,transcrib]'s ,note3        ,e ef=t has 
be5 made to replicate ?is text z        
fai?fully z      possible1 includ+      
inconsi/5cies 9 hyph5ation4 ,x seems t  
! italic typeface us$ 9 ?is book did n h
 an ae ligature4      ,names ( g5]a &   
high] taxonomic gr\ps are n capitaliz$ 9
      ! pr9t$ book3 !y h bee left       
un*ang$4 ,"s *anges h      be5 made4 ,!y
 are li/$ at ! end ( ! text4            
,italic text has be5 m>k$ ) und]scores4 
,,oe ligatures h be5 exp&$4          ,,!
 ,,riddle ,,( ,,! ,,univ]se             
,illu/ration3 ,,ern/ ,,haeckel          
,,! ,,riddle                            
,,( ,,! ,,univ]se                       
,,at ,,! ,,close ,,(                    
,,! ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury                  
,,by                                    
,,ern/ ,,haeckel                        
7,ph4,d41 ,m4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,sc4,d41 &  
,pr(essor at !                          
,univ]sity ( ,j5a7                      
,,au?or ,,( ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,creation 
,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,man ,,etc4        

,,translat$ ,,by                        
,,joseph ,mc,c,a,b,e                    
,illu/ration                            
,,h>p]  ,,bro!rs ,,publi%]s             
,,new ,,york ,,& ,,london               
#aije                                   
,copyright1 #aijj1 by ,,h>p]  ,,bro!rs4 
,all rights res]v$4          ,,cont5ts  
,,page        ,,au?or',s ,,preface      
v        ,,translator',s ,,preface      
xi        ,,*apt] ,i      ,,! ,,nature  
,,( ,,! ,,problem             #a        
,,*apt] ,,ii      ,,our ,,bodily ,,frame
                     #bb        ,,*apt] 
,,iii      ,,our ,,life                 
#ci        ,,*apt] ,,iv      ,,our      
,,embryonic ,,developm5t            #ec 
,,*apt] ,v      ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,our  
,,species           #ga        ,,*apt]  
,,vi      ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,s\l    
#hh        ,,*apt] ,,vii      ,,psy*ic  
,,gradations                  #ajh      
,,*apt] ,,viii      ,,! ,,embryology ,,(
 ,,! ,,s\l          #acb        ,,*apt] 
,,ix      ,,! ,,phylog5y ,,( ,,! ,,s\l  

#adh        ,,*apt] ,x                  
,,consci\sness                          
#agj        ,,*apt] ,,xi      ,,!       
,,immortality ,,( ,,! ,,s\l         #ahh
        ,,*apt] ,,xii      ,,! ,,law ,,(
 ,,sub/ance                #baa         
,,*apt] ,,xiii      ,,! ,,evolution ,,( 
,,! ,,_w          #bcc        ,,*apt]   
,,xiv      ,,! ,,unity ,,( ,,nature     
#bed        ,,*apt] ,,xv      ,,god ,,& 
,,! ,,_w                   #bge         
,,*apt] ,,xvi      ,,k ,,& ,,belief     
#bib        ,,*apt] ,,xvii      ,,sci5ce
 ,,& ,,*ri/ianity            #cjh       
,,*apt] ,,xviii      ,,our ,,moni/ic    
,,religion               #cca           
,,*apt] ,,xix      ,,our ,,moni/ic      
,,e?ics                 #cdg            
,,*apt] ,,xx      ,,solution ,,( ,,!    
,,_w-,,problems      #cfe               
,,conclusion                            
#chj        ,,index                     
#che          ,,au?or',s ,,preface      
,! pres5t /udy ( ! moni/ic philosophy is
 int5d$ = ?\ghtful  read]s ( e condition

 :o are unit$ 9 an hone/ se>* = !  tru?4
 ,an int5sification ( ?is ef=t ( man to 
atta9 a k  ( ! tru? is "o ( ! mo/ sali5t
 features ( ! n9ete5?  c5tury4 ,t is    
easily expla9$1 9 ! fir/ place1 by !    
imm5se  progress ( sci5ce1 especially 9 
its mo/ important bran*1 !  hi/ory (    
humanity2 x is due1 9 ! second place1 to
 ! op5  contradiction t has develop$    
dur+ ! c5tury betwe5 sci5ce  & !        
traditional ,revelation2 &1 f9ally1 x   
arises f !  inevitable ext5sion & deep5+
 ( ! rational dem& = an  elucidation ( !
 innum]able facts t h be5 rec5tly br\ght
 to  light1 & = a full] k ( _! causes4  
,un=tunately1 ?is va/ progress (        
empirical k 9 our  ,c5tury ( ,sci5ce has
 n be5 accompani$ by a correspond+      
advancem5t ( its !oretical              
int]pretation--t high] k (  ! causal    
nexus ( individual ph5om5a :i* we call  
philosophy4 ,we  f9d1 on ! contr>y1 t ! 
ab/ract & almo/ :olly metaphysical      
sci5ce :i* has be5 taught 9 our         
univ]sities = ! la/ hundr$  ye>s "u ! "n

 ( philosophy is f> f assimilat+ our    
h>d-e>n$ treasures ( exp]im5tal rese>*4 
,on ! o!r h&1 we  h to admit1 ) equal   
regret1 t mo/ ( ! repres5tatives  ( :at 
is call$ exact sci5ce are cont5t ) !    
special c>e  ( _! own n>r[ bran*es (    
obs]vation & exp]im5t1 &  deem sup]flu\s
 ! deep] /udy ( ! univ]sal connection ( 
! ph5om5a !y obs]ve--t is1 philosophy4  
,:ile ^! pure  empirici/s d n see ! wood
 = ! trees1 ! metaphysicians1 on  ! o!r 
h&1 are satisfi$ ) ! m]e picture ( !    
wood1 &  tr\ble n ab\t its individual   
trees4 ,! idea ( a philosophy (  nature1
 to :i* bo? ^? me?ods ( rese>*1 !       
empirical & !  speculative1 naturally   
conv]ge1 is ev5 yet contemptu\sly       
reject$ by  l>ge numb]s ( repres5tatives
 ( bo? t5d5cies4    ,?is unnatural &    
fatal opposition betwe5 sci5ce &        
philosophy1  betwe5 ! results ( exp]i5ce
 & ( ?\ght1 is und\bt$ly  becom+ m & m  
on]\s & pa9ful to ?\ghtful p4 ,t  is    
easily prov$ by ! increas+ spread ( !   
imm5se popul>  lit]ature ( natural      

philosophy :i* has sprung up 9 ! c\rse  
( ! la/ half-c5tury4 ,x is se51 too1 9 !
 welcome fact t1  9 spite ( ! mutual    
av]sion ( ! sci5tific obs]v] & !        
speculative philosoph]1 nev]!less em95t 
?9k]s f bo?  camps league !mselves 9 a  
unit$ ef=t to atta9 ! solution  ( t     
highe/ object ( inquiry :i* we briefly  
d5om9ate !  _w-riddles4 ,! /udies ( ^!  
_w-riddles :i* ,i (f] 9  ! pres5t "w _c 
reasonably claim to give a p]fect       
solution (  !m2 !y m]ely (f] to a wide  
circle ( read]s a critical inquiry  into
 ! problem1 & seek to answ] ! "q z to h[
 ne>ly we  h approa*$ t solution at !   
pres5t day4 ,:at /age 9 !  atta9m5t (   
tru? h we actually arriv$ at 9 ?is clos+
 ye> (  ! n9ete5? c5tury8 ,:at progress 
h we really made dur+ its  c\rse t[>ds t
 immeasurably di/ant goal8    ,! answ]  
:i* ,i give to ^! great que/ions mu/1   
naturally1 be  m]ely subjective & only  
p>tly correct2 = my k ( nature  & my    
ability to int]pret its objective       
reality are limit$1 z are  ^? ( e man4  

,! "o po9t t ,i c claim = x1 & :i*1     
inde$1 ,i mu/ ask ( my /ronge/ oppon5ts1
 is t my ,moni/ic  ,philosophy is s9c]e 
f beg9n+ to end--x is ! complete        
expression ( ! conviction t has come to 
me1 aft] _m ye>s (  ard5t rese>* into   
,nature & unceas+ reflection1 z to !    
true  basis ( its ph5om5a4 ,= fully half
 a c5tury has my m9d's "w  proce$$1 & ,i
 n[1 9 my sixty-six? ye>1 may v5ture to 
claim  t x is mature2 ,i am fully       
conv9c$ t ?is ripe fruit ( !  tree ( k w
 receive no important addition & suff]  
no  sub/antial modification dur+ ! brief
 spell ( life t rema9s to  me4    ,i    
pres5t$ all ! ess5tial & di/9ctive      
elem5ts ( my moni/ic  & g5etic          
philosophy ?irty-?ree ye>s ago1 9 my    
,g5]al  ,morphology ( ,organisms1 a l>ge
 & labori\s "w1 :i* has _h b  a limit$  
circulation4 ,x 0 ! fir/ attempt to     
apply 9 detail !  newly e/abli%$ !ory ( 
evolution to ! :ole sci5ce ( organic    
=ms4 ,9 ord] to secure ! acceptance ( at
 lea/ "o "p ( !  new ?\ght :i* x        

conta9$1 & to k9dle a wid] int]e/ 9 !   
greate/ advancem5t ( k t our c5tury has 
witness$1 ,i  publi%$ my ,natural       
,hi/ory ( ,creation two ye>s aft]w>ds4  
,z ?is less complicat$ "w1 9 spite ( its
 great defects1 ran  into n9e l>ge      
editions & twelve diff]5t translations1 
x has  contribut$ n a little to ! spread
 ( moni/ic views4 ,! same  may be said (
 ! less kn[n ,an?ropog5y#a 7#ahgd71 9   
:i* ,i  set myself ! difficult task (   
r5d]+ ! mo/ important facts  ( ! !ory ( 
man's desc5t accessible & intelligible  
to !  g5]al read]2 ! f\r?1 enl>g$1      
edition ( t "w appe>$ 9  #ahia4 ,9 !    
pap] :i* ,i read at ! f\r? ,int]national
 ,congress  ( ,zoology at ,cambridge1 9 
#ahih1 on ,our ,pres5t ,k ( !  ,desc5t (
 ,man#b 7a sev5? edition ( :i* appe>$ 9 
#ahii71 ,i  treat$ c]ta9 significant &  
p>ticul>ly valuable advances :i*  ?is   
important bran* ( an?ropology has       
rec5tly made4 ,o!r isolat$  que/ions (  
our mod]n natural philosophy1 :i* are   
peculi>ly  int]e/+1 h be5 dealt ) 9 my  

,collect$ ,popul> ,lectures on  !       
,subject ( ,evolution 7#ahgh74 ,f9ally1 
,i h briefly pres5t$  ! broad pr9ciples 
( my moni/ic philosophy & its relation  
to !  dom9ant fai? 9 my ,confession (   
,fai? ( a ,man ( ,sci5ce3 ,monism  z a  
,connect+ ,l9k betwe5 ,religion &       
,sci5ce#c 7#ahib1 eigh?  edition1       
#ahii74    ,! pres5t "w on ,! ,riddle ( 
! ,univ]se is ! cont9uation1            
confirmation1 & integration ( ! views   
:i* ,i h urg$ = a  g5]ation 9 ! a=esaid 
volumes4 ,x m>ks ! close ( my /udies  on
 ! moni/ic conception ( ! univ]se4 ,!   
e>li] plan1 :i*  ,i project$ _m ye>s    
ago1 ( con/ruct+ a complete ,sy/em (    
,moni/ic ,philosophy on ! basis (       
evolution w nev] be c>ri$  into effect  
n[4 ,my /r5g? is no long] equal to !    
task1 & _m  w>n+s ( approa*+ age urge me
 to desi/4 ,inde$1 ,i am :olly a  *ild (
 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & ) its close ,i draw
 ! l9e  "u my life's "w4    ,! va/      
ext5sion ( human k :i* has tak5 place   
dur+  ! pres5t c5tury1 ow+ to a happy   

division ( labor1 makes  x impossible   
to-day to range ov] all its bran*es )   
equal  ?or\ghness1 & to %[ _! ess5tial  
unity & connection4  ,ev5 a g5ius ( !   
highe/ type1 hav+ an equal comm& ( e    
bran* ( sci5ce1 & l>gely end[$ ) !      
arti/ic faculty (  compreh5sive         
pres5tation1 w\ld be incapable ( sett+  
=? a  complete view ( ! cosmos 9 ! space
 ( a mod]ate volume4 ,my own  comm& ( ! 
v>i\s bran*es ( sci5ce is unev5 &       
defective1  s t ,i c attempt no m ?an to
 sket* ! g5]al plan ( su*  a _w-picture1
 & po9t out ! p]vad+ unity ( its p>ts1  
h[ev] imp]fect be ! execution4 ,?us x is
 t ?is "w on !  _w-enigma has some?+ ( !
 "* ( a sket*-book1 9 :i*  /udies (     
unequal value are associat$4 ,z !       
mat]ial ( ! book  0 p>tly writt5 _m ye>s
 ago1 & p>tly produc$ = ! fir/  "t dur+ 
! la/ few ye>s1 ! composition is1       
un=tunately1  unev5 at times2           
repetitions1 too1 h prov$ unavoidable4  
,i tru/  ^? defects w be ov]look$4    ,9
 tak+ leave ( my read]s1 ,i v5ture !    

hope t1 ?r\gh my  s9c]e & consci5ti\s   
"w--9 spite ( its faults1 ( :i* ,i am  n
 unconsci\s--,i h contribut$ a little   
t[>ds ! solution  ( ! great enigma4     
,amid ! cla% ( !ories1 ,i tru/ t ,i h   
indicat$ to _m a read] :o is absorb$ 9 !
 zeal\s pursuit (  purely rational k t  
pa? :i*1 x is my firm conviction1  alone
 leads to ! tru?--! pa? ( empirical     
inve/igation & (  ! ,moni/ic ,philosophy
 :i* is bas$ ^u x4                      
,,ern/ ,,haeckel4    ,,j5a1 ,,g]many4   
,,preface      ,! h\r is close ^u u :5  
we %all comm5ce our retrospect ( "o  ( !
 mo/ wond]ful sections ( "t t 0 ev]     
measur$ by !  sweep ( ! e>?4 ,already ! 
exp]t is at "w1 dissect+ out &  /udy+ 8 
p>ticul> phase ( t va/ _w ( ?\ght &     
action  we call ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,art1 
lit]ature1 comm]ce1 indu/ry1  politics1 
e?ics--all h _! high int]pret]s among u2
 b 9  ! *ance ( life x has fall5 out t  
!re is none to read aright  = u1 9      
hi/oric retrospect1 :at aft] ages w     
probably reg>d  z ! mo/ sali5t feature (

 ! n9ete5? c5tury--! conflict  ( !ology 
) philosophy & sci5ce4 ,! p5s ( our     
,huxleys1  & ,tyndalls1 & ,d>w9s lie :]e
 !y fell2 !re is none left 9  /r5g?     
among u to sum up ! issues ( t /ruggle )
 k  & sympa?y4    ,9 ^! circum/ances x  
has be5 ?\ght fitt+ t we %\ld  introduce
 to ,engli% read]s ! late/ "w (         
,pr(essor ,haeckel4  ,g]many1 z ! read] 
w quickly p]ceive1 is witness+ ! same   
/range reaction ( ?\ght t we see ab\t u 
"h 9 ,engl&1  yet ,die ,weltr?sel f\nd  
an imm$iate & v ext5sive circle  (      
read]s4 ,"o ( ! mo/ prom95t zoologi/s ( 
! c5tury1  ,pr(essor ,haeckel1 has a    
unique claim to pron\nce ) au?ority1 f  
! sci5tific side1 on :at is kn[n z !    
conflict ( sci5ce &  religion4 ,9 !     
contradictory e/imates t are urg$ on    
u--=  ! mod]n ecclesia/ic is z emphatic 
9 8 assurance t !  conflict has end$    
favorably to !ology z ! rationali/ is ) 
8  c\nt]-ass]tion--! la/ words ( "o ( ! 
lead+ combatants (  ! second half ( !   
c5tury1 /ill1 happily1 9 full vigor (   

m9d1  w be he>d ) respect & close       
att5tion4    ,a glance at ! index ( ! "w
 suffices to indicate its compreh5sive  
"*4 ,! judgm5t ( ! di/+ui%$ sci5ti/ _c  
fail  to h weight on all ! topics       
includ$2 yet ! read] w soon  discov] a  
ve9 ( exceptionally int]e/+ ?\ght 9 !   
*apt]s  on evolution4 ,! evolution ( !  
human body is no long] a matt]  ( s]i\s 
dispute4 ,x has pass$ ! fir/ two        
tribunals--^? (  !ology & ( an  priori  
philosophy--& is only *all5g$ at !  ?ird
 & la/--t ( empirical pro(--by !        
decorative heads (  sci5tific bodies & a
 few isolat$ ?9k]s4        ,app>5t r>i  
nantes 9 gurgite va/o4    ,b ! "q ( !   
evolution ( ! human m9d1 or s\l1 has be5
  successfully divorc$ f t ( ! body4    
,roman ,ca?olic advanc$  !ologians1 ^:  
precise t]m9ology dem&$ a cle> position1
 admit  ! latt] & d5y ! =m]             
categorically4 ,o!r !ologians1 &  _m    
philosoph]s1 h /ill a vague notion t !  
evid5ce =  ! "o does n impair _!        
s5tim5tal objection to ! o!r4 ,dr4      

,haeckel's "w summ>izes ! evid5ce = !   
evolution ( m9d 9  a ma/]ly & pr(\ndly  
int]e/+ fa%ion4 ,x seems impossible to  
foll[ 8 broad survey ( ! psy*ic _w1 f   
proti/ to man1  )\t be>+ away a         
conviction ( ! natural orig9 ( e p[]  & 
cont5t ( ! human s\l4                   
,,translator4    ,octob]1 #aijj4        
,,! ,,riddle ,,( ,,! ,,univ]se          
,,*apt] ,i    ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,!      
,,problem        ,! ,condition (        
,civilization & ( ,?\ght at ! ,close (  
! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury--,progress ( ,our ,k 
( ,nature1      ( ! ,organic &          
,inorganic ,sci5ces--,! ,law ( ,sub/ance
      & ! ,law ( ,evolution--,progress (
 ,te*nical ,sci5ce &      ( ,appli$     
,*emi/ry--,/agnancy 9 o!r ,dep>tm5ts (  
,life3 ,legal & ,political              
,adm9i/ration1 ,education1 & !          
,*ur*--,conflict ( ,reason &            
,dogma--,an?ropism--,cosmological       
,p]spective--,cosmological              
,!orems--,refutation ( ! ,delusion      
( ,man's ,importance--,numb] (          

,_w-,riddles--,criticism (      ! ,sev5 
,enigmas--,! ,way to ,solve             
,!m--,function ( !      ,s5ses & ( !    
,bra9--,induction & ,d$uction--,reason1 
,s5tim5t1 & ,revelation--,philosophy &  
,sci5ce--,exp]i5ce &                    
,speculation--,dualism & ,monism      ,!
 close ( ! n9ete5? c5tury (f]s "o ( !   
mo/ rem>kable  spectacles to ! ?\ghtful 
obs]v]4 ,all educat$ p are  agre$ t x   
has 9 _m respects immeasurably out/ripp$
 its  pr$ecessors1 & has a*iev$ tasks t 
7 deem$ impracticable at  its           
comm5cem5t4 ,an entirely new "* has be5 
giv5 to ! :ole  ( our mod]n             
civilization1 n only by our a/\nd+      
!oretical  progress 9 s\nd k ( nature1 b
 also by ! rem>kably  f]tile practical  
application ( t k 9 te*nical sci5ce1    
indu/ry1 comm]ce1 & s =?4 ,on ! o!r h&1 
h[ev]1 we h  made little or no progress 
9 moral & social life1 9 comp>ison )    
e>li] c5turies2 at times !re has be5    
s]i\s reaction4 ,& f  ?is obvi\s        
conflict !re h aris51 n only an uneasy  

s5se (  dismemb]m5t & fals5ess1 b ev5 ! 
dang] ( grave cata/rophes  9 ! political
 & social _w4 ,x is1 !n1 n m]ely ! "r1  
b ! sacr$ duty1 ( e honorable &         
humanit>ian ?9k] to  devote himself     
consci5ti\sly to ! settlem5t ( t        
conflict1  & to w>d+ (f ! dang]s t x    
br+s 9 its tra94 ,9 our  conviction ?is 
c only be done by a c\rage\s ef=t to    
atta9 !  tru?1 & by ! =mation ( a cle>  
view ( ! _w--a view t  %all be bas$ on  
tru? & con=mity to reality4    ,if we   
recall to m9d ! imp]fect condition (    
sci5ce at !  beg9n+ ( ! c5tury1 & comp>e
 ?is ) ! magnific5t  /ructure ( its     
clos+ ye>s1 we are compell$ to admit t  
m>vell\s progress has be5 made dur+ its 
c\rse4 ,e s+le  bran* ( sci5ce c boa/ t 
x has1 especially dur+ ! latt]  half ( !
 c5tury1 made num]\s acquisitions ( !   
utmo/ value4  ,bo? 9 our microscopic k (
 ! little & 9 our telescopic            
inve/igation ( ! great we h atta9$ an   
invaluable insight  t seem$             
inconceivable a hundr$ ye>s ago4        

,improv$ me?ods (  microscopic &        
biological rese>* h n only reveal$ to u 
an  invisible _w ( liv+ ?+s 9 ! k+dom ( 
! proti/s1 full  ( an inf9ite weal? (   
=ms1 b !y h taught u to recognize 9  !  
t9y cell ! all-p]vad+ elem5t>y organism 
( ^: social  communities--! tissues--!  
body ( e multicellul> plant &  animal1  
ev5 t ( man1 is compos$4 ,?is anatomical
 k is  ( extreme importance2 & x is     
supplem5t$ by ! embryological  discov]y 
t ea* ( ! high] multicellul> organisms  
is develop$  out ( "o simple cell1 !    
impregnat$ ovum4 ,! cellul> !ory1  :i*  
has be5 f\nd$ on t discov]y1 has giv5 u 
! fir/ true  int]pretation ( ! physical1
 *emical1 & ev5 ! psy*ological          
processes ( life--^? my/]i\s ph5om5a =  
^: explanation  x _h be5 cu/om>y to     
po/ulate a sup]natural vital =ce or     
immortal s\l4 ,moreov]1 ! true "* (     
disease has be5 made  cle> &            
intelligible to ! physician = ! fir/ "t 
by !  cognate sci5ce ( ,cellul>         
,pa?ology4    ,! discov]ies ( ! n9ete5? 

c5tury 9 ! inorganic _w are no  less    
important4 ,physics has made a/\nd+     
progress 9 e section  ( its prov9ce--9  
optics & ac\/ics1 9 magnetism &         
electricity1  9 me*anics &              
!rmo-dynamics2 &1 :at is /ill m         
important1  x has prov$ ! unity ( ! =ces
 ( ! entire univ]se4 ,!  me*anical !ory 
( heat has %[n h[ intimately !y are     
connect$1  & h[ ea* c1 9 c]ta9          
conditions1 trans=m itself directly     
into ano!r4 ,spectral analysis has      
taught u t ! same matt]  :i* ent]s into 
! composition ( all bodies on e>?1      
includ+  its liv+ inhabitants1 builds up
 ! re/ ( ! planets1 ! sun1  & ! mo/     
di/ant />s4 ,a/ro-physics has           
consid]ably enl>g$  our cosmic          
p]spective 9 reveal+ to u1 9 !          
immeasurable dep?s  ( space1 millions ( 
circl+ sph]es l>g] ?an our e>?1 &1  l x1
 9 endless trans=mation1 9 an et]nal    
rhy?m ( life &  dea?4 ,*emi/ry has      
introduc$ u to a multitude ( new        
sub/ances1  all ( :i* arise f !         

comb9ation ( a few 7ab\t sev5ty7        
elem5ts t are incapable ( fur!r         
analysis2 "s ( !m play a  mo/ important 
"p 9 e bran* ( life4 ,x has be5 %[n t "o
  ( ^! elem5ts--c>bon--is ! rem>kable   
sub/ance t effects  ! endless v>iety (  
organic syn!ses1 & ?us may be consid]$  
! *emical basis ( life4 ,all ! p>ticul> 
advances1 h[ev]1 (  physics & *emi/ry   
yield 9 !oretical importance to !       
discov]y  ( ! great law :i* br+s !m all 
to "o common focus1 ! ,law  ( ,sub/ance4
 ,z ?is fundam5tal cosmic law e/abli%es 
! et]nal  p]si/5ce ( matt] & =ce1 _!    
unv>y+ con/ancy ?r\gh\t  ! entire       
univ]se1 x has become ! pole-/> t guides
 our  ,moni/ic ,philosophy ?r\gh !      
mighty labyr9? to a solution ( !        
_w-problem4    ,s9ce we int5d to make a 
g5]al survey ( ! actual condition (  our
 k ( nature & its progress dur+ ! pres5t
 c5tury 9  ! foll[+ *apt]s1 we %all     
delay no long] ) ! review (  its        
p>ticul> bran*es4 ,we w\ld only m5tion  
"o important advance1  :i* 0 contempor>y

 ) ! discov]y ( ! law ( sub/ance1 &  :i*
 supplem5ts x--! e/abli%m5t ( ! !ory (  
evolution4  ,x is true t !re 7          
philosoph]s :o spoke ( ! evolution  (   
?+s a ?\s& ye>s ago2 b ! recognition t  
su* a law  dom9ates ! entire univ]se1 & 
t ! _w is no?+ else ?an  an et]nal      
evolution ( sub/ance1 is a fruit ( !    
n9ete5?  c5tury4 ,x 0 n until ! second  
half ( ?is c5tury t x  atta9$ to p]fect 
cle>ness & a univ]sal application4 ,!   
immortal  m]it ( e/abli%+ ! doctr9e on  
an empirical basis1 & po9t+  out its    
_w-wide application1 belongs to ! great 
sci5ti/ ,*>les  ,d>w92 he x 0 :o1 9     
#ahei1 suppli$ a solid f\ndation = !    
!ory ( desc5t1 :i* ! able ,fr5*         
naturali/ ,jean ,lam>ck _h  already     
sket*$ 9 its broad outl9es 9 #ahji1 & ! 
fundam5tal  idea ( :i* _h be5 almo/     
prophetically enunciat$ 9 #agii by      
,g]many's greate/ poet & ?9k]1 ,wolfgang
 ,goe!4 ,9 t !ory we  h ! key to ! "q ( 
all que/ions1 to ! great enigma  ( !    
place ( man 9 nature1 & ( 8 natural     

developm5t4 ,if we  are 9 a position    
to-day to recognize ! sov]eignty ( ! law
 (  evolution--&1 inde$1 ( a moni/ic    
evolution--9 e prov9ce (  nature1 & to  
use x1 9 conjunction ) ! law ( sub/ance1
 = a  simple int]pretation ( all natural
 ph5om5a1 we owe x *iefly to  ^? ?ree   
di/+ui%$ naturali/s2 !y %9e z ?ree />s (
 !  fir/ magnitude amid all ! great m5 (
 ! c5tury4    ,?is m>vell\s progress 9 a
 !oretical k ( nature has  be5 foll[$ by
 a manifold practical application 9 e   
bran*  ( civiliz$ life4 ,if we are      
to-day 9 ! age ( comm]ce1 if            
int]national trade & communication h    
atta9$ dim5sions beyond  ! conception ( 
any previ\s age1 if we h transc5d$ !    
limits  ( space & "t by our telegraph & 
telephone1 we owe x1 9 !  fir/ place1 to
 ! te*nical advancem5t ( physics1       
especially 9  ! application ( /eam &    
electricity4 ,if1 9 photography1 we c1  
) ! utmo/ ease1 compel ! sunbeam to     
create = u 9 a mom5t's  "t a correct    
picture ( any object we l2 if we h made 

enorm\s  progress 9 agriculture1 & 9 a  
v>iety ( o!r pursuits2 if1 9  surg]y1 we
 h br\ght an inf9ite relief to human pa9
 by our  *lor(orm & morphia1 our        
antiseptics & s]\s !rapeutics1 we  owe x
 all to appli$ *emi/ry4 ,b x is s well  
kn[n h[ mu* we  h surpass$ all e>li]    
c5turies ?r\gh ^! & o!r sci5tific       
discov]ies t we ne$ l+] ov] ! "q no     
long]4    ,:ile we look back ) a j pride
 on ! imm5se progress ( !  n9ete5?      
c5tury 9 a k ( nature & 9 its practical 
application1 we f9d1 un=tunately1 a v   
diff]5t & f> f  agreeable picture :5 we 
turn to ano!r & n less important        
prov9ce ( mod]n life4 ,to our great     
regret we mu/ endorse ! words  ( ,alfr$ 
,wallace3 ,comp>$ ) our a/\nd+ progress 
9 physical  sci5ce & its practical      
application1 our sy/em ( gov]nm5t1 (    
adm9i/rative ju/ice1 & ( national       
education1 & our entire  social & moral 
organization1 rema9 9 a /ate ( b>b>ism4 
,to  conv9ce ourselves ( ! tru? ( ?is   
grave indictm5t we ne$ only  ca/ an     

unprejudic$ glance at our public life1  
or look into ! mirror  t is daily (f]$  
to u by ! press1 ! organ ( public       
s5tim5t4    ,we beg9 our review )       
ju/ice1 ! fundam5tum regnorum4 ,no "o  c
 ma9ta9 t its condition to-day is 9     
h>mony ) our advanc$  k ( man & ! _w4 ,n
 a week passes 9 :i* we d n  read (     
judicial decisions ov] :i* e ?\ghtful   
man %akes 8  head 9 despair2 _m ( !     
decisions ( our high] & l[] c\rts  are  
simply un9telligible4 ,we are n ref]r+ 9
 ! treatm5t (  ?is p>ticul> _w-problem  
to ! fact t _m mod]n /ates1 9  spite (  
_! pap] con/itutions1 are really gov]n$ 
) absolute  despotism1 & t _m :o occupy 
! b5* give judgm5t less 9  accordance ) 
_! s9c]e conviction ?an ) wi%es express$
  9 high] qu>t]s4 ,we readily admit t ! 
majority ( judges &  c\nsel decide      
consci5ti\sly1 & err simply f human     
frailty4  ,mo/ ( _! errors1 inde$1 are  
due to defective prep>ation4 ,x is      
popul>ly suppos$ t ^! are j ! m5 (      
highe/ education1  & t on t v acc\nt !y 

h ! pref]5ce 9 nom9ations  to diff]5t   
(fices4 ,h[ev]1 ?is fam$ legal education
 is = !  mo/ "p r ( a =mal & te*nical   
"*4 ,!y h b a  sup]ficial acqua9tance ) 
t *ief & peculi> object ( _!  activity1 
! human organism1 & its mo/ important   
function1 !  m9d4 ,t is evid5t f !      
curi\s views z to ! lib]ty ( !  w1      
responsibility1 etc41 :i* we enc\nt]    
daily4 ,i once told an  em95t juri/ t ! 
t9y sph]ical ovum f :i* e man is        
develop$ is z truly end[$ ) life z !    
embryo ( two1 or sev51  or ev5 n9e      
mon?s2 he laugh$ incr$ul\sly4 ,mo/ ( !  
/ud5ts  ( jurisprud5ce h no acqua9tance 
) an?ropology1 psy*ology1  & ! doctr9e (
 evolution--! v fir/ requisites = a     
correct  e/imate ( human nature4 ,!y h  
no "t = x2 _! "t is  already too l>gely 
bespok5 = an exhau/ive /udy ( be] & w9e 
& = ! noble art ( f5c+4 ,! re/ ( _!     
valuable /udy-"t  is requir$ = ! purpose
 ( le>n+ "s hundr$s ( p>agraphs (  law  
books1 a k ( :i* is suppos$ to qualify !
 juri/ =  any position :atev] 9 our     

mod]n civiliz$ community4    ,we %all   
t\* b lightly on ! un=tunate prov9ce (  
politics1 =  ! unsatisfactory condition 
( ! mod]n political _w is only too      
famili>4 ,9 a great measure its evils   
are due to ! fact t mo/ (  our (ficials 
are juri/s--t is1 m5 ( high te*nical    
education1  b utt]ly devoid ( t ?or\gh k
 ( human nature :i* is  only obta9$ by !
 /udy ( comp>ative an?ropology & !      
moni/ic  psy*ology--m5 )\t an           
acqua9tance ) ^? social relations (  :i*
 we f9d ! e>li] types 9 comp>ative      
zoology & ! !ory  ( evolution1 9 !      
cellul> !ory1 & ! /udy ( ! proti/s4 ,we 
c only arrive at a correct k ( !        
/ructure & life ( !  social body1 !     
/ate1 ?r\gh a sci5tific k ( ! /ructure  
& life ( ! individuals :o compose x1 & !
 cells ( :i* !y  are 9 turn compos$4 ,if
 our political rul]s & our              
repres5tatives  ( ! p possess$ ?is      
invaluable biological & an?ropological  
k1 we %\ld n f9d our j\rnals s full ( ! 
sociological  blund]s & political       

nons5se :i* at pres5t are f> f adorn+   
our p>liam5t>y reports1 & ev5 _m ( our  
(ficial docum5ts4  ,wor/ ( all is x :5 !
 mod]n /ate fl+s itself into ! arms  ( !
 reaction>y ,*ur*1 & :5 ! n>r[-m9d$     
self-int]e/  ( p>ties & ! infatuation ( 
%ort-sight$ p>ty-lead]s l5d  _! support 
to ! hi]>*y4 ,!n are witness$ su* sad   
sc5es  z ! ,g]man ,rei*/ag puts be=e our
 eyes ev5 at ! close (  ! n9ete5?       
c5tury4 ,we h ! spectacle ( ! educat$   
,g]man  p 9 ! p[] ( ! ultramontane      
,c5tre1 "u ! rule ( !  ,roman papacy1   
:i* is its bitt]e/ & mo/ dang]\s enemy4 
,!n  sup]/ition & /upidity reign in/ead 
( "r & reason4 ,nev]  w our gov]nm5t    
improve until x ca/s (f ! fett]s ( !    
,*ur* & raises ! views ( ! citiz5s on   
man & ! _w to a  high] level by a g5]al 
sci5tific education4 ,t does n raise  ! 
"q ( any special =m ( con/itution4 ,:e!r
 a mon>*y  or a republic be pref]able1  
:e!r ! con/itution %\ld be  ari/ocratic 
or democratic1 are subord9ate que/ions 9
 comp>ison  ) ! supreme "q3 ,%all !     

mod]n civiliz$ /ate be  spiritual or    
secul>8 ,%all x be !ocratic--rul$ by !  
irrational  =mul ( fai? & by cl]ical    
despotism--or nomocratic--"u !          
sov]eignty ( rational laws & civic "r8  
,! fir/ task is to  k9dle a rational    
int]e/ 9 our y\?1 & to uplift our       
citiz5s  & free !m f sup]/ition4 ,t c   
only be a*iev$ by a timely  re=m ( our  
s*ools4    ,our education ( ! "y is no m
 9 h>mony ) mod]n sci5tific  progress   
?an our legal & political _w4 ,physical 
sci5ce1 :i*  is s mu* m important ?an   
all o!r sci5ces1 & :i*1 prop]ly         
und]/ood1 really embraces all ! s-call$ 
moral sci5ces1 is /ill  reg>d$ z a m]e  
accessory 9 our s*ools1 if n treat$ z ! 
,c9d]ella ( ! curriculum4 ,mo/ ( our    
tea*]s /ill give !  mo/ prom95t place to
 t dead le>n+ :i* has come d[n f  !     
cloi/ral s*ools ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,9 ! 
front rank we h  grammatical gymna/ics &
 an imm5se wa/e ( "t ov] a ?or\gh  k (  
classics & ( ! hi/ory ( =eign nations4  
,e?ics1  ! mo/ important object (       

practical philosophy1 is entirely       
neglect$1 & its place is usurp$ by !    
ecclesia/ical cre$4 ,fai?  mu/ take     
prec$5ce ov] k--n t sci5tific fai? :i*  
leads to a moni/ic religion1 b !        
irrational sup]/ition t  lays !         
f\ndation ( a p]v]t$ ,*ri/ianity4 ,!    
valuable tea*+  ( mod]n cosmology &     
an?ropology1 ( biology & evolution1 is  
mo/ inadequately imp>t$1 if n entirely  
unkn[n1 9 our high]  s*ools2 :ile !     
memory is burd5$ ) a mass ( philological
 &  hi/orical facts :i* are utt]ly      
useless1 ei!r f ! po9t (  view (        
!oretical education or = ! practical    
purposes ( life4  ,moreov]1 ! antiquat$ 
arrangem5ts & ! di/ribution ( faculties 
9 ! univ]sities are j z little 9 h>mony 
) ! po9t we  h rea*$ 9 moni/ic sci5ce z 
! curriculum ( ! prim>y &  second>y     
s*ools4    ,! climax ( ! opposition to  
mod]n education & its f\ndation1        
advanc$ natural philosophy1 is rea*$1 ( 
c\rse1 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,we  are n speak+ "h (
 ultramontane papi/ry1 nor ( ! or?odox  

evangelical t5d5cies1 :i* d n fall f>   
%ort ( x 9 ignorance  & 9 ! crass       
sup]/ition ( _! dogmas4 ,we are imag9+  
ourselves = ! mom5t to be 9 ! *ur* ( a  
lib]al ,prote/ant  m9i/]1 :o has a good 
av]age education1 & :o f9ds room =  !   
rights ( reason by ! side ( 8 fai?4     
,!re1 besides  excell5t moral tea*+1 :i*
 is 9 p]fect h>mony ) our own  moni/ic  
e?ics1 & humanit>ian discussion ( :i* we
 cordially  approve1 we he> ideas on !  
nature ( ,god1 ( ! _w1 ( man1 &  ( life 
:i* are directly oppos$ to all sci5tific
 exp]i5ce4 ,x  is no wond] t physici/s &
 *emi/s1 doctors & philosoph]s1  :o h   
made a ?or\gh /udy ( nature1 refuse a   
he>+ to su*  prea*]s4 ,our !ologians &  
our politicians are j z ignorant  z our 
philosoph]s & our juri/s ( t elem5t>y k 
(  nature :i* is bas$ on ! moni/ic !ory 
( evolution1 & :i* is  already f> exce$$
 9 ! triumph ( our mod]n le>n+4    ,f   
?is opposition1 :i* we c only briefly   
po9t out at pres5t1  !re arise grave    
conflicts 9 our mod]n life :i* urg5tly  

dem&  a settlem5t4 ,our mod]n education1
 ! outcome ( our great advance  9 k1 has
 a claim ^u e dep>tm5t ( public &       
private  life2 x w\ld see humanity      
rais$1 by ! in/rum5tality (  reason1 to 
t high] grade ( culture1 &1 consequ5tly1
 to t  bett] pa? t[>ds happ9ess :i* has 
be5 op5$ out to u by !  progress ( mod]n
 sci5ce4 ,t aim1 h[ev]1 is vigor\sly    
oppos$  by ! influ5tial p>ties :o w\ld  
deta9 ! m9d 9 ! explod$  views ( !      
,middle ,ages ) reg>d to ! mo/ important
 problems  ( life2 !y l+] 9 ! fold (    
traditional dogma1 & w\ld  h reason     
pro/rate itself be=e _! high]           
revelation4 ,t  is ! condition ( ?+s1 to
 a v l>ge ext5t1 9 !ology &  philosophy1
 9 sociology & jurisprud5ce4 ,x is n t !
 motives  ( ! latt] are to be attribut$1
 z a rule1 to pure self-int]e/2  !y spr+
 p>tly f ignorance ( ! facts1 & p>tly f 
an  indol5t acquiesc5ce 9 tradition4 ,! 
mo/ dang]\s ( ! ?ree  great enemies (   
reason & k is n malice2 b ignorance1 or1
  p]haps1 indol5ce4 ,! gods !mselves    

/ill /rive 9 va9 aga9/  ^! two latt]    
influ5ces :5 !y h happily vanqui%$ !    
fir/4    ,"o ( ! ma9 supports ( t       
reaction>y sy/em is /ill :at  we may    
call an?ropism4 ,i designate by ?is t]m 
t p[]ful  & _w-wide gr\p ( errone\s     
op9ions :i* opposes ! human  organism to
 ! :ole ( ! re/ ( nature1 & repres5ts x 
to be  ! preorda9$ end ( ! organic      
creation1 an entity ess5tially  di/9ct f
 x1 a godlike be+4 ,clos] exam9ation (  
?is gr\p (  ideas %[s x to be made up ( 
?ree diff]5t dogmas1 :i* we may  di/+ui%
 z ! an?ropoc5tric1 ! an?ropomorphic1 & 
!  an?ropolatr\s4#d    ,i4 ,!           
an?ropoc5tric dogma culm9ates 9 ! idea t
 man  is ! preorda9$ c5tre & aim ( all  
t]re/rial life--or1 9  a wid] s5se1 ( ! 
:ole univ]se4 ,z ?is error is extremely 
conducive to man's int]e/1 & z x is     
intimately connect$ ) !  creation-my? ( 
! ?ree great ,m$it]ranean religions1 & )
 !  dogmas ( ! ,mosaic1 ,*ri/ian1 &     
,mohamm$an !ologies1 x /ill  dom9ates ! 
great] "p ( ! civiliz$ _w4    ,,ii4 ,!  

an?ropomorphic dogma is likewise        
connect$ ) !  creation-my? ( ! ?ree     
a=esaid religions1 & ( _m o!rs4 ,x      
lik5s ! creation & control ( ! _w by    
,god to ! artificial  creation ( a      
tal5t$ eng9e] or me*anic1 & to !        
adm9i/ration  ( a wise rul]4 ,god1 z    
creator1 su/a9]1 & rul] ( ! _w1  is ?us 
repres5t$ aft] a purely human fa%ion 9 8
 ?\ght &  "w4 ,h5ce x foll[s1 9 turn1 t 
man is godlike4 ,god made man  to ,8 own
 image & lik5ess4 ,! old]1 nave my?ology
 is pure  homo!ism1 attribut+ human     
%ape1 fle%1 & blood to ! gods4  ,x is m 
intelligible ?an ! mod]n my/ic !osophy t
 adores  a p]sonal ,god z an            
invisible--prop]ly speak+1 gase\s--be+1 
yet makes him ?9k1 speak1 & act 9 human 
fa%ion2 x gives u !  p>adoxical picture 
( a gase\s v]tebrate4    ,,iii4 ,!      
an?ropolatric dogma naturally results f 
?is comp>ison  ( ! activity ( ,god &    
man2 x ends 9 ! apo!osis ( ! human      
organism4 ,a fur!r result is ! belief 9 
! p]sonal immortality (  ! s\l1 & !     

duali/ic dogma ( ! tw(old nature ( man1 
^:  immortal s\l is conceiv$ z b !      
tempor>y inhabitant ( !  mortal frame4  
,?us ^! ?ree an?ropi/ic dogmas1 v>i\sly 
adapt$  to ! respective pr(essions ( !  
diff]5t religions1 came at  l5g? to be  
ve/$ ) an extraord9>y importance1 &     
prov$ !  s\rce ( ! mo/ dang]\s errors4  
,! an?ropi/ic view ( ! _w  :i* spr+s f  
!m is 9 irreconcilable opposition to our
 moni/ic  sy/em2 inde$1 x is at once    
disprov$ by our new cosmological        
p]spective4    ,n only ! ?ree an?ropi/ic
 dogmas1 b _m o!r notions ( !  duali/ic 
philosophy & or?odox religion1 are f\nd 
to be unt5able  z soon z we reg>d !m    
critically f ! cosmological p]spective  
( our moni/ic sy/em4 ,we und]/& by t !  
compreh5sive view  ( ! univ]se :i* we h 
f ! highe/ po9t ( our moni/ic           
int]pretation ( nature4 ,f t /&-po9t we 
see ! tru? ( !  foll[+ cosmological     
!orems1 mo/ ( :i*1 9 our op9ion1 h      
already be5 amply demon/rat$3    7#a7 ,!
 univ]se1 or ! cosmos1 is et]nal1       

inf9ite1 & illimitable4  7#b7 ,its      
sub/ance1 ) its two attributes 7matt] & 
en]gy71 fills  inf9ite space1 & is 9    
et]nal motion4 7#c7 ,?is motion runs on 
?r\gh inf9ite "t z an unbrok5           
developm5t1 ) a p]iodic  *ange f life to
 dea?1 f evolution to devolution4 7#d7  
,!  innum]able bodies :i* are scatt]$   
ab\t ! space-fill+ e!r  all obey ! same 
law ( sub/ance2 :ile ! rotat+ masses    
sl[ly  move t[>ds _! de/ruction &       
dissolution 9 "o "p ( space  o!rs are   
spr++ into new life & developm5t 9 o!r  
qu>t]s  ( ! univ]se4 7#e7 ,our sun is "o
 ( ^! unnumb]$ p]i%able  bodies1 & our  
e>? is "o ( ! c\ntless transitory       
planets t  encircle !m4 7#f7 ,our e>?   
has gone ?r\gh a long process ( cool+   
be=e wat]1 9 liquid =m 7! fir/ condition
 ( organic life71  c\ld settle !reon4   
7#g7 ,! ensu+ biog5etic process1 ! sl[  
developm5t & trans=mation ( c\ntless    
organic =ms1 mu/ h  tak5 _m millions (  
ye>s--consid]ably ov] a hundr$4#e 7#h7  
,among  ! diff]5t k9ds ( animals :i*    

arose 9 ! lat] /ages ( !  biog5etic     
process on e>? ! v]tebrates h f>        
out/ripp$ all  o!r competitors 9 !      
evolution>y race4 7#i7 ,! mo/ important 
bran* ( ! v]tebrates1 ! mammals1 7      
develop$ lat] 7dur+  ! triassic p]iod7 f
 ! l[] amphibia & ! reptilia4 7#aj7 ,!  
mo/ p]fect & mo/ highly develop$ bran* (
 ! class mammalia is  ! ord] ( primates1
 :i* fir/ put 9 an appe>ance1 by        
developm5t  f ! l[e/ pro*oriata1 at !   
beg9n+ ( ! ,t]ti>y  p]iod--at lea/ ?ree 
million ye>s ago4 7#aa7 ,! y\nge/ & mo/ 
p]fect twig ( ! bran* primates is man1  
:o sprang f a s]ies (  manlike apes     
t[>ds ! end ( ! ,t]ti>y p]iod4 7#ab7    
,consequ5tly1  ! s-call$ hi/ory ( !     
_w--t is1 ! brief p]iod ( a  few ?\s&   
ye>s :i* measures ! duration (          
civilization--is an  evanesc5tly %ort   
episode 9 ! long c\rse ( organic        
evolution1  j z ?is1 9 turn1 is m]ely a 
small portion ( ! hi/ory (  our planet>y
 sy/em2 & z our "m-e>? is a m]e speck 9 
!  sunbeam 9 ! illimitable univ]se1 s   

man himself is b a t9y gra9  (          
protoplasm 9 ! p]i%able framework (     
organic nature4    ,no?+ seems to me    
bett] adapt$ ?an ?is magnific5t         
cosmological  p]spective to give u !    
prop] /&>d & ! broad outlook  :i* we ne$
 9 ! solution ( ! va/ enigmas t surr\nd 
u4  ,x n only cle>ly indicates ! true   
place ( man 9 nature1 b x  dissipates ! 
preval5t illusion ( man's supreme       
importance1 &  ! arrogance ) :i* he sets
 himself ap>t f ! illimitable  univ]se1 
& exalts himself to ! position ( its mo/
 valuable  elem5t4 ,?is b\ndless        
presumption ( conceit$ man has misl$ him
  into mak+ himself ! image ( ,god1     
claim+ an et]nal life =  8 ephem]al     
p]sonality1 & imag9+ t he possesses     
unlimit$  fre$om ( w4 ,! ridicul\s      
imp]ial folly ( ,caligula is b  a       
special =m ( man's arrogant assumption (
 div9ity4 ,only :5  we h ab&on$ ?is     
unt5able illusion1 & tak5 up ! correct  
cosmological p]spective1 c we hope to   
rea* ! solution ( !  riddles ( !        

univ]se4    ,! un$ucat$ memb] ( a       
civiliz$ community is surr\nd$ )        
c\ntless enigmas at e /ep1 j z truly z !
 savage4 ,_!  numb]1 h[ev]1 decreases ) 
e /ride ( civilization & (  sci5ce2 & ! 
moni/ic philosophy is ultimately        
confront$ ) b  "o simple & compreh5sive 
enigma--! problem ( sub/ance4 ,/ill1  we
 may f9d x useful to include a c]ta9    
numb] ( problems "u  t title4 ,9 ! fam\s
 spee* :i* ,emil du ,bois-,reymond      
deliv]$  9 #ahhj1 9 ! ,leibnitz session 
( ! ,b]l9 ,academy ( ,sci5ces1  he      
di/+ui%$ sev5 _w-enigmas1 :i* he        
enum]at$ z foll[s3  7#a7 ,! nature (    
matt] & =ce4 7#b7 ,! orig9 ( motion4    
7#c7 ,!  orig9 ( life4 7#d7 ,! 7app>5tly
 preorda9$7 ord]ly arrangem5t  ( nature4
 7#e7 ,! orig9 ( simple s5sation &      
consci\sness4 7#f7  ,rational ?\ght1 & !
 orig9 ( ! cognate faculty1 spee*4 7#g7 
,! "q ( ! fre$om ( ! w4 ,?ree ( ^! sev5 
enigmas  are consid]$ by ! orator ( !   
,b]l9 ,academy to be entirely           
transc5d5tal & insoluble--!y are ! fir/1

 second1 & fif?2  ?ree o!rs 7! ?ird1    
f\r?1 & six?7 he consid]s to be capable 
( solution1 ?\gh extremely difficult2 z 
to ! sev5? & la/  _w-enigma1 ! fre$om ( 
! w1 :i* is ! "o ( !  greate/ practical 
importance1 he rema9s undecid$4    ,z my
 monism diff]s mat]ially f t ( ! ,b]l9  
orator1 & z  8 idea ( ! sev5 great      
enigmas has be5 v widely accept$1  x may
 be useful to indicate _! true position 
at once4 ,9 my  op9ion1 ! ?ree          
transc5d5tal problems 7#a1 #b1 & #e7 are
 settl$  by our conception ( sub/ance   
7vide *ap4 xii472 ! ?ree :i*  he        
consid]s difficult1 ?\gh soluble1 7#c1  
#d1 & #f71 are decisively  answ]$ by our
 mod]n !ory ( evolution2 ! sev5? & la/1 
!  fre$om ( ! w1 is n an object =       
critical1 sci5tific inquiry  at all1 = x
 is a pure dogma1 bas$ on an illusion1 &
 has no real  exi/5ce4    ,! means &    
me?ods we h *os5 = atta9+ ! solution ( !
  great enigma d n diff]1 on ! :ole1 f  
^? ( all purely  sci5tific              
inve/igation--fir/ly1 exp]i5ce2         

secondly1 inf]5ce4  ,sci5tific exp]i5ce 
comes to u by obs]vation & exp]im5t1 :i*
  involve ! activity ( our s5se-organs 9
 ! fir/ place1 &1  secondly1 ( ! inn]   
s5se-c5tres 9 ! cortex ( ! bra94 ,!     
microscopic elem5t>y organs ( ! =m] are 
! s5se-cells2 ( !  latt]1 gr\ps (       
ganglionic cells4 ,! exp]i5ces :i* we   
d]ive  f ! out] _w by ^! invaluable     
in/rum5ts ( our m5tal life  are !n m\ld$
 into ideas by o!r p>ts ( ! bra91 & ^!1 
9 _! turn1 are unit$ 9 a *a9 ( reason+  
by association4 ,!  con/ruction ( ?is   
*a9 may take place 9 two diff]5t ways1  
:i*  are1 9 my op9ion1 equally valuable 
& indisp5sable3 induction  & d$uction4  
,! high] c]ebral op]ations1 !           
con/ruction  ( complicat$ *a9s (        
reason+1 ab/raction1 ! =mation (        
concepts1 ! completion ( ! p]ceptive    
faculty by ! pla/ic  faculty ( !        
imag9ation--9 a ^w1 consci\sness1 ?\ght1
 &  speculation--are functions ( !      
ganglionic cells ( ! cortex ( !  bra91 j
 l ! prec$+ simpl] m5tal functions4 ,we 

unite !m  all 9 ! supreme concept (     
reason4#f    ,by reason only c we atta9 
to a correct k ( ! _w & a  solution (   
its great problems4 ,reason is man's    
highe/ gift1 ! only  pr]ogative t       
ess5tially di/+ui%es him f ! l[]        
animals4  ,nev]!less1 x has only rea*$  
?is high position by ! progress (       
culture & education1 by ! developm5t (  
k4 ,! un$ucat$  man & ! savage are j z  
little 7or j z mu*7 rational  z our     
ne>e/ relatives among ! mammals 7apes1  
dogs1 elephants1  etc474 ,yet ! op9ion  
/ill obta9s 9 _m qu>t]s t1 besides  our 
godlike reason1 we h two fur!r 7& ev5   
sur]67 me?ods (  receiv+ k--emotion &   
revelation4 ,we mu/ at once dispose  (  
?is dang]\s error4 ,emotion has no?+    
:atev] to d ) !  atta9m5t ( tru?4 ,t :i*
 we prize "u ! "n ( emotion  is an      
elaborate activity ( ! bra91 :i* consi/s
 ( feel+s (  l & dislike1 motions (     
ass5t & diss5t1 impulses ( desire &     
av]sion4 ,x may be influ5c$ by ! mo/    
div]se activities ( !  organism1 by !   

crav+s ( ! s5ses & ! muscles1 ! /oma*1  
! sexual organs1 etc4 ,! int]e/s ( tru? 
are f> f promot$  by ^! conditions &    
vacillations ( emotion2 on ! contr>y1   
su*  circum/ances (t5 di/urb t reason   
:i* alone is adapt$ to !  pursuit (     
tru?1 & frequ5tly m> its p]ceptive p[]4 
,no cosmic  problem is solv$1 or ev5    
advanc$1 by ! c]ebral function we call  
emotion4 ,& ! same mu/ be said ( !      
s-call$ revelation1 &  ( ! tru?s ( fai? 
:i* x is suppos$ to communicate2 !y are 
bas$ entirely on a deception1 consci\sly
 or unconsci\sly1 z we  %all see 9 !    
sixte5? *apt]4    ,we mu/ welcome z "o (
 ! mo/ =tunate /eps 9 ! direction  ( a  
solution ( ! great cosmic problems !    
fact t ( rec5t  ye>s !re is a gr[+      
t5d5cy to recognize ! two pa?s :i*      
alone lead !reto--exp]i5ce & ?\ght1 or  
speculation--to  be ( equal value1 &    
mutually complem5t>y4 ,philosoph]s h    
come  to see t pure speculation--su*1 = 
in/ance1 z ,plato & ,hegel  employ$ = ! 
con/ruction ( _! ideali/ sy/ems--does n 

lead to k ( reality4 ,on ! o!r h&1      
sci5ti/s h be5  conv9c$ t m]e           
exp]i5ce--su* z ,bacon & ,mill1 =       
example1  made ! basis ( _! reali/      
sy/ems--is insuffici5t ( itself  = a    
complete philosophy4 ,= ^! two great    
pa?s ( k1  s5se-exp]i5ce & rational     
?\ght1 are two di/9ct c]ebral           
functions2 ! "o is elaborat$ by !       
s5se-organs & ! inn]  s5se-c5tres1 ! o!r
 by ! ?\ght-c5tres1 ! great c5tres  (   
association 9 ! cortex ( ! bra91 :i* lie
 betwe5 !  s5se-c5tres4 7,cf4 cc4 vii4 &
 x47 ,true k is only acquir$  by comb9+ 
! activity ( ! two4 ,nev]!less1 !re are 
/ill  _m philosoph]s :o w\ld con/ruct ! 
_w out ( _! own  inn] consci\sness1 & :o
 reject our empirical sci5ce precisely  
because !y h no k ( ! real _w4 ,on ! o!r
 h&1  !re are _m sci5ti/s :o /ill cont5d
 t ! sole object (  sci5ce is ! k (     
facts1 ! objective inve/igation (       
isolat$ ph5om5a2 t ! age ( philosophy is
 pa/1 & sci5ce  has tak5 its place4#g   
,?is "o-sid$ ov]-e/imation ( exp]i5ce   

is z dang]\s an error z ! conv]se       
exagg]ation ( ! value (  speculation4   
,bo? *annels ( k are mutually           
indisp5sable4  ,! greate/ triumphs (    
mod]n sci5ce--! cellul> !ory1 !  dynamic
 !ory ( heat1 ! !ory ( evolution1 & !   
law (  sub/ance--are philosophic        
a*ievem5ts2 n1 h[ev]1 ! fruit (  pure   
speculation1 b ( an antec$5t exp]i5ce ( 
! wide/ &  mo/ se>*+ "*4    ,at !       
comm5cem5t ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! great   
ideali/ic  poet1 ,s*ill]1 gave 8 c\nsel 
to bo? gr\ps ( combatants1 !            
philosoph]s & ! sci5ti/s3        ,does  
/rife divide y\r ef=ts--no union bless  
y\r toil8      ,w tru? e'er be deliv]$  
if ye y\r =ces r5d8    ,s9ce !n !       
situation has1 happily1 be5 pr(\ndly    
modifi$2 :ile  bo? s*ools1 9 _! diff]5t 
pa?s1 h press$ onw>d t[>ds !  same high 
goal1 !y h recogniz$ _! common          
aspiration1 & !y  draw ne>] to a k ( !  
tru? 9 mutual cov5ant4 ,at ! end  ( !   
n9ete5? c5tury we h return$ to t moni/ic
 attitude  :i* our greate/ reali/ic     

poet1 ,goe!1 _h recogniz$ f its v       
comm5cem5t to be alone correct &        
fruitful4#h    ,all ! diff]5t           
philosophical t5d5cies may1 f ! po9t (  
view ( mod]n sci5ce1 be rang$ 9 two     
antagoni/ic gr\ps2 !y  repres5t ei!r a  
duali/ic or a moni/ic int]pretation (  !
 cosmos4 ,! =m] is usually b\nd up )    
teleological &  ideali/ic dogmas1 !     
latt] ) me*anical & reali/ic !ories4    
,dualism1 9 ! wide/ s5se1 breaks up !   
univ]se into two entirely  di/9ct       
sub/ances--! mat]ial _w & an immat]ial  
,god1 :o  is repres5t$ to be its        
creator1 su/a9]1 & rul]4 ,monism1 on  ! 
contr>y 7likewise tak5 9 its wide/      
s5se71 recognizes "o  sole sub/ance 9 ! 
univ]se1 :i* is at once ,god & nature2  
body & _s 7or matt] & en]gy7 x holds to 
be insep>able4  ,! extramundane ,god (  
dualism leads necess>ily to !ism2 & !   
intra-mundane ,god ( ! moni/ leads to   
pan!ism4    ,! diff]5t ideas ( monism & 
mat]ialism1 & likewise  ! ess5tially    
di/9ct t5d5cies ( !oretical & practical 

mat]ialism1 are /ill v frequ5tly        
confus$4 ,z ?is & o!r  simil> cases (   
confusion ( ideas are v prejudicial1 &  
give rise  to innum]able errors1 we %all
 make ! foll[+ brief obs]vations1  9    
ord] to prev5t misund]/&+3    ,i4 ,pure 
monism is id5tical nei!r ) ! !oretical  
mat]ialism  t d5ies ! exi/5ce ( _s1 &   
dissolves ! _w into a  heap ( dead      
atoms1 nor ) ! !oretical spiritualism   
7lately  entitl$ en]getic spiritualism  
by ,o/wald7 :i* rejects ! notion  (     
matt]1 & consid]s ! _w to be a specially
 arrang$ gr\p (  en]gies or immat]ial   
natural =ces4    ,,ii4 ,on ! contr>y1 we
 hold1 ) ,goe!1 t matt] _c exi/  & be   
op]ative )\t _s1 nor _s )\t matt]4 ,we  
adh]e firmly to ! pure1 unequivocal     
monism ( ,sp9oza3 ,matt]1 or  inf9itely 
ext5d$ sub/ance1 & _s 7or en]gy71 or    
s5sitive &  ?9k+ sub/ance1 are ! two    
fundam5tal attributes or pr9cipal       
prop]ties ( ! all-embrac+ div9e ess5ce (
 ! _w1 !  univ]sal sub/ance4 7,cf4 *ap4 
xii47          ,,*apt] ,,ii    ,,our    

,,bodily ,,frame        ,fundam5tal     
,importance ( ,anatomy--,human          
,anatomy--,hippocrates1      ,ari/otle1 
,gal51 ,vesalius--,comp>ative           
,anatomy--,georges                      
,cuvi]--,johannes ,mll]--,k>l           
,geg5baur--,hi/ology--,! ,cellul>       
,!ory--,s*leid5 &                       
,s*wann--,kllik]--,vir*[--,man a        
,v]tebrate1 a ,tetrapod1 a ,mammal1 a   
,plac5tal1 a ,primate--,prosimi      &  
,simi--,! ,cat>rh9--,papiomorphic &     
,an?ropomorphic      ,apes--,ess5tial   
,lik5ess ( ,man & ! ,ape 9 ,corporal    
,/ructure      ,all biological rese>*1  
all inve/igation into ! =ms & vital     
activities ( organisms1 mu/ fir/ deal ) 
! visible body1 9  :i* ! morphological &
 physiological ph5om5a are obs]v$4 ,?is 
fundam5tal rule holds good = man j z mu*
 z = all o!r  liv+ ?+s4 ,moreov]1 !     
inquiry mu/ n conf9e itself to m]e      
obs]vation ( ! out] =m2 x mu/ p5etrate  
to ! int]ior1 &  /udy bo? ! g5]al plan &
 ! m9ute details ( ! /ructure4  ,!      

sci5ce :i* pursues ?is fundam5tal       
inve/igation 9 !  broade/ s5se is       
anatomy4    ,! fir/ /imulus to an       
inquiry into ! human frame arose1       
naturally1  9 m$ic9e4 ,z x 0 usually    
practis$ by ! prie/s 9 ! old]           
civilizations1 we may assume t ^! highe/
 repres5tatives (  ! education ( ! "t _h
 already acquir$ a c]ta9 am\nt  (       
anatomical k two ?\s& ye>s be=e ,*ri/1  
or ev5  e>li]4 ,we d n1 h[ev]1 f9d m    
exact obs]vations1 f\nd$  on !          
dissection ( mammals1 & appli$1 by      
analogy1 to ! human  frame1 until we    
come to ! ,greek sci5ti/s ( ! six? &    
fif?  c5turies be=e ,*ri/--,emp$ocles 7(
 ,agrig5tum7 & ,democritus  7( ,abd]a71 
& especially ! mo/ fam\s physician (    
classic  antiquity1 ,hippocrates 7(     
,cos74 ,x 0 f ^! & o!r s\rces  t ! great
 ,ari/otle1 ! r5[n$ fa!r ( natural      
hi/ory1  equally compreh5sive z         
inve/igator & philosoph]1 d]iv$ 8  fir/ 
k4 ,aft] him only "o anatomi/ ( any     
consequ5ce is  f\nd 9 antiquity1 !      

,greek physician ,claudius ,gal5us 7(   
,p]gamus71  :o develop$ a weal?y        
practice 9 ,rome 9 ! second c5tury aft] 
,*ri/1 "u ! ,emp]or ,m>cus ,aurelius4   
,all ^! anci5t anatomi/s  acquir$ _! k1 
z a rule1 n by ! dissection ( ! human   
body itself--:i* 0 !n /]nly =bidd5--b by
 a /udy ( !  bodies ( ! animals :i* mo/ 
closely resembl$ man1 especially !      
apes2 !y 7 all1 inde$1 comp>ative       
anatomi/s4    ,! triumph ( ,*ri/ianity &
 its my/ic !ories meant retrogression   
to anatomy1 z x did to all ! o!r        
sci5ces4 ,! popes 7  resolv$ above all  
?+s to deta9 humanity 9 ignorance2 !y   
rightly  deem$ a k ( ! human organism to
 be a dang]\s s\rce  ( enlight5m5t z to 
our true nature4 ,dur+ ! long p]iod (   
?irte5 c5turies ! writ+s ( ,gal5 7 almo/
 ! only s\rce  ( human anatomy1 j z !   
works ( ,ari/otle 7 = ! :ole  ( natural 
hi/ory4 ,x 0 n until ! sixte5? c5tury1  
:5 !  spiritual tyranny ( ! papacy 0    
brok5 by ! ,re=mation1 & !  geoc5tric   
!ory1 s intimately connect$ ) papal     

doctr9e1 0  de/roy$ by ! new cosmic     
sy/em ( ,cop]nicus1 t ! k  ( ! human    
frame ent]$ ^u a new p]iod ( progress4  
,! great  anatomi/s1 ,vesalius 7(       
,brussels71 & ,eu/a*ius & ,fallopius  7(
 ,mod5a71 advanc$ ! k ( our bodily      
/ructure s mu*  by _! own ?or\gh        
inve/igations t little rema9$ = _!      
num]\s foll[]s to d1 ) reg>d to ! m     
obvi\s ph5om5a1  except ! sub/antiation 
( details4 ,&reas ,vesalius1 z c\rage\s 
z he 0 tal5t$ & indefatigable1 0 !      
pione] ( ! movem5t2  he complet$ 9 8    
tw5ty-eigh? ye> 7#aedc7 t great &       
sy/ematic  "w ,de humani corporis       
fabrica2 he gave to ! :ole ( human      
anatomy a new & indep5d5t scope & a m   
solid f\ndation4 ,on  t acc\nt he 01 at 
a lat] date1 at ,madrid--:]e he 0       
physician  to ,*>les ,v4 & ,philip      
,,ii4--condemn$ to dea? by !            
,inquisition z  a magician4 ,he only    
escap$ by und]tak+ a pilgrimage to      
,j]usalem2  9 return+ he suff]$ %ipwreck
 on ! ,isle ( ,zante1 & di$ !re  9 mis]y

 & de/itution4    ,! great m]it ( !     
n9ete5? c5tury1 z f> z our k (  ! human 
frame is conc]n$1 lies 9 ! f\nd+ ( two  
new l9es  ( rese>* ( imm5se             
importance--comp>ative anatomy &        
hi/ology1  or microscopic anatomy4 ,!   
=m] 0 intimately associat$ )  human     
anatomy f ! v beg9n+2 inde$1 x _h to    
supply !  place ( ! latt] s long because
 ! dissection ( human corpses  0 a crime
 visit$ ) capital puni%m5t--t 0 ! case  
ev5  9 ! fifte5? c5tury6 ,b ! _m        
anatomi/s ( ! next ?ree  c5turies devot$
 !mselves ma9ly to a m accurate /udy ( !
  human organism4 ,! elaborate sci5ce   
:i* we n[ call comp>ative  anatomy 0    
born 9 ! ye> #ahjc1 :5 ! great ,fr5*    
zoologi/  ,georges ,cuvi] 7a native (   
,mmpelg>d1 9 ,alsace7 publi%$ 8  pr(\nd 
,leons sur l'anatomie comp>e1 &         
endeavor$ to =mulate1  = ! fir/ "t1     
def9ite laws z to ! organism ( man & !  
bea/s4 ,:ile 8 pr$ecessors--among :om 0 
,goe! 9 #agij--;_h  ma9ly cont5t$       
!mselves ) comp>+ ! skeleton ( man )  ^?

 ( o!r animals1 ,cuvi]'s broad] vision  
took 9 ! :ole  ( ! animal organization4 
,he di/+ui%$ !re9 f\r great &  mutually 
indep5d5t types3 ,v]tebrata1            
,articulata1 ,mollusca1 &  ,radiata4    
,?is advance 0 ( extreme consequ5ce =   
our "q  ( all que/ions1 s9ce x cle>ly   
br\ght out ! fact t man  belong$ to !   
v]tebral type1 & diff]$ fundam5tally f  
all  ! o!r types4 ,x is true t !        
ke5-sight$ ,l9n _h already1  9 8 ,sy/ema
 ,natuae1 made a great /ep 9 advance by 
assign+  man a def9ite place 9 ! class (
 mammals2 he _h ev5 drawn up  ! ?ree    
gr\ps ( half-apes1 apes1 & m5 7,lemur1  
simia1 &  homo7 9 ! ord] ( primates4 ,b 
8 ke51 sy/ematic m9d 0  n furni%$ ) t   
pr(\nd empirical f\ndation1 suppli$ by  
comp>ative anatomy1 :i* ,cuvi] 0 ! fir/ 
to atta94 ,fur!r  developm5ts 7 add$ by 
! great comp>ative anatomi/s ( our own  
c5tury--,fri$ri* ,meckel 7,halle71      
,johannes ,mll] 7,b]l971 ,ri*>d  ,ow51  
,t4 ,huxley1 & ,k>l ,geg5baur 7,j5a1    
subsequ5tly ,heidelb]g74  ,! la/-nam$1 9

 apply+ ! evolution>y !ory1 :i* ,d>w9 _h
  j e/abli%$1 to comp>ative anatomy1    
rais$ 8 sci5ce to !  front rank (       
biological /udies4 ,! num]\s comp>ative 
anatomical  works ( ,geg5baur are1 l 8  
well-kn[n ,manual ( ,human ,anatomy1    
equally di/+ui%$ by a ?or\gh empirical  
acqua9tance ) _!  imm5se multitudes (   
facts1 & by a compreh5sive control ( 8  
mat]ial1 & its philosophic appreciation 
9 ! evolution>y s5se4  ,8 rec5t         
,comp>ative ,anatomy ( ! ,v]tebrata     
e/abli%es !  solid f\ndation on :i* our 
conviction ( ! v]tebral "* (  man 9 e   
aspect is *iefly bas$4    ,microscopic  
anatomy has be5 develop$1 9 ! c\rse ( ! 
pres5t  c5tury1 9 a v diff]5t fa%ion f  
comp>ative anatomy4 ,at  ! beg9n+ ( !   
c5tury 7#ahjb7 a ,fr5* physician1       
,bi*at1 made  an attempt to dissect !   
organs ( ! human body into _! f9]       
con/itu5ts by ! aid ( ! microscope1 & to
 %[ ! connection  ( ^! v>i\s tissues    
7hi/a1 or tela74 ,?is fir/ attempt  l$  
to little result1 because ! sci5ti/ 0   

ignorant ( ! "o  common elem5t ( all !  
diff]5t tissues4 ,?is 0 fir/ discov]$   
7#ahch7 9 ! %ape ( ! cell1 9 ! plant _w1
 by ,mat?ias  ,s*leid51 & imm$iately    
aft]w>ds prov$ to be ! same 9 !  animal 
_w by ,!odor ,s*wann1 ! pupil & assi/ant
 ( ,johannes  ,mll] at ,b]l94 ,two o!r  
di/+ui%$ pupils ( ?is great ma/]1  :o   
are /ill liv+1 ,alb]t ,kllik] & ,rudolph
 ,vir*[1 took up  ! cellul> !ory1 & !   
!ory ( tissues :i* is f\nd$ on  x1 9 !  
sixties1 & appli$ !m to ! human organism
 9 all its  details1 bo? 9 heal? &      
disease2 !y prov$ t1 9 man &  all o!r   
animals1 e tissue is made up ( ! same   
microscopic  p>ticles1 ! cells1 & ^!    
elem5t>y organisms are ! real1          
self-active citiz5s :i*1 9 comb9ations (
 millions1 con/itute  ! cellul> /ate1   
our body4 ,all ^! cells spr+ f "o simple
  cell1 ! cytula1 or impregnat$ ovum1 by
 cont9u\s subdivision4  ,! g5]al        
/ructure & comb9ation ( ! tissues are ! 
same 9  man z 9 ! o!r v]tebrates4 ,among
 ^! ! mammals1 ! y\nge/  & mo/ highly   

develop$ class take prec$5ce1 9 virtue (
 c]ta9  special features :i* 7 acquir$  
late4 ,su* are1 = in/ance1 !            
microscopic texture ( ! hair1 ( ! gl&s (
 ! sk91 & ( !  brea/s1 & ! corpuscles ( 
! blood1 :i* are q peculi> to  mammals1 
& diff]5t f ^? ( ! o!r v]tebrates2 man1 
ev5  9 ^! f9e/ hi/ological relations1 is
 a true mammal4    ,! microscopic       
rese>*es ( ,alb]t ,kllik] & ,franz      
,leydig 7at  ,wrzburg7 n only enl>g$ our
 k ( ! f9] /ructure ( man  & ! bea/s 9 e
 direction1 b !y 7 especially important 
9 ! light ( _! connection ) ! evolution 
( ! cell &  ! tissue2 !y confirm$ !     
great !ory ( ,c>l ,!odor ,siebold       
7#ahde7 t ! l[e/ animals1 ! ,infusoria &
 ! ,rhizopods1 are  unicellul>          
organisms4    ,our :ole frame1 bo? 9 its
 g5]al plan & its detail$ /ructure1     
pres5ts ! *>act]i/ic type ( !           
v]tebrates4 ,?is mo/  important & mo/   
highly develop$ gr\p 9 ! animal _w 0    
fir/ recogniz$ 9 its natural unity 9    
#ahja by ! great ,lam>ck2  he embrac$ "u

 t title ! f\r high] animal gr\ps (     
,l9n--mammals1 birds1 amphibia1 & fi%es4
 ,to ^! he oppos$ !  two l[] classes1   
insects & worms1 z inv]tebrates4 ,cuvi] 
7#ahab7  e/abli%$ ! unity ( ! v]tebrate 
type on a firm] basis by  8 comp>ative  
anatomy4 ,x is q true t all !           
v]tebrates1  f ! fi% up to man1 agree 9 
e ess5tial feature2 !y all  h a firm    
int]nal skeleton1 a framework ( c>tilage
 & bone1  consi/+ pr9cipally ( a        
v]tebral column & a skull2 ! advanc$    
con/ruction ( ! latt] pres5ts _m        
v>iations1 b1 on ! :ole1  all may be    
r$uc$ to ! same fundam5tal type4 ,fur!r1
 9 all  v]tebrates ! organ ( ! m9d1 !   
c5tral n]v\s sy/em1 9  ! %ape ( a sp9al 
cord & a bra91 lies at ! back ( ?is     
axial  skeleton4 ,moreov]1 :at we said (
 its bony environm5t1 ! skull1  is also 
true ( ! bra9--! in/rum5t ( consci\sness
 & all !  high] functions ( ! m9d2 its  
con/ruction & size pres5t v  _m         
v>iations 9 detail1 b its g5]al         
*>act]i/ic /ructure  rema9s always !    

same4    ,we meet ! same ph5om5on :5 we 
comp>e ! re/ ( our organs )  ^? ( ! o!r 
v]tebrates2 ev]y:]e1 9 virtue ( h]$ity1 
! orig9al plan & ! relative di/ribution 
( ! organs rema9  ! same1 al?\gh1 ?r\gh 
adaptation to diff]5t environm5ts1  !   
size & ! /ructure ( p>ticul> sections   
(f] consid]able  v>iation4 ,?us we f9d t
 9 all cases ! blood circulates 9  two  
ma9 blood-vessels1 ( :i* "o--!          
aorta--passes ov] !  inte/9e1 & ! o!r--!
 pr9cipal ve9--passes und]nea?1 &  t by 
! broad5+ out ( ! latt] 9 a v def9ite   
spot a  he>t has aris52 ?is v5tral he>t 
is j z *>act]i/ic ( all  v]tebrates z ! 
dorsal he>t is ( ! articulata &         
mollusca4  ,equally *>act]i/ic ( all    
v]tebrates is ! e>ly division (  !      
inte/9al tube into a head-gut 7or       
gill-gut71 :i* s]ves 9  respiration1 & a
 body-gut 7or liv]-gut71 :i* co-op]ates 
)  ! liv] 9 dige/ion2 s are1 likewise1 !
 ramification ( !  muscul> sy/em1 !     
peculi> /ructure ( ! ur9>y & sexual     
organs1 & s =?4 ,9 all ^! anatomical    

relations man is a true  v]tebrate4     
,ari/otle gave ! "n ( f\r-foot$1 or     
tetrapoda1 to all ! high]  w>m-blood$   
animals :i* are di/+ui%$ by ! possession
 ( two  pairs ( legs4 ,! category 0     
enl>g$ subsequ5tly1 & its title  *ang$  
into ! ,lat9 quadrup$a1 :5 ,cuvi] prov$ 
t ev5  two-legg$ birds & m5 are really  
f\r-foot$2 he %[$ t !  int]nal skeleton 
( ! f\r legs 9 all ! high]              
l&-v]tebrates1  f ! amphibia up to man1 
0 orig9ally con/ruct$ aft] ! same       
patt]n out ( a def9ite numb] ( memb]s4  
,! arm ( man & !  w+ ( bats & birds h ! 
same typical skeleton z ! =eleg  ( !    
animals :i* are conspicu\sly f\r-foot$4 
,! anatomical unity ( ! fully develop$  
skeleton 9 ! f\r limbs  ( all tetrapods 
is v important4 ,9 ord] to appreciate x 
fully  "o has only to comp>e c>efully ! 
skeleton ( a salam&] or a  frog ) t ( a 
monkey or a man4 ,"o p]ceives at once t 
!  hum]al zone 9 front & ! pelvic zone  
beh9d are made up ( !  same pr9cipal    
p>ts z 9 ! re/ ( ! quadrup$s4 ,we f9d 9 

all  cases t ! fir/ section ( ! leg     
prop] consi/s ( "o /rong  m>r[-bone 7!  
hum]us1 9 ! =e>m2 ! femur1 beh9d72  !   
second "p1 on ! contr>y1 orig9ally      
always consi/s ( two  bones 7! ulna &   
radius1 9 front2 ! fibula & tibia1      
beh9d74 ,:5 we fur!r comp>e ! develop$  
/ructure ( ! foot  prop] we are surpris$
 to f9d t ! small bones ( :i* x is  made
 up are also simil>ly arrang$ &         
di/ribut$ 9 e case3 9  ! front limb !   
?ree gr\ps ( bones ( ! =efoot 7or h&7   
correspond 9 all classes ( ! tetrapoda3 
7#a7 ! c>pus1 7#b7  ! metac>pus1 7#c7 ! 
five f+]s 7digiti ant]iores72 9 !  re>  
limb1 simil>ly1 we h always ! same ?ree 
osse\s gr\ps (  ! h9d foot3 7#a7 !      
t>sus1 7#b7 ! metat>sus1 & 7#c7 !  five 
toes 7digiti po/]iores74 ,x 0 a v       
difficult task to  r$uce all ^! little  
bones to "o primitive type1 & to e/abli%
  ! equival5ce 7or homology7 ( ! sep>ate
 p>ts 9 all cases2  !y pres5t extreme   
v>iations ( =m & con/ruction 9 detail1  
sometimes be+ p>tly fus$ toge!r & los+  

_! individuality4  ,?is great task 0    
fir/ successfully a*iev$ by ! mo/ em95t 
comp>ative anatomi/ ( our day1 ,k>l     
,geg5baur4 ,he po9t$ out1  9 8 ,rese>*es
 into ! ,comp>ative ,anatomy ( !        
,v]tebrata  7#ahfd71 h[ ?is *>act]i/ic  
five-to$ leg ( ! l& tetrapods  orig9ally
 7n be=e ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod7 arose out 
( !  radiat+ f9 7! brea/-f91 or !       
belly-f97 ( ! anci5t  fi%es4 ,he _h     
also1 9 8 fam\s ,rese>*es into ! ,skull 
( !  ,v]tebrata 7#ahgb71 d$uc$ ! y\ng]  
skull ( ! tetrapods f !  olde/ cranial  
=m among ! fi%es1 t ( ! %>k4    ,x is   
especially rem>kable t ! orig9al numb] (
 ! toes 7five7  on ea* ( ! f\r feet1 :i*
 fir/ appe>$ 9 ! old amphibia  ( !      
,c>bonif]\s p]iod1 has1 9 virtue ( a    
/rict h]$ity1  be5 pres]v$ ev5 to !     
pres5t day 9 man4 ,also1 naturally &    
h>moni\sly1 ! typical con/ruction ( !   
jo9ts1 ligam5ts1  muscles1 & n]ves ( !  
two pairs ( legs has1 9 ! ma91 rema9$  !
 same z 9 ! re/ ( ! f\r-foot$4 ,9 all ^!
 important  relations man is a true     

tetrapod4    ,! mammals are ! y\nge/ &  
mo/ advanc$ class ( ! v]tebrates4  ,x is
 true !y are d]iv$ f ! old] class (     
amphibia1 l  birds & reptiles3 yet !y   
are di/+ui%$ f all ! o!r  tetrapods by a
 numb] ( v /rik+ anatomical features4   
,ext]nally1  !re is ! clo?+ ( ! sk9 )   
hair1 & ! possession (  two k9ds ( sk9  
gl&s--! sweat gl&s & ! sebace\s gl&s4   
,a local developm5t ( ^! gl&s on !      
abdom9al sk9 gave  rise 7probably dur+ !
 ,triassic p]iod7 to ! organ :i* is     
especially *>act]i/ic ( ! class1 & f :i*
 x d]ives its  "n--! mamm>ium4 ,?is     
important in/rum5t ( lactation is made  
up ( milk gl&s 7mammae7 & ! mamm>-p\*es 
7folds ( !  abdom9al sk972 9 its        
developm5t ! teats appe>1 ?r\gh :i*  !  
"y mammal sucks its "m's milk4 ,9       
int]nal /ructure !  mo/ rem>kable       
feature is ! possession ( a complete    
diaphragm1 a  muscul> wall :i*1 9 all   
mammals--& only 9 mammals--sep>ates  !  
?oracic f ! abdom9al cavity2 9 all o!r  
v]tebrates  !re is no su* sep>ation4 ,! 

skull ( mammals is di/+ui%$  by a numb] 
( rem>kable =mations1 especially 9 !    
maxill>y  app>atus 7! upp] & l[] jaws1 &
 ! temporal bones74 ,moreov]1  ! bra91 !
 olfactory organ1 ! he>t1 ! lungs1 !    
int]nal  & ext]nal sexual organs1 !     
kidneys1 & o!r p>ts ( ! body  pres5t    
special peculi>ities1 bo? 9 g5]al &     
detail$ /ructure1  9 ! mammals2 all ^!1 
tak5 collectively1 po9t unequivocally   
to an e>ly d]ivation ( ! mammals f !    
old] gr\ps ( !  reptiles & amphibia1 :i*
 mu/ h tak5 place1 at ! late/1 9  !     
,triassic p]iod--at lea/ twelve million 
ye>s ago6 ,9 all ^!  important          
*>act]i/ics man is a true mammal4    ,! 
num]\s ord]s 7#ab-cc7 :i* mod]n         
sy/ematic zoology  di/+ui%es 9 ! class (
 mammals _h be5 arrang$ 9 #ahaf  7by    
,bla9ville7 9 ?ree natural gr\ps1 :i*   
/ill hold good z  sub-classes3 7#a7 !   
monotrema1 7#b7 ! m>supialia1 & 7#c7 !  
plac5talia4 ,^! ?ree sub-classes n only 
diff] 9 ! important  respect ( bodily   
/ructure & developm5t1 b !y correspond1 

also1  to ?ree diff]5t hi/orical /ages 9
 ! =mation ( ! class1  z we %all see    
lat] on4 ,! monotremes ( ! ,triassic    
p]iod 7  foll[$ by ! m>supials ( !      
,jurassic1 & ^! by ! plac5tals  ( !     
,cretace\s4 ,man belongs to ?is1 !      
y\nge/1 sub-class2 =  he pres5ts 9 8    
organization all ! features :i* di/+ui% 
! plac5tals f ! m>supials & ! /ill old] 
monotremes4  ,fir/ ( all1 !re is !      
peculi> organ :i* gives a "n to !       
plac5tals--! plac5ta4 ,x s]ves ! purpose
 ( n\ri%+ !  "y mammal embryo = a long  
"t dur+ its enclosure 9 !  "m's womb2 x 
consi/s ( blood-be>+ tufts :i* gr[ out (
 !  *orion surr\nd+ ! embryo1 & p5etrate
 correspond+ cavities 9  ! muc\s        
membrane ( ! mat]nal ut]us2 ! delicate  
sk9 betwe5  ! two /ructures is s        
att5uat$ 9 ?is spot t ! nutrim5t 9  !   
"m's blood c pass directly into ! blood 
( ! *ild4 ,?is  excell5t contrivance =  
n\ri%+ ! embryo1 :i* makes its fir/     
appe>ance at a some:at late date1 gives 
! foetus ! opportunity  ( a long]       

ma9t5ance & a high] developm5t 9 !      
protect+  womb2 x is want+ 9 !          
implac5talia1 ! two old] sub-classes  ( 
! m>supials & ! monotremes4 ,!re are1   
likewise1 o!r  anatomical features1     
p>ticul>ly ! high] developm5t ( ! bra9  
& ! abs5ce ( ! m>supial bone1 :i* raise 
! plac5tals above  all _! implac5tal    
ance/ors4 ,9 all ^! important p>ticul>s 
man is a true plac5tal4    ,! v v>i$    
sub-class ( ! plac5tals has be5 rec5tly 
subdivid$ into a great numb] ( ord]s2 !y
 are usually put at f  t5 to sixte51 b  
:5 we include ! important ext9ct =ms :i*
  h be5 rec5tly discov]$ ! numb] runs up
 to f tw5ty to  tw5ty-six4 ,9 ord] to   
facilitate ! /udy ( ^! num]\s ord]s1  & 
to obta9 a deep] insight into _! k9dr$  
con/ruction1 x  is v useful to =m !m    
into great natural gr\ps1 :i* ,i h      
call$ legions4 ,9 my late/ attempt#i to 
arrange ! advanc$  sy/em ( plac5tals 9  
phylog5etic ord] ,i h sub/itut$ eight  (
 ^! legions = ! tw5ty-six ord]s1 & %[n t
 ^! may  be r$uc$ to f\r ma9 gr\ps4 ,^!1

 9 turn1 are traceable to "o  common    
ance/ral gr\p ( all ! plac5tals1 _!     
fossil ance/ors1  ! pro*oriata ( !      
,cretace\s p]iod4 ,^! are directly      
connect$ ) ! m>supial ance/ors ( !      
,jurassic p]iod4 ,we  w only specify "h1
 z ! mo/ important liv+ repres5tatives  
( ^! f\r ma9 gr\ps1 ! rod5tia1 !        
ungulata1 ! c>nivora1  & ! primates4 ,to
 ! legion ( ! primates belong ! prosimi 
7half-apes71 ! simi 7real apes71 & man4 
,all ! memb]s ( ^!  ?ree ord]s agree 9  
_m important features1 & are at ! same  
"t di/+ui%$ by ^! features f ! o!r      
tw5ty-?ree  ord]s ( plac5tals4 ,!y are  
especially conspicu\s = ! l5g?  ( _!    
bones1 :i* 7 orig9ally adapt$ to _!     
arboreal mann]  ( life4 ,_! h&s & feet  
are five-f+]$1 & ! long f+]s  are       
excell5tly suit$ = grasp+ & embrac+ !   
bran*es (  trees2 !y are provid$1 ei!r  
p>tially or completely1 ) nails1  b h no
 claws4 ,! d5tition is complete1 conta9+
 all f\r  classes--incisors1 can9e1     
premol>s1 & mol>s4 ,primates are also   

di/+ui%$ f all ! o!r plac5tals by       
important features 9  ! special         
con/ruction ( ! skull & ! bra92 & ^! are
 !  m /rik+ 9 proportion to _!          
developm5t & ! lat5ess (  _! appe>ance 9
 ! hi/ory ( ! e>?4 ,9 all ^! important  
anatomical features our human organism  
agrees ) t ( all !  o!r primates3 man is
 a true primate4    ,an imp>tial &      
?or\gh comp>ison ( ! bodily /ructure ( !
  primates =ces u to di/+ui% two ord]s 9
 ?is mo/ advanc$  legion ( !            
mammalia--half-apes 7prosimiae or       
hemipi!ci7 &  apes 7simiae or pi!ci74 ,!
 =m] seem 9 e respect to be  ! l[] &    
old]1 ! latt] to be ! high] & y\ng]     
ord]4 ,!  womb ( ! half-ape is /ill     
d\ble1 or two-horn$1 z x is 9 all  ! o!r
 mammals4 ,9 ! true ape1 on ! contr>y1 !
 "r & left  wombs h completely          
amalgamat$2 !y bl5d into a pe>-%ap$     
womb1  :i* ! human "m possesses besides 
! ape4 ,9 ! skull ( !  apes1 j z 9 t (  
man1 ! orbits ( ! eyes are completely   
sep>at$ f ! temporal cavities by an     

osse\s p>tition2 9  ! prosimiae ?is is  
ei!r entirely want+ or v imp]fect4      
,f9ally1 ! c]ebrum ( ! prosimia is ei!r 
q smoo? or v  slightly furr[$1 &        
proportionately small2 t ( ! true ape is
  mu* l>g]1 & ! gray b$ especially1 !   
organ ( high] psy*ic  activity1 is mu* m
 develop$2 ! *>act]i/ic convolutions  & 
furr[s appe> on its surface exactly 9   
proportion z ! ape  approa*es to man4 ,9
 ^! & o!r important respects1 p>ticul>ly
  9 ! con/ruction ( ! face & ! h&s1 man 
pres5ts all !  anatomical m>ks ( a true 
ape4    ,! ext5sive ord] ( apes 0 divid$
 by ,ge(froi1 9 #ahab1 into  two        
sub-ord]s1 :i* are /ill univ]sally      
accept$ 9 sy/ematic  zoology--,new ,_w &
 ,old ,_w monkeys1 accord+ to !         
hemisph]e  !y respectively inhabit4 ,!  
,am]ican ,new ,_w monkeys are call$     
,platyrrh9ae 7flat-nos$72 _! nose is    
flat1 & ! no/rils  div]g5t1 ) a broad   
p>tition4 ,! ,old ,_w monkeys1 on !     
contr>y1 are call$ collectively         
,cat>rh9ae 7n>r[-nos$72 _!  no/rils po9t

 d[nw>d1 l man's1 & ! divid+ c>tilage is
  n>r[4 ,a fur!r diff]5ce betwe5 ! two  
gr\ps is t !  tympanum is sup]ficial 9 !
 platyrrh9ae1 b lies deep]1  inside !   
petr\s bone1 9 ! cat>rh9ae2 9 ! latt] a 
long  & n>r[ bony passage has be5 =m$1  
:ile 9 ! =m] x is  /ill %ort & wide1 or 
ev5 altoge!r want+4 ,f9ally1 we h a  mu*
 m important & decisive diff]5ce betwe5 
! two gr\ps 9  ! circum/ance t all !    
,old ,_w monkeys h ! same tee?  z       
man--i4 e41 tw5ty decidu\s & ?irty-two  
p]man5t tee?  7two incisors1 "o can9e1  
two premol>s1 & ?ree mol>s 9 ea*  half (
 ! jaw74 ,! ,new ,_w monkeys1 on ! o!r  
h&1 h an  additional premol> 9 ea*      
half-jaw1 or ?irty-six tee? altoge!r4   
,! fact t ^! anatomical diff]5ces ( !   
two simian gr\ps  are univ]sal &        
conspicu\s1 & t !y h>monize ) _!        
geographical di/ribution 9 ! two        
hemisph]es1 fully au?orizes  a %>p      
sy/ematic division ( ! two1 z well z !  
phylog5etic  conclusion t = a v long    
p]iod 7= m ?an a million ye>s7  ! two   

sub-ord]s h be5 develop+ q indep5d5tly (
 ea*  o!r 9 ! we/]n & ea/]n hemisph]es4 
,t is a mo/ important  po9t 9 view ( !  
g5ealogy ( our race2 = man be>s all !   
m>ks  ( a true cat>rh9a2 he has desc5d$ 
f "s ext9ct memb] (  ?is sub-ord] 9 !   
,old ,_w4    ,! num]\s types ( cat>rh9ae
 :i* /ill survive 9 ,asia &  ,africa h  
be5 =m$ into two sections = "s "t--!    
tail$1  doglike apes 7! cynopi!ci7 & !  
tailless1 manlike apes 7!               
an?ropomorpha74 ,! latt] are mu* ne>] to
 man ?an ! =m]1  n only 9 ! abs5ce ( a  
tail & 9 ! g5]al build ( ! body         
7especially ( ! head71 b also on acc\nt 
( c]ta9 features  :i* are unimportant 9 
!mselves b v significant 9 _!  con/ancy4
 ,! sacrum ( ! an?ropoid ape1 l t ( man1
 is made  up ( ! fusion ( five v]tebr2 t
 ( ! cynopi!cus consi/s  ( ?ree 7m r>ely
 f\r7 sacral v]tebr4 ,! premol> tee? (  
! cynopi!ci are great] 9 l5g? ?an       
bread?2 ^? ( !  an?ropomorpha are broad]
 ?an !y are long2 & ! fir/ mol>  has f\r
 protub]ances 9 ! =m]1 five 9 ! latt]4  

,fur!rmore1  ! out] incisor ( ! l[] jaw 
is broad] ?an ! inn] "o  9 ! manlike    
apes & man2 9 ! doglike ape x is !      
small]4  ,f9ally1 !re is a special      
significance 9 ! fact1 e/abli%$ by      
,sel5ka 9 #ahij1 t ! an?ropoid apes %>e 
) man ! peculi>  /ructure ( ! discoid   
plac5ta1 ! decidua reflexa1 & !  p$icle 
( ! allantois4 ,9 fact1 ev5 a sup]ficial
 comp>ison (  ! bodily /ructure ( !     
an?ropomorpha :i* /ill survive makes  x 
cle> t bo? ! ,asiatic 7! orang-outang & 
! gibb\s ape7  & ! ,african 7! gorilla &
 *impanzee7 repres5tatives ( ?is  gr\p  
are ne>] to man 9 build ?an any ( !     
cynopi!ci4 ,"u  ! latt] gr\p we include 
! dog-fac$ papiomorpha1 ! baboon1  & !  
long-tail$ monkey1 at a v l[ /age4 ,!   
anatomical  diff]5ce betwe5 ^! l[       
papiomorpha & ! mo/ highly develop$     
an?ropoid apes is great] 9 e respect1   
:atev] organ we take  = comp>ison1 ?an !
 diff]5ce betwe5 ! latt] & man4  ,?is   
in/ructive fact 0 e/abli%$ ) great      
p5etration by !  anatomi/ ,rob]t        

,h>tmann1 9 8 "w on ,! ,an?ropoid       
,apes2#aj  he propos$ to divide ! ord] (
 ,simiae 9 a new way--namely1 into  !   
two great gr\ps ( prim>ia 7man & !      
an?ropoid ape7 & !  simiae prop]1 or    
pi!ci 7! re/ ( ! cat>rh9 & all !        
platyrrh974 ,9 any case1 we h a cle>    
pro( ( ! close aff9ity  ( man & !       
an?ropoid ape4    ,?us comp>ative       
anatomy proves to ! satisfaction ( e    
unprejudic$ & critical /ud5t !          
significant fact t ! body (  man & t ( !
 an?ropoid ape are n only peculi>ly     
simil>1 b  !y are practically "o & !    
same 9 e important respect4 ,!  same two
 hundr$ bones1 9 ! same ord] & /ructure1
 make up our  inn] skeleton2 ! same ?ree
 hundr$ muscles effect our movem5ts2  ! 
same hair clo!s our sk92 ! same gr\ps ( 
ganglionic cells  build up ! m>vell\s   
/ructure ( our bra92 ! same f\r *amb]$  
he>t is ! c5tral pulsomet] 9 our        
circulation2 ! same ?irty-two  tee? are 
set 9 ! same ord] 9 our jaws2 ! same    
saliv>y1  hepatic1 & ga/ric gl&s compass

 our dige/ive process2 ! same           
reproductive organs insure ! ma9t5ance (
 our race4    ,x is true t we f9d1 on   
close exam9ation1 c]ta9 m9or  diff]5ces 
9 po9t ( size & %ape 9 mo/ ( ! organs ( 
man  & ! ape2 b we discov] ! same1 or   
simil>1 diff]5ces  betwe5 ! high] & l[] 
races ( m51 :5 we make a c>eful         
comp>ison--ev51 9 fact1 9 a m9ute       
comp>ison ( ! v>i\s  individuals ( our  
own race4 ,we f9d no two p]sons :o h    
exactly  ! same size & =m ( nose1 e>s1  
eyes1 & s =?4 ,"o has  only to comp>e   
att5tively ^! special features 9 _m     
diff]5t  p]sons 9 any l>ge company to   
conv9ce "o's self ( ! a/oni%+  div]sity 
( _! con/ruction & ! inf9ite v>iability 
(  specific =ms4 ,n infrequ5tly ev5 two 
si/]s are s mu* unlike  z to make _!    
orig9 f ! same p>5ts almo/ incr$ible4   
,yet  all ^! individual v>iations d n   
weak5 ! significance ( !  fundam5tal    
simil>ity ( /ructure2 !y are traceable  
to c]ta9  m9ute diff]5ces 9 ! gr[? ( !  
individual features4          ,,*apt]   

,,iii    ,,our ,,life        ,developm5t
 ( ,physiology 9 ,antiquity & ! ,middle 
,ages3      ,gal5--,exp]im5t &          
,vivisection--,discov]y ( ! ,circulation
      ( ! ,blood by ,h>vey--,vitalism3  
,hall]--,teleological &      ,vitali/ic 
,conception ( ,life--,me*anical &       
,moni/ic ,view      ( ! ,physiological  
,processes--,comp>ative ,physiology 9 ! 
,n9ete5? ,c5tury3 ,johannes             
,mll]--,cellul> ,physiology3 ,max       
,v]worn--,cellul> ,pa?ology3            
,vir*[--,mammal ,physiology--,simil>ity 
( all ,vital ,activity 9 ,man & ! ,ape  
,x is only 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury t our k ( 
human life  has atta9$ ! dignity ( a    
g5u9e1 indep5d5t sci5ce2 dur+ !  c\rse (
 ! c5tury x has develop$ into "o ( !    
highe/1 mo/  int]e/+1 & mo/ important   
bran*es ( k4 ,?is sci5ce  ( ! vital     
functions1 physiology1 _h1 x is true1   
be5 reg>d$  at a mu* e>li] date z a     
desirable1 if n a necess>y1 condition  (
 success 9 m$ical treatm5t1 & _h be5    
con/antly associat$  ) anatomy1 ! sci5ce

 ( ! /ructure ( ! body4 ,b x 0  only mu*
 lat]1 & mu* m sl[ly1 ?an ! latt] t x   
c\ld  be ?or\ghly /udi$1 z x _h to      
cont5d ) mu* m s]i\s  difficulties4     
,! idea ( life1 z ! opposite ( dea?1    
naturally became !  subject (           
speculation at a v e>ly age4 ,9 ! liv+  
man1 j  z 9 o!r liv+ animals1 !re 7     
c]ta9 peculi> *anges1  especially       
movem5ts1 :i* 7 want+ 9 lifeless nature3
  spontane\s locomotion1 ! beat ( !     
he>t1 ! draw+ ( !  brea?1 spee*1 & s =?4
 ,b ! discrim9ation ( su* organic       
movem5ts f simil> ph5om5a 9 inorganic   
bodies 0 by no means  easy1 & 0         
frequ5tly impossible2 ! fl[+ /ream1 !   
flick]+  flame1 ! ru%+ w9d1 ! fall+     
rock1 seem$ to man to exhibit  ! same   
movem5ts4 ,x 0 q natural t primitive man
 %\ld  attribute an indep5d5t life to ^!
 dead bodies4 ,he knew no m  ( ! real   
s\rces ( movem5t 9 ! "o case ?an 9 !    
o!r4    ,we f9d ! e>lie/ sci5tific      
obs]vations on ! nature ( man's  vital  
functions 7z well z on 8 /ructure7 9 !  

,greek natural  philosoph]s & physicians
 ( ! six? & fif? c5turies be=e  ,*ri/4  
,! be/ collection ( ! physiological     
facts :i* 7 kn[n  at t "t is to be f\nd 
9 ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,ari/otle2 a     
great numb] ( 8 ass]tions 7 probably    
tak5 f ,democritus  & ,hippocrates4 ,!  
s*ool ( ! latt] _h already made attempts
  to expla9 ! my/]y2 x po/ulat$ z !     
ultimate s\rce ( life  9 man & ! bea/s a
 volatile _s ( life 7,pneuma72 &        
,erasi/ratus 7#bhj ,b4,c47 already drew 
a di/9ction betwe5 ! l[]  & ! high] _s (
 life1 ! pneuma zoticon 9 ! he>t &  !   
pneuma psy*icon 9 ! bra94    ,! cr$it ( 
ga!r+ ^! scatt]$ tru?s into unity1 & (  
mak+ ! fir/ attempt at a sy/ematic      
physiology1 belongs to !  great ,greek  
physician ,gal52 we h already recogniz$ 
9 him !  fir/ great anatomi/ ( antiquity
 7cf4 p4 #bc74 ,9 8 rese>*es  into !    
organs ( ! body he nev] lo/ sight ( ! "q
 (  _! vital activity1 _! functions2 &  
ev5 9 ?is direction he  proce$$ by !    
same comp>ative me?od1 tak+ = 8 pr9cipal

  /udy ! animals :i* approa* ne>e/ to   
man4 ,:atev] he le>n$  f ^! he appli$   
directly to man4 ,he recogniz$ ! value (
  physiological exp]im5t2 9 8           
vivisection ( apes1 dogs1 &  sw9e he    
made a numb] ( int]e/+ exp]im5ts4       
,vivisection has  be5 made ! object ( a 
viol5t attack 9 rec5t ye>s1 n only  by !
 ignorant & n>r[-m9d$1 b by !ological   
enemies (  k & by p]f]vid s5tim5tali/s2 
x is1 h[ev]1 "o ( !  indisp5sable me?ods
 ( rese>* into ! nature ( life1 & has   
giv5 u invaluable in=mation on ! mo/    
important que/ions4 ,?is  0 recogniz$ by
 ,gal5 sev5te5 hundr$ ye>s ago4    ,gal5
 r$uces all ! diff]5t functions ( ! body
 to ?ree  gr\ps1 :i* correspond to !    
?ree =ms ( ! pneuma1 or vital  _s4 ,!   
pneuma psy*icon--! s\l--:i* resides 9 ! 
bra9  & n]ves1 is ! cause ( ?\ght1      
s5sation1 & w 7volunt>y  movem5t72 !    
pneuma zoticon--! he>t--is responsible =
 ! beat  ( ! he>t1 ! pulse1 & !         
temp]ature2 ! pneuma physicon1  seat$ 9 
! liv]1 is ! s\rce ( ! s-call$          

vegetative  functions1 dige/ion &       
assimilation1 gr[? & reproduction4  ,he 
especially emphasiz$ ! r5ewal ( ! blood 
9 ! lungs1  & express$ a hope t we %\ld 
"s day succe$ 9 isolat+  ! p]man5t      
elem5t 9 ! atmosph]e--! pneuma1 z he    
calls  x--:i* is tak5 into ! blood 9    
respiration4 ,m ?an fifte5  c5turies    
elaps$ be=e ?is pneuma--oxyg5--0        
discov]$ by  ,lavoisi]4    ,9 human     
physiology1 z well z 9 anatomy1 ! great 
sy/em ( ,gal5  0 = ?irte5 c5turies !    
,codex aureus1 ! inviolable s\rce (  all
 k4 ,! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity1 s fatal  
to sci5tific  culture1 rais$ ! same     
insup]able ob/acles 9 ?is z 9 e  o!r    
bran* ( secul> k4 ,n a s+le sci5ti/     
appe>$  f ! ?ird to ! sixte5? c5tury :o 
d>$ to make indep5d5t  rese>* into man's
 vital activity1 & transc5d ! limits ( !
  ,gal5ic sy/em4 ,x 0 n until ! sixte5? 
c5tury t exp]im5ts  7 made 9 t direction
 by a numb] ( di/+ui%$ physicians  &    
anatomi/s 7,p>acelsus1 ,s]vetus1        
,vesalius1 & o!rs74 ,9 #afbh  ,h>vey    

publi%$ 8 great discov]y ( ! circulation
 ( ! blood1  & %[$ t ! he>t is a pump1  
:i* drives ! r$ /ream  unceas+ly ?r\gh !
 connect$ sy/em ( art]ies & ve9s by a   
rhy?mic1 unconsci\s contraction ( its   
muscles4 ,n less important  7 ,h>vey's  
rese>*es into ! procreation ( animals1 z
 a result  ( :i* he =mulat$ ! well-kn[n 
law3 ,e liv+ ?+ comes  f an egg 7omne   
vivum ex ovo74    ,! p[]ful impetus :i* 
,h>vey gave to physiological obs]vation 
&  exp]im5t l$ to a great numb] (       
discov]ies 9 ! sixte5? &  sev5te5?      
c5turies4 ,^! 7 co-ord9at$ = ! fir/ "t  
by  ! le>n$ ,albre*t ,hall] ab\t !      
middle ( ! la/ c5tury2 9  8 great "w1   
,elem5ta ,physiologiae1 he e/abli%$ !   
inh]5t  importance ( ! sci5ce1          
indep5d5tly ( its relation to practical 
m$ic9e4 ,9 po/ulat+1 h[ev]1 a special   
s5sitive =ce or  s5sibility = neural    
action1 & a special irritability =      
muscul> movem5t1 ,hall] gave /rong      
support to ! errone\s idea (  a specific
 vital =ce 7vis vitalis74    ,= m ?an a 

c5tury aft]w>ds1 f ! middle ( ! eighte5?
  until ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1    
m$ic9e & 7especially7  physiology 7     
dom9at$ by ! old idea t a c]ta9 numb] ( 
!  vital processes may be trac$ to      
physical & *emical causes1 b t  o!rs are
 ! outcome ( a special vital =ce :i* is 
indep5d5t  ( physical ag5cies4 ,h[ev]   
mu* sci5ti/s diff]$ 9 _!  conceptions ( 
its nature & its relation to ! s\l1 !y 7
 all  agre$ z to its indep5d5ce (1 &    
ess5tial di/9ction f1 !  *emico-physical
 =ces ( ord9>y matt]2 x 0 a self-conta9$
  =ce 7ar*aeus71 unkn[n 9 inorganic     
nature1 :i* compell$  ord9>y =ces into  
its s]vice4 ,n only ! di/9ctly psy*ical 
activity1 ! s5sibility ( ! n]ves & !    
irritability ( !  muscles1 b ev5 !      
ph5om5a ( s5se activity1 ( reproduction1
  & ( developm5t seem$ s wond]ful & s   
my/]i\s 9 _!  s\rces t x 0 impossible to
 attribute !m to simple physical  &     
*emical processes4 ,z ! free activity ( 
! vital =ce  0 purposive & consci\s1 x  
l$1 9 philosophy1 to a complete         

teleology2 especially did ?is seem      
indisputable :5 ev5 !  critical         
philosoph] ,kant _h ackn[l$g$1 9 8 fam\s
 critique  ( ! teleological position1 t1
 ?\gh ! m9d's au?ority to  give a       
me*anical int]pretation ( all ph5om5a is
 !oretically  unlimit$1 yet its actual  
capacity = su* int]pretation does n     
ext5d to ! ph5om5a ( organic life2 "h we
 are compell$ to h  rec\rse to a        
purposive--!re=e sup]natural--pr9ciple4 
,?is  div]g5ce ( ! vital ph5om5a f !    
me*anical processes (  life became1     
naturally1 m conspicu\s z sci5ce advanc$
 9 !  *emical & physical explanation ( !
 latt]4 ,! circulation ( !  blood & a   
numb] ( o!r ph5om5a c\ld be trac$ to    
me*anical  ag5cies2 respiration &       
dige/ion 7 attributable to *emical      
processes l ^? we f9d 9 inorganic       
nature4 ,on ! o!r h&1  x seem$          
impossible to d ?is ) ! wond]ful        
p]=mances ( !  n]ves & muscles1 & ) !   
*>act]i/ic life ( ! m9d2 !  co-ord9ation
 ( all ! diff]5t =ces 9 ! life ( !      

individual  seem$ also beyond su* a     
me*anical int]pretation4 ,h5ce !re arose
  a complete physiological dualism--an  
ess5tial di/9ction 0 drawn  betwe5      
inorganic & organic nature1 betwe5      
me*anical & vital  processes1 betwe5    
mat]ial =ce & life =ce1 betwe5 ! body & 
! s\l4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury  
?is vitalism 0  firmly e/abli%$ 9       
,france by ,l\is ,dumas1 & 9 ,g]many by 
,reil4  ,alex&] ,humboldt _h already    
publi%$ a poetical pres5tation ( x  9   
#agie1 9 8 n>rative ( ! ,leg5d (        
,rhodes2 x is repeat$1  ) critical      
notes1 9 8 ,views ( ,nature4    ,9 !    
fir/ half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ! fam\s   
philosoph]  ,desc>tes1 />t+ f ,h>vey's  
discov]y ( ! circulation ( !  blood1 put
 =w>d ! idea t ! body ( man1 l t ( o!r  
animals1 is m]ely an intricate ma*9e1 & 
t its movem5ts take  place "u ! same    
me*anical laws z ! movem5ts ( an        
automaton  ( human con/ruction4 ,x is   
true t ,desc>tes1 at ! same "t1  claim$ 
= man ! exclusive possession ( a        

p]fectly indep5d5t1  immat]ial s\l1 &   
held t its subjective exp]i5ce1 ?\ght1  
0 ! only ?+ 9 ! _w ( :i* we h direct &  
c]ta9  cognizance 7,cogito1 ergo sum74  
,yet ?is dualism did n prev5t  him f do+
 mu* to advance our k ( ! me*anical life
  processes 9 detail4 ,borelli foll[$   
7#affj7 ) a r$uction ( !  movem5ts ( !  
animal body to purely physical laws1 &  
,sylvius  endeavor$1 ab\t ! same "t1 to 
give a purely *emical explanation  ( !  
ph5om5a ( dige/ion & respiration2 ! =m] 
f\nd$ !  iatrome*anical1 ! latt] !      
iatro*emical1 s*ool ( m$ic9e4  ,h[ev]1  
^! rational t5d5cies t[>ds a natural1   
me*anical  explanation ( ! ph5om5a (    
life did n atta9 to a univ]sal          
acceptance & application2 9 ! c\rse ( ! 
eighte5? c5tury  !y fell entirely away  
be=e ! advance ( teleological vitalism4 
,! f9al dispro( ( ! latt] & a return to 
me*anism only became  possible ) ! happy
 gr[? ( ! new sci5ce ( comp>ative       
physiology 9 ! =ties ( ! pres5t c5tury4 
,our k ( ! vital functions1 l our k ( ! 

