,transcrib]'s note3 ,text enclos$ by und]scores is 9 italics 7italics74 ,text enclos$ by equal signs is 9 bold face 7bold74 ,sid5otes h be5 mov$ to prec$e _! fac+ p>agraphs1 & are indicat$ by d\ble equal signs3 sid5ote text4 ,greek words are %[n 9 ,greek & !n 9 ,engli% translit]ations t are indicat$ by ,greek3 & 7 add$ by ! transcrib]s4 ,acc5t m>k errors 9 ,greek text h be5 rem$i$4 ,,!oretical ,,e?ics by ,,milton ,,val5t9e1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4 ,d4 ,ex-,presid5t ( ,p5nsylvania ,college1 & ,pr(essor ( ,!ology 9 ! ,lu!ran ,!ological ,sem9>y1 ,gettysburg1 ,pa41 ,au?or ( ,natural ,!ology or ,rational ,!ism4 ,*icago ,scott1 ,=esman ,co4 #aijj ,copyright1 #ahig1 by ,scott1 ,=esman ,co4 ,press ( ,! ,h5ry ,o4 ,%ep>d ,co4 ,*icago ,,preface4 ,e?ical ,!ory has felt ! full =ce ( rec5t sci5tific & philosophical agitation4 ,! e>li] sy/ems h be5 subject to e>ne/ & cont9u$ discussion4 ,! sev]e/ te/s available by ! progress ( k h be5 appli$ to bo? _! premises & _! conclusions4 ,new !ories1 bas$ on *ang$ conceptions ( man & ! _w1 h be5 v>i\sly elaborat$1 pres5t+ greatly alt]$ views ( ! :ole ph5om5on ( morality4 ,:ile n ov]?r[+ old views ^! h giv5 in/ructive sugge/ions4 ,! e?ical field has ?us be5 l>gely re-survey$1 & :atev] light mod]n sci5ce & speculation h furni%$ has be5 ?r[n ^u ?is great & unceas+ly important subject4 ,9 "s respects ! agitation has br\ght confusion & unc]ta9ty4 ,! cla% ( !ories has be5 di/urb+4 ,b on ! :ole e?ical philosophy has be5 ! ga9]4 ,! discussions h c]tifi$ ! immovable f\ndations & ess5tial features ( ! moral sy/em4 ,! fre% light f ! advance ( k has prov$1 z x always does1 n de/ructive1 b corrective & confirmatory4 ,! abid+ tru? has be5 %[n & v9dicat$ by ! ordeal ?r\gh :i* x has pass$4 ,?is volume is l>gely ! outcome ( ! au?or's _m ye>s ( class-room lectur+ on ! subject4 ,its object is to furni% = /ud5ts & g5]al read]s a comp5di\s view ( ! e?ical facts & pr9ciples z ! au?or believes !m to be e/abli%$ by ! be/ accr$it$ k & ?\ght ( our times4 ,!re seems to be room = su* a "w4 ,! me?od is believ$ to give prop] recognition to bo? ! empirical & metaphysical sides ( ! subject4 ,/>t+ f ! univ]sal ph5om5on ( moral di/9ctions 9 life1 x det]m9es ! consci5ce psy*ologically1 z a rationally intuitive p[] disc]n+ ! moral di/9ction & ! reality & au?ority ( moral law4 ,! implications ( consci5ce & moral law necess>ily become !i/ic4 ,! metaphysical exam9ation f9ds = ! real ph5om5a ( ! subjective faculty ! objective & abid+ reality ( ! e?ical law :i* ! faculty disc]ns1 & ! "r or morally good itself s p]ceiv$ z consi/+ proximately 9 a con=mity ( conduct ) ! relations ( life 9 :i* moral requirem5t meets human fre$om1 & z ultimately gr\nd$ 9 ! absolute & p]fect s\rce ( ! moral con/itution ( ! univ]se4 ,! movem5t c>ries to ! conclusion ( et]nal & immutable moral law4 ,! disclosures ( revelation confirm ! e?ical law ( ! natural reason1 complet+ ! moral view & supply+1 9 ! div9e =ces ( ,*ri/ianity1 ! prop] dynamic = ! realization ( ! e?ical life4 ,! volume is humbly s5t =? 9 ! hope t x may contribute some:at to ! cause ( tru? & prove quick5+ to ! life ( duty & righte\sness4 ,,gettysburg1 ,dec4 #a1 #ahif4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,def9ition ,,& ,,g5]al ,,divisions4 ,,pages #a4 ,def9ition & ,/atem5t ( ! ,subject-matt] #ae-ag #b4 ,hi/orical ,glance at ! ,beg9n+ & ,progress ( ! ,sci5ce #ag-bj #c4 ,!oretical & ,practical #bj-bc #d4 ,relations to ,psy*ology1 ,natural ,!ology1 & ,*ri/ian ,!ology #bc-bg ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,fact ,,( ,,moral ,,di/9ctions4 #a4 ,reveal$ 9 ,p]sonal ,consci\sness #bh-bi #b4 ,incorporat$ 9 ! ,social ,organism #bi #c4 ,witness$ to 9 ,hi/ory #bi-ca #d4 ,%[n 9 ! ,religi\s ,_w #ca-cc #e4 ,p]vades ,lit]ature #cc-cd #f4 ,e?nic & ,an?ropological ,in=mation #cd-ce #g4 ,unaffect$ by ,!ories ( its ,cause or ,significance #ce-cf ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,faculty ,,( ,,moral ,,di/9ctions--,,! ,,exi/5ce ,,( ,,consci5ce4 #a4 ,! ,importance ( ?is ,"q #cg-ci #b4 ,pro(s ( its ,exi/5ce #ci-ee #a4 ,! ,moral ,di/9ctions 9 ,p]sonal ,consci\sness & ! ,_w #ci-dj #b4 ,! ,peculi> ,"* ( its ,p]ceptions #dj-dd #c4 ,special ,feel+s f its ,p]ceptions #dd-dg #d4 ,objection f ,div]sity ( ,moral ,judgm5ts ,notic$ #dg-ec #e4 ,^! ,pro(s ,indep5d5t ( ! ,mode ( ! ,orig9 ( ! ,p[] #ec-ee ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,faculty ,,( ,,moral ,,di/9ctions--,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,consci5ce4 #a4 ,! ,importance ( ,det]m9+ its ,nature #ef-ei #a4 ,= ,sci5tific ,accuracy #ef-eg #b4 ,z ,involv+ ! ,au?ority ( ,consci5ce #eg-ei #b4 ,a ,psy*ological ,"q #ei #c4 ,consci5ce 9 place only 9 ! ,total ,complex ( ,man's ,psy*ical ,p[]s #ei-fb #d4 ,specific ,psy*ology ( ,consci5ce #fb-gf #a4 ,p]ception ( ! ,e?ical ,di/9ction #fb-fd #b4 ,p]ception ( ,obligation #fd-fg #c4 ,id5tification ( ! ,moral ,quality 9 ,acts #fg-fh #d4 ,p]ception ( ,m]it & ,dem]it #fh-gb #e4 ,emotions ,aris+ f ^! ,p]ceptions #gb-gf #e4 ,special ,*>act]i/ics ,disclos$ #gf-hj #a4 ,consci5ce ,fundam5tally ,intellectual #gf-gg #b4 ,moral ,quality its ,sole ,p]cept #gg-gh #c4 ,its ,action ,m>k$ by ,necessity #gh-hj #f4 ,relation ( ,ph5om5ali/ic ,philosophy to ?is ,view #hj-hc #g4 ,effect ( ,!i/ic ,evolution ,!ory #hc-he ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,supremacy ,,( ,,consci5ce4 #a4 ,involv$ 9 ! ,sph]e ( its ,judgm5ts #hf-hg #b4 ,%[n by ! ,nature ( its ,action #hg-hh #c4 ,! ,absurdity ( a ,possible ,supremacy 9 any o!r ,faculty #hh-ib #d4 ,difficulties ,consid]$ #ib-ii ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,moral ,,ag5cy4 #a4 ,rational ,intellig5ce #ajb-ajd #b4 ,! ,consci5ce #ajd-aje #c4 ,free ,w #aje-aae #d4 ,p[]s ( ,s5sibility & ,action #aae-aah ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,reality ,,( ,,"r ,,& ,,wrong4 #a4 ,! ,s\rce ( ,d\bt ! ,relativity ( ,k #abj-abe #b4 ,positive ,/atem5t ( ! ,reality #abe-abi #a4 ,! ,moral ,di/9ctions & ,qualities n m]ely ,subjective ,ph5om5a b ,objectively ,real = ,p]ception #abe-abf #b4 ,indep5d5t ( ! ,m5tal ,organization ( ! ,race #abg #c4 ,immutable & ,et]nal #abg-abi #c4 ,! ,importance ( ?is ,tru? #abi-acj #d4 ,m>ks ( ! ,divid+ ,l9e betwe5 ,true & ,false ,moral ,philosophies #acj-acb #e4 ,! ,relation ( ,evolutionism to ?is ,reality #acb-acg #a4 ,!i/ic ,evolution #acb-acc #b4 ,a!i/ic & ,mat]iali/ic ,evolution #acc-acg ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,gr\nd ,,( ,,"r4 #a4 ,! ,"q ,def9$ #ach-aci #b4 ,lead+ ,views & ,!ories3 ,! ,egyptian ,tea*+--,*9ese--,indian--,p]sian-- ,greek--,roman--,div9e ,absolutism--,civil ,au?ority--,utilit>ianism--,evolution>y ,utilit>ianism--,failure ( ,utilit>ianism-- ,plausible ,side ( ,utilit>ian ,!ory-- ,!ory ( ,con=mity to ,relations--,spiritual ,excell5ce ,!ory--,!ory ( an ,imp]ative 9 its ,own ,"r #adj-afg ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,gr\nd ,,( ,,"r--,,cont9u$4 #a4 ,/atem5t ( ,proximate ,gr\nd #afh-agh #a4 ,su/a9$ by ! ,moral ,consci\sness 9 ,con/ant ,exp]i5ce #aga-agb #b4 ,impli$ 9 ! ,logical ,pre-suppositions to ,responsibility #agb-age #c4 ,v]ifi$ 9 ! ,"* ( ! ,v>i\s ,virtues & _! ,opposite ,immoralities #age-agf #d4 ,support$ by ,analogy ( ,organic & ,in/9ctive ,action #agf-agg #e4 ,assum$ 9 ! ,conceptions & ,language ( ,common ,life #agh #b4 ,! ,ultimate ,gr\nd #agh-aha ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,objects ,,( ,,! ,,moral ,,judgm5t4 #a4 ,p]sonal ,actions #ahb-ahg #b4 ,! ,v>i\s ,feel+s1 ,passions1 & ,desires #ahg-aij #c4 ,int5tions #aij-aia #d4 ,! ,activities & ,uses ( ! ,intellect #aia-aib #e4 ,acts ( ! ,w #aib-aie ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,! ,,e?ical ,,view ,,"u ,,*ri/ian ,,tea*+4 #a4 ,*ri/ianity ,recognizes ! ,tru?s & ,pr9ciples ,e/abli%$ 9 ,true ,e?ical ,sci5ce #aif-aig #b4 ,x ,contributes ,imm5sely to ! ,e?ical ,view #aig-bjj #c4 ,! ,two ,s\rces ( ! ,*ri/ian ,view #bjj-bje #a4 ,prim>ily1 ! ,sacr$ ,scriptures #bja-bjd #b4 ,second>ily1 ! ,*ri/ian ,moral ,consci\sness #bjd-bje #d4 ,p>ticul> ,features ( ! ,*ri/ian ,view #bje-baf #a4 ,kn[n ,duties ,made ,m ,di/9ct & ,def9ite #bje-bjf #b4 ,human ,relations ,bett] ,disclos$ #bjf-bjh #c4 ,moral ,obligations ,disclos$ z ,duties to ,god #bjh-baj #d4 ,guilt ( ,(f5d+ aga9/ ,moral ,law #baj-bac #e4 ,! ,univ]salism ( ! ,moral ,law #bac-bae #f4 ,fulfilm5t ,requires ,reg5]ation #bae-baf ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,! ,,e?ical ,,task ,,"u ,,*ri/ianity4 #a4 ,help$ by ! ,completion ( ! ,e?ical ,view #bai-bbj #b4 ,quick5$ by ,assurance ( ,success #bbj-bbb #c4 ,! ,religi\s ,int]e/ ,br\ght to ,re9=ce ! ,moral #bbb-bbd #d4 ,! ,enlight5+ & ,en=c+ ,p[] ( ! ,holy ,_s #bbd-bbe #e4 ,?r\gh ,spiritual ,reg5]ation #bbe-bbg ,,!oretical ,,e?ics4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,def9ition ,,& ,,divisions4 ,e?ics ,def9$4 #a4 ,e?ics is ! sci5ce ( rectitude & duty4 ,x treats ( ! "r & its obligations4 ,its subject is morality4 ,its sph]e is ! sph]e ( virtu\s conduct4 ,x cov]s a d\ble range ( inquiry1 z ! subject-matt] lies )9 or )\t ! human con/itution4 ,on ! "o side x inve/igates & sets =? ! facts & laws ( man's moral con/itution2 on ! o!r1 ! nature & gr\nds ( ! di/9ction ( "r & wrong4 ,9 ! light ( ! :ole inve/igation into ^! fundam5tal v]ities1 x det]m9es ! pr9ciples & rules ( duty 9 ! v>i\s relations ( life4 ,x ?us discov]s & elucidates ! und]ly+ pre-suppositions & pr9ciples ^u :i* ! ph5om5a ( moral disc]nm5t & obligation re/1 & on :i* man rises into ! possibility & reality ( "*1 z 8 supreme di/9ction among ! ord]s ( exi/5ce on e>?4 ,! inquiry ?r\gh\t is conduct$ accord+ to ! sci5tific me?od ( c>eful obs]vation & analysis ( ! unque/ionable facts conc]n$1 & an ord]ly pres5tation ( _! necess>y logical implications & conclusions4 ,h5ce ! product ( ! inve/igation1 z ! sy/ematiz$ view ( ! facts1 ) _! und]ly+ pr9ciples1 may ju/ly be call$1 z x usually is call$1 moral sci5ce4 ,! t]m ,e?ics1 :i* we ?us use to designate ?is bran* ( /udy1 ) its sy/ematiz$ tru?1 is n employ$ ) etymological /rictness4 ,= x comes f ! ,greek ,greek3 ?os1 moral "*1 :i*1 accord+ to ,ari/otle is d]iv$ f ,greek3 e?os cu/om1 "u ! notion t moral virtue is a product ( repeat$ acts ( volunt>y pref]5ce4#a ,tak5 /rictly ?is w\ld build rectitude or ! e?ically "r on ! m]e habits or usages ( a p4 ,b ?is conception ( ! basis ( virtue mu/ n be includ$ & c>ri$ into ! sci5tific use ( ! ^w1 or be at all all[$ to prejudice ! f9al decision ( ?is great "q ( ! f\ndation ( "r1 9 ! end1 9 ! light ( all ! facts 9 ! case4#b ,! ,lat9 equival5t = ,greek3 ?os 0 mos1 ) simil> sugge/ion z to ! nature ( rectitude1 & human duty 0 treat$ "u ! head ( ,de ,moribus4 ,cic]o says3 ,quia p]t9et ad mores1 quod ,greek3 ?os illi vocant1 nos eam p>tem philosophi ,de ,moribus appell>e solemus2 s$ decet aug5tem l+uam ,lat9am nom9>e ,moralem4#c ,?is sugge/ion ( ,cic]o has giv5 ! common ,engli% designation ,morals or ,moral ,philosophy4 ,rec5t usage1 h[ev]1 speaks ( ! /udy r z moral sci5ce1 9 h>mony ) ! prevail+ pref]5ce = ! t]m sci5ce 9 all inve/igations conduct$ "u ! inductive me?od4 ,x is1 nev]!less1 z w appe>1 l>gely a metaphysical & philosophical inve/igation1 &1 if class$ z sci5ce1 mu/ be c\nt$ z pre-em95tly a philosophical sci5ce4 ,hi/orical ,glance4 #b4 ,! beg9n+ ( ! movem5t to give a sy/ematic view ( e?ical tru? may be trac$ to ,socrates4 ,! pre-,socratic philosophy fail$ to produce any?+ t c be call$ a sy/em 9 ?is connection4 ,! difficulty 9 ! way 0 n only ! want ( a sci5tific _s at t p]iod1 b especially ! inadequate & false light 9 :i* human be+s 7 view$4 ,outside ( ! ,hebrew p !re 0 little or no recognition ( ! fre$om ( man1 z man4 ,su* fre$om 0 d5i$ bo? 9 ?\ght & 9 life4 ,ev]y:]e1 9 ,india1 ,*9a1 & ,egypt1 z well z 9 ,greece & ,rome1 ! imm5se mass ( ! population 7 9 a condition ( abject slav]y1 reg>d$ z *attels1 n am5able to ! responsibilities ( moral life4 ,only ! free citiz5s 7 view$ z capable ( virtue4 ,slav]y 0 a "p ( ! v conception ( ! ,/ate4 ,! ess5tial *>act]i/ics & rights ( humanity 7 n ?\ght ( z belong+ to all m54 ,b moral life1 z w appe>1 c exi/ only 9 ! sph]e ( lib]ty4 ,ev5 ! mo/ advanc$ philosoph]s ( ! anci5t _w ext5d$ ! conception ( moral manhood only to ! free citiz51 ! /atus ( ! re/ n br++ !m )9 ! possibility ( ev5 civic virtue4 ,& ev5 ! s-call$ free citiz5 exi/$ almo/ absolutely = ! ,/ate4 ,8 sacr$ selfhood disappe>$ "u own]%ip by ! ,gov]nm5t1 by :i* he 0 held & us$ z a ma*9e = milit>y s]vice4 ,ev5 long aft] ,socrates op5$ ! way1 )9 ?is limit$ range1 t[>d "s connect$ view ( e?ical life1 ^! disabl+ causes cont9u$ to di/ort & imp$e all ef=ts to sy/ematize ! pr9ciples :i* und]lie & det]m9e x4 ,plato1 ,ari/otle1 & ! philosoph]s g5]ally1 cont9u$ to "k no?+ ( a morality = all human be+s4#d ,x is to be rememb]$1 too1 t ?is t>dy appe>ance ( ef=t 9 sci5tific e?ics is "p ( ! wid] fact1 t 9 t p]iod ( human hi/ory ev5 ! mo/ advanc$ tribes & nations _h n ris5 to sci5ce at all4 ,all k 0 9 ! non-sci5tific =m1 or only fragm5t>ily & in*oately adju/$4 ,! moral consci\sness & p]sonal virtues1 h[ev]1 ( c\rse exi/$1 z "p ( ! normal con/itution & practical activities ( human life4 ,! v>i\s peoples _h collections ( moral precepts & rules = "r liv+1 (t5 bright ) gems ( e?ical tru? & beauty1 usually 9 close connection ) religi\s beliefs & convictions2 b ^! 7 n bas$ & unifi$ on any und]ly+ pr9ciples br++ !m logically into compact & consi/5t sy/em4 ,j z ! facts & practices ( religion exi/$1 9 ev5 ri* luxuriance1 ant]ior to ! appe>ance ( speculative !ologies1 & ! ph5om5a ( nature = long c5turies prec$$ ! =mation ( ! natural sci5ces1 s ! moral con/itution ( ! race & practical morality exi/$ long 9 advance ( ! explanations & sy/emization t create ! sci5ce ( e?ics4 ,! hi/ory ( ! sci5ce does n come )9 ! purpose ( ?is "w4 ,! greatness ( ! speculative & practical que/ions involv$ 9 ! subject1 cle>ly & impressively app>5t :5 once br\ght =w>d1 c\ld n fail to awak5 & hold ! mo/ e>ne/ int]e/ ( ! human m9d4 ,!y conc]n$ ! p[]s & possibilities ( man 9 ! cr[n+ end[m5ts ( 8 nature1 & 9 ! highe/ asc5t ( _! evid5t int5tion & adaptation4 ,!y t\*$ ! great problems ( p]sonal & social welf>e 9 ! mo/ vital relations & decisive int]e/s4 ,s ! old sages became morali/s & _! great !mes 7 ! !mes ( virtue & duty4 ,n v deeply1 h[ev]1 did !y1 = c5turies1 succe$ 9 p5etrat+ ! rational pr9ciples ( ! moral life & ! au?ority ( ! moral judgm5ts4 ,yet cle> gems ( ?\ght & deep sugge/ion m>k ! pa?way ( _! ?9k+4 ,9 pass+ on1 & ov] f pagan into ,*ri/ian developm5t1 ! treatm5t 0 mo/ly 9 connection ) religi\s tru?s1 & z involv$ 9 !ological doctr9e4 ,9 ! light ( ! ,*ri/ian ,scriptures ! :ole subject came "u a new illum9ation4 ,! v>i\s duties1 h[ev]1 9 ! diff]5t relations ( life1 7 p]mitt$ to re/1 )\t mu* !oriz+1 on ! w>rant ( sup]natural revelation & div9e precept4 ,d[n ?r\gh ! e>ly ,*ri/ian p]iod1 & ! c5turies ( m$ival s*ola/icism1 & on ?r\gh ! ,r5aissance & ! ,re=mation & ! subsequ5t dogmatic p]iod ( ,prote/ant !ology1 e?ics cont9u$ to be treat$ simply z a division ( !ology1 bas$ almo/ :olly on ! ,sacr$ ,scriptures1 ) b little inclusion ( any ef=t to det]m9e its natural basis & significance4 ,b ) ! age ( mod]n philosophy & sci5ce a new int]e/ & direction came to e?ical inquiry4 ,explanation began to be s\ght = ! unique au?ority ( ! e?ical judgm5ts1 & conc]n+ ! place ( ! moral p[] 9 ! ess5tial con/itution ( ! human s\l4 ,special emphasis 0 giv5 to ! fact t1 ev5 ap>t f ! precepts ( revelation1 man is b\nd to rectitude by an imp]ative )9 him1 :i* is n ( 8 *oice1 b claims ! "r to dom9ate 8 *oices4 ,& s9ce ! sev5te5? c5tury ! e?ical con/itution ( humanity1 toge!r ) ! nature & gr\nds ( "r1 has be5 made1 ap>t f !ology1 ! di/9ct & sep>ate !me ( sci5tific & philosophical inve/igation & discussion4 ,x has be5 among ! lead+ subjects ( rational inquiry & con/ructive ef=t4 ,especially 9 ,great ,brita9 & 9 our own c\ntry has ! inquiry be5 conduct$ on ?is basis1 & direct$ to ! exhibition ( ! natural f\ndation & "* ( ! e?ical di/9ctions & judgm5ts1 & to a sy/emization ( ! e?ical realities & laws ?us det]m9able4 ,! "w ?us done has creat$ an imm5se lit]ature1 & e/abli%$ a body ( securely au!nticat$ sci5tific results4 #c4 ,e?ics1 9 its compreh5sive s5se1 is naturally divid$ into two lead+ p>ts--,!oretical ,e?ics1 & ,practical or ,appli$ ,e?ics4 ,!oretical ,e?ics4 7#a7 ,!oretical ,e?ics deals ) ! ess5tial realities & pr9ciples :i* =m ! fundam5tal basis & s\rce ( obligation & moral law1 9 ! con/itution ( man & ( ! _w4 ,x is a speculative /udy1 seek+ a rational acc\nt ( ! f\ndations ( morality & behe/s ( duty4 ,x secures a !ory f & ( ! facts4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 a d\ble range ( inve/igation1 z x seeks to det]m9e ! tru? ) respect to ! two great ess5tial factors 9 ! aggregate inquiry4 ,9 ! "o range x exam9es & asc]ta9s ! facts & laws ( man's moral nature4 ,x inve/igates ! con/itution ( ! moral ag5t1 9 ^: consci\s exp]i5ce1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! concrete _w1 ! moral ph5om5a arise4 ,9 ?is "p1 ! inquiry is psy*ological1 & its results are sci5tific4 ,9 ! o!r range x inve/igates ! nature & gr\nd ( "r1 or ! morally good4 ,9 ?is ! se>* is n = :at is discov]able )9 ! moral ag5t1 or ! ph5om5a ( ! moral p]ceptions & emotions1 b = t :i* is )\t him & to :i* 8 moral life is1 at lea/ app>5tly1 requir$ to be adju/$4 ,"h ! "w is metaphysical1 pass+ on f :at is ph5om5al )9 man1 & look+ = ! sup]-ph5om5al realities impli$4 ,! process & results "h are philosophical4 ,x ?us appe>s t ! "o range ( inve/igation moves subjectively1 ! o!r objectively4 ,! fir/ discov]s :at man is--at lea/ s f> z 8 con/itution embraces ^? p[]s1 p]ceptions1 judgm5ts & feel+s 9 :i* he becomes & recognizes himself a moral be+2 ! second seeks to "k :at rectitude is1 or :at is t to :i* ! moral p]ceptions & discrim9ations ref] & b9d4 ,:5 ! tru? on bo? ^! sides is discov]$ & br\ght toge!r1 ! :ole view1 ) ! p>ticul>s logically correlat$1 w pres5t ! aggregate !ory ( duty1 or ! rationale ( obligation4 ,practical ,e?ics4 7#b7 ,practical ,e?ics sets =? ! prop] application ( ^! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( "r & duty1 z develop$ & ju/ifi$ 9 !oretical e?ics1 to ! v>i$ relations ( m51 p]sonally1 9 ! ,family1 9 ,society1 & 9 ! ,/ate4 ,x passes on f ! philosophy ( moral obligations to a settlem5t ( p>ticul> duties 9 ! diff]5t sph]es ( human life & activity4 ,! connection betwe5 !oretical & practical e?ics is v close & vital4 ,!ory & practice always affect ea* o!r4 ,!y _c be held :olly ap>t4 ,!y act & react on ea* o!r1 9 ceaseless influ5ces4 ,x is s 9 e dep>tm5t ( ?\ght & life4 ,!oretical error 9 physical sci5ce1 9 art1 9 trade1 9 political economy1 c h>dly fail to appe> 9 faulty or misdirect$ practice4 ,e failure to grasp fir/ pr9ciples correctly & firmly is sure to mean failure also to grasp & ma9ta9 ! true ord] & beauty ( "r liv+4 ,false views z to ! reality & gr\nds ( moral obligation weak51 vitiate & corrupt life4 ,!y become1 (t51 ! f\nta9 ( f>-fl[+ /reams ( evil & blight4 ,at be/ !y lack p[] = ! true & "r life4 ,a correct !ory ( e?ical tru? is1 !re=e1 dem&$ by all ! high int]e/s 9 ! moral life ( man & ! ord] ( ! _w4 ,x is app>5t1 h[ev]1 t x is only ! !oretical "p t con/itutes ! sci5ce ( e?ics4 ,x alone settles ! sy/ematic view ( x1 reveal+ its und]ly+ pre-suppositions & pr9ciples1 exhibit+ its reasons & det]m9+ its laws4 ,practical e?ics1 z simply po9t+ out h[ ^! be> ^u m5's temp] & conduct 9 actual life1 is ap>t f ! sci5tific inve/igation4 ,?\gh ?is has usually con/itut$ a l>ge portion ( =mal treatises on ! subject1 we1 = ! reason ?us giv51 omit x f ?is discussion4 #d4 ,a few ( ! relations ( e?ical sci5ce are prop]ly call$ to m9d "h4 ,its place w ?us be m cle>ly se54 ,x su/a9s v close relations to ?ree o!r great bran*es ( /udy4 ,relation to ,psy*ology4 7#a7 ,to psy*ology4 ,x is organically relat$ to ?is4 ,9 t "p ( its "w :i* det]m9es ! reality & nature ( moral obligation f ! con/itution & action ( ! human m9d1 moral sci5ce jo9s ) psy*ology 9 ! inve/igation ( man's m5tal capacities & p[]s4 ,ev] s9ce ! days ( ,ari/otle e?ics has be5 se5 to h real psy*ological basis & pre-suppositions4#e ,yet1 z a result ( ! lat] g5]al subsum+ ( e?ics "u religi\s & !ological precepts1 ?is basis receiv$ b little di/9ct inve/igation till ! "t ( ,%aftesbury :o1 ?\gh fail+ to give adequate or correct acc\nt ( x1 br\ght x prom95tly =w>d4 ,m5tal sci5ce is ess5tially conditional = moral sci5ce4 ,! behe/s ( duty are provid$ = & sanction$ 9 human nature4 ,! moral discrim9ations & convictions em]ge z psy*ical ph5om5a4 ,to und]/& :at man ought to d1 x is necess>y to "k :at he is4 ,9 ! v /ructure & adju/m5t ( 8 p[]s1 x becomes app>5t t he has be5 made = duty & organiz$ "u obligations4 ,b :ile psy*ology & e?ics bo? /udy ! p[]s & functions ( ! s\l1 !y d s ) diff]5t aims4 ,! "o has no aim beyond a k ( ! ph5om5a & laws ( ! m9d z m9d4 ,! o!r /udies x ) a view to ! light :i* ?is k %$s on ! problems ( virtue & duty4 ,!re are1 inde$1 "s que/ions 9 e?ics t transc5d ! prov9ce ( psy*ology1 & belong to ! fur!r realm ( metaphysics--z1 = in/ance1 ! validity & gr\nd ( ! di/9ction betwe5 "r & wrong--yet1 s f> z x is ! sci5ce ( consci5ce or ( man's moral nature1 x is ?or\ghly psy*ological4 ,& well w\ld x h be5 = moral sci5ce if1 in/ead ( speculatively & arbitr>ily !oriz+ on ! subject1 x _h m critically1 fully1 & exactly se>*$ out ! real facts 9 actual psy*ology & mov$ =w>d always t[>d ! conclusions necessitat$ by ^! fundam5tal & abid+ realities4 ,relation to ,natural ,!ology4 7#b7 ,to ,natural ,!ology4 ,z ,natural ,!ology seeks to det]m9e ! exi/5ce1 "* & w ( ,god z ,creator & ,moral ,gov]nor ( ! _w1 & ! consequ5t relations & responsibilities ( m51 x cov]s1 to "s ext5t1 ! same gr\nd z a sy/em ( e?ics con/ruct$ simply ^u ! basis ( reason & ! data f\nd 9 man's nature & place4 ,bo?1 if prop]ly drawn out1 br+ to view ! reality ( a p[] t makes = righte\sness#f 9 ! natural con/itution ( ! _w1 & exhibit ! laws ( obligation t b9d m5 "u ! action ( consci5ce4 ,bo? treat ( ! fact & au!ntications ( human duty4 ,a sci5ce ( e?ics1 z well z a !ology1 may be con/ruct$1 ap>t f sup]natural revelation1 f ! data ( reason & nature alone4 ,! possibility ( ?is is impli$ 9 ,rom4 #b3ad1 #ae4 ,?is w\ld be a sy/em ( natural e?ics4 ,!re is /ill1 h[ev]1 a l>ge diff]5ce--?\gh !ology & e?ics be kept ap>t f ! tea*+s ( special revelation4 ,= ,natural ,!ology keeps m prom95tly & controll+ly 9 view ! be+ & "* ( ,god1 & aims m di/9ctly to produce ! religi\s s5tim5ts1 :ile au!nticat+ ! reality & action ( ! moral law4 ,e?ics1 on ! o!r h&1 puts ! facts ( human nature & life into ! front & includes ! religi\s elem5t only z a consequ5tial1 ?\gh necess>y1 inclusion4 ,relation to ,*ri/ian ,!ology4 7#c7 ,to ,*ri/ian ,!ology1 or reveal$ religion4 ,z ?is is ! fulle/ disclosure ( ! duty ( man1 9 all 8 relations1 to ,god1 to 8 fell[-m51 & to 8 own end1 x is n surpris+ t = s _m c5turies1 ! treatm5t ( morals 0 made simply a "p ( g5]al !ology1 & m]ely di/+ui%$ z ,moral ,!ology4 ,9 ! mod]n sep>ation ( e?ics f !ology & treatm5t ( x z a sci5ce1 x is n meant to d5y ! close aff9ity betwe5 ! two inve/igations or ! ri* illum9ation t duty receives f sup]natural revelation1 b only to trace out m di/9ctly & fully1 9 indep5d5t & sci5tific =m1 ! deep & immovable f\ndations ( ! pr9ciples ( duty 9 ! v con/itution ( man & ! _w4 ,?is exhibition ( ! natural basis ( e?ical law & obligation becomes an indep5d5t & g5]ic en=cem5t ( ! pr9ciples ( righte\sness4 ,x gives a philosophic v9dication ( "o ( ! fir/ assumptions ( ,*ri/ianity--! supremacy ( ! law ( rectitude = human life4 ,& ,*ri/ianity is v9dicat$ & exalt$ :5 x comes recogniz+ & confirm+ all ! pr9ciples & duties discov]able 9 our moral nature1 & add+ a sup]natural disclosure ( ! way 9 :i* righte\sness may be e/abli%$ 9 our lives1 & m5 may atta9 _! "r "* & de/9y4 ,*ri/ianity1 :ile mu* m ?an ?is1 appe>s z a div9e re-publication ( ! e?ical tru? :i* f ! fir/ has be5 incorporat$ 9 ! organization ( humanity4 ,9 x ! light ( consci5ce is supplem5t$ & made cle>4 ,! e?ics ( human reason & ^? ( revelation ?us cov]1 to a great ext5t1 ! same gr\nd4 ,:5 correctly read !y are nev] 9 conflict1 b 9 h>mony4 ,bo? %[ man to be "u moral law--& "u brok5 law1 t is1 "u s94 ,b ! light ( ! ,scriptures is broad] & full]4 ,= 9 addition to _! confirmation ( a natural e?ic = man1 !y disclose a s*eme ( r$emption1 ) o!rwise undiscov]able moral relations & obligations1 introduc+ new & vital elem5ts into ! sci5ce ( e?ics4 ,! inclusion ( ^! elem5ts & tru?s turns pagan or natural e?ics into ,*ri/ian4 ,:atev] int]pretation may be giv5 by diff]5t ,*ri/ians to ! r$emption ?us disclos$1 ! e?ical tea*+ ( ! ,sacr$ ,scriptures1 by univ]sal cons5t1 surpasses1 9 cle>ness1 elevation & complet5ess1 e o!r e?ical view or sy/em 9 ! _w4 ,! l(tie/ philosophical ?\ght has rea*$ no high] summit--& has climb$ to its be/ only 9 ! light :i* ,*ri/ianity has suppli$4 ,no sy/em ( morals is n[ wor?y ( ! "n t fails to avail itself ( its e?ical tea*+4 ,only :5 ?is is prop]ly includ$1 illum9at+ natural e?ics ) its sup]natural light1 c we h ! :ole view ( human duty4 ,he :o refuses ! ,*ri/ian grade & complet5ess ( moral view goes back f ! full daylight into ! obscure dawn be=e ! morn+4 ,nev]!less ! natural basis ( e?ical laws ne$s to be cle>ly appreh5d$ & di/9ctly borne 9 m9d4 ,9 ^! days :5 ! f\ndations ( all tru?s are put to scrut9iz+ te/s1 x is ( fundam5tal importance t1 ?r\gh ! v]ify+ processes ( c>eful sci5ce1 we %all recognize ! e?ical v]ities & responsibilities1 affirm$ by revelation1 z prim>ily & immutably a "p ( ! v nature ( man & ! con/itution ( ! _w4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,fact ,,( ,,moral ,,di/9ctions4 ,moral ,di/9ctions4 ,! prim>y fact und]ly+ ! sci5ce ( e?ics is ! great ph5om5on ( moral di/9ctions 9 ! _w4 ,sc>cely any?+ 9 human life has be5 m conspicu\s & indubitable ?an ! exi/5ce ( ideas ( "r & wrong & _! application to human conduct4 ,?is has *>act]iz$ mank9d ev]y:]e & 9 all ages4 ,its preval5ce is z broad z humanity4 ,a ph5om5on s univ]sal & p]man5t mu/ necess>ily be reg>d$ z 9 "s way organic 9 ! human con/itution4 ,x calls = exam9ation & ju/ifies sci5tific inquiry into its cause & implications4 ,! c]ta9ty & l>g5ess ( ! ph5om5on become deeply impressive :5 x is trac$ out & fairly consid]$4 ,reveal$ 9 ,p]sonal ,consci\sness4 #a4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 "r & wrong appe>s 9 e man's p]sonal consci\sness4 ,ea* "o is directly & fully aw>e ( x 9 8 own case4 ,he approves & condemns on ?is basis1 & 9 do+ s f9ds himself 9 h>mony ) a pr9ciple m>k+ ! s5tim5ts ( o!rs ar\nd him4 ,he passes quick1 spontane\s judgm5ts on 8 own conduct & on t ( 8 fell[-m54 ,! di/9ction1 to great] or less degree1 %apes itself into a s5se ( obligation & a law ( duty4 ,no?+ c wipe x out f 8 k & feel+s4 ,incorporat$ 9 ,social ,organism4 #b4 ,x is f\nd incorporat$ into ! social organism4 ,:at ea* man is consci\s ( do+ 9 8 own inn] life1 society1 9 its solid>ity or con/itutional unity1 is f\nd do+ & en=c+4 ,organic humanity reveals ! pres5ce ( ! e?ical conception & sure l9es ( its action ev]y:]e4 ,h[ev] div]se may be its judgm5ts1 !re is su* a ?+ z a public consci5ce t holds up conduct to favor or reprobation1 n simply z b5eficial or injuri\s b z be+ intr9sically "r or wrong4 ,! social con/itution is 9 fact fram$ toge!r "u ! human capacity & necessity ( p]ceiv+ & fulfill+ ! duties t arise 9 ! int]-relations ( associat$ life4 ,=1 ! v laws & adm9i/rations on :i* ! social ord] & welf>e are dep5d5t1 & ?r\gh :i* !y are 9 a measure secur$1 are ! embodim5t ( ! e?ical ideas & judgm5ts ( ! p4 ,no adju/m5t ( relations is possible except ^u ?is f\ndation4 ,! oblit]ation ( ^! ideas w\ld mean social an>*y4 ,society1 says ,pr(4 ,bord5 ,p4 ,b[ne1 9 its organiz$ =m1 is a moral in/itution ) moral ends4 ,h[ev] selfi% individuals may be1 !y _c live toge!r )\t a social ord] :i* re/s on moral ideas4#g ,witness$ 9 ,hi/ory4 #c4 ,! great volume ( hi/ory is witness to ! univ]sal ph5om5on4 ,its records te/ify to ! pres5ce & action ( ! moral di/9ctions ev]y:]e & 9 all ! ages ( ! _w4 ,:e!r ^! records pres5t ! cu/oms & habits ( e>ly tribes1 ! rise & fall ( nations1 ! reigns ( pr9ces & emp]ors1 ! exploits ( g5]als & conqu]ors1 ! m>* & ov]?r[ ( armies1 ! rel5tless cruelty ( tyrants or ! noble s]vice ( patriots & b5efactors1 ! e/abli%m5t ( j in/itutions or ! mis]ies ( ! p :]e ! oppressor's mill/ones gr9d on1 all ! pages are replete ) evid5ce t m51 ar\nd all ! globe & ?r\gh all ! c5turies1 h be5 wont ei!r to accuse or excuse ! conduct & motives ( "o ano!r accord+ to "s /&>d ( moral judgm5t or s5tim5ts ( "r & wrong4 ,x is true t f "s pages ( hi/ory ! moral s5se seems d>k5$ out ( sight4 ,!y br+ be=e u ?\s&s ( m51 (t5 ! mo/ conspicu\s 9 ! ev]-*ang+ drama ( public life1 f ^: ?9k+ ! notions ( "r & wrong seem to h be5 want+ or oblit]at$1 act+ only f selfi%ness1 av>ice1 or ambition1 mon/]s ( inju/ice1 he>tlessness1 cruelty & blood4 ,_m ( its *apt]s are b ! sick5+ /ories ( tribal & national feuds & w>s1 ( crime1 plund] & deva/ation1 ( hate1 s*em+ & trea*]y1 ( ?ir/ = p[]1 fame & treasure1 ( mov+ armies & fields ( c>nage & fire-swept l&s1 seem+ to report t ! moral s5se _h no place or =ce :atev] 9 ! m5 :o 7 ! actors 9 ^? sc5es4 ,b ^! *apt]s ( lurid crime & wrong1 l ! records ( crime to-day1 d n repres5t all ! ?\ght ( ! humanity ( su* times4 ,!y tell ( ! m5 & de$s t mo/ completely defi$ ! moral ideas t belong$ to _! own nature1 & ^: remorseless wrong-do+ evok$ ! deep1 indignant reprobation ( ! ?\s&s & millions ( innoc5t & injur$ suff]]s4 ,& :5 ! p5 ( hi/ory1 ) eye on ! relations ( cause & effect & ! unfold+ issues ( su* flagrant violation ( "r & ju/ice1 has trac$ ! /eps ( a div9e ,nemesis1 a /]n ,av5g]1 foll[+ ! guilty1 age aft] age1 ! record proves to be1 all ! m emphatically1 a ceaseless te/imony to ! great fact ( moral di/9ctions z a _w-wide & ceaseless ph5om5on ( human life4 ,%[n 9 ,all ,religions4 #d4 ,! religions ( ! _w all %[ ! same fact4 ,:ile ^! pres5t a ,godw>d side & express ! p]petual human ne$ ( union & fell[%ip ) ! inf9ite div9e ,s\rce ( all ,good1 !y at ! same "t te/ify to a di/9ctively moral con/itution & action ( human life4 ,! s5se ( obligation1 duty & guilt appe>s 9 ! w>p & wo( ( religion ev]y:]e4 ,:ile ) a s+ul> brea* ) reason religi\s rites & practices "h & !re h %[n a wide dep>ture f correct moral pr9ciples1 yet ! religi\s consci\sness ( ! race has be5 almo/ a synonym = ! action ( ! moral s5se4 ,9 all l&s & all ages ?is consci\sness has c>ri$ ) x1 9 great] or less cle>ness & =ce1 a conviction t ! ,p[] above m5 n !mselves is a ,p[] t makes = righte\sness1 e/abli%+ & en=c+ pr9ciples ( duty among m54 ,& ! v>i\s religions ( mank9d1 especially ^? ( mono!i/ic tea*+ & m di/9ct developm5t1 pres5t cle> & emphatic codes ( moral pr9ciples & requirem5t4 ,"s ( !m are resolvable l>gely into philosophies ( life1 ) e?ical directions = ! regulation ( conduct4 ,9 ! ,egyptian ,book ( ! ,dead1 :i* belongs to ! age ( ! pyramid build]s1 f #bjjj to #cjjj ,b4 ,c41 we f9d set =? a morality m>k$ by surpris+ bread? & purity4#h ,9 all ! wide-spread religions ( ,asia1 "s ( !m em]g+ out ( ! d>kness ( prehi/oric times1 ! ,akkadian & ,babylonian1 ,zoroa/rianism1 ,brahmanism1 ,confucianism1 ,buddhism1 ,toism1 ,%9toism1 & ,mohamm$anism1 ) _! c\ntless millions ( foll[]s1 ev]y:]e ! con/itution ( man & social life is recogniz$ z laid 9 laws ( moral obligation & ord]1 & religi\s life1 9 great] or less degree1 is call$ to aspire to t :i* is judg$ to be "r & good4 ,anci5t ,druidism 0 /rongly m>k$ by its emphatic moral tone4 ,no ,*ri/ian ne$s to be rem9d$ ) :at sublime di/9ctness ,*ri/ianity1 ) its r$emption economy1 decl>es ! et]nal di/9ction betwe5 moral good & evil1 & calls m5 to peace & bless$ness ?r\gh fai? & righte\sness4 ,religion1 x is to be rememb]$1 is 9 ! broade/ s5se a fact ( humanity4 ,! di/+ui%$ an?ropologi/ ,quatrefages is su/a9$ by ! fulle/ evid5ce :5 he ass]ts t man is ess5tially a religi\s be+4 ,x appe>s 9 e tribe on e>?4 ,moral conceptions & s5tim5ts1 h[ev] fa9t & faultily appli$1 are a "p ( ?is omnipres5t religi\s m9d ( ! race4 ,p]vades ,lit]ature4 #e4 ,su* moral conceptions p]vade ! g5]al lit]ature ( ! _w4 ,:]ev] a p has progress$ 9 culture suffici5tly to create & pres]ve a lit]ature1 x is f\nd to be _m-tongu$ witness to a recogniz$ diff]5ce betwe5 "r & wrong4 ,9 its pages ^! discrim9ations appe> z a nev]-ceas+ *>act]i/ic ( human ?\ght4 ,!y come to u out ( ! remote/ pa/ & f regions untaught by ! decalogue ( ,s9ai4 ,!y illum9ate1 z already impli$1 ! sacr$ books ( ,india1 ,*9a1 ,egypt1 ,p]sia & ,babylonia1 z well z ! classic writ+s ( anci5t ,greece & ,rome & ! ,saga writ+ ( ,nor!rn ,europe4 ,!y n only =m ! body ( ! moral disquisitions ( ,socrates1 ,plato1 ,ari/otle1 ,cato1 ,cic]o1 ,s5eca1 ,m>cus ,aurelius & _m o!rs1 b color & %ape ! drama & lyric poetry 9 :i* ! ?\ght & s5tim5t ( ! race h be5 embalm$4 ,to see illu/rations ( ?is we ne$ only read ! trag$ies ( ,sophocles1 = in/ance dipus ,tyrannus1 l9es #hfc-hga1 or ,antigone1 l9es #ddi-dfj1 or li/5 to ! v]se ( ,horace1 ,book ,,iii1 ,ode #c1 trac+ ! supremacy & triumph ( a consci\sness ( "r ov] all o!r au?ority & p[]4 ,) ! advance ( humanity z ! c5turies h pass$ away lit]ature is m & m ! repres5tation ( human s5tim5t & life "u ! action & reaction ( ^! e?ical discrim9ations 9 ! ev]-*ang+ conditions ( ! _w4 ,philosophy & sci5ce & fiction & poetry & politics & jurisprud5ce are occupi$ 9 deal+ ) ! pr9ciples & que/ions ?us rais$1 & our mod]n libr>ies are l>gely ! accumulat$ treasures ( ! ?9k+ _w on ! significance & application ( ^! pr9ciples4 ,an?ropological ,confirmation4 #f4 ,! e?nic & an?ropological in=mation ( ! pres5t day reports no p or tribe1 ev5 ! rude/1 altoge!r )\t moral ideas & "s measure ( application ( !m to conduct4 ,en?usia/ic sci5ti/s1 travel]s & mission>ies1 trav]s+ ! e>?1 h ?or\ghly e/abli%$ ?is po9t4 ,(t51 inde$1 has ! univ]sality "h ass]t$ be5 disput$4 ,reports 7 br\ght ( tribes discov]$ altoge!r de/itute ( ! e?ical s5se4 ,b clos] inspection ( ! tribal & p]sonal life has correct$ ! fir/ impression1 & evid5ces ( ! disput$ fact h become indubitable4 ,a l[ & confus$ manife/ation _h be5 mi/ak5 z none :atev]4 ,9 degrad$ & besott$ conditions ( human life1 x is altoge!r reasonable to believe t ! p>ticul> discrim9ation 9 "q w\ld appe> only 9 ! crude & unc]ta9 =ms 9 keep+ ) ! undevelop$ grade ( all ! functions ( ?\ght & s5tim5t4 ,! sunk5 humanity has c>ri$ d[n & buri$ its prop] & normal manife/ations almo/ out ( sight4 ,z soon z uplift comes to a tribe1 ! p[]s ( moral disc]nm5t & k1 ^: action 0 sc>cely discov]able be=e1 em]ge 9 unmi/akable c]ta9ty & =ce4 ,& no ph5om5on t sci5ce is seek+ to inve/igate to-day c be m ju/ly reg>d$ z univ]sally human ?an ! fact "u consid]ation4 ,n ,affect$ by ,explanations4 #g4 ,x ne$s to be di/9ctly fix$ 9 m9d t ?is great fact is n at all affect$ by any (f]$ !ory ( its cause & significance4 ,x /&s indep5d5t ( any p>ticul> explanation ( x1 & inde$ ( all solutions4 ,if1 = in/ance1 ! orig9 ( ^! moral judgm5ts %\ld be trac$ back & acc\nt$ =1 z is done by ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 z ! result ( accumulat$ exp]i5ces ( utility1 gradually organiz$ & inh]it$ z spontane\s approval & disapproval1 ! !ory /ill recognizes ! fact ( e?ical judgm5ts :ile endeavor+ to acc\nt = !m4 ,or1 :5 ! old] utilit>ianism seeks to expla9 !m z resolvable into ! pleasure or satisfaction m5 feel t[>d c]ta9 =ms ( conduct or pr9ciples ( behavior t are f\nd to be useful & promotive ( happ9ess1 ! fact /ill rema9s t judgm5ts ( "r & wrong are actually e/abli%$ & dom9ate ! ?\ght & life ( m54 ,! v attempt to id5tify ! virtues ( life ) its utilities1 :ile mak+ ! virtues only its utilities1 conc$es t ! obligation to !m is "p ( ! recogniz$ reality ( human life4 ,or1 fur!r1 %\ld a bold] & m radical view allege t ^! notions ( "r & wrong are m]e matt]s ( ta/e & prejudice1 a fictiti\s product ( adv5titi\s circum/ances & education1 )\t v]ity or validity at bottom1 ! (f]$ explanation w\ld be simply a d5ial1 b no dispro( ( ! fact conc]n$4 ,= x w\ld am\nt to a claim t 9 ! absolute s5se "o ?+ is ess5tially z good z ano!r1 & w\ld ?us disreg>d ! real affirmation z x /&s 9 ! moral judgm5t ( mank9d4 ,su* a claim1 x has be5 well said1 no !ori/ ( ! pres5t day w\ld pret5d to ma9ta9 outside ( 8 closet4#i ,n 9 any race or p has ! e?ical s5se all[$ t ess5tially & at bottom all acts are equally "r4 ,?is is ! v po9t ( ! great ph5om5on pres5t$4 ,:atev] may be ! f9al explanation ( x1 someh[ or o!r ! reason1 s5tim5t & practical s5se ( mank9d insi/ on a real diff]5ce1 & look ^u all d5ial ( ! di/9ction z a manife/ & intol]able absurdity4 ,! univ]sal recognition ( ?is di/9ction1 reveal$ 9 e man's consci\sness1 involv$ 9 ! organic relations ( society1 te/ifi$ to ev]y:]e 9 ! pages ( hi/ory1 embodi$ ess5tially 9 ! religi\s nature & s5tim5ts ( mank9d1 wov5 into g5]al lit]ature1 f\nd to-day unmi/akably 9 ! ?9k+1 laws & cu/oms ( all races & tribes1 & ackn[l$g$ 9 ! philosophical view ( humanity :]ev] man is /udi$1 irr$ucible z a fact by any acc\nt ( its g5esis or explanation ( its significance1 pres5ts ! occasion & prim>y mat]ials ( e?ical sci5ce4 ,! great ph5om5on calls = inve/igation4 ,we want to "k ! reasons = x & ! import ( x4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,faculty ,,( ,,moral ,,di/9ctions--,,! ,,exi/5ce ,,( ,,consci5ce4 ,! ,moral ,faculty4 ,! great fact ( moral di/9ctions1 f\nd to be univ]sal 9 human ?