,illu/ration3 ,cov] ,,ma/]pieces ,,9 ,,col\r ,,edit$ ,,by ,t4 ,,leman ,,h>e ,,van ,,dyck ,,plate ,i4--,,*>les ,i4 ,frontispiece 7,9 ! ,l\vre7 ,c]ta9ly ! f9e/ portrait ( ,*>les ,i4 9 exi/5ce4 ,x %[s ,van ,dyck 9 8 mo/ attractive aspect z a pa9t] ( ! ari/ocracy4 ,execut$ be=e ! m>k$ decl9e 9 8 te*nical p[]s1 :i* m>r$1 f an arti/ic /&po9t1 ! lat] pictures ( 8 ,engli% p]iod1 x yet possesses ! dignity & di/9ction he knew s well h[ to infuse 9 portray+ ! nobility ( our c\ntry4 ,x is "o ( ! be/ examples ( ! arti/'s p[]s z a col\ri/1 & z su* w be> comp>ison ) ! productions ( ! mighty ,v5etians4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,i4 ,van ,dyck ,,by ,,p]cy ,m4 ,,turn] ,,illu/rat$ ,,) ,,eight ,,reproductions ,,9 ,,col\r ,illu/ration3 ,title page graphic ,,london3 ,t4 ,c4 ,e4 ,c4 ,,jack ,,new ,,york3 ,,fr$]ick ,a4 ,,/okes ,,co4 ,,cont5ts ,i4 ,! ,e>ly ,days ,,ii4 ,! ,j\rney to ,italy ,,iii4 ,! ,second ,flemi% ,mann] ,,iv4 ,van ,dyck 9 ,engl& ,v4 ,van ,dyck's ,position 9 ,art ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,plate ,i4 ,*>les ,i4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,frontispiece ,9 ! ,l\vre ,,ii4 ,*>les ,l\is ( ,bav>ia & 8 bro!r ,rob]t1 aft]w>ds ,duke ( ,cumb]l& ,9 ! ,l\vre ,,iii4 ,pr9ce d',ar5b]g ,9 ,"l ,sp5c]'s ,collection1 ,al?orp ,,iv4 ,portrait ( ,van ,dyck 7or ,! ,arti/7 ,9 ,"l ,sp5c]'s ,collection1 ,al?orp ,v4 ,philippe le ,roy1 ,seigneur de ,ravel ,9 ! ,wallace ,collection ,,vi4 ,portrait ( "o ( ,*>les ,i4's *ildr5 ,9 ! ,academy ( ,f9e ,arts1 ,rome ,,vii4 ,portrait ( ! ,arti/'s ,wife ,9 ! ,p9ako!k1 ,muni* ,,viii4 ,! ,m>*ese ,cattaneo ,9 ! ,national ,gall]y ,illu/ration3 ,van ,dyck ,i ,,! ,,e>ly ,,days ,no pa9t] has rema9$ m consi/5tly 9 fav\r ) bo? arti/s & ! public ?an ,van ,dyck4 ,8 art m>ks ! highe/ a*ievem5t ( ,fl&]s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,9 mak+ ?is /atem5t ! claims ( ,rub5s h n be5 ov]look$1 al?\gh ! latt] has be51 & probably w always be1 consid]$ ! head ( ! ,flemi% s*ool4 ,x is p]haps n too mu* to say t ,van ,dyck possess$ 9 a great] measure ?an ,rub5s ^? qualities :i* g to make a great arti/4 ,we c nev] ov]look ! s5iority ( ! latt]1 & to him w always belong ! cr$it ( hav+ evolv$ ! /yle :i* revolutionis$ ! art ( a nation1 & !re is no d\bt t ! pupil ow$ to him mu* ( ! k he s well utilis$ 9 aft]-life4 ,,plate ,,ii4--,,*>les ,,l\is ,,( ,,bav>ia ,,& ,,8 ,,bro!r ,,rob]t1 ,,aft]w>ds ,,duke ,,( ,,cumb]l& 7,9 ! ,l\vre7 ,z an example ( direct portraiture ?is picture w\ld be h>d to beat4 ,x %[s ,van ,dyck 9 "o ( 8 happie/ moods deal+ ) a subject :i* peculi>ly appeal$ to him4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,ii4 ,9 comp>+ ^? two great m5 x w\ld be well1 at fir/1 to rid ourselves ( ! confusion :i* (t5 arises ?r\gh ! application ( ! t]ms arti/ & pa9t]4 ,9 relation to pa9t+ !y are only too (t5 consid]$ synonym\s1 b a little consid]ation w %[ u t a man ^: te*nical abilities are ( a high ord] ne$ n necess>ily be a great arti/4 ,9 fact1 "o ( ! mo/ tru?ful *>ges urg$ aga9/ ! be/ contempor>y art is t x demon/rates an a/oni%+ pov]ty ( inv5tion1 a lack ( message1 if y w1 c\pl$ ) an extraord9>ily highly develop$ te*nique4 ,to scre5 z mu* z possible ! dilemma 9 :i* he f9ds himself1 _m a mod]n pa9t] has rec\rse to creat+ ^? outbur/s ( mean+less ecc5tricity t are s famili> ^u ! walls ( our exhibitions4 ,x is true t "s few ( ! m5 :o are liv+ to-day are equipp$ almo/1 if n q1 z well te*nically z ! great majority ( ! old ma/]s4 ,9 a ^w1 !y c\ld meet !m on ne>ly equal t]ms z pa9t]s1 b !y lack inv5tion & conception 9 :i* to br+ _! p[]s into legitimate play1 & consequ5tly !y _c rank ) !m z arti/s4 ,x 0 9 ! possession ( ^! v qualities t ,van ,dyck surpass$ ,rub5s4 ,i d n sugge/ t ! latt] 0 devoid ( p[] ( conception1 =1 if ,i did1 w\ld n ! great ,c\p-de-lance at ,antw]p1 or ! ,fall ( ! ,damn$ at ,muni* 7! draw+ = ! latt] 9 ! ,national ,gall]y gives an ev5 bett] idea ?an ! f9i%$ picture7 be !re to refute me8 ,van ,dyck1 h[ev]1 ?\gh be+ q ! mat* ( ,rub5s 9 te*nique1 ev5 9 8 e>ly days--?\gh /ill work+ "u him--surpass$ him 9 8 middle p]iod4 ,anybody :o has closely /udi$ ! noble religi\s pictures at ,c\rtrai & ,mal9es--! latt]1 un=tunately1 irrep>ably injur$ by damp & neglect--c b be impress$ ) 8 /up5d\s p[] 9 ?is direction4 ,grant$ t he does n appeal 9 ! same measure to our emotions f ! spiritual side z d ! e>ly pa9t]s ( ,italy & ,fl&]s1 he yet br+s ! brutal aspect ( ! sc5e be=e u 9 an int5sely human mann]4 ,9 mo/ subject pictures ,van ,dyck pa9t$ be=e 8 visit to ,italy x is app>5t t ,rub5s _h be5 8 sole guide1 & he 0 impell$ only ) a desire to emulate 8 ma/]4 ,b1 aft] 8 return1 ! influ5ce ( ! mighty pa9t]s he _h /udi$ s\? ( ! ,alps _h wr\ght a wondr\s *ange 9 8 me?od1 & al?\gh he f\nd himself back aga9 amid/ 8 old surr\nd+s he nev] q =sook ! pa? he _h be5 tread+ 9 ! int]val4 ,rub5s1 :o _h also sp5t "s ye>s 9 ,italy1 did n submit to ! influ5ce ( ! s\!rn ma/]s 9 ! same measure1 b rema9$ a ,flem+ to ! end4 ,!re is little alt]ation to be obs]v$1 ei!r 9 8 hi/orical & sacr$ pictures or 9 8 portraits1 aft] he _h /udi$ ! ,italians4 ,f ?is we may assume ei!r t ,rub5s 0 less susceptible to extrane\s influ5ces1 or t he consid]$ 8 me?od q ! equal to any t he _h se54 ,van ,dyck1 on ! o!r h&1 absorb$1 p>ticul>ly f ! ,v5etians1 c]ta9 qualities :i* he employ$ ceaselessly ?r\gh\t ! rema9d] ( 8 life4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 solely ?is cause :i* rais$ ,van ,dyck z an arti/ above 8 ma/]4 ,r 0 x to be attribut$ to ! sup]iority ( temp]am5t4 ,?us1 :il/ we c /ill consid] ,rub5s ! head ( ! ,flemi% s*ool ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 we %\ld accord to ,van ,dyck ! =emo/ rank z an arti/4 ,an?ony ,van ,dyck 0 born at ,antw]p on ,m>* #bbnd1 #aeii4 ,x 0 said =m]ly t 8 fa!r1 ,frans ,van ,dyck1 0 a pa9t] on glass1 b lat] rese>* has disclos$ ! fact t he c>ri$ on bus9ess z a m]*ant4 ,8 "m practis$ ! art ( embroid]y ) no mean skill1 & h] works appe> to h be5 held 9 consid]able e/eem4 ,! "y pa9t] _h1 h[ev]1 ! mis=tune ( los+ h] :5 he arriv$ at ! age ( eight4 ,we "k b little ( 8 e>ly ye>s1 b he mu/ h %[n consid]able aptitude = draw+1 = we f9d him already ! pupil ( ,h5drik van ,bal5 9 #afji4 ,! latt] pa9t] _h receiv$ in/ruction 9 8 art f ,adam van ,oort1 ! ma/] ( ,rub5s1 b he utilis$ ! in/ruction he _h receiv$ 9 a v diff]5t way f t ( 8 fell[-pupil4 ,he /udi$ 9 ,italy = "s "t1 & ^u 8 return to ,antw]p became "o ( ! mo/ popul> pa9t]s 9 ! city4 ,sev]al works /ill rema9+ !re te/ify t 8 soj\rn 9 ! ,s\? _h n entirely effac$ 8 ,flemi% tra9+4 ,he excell$ p>ticul>ly 9 cab9et pictures1 ) subjects inspir$ by ! classics1 9 :i* ! l&scapes 7 sometimes pa9t$ by ,jan ,brueghel4 ,^! are wr\ght ) wond]ful f9i%1 & 7 mu* admir$ by 8 contempor>ies = ! purity ( _! col\r+4 ,at ! same "t1 :il/ be+ a good craftsman & fill+ an hon\rable position 9 ! hi/ory ( ! s*ool1 x _c be claim$ t he possess$ g5ius 9 an extraord9>y degree4 ,x is probable1 h[ev]1 t a m suitable ma/] = ! "y ,van ,dyck c\ld n h be5 f\nd4 ,9 ! /udio ( s /aid & sob] a pa9t] he w\ld n be br\ght into contact ) any ( ^? pyrote*nics :i* h wr\ght su* havoc ) ! art ( "y arti/s :5 enc\nt]$ at ! onset ( _! c>e]s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,van ,bal5 is likely to h insi/$ ^u great c>e be+ ex]cis$ 9 draw+ & 9 ! f9i%+ ( m9ute/ detail4 ,su* rigid tra9+ is excell5t1 = :il/ x does n h9d] fur!r developm5ts ^u o!r l9es 9 ! lea/ degree1 x insures t all future progress %all be built ^u a solid f\ndation4 ,at ?is "t1 h[ev]1 ,rub5s1 hav+ return$ f 8 w&]+s 9 ,italy & ,spa91 _h settl$ 9 ,antw]p4 ,8 new position z ,c\rt pa9t] to ! ,ar*duke ,alb]t & ! ,ar*du*ess ,isabella br\ght him into great prom95ce & insur$ him con/ant occupation4 ,ev5 at ?is e>ly p]iod 8 art 0 approa*+ maturity1 & if he _h n yet develop$ ! dazzl+ brilliancy & facility ( 8 lat] "t1 he 0 /ill f> ahead ( any pa9t] mod]n ,fl&]s _h produc$4 ,we h only to contemplate ! works ( 8 contempor>ies1 & ^? :o imm$iately prec$$ him1 to imag9e :at a pr(\nd s5sation ?is "y man creat$ 9 ,antw]p4 ,x seldom fell to ! lot ( an arti/ :o 0 b j ov] ?irty to h be5 9 ! s]vice ( su* an illu/ri\s p]sonage z ! ,duke ( ,mantua4 ,! latt]1 moreov]1 s highly e/eem$ 8 tal5t t he wi%$ him to return to 8 s]vice ev5 aft] he _h return$ to ,antw]p4 ,fur!r1 ! ,duke _h su* confid5ce 9 ,rub5s' diplomatic ability t he s5t him ^u important bus9ess to ,philip ,,iii4 9 ,madrid4 ,! exp]i5ce he _h ga9$ bo? 9 ,italy & 9 ,spa91 :]e he _h se5 & copi$ _m ( ! greate/ works ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance1 s]v$ to develop a g5ius :i* 9 itself 0 ( ! fir/ ord]1 & ! fruits 7 imm$iately visible ^u 8 arrival 9 ,antw]p4 ,we c well picture to ourselves ! effect ( ! mascul9e vig\r1 nay1 m1 ! bravado ( 8 bru%-"w ^u ! /aid & homely ,flemi% arti/s4 ,_! m9ut5ess ( f9i%1 delicacy1 cool transp>5cies & silv]9ess ( col\r+ seem inde$ petit :5 pitt$ aga9/ ! irrepressible da% & gold5 palette ( ,rub5s4 ,9 spite ( ?is he appe>s n to h creat$ any enemies4 ,on ! contr>y1 8 fell[-arti/s seem to h recognis$ 8 sup]iority1 & _m 7 influ5c$ by 8 me?od4 ,to e/imate to ! full ! revolution he wr\ght we mu/ comp>e ! ma/]s :om we f\nd in/all$ 9 fav\r 9 ,fl&]s ) ! s*ool he s soon creat$4 ,! old] pa9t]s be+ affect$ 9 s visible a degree1 we c q imag9e h[ easily "o s "y & impressionable z ,van ,dyck w\ld submit to ! new influ5ce4 ,"h 0 a ma/] ^: art1 gl[+ ) ! full-blood$ vig\r ( ,italy1 yet reta9$ ! heal?y fre%ness ( 8 native c\ntry4 ,re/ra9$ & held 9 lea% z he w\ld be 9 ! /udio ( ,van ,bal51 we c sympa?ise ) 8 ye>n+ to migrate to t ( ,rub5s4 ,he spe$ily jo9$ t ev]-swell+ body ( arti/s :o ga!r$ !mselves r\nd ! great ma/]4 ,= "s ye>s he work$ side by side ) ,snyd]s & ,segh]s4 ,! progress he made dur+ ?is "t 0 consid]able2 inde$1 x is frequ5tly difficult to decide :e!r c]ta9 pictures produc$ 9 ^! ye>s are ! "w ( ! ma/] or ! pupil1 s ?or\ghly _h he acquir$ ,rub5s' te*nique4 ,,plate ,,iii4--,,pr9ce ,d',,ar5b]g 7,9 ,"l ,sp5c]'s ,collection1 ,al?orp7 ,a portrait *>act]i/ic ( "o ( ! mo/ popul> phases ( ,van ,dyck's art4 ,x exhibits 9 a rem>kable measure 8 s5se ( appropriat5ess z f> z ! sett+ ( a portrait is conc]n$4 ,! backgr\nd has be5 *os5 l>gely ) a view to acc5tuat+ ! sali5t po9ts ( ! picture1 & :il/ be+1 9 consequ5ce1 /rictly subs]vi5t to ! portrait is yet treat$ 9 a bold & vigor\s mann]4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,iii4 ,9 connection ) ?is a /ory1 ! details ( :i* h frequ5tly be5 *all5g$1 is told4 ,x is said t ,rub5s1 leav+ 8 /udio "o day to take a walk1 _h left a picture 9 ! process ( pa9t+ ^u 8 easel4 ,! /ud5ts 7 anxi\s to inspect x & obs]ve ! me?od he 0 employ+4 ,f9ally1 !y induc$ 8 s]vant to admit !m4 ,be+ a num]\s cr[d1 "s am\nt ( /ruggl+ took place to get ne> ! canvas4 ,! result 0 t "o ( !m1 x is said ,van ,diep5beck1 fell aga9/ ! canvas & injur$ ! picture4 ,dismay spread ?r\gh\t ! room4 ,:5 !y _h recov]$ _! pres5ce ( m9d1 "s "o propos$ t ! damage %\ld be repair$ be=e ,rub5s return$4 ,by common cons5t ,van ,dyck 0 *os51 & he set to "w ) a w4 ,^u ,rub5s ent]+ 8 /udio next morn+1 surr\nd$ by 8 pupils1 he select$ ! repair$ "p & said t t 0 by no means ! wor/ piece he _h pa9t$ ! day be=e4 ,^u a clos] exam9ation ! damage reveal$ itself1 b s clev]ly _h ,van ,dyck p]=m$ 8 task t ,rub5s decid$ to leave x z x 04 ,f su* tales z ?is has aris5 ! tradition t ,rub5s became s jeal\s ( 8 pupil t he endeav\r$ to p]suade him to ab&on hi/orical pa9t+ & devote ! :ole ( 8 "t to portraiture4 ,su* /atem5ts are n only 9 opposition to all t we "k ( ,rub5s' "*1 b !re is ! fur!r evid5ce t :5 he f9ally p>t$ f ,van ,dyck !y 7 on ! v be/ ( t]ms4 ,inde$1 ,rub5s w5t s f> z to make him a pres5t ( "o ( 8 f9e/ horses = ! purpose ( 8 j\rney 9 ,italy1 :il/ ,van ,dyck left ) 8 ma/] a portrait ( ,rub5s' wife z a s\v5ir4 ,he fur!r reta9$ ! s]vices ( ,van ,dyck z 8 assi/ant1 :i* he w\ld n h done _h any jeal\sy exi/$ betwe5 !m4 ,x 0 probably ! pressure ( commissions1 :i* fl[$ 9 ^u him 9 innum]able quantities1 t induc$ him to take ?is /ep4 ,x 0 q impossible = ! ma/] himself to accompli% all ! "w he und]took4 ,outside ,italy he 0 ! fir/ ma/] to employ 8 s*ool z a sort ( manufactory on a l>ge scale4 ,s well did he tra9 8 assi/ants t he _h only to make ! sket* himself1 & to sup]9t5d its pa9t+1 = a l>ge "w to be turn$ out 9 an incr$ibly %ort "t4 ,z ,van ,dyck 0 8 mo/ capable assi/ant1 he w\ld c]ta9ly employ him ^u ! important p>ts1 & z x has already be5 po9t$ out t x is difficult to diff]5tiate betwe5 ! works ( ! two m5 at ?is "t1 x w\ld be /ill m difficult to decide def9itely :at h& ,van ,dyck _h 9 ! l>ge numb] ( religi\s & hi/orical pictures t 7 be+ s5t out "u ,rub5s' "n at ?is "t4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod1 h[ev]1 ,van ,dyck _h acquir$ a reputation ( 8 own4 ,he _h be5 elect$ a ma/] ( ! ,antw]p ,corporation ( pa9t]s 9 #afah1 t is1 :il/ /ill 9 8 tw5tie? ye>4 ,,ii ,,! ,,j\rney ,,to ,,italy ,x 0 ! habit ( mo/ ,nor!rn arti/s at t "t to make a j\rney 9 ,italy4 ,! r5[n ( ! works creat$ dur+ ! prec$+ two c5turies by ! ,italian ,r5aissance _h spread all ov] ,europe1 & no "y arti/ consid]$ 8 education complete )\t hav+ sp5t a few ye>s 9 /udy+ !m4 ,moreov]1 !y f\nd t patrons patronis$ !m bett] if !y _h be5 ?r\gh ?is ,italian tra9+4 ,^! ideas 7 r dictat$ by ! prevail+ fa%ion ?an by any solid good to be d]iv$ by ! arti/ :o und]w5t x4 ,we h innum]able examples ( ,dut*m5 & ,flem+s ^: natural g5ius became p]v]t$ ^u ,italian soil4 ,ni*olas ,b]*em & ,k>l ,duj>d9 7 /rik+ examples ( ! sad results :i* frequ5tly accru$ f ?us transplant+ !mselves into a c\ntry ) :i* _! temp]am5t _h no?+ 9 common4 ,x is probable t _h ,k>l ,duj>d9 rema9$ 9 ,holl&1 ! _w w\ld h be5 enri*$ by a l&scape pa9t] ( ! fir/ ord]1 = he _h gifts f> above ev5 ! av]age pa9t] ( 8 "t4 ,b imm$iately on rea*+ ,italy he succumb$ to ! influ5ces surr\nd+ him1 & endeav\r$ to get rid z f> z possible ( 8 e>ly tra9+1 & to see ?+s & r5d] !m 9 ! ,italian way4 ,! result 01 t :il/ he nev] ?rew (f ! ,dut* "* ( 8 sc5es & figures1 he envelop$ !m ) a conv5tional atmosph]e z monoton\s z x is untrue4 ,we h already se5 ! results ! ,italian j\rney _h ^u ,rub5s4 ,!re 0 no inducem5t = ,van ,dyck1 comp>+1 z he w\ld be able to1 8 ma/]'s pictures pa9t$ be=e 8 j\rney to ,italy & ^? :i* he execut$ aft]w>ds1 to und]take ! same tr\ble4 ,x is r to be ?\ght t he 0 decid$ to see ! arti/ic ,mecca = himself1 by ! gl[+ acc\nts ( its treasures t he he>d f "t to "t f ,rub5s' own lips4 ,= ! latt]1 small z _h be5 ! influ5ce ( ! great ,italian ma/]s ^u 8 "w1 0 nev]!less ( a disposition peculi>ly adapt$ = ke5ly appreciat+ m]it :5ev] x 0 br\ght "u 8 notice4 ,we c q imag9e t dur+ ^? e>ly days 9 ,antw]p 8 pupils :il/ at "w w\ld he> innum]able acc\nts ( ! beauties ( ?is or t picture1 & ! m en?usia/ic ( !m w\ld consequ5tly only be ! m eag] to judge ( its beauties = !mselves4 ,dur+ ! execution ( ! l>ge canvasses t 7 turn$ out 9 su* quantities f ! /udio1 ,rub5s d\btlessly prefac$ alt]ations he made by ref]r+ to _m a ma/]'s me?od1 & rec\nt$ h[ ! ma/]pieces ^u :i* 8 comm5ts 7 fram$ _h be5 br\ght to completion4 ,dur+ ! latt] portion ( ! "t ,van ,dyck /opp$ ) ,rub5s he 0 only act+ z 8 assi/ant1 & consequ5tly w\ld be free to leave :5 he lik$4 ,he w\ld probably be q aw>e t 8 te*nique 0 ! equal ( 8 ma/]'s1 & w\ld realise t he _h receiv$ all ! tuition he possibly c\ld 9 8 pres5t situation4 ,ambiti\s z he 01 !re is no d\bt t he ye>n$ = an opportunity to le>n = himself ! message ! great ma/]s _h to imp>t to him4 ,:il/ we c q imag9e t ,rub5s w\ld be sorry to "p ) s capable an assi/ant1 !re 0 n any evid5ce t he did n d ev]y?+ 9 8 p[] to assi/ him to c>ry out 8 project4 ,9 #afbc--:5 he 0 b tw5ty-f\r ye>s ( age--,van ,dyck left ,antw]p on 8 j\rney s\?w>d4 ,he appe>s n to h got any fur!r ?an a village ne> ,brussels1 :]e he succumb$ to ! attractions ( a c]ta9 "y lady nam$ ,annah van ,ophem4 ,at h] in/igation he pa9t$ two pictures = ! p>i% *ur* !re4 ,9 "o1 repres5t+ ,/4 ,m>t9 %>+ 8 cloak ) a begg>1 he took himself z a model = ! sa9t4 ,! p>i% au?orities be+1 x is said1 ( a m]c5>y turn ( m9d1 _h x valu$1 &1 he>+ t x 0 wor? #djjj flor9s1 sold x to a ,m4 ,hot4 ,! p ( ! village1 h[ev]1 he>+ ( ! sale1 det]m9$ to prev5t ! removal ( ! picture at all co/s1 & :5 ! pur*as] arriv$ he f\nd n only ! peasants1 b _! wives & *ildr51 arm$1 & 0 oblig$ to escape ignom9i\sly ?r\gh ! prie/'s g>d5 & return to ,brussels )\t 8 prize4 ,:il/ /ill resid+ at ! village1 ,van ,dyck pa9t$ ! portrait ( ,annah van ,ophem1 surr\nd$ ) ! dogs belong+ to ! ,infanta ,isabella1 ( :i* ei!r %e or h] fa!r _h *>ge1 & a picture ( ! ,holy ,family1 9 :i* %e figur$ z ! pr9cipal p]sonage4 ,,plate ,,iv4--,,portrait ,,( ,,van ,,dyck 7,,or ,,! ,,arti/7 7,9 ,"l ,sp5c]'s ,collection1 ,al?orp7 ,"o ( ! mo/ /rik+ portraits ( ! arti/4 ,pa9t$ at a fairly late date 9 8 c>e]1 x %[s ! pa9t] prosp]\s & ri* & by no means ill pleas$ ) 8 lot 9 ! _w4 ,full ( life & gaiety1 8 joy\s face gives u a good idea ( ! gratification he f\nd 9 life almo/ to ! end4 ,inde$1 a deal ( ! fasc9ation ( 8 art arises f 8 approa*+ 8 subjects 9 ?is happy frame ( m9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,iv4 ,rub5s1 he>+ ( ! prolong$ soj\rn ( 8 pupil at ,savel!im1 arriv$ "o day ^u ! sc5e1 & f9ally induc$ ,van ,dyck to te> himself f 8 mi/ress & cont9ue 8 j\rney to ,italy4 ,! great object ( 8 visit 0 to /udy ! ,v5etian ma/]s1 & accord+ly he repair$ =?) to ! ,city ( ! ,lagoons4 ,we c picture him /&+ = ! fir/ "t be=e ^? wond]ful portraits ( ,titian & ,t9toretto1 ,palma-,vec*io & ,moroni1 ab\t :i* he _h he>d s mu* 9 8 /ud5t days 9 ,antw]p4 ,t he 0 n disappo9t$ is evid5c$ by ! fact t almo/ imm$iately a *ange is obs]vable 9 8 me?od4 ,he ca/ aside z spe$ily z possible ! silv]9ess & coolness :i* _h *>act]is$ 8 palette :5 work+ 9 ,antw]p1 & endeav\r$ to assimilate 9 z great a degree z possible ! gold5 lum9osity & subtle h&l+ ( ! mighty ,v5etians4 ,x is probable t ,titian held ! fir/ place 9 8 e/imation1 = x is r ^u 8 me?od t all 8 subsequ5t developm5ts 9 te*nique are bas$4 ,b p]haps full ju/ice has n be5 done to ! influ5ce ,moroni _h 9 m\ld+ 8 y\?ful g5ius4 ,"o has only to comp>e1 = example1 ! full-l5g? portrait ( an ,italian nobleman1 ,no4 #acaf 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 ) t m>vell\s repres5tation ( ,philip le ,roy 9 ! ,wallace ,collection1 reproduc$ 9 ?is volume1 to see ! connection betwe5 ! two pa9t]s4 ,!re is ! same air ( di/9ction 9 ea* portrait1 & 9 silv]9ess ( col\r+ & elegance ( pose !re is mu* 9 common4 ,^! are n isolat$ examples 9 ! life-"w ( ! two ma/]s1 b are r repres5tative ( a :ole s]ies ( portraits 9 :i* _! g5ius runs on ne>ly p>allel l9es4 ,we _c wond] t ,van ,dyck 0 n mu* impress$ by su* ( ! ,umbrian pa9t]s z he came 9 contact )4 ,!re 0 /ill left 9 ^! m5 ! rema9s ( t my/icism :i* 0 born ( ! intimate contact ) religion 9 relation to life t _h orig9ally br\ght x into be+4 ,! religi\s art ( ! ,ne!rl&s--,i am speak+ n[ ( t :i* arose aft] ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury--0 built ^u a purely human & mat]iali/ic basis4 ,if a scriptural sc5e 0 repres5t$ x 0 br\ght be=e u z a subject f ev]yday life2 a m>tyrdom ) all its brutality1 a crucifixion ) all its physical horror1 & a madonna & *ild simply z a peasant girl ) a *ild1 set 9 homely surr\nd+s4 ,our arti/1 end[$ ) ! same temp]am5t z ! m5 :o _h creat$ su* works1 & :o moreov] 0 p]haps ! be/ expon5t ( ?is s*ool ( pa9t+1 ) ! possible exception ( ,rub5s himself1 c\ld n be expect$ to be t\*$ ) ! subtleties ( ,botticelli or ,filipp9o ,lippi4 ,fur!r1 x is n unlikely t he f\nd he c\ld le>n little f ! te*nique ( ,raphael or ,&rea del ,s>to4 ,b ) ! ,v5etians x 0 q o!rwise4 ,f ! e>ly days ( ,giovanni ,bell9i !y seem to h treat$ religi\s subjects 9 j z mat]iali/ic a mann]1 if less grossly & repugnantly1 ?an ! ,flem+s !mselves4 ,"o has b to contemplate ! life-"w ( ,titian to see h[ little religi\s feel+1 9 ! ,flor5t9e or my/ical s5se ( ! t]m1 !re 0 9 8 art4 ,ev5 ! two mo/ impressive religi\s pictures he ev] pa9t$1 ! ,entombm5t1 9 ! ,l\vre1 & ! ,*ri/ cr[n$ ) ,?orns1 at ,muni*1 w\ld c]ta9ly n h pleas$ ! patrons ( ,ghirl&ajo or ,pollaiuolo4 ,b ,titian & 8 contempor>ies con/itute ! z5i? atta9$ by ,italian mat]iali/ic art1 at any rate 9 po9t ( te*nique4 ,,plate ,v4--,,philippe ,,le ,,roy1 ,,seigneur ,,de ,,ravel 7,9 ! ,wallace ,collection7 ,! ma/]piece ( ,van ,dyck's second ,flemi% mann]4 ,9 x we see ! culm9ation ( ! influ5ces he _h br\ght away ) him f ,italy sob]$ by a r5ew$ contact ) ! productions ( 8 illu/ri\s ma/]4 ,! dignity ( pose1 probably d]iv$ f ,moroni & ,titian1 unit$ ) ! fact t 8 imm5se te*nical p[]s are br\ght into play 9 an unsurpass$ degree1 c]ta9ly proclaim x z "o ( ! greate/ portraits 9 ! _w4 ,van ,dyck execut$ an et*+ ( ,philippe le ,roy1 probably bas$ ^u ?is portrait :i* ranks v high among/ 8 productions 9 ?is way4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,v4 ,x is m ?an probable t ,van ,dyck f\nd c]ta9 po9ts 9 8 ma/]'s me?od crude comp>$ ) t ( ! ,v5etians1 & al?\gh1 z we %all see lat]1 he endeav\r$ aft] 8 return to ,fl&]s to retrace 8 /eps 9 a measure1 ! influ5ces he br\ght away ) him f ,italy rema9$ dur+ 8 :ole life4 ,he w5t f ,v5ice to ,g5oa1 & !re 8 /yle creat$ su* an impression t he f\nd _m ( ! nobility eag] to h _! portraits pa9t$ by him4 ,=m]ly1 8 ,italian mann]1 z x is call$1 0 to be be/ /udi$ 9 t city1 b z ye>s h roll$ on _m ( ! f9e/ examples h become scatt]$ ov] ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,! two f9e portraits rec5tly add$ to ! ,national ,gall]y date f ?is p]iod1 & al?\gh1 ow+ to _! condition1 !y d n set =? 8 tal5ts at _! be/1 w give a good idea ( ! *anges 8 me?od _h und]gone s9ce he left ,antw]p4 ,two ( ! noble/ portraits ( ! ,g5oese p]iod 7 =m]ly 9 ! collection ( ,sir ,rob]t ,peel1 b1 aft] be+ sold at auction 9 ,london "s few ye>s ago1 f9ally f\nd a p]man5t home 9 ! ,b]l9 ,gall]y4 ,f ,g5oa he w5t to ,rome1 &1 8 reputation hav+ prec$$ him1 he 0 soon load$ ) commissions = bo? hi/orical subjects & portraits4 ,x is said1 h[ev]1 t 8 resid5ce "h 0 r5d]$ unpleasant by a numb] ( arti/s p]secut+ him by reason ( 8 n wi%+ to fall 9 ) _! me?ods ( life4 ,be ?is z x may1 he return$ to ,g5oa1 & aft] "s "t dep>t$ = ,pal]mo2 b ! plague break+ out1 "s "t aft] 8 arrival1 he det]m9$ to return to ,fl&]s4 ,van ,dyck _h reason to congratulate himself1 n only ^u ! am\nt ( b5efit :i* he _h receiv$ f 8 soj\rn 9 ,italy1 b also on acc\nt ( ! flatt]+ mann] 9 :i* he _h be5 receiv$ ev]y:]e4 ,8 complete success 9 ^! two respects 0 calculat$ to infuse confid5ce 9 him = ! future4 ,he 0 n[ fully equipp$ 9 e way1 & 8 good luck 9 ! matt] ( patronage1 s lavi%ly be/[$ ^u him 9 ,italy1 0 de/9$ to pursue him 9 8 future c>e]1 until f9ally ! imm5se am\nt ( "w he und]took 9 consequ5ce _h an adv]se influ5ce ^u 8 lat] productions4 ,,iii ,,! ,,second ,,flemi% ,,mann] ,! reputation ( ,van ,dyck1 great z x 0 prior to leav+ ,antw]p1 _h mat]ially gr[n dur+ 8 abs5ce 9 ,italy4 ,f "t to "t reports rea*$ 8 fell[-t[nsm5 ( ! brilliant success he 0 a*iev+ !re1 ! high p]sonages ) :om he 0 m+l+1 & ! flatt]+ praise accord$ to 8 productions4 ,we may be sure t return+ travell]s w\ld relate ! a/oni%+ progress he 0 mak+1 & consequ5tly 8 fri5ds w\ld await ) eag] anticipation ! pro(s ( all !y _h he>d4 ,!re c\ld be no d\bt t ,rub5s w\ld be among/ ^? :o w\ld be mo/ int]e/$ 9 8 progress1 & he w\ld be curi\s to see ! influ5ce ! ,italians _h ex]cis$ ^u 8 te*nique4 ,8 tal5ts 7 soon put to ! essay 9 ! =m ( a commission = a l>ge picture repres5t+ ,/4 ,augu/9e 9 ec/asy1 surr\nd$ by angels & sa9ts1 = ! ,*ur* ( ! ,augu/9es 9 ,antw]p4 ,z a result ( ?is fir/ ef=t1 bo? 8 patrons & ! public 7 delight$1 & commissions = works ( a simil> "* fl[$ 9 ^u him f e side4 ,rub5s _h fairly e>ly 9 8 c>e] in/itut$ an +5i\s me?od = mak+ 8 works widely kn[n4 ,he employ$1 "u 8 own direction1 a numb] ( engrav]s ^: names h become h\sehold words4 ,te*nically consid]$1 !y 7 z well equipp$ z any :o h ev] liv$4 ,! names ( ,paul ,pontius1 ,lucas ,vor/]man1 ! two ,bolsw]ts1 ,pet] de ,jode are held 9 rev]5ce by e admir] ( engrav+4 ,_! rem>kable fidelity 9 transcrib+ ! works ( ,rub5s r5d] x frequ5tly unnecess>y to see ! orig9als !mselves 9 ord] ?or\ghly to /udy !m4 ,i am p]haps n go+ too f> :5 ,i say t !y und]/ood ! art ( translat+ col\r effects into black & :ite 9 a mann] unkn[n previ\s to _! "t & nev] surpass$ aft]w>ds4 ,! tone values ( ! pa9t+s !mselves are pres]v$4 ,!re is no d\bt t ?is excell5ce 0 due to ! guidance ( ,rub5s4 ,he sup]9t5d$ ea* plate 9 process ( prep>ation & rectifi$ ) 8 own h& any errors t might h crept 94 ,9 ?is way ,rub5s r5d]$ an imm5se s]vice to art4 ,quantities ( ^! pr9ts w5t out to =eign c\ntries & 7 priz$ by bo? arti/s & collectors1 s]v+ to /imulate ! =m] to r5ew$ ef=ts & to improve ! ta/e ( ! latt]4 ,at ! same "t1 he is to be cr$it$ ) hav+ br\ght ! engrav+ art to a pit* :i* has nev] be5 surpass$4 ,:5 ,rub5s saw ( :at 8 pupil 0 n[ capable1 he imm$iately turn$ ! att5tion ( 8 engrav]s to 8 works1 & until ,van ,dyck practically ceas$ hi/orical pa9t+1 we h z _m plates work$ aft] 8 designs z f ^? ( 8 ma/]4 ,x 0 soon aft] 8 return to ,antw]p t he receiv$ ! commission to pa9t ! celebrat$ picture at ,mal9es repres5t+ ! ,crucifixion4 ,( ?is