,,consum]s ,,& ,,wage-,,e>n]s ,,consum]s ,,& ,,wage-,,e>n]s ,,! ,,e?ics ,,( ,,buy+ ,,*eap ,,by ,j4 ,,elliot ,,ross1 ,ph4,d4 ,,new ,,york ,,! ,,dev9-,,adair ,,company #aiab ,copyright1 #aiab1 by ,,! ,,dev9-,,adair ,,company ,,note ,j4 ,,elliot ,,ross is a memb] ( an old & prom95t ,s\!rn family4 ,he has long be5 an ard5t /ud5t ( economics1 ( sociology1 & ( ! enslav$ condition ( ! ,wage-,e>n]1--& :o1 save ! idle ri* & ! social drone1 is n a wage-e>n]8 ,dr4 ,ross is a graduate ( ,george ,wa%+ton ,univ]sity4 ,! ,ca?olic ,univ]sity ( ,am]ica conf]r$ ^u him ! degree ( ,doctor ( ,philosophy = ?is1 8 excell5t "w 9 behalf ( ! ,consum]1 ! ,wage-,e>n]1 & ! ,oppress$4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,po9t ,,at ,,issue #c ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,obligations ,,( ,,! ,,consum+ ,,class #h ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,:at ,,is ,a ,,j ,,employ]8 #ch ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,!ory ,,( ,,indu/rial ,,organization #dg ,,*apt] ,v ,,indu/rial ,,conditions3 ,,wages #ff ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,indu/rial ,,conditions3 ,,heal? #gg ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,indu/rial ,,conditions3 ,,morals #ie ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,:at ,,%\ld ,,! ,,individual ,,consum] ,,d8 #ajg ,,app5dix #acc ,,bibliography #ace ,,*apt] ,,"o ,,! ,,po9t ,,at ,,issue ,h y ev] /ood 9 a c\ntry /ore & f ! sup]ior heights ( mature wisdom wat*$ a *ubby-fac$1 bright-ey$ boy inve/ a p5ny 9 a prize-bag8 ,to y x is simply a pap] enclos+ a few nuts1 a piece ( c&y1 & a v>iable quantity 9 ! %ape ( a t9 flag1 an imitation r+1 etc4 ,b to ! *ild !re is an excitem5t 9 gett+ "o kn[s n :at4 ,all ! gambl+ in/9cts ( ! race t squ&]s ?\s&s ^u ! turf1 all ! love ( adv5ture t peopl$ our cont95t1 are summ$ up 9 t "o act4 ,! *ild has1 p]haps1 cont5t$ly endur$ ! r\t9e ( ! f>m = weeks 9 ! anticipation ( ?is "o mom5t ( blissful joy :5 8 anxi\s f+]s n]v\sly reveal ! delight or ! disappo9tm5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ye>s h br\ght wisdom 7or is x disillusionm5t87 & imitation r+s no long] h ! same importance 9 our eyes4 ,no matt] h[ wi/fully we may look back1 ^? days w nev] return4 ,yet prize-bags may once aga9 loom l>ge 9 our intellectual horizon1 ?\gh ) a diff]5ce4 ,?is "t we look beyond ! rosy-*eek$1 heal?y c\ntry lad1 br$ amid ! beauties ( ,god's fields & n\ri%$ ) unadult]at$ home products1 to ! pale1 n]v\s1 ov]-work$ girls :o sp5d _! days fill+ ^! bags4 ,9 an ill-light$1 ill-v5tilat$ room1 9 a great du/y1 dirty city !y "w fev]i%ly = t5 h\rs at ! rate ( f\r c5ts a hundr$ bags4 ,!y /& at a table ) boxes be=e !m1 f :i* !y take peanuts1 c&y & prizes ) quick automatic motion4 ,!y turn d[n ! corn]s ( ea* bag1 & /r+ ! bags :5 full 9 long bulky curls ( sev5ty-two4#a ,spe$+ to ! utmo/ !y _c make en\gh to live on4 ,a room 9 a *eap bo>d+-h\se1 morally & physically dirty1 insuffici5t food1 & no *ance = legitimate pleasures--?is is ! prize-bag life holds = !m4 ,:at wond] if ! temptation to supplem5t ^! wages 9 ! way always possible = wom5 prove too /rong8 ,:o is to blame8 ,is ! little *ap hundr$s ( miles away 9 ! c\ntry1 happily unconsci\s ( _! exi/5ce1 9 any way responsible8 ,?is is ! "q ) :i* we are go+ to busy ourselves4 ,our little boy & ov]-work$ girl are n1 probably1 typical ,consum]s & ,produc]s4 ,/ill !y repres5t l>ge numb]s ( ! economic _w1 & ! solid>ity ( indu/ry is su* t "o c\ld n exi/ )\t ! o!r4 ,9 a way1 ! c\ntry lad is a %ad[ ( ,presid5t ,taft press+ a button to />t ! ma*9]y ( a _w's fair4 ,! *ild1 ) wond]ful effect on o!rs1 furni%es a portion ( ! nation's indu/rial me*anism4 ,9 ! satisfaction ( 8 own desires1 he is all unconsci\s ( ?is1 & unconsci\s1 too ( ! responsibilities ( p[] t mod]n social work]s w\ld ?ru/ ^u him4 ,x 0 once1 inde$1 ! object ( re=m]s to excite a s5se ( wrong 9 ! oppress$4 ,! fa%ion f\nd expression 9 ,?omas ,pa9e's ,rights ( ,man4 ,n[ _! purpose is also to ar\se a s5se ( obligation 9 ! p[]ful1 & ! *ange ( front is indicat$ by ,mazz9i's ,duties ( ,man4 ,"o duty aft] ano!r has be5 =c$ ^u ! race's consci5ce1 & to-day ! attempt is made to compel ! f9al1 & "s say ! mo/ p[]ful1 elem5t ( ! indu/rial _w1--! ,consum]1--to %\ld] 8 %>e ( responsibility4 ,briefly1 ! l9e ( argum5t is ?is3 ,labor]s h a "r to a fair wage = a fair day's "w4 ,if employ]s fail 9 _! duty ( meet+ ?is "r1 !n ! obligation neglect$ by ! employ]s mu/ be assum$ by ^? :o also b5efit by ! labor]s' "w1--by ! ,consum+ ,class4 ,at fir/1 ! obligation is made ab/ract & hypo!tical 9 ?is way because ( difficulties 9 e/abli%+ ! concrete cont5t ( ! workman's "r to a fair wage1 & j :at l9e ( conduct is incumb5t ^u ! individual ,consum] confront$ by ?is situation4 ,p]sons :o readily agree t ! labor] has a "r to a fair wage1 & t if ?is "r is violat$ ! ,consum] ought to d some?+1 w wrangle un5d+ly z to j :at is a fair wage & j :at a ,consum] ought to d4 ,aft] fix+ ?is g5]al obligation ^u ! ,consum+ ,class1 h[ev]1 ! o!r "q z to :e!r ! employ]s are actually neglect+ _! duties t[>ds _! employees1 & :at ! individual ,consum] c & %\ld d1 w be consid]$4 ,! fix+ ( an ab/ract1 hypo!tical obligation = a :ole class1 r ?an a concrete duty = a p>ticul> individual1 is n useless4 ,if x is prov$1 t1 provid$ employ]s neglect _! duties & ! ,consum+ ,class c d any?+ to fulfill !m1 !re is an obligation ^u ! ,consum+ ,class to c>ry out ^! duties--if ?is is e/abli%$1 x is only necess>y :5 a p>ticul> case pres5ts itself to ask3 ,h ! m5 ?r\gh ^: labor ?is ,consum] is b5efit+ be5 unju/ly treat$ by _! employ]s1 & c ?is ,consum]1 )\t a disproportionately grave inconv5i5ce1 d any?+ to help !m8 ,unless bo? que/ions are answ]$ 9 ! affirmative1 ?is p>ticul> individual ,consum] c h no duty ( fulfill+ ! ab/ract obligation4 ,?is is mu* easi] ?an work+ out ! pr9ciple anew = ea* case4 ,x is ! diff]5ce betwe5 bl[+ bottles & mold+ !m4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,wom5 & ! ,trades1 ,! ,pittsburgh ,surrey1 by ,elizabe? ,be>dsley ,butl]3 ,n4 ,y41 #aiji3 p4 #dg4 ,,*apt] ,,two ,,obligations ,,( ,,! ,,consum+ ,,class ,practically all are agre$ on ! fundam5tal po9t t labor]s h a "r to a fair wage = a fair day's "w4 ,leo ,,xiii has said1 t ?\gh contracts betwe5 labor]s & employ]s are free1 nev]!less1 !re is a dictate ( natural ju/ice und]ly+ !m m imp]i\s ?an any b>ga9 betwe5 man & man1 t remun]ation ought to be suffici5t to support a frugal & well-behav$ wage-e>n]4#b ,lat] 9 ! same encyclical1 he indicates t ?is wage %\ld be l>ge en\gh to enable a workman to ma9ta9 himself1 8 wife & 8 *ildr5 9 reasonable com=t 7p4 #bcg71 & all[ a m>g9 = sav+ aga9/ a ra9y day4 ,! pres5t ,pope1 ,pius ,x1 has quot$ ^! words ( 8 pr$ecessor & agre$ t workm5 h a /rict "r 9 ju/ice to a fair wage1 "t to fulfill _! religi\s duties1 & fre$om f "w unsuit$ to _! age1 /r5g?1 or sex4#c ,! ,rev4 ,j4 ,kelleh]1 "o ( ! mo/ rec5t & respect$ writ]s on ! "q1 goes ev5 fur!r4 ,! "r to "w1 he says1 or "s o!r "r t w secure an opportunity ( provid+ = reasonable liv+ to ! less =tunate memb]s ( ! social body :o d n happ5 to be possess$ ( prop]ty1 is an ess5tial condition ( any equitable economic sy/em4#d ,c>d9al ,capecelatro has said t ea* "o has a "r to raise himself t[>ds ! inf9ite1 a "r to ! intellectual n\ri%m5t ( religion1 &1 !re=e1 a "r to ! "t necess>y = ! wor%ip ( ,god1 a "r to repose1 a "r to hone/ enjoym5t1 a "r to love 9 m>riage1 & ! life ( ! home4 ,9 woman ,*ri/ianity recognizes ) h] function ( *ild-be>+ 9 ,*ri/ian m>riage1 a "r to ! "t = ! nurture ( h] *ildr54 ,9 *ildr5 x recognizes a "r to ! supreme b5efit ( heal?1 giv5 !m by ,god1 b endang]$ by ov]mu* "w4 ,9 "y girls x recognizes a "r to su* mod]ation 9 _! duties z may assure !m heal? & /r5g?4 ,9 all1 f9ally1 x ackn[l$ges ! immortal s\l1 ) its rights to education1 to salvation1 to ! "t t ^! ?+s ne$4#e ,n[ :5 ,pope ,leo & ! o!r au?orities quot$ us$ ! words "r1 j1 duty1 :at did !y mean8 ,^! words are (t5 employ$ vaguely & c>elessly1 b we may be sure t "h !y 7 tak5 9 a /rict & well-def9$ s5se1 su* z usually f\nd among ,ca?olic e?ici/s4 ,a "r1 z x is ?us ord9>ily def9$1 is a legitimate p[] ( do+ or acquir+ some?+ = "o's own good4#f ,! ^w p[] is n tak5 "h 9 ! s5se ( physical ability4 ,x means t moral pot5cy or capacity )\t :i* no?+ c be acquir$ or recov]$3 = a p]son may h a "r to d :at he has n ! physical p[] to p]=m4 ,legitimate means grant$ by or con=mable to law3 h5ce we h n a "r to d ev]y?+ = :i* we h ! physical p[]4 ,once we get ?is idea ( "r firmly fix$ 9 our m9ds1 ! concepts ( ju/ice1 inju/ice1 & duty easily foll[4 ,= ju/ice1 9 a def9ition ( ,ulpian t has be5 accept$ all d[n ! ages s9ce1 is simply ! con/ant & p]petual w ( giv+ to ea* "o 8 "r4#g ,& inju/ice1 naturally1 is m]ely a volunt>y violation ( ano!r's "r4 ,a duty is simply ! obv]se ( a "r1 x is ! obligation correspond+ to a "r4 ,or z ,b\quillon put x1 x is some?+ reasonably due f "o p]son to ano!r because ( a necess>y connection betwe5 ! end to be atta9$ & ! means us$4#h ,z ! end v>ies betwe5 ju/ice & *>ity1 s does ! duty4 ,9 ! "o case1 our object is to fulfill ! precept1 love ?y neighbor z ?yself2 9 ! o!r1 to give to ea* man :at he has a "r to h4 ,! fundam5tal concept ( a "r may be look$ at f f\r po9ts ( view3 7a7 ! subject1 or :o has ! "r2 7b7 ! matt]1 or cont5t ( ! "r2 7c7 ! title or reason = ! "r2 7d7 & f9ally1 ! t]m1 or :o has to respect ! "r4 ,ask+ ^! que/ions ab\t ! "r at pres5t "u consid]ation1 we f9d t ! subject ( ! "r is ea* individual :o contributes to ! production or di/ribution ( ! articles pur*as$ by ! ,consum]4 ,! cont5t ( ?is "r we h already giv5 9 ! words ( ,leo ,,xiii & o!rs4 ,briefly1 x may be summ>iz$ z ! "r to a dec5t liv+4 ,on :at gr\nds h employees ^! rights8 ,by ! v fact t !y are m52 t is1 intellig5t be+s de/9$ = a sup]natural end4 ,!re=e ^! rights are connatural1 z belong+ to !m by _! nature2 inali5able1 because !y _c be r5\nc$2 p]fect1 because s /rict t ! duties correspond+ to !m are matt]s ( commutative ju/ice4 ,& :o has ! duties correspond+ to ! workman's "r to a dec5t liv+8 ,prim>ily1 ! direct employ]4 ,he has a /rict duty ( ju/ice 9 ! matt]4 ,if he fulfill x1 !n no "o else is b\nd4 ,b 9 ! case be=e u1 we assume t ! direct employ] has fail$ to d 8 /rict duty ( commutative ju/ice to 8 employees4 ,x makes no diff]5ce :e!r ! direct employ] be =mally guilty or n4 ,he may be unable to p]=m 8 duty1 or he may wilfully neglect x4 ,t does n matt]4 ,de facto1 he does neglect x4 ,:at !n is ! duty ( ! ,consum+ ,class8 ,we ?9k t ! ,consum+ ,class is b\nd to assume ! obligations t ! direct employ]s h neglect$4 ,& we are go+ to support ?is cont5tion by f\r argum5ts4 ,^! argum5ts are3 ,i4 ,! devolution ( duty argum5t3 ! direct employ] has fail$ to fulfill 8 duty1 & ?is duty !reupon devolves ^u ! indirect employ]1 ! ,consum+ ,class4 ,,ii4 ,! value argum5t3 ideally1 ! buy] ( an article is b\nd to pay its value1 &1 z a g5]al rule1 if prop] economy has be5 ex]cis$ 9 its production1 ?is mu/ be suffici5t to pay a liv+ wage to ! m5 engag$ 9 produc+ & di/ribut+ t article4 ,,iii4 ,! co-op]ation argum5t3 ! direct employ] is guilty ( an inju/ice 9 :i* ! ,consum+ ,class is b\nd n to co-op]ate4 ,,iv4 ,! social argum5t3 x is = ! common good t ! av]age employee %\ld be paid a liv+ wage4 ,& s9ce ! ,consum+ ,class is m]ely ! body politic1 f "o po9t ( view1 x is b\nd to sacrifice ! advantage ( *eap buy+ = ! sake ( ! r\nd$ advantage ( ! :ole4 ,i4 ,we h expla9$ briefly to :at e employee has a "r--t is to say1 :at e employ] mu/ give 8 workm51 or commit inju/ice4 ,we h assum$1 fur!r1 t ! employee (t5 does n get :at he has a "r to h4 ,n[1 ?is is n always ! employ]'s fault4 ,(t5 an employ] w\ld be glad to raise wages1 to improve sanit>y conditions1 to %ort5 h\rs1 b ! /ress ( competition prev5ts him4 ,b ! employ] be+ unable or unwill+ to pay a prop] wage1 etc41 :at becomes ( ! employee's "r8 ,does x cease8 ,has he no claim ^u anyone else8 ,^? :o w\ld fix an obligation on ! ,consum+ ,class say t ! employee's "r does n cease4 ,he has a claim1 !y cont5d1 ^u all :o 9 any way b5efit by 8 labor1 ! /r5g? ( ! claim dep5d+ ^u ! clos5ess ( ! relation%ip1 ! importance ( ! b5efit d]iv$1 & ! inju/ice suff]$4 ,fir/ ( all1 !y po9t out1 !re is ! r5t-tak]4 ,b = ! labor ( ^! m5 7assum$ to be und]paid1 etc471 !re w\ld be no return out ( :i* to pay r5t4 ,= ! m]e fact ( own]%ip1 :i* 9 itself may n /& = any addition to ! gr\nd's productive capacity1 ^! m5 are all[$ to take a "p at lea/ ( :at w\ld be necess>y to raise ! condition ( ! m5 produc+ ! weal? to a j /&>d4 ,!re=e1 because ! r5t-tak] seems to receive ! mo/ gratuit\s b5efit f ! employee1 ! duty ( ! employ] devolves fir/ ^u him4 ,if ! employ] fail1 wilfully or n1 to fulfill 8 duties to 8 m51 !n !y become b9d+ ^u ! r5t-tak]4 ,%\ld he1 too1 fail1 ! labor] /ill has a claim4 ,!re is ano!r v important %>] 9 di/ribution--! int]e/-tak]4 ,x is true t ! product is ! jo9t result ( labor & capital4 ,b :5 !re is ! case ( anonym\s1 imp]sonal capital receiv+ int]e/1 & liv+1 brea?+1 human ma*9es be+ "u-f$ & unprotect$1 !n humanity's claims sup]s$e ^? ( capital4#i ,! inali5able rights ( ! labor]1 :i* ,c>d9al ,capecelatro has s excell5tly summ>iz$1 replace ! ali5able rights ( ! individual capitali/s bas$ ^u ! m]e possession ( prop]ty4 ,! int]e/-tak] is b\nd to give ev5 ! :ole ( 8 %>e to ma9ta9 a j /&>d ( wages1 etc4 ,& ?is pr9ciple is admitt$ 9 civil law by mak+ wages a fir/ li5 ^u ! product & exempt+ wages f legal action4#aj ,b if ! int]e/-tak]1 also1 be unwill+ to fulfill 8 duties1 !re is /ill an economic elem5t ^u :i* ! labor] has a claim--! ,consum+ ,class4 ,production on a huge scale1 ! int]position ( :olesal]s & middlem5 ( all sorts1 %opp+ by mail or telephone1 %\ld n disguise ! fact t ! ,consum+ ,class are really employ]s4 ,x is only 9 an indirect way1 x is true1 b /ill a real way = all t4 ,if ! direct employ]1 ! r5t-& int]e/-tak] refuse or are unable to p]=m _! duties1 !n 7leav+ aside ! legislature = ! pres5t7 ^! devolve ^u ! ,consum+ ,class 9 s f> z !y b5efit by ! labor]'s "w4 ,?is argum5t = ! obligation ( ! ,consum+ ,class is bas$ ^u ! devolution ( duties4 ,"h x may appe> new & /range1 because appli$ to a new field1 b x is admitt$ else:]e z beyond contradiction4 ,if1 = in/ance1 p>5ts w n or _c support _! *ildr51 !n ! gr&p>5ts h j z real a duty t[>ds !m z if !y 7 _! own imm$iate *ildr54 ,& if !y1 too1 neglect ?is duty1 !n x devolves ^u collat]al relatives until f9ally x falls on m]e neighbors4 ,likewise1 ! ,consum+ ,class1 x is claim$1 if ^? ^: duty is prior to !irs refuse to p]=m x1 mu/ fulfill ! duty t has devolv$ ^u !m4 ,! r5t-& int]e/-tak] may be unju/ to ! employee & to !m1 b t is n a valid excuse4 ,! same pr9ciple1 ?\gh arriv$ at by a diff]5t process ( reason+1 und]lies ! dictum1 com+ to be m & m recogniz$ by legislators & economi/s1 t ! co/s ( production %\ld be borne by ! ,consum]s4 ,t is to say1 t ! risks ( pr(essional haz>d & accid5ts due to ! c>elessness ( fell[-s]vants h be5 transf]r$ f ! employee to ! employ]4 ,naturally !n1 ! employ] comp5sates himself out ( ! price4 ,,ii4 ,?is "q ( ! duty ( ! ,consum+ ,class t[>ds ! m5 :o make or sell ! goods !y buy1 may be view$ f ano!r angle ?an t ( ! devolution ( duties or ! obligation ( indirect employ]s4 ,leav+ out ( consid]ation ! idea ( indirect employ]1 x is fur!r cont5d$ t ! ,consum+ ,class1 simply z pur*as]s1 may be guilty ( inju/ice 9 ano!r s5se4 ,= :at are ! duties ( ! buy]8 ,to pay ! true value ( an article4#aa ,& :at det]m9es ! true value ( an article8 ,n necess>ily ! price4 ,?is may be fix$ by law1 z is ! case ) bread 9 _m l>ge cities4 ,a loaf ( a c]ta9 weight mu/ be sold = five c5ts4 ,or we may h ! natural or m>ket price1 :i* is det]m9$ by common cons5t4 ,?is is no?+ m ?an ! price result+ f ! int]action ( supply & dem&4 ,b al?\gh ord9>ily1 ju/ice is fulfill$ if a p]son pay ei!r ! legal or m>ket price1 nei!r is really bas$ on ju/ice4 ,! price fix$ by law w come clos] to be+ a j price4 ,9 a self-gov]n+ community1 x probably w n d a great inju/ice to ei!r p>ty = any l5g? ( "t4 ,9 ?is c\ntry its field is s limit$1 t x may be disreg>d$ 9 ! pres5t discussion4 ,! m>ket price1 h[ev]1 makes no pret5se ( be+ det]m9$ by ju/ice4 ,x is ! %rewdness ( "o man pitt$ aga9/ ! %rewdness ( ano!r1 or ev5 ! gre$ ( "o aga9/ ! o!r's ne$4 ,"o wants to sell = z high a price :ile ! o!r wants to buy = z l[ a price z he c4 ,:5 !re are num]\s buy]s & num]\s sell]s1 all kn[+ _! bus9ess pretty well1 ! result w be a close approximation to :at w\ld be a j price1 if ! co/ to ! entrepr5eur produc+ ! commodities or ! p]son manag+ ! di/ribut+ ag5cy 7 all t %\ld be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,9 a society :]e ! actual produc] sells directly to ! ,consum]1 :]e !re is no production on an enorm\s scale employ+ hundr$s & ?