\ght & life1 mu/ be trac$ back to ! p>ticul> p[] ( ! m9d :i* disc]ns & feels ^! di/9ctions4 ,back ( ! ph5om5on mu/ be recogniz$ ! psy*ical capacity & action out ( :i* ! discrim9ations arise4 ,! moral faculty answ]s to & 9 "p acc\nts = ! moral fact4 ,9 mod]n g5]al lit]ature x is usually call$ ! consci5ce4 ,e?ical sci5ce prop]ly accepts ! designation4 ,x is sometimes call$ ! moral consci\sness1 or ! moral s5se4 ,x expresses a p[] ( ! p]sonal ego or self to make ! moral discrim9ation & disc]n ! obligation to rectitude4 ,)\t su* p[]1 z an adequate capacity = ! ideas1 x is pla9 t ! e?ical judgm5ts c\ld n arise4 ,! v idea ( obligation1 ! e?ical ought1 w\ld be want+4 ,! :ole realm ( :at ?is sci5ce consid]s w\ld be a blank4 ,9 ! moral faculty or consci5ce itself1 z ! imm$iate s\rce ( ! e?ical di/9ctions & laws ( duty1 we are furni%$ ) additional mat]ial = ?is /udy4 ,no p>ticul> /ress is "h laid on ! t]m faculty1 z a designation ( ! moral p[]4 ,!re is1 inde$1 no validity 9 ! claim ( "s rec5t psy*ologi/s t ! t]m mu/ be ab&on$ on ! gr\nd t psy*ology discov]s only m5tal acts1 )\t a psy*ic subject ) di/9ct faculties back ( ! acts4 ,yet ! t]m faculty has (t5 be5 us$ & und]/ood 9 a way inconsi/5t ) ! ess5tial & consci\s unity ( ! p]sonal ego or self1 mak+ ! s\l seem a bundle ( indep5d5t & sep>ately act+ p>ts ( a psy*ical organism4 ,! p]fect on5ess ( ! p]sonal self mu/ be ma9ta9$1 & ! t]m faculty1 :5 us$ = any =m ( psy*ical ability1 mu/ be und]/ood simply z express+ ! s\l's capacity or p[] to d any specific =m ( "w1 or to act 9 any p>ticul> & di/9ctively def9able way1 z1 = in/ance1 to "k1 to feel1 to w1 to rememb]1 to comp>e4 ,9 ?is s5se ! use ( ! t]m /&s fully ju/ifi$ 9 psy*ological usage & propriety4 ,b ! reason = abat+ f ! claim ( /rict exactness 9 ! t]m 9 ?is connection is t ! consci5ce1 9 its full conception & action1 z w h]eaft] appe>1 :ile exhibit+ a specific & simple p[] z its c5tral reality1 w be f\nd to include also subord9ately ! conjo9t action ( sev]al o!r =ms ( psy*ical p[]4 ,x /&s = a complex ( capacities & p[]s4 ,?is w appe> :5 we rea* its analysis4 ,b ! "q ( ! absolute simplicity ( ! faculty does n affect ! sub/ance ( our inquiry into its exi/5ce nor ! propriety ( employ+ ! t]m = ! p[] 9 its totality4 ,=1 z nam+ ! c5tral & decisive reality 9 ! consci5ce1 x is ju/ly spok5 ( z a special faculty4 ,ev5 :5 x is view$ z /&+ = a complex ( p[]s conv]g+1 9 _! functions1 to ! disc]nm5t ( moral di/9ctions & ! reality ( duty1 x has suffici5t individuality to be rightly & sci5tifically designat$ 9 ?is way4 ,! "q to be consid]$1 & ^u :i* ! logical conclusions ( ! sci5ce w dep5d1 is n its absolute simplicity1 b ! fact ( su* a p[] z a normal "p 9 ! s\l's ess5tial con/itution ( p[]s4 ,if ! p[] be f\nd integral & normal 9 ! s\l's actual capacities1 we h all t is ess5tial = ! f\ndation ( e?ics4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! consci5ce z a specific & natural faculty ( disc]nm5t ( "r & duty may seem to ! /ud5t or read] to ne$ no =mal pro(1 z some?+ sub/antially ev]y:]e ackn[l$g$4 ,b z v>i\s !ories und]take to "q its exi/5ce1 9 ! s5se ?us expla9$1 & resolve ! affirmations ( "r & duty into pseudo-products develop$ 9 a r\ndab\t way1 or by "s illusive trans=mation ( ideas or s5tim5ts giv5 by ! o!r faculties ( ! s\l1 ideas or s5tim5ts :i* 9 fact are really une?ical1 x becomes necess>y to v9dicate ! ass]t$ exi/5ce ( ?is moral faculty4 ,moral ,di/9ctions ,prove ,consci5ce4 #a4 ,! prim>y & fundam5tal evid5ce is ! great fact1 already set =?1 ( ! moral di/9ctions :i* arise out ( its action & fill p]sonal consci\sness & ! life ( ! _w ) _! atte/+ pres5ce4 ,! kn[n object implies a p[] by :i* x is kn[n4 ,)\t ! faculty1 9 ! s5se ( a p[] to "k1 ! k "h 9 "q c\ld n exi/4 ,its exi/5ce is pro( ( ! reality & action ( ! faculty p]ceptive ( x4 ,! only alt]native to ?is w\ld be a total d5ial ( ! e?ical di/9ction1 ev5 z a g5u9e ph5om5on1 & an ass]tion t ! suppos$ k ( x is1 & always has be51 illusory & unreal4 ,& ?is w\ld be equival5t to a claim t m5 may & %\ld ab&on ! e?ical di/9ction & believe t !re is absolutely no moral diff]5ce betwe5 ju/ice & inju/ice1 betwe5 k9dness & hatr$1 betwe5 tru? & ly+1 betwe5 fri5d%ip & trea*]y1 betwe5 *>ity & murd]4 ,& ?is aga9 w\ld mean t we are to repudiate1 z )\t validity1 ! :ole notion :i* ! ages1 especially ! mo/ intellig5t & be/ ages1 h *]i%$1 t man is capable ( "*1 z good or bad1 excell5t or blamewor?y4 ,b ?is :ole alt]native becomes impossible1 by reason ( ! necess>y & inv9cible contr>y judgm5t by :i* ! moral di/9ctions are affirm$ z actual & valid = human life4 ,! faculty ( moral disc]nm5t proves its exi/5ce by mak+ ! contr>y ( its disc]nm5t an impossible conception4 ,! ,moral ,p]ceptions ,peculi>4 #b4 ,its exi/5ce is fur!r prov$ by ! unique & peculi> "* ( its data or p]ceptions4 ,^! are unlike any o!r1 sui g5]is4 ,!y are orig9al & _c be d$uc$ f o!r data4 ,! e?ical p]cept is some?+ t c be und]/ood only 9 t]ms ( itself4 ,x _c be describ$ or express$ 9 ! t]ms ( ! p]cepts or k giv5 by ! o!r faculties ( ! s\l1 ei!r g5]al or special1 ei!r sep>ately or 9 comb9ation4 ,h5ce we mu/1 accord+ to all s\nd psy*ological proc$ure1 po/ulate a special faculty1 z di/9ctive & normal z is ! p]cept1 = ?is orig9al & irresolvable e?ical idea4 ,a little explanation w help to %[ ?is4 ,let u make se>* = ! e?ical idea or p]ception among ! well-kn[n data ( ! o!r faculties4 ,manife/ly x is n giv5 by ! s5se-p]ception1 = x pres5ts none ( ! physical prop]ties :i* ?is makes kn[n4 ,cle>ly1 too1 x is n creat$ by ! consci\sness1 :i* pres5ts simply ! /ates or acts ( ! m9d1 ) ! p]sonal self z _! subject1 b :i* does n itself orig9ate ! /ates or acts x reveals--any m ?an does ! light ( ! morn+ create ! objects ( ! l&scape :i* x discloses4 ,fur!r1 x is evid5tly n giv5 by ! p[] ( repres5tation1 = ?is m]ely reproduces & re-kn[s :at 0 be=e kn[n ?r\gh ! s5se-p]ception & reveal$ 9 consci\sness1 reviv$ 9 ! =m ( memory or re>rang$ & recomb9$ 9 ! =ms ( ! con/ructive imag9ation4 ,x supplies no orig9al data4 ,x1 fur!r /ill1 _c be ! product ( ! logical faculty1 z ! p[] or function ( discursive reason+1 because ?is orig9ates no new mat]ial1 b only reconnects & judges ( relations 9 ! mat]ial already kn[n1 simply deal+ ) ideas furni%$ to x4 ,nor c ! e?ical p]cept1 z an intuition to ! obligation to rectitude1 be at all id5tifi$ ) ! a priori ideas ( "t & space1 or ! categories ( sub/ance & attribute1 id5tity & diff]5ce1 means & end1 or ! law ( causation4 ,& yet x /&s out 9 an orig9ality z positive & di/9ct z d any ( ! unque/ionable data or p]cepts ( ! s\l's ackn[l$g$ specific faculties4 ,j z little c ! e?ical idea1 z ! discrim9ation ( "r & wrong1 be ref]r$ to ! s5sibility1 z ! pleasure or dislike ) :i* we reg>d :at is f\nd useful & conducive to enjoym5t or ! rev]se4 ,=1 ?\gh a c]ta9 pleasure is connect$ ) ! e?ically "r1 ?is specific feel+ foll[s1 & is dep5d5t on no o!r p]ception ?an ( ! "r4 ,x is a satisfaction :i* ! e?ically good ?us awak5s4 ,b ! k :i* exp]i5ce gives ( :at is useful & conducive to enjoym5t is g5]ically diff]5t f ! moral idea & its s5se ( obligation4 ,utility & ! e?ical discrim9ation are n ! same conception4 ,!y belong to two div]se realms ( ?\ght & k4 ,:atev] relations may be trac$ betwe5 !m1 !y _c be id5tifi$ or held z conv]tible p]cepts4 ,! autonom\s imp]ative ( ! e?ical idea (t5 positively prohibits ! v ?+s m5 judge to be pr(itable & pleasurable4 ,x is a rem>kable fact t ! te/imonies f lit]ature & life to ! ph5om5on ( moral di/9ctions ev]y:]e ma9ta9 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! idea ( "r & t ( ! pleasurable or pr(itable4 ,:at is "r is "o ?+2 :at is agreeable is ano!r ?+4 ,! two conceptions are n id5tical1 b are (t5 plac$ 9 imm$iate & irr$ucible anti!sis4 ,^? :o d "r1 *oos+ x & h]oically loyal to x despite ! appeals ( ambition1 ! temptations ( av>ice1 ! enticem5ts ( ease1 & ! favor or ! wra? ( ! wick$1 are approv$ & honor$4 ,to su* ! gates ( ! div9e favor & recomp5se are pictur$ z ev] /&+ op54 ,!re is ano!r consid]ation 9 ?is connection :i* %[s beyond "q t ?is e?ical faculty1 ^: action is ev]y:]e traceable1 is n to be conf\nd$ ) m]e intellectuality or ! action ( simply ! g5]al intellectual p[]s4 ,x exhibits itself 9 a di/9ct l9e ( work+ & results1 l a p>ticul> curr5t 9 ! common sea1 & (t5 9 op5 contra/4 ,x is a peculi> & significant fact1 (t5 obs]v$ by hi/orians1 t z ! civilizations ( antiquity1 ( ,assyria1 ,egypt1 ,ph5icia1 ,greece & ,rome1 advanc$ 9 intellect !y decl9$ 9 morals4 ,intellectualism may be at its height :ile ! moral side ( life may suff] a subm]g5ce b5ea? ! floods ( luxury & ref9$ social vices4 ,buckle confesses t intellect & morals are n only di/+ui%able1 b sep>able4#aj ,h]b]t ,sp5c] says3 ,! belief 9 ! moraliz+ effects ( intellectual culture1 flatly contradict$ by facts1 is absurd a priori4#aa ,"l ,wolseley makes a /atem5t n flatt]+ to ! boa/$ advantage claim$ = simple intellectualism3 ,! virtue ( ! ,zulu wom5 0 sup]ior to t ( any civiliz$ p ,i "k (4#ab ,! function ( ! consci5ce 9 human nature & life /&s cle>ly di/+ui%able f ! common data & p[]s ( m]e intellectualism4 ,! _w w n be e?ically sav$ by intellect alone4 ,! consci5ce mu/ dom9ate m]e intellectual results & =ces4 ,& ! high di/9ctive place & peculi> "* ( ! consci5ce-p]ception is se5 :5 x is ?us obs]v$ t ! p]ception is n ( some?+ t is1 b ( :at ought to be1 9 ! sph]e ( conduct & "*4 ,its object is appreh5d$ z ly+ 9 ! ideal realm ( obligation4 ,! reality p]ceiv$ is transc5d5t1 z :at %\ld be 9 life1 9 ord] t life may accord ) a sup]-s5sible reality 9 ! realm ( righte\sness4 ,x z truly rea*es beyond s5se z d ! intuitions ( "t & space or ! law ( causation2 &1 z truly z !y1 x calls = ! recognition ( a special & orig9al psy*ical faculty or provision1 among ! p[]s ( ! s\l1 = its p]ception4 ,! consci5ce1 ,deep-seat$ 9 our my/ic frame1 disc]ns a law ( righte\s obligation1 :i* is n ! dictate ( m]e desire or pleasure or self-advantage1 b a law e/abli%$ at once ov] u & 9 u n dep5d5t on our w or *oice b dem&+ con=mity ( w & *oice to itself4 ,feel+s f ,consci5ce ,p]ceptions4 #c4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! consci5ce z an integral p[] ( ! human con/itution is evid5c$ also by ! special feel+s :i* att5d its p]ceptions4 ,!y are di/9ctively peculi>4 ,?is is illu/rat$ 9 ! s5se ( obligation aris+ f ! idea ( "r & ! p]ception ( duty4 ,x is ev5 m cle>ly illu/rat$ 9 ! satisfaction :i* att5ds & foll[s duty done1 & ! remorse :i* foll[s wrong or crime committ$4 ,! s5se ( obligation1 i4 e4 ! emotion awak5$ by ! p]ception ( obligation1 is unique among ! emotions ( ! s5sibility4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( recogniz$ "r or wrong m5 feel b\nd to correspond5t action z !y feel b\nd "u no o!r p]ceptions4 ,! consci5ce1 inde$1 uses no compulsion1 b x pres5ts ! "r or wrong & correspond5t obligation4 ,fre$om is n annull$1 b appeal$ to4 ,! feel+1 z ! s5sibility excit$1 is ! feel+ ( ought or ought n1 add$ to ! p]ception ( x4 ,no?+ l ?is appe>s 9 connection ) any ( ! o!r p]ceptions4 ,we may p]ceive tru?1 b if ! tru? is n ! p>ticul> tru? ( obligation itself1 !re is only ! pleasure1 gratification or admiration 9 its discov]y & atta9m5t4 ,we may p]ceive beauty1 b if ! beauty be ap>t f t ( e?ical excell5ce1 ! feel+ is simply /hetic & diff]5t f ! obligatory feel+3 ,i ought4 ,we may p]ceive utility or und]/& :at is simply pr(itable1 b ! feel+ awak5$ is b desire4 ,all ^! & l simply intellectual p]ceptions awak5 no s5se ( obligation to *]i% any special s5tim5ts or p]=m any special acts4 ,b z soon z m51 9 pure & normal /ate ( _! rational & emotional nature1 p]ceive ! "r z ov] aga9/ ! wrong1 ! s5sibility :i* always 9 great] or less degree responds to e act ( k1 pres5ts a =m ( feel+1 9 ! e?ical ought1 g5]ically diff]5t f ! feel+s t arise out ( all o!r k9ds ( k4 ,?is feel+ is itself a "p & p>cel ( ! aggregate or complex ( ! consci5ce4 ,b its pres5ce m>ks ! consci5ce z a special p[] normally con/itu5t ( human nature4 ,! o!r moral emotions nam$1 viz43 satisfaction 9 duty done & remorse or compunction = wrong1 br+ u to ! same conclusion4 ,^! feel+s are sui g5]is4 ,!y are di/9ctively *>act]i/ic1 & are nev] call$ =? b 9 connection ) ! moral intuitions4 ,^! peculi> satisfactions or compunctions nev] appe> ^u p]ception ( a tru? ( ma!matics or a fact 9 *emi/ry or a gem ( art4 ,su* k evokes no s5se ( duty & is foll[$ by no feel+ ( remorse or ru% ( compunction1 flood+ ! s\l ) self-condemnation4 ,a s5se ( loss1 9 fail+ to ga9 a possible advantage1 is incapable ( be+ conf\nd$ ) ! feel+ ( hav+ done wrong4 ,"s ( ! highe/ elevations ( e?ical satisfaction are felt :5 m5 h ma9ta9$ _! fidelity to ! "r 9 face ( ! mo/ enorm\s losses & ( ! mo/ desolat+ suff]+s4 ,! deepe/ remorse ! human s\l ev] kn[s may spr+ up 9 view ( ways & acts :i* h giv5 m5 all ! ?+s !y h covet$ & judg$ to be ! mo/ useful & enjoyable4 ,!re mu/ surely be a special p[] ^: peculi> disc]nm5ts call ! s5sibilities into su* unique & peculi> =ms ( feel+4 ,conflict ( ,moral ,judgem5ts4 #d4 ,?is conclusion is n weak5$1 z has sometimes be5 suppos$1 by ! div]sity & seem+ conflict ( moral judgm5ts among m54 ,?is div]sity seems1 9 ! view ( _m p]sons1 inconsi/5t ) ! supposition ( a consci5ce1 9 ! s5se giv54 ,! fact ( su* div]sity is freely conc$$4 ,! progress ( hi/ory %[s _m *anges 9 moral judgm5ts4 ,an advance is cle>ly traceable1 9 :i* once accept$ rules ( conduct h be5 sup]s$$ by diff]5t requirem5ts4 ,?+s approv$ 9 "o l& & tribe are condemn$ 9 ano!r4 ,pascal has said t consci5ce is "o ?+ nor? ( ! ,pyr5ees & ano!r s\?4 ,9 e community :at "s look ^u z "r o!rs decl>e wrong4 ,infanticide1 :i* "u our civilization is puni%$ z murd]1 on ! banks ( ! ,ganges has be5 e/eem$ a high religi\s duty4 ,polygamy1 :i* our gov]nm5t is try+ to wipe out z an immorality & f\l blot1 is held by ! ,mormons z a sacr$ "r4 ,slav]y is /ill reg>d$ by "s z "r ?\gh condemn$ by ! convictions ( ! nation z morally indef5sible4 ,mo/ />tl+ div]sities & contra/s are cont9ually appe>+4 ,h5ce x has (t5 be5 said t our moral judgm5ts re/1 9 fact1 on no orig9al & p]man5t pr9ciples disc]n$ by a di/9ct & univ]sal faculty ( ! s\l1 b are a purely adv5titi\s & accid5tal product1 %ap$ 9 ideas t come ( circum/ances1 education or ! %ift+ _s ( ! age4#ac ,! law ( morality is r$uc$ to ! dictates ( exp$i5cy or to s5tim5t & caprice born ( our *angeful desires4 ,?is virtually d5ies bo? ! validity ( ! e?ical behe/s & ! reality ( an e?ical faculty provid$ = p]ception ( rectitude & duty4 ,b ! difficulty f ?is div]sity & app>5t contradiction loses its =ce :5 c>efully consid]$4 ,x disappe>s :5 we recall ! foll[+ indubitable facts3 ,e?ical ,s5se ,p]si/s4 ,fir/1 t 9 ! mid/ ( ?is v>iety & conflict 9 ! moral judgm5ts1 ! e?ical s5se /ill p]si/s 9 ma9ta9+ its function4 ,if convict$ ( act+ inconsi/5tly1 x /ill acts4 ,?\gh x is f\nd judg+ diff]5tly1 x /ill judges1 ass]t+ its place & (fice1 & impos+ its decisions z obligatory 9 conduct4 ,"u ! view alleg$ 9 ! objection1 ! s5se ( obligation ought to disappe>1 its suppos$ au?ority hav+ be5 expla9$ away4 ,! p]son f9ds t 9 v tru? ! moral behe/1 ?\gh 9 him is n ( him1 is n ( 8 w or *oice1 b arises out ( ! necess>y action ( a p[] t he _c displace by refusal to obey x4 ,! faculty or p[] does n cons5t1 s to speak1 to omit or )draw its e?ical di/9ction & ass]tion ( duty4 ,x does n abdicate1 :5 m5 allege ! illegitimacy ( its au?ority4 ,agreem5t 9 ,judgm5ts4 ,secondly1 t :ile !re is div]sity z to _m po9ts1 !re is none 9 its judgm5ts z to ! great body ( virtues & vices ( human life4 ,z to all ! lead+ qualities ( "* & conduct !re is full & univ]sal agreem5t4 ,) respect to all ! c>d9al virtues1 su* z ju/ice1 k9dness1 v]acity1 love1 c\rage1 fidelity1 g5]osity1 ! moral judgm5ts approve !m z ! magnet owns its pole1 9 all ! multi-=m relations & (fices ( life4 ,on ! o!r h&1 inju/ice1 falsehood1 enmity1 trea*]y1 cruelty1 adult]y1 !ft1 murd] & simil> dispositions & acts 9 _! ?\s& =ms ( unmi/akable manife/ation1 are univ]sally condemn$4 ,!re is no "q any:]e ar\nd our globe t "o :o delib]ately kills 8 "m or mangles 8 fa!r1 or tortures ! innoc5t or defrauds 8 fri5d1 is a wrong-do]1 ( abhorr5t guilt4 ,ov] almo/ ! entire broad field ( moral obligation !re is a cons5ti5t1 cle> & consi/5t judgm5t by ! moral s5se ( man 9 all ages & places4 ,x is only along divid+ l9es1 wid] or n>r[] z !y may be1 t1 by reason ( ! fa9t] pres5ce ( ! moral elem5t or ! complexity ( ! relations conc]n$1 ! moral judgm5ts exhibit ?is div]sity or act ) less assur$ & c]ta9 accuracy4 ,! p]plexity & diff]5ce f9d place only 9 limit$ degree & on remot] po9ts1 :]e ! di/9ctions are s subtle z to require ! nice/ balanc+ ( all ! complex relations & elem5ts :i* develop ! e?ical obligations4 ,if1 inde$1 ! consci5ce report$ entirely diff]5t codes ?r\gh\t1 f bottom to top & f c5t] to circumf]5ce1 or codes ) contradictions z to ! c>d9al virtues & vices1 !n we might well "q ! exi/5ce & action ( a real1 orig9al & normal faculty z actually p]ceiv+ a real moral di/9ction & pr9ciple ( duty4 ,b if su* div]sities are f\nd only 9 limit$ degree1 on m>g9al gr\nd & 9 complex situations1 we are simply 9 ! pres5ce ( a fact ( great simil>ity ( ! consci5ce ) all ! re/ ( ! f9ite & fallible faculties ( ! human m9d4 ,^u a hundr$ po9ts ( practical morals ! intellig5t consci5ce w\ld be likely to agree q z well z ! judgm5ts ( m5 9 any o!r sph]e ( practical k & life4 ,agreem5t 9 ,pr9ciples4 ,?irdly1 t ev5 ) respect to ! cases 9 :i* !re is ! mo/ />tl+ div]sity1 !re is (t5 an und]ly+ agreem5t1 ov]look$ by sup]ficial ?\ght4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! ,h9du "m's act ( infanticide4 ,und]nea? h] act & guid+ x1 is "o or ! o!r1 or possibly bo?1 ( ^! pr9ciples3 #a4 ,:atev] sacrifice ,god calls = ought to be made2 or1 #b4 ,:atev] is be/ = ! *ild ought to be done4 ,falsely taught to believe t ,god calls = ! sacrifice ( h] *ild1 or t ?is surr5d] ( x to him is ! be/ ?+ = x1 ! "m makes ! (f]+4 ,ess5tially z to ! pr9ciples f :i* %e acts h] consci5ce & ! ,*ri/ian consci5ce are at "o4 ,b %e has be5 misl$ z to ! w ( ,god4 ,h] und]/&+ is )\t correct in=mation z to matt]s ( fact1 & %e applies mi/ak5ly ! pr9ciples ( duty :i* are 9 h] moral nature4 ,take1 aga91 ! crimes ( religi\s intol]ance & p]secution4 ,! religi\s zealot believes t e man is to be1 )\t weakness or %ad[ or turn+1 fai?ful to ! tru?4 ,s also does ! diss5t] f ! cre$ :i* ! p]secutor def5ds4 ,!y agree z to ! und]ly+ pr9ciple ( action4 ,ea* feels b\nd by ! same e?ical law ( fidelity to ! tru?1 b ! p]secutor is 9 griev\s error 9 und]/&+ t ?is fidelity b9ds him to co]ce ! m9d ( 8 diss5t+ bro!r4 ,diff]5ce ( ,p]ceptions4 ,f\r?ly1 ! diff]5ce mu/ be cle>ly kept 9 view betwe5 ! ess5tial e?ical p]ception1 viz43 ! di/9ction ( "r & wrong ) ! involv$ obligation1 & ! application ( t p]ception--betwe5 ! prim>y & second>y moral judgm5t4 ,! prim>y is ! intuition ( ! law ( "r1 ! second>y affirms ! quality ( "r or wrong ) respect to p>ticul> actions4 ,9 ! "o case ! moral s5se p]ceives t ju/ice1 love1 v]acity1 k9dness1 etc41 are "r1 & inju/ice1 hatr$1 falsehood & cruelty are wrong2 9 ! o!r ! judgm5t is conc]n$ ) ! fur!r "q :e!r ?is1 t1 or ! o!r act comes "u "o or ! o!r ( ^! categories4 ,! fundam5tal e?ical di/9ction & obligation1 ) approval ( ju/ice1 tru?1 etc41 are g5]ic1 & altoge!r irrespective ( any p>ticul> actions or in/ances4 ,! second>y judgm5ts apply ! di/9ction to p>ticul> modes ( conduct or =ms ( temp] & feel+4 ,! latt] are only 9 "p moral judgm5ts1 i4 e4 only s f> z ! p>ticul> feel+ or de$ exhibits to ! consci5ce ! pres5ce ( ! e?ical quality4 ,x is an unque/ionable fact t 9 _m ( ! activities ( life !re are op5 alt]natives ( *oice :]e ! "q ( moral quality is n rais$ at all4 ,z1 = in/ance1 betwe5 tak+ "o pa? or ano!r to a c]ta9 po9t1 or 9 writ+ a lett] ) a p5 or typewrit]1 ! *oice is morally indiff]5t4 ,! decision involves no e?ical judgm5t4 ,b 9 mo/ contemplat$ action !re are relations t raise ! "q ( "r or wrong--9 "s cases only by remote implication1 9 o!rs 9 cle> & burn+ emphasis4 ,!re are degrees 9 ?is respect1 all ! way f ! fa9te/ glimm]+ ( e?ical quality to ! bolde/ & mo/ transp>5t c]ta9ty4 ,we are by no means entitl$ to d\bt ! exi/5ce ( consci5ce1 because 9 all ^! unequal conditions1 ) imp]fect k ( ! relations ( p>ticul> actions & feel+s1 x fails to apply its un*ang+ affirmations ( g5]ic duty1 ) equal or unmi/ak5 c]ta9ty & exactness1 to all ! v>i$ motives1 feel+s & de$s ( m54 ,x is cle> h[ diff]+ moral judgm5ts may occur1 )\t any impea*m5t :atev] ( ei!r ! e?ical reality or ! exi/5ce ( ! faculty = its disc]nm5t4 ,infallibility ,n ,involv$4 ,fif?ly1 we mu/ add t ! reality ( ?is faculty1 z an ess5tial end[m5t ( ! human s\l1 by no means involves infallibility 9 its action4 ,no "o ( ! human faculties is1 9 all its range & ! application ( its data1 absolutely infallible1 incapable ( error or ( be+ misl$4 ,! s5se-p]ceptions1 ! memory1 ! logical p[]1 ! p[] ( apply+ ! notions ( "t & space1 are all liable to error4 ,yet ^! are all orig9al1 con/itutional & normal faculties ( man1 div9ely-giv5 guides = 8 self-direction & suit$ to ! ends = :i* !y exi/4 ,! reality ( a faculty is n disprov$ by its fallibility4 ,f9it5ess1 limitation & consequ5t incompet5ce to exclude mi/ake or only p>tial disc]nm5t1 are no reason = d5y+ ! exi/5ce ( any faculty )9 ! range ( its giv5 action & real discrim9ations4 ,! v errors t appe> 9 its action are at once evid5ce ( its exi/5ce & pro( ( limitations :i* h>monize x ) ! aggregate human psy*ology4 ,! objection aga9/ ! consci5ce f its fallibility1 :i* is b ano!r "n = ?is div]sity 9 its applicatory judgm5ts1 if appli$ to all ! psy*ical faculties1 w\ld discr$it ! reality ( ! aggregate complex ( ! psy*ical p[]s & ov]?r[ ! basis ( all our k1 ev5 ( t :i* is employ$ to effect su* ov]?r[4 ,no div]sity occurs 9 ! prim>y judgm5t ( di/9ction betwe5 moral good & evil4 ,z already expla9$1 x is easy to see h[ diff]5ces1 v>i$ & great1 %\ld appe> 9 ! application ( ! di/9ction to ! complicat$1 obscure & ev]-*ang+ aspects & relations ( human conduct4 ,pro(s ,indep5d5t ( ,orig94 #e4 ,^! pro(s ( consci5ce z a di/9ct end[m5t ( ! human m9d are indep5d5t ( ! :ole "q ( ! mode ( its orig94 ,= !y consi/ ( facts1 z cle>1 peculi>1 indisputable & irr$ucible z are ! facts t gu>antee any p>ticul> sci5ce :atev]4 ,!y are capable ( v]ification "u p]petual te/s1 z !y h be5 v]ifi$ 9 ! cons5ti5t exp]i5ce ( mank9d 9 all its normally develop$ conditions4 ,& ! logic ( ! facts is altoge!r irrespective ( any !ory ( ! mode ( ! orig9 ( consci5ce4 ,x is ne$ful t ?is po9t %\ld be cle>ly fix$ 9 m9d1 especially 9 view ( ! wide favor at pres5t %[n to ! hypo!sis ( an evolution>y g5esis ( man4 ,except 9 ! mat]iali/ic & a!i/ic =m ( ! hypo!sis ! !ory di/9ctly pres5ts evolution n z ! cause1 b only z ! mode ( ! creation ( man ) all 8 n[ giv5 end[m5ts4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 incumb5t on ! support]s ( ! hypo!sis1 9 any =m :atev]1 9 ord] to v9dicate its sci5tific claims1 to %[ its compet5cy to acc\nt = ! exi/5ce & action ( ! moral faculty ) its e?ical disc]nm5t & law4 ,an hypo!sis t fails to solve any ( ! involv$ ph5om5a discr$its itself1 n ! facts4 ,s f> z ! mat]iali/ic1 non-teleological =m ( evolutionism is conc]n$1 :i* proposes matt] & =ce z ! full cause & acc\nt ( man1 x is condemn$ by its own utt] inadequacy to expla9 ! g5esis ( consci5ce ) its moral law1 z well z ( ! o!r great psy*ical realities 9 ! nature & life ( man4 ,x is helpless be=e ! task4 ,its only res\rce is to seek to resolve bo? ! e?ical fact & ! e?ical faculty into illusion4 ,) respect to !i/ic evolutionism1 :i* /&s simply z an hypo!sis ( ! mode ( creation by ,god1 ! exi/5ce ( ! moral faculty may /ill be admitt$1 z hav+ its all-suffici5t cause 9 ! div9e creative p[] z ! s\rce ( all ?+s4 ,if1 in/ead ( an imm$iate creation ( man1 ! idea ( 8 gradual creation f ! inf]ior animal ord]s be ma9ta9$ z ! actual me?od ( ! div9e "w1 !n ! law ( evolution mu/ be reg>d$ z hav+ be5 adju/$ & us$ = ! production ( man ) ! faculty ( moral disc]nm5t4 ,! teleological pr9ciple1 ev]y:]e illum9at+ ! /ructure ( organisms & ! con/itution ( life1 mu/1 f ! fir/1 h guid$ ! developm5t = ?is en?ronem5t ( "r 9 ! human p]sonality4 ,ass]t+ its me?od ( a progressive g5esis ( consci5ce1 ?is k9d ( evolutionism confesses its exi/5ce4 ,:e!r or n its acc\nt is satisfactory is ano!r "q1 to be decid$ accord+ to ! evid5ce furni%$4 ,x is m ?an d\btful if x has yet succe$$ 9 mak+ cle> ! possibility ( its orig9 "u ! hypo!sis4 ,"s s]i\s difficulties h /ill to be ov]come4#ad ,if x ev] does succe$ x mu/ be1 n by d5ial ( ! consci5ce1 b by %[+ ! evolution>y movem5t 9 "s way or o!r compet5t to its creation4 ,?is l5g!n$ pres5tation ( ! evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( ! consci5ce z an ess5tial end[m5t & "p ( human nature1 may seem to ! read] to h be5 unnecess>y or beyond ! importance ( ! "q involv$4 ,b1 z w appe> h]eaft]1 ! firm e/abli%m5t ( ?is po9t is vitally ne$ful1 9 ord] to exclude v>i\s =ms ( errone\s tea*+ & secure a firm & immovable f\ndation = a j e?ical sy/em4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,faculty ,,( ,,moral ,,di/9ctions--,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,consci5ce4 ,"r ,view ,necess>y4 ,9 close connection ) ! indubitable fact ( consci5ce1 z an ess5tial faculty ( ! human s\l1 foll[s a m c>eful inquiry into ! nature ( ?is faculty4 ,x is necess>y to asc]ta9 precisely1 if possible1 :at x is z a peculi> psy*ical p[]1 z reveal$ & def9$ 9 & by its own action4 #a4 ,! importance ( det]m9+1 at ?is place1 ! exact nature ( ! consci5ce is app>5t f two consid]ations4 ,sci5tific ,accuracy4 7#a7 ,sci5tific accuracy 9 ! :ole e?ical view is possible only ?r\gh a true & ?or\ghly accurate und]/&+ ( ! p[] t gives rise to ! :ole ph5om5on ( obligation4 ,! f9al !oretical view is dep5d5t on f9d+ ! tru? at ?is po9t4 ,mi/ake or inexactness "h mu/ inevitably introduce1 or at lea/ all[1 confusion or error 9 all ! dep5d5t que/ions ( ! sci5ce4 ,a false conception ( ! consci5ce w at once mislead4 ,ev5 an only p>tial or obscure view ( x w fail to af=d suffici5t light = ! subsequ5t /eps ( ! inve/igation4 ,a conception ( x1 ) true & false elem5ts comb9$1 mu/ necess>ily introduce p]plexity or contradiction & weak5 or di/ort ! conclusion4 ,su* diff]+ views h 9 fact introduc$ ! utmo/ confusion into ! problems ( ?is sci5ce4 ,! consci5ce has sometimes be5 spok5 ( z an in/9ct1 :i* id5tifies x ) ! non-intellig5t1 bl9d action 9 ! bee :i* builds cells aft] geometrical pr9ciples1 or 9 birds or fi%es :i* migrate ) ! *ang+ seasons4 ,(t5 x has be5 repres5t$ z b a special feel+ or s5tim5t t arises inexplicably1 if n =tuit\sly1 prior to p]ception ( any e?ical quality1 itself ! basis ( judgm5ts ( duty4#ae ,aga9 x has be5 made to /& simply = accumulat$ or e/abli%$ approbative judgm5ts f exp]i5ces ( pleasure or advantage1 trans=m$ & fix$ z rules ( conduct4#af ,sometimes x has be5 reg>d$ z an imm$iate1 almo/ sup]natural voice ( ,god )9 m51 ) its inexplicable direct imp]ative ( duty4 ,x is pla9 t ^! & o!r diff]+ notions ( consci5ce mu/ always affect1 z !y always h affect$1 ! :ole !ory ( e?ics4 ,condition ( ,au?ority4 7#b7 ,a "r view ( its nature is necess>y to a correct conception ( its au?ority4 ,?is makes ! "q m ?an simply speculative or important = correct e?ical !ory4 ,x involves ! int]e/s ( practical morality4 ,! "r ( ! consci5ce to rule u is su/a9$ or d5i$ accord+ z "o or ano!r conception ( its nature is ent]ta9$4 ,x is natural t we %\ld feel prompt$ to exam9e ! nature ( a "p ( our con/itution t is con/antly obtrud+ its di/9ctions & ass]t+ a rul+ au?ority ov] u4 ,z x has its place )9 u irrespective ( our w & pres5ts laws ( duty to ! w1 we want to see on :at gr\nd its ass]t$ au?ority c be ju/ifi$4 ,b n all views ( its nature af=d equal explanation ( ?is peculi>ity 9 its action4 ,= in/ance1 if ! consci5ce be no?+ b a bl9d1 irrational in/9ct1 or a feel+ )\t any p]ception ( reality to give rise or "r to ! feel+1 or if x be b a /&>d judgm5t ( prud5ce or utility f exp]i5ces ( :at has be5 helpful or hurtful1 p]haps sl[ly accumulat$ & h]$it>ily transmitt$1 a cle> & rational gr\nd ( e?ical au?ority _c be made out4 ,su* a p[] may indicate :at is useful1 b c1 if ?is be all1 impose on u no obligation4 ,x may tell u :at is pleasurable or desirable1 b _c speak to u conc]n+ ! o!r "q3 ,:at is "r8 ,x _c hold u guilty because we may *oose to =ego p]sonal advantage or enjoym5t4 ,if1 h[ev]1 exam9ation c %[ t ! consci5ce is a faculty ( actual p]ception1 disc]n+ a fundam5tal di/9ction betwe5 "r & wrong & an immutable obligation to apply x 9 ! con/itut$ relations ( life1 its rightful au?ority is at once v9dicat$4 ,x is se5 to be an au?oritative guide 9 its sph]e ( p]ception1 z are ! o!r cognitive p[]s1 ea* 9 its own sph]e ( real k4 ,:5 x becomes cle> t ! moral faculty1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! exi/+ conditions & relations ( life1 p]ceives :at ought to be done1 & :at m5 are obligat$ to d1 & :at !y _c disreg>d )\t dem]it1 ill-des]t or guilt1 !n ! "r ( consci5ce to direct conduct is ju/ifi$4 ,at any rate1 :e!r ! exam9ation may confirm or discr$it ?is claim ( rightful rul]%ip1 ! inquiry into ! nature ( ! consci5ce is ess5tial to a correct settlem5t ( ! great "q ( its au?ority & ! gr\nds ( x4 ,"q ( ,psy*ology4 #b4 ,! prim>y & prop] s\rce ( in=mation to settle ! "q ( ! nature ( ?is faculty is to be f\nd1 n 9 speculative !oriz+ or arbitr>y assumptions1 b 9 ! actual work+ ( ! human m9d4 ,x is a psy*ological "q1 & mu/ be settl$1 z all psy*ological que/ions mu/1 by ! facts z !y are discov]$ 9 exp]i5ce & consci\sness4 ,! me?od ( inductive inquiry is "h ! true & ess5tial "o4 ,! full ph5om5a ( action mu/ be c>efully exam9$1 analyz$ & trac$ to _! psy*ical g5esis4 ,su* exam9ation c leave b little d\bt 9 ! conclusion4 ,9 ! facts ( consci\sness1 z f\nd 9 connection ) ! op]ations ( our m9ds 9 ! sph]e ( moral self-det]m9ation & action1 ! entire movem5t c be obs]v$1 m>k$ & record$4 ,place ( ,consci5ce4 #c4 ,9 a prelim9>y way1 x mu/ be not$ & rememb]$ t ! p[] & action ( consci5ce c h place only 9 connection ) ! total complex ( man's psy*ical p[]s4 ,x is n an isolat$1 indep5d5t faculty 9 ! mid/ ( ! diff]5t p[]s ( ! s\l4 ,?is tru? w require full] consid]ation 9 ano!r place1 b x is necess>y to note x "h s f> z to %[ ! ess5tial psy*ological conditions ( consci5ce4 ,! v possibility ( su* a faculty or p[] is condition$ 9 all ! human faculties ( intellig5ce1 s5sibility & *oice1 9 :i* man becomes a moral ag5t4 ,:ile ! s\l or self is a unit1 its p[]s act "u a law ( int]-dep5d5ce1 exhibit+ a /rik+ & beautiful ord] ( condition+ & be+ condition$1 f ! prim>y & fundam5tal =ms ( activity to ^? t are highe/ & cr[n all ! re/4 ,at ! v base & beg9n+ ( its action are s5se-p]ception & consci\sness--^! furni%+ k ( ! out] & inn] worlds1 ( ! realities & relations 9 ! sy/em ( ?+s 9 ! mid/ ( :i* man f9ds himself4 ,dep5d5t ^u ! p]cepts by ! s5ses & ! /ates ( consci\sness ?us furni%$ comes ! fur!r capacity ( repres5tative k 9 ! =ms ( memory & ! imag9ation4 ,only z ! orig9al acts ( p]ception & consci\sness h suppli$ _! data1 is ! memory or ! imag9ation possible4 ,b ! repres5tative p[] & action are !n necess>y to ! action ( ! high] p[]s4 ,)\t memory ! logical p[]1 ! discursive function 9 comp>ison1 judgm5t & conclusion1 9 analysis1 syn!sis & sy/emization1 w\ld h no mat]ials & c\ld d no "w4 ,! m9d c\ld n d ?is advance "w except ^u ! basis ( "w ( a diff]5t k9d done be=e4 ,& !n1 too1 ! reason1 z ! p[] ( intuitive or a priori tru?s1 w\ld be )\t a k ( ! ph5om5al _w1 9 ! mid/ ( :i*1 or on occasion ( ! exp]i5ces ( :i*1 ^! a priori tru?s appe> & are se5 to be necess>y4 ,! v>i\s k9ds ( kn[+ ex]cis$ by ! undivid$ & indivisible self are pla9ly arrang$ 9 an asc5d+ ord]1 till at _! summit !y are cr[n$ ) ! intuitional p[] :i* we may t]m1 z we "h d1 ! reason--! p[] ( disc]n+ necess>y univ]sal tru?s4 ,b x is equally cle> t ( ! p[]s bel[ ! reason--s5se-p]ception & consci\sness furni%+ facts objective & subjective1 memory re/or+ !m be=e ! m5tal eye1 & ! logical p[] ru%+ to necess>y conclusions--none1 ei!r s+ly or toge!r1 c /& = ! consci5ce4 ,s5se & consci\sness c give u only :at is1 n :at e?ically ought to be4 ,! memory c b r5ew to m5tal view :at 0 be=e kn[n4 ,! s5se ( logical necessity is cle>ly diff]5t f ! p]ception ( moral rightness & obligation4 ,b ! action ( ^! antec$5t p[]s or faculties supplies ! conditions = ! exi/5ce & action ( ! consci5ce--gives k ( ! p]sonal self & ! relations ( life1 9 ! mid/ ( :i* moral "r & wrong & obligation & duty are develop$ & are se5 to arise4 ,^u ?is k1 9 :i* man kn[s himself & 8 relations to ! _w ( :i* he =ms a "p1 ! s\l rises to an outlook 9 ! cle> atmosph]e ( :i* ! reality ( e?ical di/9ctions1 duty & responsibility become visible4 ,& to ! cr[n+ p[] ( ! reason1 z rational insight1 mu/ be assign$ ! c5tral function ( ?is e?ical p]ception ( "r & obligation--some:at z to x belong1 9 ano!r field ( view1 also ! intuitions into ! realities ( "t & space & ! categories ( sub/ance1 attribute1 & causality4 ,?is position ( ! consci5ce z1 9 its fundam5tal action1 a =m ( rational intuition1 among ! summit =ms ( ! m9d's p[]s1 makes evid5t its relation ( dep5d5ce on ! entire complex ( psy*ical faculties :i* furni% ! conditions = its disc]nm5ts & imp]ative4 ,b !re is some?+ m4 ,z we %all yet see1 its total function1 9 guid+ ! moral life1 includes ! action ( _m ( ! common functions ( bo? intellect & s5sibility4 #d4 ,! specific psy*ology ( ! consci5ce itself1 "u close & complete analysis1 w disclose ! foll[+ cle>ly di/+ui%able elem5ts 9 its action4 ,!y reveal ! nature ( ! consci5ce-p[] 9 its total complex reality4 ,^! elem5ts are n sep>able 9 fact1 b are di/+ui%able 9 ! analytic ?9k+ t exam9es !m4 ,e?ical ,di/9ctions4 7#a7 ,! prim>y elem5t is a simple irr$ucible p]ception ( ! di/9ction betwe5 "r & wrong4 ,?is is ! fir/ & fundam5tal e?ical idea4 ,9 x we h ! initial po9t 9 ! moral action ( ! m9d4 ,! univ]sal e?ical fact is ! recognition ( a di/9ction betwe5 "r & wrong 9 conduct4#ag ,?is di/9ction appe>s among ! necess>y ideas ( ! human m9d4 ,x is a ph5om5on 9 ! psy*ology ( ! race4 ,x is develop$1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! facts & relations ( life1 z some?+ provid$ = 9 ! normal & necess>y action ( ! rational self-consci\s ego4 ,x mu/ be view$ z an intuition ( ! reason4 ,x c n o!rwise be acc\nt$ =4 ,9 its nature x is n a feel+1 ?\gh x gives rise to feel+4 ,x is n a volition1 = x comes irrespective ( *oice & ass]ts its own rights be=e ! w4 ,x is n a m]e exp]i5ce1 ?\gh x arises on occasion ( exp]i5ce4 ,! idea /&s = some?+ beyond exp]i5ce--exp]i5ce be+ limit$ to ! pr(itable1 ! enjoyable or ! pa9ful4 ,we exp]i5ce ! useful & ! agreeable1 b ! "r1 ! e?ical idea1 mu/ be p]ceiv$ or rationally se51 z a sup]-s5sible reality 9 ! ideal realm ( ! dem&s ( duty4 ,x is n a p]ception ( relations !mselves1 b ( a di/9ction z to some?+ due 9 human relations & life4 ,if we describe ?is prim>y & fundam5tal di/9ction1 z x appe>s 9 ! action ( ! consci5ce1 x w be f\nd m>k$ by ! foll[+ *>act]i/ics4 ,fir/1 ! di/9ction is p]ceiv$--a datum ( ! cognitive intellect4 ,z disc]n$ by ! kn[+ faculty1 its object1 viz43 ! di/9ction1 exi/s4 ,= kn[+ always involves t ! ?+ kn[n is4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 "r & wrong is real 9 ! sph]e ( moral relations4 ,second1 x is univ]sal1 m>k+ ! human m9d's action ev]y:]e & 9 all ages4 ,?ird1 x _c be oblit]at$4 ,?r\gh all que/ions ab\t x & objections to its validity1 x rema9s unde/roy$ & seem+ly inde/ructible4 ,x disappe>s only ) ! wreck ( rationality itself4 ,f\r?1 x is unique & simple1 an orig9al p]ception1 incapable ( be+ resolv$ into m elem5t>y ideas or d$uc$ f !m4 ,fif?1 x is ! fir/ ( its k9d ( disc]nm5ts1 i4 e4 ( e?ical p]ceptions4 ,obligation ,p]ceiv$4 7#b7 ,along )1 ?\gh dep5d5t on1 ! p]ception ( ! moral di/9ction betwe5 "r & wrong1 !re is also a p]ception ( obligation ) respect to "r & wrong--to d or n to d4 ,?is is an ess5tial "p ( ! aggregate consci5ce-disc]nm5t4 ,! p]ception ( ! "r is ?us ! discov]y also ( law = conduct4 ,! s\l1 x mu/ be specially not$1 p]ceives ?is obligation z truly z x does ! e?ical di/9ction itself4 ,! t]m obligation may express also a feel+1 b ! ego1 or p]sonal self1 p]ceives ! obligation be=e x feels x4 ,= 9 all cases rational emotion or feel+ c arise 9 ! m9d only z ! m9d disc]ns some?+ to awak5 x4 ,belongs to ! ,ag5t4 ,x is to be p>ticul>ly obs]v$1 fur!r1 t ! obligation1 ?us p]ceiv$ & !n felt1 is p]ceiv$ & felt z due by ! moral ag5t ) respect to "r & wrong4 ,! e?ical quality ( rightness belongs to ! act or pr9ciple ( action4 ,! motive1 ! int5tion1 ! conduct ( m51 is 9 itself morally "r or wrong1 good or evil4 ,b ! obligation appe>s z :at is ow$ by ! moral ag5t to :at is "r4 ,! relation betwe5 "r & obligation corresponds to t betwe5 "r & duty4 ,"r is 9 ! conduct2 duty is = ! responsible p]son4 ,! t]ms express two sides 9 ! e?ical reality1 ! fir/ ! objective side1 ! second ! subjective4 ,! two imply & call = ea* o!r4 ,! "r 9 ! contemplat$ action means obligation or duty 9 ! p]son4 ,to ! "r !re is always a correspond+ duty2 = duty 9 fact expresses :at is due to ! "r =ev] by all p]sons4#ah ,?is p]ception ( obligation1 ) its att5dant feel+ ( x1 is ! c5tral reality ( ! consci5ce4 ,x is ! v core ( x4 ,= 9 ?is ! moral faculty c>ries & ass]ts its imp]ative = ! regulation ( conduct4 ,on ! basis ( ! idea ( "r1 x affirms duty1 & br+s mank9d "u ! reality & behe/s ( moral law4 ,! di/9ction ( "r & wrong1 if conceiv$ ( z unatt5d$ ) ?is fur!r disc]nm5t ( obligation1 w\ld manife/ly fall %ort ( e/abli%+ ! pr9ciple ( duty or fix+ 9 ! s\l a consci\s bond to righte\sness4 ,b 9 ?is fur!r disc]nm5t is reveal$ ! nexus t b9ds toge!r p]ceiv$ "r & man's responsibility to x4 ,h5ce1 ?is is ! c>d9al ?