rem>kable canvas we c b =m an inadequate idea to-day4 ,! exce$+ neglig5ce ) :i* x has be5 kept1 c\pl$ ) ! cont9ual cov]+ up ( ! picture1 ?us depriv+ x ( light1 :i* e oil-pa9t+ requires = its pres]vation1 has contribut$ to r5d] x a wreck ( its =m] self4 ,! subject1 to :i* we are s accu/om$ t we are b little mov$ :5 we enc\nt] x 9 ! great gall]ies1 is "h pres5t$ to u 9 a mo/ t]rible & ess5tially human aspect4 ,! extraord9>y expression ( physical pa9 infus$ into ! heads ( ! two ?ieves1 "o on ea* side ( ,*ri/1 toge!r ) ! en]gy ( _! ef=ts to deta* !mselves f _! awful position1 w cause a %udd] to creep ov] ev5 ! mo/ phlegmatic p]son4 ,?is is foil$ by ! sup]b treatm5t ( ! head ( ! ,savi\r4 ,9 ! latt] is an extraord9>y mixture ( pa91 m5tal & physical1 comb9$ ) a sublime look ( resignation4 ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds reg>d$ x z "o ( ! ma/]pieces ( ! _w1 & !re w be n a few :o w concur 9 8 judgm5t4 ,van ,dyck 0 n1 h[ev]1 cont5t simply to ex]cise 8 p[]s 9 ?is way4 ,an innum]able s]ies ( portraits date f ?is "t1 notably ! well-kn[n s]ies repres5t+ ! mo/ prom95t contempor>y arti/s ( ,fl&]s4 ,^! productions are well kn[n f ! engrav+s execut$ aft] !m2 ! orig9als are n[ di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,x is said t ,van ,dyck's position 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 9 spite ( ! quantity ( patronage be/[$ ^u him1 0 any?+ b pleasant4 ,! jeal\sy ( 8 rivals 0 p>ticul>ly irksome to a man ( 8 disposition4 ,9 ! intrigues ) :i* he 0 surr\nd$ ,rub5s _h no "p2 on ! contr>y1 he always su/a9$ ! cause ( 8 brilliant pupil ) ! utmo/ en?usiasm & fidelity1 & x is probable1 9 view ( ?is fact & ! r5[n :i* ,van ,dyck himself _h atta9$1 t he w\ld h worn d[n ! opposition & caus$ ! calumnies ) :i* he 0 beset to fall ^u ! heads ( _! orig9ators4 ,b ! ta/e = travel :i* he _h develop$ 9 ,italy probably impell$ him to seek relief outside 8 own c\ntry4 ,accord+ly we f9d him employ$ at ! ,hague--c]ta9ly n a great di/ance f ! seat ( 8 rec5t tr\bles1 b suffici5tly f> to remove him f _! rea*4 ,"h he pa9t$ ! portrait ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,orange & innum]able p]sonages ( 8 ,c\rt1 9 addition to receiv+ ample enc\ragem5t f ! =eign ambassadors4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 to be expect$ t s small a city ) its limit$ scope w\ld long suffice = a man ( 8 ambitions4 ,8 eyes 7 set ^u ,engl&4 ,,plate ,,vi4--,,portrait ,,( ,,"o ,,( ,,*>les ,i4',s ,,*ildr5 7,9 ! ,academy ( ,f9e ,arts1 ,rome7 ,possibly ! be/ kn[n & "o ( ! mo/ des]v$ly popul> ( ! ma/]'s *ild portraits4 ,x w be> comp>ison = *>m & delicacy ( h&l+ ) any ( ! productions ( our great ,engli% ma/]s4 ,9 fact1 x 0 l>gely aft] a /udy ( ,van ,dyck's wond]ful pictures ( *ildr5 t ,ga9sbor\gh =m$ 8 la/ & greate/ mann]4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,vi4 ,! enc\ragem5t :i* ,*>les ,i4 ext5d$ to ! f9e arts1 & 8 lib]ality 9 patronis+ !m1 induc$ him to ?9k t a suitable field = ! ex]cise ( 8 tal5ts 0 op5 to him 9 our c\ntry4 ,accord+ly ab\t #afcb he arriv$ 9 ,london4 ,engl& 0 n1 h[ev]1 q /range to him1 = ab\t elev5 ye>s previ\sly--t is1 be=e 8 dep>ture to ,italy--he _h already be5 "h ^u a visit4 ,^u ?is occasion1 h[ev]1 he does n appe> to h succe$$ 9 attract+ ! att5tions ( ! k+1 & consequ5tly he did n meet ) ! success he _h c\nt$ ^u4 ,rema9+ b a few mon?s1 he decid$ to return to ,antw]p1 fully resolv$ to make x a p]man5t place ( abode4 ,mean:ile1 h[ev]1 ,rub5s _h be5 s5t by ! ,infanta ,isabella on a diplomatic visit to ,*>les1 :o receiv$ him 9 ! mo/ graci\s mann] & creat$ him a knight4 ,! flatt]+ att5tions be/[$ ^u ,rub5s dur+ 8 /ay1 c\pl$ ) 8 e/imation ( ! k+'s "* & ta/e1 creat$ a mo/ fav\rable impression ^u him1 & :5 he return$ to ,antw]p he probably dispell$ 9 a measure ,van ,dyck's antipa?y to our c\ntry4 ,mean:ile ,*>les _h se5 ! latt]'s portrait ( ,ni*olas ,lanire1 8 *apel ma/]1 & 0 s impress$ ) its qualities t he s5t an invitation to ,van ,dyck to return4 ,an opportunity s fav\rable to advancem5t 0 n lightly to be pass$ ov]1 & ,van ,dyck decid$ once m to try 8 =tune "h4 ,?is decision con/itut$ a turn+-po9t 9 ! life & /yle ( ! arti/1 & we %all see him 9 ,engl& pass+ ! mo/ prosp]\s ye>s ( 8 life4 ,,iv ,,van ,,dyck ,,9 ,,engl& ,!re nev] 0 a "t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,c\rt :5 su* opportunities = advancem5t 7 pres5t$ to an arti/ possess+ ! g5ius ( ,van ,dyck z dur+ ! reign ( ,*>les ,i4 ,he 0 "o ( ! few mon>*s ( ,engl& :o recognis$ ! civilis+ influ5ce ( art on ! nation & enc\rag$ x 9 a mann] q beyond 8 means4 ,x matt]$ n ( :at p]iod1 s*ool1 or nationality a "w happ5$ to be1 s long z x possess$ a high degree ( m]it1 x appeal$ /rongly to ! k+4 ,we h only to consid] ! sup]b collection he br\ght toge!r1 only to be ru?lessly disp]s$ by ! ,commonweal?1 to gauge ! ref9em5t ( 8 ta/e4 ,_m ( ! priceless possessions ( =eign gall]ies =m$ "p ( 8 collection1 & if ,engl& _h only be5 9 a position to reta9 h] hold ^u !m we %\ld no d\bt to-day be 9 possession ( ! f9e/ assemblage ( ,italian art 9 ! _w4 ,i ne$ only enum]ate ! sumptu\s portrait ( ,alfonso ( ,f]r>a & ,laura d',dianti & ! ,entombm5t1 by ,titian1 9 ! ,l\vre2 ! portrait ( ,erasmus1 by ,holbe91 9 ! ,l\vre1 & ! m>vell\s portrait ( a "y woman1 = s _m ye>s wrongly ascrib$ to ! same ma/]1 at ! ,hague2 ! portrait ( ,albre*t ,dr] by himself 9 ! ,prado1 & ! two ma/]pieces by ,ge]tg5 van ,/4 ,jans 9 ! ,imp]ial ,gall]y at ,vi5na1 to demon/rate ! quality ( 8 _m possessions4 ,9 ,engl& we /ill h reta9$ a few ( 8 treasures4 ,conspicu\s among !m are ^? ma/]pieces ( ,&rea ,mantegna1 ! ,triumph ( ,julius ,cs>1 at ,hampton ,c\rt1 ! ,albre*t ,dr]1 & ! ,lor5zo ,lotto1 9 ! same gall]y1 toge!r ) ! ,m]cury1 ,cupid & ,v5us1 by ,correggio1 9 ! ,national ,gall]y4 ,ne$less to say t a collector1 :o _h suffici5t ta/e to br+ toge!r su* a notable assemblage1 w\ld dem& a v high degree ( tal5t inde$ 9 a pa9t] :o 0 work+ = ! ,c\rt4 ,*>les _h1 moreov]1 be5 br\ght into contact ) ! brilliant a*ievem5ts ( ,rub5s1 & w\ld 9 consequ5ce expect a great deal f a pupil ^: m]its he _h he>d s extoll$4 ,! portrait ( ,ni*olas ,lanire appeal$ to him imm$iately4 ,he saw 9 ,van ,dyck a man ^: p]=mances1 ev5 at ?is e>ly age1 f> surpass$ ^? ( any pa9t] !n work+ 9 ,engl&4 ,*>les1 :o imm5sely admir$ ! portraits ( ,rub5s1 