1 on ! o!r h&1 belong$1 he ?9ks1 to ! ea/]n half ( ! ,indo-,european family4 ,!y 7 closely relat$ to ! ,slavs1 ,li?uanians1 ,arm5ians1 ,p]sians1 etc4 ,! indications seem to be t !y ent]$ ,asia by way ( ! ,caucasus4 ,we await fur!r evid5ce ) great int]e/4 ,,iii ,addition to ,"p ,i1 ,*apt] ,,iii1 #i1 p4 #ajb4 ,pr(essor ,george ,l4 ,rob9son1 :o 0 9 ,j]usalem 9 ! spr+ ( #aiad z ,director ( ! ,am]ican ,s*ool1 has publi%$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,ar*ology1 ,vol4 ,,xxi1 p4 #hd 7,janu>y-,m>*1 #aiag71 a brief /atem5t ( ! discov]ies on ,ophel & at ,balata4 ,he m5tions ! f9d+ on ,ophel ( a t[] ) rock-cut f\ndations1 c]ta9 cave-tombs ) oval ro(s1 a ci/]n ) ,roman ba?s1 an inn1 a ,greek inscription 7:i* tells ( a synagogue71 & an und]gr\nd1 rock-cut aqu$uct1 runn+ p>allel to & probably old] ?an t ( ,hezekiah1 :i* conducts ! wat] ( ,gihon to ! ,pool ( ,siloam4 ,at ,balata ! f\ndations ( old ,hebrew h\ses 7 discov]$1 toge!r ) a portion ( ! ,amorite city-wall1 :i* 0 ?ick & oblique4 ,! ru9s ( a palace 7 also f\nd & a great triple gateway1 ! longe/ yet excavat$ 9 ,pale/9e4 ,?is gate 0 on ! we/ ( ! city4 ,ne> ! tell an ,egyptian s>cophagus 0 f\nd1 :i* "s h ?\ght might be ! c(f9 ( ,joseph4 ,,iv ,a ,,new ,,babylonian ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,! ,,creation ,,( ,,man ,to supplem5t ,"p ,,ii1 ,*apt] ,,ii1 p4 #beg4 ,s9ce ! fir/ edition ( ?is book w5t to press1 ! writ] has _h ! good =tune to discov] among ! tablets f ,nippur 9 ! ,univ]sity ,museum 9 ,philadelphia a new ,babylonian acc\nt ( ! creation ( man4 ,! text is writt5 9 ! ,sum]ian language1 & ! script is ( ! mix$ cursive v>iety t 0 employ$ dur+ ! "t ( ! fir/ dyna/y ( ,babylon & ! ,kassite dyna/y4 ,! text is accord+ly old] ?an #abjj ,b4 ,c41 & may h be5 writt5 be=e #bjjj ,b4 ,c4 ,x reads z foll[s3 #a4 ,! m\nta9 ( heav5 & e>? #b4 ,! assembly ( heav51 ! great gods1 ent]$4 ,aft]w>ds1 #c4 ,because ,a%nan _h n come =?1 !y conv]s$ toge!r4 #d4 ,! l& ,tikku _h n creat$2 #e4 ,= ,tikku a temple-plat=m _h n be5 fill$ 92 #f4 ,a l(ty dwell+ _h n be5 built2 #g4 ,! arable l& 0 )\t any se$2 #h4 ,a well & a canal 787 _h n be5 dug2 #i4 ,horses & cattle _h n be5 br\ght =?1 #aj4 ,s t ,a%nan c\ld %eph]d h]d & corral4 #aa4 ,! ,anunna1 ! great gods1 _h made no plan2 #ab4 ,!re 0 no es-gra9 ( ?irty-fold2 #ac4 ,!re 0 no es-gra9 ( fifty-fold2 #ad4 ,small gra91 m\nta9-gra91 & great sal-gra9 !re 7 n2 #ae4 ,a possession & h\ses !re 7 n2 #af4 ,tikku _h nei!r ent]$ a gate nor gone out2 #ag4 ,toge!r ) ! lady ,n9tu ! "l _h n br\ght =? m54 #ah4 ,! god ,ug came2 z lead] he came to plan2 #ai4 ,mank9d he plann$2 _m m5 7 br\ght =?4 #bj4 ,food & sleep he plann$ = !m2 #ba4 ,clo?+ & dwell+s he did n plan = !m4 #bb4 ,! p ) ru%es & rope came1 #bc4 ,by mak+ a dwell+ a k9dr$ 0 =m$4 #bd4 ,to ! g>d5s 444444 !y gave dr9k4 #be4 ,on t day _! g>d5s spr\t$ 787 4444 #bf4 ,_! l&s cov]$ 787 444444444444 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444444444 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444444444 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444444444444 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 44444444444444444444444 ,rev]se #a4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 #b4 ,fa!r ,enlil 787 44444444444444444444444444444 #c4 44444444 /&+ gra9 44444444444444444444 #d4 ,= mank9d 4444444444444444444444444444 #e4 444444444444444444 creation ( ,entu 44444444444444444444 #f4 ,fa!r ,enlil 44444444444444444444444444444444 #g4 ,duazagga1 ! way ( ! gods 444444444444 #h4 ,duazagga1 ! brilliant1 = my god ,i gu>d 7874 #i4 ,entu & ,enlil to ,duazagga 444444444444 #aj4 ,a dwell+ = ,a%nan f out ( ,duazagga ,i w make8 = !e4 #aa4 ,two-?irds ( ! fold p]i%$ 7872 #ab4 ,8 plants = food he creat$ = !m2 #ac4 ,a%nan ra9$ on ! field = !m2 #ad4 ,! moi/ 787 w9d & ! fi]y /orm-cl\d he creat$ = !m4 #ae4 ,two-?irds ( ! fold /ood4 #af4 ,= ! %eph]d ( ! fold joy 0 ov]?r[n2 #ag4 ,! h\se ( ru%es did n /&2 #ah4 ,f ,duazagga joy dep>t$4 #ai4 ,f 8 dwell+1 a l(ty height1 8 boat #bj4 ,desc5d$2 f heav5 he came #ba4 ,to ! dwell+ ( ,a%nan2 ! scept] he br\ght =? to !m2 #bb4 ,8 brilliant city he rais$ up1 he appo9t$ = !m2 #bc4 ,! re$-c\ntry he plant$1 he appo9t$ = !m2 #bd4 ,! fall+ ra9 ! holl[s caught = !m2 #be4 ,a dwell+-place 0 _! l&2 food made m5 multiply2 #bf4 ,prosp]ity ent]$ ! l&2 x caus$ !m to become a multitude4 #bg4 ,he br\ght to ! h& ( man ! scept] ( comm&4 #bh4 ,! "l caus$ !m to be1 & !y came into exi/5ce4 #bi4 ,companions call+ !m1 a man ) 8 wife he made !m dwell4 #cj4 ,at night z fitt+ companions !y are toge!r4 ,a colophon /ates t ! tablet conta9$ sixty l9es4 ,only five l9es are entirely brok5 away4 ,a%nan 0 a god ( vegetation4 ,tikku1 :o _h n creat$ ! l&1 0 a p]sonifi$ riv]-bank4 ,! /ory beg9s1 !re=e1 be=e ! beg9n+ ( vegetation & be=e ! creation ( dykes 9 ,babylonia4 ,z 9 ! text translat$ 9 ,*apt] ,,viii1 ,"p ,,ii1 consid]able space is occupi$ ) ! ?+s t 7 non-exi/5t :5 ! process ( creation began4 ,! la/ s5t5ce ( ?is section ass]ts t ! "l & ,n9tu _h n br\ght =? m54 ,n9tu is ! goddess :o 9 ! creation /ory translat$ 9 ,*apt] ,,vii1 ,"p ,,ii1 appe>s z ! "m ( mank9d 7see p4 #bgi74 ,! new tablet !n /ates t ,ug1 ! lion god1 id5tifi$ by a lat] text ) ,%ama%1 ! sun god1 fir/ came =? to plan4 8,mank9d he plann$2 _m m5 7 br\ght =?40 ,! ^w r5d]$ 8plann$0 has also ! mean+ 8"k10 z 9 ,g54 #d3a1 :]e ,adam is said to h kn[n ,eve4 ,x seems probable1 !re=e1 t ! text indicates t m5 7 born f a natural union ( ,ug & ,n9tu1 j z x is said on p4 #bhd1 9 ano!r text f ,nippur1 t irrigation result$ f a simil> union ( ! sun-god & ,n9tu4 ,?is %[s t among ! ,sum]ians !re 7 diff]5t conceptions ( ! way mank9d 0 made4 ,a ,babylonian /ory ( ! mak+ ( a man :i* is mu* m l ! n>rative ( ,g54 #b ?an t conta9$ 9 ?is new tablet is giv5 on p4 #bef4 ,aft] tell+ h[ m5 7 br\ght =?1 & h[ !y 7 left to provide h\ses & clo?+ = !mselves1 ! new tablet tells h[ re$ huts1 simil> to ^? /ill se5 9 ! ,babylonian m>%es1 7 made4 ,clans 7 =m$ & irrigation begun4 ,"h ! obv]se becomes too brok5 = connect$ translation4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! rev]se sev]al l9es are fragm5t>y4 ,f :at c be made out1 "s god seems to be address+ ,enlil4 ,ref]5ce is made to ,duazagga1 ! heav5ly abyss1 :i* is describ$ z 8! way ( ! gods10 probably an allusion to ! ,milky ,way4 ,x is impli$ t ! gods live along ?is way4 ,x seems t all 0 n go+ well ) m5 on ! e>?1 s ?is deity propos$ to make a dwell+ = ,a%nan1 ! god ( agriculture1 outside ( ,duazagga1 presumably on ! e>?4 ,two-?irds ( ! fold p]i%$2 ,a%nan accord+ly creat$ plants z food = m54 ,?is rem9ds u ( h[ plants & fruits 7 giv5 to man z food 9 ,g54 #a3bi4 ,a%nan also caus$ x to ra9 9 ord] to promote ! gr[? ( vegetation4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 creat$ a new evil4 ,! re$ huts 7 wa%$ away1 toge!r ) a ?ird ( ! fold4 ,"s god1 probably ,enlil1 accord+ly came d[n f heav51 & built a city4 ,?is gave to human society ! requir$ /ability4 ,9 ?is /able society ! god gave ! scept] ( comm& into man's h& j z 9 ,g54 #a3bh man is giv5 dom9ion ov] all ! l[] ord]s ( life4 ,9 ?is connection we f9d ! /atem5t3 8,! "l caus$ !m to be & !y came into exi/5ce10 ! =m ( :i* rem9ds "o ( ! /atem5t 9 ,g54 #a3c1 8,god said1 ,let !re be light3 & !re 0 light40 ,! next l9e3 8,companions call+ !m1 a man ) 8 wife he made !m dwell10 recalls ,g54 #b3ah & #bd4 ,! la/ l9e ( ! text is ! ,babylonian equival5t ( ! la/ clause ( ,g54 #b3bd4 ,?is text z a :ole describes ! creation ( man1 sket*es ! vicissitudes ( pa/oral life1 & ends ) a /atem5t ( ! great] security & prosp]ity ( urban life4 ,x attributes ! orig9 ( ev]y?+ to ! gods4 99 99 99 99 99 ,addition to ,"p ,,ii1 ,*apt] ,,xi1 p4 #cji4 ,! entrance ( ,abraham & lat] ( ,jacob & 8 sons into ,egypt 9 "t ( fam9e 7,g54 #ab3aj & #dg3e-ab7 is /rik+ly illum9at$ by ! foll[+ reports ( (ficials /ation$ at =tresses on ! ,egyptian bord]4 ,! fir/ ( ^! texts 0 inscrib$ 9 ! tomb ( ,h>mhab1 ! f\nd] ( ! n9ete5? dyna/y1 ?\gh !re is reason to believe t x 0 writt5 dur+ ! reign ( ,am5ophis ,,iv ( ! eighte5? dyna/y 7#acge-aceg ,b4 ,c474 ,"s ( ! l9es are brok54 ,x reads z foll[s3 4444444 ,asiatics2 o!rs h be5 plac$ 9 _! abodes 444444 !y h be5 de/roy$1 & _! t[n laid wa/e1 & fire has be5 ?r[n 444444444 !y h come to entreat ! ,great 9 ,/r5g? to s5d 8 mighty sword be=e 4444444 ,_! c\ntries are />v+1 !y live l goats ( ! m\nta91 _! *ildr5 4444444 say+3 8,a few ( ! ,asiatics1 :o knew n h[ !y %\ld live1 h come begg+ a home 9 ! doma9 ( ,ph>aoh 444441 aft] ! mann] ( y\r fa!rs' fa!rs s9ce ! beg9n+ "u1 444444444 ,n[1 ! ,ph>aoh 4444 gives !m into y\r h&1 to protect _! bord]s40#fcj ,! second text comes f ! reign ( ,m]neptah 7#abbe-abae ,b4 ,c474 ,x reads z foll[s3 ,ano!r matt] = ! satisfaction ( my "l's he>t to wit3 ,we h f9i%$ pass+ ! tribes ( ! ,%asu ( ,edom ?r\gh ! =tress ( ,m]neptah-,hotephirma 444 9 ,!ku1 to ! pools ( ,pi?om1 ( ,m]neptah-,hotephirma 9 ,!ku1 9 ord] to su/a9 !m & _! h]ds 9 ! doma9 ( ,ph>aoh 4441 ! good sun ( e l& 444444444 ,i h caus$ !m to be br\ght 44444444 o!r names ( days :5 ! =tress ( ,m]neptah-,hotephirma may be pass$1 4444#fca ,^! texts make x evid5t t at diff]5t p]iods ( ,egyptian hi/ory ,asiatic tribes 9 "t ( fam9e & /ress s\ght & f\nd refuge 9 ,egypt z ! ,israelites are said to h done4 ,,vi ,,alleg$ ,,traces ,,( ,,! 8,,t5 ,,tribes0 ,,9 ,,exile ,to supplem5t ,"p ,,ii1 ,*apt] ,,xvii1 at ! end ( #aj1 p4 #cgb4 ,9 #b ,k+s #ae3bi x is said t ,tigla?-piles] ,,iv captur$ c]ta9 cities 9 ,galilee1 & c>ri$ _! inhabitants captive to ,assyria4 ,9 #b ,k+s #ag3f x is said t :5 ,sam>ia 0 de/roy$ by ! ,assyrian k+ ,s>gon1 9 #gbb ,b4 ,c41 ,israelites 7 c>ri$ captive to ,halah & ,gozan1 :i* 7 situat$ on ! ,khabur ,riv] 9 ,mesopotamia4 ,two gr\ps ( cunei=m tablets1 "o 9 ! museum at ,b]l91 ! o!r 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 are ?\ght to confirm ^! /atem5ts by ! evid5ce !y give t ,hebrews :o rev]5c$ ,jehovah 7 liv+ 9 t region4#fcb ,! evid5ce consi/s *iefly ( a div9e "n ,a-u1 employ$ z a compon5t "p ( prop] names j z ,jo- & ,jeho-1 abbreviations ( ! "n ( ,jehovah1 are employ$ 9 ,hebrew prop] names 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,inde$1 ,a-u is ! =m t ,jo- or ,jeho- w\ld take1 if express$ 9 ,assyrian *>act]s4 ,! names 9 "q occur 9 a s]ies ( docum5ts :i* record ! transf] ( slaves4 ,if ! m5 9 "q 7 ,hebrews !y w\ld seem to h be5 int]e/$ 9 ! bus9ess ( buy+ & sell+ slaves4 ,! docum5ts are mu* alike4 ,x w suffice to translate "o ( !m3 #a4 ,seal ( ,at>khasis1 #b4 son ( ,au%ezib1 #c4 ! ,kannuean1 #d4 own] ( ! slave-girl4 ,a transf] #e4 ( ,kabili1 8 slave-girl he #f4 has made1 & ,nabu%allim%unu #g4 = ! price ( #a manas ( silv] #h4 has tak5 h]4 ,! money 9 full #i4 is paid4 ,t slave #aj4 is pur*as$ & deliv]$4 ,:oev] 9 ! future #aa4 at any "t %all rise up & #ab4 lay claim1 :e!r ,at>khasis #ac4 or 8 sons1--:oev] aga9/ #ad4 ,nabu%allim%unu or 8 sons #ae4 legal process #af4 %all beg91 #aj manas ( silv] #ag4 %all pay4 ,aga9/ an attack ( rheumatism = #ajj days #ah4 & legal claim = all "t 7he is gu>ante$74 #ai4 ,mon? ,airu1 #ag? day1 #bj4 eponym ( ,a%urrimani1 rab%ekeh4 #ba4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( ,padi1 #bb4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( ,khani1 #bc4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( ,a%urnad9akhi1 #bd4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( ,tubusu1 #be4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( ,belbel%aduni1 #bf4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( ,ilumia4 #bg4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( ,a%urikhtamusur #bh4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( ,b>iku1 #bi4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( ,k5nu%>runi4 ,! significant "n "h is ,au%ezib1 mean+1 8,au saves40 ,if ,au is a translation ( ,jeho-1 ! "n1 9 its entirety1 w\ld be a translation ( "o ( ! ,hebrew =ms ( ! "n ,jo%ua4 ,o!r names1 into :i* ! "n ( ! god ,au ent]s1 appe> sometimes 9 ! body ( a contract & sometimes among ! witnesses4 ,!y are il,a-u-salim1 8! god ,au gives peace02 ,a-u-idd9a1 8,au gives10 equival5t to ! ,hebrew ,jona?an2 ,a-u-akhidd91 8,au has increas$ ! bro!rs02 ,a-u-dan9ani1 8,au is our mighty-"o02 ,a-u-e-ballitani1 8,o ,au1 make u live02 il,a-u-dn787-ilani1 8,au is judge ( ! gods02 ,a-u-sabi1 8,au satisfies40#fcc ,! tablets 7 writt5 at ,kannu1 ! ,canneh ( ,ezek4 #bg3bc1 :i* 0 ne> ,h>an 9 ,mesopotamia4 ,"o text /ates t if ! sell] ( ! slave ev] br+s legal action1 he %all pay t5 silv] manas & "o gold mana 8at ! sanctu>y ( ! god ,a-u1 :o dwells 9 ,kannu40 ,if ! god ,a-u be really ! ,hebrew ,jehovah1 ! captives f ,sam>ia & ,galilee _h built = him a temple 9 ,kannu1 z ! ,jews at ,elephant9e aft]w>d did on ! isl& 9 ! ,nile4 7,see p4 #chg1 f47 ,! docum5ts 9 :i* ^! names occur appe> to be dat$ betwe5 #fff & #fjf ,b4 ,c4 ,!y are dat$ accord+ to ! ,assyrian me?od ( dat+1 :i* %[s t !y 7 writt5 "u ! ,assyrian mon>*y1 b ! eponyms 9 :i* !y are dat$ are n f\nd 9 ! extant portions ( ! ,assyrian ,eponymli/4 ,!y 7 !re=e writt5 aft] ! ye> #fff4fcd ,?is fixes ! dates ( ^! docum5ts 9 ! sev5? c5tury--! c5tury aft] ,tigla?-piles] ,,iv & ,s>gon transport$ to ?is region p>ts ( ! t5 8lo/ tribes10 &1 if ,a-u really is a =m ( ! "n ,jehovah1 ^! tablets af=d u a little glimpse ( "s ( ^! ,hebrews 9 exile4 ,,index ,,( ,,scripture ,,passages ,,g5esis-- #a #bdg #a3g #bdh #a3bd-bf #bff #b #bef #c #bfj #c3ah1 #bd #bhi #d3a1 #b1 #af-bc #bfi #e #bfd #e3bd #bff #f1 #g1 #h1 #i #bgg #i3bj #bhg1 #bhi #aj3aj #dd1 #dg1 #eh #aj3aa #dc1 #dg1 #fj #aj3bc #aaf #aa3b #eh #aa3i #db #aa3bg #aji #aa3ca #gg #aa3ca1 ff4 #aab #ab3d #gg1 #aji #ad3a #eh1 #bid1 #bie1 #big1 #bih #ad3e #bae #ad3f #ajf1 #aaf #ad3ae #bac #ae3b #bac #af3e-g #cbi #af3g #ie #ai3a #abi #ba #aaa #ba3i1 #aj #cbi #bb #agb #bb3b #afh #bb3f1 #aj #aeb #bb3i #afi #bc #gf #bc3aj #fh #bd3bb #afa #bd3cj #aef #be3ae #cjg #be3cd #acd #bf3cd #fh #bi3a #ajh #cj3a-ac #cbh #cd3bj #abi #cf3bj #ajf1 #cjh #cf3bj-bb #aji #cf3ba #ajf #cf3bd #cjh #cf3bi #ajf1 #aji #cg3ag #acc #dj3aa #acf #da3cj #cje #da3ci #cjc #da3db #aeg #da3de #cd #da3dg-eg #cjf #da3ed #cje #df3ag #cdi #ej3ac #ahj #ej3bf #cjc1 #daa ,,exodus-- #a3aa #ce #b3a-aj #caa #c3h1 #ag #aci1 #cji #d3be #aeb #e3g-ah #cf #aa3e #ace #ab #cij #ab3cg #cf #ac3bj #cf #ad3bc-bh #cg #af3cf #aeh #ah3ac-bf #cae #bj3h-aa #beh #bj3ab #daa #bj3bd #agb #bj3bd-bf #aih #ba3b-f #caf1 #cbc #ba3b-aa #cbd #ba3f #cdj #ba3ab-ad1 #ah-bg #ccd #ba3af #caf #ba3ag #ccb #ba3bd #cdj #ba3bh-ce #ccg #bb3a-d1 #i #cae #bb3e #cai1 #cbj #bb3e1 #f #cai #bb3g-aj #cbc #bb3aj-ac #cci #bb3aa1 #be #cbj #bb3af1 #ag #cbh #bb3ah #cad #bb3bf1 #bg #cbd #bc3aj1 #aa #cai #bi3dj #aeh #cd3bj #agb #ce3bb #aef #ch3bf #afa ,,leviticus-- #e3ac #cdc #f3c-e #cae #f3ah1 #bi #cdc #g3h-aj1 #ad1 #cd #cdc #aa3ce #adi #ah3f-ah #cbi #ai3i #cai #ai3bj-bb #cbh #bj3aj #cbh #bj3aa1 #ab1 #ai-ba #cbi #bb3cj #cbi #bc #cij #bd3bj #cdj #be3e #acg #be3be-df #caf #bf3bf #adi ,,numb]s-- #e3i1 #aj #cdc #e3aa-bh #cad1 #cbh #ac3bc #acf #ad3h #aci #af3ac1 #ad #aci #ba3ac #cfe #ba3ae1 #af #aaf #ba3ba #aaf1 #cjh #ba3cj #ddc #bf3de #cdi #bg3h-aa #ccb #ca3bi1 #da #cdc #ca3ej #aeg #cb3h #ie #cb3cd #aab1 #cfe #cb3ch #cfe #cb3db #bae #cc3e1 #f #cf #cf3b-ab #ccb ,,deut]onomy-- #a3d #aaa1 #aab1 #aaf1 #cjh #b3ab1 #bb #ajf #b3bd #cfe #b3bf #cjg #c3i #aaf #c3aa #bag #e3ab-ae #beh #e3af #daa #f3c #aci #g3e #ia #aj3ah #dbj #aa3aj #hd #ab3c #ia #ad3bi #dbj #ae1 #af1 #ag #cdj #ae3g-ah #cbc #ae3ab-ah #caf1 #cbd #af3i #ace #af3ah-bj #cae #ah3aj #cad #ai3d #ccd #ai3e #aeb #ai3af-ba #cad #ai3ba #cdj #ba3a-i #caf #ba3ae-ba #ccb #bb3f #aci #bb3ac-ba #cbe #bb3bb-bi #cbh #bb3cj #cbi #bc3ae #caf #bc3ag #cbc1 #cbf #bc3ag1 #ah #ccc #bc3bd #acg #bc3bd1 #be #cai #bd3a-d #cbi #bd3f #acf #bd3aj-ac #cbd #bd3ai-bb #cai #be3d #ace #bf3b1 #d #aec #bh3e1 #ag #aec #cd3a #cfe ,,jo%ua-- #b3f #ach #e3b1 #c #aeb #f3bj #abe #i3ag1 #bj #aaa #aj3c #hi1 #aab #aj3cc #ib1 #aab1 #aaf1 #aag #aa3a1 #b #aaa #aa3bb #ia #ab3d #aaa #ab3ba #if1 #ig #ab3bb #acc #ac3i #ddc #ac3af-ai #cfe #ac3be #bag #ae3aj #id1 #aab #ae3cg #aad1 #aaf #ae3da #aaa1 #aaf #ae3dd #cdf #ae3ei #aaa #ae3fc #ahh #ag3aa #aaa1 #aad1 #acc1 #bad #ah3bd #aaa #ai3f #aaj #ai3ah-bj1 #be1 #bh #aaa #ai3ce1 #cg #aaa1 #aad #ai3dd #cgg #bj3g #acc #bj3h #cfe #ba3ai #aaa #ba3bc #cgg ,,judges-- #a3e1 #bg-cf #aaf #a3ag #aaa #a3ba #ahh #a3bg #ib1 #aaa #a3bi #aag #d1 #e1 #f #acc #d3b #aaa #d3ba #aec #e3ai #ig #e3bf #aec #f3c #ajh1 #cjg #f3aa #aaa1 #aic #f3ai #aec #f3cc #ajh #g3ab #ajh1 #cjg #g3bb #aaa #h3aj #ajh1 #cjg #i3d1 #df #cea #i3ec #acf #aa3c1 #e #aaa #ac3b #aab #ac3ai #aic #af3bc-cj #ic1 #agf #ah3g1 #ah #aaa #ah3bi #acc #ai3aj1 #aa #ahh #a ,,samuel-- #b3ac1 #ad #aea #d3a #aaa #e3h #ia #i3ab #afi #aj3e #aee #aj3bf #acc #aa3d #acc #ac3bj1 #ba #afa #ag3a #aaa #ag3d #ia #ag3dc #aci #ai3bd #cef #bc3a #aab1 #ahh #be3b #ahh #bh3da #aaa #ca3e #aed #ca3aj #acc #ca3aj1 #ab #bad #b ,,samuel-- #a3aj #aef #b3af #aed #c3bg #abi #e3f-h #ahh #e3i #ahi #e3be #ib #g3b #agf #h3i1 ff4 #ha #aa3a #bag1 #ddc #ab3bg #acj #ab3ca #aeb #ae3b #aij #af3i #aci #ag3bh #acd #bj3ad #aaa #ba3ab #bad #bc3aa #acd #bd #aij1 #aib #bd3af #aic #bd3af1 #ag #cgg #bd3ah1 #bb #ace #a ,,k+s-- #a3cc #aja #a3dj #aee #c3a #aij #c3a1 ff4 #cj #c3b #afi #d3g #cag #d3ab #bad #e3f1 #ag #ceh #f3d #aid1 #aie #f3bi1 #cb1 #ce #aid #f3cf #aie #g3b1 #f #aif #g3h1 #ab1 #bc-cg1 #ci #aie #g3i #aeb #g3di #aid #i3ae #aab1 #aij #i3ae-ai #id #i3af #cj #i3bd #ahi #aj3a #cga #aj3a-ac #cha #aj3e1 #ah-bj #aic #aa3ad-be #aah #aa3bg #aij #aa3dj #cj #ab3ab #cei #ad3be #cg1 #aah1 #cfj #ad3be-bh #cj1 #bei #ae3bj #aaa #af3bc-bi #cfe #af3bd #abg #af3cd #ii1 #ajj1 #abe1 #abh #af3cf #abh #ag3aj #acc #ai3af1 #ag #abd #ai3ai #acd1 #ace #ba3h #aee #bb3ci #ajj1 #abg #b ,,k+s-- #b3ai-bb #ih #c3d #cfd #c3d-ab #aig #c3e-bg #cfe #d3h #aaa #d3bc #bei #e3ab #bad #f3e #aeb #f3ac #acc #f3be #aeh #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 #ad1 #ae #bfh #aa3ab1 #ac #aie #ab3ag #ia #ab3bj #ahi #ac3bj1 #ba #ahc #ad3g #agc #ad3h-ad #id1 #ie #ad3ac #aif #ad3ai #hi #ad3ba #cfg #ad3bc #bei #ae3a-bg #cfg #ae3ai #fa1 #fb #ae3bi #cgj #ae3bi1 #cj #fb1 #cfi #ae3cg #cfg #af3e-i #cfg #af3aj #cfi #af3aj-af #aih #af3ad #aie #ag3c-e #cfi #ag3d #cgj #ag3e #fb1 #abc #ag3af #cgj #ag3bd #abd1 #abe1 #cgj #ag3bd-cd #ajj1 #aah #ah #cgd1 #cge #ah3a-f1 #i #aih #ah3d #aga #ah3ac #dd #ah3ac-af #cge #ah3ac--ai3h #cgf #ah3ad #hi #ah3ad1 ff4 #cgd #ah3ag #cge #ah3cb #aci #ai #cgd1 #cge #ai3i #ca1 #cge #ai3i-cf #cgf #ai3ce #cgd #ai3cf #cgg #ai3cg #dd1 #fd1 #cgh #bj3ab #fc #bj3bj #aih1 #cgg #bj3ba #cgh #ba #cgh #ba3f #agb #bb3ad #aii #bc3e1 #h #afi #bc3aj #agb1 #aii #bc3bi #cb1 #if #bc3bi1 ff4 #cgi #bc3cd #cb1 #cgi #bd1 #be #dd1 #fe1 #chj #be3i1 #aj #bjj #be3bg4 #cha #be3bg-cj #ff #a ,,*ronicles-- #a3cj #cjg #a3ch #aji #a3dj #cjh #b3ah #aaf #d3h #aaf #g3ca #cdi #h3ab #aaa #ah3i1 ff4 #hb #ba3bc #ace #bc3d #cae #bd #aag #bi3g #afc #b ,,*ronicles-- #a3e1 #f #aie #b3h #ceh #c3a #afh #e3b #ahi #aa3e-aj #ij #ai3e-g #cae #cc #fd ,,ezra-- #a #chf #b3fi #afc #c3ab #bja #d3b #cgh #d3aj #cgi #e3af #bjj #h3bg #afc ,,nehemiah-- #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g #aah #a3a #dg #a3c #bjj #b3aj1 #ai #chi #c1 #d1 #e1 #f #ij #c3ac1 #bh #bjb #d3a1 ff4 #chi #f3a1 ff4 #chi #g3b #cij1 #cia #g3cg #aaa #g3gj-gb #afc #aa3be #aaa #ab3ca-dj #bjb #ac3bh #chi ,,e/h]-- #a3b #dg #c3aj1 #ab #aeg ,,job-- #a3c #ajh #c3h #bec #i3ac1 #ad #bea #ab3g1 #h #dcj #bf3ab1 #ac #bea1 #beb #bh3bh #dji #bi #cie #bi3ac #dbj #ca #cie #ch3ad #aed #ci3ac #aci #da #bec #da3bd #acf #db3d-f #cie ,,psalms-- #f3c #djj #h #dja #ag3a #djj #ah3f #djj #ai #dja #ba3i #adi #fh3d #adg #fh3e #dbj #gd3aj #djj #gd3ac1 #ad #bhb #gd3ac1 #ad1 #af1 #ag #beb #he3e #djj #hg3d #bed #hi3aj #bec #ij3g1 #ac #djj #ajd #djf #ajd3bd #djd #acg #bjj #adf1 #adg1 #adh #dja ,,prov]bs-- #a3i #aef #e3c #daj #f3i-aa #daa #aj3ai #dji #aj3bf #daa #aa3a #afb #ac3c #dji #ac3d #daa #ad3c #dji #ad3ce #djh #ag3bh #dji #ah3bd #dji #bj3bc #afb #bd3ag #djh #bd3ba #dji #ca3ac #ach #ca3ca #abi ,,ecclesia/es-- #g3ae-ag #dji #i3f-i #dab #i3i #daj #aa3i #dji ,,canticles-- #a3aj #aef #b3ac #acf #c3f #aef #d3a-g #dad #e3a #daf #f3b1 #c #daf #h3a-c #dae ,,isaiah-- #a3ac #bei #a3ag1 #bc #dbj #c3ah #aeg #c3ai1 #bj #aef #e3a-h #acg #e3ab #aee #f #dah #g3a #aig #g3a1 ff4 #fb #g3c #aih #g3af #cfi #h3a #aed #h3f #aih #i3a-f #dbb #i3ag #dbj #aj3b #dbj #aj3i #fc1 #ha1 #aaf1 #cfa1 #cga #aj3ad #aci #aj3bh-cb #cgb #aa3a-h #dbb #aa3f-i #bhd #ad3i-aa #ahj1 #dbb1 #dbf #ae3a #aaf #ae3b1 #d1 #e #cfe #ai #chi #ai3ac #bg #ai3ai-bb #ch #bj3a #dc1 #cgb #bb3bb #aea #bg3a #bec #cj3g #bed #ca3e #fd #cf #dd #cf1 #cg #fc1 #cgd #cg3i #ca #cg3ch #cgh #ci3a #cgg #dj3ab #aeh #da3ae #ace #dd3bh #chc #de3a #chc #dg3h #dbj #ea3i #bec #eg3c #agb #ff3bc #bei ,,j]emiah-- #b3aj #bic #b3af #bg #g3f #dbj #g3ca #agb1 #aii #ae3h #dbj #ah3ba #dbj #bb3c #dbj #bc3bg #dah #bc3bi #aec #cb3ce #agb #cf #cb #da3d1 #e #bjj #dc3g1 #h #cg #dc3h #ch #dd3a #bg1 #cg #df #cb1 #fe #df3b #cfa #df3b1 ff4 #cgi #df3ad1 #ai #bg #dh3bb-bd #cfe #di3aa #dbj #ej3af #ace ,,lam5tations-- #d3c #aci #e3aj #aej ,,ezekiel-- #a3a #fe1 #ff #d3i #acd #d3ab-ae #adi #e3a1 #b #aeb #h3ad #dbf1 #dbg #h3af #aid #af3c #gg1 #cdi #af3aa #aef #af3de #cdi #bb3g1 #be #dbj #bc3dj #aef #bg3f #bic #bg3h1 #i #aab #cj3ac1 #af #bg #cj3ag #ca #cb3ba-ca #dbb1 #dbf #cb3bb-cb #ahj #dc3ac-ag #aih #de3aa1 #ad #aeh #df3c #bei ,,daniel-- #c3e1 #ae #aee #d3bi #chj #e3aa1 #ah #chb #e3be #afj #e3cj1 #ca #chd #h3b #dg ,,hosea-- #b3e1 #i #ach #b3aa #bei #g3d1 #f1 #g #aej #i3f #bg ,,joel-- #c3ac #ace ,,amos-- #e3ai #abf #f3b #aaf #g3ad #cef #h3a1 #b #aec #h3e #afb1 #bei #i3g #aaf1 #ceg ,,micah-- #a3ad #ib1 #adj #f3ae #acf ,,nahum-- #c3h #ca1 #fd ,,zephaniah-- #a3aj1 #aa #aii ,,ze*>iah-- #c3a #dah #d #bja #g3aj #dbj ,,mala*i-- #c3e #dbj ,,ecclesia/icus-- #ej3a-d #bjc #a ,,maccabees-- #a3ba1 #bb #bja #a3cc #bjd #e3cg #bae #g3cb1 #cc #bjd #i3eb #abd #ac3dh #abh #ad3cd #id #ad3cf #bjd ,,mat!w-- #a3h #bfh #c3ab #ace #d3be #bac1 #bah #e3ad #abc1 #dbi #e3ae #aea #e3bf #afe #e3bi #aii #f3cj #adi #f3cc #dcj #g3e #dbh #g3g #dcj #g3bd1 #be #dbi #aj3bf #dca #aj3bh #aii #aj3bi #afe #aa3bg #dje #ab3a #acb #ac3d #acb #ac3eg #djh1 #dbi #ad3c #afe #af3ac #acc #ai3bd #aea #ai3cj #dca #bb3ai #afe #bc3cg #adj #bd3da #ace1 #acf #be3a-ab #adh #bf3cd1 #gd #adj #bf3cf #acg #bf3eg #aja #bh3b #ahd ,,m>k-- #b3bc #acb #d3d #acb #d3bc #dca #e3a #bah #e3bj #bac1 #bah #f3d #dbi #f3ag #afe #g3aa #aei #g3ca #bac1 #bah #h3bg #acc #aj3ab #cbi #aj3be #aea #aj3ca #dca #ab3ae-ag #afe #ab3da #bji #ab3db #afe #ac3ce #adj #ac3dd #dcj #ad3bf #baa #ad3cj1 #fh1 #gb #adj #ad3cb #acg1 #baa #af3c1 #d #ahd ,,luke-- #b3a-e #dcb #b3b #dcd1 #dcg #b3c-e #dce #c3ag #ace #c3ai #afe #d3bd #dbi #d3bf #acc #e3i #dcj #f3a #acb #f3db #dbh #g3e #ih #h3e #acb #i3ea-ed #aai #aa3dg1 #dh #ahc #ab3b #dca #ab3f #afe #ab3bh #adi #ac3cj #dca #ae3h #afe #ae3bb #aeg #ag3ba #dcj #ah3be #aea #bj3cf #dcj #ba3a #bji #ba3b #afe #bb3cd1 #fj #adj #bb3ci #baa #bc3ah1 #ba #bjf #bd3b #ahd ,,john-- #b3bj #bjh #c3af1 #cf #dca #c3bi #daf #d3e #acc #d3i1 #bj #aai #d3dd #dbi #e3d #ahg #e3bd #dca #ac3ch #adj #ah3a #baa #ah3bd #aja #ah3bg #adj #bj3a #ahd ,,acts-- #c3b #baj #h3bg #ci #h3bg-ci #cc #i3aa #bad #i3cb #aaa #ab3bc #cgg #ae1 #af #ddj #af3ad #bbf #ag3f #dch #ag3bb-ca #bbj #ag3bc #dch1 #dci #ag3bg #agh #ah3a #bbj #ah3d1 #g #bba #ah3aa #bbj1 #ddj #ah3ab #bba1 #dci #ai3bc-da #bbd #bj3ae1 #ag #bbb #bj3ce #dca #bc3bc1 #bd #acc #bd3bg #dci #bf3ad #ace ,,romans-- #af3c-af #dda #a ,,cor9?ians-- #a3d #dda #c3aj-ag #bbc #ad3g #aee #ae3cb #bbd #b ,,cor9?ians-- #a3df #dda #c3ad #aid #aa3cb #agd1 #ddb1 #ddc ,,galatians-- #a3ah #ddj #b3a #ddj ,,philippians-- #a3c1 #i #dda ,,colossians-- #a3c #dda #d3ac #bcj #a ,,!ssalonians-- #a3b #dda #c3i #dda #b ,,!ssalonians-- #a3c1 #aa #dda #b3ac #dda ,,philemon-- #d #dda ,,hebrews-- #ac3ab #baa #c ,,john-- #b #dda ,,revelation-- #b3aj #bcj #b3ab #dch #b3ac #bbe #b3ah-bi #bbf #c3a-f #bbg #c3e #bbh #c3ab #bbi #c3ae1 #af #bcj #f3ac #acf #ba3b1 #i #daf ,,index ,abana1 #bad ,abbi-,te%ub1 makes treaty ) ,mursil1 #hj ,abdi-,hepa1 vassal ( ,am5ophis ,,iv1 #gf ,abi-,adda1 #hj ,abraham1 soj\rn 9 ,egypt1 #ce2 pur*ase ( ! cave ( ,ma*pelah1 #gf2 home 9 ,mesopotamia1 #aab2 sacrifice ( ,isaac1 #agb ,abraham1 ,babylonian acc\nt ( f>m] ( ?is "n1 #ajh1 #bij 8,absalom's ,pill>10 #ahc ,abu ,haba1 ,turki% exploration (1 #df ,abu ,%u%eh 7,gez]71 #ic ,abydos1 *ief t[n ( ,?is1 #be ,acts1 ar*ological light on ! book (1 #dch ,adab 7,bismya71 #dg1 #eg ,adad-nir>i ,,iii1 ,k+ ( ,assyria1 #ec ,adad-nir>i ,,iv1 inscription reg>d+ ,syria & ,pale/9e1 #fa1 #cfe ,adam1 ,biblical acc\nt (1 #bhi2 ,babylonian =ms ( ! "n1 #bff ,adapa & ! fall ( man1 leg5d (1 #bfj ,adime1 #bff 8,admonitions ( ,ipuw]1 ,!10 #bh ,adzes1 #aec lia ,capitol9a1 #abb1 #bab ,africanus1 ,julius ,sextus1 ,*ronigraphiai (1 #ba ,agade 7,sipp>71 #ed1 #eg1 #bff ,agricultural implem5ts1 #acd2 cal5d>1 #ach ,agriculture1 #acd ,ahab1 9 conf$]acy aga9/ ,%almanes] ,,iii1 #fa2 palace (1 #ajj2 pays tribute to ,tigla?piles] ,,iv1 #cfi ,ahaz1 vassal to ,tigla?-piles] ,,iv1 #fb2 alt> (1 #aih ,ahmose ,i1 siege ( ,%>uh51 #aaj ,a9 es-,sultan 7,eli%a's ,f\nta971 #ih ,a9 ,kades1 #ie ,a9 ,%ems 7,be?-%eme%71 #id ,a9 ,sitti ,miriam1 see ,gihon4 ,akkad1 d]ivation (1 #eh ,akra1 #bjc ,alap>os1 #bga ,alex&] ,jannu1 #abj1 #bja1 #bje ,alex&] ! ,great1 empire (1 #cc2 conque/s (1 #ff2 dea? (1 #aai ,alex&ra1 ,asmonan que51 #abj ,alorus1 #bga ,alt> ( inc5se1 #agc ,amanus1 s\rce ( c$>1 #eh1 #ceh ,amlon1 #bga ,amelu1 #bfg1 #bga ,amemps9os1 #bga ,am5emhet ,i1 #gf ,am5emhet ,,iii1 #bh ,am5ophis ,i1 #bc1 #aaj ,am5ophis ,,iii1 #fj1 #cjd ,am5ophis ,,iii & ,,iv1 #bi ,am]ican ,exploration ,society1 #hf ,am]ican ,pale/9e ,exploration ,society1 #hf ,am]ican ,s*ool ( ,ori5tal ,rese>* 9 ,pale/9e1 #ii ,am]ican ,s*ool ( ,classical ,/udies at ,a!ns1 #bba ,amil-,m>duk 7,evil-,m]oda*71 #ff2 inscription (1 #cha ,amman1 #bah ,amm5on1 #bga ,ammi5%i1 ,amorite *iefta91 #ajh1 #aji ,ammi-zadugga1 reign (1 #ec ,amorites1 conque/s ( !1 #ajg ,amosis ,i1 #bi ,amosis ,,ii1 #cb ,&]son1 ,h4 ,j41 explorations 9 ,pale/9e1 #hf ,&]son1 ,j4 ,g4 ,c41 inscription discov]$ at ,antio*1 #dcf ,&rae1 ,w41 exploration at ,kalah-,%]ghat1 #dg2 inscription ( ,tukulti-,n9ib1 #eb ,animals1 repres5tative ( ,egyptian tribes1 #bd2 dome/ic1 #ach ,anklets1 #aeg ,antigonus1 #abj1 #bje ,antio*us ,,iii1 #acj ,antio*us ,,iv1 #bjc ,antipas1 #aba ,antiquities1 pres]vation ( ,egyptian1 #ai2 ( ,babylonian1 #da ,antonia1 =tress1 #bje ,anu1 #bfj ,anuban9i1 ,k+ ( ,lulubi1 #eg ,apollophanes1 tomb (1 #ahc ,arad-,s91 ,k+ ( ,l>sa1 #eh ,aramans1 migration (1 #aac ,ar&as1 successor ( ,subbiluliuma1 #gi ,araunah ! ,jebusite1 #afh ,ar*ological ,in/itute ( ,am]ica1 #ii ,ar*elaus1 #aba ,areopagus1 #bbj ,aretas1 see ,h>etat ,,iv4 ,ario*1 id5tifi$ ) ,arad-,s9 & ,rim-,s91 #eh ,aripi1 #bff ,ari/obulus ,i & ,,ii1 #abj ,arnuanta1 successor ( ,dudkhalia1 #ha ,arpad1 ov]?r[ (1 #cga ,arr[s1 #aec ,artatama ,i1 ,k+ ( ! ,mitanni1 #gg2 alliance ) ,?o?mes ,,iv1 #gg ,artatama ,,ii1 ,k+ ( ! ,h>ri1 #gh ,artax]xes1 inscriptions (1 #dh ,artax]xes ,,iii1 ,jews rebel aga9/1 #ff ,as>jik1 ,hittite rema9s at1 #gj ,as5a?1 wife ( ,joseph1 #cc ,a%]im1 at ,tell es-,safi1 #afi ,a%molean ,museum1 #ai ,a%t]o?-,k>naim1 #bae ,a%tore?1 figures (1 at ,taana*1 #agc ,a%ur1 #dg1 #fj ,a%urbanipal1 succe$s ,es>haddon1 #fd2 8 acc\nt ( 8 campaign aga9/ ,tyre1 #cgh2 prov]bs f libr>y (1 #djg ,a%ur-dan1 #eb ,a%ur-nasirpal ,,ii1 records (1 ref]r$ to1 #fj2 milit>y exploits (1 #fa2 advance t[>d ,hebrew t]ritory1 #cfj ,a%ur-rim-ni%i%u1 ,k+ ( ,assyria1 #ec1 #fj ,a%ur-uballit1 ,k+ ( ,assyria1 #fj ,asia1 *ur*es (1 #bba ,asmonan co9s1 #afd ,asmonans1 #abj ,assumptioni/ ,fa!rs1 excavations at ,j]usalem1 #aja2 collection ( fl9t implem5ts1 #ajc ,assurbanipal1 invasion ( ,egypt1 #ca ,assyria1 w>s ) ,egypt1 #ca2 ! l&1 #dj2 explorations 91 #dg2 relations to ,babylonia1 #ei2 e>ly p]iod (1 #fj2 second p]iod (1 #fa ,atb>a1 #ah ,a!n ,polias1 temple (1 #bbe ,a!ns1 #bai ,aton1 ,egyptian hymn 9 praise (1 #djc ,atys1 wor%ip (1 #bbf ,augu/us1 temple to1 at ,sam>ia1 #agh ,awls1 #aeb ,axes1 #aeb ,az>iah 7,uzziah71 #cfg ,azekah1 excavation at1 #ij ,aziru1 ,amorite k+1 #gi1 #aac1 #cjd ,babylon1 capture (1 #chc ,babylonia1 ! l&1 #dj2 exploration by ,h>p] & ,banks1 #dg2 hi/orical p]iods1 #ee2 e>ly p]iod1 #ei2 ,p]sian p]iod1 #ff2 psalms f1 #cih2 prov]bs f1 #djg ,babylonian column1 #ej ,babylonian creation epic1 #bce1 #bdg2 acc\nt ( ! flood1 #bgc ,babylonian exile1 #fe2 t]m9ation (1 #aah ,bac*ides1 ,syrian g5]al1 #abd ,bactria1 sec$es f ! empire ( ! ,seleucid1 #fg ,bagoses1 g5]al ( ,artax]xes ,,iii1 #ff ,bak+-trays1 #aej ,balata1 #ajb ,ball1 ,c4 ,j41 deciph]m5t ( ,hittite inscriptions1 #ga ,banks1 ,edg> ,j41 exploration 9 ,babylonia1 #dg ,b>ada1 #bad ,b> ,*ocaba1 #aba ,b>is1 ca/le (1 #bjd ,b>salnunna1 #bfg ,baskets1 #aec ,ba?1 #aeh ,beads1 #aef ,beautiful gate1 #baj ,bees1 #aci ,behi/un inscription ( ,d>ius ,i1 #ej ,beit ,jibr91 caves at1 #ajf ,bel 7,enlil71 god ( ,nippur1 #ee2 ,babylonian hymn to1 #dja ,bel%azz>1 son ( ,nabuna'id1 #chb ,b5-,hadad 9 league ) ,ahab1 #fa ,b5jam9 ( ,tudela1 explorations (1 #db ,beqa1 #afa ,b]gama1 #bbd ,b]ossos1 li/ ( ,babylonian k+s1 #ed2 ,babylonian prie/1 #bdg2 li/ ( k+s1 #bgj ,be!sda1 ,pool (1 #baj ,be?-,n9ib 7,be?-%eme%71 #ie ,be?-%eme%1 excavations at1 #id2 capture (1 #aag2 walls (1 #abe2 gates (1 #abi2 burial caves at1 #ahj ,beze?a1 hill1 #bab ,birds1 #aci 8,bi%op ,gobat's ,s*ool10 #aia ,bismya 7,adab71 m\nd (1 #dg2 ,luguldaudu1 ,k+ (1 #eg ,blan*e-,g>de1 =tress ( ! ,crusad]s1 #ia ,bliss1 ,fr$]ick ,j41 excavations at ,la*i%1 #hi ,boghaz ,koi1 excavations at1 #fi2 ,hittite k+dom at1 #gg2 ! 8,hittite ,city10 #gh ,bor 7,tyan71 #hb ,bork1 ,f]d9&1 /udies 9 ! ,mitanni language1 #gc ,botta1 ,paul ,emil1 exploration ( ,n9eveh1 #dc ,b[ls1 #aej ,bracelets1 #aef ,brea/$1 ,h5ry ,james1 accession ( ,m5a1 #bc2 ,anci5t ,records1 ,egypt1 #gf1 #ceb ,briti% ,museum1 tru/ees direct excavation at ,c>*emi%1 #gj ,bruce1 ,james1 #bj ,brugs*1 ,h41 ,hi/ory ( ,egypt1 #gf2 inscription at ,elephant9e1 #cje ,brnn[1 ,r41 /udies 9 ! ,mitanni language1 #ga2 explorations 9 ,edom1 #hh ,buba/is1 capital ( ,%i%ak dyna/y1 #ca ,bulgh>-,mad51 ,hittite rema9s at1 #gj ,burckh>dt1 ,j4 ,l41 explorations 9 ,pale/9e1 #he ,burial cu/oms1 #ahj ,burnaburia%1 #fj ,burn\f1 ,eugne1 #ej ,butl]1 ,h4 ,c41 explorations 9 ,syria1 #ajb1 note2 excavations at ,s>dis1 #bbh ,cab1 #aeh ,ca91 li/ ( desc5dants1 #bfi ,cairo1 #ag1 #ai ,calah1 made capital ( ,assyria1 #fj ,cal5d>1 #ach ,calv>y1 site (1 #baa ,cambyses1 son ( ,cyrus1 #cb2 ext5ds p[] ( ,p]sia1 #ff ,canaanites1 migration ( !1 #aji ,cap]naum1 id5tification (1 #ih ,caphtor1 home ( ! ,phili/9es1 #aae1 #aaf ,captivity1 ,babylonian1 #fe ,c>*emi%1 excavations at1 #gj2 alliance ) ,assyria1 #ha ,c>?ag9ian law reg>d+ sacrifices1 #cdb ,cat>acts ( ! ,nile1 #ah ,cave-dwell]s1 #adb1 #ahg ,caves ( ! /one age1 #ajd ,*aldan ,empire1 #fe ,*ampollion1 ,jean ,franois 7,le ,jeune71 #ba1 #bb ,*apl91 ,?omas1 description ( weight f ,sam>ia1 #afj ,*>les1 ,b4 ,b41 explorations 9 ,asia ,m9or1 #gj2 ,travels & ,/udies 9 ! ,ne>] ,ea/1 #gc ,*teaubri&1 explorations 9 ,pale/9e1 #he ,*$orlaom]1 #bie ,*eops1 #be ,*ild sacrifice1 #agb ,*isels1 #aeb ,*osroes ,,ii1 captures ,j]usalem1 #abb ,*ri/ian ,nubians1 #ci ,*ur* ( ! ,holy ,sepul*]1 #baa ,*ur*es ( ,asia1 #bba ,ci/]n burial1 #ahj ,cities1 topography ( ,pale/9ian1 #abc2 situat$ ne> spr+s1 #ahf ,city gates1 #abi ,cl>k1 ,h]b]t1 #afj ,clay1 ,a4 ,t41 ,babylonian ,texts f ! ,yale ,collection1 #chd ,cl]mont-,ganneau1 explorations 9 ,pale/9e1 #hh1 #hi1 #aih2 ,moabite ,/one1 #cfc ,code ( ,hammurapi1 #cac ,co9s1 #afb2 ,roman1 #afe 8,columb>ium10 #ahb ,combs1 #aef ,cond]1 ,lieut4-,col4 ,c4 ,r41 ,! ,hittites & ,_! ,language1 #gb2 survey ( ,pale/9e1 #hh ,con/ant9e1 int]e/ 9 holy places1 #hd1 #he1 #abb ,con/ant9ople1 tablets ho>d$ 91 #dh ,cor 7,hom]71 #aeh ,cor9?1 #bbj ,corn]s1 consid]$ sacr$1 #abh ,cossans1 see ,kassites4 ,creation1 epic (1 #bce2 comp>ison ) fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis1 #bdg2 second acc\nt (1 f\nd at ,babylon1 #bee2 comp>$ ) second *apt] ( ,g5esis1 #bef ,creation & flood1 acc\nt (1 f ,nippur1 #bgh ,cremation1 #agi ,crsus1 temple (1 #bbc2 weal? (1 #bbg2 ov]?r[n by ,cyrus ! ,great1 #afc1 #chc ,cromle* 7heap ( /ones71 #ajd ,cros1 ,ga/on1 explorations (1 #de ,crucifixion1 site ( !1 #baa 8,cunei=m0 *>act]s1 orig9 (1 #ef ,curtis1 ,samuel ,ives1 discov]y at ,petra1 #ajb ,cybele1 wor%ip (1 #bbf2 temple (1 #bbh ,cyprus1 seal ( ,s>gon f\nd 91 #eg ,cyrus ! ,great1 f\nd] ( ,p]sian empire1 #cb2 conque/s (1 #ff2 ov]?r[s ,crsus1 #afc1 #chc2 captures ,s>dis1 #bbg2 inscription (1 #che ,dalman1 ,gu/af ,,ii41 explorations 9 ,petra1 #hh ,damascus1 #bac1 #bdh1 #cfi ,danaoi1 migration (1 #aae ,daniel1 book (1 #chd ,daonos 7,daos71 #bga ,daphne1 #ch ,d>ics1 #afc ,d>ius ,i1 rule 9 ,egypt1 #cb2 inscriptions (1 #dh2 ext5ds p[] ( ,p]sia1 #ff2 co9age (1 #afc ,d>ius ! ,m$e1 #chd ,david1 conque/s (1 #aag1 #aah2 captures ,jebus1 #ahh2 ,t[] (1 #bjf ,decapolis1 description (1 #bac ,delitzs*1 ,fri$ri*1 developm5t ( ,hittite gramm>1 #gd ,deuts*] ,pal/9a-,v]e91 #if ,dilmun1 #bhc ,dion1 #baf ,domazewsky1 ,alfr$ von1 explorations 9 ,edom1 #hh ,dome/ic animals1 #ach ,doorway tombs1 #ahb ,dor1 excavations at1 #aag ,dra*ma1 #afe ,drovetti1 ,m41 collection (1 #bb ,dudkhalia1 successor ( ,hattusil ,,ii1 #ha ,ddu1 #cjd ,dulcim]1 #aee ,dumuzi1 #bga ,dung ,gate1 #bjb ,dungi1 ,k+ ( ,babylonia1 #eh ,du%ratta1 a k+ ( ,mitanni1 #fi2 two ,el-,am>na lett]s f1 #ga2 contempor>y ) ,am5ophis ,,iv1 #gg2 dea? (1 #gh 8,dyna/ic tablets10 #eb ,ea1 #bfj ,eannatum1 ,k+ ( ,laga%1 #ef ,e>ly ,assyrian p]iod1 #fj ,e>ly ,babylonian p]iod1 #ei ,e>?-graves1 #aha ,eb$-,a%]a1 ,amorite k+1 #aac ,eb$-,hepa1 #ahg2 lett]s (1 #cde2 hi/ory (1 #cdi ,ecbatana1 visit$ by ,rawl9son1 #ej ,ecclesia/es1 p>allel to1 #dab ,ecclesia/icus1 #bjc ,eclipse at ,n9eveh1 #ea ,egypt1 ! l&1 #ag2 hi/ory (1 #ba1 #bc2 division (1 #bd2 ,roman p]iod1 #cc2 ,hyksos invasion (1 #cd2 p]iod ( ! ,oppression & ! ,exodus1 #ce2 ,jewi% colony 91 #chg2 psalms f1 #djb2 p>allels to ,song ( ,songs f1 #dac2 social consci5ce 91 #dah2 wisdom lit]ature (1 #dba ,elam1 invasion (1 dur+ reign ( ,kurigalzu1 #ei ,el-,am>na lett]s1 #ce1 #fj2 f ,du%ratta1 #fi2 ,pale/9ian cities m5tion$ 91 #aab2 s\rce ( in=mation reg>d+ ,j]usalem1 #ahg2 selections f1 #cjc2 f ,rib-,adda ( ,gebal1 #cdd2 f ,eb$-,hepa ( ,j]usalem1 #cde2 reflect+ conditions 9 ,pale/9e1 #cdh ,elamites1 subjugat$ by ,eannatum1 #ef2 invade ,babylonia1 #fj ,elephant9e1 papyri discov]$ at1 #cg1 #chg ,el-,gib1 #acj ,eli%a's ,f\nta91 #ih 8,eloqu5t ,peasant1 ,!10 #bh1 #dah ,el-,wad1 #ahe ,eni-,te%ub1 ,k+ ( ,c>*emi%1 #ha ,enlil1 #bgi2 see also ,bel4 ,enm$uranki1 ,k+ ( ,sipp>1 #bff1 #bga ,enmeirgan1 #bfg ,enm5unna1 #bfg ,eno*1 id5tifi$ ) ,etana1 #bff ,eno%1 #bfg ,en-rogel1 #ahf ,enrolm5t ( ,quir9ius1 #dcb ,entem5a1 successor ( ,eannatum1 #eg ,enu-ilu1 ,k+ ( ,hama?1 #hb ,ephah1 #aeh ,ephesus1 #bba ,ephraim1 gate (1 #bjb ,epic ( creation1 text (1 #bce ,epiphanius1 on measures1 #aeh1 #aei ,epi/les1 ar*ological light on !1 #ddj 8,eponym ,canon10 #cei 8,eponym ,li/s10 #ea ,ere*1 exploration at1 #dd1 #dg2 dyna/ies (1 #ed2 f\nd+ (1 #ee ,eridu1 #ee1 #bhc ,es>haddon1 invasion ( ,egypt1 #ca2 succe$s ,s5na*]ib1 #fd2 money 9 reign (1 #afc2 k+s conqu]$ by1 #cgh ,eski ,hiss>1 #bcj ,etana1 #bff2 id5tifi$ ) ,abel1 #bgj ,etruscans1 relation to ,lydians1 #bbg ,eu$ora*os1 #bga ,eum5es ,i1 #bbd ,euphrates riv]1 #dj ,eusebius1 ,*ronicon (1 #ba2 li/ ( ,pale/9ian names1 #he1 #acc ,evil-,m]oda* 7,amil-,m>duk71 #ff2 inscription (1 #cha ,exile1 ,babylonian1 #fe2 t]m9ation (1 #chb ,eye-pa9t1 #aef ,eyuk1 ,hittite monum5ts at1 #gh ,ezekiel1 #fe ,fahl1 #baf ,fam9e1 ! sev5 ye>s (1 #cje ,fea/ ( ,m>duk & ,z>panit1 #beh ,fe$+-bottles1 #aej ,fibul1 #aef ,files1 #aec ,fi% ,gate1 #aii ,fi%-hooks1 #aed ,fle%-hooks1 #aea ,flood1 ,babylonian acc\nt (1 #bgc2 comp>ison ) ! ,biblical acc\nt (1 #bgg2 second ,babylonian acc\nt (1 #bgg ,=ks1 #aea ,f\ndation sacrifices1 #abh ,f\nta9 ,gate1 #bjb ,frakt91 ,hittite rema9s at1 #gj ,fruits1 #acf 8,furnaces1 ,t[] ( !10 #bjb ,gad>a1 #baf ,gallio1 #dci ,galumum1 #bff ,gate1 see descriptive "n4 ,gateways1 #abi ,ga? 7,tell es-,safi71 #ia2 walls (1 #abd ,gebal1 excavations at1 #aag ,gebel ,fureidis1 #aba1 #aca ,g5na?1 gate (1 #baa ,g5\illac1 ,h4 de1 exploration at ,ukhaimir1 #dh ,g]asa1 topography (1 #abc1 #baf ,g]izim1 ,m\nt1 #aai ,g]m]-,dur&1 ,pre1 #aei ,ge?semane1 ,g>d5 (1 #acg1 #baj ,gez]1 excavations at1 #ib2 caves at1 #ajd2 walls (1 #aji1 #abd2 besieg$ by ,m]neptah1 #aae2 captur$ by ! ,hebrews1 #aag2 gates (1 #abi2 pott]y at1 #adb1 #ade2 weights f\nd at1 #afj2 sanctu>y at1 #afg2 high place (1 #afi2 temple at1 #age2 tombs at1 #agi ,gia\r-,kalesi1 ,hittite rema9s at1 #gj ,gibeon1 wat] supply (1 #acj ,gihon1 spr+s at1 #hg1 #ahf2 caves at1 #aja1 #ajf ,gilgal 7m5hirs set 9 a circle71 #ajd2 burial 91 #ahj ,gilgame%1 epic1 #bef ,glassw>e1 #aej ,gobryas1 #chd ,golgo?a1 site (1 #baa ,gordon1 ,g54 ,c4 ,e41 sugge/ion reg>d+ ,golgo?a1 #baa ,gran>ies1 #acd ,gre51 ,william ,h5ry1 #bfi ,gr5fell1 ,b4 ,p41 & ,a4 ,s4 ,hunt1 discov]y ( ,oxyrhyn*us papyri1 #ci1 #dbh ,griffi?1 ,f4 ,l41 #ci ,gr9d+1 #ace ,grotef5d1 ,georg ,fri$ri*1 int]pretation ( inscriptions f\nd at ,p]sepolis1 #di ,gudea1 rul] at ,laga%1 #eh2 rebuilds ,en9n1 #ceh ,gur94 ,h4 ,v41 explorations 9 ,pale/9e1 #hf ,gurun1 ,hittite rema9s at1 #gj ,gu!1 ,h41 excavations 9 ,j]usalem1 #if ,gutium1 dyna/y (1 #ed2 hordes f1 ov]run ,babylonia1 #eh ,gyges1 dyna/y (1 #afc ,habiri1 #aac1 #ahh1 #cdi ,hadrian1 re/ores ,j]usalem "u "n ( lia ,capitol9a1 #bab ,haggai1 assi/s 9 rebuild+ ! temple1 #aah ,hamadan 7,ecbatana71 visit$ by ,rawl9son1 #ej ,hama?1 ,hittite k+dom at1 #ha2 ov]?r[ (1 #cga ,hammeah1 t[] (1 #bjb ,hamm]s1 #aec ,hammurapi1 laws (1 #dg2 ,k+ ( ,l>sa1 #ec1 #eh2 conqu]or ( ,babylonia1 #ei2 conque/ ( ! 