/ructure ( ! human body1 0 orig9ally    
obta9$1 = ! mo/  "p1 n by direct        
obs]vation ( ! human organism itself1 b 
by  a /udy ( ! m closely relat$ animals 
among ! v]tebrates1  especially !       
mammals4 ,9 ?is s5se ! v e>lie/ beg9n+  
( human anatomy & physiology 0          
comp>ative4 ,b ! di/9ct  sci5ce (       
comp>ative physiology1 :i* embraces !   
:ole sph]e  ( life ph5om5a1 f ! l[e/    
animal up to man1 is a triumph (  !     
n9ete5? c5tury4 ,its fam\s creator 0    
,johannes ,mll]1 (  ,b]l9 7born1 ! son (
 a %oemak]1 at ,cobl5tz1 9 #ahja74 ,=   
fully  tw5ty-five ye>s--f #ahcc to      
#aheh--?is mo/ v]satile & mo/           
compreh5sive biologi/ ( our age ev9c$ an
 activity at ! ,b]l9  ,univ]sity1 z     
pr(essor & inve/igator1 :i* is only     
comp>able  ) ! associat$ "w ( ,hall] &  
,cuvi]4 ,ne>ly e "o ( !  great biologi/s
 :o h taught & work$ 9 ,g]many = ! la/  
sixty ye>s 01 directly or indirectly1 a 
pupil ( ,johannes ,mll]4  ,/>t+ f !     
anatomy & physiology ( man1 he soon     

ga!r$ all  ! *ief gr\ps ( ! high] & l[] 
animals )9 8 sph]e  ( comp>ison4 ,z1    
moreov]1 he comp>$ ! /ructure ( ext9ct  
animals ) ! liv+1 & ! heal?y organism ) 
! diseas$1  endeavor+ to br+ toge!r all 
! ph5om5a ( life 9 a truly  philosophic 
fa%ion1 he atta9$ a biological k f> 9   
advance  ( 8 pr$ecessors4    ,! mo/     
valuable fruit ( ^! compreh5sive /udies 
( ,johannes  ,mll] 0 8 ,manual ( ,human 
,physiology4 ,?is classical "w  conta9s 
mu* m ?an ! title indicates2 x is !     
sket* (  a compreh5sive comp>ative      
biology4 ,x is /ill unsurpass$ 9        
respect ( its cont5ts & range (         
inve/igation4 ,9 p>ticul>1  we f9d !    
me?ods ( obs]vation & exp]im5t appli$ 9 
x z  ma/]fully z ! philosophic processes
 ( induction & d$uction4  ,mll] 0       
orig9ally a vitali/1 l all !            
physiologi/s ( 8  "t4 ,nev]!less1 !     
curr5t idea ( a vital =ce took a novel  
=m 9 8 speculations1 & gradually        
trans=m$ itself into !  v opposite4 ,=  
he attempt$ to expla9 ! ph5om5a ( life  

me*anically 9 e dep>tm5t ( physiology4  
,8 transfigur$  vital =ce 0 n above !   
physical & *emical laws ( ! re/  (      
nature b entirely b\nd up ) !m4 ,x 01 9 
a ^w1 no?+  m ?an life itself--t is1 !  
sum ( all ! movem5ts :i* we  p]ceive 9 !
 liv+ organism4 ,he s\ght especially to 
give !m  ! same me*anical int]pretation 
9 ! life ( ! s5ses & (  ! m9d z 9 !     
work+ ( ! muscles2 ! same 9 ! ph5om5a  (
 circulation1 respiration1 & dige/ion z 
9 g5]ation &  developm5t4 ,mll]'s       
success 0 *iefly due to ! fact t he     
always began ) ! simple/ life ph5om5a ( 
! l[e/ animals1  & foll[$ !m /ep by /ep 
9 _! gradual developm5t up to !  v      
highe/1 to man4 ,9 ?is 8 me?od (        
critical comp>ison  prov$ its value bo? 
f ! physiological & f ! anatomical  po9t
 ( view4 ,johannes ,mll] is1 moreov]1 ! 
only great sci5ti/  :o has equally      
cultivat$ ^! two bran*es ( rese>*1 &    
comb9$  !m ) equal brilliancy4          
,imm$iately aft] 8 dea? 8 va/  sci5tific
 k+dom fell into f\r di/9ct prov9ces1   

:i* are n[  ne>ly always repres5t$ by   
f\r or m *airs--human & comp>ative      
anatomy1 pa?ological anatomy1           
physiology1 & ! hi/ory (  evolution4    
,?is sudd5 division ( ,mll]'s imm5se    
realm ( le>n+  9 #aheh has be5 comp>$ to
 ! dissolution ( ! empire :i*  ,alex&] !
 ,great _h consolidat$ & rul$4    ,among
 ! _m pupils ( ,johannes ,mll] :o1 ei!r 
dur+ 8  lifetime or aft] 8 dea?1 labor$ 
h>d = ! advancem5t ( !  v>i\s bran*es ( 
biology1 "o ( ! mo/ =tunate--if n !  mo/
 important--0 ,!odor ,s*wann4 ,:5 ! able
 botani/ ,s*leid51  9 #ahch1 indicat$ ! 
cell z ! common elem5t>y organ ( all    
plants1 & prov$ t all ! diff]5t tissues 
( ! plant are  m]ely comb9ations (      
cells1 ,johannes ,mll] recogniz$ at once
 !  extraord9>y possibilities ( ?is     
important discov]y4 ,he himself  s\ght  
to po9t out ! same composition 9 v>i\s  
tissues ( !  animal body--= in/ance1 9 !
 sp9al cord ( v]tebrates--&  ?us l$ 8   
pupil1 ,s*wann1 to ext5d ! discov]y to  
all !  animal tissues4 ,?is difficult   

task 0 accompli%$ by ,s*wann 9  8       
,microscopic ,rese>*es into !           
,accordance 9 ! ,/ructure &  ,gr[? (    
,plants & ,animals 7#ahci74 ,?us 0 !    
f\ndation laid  ( ! cellul> !ory1 !     
pr(\nd importance ( :i*1 bo? 9          
physiology & anatomy1 has become cle>] &
 m widely recogniz$  9 ea* subsequ5t    
ye>4 ,moreov]1 x 0 %[n by two o!r pupils
  ( ,johannes ,mll] t ! activity ( all  
organisms is1 9 !  ultimate analysis1 ! 
activity ( ! compon5ts ( _! tissues1 !  
microscopic cells--^! 7 ! able          
physiologi/ ,ern/ ,brcke1 (  ,vi5na1 & !
 di/+ui%$ hi/ologi/ ,alb]t ,kllik]1 (   
,wrzburg4  ,brcke correctly d5om9at$ !  
cells ! elem5t>y organisms1 &  %[$ t1 9 
! body ( man & ( all o!r animals1 !y are
 !  only actual1 indep5d5t factors ( !  
life process4 ,kllik] e>n$  special     
di/9ction1 n only 9 ! con/ruction ( !   
:ole sci5ce  ( hi/ology1 b p>ticul>ly by
 %[+ t ! animal ovum & its  products are
 simple cells4    ,/ill1 h[ev] widely ! 
imm5se importance ( ! cellul> !ory =    

all biological rese>* 0 ackn[l$g$1 !    
cellul> physiology  :i* is bas$ on x    
only began an indep5d5t developm5t v    
rec5tly4 ,9 ?is ,max ,v]worn 7( ,j5a7   
e>n$ a tw(old di/9ction4  ,9 8          
,psy*o-physiological ,/udies ( !        
,proti/ae 7#ahhi7 he  %[$1 z a result ( 
an +5i\s s]ies ( exp]im5tal rese>*es1  t
 ! !ory ( a cell-s\l :i* ,i put =w>d 9  
#ahffaa  is completely e/abli%$ by an   
accurate /udy ( ! unicellul>  protozoa1 
& t ! psy*ic ph5om5a ( ! proti/ =m !    
bridge :i* unites ! *emical processes ( 
inorganic nature )  ! m5tal life ( !    
highe/ animals4 ,v]worn has fur!r       
develop$  ^! views1 & bas$ !m on ! mod]n
 !ory ( evolution1 9  8 ,g5]al          
,physiology4 ,?is di/+ui%$ "w returns to
 !  compreh5sive po9t ( view ( ,johannes
 ,mll]1 9 opposition to !  "o-sid$ &    
n>r[ me?ods ( ^? mod]n physiologi/s :o  
?9k  to discov] ! nature ( ! vital      
ph5om5a by ! exclusive aid (  *emical & 
physical exp]im5ts4 ,v]worn %[$ t x is  
only by  ,mll]'s comp>ative me?od & by a

 pr(\nd /udy ( ! physiology  ( ! cell t 
we c rea* ! high] /&-po9t :i* w give u  
a compreh5sive survey ( ! wond]ful realm
 ( ! ph5om5a ( life4  ,only ?us d we    
become conv9c$ t ! vital processes 9 man
 are  subject to ! same physical &      
*emical laws z ^? ( all o!r  animals4   
,! fundam5tal importance ( ! cellul>    
!ory = all bran*es (  biology 0 made    
cle> 9 ! second half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1
  n only by ! rapid progress (          
morphology & physiology1 b also  by !   
entire re=m ( t biological sci5ce :i*   
has always  be5 deem$ mo/ important on  
acc\nt ( its relation to practical      
m$ic9e--pa?ology1 or ! sci5ce ( disease4
 ,_m ev5 ( !  old] physicians 7 conv9c$ 
t human diseases 7 natural  ph5om5a1 l  
all o!r manife/ations ( life1 & %\ld be 
/udi$  sci5tifically1 l o!r vital       
functions4 ,p>ticul> s*ools (  m$ic9e--!
 ,iatrophysical & ! ,iatro*emical--_h   
already1 9  ! sev5te5? c5tury1 attempt$ 
to trace ! s\rces ( disease to  c]ta9   
physical & *emical *anges4 ,h[ev]1 !    

imp]fect condition  ( sci5ce at t p]iod 
preclud$ any la/+ results ( ^!  ef=ts4  
,_m ( ! old] !ories1 :i* s\ght ! nature 
( disease  9 sup]natural & my/ical      
causes1 7 almo/ univ]sally accept$  d[n 
to ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4    ,x 0 
!n t ,rudolf ,vir*[1 ano!r pupil (      
,mll]1 conceiv$  ! happy idea (         
transf]r+ ! cellul> !ory f ! heal?y to  
! diseas$ organism2 he s\ght 9 ! m m9ute
 metamorphoses (  ! diseas$ cells & !   
tissues !y compos$ ! true s\rce (  ^?   
l>g] *anges :i*1 9 ! =m ( disease1      
?reat5 ! liv+  organism ) p]il & dea?4  
,especially dur+ ! sev5 ye>s (  8       
pr(essor%ip at ,wrzburg 7#ahdi-ef7      
,vir*[ pursu$ 8 great task  ) su*       
brilliant results t 8 ,cellul> ,pa?ology
 7publi%$ 9  #aheh7 turn$1 at "o /roke1 
! :ole ( pa?ology & ! dep5d5t  sci5ce ( 
practical m$ic9e into new & em95tly     
fruitful pa?s4  ,?is re=m ( m$ic9e is   
significant = our pres5t purpose 9 t  x 
l$ u to a moni/ic & purely sci5tific    
conception ( disease4 ,9  sickness1 no  

less ?an 9 heal?1 man is subject to !   
same et]nal  iron laws ( physics &      
*emi/ry z all ! re/ ( ! organic  _w4    
,among ! num]\s classes ( animals :i*   
mod]n zoology  di/+ui%es ! mammals      
occupy a pre-em95t position1 n only on  
morphological gr\nds1 b also =          
physiological reasons4 ,z man  belongs  
to ! class ( mammals 7see p4 #bg7 by e  
portion ( 8  frame1 we mu/ expect him to
 %>e 8 *>act]i/ic functions )  ! re/ ( !
 mammals4 ,su* we f9d to be ! case4 ,!  
circulation  ( ! blood & respiration are
 accompli%$ 9 man "u precisely  ! same  
laws & 9 ! same mann] z 9 all ! o!r     
mammals--&  9 ^! alone2 !y are det]m9$  
by ! peculi> /ructure (  _! he>t &      
lungs4 ,9 mammals only is all ! art]ial 
blood  conduct$ f ! left v5tricle ( !   
he>t to ! body by "o1  ! left1 bran* ( !
 aorta1 :ile 9 birds x passes along !   
"r bran*1 & 9 reptiles along bo?        
bran*es4 ,! blood (  mammals is di/+ui%$
 f t ( any o!r v]tebrate by !           
circum/ance t its r$ cells h lo/ _!     

nucleus 7by rev]sion74  ,! respiratory  
movem5ts are effect$ l>gely by !        
diaphragm 9  ?is class ( animals alone1 
because only 9 !m does x =m a  complete 
p>tition betwe5 ! pectoral & abdom9al   
cavities4 ,special  importance1 h[ev]1 9
 ?is highe/ class ( animals1 atta*es to 
! production ( milk 9 ! brea/s 7mammae71
 & to ! peculi>  me?od ( ! re>+ ( ! "y1 
:i* entails ! supply+ ( !  (fspr+ ) !   
"m's milk4 ,z ?is nutritive process     
reacts mo/  p[]fully on ! o!r vital     
functions1 & ! mat]nal affection (      
mammals mu/ h aris5 f ?is intimate =m ( 
re>+1 ! "n  ( ! class ju/ly rem9ds u (  
its great importance4 ,9 millions (     
pictures1 mo/ ( !m produc$ by pa9t]s ( !
 highe/ rank1 !  madonna ) ! *ild is    
rev]$ z ! pure/ & noble/ type (  mat]nal
 love--! in/9ct :i* is f\nd 9 its       
extreme =m 9 !  exagg]at$ t5d]ness ( !  
"m-ape4    ,z ! apes approa* ne>e/ to   
man ( all ! mammals 9 po9t (  /ructure1 
we %all expect to he> ! same ( _! vital 
functions2  & t we f9d to be ! case4    

,ev]ybody kn[s h[ closely !  habits1 !  
movem5ts1 ! s5se activity1 ! m5tal life1
 & !  p>5tal cu/oms ( apes resemble ^? (
 man4 ,sci5tific physiology  proves !   
same significant resemblance 9 o!r less 
famili>  processes1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! work+
 ( ! he>t1 ! division  ( ! brea/s1 & !  
sexual life4 ,9 ! latt] connection x is 
especially notewor?y t ! mature females 
( _m k9ds ( apes  suff] a p]iodical     
dis*>ge ( blood f ! womb1 :i*           
corresponds  to ! m5/ruation ( ! human  
female4 ,! secretion ( ! milk 9  ! gl&s 
& ! suctorial process also take place 9 
! female ape  9 precisely ! same fa%ion 
z 9 wom54    ,f9ally1 x is ( especial   
int]e/ t ! spee* ( apes seems on        
physiological comp>ison to be a /age 9 !
 =mation ( articulate  human spee*4     
,among liv+ apes !re is an ,indian      
species :i* is  musical2 ! hylobates    
syndactylus s+s a full octave 9 p]fectly
  pure1 h>moni\s half-tones4 ,no        
imp>tial philologi/ c hesitate any      
long] to admit t our elaborate rational 

language has be5 sl[ly  & gradually     
develop$ out ( ! imp]fect spee* ( our   
,plioc5e  simian ance/ors4              
,,*apt] ,,iv    ,,our ,,embryonic       
,,developm5t        ,! ,old]            
,embryology--,! ,!ory ( ,pre=mation--,! 
,!ory (      ,scatulation3 ,hall] &     
,leibnitz--,! ,!ory ( ,epig5esis3 ,c4   
,f4      ,wolff--,! ,!ory ( ,g]m9al     
,lay]s3 ,c>l ,ern/ ,ba]--,discov]y      
( ! ,human ,ovum3 ,remak1 ,kllik]--,!   
,egg-,cell & !      ,sp]m-,cell--,!     
,!ory ( ! ,ga/ra--,protozoa &           
,metazoa--,!      ,ova & ! ,sp]matozoa3 
,osc> ,h]twig--,conception--,embryonic  
,developm5t 9 ,man--,uni=mity ( !       
,v]tebrate ,embryo--,!      ,g]m9al     
,membranes 9 ,man--,! ,amnion1 !        
,s]olemma1 & !      ,allantois--,!      
,=mation ( ! ,plac5ta & !               
,aft]-,bir?--,!      ,decidua & !       
,funiculus ,umbilicalis--,! ,discoid    
,plac5ta (      ,man & ! ,ape           
,comp>ative ontog5y1 or ! sci5ce ( !    
developm5t ( !  individual animal1 is a 

*ild ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 9 ev5 a tru]    
s5se ?an comp>ative anatomy &           
physiology4 ,h[ is ! *ild =m$  9 ! "m's 
womb8 ,h[ d animals evolve f ova8 ,h[   
does !  plant come =? f ! se$8 ,^!      
pregnant que/ions h occupi$  ! ?\ghtful 
m9d = ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,yet x is only      
sev5ty  ye>s s9ce ! embryologi/ ,ba]    
po9t$ out ! correct means &  me?ods =   
p5etrat+ into ! my/]ies ( embryonic     
life2 x is  only =ty ye>s s9ce ,d>w91 by
 8 re=m ( ! !ory ( desc5t1  gave u ! key
 :i* %\ld op5 ! long-clos$ door1 & lead 
to  a k ( embryonic ag5cies4 ,z ,i h    
endeavor$ to give a  complete1 popul>   
pres5tation ( ?is v int]e/+ b difficult 
/udy 9 ! fir/ section ( my ,an?ropog5y1 
,i w conf9e myself  "h to a brief survey
 & discussion ( ! mo/ important ph5om5a4
  ,let u fir/ ca/ a hi/orical glance at 
! old] ontog5y1 & !  !ory ( pre=mation  
:i* is connect$ ) x4    ,! classical    
works ( ,ari/otle1 ! _m-sid$ fa!r (     
sci5ce1  are ! olde/ kn[n sci5tific     
s\rces ( embryology1 z we f\nd !m  to be

 = comp>ative anatomy4 ,n only 9 8 great
 natural hi/ory1  b also 9 a special    
small "w1 ,five ,books on ! ,g5]ation & 
,developm5t ( ,animals1 ! great         
philosoph] gives u a ho/ (  int]e/+     
facts1 add+ _m obs]vations on _!        
significance2 x  0 n until our own days 
t _m ( !m 7 fully appreciat$1  &1 inde$1
 we may say1 discov]$ afre%4 ,naturally1
 _m fables &  errors are mix$ up ) !m2 x
 0 all t 0 kn[n at t "t  ( ! hidd5 gr[? 
( ! human g]m4 ,yet dur+ ! long space ( 
! next two ?\s& ye>s ! slumb]+ sci5ce   
made no fur!r  progress4 ,x 0 n until ! 
comm5cem5t ( ! sev5te5? c5tury  t !re 0 
a r5ewal ( activity4 ,9 #afjj ! ,italian
 anatomi/  ,fabricius ab ,aquap5d5te    
publi%$ at ,padua ! fir/ pictures &     
descriptions ( ! embryos ( man & "s ( ! 
high] animals2 9  #afhg ! fam\s ,m>cello
 ,malpighi1 ( ,bologna1 a di/+ui%$      
pione]  alike 9 zoology & botany1       
publi%$ ! fir/ consi/5t exposition  ( ! 
gr[? ( ! *ick 9 ! hat*$ egg4    ,all ^! 
old] sci5ti/s 7 possess$ ) ! idea t !   

complete body1 ) all its p>ts1 0 already
 conta9$ 9 ! ovum  ( animals1 only x 0 s
 m9ute & transp>5t t x c\ld n  be       
detect$2 t1 !re=e1 ! :ole developm5t 0  
no?+ m  ?an a gr[?1 or an unfold+1 ( !  
p>ts t 7 already  infold$ 7involutae74  
,?is errone\s notion1 almo/ univ]sally  
accept$ until ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t       
c5tury1 is call$ !  pre=mation !ory2    
sometimes x is call$ ! evolution !ory   
79 ! lit]al s5se ( unfold+72 b ! latt]  
title is accept$  by mod]n sci5ti/s = ! 
v diff]5t !ory ( trans=mation4          
,closely connect$ ) ! pre=mation !ory1 &
 z a logical  consequ5ce ( x1 !re arose 
9 ! la/ c5tury a fur!r !ory  :i* ke5ly  
int]e/$ all ?\ghtful biologi/s--! curi\s
  !ory ( scatulation4 ,z x 0 ?\ght t !  
outl9e ( !  entire organism1 ) all its  
p>ts1 0 pres5t 9 ! egg1 !  ov>y ( !     
embryo _h to be suppos$ to conta9 ! ova 
( !  foll[+ g5]ation2 ^!1 aga91 ! ova ( 
! next1 & s on  9 inf9itum6 ,on t basis 
! di/+ui%$ physiologi/ ,hall]  calculat$
 t ,god _h creat$ toge!r1 #fjjj ye>s    

ago--on ! six?  day ( 8 creatorial      
labors--! g]ms ( #bjj1jjj1jjj1jjj m51 & 
+5i\sly pack$ !m all 9 ! ov>y ( our     
v5]able "m ,eve4  ,ev5 ! gift$          
philosoph] ,leibnitz fully accept$ ?is  
conclusion1  & embodi$ x 9 8 monadi/    
!ory2 & z1 on 8 !ory1 s\l &  body are 9 
et]nal1 insep>able companion%ip1 !      
consequ5ce _h to  be accept$ = ! s\l2 ! 
s\ls ( m5 h exi/$ 9 organiz$  bodies 9  
_! ance/ors f ,adam d[nw>d--t is1 f ! v 
beg9n+ ( ?+s4    ,9 ! mon? ( ,novemb]1  
#agei1 a "y doctor ( tw5ty-six ye>s1    
,casp> ,fri$ri* ,wolff 7son ( a ,b]l9   
tailor71 publi%$ 8  diss]tation = !     
degree at ,halle1 "u ! title1 ,!oria    
,g5]ationis4 ,support$ by a s]ies ( mo/ 
labori\s & pa9/ak+  obs]vations1 he     
prov$ ! entire falsity ( ! dom9ant      
!ories (  pre=mation & scatulation4 ,9 !
 hat*$ egg !re is at fir/ no  trace ( ! 
com+ *ick & its organs2 in/ead ( x we   
f9d on top  ( ! yolk a small1 circul>1  
:ite disk4 ,?is ?9 g]m9al disk  becomes 
gradually r\nd1 & !n breaks up into f\r 

folds1 ly+  ^u ea* o!r1 :i* are !       
rudim5ts ( ! f\r *ief sy/ems (          
organs--! n]v\s sy/em above1 ! muscul>  
sy/em und]nea?1 !  vascul> sy/em 7) !   
he>t71 &1 f9ally1 ! alim5t>y canal4     
,?us1 z ,wolff ju/ly rem>k$1 ! embryonic
 developm5t does n  consi/ 9 an unfold+ 
( ! pre=m$ organs1 b 9 a s]ies (  new   
con/ructions2 x is a true epig5esis4 ,"o
 "p arises aft]  ano!r1 & all make _!   
appe>ance 9 a simple =m1 :i* is v       
diff]5t f ! lat] /ructure4 ,?is only    
appe>s aft] a s]ies (  mo/ rem>kable    
=mations4 ,al?\gh ?is great discov]y--"o
 ( !  mo/ important ( ! eighte5?        
c5tury--c\ld be directly prov$ by a     
v]ification ( ! facts ,wolff _h obs]v$1 
& al?\gh ! !ory  ( g5]ation :i* 0 f\nd$ 
on x 0 9 reality n a !ory at  all1 b a  
simple fact1 x met ) no sympa?y :atev] =
 half a  c5tury4 ,x 0 p>ticul>ly ret>d$ 
by ! high au?ority ( ,hall]1  :o f\ght x
 /r5u\sly ) ! dogmatic ass]tion t !re is
  no su* ?+ z developm5t3 no "p ( !     
animal body is =m$  be=e ano!r2 all 7   

creat$ toge!r4 ,wolff1 :o _h to g to ,/4
  ,pet]sburg1 0 long 9 8 grave be=e !   
=gott5 facts he _h  obs]v$ 7 discov]$   
afre% by ,ok5 at ,j5a1 9 #ahjf4    ,aft]
 ,wolff's epig5esis !ory _h be5 e/abli%$
 by ,ok5 &  ,neckel 7^: important "w on 
! developm5t ( ! alim5t>y  canal 0      
translat$ f ,lat9 into ,g]man71 a numb] 
( "y ,g]man  sci5ti/s devot$ !mselves   
eag]ly to m accurate embryological      
rese>*4 ,! mo/ important & successful ( 
^! 0 ,c>l ,ern/  ,ba]4 ,8 pr9cipal "w   
appe>$ 9 #ahbh1 ) ! title1 ,hi/ory (  ! 
,developm5t ( ,animals3 ,obs]vations &  
,reflections4 ,n only  ! ph5om5a ( !    
=mation ( ! g]m are cle>ly illu/rat$  & 
fully describ$ 9 x1 b x adds a numb] ( v
 pregnant  speculations4 ,9 p>ticul>1 ! 
=m ( ! embryo ( man & !  mammals is     
correctly pres5t$1 & ! va/ly diff]5t    
developm5t  ( ! l[] inv]tebrate animals 
is also consid]$4 ,! two leaflike  lay]s
 :i* appe> 9 ! r\nd g]m disk ( ! high]  
v]tebrates  fir/ divide1 accord+ to     
,ba]1 into two fur!r lay]s1 & ^!  f\r   

g]m9al lay]s are trans=m$ into f\r      
tubes1 :i* repres5t  ! fundam5tal       
organs--! sk9 lay]1 ! muscul> lay]1 !   
vascul> lay]1 & ! muc\s lay]4 ,!n1 by v 
complicat$  evolution>y processes1 !    
lat] organs arise1 9 sub/antially !     
same mann]1 9 man & all ! o!r           
v]tebrates4 ,! ?ree *ief  gr\ps (       
inv]tebrates1 :i* 9 _! turn diff] widely
 f ea*  o!r1 h a v diff]5t developm5t4  
,"o ( ! mo/ important ( ,ba]'s _m       
discov]ies 0 ! f9d+ (  ! human ovum4 ,up
 to t "t ! little vesicles :i* are f\nd 
9  great numb]s 9 ! human ov>y & 9 t (  
all o!r mammals _h  be5 tak5 = ! ova4   
,ba] 0 ! fir/ to prove1 9 #ahbg1 t !    
real ova are enclos$ 9 ^! vesicles--!   
,graafian follicles--&  mu* small]1 be+ 
t9y sph]es #a-abj? in* 9 diamet]1       
visible  to ! nak$ eye z m9ute specks "u
 favorable conditions4 ,he  discov]$    
likewise t f ?is t9y ovum ( ! mammal !re
  develops fir/ a *>act]i/ic g]m        
globule1 a holl[ sph]e )  liquid        
cont5ts1 ! wall ( :i* =ms ! sl5d] g]m9al

 membrane1  or bla/od]m4    ,t5 ye>s    
aft] ,ba] _h giv5 a firm f\ndation to   
embryological  sci5ce by 8 !ory ( g]m   
lay]s a new task confront$ x on !       
e/abli%m5t ( ! cellul> !ory 9 #ahch4    
,:at is ! relation (  ! ovum & ! lay]s  
:i* arise f x to ! tissues & cells  :i* 
compose ! fully develop$ organism8 ,!   
correct answ] to ?is  difficult "q 0    
giv5 ab\t ! middle ( ?is c5tury by two  
di/+ui%$ pupils ( ,johannes             
,mll]--,rob]t ,remak1 ( ,b]l91 &  ,alb]t
 ,kllik]1 ( ,wrzburg4 ,!y %[$ t ! ovum  
is at fir/ "o  simple cell1 & t ! _m    
g]m9al globules1 or granules1 :i*  arise
 f x by repeat$ segm5tation1 are also   
simple cells4 ,f  ?is mulb]ry-l gr\p (  
cells are con/ruct$ fir/ ! g]m9al       
lay]s1 & subsequ5tly by diff]5tiation1  
or division ( labor1  all ! diff]5t     
organs4 ,kllik] has ! fur!r m]it ( %[+  
t ! sem9al fluid ( male animals is also 
a mass ( microscopic  cells4 ,! active  
p9-%ap$ se$-animalcules1 or sp]matozoa1 
9  x are m]ely ciliat$ cells1 z ,i fir/ 

prov$ 9 ! case ( !  se$-filam5ts ( !    
sponge 9 #ahff4 ,?us x 0 prov$ t bo?  ! 
mat]ials ( g5]ation1 ! male sp]m & !    
female ova1 fell  9 ) ! cellul> !ory4 ,t
 0 a discov]y ( :i* ! great  philosophic
 significance 0 n appreciat$ until a mu*
 lat] date1  on a close /udy ( ! ph5om5a
 ( conception 9 #ahge4    ,all ! old]   
/udies 9 embryonic developm5t conc]n man
 & !  high] v]tebrates1 especially !    
embryonic bird1 s9ce h5s' eggs  are !   
l>ge/ & mo/ conv5i5t objects =          
inve/igation1 &  are pl5tiful en\gh to  
facilitate exp]im5t2 we c hat* !m 9  !  
incubator1 z well z by ! natural        
function ( ! h51 &  s obs]ve f h\r to   
h\r1 dur+ ! space ( ?ree weeks1 !  :ole 
s]ies ( =mations1 f ! simple g]m cell to
 ! complete  organism4 ,ev5 ,ba] _h only
 be5 able to ga!r f su* obs]vations  !  
fact t ! diff]5t classes ( v]tebrates   
agre$ 9 !  *>act]i/ic =m ( ! g]m lay]s &
 ! gr[? ( p>ticul>  organs4 ,9 !        
innum]able classes ( inv]tebrates1 on ! 
o!r  h&--t is1 9 ! great majority (     

animals--! embryonic  developm5t seem$  
to run q a diff]5t c\rse1 & mo/ ( !m    
seem$ to be altoge!r )\t true g]m9al    
lay]s4 ,x 0 n until  ab\t ! middle ( !  
c5tury t su* lay]s 7 f\nd 9 "s (  !     
inv]tebrates4 ,huxley1 = in/ance1 f\nd  
!m 9 ! m$us 9  #ahdi1 & ,kllik] 9 !     
cephalopods 9 #ahdd4 ,p>ticul>ly        
important  0 ! discov]y ( ,k[alewsky    
7#ahhf7 t ! l[e/ v]tebrate--!  lancelot1
 or amphioxus--is develop$ 9 j ! same   
mann] 7& a  v orig9al fa%ion x is7 z an 
inv]tebrate1 app>5tly q  remote1        
tunicate1 ! sea-squirt1 or ascidian4    
,ev5 9 "s ( !  worms1 ! radiata & !     
articulata1 a simil> =mation ( !  g]m9al
 lay]s 0 po9t$ out by ! same obs]v]4 ,i 
myself 0  !n 7s9ce #ahhf7 occupi$ ) !   
embryology ( ! sponges1 corals1  m$us1 &
 siphonophor1 &1 z ,i f\nd ! same       
=mation ( two  prim>y g]m lay]s ev]y:]e 
9 ^! l[e/ classes ( multicellul>        
animals1 ,i came to ! conclusion t ?is  
important embryonic  feature is common  
to ! entire animal _w4 ,! circum/ance t 

9 ! sponges & ! cnid>ia 7polyps1 m$us1  
etc47 ! body  consi/s = a long "t1      
sometimes ?r\gh\t life1 m]ely ( two     
simple lay]s ( cells1 seem$ to me       
especially significant4 ,huxley  _h     
already 7#ahdi7 comp>$ ^!1 9 ! case ( ! 
m$us1 ) !  two prim>y g]m9al lay]s ( !  
v]tebrates4 ,on ! gr\nd ( ^!            
obs]vations & comp>isons ,i !n1 9 #ahgb1
 9 my ,philosophy ( !  ,calcispongiae1  
publi%$ ! !ory ( ! ga/ra1 ( :i* !       
foll[+ are ! ess5tial po9ts3    ,i4 ,!  
:ole animal _w falls into two ess5tially
 diff]5t gr\ps1  ! unicellul> primitive 
animals 7,protozoa7 & ! multicellul>    
animals ) complex tissues 7,metazoa74 ,!
 entire organism ( !  protozoon 7!      
rhizopods ( ! infusoria7 rema9s ?r\gh\t 
life a  s+le simple cell 7or            
occasionally a loose colony ( cells )\t 
! =mation ( tissue1 a co5obium74 ,!     
organism ( ! metazoon1  on ! contr>y1 is
 only unicellul> at ! comm5cem5t1 & is  
subsequ5tly built up ( a numb] ( cells  
:i* =m tissues4    ,,ii4 ,h5ce ! me?od (

 reproduction & developm5t is v diff]5t 
9 ea* ( ^! great categories ( animals4  
,! protozoa usually  multiply by        
non-sexual means1 by fission1 gemmation1
 or spores2  !y h no real ova & no sp]m4
 ,! metazoa1 on ! contr>y1 are  divid$  
into male & female sexes1 & g5]ally     
propagate sexually1  by means ( true    
ova1 :i* are f]tiliz$ by ! male sp]m4   
,,iii4 ,h5ce1 fur!r1 true g]m9al lay]s1 
& ! tissues :i* are  =m$ f !m1 are f\nd 
only 9 ! metazoa2 !y are entirely  want+
 9 ! protozoa4    ,,iv4 ,9 all ! metazoa
 only two prim>y lay]s appe> at fir/1 & 
^! h always ! same ess5tial             
significance2 f ! out]  lay] ! ext]nal  
sk9 & ! n]v\s sy/em are develop$2 f !   
inn] lay] are =m$ ! alim5t>y canal & all
 ! o!r organs4    ,v4 ,i call$ ! g]m1   
:i* always arises fir/ f ! impregnat$   
ovum1 & :i* consi/s ( ^! two prim>y     
lay]s1 ! gut-l>va1  or ! ga/rula2 its   
cup-%ap$ body ) ! two lay]s encloses    
orig9ally a simple dige/ive cavity1 !   
primitive gut 7!  proga/] or ar*5t]on71 

& its simple op5+ is ! primitive  m\? 7!
 pro/oma or bla/oporus74 ,^! are !      
e>lie/ organs  ( ! multicellul> body1 & 
! two cell lay]s ( its enclos+  wall1   
simple epi!lia1 are its e>lie/ tissues2 
all ! o!r organs  & tissues are a lat] &
 second>y gr[? f ^!4    ,,vi4 ,f ?is    
simil>ity1 or homology1 ( ! ga/rula 9   
all classes  ( comp\nd animals ,i drew !
 conclusion1 9 virtue ( ! biog5etic  law
 7p4 #ha71 t all ! metazoa come         
orig9ally f "o simple  ance/ral =m1 !   
ga/raea1 & t ?is anci5t 7,laur5tian71   
long-ext9ct =m _h ! /ructure &          
composition ( ! actual  ga/rula1 9 :i* x
 is pres]v$ by h]$ity4    ,,vii4 ,?is   
phylog5etic conclusion1 bas$ on !       
comp>ison (  ontog5etic facts1 is       
confirm$ by ! circum/ance t !re are     
sev]al ( ^! ga/rades /ill 9 exi/5ce     
7ga/raem>ia1  cyem>ia1 physem>ia1 etc471
 & also "s anci5t =ms (  o!r animal     
gr\ps ^: organization is v little high] 
7!  olyn?us ( ! sponges1 ! hydra1 or    
common fre%-wat] polyp1  ( ! cnid>ia1 ! 

convoluta & o!r cryptocla1 or worms ( ! 
simple/ type1 ( ! platodes74    ,,viii4 
,9 ! fur!r developm5t ( ! v>i\s         
tissue-=m+ animals  f ! ga/rula we h to 
di/+ui% two pr9cipal gr\ps4 ,!  e>li] & 
l[] types 7! coel5t]ia or acoelomia7 h  
no body cavity1 no v5t1 & no blood2 su* 
is ! case ) !  ga/rades1 sponges1       
cnid>ia1 & platodes4 ,! lat] & high]    
types 7! caelom>ia or bilat]ia71 on !   
o!r h&1 h a  true body cavity1 & g5]ally
 blood & a v5t2 to ^! we mu/  ref] !    
worms & ! high] types ( animals :i* 7   
evolv$ f  ^! lat] on1 ! e*9od]mata1     
mollusca1 articulata1 tunicata1 &       
v]tebrata4    ,^? are ! ma9 po9ts ( my  
ga/ra !ory2 ,i h s9ce  enl>g$ ! fir/    
sket* ( x 7giv5 9 #ahgb71 & h endeavor$ 
to sub/antiate x 9 a s]ies ( ,/udies on 
! ga/ra !ory  7#ahgc-hd74 ,al?\gh x 0   
almo/ univ]sally reject$ at fir/1 &     
fi]cely combat$ = t5 ye>s by _m         
au?orities1 x is n[ 7& has  be5 = ! la/ 
fifte5 ye>s7 accept$ by ne>ly all my    
colleagues4  ,let u n[ see :at f>-rea*+ 

consequ5ces foll[ f x1 &  f ! evolution 
( ! g]m1 especially ) reg>d to our great
  "q1 ! place ( man 9 nature4    ,!     
human ovum1 l t ( all o!r animals1 is a 
s+le cell1 &  ?is t9y globul> egg cell  
7ab\t ! #abj? ( an in* 9 diamet]7  has j
 ! same *>act]i/ic appe>ance z t ( all  
o!r  vivip>\s organisms4 ,! little ball 
( protoplasm is surr\nd$  by a ?ick1    
transp>5t1 f9ely reticulat$ membrane1   
call$ !  zona pellucida2 ev5 ! little1  
globul>1 g]m9al vesicle 7!              
cell-nucleus71 :i* is enclos$ 9 !       
protoplasm 7! cell-body71  is ( ! same  
size & ! same qualities z 9 ! re/ ( !   
mammals4 ,! same applies to ! active    
sp]matozoa ( ! male1  ! m9ute1          
?readlike1 ciliat$ cells ( :i* millions 
are f\nd  9 e drop ( ! sem9al fluid2 on 
acc\nt ( _! lifelike  movem5ts !y 7     
previ\sly tak5 to be =ms ( life1 z ! "n 
indicates 7sp]matozoa--sp]m animals74   
,moreov]1 ! orig9 ( bo?  ^! important   
sexual cells 9 _! respective organs is !
 same 9  man z 9 ! o!r mammals2 bo? !   

ova 9 ! ov>y ( ! female  & ! sp]matozoa 
9 ! sp]m>ium ( ! male arise 9 ! same    
fa%ion--!y always come f cells1 :i* are 
orig9ally d]iv$ f  ! coel\s epi!lium1 ! 
lay] ( cells :i* clo!s ! cavity  ( !    
body4    ,! mo/ important mom5t 9 ! life
 ( e man1 z 9 t ( all  o!r complex      
animals1 is ! mom5t 9 :i* he beg9s 8    
individual  exi/5ce2 x is ! mom5t :5 !  
sexual cells ( bo? p>5ts meet  &        
coalesce = ! =mation ( a s+le simple    
cell4 ,?is new cell1  ! impregnat$ egg  
cell1 is ! individual /em cell 7!       
cytula71  ! cont9u$ segm5tation ( :i*   
produces ! cells ( ! g]m9al  lay]s & !  
ga/rula4 ,) ! =mation ( ?is cytula1 h5ce
 9  ! process ( conception itself1 !    
exi/5ce ( ! p]sonality1 !  indep5d5t    
individual1 comm5ces4 ,?is ontog5ic fact
 is supremely  important1 = ! mo/       
f>-rea*+ conclusions may be drawn f  x4 
,9 ! fir/ place1 we h a cle> p]ception t
 man1 l all  ! o!r complex animals1     
inh]its all 8 p]sonal *>act]i/ics1      
bodily & m5tal1 f 8 p>5ts2 &1 fur!r1 we 

come to !  mom5t\s conclusion t ! new   
p]sonality :i* arises ?us c lay  no     
claim to immortality4    ,h5ce ! m9ute  
processes ( conception & sexual g5]ation
 are  ( ! fir/ importance4 ,we are1     
h[ev]1 only famili> ) _!  details s9ce  
#ahge1 :5 ,osc> ,h]twig1 my pupil &     
fell[-travell]  at t "t1 began 8        
rese>*es into ! impregnation ( ! egg  ( 
! sea-ur*9 at ,ajaccio1 9 ,corsica4 ,!  
beautiful capital (  ! isl& 9 :i*       
,napoleon ! ,great 0 born1 9 #agfi1 0   
also  ! spot 9 :i* ! my/]ies ( animal   
conception 7 c>efully  /udi$ = ! fir/ "t
 9 _! mo/ important aspects4 ,h]twig    
f\nd t ! "o ess5tial elem5t 9 conception
 is ! coalesc5ce  ( ! two sexual cells &
 _! nuclei4 ,only "o out ( ! millions  (
 male ciliat$ cells :i* press r\nd !    
ovum p5etrates to its  nucleus4 ,!      
nuclei ( bo? cells1 ( ! sp]matozoon & ( 
! ovum1  drawn toge!r by a my/]i\s =ce1 
:i* we take to be a *emical             
s5se-activity1 relat$ to smell1 approa* 
ea* o!r & melt into  "o4 ,?us1 by !     

s5sitive p]ception ( ! sexual nuclei1   
foll[+  ^u a k9d ( erotic *emicotropism1
 a new cell is =m$1 :i*  unites 9 itself
 ! inh]it$ qualities ( bo? p>5ts2 !     
nucleus  ( ! sp]matozoon conveys !      
pat]nal features1 ! nucleus ( !  ovum ^?
 ( ! "m1 to ! /em cell1 f :i* ! *ild is 
to be develop$4 ,t applies bo? to !     
bodily & to ! m5tal  *>act]i/ics4    ,! 
=mation ( ! g]m9al lay]s by ! repeat$   
division (  ! /em cell1 ! gr[? ( !      
ga/rula & ( ! lat] g]m  /ructures :i*   
succe$ x1 take place 9 man 9 j ! same   
mann]  z 9 ! o!r high] mammals1 "u !    
peculi> conditions :i*  diff]5tiate ?is 
gr\p f ! l[] v]tebrates4 ,9 ! e>li]     
/ages ( developm5t ^! special *>act]s ( 
! plac5talia are  n to be detect$4 ,!   
significant embryonic or l>val =m ( !   
*ordula1 :i* succe$s ! ga/rula1 has     
sub/antially ! same  /ructure 9 all     
v]tebrates2 a simple /raight rod1 !     
dorsal cord1  lies l5g?ways along ! ma9 
axis ( ! %ield-%ap$ body--!  embryonic  
%ield2 above ! cord ! sp9al m>r[        

develops out  ( ! out] g]m9al lay]1 :ile
 ! gut makes its appe>ance  und]nea?4   
,!n1 on bo? sides1 to ! "r & left ( !   
axial  rod1 appe> ! segm5ts ( !         
pro-v]tebr & ! outl9es (  ! muscul>     
plates1 ) :i* ! =mation ( ! memb]s ( !  
v]tebrate body beg9s4 ,! gill-clefts    
appe> on ei!r side ( !  =e-gut2 !y are !
 op5+s ( ! gullet1 ?r\gh :i*1 9 our     
primitive fi%-ance/ors1 ! wat] :i* _h   
ent]$ at ! m\?  = brea?+ purposes made  
its exit at ! sides ( ! head4 ,by a     
t5aci\s h]$ity ^! gill-clefts1 :i* h no 
mean+ except =  our fi%-l aquatic       
ance/ors1 are /ill pres]v$ 9 ! embryo ( 
man & all ! o!r v]tebrates4 ,!y disappe>
 aft] a "t4 ,ev5  aft] ! five vesicles (
 ! embryonic bra9 appe> 9 ! head1  & !  
rudim5ts ( ! eyes & e>s at ! sides1 &   
aft] !  legs spr\t out at ! base ( !    
fi%-l embryo1 9 ! =m (  two r\ndi%1 flat
 buds1 ! foetus is /ill s l t ( o!r     
v]tebrates t x is indi/+ui%able f !m4   
,! sub/antial simil>ity 9 out] =m & inn]
 /ructure :i*  *>act]izes ! embryo ( man

 & o!r v]tebrates 9 ?is e>ly  /age (    
developm5t is an embryological fact ( ! 
fir/ importance2  f x1 by ! fundam5tal  
law ( biog5y1 we may draw ! mo/  mom5t\s
 conclusions4 ,!re is b "o explanation (
 x--h]$ity  f a common p>5t =m4 ,:5 we  
see t1 at a c]ta9 /age1  ! embryos ( man
 & ! ape1 ! dog & ! rabbit1 ! pig &  !  
%eep1 al?\gh recognizable z high]       
v]tebrates1 _c be  di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r1 !
 fact c only be elucidat$ by  assum+ a  
common p>5tage4 ,& ?is explanation is   
/r5g!n$ :5  we foll[ ! subsequ5t        
div]g5ce ( ^! embryonic =ms4 ,!  ne>]   
two animals are 9 _! bodily /ructure1 &1
 !re=e1 9  ! s*eme ( nature1 s mu* !    
long] d we f9d _! embryos to  reta9 ?is 
resemblance1 & s mu* ! clos] d !y       
approa* ea*  o!r 9 ! ance/ral tree ( _! 
respective gr\p1 s mu* !  clos] is _!   
g5etic relation%ip4 ,h5ce x is t !      
embryos (  man & ! an?ropoid ape reta9 !
 resemblance mu* lat]1 at an  advanc$   
/age ( developm5t1 :5 _! di/9ction f !  
embryos  ( o!r mammals c be se5 at a    

glance4 ,i h illu/rat$ ?is  significant 
fact by a juxtaposition ( correspond+   
/ages 9 !  developm5t ( a numb] (       
diff]5t v]tebrates 9 my ,natural ,hi/ory
  ( ,creation & 9 my ,an?ropog5y4    ,! 
great phylog5etic significance ( !      
resemblance we h  describ$ is se51 n    
only 9 ! comp>ison ( ! embryos (        
v]tebrates1 b also 9 ! comp>ison ( _!   
protective membranes4  ,all v]tebrates (
 ! ?ree high] classes--reptiles1 birds1 
&  mammals--are di/+ui%$ f ! l[] classes
 by ! possession  ( c]ta9 special foetal
 membranes1 ! amnion & ! s]olemma4  ,!  
embryo is enclos$ 9 ^! membranes1 or    
bags1 :i* are full (  wat]1 & is ?us    
protect$ f pressure or %ock4 ,?is       
provid5t  arrangem5t probably arose dur+
 ! ,p]mian p]iod1 :5 ! olde/  reptiles1 
! proreptilia1 ! common ance/ors ( all !
 amniotes  7animals ) an amnion71       
completely adapt$ !mselves to a life on 
l&4 ,_! direct ance/ors1 ! amphibia1 & !
 fi%es are devoid  ( ^! foetal          
membranes2 !y w\ld h be5 sup]flu\s to ^!

  inhabitants ( ! wat]4 ,) ! inh]itance 
( ^! protective  cov]+s are closely     
connect$ two o!r *anges 9 ! amniotes3   
fir/ly1 ! entire disappe>ance ( ! gills 
7:ile ! gill ar*es  & clefts cont9ue to 
be inh]it$ z rudim5t>y organs72         
secondly1  ! con/ruction ( ! allantois4 
,?is vesicul> bag1 fill$ )  wat]1 gr[s  
out ( ! h9d-gut 9 ! embryo ( all !      
amniotes1  & is no?+ else ?an an        
enl>gem5t ( ! bladd] ( _!  amphibi\s    
ance/ors4 ,f its inn]mo/ & inf]ior      
section is =m$  subsequ5tly ! p]man5t   
bladd] ( ! amniotes1 :ile ! l>g]  out]  
"p %rivels up4 ,usually ?is has an      
important "p to play =  a long "t z !   
respiratory organ ( ! embryo1 a numb] ( 
l>ge  blood-vessels spread+ out ov] its 
inn] surface4 ,! =mation (  ! membranes1
 ! amnion & ! s]olemma1 & ( ! allantois1
  is j ! same1 & is effect$ by ! same   
complicat$ process (  gr[?1 9 man z 9   
all ! o!r amniotes2 man is a true       
amniote4    ,! n\ri%m5t ( ! foetus 9 !  
mat]nal womb is effect$1 z  is well     

kn[n1 by a peculi> organ1 ri*ly suppli$ 
) blood at its  surface1 call$ !        
plac5ta4 ,?is important nutritive organ 
is a  spongy1 r\nd disk1 f six to eight 
in*es 9 diamet]1 ab\t an  in* ?ick1 & "o
 or two p\nds 9 weight2 x is sep>at$    
aft]  ! bir? ( ! *ild1 & issues z !     
aft]-bir?4 ,! plac5ta  consi/s ( two v  
diff]5t p>ts1 ! foetal & ! mat]nal  "p4 
,! latt] conta9s highly develop$ s9uses1
 :i* reta9 !  blood convey$ to !m by !  
art]ies ( ! "m4 ,on ! o!r  h&1 ! foetal 
plac5ta is =m$ by innum]able bran*+     
tufts or  villi1 :i* gr[ out ( ! out]   
surface ( ! allantois1 & d]ive  _! blood
 f ! umbilical vessels4 ,! holl[1       
blood-fill$ villi  ( ! foetal plac5ta   
protrude into ! s9uses ( ! mat]nal      
plac5ta1 & ! sl5d] membrane betwe5 ! two
 is s att5uat$  t x (f]s no imp$im5t to 
! direct int]*ange ( mat]ial  ?r\gh !   
nutritive blood-/ream 7by osmosis74     
,9 ! old] & l[] gr\ps ( ! plac5tals !   
entire surface  ( ! *orion is cov]$ ) a 
numb] ( %ort villi2 ^!  *orion-villi    

take ! =m ( pit-l depressions ( ! muc\s 
membrane ( ! "m1 & are easily deta*$ at 
bir?4 ,t  happ5s 9 mo/ ( ! ungulata 7!  
s[1 camel1 m>e1 etc471 !  cetacea1 & !  
prosimi2 ^! mallo-plac5talia 7) a       
diffuse  plac5ta7 h be5 d5om9at$ !      
indeciduata4 ,! same =mation  is pres5t 
9 man & ! o!r plac5tals 9 ! beg9n+4 ,x  
is  soon modifi$1 h[ev]1 z ! villi on "o
 "p ( ! *orion are  )drawn2 :ile on !   
o!r "p !y gr[ proportionately /rong]1  &
 unite intimately ) ! muc\s membrane ( !
 womb4 ,x is 9  consequ5ce ( ?is        
intimate bl5d+ t a portion ( ! ut]us is 
deta*$ at bir?1 & c>ri$ away ) loss (   
blood4 ,?is deta*able  membrane--!      
decidua--is a *>act]i/ic ( ! high]      
plac5talia1  :i* h1 consequ5tly1 be5    
gr\p$ "u ! title ( deciduata2  to t     
category belong ! c>nassia1 rod5tia1    
simi1 & man4 ,9  ! c>nassia & "s ( !    
ungulata 7! elephant1 = in/ance7  !     
plac5ta takes ! =m ( a girdle1 h5ce !y  
are kn[n z !  zonoplac5talia2 9 !       
rod5tia1 ! insectivora 7! mole & !      

h$ge-hog71 ! apes1 & man1 x takes ! =m (
 a disk4    ,ev5 t5 ye>s ago ! majority 
( embryologi/s ?\ght t man  0 di/+ui%$  
by c]ta9 peculi>ities 9 ! =m ( !        
plac5ta--namely1 by ! possession ( :at  
is call$ ! decidua  reflexa1 & by a     
special =mation ( ! umbilical *ord :i*  
unites ! decidua to ! foetus4 ,x 0      
suppos$ t ! re/  ( ! plac5tals1 includ+ 
! apes1 7 )\t ^! special  embryonic     
/ructures4 ,! funiculus umbilicalis is a
 smoo?1  cyl9drical cord1 f sixte5 to   
tw5ty-?ree in*es long1 & z  ?ick z !    
little f+]4 ,x =ms ! connect+ l9k betwe5
 !  foetus & ! mat]nal plac5ta1 s9ce x  
conducts ! nutritive  vessels f ! body (
 ! foetus to ! plac5ta2 x comprises1    
besides1 ! p$icle ( ! allantois & !     
yelk-sac4 ,! yelk-sac 9  ! human case   
=ms ! great] portion ( ! g]m9al vesicle 
dur+  ! ?ird week ( ge/ation2 b x       
%rivels up aft]w>ds s t x  0 =m]ly      
entirely miss$ 9 ! mature foetus4 ,yet x
 rema9s all  ! "t 9 a rudim5t>y         
condition1 & may be detect$ ev5 aft]    

bir? z ! little umbilical vesicle4      
,moreov]1 ev5 ! vesicul>  /ructure ( !  
allantois disappe>s at an e>ly /age 9 ! 
human  case2 ) a deflection ( ! amnion1 
x gives rise to ! p$icle4  ,we _c ent]  
"h into a discussion ( ! complicat$     
anatomical  & embryological relations ( 
^! /ructures4 ,i h describ$ &  illu/rat$
 !m 9 my ,an?ropog5y 7tw5ty-?ird *apt]74
    ,! oppon5ts ( evolution /ill appeal$
 to ^! special features  ( human        
embryology1 :i* 7 suppos$ to di/+ui% man
 f all  ! o!r mammals1 ev5 s late z t5  
ye>s ago4 ,b 9 #ahij ,emil  ,sel5ka     
prov$ t ! same features are f\nd 9 !    
an?ropoid apes1  especially 9 ! orang   
7satyrus71 :ile ! l[] apes are )\t  !m4 
,?us ,huxley's pi!cometra !sis 0        
sub/antiat$ once m3  ,! diff]5ces betwe5
 man & ! great apes are n s great z  are
 ^? betwe5 ! manlike apes & ! l[]       
monkeys4 ,! suppos$  evid5ces aga9/ !   
ne> blood-relation%ip ( man & ! apes    
prov$1 on a clos] exam9ation ( ! real   
circum/ances1 to be /rong  reasons 9    

favor ( x4    ,e sci5ti/ :o p5etrates ) 
op5 eyes into ?is d>k b  pr(\ndly       
int]e/+ labyr9? ( our embryonic         
developm5t1 & :o  is compet5t to comp>e 
x critically ) t ( ! re/ ( !  mammals1 w
 f9d 9 x a mo/ important aid t[>ds !    
elucidation  ( ! desc5t ( our species4  
,= ! v>i\s /ages ( our embryonic        
developm5t1 9 ! "* ( pal+5etic ph5om5a (
 h]$ity1  ca/ a brilliant light on !    
correspond+ /ages ( our ance/ral  tree1 
9 accordance ) ! great law ( biog5y4 ,b 
ev5 !  c5og5etic ph5om5a ( adaptation1 !
 =mation ( ! tempor>y  foetal organs--! 
*>act]i/ic foetal membranes1 &          
especially  ! plac5ta--gives u          
suffici5tly def9ite indications ( our   
close  g5etic relation%ip ) ! primates4 
,,*apt] ,v    ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,our    
,,species        ,orig9 ( ,man--,my?ical
 ,hi/ory ( ,creation--,moses & ,l9n--,! 
,creation ( ,p]man5t ,species--,!       
,cata/rophic ,!ory3                     
,cuvi]--,trans=mism3 ,goe!--,!ory (     
,desc5t3 ,lam>ck--,!ory      (          

,selection3 ,d>w9--,evolution           
7,phylog5y7--,ance/ral                  
,trees--,g5]al ,morphology--,natural    
,hi/ory ( ,creation--,sy/ematic         
,phylog5y--,fundam5tal ,law (           
,biog5y--,an?ropog5y--,desc5t ( ,man    
f ! ,ape--,pi!coid ,!ory--,! ,fossil    
,pi!can?ropus ( ,dubois      ,! y\nge/ (
 ! great bran*es ( ! liv+ tree ( biology
 is  ! sci5ce we call biological        
evolution1 or phylog5y4 ,x came into    
exi/5ce mu* lat]1 & "u mu* m difficult  
circum/ances1 ?an  its natural si/]1    
embryonic evolution or ontog5y4 ,!      
object (  ! latt] 0 to atta9 a k ( !    
my/]i\s processes by  :i* ! individual  
organism1 plant or animal1 develop$ f ! 
egg4  ,phylog5y has to answ] ! mu* m    
obscure & difficult "q3  ,:at is ! orig9
 ( ! diff]5t organic species ( plants & 
animals8    ,ontog5y 7embryology &      
metamorphism7 c\ld foll[ ! empirical    
me?od ( direct obs]vation 9 ! solution (
 its n remote problem2  x ne$$ b to     
foll[1 day by day & h\r by h\r1 !       

visible  *anges :i* ! foetus exp]i5ces  
dur+ a brief p]iod 9 !  c\rse ( its     
developm5t f ! ovum4 ,mu* m difficult 0 
! remote problem ( phylog5y2 = ! sl[    
processes ( gradual  con/ruction1 :i*   
effect ! rise ( new species ( animals & 
plants1 g on imp]ceptibly dur+ ?\s&s &  
ev5 millions (  ye>s4 ,_! direct        
obs]vation is possible only )9 v n>r[   
limits2 ! va/ majority ( ^! hi/orical   
processes c only be  kn[n by direct     
inf]5ce--by critical reflection1 & by a 
comp>ative  use ( empirical sci5ces :i* 
belong to v diff]5t fields (  ?\ght1    
palontology1 ontog5y1 & morphology4 ,to 
?is we mu/  add ! imm5se opposition :i* 
0 ev]y:]e made to biological  evolution 
on acc\nt ( ! close connection betwe5   
que/ions (  organic creation &          
sup]natural my?s & religi\s dogmas4 ,=  
^!  reasons x c easily be und]/ood h[ x 
is t ! sci5tific  exi/5ce ( a true !ory 
( orig9s 0 only secur$1 amid fi]ce      
controv]sy1 9 ! c\rse ( ! la/ =ty ye>s4 
,e s]i\s attempt t 0 made be=e ! beg9n+ 

( !  n9ete5? c5tury to solve ! problem (
 ! orig9 ( species  lo/ its way 9 !     
my?ological labyr9? ( ! sup]natural     
/ories ( creation4 ,! ef=ts ( a few     
di/+ui%$ ?9k]s to  emancipate !mselves f
 ?is tyranny & atta9 to a naturali/ic   
int]pretation prov$ unavail+4 ,a great  
v>iety ( creation my?s  arose 9         
connection ) _! religion 9 all ! anci5t 
civiliz$  nations4 ,dur+ ! ,middle ,ages
 triumphant ,*ri/5dom naturally         
arrogat$ to itself ! sole "r ( pron\nc+ 
on ! "q2 &1  ! ,bible be+ ! basis ( !   
/ructure ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1  ! :ole 
/ory ( creation 0 tak5 f ! book (       
,g5esis4 ,ev5  ,c>l ,l9n1 ! fam\s ,sw$i%
 sci5ti/1 />t$ f t basis  :51 9 #agce1 9
 8 classical ,sy/ema ,naturae1 he made !
 fir/  attempt at a sy/ematic           
arrangem5t1 nom5clature1 &              
classification  ( ! innum]able objects 9
 nature4 ,z ! be/ practical aid 9 t     
attempt he introduc$ ! well-kn[n d\ble  
or b9>y nom5clature2 to  ea* k9d (      
animals & plants he gave a p>ticul>     

specific "n1  & add$ to x ! wid]-rea*+  
"n ( ! g5us4 ,a g5us s]v$  to unite !   
ne>e/ relat$ species2 ?us1 = in/ance1   
,l9n  gr\p$ "u ! g5us dog 7canis71 z    
diff]5t species1 !  h\se-dog 7canis     
famili>is71 ! jackal 7canis aureus71 !  
wolf  7canis lupus7 ! fox 7canis        
vulpes71 etc4 ,?is b9>y nom5clature     
imm$iately prov$ ( su* great practical  
assi/ance t x 0  univ]sally accept$1 &  
is /ill always foll[$ 9 zoological &    
botanical classification4    ,b !       
!oretical dogma :i* ,l9n himself        
connect$ ) 8  practical idea ( species 0
 fraught ) ! grave/ p]il to  sci5ce4 ,! 
fir/ "q :i* =c$ itself on ! m9d ( !     
?\ghtful sci5ti/ 0 ! "q z to ! nature ( 
! concept  ( species1 its cont5ts1 & its
 range4 ,& ! creator ( ! idea  answ]$   
?is fundam5tal "q by a nave appeal to ! 
dom9ant  ,mosaic leg5d ( creation3      
,species tot sunt div]sae1 quot div]sas 
=mas ab initio creavit inf9itum         
ens--7,!re are j s _m  di/9ct species z 
!re 7 di/9ct types creat$ 9 ! beg9n+  by

 ! ,inf9ite74 ,?is !osophic dogma cut   
%ort all attempt at a  natural          
explanation ( ! orig9 ( species4 ,l9n 0 
acqua9t$ only  ) ! plant & animal worlds
 t exi/ to-day2 he _h no suspicion  ( ! 
mu* m num]\s ext9ct species :i* _h      
peopl$ ! e>?  ) _! v>y+ =ms 9 ! e>li]   
p]iod ( its developm5t4    ,x 0 n until 
! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury t we 7      
introduc$ to ^! fossil animals by       
,cuvi]4 ,9 8 fam\s "w on  ! fossil bones
 ( ! f\r-foot$ v]tebrates he gave       
7#ahab7 !  fir/ correct description &   
true int]pretation ( _m ( ^!  fossil    
rema9s4 ,he %[$1 too1 t a s]ies ( v     
diff]5t animal  populations h succe$$   
ea* o!r 9 ! v>i\s /ages ( !  e>?'s      
hi/ory4 ,s9ce ,cuvi] held firmly to     
,l9n's idea ( !  absolute p]man5cy (    
species1 he ?\ght _! orig9 c\ld only be 
expla9$ by ! supposition t a s]ies (    
great cataclysms & new  creations _h    
m>k$ ! hi/ory ( ! globe2 he imag9$ t all
  liv+ creatures 7 de/roy$ at !         
comm5cem5t ( ea* ( ^!  t]re/rial        

revolutions1 & an entirely new          
population 0 creat$  at its close4      
,al?\gh ?is cata/rophic !ory ( ,cuvi]'s 
l$ to  ! mo/ absurd consequ5ces1 & 0    
no?+ m ?an a bald fai?  9 miracles1 x   
obta9$ almo/ univ]sal recognition1 &    
reign$  triumphant until ! com+ ( ,d>w94
    ,x is easy to und]/& t ^! preval5t  
ideas ( ! absolute  un*angeability &    
sup]natural creation ( organic species  
c\ld n  satisfy ! m p5etrat+ ?9k]s4 ,we 
f9d sev]al em95t m9ds  already1 9 !     
second half ( ! la/ c5tury1 busy ) !    
attempt  to f9d a natural explanation ( 
! problem ( creation4 ,pre-em95t  among 
!m 0 ! great ,g]man poet & philosoph]1  
,wolfgang ,goe!1  :o1 by 8 long &       
assidu\s /udy ( morphology1 obta9$1 m   
?an  a hundr$ ye>s ago1 a cle> insight  
into ! intimate connection (  all       
organic =ms1 & a firm conviction ( a    
common natural orig94  ,9 8 fam$        
,metamorphosis ( ,plants 7#agij7 he     
d]iv$ all !  diff]5t species ( plants f 
"o primitive type1 & all _!  diff]5t    

organs f "o primitive organ--! leaf4 ,9 
8 v]tebral  !ory ( ! skull he endeavor$ 
to prove t ! skulls ( !                 
v]tebrates--includ+ man--7 all alike    
made up ( c]ta9 gr\ps  ( bones1 arrang$ 
9 a def9ite /ructure1 & t ^! bones are  
no?+ else ?an trans=m$ v]tebr4 ,x 0 8   
p5etrat+ /udy  ( comp>ative o/eology t  
l$ ,goe! to a firm conviction ( !  unity
 ( ! animal organization2 he _h         
recogniz$ t ! human  skeleton is fram$  
on ! same fundam5tal type z t ( all o!r 
v]tebrates--built on a primitive plan t 
only deviates m or less  to "o side or  
o!r 9 its v con/ant features1 & /ill    
develops  & refa%ions itself daily4 ,?is
 remodell+1 or trans=mation1  is br\ght 
ab\t1 accord+ to ,goe!1 by ! con/ant    
int]action  ( two p[]ful con/ructive    
=ces--a c5tripetal =ce )9 !  organism1 !
 t5d5cy to specification1 & a c5trifugal
 =ce  )\t1 ! t5d5cy to v>iation1 or !   
idea ( metamorphosis2  ! =m] corresponds
 to :at we n[ call h]$ity1 ! latt] to  !
 mod]n idea ( adaptation4 ,h[ deeply    

,goe! _h p5etrat$ into  _! "* by ^!     
philosophic /udies ( ! con/ruction &    
recon/ruction ( organic natures1 & h[   
f>1 !re=e1 he mu/ be  consid]$ ! mo/    
important precursor ( ,d>w9 &           
,lam>ck1#ab may  be ga!r$ f ! int]e/+   
passages f 8 works :i* ,i h  collect$ 9 
! f\r? *apt] ( my ,natural ,hi/ory (    
,creation4  ,^! evolution>y ideas (     
,goe!1 h[ev]1 l analog\s ideas (  ,kant1
 ,ow51 ,treviranus1 & o!r philosoph]s ( 
! comm5cem5t (  ! c5tury 7:i* we h quot$
 9 ! above "w71 did n am\nt to  m ?an   
c]ta9 g5]al conclusions4 ,!y _h n t     
great lev]  :i* ! natural hi/ory (      
creation ne$$ = its firm f\ndation  on a
 criticism ( ! dogma ( fix$ species2 ?is
 lev] 0 fir/  suppli$ by ,lam>ck4    ,! 
fir/ ?or\gh attempt at a sci5tific      
e/abli%m5t ( trans=mism  0 made at !    
beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury by ! great    
,fr5* sci5ti/ ,jean ,lam>ck1 ! *ief     
oppon5t ( 8 colleague1  ,cuvi]1 at      
,p>is4 ,he _h already1 9 #ahjb1 9 8     
,obs]vations on  ,liv+ ,organisms1      

express$ ! new ideas z to ! mutability &
  =mation ( species1 :i* he ?or\ghly    
e/abli%$ 9 #ahji 9 !  two volumes ( 8   
pr(\nd "w1 ,philosophie ,zoologique4 ,9 
?is  "w he fir/ gave expression to !    
correct idea1 9 opposition to  !        
preval5t dogma ( fix$ species1 t !      
organic species is  an artificial       
ab/raction1 a concept ( only relative   
value1 l  ! wid]-rang+ concepts ( g5us1 
family1 ord]1 & class4 ,he  w5t on to   
affirm t all species are *angeable1 & h 
aris5  f old] species 9 ! c\rse ( v long
 p]iods ( "t4 ,!  common p>5t =ms f :i* 
!y h desc5d$ 7 orig9ally  v simple &    
l[ly organisms4 ,! fir/ & olde/ ( !m    
arose  by abiog5esis4 ,:ile ! type is   
pres]v$ by h]$ity 9 !  succession (     
g5]ations1 adaptation1 on ! o!r h&1     
effects  a con/ant modification ( !     
species by *ange ( habits & !  ex]cise (
 ! v>i\s organs4 ,ev5 our human organism
 has aris5 9  ! same natural mann]1 by  
gradual trans=mation1 f a gr\p (        
pi!coid mammals4 ,= all ^!              

ph5om5a--inde$1 = all ph5om5a  bo? 9    
nature & 9 ! m9d--,lam>ck takes         
exclusively me*anical1  physical1 &     
*emical activities to be ! true effici5t
 causes4 ,8  magnific5t ,philosophie    
,zoologique conta9s all ! elem5ts ( a   
purely moni/ic sy/em ( nature on ! basis
 ( evolution4 ,i h  fully treat$ ^!     
a*ievem5ts ( ,lam>ck 9 ! f\r? *apt] ( my
  ,an?ropog5y1 & 9 ! f\r? *apt] ( !     
,natural ,hi/ory (  ,creation4          
,sci5ce _h n[ to wait until ?is great   
ef=t to give a sci5tific  f\ndation to !
 !ory ( evolution %\ld %att] ! dom9ant  
my?  ( a specific creation1 & op5 out ! 
pa? ( natural developm5t4  ,9 ?is       
respect ,lam>ck 0 n m successful 9      
resi/+ !  cons]vative au?ority ( 8 great
 oppon5t1 ,cuvi]1 ?an 0 8  colleague &  
sympa?iz]1 ,ge(frey ,/4 ,hilaire1 tw5ty 
ye>s lat]4  ,! fam\s controv]sies :i* he
 _h ) ,cuvi] 9 ! ,p>isian  ,academy 9   
#ahcj end$ ) ! complete triumph ( !     
latt]4 ,i h  else:]e fully describ$ ^!  
conflicts1 9 :i* ,goe! took s  lively an

 int]e/4 ,! great expansion :i* ! /udy (
 biology  exp]i5c$ at t "t1 ! abundance 
( int]e/+ discov]ies  9 comp>ative      
anatomy & physiology1 ! e/abli%m5t ( !  
cellul> !ory1 & ! progress ( ontog5y1   
gave zoologi/s &  botani/s s ov]:elm+ a 
flood ( welcome mat]ial to deal )  t !  
difficult & obscure "q ( ! orig9 (      
species 0  easily =gott5 = a "t4 ,p re/$
 cont5t ) ! old dogma  ( creation4 ,ev5 
:5 ,*>les ,lyell refut$ ,cuvi]'s        
extraord9>y  cata/rophic !ory 9 8       
,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 9 #ahcj1 &       
v9dicat$ a natural1 cont9u\s evolution =
 ! inorganic /ructure  ( our planet1 8  
simple pr9ciple ( cont9uity f\nd no "o  
to  apply x to ! inorganic _w4 ,!       
rudim5ts ( a natural phylog5y  :i* 7    
buri$ 9 ,lam>ck's works 7 z completely  
=gott5 z  ! g]m ( a natural ontog5y :i* 
,casp> ,fri$ri* ,wolff _h giv5  fifty   
ye>s e>li] 9 8 ,!ory ( ,g5]ation4 ,9 bo?
 cases a full  half-c5tury elaps$ be=e !
 great idea ( a natural developm5t  won 
a fitt+ recognition4 ,only :5 ,d>w9 79  

#ahei7 approa*$ !  solution ( ! problem 
f a diff]5t side altoge!r1 & made  a    
happy use ( ! ri* treasures ( empirical 
k :i* _h  accumulat$ 9 ! mean "t1 did m5
 beg9 to ?9k once m (  ,lam>ck z 8 great
 precursor4    ,! unp>allel$ success (  
,*>les ,d>w9 is well kn[n4 ,x %[s him   
to-day1 at ! close ( ! c5tury1 to h be51
 if n ! greate/1  at lea/ ! mo/         
effective ( its di/+ui%$ sci5ti/s4 ,no  
o!r  ( ! _m great ?9k]s ( our "t has    
a*iev$ s magnific5t1 s  ?or\gh1 & s     
f>-rea*+ a success ) a s+le classical "w
 z  ,d>w9 did 9 #ahei ) 8 fam\s ,orig9 (
 ,species4 ,x is true t  ! re=m (       
comp>ative anatomy & physiology by      
,johannes ,mll]  _h inaugurat$ a new &  
f]tile epo* = ! :ole ( biology1 t  !    
e/abli%m5t ( ! cellul> !ory by ,s*leid5 
& ,s*wann1 !  re=m ( ontog5y by ,ba]1 & 
! =mulation ( ! law ( sub/ance  by      
,rob]t ,may] & ,helmholtz 7 sci5tific   
facts ( ! fir/  importance2 b no "o ( !m
 has _h s pr(\nd an influ5ce on !  :ole 
/ructure ( human k z ,d>w9's !ory ( !   

natural  orig9 ( species4 ,= x at once  
gave u ! solution ( ! my/ic  problem (  
creation1 ! great "q ( all que/ions--!  
problem ( ! true "* & orig9 ( man       
himself4    ,if we comp>e ! two great   
f\nd]s ( trans=mism1 we f9d 9  ,lam>ck a
 prepond]ant incl9ation to d$uction1 &  
to =m+ a  completely moni/ic s*eme (    
nature2 9 ,d>w9 we h a pr$om9ant        
application ( induction1 & a prud5t     
conc]n to e/abli% !  diff]5t p>ts ( !   
!ory ( selection z firmly z possible on 
a  basis ( obs]vation & exp]im5t4 ,:ile 
! ,fr5* sci5ti/ f>  outran ! !n limits (
 empirical k1 & r sket*$ !  programme ( 
future inve/igation1 ! ,engli% empirici/
 0 ma9ly  preoccupi$ ab\t secur+ a      
unify+ pr9ciple ( int]pretation =  a    
mass ( empirical k :i* _h hi!rto        
accumulat$ )\t  be+ und]/ood4 ,we c ?us 
und]/& h[ x 0 t ! success  ( ,d>w9 0 j z
 ov]:elm+ z t ( ,lam>ck 0 evanesc5t4    
,d>w91 h[ev]1 _h n only ! signal m]it ( 
br++ all !  results ( ! v>i\s biological
 sci5ces to a common focus 9 !  pr9ciple

 ( desc5t1 & ?us giv+ !m a h>moni\s     
int]pretation1  b he also discov]$1 9 ! 
pr9ciple ( selection1 t direct  cause ( 
trans=mation :i* ,lam>ck _h miss$4 ,9   
apply+1 z a  practical bre$]1 ! exp]i5ce
 ( artificial selection to organisms  9 
a /ate ( nature1 & 9 recogniz+ 9 !      
/ruggle = life !  selective pr9ciple (  
natural selection1 ,d>w9 creat$ 8       
mom5t\s  !ory ( selection1 :i* is :at we
 prop]ly call ,d>w9ism4    ,"o ( ! mo/  
press+ ( ! _m important tasks :i* ,d>w9 
propos$ to mod]n biology 0 ! re=m ( !   
zoological &  botanical sy/em4 ,s9ce !  
innum]able species ( animals & plants  7
 n creat$ by a sup]natural miracle1 b   
evolv$ by natural  processes1 _!        
ance/ral tree is _! natural sy/em4 ,!   
fir/  attempt to frame a sy/em 9 ?is    
s5se 0 made by myself 9 #ahff1  9 my    
,g5]al ,morphology ( ,organisms4 ,! fir/
 volume ( ?is  "w 7,g5]al ,anatomy7     
dealt ) ! me*anical sci5ce ( !  develop$
 =ms2 ! second volume 7,g5]al           
,evolution7 0 occupi$  ) ! sci5ce ( !   

develop+ =ms4 ,! sy/ematic introduction 
to ! latt] =m$ a g5ealogical survey ( ! 
natural sy/em  ( organisms4 ,until t "t 
! t]m evolution _h be5 tak5  to mean    
exclusively1 bo? 9 zoology & botany1 !  
developm5t (  individual                
organisms--embryology1 or metamorphic   
sci5ce4 ,i e/abli%$  ! opposite view1 t 
?is hi/ory ( ! embryo 7ontog5y7 mu/ be  
complet$ by a second1 equally valuable1 
& closely connect$ bran*  ( ?\ght--!    
hi/ory ( ! race 7phylog5y74 ,bo? ^!     
bran*es  ( evolution>y sci5ce are1 9 my 
op9ion1 9 ! close/ causal  connection2  
?is arises f ! reciprocal action ( !    
laws (  h]$ity & adaptation2 x has a    
precise & compreh5sive expression  9 my 
fundam5tal law ( biog5y4    ,z ! new    
views ,i _h put =w>d 9 my ,g5]al        
,morphology met )  v little notice1 &   
/ill less acceptance1 f my sci5tific    
colleagues1 9 spite ( _! sev]ely        
sci5tific sett+1 ,i ?\ght  ,i w\ld make 
! mo/ important ( !m accessible to a    
wid] circle  ( in=m$ read]s by a small] 

"w1 writt5 9 a m popul>  /yle4 ,?is 0   
done 9 #ahfh1 9 ,! ,natural ,hi/ory (   
,creation 7a  s]ies ( popul> sci5tific  
lectures on evolution 9 g5]al1 & !      
sy/ems ( ,d>w91 ,goe!1 & ,lam>ck 9      
p>ticul>74 ,if ! success  ( my ,g5]al   
,morphology 0 f> bel[ my reasonable     
anticipation1  t ( ,! ,natural ,hi/ory (
 ,creation w5t f> beyond x4 ,9 a  p]iod 
( ?irty ye>s n9e editions & twelve      
diff]5t translations  ( x h appe>$4 ,9  
spite ( its great defects1 ! book has   
contribut$ mu* to ! popul>ization ( !   
ma9 ideas ( mod]n  evolution4 ,/ill1 ,i 
c\ld only give ! b>e/ outl9es 9 x ( my  
*ief object1 ! phylog5etic con/ruction (
 a natural sy/em4 ,i  h1 !re=e1 giv5 !  
complete pro(1 :i* is want+ 9 !  e>li]  
"w1 ( ! phylog5etic sy/em 9 a subsequ5t 
l>g] "w1  my ,sy/ematic ,phylog5y       
7outl9es ( a natural sy/em ( organisms  
on ! basis ( _! specific developm5t74 ,!
 fir/ volume (  x deals ) ! proti/s &   
plants 7#ahid71 ! second ) !            
inv]tebrate animals 7#ahif71 ! ?ird ) ! 

v]tebrates 7#ahie74 ,!  ance/ral tree ( 
bo? ! small] & ! l>g] gr\ps is c>ri$  on
 9 ?is "w z f> z my k ( ! ?ree great    
ance/ral  docum5ts--palontology1        
ontog5y1 & morphology--qualifi$ me to   
ext5d x4    ,i _h already1 9 my ,g5]al  
,morphology 7at ! end ( ! fif?  book71  
describ$ ! close causative connection   
:i* exi/s1 9  my op9ion1 betwe5 ! two   
bran*es ( organic evolution z "o  ( !   
mo/ important ideas ( trans=mism1 & ,i  
_h fram$ a  precise =mula = x 9 a numb] 
( !ses on ! causal nexus (  biontic &   
phyletic developm5t3 ,ontog5esis is a   
brief & rapid  recapitulation (         
phylog5esis1 det]m9$ by ! physiological 
functions ( h]$ity 7g5]ation7 &         
adaptation 7ma9t5ance74  ,d>w9 himself  
_h emphasiz$ ! great significance ( 8   
!ory  = ! elucidation ( embryology 9    
#ahei1 & ,fritz ,mll] _h  endeavor$ to  
prove x z reg>ds ! ,cru/acea 9 ! able   
little  "w1 ,facts & ,argum5ts = ,d>w9  
7#ahfd74 ,my own task has be5  to prove 
! univ]sal application & ! fundam5tal   

importance (  ! biog5etic law 9 a s]ies 
( works1 especially 9 ! ,biology  ( !   
,calcispongiae 7#ahgb71 & 9 ,/udies on !
 ,ga/raea ,!ory  7#ahgc-ahhd74 ,! !ory (
 ! homology ( ! g]m9al lay]s & (  !     
relations ( pal+5esis to c5og5esis :i*  
,i h expos$  9 !m has be5 confirm$      
subsequ5tly by a numb] ( works ( o!r    
zoologi/s4 ,t !ory makes x possible to  
foll[ nature's law (  unity 9 !         
innum]able v>iations ( animal           
embryology2 x gives u  = _! ance/ral    
hi/ory a common d]ivation f a simple    
primitive  /em =m4    ,! f>-see+ f\nd] (
 ! !ory ( desc5t1 ,lam>ck1 cle>ly       
recogniz$ 9 #ahji t x 0 ( univ]sal      
application2 t ev5 man  himself1 ! mo/  
highly develop$ ( ! mammals1 is d]iv$ f 
!  same /em z all ! o!r mammals2 & t ?is
 9 its turn belongs  to ! same old]     
bran* ( ! ance/ral tree z ! re/ ( !     
v]tebrates4 ,he _h ev5 indicat$ !       
ag5cies by :i* x might be  possible to  
expla9 man's desc5t f ! apes z ! ne>e/  
relat$  mammals4 ,d>w91 :o 01 naturally1

 ( ! same conviction1 purposely  avoid$ 
?is lea/ acceptable consequ5ce ( 8 !ory 
9 8 *ief  "w 9 #ahei1 & put x =w>d = !  
fir/ "t 9 8 ,desc5t (  ,man 9 #ahga4 ,9 
! mean "t 7#ahfc7 ,huxley _h v ably     
discuss$  ?is mo/ important consequ5ce (
 evolution 9 8 fam\s ,place (  ,man 9   
,nature4 ,) ! aid ( comp>ative anatomy &
 ontog5y1  & ! support ( ! facts (      
palontology1 ,huxley prov$ t !  desc5t (
 man f ! ape is a necess>y consequ5ce ( 
,d>w9ism1  & t no o!r sci5tific         
explanation ( ! orig9 ( ! human  race is
 possible4 ,( ! same op9ion 0 ,k>l      
,geg5baur1 ! mo/  di/+ui%$ repres5tative
 ( comp>ative anatomy1 :o lift$ 8       
sci5ce to a high] level by a consi/5t & 
+5i\s application (  ! !ory ( desc5t4   
,z a fur!r consequ5ce ( ! pi!coid !ory  
7! !ory ( !  desc5t ( man f ! ape7 !re  
n[ arose ! difficult task (  inve/igat+1
 n only ! ne>e/ relat$ mammal ance/ors (
 man  9 ! ,t]ti>y epo*1 b also ! long   
s]ies ( ! old] animal  ance/ors :i* _h  
liv$ 9 e>li] p]iods ( ! e>?'s hi/ory &  

be5 develop$ 9 ! c\rse ( c\ntless       
millions ( ye>s4 ,i _h made  a />t ) !  
hypo!tical solution ( ?is great hi/oric 
problem  9 my ,g5]al ,morphology2 a     
fur!r developm5t ( x appe>$ 9  #ahgd 9  
my ,an?ropog5y 7fir/ section1 ,orig9 ( !
 ,individual2  second section1 ,orig9 ( 
! ,race74 ,! f\r?1 enl>g$1 edition (    
?is "w 7#ahia7 conta9s t !ory ( !       
developm5t ( man :i*  approa*es ne>e/1 9
 my own op9ion1 to ! /ill remote tru?1 9
  ! light ( our pres5t k ( ! docum5t>y  
evid5ce4 ,i 0  especially preoccupi$ 9  
its composition to use ! ?ree empirical 
docum5ts--palontology1 ontog5y1 &       
morphology 7or comp>ative  anatomy7--z  
ev5ly & h>moni\sly z possible4 ,x is    
true t my  hypo!ses 7 9 _m cases        
supplem5t$ & correct$ 9 detail by  lat] 
phylog5etic rese>*2 yet ,i am conv9c$ t 
! ance/ral tree  ( human orig9 :i* ,i h 
sket*$ !re9 is sub/antially correct4  ,=
 ! hi/orical succession ( v]tebrate     
fossils corresponds  completely ) !     
morphological evolution>y scale :i* is  

reveal$  to u by comp>ative anatomy &   
ontog5y4 ,aft] ! ,silurian fi%es  come !
 dipnoi ( ! ,devonian p]iod--!          
,c>bonif]\s amphibia1  ! ,p]mian        
reptilia1 & ! ,mesozoic mammals4 ,( ^!1 
aga91 !  l[e/ =ms1 ! monotremes1 appe>  
fir/ 9 ! ,triassic p]iod1  ! m>supials 9
 ! ,jurassic1 & !n ! olde/ plac5tals 9  
! ,cretace\s4 ,( ! plac5tals1 9 turn1 ! 
fir/ to appe> 9  ! olde/ ,t]ti>y p]iod  
7! ,eoc5e7 are ! l[e/ primates1  !      
prosimi1 :i* are foll[$ by ! simi 9 !   
,mioc5e4 ,( !  cat>rh91 ! cynopi!ci     
prec$e ! an?ropomorpha2 f "o bran*  ( ! 
latt]1 dur+ ! ,plioc5e p]iod1 arises !  
ape-man )\t  spee* 7! pi!can?ropus      
alalus72 & f him desc5ds1 f9ally1       
speak+ man4    ,! *a9 ( our e>li]       
inv]tebrate ance/ors is mu* m difficult 
to inve/igate & mu* less safe ?an ?is   
tree ( our v]tebrate  pr$ecessors2 we h 
no fossiliz$ relics ( _! s(t1 boneless  
/ructures1 s palontology c give u no    
assi/ance 9 ?is case4  ,! evid5ce (     
comp>ative anatomy & ontog5y1 !re=e1    

becomes  all ! m important4 ,s9ce !     
human embryo passes ?r\gh !  same       
*ordula-/age z ! g]ms ( all o!r         
v]tebrates1 s9ce  x evolves1 simil>ly1  
out ( two g]m9al lay]s ( a ga/rula1  we 
inf]1 9 virtue ( ! biog5etic law1 ! e>ly
 exi/5ce (  correspond+ ance/ral        
=ms--v]malia1 ga/rada1 etc4 ,mo/        
important  ( all is ! fact t ! human    
embryo1 l t ( all o!r  animals1 arises  
orig9ally f a s+le cell2 = ?is /em-cell 
7cytula7--! impregnat$ egg cell--po9ts  
indubitably to a  correspond+ unicellul>
 ance/or1 a primitive1 ,laur5tian       
protozoon4    ,= ! purpose ( our moni/ic
 philosophy1 h[ev]1 x is a matt] (      
comp>ative indiff]5ce h[ ! succession ( 
our animal pr$ecessors  may be confirm$ 
9 detail4 ,suffici5t = u1 z an          
inconte/able  hi/orical fact1 is !      
important !sis t man desc5ds imm$iately 
f ! ape1 & second>ily f a long s]ies (  
l[] v]tebrates4  ,i h laid /ress on !   
logical pro( ( ?is pi!cometra-!sis  9 ! 
sev5? book ( ! ,g5]al ,morphology3 ,!   

!sis t  man has be5 evolv$ f l[]        
v]tebrates1 & imm$iately f !  simiae1 is
 a special inf]5ce :i* results )        
absolute necessity  f ! g5]al inductive 
law ( ! !ory ( desc5t4    ,= ! def9itive
 pro( & e/abli%m5t ( ?is fundam5tal     
pi!cometra-!sis ! palontological        
discov]ies ( ! la/  ?irty ye>s are ( !  
greate/ importance2 9 p>ticul>1 !       
a/oni%+ discov]ies ( a numb] ( ext9ct   
mammals ( ! ,t]ti>y  p]iod h enabl$ u to
 draw up cle>ly 9 its ma9 outl9es !     
evolution>y hi/ory ( ?is mo/ important  
class ( animals1 f  ! l[e/ ovip>\s      
monotremes up to man4 ,! f\r *ief gr\ps 
( ! plac5tals1 ! het]og5e\s legions ( ! 
c>nassia1 !  rod5tia1 ! ungulata1 & !   
primates1 seem to be sep>at$ by  pr(\nd 
gulfs1 :5 we conf9e our att5tion to _!  
repres5tatives  ( to-day4 ,b ^! gulfs   
are completely bridg$1 & ! %>p          
di/9ctions ( ! f\r legions are entirely 
lo/1 :5 we comp>e  _! ext9ct pr$ecessors
 ( ! ,t]ti>y p]iod1 & :5 we g  back into
 ! ,eoc5e twilight ( hi/ory1 9 ! olde/  

"p ( !  ,t]ti>y p]iod--at lea/ ?ree     
million ye>s ago4 ,!re we f9d !  great  
sub-class ( ! plac5tals1 :i* to-day     
comprises m ?an  two ?\s& five hundr$   
species1 repres5t$ by only a small numb]
  ( little1 insignificant proplac5tals2 
& 9 ^! pro*oriata  ! *>act]s ( ! f\r    
div]g5t legions are s int]m+l$ &  ton$  
d[n t we _c 9 reason d o!r ?an consid]  
!m z !  precursors ( ^? features4 ,!    
olde/ c>nassia 7! ictopsales71  ! olde/ 
rod5tia 7! e/hony*ales71 ! olde/        
ungulata 7!  condyl>?rales7 & ! olde/   
primates 7! lemuravales71 all  h ! same 
fundam5tal skeletal /ructure1 & ! same  
typical  d5tition ( ! primitive         
plac5tals1 consi/+ ( =ty-f\r tee?  7?ree
 incisors1 "o can9e1 f\r premol>s1 &    
?ree mol>s 9 ea*  half ( ! jaw72 all are
 *>act]iz$ by ! small size & !  imp]fect
 /ructure ( ! bra9 7especially ( its    
*ief "p1 !  cortex1 :i* does n become a 
true organ ( ?\ght until lat] on  9 !   
,mioc5e & ,plioc5e repres5tatives72 !y h
 all %ort legs  & five-to$1 flat-sol$   

feet 7plantigrada74 ,9 _m cases among   
^! olde/ plac5tals ( ! ,eoc5e p]iod x 0 
v difficult  to say at fir/ :e!r !y %\ld
 be class$ ) ! c>nassia1  rod5tia1      
ungulata1 or primates2 s v closely1 ev5 
to confusion1  d ^! f\r gr\ps ( !       
plac5tals1 :i* div]ge s widely          
aft]w>ds1 approa* ea* o!r at t "t4 ,_!  
common orig9 f  a s+le ance/ral gr\p    
foll[s inconte/ably4 ,^! pro*oriata     
liv$ 9 ! prec$+ ,cretace\s p]iod 7m ?an 
?ree million ye>s  ago71 & 7 probably   
develop$ 9 ! ,jurassic p]iod f a gr\p  (
 insectivor\s m>supials 7amphi!ria7 by !
 =mation ( a  primitive plac5ta diffusa1
 a plac5ta ( ! simple/ type4    ,b ! mo/
 important ( all ! rec5t                
palaeontological discov]ies  :i* h s]v$ 
to elucidate ! orig9 ( ! plac5tals      
relate  to our own /em1 ! legion (      
primates4 ,=m]ly fossil rema9s (  !     
primates 7 v sc>ce4 ,ev5 ,cuvi]1 ! great
 f\nd] (  palaeontology1 ma9ta9$ until 8
 la/ day 7#ahcb7 t !re 7 no  fossiliz$  
primates2 he _h himself1 x is true1     

describ$ ! skull  ( an ,eoc5e prosimi   
7adapis71 b he _h wrongly class$ x )  ! 
ungulata4 ,h[ev]1 dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s 
a fair numb] (  well-pres]v$ fossiliz$  
skeletons ( prosimi & simi h be5        
discov]$2 9 !m we f9d all ! *ief        
int]m$iate memb]s :i*  complete !       
connect+ *a9 ( ance/ors f ! olde/       
prosimi to  man4    ,! mo/ fam\s & mo/  
int]e/+ ( ^! discov]ies is !  fossil    
ape-man ( ,java1 ! mu*-talk$-(          
pi!can?ropus erectus1  f\nd by a ,dut*  
milit>y doctor1 ,eug5 ,dubois1 9 #ahid4 
,x is 9  tru? ! mu*-s\ght miss+ l9k1    
suppos$ to be want+ 9  ! *a9 ( primates1
 :i* /ret*es unbrok5 f ! l[e/  cat>rh9  
to ! highe/-develop$ man4 ,i h dealt    
exhau/ively  ) ! significance ( ?is     
discov]y 9 ! pap] :i* ,i read on  ,augu/
 #bf1 #ahih1 at ! ,f\r? ,int]national   
,zoological ,congress at  ,cambridge4#ac
 ,! palontologi/1 :o kn[s ! conditions (
 !  =mation & pres]vation ( fossils1 w  
?9k ! discov]y ( !  pi!can?ropus an     
unusually lucky accid5t4 ,! apes1 be+   

arboreal1  seldom came into !           
circum/ances 7unless !y happ5$ to fall  
into  ! wat]7 :i* w\ld secure !         
pres]vation & petrifaction (  _!        
skeleton4 ,?us1 by ! discov]y ( ?is     
fossil man-monkey (  ,java ! desc5t (   
man f ! ape has become j z cle> &  c]ta9
 f ! palontological side z x 0 previ\sly
 f !  evid5ce ( comp>ative anatomy &    
ontog5y4 ,we n[ h all !  pr9cipal       
docum5ts :i* tell ! hi/ory ( our race4  
,,*apt] ,,vi    ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,!    
,,s\l        ,fundam5tal ,importance (  
,psy*ology--,its ,def9ition &           
,me?ods--,div]g5ce ( ,views             
,!reon--,duali/ic & ,moni/ic            
,psy*ology--,relation to ! ,law (       
,sub/ance--,confusion      (            
,ideas--,psy*ological ,metamorphoses3   
,kant1 ,vir*[1      ,du                 
,bois-,reymond--,me?ods ( ,rese>* (     
,psy*ic      ,sci5ce--,introspective    
,me?od 7,self-,obs]vation7--,exact      
,me?od 7,psy*o-,physics7--,comp>ative   
,me?od 7,animal                         

,psy*ology7--,psy*ological ,*ange (     
,pr9ciples3                             
,wundt--,folk-,psy*ology & ,e?nography3 
,ba/ian--,ontog5etic      ,psy*ology3   
,prey]--,phylog5etic ,psy*ology3 ,d>w91 
,romanes      ,! ph5om5a :i* are        
compris$ "u ! title ( ! life (  ! s\l1  
or ! psy*ic activity1 are1 on ! "o h&1 !
 mo/  important & int]e/+1 on ! o!r !   
mo/ intricate &  problematical1 ( all ! 
ph5om5a we are acqua9t$ )4 ,z !  k (    
nature1 ! object ( ! pres5t philosophic 
/udy1  is itself a "p ( ! life ( ! s\l1 
& z an?ropology1 &  ev5 cosmology1      
presuppose a correct k ( ! psy*e1 we    
may reg>d psy*ology1 ! sci5tific /udy ( 
! s\l1 bo? z !  f\ndation & ! po/ulate (
 all o!r sci5ces4 ,f ano!r  po9t ( view 
x is itself a "p ( philosophy1 or       
physiology1 or  an?ropology4    ,! great
 difficulty ( e/abli%+ x on a           
naturali/ic basis  arises f ! fact t    
psy*ology1 9 turn1 presupposes a correct
  acqua9tance ) ! human organism1       
especially ! bra91 ! *ief  organ (      

psy*ic activity4 ,! great majority (    
psy*ologi/s h  little or no acqua9tance 
) ^! anatomical f\ndations ( !  s\l1 &  
?us x happ5s t 9 no o!r sci5ce d we f9d 
su*  contradictions & unt5able notions z
 to its prop] mean+ &  its ess5tial     
object z are curr5t 9 psy*ology4 ,?is   
confusion  has become m & m palpable    
dur+ ! la/ ?irty ye>s1 9  proportion z !
 imm5se progress ( anatomy & physiology 
has  increas$ our k ( ! /ructure & !    
functions ( ! *ief  psy*ic organ4       
,:at we call ! s\l is1 9 my op9ion1 a   
natural ph5om5on2 ,i  !re=e consid]     
psy*ology to be a bran* ( natural       
sci5ce--a  section ( physiology4        
,consequ5tly1 ,i mu/ emphatically ass]t 
f ! comm5cem5t t we h no diff]5t me?ods 
( rese>*  = t sci5ce ?an = any ( ! o!rs2
 we h 9 ! fir/  place obs]vation &      
exp]im5t1 9 ! second place ! !ory (     
evolution1 & 9 ! ?ird place metaphysical
 speculation1 :i*  seek to p5etrate z f>
 z possible into ! cryptic nature ( !   
ph5om5a by inductive & d$uctive reason+4

 ,h[ev]1 ) a view  to a ?or\gh          
appreciation ( ! "q1 we mu/ fir/ ( all  
put  cle>ly be=e ! read] ! anti!sis ( ! 
duali/ic & !  moni/ic !ories4    ,!     
prevail+ conception ( ! psy*ic activity1
 :i* we conte/1  consid]s s\l & body to 
be two di/9ct entities4 ,^! two         
entities c exi/ indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r2  
!re is no intr9sic  necessity = _!      
union4 ,! organiz$ body is a mortal1    
mat]ial  nature1 *emically compos$ (    
liv+ protoplasm & its comp\nds          
7plasma-products74 ,! s\l1 on ! o!r h&1 
is an immortal1  immat]ial be+1 a       
spiritual ag5t1 ^: my/]i\s activity  is 
entirely incompreh5sible to u4 ,?is     
trivial conception is1  z su*1          
spirituali/ic1 & its contradictory is1 9
 a c]ta9  s5se1 mat]iali/ic4 ,x is1 at !
 same "t1 sup]natural &  transc5d5tal1  
s9ce x affirms ! exi/5ce ( =ces :i* c   
exi/ & op]ate )\t a mat]ial basis2 x    
re/s on ! assumption  t outside ( &     
beyond nature !re is a spiritual1       
immat]ial  _w1 ( :i* we h no exp]i5ce1 &

 ( :i* we c le>n  no?+ by natural means4
    ,?is hypo!tical _s _w1 :i* is       
suppos$ to be entirely  indep5d5t ( !   
mat]ial univ]se1 & on ! assumption ( :i*
  ! :ole artificial /ructure ( !        
duali/ic sy/em is bas$1 is  purely a    
product ( poetic imag9ation2 ! same mu/ 
be said ( !  p>allel belief 9 !         
immortality ( ! s\l1 ! sci5tific        
impossibility ( :i* we mu/ prove m fully
 lat] on 7*ap4 xi474  ,if ! beliefs :i* 
prevail 9 ^! cr$ul\s circles _h a s\nd  
f\ndation1 ! ph5om5a !y relate to c\ld n
 be subject to !  law ( sub/ance2       
moreov]1 ?is s+le exception to ! highe/ 
law ( ! cosmos mu/ h appe>$ v late 9 !  
hi/ory ( !  organic _w1 s9ce x only     
conc]ns ! s\l ( man & ( !  high]        
animals4 ,! dogma ( free w1 ano!r       
ess5tial elem5t  ( ! duali/ic psy*ology1
 is simil>ly irreconcilable ) !         
univ]sal law ( sub/ance4    ,our own    
naturali/ic conception ( ! psy*ic       
activity sees 9 x a  gr\p ( vital       
ph5om5a1 :i* are dep5d5t on a def9ite   

mat]ial  sub/ratum1 l all o!r ph5om5a4  
,we %all give to ?is mat]ial  basis (   
all psy*ic activity1 )\t :i* x is       
inconceivable1  ! provisional "n (      
psy*oplasm2 & = ?is good reason--t      
*emical analysis proves x to be a body (
 ! gr\p we call  protoplasmic bodies !  
album9oid c>bon-comb9ations :i* are at  
! root ( all vital processes4 ,9 ! high]
 animals1 :i* h a  n]v\s sy/em &        
s5se-organs1 neuroplasm1 ! n]ve-mat]ial1
  has be5 diff]5tiat$ out ( psy*oplasm4 
,our conception is1 9  ?is s5se1        
mat]iali/ic4 ,x is at ! same "t         
empirical &  naturali/ic1 = our         
sci5tific exp]i5ce has nev] yet taught u
 !  exi/5ce ( =ces t c disp5se ) a      
mat]ial sub/ratum1 or (  a spiritual _w 
ov] & above ! realm ( nature4    ,l all 
o!r natural ph5om5a1 ! psy*ic processes 
are subject to  ! supreme1 all-rul+ law 
( sub/ance2 n ev5 9 ?is prov9ce  is !re 
a s+le exception to ?is highe/          
cosmological law 7comp>e  *ap4 xii474 ,!
 ph5om5a ( ! l[ly psy*ic life ( !       

unicellul>  proti/ & ! plant1 & ( ! l[e/
 animal =ms--_!  irritability1 _! reflex
 movem5ts1 _! s5sitiv5ess & in/9ct  (   
self-pres]vation--are directly det]m9$  
by physiological action  9 ! protoplasm 
( _! cells--t is1 by physical & *emical 
*anges :i* are p>tly due to h]$ity &    
p>tly to adaptation4  ,& we mu/ say j ! 
same ( ! high] psy*ic activity ( !      
high] animals & man1 ( ! =mation ( ideas
 & concepts1 (  ! m>vell\s ph5om5a (    
reason & consci\sness2 = ! latt]  h be5 
phylog5etically evolv$ f ! =m]1 & x is  
m]ely  a high] degree ( integration or  
c5tralization1 ( association  or        
comb9ation ( functions :i* 7 =m]ly      
isolat$1 t has  elevat$ !m 9 ?is mann]4 
,! fir/ task ( e sci5ce is ! cle>       
def9ition ( ! object  x has to          
inve/igate4 ,9 no sci5ce1 h[ev]1 is ?is 
prelim9>y  task s difficult z 9         
psy*ology2 & ?is circum/ance is !  m    
rem>kable s9ce logic1 ! sci5ce ( def9+1 
is itself a  "p ( psy*ology4 ,:5 we     
comp>e all t has be5 said by !  mo/     

di/+ui%$ philosoph]s & sci5ti/s ( all   
ages on !  fundam5tal idea ( psy*ology1 
we f9d ourselves 9 a p]fect *aos  (     
contradictory notions4 ,:at1 really1 is 
! s\l8 ,:at is its  relation to ! m9d8  
,:at is ! inn] mean+ ( consci\sness8    
,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 s5sation &    
s5tim5t8 ,:at is  in/9ct8 ,:at is !     
mean+ ( free w8 ,:at is pres5tation8    
,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 intellect &   
reason8 ,:at is !  true nature (        
emotion8 ,:at is ! relation betwe5 all  
^!  psy*ic ph5om5a & ! body8 ,! answ]s  
to ^! & _m o!r  cognate que/ions are    
inf9itely v>i$2 n only are ! views ( !  
mo/ em95t ?9k]s on ^! que/ions widely   
div]g5t1 b ev5 !  same sci5tific        
au?ority has (t5 completely *ang$ 8     
views 9 !  c\rse ( 8 psy*ological       
developm5t4 ,inde$1 ?is psy*ological    
metamorphosis ( s _m ?9k]s has          
contribut$ n a little to !  colossal    
confusion ( ideas :i* prevails 9        
psy*ology m ?an 9  any o!r bran* ( k4   
,! mo/ int]e/+ example ( su* an entire  