+ 9 ! consci5ce1 = :i* ! e?ical idea prep>es1 & ^u :i* ! moral life re/s4 ,x is ! po9t at :i* humanity is organiz$ "u a moral con/itution & ! behe/s ( moral law4 ,x is ! sublime end[m5t 9 :i* man's nature is capacitat$ = its position1 z /&+ face to face ) ! sublim] reality ( ! div9e gov]nm5t ov] ! _w4 ,x is to be di/9ctly obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t ! imp]ative disclos$ 9 ?is p]ceiv$ obligation1 does n mean compulsion4 ,! idea ( obligation c h no place :]e !re c be no *oice z to accept+ x4 ,! :ole sph]e ( morals1 z we h already se5 & %all ne$ (t5 to be rem9d$1 exi/s1 & c exi/ only 9 connection ) p]sonality or intellig5t free ag5cy4 ,its realm is t ( fre$om4 ,law 9 e?ics is some?+ 9 cle> contra/ ) law 9 ! processes ( physical nature4 ,! p]ception ( x is n ! p]ception ( :at mu/ be or w be1 or %all be1 b :at ought to be4 ,its appeal is to our fre$om1 & ! duty is ideat$ be=e x is p]=m$4 ,fur!r1 x is well to obs]ve "h aga9 h[ di/9ctly peculi> is ?is p]cept ( obligation among ! data ( our cognitive faculties4 ,! s5se-p]ception notifies u ( :at is4 ,s does ! consci\sness4 ,memory r5ews to consci\sness a k ( :at 04 ,! logical processes reveal ab/ract relations4 ,t two & two make f\r1 or t a /raight l9e is ! %orte/ betwe5 two po9ts1 or t oxyg5 & hydrog5 unit$ 9 c]ta9 proportions =m wat]1 are tru?s di/9ctly kn[n :5 ! m9d is direct$ to ^! subjects2 b ! p]ception ( ^! tru?s is )\t ! unique idea ( obligation or ! duty ( *]i%+ any p>ticul> feel+ or ( con=m+ to a /&>d ( righte\sness4 ,only ?r\gh ! disc]nm5ts ( "r & wrong by ! consci5ce1 is !re giv5 ?is peculi> intuition ( ! reality ( obligation4 ,moral ,quality ,id5tifi$4 7#c7 ,a ?ird ?+ to be m>k$ 9 ?is psy*ological analysis ( ! action ( consci5ce1 & reveal+ its nature1 is ! affirmation ( "r or wrong to p>ticul> acts or pr9ciples ( conduct4 ,9 ?is ! function ( consci5ce passes f its fundam5tal idea into ! =m ( an applicatory judgm5t4 ,! ideas ( "r & obligation are appli$ to ! actual affairs & activities ( life4 ,! quality ( "r or wrong is connect$ ) p>ticul> actions1 feel+s or purposes1 & ^! are affirm$ to be "r or wrong accord+ z !y h or h n su* moral quality4 ,?is application is bo? a p]ception & a judgm5t--a p]ception 9 t x sees ! e?ical quality 9 ! de$ or motive1 & a judgm5t 9 t x affirms ! connection4 ,^! judgm5ts take ! =ms ( approval or disapproval1 z ! conduct is disc]n$ to be morally good or bad4 ,x is pla9 t su* judgm5ts ( application w\ld be impossible 7 !re n 9 ! m9d ! fundam5tal e?ical di/9ctions already expla9$4 ,manife/ly ^! judgm5ts ( application belong to ! g5]al judg+ p[] ( ! m9d4 ,all kn[+ may be said to be judg+1 or at lea/ t5ds to take ! =m ( judgm5t4 ,!y are specific "h1 only ) respect to ! mat]ial !y take acc\nt (4 ,!y are ! acts ( ! judg+ faculty 9 ! sph]e ( apply+ ! e?ical di/9ctions & obligations4 ,z a basis = ! judgm5ts1 n only mu/ ! e?ical di/9ction exi/ 9 ! m9d1 b ! action or conduct to be judg$ mu/ be se5 or und]/ood 9 all its ess5tial relations & motives4 ,z duties are develop$ by relations1 ! moral "* ( ! contemplat$ conduct or de$ _c be det]m9$ ap>t f a correct k ( ^? relations4 ,! judg+ capacity w err )\t ! light ( true & full in=mation conc]n+ ! place & purposes ( ! action4 ,& its insights & affirmations w v>y 9 _! approximation to entire correctness accord+ to ! degree 9 :i* all ! elem5ts ent]+ into ! p>ticul> conduct are und]/ood & consid]$4 ,m]it & ,dem]it ,p]ceiv$4 7#d7 ,! action ( ! consci5ce includes also p]ception ( m]it & dem]it 9 connection ) conduct4 ,! mean+ ( ^! t]ms ne$s to be c>efully def9$ & limit$4 ,!y express some?+ m ?an ! simple approval or disapproval already not$ 9 connection ) ! disc]nm5t ( ! rightness or wrongness ( an action4 ,! t]ms /& = a /ep ( disc]nm5t & judgm5t beyond ^!1 & d5ote ! e?ical reality ( good-des]t or ill-des]t = ! moral ag5t :o con=ms to rightness1 or (f5ds aga9/ its claims4 ,he :o con=ms des]ves well2 he t (f5ds des]ves ill4 ,!y1 !re=e1 m>k di/9ctly & def9itely ! po9t 9 ! psy*ology ( ! consci5ce :]e ! faculty disc]ns t ^? :o d "r ought to receive favor & ^? :o d wrong ought to exp]i5ce disfavor4 ,!y express a pr9ciple ( j consequ5ces4 ,! pr9ciple is1 t = "r conduct good is due1 = wrong done evil is due4 ,! wrong-do] is guilty1 i4 e4 ju/ly subject to punitive action4 ,8 de$ des]ves x = him4 ,on ! o!r h& do+ "r is wor?y ( rew>d1 or ( ! good t befits ! good done4 ,! consci5ce disc]ns & affirms ?is reality ( good & evil-des]t4 ,"h is rea*$ ! psy*ological s\rce ( ! great fact ( responsibility 9 ! _w4 ,x em]ges into consci\sness & into actual =ce 9 human life f ?is po9t 9 ! disclosures & affirmations ( ! moral s5se4 ,h5ce arises ! unspeakably v>i$ b ev] p]si/5t human necessity "u :i* m5 are compell$ to reg>d !mselves & o!rs z ju/ly am5able to ! law ( moral consequ5ces4 ,its application is se5 9 e sph]e ( life1 p]sonal1 dome/ic1 social1 & national4 ,a moral adm9i/ration is se5 9 ! _w only z ! adm9i/ration is f\nd to be con=m$ to & c>ry+ out ! pr9ciple ( di/ribut+ good accord+ to moral des]t4 ,any failure 9 ! adju/m5t ( recomp5se or giv5 good "u ?is idea is felt to be a lapse f ju/ice & prop] ord]4 ,x /&s z some?+ abnormal & mon/r\s4 ,s firmly does ! decision ( consci5ce e/abli% ?is pr9ciple ( happy consequ5ces z due to "r conduct & punitive effects to wrong-do+1 s /rongly does x fix ! conviction t ! div9e adm9i/ration mu/ on ! :ole adju/ aw>d & happ9ess on ?is basis1 t ?\ghtful philosoph]s h ev] be5 wont to f9d "h "o ( ! mo/ assur+ gu>antees ( a future life 9 :i* ! fragm5t>y ju/ice ( ?is _w w be fill$ out 9 fully giv5 recomp5se4 ,x mu/ be not$1 z is app>5t1 t ?is m]it or dem]it does n belong to m5's acts1 b to !mselves z ! moral ag5ts4 ,to action & conduct p]ta9 ! moral qualities ( rightness & wrongness1 b :at is done is itself altoge!r imp]sonal & n responsible = its own occurr5ce4 ,! do] ( ! de$ des]ves :atev] good or evil is due 9 connection ) x4 ,! practical application ( ?is pr9ciple ( moral des]t is f\nd to be almo/ inf9itely v>i$1 bo? ) respect to ! import ( ! pr9ciple & ! measure ( m]it & dem]it4 ,) respect to its import1 good des]t may mean simply t he :o *ooses ! morally "r is entitl$ to 8 own self-approbation & ! approval ( o!rs & ! moral excell5ce :i* he ?us pref]s4 ,or x may signify v>i\s degrees & k9ds ( m positive rew>d :i* ! div9e con/itution & moral adm9i/ration ( ! _w may be adju/$ to give 9 ! way ( happ9ess & ! be/ ext]nal conditions ( exi/5ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! dem]it ( ! wrong-do] may mean any?+ he des]ves1 f ! simple loss ( ! moral good :i* he does n *oose1 to ! extreme/ p5alties1 objective & subjective1 :i* a righte\s div9e gov]nm5t may h to employ = ! repression ( wick$ness4 ,9 its import1 bo? m]it & dem]it may ref] to endlessly v>i$ exp]i5ces & =ms ( good & evil4 ,) respect to ! measure ( m]it & dem]it & ! adju/m5t ( due recomp5se1 a simil> wide range ( diff]5ce mu/ be recogniz$ :5 we come to ! application ( ! pr9ciple to human acts & conduct4 ,con=mity to "r & (f5se aga9/ x are exhibit$ 9 myriad degrees "u conditions z v>i$ z are ! positions & relations & inn] /ate ( all ! individuals ( ! race4 ,! v nature ( diff]5t p]sons is 9 unequal adju/m5t to virtue & vice4 ,environm5t1 too1 br+s /rong] temptations to "s ?an to o!rs4 ,h]$it>y =ces & e>ly tra9+ /r5g!n or weak5 ! moral p]ceptions & =ces4 ,?\s&s ( diff]5ces p]plex ! attempt to equate ! measure ( moral des]t to m54 ,x c be det]m9$ only 9 full & p]fect view ( all ! conditions )9 & ! relations surr\nd+ ! moral ag5t2 & ! apportionm5t ( ! due aw>d1 x w\ld seem1 c be p]fectly made only by a be+ ( inf9ite k & ju/ice4 ,! measurem5t ( m]it & dem]it is1 h[ev]1 b ano!r =m ( judgm5ts ( application1 9 :i* ! moral s5se c act 9 only approximate det]m9ations4 ,"h v>iation & unc]ta9ty f9d place4 ,b !re c be none z to ! fact ( good des]t & guilt :]e "r & wrong are done4 ,emotions ,awak5$4 7#e7 ,emotions or feel+s1 awak5$ by ! p]ceptions ( "r & wrong1 obligation1 m]it & dem]it1 complete ! action ( consci5ce4 ,^! feel+s are peculi> & orig9al1 unlike ! feel+s spr++ f any o!r p]ceptions & incapable ( be+ resolv$ into or d$uc$ f o!rs4 ,psy*ologically1 x is to be rememb]$1 feel+ is 9 no case a "p ( p]ception or cognition1 b an additional psy*ical action ( a diff]5t k9d4 ,a purely cognitive intellig5ce might h p]fect k ( ?+s & _! relations to itself2 x might "k t ?+s1 or c\rses ( action1 w\ld de/roy its own exi/5ce2 x might ev5 "k t its own exi/5ce 0 ab\t to be de/roy$2 b ?is k alone w\ld imply no feel+4 ,su* intellect w\ld be l a mirror2 x w\ld accurately reflect all t pass$ be=e x2 b x w\ld be z indiff]5t z ! mirror4#ai ,b kn[+ is foll[$ by feel+1 a diff]5t k9d ( action ( ! s\l4 ,?is is n its action 9 ! =m ( intellect1 b 9 ! =m ( s5sibility4 ,x is action ( ano!r ord]--n itself a cognition1 b aris+ out ( cognition4 ,?is is ! place & relation ( ^! moral feel+s4 ,!y are awak5$ 9 ! s\l by & ?r\gh ! e?ical p]ceptions4 ,!y are det]m9$ by ^!1 & =m ! f9al elem5t 9 ! total action ( ! consci5ce4 ,^! moral feel+s1 :ile !y =m "o class1 z hav+ _! orig9 9 ! e?ical discrim9ations1 exhibit di/+ui%+ diff]5ces4 ,^! diff]5ces develop 9 a tw(old way1 pres5t+ special =ms ( feel+4 ,!y mu/ be not$ z !y diff] by ^! two conditions ( _! developm5t4 ,correspond5t to ,"r or ,wrong4 ,fir/1 accord+ z ! moral quality1 ! p]ception ( :i* awak5s !m1 is good or evil4 ,! s\l _c disc]n ! great di/9ctions betwe5 "r & wrong )\t correspond5t emotional awak5+4 ,! s5sibility is mov$ by ! p]ception1 & takes ! =m ( a feel+ ( approval = ! morally good1 & a feel+ ( reprobation = ! wrong4 ,our language furni%es no s+le t]m to designate ei!r ( ^! feel+s1 b ?is phraseology is suffici5tly descriptive to po9t !m out4 ,! feel+ t[>d ! "r may be d5ot$ z moral love2 t t[>d wrong z moral av]sion4 ,:5 ! quality ( rightness or wrongness is exhibit$ 9 specially int5se degree 9 p>ticul> conduct1 ! feel+s may take ! =m ( e?ical admiration or ( abhorr5ce4 ,be=e & ,aft] ,action4 ,secondly1 z aris+ be=e or aft] ! moral action4 ,if ! feel+ is awak5$ 9 view ( action propos$ to be done1 x may be describ$1 9 ! abs5ce ( a m specific designation1 z a s5se ( obligation to d or n to d ! de$--?is feel+ ( obligation be+ bas$ on a p]ception ( ! obligation4 ,f ! intellectual disc]nm5t ! emotional s5sibility spr+s z a s5tim5t :i* =ms "p ( ! impell+ =ce ( consci5ce4 ,:5 ! feel+ arises ) respect to an act already done1 x takes ! nature ( e?ical satisfaction1 a peculi> pleasure 9 :i* are bl5d$ a s5se ( self-approbation & ( joy1 if ! de$ be "r2 ( self-reproa* & remorse1 if wrong4 ,remorse--a gnaw+ s5se ( guilt1 :e!r ! feel+ be ! slighte/ disquiet ( emotion or ( agoniz+ & unsolaceable compunction--appe>s to be ! apte/ t]m to express ?is /ate ( m9d4 ,diff]5ces ( ,degree4 ,besides ! diff]5ces ?us aris+1 !re are diff]5ces 9 ! degree or int5sity ( ^! moral feel+s4 ,innum]able causes may affect ! diff]5ces 9 ?is respect4 ,p]sonal temp]am5t1 acquir$ "*1 or ext]nal conditions may make ! feel+ great] or less4 ,! m5tal organization ( "s p]sons is m emotional4 ,education may h giv5 a peculi> developm5t4 ,tempor>y circum/ances may height5 ! excitation4 ,b o!r ?+s be+ equal ! degree ( positiv5ess 9 ! moral emotions is g5]ally dep5d5t on two ?+s3 7a7 ! cle>ness ) :i* ! moral di/9ction & ! consequ5t obligation is disc]n$1 & 7b7 ! pur5ess & t5d]ness ( ! p]son's moral nature4 ,if ! e?ical idea & obligation are uncle>ly se5 or h>dly se5 at all1 ! impression 9 ! feel+s mu/ be comp>atively slight4 ,b if se5 "u /rong light & ) _! supreme import1 ! intuition impresses ) great] =ce4 ,s1 too1 ! /ate ( ! :ole moral nature is a reason ( high] or l[] moral s5sibility4 ,! m unblight$ is ! condition ( p]sonal life1 ! m is x responsive to ! e?ical disc]nm5t4 ,habitual refusal ( duty1 easy & indiff]5t famili>ity ) wrong-do+1 or any cont9u$ enslavem5t ( ! high] nature to ! l[]1 necess>ily blunts ! delicat5ess ( ! s5sibilities & l[]s ! /r5g? ( ! moral feel+s4 ,! process ( injury may g on until a condition ( call\sness is rea*$ :i* fulfils ! /rik+ description3 ,se>$ z ) a hot iron4 ,motive ,p[]4 ,x is ?r\gh ^! feel+s t ! consci5ce becomes a motive p[] = moral life4 ,! p]ception ( duty alone1 z purely intellectual1 w\ld be1 z said1 l a mirror accurately reflect+ ! e?ical reality pass+ be=e x1 b z indiff]5t z ! mirror4 ,b ^u ! p]ception ! emotional nature spr+s into action4 ,k1 if at all1 always goes into effect m$iately ?r\gh ! s5sibilities 9 :i* ! s\l is /irr$ by affections & desires4 ,^! may be t[>d moral good z truly z t[>d s5su\s good4 ,we may love ! true & ! beautiful & ! "r4 ,we may love ! "r z "r4 ,accord+ to our *oices we make ! e?ically good our own & m\ld our life into its excell5ce & bless$ness1 or ! contr>y4 ,^! feel+s are motive p[]s1 br++ occasions = *oices4 ,x is prop] to take note1 h[ev]1 t x is only ! feel+s 9 view ( ! "r or wrong ( an act yet to be done1 t are directly moral motives4 ,= x is only ?r\gh ^! t we are face to face ) ! "q ( *oos+ or refus+ ! "r 9 ! propos$ conduct4 ,! feel+s t arise1 z satisfaction or remorse aft] wrong acts1 h no exi/5ce till ! conduct is 9 retrospect1 & c h no motive =ce = x4 ,& :5 memory br+s ^! exp]i5ces z motives = subsequ5t conduct1 !y /& ma9ly1 if n :olly1 z consid]ations = enjoym5t4 ,!y are n feel+s ( pure obligation to rightness1 b remembrances ( pleasure or pa9 influ5tial z prompt+ or dissuad+ on ! l[] gr\nd ( com=t4 ,!re is a g5]ic & indelible diff]5ce betwe5 ! feel+ ( duty1 "u ! pure behe/s ( "r1 & ! natural desire to ga9 ! enjoym5t or avoid ! mis]y :i* we h le>n$ to anticipate f exp]i5ces 9 conduct4 ,9 ! "o case x pres5ts love ( ! "r z "r2 9 ! o!r a love ( ! m agreeable consequ5ces ( "r4 ,unque/ionably1 inde$1 a desire ( ! bett] consequ5ces is a prop] motive = *oices4 ,9 ^! consequ5ces virtue is prov+ its adaptation to br+ its own rew>d4 ,b ! m]it ( virtue is n 9 seek+ ! rew>d1 b 9 seek+ virtue itself4 ,! m]c5>y _s is n ! love ( righte\sness1 nor z high z x4 #e4 ,?is analysis makes cle> ! foll[+ *>act]i/ics ( ! consci5ce4 ,consci5ce is ,intellectual4 ,fir/1 x is prim>ily & fundam5tally intellectual4 ,x is a p[] ( rational p]ception4 ,x p]ceives1 9 direct or intuitive way1 ! prim>y e?ical di/9ction betwe5 "r & wrong1 p]ceives ! quality ( rightness or wrongness 9 p>ticul> acts or conduct1 p]ceives ! obligation ( ! moral ag5t ) respect to "r & wrong1 z also ! m]it or dem]it ( ! moral ag5t4 ,b along ) & bl5d$ 9 insep>able concurr5ce1 moves ! function ( ! s5sibility1 9 feel+s ( approval & obligation1 satisfaction or remorse4 ,bo? ! intellectual & emotional action ( ! s\l are1 !re=e1 includ$ 9 :at is nam$ ! consci5ce--! p]ceptive action1 "h z ev]y:]e else1 be+ prim>y & conditional = ! emotional4 ,if !re 7 no e?ical di/9ction p]ceiv$1 none w\ld be felt4 ,! consci5ce1 tak5 9 its totality1 ?us includes bo? sides ( ! human psy*ology1 ! intellect & ! s5sibility1 & x addresses its behe/s ( duty to ! w 9 its own peculi> way ( moral law = conduct4 ,! /rife betwe5 intuitional !ories & s5tim5tal !ories ( consci5ce is1 !re=e1 compos$ by ! concurr5ce ( bo? kn[+ & feel+ 9 ! action ( ?is p[]4 ,b ! intellectual "p is necess>ily logically prior to ! emotional1 & conditional = x4 ,to make a feel+ ( obligation ! basal fact 9 ! psy*ology ( consci5ce w\ld be an inv]sion ( ! :ole ord] ( dep5d5ce reveal$ 9 consci\sness4 ,&1 surely1 ! feel+s "h develop$ are rational1 n physiological s5sations4 ,!y _c1 = a mom5t1 be id5tifi$ ) ! physical s5sations :i* condition ! s5se-p]ceptions4 ,_! true place is among ! rational emotions4 ,sole ,p]cept ,moral ,quality4 ,secondly1 ! sole object ( p]ception by ! consci5ce is moral quality--! quality ( rightness or wrongness1 toge!r ) ! correspond5t obligation4 ,x is some?+ sup]s5sible & ideal2 n actions !mselves z kn[n by s5se1 b _! quality z morally good or evil z discov]$ by ! e?ical reason4 ,! ?+ disc]n$ by ! consci5ce is g5]ically diff]5t f ! ?+s disc]n$ by ! s5se-p]ception or consci\sness4 ,?r\gh our s5ses we "k ! :ole _w ( objective exi/5ces1 ev5ts & _! relations2 ?r\gh consci\sness ! /ates1 acts & exp]i5ces ( ! subjective p]sonal self are giv54 ,b ! consci5ce does n furni% u ) a k ( any ( ! sub/ances1 ev5ts or relations :i* con/itute ! _w ab\t u or ! _w )9 u1 b solely ( ! moral quality ( conduct & s5tim5t1 z duty is develop$ 9 ^! relations4 ,x takes notice ( ! e?ical "* ( ! actions & motives ( intellig5t & responsible be+s4 ,consci5ce ,acts ( ,necessity4 ,?irdly1 ! action ( ! consci5ce is m>k$ by necessity4 ,& by ?is we are to und]/& some?+ m ?an ! simple uni=mity 9 :i* all ! psy*ical activity1 except t ( ! *oices ( ! w1 is held "u fix$ laws ( ?\ght & feel+4 ,! necessity "h affirm$ is t unique necessity :i* di/+ui%es & m>ks intuitive or a priori cognition1 z ( "t1 space1 & causality4 ,necessity is ju/ly conc$$ to be "o ( ! crit]ia ( ^! & o!r intuitional fir/ tru?s4 ,x is n at ! option ( ! human m9d :e!r x w ?9k ! _w "u ! relations ( "t & space1 or ev5ts z occurr+ "u ! pr9ciple ( causation4 ,^! are =ms ( k1 k ( sup]-s5sible realities1 t come n at our *oice b by an unavoidable insight4 ,! prim>y & fundam5tal e?ical di/9ction belongs to su* rational intuition1 & is m>k$ by ! peculi> necessity ( intuitional action4 ,z on occasion ( kn[+ mat]ial bodies ) ?ree dim5sions1 or ( *anges 9 consci\sness or 9 ! out] _w1 ) ! fact ( co-exi/5ce or succession & duration1 ! ph5om5al sph]e is necess>ily transc5d$ & "t & space are necess>ily disc]n$1 s :5 we und]/& ! manifold relations 9 :i* our lives are to be liv$1 9 :i* we may use our p]sonal p[]s1 ei!r 9 h>mony ) or 9 violation ( our giv5 adaptations1 & ) ei!r great injury or ri* good to o!rs1 9 ! same necess>y way ! consci5ce mu/ disc]n ! di/9ction ( "r & wrong & ! reality ( duty4 ,! great implication 9 ?is necessity1 z we %all h]eaft] see 9 exam9+ ! nature ( virtue1 is t ! pr9ciple ( righte\sness or ! law ( duty is some?+ t belongs to ! objective ord] ( ! _w z con/itut$ by ,god1 a div9e reality p]man5t & immutable1 n produc$ b p]ceiv$ by ! consci5ce4 ,x is n made by man b f9ds him--f9ds him ?r\gh ! intellig5ce by :i* he is in=m$ ( ! realities to :i* he mu/ adju/ 8 life4 ,moral law /&s = a reality t rays itself into view 9 ! human reason :e!r m5 w or n4 ,! intuitions ( x d n come at ! call1 or desire1 or ev5 at ! cons5t ( man4 ,! law reveal$ /&s indep5d5t ( ! individual's p]sonality or *oices & ass]ts itself ov] him4 ,:ile ?is is true ( ! law reveal$1 ! p]ception ( ! law becomes a necessity ) ! moral ag5t t is normally end[$ & develop$4 ,man does n furni% ! moral law to himself4 ,he is n ! giv] ( x1 b ! recipi5t4 ,! consci5ce1 !re=e1 is an op5 w9d[ ( our be+1 ?r\gh :i* ! objective law ( righte\sness to :i* ! ,creator has adju/$ our nature & ! con/itution ( ! univ]se may be disc]n$ by u1 a sph]e ( reality enfold+ u1 ) :i* our fre$om is to h>monize our conduct4 ,francis ,newman has admirably m>k$ ! position ( ?is consci5ce-p[] 9 our con/itution3 ,?is en]gy ( life )9 is ours1 yet x is n we4 ,x is 9 u1 belongs to u1 yet we _c control x1 ,x acts )\t our bidd+1 & :5 we d n ?9k ( x1 ,nor w x cease its act+ at our comm&1 or o!rwise obey u1 ,b :ile x recalls f evil1 & reproa*es u = evil1 ,& is n sil5c$ by our ef=t1 surely x is n we2 ,yet x p]vades mank9d1 z "o life p]vades ! trees4#bj ,! reason ( ^! intuitions ( ! consci5ce is t back ( x & ar\nd x & above x is a realm ( moral obligations :i* mu/1 )\t cont+5cy1 be made kn[n to u1 t we may ord] our lives aright4 ,errone\s ,!ory4 #f4 ,x is prop] at ?is place to express diss5t f "s =ms ( !ory :i* are at v>iance ) ! tru? ?us br\ght to light4 ,almo/ all ( !m are ! outcome ( ! philosophical ph5om5alism ( :i* ,kant's ,critique ( ,pure ,reason is ! be/ illu/ration4 ,x discr$its ! compet5cy ( our cognitive faculties to rea* k ( ?+s z !y really are4 ,we c "k1 x is said1 only ph5om5a1 :ile ! n\m5a or ?+s 9 !mselves are incognizable2 & d\bt is rais$ :e!r !re is a reality correspond+ to :at our faculties report4 ,x is sugge/$ t ! data ( ^! faculties1 especially 9 ! =ms ( intuition & univ]sal judgm5ts1 may be m]e =ms ( ?\ght1 =ms ( kn[+ b n ( real be+1 creat$ )9 z well z by ! m9d itself1 & project$ !nce 9 connection ) appreh5d$ ph5om5a4 ,!y may be m5tal fictions 9 :ole or 9 "p1 9 :i* ! ideal mu/ n be held z /&+ = actual be+4 ,?us :ile "t & space are necess>y =ms ( ?\ght "u :i* all bodies & ev5ts mu/ be kn[n1 yet "t & space1 x is alleg$1 may be b subjective =ms giv5 to ! ph5om5a by & 9 ! cognitive action4 ,we are oblig$1 inde$1 x is conc$$1 9 practical life to foll[ ! guidance ( our necess>y =ms ( ?\ght4 ,b ! k is m]ely regulative = pres5t activity2 & be+ a product creat$ & %ap$ l>gely by ! p>ticul> organization ( our m9ds1 ?is m]ely relative & regulative p]ception ( tru? may be diff]5t 9 o!r m9ds or be h]eaft] s *ang$ z to pres5t *ang$ ph5om5a1 sup]s$+ ! judgm5ts n[ giv5 by o!r judgm5ts "u o!r views4 ,:5 ! adh]5ts ( ! ,positive ,philosophy proce$ to def9e matt] z m]ely a p]man5t possibility ( s5sations1#ba fai? 9 ! reliability ( our k ( ! realities ab\t u1 z true = ^? realities1 is ?or\ghly und]m9$4 ,?is t5d5cy t[>d an invalidat+ ( our k z real = objective tru?1 has be5 fo/]$ by rec5t physiological psy*ology :i*1 "u mat]iali/ic implications1 magnifies ! effect ( ! physical organization & condition ^u ! m5tal products4 ,9 ^! ways extreme idealism & positive mat]ialism jo9 h&s 9 ef=t to r$uce to unc]ta9ty or illusion :at our cognitive faculties p]ceive ( reality & tru? 9 bo? ! mat]ial & moral sy/ems ab\t u4 ,b e?ical sci5ce1 9 h>mony ) ! s\nde/ & be/ su/a9$ philosophy ( ! ,*ri/ian c5turies1 rejects ^! agno/ic sugge/ions1 z n only unprov$ b unt5able4 ,!y =m a !ory ( our intellectual faculties :i* cuts away ! f\ndations ( all k1 ev5 ( t :i* is mo/ cle>1 fix$1 necess>y & un*angeable 9 ! intellig5ce ( ! race4 ,! !ory becomes intellectual suicide1 z x nullifies ! real validity ( all ! fundam5tal p]ceptions ( bo? s5se & reason1 on :i* its own conclusion re/s4 ,its sugge/ions discr$it !mselves by confess+ t _! own f\ndation is b a "p ( ! illusory1 phantasmal action ( faculties :i*1 in/ead ( p]ceiv+ :at is1 pres5t b =ms :i* !y produce4 ,:ile x is conc$$ t1 ev5 on ?is agno/ic basis1 ! consci5ce w\ld /ill possess regulative au?ority--z x /ill ass]ts its imp]ative ought = life--yet rational e?ics1 l self-respect+ philosophy1 mu/ n vacate = our cognitive faculties ! great function ( kn[+ :ile attempt+ to ex]cise x1 nor fail to ma9ta9 t !y h be5 organiz$ = real k1 )9 ! sph]e & measure op5$ to !m1 ( ! g5u9e realities ) :i* we h to d1 9 bo? ! mat]ial & moral worlds4 ,! consci5ce1 !re=e1 mu/ be held1 n z =mative ( its peculi> ph5om5a1 b p]ceptive ( ! e?ical realities ( "r & obligation4 ,consi/5t ) ,!i/ic ,evolution4 #g4 ,x is prop] also to po9t out "h t ?is view ( ! nature ( ! consci5ce is n necess>ily affect$ by ! "q ( its evolution>y orig94 ,%\ld ! !ory ( man's d]ivative orig91 "u "s =m ( !i/ic & teleological evolution1 ev] pass f its position z an hypo!sis into t ( sci5tific tru?1 ?is w\ld n require u ess5tially to alt] our acc\nt ( ! nature ( ?is faculty4 ,= ! nature ( ! faculty has n be5 f\nd 9 consid]ations ( ! mode ( its orig91 b f analysis ( ! elem5tal facts 9 its action4 ,! adh]5ts ( ! evolution hypo!sis h1 inde$1 f\nd "o ( _! mo/ =midable difficulties 9 attempt+ a satisfactory explanation ( a possible orig9ation ( ?is faculty 9 ! assum$ =ces & laws ( evolution>y action4 ,keep+ 9 view ! fact t ! v c5t] ( ! consci5ce-function appe>s 9 regulation & (t5 9 d5ial ( inh]it$ feel+s & habits1 ! difficulty ( attribut+ its creation to h]$it>y action is cle>ly se5 & deeply felt4 ,x has be5 well po9t$ out t ! injunctions ( consci5ce d n run ) ! /ream ( our h]$it>y t5d5cies1 b r aga9/ !m4#bb ,t a law ( ! "w & victory ( h]$it>y =ces %\ld issue 9 organiz+ an end[m5t = control & repression ( h]$it>y t5d5cies1 seems to involve too mu* ( a contradiction to be accept$4 ,t ! survival ( ! /ronge/ 9 ! battle ( individual exi/5ce1 ! reign ( too? & talon1 %\ld gradually create a faculty = ass]t+ ! obligation & law ( love & k9dness to ! weak1 fails to come prop]ly "u our conception ( ! work+ ( cause & effect4#bc ,ev5 9 ! !i/ic =m ( ! !ory1 9 :i* evolution (f]s itself z pres5t+ n ! cause b only ! mode ( creation1 x is h>d to conceive ( ! adaptation ( su* a process = ! production ( su* a result--a result /&+ ap>t f ! means by a total diff]5ce 9 bo? _! nature & direction4 ,x is z if ! fl[ ( ! /ream %\ld create ! pr9ciple ( repression ( fl[+4 ,! actual attempts ( evolutioni/ writ]s to con/ruct an e?ical view :i* %all expla9 ! ph5om5a ( consci5ce & ju/ify its au?ority1 has add$ fur!r evid5ce ( ! difficulty on ?is po9t4 ,no su* attempts h ?us f> be5 satisfactory4 ,b ! nature ( ! consci5ce1 z has already be5 %[n1 is prop]ly settl$1 n by ! mode ( its orig91 b by an exam9ation ( its actual psy*ology & intr9sic p[]s4 ,if ?is makes x cle>1 z x unque/ionably does1 t x is prim>ily intellectual & p]cipi5t 9 its function1 !n any failure ( evolution or any o!r !ory to expla9 its orig9 mu/ mu* r discr$it ! !ory ?an disprove ! nature ( ! end[m5t :i* /&s z a fact4 ,b an orig9 ( ! consci5ce by evolution1 %\ld x ev] be prov$1 w\ld introduce no tr\ble at ?is po9t 9 ! sci5ce ( e?ics4 ,= ! faculty is compet5t = its (fice 9 virtue ( :at x is1 & n by ! mode ?r\gh :i* ! div9e creative p[] work$ 9 its =mation4 ,! necessity 9 ! case w\ld be met %\ld ! evolution>y mode be %[n to be capable ( evolv+ an intellectual end[m5t high en\gh 9 p]ceptive p[] to disc]n ! e?ical di/9ctions & b9d _! obligations on m54 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,supremacy ,,( ,,consci5ce4 ,by ! supremacy ( consci5ce is meant its "r to ex]cise moral control4 ,x expresses its prop] au?ority4 ,?is au?ority is n to be ?\ght ( z orig9al or indep5d5t1 b z re/+ on & reveal+ ! absolute au?ority ( ,god1 :o has con/itut$ ! moral relations ( ! _w & has set ! consci5ce1 ) its disc]n+ & regulative function1 9 ! human s\l4 ,! "q involv$ is n ! "r ( "o m]ely subjective faculty to impose obligation on ano!r faculty or on all ! human capacities & p[]s--"o "p ( ! p]sonal self play+ ! role ( sov]eign ov] ! o!r p>ts4 ,?is w\ld be a %all[ & mislead+ notion ( ?is au?ority4 ,! :ole conception ( ! consci5ce is !i/ic1 & implies1 z x also te/ifies to1 an absolute law ( righte\sness ov] all ! _w1 e/abli%$ by ,him :o is creator & sov]eign ( all4 ,x is 9 ! disc]nm5t ( ?is pr9ciple ( rightness1 ) its dem& = ob$i5ce to x1 t ! consci5ce comes into its position ( au?ority & its au?ority becomes de jure supreme4 #a4 ,b ! pro( t su* au?ority rightly belongs to x ne$s to be m fully exhibit$4 ,x is expla9$ & made unque/ionable 9 ! foll[+ facts3 ,its ,sph]e ( ,judgm5ts4 7#a7 ,x is involv$ 9 ! v sph]e ( its disc]nm5ts4 ,?is sph]e is ! sph]e ( "r & duty1 :i*1 by v conception1 subord9ate ev]y?+ else4 ,its prim>y p]ception is ( ! "r1 z hav+ claim on e rational free ag5t--& !n ( obligation :i* imm$iately presses its moral requirem5t into ! pres5ce ( our capacity = con=mity to x4 ,!re is1 inde$1 a degree ( au?ority belong+ to ea* & all ! psy*ical faculties1 9 ! functions !y fulfil = ! direction & welf>e ( life4 ,b ! peculi>ity ( ! consci5ce is t ! realm ( its functions & direction is high] ?an t ( ! o!r p[]s1 ! realm 9 :i* manhood rea*es its supreme purpose & wor?4 ,moral goodness1 excell5ce ( "*1 is ! summit ( ! asc5t to :i* human nature is adapt$4 ,9 ?is our nature rea*es ! supreme & all-inclusive good1 comp>$ ) :i* all ?+s else are ( inf]ior claim & m]it4 ,! au?ority ( ! consci5ce1 z a faculty1 is ?us id5tifi$ ) ! supremacy :i* belongs to ! idea ( ! morally "r1 ( obligation1 duty1 ! irrepealable ought = ! conduct ( life4 ,%[n by ,nature ( ,action4 7#b7 ,?is is m di/9ctly app>5t :5 we recall ! nature ( its action4 ,psy*ologically1 ! consci5ce does n /& z a ?+ ( our own p]sonal w1 or z 9 any way mak+ ! obligation :i* x pres5ts4 ,:5 we exam9e x1 z x appe>s 9 our consci\sness1 its movem5t is 9 ! =m ( a necess>y p]ception ( an obligation t is ^u u irrespective ( our w1 a law ( duty n ( our own fram+1 b impos+ itself on u & dem&+ ! homage ( our w4 ,x possesses its au?ority1 !re=e1 9 ! fact t x is ! disc]nm5t ( some?+ high] ?an our w or ourselves1 a pr9ciple transc5d+ our p]sonality & appe>+ z supreme law = our life & conduct4 ,& ! law connotes a lawgiv] & a judge4 ,! consci5ce ?us puts u 9 ! pres5ce ( ,"o :o has sov]eign & absolute "r to rule 9 u & ov] u4 ,x ?us becomes au?oritative by its be+ ! p[] or faculty ?r\gh :i* is made kn[n to u ! pr9ciple or law ( righte\sness :i* ,god has e/abli%$ = ! moral ord] ( ! _w4#bd ,! ,contr>y is ,absurd4 7#c7 ,^! facts1 at once psy*ologically & metaphysically well c]tifi$1 w\ld !mselves be suffici5t to expla9 & v9dicate ! peculi> "r ( supremacy almo/ univ]sally conc$$ to belong to ! moral s5se4 ,b ! pro(1 ?us giv51 is confirm$ by ! fact t ! contr>y conclusion involves a manife/ absurdity4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is incr$ible to suppose t man1 z an intellig5t1 rational1 free ag5t1 capable ( "*1 %\ld h no provision 9 8 m5tal make-up1 no faculty ( k1 furni%+ a pr9ciple ( guidance = meet+ ! responsibilities ( life4 ,=1 su* an abs5ce ( end[m5t = ?is purpose1 w\ld necess>ily mean1 ei!r t responsibility is an illusion1 a conclusion beli$ by ! h>d fact t ! organization ( human life inexorably treats & exacts x z real1 or t man's nature is con/ruct$ 9 a falsehood1 be+ b\nd to a high task = :i* x conta9s no end[m5t4 ,some:]e1 !re=e1 among ! human faculties1 mu/ appe> a p[] or complex ( p[]s ^: disclosures or impulses %all furni% a rightful pr9ciple ( control4 ,to say t !re is no rightful pr9ciple--t ! morally good has no m "r ?an ! morally bad--w\ld be n only absurd to reason1 b fly 9 ! face ( ! spontane\s & in]adicable s5se ( mank9d1 :i* makes ! moral di/9ction4 ,fur!r3 ,:ile ! au?ority = self-control1 to meet ! e?ical task & responsibilities ( life1 mu/ ?us be f\nd some:]e 9 man's con/itution1 c>eful consid]ation makes x also cle> t ! "r ( supremacy _c be attribut$ to any o!r capacity1 function or impulse ( our nature4 ,! well-kn[n argum5tum ad absurdum is fully applicable "h4 ,besides ! consci5ce itself1 ! only o!r motive-=ces = conduct are ! physiological appetites1 ! desires = enjoym5t1 & ! b5evol5t affections4 ,! "r ( supreme control _c be suppos$ to belong to ! physical appetites & passions4 ,! supremacy ( ^! w\ld be subv]sive ( "* & deadly to p]sonal & social welf>e4 ,?is is n simply ! judgm5t ( reason1 b a fact atte/$ by ! mo/ melan*oly exp]i5ces 9 :i* blight & woe h fall5 on m54 ,nor c ! "r ( rul+ au?ority belong to ! desire ( enjoym5t4 ,:5 ?is dom9ates x becomes ! reign ( selfi%ness1 :i*1 accord+ to ! cons5t ( mank9d1 is utt]ly inconsi/5t ) ! developm5t ( noble "*1 or ! dis*>ge ( ^? int]-human duties on :i* bo? individual & social well-be+ dep5ds4 ,x =ms ! s\l ( an>*y1 9 :i* ! family1 society1 & ! /ate w\ld be dissolv$4 ,! true excell5ce & happ9ess ( man w\ld be impossible4 ,! rul]%ip ( ?is class ( motive =ces is ?us inconsi/5t ) ! highe/ & be/ ends to :i* 8 nature has be5 correlat$4 ,nor c ! supremacy belong to ! b5evol5t affections4 ,^!1 summ$ up 9 ! ^w love1 are inde$ v high & mu/ be reg>d$ z among ! wor?ie/ & be/ elem5ts ( "* & pr9ciples ( action4 ,god is love1 & s ne> does love come to be+ ! v ess5ce ( virtue1 t x is decl>$ to be ! fulfill+ ( ! law4 ,b ! love t ,god is said to be is n alone 9 ,8 "*1 nor does x rule )\t reg>d to hol9ess1 ju/ice1 purity1 or righte\sness4 ,x _c be conceiv$ z subord9at+ ^! to a desire to make creatures happy4 ,on ! o!r h& we are oblig$ to ?9k ( love z able to conf] its favors only 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciple ( righte\sness4 ,ev5 9 its supreme exhibition1 9 ! salvation ( m51 9 giv+ its gifts1 x c\ld only act ?r\gh a way t decl>$ ! div9e righte\sness :ile grant+ =giv5ess to ^? t rep5t & =sake wrong4 ,9 human life1 ! love t 9 its own degree & ord] helps to ! fulfillm5t ( ! law is n alone1 or unregulat$1 or sup]ior to ! pr9ciple ( duty1 ( tru?1 purity & hol9ess4 ,x _c get above ^!1 b is itself "r only :5 x holds its ends1 ( mak+ its objects happy1 9 subord9ation to :at is morally good4 ,we mu/ rem9d ourselves exactly :at ! supremacy ( ! b5evol5t affections w\ld mean4 ,unless guid$ 9 ! action ?r\gh :i* !y rea* _! object1 !y w\ld subject ev]y?+ to _! own ends & take no acc\nt ( ! "* ( ! ways & means1 z "r or wrong4 ,z unregulat$ love !y w\ld lack an ess5tial elem5t = ! (fice ( moral control4 ,if x be true1 z x unque/ionably is1 t "s ?+s are wrong1 no matt] h[ lov+ly !y may be done1 ! b5evol5t affections _c be ! supreme guide = ev5 ! lov+ activities ( life4 ,bl9d affection may run1 z x does 9 ?\s&s ( relations & in/ances1 into ! wide/ dep>tures f good "* & into gross vices4 ,h[ev] high ! b5evol5t feel+ may be z a motive1 all its purposes & ! activities ?r\gh :i* ^! purposes are accompli%$ ne$ ! guidance ( ! law ( righte\sness1 if !y are to be ma9ta9$ 9 h>mony ) ess5tial virtue1 holy "* & human welf>e4 ,_! function mu/ !re=e be held subord9ate to ! au?ority ( consci5ce z ! capacity ?r\gh :i* ! law ( rectitude1 ) its obligation1 is pres5t$ & kept be=e ! m5tal view4 ,?is conclusion does n remove love f its high position1 at ! v summit ( ?+s t are "r & good & ess5tial = "*4 ,x all[s x to /&1 z x does all o!r spr+s ( action1 9 its full rights & value among human motives & virtues 9 det]m9+ duty 9 conduct4 ,b x is ! consci5ce1 & n love itself1 t judges & decides ! obligation to x & ! high rank t ought to be giv5 x z an elem5t ( "*4 ,?us ! regulative function1 ev5 = b5evol5ce1 belongs to ! e?ical s5se1 ?r\gh p]ception ( :at s5tim5ts & acts are "r 9 conduct4 ,& s ! peculi> bus9ess ( ! consci5ce is to wat* all ! =ces ( our nature & keep ea* 9 its place4 ,! view :i* gives ! "r ( moral control to ! consci5ce is ?us v9dicat$ by ! pla9 fact t !re is no o!r faculty or spr+ ( action 9 ! human con/itution adapt$ to ?is function1 s unque/ionably requisite = ! ord] & welf>e ( life4 ,difficulties4 #b4 ,an app>5t difficulty1 h[ev]1 arises 9 connection ) ?is conclusion4 ,x calls = a brief consid]ation1 le/ x %\ld be ?\ght to =m a refutation ( ! correctness ( our view3 ,x comes f ! ackn[l$g$ fallibility ( ! consci5ce4 ,?is seems1 at fir/ sight1 inconsi/5t ) a "r to su* rul+ au?ority4 ,if its disc]nm5t ( duty 9 p>ticul> relations may n be fully cle> & is liable to be misl$1 h[ c x be ju/ly reg>d$ z hav+ ?is au?oritative (fice8 ,if its applicatory judgm5ts are (t5 f\nd errone\s & ne$ to be revis$ & sup]s$$ by bett] judgm5ts1 c we fairly hold x z *>g$ ) su* regulative function8 ,9 diff]5t m51 z already /at$1 x exhibits diff]+ & ev5 conflict+ directions4 ,9 diff]5t nations & times its indications ( duty fail to agree4 ,advance 9 civilization1 k & culture is m>k$ by high] e?ical /&>ds1 modify+1 if n rev]s+1 =m] judgm5ts4 ,b ?is l>ge fact1 s unque/ionable &1 app>5tly1 s =midable1 becomes1 :5 analyz$1 easily reconcilable ) ! position ( au?ority giv5 to ! consci5ce-disc]nm5ts & imp]atives4 ,= a faculty may be highe/ 9 human nature1 & yet1 l e o!r capacity1 limit$4 ,its functional action may be comp>atively undevelop$1 or may be /r5g!n$ & cl>ifi$4 ,9 its applicatory judgm5ts1 = fix+ ! e?ical law ( "r 9 all ! v>i$ & complex relations & conditions ( human life1 x is dep5d5t on all ! subord9ate faculties = ! requisite light4 ,:atev] limitations may re/ on its ability1 :atev] p>tialness may m>k its developm5t1 :atev] complications may p]plex x 9 adju/+ duty to all ! actual situations 9 human life1 x yet rema9s ! faculty ?r\gh :i* ! law ( duty is disclos$ to view1 & if duty is n indicat$ ?r\gh x1 x is n indicat$ ?r\gh any human insight at all4 ,b no faculty loses its own p>ticul> special au?ority 9 its own place by its natural limitations & liability to error4 ,au?ority mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) infallibility4 ,despite its fallibility e faculty ( ! s\l c>ries ! au?ority = its own psy*ical (fice--! intellect = k1 ! s5sibility = feel+1 ! w = *oices4 ,! s5se-p]ception has decisive au?ority = ph5om5a ab\t u1 ! logical faculty = j conclusions f giv5 data1 ! memory = recall ( pa/ exp]i5ces1 ! intuitional reason = axiomatic tru?s & fir/ pr9ciples4 ,if ! liability to error 9 ! psy*ic functions & _! application to ! myriad conditions 9 :i* _! imm$iate data are us$1 does n vacate _! place ( au?ority 9 _! sph]es1 no m does ! simil> liability vacate ! unique au?ority ( ! consci5ce1 :i* x has by its action 9 ! supreme realm ( ! "r & ( moral obligation4 ,its position ( au?ority 9 its sph]e rema9s1 & rema9s supreme1 because ! sph]e ( its action & disc]nm5ts is1 z po9t$ out1 ! supreme sph]e ( et]nal righte\sness & obligation4 ,b a fur!r "q arises at ?is po9t4 ,if x is sometimes 9 error &1 l an imp]fect wat*1 gives an incorrect indication1 %\ld ! consci5ce always be foll[$8 ,does n ?is fact1 if x does n :olly take away its "r to supremacy1 at lea/ modify ! positiv5ess ( our duty to foll[ its dictates8 ,?is has sometimes be5 a p]plex+ casui/ic "q4 ,b ! p]plexity arises f failure to keep 9 m9d ! precise po9ts involv$ 9 ! problem1 & to take acc\nt ( ! :ole process ?r\gh :i* p>ticul> duties become app>5t & obligatory4 ,s9ce ! decision ( ! consci5ce1 :5 rightly & fully rea*$1 is1 at ! "t x is giv5 & z to ! po9t x decides1 ! s\l's conviction z to :at is "r & duty1 to violate or disreg>d x becomes necess>ily ! v ess5ce ( ! immoral _s & conduct4 ,to g contr>y to :at ! s\l sees z duty1 ?r\gh ! only capacity x has = kn[+ x1 is ess5tially moral rott5ness4 ,:ewell's /atem5t3 ,to disobey ! comm&s & prohibitions ( consci5ce1 "u any circum/ances1 is utt]ly immoral3 x is ! v ess5ce ( immorality1#be is h>dly too emphatic4 ,to "s writ]s ?is has seem$ extravagant1 9 view ( ! fact t "s ( ! greate/ wrongs & f\le/ crimes ( hi/ory1 su* z ! burn+ ( ,latim] & ,ridley1 ! ,/4 ,b>?olomew massacre1 ! gun-p[d] plot1 might be palliat$ or ev5 ju/ifi$ "u ! plea ( consci5ti\sness 9 ! p]petrators4#bf ,b ! reconciliation ( ?is seem+ conflict betwe5 consci5ce & real duty is made pla9 by rememb]+ two ?