8we/ l&10 #ajh2 id5tifi$ ) ,amraphel1 #bid2 code (1 #cac ,hananel1 t[] (1 #bjb ,hananiah1 ,passov] lett] (1 #cij ,h>an1 possibly a ,hittite capital1 #gg ,h>etat ,,iv1 ,naba?an k+1 #agd2 besieges ,j]usalem1 #bje2 inscription reg>d+1 #ddb ,h>p]1 ,rob]t1 exploration 9 ,babylonia1 #dg ,h>ps1 #aee ,h>ri1 become "p ( ,subbiluliuma's k+dom1 #gh ,hasmonans1 see ,asmonans4 ,hattusil ,i1 ,k+ ( ,boghaz ,koi1 #gh ,hattusil ,,ii1 successor ( ,mutallu1 #fi1 #hj ,haw>a1 #bh ,haynes1 ,john ,h41 ,babylonian explorations (1 #df ,head1 ,b4 ,v41 date ( anci5t co9s1 #afb ,hebrews1 migration (1 #aaf ,hebron1 possess$ by ! ,hittites1 #gf ,hel5a1 "m ( ,con/ant9e1 #baa ,hel5a ( ,adiab5e1 tomb (1 #ahc ,heliopolis1 #ce ,h5s1 #aci ,h]od ,agrippa ,i1 #aba ,h]od ! ,great1 rebuilds ! ,jewi% temple1 #aba2 capture ( ,rabbah ,ammon1 #acj2 co9age (1 #afe2 build+ 9 ,j]usalem1 #bje ,h]odotus1 on e>ly navigation1 #cb2 on w>s betwe5 ,egypt & ,assyria1 #cb2 comp>ison ) #b ,k+s1 #cgf ,hezekiah1 ?reat5$ by ,s5na*]ib1 #fc1 #cgd2 improvem5ts made by1 #aih ,high places1 #afg ,hill1 ,g4 ,f41 on ,pale/9ian co9s1 #afd ,hilpre*t1 ,h]man ,v41 ,babylonian explorations (1 #df ,h91 #aeh ,h9cks1 ,edw>d1 #ej ,h9nom1 valley (1 #ahe1 #aii ,hippacus1 t[] (1 #bjf1 #bab ,hippos1 #bae ,hittites1 invade ,babylonia1 #ei2 monum5ts (1 #fh2 !ories conc]n+1 #fh2 e?nology (1 #gd2 hi/ory (1 #ge ,hoes1 #acd ,hom]1 ,! ,odyssey1 #gi ,hom]1 a measure1 #aeh ,hophra1 lures ,judah to de/ruction1 #cb2 palace (1 at ,memphis1 #cg ,horam1 ,k+ ( ,gez]1 #aag ,horites1 #ajf ,horse1 dome/ication ( !1 #gd ,horse ,gate1 #bjb ,ho%ea1 rebels aga9/ ,assyria1 #fb1 #cfi ,h\ses 9 anci5t ,pale/9e1 #abf ,h[e1 ,fi%]1 sugge/ion reg>d+ ,golgo?a1 #baa ,hull1 ,edw>d1 geological survey ( ! valley ( ! ,dead ,sea1 #hi ,human sacrifice1 #agb ,hunt1 ,a4 ,s41 discov]y ( ,oxyrhyn*us papyri1 #ci1 #dbh ,hunt+ton1 ,ellswor?1 #ie ,hyksos1 invasion ( ,egypt1 #bh1 #cd1 #aaj2 possibly ,hittites1 #ge ,hy/aspes1 fa!r ( ,d>ius1 #di ,ilu-bidi 7,yau-bidi71 #hb ,ilumailu1 f\nd] ( ! second dyna/y ( ,babylon1 #ei ,ilu-%umma1 ,k+ ( ,assyria1 #eb ,ina-uzni-ersu1 #bfg ,ipuw]1 ,egyptian sage1 #dba ,irad1 #bgj ,irhul9a1 ,k+ ( ,hama?1 #hb ,i%mi-,dagan1 #eb ,i%t>1 on co9s1 #afc2 ,babylonian pray] to1 #cii ,israel1 ! nor!rn k+dom1 #aah ,ivriz1 ,hittite rema9s at1 #gj ,jacob1 hi/orical /udy ( ! "n1 #bii ,jacobel1 #aaa1 #aab ,j>s1 #adb ,jebus1 #ahh ,jehoahaz1 depos$ by ,ne*o1 #cb ,jehoa%1 breaks wall ( ,j]usalem1 #aif ,jehoia*91 imprison$ by ,nebu*adrezz>1 #ff ,jehoiakim1 rebellion (1 #fe ,jehu1 pays tribute to ,%almanes] ,,iii1 #fa ,j5s51 ,pet]1 /udies 9 ! ,hittite & ! ,mitanni languages1 #ga ,j]abis1 site ( anci5t ,c>*emi%1 ,hama?1 etc41 #ga1 #gb ,j]a%1 temple at1 #agh2 ru9s at1 #bag ,j]i*o1 excavations at1 #ih2 walls (1 #aji2 capture (1 #aag2 topography (1 #abc2 area (1 #abe2 rema9s ( build+s1 #abg ,j]oboam1 #cj2 "n on seal1 #cei ,j]ome1 ,onoma/icon1 #he1 #acc ,j]usalem1 sieges & de/ruction (1 #fe2 captur$ by ,orodes ,i1 #abj2 besieg$ by ,pompey1 #abj2 de/roy$ by ,titus1 #aba2 captur$ by ! ,p]sians1 #abb2 passes "u ,mohamm$an control1 #abb2 area (1 #abf2 wat] supply (1 #acj2 rock alt> at1 #afh2 topography (1 #ahe2 9 ! "t ( ,solomon1 #aij2 de/ruction (1 by ,nebu*adrezz>1 #aii2 walls (1 rebuilt1 #bjb2 capture (1 by ,ptolemy ,i1 #bjc2 dur+ ! ,asmonan p]iod1 #bjd2 con/ruction dur+ reign ( ,agrippa ,i1 #bab ,jesus1 9 ! ,decapolis1 #bah2 reput$ say+s (1 f\nd 9 ,egypt1 #dbh ,jewi% colony 9 ,egypt1 #chg ,joab1 captures ,rabbah1 #bag ,job1 ,babylonian p>allel to1 #cib ,john ,hyrcanus1 conqu]s ,sam>ia & ,edom1 #ajj1 #abj2 co9age (1 #afe2 builds palace 9 ,j]usalem1 #bjd2 supplies ,j]usalem ) wat]1 #bje ,john ,hyrcanus ,,ii1 #abj ,johns1 ,c4 ,h4 ,w41 #afc ,jordan1 ,julius1 exploration at ,w>ka1 #dg ,joseph1 texts be>+ on /ory (1 #cc1 #cjc2 hi/orical /udy ( ! "n1 #cjj ,josephel1 #aaa1 #aab ,josephus1 /ory ( ,onias1 #ch2 on measures1 #aeh ,jo%ua1 conque/ ( ,pale/9e1 #aag ,jovan(f1 ,alex&]1 numismati/ ( ,con/ant9ople1 #gj ,judah1 ! s\!rn k+dom1 #aah ,judas ,maccabu1 #aai ,judges1 p]iod (1 #ceb ,ju/us1 h\se (1 #bba ,kada%man-turgu1 #fj ,kade%1 battle at1 #hj ,kade%-,b>nea1 id5tification (1 disput$1 #ie ,kalah-,%]ghat1 exploration at1 #dg ,kana?a1 #bae ,k>a-,bel1 ,hittite rema9s at1 #gj ,k>aburna1 ,hittite rema9s at1 #gj ,k>a ,dagh1 ,hittite rema9s at1 #gj ,k>a9da%1 ,k+ ( ,babylon1 #ec1 #fj ,k>anog1 exploration (1 #ci ,k>a ,su1 #fi ,k>nak1 temple (1 #cg ,kassites1 invade ,babylonia1 #ei2 migration ( !1 #aji ,k5an1 #bfg ,keys1 #aea ,khafre1 #bf ,kh>tum1 #ah ,khattu l&1 "n giv5 to ,hittite settlem5t 9 ,cappadocia1 #ge ,kheta1 see ,hittites4 ,khnum1 #cje ,khufu 7,*eops71 #be ,kidron1 valley (1 #ahe ,k+ li/ ( ,k>nak1 etc41 #bb ,k+s1 books (1 ar*ological light on1 #ceh ,k+'s ,g>d5s1 #ahi ,ki%1 exploration at1 #dh2 dyna/y (1 #ed ,kit*5]1 ,h4 ,h41 ,major & ,"l1 survey ( ,pale/9e1 #hh2 surveys 9 ,arabia1 #hi ,kizil ,dagh1 ,hittite rema9s at1 #gj ,kle91 ,f4 ,a41 #cfc ,knives1 #aeb ,knudtzon1 ,j4 ,a41 ,die ,el-,am>na ,tafeln1 #cjc ,kok 7%aft71 #ahb ,koldewey1 ,rob]t1 ,babylonian exploration1 #df1 #fe ,kudur-,mabug1 #bie ,kugl]1 ,franz ,xav]1 a/ronomical calculation relat+ to ,assyrian *ronology1 #ec ,kukukumal1 #big ,kummukh1 ,hittite k+dom1 #hb ,kurigalzu1 invasion ( ,elam dur+ reign (1 #ei ,labyr9?1 #bh ,la*i%1 excavations at1 #hi2 walls (1 #abd ,laga%1 #dg2 f\nd+ (1 #ee2 coloni/s f1 f\nd ,a%ur1 #dg1 #fj ,lam>t9e1 ,a4 ,m41 explorations 9 ,pale/9e1 #he ,lame*1 #bfg ,lam5tation = ,tammuz1 #dbf ,lamp-/&s1 #aea ,langdon1 ,/eph51 ,sum]ian ,epic ( ,p>adise1 ! ,flood1 & ! ,fall ( ,man1 #bhc ,laodicea1 #bcj ,l>sa1 k+s (1 #ec2 divid$ p[] ) ,nis91 #eh ,lass51 ,*ri/ian1 #ej ,lawr5ce1 ,t4 ,e41 explorations 9 ! wild]ness ( ,z91 #ie ,lay>d1 ,au/5 ,h5ry1 explorations (1 #dc2 discov]ies at ,n9eveh1 #fd1 #ga ,lebanon1 copp] f1 #eh ,leontopolis1 ,jewi% temple at1 #ch ,lepton1 #afe ,lett]s f ,pale/9e1 #cdd ,leviticus1 alleg$ p>allel to1 #cdb ,libr>y ( ,a%urbanipal at ,n9eveh1 #fd ,liv]pool1 ,univ]sity (1 directs ,hittite exploration1 #gj ,l(tus1 ,william ,k5nett1 explorations (1 #dd ,log1 #aeh ,lotan1 #aji ,l[5/]n1 ,isidore1 #ej ,lugaldaudu1 /atue (1 #dh2 ,k+ ( ,adab1 #eg ,lugalzaggisi1 #ed1 #eg ,lydia1 orig9 ( co9age 9 7871 #afc2 k+dom (1 #bbf ,lyn*1 ,lieut4 ,w4 ,f41 explorations 9 ,pale/9e1 #hf ,lyon1 ,d4 ,g41 excavations at ,sam>ia1 #ajj ,lyres1 #aee ,macali/]1 ,alex&]1 anatomi/1 #aje ,macali/]1 ,r4 ,a4 ,/ew>t1 excavations at ,gez]1 #ib2 conjecture reg>d+ walls ( ,gez]1 #abd ,maccaban p]iod1 #bjc ,maccabees1 #aai ,mac,iver1 ,r41 exploration at ,k>anog1 #ci ,mack5zie1 ,duncan1 excavations at ,be?%eme%1 #id ,magan1 conqu]$ by ,n>am-,s91 #eg2 qu>ries at1 #eh ,magdol1 #cd ,mana1 #afj ,manasseh1 vassal ( ,es>haddon & ,a%urbanipal1 #fd ,mane?o1 ,egyptian prie/1 #ba ,mani%tusu1 ,k+ ( ,ki%1 #dg ,manissia1 ,hittite sculptures & rema9s ne>1 #gg1 #gi ,m>a%1 ,hittite rema9s at1 #gj1 #ib ,m>duk1 c5tral figure 9 ,babylonian creation epic1 #bdg ,m>duk & ,z>panit1 fea/ (1 #beh ,m>duknad9akhi1 ,k+ ( ,babylon1 #ea1 #eb ,m>golis1 ,max ,l41 mean+ ( ,pim1 #afa ,m>s' ,hill1 #bbj ,ma/]man1 ,e4 ,w4 ,g41 e/imate ( ,p>k]'s excavations1 #aja ,mattiuaza1 made k+ ( ! ,mitanni1 #gh 8,maudsley's ,sc>p10 #ij1 #aia ,measures1 #aeh ,m$eba1 tak5 by ,omri1 #cfe ,megal>os1 #bga ,megiddo1 battle (1 #cb2 excavations at1 #if2 wall (1 #aji2 topography (1 #abc2 area (1 #abf2 rema9s ( build+s1 #abh2 gates (1 #abi2 rock alt> at1 #afh2 temple at1 #agf2 seal f\nd at1 #cei ,melamki%1 #bfg ,memphis1 capital ( ,egypt1 #bg ,m5a1 accession (1 #bc2 reign (1 #be ,m5ahem1 #fb ,m5ant1 ,joa*im1 deciph]m5t ( ,hittite inscriptions1 #ga ,m5hir 7/one columns71 #ajd2 burial 91 #ahj ,m5kaure1 #bf ,m5-n(]1 #bg ,m]neptah1 successor ( ,ramses ,,ii1 #cj2 ,ph>aoh ( ! ,exodus1 #cg2 siege ( ,gez]1 #aad1 #aae2 pill> (1 #caa ,m]oda*baladan1 takes ! ?rone ( ,babylon1 #fc2 relations ) ,hezekiah1 #cgg ,m]oe1 #cb1 #ci ,m]rill1 ,selah1 explorations 9 ,pale/9e1 #hf ,m]uit5si1 #dbj ,meselim1 ,k+ ( ,ki%1 #ef ,me%a1 ,k+ ( ,moab1 #agj1 #cfc ,mesk+a%ir1 #bfg ,mesopotamian ,valley1 #dj ,mess]s*midt1 ,l41 /udies 9 ! ,mitanni language1 #gb ,me?uselah1 #bfg ,mey]1 ,edw>d1 accession ( ,m5a1 #bc2 orig9 ( ! ,phili/9es1 #ceg ,mey]1 ,rudolph1 map ( ,pale/9e1 #hf ,middle ,k+dom1 p]iod ( 7,egypt71 #bg ,migdol1 #cd ,miletus1 #bbb ,millo1 #ahi1 #aij ,mill/ones1 #acf ,m9a1 #afj ,mitanni1 #fi2 k+dom (1 #gg ,mite1 co91 #afe ,moabite ,/one1 #cfc ,mohamm$ans1 prevail 9 ,pale/9e1 #abb ,money1 #afb ,monoli?s1 at ,gez]1 #agj ,mordtmann1 ,a4 ,d41 acc\nt ( ,hittite inscriptions1 #gj ,more%e?-,ga? 7,m>a%71 #gj1 #ib ,morgan1 ,j4 de1 exploration at ,susa1 #dg1 #cac ,moriah1 ,m\nt1 #afh2 site ( ! temple1 #aib ,mort>s1 #acf ,mosaic ,code1 n borr[$ f ! ,babylonians1 #cdj ,mosque ( ,om>1 #afh ,m\lton1 ,w4 ,j41 #ajj ,m\nt1 see descriptive "n4 ,muks1 #baf ,mll]1 ,w4 ,max1 orig9 ( ! ,hittites1 #fi ,mursil1 successor ( ,ar&as1 #gi2 makes treaty ) ! ,amorites1 #hj2 dea? (1 #hj ,mutallu1 successor ( ,mursil1 #hj ,mutu-elu1 #bfg ,mutu-a-elu1 #bfg ,mutu-alal-eqla1 #bfg ,naba?ans1 #agd ,nabopolass>1 #fe ,nabuna'id1 ,k+ ( ,babylon1 #ed1 #ee2 inscriptions (1 #chb ,nails1 #aec ,names1 ,sum]ian1 ) ,semitic1 ,babylonian1 & ,hebrew equival5ts1 #bfh ,napata1 #ca ,napoleon ,i1 invasion ( ,egypt1 #bj ,n>am-,s91 #ed1 #eg ,naville1 ,e41 excavation ( ,pi?om1 #ce ,nebu*adrezz> ,i1 ,k+ ( ,babylon1 #fj ,nebu*adrezz> ,,ii1 defeats ,ne*o1 #cb1 #fe2 de/roys ,j]usalem1 #aii2 inscriptions (1 #cgi ,ne*o1 #cb1 #fe1 #cgi ,necklaces1 #aef ,ne$les1 #aea ,nehemiah1 rebuilds ! walls ( ,j]usalem1 #bjb ,nehu%tan1 #aga ,neo-,babylonian p]iod1 #fe ,neoli?ic implem5ts1 #ajc ,nicanor's gate1 #baj ,niebuhr1 ,c>/51 inscriptions at ,p]sepolis1 #di ,nile1 #ag ,n9eveh1 explor$ by ,botta1 ,place1 & ,lay>d1 #dc2 by ,rassam & ,l(tus1 #dd2 by ,george ,smi?1 #de2 eclipse at1 #ea2 ,a%urbanipal's libr>y at1 #fd ,n9kh>sag1 #bgi1 #bhi ,nippur1 exploration (1 #df2 f\nd+ (1 #ee2 acc\nt ( creation & flood discov]$ at1 #bgh2 acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( a city & ! beg9n+ ( agriculture1 #bhc ,nis91 #ec1 #ed1 #eh ,noah1 #bfh1 #bhg ,nomes1 divisions ( ,egypt1 #bd ,noph1 #bg ,nord51 ,f4 ,l41 #ai ,nubians1 ,*ri/ian1 #ci ,nuff>1 exploration (1 #df ,odoric1 #di ,odyssey1 ,!1 ref]r$ to1 #gi ,old ,gate1 #bjb ,olive-presses1 #acg ,olives1 ,m\nt (1 #baa ,olm/ead1 ,a4 ,t41 explorations 9 ,asia ,m9or1 #gj ,om>1 ,mosque (1 #afh ,om]1 #aeh ,omri1 #ajj1 #cfe1 #cff ,on1 #ce2 prie/ (1 f\nd] ( fif? dyna/y1 #bf ,onias1 #ch ,onoma/icon1 by ,j]ome1 #he1 #acc ,ophel1 excavations on1 #ajb2 topography (1 #abc ,opis1 dyna/y (1 #ed ,opp]t1 ,jules1 explorations (1 #dd1 #ej ,ori5t-,gesells*aft1 ,babylonian exploration1 #df ,ornam5ts1 p]sonal1 #aef ,ornan1 #afh ,orodes ,i1 ,k+ ( ,p>?ia1 #abj ,osorkon ,,ii1 #cj ,oti>tes1 #bga ,ov5s1 #adi ,oxyrhyn*us1 papyri f1 #ci1 #dbh ,pa9e1 ,john ,a41 explorations 9 ,pale/9e1 #hf ,palaces ( anci5t ,pale/9e1 #abg ,paloli?ic implem5ts1 #ajc 8,pal]mo ,/one10 #bb ,pale/9e1 physical geography (1 #hc2 ,mohamm$ans invade1 #abb ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund1 #hg ,papyri1 discov]$ at ,elephant9e1 #cg2 at ,oxyrhyn*us1 #ci1 #dbh ,papyrus ,eb]s1 #bc ,p>*m5t1 orig9 ( ! ^w1 #bbd ,p>k]1 ,capt41 ! ,hon4 ,montague1 excavations 9 ,j]usalem1 #aja ,p>?ia1 sec$es f ! empire ( ! ,seleucid1 #fg ,pa%e dyna/y1 succe$s ! ,kassite dyna/y1 #fj ,paton1 ,l4 ,b41 excavations 9 ,j]usalem1 #ajj ,patri>*s be=e ! flood1 #bfd ,paul1 sc5e ( 8 mission>y activity1 #bai ,payim1 #afa ,peis]1 ,f4 ,e41 deciph]m5t ( ,hittite inscriptions1 #ga ,pekah1 #fb1 #cfi ,peleset 7,phili/9es71 #cef ,pella1 #aad1 #baf ,p5tateu*1 ,code ( ,hammurapi comp>$ )1 #cac2 laws (1 n borr[$ f ,babylonia1 #cdj ,p]fume-boxes1 #aef ,p]gamum1 #bbb1 #bbd ,p]sepolis1 inscriptions at1 #di ,p]sia1 languages ( anci5t1 #dh ,p]sian p]iod ( ,babylonia1 #ff ,p]sians1 dom9ant 9 ,pale/9e1 #abb ,pesibkh5no ,,ii1 #cj ,pet]s1 ,john ,p41 ,babylonian explorations (1 #de2 discov]y at ,beit ,jibr91 #ajb ,petra1 #agc1 #agd ,petrie1 ,william ,mat!w ,fl9d]s1 excavation at ,tell el-,yehudiyeh1 #cd1 #ch2 discov]y ( ,raamses1 #cf2 ( ,hophra's palace1 #cg2 excavation at ,tell ,def5neh1 #ch2 at ,la*i%1 #hi2 ,egyptian ,tales1 #cjb ,ph/os1 disc discov]$ at1 #aae1 #ceg ,ph>aoh ( ! ,exodus1 #cj1 #caa ,philadelphia1 #abc1 #bag1 #bbh ,philadelphus1 #cc ,philetrus1 ,k+ ( ,p]gamum1 #bbd ,philip1 son ( ,h]od ! ,great1 #aba ,phili/ia1 #hc ,phili/9es1 migration (1 #aae2 civilization (1 #aag2 ,ramses ,,iii1 ref]5ce to1 #cef2 ,mey]'s op9ion ( orig91 #ceg ,phnicians1 weight /&>ds (1 #afj ,pilate1 ,pontius1 #aba ,pilikam1 #bfg1 #bga ,pill> ( ,m]neptah1 #caa ,pill>s1 at ,tell es-,safi1 #afi2 at ,taana*1 #agc ,pim1 #afa ,p9*es1 ,!ophilus ,g41 tablets f ,ere*1 #chd 8,pipe10 musical in/rum5t1 #aee ,pi?om1 #cd1 #ce ,place1 ,victor1 explorations (1 #dc ,pl[s1 #acd ,pococke1 ,r41 #ai ,poebel1 ,arno1 #ed1 #bfg1 #bga1 #bgh ,polit>*s1 ( ,!ssalonica1 #dch ,pompey1 siege ( ,j]usalem1 #abj1 #bje ,pool ( ,be!sda1 #baj ,pools ( ,solomon1 #aca ,potiph>1 #cd ,pott]y1 #ada ,pre-,babylonian p]iod1 #ef ,prophets1 "* ( ! ,hebrew1 #dag ,prov]bs1 p>allels to book (1 #djg ,psalms1 f ,babylonia & ,egypt1 #cih ,psammetik ,i1 #ca ,psammetik ,,ii1 #chg ,pseph9us1 t[] (1 #bab ,ptahhotep1 precepts (1 #dji ,ptolemaic p]iod1 #cb ,ptolemy ,i1 captures ,j]usalem1 #bjc ,ptolemy1 ,claudius1 k+ li/ compil$ by1 #ea ,ptolemy ,lagi1 #cc1 #aai ,ptolemy ,philadelphus1 #cc ,pu*/e91 ,otto1 discov]ies at ,boghaz ,koi1 #gj ,pul1 #fa ,pumpelly1 ,raphael1 explorations 9 ,turke/an1 #gd ,put-akhi1 ,amorite k+1 #hj ,pyramids1 #be ,q>q>1 #fa ,quadrans1 #afe ,quir9ius1 ar*ological light on enrolm5t (1 #dcb ,raamses1 built by ! ,israelites1 #ce ,rabbah ,ammon1 rebuilt & r5am$ by ,philadelphus1 #cc2 topography (1 #abc2 site ( ,philadelphia1 #bag ,ramsay1 ,sir ,william ,mit*ell1 view ( ,quir9ius' enrolm5t1 #dcd ,ramses ,,ii1 #bi1 #ce1 #fi2 treaty ) ,hattusil1 #fi2 conque/s 9 nor!rn ,syria1 #hj2 ,pale/9ian rule (1 #aad ,ramses ,,iii1 #cj1 #aae ,ramses ,,iv1 ,,ix1 ,,xii1 #cj ,raphana1 #bae ,rassam1 ,hormuzd1 explorations (1 #dd1 #de1 #fd ,rawl9son1 ,sir ,h5ry ,c41 explorations (1 #dd1 #ej1 #ea ,rehoboam1 #cj2 oppos$ by ,%i%ak1 #aah ,reisn]1 ,g4 ,a41 excavations at ,sam>ia1 #ajj ,r5an1 ,erne/1 explorations 9 ,pale/9e1 #hf ,rephaim1 #ajd ,res]voirs1 #acj ,ret5u 7,lotan71 #aji ,ri*1 ,claude ,james1 explorations (1 #db ,ri*>dson1 ,rufus ,b41 excavations at ,cor9?1 #bba ,rim-,s91 ,k+ ( ,l>sa1 #eh ,r+s1 f+]1 #aeg2 money1 #afb ,roads1 #acb ,rob9son1 ,edw>d1 explorations 9 ,pale/9e1 #he ,rob9son1 ,george ,l41 discov]y at ,petra1 #ajb 8,rob9son's ,ar*10 #hg1 #bjd ,rockefell]1 ,john ,d41 #dg ,roman rule ( ,egypt1 #cc 8,rosetta ,/one10 #bj ,sacrifices 9 f\ndations1 #abh2 human1 #agb2 ,c>?ag9ian law conc]n+1 #cdb ,sacy1 ,sylve/re de1 int]pretation ( ,sassanian inscriptions1 #di ,sakje-,geuze1 excavations at1 #ge ,samal1 k+dom (1 #ha ,sam>ia1 siege (1 #fb2 excavations at1 #ajj2 topography (1 #abc2 rema9s ( palaces at1 #abg2 temple at1 #agh ,sam>itans1 orig9 (1 #aah ,samsuiluna1 ,k+ ( ,l>sa1 #ec ,s>but el-,khadem1 #bh ,s>dis1 #bbf1 #bbh ,s>gon ( ,agade1 #ed1 #eg2 conque/s (1 #fc1 #ajg2 leg5d (1 #caj ,s>gon ( ,assyria1 besieges ,sam>ia1 #fc1 #cfi ,s>zec1 ,erne/ de1 explorations (1 #de ,sassanian dyna/y ( ,p]sia1 #di1 #fg ,saturn9us1 ,s5tius1 #dcg ,saul1 reign (1 #aag ,saws1 #aeb ,sayce1 ,a4 ,h41 !ories reg>d+ ,hittites1 #fh2 deciph]m5t ( ,hittite inscriptions1 #gj1 #gc 8,sc>p1 ,maudsley's10 #aia ,s*eil1 ,v41 exploration (1 #df1 #ed ,s*ick1 ,dr4 ,conrad1 discov]ies 9 ,j]usalem1 #bjg ,s*midt1 ,na?aniel1 explorations 9 ,pale/9e1 #ajj ,s*uma*]1 ,gottlieb1 explorations 9 ,pale/9e1 #hh2 excavations at ,megiddo1 #if1 #abd ,scy?ians ?reat5 ,assyria1 #fd ,scy?opolis1 #bad ,seah1 #aeh ,seals1 #aed2 f\nd at ,megiddo1 #cei ,seba/e1 see ,sam>ia4 ,second ,assyrian p]iod1 #fa ,sela1 #agc ,seleucus1 ,k+ ( ,babylonia1 #fg ,sell91 ,ern/1 excavations at ,taana*1 #ig1 #abd2 excavations at ,j]i*o1 #ih ,semites1 fir/ inhabitants ( ,mesopotamia1 #ee ,s5djirli1 excavations at1 #fi ,s5ef]u1 #be ,s5na*]ib1 #ca2 discov]y ( seal at ,babylon1 #eb2 succe$s ,s>gon1 #fc2 8 acc\nt ( 8 campaigns1 #cgb ,seplel1 see ,subbiluliuma4 ,septuag9t1 translation (1 #cc ,seso/ris1 mon>*s ( ,middle ,k+dom1 #bg ,se?1 #bfg2 li/ ( desc5dants1 #bfi ,seti ,i1 #bi2 campaigns aga9/ ,pale/9e1 #hj2 conque/s 9 ,asia1 #aad ,%abatum1 #bei ,%aft tombs1 #aha ,%almanes] ,i1 #fj ,%almanes] ,,iii1 campaigns (1 #fa2 oppression ( ,pale/9e1 #cfj ,%almanes] ,v1 #fb ,%ama%-%umuk91 #fd ,%am%i-,adad1 #eb ,%am%i-,adad ,,iv1 #fa ,%amsu-ditana1 ,k+ ( ,babylon1 #ge ,%amsu-iluna1 successor ( ,hammurapi1 #ajh ,%eba1 #cha ,%e*em1 captur$ by ,seso/ris ,,iii1 #bh2 excavations at1 #ajb ,%eep ,gate1 #bjb ,%ema1 seal (1 #agf ,%eol1 #dbc ,%ephelah1 bord]l& betwe5 ,juda & ,phili/ia1 #ij1 #id1 #ahf 8,%eph]d ,k+s10 #bh ,%e%onk1 see ,%i%ak4 8,%9>0 7,sumir71 #eh ,%i%ak1 #cj2 record ( 8 campaign 9 ,pale/9e1 #cg1 #aah1 #cei ,%itu-elu1 #bfg ,%ur1 #ie ,%u%an1 #dg ,%ut>na ,i1 successor ( ,artatama ,i1 #gg ,siamon1 #cj ,sicilians1 migration (1 #aae ,sickles1 #ace ,siloah1 #ahi ,siloam inscription1 #cgg ,simon ! ,maccabee1 co9age (1 #afd ,s91 ! moon-god1 ,babylonian hymn to1 #djj ,s9uhe1 adv5tures (1 #ajh1 #cjg ,sipp> 7,agade71 temple at1 #ed ,smi?1 ,eli1 explorations 9 ,pale/9e1 #he ,smi?1 ,george1 explorations (1 #de ,smyrna1 ,hittite sculptures & rema9s ne>1 #gf1 #gi2 g5]al acc\nt (1 #bbi ,solomon m>ries daught] ( ,ph>aoh1 #cj2 empire (1 #aah2 ,pools (1 #aca1 #bje2 build+s (1 #aib ,song ( ,songs1 ,egyptian p>allels to1 #dac 8,so?ic ,cycle10 #bb ,spatul1 = eye-pa9t1 #aef ,spe>s1 #aed ,sph9x1 #bf ,sp9n+ 8:orls10 #aea ,spoons1 #aej ,spr+s1 favorite sites = cities1 #ahf 8,/ele ( ! vultures10 #ef ,/ep ,pyramid1 #be ,/one age 9 ,pale/9e1 #ajc ,/yli1 #aed ,subbiluliuma1 ext5ds p[] ( ! ,hittites1 #gg2 deposes ,sutat>ra1 #gh2 ,amorites conqu]$ by1 #aac ,sum]ian1 e>ly language ( ,babylonia1 #ea ,sum]ian names1 ) ,semitic1 ,babylonian1 & ,hebrew equival5ts1 #bfh ,sum]ians1 e?nology (1 #ef ,sumir1 d]ivation (1 #eh ,sun-god1 ,egyptian hymn to !1 #djb ,susa1 exploration at1 #dg ,sut>na ,,ii1 ,k+ ( ! ,h>ri1 #gh ,sutat>ra1 successor ( ,du%ratta1 #gh ,swords1 #aed 8,synagogue ( ! ,hebrews0 9 ,cor9?1 #bba ,sypilus1 ,m\nt1 #gj ,taana*1 excavations at1 #ig2 walls (1 #abd2 build+s at1 #abg2 pill>s & alt> ( inc5se at1 #agc2 lett] f1 #cej ,tabu-utul-,bl1 #cie ,tagtug1 #bhh1 #bhi ,tahpanhes1 ca/le at1 #cg ,talbot1 ,fox1 #ej ,tale ( ! ,eloqu5t ,peasant1 #dah ,tale ( ,s9uhe1 #cjg ,tale ( ! ,two ,bro!rs1 #cjj ,tam]lane1 #bbg ,tammuz1 lam5tation =1 #dbf ,tanut-amon1 #ca ,ta%ji1 ,hittite rema9s at1 #gj ,taylor1 ,j4 ,e41 explorations (1 #dd ,tell ,def5neh1 #ch ,tell el-,hesy 7,la*i%71 #hi1 #aaj ,tell el-,jaz>1 excavations at1 #ib ,tell el-,judeideh1 excavations at1 #ia ,tell el-,retabeh1 site ( ,raamses1 #cf ,tell el-,yehudiyeh1 #ch ,tell es-,safi1 #ia1 #aaj1 #abd1 #afi ,tell ,hum 7,cap]naum71 #ih 8,tell ( ! ,jewess10 #ch ,tell ,s&ahanna 7,m>a%71 #ib2 weight f\nd at1 #afb ,tell ,taanek1 see ,taana*4 ,tell ,zak>iya 7,azekah71 #ij ,temple1 ,solomon's1 site (1 #afh2 description (1 #aic2 build+ ( ! second1 #bjj2 ,h]od's1 #bjg ,temple at ,gez]1 #age ,temple to ,augu/us at ,sam>ia1 #agh ,temple ( ,jewi% colony 9 ,egypt1 #chg ,?akut1 #cd ,!bes1 nome (1 #bg ,!kel1 migration (1 #aae1 #aaf ,!nius1 ,otto1 sugge/ion reg>d+ ,golgo?a1 #baa ,!ssalonica1 polit>*s (1 #dch ,?i]s*1 ,h]mann1 discov]y at ,beit ,jibr91 #ajb ,?is1 nome (1 #be ,?ompson1 ,r4 ,campbell1 deciph]m5t ( ,hittite inscriptions1 #gc ,?o?mes ,i1 raids ?r\gh ,pale/9e1 #aaj ,?o?mes ,,iii1 #bi1 #gg1 #aaa ,?o?mes ,,iv1 alliance ) ,artatama ,i1 #gg ,?re%+1 #ace ,?yatira1 #bbf ,ti1 tomb (1 #bf ,timat1 #bdh1 #bea ,tib]ius1 co9age (1 #afe ,tigla?-piles] ,i1 #ea1 #fj ,tigla?