\s&s ( h&s :o h no voice 9 fix+ ! price ( ! product1 !n ! price rea*$ by ! higgl+ ( ! m>ket is likely to be j4 ,"u ! m$ieval sy/em ( craftsm5 & "o or two j\rneym5 or appr5tices :o =m$ "p ( ! h\sehold x 0 possible 7by lack ( competition7 to ma9ta9 ! rate ( rew>d by limit+ ! supply4 ,no s]i\s attempt 0 made to pu% trade or develop bus9ess1 b only to c>ry on ea* trade accord+ to ! habitual rate ( rew>d4 ,accord+ to ?is policy1 ! conditions ( ! produc] 7 all[$ to be ! fir/ consid]ation1 & ! consum] _h to pay a price at :i* ^! conditions c\ld be ma9ta9$4#ab ,b conditions ( bus9ess h *ang$ imm5sely s9ce ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! ,indu/rial ,revolution has br\ght big scale production1 driv+ out ( exi/5ce ! small produc] m9i/]+ directly & imm$iately to ! wants ( ! community4 ,dep>tm5t /ores h suppli$ ! same pr9ciple 9 ! di/ribut+ end ( indu/ry1 & v l>gely replac$ ! small retail]4 ,! employees ( ! big produc] & di/ributor1 ! ones mo/ conc]n$1 h no voice 9 fix+ ! price ( ! article made or di/ribut$ by _! labor4 ,z a consequ5ce competition w (t5 depress ! price bel[ ! po9t :]e x w yield a liv+ wage to !m4 ,n _! rights det]m9e ?is po9t1 b :at crude irresi/ible hung] w =ce !m to accept4 ,_m times x is only a diff]5ce betwe5 />v+ rapidly or sl[ly4 ,b competition is inexorable4 ,x is true1 t sometimes ! actual produc]s or di/ributors may n be gett+ liv+ wages because ! entrepr5eurs or ! r5t-or ! int]e/-tak]s are absorb+ too mu*4 ,b ord9>ily x is probable t /ress ( competition betwe5 capitali/s & betwe5 manag]s w keep _! %>es )9 fairly mod]ate b\nds4 ,capital competes ) capital = a %>e 9 production j z "o firm competes ) ano!r to secure a m>ket = its product4 ,h5ce x may be reasonably presum$ 9 any giv5 case1 :5 no?+ is kn[n to ! contr>y1 t :]e ! labor]s are insuffici5tly remun]at$1 x is because ! price obta9$ = _! product w n cov] j wages4 ,nor are appe>ances always a safe guide4 ,a man :o owns & manages a factory 7?us draw+ by himself alone wages ( managem5t1 r5t1 & int]e/7 may seem able easily to af=d high] wages4 ,yet to divide 8 :ole income among all 8 employees might give only an inappreciable increase to ea*4 ,!re=e1 x w\ld seem t ! pr9ciple ( ! m>ket price be+ j1 _c be appli$ /rictly to-day4 ,on ! contr>y1 _m p]sons are claim+ t ! m>ket price fix$ by competition is usually unju/4 ,a bett] pr9ciple1 a m fundam5tal pr9ciple1 "o t really /rikes its roots d[n into ju/ice itself1 w\ld be to say t a j price is "o t w yield a j return to all conc]n$--! actual labor]s :o produce ! commodities1 ! cl]ks 9 ! /ores t di/ribute !m1 wages ( managem5t to ! entrepr5eurs conc]n$1 & int]e/ on ! capital inve/$4 ,c]ta9ly if ?is be n done1 ! equality betwe5 ! value ( ! article & ! price is n pres]v$4 ,& z ,ball]9i says1 :5 ! equality is n pres]v$1 s t ! sell] sells = m ?an ! highe/ price or ! buy] buys = less ?an ! l[e/ 444 inju/ice is committ$4#ac ,b ev5 ?\gh ! price ask$ 7 suffici5t to pay ! employees j wages & ! entrepr5eur simply refus$ to d x1 w\ld ! ,consum+ ,class be ju/ifi$ 9 buy+ ! article8 ,x is cont5d$ t !y w\ld n4 ,= "o ( ! duties ( ! sell] is to give a j title4 ,& x w\ld seem cle> t "o :o hires a p]son to make a c]ta9 article1 play+ ^u 8 necessity to avoid pay+ :at 8 labor is wor?1 has n acquir$ a j title to ! object produc$4 ,!re is some?+ 9 t article = :i* he has n paid4 ,human fle% & blood t has n be5 comp5sat$ = h gone into its mak+4 ,! sell] n hav+ a good title himself1 _c transf] su* to ano!r4 ,p]sons :o buy f him d n1 !re=e1 secure a j title1 & h5ce1 x is argu$1 commit a grave inju/ice by buy+ su* an article4#ad ,,iii4 ,! ?ird argum5t adduc$ 9 favor ( an obligation on ! "p ( ! ,consum+ ,class is1 t ! pur*ase ( articles made "u unju/ conditions is co-op]ation 9 ! inju/ice4 ,x makes no diff]5ce :e!r or n ! employ]s are =mally guilty ( inju/ice4 ,!y may be =c$ by ! competitive sy/em1 z _m cont5d1 to und]pay _! workm54 ,nev]!less1 mat]ial inju/ice at lea/ is committ$1 & ! ,consum+ ,class h no "r to co-op]ate =mally 9 :at may be m]ely mat]ial inju/ice = ano!r4 ,yet ! ,consum+ ,class by buy+ goods made "u unju/ conditions does co-op]ate1 x is alleg$1 9 ?ree ways3 7,a7 z ! recipi5t ( ! result ( ! inju/ice2 7,b7 by furni%+ ! means = ! act2 7,c7 & by c\nsell+ ! action4 ,= a co-op]ator is "o :o at ! same "t ) ano!r is ! cause ( ! injury1 :e!r second>y or equally pr9cipal1 :e!r positive or negative4 ,= !re is n ! same mann] ( co-op]ation 9 all cases1 b ?is is common to all1 t "o p]son %\ld concur ) ano!r to commit an injury4#ae 7,a7 ,"o ( ! ways ( positively co-op]at+ ) an inju/ice1 is by receiv+ ! results ( ! inju/ice4 ,?us a ?ief w n /eal a bulky piece ( silv] unless he has a f5ce to receive x1 & ! f5ce becomes guilty ( ! !ft by receiv+ ! article4 ,s a bus9ess man w n manufacture an article & ?us commit an inju/ice aga9/ ! labor]s :om he und]pays1 unless he is reasonably sure "s "o w receive ?is article aft] x is made4 ,! p]sons :o receive x1 !n1 or ! pur*as]s1 x is argu$1 are 9 ! position ( ! ?ief's f5ce3 ,!y are receiv+ an article t 0 obta9$ by inju/ice2 & x matt]s n :e!r ! article 0 /ol5 outright or ! inju/ice committ$ 9 a m g5tlemanly way4 ,nor does ! fact ( ! manufactur] committ+ ! inju/ice to increase 8 pr(its1 r ?an 7z has be5 %[n else:]e7 to meet a dem& = *eapness on ! "p ( ! ,consum+ ,class1 alt] ! situation4 ,= a ?ief /eals = 8 own enri*m5t1 n = ! advantage ( ! recipi5t ( ! /ol5 goods4#af 7,b7 ,"o c co-op]ate 9 an inju/ice n only by receiv+ ! results1 b by furni%+ ! means = committ+ ! inju/ice1 & x is cont5d$ t ! ,consum+ ,class co-op]ate also 9 ?is way4 ,nor is ?is simply a diff]5t "n = ! co-op]ation j consid]$4 ,= 9 ! previ\s case1 ! ,consum+ ,class co-op]at$ ) an act already p]=m$ 9 anticipation ( ?is co-op]ation4 ,:]eas 9 ! phase n[ "u discussion !y co-op]ate ) an act to be done 9 ! future4 ,a concrete example w make ?is cle>4 ,mr4 ---- inve/s #ej1jjj 9 ! %oe bus9ess4 ,aft] pay+ = 8 plant1 raw mat]ial1 & ! wages ( 8 m5 until he has produc$ m>ketable articles1 he has practically no?+ left4 ,8 cont9uance 9 bus9ess dep5ds ^u 8 sell+ ^! articles to ga9 money = curr5t exp5ses4 ,! pur*as]s ( ^! goods co-op]ate 7by receiv+ ! articles7 9 ! inju/ice "u :i* !y are assum$ to h be5 manufactur$1 & also1 by furni%+ ! necess>y means1 9 ! inju/ice he w commit by manufactur+ m "u ! same conditions4 7,c7 ,nor is ! ,consum+ ,class's co-op]ation yet exhau/$4 ,= !y may be look$ ^u z truly c\nsell+1 vot+ = ?is inju/ice on ! "p ( ! manufactur]4 ,! ,consum]s d n g p]sonally to ! manufactur] & urge him to produce a c]ta9 article at a c]ta9 price1 nor d !y vote z specifically z an ald]man = a contract ) a factory1 b _! action am\nts to practically ! same ?+4 ,!y g f "o /ore to ano!r seek+ ! *eape/ price1 & ! manufactur] kn[s ?is4 ,to meet ?is dem& 7a v real1 ?\gh to "s ext5t imp]sonal7 dem& = *eapness1 ! manufactur] commits ! inju/ice ( und]pay+ 8 employees4 ,x makes no diff]5ce :e!r y call ?is dem&1 or c\nsel1 or vot+1 x is ! real cause ( ! inju/ice1 & h5ce ! ,consum+ ,class are guilty ( co-op]ation4#ag ,x makes no diff]5ce if ! ,consum] kn[s t ! inju/ice w cont9ue :e!r he pur*ase or n4#ah ,9 pur*as+ he is guilty ( a moral wrong4 ,= z a man :o buys a ticket = an obsc5e %[1 co-op]ates 9 ?is obsc5ity ev5 ?\gh 8 money be n necess>y = its production1 s d !y p>ticipate 9 ! manufactur]'s inju/ice4#ai ,or1 to give ,ball]9i's illu/ration1 if t5 m5 suffice to laun* a %ip & an elev5? helps1 c]ta9ly he is truly said to be helpful4#bj ,9 ! same way1 ,consum]s :o buy an article t 0 made "u unju/ conditions co-op]ate 9 ?is inju/ice ev5 ?\gh x w\ld h tak5 place )\t ! money receiv$ f _! pur*ase4 ,= ^! reasons1 x is cont5d$1 ! ,consum+ ,class1 9 buy+ goods made "u unju/ t]ms1 co-op]ate 9 ?is inju/ice by receiv+ ! goods1 by furni%+ ! means = committ+ ! inju/ice1 & by urg+ su* production by practical f9ancial support4 ,,iv4 ,we n[ come to ! social argum5t1 t is especially popul> to-day1 ?\gh x is by no means new4 ,x 0 famili> to ! ,s*ola/ics1 & x 0 pi?ily =mulat$ by ,su>ez z1 ,public is to be pref]r$ to private good4#ba ,aqu9as expresses x m at l5g?3 ,= any individual 9 respect to :at he is & has is relat$ to ! multitude1 j z a "p is relat$ to ! :ole3 :5ce nature sometimes injures a "p to save ! :ole4#bb ,else:]e1 ,su>ez conf]s ^u ! civil law ! p[] ( b9d+ 9 consci5ce because ?is p[] is necess>y = ! good gov]nm5t ( ! republic4#bc ,v>i\s extremely important & f>-rea*+ rights & obligations are fix$ by ?is argum5t4 ,x is lawful1 = in/ance1 = ! /ate to kill crim9als if !y are dang]\s & injuri\s to ! community4#bd ,ball]9i says x is lawful to kill a crim9al 9 s f> z x is orda9$ = ! safety ( ! :ole society4#be ,b only ! prop]ly appo9t$ p]sons h ?is "r1 because great] evils w\ld befall ! /ate if ea* "o 7 ! judge 9 8 own case4 7,l4 c47 ,& n only may ! /ate directly kill a guilty p]son1 x may also1 :5 necess>y = ! common good indirectly kill an innoc5t p]son4#bf ,:olesale organiz$ slaught]1 call$ w>1 is "r & prop] :5 ! good ( ! /ate requires x4#bg ,:]eas s$ition is wrong1 because x violates ! good ( public quiet & civil concord4#bh ,aga91 :ile suicide is unlawful1 because1 = "o reason1 a man is "p ( ! community & :oev] kills himself does an injury to ! community1 a man may yet lawfully expose himself to c]ta9 dea? = ! good ( ! community4 ,simil>ly1 ?\gh x is illicit to cut (f a memb] ( ! body1 because x is a "p ( ! :ole & _c be remov$ )\t injur+ ! :ole 7,aqu9as1 l4 c41 ,q4 #fe1 ,a4 #a71 ,liguori approves ( at lea/ "o =m ( s]i\s mutilation = ! good ( ! community4#bi ,private prop]ty is ju/ifi$ because x t5ds to ! peace ( ! /ate4#cj ,lehmkuhl det]m9es ! gravity ( an inju/ice n only f ! injury done to ! individual1 b also1 f ! injury & dang] :i* ! public good & security w\ld suff]1 if x 7 all[$ ) impunity4#ca ,social necessity1 !n1 is widely recogniz$ z a valid pro( = a "r or duty4 ,! b9d+ =ce ( civil law1 ! wick$ness ( suicide & self-mutilation1 ! morality ( execut+ guilty & innoc5t1 ! righte\sness ( private prop]ty1 are all settl$ by ?is norm4 ,!re=e1 s9ce ! social necessity ( ! av]age workman gett+ a liv+ wage is beyond contradiction1 ! ,consum+ ,class1 :o b5efit especially by ! labor ( ^! workm51 are especially b\nd to see t ^! rights are obta9$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we h n[ consid]$ ! argum5ts advanc$ to prove t ju/ice b9ds ! ,consum+ ,class to see to x t goods are made "u fair t]ms4 ,^! argum5ts may be summ>iz$ z foll[s3 ,i4 ,because z indirect employ]s ! ,consum+ ,class are b\nd to ma9ta9 j conditions = ^? :om !y indirectly employ4 ,,ii4 ,because z buy]s ! ,consum+ ,class are fir/ b\nd to pay ! full value ( ! article1 :i* mu/ include suffici5t to give ! p]sons employ$ 9 its manufacture & di/ribution a liv+ wage1 etc42 & secondly1 because ! ,consum+ ,class are b\nd n to buy an article to :i* ! sell] has n a j title1 ! sell] ( an article made "u unju/ conditions n hav+ a j title s9ce !re is "w 9 ! object = :i* he has n paid4 ,,iii4 ,because ! ,consum+ ,class w\ld co-op]ate 9 an inju/ice 9 ?ree ways3 7,a7 by receiv+ ! goods made "u unju/ conditions2 7,b7 by furni%+ ! means = committ+ ! inju/ice2 7,c7 by urg+ su* production by ?is practical f9ancial support4 ,,iv4 ,because ! ,consum+ ,class are b\nd to seek ! social good1 & t dem&s ! paym5t ( fair wages4 ,,ii ,s f> we h consid]$ only ! argum5ts = an obligation ( ju/ice on ! "p ( ! ,consum+ ,class4 ,b may !re n also be a duty ( *>ity8 ,c]ta9 g5]al consid]ations relat+ to ?is second ( ! two greate/ comm&m5ts1 ,?\ %alt love ?y neighbor z ?yself1 mu/ be ref]r$ to be=e answ]+ t "q4 ,! precept ( *>ity requires u to love our neighbor z ourselves4 ,& by ! t]m neighbor we mean ev]yone4 ,no religion1 race1 color1 or previ\s condition ( s]vitude removes a man f ! category ( our neighbor4 ,a ,*ri/ian's love mu/ be all embrac+4 ,t4 ,h4 ,gre5 has well said t progress 9 civilization has be5 an enl>gem5t ( ! mean+ ( neighbor & neighborl9ess4 ,! mean+ ( ^! t]ms1 once conf9$ to "o's relatives1 !n ext5d$ to "o's city1 tribe1 nation1 has n[ wid5$ out until x embraces ! _w4 ,b :ile we mu/ look ^u ev]yone z our neighbor1 & love him z ourselves1 ?is does n mean t we mu/ love ea* "o 9 ! same degree4 ,we mu/ love him z ourselves1 b n necess>ily z mu* z ourselves4 ,we mu/ h a univ]sal int]nal love by :i* we wi% our neighbor well 9 8 spiritual1 corporal1 & mat]ial goods & succor him 9 necessity4 ,yet ! am\nt ( good we wi% him1 & ! /r5g? ( ! obligation to effect x1 v>y bo? ) ! special relation%ip exi/+ betwe5 u & our mutual conditions4 ,by mutual conditions1 is meant 8 /ate ( indig5cy & ours ( prosp]ity4 ,almo/ innum]able grades ( necessity may be di/+ui%$1 b = pres5t purposes f\r w be suffici5t3 7#a7 extreme necessity1 9 :i* a p]son is 9 dang] ( dea?1 or w be v %ortly2 7#b7 quasi-extreme necessity1 9 :i* "o is 9 dang] ( fall+ into extreme necessity or a grave evil1 ei!r p]petual or la/+ = a long "t2 7#c7 grave necessity1 :]e "o suff]s a s]i\s evil1 b n = s long a p]iod1 or n s great2 7#d7 common necessity1 :5 "o exp]i5ces "s inconv5i5ce1 b n griev\s inconv5i5ce4 ,! obligation v>ies1 too1 ) ! conditions exi/+ on our "p4 ,= if ! duty ( succor+ our neighbor f our own goods is to b9d1 we mu/ be 9 possession ( sup]flu\s goods4 ,o!rwise our own ne$ w\ld h a prior claim4 ,mat]ial possessions may be sup]flu\s to life1 t is1 j m ?an en\gh to keep body & s\l toge!r2 sup]flu\s to our /ate 9 life1 or goods )\t :i* we %\ld h to s9k to a l[] social plane2 or sup]flu\s to ! dec5cy ( our /ate1 ^? ov] & above :at are requir$ ev5 = ! prop] support ( our family 9 accordance ) ! usual cu/om ( ^? 9 ! same position1 ! education & />t+ ( our *ildr5 9 life1 ! giv+ ( *>ity1 gifts1 ent]ta9m5t ( gue/s1 etc4 ,?is la/ class ( goods may be call$ absolutely sup]flu\s4 ,n[1 x w\ld n seem rigori/ic 7especially 9 ^! days :5 ! "r to any private prop]ty is s]i\sly que/ion$7 to say1 t a p]son 9 extreme or quasi-extreme necessity is to be succor$ f goods t are necess>y to ! dec5t support ( our /ation 9 life4 ,"o m]ely 9 grave or common necessity ne$ be help$ only out ( absolutely sup]flu\s goods4 ,?is w\ld c]ta9ly be ! m9imum t any ,*ri/ian w\ld require4 ,b ?is obligation also v>ies directly accord+ to ! clos5ess ( our relation%ip ) ! p]son 9 want4 ,a connection ( blood1 :e!r direct z betwe5 fa!r & son1 or collat]al z betwe5 uncle & nephew1 evid5tly produces /rong] reciprocal obligations ( *>ity ?an simple k9%ip ?r\gh ,adam4 ,s1 too1 !re is a /rong] bond betwe5 ^? :o h assum$ artificial relation%ips1 su* z a pa/or to 8 p1 or ^? ( ! same religi\s fai?1 or ^? 9 ! same social class1 or ^? :o h acquir$1 :e!r volunt>ily or n1 associational or economic ties4 ,a capta91 = example1 has great] obligations ( *>ity t[>ds a man 9 8 own company ?an t[>ds "o 9 ano!r company1 t[>ds "o 9 8 regim5t ?an t[>ds "o 9 ano!r regim5t1 & s on4 ,c]ta9ly n lea/ /rong among ^! artificial relation%ips ( society is t ( employ] & employee4 ,!re 0 a "t 9 social organization1 :5 ! p]man5t subjection ( ,gur? to ,c$ric br\ght out m cle>ly ! mutual obligations4 ,! ties ( ! relation%ip seem$ /rong] because m la/+4 ,=tunately or un=tunately1 ! "r ( free contract has aboli%$ ?is p]man5cy4 ,m5 w&] f "o employ] to ano!r1 f "o city to ano!r1 f "o c\ntry to ano!r4 ,b no transitor9ess ( employm5t1 no mobility ( labor1 %\ld obscure ! fact t :ile ! relation%ip ( employ] & employee la/s1 !re also exi/ special & /rong] obligations ( *>ity betwe5 ! two4 ,n z /rong1 probably1 z betwe5 ma/] & s]f1 yet nev]!less too /rong to be entirely fulfill$ by ! simple paym5t ( ! curr5t wage4 ,z ,c>lyle says1 ,nev] on ?is ,e>? 0 ! relation ( man to man long c>ri$ on by ,ca%-paym5t alone4444 ,ca%-paym5t nev] 01 or c\ld except = a few ye>s be1 ! union-bond ( man to man4 ,ca% nev] yet paid "o man fully 8 des]ts to ano!r3 nor c\ld x nor c x1 n[ or h5ce=? to ! end ( ! _w4444 ,9 brief1 we %all h to dismiss ! ,ca%-,gospel rigor\sly into its own place3 we %all h to "k1 on ! ?re%old1 t ei!r !re is "s inf9itely deep] ,gospel1 subsidi>y1 explanatory1 & daily & h\rly corrective to ! ,ca% "o3 or else t ! ,ca% "o itself & all o!rs are fa/ travell+4#cb ,t inf9itely deep] ,gospel is ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/ian *>ity4 ,?is tells u t !re is ano!r bond betwe5 employ] & employee ?an a m]e ca%-nexus4 ,! ne$y employee has a claim ^u 8 employ] 9 pref]5ce to o!rs1 & ! employ] mu/ dis*>ge x be=e disp5s+ *>ity to ^? 