*ange ( objective  & subjective         
psy*ological op9ions is f\nd 9 ! case ( 
!  mo/ influ5tial lead] ( ,g]man        
philosophy1 ,immanuel ,kant4 ,!  "y1    
sev]ely critical ,kant came to !        
conclusion t ! ?ree  great buttresses ( 
my/icism--,god1 fre$om1 & immortality--7
  unt5able 9 ! light ( pure reason2 !   
old]1 dogmatic ,kant  f\nd t ^! ?ree    
great halluc9ations 7 po/ulates (       
practical reason1 & 71 z su*1           
indisp5sable4 ,! m !  di/+ui%$ mod]n    
s*ool ( ,neokantians urges a return to  
,kant  z ! only possible salvation f !  
frightful jumble ( mod]n  metaphysics1 !
 m cle>ly d we p]ceive ! und5iable &    
fatal  contradiction betwe5 ! fundam5tal
 op9ions ( ! "y & !  old] ,kant4 ,we    
%all return to ?is po9t lat] on4    ,o!r
 int]e/+ examples ( ?is *ange ( views   
are f\nd 9 two (  ! mo/ fam\s liv+      
sci5ti/s1 ,r4 ,vir*[ & ,e4 du           
,bois-,reymond2  ! metamorphoses ( _!   
fundam5tal views on psy*ology _c  be    
ov]look$1 z bo? ^! ,b]l9 biologi/s h    

play$ a mo/  important "p at ,g]many's  
greate/ univ]sity = m ?an =ty  ye>s1 &  
h1 !re=e1 directly & indirectly1 _h a   
mo/  pr(\nd influ5ce on ! mod]n m9d4    
,rudolph ,vir*[1 ! em95t  f\nd] (       
cellul> pa?ology1 0 a pure moni/ 9 ! be/
 days (  8 sci5tific activity1 ab\t !   
middle ( ! c5tury2 he pass$ at  t "t z  
"o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ repres5tatives ( !  
newly  awak5$ mat]ialism1 :i* appe>$ 9  
#ahee1 especially ?r\gh two  fam\s      
works1 almo/ contemporane\s 9           
appe>ance--,ludwig ,b*n]'s  ,matt] &    
,=ce & ,c>l ,vogt's ,sup]/ition &       
,sci5ce4 ,vir*[  publi%$ 8 g5]al        
biological views on ! vital processes 9 
man--:i* he takes to be purely me*anical
 natural ph5om5a--9 a  s]ies ( di/+ui%$ 
pap]s 9 ! fir/ volumes ( ! ,ar*iv  fr   
pa?ologis*e ,anatomie1 :i* he f\nd$4 ,! 
mo/ important (  ^! articles1 & ! "o 9  
:i* he mo/ cle>ly expresses 8  moni/ic  
views ( t p]iod1 is t on ,! ,t5d5cies   
,t[>ds  ,unity 9 ,sci5tific ,m$ic9e     
7#ahdi74 ,x 0 c]ta9ly n )\t  c>eful     

?\ght1 & a conviction ( its philosophic 
value1 t  ,vir*[ put ?is m$ical         
confession ( fai? at ! head ( 8         
,collect$ ,essays on ,sci5tific ,m$ic9e 
9 #ahef4 ,he def5d$ 9 x1  cle>ly &      
def9itely1 ! fundam5tal pr9ciples (     
monism1 :i* ,i  am pres5t+ "h ) a view  
to ! solution ( ! _w-problem2  he       
v9dicat$ ! exclusive title ( empirical  
sci5ce1 ( :i* !  only reliable s\rces   
are s5se & bra9 activity2 he vigor\sly  
attack$ an?ropological dualism1 ! alleg$
 revelation1 &  ! transc5d5tal          
philosophy1 ) _! two me?ods--fai? &     
an?ropomorphism4 ,above all1 he         
emphasiz$ ! moni/ic "* (  an?ropology1 !
 insep>able connection ( _s & body1 (   
=ce  & matt]4 ,i am conv9c$1 he         
exclaims1 at ! end ( 8 preface1  t ,i   
%all nev] f9d myself compell$ to d5y !  
!sis ( !  unity ( human nature4         
,unhappily1 ?is conviction prov$ to be a
  grave error4 ,tw5ty-eight ye>s        
aft]w>ds ,vir*[ repres5t$ !             
diametrically opposite view2 x is to be 

f\nd 9 ! fam\s spee* on  ,! ,lib]ty (   
,sci5ce 9 ,mod]n ,/ates1 :i* he deliv]$ 
at !  ,sci5tific ,congress at ,muni* 9  
#ahgg1 & :i* conta9s attacks t  ,i h    
repell$ 9 my ,free ,sci5ce & ,free      
,tea*+ 7#ahgh74    ,9 ,emil du          
,bois-,reymond we f9d simil>            
contradictions ) reg>d  to ! mo/        
important & fundam5tal !ses (           
philosophy4 ,!  m completely ! di/+ui%$ 
orator ( ! ,b]l9 ,academy _h  def5d$ !  
ma9 pr9ciples ( ! moni/ic philosophy1 ! 
m he  _h contribut$ to ! refutation (   
vitalism & ! transc5d5tal  view ( life1 
s mu* ! l\d] 0 ! triumphant cry ( our   
oppon5ts :5 9 #ahgb1 9 8 fam\s          
,ignorabimus-,spee*1 he spoke  (        
consci\sness z an insoluble problem1 &  
oppos$ x to ! o!r  functions ( ! bra9 z 
a sup]natural ph5om5on4 ,i return to !  
po9t 9 ! t5? *apt]4    ,! peculi> "* (  
_m ( ! psy*ic ph5om5a1 especially  (    
consci\sness1 necessitates c]ta9        
modifications ( our ord9>y  sci5tific   
me?ods4 ,we h1 = in/ance1 to associate )

 !  cu/om>y objective1 ext]nal          
obs]vation1 ! introspective  me?od1 !   
subjective1 int]nal obs]vation :i*      
scrut9izes  our own p]sonality 9 !      
mirror ( consci\sness4 ,! majority (    
psy*ologi/s h />t$ f ?is c]ta9ty ( !    
ego3 ,cogito  ergo sum1 z ,desc>tes     
said--,i ?9k1 !re=e ,i am4 ,let u fir/  
ca/ a glance at ?is way ( inquiry1 & !n 
deal ) ! second1  complem5t>y1 me?od4   
,by f> ! great] "p ( ! !ories ( ! s\l   
:i* h be5  put =w>d dur+ ! la/ two ?\s& 
ye>s or m are bas$ on  introspective    
inquiry--t is1 on self-obs]vation1 & on 
!  conclusions :i* we draw f !          
association & criticism ( ^!  subjective
 exp]i5ces4 ,introspection is ! only    
possible me?od (  inquiry = an important
 section ( psy*ology1 especially = !    
/udy ( consci\sness4 ,h5ce ?is c]ebral  
function occupies a special  position1 &
 has be5 a m prolific s\rce (           
philosophic error ?an  any ( ! o!rs 7cf4
 *ap4 x474 ,x is1 h[ev]1 mo/            
unsatisfactory1  & x leads to entirely  

false or incomplete notions1 to take ?is
  self-obs]vation ( ! m9d to be ! *ief1 
or1 especially1 to be  ! only s\rce (   
m5tal sci5ce1 z has happ5$ 9 ! case (   
_m & di/+ui%$ philosoph]s4 ,a great     
numb] ( ! pr9cipal  psy*ic ph5om5a1     
p>ticul>ly ! activity ( ! s5ses & spee*1
  c only be /udi$ 9 ! same way z e o!r  
vital function (  ! organism--t is1     
fir/ly1 by a ?or\gh anatomical /udy (   
_! organs1 &1 secondly1 by an exact     
physiological analysis (  ! functions   
:i* dep5d on !m4 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 to     
complete  ?is ext]nal /udy ( ! m5tal    
life1 & to supplem5t ! results  (       
int]nal obs]vation1 "o ne$s a ?or\gh k (
 human  anatomy1 hi/ology1 ontog5y1 &   
physiology4 ,mo/ ( our s-call$          
psy*ologi/s h little or no k ( ^!       
indisp5sable  f\ndations ( an?ropology2 
!y are1 !re=e1 incompet5t to  pron\nce  
on ! "* ev5 ( _! own s\l4 ,x mu/ be     
rememb]$1 too1 t ! di/+ui%$ p]sonality (
 "o ( ^!  psy*ologi/s usually (f]s a    
specim5 ( an educat$ m9d ( !  highe/    

civiliz$ races2 x is ! la/ l9k ( a long 
ance/ral *a91  & ! innum]able old] &    
inf]ior l9ks are indisp5sable =  its    
prop] und]/&+4 ,h5ce x is t mo/ ( !     
psy*ological  lit]ature ( ! day is s mu*
 wa/e pap]4 ,! introspective me?od  is  
c]ta9ly extremely valuable &            
indisp5sable2 /ill x ne$s !  con/ant    
co-op]ation & assi/ance ( ! o!r me?ods4 
,9 proportion z ! v>i\s bran*es ( !     
human tree ( k  h develop$ dur+ !       
c5tury1 & ! me?ods ( ! diff]5t  sci5ces 
h be5 p]fect$1 ! desire has gr[n to make
 !m  exact2 t is1 to make ! /udy (      
ph5om5a z purely empirical  z possible1 
& to =mulate ! laws t result z cle>ly z 
! circum/ances p]mit--if possible1      
ma!matically4 ,! latt]  is1 h[ev]1 only 
feasible 9 a small prov9ce ( human k1   
especially 9 ^? sci5ces 9 :i* !re is "q 
( measurable  quantities2 9 ma!matics1 9
 ! fir/ place1 & to a great] or  less   
ext5t 9 a/ronomy1 me*anics1 & a great "p
 ( physics &  *emi/ry4 ,h5ce ^! /udies  
are call$ exact sci5ces 9 !  n>r[] s5se4

 ,x is1 h[ev]1 productive only ( error  
to call all  ! physical sci5ces exact1 &
 oppose !m to ! hi/orical1  m5tal1 &    
moral sci5ces4 ,! great] "p ( physical  
sci5ce c  no m be treat$ z an exact     
sci5ce ?an hi/ory c2 ?is is  especially 
true ( biology & ( its subsidi>y bran*1 
psy*ology4  ,z psy*ology is a "p (      
physiology1 x mu/1 z a g5]al rule1      
foll[ ! *ief me?ods ( t sci5ce4 ,x mu/  
e/abli% ! facts  ( psy*ic activity by   
empirical me?ods z mu* z possible1 by   
obs]vation & exp]im5t1 & x mu/ !n ga!r !
 laws ( !  m9d by inductive & d$uctive  
inf]5ces f its obs]vations1  & =mulate  
!m ) ! utmo/ di/9ctness4 ,b1 = obvi\s   
reasons1 x is r>ely possible to =mulate 
!m ma!matically4 ,su*  a proc$ure is    
only pr(itable 9 "o section ( !         
physiology (  ! s5ses2 x is n           
practicable 9 ! great] "p ( c]ebral     
physiology4    ,"o small section (      
physiology1 :i* seems am5able to ! exact
  me?od ( inve/igation1 has be5 c>efully
 /udi$ = ! la/  tw5ty ye>s & rais$ to ! 

position ( a sep>ate sci5ce "u  ! title 
( psy*o-physics4 ,its f\nd]s1 !         
physiologi/s ,!odor  ,fe*n] & ,ern/     
,he9ri* ,web]1 fir/ ( all closely       
inve/igat$  ! dep5d5ce ( s5sations on ! 
ext]nal /imuli t act on !  organs (     
s5se1 & p>ticul>ly ! quantitative       
relation betwe5  ! /r5g? ( ! /imulus & !
 int5sity ( ! s5sation4 ,!y  f\nd t a   
c]ta9 m9imum /r5g? ( /imulus is         
requisite =  ! excitem5t ( a s5sation1 &
 t a giv5 /imulus mu/ be  v>i$ to a     
def9ite am\nt be=e !re is any p]ceptible
 *ange  9 ! s5sation4 ,= ! highe/       
s5sations 7( sight1 he>+1 &  pressure7 !
 law holds good t _! v>iations are      
proportionate  to ! *anges 9 ! /r5g? ( !
 /imulus4 ,f ?is empirical  law ( ,web] 
,fe*n] inf]r$1 by ma!matical op]ations1 
8  fundam5tal law ( psy*o-physics1      
accord+ to :i* ! int5sity  ( a s5sation 
increases 9 ari?metical progression1 !  
/r5g?  ( ! /imulus 9 geometrical        
progression4 ,h[ev]1 ,fe*n]'s law  & o!r
 psy*o-physical laws are frequ5tly      

conte/$1 & _!  exactness is call$ into  
"q4 ,9 any case mod]n psy*o-physics  has
 fall5 f> %ort ( ! great hopes ) :i* x 0
 greet$  tw5ty ye>s ago2 ! field ( its  
applicability is extremely limit$4  ,"o 
important result ( its "w is t x has    
prov$ ! application  ( physical laws 9  
"o1 if only a small1 bran* ( ! life ( ! 
s\l--an application :i* 0 long ago      
po/ulat$ on pr9ciple by  ! mat]iali/    
psy*ology = ! :ole prov9ce ( m5tal life4
 ,9  ?is1 z 9 _m o!r bran*es (          
physiology1 ! exact me?od has  prov$    
inadequate & ( little s]vice4 ,x is !   
ideal to aim at  ev]y:]e1 b x is        
unatta9able 9 mo/ cases4 ,mu* m         
pr(itable  are ! comp>ative & g5etic    
me?ods4    ,! /rik+ resemblance ( man's 
psy*ic activity to t (  ! high]         
animals--especially our ne>e/ relatives 
among !  mammals--is a famili> fact4    
,mo/ unciviliz$ races /ill make no      
mat]ial di/9ction betwe5 ! two sets (   
m5tal processes1 z  ! well-kn[n animal  
fables1 ! old leg5ds1 & ! idea ( !      

transmigration ( s\ls prove4 ,ev5 mo/ ( 
! philosoph]s (  classical antiquity %>$
 ! same conviction1 & discov]$ no       
ess5tial qualitative diff]5ce1 b m]ely a
 quantitative "o1  betwe5 ! s\l ( man & 
t ( ! brute4 ,plato himself1 :o 0  !    
fir/ to draw a fundam5tal di/9ction     
betwe5 s\l & body1  made "o & ! same s\l
 7or idea7 pass ?r\gh a numb] ( animal  
& human bodies 9 8 !ory ( metempsy*osis4
 ,x 0 ,*ri/ianity1  intimately connect+ 
fai? 9 immortality ) fai? 9 ,god1 t     
emphasiz$ ! ess5tial diff]5ce ( !       
immortal s\l ( man f  ! mortal s\l ( !  
brute4 ,9 ! duali/ic philosophy ! idea  
prevail$ pr9cipally ?r\gh ! influ5ce (  
,desc>tes 7#afdc72  he cont5d$ t man    
alone _h a true s\l1 &1 consequ5tly1    
s5sation & free w1 & t ! animals 7 m]e  
automata1 or  ma*9es1 )\t w or          
s5sibility4 ,ev] s9ce ! majority (      
psy*ologi/s--includ+ ev5 ,kant--h       
entirely neglect$ ! m5tal  life ( !     
brute1 & re/rict$ psy*ological rese>* to
 man3  human psy*ology1 ma9ly           

introspective1 disp5s$ ) ! fruitful     
comp>ative me?od1 & s rema9$ at t l[]   
po9t ( view :i*  human morphology took  
be=e ,cuvi] rais$ x to ! position ( a   
philosophic sci5ce by ! f\ndation (     
comp>ative anatomy4    ,sci5tific int]e/
 9 ! psy*ic activity ( ! brute 0 reviv$ 
9 ! second half ( ! la/ c5tury1 9       
connection ) !  advance ( sy/ematic     
zoology & physiology4 ,a /rong impulse 0
  giv5 to x by ! "w ( ,reim>us3 ,g5]al  
obs]vations on !  in/9cts ( animals     
7,hamburg1 #agfj74 ,at ! same "t a deep]
  sci5tific inve/igation _h be5         
facilitat$ by ! ?or\gh re=m  (          
physiology by ,johannes ,mll]4 ,?is     
di/+ui%$ biologi/1 hav+  a compreh5sive 
k ( ! :ole field ( organic nature1 (    
morphology1 & ( physiology1 introduc$ ! 
exact me?ods (  obs]vation & exp]im5t   
into ! :ole prov9ce ( physiology1 &1  ) 
consummate skill1 comb9$ !m ) !         
comp>ative me?ods4 ,he  appli$ !m1 n    
only to m5tal life 9 ! broad] s5se 7to  
spee*1  s5ses1 & bra9-action71 b to all 

! o!r ph5om5a ( life4 ,!  six? book ( 8 
,manual ( ,human ,physiology treats     
specially ( !  life ( ! s\l1 & conta9s  
eighty pages ( important psy*ological   
obs]vations4    ,dur+ ! la/ =ty ye>s a  
great numb] ( works on comp>ative       
animal psy*ology h appe>$1 pr9cipally   
occasion$ by ! great  impulse :i* ,d>w9 
gave 9 #ahei by 8 "w on ,! ,orig9 (     
,species1 & by ! application ( ! idea ( 
evolution to !  prov9ce ( psy*ology4 ,! 
m important ( ^! works we owe to        
,romanes & ,sir ,j4 ,lubbock1 9 ,engl&2 
to ,w4 ,wundt1 ,l4 ,b*n]1 ,g4  ,s*neid]1
 ,fritz ,s*ultze1 & ,k>l ,groos1 9      
,g]many2 to ,alfr$  ,esp9as & ,e4       
,j\rdan1 9 ,france2 & to ,tito ,vignoli1
 9 ,italy4    ,9 ,g]many1 ,wilhelm      
,wundt1 ( ,leipzig1 is consid]$ to be ! 
able/  liv+ psy*ologi/2 he has !        
ine/imable advantage ov] mo/ o!r        
philosoph]s ( a ?or\gh zoological1      
anatomical1 & physiological  education4 
,=m]ly assi/ant & pupil ( ,helmholtz1   
,wundt _h e>ly  accu/om$ himself to     

foll[ ! application ( ! laws ( physics &
  *emi/ry ?r\gh ! :ole field (          
physiology1 &1 consequ5tly1  9 ! s5se ( 
,johannes ,mll]1 9 psy*ology1 z a       
subsection  ( ! latt]4 ,/>t+ f ?is po9t 
( view1 ,wundt publi%$  8 valuable      
,lectures on human & animal psy*ology 9 
#ahfc4 ,he  prov$1 z he himself tells u 
9 ! preface1 t ! !atre (  ! mo/         
important psy*ic processes is 9 !       
unconsci\s s\l1  & he af=ds u a view ( !
 me*anism :i*1 9 ! unconsci\s  backgr\nd
 ( ! s\l1 manipulates ! impressions :i* 
arise  f ! ext]nal /imuli4 ,:at seems to
 me1 h[ev]1 ( special  importance &     
value 9 ,wundt's "w is t he ext5ds ! law
 ( !  p]si/5ce ( =ce = ! fir/ "t to !   
psy*ic _w1 & makes  use ( a s]ies (     
facts ( electro-physiology by way (     
demon/ration4    ,?irty ye>s aft]w>ds   
7#ahib7 ,wundt publi%$ a second1 mu*    
abridg$ & entirely modifi$1 edition ( 8 
"w4 ,! important  pr9ciples ( ! fir/    
edition are entirely ab&on$ 9 ! second1 
& ! moni/ic is ex*ang$ = a purely       

duali/ic /&-po9t4  ,wundt himself says 9
 ! preface to ! second edition t he has 
emancipat$ himself f ! fundam5tal errors
 ( ! fir/1 &  t he le>n$ _m ye>s ago to 
consid] ! "w a s9 ( 8  y\?2 x weigh$ on 
him z a k9d ( crime1 f :i* he long$  to 
free himself z soon z possible4 ,9 fact1
 ! mo/ important  sy/ems ( psy*ology are
 completely oppos$ to ea* o!r 9 ! two   
editions ( ,wundt's fam\s ,obs]vations4 
,9 ! fir/ edition he  is purely moni/ic 
& mat]iali/ic1 9 ! second edition purely
  duali/ic & spirituali/ic4 ,9 ! "o     
psy*ology is treat$ z a  physical       
sci5ce1 on ! same laws z ! :ole (       
physiology1 (  :i* x is only a "p2 ?irty
 ye>s aft]w>ds he f9ds psy*ology  to be 
a spiritual sci5ce1 ) pr9ciples &       
objects entirely  diff]5t f ^? (        
physical sci5ce4 ,?is conv]sion is mo/  
cle>ly express$ 9 8 pr9ciple (          
psy*o-physical p>allelism1  accord+ to  
:i* e psy*ic ev5t has a correspond+     
physical  *ange2 b ! two are completely 
indep5d5t1 & are n 9 any  natural causal

 connection4 ,?is complete dualism (    
body & s\l1  ( nature & m9d1 naturally  
gave ! livelie/ satisfaction to !       
prevail+ s*ool-philosophy1 & 0 acclaim$ 
by x z an important  advance1 especially
 see+ t x came f a di/+ui%$ sci5ti/  :o 
_h previ\sly adh]$ to ! opposite sy/em (
 monism4 ,z ,i  myself cont9ue1 aft] m  
?an =ty ye>s' /udy1 9 ?is n>r[          
position1 & h n be5 able to free myself 
f x 9 spite (  all my ef=ts1 ,i mu/     
naturally consid] ! y\?ful s9 ( !  "y   
physiologi/ ,wundt to be a correct k (  
nature1 &  en]getically def5d x aga9/ ! 
antagoni/ic view ( ! old  philosoph]    
,wundt4    ,?is entire *ange (          
philosophical pr9ciples1 :i* we f9d 9   
,wundt1  z we f\nd x 9 ,kant1 ,vir*[1   
,du ,bois-,reymond1 ,k>l ,ern/ ,ba]1 &  
o!rs1 is v int]e/+4 ,9 _! y\? ^! able & 
tal5t$  sci5ti/s embrace ! :ole field ( 
biological rese>* 9 a broad  survey1 &  
make /r5u\s ef=ts to f9d a unify+1      
natural basis  = _! k2 9 _! lat] ye>s !y
 h f\nd t ?is is  n completely          

atta9able1 & s !y entirely ab&on ! idea4
 ,9  ext5uation ( ^! psy*ological       
metamorphoses !y c1 naturally1  plead t 
9 _! y\? !y ov]look$ ! difficulties ( ! 
great  task1 & misconceiv$ ! true goal2 
) ! matur] judgm5t ( age  & !           
accumulation ( exp]i5ce !y 7 conv9c$ (  
_! errors1  & discov]$ ! true pa? to !  
s\rce ( tru?4 ,on ! o!r h&1  x is       
possible to ?9k t great sci5ti/s approa*
 _! task )  less prejudice & m en]gy 9  
_! e>li] ye>s--t _!  vision is cle>] &  
_! judgm5t pur]2 ! exp]i5ces ( lat]     
ye>s sometimes h ! effect1 n ( enri*+1 b
 ( di/urb+1  ! m9d1 & ) old age !re     
comes a gradual decay ( ! bra91  j z    
happ5s 9 all o!r organs4 ,9 any case1   
?is *ange ( views  is 9 itself an       
in/ructive psy*ological fact2 because1 l
 _m  o!r =ms ( *ange ( op9ion1 x %[s t !
 highe/ psy*ic  functions are subject to
 pr(\nd individual *anges 9 ! c\rse (   
life1 l all ! o!r vital processes4    ,=
 ! pr(itable con/ruction ( comp>ative   
psy*ology x is  extremely important n to

 conf9e ! critical comp>ison to man  & !
 brute 9 g5]al1 b to put side by side ! 
innum]able  gradations ( _! m5tal       
activity4 ,only ?us c we atta9 a cle>  k
 ( ! long scale ( psy*ic developm5t :i* 
runs unbrok5  f ! l[e/1 unicellul> =ms (
 life up to ! mammals1 & to  man at _!  
head4 ,b ev5 )9 ! limits ( our own race 
su*  gradations are v noticeable1 & !   
ramifications ( ! psy*ic  ance/ral tree 
are v num]\s4 ,! psy*ic diff]5ce betwe5 
!  crude/ savage ( ! l[e/ grade & ! mo/ 
p]fect specim5 (  ! highe/ civilization 
is colossal--mu* great] ?an is commonly 
suppos$4 ,by ! due appreciation ( ?is   
fact1 especially 9 !  latt] half ( !    
c5tury1 ! ,an?ropology ( ! unciviliz$   
races  7,waitz7 has receiv$ a /rong     
support1 & comp>ative e?nography has    
come to be consid]$ extremely important 
= psy*ological purposes4  ,un=tunately1 
! enorm\s quantity ( raw mat]ial ( ?is  
sci5ce  has n yet be5 treat$ 9 a        
satisfactory critical mann]4 ,:at       
confus$ & my/ic ideas /ill prevail 9 ?is

 dep>tm5t may be se51  = in/ance1 9 !   
,vlk]g$anke ( ! fam\s travell]1 ,adolf  
,ba/ian1 :o1 ?\gh a prolific writ]1     
m]ely turns out a hopeless  mass (      
uncritical compilation & confus$        
speculation4    ,! mo/ neglect$ ( all   
psy*ological me?ods1 ev5 up to ! pres5t 
day1 is ! evolution ( ! s\l2 yet ?is    
little-frequ5t$ pa?  is precisely ! "o t
 leads u mo/ quickly & securely ?r\gh  !
 gloomy primeval =e/ ( psy*ological     
prejudices1 dogmas1 &  errors1 to a cle>
 insight into _m ( ! *ief psy*ic        
problems4 ,z  ,i did 9 ! o!r bran* (    
organic evolution1 ,i aga9 put be=e !   
read] ! two great bran*es ( ! sci5ce :i*
 ,i diff]5tiat$ 9  #ahff--ontog5y &     
phylog5y4 ,! ontog5y1 or embryonic      
developm5t1  ( ! s\l1 individual or     
biontic psy*og5y1 inve/igates ! gradual 
& hi]>*ic developm5t ( ! s\l 9 !        
individual1 & seeks to  le>n ! laws by  
:i* x is controll$4 ,= a great "p ( !   
life  ( ! m9d a good deal has be5 done 9
 ?is direction = c5turies2  rational    

p$agogy mu/ h set itself ! task at an   
e>ly date ( !  !oretical /udy ( !       
gradual developm5t & =mative capacity ( 
! "y m9d t 0 committ$ to x = education &
 =mation4  ,mo/ p$agogues1 h[ev]1 7     
ideali/ic or duali/ic philosoph]s1  & s 
!y w5t to "w ) all ! prejudices ( !     
spirituali/ic  psy*ology4 ,x is only 9 !
 la/ few decades t ?is dogmatic  t5d5cy 
has be5 l>gely sup]s$$ ev5 9 ! s*ool by 
sci5tific  me?ods2 we n[ f9d a great]   
conc]n to apply ! *ief laws (  evolution
 ev5 9 ! discussion ( ! s\l ( ! *ild4 ,!
 raw  mat]ial ( ! *ild's s\l is already 
qualitatively det]m9$ by  h]$ity f p>5ts
 & ance/ors2 education has ! noble task 
(  br++ x to a p]fect maturity by       
intellectual in/ruction & moral         
tra9+--t is1 by adaptation4 ,wilhelm    
,prey] 0 ! fir/ to  lay ! f\ndation (   
our k ( ! e>ly psy*ic developm5t  9 8   
int]e/+ "w on ,! ,m9d ( ! ,*ild4 ,mu* is
 /ill to  be done 9 ! /udy ( ! lat]     
/ages & metamorphoses ( !  individual   
s\l1 & once m ! correct1 critical       

application ( !  biog5etic law is prov+ 
a guid+ /> to ! sci5tific m9d4    ,a new
 & f]tile epo* ( high] developm5t dawn$ 
= psy*ology  & all o!r biological       
sci5ces :5 ,*>les ,d>w9 appli$ !        
pr9ciples ( evolution to !m =ty ye>s    
ago4 ,! sev5? *apt]  ( 8 epo*-mak+ "w on
 ,! ,orig9 ( ,species is devot$ to      
in/9ct4 ,x conta9s ! valuable pro( t !  
in/9cts ( animals  are subject1 l all   
o!r vital processes1 to ! g5]al laws (  
hi/oric developm5t4 ,! special in/9cts (
 p>ticul> species 7  =m$ by adaptation1 
& ! modifications ?us acquir$ 7 h&$  on 
to po/]ity by h]$ity2 9 _! =mation &    
pres]vation  natural selection plays !  
same "p z 9 ! trans=mation (  e o!r     
physiological function4 ,d>w9 aft]w>ds  
develop$ ?is  fundam5tal ?\ght 9 a numb]
 ( works1 %[+ t ! same laws (  m5tal    
evolution hold good ?r\gh\t ! entire    
organic _w1 n  less 9 man ?an 9 ! brute1
 & ev5 9 ! plant4 ,h5ce ! unity  ( !    
organic _w1 :i* is reveal$ by ! common  
orig9 ( its  memb]s1 applies also to !  

entire prov9ce ( psy*ic life1 f !       
simple/ unicellul> organism up to man4  
,to ,george ,romanes we owe ! fur!r     
developm5t ( ,d>w9's  psy*ology & its   
special application to ! diff]5t        
sections (  psy*ic activity4            
,un=tunately1 8 premature decease       
prev5t$ !  completion ( ! great "w :i* 0
 to recon/ruct e section  ( comp>ative  
psy*ology on ! l9es ( moni/ic evolution4
 ,!  two volumes ( ?is "w :i* 7 complet$
 are among ! mo/  valuable productions (
 psy*ological lit]ature4 ,=1 con=mably  
to ! pr9ciples ( our mod]n moni/ic      
rese>*1 8 fir/ c>e  0 to collect &      
arrange all ! important facts :i* h be5 
empirically e/abli%$ 9 ! field (        
comp>ative psy*ology 9 !  c\rse (       
c5turies2 9 ! second place1 ^! facts are
 te/$ )  an objective criticism1 &      
sy/ematically di/ribut$2 f9ally1 su*    
rational conclusions are drawn f !m on !
 *ief g5]al que/ions  ( psy*ology z are 
9 h>mony ) ! fundam5tal pr9ciples (     
mod]n monism4 ,! fir/ volume (          

,romanes's "w be>s ! title  ( ,m5tal    
,evolution 9 ! ,animal ,_w2 x pres5ts1 9
 natural  connection1 ! entire l5g? ( ! 
*a9 ( psy*ic evolution 9 !  animal _w1 f
 ! simple/ s5sations & in/9cts ( ! l[e/ 
animals to ! elaborate ph5om5a (        
consci\sness & reason 9 !  highe/4 ,x   
conta9s also a numb] ( extracts f a     
manuscript :i*  ,d>w9 left on in/9ct1 & 
a complete collection ( all t he  wrote 
9 ! prov9ce ( psy*ology4    ,! second & 
m important volume ( ,romanes's "w      
treats (  ,m5tal evolution 9 man & !    
orig9 ( human faculties4 ,!  di/+ui%$   
psy*ologi/ gives a conv9c+ pro( 9 x t ! 
psy*ological b>ri] betwe5 man & ! brute 
has be5 ov]come4  ,man's p[] (          
conceptual ?\ght & ( ab/raction has be5 
gradually  evolv$ f ! non-conceptual    
/ages ( ?\ght & ideation 9 !  ne>e/     
relat$ mammals4 ,man's highe/ m5tal     
p[]s--reason1 spee*1  & consci5ce--h    
aris5 f ! l[] /ages ( ! same faculties  
9 our primate ance/ors 7! simi &        
prosimi74 ,man has no s+le  m5tal       

faculty :i* is 8 exclusive pr]ogative4  
,8 :ole psy*ic  life diff]s f t ( !     
ne>e/ relat$ mammals only 9 degree1  & n
 9 k9d2 quantitatively1 n qualitatively4
    ,i recomm5d ^? ( my read]s :o are   
int]e/$ 9 ^! mom5t\s  que/ions (        
psy*ology to /udy ! pr(\nd "w (         
,romanes4 ,i am  completely at "o ) him 
& ,d>w9 9 almo/ all _! views &          
convictions4 ,:]ev] an app>5t           
discrepancy is f\nd betwe5 ^!  au?ors & 
my e>li] productions1 x is ei!r a case (
 imp]fect  expression on my "p or an    
unimportant diff]5ce 9 application (    
pr9ciple4 ,= ! re/1 x is *>act]i/ic (   
?is sci5ce (  ideas t ! mo/ em95t       
philosoph]s hold entirely antagoni/ic   
views on its fundam5tal notions4        
,,*apt] ,,vii    ,,psy*ic ,,gradations  
,psy*ological ,unity ( ,organic         
,nature--,mat]ial ,basis ( !      ,s\l3 
,psy*oplasm--,scale ( ,s5sation--,scale 
( ,movem5t--,scale      ( ,reflex       
,action--,simple & ,comp\nd ,reflex     
,action--,reflex      ,action &         

,consci\sness--,scale (                 
,p]ception--,unconsci\s &      ,consci\s
 ,p]ception--,scale (                   
,memory--,unconsci\s & ,consci\s        
,memory--,association (                 
,p]ceptions--,in/9ct--,prim>y &         
,second>y      ,in/9cts--,scale (       
,reason--,language--,emotion &          
,passion--,!      ,w--,fre$om ( ! ,w    
,! great progress :i* psy*ology has     
made1 ) ! assi/ance  ( evolution1 9 !   
latt] half ( ! c5tury culm9ates 9 !     
recognition ( ! psy*ological unity ( !  
organic _w4  ,comp>ative psy*ology1 9   
co-op]ation ) ! ontog5y & phylog5y  ( ! 
psy*e1 has en=c$ ! conviction t organic 
life 9 all  its /ages1 f ! simple/      
unicellul> protozoon up to man1 spr+s  f
 ! same elem5t>y =ces ( nature1 f !     
physiological  functions ( s5sation &   
movem5t4 ,! future task ( sci5tific     
psy*ology1 !re=e1 is n1 z x once 01 !   
exclusively  subjective & introspective 
analysis ( ! highly develop$ m9d  ( a   
philosoph]1 b ! objective1 comp>ative   

/udy ( ! long  gradation by :i* man has 
sl[ly aris5 ?r\gh a va/ s]ies ( l[]     
animal conditions4 ,?is great task (    
sep>at+ ! diff]5t /eps  9 ! psy*ological
 ladd]1 & prov+ _! unbrok5 phylog5etic  
connection1 has only be5 s]i\sly        
attempt$ dur+ ! la/ t5  ye>s1 especially
 9 ! spl5did "w ( ,romanes4 ,we mu/     
conf9e  ourselves "h to a brief         
discussion ( a few ( ! g5]al que/ions   
:i* t gradation has sugge/$4    ,all !  
ph5om5a ( ! psy*ic life are1 )\t        
exception1 b\nd  up ) c]ta9 mat]ial     
*anges 9 ! liv+ sub/ance ( ! body1  !   
protoplasm4 ,we h giv5 to t "p ( !      
protoplasm :i*  seems to be !           
indisp5sable sub/ratum ( psy*ic life !  
"n  ( psy*oplasm 7! s\l-sub/ance1 9 !   
moni/ic s5se72 9  o!r words1 we d n     
attribute any peculi> ess5ce to x1 b  we
 consid] ! psy*e to be m]ely a          
collective idea ( all !  psy*ic         
functions ( protoplasm4 ,9 ?is s5se !   
s\l is m]ely  a physiological ab/raction
 l assimilation or g5]ation4 ,9  man & !

 high] animals1 9 accordance ) !        
division ( labor  ( ! organs & tissues1 
! psy*oplasm is a diff]5tiat$ "p (  !   
n]v\s sy/em1 ! neuroplasm ( ! ganglionic
 cells & _!  fibres4 ,9 ! l[] animals1  
h[ev]1 :i* h no special n]ves  & organs 
( s5se1 & 9 ! plants1 ! psy*oplasm has n
 yet  rea*$ an indep5d5t diff]5tiation4 
,f9ally1 9 ! unicellul>  proti/s1 !     
psy*oplasm is id5tifi$ ei!r ) ! :ole ( !
  liv+ protoplasm ( ! simple cell or ) a
 portion ( x4 ,9 all  cases1 9 ! l[e/ z 
well z ! highe/ /ages ( ! psy*ological  
hi]>*y1 a c]ta9 *emical composition & a 
c]ta9 physical  activity ( ! psy*oplasm 
are indisp5sable be=e ! s\l c  function 
or act4 ,t is equally true ( ! elem5t>y 
psy*ic  function ( ! plasmatic s5sation 
& movem5t ( ! protozoa1  & ( ! complex  
functions ( ! s5se-organs & ! bra9 9 !  
high] animals & man4 ,! activity ( !    
psy*oplasm1 :i* we call  ! s\l1 is      
always connect$ ) metabolism4    ,all   
liv+ organisms1 )\t exception1 are      
s5sitive2 !y are  influ5c$ by !         

condition ( _! environm5t1 & react !reon
 by  c]ta9 modifications 9 _! own       
/ructure4 ,light & heat1 gravity  &     
electricity1 me*anical processes &      
*emical action 9 !  environm5t1 act z   
/imuli on ! s5sitive psy*oplasm1 &      
effect  *anges 9 its molecul>           
composition4 ,we may di/+ui% ! foll[+   
five *ief /ages ( ?is s5sibility3    ,i4
 ,at ! l[e/ /age ( organization ! :ole  
psy*oplasm1 z  su*1 is s5sitive1 &      
reacts on ! /imuli f )\t2 t is !  case )
 ! l[e/ proti/s1 ) _m plants1 & ) "s ( !
  mo/ rudim5t>y animals4    ,,ii4 ,at ! 
second /age v simple & undiscrim9at+    
s5se-organs  beg9 to appe> on ! surface 
( ! organism1 9 ! =m (  protoplasmic    
filam5ts & pigm5t spots1 ! =]unn]s ( !  
n]ves  ( t\* & ! eyes2 ^! are f\nd 9 "s 
( ! high] proti/s  & 9 _m ( ! l[]       
animals & plants4    ,,iii4 ,at ! ?ird  
/age specific organs ( s5se1 ea* ) a    
peculi> adaptation1 h aris5 by          
diff]5tiation out ( ^!  rudim5t>y       
processes3 !re are ! *emical in/rum5ts (

 smell  & ta/e1 & ! physical organs (   
t\*1 temp]ature1 he>+1  & sight4 ,!     
specific en]gy ( ^! s5se-organs is n an 
orig9al inh]5t prop]ty ( !irs1 b has be5
 ga9$ by functional  adaptation &       
progressive h]$ity4    ,,iv4 ,! f\r?    
/age is *>act]iz$ by ! c5tralization or 
integration ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 &1         
consequ5tly1 ( s5sation2  by !          
association ( ! previ\sly isolat$ or    
localiz$ s5sations  pres5tations arise1 
?\gh !y /ill rema9 unconsci\s4 ,t is !  
condition ( _m bo? ( ! l[] & ! high]    
animals4    ,v4 ,f9ally1 at ! fif? /age1
 ! highe/ psy*ic function1  consci\s    
p]ception1 is develop$ by ! mirror+ ( ! 
s5sations  9 a c5tral "p ( ! n]v\s      
sy/em1 z we f9d 9 man & !  high]        
v]tebrates1 & probably 9 "s ( ! high]   
inv]tebrates1  notably ! articulata4    
,all liv+ organisms )\t exception h !   
faculty ( spontane\s  movem5t1 9        
contradi/9ction to ! rigidity & in]tia (
  unorganiz$ sub/ances 7e4g41 cry/als72 
9 o!r words1 c]ta9  *anges ( place ( !  

p>ticles occur 9 ! liv+ psy*oplasm  f   
int]nal causes1 :i* h _! s\rce 9 its own
 *emical  composition4 ,^! active vital 
movem5ts are p>tly discov]$ by  direct  
obs]vation & p>tly only kn[n indirectly1
 by inf]5ce f  _! effects4 ,we may      
di/+ui% five /ages ( !m4    ,i4 ,at !   
l[e/ /age ( organic life1 9 ! *romacea1 
& _m  protophyta & l[] metaphyta1 we    
p]ceive only ^? movem5ts (  gr[? :i* are
 common to all organisms4 ,!y are       
usually s sl[  t !y _c be directly      
obs]v$2 !y h to be inf]r$ f  _!         
results--f ! *ange 9 size & =m ( ! gr[+ 
organism4    ,,ii4 ,_m proti/s1         
p>ticul>ly unicellul> alg ( ! gr\ps (   
diatomacea & desmidiacea1 accompli% a   
k9d ( creep+ or swimm+  motion by       
secretion1 by eject+ a slimy sub/ance at
 "o side4    ,,iii4 ,o!r organisms :i*  
float 9 wat]--= in/ance1 _m ( !         
radiol>ia1 siphonophora1 kt5ophora1 &   
o!rs--asc5d & desc5d by  alt]+ _!       
specific gravity1 sometimes by osmosis1 
sometimes by  ! sep>ation or squeez+-out

 ( air4    ,,iv4 ,_m plants1 especially 
! s5sitive plants 7mimosa7 & o!r        
papilionacea1 effect movem5ts ( _!      
leaves or o!r organs by  *ange (        
pressure--t is1 !y alt] ! /ra9 ( !      
protoplasm1  &1 consequ5tly1 its        
pressure on ! enclos+ ela/ic walls ( !  
cells4    ,v4 ,! mo/ important ( all    
organic movem5ts are ! ph5om5a  (       
contraction--i4e41 *anges ( =m at !     
surface ( !  organism1 :i* are dep5d5t  
on a tw(old displacem5t ( _!  elem5ts2  
!y always involve two diff]5t conditions
 or phases  ( motion--contraction &     
expansion4 ,f\r diff]5t =ms ( ?is       
plasmatic contraction may be enum]at$3  
7a7 ,amoeboid movem5t 79 rhizopods1     
blood-cells1      pigm5t-cells1 etc474  
7b7 ,a simil> fl[ ( protoplasm )9       
enclos$ cells4        7c7 ,vibratory    
motion 7cili>y movem5ts7 9 infusoria1   
sp]matozoa1 ciliat$ epi!lial cells4     
7d7 ,muscul> movem5t 79 mo/ animals74   
,! elem5t>y psy*ic activity t arises f !
 comb9ation (  s5sation & movem5t is    

call$ reflex 79 ! wide/ s5se71          
reflective function1 or reflex action4  
,! movem5t--no matt] :at  k9d x         
is--seems 9 ?is case to be ! imm$iate   
result ( !  /imulus :i* evok$ !         
s5sation2 x has1 on t acc\nt1 be5  call$
 /imulat$ motion 9 its simple/ =m 79 !  
proti/s74 ,all  liv+ protoplasm has ?is 
feature ( irritability4 ,any physical or
  *emical *ange 9 ! environm5t may1 9   
c]ta9 circum/ances1  act z a /imulus on 
! psy*oplasm1 & elicit or release a     
movem5t4 ,we %all see lat] on h[ ?is    
important physical concept (  releas+   
directly connects ! simple/ organic     
reflex actions )  simil> me*anical      
ph5om5a ( movem5t 9 ! inorganic _w 7=   
in/ance1 9 ! explosion ( p[d] by a sp>k1
 or ( dynamite by a  bl[74 ,we may      
di/+ui% ! foll[+ sev5 /ages 9 ! scale ( 
reflex action3    ,i4 ,at ! l[e/ /age ( 
organization1 9 ! l[e/ proti/s1 !       
/imuli ( ! out] _w 7heat1 light1        
electricity1 etc47 cause 9  ! indiff]5t 
protoplasm only ^? indisp5sable movem5ts

 ( gr[?  & nutrition :i* are common to  
all organisms1 & are absolutely         
necess>y = _! pres]vation4 ,t is also ! 
case 9 mo/ ( !  plants4    ,,ii4 ,9 !   
case ( _m freely mov+ proti/s           
7especially !  amoeba1 ! heliozoon1 & ! 
rhizopod7 ! /imuli f )\t  produce on e  
spot ( ! unprotect$ surface ( !         
unicellul>  organism ext]nal movem5ts   
:i* take ! =m ( *anges ( %ape1  &       
sometimes *anges ( place 7amoeboid      
movem5t1 pseudopod  =mation1 ! ext5sion 
& )drawal ( :at look l feet72 ^!        
indef9ite1 v>iable processes ( !        
protoplasm are n yet p]man5t  organs4 ,9
 ! same way1 g5]al organic irritability 
takes ! =m  ( indet]m9ate reflex action 
9 ! s5sitive plants & ! l[e/  metazoa2 9
 _m multicellul> organisms ! /imuli may 
be conduct$  f "o cell to ano!r1 z all !
 cells are connect$ by f9e fibres4      
,,iii4 ,_m proti/s1 especially ! m      
highly develop$ protozoa1  produce on _!
 unicellul> body two little organs ( !  
simple/  "*--an organ ( t\* & an organ (

 movem5t4 ,bo? ^!  in/rum5ts are direct 
ext]nal projections ( protoplasm2 !     
/imulus1 :i* alights on ! fir/1 is      
imm$iately conduct$ to  ! o!r by !      
psy*oplasm ( ! unicellul> body1 & causes
 x  to contract4 ,?is ph5om5on is       
p>ticul>ly easy to obs]ve1 &  ev5       
produce exp]im5tally1 9 _m ( ! /ation>y 
infusoria  7= in/ance1 ! pot]iod5dron   
among ! flagellata1 & !  vorticella     
among ! ciliata74 ,! fa9te/ /imulus t   
t\*es !  extremely s5sitive hairs1 or   
cilia1 at ! free end ( ! cells1         
imm$iately causes a contraction ( a     
?read-l /alk at ! o!r1  fix$ end4 ,?is  
ph5om5on is kn[n z a simple reflex ar*4 
,,iv4 ,^! ph5om5a ( ! unicellul>        
organism ( ! infusoria lead  on to !    
int]e/+ me*anism ( ! neuro-muscul>      
cells1 :i* we  f9d 9 ! multicellul> body
 ( _m ( ! l[] metazoa1 especially  9 !  
cnid>ia 7polyps & corals74 ,ea* s+le    
neuro-muscul> cell  is a unicellul>     
reflex organ2 x has on its surface a    
s5sitive  spot1 & a motor muscul> fibre 

inside at ! opposite end2 ! latt]       
contracts z soon z ! =m] is /imulat$4   
,v4 ,9 o!r cnid>ia1 notably 9 ! free    
swimm+ m$us--:i* are  closely relat$ to 
! /ation>y polyps--! simple             
neuro-muscul>  cell becomes two diff]5t 
cells1 connect$ by a filam5t2 an ext]nal
  s5se-cell 79 ! out] sk97 & an int]nal 
muscul> cell 7"u  ! sk974 ,9 ?is        
bicellul> reflex organ ! "o cell is !   
rudim5t>y organ ( s5sation1 ! o!r (     
movem5t2 ! connect+  bridge ( !         
psy*oplasmic filam5t conducts ! /imulus 
f "o to  ! o!r4    ,,vi4 ,! mo/         
important /ep 9 ! gradual con/ruction ( 
! reflex  me*anism is ! division into   
?ree cells2 9 ! place ( ! simple        
connect+ bridge we spoke ( !re appe>s a 
?ird indep5d5t cell1  ! s\l-cell1 or    
ganglionic cell2 ) x appe>s also a new  
psy*ic  function1 unconsci\s            
pres5tation1 :i* has its seat 9 ?is     
cell4 ,! /imulus is fir/ conduct$ f !   
s5sitive cell to ?is  int]m$iate        
pres5tative or psy*ic cell1 & !n issu$ f

 ?is to  ! motor muscul> cell z a m&ate 
( movem5t4 ,^! tricellul>  reflex organs
 are prepond]antly develop$ 9 ! great   
majority (  ! inv]tebrates4    ,,vii4   
,in/ead ( ?is arrangem5t we f9d 9 mo/ ( 
! v]tebrates  a quadricellul> reflex    
organ1 two di/9ct s\l-cells1 in/ead  (  
"o1 be+ ins]t$ betwe5 ! s5sitive cell & 
! motor cell4  ,! ext]nal /imulus1 9 ?is
 case1 is fir/ conduct$ c5tripetally  to
 ! s5sitive cell 7! s5sible psy*ic      
cell71 f ?is to !  w-cell 7! motor      
psy*ic cell71 & f ?is1 f9ally1 to !     
contractile muscul> cell4 ,:5 _m su*    
reflex organs comb9e & new  psy*ic cells
 are int]pos$ we h ! intricate reflex   
me*anism (  man & ! high] v]tebrates4   
,! important di/9ction :i* we make1 9   
morphology & physiology1  betwe5        
unicellul> & multicellul> organisms     
holds good = _!  elem5t>y psy*ic        
activity1 reflex action4 ,9 ! unicellul>
  proti/s 7bo? ! plasmodom\s primitive  
plants1 or protophyta1  & ! plasmophag\s
 primitive animals1 or protozoa7 ! :ole 

physical process ( reflex action takes  
place 9 ! protoplasm (  "o s+le cell2 _!
 cell-s\l seems to be a unify+ function 
( ! psy*oplasm ( :i* ! v>i\s phases only
 beg9 to be se5  sep>ately :5 !         
diff]5tiation ( special organs sets 94  
,! second /age ( psy*ic activity1       
comp\nd reflex action1 beg9s  ) !       
c5obitic proti/s 7v4g41 ! volvox & !    
c>*esium74  ,! innum]able social cells1 
:i* make up ?is cell-community  or      
co5obium1 are always m or less connect$1
 (t5 directly  connect$ by filam5t\s    
bridges ( protoplasm4 ,a /imulus t      
alights  on "o or m cells ( ! community 
is communicat$ to ! re/ by  means ( !   
connect+ fibres1 & may produce a g5]al  
contraction4  ,?is connection is f\nd1  
also1 9 ! tissues ( ! multicellul>      
animals & plants4 ,x 0 errone\sly       
believ$ at "o "t t !  cells ( vegetal   
tissue 7 completely isolat$ f ea* o!r1 b
  we h n[ discov]$ f9e filam5ts (       
protoplasm ?r\gh\t1 :i*  p5etrate ! ?ick
 membranes ( ! cells1 & ma9ta9 a mat]ial

  & psy*ological communication betwe5 _!
 liv+ plasmic cont5ts4  ,t is !         
explanation ( ! mimosa3 :5 ! tread ( !  
pass]-by  %akes ! root ( ! plant1 !     
/imulus is imm$iately convey$ to  all ! 
cells1 & causes a g5]al contraction (   
its t5d] leaves  & a droop+ ( ! /ems4   
,an important & univ]sal feature ( all  
reflex ph5om5a is !  abs5ce (           
consci\sness4 ,= reasons :i* we %all    
give 9 ! t5?  *apt] we only admit !     
pres5ce ( consci\sness 9 man & !  high] 
animals1 n 9 plants1 ! l[] animals1 & ! 
proti/s2  consequ5tly all /imulat$      
movem5ts 9 ! latt] mu/ be reg>d$  z     
reflex--t is1 all movem5ts :i* are n    
spontane\s1 n !  outcome ( int]nal      
causes 7impulsive & automatic           
movem5ts74#ad  ,x is diff]5t ) ! high]  
animals :i* h develop$ a  c5traliz$     
n]v\s sy/em & elaborate s5se-organs4 ,9 
^! cases  consci\sness has be5 gradually
 evolv$ f ! psy*ic reflex  activity1 &  
n[ consci\s1 volunt>y action appe>s1 9  
opposition to  ! /ill cont9u+ reflex    

action bel[4 ,h[ev]1 we mu/ di/+ui%  two
 diff]5t processes1 z we did 9 ! "q (   
in/9ct--prim>y  & second>y reflex       
action4 ,prim>y reflex actions are ^?   
:i*  h nev] rea*$ ! /age ( consci\sness 
9 phyletic developm5t1  & ?us pres]ve ! 
primitive "* 7by h]$ity f l[]  animal   
=ms74 ,second>y reflex actions are ^?   
:i* 7 consci\s1  volunt>y actions 9 our 
ance/ors1 b :i* aft]w>ds became         
unconsci\s f habit or ! lapse (         
consci\sness4 ,x is impossible  to draw 
a h>d & fa/ l9e 9 su* cases betwe5      
consci\s &  unconsci\s psy*ic function4 
,old] psy*ologi/s 7,h]b>t1 = in/ance7   
consid]$ pres5tation  to be ! fundam5tal
 psy*ic ph5om5on1 f :i* all ! o!rs are  
d]iv$4 ,mod]n comp>ative psy*ology      
endorses ?is view 9 s f> z  x relates to
 ! idea ( unconsci\s pres5tation2 b x   
consid]s  consci\s pres5tation to be a  
second>y ph5om5on ( m5tal life1  :i* is 
entirely want+ 9 plants & ! l[] animals1
 & is  only develop$ 9 ! high] animals4 
,among ! _m contradictory  def9itions   

:i* psy*ologi/s h giv5 ( pres5tation1 we
 ?9k  ! be/ is t :i* makes x consi/ 9 an
 int]nal picture ( !  ext]nal object :i*
 is giv5 u 9 s5sation--an idea1 9 !     
broad] s5se4 ,we may di/+ui% ! foll[+   
f\r /ages 9 !  ris+ scale ( pres5tative 
function3    ,i4 ,cellul>               
pres5tation4--,at ! l[e/ /ages we f9d   
pres5tation  to be a g5]al physiological
 prop]ty ( psy*oplasm2 ev5 9 !  simple/ 
unicellul> proti/ s5sations may leave a 
p]man5t trace 9  ! psy*oplasm1 & ^! may 
be reproduc$ by memory4 ,9 m ?an  f\r   
?\s& k9ds ( radiol>ia1 :i* ,i h         
describ$1 e s+le  species is di/+ui%$ by
 special1 h]$it>y skeletal /ructure4 ,! 
con/ruction ( ?is specific1 & (t5 highly
 elaborate1 skeleton  by a cell ( !     
simple/ description 7g5]ally globul>7 is
 only  intelligible :5 we attribute !   
faculty ( pres5tation1 &1  inde$1 ( a   
special reproduction ( ! pla/ic feel+ ( 
di/ance1  to ! con/ructive protoplasm--z
 ,i h po9t$ out 9 my ,psy*ology  ( !    
,radiol>ia4#ae    ,,ii4 ,hi/ionic       

pres5tation4--,9 ! co5obia or           
cell-colonies (  ! social proti/s1 &    
/ill bett] 9 ! tissues ( plants &  l[]1 
n]veless animals 7sponges1 polyps1      
etc471 we f9d ! second  /age (          
unconsci\s pres5tation1 :i* consi/s ( ! 
common psy*ic  activity ( a numb] (     
closely connect$ cells4 ,if a s+le      
/imulus  may1 in/ead ( simply sp5d+     
itself 9 ! reflex movem5t ( an  organ 7!
 leaf ( a plant1 = in/ance1 or ! arm ( a
 polyp71  leave a p]man5t impression1   
:i* c be spontane\sly reproduc$  lat]   
on1 we are b\nd to assume1 9 expla9+ !  
ph5om5on1 a  hi/ionic pres5tation1      
dep5d5t on ! psy*oplasm ( ! associat$   
tissue-cells4    ,,iii4 ,unconsci\s     
pres5tation 9 ! ganglionic cells4--,?is 
?ird & high] /age ( pres5tation is !    
commone/ =m !  function takes 9 ! animal
 _w2 x seems to be a localization (     
pres5tation 9 def9ite s\l-cells4 ,9 its 
simple/ =m x appe>s  at ! six? /age (   
reflex action1 :5 ! tricellul> reflex   
organ  arises3 ! seat ( pres5tation is  

!n ! int]m$iate psy*ic  cell1 :i* is    
int]pos$ betwe5 ! s5sitive cell & !     
muscul>  cell4 ,) ! increas+ developm5t 
( ! animal n]v\s sy/em  & its           
progressive diff]5tiation & integration1
 ?is unconsci\s  pres5tation also rises 
to high] /ages4    ,,iv4 ,consci\s      
pres5tation 9 ! c]ebral cells4--,) !    
highe/  /age ( developm5t ( ! animal    
organization consci\sness arises1  z a  
special function ( a c]ta9 c5tral organ 
( ! n]v\s  sy/em4 ,z ! pres5tations are 
consci\s1 & z special p>ts (  ! bra9    
arise = ! association ( ^! consci\s     
pres5tations1  ! organism is qualifi$ = 
^? highe/ psy*ic functions :i*  we call 
?\ght & reflection1 intellect & reason4 
,al?\gh !  trac+ ( ! phyletic b>ri]     
betwe5 ! old]1 unconsci\s1 & !  y\ng]1  
consci\s1 pres5tation is extremely      
difficult1 we c affirm1  ) "s degree (  
probability1 t ! evolution ( ! latt] f  
! =m] 0 polyphyletic2 because we f9d    
consci\s & rational  ?\ght1 n only 9 !  
highe/ =ms ( ! v]tebrate /em 7man1      

mammals1 birds1 & a "p ( ! l[]          
v]tebrates71 b also 9 !  mo/ highly     
develop$ repres5tatives ( o!r animal    
gr\ps 7ants  & o!r insects1 spid]s & !  
high] crabs among ! articulata1         
cephalopods among ! mollusca74    ,!    
evolution>y scale ( memory is closely   
connect$ ) t (  pres5tation2 ?is        
extremely important function ( !        
psy*oplasm--!  condition ( all fur!r    
psy*ic developm5t--consi/s ess5tially  9
 ! reproduction ( pres5tations4 ,!      
impressions 9 !  bioplasm1 :i* ! /imulus
 produc$ z s5sations1 & :i*  became     
pres5tations 9 rema9+1 are reviv$ by    
memory2 !y pass  f pot5tiality to       
actuality4 ,! lat5t pot5tial en]gy ( !  
psy*oplasm is trans=m$ into k9etic      
en]gy4 ,we may di/+ui%  f\r /ages 9 !   
upw>d developm5t ( memory1 correspond+  
to !  f\r /ages ( pres5tation4    ,i4   
,cellul> memory4--,?irty ye>s ago ,ewald
 ,h]+ %[$ memory to  be a g5]al prop]ty 
( organiz$ matt] 9 a ?\ghtful "w1 &     
indicat$ ! great significance ( ?is     

function1 to :i* we owe  almo/ all t we 
are & h4 ,six ye>s lat]1 9 my "w on ,!  
,p]ig5esis ( ! ,pla/idule1 or !         
,undulatory ,orig9 ( ! ,p>ts  ( ,life3  
an ,exp]im5t 9 ! ,me*anical ,explanation
 ( ,elem5t>y  ,evolution>y ,processes1  
,i develop$ ^! ideas1 & endeavor$  to   
base !m on ! pr9ciples ( evolution4 ,i h
 attempt$ to  %[ 9 t "w t unconsci\s    
memory is a univ]sal & v  important     
function ( all pla/idules2 t is1 ( ^?   
hypo!tical  molecules1 or gr\ps (       
molecules1 :i* ,naegeli has call$       
micellae1  o!rs biopla/s1 & s =?4 ,only 
liv+ pla/idules1 z  individual molecules
 ( ! active protoplasm1 are             
reproductive1  & s gift$ ) memory2 t is 
! *ief diff]5ce betwe5 !  organic &     
inorganic worlds4 ,x might be /at$ ?us3 
,h]$ity is  ! memory ( ! pla/idule1 :ile
 v>iability is its compreh5sion4  ,!    
elem5t>y memory ( ! unicellul> proti/ is
 made up ( !  molecul> memory ( !       
pla/idules or micellae1 ( :i* its liv+  
cell-body is con/ruct$4 ,z reg>ds !     

extraord9>y p]=mances  ( unconsci\s     
memory 9 ^! unicellul> proti/s1 no?+    
c\ld be  m in/ructive ?an ! inf9itely   
v>i$ & regul> =mation (  _! def5sive    
app>atus1 _! %ells & skeletons2 9       
p>ticul>1  ! diatomes & cosm>ia among ! 
protophytes1 & ! radiol>ia  &           
?alamophora among ! protozoa1 af=d an   
abundance ( mo/  int]e/+ illu/rations4  
,9 _m ?\s& species ( ^! proti/s  !      
specific =m :i* is inh]it$ is relatively
 con/ant1 &  proves ! fidelity ( _!     
unconsci\s cellul> memory4    ,,ii4     
,hi/ionic memory4--,equally int]e/+     
examples ( ! second  /age ( memory1 !   
unconsci\s memory ( tissues1 are f\nd 9 
!  h]$ity ( ! individual organs ( plants
 & ! l[]1 n]veless  animals 7sponges1   
etc474 ,?is second /age seems to be a   
reproduction  ( ! hi/ionic pres5tations1
 t association ( cellul>  pres5tations  
:i* sets 9 ) ! =mation ( co5obia 9 !    
social proti/s4    ,,iii4 ,9 ! same way 
we mu/ reg>d ! ?ird /age1 ! unconsci\s  
memory ( ^? animals :i* h a n]v\s sy/em1

 z a reproduction  ( ! correspond+      
unconsci\s pres5tations :i* are /or$ up 
9 c]ta9 ganglionic cells4 ,9 mo/ ( ! l[]
 animals all memory  is unconsci\s4     
,moreov]1 ev5 9 man & ! high] animals1  
to :om  we mu/ ascribe consci\sness1 !  
daily acts ( unconsci\s memory  are mu* 
m num]\s & v>i$ ?an ^? ( ! consci\s     
faculty2  we %all easily conv9ce        
ourselves ( t if we make an imp>tial    
/udy ( a ?\s& unconsci\s acts we p]=m   
daily out ( habit1 &  )\t ?9k+ ( !m1 9  
walk+1 speak+1 writ+1 eat+1 & s  =?4    
,,iv4 ,consci\s memory1 :i* is ! "w (   
c]ta9 bra9-cells 9  man & ! high]       
animals1 is an int]nal mirror+ ( v late 
developm5t1 ! highe/ outcome ( ! same   
psy*ic reproduction (  pres5tations :i* 
7 m]e unconsci\s processes 9 !          
ganglionic  cells ( our l[] animal      
ance/ors4    ,! concat5ation (          
pres5tations--usually call$ !           
association (  ideas--also runs ?r\gh a 
long scale1 f ! l[e/ to ! highe/  /ages4
 ,?is1 too1 is orig9ally & pr$om9antly  

unconsci\s  7in/9ct72 only 9 ! high]    
classes ( animals does x gradually      
become consci\s 7reason74 ,! psy*ic     
results ( ?is association  ( ideas are  
extremely v>i$2 /ill1 a v long1 unbrok5 
l9e (  gradual developm5t connects !    
simple/ unconsci\s association (  ! l[e/
 proti/ ) ! elaborate consci\s *a9 (    
ideas ( !  civiliz$ man4 ,! unity (     
consci\sness 9 man is giv5 z its  highe/
 consequ5ce 7,hume1 ,condillac74 ,all   
high] m5tal activity  becomes m p]fect 9
 proportion z ! normal association      
ext5ds  to m num]\s pres5tations1 & 9   
proportion to ! ord] :i*  is impos$ on  
!m by ! criticism ( pure reason4 ,9     
dreams1  :]e ?is criticism is abs5t1 !  
association ( ! reproduc$  impressions  
(t5 takes ! wilde/ =ms4 ,ev5 9 ! "w ( ! 
poetic imag9ation1 :i* con/ructs new    
gr\ps ( images by v>y+  ! association ( 
! impressions receiv$1 & 9              
halluc9ations1  etc41 !y are (t5 mo/    
unnaturally arrang$1 & seem to !        
prosaic obs]v] to be p]fectly           

irrational4 ,?is is especially true  (  
sup]natural =ms ( belief1 ! app>itions (
 spiritism1  & ! fanta/ic notions ( !   
transc5d5tal duali/ philosophy2  ?\gh x 
is precisely ^! abnormal associations ( 
fai? & (  revelation t h (t5 be5 deem$ !
 greate/ treasures ( !  human m9d 7cf4  
*ap4 xvi474    ,! antiquat$ psy*ology ( 
! ,middle ,ages 7:i*1 h[ev]1 /ill       
numb]s _m adh]5ts7 consid]$ ! m5tal life
 ( man & t  ( ! brute to be two entirely
 diff]5t ph5om5a2 ! "o x  attribut$ to  
reason1 ! o!r to in/9ct4 ,9 h>mony ) !  
traditional /ory ( creation1 x 0 assum$ 
t ea* animal species  _h receiv$ a      
def9ite1 unconsci\s psy*ic =ce f !      
,creator  at its =mation1 & t ?is in/9ct
 ( ea* species 0 j z  un*angeable z its 
bodily /ructure4 ,lam>ck prov$ !        
unt5abl5ess  ( ?is error 9 #ahji by     
e/abli%+ ! !ory ( ,desc5t1 & ,d>w9      
completely demoli%$ x 9 #ahei4 ,he prov$
 ! foll[+ important  !ses ) ! aid ( 8   
!ory ( selection3    #a4 ,! in/9cts (   
species %[ individual diff]5ces1 & are  

j z subject to modification "u ! law (  
adaptation z !  morphological features (
 _! bodily /ructure4    #b4 ,^!         
modifications 7g5]ally aris+ f a *ange (
 habits7 are  p>tly transmitt$ to (fspr+
 by h]$ity1 & ?us accumulate &  are     
acc5tuat$ 9 ! c\rse ( g5]ations4    #c4 
,selection1 bo? artificial & natural1   
s+les out c]ta9 (  ^! inh]it$           
modifications ( ! psy*ic activity2 x    
pres]ves !  mo/ useful & rejects ! lea/ 
adaptive4    #d4 ,! div]g5ce ( psy*ic "*
 :i* ?us arises leads1 9  ! c\rse (     
g5]ations1 to ! =mation ( new in/9cts1 j
 z  ! div]g5ce ( morphological "* gives 
rise to new species4    ,d>w9's !ory (  
in/9ct is n[ accept$ by mo/ biologi/s2  
,romanes  has treat$ x s ably1 & s      
greatly exp&$ x 9 8 di/+ui%$  "w on     
,m5tal ,evolution 9 ! ,animal ,_w1 t ,i 
ne$ m]ely  ref] to x "h4 ,i w only      
v5ture ! brief /atem5t t1 9 my  op9ion1 
!re are in/9cts 9 all organisms--9 all !
 proti/s  & plants z well z 9 all !     
animals & 9 man2 ?\gh 9 !  latt] !y t5d 

to disappe> 9 proportion z reason makes 
progress at  _! exp5se4    ,! two *ief  
classes ( in/9cts to be diff]5tiat$ are 
!  prim>y & second>y4 ,prim>y in/9cts   
are ! common l[]  impulses :i* are      
unconsci\s & inh]5t 9 ! psy*oplasm  f ! 
comm5cem5t ( organic life2 especially ! 
impulses to  self-pres]vation 7by def5ce
 & ma9t5ance7 & to ! pres]vation  ( !   
species 7by g5]ation & ! c>e ( ! "y74   
,bo? ^!  fundam5tal in/9cts ( organic   
life1 hung] & love1 sprang  up orig9ally
 9 p]fect unconsci\sness1 )\t any       
co-op]ation  ( ! intellect or reason4 ,x
 is o!rwise ) ! second>y  in/9cts4 ,^! 7
 due orig9ally to an intellig5t         
adaptation1 to  rational ?\ght &        
resolution1 & to purposive consci\s     
action4  ,gradually1 h[ev]1 !y became s 
automatic t ?is o!r nature  act$        
unconsci\sly1 &1 ev5 ?r\gh ! action (   
h]$ity1 seem$  to be innate 9 subsequ5t 
g5]ations4 ,! consci\sness &            
delib]ation :i* orig9ally accompani$ ^! 
p>ticul> in/9cts  ( ! high] animals &   

man h di$ away 9 ! c\rse ( !  life ( !  
pla/idules 7z 9 abridg$ h]$ity74 ,!     
unconsci\s  purposive actions ( ! high] 
animals 7= in/ance1 _! me*anical        
in/9cts7 ?us come to appe> 9 ! light (  
innate impulses4 ,we h  to expla9 9 !   
same way ! orig9 ( !  priori ideas (    
man2  !y 7 orig9ally =m$ empirically by 
8 pr$ecessors4#af    ,9 ! sup]ficial    
psy*ological treatises :i* ignore !     
m5tal  activity ( animals & attribute to
 man only a true s\l1 we  f9d him cr$it$
 also ) ! exclusive possession ( reason 
&  consci\sness4 ,?is is ano!r trivial  
error 7/ill to be f\nd 9 _m  a manual1  
nev]!less7 :i* ! comp>ative psy*ology ( 
! la/  =ty ye>s has entirely dissipat$4 
,! high] v]tebrates 7especially  ^?     
mammals :i* are mo/ ne>ly relat$ to man7
 h j z good a  title to reason z man    
himself1 & )9 ! limits ( ! animal  _w   
!re is ! same long *a9 ( ! gradual      
developm5t (  reason z 9 ! case (       
humanity4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! reason  (
 a ,goe!1 a ,kant1 a ,lam>ck1 or a      

,d>w91 & t ( ! l[e/  savage1 a ,v$dah1  
an ,akka1 a native ,au/ralian1 or a     
,patagonian1 is  mu* great] ?an !       
graduat$ diff]5ce betwe5 ! reason ( !   
latt] & t ( ! mo/ rational mammals1 !   
an?ropoid apes1 or  ev5 ! papiomorpha1 !
 dog1 or ! elephant4 ,?is important !sis
  has be5 conv9c+ly prov$ by ! ?or\ghly 
critical comp>ative  "w ( ,romanes &    
o!rs4 ,we %all n1 !re=e1 attempt to cov]
  t gr\nd "h1 nor to enl>ge on !        
di/9ction betwe5 ! reason  & !          
intellect2 z to ! mean+ & limits ( ^!   
concepts  philosophic exp]ts give ! mo/ 
contradictory def9itions1 z !y d  on s  
_m o!r fundam5tal que/ions ( psy*ology4 
,9 g5]al x may  be said t ! process ( ! 
=mation ( concepts1 :i* is common  to   
bo? ^! c]ebral functions1 is conf9$ to !
 n>r[] circle (  concrete1 proximate    
associations 9 ! intellect1 b rea*es out
 to  ! wid] circle ( ab/ract1 m         
compreh5sive gr\ps ( associations  9 !  
"w ( reason4 ,9 ! long gradation :i*    
connects ! reflex  actions & ! in/9cts (

 ! l[] animals ) ! reason ( !  highe/1  
intellect prec$es ! latt]4 ,& !re is !  
fact1 (  great importance to our :ole   
psy*ological treatise1 t ev5 ^!  highe/ 
( our m5tal faculties are j z mu*       
subject to ! laws  ( h]$ity & adaptation
 z are _! respective organs2 ,fle*sig   
po9t$ out 9 #ahid t ! organs ( ?\ght1 9 
man & ! high]  mammals1 are ^? p>ts ( ! 
cortex ( ! bra9 :i* lie betwe5  ! f\r   
inn] s5se-c5tres 7cf4 *apt]s x4 & xi474 
,! high] grade ( developm5t ( ideas1 (  
intellect & reason1  :i* raises man s   
mu* above ! brute1 is intimately        
connect$ )  ! rise ( language4 ,/ill "h 
also we h to recognize a long *a9  (    
evolution :i* /ret*es unbrok5 f ! l[e/  
to ! highe/  /ages4 ,spee* is no m an   
exclusive pr]ogative ( man ?an reason4  
,9 ! wid] s5se1 x is a common feature ( 
all ! high] greg>i\s  animals1 at lea/ (
 all ! articulata & ! v]tebrates1 :i*   
live  9 communities or h]ds2 !y ne$ x = 
! purpose ( und]/&+  ea* o!r &          
communicat+ _! impressions4 ,?is is     

effect$ ei!r  by t\* or by signs1 or by 
s\nds hav+ a def9ite mean+4 ,!  song ( !
 bird or ( ! an?ropoid ape 7hylobates71 
! b>k (  ! dog1 ! neigh ( ! horse1 !    
*irp ( ! cricket1 ! cry (  ! cicada1 are
 all specim5s ( animal spee*4 ,only 9   
man1 h[ev]1  has t articulate conceptual
 spee* develop$ :i* has enabl$ 8  reason
 to atta9 su* high a*ievem5ts4          
,comp>ative philology1 "o  ( ! mo/      
int]e/+ sci5ces t has aris5 dur+ !      
c5tury1  has %[n t ! num]\s elaborate   
languages ( ! diff]5t  nations h be5    
sl[ly & gradually evolv$ f a few simple 
primitive tongues 7,wilhelm ,humboldt1  
,bopp1 ,s*lei*]1 ,/e9?al1 &  o!rs74     
,augu/ ,s*lei*]1 ( ,j5a1 9 p>ticul>1 has
 prov$ t  ! hi/orical developm5t (      
language takes place "u ! same          
phylog5etic laws z ! evolution ( o!r    
physiological faculties  & _! organs4   
,romanes 7#ahic7 has exp&$ ?is pro(1 &  
amply  demon/rat$ t human spee*1 also1  
diff]s f t ( ! brute  only 9 degree (   
developm5t1 n 9 ess5ce & k9d4    ,!     

important gr\p ( psy*ic activities :i*  
we embrace "u !  "n ( emotion plays a   
conspicu\s "p bo? 9 !oretical &         
practical psy*ology4 ,f our po9t ( view 
!y h a peculi>  importance f ! fact t we
 cle>ly see 9 !m ! direct  connection ( 
c]ebral functions ) o!r physiological   
functions  7! beat ( ! he>t1            
s5se-action1 muscul> movem5t1 etc472    
!y1 !re=e1 prove ! unnatural & unt5able 
"* (  ! philosophy :i* w\ld ess5tially  
dissociate psy*ology f  physiology4 ,all
 ! ext]nal expressions ( emotional life 
:i* we  f9d 9 man are also pres5t 9 !   
high] animals 7especially 9 !  an?ropoid
 ape & ! dog72 h[ev] v>i$ _! developm5t 
may be1  !y are all d]iv$ f ! two       
elem5t>y functions ( ! psy*e1  s5sation 
& motion1 & f _! comb9ation 9 reflex    
action &  pres5tation4 ,to ! prov9ce (  
s5sation1 9 a wide s5se1 we mu/         
attribute ! feel+ ( l & dislike :i*     
det]m9es !  emotion2 :ile ! correspond+ 
desire & av]sion 7love &  hatr$71 ! ef=t
 to atta9 :at is lik$ & avoid :at is    

dislik$1  belong to ! category (        
movem5t4 ,attraction & repulsion  seem  
to be ! s\rces ( w1 t mom5t\s elem5t ( !
 s\l  :i* det]m9es ! "* ( ! individual4 
,! passions1  :i* play s important a "p 
9 ! psy*ic life ( man1 are b            
int5sifications ( emotion4 ,romanes has 
rec5tly %[n t ^! also  are common to man
 & ! brute4 ,ev5 at ! l[e/ /age (       
organic  life we f9d 9 all ! proti/s ^? 
elem5t>y feel+s ( l  & dislike1 reveal+ 
!mselves 9 :at are call$ _! tropisms1  9
 ! /riv+ aft] light & d>kness1 heat or  
cold1 & 9 _!  diff]5t relations to      
positive & negative electricity4 ,on !  
o!r  h&1 we f9d at ! highe/ /age (      
psy*ic life1 9 civiliz$ man1  ^? f9]    
%ades ( emotion1 ( delight & disgu/1 (  
love &  hatr$1 :i* are ! ma9spr+s (     
civilization & ! inexhau/ible  s\rces ( 
poetry4 ,yet a connect+ *a9 ( all       
conceivable gradations  unites ! mo/    
primitive elem5ts ( feel+ 9 ! psy*oplasm
 ( !  unicellul> proti/ ) ! highe/ =ms (
 passion t rule 9 !  ganglionic cells ( 

! cortex ( ! human bra94 ,t ! latt] are 
absolutely am5able to physical laws 0   
prov$ long ago by ! great  ,sp9oza 9 8  
fam\s ,/atics ( ,emotion4    ,! notion (
 w has z _m diff]5t mean+s & def9itions 
z mo/ o!r psy*ological                  
notions--pres5tation1 s\l1 m9d1 &  s =?4
 ,sometimes w is tak5 9 ! wide/ s5se z a
 cosmic  attribute1 z 9 ! ,_w z w &     
pres5tation ( ,s*op5hau]2  sometimes x  
is tak5 9 its n>r[e/ s5se z an          
an?ropological  attribute1 ! exclusive  
pr]ogative ( man--z ,desc>tes taught1 = 
in/ance1 :o consid]$ ! brute to be a m]e
 ma*9e1 )\t w  or s5sation4 ,9 ! ord9>y 
use ( ! t]m1 w is d]iv$ f  ! ph5om5on ( 
volunt>y movem5t1 & is ?us reg>d$ z a   
psy*ic  attribute ( mo/ animals4 ,b :5  
we exam9e ! w 9 ! light (  comp>ative   
physiology & evolution1 we f9d--z we d 9
 ! case (  s5sation--t x is a univ]sal  
prop]ty ( liv+ psy*oplasm4 ,!  automatic
 & ! reflex movem5ts :i* we obs]ve      
ev]y:]e1 ev5  9 ! unicellul> proti/s1   
seem to be ! outcome ( incl9ations  :i* 

are insep>ably connect$ ) ! v idea (    
life4 ,ev5 9 !  plants & l[e/ animals ^!
 incl9ations1 or tropisms1 seem to be  !
 jo9t outcome ( ! incl9ations ( all !   
comb9$ individual  cells4    ,b :5 !    
tricellul> reflex organ arises 7page    
#aae71 & a ?ird  indep5d5t cell--!      
psy*ic1 or ganglionic1 cell--is int]pos$
  betwe5 ! s5se-cell & ! motor cell1 we 
h an indep5d5t  elem5t>y organ ( w4 ,9 !
 l[] animals1 h[ev]1 ?is w  rema9s      
unconsci\s4 ,x is only :5 consci\sness  
arises 9 !  high] animals1 z !          
subjective mirror ( ! objective1 ?\gh   
int]nal1 processes 9 ! neuroplasm ( !   
psy*ic cells1 t !  w rea*es t highe/    
/age :i* lik5s x 9 "* to !  human w1 &  
:i*1 9 ! case ( man1 assumes 9 common   
p>lance  ! pr$icate ( lib]ty4 ,its free 
dom9ion & action become m  & m deceptive
 z ! muscul> sy/em & ! s5se-organs      
develop  ) a free & rapid locomotion1   
entail+ a correlative evolution (  !    
bra9 & ! organs ( ?\ght4    ,! "q ( !   
lib]ty ( ! w is ! "o :i* has m ?an  any 

o!r cosmic problem occupi$ ! "t (       
?\ghtful humanity1  ! m s t 9 ?is case !
 great philosophic int]e/ ( !  "q 0     
enhanc$ by ! association ( mo/ mom5t\s  
consequ5ces  = practical philosophy--=  
e?ics1 education1 law1 & s =?4  ,emil du
 ,bois-,reymond1 :o treats x z ! sev5? &
 la/ ( 8  sev5 cosmic problems1 rightly 
says ( ! "q3 ,affect+  ev]ybody1        
app>5tly accessible to ev]ybody1        
intimately involv$ 9  ! fundam5tal      
conditions ( human society1 vitally     
connect$ )  religi\s belief1 ?is "q has 
be5 ( immeasurable importance  9 !      
hi/ory ( civilization4 ,!re is probably 
no o!r object  ( ?\ght on :i* ! mod]n   
libr>y conta9s s _m du/y folios  t w    
nev] aga9 be op5$4 ,! importance ( ! "q 
is  also se5 9 ! fact t ,kant put x 9 ! 
same category ) !  que/ions ( !         
immortality ( ! s\l & belief 9 ,god4 ,he
 call$  ^! ?ree great que/ions !        
indisp5sable po/ulates ( practical      
reason1 ?\gh he _h already cle>ly %[n !m
 to h no reality  :atev] 9 ! light (    

pure reason4    ,! mo/ rem>kable fact 9 
connection ) ?is fi]ce & confus$        
/ruggle ov] ! fre$om ( ! w is1 p]haps1 t
 x has be5  !oretically reject$1 n only 
by ! greate/ critical philosoph]s1  b   
ev5 by _! extreme oppon5ts1 & yet x is  
/ill affirm$ to  be self-evid5t by !    
majority ( p4 ,"s ( ! fir/ tea*]s  ( !  
,*ri/ian ,*ur*es--su* z ,/4 ,augu/9e &  
,calv9--reject$  ! fre$om ( ! w z       
decisively z ! fam\s lead]s ( pure      
mat]ialism1 ,holba* 9 ! eighte5? & ,b*n]
 9 ! n9ete5?  c5tury4 ,*ri/ian !ologians
 d5y x1 because x is irreconcilable  )  
_! belief 9 ! omnipot5ce ( ,god & 9     
pr$e/9ation4 ,god1  omnipot5t &         
omnisci5t1 saw & will$ all ?+s f        
et]nity--he  mu/1 consequ5tly1 h        
pr$et]m9$ ! conduct ( man4 ,if man1 )  8
 free w1 7 to act o!rwise ?an ,god _h   
orda9$1 ,god w\ld  n be all-mighty &    
all-kn[+4 ,9 ! same s5se ,leibnitz1 too1
  0 an unconditional det]m9i/4 ,!       
moni/ic sci5ti/s ( ! la/  c5tury1       
especially ,laplace1 def5d$ det]m9ism z 

a consequ5ce (  _! me*anical view (     
life4    ,! great /ruggle betwe5 !      
det]m9i/ & ! indet]m9i/1  betwe5 !      
oppon5t & ! su/a9] ( ! fre$om ( ! w1    
has end$ to-day1 aft] m ?an two ?\s&    
ye>s1 completely 9  favor ( ! det]m9i/4 
,! human w has no m fre$om ?an t  ( !   
high] animals1 f :i* x diff]s only 9    
degree1 n 9  k9d4 ,9 ! la/ c5tury !     
dogma ( lib]ty 0 f\ght ) g5]al          
philosophic & cosmological argum5ts4 ,! 
n9ete5? c5tury has  giv5 u v diff]5t    
weapons = its def9itive de/ruction--!   
p[]ful weapons :i* we f9d 9 ! ars5al (  
comp>ative physiology  & evolution4 ,we 
n[ "k t ea* act ( ! w is z fatally      
det]m9$ by ! organization ( ! individual
 & z dep5d5t on  ! mom5t>y condition ( 8
 environm5t z e o!r psy*ic  activity4 ,!
 "* ( ! incl9ation 0 det]m9$ long ago   
by h]$ity f p>5ts & ance/ors2 !         
det]m9ation to ea*  p>ticul> act is an  
in/ance ( adaptation to ! circum/ances (
  ! mom5t :]e9 ! /ronge/ motive         
prevails1 accord+ to ! laws  :i* gov]n !

 /atics ( emotion4 ,ontog5y tea*es u to 
und]/&  ! evolution ( ! w 9 ! individual
 *ild4 ,phylog5y reveals  to u !        
hi/orical developm5t ( ! w )9 ! ranks ( 
our  v]tebrate ance/ors4                
,,*apt] ,,viii    ,,! ,,embryology ,,(  
,,! ,,s\l        ,importance ( ,ontog5y 
to ,psy*ology--,developm5t ( !          
,*ild-,s\l--,comm5cem5t ( ,exi/5ce ( !  
,individual      ,s\l--,! ,/or+ ( !     
,s\l--,my?ology ( ! ,orig9 (      !     
,s\l--,physiology ( ! ,orig9 ( !        
,s\l--,elem5t>y      ,processes 9       
,conception--,coalesc5ce ( ! ,ovum &    
! ,sp]matozoon--,cell-,love--,h]$ity ( !
 ,s\l f      ,p>5ts & ,ance/ors--,its   
,physiological ,nature z !              
,me*anics ( ! ,protoplasm--,bl5d+ (     
,s\ls 7,psy*ic                          
,amphigony7--,rev]sion1 ,psy*ological   
,atavism--,! ,biog5etic      ,law 9     
,psy*ology--,pal+5etic ,repetition &    
,c5og5etic                              
,modification--,embryonic &             
,po/-,embryonic ,psy*og5y      ,! human 

s\l--:atev] we may hold z to its        
nature--und]goes  a cont9ual developm5t 
?r\gh\t ! life ( ! individual4  ,?is    
ontog5etic fact is ( fundam5tal         
importance 9 our moni/ic  psy*ology1    
?\gh ! pr(essional psy*ologi/s pay      
little or no  att5tion to x4 ,s9ce !    
embryology ( ! individual is1 on ,ba]'s 
pr9ciple--& 9 accordance ) ! univ]sal   
belief ( mod]n  biologi/s--! true       
tor*-be>] = all rese>* into ! organic   
body1 x w af=d u a reliable light on !  
mom5t\s problems (  its psy*ic activity4
    ,al?\gh1 h[ev]1 ?is embryology ( !  
s\l is s important &  int]e/+1 x has    
hi!rto met ) ! consid]ation x des]ves   
only )9 a v n>r[ circle4 ,until rec5tly 
tea*]s 7 almo/  ! only ones to occupy   
!mselves ) a "p ( ! problem2  s9ce _!   
avocation compell$ !m to assi/ &        
sup]vise !  =mation ( ! psy*ic activity 
9 ! *ild1 !y 7 b\nd to  take a !oretical
 int]e/1 also1 9 ! psy*og5etic facts t  
came "u _! notice4 ,h[ev]1 ^! tea*]s1 = 
! mo/ "p1  bo? 9 rec5t & 9 e>li] times1 

7 dom9at$ by ! curr5t  duali/ic         
psy*ology--9 s f> z !y reflect$ at all2 
& !y 7  totally ignorant ( ! important  
facts ( comp>ative psy*ology1 &         
unacqua9t$ ) ! /ructure & function ( !  
bra94 ,moreov]1  _! obs]vations only    
ext5d$ to *ildr5 9 _! s*ool-days1 or  9 
! ye>s imm$iately prec$+4 ,! rem>kable  
ph5om5a :i*  ! individual psy*og5y ( !  
*ild (f]s 9 its e>lie/ ye>s1  & :i* are 
! joy & admiration ( all ?\ghtful p>5ts1
 7  sc>cely ev] made ! subject ( s]i\s  
sci5tific rese>*4 ,wilhelm  ,prey] 0 !  
pione] ( ?is /udy 9 8 int]e/+ "w on ,!  
,m9d ( ! ,*ild 7#ahha74 ,to obta9 a     
p]fectly cle> k ( !  matt]1 h[ev]1 we   
mu/ g fur!r back /ill2 we mu/ comm5ce at
 !  fir/ appe>ance ( ! s\l 9 !          
impregnat$ ovum4    ,! orig9 ( ! human  
individual--body & s\l--0 /ill wrapp$  9
 complete my/]y at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? 
c5tury4 ,casp>  ,fri$ri* ,wolff _h1 x is
 true1 discov]$ ! true "* (  embryonic  
developm5t 9 #agei1 9 8 !oria           
g5]ationis1 &  prov$ ) ! confid5ce ( a  

critical obs]v] t !re is a  true        
epig5esis--i4e41 a s]ies ( v rem>kable  
=mative  processes--9 ! evolution ( !   
foetus f ! simple ovum4 ,b  !           
physiologi/s ( ! "t1 ) ! fam\s ,alb]t   
,hall] at _!  head1 flatly refus$ to    
ent]ta9 ^! empirical tru?s1 :i* may be  
directly prov$ by microscopic           
obs]vation1 & clung to ! old dogma  (   
pre=mation4 ,?is !ory assum$ t 9 ! human
 ovum--& 9  ! egg ( all o!r animals--!  
organism 0 already pres5t1 or  pre=m$1 9
 all its p>ts2 ! evolution ( ! embryo   
consi/$  lit]ally 9 an unfold+          
7evolutio7 ( ! fold$ organs4 ,"o  curi\s
 consequ5ce ( ?is error 0 ! !ory (      
scatulation1  :i* we h m5tion$ on p4    
#ee2 s9ce ! ov>y _h to be admitt$ to  be
 pres5t 9 ! embryo ( ! woman1 x 0 also  
necess>y to suppose  t ! g]ms ( ! next  
g5]ation 7 already =m$ 9 x1 &  s on 9   
inf9itum4 ,oppos$ to ?is dogma ( !      
,ovuli/s 0  ! equally errone\s notion ( 
! ,animalculi/s2 ! latt] held  t ! g]m 0
 n really 9 ! female ovum1 b 9 ! pat]nal

  elem5t1 & t ! /ore ( succe$+ g5]ations
 0 to be s\ght  9 ! sp]matozoa4         
,leibnitz consi/5tly appli$ ?is !ory (  
scatulation to ! human  s\l2 he d5i$ t  
ei!r s\l or body _h a real developm5t   
7epig5esis71 & said 9 8 ,!odicy3 ,?us ,i
 consid] t !  s\ls :i* are de/9$ "o day 
to become human exi/ 9 ! se$1  l ^? (   
o!r species2 t !y h exi/$ 9 our ance/ors
  z f> back z ,adam--t is1 s9ce ! beg9n+
 ( ! _w--9  ! =ms ( organiz$ bodies4    
,simil> notions prevail$ 9 biology  &   
philosophy until ! ?ird decade ( !      
pres5t c5tury1 :5  ! re=m ( embryology  
by ,ba] gave !m _! dea? bl[4 ,9 !       
prov9ce ( psy*ology1 h[ev]1 !y /ill f9d 
_m adh]5ts2 !y  =m "o gr\p ( ! _m curi\s
 my/ical ideas :i* give u a  liv+       
illu/ration ( ! ontog5y ( ! s\l4    ,! m
 accurate k :i* we h rec5tly obta9$1    
?r\gh  comp>ative e?nology1 ( ! v>i\s   
=ms ( my?s ( anci5t &  mod]n unciviliz$ 
races1 is also ( great int]e/ 9         
psy*og5y4  ,/ill1 x w\ld take u too f> f
 our purpose if we 7 to ent]  into x )  

any fulness "h2 we mu/ ref] ! read] to  
,adalb]t  ,svoboda's excell5t "w on ,=ms
 ( ,fai? 7#ahig74 ,9 respect (  _!      
sci5tific & poetical cont5ts1 we may    
arrange all p]t95t  psy*og5etic my?s 9 !
 foll[+ five gr\ps3    ,i4 ,! my? (     
transmigration4--,! s\l liv$ =m]ly 9 !  
body (  ano!r animal1 & pass$ f ?is into
 a human body4 ,! ,egyptian  prie/s1 =  
in/ance1 taught t ! human s\l w&]$ ?r\gh
 all  ! species ( animals aft] ! dea? ( 
! body1 return+ to a  human frame aft]  
?ree ?\s& ye>s ( transmigration4        
,,ii4 ,! my? ( ! 9-plant+ ( ! s\l4--,!  
s\l exi/$  indep5d5tly 9 ano!r place--a 
psy*og5etic /ore1 z x 7 79 a  k9d (     
embryonic slumb] or lat5t life72 x 0    
tak5 out by a bird  7sometimes repres5t$
 z an eagle1 g5]ally z a :ite /ork71 &  
implant$ 9 ! human body4    ,,iii4 ,!   
my? ( ! creation ( ! s\l4--,god creates 
! s\ls1  & keeps !m /or$--sometimes 9 a 
pond 7liv+ 9 ! =m (  plankton71 accord+ 
to o!r my?s 9 a tree 7:]e !y are        
conceiv$ z ! fruit ( a phan]ogam72 !    