saw 9 ^? ( 8 pupil an ,italian quality lack+ 9 ! =m]1 & ?is w\ld additionally attract him4 ,van ,dyck's reception 0 mo/ flatt]+4 ,he 0 giv5 a lodg+ at ,blackfri>s among/ ! o!r pa9t]s1 & 0 set to "w imm$iately = ! k+4 ,*>les 0 q z mu* tak5 ) ! c\rtly qualities & conv]sation ( 8 newly-f\nd pa9t] z by 8 tal5t1 & greatly enjoy$ 8 company4 ,he 0 accu/om$ to g to ,blackfri>s by wat]1 & to *at ) ,van ,dyck :il/ hav+ 8 portrait pa9t$4 ,f ?is "t date ! innum]able portraits ( ,*>les & 8 ,que51 ,h5rietta ,m>ia1 ) :i* we are s famili>4 ,! fa%ion ?us set by ! k+ 0 spe$ily tak5 up by 8 ,c\rt1 & ! nobility ( ,engl& compet$ ) "o ano!r = ! privilege ( hav+ _! portraits pa9t$ by ! brilliant ,flem+4 ,soon aft] 8 arrival ,van ,dyck receiv$ ! hon\r ( knigh?ood1 &1 9 addition to be+ appo9t$ pa9t] to 8 ,maje/y1 _h an annuity ( #bjj p] annum settl$ ^u him4 ,! quantity ( commissions :i* n[ fl[$ 9 ^u him 0 prodigi\s1 & he 0 sorely tax$ to keep pace ) !m4 ,he 0 enabl$ 9 consequ5ce to raise 8 prices consid]ably )\t 9 ! lea/ dim9i%+ ! patronage be/[$ ^u him4 ,he comm5c$ to ent]ta9 on a lavi% scale1 & 8 table 0 frequ5t$ by ! highe/ 9 ! l&4 ,x is said t aft] occupy+ ! morn+ 9 pa9t+ portraits he w\ld invite 8 sitt]s to d9n]1 & !n1 f ! /udy he _h made ( _! c\nt5ances dur+ ! meal1 w\ld "w ^u ! portraits aga9 9 ! aft]noon4 ,al?\gh ,van ,dyck _h be5 accu/om$ to good society & liv+1 ! ov]:elm+ good =tune :i* 0 n[ 8 lot appe>s to h develop$ bad habits 9 him4 ,he soon acquir$ luxuri\s habits1 :i* f9ally und]m9$ 8 heal?4 ,passionately fond ( music1 he lib]ally enc\rag$ all ! pr(essors ( t art1 & gratuit\sly pa9t$ ! portraits ( its mo/ celebrat$ expon5ts4 ,! dem&s ^u 8 purse at ?is "t mu/ h be5 enorm\s1 & 9 ord] to increase 8 output1 & consequ5tly 8 income1 he _h rec\rse to ! means he _h se5 ,rub5s s successfully employ 9 ,antw]p4 ,he br\ght toge!r a s*ool ( pa9t]s1 :o work$ "u 8 directions4 ,! portraits dat+ f ?is p]iod consequ5tly n only %[ ! m>k$ det]ioration 9 8 te*nique1 b also1 beyond ! heads & h&s & a few o!r ess5tial details1 conta9$ b little ( 8 own "w4 ,8 assi/ants 7 s ?or\ghly tra9$ t !y 7 enabl$ to pa9t ! drap]ies & _! accessories 9 a /yle :i* weld$ p]fectly ) 8 own bru%work4 ,^! facts h to be c>efully rememb]$ :5ev] we are contemplat+ a "w ( ! ,engli% p]iod ( ,van ,dyck1 = 7 we to =m our judgm5t solely ^u ! portraits he _h pa9t$ prior to go+ to ,engl& we %\ld reject _m ( ! =m] z n be+ f 8 h&4 ,!re is fur!r ! add$ difficulty t 8 assi/ants execut$ pictures 9 8 mann] on _! own acc\nt1 & x is only by ! lack ( t sp>k ( g5ius he 0 enabl$ to infuse 9 ^? p>ts ( a portrait he execut$ ) 8 own h& t we are enabl$ to diff]5tiate betwe5 !m4 ,_m ( ! portraits ( ! k+ & que5 :i* 7 s5t z pres5ts all ov] ,europe 7 b ! productions ( 8 /udio4 ,,plate ,,vii4--,,portrait ,,( ,,! ,,arti/',s ,,wife 7,9 ! ,p9ako!k1 ,muni*7 ,a rem>kably good example ( ,van ,dyck's p[] ( depict+ female "*4 ,:5ev] he is fac$ ) a sitt] 9 :om he is int]e/$ he suit$ 8 te*nique to ! po9ts he wi%$ to emphasise4 ,x is ! possession ( ?is v]satility :i* enables him to infuse s mu* s$uctive *>m into 8 wom5 portraits & su* tr5*ant vig\r into ^? ( m54 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,vii4 ,x is only 9 su* sup]b pres5tations ( ,*>les z t 9 ! ,l\vre1 at ,w9dsor1 & 9 ! ,national ,gall]y t we are enabl$ to judge ( 8 capabilities at ?is p]iod4 ,he n[ almo/ entirely des]t$ hi/orical pa9t+4 ,!re 0 no dem& = x 9 ,engl&1 & 8 att5tion 0 exclusively devot$ to portraiture4 ,moreov]1 if we may judge f ! ev]-increas+ facility ) :i* he 0 wont to pa9t1 x may be fairly said t 8 att5tion dur+ ^! ye>s 0 be+ div]t$ f pa9t+ to pleasure4 ,he nev] lo/ int]e/ 9 8 art1 b he 0 impell$ to adopt a m facile mann] by ! pressure ( 8 engagem5ts & 8 ev]-increas+ exp5ses4 ,he kept a c\ntry h\se at ,el?am 9 ,k5t1 :]e he sp5t ! summ]--a =m ( extravagance m def5sible ?an _m 9 :i* he 0 accu/om$ to indulge4 ,mean:ile1 he _h contract$ a m>riage ) ,m>y ,ru?v51 gr&daught] ( ,"l ,ru?v51 ,e>l ( ,c[rie1 by :om he _h "o daught]4 ,8 wife1 h[ev]1 br\ght him no d[rie1 b 0 consid]$ "o ( ! greate/ beauties ( h] "t4 ,soon aft] 8 m>riage he left ,engl& ) 8 wife = ! purpose ( %[+ h] 8 native c\ntry4 ,!y travell$ = "s "t1 visit+ 8 family & fri5ds4 ,!n ! idea occurr$ to him t he w\ld proce$ to ,p>is1 ) a view ( %>+1 if possible1 9 ! contemplat$ decoration ( ! ,l\vre1 & ?us w9 laurels equal to ^? ,rub5s _h ga9$ by 8 works 9 ! ,luxemb\rg4 ,he arriv$1 h[ev]1 too late3 ,ni*olas ,p\ss9 _h be5 br\ght specially f ,rome = ! purpose1 & ! "w 0 9 h&4 ,disappo9t$ 9 ?is1 & /ill desir+ to execute "s great "w by :i* he might secure a la/+ r5[n1 he return$ to ,engl& & propos$ to ! k+1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( 8 old & tru/y fri5d ,sir ,k5elm ,digby1 to embelli% ! wall ( ! ,banquet+ ,h\se at ,:itehall ) ! hi/ory ( ! ,ord] ( ! ,g>t]4 ,! ceil+ ( ?is sumptu\s *amb] _h already be5 pa9t$ by ,rub5s1 & ,van ,dyck no d\bt consid]$ t 8 "w w\ld bl5d admirably ) t ( 8 ma/]4 ,! sum he ask$ =1 #hjjj1 al?\gh consid]able1 w\ld no d\bt n h /ood 9 ! way ( ! execution ( ! project _h x occurr$ at an e>li] date 9 ! reign ( ! un=tunate ,*>les4 ,! k+dom1 h[ev]1 0 already 9 a turbul5t condition4 ,funds 7 sc>ce1 & su* z exi/$ might h to be employ$ at any mom5t 9 rais+ an army to def5d ! k+'s cause4 ,*>les 0 n[ occupi$ 9 a life-&-dea? /ruggle ) 8 p1 & _h no "t to devote to arti/ic pursuits4 ,van ,dyck consequ5tly wait$ 9 va9 = an answ]1 & x is to be suppos$ t mean:ile commissions did n come to him z easily z =m]ly4 ,"y z he /ill 01 ! effects ( 8 pa/ luxuri\s life 7 beg9n+ to tell ^u him1 &1 c\pl$ ) ! disappo9tm5t occasion$ by ! rejection ( 8 proposal1 contribut$ to br+ on g\t4 ,he began to h f9ancial worries too1 b ^! c h>dly h be5 suffici5tly great to h tr\bl$ him mu*1 = he left at 8 dea? prop]ty to ! value ( #bj1jjj4 ,he !re=e turn$ 8 att5tion1 probably 9 emulation1 or by ! advice1 ( 8 fri5d ,sir ,k5elm ,digby1 to ! pursuit ( ! philosoph]'s /one1 &1 ne$less to say1 ! results ( 8 exp]im5ts & ! money he exp5d$ ^u !m only aggravat$ ! /ate ( 8 heal?4 ,he rapidly sick5$1 & di$ 9 ,london on ,decemb] #i?1 #afda1 :5 =ty-two ye>s ( age4 ,he 0 accord$ a magnific5t fun]al 9 ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral1 & 0 buri$ 9 a tomb beside t ( ,john ( ,gaunt4 ,v ,,van ,,dyck',s ,,position ,,9 ,,art ,dur+ ! pa/ tw5ty ye>s ! public has become s educat$ 9 matt]s arti/ic t x wi%es at once to def9itely assign a c]ta9 position to an arti/ ) ^: works x is famili>4 ,we live 9 an age ( comp>ison1 & z opportunities = its ex]cise1 ow+ to ! *eap5+ ( travel1 are s manife/ly improv$ ( rec5t ye>s1 a m j e/imation exi/s 9 ! m9d ( ! public reg>d+ an arti/'s wor? ?an =m]ly4 ,van ,dyck1 z ,i said at ! beg9n+ ( ! op5+ *apt]1 has nev] fall5 f ! high position he occupi$ 9 8 own day4 ,he has always appeal$ to ! /ud5t & ! arti/ ( e nationality1 & if we survey portrait pa9t+ s9ce 8 day1 we %all see t he has ex]cis$ m influ5ce ?an any o!r arti/ :o has ev] liv$4 ,x may be said t ,titian1 = a c\ple ( c5turies aft] 8 dea?1 0 ! idol almo/ exclusively wor%ipp$1 & t dur+ ! la/ fifty ye>s ,velazquez & ,rembr&t h be5 ! ideals pa9t]s h dangl$ be=e ! public & !mselves4 ,b bo? ( ^! mighty ma/]s h _h _! ups & d[ns4 ,! g5ius ( ,rembr&t 0 c]ta9ly n appreciat$ until ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & ev5 !n 8 /up5d\s p[]s 7 n recognis$ z !y h be5 9 our own day4 ,! wor%ip ( ,velazquez is q a mod]n in/itution1 & x is n at all unlikely1 9 ! op9ion ( well-in=m$ critics1 t if 8 influ5ce1 :i* has n[ rea*$ a decad5t /age1 is n curtail$ x w create z mu* havoc among/ mod]n portrait pa9t]s z ! example ( ,con/able has _h ^u c]ta9 phases ( l&scape pa9t+4 ,x c nev] be laid to ! *>ge ( ,van ,dyck t any p]iod ( 8 art has ex]cis$ a p]man5tly baneful influ5ce4 ,true1 imm$iately aft] ! ,re/oration1 a s*ool arose1 head$ by ,sir ,pet] ,lely & ,sir ,godfrey ,knell]1 :o claim$ to h foll[$ ! traditions ( ,van ,dyck4 ,x requires1 h[ev]1 b little comp>ison betwe5 ev5 8 lat] & slight] works & ^? ( ,lely1 :o 0 incomp>ably ! greate/ ( ! portrait pa9t]s work+ 9 ,engl& 9 ! int]val betwe5 ,van ,dyck & ,hog>?1 to see h[ f> bel[ ,van ,dyck's /&>d portrait pa9t+ _h fall51 & h[ little ( 8 me?od !re 0 left 9 x4 ,van ,dyck has ex]cis$ m influ5ce 9 ,engl& ?an abroad4 ,_m ( our greate/ eighte5?-c5tury portrait pa9t]s h l>gely =m$ !mselves ^u 8 example4 ,ga9sbor\gh 0 ! mo/ conspicu\s in/ance ( ?is4 ,f 8 e>lie/ days he wor%ipp$ ! great ,flem+1 & t ! spell nev] left him may be gaug$ f 8 dy+ words3 ,we are all go+ to ,heav51 & ,van ,dyck is ( ! company4 ,ev5 prior to 8 dep>ture = ,ba?1 8 portraits possess$ _m ( ! qualities ( ,van ,dyck1 b aft] arriv+ 9 ! we/]n city1 !n ! c5tre ( a ri* & fa%ionable _w1 he _h manifold opportunities ( /udy+ 8 fav\rite ma/]4 ,8 bru%work became at once m ref9$1 8 col\r+ m transp>5t1 & 8 me?od 9 e way m facile4 ,be=e leav+ ,ba? he _h produc$ portraits :i* are wor?y to be plac$ alongside ^? ( ,van ,dyck1 & aft] a few ye>s' resid5ce 9 ,london _h creat$ ^? m>vels ( ! bru% :i* cont5d = supremacy ) ! f9e/ works ( ! ,flem+4 ,= example1 :at portrait ( ! latt] ma/] c\ld be cit$ to surpass ! portrait ( ,mrs4 ,graham 9 ! ,gall]y at ,ed9burgh1 ! sup]b gr\p at ,dulwi*1 or ! ,blue ,boy1 9 ! possession ( ! ,duke ( ,we/m9/]8 ,reynolds appe>s to h work$ m 9 emulation ( ,titian ?an ,van ,dyck4 ,he pa9t$ 9 a solid] & app>5tly sl[] mann]1 & if ! slickness--if ,i may be all[$ an ,am]icanism--( ! ,flemi% ma/] appeal$ to him1 x yet _h no visible effect ^u 8 own te*nique4 ,! m9or ma/]s ( our s*ool demon/rate mat]ially h[ mu* !y ow$ to ,van ,dyck4 ,allan ,ramsay & ,cotes be> adequate witness ( ?is4 ,full ju/ice1 h[ev]1 has n be5 done to ! good wr\ght = ,engli% art by 8 imm$iate foll[]s & pupils4 ,x is only ( late ye>s t ! portraits ( old ,/one are beg9n+ to be sort$ out f ^? ( ! lat] p]iod ( ,van ,dyck4 ,/one 0 occupi$ 9 copy+ or mak+ replicas ( ! portraits ( ,van ,dyck1 & s well did he succe$ 9 8 task t1 ev5 to ?is day1 num]\s works by him are to be f\nd 9 ! c\ntry h\ses ( ,engl& pass+ "u ! "n ( ! great ma/]4 ,,plate ,,viii4--,,! ,,m>*ese ,,cattaneo 7,9 ! ,national ,gall]y7 ,9 spite ( its some:at bad condition ?is portrait is an excell5t specim5 ( ,van ,dyck's ,g5oese p]iod4 ,x 0 a*iev$ ab\t ! same "t z ! two magnific5t pictures 9 ! ,scotti% ,national ,gall]y1 ! ,lomell9i family & ! portrait ( an unkn[n ,italian nobleman4 ,its rec5t entry into ! ,national ,gall]y fill$ a gap 9 our repres5tation ( ! great ,flem+4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,viii4 ,!n we h ,william ,dobson1 ^: works are wor?y ( yet m /udy ?an has hi!rto be5 accord$ !m4 ,he did n long survive ,van ,dyck1 dy+ 9 #afdf at ! e>ly age ( ?irty-six4 ,he 0 probably ! mo/ gift$ ( all 8 pupils1 & _h he liv$ at any o!r p]iod w\ld probably h be5 held 9 great e/imation4 ,!re is an excell5t example ( 8 bru% 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 ! portrait ( ,endymion ,port]1 groom ( ! b$*amb] ( ,*>les ,i4 ,9 _m ( ! o!r examples /rewn ab\t ! c\ntry he %[s yet a great] approa* to ,van ,dyck4 ,/ill1 ! ,trafalg> ,squ>e picture is a wor?y example ( 8 p[]s at 8 be/4 ,8 mascul9e h&l+ & s5se ( col\r place him1 f a purely arti/ic po9t ( view1 f> above su* m5 z ,lely & ,knell]1 :o foll[$ him4 ,ano!r pa9t] :o wr\ght excell5t "w "u ! ,commonweal? 0 ,rob]t ,walk]4 ,he 0 mu* patronis$ by ,oliv] ,cromwell & 8 p>ty4 ,he appe>s to h be5 "o ( ! few portrait pa9t]s :o fl\ri%$ at ?is "t4 ,he acquir$ 9 a rem>kable mann] ! liquid & transp>5t /yle affect$ by ,van ,dyck dur+ 8 la/ ye>s 9 ,engl&1 & c\pl+ ) ?is rem>kable p[]s ( fidelity1 8 portraits possess great attractions = ! arti/ z well z ! /ud5t ( hi/ory4 ,z ,i h already said1 ! influ5ce ( ,van ,dyck ^u ! pa9t]s :o fl\ri%$ ?r\gh\t ! ?ree succe$+ reigns 0 a decad5t "o4 ,sir ,pet] ,lely1 :o came to ,engl&1 at ! age ( tw5ty-?ree1 ) ! ,pr9ce ( ,orange1 ! son-9-law ( ,*>les ,i41 0 ! be/ ( all ^! m54 ,he 0 born 9 ,we/phalia1 ( ,dut* p>5tage1 & 0 educat$ 9 ! s*ool ( ,piet] ,fransz de ,grebb] at ,ha>lem4 ,b 8 entire me?od 0 built ^u ,van ,dyck4 ,he seems n to h _h a bad "t "u ! ,commonweal?1 = he 0 employ$ to pa9t ,cromwell's portrait4 ,x is said t he _h in/ructions ^u ?is occasion to pa9t him1 w>ts1 pimples1 & all4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 till ,*>les ,,ii4 _h asc5d$ ! ?rone t he rea*$ ! z5i? ( 8 fame4 ,!n came ! long s]ies ( ladies ( ! ,c\rt ) :i* we are s famili>4 ,!y are all set 9 ! same artificial sett+1 a l&scape half conv5tional1 half natural 9 feel+1 a languid & some:at haughty air ab\t ! heads1 toge!r ) drap]ies de/9$ to acc5tuate ! artificial appe>ance ( ! :ole