9 no great] necessity :o /& 9 no su* relation to him4 ,*>ity beg9s at home1 & ! employee is clos] home ?an "o relat$ simply by ! tie ( a common nature4 ,( c\rse1 ! relation betwe5 ! direct employ] & 8 workm5 is m obvi\s ?an t betwe5 ! ,consum+ ,class 7:i* we h call$ ! indirect employ]7 & ^! same m54 ,b ! relation ( ! latt] is none ! less real & important = be+ obscure4 ,ord9>ily x w probably be less close ?an t ( ! direct employ]1 b circum/ances are conceivable 9 :i* ! situation w\ld be rev]s$4 ,& c]ta9ly x w\ld seem t ! b5efit :i* ! labor+ class conf]s ^u ! ,consum+ ,class is su* t !re is "s special claim aris+ ^u _! *>ity4 ,n labor 9 itself b consumption is ! object ( "w1 & ?is t]m9us ( all activity1 ! ,consum+ ,class1 w\ld seem to be b\nd bo? 9 ju/ice & *>ity to see t _! own satisfaction is n atta9$ at ! co/ ( ! com=t & happ9ess ( ^? :o m9i/] to x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we may conclude1 !n1 t if ! direct employ]s fail to fulfill _! duties t[>ds _! employees1 t ! ,consum+ ,class1 z be+ a b5efici>y ( ! "w done1 are b\nd to assume ^! duties4 ,z yet1 h[ev]1 ! obligation is ab/ract z be+ fix$ ^u a class & n "s p>ticul> individual ab\t to pur*ase an article2 & x is hypo!tical z simply assum+ t employ]s neglect _! duties4 ,! fur!r "q n[ pres5ts itself3 ,d employ]s actually neglect _! duties1 & :at c & %\ld ! ,consum] d8 ,,footnotes3 #b ,great ,encyclicals ( ,leo ,,xiii1 ,on ! ,condition ( ,labor1 p4 #bcf3 ,n4 ,y41 #aijc4 #c ,pope ,pius ,x on ,social ,re=m1 ,london1 #aiaj3 p4 #h4 #d ,kelleh]1 ,private ,own]%ip1 ,dubl91 #aiaa3 p4 #agd2 cf4 also p4 #agi4 ,italics add$4 #e ,*ri/1 ! ,*ur*1 & ,man1 p4 #gd3 ,/ ,l\is1 #aiji4 #f ,gury3 ,comp5dium !ologi moralis1 n4 #egi3 ,de j4 et jure3 ,ratisbon1 #ahgd4 #g ,see ,app5dix1 #a4 #h ,see ,app5dix1 #b4 #i ,cf4 ,john ,a4 ,ryan1 ,! ,*ur* & ,int]e/-,tak+1 p4 #ca3 ,/4 ,l\is1 #aiaj4 #aj ,cf4 ,bull4 ,u4 ,s4 ,bur4 ,lab41 ,jan4 #a1 #aiaa1 pp4 #hgf1 #hgh1 #hha4 #aa ,cf4 ,/4 ,?omas1 ,summa1 #b;a #b;ae1 ,q4 #gg1 ,a4 #a-b2 ,/4 ,alphonsus1 ,lib4 ,,iv1 ,tr4 ,v1 n4 #gic4 #ab ,w4 ,cunn+ham1 ,*ri/ianity & ,social ,que/ions1 p4 #aad3 ,london1 #aiaj4 #ac ,see ,app5dix1 #c4 #ad ,cf4 ,liguori1 l4 c4 #ae ,see ,app5dix1 #d4 #af ,cf4 ,de ,lugo1 ,,xix1 ,,ii1 #d-e4 #ag ,cf4 ,de ,lugo1 ,l4 c41 ,,xvii1 ,,ii1 n4 #cg4 #ah ,l4 c41 n4 #af1 n4 #ai4 #ai ,liguori1 ,lib4 ,,iv1 ,tr4 ,,iv1 n4 #dbg4 #bj ,ball]9i1 op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #fif-g4 #ba ,see ,app5dix1 #e4 #bb ,see ,app5dix1 #f4 #bc ,see ,app5dix1 #g4 #bd ,aqu9as1 l4 c41 ,q4#fd1 ,a4#b4 #be ,l4 c41 ,pt4 ,i1 ,tr4 ,,vi1 ,sec4 ,v1 n4 #di4 #bf ,liguori1 l4 c41 ,lib4 ,,iv1 ,tr4 ,,iv1 n4 #cic2 ,ball]9i1 l4 c1 n4 #fb4 #bg ,liguori1 l4 c41 n4 #djb4 #bh ,ball]9i1 l4 c41 n4 #abf4 #bi ,liguori1 l4 c41 n4 #cgd4 #cj ,aqu9as1 l4 c41 ,q4#ff1 ,a4#b2 ,nold91 l4 c41 ,de ,sept4 ,praec41 n4 #cfh1 ed4 #h;a4 #ca ,see ,app5dix1 #h4 #cb ,pa/ & ,pres5t1 ,bk4 ,,iii1 ,*4 ,x4 ,,*apt] ,,?ree ,,:at ,,is ,a ,,j ,,employ]8 ,! t]ms fair wages1 reasonable com=t1 liv+ wage h (t5 be5 us$ 9 ! previ\s discussion4 ,no attempt 0 made to make !m m def9ite because x 0 n necess>y at ! "t4 ,employ]s 7 simply assum$ to violate ! /&>d repres5t$ by ^! expressions4 ,b if we are go+ to decide de facto t employ]s are actually neglect+ _! duties1 we mu/ manife/ly h "s norm by :i* to judge !m4 ,:at is ?is /&>d8 ,at fir/ sight1 ?is may seem easy to def9e4 ,b its app>5t ease is an illusion4 ,ev5 ! simple/ & lea/ que/ionable /&>d1 t ( b>e subsi/5ce 7& to simplify x /ill fur!r1 re/rict ! consid]ation entirely to ! "q ( food71 is extremely elusive4 ,( c\rse a man ne$s "s clo?+1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( fre% air1 & a %elt] f ! wea!r4 ,b we %all h a suffici5tly complicat$ problem )\t introduc+ ^! factors4 ,h[ mu* food1 !n1 does a man ne$ to repair ! daily wa/e & keep him 9 good physical condition8 ,?is dep5ds to "s ext5t ^u ! "* ( ! "w he does4 ,a /ev$ore ne$s m food ?an a cl]k4 ,x w dep5d1 too1 ^u ! climate4 ,^? 9 nor!rn latitudes require m food1 & usually ( a m exp5sive k9d1 ?an ^? liv+ 9 ! tropics1 & !y ought to h m 9 w9t] ?an 9 summ]4 ,aga91 racial *>act]i/ics mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,a ,*9ese coolie may get fat on fi% & rice1 or an ,italian may d well on *eese & mac>oni1 :ile an ,anglo-,saxon w\ld />ve on su* a diet4 ,9 addition to all ^! po9ts1 !re is an individuality ab\t ! dige/ive organs t mu/ be weigh$4 ,) our exact *emical sci5ce x looks simple en\gh to calculate h[ mu* muscle & blood & n]v\s =ce are lo/ 9 do+ a c]ta9 am\nt ( "w1 & j h[ mu* food w\ld be requir$ 9 a giv5 "t to make good t loss4 ,?is w\ld be easy if we c\ld buy muscle & n]v\s =ce done up 9 neat packages & simply apply !m :]e ne$$ j z we apply a coat ( pa9t to a wea!r-beat5 h\se4 ,b1 un=tunately1 we _c d ?is4 ,! brawn & n]ve mu/ be b\ght 9 entirely diff]5t =ms1 brok5 up by c]ta9 int]ior organs1 & gradually s5t by a long & complicat$ assimilat+ process to ! po9t requir+ !m4 ,& :at becomes ( ! subsi/5ce /&>d if ! organs ( "s p refuse to assimilate :at ^? ( o!rs he>tily reli%8 or if at diff]5t p]iods1 & = no app>5t reason1 ! same man c get no /r5g? or satisfaction f :at he =m]ly crav$8 ,b if we _c tell :at m]e subsi/5ce requires are we n gett+ ev5 vagu] :5 we add an indef9ite m to x8 ,:5 p talk ( frugal com=t1 dec5t livelihood1 liv+ wage1 etc41 :at d !y mean8 ,d ^! t]ms mean to-day j :at !y did fifty ye>s ago or w mean half a c5tury h5ce8 ,a little reflection w %[ u t !y d n4 ,!y are l>gely relative4 ,:5 ! g5try scorn$ to read & write1 f>m h&s c\ld h>dly consid] x an inju/ice n to h in/ruction 9 ! ?ree ,rs2 & :5 ev]ybody w5t b>efoot1 x w\ld h be5 fooli% to riot = %oes4 ,z means ( production are p]fect$1 z we get away f ! dang] ( />vation1 always ?reat5+ primitive nomadic peoples1 ! /&>d ( liv+ ( ! m =tunate rises1 z does t /&>d :i* !y are will+ to all[ ! l[] classes1 & :i* ! l[] classes dem&4 ,z a consequ5ce1 :at is look$ ^u 9 "o age z j & g5]\s1 may 9 ano!r be consid]$ ?or\ghly unfair4 ,concrete /&>ds ( ju/ice v>y ) ! "t & are soon sup]s$$ by o!rs4 ,?is is an important fact1 & x mu/ be ma/]$ be=e "o c use ! curr5t /&>d ) hone/y or intellig5ce4 ,! pr9ciple ( ju/ice ^u :i* ! *ang+ concrete /&>d is bas$1 ! moral "r ( ea* individual z a human be+ to ! fulle/ developm5t ( all 8 faculties consi/5t ) su* rights 9 o!rs1 is d\btless un*ang+4 ,b x is condition$ by ! /age ( production t society has rea*$1 ^u h[ mu* !re is to g r\nd2 & ! wage necess>y to secure ?is /&>d is condition$ by gov]nm5tal supplem5t su* z free education1 insurance1 etc4 ,x w\ld seem impossible1 !re=e1 to det]m9e ! exact wage t a p>ticul> individual is entitl$ to until we c det]m9e ! total net product & ?is individual's contribution to x z comp>$ ) o!r individuals4 ,we are n aw>e t ?is has be5 done4 ,! attempt has be5 made1 h[ev]1 to e/abli% bo? ! absolute m9imum /&>d & ?is relative /&>d4 ,9 ! sixte5? volume ( ! report ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,bureau ( ,labor on ,woman & ,*ild ,wage-,e>n]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! =m] is fix$ at #djj4jj4 ,b h we an absolute m9imum bel[ :i* wages c\ld n fall )\t endang]+ exi/5ce :5 a girl ( t5 & a boy ( six are all[$ m money = clo?+ ?an _! "m8 ,^u ! relative liv+ wage1 :ole volumes h be5 writt54 ,b !y w\ld seem ei!r to deal ) ! concrete expression ( ! /&>d ( a p>ticul> class1 or1 if !y d attempt to e/abli% ! "r ( individuals "h & n[ to a p>ticul> remun]ation 9 money1 !y d n q prove _! cont5tion4 ,b !re are p :o believe t ! "r ( ! labor] to a specific wage 7& h5ce ! employ]'s obligation ( pay+ x7 c be demon/rat$4 ,dr4 ,john ,a4 ,ryan1 ^: treatise on ,! ,liv+ ,wage has attract$ m>k$ att5tion1 has made su* a claim = an e/imate ( #fjj4jj z a family liv+ wage 9 cities ( five hundr$ ?\s& or ov] 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4#cc ,?is 0 9 #aijf & ! co/ ( liv+ has advanc$ consid]ably s9ce !n4 ,dr4 ,ryan w\ld probably1 !re=e1 n consid] too high ! e/imate ( ! ,bureau ( ,labor 7l4 c47 ( #fjj4jj = cotton mill op]atives 9 ! ,s\?4 ,"u ?is /&>d1 ! fa!r supports ! family1 ! "m /ays at home look+ aft] ! h\se1 & ! *ildr5 g to s*ool4 ,x includes insurance4 ,n[ = ! sake ( argum5t let u assume t labor]s h a /rict "r 9 ju/ice to a /&>d repres5t$ by #fjj4jj a ye> 9 a ,s\!rn mill t[n4 ,i mu/ reluctantly admit t #fjj4jj _c be prov$ conclusively to be ! sum to :i* all labor]s h a "r4 ,b = ! "t be+ we %all take x = grant$1 & f ! /&po9t ( ?is assumption judge ! ju/ice or inju/ice ( indu/rial conditions4 ,i h said t ,i d n ?9k t ?is obligation c be prov$ conclusively1 t is1 z conclusively z a proposition 9 geometry4 ,b ,i d ?9k t x is capable ( ! same pro( t we h = _m o!r moral tru?s t pass unque/ion$4 ,we mu/ bew>e ( apply+ to new propositions t corrosive logic :i*1 if imp>tially ex]cis$ on old & new alike1 w\ld de/roy ! v basis ( morality4 ,?is pr9ciple1 t moral tru?s _c be absolutely demon/rat$1 is g5]ally admitt$ & _m concrete examples c\ld be giv5 f prom95t e?ici/s3 ?us ,de ,lugo 9 speak+ ( s fundam5tal a "q z ! unlawfulness ( suicide1 does n hesitate to say3 ,! :ole difficulty consi/s 9 assign+ a reason = ?is tru?3 = ?\gh its suicide's turpitude is imm$iately app>5t1 x is n easy to f9d ! f\ndation ( ?is judgm5t3 :5ce 7a ?+ t happ5s 9 _m o!r que/ions7 ! conclusion is m c]ta9 ?an ! reason adduc$ by v>i\s au?ors = its pro(4#cd ,aga91 ,ball]9i1 9 treat+ ( ! unlawfulness ( "o ( ! s9s m5tion$ by ,/4 ,paul 9 ! six? *apt] ( 8 fir/ ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians1 rem>ks t x is mo/ difficult to assign a reason = ?is4 ,!n1 aft] reject+ all ! reasons usually br\ght =w>d1 he adds3 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t !re are "s practical tru?s necess>y = ! "r association ( m5 ) ea* o!r1 :i* m5 feel & p]ceive by a sort ( rational in/9ct1 ^: reason1 nev]!less 7at lea/ a demon/rative "o71 :5 ^! same m5 seek x analytically1 !y f9d x h>d to discov]4 ,x w\ld seem t nature1 or ! ,au?or ( our nature1 wi%$ to supply ! defect ( ! ex]cise ( reason by an in/9ct or rational s5se ( ?is k9d3 444 ,among ! tru?s ( ?is nature1 ! "o ( :i* we treat happ5s to be f\nd4#ce ,if unque/ion$ au?orities l ,ball]9i & ,de ,lugo admit _! inability to prove su* fundam5tal & important obligations 7x w be not$ t ,de ,lugo says !re are _m su*7 z ^? ( refra9+ f ! above m5tion$ s9s1 x ne$ n surprise u to f9d t ! obligations ( ,consum]s _c be prov$ apodictically4 ,x w\ld be fooli%1 !re=e1 to claim absolutely to demon/rate ?is obligation4 ,all t c be done is to adduce ! same pro(s t ,aqu9as1 ,su>ez1 & o!r ma/] m9ds h us$ to fix o!r duties1 & %[ t !y h equal =ce 9 ! pres5t discussion4 ,x is simply ! famili> argum5t a p>i1 & ! claim w\ld seem reasonable1 t any objectors meet+ ^! argum5ts on purely rational gr\nds1 mu/ %[ t !y d n equally apply to ?is obligation1 or else d5y _! =ce z pro( = ! o!r duties4 ,,footnotes3 #cc ,o!rs h approximat$ ?is e/imate1 ?\gh possibly )\t giv+ x exactly ! same e?ical implications z ,dr4 ,ryan4 ,?us ,*ap91 ,/&>d ( ,liv+ 9 ,new ,york ,city1 ,n4 ,y41 p4 #bde1 claims #hjj4jj z ! m9imum = ,new ,york ,city4 ,miss ,butl]1 ,wom5 & ! ,trades1 ,n4 ,y41 p4 #cdf1 says #g4jj a week = a s+le woman 9 ,pittsburgh4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,bureau ( ,labor 9 ! ?ird volume ( its report on ,woman & ,*ild ,wage-,e>n]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 p4 #efj1 decl>es = #b4jj a week p] capita4 #cd ,see ,app5dix1 #i4 #ce ,see ,app5dix1 #aj4 ,,*apt] ,,f\r ,,!ory ,,( ,,indu/rial ,,organization ,mod]n indu/rial conditions may be consid]$ ei!r a priori or a po/]iori1 ei!r !oretically or de facto4 ,we may exam9e ! pr9ciples ( economic organization1 & conclude t !y w or w n lead to l[ wages2 or we c g to ! facts !mselves1 & decide f an exam9ation ( actual conditions :e!r or n wages are l[1 etc41 always rememb]+ ! /&>d we h adopt$4 ,beg9n+ ) ! fir/ me?od1 we may1 speak+ r\ghly & ) suffici5t all[ance = monopolies1 say t we live "u a competitive sy/em4 ,m5 compete ) o!rs = _! %>e 9 ! product ( indu/ry4 ,goods are n put 9 "o g5]al fund & di/ribut$ accord+ to ea* "o's ne$s4 ,nor are !y aw>d$ to suit ! :im ( "s rul]4 ,und\bt$ly our pres5t indu/rial organization is individuali/ic r ?an sociali/ic1 & its *ief *>act]i/ic is probably a rivalry betwe5 its v>i\s memb]s4 ,"s assume t competition is univ]sal & unre/ra9$4 ,!n !y draw conclusions z to ! pres5t sy/em f :at w\ld happ5 if su* competition prevail$4 ,o!rs =get t competition is z univ]sal z x really is1 & t x exi/s n only betwe5 labor] & labor] to get ! job1 b betwe5 capitali/ & capitali/ to secure ! labor]4 ,to subscribe to ei!r ( ^! errors w vitiate any conclusions z to social policy4 ,= if unre/ra9$ competition h c]ta9 evil t5d5cies1 we _c !re=e assume t ! pres5t re/rict$ =m w h su* results4 ,& ! fact t competition exi/s betwe5 capitali/s z well z betwe5 labor]s has v wide-rea*+ implications4 ,x means no less ?an t competition may raise wages z well z l[] !m4 ,! av]age p]son is apt to look ^u an object z drawn only to ! e>? by gravitation4 ,he =gets t ! same =ce is also pull+ at x 9 an opposite direction4 ,& 9 ! same way ! av]age p]son is likely to =get t competition is cont9ually pull+ wages bo? up & d[n4 ,if we imag9e "s object susp5d$ betwe5 ! e>? & ! moon1 & be+ con/antly drawn t[>ds ea* accord+ to "s p[] inh]5t 9 !m :i* v>ies f "t to "t s t ! object n[ approa*es "o & n[ ! o!r1 we %all h a r\gh illu/ration ( h[ competition affects wages4 ,we c look ^u ! am\nt ( wages z ! object ( attraction betwe5 competition on ! "p ( labor]s & competition on ! "p ( capitali/s4 ,accord+ z competition among capitali/s is ke5 z comp>$ ) t among labor]s1 wages w rise1 & vice v]sa2 j z :51 9 our illu/ration1 gravity 0 /rong 9 ! moon1 ! object rose t[>ds x1 & :5 x 0 /rong] 9 ! e>? ! object fell t[>ds t body4 ,b 9 bo? cases ! result is due to ! same =ce1 ?\gh act+ f diff]5t po9ts4 ,x w\ld be an error1 !re=e1 to attribute all ! evils ( our pres5t sy/em to competition1 & all ! good to "s o!r ag5cy4 ,competition has good results z well z bad1 & ?is two-fold influ5ce mu/ always be rememb]$4 ,d\btless absolutely unre/ra9$ competition betwe5 labor]s ) no correspond+ rivalry betwe5 capitali/s w\ld depress wages4 ,b su* competition does n exi/4 ,competition is n absolutely unre/rict$4 ,x is limit$ by organization among ! workm51 by legislation1 by natural ability1 & 9 v>i\s o!r ways4 ,z a result1 ! effects are limit$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,if a bricklay]s' union is /rong en\gh practically to elim9ate competition betwe5 ?is class ( labor]s :ile capitali/s compete ) ea* o!r to obta9 _! s]vices1 !n ! work+ out ( competition has be5 modifi$ 9 su* a way z to h an upw>d effect ^u wages4 ,competition1 !n1 is n necess>ily bad4 ,9 _m cases1 competition is n only ! life ( trade1 b ! build] ( "* z well4 ,z a :ole1 ^? :o h to e>n _! liv+ amid ke5 bus9ess rivalry are m en]getic1 quickwitt$ & res\rceful ?an ^? gov]nm5t employees :o live 9 a some:at li/less1 non-competitive atmosph]e4 ,& ! sup]iority ( ,we/]n to ,ea/]n civilization & "* may be due to ! fact t !re competition has be5 too mu* limit$ by ca/e sy/ems1 repressive legislation1 & un*ang+ cu/om4 ,"u ! re/rict$ =m ( competition exi/+ to-day1 _m employ]s pay liv+ wages & treat _! employees fairly 9 e way4 ,inde$1 ! entrepr5eur sometimes f9ds x to 8 advantage to give 8 employees ev5 m ?an /rict ju/ice w\ld dem&4 ,:5 competition = workm5 is ke5 betwe5 employ]s1 c]ta9 inducem5ts may be necess>y to prev5t exp]i5c$ m5 leav+ & to avoid ! consequ5t loss ( break+ 9 new labor]s4 ,at any rate we f9d t _m employ]s d all t c reasonably be expect$4 ,= in/ance1 9 contra/ ) ! conditions ( ! g>m5t trade prevail+ 9 _m places1 ! ,pittsburgh ,survey f\nd two factories 9 t city to be run on excell5t l9es4 ,!y 7 well-light$ by l>ge w9d[s1 ! v5tilation 0 good1 ! walls newly :itewa%$1 & ! floors swept & scrubb$4 ,9 "o1 inde$1 ! upp] w9d[s 7 op5$ at int]vals1 & ! "w-rooms _h w9d[s on ?ree sides4 7,butl]1 l4 c41 p4 #aji47 ,n9e o!rs 7 good because !y 7 swept daily & exhibit$ a manife/ /&>d z to a "w-room 7l4 c41 p4 #ajg74 ,"o firm1 too1 0 f\nd to all[ its employees to %>e 9 its progress4 ,?us :5 new buttonhole ma*9es 7 introduc$ a few ye>s ago ! girls c\ld turn out a ?ird m "w ?an =m]ly1 b !y 7 paid at ! same piece-rate 7l4 c41 pp4 #aai-abj74 ,! v>iation betwe5 individual /ores z reg>ds wages w be %[n f ! foll[+ table1 adapt$ f page #aba ( ! fir/ volume ( ! ,pittsburgh ,survey3 ---------------------------------------- ------- ,weekly wages ,article ,no4 ( -------------- ,av]age manufactur$ op]ators ,m94 ,max4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,%irts #ae #f #ab #g ,%irts #a #aj #aj ,%irts #c #h #aj #h ,%irts #bd #f #h #h ,%irts & ,ov]alls #ci #d #ab #h ,ov]alls #bf #f #aj #h ,ov]alls #ge #f #aj4e #g ,%irts #e #g #aa ,%irts #ah #g #ad #aj ,%irts #ea #e #ae #h ,%irts #g #f4e #ab #h ,pants #aad #d #ad #i ,pants #cg #c #ab #h ,pants #f #c #i #g ,pants #bhd #d #i #g ,pants #aj #d #i #h ---------------------------------------- ------ ,su* diff]5ces are reproduc$ 9 all ! ne$le trades4#cf ,simil> di/9ctions are also f\nd 9 laundries4 ,a v few h prop]ly con/ruct$ plants1 ) wa%-rooms on ! upp] floors & "s arrangem5t = c>ry+ (f ! inevitable /eam 7,butl]1 l4 c41 p4 #agj74 ,9 "o1 h[ev]1 !re are exhau/ pipes ov] ! mangles1 & fans 9 ! walls1 & !re are w9d[s along ! side4 ,! fe$]s are seat$ :ile h&l+ small "w1 & ! fold]s h com=table b5*es 7p4 #agd74 ,wages1 too1 are consid]ably high] "h ?an 9 o!r laundries4 ,f\r laundries 9 ,pittsburgh h adopt$ an improv$ cuff-iron+ ma*9e :i* saves ! op]ator f ! extreme physical ex]tion ( ! old /yle 7p4 #ahb74 ,a ,nor? ,side laundry has set aside a bright sunny section ( ! build+ = a lun*-room2 !re are attractive di%es1 tables cov]$ ) :ite clo?s1 com=table *airs4 ,! noon int]val is an h\r & a half 7p4 #cab74 ,turn+ to m]cantile h\ses we also f9d a great contra/4 ,"s provide only half a doz5 *airs = five hundr$ girls1 :ile o!rs d n all[ *airs to be us$ at all4#cg ,_m /ores h a work+ week at ,*ri/mas ( f sev5ty-two to eighty-f\r h\rs )\t extra pay 7,butl]1 l4 c41 p4 #cjc74 ,"s employ]s are g5]ally reput$ among salesgirls to assume t _! wom5 employees secure f9ancial back+ f outside relation%ips1 & kn[+ly pay wages t are supplem5t>y r ?an wages l>ge en\gh to cov] ! co/ ( a girl's support4 7,l4 c41 p4 #cjf47 ,inde$1 "s employ]s frankly admit ?is & adv]tise = sales-wom51 pref]ably ^? liv+ at home4#ch ,comp>e ) ^! /ores ! "o t exemplifies a high] /&>d at ea* po9t "u discussion2 9 ! compreh5siv5ess ( its v5tilat+ sy/em2 9 its obs]vance ( ! _s ( ! law 9 provid+ an av]age ( f\r seats to a c\nt] = its employees2 9 ! fact t x has no ,*ri/mas ov]time2 444 & f9ally 9 its wage /&>d4444 ,sev5 hundr$ girls are paid #g4jj2 444 "o hundr$ girls are paid #h4jj to #aj4jj1 & sometimes #ae4jj 9 ! case ( a head ( /ock4 7,butl]1 l4 c41 p4 #cjd47 ,"s glass factories furni% %utt]s ov] ! le]-m\?s to protect employees f heat2#ci prev5t radiation f ! melt+ tanks by v>i\s devices 7l4 c41 p4 #gi72 provide blue glass scre5s at ! glory holes 7ib472 artificially cool ! %ops 9 summ] 7l4 c41 p4 #hj72 "w %ort] h\rs 7p4 #ih72 elim9ate night-"w 7p4 #ajd72 provide hoods & exhau/s = ! et*+ ba?s 7p4 #cbb7 & ! s& bla/s 7p4 #cag74 ,9 "o wool5 factory ! milligrams ( du/ 9 a cubic c5timet] ( air 7 r$uc$ f tw5ty to sev5 by ! in/allation ( an exhau/]4#dj ,! fact1 too1 t organizations su* z trade unions & consum]s' leagues c all[ ! use ( _! labels to c]tify t an article has be5 made "u fair conditions1 is a /rik+ confirmation ( ! fact t "s manufactur]s d ma9ta9 prop] factories & treat _! employees ju/ly4 ,nev]!less1 competition has a black z well z a silv] l9+4 ,x is self-evid5t t = any l5g? ( "t labor]s _c get m ?an ! total product ( _! "w c\pl$ ) ! necess>y capital4 ,nor w x be d5i$ t capitali/s w always be 9 a position to appropriate a "p ( ?is jo9t product1 h[ mu* dep5d+ v l>gely ^u ! relative supply ( capital & labor & ! ke5ness ( competition betwe5 !m4 ,! %>e t is left & :i* goes to ! labor]s is n divid$ equally4 ,x is di/ribut$ competitively4 ,^? :o are economically /ronge/ seize :at !y c1 & ! weakl+s mu/ be cont5t ) ! rema9d]4 ,frequ5tly ?is is n suffici5t to af=d !m ! /&>d we are consid]+1 b !y are helpless to rem$y matt]s4 ,& !re are "s ?