,creator takes !m f  ! pond or tree1 &  
ins]ts !m 9 ! human g]m dur+ ! act (    
conception4    ,,iv4 ,! my? ( !         
scatulation ( ! s\l 7! !ory ( ,leibnitz 
:i* we h giv5 above74    ,v4 ,! my? ( ! 
division ( ! s\l 7! !ory ( ,rudolph     
,wagn]  #ahee & ( o!r physiologi/s74--,9
 ! act ( procreation a  portion is      
deta*$ f bo? ! 7immat]ial7 s\ls ( !     
p>5ts2  ! mat]nal contribution passes 9 
! ovum1 ! pat]nal 9 !  sp]matozoa2 :5 ^!
 two g]m9al cells coalesce1 ! two psy*ic
  fragm5ts t accompany !m also comb9e to
 =m a new 7immat]ial7  s\l4    ,al?\gh !
 poetic fancies we h m5tion$ z to !     
orig9 (  ! individual human s\l are /ill
 widely accept$1 _! purely  my?ological 
"* is n[ firmly e/abli%$4 ,! deeply     
int]e/+ & rem>kable rese>* :i* has be5  
made 9 ! c\rse  ( ! la/ tw5ty-five ye>s 
into ! m m9ute processes ( !            
impregnation & g]m9ation ( ! ovum has   
made x cle> t ^!  my/]i\s ph5om5a belong
 entirely to ! prov9ce ( cellul>        
physiology 7cf4 p4 #dh74 ,bo? ! female  

elem5t1 ! ovum1 & ! male  f]tiliz+ body1
 ! sp]ma or sp]matozoa1 are simple      
cells4 ,^!  liv+ cells possess a c]ta9  
sum ( physiological prop]ties to :i*  we
 give ! title ( ! cell-s\l1 j z we d 9 !
 p]man5tly  unicellul> proti/ 7see p4   
#dh74 ,bo? g]m9al cells h ! faculty  (  
movem5t & s5sation4 ,! "y ovum1 or      
egg-cell1 moves aft]  ! mann] ( an      
amoeba2 ! m9ute sp]matozoa1 ( :i* !re   
are  millions 9 e drop ( ! sem9al fluid1
 are ciliat$ cells1 &  swim ab\t z      
freely 9 ! sp]m1 by means ( _! la%es or 
cilia1  z ! ord9>y ciliat$ infusoria 7! 
flagellata74    ,:5 ! two cells meet z a
 result ( copulation1 or :5 !y are      
br\ght into contact ?r\gh artificial    
f]tilization 79 ! fi%es1  = in/ance71 !y
 attract ea* o!r & become firmly atta*$4
 ,!  ma9 cause ( ?is cellul> attraction 
is a *emical s5sitive action  ( !       
protoplasm1 alli$ to smell or ta/e1 :i* 
we call erotic  *emicotropism2 x may    
also be correctly 7bo? 9 ! *emical &  ! 
romantic s5se7 t]m$ cellul> aff9ity or  

sexual cell-love4  ,a numb] ( ! ciliat$ 
cells 9 ! sp]m swim rapidly t[>ds !     
/ation>y egg-cell & seek to p5etrate    
into x4 ,z ,h]twig %[$ 9  #ahge1 z a    
rule only "o ( ! suitors is =tunate     
en\gh to rea*  ! desir$ goal4 ,z soon z 
?is favor$ sp]matozoon has pi]c$  into !
 body ( ! ovum ) its head 7! nucleus ( !
 cell71 a  ?9 muc\s lay] is deta*$ f !  
ovum :i* prev5ts ! fur!r  entrance (    
sp]matozoa4 ,! =mation ( ?is protective 
membrane  0 only prev5t$ :5 ,h]twig kept
 ! ovum /iff ) cold by  l[]+ !          
temp]ature1 or b5umb$ x ) n>cotics      
7*lor(orm1  morphia1 nicot9e1 etc472 !n 
!re 0 sup]-impregnation or              
poly-sp]my--a numb] ( sp]m-?reads pi]c$ 
into ! body (  ! unconsci\s ovum4 ,?is  
rem>kable fact prov$ t !re is a  l[     
degree ( cellul> in/9ct 7or1 at lea/1 ( 
specific1 lively  s5sation7 9 ! sexual  
cells j z effectively z d ! important   
ph5om5a t imm$iately foll[ 9 _! int]ior4
 ,bo? nuclei--t  ( ! ovum & ( !         
sp]matozoon--attract ea* o!r1 approa*1  

&1  on contact1 completely fuse toge!r4 
,?us f ! impregnat$ ovum  arises !      
important new cell :i* we call !        
/em-cell 7cytula71  f ! repeat$         
segm5tation ( :i* ! :ole polycellul>    
organism  is evolv$4    ,! psy*ological 
in=mation :i* is af=d$ by ^! rem>kable  
facts ( impregnation1 :i* h only be5    
prop]ly obs]v$  dur+ ! la/ tw5ty-five   
ye>s1 is supremely important2 its va/   
significance has hi!rto be5 v f> f      
appreciat$4 ,we %all  cond5se ! ma9     
conclusions ( rese>* 9 ! foll[+ five    
!ses3    ,i4 ,ea* human individual1 l e 
o!r high] animal1 is a s+le  simple cell
 at ! comm5cem5t ( 8 exi/5ce4    ,,ii4  
,?is /em-cell 7cytula7 is =m$ 9 ! same  
mann] 9 all  cases--t is1 by ! bl5d+ or 
copulation ( two sep>ate cells (  div]se
 orig91 ! female ovum & ! male          
sp]matozoon4    ,,iii4 ,ea* ( ^! sexual 
cells has its own cell-s\l--t is1 ea*   
is di/+ui%$ by a peculi> =m ( s5sation &
 movem5t4    ,,iv4 ,at ! mom5t (        
conception or impregnation1 n only !    

protoplasm & ! nuclei ( ! two sexual    
cells coalesce1 b also  _! cell-s\ls2 9 
o!r words1 ! pot5tial en]gies :i* are   
lat5t 9 bo?1 & insep>able f ! matt] ( ! 
protoplasm1  unite = ! =mation ( a new  
pot5tial en]gy1 ! g]m-s\l (  ! newly    
con/ruct$ /em-cell4    ,v4 ,consequ5tly 
ea* p]sonality owes 8 bodily & spiritual
  qualities to bo? p>5ts2 by h]$ity !   
nucleus ( ! ovum  contributes a portion 
( ! mat]nal features1 :ile ! nucleus (  
! sp]matozoon br+s a "p ( ! fa!r's      
*>act]i/ics4    ,by ^! empirical facts (
 conception1 moreov]1 ! fur!r fact (    
extreme importance is e/abli%$1 t e man1
 l e o!r  animal1 has a beg9n+ (        
exi/5ce2 ! complete copulation (  ! two 
sexual cell-nuclei m>ks ! precise mom5t 
:5 n only !  body1 b also ! s\l1 ( ! new
 /em-cell makes its appe>ance4  ,?is    
fact suffices ( itself to de/roy ! my? (
 ! immortality  ( ! s\l1 to :i* we %all 
return lat] on4 ,x suffices1 too1 =  !  
de/ruction ( ! /ill preval5t sup]/ition 
t man owes  8 p]sonal exi/5ce to ! favor

 ( ,god4 ,its orig9 is r to  be         
attribut$ solely to ! eros ( 8 p>5ts1 to
 t p[]ful  impulse t is common to all   
polycellul> animals & plants1  & leads  
to _! nuptial union4 ,b ! ess5tial po9t 
9 ?is  physiological process is n !     
embrace1 z 0 =m]ly suppos$1  or !       
amor\sness connect$ !re)2 x is simply ! 
introduction  ( ! sp]matozoa into !     
vag9a4 ,?is is ! sole means1 9 !        
l&-dwell+ animals1 by :i* ! f]tiliz+    
elem5t c rea* !  releas$ ova 7:i*       
usually takes place 9 ! ut]us 9 man74 ,9
 !  case ( ! l[] aquatic animals 7fi%es1
 mussels1 m$us1 etc47 !  mature sexual  
elem5ts on bo? sides are simply dis*>g$ 
into !  wat]1 & _! union is let to      
*ance2 !y h no real copulation1  & s !y 
%[ none ( ^? high] psy*ic erotic        
functions :i*  play s conspicu\s a "p 9 
! life ( ! high] animals4 ,h5ce  x is1  
also1 t all ! l[]1 non-copulat+ animals 
are want+  9 ^? int]e/+ organs :i* ,d>w9
 has call$ second>y sexual  *>act]s1 &  
:i* are ! outcome ( sexual selection3   

su* are  ! be>d ( man1 ! antl]s ( ! /ag1
 ! beautiful plumage (  ! bird ( p>adise
 & ( s _m o!r birds1 toge!r ) o!r       
di/9ctions ( ! male :i* are abs5t 9 !   
female4    ,among ! above !ses z to !   
physiology ( conception !  inh]itance ( 
! psy*ic qualities ( ! two p>5ts is (   
p>ticul> importance = psy*ological      
purposes4 ,x is well kn[n t  e *ild     
inh]its f bo? 8 p>5ts peculi>ities ( "*1
  temp]am5t1 tal5t1 acut5ess ( s5se1 &  
/r5g? ( w4 ,x  is equally well kn[n t   
ev5 psy*ic qualities are (t5 7if n      
always7 transmitt$ f gr&p>5ts by        
h]$ity--(t51 9 fact1  a man resembles 8 
gr&p>5ts m ?an 8 p>5ts 9 c]ta9          
respects2 & t is true bo? ( bodily &    
m5tal features4 ,all  ! *ief laws (     
h]$ity :i* ,i fir/ =mulat$ 9 my ,g5]al  
,morphology1 & popul>iz$ 9 my ,natural  
,hi/ory ( ,creation1 are  j z valid &   
univ]sal 9 _! application to psy*ic     
ph5om5a  z to bodily /ructure--9 fact1  
!y are frequ5tly m /rik+ &  conspicu\s 9
 ! =m] ?an 9 ! latt]4    ,h[ev]1 ! great

 prov9ce ( h]$ity1 to ! ine/imable      
importance  ( :i* ,d>w9 fir/ op5$ our   
eyes 9 #ahei1 is ?ickly beset )  obscure
 problems & physiological difficulties4 
,we d>e n claim1  ev5 aft] =ty ye>s (   
rese>*1 t all its aspects are cle>  to  
u4 ,yet we h done s mu* t we c          
confid5tly speak (  h]$ity z a          
physiological function ( ! organism1 :i*
 is  directly connect$ ) ! faculty (    
g5]ation2 & we mu/ r$uce  x1 l all o!r  
vital ph5om5a1 to exclusively physical &
  *emical processes1 to ! me*anics ( !  
protoplasm4 ,we n[ "k  accurately en\gh 
! process ( impregnation itself2 we "k t
 9  x ! nucleus ( ! sp]matozoon         
contributes ! qualities ( !  male p>5t1 
& ! nucleus ( ! ovum gives ! qualities (
 !  "m1 to ! newly born /em-cell4 ,!    
bl5d+ ( ! two nuclei is  ! physiological
 mom5t ( h]$ity2 by x ! p]sonal features
 (  bo? body & s\l are transmitt$ to !  
new individual4 ,^! facts  ( ontog5y are
 beyond ! explanation ( ! duali/ic &    
my/ic  psy*ology :i* /ill prevails 9 !  

s*ools2 :]eas !y f9d a  p]fectly simple 
int]pretation 9 our moni/ic philosophy4 
,! physiological fact :i* is mo/ mat]ial
 = a correct appreciation  ( individual 
psy*og5y is ! cont9uity ( ! psy*e ?r\gh 
! rise & fall ( g5]ations4 ,a new       
individual comes into  exi/5ce at !     
mom5t ( conception2 yet x is n an       
indep5d5t  entity1 ei!r 9 respect ( its 
m5tal or its bodily features1 b  m]ely !
 product ( ! bl5d+ ( ! two p>5tal       
factors1 !  mat]nal egg-cell & pat]nal  
sp]m-cell4 ,! cell-s\ls ( ^!  two sexual
 cells comb9e 9 ! act ( conception = !  
=mation  ( a new cell-s\l1 j z truly z !
 two cell-nuclei1 :i* are  ! mat]ial    
vehicles ( ?is psy*ic pot5tial en]gy1   
unite to =m  a new nucleus4 ,z we n[ see
 t ! individuals ( "o & ! same          
species--ev5 si/]s born ( ! same        
p>5ts--always %[ c]ta9  diff]5ces1 h[ev]
 slight1 we mu/ assume t ^! v>iations  7
 already pres5t 9 ! *emical plasmatic   
con/itution ( !  g5]ative cells         
!mselves4#ag    ,^! facts alone w\ld    

suffice to expla9 ! inf9ite v>iety (    
individual features1 ( s\l & ( bodily   
=m1 t we f9d 9 !  organic _w4 ,z an     
extreme1 b "o-sid$1 consequ5ce ( !m1 !re
  is ! !ory ( ,weismann1 :i* consid]s ! 
amphimixis1 or !  bl5d+ ( ! g]m-plasm 9 
sexual g5]ation1 to be ! univ]sal  & !  
sole cause ( individual v>iability4 ,?is
 exclusive !ory1  :i* is connect$ ) 8   
!ory ( ! cont9uity ( ! g]m-plasm1  is1 9
 my op9ion1 an exagg]ation4 ,i am       
conv9c$1 on ! contr>y1  t ! great laws (
 progressive h]$ity & ( ! correlative   
functional adaptation apply to ! s\l z  
well z to ! body4 ,!  new *>act]i/ics   
:i* ! individual has acquir$ dur+ life  
may  react to "s ext5t on ! molecul>    
texture ( ! g]m-plasm 9  ! egg-cell &   
sp]m-cell1 & may ?us be transf]r$ to !  
next  g5]ation by h]$ity 9 c]ta9        
conditions 7naturally1 only 9 !  =m (   
lat5t en]gy74    ,al?\gh 9 ! s\l-bl5d+  
at ! mom5t ( conception only  ! lat5t   
=ces ( ! two p>5t s\ls are transmitt$ by
 !  coalesc5ce ( ! erotic cell-nuclei1  

/ill x is possible t !  h]$it>y psy*ic  
influ5ce ( e>li]1 & sometimes v mu*     
old]1 g5]ations may be communicat$ at ! 
same "t4 ,= ! laws  ( lat5t h]$ity or   
atavism apply to ! s\l j z validly z  to
 ! anatomical organization4 ,we f9d ^!  
rem>kable ph5om5a (  rev]sion 9 a v     
simple & in/ructive =m 9 ! alt]nation ( 
g5]ations ( ! polyps & m$us4 ,"h we see 
two v diff]5t  g5]ations alt]nate s     
regul>ly t ! fir/ resembles ! ?ird1     
fif?1 & s on2 :ile ! second 7v diff]5t f
 ! prec$+7  is l ! f\r?1 six?1 etc4     
7,natural ,hi/ory ( ,creation74 ,we d  n
 f9d su* alt]nation ( g5]ations 9 man & 
! high] animals  & plants1 9 :i*1 ow+ to
 cont9u\s h]$ity1 ea* g5]ation          
resembles ! next2 nev]!less1 ev5 9 ^!   
cases we (t5 meet  ) ph5om5a ( rev]sion1
 :i* mu/ be r$uc$ to ! same law (  lat5t
 h]$ity4    ,em95t m5 (t5 take m aft] _!
 gr&p>5ts ?an _! p>5ts  ev5 9 ! f9]     
%ades ( psy*ic activity--9 ! possession 
(  c]ta9 arti/ic tal5ts or incl9ations1 
9 =ce ( "*1 &  9 w>m? ( temp]am5t2 n    

infrequ5tly !re is a /rik+ feature  :i* 
nei!r p>5ts nor gr&p>5ts possess$1 b :i*
 may be  trac$ a long way back to an    
old] bran* ( ! family4 ,ev5 9  ^!       
rem>kable cases ( atavism ! same laws ( 
h]$ity apply to  ! psy*e & to !         
physiognomy1 to ! p]sonal quality ( !   
s5se-organs1 muscles1 skeleton1 & o!r   
p>ts ( ! body4 ,we c  trace !m mo/      
cle>ly 9 ! reign+ dyna/ies & 9 old      
families  ( ! nobility1 ^: conspicu\s   
%>e 9 ! life ( ! ,/ate has  giv5        
occasion to a m c>eful hi/orical picture
 ( ! individuals  9 ! *a9 ( g5]ations--=
 in/ance1 9 ! ,hoh5zoll]ns1 !  pr9ces ( 
,orange1 ! ,b\rbons1 etc41 & 9 ! ,roman 
,cs>s4    ,! causal-nexus ( biontic     
7individual7 & phyletic 7hi/orical7     
evolution1 :i* ,i gave 9 my ,g5]al      
,morphology z ! supreme law  at ! root (
 all biog5etic rese>*1 has a univ]sal   
application to  psy*ology no less ?an to
 morphology4 ,i h fully treat$ ! special
  importance :i* x has ) reg>d to man1 9
 bo? respects1 9 !  fir/ *apt] ( my     

,an?ropog5y4 ,9 man1 z 9 all o!r        
organisms1  ! embryonic developm5t is an
 epitome ( ! hi/orical developm5t  ( !  
species4 ,?is cond5s$ & abbreviat$      
recapitulation is !  m complete 9       
proportion z ! orig9al epitomiz$        
developm5t  7pal+5esis7 is pres]v$ by a 
con/ant h]$ity2 on ! o!r  h&1 x falls (f
 f complet5ess 9 proportion z ! lat]    
di/urb+ developm5t 7c5og5esis7 is       
acc5tuat$ by v>y+  adaptation4    ,:ile 
we apply ?is law to ! evolution ( ! s\l1
 we mu/ lay  special /ress on !         
injunction to keep bo? sides ( x        
critically  be=e u4 ,=1 9 ! case ( man1 
j z 9 all ! high] animals  & plants1 su*
 appreciable p]turbations ( type 7or    
c5og5eses7  h tak5 place dur+ ! millions
 ( ye>s ( developm5t t  ! orig9al simple
 idea ( pal+5esis1 or epitome ( hi/ory1 
has be5 greatly di/urb$ & alt]$4 ,:ile1 
on ! "o side1 !  pal+5etic              
recapitulation is pres]v$ by ! laws (   
l-"t  & l-place h]$ity1 x is subject to 
an ess5tial c5og5etic  *ange1 on ! o!r  

h&1 by ! laws ( abbreviat$ & simplifi$  
h]$ity4 ,t is cle>ly se5 9 ! embryonic  
evolution ( !  psy*ic organs1 ! n]v\s   
sy/em1 ! muscles1 & ! s5se-organs4  ,b x
 applies 9 j ! same mann] to ! psy*ic   
functions1 :i*  are absolutely dep5d5t  
on ! normal con/ruction ( ^! organs4    
,_! evolution is subject to great       
c5og5etic modification 9 man  & all o!r 
vivip>\s animals1 precisely because !   
complete  developm5t ( ! embryo occupies
 a long] "t )9 ! body (  ! "m4 ,b we h  
to di/+ui% two p]iods ( individual      
psy*og5y3 7#a7 ! embryonic1 & 7#b7 !    
po/-embryonic developm5t  ( ! s\l4      
,i4 ,embryonic ,psy*og5y4--,! human     
foetus1 or embryo1 normally  takes n9e  
mon?s 7or two hundr$ & sev5ty days7 to  
develop 9  ! ut]us4 ,dur+ ?is "t x is   
entirely cut (f f ! out]  _w1 &         
protect$1 n only by ! ?ick muscul> wall 
( ! womb1  b also by ! special foetal   
membranes 7embryolemmata7 :i*  are      
common to all ! ?ree high] classes (    
v]tebrates--reptiles1  birds1 & mammals4

 ,9 all ! classes ( amniotes ^!         
membranes  7! amnion & ! s]olemma7      
develop 9 j ! same fa%ion4  ,!y repres5t
 ! protective arrangem5ts :i* 7 acquir$ 
by  ! e>lie/ reptiles 7proreptilia71 !  
common p>5ts ( all !  amniotes1 9 !     
,p]mian p]iod 7t[>ds ! end ( ! palozoic 
age71 :5 ^! high] v]tebrates accu/om$   
!mselves to live on  l& & brea! !       
atmosph]e4 ,_! ance/ors1 ! amphibia ( ! 
,c>bonif]\s p]iod1 /ill liv$ & brea!d 9 
! wat]1 l _!  e>li] pr$ecessors1 !      
fi%es4    ,9 ! case ( ^! old] & l[]     
v]tebrates t liv$ 9 !  wat]1 ! embryonic
 developm5t _h ! pal+5etic "* 9  a /ill 
high] degree1 z is ! case 9 mo/ ( !     
fi%es &  amphibia ( ! pres5t day4 ,!    
famili> tadpole & ! l>va (  ! salam&] or
 ! frog /ill pres]ve ! /ructure ( _!    
fi%-ance/ors 9 ! fir/ "p ( _! life 9 !  
wat]2 !y  resemble !m1 likewise1 9 _!   
habits ( life1 9 brea?+ by  gills1 9 !  
action ( _! s5se-organs1 & 9 o!r psy*ic 
organs4 ,!n1 :5 ! int]e/+ metamorphosis 
( ! swimm+  tadpole takes place1 & :5 x 

adapts itself to a l&-life1 !  fi%-l    
body *anges into t ( a f\r-foot$1 crawl+
 amphibium2  in/ead ( ! gill-brea?+ 9 ! 
wat] comes an exclusive  brea?+ ( !     
atmosph]e by means ( lungs1 &1 ) ! *ang$
  habits ( life1 ev5 ! psy*ic app>atus1 
! n]v\s sy/em1 &  ! s5se-organs rea* a  
high] degree ( con/ruction4 ,if we c\ld 
completely foll[ ! psy*og5y ( ! tadpole 
f beg9n+ to end1  we %\ld be able to    
apply ! biog5etic law 9 _m ways to its  
psy*ic evolution4 ,= x develops 9 direct
 communication ) !  *ang+ conditions ( !
 out] _w1 & s mu/ quickly adapt its     
s5sation & movem5t to ^!4 ,! swimm+     
tadpole has n only !  /ructure b !      
habits ( life ( a fi%1 & only acquires  
^? (  a frog 9 its metamorphosis4    ,x 
is diff]5t ) man & all ! o!r amniotes2  
_! embryo is  entirely )drawn f ! direct
 influ5ce ( ! out] _w1 &  cut (f f any  
reciprocal action !re)1 by enclosure 9  
its  protective membranes4 ,besides1 !  
special c>e ( ! "y on !  "p ( ! amniotes
 gives _! embryo mu* m favorable        

conditions  = ! c5og5etic abbreviation (
 ! pal+5etic evolution4 ,!re  is1 9 !   
fir/ place1 ! excell5t arrangem5t = !   
n\ri%m5t  ( ! embryo2 9 ! reptiles1     
birds1 & monotremes 7! ovip>\s  mammals7
 x is effect$ by ! great yell[ nutritive
 yelk1 :i* is  associat$ ) ! egg2 9 !   
re/ ( ! mammals 7! m>supials &          
plac5tals7 x is effect$ by ! "m's blood1
 :i* is conduct$ to  ! foetus by !      
blood-vessels ( ! yelk-sac & !          
allantois4  ,9 ! case ( ! mo/ highly    
develop$ plac5tals ?is elaborate        
nutritive arrangem5t has rea*$ ! highe/ 
degree ( p]fection by  ! con/ruction ( a
 plac5ta2 h5ce 9 ^! classes ! embryo is 
fully develop$ be=e bir?4 ,b its s\l    
rema9s dur+ all ?is "t  9 a /ate (      
embryonic slumb]1 a /ate ( repose :i*   
,prey] has  ju/ly comp>$ to ! hib]nation
 ( animals4 ,we h a simil> long  sleep 9
 ! *rysalis /age ( ^? insects :i* und]go
 a complete  metamorphosis--butt]flies1 
bees1 flies1 beetles1 & s =?4 ,?is      
sleep ( ! pupa1 dur+ :i* ! mo/ important

 =mations (  organs & tissues take      
place1 is ! m int]e/+ f ! fact  t !     
prec$+ condition ( ! free l>va          
7cat]pill>1 grub1 or  maggot7 includ$ a 
highly develop$ psy*ic activity1 & t ?is
 is1  significantly1 l[] ?an ! /age :i* 
is se5 aft]w>ds 7:5 !  *rysalis sleep is
 ov]7 9 ! p]fect1 w+$1 sexually mature  
insect4    ,man's psy*ic activity1 l t (
 mo/ ( ! high] animals1 runs  ?r\gh a   
long s]ies ( /ages ( developm5t dur+ !  
individual  life4 ,we may s+le out !    
five foll[+ z ! mo/ important (  !m3    
,i4 ,! s\l ( ! new-born infant up to !  
bir? ( self-consci\sness  & ! le>n+ (   
spee*4    ,,ii4 ,! s\l ( ! boy or girl  
up to pub]ty 7i4e41 until !  awak5+ ( ! 
sexual in/9ct74    ,,iii4 ,! s\l ( ! y\?
 or maid5 up to ! "t ( sexual  int]c\rse
 7! ideali/ p]iod74    ,,iv4 ,! s\l ( ! 
gr[n man & ! mature woman 7! p]iod (    
full maturity & ( ! f\nd+ ( families1   
la/+ until ab\t  ! sixtie? ye> = ! man &
 ! fiftie? = ! woman--until  involution 
sets 974    ,v4 ,! s\l ( ! old man or   

woman 7! p]iod ( deg5]ation74    ,man's 
psy*ic life runs ! same evolution--upw>d
 progress1 full  maturity1 & d[nw>d     
deg5]ation--z e o!r vital activity 9  8 
organization4          ,,*apt] ,,ix     
,,! ,,phylog5y ,,( ,,! ,,s\l            
,gradual ,hi/orical ,evolution ( !      
,human ,s\l f ! ,animal                 
,s\l--,me?ods ( ,phylog5etic            
,psy*ology--,f\r ,*ief ,/ages 9      !  
,phylog5y ( ! ,s\l3 ,i4 ,! ,cell-,s\l   
7,cytopsy*e7 ( !      ,proti/           
7,infusoria1 ,ova1 etc473 ,cellul>      
,psy*ology2 ,,ii4 ,! ,s\l      ( a      
,colony ( ,cells1 or ! ,c5obitic ,s\l   
7,co5opsy*e73      ,psy*ology ( !       
,morula & ,bla/ula2 ,,iii4 ,! ,s\l ( !  
,tissue      7,hi/opsy*e73 ,its ,tw(old 
,nature3 ,! ,s\l ( ! ,plant3 ,! ,s\l    
( ! ,l[]1 ,n]veless ,animal3 ,d\ble ,s\l
 ( ! ,siphonophora      7,p]sonal &     
,kormal ,s\l72 ,,iv4 ,! ,n]ve-,s\l      
7,neuropsy*e7      ( ! ,high]           
,animal--,?ree ,sections ( its ,psy*ic  
,app>atus3      ,s5se-,organs1 ,muscles1

 & ,n]ves--,typical ,=mation ( !        
,n]ve-,c5tre 9 ! ,v>i\s ,gr\ps (        
,animals--,psy*ic ,organ ( !            
,v]tebrate3 ! ,bra9 & ! ,sp9al          
,cord--,phylog5y ( ! ,mammal      ,s\l  
,! !ory ( desc5t1 comb9$ )              
an?ropological rese>*1 has  conv9c$ u ( 
! desc5t ( our human organism f a long  
s]ies  ( animal ance/ors by a sl[ &     
gradual trans=mation occupy+  _m        
millions ( ye>s4 ,s9ce1 !n1 we _c       
dissev] man's psy*ic  life f ! re/ ( 8  
vital functions--we are r =c$ to a      
conviction ( ! natural evolution ( our  
:ole body & m9d--x  becomes "o ( ! ma9  
tasks ( ! mod]n moni/ic psy*ology to    
trace ! /ages ( ! hi/orical developm5t (
 ! s\l ( man f  ! s\l ( ! brute4 ,our   
phylog5y ( ! s\l seeks to atta9 ?is     
object2 x may also1 z a bran* ( g5]al   
psy*ology1 be call$  phylog5etic        
psy*ology1 or1 9 contradi/9ction to     
biontic  7individual71 phyletic         
psy*og5y4 ,&1 al?\gh ?is new sci5ce has 
sc>cely be5 tak5 up 9 e>ne/ yet1 & mo/ (

 ! pr(essional  psy*ologi/s d5y its v "r
 to exi/5ce1 we mu/ claim = x  ! utmo/  
importance & ! deepe/ int]e/4 ,=1 9 our 
op9ion1 x  is its special prov9ce to    
solve = u ! great enigma ( ! nature  &  
orig9 ( ! human s\l4    ,! me?ods & pa?s
 :i* w lead u to ! remote goal ( a      
complete phylog5etic psy*ology--a goal t
 is /ill buri$ 9 !  mi/s ( ! future1 &  
almo/ imp]ceptible to _m--d n diff]  f  
^? ( o!r bran*es ( evolution>y rese>*4  
,comp>ative  anatomy1 physiology1 &     
ontog5y are ( ! fir/ importance4 ,mu*   
support is giv5 also by palontology1 = !
 ord] 9 :i* !  fossil rema9s ( ! v>i\s  
classes ( v]tebrates succe$ ea* o!r  9 !
 c\rse ( organic evolution reveals to u1
 to "s ext5t1  ! gradual gr[? ( _!      
psy*ic p[] z well z _! phyletic         
connection4 ,we mu/ admit t we are "h1 z
 we are 9 e bran*  ( phylog5etic rese>*1
 driv5 to ! con/ruction ( a numb] (     
hypo!ses 9 ord] to fill up ! consid]able
 lacun ( empirical  phylog5y4 ,yet ^!   
hypo!ses ca/ s cle> & significant a     

light  on ! *ief /ages ( hi/orical      
developm5t t we are af=d$ a  mo/        
gratify+ insight into _! entire c\rse4  
,! comp>ative psy*ology ( man & ! high] 
animals enables u  to le>n f ! highe/   
gr\p ( ! plac5tals1 ! primates1 !  long 
/rides by :i* ! human s\l has advanc$   
beyond ! psy*e  ( ! an?ropoid ape4 ,!   
phylog5y ( ! mammals & ( ! l[]          
v]tebrates acqua9ts u ) ! long s]ies ( !
 e>li] ance/ors  ( ! primates :i* h     
aris5 )9 ?is /em s9ce ! ,silurian  age4 
,all ^! v]tebrates agree 9 ! /ructure & 
developm5t (  _! *>act]i/ic psy*ic      
organ--! sp9al cord4 ,we le>n f  !      
comp>ative anatomy ( ! v]malia t ?is    
sp9al cord has  be5 evolv$ f a dorsal   
acroganglion1 or v]tical bra91 ( an     
inv]tebrate ance/or4 ,we le>n1 fur!r1 f 
comp>ative ontog5y  t ?is simple psy*ic 
organ has be5 evolv$ f ! /ratum (  cells
 9 ! out] g]m9al lay]1 ! ectod]m1 ( !   
platodes4 ,9  ^! e>lie/ flat-worms1 :i* 
h no specializ$ n]v\s sy/em1  ! out]    
sk9-cov]+ s]ves z a g5]al s5sitive &    

psy*ic  organ4 ,f9ally1 comp>ative      
embryology tea*es u t ^! simple  metazoa
 h aris5 by ga/rulation f bla/ades1 f   
holl[  sph]es1 ! wall ( :i* is m]ely "o 
simple lay] ( cells1 !  bla/od]m2 & !   
same sci5ce1 ) ! aid ( ! biog5etic law1 
expla9s h[ ^! protozoic co5obia         
orig9ally sprang f !  simple/ unicellul>
 organisms4    ,on a critical /udy ( ^! 
diff]5t embryonic =mations1 !  evolution
 ( :i* f ea* o!r we c directly obs]ve "u
 !  microscope1 we arrive1 by means ( ! 
great law ( biog5y1 at a  s]ies ( mo/   
important conclusions z to ! *ief /ages 
9 !  developm5t ( our psy*ic life4 ,we  
may di/+ui% eight ( ^! to  beg9 )3      
,i4 ,unicellul> protozoa ) a simple     
cell-s\l3 ! infusoria4    ,,ii4         
,multicellul> protozoa ) a communal s\l3
 ! catallacta4    ,,iii4 ,! e>lie/      
metazoa ) an epi!lial s\l3 ! platodes4  
,,iv4 ,inv]tebrate ance/ors ) a simple  
v]tical bra93 ! v]malia4    ,v4         
,v]tebrates )\t skull or bra91 ) a      
simple sp9al cord3 !  acrania4    ,,vi4 

,animals ) skull & bra9 7( five         
vesicles73 ! craniota4    ,,vii4        
,mammals ) pr$om9ant developm5t ( !     
cortex ( ! bra93  ! plac5tals4          
,,viii4 ,! high] an?ropoid apes & man1 )
 organs ( ?\ght 79  ! c]ebrum73 !       
an?ropomorpha4    ,among ^! eight /ages 
9 ! developm5t ( ! human s\l we may     
fur!r di/+ui% m or less cle>ly a numb] (
 subord9ate  /ages4 ,naturally1 h[ev]1 9
 recon/ruct+ !m we h to fall  back on ! 
same defective evid5ce ( empirical      
psy*ology :i* !  comp>ative anatomy &   
physiology ( ! actual fauna af=ds u4 ,z 
! craniote animals ( ! six? /age--& ^!  
are true fi%es--are  already f\nd       
fossiliz$ 9 ! ,silurian sy/em1 we are   
=c$ to  assume t ! five prec$+ s]ies (  
ance/ors 7:i* 7  incapable (            
fossilization7 7 evolv$ 9 an e>li]1     
pre-,silurian  age4    ,i4 ,! cell-s\l  
7or cytopsy*e73 fir/ /age ( phyletic    
psy*og5esis4--,! e>lie/ ance/ors ( man &
 all o!r animals  7 unicellul> protozoa4
 ,?is fundam5tal hypo!sis ( rational    

phylog5y is bas$1 9 virtue ( !          
phylog5etic law1 on !  famili>          
embryological fact t e man1 l e o!r     
metazoon  7i4e41 e multicellul> organism
 ) tissues71 beg9s 8  p]sonal exi/5ce z 
a simple cell1 ! /em-cell 7cytula71 or !
  impregnat$ egg-cell 7see p4 #fc74 ,z  
?is cell has a s\l f !  comm5cem5t1 s _h
 also ! correspond+ unicellul> ance/ral 
=ms1 :i* 7 repres5t$ 9 ! olde/ s]ies (  
man's ance/ors  by a numb] ( diff]5t    
protozoa4    ,we le>n ! "* ( ! psy*ic   
activity ( ^! unicellul>  organisms f ! 
comp>ative physiology ( ! proti/s (     
to-day4  ,close obs]vation & c>eful     
exp]im5t h op5$ out to u 9 ?is  respect1
 9 ! second half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 a  
new _w (  ! mo/ int]e/+ ph5om5a4 ,! be/ 
description ( !m 0 giv5  by ,max ,v]worn
 9 8 ?\ghtful "w1 bas$ on orig9al       
rese>*1  ,psy*o-physiological ,/udies ( 
! ,proti/s4 ,! "w includes also  ! few  
e>li] obs]vations ( ! psy*ic life ( !   
proti/4  ,v]worn came to ! firm         
conclusion t ! psy*ic processes are     

unconsci\s 9 all ! proti/s1 t ! ph5om5a 
( s5sation  & movem5t co9cide ) !       
molecul> vital processes 9 _!           
protoplasm1 & t _! ultimate causes are  
to be s\ght 9 !  prop]ties ( !          
protoplasmic molecules 7! pla/idules74  
,h5ce  ! psy*ic ph5om5a ( ! proti/s =m a
 bridge t connects !  *emical processes 
( ! inorganic _w ) ! psy*ic life (  !   
highe/ animals2 !y repres5t ! g]m ( !   
highe/ psy*ic  ph5om5a ( ! metazoa & (  
man4    ,! c>eful obs]vations & _m      
exp]im5ts ( ,v]worn1 toge!r  ) ^? (     
,wilhelm ,engelmann1 ,wilhelm ,prey]1   
,ri*>d ,h]twig1 &  o!r m rec5t /ud5ts ( 
! proti/s1 af=d conclusive evid5ce  = my
 !ory ( ! cell-s\l 7#ahff74 ,on ! /r5g? 
( sev]al  ye>s ( /udy ( diff]5t k9ds (  
proti/s1 especially rhizopods &         
infusoria1 ,i publi%$ a !ory ?irty-?ree 
ye>s ago to ! effect  t e liv+ cell has 
psy*ic prop]ties1 & t ! psy*ic  life ( !
 multicellul> animals & plants is m]ely 
! sum total (  ! psy*ic functions ( !   
cells :i* build up _! /ructure4 ,9  !   

l[] gr\ps 79 alg & sponges1 = in/ance7  
all ! cells (  ! body h an equal %>e 9 x
 7or ) v slight diff]5ces72  9 ! high]  
gr\ps1 9 h>mony ) ! law ( ! division (  
labor1 only a select portion ( !m are   
involv$--! s\l-cells4  ,! important     
consequ5ces ( ?is cellul> psy*ology 7   
p>tly  treat$ 9 my "w on ,! ,p]ig5esis (
 ! ,pla/idule 7#ahgf71  & p>tly 9 my    
spee* at ,muni*1 9 #ahgg1 on ,mod]n     
,evolution 9  ,relation to ! ,:ole (    
,sci5ce4 ,a m popul> pres5tation (  !m  
is to be f\nd 9 my two ,vi5na pap]s     
7#ahgh7 on ,! ,orig9 &  ,developm5t ( ! 
,s5se-,organs & on ,cell-,s\ls &        
,s\l-,cells4    ,moreov]1 ! cell-s\l1   
ev5 )9 ! limits ( ! proti/ _w1  pres5ts 
a long s]ies ( /ages ( developm5t1 f !  
mo/ simple  & primitive to a            
comp>atively elaborate activity4 ,9 !   
e>lie/  & simple/ proti/s ! faculty (   
s5sation & movem5t is equally  di/ribut$
 ov] ! entire protoplasm ( ! homog5e\s  
morsel2 9  ! high] =ms c]ta9            
cell-in/rum5ts1 or organella1 appe>1  z 

_! physiological organs4 ,motor         
cell-p>ts ( t "* are  f\nd 9 !          
pseudopodia ( ! rhizopods1 & ! vibrat+  
hairs1  la%es1 or cilia ( ! infusoria4  
,! cell-nucleus1 :i* is want+  9 ! e>li]
 & l[] proti/s1 is consid]$ to be an    
int]nal  c5tral organ ( ! cell-life4 ,x 
is especially notewor?y1 f a            
physiologico-*emical po9t ( view1 t ! v 
e>lie/ proti/s  7 plasmodom\s1 ) plant-l
 nutrition--h5ce protophyta1 or         
primitive plants2 f ^! came z a second>y
 /age1 by metasitism1  ! fir/           
plasmophagi1 ) animal nutrition--!      
protozoa1 or  primitive animals4#ah ,?is
 metasitism1 or circulation ( nutritive 
matt]1 implies an important psy*ological
 advance2 ) x began !  developm5t ( ^?  
*>act]i/ic prop]ties ( ! animal s\l :i* 
are want+ 9 ! plant4    ,we f9d ! highe/
 developm5t ( ! animal cell-s\l 9 !     
class  ( ciliata1 or ciliat$ infusoria4 
,:5 we comp>e _! activity  ) !          
correspond+ psy*ic life ( ! high]1      
multicellul>  animals1 we f9d sc>cely   

any psy*ological diff]5ce2 ! s5sitive  &
 motor organella ( ^! protozoa seem to  
accompli% ! same  z ! s5se-organs1      
n]ves1 & muscles ( ! metazoa4 ,inde$1 we
  h f\nd 9 ! great cell-nucleus         
7meganucleus7 ( ! infusoria  a c5tral   
organ ( psy*ic activity1 :i* plays mu* !
 same "p  9 _! unicellul> organism z !  
bra9 does 9 ! psy*ic life  ( high]      
animals4 ,h[ev]1 x is v difficult to    
det]m9e h[ f>  ?is comp>ison is ju/ifi$2
 ! views ( exp]ts div]ge consid]ably    
ov] ! matt]4 ,"s take all spontane\s    
bodily movem5t 9 !m to  be automatic1 or
 impulsive1 & all /imulat$ movem5t to be
 reflex2  o!rs are conv9c$ t su*        
movem5ts are p>tly volunt>y &           
int5tional4 ,! latt] w\ld attribute to !
 infusoria a c]ta9  degree (            
consci\sness1 & ev5 self-consci\sness2 b
 ?is is  reject$ by ! o!rs4 ,h[ev] t v  
difficult "q may be  settl$1 x does n   
alt] ! fact t ^! unicellul> protozoa    
give pro( ( ! possession ( a highly     
develop$ cell-s\l1 :i*  is ( great      

int]e/ = a correct decision z to ! psy*e
 ( our  e>lie/ unicellul> ance/ors4     
,,ii4 ,! communal or c5obitic s\l       
7co5opsy*e73 second /age (  phyletic    
psy*og5esis4--,individual developm5t    
beg9s1 9 man & 9  all o!r multicellul>  
animals1 ) ! repeat$ segm5tation ( "o   
simple cell4 ,?is /em-cell1 ! impregnat$
 ovum1 divides fir/ into  two daught]   
cells1 by a process ( ord9>y indirect   
segm5tation2  z ! process is repeat$ !re
 arise 7by equal division ( ! egg7      
successively f\r1 eight1 sixte51        
?irty-two1 sixty-f\r su* new  cells1 or 
bla/om]es4 ,usually 7t is1 9 ! case ( ! 
majority  ( animals7 an irregul>        
enl>gem5t soon] or lat] takes ! place  (
 ?is orig9al regul> division ( cells4 ,b
 ! result is ! same  9 all cases--!     
=mation ( a 7g5]ally sph]ical7 clu/] (  
het]og5e\s 7orig9ally homog5e\s7 cells4 
,?is /age is call$ !  morula 7mulb]ry1  
:i* x some:at resembles 9 %ape74 ,!n1 z 
a rule1 a fluid ga!rs 9 ! int]ior ( ?is 
aggregate ( cells2 x  *anges into a     

sph]ical vesicle2 all ! cells g to its  
surface1 &  arrange !mselves 9 "o simple
 lay]--! bla/od]m4 ,! holl[  sph]e :i*  
is ?us =m$ is ! important /age ( !      
g]m9al  vesicle1 ! bla/ula1 or          
bla/osph]e4    ,! psy*ological ph5om5a  
:i* we directly obs]ve 9 ! =mation  ( ! 
bla/ula are p>tly s5sations1 p>tly      
movem5ts1 ( ?is  community ( cells4 ,!  
movem5ts may be divid$ into two gr\ps3  
7#a7  ! inn] movem5ts1 :i* are always   
repeat$ 9 sub/antially !  same mann] 9 !
 process ( ord9>y 7indirect7 segm5tation
 (  cells 7=mation ( ! axis ( ! nucleus1
 mitosis1 k>yok9esis1  etc472 7#b7 !    
out] movem5ts1 :i* are se5 9 ! regul>   
*ange (  position ( ! social cells & _! 
gr\p+ = ! con/ruction  ( ! bla/od]m4 ,we
 assume t ^! movem5ts are h]$it>y &     
unconsci\s1 because !y are always       
det]m9$ 9 ! same fa%ion by  h]$ity f !  
e>li] proti/ ance/ors4 ,! s5sations also
 fall  into two gr\ps3 7#a7 ! s5sations 
( ! individual cells1 :i*  reveal       
!mselves 9 ! ass]tion ( _! individual   

indep5d5ce &  _! relation to neighbor+  
cells 7) :i* !y are 9 contact1  & p>tly 
9 direct comb9ation1 by means (         
protoplasmic fibres72 7#b7  ! common    
s5sation ( ! entire community ( cells1  
:i* is se5 9  ! individual =mation ( !  
bla/ula z a holl[ vesicle4    ,! causal 
int]pretation ( ! =mation ( ! bla/ula is
 giv5 u  by ! biog5etic law1 :i* expla9s
 ! ph5om5a we directly obs]ve  to be !  
outcome ( h]$ity1 & relates !m to       
correspond+  hi/orical processes :i*    
took place long ago 9 ! orig9 ( !       
e>lie/ proti/-co5obia1 ! bla/ads4 ,b we 
get a physiological  & psy*ological     
insight into ^! important ph5om5a ( !   
e>lie/ cell-communities by obs]vation & 
exp]im5t on _! mod]n  repres5tatives4   
,su* p]man5t cell-communities or        
colonies are /ill  f\nd 9 great numb]s  
bo? among ! plasmodom\s primitive plants
  7= in/ance1 ! paulotomacea1           
diatomacea1 volvoc91 etc47 & !          
plasmophag\s primitive animals 7!       
infusoria & rhizopods74 ,9  all ^!      

co5obia we c easily di/+ui% two diff]5t 
grades  ( psy*ic activity3 7#a7 !       
cell-s\l ( ! individual cells 7!        
elem5t>y organisms7 & 7#b7 ! communal   
s\l ( ! entire colony4    ,,iii4 ,!     
tissue-s\l 7hi/opsy*e73 ?ird /age (     
phyletic  psy*og5esis4--,9 all          
multicellul>1 tissue-=m+ plants         
7metaphyta7 & 9 ! l[e/1 n]veless classes
 ( tissue-=m+  animals 7metazoa7 we h to
 di/+ui% two diff]5t =ms (  psy*ic      
activity--namely3 7#a7 ! psy*e ( !      
individual cells  :i* compose ! tissue1 
& 7#b7 ! psy*e ( ! tissue itself1 or  ( 
! cell-/ate :i* is made up ( ! tissues4 
,?is tissue-s\l  is ! high] psy*ological
 function :i* gives physiological       
individuality to ! comp\nd multicellul> 
organism z a true  cell-commonweal?4 ,x 
controls all ! sep>ate cell-s\ls ( !    
social cells--! mutually dep5d5t citiz5s
 :i* con/itute !  community4 ,?is       
fundam5tal tw(old "* ( ! psy*e 9 !      
metaphyta & ! l[]1 n]veless metazoa is v
 important4 ,x may  be v]ifi$ by        

unprejudic$ obs]vation & suitable       
exp]im5t4 ,9  ! fir/ place1 ea* s+le    
cell has its own s5sation & movem5t1  &1
 9 addition1 ea* tissue & ea* organ1    
compos$ ( a numb]  ( homog5e\s cells1   
has its special irritability & psy*ic   
unity  7e4g41 ! poll5 & /am5s74    ,a4  
,! plant-s\l 7phytopsy*e7 is1 9 our     
view1 ! summ>y (  ! entire psy*ic       
activity ( ! tissue-=m+1 multicellul>   
plant  7! metaphyton1 z di/9ct f !      
unicellul> protophyton72  x is1 h[ev]1 !
 subject ( ! mo/ div]se op9ions ev5 at !
  pres5t day4 ,x 0 once cu/om>y to draw 
an ess5tial di/9ction  betwe5 ! plant & 
! animal1 on ! gr\nd t ! latt] _h  a s\l
 & ! plant _h none4 ,h[ev]1 an          
unprejudic$ comp>ison  ( ! irritability 
& movem5ts ( v>i\s high] plants & l[]   
animals conv9c$ _m obs]v]s1 ev5 at !    
beg9n+ ( ! c5tury1  t !re mu/ be a s\l  
on bo? sides4 ,at a lat] date ,fe*n]1   
,leitgeb1 & o!rs /rongly cont5d$ = !    
plant-s\l4 ,b a  pr(\nd] k ( ! subject 0
 obta9$ :5 ! simil>ity  ( ! elem5t>y    

/ructure ( ! plant & ( ! animal 0 prov$ 
by ! cellul> !ory1 & especially :5 !    
simil>ity ( conduct  ( ! active1 liv+   
protoplasm 9 bo? 0 %[n 9 ! plasma  !ory 
( ,max ,s*ultze 7#ahei74 ,mod]n         
comp>ative physiology has  %[n t !      
physiological attitude t[>ds v>i\s      
/imuli 7light1  heat1 electricity1      
gravity1 friction1 *emical action1 etc47
 ( !  s5sitive portions ( _m plants &   
animals is exactly ! same1  & t ! reflex
 movem5ts :i* ! /imuli elicit take place
 9  precisely ! same mann] on bo? sides4
 ,h5ce1 if x 0 necess>y to  attribute   
?is activity to a s\l 9 ! l[]1 n]veless 
metazoa  7sponges1 polyps1 etc471 x 0   
also necess>y 9 ! case ( _m  7if n all7 
metaphyta1 at lea/ 9 ! v s5sitive       
mimosa1 !  fly-traps 7dionaea & dros]a71
 & ! num]\s k9ds (  climb+ plants4    ,x
 is true t mod]n vegetal physiology has 
giv5 a purely physical  explanation ( _m
 ( ^! /imulat$ movem5ts1 or tropisms1 by
  special features ( gr[?1 v>iations (  
pressure1 etc4 ,yet ^!  me*anical causes

 are nei!r m nor less psy*ophysical ?an 
! simil> reflex movem5ts ( ! sponges1   
polyps1 & o!r  n]veless metazoa1 ev5    
?\gh _! me*anism is entirely diff]5t4   
,! "* ( ! tissue-s\l reveals itself 9 ! 
same way 9  bo? cases--! cells ( !      
tissue 7! regul>1 ord]ly /ructure  (    
cells7 transmit ! /imuli !y h receiv$ 9 
"o "p1 &  ?us provoke movem5ts ( o!r    
p>ts1 or ( ! :ole organ4 ,?is           
transmission ( /imuli has z mu* title to
 be call$ psy*ic  activity z its m      
complete =m 9 ! high] animals ) n]ves2  
! anatomic explanation ( x is t ! social
 cells ( ! tissue1  or cell-community1  
are n isolat$ f ea* o!r 7z 0 =m]ly      
suppos$71 b are connect$ ?r\gh\t by f9e 
?reads or bridges (  protoplasm4 ,:5 !  
s5sitive mimosa closes its graceful     
leaves &  droops its /alk at contact1 or
 on be+ %ak52 :5 ! irritable  fly-trap  
7! diona7 swiftly clasps its leaves     
toge!r at a t\*1  & captures a fly2 !   
s5sation seems to be ke5]1 !            
transmission  ( ! /imulus m rapid1 & !  

movem5t m en]getic ?an 9 !  reflex      
action ( ! /imulat$ ba?-sponge & _m o!r 
sponges4    ,b4 ,! s\l ( ! n]veless     
metazoa4--,( v special int]e/ =         
comp>ative psy*ology 9 g5]al1 & = !     
phylog5y ( ! animal  s\l 9 p>ticul>1 is 
! psy*ic activity ( ^? l[] metazoa  :i* 
h tissues1 & sometimes diff]5tiat$      
organs1 b no n]ves  or specific organs (
 s5se4 ,to ?is category belong f\r      
diff]5t  gr\ps ( ! e>lie/ coel5t]ates3  
7a7 ! ga/rads1 7b7 !  platod>ia1 7c7 !  
sponges1 & 7d7 ! hydropolyps1 ! l[e/  =m
 ( cnid>ia4    ,! ga/raeads 7or animals 
) a primitive gut7 =m a small gr\p  ( ! 
l[e/ coel5t]ates1 :i* is ( great        
importance z !  common ance/ral gr\p (  
all ! metazoa4 ,! body ( ^! little      
swimm+ animals looks l a t9y 7g5]ally   
oval7 vesicle1 :i* has  a simple cavity 
) "o op5+--! primitive gut & ! primitive
  m\?4 ,! wall ( ! dige/ive cavity is   
=m$ ( two simple  lay]s ( cells1 or     
epi!lium1 ! inn] ( :i*--! gut-lay]--is  
responsible = ! vegetal activity (      

n\ri%m5t1 :ile ! out]1  or sk9-lay]1    
dis*>ges ! animal functions ( movem5t & 
s5sation4 ,! homog5e\s s5sitive cells ( 
! sk9-lay] be> long1  sl5d] hairs or    
la%es 7cilia71 by ! vibration ( :i* !   
swimm+ motion is effect$4 ,! few surviv+
 =ms ( ga/rads1  ! ga/rm>ia             
7tri*oplacidae7 & cyem>ia               
7or?onectidae71  are extremely int]e/+1 
f ! fact t !y rema9 ?r\gh\t  life at a  
/age ( /ructure :i* is pass$ by all !   
o!r metazoa  7f ! sponge to man7 at !   
comm5cem5t ( _! embryonic  developm5t4  
,z ,i h %[n 9 my ,!ory ( ! ,ga/raea     
7#ahgb71  a v *>act]i/ic embryonic =m1 !
 ga/rula1 is imm$iately  develop$ f !   
bla/ula 9 all ! tissue animals4 ,!      
g]m9al  membrane 7bla/od]m71 :i*        
repres5ts ! wall ( ! holl[ vesicle1  =ms
 a depression at "o side1 & ?is soon    
s9ks 9 s deep t !  inn] cavity ( !      
vesicle disappe>s4 ,! half ( ! membrane 
:i*  b5ds 9 is ?us laid on1 & inside1 ! 
o!r half2 ! latt] =ms  ! sk9-lay]1 or   
out] g]m9al lay] 7ectod]m or epibla/71 &

  ! =m] becomes ! gut-lay]1 or inn]     
g]m9al lay] 7endod]m  or hypobla/74 ,!  
new cavity ( ! cup-%ap$ body is !       
dige/ive  /oma* cavity 7! proga/e71 &   
its op5+ is ! primitive m\?  7or        
pro/oma74#ai ,! sk9-lay]1 or ectod]m1 is
 ! primitive  psy*ic organ 9 ! metazoa2 
f x1 9 all ! n]ve animals1 n  only !    
ext]nal sk9 & ! organs ( s5se1 b also ! 
n]v\s  sy/em1 are develop$4 ,9 !        
ga/rads1 :i* h no n]ves1 all !  cells   
:i* compose ! simple epi!lium ( !       
ectod]m are equally  organs ( s5sation &
 ( movem5t2 we h "h ! tissue-s\l 9  its 
simple/ =m4    ,! platod>ia1 ! e>lie/ & 
simple/ =m ( ! platodes1 seem to  be ( !
 same primitive con/ruction4 ,"s ( ^!   
cryptocoela--!  convoluta1 etc4--h no   
specific n]v\s sy/em1 :ile _!  ne>e/    
relatives1 ! turbell>ia1 h already      
diff]5tiat$ "o1  & ev5 develop$ a       
v]tical bra94    ,! sponges =m a peculi>
 gr\p 9 ! animal _w1 :i* diff]s  widely 
9 organization f all ! o!r metazoa4 ,!  
innum]able  k9ds ( sponges gr[1 z a     

rule1 at ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,!  simple/  
=m ( sponge1 ! olyn?us1 is 9 reality    
no?+ m  ?an a ga/raea1 ! body-wall ( :i*
 is p]=at$ l a sieve1  ) f9e pores1 9   
ord] to p]mit ! entrance ( ! n\ri%+     
/ream ( wat]4 ,9 ! majority (           
sponges--ev5 9 ! mo/ famili>  "o1 !     
ba?-sponge--! bulb\s organism con/ructs 
a k9d ( /em or  tree1 :i* is made up (  
?\s&s ( ^! ga/rads1 & p]meat$  by a     
nutritive sy/em ( canals4 ,s5sation &   
movem5t are only  develop$ 9 ! fa9te/   
degree 9 ! sponges2 !y h no n]ves1      
muscles1 or organs ( s5se4 ,x 0 !re=e q 
natural t su*  /ation>y1 %apeless1      
ins5sitive animals %\ld h be5 commonly  
tak5 to be plants 9 e>li] ye>s4 ,_!     
psy*ic life--= :i* no  special organs h 
be5 diff]5tiat$--is f> inf]ior to t ( ! 
mimosa & o!r s5sitive plants4    ,! s\l 
( ! cnid>ia is ( ! utmo/ importance 9   
comp>ative  & phylog5etic psy*ology2 = 9
 ?is num]\s gr\p ( !  coel5t]ates !     
hi/orical evolution ( ! n]ve-s\l out ( !
  tissue-s\l is repeat$ be=e our eyes4  

,to ?is gr\p belong !  innum]able       
classes ( /ation>y polyps & corals1 & ( 
swimm+  m$us & siphonophora4 ,z ! common
 ance/or ( all ! cnid>ia  we c safely   
assign a v simple polyp1 :i* is         
sub/antially  ! same 9 /ructure z !     
common1 /ill surviv+1 fre%-wat]         
polyp--! hydra4 ,yet ! hydr1 & !        
/ation>y1 closely relat$  hydropolyps1 h
 no n]ves or high] s5se-organs1 al?\gh  
!y  are extremely s5sitive4 ,on ! o!r   
h&1 ! free-swimm+ m$us1  :i* are        
develop$ f !m--& are /ill connect$ ) !m 
by alt]nation ( g5]ations--h an         
indep5d5t n]v\s sy/em  & specific       
s5se-organs4 ,"h1 also1 we may directly 
obs]ve !  ontog5etic evolution ( !      
n]ve-s\l 7neuropsy*e7 out ( !           
tissue-s\l 7hi/opsy*e71 & ?us le>n its  
phylog5etic orig94  ,?is is ! m int]e/+ 
z su* ph5om5a are polyphyletic--t  is1  
!y h occurr$ sev]al times--m ?an once1  
at lea/--q  indep5d5tly4 ,z ,i h %[n    
else:]e1 ! hydrom$us h aris5  f !       
hydropolyps 9 a diff]5t mann] f t ( !   

evolution  ( ! scyphom$us f !           
scyphopolyps2 ! gemmation is t]m9al 9  !
 case ( ! latt]1 & lat]al ) ! =m]4 ,9   
addition1 bo?  gr\ps h *>act]i/ic       
h]$it>y diff]5ces 9 ! m m9ute  /ructure 
( _! psy*ic organs4 ,! class (          
siphonophora is also  v int]e/+ to !    
psy*ologi/4 ,9 ^! pretty1 free-swimm+   
organisms1 :i* come f ! hydrom$us we c  
obs]ve a d\ble  s\l3 ! p]sonal s\l ( !  
num]\s individualities :i* compose  !m1 
& ! common1 h>moni\sly act+ psy*e ( !   
entire colony4    ,,iv4 ,! n]ve-s\l     
7neuropsy*e73 f\r? /age ( phyletic      
psy*og5y4--,! psy*ic life ( all ! high] 
animals is conduct$1  z 9 man1 by means 
( a m or less complicat$ psy*ic         
app>atus4  ,?is app>atus is always      
compos$ ( ?ree *ief sections3 ! organs  
( s5se are responsible = ! v>i\s        
s5sations2 ! muscles  effect ! movem5ts2
 ! n]ves =m ! connection betwe5 !  two  
by means ( a special c5tral organ1 !    
bra9 or ganglion4 ,!  arrangem5t &      
action ( ?is psy*ic me*anism h be5      

frequ5tly  comp>$ ) ^? ( a telegraphic  
sy/em3 ! n]ves are ! wires1  ! bra9 !   
c5tral1 & ! s5se-organs subord9ate      
/ations4 ,!  motor n]ves conduct !      
comm&s ( ! w c5trifugally f !           
n]ve-c5tre to ! muscles1 by !           
contraction ( :i* !y produce  !         
movem5ts3 ! s5sitive n]ves transmit !   
v>i\s s5sations  c5tripetally--t is1 f !
 p]iph]al s5se-organs to !  bra91 & ?us 
r5d] an acc\nt ( ! impressions !y       
receive  f ! out] _w4 ,! ganglionic     
cells1 or psy*ic cells1 :i*  compose !  
c5tral n]v\s organ1 are ! mo/ p]fect (  
all organic  elem5ts2 !y n only conduct 
! comm]ce betwe5 ! muscles &  ! organs (
 s5se1 b !y also effect ! highe/        
p]=mances (  ! animal s\l1 ! =mation (  
ideas & ?\ghts1 & especially            
consci\sness4    ,! great progress (    
anatomy1 physiology1 hi/ology1 & ontog5y
 has  rec5tly add$ a weal? ( int]e/+    
discov]ies to our k (  ! me*anism ( !   
s\l4 ,if speculative philosophy         
assimilat$ only  ! mo/ important ( ^!   

significant results ( empirical biology1
  x w\ld h a v diff]5t "* f t x         
un=tunately  pres5ts4 ,z ,i h n space = 
an exhau/ive treatm5t ( !m "h1  ,i w    
conf9e myself to a relation ( ! *ief    
facts4    ,ea* ( ! high] animal species 
has a *>act]i/ic psy*ic organ2  ! c5tral
 n]v\s sy/em ( ea* has c]ta9            
peculi>ities ( %ape1  position1 &       
composition4 ,! m$us1 among ! radiat+   
cnid>ia1  h a r+ ( n]v\s matt] at !     
bord] ( ! fr+e1 g5]ally  provid$ ) f\r  
or eight ganglia4 ,! m\? ( ! five-ray$  
cnid>ion is girt ) a n]ve-r+1 f :i*     
proce$ five bran*es4  ,! bi-symmetrical 
platodes & ! v]malia h a v]tical  bra91 
or acroganglion1 compos$ ( two dorsal   
ganglia1 ly+ above  ! m\?2 f ^! upp]    
ganglia two bran* n]ves proce$ to !  sk9
 & ! muscles4 ,9 "s ( ! v]malia & 9 !   
mollusca a  pair ( v5tral l[] ganglia   
are add$1 :i* are connect$ )  ! =m] by a
 r+ r\nd ! gullet4 ,?is r+ is f\nd also 
9 !  articulata2 b 9 ^! x is cont9u$ on 
! belly side ( !  long body z a v5tral  

m$ulla1 a d\ble fibre l a rope-ladd]1   
:i* exp&s into a d\ble ganglion 9 ea*   
memb]4 ,! v]tebrates  h an entirely     
diff]5t =mation ( ! psy*ic organ2 !y h  
always a sp9al m$ulla develop$ at ! back
 ( ! body2 & f an  expansion ( its =e "p
 !re arises subsequ5tly ! *>act]i/ic    
vesicul> bra94#bj    ,al?\gh ! psy*ic   
organs ( ! high] species ( animals diff]
  v mat]ially 9 position1 =m1 &         
composition1 nev]!less  comp>ative      
anatomy is 9 a position to prove a      
common orig9 = mo/  ( !m--namely1 f !   
v]tical bra9 ( ! platodes & v]malia2  !y
 h all1 moreov]1 _h _! orig9 9 ! out]mo/
 lay] ( !  embryo1 ! ectod]m1 or out]   
sk9-lay]4 ,h5ce we f9d ! same  typical  
/ructure 9 all v>ieties ( ! c5tral n]v\s
 organ--a  comb9ation ( ganglionic      
cells1 or psy*ic cells 7! real active   
elem5t>y organs ( ! s\l71 & (           
n]ve-fibres1 :i* effect !  connection & 
transmission ( ! action4    ,! fir/ fact
 we meet 9 ! comp>ative psy*ology ( !   
v]tebrates1  & :i* %\ld be ! empirical  

/>t+-po9t ( all sci5tific  human        
psy*ology1 is ! *>act]i/ic /ructure ( ! 
c5tral  n]v\s sy/em4 ,?is c5tral psy*ic 
organ has a p>ticul> position1  %ape1 & 
texture 9 ! v]tebrate z x has 9 all !   
high]  species4 ,9 e case we f9d a sp9al
 m$ulla1 a /rong cyl9drical  n]v\s cord1
 :i* runs d[n ! middle ( ! back1 9 !    
upp]  "p ( ! v]tebral column 7or ! cord 
:i* repres5ts x74 ,9  e case a numb] (  
n]ves bran* (f f ?is m$ulla 9 regul>    
division1 "o pair to ea* segm5t or      
v]tebra4 ,9 e case ?is  m$ull>y cord    
arises 9 ! same way 9 ! foetus2 a f9e   
groove  appe>s 9 ! middle axis ( ! sk9  
at ! back2 !n ! p>allel  bord]s ( ?is   
m$ull>y groove are lift$ up a little1   
b5d ov]  t[>ds ea* o!r1 & =m into a k9d 
( tube4    ,! long dorsal cyl9drical    
m$ull>y tube :i* is ?us =m$ is  ?or\ghly
 *>act]i/ic ( ! v]tebrates2 x is always 
! same 9  ! e>ly embryonic sket* ( !    
organism1 & x is always ! *ief  feature 
( ! diff]5t k9ds ( psy*ic organ :i*     
evolve f x 9  "t4 ,only "o s+le gr\p (  

inv]tebrates has a simil> /ructure3  !  
r>e1 m>9e tunicata1 copelata1 ascidia1 &
 ?alidi4 ,^!  animals h o!r important   
peculi>ities ( /ructure 7especially  9 !
 *orda & ! gut7 :i* %[ a /rik+ div]g5ce 
f  ! o!r inv]tebrates & resemblance to !
 v]tebrates4 ,!  inf]5ce we draw is t   
bo? ^! gr\ps1 ! v]tebrates & !          
tunicates1 h aris5 f a common ance/ral  
gr\p ( ! v]malia1  ! pro*ordonia4#ba    
,/ill1 !re is a great diff]5ce betwe5  !
 two classes 9 ! fact t ! body ( !      
tunicate does n  articulate1 or =m      
memb]s1 & has a v simple organization   
7mo/  ( !m subsequ5tly atta* !mselves to
 ! bottom ( ! sea &  deg5]ate74 ,!      
v]tebrate1 on ! o!r h&1 is *>act]iz$  by
 an e>ly developm5t ( int]nal memb]s1 & 
! =mation (  pro-v]tebr 7v]tebratio74   
,?is prep>es ! way = ! mu* high]        
developm5t ( _! organism1 :i* f9ally    
atta9s p]fection 9 man4  ,?is is easily 
se5 9 ! f9] /ructure ( 8 sp9al cord1 & 9
  ! developm5t ( a numb] ( segm5tal     
pairs ( n]ves1 ! sp9al  n]ves1 :i*      

proce$ to ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! body4    ,!  
long ance/ral hi/ory ( our v]tebrate s\l
 comm5ces ) !  =mation ( ! mo/ rudim5t>y
 sp9al cord 9 ! e>lie/ acrania2  sl[ly &
 gradually1 ?r\gh a p]iod ( _m millions 
( ye>s1 x  conducts to t m>vell\s       
/ructure ( ! human bra9 :i* seems  to   
entitle ! highe/ primate =m to q an     
exceptional position  9 nature4 ,s9ce a 
cle> conception ( ?is sl[ & /eady       
progress  ( our phyletic psy*og5y is    
indisp5sable = a true psy*ology1 we  mu/
 divide t va/ p]iod into a numb] ( /ages
 or sections3 9  ea* ( !m ! p]fect+ ( ! 
/ructure ( ! n]v\s c5tre has  be5       
accompani$ by a correspond+ evolution ( 
its function1 !  psy*e4 ,i di/+ui% eight
 ( ^! p]iods 9 ! phylog5y (  ! sp9al    
cord1 :i* are *>act]iz$ by eight diff]5t
 gr\ps (  v]tebrates3 7#a7 ! acrania2   
7#b7 ! cyclo/omata2 7#c7 ! fi%es2 7#d7  
! amphibia2 7#e7 ! implac5tal mammals   
7monotremes & m>supials72  7#f7 ! e>li] 
plac5tal mammals1 especially ! prosimi2 
7#g7 !  y\ng] primates1 ! simi2 & 7#h7 !

 an?ropoid apes & man4    ,i4 ,fir/     
/age--! acrania3 _! only mod]n          
repres5tative is !  lancelot or         
amphioxus2 ! psy*ic organ rema9s a      
simple m$ull>y  tube1 & conta9s a       
regul>ly segm5t$ sp9al cord1 )\t bra94  
,,ii4 ,second /age--! cyclo/omata3 !    
olde/ gr\p ( ! craniota1  n[ only       
repres5t$ by ! petromyzontes &          
myx9oides3  ! =e-t]m9ation ( ! cord     
exp&s into a vesicle1 :i*  !n subdivides
 into five successive p>ts--!           
great-bra91  int]m$iate-bra91           
middle-bra91 little-bra91 & h9d-bra93 ^!
  five c]ebral vesicles =m ! common type
 f :i* ! bra9 ( all  craniota has       
evolv$1 f ! lamprey to man4    ,,iii4   
,?ird /age--! primitive fi%es 7sela*ii73
 simil> to !  mod]n %>k3 9 ^! olde/     
fi%es1 f :i* all ! gna?o/omata  desc5d1 
! m pron\nc$ division ( ! five c]ebral  
vesicles  sets 94    ,,iv4 ,f\r? /age--!
 amphibia4 ,^! e>lie/ l& animals1 mak+  
_! fir/ appe>ance 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod1
 repres5t !  comm5cem5t ( ! *>act]i/ic  

/ructure ( ! tetrapod &  a correspond+  
developm5t ( ! fi%-bra93 x advances /ill
  fur!r 9 _! ,p]mian successors1 !      
reptiles1 ! e>lie/  repres5tatives (    
:i*1 ! tocosauria1 are ! common ance/ors
 (  all ! amniota 7reptiles & birds on  
"o side1 mammals on ! o!r74             
,v4-,,viii4 ,fif? to ! eigh? /ages--!   
mammals4 ,i h exhau/ively  treat$1 &    
illu/rat$ ) a numb] ( plates1 9 my      
,an?ropog5y1  ! evolution ( our n]v\s   
sy/em & ! correlative "q ( !  developm5t
 ( ! s\l4 ,i h n[1 !re=e1 m]ely to ref] 
!  read] to t "w4 ,x only rema9s = me to
 add a few rem>ks on !  la/ & mo/       
int]e/+ class ( facts p]ta9+ to ?is--to 
!  evolution ( ! s\l & its organs )9 !  
limits ( ! class  mammalia4 ,9 do+ s1 ,i
 mu/ rem9d ! read] t ! monophyletic     
orig9 ( ?is class--t is1 ! desc5t ( all 
! mammals f  "o common ance/ral =m 7( ! 
,triassic p]iod7--is n[ fully  e/abli%$4
    ,! mo/ important consequ5ce ( !     
monophyletic orig9 ( !  mammals is !    
necessity ( d]iv+ ! human s\l f a long  

evolution>y s]ies ( o!r mammal s\ls4 ,a 
deep anatomical &  physiological gulf   
sep>at$ ! bra9 /ructure & ! dep5d5t     
psy*ic activity ( ! high] mammals f ^? (
 ! l[]3  ?is gulf1 h[ev]1 is completely 
bridg$ ov] by a long s]ies (  int]m$iate
 /ages4 ,! p]iod ( at lea/ f\rte5 7m ?an
 a  hundr$1 on o!r e/imates7 million    
ye>s1 :i* has elaps$ s9ce !  comm5cem5t 
( ! ,triassic p]iod1 is amply suffici5t 
to all[ ev5  ! greate/ psy*ological     
advance4 ,! foll[+ is a summ>y ( !      
results ( inve/igation 9 ?is qu>t]1 :i* 
has rec5tly be5 v  p5etrat+3    ,i4 ,!  
bra9 ( ! mammal is diff]5tiat$ f t ( !  
o!r  v]tebrates by c]ta9 features1 :i*  
are f\nd 9 all bran*es ( !  class2      
especially by a prepond]ant developm5t (
 ! fir/ & f\r?  vesicles1 ! c]ebrum &   
c]ebellum1 :ile ! ?ird vesicle1 !       
middle bra91 disappe>s altoge!r4        
,,ii4 ,! bra9 developm5t ( ! l[e/ &     
e>lie/ mammals 7!  monotremes1          
m>supials1 & pro*oriates7 is closely    
alli$ to  t ( _! palozoic ance/ors1 !   

,c>bonif]\s amphibia 7!  /egocephala7 & 
! ,p]mian reptiles 7! tocosauria74      
,,iii4 ,dur+ ! ,t]ti>y p]iod comm5ces ! 
typical developm5t (  ! c]ebrum1 :i*    
di/+ui%es ! y\ng] mammals s /rik+ly  f !
 old]4    ,,iv4 ,! special developm5t   
7quantitatively & qualitatively7 (  !   
c]ebrum :i* is s prom95t a feature 9    
man1 & :i* is !  root ( 8 pre-em95t     
psy*ic a*ievem5ts1 is only f\nd1 outside
  humanity1 9 a small section ( ! mo/   
highly develop$ mammals (  ! e>li]      
,t]ti>y epo*1 especially 9 ! an?ropoid  
apes4    ,v4 ,! diff]5ces ( bra9        
/ructure & psy*ic faculty :i*  sep>ate  
man f ! an?ropoid ape are slight] ?an ! 
correspond+  int]val betwe5 ! an?ropoid 
apes & ! l[] primates 7!  e>lie/ simi & 
prosimi74    ,,vi4 ,consequ5tly1 !      
hi/orical1 gradual evolution ( ! human  
s\l  f a long *a9 ( high] & l[] mammal  
s\ls mu/1 by application  ( ! univ]sally
 valid phyletic laws ( ! !ory ( desc5t1 
be  reg>d$ z a fact :i* has be5         
sci5tifically prov$4          ,,*apt] ,x

    ,,consci\sness        ,consci\sness 
z a ,natural ,ph5om5on--,its            
,def9ition--,difficulties      ( !      
,problem--,its ,relation to ! ,life ( ! 
,s\l--,our      ,human                  
,consci\sness--,v>i\s ,!ories3 ,i4      
,an?ropi/ic      ,!ory 7,desc>tes72     
,,ii4 ,neurological ,!ory 7,d>w972      
,,iii4 ,animal ,!ory 7,s*op5hau]72 ,,iv4
 ,biological ,!ory      7,fe*n]72 ,v4   
,cellul> ,!ory 7,fritz ,s*ultze72 ,,vi4 
,atomi/ic      ,!ory--,moni/ic &        
,duali/ic ,!ories--,transc5d5tal        
,"* ( ,consci\sness--,! ,ignorabimus    
,v]dict ( ,du                           
,bois-,reymond--,physiology (           
,consci\sness--,discov]y ( !            
,organs ( ,?\ght by                     
,fle*sig--,pa?ology--,d\ble &           
,int]mitt5t      ,consci\sness--,ontog5y
 ( ,consci\sness3 ,modifications at     
,diff]5t ,ages--,phylog5y (             
,consci\sness--,=mation ( ,concepts     
,no ph5om5on ( ! life ( ! s\l is s      
wond]ful & s v>i\sly  int]pret$ z       

consci\sness4 ,! mo/ contradictory views
 are curr5t  to-day1 z !y 7 two ?\s&    
ye>s ago1 n only ) reg>d to  ! nature ( 
?is psy*ic function & its relation to ! 
body1  b ev5 z to its diffusion 9 !     
organic _w & its orig9 &  developm5t4 ,x
 is m responsible ?an any o!r psy*ic    
faculty =  ! errone\s idea ( an         
immat]ial s\l & ! belief 9 p]sonal      
immortality2 _m ( ! grave/ errors t /ill
 dom9ate ev5  our mod]n civilization may
 be trac$ to x4 ,h5ce x is t ,i h       
entitl$ consci\sness ! c5tral my/]y (   
psy*ology2 x is  ! /rong citadel ( all  
my/ic & duali/ic errors1 be=e ^:        
ramp>ts ! be/-equipp$ ef=ts ( reason    
?reat5 to misc>ry4 ,?is  fact w\ld      
suffice ( itself to induce u to make a  
special critical  /udy ( consci\sness f 
our moni/ic po9t ( view4 ,we %all see  t
 consci\sness is simply a natural       
ph5om5on l any o!r  psy*ic quality1 & t 
x is subject to ! law ( sub/ance l  all 
o!r natural ph5om5a4    ,ev5 z to !     
elem5t>y idea ( consci\sness1 its       

cont5ts &  ext5sion1 ! views ( ! mo/    
di/+ui%$ philosoph]s &  sci5ti/s are    
widely div]g5t4 ,p]haps ! mean+ (       
consci\sness  is be/ conceiv$ z an      
int]nal p]ception1 & comp>$ ) !  action 
( a mirror4 ,z its two *ief dep>tm5ts we
 di/+ui%  objective & subjective        
consci\sness--consci\sness ( ! _w1  !   
non-ego1 & ( ! ego4 ,by f> ! great] "p (
 our consci\s  activity1 z ,s*op5hau]   
ju/ly rem>k$1 belongs to ! consci\sness 
( ! out] _w1 or ! non-ego3 ?is          
_w-consci\sness  embraces all possible  
ph5om5a ( ! out] _w :i* are 9 any  s5se 
accessible to our m9ds4 ,mu* m contract$
 is ! sph]e  ( self-consci\sness1 !     
int]nal mirror ( all our own psy*ic     
activity1 all our pres5tations1         
s5sations1 & volitions4    ,_m di/+ui%$ 
?9k]s1 especially on ! physiological    
side  7,wundt & ,zieh51 = in/ance7 take 
! ideas ( consci\sness &  psy*ic        
function to be id5tical--all psy*ic     
action is consci\s2  ! prov9ce ( psy*ic 
life1 !y say1 is coext5sive ) t  (      

consci\sness4 ,9 our op9ion1 su* a      
def9ition gives an undue  ext5sion to ! 
mean+ ( consci\sness1 & occasions _m    
errors & misund]/&+s4 ,we %>e1 r1 ! view
 ( o!r  philosoph]s 7,romanes1 ,fritz   
,s*ultze1 & ,pauls571 t ev5 our         
unconsci\s pres5tations1 s5sations1 &   
volitions p]ta9 to our  psy*ic life2    
inde$1 ! prov9ce ( ^! unconsci\s psy*ic 
actions  7reflex action1 & s =?7 is f> m
 ext5sive ?an t (  consci\sness4        
,moreov]1 ! two prov9ces are intimately 
connect$1  & are sep>at$ by no %>p l9e (
 dem>cation4 ,an unconsci\s  pres5tation
 may become consci\s at any mom5t2 let  
our att5tion be  )drawn f x by "s o!r   
object1 & =?) x disappe>s  f            
consci\sness once m4    ,! only s\rce ( 
our k ( consci\sness is t faculty       
itself2 t is ! *ief cause ( !           
extraord9>y difficulty (  subject+ x to 
sci5tific rese>*4 ,subject & object are 
"o &  ! same 9 x3 ! p]ceptive subject   
mirrors itself 9 its own  inn] nature1  
:i* is to be ! object ( our inquiry4    

,?us we c  nev] h a complete objective  
c]ta9ty ( ! consci\sness (  o!rs2 we c  
only proce$ by a comp>ison ( _! psy*ic  
condition  ) our own4 ,z long z ?is     
comp>ison is re/rict$ to normal  p we   
are ju/ifi$ 9 draw+ c]ta9 conclusions z 
to _!  consci\sness1 ! validity ( :i* is
 un*all5g$4 ,b :5 we pass  on to consid]
 abnormal individuals 7! g5ius1 !       
ecc5tric1 !  /upid1 or ! insane7 our    
conclusions f analogy are ei!r unsafe   
or entirely errone\s4 ,! same mu/ be    
said ) ev5 great] tru?  :5 we attempt to
 comp>e human consci\sness ) t ( !      
animals  7ev5 ! high]1 b especially !   
l[]74 ,9 t case su* grave  difficulties 
arise t ! views ( physiologi/s &        
philosoph]s  div]ge z widely z ! poles  
on ! subject4 ,we %all briefly  enum]ate
 ! mo/ important ( ^! views4    ,i4 ,!  
an?ropi/ic !ory ( consci\sness4--,x is  
peculi> to man4  ,to ,desc>tes we mu/   
trace ! widespread notion t consci\sness
  & ?\ght are man's exclusive           
pr]ogative1 & t he alone is  bless$ ) an

 immortal s\l4 ,?is fam\s ,fr5*         
philosoph] &  ma!matician 7educat$ 9 a  
,jesuit ,college7 e/abli%$ a rigid      
p>tition betwe5 ! psy*ic activity ( man 
& t ( ! brute4  ,9 8 op9ion ! human s\l1
 a ?9k+1 immat]ial be+1 is  completely  
sep>at$ f ! body1 :i* is ext5d$ &       
mat]ial4  ,yet x is unit$ to ! body at a
 c]ta9 po9t 9 ! bra9 7!  gl&ula p9ealis7
 = ! purpose ( receiv+ impressions f !  
out] _w & effect+ muscul> movem5ts4 ,!  
animals1 n be+  end[$ ) ?\ght1 h no s\l3
 !y are m]e automata1 or clev]ly        
con/ruct$ ma*9es1 ^: s5sations1         
pres5tations1 & volitions  are purely   
me*anical1 & take place accord+ to !    
ord9>y laws  ( physics4 ,h5ce ,desc>tes 
0 a duali/ 9 human psy*ology1 &  a moni/
 9 ! psy*ology ( ! brute4 ,?is op5      
contradiction 9  s cle> & acute a ?9k]  
is v /rik+2 9 expla9+ x1 x  is n        
unnatural to suppose t he conceal$ 8    
real op9ion1 &  left ! discov]y ( x to  
indep5d5t s*ol>s4 ,z a pupil ( !        
,jesuits1 ,desc>tes _h be5 taught to d5y

 ! tru? 9 ! face ( 8  bett] insight2 &  
p]haps he dread$ ! p[] & ! fires ( !    
,*ur*4 ,besides1 8 sceptical pr9ciple1 t
 e s9c]e ef=t to  atta9 ! tru? mu/ />t )
 a d\bt ( ! traditional dogma _h        
already drawn ^u him fanatical          
accusations ( scepticism & a!ism4  ,!   
great influ5ce :i* ,desc>tes _h on      
subsequ5t philosophy 0  v rem>kable1 &  
entirely 9 h>mony ) 8 book-keep+ by     
d\ble entry4 ,! mat]iali/s ( ! sev5te5? 
& eighte5?  c5turies appeal$ to !       
,c>tesian !ory ( ! animal s\l & its     
purely me*anical activity 9 support ( _!
 moni/ic psy*ology4 ,!  spirituali/s1 on
 ! o!r h&1 ass]t$ t _! dogma ( !        
immortality ( ! s\l & its indep5d5ce ( !
 body 0 firmly  e/abli%$ by ,desc>tes'  
!ory ( ! human s\l4 ,?is view is /ill   
preval5t 9 ! camp ( ! !ologians &       
duali/ic metaphysicians4  ,! sci5tific  
conception ( nature1 h[ev]1 :i* has be5 
built up  9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 has1 ) !  
aid ( empirical progress1 9             
physiological & comp>ative psy*ology1   

completely falsifi$ x4    ,,ii4         
,neurological !ory ( consci\sness4--,x  
is pres5t only  9 man & ^? high] animals
 :i* h a c5traliz$ n]v\s  sy/em & organs
 ( s5se4 ,! conviction t a l>ge numb] ( 
animals--at lea/ ! high] mammals--are n 
less end[$ ?an man  ) a ?9k+ s\l &      
consci\sness prevails 9 mod]n zoology1  
exact physiology1 & ! moni/ic psy*ology4
 ,! imm5se progress we  h made 9 ! v>i\s
 bran*es ( biology has contribut$ to br+
  ab\t a recognition ( ?is important    
tru?4 ,we conf9e ourselves =  ! pres5t  
to ! high] v]tebrates1 & especially !   
mammals4  ,t ^! mo/ intellig5t specim5s 
( ^! highly develop$  v]tebrates--apes &
 dogs1 9 p>ticul>--h a /rong resemblance
 to  man 9 _! :ole psy*ic life has be5  
recogniz$ & speculat$ on  = ?\s&s (     
ye>s4 ,_! faculty ( pres5tation &       
s5sation1  ( feel+ & desire1 is s l t ( 
man t we ne$ adduce no  pro( ( our !sis4
 ,b ev5 ! high] associational activity (
  ! bra91 ! =mation ( judgm5ts & _!     
connection into *a9s  ( reason+1 ?\ght1 

& consci\sness 9 ! n>r[] s5se1 are      
develop$ 9 !m aft] ! same fa%ion z 9    
man3 !y diff] only 9  degree1 n 9 k9d4  
,moreov]1 we le>n f comp>ative anatomy &
  hi/ology t ! intricate /ructure ( !   
bra9 7bo? 9 g5]al  & 9 detail7 is       
sub/antially ! same 9 ! mammals z x is 9
  man4 ,! same lesson is en=c$ by       
comp>ative ontog5y ) reg>d  to ! orig9 (
 ^! psy*ic organs4 ,comp>ative          
physiology tea*es  u t ! v>i\s /ates (  
consci\sness are j ! same 9 ^!  highe/  
plac5tals z 9 man2 & we le>n by exp]im5t
 t !re  is ! same reaction to ext]nal   
/imuli4 ,! high] animals c be  n>cotiz$ 
by alcohol1 *lor(orm1 e!r1 etc41 & may  
be hypnotiz$  by ! usual me?ods1 j z 9 !
 case ( man4    ,x is1 h[ev]1 impossible
 to det]m9e ma!matically at :at /age  ( 
animal life consci\sness is to be fir/  
recogniz$ z su*4 ,"s  zoologi/s draw !  
l9e v high 9 ! scale1 o!rs v l[4  ,d>w91
 :o mo/ accurately di/+ui%es ! v>i\s    
/ages (  consci\sness1 intellig5ce1 &   
emotion 9 ! high] animals1 &  expla9s !m

 by progressive evolution1 po9ts out h[ 
difficult1  or ev5 impossible1 x is to  
det]m9e ! fir/ beg9n+ ( ?is  supreme    
psy*ic faculty 9 ! l[] animals4         
,p]sonally1 out ( !  _m contradictory   
!ories1 ,i take t to be mo/ probable :i*
  holds ! c5tralization ( ! n]v\s sy/em 
to be a condition (  consci\sness2 & t  
is want+ 9 ! l[] classes ( animals4 ,!  
pres5ce ( a c5tral n]v\s organ1 ( highly
 develop$ s5se-organs1  & an elaborate  
association ( gr\ps ( pres5tations1 seem
 to me to  be requir$ be=e ! unity (    
consci\sness is possible4    ,,iii4     
,animal !ory ( consci\sness4--,all      
animals1 & !y alone1  h consci\sness4   
,?is !ory w\ld draw a %>p di/9ction     
betwe5  ! psy*ic life ( ! animal & ( !  
plant4 ,su* a di/9ction  0 urg$ by _m ( 
! old] writ]s1 & 0 cle>ly =mulat$  by   
,l9n 9 8 celebrat$ ,sy/ema ,naturae2 !  
two great k+doms  ( ! organic _w are1 9 
8 op9ion1 divid$ by ! fact t  animals h 
s5sation & consci\sness1 & ! plants are 
devoid  ( !m4 ,lat] on ,s*op5hau] laid  

/ress on ! same di/9ction3              
,consci\sness is only kn[n to u z a     
feature ( animal nature4  ,ev5 ?\gh x   
ext5d upw>ds ?r\gh ! :ole animal k+dom1 
ev5  to man & 8 reason1 ! unconsci\sness
 ( ! plant1 f :i*  x />t$1 rema9s z !   
basic feature4 ,9 ! l[e/ animals we  h b
 ! dawn ( x4 ,! inaccuracy ( ?is view 0 
obvi\s by  ab\t ! middle ( ! pres5t     
c5tury1 :5 a deep] /udy 0 made  ( !     
psy*ic activity ( ! l[] animal =ms1     
especially !  coel5t]ates 7sponges &    
cnid>ia73 !y are und\bt$ly animals1  yet
 !re is no m trace ( a def9ite          
consci\sness 9 !m ?an 9  mo/ ( ! plants4
 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! two k+doms 0 /ill
  fur!r oblit]at$ :5 m c>eful rese>* 0  
made into _!  unicellul> =ms4 ,!re is no
 psy*ological diff]5ce betwe5 !         
plasmophag\s protozoa & ! plasmodom\s   
protophyta1 ev5 9 respect  ( _!         
consci\sness4    ,,iv4 ,biological !ory 
( consci\sness4--,x is f\nd 9 all       
organisms1 animal or vegetal1 b n 9     
lifeless bodies 7su* z  cry/als74 ,?is  

op9ion is usually associat$ ) ! idea t  
all  organisms 7z di/+ui%$ f inorganic  
sub/ances7 h s\ls3  ! ?ree ideas--life1 
s\l1 & consci\sness--are !n tak5 to be  
coext5sive4 ,ano!r modification ( ?is   
view holds t1 ?\gh  ^! fundam5tal       
ph5om5a ( organic life are insep>ably   
connect$1  yet consci\sness is only a "p
 ( ! activity ( ! s\l1 & (  ! vital     
activity4 ,fe*n]1 9 p>ticul>1 has       
endeavor$ to prove  t ! plant has a s\l1
 9 ! same s5se z an animal is said  to h
 "o2 & _m cr$it ! vegetal s\l ) a       
consci\sness  simil> to t ( ! animal    
s\l4 ,9 tru?1 ! rem>kable /imulat$      
movem5ts ( ! leaves ( ! s5sitive plants 
7! mimosa1 dros]a1  & diona71 !         
automatic movem5ts ( o!r plants 7! clov]
  & wood-sorrel1 & especially !         
h$ys>um71 ! movem5ts (  ! sleep+ plants 
7p>ticul>ly ! papilionacea71 etc41 are  
/rik+ly simil> to ! movem5ts ( ! l[]    
animal =ms3 :oev]  ascribes consci\sness
 to ! latt] _c refuse x to su* vegetal  
=ms4    ,v4 ,cellul> !ory (             

consci\sness4--,x is a vital prop]ty ( e
  cell4 ,! application ( ! cellul> !ory 
to e bran* ( biology  involv$ its       
ext5sion to psy*ology4 ,j z we take !   
liv+ cell  to be ! elem5t>y organism 9  
anatomy & physiology1 & d]ive  ! :ole   
sy/em ( ! multicellul> animal or plant f
 x1 s1 )  equal "r1 we may consid] !    
cell-s\l to be ! psy*ological  unit1 & !
 complex psy*ic activity ( ! high]      
organism to be  ! result ( ! comb9ation 
( ! psy*ic activity ( ! cells  :i*      
compose x4 ,i gave ! outl9es ( ?is      
cellul> psy*ology  9 my ,g5]al          
,morphology 9 #ahff1 & ent]$ m fully    
into !  subject 9 my pap] on ,cell-,s\ls
 & ,s\l-,cells4 ,i 0 l$ to a  deep] /udy
 ( ?is elem5t>y psy*ology by my         
protract$ rese>*  into ! unicellul> =ms 
( life4 ,_m ( ^! t9y 7g5]ally           
microscopic7 proti/s %[ simil>          
expressions ( s5sation & w1  & simil>   
in/9cts & movem5ts1 to ^? ( high]       
animals2 t  is especially true ( ! v    
s5sitive & lively infusoria4 ,9 !       

relation ( ^! s5sitive cell-organisms to
 _! environm5t1 & 9  _m o!r ( _! vital  
expressions 7= in/ance1 9 ! wond]ful    
ar*itecture ( ! rhizopods1 ! ?alamophor1
 & ! infusoria71  we seem$ to h cle>    
indications ( consci\s psy*ic action4   
,if1  !n1 we accept ! biological !ory ( 
consci\sness 7,no4 ,,iv471 &  cr$it e   
psy*ic function ) a %>e ( t faculty1 we 
%all be  compell$ to ascribe x to ea*   
indep5d5t proti/ cell4 ,9 t case  its   
mat]ial basis w\ld be ei!r ! entire     
protoplasm ( ! cell1  or its nucleus1 or
 a portion ( x4 ,9 ! psy*ade !ory (     
,fritz  ,s*ultze ! elem5t>y consci\sness
 ( ! psy*ade w\ld h  ! same relation to 
! individual cells z p]sonal            
consci\sness  has to ! multicellul>     
organism ( ! p]sonality 9 ! high]       
animals & man4 ,x is impossible         
def9itively to disprove ?is !ory1  :i*  
,i held at "o "t4 ,/ill1 ,i n[ feel     
compell$ to agree )  ,max ,v]worn1 9 8  
belief t none ( ! proti/s h a develop$  
self-consci\sness1 b t _! s5sations &   

movem5ts are ( an  unconsci\s "*4       
,,vi4 ,atomi/ic !ory ( consci\sness4--,x
 is an elem5t>y prop]ty  ( all atoms4   
,?is atomi/ic hypo!sis goes fur!/ ( all 
!  diff]5t views z to ! ext5sion (      
consci\sness4 ,x c]ta9ly  escapes !     
difficulty :i* s _m philosoph]s &       
biologi/s  exp]i5ce 9 solv+ ! problem ( 
! fir/ orig9 ( consci\sness4  ,x is a   
ph5om5on ( s peculi> a "* t a d]ivation 
(  x f o!r psy*ic functions seems       
extremely haz>d\s4 ,x seem$1  !re=e1 !  
easie/ way out ( ! difficulty to        
conceive x z an  inh]5t prop]ty ( all   
matt]1 l gravitation or *emical aff9ity4
  ,on t hypo!sis !re w\ld be z _m =ms ( 
?is orig9al  consci\sness z !re are     
*emical elem5ts2 ea* atom ( hydrog5     
w\ld h its hydrog5ic consci\sness1 ea*  
atom ( c>bon its  c>bonic consci\sness1 
& s =?4 ,!re are philosoph]s1 ev51 :o   
ascribe consci\sness to ! f\r elem5ts ( 
,emp$ocles1 ! union (  :i*1 by love &   
hate1 produces ! totality ( ?+s4        
,p]sonally1 ,i h nev] subscrib$ to ?is  

hypo!sis ( atomic  consci\sness4 ,i     
emphasize ! po9t because ,emil du       
,bois-,reymond  has attribut$ x to me4  
,9 ! controv]sy ,i _h ) him 7#ahhj7 he  
viol5tly attack$ my p]nici\s & false    
philosophy1 & cont5d$  t ,i _h1 9 my    
pap] on ,! ,p]ig5esis ( ! ,pla/idule1   
laid  x d[n z a metaphysical axiom t e  
atom has its individual  consci\sness4  
,on ! contr>y1 ,i explicitly /at$ t ,i  
conceive  ! elem5t>y psy*ic qualities ( 
s5sation & w1 :i* may  be attribut$ to  
atoms1 to be unconsci\s--j z unconsci\s 
z  ! elem5t>y memory :i* ,i1 9 company )
 t di/+ui%$  physiologi/1 ,ewald ,h]+1  
consid] to be a common function (  all  
organiz$ matt]--or1 m correctly1 liv+   
sub/ance4 ,du  ,bois-,reymond curi\sly  
confuses s\l & consci\sness2 :e!r  f    
ov]sight or n ,i _c say4 ,s9ce he       
consid]s consci\sness  to be a          
transc5d5tal ph5om5on 7z we %all see    
pres5tly71 :ile  d5y+ t "* to o!r psy*ic
 functions--! action ( !  s5ses1 =      
example--,i mu/ inf] t he recognizes !  

diff]5ce  ( ! two ideas4 ,o!r p>ts ( 8  
eloqu5t spee*es conta9 q  ! opposite    
view1 = ! fam\s orator n infrequ5tly    
contradicts  himself on important       
que/ions ( pr9ciple4 ,h[ev]1 ,i repeat  
t1 9  my op9ion1 consci\sness is only "p
 ( ! psy*ic ph5om5a :i*  we f9d 9 man & 
! high] animals2 ! great majority ( !m  
are  unconsci\s4    ,h[ev] div]g5t are !
 diff]5t views z to ! nature &  orig9 ( 
consci\sness1 !y may1 nev]!less1 on a   
cle> &  logical exam9ation1 all be r$uc$
 to two fundam5tal !ories--!            
transc5d5tal 7or duali/ic7 & !          
physiological 7or moni/ic74  ,i h myself
 always held ! latt] view1 9 ! light (  
my  evolution>y pr9ciples1 & x is n[ %>$
 by a great numb] (  di/+ui%$ sci5ti/s1 
?\gh x is by no means g5]ally accept$4  
,! transc5d5tal !ory is ! old] & mu* m  
common2 x  has rec5tly come once m into 
prom95ce1 pr9cipally ?r\gh  ,du         
,bois-,reymond1 & x has acquir$ a great 
importance 9 mod]n  discussions ( cosmic
 problems ?r\gh 8 fam\s ,ignorabimus    

spee*4  ,on acc\nt ( ! extreme          
importance ( ?is fundam5tal "q we  mu/  
t\* briefly on its ma9 features4    ,9 !
 celebrat$ disc\rse on ,! ,limits (     
,natural ,sci5ce1  :i* ,e4 du           
,bois-,reymond gave on ,augu/ #ad1      
#ahgb1 at ! ,sci5tific  ,congress at    
,leipzig1 he spoke ( two absolute limits
 to our possible  k ( nature :i* ! human
 m9d w nev] transc5d 9 its  mo/ advanc$ 
sci5ce--nev]1 z ! (t-quot$ t]m9ation ( !
  address1 ,ignorabimus1 emphatically   
pron\nces4 ,! fir/ absolutely  insoluble
 _w-enigma is ! connection ( matt] &    
=ce1 &  ! di/9ctive "* ( ^! fundam5tal  
natural ph5om5a2 we  %all g m fully into
 ?is problem ( sub/ance 9 ! twelf?      
*apt]4 ,! second insup]able difficulty (
 philosophy is giv5 z  ! problem (      
consci\sness--! "q h[ our m5tal activity
  is to be expla9$ by mat]ial           
conditions1 especially movem5ts1 h[     
sub/ance ! sub/ance :i* und]lies matt] &
 =ce comes1  "u c]ta9 conditions1 to    
feel1 to desire1 & to ?9k4    ,=        

brevity1 & 9 ord] to give a *>act]i/ic  
"n to ! ,leipzig  disc\rse1 ,i h call$ x
 ! ,ignorabimus spee*2 ?is is !  m      
p]missible1 z ,e4 du ,bois-,reymond     
himself1 ) a j pride1  eight ye>s       
aft]w>ds1 speak+ ( ! extraord9>y        
consequ5ces  ( 8 disc\rse1 said3        
,criticism s\nd$ e possible note1 f     
fri5dly praise to ! sev]e/ c5sure1 & !  
^w ',ignorabimus1'  :i* 0 ! culm9ation (
 my inquiry1 0 at once trans=m$ into a  
k9d ( sci5tific %ibbole?4 ,x is q true t
 l\d praise &  approbation res\nd$ 9 !  
halls ( ! duali/ic & spirituali/ic      
philosophy1 & especially 9 ! camp ( !   
,*ur* militant2 ev5  ! spiriti/s & ! ho/
 ( believ]s1 :o ?\ght ! immortality  (  
_! preci\s s\ls 0 sav$ by !             
,ignorabimus1 jo9$ 9 !  *orus4 ,! sev]e/
 c5sure came at fir/ only f a few       
sci5ti/s  & philosoph]s--f ! few :o _h  
suffici5t sci5tific k  & moral c\rage to
 oppose ! dogmatism ( ! all-p[]ful      
secret>y  & dictator ( ! ,b]l9 ,academy 
( ,sci5ce4    ,t[>ds ! end1 h[ev]1 !    

au?or ( ! ,ignorabimus spee* briefly    
allud$ to ! "q :e!r ^! two great        
_w-enigmas1 !  g5]al problem ( sub/ance 
& ! special problem ( consci\sness1  are
 n two aspects ( "o & ! same problem4   
,?is idea1 he said1  is c]ta9ly !       
simple/1 & pref]able to ! "o :i* makes !
  _w d\bly incompreh5sible4 ,su*1 h[ev]1
 is ! nature ( ?+s  t ev5 "h we c obta9 
no cle> k1 & x is useless to  speak     
fur!r ( ! "q4 ,! latt] s5tim5t ,i h     
always  /\tly conte/$1 & h endeavor$ to 
prove t ! two great  que/ions are n two 
di/9ct problems4 ,! neurological problem
  ( consci\sness is b a p>ticul> aspect 
( ! all-p]vad+  cosmological problem (  
sub/ance4    ,! peculi> ph5om5on (      
consci\sness is n1 z ,du ,bois-,reymond 
& ! duali/ic s*ool w\ld h u believe1 a  
completely  transc5d5tal problem2 x is1 
z ,i %[$ ?irty-?ree ye>s ago1  a        
physiological problem1 &1 z su*1 mu/ be 
r$uc$ to !  ph5om5a ( physics & *emi/ry4
 ,i subsequ5tly gave x ! m  def9ite     
title ( a neurological problem1 z ,i %>e

 ! view t  true consci\sness 7?\ght &   
reason7 is only pres5t 9 ^? high]       
animals :i* h a c5traliz$ n]v\s sy/em & 
organs ( s5se  ( a c]ta9 degree (       
developm5t4 ,^? conditions are c]ta9ly  
f\nd 9 ! high] v]tebrates1 especially 9 
! plac5tal mammals1  ! class f :i* man  
has sprung4 ,! consci\sness ( ! highe/  
apes1 dogs1 elephants1 etc41 diff]s f t 
( man 9 degree only1  n 9 k9d1 & !      
graduat$ int]val betwe5 ! consci\sness (
  ^! rational plac5tals & t ( ! l[e/    
races ( m5 7!  ,v$dahs1 etc47 is less   
?an ! correspond+ int]val betwe5 ^!     
unciviliz$ races & ! highe/ specim5s (  
?\ghtful humanity  7,sp9oza1 ,goe!1     
,lam>ck1 ,d>w91 etc474 ,consci\sness is 
b a "p  ( ! high] activity ( ! s\l1 & z 
su* x is dep5d5t on !  normal /ructure (
 ! correspond+ psy*ic organ1 ! bra94    
,physiological obs]vation & exp]im5t    
det]m9$ tw5ty ye>s ago  t ! p>ticul>    
portion ( ! mammal-bra9 :i* we call !   
seat 7pref]ably ! organ7 ( consci\sness 
is a "p ( !  c]ebrum1 an area 9 !       

late-develop$ gray b$1 or cortex1 :i*   
is evolv$ out ( ! convex dorsal portion 
( ! prim>y c]ebral  vesicle1 ! =e-bra94 
,n[1 ! morphological pro( ( ?is         
physiological !sis has be5 successfully 
giv5 by ! rem>kable  progress ( !       
microscopic anatomy ( ! bra91 :i* we owe
 to !  p]fect me?ods ( rese>* ( mod]n   
sci5ce 7,kllik]1 ,fle*sig1  ,golgi1     
,ed+]1 ,weig]t1 & o!rs74    ,! mo/      
important developm5t is ! discov]y ( !  
organs (  ?\ght by ,paul ,fle*sig1 (    
,leipzig2 he prov$ t 9 ! gray b$  ( !   
bra9 are f\nd ! f\r seats ( ! c5tral    
s5se-organs1  or f\r inn] sph]es (      
s5sation--! sph]e ( t\* 9 !  v]tical    
lobe1 ! sph]e ( smell 9 ! frontal lobe1 
! sph]e  ( sight 9 ! occipital lobe1 & !
 sph]e ( he>+ 9 !  temporal lobe4       
,betwe5 ^! f\r s5se-c5tres lie ! f\r    
great  ?\ght-c5tres1 or c5tres (        
association1 ! real organs (  m5tal     
life2 !y are ^? highe/ in/rum5ts (      
psy*ic activity  t produce ?\ght &      
consci\sness4 ,9 front we h ! frontal   

bra9 or c5tre ( association2 beh9d1 on  
top !re is ! v]tical  bra91 or p>ietal  
c5tre ( association1 & und]nea? !       
pr9cipal  bra91 or ! great              
occipito-temporal c5tre ( association 7!
  mo/ important ( all72 l[] d[n1 &      
int]nally1 ! insul> bra9  or ! insula ( 
,reil1 ! insul> c5tre ( association4 ,^!
 f\r  ?\ght-c5tres1 di/+ui%$ f !        
int]m$iate s5se-c5tres  by a peculi> &  
elaborate n]ve-/ructure1 are ! true &   
sole  organs ( ?\ght & consci\sness4    
,fle*sig has rec5tly po9t$ out  t1 9 !  
case ( man1 v specific /ructures are    
f\nd 9 "o  "p ( !m2 ^! /ructures are    
want+ 9 ! o!r mammals1 &  !y1 !re=e1    
af=d an explanation ( ! sup]iority (    
man's  m5tal p[]s4    ,! mom5t\s        
ann\ncem5t ( mod]n physiology1 t !      
c]ebrum is  ! organ ( consci\sness &    
m5tal action 9 man & ! high]  mammals1  
is illu/rat$ & confirm$ by ! pa?ological
 /udy (  its diseases4 ,:5 p>ts ( !     
cortex are de/roy$ by disease _!        
respective functions are affect$1 & ?us 

we are enabl$1 to "s  ext5t1 to localize
 ! activities ( ! bra92 :5 c]ta9 p>ts  (
 ! area are diseas$1 t portion ( ?\ght &
 consci\sness  disappe>s :i* dep5ds on  
^? p>ticul> sections4 ,pa?ological      
exp]im5t yields ! same result2 ! decay (
 "s kn[n area 7=  in/ance1 ! c5tre (    
spee*7 ext+ui%es its function 7spee*74  
,9 fact1 !re is pro( en\gh 9 ! mo/      
famili> ph5om5a (  consci\sness ( _!    
complete dep5d5ce on *emical *anges 9  !
 sub/ance ( ! bra94 ,_m bev]ages 7su* z 
c(fee &  tea7 /imulate our p[]s ( ?\ght2
 o!rs 7su* z w9e &  be]7 int5sify feel+2
 musk & camphor reanimate ! fa9t+       
consci\sness2 e!r & *lor(orm dead5 x1 & 
s =?4 ,h[  w\ld t be possible if        
consci\sness 7 an immat]ial entity1     
indep5d5t ( ^! anatomical organs8 ,& :at
 becomes ( !  consci\sness ( ! immortal 
s\l :5 x no long] has ! use (  ^!       
organs8    ,^! & o!r famili> facts prove
 t man's consci\sness--&  t ( ! ne>e/   
mammals--is *angeable1 & t its activity 
is always op5 to modification f inn]    

7alim5tation1 circulation1  etc47 & out]
 causes 7lesion ( ! bra91 /imulation1   
etc474  ,v in/ructive1 too1 are ! facts 
( d\ble & int]mitt5t  consci\sness1 :i* 
rem9d u ( alt]nate g5]ations (          
pres5tations4 ,! same individual has an 
entirely diff]5t  consci\sness on       
diff]5t days1 ) a *ange ( circum/ances2 
he  does n "k to-day :at he did ye/]day3
 ye/]day he c\ld say1 ,i  am ,i2 to-day 
he mu/ say1 ,i am ano!r be+4 ,su*       
int]mitt5ce (  consci\sness may la/ n   
only days1 b mon?s1 & ev5 ye>s2 !  *ange
 may ev5 become p]man5t4    ,z ev]ybody 
kn[s1 ! new-born infant has no          
consci\sness4 ,prey]  has %[n t x is    
only develop$ aft] ! *ild has begun to  
speak2 = a long "t x speaks ( itself 9 !
 ?ird p]son4  ,9 ! important mom5t :5 x 
fir/ pron\nces ! ^w ,i1  :5 ! feel+ (   
self becomes cle>1 we h ! beg9n+ (      
self-consci\sness1 & ( ! anti!sis to !  
non-ego4 ,! rapid  & solid progress 9 k 
:i* ! *ild makes 9 its fir/  t5 ye>s1 "u
 ! c>e ( p>5ts & tea*]s1 & ! sl[]       

progress ( ! second decade1 until x     
rea*es complete maturity (  m9d1 are    
intimately connect$ ) a great advancem5t
 9 ! gr[?  & developm5t ( consci\sness &
 ( its organ1 ! bra94 ,b ev5  :5 ! pupil
 has got 8 c]tificate ( maturity 8      
consci\sness  is /ill f> f mature2 x is 
!n t 8 _w-consci\sness  fir/ beg9s to   
develop1 9 8 manifold relations ) ! out]
  _w4 ,!n1 9 ! ?ird decade1 we h ! full 
maturity ( rational  ?\ght &            
consci\sness1 :i*1 9 cases ( normal     
developm5t1 yield  _! ripe fruits dur+ !
 next ?ree decades4 ,! sl[1 gradual     
deg5]ation ( ! high] m5tal p[]s1 :i*    
*>act]izes s5ility1  usually sets 9 at !
 comm5cem5t ( ! sev5? decade--sometimes 
e>li]1 sometimes lat]4 ,memory1         
receptiv5ess1 & int]e/ 9  p>ticul>      
objects gradually decay2 ?\gh           
productivity1 mature  consci\sness1 &   
philosophic int]e/ 9 g5]al tru?s (t5    
rema9  = _m ye>s long]4    ,! individual
 developm5t ( consci\sness 9 e>li] y\?  
proves !  univ]sal validity ( !         

biog5etic law2 &1 inde$1 x is /ill      
recognizable 9 _m ways dur+ ! lat] ye>s4
 ,9 any case1 !  ontog5esis (           
consci\sness makes x p]fectly cle> t x  
is n  an immat]ial entity1 b a          
physiological function ( ! bra91 &  t x 
is1 consequ5tly1 no exception to ! g5]al
 law ( sub/ance4    ,f ! fact t         
consci\sness1 l all o!r psy*ic          
functions1  is dep5d5t on ! normal      
developm5t ( c]ta9 organs1 & t  x       
gradually unfolds 9 ! *ild 9 proportion 
to ! developm5t  ( ^? organs1 we may    
already conclude t x has aris5 9 !      
animal k+dom by a gradual hi/orical     
developm5t4 ,/ill1 h[ev]  c]ta9 we are (
 ! fact ( ?is natural evolution (       
consci\sness1  we are1 un=tunately1 n   
yet 9 a position to ent] m deeply  into 
! "q & con/ruct special hypo!ses 9      
elucidation  ( x4 ,palontology1 x is    
true1 gives u a few facts :i* are n  )\t
 significance4 ,= in/ance1 !            
quantitative & qualitative  developm5t (
 ! bra9 ( ! plac5tal mammals dur+ !     