+s3 ,fir/1 t ! consci5ce1 be+ a complex faculty or p[]1 its p>ticul> judgm5ts ( duty 9 p>ticul> cases1 be+ judgm5ts ( application ( ! pr9ciple ( rightness1 are rea*$ (t5 ?r\gh v complex processes1 9 :i* ! obscuration ( imp]fect in=mation1 or misconception ( ! relations involv$1 or ! mislead+ effect ( prejudice creat$ by wrong tra9+1 or "s falsely imag9$ div9e au?ority1 may leave n only a /ate ( d\bt z to duty1 b ?r[ ! decision into error4 ,examples ( ! process occur 9 daily exp]i5ce4 ,a "q ( duty is pres5t$4 ,we come to x ) s9c]e1 hone/ m9d1 & /udy x by tak+ into consid]ation all ! facts & relations conc]n$4 ,we get all ! light we c1 & we decide :at ! moral pr9ciple requires ( u4 ,?is is ! c\rse t fair deal+ ) ourselves & duty requires u to pursue4 ,b suppose t1 aft] all ?is1 9 ! fallibility ( ! applicatory judgm5ts1 we are ?us l$ to d ! v ?+ t ought n to be done1 & violate in/ead ( fulfil ! duty :i* ! actual relations call = f u4 ,! foll[+ ( consci5ce may ?us h put wrong conduct1 objectively view$1 9 place ( ! "r conduct :i* 0 due f u 9 ! case4 ,! de$1 9 its ext]nal =m & be>+1 may h be5 unfitt+ & "o t ought n to h be5 done4 ,b ?is is n ! :ole view or full acc\nt ( ! matt]4 ,= ?\gh1 :ile 9 obey+ our fallible consci5ce1 we h ?us fail$ to br+ our :ole outw>d action 9 ! case into h>mony ) full duty1 or h ev5 done :at to o!rs ab\t u or to ,god above u 0 wrong1 we h ma9ta9$ our own subjective p]sonal moral integrity1 9 ma9ta9+ t :i* is ! fundam5tal & ess5tial elem5t ( all morality1 ! "r int5tion & ef=t4 ,?is is ! prime & ! gr&e/ elem5t ( all moral "*1 & is itself m ?an f\r-fif?s ( conduct4 ,!re is su* a ?+ z be+ innoc5t ev5 :5 we h done :at1 view$ objectively1 ought n to h be5 done4 ,! aim1 9 g5u9e integrity ( moral purpose1 0 to d "r4 ,! de$ 0 a mi/ake4 ,! moral /atus 9 :i* we may ?us be plac$ z a result ( foll[+ our consci5ce1 is1 e?ically1 at ! opposite pole f t :i* we make ours :5 we disreg>d duty z fix$ = u 9 & by our own moral judgm5ts4 ,?is is disob$i5ce to obligations z p]ceiv$ & felt--an attitude 9 its nature immoral4 ,secondly1 ! crimes & wrongs (t5 attribut$ to obey+ ! consci5ce are1 probably1 n fairly cr$it$ to ! action ( consci5ce at all4 ,we mu/ di/+ui% :at m51 ev5 consci5ti\s m51 h done or d 9 ! "n ( consci5ce1 & :at ! moral judgm5t itself has po9t$ out & urg$ z duty4 ,x is safe to affirm t ne>ly all ^! crimes h come n by ! light & dictates ( ! consci5ce1 b by its suppression4 ,!re are1 z all hi/ory1 obs]vation & exp]i5ce te/ify1 _m o!r /rong & bad motive-=ces 9 human nature4 ,! appetites & passions1 ! lu/s ( ambition1 ! desire ( weal? & p[]1 ! /riv+ = place & fame1 ! willfulness ( selfi%ness & prejudice1 are =ev] sugge/+ _! objects1 fill+ ! s\l ) _! v>i$ & plausible plead+s1 until life is driv5 hi!r & ?i!r "u ! re/less =ces4 ,9 "s m5 ^! =ces h>dly all[ any place = ! consci5ce to act4 ,n f ! intuition ( ! moral s5se or ! =ce ( consci5ce1 b f ! sugge/ion & direction ( o!r motives1 come ! crimes t are cr$it$ to zeal inspir$ by consci5ce4 ,consci5ce is n at ! helm 9 ?is bus9ess4 ,! wrongs are a result ( failure to consult its dictates--( ! =ce & direction ( o!r elem5ts & t5d5cies ( action 9 human nature4 ,x 0 n consci5ce t burnt ,latim] & ,ridley1 b intol]ant fanatical hate1 hot passion rul+ ! h\r4 ,x 0 n consci5ce t made ,/4 ,b>?olomew's day full ( cruelty1 blood & horror1 b prejudice1 hatr$1 ! unreason+ ru% ( excit$ passions4 ,x may1 inde$1 seem plausible to say t day 0 made by ! ,*ur*'s consci5ce ass]t+ ! duty ( repress+ or ov]?r[+ h]esy4 ,& x is conceivable t t consci5ce %\ld te/ify aga9/ ! evil ( h]esy1 & ! duty ( endeavor+ to ov]come x4 ,b ! sugge/ion ( torture1 blood & slaught] z ! means ( su* repression1 0 n ! "w ( consci5ce4 ,its guidance 0 ?ru/ aside 9 t conduct4 ,= ?is use ( viol5ce1 cruelty & murd]1 ) all _! repulsive horrors1 consci5ce did n give ! comm&1 ev5 z ,god did n4 ,! tru? ) respect to ! au?ority ( consci5ce may be summ$ up z its "r to control our lives 9 all ?+s involv+ moral quality or "*4 ,specifically3 7#a7 ,9 ! regulation ( our physical appet5cies2 7#b7 ,9 ! use to :i* we put our intellectual end[m5ts & capacities2 7#c7 ,9 ! direction & relations 9 :i* we use our emotional & affectional capacities1 embrac+ our natural disposition1 desires & aims2 7#d7 ,9 decid+ our *oices or ! way we use our p[] ( free self-det]m9ation1 cov]+ our int5tions & aims2 & 7#e7 ,9 ! use we make ( our capacities = physical action by :i* ?\ght1 feel+ & ! pref]5ces ( *oice are turn$ into conduct :i* ei!r fulfils or violates ! duties :i* are evolv$ by our relations to be+ ar\nd u or above u4 ,! au?ority ( consci5ce t\*es at ea* & all ( ^! diff]5t po9ts1 because at ea* & all human life is tak+ %ape 9 moral "*1 z ei!r con=m$ to duty or v>iant f x4 ,our p]sonal life is1 9 its deepe/ reality1 a s+le self-consci\s unit1 & ! action ( all its capacities & p[]s ne$s to be rhy?mically adju/$ to ! morally good4 ,b ! imp]ative ( ! consci5ce addresses itself pre-em95tly & peculi>ly to ! w1 or ! p]sonal self z free 9 *oos+1 & ?us capable ( direct+ & us+ all ! p]sonal capacities & functions4 ,x is ^u ! self z free-w1 z ! self-det]m9+ & directive p[]1 t ! responsibility = ! conduct ( life is ?r[n1 & ?r\gh x1 if at all1 ! responsibility is to be met4 ,& ?is au?ority becomes supreme n by any arbitr>y "r ( "o subjective faculty ov] ano!r or ov] all ! re/1 b f ! fact ( ! supremacy ( :at ! consci5ce disc]ns & discloses1 ! au?ority ( "r ov] wrong1 ! obligation to et]nal righte\sness4 ,righte\sness is k+4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,moral ,,ag5cy4 ,our consid]ation ( ! great tru? ( ! di/9ction betwe5 "r & wrong :i* m>ks human life 9 all ages & places1 & ( ! exi/5ce & nature ( ! moral faculty disc]n+ & en=c+ ?is di/9ction1 leads up to an inquiry into ! aggregate complex ( end[m5ts :i* are ess5tial to moral ag5cy4 ,! great fact ( moral ag5cy is impli$ & made c]ta9 9 :at has already be5 br\ght into view4 ,b ! pre-supposition ( su* moral ag5cy is manife/ly ! moral ag5t1 ) all ! requisite end[m5ts = ! sublime reality ( e?ical life4 ,:at are ! con/itu5ts ( ! moral nature1 9 :i* man rises to ! l(ty grade ( moral ag5cy8 ,!re are two special reasons = exam9+ & fix+ ! tru? on ?is po9t4 ,fir/1 x is ne$ful 9 ord] to complete ! sci5tific e?ical view4 ,su* view mu/ be compreh5sive en\gh to include ! sum total ( ! p[]s or faculties conc]n$ 9 liv+ ! moral life4 ,! view rema9s faulty if any p>ts or features ( ! actual con/itution are omitt$ or _! relations to ea* o!r & to ! :ole are misconceiv$4 ,secondly1 false & confus+ repres5tations h (t5 be5 made on ?is po9t4 ,= in/ance1 because all ! moral life moves s closely ab\t ! consci5ce !re has be5 a t5d5cy to ?9k ( ! consci5ce & ! moral nature z ! same4 ,9 ! eigh? edition ( ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 ,dr4 ,alex&] taught3 ,! moral nature ( man is summ$ up 9 ! ^w consci5ce4 ,moral nature & consci5ce are two names = ! same ?+4 ,an analysis ( consci5ce1 !re=e1 w unfold man's moral nature4 ,?is resolves ! :ole ( our moral nature into ?is "o p>ticul> faculty4 ,a full & correct /atem5t mu/ make x embrace mu* m4 ,?\gh ! consci5ce may be ! culm9at+ ?+1 x is by no means all t is requisite to end[ a be+ ) ! capacities necess>y = moral ag5cy4 ,! tru? ( ?is is easily made cle>4 ,x is self-evid5t t all ! ess5tials = moral action mu/ be embrac$ 9 ! moral nature4 ,"s ( ^!1 manife/ly1 are n id5tical ) ! faculty ( consci5ce1 h[ev] closely alli$ to x !y may be4 ,= example1 ! g5]al function ( kn[+ is n ! same z ! consci5ce1 yet x is necess>y to moral action4 ,! faculty ( *oice is n itself consci5ce or a "p ( consci5ce4 ,/ill moral action is impossible )\t x4 ,"s ( ^! ess5tial elem5tal functions may 9 !mselves possess no moral "* :atev]4 ,= in/ance1 to "k is n itself a moral act1 yet x is necess>y = moral ag5cy4 ,! faculty ( feel+ is n p] se moral4 ,! emotions arise necess>ily or at lea/ spontane\sly f acts ( k1 & may be nei!r m]itori\s nor blamewor?y4 ,yet ! emotional function1 ?r\gh :i* ?\ght passes into action & conduct1 is involv$ 9 meet+ ! obligations ( life4 ,?us x becomes pla9ly evid5t t besides ! consci5ce by :i* ! e?ical quality & obligation are p]ceiv$1 o!r p[]s by :i* conduct may be con=m$ to ?is obligation are requisite to fit be+s = ! responsibilities ( moral ag5cy4 ,9 o!r words1 our moral nature is n only ! consci5ce by :i* we approve & condemn1 b also all ! o!r end[m5ts by :i* we orig9ate or "w out :at is approvable or condemnable4 ,illu/rations ( ?is appe> 9 our lives e day4 ,consci5ce does n love1 yet love ( :at is good is a moral act or temp]4 ,consci5ce does n c>e = ! sick or fe$ ! hungry1 yet su* *>ities are acts ( ! moral life4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 m>k ! con/itu5ts :i* toge!r =m man's moral con/itution4 ,rational ,intellig5ce4 #a4 ,! fir/ & fundam5tal ?+1 unque/ionably1 is 8 rational intellig5ce4 ,a be+ incapable ( k is incapable ( ! idea or s5se ( duty4 ,9 a _w 9 :i* creative production %\ld pres5t no creature able to "k or ?9k1 !re c\ld be no moral ag5cy :atev]4 ,betwe5 rocks & trees & irrational liv+ organisms no moral relations c exi/ nor duties be develop$4 ,rational intellig5ce1 :i* is ! basal reality ( p]sonality1 is ! fir/ ess5tial = moral ag5cy4 ,& ?is mu/ be und]/ood to mean ! :ole intellectual end[m5t1 embrac+ self-consci\sness1 p]ception1 memory1 imag9ation1 intuitional insight1 & ! v>i$ p[]s ( reflection & ! discursive und]/&+4 ,s9ce1 z w h]eaft] appe> 7,*apt] ,,ix71 duties are develop$ by ! relations 9 :i* m5 /& 9 ! sy/em ( :i* !y are made to =m a "p1 a k ( !mselves & ( _! relations is cle>ly ess5tial to a dis*>ge ( ^! duties4 ,_! v con/itution c>ries also an adaptation to an end :i* !y mu/ "k1 9 ord] to meet _! duty to !mselves & o!rs4 ,?is dep5d5ce ( e?ical life ^u k makes itself impressively cle> 9 ! exp]i5ces & c\rse ( common life & ! lessons ( hi/ory4 ,:ile ! abs5ce ( rational intellig5ce1 z 9 ! case ( idiocy1 annuls all possibility ( "* & responsibility1 ! l[] ! grade ( m5 & races 9 m5tal developm5t1 ! poor] is _! equipm5t = ! dem&s ( ! full e?ical /&>d ( conduct4 ,x is almo/ axiomatic t we %\ld n look = z high grade ( moral ideals & rules among ignorant p & savage tribes z 9 ! life ( intellig5t civilizations4 ,?\gh ! pr9ciple ( duty is n always turn$ into "* 9 proportion to ! measure ( m5tal developm5t & secul> culture1 yet exp]i5ce & hi/ory affirm a cle> t5d5cy 9 increas$ k to br+ bett] s5se ( obligation & m preval5t rectitude ( life4 ,s well e/abli%$ is ! recognition ( ?is relation betwe5 intellig5ce & conduct1 t ! advocates ( ! evolutioni/ orig9 ( man ) "o cons5t repres5t ! em]g5ce ( intellig5ce z conditional = ! appe>ance ( moral ag5cy4 ,a k ( "o's self & ( 8 relations to ! _w ar\nd him & ,god above him1 & ! de/9y to :i* 8 p[]s appo9t him1 is ?us fundam5tal 9 ! con/itution ( a nature = ! sph]e & reality ( moral life4 ,! ,consci5ce4 #b4 ,! consci5ce--re/+ 9 ! g5]al rational intellig5ce & ris+ into ! peculi> disc]nm5ts & judgm5ts :i* m>k x--is ano!r con/itu5t4 ,?is is univ]sally conc$$ by moral philosophy4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 ne$ "h only to recall ! place & relations ( ?is special p[] 9 ! total organism ( psy*ical p[]s4 ,! consci5ce1 9 its ess5tial p]ceptions & judgm5ts1 z appe>s f ! analysis already giv51 is "p ( ! rational intellig5ce4 ,x designates ! p[] & function ( ! intellig5t ego1 or p]sonal self1 = disc]nm5t 9 ! sph]e ( "r & duty--= insight into ! reality ( e?ical law & obligation :i* belong to good conduct among rational1 self-direct+ be+s4 ,x expresses1 !re=e1 ! highe/ asc5t ( ! rational intellig5ce1 :]e1 ov]look+ ! :ole realm ( exi/5ce & relations kn[n 9 o!r =ms ( k1 x sees1 & ?r\gh ! emotional nature1 feels1 h[ to live z life ought to be liv$4 ,fur!r1 :ile ?us ! summit po9t 9 ! rational intellig5ce1 ! consci5ce employs = its p]ceptions & judgm5ts ! data ( all ! o!r functions ( ! m9d4 ,its disc]nm5ts are made 9 ! light ( all ! tru? :i* 9 any way illum9ates ! und]/&+4 ,?is expla9s :y & h[ ! consci5ce is educable4 ,x is dep5d5t on all ! o!r intellectual p[]s = a k ( ! relations ( life :i* develop duties & 9 view ( :i* e duty is to be det]m9$ & judg$4 ,! v position ( ! consci5ce1 z highe/ ( all ! p[]s ( ! intellig5ce1 makes x1 n ! mo/ indep5d5t1 b ! mo/ dep5d5t ( all4 ,all k %\ld supply light = ! "r conduct ( life4 ,! cle>] ! light1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ! cle>] & m correct w be ! e?ical judgm5ts4 ,ignorance is a d>k5$ atmosph]e to see duty 94 ,! advance ( g5]al civilization1 ! progress ( k1 ! wid5+ ( ! realm ( sci5ce1 ! sup]natural in=mation giv5 by special div9e revelation1 are all1 !re=e1 if us$ z !y %\ld be1 factors 9 develop+ ! faculty ( consci5ce into its be/ ability = insight into duty & = practical morality4 ,free ,w4 #c4 ,free-w4 ,! only truly satisfactory psy*ological acc\nt ( ! w is t :i* pres5ts x z ! s\l's p[] ( causation = *oices4 ,x is ! capacity ( ! p]sonal ego or self = real *oos+ or free election4 ,z 9 intellectual action ! s\l is causal = kn[+ or ?9k+1 & 9 ! s5sibility x is causal = feel+ or really feels1 s 9 w ! ego or rational self is act+ z ! cause ( ! *oices :i* x makes4 ,us+ ! t]m = ?is capacity ( ! p]sonal self to *oose1 ! w is self-det]m9+4 ,x orig9ates movem5t4 ,x is creative ( its own acts4 ,x is causal ( its volutions4 ,morality consi/s 9 delib]ate self-submission to ! law ( rectitude4 ,duty mu/ be freely *os52 & ! autonomy ( ! w1 i4 e4 ( ! p]sonal self1 is involv$ 9 ! v conception ( virtue4 ,fre$om mu/1 !re=e1 be a prime *>act]i/ic ( a moral nature4 ,! :ole fabric ( obligation & responsibility is built ^u x4 ,x is ?is1 z well z rational intellig5ce1 t lifts man above ! ord] & ongo+ ( mat]ial nature & makes him am5able to ! claims ( "r & duty4 ,x is ess5tial to p]sonality & its pres5ce or abs5ce makes & m>ks ! deepe/ diff]5ce betwe5 p]sons & ?+s4 ,we c imag9e intellectual automatism2 b ! mo/ brilliant intellectuality1 a corruscation ( m5tal me*anism1 )\t rea*+ up into a capacity = free *oice & volunt>y action1 w\ld1 manife/ly1 n make a free ag5t or exalt into ! high realm ( e?ical life4 ,! idea ( duty is inapplicable except 9 ! sph]e ( fre$om4 ,moral responsibility is inconceivable )\t x4 ,9 ?is1 m ?an 9 any?+ else1 ! :ole aggregation ( human end[m5ts comes to its cr[n4 ,9 x man becomes1 9 a real s5se1 a supra-natural be+1 end[$ ) ! l(ty di/9ction ( self-direction1 self-dom9ion & self-rul]%ip 9 ! pres5ce ( ! great realities ( "r & obligation4 ,he becomes capable ( "* & answ]able = 8 conduct1 z he %apes t "* & det]m9es t conduct4 ,& ?is fre$om _c be m]ely ! fre$om ( simple spontaneity or volunt>9ess4 ,x mu/ be ! capacity ( alt]native *oice4#bg ,!re c\ld n be real *oice )\t capacity & room to elect betwe5 diff]5t possibilities4 ,x is a well kn[n def9ition3 ,free w is possess$ :51 ! conditions ( do+ some?+ be+ giv51 "o c ei!r d or n d x4#bh ,a capacity simply to act1 ev5 ?\gh x %\ld be ?r\gh intellig5ce & consci\sness1 9 a way t c h no alt]native & all[s no *oice or option1 c\ld n op5 a field ( p]sonal virtue or responsibility4 ,:]e only "o ?+ is really made possible 9 action1 & t "o possible ?+ is already someh[ necessitat$1 !re c be no place = *oice4 ,x pres5ts no sph]e = ! ex]cise ( election--ev5 ?\gh ! faculty ( election %\ld exi/4 ,a field ( *oice & ! faculty ( *oice imply & call = ea* o!r4 ,bo? are necess>y = ! fre$om impli$ 9 responsibility4 ,human responsibility re/s on ! possession ( a real capacity to make decision betwe5 real alt]natives4 ,)\t ^! !re c\ld be no m place = morality among m5 ?an !re is among ! atoms or molecules ( ! *emical elem5ts 9 _! behavior 9 ! laboratory4 ,! pro( ( free-w1 9 ?is s5se1 might be left to re/ ^u ! fact t x is a necess>y pre-supposition to ! v conception ( morality & ( actual acc\ntability4 ,?is acc\ntability1 recogniz$ 9 consci5ce & exact$ by ! con/itution ( ! _w1 is an omnipres5t & in]asable reality4 ,s mu/ free-w also be4 ,fre$om is "p ( ! moral idea1 & ! idea falls ap>t & lapses into contradiction & confusion )\t x4 ,! same necessity t obliges u to accept ! tru? ( morality itself1 obliges u to ass]t free-w z an attribute ( a moral nature & a condition ( moral ag5cy4 ,b ! tru? ( fre$om is su/a9$ by o!r pro(s4 ,x is prop] to recall & fix cle>ly 9 m9d sev]al ( ^!4 7#a7 ,! te/imony ( consci\sness4 ,?is is cle> & explicit4 ,we are directly consci\s ( free *oice4 ,& !re c be no evid5ce m imm$iate & au?oritative ?an t ( consci\sness4 ,x is ! =m ( evid5ce 9 :i* all psy*ical facts1 activities1 p[]s1 & laws1 are made kn[n & /& c]tifi$ 9 our k4 ,x is ! c]tify+ elem5t = bo? ! =m & reality ( all our kn[+4 ,x is t 9 :i* we "k t we "k1 & )\t :i* !re c be no k4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ! f\ndation c]titude4 ,our sy/ems ( sci5ce1 our conclusions 9 philosophy1 our intuitions into fir/ tru?s & laws1 & all ! confid5ce ) :i* we accept tru? 9 all ^! great realms ( m5tal life1 re/ back on ! obs]vations1 reason+s & conclusions = ^: reality & ord] consci\sness is our mo/ fundam5tal v\*]4 ,to its te/s & v]ifications all ! processes ( kn[+ mu/ submit4 ,no tru? is ev5 visible except 9 ! light 9 :i* consci\sness holds all our acts & =ms ( intellig5ce4 ,no =m ( our kn[+ c be sur] ?an ?is4 ,to discr$it x is to discr$it t )\t ^: help n a /ep 9 k c be tak54 ,^u ?is fundam5tal & unsurpassable evid5ce re/s ! great fact ( free-w4 ,no p]son1 9 ! simple light ( 8 unp]v]t$ & unp]plex$ consci\sness1 d\bts 8 free-w4 ,he f9ds himself 9 ex]cise & use ( x e day & e h\r4 ,he kn[s himself to be p]petually mak+ decisions )9 8 own lib]ty1 if he kn[s any?+4 ,! witness to x is direct1 & he holds himself1 & o!rs hold him1 responsible = 8 *oices & ! de$s he does 9 c>ry+ !m out4 ,he delib]ately & consci\sly elects 8 way ?r\gh cle>ly se5 op5 alt]native possibilities4 ,if he is to believe t 9 reality he does n d s1 he mu/ believe t 8 consci\sness is a p]petual fraud ^u him4 ,b ?us ! au?ority = ! reality ( all 8 psy*ical capacities & acts is ov]?r[n1 & he does n "k t he kn[s 9 any ( 8 kn[+4 ,x is n a suffici5t answ] to all ?is1 :5 x is said t 9 ?is way ( pro( we are mak+ ! te/imony ( consci\sness rea* fur!r ?an x actually does4 ,"s psy*ologies und]take to limit consci\sness to a disclosure ( simply ! actual volition1 or o!r psy*ical acts1 & n ( acts or volitions :i* we imag9e might h be5 b 7 n4 ,?us1 x is said1 ! pro( ( ano!r possible *oice1 z an alt]native to t ( ! actual volition1 fails to be cov]$ by ! consci\sness4 ,! suppos$ act is outside ( its rea* ( purview & te/imony4 ,b su* a psy*ology is untrue to ! full deliv]ance ( ! consci\sness4 ,a j & full acc\nt ( x1 z is cle>ly se5 9 our exp]i5ce1 mu/ hold x z cov]+ n only ! act ( *oice1 b ! p[] to *oose4 ,! human consci\sness is a self-consci\sness1 & 9 x we truly "k ! p]sonal self z ! p[] = ! v>i\s =ms ( activity :i* x reveals4 ,n m truly are we consci\s ( ! p[] really to ?9k or feel ?an really to *oose1 among div]se possibilities4 ,we h direct k ( ! p[] ( elect+ 9 ! v act ( election4 ,& ?us1 n only ! untutor$ consci\sness1 b "o tra9$ to ! %>pe/ & deepe/ self-inspection1 w be f\nd a full witness to free-w z a capacity ( alt]native *oice4 7#b7 ,! implications ( ! natural con/itution ( ! _w4 ,mank9d are 9 fact fram$ into & held "u ! pr9ciple ( fre$om4 ,! :ole sy/em ( :i* man =ms a "p answ]s to ! te/imony ( consci\sness4 ,bi%op ,butl]1 9 8 immortal ,analogy1 has %[n ) resi/less cle>ness & =ce t 9 ! con/itutional organism ( society & ! exp]i5ces ( actual life free-w is assum$ = human nature4#bi ,bo? by natural & moral law m5 are gov]n$ z free ag5ts4 ,! physical ord] ( ! e>?1 z a place :]e bodily & moral welf>e are condition$ on ob$i5ce to discov]able relations & pr9ciples1 pre-supposes human intellig5ce & lib]ty4 ,nature 9 h] ongo+s requires e individual to adju/ himself c>efully to its laws ( heal?1 safety & happ9ess4 ,!re is an incessant appeal to him to use 8 intellig5ce & lib]ty 9 accordance ) ! dem&s ( 8 ev]-*ang+ conditions & relations 9 life4 ,! idea t ev]y?+ takes place by necessity is n only at v>iance ) 8 s5se ( fre$om1 b is f\nd utt]ly inapplicable 9 practical liv+4 ,a y\?1 if su* a case be suppos$1 tra9$ "u ! notion t he mu/ n be held responsible = 8 acts1 s9ce !y take place by necessity1 w\ld soon f9d 8 dream ( irresponsibility di/urb$ & disall[$4 ,at e turn he w\ld f9d ! inexorable =ces ( nature & society refus+ to recognize 8 claim4 ,gov]nm5t1 law1 adm9i/ration1 all ! v>i\s functions ?r\gh :i* human affairs are held toge!r 9 ord]ly movem5t1 assume ! individual's p[] & obligation to det]m9e 8 conduct & hold him *>geable ) consequ5ces4 ,?\gh suppos$ speculatively true1 ! doctr9e proves false 9 practice4 ,x is 9 fact untrue to ! con/itution ( human life4 ,! ?+ "h insi/$ on1 says ,butl]1 is t "u ! pres5t natural gov]nm5t ( ! _w we f9d ourselves treat$ & dealt ) z if we 7 free1 prior to all consid]ation :e!r we are or n4 ,7 ?is op9ion1 !re=e1 ( necessity admitt$ to be ev] s true1 yet su* is 9 fact our condition & ! natural c\rse ( ?+s1 t :5ev] we apply x to life & practice1 ?is application ( x always misleads u1 & _c b mislead u1 9 a mo/ dreadful mann]1 ) reg>d to our pres5t int]e/s4 ,beyond all "q1 z is evid5t to e ?\ghtful p]son1 mank9d deal "o ) ano!r on ! pre-supposition & pr9ciple ( fre$om1 & ( ! responsibility :i* is e?ically un?9kable except on t fre$om4 ,p]sonal1 social1 & gov]nm5tal relations are fram$ ^u ?is pr9ciple1 & are a p]petual expression ( x4 ,m5 univ]sally treat ea* o!r--& "u ! actual int]-relations ( life _c b treat ea* o!r--z free be+s4 ,! inf]5ce is direct & necess>y t !y are su*1 unless we conc$e t human life is organiz$ into a necess>y ord] ( liv+ t is false to _! real nature & unju/ 9 its p5alties4 7#c7 ,x is to be fur!r not$ t :ile fre$om re/s ?us on ! direct & positive evid5ce ( consci\sness & ! actual ord] ( life1 ! contr>y doctr9e ( necessity or det]m9ism arises only f assumptions or implications ( speculative ?\ght4 ,?is is a fact t ne$s to be cle>ly & fully fix$ 9 m9d4 ,necessit>ianism is )\t any direct witness ( consci\sness1 & is n =c$ or ev5 sugge/$ by ! natural s5se ( mank9d4 ,x is n requir$ z a work+ !ory = ! bus9ess or natural conduct ( life4 ,x is only a product ( speculation or ideal !oriz+4 ,x is con/ruct$ f diff]5t /&po9ts ( ?\ght4 ,9 "s speculation x re/s simply on c]ta9 ontological assumptions1 sometimes pan!i/ic z 9 ,sp9ozism1 sometimes mat]iali/ic z 9 non-!i/ic evolutionism4 ,9 bo? ^! cases fre$om disappe>s 9 ! absolut5ess ) :i* ! sub/ance ( ! univ]se unfolds into all its products & manife/ations4#cj ,9 "s o!r speculations x appe>s z a conclusion f c]ta9 metaphysical views ( ! law ( causation & its suppos$ application 9 ! realm ( psy*ical activity4 ,9 ?is =m ( !ory e volition is view$ z /&+ 9 ! relation ( a m]e effect to a cause :i* det]m9es ! w to x1 9 fix$ connection & =ce ( antec$5ce & consequ5ce4 ,! volition comes1 x is repres5t$1 z ! necess>y result--n z a real *oice by self-det]m9+ p]sonality1 b produc$ by environm5t1 m5tal /ructure1 & disposition4 ,n ! ego or p]sonal self1 z free _s end[$ ) capacity = real election1 b ! environm5t1 motives1 & disposition decide & fix ! volition = ! p]son1 :i* by an illusion ( consci\sness appe>s z done by himself4 ,9 /ill o!r speculation necessit>ianism comes z an inf]5ce f conceptions =m$ z to ! div9e sov]eignty & ! absolut5ess ) :i* x mu/ direct creature movem5t4 ,! doctr9e ?us has its plausibility1 n f ! consci\s work+ ( ! human m9d or ! natural ord] ( conduct & welf>e1 b z !oretical conclusions f c]ta9 =ms ( speculative ?9k+4 ,x is !re=e ! product ( metaphysical !oriz+4 ,x is n a datum ( pure psy*ology4 ,x is n taught by life4 ,x is n kn[n z a fact4 ,x is n call$ = by ! practical ne$s ( daily self-direction4 ,x has only second>y =ms ( sugge/ion & support--! prec>i\s evid5ce f special !oriz+ 9 ontology & metaphysics4 ,& x introduces m difficulties ?an x %uts (f1 :ile x collides ) ! moral consci\sness ( mank9d & its s5se ( responsibility = conduct & ! =mation ( "*4 ,9 ! light ( ^! tru?s x ought n to be reg>d$ z hav+ any validity4 ,x is surely incr$ible t ! doctr9e ( necessity %\ld be true :5 ! actual con/itution ( human life1 9 all its p]sonal1 social1 & gov]nm5tal relations1 requires u to treat x z false1 be+ practically inapplicable4 ,utt]ly beyond belief is x t :ile ! inexorable necessities ( daily behavior b9d u to ! pr9ciple ( fre$om & responsibility1 !re %\ld be 9 ! real con/itution ( ! _w no actual fre$om 9 decid+ on *oices or det]m9+ our conduct4#ca ,moral ag5cy mu/ be free ag5cy1 9 op5 alt]natives ( *oice4 ,x involves bo? ! subjective capacity to *oose & a realm = its ex]cise 9 div]se possibilities4 ,s5sibility & ,actions4 #d4 ,p[]s ( s5sibility & action1 by :i* ! dictates ( consci5ce may be turn$ into actual conduct & "*1 complete ! moral con/itution4 7#a7 ,x has already be5 se5 7pages #dd-dg7 t 9 ! complex action ( ! consci5ce itself ! s5sibility awak5$ 9 ! =m ( emotion1 z a feel+ ( obligation aris+ f a p]ception ( obligation4 ,?is has already %[n ! s5sibility to be a "p ( ! moral organization4 ,consci5ce itself includes emotion4 ,duty p]ceiv$ becomes duty felt1 if ! moral life is normal2 & ! feel+ is motive-=ce = ! *oice & ! fulfillm5t ( duty4 ,emotional p[]s are ?us con/itu5t 9 ! /ructure ( man's moral nature4 ,! moral emotions are occasions = e?ical *oices & de$s4 7#b7 ,b1 fur!r1 ! movem5ts ( ! s5sibilities are !mselves ei!r morally good or evil1 & =m a sph]e ( p]sonal life to :i* moral quality belongs4 ,man's affections & desires1 8 loves & hatr$s1 8 enjoym5ts & av]sions1 con/itute a doma9 :]e ! e?ical di/9ctions are to be appli$4 ,!y hold & exhibit elem5ts ( "*4 ,we may n1 inde$1 say t a be+ ( pure intellect1 void ( all emotion1 w\ld be utt]ly incapable ( "* & irresponsible1 b we are compell$ to ?9k t ! moral life 9 su* case w\ld be )\t :at =ms ! highe/ e?ical excell5ce & glory ( "*1 viz43 love1 b5evol5ce1 delight 9 righte\sness & joy 9 pure affection4 ,! regulation ( ! affections & passions1 ! purification ( ! inmo/ ?\ghts ( :at ! sacr$ scriptures call ! he>t is vital to "r "*4 ,! capacity to love is an equipm5t = ! moral life4 ,x is virtu\s to love :at ought to be lov$4 ,! capacity to hate is also su* an equipm5t--! obligation be+ to hate :at ought to be hat$ z morally wrong4 ,b5evol5ce may n be1 z "s h cont5d$ x is1 ! ess5ce or gr\nd ( all virtue1 b1 unque/ionably1 x is a virtue ( highe/ rank1 & ! capacity = x is a prom95t elem5t 9 man's moral organization4 ,! same is true ( ! :ole emotional & affectional capacity 9 ! human s\l4 ,x is "p ( ! con/itution = true "* & life4 7#c7 ,/ill fur!r1 man's p[]s ( action1 9 :i* ! e?ical di/9ctions & *oices are wr\ght out into _! prop] de$s1 are "p ( 8 organization = ! true moralities ( life4 ,h[ev] deeply ! f\ndations ( e?ics may be laid 9 p]sonal individuality1 ! e?ical life conc]ns m ?an self1 & f9ds its l>ge/ field 9 int]-human relations4 ,human solid>ity is z real z human individuality4 ,humanity is an organism1 9 :i* ea* p]son has 8 place & mission4 ,! individual's sph]e ( duty is n simply 8 own s\l1 b ! broad rea* ( all 8 relations to ! _w ab\t him1 9 :i* duties are develop$ & "r conduct is requir$4 ,9 all ?is wide sph]e obligation c be met only ?r\gh 8 end[m5t ) p[] to c>ry into effect1 9 action1 8 moral judgm5ts & convictions ( "r4 ,moral sci5ce mu/ consid] man n m]ely z a kn[] & contemplator or lov] ( ! "r1 b also z a do] ( x 9 righte\s de$s4 ,h5ce man's moral nature1 z 8 end[m5t = ! moral life1 is n all br\ght "u review until x is se5 to include ! realm ( 8 feel+s & ^? executive p[]s :i* turn ! e?ical discrim9ations & *oices into righte\s conduct4 ,we ?us sum up ! con/itu5ts ( man's moral nature3 intellig5ce1 ! consci5ce1 free-w1 & capacities = affection & do+4 ,:]e ^! are unit$ ! subject is organiz$ = kn[+ duty & fulfill+ x4 ,b a f9al fact1 ( pr(\nd import1 ne$s yet to be add$1 n z a fur!r faculty1 b r z a consequ5ce resultant f ! union & co-action ( ^! end[m5ts1 viz43 t ?is organism ( faculties pres5ts n simply a capacity z a possibility ( ! moral life1 b a positive1 vital motive adju/m5t & organic pre-disposition t[>d x4 ,x is n simply fram$ to x z an articulation ( dead timb]1 b is adapt$ to x z a complex ( liv+ =ces = normal movem5t4 ,! moral con/itution1 if n disord]$ or wreck$1 c>ries ?us a liv+ tr5d or impulse t[>d kn[+ duty & do+ x4 ,?is impulse1 seem+ly p]vad+1 if n /&+ beh9d1 ! :ole m5tal activity1 z a sub-consci\s pre-disposition1 appe>s z an orig9al aptitude or incorporat$ purpose 9 ! total human psy*ical organization4 ,h5ce human nature1 if normal1 is n indiff]5t to "r & wrong4 ,its true life is "o ( positive aff9ity = ! good4 ,if1 "u int]nal disord] or p>ticul> circum/ances1 c\nt]-t5d5cies appe> & prevail1 ?is does n disprove ! fundam5tal & normal set ( humanity = ! moral life4 ,man is made = ! "r z he is made = ,god4 ,?is conception ( ! positiv5ess ( 8 total moral organization is necess>y to complete ! view ( man z a moral ag5t4#cb ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,reality ,,( ,,"r ,,& ,,wrong4 ,9 ?is *apt] we pass ! divid+ l9e betwe5 ! two great p>ts ( e?ics4 ,?us f> we h consid]$ only ! facts & manife/ations ( our moral nature4 ,we h trac$ ! unque/ionable ph5om5a ( moral di/9ctions & obligation 9 human ?9k+1 feel+1 & conviction4 ,we h f\nd ! explanation ( ^! ph5om5a 9 ! action ( a faculty or complex ( faculties ( ! human s\l1 t disc]ns & affirms ^! di/9ctions4 ,we h /udi$ ?is p[] & m>k$ its data f its initial p]ception ( ! e?ical di/9ction ?r\gh its fur!r disc]nm5ts1 emotions & judgm5ts to its full ass]tion ( moral responsibility4 ,we h se5 its unique au?ority expla9$ by ! supremacy ( ! law ( "r & duty :i* x reveals1 & h not$ ! aggregate ( end[m5ts belong+ to man's moral ag5cy4 ,b ! m]e regi/ry ( ^! moral ph5om5a is n ! full explanation ( !m4 ,we mu/ exam9e yet :at !y imply4 ,f ! faculty t p]ceives we mu/ turn to look at ! nature ( t :i* is p]ceiv$4 ,we may call ! "p already trav]s$ ! sci5ce ( e?ics1 z deal+ ) & sy/ematiz+ ! facts ( exp]i5ce4 ,! "p t rema9s takes u into ! metaphysics ( e?ics1 z exhibit+ ! abid+ v]ities s p]ceiv$ & to :i* we f9d ourselves s responsibly relat$--n :at is 9 u1 b :at is above & ov] u to :i* our moral consci\sness corresponds4 ,hav+ visit$ ! moral consci\sness 9 its own home & li/5$ to its /ory ( "r & duty & responsibility1 we mu/ g =? & explore ! realm t answ]s to t /ory4 ,?is realm is ! objective moral sy/em to :i* human conduct is to be adju/$4 ,! precise "q ( ?is *apt] is :e!r ! di/9ction ( "r or wrong1 subjectively & psy*ologically made1 is also objectively true & real1 m>k+ an actual qualitative diff]5ce 9 ! de$s & int5tions ( m51 or is a m]e appe>ance1 a fiction & illusion ( our own m9ds4 ,is ! pr9ciple ( duty a reality = "r life1 z some?+ belong+ to ! con/itution ( ! _w1 or only an idea :i* our m9ds h manufactur$--only our own ?\ght reflect$ back ^u u1 z is our face t seems s real 9 ! mirror8 ,x w\ld seem t ! v ask+ ( ?is "q %\ld be itself a suffici5t answ]4 ,b d\bt has be5 rais$ by speculative metaphysics4 ,h5ce we mu/ exam9e x4 ,s\rce ( ,d\bt4 #a4 ,! d\bt comes f mislead+ repres5tations ( ! relativity ( k4 ,unque/ionably !re is a s5se 9 :i* our k may ju/ly be said to be relative4 ,x is n absolute1 uncondition$ or unlimit$4 ,we c "k only z we h facilities = kn[+1 & "u ! conditions & aspects 9 :i* objects are pres5t$ to !m4 ,we are re/rict$ to ! modes & degrees ( our giv5 capacities4 ,!re are probably _m realities ab\t u ( :i* we c "k no?+4 ,we h no organs = _! p]ception4 ,ev5 ! ?+s t we d "k rea* (f into transc5d5t relations4 ,philosophy has long confess$ ! relative "* ( our k4 ,ev5 ! p]cepts ( s5se-exp]i5ce1 say = in/ance1 ( sight or he>+1 :5 analyz$ 9 physical sci5ce are f\nd to be1 9 _! objective cause or mat]ial conditions1 some:at diff]5t f ! simple report ( ! organ ( s5se--color be+ ! subjective s5sation ( light-rays on ! ret9a ( ! eye1 & s\nd ! effect ( vibrations ( ! atmosph]e ^u ! s5sorium4 ,b 9 rec5t times v>i\s !ories h repres5t$ our kn[+ faculties z l>gely untru/wor?y & _! data z invalid 9 sph]es :]e _! functions appe> mo/ c]ta9 & explicit4 ,locke gave basis = a movem5t 9 ?is direction by tea*+ t ! imm$iate objects ( ! m9d are n ?+s1 b ideas4 ,b]keley's idealism repudiat$ ! suffici5cy ( s5se-p]ception to prove ! objective exi/5ce ( ! mat]ial _w4 ,hume que/ion$ ! sub/antial exi/5ce ( bo? matt] & m9d4 ,9 ! view ( ,kant human k rea*es only to ph5om5a1 ! appe>ance ( ?+s1 :ile ! ?+s z !y are 9 !mselves c n be kn[n4 ,! m9d projects & imposes its own subjective =ms ( ?\ght ^u ! univ]se4 ,sir ,wm4 ,hamilton1 ,dean ,mansel1 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 ,alex&] ,ba9 & ,h]b]t ,sp5c] h develop$ !ories1 v>i\sly modifi$ b agree+ 9 ?is1 t ev5 our necess>y =ms ( rational p]ception are n to be held z /&+ = m ?an relative tru?1 i4 e4 subjective impressions 9 our m9ds 9 ! pres5ce ( environm5t4 ,d\bt is ca/ ^u ! po9t :e!r :at is true to our necess>y or actual ?\ght is also really true = ! objective _w4 ,! tea*+ w be be/ und]/ood by sev]al quotations4 ,sir ,wm4 ,hamilton1 ?\gh a natural reali/1 influ5c$ by ! speculations ( ,kant1 :ile ackn[l$g+ an und]ly+ reality = ph5om5a1 taught t we c nev] "k !m except "u modifications det]m9$ by our own faculties4#cc ,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 go+ fur!r1 says3 ,our k ( objects1 & ev5 our fancies ab\t objects1 consi/ 9 no?+ b ! s5sations !y excite1 or :i* we imag9e !m excit+ 9 ourselves4444 ,?is k is m]ely ph5om5al4444 ,! object is kn[n to u only 9 "o special relation1 namely1 z t :i* produces1 or is capable ( produc+ c]ta9 impressions on our s5ses2 & all t we really "k is ^! impressions4#cd ,h]b]t ,sp5c] ass]ts ! relativity ( all k1 & says3 ,cle>ly z we seem to "k x1 our app>5t k proves on exam9ation to be utt]ly irreconcilable ) itself4 ,ultimate religi\s ideas & ultimate sci5tific ideas1 alike turn out to be m]ely symbols ( ! actual1 n cognitions ( x4#ce ,pla9ly ^! !ories d n make our k a g5u9e appreh5sion ( reality1 b m]ely int]nal & unreliable m5tal /ates4 ,x is only a subjective ph5om5on4 ,we _c "k t x /&s = ! real tru? ( ?+s4 ,r1 we are told1 x does n4 ,x is b an effect )9 ! m9d1 det]m9$1 x may be1 by ?+s )\t1 b modifi$1 if n creat$1 by ! con/itution & action ( ! m9d itself4 ,! receiv+ m9d1 l ! receiv+ l5s1 det]m9es ! %ape & color ( ! appreh5d$ ph5om5on4 ,if !re be any reality beh9d x & correspond5t to x1 we c nev] assure ourselves ( x4 ,! !ory ?or\ghly discr$its ! tru/wor?9ess ( our faculties1 bo? ( s5se-p]ception & ( reason4 ,!y d n report ! ?+s ( ! _w z !y really are1 b m]ely z !y affect u4 ,our necess>y conceptions1 su* z "t1 space1 beauty1 cause1 moral law1 _c be prov$ to be any?+ else ?an ph5om5a )9 u4 ,! conclusion is well /at$ 9 ! language ( ,mr4 ,grote 9 8 explanation ( ! views ( ! ,greek sophi/s3 ,z ?+s appe> to me1 s !y are to me2 z !y appe> to y1 s !y are to y4#cf ,x is altoge!r a subjective matt]4 ,we c h only a relative morality--n con=m$ to an objective & univ]sal /&>d1 b to ! p>ticul> impressions we f9d )9 u4 ,evid5tly ?is doctr9e ( relativity l&s u 9 univ]sal intellectual skepticism4 ,x gives u agno/icism4 ,no?+ is sure 9 a s+le dep>tm5t ( k4 ,if our m9ds are =ev] pres5t+ to u int]nal =ms ( ?\ght t /& n really = ! =ms ( be+ 9 ! real _w1 if !y are actually creat+ or pa9t+ = u :at we seem to p]ceive & :at appe> to be realities objective to our faculties & exi/+ indep5d5tly ( !m1 !re is no possibility ( rea*+ tru? ( any k9d4 ,b 9 ! doma9 ( morals ?is !ory w\ld prove peculi>ly de/ructive4 ,if ! qualities ( "r & wrong be n 9 v tru? real1 if !y be n v]ities ( conduct 9 ! con/itut$ relations ( human life1 if ! ideas answ] n to a true di/9ction set be=e u = our recognition & con=mity1 !n virtue is a dream1 obligation an illusion1 & consci5ce a fraud4 ,ov] aga9/ ?is false we mu/ place ! true conception ( ! relativity ( k4 ,we mu/ hold1 z ! spontane\s s5se ( mank9d & ! be/ su/a9$ psy*ology & philosophy ( ! c5turies affirm1 t our cognitive p[]s are g5u9e faculties = disc]n+ ! tru? ( ?+s1 t1 :ile n infallible nor unlimit$1 !y give u sub/antially correct k1 z f> z x goes1 ( ! realities ( ! natural & moral _w 9 :i* we are plac$4 ,^! p[]s ( intellig5ce are n set to act delusively & imprison u 9 phantasmagoria or a factiti\s sy/em false to t :i* actually exi/s4 ,! correct !ory1 ! only "o t is really rational & c be liv$ out1 mu/ ev] be t1 z f> z we h faculties to "k at all & use !m loyally1 we "k :at is & because x is4 ,! true reason ( our kn[+ is ! real exi/5ce ( kn[able realities4#cg ,in/ead ( kn[+ only appe>ances1 we "k ! v ?+s t appe>--n p]fectly1 or )\t possibility ( mi/ake1 b yet truly4 ,! end ( k is n to give u a phantasmagorical _w = endless illusion1 b ! actual _w1 ) its div9e con/itution & movem5t1 9 :i* we are to live1 & ) ^: facts & laws1 physical & moral1 we are to h>monize our lives4 #b4 ,! false conception ( ! relativity ( k be+ ?us set aside1 & ! psy*ological law1 t ! correlate ( kn[+ is reality1 be+ recogniz$1 we are prep>$ to see ! tru? on ! po9t ( inquiry 9 ?is *apt]1 z foll[s3 ,objective ,reality4 7#a7 ,! qualities ( "r & wrong1 involv$ 9 ! e?ical di/9ction1 are n m]ely subjective impressions or appe>ances1 impos$ on conduct by ! human m9d1 b are objective1 belong+ to ! ext]nal _w ( relations & action1 real = appreh5sion & con=mity4 ,!y are )\t u z well z )9 u4 ,& !y come )9 u because !y are realities )\t u = u to "k & obs]ve4 ,! moral qualities1 z real features ( requir$ behavior ( free be+s 9 _! giv5 relations to ea* o!r1 belong to ! con/itution ( ! _w z well z to ! faculties ( ! human m9d4 ,!y are real qualities ( action & motives to action :e!r m5 p]ceive or take note ( !m or n4 ,z truly z ! />ry sky is above u1 be=e we op5 our eyes to see x1 s ! pr9ciple ( righte\sness is e/abli%$ = life be=e we ent] x or our faculties awake to discov] x4 ,! pr9ciple ( moral law is fram$ into ! con/itution ( ! _w & human life4 ,x is back ( ! disc]nm5t ( x1 imb$d$ 9 ! dem& :i* ! con/itut$ relations ( nature make = prop] behavior ( free1 intellig5t be+s4 ,! law ( duty is fix$ 9 ^! relations4 ,x abides !re to be recogniz$ & fulfill$ by all be+s end[$ ) moral p]ception & fre$om4 ,moral law is a pr(\nd] & broad] ?