+s t t5d to keep ?is %>e at a m9imum4 ,indu/rial organization is n simply a case ( competition betwe5 capital & labor1 b capitali/s are compet+ ) capitali/s z well z ) labor]s1 & labor]s ) ea* o!r z well z ) capitali/s4 ,! result is t ! weake/ p>ties to ?is fray get hit h>de/1 & _! only hope w\ld seem to be ! addition ( "s o!r *eck to competition t w prev5t ! pres5t di/ressful consequ5ces4 ,?is is n to say1 z ,sociali/s argue1 t competition is to be aboli%$ entirely1 = we h se5 t x may really h excell5t effects = ! workman4 ,r x is to be h>ness$ & guid$ into b5efic5t *annels1 z a mill] directs a /ream to turn a :eel4 ,he does n de/roy ! /ream b makes x d 8 w4 ,an analysis ( indu/rial society w %[1 ,i ?9k1 t despite ! good "w ! /ream ( competition is do+1 !re is a little eddy und]m9+ ! bank & work+ havoc 9 "s places4 ,! description ( "o phase ( competition1 ev5 ?\gh x be isolat$ f ! re/1 w probably give a correct en\gh idea ( h[ ?is =ce :ile work+ out to ! advantage ( "s1 is result+ 9 h>m to o!rs4 ,! consid]ations t mu/ be omitt$ 9 a %ort sket* d n *ange ! matt] ess5tially4 ,!y limit ! h>d%ip wr\ght1 b !y d n prev5t a consid]able numb] ( workm5 f be+ m]cilessly gr\nd d[n4 ,mod]n indu/ry1 !n1 is organiz$ = sale1 n use4 ,bus9ess m5 c>e no?+ ab\t :at !y manufacture s long z !y c f9d a pr(itable sale = ! article4 ,! typical employ] makes %oes n because he likes to1 z an arti/ may pa9t a picture4 ,he does x because he ?9ks a suffici5t numb] ( pur*as]s w want ?is commodity at a price pay+ him = 8 tr\ble4 ,b to get ^! pur*as]s he mu/ 7unless he h "s sort ( monopoly7 (f] 8 product at a price no high] ?an o!r manufactur]s are will+ to take = ! same article4 ,if he deviate only a few c5ts1 ! exp]t buy]s ( retail /ores w "k x & g else:]e4 ,!re is a con/ant dem& = *eapness1 a univ]sal eag]ness to get y\r money's wor?2 & factories & retail firms mu/ meet x1 or see _! trade tak5 away by competitors4 ,! int5se desire ( individual buy]s = m9ute sav+s ( a c5t "h or a fraction ( a c5t !re1 becomes1 9 ! aggregate1 an irresi/ible ,dem& ) a capital ,d1 a blood-p[] /rong] ?an /eam1 compell+ ! retail] 7:o 9 8 turn reacts ^u ! manufactur]7 to sell *eap4 ,! ph5om5a ( sweat+ are a /&+ w>n+ aga9/ ! dang]s t are inh]5t 9 unregulat$ competition4444 ,! und]ly+ cause ( ! evil1 affirms a not$ ,engli% economi/1 is c]ta9ly to be f\nd 9 ! indiscrim9ate pref]5ce ( ! public = t :i* is l[-pric$4#da ,! sell]1 !n1 mu/ meet ! ,consum]'s dem&s2 & s9ce ^! are = *eapness1 he mu/ sell *eap4 ,b h[ c *eapness be obta9$8 ,only by cutt+ d[n ! exp5ses ( production4 ,o!r manufactur]s possess ! same ma*9]y1 ab\t ! same advantages ( location1 & approximately ! same tal5t4 ,giv5 a sy/em ( unre/ra9$ competition1 ea* firm w h to c\nt co/s to )9 a fraction ( a c5t & r$uce exp5ses to ! l[e/ possible am\nt4 ,to ?is end wages are (t5 cut1 workm5 spe$$1 & ! heal? ( employees endang]$4 ,no "o ( u1 says ! manag] ( a big dep>tm5t /ore 9 ,/4 ,l\is1 has any p>ticul> consid]ation 9 ! pur*ase price ( goods2 ! ease ( communication & ! l>ge am\nt ( adv]tis+ make x impossible = u to h any s]i\s advantage ov] o!rs 9 po9t ( sell+ price4 ,! wom5 c g f "o /ore to ano!r1 effectually prev5t+ "o /ore f be+ mat]ially high] pric$ on ! same goods ?an ano!r4 ,! great /ruggle is ov] ! exp5se acc\nt4 ,?is br+s up ! :ole "q ( sal>ies1 ! am\nt t c be paid to employees directly1 ! am\nt t is sp5t by u 9 c>+ = !m1 comp5sation = l5g? ( s]vice4444 ,all ^! h to be h&l$ f ! exp5se acc\nt1 & x is on ?is po9t t "s ( ! mo/ delicate que/ions ( morals arise1 & !y involve bo? ! employ] & ! cu/om] 9 ! treatm5t ( ! employee4#db ,x is true t "s economi/s h ma9ta9$ t ! price ( an article mu/ cov] its co/ ( production4#dc ,b z ,pr(essor ,c>v] says1 su* an op9ion is probably ! s\rce ( m error & confusion 9 economic discussions ?an any o!r mi/ake4 7,loc4 cit47 ,x may be grant$1 inde$1 t ! price w nev] be mu* bel[ ! exp5ses ( production1 und]/&+ by exp5ses ( production :at ! entrepr5eur mu/ pay out 9 wages1 int]e/1 etc4 ,yet ev5 ?is is n because ! exp5ses ( production directly gov]n prices4 ,!y affect ! price only indirectly by limit+ ! supply4 ,= no entrepr5eur w long cont9ue 9 bus9ess if he be n able to sell 8 product at a pr(it1 & 8 go+ out ( bus9ess w decrease ! supply & s raise ! price by ! well-kn[n law ( supply & dem&4 ,b co/s ( production1 be+ ! sum ( ! ef=ts & sacrifices ( all conc]n$ 9 mak+ an article1 are v diff]5t f exp5ses ( production4#dd ,x is by no means true1 z ,pr(essor ,sidgwick po9t$ out tw5ty-five ye>s ago1 t ! am\nt necess>y to enable a labor] to keep himself 9 good physical condition & reproduce himself =ms a m9imum bel[ :i* ! self-int]e/ ( an employ] w n all[ wages to fall4#de ,= 9 ! fir/ place1 !re is no assurance t a labor] is go+ to sp5d 8 wages = ?is purpose4 ,h[1 !n1 c x be to 8 employ]'s advantage to pay him m ?an he is will+ to take1 :5 ! surplus may be squ&]$ 9 dr9k8 ,& ev5 assum+ t ! g5]ality ( labor]s mu/ receive su* an am\nt 9 ord] to meet ! dem& = workm51 /ill !y ne$ n all receive x f _! employ]s4 ,an indu/ry1 su* z ! dep>tm5t /ores1 may try to get girls :o obta9 "p ( _! support f fa!rs or bro!rs employ$ 9 o!r bus9esses4#df ,or wages ( l>ge classes may be supplem5t$ by public or private alms4 ,?is 0 long ! case "u ! ,engli% ,poor ,law4 ,z ! l&-occupi]s paid ! great] portion ( ! rates1 x 0 to ! ,manufactur]s' advantage to h wages really come p>tly f ! p>i%4 ,& ! numb]s ( labor]s c be kept /ation>y )\t ea* workman1 or ev5 e class1 receiv+ en\gh to p]petuate himself4 ,= _! ranks c easily be recruit$ f an ov]-supply ( "s high] class4 ,!re is a con/ant pressure ^u ! upp] /rata1 =c+ d[n ! unfit1 & x is readily conceivable t ^! failures %\ld take ! places ( /ill great] failures bel[4 ,!re is1 !n1 no physical or economic necessity =c+ employ]s to pay fair wages to ea* individual work]1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* we are us+ ! ^w fair = ! sake ( argum5t4 ,! ef=t to organize bus9ess ) a view to *eap production1 may be c>ri$ on 9 su* fa%ion z to press unduly on ^? :o "w = wages2 employ]s are 9 a position 9 :i* !y may be able to drive h>d b>ga9s z to h\rs ( "w & rates ( pay1 & to pass on ! risk ( loss1 :i* arises f fluctuations ( bus9ess1 to be borne by ^? :o are ?r[n out ( employm5t4#dg ,& n only may ?is1 b !re is e inducem5t & almo/ necessity urg+ t x %\ld1 be done except :]e ! workm5 are organiz$4 ,no employ] c af=d to pay a workman m ?an 8 surplus ov] & above :at w\ld be produc$ )\t him1 & x w be to 8 advantage to pay less4 ,he is a pur*as] ( labor1 & l e o!r pur*as] wants to get t commodity at ! l[e/ figure4 ,& !re are sev]al diff]5ces betwe5 him & ! pur*as] ( any o!r commodity t give him a di/9ct advantage 9 ! b>ga94 ,9 ! fir/ place1 n m]ely increas$ pr(its1 :at w\ld be repres5t$ by a h\sewife's sav+ 9 %opp+1 urge him to buy *eap labor1 b 8 own indu/rial exi/5ce1 :i* w be lo/ if he does n get 8 workm5 z *eap z 8 competitors4 ,hav+ a great] prize at /ake1 he develops a great] skill4 ,he has a wid] view ( economic conditions1 a bett] k ( ! /ate ( trade else:]e1 & s he c outb>ga9 ! unorganiz$ labor]4 ,aga91 ! labor] is 9 a worse position ?an ! sell] ( almo/ any o!r commodity4 ,= :at he does n sell to-day disappe>s absolutely4 ,if he does n dispose ( x n[ he _c to-morr[4 ,a fruit]] c keep 8 oranges until ! next day1 if he is n satisfi$ ) ! curr5t price4 ,b to-day's labor c be sold only to-day4 ,& if x be n sold1 x is probable t ! workman w be physically less fit to-morr[4 ,yet ev5 if he does accept ! wage (f]$1 & x is less ?an en\gh to repair ! daily wa/e ( =ce1 ! same result w be br\ght ab\t gradually4 ,he is1 !re=e1 confront$ by ! dilemma ( tak+ :at ! idle are will+ to accept1 or becom+ idle himself4 ,x ne$s only ! imag9+ ( "o's self 9 ! position ( ! unemploy$ to see t !re is h>dly any limit bel[ :i* ! wages ( ! weake/ may n fall4 ,a man )\t special skill & )\t sav+s1 ) n only himself b o!rs to look out =1 w be glad to get ev5 :at he kn[s w n completely support him4 ,)\t organization & by means ( individual b>ga9+1 wages are drawn d[nw>d t[>d ! level set by :at idle m5 w accept1 :i* may be less ?an !y w produce aft] !y receive employm5t & w surely be less ?an !y w produce aft] !y h develop$ _! full effici5cy4 ,:5 labor makes its b>ga9s ) employ]s )\t organization on its side1 ! p>ties 9 ! transaction are n on equal t]ms & wages are unduly depress$4 ,! individual labor] (f]s :at he is =c$ to sell1 & ! employ] is n =c$ to buy4 ,delay may mean privation = ! "o p>ty & no great inconv5i5ce or loss = ! o!r4 ,if !re are )9 rea* a body ( necessit\s m5 out ( employm5t & available = fill+ ! positions = :i* individual labor]s are apply+1 ! applicants are at a fatal disadvantage4#dh ,su* is ! op9ion ( a cons]vative economi/ ) an especially k9dly feel+ t[>ds ! competitive sy/em4 ,x w\ld seem1 !re=e1 t ! competitive organization ( indu/ry has a t5d5cy to cru% out ! weakl+s4 ,h[ num]\s are ^! weakl+s1 we %all n[ discuss4 ,,footnotes3 #cf ,l4 c41 pp4 #aba1 #abb1 #acd1 #aeb2 ,u4 ,s4 ,bur4 ,lab41 ,m5's ,ready-,made ,clo?+1 p4 #cjc4 #cg ,butl]1 p4 #cja2 ,u4 ,s4 ,bur4 ,lab41 ,wom5 ,wage-,e>n]s 9 ,/ores & ,factories1 pp4 #aji1 #agh4 #ch ,u4 ,s4 ,bur4 ,lab41 l4 c41 p4 #bb2 ,report ,m9neapolis ,vice ,commission1 #aiaa1 p4 #abg4 #ci ,u4 ,s4 ,bur4 ,lab41 ,glass ,indu/ry1 p4 #ed4 #dj ,u4 ,s4 ,bur4 ,lab41 ,indu/rial ,hygi5e1 #aijh1 p4 #gi4 #da ,w4 ,cunn+ham1 ,*ri/ianity & ,social ,que/ions1 pp4 #abb-abc3 ,london1 #aiaj4 #db ,! ,socialis$ ,*ur*1 p4 #abj1 address on ,! ,relation ( ! ,*ur* to ,employees 9 ,dep>tm5t ,/ores1 by ,han=d ,craw=d1 ,b4,s43 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,n4 ,y41 #aiji4 #dc ,cf4 ,t4 ,n4 ,c>v]1 ,di/ribution ( ,weal?1 p4 #ca3 ,n4 ,y41 #aijh4 #dd ,cf4 ,h4 ,r4 ,seag]1 ,introduction to ,political ,economy1 pp4 #ec-ed3 ,n4 ,y41 #aijh4 #de ,h4 ,sidgwick1 ,pr9ciples ( ,political ,economy1 p4 #big3 ,london1 #ahhg4 #df ,cf4 ,wage-,e>n+ ,wom5 9 ,/ores & ,factories1 p4 #bb3 ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau ( ,labor1 #aiaa4 #dg ,w4 ,cunn+ham1 ,*ri/ianity & ,social ,que/ions1 p4 #aah3 ,london1 #aiaj4 #dh ,j4 ,b4 ,cl>k1 ,ess5tials ( ,economic ,!ory1 pp4 #dec & #def3 ,n4 ,y41 #aijg4 ,,*apt] ,,five ,,indu/rial ,,conditions3 ,,wages ,:at has be5 said reg>d+ indu/rial conditions is n m]e !oriz+4 ,private1 /ate & f$]al inve/igations into actual conditions confirm ! cont5tion t !re is a l>ge m>g9 ( unemploy$1 & t a consid]able portion ( ^? :o d f9d employm5t are ov]work$ & und]paid reg>dless ( life & limb4 ,anyone :o /udies ! v>i\s (ficial reports on ?is subject1 mu/ conclude t ,dr4 ,dev9e's summ>y ( ! ,pittsburgh ,survey 0 well )9 ! tru? & is applicable to practically ! :ole c\ntry3 ,l[ wages = ! great majority ( ! labor]s employ$ by ! mills1 n l[] ?an 9 o!r l>ge cities1 b l[ comp>$ ) ! prices--s l[ z to be inadequate to ! ma9t5ance ( a normal ,am]ican /&>d ( liv+2 wages adju/$ to ! s+le man 9 ! lodg+ h\se1 n ! responsible head ( a family4 ,/ill l[] wages = wom51 :o receive1 = example1 9 "o ( ! metal trades1 9 :i* ! proportion ( wom5 is great en\gh to be m5ac+1 "o-half z mu* z unorganiz$ m5 9 ! same %ops & "o-?ird z mu* z m5 9 ! union4 ,! de/ruction ( family life2 n 9 any imag9>y or my/ical s5se1 b by ! dem&s ( ! day's "w1 & by ! v demon/rable & mat]ial me?od ( typhoid fev] & indu/rial accid5ts2 bo? prev5table1 b bo? co/+ 9 s+le ye>s 9 ,pittsburgh consid]ably m ?an a ?\s& lives1 & irretrievably %att]+ ne>ly z _m homes4#di ,assum+1 ?r\gh\t ?is discussion1 t #f4jj a week 7#a4jj a week less ?an ,miss ,butl]'s e/imate71 or #cab4jj a ye> is ! l[e/ fair individual wage2 & #aa4jj a week1 or #egb4jj a ye> is ! l[e/ fair family liv+ wage3#ej x is easy to %[ f reliable reports t scores ( ?\s&s ( individuals & heads ( families fall bel[ ?is /&>d4 ,b 9 consid]+ any figures quot$ "h1 or to be f\nd else:]e1 x %\ld always be rememb]$ t ! actual wage may be mu* bel[ ! rate ( wage4 ,"o employ$ at ! rate ( #f4jj a week may n make any?+ l t because ( loss ( "t4 ,h[ mu* is lo/ ?r\gh unemploym5t1 x is h>d to say4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,indu/rial ,commission 0 ( ! op9ion1 t x is impossible to collect /ati/ics ( any value :atev] relative to ! unemploym5t ( unorganiz$ labor1 among :om lack ( employm5t is a mu* m s]i\s ?+ ?an x is ) skill$ or organiz$ labor4#ea ,x w\ld seem1 h[ev]1 t 9 ! clo?+ trades1 ! employees lose at lea/ "o day 9 e six4#eb ,accord+ to a ,f$]al report issu$ 9 #aiaa1 9 ,baltimore "o-fif? ( ! =ce work$ betwe5 five days & full "t2 "o-t5? betwe5 f\r & five days2 "o-sev5? betwe5 two & ?ree1 & five p] c5t1 two days or less4#ec ,a report ( ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,bureau ( ,labor = #aijfed conta9s ! foll[+ sugge/ive table reg>d+ ! unemploym5t ( c]ta9 classes ( organiz$ labor4 ,x may rightly be assum$ t among unorganiz$ workm5 conditions are worse4 ,,table ,i4 ,,no4 ,,& ,,proportion ,,( ,,unemploy$ ,,wage-,,e>n]s ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,no4 ( ,no4 ( ,no4 idle,p] ,p] c5t idle ,mon4 unions memb'rs at end c5t ------------------------------ report'greport'g( mon?idle #aije #aijd #aijc #aijb #aijb-e ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,jan4 #aia #hd1eci #ab1fhb #ae4 #bb4e #be4h #bj4e #bj4i #bb4d ,feb4 #aij #he1aee #ac1jca #ae4c #ai4d #ba4f #ag4h #ah4g #ai4d ,m*4 #aib #be1ief #b1ieb #aa4f #ai4b #bg4a #ag4f #ag4c #bj4c ,apr4 #aib #ij1ceb #f1ehc #g4c #aa4h #ag4j #ag4c #ae4c #ae4d ,may #aib #ia1afc #f1cfd #g4j #h4c #ae4i #bj4b #ad4j #ad4f ,june #aib #ib1ajj #e1hja #f4c #i4a #ac4g #bc4a #ad4e #ae4a ,july #aie #id1ega #g1bbi #g4f #h4j #ad4h #ag4h #ae4f #ad4a ,aug4 #aie #id1bbj #e1dfb #e4h #g4b #ac4g #ae4d #g4a #aj4i ,sep4 #aie #id1bij #e1beb #f4c #e4i #ab4j #i4d #f4c #h4d ,oct4 #aie #ib1jeb #f1chc #f4i #e4f #aj4h #aa4g #d4b #i4h ,nov4 #aie #ic1jdb #g1jeb #g4f #f4a #aa4a #af4d #ad4c #ab4j ,dec4 #aie #ic1cah #ad1ceb #ae4d #aa4a #ai4f #bc4a #bb4b #ai4j ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,mean = ye> #i4c #aa4b #af4i #ag4e #ad4h #ae4a ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,o!r d$uctions t mu/ be made f ! app>5t wage are ! )hold+ ( pay = long p]iods1 exorbitant prices & r5ts obta9$ ?r\gh company /ores & h\ses1 f9es1 & increases 9 ! co/ ( liv+4 ,!re=e1 x is n unreasonable to conclude t ! p] diem or weekly wage rate z giv5 by ! ,bureau ( ,labor & o!r reports1 af=ds1 by itself1 an accurate /atem5t only ( ! maximum ye>ly wage4 ,?is %\ld always be rememb]$ 9 judg+ any facts h]eaft] adduc$4 ,9 ! fifte5? volume ( ! bullet9s ( ! ,bureau ( ,labor w be f\nd _m int]e/+ tables be>+ on ?is "q ( wages4 ,b z x is impracticable to quote !m at any l5g? "h1 a few ( ! m sali5t facts mu/ suffice4 ,labor]s 9 ! fl\r mills ( ! ,s\? 7 work+ twelve h\rs a day = #aa;c4 an h\r4#ee ,wom5 9 ! c>pet factories ( ! ,nor? 7 gett+ no m4#ef ,9 ! factory product ( ! clo?+ trade great numb]s receiv$ less ?an #aj;c41 #aa;c41 & #ab;c4 an h\r 7p4 #ce71 & ! comp5sation 9 sweat%ops 0 mu* less4 ,male bo>d]s 9 ! knit-goods factories ( ! ,nor?-,c5tral section 7 av]ag+ less ?an #chg4jj p] annum4 ,wom5 9 ! same factories 7 gett+ mu* less1 "s ev5 z l[ z #g;c4 & #h;c4 an h\r 7p4 #dc74 ,silk-sp9n]s 9 ! ,nor?