,t]ti>y  p]iod is v rem>kable4 ,! cavity
 ( _m ( ! fossil skulls (  ! p]iod has  
be5 c>efully exam9$1 & has giv5 u a good
 deal (  reliable in=mation z to ! size1
 &1 to "s ext5t1 z to !  /ructure1 ( !  
bra9 !y enclos$4 ,we f9d1 )9 ! limits ( 
"o & ! same gr\p 7! ungulates1 ! rod5ts1
 or ! primates71 a  m>k$ advance 9 !    
lat] mioc5e & plioc5e specim5s z comp>$ 
) ! e>li] eoc5e & oligoc5e              
repres5tatives ( ! same /em2  9 ! =m] ! 
bra9 79 proportion to ! size ( !        
organism7 is  six to eight times z l>ge 
z 9 ! latt]4    ,moreov]1 t highe/ /age 
( consci\sness1 :i* is rea*$ by man     
alone1 has be5 evolv$ /ep by /ep--ev5 by
 ! v progress (  civilization--f a l[]  
condition1 z we f9d illu/rat$ to-day 9  
! case ( unciviliz$ races4 ,t is easily 
prov$ by a comp>ison  ( _! languages1   
:i* is closely connect$ ) ! comp>ison ( 
_! ideas4 ,! high] ! conceptual faculty 
advances 9 ?\ghtful  civiliz$ man1 ! m  
qualifi$ he is to detect common features
 amid  a multitude ( details1 & embody  

!m 9 g5]al concepts1 & s  mu* ! cle>] & 
deep] does 8 consci\sness become4       
,,*apt] ,,xi    ,,! ,,immortality ,,(   
,,! ,,s\l        ,! ,citadel (          
,sup]/ition--,a?anatism &               
,?anatism--,individual      ,"* (       
,dea?--,immortality ( ! ,unicellul>     
,organisms      7,proti/s7--,cosmic &   
,p]sonal ,immortality--,prim>y ,?anatism
 7(      ,unciviliz$                    
,peoples7--,second>y ,?anatism 7(       
,anci5t & ,rec5t                        
,philosoph]s7--,a?anatism &             
,religion--,orig9 ( ! ,belief      9    
,immortality--,*ri/ian                  
,a?anatism--,et]nal ,life--,! ,day (    
,judgm5t--,metaphysical                 
,a?anatism--,sub/ance ( ! ,s\l--,e!r    
,s\ls & ,air ,s\ls2 ,fluid ,s\ls &      
,solid ,s\ls--,immortality (      !     
,animal ,s\l--,argum5ts = & ,aga9/      
,a?anatism--,a?anati/      ,illusions   
,:5 we turn f ! g5etic /udy ( ! s\l to !
 great "q  ( its immortality1 we come to
 t highe/ po9t ( sup]/ition :i*  is     

reg>d$ z ! impregnable citadel ( all    
my/ical & duali/ic  notions4 ,= 9 ?is   
crucial "q1 m ?an 9 any o!r problem1    
philosophic ?\ght is complicat$ by !    
selfi% int]e/ ( ! human  p]sonality1 :o 
is det]m9$ to h a gu>antee ( 8 exi/5ce  
beyond ! grave at any price4 ,?is high] 
necessity ( feel+ is  s p[]ful t x      
sweeps aside all ! logical argum5ts (   
critical  reason4 ,consci\sly or        
unconsci\sly1 mo/ m5 are influ5c$ 9 all 
_! g5]al views1 &1 !re=e1 9 _! !ory (   
life1 by !  dogma ( p]sonal immortality2
 & to ?is !oretical error mu/ be  add$  
practical consequ5ces ( ! mo/ f>-rea*+  
"*4 ,x is  our task1 !re=e1 to submit e 
aspect ( ?is important dogma to  a      
critical exam9ation1 & to prove its     
unt5ability 9 ! light (  ! empirical    
data ( mod]n biology4    ,9 ord] to h a 
%ort & conv5i5t expression = ! two      
oppos$  op9ions on ! "q1 we %all call ! 
belief 9 man's p]sonal  immortality     
a?anatism 7f a?anes or a?anatos         
immortal74  ,on ! o!r h&1 we give ! "n (

 ?anatism 7f ?anatos   dea?7 to ! op9ion
 :i* holds t at a man's dea? n only  all
 ! o!r physiological functions are      
arre/$1 b 8 s\l  also disappe>s--t is1 t
 sum ( c]ebral functions :i* psy*ic     
dualism reg>ds z a peculi> entity1      
indep5d5t ( ! o!r vital  processes 9 !  
liv+ body4    ,9 approa*+ ?is           
physiological problem ( dea? we mu/ po9t
 out  ! individual "* ( ?is organic     
ph5om5on4 ,by dea? we  und]/& simply !  
def9itive cessation ( ! vital activity (
  ! individual organism1 no matt] to :i*
 category or /age (  individuality !    
organism 9 "q belongs4 ,man is dead :5 8
  own p]sonality ceases to exi/1 :e!r he
 has left (fspr+ t  !y may cont9ue to   
propagate = _m g5]ations or n4 ,9 a     
c]ta9 s5se we (t5 say t ! m9ds ( great  
m5 79 a dyna/y  ( em95t rul]s1 =        
in/ance1 or a family ( tal5t$ arti/s7   
live  = _m g5]ations2 & 9 ! same way we 
speak ( ! s\l (  a noble woman liv+ 9 h]
 *ildr5 & *ildr5's *ildr54 ,b 9  ^!     
cases we are deal+ ) intricate ph5om5a (

 h]$ity1  9 :i* a microscopic cell 7!   
sp]m-cell ( ! fa!r or !  egg-cell ( !   
"m7 transmits c]ta9 features to (fspr+4 
,!  p>ticul> p]sonalities :o produce ^? 
sexual cells 9 ?\s&s  are mortal be+s1 &
 at _! dea? _! p]sonal psy*ic activity  
is ext+ui%$ l e o!r physiological       
function4    ,a numb] ( em95t           
zoologi/s--,weismann be+ p>ticul>ly     
prom95t--h rec5tly def5d$ ! op9ion t    
only ! l[e/  unicellul> organisms1 !    
proti/s1 are immortal1 9 contradi/9ction
  to ! multicellul> plants & animals1 ^:
 bodies are =m$ (  tissues4 ,?is curi\s 
!ory is especially bas$ on ! fact t  mo/
 ( ! proti/s multiply )\t sexual means1 
by division or  ! =mation ( spores4 ,9  
su* processes ! :ole body ( !           
unicellul> organism breaks up into two  
or m equal p>ts 7daught]  cells71 & ea* 
( ^! portions completes itself by fur!r 
gr[?  until x has ! size & =m ( ! "m    
cell4 ,h[ev]1 by ! v  process ( division
 ! individuality ( ! unicellul> creature
  has be5 de/roy$2 bo? its physiological

 & its morphological unity  h gone4 ,!  
view ( ,weismann is logically inconsi/5t
 ) !  v notion ( individual--an         
indivisible entity2 = x implies  a unity
 :i* _c be divid$ )\t de/roy+ its       
nature4 ,9  ?is s5se ! unicellul>       
protophyta & protozoa are ?r\gh\t  life 
physiological individuals1 j z mu* z !  
multicellul>  tissue-plants & animals4  
,a sexual propagation by simple division
  is f\nd 9 _m ( ! multicellul> species 
7= in/ance1 9 _m  cnid>ia1 corals1 m$us1
 etc472 ! "m animal1 ! division (  :i*  
gives bir? to ! two daught] animals1    
ceases to exi/ )  ! segm5tation4 ,!     
protozoa1 says ,weismann1 h no          
individuals  & no g5]ations 9 ! metazoic
 s5se4 ,i mu/ entirely diss5t  f 8 !sis4
 ,z ,i 0 ! fir/ to introduce ! title (  
metazoa1 & oppose ^! multicellul>1      
tissue-=m+ animals to  ! unicellul>     
protozoa 7infusoria1 rhizopods1 etc471 &
 z ,i 0  ! fir/ to po9t out ! ess5tial  
diff]5ce 9 ! developm5t (  ! two 7! =m] 
f g]m9al lay]s1 & ! latt] n71 ,i mu/    

prote/ t ,i consid] ! protozoa to be j z
 mortal 9 !  physiological 7&           
psy*ological7 s5se z ! metazoa2 nei!r   
body  nor s\l is immortal 9 ei!r gr\p4  
,! o!r errone\s consequ5ces  (          
,weismann's notion h be5 refut$ by      
,moebius 7#ahhd71 :o ju/ly  rem>ks t e  
ev5t 9 ! _w is p]iodic1 & t !re is  no  
s\rce f :i* immortal organic individuals
 might h sprung4    ,:5 we take ! idea (
 immortality 9 ! wide/ s5se1 & ext5d  x 
to ! totality ( ! kn[able univ]se1 x has
 a sci5tific  significance2 x is !n n   
m]ely acceptable1 b self-evid5t1  to !  
moni/ic philosoph]4 ,9 t s5se ! !sis ( !
  inde/ructibility & et]nal duration (  
all t exi/s is equival5t  to our supreme
 law ( nature1 ! law ( sub/ance 7see    
*ap4 xii74  ,z we int5d to discuss ?is  
immortality ( ! cosmos fully lat] on1  9
 e/abli%+ ! !ory ( ! p]si/5ce ( matt] & 
=ce1  we %all n dilate on x at pres5t4  
,we pass on imm$iately to !  criticism (
 t belief 9 immortality :i* is ! only   
s5se usually  atta*$ to ! ^w1 !         

immortality ( ! individual s\l4 ,we     
%all fir/ inquire into ! ext5t & ! orig9
 ( ?is my/ic &  duali/ic notion1 & po9t 
out1 9 p>ticul>1 ! wide acceptance  ( ! 
contradictory !sis1 our moni/ic1        
empirically e/abli%$  ?anatism4 ,i mu/  
di/+ui% two ess5tially diff]5t =ms (    
?anatism--prim>y & second>y2 prim>y     
?anatism is ! orig9al  abs5ce ( ! dogma 
( immortality 79 ! primitive unciviliz$ 
races72 second>y ?anatism is ! lat]     
outcome ( a rational  k ( nature 9 !    
civiliz$ intellig5ce4    ,we /ill f9d x 
ass]t$ 9 philosophic1 & especially 9    
!ological1  works t belief 9 ! p]sonal  
immortality ( ! human s\l 0  orig9ally  
%>$ by all m5--or1 at lea/1 by all      
rational m54 ,t  is n ! case4 ,?is dogma
 is n an orig9al idea ( ! human m9d1    
nor has x ev] f\nd univ]sal acceptance4 
,x has be5 absolutely  prov$ by mod]n   
comp>ative e?nology t _m unciviliz$     
races  ( ! e>lie/ & mo/ primitive /age  
_h no notion ei!r (  immortality or (   
,god4 ,t is true1 = in/ance1 ( ! ,v$dahs

 (  ,ceylon1 ^? primitive pygmies :om1  
on ! au?ority ( ! able  /udies ( !      
,s>as9s1 we consid] to be a relic ( !   
e>lie/  inhabitants ( ,india2#bb x is   
also ! case 9 sev]al ( !  e>lie/ gr\ps (
 ! ne>ly relat$ ,dravidas1 ! ,indian    
,seelongs1  & "s native ,au/ralian      
races4 ,simil>ly1 sev]al ( ! primitive  
bran*es ( ! ,am]ican race1 9 ! int]ior (
 ,brazil1 on ! upp]  ,amazon1 etc41 h no
 k ei!r ( gods or immortality4 ,?is     
prim>y abs5ce ( belief 9 immortality &  
deity is an extremely  important fact2 x
 is1 obvi\sly1 easy to di/+ui% f !      
second>y abs5ce ( su* belief1 :i* has   
come ab\t 9 ! highe/  civiliz$ races z !
 result ( labori\s critico-philosophical
 /udy4    ,diff]5tly f ! prim>y ?anatism
 :i* orig9ally *>act]iz$  primitive man1
 & has always be5 widely spread1 !      
second>y  abs5ce ( belief 9 immortality 
is only f\nd at a late /age (  hi/ory3 x
 is ! ripe fruit ( pr(\nd reflection on 
life & dea?1  ! outcome ( bold &        
indep5d5t philosophical speculation4 ,we

 fir/  meet x 9 "s ( ! ,ionic           
philosoph]s ( ! six? c5tury ,b4,c41  !n 
9 ! f\nd]s ( ! old mat]iali/ic          
philosophy1 ,democritus  & ,emp$ocles1 &
 also 9 ,simonides & ,epicurus1 ,s5eca &
 ,pl9ius1  & 9 an elaborate =m 9        
,lucretius ,c>us4 ,) ! spread (         
,*ri/ianity at ! decay ( classical      
antiquity1 a?anatism1 "o (  its *ief    
articles ( fai?1 dom9at$ ! _w1 & s1 amid
 o!r  =ms ( sup]/ition1 ! my? ( p]sonal 
immortality came to be  inve/$ ) a high 
importance4    ,naturally1 ?r\gh ! long 
night ( ! ,d>k ,ages x 0 r>ely t  a     
brave free-?9k] v5tur$ to express an    
op9ion to ! contr>y3  ! examples (      
,galileo1 ,giordano ,bruno1 & o!r       
indep5d5t  philosoph]s1 effectually     
de/roy$ all fre$om ( utt]ance4 ,h]esy   
only became possible :5 ! ,re=mation & !
 ,r5aissance _h  brok5 ! p[] ( ! papacy4
 ,! hi/ory ( mod]n philosophy tells  ( !
 manifold me?ods by :i* ! matur$ m9d (  
man s\ght to  rid itself ( ! sup]/ition 
( immortality4 ,/ill1 ! intimate        

connection ( ! belief ) ! ,*ri/ian dogma
 inve/$ x )  su* p[]1 ev5 9 ! m         
emancipat$ sph]e ( ,prote/antism1  t !  
majority ( conv9c$ free-?9k]s kept _!   
s5tim5ts to  !mselves4 ,f "t to "t "s   
di/+ui%$ s*ol> v5tur$ to  make a frank  
decl>ation ( 8 belief 9 ! impossibility 
( !  cont9u$ life ( ! s\l aft] dea?4    
,?is 0 done 9 ,france 9 !  second half (
 ! eighte5? c5tury by ,voltaire1        
,danton1 ,mirabeau1  & o!rs1 & by !     
lead]s ( ! mat]iali/ic s*ool ( ^?  days1
 ,holba*1 ,lamettrie1 etc4 ,! same      
op9ion 0 def5d$ by !  able fri5d ( !    
,mat]iali/s1 ! greate/ ( ! ,hoh5zoll]ns1
 !  moni/ic philosoph] ( ,sans-s\ci4    
,:at w\ld ,fr$]ick ! ,great1  ! cr[n$   
?anati/ & a!i/1 say1 c\ld he comp>e 8   
moni/ic  views ) ^? ( 8 successor (     
to-day8    ,among ?\ghtful physicians ! 
conviction t ! exi/5ce ( !  s\l came to 
an end at dea? has be5 common =         
c5turies3 g5]ally1  h[ev]1 !y refra9$ f 
giv+ x expression4 ,moreov]1 !          
empirical sci5ce ( ! bra9 rema9$ s      

imp]fect dur+ ! la/  c5tury t ! s\l c\ld
 cont9ue to be reg>d$ z its my/]i\s     
inhabitant4 ,x 0 ! gigantic progress (  
biology 9 ! pres5t  c5tury1 & especially
 9 ! latt] half ( ! c5tury1 t  f9ally   
de/roy$ ! my?4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( ! !ory ( 
desc5t  & ! cellul> !ory1 ! a/\nd+      
discov]ies ( ontog5y &  exp]im5tal      
physiology--above all1 ! m>vell\s       
progress ( !  microscopic anatomy ( !   
bra91 gradually depriv$ a?anatism (  e  
basis2 n[1 inde$1 x is r>ely t an in=m$ 
& honorable  biologi/ is f\nd to def5d !
 immortality ( ! s\l4 ,all !  moni/ic   
philosoph]s ( ! c5tury 7,/rauss1        
,feu]ba*1 ,b*n]1  ,sp5c]1 etc47 are     
?anati/s4    ,! dogma ( p]sonal         
immortality owes its great popul>ity &  
its  high importance to its intimate    
connection ) ! tea*+ (  ,*ri/ianity4    
,?is circum/ance gave rise to ! errone\s
 & /ill  preval5t belief t ! my? is a   
fundam5tal elem5t ( all !  high]        
religions4 ,t is by no means ! case4 ,! 
high] ,ori5tal  religions include no    

belief :atev] 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l2  
x is n f\nd 9 ,buddhism1 ! religion t   
dom9ates ?irty p]  c5t4 ( ! entire human
 race2 x is n f\nd 9 ! anci5t popul>    
religion ( ! ,*9ese1 nor 9 ! re=m$      
religion ( ,confucius  :i* succe$$ x2 &1
 :at is /ill m significant1 x is n  f\nd
 9 ! e>li] & pur] religion ( ! ,jews4   
,nei!r 9 !  five ,mosaic books1 nor 9   
any ( ! writ+s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t  :i* 7 
writt5 be=e ! ,babylonian ,exile1 is !re
 any trace (  ! notion ( individual     
p]si/5ce aft] dea?4    ,! my/ic notion t
 ! human s\l w live =ev] aft] dea? has  
_h a polyphyletic orig94 ,x 0 unkn[n to 
! e>lie/ speak+ man  7! hypo!tical homo 
primig5ius ( ,asia71 to 8 pr$ecessors1 (
  c\rse1 ! pi!can?ropus & pro?ylobates1 
& to ! lea/  develop$ ( 8 mod]n         
successors1 ! ,v$dahs ( ,ceylon1 !      
,seelongs  ( ,india1 & o!r di/ant races4
 ,) ! developm5t ( reason &  deep]      
reflection on life & dea?1 sleep &      
dreams1 my/ic ideas (  a duali/ic       
composition ( our nature 7              

evolv$--indep5d5tly (  ea* o!r--9 a     
numb] ( ! e>li] races4 ,v diff]5t       
influ5ces  7 at "w 9 ^! polyphyletic    
creations--wor%ip ( ance/ors1  love (   
relatives1 love ( life & desire ( its   
prolongation1 hope (  bett] conditions (
 life beyond ! grave1 hope ( ! rew>d (  
good  & puni%m5t ( evil de$s1 & s =?4   
,comp>ative psy*ology has  rec5tly      
br\ght to our k a great v>iety ( my?s & 
leg5ds  ( t "*2 !y are1 = ! mo/ "p1     
closely associat$  ) ! olde/ =ms ( !i/ic
 & religi\s belief4 ,9 mo/ ( !  mod]n   
religions a?anatism is intimately       
connect$ ) !ism2 !  majority ( believ]s 
transf] _! mat]iali/ic idea ( a p]sonal 
,god to _! immortal s\l4 ,t is          
p>ticul>ly true ( !  dom9ant religion ( 
mod]n civiliz$ /ates1 ,*ri/ianity4    ,z
 ev]ybody kn[s1 ! dogma ( ! immortality 
( ! s\l has long  s9ce assum$ 9 !       
,*ri/ian religion t rigid =m :i* x  has 
9 ! articles ( fai?3 ,i believe 9 !     
resurrection ( !  body & 9 an et]nal    
life4 ,man w arise on ! la/ day1 z      

,*ri/ is alleg$ to h done on ,ea/] morn1
 & receive a rew>d  accord+ to ! t5or ( 
8 e>?ly life4 ,?is typically ,*ri/ian   
idea is ?or\ghly mat]iali/ic &          
an?ropomorphic2 x is v little  sup]ior  
to ! correspond+ crude leg5ds (         
unciviliz$ peoples4 ,!  impossibility ( 
! resurrection ( ! body is cle> to e man
  :o has "s k ( anatomy & physiology4 ,!
 resurrection (  ,*ri/1 :i* is celebrat$
 e ,ea/] by millions ( ,*ri/ians1 is  z 
purely my?ical z ! awak5+ ( ! dead1 :i* 
he is alleg$  to h taught4 ,^! my/ic    
articles ( fai? are j z unt5able 9  !   
light ( pure reason z ! cognate hypo!sis
 ( et]nal life4    ,! fanta/ic notions  
:i* ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* dissem9ates z to ! 
et]nal life ( ! immortal s\l aft] !     
dissolution ( ! body are  j z           
mat]iali/ic z ! dogma ( ! resurrection (
 ! body4  ,9 8 int]e/+ "w on ,religion 9
 ! ,light ( ! ,d>w9ian  ,!ory1 ,savage  
ju/ly rem>ks3 ,x is "o ( ! /&+ *>ges (  
! ,*ur* aga9/ sci5ce t x is mat]iali/ic4
 ,i mu/ say1 9  pass+1 t ! :ole         

ecclesia/ical doctr9e ( a future life   
has  always be51 & /ill is1 mat]ialism (
 ! pure/ type4 ,x tea*es  t ! mat]ial   
body %all rise1 & dwell 9 a mat]ial     
heav54 ,to  prove ?is "o has only to    
read imp>tially "s ( ! s]mons &  ornate 
disc\rses 9 :i* ! glory ( ! future life 
is extoll$  z ! highe/ good ( !         
,*ri/ian1 & belief 9 x is laid d[n to   
be ! f\ndation ( morality4 ,accord+ to  
!m1 all ! joys ( !  mo/ advanc$ mod]n   
civilization await ! pi\s believ] 9     
,p>adise1  :ile ! ,all-lov+ ,fa!r       
res]ves 8 et]nal fires = !  godless     
mat]iali/4    ,9 opposition to !        
mat]iali/ a?anatism1 :i* is dom9ant 9  !
 ,*ri/ian & ,mohamm$an ,*ur*es1 we h1   
app>5tly1 a pur]  & high] =m ( fai? 9 ! 
metaphysical a?anatism1 z taught  by mo/
 ( our duali/ & spirituali/ philosoph]s4
 ,plato mu/ be  consid]$ its *ief       
creator3 9 ! f\r? c5tury be=e ,*ri/  he 
taught t complete dualism ( body & s\l  
:i* aft]w>ds  became "o ( ! mo/         
important1 !oretically1 & "o ( ! mo/    

influ5tial1 practically1 ( ! ,*ri/ian   
articles ( fai?4 ,!  body is mortal1    
mat]ial1 physical2 ! s\l is immortal1   
immat]ial1  metaphysical4 ,!y are only  
tempor>ily associat$1 = ! c\rse (  !    
individual life4 ,z ,plato po/ulat$ an  
et]nal life be=e z well  z aft] ?is     
tempor>y association1 he mu/ be class$ z
 an adh]5t  ( metempsy*osis1 or         
transmigration ( s\ls2 ! s\l exi/$ z    
su*1 or z an et]nal idea1 be=e x ent]$  
into a human body4  ,:5 x quits "o body 
x seeks su* o!r z is mo/ suit$ to its   
"* = its habitation4 ,! s\ls ( bloody   
tyrants pass into !  bodies ( wolves &  
vultures1 ^? ( virtu\s toil]s migrate   
into  ! bodies ( bees & ants1 & s =?4 ,!
 *ildi% navety ( ?is  ,platonic morality
 is obvi\s2 on clos] exam9ation 8 views 
are f\nd  to be absolutely incompatible 
) ! sci5tific tru? :i* we owe to  mod]n 
anatomy1 physiology1 hi/ology1 &        
ontog5y2 we m5tion !m  only because1 9  
spite ( _! absurdity1 !y h _h a pr(\nd  
influ5ce on ?\ght & culture4 ,on ! "o   

h&1 ! my/icism ( !  ,neo-,platoni/s1 :i*
 p5etrat$ into ,*ri/ianity1 atta*es     
itself to  ! psy*ology ( ,plato2 on !   
o!r h&1 x became subsequ5tly "o  ( !    
*ief supports ( spirituali/ic &         
ideali/ic philosophy4 ,!  ,platonic idea
 gave way 9 "t to ! notion ( psy*ic     
sub/ance2  ?is is j z incompreh5sible & 
metaphysical1 ?\gh x (t5  assum$ a      
physical appe>ance4    ,! conception ( !
 s\l z a sub/ance is f> f cle> 9 _m     
psy*ologi/s2 sometimes x is reg>d$ z an 
immat]ial entity (  a peculi> "* 9 an   
ab/ract & ideali/ic s5se1 sometimes  9 a
 concrete & reali/ic s5se1 & sometimes z
 a confus$  t]tium quid betwe5 ! two4   
,if we adh]e to ! moni/ic idea (        
sub/ance1 :i* we develop 9 *ap4 xii41 & 
:i* takes x to be  ! simple/ elem5t (   
our :ole _w-sy/em1 we f9d en]gy &  matt]
 insep>ably associat$ 9 x4 ,we mu/1     
!re=e1 di/+ui%  9 ! sub/ance ( ! s\l !  
*>act]i/ic psy*ic en]gy  :i* is all we  
p]ceive 7s5sation1 pres5tation1         
volition1 etc471  & ! psy*ic matt]1 :i* 

is ! insep>able basis ( its  activity--t
 is1 ! liv+ protoplasm4 ,?us1 9 ! high] 
animals  ! matt] ( ! s\l is a "p ( !    
n]v\s sy/em2 9 ! l[]  n]veless animals &
 plants x is a "p ( _! multicellul>     
protoplasmic body2 & 9 ! unicellul>     
proti/s x is a "p (  _! protoplasmic    
cell-body4 ,9 ?is way we are br\ght once
 m  to ! psy*ic organs1 & to an         
appreciation ( ! fact t ^!  mat]ial     
organs are indisp5sable = ! action ( !  
s\l2 b !  s\l itself is actual--x is !  
sum-total ( _! physiological  functions4
    ,h[ev]1 ! idea ( a specific         
s\l-sub/ance f\nd 9 !  duali/ic         
philosoph]s :o admit su* a ?+ is v      
diff]5t f  ?is4 ,!y conceive ! immortal 
s\l to be mat]ial1 yet invisible1  &    
ess5tially diff]5t f ! visible body :i* 
x inhabits4    ,?us invisibility comes  
to be reg>d$ z a mo/ important attribute
  ( ! s\l4 ,"s1 9 fact1 comp>e ! s\l )  
e!r1 & reg>d  x1 l e!r1 z an extremely  
subtle1 light1 & highly ela/ic  mat]ial1
 an impond]able ag5cy1 t fills !        

int]vals betwe5 !  pond]able p>ticles ( 
! liv+ organism1 o!rs comp>e ! s\l  ) ! 
w9d1 & s give x a gase\s nature2 & x is 
?is simile  :i* fir/ f\nd favor )       
primitive peoples1 & l$ 9 "t to !       
famili> duali/ic conception4 ,:5 a man  
di$1 ! body rema9$ z a  lifeless corpse1
 b ! immortal s\l flew out ( x ) ! la/  
brea?4    ,! comp>ison ( ! human s\l )  
physical e!r z a qualitatively  simil>  
idea has assum$ a m concrete %ape 9     
rec5t times ?r\gh  ! great progress (   
optics & electricity 7especially 9 ! la/
  decade72 = ^! sci5ces h taught u a    
good deal ab\t !  en]gy ( e!r1 & enabl$ 
u to =mulate c]ta9 conclusions z  to !  
mat]ial "* ( ?is all-p]vad+ ag5cy4 ,z ,i
 int5d  to describe ^! important        
discov]ies lat] on 79 *ap4 xii471 ,i    
%all d no m at pres5t ?an briefly po9t  
out t !y r5d]  ! notion ( an e!ric s\l  
absolutely unt5able4 ,su* an e!ric      
s\l--t is a psy*ic sub/ance--:i* is     
simil> to physical e!r1  & :i*1 l e!r1  
passes betwe5 ! pond]able elem5ts ( !   

liv+ protoplasm or ! molecules ( ! bra91
 _c possibly  acc\nt = ! individual life
 ( ! s\l4 ,nei!r ! my/ic  notions ( t   
k9d :i* 7 w>mly discuss$ ab\t ! middle  
( ! c5tury1 nor ! attempts ( mod]n      
,neovitali/s to put  _! my/ical vital   
=ce on a l9e ) physical e!r1 call =     
refutation any long]4    ,mu* m         
widespread1 & /ill mu* respect$1 is !   
view :i*  ascribes a gase\s nature to ! 
sub/ance ( ! s\l4 ,! comp>ison  ( human 
brea? ) ! w9d is a v old "o2 !y 7       
orig9ally  consid]$ to be id5tical1 & 7 
bo? giv5 ! same "n4 ,!  anemos & psy*e (
 ! ,greeks1 & ! anima & spiritus  ( !   
,romans1 7 orig9ally all names = a brea?
 ( w9d2 !y  7 transf]r$ f ?is to ! brea?
 ( man4 ,aft] a "t ?is  liv+ brea? 0    
id5tifi$ ) ! vital =ce1 & f9ally x  came
 to be reg>d$ z ! s\l itself1 or1 9 a   
n>r[] s5se1 z its  highe/ manife/ation1 
! _s4 ,f t ! imag9ation w5t on  to d]ive
 ! my/ic notion ( individual spirits2   
^!1 also1 are  /ill usually conceiv$ z  
ari=m be+s--?\gh !y are cr$it$  ) !     

physiological functions ( an organism1 &
 !y h be5  photograph$ 9 c]ta9 well-kn[n
 spiriti/ circles4    ,exp]im5tal       
physics has succe$$1 dur+ ! la/ decade (
 !  c5tury1 9 r$uc+ all gase\s bodies to
 a liquid--mo/ ( !m1  also1 to a        
solid--condition4 ,no?+ m is ne$$ ?an   
special  app>atus1 :i* ex]ts a viol5t   
pressure on ! gases at a v l[           
temp]ature4 ,by ?is process n only !    
atmosph]ic elem5ts1 oxyg51  hydrog51 &  
nitrog51 b ev5 comp\nd gases 7su* z     
c>bonic-acid  gas7 & gase\s aggregates  
7l ! atmosph]e7 h be5 *ang$  f gase\s to
 liquid =m4 ,9 ?is way ! invisible      
sub/ances  h become visible to all1 & 9 
a c]ta9 s5se tangible4  ,) ?is          
trans=mation ! my/ic nimbus :i* =m]ly   
veil$  ! "* ( ! gas 9 popul>            
e/imation--z an invisible body  t wr\ght
 visible effects--has entirely          
disappe>$4 ,if1 !n1 !  sub/ance ( ! s\l 
7 really gase\s1 x %\ld be possible to  
liquefy x by ! application ( a high     
pressure at a l[ temp]ature4  ,we c\ld  

!n cat* ! s\l z x is brea!d out at !    
mom5t (  dea?1 cond5se x1 & exhibit x 9 
a bottle z immortal fluid  7,fluidum    
animae immortale74 ,by a fur!r l[]+ (   
temp]ature &  increase ( pressure x     
might be possible to solidify x--to     
produce  s\l-sn[4 ,! exp]im5t has n yet 
succe$$4    ,if a?anatism 7 true1 if1   
inde$1 ! human s\l 7 to live =  all     
et]nity1 we %\ld h to grant ! same      
privilege to ! s\ls  ( ! high] animals1 
at lea/ to ^? ( ! ne>e/ relat$ mammals  
7apes1 dogs1 etc474 ,= man is n di/+ui%$
 f !m by a special  k9d ( s\l1 or by any
 peculi> & exclusive psy*ic function1  b
 only by a high] degree ( psy*ic        
activity1 a sup]ior /age  ( developm5t4 
,9 p>ticul>1 consci\sness--! function ( 
!  association ( ideas1 ?\ght1 &        
reason--has rea*$ a high] level  9 _m m5
 7by no means 9 all7 ?an 9 mo/ ( !      
animals4 ,yet ?is  diff]5ce is f> f be+ 
s great z is popul>ly suppos$2 & x  is  
mu* slight] 9 e respect ?an !           
correspond+ diff]5ce  betwe5 ! high] & !

 l[] animal s\ls1 or ev5 ! diff]5ce     
betwe5 ! highe/ & ! l[e/ /ages ( ! human
 s\l itself4 ,if  we ascribe p]sonal    
immortality to man1 we are b\nd to grant
 x also  to ! high] animals4    ,x is1  
!re=e1 q natural t we %\ld f9d ?is      
belief 9  ! immortality ( ! animal s\l  
among _m anci5t & mod]n  peoples2 we ev5
 meet x sometimes to-day 9 _m ?\ghtful  
m5  :o po/ulate an immortal life =      
!mselves1 & h1 at !  same "t1 a ?or\gh  
empirical k ( ! psy*ic life ( !         
animals4 ,i once knew an old head-=e/]1 
:o1 be+ left a wid[]  & )\t *ildr5 at an
 e>ly age1 _h liv$ alone = m ?an  ?irty 
ye>s 9 a noble =e/ ( ,ea/ ,prussia4 ,8  
only companions  7 "o or two s]vants1 ) 
:om he ex*ang$ m]ely a few necess>y     
words1 & a great pack ( diff]5t k9ds (  
dogs1 ) :i* he  liv$ 9 p]fect psy*ic    
communion4 ,?r\gh _m ye>s ( tra9+  ?is  
ke5 obs]v] & fri5d ( nature _h p5etrat$ 
deep into !  individual s\ls ( 8 dogs1 &
 he 0 z conv9c$ ( _! p]sonal            
immortality z he 0 ( 8 own4 ,"s ( 8 mo/ 

intellig5t dogs  71 9 8 imp>tial &      
objective e/imation1 at a high] /age (  
psy*ic developm5t ?an 8 old1 /upid maid 
& ! r\gh1 wr9kl$  mans]vant4 ,any       
unprejudic$ obs]v]1 :o w /udy ! consci\s
  & intellig5t psy*ic activity ( a f9e  
dog = a ye>1 & foll[  att5tively !      
physiological processes ( its ?\ght1    
judgm5t1  & reason1 w h to admit t x has
 j z valid a claim to  immortality z man
 himself4    ,! pro(s ( ! immortality ( 
! s\l1 :i* h be5 adduc$ =  ! la/ two    
?\s& ye>s1 & are1 inde$1 /ill cr$it$ )  
"s  validity1 h _! orig91 = ! mo/ "p1 n 
9 an ef=t to  discov] ! tru?1 b 9 an    
alleg$ necessity ( emotion--t is1  9    
imag9ation & poetic conceit4 ,z ,kant   
puts x1 ! immortality (  ! s\l is n an  
object ( pure reason1 b a po/ulate (    
practical  reason4 ,b we mu/ set        
practical reason entirely aside1 toge!r 
) all ! exig5cies ( emotion1 or ( moral 
education1 etc41 :5  we ent] ^u an hone/
 & imp>tial pursuit ( tru?2 = we %all   
only atta9 x by ! "w ( pure reason1 />t+

 f empirical  data & capable ( logical  
analysis4 ,we h to say ! same (         
a?anatism z ( !ism2 bo? are creations ( 
poetic my/icism & (  transc5d5tal fai?1 
n ( rational sci5ce4    ,:5 we come to  
analyze all ! diff]5t pro(s t h be5 urg$
  = ! immortality ( ! s\l1 we f9d t n a 
s+le "o ( !m  is ( a sci5tific "*2 n a  
s+le "o is consi/5t ) !  tru?s we h     
le>n$ 9 ! la/ few decades f             
physiological  psy*ology & ! !ory (     
desc5t4 ,! !ological pro(--t  a p]sonal 
creator has brea!d an immortal s\l      
7g5]ally reg>d$  z a portion ( ! div9e  
s\l7 into man--is a pure my?4 ,!        
cosmological pro(--t ! moral ord] ( ! _w
 dem&s  ! et]nal duration ( ! human     
s\l--is a baseless dogma4 ,!            
teleological pro(--t ! high] de/9y ( man
 involves !  p]fect+ ( 8 defective1     
e>?ly s\l beyond ! grave--re/s  on a    
false an?ropism4 ,! moral pro(--t !     
defects &  ! unsatisfi$ desires ( e>?ly 
exi/5ce mu/ be fulfill$ by  comp5sative 
ju/ice on ! o!r side ( et]nity--is no?+ 

m ?an a pi\s wi%4 ,! e?nological pro(--t
 ! belief 9  immortality1 l ! belief 9  
,god1 is an innate tru?1 common to  all 
humanity--is an error 9 fact4 ,!        
ontological pro(--t !  s\l1 be+ a       
simple1 immat]ial1 & indivisible entity1
 _c be  involv$ 9 ! corruption (        
dea?--is bas$ on an entirely errone\s   
view ( ! psy*ic ph5om5a2 x is a         
spirituali/ic fallacy4 ,all  ^! & simil>
 pro(s ( a?anatism are 9 a p>l\s        
condition2  !y are def9itely annull$ by 
! sci5tific criticism ( ! la/  few      
decades4    ,! extreme importance ( !   
subject leads u to oppose to ^!         
unt5able pro(s ( immortality a brief    
exposition ( ! s\nd  sci5tific argum5ts 
aga9/ x4 ,! physiological argum5t %[s  t
 ! human s\l is n an indep5d5t1         
immat]ial sub/ance1 b1  l ! s\l ( all ! 
high] animals1 m]ely a collective title 
= ! sum-total ( man's c]ebral functions2
 & ^! are j  z mu* det]m9$ by physical &
 *emical processes z any ( !  o!r vital 
functions1 & j z am5able to ! law (     

sub/ance4  ,! hi/ological argum5t is    
bas$ on ! extremely complicat$          
microscopic /ructure ( ! bra92 x %[s u !
 true elem5t>y  organs ( ! s\l 9 !      
ganglionic cells4 ,! exp]im5tal  argum5t
 proves t ! v>i\s functions ( ! s\l are 
b\nd up  ) c]ta9 special p>ts ( ! bra91 
& _c be ex]cis$ unless  ^! are 9 a      
normal condition2 if ! areas are        
de/roy$1 _!  function is ext+ui%$2 & ?is
 is especially applicable to !  organs (
 ?\ght1 ! f\r c5tral in/rum5ts ( m5tal  
activity4  ,! pa?ological argum5t is !  
complem5t ( ! physiological2  :5 c]ta9  
p>ts ( ! bra9 7! c5tres ( spee*1 sight1 
he>+1 etc47 are de/roy$ by sickness1 _! 
activity 7spee*1  vision1 he>+1 etc47   
disappe>s2 9 ?is way nature h]self makes
  ! decisive physiological exp]im5t4 ,! 
ontog5etic argum5t  puts be=e u ! facts 
( ! developm5t ( ! s\l 9 !  individual2 
we see h[ ! *ild-s\l gradually unfolds  
its v>i\s  p[]s2 ! y\? pres5ts !m 9 full
 bloom1 ! mature man %[s  _! ripe fruit2
 9 old age we see ! gradual decay ( !   

psy*ic  p[]s1 correspond+ to ! s5ile    
deg5]ation ( ! bra94 ,!  phylog5etic    
argum5t d]ives its /r5g? f palontology1 
& !  comp>ative anatomy & physiology ( !
 bra92 co-op]at+ ) &  complet+ ea* o!r1 
^! sci5ces prove to ! hilt t ! human    
bra9 7&1 consequ5tly1 its function--!   
s\l7 has be5 evolv$ /ep  by /ep f t ( ! 
mammal1 &1 /ill fur!r back1 f t (  ! l[]
 v]tebrate4    ,^! inquiries1 :i* might 
be supplem5t$ by _m o!r results (  mod]n
 sci5ce1 prove ! old dogma ( !          
immortality ( ! s\l  to be absolutely   
unt5able2 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury x w n be   
reg>d$ z a subject ( s]i\s sci5tific    
rese>*1 b w be left  :olly to           
transc5d5tal fai?4 ,! critique ( pure   
reason %[s  ?is treasur$ fai? to be a   
m]e sup]/ition1 l ! belief 9 a  p]sonal 
,god :i* g5]ally accompanies x4 ,yet ev5
 to-day millions  ( believ]s--n only ( !
 l[]1 un$ucat$ masses1 b ev5 (  ! mo/   
cultur$ classes--look on ?is sup]/ition 
z _! de>e/  possession & _! mo/         
priceless treasure4 ,x is1 !re=e1       

necess>y to ent] m deeply into !        
subject1 &--assum+ x to  be true--to    
make a critical inquiry into its        
practical value4 ,x soon  becomes app>5t
 to ! imp>tial critic t ?is value re/s1 
=  ! mo/ "p1 on fancy1 on ! want ( cle> 
judgm5t & consecutive  ?\ght4 ,x is my  
firm & hone/ conviction t a def9itive   
ab&onm5t ( ^! a?anati/ illusions w\ld   
involve no pa9ful  loss1 b an ine/imable
 positive ga9 = humanity4    ,man's     
emotional crav+ cl+s to ! belief on     
immortality = two  ma9 reasons3 fir/ly1 
9 ! hope ( bett] conditions ( life      
beyond  ! grave2 &1 secondly1 9 ! hope (
 see+ once m ! de>  & lov$ ones :om dea?
 has torn f u4 ,z = ! fir/ hope1  x     
corresponds to a natural feel+ ( !      
ju/ice ( comp5sation1  :i* is q correct 
subjectively1 b has no objective        
validity  :atev]4 ,we make our claim =  
an indemnity = ! unnumb]$ defects  &    
sorr[s ( our e>?ly exi/5ce1 )\t !       
slighte/ real  prospect or gu>antee (   
receiv+ x4 ,we long = an et]nal life 9  

:i* we %all meet no sadness & no pa91 b 
an unb\nd$ peace  & joy4 ,! pictures t  
mo/ m5 =m ( ?is blissful exi/5ce  are   
extremely curi\s2 ! immat]ial s\l is    
plac$ 9 ! mid/ (  grossly mat]ial       
pleasures4 ,! imag9ation ( ea* believ]  
pa9ts  ! endur+ spl5dor accord+ to 8    
p]sonal ta/e4 ,! ,am]ican  ,indian1 ^:  
a?anatism ,s*ill] has s well depict$1   
tru/s to  f9d 9 8 ,p>adise ! f9e/       
hunt+-gr\nds ) innum]able  hordes (     
buffaloes & be>s2 ! ,eskimo looks =w>d  
to sun-tipp$  iceb]gs ) an inexhau/ible 
supply ( be>s1 seals1 & o!r pol>        
animals2 ! effem9ate ,c+alese frames 8  
,p>adise on ! wond]ful  isl&-p>adise (  
,ceylon ) its noble g>d5s & =e/s--add+  
t !re w be unlimit$ supplies ( rice &   
curry1 ( cocoanuts  & o!r fruit1 always 
at h&2 ! ,mohamm$an ,arab believes x w  
be a place ( %ady g>d5s ( fl[]s1 wat]$  
by cool spr+s1 &  fill$ ) lovely maid5s2
 ! ,ca?olic fi%]man ( ,sicily looks     
=w>d to a daily sup]abundance ( ! mo/   
valuable fi%es & !  f9e/ mac>oni1 &     

et]nal absolution = all 8 s9s1 :i* he  c
 g on committ+ 9 8 et]nal home2 !       
evangelical ( ,nor?  ,europe longs = an 
imm5se ,go?ic ca!dral1 9 :i* he c *ant  
! praises ( ! ,"l ( ,ho/s = all et]nity4
 ,9 a ^w1 ea*  believ] really expects 8 
et]nal life to be a direct cont9uation  
( 8 individual life on e>?1 only 9 a mu*
 improv$ & enl>g$  edition4    ,we mu/  
lay special /ress on ! ?or\ghly         
mat]iali/ic "*  ( ,*ri/ian a?anatism1   
:i* is closely connect$ ) ! absurd      
dogma ( ! resurrection ( ! body4 ,z     
?\s&s ( pa9t+s (  fam\s ma/]s in=m u1 ! 
bodies t h ris5 aga91 ) !  s\ls t h be5 
born aga91 walk ab\t 9 heav5 j z !y did 
9 ?is vale ( te>s2 !y see ,god ) _!     
eyes1 !y he> ,8  voice ) _! e>s1 !y s+  
hymns to ,8 praise ) _! l>ynx1  & s =?4 
,9 f9e1 ! mod]n inhabitants ( ! ,*ri/ian
 ,p>adise  h ! same dual "* ( body &    
s\l1 ! same organs ( an  e>?ly body1 z  
our anci5t ance/ors _h 9 ,od9's ,hall 9 
,walhalla1  z ! immortal ,turks & ,arabs
 h 9 ,mohamm$'s lovely g>d5s1 z  ! old  

,greek demi-gods & h]oes _h 9 ! enjoym5t
 ( nect> &  ambrosia at ! table ( ,zeus4
    ,b1 h[ev] glori\sly we may depict   
?is et]nal life 9 ,p>adise1  x rema9s   
endless 9 duration4 ,d we realize :at   
et]nity  means8--! un9t]rupt$ cont9uance
 ( our individual life =ev]6  ,! pr(\nd 
leg5d ( ! w&]+ ,jew1 ! fruitless se>* = 
re/ ( ! unhappy ,ahasu]us1 %\ld tea* u  
to appreciate su*  an et]nal life at its
 true value4 ,! be/ we c desire aft] a  
c\rage\s life1 sp5t 9 do+ good accord+  
to our light1 is !  et]nal peace ( !    
grave4 ,"l1 give !m an et]nal re/4      
,any imp>tial s*ol> :o is acqua9t$ )    
geological calculations  ( "t1 & has    
reflect$ on ! long s]ies ( millions (   
ye>s !  organic hi/ory ( ! e>? has      
occupi$1 mu/ admit t ! crude  notion (  
an et]nal life is n a com=t1 b a fe>ful 
m5ace1  to ! be/ ( m54 ,only want ( cle>
 judgm5t & consecutive ?\ght  c dispute 
x4    ,! be/ & mo/ plausible gr\nd =    
a?anatism is f\nd 9 !  hope t           
immortality w reunite u to ! belov$     

fri5ds :o h  be5 prematurely tak5 f u by
 "s grim mis*ance4 ,b ev5 ?is  suppos$  
good =tune proves to be an illusion on  
clos] inquiry2 &  9 any case x w\ld be  
greatly m>r$ by ! prospect ( meet+ !    
less agreeable acqua9tances & ! enemies 
:o h tr\bl$ our  exi/5ce "h bel[4 ,ev5 !
 close/ family ties w\ld involve _m  a  
difficulty4 ,!re are pl5ty ( m5 :o w\ld 
gladly sacrifice all  ! glories (       
,p>adise if x meant ! et]nal            
companion%ip ( _!  bett] half & _!      
"m-9-law4 ,x is m ?an que/ionable  :e!r 
,h5ry ,,viii4 w\ld l ! prospect ( liv+  
et]nally )  8 six wives2 or ,augu/us !  
,/rong ( ,pol&1 :o _h a hundr$          
mi/resses & ?ree hundr$ & fifty-two     
*ildr54 ,z he 0 on good  t]ms ) ! ,vic> 
( ,*ri/1 he mu/ be assum$ to be 9       
,p>adise1  9 spite ( 8 s9s1 & 9 spite ( 
! fact t 8 mad milit>y  v5tures co/ !   
lives ( m ?an a hundr$ ?\s& ,saxons4    
,ano!r insoluble difficulty faces !     
a?anati/ :5 he asks 9 :at  /age ( _!    
individual developm5t ! disembodi$ s\ls 

w sp5d  _! et]nal life4 ,w ! new-born   
infant develop its psy*ic p[]s  9 heav5 
"u ! same h>d conditions ( ! /ruggle =  
life  :i* educate man "h on e>?8 ,w !   
tal5t$ y\? :o has fall5  9 ! :olesale   
murd] ( w> unfold 8 ri*1 unus$ m5tal    
p[]s 9  ,walhalla8 ,w ! feeble1 *ildi%  
old man1 :o has fill$ ! _w  ) ! fame ( 8
 de$s 9 ! rip5ess ( 8 age1 live =ev] 9  
m5tal decay8 ,or w he return to an e>li]
 /age ( developm5t8  ,if ! immortal s\ls
 9 ,olympus are to live 9 a condition ( 
rejuv5esc5ce & p]fectness1 !n bo? !     
/imulus to ! =mation  (1 & ! int]e/ 91  
p]sonality disappe> = !m4    ,n less    
impossible1 9 ! light ( pure reason1 d  
we f9d !  an?ropi/ic my? ( ! la/        
judgm5t1 & ! sep>ation ( !  s\ls ( m5   
into two great gr\ps1 ( :i* "o is de/9$ 
=  ! et]nal joys ( ,p>adise & ! o!r = ! 
et]nal torm5ts  ( hell--& t f a p]sonal 
,god :o is call$ ! ,fa!r (  ,love6 ,& x 
is ?is ,univ]sal ,fa!r :o has himself   
creat$ !  conditions ( h]$ity &         
adaptation1 9 virtue ( :i* ! elect1 on  

! "o side1 7 b\nd to pursue ! pa? t[>ds 
et]nal bliss1  & ! luckless poor &      
mis]able1 on ! o!r h&1 7 driv5  into !  
pa?s ( ! damn$8    ,a critical comp>ison
 ( ! c\ntless & manifold fantasies :i*  
belief 9 immortality has produc$ dur+ ! 
la/ few ?\s& ye>s  9 ! diff]5t races &  
religions yields a mo/ rem>kable        
picture4  ,an int5sely int]e/+          
pres5tation ( x1 bas$ on mo/ ext5sive   
orig9al rese>*1 may be f\nd 9 ,adalb]t  
,svoboda's di/+ui%$  works1 ,! ,illusion
 ( ! ,s\l & ,=ms ( ,fai?4 ,h[ev] absurd 
& inconsi/5t ) mod]n k mo/ ( ^! my?s    
seem to be1  !y /ill play an important  
"p1 &1 z po/ulates ( practical  reason1 
!y ex]cise a p[]ful influ5ce on !       
op9ions (  individuals & on ! de/9y (   
races4    ,! ideali/ & spirituali/      
philosophy ( ! day w freely grant  t ^! 
preval5t mat]iali/ic =ms ( belief 9     
immortality are  unt5able2 x w say t !  
ref9$ idea ( an immat]ial s\l1  a       
,platonic idea or a transc5d5tal psy*ic 
sub/ance1 mu/ be  sub/itut$ = !m4 ,b    

mod]n realism c h no?+ :atev] to  d ) ^!
 incompreh5sible notions2 !y satisfy    
nei!r ! m9d's  feel+ ( causality nor !  
ye>n+ ( our emotions4 ,if we take a     
compreh5sive glance at all t mod]n      
an?ropology1 psy*ology1  & cosmology    
tea* ) reg>d to a?anatism1 we are =c$ to
 ?is  def9ite conclusion3 ,! belief 9 ! 
immortality ( ! human s\l  is a dogma   
:i* is 9 hopeless contradiction ) ! mo/ 
solid  empirical tru?s ( mod]n sci5ce4  
,,*apt] ,,xii    ,,! ,,law ,,(          
,,sub/ance        ,! ,fundam5tal        
,*emical ,law ( ! ,con/ancy ( ,matt]--,!
      ,fundam5tal ,physical ,law ( !    
,cons]vation ( ,en]gy--,comb9ation      
( ,bo? ,laws 9 ! ,law ( ,sub/ance--,!   
,k9etic1 ,pyknotic1      & ,duali/ic    
,ideas ( ,sub/ance--,monism (           
,matt]--,pond]able      ,matt]--,atoms &
 ,elem5ts--,aff9ity ( ! ,elem5ts--,!    
,s\l (      ! ,atom 7,feel+ &           
,incl9ation7--,exi/5ce & ,"* (          
,e!r--,e!r & ,pond]able ,matt]--,=ce &  
,en]gy--,pot5tial      & ,actual        

,=ce--,unity ( ,natural                 
,=ces--,supremacy ( ! ,law (            
,sub/ance      ,! supreme & all-p]vad+  
law ( nature1 ! true & only             
cosmological law1 is1 9 my op9ion1 ! law
 ( sub/ance2 its  discov]y & e/abli%m5t 
is ! greate/ intellectual triumph ( !   
n9ete5? c5tury1 9 ! s5se t all o!r kn[n 
laws ( nature  are subord9ate to x4 ,"u 
! "n ( law ( sub/ance we embrace  two   
supreme laws ( diff]5t orig9 & age--!   
old] is ! *emical  law ( ! cons]vation (
 matt]1 & ! y\ng] is ! physical  law ( !
 cons]vation ( en]gy4#bc ,x w be        
self-evid5t to  _m read]s1 & x is       
ackn[l$g$ by mo/ ( ! sci5tific m5 (  !  
day1 t ^! two great laws are ess5tially 
insep>able4 ,?is  fundam5tal !sis1      
h[ev]1 is /ill mu* conte/$ 9 "s qu>t]s1 
& we mu/ proce$ to furni% ! pro( ( x4 ,b
 we mu/ fir/  devote a few words to ea* 
( ! two laws4    ,! law ( ! p]si/5ce or 
inde/ructibility ( matt]1  e/abli%$ by  
,lavoisi] 9 #aghi1 may be =mulat$ ?us3  
,! sum (  matt]1 :i* fills inf9ite      

space1 is un*angeable4 ,a body has m]ely
  *ang$ its =m1 :5 x seems to h         
disappe>$4 ,:5 coal burns1  x is *ang$  
into c>bonic-acid gas by comb9ation ) ! 
oxyg5 (  ! atmosph]e2 :5 a piece ( sug> 
melts 9 wat]1 x m]ely passes  f ! solid 
to ! fluid condition4 ,9 ! same way1 x  
is m]ely  a "q ( *ange ( =m 9 ! cases   
:]e a new body seems to  be produc$4 ,a 
%[] ( ra9 is ! moi/ure ( ! atmosph]e ca/
  d[n 9 ! =m ( drops ( wat]2 :5 a piece 
( iron ru/s1 !  surface lay] ( ! metal  
has comb9$ ) wat] & ) atmosph]ic  oxyg51
 & =m$ a ru/1 or oxyhydrate ( iron4     
,n[h]e 9 nature  d we f9d an example ( !
 production1 or creation1 ( new matt]2  
n[h]e does a p>ticle ( exi/+ matt] pass 
entirely away4 ,?is  empirical tru? is  
n[ ! unque/ionable f\ndation ( *emi/ry2 
x  may be directly v]ifi$ at any mom5t  
by means ( ! balance4 ,to !  great ,fr5*
 *emi/ ,lavoisi] belongs ! high m]it (  
fir/ mak+  ?is exp]im5t ) ! balance4 ,at
 ! pres5t day ! sci5ti/1 :o  is occupi$ 
f "o end ( ! ye> to ! o!r ) ! /udy (    

natural ph5om5a1 is s firmly conv9c$ ( !
 absolute con/ancy  ( matt] t he is no  
long] able to imag9e ! contr>y /ate (   
?+s4    ,we may =mulate ! law ( !       
p]si/5ce ( =ce or  cons]vation ( en]gy  
?us3 ,! sum ( =ce1 :i* is at "w 9       
inf9ite space & produces all ph5om5a1 is
 un*angeable4 ,:5 !  locomotive ru%es   
along ! l9e1 ! pot5tial en]gy ( ! /eam  
is trans=m$ into ! k9etic or actual     
en]gy ( ! me*anical  movem5t2 :5 we he> 
its %rill :i/le1 z x spe$s along1 !     
s\nd-waves ( ! vibrat+ atmosph]e are    
convey$ ?r\gh !  tympanum & ! ?ree bones
 ( ! e> into ! inn] labyr9?1 &  !nce    
transf]r$ by ! auditory n]ve to ! ac\/ic
 ganglionic  cells :i* =m ! c5tre ( he>+
 9 ! temporal lobe ( !  gray b$ ( !     
bra94 ,! :ole m>vell\s panorama ( life t
  spreads ov] ! surface ( our globe is1 
9 ! la/ analysis1  trans=m$ sunlight4 ,x
 is well kn[n h[ ! rem>kable progress ( 
te*nical sci5ce has made x possible = u 
to conv]t ! diff]5t  physical =ces f "o 
=m to ano!r2 heat may be *ang$ into     

mol> movem5t1 or movem5t ( mass2 ?is 9  
turn into light or s\nd1  & !n into     
electricity1 & s =?4 ,accurate          
measurem5t (  ! quantity ( =ce :i* is   
us$ 9 ?is metamorphosis has %[n  t x is 
con/ant or un*ang$4 ,no p>ticle ( liv+  
en]gy is  ev] ext+ui%$2 no p>ticle is   
ev] creat$ anew4 ,fri$ri* ,mohr1  (     
,bonn1 0 v ne> to ! discov]y ( ?is great
 fact 9 #ahcg1  b ! discov]y 0 actually 
made by ! able ,swabian physician1      
,rob]t ,may]1 ( ,heilbronn1 9 #ahdb4    
,indep5d5tly ( ,may]1 h[ev]1  ! pr9ciple
 0 rea*$ almo/ at ! same "t by ! fam\s  
physiologi/1 ,h]mann ,helmholtz2 five   
ye>s aft]w>ds he po9t$ out  its g5]al   
application to1 & f]tility 91 e bran* ( 
physics4  ,we ought to say to-day t x   
rules also 9 ! entire prov9ce (         
physiology--t is1 ( organic physics2 b  
on t po9t we meet  a /r5u\s opposition f
 ! vitali/ic biologi/s & ! duali/  &    
spirituali/ philosoph]s4 ,= ^! ! peculi>
 spiritual  =ces ( human nature are a   
gr\p ( free =ces1 n subject to  ! law ( 

en]gy2 ! idea is closely connect$ ) !   
dogma ( !  fre$om ( ! w4 ,we h1 h[ev]1  
already se5 7p4 #bjd7 t !  dogma is     
unt5able4 ,mod]n physics draws a        
di/9ction betwe5 =ce  & en]gy1 b our    
g5]al obs]vations s f> h n ne$$ a       
ref]5ce to x4    ,! conviction t ^! two 
great cosmic !orems1 ! *emical law  ( ! 
p]si/5ce ( matt] & ! physical law ( !   
p]si/5ce  ( =ce1 are fundam5tally "o1 is
 ( ! utmo/ importance 9 our  moni/ic    
sy/em4 ,! two !ories are j z intimately 
unit$ z  _! objects--matt] & =ce or     
en]gy4 ,inde$1 ?is fundam5tal  unity ( !
 two laws is self-evid5t to _m moni/ic  
sci5ti/s &  philosoph]s1 s9ce !y m]ely  
relate to two diff]5t aspects ( "o  & ! 
same object1 ! cosmos4 ,b1 h[ev] natural
 ! ?\ght may  be1 x is /ill v f> f be+  
g5]ally accept$4 ,x is /\tly  conte/$ by
 ! entire duali/ic philosophy1 vitali/ic
 biology1  & p>alleli/ic psy*ology2 ev51
 9 fact1 by a few 7inconsi/5t7  moni/s1 
:o ?9k !y f9d a *eck to x 9             
consci\sness1 9 !  high] m5tal activity 

( man1 or 9 o!r ph5om5a ( our free      
m5tal life4    ,= my "p1 ,i am conv9c$ (
 ! pr(\nd importance ( ! unify+  law (  
sub/ance1 z an expression ( ! insep>able
 connection 9  reality ( two laws :i*   
are only sep>at$ 9 conception4 ,t !y  7 
n orig9ally tak5 toge!r & _! unity      
recogniz$ f  ! beg9n+ is m]ely an       
accid5t ( ! date ( _! respective        
discov]ies4 ,! e>li] & m accessible     
*emical law ( !  p]si/5ce ( matt] 0     
detect$ by ,lavoisi] 9 #aghi1 &1 aft]  a
 g5]al application ( ! balance1 became !
 basis ( exact  *emi/ry4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !
 m recondite law ( ! p]si/5ce  ( =ce 0  
only discov]$ by ,may] 9 #ahdb1 & only  
laid d[n  z ! basis ( exact physics by  
,helmholtz4 ,! unity ( ! two  laws--/ill
 mu* disput$--is express$ by _m sci5ti/s
 :o are  conv9c$ ( x 9 ! =mula3 ,law ( !
 p]si/5ce ( matt] &  =ce4 ,9 ord] to h a
 brief] & m conv5i5t expression =  ?is  
fundam5tal ?\ght1 ,i propos$ "s "t ago  
to call x ! law  ( sub/ance or !        
fundam5tal cosmic law2 x might also be  

call$  ! univ]sal law1 or ! law (       
con/ancy1 or ! axiom ( !  con/ancy ( !  
univ]se4 ,9 ! ultimate analysis x is    
f\nd to be  a necess>y consequ5ce ( !   
pr9ciple ( causality4#bd    ,! fir/ ?9k]
 to introduce ! purely moni/ic          
conception (  sub/ance into sci5ce &    
appreciate its pr(\nd importance 0 !    
great philosoph] ,b>u* ,sp9oza2 8 *ief  
"w appe>$ %ortly aft]  8 premature dea? 
9 #afgg1 j "o hundr$ ye>s be=e ,lavoisi]
  gave empirical pro( ( ! con/ancy (    
matt] by means ( !  *emi/'s pr9cipal    
in/rum5t1 ! balance4 ,9 8 /ately        
pan!i/ic  sy/em ! notion ( ! _w 7!      
univ]se1 or ! cosmos7 is  id5tical ) !  
all-p]vad+ notion ( ,god2 x is at "o & !
  same "t ! pure/ & mo/ rational monism 
& ! cle>e/ &  mo/ ab/ract mono!ism4 ,?is
 univ]sal sub/ance1 ?is div9e  nature ( 
! _w1 %[s u two diff]5t aspects ( its   
be+1 or  two fundam5tal                 
attributes--matt] 7inf9itely ext5d$     
sub/ance7  & _s 7! all-embrac+ en]gy (  
?\ght74 ,all ! *anges  :i* h s9ce come  

ov] ! idea ( sub/ance are r$uc$1 on a   
logical analysis1 to ?is supreme ?\ght (
 ,sp9oza's2 ) ,goe!  ,i take x to be !  
l(tie/1 pr(\nde/1 & true/ ?\ght ( all   
ages4 ,e s+le object 9 ! _w :i* comes )9
 ! sph]e  ( our cognizance1 all         
individual =ms ( exi/5ce1 are b special 
transitory =ms--accid5ts or modes--(    
sub/ance4 ,^! modes are  mat]ial ?+s :5 
we reg>d !m "u ! attribute ( ext5sion   
7or occupation ( space71 b =ces or ideas
 :5 we consid] !m  "u ! attribute (     
?\ght 7or en]gy74 ,to ?is pr(\nd  ?\ght 
( ,sp9oza our purifi$ monism returns    
aft] a lapse ( two  hundr$ ye>s2 = u1   
too1 matt] 7space-fill+ sub/ance7 &     
en]gy  7mov+ =ce7 are b two insep>able  
attributes ( ! "o und]ly+  sub/ance4    
,among ! v>i\s modifications :i* !      
fundam5tal idea ( sub/ance  has und]gone
 9 mod]n physics1 9 association ) !     
preval5t  atomism1 we %all select only  
two ( ! mo/ div]g5t !ories =  a brief   
discussion1 ! k9etic & ! pyknotic4 ,bo? 
!ories agree  t we h succe$$ 9 r$uc+ all

 ! diff]5t =ces ( nature  to "o common  
orig9al =ce2 gravity & *emical action1  
electricity  & magnetism1 light & heat1 
etc41 are only diff]5t manife/ations1   
=ms1 or dynamodes1 ( a s+le primitive   
=ce 7prodynamis74  ,?is fundam5tal =ce  
is g5]ally conceiv$ z a vibratory motion
  ( ! smalle/ p>ticles ( matt]--a       
vibration ( atoms4 ,! atoms  !mselves1  
accord+ to ! usual k9etic !ory (        
sub/ance1 are  dead1 sep>ate p>ticles ( 
matt]1 :i* dance to & fro 9 empty  space
 & act at a di/ance4 ,! real f\nd] & mo/
 di/+ui%$  repres5tative ( ! k9etic !ory
 is ,newton1 ! fam\s discov]]  ( ! law (
 gravitation4 ,9 8 great "w1 !          
,philosophiae  ,naturalis ,pr9cipia     
,ma!matica 7#afhg71 he %[$ t ?r\gh\t !  
univ]se ! same law ( attraction controls
 ! unv>y+ con/ancy (  gravitation2 !    
attraction ( two p>ticles be+ 9 direct  
proportion  to _! mass & 9 inv]se       
proportion to ! squ>e ( _!  di/ance4    
,?is univ]sal =ce ( gravity is at "w 9 !
 fall (  an apple & ! tidal wave no less

 ?an 9 ! c\rse ( ! planets  r\nd ! sun &
 ! movem5ts ( all ! heav5ly bodies4     
,newton  _h ! immortal m]it ( e/abli%+ !
 law ( gravitation &  embody+ x 9 an    
indisputable ma!matical =mula4 ,yet ?is 
dead  ma!matical =mula1 on :i* mo/      
sci5ti/s lay great /ress1 z s  frequ5tly
 happ5s1 gives u m]ely ! quantitative   
demon/ration  ( ! !ory2 x gives u no    
insight :atev] into ! qualitative       
nature ( ! ph5om5a4 ,! action at a      
di/ance )\t a m$ium1  :i* ,newton d$uc$ 
f 8 law ( gravitation1 & :i* became "o  
( ! mo/ s]i\s & mo/ dang]\s dogmas (    
lat] physics1 does  n af=d ! slighte/   
explanation ( ! real causes (           
attraction2  inde$1 x long ob/ruct$ our 
way to ! real discov]y ( !m4 ,i  _c b   
suspect t 8 speculations on ?is my/]i\s 
action at a  di/ance contribut$ n a     
little to ! lead+ ( ! great ,engli%     
ma!matician into ! obscure labyr9? (    
my/ic dreams & !i/ic  sup]/ition 9 :i*  
he pass$ ! la/ ?irty-f\r ye>s ( 8  life2
 we f9d him1 at ! end1 giv+ metaphysical

 hypo!ses on !  pr$ictions ( ,daniel &  
on ! p>adoxical fantasies ( ,/4 ,john4  
,9 fundam5tal opposition to ! !ory (    
vibration1 or ! k9etic  !ory ( sub/ance1
 we h ! mod]n !ory ( cond5sation1  or ! 
pyknotic !ory ( sub/ance4 ,x is mo/ ably
 e/abli%$  9 ! sugge/ive "w ( ,j4 ,c4   
,vogt on ,! ,nature ( ,electricity  &   
,magnetism on ! ,basis ( a ,simplifi$   
,conception ( ,sub/ance  7#ahia74 ,vogt 
assumes ! primitive =ce ( ! _w1 !       
univ]sal  prodynamis1 to be1 n !        
vibration or oscillation ( p>ticles 9   
empty space1 b ! cond5sation ( a simple 
primitive sub/ance1  :i* fills ! inf9ity
 ( space 9 an unbrok5 cont9uity4 ,its   
sole inh]5t me*anical =m ( activity     
consi/s 9 a t5d5cy to  cond5sation or   
contraction1 :i* produces inf9itesimal  
c5tres  ( cond5sation2 ^! may *ange _!  
degree ( ?ickness1 &1  !re=e1 _! volume1
 b are con/ant z su*4 ,^! m9ute p>ts  ( 
! univ]sal sub/ance1 ! c5tres (         
cond5sation1 :i* might  be call$        
pyknatoms1 correspond 9 g5]al to !      

ultimate sep>ate  atoms ( ! k9etic !ory2
 !y diff]1 h[ev]1 v consid]ably 9  t !y 
are cr$it$ ) s5sation & incl9ation 7or  
w-movem5t  ( ! simple/ =m71 ) s\ls1 9 a 
c]ta9 s5se--9 h>mony  ) ! old !ory (    
,emp$ocles ( ! love & hatr$ ( !         
elem5ts4 ,moreov]1 ^! atoms ) s\ls d n  
float 9 empty  space1 b 9 ! cont9u\s1   
extremely att5uat$ int]m$iate  sub/ance1
 :i* repres5ts ! uncond5s$ portion ( !  
primitive  matt]4 ,by means ( c]ta9     
con/ellations1 c5tres ( p]turbation1  or
 sy/ems ( de=mation1 great masses (     
c5tres ( cond5sation  quickly unite 9   
imm5se proportions1 & s obta9 a         
prepond]ance  ov] ! surr\nd+ masses4 ,by
 t process ! primitive sub/ance1  :i* 9 
its orig9al /ate ( quiesc5ce _h ! same  
mean consi/5cy  ?r\gh\t1 divides or     
diff]5tiates into two k9ds4 ,! c5tres  (
 di/urbance1 :i* positively exce$ ! mean
 consi/5cy 9  virtue ( ! pyknosis or    
cond5sation1 =m ! pond]able matt]  (    
bodies2 ! f9]1 int]m$iate sub/ance1 :i* 
occupies ! space  betwe5 !m1 &          

negatively falls bel[ ! mean consi/5cy1 
=ms  ! e!r1 or impond]able matt]4 ,z a  
consequ5ce ( ?is division  into mass &  
e!r !re ensues a ceaseless /ruggle      
betwe5 ! two  antagoni/ic elem5ts1 & ?is
 /ruggle is ! s\rce ( all physical      
processes4 ,! positive pond]able matt]1 
! elem5t ) ! feel+  ( l or desire1 is   
cont9ually /riv+ to complete ! process (
  cond5sation1 & ?us collect+ an enorm\s
 am\nt ( pot5tial  en]gy2 ! negative1   
impond]able matt]1 on ! o!r h&1 (f]s a  
p]petual & equal resi/ance to ! fur!r   
increase ( its /ra9  & ( ! feel+ (      
dislike connect$ !re)1 & ?us ga!rs !    
utmo/ am\nt ( actual en]gy4    ,we _c g 
any fur!r "h into ! details ( !         
brilliant  !ory ( ,j4 ,c4 ,vogt4 ,!     
int]e/$ read] _c d bett] ?an  h rec\rse 
to ! second volume ( ! above "w = a     
cle>1  popul> exposition ( ! difficult  
problem4 ,i am myself too little  in=m$ 
9 physics & ma!matics to ent] into a    
critical discussion  ( its lights &     
%ades2 /ill1 ,i ?9k t ?is pyknotic !ory 

( sub/ance w prove m acceptable to e    
biologi/ :o is  conv9c$ ( ! unity (     
nature ?an ! k9etic !ory :i* prevails  9
 physics to-day4 ,a misund]/&+ may      
easily arise f ! fact  t ,vogt puts 8   
process ( cond5sation 9 explicit        
contradiction  ) ! g5]al ph5om5on (     
motion2 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t  he is    
speak+ ( vibratory movem5t 9 ! s5se ( ! 
physici/4 ,8  hypo!tical cond5sation is 
j z mu* det]m9$ by a movem5t  ( sub/ance
 z is ! hypo!tical vibration2 only ! k9d
 (  movem5t & ! relation ( ! mov+       
elem5ts are v diff]5t 9  ! two hypo!ses4
 ,moreov]1 x is n ! :ole !ory (         
vibration1  b only an important section 
( x1 t is contradict$ by ! !ory  (      
cond5sation4    ,mod]n physics1 = ! mo/ 
"p1 /ill firmly adh]es to ! old]  !ory (
 vibration1 to ! idea ( an actio 9      
di/ans & !  et]nal vibration ( dead     
atoms 9 empty space2 x rejects !        
pyknotic  !ory4 ,al?\gh ,vogt's !ory may
 be /ill f> f p]fect1 & 8  orig9al      
speculations may be m>r$ by _m errors1  

yet ,i ?9k he has  r5d]$ a v good s]vice
 9 elim9at+ ! unt5able pr9ciples  ( !   
k9etic !ory ( sub/ance4 ,z to my own    
op9ion--& t (  _m o!r sci5ti/s--,i mu/  
lay d[n ! foll[+ !ses1 :i*  are involv$ 
9 ,vogt's pyknotic !ory1 z indisp5sable 
= a truly  moni/ic view ( sub/ance1 & "o
 t cov]s ! :ole field (  organic &      
inorganic nature3    ,i4 ,! two         
fundam5tal =ms ( sub/ance1 pond]able    
matt] & e!r1  are n dead & only mov$ by 
extr9sic =ce1 b !y are end[$  ) s5sation
 & w 7?\gh1 naturally1 ( ! l[e/ grade72 
!y  exp]i5ce an incl9ation =            
cond5sation1 a dislike ( /ra92 !y  /rive
 aft] ! "o & /ruggle aga9/ ! o!r4       
,,ii4 ,!re is no su* ?+ z empty space2 t
 "p ( space :i* is  n occupi$ )         
pond]able atoms is fill$ ) e!r4         
,,iii4 ,!re is no su* ?+ z an action at 
a di/ance ?r\gh  p]fectly empty space2  
all action ( bodies ^u ea* o!r is ei!r  
det]m9$ by imm$iate contact or is       
effect$ by ! m$iation (  e!r4    ,bo? ! 
!ories ( sub/ance :i* we h j contra/$   

are  moni/ic 9 pr9ciple1 s9ce !         
opposition betwe5 ! two  conditions (   
sub/ance--mass & e!r--is n orig9al2     
moreov]1  !y involve a cont9u\s imm$iate
 contact & reciprocal action  ( ! two   
elem5ts4 ,x is o!rwise ) ! duali/ic     
!ories  ( sub/ance :i* /ill obta9 9 !   
ideali/ & spirituali/  philosophy1 & :i*
 h ! support ( a p[]ful !ology1 9 s  f> 
z !ology indulges 9 su* metaphysical    
speculations4 ,^!  !ories draw a        
di/9ction betwe5 two entirely diff]5t   
k9ds (  sub/ance1 mat]ial & immat]ial4  
,mat]ial sub/ance ent]s into  !         
composition ( ! bodies :i* are ! object 
( physics &  *emi/ry2 ! law ( ! p]si/5ce
 ( matt] & =ce is conf9$  to ?is _w     
7ap>t f a belief 9 its creation f no?+  
& o!r miracles74 ,immat]ial sub/ance is 
f\nd 9 ! spiritual  _w to :i* ! law does
 n ext5d2 9 ?is prov9ce ! laws  (       
physics & *emi/ry are ei!r entirely     
inapplicable or !y  are subord9at$ to a 
vital =ce1 or a free w1 or a div9e      
omnipot5ce1 or "s o!r phantom :i* is    

beyond ! k5 ( critical  sci5ce4 ,9 tru?1
 ^! pr(\nd errors ne$ no fur!r          
refutation  to-day1 = exp]i5ce has nev] 
yet discov]$ = u a s+le  immat]ial      
sub/ance1 a s+le =ce :i* is n dep5d5t on
 matt]1  or a s+le =m ( en]gy :i* is n  
ex]t$ by mat]ial movem5t1  :e!r x be (  
mass1 or ( e!r1 or ( bo?4 ,ev5 ! mo/    
elaborate  & mo/ p]fect =ms ( en]gy t we
 "k--! psy*ic life (  ! high] animals1 !
 ?\ght & reason ( man--dep5d on mat]ial 
processes1 or *anges 9 ! neuroplasm ( ! 
ganglionic cells2 !y  are inconceivable 
ap>t f su* modifications4 ,i h already  
%[n  7*ap4 xi47 t ! physiological       
hypo!sis ( a special1 immat]ial         
s\l-sub/ance is unt5able4    ,! /udy (  
pond]able matt] is prim>ily ! conc]n (  
*emi/ry4  ,few are ignorant ( ! a/oni%+ 
!oretical progress :i* ?is  sci5ce has  
made 9 ! c\rse ( ! c5tury & ! imm5se    
practical  influ5ce x has _h on e aspect
 ( mod]n life4 ,we %all conf9e          
ourselves "h to a few rem>ks on ! m     
important que/ions  :i* conc]n ! nature 

( pond]able matt]4 ,x is well kn[n t    
analytical *emi/ry has succe$$ 9 resolv+
 ! imm5se v>iety  ( bodies 9 nature into
 a small numb] ( simple elem5ts--t is1  
simple bodies :i* are incapable ( fur!r 
analysis4 ,! numb] (  ^! elem5ts is ab\t
 sev5ty4 ,only f\rte5 ( !m are widely   
di/ribut$ on ! e>? & ( mu* practical    
importance2 ! majority  are r>e elem5ts 
7pr9cipally metals7 ( little practical  
mom5t4 ,!  aff9ity ( ^! gr\ps ( elem5ts1
 & ! rem>kable proportions (  _! atomic 
weights1 :i* ,lo?> ,mey] & ,m5delejeff h
 prov$  9 _! ,p]iodic ,sy/em ( !        
,elem5ts1 make x extremely probable  t  
!y are n absolute species ( pond]able   
matt]--t is1  n et]nally un*angeable    
p>ticles4 ,! sev5ty elem5ts h 9  t sy/em
 be5 di/ribut$ into eight lead+ gr\ps1 &
 arrang$  9 !m accord+ to _! atomic     
weight1 s t ! elem5ts :i*  h a *emical  
aff9ity are =m$ into families4 ,!       
relations (  ! v>i\s gr\ps 9 su* a      
natural sy/em ( ! elem5ts recall1  on ! 
"o h&1 simil> relations ( ! innum]able  

comp\nds (  c>bon1 &1 aga91 ! relations 
( p>allel gr\ps 9 ! natural  arrangem5t 
( ! animal & plant species4 ,s9ce 9 !   
latt]  cases ! aff9ity ( ! relat$ =ms is
 bas$ on desc5t f a  common p>5t =m1 x  
seems v probable t ! same holds good (  
! families & ord]s ( ! *emical elem5ts4 
,we may1 !re=e1  conclude t ! empirical 
elem5ts we n[ "k are n really  simple1  
ultimate1 & un*angeable =ms ( matt]1 b  
comp\nds  ( homog5e\s1 simple1 primitive
 atoms1 v>i\sly di/ribut$ z  to numb] & 
gr\p+4 ,! rec5t speculations ( ,gu/av   
,w5dt1  ,wilhelm ,prey]1 ,sir ,w4       
,crookes1 & o!rs1 h po9t$ out h[ we  may
 conceive ! evolution ( ! elem5ts f a   
simple primitive  mat]ial1 ! pro?yl4    
,! mod]n atomi/ic !ory1 :i* is reg>d$ z 
an indisp5sable  in/rum5t 9 *emi/ry     
to-day1 mu/ be c>efully di/+ui%$ f  !   
old philosophic atomism :i* 0 taught m  
?an two ?\s&  ye>s ago by a gr\p (      
di/+ui%$ ?9k]s ( antiquity--,leucippus1 
,democritus1 & ,epicurus3 x 0           
consid]ably develop$ & modifi$  lat] on 

by ,desc>tes1 ,hobbes1 ,leibnitz1 & o!r 
fam\s philosoph]s4  ,b x 0 n until #ahjh
 t mod]n atomism assum$ a def9ite &     
acceptable =m1 & 0 furni%$ ) an         
empirical basis by ,dalton1  :o =mulat$ 
! law ( simple & multiple proportions 9 
!  =mation ( *emical comb9ations4 ,he   
fir/ det]m9$ ! atomic  weight ( !       
diff]5t elem5ts1 & ?us creat$ ! solid & 
exact  f\ndation on :i* m rec5t *emical 
!ories are bas$2 ^!  are all atomi/ic1 9
 ! s5se t !y assume ! elem5ts to be     
made up ( homog5e\s1 inf9itesimal1      
di/9ct p>ticles1 :i* are  incapable (   
fur!r analysis4 ,t does n t\* ! "q ( !  
real nature ( ! atoms--_! =m1 size1     
psy*ology1 etc4 ,^!  atomic qualities   
are m]ely hypo!tical2 :ile ! *emi/ry ( !
  atoms1 _! *emical aff9ity--t is1 !    
con/ant proportion 9  :i* !y comb9e ) ! 
atoms ( o!r elem5ts--is empirical4#be   
,! diff]5t relation ( ! v>i\s elem5ts   
t[>ds ea* o!r1  :i* *emi/ry calls       
aff9ity1 is "o ( ! mo/ important        
prop]ties ( pond]able matt]2 x is       

manife/$ 9 ! diff]5t  relative          
quantities or proportions ( _!          
comb9ation 9 !  int5sity ( its          
consummation4 ,e %ade ( incl9ation1 f   
complete indiff]5ce to ! fi]ce/ passion1
 is exemplifi$ 9 !  *emical relation ( !
 v>i\s elem5ts t[>ds ea* o!r1 j  z we   
f9d 9 ! psy*ology ( man1 & especially 9 
! life (  ! sexes4 ,goe!1 9 8 classical 
romance1 ,aff9ities1 comp>$  ! relations
 ( pairs ( lov]s ) ! ph5om5on ( ! same  
"n  9 ! =mation ( *emical comb9ations4  
,! irresi/ible passion  t draws ,edw>d  
to ! sympa!tic ,ottilia1 or ,p>is to    
,hel51 &  leaps ov] all b\nds ( reason &
 morality1 is ! same p[]ful  unconsci\s 
attractive =ce :i* impels ! liv+        
sp]matozoon to  =ce an entrance into !  
ovum 9 ! f]tilization ( ! egg ( !       
animal or plant--! same impetu\s movem5t
 :i* unites two atoms  ( hydrog5 to "o  
atom ( oxyg5 = ! =mation ( a molecule ( 
wat]4 ,?is fundam5tal unity ( aff9ity 9 
! :ole ( nature1  f ! simple/ *emical   
process to ! mo/ complicat$ love /ory1  

0 recogniz$ by ! great ,greek sci5ti/1  
,emp$ocles1 9 ! fif?  c5tury ,b4,c41 9 8
 !ory ( ! love & hatr$ ( ! elem5ts4  ,x 
receives empirical confirmation f !     
int]e/+ progress (  cellul> psy*ology1 !
 great significance ( :i* we h only     
le>n$ to appreciate 9 ! la/ ?irty ye>s4 
,on ^? ph5om5a we  base our conviction t
 ev5 ! atom is n )\t a rudim5t>y  =m (  
s5sation & w1 or z x is bett] express$1 
( feel+  7ae/hesis7 & incl9ation        
7tropesis7--t is1 a univ]sal s\l  ( !   
simple/ "*4 ,! same mu/ be said ( !     
molecules :i*  are compos$ ( two or m   
atoms4 ,fur!r comb9ations ( diff]5t     
k9ds ( ^! molecules give rise to simple 
&1 subsequ5tly1 complex  *emical        
comp\nds1 9 ! activity ( :i* ! same     
ph5om5a are  repeat$ 9 a m complicat$   
=m4    ,! /udy ( e!r1 or impond]able    
matt]1 p]ta9s pr9cipally to  physics4 ,!
 exi/5ce ( an extremely att5uat$ m$ium1 
fill+ !  :ole ( space outside (         
pond]able matt]1 0 kn[n & appli$  to !  
elucidation ( v>i\s ph5om5a 7especially 

light7 a long  "t ago2 b x 0 n until !  
second half ( ! n9ete5?  c5tury t we    
became m closely acqua9t$ ) ?is         
rem>kable  sub/ance1 9 connection ) our 
a/oni%+ empirical discov]ies 9  !       
prov9ce ( electricity1 ) _! exp]im5tal  
detection1 _!  !oretical int]pretation1 
& _! practical application4 ,! pa?  0   
op5$ 9 p>ticul> by ! fam\s rese>*es (   
,he9ri* ,h]tz1 (  ,bonn1 9 #ahhh4 ,!    
premature dea? ( a brilliant "y physici/
 ( s  mu* promise _c be suffici5tly     
deplor$4 ,l ! premature dea?  ( ,sp9oza1
 ,raphael1 ,s*ub]t1 & _m o!r great m51 x
 is "o (  ^? brutal facts ( human hi/ory
 :i* are en\gh ( !mselves to  de/roy !  
unt5able my? ( a wise ,provid5ce & an   
,all-lov+  ,fa!r 9 heav54    ,! exi/5ce 
( e!r 7or cosmic e!r7 z a real elem5t is
 a  positive fact1 & has be5 kn[n z su* 
= ! la/ twelve ye>s4  ,we sometimes read
 ev5 to-day t e!r is a pure hypo!sis2   
?is errone\s ass]tion comes n only f    
un9=m$ philosoph]s  & popul> writ]s1 b  
ev5 f c]ta9 prud5t & exact  physici/s4  

,b !re w\ld be j z mu* reason to d5y !  
exi/5ce ( pond]able matt]4 ,z a matt] ( 
fact1 !re are  metaphysicians :o        
accompli% ev5 ?is feat1 & ^: highe/     
wisdom  lies 9 d5y+ or call+ into "q !  
exi/5ce ( an ext]nal  univ]se2 accord+  
to !m only "o real entity exi/s--_! own 
preci\s p]sonality1 or1 to be m correct1
 _! immortal s\l4  ,sev]al mod]n        
physiologi/s h embrac$ ?is ultra-ideali/
 view1  :i* is to be f\nd 9 ,desc>tes1  
,b]keley1 ,fi*te1 & o!rs4  ,_!          
psy*o-monism affirms3 ,"o ?+ only exi/s1
 & t is  my own m9d4 ,?is audaci\s      
spiritualism seems to u to re/ on an    
errone\s inf]5ce f ,kant's correct      
critical !ory1 t we c  "k ! out] _w only
 9 ! ph5om5al aspect :i* is accessible  
to our human organs ( ?\ght--! bra9 & ! 
organs ( s5se4 ,if  by ^? means we c    
atta9 only an imp]fect & limit$ k  ( !  
mat]ial _w1 t is no reason = d5y+ its   
exi/5ce  altoge!r4 ,9 my op9ion1 !      
exi/5ce ( e!r is z c]ta9 z t  (         
pond]able matt]--z c]ta9 z my own       

exi/5ce1 z ,i reflect &  write on x4 ,z 
we assure ourselves ( ! exi/5ce (       
pond]able  matt] by its mass & weight1  
by *emical & me*anical exp]im5ts1  s we 
prove t ( e!r by ! exp]i5ces & exp]im5ts
 ( optics  & electricity4    ,al?\gh1   
h[ev]1 ! exi/5ce ( e!r is n[ reg>d$ z a 
positive fact by ne>ly all physici/s1 & 
al?\gh _m effects (  ?is rem>kable      
sub/ance are famili> to u ?r\gh an      
ext5sive  exp]i5ce1 especially 9 ! way (
 optical & electrical exp]im5ts1  yet we
 are /ill f> f be+ cle> & confid5t z to 
its real  "*4 ,! views ( ! mo/ em95t    
physici/s1 :o h made  a special /udy (  
x1 are extremely div]g5t2 !y frequ5tly  
contradict ea* o!r on ! mo/ important   
po9ts4 ,"o is1 !re=e1  free to *oose    
among ! contradictory hypo!ses accord+  
to "o's  k & judgm5t4 ,i w put 9 !      
foll[+ eight !ses !  view :i* has       
approv$ itself to me aft] mature        
reflection on !  subject1 ?\gh ,i am no 
exp]t 9 ?is dep>tm5t3    ,i4 ,e!r fills 
! :ole ( space1 9 s f> z x is n occupi$ 

by  pond]able matt]1 z a cont9u\s       
sub/ance2 x fully occupies !  space     
betwe5 ! atoms ( pond]able matt]4       
,,ii4 ,e!r has probably no *emical      
quality1 & is n compos$ (  atoms4 ,if x 
be suppos$ t x consi/s ( m9ute homog5e\s
 atoms  7= in/ance1 indivisible e!ric   
p>ticles ( a uni=m size71 x  mu/ be     
fur!r suppos$ t !re is some?+ else      
betwe5 ^!  atoms1 ei!r empty space or a 
?ird1 completely unkn[n m$ium1 a  purely
 hypo!tical int]e!r2 ! "q z to ! nature 
( ?is  br+s u back to ! orig9al         
difficulty1 & s on 9 inf9itum4    ,,iii4
 ,z ! idea ( an empty space & an action 
at a di/ance is  sc>cely possible 9 !   
pres5t condition ( our k 7at lea/  x    
does n help to a cle> moni/ic view71 ,i 
po/ulate = e!r a  special /ructure :i*  
is n atomi/ic1 l t ( pond]able  matt]1 &
 :i* may provisionally be call$ 7)\t    
fur!r  det]m9ation7 e!ric or dynamic    
/ructure4    ,,iv4 ,! consi/5cy ( e!r is
 also peculi>1 on our hypo!sis1 &       
diff]5t f t ( pond]able matt]4 ,x is    

nei!r gase\s1 z  "s conceive1 nor solid1
 z o!rs suppose2 ! be/ idea ( x c be    
=m$ by comp>ison ) an extremely         
att5uat$1 ela/ic1 & light  jelly4    ,v4
 ,e!r may be call$ impond]able matt] 9 !
 s5se t we  h no means ( det]m9+ its    
weight exp]im5tally4 ,if x really  has  
weight1 z is v probable1 x mu/ be s     
slight z to be f>  bel[ ! capacity ( our
 mo/ delicate balance4 ,"s physici/s h  
attempt$ to det]m9e its weight by !     
en]gy ( ! light-waves1 &  h discov]$ t x
 is "s fifte5 trillion times light] ?an 
atmosph]ic air2 on t hypo!sis a sph]e ( 
e!r ( ! size (  our e>? w\ld weigh at   
lea/ two hundr$ & fifty p\nds7874       
,,vi4 ,! e!ric consi/5cy may probably 79
 accordance ) !  pyknotic !ory7 pass    
into ! gase\s /ate "u c]ta9 conditions  
by progressive cond5sation1 j z a gas   
may be conv]t$ into a  fluid1 &         
ultimately into a solid1 by l[]+ its    
temp]ature4    ,,vii4 ,consequ5tly1 ^!  
?ree conditions ( matt] may be arrang$  
7& x is a po9t ( great importance 9 our 

moni/ic cosmogony7 9 a  g5etic1 cont9u\s
 ord]4 ,we may di/+ui% five /ages 9 x3  
7#a7  ! e!ric1 7#b7 ! gase\s1 7#c7 !    
fluid1 7#d7 ! visc\s 79 !  liv+         
protoplasm71 & 7#e7 ! solid /ate4       
,,viii4 ,e!r is b\ndless & immeasurable1
 l ! space x occupies4  ,x is 9 et]nal  
motion2 & ?is specific movem5t ( e!r 7x 
is  immat]ial :e!r we conceive x z      
vibration1 /ra91 cond5sation1  etc471 9 
reciprocal action ) mass-movem5t 7or    
gravitation71 is !  ultimate cause ( all
 ph5om5a4    ,! great "q ( ! nature (   
e!r1 z ,h]tz ju/ly calls  x1 includes ! 
"q ( its relation to pond]able matt]2 = 
^! two =ms ( matt] are n only always 9 !
 close/ ext]nal  contact1 b also 9      
et]nal1 dynamic1 reciprocal action4 ,we 
may divide  ! mo/ g5]al ph5om5a (       
nature1 :i* are di/+ui%$ by  physics z  
natural =ces or functions ( matt]1 into 
two gr\ps2  ! fir/ ( !m may be reg>d$   
ma9ly 7?\gh n exclusively7 z a  function
 ( e!r1 & ! second a function (         
pond]able matt]--z  9 ! foll[+ s*eme :i*

 ,i take f my ,monism3     ,,! ,,_w     
7,,nature1 ,,or ,,! ,,cosmos7           
----------------------------------------
------------------------------          
,,e!r--,impond]able4                    
,,mass--,pond]able4                     
----------------------------------------
------------------------------          
#a4 ,consi/5cy3                 #a4     
,consi/5cy3                             
,e!ric 7i4e41 nei!r          ,n e!ric 7b
 gase\s1 fluid1   gase\s nor fluid1 nor 
solid74    or solid74                   
#b4 ,/ructure3                   #b4    
,/ructure3                              
,n atomi/ic1 n made up (     ,atomi/ic1 
made up ( inf9itesimal1   sep>ate       
p>ticles 7atoms71 b   di/9ct p>ticles   
7atoms7   cont9u\s4                     
discont9u\s4                            
#c4 ,*ief ,functions3             #c4   
,*ief ,functions3                       
,light1 radiant heat1 electricity1      
,gravity1 in]tia1 molecul> heat1   &    
magnetism4                    & *emical 

aff9ity4                                
----------------------------------------
------------------------------    ,! two
 gr\ps ( functions ( matt]1 :i* we h    
oppos$ 9 ?is  table1 may1 to "s ext5t1  
be reg>d$ z ! outcome ( ! fir/  division
 ( labor 9 ! developm5t ( matt]1 !      
prim>y ergonomy  ( matt]4 ,b ?is        
di/9ction mu/ n be suppos$ to involve an
  absolute sep>ation ( ! two anti!tic   
gr\ps2 !y always reta9  _! connection1 &
 are 9 con/ant reciprocal action4 ,x is 
well  kn[n t ! optical & electrical     
ph5om5a ( e!r are closely  connect$ )   
me*anical & *emical *anges 9 pond]able  
elem5ts2  ! radiant heat ( e!r may be   
directly conv]t$ into ! me*anical  heat 
( ! mass2 gravitation is impossible     
unless ! e!r effects  ! mutual          
attraction ( ! sep>at$ atoms1 because we
 _c admit  ! idea ( an actio 9 di/ans4  
,9 l mann]1 ! conv]sion  ( "o =m ( en]gy
 into ano!r1 z indicat$ 9 ! law ( !     
p]si/5ce ( =ce1 illu/rates ! con/ant    
reciprocity ( ! two  *ief types (       

sub/ance1 e!r & mass4    ,! great law ( 
nature1 :i*1 "u ! title ( ! law (       
sub/ance1 we put at ! head ( all        
physical consid]ations1 0  conceiv$ z ! 
law ( ! p]si/5ce ( =ce by ,rob]t ,mey]1 
:o  fir/ =mulat$ x1 & ,helmholtz1 :o    
cont9u$ ! "w4 ,ano!r  ,g]man sci5ti/1   
,fri$ri* ,mohr1 ( ,bonn1 _h cle>ly      
outl9$ x 9  its ma9 features t5 ye>s    
e>li] 7#ahcg74 ,! old idea ( =ce  01    
aft] a "t1 diff]5tiat$ by mod]n physics 
f t (  en]gy1 :i* 0 at fir/ synonym\s ) 
x4 ,h5ce ! law is  n[ usually call$ !   
law ( ! p]si/5ce ( en]gy4 ,h[ev]1  ?is  
f9] di/9ction ne$ n ent] into ! g5]al   
consid]ation1  to :i* ,i mu/ conf9e     
myself "h1 & into ! "q ( !  great       
pr9ciple ( ! p]si/5ce ( sub/ance4 ,!    
int]e/$  read] w f9d a v cle> treatm5t (
 ! "q 9 ,tyndall's  excell5t pap] on ,! 
,fundam5tal ,law ( ,nature1 9 8         
,fragm5ts  ( ,sci5ce4 ,x fully expla9s !
 broad significance ( ?is pr(\nd  cosmic
 law1 & po9ts out its application to !  
ma9 problems (  v diff]5t bran*es (     

sci5ce4 ,we %all conf9e our att5tion to 
! important fact t ! pr9ciple ( en]gy & 
! correlative  idea ( ! unity ( natural 
=ces1 on ! basis ( a common orig91  are 
n[ accept$ by all compet5t physici/s1 & 
are reg>d$ z !  greate/ advance (       
physics 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,we n[ "k t 
heat1 s\nd1 light1 *emical action1      
electricity1 & magnetism are all  modes 
( motion4 ,we c1 by a c]ta9 app>atus1   
conv]t any "o (  ^! =ces into ano!r1 &  
prove by an accurate measurem5t t  n a  
s+le p>ticle ( en]gy is lo/ 9 ! process4
    ,! sum-total ( =ce or en]gy 9 !     
univ]se rema9s con/ant1 no  matt] :at   
*anges take place ar\nd u2 x is et]nal &
 inf9ite1  l ! matt] on :i* x is        
insep>ably dep5d5t4 ,! :ole drama  (    
nature app>5tly consi/s 9 an alt]nation 
( movem5t &  repose2 yet ! bodies at re/
 h an inali5able quantity ( =ce1  j z   
truly z ^? t are 9 motion4 ,x is 9 ?is  
movem5t  t ! pot5tial en]gy ( ! =m] is  
conv]t$ into ! k9etic  en]gy ( ! latt]4 
,z ! pr9ciple ( ! p]si/5ce ( =ce  takes 

into acc\nt repulsion z well z          
attraction1 x affirms t  ! me*anical    
value ( ! pot5tial en]gy & ! k9etic     
en]gy  9 ! mat]ial _w is a con/ant      
quantity4 ,to put x briefly1 !  =ce ( ! 
univ]se is divid$ into two p>ts1 :i* may
 be mutually  conv]t$1 accord+ to a fix$
 relation ( value4 ,! dim9ution (  ! "o 
involves ! increase ( ! o!r2 ! total    
value rema9s  un*ang$ 9 ! univ]se4 ,!   
pot5tial en]gy & ! actual1 or  k9etic1  
en]gy are be+ cont9ually trans=m$ f "o  
condition to  ! o!r2 b ! inf9ite sum (  
=ce 9 ! _w at l>ge nev]  suff]s !       
slighte/ curtailm5t4    ,once mod]n     
physics _h e/abli%$ ! law ( sub/ance z  
f> z  ! simpl] relations ( inorganic    
bodies are conc]n$1 physiology  took up 
! /ory1 & prov$ its application to !    
entire prov9ce  ( ! organic _w4 ,x %[$ t
 all ! vital activities ( !             
organism--)\t exception--are bas$ on a  
con/ant reciprocity  ( =ce & a          
correlative *ange ( mat]ial1 or         
metabolism1 j  z mu* z ! simple/        

processes 9 lifeless bodies4 ,n only  ! 
gr[? & ! nutrition ( plants & animals1 b
 ev5 _!  functions ( s5sation & movem5t1
 _! s5se-action & psy*ic  life1 dep5d on
 ! conv]sion ( pot5tial into k9etic     
en]gy1  & vice v]s4 ,?is supreme law    
dom9ates also ^? elaborate  p]=mances ( 
! n]v\s sy/em :i* we call1 9 ! high]    
animals  & man1 ! action ( ! m9d4       
,our moni/ic view1 t ! great cosmic law 
applies ?r\gh\t !  :ole ( nature1 is ( !
 highe/ mom5t4 ,= x n only involves1  on
 its positive side1 ! ess5tial unity ( !
 cosmos & !  causal connection ( all    
ph5om5a t come )9 our cognizance1  b x  
also1 9 a negative way1 m>ks ! highe/   
intellectual  progress1 9 t x def9itely 
rules out ! ?ree c5tral dogmas (        
metaphysics--,god1 fre$om1 &            
immortality4 ,9 assign+ me*anical       
causes to ph5om5a ev]y:]e1 ! law (      
sub/ance comes into l9e  ) ! univ]sal   
law ( causality4          ,,*apt] ,,xiii
    ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,! ,,_w        
,! ,notion (                            

,creation--,miracles--,creation ( !     
,:ole ,univ]se      & ( its ,v>i\s      
,p>ts--,creation ( ,sub/ance            
7,cosmological      ,creation7--,deism3 
,"o ,creative ,day--,creation ( ,sep>ate
      ,entities--,five ,=ms (           
,ontological ,creationism--,!ory (      
,evolution--,i4 ,moni/ic                
,cosmogony--,beg9n+ & ,end ( !          
,_w--,! ,inf9ity & ,et]nity ( !         
,univ]se--,space &      ,"t--,univ]sum  
p]petuum mobile--,entropy ( !           
,univ]se--,,ii4      ,moni/ic           
,geog5y--,hi/ory ( ! ,inorganic &       
,organic ,worlds--,,iii4      ,moni/ic  
,biog5y--,trans=mism & ! ,!ory (        
,desc5t3 ,lam>ck      & ,d>w9--,,iv4    
,moni/ic ,an?ropog5y--,orig9 ( ,man     
,! greate/1 va/e/1 & mo/ difficult ( all
 cosmic problems is  t ( ! orig9 &      
developm5t ( ! _w--! "q (  creation1 9 a
 ^w4 ,ev5 to ! solution ( ?is mo/       
difficult  _w-riddle ! n9ete5? c5tury   
has contribut$ m ?an all its            
pr$ecessors2 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 inde$1 x   

has f\nd ! solution4 ,we  h at lea/     
atta9$ to a cle> view ( ! fact t all !  
p>tial  que/ions ( creation are         
indivisibly connect$1 t !y repres5t  "o 
s+le1 compreh5sive cosmic problem1 & t !
 key to ?is  problem is f\nd 9 ! "o     
magic ^w--evolution4 ,! great que/ions  
( ! creation ( man1 ! creation ( !      
animals & plants1 !  creation ( ! e>? & 
! sun1 etc41 are all p>ts ( ! g5]al  "q1
 ,:at is ! orig9 ( ! :ole _w8 ,has x be5
 creat$  by sup]natural p[]1 or has x   
be5 evolv$ by a natural process8  ,:at  
are ! causes & ! mann] ( ?is evolution8 
,if we succe$  9 f9d+ ! correct answ] to
 "o ( ^! que/ions1 we h1  accord+ to our
 moni/ic conception ( ! _w1 ca/ a       
brilliant  light on ! solution ( !m all1
 & on ! entire cosmic problem4    ,!    
curr5t op9ion z to ! orig9 ( ! _w 9     
e>li] ages 0  almo/ a univ]sal belief 9 
creation4 ,?is belief has be5 express$  
9 ?\s&s ( int]e/+1 m or less fabul\s1   
leg5ds1 poems1  cosmogonies1 & my?s4 ,a 
few great philosoph]s 7 devoid ( x1     

especially ^? rem>kable free-?9k]s (    
classical antiquity :o  fir/ conceiv$ ! 
idea ( natural evolution4 ,all !        
creation-my?s1  on ! contr>y1 7 ( a     
sup]natural1 miracul\s1 & transc5d5tal  
"*4 ,incompet5t1 z x 01 to inve/igate = 
itself !  nature ( ! _w & its orig9 by  
natural causes1 ! undevelop$  m9d       
naturally _h rec\rse to ! idea (        
miracle4 ,9 mo/ ( ^!  creation-my?s     
an?ropism 0 bl5d$ ) ! belief 9 !        
miracul\s4 ,! creator 0 suppos$ to h    
con/ruct$ ! _w on a  def9ite plan1 j z  
man accompli%es 8 artificial            
con/ructions2  ! conception ( ! creator 
0 g5]ally completely an?ropomorphic1  a 
palpable an?ropi/ic creationism4 ,!     
all-mighty mak] ( heav5  & e>?1 z he is 
call$ 9 ,g5esis & ! ,cate*ism1 is j z   
humanly conceiv$ z ! mod]n creator (    
,agassiz & ,re9ke1 or !  intellig5t     
eng9e] ( o!r rec5t biologi/s4    ,ent]+ 
m fully into ! notion ( creation1 we c  
di/+ui%  z two entirely diff]5t acts !  
production ( ! univ]se z a  :ole & !    

p>tial production ( its v>i\s p>ts1 9   
h>mony )  ,sp9oza's idea ( sub/ance 7!  
univ]se7 & accid5ts 7or  modes1 !       
individual ph5om5a ( sub/ance74 ,?is    
di/9ction is (  great importance1       
because !re are _m em95t philosoph]s :o 
admit  ! "o & reject ! o!r4    ,accord+ 
to ?is creationi/ !ory1 !n1 ,god has    
made ! _w  out ( no?+4 ,x is suppos$ t  
,god 7a rational1 b immat]ial1  be+7    
exi/$ by himself = an et]nity be=e he   
resolv$ to create  ! _w4 ,"s support]s (
 ! !ory re/rict ,god's creative         
function to "o s+le act2 !y believe t   
?is extramundane ,god  7! re/ ( ^: life 
is %r\d$ 9 my/]y7 creat$ ! sub/ance  ( !
 _w 9 a s+le mom5t1 end[$ x ) ! faculty 
(  ! mo/ ext5sive evolution1 & tr\bl$ no
 fur!r ab\t x4  ,?is view may be f\nd1 =
 in/ance1 9 ! ,engli% ,dei/s 9 _m  =ms4 
,x approa*es v close to our moni/ic !ory
 ( evolution1  only ab&on+ x 9 ! "o     
in/ant 9 :i* ,god accompli%$ !          
creation4 ,o!r creationi/s cont5d t ,god
 did n conf9e himself  to ! m]e creation

 ( matt]1 b t he cont9ues to be op]ative
  z ! su/a9] & rul] ( ! _w4 ,diff]5t    
modifications (  ?is belief are f\nd1 "s
 approa*+ v close to pan!ism &  o!rs to 
complete !ism4 ,all ^! & simil> =ms (   
belief 9  creation are incompatible ) ! 
law ( ! p]si/5ce ( matt] &  =ce2 t law  
kn[s no?+ ( a beg9n+4    ,x is int]e/+  
to note t ,e4 du ,bois-,reymond has     
id5tifi$  himself ) ?is cosmological    
creationism 9 8 late/ spee*  7on        
,neovitalism1 #ahid74 ,x is m consonant 
) ! div9e  omnipot5ce1 he says1 to      
assume t x creat$ ! :ole mat]ial  ( ! _w
 9 "o creative act un?9kable ages ago 9 
su*  wise t x %\ld be end[$ ) inviolable
 laws to control !  orig9 & ! progress (
 liv+ ?+s--t1 = in/ance1 "h  on e>?     
rudim5t>y organisms %\ld arise f :i*1   
)\t  fur!r assi/ance1 ! :ole ( liv+     
nature c\ld be evolv$1 f  a primitive   
bacillus to ! graceful palm-wood1 f a   
primitive  micrococcus to ,solomon's    
lovely wives or to ! bra9 ( ,newton4    
,?us we are cont5t ) "o creative day1 & 

we d]ive organic  nature me*anically1   
)\t ! aid ( ei!r old or new vitalism4   
,du ,bois-,reymond "h %[s1 z 9 ! "q (   
consci\sness1 !  %all[ & illogical "* ( 
8 moni/ic ?\ght4    ,accord+ to ano!r   
/ill preval5t !ory1 :i* may be call$    
ontological creationism1 ,god n only    
creat$ ! _w at l>ge1  b also its sep>ate
 cont5ts4 ,9 ! ,*ri/ian _w ! old        
,semitic  leg5d ( creation1 tak5 f      
,g5esis1 is /ill v widely accept$2  ev5 
among mod]n sci5ti/s x f9ds an adh]5t "h
 & !re4 ,i  h fully ent]$ into !        
criticism ( x 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( my       
,natural ,hi/ory ( ,creation4 ,! foll[+ 
!ories may be enum]at$  z ! mo/ int]e/+ 
modifications ( ?is ontological         
creationism3    ,i4 ,duali/ic           
creation4--,god re/rict$ 8 int]f]5ce to 
two  creative acts4 ,fir/ he creat$ !   
inorganic _w1 m]e dead  sub/ance1 to :i*
 alone ! law ( en]gy applies1 work+     
bl9dly  & aimlessly 9 ! me*anism (      
mat]ial ?+s & ! build+ (  ! m\nta9s2 !n 
,god atta9$ intellig5ce & communicat$ x 

to  ! purposive intellig5t =ces :i*     
initiate & control organic              
evolution4#bf    ,,ii4 ,triali/ic       
creation4--,god made ! _w 9 ?ree        
creative  acts3 7a7 ! creation ( !      
heav5s--! extra-t]re/rial _w1  7b7 !    
creation ( ! e>? 7z ! c5tre ( ! _w7 & ( 
its liv+ inhabitants1 & 7c7 ! creation (
 man 79 ! image  & lik5ess ( ,god74 ,?is
 dogma is /ill widely preval5t among    
!ologians & o!r educat$ p2 x is taught z
 ! tru? 9  _m ( our s*ools4    ,,iii4   
,heptam]al creation2 a creation 9 sev5  
days 7te/e  ,moses74--,al?\gh few       
educat$ p really believe 9 ?is ,mosaic  
my? n[1 x is /ill firmly impress$ on our
 *ildr5 9 ! biblical  lessons ( _!      
e>lie/ ye>s4 ,! num]\s attempts t h be5 
made1 especially 9 ,engl&1 to h>monize x
 ) ! mod]n !ory (  evolution h entirely 
fail$4 ,x obta9$ "s importance 9 sci5ce 
:5 ,l9n adopt$ x 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( 8     
sy/em1 & bas$ 8  def9ition ( organic    
species 7:i* he consid]$ to be          
un*angeable7  on x3 ,!re are z _m       

diff]5t species ( animals & plants z    
!re 7 diff]5t =ms creat$ 9 ! beg9n+ by !
 ,inf9ite4  ,?is dogma 0 pretty g5]ally 
held until ! "t ( ,d>w9 7#ahei71  al?\gh
 ,lam>ck _h already prov$ its           
unt5ability 9 #ahji4    ,,iv4 ,p]iodic  
creation4--,at ! beg9n+ ( ea* p]iod ( ! 
e>?'s hi/ory ! :ole population ( animals
 & plants 0 creat$  anew1 & de/roy$ by a
 g5]al cata/rophe at its close2 !re 7  z
 _m g5]al creative acts z !re are di/9ct
 geological p]iods  7! cata/rophic !ory 
( ,cuvi] #ahah & ,l\is ,agassiz #aheh74 
,palontology1 :i* seem$ to support ?is  
!ory 9 its m imp]fect  /age1 has s9ce   
completely refut$ x4    ,v4 ,individual 
creation4--,e s+le man--& e individual  
animal & plant--does n arise by a       
natural process ( gr[?1 b  is creat$ by 
! favor ( ,god4 ,?is view ( creation is 
/ill (t5  met ) 9 j\rnals1 especially 9 
! bir?s column4 ,! special  tal5ts &    
features ( our *ildr5 are (t5 gratefully
 ackn[l$g$  to be gifts ( ,god2 _!      
h]$it>y defects fit into ano!r !ory4    

,! error ( ^! creation-leg5ds & !       
cognate belief 9 miracles  mu/ h be5    
app>5t to ?\ghtful m9ds at an e>ly      
p]iod2 m  ?an two ?\s& ye>s ago we f9d t
 _m attempts 7 made  to replace !m by a 
rational !ory1 & to expla9 ! orig9 (  ! 
_w by natural causes4 ,9 ! front rank1  
once m1 we mu/  place ! lead]s ( !      
,ionic s*ool1 ) ,democritus1 ,h]aclitus1
  ,emp$ocles1 ,ari/otle1 ,lucretius1 &  
o!r anci5t philosoph]s4 ,!  fir/        
imp]fect attempts :i* !y made a/oni% u1 
9 a measure1  by ! fla%es ( m5tal light 
9 :i* !y anticipate mod]n ideas4  ,x mu/
 be rememb]$ t classical antiquity _h n 
t solid  gr\ndwork = sci5tific          
speculation :i* has be5 provid$ by !    
c\ntless obs]vations & exp]im5ts ( mod]n
 sci5ti/s4 ,dur+ !  ,middle             
,ages--especially dur+ ! dom9ation ( !  
papacy--sci5tific  "w 9 ?is direction   
entirely ceas$4 ,! torture & ! /ake (  !
 ,inquisition insur$ t an unconditional 
belief 9 ! ,hebrew  my?ology %\ld be !  
f9al answ] to all ! que/ions ( creation4

  ,ev5 ! ph5om5a :i* l$ directly to !   
obs]vation ( ! facts  ( evolution--!    
embryology ( ! plant & ! animal1 & (    
man--rema9$ unnotic$1 or only excit$ !  
int]e/ ( an occasional  ke5 obs]v]2 b _!
 discov]ies 7 ignor$ or =gott54         
,moreov]1 ! pa? to a correct k ( natural
 developm5t 0  b>r$ by ! dom9ant !ory ( 
pre=mation1 ! dogma :i* held  t !       
*>act]i/ic =m & /ructure ( ea* animal & 
plant  7 already sket*$ 9 m9iature 9 !  
g]m 7cf4 p4 #ed74    ,! sci5ce :i* we n[
 call ! sci5ce ( evolution 79 ! broade/ 
s5se7 is1 bo? 9 its g5]al outl9e & 9 its
 sep>ate p>ts1  a *ild ( ! n9ete5?      
c5tury2 x is "o ( its mo/ mom5t\s  & mo/
 brilliant a*ievem5ts4 ,almo/ unkn[n 9 !
 prec$+  c5tury1 ?is !ory has n[ become 
! sure f\ndation ( our :ole  _w-sy/em4  
,i h treat$ x exhau/ively 9 my ,g5]al   
,morphology  7#ahff71 m popul>ly 9 my   
,natural ,hi/ory ( ,creation 7#ahfh71 & 
9 its special application to man 9 my   
,an?ropog5y 7#ahgd74 ,"h ,i  %all       
re/rict myself to a brief survey ( !    