portrait4 ,"o c see at a glance t x 0 f ,van ,dyck he _h le>n$ ! plac+ & h&l+ ( ! heads1 h&s1 & backgr\nds1 b :at a monoton\s procession x is4 ,9 ord] to appreciate ! sup]ficialities ( ,lely a numb] ( 8 portraits mu/ be se5 toge!r4 ,we !n see h[ monoton\s he 01 h[ few ( ^? qualities he possess$ :i* g to make up a great arti/4 ,t he _h a consid]able am\nt ( te*nique at 8 comm& c be se5 9 su* portraits z ! ,du*ess ( ,clevel& 9 ! ,national ,portrait ,gall]y1 b 9 o!rs aga9 he fell s f> bel[ ?is level ( excell5ce1 t "o is sometimes tempt$ to reject _m p]fectly glori\s pictures z n be+ f 8 h&4 ,! art ( ,lely _h atta9$ great popul>ity among/ ! ari/ocracy ^: lives call$ into be+ ! decad5t art ( ?is p]iod4 ,all :o s\ght ! public fav\r tri$ to cat* 8 mann]1 & h5ce arose q a numb] ( imitators4 ,occasionally ,lely 0 surpass$ by "s ( 8 s*ol>s4 ,= example1 ,john ,gre5hill absorb$ m ( ! real qualities ( ,van ,dyck ?an 8 ma/]4 ,! rem>kable portrait 9 ! ,gall]y ( ,dulwi* ,college %[s unmi/akable signs ( g5ius ( a high ord]1 & _h he n fall5 into irregul> habits & di$ at ! age ( ?irty-two he might h a*iev$ great ?+s4 ,sir ,godfrey ,knell]1 :o foll[$ ,lely1 0 inf9itely inf]ior to him z an arti/4 ,he claim$1 too1 to cont9ue ! ,van ,dyck tradition1 b by ?is "t ! art ( portrait pa9t+ _h sunk into su* a deplorable condition1 ow+ to ! depravity ( public ta/e & to ! slavi% imitation ( ! brilliant ,flem+1 t !re are few ( 8 pictures t appeal 9 ! lea/ to ! arti/ic s5se4 ,x 0 n until ! great p]iod ( ,engli% pa9t+1 beg9n+ ) ,hog>?1 ( :i* ,i h already spok51 t ! d[nw>d c>e] ( pa9t+ 9 ?is c\ntry 0 f9ally *eck$4 ,s f> our att5tion has be5 devot$ to discov]+ ! visible effect ( ,van ,dyck's art ^u 8 contempor>ies & foll[]s4 ,! fact t on ! :ole 8 influ5ce 0 decad5t 9 ?is direction mu/ n all[ u to detract f 8 own qualities4 ,we mu/ r se>* = ! reasons :i* caus$ 8 art to reta9 su* a hold ^u g5]ations ( ,engli% pa9t]s4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t ,van ,dyck's pr(ession 9 ,engl& 0 ess5tially t ( a portrait pa9t]1 & he 0 employ$ by ! ari/ocracy exclusively4 ,he1 inde$1 may be call$ ! ari/ocratic pa9t] p> excell5ce1 & 9 ?is respect does n yield to ei!r ,titian or ,velazquez4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 :5 he /ray$ f 8 normal c\rse t he reveal$ 8 defici5cies2 ! few extant portraits ( ! l[] classes demon/rate amply h[ unsuit$ he 0 to portray+ any bel[ ! upp] ranks ( life4 ,to e plebeian sitt] he imp>t$ an air ( g5tility & di/9ction q out ( keep+4 ,until ! adv5t ( ,wilson & ,ga9sbor\gh1 portraiture 0 ! sole art1 at any rate1 z f> z pa9t+ is conc]n$1 t fl\ri%$ 9 ,engl&4 ,its patrons 7 all ( ! upp] classes1 & ! ,van ,dyck mann]1 :i* by ?is "t _h become a tradition1 0 recognis$ by bo? arti/s & sitt]s z ! be/ suit$ to _! purpose4 ,x 0 only 9 ! eighte5? c5tury t ! g5]al f9ancial & educational uplift+ ( ! middle classes call$ into be+ t naturali/ s*ool :i* f9ally drove all o!rs f ! field4 ,x is probable1 h[ev]1 t ! pa9t]s :o work$ s slavi%ly 9 ,van ,dyck's ,engli% mann] _h nev] become acqua9t$ ) 8 f9e/ a*ievem5ts 9 portraiture4 ,) few exceptions ^! 7 execut$ be=e he settl$ p]man5tly 9 ,engl&4 ,x is practically c]ta9 t ,ga9sbor\gh1 = example1 _h nev] se5 su* portraits z ! ,philippe le ,roy & 8 wife1 n[ among ! greate/ treasures ( ,h]t=d ,h\se1 :i* date f ! ye>s betwe5 #afbh-cb4 ,x 0 !n t ,van ,dyck _h rea*$ 8 maximum developm5t1 & x is by ! portraits he made 9 ! t5 ye>s r\nd ab\t ?is date t he w probably be judg$ by po/]ity4 ,! facile ease & silv]y liquidity ( 8 latt] mann] may h an irresi/ible *>m = ^? :o h n /udi$ ! ma/] v deeply1 b = ! arti/ & ! /ud5t ! works he _h a*iev$1 be=e success _h cr[n$ 8 ef=ts 9 ! same measure t x did %ortly aft] 8 arrival "h1 w ev] rema9 ! /&>d by :i* to judge him4 ,at ?is "t he display$ great assiduity to le>n any?+ he c\ld ei!r f 8 pr$ecessors or f 8 contempor>ies4 ,9 ?is connection x may n be out ( place to relate a /ory1 ! tru? ( :i* has frequ5tly be5 *all5g$4 ,hav+ come across "s portraits by ,franz ,hals1 & be+ v anxi\s to see ! ma/] at "w1 he made a j\rney to ,ha>lem4 ,^u inquir+ at ! ,dut*man's /udio1 he f\nd t ,hals 0 at 8 usual tav]n4 ,he accord+ly s5t ^w to him t a /rang] 0 wait+ to h 8 portrait pa9t$1 & t he _h b two h\rs to give him be=e leav+ ! t[n4 ,hals arriv$ imm$iately1 &1 9 view ( ! %ortness ( "t at 8 disposal1 set to "w ) a w4 ,van ,dyck1 :o1 ne$less to say1 _h n be5 recognis$1 rem>k$1 z ,hals 0 putt+ on ! f9i%+ t\*es1 t pa9t+ seem$ a v easy process1 & ask$ to be all[$ to try 8 h&4 ,accord+ly !y *ang$ places1 & ,hals soon p]ceiv$ t ! /rang] 0 no novice 9 ! h&l+ ( ! bru%4 ,z ! "w proce$$ 8 curiosity became m & m :ett$1 & f9ally1 unable to re/ra9 8 curiosity any long]1 he w5t ov] to see h[ ! "w 0 progress+4 ,"o c imag9e 8 surprise :5 he saw a ma/]ly portrait 9 process ( completion1 &1 recognis+ ! h&l+1 imm$iately cri$ out3 ,:y1 y are none o!r ?an ,van ,dyck1 = he alone c\ld h a*iev$ :at y h done4 ,z an hi/orical pa9t] he takes a v high rank among/ sev5te5?-c5tury ma/]s2 he 0 f> ahead 9 vig\r ( treatm5t & 9 /r5g? ( bru%work ( any ( 8 contempor>ies 9 ,italy4 ,! s*ool ( ,bologna1 :il/ possess+ a ref9em5t he nev] atta9$1 is effem9ate 9 comp>ison ) him4 ,_! v eclecticism prev5t$ !m giv+ free re9 to _! fancy1 & consequ5tly ! great majority ( _! works possess a re/ra9t ( feel+1 c\pl$ ) a p]fection ( execution1 :i* nei!r ,rub5s nor ,van ,dyck surpass$4 ,van ,dyck c]ta9ly /&s out z ! greate/ s*ol> ( ,rub5s 9 e way4 ,8 fell[-pupils :om he left beh9d 9 ,fl&]s c\ld n comp>e ) him4 ,! works ( ! clev]e/ ( !m1 ,casp> de ,gray]1 appe> =mal1 inde$1 :5 comp>$ ) any ( ! /up5d\s religi\s compositions /ill pres]v$ 9 ! great *ur*es ( 8 native c\ntry4 ,_! *ief m]it is1 z ,i h be=e said1 9 ! exce$+ly human pres5tm5t ( ! subject4 ,! s5se ( physical pa9 & ( human brutality has nev] be5 bett] treat$1 &1 if at times he c>ries ?is quality to a pa9ful degree1 no *>ge c\ld be levell$ aga9/ him on ! score ( feebl5ess or ( lack ( ?or\ghness 9 mak+ 8 mean+ q cle>4 ,z comp>$ ) simil> works by ,rub5s !y possess an int]e/ = u :i* ! latt] _c always comm&1 by reason ( _! be+ conceiv$ & f9i%$ by ! ma/] himself1 :]eas ^? ( ,rub5s1 m (t5 ?an n1 7 only work$ ^u by ! ma/] aft] pupils _h c>ri$ out ! great] "p ( ! 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