-,atlantic section 7 mak+ only #e4jj a week1 or less ?an #bfj4jj a ye>1 = a n9e & "o-half h\r day 7p4 #eh74 ,male cig>-/emm]s 9 ! same section 7 mak+ #f4jj a week 7p4 #ei74 ,9 ,mi*igan1 9 #aije1 !re 7 #cdad boys betwe5 f\rte5 & sixte5 e>n+ on an av]age #gg;c4 a day1 & #agbe girls mak+ #fd;c4 a day4 ,9 #aijd1 ! av]age ye>ly e>n+s 9 ! food prep>ations indu/ry 0 #dda4jj2 9 salt production1 #dea4jj2 on tobacco & cig>s1 #cic4jj 7p4 #ccd74 ,9 ,new ,j]sey1 9 #aijd-e1 ! av]age e>n+s 9 ! cig> indu/ry 7 #caf4gj2 silk-weav+1 #dhj4aa2 wool5 & wor/$ goods1 #cgc4dc4 ,9 ! same ,/ate 9 #aijc-d1 !re 7 #aihe adult males receiv+ less ?an #c4jj a week2 #cbcd betwe5 #c4jj & #d4jj2 #eeie betwe5 #d4jj & #e4jj2 #fjcg betwe5 #e4jj & #f4jj2 #ab1djf betwe5 #g4jj & #h4jj2 #ad1cjj betwe5 #h4jj & #i4jj1 ?\gh #i4jj1 work+ full "t e week1 w\ld be only #dfh4jj a ye>4 ,! v late/ reports available confirm ^! figures4 ,9 ! cotton textile indu/ry alone1 #bi1igd employees1 or #ec4gg ( ! total numb] inve/igat$ 7#aa1dhd m5 & #ah1dij wom57 7 be+ paid at a rate less ?an #f4jj a week4#eg ,if we take ! #aa4jj rate1 or family liv+ wage1 we f9d t #ai1chb m5 7#hi ( ! total7 fall bel[ x 7l4 c474 ,& z only #ee ( ! m5 employ$ 9 ?is indu/ry 7 s+le 7l4 c41 p4 #acb71 at lea/ #gbhe ( ^! m5 mu/ h be5 m>ri$1 & h5ce receiv+ less ?an ! normal family liv+ wage4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 too1 t ^! figures are bas$ ^u ! assumption t full "t is made4 ,c\ld we get ! actual wages1 ^! gr\ps w\ld be mu* l>g]4 ,?is is %[n by ! table on page #cbi ( ?is report1 :]e actual wages av]age #a4cb less ?an comput$ full "t e>n+s4 ,if we turn to ! clo?+ indu/ry1 we f9d conditions ev5 worse4 ,9 ! five cities inve/igat$ 7,new ,york1 ,*icago1 ,baltimore1 ,ro*e/]1 & ,philadelphia71 #fghh employees1 or #cg ( ! total 7#abag m5 & #eega wom57 7 be+ paid at a rate less ?an ! individual liv+ wage ( #f4jj4 ,tak+ ! family liv+ wage ( #aa4jj z our /&>d1 #cdii m51 or #fb ( ! total1 fail to rea* x4#eh ,aga9 x mu/ be repeat$1 t ! actual wages are f #g-a_/b to #bj-a_/b l[] ?an ^! figures 7l4 c41 p4 #afa74 ,9 "o ,new ,york special ord] %op1 ! e>n+s = ,decemb] fall to #ee ( ! av]age 7l4 c41 p4 #agh74 ,^! figures1 h[ev]1 are = %op-work]s only4 ,! av]age wages = home-work]s are3 ,*icago1 #d4ce2 ,ro*e/]1 #d4ad2 ,new ,york1 #c4fa2 ,philadelphia1 #b4hh2 & ,baltimore1 #b4bd4 ,"h aga9 ! caution mu/ be borne 9 m9d t home-work]s' wages1 l[ z !y are1 (t5 /& = ! e>n+s ( m ?an "o work]4 ,sometimes1 z report$ on ! books ( ! firm1 x repres5ts ! e>n+s ( m ?an "o week 7l4 c41 p4 #aci74 ,n9ety-eight p] c5t4 ( ! m>ri$ %op-f9i%]s1 & practically all ( ! home-f9i%]s1 too1 e>n$ less ?an #cej4jj a ye> 7l4 c41 p4 #bbf74 ,! av]age ye>ly e>n+s ( home-work]s are giv5 z v>y+ f #abj4jj 9 ,new ,york to #aif4jj 9 ,ro*e/]4 ,f page #bce to #bci inclusive1 ! details ( ! e>n+s1 size ( families1 & numb] ( ^? work+ is gone into at great l5g?4 ,x mu/ suffice "h to say t families ( five are record$ ^: total ye>ly e>n+s are less ?an #ajj4jj4 ,"o family ( elev5 is *ronicl$ ^: ye>ly income 0 #dde4jj1 sixty-five doll>s ( :i* 0 e>n$ by home-"w4 ,work+ six days a week = t5 h\rs a day1 ! home-work] _c hope to make m ?an #aef4jj a ye>4#ei ,sev5ty-six p] c5t4 ( ! wom5 employ$ 9 ! glass indu/ry e>n$ less ?an six doll>s a week4#fj ,_! av]age annual e>n+s1 9 fact1 are /at$ z rang+ f #afc4jj = ^? sixte5 ye>s old to #bib4jj = ^? f tw5ty-five to tw5ty-n9e 7l4 c41 p4 #edd74 ,ne>ly "o-?ird ( ! female dep>tm5t-/ore employees receive less ?an #f4jj a week4#fa ,yet _m ( !m _h o!r p]sons dep5d+ ^u !m 7l4 c41 p4 #ee74 ,"o family1 consi/+ ( a "m1 sev5te5-ye>-old daught]1 & ?ree y\ng] *ildr51 0 support$ by ! daught]'s #e4jj a week4 ,!y manag$ x by liv+ 9 two rooms & eat+ practically no?+ besides bread & tea or c(fee 7l4 c41 p4 #ef74 ,9 ,new ,york ,/ate 9 #aijf1fb x 0 f\nd t ev5 among organiz$ labor]s report+ to ! ,bureau ( ,labor1 #fjgh m5 & #bjaa wom5 7 e>n+ less ?an ! l[e/ individual liv+ wage 7#cjj4jj71 & #ei1bbf m5 & #hhha wom5 7#ag4f & #fc4h respectively7 7 e>n+ less ?an ! l[e/ family liv+ wage 7#fjj4jj74 ,if conditions 7 s bad among union m51 !y 7 probably mu* worse among unorganiz$ work]s4 ,9 ,pittsburgh1 9 ! cann]ies1 #ei ( ! girls make only #f4jj a week1 or less 7,butl]1 l4 c41 p4 #ch74 ,( ^? employ$ 9 ! confection]y trades1 only tw5ty-"o e>n z mu* z sev5 doll>s 7l4 c41 p4 #ej74 ,& ^! two trades h inevitable dull seasons t cut wages mu* bel[ ^! figures4 ,sev5 hundr$ out ( n9e hundr$ girls 9 ! crack] bus9ess receive less ?an #f4jj a week 7l4 c41 p4 #gj74 ,laundries are among/ ! wor/ pay+ e/abli%m5ts1 & !re is practically no *ance ( advancem5t4 ,! %ak]s-out nev] e>n m ?an #d4jj a week1 & usually only #c4jj or #c4ej 7l4 c41 p4 #agj74 ,no mangle girl makes m ?an #f4jj & mo/ betwe5 #c4jj & #e4jj 7p4 #agc74 ,broom-mak+ (t5 gives only #b4ej a week1 & ! highe/ is #e4jj 7p4 #beb74 ,_m box-mak]s e>n only #fj;c4 or #hj;c4 a day1 & #hj ( ! girls are be+ paid less ?an #f4jj a week 7p4 #bfa74 ,pack+ soap-p[d] 9 /ifl+ rooms pays #d4ej 7p4 #bgj74 ,ne>ly #ej ( ! girls 9 ! pr9t+ trades are bel[ ! #f4jj /&>d4 ,^!1 !n1 are ! facts conc]n+ wages4 ,b no social fact c be entirely isolat$4 ,x is always intimately connect$ ) _m o!rs1 & no treatm5t ( wages c be at all satisfactory )\t go+ to "s ext5t into ! ramifications ( ?is subject along o!r l9es4 ,a *apt]1 !re=e1 w be devot$ to ! "q ( heal? & ( morals z affect$ by indu/rial conditions & l[ wages4 ,,footnotes3 #di ,report ( annual conv5tion ( ! ,am]ican ,sociological ,society1 #aijh1 or ,*>ities & ! ,commons1 n[ ! ,survey1 ,m>* #f1 #aiji4 #ej ,cf4 p4 #cf;f = discussion ( fair wage4 #ea ,vol4 ,,xix1 p4 #ged4 #eb ,loc4 cit41 p4 #gee4 #ec ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau ( ,labor1 ,m5's ,ready-,made ,clo?+1 p4 #aac4 #ed ,p4 ,,xi4 #ee ,loc4 cit41 p4 #cg4 #ef ,p4 #ca4 #eg ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau ( ,labor1 ,cotton ,textile ,indu/ry1 p4 #cje1 #aiaj4 #eh ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau ( ,labor1 ,m5's ,ready-,made ,clo?+1 p4 #abi4 #ei ,l4 c41 p4 #cja2 cf4 also #bj? ,annual ,report ,bureau ( ,labor ,/ati/ics ( ,n4 ,y41 pp4 #ff-fg1 "h quot$4 #fj ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau ( ,labor1 ,glass ,indu/ry1 p4 #dje1 #aiaa4 #fa ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau ,lab41 ,wage-,e>n+ ,wom5 9 ,/ores & ,factories1 p4 #df1 #aiaa4 #fb ,report ( ,bureau ( ,labor ,/ati/ics ( ,new ,york = #aijf1 p4 ,,xxxi4 ,,*apt] ,,six ,,indu/rial ,,conditions3 ,,heal? ,! inevitable result ( l[ wages is poor heal?4 ,bad h\s+ conditions & insuffici5t food mu/ foll[ ^u ! heels ( scanty pay1 unless ! wages are supplem5t$ 9 "s o!r way2 & t means anemia1 tub]culosis1 typhoid1 & g5]al physical debility4 ,9 ! ,new ,york block b\nd$ by ,e4 ,h\/on1 ,mott1 ,pr9ce1 & ,elizabe? ,/s41 "o ( e n9e *ildr5 born dies be=e x atta9s ! age ( five ye>s4 ,! dea? & disease rates are abnormal4 ,! dea? rates = all ages 9 ! ,city ( ,new ,york 9 #aije-f 0 #ah4ce p] ?\s&1 & = ^? "u five ye>s x 0 #ea4e2 b 9 ?is block x 0 #bd4j = all ages & = ^? "u five ye>s x 0 #ib4b4fc ,no?+ c\ld be add$ to or tak5 away f ^! homes to add to _! squalor4 7,p4 #bif47 ,! conditions ( _m work]s' homes c be le>n$ 9 detail f pages #bed-bei ( ! ,f$]al report j quot$4 ,"h only a few ( ! lead+ facts c be m5tion$4 ,?us 9 ,pittsburgh #ea4a ( ! families inve/igat$ _h z _m z ?ree p]sons p] sleep+ room4#fd ,elev5 p] c5t4 ( female factory & miscellane\s employees & n9e p] c5t4 ( /ore girls are rat$ z hav+ bad h\s+ conditions & bad food4#fe ,v few girls do+ light h\sekeep+ get prop] breakfa/s 7l4 c41 p4 #ah71 or1 inde$1 any o!r meals4 ,x is n because !y c't cook1 b because !y h to keep food exp5ses to a m9imum 9 ord] to buy clo!s1 pay room-r5t1 doctors1 etc4 ',y see ,i'm diet+1' said a frail slip ( a dep>tm5t-/ore girl z %e held out h] tray ^u :i* ! cafet]ia ca%i]1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,bureau's ag5t1 put a two-c5t *eck1 cov]+ ! co/ ( ! girl's lun*--a small di% ( tapioca4 ,%e may h be5 diet+1 b ! evid5ces 7 pa!tically aga9/ ! ne$ !re(1 & !re 7 "s ?+s tell+ o!r tales to a ?\ghtful obs]v]4 ,! girl's %oes & wai/ & skirt 7 pla9ly gett+ we>y ( well-do+1 & to hold h] position z sales-woman !y mu/ soon be replac$ 7l4 c41 p4 #ag74 ,! tables on pages #hj & #ha1 to "o :o practises ! great transmigratory art 7z ,*>les ,reade calls x7 ( putt+ y\rself 9 ano!r's place1 tell pitiful /ories ( mak+ ends meet 7l4 c41 pp4 #ed-ee74 ,,numb] ,,( ,,wom5 ,,wage-,,e>n]s ,,keep+ ,,h\se ,,classifi$ ,,by ,,co/ ,,( ,,liv+ ,,& ,,wage ,,gr\ps ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --- ,no4 ( wom5 ) av]age weekly co/ ( liv+ 77 7food1 %elt]1 heat1 light1 laundry7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,av]age ,un- #a4jja4ejb4jjb4ejc4jjc4ejd4jjd4eje4jje4e jf4jjf4ej weekly d] to to to to to to to to to to to & ,total e>n+s #a4jja4dia4iib4dib4iic4dic4iid4did4iie4d ie4iif4diov] ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ #a4jj3 #a4di 44 44 #a 44 44 44 #a #a 44 44 44 44 44 #c #a4ej3 #a4ii 44 44 44 #a 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #a #b4jj3 #b4di 44 #a #a #a #b #a 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #f #b4ej3 #b4ii 44 #a 44 #b #a 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #d #c4jj3 #c4di 44 44 #b #b #b #a 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #g #c4ej3 #c4ii #a 44 #a #b #a 44 #c 44 44 44 #a 44 44 #i #d4jj3 #d4di #b #b #b #b #a #c #a 44 44 44 44 44 44 #ac #d4ej3 #d4ii #a #e #d #f 44 #e #c 44 #b 44 #a 44 44 #bg #e4jj3 #e4di #b 44 #c #b #b #c #c #a #b 44 #a 44 44 #ai #e4ej3 #e4ii 44 #b #b #b #b #b #a #c #a 44 #b 44 44 #ag #f4jj3 #f4di 44 #c #b #e #c #c #b #a 44 44 44 #a 44 #bj #f4ej3 #f4ii 44 44 44 #b #a 44 #a #b #b 44 44 44 #a #i #g4jj3 #g4di 44 #a #d #a #d #d #b 44 44 44 44 44 44 #af #g4ej3 #g4ii #a 44 #c #c #a #b #c #e 44 44 #b #a #a #bb #h4jj3 #h4di 44 #a #c #a #c #e #e #b #b 44 #a 44 44 #bc #h4ej3 #h4ii 44 44 44 44 #a #a #a #a #a 44 44 44 44 #e #i4jj3 #i4di 44 #a 44 44 44 #b 44 #b #b #a #a 44 #a #aj #i4ej3 #i4ii 44 44 44 44 #a 44 #a #a #a 44 44 #a 44 #e #aj4jj3 #aj4di 44 44 44 44 44 #b 44 44 44 44 44 44 #b #d #aj4ej3 #aj4ii 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #a 44 44 44 44 #a #aa4jj3 #aa4di 44 44 #a 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #a 44 #a #c #aa4ej3 #aa4ii 44 44 44 44 44 #a 44 44 44 #a 44 44 44 #b #ab4jj3 #ab4ii 44 44 44 44 44 #a 44 44 #b 44 #a #a 44 #e #ac4jj3 #ac4ii 44 44 44 44 44 44 #a 44 44 44 44 44 44 #a #ad4jj3 #ad4ii 44 44 44 44 #a 44 44 44 44 44 #a 44 44 #b #ae4jj ov] 44 44 44 44 44 44 #a 44 44 44 44 44 #a #b ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,total #g #ag #bi #cb #bf #cf #bi #ai #af #b #ab #d #g #bcf;,a ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,a #af4f ( ^? = :om ! in=mation necess>y 0 secur$4 ,9 ! cities inve/igat$ 7,new ,york1 ,*icago1 ,philadelphia1 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,bo/on1 ,m9neapolis1 & ,/4 ,paul7 !re 71 9 #aije1 #djj1jjj wom5 employ$ 9 /ores1 mills1 factories1 & o!r simil> e/abli%m5ts4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,,numb] ,,( ,,wom5 ,,wage-,,e>n]s ,,keep+ ,,h\se ,,:o ,,h ,,specifi$ ,,numb] ,,( ,,p]sons ,,:olly ,,or ,,p>tially ,,dep5d5t ,,on ,,!m ,,= ,,support1 ,,by ,,wage ,,gr\ps ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,no4 ( wom5 hav+ ,no4 ( wom5 hav+ :olly dep5d5t p>tially dep5d5t on !m on !m ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,av]age #a #b #c #d #a #b #c #d ,weekly p]- p]- p]- p]- p]- p]- p]- p]- ,e>n+s son sons sons sons ,tot4 son sons sons sons,tot4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #a4jj3 #a4di 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #a4ej3 #a4ii 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #b4jj3 #b4di 44 44 44 #a #a #a #c 44 44 #d #b4ej3 #b4ii 44 44 44 44 44 #a 44 #a 44 #b #c4jj3 #c4di #a 44 #a 44 #b #b #a 44 44 #c #c4ej3 #c4ii #a 44 44 44 #a #a #b 44 #a #d #d4jj3 #d4di #b 44 #a 44 #c #b #c #c #a #i #d4ej3 #d4ii #a 44 #b #b #e #d #b #c #b #aa #e4jj3 #e4di 44 44 #a #a #b #g #a 44 #b #aj #e4ej3 #e4ii #b #a 44 44 #c #d #a 44 44 #e #f4jj3 #f4di 44 #a #a 44 #b #e #c #a #a #aj #f4ej3 #f4ii 44 44 44 44 44 #d #a #a 44 #f #g4jj3 #g4di #c #a 44 44 #d #a #a 44 #a #c #g4ej3 #g4ii 44 #c #b 44 #e #aj 44 44 #a #aa #h4jj3 #h4di #f 44 #a 44 #g #d 44 #b #a #g #h4ej3 #h4ii #b #a 44 44 #c #b 44 44 44 #b #i4jj3 #i4di 44 44 44 44 44 #b #b #a 44 #e #i4ej3 #i4ii #a 44 44 44 #a 44 44 #a 44 #a #aj4jj3 #aj4di 44 44 44 44 44 #b 44 44 44 #b #aj4ej3 #aj4ii 44 #a 44 44 #a 44 44 44 44 44 #aa4jj3 #aa4di #a 44 44 44 #a #a 44 44 #a #b #aa4ej3 #aa4ii #a 44 44 44 #a 44 44 #a 44 #a #ab4jj3 #ab4ii #a 44 44 44 #a #a 44 #a 44 #b #ac4jj3 #ac4ii 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #ad4jj3 #ad4ii #a 44 44 44 #a 44 44 44 44 44 #ae4jj3 ov] #a 44 #a 44 #b 44 #a 44 44 #a ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,total #bd #h #aj #d #df #ed #ba #ae #aa #aja ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,b bad food & bad h\s+ are n ! only enemies ( ! workman's heal?4 ,! nature ( 8 daily toil & ! conditions "u :i* x is p]=m$ are (t5 aga9/ him4 ,ev5 v5tilation becomes important :5 "o has to sp5d t51 elev51 or twelve h\rs a day 9 "o room1 & yet ?is is almo/ entirely neglect$4 ,9 #aijh a special (fic] 0 appo9t$ 9 ,new ,york ,/ate to make te/s ( ! atmosph]ic conditions 9 places ( bus9ess4 ,"o hundr$ & ?irty-six factories 7 exam9$1 & 9 "s pr9t+ e/abli%m5ts z _m z =ty p>ts ( c>bonic-acid gas 7,,co#b7 9 t5 ?\s& volumes ( air 7 f\nd1 ?\gh a legal limit ( twelve is recomm5d$4 ,"o cig> factory1 ) w9d[s p>tly op51 _h eighty su* p>ts4 ,! foll[+ table w exhibit ! results ( ?is inve/igation4#ff ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,p>ts ( ,,co#b 9 #aj1jjj vols4 air #e-abac-bjba-bebf-cjca-djdb-fjfe-gjge-hj ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,factories 9 ea* class #hb #aff #hj #fg #cj #h #c #c ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,sometimes ! exig5cies ( ! trade require t !re %\ld be no draft1 z 9 ! h&l+ ( c>bon filam5ts = inc&esc5t lamps1 & !n ! conditions ( ! atmosph]e become acutely unheal?y4 ,9 addition1 9 "s ( ! rooms num]\s buns5 burn]s are always light$ & all curr5ts ( air c>efully exclud$ to prev5t _! flick]+4#fg ,else:]e1 ! process ( manufacture (t5 vitiates ! air1 z ! bl[-ov] 9 bottle %ops4 ,9 "s factories1 at times ! air is s full ( ?is float+ glass t ! hair is :it5$ by m]ely pass+ ?r\gh ! room4 ,x /icks to ! p]spiration on ! face & arms ( ! boys & m5 & becomes a s\rce ( consid]able irritation4 ,gett+ into ! eyes x is especially tr\blesome 7l4 c41 p4 #ff74 ,some?+ simil> occurs 9 et*+ glass by a s&-bla/4 ,unless a hood & exhau/ are provid$1 a pressure ( f fifty to n9ety p\nds scatt]s f9e s& & glass du/ ?r\gh ! air & is brea!d 9 by ! op]ator 7l4 c41 p4 #ddj74 ,ev5 worse1 h[ev]1 is ! acid et*+1 z ! fumes ( hydro*loric acid cause sev]e irritation to ! ?roat & lungs 7l4 c41 p4 #ddb74 ,ev5 :5 !re is no su* irritant 9 ! air z j m5tion$1 extreme diff]5ces 9 temp]ature betwe5 ! "w-room & ! outside1 or betwe5 v>i\s p>ts ( ! %op1 may be a s\rce ( s]i\s dang] to heal?4 ,9 ! glass indu/ry1 _m p]sons h to "w 9 temp]atures rang+ f n9ety to "o hundr$ & =ty degrees1 & z high z fifty degrees above ! outside air 7l4 c41 p4 #ge74 ,indu/ries :]e an artificial humidity is requir$1 su* z silk1 cotton & flax sp9n+1 are likely to induce rheumatism1 pleurisy1 etc4 ,aft] work+ t5 h\rs 9 a room fill$ ) live /eam to prev5t break+ ( ?reads1 to pass into a ,new ,engl& blizz>d is apt to produce s]i\s results4 ,! boys 9 bottle-mak+ %ops are oblig$ to pass cont9ually f a temp]ature ( #adj degrees at ! glory-hole to "o ( #ij degrees or less 9 o!r p>ts 7l4 c41 pp4 #di;ff474 ,& ev5 if conditions ( atmosph]e & v5tilation are good1 ! m]e fact ( cont9u+ "w = ?irte5 h\rs sev5 days a week tells s]i\sly ^u ! physical endurance ( ! /ronge/4#fh ,:5 night "w is requir$ 9 addition to ! day's labor1 z 9 ! glass indu/ry1 ! consequ5ces are likely to be worse1 especially :]e *ildr5 are conc]n$4#fi ,night "w frequ5tly means a pres5ce 9 ! factory ( at lea/ tw5ty h\rs out ( ! tw5ty-f\r4 ,dur+ ! c\rse ( ! inve/igation !re 7 f\nd two cases ( rec5t dea?1 bo? *ildr51 :i* c\ld be directly attribut$ to exhau/ion due to d\ble-%ift "w 9 ! furnace room 7l4 c41 p4 #abb74 ,9 ! clo?+ trade1 "s piece & task-work]s report$ t !y commonly work$ sev5ty-two & ev5 sev5ty-eight h\rs a week dur+ busy p]iods 7l4 c41 p4 #aae74 ,!re 7 in/ances :]e wom5 said !y work$ f #f or #g o'clock 9 ! morn+ to #i1 #aj1 or #aa o'clock at night 7l4 c41 p4 #bda74 ,= /ore girls1 ?irte5 & "o-half h\rs on ,saturday is n only excessive b works consid]able h>d%ip4#gj ,"o girl work$ #bd-a_/b h\rs at "o /ret* ) b two half-h\r int]missions = meals4444 ,f\r girls work+ 9 "o e/abli%m5t on ! 'night =ce' "o day = ea* week report$ _! 