*ief advances :i*  ! sci5ce has made 9 !
 c\rse ( ! c5tury4 ,x falls into f\r    
sections1 accord+ to ! nature ( its     
object2 t is1 x deals )  ! natural orig9
 ( 7#a7 ! cosmos1 7#b7 ! e>?1 7#c7      
t]re/rial  =ms ( life1 & 7#d7 man4      
,i4--,,moni/ic ,,cosmogony    ,! fir/   
attempt to expla9 ! con/itution & !     
me*anical  orig9 ( ! _w 9 a simple mann]
 by ,newtonian laws--t is1  by          
ma!matical & physical laws--0 made by   
,immanuel ,kant 9 !  fam\s "w ( 8 y\?   
7#agee71 ,g5]al ,hi/ory ( ! ,e>? &      
,!ory ( ! ,heav5s4 ,un=tunately1 ?is    
di/+ui%$ & d>+  "w rema9$ almo/ unkn[n =
 n9ety ye>s2 x 0 only dis9t]r$  9 #ahde 
by ,alex&] ,humboldt 9 ! fir/ volume ( 8
 ,cosmos4 ,9  ! mean "t ! great ,fr5*   
ma!matician1 ,pi]re ,laplace1 _h  arriv$
 indep5d5tly at simil> views to ^? (    
,kant1 & he gave  !m a ma!matical       
f\ndation 9 8 ,exposition du ,sy/me du  
,monde  7#agif74 ,8 *ief "w1 ! ,mcanique
 ,cle/e1 appe>$ a hundr$  ye>s ago4 ,!  
analog\s features ( ! cosmogony ( ,kant 

& ,laplace  consi/1 z is well kn[n1 9 a 
me*anical explanation ( ! movem5ts  ( ! 
planets1 & ! conclusion :i* is drawn    
!refrom1 t all  ! cosmic bodies 7 =m$   
orig9ally by a cond5sation ( rotat+     
nebul\s sph]es4 ,?is nebul> hypo!sis has
 be5 mu* improv$  & supplem5t$ s9ce1 b x
 is /ill ! be/ ( all ! attempts  to     
expla9 ! orig9 ( ! _w on moni/ic &      
me*anical l9es4  ,x has rec5tly be5     
/rongly confirm$ & enl>g$ by ! !ory  t  
?is cosmogonic process did n simply take
 place once1 b is  p]iodically repeat$4 
,:ile new cosmic bodies arise & develop 
out  ( rotat+ masses ( nebula 9 "s p>ts 
( ! univ]se1 9 o!r  p>ts old1 ext9ct1   
frigid suns come into collision1 & are  
once m  r$uc$ by ! heat g5]at$ to !     
condition ( nebul4    ,ne>ly all ! old] 
& ! m rec5t cosmogonies1 includ+ mo/  ( 
^? :i* 7 inspir$ by ,kant & ,laplace1   
/>t$ f !  popul> idea t ! _w _h _h a    
beg9n+4 ,h5ce1 accord+ to  a widespread 
v]sion ( ! nebul> hypo!sis1 9 ! beg9n+  
0 made a va/ nebula ( inf9itely att5uat$

 & light mat]ial1  & at a c]ta9 mom5t   
7c\ntless ages ago7 a movem5t ( rotation
  0 imp>t$ to ?is mass4 ,giv5 ?is fir/  
beg9n+ ( !  cosmogonic movem5t1 x is    
easy1 on me*anical pr9ciples1 to d$uce  
& ma!matically e/abli% ! fur!r ph5om5a (
 ! =mation (  ! cosmic bodies1 !        
sep>ation ( ! planets1 & s =?4 ,?is     
fir/ orig9 ( movem5t is ,du             
,bois-,reymond's second _w-enigma2  he  
reg>ds x z transc5d5tal4 ,_m o!r        
sci5ti/s & philosoph]s  are equally     
helpless be=e ?is difficulty2 !y resign 
!mselves to  ! notion t we h "h a prim>y
 sup]natural impetus to !  s*eme ( ?+s1 
a miracle4    ,9 our op9ion1 ?is second 
_w-enigma is solv$ by ! recognition  t  
movem5t is z innate & orig9al a prop]ty 
( sub/ance z  is s5sation4 ,! pro( ( ?is
 moni/ic assumption is f\nd1 fir/1  9 ! 
law ( sub/ance1 &1 secondly1 9 !        
discov]ies :i*  a/ronomy & physics h    
made 9 ! latt] half ( ! c5tury4 ,by  !  
spectral analysis ( ,buns5 & ,kir*h(f   
7#ahfj7 we h f\nd1 n  only t ! millions 

( bodies1 :i* fill ! inf9ity ( space1   
are  ( ! same mat]ial z our own sun &   
e>?1 b also t !y are  9 v>i\s /ages (   
evolution2 we h obta9$ by its aid       
in=mation  z to ! movem5ts & di/ances ( 
! />s1 :i* ! telescope  w\ld nev] h giv5
 u4 ,moreov]1 ! telescope itself has be5
  va/ly improv$1 & has1 9 alliance )    
photography1 made a ho/  ( sci5tific    
discov]ies ( :i* no "o dream$ at !      
beg9n+  ( ! c5tury4 ,9 p>ticul>1 a clos]
 acqua9tance ) comets1  meteorites1     
/>-clu/]s1 & nebul has help$ u to       
realize !  great significance ( ! small]
 bodies :i* are f\nd 9 millions 9  !    
space betwe5 ! />s4    ,we n[ "k t !    
pa?s ( ! millions ( heav5ly bodies are  
*angeable1 & to "s ext5t irregul>1 :]eas
 ! planet>y  sy/em 0 =m]ly ?\ght to be  
con/ant1 & ! rotat+ sph]es  7 describ$ z
 pursu+ _! orbits 9 et]nal regul>ity4   
,a/ro-physics owes mu* ( its triumph to 
! imm5se progress ( o!r  bran*es (      
physics1 ( optics1 & electricity1 &     
especially (  ! !ory ( e!r4 ,& "h1 aga91

 our supreme law ( sub/ance is  f\nd to 
be "o ( ! mo/ valuable a*ievem5ts (     
mod]n sci5ce4  ,we n[ "k t x rules      
unconditionally 9 ! mo/ di/ant rea*es  (
 space1 j z x does 9 our planet>y sy/em1
 9 ! mo/ m9ute  p>ticle ( ! e>? z well z
 9 ! smalle/ cell ( our human  frame4   
,we are1 moreov]1 ju/ifi$ 9 conclud+1 if
 we are n  logically compell$ to        
conclude1 t ! p]si/5ce ( matt] &  =ce   
has held good ?r\gh\t all "t z x does   
to-day4 ,?r\gh all  et]nity ! inf9ite   
univ]se has be51 & is1 subject to ! law 
(  sub/ance4    ,f ?is great progress ( 
a/ronomy & physics1 :i* mutually        
elucidate & supplem5t ea* o!r1 we draw a
 s]ies ( mo/ important  conclusions )   
reg>d to ! con/itution & evolution ( !  
cosmos1 & ! p]si/5ce & trans=mation (   
sub/ance4 ,let u put  !m briefly 9 !    
foll[+ !ses3    ,i4 ,! ext5t ( ! univ]se
 is inf9ite & unb\nd$2 x is empty  9 no 
"p1 b ev]y:]e fill$ ) sub/ance4    ,,ii4
 ,! duration ( ! _w is equally inf9ite &
 unb\nd$2 x  has no beg9n+ & no end3 x  

is et]nity4    ,,iii4 ,sub/ance is      
ev]y:]e & always 9 un9t]rupt$ movem5t & 
trans=mation3 n[h]e is !re p]fect repose
 & rigidity2 yet !  inf9ite quantity (  
matt] & ( et]nally *ang+ =ce rema9s     
con/ant4    ,,iv4 ,?is univ]sal movem5t 
( sub/ance 9 space takes ! =m ( an      
et]nal cycle or ( a p]iodical process ( 
evolution4    ,v4 ,! phases ( ?is       
evolution consi/ 9 a p]iodic *ange (    
consi/5cy1 ( :i* ! fir/ outcome is !    
prim>y division into  mass & e!r--!     
ergonomy ( pond]able & impond]able      
matt]4    ,,vi4 ,?is division is effect$
 by a progressive cond5sation ( matt]  z
 ! =mation ( c\ntless inf9itesimal      
c5tres ( cond5sation1  9 :i* ! inh]5t   
primitive prop]ties ( sub/ance--feel+ & 
incl9ation--are ! active causes4        
,,vii4 ,:ile m9ute & !n l>g] bodies are 
be+ =m$ by ?is  pyknotic process 9 "o "p
 ( space1 & ! int]m$iate e!r  increases 
its /ra91 ! opposite process--!         
de/ruction ( cosmic  bodies by          
collision--is tak+ place 9 ano!r qu>t]4 

,,viii4 ,! imm5se quantity ( heat :i* is
 g5]at$ 9 ?is  me*anical process ( !    
collision ( swiftly mov+ bodies         
repres5ts  ! new k9etic en]gy :i*       
effects ! movem5t ( ! resultant  nebul &
 ! con/ruction ( new rotat+ bodies4 ,!  
et]nal drama  beg9s afre%4 ,ev5 our "m  
e>?1 :i* 0 =m$ ( "p ( !  gyrat+ sol>    
sy/em millions ( ages ago1 w gr[ cold & 
lifeless  aft] ! lapse ( fur!r millions1
 &1 gradually n>r[+ its  orbit1 w fall  
ev5tually into ! sun4    ,x seems to me 
t ^! mod]n discov]ies z to ! p]iodic    
decay  & re-bir? ( cosmic bodies1 :i* we
 owe to ! mo/ rec5t advance  ( physics &
 a/ronomy1 associat$ ) ! law ( sub/ance1
 are  especially important 9 giv+ u a   
cle> insight into ! univ]sal  cosmic    
process ( evolution4 ,9 _! light our e>?
 %r9ks into !  sl5d] proportions ( a    
mote 9 ! sunbeam1 ( :i* unnumb]$        
millions *ase ea* o!r ?r\gh ! va/ dep?s 
( space4 ,our own  human nature1 :i*    
exalt$ itself into an image ( ,god 9 its
  an?ropi/ic illusion1 s9ks to ! level (

 a plac5tal mammal1 :i*  has no m value 
= ! univ]se at l>ge ?an ! ant1 ! fly (  
a summ]'s day1 ! microscopic infusorium1
 or ! smalle/ bacillus4  ,humanity is b 
a transitory phase ( ! evolution ( an   
et]nal  sub/ance1 a p>ticul> ph5om5al =m
 ( matt] & en]gy1 ! true  proportion (  
:i* we soon p]ceive :5 we set x on !    
backgr\nd  ( inf9ite space & et]nal "t4 
,s9ce ,kant expla9$ space & "t to be    
m]ely =ms (  p]ception--space ! =m (    
ext]nal1 "t ( int]nal1  s5sitivity--!re 
has be5 a ke5 controv]sy1 :i* /ill      
cont9ues1  ov] ?is important problem4 ,a
 l>ge section ( mod]n metaphysicians  h 
p]suad$ !mselves t ?is critical fact    
possesses a great  importance z !       
/>t+-po9t ( a purely ideali/ !ory (  k1 
& t1 consequ5tly1 ! natural op9ion ( !  
ord9>y  heal?y m9d z to ! reality ( "t &
 space is swept aside4 ,?is  n>r[ &     
ultra-ideali/ conception ( "t & space   
has become a  prolific s\rce ( error4 ,x
 ov]looks ! fact t ,kant only t\*$  "o  
side ( ! problem1 ! subjective side1 9 t

 !ory1 &  recogniz$ ! equal validity (  
its objective side4 ,"t &  space1 he    
said1 h empirical reality1 b            
transc5d5tal ideality4  ,our mod]n      
monism is q compatible ) ?is !sis (     
,kant's1  b n ) ! "o-sid$ exagg]ation ( 
! subjective aspect (  ! problem2 !     
latt] leads logically to ! absurd       
idealism t  culm9ates 9 ,b]keley's !sis1
 ,bodies are b ideas2 _! ess5ce  is 9 _!
 p]ception4 ,! !sis %\ld be read ?us3   
,bodies are  only ideas = my p]sonal    
consci\sness2 _! exi/5ce is j  z real z 
t ( my organs ( ?\ght1 ! ganglionic     
cells 9  ! gray b$ ( my bra91 :i*       
receive ! impress ( bodies on my        
s5se-organs & =m ^? ideas by association
 ( ! impressions4 ,x  is j z easy to    
d\bt or to d5y ! reality ( my own       
consci\sness  z to d\bt t ( "t & space4 
,9 ! delirium ( fev]1 9  halluc9ations1 
9 dreams1 & 9 d\ble-consci\sness1 ,i    
take ideas  to be true :i* are m]ely    
fancies4 ,i mi/ake my own p]sonality =  
ano!r 7vide p4 #ahe72 ,desc>tes' fam\s  

,cogito ergo sum applies no  long]4 ,on 
! o!r h&1 ! reality ( "t & space is n[  
fully  e/abli%$ by t expansion ( our    
philosophy :i* we owe to !  law (       
sub/ance & to our moni/ic cosmogony4 ,:5
 we h happily  got rid ( ! unt5able idea
 ( empty space1 !re rema9s z !  inf9ite 
space-fill+-m$ium matt]1 9 its two =ms (
 e!r &  mass4 ,s also we f9d a "t-fill+ 
ev5t 9 ! et]nal movem5t1  or g5etic     
en]gy1 :i* reveals itself 9 ! un9t]rupt$
 evolution  ( sub/ance1 9 ! p]petuum    
mobile ( ! univ]se4    ,z a body :i* has
 be5 set 9 motion cont9ues to move z    
long z no  ext]nal ag5cy int]f]es ) x1 !
 idea 0 conceiv$ long ago (  con/ruct+  
an app>atus :i* %\ld illu/rate p]petual 
motion4 ,!  fact 0 ov]look$ t e movem5t 
meets ) ext]nal imp$im5ts  & gradually  
ceases1 unless a new impetus is giv5 to 
x f )\t  & a new =ce is introduc$ to    
c\nt]act ! imp$im5ts4 ,?us1 =  in/ance1 
a p5dulum w\ld sw+ backw>d & =w>d = an  
et]nity  at ! same spe$ if ! resi/ance (
 ! atmosph]e & ! friction  at ! po9t x  

hangs f did n gradually deprive x ( !   
me*anical k9etic en]gy ( its motion &   
conv]t x into heat4 ,we  h to furni% x )
 fre% me*anical en]gy by a spr+ 7or1 z 9
  ! p5dulum-clock1 by ! drag ( a        
weight74 ,h5ce x is impossible to       
con/ruct a ma*9e t w\ld produce1 )\t    
ext]nal aid1 a surplus  ( en]gy by :i* x
 c\ld keep itself go+4 ,e attempt to    
make  su* a p]petuum mobile mu/         
necess>ily fail2 ! discov]y ( !  law (  
sub/ance %[$1 9 addition1 ! !oretical   
impossibility (  x4    ,! case is       
diff]5t1 h[ev]1 :5 we turn to ! _w at   
l>ge1 !  b\ndless univ]se t is 9 et]nal 
movem5t4 ,! inf9ite matt]1  :i* fills x 
objectively1 is :at we call space 9 our 
subjective  impression ( x2 "t is our   
subjective conception ( its et]nal      
movem5t1 :i* is1 objectively1 a p]iodic1
 cyclic evolution4 ,^!  two =ms (       
p]ception tea* u ! inf9ity & et]nity ( !
  univ]se4 ,t is1 moreov]1 equal to say+
 t ! univ]se itself  is a p]petuum      
mobile4 ,?is inf9ite & et]nal ma*9e ( ! 

univ]se su/a9s itself 9 et]nal &        
un9t]rupt$ movem5t1  because e imp$im5t 
is comp5sat$ by an equival5ce ( en]gy1  
& ! unlimit$ sum ( k9etic & pot5tial    
en]gy rema9s always  ! same4 ,! law ( ! 
p]si/5ce ( =ce proves also t ! idea  ( a
 p]petuum mobile is j z applicable to1 &
 z significant  =1 ! cosmos z a :ole z x
 is impossible = ! isolat$ action  ( any
 "p ( x4 ,h5ce ! !ory ( entropy is      
likewise unt5able4    ,! able f\nd] ( ! 
me*anical !ory ( heat 7#ahej71          
,clausius1  embodi$ ! mom5t\s cont5ts ( 
?is important !ory 9 two !ses4  ,! fir/ 
runs3 ,! en]gy ( ! univ]se is con/ant--t
 is  "o-half ( our law ( sub/ance1 !    
pr9ciple ( en]gy 7vide p4  #bcj74 ,!    
second !sis is3 ,! en]gy ( ! univ]se    
t5ds t[>ds  a maximum4 ,9 my op9ion ?is 
second ass]tion is j z errone\s  z !    
fir/ is true4 ,9 ! !ory ( ,clausius !   
entire en]gy (  ! univ]se is ( two k9ds1
 "o ( :i* 7heat ( ! high] degree1       
me*anical1 electrical1 *emical en]gy1   
etc47 is p>tly conv]tible  into "w1 b ! 

o!r is n2 ! latt] en]gy1 already conv]t$
  into heat & di/ribut$ 9 ! cool]       
masses1 is irrevocably lo/ z  f> z any  
fur!r "w is conc]n$4 ,clausius calls ?is
 unconsum$  en]gy1 :i* is no long]      
available = me*anical "w1 entropy  7t   
is1 =ce t is direct$ inw>d72 x is       
cont9ually  increas+ at ! co/ ( ! o!r   
half4 ,z1 !re=e1 ! me*anical  en]gy ( ! 
univ]se is daily be+ trans=m$ into heat1
 & ?is  _c be reconv]t$ into me*anical  
=ce1 ! sum ( heat & en]gy  9 ! univ]se  
mu/ cont9ually t5d to be r$uc$ &        
dissipat$4 ,all  diff]5ce ( temp]ature  
mu/ ultimately disappe>1 & ! completely 
lat5t heat mu/ be equally di/ribut$     
?r\gh "o in]t mass (  motionless matt]4 
,all organic life & movem5t mu/ cease :5
 ?is  maximum ( entropy has be5 rea*$4  
,t w\ld be a real end ( !  _w4    ,if   
?is !ory ( entropy 7 true1 we %\ld h a  
beg9n+  correspond+ to ?is assum$ end ( 
! _w--a m9imum (  entropy1 9 :i* !      
diff]5ces 9 temp]ature ( ! v>i\s p>ts  (
 ! cosmos w\ld be at a maximum4 ,bo?    

ideas are q unt5able  9 ! light ( our   
moni/ic & consi/5t !ory ( ! et]nal      
cosmog5etic process2 bo? contradict !   
law ( sub/ance4 ,!re is  nei!r beg9n+   
nor end ( ! _w4 ,! univ]se is inf9ite1 &
  et]nally 9 motion2 ! conv]sion (      
k9etic into pot5tial en]gy1  & vicissim1
 goes on un9t]rupt$ly2 & ! sum ( ?is    
actual &  pot5tial en]gy rema9s con/ant4
 ,! second !sis ( ! me*anical  !ory (   
heat contradicts ! fir/1 & s mu/ be     
reject$4    ,! repres5tatives ( ! !ory (
 entropy are q correct z long  z !y     
conf9e !mselves to di/9ct processes1 9  
:i*1 "u  c]ta9 conditions1 ! lat5t heat 
_c be reconv]t$ into "w4  ,?us1 =       
in/ance1 9 ! /eam-eng9e ! heat c only be
 conv]t$  into me*anical "w :5 x passes 
f a w>m] body 7/eam7 into a  cool]      
7wat]72 ! process _c be rev]s$4 ,9 ! _w 
at l>ge1  h[ev]1 q o!r conditions       
obta9--conditions :i* p]mit !           
reconv]sion ( lat5t heat into me*anical 
"w4 ,= in/ance1 9 !  collision ( two    
heav5ly bodies1 :i* ru% t[>ds ea* o!r at

  inconceivable spe$1 enorm\s quantities
 ( heat are lib]at$1 :ile  ! pulv]iz$   
masses are hurl$ & scatt]$ ab\t space4  
,! et]nal  drama beg9s afre%--! rotat+  
mass1 ! cond5sation ( its p>ts1  !      
=mation ( new meteorites1 _! comb9ation 
into l>g] bodies1  & s on4              
,,ii4--,,moni/ic ,,geog5y    ,! hi/ory (
 ! e>?1 ( :i* we are n[ go+ to make a   
brief  survey1 is only a m9ute section (
 ! hi/ory ( ! cosmos4 ,l  ! latt]1 x has
 be5 ! object ( philosophic speculation 
&  my?ological fantasy = _m ?\s& ye>s4  
,its true sci5tific  /udy1 h[ev]1 is mu*
 y\ng]2 x belongs1 = ! mo/ "p1 to  !    
n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! fact t ! e>? is a    
planet revolv+  r\nd ! sun 0 det]m9$ by 
! sy/em ( ,cop]nicus 7#aedc72  ,galilei1
 ,kepl]1 & o!r great a/ronom]s1         
ma!matically det]m9$  its di/ance f !   
sun1 ! laws ( its motion1 & s =?4  ,kant
 & ,laplace indicat$1 9 _! cosmogony1 ! 
way 9 :i* !  e>? _h be5 develop$ f !    
p>5t sun4 ,b ! lat] hi/ory  ( ! e>?1 !  
=mation ( its cru/1 ! orig9 ( its seas &

  cont95ts1 its m\nta9s & des]ts1 0     
r>ely made ! subject  ( s]i\s sci5tific 
rese>* 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 & 9 !  fir/ 
two decades ( ! n9ete5?4 ,z a rule1 m5 7
 satisfi$ )  unreliable conjectures or )
 ! traditional /ory ( creation2 once  m 
! ,mosaic leg5d b>r$ ! way to an        
indep5d5t inve/igation4    ,9 #ahbb an  
important "w appe>$1 :i* foll[$ ! same  
me?od  9 ! sci5tific inve/igation ( !   
hi/ory ( ! e>? t  _h already prov$ ! mo/
 f]tile--! ontological me?od1 or  !     
pr9ciple ( actualism4 ,x consi/s 9 a    
c>eful /udy &  manipulation ( actual    
ph5om5a ) a view to ! elucidation (  !  
analog\s hi/orical processes ( ! pa/4 ,!
 ,society ( ,sci5ce  at ,gtt+5 _h (f]$ a
 prize 9 #ahah = ! mo/ se>*+ &          
compreh5sive inquiry into ! *anges 9 !  
e>?'s cru/ :i* are  hi/orically         
demon/rable1 & ! application :i* may be 
made ( a  k ( !m 9 ! inve/igation ( !   
t]re/rial revolutions  :i* lie beyond ! 
range ( hi/ory4 ,?is prize 0 obta9$ by  
,k>l  ,h(f1 ( ,go?a1 = 8 di/+ui%$ "w1   

,hi/ory ( ! ,natural  ,*anges 9 ! ,cru/ 
( ! ,e>? 9 ! ,light ( ,tradition        
7#ahbb-cd74  ,sir ,*>les ,lyell !n      
appli$ ?is ontological or actuali/ic    
me?od ) great success to ! :ole prov9ce 
( geology2 8  ,pr9ciples ( ,geology     
7#ahcj7 laid ! firm f\ndation on :i*  ! 
fabric ( ! hi/ory ( ! e>? 0 s happily   
erect$4 ,!  important geog5etic rese>* (
 ,alex&] ,humboldt1 ,leopold ,bu*1      
,gu/av ,bis*(1 ,edw>d ,sss1 & o!r       
geologi/s1 7 :olly bas$  on ! empirical 
f\ndation & ! speculative pr9ciples (   
,k>l  ,h(f & ,*>les ,lyell4 ,!y cle>$ ! 
way = purely rational  sci5ce 9 ! field 
( geology2 !y remov$ ! ob/acles t _h    
be5 put 9 ! pa? by my?ological fancy &  
religi\s tradition1  especially by !    
,bible & its leg5ds4 ,i h already       
discuss$ !  m]its ( ,lyell1 & 8         
relations ) 8 fri5d ,*>les ,d>w91  9 !  
sixte5? & sev5te5? *apt]s ( my ,natural 
,hi/ory (  ,creation1 & mu/ ref] ! read]
 to ! /&>d works on geology  = a fur!r  
acqua9tance ) ! hi/ory ( ! e>? & ! great

  progress :i* dynamical & hi/orical    
geology h made dur+ !  c5tury4    ,!    
fir/ division ( ! hi/ory ( ! e>? mu/ be 
a sep>ation  ( inorganic & organic      
geog5y2 ! latt] beg9s ) ! fir/          
appe>ance ( liv+ ?+s on our planet4 ,!  
e>li] section1 !  inorganic hi/ory ( !  
e>?1 ran mu* ! same c\rse z t ( !  o!r  
planets ( our sy/em4 ,!y 7 all ca/ (f z 
r+s ( nebula  at ! equator ( ! rotat+   
sol> mass1 & gradually cond5s$  into    
indep5d5t bodies4 ,aft] cool+ d[n a     
little1 ! gl[+ ball  ( ! e>? 0 =m$ out (
 ! gase\s mass1 & ev5tually1 z  ! heat  
cont9u$ to radiate out into space1 !re 0
 =m$ at its  surface ! ?9 solid cru/ on 
:i* we live4 ,:5 ! temp]ature at  !     
surface _h gone d[n to a c]ta9 po9t1 !  
wat] desc5d$ ^u  x f ! environ+ cl\ds ( 
/eam1 & ?us ! fir/ condition  0 secur$ =
 ! rise ( organic life4 ,_m million     
ye>s--c]ta9ly  m ?an a hundr$--h pass$  
s9ce ?is important process (  ! =mation 
( wat] took place1 introduc+ ! ?ird     
section (  cosmogony1 :i* we call       

biog5y4      ,,iii4--,,moni/ic ,,biog5y 
,! ?ird phase ( ! evolution ( ! _w op5s 
) ! adv5t (  organisms on our planet1 & 
cont9ues un9t]rupt$ f t po9t  until !   
pres5t day4 ,! great problems :i* ?is   
mo/ int]e/+  "p ( ! e>?'s hi/ory sugge/s
 to u 7 /ill ?\ght insoluble  at !      
beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 or1 at lea/1 
s difficult  t _! solution seem$ to be  
extremely remote4 ,n[1 at ! close (  !  
c5tury1 we c affirm ) legitimate pride t
 !y h be5  sub/antially solv$ by mod]n  
biology & its !ory ( trans=mism2  inde$1
 _m ( ! ph5om5a ( ! organic _w are n[   
int]pret$  on physical pr9ciples z      
completely z ! famili> physical ph5om5a 
( inorganic nature4 ,! m]it ( mak+ !    
fir/ important /ep  9 ?is difficult pa? 
& ( po9t+ out ! way to ! moni/ic        
solution ( all ! problems ( biology mu/ 
be accord$ to ! great  ,fr5* sci5ti/1   
,jean ,lam>ck2 x 0 9 #ahji1 ! ye> ( !   
bir? ( ,*>les ,d>w91 t he publi%$ 8     
fam\s ,philosophie  ,zoologique4 ,9 ?is 
orig9al "w n only is a spl5did ef=t made

  to int]pret all ! ph5om5a ( organic   
life f a moni/ic &  physical po9t (     
view1 b ! pa? is op5$ :i* alone leads to
  ! solution ( ! greate/ enigma ( ?is   
bran* ( sci5ce--!  problem ( ! natural  
orig9 ( organic species4 ,lam>ck1 :o _h 
an  equally ext5sive empirical          
acqua9tance ) zoology & botany1 drew  ! 
fir/ sket* ( ! !ory ( desc5t2 he %[$ t  
all !  c\ntless memb]s ( ! plant &      
animal k+doms h aris5 by sl[            
trans=mation f simple1 common ance/ral  
types1 & t x is !  gradual modification 
( =ms by adaptation1 9 reciprocal action
  ) h]$ity1 :i* has br\ght ab\t ?is     
secul> metamorphosis4    ,i h fully     
appreciat$ ! m]it ( ,lam>ck 9 ! fif?    
*apt]1 &  ( ,d>w9 9 ! six? & sev5?      
*apt]s1 ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory  (         
,creation4 ,d>w91 fifty ye>s aft]w>ds1 n
 only gave a solid  f\ndation to all !  
ess5tial p>ts ( ! !ory ( desc5t1 b he   
fill$ up ! lacunae ( ,lam>ck's "w by 8  
!ory ( selection4  ,d>w9 reap$          
abundantly ! success t ,lam>ck _h nev]  

se51  ) all 8 m]it4 ,8 epo*-mak+ "w on  
,! ,orig9 ( ,species  by ,natural       
,selection has trans=m$ mod]n biology f 
its v  f\ndations1 9 ! c\rse ( ! la/ =ty
 ye>s1 & has rais$ x  to a /age (       
developm5t t yields to no o!r sci5ce 9  
exi/5ce4  ,d>w9 is ! ,cop]nicus ( !     
organic _w1 z ,i said 9 #ahfh1 &  ,e4 du
 ,bois-,reymond repeat$ fifte5 ye>s     
aft]w>ds4#bg      ,,iv4--,,moni/ic      
,,an?ropog5y    ,! f\r? & la/ phase ( ! 
_w's hi/ory mu/ be = u m5  t late/ p]iod
 ( "t :i* has witness$ ! developm5t (   
our  own race4 ,lam>ck 7#ahji7 _h       
already recogniz$ t ?is evolution is    
only rationally conceivable z ! outcome 
( a natural process1 by  desc5t f !     
apes1 our next ( k9 among ! mammals4    
,huxley !n  prov$1 9 8 fam\s essay on ,!
 ,place ( ,man 9 ,nature1 t ?is  mom5t\s
 !sis is an inevitable consequ5ce ( !   
!ory ( desc5t1  & is ?or\ghly e/abli%$  
by ! facts ( anatomy1 embryology1 &     
palontology4 ,he consid]$ ?is "q ( all  
que/ions to be  sub/antially answ]$4    

,d>w9 foll[$ ) a brilliant discussion  (
 ! "q "u _m aspects 9 8 ,desc5t ( ,man  
7#ahga74  ,i _h myself devot$ a special 
*apt] to ?is important problem (  !     
sci5ce ( evolution 9 my ,g5]al          
,morphology 7#ahff74 ,9 #ahgd ,i        
publi%$ my ,an?ropog5y1 :i* conta9s !   
fir/ attempt to trace  ! desc5t ( man   
?r\gh ! entire *a9 ( 8 ance/ry "r up to 
! e>lie/ ar*igon\s mon]a2 ! attempt 0   
bas$ equally on !  ?ree great docum5ts (
 evolution>y sci5ce--anatomy1           
embryology1  & palontology4 ,! progress 
we h made 9 an?ropog5etic rese>*  dur+ !
 la/ few ye>s is describ$ 9 ! pap] :i*  
,i read on  ,our ,pres5t ,k ( ! ,orig9 (
 ,man at ! ,int]national  ,congress (   
,zoologi/s at ,cambridge 9 #ahih4bh     
,,*apt] ,,xiv    ,,! ,,unity ,,(        
,,nature        ,! ,monism ( !          
,cosmos--,ess5tial ,unity ( ,organic    
& ,inorganic ,nature--,c>bon-,!ory--,!  
,hypo!sis (      ,abiog5esis--,me*anical
 & ,purposive ,causes--,me*anicism &    
,teleology 9 ,kant's ,works--,design 9 !

 ,organic & ,inorganic                  
,worlds--,vitalism--,neovitalism--,dy/el
eology 7! ,moral ( !      ,rudim5t>y    
,organs7--,abs5ce ( ,design 91 &        
,imp]fection (1      ,nature--,telic    
,action 9 ,organiz$ ,bodies--,its       
,abs5ce 9 ,ontog5y      & ,phylog5y--,! 
,platoni/ ,ideas--,no ,moral ,ord]      
,discov]able      9 ! ,hi/ory ( !       
,organic ,_w1 ( ! ,v]tebrates1 or ( !   
,human ,race--,prevision--,design &     
,*ance      ,"o ( ! fir/ ?+s to be prov$
 by ! law ( sub/ance is !  basic fact t 
any natural =ce c be directly or        
indirectly  conv]t$ into any o!r4       
,me*anical & *emical en]gy1 s\nd &      
heat1 light & electricity1 are mutually 
conv]tible2 !y seem to be  b diff]5t    
modes ( "o & ! same fundam5tal =ce or   
en]gy4  ,!nce foll[s ! important !sis ( 
! unity ( all natural  =ces1 or1 z x may
 also be express$1 ! monism ( en]gy4    
,?is fundam5tal pr9ciple is n[ g5]ally  
recogniz$ 9 ! entire  prov9ce ( physics 
& *emi/ry1 z f> z x applies to inorganic

  sub/ances4    ,x seems to be o!rwise )
 ! organic _w & its weal? (  color & =m4
 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 obvi\s t a great "p ( !
  ph5om5a ( life may be imm$iately trac$
 to me*anical & *emical  en]gy1 & to !  
effects ( electricity & light4 ,= o!r   
vital  processes1 h[ev]1 especially =   
psy*ic activity & consci\sness1  su* an 
int]pretation is vigor\sly conte/$4 ,yet
 ! mod]n sci5ce  ( evolution has a*iev$ 
! task ( con/ruct+ a bridge betwe5  ^!  
two app>5tly irreconcilable prov9ces4   
,we are n[ c]ta9 t  all ! ph5om5a (     
organic life are subject to ! univ]sal  
law (  sub/ance no less ?an ! ph5om5a ( 
! inorganic univ]se4    ,! unity (      
nature :i* necess>ily foll[s1 & !       
demolition (  ! e>li] dualism1 are      
c]ta9ly among ! mo/ valuable results (  
mod]n evolution4 ,?irty-?ree ye>s ago ,i
 made an exhau/ive ef=t  to e/abli% ?is 
monism ( ! cosmos & ! ess5tial unity (  
organic & inorganic nature by a ?or\gh1 
critical demon/ration1  & a comp>ison ( 
! accordance ( ^! two great divisions ( 

nature ) reg>d to matt]1 =m1 & =ce4#bi  
,a %ort epitome (  ! result is giv5 9 ! 
fifte5? *apt] ( my ,natural ,hi/ory  (  
,creation4 ,! views ,i put =w>d are     
accept$ by ! majority  ( mod]n sci5ti/s1
 b an attempt has be5 made 9 _m qu>t]s  
lately to dispute !m & to ma9ta9 ! old  
anti!sis ( ! two  divisions ( nature4 ,!
 able/ ( ^! is to be f\nd 9 ! rec5t     
,welt als ,t ( ! botani/ ,re9ke4 ,x     
def5ds pure cosmological  dualism )     
admirable lucidity & consi/5cy1 & only  
goes to prove  h[ utt]ly unt5able !     
teleological sy/em is t is connect$     
!re)4 ,accord+ to ! au?or1 physical &   
*emical =ces alone  are at "w 9 ! entire
 field ( inorganic nature1 :ile 9 !     
organic _w we f9d intellig5t =ces1      
regulative or dom9ant  =ces4 ,! law (   
sub/ance is suppos$ to apply to ! "o1 b 
n  to ! o!r4 ,on ! :ole1 x is a "q ( !  
old anti!sis (  a me*anical & a         
teleological sy/em4 ,b be=e we g m fully
  into x1 let u glance briefly at two   
o!r !ories1 :i* seem to  me to be (     

great importance 9 ! decision ( t       
controv]sy--!  c>bon-!ory & ! !ory (    
spontane\s g5]ation4    ,physiological  
*emi/ry has1 aft] c\ntless analyses1    
e/abli%$ !  foll[+ five facts dur+ ! la/
 =ty ye>s3    ,i4 ,no o!r elem5ts are   
f\nd 9 organic bodies ?an ^? ( !        
inorganic _w4    ,,ii4 ,! comb9ations ( 
elem5ts :i* are peculi> to organisms1  &
 :i* are responsible = _! vital ph5om5a1
 are comp\nd  protoplasmic sub/ances1 ( 
! gr\p ( album9ates4    ,,iii4 ,organic 
life itself is a *emico-physical        
process1 bas$ on !  metabolism 7or      
int]*ange ( mat]ial7 ( ^! album9ates4   
,,iv4 ,! only elem5t :i* is capable (   
build+ up ^! comp\nd  album9ates1 9     
comb9ation ) o!r elem5ts 7oxyg51        
hydrog51  nitrog51 & sulphur71 is c>bon4
    ,v4 ,^! protoplasmic comp\nds (     
c>bon are di/+ui%$ f  mo/ o!r *emical   
comb9ations by _! v intricate molecul>  
/ructure1 _! in/ability1 & _! jelly-l   
consi/5cy4    ,on ! basis ( ^! five     
fundam5tal facts ! foll[+  c>bon-!ory 0 

erect$ ?irty-?ree ye>s ago3 ,! peculi>  
*emico-physical prop]ties (             
c>bon--especially ! fluidity &  !       
facility ( decomposition ( ! mo/        
elaborate album9oid  comp\nds (         
c>bon--are ! sole & ! me*anical causes (
  ! specific ph5om5a ( movem5t1 :i*     
di/+ui% organic f  inorganic sub/ances1 
& :i* are call$ life1 9 ! usual s5se  ( 
! ^w 7see ,! ,natural ,hi/ory (         
,creation74 ,al?\gh ?is  c>bon-!ory is  
w>mly disput$ 9 "s qu>t]s1 no bett]     
moni/ic  !ory has yet appe>$ to replace 
x4 ,we h n[ a mu* bett] &  m ?or\gh k ( 
! physiological relations ( cell-life1  
& ( ! *emi/ry & physics ( ! liv+        
protoplasm1 ?an we _h  ?irty-?ree ye>s  
ago1 & s x is possible to make a m      
confid5t  & effective def5ce ( !        
c>bon-!ory4    ,! old idea ( spontane\s 
g5]ation is n[ tak5 9 _m diff]5t  s5ses4
 ,x is ow+ to ?is indi/9ctness ( ! idea1
 & its  application to s _m diff]5t     
hypo!ses1 t ! problem is "o  ( ! mo/    
cont5ti\s & confus$ ( ! sci5ce ( ! day4 

,i  re/rict ! idea ( spontane\s         
g5]ation--also call$ abiog5esis  or     
ar*igony--to ! fir/ developm5t ( liv+   
protoplasm out (  inorganic c>bonates1 &
 di/+ui% two phases 9 ?is beg9n+  (     
biog5esis3 7#a7 autogony1 or ! rise ( ! 
simple/  protoplasmic sub/ances 9 a     
=mative fluid1 & 7#b7 plasmogony1  !    
diff]5tiation ( individual primitive    
organisms out ( ^!  protoplasmic        
comp\nds1 9 ! =m ( mon]a4 ,i h treat$   
?is  important1 ?\gh difficult1 problem 
s exhau/ively 9 ! fifte5?  *apt] ( my   
,natural ,hi/ory ( ,creation t ,i may   
cont5t myself  "h ) ref]r+ to x4 ,!re is
 also a v se>*+ & sev]ely  sci5tific    
inquiry into x 9 my ,g5]al ,morphology  
7#ahff74 ,naegeli  has also treat$ !    
hypo!sis 9 q ! same s5se 9 8            
me*anico-physiological !ory ( desc5t    
7#ahhd71 & has repres5t$  x to be an    
indisp5sable !sis 9 any natural !ory (  
evolution4  ,i entirely agree ) 8       
ass]tion t to reject abiog5esis is to   
admit a miracle4    ,! hypo!sis (       

spontane\s g5]ation & ! alli$ c>bon-!ory
  are ( great importance 9 decid+ !     
long-/&+ conflict betwe5  ! teleological
 7duali/ic7 & ! me*anical 7moni/ic7     
int]pretation ( ph5om5a4 ,s9ce ,d>w9    
gave u ! key to !  moni/ic explanation (
 organization 9 8 !ory ( selection =ty  
ye>s ago1 x has become possible = u to  
trace ! spl5did v>iety  ( ord]ly        
t5d5cies ( ! organic _w to me*anical1   
natural  causes1 j z we c\ld =m]ly 9 !  
inorganic _w alone4 ,h5ce  ! sup]natural
 & telic =ces1 to :i* ! sci5ti/ _h _h   
rec\rse1 h be5 r5d]$ sup]flu\s4 ,mod]n  
metaphysics1 h[ev]1  cont9ues to reg>d !
 latt] z indisp5sable & ! =m] z         
inadequate4    ,no philosoph] has done m
 ?an ,immanuel ,kant 9 def9+ !  pr(\nd  
di/9ction betwe5 effici5t & f9al causes1
 ) relation  to ! int]pretation ( ! :ole
 cosmos4 ,9 8 well-kn[n e>li]  "w on ,! 
,g5]al ,natural ,hi/ory & ,!ory ( !     
,heav5s he  made a bold attempt to treat
 ! con/itution & ! me*anical  orig9 ( ! 
entire fabric ( ! univ]se accord+ to    

,newtonian  laws4 ,?is cosmological     
nebul> !ory 0 bas$ entirely on !        
me*anical ph5om5a ( gravitation4 ,x 0   
exp&$ & ma!matically  e/abli%$ lat] on  
by ,laplace4 ,:5 ! fam\s ,fr5* a/ronom] 
0 ask$ by ,napoleon ,i4 :]e ,god1 !     
creator & su/a9] ( all  ?+s1 came 9 9 8 
sy/em1 he cle>ly & hone/ly repli$3      
,sire1  ,i h manag$ )\t t hypo!sis4 ,t  
indicat$ ! a!i/ic  "* :i* ?is me*anical 
cosmogony %>es ) all ! o!r  inorganic   
sci5ces4 ,?is is ! m notewor?y because !
 !ory (  ,kant & ,laplace is n[ almo/   
univ]sally accept$2 e attempt to        
sup]s$e x has fail$4 ,:5 a!ism is d5\nc$
 z a grave reproa*1  z x s (t5 is1 x is 
well to rememb] t ! reproa* ext5ds to  !
 :ole ( mod]n sci5ce1 9 s f> z x gives a
 purely me*anical  int]pretation ( !    
inorganic _w4    ,me*anicism 79 !       
,kantian s5se7 alone c give u a true    
explanation  ( natural ph5om5a1 = x     
traces !m to _! real effici5t  causes1  
to bl9d & unconsci\s ag5cies1 :i* are   
det]m9$ 9  _! action only by ! mat]ial  

con/itution ( ! bodies we are           
inve/igat+4 ,kant himself emphatically  
affirms t !re c be  no sci5ce )\t ?is   
me*anicism ( nature1 & t ! capacity  (  
human reason to give a me*anical        
int]pretation ( ph5om5a is  unlimit$4 ,b
 :5 he came subsequ5tly to give an      
elucidation (  ! complex ph5om5a (      
organic nature 9 8 critique ( !         
teleological sy/em1 he decl>$ t ^!      
me*anical causes 7  inadequate2 t 9 ?is 
we mu/ call f9al causes to our          
assi/ance4  ,x is true1 he said1 t ev5  
"h we mu/ recognize ! !oretical  faculty
 ( ! m9d to give a me*anical            
int]pretation1 b its actual  compet5ce  
to d s is re/rict$4 ,he grants x ?is    
capacity to "s  ext5t2 b = ! majority ( 
! vital processes 7& especially =  man's
 psy*ic activity7 he ?9ks we are b\nd to
 po/ulate f9al  causes4 ,! rem>kable #gi
 ( ! critique ( judgm5t be>s !          
*>act]i/ic head+3 ,on ! ,necessity = !  
,subord9ation (  ! ,me*anical ,pr9ciple 
to ! ,teleological 9 ! ,explanation ( a 

,?+ z a ,natural ,end4 ,x seem$ to ,kant
 s impossible to expla9  ! ord]ly       
processes 9 ! liv+ organism )\t po/ulat+
  sup]natural f9al causes 7t is1 a      
purposive creative =ce7 t  he said3 ,x  
is q c]ta9 t we _c ev5 satisfactorily   
und]/&1 mu* less elucidate1 ! nature (  
an organism & its  int]nal faculty on   
purely me*anical natural pr9ciples2 x is
 s  c]ta91 inde$1 t we may confid5tly   
say1 ',x is absurd = a man  to conceive 
! idea ev5 t "s day a ,newton w arise :o
 c  expla9 ! orig9 ( a s+le blade (     
grass by natural laws :i* are           
uncontroll$ by design'--su* a hope is   
entirely =bidd5 u4 ,sev5ty  ye>s        
aft]w>ds ?is impossible ,newton ( !     
organic _w appe>$  9 ! p]son ( ,*>les   
,d>w91 & a*iev$ ! great task t ,kant  _h
 deem$ impracticable4    ,s9ce ,newton  
7#afhb7 =mulat$ ! law ( gravitation1 &  
,kant 7#agee7  e/abli%$ ! con/itution & 
me*anical orig9 ( ! entire  fabric ( !  
_w on ,newtonian laws1 & ,laplace       
7#agif7 provid$  a ma!matical f\ndation 

= ?is law ( cosmic me*anicism1 !  :ole (
 ! inorganic sci5ces h become purely    
me*anical1 &  at ! same "t purely       
a!i/ic4 ,a/ronomy1 cosmogony1 geology1  
meteorology1 & inorganic physics &      
*emi/ry are n[ absolutely  rul$ by      
me*anical laws on a ma!matical          
f\ndation4 ,! idea (  design has :olly  
disappe>$ f ?is va/ prov9ce ( sci5ce4   
,at ! close ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 n[ t ?is
 moni/ic view  has f\ght its way to     
g5]al recognition1 no sci5ti/ ev] asks  
s]i\sly ( ! purpose ( any s+le ph5om5on 
9 ! :ole (  ?is great field4 ,is any    
a/ronom] likely to inquire s]i\sly      
to-day  into ! purpose ( planet>y       
motion1 or a m9]alogi/ to seek design  9
 ! /ructure ( a cry/al8 ,does ! physici/
 inve/igate !  purpose ( electric =ce1  
or ! *emi/ t ( atomic weight8 ,we  may  
confid5tly answ] 9 ! negative--c]ta9ly  
n1 9 ! s5se  t ,god1 or a purposive     
natural =ce1 _h at "s "t creat$ ^!      
fundam5tal laws ( ! me*anism ( ! univ]se
 ) a def9ite  design1 & causes !m to "w 

daily 9 accordance ) 8 rational  w4 ,!  
an?ropomorphic notion ( a delib]ate     
ar*itect & rul] (  ! _w has gone =ev] f 
?is field2 ! et]nal1 iron laws (  nature
 h tak5 8 place4    ,b ! idea ( design  
has a v great significance & application
  9 ! organic _w4 ,we d und5iably       
p]ceive a purpose 9 !  /ructure & 9 !   
life ( an organism4 ,! plant & ! animal 
seem to be controll$ by a def9ite design
 9 ! comb9ation ( _!  sev]al p>ts1 j z  
cle>ly z we see 9 ! ma*9es :i* man      
inv5ts & con/ructs2 z long z life       
cont9ues ! functions ( !  sev]al organs 
are direct$ to def9ite ends1 j z is !   
op]ation  ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( a ma*9e4     
,h5ce x 0 q natural t !  old] nave /udy 
( nature1 9 expla9+ ! orig9 & activity  
( ! liv+ be+1 %\ld po/ulate a creator :o
 _h arrang$  all ?+s ) wisdom & und]/&+1
 & _h con/ruct$ ea*  plant & animal     
accord+ to ! special purpose ( its life4
 ,!  conception ( ?is almighty creator (
 heav5 & e>? 0 usually  q               
an?ropomorphic2 he creat$ ev]y?+ aft]   

its k9d4 ,z long  z ! creator seem$ to  
man to be ( human %ape1 to ?9k ) 8      
bra91 see ) 8 eyes1 & fa%ion ) 8 h&s1 x 
0 possible  to =m a def9ite picture (   
?is div9e eng9e] & 8 arti/ic  "w 9 !    
great work%op ( creation4 ,?is 0 n s    
easy :5  ! idea ( ,god became ref9$1 &  
man saw 9 8 invisible ,god a  creator   
)\t organs--a gase\s be+4 ,/ill m       
un9telligible  did ^! an?ropomorphic    
ideas become :5 physiology sub/itut$  = 
! consci\s1 div9e ar*itect an           
unconsci\s1 creative vital  =ce--a      
my/]i\s1 purposive1 natural =ce1 :i*    
diff]$ f !  famili> =ces ( physics &    
*emi/ry1 & only took ^! 9 "p1  dur+     
life1 into its s]vice4 ,?is vitalism    
prevail$ until ab\t !  middle ( !       
n9ete5? c5tury4 ,johannes ,mll]1 ! great
 ,b]l9  physiologi/1 0 ! fir/ to m5ace x
 ) a de/ructive dose (  facts4 ,x is    
true t ! di/+ui%$ biologi/ _h himself 7l
  all o!rs 9 ! fir/ half ( ! c5tury7 be5
 educat$ 9 a belief  9 ?is vital =ce1 & 
deem$ x indisp5sable = an elucidation ( 

! ultimate s\rces ( life2 nev]!less1 9 8
 classical & /ill  unrivall$ ,manual (  
,physiology 7#ahcc7 he gave a           
demon/rative pro(  t !re is really no?+ 
to be said = ?is vital =ce4 ,mll]       
himself1 9 a long s]ies ( rem>kable     
obs]vations & exp]im5ts1  %[$ t mo/ ( ! 
vital processes 9 ! human organism 7& 9 
! o!r animals7 take place accord+ to    
physical & *emical laws1  & t _m ( !m   
are capable ( ma!matical det]m9ation4 ,t
  0 no less true ( ! animal functions ( 
! muscles & n]ves1  & ( bo? ! high] & ! 
l[] s5se-organs1 ?an ( ! vegetal        
functions ( dige/ion1 assimilation1 &   
circulation4 ,only two  bran*es ( ! life
 ( ! organism1 m5tal action &           
reproduction1  reta9$ any elem5t (      
my/]y1 & seem$ inexplicable )\t  assum+ 
a vital =ce4 ,b imm$iately aft] ,mll]'s 
dea? su*  important discov]ies &        
advances 7 made 9 ^! two bran*es  t !   
uneasy phantom ( vital =ce 0 driv5 f its
 la/  refuge4 ,by a v rem>kable         
co9cid5ce ,johannes ,mll] di$ 9 !  ye>  

#aheh1 :i* saw ! publication ( ,d>w9's  
fir/ communication  conc]n+ 8 fam\s     
!ory4 ,! !ory ( selection solv$ ! great 
problem t _h ma/]$ ,mll]--! "q ( ! orig9
 ( ord]ly  arrangem5ts f purely         
me*anical causes4    ,d>w91 z we h (t5  
said1 _h a tw(old immortal m]it 9 !     
field ( philosophy--fir/ly1 ! re=m (    
,lam>ck's !ory (  desc5t1 & its         
e/abli%m5t on ! mass ( facts accumulat$ 
9 !  c\rse ( ! half-c5tury2 secondly1 ! 
conception ( ! !ory  ( selection1 :i*   
fir/ reveal$ to u ! true causes ( !     
gradual =mation ( species4 ,d>w9 0 !    
fir/ to po9t out t  ! /ruggle = life is 
! unconsci\s regulator :i* controls  !  
reciprocal action ( h]$ity & adaptation 
9 ! gradual  trans=mation ( species2 x  
is ! great selective div9ity :i*1  by a 
purely natural *oice1 )\t preconceiv$   
design1 creates  new =ms1 j z selective 
man creates new types by an artificial  
*oice ) a def9ite design4 ,t gave u !   
solution ( ! great  philosophic problem3
 ,h[ c purposive contrivances be produc$

 by  purely me*anical processes )\t     
design8 ,kant held ! problem to  be     
insoluble1 al?\gh ,emp$ocles _h po9t$   
out ! direction ( !  solution two ?\s&  
ye>s be=e4 ,8 pr9ciple ( teleological   
me*anism has become m & m accept$ ( late
 ye>s1 &  has furni%$ a me*anical       
explanation ev5 ( ! f9e/ & mo/          
recondite processes ( organic life by ! 
functional self-production  ( !         
purposive /ructure4 ,?us h we got rid ( 
! transc5d5tal  design ( ! ideological  
philosophy ( ! s*ools1 :i* 0 !  greate/ 
ob/acle to ! gr[? ( a rational & moni/ic
 conception  ( nature4    ,v rec5tly1   
h[ev]1 ?is anci5t phantom ( a my/ic     
vital =ce1  :i* seem$ to be effectually 
bani%$1 has put 9 a fre% appe>ance2  a  
numb] ( di/+ui%$ biologi/s h attempt$ to
 re9troduce x  "u ano!r "n4 ,! cle>e/   
pres5tation ( x is to be f\nd 9  ! ,welt
 als ,t1 ( ! ,kiel botani/1 ,j4 ,re9ke4 
,he takes ^u  himself ! def5ce ( !      
notion ( miracle1 ( !ism1 ( ! ,mosaic   
/ory ( creation1 & ( ! con/ancy (       

species2 he calls vital  =ces1 9        
opposition to physical =ces1 ! directive
 or dom9ant  =ces4 ,o!r neovitali/s     
pref]1 9 ! good old an?ropomorphic      
/yle1 a supreme eng9e]1 :o has end[$    
organic sub/ance ) a  purposive         
/ructure1 direct$ to ! realization ( a  
def9ite plan4  ,^! curi\s teleological  
hypo!ses1 & ! objections to ,d>w9ism    
:i* g5]ally accompany !m1 d n call =    
s]i\s sci5tific  refutation to-day4     
,?irty-?ree ye>s ago ,i gave ! title (  
dy/eleology to !  sci5ce ( ^? extremely 
int]e/+ & significant biological  facts1
 :i*1 9 ! mo/ /rik+ fa%ion1 give a      
direct contradiction  to ! teleological 
idea ( ! purposive arrangem5t ( ! liv+  
organism4#cj ,?is sci5ce ( rudim5t>y1   
abortive1 arre/$1  di/ort$1 atrophi$1 & 
catapla/ic individuals is bas$ on an    
imm5se quantity ( rem>kable ph5om5a1 :i*
 7 long famili> to  zoologi/s &         
botani/s1 b 7 n prop]ly int]pret$1 & _! 
great philosophic significance          
appreciat$1 until ,d>w94    ,all ! high]

 animals & plants1 or1 9 g5]al1 all     
organisms :i*  are n entirely simple 9  
/ructure1 b are made up ( a numb] (     
organs 9 ord]ly co-op]ation1 are f\nd1  
on close exam9ation1 to  possess a numb]
 ( useless or inop]ative memb]s1        
sometimes1 inde$1  hurtful & dang]\s4 ,9
 ! fl[]s ( mo/ plants we f9d1 besides  !
 actual sex-leaves t effect             
reproduction1 a numb] ( o!r  leaf-organs
 :i* h no use or mean+ 7arre/$ or       
misc>ri$  pi/ils1 fruit1 corona1 &      
calix-leaves1 etc474 ,9 ! two l>ge &    
v>iegat$ classes ( fly+ animals1 birds &
 insects1 !re are1  besides ! =ms :i*   
make con/ant use ( _! w+s1 a numb] (    
species :i* h undevelop$ w+s & _c fly4  
,9 ne>ly e  class ( ! high] animals :i* 
h eyes !re are c]ta9 types  t live 9 !  
d>k2 !y h eyes1 z a rule1 b undevelop$ &
  useless = vision4 ,9 our own human    
organism we h simil> useless  rudim5t>y 
/ructures 9 ! muscles ( ! e>1 9 !       
eye-lid1 9  ! nipple & milk-gl& ( !     
male1 & 9 o!r p>ts ( ! body2  inde$1 !  

v]mi=m app5dix ( our ccum is n only     
useless1 b  extremely dang]\s1 &        
inflammation ( x is responsible = a     
numb]  ( dea?s e ye>4    ,nei!r ! old   
my/ic vitalism nor ! new1 equally       
irrational1  neovitalism c give any     
explanation ( ^! & _m o!r  purposeless  
contrivances 9 ! /ructure ( ! plant & ! 
animal2  b !y are v simple 9 ! light ( !
 !ory ( desc5t4 ,x  %[s t ^! rudim5t>y  
organs are atrophi$1 ow+ to disuse4  ,j 
z our muscles1 n]ves1 & organs ( s5se   
are /r5g!n$ by  ex]cise & frequ5t use1  
s1 on ! o!r h&1 !y are liable to        
deg5]ate m or less by disuse or susp5d$ 
ex]cise4 ,b1 al?\gh  ! developm5t ( !   
organs is promot$ by ex]cise &          
adaptation1  !y by no means disappe> )\t
 leav+ a trace aft] neglect2 !  =ce (   
h]$ity reta9s !m = _m g5]ations1 & only 
p]mits  _! gradual disappe>ance aft] !  
lapse ( a consid]able "t4  ,! bl9d      
/ruggle = exi/5ce betwe5 ! organs       
det]m9es _!  hi/orical disappe>ance1 j z
 x effect$ _! fir/ orig9 &  developm5t4 

,!re is no int]nal purpose :atev] 9 !   
drama4    ,! life ( ! animal & ! plant  
be>s ! same univ]sal "*  ( incomplet5ess
 z ! life ( man4 ,?is is directly       
attributable  to ! circum/ance t        
nature--organic z well z inorganic--is  
9 a p]5nial /ate ( evolution1 *ange1 &  
trans=mation4 ,?is  evolution seems on !
 :ole--at lea/ z f> z we c survey !     
developm5t ( organic life on our        
planet--to be a progressive  improvem5t1
 an hi/orical advance f ! simple to !   
complex1  ! l[] to ! high]1 ! imp]fect  
to ! p]fect4 ,i h prov$  9 my ,g5]al    
,morphology t ?is hi/orical progress--or
 gradual  p]fect+ 7teleosis7--is !      
inevitable result ( selection1 & n  !   
outcome ( a preconceiv$ design4 ,t is   
cle> f ! fact t  no organism is p]fect2 
ev5 if x does p]fectly adapt itself to  
its  environm5t at a giv5 mom5t1 ?is    
condition w\ld n la/ v long2  !         
conditions ( exi/5ce ( ! environm5t are 
!mselves subject  to p]petual *ange & !y
 ?us necessitate a cont9u\s adaptation  

on ! "p ( ! organism4    ,"u ! title (  
,design 9 ! ,liv+ ,organism1 ! fam\s    
embryologi/1 ,k>l ,ern/ ,ba]1 publi%$ a 
"w 9 #ahgf :i*1 toge!r  ) ! article on  
,d>w9ism :i* accompani$ x1 prov$ v      
acceptable to our oppon5ts1 & is /ill   
mu* quot$ 9 opposition  to evolution4 ,x
 0 a revival ( ! old teleological sy/em 
"u  a new "n1 & we mu/ devote a l9e (   
criticism to x4 ,we mu/  premise t1 ?\gh
 ,ba] 0 a sci5ti/ ( ! highe/ ord]1 8    
orig9al moni/ic views 7 gradually m>r$  
by a t+e ( my/icism  ) ! advance ( age1 
& he ev5tually became a ?or\gh duali/4  
,9 8 pr(\nd "w on ! evolution ( animals 
7#ahbh71 :i* he  himself entitl$        
,obs]vation & ,exp]im5t1 ^! two me?ods (
  inve/igation are equally appli$4 ,by  
c>eful obs]vation ( !  v>i\s ph5om5a ( !
 developm5t ( ! animal ovum ,ba] succe$$
  9 giv+ ! fir/ consi/5t pres5tation ( !
 rem>kable *anges  :i* take place 9 !   
gr[? ( ! v]tebrate f a simple  egg-cell4
 ,at ! same "t he endeavor$1 by f>-see+ 
comp>ison  & ke5 reflection1 to le>n !  

causes ( ! trans=mation1 &  to r$uce !m 
to g5]al con/ructive laws4 ,he express$ 
! g5]al  result ( 8 rese>* 9 ! foll[+   
!sis3 ,! evolution (  ! individual is ! 
/ory ( ! gr[? ( individuality 9 e       
respect4 ,he meant t ! "o great ?\ght t 
controls all !  diff]5t aspects ( animal
 evolution is ! same t ga!r$ !  scatt]$ 
fragm5ts ( space into sph]es & l9k$ !m  
into sol>  sy/ems4 ,?is ?\ght is no o!r 
?an life itself1 & ! words &  syllables 
9 :i* x f9ds utt]ance are ! v>i$ =ms (  
liv+  ?+s4    ,ba]1 h[ev]1 did n atta9  
to a deep] k ( ?is great  g5etic tru? & 
a cle>] insight into ! real effici5t    
causes (  organic evolution1 because 8  
att5tion 0 exclusively giv5 to  "o half 
( evolution>y sci5ce1 ! sci5ce ( !      
evolution ( !  individual1 embryology1  
or1 9 a wid] s5se1 ontog5y4 ,! o!r      
half1 ! sci5ce ( ! evolution ( species1 
phylog5y1 0 n yet  9 exi/5ce1 al?\gh    
,lam>ck _h already po9t$ out ! way to x 
9  #ahji4 ,:5 x 0 e/abli%$ by ,d>w9 9   
#ahei1 ! ag$ ,ba] 0 no  long] 9 a       

position to appreciate x2 ! fruitless   
/ruggle :i* he  l$ aga9/ ! !ory (       
selection cle>ly prov$ t he und]/ood    
nei!r its real mean+ nor its philosophic
 importance4 ,teleological  &1          
subsequ5tly1 !ological speculations _h  
incapacitat$ !  age+ sci5ti/ f          
appreciat+ ?is greate/ re=m ( biology4  
,!  teleological obs]vations :i* he     
publi%$ aga9/ x 9 8 ,species  & ,/udies 
9 8 eighty-f\r? ye> are m]e repetitions 
( errors  :i* ! teleology ( ! duali/s   
has oppos$ to ! me*anical or  moni/ic   
sy/em = m ?an two ?\s& ye>s4 ,! telic   
idea  :i*1 accord+ to ,ba]1 controls !  
entire evolution ( ! animal  f ! ovum1  
is only ano!r expression = ! et]nal idea
 (  ,plato & ! entele*eia ( 8 pupil     
,ari/otle4    ,our mod]n biog5y gives a 
purely physiological explanation ( !    
facts ( embryology1 9 assign+ !         
functions ( h]$ity &  adaptation z _!   
causes4 ,! great biog5etic law1 :i* ,ba]
  fail$ to appreciate1 reveals !        
intimate causal connection betwe5  !    

ontog5esis ( ! individual & !           
phylog5esis ( its  ance/ors2 ! =m] seems
 to be a recapitulation ( ! latt]4      
,n[h]e1 h[ev]1 9 ! evolution ( animals &
 plants d we f9d any  trace ( design1 b 
m]ely ! inevitable outcome ( ! /ruggle =
  exi/5ce1 ! bl9d controll]1 in/ead ( ! 
provid5t ,god1 t  effects ! *anges (    
organic =ms by a mutual action ( ! laws 
(  h]$ity & adaptation4 ,& !re is no m  
trace ( design 9 !  embryology ( !      
individual plant1 animal1 or man4 ,?is  
ontog5y  is b a brief epitome (         
phylog5y1 an abbreviat$ & cond5s$       
recapitulation ( x1 det]m9$ by !        
physiological laws ( h]$ity4    ,ba]    
end$ ! preface to 8 classical ,evolution
 ( ,animals 7#ahbh7  ) ^! words3 ,! palm
 w be aw>d$ to ! =tunate sci5ti/  :o    
succe$s 9 r$uc+ ! con/ructive =ces ( !  
animal body  to ! g5]al =ces or         
life-processes ( ! entire _w4 ,! tree   
has n yet be5 plant$ :i* is to make 8   
cradle4 ,! great  embryologi/ err$ once 
m4 ,t v ye>1 #ahbh1 witness$ !  arrival 

( ,*>les ,d>w9 at ,cambridge ,univ]sity 
7= ! purpose (  /udy+ !ology67--!       
=tunate sci5ti/ :o ri*ly e>n$ !  palm   
?irty ye>s aft]w>ds by 8 !ory (         
selection4    ,9 ! philosophy (         
hi/ory--t is1 9 ! g5]al reflections :i* 
hi/orians make on ! de/9ies ( nations & 
! complicat$ c\rse  ( political         
evolution--!re /ill prevails ! notion ( 
a moral  ord] ( ! univ]se4 ,hi/orians   
seek 9 ! vivid drama ( hi/ory  a lead+  
design1 an ideal purpose1 :i* has orda9$
 "o or o!r  race or /ate to a special   
triumph1 & to dom9ion ov] ! o!rs4  ,?is 
teleological view ( hi/ory has rec5tly  
become m /rongly  contra/$ ) our moni/ic
 view 9 proportion z monism has prov$   
to be ! only possible int]pretation (   
inorganic nature4 ,?r\gh\t  ! :ole (    
a/ronomy1 geology1 physics1 & *emi/ry   
!re is no  "q to-day ( a moral ord]1 or 
a p]sonal ,god1 ^: h& ha?  dispos$ all  
?+s 9 wisdom & und]/&+4 ,& ! same mu/   
be said ( ! entire field ( biology1 !   
:ole con/itution &  hi/ory ( organic    

nature1 if we set aside ! "q ( man = !  
mom5t4 ,d>w9 has n only prov$ by 8 !ory 
( selection t !  ord]ly processes 9 !   
life & /ructure ( animals & plants h    
aris5 by me*anical laws )\t any         
preconceiv$ design1 b he has  %[n u 9 ! 
/ruggle = life ! p[]ful natural =ce :i* 
has ex]t$ supreme control ov] ! entire  
c\rse ( organic evolution  = millions ( 
ye>s4 ,x may be said t ! /ruggle = life 
is !  survival ( ! fitte/ or ! victory (
 ! be/2 t is only  correct :5 we reg>d !
 /ronge/ z ! be/ 79 a moral s5se74      
,moreov]1 ! :ole hi/ory ( ! organic _w  
goes to prove t1  besides ! pr$om9ant   
advance t[>ds p]fection1 !re are at all 
times cases ( retrogression to l[]      
/ages4 ,ev5 ,ba]'s notion (  design has 
no moral feature :atev]4    ,d we f9d a 
diff]5t /ate ( ?+s 9 ! hi/ory ( peoples1
 :i*  man1 9 8 an?ropoc5tric            
presumption1 loves to call ! hi/ory (  !
 _w8 ,d we f9d 9 e phase ( x a l(ty     
moral pr9ciple or  a wise rul]1 guid+ ! 
de/9ies ( nations8 ,!re c be b "o  answ]

 9 ! pres5t advanc$ /age ( natural &    
human hi/ory3 ,no4  ,! fate ( ^? bran*es
 ( ! human family1 ^? nations & races   
:i* h /ruggl$ = exi/5ce & progress =    
?\s&s ( ye>s1  is det]m9$ by ! same     
et]nal laws ( iron z ! hi/ory ( !  :ole 
organic _w :i* has peopl$ ! e>? =       
millions ( ye>s4    ,geologi/s di/+ui%  
?ree great epo*s 9 ! organic hi/ory (  !
 e>?1 z f> z we c read x 9 ! monum5ts ( 
! sci5ce (  fossils--! prim>y1 second>y1
 & t]ti>y epo*s4 ,accord+ to a  rec5t   
calculation1 ! fir/ occupi$ at lea/     
?irty-f\r million1  ! second elev5      
million1 & ! ?ird ?ree million ye>s4 ,! 
hi/ory ( ! family ( v]tebrates1 f :i*   
our own race has  sprung1 unfolds cle>ly
 be=e our eyes dur+ ?is long p]iod4     
,?ree  diff]5t /ages 9 ! evolution ( !  
v]tebrate correspond to !  ?ree epo*s2 !
 fi%es *>act]iz$ ! prim>y 7palozoic7    
age1  ! reptiles ! second>y 7mesozoic71 
& ! mammals ! t]ti>y  7cnozoic74 ,( !   
?ree gr\ps ! fi%es rank l[e/ 9          
organization1  ! reptiles come next1 & !

 mammals take ! highe/ place4 ,we  f9d1 
on ne>] exam9ation ( ! hi/ory ( ! ?ree  
classes1 t  _! v>i\s ord]s & families   
also advanc$ progressively dur+  ! ?ree 
epo*s t[>ds a high] /age ( p]fection4   
,may we consid]  ?is progressive        
developm5t z ! outcome ( a consci\s     
design or  a moral ord] ( ! univ]se8    
,c]ta9ly n4 ,! !ory ( selection  tea*es 
u t ?is organic progress1 l ! e>li]     
organic  diff]5tiation1 is an inevitable
 consequ5ce ( ! /ruggle =  exi/5ce4     
,?\s&s ( beautiful & rem>kable species (
 animals &  plants h p]i%$ dur+ ^?      
=ty-eight million ye>s1 to give  place  
to /rong] competitors1 & ! victors 9 ?is
 /ruggle =  life 7 n always ! noble/ or 
mo/ p]fect =ms 9 a moral s5se4    ,x has
 be5 j ! same ) ! hi/ory ( humanity4 ,! 
spl5did  civilization ( classical       
antiquity p]i%$ because ,*ri/ianity1  ) 
its fai? 9 a lov+ ,god & its hope ( a   
bett] life beyond  ! grave1 gave a fre%1
 /rong impetus to ! so>+ human m9d4 ,!  
,papal ,*ur* quickly deg5]at$ into a    

pitiful c>icature ( real  ,*ri/ianity1 &
 ru?lessly scatt]$ ! treasures ( k  :i* 
! ,hell5ic philosophy _h ga!r$2 x ga9$ !
 dom9ion  ( ! _w ?r\gh ! ignorance ( !  
cr$ul\s masses4 ,9 "t  ! ,re=mation     
broke ! *a9s ( ?is m5tal slav]y1 &      
assi/$  reason to secure its "r once m4 
,b 9 ! new1 z 9 !  old]1 p]iod ! great  
/ruggle = exi/5ce w5t on 9 its et]nal   
fluctuation1 ) no trace ( a moral ord]4 
,& x is j z impossible = ! imp>tial &   
critical obs]v]  to detect a wise       
provid5ce 9 ! fate ( individual human   
be+s  z a moral ord] 9 ! hi/ory (       
peoples4 ,bo? are det]m9$ )  iron       
necessity by a me*anical causality :i*  
connects e s+le  ph5om5on ) "o or m     
antec$5t causes4 ,ev5 ! anci5t ,greeks  
recogniz$ ananke1 ! bl9d heim>m5e1 !    
fate t rules  gods & m51 z ! supreme    
pr9ciple ( ! univ]se4 ,*ri/ianity       
replac$ x by a consci\s ,provid5ce1 :i* 
is n bl9d1 b sees1  & :i* gov]ns ! _w 9 
patri>*al fa%ion4 ,! an?ropomorphic  "* 
( ?is notion1 g5]ally closely connect$ )

 belief 9  a p]sonal ,god1 is q obvi\s4 
,belief 9 a lov+ ,fa!r1 :o  unceas+ly   
guides ! de/9ies ( "o billion five      
hundr$ million  m5 on our planet1 & is  
att5tive at all times to _! millions (  
contradictory pray]s & pi\s wi%es1 is   
absolutely impossible2 t  is at once    
p]ceiv$ on lay+ aside ! color$          
spectacles ( fai?  & reflect+ rationally
 on ! subject4    ,z a rule1 ?is belief 
9 ,provid5ce & ! tutelage ( a lov+      
,fa!r is m int5se 9 ! mod]n civiliz$    
man--j z 9 !  uncultur$ savage--:5 "s   
good =tune has fall5 him3 an escape  f  
p]il ( life1 recov]y f a sev]e illness1 
! w9n+ ( !  fir/ prize 9 a lott]y1 !    
bir? ( a long-delay$ *ild1 & s  =?4 ,:51
 on ! o!r h&1 a mis=tune is met )1 or an
 ard5t  wi% is n fulfill$1 ,provid5ce is
 =gott54 ,! wise rul] ( !  _w           
slumb]$--or refus$ 8 bless+4    ,9 !    
extraord9>y developm5t ( comm]ce ( !    
n9ete5? c5tury  ! numb] ( cata/rophes & 
accid5ts has necess>ily increas$  beyond
 all imag9ation2 ( t ! j\rnal is a daily

 witness4  ,?\s&s are kill$ e ye> by    
%ipwreck1 railway accid5ts1 m9e         
accid5ts1 etc4 ,?\s&s slay ea* o!r e ye>
 9 w>1 & !  prep>ation = ?is :olesale   
massacre absorbs mu* ! great] "p  ( !   
rev5ue 9 ! highe/ civiliz$ nations1 !   
*ief pr(essors  ( ,*ri/ian *>ity4 ,&    
among ^! hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( annual       
victims ( mod]n civilization /rong1     
indu/ri\s1 c\rage\s work]s  pr$om9ate4  
,yet ! talk ( a moral ord] goes on4     
,s9ce imp>tial /udy ( ! evolution ( ! _w
 tea*es u t  !re is no def9ite aim & no 
special purpose to be trac$ 9 x1  !re   
seems to be no alt]native b to leave    
ev]y?+ to bl9d  *ance4 ,?is reproa* has 
be5 made to ! trans=mism ( ,lam>ck &    
,d>w91 z x _h be5 to ! previ\s sy/ems ( 
,kant & ,laplace2  !re are a numb] (    
duali/ philosoph]s :o lay great /ress on
 x4  ,x is1 !re=e1 wor? :ile to make a  
brief rem>k ^u x4    ,"o gr\p (         
philosoph]s affirms1 9 accordance ) its 
teleological  conception1 t ! :ole      
cosmos is an ord]ly sy/em1 9 :i* e      

ph5om5on has its aim & purpose2 !re is  
no su* ?+ z *ance4  ,! o!r gr\p1 hold+ a
 me*anical !ory1 expresses itself ?us3  
,! developm5t ( ! univ]se is a moni/ic  
me*anical process1 9  :i* we discov] no 
aim or purpose :atev]2 :at we call      
design 9  ! organic _w is a special     
result ( biological ag5cies2 nei!r  9 ! 
evolution ( ! heav5ly bodies nor 9 t ( !
 cru/ (  our e>? d we f9d any trace ( a 
controll+ purpose--all is !  result (   
*ance4 ,ea* p>ty is "r--accord+ to its  
def9ition (  *ance4 ,! g5]al law (      
causality1 tak5 9 conjunction ) ! law  (
 sub/ance1 tea*es u t e ph5om5on has a  
me*anical cause2  9 ?is s5se !re is no  
su* ?+ z *ance4 ,yet x is n only        
lawful1 b necess>y1 to reta9 ! t]m = !  
purpose ( express+  ! simultane\s       
occurr5ce ( two ph5om5a1 :i* are n      
causally  relat$ to ea* o!r1 b ( :i* ea*
 has its own me*anical cause1  indep5d5t
 ( t ( ! o!r4 ,ev]ybody kn[s t *ance1 9 
its  moni/ic s5se1 plays an important "p
 9 ! life ( man & 9 !  univ]se at l>ge4 

,t1 h[ev]1 does n prev5t u f recogniz+  
9 ea* *ance ev5t1 z we d 9 ! evolution (
 ! entire  cosmos1 ! univ]sal sov]eignty
 ( nature's supreme law1 ! law (        
sub/ance4          ,,*apt] ,,xv    ,,god
 ,,& ,,! ,,_w        ,! ,idea ( ,god 9  
,g5]al--,anti!sis ( ,god & ! ,_w2 !     
,sup]natural & ,nature--,!ism &         
,pan!ism--,*ief ,=ms (                  
,!ism--,poly!ism--,triplo!ism--,amphi!is
m--,mono!ism--,religi\s                 
,/ati/ics--,naturali/ic                 
,mono!ism--,sol>ism--,an?ropi/ic        
,mono!ism--,! ,?ree ,great ,m$it]ranean 
,religions--,mosaism--,*ri/ianity--,!   
,cult ( ! ,madonna &      !             
,sa9ts--,papal                          
,poly!ism--,islam--,mixo!ism--,nature ( 
,!ism--,an ,extra-mundane &             
,an?ropomorphic ,god2 a ,gase\s         
,v]tebrate--,pan!ism--,intramundane ,god
 7,nature7--,! ,hylozoism      ( !      
,ionic ,moni/s 7,anaxim&]7--,conflict ( 
,pan!ism &                              
,*ri/ianity--,sp9oza--,mod]n            

,monism--,a!ism      ,= ?\s&s ( ye>s    
humanity has plac$ ! la/ & supreme basis
  ( all ph5om5a 9 an effici5t cause1 to 
:i* x gives ! title (  ,god 7deus1 !os74
 ,l all g5]al ideas1 ?is notion ( ,god  
has  und]gone a s]ies ( rem>kable       
modifications & trans=mations 9  ! c\rse
 ( ! evolution ( reason4 ,inde$1 x may  
be said t no  o!r idea has _h s _m      
metamorphoses2 = no o!r belief affects  
9 s high a degree ! *ief objects ( ! m9d
 & ( rational  sci5ce1 z well z ! deepe/
 int]e/s ( ! emotion & poetic  fancy ( !
 believ]4    ,a comp>ative criticism ( !
 _m diff]5t =ms ( ! idea ( ,god  w\ld be
 extremely int]e/+ & in/ructive2 b we h 
n space  = x 9 ! pres5t "w4 ,we mu/ be  
cont5t ) a pass+ glance  at ! mo/       
important =ms ( ! belief & _! relation  
to !  mod]n ?\ght t has be5 evok$ by a  
s\nd /udy ( nature4 ,=  fur!r in=mation 
on ?is int]e/+ "q ! read] w\ld d  well  
to consult ! di/+ui%$ "w ( ,adalb]t     
,svoboda1 ,=ms (  ,fai? 7#ahig74    ,:5 
we pass ov] ! f9] %ades & ! v>iegat$    

clo?+ (  ! ,god-idea & conf9e our       
att5tion to its *ief elem5t1 we c       
di/ribute all ! diff]5t pres5tations ( x
 9 two gr\ps--!  !i/ic & pan!i/ic gr\p4 
,! latt] is closely connect$  ) !       
moni/ic1 or rational1 view ( ?+s1 & !   
=m] is  associat$ ) dualism & my/icism4 
,i4--,,!ism    ,9 ?is view ,god is      
di/9ct f1 & oppos$ to1 ! _w z its       
creator1 su/a9]1 & rul]4 ,he is always  
conceiv$ 9 a m or  less human =m1 z an  
organism :i* ?9ks & acts l a man--only  
on a mu* high] scale4 ,?is              
an?ropomorphic ,god1 polyphyletically   
evolv$ by ! diff]5t races1 assumes an   
inf9ity ( %apes 9 _!  imag9ation1 f     
feti*ism to ! ref9$ mono!i/ic religions 
( ! pres5t day4 ,! *ief =ms ( !ism are  
poly!ism1  triplo!ism1 amphi!ism1 &     
mono!ism4    ,! poly!i/ peoples ! _w ) a
 v>iety ( gods & goddesses1  :i* ent]   
into its ma*9]y m or less indep5d5tly4  
,feti*ism  sees su* subord9ate deities 9
 ! lifeless body ( nature1 9 rocks1  9  
wat]1 9 ! air1 9 human productions ( e  

k9d 7pictures1  /atues1 etc474 ,demonism
 sees gods 9 liv+ organisms ( e         
species--trees1 animals1 & m54 ,?is k9d 
( poly!ism is f\nd 9  innum]able =ms ev5
 9 ! l[e/ tribes4 ,x rea*es ! highe/    
/age 9 ,hell5ic poly!ism1 9 ! my?s (    
anci5t ,greece1 :i*  /ill furni% ! f9e/ 
images to ! mod]n poet & arti/4 ,at a   
mu* l[] /age we h ,ca?olic poly!ism1 9  
:i* innum]able  sa9ts 7_m ( !m ( v      
equivocal repute7 are v5]at$ z          
subord9ate div9ities1 & pray$ to to ex]t
 _! m$iation ) !  supreme div9ity4    ,!
 dogma ( ! ,tr9ity1 :i* /ill comprises  
?ree ( ! *ief  articles ( fai? 9 ! cre$ 
( ,*ri/ian peoples1 culm9ates 9 !       
notion t ! "o ,god ( ,*ri/ianity is     
really made up ( ?ree  diff]5t p]sons3  
7#a7 ,god ! ,fa!r1 ! omnipot5t creator (
 heav5  & e>? 7?is unt5able my? 0 refut$
 long ago by sci5tific  cosmogony1      
a/ronomy1 & geology72 7#b7 ,jesus ,*ri/2
 & 7#c7 ! ,holy  ,gho/1 a my/ical be+1  
ov] ^: incompreh5sible relation to !    
,fa!r & ! ,son millions ( ,*ri/ian      

!ologians h rack$ _!  bra9s 9 va9 = !   
la/ n9ete5 hundr$ ye>s4 ,! ,gospels1 :i*
  are ! only cle> s\rces ( ?is          
triplo!ism1 are v obscure z  to !       
relation ( ^! ?ree p]sons to ea* o!r1 & 
d n give a  satisfactory answ] to ! "q (
 _! unity4 ,on ! o!r h&1  x mu/ be      
c>efully not$ :at confusion ?is obscure 
& my/ic dogma  ( ! ,tr9ity mu/          
necess>ily cause 9 ! m9ds ( our *ildr5  
ev5  9 ! e>li] ye>s ( in/ruction4 ,"o   
morn+ !y le>n 79 _!  religi\s           
in/ruction7 t ?ree times "o are "o1 & ! 
v next  h\r !y are told 9 _! ari?metic  
class t ?ree times "o are  ?ree4 ,i     
rememb] well ! reflection t ?is         
confusion l$ me to 9  my e>ly           
s*ool-days4    ,= ! re/1 ! ,tr9ity is n 
an orig9al elem5t 9 ,*ri/ianity2  l mo/ 
( ! o!r ,*ri/ian dogmas1 x has be5      
borr[$ f  e>li] religions4 ,out ( !     
sun-wor%ip ( ! ,*aldean magi 0  evolv$ !
 ,tr9ity ( ,ilu1 ! my/]i\s s\rce ( ! _w2
 its  ?ree manife/ations 7 ,anu1        
primeval *aos2 ,bel1 ! ar*itect (  ! _w2

 & ,aa1 ! heav5ly light1 ! all-enlight5+
 wisdom4  ,9 ! ,brahmanic religion !    
,trimurti is also conceiv$ z a div9e    
unity made up ( ?ree p]sons--,brahma 7! 
creator71 ,vi%nu 7!  su/a9]71 & ,%iva 7!
 de/roy]74 ,x w\ld seem t 9 ?is  & o!r  
ideas ( a ,tr9ity ! sacr$ numb]1 ?ree1 z
 su*--z  a symbolical numb]--has c\nt$ =
 some?+4 ,! ?ree fir/  ,*ri/ian         
virtues--,fai?1 ,hope1 & ,*>ity--=m a   
simil> triad4    ,accord+ to !          
amphi!i/s1 ! _w is rul$ by two diff]5t  
gods1 a good & an evil pr9ciple1 ,god & 
! ,devil4 ,!y are engag$  9 a p]petual  
/ruggle1 l rival emp]ors1 or pope &     
anti-pope4  ,! condition ( ! _w is !    
result ( ?is conflict4 ,!  lov+ ,god1 or
 good pr9ciple1 is ! s\rce ( all t is   
good &  beautiful1 ( joy & ( peace4 ,!  
_w w\ld be p]fect if ,8 "w  7 n         
cont9ually ?w>t$ by ! evil pr9ciple1 !  
,devil2 ?is  be+ is ! cause ( all t is  
bad & hateful1 ( contradiction &  ( pa94
    ,amphi!ism is und\bt$ly ! mo/       
rational ( all =ms ( belief 9  ,god1 & !

 "o :i* is lea/ incompatible ) a        
sci5tific view  ( ! _w4 ,h5ce we f9d x  
elaborat$ 9 _m anci5t peoples  ?\s&s (  
ye>s be=e ,*ri/4 ,9 anci5t ,india       
,vi%nu1 !  pres]v]1 /ruggles ) ,%iva1 ! 
de/roy]4 ,9 anci5t ,egypt !  good       
,osiris is oppos$ by ! wick$ ,typhon4 ,!
 e>ly ,hebrews _h a  simil> dualism (   
,as*]a 7or ,keturah71 ! f]tile "m-e>?1  
& ,elion 7,molo* or ,se?os71 ! /]n      
heav5ly fa!r4 ,9 ! ,z5d  religion ( !   
anci5t ,p]sians1 f\nd$ by ,zoroa/] two  
?\s&  ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 !re is a p]petual
 /ruggle betwe5 ,ormuzd1 !  good god (  
light1 & ,ahriman1 ! wick$ god (        
d>kness4    ,9 ,*ri/ian my?ology !      
,devil is sc>cely less conspicu\s z !   
adv]s>y ( ! good deity1 ! tempt] &      
s$uc]1 ! pr9ce (  hell1 & "l ( d>kness4 
,a p]sonal devil 0 /ill an important    
elem5t 9 ! belief ( mo/ ,*ri/ians at !  
beg9n+ ( !  n9ete5? c5tury4 ,t[>ds !    
middle ( ! c5tury he 0 gradually        
elim9at$ by be+ progressively expla9$   
away1 or he 0 re/rict$  to ! subord9ate 

rle he plays z ,mephi/opheles 9 ,goe!'s 
great  drama4 ,to-day ! majority (      
educat$ p look ^u belief 9 a  p]sonal   
devil z a m$ival sup]/ition1 :ile belief
 9 ,god 7t  is1 ! p]sonal1 good1 & lov+ 
,god7 is reta9$ z an indisp5sable       
elem5t ( religion4 ,yet ! "o belief is j
 z mu* 7or z little7  ju/ifi$ z ! o!r4  
,9 any case1 ! mu*-lam5t$ imp]fection ( 
our e>?ly life1 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 &  
all t p]ta9s  to x1 are expla9$ mu* m   
simply & naturally by ?is /ruggle (  a  
good & an evil god ?an by any o!r =m (  
!ism4    ,! dogma ( ! unity ( ,god may 9
 "s respects be reg>d$ z !  simple/ &   
mo/ natural type ( !ism2 x is popul>ly  
suppos$ to  be ! mo/ widely accept$     
elem5t ( religion1 & to pr$om9ate  9 !  
ecclesia/ical sy/ems ( civiliz$         
c\ntries4 ,9 reality1  t is n ! case1   
because ?is alleg$ mono!ism usually     
turns  out on clos] inquiry to be "o ( !
 o!r =ms ( !ism we h  exam9$1 a numb] ( 
subord9ate deities be+ g5]ally introduc$
  besides ! supreme "o4 ,mo/ ( !        

religions :i* took a purely  mono!i/ic  
/&-po9t h become m or less poly!i/ic 9 !
  c\rse ( "t4 ,mod]n /ati/ics assure u t
 ( ! "o billion  five hundr$ million m5 
:o p ! e>? ! great majority  are        
mono!i/s2 ( ^!1 nom9ally1 ab\t six      
hundr$ millions  are ,brahma-,buddhi/s1 
five hundr$ millions are call$          
,*ri/ians1  two hundr$ millions are     
hea!ns 7( v>i\s types71 "o hundr$  &    
eighty millions are ,mohamm$ans1 t5     
millions are ,jews1 & t5  millions h no 
religion at all4 ,h[ev]1 ! va/ majority 
(  ^! nom9al mono!i/s h v confus$ ideas 
ab\t ! deity1  or believe 9 a numb] (   
gods & goddesses besides ! *ief         
god--angels1 devils1 etc4    ,! diff]5t 
=ms :i* mono!ism has assum$ 9 ! c\rse ( 
its  polyphyletic developm5t may be     
di/ribut$ 9 two gr\ps--^? (  naturali/ic
 & an?ropi/ic mono!ism4 ,naturali/ic    
mono!ism  f9ds ! embodim5t ( ! deity 9  
"s l(ty & dom9at+ natural  ph5om5on4 ,! 
sun1 ! deity ( light & w>m?1 on ^:      
influ5ce  all organic life ins5sibly &  

directly dep5ds1 0 tak5 to be  su* a    
ph5om5on _m ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,sun-wor%ip  
7sol>ism1  or helio!ism7 seems to !     
mod]n sci5ti/ to be ! be/ ( all  =ms (  
!ism1 & ! "o :i* may be mo/ easily      
reconcil$  ) mod]n monism4 ,= mod]n     
a/rophysics & geog5y h taught  u t ! e>?
 is a fragm5t deta*$ f ! sun1 & t x  w  
ev5tually return to ! bosom ( its p>5t4 
,mod]n physiology  tea*es u t ! fir/    
s\rce ( organic life on ! e>? is !      
=mation ( protoplasm1 & t ?is syn!sis ( 
simple inorganic  sub/ances1 wat]1      
c>bonic acid1 & ammonia1 only takes     
place "u  ! influ5ce ( sunlight4 ,on !  
prim>y evolution ( ! plasmodom\s  plants
 foll[$1 second>ily1 t ( ! plasmophag\s 
animals1 :i*  directly or indirectly    
dep5d on !m = n\ri%m5t2 & ! orig9  ( !  
human race itself is only a lat] /age 9 
! developm5t (  ! animal k+dom4 ,inde$1 
! :ole ( our bodily & m5tal life        
dep5ds1 9 ! la/ resort1 l all o!r       
organic life1 on !  light & heat rays ( 
! sun4 ,h5ce 9 ! light ( pure reason1   

sun-wor%ip1 z a =m ( naturali/ic        
mono!ism1 seems to h a mu*  bett]       
f\ndation ?an ! an?ropi/ic wor%ip (     
,*ri/ians & (  o!r mono!i/s :o conceive 
_! god 9 human =m4 ,z a matt] (  fact1 !
 sun-wor%ipp]s atta9$1 ?\s&s ( ye>s ago1
 a high]  intellectual & moral /&>d ?an 
mo/ ( ! o!r !i/s4 ,:5  ,i 0 9 ,bombay1 9
 #ahha1 ,i wat*$ ) ! greate/ sympa?y !  
elevat+ rites ( ! pi\s ,p>sees1 :o1 /&+ 
on ! sea-%ore1  or kneel+ on _!         
pray]-rugs1 (f]$ _! devotion to ! sun at
  its rise & sett+4#ca    ,moon-wor%ip  
7lun>ism & sel5o!ism7 is ( mu* less     
importance  ?an sun-wor%ip4 ,!re are a  
few unciviliz$ races t h ador$  ! moon z
 _! only deity1 b x has g5]ally be5     
associat$ )  a wor%ip ( ! />s & ! sun4  
,! humanization ( ,god1 or ! idea t !   
,supreme ,be+ feels1  ?9ks1 & acts l man
 7?\gh 9 a high] degree71 has play$ a   
mo/ important "p1 z an?ropomorphic      
mono!ism1 9 ! hi/ory  ( civilization4 ,!
 mo/ prom95t 9 ?is respect are ! ?ree   
great religions ( ! ,m$it]ranean        

peoples--! old ,mosaic religion1  !     
int]m$iate ,*ri/ian religion1 & ! y\ng] 
,mohamm$anism4  ,^! ?ree great          
,m$it]ranean religions1 all ?ree aris+  
on !  ea/ coa/ ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ( all    
seas1 & orig9at+ 9 an  imag9ative       
en?usia/ ( ! ,semitic race1 are         
intimately connect$1  n only by ?is     
ext]nal circum/ance ( an analog\s orig91
 b by  _m common features ( _! int]nal  
cont5ts4 ,j z ,*ri/ianity  borr[$ a good
 deal ( its my?ology directly f anci5t  
,judaism1 s  ,islam has inh]it$ mu* f   
bo? its pr$ecessors4 ,all ! ?ree 7      
orig9ally mono!i/ic2 all ?ree 7         
subsequ5tly ov]laid ) a  great v>iety ( 
poly!i/ic features1 9 proportion z !y   
ext5d$1  fir/ along ! coa/ ( !          
,m$it]ranean ) its het]og5e\s           
population1 & ev5tually into e "p ( !   
_w4    ,! ,hebrew mono!ism1 z x 0 f\nd$ 
by ,moses 7ab\t #afjj ,b4,c471 is       
usually reg>d$ z ! anci5t fai? :i* has  
be5 ( ! greate/  importance 9 ! e?ical &
 religi\s developm5t ( humanity4  ,?is  

high hi/orical appreciation is c]ta9ly  
valid 9 ! s5se  t ! two o!r _w-conqu]+  
,m$it]ranean religions issu$  f x2 ,*ri/
 0 j z truly a pupil ( ,moses z ,mohamm$
 0  aft]w>ds ( ,*ri/4 ,s also ! ,new    
,te/am5t1 :i* has become !  f\ndation ( 
! belief ( ! highe/ civiliz$ nations 9 !
 %ort  space ( n9ete5 hundr$ ye>s1 re/s 
on ! v5]able basis ( !  ,old ,te/am5t4  
,! ,bible1 :i* ! two compose1 has _h a  
great]  influ5ce & a wid] circulation   
?an any o!r book 9 ! _w4  ,ev5 to-day ! 
,bible--9 spite ( its curi\s m+l+ ( !   
be/ &  ! wor/ elem5ts--is 9 a c]ta9 s5se
 ! book ( books4 ,yet :5  we make an    
imp>tial & unprejudic$ /udy ( ?is       
notable hi/orical  s\rce1 we f9d x v    
diff]5t 9 sev]al important respects f  !
 popul> impression4 ,"h aga9 mod]n      
criticism & hi/ory h  come to c]ta9     
conclusions :i* de/roy ! preval5t       
tradition 9  its v f\ndations4    ,!    
mono!ism :i* ,moses endeavor$ to e/abli%
 9 ! wor%ip  ( ,jehovah1 & :i* !        
prophets--! philosoph]s ( ! ,hebrew     

race--aft]w>ds develop$ ) great success1
 _h at fir/ to su/a9  a long & sev]e    
/ruggle ) ! dom9ant poly!ism :i* 0  9   
possession4 ,jehovah1 or ,yahveh1 0     
orig9ally d]iv$ f !  heav5-god1 :i*1 "u 
! title ( ,molo* or ,baal1 0 "o (  ! mo/
 popul> ( ! ,ori5tal deities 7! ,se?os  
or ,typhon (  ! ,egyptians1 & ! ,saturn 
or ,cronos ( ! ,greeks74 ,!re 71  h[ev]1
 o!r gods 9 great favor ) ! ,jewi% p1 & 
s !  /ruggle ) idolatry cont9u$4 ,/ill1 
,jehovah 01 9 pr9ciple1  ! only ,god1   
explicitly claim+1 9 ! fir/ precept ( ! 
decalogue3 ,i am ! ,"l ?y ,god2 ?\ %alt 
h no o!r gods beside  me4    ,*ri/ian   
mono!ism %>$ ! fate ( its "m1 ,mosaism2 
x 0  g5]ally only mono!i/ic 9 !ory1 :ile
 x deg5]at$ practically  into e k9d (   
poly!ism4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 mono!ism 0    
logically ab&on$ 9 ! v dogma ( !        
,tr9ity1 :i* 0 adopt$  z an indisp5sable
 f\ndation ( ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,!    
?ree  p]sons1 :i* are di/+ui%$ z ,fa!r1 
,son1 & ,holy ,gho/1 are  ?ree di/9ct   
individuals 7&1 inde$1 an?ropomorphic   

p]sons71 j  z truly z ! ?ree ,indian    
deities ( ! ,trimurti 7,brahma1 ,vi%nu1 
& ,%iva7 or ! ,tr9ity ( ! anci5t        
,hebrews 7,anu1 ,bel1 & ,aa74  ,moreov]1
 9 ! mo/ widely di/ribut$ =m (          
,*ri/ianity !  virg9 "m ( ,*ri/ plays an
 important "p z a f\r? deity2  9 _m     
,ca?olic c\ntries %e is practically tak5
 to be mu* m  p[]ful & influ5tial ?an ! 
?ree male p]sons ( ! cele/ial           
adm9i/ration4 ,! cult ( ! madonna has   
be5 develop$ to su* an  ext5t 9 ^!      
c\ntries t we may oppose x to ! usual   
mascul9e  =m ( mono!ism z "o ( a fem99e 
type4 ,! ,que5 ( ,heav5  becomes s      
prom95t1 z is se5 9 s _m pictures &     
leg5ds ( !  madonna1 t ! ?ree male      
p]sons practically disappe>4    ,9      
addition1 ! imag9ation ( ! pi\s ,*ri/ian
 soon came to  increase ?is cele/ial    
adm9i/ration by a num]\s company (      
sa9ts ( all k9ds1 & b&s ( musical       
angels1 :o %\ld see  t et]nal life %\ld 
n prove too dull4 ,! popes--! greate/   
*>latans t any religion ev] produc$--h  

con/antly /udi$ to  increase ?is b& (   
cele/ial satellites by repeat$          
canonizations4  ,?is curi\s company     
receiv$ its mo/ int]e/+ acquisition 9   
#ahgj1  :5 ! ,vatican ,c\ncil pron\nc$ !
 popes1 z ! vic>s ( ,*ri/1  to be       
infallible1 & ?us rais$ !m to a div9e   
dignity4 ,:5 we add  ! p]sonal ,devil t 
!y ackn[l$ge1 & ! bad angels :o  =m 8   
c\rt1 we h 9 mod]n ,ca?olicism1 /ill !  
mo/ ext5sive  bran* ( ,*ri/ianity1 a ri*
 & v>iegat$ poly!ism t dw>fs  ! ,olympic
 family ( ! ,greeks4    ,islam1 or !    
,mohamm$an mono!ism1 is ! y\nge/ & pure/
 =m (  mono!ism4 ,:5 ! "y ,mohamm$ 7born
 #egj7 le>n$ to despise !  poly!i/ic    
idolatry ( 8 ,arabian compatriots1 &    
became acqua9t$  ) ,ne/orian            
,*ri/ianity1 he adopt$ its *ief doctr9es
 9 a  g5]al way2 b he c\ld n br+ himself
 to see any?+ m ?an  a prophet 9 ,*ri/1 
l ,moses4 ,he f\nd 9 ! dogma ( ! ,tr9ity
  :at e emancipat$ ?9k] f9ds on imp>tial
 reflection--an  absurd leg5d :i* is    
nei!r reconcilable ) ! fir/ pr9ciples  (

 reason nor ( any value :atev] = our    
religi\s advancem5t4 ,he  ju/ly reg>d$ !
 wor%ip ( ! immaculate "m ( ,god z a    
piece  ( pure idolatry1 l ! v5]ation (  
pictures & images4 ,!  long] he reflect$
 on x1 & ! m he /rove aft] a purifi$    
idea  ( deity1 ! cle>] did ! c]titude ( 
8 great maxim appe>3 ,god  is ! only    
,god--!re are no o!r gods beside him4   
,yet ,mohamm$ c\ld n free himself f !   
an?ropomorphism ( !  ,god-idea4 ,8 "o   
only ,god 0 an idealiz$1 almighty man1 l
 !  /]n1 v9dictive ,god ( ,moses1 & !   
g5tle1 lov+ ,god ( ,*ri/4  ,/ill1 we mu/
 admit t ! ,mohamm$an religion has      
pres]v$ !  "* ( pure mono!ism ?r\gh\t ! 
c\rse ( its hi/orical  developm5t & its 
inevitable division mu* m fai?fully ?an 
!  ,mosaic & ,*ri/ian religions4 ,we see
 t to-day1 ev5 ext]nally1  9 its =ms (  
pray] & prea*+1 & 9 ! ar*itecture &     
adornm5t ( its mosques4 ,:5 ,i visit$ ! 
,ea/ = ! fir/ "t1  9 #ahgc1 & admir$ !  
noble mosques ( ,cairo1 ,smyrna1        
,brussa1 &  ,con/ant9ople1 ,i 0 inspir$ 

) a feel+ ( real devotion by !  simple &
 ta/eful decoration ( ! int]ior1 & !    
l(ty &  beautiful ar*itectural "w ( !   
ext]ior4 ,h[ noble & inspir+  d ^!      
mosques appe> 9 comp>ison ) ! majority (
 ,ca?olic  *ur*es1 :i* are cov]$        
int]nally ) gaudy pictures & gilt1  &   
are outw>dly disfigur$ by an immod]ate  
cr[d ( human &  animal figures6 ,n less 
elevat$ are ! sil5t pray]s & !  simple  
devotional acts ( ! ,koran :5 comp>$ ) !
 l\d1  un9telligible v]bosity ( !       
,ca?olic ,mass & ! blatant music (  _!  
!atrical processions4    ,"u ! title (  
mixo!ism we may embrace all ! =ms (     
!i/ic belief :i* conta9 mixtures (      
religi\s notions (  diff]5t1 sometimes  
contradictory1 k9ds4 ,9 !ory ?is mo/    
widely  diffus$ type ( religion is n    
recogniz$ at all2 9 ! concrete  x is !  
mo/ important & mo/ notable ( all4 ,!   
va/ majority  ( m5 :o h religi\s op9ions
 h always be51 & /ill are1  mixo!i/s2 _!
 idea ( ,god is picturesquely comp\nd$ f
 !  impressions receiv$ 9 *ildhood f _! 

own sect1 & a numb]  ( o!r impressions  
:i* are receiv$ lat] on1 f contact )    
memb]s ( o!r religions1 & :i* modify !  
e>li] notions4 ,9  educat$ p !re is also
 sometimes ! modify+ influ5ce (         
philosophic /udies 9 matur] ye>s1 &     
especially ! unprejudic$  /udy ( natural
 ph5om5a1 :i* reveals ! futility ( !    
!i/ic  idea4 ,! conflict ( ^!           
contradictory impressions1 :i* is  v    
pa9ful to a s5sitive s\l1 & :i* (t5     
rema9s undecid$  ?r\gh\t life1 cle>ly   
%[s ! imm5se p[] ( ! h]$ity (  anci5t   
my?s on ! "o h& & ! e>ly adaptation to  
errone\s  dogmas on ! o!r4 ,! p>ticul>  
fai? 9 :i* ! *ild has be5  br\ght up    
g5]ally rema9s 9 p[]1 unless a conv]sion
 takes  place subsequ5tly1 ow+ to !     
/rong] influ5ce ( "s o!r  religion4 ,b  
ev5 9 ?is sup]session ( "o fai? by ano!r
 ! new  "n1 l ! old "o1 proves to be    
m]ely an outw>d label cov]+  a mixture (
 ! mo/ div]se op9ions & errors4 ,!      
great] "p  ( ^? :o call !mselves        
,*ri/ians are n mono!i/s 7z !y  ?9k71 b 

amphi!i/s1 triplo!i/s1 or poly!i/s4 ,& !
 same  mu/ be said ( ,islam & ,mosaism1 
& o!r mono!i/ic religions4  ,ev]y:]e we 
f9d associat$ ) ! orig9al idea ( a sole 
&  triune ,god lat] beliefs 9 a numb] ( 
subord9ate deities--angels1  devils1    
sa9ts1 etc4--a picturesque assortm5t ( !
 mo/ div]se  !i/ic =ms4    ,all ! above 
=ms ( !ism1 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! ^w--:e!r 
! belief assumes a naturali/ic or an    
an?ropi/ic =m--repres5t  ,god to be an  
extramundane or a sup]natural be+4 ,he  
is always oppos$  to ! _w1 or nature1 z 
an indep5d5t be+2 g5]ally z its         
creator1 su/a9]1 & rul]4 ,9 mo/         
religions he has ! additional  "* (     
p]sonality1 or1 to put x m def9itely    
/ill1 ,god z  a p]son is lik5$ to man4  
,9 8 gods man pa9ts himself4 ,?is       
an?ropomorphic conception ( ,god z "o :o
 ?9ks1 feels1 & acts  l man prevails ) !
 great majority ( !i/s1 sometimes 9 a   
crud] & m nave =m1 sometimes 9 a m ref9$
 & ab/ract  degree4 ,9 any case ! =m (  
!osophy we h describ$ is sure  to affirm

 t ,god1 ! supreme be+1 is inf9ite 9    
p]fection1 &  !re=e f> remov$ f !       
imp]fection ( humanity4 ,yet1 :5 we     
exam9e closely1 we always f9d ! same    
psy*ic or m5tal activity 9  ! two4 ,god 
feels1 ?9ks1 & acts z man does1 al?\gh x
 be 9 an  inf9itely m p]fect =m4    ,!  
p]sonal an?ropism ( ,god has become s   
natural to ! majority  ( believ]s t !y  
exp]i5ce no %ock :5 !y f9d ,god         
p]sonifi$ 9 human =m 9 pictures &       
/atues1 & 9 ! v>i$  images ( ! poet1 9  
:i* ,god takes human =m--t is1 is *ang$ 
into a v]tebrate4 ,9 "s my?s1 ev51 ,god 
takes ! =m ( o!r  mammals 7an ape1 lion1
 bull1 etc471 & m r>ely ( a bird 7eagle1
  dove1 or /ork71 or ( "s l[] v]tebrate 
7s]p5t1 crocodile1  dragon1 etc474    ,9
 ! high] & m ab/ract =ms ( religion ?is 
idea ( bodily  appe>ance is entirely    
ab&on$1 & ,god is ador$ z a pure _s  )\t
 a body4 ,god is a _s1 & !y :o wor%ip   
him mu/ wor%ip  him 9 _s & 9 tru?4      
,nev]!less1 ! psy*ic activity ( ?is     
pure _s rema9s j ! same z t ( !         

an?ropomorphic  ,god4 ,9 reality1 ev5   
?is immat]ial _s is n conceiv$ to be    
incorporeal1 b m]ely invisible1 gase\s4 
,we ?us arrive at !  p>adoxical         
conception ( ,god z a gase\s v]tebrate4 
,,ii4--,,pan!ism    ,pan!ism tea*es t   
,god & ! _w are "o4 ,! idea ( ,god is   
id5tical ) t ( nature or sub/ance4 ,?is 
pan!i/ic view is  %>ply oppos$ 9        
pr9ciple to all ! sy/ems we h describ$1 
&  to all possible =ms ( !ism al?\gh !re
 h be5 _m attempts  made f bo? sides to 
bridge ov] ! deep *asm t sep>ates !     
two4 ,!re is always ?is fundam5tal      
contradiction betwe5 !m1 t  9 !ism ,god 
is oppos$ to nature z an extramundane   
be+1 z  creat+ & su/a9+ ! _w1 & act+ ^u 
x f )\t1  :ile 9 pan!ism ,god1 z an     
intramundane be+1 is ev]y:]e  id5tical )
 nature itself1 & is op]ative )9 ! _w  z
 =ce or en]gy4 ,! latt] view alone is   
compatible )  our supreme law--! law (  
sub/ance4 ,x foll[s necess>ily t        
pan!ism is ! _w-sy/em ( ! mod]n sci5ti/4
 ,!re are1  x is true1 /ill a few m5 (  

sci5ce :o conte/ ?is1 & ?9k x  possible 
to reconcile ! old !i/ic !ory ( human   
nature ) !  pan!i/ic tru? ( ! law (     
sub/ance4 ,all ^! ef=ts re/ on          
confusion or sophi/ry--:5 !y are hone/4 
,z pan!ism is a result ( an advanc$     
conception ( nature 9 !  civiliz$ m9d1 x
 is naturally mu* y\ng] ?an !ism1 !     
crude/  =ms ( :i* are f\nd 9 great      
v>iety 9 ! unciviliz$ races (  t5 ?\s&  
ye>s ago4 ,we d1 inde$1 f9d ! g]ms (    
pan!ism 9  diff]5t religions at ! v dawn
 ( philosophy 9 ! e>lie/  civiliz$      
peoples 79 ,india1 ,egypt1 ,*9a1 &      
,japan71 sev]al ?\s&  ye>s be=e ! "t (  
,*ri/2 /ill1 we d n meet a def9ite      
philosophical expression ( x until !    
hylozoism ( ! ,ionic  philosoph]s1 9 !  
fir/ half ( ! six? c5tury be=e ,*ri/4   
,all ! great ?9k]s ( ?is fl\ri%+ p]iod (
 ,hell5ic ?\ght  are surpass$ by ! fam\s
 ,anaxim&]1 ( ,miletus1 :o conceiv$ !   
ess5tial unity ( ! inf9ite univ]se      
7apeiron7 m pr(\ndly  & m cle>ly ?an 8  
ma/]1 ,?ales1 or 8 pupil1 ,anaxim5es4   

,n only ! great ?\ght ( ! orig9al unity 
( ! cosmos & !  developm5t ( all ph5om5a
 out ( ! all-p]vad+ primitive matt]     
f\nd expression 9 ,anaxim&]1 b he ev5   
enunciat$ ! bold idea  ( c\ntless worlds
 9 a p]iodic alt]nation ( bir? & dea?4  
,_m o!r great philosoph]s ( classical   
antiquity1 especially  ,democritus1     
,h]aclitus1 & ,emp$ocles1 _h1 9 ! same  
or an  analog\s s5se1 a pr(\nd          
conception ( ?is unity ( nature &  ,god1
 ( body & _s1 :i* has obta9$ its highe/ 
expression  9 ! law ( sub/ance ( our    
mod]n monism4 ,! fam\s ,roman poet  &   
philosoph]1 ,lucretius ,c>us1 has       
pres5t$ x 9 a highly poetic  =m 9 8 poem
 ,de ,r]um ,natura4 ,h[ev]1 ?is true    
pan!i/ic  monism 0 soon entirely        
displac$ by ! my/ic dualism ( ,plato1 & 
especially by ! p[]ful influ5ce :i* !   
ideali/ic philosophy  obta9$ by its     
bl5d+ ) ,*ri/ian dogmas4 ,:5 ! papacy   
atta9$ to its spiritual despotism ov] ! 
_w1 pan!ism 0  hopelessly cru%$2        
,giordano ,bruno1 its mo/ gift$ def5d]1 