-piles] ,,iv1 conque/s (1 #fa1 #cff ,tigris riv]1 #dj ,timur 7,tam]lane71 #bbg ,tirhakah1 #ca1 #fd ,titus1 de/roys ,j]usalem1 #aba ,tiuman1 ,k+ ( ,elam1 #dag ,tobl]1 ,titus1 explorations 9 ,pale/9e1 #hf ,toi1 ,k+ ( ,hama?1 #ha ,tombs1 #aha 8,tombs ( ! ,judges10 #ahb 8,tombs ( ! ,k+s10 #ahc1 #bab ,tophe?1 #aii ,t\1 see ,toi4 ,t[]s1 #bjb ,toys1 #aee ,trajan1 #acc2 organizes prov9ce ( ,arabia1 #agd ,travel1 betwe5 ,babylonia & ,pale/9e1 #bic ,trumbull1 ,h5ry ,clay1 id5tification ( ,kade%-,b>nea1 #ie ,tukulti-,n9ib ,i1 #eb1 #fj 8,tur9 ,papyrus10 #bb ,two ,bro!rs1 ,tale ( !1 #cjj ,tyana1 ,hittite capital1 #hb ,tyropon valley1 #aii ,ukhaimir1 exploration at1 #dh ,umm ,keis1 #baf ,ummanu1 #bfg ,uni1 (fic] ( ,pepi ,i1 #ajg ,univ]sity ,museum1 ,philadelphia1 #ec1 #ed ,upp] ,ret5u1 #aji ,ur1 f\nd+ (1 #ee2 k+s (1 #ec1 #ed1 #eh ,urkag9a1 ,k+ ( ,laga%1 #eg ,ur-,n9a f\nds dyna/y at ,laga%1 #ef ,ut5sils1 #adi ,uzziah1 #aif1 #cfg ,valley ,gate1 #bjb ,van ,dyke1 ,h5ry1 ref]5ce to ,felix1 #dbi ,v9c5t1 ,hughes1 #ii1 #aja ,v9ey>ds1 #acg ,wady ,magh>a1 turquoise m9es 91 #be ,walls ( ,pale/9ian cities1 #aji1 #abc1 #abe1 #bjb ,w>d1 ,william ,hayes1 ,babylonian explorations (1 #de ,w>ka1 exploration at1 #dg ,w>r51 ,g54 ,sir ,*>les1 excavations at ,j]usalem1 #hg2 at ,gihon1 #aja ,wat] ,gate1 #bjb ,wat] supply 9 ,pale/9e1 #abi ,weidn]1 ,ern/1 #gd ,weights1 #afj ,weil1 ,capta91 excavations on ,ophel1 #ajb ,w5amon1 report (1 #aag1 #ceb ,:et/ones1 #aec ,:ite ,wall1 #bg ,wild]ness ( ,z91 explorations 91 #ie ,w9ckl]1 ,hugo1 excavations at ,boghaz ,koi1 #fi1 #gi2 fir/ in/alm5t ( ! ,el-,am>na lett]s1 #ga ,w9ckl] und ,abel1 ,?\tafelnfund von ,el-,am>na1 #cjc ,w9e-vats1 #acg ,w9n[+1 #ace ,wisdom ( ,jesus1 ! ,son ( ,sira*1 #bjc ,wood1 ,j4 ,t41 discov]ies 9 ,ephesus1 #bbc ,woolley1 ,c4 ,leon>d1 #ge1 #ie ,wr5*1 ,j4 ,e41 explorations 9 ,asia ,m9or1 #gj ,wright1 ,william1 ,! ,empire ( ! ,hittites1 #fh ,x]xes1 inscriptions (1 #dh ,xis\?ros1 #bga ,xy/us1 #bjc ,yadi1 k+dom (1 #ha ,yaila1 ,hittite rema9s at1 #gj ,yakut1 ,arabian geograph]1 #bag ,yau-bidi1 ,k+ ( ,hama?1 #hb ,yaudi1 id5tity (1 #cga ,ye>1 divisions (1 #ach ,zamama1 temple (1 #dh ,zaph5a?-,paneah1 #cd ,ze*>iah1 assi/s 9 rebuild+ ! temple1 #aah1 #bjj ,z$ekiah1 rebellion aga9/ ,babylon1 #cb1 #fe ,ziggurat ( ,zamama temple1 #dh ,z91 explorations 9 ! wild]ness (1 #ie ,zion1 site ( ,jebus1 #ahh ,ziugiddu1 #bhj ,zos]1 fir/ k+ ( ?ird dyna/y1 #be1 #cje ,zugagib1 #bff ,,plates ,,plate #a ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,syrian ,,trad]s ,,9 ,,egypt1 ,,f ,a ,,tomb ,,at ,,b5i ,,hasan4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,,cr[n ,,( ,,l[] ,,egypt4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,,cr[n ,,( ,,upp] ,,egypt4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,,cr[n ,,( ,,unit$ ,,egypt4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,,sph9x ,,& ,,pyramid ,,( ,,khafre4 ,,plate #b ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,,pyramids ,,( ,,khufu ,,& ,,khafre4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,,/ep ,,pyramid ,,( ,,zos]4 ,,plate #c ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,,body ,,f ,a ,,pre-,,dyna/ic ,,tomb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,,head ,,( ,,! ,,mummy ,,( ,,ramses ,,ii4 ,,plate #d ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,a ,,/ore-,,*amb] ,,at ,,pi?om 7aft] ,naville74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,,anci5t ,,& ,,mod]n ,,brick-,,mak+ 7aft] ,petrie74 ,,plate #e ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,,plan ,,( ,,city ,,& ,,temple ,,( ,,leontopolis 7aft] ,petrie74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,a ,,passov]-,,ov5 7aft] ,petrie74 ,,plate #f ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,,! ,,rosetta ,,/one4 ,by p]mission ( ,?omas ,nelson ,sons4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,,! 8,,israel0 ,,inscription ,,( ,,m]neptah4 ,,plate #g ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,,m\nds ,,( ,,nuff> 7aft] ,clay74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,,excavation ,,at ,,nuff> 7aft] ,clay74 ,,plate #h ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,,gate ,,( ,,i%t>1 ,,babylon 7aft] ,koldeway74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,,phalanx ,,( ,,soldi]s ,,f ,,eannatum',s 8,,/ele ,,( ,,vultures40 ,,plate #i ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,,inscrib$ ,,column ,,f ,,p]sepolis4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,,silv] ,,vase ,,( ,,entem5a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4 ,,m\nd ,,( ,,birs ,,nimr,d 7aft] ,pet]s74 ,,plate #aj ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,,hittite ,,gates ,,at ,,boghaz ,,koi 7aft] ,pu*/e974 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,,hittite ,,types ,,f ,,egyptian ,,monum5ts 7aft] ,g>/ang74 ,,plate #aa ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4 ,a ,,hittite ,,k+ 7aft] ,pu*/e974 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4 ,,! ,,boss ,,( ,,t>kondemos4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4 ,,! ,,seal ,,( ,,%ema1 ,,s]vant ,,( ,,j]oboam4 ,,plate #ab ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4 ,,tell ,,el-,,hesy ,,aft] ,,excavation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4 ,,! ,,site ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t ,,j]i*o4 ,,plate #ac ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4 ,,excavation ,,( ,,gez]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4 ,,rema9s ,,( ,a ,,colonnad$ ,,/reet ,,at ,,sam>ia4 ,,plate #ad ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4 ,,excavation ,,at ,,tell ,,hum4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4 ,,egyptians ,,attack+ ,a ,,pale/9ian ,,city 7aft] ,p]rot & ,*ipiez74 ,,plate #ae ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4 ,,israeliti% ,,j]i*o 7aft] ,sell974 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4 ,,israeliti% ,,h\ses ,,at ,,j]i*o 7aft] ,sell974 ,,plate #af ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4 ,,phili/9es ,,f ,,! ,,palace ,,( ,,ramses ,,iii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4 ,,canaaniti% ,,=tress ,,at ,,j]i*o 7aft] ,sell974 ,,plate #ag ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4--;,,inscrib$ ,,disc ,,f ,,ph,,/os 7,,"o-,,f\r? ,,actual ,,size74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4 ,,gebel ,,fureidis4 ,,plate #ah ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4 ,,ba/ion ,,= ,,! ,,protection ,,( ,,an ,,ins]t$ ,,t[] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4 ,,rema9s ,,( ,,walls ,,( ,,megiddo 7aft] ,s*uma*]74 ,,plate #ai ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4 ,,walls ,,( ,,build+s ,,at ,,sam>ia 7aft] ,reisn]74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4 ,,specim5s ,,( ,,/one-,,"w ,,at ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4 ,,build+-,,bricks ,,f ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,,plate #bj ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4 ,,plan ,,( ,,palace ,,at ,,taana* 7aft] ,sell974 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4 ,,! ,,great ,,city ,,wall ,,at ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,,plate #ba ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4 ,,israeliti% ,,h\ses ,,at ,,gez]4 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4 ,,specim5s ,,( ,,mosaic ,,floors 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by ,p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,,plate #bb ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4 ,a ,,doorway ,,at ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4 ,,door-,,sockets ,,f ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,,plate #bc ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4 ,,suppos$ ,,h\se ,,( ,,hiel1 ,,j]i*o 7aft] ,sell974 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb4 ,,f\ndation ,,( ,,! ,,palace ,,( ,,omri1 ,,sam>ia 7aft] ,reisn]74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4 ,,hebrew ,,palace ,,at ,,megiddo 7aft] ,s*uma*]74 ,,plate #bd ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed4 ,,plan ,,( ,,! ,,maccab,,an ,,ca/le ,,at ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee4 ,,/one-,,"w ,,( ,,! ,,maccab,,an ,,ca/le 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef4 ,a ,,f\ndation-,,deposit1 ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,,plate #be ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eg4 ,a ,,city ,,gate ,,at ,,megiddo 7aft] ,s*uma*]74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh4 ,,! ,,s\? ,,gate ,,at ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ei4 ,,! ,,s\? ,,gate ,,at ,,be?%eme% 7aft] ,mack5zie74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,,plate #bf ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fj4 ,,entrance ,,to ,,! ,,und]gr\nd ,,tunnel ,,at ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fa4--,,! ,,nor? ,,gate ,,at ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,,plate #bg ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fb4 ,,plans ,,( ,,! ,,und]gr\nd ,,tunnel ,,at ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,,plate #bh ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fc4 ,,plan ,,( ,,und]gr\nd ,,tunnel ,,at ,,gibeon 7aft] ,abel74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fd4 ,,"o ,,( ,,solomon',s ,,pools4 ,,plate #bi ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fe4 ,,po/ ,,( ,,city ,,gate1 ,,sam>ia 7aft] ,reisn]74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ff4 ,,"p ,,( ,,city ,,wall ,,& ,,gate1 ,,sam>ia 7aft] ,reisn]74 ,,plate #cj ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fg4 ,,road ,,s\? ,,( ,,g]izim4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fh4 ,,l9es ,,( ,,roman ,,roads ,,at ,,tell ,,el-,,ful4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fi4 ,,roman ,,road ,,nor? ,,( ,,amman4 ,,plate #ca ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gj4 ,a ,,gran>y ,,at ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ga4 ,,"s ,,roman ,,mile-,,/ones4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gb4 ,,plan ,,( ,a ,,gran>y ,,at ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,,plate #cb ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gc4 ,a ,,hoe 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gd4 ,,an ,,egyptian ,,reap+ 7aft] ,wresz9ski74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ge4 ,a ,,sickle 7aft] ,wresz9ski74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gf4 ,,pl[%>es ,,f ,,megiddo 7aft] ,s*uma*]74 ,,plate #cc ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gg4 ,,egyptian ,,pl[+ 7aft] ,wilk9son74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gh4 ,a ,,mod]n ,,?re%+-,,floor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gi4 ,,egyptians ,,?re%+ ,,& ,,w9n[+ 7aft] ,wilk9son74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hj4 ,,egyptian ,,?re%+-,,sl$ge 7aft] ,wilk9son74 ,,plate #cd ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ha4 ,a ,,saddle-,,qu]n ,,f ,,megiddo 7aft] ,s*uma*]74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hb4 ,a ,,rot>y-,,qu]n 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hc4 ,a ,,mort> ,,& ,,pe/le 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hd4 ,,two ,,wom5 ,,gr9d+ ,,at ,a ,,mill 7aft] ,s*uma*]74 ,,plate #ce ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #he4 ,,an ,,anci5t ,,olive-,,press 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hf4 ,a ,,mod]n ,,olive-,,press 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,,plate #cf ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hg4 ,a ,,w9e ,,vat 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by ,p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hh4 ,,an ,,olive-,,press ,,at ,,"w 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,,plate #cg ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hi4 ,,c[s' ,,horns ,,f ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ij4 ,,animals' ,,heads ,,f ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ia4 ,a ,,horse',s ,,bit ,,f ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ib4 ,,draw+s ,,( ,,horses ,,f ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,,plate #ch ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ic4 ,a ,,clay ,,bird ,,f ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #id4 ,a ,,cock ,,f ,,m>issa 7aft] ,pet]s & ,?i]s*74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ie4 ,a ,,bee-,,hive ,,f ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,,plate #ci ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #if4 ,,pre-,,semitic ,,j>s 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ig4 ,,pre-,,semitic ,,pott]y 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ih4 ,,f\r ,,pit*]s ,,f ,,! ,,fir/ ,,semitic ,,/ratum 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ii4 ,,?ree ,,pit*]s ,,f ,,! ,,fir/ ,,semitic ,,/ratum 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajj4 ,a ,,j> ,,f ,,! ,,fir/ ,,semitic ,,/ratum 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,,plate #dj ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aja4 ,,jugs ,,f ,,! ,,second ,,semitic ,,/ratum 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajb4 ,a ,,jug ,,f ,,! ,,second ,,semitic ,,/ratum 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajc4 ,a ,,j> ,,f ,,! ,,second ,,semitic ,,/ratum 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,,plate #da ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajd4 ,,"s ,,f9e ,,pott]y ,,f ,,! ,,fir/ ,,semitic ,,/ratum 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aje4 8,,e>0 ,,& 8,,button0 ,,j>-,,h&les 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajf4 ,a 8,,pill>0 ,,h&le 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajg4 ,a ,,flat-,,bottom$ ,,jug 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,,plate #db ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajh4 ,a ,,pa9t$ ,,phili/9e ,,vase ,,f ,,be?-,,%eme% 7aft] ,mack5zie74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aji4 ,,w>-,,sc5e ,,on ,,pot%]d ,,f ,,megiddo 7aft] ,s*uma*]74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaj4 ,,j>s ,,( ,,?ird ,,semitic ,,/ratum ,,f ,,be?-,,%eme% 7aft] ,mack5zie74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaa4 ,,hebrew ,,pott]y ,,f ,,megiddo 7aft] ,s*uma*]74 ,,plate #dc ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aab4 ,,hebrew ,,j>s ,,& ,,pit*]s ,,f ,,j]i*o 7aft] ,sell974 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aac4 ,,hebrew ,,pit*]s ,,& ,,b[ls ,,f ,,j]i*o 7aft] ,sell974 ,,plate #dd ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aad4 ,a ,,funnel ,,f ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aae4 ,a ,,pott]',s ,,seal ,,f ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaf4 ,,an ,,inscrib$ ,,hebrew ,,j>-,,/amp ,,f ,,! ,,%ephelah 7aft] ,bliss & ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aag4 ,,hebrew ,,pott]y ,,f ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,,plate #de ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aah4 ,a ,,sc>ab ,,us$ ,,z ,a ,,j>-,,/amp 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aai4 ,a ,,j>-,,h&le ,,/amp$ ,,) ,a ,,sc>ab 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abj4 ,a ,,j> ,,) ,,tap]+ ,,base ,,f ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aba4 ,,hell5i/ic ,,filt] ,,f ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abb4 ,,hell5i/ic ,,pott]y ,,f ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,,plate #df ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abc4 ,,hell5i/ic ,,/ra9] ,,f ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abd4 ,,roman ,,pots ,,f ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abe4 ,,hell5i/ic ,,j> ,,f ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abf4 ,a ,,lamp ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,semitic ,,p]iod1 ,,megiddo 7aft] ,s*uma*]74 ,,plate #dg ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abg4 ,,lamps ,,f ,,! ,,second ,,semitic ,,p]iod1 ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abh4 ,,lamps ,,f ,,! ,,israeliti% ,,p]iod1 ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abi4 ,a ,,byzant9e ,,lamp ,,f ,,j]i*o 7aft] ,sell974 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acj4 ,a ,,lamp ,,be>+ ,a ,,*ri/ian ,,leg5d 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,,plate #dh ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aca4 ,,hell5i/ic ,,lamps ,,f ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acb4 ,,hebrew ,,lamps ,,f ,,j]i*o 7aft] ,sell974 ,,plate #di ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acc4 ,,ov5s ,,f\nd ,,at ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acd4 ,a ,,bak+-,,tray ,,f ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ace4 ,,bronze ,,di%es ,,f ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acf4 ,,%ell ,,spoons ,,f ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,,plate #ej ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acg4 ,,silv] ,,di%es ,,f ,a ,,phili/9e ,,grave ,,at ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ach4 ,,glass ,,o9tm5t ,,vessels ,,f ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,,plate #ea ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aci4 ,,fe$+-,,bottles 7874 ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adj4 ,,=ks ,,f ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ada4 ,,phili/9e ,,silv] ,,ladle4 ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adb4 ,,bronze ,,ne$les ,,& ,,p9s ,,f ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,,plate #eb ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adc4 ,,bone ,,ne$les ,,f ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #add4 ,,mod]n ,,woman ,,sp9n+4 ,by p]mission ( ,mrs4 ,grant ,williams4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ade4 ,,sp9dle ,,:orls ,,f ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adf4 ,a ,,l>ge ,,key ,,f ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adg4 ,a ,,small] ,,key ,,f ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,,plate #ec ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adh4 ,,lamp ,,/&s ,,f ,,megiddo 7aft] ,s*uma*]74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adi4 ,,fl9t ,,knives ,,f ,,j]i*o 7aft] ,sell974 ,,plate #ed ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aej4 ,,iron ,,knives ,,f ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aea4 ,,bronze ,,knives ,,f ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,,plate #ee ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aeb4 ,a ,,*isel ,,f ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aec4 ,a ,,file ,,f ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aed4 ,a ,,cone ,,( ,,fl9t ,,= ,,mak+ ,,knives1 ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aee4 ,a ,,bronze ,,hamm]-,,head1 ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aef4 ,a ,,fi%-,,hook1 ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aeg4 ,a ,,bone ,,awl-,,h&le ,,f ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aeh4 ,,:et/ones ,,f ,,j]i*o 7aft] ,sell974 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aei4 ,,nails ,,f ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,,plate #ef ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afj4 ,,axe-,,heads ,,f ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afa4 ,,c>p5t]s' ,,tools ,,f ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,,plate #eg ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afb4 ,a ,,scimit> ,,f ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afc4 ,,impression ,,( ,a ,,basket ,,on ,,mud1 ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afd4 ,,fl9t ,,arr[-,,heads ,,f ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afe4 ,,bronze ,,arr[-,,heads ,,f ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,,plate #eh ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aff4 ,,bronze ,,swords ,,f ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afg4 ,,bronze ,,spe>-,,heads1 ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,,plate #ei ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afh4 ,a ,,pipe ,,f ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afi4 ,,an ,,egyptian ,,h>p 7aft] ,haupt74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agj4 ,,an ,,assyrian ,,upright ,,h>p 7aft] ,haupt74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aga4 ,,an ,,assyrian ,,horizontal ,,h>p 7aft] ,haupt74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agb4 ,a ,,babylonian ,,h>p 7aft] ,haupt74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agc4 ,,jewi% ,,h>ps ,,on ,,co9s ,,( ,,b> ,,co*eba1 #acb-ace ,a4 ,d4 7aft] ,madd574 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agd4 ,,assyrian ,,dulcim] 7aft] ,haupt74 ,,plate #fj ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #age4 ,,seals ,,f ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agf4 ,a ,,comb ,,f ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agg4 ,,toys ,,f ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agh4 ,,/yli ,,f ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agi4 ,,*ildr5',s ,,rattles ,,f ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,,plate #fa ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahj4 ,a ,,p]fume-,,box1 ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aha4 ,a ,,necklace ,,f ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahb4 ,,bracelets ,,f ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahc4 ,,spatul ,,f ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahd4 ,,r+s ,,f ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,,plate #fb ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahe4 ,,suppos$ ,,hebrew ,,measures ,,f ,,j]usalem 7aft] ,g]m]-,dur&74 ,,plate #fc ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahf4 ,a ,neseph ,,weight4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahg4 ,a ,payim ,,weight ,,belong+ ,,to ,,hav]=d ,,college4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahh4 ,a ,beqa ,,weight 7aft] ,torrey74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahi4 ,a 8,,d>ic0 ,,( ,,d>ius 7aft] ,b5z+]74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aij4 ,a ,,tetradra*ma ,,( ,,alex&] ,,! ,,great 7aft] ,b5z+]74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aia4 ,a ,,co9 ,,( ,,ptolemy ,,lagi 7aft] ,b5z+]74 ,,plate #fd ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aib4 ,,half-,,%ekel ,,( ,,simon ,,! ,,maccabee 7aft] ,b5z+]74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aic4 ,a ,,co9 ,,( ,,john ,,hyrcanus 7aft] ,madd574 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aid4 ,,tetradra*ma ,,( ,,lysima*us4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aie4 ,a ,,co9 ,,( ,,augu/us4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aif4 ,a ,,d5>ius ,,( ,,tib]ius4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aig4 ,a ,,co9 ,,( ,,claudius4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aih4 ,a ,,co9 ,,( ,,h]od ,,! ,,great4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aii4 ,a ,,roman ,,quadrans 7874 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjj4 ,a ,,co9 ,,( ,,h]od ,,agrippa ,i4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bja4 ,a ,,%ekel ,,( ,,! ,,revolt ,,( ,a4 ,d4 #gj4 ,,plate #fe ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjb4 ,,cave-,,dwell]s' ,,place ,,( ,,sacrifice1 ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjc4 ,,plan ,,( ,,caves ,,at ,,semitic ,,high ,,place1 ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjd4 8,,pill>s0 ,,( ,,! ,,high ,,place ,,at ,,gez]4 ,,plate #ff ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bje4 ,,rock-,,alt> ,,at ,,megiddo 7aft] ,s*uma*]74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjf4 ,,! 8,,be?-,,el0 ,,( ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjg4 ,,! ,,suppos$ ,,s]p5t-,,p5 ,,at ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,,plate #fg ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjh4 ,,! ,,rock-,,alt> ,,at ,,j]usalem 7aft] ,dalman74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bji4 ,,! ,,lav] ,,at ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,,plate #fh ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #baj4 ,,! ,,t]ra-,,cotta ,,alt> ,,f ,,taana* 7aft] ,sell974 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #baa4 ,,suppos$ ,,high ,,place ,,at ,,taana* 7aft] ,sell974 ,,plate #fi ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bab4 ,,high ,,place ,,at ,,tell ,,es-,,safi 7aft] ,bliss & ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bac4 ,,libation ,,b[l ,,f ,,taana* 7aft] ,sell974 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bad4 ,,an ,,a/>te ,,plaque ,,f ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,,plate #gj ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bae4 ,,plan ,,( ,,! ,,high ,,place ,,at ,,petra 7aft] ,brnn[74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #baf4 ,,plan ,,( ,,h]od',s ,,temple ,,at ,,sam>ia 7aft] ,lyon74 ,,plate #ga ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bag4 ,,! ,,alt> ,,at ,,petra 7aft] ,brnn[74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bah4 ,,! 8,,r\nd ,,alt>0 ,,at ,,petra 7aft] ,brnn[74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bai4 ,,suppos$ 8,,pill>s0 ,,at ,,petra 7aft] ,brnn[74 ,,plate #gb ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bai;a4 ,a ,,braz5 ,,s]p5t ,,f ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbj4 ,,plan ,,( ,,suppos$ ,,semitic ,,temple ,,at ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bba4 ,,walls ,,( ,,h]od',s ,,temple1 ,,sam>ia 7aft] ,reisn]74 ,,plate #gc ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbb4 8,,pill>s0 ,,( ,a ,,suppos$ ,,temple1 ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbc4 ,,*apel ,,( ,,! ,,palace ,,at ,,megiddo 7aft] ,s*uma*]74 ,,plate #gd ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbd4 ,,volut$ ,,capital 7,,probably ,,phili/9e7 ,,f ,,megiddo 7aft] ,s*uma*]74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbe4 ,,inc5se-,,burn] ,,f ,,megiddo 7aft] ,s*uma*]74 ,,plate #ge ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbf4 ,,phili/9e ,,graves1 ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbg4 ,a ,,rock-,,hewn ,,tomb ,,at ,,siloam 7aft] ,b5z+]74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbh4 ,a ,,%aft-,,tomb 7aft] ,bliss & ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbi4 ,a ,,ci/]n-,,burial ,,at ,,gez] 7aft] ,macali/]74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,,plate #gf ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcj4 ,a ,,columb>ium ,,at ,,petra 7aft] ,dalman74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bca4 ,,entrance ,,to ,,! ,,tomb ,,( ,,! ,,judges4 ,,plate #gg ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcb4 ,a ,,sunk5-,,door ,,tomb 7aft] ,mitt4 u4 ,na*4 d4 ,deuts*4 ,pal/9a-,v]e9s74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcc4 ,kokim ,,9 ,,! ,,tomb ,,( ,,! ,,judges4 ,,plate #gh ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcd4 ,,plan ,,( ,a ,,hell5i/ic ,,tomb ,,at ,,m>issa 7aft] ,pet]s & ,?i]s*74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bce4 ,a ,,cross-,,section ,,( ,,! ,,tomb ,,( ,,! ,,judges4 ,,plate #gi ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcf4 ,,ar*itectural ,,decoration ,,( ,a ,,hell5i/ic ,,tomb ,,at ,,m>issa 7aft] ,pet]s & ,?i]s*74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcg4 ,,plan ,,( ,,! ,,upp] ,,floor ,,( ,,! ,,tomb ,,( ,,! ,,judges4 ,,plate #hj ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bch4 ,a ,,tomb ,,) ,a ,,roll+-,,/one ,,at ,,beit ,,jibr9 7aft] ,m\lton74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bci4 ,,int]ior ,,( ,a ,,hell5i/ic ,,tomb ,,at ,,m>issa 7aft] ,pet]s & ,?i]s*74 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,,plate #ha ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdj4 ,,! ,,hills ,,& ,,valleys ,,( ,,j]usalem 7aft] ,v9c5t74 ,,plate #hb ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bda4 ,,und]gr\nd ,,jebusite ,,tunnel ,,at ,,gihon1 ,,j]usalem 7aft] ,v9c5t74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdb4 ,,maudsley',s ,,sc>p1 ,,j]usalem4 ,,plate #hc ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdc4 ,,plan ,,( ,,solomon',s ,,build+s1 ,,j]usalem 7aft] ,/ade74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdd4 ,,ph,,nician ,,qu>ry-,,m>ks1 ,,j]usalem 7aft] ,w>r574 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,,plate #hd ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bde4 ,,%aft ,,at ,,! ,,s\!a/ ,,corn] ,,( ,,! ,,temple ,,area 7aft] ,w>r574 ,by p]mission ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdf4 ,,exam9+ ,,anci5t ,,walls ,,9 ,,an ,,und]gr\nd ,,tunnel 7aft] ,w>r574 ,by p]mission ( ,palat9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,,plate #he ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdg4 ,,front ,,views ,,( ,,solomon',s ,,temple 7aft] ,/ade74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdh4 ,,side ,,views ,,( ,,solomon',s ,,temple 7aft] ,/ade74 ,,plate #hf ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdi4 ,,plan ,,( ,,solomon',s ,,temple 7aft] ,/ade74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bej4 ,,! ,,sev5-,,bran*$ ,,lamp-,,/& ,,f ,,! ,,ar* ,,( ,,titus4 ,,plate #hg ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bea4 ,,! ,,braz5 ,,lav] ,,( ,,solomon',s ,,temple 7aft] ,/ade74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #beb4 ,a ,,portable ,,lav] ,,( ,,solomon',s ,,temple 7aft] ,/ade74 ,,plate #hh ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bec4 ,,/one-,,"w ,,( ,a ,,wall ,,( ,,j]usalem ,,built ,,9 ,,! ,,fif? ,,c5tury ,a4 ,d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bed4 ,,/one-,,"w ,,9 ,,nehemiah',s ,,wall1 ,,j]usalem4 ,,plate #hi ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bee4 ,,re/oration ,,( ,,! ,,asmon,,an ,,bridge ,,ov] ,,! ,,tyrop,,on ,,valley 7aft] ,hanau]74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bef4 ,,front ,,( 8,,david',s ,,t[]0 7,,h]od',s ,,palace7 ,,today 7aft] ,bre574 ,,plate #ij ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #beg4 ,,recon/ruction ,,( ,,h]od',s ,,temple 7aft] ,caldecott74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #beh4 8,,solomon',s ,,/ables40 ,,plate #ia ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bei4 ,,"o ,,( ,,! ,,suppos$ ,,pools ,,( ,,be!sda 7aft] ,hanau]74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfj4 ,,front ,,( ,,! ,,*ur* ,,( ,,! ,,holy ,,sepul*]4 ,,plate #ib ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfa4 8,,gordon',s ,,calv>y10 ,,look+ ,,t[>d ,,j]usalem 7aft] ,bre574 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfb4 8,,gordon',s ,,calv>y10 ,,f ,,! ,,city ,,wall 7aft] ,bre574 ,,plate #ic ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfc4 ,,outside ,,( 8,,gordon',s ,,holy ,,sepul*]0 7aft] ,bre574 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfd4 ,,inside ,,( 8,,gordon',s ,,holy ,,sepul*]0 7aft] ,bre574 ,,plate #id ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfe4 ,,! ,,b>ada 7,,abana71 ,,damascus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bff4 ,,! ,,/reet ,,call$ ,,/raight1 ,,damascus4 ,,plate #ie ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfg4 ,,palace ,,at ,,kana?a 7aft] ,brnn[74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfh4 ,,circul> ,,=um ,,& ,,colonnad$ ,,/reet1 ,,g]asa4 ,,plate #if ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfi4 ,,temple ,,( ,,! ,,sun1 ,,g]asa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgj4 ,,site ,,( ,,rabbah ,,ammon4 ,,plate #ig ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bga4 ,,!at] ,,at ,,amman 7,,pale/9ian ,,philadelphia74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgb4 ,,roman ,,=um ,,at ,,a!ns4 ,,plate #ih ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgc4 ,,m>s' ,,hill1 ,,a!ns4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgd4 ,,f\nta9 ,,9 ,,! ,,agora1 ,,cor9?4 ,,plate #ii ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bge4 ,,l9tel ,,( ,,jewi% ,,synagogue1 ,,cor9? 7aft] ,ri*>dson74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgf4 ,,le*,,um ,,road1 ,,cor9? 7aft] ,ri*>dson74 ,,plate #ajj ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgg4 ,,p>!non1 ,,a!ns1 ,,f ,,! ,,ea/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgh4 ,,ma9 ,,/reet ,,at ,,ephesus4 ,,plate #aja ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgi4 ,,site ,,( ,,! ,,temple ,,( ,,diana1 ,,ephesus1 ,,9 #aijb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhj4 ,,! ,,!at]1 ,,ephesus4 ,,plate #ajb ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bha4 ,,! ,,amphi!at]1 ,,ephesus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhb4 ,,! ,,/adium1 ,,ephesus4 ,,plate #ajc ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhc4 ,,p]gamum 7aft] ,ramsay74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhd4 ,,! ,,acropolis ,,& ,,p>tly ,,excavat$ ,,temple1 ,,s>dis 7aft] ,butl]74 ,,plate #ajd ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhe4 ,,excavat$ ,,temple1 ,,s>dis1 ,,look+ ,,t[>d ,,! ,,h]mus ,,valley 7aft] ,butl]74 ,,plate #aje ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhf4 ,a ,,*ri/ian ,,*ur* ,,at ,,s>dis 7aft] ,butl]74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhg4 ,,smyrna 7aft] ,ramsay74 ,,plate #ajf ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhh4 ,a ,,ru9 ,,at ,,laodicea 7aft] ,ramsay74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhi4 ,a ,,bridge ,,ov] ,,! ,,jordan ,,on ,,! ,,l9e ,,( ,a ,,roman ,,road4 ,,plate #ajg ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bij4 ,,fragm5t ,,( ,a ,,creation-,,tablet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bia4 ,,assyrian ,,sacr$ ,,tree ,,conv5tionaliz$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bib4 ,,hammurapi ,,receiv+ ,,! ,,laws ,,f ,,! ,,sun-,,god4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bic4 ,,! ,,s-,,call$ ,,adam ,,& ,,eve ,,seal4 ,,plate #ajh ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bid4 ,a ,,tablet ,,f ,,nippur4 ,,relat+ ,,! ,,beg9n+s ,,( ,,irrigation ,,& ,,agriculture 7aft] ,langdon74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bie4 ,,top ,,( ,,! ,,black ,,obelisk ,,( ,,%almanes]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bif4 ,,jehu ,,( ,,israel ,,do+ ,,homage ,,to ,,%almanes]4 ,,plate #aji ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #big4 ,,! ,,siloam ,,inscription4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bih4 ,,s5na*]ib ,,receiv+ ,,tribute ,,at ,,la*i% 7aft] ,ball74 ,,plate #aaj ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bii4 ,,an ,,alt> ,,to ,,unkn[n ,,gods 7aft] ,deissmann74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cjj4 ,,! ,,moabite ,,/one4 ,,plate #aaa ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cja4 ,,papyrus ,,conta9+ ,,say+s ,,( ,,jesus 7aft] ,gr5fell & ,hunt74 ,,plate #aab ,illu/ration3 ,j]usalem ( ,solomon ,illu/ration3 ,e>ly ,j]usalem ,,plate #aac ,illu/ration3 ,j]usalem f ,uzziah to ! ,exile ,illu/ration3 ,j]usalem ( ,nehemiah ,,plate #aad ,illu/ration3 ,asmonan ,j]usalem ,illu/ration3 ,j]usalem ( ,h]od & ( ,*ri/ ,,footnotes3 #a ,c5tury ,diction>y1 edition ( #aijc1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #bic4 #b ,! *ronology ( ,ar*bi%op ,u%]1 pr9t$ 9 ! m>g9 ( _m ,bibles1 is n a "p ( ! ,biblical text1 b a collection ( sev5te5? c5tury calculations & guesses4 #c ,= full] acc\nts ( ! hi/ory ( ,egypt1 see ,brea/$'s ,hi/ory ( ! ,anci5t ,egyptians1 ,new ,york1 ,scribn]'s1 #aijh2 or ,brea/$'s ,hi/ory ( ,egypt1 second edition1 #aiji1 ,new ,york1 ,scribn]'s4 #d ,see ,petrie1 ,hyksos & ! ,israelite ,cities1 ,london1 #aijf4 #e ,see ,naville1 ,! ,/ore-,city ( ,pi?om & ! ,r\te ( ! ,exodus1 #d? ed41 ,london1 #aijc4 #f ,see ,petrie1 ,hyksos & ! ,israelite ,cities1 p4 #bh1 f4 #g ,see ,petrie1 ,! ,palace ( ,apries1 ,london1 #aiji4 #h ,see ,petrie1 ,hyksos & ! ,israelite ,cities1 p4 #aia1 ff4 #i ,see ,annals ( ,ar*ology & ,an?ropology1 ,,vii1 ,liv]pool1 #aiad1 pp4 #a-aj4 #aj ,s call$ f ! "n ( ! m\nta9 on :i* x is writt54 #aa ,fir/ publi%$ by ,hilpre*t1 ,babylonian ,exp$ition ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania1 ,vol4 ,,xx1 ,no4 #dg2 cf4 p4 #df4 #ab ,see ,poebel1 ,hi/orical & ,grammatical ,texts1 ,philadelphia1 #aiad1 ,nos4 #b-e1 & ,hi/orical ,texts1 ,philadelphia1 #aiad1 pp4 #gc-adj4 #ac ,x is ! prevail+ view ( s*ol>s t ,arabia 0 ! cradle-l& ( ! ,semites4 ,! reasons = ?is view z well z a rsum ( o!r views w be f\nd 9 ,g4 ,a4 ,b>ton's ,sket* ( ,semitic ,orig9s1 ,social & ,religi\s1 ,new ,york1 #aijb1 ,*apt] ,i4 #ad ,9 ,g54 #aj3aa x is by implication said t ! city 0 f\nd$ by ,nimrod4 #ae ,= a discussion ( ! reasons = ! view "h /at$1 & a pres5tation ( o!r views1 see ,"p ,,ii1 p4 #cgd1 ff4 #af ,! ,*aldans 7 a ,semitic p :o came into ! m>%-l&s ( s\!rn ,babylonia f ,arabia4 ,we c fir/ detect _! pres5ce 9 ,babylonia ab\t #ajjj ,b4 ,c4 #ag ,^? :o desire full] acc\nts ( ! hi/ory %\ld read ,l4 ,w4 ,k+'s ,hi/ory ( ,sum] & ,akkad1 ,london1 #aiaj1 & ,r4 ,w4 ,rog]s' ,hi/ory ( ,babylonia & ,assyria4 #b;d ed41 ,new ,york1 #aiae4 #ah ,9 ! ,mitteilung5 d] vord]asiatis*5 ,gesells*aft1 #ahii1 ,heft4 #d4 #ai ,9 ! ,mitteilung5 d] vord]asiatis*5 ,gesells*aft1 #aijj1 ,hefte #d & #e4 #bj ,see ,pumpelly1 ,explorations 9 ,turke/an1 ,wa%+ton1 #aijh1 ,i1 p4 #ej1 f4 #ba ,see ,l4 ,w4 ,k+1 ,*ronicles ,conc]n+ ,e>ly ,babylonian ,k+s1 ,london1 #aijg1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bb4 #bb ,hi/ory ( ,egypt1 ,,ii4 #djd1 #dje4 #bc ,expository ,times1 ,novemb]1 #aiad1 p4 #ia4 #bd ,asi5 und ,europa na* altgyptis*5 ,d5kml]n1 #cai1 note #c4 #be ,anci5t ,records1 ,egypt1 ,i1 #bbg1 #bbh4 #bf ,brea/$'s ,anci5t ,records1 ,egypt1 ,,ii1 #ggc4 #bg ,w9ckl] 9 ,mitteilung5 d] vord]asiatis*5 ,gesells*aft1 #aiac1 ,heft #d1 p4 #ha4 #bh ,it9raire de ,p>is a ,jrusalem1 ,p>is1 #ahaa4 #bi ,travels 9 ,syria1 #ahba4 #cj ,s\v5irs1 impressions1 el paysages1 p5dant un voyage en ,ori5t1 ,p>is1 #ahce4 #ca ,= a m complete acc\nt see ,f4 ,j4 ,bliss1 ,! ,developm5t ( ,pale/9e ,exploration1 ,new ,york1 #aijf4 #cb ,see ,(ficial ,report ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,exp$ition to ,explore ! ,dead ,sea & ! ,riv] ,jordan1 ,baltimore1 #aheb4 #cc ,see 8 8,id5tification ( ,pisgah0 9 ! ?ird ,/atem5t ( ! ,am]ican ,exploration ,society1 #ahgj4 #cd ,see 8 ,ea/ ( ! ,jordan1 ,new ,york1 #ahhc4 #ce ,w>r5's results 7 fir/ publi%$ 9 ,! ,recov]y ( ,j]usalem1 ,london1 #ahgj1 & m fully 9 ,j]usalem1 ,london1 #ahhi1 "o ( ! ,memoirs ( ! ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,! ar* m5tion$ is call$ 8,rob9son's ,ar*10 because its significance 0 fir/ p]ceiv$ by ,rob9son4 #cf ,across ! ,jordan1 ,london1 #ahhf2 ,jaulan1 ,london1 #ahhf1 & ,abila1 ,pella1 & ,nor!rn ,aijlun1 ,london1 #ahhi4 #cg ,die ,prov9cia ,arabia1 ,/rassburg1 #aijd-aiji 7#c volumes74 #ch ,petra1 ,leipzig1 #aijh1 & ,neu-,petra ,=s*ung1 ,leipzig1 #aiab4 #ci ,ar*ological ,rese>*es 9 ,pale/9e1 ,london1 #ahif-ahii4 #dj ,geology ( ,pale/9e & ,arabia ,petra1 ,london1 #ahhf4 #da ,see ,petrie1 ,tell el-,hesy 7,la*i%71 ,london1 #ahia4 #db ,see 8 ,m\nd ( ,_m ,cities1 ,london1 #ahid4 #dc ,see ,bliss1 ,excavations at ,j]usalem1 ,london1 #ahih4 #dd ,an artificially made precipice on :i* a =tress once /ood4 ,x is nam$ f an ,engli%man1 ,maudsley1 :o fir/ p]ceiv$ its true nature4 #de ,bliss & ,macali/]1 ,excavations 9 ,pale/9e dur+ ! ,ye>s #ahih-aijj1 ,london1 #aijb4 #df ,see 8 ,ar*ological ,rese>*es 9 ,pale/9e1 ,,ii1 p4 #bea1 f4 #dg ,?is is ! p]iod call$ by ,petrie & ,bliss 8,seleucid40 #dh ,see ,macali/]1 ,! ,excavation ( ,gez]1 ,london1 #aiab1 ,,ii1 #cha-djc4 #di ,ibid41 #djf-djh4 #ej ,ibid41 ,i1 #bef-bfh4 #ea ,see ,macali/]1 ,! ,excavation ( ,gez]1 ,london1 #aiab1 ,,ii1 #bjj-bbc4 #eb ,ibid41 #bcf-bff4 #ec ,see ! ,annual ( ! ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund1 ,vols4 ,i & ,,ii1 = ! details "h giv51 & = _m o!rs4 #ed ,zeits*rift des deuts*5 ,pal/9a-,v]e9s4 #ee ,see ,zeits*rift des deuts*5 ,pal/9a-,v]e9s1 ,v1 pp4 #g-bjd4 #ef ,see ,s*uma*] und ,/eu]nagel1 ,tell el-,mutesellim1 ,leipzig1 #aijh4 #eg ,sell91 ,tell ,taanek1 ,wi51 #aijd4 #eh ,see ,mitteilung5 d] deuts*5 ,ori5t-,gesells*aft1 ,no4 #bi1 ,b]l91 #aije1 p4 #ad1 f4 #ei ,see ,sell9 und ,watz+]1 ,j]i*o1 ,leipzig1 #aiac4 #fj ,see ,j\rnal ( ,biblical ,lit]ature1 ,vol4 ,,xxii1 ,bo/on1 #aijc1 pp4 #afd-ahb2 ,,xxiv1 #aif-bbj2 ,,xxv1 #hb-ie4 #fa ,see ,h>v>d ,!ological ,review1 ,cambridge1 ,mass41 ,i1 #aijh1 p4 #ib4 #fb ,ibid41 ,,ii1 #ajb-aac2 ,,iii1 #acf-ach1 #bdh-bfc4 #fc ,josephus1 ,antiquities ( ! ,jews1 xiii1 #aj1 #b & #c2 ,w>s ( ! ,jews1 i1 #b1 #g4 #fd ,revue biblique1 #aiab 7,p>is71 pp4 #hf-aaf4 #fe ,biblical ,_w1 ,vol4 ,,xxxix1 ,*icago1 #aiab1 pp4 #bie-cjf4 #ff ,see ,g]m]-,dur& 9 ,revue biblique1 #aiad1 pp4 #ga-id1 & ,frontispiece4 #fg ,see ,qu>t]ly ,/atem5t ( ! ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund1 ,octob]1 #aiad1 p4 #afg1 f4 ,additional mat]ial on ,ophel & ,balata is giv5 9 ! ,app5dix1 p4 #ddf4 #fh ,fir/ notic$ by ,pr(4 ,george ,l4 ,rob9son1 ( ,mc,cormick ,sem9>y1 ,*icago1 & aft]w>d by ,pr(4 ,samuel ,ives ,curtis1 ( ! ,*icago ,!ological ,sem9>y2 see ,*apt] ,,xi1 p4 #agc1 f4 #fi ,discov]$ 9 #aijb by ,dr4 ,j4 ,p4 ,pet]s & ,dr4 ,?i]s*2 see _! ,pa9t$ ,tombs ( ,m>issa1 ,london1 #aije4 #gj ,ref]5ce %\ld also be made to ! exp$ition f ,pr9ceton ,univ]sity1 ref]r$ to on p4 #ajg1 l$ by ,pr(4 ,h4 ,c4 ,butl]1 :i* w5t out 9 #ahii-aijj1 9 #aijd-aije1 & 9 #aiji1 & exam9$ ! ru9s 9 ! ,hauran 7or region ea/ ( ! ,sea ( ,galilee71 9 ! ,lebanon ,m\nta9s1 & 9 t "p ( ,syria to ! ea/ ( ,lebanon4 ,! exp$ition ga!r$ _m inscriptions1 mo/ ( :i* belong to ! ,*ri/ian p]iod4 ,! results ( ?is exploration are publi%$ 9 ,! ,publications ( an ,ar*ological ,exp$ition to ,syria 9 #ahii-aijj1 ,new ,york1 #aijd1 & ,publications ( ! ,pr9ceton ,ar*ological ,exp$itions to ,syria 9 #aijd-aije & #aiji1 ,leyd51 #aijh-aiad4 #ga ,see ,r4 ,a4 ,s4 ,macali/]1 ,hi/ory ( ,civilization 9 ,pale/9e1 ,cambridge ,univ]sity ,press1 #aiab1 pp4 #aj1 #aa4 #gb ,see ,b>ton1 ,a ,ye>'s ,w&]+ 9 ,bible ,l&s1 ,philadelphia1 #aijd1 p4 #adc4 #gc ,see ,b>ton1 9 ! ,biblical ,_w1 ,*icago1 #aijd1 ,vol4 ,,xxiv1 p4 #agg4 #gd ,see ,cond]1 ,survey ( ,ea/]n ,pale/9e1 ,i1 pp4 #abe-bgg1 & ,mack5zie 9 ! ,annual ( ! ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund1 ,i1 pp4 #e-aa4 #ge ,see ,g54 #ad3e2 #ae3bj4 #gf ,see ,h4 ,s4 ,c[p]1 ,! ,hill ( ! ,graces1 a ,record ( ,inve/igation among ! ,trili?ons & ,megali?ic ,sites ( ,tripoli1 ,london1 #ahig1 & ,br&5burg1 b] ,fels>*itektur im ,mittelme]gebiet 9 ,mitteilung5 d] ,vord]asiatis*5 ,gesell*aft1 #aiad4 #gg ,see ! ,annals ( ,ar*ology & ,an?ropology1 ,vol4 ,v1 ,liv]pool1 #aiac1 pp4 #aab-abh4 #gh ,see ,macali/]1 ,! ,excavation ( ,gez]1 ,i1 #gb-aeb4 #gi ,see ,macali/]1 ,! ,excavation ( ,gez]1 ,i1 #ade-aeb4 #hj ,ibid41 #bcf1 ff4 #ha ,r4 ,a4 ,s4 ,macali/]1 ,bible ,side-lights f ! ,m\nd ( ,gez]1 ,london1 #aijf1 ,*apt] ,,ii4 #hb ,see ,p4 ,e4 ,mad] 9 ,zeits*rift des deuts*5 ,pal/9a-,v]e9s1 ,vol4 ,,xxxvii1 #aiad1 pp4 #bj-dd4 #hc ,see ,amos #d3d2 #e3e4 #hd ,see ,dr4 ,ma/]man1 9 ,biblical ,_w1 ,,xxxix1 #cja1 f4 #he ,see ! leg5d conc]n+ him translat$ 9 ,"p ,,ii1 p4 #caj1 f4 #hf ,see ,clay1 ,amurru1 ,philadelphia1 #aiji1 pp4 #ajb1 #ajc4 #hg ,see ,recueil de travaux relatifs phil4 et ar*4 egpt4 et assyr41 ,,xxxiv1 #aje-ajh4 #hh ,see ,brea/$1 ,anci5t ,records1 ,egypt1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,*icago1 #aijf1 #cae4 #hi ,see ,*apt] ,,ii1 p4 #ei4 #ij ,translat$ 9 ,"p ,,ii1 p4 #cac1 f4 #ia ,see ,"p ,,ii1 p4 #bic4 #ib ,see ,"p ,,ii1 p4 #bij1 ff4 #ic ,see ,"p ,,ii1 p4 #bii1 ff4 #id ,see ,brea/$1 ,anci5t ,records1 ,egypt1 ,i1 p4 #bcc1 f4 #ie ,see ,b>ton1 ,comm5t>y on ,job1 ,new ,york1 #aiaa1 pp4 #e-g1 & ,brea/$1 ,anci5t ,records1 ,egypt1 ,i1 p4 #bch1 note a4 #if ,see ,brea/$1 ,anci5t ,records1 ,egypt1 #fhj1 & ,b>ton 9 ,j\rnal ( ,biblical ,lit]ature1 ,vol4 ,,xxviii1 p4 #bi4 #ig ,macali/]1 ,excavation ( ,gez]1 ,i1 #bch-bdc & #bec4 #ih ,tell el-,mutesellim1 ,tafeln1 vii-xi4 #ii ,see ,*apt] ,,iv1 p4 #if4 #ajj ,see ,*apt] ,,ii1 p4 #ei1 f4 #aja ,see ,*apt] ,i1 p4 #bh4 #ajb ,see ,*apt] ,,iii1 p4 #ge1 f4 #ajc ,see ,*apt] ,,iv1 pp4 #hi1 #ia4 #ajd ,see ,brea/$1 ,anci5t ,records1 ,egypt1 ,,iii1 #faf4 #aje ,translat$ f ,w4 ,max ,mll]'s publication 9 ! ,mitteilung5 d] vord]asiatis*5 ,gesells*aft1 #aijg1 ,heft #g4 #ajf ,hamma? means 8hot40 #ajg ,see ,*apt] ,i1 p4 #bi4 #ajh ,see pp4 #gi1 #hj1 & #cde4 #aji ,see ! lett]s ( its k+ translat$ 9 ,"p ,,ii1 p4 #cde1 f4 #aaj ,*apt] ,,xiii4 #aaa ,see ,*apt] ,,iii1 p4 #gh1 f4 #aab ,see ,"p ,,ii1 p4 #cdi1 f4 #aac ,see ,brea/$'s ,hi/ory ( ,egypt1 ,new ,york1 #aiji1 p4 #dad4 #aad ,see ,brea/$'s ,anci5t ,records1 ,egypt1 ,,iii4 #ha & #adj4 #aae ,translat$ f ,w4 ,max ,mll]'s ,egyptological ,rese>*es1 ,wa%+ton1 #aijf1 pl4 #ei1 ff4 #aaf ,see ,"p ,,ii1 p4 #caa4 #aag ,see ,sir ,ar?ur ,evans4 ,scripta ,m9oa1 ,ox=d1 #aiji1 pp4 #bhj1 #bhb1 & ,r4 ,a4 ,s4 ,macali/] 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,iri% ,academy1 ,vol4 ,,xxx1 ,c1 p4 #cdb2 also 8 ,phili/9es1 ,_! ,hi/ory & ,civilization1 ,london1 #aiac1 pp4 #hd1 #he4 #aah ,see ,sitzungsb]i*te ( ! ,b]l9 ,academy1 #aiji1 p4 #ajbb1 f4 #aai ,caphtor is ! same z ,keftiu ( ! ,egyptian inscriptions1 b x is unc]ta9 :e!r ,keftiu ref]s to ,crete or ,asia ,m9or4 #abj ,translat$ f ,w4 ,max ,mll]'s ,egyptological ,rese>*es1 ,i1 pl4 #fd1 f4 #aba ,see ,macali/]1 ,! ,excavation ( ,gez]1 ,i1 p4 #ba4 #abb ,see p4 #ii4 #abc ,see p4 #ie4 #abd ,see ! books ( ,i & ,,ii ,samuel4 #abe ,see ,*apt]s ,,vi1 ,,ix1 & ,,xi4 #abf ,see ,"p ,,ii1 ,*apt] ,,xvii4 #abg ,see ,"p ,,ii1 p4 #che1 f4 #abh ,see ,j4 ,a4 ,montgom]y1 ,! ,sam>itans1 ! ,e>lie/ ,jewi% ,sect1 ,_! ,hi/ory1 ,!ology1 & ,lit]ature1 ,philadelphia1 #aijg4 #abi ,= ! n>rative ( ! /ruggle1 see ! book ( ,i ,maccabees1 & ,s4 ,ma!ws1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,new ,te/am5t ,times 9 ,pale/9e1 ,new ,york1 #aijh4 #acj ,see ,i ,macc4 #ad3da4 #aca ,= details see ,guy ,le ,/range1 ,pale/9e ,"u ! ,moslems1 ,london1 #ahij4 #acb ,= details see ,c4 ,r4 ,cond]1 ,! ,lat9 ,k+dom ( ,j]usalem1 ,london1 #ahig4 #acc ,see ,*apt] ,,xiv4 #acd ,see p4 #id4 #ace ,on ^! walls1 see ,macali/]1 ,excavation ( ,gez]1 ,i1 #bcf-bef4 #acf ,petrie1 ,tell el-,hesy1 p4 #ag & ,plates #b & #c4 #acg ,see 8 ,tell ,taanek1 p4 #ac4 #ach ,see p4 #if & ,fig4 #da4 #aci ,see p4 #ia4 #adj ,h>v>d ,!ological ,review1 ,,iii1 #acg4 #ada ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund's ,annual1 ,,ii1 #ag1 f4 #adb ,sell9 & ,watz+]'s ,j]i*o1 p4 #bi1 f4 & ,tafel ,i4 #adc ,ibid41 #ed1 ff4 #add ,see ,macali/]1 ,excavation ( ,gez]1 ,i1 #bdd4 #ade ,see ,dickie1 9 ,qu>t]ly ,/atem5t ( ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund1 #ahig1 #fa-fg4 #adf ,^! rem>ks ab\t ! h\se are bas$ on ! excavation at ,gez]4 ,! excavators ( o!r sites h n giv5 z mu* att5tion to ! con/ruction ( h\ses z ,mr4 ,macali/] did4 #adg ,sell91 ,tell ,taanek1 p4 #ba4 #adh ,"o ( ^! is translat$ 9 ,"p ,,ii1 p4 #cej4 #adi ,see ! writ]'s article1 8,corn]s10 9 ,ha/+s' ,encyclopdia ( ,religion & ,e?ics1 ,vol4 ,,iv #aai1 ff4 #aej ,sell91 ,tell ,taanek1 p4 #fa4 #aea ,s*uma*]1 ,tell el-,mulesellim1 pp4 #de1 #ed4 #aeb ,see ,macali/]1 ,! ,excavation ( ,gez]1 ,i1 #bdj4 #aec ,9 #b ,sam4 #ab3bg we %\ld read 8pool ( wat]s0 in/ead ( 8city ( wat]s02 see ,b>ton 9 ,j\rnal ( ,biblical ,lit]ature1 ,,xxvii1 #adg-aeb4 #aed ,see ,polybius1 ,v1 #ga4 #aee ,josephus1 ,jewi% ,w>s1 ,i1 xix1 #e1 ff4 #aef ,= ! conflict+ evid5ce & !ories1 see ,g4 ,a4 ,smi?1 ,j]usalem1 ,i1 #abd-aca4 #aeg ,josephus1 ,antiquities1 ,,xviii1 iii1 #b4 #aeh ,see p4 #he4 #aei ,see ,?oms5 9 ,zeits*rift des deuts*5 ,pal/9a-,v]e9s1 ,,xxvi1 #agj1 ff4 #afj ,see ,*apt] ,,xiv4 #afa ,see ,macali/]1 ,excavation ( ,gez]1 ,i1 #aii1 f2 ,,ii1 #bb1 ff4 #afb ,see ,macali/]1 ,excavation ( ,gez]1 ,,ii1 #bb1 f4 #afc ,! read] :o c>es to pursue ! subject is ref]r$ to ,macali/]'s ,excavation ( ,gez]1 ,,ii1 #dh1 ff41 & ,sell9's ,tell ,taanek1 #fa1 f41 & ,bliss & ,macali/]'s ,excavations 9 ,pale/9e1 #ahih-aijj1 pp4 #aic1 #aif1 f41 #bjh1 #bbg1 & #bdh4 #afd ,see ,macali/]1 ,excavation ( ,gez]1 ,,ii1 #a-ae4 #afe ,see ,pumpelly1 ,excavations 9 ,turke/an1 ,wa%+ton1 #aijh1 p4 #chd1 f4 #aff ,see ,s*uma*]1 ,mutesellim1 p4 #hi4 #afg ,w>d1 ,seal ,cyl9d]s ( ,we/]n ,asia1 p4 #dbb1 & ,nos4 #eed1 #eef1 #aabf1 & #abed4 #afh ,see ,dr4 ,john ,p4 ,pet]s' article 8,! ,cock0 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,ori5tal ,society1 ,vol4 ,,xxxiii1 pp4 #cfc-cif4 #afi ,see ,pet]s & ,?i]s*1 ,! ,pa9t$ ,tombs ( ,m>issa1 ,london1 #aije4 #agj ,see ,sell91 ,tell ,taanek1 #fa1 f4 #aga ,especial m5tion may be made ( ! foll[+3 ,petrie1 ,tell el-,hesy2 ,bliss & ,macali/]1 ,excavations 9 ,pale/9e1 #ahih-aijj1 ,"p ,,ii2 ,v9c5t1 ,canaan d'aprs l'exploration rc5te1 ,p>is1 #aijg1 ,*apt] ,v1 & ,macali/]1 ,! ,excavation ( ,gez]1 ,,ii1 #abh-bca4 #agb ,a 8button0 h&le is a 8l$ge0 h&le made into a r\nd knob4 #agc ,see ,macali/]1 ,excavation ( ,gez]1 ,,ii1 #aeh4 #agd ,see ,*apt] ,v1 p4 #aae1 f41 & ,figs4 #ajh1 #aji4 #age ,= discussions ( ! subject1 see ,bliss & ,macali/]1 ,excavations 9 ,pale/9e1 #ahih-aijj1 #ajf-abc2 ,macali/] 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,/atem5t ( ! ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund1 #aije1 #bdc & #cbh2 also ,excavation ( ,gez]1 ,,ii1 #bji1 ff41 & ,v9c5t1 ,canaan d'aprs l'exploration rc5te1 pp4 #ceg-cfj4 #agf ,see ,sell91 ,j]i*o1 p4 #aef4 #agg ,= a full] discussion ( *ildr5's toys1 see ,rice1 ,ori5talisms 9 ,bible ,l&s1 pp4 #di-eh4 #agh ,an e>ly ,*ri/ian writ]1 born 9 #cae1 di$ 9 #djc ,a4 ,d41 :o 0 bi%op ( ,salamis 9 ,cyprus4 #agi ,f ?is equival5ce ! read] c easily compute ! value :i* ! int]m$iate measures w\ld h accord+ to ?is !ory4 ,! multiples ( ! ,log :i* =m$ ! ,cab1 etc41 are giv5 above4 #ahj ,see ,pre ,g]m]-,dur&1 8,mesures de capacit des ,hebreux au temps de l'vangile0 9 ,conf]5ces de ,sa9t-ti5ne1 ,p>is1 #aiaj1 pp4 #hi-aje1 & ,fig4 #ahe4 #aha ,! ,jewi% "n = an (f]+ to ,god4 7,see ,m>k #g3aa47 #ahb 8,mana0 is bo? ! ,babylonian & ! ,hebrew t]m4 ,9 ,engli% x has usually be5 corrupt$ to 8,m9a40 #ahc ,"s s*ol>s und]/& ,,m5e to be su* a ref]5ce4 #ahd ,! weight is n[ 9 ! libr>y ( ,hav]=d ,college1 ne> ,philadelphia4 #ahe ,! words r5d]$ 8! price 0 a pim0 are translat$ 9 ! ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion1 8!y _h a file10 m>g91 8a file ) m\?s02 9 ! ,revis$ ,v]sion1 8!y _h a file10 m>g91 or 8:5 ! edges 444 7 blunt40 ,! ,revis]s add1 8,! ,hebrew text is obscure40 ,! ,hebrew ^w r5d]$ 8file0 & 8blunt0 comes f a root t means 8to prescribe0 or 8appo9t40 ,x c\ld easily mean ! 8e/abli%$ price10 b c mean nei!r 8file0 nor 8blunt40 ,pim means 8m\?s0 & is employ$ figuratively = 8edges10 b nei!r ( ^? mean+s fits ! passage4 ,! discov]y ( ^! weights has cle>$ up ! :ole obscurity4 ,?is int]pretation 0 sugge/$ by ,pil*] 9 ! ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund ,qu>t]ly ,/atem5t1 #aiad1 p4 #ii4 #ahf ,see ,macali/]1 ,excavation ( ,gez]1 ,,ii1 #bgi4 #ahg ,see ,macali/]1 ibid41 pp4 #bgh-bic4 #ahh ,see ,bliss & ,macali/]1 ,excavations 9 ,pale/9e1 #ahih-aijj1 p4 #fa4 #ahi ,see ,macali/]1 ,excavation ( ,gez]1 ,,ii1 #bia4 #aij ,see ,brea/$1 ,anci5t ,records1 ,egypt1 ,,ii1 #dcf1 #dhi1 #dij1 #eah1 & ,hi/ory ( ,egypt1 #b;d ed41 pp4 #bgg1 #cjg4 #aia ,see ,s*rad]'s ,keil9s*riftli*e ,biblio!k1 ,i1 #aje 7cl4 ,,iii1 #fb74 #aib ,see ,c4 ,h4 ,w4 ,johns1 ,assyrian ,de$s & ,docum5ts1 ,i1 ,nos4 #ch1 #ci1 #dj1 #da1 #dd1 #de1 #df1 #ej1 & #ajh2 cf4 also ,,iii1 #h4 #aic ,see ,hill1 ,catalogue ( ! ,greek ,co9s ( ,pale/9e1 ,london1 #aiad1 p4 xciii1 ff4 #aid ,cf4 ,luke #ba3b4 #aie ,! temples ( ,solomon1 ,z]ubbabel1 & ,h]od are treat$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xiii1 on ,j]usalem4 #aif ,see ,macali/]1 ,! ,excavation ( ,gez]1 ,i1 #ajb2 ,,ii1 #cgh1 ff4 #aig ,see ,s*uma*]1 ,tell el-,mutesellim1 #aef1 ff4 #aih ,9 ,g54 #bb3i ,abraham1 we are told1 built ! alt>4 ,he did n1 !re=e1 int5d to use ! rock-alt>4 ,! analogy ( ?is alt> ) ! o!r two is n q complete4 ,x appe>s to h no cup-m>ks on its surface4 #aii ,see ,bliss & ,macali/]1 ,excavations 9 ,pale/9e1 #ahih-aijj1 p4 #ca1 ff4 #bjj ,see ,macali/]1 ,! ,excavation ( ,gez]1 ,i1 #ea1 #aje-ajg2 ,,ii1 #cha-djd4 #bja ,see ,"p ,,ii1 p4 #cfd4 #bjb ,see ,c4 ,h4 ,toy1 ,introduction to ! ,hi/ory ( ,religions1 ,bo/on1 #aiac1 #bej1 #beg4 #bjc ,tell ,taanek1 p4 #fh1 ff4 #bjd ,see ,"p ,,ii1 p4 #ddb4 #bje ,= descriptions ( ?is high place1 see ! article by its discov]]1 ,george ,l4 ,rob9son1 9 ! ,biblical ,_w1 ,,xvii1 #f-af2 by ,s4 ,i4 ,curtis 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,/atem5t ( ! ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund1 ,octob]1 #aijj1 pp4 #cej-cee2 ,savignac 9 ,rvue biblique1 #aijc1 #bhj-bhd2 ,libby & ,hosk9s1 ,! ,jordan ,valley & ,petra1 ,new ,york1 #aije1 ,,ii1 #agb1 ff42 ,brnn[ & ,domaszewski1 ,prov9cia ,arabia1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,/rassburg1 #aijd1 #bci-bde2 ,dalman1 ,petra1 ,leipzig1 #aijh1 #ef-eh4 #bjf ,see ! writ]'s ,a ,ye>'s ,w&]+ 9 ,bible ,l&s1 ,philadelphia1 #aijd1 pp4 #aic1 #aid4 #bjg ,^? int]e/$ 9 !m w f9d !m describ$ 9 ,brnn[ & ,domaszewski's ,prov9cia ,arabia1 ,i1 #bdf1 ff41 & 9 ,dalman's ,petra1 #adb1 #bbe1 #bgb1 etc4 #bjh ,see ,macali/]1 ,excavation ( ,gez]1 ,,ii1 #dje1 ff4 #bji ,s*uma*]1 ,tell el-,mutesellim1 #aaj-abd4 #baj ,s*uma*]1 ,tell el-,mutesellim1 #aje-aaj4 #baa ,ibid41 #abe-acj4 #bab ,see ,h>v>d ,!ological ,review1 ,,ii1 #ajb-aac2 ,,iii1 #bdh-bfc4 #bac ,see ,josephus1 ,antiquities ( ! ,jews1 ,,xv1 viii1 #e1 & ,w>s ( ! ,jews1 ,i1 xxi1 #b4 #bad ,see especially ,fig4 #bfi4 #bae ,see ,*apt] ,v1 p4 #aje4 #baf ,see ,macali/]1 ,excavation ( ,gez]1 ,i1 #bhf4 #bag ,ibid41 p4 #abb1 f4 #bah ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund's ,annual1 ,,ii1 #db1 ff4 #bai ,= a ,babylonian p>allel1 see ,"p ,,ii1 p4 #dbc1 ff4 #bbj ,see ,macali/]1 ,excavation ( ,gez]1 ,,ii1 #dbi1 f4 #bba ,see ,biblical ,_w1 ,vol4 ,,xxiv1 p4 #agg4 #bbb ,see ,macali/]1 ,excavation ( ,gez]1 ,i1 #bhh1 f4 #bbc ,ibid41 #bhi1 ff4 #bbd ,see ,bliss & ,macali/]1 ,excavations 9 ,pale/9e1 #ahih-aijj1 p4 #i1 ff4 #bbe ,s call$ because ( a tradition t ! memb]s ( ! ,sanh$r9 7 buri$ !re4 ,! tradition probably arose because ! kkim & %elves make provision = sev5ty bodies4 #bbf ,see ,j\rnal ( ,biblical ,lit]ature1 ,,xxii1 #aijc1 p4 #afd1 ff4 #bbg ,see ,josephus1 ,antiquities ( ! ,jews1 ,,xx1 ii1 #a2 iv1 #c4 #bbh ,see ,pet]s & ,?i]s*1 ,pa9t$ ,tombs at ,m>issa1 ,london1 #aije4 #bbi ,all :o c d s %\ld read ,george ,adam ,smi?'s ,j]usalem f ! ,e>lie/ ,times to ,a4 ,d4 #gj1 ,new ,york1 #aijh1 & ,hughes ,v9c5t's ,j]usalem1 ,p>is1 #aiab4 ,or1 if ?is is n possible1 ,l4 ,b4 ,paton's ,j]usalem 9 ,bible ,times1 ,*icago1 #aije4 #bcj ,see ,dr4 ,ma/]man 9 ! ,biblical ,_w1 ,vol4 ,,xxxix1 p4 #bie1 f4 #bca ,see ,"p ,,ii1 ,*apt] ,,xv1 ,lett] ,v1 & ! writ]'s note 9 ! ,biblical ,_w1 ,,xxii1 p4 #aa1 n4 #e4 #bcb ,see ,biblical ,_w1 ,,xxxix1 #cjf4 #bcc ,see ,"p ,,ii1 ,*apt] ,,xv4 #bcd ,see ,*apt] ,,vi1 #h4 #bce ,"s s*ol>s ?9k ! words are a di/ort$ repetition ( 89 ,millo10 :i* 0 accid5tally repeat$ by a scribe4 #bcf ,bliss & ,dickie1 ,excavations at ,j]usalem1 #ahid-ahig1 passim1 & p4 #cai1 ff4 #bcg ,= 8,be?so10 see ,josephus1 ,w>s ( ! ,jews1 ,v1 iv1 #b4 #bch ,see ,j4 ,e4 ,hanau]1 ,walks ab\t ,j]usalem1 ,london1 #aiaj1 #hh1 #hi4 #bci ,! writ] is well aw>e t ! "n ,moriah = ?is "p ( ! hill re/s on sl5d] evid5ce1 b he employs x nev]!less z a conv5i5t t]m1 s9ce x is well und]/ood by read]s ( ! ,bible4 #bdj ,w>r5 & ,cond]1 ,j]usalem1 pp4 #adh-aeh4 #bda ,see ,*apt] ,,xi1 p4 #afh4 #bdb ,w>s ( ! ,jews1 ,v1 v1 #a4 #bdc ,s ,/ade1 ,ges*i*te des ,volkes ,israels1 ,b]l91 #ahhi1 ,i1 #cad1 & ,g4 ,a4 ,smi?1 ,j]usalem1 ,,ii1 #fj4 #bdd ,9 giv+ ! dim5sions ( ! v>i\s temples1 ! writ] has foll[$ ! calculations ( ,george ,adam ,smi? 9 8 ,j]usalem4 ,w4 ,%aw ,caldecott has publi%$ f\r volumes1 "o on ! ,tab]nacle1 "o on ,solomon's ,temple1 "o on ! ,second ,temple1 & "o on ,h]od's ,temple1 9 :i* he claims to h discov]$ a key t h>monizes all ! ,biblical /atem5ts z to ! measurem5ts ( ^! /ructures4 ,8 suppos$ key is 8 belief t ! ,babylonians _h ?ree diff]5t cubits :i* !y us$ side by side1 t ^! cubits 7 kn[n to ,moses1 & t _! use 0 p]petuat$ 9 ! temple4 ,%\ld ^! pages be read by "o :o has accept$ t claim z true1 x is b fair t he be in=m$ t ,caldecott's :ole sy/em is bas$ ^u a mis9t]pretation ( a ,babylonian tablet t 0 publi%$ 9 ,rawl9son's ,cunei=m ,inscriptions ( ,we/]n ,asia1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #cg4 7,see ,tab]nacle1 pp4 #ajg-aci1 & ,solomon's ,temple1 pp4 #bae1 #baf47 ,?is tablet conta9s a table ( "t & ( di/ances4 ,! unit ( "t 9 ,babylonia 0 a kaskal-gid4 ,an a/ronomical tablet publi%$ ?irty ye>s ago 9 ! book mo/ widely us$ by beg9n]s 9 ,assyrian says t at ! equ9ox 8six kaskal-gid 0 ! day1 six kaskal-gid ! night40 ,! kaskal-gid 01 !n1 a p]iod ( two h\rs' duration4 ,j z 9 _m c\ntries ! ^w = 8h\r0 is us$ = di/ance1 & a place is said to be s _m 8h\rs0 away1 s 9 ,babylonia & ,assyria kaskal-gid 0 us$ z a measure ( di/ance4 ,! tablet ref]r$ to