'longe/ day's' labor z #af-c_/d1 #bj-a_/d1 #bb-a_/b1 #bd-a_/d h\rs 7l4 c41 p4 #bje74 ,on ! elevat$ railways 9 ,*icago1 at ! "t ( ! inve/igation1 #aijg-jh1 wom5 work$ = #hj-a_/b h\rs a week 7l4 c41 p4 #bjh74 ,:5 ! bus9ess requires ! ma9ta9+ ( practically "o position all day1 :e!r /&+ or sitt+1 su* long h\rs are b\nd to h a bad physical effect4 ,?is is ! case1 = example1 9 dep>tm5t /ores 7l4 c41 p4 #agh72 9 ! glass indu/ry :]e _m gr[+ boys are cramp$ be=e ! furnace holes all day long2#ga 9 _m processes 9 ! manufacture ( inc&esc5t lamps 7l4 c41 p4 #dhb-dhc72 & num]\s o!r occupations4 ,b !re is frequ5tly add$ to m]e l5g? ( h\rs a fev]i% ha/e 9 work+ induc$ by />vation piece-rates or by ! necessity ( keep+ up ) a ma*9e4 ,:5 a woman p]=ates #cajj bulbs a day & welds tubes to !m1 !re mu/ be a con/ant n]v\s t5sion to atta9 su* rapidity 7l4 c41 p4 #dfi74 ,! ev5 m complex op]ation ( /em-mak+ = ^! bulbs proce$s at a rate v>y+ f #bfjj to #cejj a day 7l4 c41 p4 #dfg74 ,?ree ?\s& /ems & bulbs are assembl$ ea* day 7p4 #dgj71 :ile 9 "o day1 an exp]t w te/ ! c&le-p[] ( #ejjj lamps 7p4 #dgb74 ,! op]ation ( m\nt+ ,tung/5 filam5ts 9 small copp] wire is v mu* l ?read+ an exce$+ly small ne$le4 ,if "o imag9es ?is repeat$ #cjjj times a day1 ) ?read t has to be h&l$ ) ! greate/ c>e to prev5t break+1 he w h "s idea ( ! /ra9 on eyes & n]ves 7p4 #dgh74 ,tw5ty ?\s& complet$ lamps are te/$ daily at a piece rate ( #f;c4 p] ?\s& lamps 7pp4 #dhf-dhg74 ,v frequ5tly1 too1 ^! long h\rs at an int5se /ra9 mu/ be sp5t at "w positively dang]\s on acc\nt ( ! process1 su* z mat*mak+#gb or pa9t+ lamps4#gc ,*emical poison+ is frequ5t 9 hatt]s' & furri]s' "w1 & plumbism1 :i* is v simil> to phosphor\s poison+1 besets any trade 9 :i* lead is us$4 ,?is is ! case1 9 ! production ( :ite1 r$1 or yell[ lead1 indu/ries 9 :i* goods dy$ ) !m und]go ! process ( build+1 w9d+1 weav+1 etc41 & su* an app>5tly innocu\s occupation z ! manufacture ( e>!nw>e & pott]y4 ,"o ( ! fir/ symptoms ( plumbism is a blue gum1 foll[$ by loos5+ & dropp+ out ( ! tee?4 ,bl9dness1 p>alysis1 & dea? 9 convulsions frequ5tly foll[4 ,besides plumbism !re are s]i\s indirect results f lead-poison+ 9 a numb] ( indu/ries4#gd ,read]s ( ,george ,b]n>d ,%aw w rememb] t ,mrs4 ,w>r5 adopt$ h] pr(ession ?r\gh fe> ( contract+ ?is disease4 ,h] si/] _h fall5 a victim to x & ! frightful ravages made among h] fri5ds drove h] to ?is c\rse4 ,9 o!r indu/ries su* z wool sort+1 blanket /ov+ & t5t]+1 & w>p dress+1 lock-jaw is an incid5t4 ,closely alli$ to a "q already discuss$1 t ( v5tilations1 is ! insidi\s injury wr\ght by du/ 9 ! air4 ,"s trades 9 :i* ?is condition is pron\nc$1 seem mat]ially to %ort5 life1 z %[n by a bullet9 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,bureau ( ,labor = ,may1 #aiji1 on ,mortality f ,consumption 9 ,c]ta9 ,occupations4 ,! proportion ( ^? rea*+ ! age ( #fe & ov] among tobacco & cig> factory op]atives 0 #a4h2 glove-mak]s1 #b4c2 bak]s1 #b4d2 lea!r curri]s & tann]s1 #b4i2 & confection]s1 #c4a3 z aga9/ #d4g1 ! av]age expect$ normal on ! basis ( all occupi$ males 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7l4 c41 p4 #fbc74 ,eighty-n9e p] c5t4 ( ! cl]gym5 :o di$ 9 #aijj 7 ov] #dd1 & #ee ov] #fe ye>s ( age2 #gf ( ! lawy]s dy+ 9 ?is ye> 7 ov] #dd1 & #da ov] #fe2 #gc & #da ( ! physicians _h pass$ ^! respective ages2 #hj & #cg ( ! bank]s1 (ficials ( companies1 etc41 7 ov] #dd & #fe3 yet m ?an half ( ! compositors dy+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ! ye> 7 "u #di ye>s ( age4 ,ab\t "o-half ( ^! di$ ( pulmon>y tub]culosis4 ,only #ah 7 ov] #fj4ge ,betwe5 #ahib & #ahih1 #cb ( ! dea?s ( glass bottle-bl[]s 7 due to tub]culosis1 l>gely induc$1 probably1 by ! /ra9 on ! lungs1 ! bl[-ov]1 & conditions ( temp]ature4#gf ,indu/rial mortality insurance /ati/ics %[ t #bc ( ! dea?s ( ^? employ$ 9 trades expos$ to organic du/ are f consumption & #ad f o!r respiratory diseases1 z aga9/ #ad4h & #aa4g1 ! expect$ respective av]ages = ! ,unit$ ,/ates4#gg ,! foll[+ table tak5 f ! bullet9 j quot$ w probably exhibit ! results m /rik+ly 7p4 #fbf73 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,p] c5t4 ( dea?s due to consumption among3 ,age at dea? ---------------------------------------- --- ,occupations expos$ ,males 9 regi/ration to organic du/ area1 #aijj-aijf ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #ae-bd ye>s #dj4a #bg4h #be-cd ye>s #di4j #ca4c #ce-dd ye>s #ce4c #bc4f #de-ed ye>s #ba4f #ae4j #ee-fd ye>s #aa4j #h4a #fe & ov] #d4e #b4g ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,x w be se5 f ?is table1 t dea?s f consumption 9 ^! trades expos$ to organic du/ 7 m ?an half aga9 z mu* z might reasonably h be5 expect$4 ,& x mu/ be rememb]$ t /ati/ics indicate1 t g5]al organic du/ is less s]i\s 9 its fatal effects ?an m9]al or metallic du/1 & z a result ! proportionate mortality f consumption & o!r respiratory diseases 9 ?is gr\p is m favorable ?an 9 ! gr\ps ( occupations ) exposure to m9]al & metallic du/s 7l4 c41 p4 #fbg74 ,m evid5t dang]s ( occupation1 because m directly traceable to _! causes1 are indu/rial accid5ts4 ,manufactur]s & employ]s sometimes wantonly1 sometimes ?r\gh ignorance1 neglect ! precautions & appliances necess>y prop]ly to safegu>d _! workm54 ,! introduction ( complicat$ ma*9]y1 ! use ( high-p[] explosives1 ! /r5u\s conduct ( production1 )\t correspond+ ef=ts to (fset ! natural t5d5cies ( ^! conditions & tools1 has made peace m horrible & dang]\s ?an w>4 ,( all su* s\rces ( accid5t1 m9es are probably ! mo/ prolific4 ,! p]c5tage ( m9]s kill$ 9 ?is c\ntry is great] ?an 9 any o!r1 be+ f two to f\r times z l>ge z 9 any ,european c\ntry4#gh ,e ye> ( ! pa/ decade1 #ahij-aijj1 has se5 f #ejj to #gjj ,p5nsylvania m9]s kill$ & f #abjj to #afej injur$4 ,by comp>+ ^! figures ) ! total numb] employ$1 x w be f\nd t on ! av]age ab\t "o man 9 e #djj employ$ 9 ! m9es is kill$ ye>ly & ab\t "o out ( e #aej injur$4#gi ,9 #cg ,new ,engl& cotton mills 9 #aijg1 #adbh employees 7 injur$4#hj ,! ,be?lehem ,/eel ,works alone _h a record ( #ibg accid5ts 9 #aiji4ha ,9 ,new ,york ,/ate1 dur+ a ye> ( indu/rial depression1 #aijg1 !re 7 #ad1ede accid5ts record$1#hb & we "k t !y are m num]\s 9 prosp]\s ye>s4 ,"t & aga9 we f9d 9 ! succ9ct (ficial reports su* t]se /atem5ts z3 ,:ile work+ on top ( boil] 0 ov]come by gas3 dead :5 f\nd1 /ruck by pieces ?r[n f bur/+ em]y :eel1 di$ f injuries t5 days lat]1 heavy piece ( ma*9]y 0 be+ mov$ by crane :i* broke1 all[+ ma*9]y to fall aga9/ tank1 :i* 9 turn fell aga9/ deceas$1 cru%+ 8 legs & injur+ him int]nally3 dea? occurr$ "o h\r lat]1 caught 9 belt & :irl$ ar\nd %aft+2 dea? occurr$ be=e ma*9]y c\ld be /opp$1 /ruck 9 face by brok5 belt2 eyeball brok53 dea? ensu$ two days lat] at hospital f effects ( an/hetic1 brok5 elevator %aft caus$ elevator to fall ) op]ator2 skull fractur$ & e> lac]at$3 dea? ensu$ lat] at hospital 7l4 c41 pt4 ,i1 pp4 #aji-aac74 ,su* are ! (ficial reports4 ,!y give no idea ( ! suff]+ ( ! families1 ! /ruggles ( wid[s & orphans :5 ! head ( ! family has be5 /ruck d[n2 !y d n %[ ! c>elessness or gre$ t subjects m5 to ! dang] ( work+ ) worn-out cranes1 or defective em]y :eels1 or weak belt+2 b !y d %[1 9 connection ) ! o!r data quot$1 9 a cold (ficial way1 t hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( m5 & wom5 9 ?is c\ntry are work+ = excessive h\rs1 amid unsanit>y surr\nd+s1 & )\t prop] protection f ! dang]s ( _! "w3 judg+ by ! /&>d :i* = ! "t be+ has be5 accept$ z j4 ,su* conditions are h>d en\gh = gr[n m5 & wom5 to face1 !y are h>d] /ill = *ildr54 ,& by tak+ *ildr5 away f s*ool & putt+ !m at "w1 frequ5tly beyond _! capacity1 !y are h&icapp$ m5tally & physically = mak+ en\gh lat] on to support a family4 ,! p]c5tage ( *ildr5 s injur$ _c be def9itely arriv$ at1 b !y are employ$ 9 consid]able numb]s 9 a l>ge v>iety ( occupations4 ,sweat%ops1 glass factories1 ! mak+ ( neckties1 cig>s1 pap] & wood5 boxes1 picture frames1 furniture1 & %oes are a few ( ! widely diff]5t trades t take _! quota4 ,9 ! ,s\!rn cotton mills1 twelve appe>s to be ! age at :i* *ildr5 are ord9>ily expect$ to beg9 "w2 b "s ( ! mills employ *ildr5 "u t age1 n[ & !n1 9 fact1 z "y z n9e1 eight1 & ev5 six ye>s4#hc ,probably ! mo/ s]i\s & f>-rea*+ effect ( *ild-labor is ! prev5tion ( normal developm5t1 physical & m5tal4 ,besides be+ depriv$ ( ! s*ool+ !y w\ld o!rwise get1 *ildr5 are injur$ by conf9em5t & sometimes worn out by "w4 ,9 o!r cases ! "w is demoraliz+ because x does n call out ! be/ faculties ( ! *ildr51 or leaves !m altoge!r idle = a "p ( ! ye>4 ,x has be5 f\nd t *ildr5 are mu* m liable to accid5ts 9 factories ?an adults4 ,?us a rec5t report ( ! ,m9nesota ,bureau ( ,labor %[s t boys "u sixte5 h twice z great probability ( accid5t z adults1 :ile girls "u sixte5 h ?irty-?ree sic times z great a probability ( be+ hurt z wom5 ov] sixte54444 ,x has also be5 f\nd t ov]/ra9 ( ! muscul> or n]v\s sy/em is mu* m s]i\s 9 *ildr5 ?an 9 adults1 & t *ildr5 are also m susceptible to ! poisons & injuri\s du/s aris+ 9 c]ta9 processes ?an gr[n p]sons4#hd ,,footnotes3 #fc ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau ( ,labor1 ,m5's ,ready-,made ,clo?+1 p4 #big4 #fd ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau ( ,labor1 ,glass ,indu/ry1 p4 #fjg4 #fe ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau ( ,labor1 ,wage-,e>n+ ,wom5 9 ,/ores & ,factories1 p4 #acd4 #ff ,cf4 ,report ( ,commission] ( ,labor ( ,new ,york = #aijh ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #gf-ic4 #fg ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau ( ,labor1 ,glass ,indu/ry1 p4 #ejj4 #fh ,u4 ,s4 ,commission] ( ,labor1 ,/rike at ,be?lehem ,/eel ,works1 p4 #aj1 #aiaj4 #fi ,u4 ,s4 ,bur4 ,lab41 ,glass ,indu/ry1 p4 #aah4 #gj ,u4 ,s4 ,bur4 ,lab41 ,wom5 ,wage-,e>n]s 9 ,/ores & ,factories1 p4 #abg4 #ga ,u4 ,s4 ,bur4 ,lab41 ,glass ,indu/ry1 p4 #dh4 #gb ,u4 ,s4 ,bur4 ,lab41 ,bullet9 ,no4 #fh1 ,jan41 #aiaj3 ,phosphorus ,poison+ 9 ! ,mat* ,indu/ry4 #gc ,u4 ,s4 ,bur4 ,lab41 ,glass ,indu/ry1 pp4 #dhe-dhf4 #gd ,u4 ,s4 ,indus4 ,comm41 ,vol4 ,,xix1 p4 #ija;f4 #ge ,rep4 ,n4 ,y4 ,/ate ,bur4 ,lab41 #aijf1 pp4 ,,cvii-,,cxxxv4 #gf ,u4 ,s4 ,bur4 ,lab41 ,glass ,indu/ry1 p4 #bdj4 #gg ,bull4 ,u4 ,s4 ,bur4 ,lab41 ,may1 #aiji1 p4 #fbf4 #gh ,mon?ly ,catalogue ,u4 ,s4 ,public ,docum5ts1 ,nov41 #aiji1 p4 #ahd4 #gi ,u4 ,s4 ,indus4 ,com41 ,vol4 ,,xix1 p4 #ijf4 #hj ,u4 ,s4 ,bur4 ,lab41 ,cotton ,textile ,indu/ry1 p4 #chc4 #ha ,u4 ,s4 ,commission] ( ,labor1 ,report on ,/rike at ,be?lehem ,/eel ,works1 p4 #aba4 #hb ,report ( ,commission] ( ,labor ( ,n4 ,y41 #aijh1 pt4 ,i1 p4 #fb4 #hc ,l4 c41 pp4 #de1 #fe1 #hc1 #he1 #hf3 ,u4 ,s4 ,bur4 ,lab41 ,cotton ,textile ,indu/ry4 #hd ,u4 ,s4 ,indu/rial ,commission1 ,vol4 ,,xix1 p4 #iag;f2 cf4 also ,u4 ,s4 ,bur4 ,lab41 ,cotton ,textile ,indu/ry1 p4 #che;f4 ,,*apt] ,,sev5 ,,indu/rial ,,conditions3 ,,morals ,indu/rial conditions1 z at pres5t con/itut$1 n only injure ! heal? ( ! body2 !y also endang] ! s\l4 ,! ,*icago ,vice ,commission has ?us summ>iz$ ^! influ5ces3 ,among ! economic conditions contributory to ! social evil are l[ wages1 unsanit>y conditions1 demoraliz+ relation%ips 9 /ores1 %ops1 dome/ic s]vice1 re/aurants & hotels3 ! /reet v5d+ ( *ildr5 9 sell+ pap]s & gums1 collect+ c\pons & refuse2 ! mess5g] s]vice ( boys1 especially 9 ! vic9ity ( disord]ly h\ses1 vici\s saloons1 dance halls & o!r demoraliz+ resorts2 employm5t ag5cies :i* s5d s]vants to immoral places2 ! re/ rooms or wait+ places :]e applicants = "w resort2 too long h\rs & ! high pressure ( "w2 ! ov]cr[d+ ( h\ses ^u lots1 & ( p]sons 9 s+le rooms 7,report1 #aiaa3 p4 #bcj74 ,:5 inability to secure dec5t lodg+ =ces m5 & wom5 to occupy ! same sleep+ rooms1 !re mu/ be an inevitable l[]+ ( moral /&>ds4 ,"o case is record$ 9 ,pack+t[n1 :]e eight p]sons--m5 & wom5--7 sleep+ 9 a room approximately t5 by fifte5 feet4#he ,:5 a woman pays less ?an #a4ej a week = bo>d & lodg+1 z _m are =c$ to d 7see page #ga;f7 %e c h no privacy4 ,if !re are m5 lodg]s 9 ! h\se1 ! entrance to _! room is sometimes ?r\gh ! girl's room1 or vice v]sa4 ,9 "o h\se visit$1 ! wom5 receiv$ ! ag5t ab\t n9e ,p4,m4 9 ! room ( a man lodg] :o _h already gone to b$4 ,?is seem$ to be ! only available sitt+ room & disconc]t$ no "o save ! ag5t 7l4 c41 p4 #fb74 ,! girl :o lives away f home 9 a *eap bo>d+ h\se is no my?4 ,9 ,pittsburgh1 9 ! g>m5t trades %e numb]s #ch ( ! total =ce2 9 ! :olesale mill9]y trade #aj2 9 ! m]cantile h\ses #bj4 ,on ! l[e/ e/imate1 !re are #bcjj ( h] k9d 9 ,pittsburgh4#hf ,x is n only l[ wages1 z lead+ to a lack ( dec5t h\s+1 t has a bad moral effect4 ,all are born ) a natural crav+ = happ9ess1 & long h\rs ( "w "u a n]v\s /ra9 int5sify ?is desire4 ,economic conditions h kept mo/ ( ^? 9 ! grip ( su* a situation f develop+ ! high] side ( _! nature until !y c f9d pleasure & recreation 9 a symphony conc]t or an epic poem4 ,! jad$ n]ves ne$ a /rong] /imulus to cause pleasure4 ,! desire = ec/asy1 says ,alg> ,?orold1 a ke5 psy*ological obs]v]1 is at ! v root & he>t ( our nature4 ,?is crav+1 :5 b\nd d[n by ! animal in/9cts1 meets u on e side 9 ^? hateful contortions ( ! social organism call$ ! dram-%op & ! bro!l4#hg ,z a consequ5ce ( ?is insatiable long+ = pleasure & ! inability to pay = x1 ?\s&s ( "y wom5 9 our big cities patronize public dance halls & o!r que/ionable places ( amusem5t4 ,! code ( _! social set has come to sanction accept+ tickets = su* places1 refre%m5ts1 etc41 f m5 met haphaz>d at ^! resorts4#hh ,dance halls are su* a s]i\s m5ace to public morals t legislation has become necess>y4 ,elizabe?1 ,pat]son1 ,new>k & ,hobok51 ,new ,j]sey1 ,bo/on1 ,philadelphia1 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,indianapolis1 ,l\isville1 ,m9neapolis1 ,seattle1 ,san ,francisco1 ,kansas ,city1 & ,clevel& are all agitat+ ! "q ( _! regulation 7,survey1 ,june #c1 #aiaa1 p4 #cde74 ,a4 ,b4 ,williams1 g5]al secret>y ( ! ,humane ,society ( ?is la/ city1 is quot$ z decl>+ t "o out ( e t5 *ildr5 9 ,clevel& is born out ( w$lock4 ,9 n9e out ( e t5 cases t we h&le1 ! mo!rs tell u1 ',i met him at a public dance' 7l4 c41 p4 #cdf74 ,9 ,*icago alone !re are ab\t #cjf lic5s$ dance halls & ne>ly #ajj unlic5s$4 ,among ^!1 "o condition is g5]al3 mo/ ( ! dance halls exi/ = ! sale ( liquor1 n = ! purpose ( danc+1 :i* is only ( second>y importance4 ,a saloon op5$ into ea* ( #aij halls1 & liquor 0 sold 9 #bdj out ( #cbh4 ,9 ! o!rs--except 9 r>e in/ances--return *ecks 7 giv5 to facilitate ! use ( neighbor+ saloons4 ,at ! halls :]e liquor 0 sold practically all ! boys %[$ signs ( intoxication by "o o'clock 7l4 c41 p4 #che3 ,l\ise de ,kov5 ,b[574 ,& j z wom5 :o h toil$ h>d all day long1 crave "s /rong excitem5t su* z c only be af=d$ by ! dance hall or a simil> place1 s m5 9 ! same circum/ances naturally turn to ! saloon4 ,x is 9 ! *e]fully light$1 com=tably heat$ g9-%op1 9 ! tempor>y /imulus ( liquor1 t insuffici5t food1 unheal?ful surr\nd+s at home & at "w1 a cold1 un9vit+ h\se are =gott54 ,x is (t5 said t workm5 w\ld h en\gh to live on com=tably if !y did n squ&] _! wages 9 dr9k1 & t to raise _! pay w\ld only be to increase ! pr(its ( saloon-keep]s4 ,9 "s cases ?is may be true4 ,b 9 ! va/ majority1 x is probable t to increase _! p[] ( gett+ ! com=ts at home t !y f9d 9 ! saloon w\ld be to less5 ! dr9k evil1 r ?an increase x4 ,! m>vel is n t labor]s :o come home day aft] day f h>d1 long toil to poor food1 cold rooms1 a g5]ally com=tless home %\ld seek out ! g9-palace1 b t !y dr9k z little z !y d4 ,^! are "s ( ! indirect1 ?\gh important1 moral results ( economic conditions4 ,(t5times ! direct influ5ces ( a p]son's occupation also make = evil4 ,! mess5g] boy1 = in/ance1 on ! /reets at all h\rs & 9 all sections1 c h>dly fail to see & he> mu* t no p>5t w\ld want a *ild ( f\rte51 sixte51 or eighte5 to "k4 ,inde$1 a great "p ( 8 employm5t at night comes f ^? indulg+ 9 debau*]y1 & x is 8 mo/ pr(itable s\rce ( tips4#hi ,f ! nature ( ! case1 wom5 are probably m expos$ 9 _! "w ?an m54 ,su* occupations z w occur to e "o1 are manicure p>lors :]e girls are peculi>ly expos$ to dang] & insults4 ,b mo/ important1 because employ+ ! l>ge/ numb]s1 are ! dep>tm5t /ores4 ,x has be5 *>g$ ov] & ov] aga91 t _m employ]s kn[+ly pay wages t are insuffici5t to support a girl 9 ! expectation t %e w be subsidiz$ by "s g5tleman fri5d4 ,h[ f> ?is is true is h>d to say2 & x is j z difficult to det]m9e h[ _m dep>tm5t-/ore employees are really immoral4 ,! report ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,bureau ( ,labor on ,wage-,e>n+ ,wom5 & ,*ildr5 combats ! idea t immorality among !m is widespread4 ,nev]!less1 !re is a /rong op9ion t /ore girls are n all !y %\ld be1 & _m c>eful obs]v]s h enum]at$ q a />tl+ array ( individual in/ances :]e a girl's fall c be l>gely trac$ to h] employm5t z a sales-woman4 ,an inve/igator = ! ,*icago ,vice ,commission1 = in/ance1 gives 9 ! report ( t body q a numb] ( cases :i* are said to be typical4 ,violet works 9 a dep>tm5t /ore1 sal>y #e4jj p] week4 ,0 s$uc$ & left home4 ,baby di$ & %e solicits on ! side to support h]self4444 ,mag #ah ye>s old4 ,works 9 dep>tm5t /ore4 ,sal>y #e4ej p] week4 ,tells p>5ts %e receives m4 ,helps support p>5ts & 'solicits' at dances = sp5d+ money4 ,fa!r is sickly4444 ,m>cella 7,x#iac71 alias ,tant9e 7,x#ijd74 ,came to 7,x#ije7 ab\t ?ree ye>s ago1 & />t$ to "w 9 ! 7,x#iaf7 dep>tm5t /ore4 ,"o ( ! manag]s insi/$ on tak+ h] out1 :i* %e f9ally _h to d 'to hold h] job1' z %e ass]ts 7pp4 #ahg1 #aie74 ,miss ,elizabe? ,butl]1 inve/igat+ = ! ,pittsburgh ,survey1 reports ! same ?