+ ?an a simple unc]ta9 m5tal fiction 9 p]sonal ?9k+4 ,x belongs to ! imm5se1 almo/ inf9ite realm ( creature int]-relations ( ! univ]se4 ,! reality1 h[ev]1 is n to be ?\ght ( z a mat]ial entity or sub/antive ess5ce1 b solely z a quality ( ! int5tions & conduct dem&$ by & 9 ! relations su/a9$ by m5 & o!r moral be+s4 ,x is ! reality ( an e/abli%$ obligation4 ,x belongs to "*4 ,! "r1 z moral law1 has ev] be5 v5]at$ z some?+ sup]s5sible1 absolute1 & div9e4 ,! e>ly ,egyptian tea*+ repres5t$ its home z 9 ,deity4 ,buddhi/ic philosophy conceives ( x z an imp]i%able dom9ion ov] gods & m54 ,*ri/ianity has en=c$ x z bas$ 9 ! v nature ( ,god1 & z a pr9ciple ( ord] orda9$ = ! :ole univ]se ( p]sonal life & behavior4 ,n m real are ! solid rocks ( ! m\nta9 or ! /rong waves ( ! sea4 ,n m real = ! mat]ial realm is ! law ( gravitation ?an is ! law ( e?ical righte\sness = ! spiritual realm1 ! realm ( free conduct4 ,& ! latt] is sup]ior & ( high] value ?an ! =m]4 ,?is tru? speaks 9 ! old apo!gm3 fiat ju/itia1 ruat clum4 ,n ,dep5d5t on ,organization4 7#b7 ,! qualities ( "r & wrong 9 conduct are n dep5d5t on ! peculi> m5tal organization or temp]am5t ( ! race4 ,?is results f ! objectivity ( ! law ( obligation4 ,only ! p]ception ( !m is s dep5d5t1 :ile ! moral qualities are abid+ly real = all be+s high en\gh 9 ! scale ( be+ to disc]n !m4 ,j z we mu/ believe t ! sun exi/s z an ext5d$ body indep5d5tly ( our eyes or m9ds1 & w\ld h to be s appreh5d$ by any inhabitant ( ,neptune or ,jupit] end[$ ) capacity to p]ceive x z x is1 s we mu/ believe t tru? & love & k9dness are "r1 & falsehood1 inju/ice1 malignity & +ratitude are wrong1 n z made s by our peculi> p]sonal con/itution1 b p] se1 9 any inhabit$ _w ( ! /ell> heav5s2 & t ! only subjective condition = _! s appe>+ is ! possession ( ! faculty = p]ception ( moral quality4 ,!re may1 inde$1 be a d\bt among f9ite moral ag5ts1 ) limit$ k1 h[ f> a c]ta9 ?+ may be true or false1 k9d or malignant1 j or unju/1 b ! quality ( tru? or falsehood1 k9dness or malignity1 ju/ice or inju/ice be+ p]ceiv$ 9 x1 x is impossible t su* tru?1 k9dness & ju/ice %\ld n be judg$ "r & _! opposites wrong4 ,! e?ical di/9ction1 objectively view$1 is an e?ical diff]5ce1 p]ceiv$ z su*1 if p]ceiv$ at all4 ,immutable & ,et]nal4 7#c7 ,! moral di/9ctions1 ) ! moral qualities involv$1 be+ ?us objective1 & n ! product ( a special tempor>y organization ( ! p]cipi5t1 are immutable & et]nal4 ,?is is involv$ 9 ! v nature ( ! qualities !mselves4 ,by et]nal necessity ( :at !y are1 ju/ice & love mu/ be un*angeably & =ev] "r4 ,!y are n ?us "r because we ?9k or feel !m s1 b we ?9k & feel !m s because !y are s1 because ( ! immutable & endur+ nature ( ju/ice & love !mselves4 ,!y hold & c>ry ! k9d ( motive & action t ought to prevail 9 ! relations ( intellig5t p]sonal life1 ev]y:]e & 9 all "t4 ,s malignity1 inju/ice1 falsehood1 & cruelty are wrong by ! v nature ( ! qualities t make & m>k !m2 & ! p]sonal int5tions & conduct t hold !m c nev] be "r any m ?an a ?+ c be itself & yet o!r ?an itself4 ,m5's judgm5ts z to :e!r p>ticul> conduct is fair or j or k9d or hone/1 may *ange & d *ange4 ,diff]5t nations & ages class c]ta9 acts & ways ( m5 v diff]5tly4 ,b ^! are only judgm5ts ( application1 & s only second>y e?ical judgm5ts4 ,?is has already be5 po9t$ out 9 ,*ap4 ,,iv1 pp4 #fg-fh4 ,!y dep5d on ! degree to :i* ! moral qualities ( ! conduct may be disc]n$ amid ! complicat$ relations & obscurities t (t5 p]plex a "r und]/&+ ( x4 ,b :ile m5 *ange _! judgm5ts ( ! ju/ice1 b5evol5ce1 or tru? ( p>ticul> =ms ( behavior1 !y d n *ange _! judgm5ts t ju/ice1 love & tru? are "r--necess>ily & immutably s4 ,! behe/s ( duty are imb$d$ 9 ! necess>y relations ( intellig5t free be+s4 ,virtue is no %ift+ subjective illusion1 %ap$ by our inn] m5tal m\ld4 ,no *ange ( ! p]cipi5t's intellectual con/itution c *ange ! realities ( "r & wrong4 ,no removal f _w to _w c *ange !m4 ,no di/ant age 9 et]nity c rev]se !m1 & discov] virtue to be wrong or s9 "r1 or ei!r z )\t moral quality4 ,! di/9ction is et]nal1 & no future c arre/ our responsibility ) respect to x4 ,god calls u to id5tify ourselves ) :at is "r & %un all wrong1 z realities ) :i* we /& 9 immutable1 un5d+ relation1 = good or evil4 ,gr&eur ( ,moral ,law4 #c4 ,! tru? ?us rea*$ on ?is po9t is "o ( exce$+ importance4 ,x br+s to view ! gr&eur ( ! moral law4 ,x %[s ?is law to be truly transc5d5tal1 belong+ n to transi5t mat]ial =ms or physiological /ructure1 nor to special psy*ical con/itutions ( m5 or races1 nor organiz$ in/9ct1 nor subjective m5tal illusion1 nor peculi> h]$it>y exp]i5ce1 nor trans=m$ s5se ( realiz$ or suppos$ utility1 nor any local adv5titi\s circum/ances & tra9+1 b to ! supreme sup]-s5sible realm ( univ]sal & necess>y ideas & tru?1 9 :i* ! univ]se ( rational ?\ght & div9e ord] lives & moves & has its be+ & welf>e4 ,9 ?is tru?1 !re=e1 ! moral law beg9s to appe> 9 its true greatness & value1 9 its univ]sal dom9ion & inf9ite importance4 ,x comes d[n ^u u ) a mighty impression4 ,x ?rills u into en?usiasm4 ,z long z ! moral idea is acc\nt$ a m]e product ( environm5t & biological evolution or exp]i5c$ utility1 a bl9d h]$it>y in/9ct1 an organiz$ impulse1 a fiction ( education1 or a tempor>y behe/ ( individual or racial organization1 x is a ?+ ( b little dignity & ( limit$ mom5t4 ,x is wor?y ( no m rev]5ce ?an a =m ( protoplasm or a pass+ m5tal impression4 ,n reflect+ an objective reality ( univ]sal1 supreme & p]man5t validity1 b only a special ph5om5on ( ! human organization & ?is transi5t life1 x c inspire b small respect4 ,only 9 ! tru? "h rea*$ does ! au?ority ( ! moral law /& out 9 its maje/y & illimitable range & sweep4 ,only 9 x c t law be rightly effective = ! good conduct ( m5 & ! safe =mation ( "* 9 ! m\ld ( immortal excell5ce4 ,reality is ,divid+ ,l9e4 #d4 ,! recognition ( ! objective validity ( ! moral di/9ctions m>ks "o ( ! *ief divid+ l9es betwe5 true & false !ories ( moral philosophy4 ,a failure to recognize ?is po9t n only leaves ! po9t itself a blank1 b usually means error bo? 9 ! conception ( ! nature & function ( consci5ce & ( ! gr\nds & claims ( "r & virtue4 ,) respect to consci5ce ! failure r$uces x f a p[] ( true disc]nm5t ( :at is1 into an in/9ct act+ bl9dly or a make-believe ( obligation ?r\gh judgm5ts indi/+ui%able f ^? ( utility1 pleasure or advantage1 or into a pass+ product ( racial exp]i5ce or education4 ,s in/ead ( expla9+ ! unique au?ority ( ! consci5ce x und]m9e & dissolves t au?ority into non-moral elem5ts4 ,obligation itself becomes b a synonym = an impulse t[>d c]ta9 =ms ( pleasure or advantage4 ,z to ! gr\nds & claims ( "r1 ^! are ?us caus$ to disappe> 9 ! non-moral elem5ts into :i* "r & wrong are dissolv$4 ,! e?ical di/9ctions1 ! great moral ph5om5a ( ! ages1 ) all ! int]e/s ( practical morality1 in/ead ( be+ expla9$ & ju/ifi$1 are expla9$ away4 ,if1 !re=e1 e?ical !ory is to exhibit ! metaphysical validity ( ! moral consci\sness ( m51 no view c reasonably be reg>d$ z correct t dissipates ! v reality :i* ! consci5ce assumes to see & )\t :i* ! moral judgm5ts lose _! rational f\ndations4 ,= if ! objective & transc5d5t "* ( ! e?ical di/9ction be d5i$1 morality necess>ily drops d[n into1 at be/1 a tempor>y biological provision = ! utilities ( ?is ephem]al life1 or1 at wor/1 into a deep fraud ( our faculties1 e/opp+ ! use ( our fre$om by a phantom bugbe> ( moral di/9ctions4 ,if1 !re=e1 virtue is n to be disrob$ ( its honor1 if righte\sness is n to be ca/ d[n f ! supreme place :i* ! reason ( mank9d has ev] accord$ x1 if ! idea ( duty is n to be belittl$1 invalidat$ & ov]?r[n1 e?ical !ory mu/ recognize & emphasize ! objective & p]man5t reality ( ! moral law z an un*ang+ law ( obligation & responsibility = ! conduct ( free ag5ts4 ,o!rwise ! s-call$ e?ical !ory is n a !ory ( ! e?ical reality1 b "o t s9ks ! suppos$ e?ical reality into non-moral elem5ts & illusion4 ,to v9dicate ! au?ority ( consci5ce1 ! immutable f\ndations ( righte\sness mu/ be ma9ta9$1 n dissolv$4 ,relation to ,evolution4 #e4 ,! relation ( ?is tru? to ! wide-spread hypo!sis ( ! evolution>y orig9 ( man d>e n be ignor$ at ?is place4 ,frank admission has already be5 made t ?is hypo!sis1 z sett+ =? a m]e mode ( creation by ,god1 does n appe> to be necess>ily inconsi/5t ) ! exi/5ce ( consci5ce4 ,any mode t c produce a faculty ( m5tal p[] capable ( p]ceiv+ or mak+ ! e?ical di/9ction1 suffices on t po9t--?\gh grave difficulties /& 9 ! way ( acc\nt+ = x "u any evolutioni/ explanation ?us f> giv54 ,b h[ is x ) respect to ! sup]s5sible reality ( ! moral law1 z ! reality p]ceiv$ by ! consci5ce8 ,c evolution acc\nt = x1 or ev5 all[ any place = x8 ,!i/ic ,evolution4 ,to ^! que/ions1 ! answ] mu/ be1 fir/1 t evolution1 9 ! !i/ic conception1 if suppos$ capable ( develop+ ! faculty ( consci5ce1 mu/ also be reg>d$ z consi/5t ) exi/5ce & place ( ! moral law4 ,! inf9ite intellig5ce & purpose back ( ! creative evolution1 & ?r\gh x orig9at+ a p[] = e?ical p]ception1 mu/ be conc$$ to be equally capable1 9 t me?od ( =m+ ! univ]se1 ( e/abli%+ ! pr9ciple & law ( duty 9 ! relations 9 :i* rational & self-det]m9+ creatures are to live4 ,provid$ only t a rational fir/ cause be assum$ & ! plan ( ! _w be view$ z laid 9 aims ( div9e ord]1 a moral sy/em z well z moral ag5ts may1 surely1 be creat$ by sl[ advance ( life no less completely ?an by in/antane\s fiat ( p[]4 ,! !i/ic !ory ( evolution1 assum+ ! cosmic sy/em to be gr\nd$ 9 ! w & p[] ( ,god & fill$ ) 8 ev]-work+ pres5ce does n necess>ily br+ any tr\ble into ! "q ( fix$ moral law4 ,! moral law1 re/+ 9 ! same div9e s\rce :5ce arise ! laws t are reveal$ 9 physical nature1 comes into play z soon z moral ag5ts are creat$ 9 relations :i* call = "r s5tim5ts & conduct4 ,! rational purpose :i* orda9$ physical laws1 9 necessity1 = mat]ial ord]1 orda9s moral law = ord] ( p]sonal ag5ts act+ 9 fre$om4 ,! "q1 !re=e1 ) respect to ?is k9d ( evolution ne$ n emb>rass ! "q ( ! reality ( immutable moral law--at lea/ :5 ! !ory ( evolution is s %ap$ z to give its fundam5tal assumptions full & consi/5t place & =ce4 ,a!i/ic ,evolution4 ,b1 secondly1 on ! o!r h&1 answ] mu/ be made1 t "u no !ory ( a!i/ic & m]ely mat]iali/ic & naturali/ic evolution c ! objective exi/5ce ( moral law be logically or rationally ma9ta9$4 ,?is k9d ( evolutionism is n only helpless be=e ! task ( acc\nt+ = x1 b logically excludes ! possibility ( x4 ,= any !ory t pres5ts ! cosmos z a pure naturalism ( matt]1 or is agno/ic z to an intellig5t au?or ( nature1 furni%es no realm or mat]ials = moral law4 ,?is becomes evid5t1 beyond d\bt1 f ! foll[+ consid]ations3 7#a7 ,accord+ to ! hypo!sis ! pot5cy ( all ?+s is 9 matt] ) its en]gy & modes ( motion4 ,?is is ! all & ! "o 7,greek3 to pan kai h57 ( ! univ]se1 at once ! only ess5ce & gr\nd ( its exi/5ce & ongo+4 ,no intellig5t fir/ cause is assum$1 no creative reason to beg9 or det]m9e ! evolution4 ,!re is no ord]+ m9d or purpose 9 x--= its orig91 9 ! process1 or z to its end4 ,x is av[$ly a purely me*anical !ory ( ! univ]se--matt] & =ce act+ 9 self-conta9$ en]gy )\t design4 ,all rational1 purposive1 or teleological idea is want+4 ,n[ x is evid5t t ?is pure me*anism ( matt] & en]gy mu/ be n only )\t any moral elem5t :atev]1 b necess>ily incapable ( evolv+ ! moral4 ,x is an inf9ite & endless automatism4 ,?\gh x %\ld run on on aft] on x is /ill only a me*anism ( atoms 9 et]nally unfree mat]ial movem5t4 ,! unmoral elem5ts c nev] produce moral law2 &1 ex hypo!si1 !re is no intellig5t free moral be+ beh9d or 9 ! movem5t to create or e/abli% moral law ?r\gh x4 7#b7 ,fur!r1 ?is =m ( evolutionism1 return+1 z x does1 to ! anci5t notion ( ! univ]se z a p]petual flux1 ev5 if imag9$ to be able to evolve ! moral out ( non-moral elem5ts1 c\ld pres5t no p]man5t & /able e?ical law4 ,9 su* evolution1 )\t beg9n+ & )\t end1 all ?+s are only a cont9ual becom+1 an et]nal process mov+ on4 ,!re is & c be no?+ fix$1 :e!r ( =ms or relations1 b only a %ift+1 necessitat$1 ev]la/+ sc5e ( aimless beg9n+s & disappe>ances4 ,c\ld we ev5 conceive--:i* we _c1 because ! concept is possible only 9 connection ) purpose & ideal ord]--t ! e?ical ought %\ld mom5t>ily appe>1 x w\ld soon be brok5 up & pass$ by1 l ! bubble on a /ream1 ,a mom5t "h1 !n gone =ev]4 ,manife/ly1 ?is p]petual motion1 =ev] *ang+ & sup]s$+ its own =ms & products1 _c be consid]$ fa!r to ev5 a rational /able consci5ce1 mu* less a sure abid+ moral law = its /eady recognition & et]nally rev]5t reg>d4 ,! *ild ( cont+5cy rema9s cont+5t4 ,& s ! advocates ( ?is empirical1 mat]iali/ic1 & a!i/ic evolutionism consi/5tly ma9ta9 t !re is no absolute moral law1 & t :at seems s is only %ift+ h]$it>y judgm5ts g5]at$ by exp]i5ce & utility or "s in/9ct =m$ by biological processes4 7#c7 ,b fur!r4 ,9 ?is m]ely naturali/ic evolution all ! ess5tial presuppositions ( moral law are want+ & exclud$4 ,?is is easily se54 7a7 ,x has already be5 po9t$ out t ! action ( consci5ce is !i/ic1 its au?ority aris+ f its p]ception ( a law ( duty impos$ on x & repres5t+ a moral law-giv] 7,see ,*ap4 ,,iv1 pp4 #gi-hj2 ,*ap4 ,v1 pp4 #hg-hh74 ,s moral law1 z a rule ( e?ical righte\sness1 is necess>ily !i/ic4 ,x is ?9kable only z a requirem5t made by rational intellig5ce = fitt+ conduct among p]sonal ag5ts4 ,x re/s 9 a _w-sy/em ( rational ends & ideal requirem5ts4 ,! /&>d is e/abli%$ by intellig5ce4 ,%\ld x be object$1 t we may reg>d ! /&>d z made by ! m9d ( m5 only1 & altoge!r a human & subjective ?+1 x is en\gh to rem9d ! read] t accord+ to ! hypo!sis1 !re is no human m9d z a diff]5t entity f matt]1 ! only m5tality left be+ m]ely p>ticul> effects ( molecul> or bra9 activity1 & !re=e only successive passive products1 simply reveal+ :at1 if x exi/s at all1 mu/ exi/ z ! molecul> matt] beh9d !m4 ,! autocratic moral law :i* ! consci5ce f9ds1 b does n make1 is conceivable !re=e1 only z "p ( intellig5t ord]+ 9 a rational _w-sy/em4 ,b accord+ to ! hypo!sis no moral reason has fram$ or regulates ! ord] ( ! physical =ces t create ! relations ( life4 7b7 ,moral law1 ) responsibility1 is inconceivable except 9 connection ) p]sonal fre$om 9 ! subject ( x4 ,b 9 ?is k9d ( evolutionism1 ev]y?+ is r$uc$ to ! me*anism ( matt]2 & its support]s agree t our p]sonal fre$om is an illusion4 ,!re c be no m morality 9 ! ?\ghts1 aims & conduct ( m5 ?an 9 ! dige/ion ( food or ! gr[? & decay ( a tree4 ,:ile1 !re=e1 !i/ic evolution does n pres5t any?+ inconsi/5t ) ! reality & recognition ( moral law1 e hypo!sis :i* exhibits ! _w1 9 its gr\nd & processes1 z ! m]e me*anism ( mat]ial =ces1 /&s 9 logical & irreconcilable antagonism4 ,?is antagonism1 h[ev]1 is n to be tak5 z ov]?r[+ or ev5 weak5+ ! tru? set =? 9 ?is *apt]4 ,r1 ! antagoni/ic hypo!sis1 :i* fails 9 s _m o!r respects to meet ! necessities ( a rational or sci5tific acc\nt ( ! ph5om5a ( ! univ]se1 discr$its itself /ill fur!r by its incongruity on ?is great po9t4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,gr\nd ,,( ,,"r4 ,?is topic c>ries ! inquiry conc]n+ moral law "o /ep fur!r ?an t det]m9$ 9 ! la/ *apt]4 ,x be+ settl$ t t law is objectively & p]man5tly real1 = ! recognition ( consci5ce1 we mu/ yet seek "s explanation ( ! basis ( ! reality4 ,:y are "s ?+s "r & o!rs wrong8 ,:at is ! reason ( ! diff]5ce8 ,on :at is ! law ( "r gr\nd$8 ,we seek ! explanation ( its exi/5ce & ! obligation x imposes4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ev5 ^? :o hold ! moral behe/s to be m]ely subjective1 products 9 "s way ( ! psy*ological con/itution1 nev]!less endeavor to acc\nt = !m 9 "s relations or =ces back ( !mselves4 ,^! acc\nts1 z w appe>1 are exce$+ly v>i$4 ,inasmu*1 !re=e1 z ne>ly all ! diff]+ e?ical !ories seek to give "s explanation & gr\nd = moral obligation1 ! inquiry n[ be=e u pres5ts ! po9t ab\t :i* ! *ief conte/s ( moral philosophy h be5 wag$4 ,! diff]5t answ]s h be5 ! ma9 det]m9ants ( ! diff]5t sy/ems4 ,our exam9ation mu/ include ?ree ?+s3 a cle> def9ition ( ! po9t ( inquiry2 "s notice ( ! lead+ !ories2 & a positive /atem5t ( ! gr\nd z dem&$ by reason & ! int]e/s ( moral life4 ,! ,"q ,def9$4 ,i4 ,def9ition4 ,?is is necess>y because x has sometimes be5 conf\nd$ ) ! "q3 ,:at is ! gr\nd ( obligation8#ch ,we mu/ di/+ui% betwe5 ! gr\nd ( "r & ! gr\nd ( obligation4 ,! po9t be=e u is n :y we are "u obligation to d a "r act1 b :y ! act is "r4 ,manife/ly ! rightness ( ! propos$ action is ! gr\nd ( ! obligation to d x2 t is1 ! obligation is gr\nd$ on ! "r4 ,! exact inquiry is--& mu/ be1 9 ord] to rea* ! real & abid+ moral f\ndations--on :at is ! "r1 ^: p]ception obligates1 gr\nd$8 ,a que/ aft] ! gr\nd ( ! obligation simply1 might satisfy ^? :o r$uce consci5ce to a m]e in/9ct or s5tim5t1 & ! moral /&>d to a m]e int]nal product ( association1 education or ( biological organization4 ,to !m x might seem en\gh to give an explanation ( ! felt obligation4 ,9 su* case !y might plausibly1 z !y (t5 d1 affirm t ! moral bond1 be+ ?us organically insur$ & fix$ 9 ! moral consci\sness1 mu/ rema9 ! same1 no matt] :at !ories1 ev5 ?\gh purely mat]iali/ic1 may be =m$ ( its g5esis & nature4 ,b s soon z ! e?ical reality is se5 9 its cosmic place & transc5d5tal "* we want an explanation n only ( ! gr\nd ( obligation to "r conduct1 b also ( ! gr\nd ( ! "r :i* evokes ! s5se ( obligation4 ,v>i\s ,!ories4 ,,ii4 ,lead+ ,!ories4 ,we mu/ include1 9 ?is review1 bo? ! !ories :i* (f] only an explanation ( ! ph5om5on ( obligation & ^? t seek an elucidation ( ! pr9ciple ( righte\sness z objective moral law4 ,9 ! long cont9u$ discussion ( ! subject ^! !ories h be5 imm5sely v>i$ & modifi$1 b ! diff]5ces ?us not$ divide all explanations into two classes1 viz41 ^? :i* make ! moral /& 9 some?+ subjective & ^? t f9d x objective4 ,9 ! cursory rehe>sal ( !m1 "h ne$$1 we w pres5t !m 9 *ronological ord]1 irrespective ( _! belong+ to "o class or ! o!r1 not+1 h[ev]1 _! relation to ?is di/9ction :i* divides !m4 ,su* hi/orical glance w give an outl9e ( ! developm5t ( ?\ght on ! subject1 & help u to rea* & appreciate ! true conclusion4 ,egyptian ,tea*+4 #a4 ,egypt's gold5 age 0 9 ! morn+ ( ! _w's hi/orical p]iod1 & we mu/ look f> back = its be/ e?ical ?\ght4 ,) ! ,egyptians morality & religion 7 closely id5tifi$4 ,! e?ical view 0 unit$ ) ! !ological & det]m9$ by x4 ,!y1 h[ev]1 dealt ) ! subject ( duty only 9 sep>ate maxims & precepts1 )\t fram+ a !ory ( obligation4 ,b ! purity & elevation ( ^! precepts h be5 a wond] to _m 9 our mod]n days4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 easily expla9$4 ,_! religion 0 mono!i/ic4 ,god 0 a good & righte\s ,be+1 ) p[] & rul]%ip1 ! s\rce ( all ?+s = man4 ,! ,egyptians connect$ all t 0 pure & good ) ,god & recogniz$ _! dep5d5ce on ,him & _! duty to live accord+ to ,8 w4 ,?us _! moral consci\sness rose above ! function ( a m]e subjective in/9ct or a feel+ ( responsibility to _! fell[-m51 & includ$ a s5se ( direct am5ability to div9e au?ority4 ,! goal ( ! moral endeavor1 ev] ov]com+ evil1 0 reg>d$ z atta9$1 n 9 ?is1 b 9 a future life ( bless$ness "u ! div9e approval4 ,_! view gr\nd$ all duty objectively1 & practically id5tifi$ x ) piety4#ci ,*9ese ,tea*+4 #b4 ,*9ese tea*+1 too1 0 !ological4 ,! !ology 0 ess5tially mono!i/ic1 b ov]gr[n ) sup]/itions & idolatr\s practices4 ,x taught t man is ! creature ( ,god1 & 0 end[$ by heav5 ) a nature = ! practice ( good1 a nature t1 if foll[$ prop]ly--i4 e4 9 ! gold5 mean--inv>iably leads m5 aright4 ,! pa? indicat$ by nature is ! w ( ,god conc]n+ duty4 ,:at heav5 has conf]r$ is call$ ! nature2 an accordance ) ?is nature is call$ ! pa? ( duty2 ! regulation ( ?is pa? is call$ in/ruction4#dj ,! *ief contribution to ! ,*9ese tea*+ by ! sage ,confucius 7,b4 ,c4 #eea-dgh7 0 8 proclamation ( ! pr9ciple ( reciprocity1 i4 e4 do+ z we w\ld h o!rs d to u4 ,?\gh ! elem5ts ( ! moral problem 7 ?us includ$ fairly well = ord9>y conduct1 !y 7 n fram$ into a di/9ct philosophy ( ! gr\nd ( "r4 ,views 9 ,india4 #c4 ,india's sacr$ books ab\nd 9 moral maxims & c\nsels4 ,brahmanism is sub/antially a philosophy ( life r ?an a religion4 ,b its pan!ism & doctr9e ( ! pre-exi/5ce & transmigration ( s\ls h di/ort$ & misdirect$ ! moral idea4 ,its pan!ism conf\nds ! human ) ! div9e1 bo? 9 its orig9 & de/9ation4 ,its belief 9 transmigration1 ) its p]petual succession ( rebir?s into conditions ( woeful individual life unless ! s\l's unhappy agitations & unre/ %\ld be compos$ by virtue1 %apes ! moral task ma9ly1 n only into re/ra9t ( ! appetites & passions1 b into su* au/]ity & /]n self-abnegation z may prep>e ! s\l1 on ! dea? ( ! body1 to atta9 ! p]fect repose ( ,nirvana ! complete ext9ction ( human passions1 or1 z ,buddhism repres5ts1 annihilation ( consci\s individuality 9 reabsorption into ! absolute exi/5ce4 ,9 ?is sy/em ! aim ( morality is n ! "r1 b ! desir$ good ( tranquil happ9ess1 or ! f9al goal ( m]g+ self-consci\s p]sonality back aga9 into ! ,great ,all f :i* x arose4 ,! gr\nd ( ! moral /riv+--x c h>dly be call$ obligation--is ! adapt$ness ( x to secure ?is result4#da ,p]sian ,tea*+4 #d4 ,zoroa/rianism 7,mazdism71 f ab\t ,b4 ,c4 #aejj-ajjj1 confess$ly pres5ts an e?ical tea*+ t1 among ori5tal views1 is second only to t ( ! ,hebrews4 ,its !ological dualism1 :i* seems to h encroa*$ ^u an e>li] pur] mono!ism1 ( two et]nal pr9ciples or p[]s1 ,ormuz$ 7,ahura ,mazda7 ! good p[]1 & ,ahriman 7,angra ,ma9y\7 ! evil p[]1 manife/ly arose f ! ef=t to solve ! dread problem ( evil 9 ! _w4 ,zoroa/rian tea*+ repres5ts ,ormuz$ z ! all-kn[+ & ! holy creator ( ! _w4 ,he _c create evil4 ,he is ! s\rce ( all purity1 ord] & righte\sness4 ,wrong & mis]y h come into ! _w f ,ahriman1 ! opposite cont5d+ p[] 9 ! univ]se4 ,zoroa/rianism ?us gives ! _w-sy/em a moral f\ndation & law ( ord]4 ,! moral life is a holy conflict ) ! =ces ( evil )9 human nature & assail+ x4 ,! supreme end ( life is to increase ! asc5d5cy ( righte\sness & e/abli% its ev]la/+ reign ( tru? & goodness4 ,! goal ( x comes 9 a future life ( bless$ness4 ,! gr\nd ( righte\sness is ?us plac$ 9 ! nature & w ( ! et]nal creator1 to :om ob$i5ce is due1 aga9/ ! influ5ces ( ! malign p[] ( evil4#db ,greek ,!ories4 #e4 ,among ! ,greeks e?ical philosophy began ) ,socrates4 ,_! e>li] writ]s dealt ) ! subject ( duty b little 9 a speculative way4 ,:5 ! philosophy ( x came to be s\ght ! !ories ma9ly connect$ x closely ) ! good or ! highe/ good1 ! summum bonum ( life4 ,?is designation 0 ambigu\s4 ,! good 7 1 ,greek3 to aga?on1 ,greek3 ta aga?a7 might be conceiv$ ( z ei!r intellectual or s5su\s good1 z consi/+ 9 "o's intr9sic /ate or 9 outw>d condition1 z ei!r happ9ess or p]sonal well-be+4 ,& because ?is me?od fail$ to di/+ui% cle>ly & fully betwe5 ?is indef9ite good--hav+ at be/ no m au?ority ?an ! beautiful--& ! "r :i* =ms ! true ess5ce ( ! e?ical pr9ciple1 _! explanations fail$ to become cle>1 & /opp$ %ort ( be+ actual explanations ( ! gr\nd ( "r4 ,h5ce _! !ories1 ?\gh n always consi/5tly exhibit$1 & v>i\sly int]pret$ by exp\nd]s ( !m1 7 sub/antially eudmoni/ic#dc & utilit>ian4 ,specifically3 7#a7 ,socrates made all virtue consi/ 9 k1 especially self k or wisdom1 lead+ m5 to prop] self-regulation & happ9ess4 ,he put emphasis ^u man's rational nature z ess5tially good1 & to ?is rational nature belong$ ! (fice ( self-ma/]y & control ( all appetites1 dispositions1 & passions4 ,! life 9 k became ! good & happy life4 ,?\gh ?is great sage ma9ta9$ t ! _w is gov]n$ by a supreme intellig5ce1 he fail$ to connect cle>ly & closely ! moral law ) ?is high s\rce1 & re/$ ! moral life simply subjectively4 7#b7 ,plato develop$ 8 view sub/antially on ! basis ( t ( ,socrates4 ,he id5tifi$ ! highe/ good ) ! intellect r ?an ! s5sibility1 & look$ ^u all virtues z unit$ 9 k1 n only z guid+ ! s\l 9 act+ out its prop] de/9ation1 b1 accord+ to "s /atem5ts1 ev5 z 9 itself all-suffic+4 ,?\gh ,plato's speculative view ( ! univ]se conta9s ! elem5ts = ! con/ruction ( a sublime immutable e?ical /&>d1 & he ev5 sugge/s ,god-lik5ess z ! goal ( man's moral life1#dd ! implications ( 8 view are n consi/5tly c>ri$ out2 & :5 he comes to apply 8 ideas to life 9 8 ideal ,republic he lapses into :at seems a c>icature ( 8 bett] ?\ght1 & is cont5t to re/ morality simply on ! au?ority & laws ( ! /ate4#de 7#c7 ,ari/otle1 9 :om ,plato's !i/ic view ( ! _w rec$$ into ! backgr\nd1 made ! *ief good consi/ 9 happ9ess or felt well-be+1 :i* dep5ds on man's liv+ accord+ to 8 rational nature4 ,su* liv+ includes bo? ! activities ( ! m9d & habitual conduct4 ,! reason mu/ n only develop its own en]gies1 b rule ! l[] p[]s & passions4 ,on ?is d\ble requirem5t he f\nd$ two k9ds ( virtue1 ! intellectual 7dianoetic7 & ! practical4 ,! "o consi/s 9 k or wisdom1 ! o!r 9 =m$ habits or "*4 ,! moral life1 !re=e1 consi/s 9 ! true use1 )\t abuse1 ( our rational nature4 ,! rule = x1 z taught by ,ari/otle1 is to avoid extremes & pursue ! gold5 mean4 ,! !ory ?us re/s morality :olly on subjective good & id5tifies x ) ! calculations ( prud5ce4 ,x is simply secul>i/ic1 )\t religi\s elem5t or appeal4#df 7#d7 ,9 ,epicurus 7,b4 ,c4 #cda-bgj7 & 8 foll[]s eudmonism desc5d$ into h$onism4 ,! supreme good is happ9ess 9 ! s5se ( p]sonal enjoym5t1 pleasure4 ,! univ]se1 )\t !i/ic gr\nd1 0 reg>d$ z et]nal1 =ev] evolv+ 9 =tuit\s conc\rse ( atoms4 ,x is )\t rational ord]1 design1 or gov]nm5t4 ,! human s\l is mat]ial1 & at dea? m5 cease to be4 ,! good ( life consi/s 9 ! avoidance ( pa9 & ! secur+ ( pleasure4 ,! pleasure may be intellectual or s5su\s & gross1 z m5 may pref]4 ,! pursuit ( x is ! highe/ virtue & be/ wisdom4 ,enjoym5t is ! end ( life4 ,! :ole "q ( e?ics ?us came to be a calculation & balanc+ ( pa9s & pleasures1 & ! c>d9al virtue prud5t selfi%ness4 ,x 0 complete subjectivism4 7#e7 ,9 ,/oicism 7f\nd$ by ,z5o ( ,citium1 ab\t #cjh ,b4 ,c47 we h a view t1 9 its pr9cipal features1 0 9 /rong contra/ ) ,epicureanism4 ,x arose 9 close relation to ! tea*+ ( ,socrates4 ,b x taught t happ9ess 0 n necess>y1 & %\ld nev] be made ! end ( endeavor4 ,virtue itself 0 ! highe/ good1 & to be s\ght = its own sake4 ,itself 0 suffici5t = happ9ess--n because x c\ld make m5 ins5sible to pa9 or pleasure1 b because x made !m sup]ior to x4 ,virtue 0 immutably excell5t 9 itself1 a p]man5t reality = man's realization1 & subord9at$ ev]y?+ else4 ,x consi/$ ess5tially 9 liv+ accord+ to nature1#dg i4 e4 n simply 9 h>mony ) "o's self1 b ) ! nature ( ! univ]se1 ) ! :ole con/itution ( ! _w z orda9$ & rul$ by ,god1 ( :i* a man's own nature =ms a "p4 ,! /ress 0 n at all to be laid on self1 b ^u ! great total ( be+4 ,man exi/s = society1 & virtue is impossible ap>t f ! social /ate4 ,s ,/oic tea*+ inculcat$ subord9ation ( self to m g5]al int]e/s--to family1 c\ntry1 mank9d4 ,x taught t all creatures are *ildr5 ( "o fa!r1#dh & duty 0 ow$ to all4 ,we may h>dly1 h[ev]1 speak ( ?is z altruism1 9 ! s5se ( unselfi% b5evol5ce or self-sacrific+ goodness2 s9ce1 9 ! g5]al ,/oic philosophy1 n ! s5tim5t ( sympa!tic helpfulness1 b ( victori\s sup]iority to pa91 0 ! temp] fo/]$4 ,love 0 almo/ subm]g$ 9 ! /]n _s ( duty4 ,! bless$ness ( virtue 0 to /& indep5d5t ( ! suff]+s :i* befell m54 ,9 fact ! dreadful inexorabl5ess ( fate 7 ,greek3 heim>m571 conceiv$ by ! ,/oic philosophy z et]nally embrac+ ! life ( bo? ,god & nature1 gave to virtue1 n s mu* ! temp] ( free1 lov+ ob$i5ce to ei!r ,god or righte\sness1 z ! /]nness ( a pr\d intellectual resolut5ess 9 yield+1 = virtue's sake1 to ! inevitable 9 ! fate-b\nd univ]se4 ,"u ?is conception ! ,/oic moral ob$i5ce c\ld nev] rise to ! free joy\sness t belongs to ! ob$i5t life "u ! light ( ! ,*ri/ian tru? t ,god is love--et]nal love1 rul+ 9 absolute fre$om & desir+ to exalt ,8 *ildr5 to ! p]fect hol9ess to :i* alone happ9ess =ev] belongs4 ,all ^! ,greek !ories1 except ! ,/oic1 are ?us se5 to h be5 m>k$ by two features4 ,fir/1 !y dissolv$ ! "r1 :i* alone has direct au?ority & =ms moral law1 into ! good1 :i* is simply some?+ (f]$ to u z an object ( desire1 b :i* has no imp]ative = ! consci5ce1 & may be innoc5tly =egone4 ,secondly1 despite ! cle> bett] implications suppli$ to !m 9 _! accept$ !i/ic conceptions ( ! _w1 !y fail$ to def9e di/9ctly any gr\nd+ ( ! moral law on any?+ high] or m p]man5t ?an ! subjective elem5ts ( ! human con/itution4 ,=1 ev5 ,plato's objective bas+ ( x1 = citiz5 duty1 on ! law ( ! /ate1 assum$ only a subjective basis 9 ! p]son ( ! rul] himself4 ,! ,/oic !ory1 h[ev]1 _h glimpses ( "s high] & broad] gr\nd1 ?\gh x fail$ to see x truly4 ,roman ,tea*+4 #f4 ,! ,roman morali/s adopt$ sub/antially ! doctr9e ( ! ,greek ,/oics4 ,?is 0 f9ely exhibit$ & comm5d$1 especially by ,s5eca1 ,epictetus & ,m>cus ,aurelius4 ,b we h no new !ory among ! ,roman philosoph]s4 ,aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ianity1 ^: progress !nce=w>d det]m9$ & m>k$ ! intellectual activity & advanc+ philosophy & culture ( mank9d1 ! discussion ( e?ics became simply a "p ( !ology4 ,& accord+ to ! _s & me?od ( !ology 9 ! e>ly ,*ur* & dur+ ! middle ages1 ev5 d[n to mod]n times1 ! discussion 0 n philosophical1 b biblical4 ,x 0 conc]n$ simply to set =? human duty1 especially ! duties ( ! ,*ri/ian life1 z taught 9 ! scriptures ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts4 ,re/+ ! moral law ^u reveal$ div9e au?ority1 x paid small att5tion to ! "q ( its metaphysical validation4 ,b :5 mod]n philosophy began its inve/igations1 x ( necessity soon came ^u ?is po9t1 & inquir$ aft] ! natural basis or ultimate gr\nd ( ! great law ^: unique au?ority bo? ! sacr$ ,scriptures & ! moral consci\sness ( m5 agre$ 9 ass]t+4 ,div9e ,absolutism4 #g4 ,mod]n !ories beg9 ) t ( ,div9e absolutism--mak+ ! moral law1 l physical laws1 only a product ( ,god's w4 ,x makes x re/ absolutely optional 9 ,8 sov]eignty ( *oice4 ,x n only seeks no ult]ior reason1 or logical prius1 = 8 *oice1 b di/9ctly disconnects x f any4 ,god's w is n ! expression or revelation1 b ! orig9ator1 ( ! moral di/9ction1 con/itut+ x1 ) its obligator9ess1 z ,he has done1 :5 ,he might h con/itut$ x o!rwise1 ev5 ! v contr>y4 ,he det]m9$ ! "r accord+ to no norm1 b z creat+ & e/abli%+ a norm4 ,:e!r !re %\ld be any moral di/9ction & :at x %\ld be1 0 a matt] ( ! div9e *oice4 ,! view is a "o-sid$ conception ( ,god's sov]eignty4 ,x 0 set =? by ,hugo ,grotius 7#aehc-afde7 & ,r5 ,desc>tes 7#aeif-afej71 & has f\nd prom95t advocacy frequ5tly s9ce4 ,b x collides ) bo? s\nd !ology & an adequate moral philosophy4 7#a7 ,x fails to recognize any et]nal ess5tial moral "* 9 ,god ,himself4 ,! int]e/s ( bo? morality & religion require fai? 9 ,him z ,himself et]nally ! righte\s & holy creator & moral rul]1 9 ,8 immutable nature4 ,! morally good c n be some?+ cont+5t1 b mu/ be absolute1 irrepealable & irrev]sible ev5 by ,god4 ,we ne$ = bo? religion & "*1 to hold fa/ to ! great tru? :i* repres5ts ,god 9 ,8 moral w z *oos+ righte\sness z righte\sness1 lov+ ! morally good z good#di--n z by m]e w orig9at+ ! moral di/9ction & fix+ a code ( conduct ^u arbitr>y ord9ation4 ,= real moral "* 9 ,god we mu/ g ev5 fur!r & reg>d ,him z lov+ righte\sness1 n simply z good 9 ,himself1 b z good 9 itself1 good by ! immutable quality ( its own nature4 ,= a moral gov]nm5t we mu/ h a moral gov]nor4 ,& ,god c be su*1 n by en=c+ responsibility to an arbitr>y code1 b by rul+ accord+ to di/9ctions t are p] se supreme 9 et]nal reason--en=c+ n a m]e rule ( p[] b ( ess5tial rightness4 7#b7 ,fur!r1 ! action ( ! consci5ce itself1 9 disc]n+ "r & wrong :]e x has receiv$ no in=mation z to ! w ( ,god1 implies t ! di/9ction is rationally bas$4 ,to disc]n x is n always condition$ on su* in=mation4 ,reason itself--! human 9 ! image ( ! div9e--9 "s degree reveals ! "r4 ,s cle> is ?is disc]nm5t1 & s indep5d5t ( all cont+5cy does ! "r appe>1 t ev5 pagan writ]s h be5 wont to make virtue sup]ior ev5 to ! displeasure ( ! gods1 nobly /&+ self-approv$4#ej 7#c7 ,! true relation betwe5 ! w ( ,god & ! e?ically good mu/ be conceiv$ ( z1 inde$1 involv+ a pr(\nd & indissoluble id5tity--:at ,he wills be+ always & necess>ily "r1 ?\gh ,he wills x 9 p]fect fre$om--b yet z mov+ 9 ! logical ord] ( ?\ght1 t "r is n made "r by ,8 will+ x1 b t ,he wills x because x is "r4 ,civil ,au?ority4 #h4 ,?omas ,hobbes 7#aehh-afgi71 hold+ ! natural /ate ( man z utt]ly selfi% & a /ate ( w>1 gave to civil gov]nm5t1 z necess>y to ! social ord]1 supreme au?ority1 & ass]t$ t ! basis ( all moral obligation 0 positive law issu$ by ! sov]eign4 ,duty re/$ on ! legal /atute1 ^: direction 0 f9al4 ,x knew no high] law4 ,! !ory 0 a repetition ( ! trave/y ( e?ics 9 ,plato's ,republic4 ,x has _h no foll[+1 & ne$s no confutation4 ,b a !ory t ?us ignor$ individual consci5ce & ess5tial "r1 r$uc+ morality to civic ob$i5ce1 ) no o!r f\ndation ?an ! positive enactm5t ( a mon>*1 at once & /rongly re-act$ 9 /r5g!n+ ! conviction ( ! necessity & tru? ( ! intuitional view ( ! moral faculty1 & ( ! importance ( f9d+ a bett] basis = ! e?ical pr9ciple1 bo? 9 ! con/itution ( mank9d & 9 ! au?or ( nature4 ,! ,sympa!tic ,!ory4 #i4 ,! ,sympa!tic ,!ory is naturally associat$ ) t conception ( consci5ce :i* makes x consi/ fundam5tally1 n 9 intellect1 b 9 in/9ct or feel+4 ,tak+ ! sugge/ion f ,hume1 ! !ory 0 elaborat$ by ,adam ,smi? 7#agbc-agij74 ,x expla9$ moral obligation z produc$ by ! special action ( our nature 9 :i* we spontane\sly sympa?ize ) c]ta9 int5tions or conduct ( our fell[-m5--?is sympa?y tak+ ! =m ( approval4 ,! bond to duty 0 view$ z ?us =m$ by ^! in/9ctive s5tim5ts po9t+ out :at is morally good & obligat+ to correspond+ behavior4 ,( c\rse ! individual's sympa!tic appreciation _h to be broad5$ & tra9$ by ! /&>d ( g5]al s5tim5t4 ,& ! explanation 0 help$ out by not+ ! adaptation ( ?is rule ( conduct to promote p]sonal & social happ9ess4 ,b a !ory re/+ duty on a basis s ?or\ghly subjective1 & s unc]ta9 & *angeful z are m5's unguid$ feel+s1 likely (t5 to be 9 sympa?y ) evil1 c\ld n comm5d itself to wide acceptance4 ,x pres5t$ nei!r ! gr\nd ( "r nor a safe rule4 ,utilit>ianism4 #aj4 ,! !ory ( ,utilit>ianism _h its prototypes 9 ! tea*+s ( ,socrates1 ,ari/otle1 & ! ,epicureans4 ,its mod]n =ms h be5 greatly v>i$1 b !y all agree 9 f\nd+ ! morally good 9 utility4 ,t :i* exp]i5ce %[s to be useful1 z promotive ( p]sonal or social int]e/s & happ9ess1 becomes !reby "r1 or ! norm ( moral *oices & conduct4 ,! !ory1 9 all its modifications1 is a goods !ory1#ea int]pret+ obligation z simply ! behe/ to con=m life to ! atta9m5t ( ! v>i\s =ms ( good1 ev5 ! *ief1 z happ9ess or enjoym5t1 provid$ = 9 man's nature & condition4 ,nam$ f ! object or objects s\ght1 x is eudmonism2 nam$ f ! way or means ( its atta9m5t1 x is utilit>ianism4 ,sometimes ! good is simply happ9ess1 sometimes p]sonal well-be+1 sometimes social welf>e4 ,sometimes x is purely selfi%1 sometimes altrui/ic or 9 "s s5se b5evol5t4 ,b a few examples w make pla9 bo? its g5]al "* & *ief v>iations4 7#a7 ,william ,paley 7#agdc-ahje71 adopt+ eudmoni/ic pr9ciples1 re/$ all obligation to duty on its t5d5cy to secure ev]la/+ happ9ess4 ,he says3 ,actions are to be e/imat$ by _! t5d5cy4 ,:atev] is exp$i5t is "r4 ,x is ! utility ( any moral rule alone1 :i* con/itutes ! obligation to x4#eb ,! w ( ,god is accept$ z ! rule ( virtue1 seem+ly n1 h[ev]1 z ! direct gr\nd ( x1 b r z ! sure guide z to :at has ! t5d5cy to ga9 = u ev]la/+ happ9ess4 ,=1 ,paley expla9s3 ,su* is ! div9e "* t :at promotes ! g5]al happ9ess is requir$ by ! w ( ,god4 ,?is view makes ! _s ( duty1 ev5 9 religion1 supreme selfi%ness4 ,x places ! self-reg>d+ impulses on ! ?rone4 7#b7 ,j]emy ,b5?am 7#agdh-ahcb71 ! *ief apo/le ( mod]n utilit>ianism1 gave x great popul>ity by mak+ x di/9ctly altrui/ic4 ,adopt+ sugge/ions 9 ?is direction by ,%aftsbury 7#agac71 ,hut*eson1 ,butl]1 & ,hume1 he measurably lift$ its aim above ! individual's c>e ( 8 own int]e/s1 & made ! pr9ciple ( "r au?oritative because promotive ( ! greate/ happ9ess ( ! greate/ numb]4 ,?is seem$ to subord9ate1 )\t exclud+1 ! individual's advantage to t ( ! _m1 & ! selfi% in/9ct to ! high] & nobl] aims ( love4 ,x develop$ a rule by :i* ! bro!rhood ( man c\ld h place1 & "* c\ld rise & broad5 into magnanimity & wor?4 ,x gave an objective /&+ & broadly human aim to ! pr9ciple ( obligation4 ,james ,mill1 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill & ,alex&] ,ba9 h be5 conspicu\s rec5t repres5tatives ( ?is g5]al view1 :ile modify+ "s p>ticul> features ( x4 ,x mu/ be add$1 h[ev]1 t ?is mod]n altruism1 :5 analyz$ to its f9al view1 does n become dis9t]e/$ b5evol5ce4 ,= ! greate/ g5]al good is view$ z condition+ ! be/ good ( ea* individual1 & ! individual is to include x = ! sake ( 8 own %>e4 ,s ?is s-call$ altruism1 aft] all1 is /ill rul$ by ! self-reg>d+ aim1 & /&s only = ! broade/ & mo/ successful utilit>ianism4 7#c7 ,evolutioni/ ,utilit>ianism4 ,?is is its rec5t & pres5t mo/ *>act]i/ic =m4 ,! v>iety ( types ( evolutionism1 h[ev]1 has prev5t$ ! br++ ( x1 ?us f>1 into a def9ite univ]sally accept$ =mulation4 ,al?\gh1 z already /at$1#ec moni/ic evolutionism1 :e!r mat]iali/ic or pan!i/ic1 by exclud+ fre$om f ! univ]se1 leaves no place = moral action or responsibility1 x /ill cont9ues to speak ab\t obligation & ! reality ( p]sonal "*4 ,9 ?is case ! obligation c be only acquiesc5ce 9 ! fatali/ic onw>d evolution ( nature ) its inevitable ev5ts4 ,!i/ic evolution1 h[ev]1 hold+ itself z only ! mode ( ! div9e creation1 ?