gives a table ( ! ways ( writ+ fractions ( kaskal-gid & its o!r divisions 9 ! simple/ ( ! two ,babylonian num]ical sy/ems4 ,! ,assyriologi/ le>ns f ?is tablet t #a kaskal-gid 7! di/ance ( two h\rs7 equall$ #cj u%1 t #a u% equall$ #fj g>1 t #a g> equall$ #ab u or cubits1 & t #a u equall$ #fj %u or 8f+]s40 ,caldecott1 h[ev]1 mi/ook ! sign gid = a num]al five1 ! sign kaskal = a ^w mean+ 8ell10 & ! ^w u mean+ 8cubit0 = a sign signify+ 8plus06 ,he accord+ly makes g> a 8palm02 %u1 a 8?ree-palm ell02 u%1 a 8f\r-palm ell10 & kaskal-gid1 a 8five-palm ell06 ,8 :ole sy/em is )\t f\ndation4 ,tables simil> to ! "o publi%$ by ,rawl9son 7 compil$ 9 ! scribal s*ool at ,nippur4 ,"o 0 publi%$ )\t translation by ,hilpre*t 9 #aijf 9 ! ,babylonian ,exp$ition ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania1 ,vol4 ,,xx1 & int]pret$ by ! pres5t writ] 9 #aiji 9 ,! ,hav]=d ,libr>y ,collection ( ,cunei=m ,tablets1 ,"p ,,ii1 pp4 #ac-ah4 ,! writ] has exam9$ o!r simil> tablets 9 ! ,univ]sity ,museum1 ,philadelphia4 #bde ,see ,*apt] ,,ix1 p4 #aea4 ,accord+ to ,i ,k+s #g3dh1 !re 0 a 8gold5 alt>0 "h also1 b z ?is is n m5tion$ 9 *apt] #f _m s*ol>s ?9k t x is a po/-exilic gloss1 introduc+ a feature f ! second temple4 #bdf ,antiquities ( ! ,jews1 ,,viii1 v1 #b4 #bdg ,see translation1 ,"p ,,ii1 p4 #cgg4 #bdh ,see ,bliss1 ,excavations at ,j]usalem1 pp4 #if-aji4 #bdi ,see ,g4 ,a4 ,smi?1 ,j]usalem1 ,i1 #bbf4 ,= ano!r view1 see ,paton1 ,j\rnal ( ,biblical ,lit]ature1 ,,xxv1 #a-ac4 #bej ,see ,g4 ,a4 ,smi?1 ,j]usalem1 ,,ii1 ,*apt]s ,x & ,,xi4 #bea ,see ,*apt] ,,ii1 p4 #ff2 also ,"p ,,ii1 p4 #che1 f4 #beb ,ezra #e3af /ates t ,%e%bazz> laid ! f\ndations ( ! h\se 9 ! reign ( ,cyrus1 b z ,haggai & ,ze*>iah give no h9t ( ?is1 _m s*ol>s ?9k !re mu/ be "s error 9 ! text4 #bec ,antiquities ( ! ,jews1 ,,xiii1 xiii1 #e4 #bed ,see ! ,mi%nah1 ,middo? #c3f4 #bee ,excavations at ,j]usalem1 #af1 ff4 #bef ,see ,josephus1 ,antiquities ( ! ,jews1 ,,xi1 vii1 #a2 cf4 also ,g4 ,a4 ,smi?1 ,j]usalem1 ,,ii1 #ceh-cfa4 #beg ,see ,josephus1 ,antiquities ( ! ,jews1 ,,xii1 i4 #beh ,see ,ecclesia/icus iii-v1 vii1 ix1 xxiii1 xxv1 ff41 & xxviii4 #bei ,see ,eccles4 #ej3a-d4 #bfj ,cf4 ,josephus1 ,antiquities ( ! ,jews1 ,,xii1 v1 #a4 #bfa ,see ,selah ,m]rill1 ,anci5t ,j]usalem1 ,new ,york1 #aijh1 pp4 #hc-hh4 #bfb ,see ,g4 ,a4 ,smi?1 ,j]usalem1 ,,ii1 #ddg-deb4 #bfc ,josephus1 ,antiquities ( ! ,jews1 ,,xii1 v1 #a4 #bfd ,josephus1 ,antiquities ( ! ,jews1 ,,xiii1 vi1 #g4 #bfe ,see ,*apt] ,v1 p4 #aai4 #bff ,josephus1 ,antiquities ( ! ,jews1 ,,xv1 xi1 #d2 ,,xviii1 iv1 #c4 #bfg ,josephus1 ,antiquities ( ! ,jews1 ,,xx1 viii1 #aa2 ,w>s ( ! ,jews1 ,,ii1 xvi1 #c4 #bfh ,m]rill1 ,anci5t ,j]usalem1 p4 #hh4 #bfi ,josephus1 ,antiquities ( ! ,jews1 ,,xiv1 iv1 #b1 & ,fig4 #bee4 #bgj ,because its id5tity z a "p ( ?is bridge 0 fir/ p]ceiv$ by ,pr(4 ,edw>d ,rob9son1 ( ,union ,sem9>y1 ,new ,york4 #bga ,josephus1 ,w>s ( ! ,jews1 ,i1 vii1 #b4 #bgb ,w>r5 & ,cond]1 ,j]usalem1 #agh1 f4 #bgc ,see ,*apt] ,,vi1 p4 #aca4 #bgd ,quot$ by ,alex&] ,polyhi/or & ,eusebius2 see ,g4 ,a4 ,smi?1 ,j]usalem1 ,,ii1 #dfb4 #bge ,josephus1 ,antiquities ( ! ,jews1 ,,xiii1 xiii1 #e4 #bgf ,ibid41 ,,xiv1 ii1 #a4 #bgg ,ibid41 ,,xiv1 iv1 #b4 #bgh ,ibid41 ,,xiv1 xiii1 #c1 #d1 #e4 #bgi ,ibid41 ,,xiv1 xv1 #b2 xvi4 #bhj ,ibid41 ,,xv1 viii1 #e4 #bha ,josephus1 ,w>s ( ! ,jews1 ,v1 iv1 #c4 #bhb ,ibid41 ,v1 iv1 #d4 7,see ,fig4 #bef47 #bhc ,josephus1 ,antiquities ( ! ,jews1 ,,xvii1 ix1 #c2 ,w>s ( ! ,jews1 ,,ii1 ii1 #b2 xiv1 #h4 #bhd ,colonel ,cond]1 ! late ,dr4 ,m]rill1 ,georg ,gatt1 ,dr4 ,rck]t1 & ,dr4 ,momm]t4 #bhe ,josephus1 ,antiquities ( ! ,jews1 ,,xv1 viii1 #a4 #bhf ,see ,qu>t]ly ,/atem5t ( ! ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund1 #ahhg1 p4 #afa1 ff4 ,dr4 ,s*ick calls x an amphi!at]1 b x is simply a !at] ( ! ,greek type4 #bhg ,josephus1 ,antiquities ( ! ,jews1 ,,xv1 xi1 #b4 #bhh ,josephus1 ,antiquities ( ! ,jews1 ,,xx1 ix1 #g4 #bhi ,ibid41 ,,xv1 xi1 #c4 #bij ,above x 0 a *amb] #cj cubits high4 #bia ,josephus1 ,w>s ( ! ,jews1 ,v1 v1 #f4 #bib ,see ,josephus1 ,w>s ( ! ,jews1 ,v1 v1 & ! ,mi%na tract ,middo? = ! au?ority = ?is description4 ,= a full] description1 see ,g4 ,a4 ,smi?1 ,j]usalem1 ,,ii1 ,*apt] ,,xviii4 #bic ,see ,*apt] ,,vi1 p4 #aca4 #bid ,t is1 ! 8,pool ( ,israel40 #bie ,w>s ( ! ,jews1 ,v1 iv1 #b4 #bif ,! city1 re/or$ "u ! hea!n "n ( lia ,capitol9a by ! ,emp]or ,hadrian 9 #ace ,a4 ,d41 made ,*ri/ian by ,con/ant9e 9 #cbe1 sack$ by ! ,p]sian ,*osroes 9 #fad1 tak5 by ! ,arabs 9 #fcf1 captur$ aft] _m vicissitudes 9 #ajgb by ! ,seljuk ,turks1 made by ! ,fir/ ,crusade ! seat ( ! ,lat9 k+dom ( ,j]usalem f #ajii to #aahg1 :5 ,salad9 took x1 0 once m aft] _m o!r vicissitudes captur$ by ! ,ottoman ,turks 9 #aeag4 #big ,hi/oria ,naturalis1 ,v1 xviii1 #gd4 #bih ,josephus1 ,w>s ( ! ,jews1 ,i1 vii1 #g4 #bii ,see ,*apt] ,v1 p4 #aaa4 #cjj ,see ,s*r]1 ,ges*i*te des ,jdis*5 ,volkes im ,zeitalt] ,jesu ,*ri/i1 ,leipzig1 #aijg1 ,,ii1 #agb1 & note #cba4 #cja ,see ,josephus1 ,antiquities ( ! ,jews1 ,,xii1 iv1 #e4 #cjb ,see ,b>ton1 ,a ,ye>'s ,w&]+ 9 ,bible ,l&s1 ,philadelphia1 #aijd1 p4 #agf4 #cjc ,see ,neubau]1 ,gographie du ,talmud1 ,p>is1 #ahfh1 #bch-bdj4 #cjd ,josephus1 ,antiquities ( ! ,jews1 ,,xii1 viii1 #d4 #cje ,brnn[ & ,domaszewski1 ,prov9cia ,arabia1 ,,iii1 #ajg-add1 & ,fig4 #bfg4 #cjf ,see ,polybius1 ,v1 #ga4 #cjg ,josephus1 ,antiquities ( ! ,jews1 ,,xiii1 xiii1 #c4 #cjh ,s*r]1 ,ges*i*te des ,jdis*5 ,volkes im ,zeitalt] ,jesu ,*ri/i1 #d? ed41 ,,ii1 #aijg1 p4 #age4 #cji ,neubau]1 ,gographie du ,talmud1 #bgd4 #caj ,see ,m]rill1 ,ea/ ( ! ,jordan1 ,new ,york1 #ahhc1 #ahd1 ff4 & #ddb1 f42 also ,s*uma*]1 ,across ! ,jordan1 ,london1 #ahhf1 p4 #bgb1 f4 #caa ,m]rill1 ibid41 #bih1 & ,g4 ,a4 ,smi?1 ,hi/orical ,geography ( ! ,holy ,l&1 map4 #cab ,s ,brnn[ & ,domaszewski1 ,prov9cia ,arabia1 ,,iii1 #bfd4 #cac ,josephus1 ,w>s ( ! ,jews1 ,i1 iv1 #h4 #cad ,see ,m]rill1 ,ea/ ( ! ,jordan1 #bha-bhd2 ,s*uma*] 9 ,zeits*rift des deuts*5 ,pal/9a-,v]e9s1 ,,xxv1 #aiab1 #aaa-agg2 ,brnn[ & ,domaszewski1 ,prov9cia ,arabia1 ,,ii1 #bcd-aci2 ,b>ton1 ,a ,ye>'s ,w&]+ 9 ,bible ,l&s1 #aeh1 f4 #cae ,see ,polybius1 ,v1 #ga4 #caf ,see #b ,sam4 #ab3bg & ,b>ton 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,biblical ,lit]ature1 ,,xxvii1 #adg-aeb4 #cag ,see ,josephus1 ,w>s ( ! ,jews1 ,i1 xix1 #e4 #cah ,see ,m]rill1 ,ea/ ( ! ,jordan1 #cii1 ff42 ,s*uma*]1 ,across ! ,jordan1 #cjh2 ,brnn[ & ,domaszewski1 ,prov9cia ,arabia1 ,,ii1 #baf-bbj1 & ,b>ton1 ,a ,ye>'s ,w&]+ 9 ,bible ,l&s1 #aee1 f4 #cai ,ramsay1 ,/4 ,paul ! ,travell] & ,roman ,citiz51 ,new ,york1 #ahif1 #bdc1 ff4 #cbj ,see ,f>nell1 ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates1 ,,ii1 ,ox=d1 #ahif1 #fah-fii4 #cba ,see ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,ar*ology1 #b;d s]ies1 ,,ii1 #acc1 f42 ,,iii1 #bjd1 f42 ,,iv1 #cjf1 f42 ,,vi1 #cjf1 f1 #dci1 f42 ,x1 #ag1 f41 & ,,xiv1 #ai1 f4 #cbb ,see ,b5jam9 ,p[ell 9 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,ar*ology1 #b;d s]ies1 ,,vii1 #fj1 f41 & ,fig4 #bge4 #cbc ,see ,ramsay's article 8,ephesus0 9 ,ha/+s' ,diction>y ( ! ,bible1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #gba1 f41 = fur!r details4 #cbd ,book ,,ii1 #a4 #hfh4 #cbe ,see ,hog>?'s ,ionia & ! ,ea/1 ,ox=d1 #aiji1 p4 #de1 f4 #cbf ,see ,de ,neocoria1 p4 #ch4 #cbg ,see ,ramsay 9 ,ha/+s' ,diction>y ( ! ,bible1 ,,iii1 #gej4 #cbh ,wood1 ,discov]ies at ,ephesus1 ,london1 #ahgg4 ,see ,fig4 #bgi4 #cbi ,hog>?1 ,excavations at ,ephesus1 ,london1 #aijh4 #ccj ,see ,c\ze 7& o!rs71 ,ausgrabung5 zu ,p]gamos1 ,b]l91 #ahhj1 & ,?rm]1 ,p]gamos1 ,leipzig1 #ahhh2 also ,f4 ,e4 ,cl>k1 ,! ,holy ,l& ( ,asia ,m9or1 ,new ,york1 #aiad1 p4 #fg1 f4 #cca ,see ,b\sset1 ,die ,(f5b>ung des ,johannes1 ,gtt+51 #ahif1 p4 #bde1 ff42 ,ramsay1 ,! ,lett]s to ! ,sev5 ,*ur*es1 ,new ,york1 #aije1 #bhc1 ff41 & ,m(fat 9 ,! ,expositor's ,greek ,te/am5t1 ,vol4 ,v1 ,new ,york1 #aiaj1 p4 #cee1 f4 #ccb ,see ,ramsay1 ,! ,*ur* & ! ,roman ,empire1 ,new ,york1 #ahic1 p4 #beb1 f4 #ccc ,josephus1 ,antiquities ( ! ,jews1 ,,xii1 iii1 #a4 #ccd ,see ,ramsay1 ,lett]s to ! ,sev5 ,*ur*es1 p4 #cbe1 ff4 #cce ,see ,butl] 9 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,ar*ology1 #b;d s]ies1 ,vol4 ,,xviii1 #aiad1 p4 #dbh4 #ccf ,book1 ,i1 #g4 #ccg ,see ,h]big's article1 8,etruscan ,religion10 9 ,ha/+s' ,encyclopdia ( ,religion & ,e?ics1 ,vol4 ,v1 ,new ,york1 #aiab1 p4 #ecb1 ff4 #cch ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,ar*ology1 ,vol4 ,,xvii1 #aiab1 p4 #dgd4 #cci ,b>ton1 ,a ,ye>'s ,w&]+ 9 ,bible ,l&s1 #gf-gi4 #cdj ,see ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,ar*ology1 ,vols4 ,,xiv-,,xviii1 & ,fig4 #bhe4 #cda ,ibid41 ,,xv1 #deb4 #cdb ,ibid41 ,,xv1 #deg4 #cdc ,ibid41 ,,xvi1 #dge1 ff41 & ,fig4 #bhf4 #cdd ,see 8,alt> 7,*ri/ian70 9 ,ha/+s' ,encyclopdia ( ,religion & ,e?ics1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #cch1 f4 #cde ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory1 ,x1 #d4 #cdf ,see ,b>ton1 ,a ,ye>'s ,w&]+ 9 ,bible ,l&s1 p4 #ga4 #cdg ,see ,*apt] ,,xiv1 p4 #bag1 f4 #cdh ,ramsay1 ,lett]s to ! ,sev5 ,*ur*es1 #djg1 ff4 #cdi ,ibid41 #daj1 ff4 #cej ,see ,curtius1 ,philadelphia1 ,b]l91 #ahgc1 & ,b>ton1 ,a ,ye>'s ,w&]+ 9 ,bible ,l&s1 #gi1 ff4 #cea ,ramsay1 ,lett]s to ! ,sev5 ,*ur*es1 #be1 #a4 #ceb ,see ,ramsay1 ,lett]s to ! ,sev5 ,*ur*es1 #beg & #bgd1 ff4 #cec ,see ,b>ton1 ,a ,ye>'s ,w&]+ 9 ,bible ,l&s1 p4 #hb4 #ced ,see ,ramsay1 ,! ,cities & ,bi%oprics ( ,phrygia1 ,ox=d1 #ahie1 p4 #cb1 f4 #cee ,see ,ramsay1 ,lett]s to ! ,sev5 ,*ur*es1 #dbd1 ff4 #cef ,see ,f4 ,e4 ,cl>k1 ,! ,holy ,l& ( ,asia ,m9or1 ,new ,york1 #aiad1 p4 #ade1 f4 #ceg ,o!r translations ( ?is epic h be5 made4 ,! mo/ important are z foll[s3 ,zimm]n1 9 ,gunkel's ,s*pfung und ,*aos1 pp4 #dja1 ff42 ,delitzs*1 ,das ,babylonis*e ,welts*pfungsepos 7,abh&lung5 d] s*sis*5 ,gesells*aft d] ,wiss5s*aft51 ,bd4 ,,xvii1 #ahif72 ,muss-,arnolt1 9 ,assyrian & ,babylonian ,lit]ature1 ,ald9e ed41 edit$ by ,r4 ,f4 ,h>p]2 ,j5s5 9 ,s*rad]'s ,keil9s*riftli*e ,biblio!k1 ,bd4 ,,vi2 ,l4 ,w4 ,k+1 ,! ,sev5 ,tablets ( ,creation2 ,dhorme1 ,*oix de textes religieux assyrobabyloni5s2 ,ungnad1 9 ,gressman's ,altori5talis*e ,texte und ,bild] zum ,alt5 ,te/am5t2 ,rog]s1 ,cunei=m ,p>allels to ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,a fragm5t ( ?is tablet is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bij4 #ceh ,t is1 ,sea & ,abyss1 m5tion$ 9 l9es #c & #d4 ,apsu 0 ! wat]s und]nea? ! dry l& & ,timat ! salt sea4 #cei ,i4 e41 ! spirits ( e>?4 #cfj ,ano!r "n = ,timat4 #cfa ,m>duk's temple 9 ,babylonia4 #cfb ,i4 e41 ! captive gods ( l9e #bg4 #cfc ,! "n :i* ! ,babylonians gave !mselves4 #cfd ,translat$ f ,cunei=m ,texts f ,babylonian ,tablets 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ,"p ,,xiii1 p4 #ce1 ff4 #cfe ,translat$ f ,rawl9son's ,cunei=m ,inscriptions ( ,we/]n ,asia1 ,,iv1 #b;d4 ed41 pl4 #cb1 l9es #bh-ch4 #cff ,see ,proce$+s ( ! ,society ( ,biblical ,ar*ology1 ,vol4 ,,xxvi1 pp4 #ea-ef4 #cfg ,miscellane\s ,inscriptions 9 ! ,yale ,babylonian ,collection1 ,new ,hav51 #aiaf1 ,nos4 #df-ea4 #cfh ,translat$ f ,recueil de ,traveaux4 ,,xx1 #abg1 ff42 ,w9ckl] & ,abel's ,?ontafelnfund von ,el-,am>na1 ,no4 #bdj1 ,keil9s*riftli*e ,biblio!k1 ,,vi1 p4 xvii1 f41 & ,proce$+s ( ! ,society ( ,biblical ,ar*ology1 ,,xvi1 #bid1 f4 #cfi ,! l9es #ad;a1 etc41 are suppli$ f a p>allel tablet4 #cgj ,translat$ f ,poebel1 ,hi/orical & ,grammatical ,texts1 ,philadelphia1 #aiad1 ,no4 #b4 ,f ! beg9n+ ( ea* column #af to #ah l9es are brok5 away4 #cga ,! sun-god4 #cgb ,p]haps 8palm-tree-f]tiliz]0 in/ead ( hunt]4 ,x is n ! usual ideogram = hunt]1 b "o elem5t /&s = 8h&0 & ! o!r = 8female fl[] ( ! date palm40 7,see ,b>ton1 ,! ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ,babylonian ,writ+1 ,nos4 #caa7ab7 & #cjc7f747 #cgc ,sev5 l9es are brok5 away f ! end ( ! column4 #cgd ,! subject-matt] %[s t sev]al columns are entirely brok5 away4 ,dr4 ,poebel e/imates t ,column ,,iv 0 orig9ally ,column ,x4 ,if ?is is true1 six columns are entirely lo/4 ,( ,column ,,iv1 only a few l9es out ( ! middle rema94 #cge ,a numb] ( l9es are lo/ at ! end ( ! column4 #cgf ,numb]s #c1 #d1 & #e4 #cgg ,poebel reads ! "n ,arpi1 app>5tly because 9 ano!r fragm5t>y tablet he ?9ks ! "n is ,arbum1 b bo? ,poebel's copy & ! photograph ( ! tablet indicate t ! read+ 0 ,a-ri-pi4 ,! writ] has endeavor$ to settle ! matt] by collat+ bo? tablets1 b bo? h un=tunately crumbl$ too mu* to make collation decisive4 #cgh ,sum]ian words :i* beg9 ) a v[el1 :5 !y are tak5 ov] into ,hebrew1 assume a guttural at ! beg9n+4 ,?us ! ,sum]ian ,a-,,tan1 8"o10 :i* became 9 ,semitic ,babylonian it91 comes into ,hebrew z #8et ) an ,ay9 at ! beg9n+4 7,see ,j]4 #a3c & else:]e47 ,ay9 9 ,semitic phonetics frequ5tly *anges to ,he?4 7,see ,brockelmann's ,v]glei*5de ,grammatik d] ,semitis*5 ,spra*51 ,i1 #ee1 b1 47 ,9 accordance ) ^! facts ,,an-,,ku came into ,hebrew z enok4 #cgi ,he is m5tion$ 9 ,zimm]n's ,ritualtafeln fr d5 ,wahrsag]1 ,leipzig1 #aija1 ,no4 #bd3a1 ff41 z ! discov]] ( ! art ( =eca/+ ev5ts by p\r+ oil on wat]4 #chj ,poebel has %[n1 ,hi/orical ,texts1 #aad1 t ,,en-,,me designates a h]o or special k9d ( prie/4 ,mutu 9 ,semitic means bo? 8man0 & 8a k9d ( prie/02 cf4 ,muss-,arnolt1 ,assyris*-,englis*-,deuts*es ,h&wrt]bu*1 #fai1 #fbj1 & ,knudtzon1 ,el-,am>na ,tafeln1 ,no4 #ee1 #dc4 ,mutu 0 a popul> elem5t 9 ,semitic prop] names ab\t #bjjj ,b4 ,c41 b lat] ceas$ to be employ$4 #cha ,! sign kam ,poebel fail$ to recognize4 ,x is ,no4 #cfd ( ,b>ton's ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ,babylonian ,writ+4 ,x is sometimes employ$ 9 e>ly texts in/ead ( o!r signs :i* _h ! values ka or kam4 ,"h x is us$ = sign ,no4 #ceg ( ! "w ref]r$ to4 #chb ,langdon makes ! sugge/ion 7,sum]ian ,epic ( ,p>adise1 ! ,flood1 & ! ,fall ( ,man1 ,philadelphia1 #aiae1 p4 #ef1 note #g7 t ,lame* is ! ,sum]ian ,,lum,a1 an epi!t ( ! ,babylonian god ,ea z ! patron ( music4 ,a m plausible !ory w\ld be t ,lame* is a corruption ( a k+'s "n1 z sugge/$ above1 & aft] x 0 corrupt$ x 0 confus$ ) ! "n ( ! ,sum]ian god ,,lamga1 ! con/ructive god1 ^: emblem 0 ! sign = c>p5t]4 7,see ,b>ton1 "w cit$1 ,no4 #ejc47 #chc ,see ,meissn]1 ,selt5e assyris*e ,ideogramme1 ,no4 #aaci4 #chd ,see ,b>ton1 "w cit$1 ,no4 #bge7e74 ,,9 is ! ,sum]ian v]b pre=mative4 #che ,see ,delitzs*1 ,sum]is*es ,gloss>1 p4 #bfb1 f4 #chf ,see ,b>ton1 "w cit$1 ,no4 #bbi7ah74 #chg ,j>$ might1 ( c\rse1 be a corruption ( ,irad 7see p4 #bgj74 ,x c\ld h aris5 by ! we>+ away ( ! ,hebrew lett] ,ay94 #chh ,see 8 ,unity ( ! ,book ( ,g5esis1 ,new ,york1 #ahie1 ,*apt] ,,ii4 #chi ,see ,rawl9son's ,cunei=m ,inscriptions ( ,we/]n ,asia1 ,,ii1 #ei1 rev4 #i1 & ,zimm]n's ,babylonis*] ,gott ,tamz1 p4 #ac4 #cij ,proce$+s ( ! ,society ( ,biblical ,ar*ology1 ,,xv1 #bdc-bdf4 #cia ,expository ,times1 ,x1 #bec4 #cib ,see ,*apt] ,,vi1 p4 #bgc4 #cic ,hi/orical ,texts1 p4 #db4 #cid ,rawl9son's ,cunei=m ,inscriptions ( ,we/]n ,asia1 ,v1 #dd1 #ag;b4 ,! ,semitic "n ( ?is k+ is also said to h be5 ,tabu-utul-bel4 ,he is ! "o ^: =tunes correspond s closely to ^? ( ,job4 7,see ,*apt] ,,xx47 #cie ,see ,meissn]1 ,selt5e assyris*e ,ideogramme1 ,no4 #fide4 #cif ,translat$ f ,haupt's ,das ,babylonis*e ,nimrodepos1 p4 #acd1 f4 #cig ,! sun4 #cih ,! spirits ( heav54 #cii ,or two acc\nts ( ! same ev5t4 #djj ,translat$ f ,a4 ,poebel's ,hi/orical & ,grammatical ,texts 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania's 8,univ]sity ,museum's publications ( ! ,babylonian ,section10 ,vol4 ,v1 ,philadelphia1 #aiad1 ,no4 #a4 #dja ,(t5 call$ ,bel4 #djb ,call$ ,ea1 p4 #bgc4 #djc ,a t]m by :i* ! ,semites ( ,babylonia designat$ !mselves4 ,! ,sum]ians %av$ _! heads4 #djd ,see ,"p ,,ii1 ,*apt] ,,vi1 l9e #ba1 ff4 #dje ,i4 e41 ! sun4 #djf ,see p4 #bgg4 #djg ,translat$ f ,langdon1 ,! ,sum]ian ,epic ( ,p>adise1 ! ,flood1 & ! ,fall ( ,man1 ,philadelphia1 #aiae1 ,plates ,i & ,,ii4 ,langdon1 z 8 title %[s1 reg>ds ! text z a description ( ,p>adise1 ! flood1 & ! fall ( man1--a view t ! pres5t writ] _c %>e4 ,dilmun is ! "n ( ! ,babylonian ,p>adise1 b ! signs r5d]$ ,dilmun are n ! ones employ$ to express t "n4 ,= ! re/ ! text seems to describe ! com+ ( ra9s1 ! beg9n+s ( irrigation & agriculture1 & ! revelation ( ! m$ic9al qualities ( c]ta9 plants4 ,see ,! ,nation1 ,new ,york1 ,novemb] #ah1 #aiae1 pp4 #eig1 ff4 7,= ! tablet1 see ,fig4 #bid47 #djh ,app>5tly ano!r "n ( ,n9%>4 #dji ,9 ,sum]ian ! goddess ,n9tulla4 #daj ,9 ,sum]ian ! goddess ,n9kasi4 #daa ,9 ,sum]ian ! goddess ,dazima4 #dab ,9 ,sum]ian1 ,n9til4 #dac ,9 ,sum]ian1 ,en%agme4 #dad ,see 8 ,sum]ian ,epic ( ,p>adise1 ! ,flood1 & ! ,fall ( ,man1 p4 #ef4 #dae ,translat$ f ,vord]asiatis*e ,s*riftd5kml] d] knigli*5 ,muse5 zu ,b]l91 ,,vii4 ,no4 #ib4 #daf ,vord]asiatis*e ,s*riftd5kml] d] knigli*5 ,muse5 zu ,b]l91 ,,vii1 ,no4 #aih4 #dag ,ibid41 ,,vii1 ,no4 #ig4 #dah ,s9ce ?is manuscript 0 s5t to ! pr9t]1 ano!r ,abraham has be5 f\nd 9 "s tablets 9 ! ,yale ,univ]sity ,collection4 #dai ,brea/$1 ,anci5t ,records1 ,egypt1 ,,iv1 pp4 #ceb1 #cec4 7,see p4 #cfj47 #dbj ,see ,beitrge zur ,assyriologie1 ,v1 p4 #dih1 no4 #bc2 cf4 p4 #dbi1 ff4 #dba ,k+1 ,lett]s & ,inscriptions ( ,hammurabi1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #ff4 #dbb ,"s s*ol>s suppose t ! writ] ( ! acc\nt 9 ,g5esis _h be=e him a s\rce 9 ! cunei=m writ+ 9 :i* ! 8pi0 at ! end ( ,hammurapi's "n 0 spell$ ) a sign t c\ld be read ei!r 8pi0 or 8pil0 7see ,b>ton1 ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ,babylonian ,writ+1 ,leipzig1 #aiac1 ,no4 #ahe71 & t ! l 0 atta*$ 9 consequ5ce ( a misread+ ( ?is sign4 ,t1 h[ev]1 admits corruption1 ?\gh x attempts to expla9 its cause4 #dbc ,cunei=m ,texts1 c41 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ,,xxi1 #cc4 #dbd ,x 0 until rec5tly n kn[n t ,arad-,s9 & ,rim-,s9 7 diff]5t p]sons1 & "s ?