+ 9 t city4 ,v]a ---- %e says1 is tw5ty ye>s old4 ,f\r ye>s ago %e 0 employ$ z a salesgirl at #c4ej a week4 ,aft] a ye> %e left = ano!r /ore :]e %e 0 employ$ z a ca%i] at a sal>y ( #aj4jj a week1 = mak+ concessions to h] employ]4 ,aft] two ye>s %e left ! /ore = a h\se ( pro/itution4444 ,j5nie ---- came to ,pittsburgh f ,akron1 ,ohio4 ,%e _h no fri5ds 9 ! city & 0 oblig$ to be self-support+4 ,%e obta9$ a position at #f4jj a week z a sales-woman4 ,aft] five mon?s 9 ! /ore %e cons5t$ to be kept 9 an ap>tm5t 9 ! ,ea/ ,end4 ,%e /ill keeps h] position 9 ! /ore4444 ,a girl ^: fa!r 0 kill$ by an electric crane 0 ! only "o ( ! family old en\gh to "w4 ,=c$ by f9ancial ne$s to accept a wage fix$ by cu/om at a po9t bel[ h] own co/ ( subsi/5ce1 mu* m bel[ ! co/ ( help+ to ma9ta9 a family ( dep5d5ts1 %e drift$ into occasional pro/itution4#ij ,^! are only p>ticul> in/ances1 x is true1 & "o mu/ n g5]alize too widely4 ,b !re is und\bt$ly consid]able f\ndation = ! *>ge s (t5 made & s firmly fix$ 9 ! public m9d4 ,& if _m ( ! girls expos$ to su* dang]s h hi!rto rema9$ pure1 we mu/ ?ank ! /]l+ *>act]s inh]it$ f ^? rais$ "u diff]5t conditions1 n conclude t ! sy/em ne$s no improvem5t4 ,all ^! & c]ta9 less tangible economic influ5ces mak+ = evil h be5 well summ>iz$ by ! ,m9neapolis ,vice ,commission4 ,x po9ts out t ! adv5t ( great numb]s ( "y girls into indu/ry has produc$ conditions t lead to ! bla/+ ( ?\s&s ( lives ye>ly4 ,! *ance = ! mak+ ( promiscu\s male acqua9tances1 ! close association ( ! sexes 9 employm5t1 ! necess>y contact ) ! g5]al public1 ! new & di/ort$ view ( life :i* su* an environm5t compels1 tak5 ) ! l[ wage scale prevail+ 9 s _m call+s & affect+ s _m individuals1 comb9e to create a situation t mu/ inevitably weak5 ! moral /am9a & lead to ! undo+ ( _m4 ,! fault is pla9ly n s mu* 9 ! individual2 x is r ! results ( ! indu/rial sy/em4 ,! rem$y lies 9 l>ge "p 9 ! re=m+ ( ! sy/em 7,report1 #aiaa1 p4 #abf74 ,"s ( ! rem$ies sugge/$ by ?is commission are high] wages1 bett] sanit>y conditions1 & ! education ( public op9ion 9 ?is field to ! po9t :]e x w dem& a liv+ wage & prop] work+ conditions & social conditions = ^? :o s]ve !m 9 indu/ry4#ia ,nor is ?is commission alone 9 attribut+ a great moral influ5ce to economic conditions & 9 look+ to ! public = a l>ge "p ( ! rem$y4 ,9 fact1 x 0 simply foll[+ 9 ! /eps ( ! ,new ,york & ,*icago ,vice ,commissions4#ib ,& all m]ely voic$ a widespread conviction among social work]s & ! public g5]ally4 ,are fle% & blood s *eap1 asks ! ,*icago ,commission1 m5tal qualifications s common1 & hone/y ( s little value1 t ! manag] ( "o ( our big dep>tm5t /ores feels ju/ifi$ 9 pay+ a high s*ool girl1 :o has s]v$ ne>ly "o ye> z an inspector ( sales1 ! begg>ly wage ( #d4jj p] week8 ,:at is ! natural result ( su* an indu/rial condition8 ,di%one/y & immorality1 n f *oice1 b necessity--9 ord] to live4 ,we c =give ! human frailty t yields to temptation "u su* conditions--b we _c =give ! s\lless corporation1 :i* arre/s & prosecutes ?is girl--a fir/ (f5d]--:5 %e takes "s little articles = p]sonal adornm5t4444 ,pro/itution dem&s y\? = its p]petration4 ,on ! public re/s ! mighty responsibility ( see+ to x t ! dem& is n suppli$ ?r\gh ! break+ d[n ( ! e>ly education ( ! "y girl or h] exploitation 9 ! bus9ess _w 7,report1 pp4 #dc-dd74 ,?is insi/5ce ^u ! public z be+ really responsible = ^! economic & moral conditions is significant4 ,= ! ,consum]s are ! public4 ,ea* individual ( :i* ! public is compos$ is1 9 "o aspect1 a ,consum]1 & x is important to notice h[ widespread is an insi/5ce ^u 8 responsibility 9 ! matt]4 ,f ?is discussion x may be reasonably conclud$3 7#a7 t _m p]sons 9 _m indu/ries are receiv+ less ?an a liv+ wage1 9 ! pres5t acceptation ( t t]m2 7#b7 t _m p]sons are be+ injur$ 9 heal? & limb by long h\rs1 unsanit>y work%ops1 & improp]ly gu>d$ ma*9]y2 7#c7 t ! conditions ( "w (t5 t5d to produce vice4 ,! treatm5t has be5 l>gely /ati/ical4 ,no matt] h[ ?or\gh1 !re=e1 x is subject to ! limitations ( ?is me?od4 ,sissy ,jupe long ago call$ /ati/ics /utt]+s1 & new] editions ( ,gradgr9d h n p]fect$ _! articulation4 ,/ati/ics are necess>ily quantitative4 ,!y d well en\gh = comput+ ra9fall1 or some?+ ( ! sort1 b human life ) its pleasures & pa9s1 its joys & trag$ies1 refuses to be label$ & ticket$4 ,x is intangible to su* gross sy/ems ( classification4 ,all ! _w's co>se ?umb ,& f+] fail to plumb ! dep?s ( happ9ess & suff]+ 9 ! lea/ ( human creatures4 ,,footnotes3 #he ,u4 ,s4 ,bur4 ,lab41 ,wom5 ,wage-,e>n]s 9 ,/ores & ,factories1 p4 #aai4 #hf ,e4 ,b4 ,butl]1 ,wom5 & ! ,trades1 pp4 #cbj-a4 #hg ,preface to ,dialogue ( ,/ ,ca!r9e ( ,si5a1 p4 #ac3 ,london1 ,kegan ,paul1 #ahif4 #hh ,u4 ,s4 ,bur4 ,labor1 ,wom5 ,wage-,e>n]s 9 ,/ores & ,factories1 p4 #ge4 #hi ,cf4 ,report ( ,*icago ,vice ,commission1 p4 #bdb;f1 & unpubli%$ reports ( ! ,national ,*ild ,labor ,committee1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 #ij ,wom5 & ! ,trades1 pp4 #cje-cjf1 #cdh4 #ia ,italics add$4 ,cf4 pp4 #aad1 #aae1 #abf4 #ib ,survey1 ,apr4 #ae1 #aiaa1 p4 #ii2 ,may #f1 #aiaa1 p4 #bae4 ,,*apt] ,,eight ,,:at ,,%\ld ,,! ,,individual ,,consum] ,,d8 ,! "q n[ arises1 ev5 suppos+ ! conditions are bad & t a duty ( improv+ !m re/s ^u ! ,consum+ ,class2 :at is ! individual ,consum] b\nd to d8 ,mak+ all due all[ances = ! fact t we h assum$ :at is a j or unju/ wage1 & )\t any int5tion ( =c+ ?is /&>d ^u ! consci5ce ( individuals1 !re w be times :5 a p>ticul> ,consum] is conv9c$1 e4g4 t ^? employ$ at /ores he patronizes are n be+ paid any?+ l :at !y h a "r to receive4 ,:at %\ld he d8 ,does any obligation devolve ^u him8 ,9 answ]+ ?is "q1 ! g5]al pr9ciple mu/ be kept 9 m9d1 t a ,consum] is n b\nd to act "u a disproportionately grave inconv5i5ce4 ,he is n b\nd to sacrifice consid]able p]sonal good to d a v little good to ! labor]s mak+ ! articles he buys2 nor is he oblig$ to put himself to any inconv5i5ce if no good :atev] is go+ to foll[4 ,b if he c conv5i5tly buy goods made "u j conditions r ?an "u bad1 & ! price is no high]1 !n he is b\nd to d s4 ,& if he is well (f & c easily af=d to pay a little m = ! ju/ly made goods1 he ought to buy !m1 provid$ he c be reasonably sure t ! increase 9 price w g to ma9ta9 good work+ conditions & n simply to swell ! manufactur]'s pr(its4 ,z ,fa!r ,cu?b]t1 a ,capu*91 says1 n ! employ]s only are responsible = ! oppression ( work+m51 b all :o patronize su* labor contribute to ! s94 ,! insatiable ye>n+ to buy *eap )\t any ?\ght z to h[ *eapness is obta9$1 ?is is ! inc5tive :i* tempts m5 to buy *eap labor & to und]pay workm54 ,7 p 9 g5]al n will+ accomplices1 !re w\ld be no sweat+ sy/em1 no unfair competition4 ,! s9 falls n on ! few manufactur]s b on ! _m patrons :o too readily condone ! s9 ( ! few = ! sake ( ! resultant advantage to !mselves4 ,!y pay half a p5ny less = a p\nd ( sug> or a %ill+ or two less on a ton ( coal3 :at does ! public c>e t ! %op assi/ant or ! m9] is unable to get a human wage8#ic ,! purely individual action ( ,consum]s1 h[ev]1 c h b little effect = good4 ,= only comp>atively few h suffici5tly develop$ social consci5ces to realize ! desirability ( su* action2 & ev5 if m _h1 _! means ( discov]+ :i* goods are ju/ly made are s limit$ z s]i\sly to hamp] _! activity4 ,! rem$y = ?is difficulty w\ld seem to be organization among ,consum]s4 ,!re c be little d\bt t if !y unit$ 9 suffici5t numb]s 9 patroniz+ only ^? %ops t ma9ta9$ good work+ conditions _! action w\ld ex]t consid]able pressure4 ,! labor unions h %[n t ! boycott is a p[]ful weapon4 ,h[ effici5t x c be1 may be guess$ f ! sums sp5t by employ]s 9 oppos+ x4 ,a/ute bus9ess m5 d n tilt at w9dmills1 & if !y h f\ght ! legality ( ! boycott 9 e tribunal 9 ! l&1 includ+ ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 x 0 only because !y realiz$ ! compell+ p[] x plac$ 9 labor's h&s4 ,b "s great] animus ?an pure philan?ropy seems necess>y to make ,consum]s b& toge!r 9 ?is way on a l>ge en\gh scale4 ,!y ne$ ! class _s1 ! en?usiasm ( indu/rial w>f>e af=d$ by ! trade unions4 ,= ?\gh an organization ( ,consum]s has be5 9 exi/5ce n[ = m ?an tw5ty ye>s1 x is =c$ sorr[fully to admit t ! good accompli%$ simply ?r\gh ! economic pressure ( its memb]s has be5 b slight4 ,b if x _h be5 possible s to unite ,consum]s 9 a p[]ful society = ! collection ( in=mation & ! di/ribution ( patronage1 x has be5 ask$3 ,w\ld x n h become w(ully corrupt8 ,c we safely tru/ an irresponsible club ) su* p[]8 ,&1 !re=e1 is x wise = consci5ti\s individuals n[ to jo9 ?is league8 ,= ei!r x w rema9 practically p[]less1 or else x w become s /rong z to be a m5ace4 ,! answ] mu/ be t if ! ,consum]s' ,league ev] does become /rong en\gh to ex]cise a great influ5ce 9 ! indu/rial _w1 x w probably abuse & sell its p[]4 ,ri* unfair firms may be able to bribe ^? 9 control to give !m a recomm5dation !y d n des]ve1 & v>i\s o!r k9ds ( corruption w mo/ likely creep 94 ,b su* an argum5t proves too mu*4 ,if we are to give no au?ority :]e x w n be misus$1 we %all come to an>*y at once4 ,= h n political p>ties1 & /ates & employ]s & trade unions--all1 at "o "t or ano!r1 abus$ p[]4 ,seldom h m5 enjoy$ p[] = long )\t us+ x = selfi% ends4 ,b we mu/ n1 !re=e1 de/roy all au?ority & p[]4 ,r we %\ld embrace ! dictum ( de ,mai/re1 t p[] mu/ be balanc$ aga9/ p[]1 "o organization set to wat* ano!r4 ,& if x %\ld happ5 t a league ( ,consum]s became too /rong & abus$ its /r5g?1 x w\ld be "t en\gh !n to set ab\t *eck+ x by build+ up p[] some:]e else4 ,s f>1 h[ev]1 !re has be5 no dang] ( su* a cont+5cy4 ,! ,consum]s' ,league has be5 active1 e>ne/1 & hone/--& suffici5t = ! day is ! evil !re(4 ,! ,league has embrac$ all "w t came to h& :e!r /rictly )9 ! economic field fir/ m>k$ out = x1 or ext5d+ to o!r pres]ves4 ,its activity 9 ! ,legislative doma9 has n be5 inconsid]able1 & x is probable t ! influ5ce ( ,consum]s w be mo/ m>k$ "h 9 ! future4 ,!re is mu* talk n[ ( m9imum wage legislation to gu>antee labor]s a c]ta9 /&>d4 ,if we look ^u compulsory arbitration z practically ! same ?+1 we c say t x has already be5 ext5sively tri$4 ,canada1 ,engl&1 ,au/ralia1 & ,new ,zeal& h %[n t x is possible 9 "s fields b ! controv]sy always ar\s$ by a new project has n yet subsid$ suffici5tly to enable "o to speak def9itely conc]n+ its success4 ,! elaborate sy/em ( /ate insurance aga9/ sickness1 accid5t1 old age1 & unemploym5t1 n[ 9 op]ation 9 ,engl& & ,g]many is ano!r gov]nm5tal attempt to secure a c]ta9 /&>d ( liv+ = all4 ,& ! public-s*ools1 9 :i* ri* & poor are put on a plane ( equality reg>d+ elem5t>y education1 are s famili> t we are apt to lose sight ( ! fact t !y are really only "o l9k 9 ?is *a9 ( /ate int]v5tion to provide ! means = ev]ybody enjoy+ c]ta9 advantages t h come to be look$ ^u z necessities 9 our civilization4 ,9 our own c\ntry dur+ #aiaa1 !re 0 mu* discussion1 "s action1 & e prospect = /ill fur!r activity along ^! l9es4 ,a conspicu\s feature 0 ! movem5t to introduce a m equitable sy/em ( comp5sation or insurance = indu/rial accid5ts4#id ,!re 0 a non-compulsory m9imum wage law pass$ rec5tly 9 ,massa*usetts1 & sev]al ,/ates prescrib$ ! rate ( pay = public "w done by contract4 ,an am5dm5t to ! ,*>t] ( ,san ,francisco fixes ! m9imum ( employees on /reet railways at #c4jj p] day1 ) "o & "o-half pay = ov]time4 ,v]mont1 ,wiscons9 & ,s\? ,dakota h giv5 wages a pref]5ce ov] o!r debts 7l4 c41 pp4 #hgf1 #hgh1 #hha74 ,x w\ld seem !n t ! legislative field is ! "o 9 :i* mo/ success is to be expect$4 ,& s9ce ! ,consum]s are ! b5efici>ies ( labor's ex]tion1 !y are especially b\nd to ef=t 9 ?is direction4 ,^? :o h influ5ce & leisure are m b\nd ?an ^? :o h b little p[] or opportunity1 b all are oblig$ to d some?+4 ,! results ( our exam9ation ( ?is "q may be summ$ up 9 ! foll[+ conclusion3 ,i4 ,assum+ t employ]s are violat+ ! rights ( _! labor]s !n !re is a duty incumb5t ^u ! ,consum+ ,class to d :at !y c to secure ^! rights4 ,,ii4 ,employ]s are violat+ ! rights ( _! employees to su* an ext5t z to create a s]i\s social problem4 ,,iii4 ,! individual ,consum] is b\nd to d :at he c )\t s]i\s inconv5i5ce to rem$y ^! conditions4 ,he c act individually1 by jo9+ an organization1 & ?r\gh legislation4 ,%\ld x be ask$ :i* is ! mo/ effective way1 ! answ] w\ld c]ta9ly incl9e t[>ds legislation4 ,if we survey ! indu/rial hi/ory ( ! la/ qu>t] c5tury1 we c see ga9 aft] ga9 by ?is me?od2#ie :ile ! ,consum]s' ,league1 9 its /rict capacity ( an organization ( pur*as]s has done b little4 ,:at x has accompli%$ has be5 l>gely ?r\gh ! advocacy ( legislation1 r ?an by m]ely economic pressure4 ,& s1 :ile ,consum]s c\ld d\btless effect trem5d\s *anges if !y wi%$1 x seems impossible to get !m to co-op]ate 9 suffici5t numb]s4 ,nev]!less1 ! ,consum]s' ,league is f\nd$ on a great & noble pr9ciple1 & = ! mom5t ,i want to put aside ! judicial attitude & en?usia/ically *ronicle :at x has done1 & :at c\ld be done along ! same l9es4 ,! ,consum]s' ,league is unique 9 ! field ( philan?ropy z af=d+ an opportunity to ev]yone no matt] h[ big or h[ little4 ,= by its orig9al pr9ciple ( buy+ only goods made "u fair conditions1 x gives a *ance to ! unimportant individual to %>e 9 a great philan?ropic movem5t1 some:at z a private does 9 an imp]ial army2 & by its activity 9 ! legislative field1 x op5s up an opportunity = ^? :o h ! "t1 & tal5t1 & position necess>y = effectiv5ess !re4 ,& :e!r or n we look ^u ! dictates ( *>ity & ju/ice z cle>ly indicat+ a duty1 :e!r or n "o's moral resonance responds to :at has be5 said1 surely we _c d5y t "h is a spl5did opportunity4 ,"h is a practical way = ea* & ev]yone to play ! ,good ,sam>itan4 ,n all ( u c meet m5 along a road :o h be5 set ^u by ?ieves1 bundle !m into an automobile1 & c>ry !m to a hospital4 ,we _c all give ?\s&s 9 *>ity4 ,we _c all engage 9 publicly urg+ re=ms by legislation1 nor give g5]\sly ( "t 9 philan?ropic m9i/ration to ! poor4 ,b we c see to x 9 ! way already outl9$ t "s at lea/ ( our exp5ditures g to w>d (f mis]y r ?an fo/] x4 ,we c see to x t we prev5t mis]y f spread+ at lea/ 9 "o little sph]e4 #if,?is is no m]e !ory4 ,re=ms h actually be5 accompli%$ 9 "s places by ! ,consum]s' ,league4 ,realiz+ t to be effective !y mu/ be organiz$1 x is ! object ( memb]s ( ?is ,league to act z a sort ( inv]t$ megaphone ga!r+ up ! weak :isp]+s ( ea* individual pur*as] & bl5d+ !m ) ?\s&s ( o!rs until !y all become "o mighty conc]t$ %\t t mu/ be he>d4 ,labor]s h kn[n ! /r5g? ( comb9ation 9 fight+ indu/rial conditions = m ?an a g5]ation2 ! aggregations ( capital h be5 gr[+ l>g] & l>g]2 :y %\ld n ! mo/ p[]ful ( all ! elem5ts ( indu/rial society1 ! ,consum] himself1 le>n by _! exp]i5ce8 ,organiz$ 9 #ahia 9 ,new ,york ,city1 ! ,consum]s' ,league n[ has almo/ a hundr$ bran*es 9 eighte5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 ,france1 ,switz]l&1 ,g]many1 & ,belgium4 ,to ,mrs4 ,joseph9e ,%aw ,l[ell is due ! cr$it ( its inception4 ,an inve/igation dur+ #ahhi-ij into ! conditions ( "w among sales-wom5 & ca%-*ildr51 :i* %e direct$ = ! ,work+ ,wom5's ,society1 =c$ ^u h] ! futility ( />t+ re=m f ! produc+ end4 ,! competitive sy/em ( indu/ry ties ! h&s ( ! employ]1 :ile x seems impossible successfully to organize a union among wom54 ,!re 0 b "o elem5t ( ! economic _w left to "w )--! ,consum]4 ,!re=e1 9 ,may1 #ahij1 a public meet+ 0 call$ 9 ,*ick]+ ,hall1 ,new ,york1 to discuss ! organization ( ?is all-p[]ful factor ( indu/ry4 ,x 0 decid$ to f\nd ! ,consum]s' ,league ^u ! foll[+ plat=m3 ,i4 ,t ! int]e/ ( ! community dem&s t all work]s %\ld receive1 n ! l[e/1 b fair liv+ wages4 ,,ii4 ,t ! responsibility = "s ( ! wor/ evils f :i* wage-e>n]s suff]1 re/s ) ! ,consum]s1 :o p]si/ 9 buy+ 9 ! *eape/ m>kets1 reg>dless ( h[ *eapness is br\ght ab\t4 ,,iii4 ,t x is !re=e1 ! duty ( ,consum]s to f9d out "u :at conditions ! articles !y pur*as$ are produc$1 & to insi/ t ^! conditions %all be1 at lea/1 dec5t & consi/5t ) a respectable exi/5ce on ! "p ( ! work]s4 ,,iv4 ,t ?is duty is especially incumb5t ^u ,consum]s 9 relation to ! product ( wom5's "w s9ce !re is no limit beyond :i* ! wages ( wom5 may be press$ d[n1 unless artificially ma9ta9$ at a liv+ rate by comb9ations1 ei!r ( ! work]s !mselves or ( ! ,consum]s4#ig ,! fir/ /ep tak5 to c>ry out ^! objects 0 to prep>e a :ite li/ ( /ores com+ up to a c]ta9 /&>d4 ,s9ce x is illegal to boycott1 or to urge p]sons n to deal ) /ores plac$ on a ,black ,li/1 ! ,consum]s' ,league accompli%es ! same results by p]suad+ p]sons to buy f firms on a :ite li/4 ,once publi%$1 m]*ants feel ! effects ( su* a li/1 &1 to get ! patronage ( ! ,league1 volunte] all ! good po9ts ab\t !mselves1 n to m5tion ! bad ones ab\t _! competitors4 ,! li/ itself ?us becomes an invaluable means ( gett+ in=mation n o!rwise obta9able4 ,necess>ily ?is li/ _h to be some:at ela/ic & consid]ably bel[ ! ideal4 ,! p at ! head ( ! ,consum]s' ,league 7 practical p]sons ( wide exp]i5ce & !y w5t on ! pr9ciple t half a loaf is bett] ?an none at all--t e little bit helps4 ,aft] consultations ) ! employ]s & ! ,work+ ,wom5's ,society1 a /&>d 0 adopt$ f :i* no retreat has be5 made4 ,:atev] *anges h be5 made1 h be5 on ! side ( great] /rictness4 ,to-day x /&s z foll[s3 ,,wages ,a ,fair ,h\se is "o 9 :i* equal pay is giv5 = "w ( equal value1 irrespective ( sex1 & 9 :i* no sales-woman :o is eighte5 ye>s or ov]--& :o has _h "o ye>'s exp]i5ce z sales-woman receives less ?an six doll>s a week4 ,9 :i* wages are paid by ! week4 ,9 :i* ! m9imum wages = ca%-*ildr5 are ?ree doll>s & a half p] week1 ) ! same conditions reg>d+ weekly paym5ts4 ,,h\rs ,a ,fair ,h\se is "o 9 :i* ! numb] ( work+ h\rs con/itut+ a normal work+ day does n exce$ n9e4 ,at lea/ ?ree-qu>t]s ( an h\r is giv5 = lun*eon4 ,a g5]al half-holiday is giv5 on "o day ( ea* week dur+ at lea/ two summ] mon?s4 ,a ,vacation ( n less ?an "o week is giv5 ) pay dur+ ! summ] season4 ,all ov]time is comp5sat$ =4 ,wages are paid1 & ! premises clos$ = ! sev5 pr9cipal legal holidays1 viz41 ,?anksgiv+ ,day1 ,*ri/mas & ,new ,ye>'s ,day1 ,wa%+ton's ,bir?day1 ! ,f\r? ( ,july1 ,decoration ,day1 & ,labor ,day4 ,,physical ,,conditions ,a ,fair ,h\se is "o 9 :i* "w1 lun* & retir+ rooms are ap>t f ea* o!r1 & con=m 9 all respects to ! pres5t ,sanit>y ,laws4 ,9 :i* ! pres5t law reg>d+ ! provid+ ( seats = sales-wom5 is obs]v$1 & ! use ( seats p]mitt$4 ,,o!r ,,conditions ,a ,fair ,h\se is "o 9 :i* humane & consid]ate behavior t[>ds ! employees is ! rule4 ,9 :i* fidelity & l5g? ( s]vice meet ) ! consid]ation :i* is _! due4 ,9 :i* no *ildr5 "u f\rte5 ye>s ( age are employ$4 ,9 :i* no *ild "u ! age ( sixte5 ye>s works = m ?an n9e h\rs a day4 ,9 :i* no *ild works1 unless an employm5t c]tificate issu$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,heal? has be5 fir/ fil$ ) ! employ]1 & ! "n1 etc41 ( ! *ild has be5 ent]$ on a regi/] kept by ! employ]4 ,9 :i* ! ord9ances ( ! city & ! laws ( ! ,/ate are obey$ 9 all p>ticul>s4 ,:5 x is rememb]$ t 9 #ahia only eight /ores 9 ,new ,york 7 eligible = ! /&>d 7!n less /rict71 :ile to-day !re are m ?an fifty2 t !n ov]time 0 nev] paid =1 & f9es (t5 r$uc$ ! pay to almo/ half1 :ile to-day f9es g to a b5efit fund1 & ov]time is paid =1 or a correspond+ "t (f is giv52 t !n ! *ild-labor law 0 op5ly violat$1 & _m gr[n wom5 receiv$ less ?an f\r doll>s-&-a-half1 sometimes less ?an two doll>s1 a week1 :ile ! /&>d n[ is six2 t ! *air law1 provid+ "o seat = e ?ree girls1 0 disreg>d$1 or ! girls nev] all[$ to use !m1 :ile to-day inspectors ( ! ,/ate ,labor ,bureau /rictly en=ce its regulations2 t ! ye> aft] ! influ5ce ( ! ,consum]s' ,league pass$ ! ,m]cantile ,employ]s' ,bill provid+ = ! ess5tials ( ! above /&>d1 !re 7 twelve hundr$ infractions report$1 & n9e hundr$ "u-age *ildr5 releas$ f drudg]y z %ipp+ cl]ks1 etc43 :5 ?is advance t[>ds a dec5t /&>d ( liv+1 & ! consid]able "p ( ! ,consum]s' ,league 9 br++ x ab\t1 is kept 9 m9d1 ! p[] ( ! pur*as] is se5 to be no day-dream ( an ideali/1 no m]e pretty !ory ( an arm *air economi/4 ,z "o re=m aft] ano!r 0 accompli%$1 ! ,league turn$ itself to new labors4 ,to-day x is agitat+ /rongly aga9/ ! cruelties ( su* seasons z ,*ri/mas1 t %\ld mean peace & joy to all4 ,glad tid+s ( great joy s\nds l a holl[ mock]y to ! sales-wom5 & *ildr5 :o "w f eight 9 ! morn+ until midnight4 ,!re=e ! ,league s5ds out ?\s&s ( po/-c>ds1 & adv]tises 9 newspap]s1 magaz9es1 & /reet-c>s1 urg+ p]sons to %op e>ly out ( consid]ation = ! employees ( /ores4 ,! fir/ l>ge success f ?is movem5t came 9 #aiaj :5 ! lead+ dep>tm5t /ores ( ,philadelphia1 employ+ #ce1jjj p]sons1 decid$ to close at six o'clock dur+ ! entire ,*ri/mas season4 ,late on ! ev5+ ( ,decemb] #a1 ! head ( "o ( ! l>ge/ retail firms 9 ! city call$ up ! ,consum]s' ,league to say t he _h good news4 ,i ?\ght t y %\ld c]ta9ly be ! fir/ to he> t we are go+ to close e>ly1 he said4 ,i congratulate y & ! wom5 y repres5t on :at y h enabl$ u to d4#ih ,all ?is activity1 h[ev]1 is conc]n$ ) ! retail]2 9 ! meantime manufacture 0 n neglect$4 ,! ,league e>ly saw ! evils prevail+ 9 _m factories1 & !re=e decid$ to c>ry ! :ite-li/ idea "u a slightly diff]5t =m into ?is field4 ,aft] a ?or\gh inve/igation by its own repres5tatives & consultation ) ! ,/ate factory inspectors1 ! ,league1 :]e ! situation is satisfactory1 all[s ! use ( its label gu>antee+ t ! goods are made "u clean & heal?ful surr\nd+s4 ,! conditions "u :i* ! label is issu$ are3 #a4 ,! ,/ate factory law is obey$4 #b4 ,no *ildr5 "u ! age ( sixte5 are employ$4 #c4 ,"w at night is n requir$1 & ! work+ day does n exce$ t5 h\rs4 #d4 ,no goods are giv5 out to be made away f ! factory4 ,simil> to ! ,consum]s' ,league label are ! labels ( v>i\s trade unions4 ,^! latt]1 inde$1 7 9 ! field _m ye>s be=e ! ,consum]s' ,league 0 ev5 organiz$4 ,!y are bas$ ^u exactly ! same pr9ciple4 ,:5 a factory ma9ta9s ! conditions dem&$ by ! union1 x is all[$ to use ! label on its goods4 ,anyone1 !re=e1 :o buys union-made goods at a /ore :]e ! employees are protect$ by ! retail-cl]ks union c be sure t ^? engag$ 9 bo? ! production & di/ribution ( ^! articles h obta9$ _! j rights s f> z ?is is possible4 ,by hav+ firms on ! :ite li/ h&le label$ goods &1 rec5tly1 by e/abli%+ a /ore ( its own 9 ,new ,york1 a m>ket is creat$ = !m among ! memb]s ( ! ,league4 ,! practicalness und]ly+ ! :ole managem5t ( ! ,league is v cle>ly %[n "h bo? 9 ! dove-tail+ ( its activities 9 manufacture & di/ribution & 9 ! appeal made to ! self-int]e/ ( pur*as]s to buy :ite goods1 wrapp]s1 etc41 made 9 clean factories r ?an g]m-c>ry+ sweat%ops goods4 ,x has be5 ! aim ( ! ,league all along to make x to ! ,consum]'s p]sonal advantage to buy label$ goods at :ite-li/ /ores4 ,! idea is to give him a bett] article & bett] s]vice = ! same money1 ! increas$ co/ to ! manufactur] & retail] to come out ( ! increas$ sales4 ,9 #ahih ! v>i\s local ,leagues t _h sprung up 9 diff]5t sections 7 unit$ into "o national organization & ! activities became ev5 m important4 ,! sweat%op1 *ild-labor1 excessive h\rs = wom51 7 attack$ ) consid]able effect4 ,9 _m ,/ates ! public consci5ce 0 suffici5tly ar\s$ by re=m ag5cies ) :i* ! ,league zeal\sly co-op]at$ to pass /r+5t laws1 & ! ,league's repres5tatives1 ei!r z private individuals or z honor>y inspectors ( ! ,/ate tri$ to see t !y 7 c>ri$ out4 ,if ,new ,york to-day has ! /ricte/ *ild-labor law 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 a good %>e ( ! honor is due to ! untir+ labors ( an enlight5$ ,consum]s' ,league4 ,"h "o concrete in/ance ( ^! activities mu/ suffice4 ,engl& _h z e>ly z #ahdd enact$ laws protect+ wom51 b1 ow+ to ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates v>i\s ,/ate ,supreme ,c\rts _h held t any re/riction ( ! "r ( free contract ( adult wom5 0 uncon/itutional4 ,!re=e :5 ! ,/ate ( ,oregon proce$$ aga9/ a laundryman = violation ( a ,/ate ,law by work+ wom5 long] ?an all[$ by t ,law1 ! laundryman promptly appeal$ f ! ,/ate ,c\rt to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,supreme ,c\rt4 ,! local ,consum]s' ,league !reupon notifi$ ! ,national ,league1 ) headqu>t]s 9 ,new ,york ,city1 t in=mation conc]n+ ! effect ( "w ^u wom5 0 necess>y to w9 ! case be=e ! highe/ tribunal ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,exp]t c\nsel 0 obta9$1 & ,miss ,joseph9e ,goldm>k1 ( ! ,league1 0 detail$ to collect ! in=mation4 ,%e employ$ t5 read]s1 "s ( !m m$ical /ud5ts1 & special privileges 7 grant$ h] at ,columbia ,univ]sity ,libr>y1 ! ,a/or ,libr>y ( ,new ,york ,city1 & ! ,libr>y ( ,congress 9 ,wa%+ton4 ,! result 0 a sweep+ v]dict su/a9+ ! ,/ate4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re are two great classes ( ! poor--^? :o = "s reason or o!r d n "w1 & ^? :o1 :ile work+1 d n receive en\gh to support !mselves & _! families4 ,to ! =m] ! ,*ur* has be5 a /aun* fri5d4 ,x is "o ( h] glories t h] enemies accuse h] ( fo/]+ paup]ism by too lavi% *>ity4 ,h] hospitals & orphanages1 h] homes = ! fall5 & ag$1 h] refuges = ! sick ( s\l & body are dott$ ov] ! :ole l&1 & are adm9i/]$ ) a devotion & self-sacrific+ h]oism compell+ ! admiration ( all4 ,z ,john ,boyle ,o',reilly said1 h]s is n ,organiz$ *>ity scrimp$ & ic$ ,9 ! "n ( a cauti\s1 /ati/ical ,*ri/4 ,b :at are we do+ = t o!r great class ( poor1 ^? :o "w b d n receive a j comp5sation8 ,:at are we do+ 9 ! way ( prev5tive philan?ropy1 to keep ^! m5 f becom+ utt]ly de/itute8 ,x is = ! sublime /ruggle ( ! und]paid workman t our sympa?ies ne$ n[ to be ar\s$4 ,no ,crusad] ev] f\ght = ! ,sepul*] ) m h]oism ?an _m a pov]ty-/rick5 labor] to support himself & family4 ,day aft] day he takes up ! hopeless task1 :ile ne>] & ne>] yawns ! sl\gh ( paup]ism :]e f\r million human be+s :o 7 once self-respect+ workm5 l himself1 n[ crawl 9 le?>gic cont5t4#ii ,no wav+ p5nons & bl>e ( trumpets1 b a factory :i/le at #f ,a4,m4 & a *imney puff+ black smoke summon him to battle ) p[]s /rong] ?an ,salad9 9 8 might4 ,:at ,rob]t ,s\?well wrote ( himself dur+ imprisonm5t might to-day be appli$ to millions ( wage-slaves3 ,i live1 b su* a life z ev] dies1 ,i die1 b su* a dea? z nev] ends2 ,my dea? to end my dy+ life d5ies1 ,& life my liv+ dea? no :it am5ds4 ,yet not)/&+ ! workman's almo/ sup]human ef=ts to avoid paup]ism1 once he rea*es t abyss he loses all desire to rise f x4 ,y _c drive him back into t indu/rial w> :i* is daily cru%+ bett] & /rong] natures4 ,su* be+ ! situation1 is x n an inspiration to ! ,consum] :o longs to d some?+ = humanity to feel t he is contribut+ 8 mite to keep "s workm5 f becom+ paup]s8 ,!re are p]sons1 ,i "k1 to :om _! utt] helplessness 9 ! face ( all ! social evils oppress+ u to-day1 has be5 ! ke5e/ suff]+4 ,to !m ?is doctr9e ( ! responsibility ( ,consum]s & ! plans ( fulfill+ x h come z a gospel ( good news4 ,!y h felt t !y c\ld n[ f9d re/ f _! tortures ( consci5ce3 !y h felt t !y c\ld n[ h a purpose 9 life wor? liv+ =4 ,& :at if 9 our sob] mom5ts we mu/ admit1 t ! good we individually accompli% z reg>ds ! workman be small8 ,:at if we are tempt$ to look ^u x z useless8 ,let u take c\rage f ! fact t we are memb]s ( an organization1 t ev]y?+ t ! gr\p accompli%es is 9 "s way attributable to u4 ,"o hundr$ m5 associat$ toge!r c accompli% mu* m ?an ^? same m5 work+ sep>ately = ! same ends4 ,?is fact is evid5t 9 ! case ( a religi\s community4 ,if ! memb]s ( ^! communities 7 scatt]$ z individuals ov] ! e>?1 h[ paltry w\ld be ! results ( all _! self-sacrifice & devotion comp>$ ) :at x is to-day4 ,& s ea* individual ,consum]1 b&$ ) o!rs 9 an organization1 c feel t all ! "w ( ! :ole body is to "s ext5t 84 ,8 p[]s ( do+ good are multipli$1 & ! m]e fact ( 8 association ) o!rs multiplies _! capacities too4 ,b ev5 if ?is 7 n s1 ! m]e fact ( realiz+ ?is pr9ciple & co-op]at+ ) o!r noble-m9d$ p]sons 9 its fulfillm5t w be an imm5se ga9 to ourselves & w f9ally result 9 unexpect$ good to society4 ,simply to "k t we are accompli%+ "s little mite 9 ! field ( prev5tive philan?ropy w be an inspiration 9 our lives4 ,to ask ourselves1 n :e!r a hat be exactly ! late/ /yle1 n :e!r x be absolutely ! *eape/ we c get1 b h[ x 0 made1 :at effect is our buy+ x go+ to h ^u ! work]s & society 9 g5]al1 w beget an invaluable _s ( self-effacem5t4 ,a social consci5ce w be g5]at$ & gr[ until x becomes a dom9ant note 9 our lives4 ,& f u ?is gospel ( *>ity & ju/ice1 ?is good news to m5 ( good w1 w spread until x becomes a mighty =ce = social amelioration4 ,we h pass$ ?r\gh ages ( autocratic tyranny2 ! individuali/ic democracy ( ! la/ c5tury is wan+2 !re is approa*+ an era ( social ef=t1 social morality1 a recognition ( social int]dep5d5ce4 ,! quick & s5sitive e>1 to quote ,miss ,scudd]1 he>s ! beat ( a new music1 to :i* m5 beg9 to rally4#ajj ,x is a conc]t$ h>mony1 no m]e solit>y bugle call2 & ^? :o m>* to x are m or less consci\sly sway$ by a new rhy?m4 ,= x is notable t ! rhy?ms ( life are com+ m & m to connote h>mony r ?an melody1 or r to weave _m melodic phras+s into "o complex :ole4 ,association--or to use ! fair] ^w1 fell[%ip--becomes a t]m ( increas+ mod]n cog5cy4 ,:at matt]1 t to any b ! sup]ficial obs]v]1 ! situation looks d>k4 ,x may be t ! m we /udy x1 ! black] x gr[s4 ,z we look back ^u ! hi/ory ( man's /riv+s = "s bett] social organization1 ! conflict may seem hopeless4 ,we may be tempt$ to reflect ) ,william ,morris1 ,h[ m5 fight & lose ! battle1 & ! ?+ !y f\ght = comes ab\t 9 spite ( _! defeat1 & :5 x comes x turns out n to be :at !y meant1 & o!r m5 h to fight = :at !y meant "u ano!r "n4 ,b x is nobl] to say ) ,mrs4 ,br[n+3 ,we w tru/ ,god4 ,! blank int]/ices ,m5 take = ru9s1 ,he w build into ,) pill>$ m>bles r>e1 or knit across ,) g5]\s ar*es1 till ! fane's complete4 ,?is _w has no p]dition if "s loss4 ,,footnotes3 #ic ,fa!r ,cu?b]t1 ,o4,s4,f4,c41 ,ca?olic ,ideals 9 ,social ,life1 p4 #baa3 ,n4 ,y41 #aijd4 #id ,bullet9 ( ,u4 ,s4 ,bur4 ( ,lab41 ,jan4 #a1 #aiaa1 p4 #hfi4 #ie ,cf4 ,mrs4 ,flor5ce ,kelly1 ,"s ,e?ical ,ga9s ?r\gh ,legislation1 ,n4 ,y41 ,macmillan1 #aije2 ,bullet9s ( ,u4 ,s4 ,bur4 ,lab4 giv+ resum ( labor legislation4 #if ,! next few pages appe>$ sub/antially z "h giv5 9 ,! ,mon?1 ,m>*1 #aiaa1 "u ! title ,! ,consum]'s ,opportunity4 ,! au?or ?anks ! editor ( ?is magaz9e = k9d p]mission to reproduce ?is matt]4 #ig ,hi/orical ,sket* ( ! ,pione] ,consum]s' ,league1 p4 ii1 ,consum]s' ,league ( ,new ,york ,city1 #aijh4 ,= fur!r in=mation address ,mr4 ,v4 ,p4 ,kellogg1 #aje ,e4 #bbnd ,/1 ,new ,york ,city4 #ih ,cf4 ,! ,survey1 ,dec4 #ag1 #aiaj4 #ii ,cf4 ,hunt]1 ,pov]ty1 ,new ,york1 #aijf4 #ajj ,hibb]t ,j\rnal1 ,apr41 #aiji4 ,,app5dix #a ,con/ans et p]petua voluntas jus suum unicuique tribu5di2 volunt>ia laesio et violatio juris ali5i3 ,de ,lugo1 ,de j4 et jure1 ,disp4 ,,viii1 ,sec4 ,i1 n4 #a4 #b ,debitum rationale ex necess>ia connectione m$iorum cum f9e necess>io resultans3 ,!ologia moralis fundam5talis1 ed4 #b;a1 ,bruges1 #ahij1 p4 #ahh4 #c ,quoties aequalitas non s]vatur ut v5ditor ultra supremum pretium1 vel emptor emat infra infimum 444 inju/itia commititur4 ,l4 c41 ,tr4 ,,vii1 n4 #chj4 #d ,9 hac re coop]ator e/1 qui simul cum alio e/ causa damni1 sive imm$iata sive positiva sive negativa4 ,non enim 9 omnibus eadem e/ ratio coop]ationis1 s$ hoc e/ omnibus commune1 quod cum alio concurrant ad damnum seu injuriam damnosam4 ,ball]9i ,l4 c41 ,tr4 ,,vii1 n4 #abh3 cf4 ,de ,lugo1 ,l4 c4 ,,xvii1 ,,ii1 #cg4 #e ,praef]5dum e/ enim commune bonum privato4 ,pt4 ,i1 ,tr4 ,,iii1 ,tom4 ,,ix1 ,sec4 ,,iv1 p4 #aaga4 #f ,cum enim unus homo sit p>s multitud9is1 quilibet homo hoc ipsum quod e/1 et quod habet1 e/ sicut et quaelibet p>s id quod e/1 e/ totius2 unde et natura aliquod detrim5tum inf]t p>ti1 ut salvet totum3 #b;a #b;ae1 ,q4#if1 ,a4#d4 #g ,haec pote/as e/ necess>ia ad bonam rei publicae humanae gub]nationem4 ,op4 cit41 ,pt4 ,i1 ,tom4 ,v1 ,lib4 ,,iii1 ,cap4 #ba4 #h ,ex damno et p]iculo1 quod bono publico publicaeque securitati inf]retur si impune id ag]e lic]et4 ,!ol4 ,mor41 ,pt4 ,i1 ,lib4 ,i1 ,div4 ,,ii1 ,p>4 #d1 n4 #gfa4 #i ,tota difficultas consi/it 9 assign&a ratione hujus v]itatis3 nam licet turpitudo haec /atim app>eat1 non tam5 facile e/ ejus fundam5tum inv5ire3 unde 7quod 9 aliis multis quae/ionibus cont+it7 magis c]ta e/ conclusio1 quam rationes1 quae v>iae a div]sis aff]untur ad ejus probationem4 ,de ,j4 et ,jure1 ,disp4 ,x1 ,sec4 ,i1 ,num4 #b4 #aj ,fat5dum e/ esse aliquas practicas v]titates humano convictui necess>ias1 quas hom9es in/9ctu quodam rationali p]cipiunt et s5tiunt1 qu>um tam5 rationem prorsus demon/rativam1 cum eam iidem analytice qua]unt1 difficult] inv5iunt4 ,videtur voluisse natura sive auctor naturae hujusmodi in/9ctu aut s5su rationali suppl]e defectum rationis se ex]c5tis3 444 ,int] hujusmodi v]itates haec quoque =te1 qua de agimus1 inv5itur4 ,!ologia ,moralis1 ,tr4 ,,vi1 ,sec4 ,,vi1 ,num4 #aai1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #gbg-gbh4 ,,bibliography ,j4 ,kelleh]1 ,private ,own]%ip1 ,dubl91 #aiaa4 ,capecelatro1 ,c>d9al1 ,*ri/1 ! ,*ur*1 & ,man4 ,/4 ,l\is1 #aiji4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 ,summa ,!ologica1 secunda secundae4 ,de ,lugo1 ,c>d9al ,john1 ,de ,ju/itia et ,jure4 ,b\quillon1 ,!ologia ,moralis ,fundam5talis1 ed4 #b;a1 ,bruges1 #ahij4 ,liguori1 ,alphonsus1 ,!ologia moralis4 ,nold91 ,h41 ,!ologia ,moralis1 #c vols41 #h? ed41 ,n4 ,y41 #aiaa4 ,ball]9i1 ,antonio1 ,!ologia ,moralis4 ,cu?b]t1 ,o4 ,f4 ,m4 ,cap41 ,ca?olic ,ideals 9 ,social ,life1 ,n4 ,y41 #aijd4 ,cunn+ham1 ,w41 ,*ri/ianity ,social ,que/ions3 ,london1 #aiaj4 ,cl>k1 ,j4 ,b41 ,ess5tials ( ,economic ,!ory1 #aijg4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,bureau ( ,labor3 ,report on ! ,condition ( ,woman ,*ild ,wage-,e>n]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #ai vols41 #aiaj-aiab4 ,*>ities ,publication ,committee1 ,! ,pittsburgh ,survey4 ,m9neapolis ,vice ,commission1 ,report1 #aiaa4 ,*icago ,vice ,commission1 ,report1 #aiaa4 ,seligman1 ,e4 ,r4 ,a41 ,! ,social ,evil1 ,n4 ,y41 #aiab4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,bureau ( ,labor1 ,indu/rial ,hygi5e1 #aijh4 ,kelly1 ,flor5ce1 ,"s ,e?ical ,ga9s ?r\gh ,legislation1 ,n4 ,y41 #aije4 ,hunt]1 ,rob]t1 ,pov]ty1 ,n4 ,y41 #aije4 ,le ,play1 ,f41 ,la ,re=me ,sociale1 ,t\rs1 #ahgh1 #c vols4 ,missia51 ,b]?old1 ,o4 ,m4 ,cap41 ,l',appauvrissem5t des ,masses1 ,l\va91 #aiaa4 ,cl>k1 ,j4 ,b41 ,! ,di/ribution ( ,weal?1 ,n4 ,y41 #ahhi4 ,woods1 ,rob]t ,a41 ed41 ,am]icans 9 ,process1 ,bo/on1 #aijc4 ,bliss1 ,wm4 ,d4 ,p41 ed41 ,new ,encyclop$ia ( ,social ,re=m1 ,n4 ,y41 #aijh4 ,cl>k1 ,sue ,a9slie1 ,edi? 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