\gh x has difficulties 9 expla9+ ! g5esis ( an au?oritative consci5ce1 ma9ta9s bo? its exi/5ce 9 "s s5se & a gr\nd = ! obligation :i* x urges4 ,its utilit>ianism diff]s f e>li] =ms 9 sub/itut+ an hi/orical & biological explanation ( ! orig9 & =ce ( ! moral s5tim5ts = ! purely psy*ological "o4 ,^! s5tim5ts are decl>$ to be ! results ( accumulat$ exp]i5ces ( utility1 gradually organiz$ & inh]it$4#ed ,9 its bett] =ms ( /atem5t ?is process ( organiz+ a guid+ in/9ct or intuition is repres5t$ z ! div9e "w ( transf]r+ ! moral law ov] u into our subjective consci\sness--a process1 h[ev]1 t moves on ! pr9ciple ( utility & is always incomplete4#ee ,aga9/ ! :ole utilit>ian !ory1 z a widely urg$ explanation ( ! gr\nd ( "r & ! s5se ( obligation1 ! foll[+ consid]ations are decisive3 ,fir/1 ! idea ( "r is g5]ically di/9ct & diff]5t f t ( happ9ess or utility4 ,h[ev] closely relat$ !y refuse to be id5tifi$ & mu/ n be conf\nd$4 ,9 ref]5ce to any p>ticul> act or to any g5]al c\rse ( conduct1 beyond ! "q ( pleasure or advantage arises ! fur!r "q3 ,is x "r8 ,e day ( _! lives m5 are requir$ to =ego enjoym5t & ! =w>d+ ( :at appe>s to be _! int]e/s1 9 ord] to d "r & foll[ _! consci5ce4 ,p]ceiv$ adaptations to happ9ess are n ! same z ! obligation to "r4 ,utilit>ianism /&s ap>t f ! moral idea1 9 a by-play ) ! idea ( pr(it4#ef ,secondly1 z a matt] ( fact1 cle> 9 our consci\sness1 we d n1 9 decid+ ! "r or wrong ( purposes & conduct1 g ?r\gh ! process ( fir/ det]m9+ ! "q ( utility or adapt$ness to secure ! greate/ happ9ess to ! greate/ numb] or ev5 our own greate/ happ9ess4 ,9 actual moral exp]i5ce1 ! fir/ fact is ! notion ( "r & duty4 ,ev5 :5 pleasure or advantage is mak+ an appeal1 duty is decid$ by ! fur!r "q3 ,is x "r8 ,if x be claim$ t ! process ( calculation has become l>gely unnecess>y ?r\gh ! exp]i5ce :i* has be5 tea*+ lessons & tra9+ into judgm5ts s spontane\s z to seem almo/ intuitive1 !re are /ill cases en\gh :]e ! "r is a di/9ct issue1 irrespective ( advantage1 & :]e x is *os5 9 ! face ( loss & suff]+4 ,?is fact %[s t "r is a di/9ct pr9ciple & high] ?an pleasure4 ,to d "r r ?an seek s5sitive good is ! noble/ exaltation ( "*4 ,x is especially 9 evolutioni/ utilit>ianism t ! abs5ce ( su* consci\s calculat+ ( advantage 9 que/ions ( duty1 is suppos$ to be expla9$4 ,! enjoym5t ( ! useful is repres5t$ z gradually organiz$ & trans=m$ into moral approbation1 & ?r\gh h]$it>y desc5t appe>s1 z ,h]b]t ,sp5c] says1 9 c]ta9 emotions respond+ to "r & wrong1 :i* h no app>5t basis 9 ! individual exp]i5ces ( utility4 ,b philosophy fails to expla9 h[ ! idea ( ! useful c ?us become id5tical ) ! idea ( ! "r1 or ev5 explanatory ( x4 ,if a lifetime's exp]i5ce ( utility does n suffice to transmute ! idea ( "o into ! o!r1 :y %\ld we ?9k a long] "t w\ld d x8 ,if duty does n become ! same z happ9ess or z ! t5d5cy ( conduct to promote x1 9 ! asc5d+ /eps ( individual evolution1 :at w>rant h we to assume t x did s 9 "s p]iod f> back ( ! consci\sness ( ! pres5t individuals ( ! race8 ,?irdly1 utilit>ianism is inconsi/5t ) ! au?ority :i* belongs to "r1 z witness$ 9 ! moral consci\sness4 ,x is ! di/9ctive peculi>ity ( consci5ce t x reveals a law or pr9ciple ( obligation1 n ( our own mak+1 & :i* our wills _c displace4 ,manife/ly ?is au?ority is n ( ! faculty itself1 b belongs to ! law ( "r :i* x discloses4 ,x is "r1 !re=e1 t is au?oritative1 ) & ?r\gh ! consci5ce1 because "r is a revelation ( t absolute au?ority n ourselves :i* makes = righte\sness 9 ! _w & ! :ole univ]se4 ,x repres5ts ! p]fections & w ( ,god4 ,no !ory ( obligation is adequate :i* does n squ>e ) ?is fact ( unique au?ority 9 "r1 z recogniz$ & en=c$ by ! moral imp]ative4 ,b nei!r happ9ess nor ! utilities t t5d to promote x1 possess x4 ,!y are n obligatory 9 ! peculi> s5se 9 :i* ! e?ical behe/ b9ds to righte\sness4 ,!y are (f]$ to our enjoym5t1 z s5sitive good1 b we may =ego !m or neglect to seek !m1 )\t direct crim9ality4 ,duty may1 & (t5 does1 require u n to make !m a controll+ object ( desire4 ,among pleasures1 "s are high] or l>g] ?an o!rs1 & appeal to "s p]sons m /rongly ?an to o!rs4 ,we c innoc5tly *oose betwe5 !m4 ,to seek ! great] in/ead ( ! small]1 or inde$ to neglect !m all1 is a prud5tial *>act]i/ic1 n a moral "o4 ,:]e a p]son has simply =egone pleasure1 he may regret x z an error1 b n rep5t ( x z a s94 ,consid]$ ) respect to ! individual alone1 & free f relations t may incid5tally involve o!r po9ts ?an 8 own p]sonal pleasure1 a man's happ9ess may be reg>d$ z 8 own free conc]n4 ,if he *ooses to neglect its pursuit1 or sacrifice x to o!r aims1 s f> z x is only & purely a "q z betwe5 great] or less enjoym5t1 8 *oice _c be *all5g$ z guilty1 b only z poor economy4 ,unque/ionably x ought to be believ$ t ,god desires m5 to be happy1 & has provid$ ! ne$ful conditions = happ9ess1 b its enjoym5t is an (f] ( ,8 love1 & n a requirem5t ( law4 ,happ9ess is a ?+ to be gratefully appreciat$2 "r is a ?+ we are b\nd to4 ,happ9ess is a ?+ ! less likely to be enjoy$ ! m covet\sly x is s\ght aft]2 "r claims our un=getful & complete/ loyalty4 ,utilit>ianism1 !re=e1 assum+ to gr\nd "r1 :i* has direct au?ority 9 ! moral consci\sness1 ^u happ9ess :i* 9 itself has none1 necess>ily falls %ort ( be+ an adequate !ory ( ! e?ical reality4 ,x attempts to d$uce ! moral f ! non-moral4 ,?is diff]5ce betwe5 que/ions ( "r & que/ions ( utility easily solves a suppos$ difficulty 9 ! moral fre$om ( ! w4 ,if *oices 7 simply betwe5 great] or less degrees ( pleasure or advantage1 x might easily be imag9$ t ! w w\ld be necess>ily det]m9$ by ! great] pleasure4 ,z betwe5 inducem5ts ( ! same k9d1 ! l>g] w\ld prevail4 ,b ! e?ical *oices h _! place 9 ! pres5ce ( motives ( diff]5t k9ds1 betwe5 "r & enjoym5t1 duty or ga92 & "h !re is unque/ionable room = free e?ical *oices4 ,! "q ( fre$om 9 moral life is at once reliev$ by tak+ x out ( ! utilit>ian view into ! cle> atmosph]e :]e ! pr(itable is no long] conf\nd$ ) ! "r4 ,f\r?ly1 utilit>ianism inv]ts ! true relation betwe5 "r & utility4 ,unque/ionably ! connection betwe5 !m is v close4 ,9 a moral sy/em true happ9ess belongs to righte\sness4 ,man _c atta9 8 true welf>e 9 s94 ,:atev] unc]ta9ties & inequalities ! abuse ( free ag5cy may br+ tempor>ily into human enjoym5t1 9 ! long run "r 9 its v nature promotes ! happ9ess :i* has be5 int5d$ = u4 ,b ! logical ord] ( relations is1 n t an act is "r because x is useful1 b useful because "r4 ,"u a moral gov]nm5t happ9ess1 9 ! highe/ & fulle/ s5se1 comes z ! legitimate fruit ( righte\sness1 z wrong-do+1 also1 br+s its true consequ5ces 9 suff]+1 pa9 & mis]y4 ,"r is ! quality ( highe/ rank1 & all bless$ness comes into unity & h>mony "u x4 ,_! rightness gives to actions _! quality ( usefulness1 :i* _c1 !re=e1 gr\nd ! "r4 ,utilit>ianism inv]ts ! real relation4 ,?is true relation expla9s h[ x is t ! "r /&s ! v highe/ 9 ! grade ( values1 )\t its becom+ "r by its pr(itabl5ess4 ,x is ( supreme wor?1 ! greate/ good1 b x is s by :at x is 9 itself4 ,its good consequ5ces spr+ f its nature4 ,b :ile utilit>ianism is ?us utt]ly inadequate z a /atem5t ( ! gr\nd ( "r1 x nev]!less1 especially 9 its altrui/ic =m1 br+s to view "s g5u9e & pr(\nd pr9ciples ( ! philosophy ( duty4 ,?is has giv5 x its plausibility & wide acceptance4 ,x is prop]1 !re=e1 to m>k & recognize ! tru? t belongs to ! !ory4 7#a7 ,! t5d5cies ( conduct to promote true happ9ess1 or ! contr>y1 furni%1 9 fact1 a valuable practical rule 9 que/ions ( "r & duty4 ,=1 by ! moral con/itution ( ! _w1 "r-do+1 despite ! disord]s t tempor>ily ob/ruct & confuse ! real law ( consequ5ces1 is ! way ( true welf>e4 ,happ9ess1 9 ! true1 ?\gh n h$oni/ic s5se1 is an end ( our be+1 & virtue is conducive to x4 ,! way ( ! transgressor is h>d1 "u ! law ( natural cause & effect4 ,! utilit>ian !ory !re=e ju/ly appeals to ! great lessons ( exp]i5c$ utility to %[ ! way ( duty & guide conduct into righte\sness4 ,s t :ile utility does n expla9 :y an act is "r1 x becomes1 if correctly int]pret$1 a pr9ciple ( great value 9 det]m9+ ! "r4 7#b7 ,x is unque/ionably true t ! altrui/ic pr9ciple ( ! greate/ good to ! greate/ numb] pres5ts a pr9ciple ( g5u9e moral au?ority4 ,x op5s to view ! :ole realm ( obligation to b5efic5t activity & self-sacrifice4 ,x po9ts to de$s t are noble/ 9 life & highe/ 9 e?ical "*4 ,x ev5 gives a reason = _! obligator9ess4 ,9 ?is =m ! !ory no long] bases duty simply on "o's own p]sonal enjoym5t or advantage1 id5tify+ morality ) supreme selfi%ness1 b lifts x into ! sph]e ( b5evol5ce & do+ good4 ,=1 9 altruism individual enjoym5t & int]e/s are necess>ily subord9at$ to ! well-be+ ( ! _m4 ,& :5 utility is ?us put into ! s]vice ( love or good-w1 x c>ries ! quality ( "r into wide ranges ( purpose & conduct4 ,x w be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t ! !ory ?us obta9s its appe>ance ( expla9+ ! f\ndation ( "r & duty only aft] utility has be5 itself *ang$ & id5tifi$ ) ! virtue ( active good-w or b5efic5ce :i*1 ( c\rse1 is "r & obligatory to ! degree ( e man's ability4 ,9 o!r words1 only :5 x ceases to be purely & really a utilit>ian !ory1 & /&s 9 ! "n & rights ( b5evol5ce--gett+ e?ical au?ority surreptiti\sly f ! quality ( love in/ead ( pr(itabl5ess--does x also get ! plausibility t x seems to possess4 7#c7 ,x is true1 too1 t a p]son's opportunities to promote 8 own happ9ess & true int]e/s involve a degree ( obligation to d s1 z f> z ?is may be consi/5t ) o!r duties4 ,a prop] self-reg>d is "r4 ,9 g5]al1 on ! "o h&1 we may ju/ly make1 z we h done1 a di/9ction betwe5 enjoym5t1 :i* is (f]$ to our option1 & "r1 :i* is requir$ by moral law4 ,7 !re no consid]ations involv$ b t ( "o's own happ9ess1 ?is di/9ction w\ld be unqualifi$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x mu/1 at ! same "t1 be confess$ t ! moral consci\sness ( mank9d (t5 condemns ! conduct ( m5 reckless ( _! own happ9ess or well-be+1 n simply z poor economy1 b also z morally wrong4 ,except 9 b5evol5t sacrifice no man c innoc5tly ?r[ away 8 own happ9ess4 ,! explanation ( ?is is easy4 ,!re are o!r consid]ations involv$ ?an 8 own happ9ess4 ,to und]/& ! :ole tru? at ?is po9t ! und]ly+ fact mu/ be borne 9 m9d1 t man is creat$ = two great ends1 prim>ily = excell5ce ( "*1 second>ily & consequ5tly = happ9ess4 ,9 moral ord] ! way to ! latt] is 9 & ?r\gh ! =m]4 ,"* /&s z ! irrepealable condition ( rea*+ man's prop] & true happ9ess4 ,& x is1 !re=e1 true t 9 ?r[+ away 8 happ9ess a man may be guilty ( m ?an poor economy1 b only 9 case he does ?is by violat+ ! law ( "r 9 surr5d]+ 8 nature to vice4 ,x is n ! cons5t to surr5d] enjoym5t 9 itself t involves guilt4 ,=1 "o may innoc5tly & virtu\sly =ego ?is = ! sake ( do+ "r4 ,he may sacrifice pleasure or pres5t happ9ess to s]ve ! good ( o!rs4 ,9 su* disreg>d & sacrifice ( enjoym5t to d good1 !re is no s9 aga9/ ! law ( "r2 = we are n b\nd to enjoym5t z we are to "r4 ,nor is !re 9 x any s9 aga9/ ! div9e provision = happ9ess 9 our own nature2 = "u ! rule ( moral ord] righte\sness & happ9ess mu/ f9ally co9cide4 ,:ile1 !re=e1 !re is a s5se 9 :i* to ?r[ away "o's happ9ess is morally wrong1 z well z bad policy1 x is only :5 x is ?r[n away by conduct t is fir/ a violation ( ! law ( "r4 ,!re are two o!r pr(\nd e?ical facts :i* help to expla9 h[ m5 are b\nd to reg>d _! own happ9ess1 al?\gh "r is n gr\nd$ 9 x4 ,"o is1 t e man su/a9s relations to ! welf>e ( 8 fell[-m51 be+ a unit 9 ! solid>ity ( social humanity1 mak+ x impossible to sep>ate 8 own happ9ess f ! well-be+ & rights ( o!rs4 ,! o!r is t he su/a9s also relations to an int5d$ possible p]sonal de/9y4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! he is b\nd 9 duty to 8 fell[-m54 ,9 ! second he is obligat$ 9 duty to ,god4 ,9 ! =m] case1 he _c wantonly trifle ) 8 own int]e/s )\t wrong & injury to ^? to :om he is b\nd 9 ! relation%ips ( life4 ,9 ?is way a moral wrong comes 94 ,9 ! latt] case1 z ,god has rights 9 ,8 plan = ea* man's wor?y & happy de/9y1 x is a s9 aga9/ ,him :5 m5 make _! own welf>e inf]ior by failure to obs]ve ! moral pr9ciple :i* conditions true happ9ess 9 righte\sness4 ,sacrifice ( happ9ess by su* disreg>d ( moral pr9ciple is n to be conf\nd$ ) sacrifice ( x ?r\gh loyalty to "r & holy self-d5ial 9 do+ good4 ,x ?us1 h[ev]1 becomes evid5t1 ev5 9 ?is discussion & exhibition ( ! tru? :i* utilit>ianism has 9 its favor1 t ! !ory fails to pres5t ! real gr\nd ( "r4 ,= 9 its prim>y & fundam5tal =m1 view+ conduct z "r because promotive ( our p]sonal int]e/s & happ9ess1 x pla9ly resolves morality into m]e calculation ( selfi%ness4 ,x pres5ts supreme egoism4 ,& 9 its altrui/ic =m x ei!r ma9ta9s its selfi% "*1 by expla9+ t only by ! rule ( ! greate/ good to ! greate/ numb] c ! common int]e/1 & consequ5tly ea* man's %>e be fully secur$1 imply+ t he is to contribute to ! common welf>e = ! sake ( 8 own l>g] portion2 or by subord9at+ ! idea ( utility to t ( good-w actively seek+ ! int]e/s ( o!rs1 x practically confesses t x mu/ seek "s o!r gr\nd ?an m]e utility or ! consequ5ces ( conduct1 9 :i* to f9d ! pr9ciple ( "r4 ,& ?is good-w1 b5evol5ce or love1 ?us add$1 also fails4 ,= s9ce good-w is a virtue1 x _c be plac$ z ! gr\nd ( virtue1 bo? 9 itself & 9 all virtues4 ,! moral law is by no means exhau/$ 9 b5evol5ce2 x mu/ include also ju/ice1 purity1 v]acity & _m o!r duties4 ,a b5evol5ce t w\ld be unaccompani$ by condemnation ( ! evil-do] & 8 wrongs1 might quickly g a/ray4 ,x has (t5 be5 po9t$ out t good-w itself ?r[s no light z to ! "r me?ods ( realiz+ ev5 itself4 ,itself ne$s a guide z to h[ x may proce$--! v pr9ciple ( "r aft] ^: basis we are inquir+4 ,love1 unless unit$ ) reprobation ( evil-do+1 is z likely to act immorally z morally4 ,b5evol5t endeavor1 h[ev] excell5t 9 itself1 mu/ subject its me?ods to ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( "r4 ,& n until we f9d ! relations t require bo? b5evol5ce & its utilities1 d we rea* ! gr\nd ( "r & obligation4 ,!ory ( ,relations4 #aa4 ,! ,!ory ( ,relations is v>i\sly modifi$4 ,z express$ by ,dr4 ,samuel ,cl>ke1 "r is bas$ on ! fitness ( ?+s4 ,wolla/on gr\nd$ x on ! tru? ( ?+s1 wrong action be+ 9 all cases out ( h>mony ) ! realities ( exi/5ce4 ,j\ffroy f\nd x 9 ! dem&s ( univ]sal ord]1 ! p>ticul> good & duty ( ea* man be+ elem5ts or p>ts ( an absolute good & univ]sal ord] appe>+ to reason z obligatory4 ,dr4 ,wayl& makes "r re/ ^u con=mity ( action to ! relations :i* man su/a9s 9 life4#eg ,we %all come ^u ! ess5tial features ( ?is !ory 9 our next *apt]1 9 our positive acc\nt ( ! developm5t & basis ( "r4 ,spiritual ,excell5ce ,!ory4 #ab4 ,z def9$ by ,dr4 ,hickok3 ,! gr\nd 9 :i* ! ultimate rule ( "r is se51 is ! intr9sic excell5cy ( spiritual be+4444 ,e man has consci\sly ! bond ^u him to d t & t only :i* is due to 8 spiritual excell5cy4#eg ,b x is a pla9 matt] ( fact t m5 d n g ?r\gh a process ( correlat+ _! propos$ conduct ) ! spiritual excell5cy ( _! nature1 be=e decid+ on its moral "*4 ,& ev5 if !y did s1 x w\ld give !m b a self-c5tr$ rule4 ,dr4 ,gregory well says ( ?is attempt to put "o's own spiritual excell5cy z ! pr9ciple ( "r3 ,x is only by a self-deification1 by mak+ man a god to himself1 t x c be made a supreme end4#eh ,!ory ( ,intuitions4 #ac4 ,"s writ]s se>* = no gr\nd beyond ! imm$iate intuition4 ,?is view =be>s to seek = any basis beh9d ! imm$iate affirmation ( ! moral s5se4 ,"r is ultimate 9 its own intuition4 ,! intuition creates law4 ,?is seems to be ! tea*+ ( ,cudwor?1 ,kant1 ,col]idge1 ,cald]wood1 & o!rs4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,gr\nd ,,( ,,"r--,,cont9u$4 ,! review ( !ories 9 ! la/ *apt] prep>es u to appreh5d ! real gr\nd ( "r4 ,all ! subjective !ories fail1 because ! moral quality is objectively real to ! p]cipi5t consci5ce4 ,! endmoni/ic & utilit>ian explanations are at fault1 because !y attempt to d$uce ! moral f ! unmoral & c give no acc\nt ( ! unique au?ority :i* is ! *>act]i/ic m>k ( moral law4 ,! full gr\nd ( "r1 z ! ess5tial elem5ts ( ! problem h made cle>ly app>5t1 mu/ be reg>d$ z tw(old1 embrac+1 fir/1 ! proximate or imm$iate gr\nd1 & secondly1 ! ultimate gr\nd4 ,proximate ,gr\nd ,/at$4 ,i4 ,! proximate gr\nd--z becomes easily manife/ if we keep our view close to ! witness ( consci\sness 9 actual exp]i5ce--is 9 a rational con=mity ( conduct to ! relations :i* m5 su/a9 to "o ano!r & to o!r be+s 9 ! div9ely con/itut$ sy/em ( ! _w4 ,^! relations imm$iately call = fitt+ conduct4 ,!y create ! ought ( moral law4 ,! "r is f\nd 9 con=m+ to ! requirem5ts :i* !y develop & impose4 ,duty consi/s 9 fulfill+ ! dem&s :i* !y involve & express to ! moral reason4 ,?is1 x w be notic$1 accords ) ! fundam5tal pr9ciple already ref]r$ to1 t ! conception ( moral law allies itself normally only ) ! !i/ic view ( ! _w1 & ! tru? t ! con/itut$ human relations h be5 fram$ "u a rational ideal ( ord] & welf>e4 ,^! relations =m a rational sy/em 9 :i* intellig5t free activity is to actualize a div9e plan ( excell5ce & well-be+4 ,!y require conduct 9 accordance ) !mselves & ) ! ends ( well-be+ & happ9ess to :i* !y h be5 adapt$4 ,! human reason reads ! mean+ ( ! relations1 & ! moral disc]nm5t recognizes ! obligation to correspond5t s5tim5t & action4 ,moral conduct ?us becomes simply ! conduct t actualizes ! ideas ( div9e ord] to :i* ! framework ( human relations has be5 con/itut$4 ,:at is "r spr+s imm$iately f ! relations1 z :at is due 9 ideal moral ord]4 ,! relations !mselves exhibit a moral con/itution z ! imm$iate environm5t ( ! human moral p]sonality4 ,!y br+ ! e?ical requirem5t :i* !y conta9 to ! recogniz+ capacity ( ! reason & ! ob$i5ce ( ! w4 ,x is to be notic$1 fur!r1 t ! t]m relations is to be und]/ood "h 9 its mo/ compreh5sive s5se & applicability4 ,x embraces all relations ) respect to :i* ! human p]sonality 9 its fre$om has to det]m9e & h>monize itself--relations individual1 social1 & div9e4 ,social relation%ip has (t5 be5 absurdly mi/ak5 z ! only sph]e ( moral obligation2 & ! individual1 if contemplat$ z alone & p]fectly isolat$1 has sometimes be5 suppos$ to be entirely )\t e?ical bonds4 ,9 :at conc]ns himself only1 he is imag9$ to be unb\nd4 ,b ?is is an unw>rantable limitation ( ! t]m4 ,= ! individual1 ev5 view$ utt]ly ap>t f 8 race1 yet su/a9s relations to ! adaptations & int5tions 9 8 own nature4 ,z 9 society he owes some?+ to ! humanity ar\nd him1 ev5 alone he w\ld /ill owe some?+ to ! humanity committ$ to 8 own keep+4 ,he _c absolve himself f ! bond t b9ds him to t--z 9 fact he _c f t :i* unites him to 8 fell[-m54 ,m]e pleasures or enjoym5ts :i* are ap>t f 8 ess5tial "* he may1 inde$1 disreg>d1 b n :at conc]ns its int5d$ excell5ce & honor4 ,x has be5 well said3 ,rob9son ,crusoe did n become a non-moral be+ :5 ?r[n on ! des]t isl&2 = he /ill ow$ respect to 8 own humanity4#ei ,_m a de$ is wrong1 n z injur+ o!rs1 b z violative ( ! ag5t's relation to ! purposes lodg$ 9 8 own con/itution4 ,?is is z real z are ^? t connect him ) 8 fell[-m5 ar\nd him or ) ,god above him4 ,& x is v sup]ficial ?\ght t f9ds no relations b ^? t are objective4 ,sometimes1 /rangely1 9 popul> ?9k+1 man's relation to ,god is also omitt$ f a place 9 morality1 by a relegation ( x to ! sph]e ( religion4 ,b ?is relation is ! mo/ fundam5tal & vital ( all human relations & mo/ replete ) moral obligations & responsibilities4 ,?is view ( ! imm$iate gr\nd ( "r is fully e/abli%$ by ! foll[+ additional consid]ations3 ,su/a9$ by ,moral ,consci\sness4 #a4 ,x is directly su/a9$ by ! moral consci\sness itself1 9 con/ant exp]i5ce4 ,z a "q ( psy*ological metaphysics ! po9t mu/ be settl$ 9 h>mony ) ! te/imony ( consci\sness4 ,appeal+ to ?is1 !re c be no d\bt t ^! relations d develop & call = ! duties :i* ! consci5ce is con/antly disc]n+ & en=c+4 ,?is is simply a fact--a fact :i* speculations ab\t ! orig9 ( consci5ce or ! education ( its judgm5ts1 mu/ n be all[$ to obscure4 ,x assures t actual morality is no ab/raction1 b concrete conduct rightly answ]+ to ea* p]son's relations 9 real life4 ,beyond all "q1 z ?us witness$ 9 ! univ]sal moral consci\sness1 ^! relations f ! mo/ g5]al1 t ( man to man1 d[n ?r\gh all special connections1 z betwe5 p>5ts & *ildr51 husb& & wife1 bro!rs & si/]s1 fri5ds & neighbors1 rul]s & citiz5s1 employ] & employ1 ri* & poor1 capable & helpless1 & all ! o!r human int]relations 9 _! ?\s&s ( div]sifi$ =ms1 d det]m9e & impose bo? g5]al & specific duties4 ,! duties come into view z develop$ by ! relations1 & *ange z !y are modifi$ & *ang$4 ,?is bas+ ( :at is "r & obligatory = m5 on _! relations to "o ano!r1 to ,god1 & to appo9t$ ends1 is n a m]e !ory1 b an unque/ionable reality 9 _! consci\sness4 ,& ?is accords ) ! be/ cosmic philosophy4 ,= ?is holds all ^! relations z p>ts ( a rationally design$ sy/em ( _w-ord] = univ]sal well-be+1 & ! moral reason z capacitat$ to disc]n1 ) m or less cle>ness & fulness1 ! moral requirem5t :i* !y involve & pres5t = obs]vance4 ,we "k ( no morality t exi/s1 or c exi/1 9 human life1 ap>t f !m4 ,/rike !m all away1 & all duties disappe>4 ,take1 z illu/ration1 ! mo/ g5]ic virtue ( all ! virtues recogniz$ by ! e?ical judgm5ts1 t ( good-w or love4 ,! moral reason recognizes ?is z re/+1 accord+ to et]nal fitness1 9 ! broade/ & mo/ g5]ic ( all relations1 t ( "o intellig5t s5ti5t be+ to ano!r4 ,9 ! int]-human connection x is bas$ 9 ! bro!rhood ( man4 ,& ?is g5]ic good-w1 ?us requir$ 9 ideal moral "r by ! g5]ic relation1 becomes diff]5tiat$ & modifi$ 9 ?\s&s ( special types & =ms by ! endlessly div]sifi$ p>ticul> relations ( life4 ,presuppositions 9 ,responsibility4 #b4 ,x is impli$ 9 ! logical presuppositions to all moral responsibility4 ,among su* presuppositions1 z conc$$ by all1 are intellig5ce to "k1 & fre$om to con=m to ^! relations4 ,^! pr]equisites are ess5tial to ! v conception ( moral action & am5ability4 ,x is ! univ]sal s5se ( ! race t creatures t _c "k !mselves & ! relations !y su/a91 & are )\t free-w to fulfil !m1 are morally irresponsible & incapable ( virtue or vice4 ,to !m ! moral realm becomes a blank1 & ! moral judgm5ts become impossible4 ,& equally univ]sal is ! admission t ! moral insight is help$ & responsibility increas$ by e increase ( light giv+ l>g] & tru] k ( ! complex & intricate connections ( human life4 ,) e broad5$ & cl>ifi$ vision ( ^! connections fre% obligations appe>4 ,a defective appreh5sion ( ! relations 9 :i* we /& to ,god & to our fell[-m51 w prev5t our see+ our specific duties4#fj ,?is fact furni%es direct evid5ce t "r conduct mu/ be held z a c]ta9 intellig5t adju/m5t to ! relations su/a9$4 ,! value ( ?is po9t is magnifi$ :5 we rem9d ourselves h[ x expla9s & illum9ates ! sometimes tr\blesome ph5om5on ( diff]5t & ev5 conflict+ moral judgm5ts 9 ! same case by diff]5t p]sons1 & ! fact ( progress 9 moral /&>ds z civilization & culture advance4 ,diff]+ appreh5sion ( "o or m ( ! _m elem5ts or factors conv]g+1 ) confus+ =ce1 into almo/ e situation :i* calls = duty1 easily acc\nts = mo/ ( ! p]plex+ div]sity4 ,! relations are se5 f diff]5t angles1 & int]pret$ 9 diff]5t light4 ,& ! advance ( civilizations1 ) _! sci5ce & philosophy1 br+s tru] & complet] views ( man's place & relations4 ,! moral ideas ( ! human reason are1 inde$1 ess5tially id5tical 9 all m5 & all ages1 & :5 human relations are appreh5d$ 9 ! same light1 ) equal cle>ness & fulness1 ! moral judgm5ts sub/antially agree4 ,b ! progress ( k1 ?r[+ increas+ light on ^! relations1 leads ! onw>d civilizations up into tru] & bett] application ( ! pr9ciples ( "r 9 life4 ,! diff]5t codes d n mean a *ange ( prim>y moral ideas1 b m]ely reflect & illu/rate ! *ang$ & advanc+ appreh5sion ( man's true relations to :i* ^! un*ang+ ideas are1 & are =ev] to be1 appli$4 ,ano!r & k9dr$ fact is expla9$1 add+ /ill fur!r confirmation ( ! correctness ( ?is !ory4 ,) p]fect int5tions m5 fulfil objective duty only 9 measure4 ,duty is only approximately accompli%$1 9 v>y+ degrees1 f v faulty success to high grades ( accuracy & complet5ess4 ,a correct view ( ! gr\nd ( "r mu/ necess>ily all[ a consi/5t explanation ( ?is fact4 ,sometimes ! fact has be5 look$ ^u z inconsi/5t ) any absolute divid+ l9e betwe5 "r & wrong1 on "o or ! o!r side ( :i* e action mu/ fall4 ,n all good acts are p]fect or faultless2 n all evil ones are equally violations ( duty4 ,( "r actions "s measure up bett] ?an o!rs t[>d all t full duty requires4 ,dr4 ,m>t9eau1 p>tly 9 ord] to acc\nt = ?is scope ( v>iety 9 moral correctness1 urges a special def9ition ( "r & wrong3 ,e action is "r1 :i*1 9 pres5ce ( a l[] pr9ciple1 foll[s a high]2 e action is wrong1 :i*1 9 pres5ce ( a high] pr9ciple1 foll[s a l[]4#fa ,by ! great diff]5ce 9 ! rank ( moral motives ! reason ( m5's diff]+ grades 9 ! asc5d+ or desc5d+ scale ( "* seems to come into view4 ,b :ile ! def9ition furni%es a rule frequ5tly s]viceable = guidance 9 que/ions ( duty1 x fails to def9e ! gr\nd ( "r2 = x leaves unsettl$ ! v po9t 9 ?is "q1 viz43 :y "o pr9ciple 7z a motive7 is morally high] or l[] ?an ano!r1 or :y "s int5tions or actions are "r or wrong 9 any degree4 ,& ! (f]$ explanation is unnecess>y2 = ! unque/ionable pr9ciple ( moral requirem5t develop$ 9 relations1 & disc]n$ by ! intuitive insight ( ! consci5ce fully expla9s ! v>iety1 :5 we rememb] ! v>i\s degrees ( accuracy & fulness ) :i* ^! relations are und]/ood & e/imat$4 ,e relation call+ = duty is composite & complex1 ! v>i\s p>ts be+ (t5 s connect$ z to come only p>tially or "o-sid$ly into view1 prev5t+ full insight ( ! moral dem&1 or accurate adju/m5t ( s5tim5t & conduct to x4 ,r>ely is any relation simple & alone4 ,(t51 inde$ commonly1 consci5ce has to decide duty z a resultant obligation out ( v complicat$ & ev5 antagoni/ic relation%ips4 ,all ?is is amply suffici5t to expla9 ! diff]5t degrees 9 :i* ! conduct meets duty4 ,x is ! necess>y result ( ! impossibility ( exactly fitt+ ! moral s5tim5t or act to ! dem&s ( ! moral relations4 ,& ! transp>5t explanation :i* ?is !ory furni%es ( ! fact ( su* degrees /rongly corroborates its sci5tific correctness4 ,v]ifi$ 9 ,moral ,concepts4 #c4 ,x is v]ifi$1 fur!r1 9 ! "* ( ! v>i\s virtues1 & _! opposite immoralities4 ,9 _! v conceptions ^! imply relations4 ,!y are m\ld$ by !m1 & c>ry ! %ap+ ?us receiv$4 ,ju/ice1 = example1 9 int]-human affairs1 is absolute equity betwe5 man & man--exact reciprocity4 ,v]acity expresses some?+ t is due f "o to ano!r among be+s ^: welf>e requires !m to live accord+ to ! tru? ( ?+s4 ,! duty to speak ! tru? answ]s to ! ne$ & "r ( ea* "o to "k x4 ,love1 or good-w1 has already be5 %[n to express ! feel+ :i*1 9 et]nal fitness1 is due f "o s5ti5t rational be+ to ano!r1 9 ! mo/ g5]ic relation%ip4 ,hone/y means seek+ equality ( values 9 deal+s "o ) ano!r4 ,s9c]ity signifies g5u95ess 9 ! temp] & way we relate ourselves to ^? ab\t u4 ,we might run ?r\gh all ! precepts ( ! ,*ri/ian decalogue & note t e "o is bas$ on "s g5]al or special relation1 ei!r ( man to ,god or ( m5 to _! fell[-m54 ,no virtue c get away f relations4 ,! v concept ( e "o is m\ld$ by !m1 & c>ries ! %ap+ :i* !y en/amp ^u x z ! co9 does t ( ! die4 ,support$ by ,analogy4 #d4 ,x is support$ also by ! analogy ( organic & in/9ctive action4 ,9 organic action1 ! physically "r is adaptation to environm5t1 9 :i* ea* "p & movem5t fills its sph]e & accompli%es its functions 9 ! giv5 place & relations4 ,9 in/9ctive action1 ! =ce is adju/$ to ! position & connections 9 :i* ! animal is plac$4 ,= example1 t ( ! bee is made to move correspond5tly to its relations to ! individuals ( its own k9d & to ! end ( support+ & pres]v+ ! species4 ,! in/9ct ( ! beav] adju/s its h\se to its peculi> surr\nd+s2 t ( birds con/ructs _! ne/s 9 di/9ct adaptation to ! conditions t surr\nd !m4 ,9 animals t h>ve/ & /ore _! food1 x suits ! action to ! p>ticul> environm5t & *ang+ seasons4 ,9 e case in/9ct fits ! activity to ! giv5 place & relations ( its subject4 ,?is me?od by :i* organic & in/9ctive functions are set to secure "r action 9 _! special sph]es1 is exce$+ly significant ( ! g5]ic pr9ciple ( all "r action4 ,9 ! light ( ! analogy1 ! morally "r is a cont9uation ( ! same pr9ciple ( h>mony ) con/itut$ relations :i* is se5 to be omnipres5t 9 all ! l[] doma9 ( nature ext5d+ up to human p]sonality1 b becom+ moral at ?is po9t by be+ subject to free w & accompli%$ by x4 ,x is to be rememb]$ t teleologic plan & adaptation run ?r\gh ! entire cosmic ord]1 f atoms to worlds & f m9ute/ /ructures ( body to ! l(tie/ end[m5ts ( intellig5t be+s ak9 to ,god4 ,automatic action secures accordance 9 ! inf]ior ranges4 ,! gr& di/9ction ( ! moral realm appe>s :51 z ! cr[n+ asc5t ( life is rea*$1 ! pr9ciple ( e?ical h>mony ) div9ely con/itut$ relations is to be accept$ & accompli%$ by ! intellig5ce & fre$om ( man & is made ! moral ought "u p]sonal responsibility4 ,assum$ 9 ,common ,life4 #e4 ,x adds confirmation to ?is explanation1 t x is implicitly assum$ 9 all ! conceptions & language ( common life4 ,unbiass$ by speculative !ories ! e-day ?9k+ & spee* ( mank9d connect duties ) m5's p]sonal place & relations--duties modifi$ & fix$ accord+ to ! =m & specialty ( individual situations4 ,! fact ( duty itself is n m c]ta9 ?an ?is fact ( ! way 9 :i* spontane\s & unp]v]t$ ?\ght gr\nds x4 ,?is fix+ ( ! _w's conceptions & spee* 9 ?is =m _c be fairly int]pret$ z a caprice or accid5t1 b z ! true effect ( ! actual reality1 :i* /&s z its cause or w>rant4 ,& x is significant t speculative !ori/s :o h fram$ = !mselves "s o!r acc\nt1 :5ev] mom5t>ily (f _! gu>d or =gett+ to act z wat*-dog = _! !ory1 h be5 wont to turn unconsci\sly into =ms ( expression recogniz+ ?is relational gr\nd = human duties4 ,! ,ultimate ,gr\nd4 ,,ii4 ,9 ?us f9d+ ! "r gr\nd$ directly on con=mity to ! relations giv5 m5 9 ! con/itut$ ord] ( life1 we h n yet rea*$ ! full solution ( ! great problem4 ,= ^! relations are only a "p ( ! aggregate moral con/itution1 & are n ! la/ t]m ( moral au?ority4 ,!y d n /& 9 _! own indep5d5t "r4 ,?\gh !y d directly create & %ape ! imm$iate duties = :i* !y call1 !y are n ! ultimate reality 9 :i* moral law has its deep f\ndations4 ,s we mu/ g back to ! s\rce & reason ( ^! relations4 ,! ultimate gr\nd c be f\nd1 only 9 ,god himself :o1 9 8 und]iv$ et]nal nature1 is ! absolute gr\nd ( ! :ole creat$ univ]se1 ) all its int]relations :i* develop ! reality ( moral law4 ,! true conception ( ! div9e creative action is t 9 x ! ?\ght & moral "* ( ,god become transitive & appe> 9 ! relations e/abli%$ & ! e?ical requirem5ts :i* ! relations impose4 ,! con/itut$ connections & ord] ( life1 :i* involve an ideal /&>d ( "r conduct & duty1 reveal ! div9e m9d or int5tion & 9 x ! ultimate au?ority4 ,! proximate basis1 already discov]$1 9 ideal con=mity to ! moral relations 9 :i* ! moral ag5t is plac$1 !re=e repres5ts ,god1 :o1 z ! fir/ cause & et]nal gr\nd ( ! creation ) all its adaptations & laws1 is ! ultimate & un*angeable gr\nd ( "r & ( all moral law4 ,?is /atem5t ( ! ultimate gr\nd means m ?an a re/+ ( "r simply on ! w ( ,god4 ,a ref]5ce ( x to 8 w has (t5 /ood = a claim t ! moral law /&s m]ely 9 ! option ( ,god or z only a product ( 8 *oice4 ,_m h repres5t$ x z only an effect ^: cause is an act ( 8 w--t w orig9at+ or mak+ ! "r r ?an obs]v+ & decl>+ x1 & ! moral law hav+ no basis o!r ?an su* enactm5t ( w4 ,b ?is w\ld imply t ,god himself is )\t moral "*1 act+ f no norm ( ess5tial "r1 b simply by m]e w orda9+ :at %\ld pass z "r among mank9d4 ,our fundam5tal e?ical conception ( him1 h[ev]1 is t ( a moral be+ & moral rul]4 ,& to be moral means to love & *oose ! "r z "r4 ,we mu/ keep 9 m9d "h ! relation betwe5 moral law & w1 or ! *oices ( ! w4 ,moral au?ority does n exi/ z w1 b z "r4 ,! great conception ( ! "r1 z witness$ to 9 univ]sal consci5ce1 is ( some?+ t appeals to w & requires ! w to b[ to its claim4 ,"r is sup]ior & au?oritative = w1 & _c1 !re=e1 be simply an effect ( x4 ,! "r itself is basal = "r will+1 ev5 ) ,god himself4 ,he wills accord+ to x4 ,h5ce ! moral law is n to be consid]$ a product ( 8 w1 b an expression ( 8 nature4 ,9 p]fect fre$om he wills ! good because he is good1 be+ 9 8 et]nal nature ! absolute & inf9ite moral ,p]fection4 ,x is a deep conviction 9 ! moral consci\sness ( mank9d1 t ,god himself is 9 8 v nature righte\s & good1 a conviction :i* utt]s itself ev]more 9 ! spontane\s exclamation3 ,%all n ! judge ( all ! e>? d "r6 ,out ( a non-moral gr\nd ! moral c\ld nev] arise1 & only 9 ! v nature ( ,god himself z p]fect1 inf9ite & un*angeable righte\sness1 d we rea* ! ultimate gr\nd bo? ( ! con/itut$ relations ( human life & ( ! sublime & inext+ui%able reality ( moral law = ! ord]+ ( ^! relations4 ,! pr(\nd mean+ ( ! poet's c\plet3 ,= "r is "r s9ce ,god is ,god1 ,& "r ! day mu/ w91 is to id5tify ,god & "r z unit$ 9 ! et]nal f\ndation ( ! moral sy/em4 ,!re is ?us1 = ! univ]se1 :at has be5 (t5 designat$ an et]nal & immutable morality ^: au?ority & /&>d re/ 9 ! v ,gr\nd ( ! univ]se itself4 ,! conclusion ?us app>5t is v9dicat$ by ! v conception ( ! au?ority :i* b9ds m5 e?ically4 ,m]e might _c make "r or be t :i* has ! rev]5ce ( ! moral nature4 ,moral sov]eignty does n atta* to a simple absolutism ( p[]4 ,! e?ical w b[s to ! "r only4 ,x w\ld be a great contradiction to ?9k ( ! p[] to :i* ! moral submission ( ! s\l is due z itself any?+ o!r ?an an e?ical p[]1 ! morally good p[]1 ! morally good ,be+4 ,?is ultimate gr\nd ( "r1 ?us f\nd1 makes pla9 :y e?ics1 9 its full mean+ & issue1 is s closely alli$ to religion4 ,religion1 9 its _s & aim1 means fell[%ip ) ,god1 accordance ( desire1 w1 & life ) him4 ,& e?ics1 ev5 9 ! view ( its e>ly /ud5t ,plato1 looks to ! same goal1 lik5ess to ,god4 ,! supreme aim ( ,*ri/ianity is e?ical1 ! trans=mation & exaltation ( human conduct & "* into ! excell5ce & happ9ess ( righte\sness4 ,t ! moral life ( man may1 out ( 8 brok51 corrupt & disabl$ /ate ( s91 ?us become aga9 h>moniz$ ) ,god & ! div9e con/itution ( ?+s1 r$emption comes ) its sup]natural p[]s & help = human nature1 enabl+ & accompli%+ a realization ( ! e?ical law 9 human "*4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,objects ,,( ,,moral ,,judgm5t4 ,a full view ( ! e?ical reality & its mean+ = u requires yet an exam9ation into ! "q3 ,( :at may we ju/ly affirm moral quality8 ,:]e does ! consci5ce apply ! di/9ctions ( "r & wrong8 ,:at are prop]ly ! objects1 & ! only objects1 ( moral approval or condemnation8 ,or1 to put x 9 a way possibly m easily und]/ood1 to :at human activities or features ( life does moral quality belong8 ,x has already be5 not$ 9 g5]al t only p]sonal be+s c be moral ag5ts or become1 9 :at !y are & d1 objects ( moral judgm5t4 ,ap>t f p]sonality1 no place = virtue or vice c be f\nd4 ,( ?+s1 :e!r natural products or products ( human indu/ry1 z rock or /> or /ream1 or %ip or wat* or eng9e1 we _c pr$icate moral "*4 ,we may speak ( !m z beautiful1 useful1 or p]fect1 or z ugly1 useless1 or faulty1 b all di/9ctly e?ical t]ms are inapplicable to !m4 ,! moral approbation or condemnation :i* we feel = ! temp]1 words1 & actions ( m5 is felt t[>d !m z p]sonal ph5om5a4 ,deta*$ f p]sonality !y w\ld no m be subjects ( praise or blame ?an ! temp]ature ( ! sea1 ! noise ( ! w9d1 or ! d[n-p\r ( ra9 ,moral "* belongs to !m only z ! *>act]i/ics & manife/ations ( ! self-consci\s & self-direct$ life ( a moral ag5t4 ,to ! "q :at activities ( a moral ag5t may h e?ical quality1 x ought to be suffici5t to say t x belongs to all 8 consci\s & self-direct$ conduct4 ,obligation claims sway ov] ! :ole p]sonality4 ,b = cle>ness & def9it5ess1 x is necess>y to specify4 ,p]sonal ,actions4 #a4 ,! action itself1 9 its ext]nal =m1 may be "r or wrong1 z 9 con=mity to moral relations or incongru\s ) !m4 ,x may be ei!r ! de$ t is due to ! relations & a fulfilm5t ( ! duty !y call =1 or x may be "o t cla%es ) _! rational & actual requirem5t4 ,x may be 9 itself j ! action 9 :i* conduct is rightly adju/$ to ! actual relations--an act t ought to appe> 9 !m4 ,or x may be 9 itself an action ^: v =m contradicts ! moral dem& ( ! relations1 & :i* ought n to be done1 no matt] h[ good a motive may prompt ! de$4 ,= example1 ! motive to use !m 9 a wor?y *>ity c\ld nev] ju/ify a !ft ( goods or money1 nor c\ld filial c>e ( a helpless p>5t be 9 itself wrong1 ev5 %\ld a bad motive inspire x4 ,moral law repudiates ! fir/ de$2 x condemns ! wrong motive 9 ! second1 b decl>es ! mat]ial ( ! de$ itself to be "r & good4 ,we mu/ "h di/+ui% betwe5 ! moral "* ( ! do] & ( ! de$4 ,! quality ( "r & wrong belongs to ! action2 guilt or innoc5ce belongs to ! p]son4 ,?is is ! basis ( ! well kn[n fact t 9 "s cases ! do] ( a wrong act may nev]!less be held z innoc5t & ev5 virtu\s 9 x4 ,he may h hone/ly meant to d "r1 & act$ f praisewor?y motives1 b f n und]/&+ correctly or fully ! situation1 may h done :at has violat$ ! moral call ( ! relations4 ,! action may be condemn$1 :ile he himself may be acquitt$ ( guilt4 ,! full e?ical dem&1 h[ev]1 requires su* a use ( all our faculties ( k & behavior1 z n only to ma9ta9 a good int5tion1 b to keep our outw>d conduct 9 h>mony ) objective righte\sness4 ,_m writ]s h %[n a disposition to d5y moral quality to ! ext]nal action4 ,locat+ x all 9 ! inn] s5tim5t or int5tion1 _! analysis sep>ates ! visible "p f its s\rce1 & holds up to view ! action1 s sep>at$1 z m]e physical motion1 *>act]izable z useful & exp$i5t or ! contr>y1 b nei!r moral nor immoral4 ,indep5d5tly ( its motive x is resolv$ into m]e natural movem5t1 z non-e?ical z a muscul> spasm1 sleepwalk+1 ! da%+ ( a wave1 or ! bit+ ( fro/4 ,b ?is is z mislead+ z x is plausible4 ,! error becomes cle> by ! foll[+ consid]ations3 7#a7 ,! suppos$ sep>ation ( ! de$ f ! inw>d int5tion falsifies ! actual facts 9 ! case4 ,! ess5tial elem5t 9 ! problem is t we are contemplat+1 n physical movem5t only1 l spasms or waves1 b p]sonal de$s1 z acts ( moral ag5ts4 ,( c\rse1 moral quality does n atta* to ! action ( non-moral be+s1 z ! /rik+ ( clocks or ! b>k+ ( dogs1 b to de$s ( self-direct+ p]sonality4 ,let x be freely admitt$ t ! inn] s5tim5t does give quality to conduct4 ,! obligation to ! conduct t %all fulfil duty atta*es to ! p]sonal ag5t2 ! innoc5ce or guilt also belongs to him4 ,b !re is obligation ^u him ) respect to conduct only because conduct1 9 its ext]nal =ms z well z inw>d spr+s1 =ms ! total mat]ial ( morality4 ,!re c\ld be no responsibility = conduct if no moral quality belong$ to actions4 ,to sep>ate--aft] ! mann] ref]r$ to--! action f ! p]sonal moral ag5t & ?9k ( x z physical motion only1 makes x no long] ! action ab\t ^: "* we are inquir+4 7#b7 ,we mu/ be> 9 m9d sev]al j di/9ctions 9 ! application ( ! t]m "r4 ,along ) duty1 obligation1 m]it1 innoc5ce1 or guilt1 x may be affirm$ ( ! moral ag5t4 ,we may say1 he is "r1 9 do+ s or s4 ,we may speak ( ! inn] s5tim5t z "r or wrong4 ,s we may ( ! ext]nal action4 ,= ! true & full ext5t ( moral quality1 we mu/ make x cov] ! ag5t himself1 & bo? ! inn] & out] sides ( 8 p]sonal conduct4 ,conduct has an int]nal & an ext]nal "p4 ,! motive is only "o "p4 ,an action is relatively "r1 ) respect to ! ag5t1 :5 he has ! "r w 9 "r motive2 x is absolutely "r only :5 x is also %ap$ into accordance ) ! relations s z to realize ! moral dem& ^u ! p]son4 ,! di/9ction1 (t5 made1 betwe5 =mal "r & mat]ial "r1 ?r[s ! po9t into cle> light4 ,x is well /at$ by ,pr(4 ,b[ne3 ,! =m] dep5ds ^u ! attitude ( ! ag5t's w t[>d 8 ideal ( "r1 ! latt] dep5ds on ! h>mony ( ! act ) ! laws ( reality & its result+ t5d5cy to produce & promote well-be+4 ,conduct :i* is =mally "r may be mat]ially wrong2 & conduct :i* is mat]ially "r may be =mally wrong2 b no conduct c be ev5 =mally "r :5 ! ag5t does n aim to be mat]ially "r4 ,! ideal ( conduct dem&s bo? =mal & mat]ial rightness1 & z long z ei!r is lack+ ! outcome is imp]fect4444 ,if "o does '! be/ he kn[s1' x is (t5 said no?