\ght ! k+ might be call$ ei!r ,rim-,s9 or ,eri-aku 7,ario*1 ,g54 #ad3a74 ,x is possible t ,arad-,s9 may h be5 call$ ,ari-aku 9 ,sum]ian1 b x is improbable4 ,x is n[ kn[n t ,arad-,s9 di$ #cj ye>s be=e ,hammurapi came to ! ?rone4 ,) our pres5t k x is difficult to see h[ ,ario* c\ld be ! "n ( ,rim-,s9 unless ,rim-,s9 be read p>tly z ,semitic & p>tly z ,sum]ian & !n consid]ably corrupt$4 #dbe ,! text 0 publi%$ by ,p9*es 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,transactions ( ! ,victoria ,in/itute1 ,vol4 ,,xxix1 #hb1 #hc2 cf4 em5dations by ,l4 ,w4 ,k+1 ,lett]s & ,inscriptions ( ,hammurabi1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 li1 ff4 ,sayce has also translat$ !m1 fill+ out ! lacun by freely ex]cis+ ! imag9ation1 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,society ( ,biblical ,ar*ology1 ,,xxviii1 #bjc-bah1 #bda-bea1 & ,,xxix1 #g-ag4 #dbf ,?is c\ld be read ,kudurkumal4 #dbg ,cunei=m ,texts1 c41 9 ,briti% ,museum1 ,,iv1 #cc1 #bb;b4 #dbh ,meissn]1 ,altbabylonis*es ,privatre*t1 #cf1 #be4 #dbi ,cunei=m ,texts1 ,,viii1 #be1 #bb4 #dcj ,ibid41 ,,ii1 #i1 #bf4 #dca ,cf4 ,mit!ilung5 d] ,vord]asiatis*5 ,gesells*aft1 #aijg1 p4 #bg4 #dcb ,cunei=m ,texts1 c41 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ,,ii1 #bc1 #ae4 #dcc ,mit!ilung5 d] vord]asiatis*5 ,gesells*aft1 #aijg1 p4 #bc4 #dcd ,tak5 f ,griffi?'s translation 9 ,petrie's ,egyptian ,tales1 second s]ies1 ,london1 #ahie1 p4 #cf1 ff4 #dce ,! sun-god4 #dcf ,cf4 ,"p ,i1 p4 #ce4 #dcg ,w9ckl] und ,abel1 ,?ontafelnfund von ,el-,am>na1 ,no4 #dj4 ,cf4 ,knudtzon1 ,die ,el-,am>na ,tafeln1 ,no4 #aeh4 #dch ,w9ckl] und ,abel1 ,?ontafelnfund von ,el-,am>na1 ,no4 #ch4 ,see also ,knudtzon1 ,die ,el-,am>na ,tafeln1 ,no4 #afd4 #dci ,translat$ f ! ,g]man r5d]+ ( ,ranke 9 ,gressmann's ,altori5talis*e ,texte und ,bild] zum ,all5 ,te/am5t1 ,tb+51 #aiji1 p4 #bbc4 #ddj ,see 8 ,sieb5 ,jahre d] ,hung]snot1 #ahia4 #dda ,f ,brugs*'s ,egypt "u ! ,ph>aohs1 ,london1 #ahha1 ,i1 #cjc1 ff4 #ddb ,f ,brea/$'s ,anci5t ,records1 ,egypt1 ,i1 p4 #bcg1 ff4 #ddc ,an ,egyptian "n ( ! nor!rn ext5sion ( ! ,gulf ( ,suez4 #ddd ,"s ,egyptian trad+-po/ 9 ,asia4 #dde ,an e>ly "n = ! region ea/ ( ! ,jordan & ! ,dead ,sea4 ,x is call$ ,k$emah 9 ,g54 #be3ae & #a ,*ron4 #a3cj2 ,k$emo? 9 ,deut4 #b3bf1 & translat$ 8,ea/0 9 ,judges #f3c1 #cc2 #g3ab2 #h3aj1 #aa4 ,9 ,g54 & ,*ron4 ! "n is appli$ to a p]son4 #ddf ,?is is an ,amorite "n1 ,ammi-an%i4 ,x %[s t ! ,amorites 7 already 9 ?is region4 ,lat] ! ,hebrews f\nd ,sihon1 ! ,amorite "h2 see ,num4 #ba3ba1 ff4 & ,deut4 #a3d1 ff4 #ddg ,! ,egyptian "n = ! high] p>ts ( ,pale/9e & ,syria4 ,! ,egyptians _h no l2 !y always us$ r in/ead4 ,! "n is id5tical ) ! ,hebrew ,lotan1 ,g54 #cf3bj1 ( :i* ,lot is a %ort] =m4 #ddh ,p]haps ! same "n z ,aiah 7,ajah7 ( ,g54 #cf3bd & #a ,*ron4 #a3dj4 #ddi ,f ,cunei=m ,texts1 c41 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ,,xiii1 #db2 cf4 also ,k+1 ,*ronicles ( ,e>ly ,babylonian ,k+s1 ,,ii1 #hg1 ff4 #dej ,ano!r tablet reads 8a fa!r ,i _h n40 #dea ,a "n = ! ,semitic peoples ( ,babylonia4 #deb ,an isl& 9 ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 #dec ,tak5 f ,brea/$'s ,anci5t ,records1 ,egypt1 ,,iii1 p4 #bfd1 ff4 #ded ,t is1 ! =eign nations4 #dee ,t is1 ,lybia1 :i* lay to ! we/ ( ! ,egyptian ,delta4 #def ,t is1 ! ,hittites4 #deg 8,! ,canaan0 ref]s to ! l& ( ,canaan1 probably "h ,phnicia4 #deh ,y5oam 0 a t[n situat$ at ! extreme nor? ( ,galilee1 j at ! end ( ! valley betwe5 ! two ranges ( ! ,lebanon m\nta9s4 #dei ,translat$ f ! cunei=m text 9 ,h>p]'s ,code ( ,hammurabi1 & ,ungnad's ,keils*rifttexte d] ,gesetze ,hammurabis4 #dfj ,! mana consi/$ ( sixty %ekels4 ,tn ,engli% x is corrupt$ to m9a4 #dfa ,! nature ( ^! (ficials is 9 d\bt4 ,s*eil & o!rs ?9k ! fir/ a recruit+-(fic]2 ,delitzs* & ,ungnad1 a soldi]4 ,! "n ( ! second (fic] is lit]ally fi%-cat*]1 b x is c]ta9 t "h he 0 "s k9d ( a fi%] ( m54 #dfb ,su* z pl[+1 or ! "y plants e>ly 9 ! season4 #dfc ,at ?is po9t five columns ( ! pill> are eras$4 ,x is e/imat$ t #ce sections ( ! laws are ?us lo/4 #ff is add$ f a fragm5t f\nd at ,susa4 #dfd ,translat$ f ,poebel1 ,hi/orical & ,grammatical ,texts1 ,philadelphia1 #aiad1 ,no4 #ic1 col4 ii4 #dfe ,translat$ f ibid41 col4 iii4 #dff ,! translation1 8be br\ght to ! judges10 has no w>rant 9 ! ,hebrew4 #dfg ,s9ce ,deut4 #ae3ah says t su* a slave has s]v$ 8d\ble ! hire ( a hirel+10 ,dr4 ,johns ?9ks t x betrays a k ( ! ,babylonian ?ree-ye> regulation4 ,?is seems1 h[ev]1 q problematical4 #dfh ,9 a m>riage contract on a papyrus f ! ,jewi% colony at ,elephant9e 9 ,egypt1 writt5 9 ! fif? c5tury ,b4 ,c41 x is provid$ t ! wife may in/itute divorce proce$+s on an equality ) ! husb&4 ,"s ,jewi% wom5 ?us secur$ by contract t :i* ! law did n grant !m4 ,*ri/ assum$ su* cases among ,pale/9ian wom52 see ,m>k #aj3ab4 #dfi ,f ! ,corpus ,inscriptionum ,semitic>um1 ,i1 ,no4 #afe4 #dgj ,x is ! ^w s translat$ 9 ,deut4 #cc3aj4 #dga ,s r5d]$ 9 ,lev4 #g3ac2 #aj3ad4 ,_m s*ol>s w\ld r5d] x 8?ank-(f]+40 #dgb ,comp>e ,exod4 #bi3ac1 #ad4 ,! ,hebrew law diff]$ f ! ,c>?ag9ian4 #dgc ,?is is ! r5d]+ ( ! ,revis$ ,v]sion = ?is ^w4 ,! ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion r5d]$ x less accurately 8meat-(f]+40 #dgd ,ea* temple _h a numb] ( (ficials connect$ ) x besides ! prie/s1 su* z c>p5t]s1 gate-keep]s1 slaught]]s1 b>b]s1 ,sodomites1 & female slaves4 ,ano!r ,phnician inscription m5tions ^!4 #dge ,see ,"p ,i1 ,*apt] ,i4 #g 7#c74 #dgf ,f ,w9ckl] und ,abel's ,?ontafelnfund von ,el-,am>na1 ,no4 #gc4 ,cf4 ,knudtzon1 ,die ,el-,am>na ,tafeln1 ,no4 #hd4 #dgg ,! lett] takes up ass]tions made by ,rib-,adda 9 previ\s lett]s4 #dgh ,w9ckl] und ,abel1 op4 cit41 ,no4 #gg1 ,knudtzon1 op4 cit41 ,no4 #ajc4 #dgi ,^! 8sons ( ,eb$-,a%]a0 are m5tion$ 9 _m o!r lett]s4 #dhj ,w9ckl] und ,abel1 op4 cit41 ,no4 #agd1 & ,knudtzon1 op4 cit41 ,no4 #bhf4 #dha ,w9ckl] und ,abel1 ,no4 #ajb2 ,knudtzon1 #bhf4 #dhb ,w9ckl] und ,abel1 op4 cit41 ,no4 #ajc2 ,knudtzon1 op4 cit41 ,no4 #bhg4 #dhc ,w9ckl] und ,abel1 ,no4 #ajd2 ,knudtzon1 ,no4 #bhh4 #dhd ,w9ckl] und ,abel1 ,no4 #aje plus ,no4 #aii2 ,knudtzon1 ,no4 #bhi4 #dhe ,w9ckl] und ,abel1 ,no4 #ajf2 ,knudtzon1 ,no4 #bij4 #dhf ,! tablet reads ,be?-,n9ib1 b s*ol>s are agre$ t x ref]s to ,be?-%eme%4 #dhg ,= ! text cf4 ,hilpre*t1 ,old ,babylonian ,inscriptions1 ,no4 #ag4 ,see also ,knudtzon1 ,el-,am>na ,tafeln1 ,no4 #ccc4 #dhh ,publi%$ by ,hrozny 9 ,sell9's ,tell-,taanek1 pp4 #aae & #aba4 #dhi ,9 ! ,babylonian script1 ,ai-ya-mi4 #dij ,see ! writ]'s article1 8,yahweh be=e ,moses10 9 ,/udies 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,religions ,pres5t$ to ,c4 ,h4 ,toy1 especially pp4 #ahh-aia4 #dia ,tak5 f ,brea/$'s ,anci5t ,records1 ,egypt1 ,,iv1 pp4 #bgh1 ff4 #dib 8,%e0 ref]s to ,t5tamon1 ! que54 #dic ,^! /atem5ts are tak5 f ,brea/$'s ,anci5t ,records1 ,egypt1 ,,iv4 #dd1 #ha1 & #hb4 #did ,see ,evans1 ,scripta ,m9oa1 ,ox=d1 #aiji1 pp4 #bb1 ff41 #bgc1 ff4 #die ,see ,r4 ,a4 ,s4 ,macali/]1 ,! ,phili/9es1 ,_! ,hi/ory & ,civilization1 ,london1 #aiac1 p4 #hc1 ff4 #dif ,see ,s>zec1 ,dc\v]tes en ,*alde1 p4 ix1 col4 v1 #bh1 ff4 ,see also ,?ureau-,dang91 ,les inscriptions de ,sum] et d' ,akkad1 ,p>is1 #aije1 p4 #aji1 & 8 ,sum]is*5 und akkadis*5 ,knigs9s*rift51 ,leipzig1 #aijg1 p4 #fh1 f4 #dig ,ibid41 col4 vi1 #c1 ff4 #dih ,translat$ f ,w4 ,max ,mll]'s ,egyptological ,rese>*es1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 #aijf1 ,plates #ge-hg1 ) a comp>ison ( ,brea/$'s ,anci5t ,records1 ,,iv1 pp4 #cej-ced4 #dii ,see ,le ,gac1 ,les ,inscriptions d' ,aur-nasir-aplu ,,iii1 ,p>is1 #aijh1 p4 #aaa1 l9e #hd1 ff42 cf4 also ,rog]s1 ,cunei=m ,p>allels to ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ,new ,york1 #aiab1 p4 #bgg1 ff4 #ejj ,! text is publi%$ 9 ,rawl9son's ,cunei=m ,inscriptions ( ,we/]n ,asia1 ,,iii1 #g1 #h4 ,^! l9es are at ! bottom ( p4 #h4 ,cf4 also ,craig1 ,hebraica1 ,,iii1 #bbj1 ff41 & ,rog]s1 ,cunei=m ,p>allels to ! ,old ,te/am5t1 #bie1 ff4 #eja ,f ,lay>d's ,inscriptions 9 ! ,cunei=m ,"* f ! ,assyrian ,monum5ts1 ,london1 #ahea1 p4 #ae4 ,cf4 ,delitzs* 9 ,beitrge zur ,assyriologie1 ,,vi1 #adf4 #ejb ,lay>d1 op4 cit41 l9e #hd1 ff4 #ejc ,lay>d1 op4 cit41 l9e #ij1 ff4 #ejd ,ibid41 l9e #ii1 ff4 #eje ,f ,rawl9son's ,cunei=m ,inscriptions ( ,we/]n ,asia1 ,,iii1 #e1 ,no4 #f4 ,! text is also publi%$ 9 ,delitzs*'s ,assyris*e ,lese/cke1 #d? ed41 p4 #ea1 ff4 #ejf ,! cliff at ! m\? ( ! ,dog riv]1 a %ort di/ance nor? ( ,beirt4 ,?is portrait1 ) t ( ,ramses ,,ii & o!r k+s1 may /ill be se5 c>v$ 9 ! cliff4 #ejg ,f ,abel und ,w9ckl]'s ,keils*rifttexte1 ,b]l91 #ahij1 p4 #ab4 #ejh ,lay>d4 op4 cit41 p4 #aj1 l9e #ajb1 ff4 #eji ,mess]s*midt1 ,keils*rifttexte aus ,assur hi/oris*5 ,inhalts1 ,leipzig1 #aiaa1 ,no4 #cj1 l9e #ac1 ff4 ,cf4 ,langdon's translation ,expository ,times1 ,vol4 ,,xxiii1 #aiaa1 p4 #fi2 also ,rog]s1 ,cunei=m ,p>allels1 p4 #bih1 ff4 #eaj ,translat$ f ,sm5d & ,soc9's ,die ,ins*rift ,mesa von ,moab1 ,freiburg ,i4 ,b41 #ahhf4 ,cf4 also ,lidzb>ski1 ,nordsemitis*e ,epigraphik1 ,weim>1 #ahih1 ,tafel ,i2 ,g4 ,a4 ,cooke1 ,nor? ,semitic ,inscriptions1 ,ox=d1 #aijc1 p4 #a1 ff42 ,davis1 9 ,hebraica1 ,,vii 7#ahia71 #agh-ahb2 ,b5nett1 ,! ,moabite ,/one1 ,ed9burgh1 #aiaa2 & ,ha/+s1 ,dict4 ( ! ,bible1 ,,iii1 #djf1 ff4 #eaa ,9 ,jo%ua ! "n appe>s z ,bamo?-baal4 #eab ,translat$ f ,rawl9son's ,cunei=m ,inscriptions ( ,we/]n ,asia1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ce1 ,no4 #a4 ,cf4 also ,rog]s1 ,cunei=m ,p>allels to ! ,old ,te/am5t1 p4 #cje1 ff41 & ! ref]5ces !re giv5 to o!r translations4 #eac ,translat$ f ,rawl9son's ,cunei=m ,inscriptions ( ,we/]n ,asia1 ,,iii1 #i1 ,no4 #b1 ) a comp>ison ( ,ro/1 ,die ,keils*rifttexte ,tigla?piles]s ,,iii4 #ead ,translat$ f ,rawl9son1 ibid41 ,no4 #c4 #eae ,translat$ f ,lay>d1 ,inscriptions 9 ! ,cunei=m ,"*1 ) a comp>ison ( ,ro/1 op4 cit4 #eaf ,f ,rawl9son1 op4 cit41 #aj1 ,no4 #b1 ) a comp>ison ( ,ro/1 op4 cit4 #eag ,f ,rawl9son1 op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #fg4 #eah ,f ,w9ckl]'s ,keils*rifttexte ,s>gons1 p4 #a1 l9e #aj1 f4 #eai ,translat$ f ,w9ckl]4 op4 cit41 p4 #cj1 ,no4 #fd1 #bc1 f4 #ebj ,ibid41 pp4 #a1 #b1 beg9n+ at p4 #a1 ,no4 #b1 l9e #aj4 #eba ,ibid41 p4 #dh1 l9e #h1 ff4 #ebb ,f ,w9ckl]1 op4 cit41 p4 #ca1 l9es #bg1 ff4 & #cc1 ff4 #ebc ,ibid41 p4 #cc1 l9e #ij1 ff4 #ebd ,f ,w9ckl]'s "w previ\sly cit$1 p4 #dd4 #ebe ,f ,abel und ,w9ckl]'s ,keils*rifttexte1 p4 #ah1 col4 ii1 #cd1 ff4 #ebf ,f ,w9ckl]'s ,keils*rifttextbu*1 #ahib1 p4 #cf4 #ebg ,f ,abel und ,w9ckl]'s ,keils*rifttexte1 p4 #ag1 l9e #i1 ff4 #ebh ,f ,vord]asiatis*e ,s*riftd5kml] d] knigli*5 ,muse5 zu ,b]l91 ,i1 #ge4 #ebi ,keil9s*rift5 und das ,alte ,te/am5t1 #ahgb1 #afh1 ff4 #ecj ,me9hold1 ,die ,jesaia]zhlung51 ,jes4 #cf-ci1 #ahih4 #eca ,w9ckl]1 ,altte/am5tli*e ,unt]su*ung51 #ahib1 pp4 #bg-ej4 #ecb ,praek1 ,sanh]ibs ,feldzge geg5 ,juda1 #aijc4 #ecc ,9 ,biblio!ca ,sacra1 ,,lxiii 7#aijf71 #egg-fcd4 #ecd ,cunei=m ,p>allels to ! ,old ,te/am5t1 #aiab1 #ccb-cdj4 #ece ,hi/orical ,geography ( ! ,holy ,l&1 #aeh1 ff4 #ecf ,translat$ f a facsimile 9 ! ,kautzs*-,ges5ius1 ,hebrais*e ,grammatik1 #aijb4 #ecg ,translat$ f ,rawl9son's ,cunei=m ,inscriptions ( ,we/]n ,asia1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #af1 col4 v1 l9e #ab1 ff4 #ech ,ibid41 ,vol4 ,v1 #b1 #di1 f4 #eci ,ibid41 #i1 #aae1 f4 #edj ,f ,brea/$'s ,anci5t ,records1 ,egypt1 ,,iv1 #dih4 #eda ,translat$ f ,rawl9son's ,cunei=m ,inscriptions ( ,we/]n ,asia1 ,i1 #cc1 col4 ii1 l9e #ab1 ff4 #edb ,translat$ f ,pognon1 ,les inscriptions babyloni5nes du ,wadi ,brissa1 ,pl4 xiii1 f41 & ,recueil de traveaux relatifs la philologie et l'ar*eologie egypti5nes et assyri5nes1 ,,xxviii1 #eg4 ,see also ,langdon1 ,neubabylonis*5 ,knigs9s*rift51 #agd1 ff4 #edc ,translat$ f ! ,zeits*rift fr ,assyriologie1 ,i1 #ccg1 f4 #edd ,see ,"p ,i1 ,*apt] ,,ii1 p4 #df1 f4 #ede ,?is is ! read+ ( ! m>g9 9 ,r4 ,v41 & correctly translates ! orig9al4 ,he 0 n walk+ 890 ! palace1 b ^u its flat ro(1 f :i* he c\ld see ! great city4 #edf ,f de ,morgan's ,dlgation en ,p]se1 ,vol4 ,,xiv1 p4 #fj4 #edg ,f ,rawl9son's ,cunei=m ,inscriptions ( ,we/]n ,asia1 ,v1 #fh1 ,no4 #a4 #edh ,f ,transactions ( ! ,society ( ,biblical ,ar*ology1 ,,vii1 #aeg1 f4 #edi ,f ,transactions ( ! ,society ( ,biblical ,ar*ology1 ,,vii1 #afb1 f41 & ,clay1 ,light on ! ,old ,te/am5t f ,babel1 #cgd1 f4 #eej ,see ,expository ,times4 ,vol4 ,,xxvi1 #big-bii 7,april1 #aiae74 #eea ,babylonian ,texts f ! ,yale ,collection1 ,no4 #ci4 #eeb ,f ,rawl9son's ,cunei=m ,inscriptions ( ,we/]n ,asia1 ,v1 #ce4 #eec ,h]odotus1 ,book ,,ii1 #afa4 #eed ,josephus pr(esses to be quot+ ,mane?o1 & puts ! incid5t 9 ! "t ( ,ramses4 ,p]haps ,ari/eas 9 8 lett] ref]s to ?is colony1 :5 he speaks ( ,jewi% soldi]s4 7,see ,kautzs*1 ,apokryph5 und ,pseudepigraph51 ,,ii1 #g47 #eee ,! docum5ts h be5 publi%$ by ,sayce & ,c[ley1 ,aramaic ,papyri ,discov]$ at ,assuan1 ,london1 #aijf1 & ,sa*au4 ,aramis*e ,papyrus und ,o/raka aus ,elephant9e1 ,leipzig1 #aiaa4 ,^? translat$ "h are ,nos4 #a1 #d1 #f1 & #aa ( ,sa*au's publication4 #eef ,p]haps ?is disfavor arose 9 "p f ! fact t1 z a papyrus n translat$ "h %[s1 two o!r deities 7 wor%ip$ along ) ,jehovah4 #eeg ,x is possible t ! ,elephant9e colony 7 tak5 f nor!rn ,israel4 #eeh ,translat$ f ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,society ( ,biblical ,ar*ology1 ,x1 #dgh1 f41 & ,rawl9son's ,cunei=m ,inscriptions1 ,,iv1 #fj994 #eei ,lit]ally1 8l op5+ & %utt+40 #efj ,p]haps "o ( ! ant$iluvian ,babylonian k+s4 7,see ,"p ,,ii1 ,*apt] ,,iv47 ,! ,sum]ian =m ( 8 "n 0 ,laluralim & 9 ,rawl9son's ,cunei=m ,inscriptions ( ,we/]n ,asia1 ,vol4 ,v1 p4 #dd1 #ag;b1 is gloss$ z ,zugagib or 8scorpion40 ,zugagib is "o ( ! e>ly k+s ( ,babylonia1 :o is said to h rul$ #hdj ye>s4 #efa ,translat$ f ,s4 ,langdon's ,hi/orical & ,religi\s ,texts f ! ,temple ,libr>y ( ,nippur1 ,muni*1 #aiad1 ,no4 #af4 #efb ,translat$ f ,haupt's ,akkadis*e und sum]is*e ,keils*rifttexte1 #aaf1 ff41 ) comp>ison ( ,zimm]n's ,babylonis*e ,busspsalm51 #cc1 f4 #efc ,translat$ f ,haupt's ,akkadis*e und ,sum]is*e ,keils*rifttexte1 p4 #abb1 f4 #efd ,translat$ f ,cunei=m ,texts f ,babylonian ,tablets1 c41 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ,"p ,,xv1 pp4 #af1 #ag4 #efe ,translat$ f ,cunei=m ,texts f ,babylonian ,tablets1 c4 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ,,xv1 #aj4 #eff ,an epi!t ( ! inhabitants ( ,babylonia4 #efg ,tak5 f ,brea/$'s ,religion & ,?\ght 9 ,anci5t ,egypt1 p4 #cae1 f4 #efh ,a fabul\s m\nta9 beyond ! we/]n horizon1 ov] :i* ! sun 0 believ$ to pass at ev5+4 #efi ,tak5 f ,brea/$'s ,developm5t ( ,religion & ,?\ght 9 ,anci5t ,egypt1 p4 #cbd1 f4 #egj ,!re is a pun on ! ^w ,re2 x is ! same z 8all40 ,su* puns are frequ5t 9 ! ,hebrew ( ! ,old ,te/am5t prophets4 #ega ,comp>e ,psa4 #ajd3bd4 #egb ,ikhnaton is ! "n adopt$ by ,am5ophis ,,iv 9 connection ) 8 re=m4 ,x means 8,aton's man40 ,8 old "n meant 8,amon is graci\s0 & _h hea!n associations4 ,on ! s5tim5t ( l9es #abj1 #aba1 comp>e ,matt4 #aa3bg4 #egc ,see ,weigall1 ,! ,treasury ( ,anci5t ,egypt1 ,london1 #aiaa1 p4 #bjf4 #egd ,! fir/ tw5ty are cull$ f a tablet 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 publi%$ by ,langdon 9 ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,semitic ,languages1 ,vol4 ,,xxviii1 #bag-bdc1 "u ! title 8,babylonian ,prov]bs40 ,= conv5i5ce ^? quot$ are numb]$ consecutively )\t ref]5ce to ! p>ts omitt$4 #ege ,translat$ f ,delitzs*'s ,assyris*e ,lese/cke1 #d? ed41 p4 #aah1 f4 #egf ,translat$ f ,meissn]'s ,beitrge zum ,altbabylonis*5 ,privatre*t1 p4 #ajh4 #egg ,tak5 f ,macmillan's translation1 ,beitrge zur ,assyriologie1 ,v1 #eeg1 ff4 #egh ,! sun-god1 ! god ( ju/ice4 #egi ,developm5t ( ,religion & ,?\ght 9 ,anci5t ,egypt1 p4 #bca1 f4 ,brea/$'s ref]5ces to ! sections ( ! orig9al text are "h omitt$4 #ehj ,! ,gilgame% ,epic is an e>ly ,babylonian poem 9 twelve tablets or cantos4 ,x is a collection ( e>ly leg5ds & my?s4 ,! ,babylonian acc\nt ( ! flood1 translat$ 9 ,*apt] ,,vi 7,"p ,,ii71 =ms ! elev5? canto ( x4 #eha ,translat$ f ! ,mitteilung5 d] vord]asiatis*5 ,gesells*aft1 #aijb1 ,heft #a1 p4 #h4 #ehb ,^! are translat$ f ! ,g]man r5d]+ 9 ,w4 ,max ,mll]'s ,liebpoesie d] alt5 gypt]1 ,leipzig1 #ahii4 #ehc ,f ,mll]1 p4 #ae4 #ehd ,ibid41 p4 #af4 #ehe ,f ,mll]1 ibid41 p4 #ag4 #ehf ,p]haps ! "n ( a ,nileomet] /ation 9 ! vic9ity ( ,memphis4 #ehg ,mll]1 ibid41 p4 #bb4 #ehh ,mll]1 ibid41 p4 #bb4 #ehi ,mll]1 ibid41 p4 #bc4 #eij ,m>ri$ c\ples are usually s repres5t$ 9 ,egyptian pictures4 #eia ,! ,egyptian is "h foll[$1 r ?an ! ,g]man4 #eib ,mll]1 p4 #bd4 #eic ,ibid41 p4 #bg4 ,x describes a walk 9 a g>d54 #eid ,! g>d5 aga94 #eie ,translat$ f ,rawl9son's ,cunei=m ,inscriptions ( ,we/]n ,asia1 ,,iii1 #cb1 #af1 f4 #eif ,i4 e41 ! ?+ ?\ ha/ pray$ =4 #eig ,translat$ f ! ,g]man ( ,vogelsang und ,g>d9]1 ,klag5 des ,bau]n1 ,leipzig1 #aijh4 #eih ,! orig9al conta9s a li/ ( plants1 /ones1 birds1 etc41 ! mod]n equival5ts ( :i* are n kn[n4 #eii ,see ,g>d9] 9 ,proce$+s ( ! ,society ( ,biblical ,ar*ology1 ,,xxxv1 #bfi4 #fjj ,tak5 f ,a4 ,h4 ,g>d9]'s ,admonitions ( an ,egyptian ,sage1 ,leipzig1 #aiji1 pp4 #ai & #ci1 f41 pp4 #fi & #gh4 #fja ,translat$ f ,rawl9son's ,cunei=m ,inscriptions ( ,we/]n ,asia1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #ca4 #fjb ,! spirits ( e>?4 #fjc ,translat$ f ,cunei=m ,texts f ,babylonian ,tablets1 c41 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ,"p ,,xv1 #ah4 #fjd ,^! say+s are translat$ f ,gr5fell & ,hunt's ,say+s ( ,our ,"l1 #ahig1 ) a comp>ison ( ,lock & ,s&ay's ,two ,lectures on ! ,say+s ( ,jesus ,rec5tly ,discov]$ at ,oxyrhyn*us1 #ahig4 #fje ,translat$ f ,gr5fell & ,hunt's ,new ,say+s ( ,jesus & ,fragm5t ( a ,lo/ ,gospel f ,oxyrhyn*us1 #aijd4 #fjf ,comp>e ,john #ba3bd1 #be4 #fjg ,translat$ f ,vi]eck's publication ( ! text 9 ,philologus1 ,vol4 ,,lii1 #bcd1 f4 #fjh ,^! assessm5ts1 !n1 occurr$ 9 ! foll[+ ye>s3 #agd-e2 #afj-a2 #adf-g2 #acb-c2 #aah-i2 #ajd-e2 #ij-a2 #gf-g2 #fb-c2 #dh-i2 #cd-e2 #bj-a2 #f-g2 #i-h ,b4 ,c4 #fji ,f ,h]mes1 ,,xxviii1 #ahic1 p4 #bcc4 #faj ,translat$ f ,gr5fell & ,hunt's ,oxyrhyn*us ,papyri1 ,,ii1 #ahih1 p4 #bad4 ,k5yon1 ,greek ,papyri 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ,,ii1 #ai1 ?9ks t ?is _c ref] to a c5sus because ! t]m by :i* x is describ$ is diff]5t1 b1 z ,gr5fell & ,hunt rem>k1 ! simpl] t]m 9 ! papyri e>li] ?an ! ye> #fa ,a4 ,d41 indicates t we are ne>] ! beg9n+ ( ! in/itution ( ! c5sus4 #faa ,ibid41 p4 #bje2 cf4 p4 #bjf4 #fab ,ibid41 p4 #bhb4 #fac ,translat$ f ,k5yon & ,bell's ,greek ,papyri 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 #aijg1 p4 #abe4 #fad ,translat$ f ! ,corpus ,inscriptionum ,lat9>um1 ,,xiv1 ,no4 #cfac4 #fae ,translat$ aft] ,ramsay1 ,expositor1 s]ies #h4 ,vol4 ,,iv1 #aiab1 p4 #dja4 ,= ,ramsay's op9ions1 see ! article ( :i* ! inscription =ms a "p4 #faf ,translat$ f ,burton's publication 9 ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,!ology1 ,,ii1 #fjj4 #fag ,translat$ f ibid41 p4 #fjd4 #fah ,tak5 f ,deissmann's ,/4 ,paul1 p4 #bfa1 f4 #fai ,pausanias1 i1 #a3d1 & v4 #ad3h4 #fbj ,philo/ratus1 ,vita ,apollonii1 vi1 #c4 #fba ,translat$ f ,deissmann's ,/4 ,paul1 pp4 #bdf1 #bdg4 #fbb ,see ,deissmann's ,/4 ,paul1 p4 #bdh1 ff4 #fbc ,dio ,cassius1 lvii1 #ad1 #e4 #fbd ,! mo/ reliable *ronologies ( ! life ( ,*ri/ n[ place 8 crucifixion n lat] ?an #cj ,a4 ,d4 #fbe ,! orig9al is 9 ,b]l9 & ! publication is n accessible to ! writ]4 ,! above translation is tak5 f t ( ,j4 ,r5del ,h>ris 9 ! ,expositor1 #e? s]ies1 ,vol4 ,,viii1 p4 #afd4 #fbf ,translat$ by ,j4 ,r5del ,h>ris1 ibid41 p4 #aff4 #fbg #b ,cor4 #aa3cb4 #fbh ,translat$ f ! ,corpus ,inscriptionum ,semitic>um1 ,p>s ,,ii1 ,tom4 ,i1 ,fasc4 ii1 ,no4 #bji4 #fbi ,ibid41 ,p>s ,,ii1 ,tom4 ,i1 ,fasc4 ii4 ,no4 #aif4 #fcj ,tak5 f ,brea/$1 ,anci5t ,records1 ,egypt1 ,,iii1 p4 #g4 #fca ,tak5 f ,brea/$1 ibid41 p4 #bgc4 #fcb ,see ,s4 ,s*iff]1 ,keils*riftli*e ,spur5 9 d] zweit5 ,hlfte des #ht5 ,jahrhund]ts von d5 ,assyr]n na* ,mesopotami5 deporti]t5 ,sam>i]1 ,b]l91 #aijg4 ,! text ( ! ,b]l9 tablets 0 publi%$ by ,ungnad 9 ,vord]asiatis*e ,s*riftd5kml]1 ,i1 ,leipzig1 #aijg1 ,nos4 #hd-id1 #aja1 #ajd4 ,^? 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 by ,johns1 9 ,assyrian ,de$s & ,docum5ts1 ,i1 ,cambridge1 #ahih1 ,nos4 #bb1 #fi1 #gc1 #gd1 #ih1 #aec1 #aed1 #agj1 #bbi1 #bcd1 #bde1 #cab4 #fcc ,vord]asiatis*e ,s*riftd5kml]1 ,i1 ,no4 #hh4 #ae4 #fcd ,see ,rog]s1 ,cunei=m ,p>allels to ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ,new ,york1 #aiab1 p4 #bbf4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,passages 9 italics are indicat$ by italics4 ,passages 9 bold are indicat$ by bold4 ,sup]script$ *>act]s are indicat$ by sup]script4