0  burn$ alive by ! ,vic> ( ,*ri/ 9 !   
,campo dei ,fiori at ,rome on  ,febru>y 
#ag1 #afjj4    ,x 0 n until ! middle ( !
 sev5te5? c5tury t pan!ism  0 exhibit$ 9
 its pure/ =m by ! great ,b>u* ,sp9oza2 
he gave  = ! totality ( ?+s a def9ition 
( sub/ance 9 :i* ,god  & ! _w are       
insep>ably unit$4 ,! cle>ness1          
confid5ce1 &  consi/5cy ( ,sp9oza's     
moni/ic sy/em are ! m rem>kable :5  we  
rememb] t ?is gift$ ?9k] ( two hundr$ & 
fifty ye>s  ago 0 )\t ! support ( all ^?
 s\nd empirical bases :i*  h be5 obta9$ 
9 ! second half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,we 
h already spok51 9 ! fir/ *apt]1 (      
,sp9oza's relation to !  mat]ialism ( ! 
eighte5? & ! monism ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 
,! propagation ( 8 views1 especially 9  
,g]many1 is due1 above  all1 to !       
immortal works ( our greate/ poet &     
?9k]1 ,wolfgang  ,goe!4 ,8 spl5did ,god 
& ! ,_w1 ,prome!us1 ,fau/1 etc41  embody
 ! great ?\ghts ( pan!ism 9 ! mo/ p]fect
 poetic  creations4    ,a!ism affirms t 
!re are no gods or goddesses1 assum+ t  

god means a p]sonal1 extramundane       
entity4 ,?is godless _w-sy/em           
sub/antially agrees ) ! monism or       
pan!ism ( ! mod]n  sci5ti/2 x is only   
ano!r expression = x1 emphasiz+ its     
negative aspect1 ! non-exi/5ce ( any    
sup]natural deity4 ,9 ?is  s5se         
,s*op5hau] ju/ly rem>ks3 ,pan!ism is    
only a polite =m  ( a!ism4 ,! tru? (    
pan!ism lies 9 its de/ruction ( !       
duali/ anti!sis ( ,god & ! _w1 9 its    
recognition t !  _w exi/s 9 virtue ( its
 own inh]5t =ces4 ,! maxim ( !  pan!i/1 
',god & ! _w are "o1' is m]ely a polite 
way (  giv+ ! ,"l ,god 8 cong4    ,dur+ 
! :ole ( ! ,middle ,ages1 "u ! bloody   
despotism ( !  popes1 a!ism 0 p]secut$ )
 fire & sword z a mo/ p]nici\s  sy/em4  
,z ! godless man is pla9ly id5tifi$ ) ! 
wick$  9 ! ,gospel1 & is ?reat5$--simply
 on acc\nt ( 8 want (  fai?--) ! et]nal 
fires ( hell1 x 0 v natural t e  good   
,*ri/ian %\ld be anxi\s to avoid !      
suspicion ( a!ism4  ,un=tunately1 ! idea
 /ill prevails v widely4 ,! a!i/ic      

sci5ti/ :o devotes 8 /r5g? & 8 life to !
 se>* =  ! tru?1 is freely cr$it$ ) all 
t is evil2 ! !i/ic  *ur*-go]1 :o        
?\ghtlessly foll[s ! empty c]emonies (  
,ca?olic  wor%ip1 is at once assum$ to  
be a good citiz51 ev5 if !re be no      
mean+ :atev] 9 8 fai? & 8 morality be   
deplorable4 ,?is  error w only be       
de/roy$ :51 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury1 !       
preval5t sup]/ition gives place to      
rational k & to a  moni/ic conception ( 
! unity ( ,god & ! _w4          ,,*apt] 
,,xvi    ,,k ,,& ,,belief        ,! ,k (
 ! ,tru? & ,its ,s\rces3 ! ,activity ( !
      ,s5ses & ! ,association (         
,pres5tations--,organs ( ,s5se &        
,organs ( ,?\ght--,s5se-,organs & _!    
,specific ,en]gy--,_!                   
,evolution--,! ,philosophy (            
,s5sibility--,ine/imable ,value ( !     
,s5ses--,limits ( ,s5sitive             
,k--,hypo!sis & ,fai?--,!ory      &     
,fai?--,ess5tial ,diff]5ce ( ,sci5tific 
7,natural7 &      ,religi\s             
7,sup]natural7 ,fai?--,sup]/ition (     

,savage & (      ,civiliz$              
,races--,confessions (                  
,fai?--,unsect>ian ,s*ools--,!          
,fai? ( ,our                            
,fa!rs--,spiritism--,revelation      ,e 
ef=t ( g5u9e sci5ce makes = a k ( !     
tru?4 ,our  only real & valuable k is a 
k ( nature itself1 &  consi/s (         
pres5tations :i* correspond to ext]nal  
?+s4 ,we are  incompet5t1 x is true1 to 
p5etrate into ! inn]mo/ nature ( ?is    
real _w--! ?+ 9 itself--b imp>tial      
critical obs]vation  & comp>ison in=m u 
t1 9 ! normal action ( ! bra9 &  !      
organs ( s5se1 ! impressions receiv$ by 
!m f ! out]  _w are ! same 9 all        
rational m51 & t 9 ! normal function  ( 
! organs ( ?\ght c]ta9 pres5tations are 
=m$ :i* are  ev]y:]e ! same4 ,^!        
pres5tations we call true1 & we are     
conv9c$ t _! cont5t corresponds to !    
kn[able aspect (  ?+s4 ,we "k t ^! facts
 are n imag9>y1 b real4    ,all k ( !   
tru? dep5ds on two diff]5t1 b intimately
  connect$1 gr\ps ( human physiological 

functions3 fir/ly1 on !                 
s5se-impressions ( ! object by means (  
s5se-action1 &1  secondly1 on !         
comb9ation ( ^! impressions by an       
association  into pres5tations 9 !      
subject4 ,! in/rum5ts ( s5sation are  ! 
s5se-organs 7s5silla or ae/heta72 !     
in/rum5ts :i*  =m & l9k toge!r !        
pres5tations are ! organs ( ?\ght       
7phroneta74 ,! latt] are "p ( ! c5tral1 
& ! =m] "p  ( ! p]iph]al1 n]v\s sy/em--t
 important & elaborate sy/em  ( organs 9
 ! high] animals :i* alone effects _!   
entire  psy*ic activity4    ,man's      
s5se-activity1 :i* is ! />t+-po9t ( all 
k1  has be5 sl[ly & gradually develop$ f
 t ( 8 ne>e/  mammal relatives1 !       
primates4 ,! s5se-organs are (          
sub/antially  ! same con/ruction ?r\gh\t
 ?is highe/ animal gr\p1 & _!  function 
takes place always accord+ to ! same    
physical & *emical  laws4 ,!y h _h !    
same hi/orical developm5t 9 all cases4  
,9  ! mammals1 z 9 ! case ( all o!r     
animals1 ! s5silla 7  orig9ally p>ts ( !

 sk92 ! s5sitive cells ( ! epid]mis are 
! s\rces ( all ! diff]5t s5se-organs1   
:i* h acquir$  _! specific en]gy by     
adaptation to diff]5t /imuli 7light1    
heat1  s\nd1 *emical action1 etc474 ,!  
rod-cells 9 ! ret9a ( ! eye1  ! auditory
 cells 9 ! co*lea ( ! e>1 ! olfactory   
cells 9  ! nose1 & ! ta/e-cells on !    
tongue1 are all orig9ally d]iv$  f !    
simple1 indiff]5t cells ( ! epid]mis1   
:i* cov] !  entire surface ( ! body4    
,?is significant fact c be directly     
prov$ by obs]vation ( ! embryonic       
developm5t ( man or any ( !  high]      
animals4 ,& f ?is ontog5etic fact we    
confid5tly inf]1  9 virtue ( ! great    
biog5etic law1 ! important phylog5etic  
proposition1 t 9 ! long hi/orical       
evolution ( our ance/ors1  likewise1 !  
high] s5se-organs ) _! specific en]gies 
7  orig9ally d]iv$ f ! epid]mis ( l[]   
animals1 f a simple  lay] ( cells :i* _h
 no trace ( su* diff]5tiat$ s5silla4    
,a p>ticul> importance atta*es to !     
circum/ance t diff]5t  n]ves are        

qualifi$ to p]ceive diff]5t prop]ties ( 
!  environm5t1 & ^! only4 ,! optic n]ve 
accompli%es only !  p]ception ( light1 !
 auditory n]ve ! p]ception ( s\nd1 !    
olfactory n]ve ! p]ception ( smell1 & s 
on4 ,no matt] :at  /imuli imp+e on &    
irritate a giv5 s5se-organ1 its reaction
  is always ( ! same "*4 ,f ?is specific
 en]gy ( !  s5se-n]ves1 :i* 0 fir/ fully
 appreciat$ by ,johannes ,mll]1  v      
errone\s inf]5ces h be5 drawn1          
especially 9 favor ( a  duali/ic &      
priori !ory ( k4 ,x has be5 affirm$  t !
 bra91 or ! s\l1 only p]ceives a c]ta9  
condition ( !  /imulat$ n]ve1 & t1      
consequ5tly1 no conclusion c be drawn  f
 ! process z to ! exi/5ce & nature ( !  
/imulat+  environm5t4 ,sceptical        
philosophy conclud$ t ! v exi/5ce (  an 
out] _w is d\btful1 & extreme idealism  
w5t on positively to  d5y x1 cont5d+ t  
?+s only exi/ 9 our impressions ( !m4   
,9 opposition to ^! errone\s views1 we  
mu/ recall ! fact t  ! specific en]gy 0 
n orig9ally an innate1 special quality (

  ! v>i\s n]ves1 b x has aris5 by       
adaptation to ! p>ticul>  activity ( !  
epid]mic cells 9 :i* !y t]m9ate4 ,9     
h>mony  ) ! great law ( division ( labor
 ! orig9ally indiff]5t  s5se-cells ( !  
sk9 und]took diff]5t tasks1 "o gr\p ( !m
  tak+ ov] ! /imulus ( ! light rays1    
ano!r ! impress ( !  s\nd waves1 a ?ird 
! *emical impulse ( odor\s sub/ances1 & 
s  on4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a v long p]iod ^!   
ext]nal /imuli effect$  a gradual *ange 
9 ! physiological1 & lat] 9 !           
morphological1  prop]ties ( ^! p>ts ( ! 
epid]mis1 & !re 0 a correlative         
modification ( ! s5sitive n]ves :i*     
conduct ! impressions !y  receive to !  
bra94 ,selection improv$1 /ep by /ep1   
su* p>ticul>  modifications z prov$ to  
be useful1 & ?us ev5tually1 9 !  c\rse (
 _m million ye>s1 creat$ ^? wond]ful    
in/rum5ts1  ! eye & ! e>1 :i* we prize s
 highly2 _! /ructure is  s rem>kably    
purposive t !y might well lead to !     
errone\s  assumption ( a creation on a  
preconceiv$ design4 ,! peculi>  "* ( ea*

 s5se-organ & its specific n]ve has ?us 
be5  gradually evolv$ by use &          
ex]cise--t is1 by adaptation--&  has !n 
be5 transmitt$ by h]$ity f g5]ation to  
g5]ation4  ,albre*t ,rau has ?or\ghly   
e/abli%$ ?is view 9 8 excell5t  "w on   
,s5sation & ,?\ght1 a physiological     
inquiry into !  nature ( ! human und]/&+
 7#ahif74 ,x po9ts out ! correct        
significance ( ,mll]'s law ( specific   
s5se-en]gies1 add+  se>*+ inve/igations 
into _! relation to ! bra91 & 9 !  la/  
*apt] !re is an able philosophy (       
s5sitivity bas$ on !  ideas ( ,ludwig   
,feu]ba*4 ,i ?or\ghly agree ) 8 conv9c+ 
"w4    ,critical comp>ison ( s5se-action
 9 man & ! o!r v]tebrates  has br\ght to
 light a numb] ( extremely important    
facts1 !  k ( :i* we owe to ! p5etrat+  
rese>* ( !  n9ete5? c5tury1 especially (
 ! second half ( ! c5tury4 ,?is  is     
p>ticul>ly true ( ! two mo/ elaborate   
/hetic organs1  ! eye & ! e>4 ,!y pres5t
 a diff]5t & m complicat$  /ructure 9 ! 
v]tebrates ?an 9 ! o!r animals1 & h also

  a *>act]i/ic developm5t 9 ! embryo4   
,?is typical ontog5esis  & /ructure ( ! 
s5silla ( all ! v]tebrates is only      
expla9$  by h]$ity f a common ance/or4  
,)9 ! v]tebrate gr\p1  h[ev]1 we f9d a  
great v>iety ( /ructure 9 po9ts (       
detail1 &  ?is is due to adaptation to  
_! mann] ( life on ! "p ( !  v>i\s      
species1 to ! increas+ or dim9i%+ use ( 
v>i\s p>ts4    ,9 respect ( ! /ructure (
 8 s5se-organs man is by no means  ! mo/
 p]fect & mo/ highly-develop$ v]tebrate4
 ,! eye ( !  eagle is mu* ke5]1 & c     
di/+ui% small objects at a di/ance  mu* 
m cle>ly ?an ! human eye4 ,! he>+ ( _m  
mammals1  especially ( ! c>nivora1      
ungulata1 & rod5tia ( ! des]t1 is  mu* m
 s5sitive ?an t ( man1 & p]ceives slight
 noises at a  mu* great] di/ance2 t may 
be se5 at a glance by _! l>ge &  v      
s5sitive co*lea4 ,s++ birds h atta9$ a  
high] grade (  developm5t1 ev5 9 respect
 ( musical end[m5t1 ?an ! majority (    
m54 ,! s5se ( smell is mu* m develop$ 9 
mo/ ( ! mammals1  especially 9 !        

c>nivora & ! ungulata1 ?an 9 man2 if !  
dog  c\ld comp>e 8 own f9e sc5t ) t (   
man1 he w\ld look d[n  on u )           
compassion4 ,ev5 ) reg>d to ! l[]       
s5ses--ta/e1  sex-s5se1 t\*1 &          
temp]ature--man has by no means rea*$ ! 
highe/ /age 9 e respect4    ,we c       
naturally only pass judgm5t on !        
s5sations :i* we  ourselves exp]i5ce4   
,h[ev]1 anatomy in=ms u ( ! pres5ce 9  !
 bodies ( _m animals ( o!r s5ses ?an ^? 
we are famili>  )4 ,?us fi%es & o!r l[] 
aquatic v]tebrates h peculi>  s5silla 9 
! sk9 :i* are 9 connection ) special    
s5se-n]ves4  ,on ! "r & left sides ( !  
fi%'s body !re is a long canal1  bran*+ 
into a numb] ( small] canals at ! head4 
,9 ?is muc\s  canal !re are n]ves )     
num]\s bran*es1 ! t]m9ations (  :i* are 
connect$ ) peculi> n]ve-aggregates4 ,?is
 ext5sive  epid]mic s5se-organ probably 
s]ves = ! p]ception ( *anges 9  !       
pressure1 or 9 o!r prop]ties1 ( ! wat]4 
,"s gr\ps are  di/+ui%$ by ! possession 
( o!r peculi> s5silla1 ! mean+  ( :i* is

 /ill unkn[n to u4    ,b x is already   
cle> f ! above facts t our human        
s5se-activity is limit$1 n only 9       
quantity1 b 9 quality also4  ,we c ?us  
only p]ceive ) our s5ses1 especially ) !
 eye  & ! s5se ( t\*1 a "p ( ! qualities
 ( ! objects 9 our  environm5t4 ,& ev5  
?is p>tial p]ception is incomplete1 9 ! 
s5se t our organs are imp]fect1 & our   
s5sory n]ves1 act+  z int]pret]s1       
communicate to ! bra9 only a translation
 ( !  impressions receiv$4    ,h[ev]1   
?is ackn[l$g$ imp]fection ( our s5ses   
%\ld n  prev5t u f recogniz+ _!         
in/rum5ts1 & especially ! eye1  to be   
organs ( ! highe/ type2 toge!r ) !      
?\ght-organs 9  ! bra91 !y are nature's 
mo/ valuable gift to man4 ,v truly does 
,albre*t ,rau say3 ,all sci5ce is       
s5sitive k 9 ! ultimate  analysis2 x    
does n d5y1 b int]pret1 ! data ( !      
s5ses4  ,! s5ses are our fir/ & be/     
fri5ds4 ,long be=e ! m9d is  develop$ ! 
s5ses tell man :at he mu/ d & avoid4 ,he
 :o makes  a g5]al disav[al ( ! s5ses 9 

ord] to meet _! dang]s acts  z          
?\ghtlessly & z fooli%ly z ! man :o     
plucks out 8 eyes  because !y once fell 
on %ameful ?+s1 or ! man :o cuts (f  8  
h& le/ at any "t x %\ld rea* out to !   
goods ( 8  neighbor4 ,h5ce ,feu]ba* is q
 "r 9 call+ all philosophies1           
religions1 & sy/ems :i* oppose !        
pr9ciple ( s5se-action n  only errone\s1
 b really p]nici\s4 ,)\t ! s5ses !re is 
no k--,nihil e/ 9 intellectu1 quod non  
fu]it 9 s5su1  z ,locke said4 ,tw5ty    
ye>s ago ,i po9t$ out1 9 my *apt] ,on ! 
,orig9 & ,developm5t ( !                
,s5se-,organs1#cb ! great s]vice (      
,d>w9ism 9 giv+ u a pr(\nd] k & a ju/]  
appreciation  ( ! s5ses4    ,! ?ir/ = k 
( ! educat$ m9d is n cont5t$ )  !       
defective acqua9tance ) ! out] _w :i* is
 obta9$  ?r\gh our imp]fect s5se-organs4
 ,he endeavors to build up !            
s5se-impressions :i* !y h br\ght him    
into valuable k4  ,he trans=ms !m into  
specific s5se-p]ceptions 9 ! s5se-c5tres
  ( ! cortex ( ! bra91 & comb9es !m into

 pres5tations1  by association1 9 !     
?\ght-c5tres4 ,f9ally1 by a fur!r       
concat5ation ( ! gr\ps ( pres5tations he
 atta9s to connect$  k4 ,b ?is k rema9s 
defective & unsatisfactory  until !     
imag9ation supplem5ts ! inadequate p[] (
 comb9ation  ( ! intellig5ce1 &1 by !   
association ( /or$-up images1  unites ! 
isolat$ elem5ts into a connect$ :ole4   
,?us are produc$  new g5]al pres5tative 
images1 & ^! suffice to int]pret !      
facts p]ceiv$ & satisfy reason's feel+ (
 causality4    ,! pres5tations :i* fill 
up ! gaps 9 our k1 or take its  place1  
may be call$1 9 a broad s5se1 fai?4 ,t  
is :at happ5s  cont9ually 9 daily life4 
,:5 we are n sure ab\t a ?+ we say1 ,i  
believe x4 ,9 ?is s5se we are compell$  
to make use ( fai? ev5 9  sci5ce itself2
 we conjecture or assume t a c]ta9      
relation exi/s  betwe5 two ph5om5a1 ?\gh
 we d n "k x = c]ta94 ,if x is  a "q ( a
 cause1 we =m a hypo!sis2 ?\gh 9 sci5ce 
only su* hypo!ses are admitt$ z lie )9 !
 sph]e ( human  cognizance1 & d n       

contradict kn[n facts4 ,su* hypo!ses    
are1 =  in/ance--9 physics ! !ory ( !   
vibratory movem5t ( e!r1 9  *emi/ry !   
hypo!sis ( atoms & _! aff9ity1 9 biology
 !  !ory ( ! molecul> /ructure ( liv+   
protoplasm1 & s =?4    ,! explanation ( 
a great numb] ( connect$ ph5om5a by !   
assumption ( a common cause is call$ a  
!ory4 ,bo? 9 !ory &  hypo!sis fai? 79 ! 
sci5tific s5se7 is indisp5sable2 =  "h  
aga9 x is ! imag9ation t fills up ! gaps
 left by !  intellig5ce 9 our k ( !     
connection ( ?+s4 ,a !ory1  !re=e1 mu/  
always be reg>d$ only z an approximation
 to !  tru?2 x mu/ be und]/ood t x may  
be replac$ 9 "t by ano!r  & bett]-gr\nd$
 !ory4 ,b1 9 spite ( ?is admitt$        
unc]ta9ty1  !ory is indisp5sable = all  
true sci5ce2 x elucidates facts by      
po/ulat+ a cause = !m4 ,! man :o r5\nces
 !ory altoge!r1  & seeks to con/ruct a  
pure sci5ce ) c]ta9 facts alone  7z (t5 
happ5s ) wrong-head$ repres5tatives (   
our exact  sci5ces71 mu/ give up ! hope 
( any k ( causes1 &1  consequ5tly1 ( !  

satisfaction ( reason's dem& =          
causality4    ,! !ory ( gravitation 9   
a/ronomy 7,newton71 ! nebul> !ory  9    
cosmogony 7,kant & ,laplace71 ! pr9ciple
 ( en]gy 9 physics  7,mey] &            
,helmholtz71 ! atomic !ory 9 *emi/ry    
7,dalton71 !  vibratory !ory 9 optics   
7,huygh5s71 ! cellul> !ory 9 hi/ology   
7,s*leid5 & ,s*wann71 & ! !ory ( desc5t 
9 biology 7,lam>ck  & ,d>w971 are all   
important !ories ( ! fir/ rank2 !y      
expla9  a :ole _w ( natural ph5om5a by !
 assumption ( a common cause  = all !   
sev]al facts ( _! respective prov9ces1 &
 by %[+  t all ! ph5om5a !re( are       
int]-connect$ & controll$ by  laws :i*  
issue f ?is common cause4 ,yet ! cause  
itself may  rema9 obscure 9 "*1 or be   
m]ely a provisional hypo!sis4  ,! =ce ( 
gravity 9 ! !ory ( gravitation & 9      
cosmogony1  en]gy itself 9 its relation 
to matt]1 ! e!r ( optics  & electricity1
 ! atom ( ! *emi/1 ! liv+ protoplasm  ( 
hi/ology1 ! h]$ity ( ! evolutioni/--^! &
 simil>  conceptions ( o!r great !ories 

may be reg>d$ by a sceptical  philosophy
 z m]e hypo!ses & ! outcome ( sci5tific 
fai?1  yet !y are indisp5sable = u1     
until !y are replac$ by bett]  hypo!ses4
    ,! dogmas :i* are us$ = !           
explanation ( ph5om5a 9 !  v>i\s        
religions1 & :i* g by ! "n ( fai? 79 !  
n>r[]  s5se71 are ( a v diff]5t "* f !  
=ms ( sci5tific  fai? we h enum]at$4 ,! 
two types1 h[ev]--! natural  fai? (     
sci5ce & ! sup]natural fai? (           
religion--are n  infrequ5tly conf\nd$1 s
 t we mu/ po9t out _! fundam5tal        
diff]5ce4 ,religi\s fai? means always   
belief 9 a miracle1 & z  su* is 9       
hopeless contradiction ) ! natural fai? 
( reason4  ,9 opposition to reason x    
po/ulates sup]natural ag5cies1 &1       
!re=e1 may be ju/ly call$ sup]/ition4 ,!
 ess5tial diff]5ce  ( ?is sup]/ition f  
rational fai? lies 9 ! fact t x  assumes
 sup]natural =ces & ph5om5a1 :i* are    
unkn[n &  inadmissible to sci5ce1 & :i* 
are ! outcome ( illusion &  fancy2      
moreov]1 sup]/ition contradicts !       

well-kn[n laws (  nature1 & is !re=e    
irrational4    ,ow+ to ! great progress 
( e?nology dur+ ! c5tury1 we  h le>n$ a 
va/ quantity ( diff]5t k9ds & practices 
(  sup]/ition1 z !y /ill survive 9      
unciviliz$ races4 ,:5 !y are  comp>$ )  
ea* o!r & ) ! my?ological notion ( e>li]
  ages1 a manifold analogy is discov]$1 
frequ5tly a common orig91 &  ev5tually  
"o simple s\rce = !m all4 ,?is is f\nd 9
 ! dem&  ( causality 9 reason1 9 ! se>* 
= an explanation ( obscure  ph5om5a by !
 discov]y ( a cause4 ,t applies         
p>ticul>ly to  su* ph5om5a z ?reat5 u ) 
dang] & excite fe>1 l ?und]  & lightn+1 
e>?quakes1 eclipses1 etc4 ,! dem& = a   
causal  explanation ( su* ph5om5a is    
f\nd 9 unciviliz$ races ( !  l[e/ grade1
 transmitt$ f _! primate ance/ors by    
h]$ity4 ,x  is ev5 f\nd 9 _m o!r        
v]tebrates4 ,:5 a dog b>ks at ! full    
moon1 or at a r++ bell1 ( :i* x sees !  
hamm] mov+1 or at a  flag t flutt]s 9 ! 
breeze1 x expresses n only fe>1 b also  
! my/]i\s impulse to le>n ! cause ( !   

obscure ph5om5on4  ,! crude beg9n+s (   
religion among primitive races spr+     
p>tly  f ?is h]$it>y sup]/ition ( _!    
primate ance/ors1 &  p>tly f ! wor%ip ( 
ance/ors1 f v>i\s emotional impulses1  &
 f habits :i* h become traditional4     
,! religi\s notions ( mod]n civiliz$    
peoples1 :i* !y e/eem  s highly1 pr(ess 
to be on a mu* high] level ?an ! crude  
sup]/ition ( ! savage2 we are told ( !  
great advance :i*  civilization has made
 9 sweep+ x aside4 ,t is a great mi/ake4
  ,imp>tial comp>ison & analysis %[ t !y
 only diff] 9  _! special =m ( fai? & ! 
out] %ell ( _! cre$4  ,9 ! cle> light ( 
reason ! ref9$ fai? ( ! mo/ lib]al      
ecclesia/ical religion--inasmu* z x     
contradicts ! kn[n &  inviolable laws ( 
nature--is no less irrational a         
sup]/ition ?an  ! crude _s-fai? (       
primitive feti*ism on :i* x looks d[n  )
 pr\d disda94    ,& if1 f ?is imp>tial  
/&-po9t1 we take a critical glance at  !
 k9ds ( fai? t prevail to-day 9 civiliz$
 c\ntries1 we f9d  !m ev]y:]e saturat$ )

 traditional sup]/ition4 ,! ,*ri/ian    
belief 9 ,creation1 ! ,tr9ity1 !        
,immaculate ,conception1 !  ,r$emption1 
! ,resurrection & ,asc5sion ( ,*ri/1 & s
 =?1 is  j z purely imag9ative z !      
belief 9 ! v>i\s dogmas ( !  ,mohamm$an1
 ,mosaic1 ,buddhi/ic1 & ,brahmanic      
religions1 & is j  z incapable (        
reconciliation ) a rational k ( nature4 
,ea* ( ^! religions is = ! s9c]e believ]
 an indisputable  tru?1 & ea* reg>ds !  
o!r z h]esy & damnable error4 ,!  m     
confid5tly a p>ticul> sect consid]s     
itself ! only ark  ( salvation1 & ! m   
ard5tly ?is conviction is *]i%$1  ! m   
zeal\sly does x cont5d aga9/ all o!r    
sects & give  rise to ! fe>ful religi\s 
w>s t =m ! sadde/ pages 9 !  book (     
hi/ory4 ,& all ! "t ! unprejudic$       
critique ( pure  reason tea*es u t all  
^! diff]5t =ms ( fai? are equally  false
 & irrational1 m]e creatures ( poetic   
fancy & uncritical  tradition4 ,rational
 sci5ce mu/ reject !m all alike z !     
outcome  ( sup]/ition4    ,!            

incalculable injury :i* irrational      
sup]/ition has done  to cr$ul\s humanity
 is conspicu\sly reveal$ 9 ! ceaseless  
conflict ( confessions ( fai?4 ,( all ! 
w>s :i* nations h  wag$ aga9/ ea* o!r ) 
fire & sword ! religi\s w>s h  be5 !    
bloodie/2 ( all ! =ms ( discord t h     
%att]$  ! happ9ess ( families & (       
individuals ^? t arise f  religi\s      
diff]5ces are /ill ! mo/ pa9ful4 ,?9k ( 
! millions  :o h lo/ _! lives 9 ,*ri/ian
 p]secutions1 9 ! religi\s  conflicts ( 
,islam & ( ! ,re=mation1 by !           
,inquisition1 &  "u ! *>ge ( wit*craft4 
,or ?9k ( ! /ill great] numb]  (        
luckless m5 :o1 ?r\gh religi\s          
diff]5ces1 h be5 plung$  into family    
tr\bles1 h lo/ ! e/eem ( _!             
fell[-citiz5s  & _! position 9 !        
community1 or h ev5 be5 compell$ to  fly
 f _! c\ntry4 ,! (ficial confession (   
fai? becomes mo/  p]nici\s ( all :5 x is
 associat$ ) ! political aims (  a mod]n
 /ate1 & is en=c$ z religi\s in/ruction 
9 our  s*ools4 ,! *ild's m9d is ?us e>ly

 div]t$ f ! pursuit (  ! tru? &         
impregnat$ ) sup]/ition4 ,e fri5d (     
humanity  %\ld d all 9 8 p[] to promote 
unsect>ian s*ools z "o ( !  mo/ valuable
 in/itutions ( ! mod]n /ate4    ,! great
 value :i* is1 none ! less1 /ill v      
widely atta*$  to sect>ian in/ruction is
 n only due to ! compulsion ( a         
reaction>y /ate & its dep5d5ce on a     
dom9ant cl]icalism1 b  also to ! weight 
( old traditions & emotional crav+s (   
v>i\s k9ds4 ,"o ( ! /ronge/ ( ^! is !   
dev\t rev]5ce  :i* is ext5d$ ev]y:]e to 
sect>ian tradition1 to ! fai?  ( our    
fa!rs4 ,9 ?\s&s ( /ories & poems        
fidelity to x  is extoll$ z a spiritual 
treasure & a sacr$ duty4 ,yet a little  
imp>tial /udy ( ! hi/ory ( fai? suffices
 to %[ ! absurdity  ( ! notion4 ,!      
dom9ant evangelical fai? ( ! second half
 (  ! n9ete5? c5tury is ess5tially      
diff]5t f t ( ! fir/  half1 & ?is aga9 f
 t ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! fai? (  !    
eighte5? c5tury div]ges consid]ably f ! 
fai? ( our  fa!rs ( ! sev5te5?1 & /ill m

 f t ( ! sixte5?1  c5tury4 ,!           
,re=mation1 releas+ enslav$ reason f !  
tyranny (  ! popes1 is naturally reg>d$ 
by !m z d>ke/ h]esy2 b ev5  ! fai? ( !  
papacy itself _h be5 completely trans=m$
 9 !  c\rse ( a c5tury4 ,& h[ diff]5t is
 ! fai? ( ! ,*ri/ian  f t ( 8 hea!n     
ance/ors4 ,e man ) "s degree (          
indep5d5t ?\ght frames a m or less      
p]sonal religion =  himself1 :i* is     
always diff]5t f t ( 8 fa!rs2 x dep5ds  
l>gely on ! g5]al condition ( ?\ght 9 8 
day4 ,! fur!r we  g back 9 ! hi/ory (   
civilization1 ! m cle>ly d we f9d  ?is  
e/eem$ fai? ( our fa!rs to be an        
indef5sible sup]/ition  :i* is und]go+  
cont9ual trans=mation4    ,"o ( ! mo/   
rem>kable =ms ( sup]/ition1 :i* /ill    
takes a  v active "p 9 mod]n life1 is   
spiritism4 ,x is a surpris+  & a        
lam5table fact t millions ( educat$ p   
are /ill  dom9at$ by ?is dre>y          
sup]/ition2 ev5 di/+ui%$ sci5ti/s  are  
entangl$ 9 x4 ,a numb] ( spirituali/    
j\rnals spread !  fai? f> & wide1 & our 

sup]ior circles d n scruple to hold     
sances 9 :i* spirits appe>1 rapp+1      
writ+1 giv+ messages  f ! beyond1 & s   
on4 ,x is a frequ5t boa/ ( spiriti/s t  
ev5 em95t m5 ( sci5ce def5d _!          
sup]/ition4 ,9 ,g]many1 ,a4  ,zlln] &   
,fe*n] are quot$ z in/ances2 9 ,engl&1  
,wallace &  ,crookes4 ,! regrettable    
circum/ance t physici/s & biologi/s  (  
su* di/9ction h be5 l$ a/ray by         
spiritism is acc\nt$  =1 p>tly by _!    
excess ( imag9ation & defect ( critical 
faculty1 & p>tly by ! p[]ful influ5ce ( 
dogmas :i* a  religi\s education impr9t$
 on ! bra9 9 e>ly y\?4 ,moreov]1  x 0   
precisely ?r\gh ! fam\s sances at       
,leipzig1 9 :i* !  physici/s1 ,zlln]1   
,fe*n]1 & ,wilhelm ,web]1 7 impos$ on by
  ! clev] ,am]ican conjuror1 ,slade1 t !
 fraud ( ! latt] 0  aft]w>ds fully      
expos$2 he 0 discov]$ to be a common    
impo/or4  ,9 o!r cases1 too1 :]e !      
alleg$ m>vels ( spiritism h be5         
?or\ghly inve/igat$1 !y h be5 trac$ to a
 m or less clev]  deception2 ! m$iums   

7g5]ally ( ! weak] sex7 h be5 f\nd to   
be ei!r sm>t sw9dl]s or n]v\s p]sons (  
abnormal irritability4  ,_! suppos$ gift
 ( telepa?y 7or action at a di/ance (   
?\ght  )\t mat]ial m$ium7 has no m      
exi/5ce ?an ! voices or  ! groans (     
spirits1 etc4 ,! vivid pictures :i* ,c>l
 du ,prel1 (  ,muni*1 & o!r spiriti/s   
give ( _! ph5om5a mu/ be reg>d$  z !    
outcome ( a lively imag9ation1 toge!r ) 
a lack (  critical p[] & ( k (          
physiology4    ,! majority ( religions  
h1 9 spite ( _! great diff]5ces1  "o    
common feature1 :i* is1 at ! same "t1 "o
 ( _! /ronge/  supports 9 _m qu>t]s4 ,!y
 decl>e t !y c elucidate !  problem (   
exi/5ce1 ! solution ( :i* is beyond !   
natural p[]  ( reason1 by ! sup]natural 
way ( revelation2 f t !y d]ive  !       
au?ority ( ! dogmas :i* 9 ! guise (     
div9e laws control  morality & !        
practical conduct ( life4 ,div9e        
inspirations (  t k9d =m ! basis ( _m   
my?s & leg5ds1 ! human orig9 (  :i* is  
p]fectly cle>4 ,x is true t ! ,god :o   

reveals himself  does n always appe> 9  
human %ape1 b 9 ?und] & lightn+1  /orm &
 e>?quake1 fi]y bu% or m5ac+ cl\d4 ,b ! 
revelation  :i* he is suppos$ to br+ to 
! cr$ul\s *ildr5 ( m5 is  always        
an?ropomorphic2 x inv>iably takes ! =m (
 a communication  ( ideas or comm&s :i* 
are =mulat$ & express$ precisely z is   
done 9 ! normal action ( ! human bra9 & 
l>ynx4 ,9 ! ,indian  & ,egyptian        
religions1 9 ! my?ologies ( ,greece &   
,rome1 9 !  ,old & ! ,new ,te/am5ts1 !  
gods ?9k1 talk1 & act j z m5  d2 !      
revelations1 9 :i* !y are suppos$ to    
unveil = u !  secrets ( exi/5ce & !     
solution ( ! great _w-enigma1 are       
creations ( ! human imag9ation4 ,! tru? 
:i* ! cr$ul\s  discov] 9 !m is a human  
inv5tion2 ! *ildlike fai? 9 ^!          
irrational revelations is m]e           
sup]/ition4    ,! true revelation--t is1
 ! true s\rce ( rational k--is  to be   
s\ght 9 nature alone4 ,! ri* h]itage (  
tru? :i* =ms  ! mo/ valuable "p ( human 
culture is d]iv$ exclusively f  !       

exp]i5ces acquir$ 9 a se>*+ /udy (      
nature1 & f !  rational conclusions :i* 
x has rea*$ by ! j association (  ^!    
empirical pres5tations4 ,e intellig5t   
man ) normal bra9  & s5ses f9ds ?is true
 revelation 9 nature on imp>tial /udy1 &
  ?us frees himself f ! sup]/ition ) :i*
 ! revelations  ( religion _h burd5$    
him4          ,,*apt] ,,xvii    ,,sci5ce
 ,,& ,,*ri/ianity        ,increas+      
,opposition betwe5 ,mod]n ,sci5ce &     
,*ri/ian      ,!ology--,! ,old & ! ,new 
,fai?--,def5ce ( ,rational ,sci5ce      
aga9/ ! ,attacks ( ,*ri/ian ,sup]/ition1
 especially aga9/      ,ca?olicism--,f\r
 ,p]iods 9 ! ,evolution ( ,*ri/ianity3  
,i4 ,primitive ,*ri/ianity 7! ,fir/     
,?ree ,c5turies7--,!      ,f\r          
,canonical ,gospels--,! ,epi/les (      
,paul--,,ii4 ,! ,papacy                 
7,ultramontane                          
,*ri/ianity7--,retrogression (          
,civilization 9 !      ,middle          
,ages--,ultramontane ,falsification (   
,hi/ory--,! ,papacy &      ,sci5ce--,!  

,papacy & ,*ri/ianity--,,iii4 ,!        
,re=mation--,lu!r      & ,calv9--,! ,ye>
 ( ,emancipation--,,iv4 ,!              
,pseudo-,*ri/ianity      ( ! ,n9ete5?   
,c5tury--,! ,papal ,decl>ation ( ,w>    
aga9/      ,reason & ,sci5ce3 7a7       
,infallibility1 7b7 ,! ,encyclica1 7c7  
,! ,immaculate ,conception      ,"o ( ! 
mo/ di/9ctive features ( ! expir+ c5tury
 is  ! increas+ vehem5ce ( ! opposition 
betwe5 sci5ce &  ,*ri/ianity4 ,t is bo? 
natural & inevitable4 ,9 ! same         
proportion 9 :i* ! victori\s progress ( 
mod]n sci5ce has  surpass$ all !        
sci5tific a*ievem5ts ( e>li] ages has ! 
unt5ability be5 prov$ ( ^? my/ic views  
:i* w\ld subdue  reason "u ! yoke ( an  
alleg$ revelation2 & ! ,*ri/ian         
religion belongs to t gr\p4 ,! m solidly
 mod]n a/ronomy1  physics1 & *emi/ry h  
e/abli%$ ! sole dom9ion ( inflexible    
natural laws 9 ! univ]se at l>ge1 &     
mod]n botany1 zoology1  & an?ropology h 
prov$ ! validity ( ^? laws 9 ! entire   
k+dom ( organic nature1 s mu* ! m       

/r5u\sly has !  ,*ri/ian religion1 9    
association ) duali/ic metaphysics1     
/riv5  to d5y ! application ( ^! natural
 laws 9 ! prov9ce ( !  s-call$ spiritual
 life--t is1 9 "o section ( ! physiology
  ( ! bra94    ,no "o has m cle>ly1     
boldly1 & unansw]ably enunciat$ ?is  op5
 & irreconcilable opposition betwe5 !   
mod]n sci5tific &  ! outworn ,*ri/ian   
view ?an ,david ,fri$ri* ,/rauss1 !     
greate/  !ologian ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,8
 la/ "w1 ,! ,old ,fai?  & ! ,new1 is a  
magnific5t expression ( ! hone/         
conviction (  all educat$ p ( ! pres5t  
day :o und]/& ?is unavoidable  conflict 
betwe5 ! discr$it$1 dom9ant doctr9es (  
,*ri/ianity  & ! illum9at+1 rational    
revelation ( mod]n sci5ce--all  ^? :o h 
! c\rage to def5d ! "r ( reason aga9/ ! 
pret5sions ( sup]/ition1 & :o are       
s5sible ( ! philosophic  dem& = a unifi$
 sy/em ( ?\ght4 ,/rauss1 z an honorable 
&  c\rage\s free-?9k]1 has exp\nd$ f>   
bett] ?an ,i c\ld !  pr9cipal po9ts (   
diff]5ce betwe5 ! old & ! new fai?4  ,! 

absolute irreconcilability ( ! oppon5ts 
& ! inevitability  ( _! /ruggle 7= life 
or dea?7 h be5 ably pres5t$ on  !       
philosophic side by ,e4 ,h>tmann1 9 8   
int]e/+ "w on ,!  ,self-,de/ruction (   
,*ri/ianity4    ,:5 ! works ( ,/rauss & 
,feu]ba* & ,! ,hi/ory ( !  ,conflict    
betwe5 ,religion & ,sci5ce ( ,j4 ,w4    
,drap] h be5 read1  x may seem sup]flu\s
 = u to devote a special *apt] to !     
subject4 ,yet we ?9k x useful1 & ev5    
necess>y = our purpose1  to ca/ a       
critical glance at ! hi/orical c\rse (  
?is great  /ruggle2 especially see+ t ! 
attacks ( ! ,*ur* militant  on sci5ce 9 
g5]al1 & on ! !ory ( evolution 9        
p>ticul>1  h become extremely bitt] &   
m5ac+ ( late ye>s4 ,un=tunately1  !     
m5tal relaxation :i* has lately set 91 &
 ! ris+ flood (  reaction 9 ! political1
 social1 & ecclesia/ical _w1 are only   
too well calculat$ to give po9t to ^?   
dang]s4 ,if any "o d\bts  x1 he has only
 to look ov] ! conduct ( ,*ri/ian synods
 & ( !  ,g]man ,rei*/ag dur+ ! la/ few  

ye>s4 ,q 9 h>mony are !  rec5t ef=ts (  
_m secul> gov]nm5ts to get on z good a  
foot+  z possible ) ! spiritual regim5t1
 _! deadly enemy--t  is1 to submit to   
its yoke4 ,! two =ces f9d a common aim 9
 !  suppression ( free ?\ght & free     
sci5tific rese>*1 = !  purpose ( ?us m  
easily secur+ a complete despotism4     
,let u fir/ emphatically prote/ t x is a
 "q = u ( !  necess>y def5ce ( sci5ce & 
reason aga9/ ! vigor\s attacks  ( !     
,*ri/ian ,*ur* & its va/ army1 n ( an   
unprovok$  attack ( sci5ce on religion4 
,&1 9 ! fir/ place1 our def5ce  mu/ be  
prep>$ aga9/ ,romanism or               
,ultramontanism4 ,?is "o ark  (         
salvation1 ?is ,ca?olic ,*ur* de/9$ =   
all1 is n only  mu* l>g] & m p[]ful ?an 
! o!r ,*ri/ian sects1 b x  has !        
exceptional advantage ( a va/1 c5traliz$
 organization  & an unrivall$ political 
ability4 ,m5 ( sci5ce are (t5 he>d  to  
say t ! ,ca?olic sup]/ition is no m     
a/ute ?an !  o!r =ms ( sup]natural fai?1
 & t all ^! insidi\s  in/itutions are   

equally inimical to reason & sci5ce4 ,z 
a matt]  ( g5]al !oretical pr9ciple !   
/atem5t may pass1 b x is  c]ta9ly wrong 
:5 we look to its practical side4 ,!    
delib]ate &  indiscrim9ate attacks ( !  
ultramontane ,*ur* on sci5ce1 support$  
by ! apa?y & ignorance ( ! masses1 are1 
on acc\nt ( its  p[]ful organization1   
mu* m sev]e & dang]\s ?an ^? (  o!r     
religions4    ,9 ord] to appreciate     
correctly ! extreme importance (        
,*ri/ianity  9 reg>d to ! entire hi/ory 
( civilization1 & p>ticul>ly  its       
fundam5tal opposition to reason &       
sci5ce1 we mu/ briefly  run ov] !       
pr9cipal /ages ( its hi/orical          
evolution4 ,x may be  divid$ into f\r   
p]iods3 7#a7 primitive ,*ri/ianity 7!   
fir/ ?ree  c5turies71 7#b7 papal        
,*ri/ianity 7twelve c5turies1 f ! f\r?  
to ! fifte5?71 7#c7 ! ,re=mation 7?ree  
c5turies1 f !  sixte5? to ! eighte5?71 &
 7#d7 mod]n pseudo-,*ri/ianity4         
,i4--,,primitive ,,*ri/ianity           
,primitive ,*ri/ianity embraces ! fir/  

?ree c5turies4 ,*ri/  himself1 ! noble  
prophet & en?usia/1 s full ( ! love (   
humanity1 0 f> bel[ ! level ( classical 
culture2 he knew no?+  beyond ! ,jewi%  
traditions2 he has n left a s+le l9e (  
writ+4  ,he _h1 inde$1 no suspicion ( ! 
advanc$ /age to :i* ,greek  philosophy &
 sci5ce _h progress$ five hundr$ ye>s   
be=e4    ,all t we "k ( him & ( 8       
orig9al tea*+ is tak5 f !  *ief docum5ts
 ( ! ,new ,te/am5t--! f\r gospels & !   
,paul9e  epi/les4 ,z to ! f\r canonical 
gospels1 we n[ "k t !y 7  select$ f a   
ho/ ( contradictory & =g$ manuscripts ( 
!  fir/ ?ree c5turies by ! ?ree hundr$ &
 eighte5 bi%ops :o  assembl$ at !       
,c\ncil ( ,nica 9 #cbg4 ,! entire li/ ( 
gospels  numb]$ =ty2 ! canonical li/    
conta9s f\r4 ,z ! cont5d+  & mutually   
abusive bi%ops c\ld n agree ab\t !      
*oice1 !y  det]m9$ to leave ! selection 
to a miracle4 ,!y put all ! books       
7accord+ to ! ,synodicon ( ,pappus7     
toge!r und]nea? !  alt>1 & pray$ t !    
apocryphal books1 ( human orig91 might  

rema9 !re1 & ! g5u9e1 inspir$ books     
might be miracul\sly  plac$ on ! table (
 ! ,"l4 ,& t1 says tradition1 really    
occurr$6 ,! ?ree synoptic gospels       
7,mat!w1 ,m>k1 & ,luke--all  writt5 aft]
 !m1 n by !m1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! second    
c5tury7 & ! v diff]5t f\r? gospel       
7o/5sibly aft]  ,john1 writt5 ab\t !    
middle ( ! second c5tury7 leap$ on !    
table1 & 7 !nce=? recogniz$ z ! inspir$ 
7) _!  ?\s& mutual contradictions7      
f\ndations ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e4 ,if  any 
mod]n unbeliev] f9ds ?is /ory ( ! leap (
 ! sacr$  books incr$ible1 we mu/ rem9d 
him t x is j z cr$ible z  ! table-turn+ 
& _s-rapp+ t are believ$ to take place  
to-day by millions ( educat$ p2 & t     
hundr$s ( millions (  ,*ri/ians believe 
j z implicitly 9 _! p]sonal immortality1
  _! resurrection f ! dead1 & ! ,tr9ity 
( ,god--dogmas t  contradict pure reason
 no m & no less ?an t miracul\s b\nd  ( 
! gospel manuscripts4    ,! mo/         
important s\rces aft] ! gospels are !   
f\rte5 sep>ate  7& g5]ally =g$7 epi/les 

( ,paul4 ,! g5u9e ,paul9e epi/les  7?ree
 9 numb]1 accord+ to rec5t criticism--to
 ! ,romans1  ,galatians1 & ,cor9?ians7 7
 writt5 be=e ! canonical gospels1  &    
conta9 less incr$ible miracul\s matt]   
?an !y4 ,!y are  also m conc]n$ ?an !   
gospels to adju/ !mselves ) a  rational 
view ( ! _w4 ,h5ce ! advanc$ !ology (   
mod]n times  con/ructs its ideal        
,*ri/ianity r on ! base ( ! ,paul9e     
epi/les ?an on ! gospels1 s t x has be5 
call$ ,paul9ism4    ,! rem>kable        
p]sonality ( ,paul1 :o possess$ mu* m   
culture  & practical s5se ?an ,*ri/1 is 
extremely int]e/+1 f !  an?ropological  
po9t ( view1 f ! fact t ! racial orig9  
( ! two great religi\s f\nd]s is v mu* !
 same4 ,rec5t  hi/orical inve/igation   
tea*es t ,paul's fa!r 0 ( ,greek        
nationality1 & 8 "m ( ,jewi%4#cc ,!     
half-bre$s ( ^! two  races1 :i* are s v 
di/ant 9 orig9 7al?\gh !y are bran*es  (
 ! same species1 ! homo m$it]raneus71   
are (t5 di/+ui%$  by a happy bl5d+ (    
tal5ts & temp]am5t1 z we f9d 9 _m  rec5t

 & actual in/ances4 ,! pla/ic ,ori5tal  
imag9ation & !  critical ,we/]n reason  
(t5 admirably comb9e & complete ea*     
o!r4 ,t is visible 9 ! ,paul9e tea*+1   
:i* soon obta9$ a  great] influ5ce ?an !
 e>lie/ ,*ri/ian notions4 ,h5ce x is n  
incorrect to consid] ,paul9ism a new    
ph5om5on1 ( :i* ! fa!r  0 ! philosophy (
 ! ,greeks1 & ! "m ! religion ( !       
,jews4 ,neoplatonism is an analog\s     
comb9ation4    ,z to ! real tea*+ & aims
 ( ,*ri/ 7& z to _m important  aspects (
 8 life7 ! views ( conflict+ !ologians  
div]ge  m & m1 z hi/orical criticism    
7,/rauss1 ,feu]ba*1 ,baur1  ,r5an1 etc47
 puts ! accessible facts 9 _! true      
light1 & draws  imp>tial conclusions f  
!m4 ,two ?+s1 c]ta9ly1 rema9 beyond     
dispute--! l(ty pr9ciple ( univ]sal     
*>ity & ! fundam5tal  maxim ( e?ics1 !  
gold5 rule1 t issues !refrom2 bo?1      
h[ev]1 exi/$ 9 !ory & 9 practice        
c5turies be=e ! "t  ( ,*ri/ 7cf4 *ap4   
xix474 ,= ! re/1 ! ,*ri/ians ( ! e>ly   
c5turies 7 g5]ally pure ,communi/s1     

sometimes ,social ,democrats1  :o1      
accord+ to ! prevail+ !ory 9 ,g]many    
to-day1 ought to  h be5 ext]m9at$ ) fire
 & sword4      ,,ii4--,,papal           
,,*ri/ianity    ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity1      
v>i\sly call$ ,papi/ry1 ,romanism1      
,vaticanism1  ,ultramontanism1 or !     
,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 is "o ( ! mo/    
rem>kable ph5om5a 9 ! hi/ory ( civiliz$ 
man2 9 spite (  ! /orms t h swept ov] x1
 x /ill ex]ts a mo/ p[]ful  influ5ce4 ,(
 ! f\r hundr$ & t5 million ,*ri/ians :o 
are  scatt]$ ov] ! e>? ! majority--t is1
 two hundr$ &  tw5ty-five millions--are 
,roman ,ca?olics2 !re are sev5ty-five   
million ,greek ,ca?olics & "o hundr$ &  
t5 million ,prote/ants4  ,dur+ a p]iod (
 "o ?\s& two hundr$ ye>s1 f ! f\r? to  !
 sixte5? c5tury1 ! papacy has almo/     
absolutely controll$ &  ta9t$ !         
spiritual life ( ,europe2 on ! o!r h&1 x
 has won b  little t]ritory f ! anci5t  
religions ( ,asia & ,africa4 ,9 ,asia   
,buddhism /ill c\nts five hundr$ & ?ree 
million foll[]s1 !  ,brahmanic religion 

"o hundr$ & ?irty-eight millions1 &     
,islam "o  hundr$ & tw5ty millions4     
,x is ! despotism ( ! papacy t l5t its  
d>ke/ "* to  ! ,middle ,ages2 x meant   
dea? to all fre$om ( m5tal life1 decay  
to all sci5ce1 corruption to all        
morality4 ,f ! noble height to  :i* !   
life ( ! human m9d _h atta9$ 9 classical
 antiquity1  9 ! c5turies be=e ,*ri/ & !
 fir/ c5tury aft] ,*ri/1  x soon sank1  
"u ! rule ( ! papacy1 to a level :i*1 9 
respect ( ! k ( ! tru?1 c only be t]m$  
b>b>ism4  ,x is (t5 prote/$ t o!r       
aspects ( m5tal life--poetry &          
ar*itecture1 s*ola/ic le>n+ & patri/ic  
philosophy--7 ri*ly  develop$ 9 !       
,middle ,ages4 ,b ?is activity 0 9 !    
s]vice (  ! ,*ur*2 x did n t5d to !     
cultivation1 b to ! suppression1  ( free
 m5tal rese>*4 ,! exclusive prep>+ = an 
unkn[n  et]nity beyond ! tomb1 !        
contempt ( nature1 ! )drawal f  ! /udy (
 x1 :i* are ess5tial elem5ts (          
,*ri/ianity1 7  urg$ z a sacr$ duty by !
 ,roman hi]>*y4 ,x 0 n until !  beg9n+ (

 ! sixte5? c5tury t a *ange = ! bett]   
came 9  ) ! ,re=mation4    ,x is        
impossible = u "h to describe ! pitiful 
retrogression  ( culture & morality dur+
 ! twelve c5turies ( ! spiritual        
despotism ( ,rome4 ,x is v pi?ily       
express$ 9 a say+ ( !  greate/ & ! able/
 ( ! ,hoh5zoll]ns2 ,fr$]ick ! ,great    
cond5s$ 8 judgm5t 9 ! phrase t ! /udy ( 
hi/ory l$  "o to ?9k t f ,con/ant9e to !
 date ( ! ,re=mation !  :ole _w 0       
insane4 ,l4 ,b*n] has giv5 u an         
admirable1 brief  description ( ?is     
p]iod ( insanity 9 8 "w on ,religi\s  & 
,sci5tific ,sy/ems4 ,! read] :o desires 
a clos] acqua9tance  ) ! subject w\ld d 
well to consult ! hi/orical works (     
,ranke1 ,drap]1 ,kolb1 ,svoboda1 etc4 ,!
 tru?ful description ( !  awful         
condition ( ! ,*ri/ian ,middle ,ages1   
:i* is giv5 by ^!  & o!r unprejudic$    
hi/orians1 is confirm$ by all ! reliable
  s\rces ( inve/igation1 & by !         
hi/orical monum5ts :i*  h come d[n f !  
sadde/ p]iod ( human hi/ory4 ,educat$   

,ca?olics1 :o are s9c]e tru?-seek]s1 _c 
be too frequ5tly  recomm5d$ to /udy ^!  
hi/orical s\rces = !mselves4 ,?is is  ! 
m necess>y z ultramontane lit]ature has 
/ill a consid]able  influ5ce4 ,! old    
trick ( deceiv+ ! fai?ful by a complete 
rev]sal ( facts & an inv5tion (         
miracul\s circum/ances is  /ill work$ by
 x ) great success4 ,we w only m5tion   
,l\rdes  & ! ,holy ,coat ( ,trves4 ,!   
ultramontane pr(essor ( hi/ory  at      
,frankfurt1 ,johannes ,janss51 af=ds a  
/rik+ example ( !  l5g? !y w g 9 di/ort+
 hi/orical tru?2 8 mu*-read works       
7especially 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,g]man ,p s9ce
 ! ,middle ,ages7  are m>r$ by          
falsification to an incr$ible ext5t4 ,! 
untru?fulness  ( ^! ,jesuitical         
productions is on a level ) ! cr$ulity &
  ! uncritical judgm5t ( ! simple ,g]man
 nation t takes !m =  gospel4    ,"o ( !
 mo/ int]e/+ ( ! hi/orical facts :i*    
cle>ly prove  ! evil ( ! ultramontane   
despotism is its vigor\s & consi/5t     
/ruggle ) sci5ce4 ,?is 0 det]m9$ on1 9  

pr9ciple1 f !  v beg9n+ ( ,*ri/ianity1  
inasmu* z x set fai? above reason  &    
prea*$ ! bl9d subjection ( ! "o to !    
o!r2 t 0  natural1 see+ t our :ole life 
on e>? 0 held to be only a  prep>ation =
 ! leg5d>y life beyond1 & ?us sci5tific 
rese>*  0 robb$ ( any real value4 ,!    
delib]ate & successful attack on  sci5ce
 began 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! f\r? c5tury1     
p>ticul>ly  aft] ! ,c\ncil ( ,nica      
7#cbg71 presid$ ov] by ,con/ant9e--call$
  ! ,great because he rais$ ,*ri/ianity 
to ! position ( a /ate  religion1 &     
f\nd$ ,con/ant9ople1 ?\gh a wor?less "*1
  a false-he>t$ hypocrite1 & a murd]]4  
,! success ( ! papacy  9 its conflict ) 
indep5d5t sci5tific ?\ght & inquiry is  
be/ se5 9 ! di/ress+ condition ( sci5ce 
& its lit]ature  dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4  
,n only 7 ! ri* lit]>y treasures  t     
classical antiquity _h bequea!d to ! _w 
de/roy$ =  ! mo/ "p1 or )drawn f        
circulation1 b ! rack & !  /ake insur$ !
 sil5ce ( e h]etic--t is1 e indep5d5t   
?9k]4 ,if he did n keep 8 ?\ghts to     

himself1 he _h to look  =w>d to be+     
burn$ alive1 z 0 ! fate ( ! great       
moni/ic  philosoph]1 ,giordano ,bruno1 !
 re=m]1 ,john ,huss1 & m ?an a  hundr$  
?\s& o!r witnesses to ! tru?4 ,! hi/ory 
( sci5ce  9 ! ,middle ,ages tea*es u on 
e page t indep5d5t ?\ght  & empirical   
rese>* 7 completely buri$ = twelve sad  
c5turies  "u ! oppression ( ! omnipot5t 
papacy4    ,all t we e/eem 9 true       
,*ri/ianity1 9 ! s5se ( its f\nd]  & ( 8
 noble/ foll[]s1 & t we mu/ endeavor to 
save f  ! inevitable wreck ( ?is great  
_w religion = our new moni/ic  religion1
 lies on its e?ical & social planes4 ,! 
pr9ciples (  true humanism1 ! gold5     
rule1 ! _s ( tol]ance1 ! love  ( man1 9 
! be/ & highe/ s5se ( ! ^w--all ^! true 
graces ( ,*ri/ianity 7 n1 inde$1 fir/   
discov]$ & giv5  to ! _w by t religion1 
b 7 successfully develop$ 9 !  critical 
p]iod :5 classical antiquity 0 ha/5+ to 
its doom4  ,! papacy1 h[ev]1 has        
attempt$ to conv]t all ^? virtues into  
! direct contr>y1 & /ill to hang out !  

sign ( ! old firm4  ,in/ead ( ,*ri/ian  
*>ity1 x introduc$ a fanatical hatr$ ( !
  foll[]s ( all o!r religions2 ) fire & 
sword x has pursu$1  n only ! hea!n1 b e
 ,*ri/ian sect t d>$ resi/ !  imposition
 ( ultramontane dogma4 ,tribunals =     
h]etics 7 erect$  all ov] ,europe1      
yield+ unnumb]$ victims1 ^: torm5ts     
seem$  only to fill _! p]secutors1 ) all
 _! ,*ri/ian *>ity1 )  a peculi>        
satisfaction4 ,! p[] ( ,rome 0 direct$  
m]cilessly  = c5turies aga9/ ev]y?+ t   
/ood 9 its way4 ,"u !  notori\s         
,torquemada 7#adha-ih71 9 ,spa9 alone   
eight ?\s& h]etics  7 burn$ alive &     
n9ety ?\s& puni%$ ) ! confiscation  ( _!
 goods & ! mo/ griev\s ecclesia/ical    
f9es2 9 !  ,ne!rl&s1 "u ! rule ( ,*>les 
,v41 at lea/ fifty ?\s&  m5 fell victims
 to ! cl]ical blood?ir/4 ,& :ile !      
heav5s  res\nd$ ) ! cry ( ! m>tyrs1 !   
weal? ( half ! _w 0  p\r+ into ,rome1 to
 :i* ! :ole ( ,*ri/ianity paid tribute1 
&  ! self-/yl$ repres5tatives ( ,god on 
e>? & _! accomplices  7n infrequ5tly    

,a!i/s !mselves7 wall[$ 9 pleasure &    
vice  ( e description4 ,& all ^!        
privileges1 said ! frivol\s1  syphilitic
 ,pope1 ,leo ,x41 h be5 secur$ to u by !
 fable ( ,jesus  ,*ri/4    ,yet1 ) all !
 discipl9e ( ! ,*ur* & ! fe> ( ,god1 !  
condition ( ,european society 0         
pitiable4 ,feudalism1 s]fdom1 !  grace (
 ,god1 & ! favor ( ! monks rul$ ! l&2 ! 
poor  helots 7 only too glad to be      
p]mitt$ to raise _! mis]able  huts "u ! 
%ad[ ( ! ca/le or ! cloi/]1 _! secul> & 
spiritual oppressors & exploit]s4 ,ev5  
to-day we suff] f !  aft]ma? ( ^! awful 
ages & conditions1 9 :i* !re 0 no  "q ( 
c>e = sci5ce or high] m5tal culture save
 9 r>e  circum/ances & 9 secret4        
,ignorance1 pov]ty1 & sup]/ition  comb9$
 ) ! immoral op]ation ( ! law (         
celibacy1 :i*  _h be5 introduc$ 9 !     
elev5? c5tury1 to consolidate !         
ev]-gr[+ p[] ( ! papacy4 ,x has be5     
calculat$ t !re  7 m ?an t5 million     
victims ( fanatical religi\s hatr$ dur+ 
?is ,gold5 ,age ( papal dom9ation2 & h[ 

_m m million human  victims mu/ be put  
to ! acc\nt ( celibacy1 oral confession1
 &  moral con/ra9t1 ! mo/ p]nici\s &    
accurs$ in/itutions (  ! papal          
despotism6 ,unbeliev+ philosoph]s1 :o h 
collect$  dispro(s ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 h
 ov]look$ "o ( ! /ronge/  argum5ts 9 t  
s5se--! fact t ! ,roman ,vic> ( ,*ri/   
c\ld = twelve c5turies p]petrate )      
impunity ! mo/ %ameful  & horrible de$s 
9 ! "n ( ,god4      ,,iii4--,,!         
,,re=mation    ,! hi/ory ( civilization1
 :i* we are s fond ( call+ !  hi/ory ( !
 _w1 ent]s ^u its ?ird p]iod ) !        
,re=mation ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 j z its  
second p]iod beg9s  ) ! f\nd+ (         
,*ri/ianity4 ,) ! ,re=mation beg9s !    
new bir? ( fett]$ reason1 ! reawak5+ (  
sci5ce1 :i* !  iron h& ( ! ,*ri/ian     
papacy _h rel5tlessly cru%$ = twelve    
hundr$ ye>s4 ,at ! same "t ! spread (   
g5]al education _h  already comm5c$1 ow+
 to ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ ab\t !  middle ( 
! fifte5? c5tury2 & t[>ds its close     
sev]al great  ev5ts occurr$1 especially 

! discov]y ( ,am]ica 9 #adib1 :i*       
prep>$ ! way = ! r5aissance ( sci5ce 9  
company )  t ( art4 ,inde$1 c]ta9 v     
important advances 7 made 9 !  k (      
nature dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! sixte5?     
c5tury1  :i* %ook ! prevail+ sy/em to   
its v f\ndations4 ,su* 7  !             
circumnavigation ( ! globe by ,magellan 
9 #aebb1 :i* af=d$  empirical pro( ( its
 rotundity1 & ! f\nd+ ( ! new sy/em (  !
 _w by ,cop]nicus 9 #aedc4    ,yet !    
#ca/ ( ,octob] 9 ! ye> #aeag1 ! day on  
:i* ,m>t9  ,lu!r nail$ 8 n9ety-five !ses
 to ! wood5 door ( ,witt5burg  ,ca!dral1
 mu/ be reg>d$ z ! comm5cem5t ( a new   
epo*2 =  on t day 0 =c$ ! iron door ( ! 
prison 9 :i* ! ,papal  ,*ur* _h deta9$  
fett]$ reason = twelve hundr$ ye>s4 ,!  
m]its ( ! great re=m] h be5 p>tly       
exagg]at$1 p>tly  und]e/imat$4 ,x has   
be5 ju/ly po9t$ out t ,lu!r1 l all  !   
o!r re=m]s1 rema9$ 9 manifold subjection
 to ! deepe/  sup]/ition4 ,?us he 0     
?r\gh\t life a support] ( ! rigid  dogma
 ( ! v]bal inspiration ( ! ,bible2 he   

zeal\sly ma9ta9$  ! doctr9es ( !        
resurrection1 orig9al s91 pr$e/9ation1  
ju/ification by fai?1 etc4 ,he reject$ z
 folly ! great discov]y  ( ,cop]nicus1  
because 9 ! ,bible ,jo%ua bade ! sun1 n 
!  e>?1 /& /ill4 ,he utt]ly fail$ to    
appreciate ! great  political           
revolutions ( 8 "t1 especially ! pr(\nd 
& j  agitation ( ! peasantry4 ,worse    
/ill 0 ! fanatical ,calv91 (  ,g5eva1 :o
 _h ! tal5t$ ,spani% physician1 ,s]veto1
 burn$ alive  9 #aeec1 because he       
reject$ ! absurd dogma ( ! ,tr9ity4 ,!  
fanatical true believ]s ( ! re=m$ ,*ur* 
foll[$ only too  frequ5tly 9 !          
blood-/a9$ foot/eps ( _! papal enemies2 
z  !y d ev5 9 our own day4 ,de$s (      
unp>allel$ cruelty foll[$  9 ! tra9 ( ! 
,re=mation--! massacre ( ,/4 ,b>?olomew 
&  ! p]secution ( ! ,hugu5ots 9 ,france1
 bloody h]etic-hunts 9  ,italy1 civil w>
 9 ,engl&1 & ! ,?irty ,ye>s ,w> 9       
,g]many4 ,yet1  9 spite ( ^? grave      
blemi%es1 to ! sixte5? & sev5te5?       
c5turies belongs ! honor ( once m op5+ a

 free pa? to !  ?\ghtful m9d1 & deliv]+ 
reason f ! oppressive yoke ( !  papacy4 
,?us only 0 made possible t great       
developm5t ( diff]5t  t5d5cies 9        
critical philosophy & ( new pa?s 9      
sci5ce :i*  won = ! subsequ5t eighte5?  
c5tury ! honorable title ( !  c5tury (  
enlight5m5t4      ,,iv4--,,!            
,,pseudo-,,*ri/ianity ,,( ,,! ,,n9ete5? 
,,c5tury    ,z ! f\r? & la/ /age 9 !    
hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity we oppose  our     
n9ete5? c5tury to all its pr$ecessors4  
,x is true t !  enlight5m5t ( prec$+    
c5turies _h promot$ critical ?\ght 9  e 
direction1 & ! rise ( sci5ce itself _h  
furni%$ p[]ful  empirical weapons2 yet x
 seems to u t our progress along bo?    
l9es has be5 q ph5om5al dur+ ! n9ete5?  
c5tury4 ,x  has inaugurat$ an entirely  
new p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human  m9d1    
*>act]iz$ by ! developm5t ( ! moni/ic   
philosophy  ( nature4 ,at its v         
comm5cem5t ! f\ndations 7 laid ( a  new 
an?ropology 7by ! comp>ative anatomy (  
,cuvi]7 & ( a new  biology 7by !        

,philosophie ,zoologique ( ,lam>ck74 ,! 
two great  ,fr5* sci5ti/s 7 quickly     
succe$$ by two contempor>y ,g]man       
s*ol>s--,ba]1 ! f\nd] ( ! sci5ce (      
evolution1 & ,johannes  ,mll]1 ! f\nd] (
 comp>ative morphology & physiology4 ,a 
pupil ( ,mll]1 ,!odor ,s*wann1 creat$ ! 
f>-rea*+ cellul>  !ory 9 #ahch1 9       
conjunction ) ,m4 ,s*leid54 ,lyell _h   
already  trac$ ! evolution ( ! e>? to   
natural causes1 & ?us prov$  !          
application to our planet ( ! me*anical 
cosmogony :i* ,kant  _h sket*$ ) s mu*  
insight 9 #agee4 ,f9ally1 ,rob]t ,may] &
  ,helmholtz e/abli%$ ! pr9ciple ( en]gy
 9 #ahdb--! second1  complem5t>y half ( 
! great law ( sub/ance1 ! fir/ half (   
:i* 7! p]si/5ce ( matt]7 _h be5         
previ\sly discov]$ by  ,lavoisi]4 ,=ty  
ye>s ago ,*>les ,d>w9 cr[n$ all ^!      
pr(\nd  revelations ( ! intimate nature 
( ! univ]se by 8 new !ory  ( evolution1 
! greate/ natural-philosophical         
a*ievem5t ( our  c5tury4    ,:at is !   
relation ( mod]n ,*ri/ianity to ?is va/ 

&  unp>allel$ progress ( sci5ce8 ,9 !   
fir/ place1 ! deep gulf  betwe5 its two 
great bran*es1 cons]vative ,romanism &  
progressive  ,prote/antism1 has         
naturally wid5$4 ,! ultramontane cl]gy  
7&  we mu/ associate ) !m ! or?odox     
evangelical alliance7 _h  naturally to  
(f] a /r5u\s opposition to ?is rapid    
advance (  ! emancipat$ m9d2 !y cont9u$ 
unmov$ 9 _! rigid lit]al  belief1 dem&+ 
! unconditional surr5d] ( reason to     
dogma4  ,lib]al ,prote/antism1 on ! o!r 
h&1 took refuge 9 a k9d (  moni/ic      
pan!ism1 & s\ght a means ( reconcil+ two
 contradictory  pr9ciples4 ,x endeavor$ 
to comb9e ! unavoidable recognition (  !
 e/abli%$ laws ( nature1 & ! philosophic
 conclusions t  foll[$ f !m1 ) a purifi$
 =m ( religion1 9 :i* sc>cely  any?+    
rema9$ ( ! di/9ctive tea*+ ( fai?4 ,!re 
7  _m attempts at compromise to be f\nd 
betwe5 ! two extremes2 b  ! conviction  
rapidly spread t dogmatic ,*ri/ianity _h
 lo/ e  f\ndation1 & t only its valuable
 e?ical cont5ts %\ld be sav$  = ! new   

moni/ic religion ( ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,z1
 h[ev]1  ! exi/+ ext]nal =ms ( ! dom9ant
 ,*ri/ian religion rema9$  unalt]$1 & z1
 9 spite ( a progressive political      
developm5t1  !y are m intimately ?an ev]
 connect$ ) ! practical ne$s  ( ! ,/ate1
 !re has aris5 t widespread religi\s    
pr(ession  9 educat$ sph]es :i* we c    
only call pseudo-,*ri/ianity--at  !     
bottom x is a religi\s lie ( ! wor/ "*4 
,! great  dang]s :i* att5d ?is conflict 
betwe5 s9c]e conviction & !             
hypocritical pr(ession ( mod]n          
pseudo-,*ri/ians are admirably  describ$
 9 ,max ,nordau's int]e/+ "w on ,!      
,conv5tional ,lies (  ,civilization4    
,9 ! mid/ ( ?is obvi\s fals5ess (       
preval5t pseudo-,*ri/ianity  !re is "o  
favorable circum/ance = ! progress ( a  
rational  /udy ( nature3 its mo/ p[]ful 
& bitt]e/ enemy1 ! ,roman  ,*ur*1 ?rew  
(f its mask ( o/5sible conc]n = high]   
m5tal  developm5t ab\t ! middle ( !     
n9ete5? c5tury1 & decl>$  a gu]re       
l'outrance aga9/ indep5d5t sci5ce4 ,?is 

happ5$  9 ?ree important *all5ges to    
reason1 = ! explicitness &  resolut5ess 
( :i* mod]n sci5ce & culture _c b be    
grateful to ! ,vic> ( ,*ri/4 7#a7 ,9    
,decemb]1 #ahed1 ! pope  promulgat$ !   
dogma ( ! immaculate conception ( ,m>y4 
7#b7 ,t5  ye>s aft]w>ds--9 ,decemb]1    
#ahfd--! pope publi%$1 9 8  fam\s       
encyclica1 an absolute condemnation ( ! 
:ole ( mod]n  civilization & culture2 9 
! syllabus t accompani$ x he  enum]at$ &
 ana!matiz$ all ! rational !ses &       
philosophical  pr9ciples :i* are reg>d$ 
by mod]n sci5ce z lucid tru?s4 7#c7     
,f9ally1 six ye>s aft]w>ds--on ,july    
#ac1 #ahgj--! militant head (  ! ,*ur*  
cr[n$ 8 folly by claim+ infallibility = 
himself  & all 8 pr$ecessors 9 ! papal  
*air4 ,?is triumph ( ! ,roman  curia 0  
communicat$ to ! a/oni%$ _w five days   
aft]w>ds1  on ! v day on :i* ,france    
decl>$ w> ) ,prussia4 ,two mon?s  lat] !
 temporal p[] ( ! pope 0 tak5 f him 9   
consequ5ce  ( ! w>4    ,^! ?ree /up5d\s 
acts ( ! papacy 7 su* obvi\s assaults on

  ! reason ( ! n9ete5? c5tury t !y gave 
rise1 f ! v  beg9n+1 to a mo/ heat$     
discussion ev5 )9 or?odox ,ca?olic      
circles4 ,:5 ! ,vatican ,c\ncil proce$$ 
to def9e ! dogma (  infallibility on    
,july #ac1 #ahgj1 only ?ree-f\r?s ( !   
bi%ops  decl>$ 9 its favor1 #dea out (  
#fja ass5t+2 _m o!r bi%ops1  :o wi%$ to 
keep cle> ( ! p]il\s def9ition1 7 abs5t 
f  ! c\ncil4 ,b ! %rewd pontiff _h      
calculat$ bett] ?an !  timid discreet   
,ca?olics3 ev5 ?is extraord9>y dogma 0  
bl9dly  accept$ by ! cr$ul\s & un$ucat$ 
masses ( ! fai?ful4    ,! :ole hi/ory ( 
! papacy1 z x is sub/antiat$ by a ?\s&  
reliable s\rces & accessible docum5ts1  
appe>s to ! imp>tial  /ud5t z an        
unscrupul\s tissue ( ly+ & deceit1 a    
reckless  pursuit ( absolute m5tal      
despotism & secul> p[]1 a frivol\s      
contradiction ( all ! high moral        
precepts :i* true ,*ri/ianity           
enunciates--*>ity & tol]ation1 tru? &   
*a/ity1 pov]ty &  self-d5ial4 ,:5 we    
judge ! long s]ies ( popes & ( ! ,roman 

pr9ces ( ! ,*ur*1 f :om ! pope is *os51 
by ! /&>d (  pure ,*ri/ian morality1 x  
is cle> t ! great majority ( !m  7      
pitiful impo/ors1 _m ( !m utt]ly        
wor?less & vici\s4  ,^! well-kn[n       
hi/orical facts1 h[ev]1 d n prev5t      
millions  ( educat$ ,ca?olics f admitt+ 
! infallibility :i* ! pope  has claim$ =
 himself2 !y d n prev5t ,prote/ant      
pr9ces f  go+ to ,rome1 & do+ rev]5ce to
 ! pontiff 7_! mo/ dang]\s  enemy72 !y d
 n prev5t ! fate ( ! ,g]man p f be+     
intru/$ to-day to ! h&s ( ! s]vants &   
foll[]s ( ?is  pi\s impo/or 9 !         
,rei*/ag--?anks to ! incr$ible political
  indol5ce & cr$ulity ( ! nation4    ,! 
mo/ int]e/+ ( ! ?ree great ev5ts by :i* 
! papacy has  endeavor$ to ma9ta9 &     
/r5g!n its despotism 9 ! n9ete5?  c5tury
 is ! publication ( ! encyclica & !     
syllabus 9  ,decemb]1 #ahfd4 ,9 ^!      
rem>kable docum5ts all indep5d5t action 
0 =bidd5 to reason & sci5ce1 & !y 7     
comm&$ to submit  implicitly to fai?--t 
is1 to ! decrees ( ! infallible pope4   

,! great excitem5t :i* foll[$ ?is       
sublime piece ( effront]y 9  educat$ &  
indep5d5t circles 0 9 proportion ) !    
/up5d\s  cont5ts ( ! encyclica4 ,drap]  
has giv5 u an excell5t discussion  ( its
 educational & political significance 9 
8 ,hi/ory ( !  ,conflict betwe5 ,sci5ce 
& ,religion4    ,! dogma ( ! immaculate 
conception seems1 p]haps1 to be less    
audaci\s & significant ?an ! encyclica &
 ! dogma ( !  infallibility ( ! pope4   
,yet n only ! ,roman hi]>*y1 b  ev5 "s (
 ! or?odox ,prote/ants 7! ,evangelical  
,alliance1 =  in/ance71 atta* great     
importance to ?is !sis4 ,:at is kn[n  z 
! immaculate oa?--t is1 ! confirmation (
 fai? by an  oa? tak5 on ! immaculate   
conception ( ,m>y--is /ill reg>d$ by    
millions ( ,*ri/ians z a sacr$          
obligation4 ,_m believ]s take !  dogma 9
 a tw(old application2 !y ?9k t ! "m (  
,m>y 0  impregnat$ by ! ,holy ,gho/ z   
well z ,m>y h]self4 ,comp>ative &       
critical !ology has rec5tly %[n t ?is   
my? has no great]  claim to orig9ality  

?an mo/ ( ! o!r /ories 9 ! ,*ri/ian     
my?ology2 x has be5 borr[$ f old]       
religions1 especially  ,buddhism4       
,simil> my?s 7 widely circulat$ 9       
,india1 ,p]sia1  ,asia ,m9or1 & ,greece 
sev]al c5turies be=e ! bir? ( ,*ri/4    
,:5ev] a k+'s unw$d$ daught]1 or "s o!r 
maid ( high degree1  gave bir? to a     
*ild1 ! fa!r 0 always pron\nc$ to be a  
god1 or  a demi-god2 9 ! ,*ri/ian case x
 0 ! ,holy ,gho/4    ,! special end[m5ts
 ( m9d or body :i* (t5 di/+ui%$ ^!      
*ildr5 ( love above ord9>y (fspr+ 7 ?us 
p>tly expla9$  by h]$ity4 ,di/+ui%$ sons
 ( ,god ( ?is k9d 7 held 9  high e/eem  
bo? 9 antiquity & dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 
:ile !  moral code ( mod]n civilization 
reproa*es !m ) _! want (  honorable     
p>5tage4 ,?is applies ev5 m =cibly to   
daught]s (  ,god1 ?\gh ! poor maid5s are
 j z little to blame = _!  want ( a     
fa!r4 ,= ! re/1 e "o :o is famili> ) !  
beautiful my?ology ( classical antiquity
 kn[s t ^! sons &  daught]s ( ! ,greek &
 ,roman gods (t5 approa* ne>e/ to !     

highe/ ideal ( humanity4 ,recollect !   
l>ge legitimate family1 &  ! /ill m     
num]\s illegitimate (fspr+1 ( ,zeus4    
,to return to ! p>ticul> "q ( !         
impregnation ( ! ,virg9  ,m>y by ! ,holy
 ,gho/1 we are ref]r$ to ! gospels =    
te/imony  to ! fact4 ,! only two        
evangeli/s :o speak ( x1 ,mat!w &       
,luke1 relate 9 h>mony t ! ,jewi% maid5 
,m>y 0 betro!d to  ! c>p5t] ,joseph1 b  
became pregnant )\t 8 co-op]ation1  &1  
inde$1 by ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,z we h already
 relat$1 !  f\r canonical gospels :i*   
are reg>d$ z ! only g5u9e ones  by !    
,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 & adopt$ z ! f\ndation (
 fai?1  7 delib]ately *os5 f a mu* l>g] 
numb] ( gospels1 !  details ( :i*       
contradict ea* o!r sometimes j z freely 
z !  ass]tions ( ! f\r4 ,! fa!rs ( !    
,*ur* enum]ate f =ty  to fifty ( ^!     
spuri\s or apocryphal gospels2 "s ( !m  
are  writt5 bo? 9 ,greek & ,lat9--=     
in/ance1 ! gospel ( ,james1 (  ,?omas1 (
 ,nicodemus1 & s =?4 ,! details :i* ^!  
apocryphal  gospels give ( ! life (     

,*ri/1 especially ) reg>d to 8 bir?  &  
*ildhood1 h j z mu* 7or1 on ! :ole1 j z 
little7  claim to hi/orical validity z !
 f\r canonical gospels4    ,n[ we f9d 9 
"o ( ^! docum5ts an hi/orical /atem5t1  
confirm$1 moreov]1 9 ! ,seph] ,toldo?   
,jes*ua1 :i* probably  furni%es ! simple
 & natural solution ( ! _w-riddle ( !   
sup]natural conception & bir? ( ,*ri/4  
,! au?or curtly gives u  9 "o s5t5ce !  
rem>kable /atem5t :i* conta9s ?is       
solution3  ,josephus ,p&]a1 ! ,roman    
(fic] ( a ,calabrian legion :i* 0 9     
,juda1 s$uc$ ,miriam ( ,be?lehem1 & 0 ! 
fa!r ( ,jesus4 ,o!r  details giv5 ab\t  
,miriam 7! ,hebrew "n = ,m>y7 are f> f  
be+ to ! cr$it ( ! ,que5 ( ,heav54      
,naturally1 ^! hi/orical details are    
c>efully avoid$ by !  (ficial !ologian1 
b !y assort badly ) ! traditional my?1  
& lift ! veil f its my/]y 9 a v simple &
 natural  fa%ion4 ,t makes x ! m        
incumb5t on imp>tial rese>* &  pure     
reason to make a critical exam9ation (  
^! /atem5ts4 ,x  mu/ be admitt$ t !y h  

mu* m title to cr$5ce ?an all  ! o!r    
/atem5ts ab\t ! bir? ( ,*ri/4 ,:51 on   
famili>  pr9ciples ( sci5ce1 we put     
aside ! notion ( sup]natural  conception
 ?r\gh an ov]%ad[+ ( ! ,mo/ ,high z a   
pure my?1  !re only rema9s ! widely     
accept$ v]sion ( mod]n rational         
!ology--t ,joseph1 ! ,jewi% c>p5t]1 0 ! 
true fa!r (  ,*ri/4 ,b ?is assumption is
 explicitly contradict$ by _m texts  ( !
 gospels2 ,*ri/ himself 0 conv9c$ t he 0
 a ,son (  ,god1 & he nev] recogniz$ 8  
fo/]-fa!r1 ,joseph1 z 8 real  p>5t4     
,joseph1 inde$1 want$ to leave 8 betro!d
 :5 he f\nd h]  pregnant )\t 8          
int]f]5ce4 ,he gave up ?is idea :5 an   
angel  appe>$ to him 9 a dream & pacifi$
 him4 ,z x is expressly /at$  9 ! fir/  
*apt] ( ,mat!w 7vv4 #bd1 #be71 !re 0 no 
sexual  int]c\rse betwe5 ,joseph & ,m>y 
until aft] ,jesus 0 born4    ,! /atem5t 
( ! apocryphal gospels1 t ! ,roman      
(fic]1  ,p&]a1 0 ! true fa!r ( ,*ri/1   
seems all ! m cr$ible  :5 we make a     
c>eful an?ropological /udy ( !          

p]sonality  ( ,*ri/4 ,he is g5]ally     
reg>d$ z purely ,jewi%4 ,yet !          
*>act]i/ics :i* di/+ui% 8 high & noble  
p]sonality1  & :i* give a di/9ct impress
 to 8 religion1 are c]ta9ly n           
,semitical2 !y are r features ( ! high] 
,arian race1 &  especially ( its noble/ 
bran*1 ! ,hell5es4 ,n[1 ! "n (  ,*ri/'s 
real fa!r1 ,p&]a1 po9ts unequivocally to
 a ,greek  orig92 9 "o manuscript1 9    
fact1 x is writt5 ,p&ora4 ,p&ora  01    
accord+ to ! ,greek my?ology1 ! fir/    
woman1 born (  ! e>? by ,vulcan & adorn$
 ) e *>m by ! gods1 :o  0 esp\s$ by     
,epime!us1 & s5t by ,zeus to m5 ) !     
dread  ,p&ora-box1 conta9+ e evil1 9    
puni%m5t = ! /eal+ (  div9e fire f heav5
 by ,prome!us4    ,& x is int]e/+ to see
 ! diff]5t reception t !  love-/ory (   
,miriam has met ) at ! h&s ( ! f\r great
  ,*ri/ian nations ( civiliz$ ,europe4  
,! /]n morality ( !  ,teutonic races    
entirely repudiates x2 ! righte\s ,g]man
 & !  prudi% ,briton pref] to believe   
bl9dly 9 ! impossible !sis ( a          

conception by ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,x is well 
kn[n t ?is /r5u\s  & c>efully p>ad$     
prud]y ( ! high] classes 7especially 9  
,engl&7 is by no means reflect$ 9 ! true
 condition ( sexual  morality 9 high    
qu>t]s4 ,! revelations :i* ! ,pall ,mall
  ,gazette1 = in/ance1 made on ! subject
 twelve ye>s ago vividly  recall$ !     
condition ( ,babylon4    ,! ,romantic   
races1 :i* ridicule ?is prud]y & take   
sexual  relations less s]i\sly1 f9d     
,m>y's ,romance attractive en\gh2  !    
special cult :i* ,our ,lady enjoys 9    
,france & ,italy is (t5  associat$ ) ?is
 love-/ory ) curi\s navet4 ,?us1 =      
example1 ,paul de ,regla 7,dr4          
,desj>d971 au?or ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e?     
consid]$ f a ,sci5tific1 ,hi/orical1 &  
,social ,/&po9t  7#ahid71 f9ds precisely
 9 ! illegitimate bir? ( ,*ri/ a special
  title to ! halo t irradiates 8 noble  
=m4    ,x seem$ to me necess>y to ent]  
fully into ?is important "q  ( ! orig9 (
 ,*ri/ 9 ! s5se ( imp>tial hi/orical    
sci5ce1  because ! ,*ur* militant itself

 lays great emphasis on x1 &  because x 
reg>ds ! miracul\s /ructure :i* has be5 
f\nd$  on x z "o ( its /ronge/ weapons  
aga9/ mod]n ?\ght4 ,!  highe/ e?ical    
value ( pure primitive ,*ri/ianity & !  
ennobl+  influ5ce ( ?is religion ( love 
on ! hi/ory ( civilization are  q       
indep5d5t ( ^? my?ical dogmas4 ,!       
s-call$ revelations  on :i* ^! my?s are 
bas$ are incompatible ) ! firme/        
results ( mod]n sci5ce4          ,,*apt]
 ,,xviii    ,,our ,,moni/ic ,,religion  
,monism z a ,connect+ ,l9k betwe5       
,religion & ,sci5ce--,!                 
,cultur-,kampf--,! ,relations ( ,*ur* & 
,/ate--,pr9ciples      ( ! ,moni/ic     
,religion--,its ,?ree-fold ,ideal3 !    
,good1 !      ,true1 & !                
,beautiful--,contradiction betwe5       
,sci5tific &      ,*ri/ian              
,tru?--,h>mony ( ! ,moni/ic & ! ,*ri/ian
 ,idea      ( ,virtue--,opposition      
betwe5 ,moni/ic & ,*ri/ian ,views      (
 ,art--,mod]n ,expansion & ,enri*m5t (  
,our ,idea ( !      ,_w--,l&scape-,pa9t+

 & ! ,mod]n ,enjoym5t ( ,nature--,!     
,beauties ( ,nature--,?is ,_w &         
,beyond--,moni/ic ,*ur*es      ,_m      
di/+ui%$ sci5ti/s & philosoph]s ( ! day1
 :o %>e  our moni/ic views1 consid] t   
religion is g5]ally play$ out4  ,_!     
mean+ is t ! cle> insight into !        
evolution ( ! _w  :i* ! great sci5tific 
progress ( ! n9ete5? c5tury has  af=d$ u
 w satisfy1 n only ! causal feel+ ( our 
reason1  b ev5 our highe/ emotional     
crav+s4 ,?is view is correct 9 !  s5se t
 ! two ideas1 religion & sci5ce1 w\ld   
inde$ bl5d  into "o if we _h a p]fectly 
cle> & consecutive sy/em ( monism4      
,h[ev]1 !re are b a few resolute ?9k]s  
:o atta9 to ?is mo/  pure & l(ty        
conception ( ,sp9oza & ,goe!4 ,mo/ ( !  
educat$  p ( our "t 7z di/9ct f !       
uncultur$ masses7 rema9 9  ! conviction 
t religion is a sep>ate bran* ( our     
m5tal life1  indep5d5t ( sci5ce1 & n    
less valuable & indisp5sable4    ,if we 
adopt ?is view1 we c f9d a means (      
reconcil+ ! two  great & app>5tly q     

di/9ct bran*es 9 ! idea ,i put =w>d  9  
,monism1 z a ,connect+-,l9k betwe5      
,religion & ,sci5ce1  9 #ahib4 ,9 !     
preface to ?is ,confession ( ,fai? ( a  
,man (  ,sci5ce ,i express$ myself 9 !  
foll[+ words ) reg>d to  its d\ble      
object3 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,i mu/ give    
expression to  ! rational sy/em :i* is  
logically =c$ ^u u by ! rec5t  progress 
( sci5ce2 x dwells 9 ! intimate ?\ghts (
 ne>ly e  imp>tial & ?\ghtful sci5ti/1  
?\gh few h ! c\rage or  ! disposition to
 av[ x4 ,9 ! second place1 ,i w\ld make 
( x a  connect+-l9k betwe5 religion &   
sci5ce1 & ?us d away )  ! anti!sis :i*  
has be5 ne$lessly ma9ta9$ betwe5 ^! two 
bran*es ( ! highe/ activity ( ! human   
m9d4 ,! e?ical crav+  ( our emotion is  
satisfi$ by monism no less ?an ! logical
 dem&  = causality on ! "p ( reason4    
,! rem>kable int]e/ :i* ! disc\rse      
enk9dl$ is a pro( t  9 ?is moni/ic      
pr(ession ( fai? ,i express$ ! feel+ n  
only  ( _m sci5ti/s1 b ( a l>ge numb] ( 
cultur$ m5 & wom5  ( v diff]5t circles4 

,n only 0 ,i rew>d$ by hundr$s (        
sympa!tic lett]s1 b by a wide           
circulation ( ! pr9t$ address1  ( :i*   
six editions 7 requir$ )9 six mon?s4 ,i 
_h ! m  reason to be cont5t ) ?is       
unexpect$ success1 z ?is confession  (  
fai? 0 orig9ally m]ely an occasional    
spee* :i* ,i deliv]$  unprep>$ on       
,octob] #i1 #ahib1 at ,alt5burg1 dur+ ! 
jubilee ( !  ,sci5tific ,society ( ,ea/ 
,g]many4 ,naturally !re 0 ! usual       
demon/ration on ! o!r side2 ,i 0 fi]cely
 attack$1 n only by  ! ultramontane     
press1 ! sworn def5d]s ( sup]/ition1 b  
also  by ! lib]al controv]siali/s (     
evangelical ,*ri/ianity1 :o  pr(ess to  
def5d bo? sci5tific tru? & purifi$ fai?4
 ,9 !  sev5 ye>s t h ensu$ s9ce t "t !  
great /ruggle betwe5  mod]n sci5ce &    
or?odox ,*ri/ianity has become m        
?reat5+2  x has gr[n m dang]\s = sci5ce 
9 proportion z ,*ri/ianity  has f\nd    
support 9 an increas+ m5tal & political 
reaction4 ,9  "s c\ntries ! ,*ur* has   
made su* progress t ! fre$om  ( ?\ght & 

consci5ce1 :i* is gu>ante$ by ! laws1 is
 9  practice gravely m5ac$ 7= in/ance1 9
 ,bav>ia74 ,! great hi/oric  /ruggle :i*
 ,drap] has s admirably depict$ 9 8     
,conflict  betwe5 ,religion & ,sci5ce is
 to-day m acute & significant ?an  ev]4 
,= ! la/ tw5ty-sev5 ye>s x has be5      
rightly call$ !  cultur-kampf4    ,!    
fam\s encyclica & syllabus :i* !        
militant pope1 ,pius ,,ix41  s5t out    
into ! entire _w 9 #ahfd 7 a decl>ation 
( w> on  ! :ole ( mod]n sci5ce2 !y dem&$
 ! bl9d submission (  reason to ! dogmas
 ( ! infallible pope4 ,! enormity ( ?is 
crude assault on ! highe/ treasures (   
civilization ev5 r\s$  _m indol5t m9ds f
 ! slumb] ( belief4 ,toge!r ) !         
subsequ5t promulgation ( ! papal        
infallibility 7#ahgj71 !  encyclica     
provok$ a deep wave ( irritation & an   
en]getic repulse  :i* held out high     
hopes4 ,9 ! new ,g]man empire1 :i* _h   
atta9$  its indisp5sable national unity 
by ! heavy sacrifices ( ! w>s  ( #ahff &
 #ahga1 ! insol5t attacks ( ! pope 7    

felt to be  p>ticul>ly (f5sive4 ,on ! "o
 h&1 ,g]many is ! cradle (  ! ,re=mation
 & ! mod]n emancipation ( reason2 on !  
o!r  h&1 x un=tunately has 9 its        
#ah1jjj1jjj ,ca?olics a va/ ho/ (       
militant believ]s1 :o are unsurpass$ by 
any o!r civiliz$ p  9 bl9d ob$i5ce to _!
 *ief %eph]d4    ,! dang]s ( su* a      
situation 7 cle>ly recogniz$ by !  great
 /atesman :o _h solv$ ! political       
_w-riddle ( !  dismemb]m5t ( ,g]many1 & 
_h l$ u by a m>vell\s /atecraft  to !   
long-desir$ goal ( national unity & p[]4
 ,pr9ce ,bism>ck  began ! fam\s /ruggle 
) ! ,vatican1 :i* is kn[n z !           
cultur-kampf1 9 #ahgb1 & x 0 conduct$ ) 
equal ability &  en]gy by ! di/+ui%$    
,m9i/] ( ,wor%ip1 ,falk1 au?or ( !  ,may
 laws ( #ahgc4 ,un=tunately1 ,bism>ck _h
 to desi/ six ye>s  aft]w>ds4 ,al?\gh ! 
great /atesman 0 a rem>kable judge ( m5 
& a reali/ic politician ( imm5se tact1  
he _h und]e/imat$ !  =ce ( ?ree p[]ful  
ob/acles--fir/1 ! unsurpass$ cunn+ &    
unscrupul\s trea*]y ( ! ,roman curia2   

secondly1 ! correlative  +ratitude &    
cr$ulity ( ! un$ucat$ ,ca?olic masses1  
on :i*  ! papacy built2 &1 ?irdly1 ! p[]
 ( apa?y1 ! cont9uance  ( ! irrational1 
simply because x is 9 possession4 ,h5ce1
 9 #ahgh1  :5 ! abl] ,leo ,,xiii4 _h    
asc5d$ ! pontifical ?rone1 ! fatal  ,to 
,canossa 0 he>d once m4 ,f t "t ! newly 
e/abli%$  p[] ( ,rome grew 9 /r5g?2     
p>tly ?r\gh ! unscrupul\s  intrigues &  
s]p5t9e b5ds ( its slipp]y ,jesuitical  
politics1  p>tly ?r\gh ! false          
,*ur*-politics ( ! ,g]man gov]nm5t &  ! 
m>vell\s political incompet5ce ( !      
,g]man p4 ,we h1  !re=e1 at ! close ( ! 
n9ete5? c5tury to endure !  pitiful     
spectacle ( ! ,ca?olic ,c5tre be+ ! mo/ 
important  section ( ! ,rei*/ag1 & !    
fate ( our humiliat$ c\ntry  dep5d+ on a
 papal p>ty1 :i* does n con/itute       
num]ically a  ?ird "p ( ! nation4    ,:5
 ! cultur-kampf began 9 #ahgb1 x 0 ju/ly
 acclaim$ by  all indep5d5t ?9k]s z a   
political r5ewal ( ! ,re=mation1  a     
vigor\s attempt to free mod]n           

civilization f ! yoke (  papal          
despotism4 ,! :ole ( ! ,lib]al press    
hail$ ,bism>ck z a  political ,lu!r--z !
 great h]o1 n only ( ! national unity1  
b also ( ! rational emancipation (      
,g]many4 ,t5 ye>s aft]w>ds1  :5 ! papacy
 _h prov$ victori\s1 ! same ,lib]al     
press *ang$  its colors1 & d5\nc$ !     
cultur-kampf z a great mi/ake2 &  x does
 ! same ?+ to-day4 ,! facts %[ h[ %ort  
is ! memory  ( our j\rnali/s1 h[        
defective _! k ( hi/ory1 & h[  poor _!  
philosophic education4 ,! s-call$ ,peace
 betwe5 ,*ur*  & ,/ate is nev] m ?an a  
susp5sion ( ho/ilities4 ,! mod]n        
papacy1 true to ! despotic pr9ciples x  
has foll[$ = ! la/  sixte5 hundr$ ye>s1 
is det]m9$ to wield sole dom9ion ov] !  
cr$ul\s s\ls ( m52 x mu/ dem& ! absolute
 submission (  ! cultur$ ,/ate1 :i*1 z  
su*1 def5ds ! rights ( reason &  sci5ce4
 ,true & endur+ peace !re _c be until "o
 ( !  combatants lies p[]less on !      
gr\nd4 ,ei!r ! ,*ur* w9s1 &  !n f>ewell 
to all free sci5ce & free tea*+--!n are 

our  univ]sities no bett] ?an jails1 &  
our colleges become cloi/ral  s*ools2 or
 else ! mod]n rational ,/ate proves     
victori\s--!n1  9 ! tw5tie? c5tury1     
human culture1 fre$om1 & prosp]ity w    
cont9ue _! progressive developm5t until 
!y f> surpass ev5 !  height ( ! n9ete5? 
c5tury4    ,9 ord] to compass ^! high   
aims1 x is ( ! fir/ importance t  mod]n 
sci5ce n only %att] ! false /ructures ( 
sup]/ition  & sweep _! ru9s f ! pa?1 b t
 x also erect a new  abode = human      
emotion on ! gr\nd x has cle>$--a palace
 (  reason1 9 :i*1 "u ! influ5ce ( our  
new moni/ic views1 we d  rev]5ce to !   
real tr9ity ( ! n9ete5? c5tury--! tr9ity
 (  ! true1 ! good1 & ! beautiful4 ,9   
ord] to give a tangible  %ape to ! cult 
( ?is div9e ideal1 we mu/ fir/ ( all    
comp>e  our position ) ! dom9ant =ms (  
,*ri/ianity1 & realize  ! *anges t are  
involv$ 9 ! sub/itution ( ! "o = !  o!r4
 ,=1 9 spite ( its errors & defects1 !  
,*ri/ian religion  79 its primitive &   
pur] =m7 has s high an e?ical value1 &  

has ent]$ s deeply into ! mo/ important 
social & political  movem5ts ( civiliz$ 
hi/ory = ! la/ fifte5 hundr$ ye>s1  t we
 mu/ appeal z mu* z possible to its     
exi/+ in/itutions  9 ! e/abli%m5t ( our 
moni/ic religion4 ,we d n seek a mighty 
revolution1 b a rational re=mation1 (   
our religi\s life4 ,&  j z1 two ?\s&    
ye>s ago1 ! classic poetry ( ! anci5t   
,greeks inc>nat$ _! ideals ( virtue 9   
div9e %apes1 s may  we1 too1 l5d ! "* ( 
noble goddesses to our ?ree rational    
ideals4 ,we mu/ inquire into ! features 
( ! ?ree goddesses ( !  moni/--tru?1    
beauty1 & virtue2 & we mu/ /udy _!      
relation  to ! ?ree correspond+ ideals (
 ,*ri/ianity :i* !y are to  replace4    
,i4 ,! prec$+ inquiries 7especially ^? (
 ! fir/ & ?ird  sections7 h conv9c$ u t 
tru? unadult]at$ is only to be  f\nd 9 !
 temple ( ! /udy ( nature1 & t ! only   
available  pa?s to x are critical       
obs]vation & reflection--! empirical    
inve/igation ( facts & ! rational /udy (
 _! effici5t  causes4 ,9 ?is way we     

arrive1 by means ( pure reason1 at true 
sci5ce1 ! highe/ treasure ( civiliz$    
man4 ,we mu/1 9 accordance  ) ! argum5ts
 ( our sixte5? *apt]1 reject :at is     
call$  revelation1 ! poetry ( fai?1 t   
affirms ! discov]y ( tru?  9 a          
sup]natural fa%ion1 )\t ! assi/ance (   
reason4 ,& s9ce  ! entire /ructure ( !  
,judo-,*ri/ian religion1 l t ( !        
,mohamm$an & ! ,buddhi/ic1 re/s on ^!   
s-call$ revelations1  & ^! my/ic fruits 
( ! imag9ation directly contradict !    
cle> results ( empirical rese>*1 x is   
obvi\s t we %all  only atta9 to a k ( ! 
tru? by ! rational activity (  g5u9e    
sci5ce1 n by ! poetic imag9+ ( a my/ic  
fai?4 ,9 ?is  respect x is q c]ta9 t !  
,*ri/ian sy/em mu/ give way  to !       
moni/ic4 ,! goddess ( tru? dwells 9 !   
temple ( nature1  9 ! gre5 woods1 on !  
blue sea1 & on ! sn[y summits ( !       
hills--n 9 ! gloom ( ! cloi/]1 nor 9 !  
n>r[ prisons (  our jail-l s*ools1 nor 9
 ! cl\ds ( inc5se ( ! ,*ri/ian  *ur*es4 
,! pa?s :i* lead to ! noble div9ity (   

tru? &  k are ! lov+ /udy ( nature & its
 laws1 ! obs]vation  ( ! inf9itely great
 />-_w ) ! aid ( ! telescope1 &  !      
inf9itely t9y cell-_w ) ! aid ( !       
microscope--n  s5seless c]emonies &     
un?9k+ pray]s1 n alms & ,pet]'s  ,p5ce4 
,! ri* gifts :i* ! goddess ( tru? be/[s 
on u are !  noble fruits ( ! tree ( k & 
! ine/imable treasure ( a  cle>1 unifi$ 
view ( ! _w--n belief 9 sup]natural     
miracles  & ! illusion ( an et]nal life4
    ,,ii4 ,x is o!rwise ) ! div9e ideal 
( et]nal goodness4 ,9 our  se>* = ! tru?
 we h entirely to exclude ! revelation (
  ! *ur*es1 & devote ourselves solely to
 ! /udy ( nature2 b1  on ! o!r h&1 !    
idea ( ! good1 :i* we call virtue1 9    
our moni/ic religion co9cides = ! mo/ "p
 ) ! ,*ri/ian  idea ( virtue4 ,we are   
speak+1 naturally1 ( ! primitive &  pure
 ,*ri/ianity ( ! fir/ ?ree c5turies1 z  
f> z we le>n  its moral tea*+ f !       
gospels & ! epi/les ( ,paul2 x  does n  
apply to ! ,vatican c>icature ( t pure  
doctr9e :i*  has dom9at$ ,european      

civilization1 to its inf9ite prejudice1 
=  twelve hundr$ ye>s4 ,! be/ "p (      
,*ri/ian morality1 to :i* we  firmly    
adh]e1 is repres5t$ by ! humani/        
precepts ( *>ity &  tol]ation1          
compassion & assi/ance4 ,h[ev]1 ^! noble
 comm&s1  :i* are set d[n z ,*ri/ian    
morality 79 its be/ s5se71 are by  no   
means orig9al discov]ies ( ,*ri/ianity2 
!y are d]iv$ f  e>li] religions4 ,!     
,gold5 ,rule1 :i* sums up ^! precepts 9 
"o s5t5ce1 is c5turies old] ?an         
,*ri/ianity4 ,9 ! conduct (  life ?is   
law ( natural morality has be5 foll[$ j 
z frequ5tly  by non-,*ri/ians & a!i/s z 
x has be5 neglect$ by pi\s  believ]s4   
,moreov]1 ,*ri/ian e?ics 0 m>r$ by !    
great defect  ( a n>r[ insi/5ce on      
altruism & a d5unciation ( egoism4 ,our 
moni/ic e?ics lays equal emphasis on !  
two1 & f9ds p]fect  virtue 9 ! j balance
 ( love ( self & love ( "o's neighbor   
7cf4 *ap4 xix474    ,,iii4 ,b monism    
ent]s into its /ronge/ opposition to    
,*ri/ianity  on ! "q ( beauty4          

,primitive ,*ri/ianity prea*$ !         
wor?lessness ( e>?ly life1 reg>d+ x     
m]ely z a prep>ation  = an et]nal life  
beyond4 ,h5ce x imm$iately foll[$ t all 
we  f9d 9 ! life ( man "h bel[1 all t is
 beautiful 9 art &  sci5ce1 9 public & 9
 private life1 is ( no real value4 ,!   
true  ,*ri/ian mu/ av]t 8 eyes f !m2 he 
mu/ ?9k only ( a wor?y  prep>ation = !  
life beyond4 ,contempt ( nature1 av]sion
 f all  its inexhau/ible *>ms1 rejection
 ( e k9d ( f9e art1 are  ,*ri/ian       
duties2 & !y are c>ri$ out to p]fection 
:5 a man  sep>ates himself f 8 fell[s1  
*a/ises 8 body1 & sp5ds all  8 "t 9     
pray] 9 ! cloi/] or ! h]mit's cell4     
,hi/ory tea*es u t ?is ascetical        
morality t w\ld scorn !  :ole ( nature  
_h1 z a natural consequ5ce1 ! v opposite
 effect  to t x int5d$4 ,mona/]ies1 !   
homes ( *a/ity & discipl9e1  soon became
 d5s ( ! wilde/ orgies2 ! sexual comm]ce
 ( monks  & nuns has inspir$ %oals (    
novels1 z x is s fai?fully depict$  9 ! 
lit]ature ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,! cult ( !  

beautiful1  :i* 0 !n practis$1 0 9      
flagrant contradiction ) !  vaunt$      
ab&onm5t ( ! _w2 & ! same mu/ be said ( 
!  pomp & luxury :i* soon develop$ 9 !  
immoral private lives (  ! high]        
ecclesia/ics & 9 ! arti/ic decoration ( 
,*ri/ian  *ur*es & mona/]ies4    ,x may 
be object$ t our view is refut$ by !    
spl5dor (  ,*ri/ian art1 :i*1 especially
 9 ! be/ days ( ! ,middle ,ages1  creat$
 works ( undy+ beauty4 ,! graceful      
,go?ic ca!drals &  ,byzant9e basilicas1 
! hundr$s ( magnific5t *apels1 ! ?\s&s  
( m>ble /atues ( sa9ts & m>tyrs1 !      
millions ( f9e pictures  ( sa9ts1 (     
pr(\ndly conceiv$ repres5tations ( ,*ri/
 & !  madonna--all are pro(s ( !        
developm5t ( a noble art 9 ! ,middle    
,ages1 :i* is unique ( its k9d4 ,all ^! 
spl5did monum5ts (  m$ival art are      
unt\*$ 9 _! high /hetic value1 :atev] we
  say ( _! mixture ( tru? & fancy4 ,yes2
 b :at has all t  to d ) ! pure tea*+ ( 
,*ri/ianity--) t religion (  sacrifice t
 turn$ scornfully away f all e>?ly p>ade