+ m c be dem&$ ( him4 ,& yet x is pla9 t ?is =mal righte\sness is altoge!r insuffici5t = ! p]son's well-be+4 ,! reason is t ! law ( well-be+ is indep5d5t ( our w4 ,if we misconceive t law & act accord+ly1 we may be =mally "r1 b because ( ! misconception we %\ld be mat]ially wrong4 ,x is1 !n1 by no means suffici5t t "o be =mally "r1 t is1 true to 8 convictions ( duty2 he mu/ also be mat]ially "r1 t is1 9 h>mony ) reality & its laws4 ,=mal rightness1 ( c\rse1 is e?ically ! m important1 z x involves ! good w2 b mat]ial rightness is only less important1 z )\t x our action is out ( h>mony ) ! univ]se4#fb 7#c7 ,! moral consci\sness1 :5 unp]v]t$ by speculative !ory1 does 9 fact judge ! actions ( m54 ,x /eadily holds !m z ess5tially "r or wrong1 ov] & above all "q z to ! motives = !m4 ,x is f\nd p]petually condemn+ ev5 well-meant de$s z trav]s+ duty & righte\sness1 h>dly able to excuse ! blund]+ ignorance to :i* !y are due4 ,?is feel+ ( reprobation is g5u9e1 normal1 & :olesome4 ,on ! o!r h& ! ov]?r[ ( ?is feel+ & ! adoption ( ! claim ( a non-e?ical "* = actions1 t5ds directly & /rongly to consequ5ces :i* witness aga9/ ! validity ( ! claim4 ,! demoraliz+ effect has (t5 be5 illu/rat$4 ,! resolv+ ( duty into a m]e matt] ( good int5tions has l$ (f into ways & =ms ( behavior %ock+ to enlight5$ consci5ces4 ,x has made q plausible ! illusion t ! end sanctifies ! means1 & 9 ! "n ( religion has /ret*$ m5 on ! rack & light$ ! faggots at ! /ake4 ,"u a fancy t purity is simply a ?+ ( ! he>t1 m5 h be5 kn[n to excuse n a little s5sualism ( life4 ,:ile e?ics mu/ lay /ress on ! inn] good-w1 x mu/ also look aft] ! h>mony ( ! outw>d acts ) ! law ( "r relations4 ,no am\nt ( good motive c make blasphemy or murd] "r or virtu\s4 ,! ,feel+s1 ,passions & ,desires4 #b4 ,! v>i\s feel+s1 passions1 & desires are n only spr+s ( action t may issue 9 conduct1 b are 9 !mselves ei!r "r or wrong1 accord+ z !y are ex]cis$ 9 h>mony ) moral law or 9 conflict ) x4 7#a7 ,?\gh our feel+s spr+ spontane\sly & imm$iately out ( our k & fundam5tal psy*ical "*1 !y are subject to tra9+ & regulation by ! w1 & _! /ates & movem5ts are "p ( our moral life4 ,& ?\gh by natural unp]v]t$ con/itution all ^! prim>y feel+s & affections h "r & good functions1 _! activities1 "u noxi\s /imulation1 may run into =ms & 9 directions ?or\ghly immoral4 ,love1 :i*1 9 its holie/ direction1 t[>d ,god1 & 9 its pure/ =ms ( b5evol5ce1 t[>d m51 is ! highe/ virtue1 may take =bidd5 directions & corrupt & disord] life4 ,hate1 ! rev]se ( love1 in/ead ( be+ direct$ aga9/ evil :i* ought to be hat$1 (t5 emits its v5om aga9/ t :i* ought to be lov$ = its goodness4 ,self-e/eem1 z a prop] respect = :at has be5 put into a p]son's be+ to be c>$ = & enjoy$1 frequ5tly runs into condemnable selfi%ness4 ,_m ( ! desires are apt to be 9 (f5se because ( ov]-developm5t1 cla%+ 9 an>*ic insubord9ation 9 ! s\l1 or ru%+ t[>d unlawful objects4 ,desire = possessions t5ds to gr[ into covet\sness1 desire = honor into unscrupul\s ambition1 desire = pleasure into a rul+ passion4 ,su* feel+s z malice & envy1 mongrel products ( selfi%ness & ill-w1 are at once adjudg$ to be s9ful4 7#b7 ,7 fur!r pro( ne$$ t morality atta*es to ! affections & desires1 x is f\nd 9 _! relations z motives to conduct4 ,we h n trac$ actions completely to _! moral s\rce :5 we h asc]ta9$ ! volition f :i* !y proce$4 ,we mu/ g a /ep fur!r back & m>k ! impulses t ei!r rightly or wrongly influ5c$ ! w4 ,we mu/ d z d c\rts ( ju/ice 9 seek+ ! "* ( an act1 & asc]ta9 n only t ! act 0 done 9 free-w1 b also :at feel+s influ5c$ ! free-w 9 do+ x4 ,an act ( volition may h v diff]5t motives beh9d x4 ,! immoral "* ( ! volition is n only f ! immorally-act+ w itself1 b also f ! wrong feel+s or desires act+ on ! w4 ,inde$1 ! v w is betray$ into wrong-do+ by _! p]v]t+ p]suasions4 ,x becomes cle>1 !re=e1 t if x be at all true t actions take moral "* f _! motives1 ?is "* mu/ be pr$icable ( ^! motive s5sibilities4 7#c7 ,a special "q has place "h--:e!r moral quality belongs ev5 to ! p]sonal dispositions1 prop5sities & incl9ations t lie back ( ! ex]cise ( ! feel+s1 z attitudes or habitudes ( ! s\l ) respect to good & evil8 ,! facts ( life unque/ionably %[ ! exi/5ce ( su* prop5sities or t5d5cies d]iv$ ?r\gh h]$ity & desc5d+ f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,! sci5tific !ory ( evolution recognizes !m & draws _m ( its conclusions1 bo? psy*ological & moral1 f !m4 ,!y express r a /ate ( ! p]sonal con/itution ?an any ex]cise ( its faculties4 ,!y d5ote s basally ! psy*ical life-condition1 t !y *>act]ize r :at ! p]son is ?an :at he does morally4 ,s9ce !y1 z /ates ( ! p]sonal ag5t1 con/itute 8 attitude1 among o!r ?+s1 t[>d good & evil1 an attitude ei!r "r or wrong1 ?is "q manife/ly requires an affirmative answ]4 ,aims & ,int5tions4 #c4 ,int5tions4 ,9 judg+ conduct we inquire especially into ! aim1 purpose1 int5tion1 :i* direct$ x4 ,we look at ! end s\ght4 ,& 9 a peculi> degree conduct is pron\nc$ "r or wrong accord+ to ?is4 ,= ! int5tion is pre-em95tly ! v he>t & in=m+ pr9ciple ( ! moral act4 ,besides l>gely %ap+ ! mat]ial action 9 agreem5t or conflict ) objective duty x is ! inn] s\l ( ! total de$4 ,x may make an act t 9 its ext]nal =m is morally indiff]5t ?or\ghly virtu\s or deeply crim9al--su* z t ( h&+ a sum ( money to ano!r1 9 "o case to relieve suff]+1 9 ano!r to secure murd]4 ,! int5tion to d :at is kn[n to be wrong1 ev5 :5 ! ov]t de$ is prev5t$1 /amps ^u ! p]son its own moral "*4 ,9 int5tions we f9d ! teleology ( ! e?ical conduct--! *os5 ends at :i* m5 are aim+ 9 _! con/ant endeavor--& !y h a place ( importance correspond+ to ?is directive relation4 ,life moves z ^! turn1 & ! great body ( human activity1 9 its mighty sweep ( purposive conduct1 :e!r ris+ into its l(tie/ & pure/ virtues or desc5d+ to its l[e/ & mo/ horrid crimes1 is _! result4 ,9 ?is teleological position !y diff] z motives f ! motives f\nd 9 ! simple feel+s1 affections & passions :i* act non-volunt>ily & unconsci\s ( ends1 b are spr+s ( impulse & inc5tives f ! subjective psy*ical organization4 ,int5tions are delib]ate volunt>y purposes aim+ at *os5 objects & adju/+ means to ends4 ,= ?is class ( motives1 !re=e1 we are peculi>ly & pre-em95tly responsible4 ,activities ( ! ,intellect4 #d4 ,! activities & uses ( ! intellect4 ,(t5 !ori/s h d5i$ any moral elem5t 9 ^!1 ma9ly because ( a c]ta9 necessity 9 intellect "u psy*ical law1 & because its function is simply to "k4 ,x does no?+1 ei!r good or bad2 x only kn[s4 ,its sph]e is ! sph]e ( k1 n ( conduct4 ,b ?is is a v inadequate view ( its total activity1 & ( its place 9 ! moral ag5t's life4 ,z to ! "q ( necessity1 ! activities ( ! intellect are z mu* "u ! comm& ( ! moral ag5t z are 8 s5sibilities1 8 affections1 desires1 & passions4 ,x w\ld be difficult to see :y he %\ld be am5able = ! direction & regulation ( ^! desires & passions1 & n also = ! direction & "* ( 8 intellectual "w & ! use he makes ( ^! high end[m5ts4 ,z to ! "q ( ! non-moral "* ( cognitive or ?\ght activities1 !y are correctly conc$$ to be1 9 v l>ge measure1 )\t any e?ical quality4 ,b x is also true1 t !re may be activities1 z = example1 9 ! imag9ation1 & 9 purposive s*em+1 :i* are impure & grossly violative ( ju/ice & "r4 ,because ! intellect 9 itself1 z contradi/+ui%$ f ! w1 does n *oose & has no *oice1 we may n1 inde$1 say ( its activity3 ,x is guilty1 x is "u obligation1 s9ce obligation & guilt p]ta9 n to ! act b to ! moral p]son2 b yet we may speak ( intellectual activity or "w z morally "r or wrong1 accord+ z x is 9 h>mony or 9 conflict ) ! true ends = :i* ! intellectual p[]s h be5 fram$ & ! well-be+ !y are design$ to s]ve4 ,x w\ld be difficult to see :y ! intellectual activity :i* plans out ! details ( a !ft or a murd] is n z really immoral1 i4 e4 some?+ morally condemnable1 z is ! desire or wi% to commit x1 or :y ! p]son is less blamewor?y = ! "o ?an ! o!r4 ,9 bo? cases x is "p ( 8 p]sonal activity4 ,& if he is blamewor?y1 x is only because ! activity is 9 itself wrong4 ,is he any less guilty = all[+ 8 intellect to ?9k out ! wrong ?an 8 feel+s to desire x8 ,! moral s5se mu/ condemn ?is intellectual "w z inconsi/5t ) ! relations ( ! intellect to human well-be+ & righte\sness4 ,9 ^! days ( wor%ip ( intellectual brilliancy1 & ! l>ge pro/itution ( ! imag9ation to activities :i* flood lit]ature ) ?\ghts t defile & sugge/ions t c>ry moral blight & desolation1 produc+ e =m ( vice & crime1 x is ( prime importance to recognize t ?is intellectualism does n /& altoge!r ap>t f moral quality1 & t m5 are "u ! complete/ obligation to keep x all 9 h>mony ) righte\sness & ! e?ical ends ( life4 ,acts ( ! ,w4 #e4 ,our view ( int5tions has t\*$ on "p ( ! functions ( ! w ) respect to moral quality1 b its acts 9 ! /rict] s5se & m specific =ms require fur!r /atem5t4 ,int5tions are1 inde$1 "u ! comm& ( ! w1 yet !y are !re z motives1 ^: =ce & quality /& specially 9 ! objects desir$ & aim$ at4 ,!y draw _! quality r f ! ends s\ght ?an f ! work+ ( ! w :i* cons5ts to ! ends4 ,we mu/ see yet :e!r ! consci5ce judges also ! prop] & specific acts ( ! w4 ,( c\rse t :i* we "n ! w is simply ! s\l's p[] ( *oos+1 or r1 x is ! p]sonal self z causal = *oices & executive action4 ,its acts are volitions4 ,does moral quality atta* to ^!8 ,!re c be no d\bt ( x4 ,^u ^! volitions1 pref]5tial & executive *oices1 elect+ betwe5 duty & its opposite1 betwe5 conduct 9 h>mony or 9 conflict ) moral requirem5t1 betwe5 indulg5ce ( good or wick$ feel+s1 betwe5 virtu\s & evil int5tions1 betwe5 high] & l[] motives1 betwe5 actions mat]ially "r or wrong1 mak+ ! decision = or aga9/ righte\sness & goodness & purity1 9 all ! que/ions ( daily behavior 9 :i* life rises into e?ical excell5ce & bless$ness or desc5ds into wrong1 vice1 crime1 & consequ5t wret*$ness1 ! moral s5se ( mank9d p\rs its mo/ unequivocal approvals or reprobations4 ,x n only judges !m z "r or wrong 9 !mselves1 b z1 among all human activities1 mo/ creative or mo/ de/ructive ( moral "*4 ,x is a fundam5tal po/ulate 9 e?ical ?9k+ t moral law b9ds ! w4#fc ,9 ! action ( ! w ! moral judgm5t f9ds its object ( highe/ approval & ( mo/ ?or\gh condemnation4 ,x is to ! w1 i4 e4 ! p]sonal self1 t moral law pres5ts its claims4 ,x is ! po9t 9 :i* p]sonality is summ$ up 9 free & responsible selfhood1 & :]e ! great reality ( responsibility is pivot$4 ,! w1 z ano!r "n = ! s\l's p[] ( *oos+1 su/a9s ! decisive relation betwe5 all ! motives t prec$e & ! actions :i* foll[ ! volitions4 ,! action contemplat$ may be "r or wrong1 ! motive may be good or bad1 b :5 ! "q is br\ght by ! consci5ce into ! pres5ce ( ! w1 ! place ( supreme & f9al responsibility = virtue or s9 is rea*$4 ,?is ju/ifies ! conclusion t moral "* belongs to ! ex]cise ( ! w z x does n to any o!r activity ( our moral nature4 ,= x is ! po9t1 & ! only po9t1 ( fre$om 9 our :ole con/itution4 ,necessity m>ks ! action ( ea* & e "p f ! l[e/ functions up to ! w2 & beyond ?is !re /ret*es on ano!r realm ( necessity 9 ! consequ5ces ( volition4 ,= example1 necessity rules 9 ! physical nature4 ,! processes g on "u fix$ uni=m laws1 ) no fre$om or *oice4 ,s 9 ! intellect & ! s5sibility4 ,we beg9 to ?9k 9 non-optional spontaneity1 or we w\ld n ?9k at all4 ,9 p]ception1 repres5tation1 9 ! discursive & intuitive p[]s1 & 9 ! emotions1 affections & desires t arise f ! activity ( ! intellect1 ! movem5t is b\nd up "u laws ( cause & effect4 ,:atev] p[] ( regulation1 *ange or control we possess ov] ^! functions does n belong to ! p[]s !mselves1 b to ! w or ! p]sonal capacity ( free *oice & self-regulation4 ,x is only ?r\gh our w-p[] t we c h&le & direct our ?9k+ or control ! direction & =ce ( our feel+s4 ,s1 too1 ! ideas ( "r & wrong1 ! p]ceptions ( duty & ! s5se ( obligation come into ! pres5ce ( ! w ( necessity4 ,all be=e ! w is ( necessity4 ,?us m5 see ! "r & p]ceive obligation4 ,at ?is po9t all ! responsibility ( "* is ?r[n ^u ! w4 ,if contemplat$ action appe> "r or wrong1 z action t ought or ought n to be done1 ! w mu/ decide :e!r x %all be done4 ,if good or bad motives plead = rul]%ip1 ! w mu/ say :i* %all prevail4 ,if feel+s are out ( h>mony ) duty & "r 9 ! relations ( life1 ) respect to ,god or man1 x is to be rememb]$ t ! feel+s _c *oose1 & ! w alone c guide !m 9 virtu\s action4 ,to x1 !re=e1 virtue or guilt belongs z n[h]e else4 ,= x n only accepts & makes its own all ! "r or wrong t appe>s else:]e1 b x also rema9s true or becomes false to its own supreme duty & obligation to moral law1 :51 "u ! behe/s ( consci5ce1 x directs life & "* ei!r up ! heights ( moral excell5ce & happ9ess1 or into ! wrong & guilt & mis]ies ( immorality4 ,:]e ! w is moral ! man is moral2 = ! w is ! z5i? ( p]sonality4 ,:]e x is immoral ! man is immoral4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,! ,,e?ical ,,view ,,"u ,,*ri/ian ,,tea*+4 ,^! conclusions ) respect to ! nature & (fice ( consci5ce1 ! e?ical di/9ction1 its !i/ic implications1 its transc5d5tal "* & objective validity1 its relation to p]sonality & fre$om1 ! proximate & ultimate gr\nd ( "r1 & ! diff]5t p>ts ( human activity to :i* moral quality belongs1 are conclusions rea*$ by ! sci5tific me?od & /& on ! w>rant ( reason4 ,!y arise f ph5om5a ( hi/ory & life1 & =m1 9 _! ess5tial /atem5ts1 a body ( sci5tific & philosophical k ( equal c]ta9ty & au?ority ) ! mo/ assur$ results ( o!r bran*es ( rational inve/igation4 ,e?ics1 !re=e1 f9ds its fundam5tal tru?s 9 ! natural con/itution ( ! _w1 & is able to build ^! tru?s into a sci5ce possess$ ( all ! rights & =ce ( sy/ematiz$ & e/abli%$ k4 ,*ri/ianity ,recognizes ,e?ics4 #a4 ,*ri/ianity fully recognizes ^! tru?s & all ! ess5tial pr9ciples :i* e?ical sci5ce =mulates & c]tifies4 ,x does m4 ,x magnifies _! importance by build+ ^u !m its own div9e view ( moral requirem5t & ! way ( its realization4 ,all t e?ical sci5ce %[s to be true 9 ! moral con/itution ( man1 9 ! reality ( moral law = ! free regulation ( 8 conduct1 & 9 respect to ! s\rce & immutable au?ority ( t law1 abides z fundam5tal presuppositions 9 ! div9e sup]/ructure ( religion & duty pres5t$ by ,*ri/ianity4 ,r$emption />ts & works ^u ! basal facts ( human nature & man's condition1 relations1 duties1 responsibilities & ne$s4 ,if ,*ri/ianity assumes ! exi/5ce & rul]%ip ( ,god1 a moral con/itution ( human life1 & ! exi/5ce ( consci5ce ) its p]ceptions ( duty & s5se ( obligation2 if x assumes man to be a free ag5t & yet b\nd 9 ! ex]cise ( 8 autonomy by laws ( obligation & responsibility2 if x assumes ! law ( "r to be ess5tially unalt]able & irrepealable1 a reality to :i* ,god himself con=ms1 all ^! are great tru?s fully c]tifi$ 9 ! rational conclusions ( e?ical sci5ce4 ,contributions to ,e?ical ,view4 #b4 ,b ,*ri/ianity contributes imm5sely to ! e?ical view4 ,x is1 inde$1 a great misconception to ?9k t sup]natural revelation has be5 giv5 simply to tea* morality1 or to look on ,*ri/ianity z m]ely a code ( e?ics4 ,b ?\gh its fir/ great object is r$emption1 pres5t+ ,god to our view 9 r$eem+ love & activity1 & (f]+ deliv]ance f ! guilt & life ( s91 x necess>ily also aims to recov] m5 to p]sonal righte\sness4 ,inde$1 bo? =giv5ess & r5ewal look to ?is z ! goal to :i* r$emption is to br+ its subjects4 ,:ile prim>ily ,*ri/ianity is a religion & r$emptory1 its ultimate aim is ! e/abli%m5t ( m5 9 ob$i5ce to ,god1 righte\sness1 & excell5ce4 ,! v summit ( its purpose1 ! ,alp t rises above e o!r ,alp1 is "* & "r life4 ,s ! v law ( its movem5t is supremely e?ical4 ,=giv5ess ( s91 ju/ification by fai?1 /&s z only ! fir/ /ep 9 ! application ( r$emption1 & beyond ?is ,*ri/ianity pre-em95tly means a life1 ! increas+ recov]y & p]fection ( human nature 9 its e?ical "* & action1 en?ron+ ! pr9ciples ( duty1 love1 & righte\sness 9 ! consci5ce & ! he>t1 & br++ p]sonal conduct into rhy?mic h>mony ) et]nal righte\sness & goodness4 ,& ! sci5ce ( e?ics has n prop]ly complet$ its view until x has fully includ$ ! di/9ctive tea*+ ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,= beyond all "q ! data ( ?is tea*+ h produc$ ! pure/ & l(tie/ moral life t ! _w has se51 ! be/ product ( ! moral hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,its ideal is confess$ly ! highe/ & ! be/ su/a9$4 ,ev5 ap>t f ! "q ( ! well-prov$ sup]natural claims ( ,*ri/ianity1 its e?ical "w lifts its moral tea*+s to ! mo/ au?oritative place1 ! supreme c\rt1 = ! decisions & =mulations ( ! complete sci5tific view4 ,! total contribution ( ,*ri/ianity to morality comes along two l9es ( help3 #a4 ,9 ! way ( full] disclosure ( moral pr9ciples & ( ess5tial duties2 & #b4 ,9 ! way ( furni%+ an effici5t dynamic = _! fulfilm5t4 ,! fir/ ( ^! two topics claims att5tion 9 ?is *apt]2 ! second mu/ be left = ! next4 ,! ne$ ( l>g] k1 ?an t furni%$ by simply naturali/ic e?ics1 = ! p]fection ( moral life1 has ev]y:]e be5 evid5t4 ,! debasem5t ( moral ?\ght & ! worse debasem5t ( moral life frequ5tly f\nd among peoples outside ( ! atmosph]e illum9at$ by ,*ri/ian tru?1 is sad pro( h[ cry+ ?is ne$ ( "r k may become4 ,! /rife ( conflict+ op9ions z to ! root & validity ( moral pr9ciples1 ev5 among _m 9 ,*ri/5dom :o look at ! subject ) faces av]t$ f ,*ri/ianity1 is p]petual remembranc] ( ! room = m & bett] in=mation4 ,& ! p]plex+ ph5om5on ( wide div]sity ( moral judgm5ts 9 daily life1 to :i* we h _h occasion sev]al times already to ref]1 result+ f ! diff]5t degrees ( correctness ) :i* ! relations ( life are und]/ood & int]pret$1 en=ces ! same tru?4 ,! moral p[] is educable4 ,x sees its objects 9 ! light1 n 9 d>kness1 nor fully 9 dawn4 ,x acts be/ :5 flood$ ) ! fulle/ k4 ,m5 c disc]n duty accurately & fully only :5 !y compreh5d all _! relations to ,god above !m1 _! fell[-m5 ar\nd !m1 _! de/9y be=e !m1 & ! significance & moral dem& ( ^! relations4 ,f ! high orig9 ( _! nature1 9 ! image ( ,god1 !y may c>ry "s impress ( ! moral law f ,god 9 _! he>ts1 9 ! inn] ord] ( insight & spiritual vision1 & 9 measure read ,god's ?\ghts aft] ,him ab\t love & ju/ice & tru? & o!r ess5tial virtues4 ,b ?is rational read+ ( duty f ! law ( "r )9 !m & f ! moral con/itution ab\t !m1 is gr&ly help$ :5 revelation ?r[s its illum9ation on ! nature & relations ( m51 ! mean+ ( life & ! rea* ( its responsibilities4 ,:atev] has be5 ! %ort-com+ ( ,*ri/ianity's pr(essors 9 exemplify+ its moral tea*+1 ! hi/ory ( its "w is full pro( ( its conta9+ ! be/ e?ical direction & p[] ! e>? has yet se54 ,9 individuals & communities 9 :i* its tea*+s h be5 wor?ily turn$ into "* & life1 x pres5ts an inspir+ sugge/ion ( :at x is capable ( do+ = human exaltation :5 its in/ruction is truly foll[$4 ,x is ! complet+ factor = moral guidance1 & ! sci5tific view is false to itself :5 x fails to include ! tea*+s & ! ph5om5a ( ! ,*ri/ian consci\sness & life4 ,s9ce ,*ri/ianity has come & giv5 ! _w its highe/ civilizations & elevations1 its gr&e/ progress 9 philosophy1 sci5ce1 art1 lit]ature1 inv5tion1 ent]prise & prosp]ity1 all ! pure/ & mo/ beautiful am5ities ( life1 & is /ill lead+ ! be/ nations onw>d & upw>d1 x is surely worse ?an idle to ?9k ( =c+ e?ical sci5ce back to a pagan or m]ely naturali/ic /&po9t4 ,?is w\ld ignore ! greate/ moral ph5om5on ( hi/ory & ! mo/ impressive facts 9 ! pres5t condition ( ! _w4 ,*ri/ian e?ics is e?ics 9 ! highe/--e?ics rais$ to ! highe/ p[]--! la/ & fulle/ moral int]pretation ( ! _w & its hi/ory4#fd #c4 ,! ,*ri/ian e?ical view has its special moral conceptions f two s\rces4 ,! "o is prim>y & pr9cipal2 ! o!r second>y & auxili>y4 ,s\rces ( ,*ri/ian ,view4 7#a7 ,! pr9cipal s\rce is ! ,sacr$ ,scriptures ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts4 ,along ) _! di/9ctively religi\s purpose & tea*+1 ^! pages ( ,god's sup]natural revelation1 f fir/ to la/1 look to e?ical ends1 & are replete ) pr9ciples1 laws1 & precepts = duty & righte\sness4 ,z = a k ( ,*ri/ianity z a religion we mu/ come to ^! writ+s z its own accr$it$ records1 pres5t+ its tru?s & requirem5ts1 s also = a k ( its moral tea*+s4 ,:atev] help may be obta9able f o!r s\rces1 say f /udy ( ! ,*ri/ian consci\sness or ( ! effects ( ,*ri/ianity on p]sonal & social life1 ! *ief & highe/ s\rce is ^! ,sacr$ ,scriptures4 ,= ! be/ ,*ri/ian life falls %ort ( ! ideal /&>d ( conduct !re pres5t$4 ,x w\ld be unfair to /udy x or judge x only 9 ! p>tial1 fragm5t>y1 "o-sid$1 imp]fect illu/rations ( x4 ,e ideal ?us ga9$ mu/ be correct$ & greatly up-rais$ be=e x c /& = ! complete div9e ideal t %9es out f ! tea*+s ( ! ,scriptures & ! life ( ! ,*ri/ !re9 reveal$4 ,! p]fect image ( ,*ri/ian e?ics has nev] be5 fully reflect$ by ei!r ! inw>d or outw>d life ( ! believ]4 ,! ,sacr$ ,scriptures1 !re=e1 are ! only infallible normative au?ority = ,*ri/ian e?ics1 z !y are = ,*ri/ian !ology4 ,?is use ( ! ,scriptures z ! det]m9ative au?ority1 h[ev]1 mu/ take acc\nt ( ! fact t !y pres5t an hi/orical & progressive revelation4 ,z ,god's r$emptive action advanc$ hi/orically1 unfold+ religi\s tru? & grace gradually & educationally1 s ! moral ideal1 :i* ,*ri/ianity 9 its fulness ( provision & p[] %\ld exhibit1 is f\nd m & m cle>ly reveal$ till ! view is complet$4 ,?is acc\nts = ! high] e?ical view rea*$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t1 :i* is ! record ( ! e>li] /ages ( ! ,*ri/ian revelation1 di/9ctly prep>atory & prophetic1 =ms a cont9ual in/ruction 9 duty & righte\sness4 ,x gr\nds ! moral life ess5tially 9 ! religi\s1 b religion mu/ walk 9 hol9ess4 ,fundam5tal 9 x /&s ! decalogue1 a summ>y ( moral law1 ( mo/ pr(\nd & compreh5sive sweep1 :i* is /ill ! great code ( duty = ! guidance ( human conduct1 & s cle>ly beyond ! m]e ?9k+ ( ,moses or ! p he l$1 z to prove its div9e orig94 ,all ! types & symbols ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 its sacrifices ( cleans+ & expiation1 are impressive condemnations ( s9 & calls to rep5tance4 ,! ev]-r++ voices ( prophecy are ?rill+ rebukes to wrong-do+ & cl>ion appeals = righte\sness4 ,its psalms & music are b e*o+ praise = ! div9e grace t r5ews ! he>t & re/ores ! life to ! bless$ness ( ob$i5ce to ! moral laws ( ,god4 ,! l(ty e?ical dem&s ( ! ,hebrew ,scriptures1 along ) _! revelation ( grace1 =m a unique & di/+ui%+ feature among anci5t lit]atures4 ,_! ceaseless voice is3 ,keep judgm5t & d righte\sness2 ,cease to d evil & le>n to d well2 ,(f] to ,god ! sacrifices ( righte\sness4 ,n[h]e else at t day 0 ! moral ideal lift$ s high1 or ) su* imp]ative au?ority4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t e?ics 0 a fit prophecy & prep>ation = ! full ,*ri/ian tea*+4 ,if ! e?ics ( ! old disp5sation _h n pass$ into ! fulfilm5t ( ! new1 ! ,hebrew prophets & poets w\ld /ill be ! _w's mo/ inspir+ tea*]s ( high e?ical hopes & ideals1 & ! moral code ( ,israel w\ld be ! s*ool ( righte\sness1 rev]5ce1 & law1 to :i* ! g5]ations %\ld g = ! l(tie/ in/ruction4#fe ,! ,new ,te/am5t1 :i* completes ! au?oritative records ( ,*ri/ianity1 completes also ,*ri/ianity's normative /atem5t ( ! tru?s & pr9ciples ( duty4 ,^! appe> 9 ! ?reefold =m ( 7#a7 ,*ri/'s record$ tea*+1 7#b7 ,8 p]sonal example1 & 7#c7 ! inspir$ int]pretations ( ,*ri/ian duty 9 ! apo/olic writ+s4 ,! tea*+ ( ,jesus1 all ?r\gh ! gospels1 :ile prim>ily religi\s & religi\sly spiritual1 deals ) ! great realities ( "* & conduct1 &1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 asc5ds to ! v heights & p5etrates to ! v dep?s ( ! laws ( duty4 ,x c>ries ^? laws into a spirituality1 solemnity1 & glory be=e unkn[n1 & =ms a repres5tation :i* /&s be=e ! moral s5se ( ! race z ! unsurpass$ & ! unequall$ e?ical ideal4 ,! view is c>ri$ up to ! goal3 ,be ye p]fect1 ev5 z y\r ,fa!r 9 heav5 is p]fect4 ,?is div9e tea*+ is at ! same "t reflect$ f ! p]sonal life ( ,*ri/4 ,x is pres5t$ 9 liv+ =m4 ,! example is "p ( ! tea*+--an example :i* is nev] l[]$ bel[ ! exalt$ range ( ! giv5 precepts1 & :i* has be5 in/ruct+ & inspir+ all ! c5turies s9ce4 ,9 ! apo/olic writ+s1 "u ! guid+ ,_s ( tru?1 ! tea*+ & patt]n ( ,*ri/1 toge!r ) 8 r$emptive gospel1 are appli$ to wide & v>i$ ranges ( practical life1 ! apo/les !mselves be+ fill$ ) an ev]-increas+ appreciation ( _! div9e import & transc5d5ce4 ,^! inspir$ ,scriptures1 because ( _! unique & supreme au?ority = ,*ri/ianity itself1 are ! fundam5tal & decisive /&>d ( ,*ri/ian e?ics4 7#b7 ,b !re is a second>y & auxili>y s\rce = =mulation ( ,*ri/ian e?ics--9 ! ,*ri/ian moral consci\sness4 ,9 ?is1 ,*ri/ianity exhibits its moral pr9ciples & mean+ z !y ent] into ! inn] exp]i5ce ( m51 :]e !y may be /udi$ & e/imat$4 ,*ri/ianity is a life1 a new life1 9 ^: moral consci\sness its pr9ciples & =ces are act+ =matively = "*4 ,n only ( ! life t 9 ,*ri/ 0 ! light ( m51#ff b ( all ! pure life t is f him1 is x true3 ! life is ! light ( m54 ,! e?icis$ ,*ri/ian consci\sness reveals ! pr9ciples & laws t h come into x4 ,x is a maxim 9 !ology t only ! reg5]at$ & sanctifi$ m9d has a cle> int]pretative insight into spiritual tru?1 & c =m ! true !ologian4 ,! maxim holds1 j z truly1 ) respect to moral tru?4 ,! spiritual & moral are insep>ably unit$1 & no man c judge ) unh9d]$ & reliable discrim9ation 9 matt]s ( ,*ri/ian e?ics ^: he>t is unsympa!tic or av]se to ! duties ( ! ,*ri/ian life4 ,! light %9es 9 ! d>kness1 b ! d>kness compreh5ds x n4 ,*ri/ian e?ics1 !re=e1 9 =mulat+ its ideas & complet+ its !oretical view rightly1 draws ^u ! ,*ri/ian consci\sness1 z t consci\sness is scripturally det]m9$1 & int]prets1 n ! ,scriptures alone1 b also1 9 auxili>y relation1 ! e?icis$ life ( ,*ri/ian humanity4 ,:ile1 !re=e1 x is ! sci5ce ( ,biblical morality1 x is also ( ! :ole moral developm5t ( ,*ri/ianiz$ life1 bo? 9 p]sonal consci\sness & 9 ! obs]v$ hi/orical fruitage ( ,scripture doctr9e4 #d4 ,x is necess>y to look at "s ( ! p>ticul> elem5ts or features ( ! cle>] & full] e?ical view :i* comes f ^! s\rces4 ,duties made ,m ,def9ite4 7#a7 ,mo/ ( ! duties naturally disc]n$ by ! consci5ce f ! kn[n relations ( life are br\ght into m di/9ct & def9ite view by ,*ri/ian revelation & exp]i5ce4 ,! natural disc]nm5t is (t5 uncle>1 unc]ta91 p>tial1 & faulty4 ,! bl9dness1 mi/akes & misgiv+s ( ! moral s5se =m a l>ge & p]plex+ *apt] 9 ! /ory ( non-,*ri/ian morality4 ,x has (t5 l$ to d\bt :e!r !re is su* a ?+ z a fix$1 sure1 immutable morality4 ,a rem$y = ?is has be5 ne$$4 ,by its imm5se numb] ( specific precepts = p>ticul> relations & circum/ances1 revelation gives correctness1 m9ut5ess1 & fulness ( application to ! g5]al pr9ciples ( duty ass]t$ by ! moral s5se4 ,9 manifold cases ! consci5ce w\ld be 9 ! d>k1 or h only obscure or p>tial view1 )\t ! in/ruction & guidance ?us suppli$4 ,sc>cely a situation or em]g5cy 9 life c be nam$ = :i* precept & c\nsel h n be5 giv54 ,:5 ! sun rises ! eye sees n only f>!r1 b m m9utely & ) m c]ta9ty4 ,myriads ( objects & relations be=e unse5 fla% into view4 ,s by ! light ( ! ,scriptures1 m ( duty is kn[n & bett] kn[n4 ,by common cons5t1 ev5 among skeptics z to ! ,*ri/ian religion1 ! e?ical precepts ( ,*ri/ianity1 9 _! purity & elevation1 9 _! quick5+ directness & radical ?or\ghness1 9 _! explicitness & univ]sality1 =m an aggregate moral directory unapproa*$ by ! be/ codes ( pagan sages or human philosophies1 & add a gr& aid to ! moral judgm5ts4 ,human ,relations4 7#b7 ,! human relations1 on :i* duty re/s1 h be5 br\ght into broad] & full] view by ,*ri/ian tea*+4 ,mu* ( ! disability1 "u :i* morality has suff]$1 has always come f a faulty und]/&+1 if n total ignorance1 ( ! v>i$ relations :i* are to be fill$ out ) _! exact & full measure ( duty4 ,! idea ( ,god & man's relation to him has (t5 be5 falsely or mislead+ly conceiv$4 ,! hi/ory ( ?\ght z to int]-human relations1 f ! close/ to ! mo/ ext5d$1 pres5ts a sad /ory ( misappreh5sion1 error1 ignorance & consequ5t wrong4 ,:5 ^! great vital relations are !mselves misconceiv$1 look$ at f a false or obscur+ view-po9t1 "o ( ! prime conditions = correct moral judgm5ts is abs5t4 ,positive misdirection is 9 play4 ,:5 our k has n yet %[n u cle>ly man's place 9 ,god's plan ( ! _w1 or ! adaptations & purposes 9 human nature itself2 :5 nei!r ! great fact ( p]sonality nor t ( human solid>ity is correctly und]/ood1 z = example1 :5 ! individual is r$uc$1 z has (t5 be5 ! case1 to m]e mat]ial = ! /ate or = possible enslavem5t by captors1 or he is1 on ! o!r h&1 look$ ^u z an isolat$ & unrelat$ unit2 or :5 ! reality & mean+ ( ! univ]sal bro!rhood ( man1 "u ! univ]sal fa!rhood ( ,god1 is n se51 ! duties & obligations ( life mu/ necess>ily be mu* obscur$ & unp]ceiv$4 ,b "h ! ,*ri/ian revelation comes 9 ) "o ( its great =ms ( help--a div9e disclosure ( our moral relations4 ,x reveals "s o!rwise undiscov]able relations1 op5+ to view additional obligations & responsibilities4 ,x sets be=e u our solemn relations to ,god1 to 8 r5ew+ & sav+ grace1 z well z to 8 creat+ & pres]v+ love1 to (f]$ bless+s1 graci\s rew>ds1 & et]nal de/9ies4 ,! :ole horizon ( life is lift$ & broad5$1 & ! sph]e ( ! moral activity & consequ5ces ext5ds into a future life4 ,man becomes a *ild ( immortality & 8 home is et]nity4 ,! _w & human life h a gr&ly *ang$ mean+ "u ! gospel4 ,man's place 9 ! sy/em ( ?+s1 z to ! pa/1 pres5t1 & future is reveal$ 9 a light increas$ & broad5$ l t on ! l&scape :5 morn+ rises ^u night2 & 9 ?is light he sees a ?\s& new responsibilities on :i* he is t\*+ e mom5t1 & :i* /ret* out & on 9 illimitable ranges4 ,consci5ce is enabl$ to act 9 view ( all ^! new relations z well z ! irradiat$ old ones1 & taught to hold ! he>t & life1 ! w & activities to ! moral requirem5ts ( ?is enl>g$ & illum9at$ e?ical doma94 ,moral ,duties ,div9e ,obligations4 7#c7 ,*ri/ian tea*+ has elevat$ ! e?ical view 9 closely unit+ all moral obligation ) duty to ,god4 ,natural e?ics1 :5 its implications are rationally foll[$ up1 is1 inde$1 !i/ic1 & f9ds ! seat ( moral law 9 ,god z ! absolute gr\nd ( ! :ole moral con/itution4 ,b f ?is movem5t1 ris+ f ! law ( "r 9 ! consci5ce & 9 ! moral con/itution ( ! _w1 su* e?ics has yet ?is limitation1 t duty is ?\ght ( f ! human side1 & n f ! /&po9t ( ,god1 :o 9 8 p]sonal nature & w is bo? ! s\rce & goal ( moral law4 ,9 ?is mode ( =m+ ! !ory ,god is apt to be left remote1 virtue is ab/ractly conceiv$ & rema9s a reality too mu* by itself & sep>at$ f any en=c+ or help+ au?ority4 ,x becomes too ab/ract & simply humani/ic4 ,b our view ( moral good mu/ be lift$ into clos] & m liv+ connection ) ,god4 ,& s1 ,*ri/ianity1 to transfuse ! e?ical s5se ) religi\s light & motives1 tea*es u to look ^u "r & duty f ! /&po9t ( ,god4 ,?is is 9 accordance ) ! v design ( ,*ri/ianity z a r$emptive & sav+ religion1 seek+ to br+ man into true & practical fell[%ip ) ,god4 ,! moral disc]nm5t is to be fill$ & animat$ by ! religi\s _s1 s t ! moral tra9+ may be c>ri$ on & complet$ toge!r ) ! developm5t & consummation ( ! ,*ri/ian life4 ,?us ! =m ( ! appeal is3 ,be ye holy1 = ,i am holy4 ,be ye p]fect1 ev5 z y\r ,fa!r 9 heav5 is p]fect4 ,9 a high & peculi> emphasis all duty is requir$ to be done z unto ,god4 ,=asmu* z ye h done x to ! lea/ ( ^!1 ye h done x unto me4 ,we %\ld s fe> & love ,god1 z n to (f5d aga9/ any "p ( ! law or fail 9 do+ good4 ,?r\gh ! ,*ri/ian revelation alone ! e?ical conception & relation ( ,god is truly atta9$1 & ) x a "r conception ( man & ! highe/ _s ( duty4 ,9 ?us tea*+ t all duties %\ld be fulfill$ z some?+ due to ,god1 & "u inspiration ( love to ,him1 ,*ri/ian e?ics is n to be und]/ood to mean t rational e?ical !ory is mi/ak5 :5 x claims t m5 are to d "r because x is "r4 ,b x means to rem9d u :]e alone ! absolute "r is f\nd--only 9 ,god4 ,& x means t bo? ! religi\s & ! e?ical life is to upraise & an*or u to ,him1 & to et]nal righte\sness z x is 9 ,him4 ,all duty is ow$ f9ally to ,god1 because ,he is ! "o absolute righte\s ,be+ to :om ! :ole univ]se owes its v exi/5ce & all its bless+s4 ,?us ,*ri/ian e?ics sets =? fully :at rational ?\ght has (t5 caught a glimpse ( & h9t$ at1 b want$ vision to see cle>ly1 viz43 t ! goal ( ! e?ical aim is to be l ,god4 ,its aim1 z is t ( religion itself1 is to br+ our moral life into liv+ fell[%ip ) ,him & ,8 bless$ness4 ,?is m>k$ feature ( ,*ri/ian tea*+ pres5ts ! e?ical view 9 its highe/ elevation1 purification & p[]4 ,moral ,guilt4 7#d7 ,9 h>mony ) ?is close connection ( ! moral ) ! religi\s life1 a fur!r special feature ( ,*ri/ian e?ics is a peculi> emphasis ^u ! guilt ( (f5ce aga9/ ! moral law4 ,9 pagan e?ics1 (t5 ) no cle> p]ception ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 always )\t j conception ( 8 "*1 ?\gh ! moral di/9ction 0 recogniz$ & wrong 0 reg>d$ z condemnable1 yet because ! wrong 0 view$ z trav]s+ only an ab/ract pr9ciple or an accr$it$ usage or ord] ( be/ happ9ess1 x evok$ no /rong s5se ( guilt4 ,"r 0 always little else ?an a con=m+ ( "o's self to nature1 or reason1 or civil au?ority1 or conditions ( well-be+ or enjoym5t1 or at be/ to an ideal conception ( virtue4 ,9 ! e?ical view :i* mat]iali/ic philosophies pres5t1 ?\gh ! ph5om5on ( consci5ce is ackn[l$g$ & ob$i5ce to its direction admitt$ to be necess>y = prop] "r ord]1 yet ! condemnatory judgm5t on immorality is r a judgm5t ( x z unwise1 imprud5t1 & injuri\s ?an z guilty & wor?y ( puni%m5t4 ,x is at mo/ a non-con=mity to an imp]sonal1 me*anically det]m9$1 ongo+ nature4 ,! :ole utilit>ian conception ( morality1 :i* makes x consi/ ess5tially 9 foll[+ ! tea*+s ( exp]i5ce z to :at is mo/ advantage\s & useful1 may hold disreg>d ( x z a great evil1 economically view$1 b almo/ annuls1 if x does n completely remove1 ! idea ( guilt1 by sub/itut+ t ( loss4 ,ev5 9 simply rational !i/ic e?ics1 despite !i/ic pre-suppositions & conclusions1 ! view may /ill deal too mu* ) ab/ractions & re/ too mu* on ab/ract ideas or imp]sonal ?+s4 ,"r & wrong are1 inde$1 develop$ by natural relations1 to :i* m5 are b\nd to con=m1 b only because ^! relations1 by be+ div9ely e/abli%$1 repres5t ,god1 :o 9 ! p]fections ( 8 nature & w1 is at once ! free ,creator & righte\s p]sonal ,rul] ( ! univ]se4 ,moral law n only applies alone to free p]sonality1 b has its s\rce & au?ority 9 ! ,absolute ,p]sonality ^: holy & b5efic5t w has con/itut$ ! moral relations & requirem5ts ( life4 ,morality p]ta9s1 n to ! relations ( m]e ?+s to ?+s1 or ( p]sons to simply imp]sonal nature1 b ( p]sons to p]sons4 ,int]-human relations create & exhibit obligations because ,god's plan & w speak 9 !m1 b ! full solemnity ( moral obligation appe>s only :5 all int]-human obligations are se5 c>ri$ up & unit$ 9 ! supreme & all-embrac+ obligation to ,god1 to :om all duty is due4 ,:5 ^! int]-human duties are refus$1 !y are refus$ to ,god :o requires !m & has express$ t requirem5t to reason ?r\gh ! relations !mselves & ?r\gh 8 ^w4 ,n only ! religi\s duties1 z fai? & love & gratitude & pray]1 b all human duties are ow$ to ,him4 ,"h all religi\s duties become moral obligations2 & all moral obligations become religi\s duties4 ,& ! guilt ( wrong-do+ is height5$ by ! fact t x is a s9 aga9/ ! j1 holy1 supreme au?ority & w ( ,god1 ! absolute p]sonal gr\nd ( ! "r ord] & bless$ness ( ! univ]se4 ,9 ,him ! moral au?ority is id5tifi$ ) ! rights ( ! ,creator to :om e good 9 ! univ]se is ow$4 ,?is emphasis ^u ! transc5d5t au?ority & sanctity ( moral law & consequ5t guilt ( its violation is a special feature 9 ! ,*ri/ian e?ical view & necess>y = ! true =ce & effici5cy ( ! moral s5se4 ,any sep>ation ( morality f ! position ( some?+ due to ,god p]sonally1 obscures & weak5s ! e?ical view4 ,?is has be5 ! bane n only ( pagan1 mat]iali/ic1 a!i/ic1 or grossly utilit>ian !ories1 b also ( _m o!r =ms ( repres5tation4 ,:5ev] ! s5se ( duty is resolv$ into an in/9ct1 or bl9d feel+1 or sympa?y1 or a product ( cu/om1 its true au?ority is kept out ( sight4 ,! guilt ( neglect ( x disappe>s4 ,?\gh f]v5tly reg>d$ by _m great ?9k]s z a sublime /atem5t ( ! moral pr9ciple1 ev5 ! ,kantian categorical imp]ative1 an imm$iate behe/ ( ! reason1 say+3 ,d ?is1 or d t1 giv+ no acc\nt ( itself or gr\nd = its au?ority1 b speak+ autocratically 9 its own "r1 & z suffici5t & f9al 9 its own imp]ative1 "u ! ab/ract rule3 ,act z if ! maxims ( ?y action 7 to become by ?y w ! law ( ! univ]se1 holds ! :ole moral au?ority too ab/ractly & remote f ,god = complete !ory or effective p[]4 ,he is n br\ght cle>ly into view or made liv+ly ne>1 b left 9 ! backgr\nd--a ,be+ ^: exi/5ce1 along ) fre$om & immortality1 is only inf]r$ & to be believ$ because ?is ideal law requires ,him = its ma9t5ance4 ,sublime z ! categorical imp]ative may (t5 h seem$1 ?is %ap+ ( ! !ory ( obligation is n suit$ to fill & vivify ! moral consci\sness ( m5 z does a s5se ( ! sublim] reality ( ! holy w & supreme au?ority ( ,god1 z pres5t 9 & speak+ ?r\gh t moral consci\sness4 ,b ! ,*ri/ian view br+s u face to face ) ?is righte\s w & au?ority 9 e moral obligation1 & tea*es u to see 9 all ! e/abli%$ p]sonal relations ( life a div9e call to "r & duty4 ,moral ,law ,univ]sal4 7#e7 ,! ,*ri/ian view makes uniquely cle> ! univ]salism ( ! moral law4 ,9 natural !ories ! rea* & id5tity ( ! law has fail$ rightly to appe>4 ,! !ory has =m$ only an e?ics = a race1 a nation1 a condition or ca/e4 ,x has be5 p>ticul>i/ic1 limit$ by race l9es1 tribal or national b\nd>ies1 class di/9ctions1 or ance/ral traditions4 ,codes ( duty h be5 %ap$ to local & exclusive conditions4 ,s we h a national e?ics creat$ by civil law1 or a class e?ics1 z ( free citiz5s contra-di/+ui%$ f slaves1 or ( ,brahmans z diff]5t f l[ ca/e p4 ,or we h an e?ics ( individuals1 9 :i* ! code ( duty ( ea* is det]m9$ by 8 own p]sonal in/9cts1 feel+s1 sw+ ( sympa?y1 pref]5ce 9 pleasure1 developm5t ( reason1 calculations ( utility1 ance/ral inh]itance1 or a my/]i\s categorical imp]ative4 ,moral codes h be5 imm5sely & confus+ly div]sifi$4 ,a self-id5tical & common /&>d does n appe>1 nor ! cle>1 sure f\ndation ( any4 ,! moral law is n exhibit$ 9 its univ]sality & p]man5ce4 ,its gr&eur is unse5 by reason ( ! kaleidoscopic v>iations pres5t$ by ! mov+ fragm5t>y !ories4 ,its au?ority is br\ght into d\bt4 ,! great want has be5 a view ( morality = man z man1 au?oritative ev]y:]e & always1 co-ext5sive ) humanity4 ,! defect ( ! !ories has be5 tw(old4 #a4 ,!y h n br\ght ! :ole race ( man toge!r 9 ! ess5tial sam5ess ( a univ]sal humanity1 ea* individual be+ end[$ ) ! high attributes ( a p]sonality1 made 9 ! image ( ,god1 & all b\nd toge!r 9 "o all-inclusive bro!rhood4 #b4 ,!y h fail$ cle>ly to unite ?is total humanity1 9 all its p]sonalities1 ) ,god1 ^: nature & w is ! only & absolute s\rce ( ! moral law :i* sweeps r\nd & ?r\gh all ! _w4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,scriptures & ! ,*ri/ian consci\sness supply ! ne$$ completion ( view by ?r[+ bo? ^! tru?s into cle> light4 ,*ri/ianity inve/s human p]sonality ) a wor?1 sacr$ness1 & responsibility nev] else:]e recogniz$4 ,x is at ! po9t ( p]sonality t ea* individual is to be unit$ 9 fell[%ip ) ! p]sonal ,god1 :o1 z righte\sness & love1 sits ^u ! ?rone4 ,*ri/ianity seeks to make s real & liv+ ! bro!rhood ( man1 t ! ?rob ( love & sympa?y may be felt across all national l9es & race di/9ctions ar\nd ! e>?4 ,& :ile x ?us /r5g!ns ! vitality & sacr$ =ce ( ! relations t ?us b9d m5 toge!r1 x tea*es t ! moral duties to m5 :i* ^! relations require1 are to be done z unto ,god4 ,mono!ism br+s mono-nomism4 ,! moral law1 :i* is absolute1 self-id5tical1 et]nal & immutable 9 ! holy nature & w ( ,god1 becomes univ]sal & irrepealable n only = ! e>? b = all ! moral univ]se4 ,condition ( ,fulfillm5t4 7#f7 ,a special ext5sion 9 ! ,*ri/ian e?ical view is ! tru? t ! moral law c be truly fulfill$ only 9 & ?r\gh a spiritual reg5]ation & r5ovation ( ! p]sonal life4 ,?is is a tru? :i* simply rational !ories fail to =mulate1 ?\gh !y are n )\t mat]ials to ju/ify ! =mulation ( x4 ,few facts ( life & hi/ory are m conspicu\s ?an ! impot5ce ( ! e?ical p]ceptions & motives to get & ma9ta9 rightful rul]%ip4 ,"s h9d]+ & disabl+ depravity 9 ! human condition prev5ts atta9m5t ( ! moral ideal4 ,ap>t f ! dreadful sway ( vice & crime & cruel wrong1 ev5 ) ! well-dispos$1 full duty to nei!r ,god nor man is completely realiz$4 ,! words put by ,ovid 9 ! m\? ( ,m$ea3 ,video meliora1 proboque1 det]eora sequor 7,i see & approve ! bett]1 ,i foll[ ! worse71 voice ! moral weakness felt ev5 9 pagan consci\sness4 ,?is incompet5cy ( ! e?ical behe/s to accompli% ! true & requir$ life1 ,*ri/ianity confirms & emphasizes2 & ^u its basis unfolds ! necessity ( a deep1 radical r5ewal ( p]sonal "*4 ,9 ,*ri/ianity1 let x be rememb]$1 ! moral law is a div9] & deep] reality ?an natural notions ( m5 make x4 ,x looks1 ) its div9e eye1 d[n into ! v dep?s ( ! he>t1 & dem&s loyal & full duty ?r\gh ! :ole range ( p]sonal relations ) respect to bo? ,god & man4 ,x spreads ! =ce ( moral obligation ov] religi\s duties1 jo9+ !m 9 indissoluble union4 ,! law ( ! ,"l is p]fect1 & requires ?is :ol5ess ( duty & righte\sness4 ,h5ce ,*ri/ianity holds a m]ely natural morality always to be faulty1 leav+ m5 "u ! law's condemnation4 ,)\t a div9e quick5+ & spiritual enabl+1 m5 c nev] be br\ght to true & full ob$i5ce & trans=m$ into moral h>mony & lik5ess ) ,god4 ,& ! proclamation1 look+ to ?is "p ( ! r$emptive process1 is3 ,except a man be born aga9 he _c see ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,?us x becomes a unique di/9ction ( ! ,*ri/ian e?ical view1 t x proposes to br+ m5 to spiritual & moral endeavor & victory f ! />t+-po9t ( a conviction & recognition ( _! own ?or\gh incompet5ce = ! moral task4 ,x furni%es a true & adequate ability :]e x has brok5 up dep5d5ce on an insuffici5t "o4 ,b ?is br+s to u ! moral task1 :i* belongs to ! next *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,! ,,e?ical ,,task ,,"u ,,*ri/ianity4 ,! e?ical task is to fulfil ! moral law1 to actualize ! e?ical ideal 9 conduct & "*4 ,x is to turn obligations into life4 ,x is n en\gh to "k duty1 ev5 9 complete/ !ory4 ,x mu/ be realiz$4 ,9 its mo/ important & f9al view1 e?ics is a "q ( moral p[]4 ,! impot5ce ( ! consci5ce be=e ! moral task has always be5 an impressive fact4 ,! p]ception ( duty has lack$ effici5cy = ! en=cem5t ( duty4 ,vision ( ! "r l>gely fails to secure con=mity to x4 ,ev5 ! cle>e/ intellectual discrim9ations & illum9ations ( ! moral law h (t5 be5 only z ! play ( cold light1 almo/ l ! aurora ( ! nor? quick5+ no?+ into life or fruitage4 ,"h is f\nd ! *ief po9t ( failure 9 natural e?ics4 ,x has p[] to dictate1 b n to move4 ,x wants an effici5t dynamic = ov]com+ ! moral evil t has e/abli%$ itself 9 human nature & life--evil s positive & dom9ant z to ju/ify an apo/le 9 repres5t+ ! bett] e?ical w z disabl$3 ,ye _c d ! ?+s t ye w\ld4 ,pr(4 ,fl9t says3 ,! wisdom ( ! hea!n _w1 at its v be/1 0 utt]ly inadequate to ! accompli%m5t ( su* a task z creat+ a due abhorr5ce ( s91 controll+ ! passions1 purify+ ! he>t1 & ennobl+ ! conduct4#fg ,! aim ( ,*ri/ianity is supremely practical4 ,x seeks to save f s9 & br+ to righte\sness4 ,x wa/es no ef=t = simply speculative results4 ,x comes n 9 ^w only1 b 9 p[]4 ,besides its s]vice to morals 9 confirm+ & ext5d+ our ne$$ k ( duty1 its greate/ e?ical s]vice is 9 supply+ ! ne$$ dynamic or efficaci\s =ce = ! realization ( ! holy life4 ,h[ does x enable ! moral task8 ,completion ( ! ,e?ical ,view4 #a4 ,9 "s degree by ! completion ( ! e?ical view itself4 ,! cle>] light is =ceful & efficaci\s = a bett] realization ( ! moral task4 ,k is p[]1 especially k :i* ?r[s into view ! mo/ impressive realities & relations1 & appeals ) ! mo/ cog5t motives4 ,by ! /rong illum9ation %$ ^u ! g5]al pr9ciples ( "r & virtue1 by ! def9it5ess & detail ( ! in/ruction & precepts = all situations 9 life1 by ! elevation ( view 9 :i* ! moral horizon is wid5$ & ext5d$1 s z to %[ a liv+ bro!rhood ( e man ) e o!r r\nd ! _w & a range ( moral int]e/s & responsibilities int]m9able z et]nity1 by ! emphasis ) :i* m5 are made am5able to ,god = all moral duties1 ev5 ^? to m51 ?us vivify+ ! :ole moral consci\sness ) a s5se ( a close1 unescapable acc\ntability to ,god ! consci5ce is bett] enlight5$ & quick5$ = its task1 /r5g!n$ by ! fulle/ c]ta9ty & "u ! vigor ( a new inspiration4 ,x has m light = direction2 x be>s gr&] motive =ces be=e ! w4 ,assurance ( ,success4 #b4 ,by giv+ assurance ( success4 ,9 ! face ( ! greate/ h9drances & natural incompet5ce1 x c]tifies an inspir+ goal ( ! moral endeavor4 ,po9t+ to r$emptive grace1 x makes manife/ t ! adm9i/ration ( ?is _w is n on ! side ( moral evil1 or indiff]5t to its wrong & blight1 b is work+ = its ov]?r[1 ! deliv]ance ( its subjects1 & _! triumph ov] x4 ,x proclaims an e/abli%$ & ev]-advanc+ k+dom1 ^: consummation w br+ all ^? :o1 z its subjects1 hung] & ?ir/ aft] righte\sness1 triumphantly ?r\gh & beyond ! pres5t militant /age ( ! moral life into f9al victory ov] evil1 a new e>? & a new heav5 :]e9 dwelle? righte\sness4 ,9 ?is div9e assurance t ! dom9ation ( moral evil1 ) its an>*y & mis]y 9 ! s\l1 is no necessity1 t its ov]?r[ is provid$ =1 & t ,god's gov]nm5t is s 9 ! int]e/ ( righte\sness & love z to gu>antee victory to ev5 ! feeble/ t 9 fai? appropriate 8 grace & help1 !re comes ! full inspiration1 n only ( hope1 b ( sure success 9 ! moral endeavor4 ,moral ef=t is n compell$ to be ,l %ips t sail$ = sunny isles1 ,b nev] came to %ore4 ,x has ! c]ta9ty t ,to him :o sides ) ,god ,no *ance is lo/4 ,! moral help ?us suppli$ by ,*ri/ianity is well illu/rat$ by ! contra/ :i* x pres5ts to "s o!r tea*+1 say z se5 9 ,buddhism1 extoll$ 9 poetry z ,! ,light ( ,asia4 ,?is is kn[n z "o ( ! great religions4 ,x is1 r1 a philosophy ( life1 a directory = conduct4 ,x is an a!i/ic1 or at be/ a pan!i/ic philosophy1 recogniz+ no p]sonal ,god & empty+ ! idea ( ,deity ( practical validity4 ,x _h its orig9 9 a deep & oppressive s5se ( ! evil & mis]y ( life1 & aim$ at _! solution & ! way ( deliv]ance4 ,on ! basis ( ! ori5tal metempsy*osis1 ) its suppos$ p]petual re-bir?s1 on acc\nt ( e>li] s9s1 into successive di/ressful lives1 x elaborat$1 = deliv]ance1 a code ( duty p]vad$ by ! ascetic _s & dem&+ ! sev]e/ self-discipl9e4 ,9 _m ( its sep>ate precepts x rises1 inde$1 "h & !re to elevations & beauties ( moral idea t seem almo/ ak9 to ! f9e/ & pure/ ( ,new ,te/am5t inculcations4 ,b :e!r view$ z a philosophy or a religion ,buddhism has no p]sonal ,god1 :o loves & values m5 z 8 own *ildr5 made 9 8 own image1 & ready to come to _! help4 ,x has he>d1 & 9 its a!i/ic cosmos1 c he>1 no voice ( r$emption1 kn[s ( no manife/ation ( a lov+ ,god = deliv]ance ( 8 s9ful *ildr5 f _! s9s & _! exaltation to ! dignity & happ9ess ( fell[%ip ) ,himself4 ,9 ?is despair ( help f ,god1 9 ?is dolefully pessimi/ic view ( ! _w & life1 & driv5 to dep5d only on self-help1 is x any wond] t ! moral task is direct$1 n to ! developm5t1 elevation & joy ( p]sonal life1 b to its repression1 subjugation1 & r$uction1 s z to br+ x1 at its e>?ly close1 to ,nirvana1 ext9ction ( consci\s individual exi/5ce1 z ! greate/ good6 ,by z mu* z ?is !ory ( despair is suit$ to atrophy all n]ve = ! e?ical task1 & s9k p]sonality f its true int5d$ elevation ( div9e fell[%ip & excell5ce into ! inanity ( unconsci\s be+1 by s mu* does ! ,*ri/ian tru? ( ! assur$ success & victory ( "r & goodness 9 ! advanc+ k+dom ( ,god's grace & et]nal love1 exalt+ ! wor? & =ce ( p]sonality to ! highe/1 inspire & su/a9 ! moral endeavor4 ,=asmu* z ye "k t y\r labor is n 9 va9 9 ! ,"l4 ,mu* has be5 writt5 9 late ye>s ab\t ! evolution ( ! moral life1 by writ]s :o seek to acc\nt = x ?r\gh ! action ( m]ely naturali/ic =ces 9 ! human con/itution & 9 its physical environm5t4 ,! above contra/ is sugge/ive ( factors 9 ! problem :i* _m ( ^! writ]s ov]look4 ,religi\s ,int]e/4 #c4 ,by unit+ ! moral side ( life ) ! religi\s1 & s br++ all ! p[]s ( ! religi\s int]e/ 9 vital help = ! moral task4 ,! common false diremption betwe5 morality & religion1 classify+ duties to ,god z religi\s1 & only duties to fell[-m5 or self z moral1 ea* /&+ 9 isolation1 & l>gely ( sep>ate accompli%m5t1 all[+ m5 to be moral :ile repudiat+ all _! duties to ,god1 or religi\s :ile )\t a consci5ce en=c+ duty to m51 leaves flabby n]ve = moral endeavor4 ,all ! mighty motives f ! ,godw>d side are lo/4 ,no quick5+ =ce = int]-human duties comes f a consci\sness ( ,god & 8 au?ority1 or ! future life4 ,any view t sev]s morality f ,god & is b\nd$ by ?is _w & temporal good1 mu/ fail to realize ! moral life ( man4 ,b ! ,*ri/ian view all[s no su* sep>ation4 ,x unites ! two z two sides ( ! same life ( duty1 out ( "o consci5ce1 ) vision ( bo? ,god & m51 & "o he>t true to ! indivisible _s ( "r4 ,z religi\s duties are all moral1 z obligations to ,god1 & all moral duties are religi\s1 z due to ,him1 ! ,*ri/ian consci\sness ( ,god mu/ re-in=ce & vivify ) new effici5cy ! :ole tw(old moral endeavor4 ,all ! di/9ctly religi\s int]e/s & =ces1 rev]5ce ( ,deity1 rep5tance be=e ,god1 gratitude1 fai?1 love1 hope1 spiritual joy1 aspiration1 desire ( immortality & endless bless$ness1 ?us br\ght into concurr5t action ) ! ,*ri/ianly enlight5$ natural consci5ce1 br+ an imm5sely advantage\s condition = ! actualization ( ! e?ical life4 ,to believe 9 an ev]-liv+ & p]fect ,m9d1 supreme ov] ! univ]se1 is to inve/ moral di/9ctions ) imm5sity & et]nity1 & lift !m f ! prov9cial /age ( human society to ! imp]i%able !atre ( all be+4 ,:5 plant$ ?us 9 ! v sub/ance ( ?+s1 !y ju/ify & support ! ideal e/imates ( ! consci5ce2 !y deep5 e guilty %ame2 !y gu>antee e righte\s hope2 & !y help ! w ) a ,div9e ca/+-vote 9 e balance ( temptation4#fh ,p[] ( ,holy ,_s4 #d4 ,by ! enlight5+ & obligat+ =ce ( ! ,holy ,_s4 ,?is reality is assur$ bo? 9 ! tea*+ ( ! ,scriptures & ! te/imony ( ! ,*ri/ian consci\sness4 ,we mu/ di/+ui% betwe5 ! simply natural action ( consci5ce & ! quick5+ & help+ by ! div9e ,_s4 ,revelation fully recognizes ! natural consci5ce & its obligat+ en]gy1 ,rom4 #b3ae2 #a3bj4 ,x designates x by ! t]m ,greek3 syneidsis f ,greek3 synoida1 conscius sum--a kn[+ )1 i4 e4 a conjo9$ consci\sness ( self & ( "r1 or a kn[+ ) ,god1 ^: law x disc]ns4 ,its natural functions ( disc]nm5t & imp]ative are n set aside by ! ,_s1 b enlight5$ & re-in=c$4 ,8 "p mu/ n be c\nt$ z]o4 ,:5 ! ,_s is come1 ,he w conv9ce ! _w ( s91 ( righte\sness1 & ( judgm5t1 ,john #af3h4 ,he works ?r\gh ! tru?1 9 & ?r\gh m5's natural faculties4 ,:ile ! ,*ri/ian's own consci5ce is act+ 9 its natural functions1 x is n act+ alone4 ,x is n alone2 = ! ,holy ,_s is !re z a quick5+ & help+ p[]4 ,9 ?is is fulfill$ ! exp]i5ce express$ by ,/4 ,paul3 ,my consci5ce also be>+ me witness 9 ! ,holy ,gho/1 ,rom4 #i3a4 ,?is is a ,*ri/ian consci5ce1 "o act+ n alone & unaid$1 b embrac$ )9 & fill$ by ! influ5ce ( ! ,holy ,_s4 ,?is influ5ce has be5 well express$ z l ! en]gy ( ! sun%9e 9 ! fruit4 ,spiritual ,reg5]ation4 #e4 ,?r\gh spiritual reg5]ation & r5ovation4 ,x is ?r\gh ?is pr(\nd reality t ,*ri/ianity accompli%es its great e?ical result4 ,x places ! pr9ciple ( hol9ess1 ( duty to ,god & m51 9 ! v he>t ( human nature & life4 ,x writes ! law 9 ! love ( ! s\l4 ,! div9e wisdom ( ,*ri/ianity is m>k$ by ! /ress :i* x places ^u a purification ( ! inn] life1 ! he>t1 ! v f\nta9 ( ?\ght1 purpose1 & conduct4 ,x po9ts to ! immoral s\rce ( ! immoralities ( conduct3 ,out ( ! he>t proce$ murd]s1 adult]ies1 etc4 ,! rem$y mu/ purify ! f\nta94 ,:5 ?is is secur$ & ! law ( hol9ess is e/abli%$ !re1 ! e?ical life1 9 its manifoldness & _m-sid$ness1 comes into realization4 ,x is ?us t ! consci5ce ga9s control4 ,its failures result f ! /r5g? ( oppos+ passions1 desires1 & p]v]t$ incl9ation1 excit$ (t5 by temptations )\t4 ,! affections d n f9d _! c5tre & re/ 9 ,god & righte\sness4 ,!y are irregul>1 (t5 sordid & mislead+4 ,! appetites & passions obscure ! moral disc]nm5ts & resi/ ! moral judgm5ts4 ,!re is a law ( s9 9 ! memb]s4 ,! w1 :i* %\ld b[ to ! direction ( ! consci5ce1 is sway$ by wrong motives4 ,! scept] ( ! moral faculty is brok5 by ! rebellion ( desires at w> ) "r & duty4 ,! fa9te/ :isp] ( consci5ce ought to be decisive1 b aga9/ ! imp]i\s asc5d5cy ( wrong affections its l\de/ imp]atives prove impot5t4 ,b 9 ?is moral r5ovation1 giv+ its new he>t & "r _s1 ! affections come into h>mony ) ,god & all t is good4 ,x is ! writ+ ( ! law aga9 9 ! he>t1 9 ! und]/&+ & love4 ,to ?is new life 9 ! affections1 duty becomes a pleasure4 ,! consci5ce1 no long] p]plex$ & ov]borne by evil desires1 becomes able to ass]t its rightful au?ority4 ,! w atta9s its rightful fre$om & p[] to control effici5tly 9 ! doma9 ( righte\sness1 & to hold ! life 9 ! h>monies ( "r & duty4 ,put ^! diff]5t elem5ts ( ! ,*ri/ian e?ical dynamic toge!r4 ,!y aggregate ! f9al moral p[]4 ,*ri/ianity completes ! e?ical view1 flood+ all ! pr9ciples ( "r & duty ) impressive light4 ,x ?r[s broad & /rong illum9ation ov] all ! moral relations ( m51 ext5d+ ! view into ! future life1 & giv+ c]tify+ precepts = guidance & support4 ,x gives ! inspir+ assurance ( ! triumph ( righte\sness 9 ! k+dom :i* ,god's love is e/abli%+ = x4 ,x unites all moral duties "u ! sanctions & solemnities ( obligation to ,god1 & re-in=ces !m by all ! motives & appeals :i* ! religi\s s5tim5ts & int]e/s address to m54 ,x supplies an exhau/less weal? ( tru?s :i* give n]ve to moral endeavor & are directly conv]tible into "*4 ,&1 z express+ ! l9e along :i* ^! elem5ts all pass into full effect1 by its reg5]ative action x secures = ! inn]mo/ s\rces ( conduct a trans=m+ influ5ce :i* does = ! life :at mak+ ! tree good does = its fruit4 ,love ( "r turns convictions ( "r into "*4 ,! effici5cy ( ! consci5ce no long] /&s only 9 ! intellectual judgm5ts1 b also 9 affection = ! morally good4 ,) love t[>d :at is good a feebl] consci5ce c\ld sway ! life aright4 ,b "u ?is deep inw>d *ange1 we h cle>] moral vision & /rong] imp]ative1 toge!r ) a trans=mation ( ! :ole nature into pr$om9ant love ( righte\sness4 ,z ! ,*ri/ian life advances1 ! pr9ciples ( duty are m & m e/abli%$ 9 ! he>t & conduct z life-=ces1 & ! consci5ce becomes m & m de facto1 z x is de jure1 sov]eign = moral ob$i5ce4 ,& ?us ,*ri/ianity supplies ! div9e & suffici5t dynamic = ! full realization ( ! e?ical life4 ,,index4 ,absolutism1 ,div9e1 #adi-aea4 ,actions1 objects ( moral judgm5t1 #ahc-ahg4 ,affections1 b5evol5t1 n supreme1 #ij-ib4 ,agno/ic t5d5cies1 #ha-hc1 #abj-abd4 ,aim1 e?ical1 9 ,*ri/ianity1 #aig-aih4 ,altruism1 #aed1 #afa4 ,analogy1 supports relational !ory1 #agf-agg4 ,an?ropological te/imony1 #cd4 ,applicatory moral judgm5ts1 #ea-eb1 #fg-fh1 #ib-ig1 #abh4 ,arnold1 ,mat!w1 quot$1 #be4 ,ari/otle1 #af1 #ah1 #cc1 #aeb4 ,assyria1 #dc4 ,assurance ( success1 quick5+ to moral endeavor1 #bbj-bbb4 ,aurelius1 ,m>cus1 #cc4 ,au?ority1 moral1 belongs n to utility or pleasure1 #aeh-afj2 nor to ! beautiful1 #add2 b to ! "r1 supremely1 #gi-hj1 #hg-hh1 #abf-acf1 #aeh-aei1 #agh-aia2 to consci5ce1 z disc]n+ ! "r1 #eg-eh1 #hf-ii1 #ajd4 ,ba91 ,alex&]1 #aba1 #aed4 ,b5evol5t affections1 n supreme1 #ij-ib4 ,b5?am1 ,j]emy1 #aed4 ,book ( ! ,dead1 #cc4 ,b[ne1 ,pr(4 ,bord5 ,p41 #bi1 #cf1 #fb1 #aec1 #agj1 #ahf4 ,brahmanism1 #cb1 #adb4 ,buckle1 #dc4 ,buddhism1 #cb1 #abf1 #adb1 #bba-bbb4 ,butl]1 ,bi%op1 #aaj-aaa1 #aed4 ,cald]wood1 #afg4 ,cato1 #cc4 ,*ri/1 p]sonal embodim5t ( 8 own tea*+1 #bjc-bjd4 ,*ri/ian e?ics1 completes ! e?ical view1 #aih-bjj2 s\rces (1 #bjj-bje2 special features (1 #bje-bag4 ,*ri/ianity1 relation (1 to rational e?ics1 #bf-bg1 #aif-aih2 its di/9ctive tea*+s1 #bje-bag2 af=ds p[] = ! moral task1 #bah-bbg4 ,cic]o1 #af1 #cc4 ,cl>ke1 ,samuel1 #aff4 ,cock]1 ,b4 ,d41 quot$1 #agc4 ,col]idge1 #afg4 ,confucianism1 #cb4 ,confucius1 #ada4 ,consci5ce1 simple or complex1 #cg-ci2 its exi/5ce prov$1 #ci-ee2 its psy*ological place1 #ei-fb2 its nature det]m9$1 #fb-hc2 !i/ic1 #gi-hj1 #hf-hh2 supremacy (1 #hc-ib2 acts ( necessity1 #gh-hj2 educable1 #ajd1 #aii-bjj2 conceivably =m$ ?r\gh !i/ic evolution1 #hc-he2 enlight5$ by ,*ri/ian tea*+1 #aih-bag2 becomes effici5t ?r\gh ,*ri/ian =ces1 #bah-bbg4 ,consci\sness1 te/imony z to fre$om1 #ajh-aaj2 ,*ri/ian1 s\rce = =mulation ( e?ics1 #bjd-bje4 ,cudwor?1 #afg4 ,dem]it1 import & measure (1 #gj-gb4 ,deontology1 #af 7note74 ,des ,c>tes1 ,r51 #aej4 ,divid+ l9e betwe5 true & false e?ical !ories1 #acj-acb4 ,div]sity ( moral judgm5ts1 #dh1 #agc4 ,dorn]1 ,dr41 quot$1 #aej4 ,druidism1 #cb4 ,duty def9$1 #fe4 ,dynamic1 moral1 #aih1 #bah-bbg4 ,education ( consci5ce1 #gd1 #ajd4 ,egypt1 #dc1 #abf4 ,epictetus1 #adh4 ,e?ics1 def9$1 #ae-ag2 hi/orically sket*$1 #ag-bj2 h[ divid$1 #ba-bc2 relation to psy*ology1 #bc2 to natural !ology1 #bd2 to ,*ri/ian !ology1 #be2 p>tly psy*ological1 #ba-bb1 #ei2 p>tly metaphysical1 #ba-bb1 #aai-abj2 relation ( evolution to1 #ed-ee1 #hc-he1 #acb-acg2 illum9at$ by ,*ri/ianity1 #aif-bag2 task (1 "u ,*ri/ianity1 #bah-bbg4 ,eudmonism1 #add-aec4 ,evolution1 9 relation to consci5ce1 #ed-ee1 #hc-he1 #acb2 to objective moral law1 #acb-acg1 #aed-aee4 ,fact1 ! prim>y e?ical1 #bh-cf4 ,faculty1 z appli$ to ! consci5ce1 #cg-ch2 psy*ologically describ$1 #fb-hj4 ,failure ( utilit>ianism1 #aee-afj4 ,fallibility ( consci5ce1 #eb1 #ib-id1 #ajc-aje4 ,fatalism1 9 ,/oic virtue1 #adg4 ,feel+s1 moral1 a "p ( consci5ce1 #gb-gg2 feel+s1 objects ( moral judgm5t1 #ahg-ahi4 ,fl9t1 ,pr(41 quot$1 #bah4 ,fre$om1 p]sonal1 abridg$ 9 anci5t nations1 #ag-ah4 ,free-w1 necess>y to moral ag5cy1 #ff1 #aje-ajf2 alt]native *oice1 #ajf-ajg1 #aei2 pro( (1 #ajg-aab2 exclud$ by mat]ialism1 #aab-aac4 ,god1 exi/5ce ( requir$ by moral law1 #gi-hj1 #hg-hh1 #ace2 relation to moral law1 #abf1 #ace-acf1 #adi-aea1 #aeh1 #afi1 #agb1 #agh-aha1 #bjh-bae2 moral duties due to ,him1 #afi-agj1 #bbb-bbc4 ,good1 ! *ief1 #adc1 #ade1 #adf1 #adh4 ,greece1 #ag1 #dc1 #adc-adh4 ,gregory1 ,dr4 ,d4 ,s41 #aff4 ,grote1 #abc4 ,grotius1 ,hugo1 #adi-aej4 ,gr\nd ( "r1 ! po9t def9$1 #aci2 sometimes conf\nd$ ) gr\nd ( obligation1 #ach-aci2 v>i\s !ories1 #adj-afg2 ,egyptian1 #adj2 ,*9ese1 #ada2 ,indian1 #adb2 ,zoroa/rian1 #adb-adc2 ,greek1 #adc-adh2 ,roman1 #adh2 ,div9e absolutism1 #adi-aej2 ( ,hobbes1 #aea2 sympa!tic1 #aeb2 utilit>ian1 #aeb-afe2 ( relations1 #afe2 spiritual excell5ce1 #aff2 direct intuition1 #afg2 z subjective or objective1 #aci-adj1 #afh2 proximate gr\nd1 #afh-agh2 ultimate1 #agh-aha2 n 9 m]e w ( ,god1 #agi-ahj4 ,guilt ( wrong-do+1 #baj-bab4 ,hamilton1 ,sir ,william1 #aba1 #abb4 ,happ9ess1 an end1 b n supreme1 #afa-afc2 idea (1 n id5tical ) t ( "r1 #aef2 )\t ! moral imp]ative1 #aeh-afj4 ,h$onism1 #adf4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 on moraliz+ effects ( intellectualism1 #dc2 on relativity ( k1 #abb2 explanation ( ! moral s5tim5ts1 #ce1 #aee4 ,h]$ity & consci5ce1 #hc-hd4 ,hickock1 ,dr4 ,laur5s ,p41 #aff4 ,hi/orical witness to ! e?ical di/9ctions1 #bi-ca4 ,hi/ory ( e?ics1 glance at1 #ag-bj4 ,hobbes1 #aea4 ,horace1 #cc4 ,hume1 #aeb1 #aed4 ,hut*eson1 #aed4 ,imp]ative1 ! moral1 #fe-ff1 #ii1 #aeh1 #bab-bac4 ,in/9ct1 n consci5ce1 #eg-eh4 ,int5tions1 h moral quality1 #aij2 teleological motives1 #aij4 ,intuitional1 ! consci5ce p]ceptions1 #fj-fc1 #gf1 #gh-gi4 ,j\ffroy1 ,!o4 ,simon1 #aff4 ,judgm5ts1 moral1 univ]sal1 #bi2 conflict (1 #dg2 agreem5t1 #dh-ea2 prim>y1 #fb-fg2 second>y1 #ea1 #abh2 n infallible1 #eb4 ,kant1 ,critique ( ,pure ,reason1 #ha2 ph5om5alism1 #aba-abb2 on ! gr\nd ( "r1 #afg2 categorical imp]ative1 #bab-bac4 ,k1 relation (1 to moral judgm5ts1 #ea-eb1 #ei-fb1 #fg-fh1 #ib-ic1 #ie-if1 #ajb-aje1 #agb-age1 #bje-bji4 ,lecky1 quot$1 #aeg 7note74 ,lit]ature1 its te/imony to ! moral s5se1 #cc4 ,mansel1 ,dean1 #aba4 ,m>cus ,aurelius1 #adh4 ,m>t9eau1 ,james1 #hh1 #agd1 #bbc-bbd4 ,m]it & dem]it1 import (1 #fh-gj2 measure (1 #ga4 ,metaphysics ( e?ics1 #ba1 #aai-aie4 ,mill1 ,james1 #aed4 ,mill1 ,j4 ,/u>t1 #hb1 #aba-abb1 #aed4 ,mohamm$anism1 #cb4 ,monism1 mat]ial1 #acc-acg1 #aee4 ,moral ag5cy1 #ajj-aah1 #agb1 #ahb4 ,moral di/9ctions1 fact (1 #bh-cf2 faculty (1 #cg-he2 objectively real1 #abe-abf2 n made by m5tal organization1 #abg2 intuitions1 #fc2 immutable & et]nal1 #abg-abh4 ,moral emotions1 #dd-dg4 ,moral ,law1 p]ceiv$ obligation1 #fd-ff2 !i/ic1 #gi-hj1 #hg-hh1 #ace2 only = free ag5ts1 #acf2 gr&eur (1 #abi-acj2 univ]sal1 #bac-bae4 ,morality1 relation ( ,*ri/ianity to1 #aig-aih4 ,moral motives1 #gc1 #ge-gf4 ,moral qualities1 pr$icable ( p]sonal be+s1 #ahb2 ext]nal acts1 #ahc-ahg2 feel+s1 desires1 etc41 #ahg-ahi2 h]$it>y prop5sities1 #ahi2 intellectual activities1 #aia2 int5tions1 #aij2 w1 #aic-aie4 ,necessit>ianism1 #aab-aae4 ,necessity1 9 ! action ( consci5ce1 #gh2 9 intellect & s5sibility1 #agd-age4 ,nemesis1 9 hi/ory1 #ca4 ,newman1 ,francis1 #hj4 ,nirvana1 #adb1 #bbb4 ,obligation1 p]ceiv$1 #fd2 felt1 #fd-fe2 belongs to moral ag5t1 #fe2 c5tral 9 consci5ce1 #fe2 implies objective moral law1 #abe-acg4 ,old ,te/am5t e?ics1 #bjb-bjc4 ,paley1 ,william1 #aec4 ,pascal1 #dg4 ,peculi>ity ( ! moral p]ceptions1 #dj4 ,p]si/5ce ( ! moral s5se1 #dh1 #fd4 ,ph5icia1 #dc4 ,ph5om5alism1 #ha1 #aba-abe4 ,philosophical "p ( e?ics1 #ba4 ,plato1 #ah1 #cc1 #add1 #adh1 #aeb4 ,plausibility ( utilit>ianism1 #afa-afe4 ,positive ,philosophy1 #hb4 ,pr9ciples1 high] & l[]1 ,dr4 ,m>t9eau's rules1 #agd-age4 ,presuppositions to responsibility1 #ajb-ajc1 #aje-ajh1 #agb4 ,psy*ology1 relation to e?ics1 #bc2 9 /udy ( consci5ce1 #ei2 %[s ! place ( consci5ce1 #ei-fb4 ,quatrefages1 #cb4 ,reg5]ation1 to realize ! e?ical life1 #bae-bag1 #bbe-bbf4 ,relativity ( k1 #ha1 #abj-abe4 ,religion1 witness to ! e?ical di/9ctions1 #ca-cc2 becomes moral obligation1 #afi-agj1 #bbb-bbc4 ,"r1 rat$ 9 value1 #afj4 ,rob9son ,crusoe1 #agj4 ,roman tea*+1 #adh4 ,rome1 #dc4 ,s5eca1 #cc1 #adh4 ,s5sibility1 !1 z relat$ to ! consci5ce1 #gb-gf2 to moral ag5cy1 #aae4 ,%aftesbury1 #aed4 ,%9toism1 #cb4 ,skepticism1 intellectual1 #abc4 ,smi?1 ,adam1 #aea4 ,smy?1 ,dr4 ,newman1 quot$1 #bjj1 #bjc4 ,society1 e?ical con/itut$1 #bi1 #aaf4 ,socrates1 #ag1 #adc1 #add1 #aec4 ,solid>ity ( humanity1 #afd4 ,sophocles1 #cc4 ,sp5c]1 ,h]b]t1 #ce1 #dc1 #abb1 #aeg4 ,sp9ozism1 #aab4 ,/oic e?ics1 #adf-adh4 ,supremacy ( consci5ce1 #hf-ii4 ,sympa!tic ,!ory1 #aea4 ,toism1 #cb4 ,!ology1 relation to e?ics1 #bd1 #be4 ,!oretical & practical e?ics di/+ui%$1 #ba-bc4 ,univ]salism ( moral law1 #abg-acj1 #bac-bae4 ,utilit>ianism1 #ce1 #aeb-afd2 error (1 #aee-afj2 measure ( tru? involv$ 91 #afa-afe2 evolutioni/1 #aee-aef1 #aei2 ,lecky on1 #aeg 7note74 ,value ( ! morally good1 #afj4 ,volitions1 objects ( moral judgm5t1 #aic-aif4 ,wayl&1 ,dr4 ,francis1 #aff4 ,:ewell1 #ie4 ,w1 free1 #ajf-aab2 po9t ( p]sonal responsibility1 #aid-aie4 ,w ( ,god1 n itself ! absolute gr\nd ( "r1 #agi-aha4 ,wolla/on1 #aff4 ,wolseley1 ,"l1 #dc4 ,zoroa/rianism1 #cb1 #adb4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,nicoma*ean ,e?ics1 ,book ,,ii1 ,*ap4 ,i4 #b ,! t]m ,deontology1 f ,greek3 to deon1 :at is due or b9d+1 & ,greek3 logos1 disc\rse1 has be5 us$ by "s mod]n writ]s z a fit designation ( moral sci5ce4 ,?\gh x has nev] come into g5]al use1 x is etymologically well adapt$ to express ! elem5t ( obligation involv$ 9 ! moral s5se4 ,see ,krau?-,flemm+ ,vocabul>y ( ! ,philosophical ,sci5ces1 p4 #acb4 #c ,de ,fato1 ,cap4 ,i1 #a4 #d ,see ,wuttke's ,*ri/ian ,e?ics1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #fi-abb4 #e ,wuttke's ,*ri/ian ,e?ics1 ,i1 p4 #ie4 ,int4 to ,ari/otle's ,e?ics1 p4 vi 7,bohn's ,ed474 #f ,mat!w ,arnold1 ,lit]ature & ,dogma1 ,*ap4 ,i4 #g ,philosophy ( ,!ism1 ,h>p] ,bro!rs1 ,n4 ,y41 p4 #bbj4 #h ,see ,! ,olde/ ,book 9 ! ,_w1 ,biblio!ca ,sacra1 ,octob]1 #ahhb 7,vol4 ,,xlv74 ,also ,c4 ,lor+ ,brace's ,! ,unkn[n ,god 7,a4 ,c4 ,arm/rong ,son1 ,new ,york1 #ahij71 pp4 #a-dj4 #i ,pr(4 ,bord5 ,p4 ,b[ne4 ,philosophy ( ,!ism1 p4 #baf4 #aj ,hi/ory ( ,civilization1 p4 #abe 7,d4 ,appleton ,co41 ,n4 ,y474 #aa ,/udy ( ,sociology1 p4 #cfc4 #ab ,=tnightly ,review1 ,decemb]1 #ahhh4 #ac ,see1 = in/ance1 ,paley's ,moral ,philosophy1 ,*ap4 ,v4 #ad ,see ,*ap4 ,,iv1 p4 #hc4 #ae ,s ,hume1 ,adam ,smi?1 ,?omas ,br[n4 #af ,j]emy ,b5?am1 ,jas4 ,mill1 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 #ag ,bord5 ,p4 ,b[ne1 ,int4 to ,psy*ological ,!ory 7,h>p] ,bro!rs1 ,n4 ,y41 #ahhg71 p4 #bjf4 ,pr(4 ,b[ne ?9ks1 inde$1 t ?is di/9ction1 trac$ to its roots1 dep5ds on a feel+ ( approval or disapproval 9 connection ) ! aims & pr9ciples ( conduct1 & t ! ideal ( life & ! law ( conduct spr+ out ( ?is basal feel+4 ,he ass]ts t we c only repres5t ! motives & actions to ourselves1 & wait = ! imm$iate feel+ ( approval or disapproval to manife/ itself4 ,he ma9ta9s t no?+ is ga9$ by reg>d+ ! di/9ction z an intuition ( ! reason in/ead ( a feel+1 because1 he says1 its univ]sality dep5ds on its cont5t1 & n ^u its psy*ological classification4 ,b we may well ask if x really does make no diff]5ce :e!r ?is di/9ction1 ! e?ical ideal1 comes z a p]ception ( reality1 ! action ( a kn[+ p[]1 or z a feel+ :i* p]ceives no?+ & to acc\nt = :i* !re is no p]ceiv$ e?ical reality1 no disc]nm5t ( ! elem5tal ideas ( "r & wrong1 ^u :i* approval or disapproval c arise & re/4 ,we are entitl$ to ask3 ,h[ c !re be a feel+ ( e?ical approval :5 !re is no insight ( ! di/9ction betwe5 moral good & evil8 ,! feel+ t arises f no p]ception ( any?+ to approve1 or t approves )\t any p]ceiv$ pr9ciple or law ( approval1 is bl9d4 ,x has no /&>d or reason = an e?ical approval4 ,moreov]1 ,pr(4 ,b[ne admits3 ,z long z !y ! aims & pr9ciples ( conduct are unrecogniz$ !re is no moral life4 ,z long z !y are uncle>ly p]ceiv$1 !re are only ! g]ms ( a moral life4 ,:5 !y are br\ght out into cle> recognition1 ! self-consci\s moral life beg9s4 #ah ,see ,wuttke's ,*ri/ian ,e?ics 7,nelson ,phillips1 ,n4 ,y471 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #aci1 #adj4 #ai ,bord5 ,p4 ,b[ne's ,int4 to ,psy*ological ,!ory 7,h>p] ,bros41 ,n4,y41 #ahhg71 p4 #ahd4 #bj ,!ism1 p4 #ac4 ,quot$ f ,william ,knight's ,essays 9 ,philosophy 7,h\ghton1 ,miffl9 ,co41 ,bo/on1 #ahij71 p4 #bgf4 #ba ,j4 ,/u>t ,mill4 #bb ,! ,crisis 9 ,morals1 by ,jas4 ,?omas ,bixby1 ,ph4 ,d4 7,bo/on1 ,rob]ts ,bro!rs1 #ahia74 #bc ,pr(4 ,huxley1 9 "o ( 8 late/ utt]ances1 puts ?is po9t /rongly3 ,! practice ( :at is e?ically be/--:at we call goodness or virtue--involves a c\rse ( conduct :i*1 9 all respects1 is oppos$ to t :i* leads to success 9 ! cosmic /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,9 place ( ru?less self-ass]tion1 x dem&s self-re/ra9t2 9 place ( ?ru/+ aside1 or tread+ d[n1 all competitors1 x requires t ! individual %all n m]ely respect1 b %all help 8 fell[s2 its influ5ce is direct$1 n s mu* to ! survival ( ! fitte/1 z to ! fitt+ ( z _m z possible to survive4 ,lecture at ,ox=d on ,e?ics & ,evolution4 #bd ,see ,dr4 ,m>t9eau's ,types ( ,e?ical ,!ory1 ,,ii1 pp4 #e1 #ii-aaj4 #be ,w4 ,:ewell1 ,elem5ts ( ,morality1 ,sect4 #bge4 #bf ,! ,doctr9e ( ,morality1 by ,dr4 ,r4 ,b4 ,fairbairn 7,:itak]1 ,n4 ,y41 #ahhg71 pp4 #aji-aac4 #bg ,?is feature is recogniz$ 9 :at is usually t]m$ =mal fre$om1 i4 e4 t psy*ical capacity ( rational *oice :i* is ess5tially =mative ( p]sonality4 ,to lose ?is w\ld be ! loss ( p]sonality4 ,:e!r ! p[] ( free *oice betwe5 good & evil is impair$ 9 man's corrupt /ate1 be+ put 9 bondage or subs]vi5cy to a deprav$ love ( s91 is q a diff]5t "q4 #bh ,lib]um arbitrium habetur1 qu&o positis ad ag5dum requisitis1 pote/ quis ag]e vel non ag]e4 ,quot$ f ,w4 ,s4 ,lilly's ,"r & ,wrong1 p4 #ajd1 #b;d ,ed41 ,london1 ,*apman & ,hall4 #bi ,"p ,i1 ,*ap4 ,,vi4 #cj ,mat]iali/ic evolution1 :i* holds matt] z be+ ! en]gy & cause ( all ?+s1 leaves no place = free-w1 because 9 tru? x leaves no place = m9d4 ,= m9d or s\l z a real entity or be+ :i* ?9ks1 feels & wills1 x sub/itutes m]e m5tality z an effect ( atomic or molecul> *anges 9 ! bra94 ,m9d1 z a self-consci\s _s t itself self-kn[+ly acts1 is repudiat$4 ,no?+ is left b a s]ies ( s5sations1 ?\ghts & wi%es t are z truly physically-produc$ effects z are ! v>i$ p]fumes ( fl[]s1 ! fall ( ra9 or ! waves ( ! sea4 ,no selfhood rema9s 9 man b ! physical organism :i*1 9 mat]ial causation1 gives out ! v>i\s =ms ( products or manife/ations d5om9at$ m5tal4 ,b ?is mat]iali/ic !ory is n sci5ce4 ,x n only /&s contradict$ by ! common judgm5t ( mank9d 9 all ages1 b breaks d[n utt]ly 9 ! pres5ce ( sci5tific psy*ology4 ,= ?is f9ds among its unque/ionable & irr$ucible facts a real self-consci\s subject or self back ( ! s]ies ( ?\ghts1 emotions & volitions1 hold+ all ^! psy*ical exp]i5ces 9 its unit>y consci\sness1 &1 ) its memories ( ! pa/1 c>ry+ its p]sonal id5tity ?r\gh pres5t activity on into ! future4 ,! s]ies ( m5tal exp]i5ces1 9 ! !ory1 are indep5d5t ( ea* o!r & dep5d5t only on ! bra9 *anges :i* directly produce !m1 & ?us1 by necessity1 ignorant ( ea* o!r4 ,p]sonal id5tity1 !re=e1 is full dispro( ( ! !ory4 ,= p]sonal id5tity re/s 9 a s+le abid+ consci\sness1 9 :i* all sep>ate m5tal acts are kn[n z its own acts1 ! mat]ials = memory & comp>ison4 ,! tru? is1 t all moral di/9ctions arise out ( ! conviction t ea* individual1 9 ! c5t] ( 8 p]sonality1 is a s\l1 itself det]m9+ its rational *oices & responsible = ! conduct ( life4 #ca ,! contradiction ?us involv$ is well put by ,pr(4 ,e4 ,d4 ,roe1 ( ,ob]l91 ,o41 9 ,biblio!ca ,sacra1 ,oct41 #ahid3 ,?is law 7autonomy7 pre-supposes ! fre$om ( ! w1 = )\t fre$om 'oughtness1' 'responsibility' & 'rep5tance' w\ld possess no significance4 ,e "o1 z ! necess>ians admit1 acts "u ! idea ( fre$om4 ,_! hypo!sis to expla9 ?is is1 t ! subject acts "u illusion 7necess>y illusion1 ( c\rse74 ,b "h an hypo!sis is necess>y to expla9 ! hypo!sis4 ,:y1 if necessity is ! tru?1 is ! subject necessitat$ to believe falsity8 ,a v /range tru? x is :i* necessitates itself to be disbeliev$4 ,pp4 #fef1 #feg4 #cb ,see ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ,philosophy1 by ,j4 ,h4 ,w4 ,/uck5b]g1 ,d4 ,d4 7,arm/rong ,sons1 ,new ,york1 #ahhh71 pp4 #cba1 #cbb4 #cc ,metaphysics1 ,lect4 ,,viii4 #cd ,see ,dr4 ,mc,cosh's ,def5se ( ,fundam5tal ,tru?1 ,*ap4 ,x1 #c4 #ce ,fir/ ,pr9ciples1 ,*ap4 ,,iv1 #bb4 #cf ,quot$ f ,dr4 ,mc,cosh4 ,fundam5tal ,tru?s1 ,*ap4 ,x1 #c4 #cg ,?is is ! old apo!m3 ,! ratio cognosc5di is gr\nd$ 9 ! ratio ess5di4 #ch ,see ,a4 ,alex&]'s ,moral ,sci5ce1 ,*ap4 ,,vii4 #ci ,brace's ,! ,unkn[n ,god 7,a4 ,c4 ,arm/rong ,son1 ,n4 ,y471 pp4 #a-dj2 ,! ,olde/ ,book 9 ! ,_w1 9 ,biblio!ca ,sacra1 ,oct41 #ahhh4 #dj ,quot$ by ,pr(4 ,jas4 ,legge1 9 ,! ,religions ( ,*9a1 f ,confucius's ,doctr9e ( ! ,mean 7,*as4 ,scribn]'s ,sons1 ,new ,york71 p4 #aci4 #da ,wuttke's ,*ri/ian ,e?ics1 ,i1 pp4 #dg-eb4 #db ,wuttke's ,*ri/ian ,e?ics1 ,i1 p4 #ei2 ,brace's ,unkn[n ,god1 pp4 #ahb-aig2 ,s4 ,d4 ,f4 ,salmond's ,! ,*ri/ian ,doctr9e ( ,immortality 7,f4 ,t4 ,cl>k1 #ahie71 ,*ap4 ,,vi4 #dc ,greek3 eudaimonia4 #dd ,republic ,x1 #fac;a2 ,!aet41 #agf4 #de ,see ,wuttke's ,*ri/ian ,e?ics1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,sec4 #ad1 & ,m>t9eau's ,types ( ,e?ical ,!ory1 ,book ,i1 ,bran* ,i4 #df ,see ,lu?>dt's ,*ri/ian ,e?ics 7,t4 ,t4 ,cl>k71 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #i4 #dg ,greek3 homolog\m5s t physei zn1 ,diog5es1 ,l4 ,,vii1 #hg4 #dh ,! quotation1 ,acts #ag3bh1 is probably f ! ,phnom5a ( ! ,/oic poet ,aratus4 #di ,see ,dr4 ,dorn]'s ,sy/em ( ,*ri/ian ,doc41 ,,ii1 p4 #ad4 #ej ,see ,horace1 ,book ,,iii1 ,ode ,,iii4 ,sophocles' dipus ,tyrannus1 l9es #hfc-hga4 ,pet] ,bayne's ,te/imony ( ,*ri/ to ,*ri/ianity1 p4 #dd4 #ea ,pr(4 ,bord5 ,p4 ,b[ne designates ?is tea*+ z ! goods e?ics4 ,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics 7,h>p] ,bros471 ,*4 ,i4 #eb ,moral & ,political ,philosophy1 ,*ap4 ,,vi4 #ec ,see pp4 #acc-acg4 #ed ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 ,data ( ,e?ics1 #de4 #ee ,:at is ,reality8 by ,francis ,h[e ,johnson 7,h\ghton1 ,miffl9 ,co41 ,bo/on71 pp4 #dge-dih4 #ef ,lecky1 9 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 says3 ,9 all nations & 9 all ages1 ! ideas ( int]e/ & utility on ! "o h& & ( virtue on ! o!r1 h be5 reg>d$ by ! multitude z p]fectly di/9ct1 & all languages recognize ! di/9ction4 ,! t]ms honor1 ju/ice1 rectitude1 or virtue1 & _! equival5ts 9 e language1 pres5t to ! m9d ideas ess5tially & broadly diff]+ f ! t]ms prud5ce1 sagacity1 or int]e/4 ,! two l9es ( conduct may co9cide1 b !y are nev] confus$1 & we h n ! slighte/ difficulty 9 imag9+ !m antagoni/ic4 ,:5 we say a man is gov]n$ by a high s5se ( honor1 or by /rong moral feel+1 we d n mean t he is prud5tly pursu+ ei!r 8 own int]e/s or ! int]e/s ( society4 444 ,!re is no fact m conspicu\s 9 human nature ?an ! broad di/9ction1 bo? 9 k9d & degree1 drawn betwe5 ! moral & ! o!r p>ts ( our nature4 ,b ?is on utilit>ian pr9ciples is altoge!r unacc\ntable4 ,if ! excell5ce ( virtue consi/s solely 9 its utility or t5d5cy to promote ! happ9ess ( m51 we %\ld be compell$ to canonize a cr[d ( acts :i* are utt]ly remote f all ord9>y motives ( morality4 ,vol4 ,i1 ,*ap4 ,i4 #eg ,moral ,sci5ce 7,bo/on1 #ahfg71 pp4 #ci-dd4 #eh ,*ri/ian ,e?ics1 p4 #ajd4 #ei ,bord5 ,p4 ,b[ne1 ,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics1 p4 #aac4 #fj ,b4 ,f4 ,cock]1 ,!i/ic ,conception ( ! ,_w1 p4 #cgg4 #fa ,types ( ,e?ical ,!ory1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 #ae4 #fb ,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics1 pp4 #ci-dj4 ,= a cle> exposition ( ?is di/9ction1 see ,dr4 ,d4 ,s4 ,gregory's ,*ri/ian ,e?ics1 ,pt4 ,i1 ,divis4 ,,iii1 sec4 #a4 #fc ,m>t5s5's ,*ri/ian ,e?ics 7,g5]al71 #g4 #fd ,newman ,smy?'s ,*ri/ian ,e?ics 7,*>les ,scribn]'s ,sons1 #ahib71 p4 #c4 #fe ,newman ,smy?'s ,*ri/ian ,e?ics1 p4 #fj4 #ff ,john #a3d2 #h3 #ab2 #i3 #e4 #fg ,!ism1 p4 #cje4 #fh ,james ,m>t9eau1 9 ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,vol4 ,i1 quot$ by ,pr(4 ,drummond 9 ,natural ,law 9 ! ,spiritual ,_w 7,j4 ,pott ,co41 ,new ,york71 p4 #afh4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,punctuation & spell+ 7 made consi/5t :5 a pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0 f\nd 9 ?is book2 o!rwise !y 7 n *ang$4 ,simple typographical errors 7 correct$2 occasional unbalanc$ quotation m>ks reta9$4 ,ambigu\s hyph5s at ! ends ( l9es 7 reta9$4 ,page #i3 #fb-gf 0 mispr9t$ z #fb-hj2 correct$ "h4 ,page #aj3 #afh-agh 0 mispr9t$ z #afh-agj2 correct$ "h4 ,page #ab3 #bjj-bje 0 pr9t$ z #bjj2 *ang$ "h = consi/5cy4 ,page #ac3 #bje-baf 0 pr9t$ z #bje2 *ang$ "h = consi/5cy4