 &  glam\r1 f all mat]ial beauty & art2 
t made light ( ! life  ( ! family & !   
love ( woman2 t urg$ an exclusive conc]n
 z  to ! immat]ial goods ( et]nal life8 
,! idea ( a ,*ri/ian art  is a          
contradiction 9 t]ms--a contradictio 9  
adjecto4 ,! weal?y  pr9ces ( ! ,*ur* :o 
fo/]$ x 7 c&idly aim+ at v  diff]5t     
ideals1 & !y completely atta9$ !m4 ,9   
direct+ !  :ole int]e/ & activity ( !   
human m9d 9 ! ,middle ,ages to !        
,*ri/ian ,*ur* & its di/9ctive art !y 7 
div]t+ x f  nature & f ! k ( ! treasures
 t 7 hidd5 9 x1  & w\ld h conduct$ to   
indep5d5t sci5ce4 ,moreov]1 ! daily     
sight ( ! huge images ( ! sa9ts & ( !   
sc5es ( sacr$  hi/ory cont9ually rem9d$ 
! fai?ful ( ! va/ collection (  my?s t !
 ,*ur* _h made4 ,! leg5ds !mselves 7    
taught  & believ$ to be true n>ratives1 
& ! /ories ( miracles to be  records (  
actual ev5ts4 ,x _c be d\bt$ t 9 ?is    
respect  ,*ri/ian art has ex]cis$ an    
imm5se influ5ce on g5]al culture1  &    
especially 9 ! /r5g!n+ ( ,*ri/ian       

belief--an influ5ce  :i* /ill endures   
?r\gh\t ! entire civiliz$ _w4    ,!     
diametrical opposite ( ?is dom9ant      
,*ri/ian art is ! new  arti/ic t5d5cy   
:i* has be5 develop$ dur+ ! pres5t      
c5tury  9 connection ) sci5ce4 ,!       
rem>kable expansion ( our k  ( nature1 &
 ! discov]y ( c\ntless beautiful =ms (  
life1  :i* x includes1 h awak5$ q a new 
/hetic s5se 9 our  g5]ation1 & ?us giv5 
a new tone to pa9t+ & sculpture4        
,num]\s sci5tific voyages & exp$itions =
 ! exploration  ( unkn[n l&s & seas1    
p>tly 9 e>li] c5turies1 b m  especially 
9 ! n9ete5?1 h br\ght to light an       
undream$  abundance ( new organic =ms4  
,! numb] ( new species ( animals  &     
plants soon became enorm\s1 & among !m  
7especially among !  l[] gr\ps t _h be5 
neglect$ be=e7 !re 7 ?\s&s  ( =ms (     
great beauty & int]e/1 af=d+ an entirely
 new  inspiration = pa9t+1 sculpture1   
ar*itecture1 & te*nical  art4 ,9 ?is    
respect a new _w 0 reveal$ by ! great   
advance  ( microscopic rese>* 9 ! second

 half ( ! c5tury1 &  especially by !    
discov]y ( ! m>vell\s inhabitants ( !   
deep sea1 :i* 7 fir/ br\ght to light by 
! fam\s exp$ition  ( ! ,*all5g]         
7#ahgb-gf74 ,?\s&s ( graceful radiol>ia 
&  ?alamophora1 ( pretty m$us & corals1 
( extraord9>y molluscs1  & crabs1       
sudd5ly introduc$ u to a weal? ( hidd5  
organisms  beyond all anticipation1 !   
peculi> beauty & div]sity ( :i*  f>     
transc5d all ! creations ( ! human      
imag9ation4 ,9 !  fifty l>ge volumes ( !
 acc\nt ( ! ,*all5g] exp$ition a  va/   
numb] ( ^! beautiful =ms are del9eat$ on
 ?ree ?\s&  plates2 & !re are millions (
 o!r lovely organisms describ$ 9  o!r   
great works t are includ$ 9 ! fa/-gr[+  
lit]ature (  zoology & botany ( ! la/ t5
 ye>s4 ,i began on a small scale to     
select a numb] ( ^! beautiful =ms = m   
popul> description  9 my ,art ,=ms 9    
,nature 7#ahii74    ,h[ev]1 !re is n[ no
 ne$ = long voyages & co/ly works to    
appreciate ! beauties ( ?is _w4 ,a man  
ne$s only to keep 8  eyes op5 & 8 m9d   

discipl9$4 ,surr\nd+ nature (f]s u      
ev]y:]e a m>vell\s weal? ( lovely &     
int]e/+ objects ( all  k9ds4 ,9 e bit ( 
moss & blade ( grass1 9 e beetle &      
butt]fly1 we f9d1 :5 we exam9e x        
c>efully1 beauties :i* are  usually     
ov]look$4 ,above all1 :5 we exam9e !m ) 
a p[]ful  glass or1 bett] /ill1 ) a good
 microscope1 we f9d ev]y:]e 9  nature a 
new _w ( inexhau/ible *>ms4    ,b !     
n9ete5? c5tury has n only op5$ our eyes 
to ! /hetic  enjoym5t ( ! microscopic   
_w2 x has %[n u ! beauty (  ! great]    
objects 9 nature4 ,ev5 at its comm5cem5t
 x 0 !  fa%ion to reg>d ! m\nta9s z     
magnific5t b =bidd+1 &  ! sea z sublime 
b dread$4 ,at its close ! majority (    
educat$  p--especially !y :o dwell 9 !  
great cities--are delight$  to enjoy !  
glories ( ! ,alps & ! cry/al spl5dor ( !
  glaci] _w = a =tnight e ye>1 or to    
dr9k 9 ! maje/y  ( ! ocean & ! lovely   
sc5]y ( its coa/s4 ,all ^! s\rces  ( !  
ke5e/ enjoym5t ( nature h only rec5tly  
be5 reveal$  to u 9 all _! spl5dor1 & ! 

rem>kable progress we h  made 9 facility
 & rapidity ( conveyance has giv5 ev5 ! 
less  weal?y an opportunity ( approa*+  
!m4 ,all ?is progress 9 !  /hetic       
enjoym5t ( nature--&1 proportionately1 9
 ! sci5tific  und]/&+ ( nature--implies 
an equal advance 9 high] m5tal          
developm5t &1 consequ5tly1 9 ! direction
 ( our moni/ic  religion4    ,! opposite
 "* ( our naturali/ic c5tury to t ( !   
an?ropi/ic c5turies t prec$$ is         
especially noticeable 9  ! diff]5t      
appreciation & spread ( illu/rations ( !
 mo/  div]se natural objects4 ,9 our own
 days a lively int]e/ 9 arti/ic  "w ( t 
k9d has be5 develop$1 :i* did n exi/ 9  
e>li]  ages2 x has be5 support$ by !    
rem>kable progress ( comm]ce  & te*nical
 art :i* h facilitat$ a wide            
popul>ization (  su* illu/rations4      
,c\ntless illu/rat$ p]iodicals convey   
along  ) _! g5]al in=mation a s5se ( !  
inexhau/ible beauty (  nature 9 all its 
dep>tm5ts4 ,9 p>ticul>1 l&scape-pa9t+   
has  acquir$ an importance t surpass$   

all imag9ation4 ,9 ! fir/  half ( !     
c5tury "o ( our greate/ & mo/ erudite   
sci5ti/s1  ,alex&] ,humboldt1 _h po9t$  
out t ! developm5t ( mod]n              
l&scape-pa9t+ is n only ( great         
importance z an inc5tive  to ! /udy (   
nature & z a means ( geographical       
description1  b t x is to be comm5d$ 9  
o!r respects z a noble educative  m$ium4
 ,s9ce t "t ! ta/e = x has consid]ably  
increas$4  ,x %\ld be ! aim at e s*ool  
to tea* ! *ildr5 to enjoy  sc5]y at an  
e>ly age1 & to give !m ! valuable art ( 
impr9t+ on ! memory by a draw+ or       
wat]-color sket*4    ,! inf9ite weal? ( 
nature 9 :at is beautiful & sublime (f]s
  e man ) op5 eyes & an /hetic s5se an  
incalculable sum (  *oice/ gifts4 ,/ill1
 h[ev] valuable & agreeable is !        
imm$iate  enjoym5t ( ea* s+le gift1 its 
wor? is d\bl$ by a k (  its mean+ & its 
connection ) ! re/ ( nature4 ,:5        
,humboldt  gave u ! outl9e ( a physical 
description ( ! _w 9 8  magnific5t      
,cosmos =ty ye>s ago1 & :5 he comb9$    

sci5tific  & /hetic consid]ation s      
happily 9 8 /&>d ,prospects (  ,nature1 
he ju/ly indicat$ h[ closely ! high]    
enjoym5t ( nature  is connect$ ) !      
sci5tific e/abli%m5t ( cosmic laws1 &  t
 ! conjunction ( ! two s]ves to raise   
human nature to a  high] /age (         
p]fection4 ,! a/oni%m5t ) :i* we gaze ^u
  ! />ry heav5s & ! microscopic life 9 a
 drop ( wat]1 ! awe  ) :i* we trace !   
m>vell\s work+ ( en]gy 9 ! motion (     
matt]1 ! rev]5ce ) :i* we grasp !       
univ]sal dom9ance (  ! law ( sub/ance   
?r\gh\t ! univ]se--all ^! are "p ( our  
emotional life1 fall+ "u ! head+ (      
natural religion4    ,?is progress (    
mod]n times 9 k ( ! true & enjoym5t  ( !
 beautiful expresses1 on ! "o h&1 a     
valuable elem5t ( our  moni/ic religion1
 b is1 on ! o!r h&1 9 fatal opposition  
to  ,*ri/ianity4 ,= ! human m9d is ?us  
made to live on ?is side (  ! grave2    
,*ri/ianity w\ld h x ev] gaze beyond4   
,monism tea*es  t we are p]i%able *ildr5
 ( ! e>?1 :o = "o or two1  or1 at ! mo/1

 ?ree g5]ations1 h ! good =tune to enjoy
  ! treasures ( our planet1 to dr9k ( ! 
inexhau/ible f\nta9  ( its beauty1 & to 
trace out ! m>vell\s play ( its =ces4   
,*ri/ianity w\ld tea* u t ! e>? is a    
vale ( te>s1 9  :i* we h b a brief p]iod
 to *a/5 & torm5t ourselves 9  ord] to  
m]it ! life ( et]nal bliss beyond4 ,:]e 
?is beyond  is1 & ( :at joys ! glory (  
?is et]nal life is compact$1 no         
revelation has ev] told u4 ,z long z    
heav5 0 ?\ght to be !  blue vault t     
hov]s ov] ! disk ( our planet1 & is     
illum9$  by ! tw9kl+ light ( a few ?\s& 
/>s1 ! human imag9ation  c\ld picture to
 itself ! ambrosial banquets ( !        
,olympic gods  above or ! lad5 tables ( 
! happy dwell]s 9 ,valhalla4 ,b n[  all 
^! deities & ! immortal s\ls t sat at _!
 tables are  h\seless & homeless1 z     
,david ,/rauss has s ably describ$2 =   
we "k f a/rophysical sci5ce t !         
immeasurable dep?s (  space are fill$ ) 
a prosaic e!r1 & t millions ( heav5ly   
bodies1 rul$ by et]nal laws ( iron1 ru% 

hi!r & ?i!r 9 !  great ocean1 9 _!      
et]nal rhy?m ( life & dea?4    ,! places
 ( devotion1 9 :i* m5 seek !            
satisfaction ( _!  religi\s emotions &  
wor%ip ! objects ( _! rev]5ce1 are      
reg>d$ z sacr$ *ur*es4 ,! pagodas (     
,buddhi/ic ,asia1 !  ,greek temples (   
classical antiquity1 ! synagogues (     
,pale/9e1  ! mosques ( ,egypt1 !        
,ca?olic ca!drals ( ! s\?1 & !          
,prote/ant ca!drals ( ! nor?1 (         
,europe--all ^! h\ses (  ,god s]ve to   
raise man above ! mis]y & ! prose (     
daily life1  to lift him into ! sacr$1  
poetic atmosph]e ( a high]1 ideal  _w4  
,!y atta9 ?is end 9 a ?\s& diff]5t ways1
 accord+  to _! v>i\s =ms ( wor%ip & _! 
age4 ,! mod]n man :o  has sci5ce &      
art--&1 !re=e1 religion--ne$s no special
  *ur*1 no n>r[1 enclos$ portion (      
space4 ,= ?r\gh ! l5g?  & bread? ( free 
nature1 :]ev] he turns 8 gaze1 to ! :ole
  univ]se or to any s+le "p ( x1 he     
f9ds1 inde$1 ! grim  /ruggle = life1 b  
by its side are ev] ! good1 ! true1 &  !

 beautiful2 8 *ur* is comm5surate ) !   
:ole ( glori\s  nature4 ,/ill1 !re w    
always be m5 ( special temp]am5t :o w   
desire to h decorat$ temples or *ur*es z
 places ( devotion  to :i* !y may )draw4
 ,j z ! ,ca?olics _h to rel9qui% a      
numb] ( *ur*es to ! ,re=mation 9 !      
sixte5? c5tury1 s a  /ill l>g] numb] w  
pass ov] to free societies ( moni/s 9  !
 com+ ye>s4          ,,*apt] ,,xix      
,,our ,,moni/ic ,,e?ics        ,moni/ic 
& ,duali/ic ,e?ics--,contradiction (    
,pure &      ,practical ,reason 9       
,kant--,8 ,categorical ,imp]ative--,!   
,neo-,kantians--,h]b]t ,sp5c]--,egoism &
 ,altruism--,equival5ce      ( ! ,two   
,in/9cts--,! ,fundam5tal ,law ( ,e?ics3 
! ,gold5      ,rule--,its               
,antiquity--,*ri/ian ,e?ics--,contempt (
 ,self1 !      ,body1 ,nature1          
,civilization1 ! ,family1 ,woman--,roman
 ,ca?olic      ,e?ics--,immoral ,results
 ( ,celibacy--,necessity = ! ,abolition 
(      ! ,law ( ,celibacy1 ,oral        
,confession1 & ,indulg5ces--,/ate &     

,*ur*--,religion a ,private             
,conc]n--,*ur* & ,s*ool--,/ate &        
,s*ool--,ne$ ( ,s*ool ,re=m      ,!     
practical conduct ( life makes a numb] (
 def9ite e?ical claims  on a man :i* c  
only be duly & naturally satisfi$ :5 !y 
are  9 complete h>mony ) 8 view ( ! _w4 
,9 accordance ) ?is  fundam5tal pr9ciple
 ( our moni/ic philosophy1 our :ole     
sy/em (  e?ics mu/ be rationally        
connect$ ) ! unifi$ conception ( !      
cosmos :i* we h =m$ by our advanc$ k ( !
 laws (  nature4 ,j z ! inf9ite univ]se 
is "o great :ole 9 ! light  ( our       
moni/ic tea*+1 s ! spiritual & moral    
life ( man is  a "p ( ?is cosmos1 & our 
naturali/ic ord]+ ( x mu/ also  be      
moni/ic4 ,!re are n two diff]5t1 sep>ate
 worlds--! "o  physical & mat]ial1 & !  
o!r moral & immat]ial4    ,! great      
majority ( philosoph]s & !ologians /ill 
hold !  contr>y op9ion4 ,!y affirm1 )   
,kant1 t ! moral _w is q  indep5d5t ( ! 
physical1 & is subject to v diff]5t     
laws2  h5ce a man's consci5ce1 z ! basis

 ( 8 moral life1 mu/ also be  q         
indep5d5t ( our sci5tific k ( ! _w1 &   
mu/ be  bas$ r on 8 religi\s fai?4 ,on t
 !ory ! /udy ( !  moral _w belongs to   
practical reason1 :ile t ( nature1 or ( 
! physical _w1 is ref]r$ to pure or     
!oretical reason4 ,?is  unequivocal &   
consci\s dualism ( ,kant's philosophy 0 
its greate/  defect2 x has caus$1 & /ill
 causes1 incalculable mis*ief4 ,fir/  ( 
all ! critical ,kant _h built up !      
spl5did & m>vell\s  palace ( pure       
reason1 & conv9c+ly prov$ t ! ?ree great
  c5tral dogmas ( metaphysics--a p]sonal
 ,god1 free w1 & !  immortal s\l--_h no 
place :atev] 9 x1 & t no rational pro(  
c\ld be f\nd ( _! reality4 ,aft]w>ds1   
h[ev]1 ! dogmatic  ,kant sup]impos$ on  
?is true cry/al palace ( pure reason !  
glitt]+1 ideal ca/le 9 ! air ( practical
 reason1 9 :i*  ?ree impos+ *ur*-naves 7
 design$ = ! accommodation (  ^? ?ree   
great my/ic div9ities4 ,:5 !y _h be5 put
 out at !  front door by rational k !y  
return$ by ! back door "u  ! guidance ( 

irrational fai?4    ,! cupola ( 8 great 
ca!dral ( fai? 0 cr[n$ by ,kant ) 8     
curi\s idol1 ! fam\s categorical        
imp]ative4 ,accord+ to x1  ! dem& ( !   
univ]sal moral law is unconditional1    
indep5d5t (  any reg>d to actuality or  
pot5tiality4 ,x runs3 ,act at all times 
9  su* wise t ! maxim 7or ! subjective  
law ( ?y w7 may hold  good z a pr9ciple 
( a univ]sal law4 ,on t !ory all normal 
m5  w\ld h ! same s5se ( duty4 ,mod]n   
an?ropology has ru?lessly  dissipat$ t  
pretty dream2 x has %[n t conceptions ( 
duty  diff] ev5 m among unciviliz$ ?an  
among civiliz$ nations4 ,all  ! actions 
& cu/oms :i* we reg>d z s9s or loa?some 
crimes  7!ft1 fraud1 murd]1 adult]y1    
etc47 are consid]$ by o!r nations  9    
c]ta9 circum/ances to be virtues1 or ev5
 sacr$ duties4    ,al?\gh ! obvi\s      
contradiction ( ! two =ms ( reason 9    
,kant's  tea*+1 ! fundam5tal antagonism 
( pure & practical reason1 0  recogniz$ 
& attack$ at ! v beg9n+ ( ! c5tury1 x is
  /ill pretty widely accept$4 ,! mod]n  

s*ool ( neo-,kantians urges a  return to
 ,kant s press+ly precisely on acc\nt ( 
?is agreeable  dualism2 ! ,*ur* militant
 zeal\sly supports x because x fits  9  
admirably ) its own my/ic fai?4 ,b x met
 ) an effective  rev]se at ! h&s ( mod]n
 sci5ce 9 ! second half ( !  n9ete5?    
c5tury1 :i* entirely demoli%$ ! !ses ( !
 sy/em  ( practical reason4 ,moni/ic    
cosmology prov$1 on ! basis ( ! law  (  
sub/ance1 t !re is no p]sonal ,god2     
comp>ative & g5etic  psy*ology %[$ t !re
 _c be an immortal s\l2 & moni/ic       
physiology prov$ ! futility ( !         
assumption ( free w4  ,f9ally1 ! sci5ce 
( evolution made x cle> t ! same et]nal 
iron laws t rule 9 ! inorganic _w are   
valid too 9 ! organic  & moral _w4    ,b
 mod]n sci5ce gives n only a negative   
support to practical  philosophy & e?ics
 9 demoli%+ ! ,kantian dualism1 b x     
r5d]s ! positive s]vice ( sub/itut+ = x 
! new /ructure  ( e?ical monism4 ,x %[s 
t ! feel+ ( duty does n re/  on an      
illusory categorical imp]ative1 b on !  

solid gr\nd (  social in/9ct1 z we f9d 9
 ! case ( all social animals4 ,x  reg>ds
 z ! highe/ aim ( all morality !        
re-e/abli%m5t ( a  s\nd h>mony betwe5   
egoism & altruism1 betwe5 self-love & ! 
love ( "o's neighbor4 ,x is to ! great  
,engli% philosoph]1 ,h]b]t  ,sp5c]1 t we
 owe ! f\nd+ ( ?is moni/ic e?ics on a   
basis (  evolution4    ,man belongs to !
 social v]tebrates1 & has1 !re=e1 l all 
social animals1 two sets ( duties--fir/ 
to himself1 & secondly  to ! society to 
:i* he belongs4 ,! =m] are ! behe/s (   
self-love or egoism1 ! latt] ( love =   
"o's fell[s or altruism4  ,! two sets ( 
precepts are equally j1 equally natural1
 & equally  indisp5sable4 ,if a man     
desire to h ! advantage ( liv+ 9 an     
organiz$ community1 he has to consult n 
only 8 own =tune1 b  also t ( ! society1
 & ( ! neighbors :o =m ! society4  ,he  
mu/ realize t its prosp]ity is 8 own    
prosp]ity1 & t x  _c suff] )\t 8 own    
injury4 ,?is fundam5tal law ( society   
is s simple & s inevitable t "o _c      

und]/& h[ x c be  contradict$ 9 !ory or 
9 practice2 yet t is done to-day1 & has 
be5 done = ?\s&s ( ye>s4    ,! equal    
appreciation ( ^! two natural impulses1 
or ! moral  equival5ce ( self-love &    
love ( o!rs1 is ! *ief & !  fundam5tal  
pr9ciple ( our morality4 ,h5ce ! highe/ 
aim ( all  e?ics is v simple--x is !    
re-e/abli%m5t ( ! natural  equality (   
egoism & altruism1 ( ! love ( "o's self 
& !  love ( "o's neighbor4 ,! ,gold5    
,rule says3 ,d unto o!rs z y  w\ld t !y 
%\ld d unto y4 ,f ?is highe/ precept (  
,*ri/ianity x foll[s ( itself t we h j z
 sacr$ duties  t[>ds ourselves z we h   
t[>ds our fell[s4 ,i h expla9$  my      
conception ( ?is pr9ciple 9 my ,monism1 
& laid d[n ?ree  important !ses4 7#a7   
,bo? ^! concurr5t impulses are natural  
laws1 ( equal importance & necessity = !
 pres]vation ( !  family & ! society2   
egoism secures ! self-pres]vation ( !   
individual1 altruism t ( ! species :i*  
is made up ( ! *a9  ( p]i%able          
individuals4 7#b7 ,! social duties :i*  

are impos$  by ! social /ructure ( !    
associat$ individuals1 & by means  ( :i*
 x secures its pres]vation1 are m]ely   
high] evolution>y  /ages ( ! social     
in/9cts1 :i* we f9d 9 all high] social  
animals 7z habits :i* h become h]$it>y74
 7#c7 ,9 ! case (  civiliz$ man all     
e?ics1 !oretical or practical1 be+ a    
sci5ce  ( rules1 is connect$ ) 8 view ( 
! _w at l>ge1 &  consequ5tly ) 8        
religion4    ,f ! recognition ( !       
fundam5tal pr9ciple ( our morality  we  
may imm$iately d$uce its highe/ precept1
 t noble comm&1  :i* is (t5 call$ !     
,gold5 ,rule ( morals1 or1 briefly1 !   
,gold5 ,rule4 ,*ri/ repeat$ly express$ x
 9 ! simple phrase3  ,?\ %alt love ?y   
neighbor z ?yself4 ,m>k adds t !re is   
no great] comm&m5t ?an ?is1 & ,mat!w    
says3 ,9 ^! two  comm&m5ts is ! :ole law
 & ! prophets4 ,9 ?is greate/ &  highe/ 
comm&m5t our moni/ic e?ics is completely
 at "o )  ,*ri/ianity4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1  
recall ! hi/orical fact t !  =mulation (
 ?is supreme comm& is n an orig9al m]it 

( ,*ri/1  z ! majority ( ,*ri/ian       
!ologians affirm & _! uncritical        
support]s bl9dly accept4 ,! ,gold5 ,rule
 is five hundr$ ye>s  old] ?an ,*ri/2 x 
0 laid d[n z ! highe/ moral pr9ciple by 
_m ,greek & ,ori5tal sages4 ,pittacus1 (
 ,myl5e1 "o ( ! sev5  wise m5 ( ,greece1
 said six hundr$ & tw5ty ye>s be=e      
,*ri/3  ,d n t to ?y neighbor t ?\ w\ld/
 n suff] f him4  ,confucius1 ! great    
,*9ese philosoph] & religi\s f\nd] 7:o  
reject$ ! idea ( a p]sonal ,god & ( !   
immortality ( !  s\l71 said five hundr$ 
ye>s ,b4,c43 ,d to e man z ?\ w\ld/  h  
him d to !e2 & d n to ano!r :at ?\ w\ld/
 n h  him d to !e4 ,?is precept only do/
 ?\ ne$2 x is ! f\ndation  ( all o!r    
comm&m5ts4 ,ari/otle taught ab\t !      
middle ( !  f\r? c5tury ,b4,c43 ,we mu/ 
act t[>ds o!rs z we wi% o!rs  to act    
t[>ds u4 ,9 ! same s5se1 & p>tly 9 !    
same words1  ! ,gold5 ,rule 0 giv5 by   
,?ales1 ,isocrates1 ,ari/ippus1 ,sextus1
  ! ,py?agorean1 & o!r philosoph]s (    
classic antiquity--sev]al  c5turies be=e

 ,*ri/4 ,f ?is collection x is cle> t ! 
,gold5 ,rule _h a polyphyletic orig9--t 
is1 x 0 =mulat$ by  a numb] (           
philosoph]s at diff]5t times & 9 diff]5t
 places1  q indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r4      
,o!rwise x mu/ be assum$ t  ,jesus d]iv$
 x f "s o!r ,ori5tal s\rce1 f anci5t    
,semitic1  ,indian1 ,*9ese1 or          
especially ,buddhi/ic traditions1 z has 
be5  prov$ 9 ! case ( mo/ ( ! o!r       
,*ri/ian doctr9es4    ,z ! great e?ical 
pr9ciple is ?us tw5ty-five hundr$ ye>s  
old1  & z ,*ri/ianity itself has put x  
at ! head ( its moral tea*+  z ! highe/ 
& all-embrac+ comm&m5t1 x foll[s t our  
moni/ic e?ics is 9 complete h>mony on   
?is important po9t1 n  only ) ! e?ics ( 
! anci5t hea!ns1 b also ) t (           
,*ri/ianity4 ,un=tunately ?is h>mony is 
di/urb$ by ! fact t  ! gospels & !      
,paul9e epi/les conta9 _m o!r po9ts (   
moral  tea*+1 :i* contradict our fir/ & 
supreme comm&m5t4 ,*ri/ian  !ologians h 
fruitlessly /riv5 to expla9 away ^!     
/rik+  & pa9ful contradictions by _!    

+5i\s int]pretations4 ,we ne$  n ent]   
into t "q n[1 b we mu/ briefly consid]  
^?  un=tunate aspects ( ,*ri/ian e?ics  
:i* are incompatible ) !  bett] ?\ght ( 
! mod]n age1 & :i* are di/9ctly injuri\s
  9 _! practical consequ5ces4 ,( t "* is
 ! contempt  :i* ,*ri/ianity has %[n =  
self1 = ! body1 = nature1 =             
civilization1 = ! family1 & = woman4    
,i4 ,! supreme mi/ake ( ,*ri/ian e?ics1 
& "o :i* runs  directly c\nt] to !      
,gold5 ,rule1 is its exagg]ation ( love 
(  "o's neighbor at ! exp5se (          
self-love4 ,*ri/ianity attacks &        
despises egoism on pr9ciple4 ,yet t     
natural impulse is absolutely           
indisp5sable 9 view ( self-pres]vation2 
inde$1 "o may say t  ev5 altruism1 its  
app>5t opposite1 is only an enlight5$   
egoism4  ,no?+ great or elevat$ has ev] 
tak5 place )\t egoism1 &  )\t ! passion 
t urges u to great sacrifices4 ,x is    
only  ! excesses ( ! impulse t are      
injuri\s4 ,"o ( ! ,*ri/ian  precepts t 7
 impress$ ^u u 9 our e>ly y\? z ( great 

importance1 & t are glorifi$ 9 millions 
( s]mons1 is3 ,love  y\r enemies1 bless 
!m t curse y1 d good to !m t hate y1  & 
pray = !m :i* despitefully use y &      
p]secute y4 ,x is  a v ideal precept1 b 
z useless 9 practice z x is unnatural4  
,s x is ) ! c\nsel1 ,if any man w take  
away ?y coat1 let  him h ?y cloak also4 
,translat$ into ! t]ms ( mod]n life1  t 
means3 ,:5 "s unscrupul\s sc\ndrel has  
defraud$ !e (  half ?y goods1 let him h 
! o!r half also4 ,or1 aga91 9 !         
language ( mod]n politics3 ,:5 ! pi\s   
,engli% take f y  simple ,g]mans "o aft]
 ano!r ( y\r new & valuable colonies 9  
,africa1 let !m h all ! re/ ( y\r       
colonies also--or1 be/ (  all1 give !m  
,g]many itself4 ,&1 :ile we t\* on !    
m>vell\s  _w-politics ( mod]n ,engl&1 we
 may note 9 pass+ its direct            
contradiction ( e precept ( ,*ri/ian    
*>ity1 :i* is m  frequ5tly on ! lips ( t
 great nation ?an ( any o!r nation 9  ! 
_w4 ,h[ev]1 ! gl>+ contradiction betwe5 
! !oretical1  ideal1 altrui/ic morality 

( ! human individual & ! real1  purely  
selfi% morality ( ! human community1 &  
especially ( !  civiliz$ ,*ri/ian /ate1 
is a famili> fact4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+   
to det]m9e ma!matically 9 :at proportion
 among organiz$ m5 !  altrui/ic e?ical  
ideal ( ! individual *anges into its    
contr>y1  ! purely egoi/ic real politics
 ( ! /ate & ! nation4    ,,ii4 ,s9ce !  
,*ri/ian fai? takes a :olly duali/ic    
view ( !  human organism & attributes to
 ! immortal s\l only a tempor>y  soj\rn 
9 ! mortal frame1 x v naturally sets a  
mu* great]  value on ! s\l ?an on !     
body4 ,h5ce results t neglect ( !  c>e (
 ! body1 ( tra9+1 & ( cleanl9ess :i*    
contra/s !  life ( ! ,*ri/ian ,middle   
,ages s unfavorably ) t ( pagan         
classical antiquity4 ,*ri/ian e?ics     
conta9s none ( ^? firm  comm&s z to     
daily ablutions :i* are !oretically laid
 d[n &  practically fulfill$ 9 !        
,mohamm$an1 ,h9doo1 & o!r religions4  ,9
 _m mona/]ies ! ideal ( ! pi\s ,*ri/ian 
is ! man :o  does n wa% & clo! himself  

prop]ly1 :o nev] *anges 8  malodor\s    
g[n1 & :o1 in/ead ( regul> "w1 fills up 
8 useless  life ) me*anical pray]s1     
s5seless fa/s1 & s =?4 ,z a  special    
outgr[? ( ?is contempt ( ! body we h !  
disgu/+  discipl9e ( ! flagellants & o!r
 ascetics4    ,,iii4 ,"o s\rce (        
c\ntless !oretical errors & practical   
blemi%es1 ( deplorable crudity &        
privation1 is f\nd 9 ! false  an?ropism 
( ,*ri/ianity--t is1 9 ! unique position
 :i*  x gives to man1 z ! image ( ,god1 
9 opposition to all ! re/  ( nature4 ,9 
?is way x has contribut$1 n only to an  
extremely  injuri\s isolation f our     
glori\s "m nature1 b also to  a         
regrettable contempt ( all o!r          
organisms4 ,*ri/ianity has no  place = t
 well-kn[n love ( animals1 t sympa?y ) !
  ne>ly relat$ & fri5dly mammals 7dogs1 
horses1 cattle1 etc471  :i* is urg$ 9 ! 
e?ical tea*+ ( _m ( ! old] religions1   
especially ,buddhism4 ,:oev] has sp5t   
mu* "t 9 ! s\? ( ,europe  mu/ h (t5     
witness$ ^? frightful suff]+s ( animals 

:i*  fill u fri5ds ( animals ) ! deepe/ 
sympa?y & indignation4  ,& :5 "o        
expo/ulates ) ^! brutal ,*ri/ians on _! 
cruelty1 ! only answ] is1 ) a laugh3 ,b 
! bea/s are n  ,*ri/ians4 ,un=tunately  
,desc>tes gave "s support to ! error 9  
tea*+ t man only has a s5sitive s\l1 n !
 animal4    ,h[ mu* m elevat$ is our    
moni/ic e?ics ?an ! ,*ri/ian 9  ?is     
reg>d6 ,d>w9ism tea*es u t we h desc5d$ 
imm$iately  f ! primates1 &1 9 a        
second>y degree1 f a long s]ies  ( e>li]
 mammals1 & t1 !re=e1 !y are our bro!rs2
  physiology in=ms u t !y h ! same n]ves
 & s5se-organs  z we1 & ! same feel+s ( 
pleasure & pa94 ,no sympa!tic  moni/ic  
sci5ti/ w\ld ev] be guilty ( t brutal   
treatm5t (  animals :i* comes s lightly 
to ! ,*ri/ian 9 8 an?ropi/ic            
illusion--to ! *ild ( ! ,god ( love4    
,moreov]1 ?is ,*ri/ian  contempt (      
nature on pr9ciple deprives man ( an    
abundance ( !  highe/ e>?ly joys1       
especially ( ! ke51 ennobl+ enjoym5t (  
nature4    ,,iv4 ,s9ce1 accord+ to      

,*ri/'s tea*+1 our planet is a vale (   
te>s1 & our e>?ly life is valueless & a 
m]e prep>ation = a  bett] life to come1 
x has succe$$ 9 induc+ m5 to sacrifice  
all  happ9ess on ?is side ( et]nity &   
make light ( all e>?ly goods4  ,among ^!
 e>?ly goods1 9 ! case ( ! mod]n        
civiliz$ man1  we mu/ include ! c\ntless
 great & small conv5i5ces ( te*nical    
sci5ce1 hygi5e1 comm]ce1 etc41 :i* h    
made mod]n life *e]ful  & com=table2 we 
mu/ include all ! gratifications (      
pa9t+1  sculpture1 music1 & poetry1 :i* 
fl\ri%$ exce$+ly ev5 dur+  ! ,middle    
,ages 79 spite ( its pr9ciples71 & :i*  
we e/eem  z ideal pleasures2 we mu/     
include all t invaluable progress  (    
sci5ce1 especially ! /udy ( nature1 (   
:i* ! n9ete5?  c5tury is ju/ly pr\d4    
,all ^! e>?ly goods1 t h s high a  value
 9 ! eyes ( ! moni/1 are wor?less--nay1 
injuri\s--= !  mo/ "p1 accord+ to       
,*ri/ian tea*+2 ! /]n code ( ,*ri/ian   
morals %\ld look j z unfavorably on !   
pursuit ( ^!  pleasures z our humani/ic 

e?ics fo/]s & enc\rages x4 ,once  m1    
!re=e1 ,*ri/ianity is f\nd to be an     
enemy to civilization1  & ! /ruggle :i* 
mod]n ?\ght & sci5ce are compell$ to    
conduct ) x is1 9 ?is additional s5se1 a
 cultur-kampf4    ,v4 ,ano!r ( ! mo/    
deplorable aspects ( ,*ri/ian morality  
is  its belittlem5t ( ! life ( ! family1
 ( t natural liv+  toge!r ) our next (  
k9 :i* is j z necess>y 9 ! case  ( man z
 9 ! case ( all ! high] social animals4 
,! family  is ju/ly reg>d$ z ! f\ndation
 ( society1 & ! heal?y  life ( ! family 
is a necess>y condition ( ! prosp]ity ( 
!  ,/ate4 ,*ri/1 h[ev]1 0 ( a v diff]5t 
op9ion3 ) 8 gaze  ev] direct$ to !      
beyond1 he ?\ght z lightly ( woman & !  
family z ( all o!r goods ( ?is life4 ,( 
8 infrequ5t contact  ) 8 p>5ts & si/]s !
 gospels h v little to say2 b  !y are f>
 f repres5t+ 8 relations ) 8 "m to h    
be5 s t5d] & intimate z !y are          
poetically depict$ 9 s _m  ?\s&s (      
pictures4 ,he 0 n m>ri$ himself4 ,sexual
 love1 !  fir/ f\ndation ( ! family     

union1 seems to h be5 reg>d$ by  ,jesus 
z a necess>y evil4 ,8 mo/ en?usia/ic    
apo/le1 ,paul1 w5t  /ill f>!r 9 ! same  
direction1 decl>+ x to be bett] n to    
m>ry ?an to m>ry3 ,x is good = a man n  
to t\* a woman4 ,if  humanity 7 to foll[
 ?is excell5t c\nsel1 x w\ld soon be rid
  ( all e>?ly mis]y & suff]+3 x w\ld be 
kill$ (f by su* a  radical cure )9 half 
a c5tury4    ,,vi4 ,z ,*ri/ nev] knew ! 
love ( woman1 he _h no p]sonal          
acqua9tance ) t ref9+ ( man's true      
nature t comes only  f ! intimate life (
 man ) woman4 ,! intimate sexual union1 
on  :i* ! pres]vation ( ! human race    
dep5ds1 is j z important  on t acc\nt z 
! spiritual p5etration ( ! two sexes1 or
  ! mutual complem5t :i* !y br+ to ea*  
o!r 9 ! practical  wants ( daily life z 
well z 9 ! highe/ ideal functions ( !   
s\l4 ,= man & woman are two diff]5t     
organisms1 equal 9 wor?1  ea* hav+ its  
*>act]i/ic virtues & defects4 ,z        
civilization  advanc$1 ?is ideal value (
 sexual love 0 m appreciat$1 &  woman   

held 9 high] honor1 especially among !  
,teutonic races2 %e  is ! inspir+ s\rce 
( ! highe/ a*ievem5ts ( art & poetry4   
,b ,*ri/ 0 z f> f ?is view z ne>ly !    
:ole ( antiquity2  he %>$ ! idea t      
prevail$ ev]y:]e 9 ! ,ea/--t  woman is  
subord9ate to man1 & int]c\rse ) h] is  
unclean4  ,long-suff]+ nature has tak5 a
 fe>ful rev5ge = ?is blund]2 its  sad   
consequ5ces are writt5 9 lett]s ( blood 
9 ! hi/ory ( !  papal ,middle ,ages4    
,! m>vell\s hi]>*y ( ! ,roman ,*ur*1 t  
nev] disda9$ any  means ( /r5g!n+ its   
spiritual despotism1 f\nd an            
exceptionally  p[]ful in/rum5t 9 !      
manipulation ( ?is unclean idea1 & 9  ! 
promotion ( ! ascetic notion t ab/95ce f
 int]c\rse  ) wom5 is a virtue ( itself4
 ,9 ! fir/ few c5turies aft]  ,*ri/ a   
numb] ( prie/s volunt>ily ab/a9$ f      
m>riage1 &  ! suppos$ value ( ?is       
celibacy soon rose to su* a degree t x  
0 made obligatory4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages ! 
s$uction ( wom5 ( good  repute & ( _!   
daught]s by ,ca?olic prie/s 7!          

confessional  0 an active ag5cy 9 !     
bus9ess7 0 a public sc&al3 _m           
communities1 9 ord] to prev5t su* ?+s1  
press$ = a lic5se  ( concub9age to be   
giv5 to ! cl]gy4 ,& x 0 done 9 _m1  &   
sometimes v romantic1 ways4 ,?us1 =     
in/ance1 ! canon law  t ! prie/'s cook  
%\ld n be less ?an =ty ye>s old 0  v    
clev]ly expla9$ 9 ! s5se t ! prie/ might
 h two  cooks1 "o 9 ! presbyt]y1 ano!r  
)\t2 if "o 0 tw5ty-f\r  & ! o!r eighte51
 t made =ty-two toge!r--two ye>s above  
! prescrib$ age4 ,at ! ,*ri/ian c\ncils1
 at :i* h]etics 7  burn$ alive1 !       
c>d9als & bi%ops sat d[n ) :ole troops  
( pro/itutes4 ,! private & public       
debau*]y ( ! ,ca?olic  cl]gy 0 s sc&al\s
 & dang]\s to ! commonweal? t !re  0 a  
g5]al rebellion aga9/ x be=e ! "t (     
,lu!r1 & a  l\d dem& = a re=mation ( !  
*ur* 9 head & memb]s4 ,x  is well kn[n t
 ^! immoral relations /ill cont9ue 9    
,roman  ,ca?olic l&s1 al?\gh m 9 secret4
 ,=m]ly proposals 7  made f "t to "t = !
 def9itive abrogation ( celibacy1 z  0  

done1 = in/ance1 9 ! *amb]s ( ,bad51    
,bav>ia1 ,hesse1  ,saxony1 & o!r l&s2 b 
!y h1 un=tunately1 hi!rto prov$         
unavail+4 ,9 ! ,g]man ,rei*/ag1 9 :i* ! 
ultramontane ,c5tre  is n[ propos+ ! mo/
 ridicul\s measures = ! suppression (   
sexual immorality1 !re is n[ no p>ty t w
 urge ! abolition  ( celibacy 9 ! int]e/
 ( public morality4 ,! s-call$          
,free?\ght ,p>ty & ! utopian social     
democracy coquette ) !  favor ( !       
,c5tre4    ,! mod]n /ate t w\ld lift n  
only ! mat]ial1 b ! moral1  life ( its p
 to a high] level is entitl$1 & inde$   
b\nd1  to sweep away su* unwor?y &      
h>mful conditions4 ,! obligatory        
celibacy ( ! ,ca?olic cl]gy is z        
p]nici\s & immoral z !  practice (      
auricul> confession or ! sale (         
indulg5ces4 ,all  ?ree h no?+ :atev] to 
d ) primitive ,*ri/ianity4 ,all  ?ree   
are directly oppos$ to true ,*ri/ian    
morality4 ,all ?ree are  disreputable   
inv5tions ( ! papacy1 design$ = ! sole  
purpose (  /r5g!n+ its despotic rule ov]

 ! cr$ul\s masses & mak+ z  mu* mat]ial 
pr(it z possible out ( !m4    ,!        
,nemesis ( hi/ory w soon] or lat] exact 
a t]rible acc\nt  ( ! ,roman papacy1 & !
 millions :o h be5 robb$ ( _!  happ9ess 
by ?is deg5]ate religion w help to give 
x its  dea?-bl[ 9 ! com+ tw5tie?        
c5tury--at lea/1 9 e truly  civiliz$    
/ate4 ,x has be5 rec5tly calculat$ t !  
numb] (  m5 :o lo/ _! lives 9 ! papal   
p]secutions ( h]etics1 !  ,inquisition1 
! ,*ri/ian religi\s w>s1 etc41 is mu* m 
?an  t5 millions4 ,b :at is ?is 9       
comp>ison ) ! t5fold great]  numb] ( !  
un=tunate moral victims ( ! in/itutions 
&  ! prie/ly dom9ation ( ! deg5]ate     
,*ri/ian ,*ur*--) !  unnumb]$ millions  
^: high] m5tal life 0 ext+ui%$1 ^:      
consci5ce 0 tortur$1 ^: family life 0   
de/roy$1 by !  ,*ur*8 ,we may ) tru?    
apply ! words ( ,goe! 9 8 ,bride (      
,cor9?3        ,victims fall1 nor lambs 
nor bulls1      ,b human victims        
numb]less4    ,9 ! great cultur-kampf1  
:i* mu/ g on z long z ^! sad  conditions

 exi/1 ! fir/ aim mu/ be ! absolute     
sep>ation (  ,*ur* & ,/ate4 ,!re %all be
 a free ,*ur* 9 a free ,/ate--t  is1 e  
,*ur* %all be free 9 ! practice ( its   
special wor%ip  & c]emonies1 & 9 !      
con/ruction ( its fanta/ic poetry &     
sup]/iti\s dogmas--) ! sole condition t 
!y conta9 no  dang] to social ord] or   
morality4 ,!n !re w be equal rights  =  
all4 ,free societies & moni/ic religi\s 
bodies %all be equally  tol]at$1 & j z  
free 9 _! movem5ts z ,lib]al ,prote/ant 
& or?odox ultramontane congregations4 ,b
 = all ^! fai?ful  ( ! mo/ div]se sects 
religion w h to be a private conc]n4  ,!
 /ate %all sup]vise !m1 & prev5t        
excesses2 b x mu/  nei!r oppress nor    
support !m4 ,above all1 ! ratepay]s %all
 n  be compell$ to contribute to !      
support & spread ( a fai? :i*  !y       
hone/ly believe to be a h>mful          
sup]/ition4 ,9 ! ,unit$  ,/ates su* a   
complete sep>ation ( ,*ur* & ,/ate has  
be5 long  accompli%$1 greatly to !      
satisfaction ( all p>ties4 ,!y h  also !

 equally important sep>ation ( ! ,*ur* f
 ! s*ool2  t is1 und\bt$ly1 a p[]ful    
elem5t 9 ! great advance :i*  sci5ce &  
culture h rec5tly made 9 ,am]ica4    ,x 
goes )\t say+ t ?is exclusion ( ! ,*ur* 
f !  s*ool only ref]s to its sect>ian   
pr9ciples1 ! p>ticul> =m  ( belief :i*  
ea* ,*ur* has evolv$ 9 ! c\rse ( its    
life4  ,?is sect>ian education is purely
 a private conc]n1 & %\ld be  left to   
p>5ts & tutors1 or to su* prie/s or     
tea*]s z may  h ! p]sonal confid5ce ( ! 
p>5ts4 ,in/ead ( ! reject$  sect>ian    
in/ruction1 two important bran*es (     
education w be  introduc$--moni/ic or   
humani/ e?ics & comp>ative religion4    
,dur+ ! la/ ?irty ye>s an ext5sive      
lit]ature has appe>$  deal+ ) ! new     
sy/em ( e?ics :i* has be5 rais$ on !    
basis ( mod]n sci5ce--especially        
evolution>y sci5ce4 ,comp>ative         
religion w be a natural companion to !  
actual elem5t>y  in/ruction 9 biblical  
hi/ory & 9 ! my?ology ( ,greece &       
,rome4 ,bo? ( ^! w rema9 9 ! curriculum4

 ,! reason =  t is obvi\s en\gh2 ! :ole 
( our pa9t+ & sculpture1 !  *ief bran*es
 ( moni/ic /hetics1 are intimately bl5d$
 )  ! ,*ri/ian1 ,greek1 & ,roman        
my?ologies4 ,!re w only be ?is          
important diff]5ce--t ! ,*ri/ian my?s & 
leg5ds w n  be taught z tru?s1 b z      
poetic fancies1 l ! ,greek & ,roman     
my?s2 ! high value ( ! e?ical & /hetical
 mat]ial !y  conta9 w n be less5$1 b    
increas$1 by ?is means4 ,z reg>ds  !    
,bible1 ! book ( books w only be giv5 to
 ! *ildr5 9  c>efully select$ extracts  
7a sort ( s*ool ,bible72 9 ?is way we   
%all avoid ! besmir*+ ( ! *ild's        
imag9ation ) ! unclean  /ories &        
passages :i* are s num]\s 9 ! ,old      
,te/am5t4    ,once ! mod]n ,/ate has    
fre$ itself & its s*ools f !  fett]s ( !
 ,*ur*1 x w be able to devote m att5tion
 to !  improvem5t ( education4 ,!       
incalculable value ( a good sy/em (     
education has =c$ itself m & m ^u u z ! 
_m aspects  ( mod]n civiliz$ life h be5 
enl>g$ & enri*$ 9 !  c\rse ( ! c5tury4  

,b ! developm5t ( ! educational me?ods  
has by no means kept pace ) life 9      
g5]al4 ,! necessity = a  compreh5sive   
re=m ( our s*ools is mak+ itself felt m 
&  m4 ,on ?is "q1 too1 a numb] (        
valuable works h appe>$  9 ! c\rse ( !  
la/ =ty ye>s4 ,we %all re/rict ourselves
 to  mak+ a few g5]al obs]vations :i* we
 ?9k ( special importance4    #a4 ,9 all
 education up to ! pres5t "t man has    
play$ ! *ief  "p1 & especially !        
grammatical /udy ( 8 language2 ! /udy  (
 nature 0 entirely neglect$4    #b4 ,9 !
 s*ool ( ! future nature w be ! *ief    
object ( !  /udy2 a man %all le>n a     
correct view ( ! _w he lives 92 he  w n 
be made to /& outside ( & oppos$ to     
nature1 b be  repres5t$ z its highe/ &  
noble/ product4    #c4 ,! /udy ( !      
classical tongues 7,lat9 & ,greek71 :i* 
has  hi!rto absorb$ mo/ ( ! pupils' "t &
 en]gy1 is inde$  valuable2 b x w be mu*
 re/rict$1 & conf9$ to ! m]e  elem5ts   
7obligatory = ,lat91 optional = ,greek74
    #d4 ,9 consequ5ce1 mod]n languages  

mu/ be all ! m cultivat$ 9  all ! high] 
s*ools 7,engli% & ,fr5* to be           
obligatory1 ,italian  optional74    #e4 
,hi/orical in/ruction mu/ pay m att5tion
 to ! inn]  m5tal & spiritual life ( a  
nation1 & to ! developm5t ( its         
civilization1 & less to its ext]nal     
hi/ory 7! vicissitudes (  dyna/ies1 w>s1
 & s =?74    #f4 ,! elem5ts (           
evolution>y sci5ce mu/ be le>n$ 9       
conjunction  ) cosmology1 geology mu/ g 
) geography1 & an?ropology )  biology4  
#g4 ,! fir/ pr9ciples ( biology mu/ be  
famili> to e educat$  man2 ! mod]n tra9+
 9 obs]vation furni%es an attractive    
introduction to ! biological sci5ces    
7an?ropology1 zoology1 &  botany74 ,a   
/>t mu/ be made ) descriptive sy/em 79  
conjunction  ) tiology or bionomy72 !   
elem5ts ( anatomy & physiology to be    
add$ lat] on4    #h4 ,! fir/ pr9ciples (
 physics & *emi/ry mu/ also be taught1  
& _! exact e/abli%m5t ) ! aid (         
ma!matics4    #i4 ,e pupil mu/ be taught
 to draw well1 & f nature2 &1  :]ev] x  

is possible1 ! use ( wat]-colors4 ,!    
execution (  draw+s & ( wat]-color      
sket*es f nature 7( fl[]s1 animals1     
l&scapes1 cl\ds1 etc47 n only excites   
int]e/ 9 nature & helps  memory to enjoy
 objects1 b x gives ! pupil 8 fir/      
lesson 9  see+ correctly & und]/&+ :at  
he has se54    #aj4 ,mu* m c>e & "t mu/ 
be devot$ ?an has be5 done hi!rto  to   
corporal ex]cise1 to gymna/ics & swimm+2
 b x is especially  important to h walks
 9 common e week1 & j\rneys on foot     
dur+ ! holidays4 ,! lesson 9 obs]vation 
:i* !y obta9 9  ?is way is invaluable4  
,! *ief aim ( high] education up to !   
pres5t "t1 9 mo/  c\ntries1 has be5 a   
prep>ation = ! subsequ5t pr(ession1 &  !
 acquisition ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( in=mation
 & direction  = civic duties4 ,! s*ool (
 ! tw5tie? c5tury w h =  its ma9 object 
! =mation ( indep5d5t ?\ght1 ! cle>     
und]/&+ ( ! k acquir$1 & an insight into
 !  natural connection ( ph5om5a4 ,if ! 
mod]n /ate gives e  citiz5 a vote1 x    
%\ld also give him ! means ( develop+ 8 

reason by a prop] education1 9 ord] to  
make a rational use ( 8  vote = !       
commonweal4          ,,*apt] ,,xx       
,,solution ,,( ,,! ,,_w-,,problems      
,a ,glance at ! ,progress ( ! ,n9ete5?  
,c5tury 9 ,solv+      ,cosmic           
,problems--,i4 ,progress ( ,a/ronomy &  
,cosmology--,physical      & ,*emical   
,unity ( ! ,univ]se--,cosmic            
,metamorphoses--,evolution      ( !     
,planet>y ,sy/em--,analogy ( !          
,phylog5etic ,processes      on ! ,e>? &
 on ,o!r ,planets--,organic ,inhabitants
 (      ,o!r ,heav5ly ,bodies--,p]iodic 
,v>iation 9 ! ,mak+ (                   
,worlds--,,ii4 ,progress ( ,geology &   
,palontology--,neptunism &              
,vulcanism--,!ory ( ,cont9uity--,,iii4  
,progress ( ,physics &                  
,*emi/ry--,,iv4 ,progress (             
,biology--,cellul> ,!ory & ,!ory (      
,desc5t--,v4 ,an?ropology--,orig9 (     
,man--,g5]al ,conclusion      ,at !     
close ( our philosophic /udy ( ! riddles
 ( ! univ]se  we turn ) confid5ce to !  

answ] to ! mom5t\s "q1 ,h[  ne>ly h we  
approa*$ to a solution ( !m8 ,:at is !  
value (  ! imm5se progress :i* ! pass+  
n9ete5? c5tury has made 9  ! k ( nature8
 ,& :at prospect does x op5 out to u =  
! future1 = ! fur!r developm5t ( our    
sy/em 9 ! tw5tie?  c5tury1 at ! ?re%old 
( :i* we pause8 ,e unprejudic$ ?9k]  :o 
imp>tially consid]s ! solid progress (  
our empirical sci5ce1  & ! unity &      
cle>ness ( our philosophic int]pretation
 ( x1  w %>e our view3 ! n9ete5? c5tury 
has made great] progress  9 k ( ! _w & 9
 grasp ( its nature ?an all its         
pr$ecessors2 x has solv$ _m great       
problems t seem$ insoluble a  hundr$    
ye>s ago2 x has op5$ out to u new       
prov9ces ( le>n+1  ! v exi/5ce ( :i* 0  
unsuspect$ at ! beg9n+ ( !  c5tury4     
,above all1 x has put cle>ly be=e our   
eyes ! l(ty aim (  moni/ic cosmology1 & 
has po9t$ out ! pa? :i* alone w lead  u 
t[>ds x--! way ( ! exact empirical      
inve/igation ( facts1  & ( ! critical   
g5etic /udy ( _! causes4 ,! great       

ab/ract  law ( me*anical causality1 (   
:i* our cosmological law--! law  (      
sub/ance--is b ano!r & a concrete       
expression1 n[ rules  ! entire univ]se1 
z x does ! m9d ( man2 x is ! /eady1     
immovable pole-/>1 ^: cle> light falls  
on our pa? ?r\gh !  d>k labyr9? ( !     
c\ntless sep>ate ph5om5a4 ,to see ! tru?
  ( ?is m cle>ly1 let u ca/ a brief     
glance at ! a/oni%+  progress :i* ! *ief
 bran*es ( sci5ce h made 9 ?is          
rem>kable p]iod4      ,i4--,,progress   
,,( ,,a/ronomy    ,! /udy ( ! heav5s is 
! olde/1 ! /udy ( man ! y\nge/1  ( !    
sci5ces4 ,) reg>d to himself & ! "* ( 8 
be+  man only obta9$ a cle> k 9 ! second
 half ( ! pres5t  c5tury2 ) reg>d to !  
/>ry heav5s1 ! motions ( ! planets1  & s
 on1 he _h acquir$ a/oni%+ in=mation    
=ty-five hundr$  ye>s ago4 ,! anci5t    
,*9ese1 ,h9doos1 ,egyptians1 & ,*aldans 
9  ! di/ant ,ea/ knew m ( ! sci5ce ( !  
sph]es ?an !  majority ( educat$        
,*ri/ians did 9 ! ,we/ f\r ?\s& ye>s    
aft] !m4 ,an eclipse ( ! sun 0          

a/ronomically obs]v$ 9 ,*9a  9 ! ye>    
#bfig ,b4,c41 & ! plane ( ! ecliptic 0  
det]m9$  by means ( a gnome elev5 hundr$
 ye>s ,b4,c41 :ile ,*ri/ himself  _h no 
k :atev] ( a/ronomy--inde$1 he look$ out
 ^u  heav5 & e>?1 nature & man1 f ! v   
n>r[e/ geoc5tric  & an?ropoc5tric po9t (
 view4 ,! greate/ advance ( a/ronomy  is
 g5]ally1 & rightly1 said to be ! f\nd+ 
( ! helioc5tric  sy/em ( ,cop]nicus1 ^: 
fam\s "w1 ,de ,revolutionibus ,orbium   
,cele/ium1 ( itself caus$ a pr(\nd      
revolution 9 ! m9ds (  ?\ghtful m54 ,9  
ov]?r[+ ! ,ptolemaic sy/em1 he de/roy$ !
  f\ndation ( ! ,*ri/ian !ory1 :i*      
reg>d$ ! e>? z !  c5tre ( ! univ]se &   
man z ! godlike rul] ( ! e>?4 ,x  0     
natural1 !re=e1 t ! ,*ri/ian cl]gy1 ) ! 
pope at its  head1 %\ld ent] ^u a fi]ce 
/ruggle ) ! invaluable discov]y  (      
,cop]nicus4 ,yet x soon cle>$ a pa? =   
itself1 :5 ,kepl] &  ,galileo gr\nd$ on 
x _! true me*anics ( ! heav5s1 &        
,newton gave x a solid f\ndation by 8   
!ory ( gravitation 7#afhf74    ,a fur!r 

great advance1 compreh5d+ ! entire      
univ]se1 0 !  application ( ! idea (    
evolution to a/ronomy4 ,x 0 done by  !  
y\?ful ,kant 9 #agee2 9 8 fam\s g5]al   
natural hi/ory &  !ory ( ! heav5s he    
und]took ! discussion1 n only ( !       
con/itution1 b also ( ! me*anical orig9 
( ! :ole  _w-/ructure on ,newtonian     
pr9ciples4 ,! spl5did ,sy/me du  ,monde 
( ,laplace1 :o _h indep5d5tly come to ! 
same conclusions  z ,kant on !          
_w-problem1 gave s firm a basis to ?is  
new  ,mcanique ,cle/e 9 #agif t x look$ 
z if no?+ entirely  new ( equal         
importance 0 left to be discov]$ 9 !    
n9ete5?  c5tury4 ,yet "h aga9 x _h !    
honor ( op5+ out entirely  new pa?s &   
inf9itely enl>g+ our outlook on !       
univ]se4 ,!  inv5tion ( photography &   
photometry1 & especially ( spectral     
analysis 79 #ahfj by ,buns5 & ,kir*(f71 
introduc$ physics &  *emi/ry into       
a/ronomy & l$ to cosmological           
conclusions ( !  utmo/ importance4 ,x 0 
n[ made p]fectly cle> t matt] is  ! same

 ?r\gh\t ! univ]se1 & t its physical &  
*emical  prop]ties 9 ! mo/ di/ant />s d 
n diff] f ^? ( !  e>? "u our feet4    ,!
 moni/ic conviction1 :i* we ?us arriv$  
at1 ( ! physical  & *emical unity ( !   
entire cosmos is c]ta9ly "o ( ! mo/     
valuable g5]al tru?s :i* we owe to      
a/rophysics1 ! new bran*  ( a/ronomy :i*
 is honorably associat$ ) ! "n (        
,fri$ri*  ,zlln]4 ,n less important is !
 cle> k we h obta9$  t ! same laws (    
me*anical developm5t t we h on !  e>?   
rule ?r\gh\t ! inf9ite univ]se4 ,a va/1 
all-embrac+  metamorphosis goes on      
cont9u\sly 9 all p>ts ( ! univ]se1  j z 
x is f\nd 9 ! geological hi/ory ( ! e>?2
 x c  be trac$ 9 ! evolution ( its liv+ 
inhabitants z surely z 9  ! hi/ory (    
peoples or 9 ! life ( ea* human         
individual4 ,9  "o "p ( space we        
p]ceive1 ) ! aid ( our be/ telescopes1  
va/ nebul ( gl[+1 inf9itely att5uat$    
gas2 we see 9 !m !  embryos ( heav5ly   
bodies1 billions ( miles away1 9 ! fir/ 
/age  ( _! developm5t4 ,9 "s ( ^! /ell> 

embryos ! *emical  elem5ts d n seem to  
be diff]5tiat$ yet1 b /ill buri$ 9 !    
homog5e\s primitive matt] 7pro?yl7 at an
 enorm\s temp]ature  7calculat$ to run  
into millions ( degrees72 x is possible 
t !  orig9al basic sub/ance 7vide p4    
#bbi7 is n yet divid$ into  pond]able & 
impond]able matt]4 ,9 o!r p>ts ( space  
we f9d  />s t h cool$ d[n into gl[+     
fluid1 & yet o!rs t  are cold & rigid2  
we c tell _! /age ( evolution           
approximately  by _! color4 ,we f9d />s 
t are surr\nd$ ) r+s & moons  l ,saturn2
 & we recognize 9 ! lum9\s r+ ( ! nebula
 !  embryo ( a new moon1 :i* has deta*$ 
itself f ! "m-planet1  j z ! planet 0   
releas$ f ! sun4    ,_m ( ! />s1 ! light
 ( :i* has tak5 ?\s&s ( ye>s to  rea* u1
 are c]ta9ly suns l our own "m-sun1 &   
are girt  ab\t ) planets & moons1 j z 9 
our own sol> sy/em4 ,we  are ju/ifi$ 9  
suppos+ t ?\s&s ( ^! planets are 9 a    
simil> /age ( developm5t to t ( our     
e>?--t is1 !y h  arriv$ at a p]iod :5 ! 
temp]ature at ! surface lies betwe5  !  

freez+ & boil+ po9t ( wat]1 & s p]mits !
 exi/5ce  ( wat] 9 its liquid condition4
 ,t makes x possible t c>bon  has ent]$ 
into ! same complex comb9ations on ^?   
planets z  x has done on our e>?1 & t f 
its nitrog5\s comp\nds  protoplasm has  
be5 evolv$--t wond]ful sub/ance :i*     
alone1  z f> z our k goes1 is !         
possessor ( organic life4 ,!  mon]a 7=  
in/ance1 *romacea & bact]ia71 :i* consi/
 only (  ?is primitive protoplasm1 & :i*
 arise by spontane\s g5]ation  f ^!     
inorganic nitroc>bonates1 may ?us h     
ent]$ ^u !  same c\rse ( evolution on _m
 o!r planets z on our own2 fir/ (  all1 
liv+ cells ( ! simple/ "* w\ld be =m$ f 
_!  homog5e\s protoplasmic body by !    
sep>ation ( an inn] nucleus  f ! out]   
cell body 7cyto/oma74 ,fur!r1 ! analogy 
t we  f9d 9 ! life ( all cells--:e!r    
plasmodom\s plant-cells or  plasmophag\s
 animal-cells--ju/ifies ! inf]5ce t !   
fur!r  c\rse ( organic evolution on ^!  
o!r planets has be5 analog\s  to t ( our
 own e>?--always1 ( c\rse1 giv5 ! same  

limits (  temp]ature :i* p]mit wat] 9 a 
liquid =m4 ,9 ! gl[+ liquid  bodies ( ! 
/>s1 :]e wat] c only exi/ 9 ! =m ( /eam1
  & on ! cold ext9ct suns1 :]e x c only 
be 9 ! %ape ( ice1  su* organic life z  
we "k is impossible4    ,! simil>ity (  
phylog5y1 or ! analogy ( organic        
evolution1  :i* we may ?us assume 9 _m  
/>s :i* are at ! same /age (  biog5etic 
developm5t1 naturally op5s out a wide   
field ( brilliant  speculation to !     
con/ructive imag9ation4 ,a favorite     
subject =  su* speculation has long be5 
! "q :e!r !re are m51 or  liv+ be+s l   
ourselves1 p]haps mu* m highly develop$1
 9  o!r planets8 ,among ! _m works :i* h
 s\ght to answ] !  "q1 ^? ( ,camille    
,flamm>ion1 ! ,p>isian a/ronom]1 h      
rec5tly be5 extremely popul>2 !y are    
equally di/+ui%$ by  exub]ant imag9ation
 & brilliant /yle1 & by a deplorable    
lack  ( critical judgm5t & biological k4
 ,we may cond5se 9 !  foll[+ !sis !     
pres5t condition ( our k on ! subject3  
,i4 ,x is v probable t a simil>         

biog5etic process to t ( our  own e>? is
 tak+ place on "s ( ! o!r planets ( our 
sol>  sy/em 7,m>s & ,v5us71 & on _m     
planets ( o!r sol> sy/ems2  fir/ simple 
mon]a are =m$ by spontane\s g5]ation1 & 
f  ^! arise unicellul> proti/s 7fir/    
plasmodom\s primitive plants1  & !n     
plasmophag\s primitive animals74        
,,ii4 ,x is v probable t f ^! unicellul>
 proti/s arise1  9 ! fur!r c\rse (      
evolution1 fir/ social cell-communities 
7co5obia71 & subsequ5tly tissue-=m+     
plants & animals  7metaphyta & metazoa74
    ,,iii4 ,x is also v probable t      
?allophyta 7alg & fungi7 7  ! fir/ to   
appe> 9 ! plant-k+dom1 !n diaphyta      
7mosses &  f]ns71 f9ally an?ophyta      
7gymnosp]m & angiosp]m fl[]+ plants74   
,,iv4 ,x is equally probable t !        
biog5etic process took a simil>  c\rse 9
 ! animal k+dom--t f ! bla/ads          
7catallacta7  fir/ ga/rads 7 =m$1 & f ^!
 l[] animal =ms  7coel5t]ia7 high]      
organisms 7coelom>ia7 7 aft]w>ds evolv$4
    ,v4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is v que/ionable

 :e!r ! diff]5t  /ems ( ^! high] animals
 7& ^? ( ! high] plants z well7  run    
?r\gh ! same c\rse ( developm5t on o!r  
planets z on our  e>?4    ,,vi4 ,9      
p>ticul>1 x is :olly unc]ta9 :e!r !re   
are v]tebrates  on o!r planets1 & :e!r1 
9 ! c\rse ( _! phyletic  developm5t1    
tak+ millions ( ye>s1 mammals are =m$ z 
on e>?1  rea*+ _! highe/ po9t 9 !       
=mation ( man2 9 su* an ev5t1  millions 
( *anges w\ld h to be j ! same 9 bo?    
cases4    ,,vii4 ,x is mu* m probable1  
on ! contr>y1 t o!r planets  h produc$  
o!r types ( ! high] plants & animals1   
:i* are  unkn[n on our e>?2 p]haps f "s 
high] animal /em1 :i* is  sup]ior to !  
v]tebrate 9 =mation1 high] be+s h aris5 
:o  f> transc5d u e>?ly m5 9            
intellig5ce4    ,,viii4 ,! possibility (
 our ev] ent]+ into direct communication
  ) su* inhabitants ( o!r planets seems 
to be exclud$ by !  imm5se di/ance ( our
 e>? f ! o!r heav5ly bodies1 & !  abs5ce
 ( ! requisite atmosph]e 9 ! int]v5+    
space1 :i*  conta9s only e!r4    ,b :ile

 _m ( ! />s are probably 9 a simil> /age
 (  biog5etic developm5t to t ( our e>? 
7= ! la/ "o hundr$  million ye>s at     
lea/71 o!rs h advanc$ f> beyond ?is     
/age1  &1 9 _! planet>y old age1 are    
ha/5+ t[>ds _! end--!  same end t       
inevitably awaits our own globe4 ,!     
radiation ( heat  into space gradually  
l[]s ! temp]ature until all ! wat] is   
turn$ into ice2 t is ! end ( all organic
 life4 ,! sub/ance  ( ! rotat+ mass     
contracts m & m2 ! rapidity ( its       
motion gradually falls (f4 ,! orbits ( !
 planets & ( _!  moons gr[ n>r[]4 ,at   
l5g? ! moons fall ^u ! planets1 &  !    
planets are drawn into ! sun t gave !m  
bir?4 ,! collision  aga9 produces an    
enorm\s quantity ( heat4 ,! pulv]iz$    
mass ( !  collid+ bodies is di/ribut$   
freely ?r\gh inf9ite space1 & !  et]nal 
drama ( sun-bir? beg9s afre%4    ,!     
sublime picture :i* mod]n a/rophysics   
?us unveils be=e !  m9d's eye %[s u an  
et]nal bir? & dea? ( c\ntless heav5ly   
bodies1 a p]iodic *ange f "o to ! o!r ( 

! diff]5t  cosmog5etic conditions1 :i*  
we obs]ve side by side 9 ! univ]se4     
,:ile ! embryo ( a new _w is be+ =m$ f a
 nebula 9  "o corn] ( ! va/ /age ( !    
univ]se1 ano!r has already  cond5s$ into
 a rotat+ sph]e ( liquid fire 9 "s f>   
di/ant  spot2 a ?ird has already ca/ (f 
r+s at its equator1 :i* r\nd  !mselves  
into planets2 a f\r? has become a va/   
sun ^: planets  h =m$ a second>y ret9ue 
( moons1 & s on4 ,& betwe5 !m  are      
float+ ab\t 9 space myriads ( small]    
bodies1 meteorites1  or %oot+-/>s1 :i*  
cross & recross ! pa?s ( ! planets      
app>5tly l lawless vagabonds1 & ( :i* a 
great numb] fall  onto ! planets e day4 
,?us !re is a cont9u\s b sl[ *ange  9 ! 
velocities & ! orbits ( ! revolv+       
sph]es4 ,! froz5  moons fall onto !     
planets1 ! planets onto _! suns4 ,two   
di/ant  suns1 p]haps already />k & cold1
 ru% toge!r ) inconceivable  =ce & melt 
away into nebul\s cl\ds4 ,& su*         
prodigi\s heat  is g5]at$ by ! collision
 t ! nebula is once m rais$ to          

inc&esc5ce1 & ! old drama beg9s aga94   
,yet 9 ?is p]petual  motion ! inf9ite   
sub/ance ( ! univ]se1 ! sum total ( its 
matt] & en]gy1 rema9s et]nally un*ang$1 
& we h an et]nal  repetition 9 inf9ite  
"t ( ! p]iodic dance ( ! worlds1 !      
metamorphosis ( ! cosmos t ev] returns  
to its />t+-po9t4  ,ov] all rules ! law 
( sub/ance4      ,,ii4--,,progress ,,(  
,,geology    ,! e>? & its orig9 7 mu*   
lat] ?an ! heav5s 9 becom+  ! object (  
sci5tific inve/igation4 ,! num]\s anci5t
 & mod]n  cosmogonies d1 inde$1 pr(ess  
to give u z good an insight into !      
orig9 ( ! e>? z into t ( ! heav5s2 b !  
my?ological  raim5t1 9 :i* all alike are
 clo!d1 betrays _! orig9 9  poetic      
fancy4 ,among ! c\ntless leg5ds (       
creation :i* we f9d 9  ! hi/ory (       
religions & ( ?\ght !re is "o t soon    
took  prec$5ce ( all ! re/--! ,mosaic   
/ory ( creation z told 9  ! fir/ book ( 
! ,hexateu*4 ,x did n exi/ 9 its pres5t 
=m  until long aft] ! dea? ( ,moses     
7probably n until eight hundr$  ye>s    

aft]w>ds72 b its s\rces are mu* old]1 & 
are to be f\nd  = ! mo/ "p 9 ,assyrian1 
,babylonian1 & ,h9doo leg5ds4 ,?is      
,hebrew leg5d ( creation obta9$ its     
great influ5ce ?r\gh its  adoption into 
! ,*ri/ian fai? & its consecration z !  
,^w (  ,god4 ,greek philosoph]s _h      
already1 five hundr$ ye>s be=e ,*ri/1   
expla9$ ! natural orig9 ( ! e>? 9 ! same
 way z t (  o!r cosmic bodies4          
,x5ophanes ( ,colophon _h ev5 recogniz$ 
!  true "* ( ! fossils :i* 7 aft]w>ds to
 prove ( su*  mom5t2 ! great pa9t]1     
,leon>do da ,v9ci1 ( ! fifte5? c5tury1  
also expla9$ ! fossils z ! petrifi$     
rema9s ( animals :i*  _h liv$ 9 e>li]   
p]iods ( ! e>?'s hi/ory4 ,b ! au?ority  
( ! ,bible1 especially ! my? ( ! deluge1
 prev5t$ any fur!r  progress 9 ?is      
direction1 & insur$ ! triumph ( !       
,mosaic  leg5d until ab\t ! middle ( !  
la/ c5tury4 ,x survives ev5 at  ! pres5t
 day among or?odox !ologians4 ,h[ev]1 9 
! second half  ( ! eighte5? c5tury1     
sci5tific inquiry into ! /ructure ( !   

cru/ ( ! e>? set to "w indep5d5tly ( !  
,mosaic /ory1 &  x soon l$ to c]ta9     
conclusions z to ! orig9 ( ! e>?4 ,!    
f\nd] ( geology1 ,w]n] ( ,freib]g1 ?\ght
 t all ! rocks 7  =m$ 9 wat]1 :ile      
,voigt & ,hutton 7#aghh7 rightly cont5d$
 t  only ! /ratifi$1 fossil-be>+ rocks  
_h _h an aquatic orig91  & t ! ,vulcanic
 or ,plutonic m\nta9 ranges _h be5 =m$  
by  ! cool+ d[n ( molt5 matt]4    ,!    
heat$ conflict ( ^! ,neptunian &        
,plutonic s*ools 0  /ill go+ on dur+ !  
fir/ ?ree decades ( ! pres5t c5tury2  x 
0 only settl$ :5 ,k>l ,h(f 7#ahbb7      
e/abli%$ ! pr9ciple (  actualism1 & ,sir
 ,*>les ,lyell appli$ x ) signal success
 to  ! entire natural evolution ( ! e>?4
 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,geology  ( ,lyell     
7#ahcj7 secur$ ! full recognition ( !   
supremely important  !ory ( cont9uity 9 
! =mation ( ! e>?'s cru/1 z oppos$  to !
 cata/rophic !ory ( ,cuvi]4#cd          
,palontology1 :i* _h  be5 f\nd$ by      
,cuvi]'s "w on fossil bones 7#ahab71 0 (
 !  greate/ s]vice to geology2 by !     

middle ( ! pres5t c5tury x  _h advanc$ s
 f> t ! *ief p]iods 9 ! hi/ory ( ! e>?  
& its inhabitants c\ld be e/abli%$4 ,!  
comp>atively ?9 cru/  ( ! e>? 0 n[      
recogniz$ ) c]ta9ty to be ! h>d surface 
=m$ by ! cool+ ( an inc&esc5t fluid     
planet1 :i* /ill  cont9ues its sl[1     
unbrok5 c\rse ( refrig]ation &          
cond5sation4  ,! crumpl+ ( ! /iff5$     
cru/1 ! reaction ( ! molt5 fi]y  cont5ts
 on ! cool surface1 & especially !      
unceas+ geological  action ( wat]1 are !
 natural causes :i* are daily at "w 9 ! 
secul> =mation ( ! cru/ ( ! e>? & its   
m\nta9s4    ,to ! brilliant progress (  
mod]n geology we owe ?ree extremely     
important results ( g5]al import4 ,9 !  
fir/ place1 x has  exclud$ f ! /ory ( ! 
e>? all que/ions ( miracle1 all         
que/ions ( sup]natural ag5cies1 9 !     
build+ ( ! m\nta9s  & ! %ap+ ( !        
cont95ts4 ,9 ! second place1 our idea ( 
! l5g? ( ! va/ p]iod ( "t :i* _h be5    
absorb$ 9 _!  =mation has be5           
consid]ably enl>g$4 ,we n[ "k t ! huge  

m\nta9s ( ! palozoic1 mesozoic1 &       
c5ozoic =mations h  tak51 n ?\s&s1 b    
millions ( ye>s 9 _! gr[?4 ,9 !  ?ird   
place1 we n[ "k t all ! c\ntless fossils
 t are f\nd  9 ^? =mations are n sports 
( nature1 z 0 believ$ "o  hundr$ & fifty
 ye>s ago1 b ! petrifi$ rema9s (        
organisms  t liv$ 9 e>li] p]iods ( !    
e>?'s hi/ory1 & arose by  gradual       
trans=mation f a long s]ies ( ance/ors4 
,,iii4--,,progress ,,( ,,physics ,,&    
,,*emi/ry    ,! _m important discov]ies 
:i* ^! fundam5tal sci5ces h  made dur+ !
 n9ete5? c5tury are s well kn[n1 & _!   
practical application 9 e bran* ( mod]n 
life is s obvi\s1  t we ne$ n discuss !m
 9 detail "h4 ,9 p>ticul>1 !            
application ( /eam & electricity has    
giv5 to our n9ete5?  c5tury its         
*>act]i/ic ma*9i/-/amp4 ,b ! colossal   
progress ( inorganic & organic *emi/ry  
is n less important4 ,all  bran*es (    
mod]n civilization--m$ic9e & te*nology1 
indu/ry  & agriculture1 m9+ & =e/ry1 l& 
& wat] transport--h  be5 s mu* improv$ 9

 ! c\rse ( ! c5tury1 especially 9 !     
second half1 t our ance/ors ( ! eighte5?
 c5tury w\ld f9d  !mselves 9 a new _w1  
c\ld !y return4 ,b m valuable &         
important /ill is ! great !oretical     
expansion ( our k  ( nature1 :i* we owe 
to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! law ( sub/ance4     
,once ,lavoisi] 7#aghi7 _h e/abli%$ !   
law ( ! p]si/5ce (  matt]1 & ,dalton    
7#ahjh7 _h f\nd$ 8 new atomic !ory ) its
  assi/ance1 a way 0 op5 to mod]n       
*emi/ry along :i* x has  advanc$ ) a    
rapidity & success beyond all           
anticipation4 ,! same  mu/ be said (    
physics 9 respect ( ! law ( !           
cons]vation (  en]gy4 ,its discov]y by  
,rob]t ,may] 7#ahdb7 & ,h]mann          
,helmholtz  7#ahdg7 inaugurat$ = ?is    
sci5ce also a new epo* ( ! mo/  fruitful
 developm5t2 = x put physics 9 a        
position to grasp !  univ]sal unity ( ! 
=ces ( nature & ! et]nal play ( natural 
processes1 9 :i* "o =ce may be conv]t$  
into ano!r at any  mom5t4               
,,iv4--,,progress ,,( ,,biology    ,!   

great discov]ies :i* a/ronomy & geology 
h made dur+ !  n9ete5? c5tury1 & :i* are
 ( extreme importance to our :ole       
sy/em1 are1 nev]!less1 f> surpass$ by ^?
 ( biology4 ,inde$1  we may say t !     
great] "p ( ! _m bran*es :i* ?is        
compreh5sive sci5ce ( organic life has  
rec5tly produc$ h se5  ! light 9 ! c\rse
 ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,z we saw 9 ! fir/  
section1 dur+ ! c5tury all bran*es (    
anatomy & physiology1  botany & zoology1
 ontog5y & phylog5y1 h be5 s m>vell\sly 
enri*$ by c\ntless discov]ies t ! pres5t
 condition (  biological sci5ce is      
immeasurably sup]ior to its condition a 
hundr$  ye>s ago4 ,t applies fir/ ( all 
quantitatively to ! colossal  gr[? ( our
 positive in=mation 9 all ^? prov9ces & 
_!  sev]al p>ts4 ,b x applies ) ev5     
great] =ce qualitatively  to ! deep5+ ( 
our compreh5sion ( biological ph5om5a1 &
  our k ( _! effici5t causes4 ,9 ?is    
,*>les ,d>w9  7#ahei7 takes ! palm (    
victory2 by 8 !ory ( selection he has   
solv$ ! great problem ( organic         

creation1 ( ! natural  orig9 ( !        
c\ntless =ms ( life by gradual          
trans=mation4 ,x  is true t ,lam>ck _h  
recogniz$ fifty ye>s e>li] t !  mode (  
?is trans=mation lay 9 ! reciprocal     
action ( h]$ity  & adaptation4 ,h[ev]1  
,lam>ck 0 hamp]$ by 8 lack ( !  pr9ciple
 ( selection1 & ( t deep] insight into !
 true  nature ( organization :i* 0 only 
r5d]$ possible aft] !  f\nd+ ( ! !ory ( 
evolution & ! cellul> !ory4 ,:5 we      
collat$ ! results ( ^! & o!r discipl9es1
 & f\nd !  key to _! h>moni\s           
int]pretation 9 ! ance/ral developm5t  (
 liv+ be+s1 we succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ !     
moni/ic biology1  ! pr9ciples ( :i* ,i h
 endeavor$ to lay d[n securely 9 my     
,g5]al ,morphology4      ,v4--,,progress
 ,,( ,,an?ropology    ,9 a c]ta9 s5se1 !
 true sci5ce ( man1 rational            
an?ropology1  takes prec$5ce ( e o!r    
sci5ce4 ,! say+ ( ! anci5t  sage1 ,man1 
"k ?yself1 & t o!r fam\s maxim1 ,man is 
!  measure ( all ?+s1 h be5 accept$ &   
appli$ f all "t4  ,& yet ?is            

sci5ce--tak+ x 9 its wide/ s5se--has    
langui%$  long] ?an all o!r sci5ces 9 ! 
fett]s ( tradition &  sup]/ition4 ,we   
saw 9 ! fir/ section h[ sl[ly & h[ late 
! sci5ce ( ! human organism 0 develop$4 
,"o ( its *ief  bran*es--embryology--0 n
 firmly e/abli%$ until #ahbh 7by ,ba]71 
& ano!r1 ( equal importance--! cellul>  
!ory--until #ahch 7by  ,s*wann74 ,& x 0 
ev5 lat] /ill :5 ! answ] 0 giv5 to !  "q
 ( all que/ions1 ! great riddle ( !     
orig9 ( man4  ,al?\gh ,lam>ck _h po9t$  
out ! only pa? to a correct solution  ( 
x 9 #ahji1 & _h affirm$ ! desc5t ( man f
 ! ape1 x  fell to ,d>w9 to e/abli% !   
affirmation securely fifty ye>s         
aft]w>ds1 & to ,huxley to collect ! mo/ 
important pro(s ( x  9 #ahfc1 9 8 ,place
 ( ,man 9 ,nature4 ,i h myself made !   
fir/  attempt1 9 my ,an?ropog5y 7#ahgd71
 to pres5t 9 _! hi/orical  connection ! 
entire s]ies ( ance/ors ?r\gh :i* our   
race has  be5 sl[ly evolv$ f ! animal   
k+dom 9 ! c\rse ( _m  millions ( ye>s4  
,,conclusion      ,! numb] ( _w-riddles 

has be5 cont9ually dim9i%+ 9 !  c\rse ( 
! n9ete5? c5tury ?r\gh ! a=esaid        
progress ( a  true k ( nature4 ,only "o 
compreh5sive riddle ( ! univ]se  n[     
rema9s--! problem ( sub/ance4 ,:at is ! 
real "* (  ?is mighty _w-wond] t !      
reali/ic sci5ti/ calls ,nature or  !    
,univ]se1 ! ideali/ philosoph] calls    
,sub/ance or ! ,cosmos1  ! pi\s believ] 
calls ,creator or ,god8 ,c we affirm    
to-day t !  m>vell\s progress ( mod]n   
cosmology has solv$ ?is problem (       
sub/ance1 or at lea/ t x has br\ght u   
ne>] to ! solution8    ,! answ] to ?is  
f9al "q naturally v>ies consid]ably     
accord+ to ! /&-po9t ( ! philosophic    
inquir] & 8  empirical acqua9tance ) !  
real _w4 ,we grant at once t !  inn]mo/ 
"* ( nature is j z little und]/ood by u 
z x  0 by ,anaxim&] & ,emp$ocles        
tw5ty-f\r hundr$ ye>s ago1 by  ,sp9oza &
 ,newton two hundr$ ye>s ago1 & by ,kant
 & ,goe! "o  hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,we mu/   
ev5 grant t ?is ess5ce ( sub/ance       
becomes m my/]i\s & enigmatic ! deep] we

 p5etrate into !  k ( its attributes1   
matt] & en]gy1 & ! m ?or\ghly  we /udy  
its c\ntless ph5om5al =ms & _!          
evolution4 ,we d n  "k ! ?+ 9 itself t  
lies beh9d ^! kn[able ph5om5a4  ,b :y   
tr\ble ab\t ?is enigmatic ?+ 9 itself :5
 we h  no means ( inve/igat+ x1 :5 we d 
n ev5 cle>ly "k :e!r  x exi/s or n8 ,let
 u1 !n1 leave ! fruitless brood+ ov] ?is
  ideal phantom to ! pure metaphysician1
 & let u in/ead1 z real  physici/s1     
rejoice 9 ! imm5se progress :i* has be5 
actually  made by our moni/ic philosophy
 ( nature4    ,t[]+ above all !         
a*ievem5ts & discov]ies ( ! c5tury  we h
 ! great1 compreh5sive law ( sub/ance1 !
 fundam5tal  law ( ! con/ancy ( matt] & 
=ce4 ,! fact t sub/ance is  ev]y:]e     
subject to et]nal movem5t & trans=mation
 gives x !  "* also ( ! univ]sal law (  
evolution4 ,z ?is supreme law  has be5  
firmly e/abli%$1 & all o!rs are         
subord9ate to x1 we  arrive at a        
conviction ( ! univ]sal unity ( nature &
 ! et]nal  validity ( its laws4 ,f !    

gloomy problem ( sub/ance we h  evolv$ !
 cle> law ( sub/ance4 ,! monism ( !     
cosmos :i* we  e/abli% !reon proclaims !
 absolute dom9ion ( ! great et]nal  iron
 laws ?r\gh\t ! univ]se4 ,x ?us %att]s1 
at ! same "t1  ! ?ree c5tral dogmas ( ! 
duali/ic philosophy--! p]sonality  (    
,god1 ! immortality ( ! s\l1 & ! fre$om 
( ! w4    ,_m ( u c]ta9ly view ) %>p    
regret1 or ev5 ) a pr(\nd  sorr[1 ! dea?
 ( ! gods t 7 s mu* to our p>5ts &      
ance/ors4 ,we mu/ console ourselves 9 ! 
words ( ! poet3        ,! times are     
*ang$1 old sy/ems fall1      ,& new life
 o'er _! ru9s dawns4    ,! old] view (  
ideali/ic dualism is break+ up ) all its
 my/ic  & an?ropi/ic dogmas2 b ^u ! va/ 
field ( ru9s rises1  maje/ic &          
brilliant1 ! new sun ( our reali/ic     
monism1 :i*  reveals to u ! wond]ful    
temple ( nature 9 all its beauty4 ,9 !  
s9c]e cult ( ! true1 ! good1 & !        
beautiful1 :i* is !  he>t ( our new     
moni/ic religion1 we f9d ample          
comp5sation = !  an?ropi/ic ideals (    

,god1 fre$om1 & immortality :i* we h    
lo/4    ,?r\gh\t ?is discussion ( !     
riddles ( ! univ]se ,i h  cle>ly def9$  
my consi/5t moni/ic position & its      
opposition  to ! /ill preval5t duali/ic 
!ory4 ,9 ?is ,i am support$ by  !       
agreem5t ( ne>ly all mod]n sci5ti/s :o h
 ! c\rage to  accept a r\nd$            
philosophical sy/em4 ,i mu/ n1 h[ev]1   
take leave  ( my read]s )\t po9t+ out 9 
a conciliatory way t ?is  /r5u\s        
opposition may be ton$ d[n to a c]ta9   
degree on cle>  & logical               
reflection--may1 inde$1 ev5 be conv]t$  
into a fri5dly  h>mony4 ,9 a ?or\ghly   
logical m9d1 apply+ ! highe/ pr9ciples  
) equal =ce 9 ! entire field ( !        
cosmos--9 bo? organic &  inorganic      
nature--! anti!tical positions ( !ism & 
pan!ism1  vitalism & me*anism1 approa*  
until !y t\* ea* o!r4  ,un=tunately1    
consecutive ?\ght is a r>e ph5om5on 9   
nature4 ,!  great majority ( philosoph]s
 are cont5t to grasp ) ! "r h&  ! pure k
 t is built on exp]i5ce1 b !y w n "p  ) 

! my/ic fai? bas$ on revelation1 to :i* 
!y cl+ ) !  left4 ,! be/ type ( ?is     
contradictory dualism is ! conflict (   
pure & practical reason 9 ! critical    
philosophy ( ! mo/ fam\s  ( mod]n ?9k]s1
 ,immanuel ,kant4    ,on ! o!r h&1 !    
numb] is always small ( ! ?9k]s :o  w   
boldly reject dualism & embrace pure    
monism4 ,t is equally  true ( consi/5t  
ideali/s & !i/s1 & ( logical reali/s &  
pan!i/s4 ,h[ev]1 ! reconciliation ( ^!  
app>5t anti!ses1  &1 consequ5tly1 !     
advance t[>ds ! solution ( ! fundam5tal 
riddle ( ! univ]se1 is br\ght ne>] to u 
e ye> 9 !  ev]-increas+ gr[? ( our k (  
nature4 ,we may1 !re=e1  express a hope 
t ! approa*+ tw5tie? c5tury w complete  
! task ( resolv+ ! anti!ses1 &1 by !    
con/ruction ( a  sy/em ( pure monism1   
spread f> & wide ! long-desir$ unity  ( 
_w-conception4 ,g]many's greate/ ?9k] & 
poet1 ^: "o  hundr$ & fiftie? anniv]s>y 
w soon be ^u u--,wolfgang  ,goe!--gave  
?is philosophy ( unity a p]fect poetic  
expression1  at ! v beg9n+ ( ! c5tury1 9

 8 immortal poems1 ,fau/1  ,prome!us1 & 
,god & ! ,_w3        ,by et]nal laws    
,( iron rul$1      ,mu/ all fulfil      
,! cycle (      ,_! de/9y4              
,,footnotes3    #a ,!re are two ,engli% 
translations1 ,! ,evolution ( ,man      
7#ahgi7  & ,! ,p$igree ( ,man 7#ahhj74  
#b ,! ,engli% translation1 by ,dr4 ,hans
 ,gad[1 be>s ! title ( ,!  ,la/ ,l9k4   
#c ,engli% translation1 by ,j4 ,gil*ri/1
 ) ! title ( ,monism4    #d ,e4         
,haeckel1 ,sy/ematis*e ,phylog5ie1      
#ahie1 vol4 iii41 pp4  #fdf-ej4         
7,an?ropolatry means ,a div9e wor%ip (  
human nature47    #e ,cf4 my ,cambridge 
lecture1 ,! ,la/ ,l9k1 ,geological ,"t &
  ,evolution4    #f ,z to induction &   
d$uction1 vide ,! ,natural ,hi/ory (    
,creation4    #g ,rudolph ,vir*[1 ,die  
,grndung d] ,b]l9] ,univ]sitt und d]    
,ueb]gang aus dem ,philosophis*5 9 das  
naturwiss5s*aftli*e  ,zeitalt]4 7,b]l92 
#ahic47    #h ,cf4 *ap4 iv4 ( my ,g5]al 
,morphology1 #ahff2 ,kritik d]          
naturwiss5s*aftli*5 ,me?od54    #i      

,sy/ematis*e ,phylog5ie1 #ahif1 "p iii41
 pp4 #dij1 #did1 & #dif4    #aj         
,translat$ 9 ! ,int]national ,sci5ce    
,s]ies1 #ahgb4    #aa ,zell-,seel5 und  
,seel5-,zell54 ,ern/ ,haeckel1          
,gesammelte  populre ,vortrge4 ,i4      
,heft4 #ahgh4    #ab ,cf4 ,e4 ,haeckel1 
,! ,sy/ems ( ,d>w91 ,goe!1 & ,lam>ck4   
,lecture giv5 at ,eis5a* 9 #ahhb4    #ac
 ,vide ! translation ( ,dr4 ,hans ,gad[3
 ,! ,la/ ,l9k4 7,a4   ,c4 ,black47      
#ad ,cf4 ,max ,v]worn1                  
,psy*ophysiologis*e ,proti/5-,/udi51 pp4
  #ace1 #adj4    #ae ,e4 ,haeckel1      
,g5]al ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,radiol>ia2 
#ahhg4    #af ,vide ,natural ,hi/ory (  
,creation1 ,e4 ,haeckel4    #ag ,law (  
individual v>iation4 ,vide ,natural     
,hi/ory ( ,creation4    #ah ,cf4 ,e4    
,haeckel1 ,sy/ematic ,phylog5y1 vol4 i4 
#ai ,cf4 ,an?ropog5y & ,natural ,hi/ory 
( ,creation4    #bj ,cf4 ,natural       
,hi/ory ( ,creation4    #ba ,see *aps4  
xvi4 & xvii4 ( my ,an?ropog5y4    #bb   
,e4 ,haeckel1 ,a ,visit to ,ceylon4     

#bc ,cf4 ,monism1 by ,ern/ ,haeckel4    
#bd ,cf4 ,monism1 by ,ern/ ,haeckel4    
#be ,cf4 ,monism1 by ,ern/ ,haeckel4    
#bf ,re9ke1 ,die ,welt als ,t 7#ahii74  
#bg ,cf4 ,monism1 by ,ern/ ,haeckel4    
#bh ,! ,la/ ,l9k1 translat$ by ,dr4     
,gad[4    #bi ,g5]al ,morphology1 book  
#b1 *ap4 v4    #cj ,cf4 ,g5]al          
,morphology1 vol4 ii41 & ,! ,natural    
,hi/ory (  ,creation4    #ca ,vide ,a   
,visit to ,ceylon1 ,e4 ,haeckel1        
translat$ by ,c4 ,bell4    #cb ,collect$
 ,popul> ,lectures2 ,bonn1 #ahgh4    #cc
 ,z to ! ,greek pat]nity ( ,*ri/1 vide  
p4 #cbh4    #cd ,cf4 ,! ,natural ,hi/ory
 ( ,creation1 *aps4 iii41 vi41 xv41 &   
xvi4          ,,index       ,abiog5esis1
 #beg1 #cfi4     ,abortive organs1 #bfd4
     ,accid5ts1 #baf4     ,acrania1     
#aff4     ,action at a di/ance1 #bag4   
,actualism1 #bdi4     /hesis1 #bbe4     
,aff9ity1 #bbd4     ,altruism1 #cej4    
,amphibia1 #afg4     ,amphimixis1 #ada4 
,ampi!ism1 #bgh4     ,ananke1 #bgb4     
,anatomy1 #bb1 etc4     comp>ative1 #bd4

     ,anaxim&]1 #bhi1 #cgi4             
,an?ropism1 #aa4     ,an?ropi/ic        
illusion1 #ad1 etc4     _w-!ory1 #ac4   
,an?ropoc5tric dogma1 #aa1 etc4         
,an?ropog5y1 #hc4     ,an?ropolatric    
dogma1 #ab4     ,an?ropomorpha1 #cf4    
,an?ropomorphic dogma1 #ab4     ,apes1  
#cf1 #cg1 #afg4     an?ropoid1 #cg4     
,ar*u1 #dc4     ,ar*igony1 #beg4        
,ari/otle1 #bc1 #bfh4     ,association1 
c5tres (1 #ahc4     ( ideas1 #aba4     (
 pres5tations1 #aba1 #abb4              
,a/ronomy1 progress (1 #cff4            
,a/ro-physics1 #cfh4     ,atavism1 #adb4
     ,a?anatism1 #ahi4     ,a?anati/ic  
illusions1 #bje4     ,a!ism1 #bij4      
,a!i/ic sci5ce1 #bfj4     ,atom1 !1     
#bbb4     ,atomism1 #bbc4     ,atomi/ic 
consci\sness1 #ahg4     ,attributes (   
e!r1 #bbg4     ( sub/ance1 #baf4        
,augu/9e ( ,hippo1 #acj4     ,auricul>  
confession1 #cai1 #cei4     ,autogony1  
#beg4       ,ba] 7,c>l ,ern/71 #eg4     
,ba/ian 7,adolf71 #ajc4     ,beg9n+ ( ! 
_w1 #bdj1 #bdg4     ,bible1 !1 #bhb1    

#cfb4     ,biog5esis1 #beg4             
,biog5etic law1 #ha1 #adc4     ,bism>ck1
 #ccd4     ,bla/od]m1 #aej1 #aee4       
,bla/osph]e1 #aec4     ,bla/ula1 #aec4  
,bruno 7,giordano71 #bij1 #cag4         
,b*n] 7,ludwig71 #ic4     ,buddhism1    
#cbf1 #cee4       ,calv91 #acj4         
,canonical gospels1 #cab4     ,c>bon z  
creator1 #bef4     !ory1 #beg4          
,cat>rh91 #ce4     ,cata/rophic !ory1   
#gd4     ,categorical imp]ative1 #cej4  
,causes1 effici5t1 #beh4     f9al1 #beh4
     ,celibacy1 #ceh4     ,cell-love1   
#acg4     community1 s\l ( !1 #aee4     
s\l1 #aea4     /ate1 #aeg4     ,cellul> 
pa?ology1 #ej4     physiology1 #dh4     
psy*ology1 #aec1 #agg4     !ory1 #bf4   
,c5obitic s\l1 #aee4     ,c5og5esis1    
#hb4     ( ! psy*e1 #add4     ,*ance1   
#bgd4     ,*emicotropism1 #fd1 #acf4    
,*ordula1 #fd4     ,*orion1 #fh4        
,*ri/1 fa!r (1 #cbg4     ,*ri/ian art1  
#cci4     civilization1 #cef4           
contempt ( ! body1 #ced4       animals1 
#cee4       nature1 #cee4       self1   

#cec4       ! family1 #ceg4       woman1
 #ceh4     e?ics1 #ceb4     ,*ri/ianity1
 #cdg4     ,*ur* & s*ool1 #cfb4         
/ate1 #cfa4     ,cnid>ia1 #afa4         
,conception1 #fd4     ,concub9age ( !   
cl]gy1 #ceh4     ,confession ( fai?1    
#cjb4     ,consci\sness1 #agj4          
animal1 #agf4     atomi/ic1 #agh4       
biological1 #agf4     cellul>1 #agg4    
developm5t (1 #ahe4     duali/ic1 #ahb4 
human1 #agc4     moni/ic1 #ahb4         
neurological1 #agd4     ontog5y (1 #ahf4
     pa?ology (1 #ahb4                  
physiological1 #ahj4     transc5d5tal1  
#ahj4     ,con/ancy ( en]gy1 #bab1 #bca4
     matt]1 #bab4     ,con/ant9e !      
,great1 #caf4     ,con/ellations (      
sub/ance1 #bah4     ,conv5tional lies1  
#cbc4     ,cop]nicus1 #bd1 #cbj1 #cfg4  
,cosmic immortality1 #aia4              
,cosmogonies1 #bcd4     ,cosmological   
dualism1 #beg4     creationism1 #bce4   
law1 #baa4     p]spective1 #ad4         
,cosmos1 !1 #bbi4     ,creation1 #gc1   
#gi1 #bcd4     cosmological1 #bce4      

duali/ic1 #bcf4     heptam]al1 #bcg4    
individual1 #bcg4     my?s (1 #bcf4     
p]iodic1 #bcg4     triali/ic1 #bcg4     
,cultur-kampf1 #ccd4     ,cuvi]1 #gd4   
,cyclo/omata1 #afg4     ,cynopi!ci1 #df4
     ,cytology1 #bf1 etc4               
,cytopsy*e1 #aea4     ,cytula1 #fd4     
,d>w9 7,*>les71 #gh1 etc4     ,decidua1 
#fi4     ,d$uction1 #af4     ,demonism1 
#bgf4     ,desc>tes1 #ii1 #cee4         
,desc5t ( ! ape1 #he1 etc4     ( man1   
#hg4     !ory (1 #gg4     ,design1 #bfd1
 #bff4     9 nature1 #bfj4     9        
organisms1 #bff4     9 selection1 #bfa4 
,de/ruction ( heav5ly bodies1 #bdc4     
,det]m9i/s1 #acj4     ,diaphragm1 #ca4  
,division ( labor 9 matt]1 #bbi4        
,drap]1 #cji1 #ccc4     ,dualism1 #bj1  
etc4     ,du ,bois-,reymond1 #ae #ahj1  
#bce4     ,du ,prel 7,c>l71 #cje4       
,duty1 feel+ (1 #cej4     ,dynamodes1   
#baf4     ,dy/eleology1 #bfj4           
,e*9od]mata1 #fb4     ,ectod]m1 #afj4   
s5se-cells 9 !1 #bic4     ,egoism1 #cej4
     ,elem5ts1 *emical1 #bbb4     sy/em 

( !1 #bbb4     ,embryo1 human1 #fd4     
,embryology1 #ed4     ,embryonic        
psy*og5y1 #add4     sleep1 #adf4        
,emp$ocles1 #bc1 #bbd4     ,encyclica 7(
 ,pius ,,ix471 #cbc4     ,end ( ! _w1   
#bdg4     ,en]gy1 k9etic1 #bca4         
pot5tial1 #bca4     pr9ciple (1 #bcj4   
specific1 #bid4     ,entele*eia1 #bfh4  
,entod]m1 #afj4     ,entropy ( !        
univ]se1 #bdg4     ,epig5esis1 #ef1     
#acc4     ,ergonomy ( matt]1 #bbi4      
,et]nity ( ! _w1 #bdb4     ,e!r1 #bbe4  
,e!ric s\ls1 #aii4     ,e?ics1          
fundam5tal law (1 #cej4     ,evolution1 
!ory (1 #ed1 #bci1 #bdc4     *ief elem5t
 91 #bfg4     ,exp]i5ce1 #af4           
,extra-mundane ,god1 #bhh4       ,fai?1 
confession (1 #cjc4     ( our fa!rs1    
#cjd4     ,family1 !1 & ,*ri/ianity1    
#ceg4     ,fate1 #bgb4     ,fe*n]1 #ig1 
etc4     ,fecundation1 #fc4             
,feti%ism1 #bgf4     ,feu]ba* 7,ludwig71
 #bie4     ,fle*sig1 #ahc4     ,foetal  
membranes1 #ff4     ,folk-psy*ology1    
#ajc4     ,=ces1 conv]sion (1 #bca4     

,fr$]ick ! ,great1 #aid1 #cae4          
,gal51 #bc1 #dj4     ,gase\s s\ls1 #aii4
     v]tebrates1 #bhh4     ,ga/ra1 #afj4
     !ory ( !1 #fj4     ,ga/rads1 #aei4 
,ga/rula1 #fa4     ,geg5baur1 #be1 #cj4 
,g5]ation1 !ory (1 #ee4     ,g5us1 #gc4 
,geology1 p]iods (1 #bgj4     progress  
(1 #cgc4     ,g]m9al disk1 #eg4         
,gills1 #fe4     ,god1 #bge4     ! fa!r1
 #bgg4     ! son1 #bgg1 #cbh4     ,goe!1
 #bj1 etc4     ,goe!'s monism1 #cca4    
,gold5 ,rule1 !1 #cea4     ,gospels1    
#cab4     ,gravitation1 !ory (1 #bag4   
,gut-lay]1 #aei4       ,hall]1 #db4     
,h>vey1 #db4     ,helmholtz 7,h]mann71  
#bac1 #bcj4     ,h]$ity1 psy*ic1 #ach4  
,h]tz 7,he9ri*71 #bbe4     ,hippocrates1
 #bc4     ,hi/ology1 #bf4               
,hi/opsy*e1 #aef4     ,h(f 7,c>l71 #bej4
     ,holba* 7,paul71 #aic4     ,holy   
,gho/1 #bgg1 #cbf4     ,humboldt        
7,alex&]71 #cdc4     ,hydra1 #afa4      
,hylozoism1 #bhi4     ,hypo!sis1 #bii4  
,iatro*emici/s1 #de4                    
,iatrome*anici/s1 #de4     ,ideal (     

beauty1 #cch4     ( tru?1 #ccg4     (   
virtue1 #cci4     ,ignorabimus1 #ahj4   
,immaculate conception1 #cbf4           
,immat]ial sub/ance1 #bba4              
,immortality ( animals1 #bja4     ( !   
human s\l1 #ahh4     ( unicellul>       
organisms1 #aij4     p]sonal1 #aib4     
,imp]fection ( nature1 #bfd4            
,impond]able matt]1 #bbe4               
,impregnation1 #fd4     ,indet]m9i/s1   
#acj4     ,induction1 #af4              
,indulg5ces1 #cei4     ,infallibility ( 
! pope1 #cbd4     ,in/9ct1 #aje1 #abc4  
,intellect1 #abe1 etc4     ,intramundane
 ,god1 #bhh4     ,introspective         
psy*ology1 #ie4     ,islam1 #bhd4       
,janss5 7,johannes71 #caf4     ,jehovah1
 #bhc4     ,j\rneys on foot1 #cfd4      
,kant1 #beh1 etc4     ,kant's           
metamorphosis1 #ib1 etc4     ,k9etic    
en]gy1 #bca4     !ory ( sub/ance1 #baf4 
,kllik]1 #bf1 #dh4       ,lam>ck1 #gf1  
etc4     ,lamettrie1 #aid4              
,l&scape-pa9t+1 #cdc4     ,language1    
#abf4     /udy (1 #cfc4     ,la/        

judgm5t1 #bji4     ,lavoisi]1 #bab4     
,leap ( ! gospels1 miracul\s1 #cab4     
,leydig1 #bg4     ,life1 def9ition (1   
#ci4     ,limits ( our k1 #ahb4         
,love1 #ceg4     ( animals1 #cee4     ( 
neighbor1 #cej4     ( self1 #cej4       
,lucretius ,c>us1 #bij4     ,lun>ism1   
#bha4     ,lu!r1 #cbj4     ,lyell1 #gg1 
#bej4       ,madonna1 cult ( !1 #bhd1   
#cbg4     ,malphigi1 #ed4     ,mammals1 
#cj1 etc4     ,mamm>y gl&s1 #ca4        
,man1 ance/ors (1 #hb4     ,m>supials1  
#cb1 #hf4     ,mass1 #bbb4              
,mat]ialism1 #bj4     ,may] 7,rob]t71   
#bac1 #cgg4     ,me*anical causality1   
#cff4     explanation1 #bei4     !ory ( 
heat1 #bdg4     ,me*anicism1 #bei4      
,m$it]ranean religions1 !1 #bhb4        
,memory1 cellul>1 #ab,o4     consci\s1  
#aba4     hi/ionic1 #aba4               
unconsci\s1 #aba4     ,mephi/opheles1   
#bgi4     ,metabolism1 #bcb4            
,metamorphoses ( ! cosmos1 #cgb4     (  
philosoph]s1 #ib4     ,metaphyta1 #aef4 
,metasitism1 #aec4     ,metazoa1 #fj1   

#aeg4     ,middle ,ages1 #cae1 #ceh4    
,mixo!ism1 #bhf4     ,mohamm$anism1     
#bhd4     ,mohr 7,fri$ri*71 #bac4       
,mon]a1 #beg1 #cfi4     ,monism1 #bj1 & 
passim4     ( en]gy1 #bed4     (        
,sp9oza1 #cca4     ( ! cosmos1 #bee4    
,moni/ic an?ropog5y1 #beb4     art1     
#cda4     biog5y1 #bea4     *ur*es1     
#cde4     cosmology1 #cfh4     e?ics1   
#cdg4     geog5y1 #bdh4     ,mono!ism1  
#bgi4     ,monotrema1 #cb4              
,moon-wor%ip1 #bha4     ,moral ord] ( ! 
univ]se1 #bfi4     ,morula1 #aee4       
,mosaism1 #bhc4     ,mll] 7,johannes71  
#be1 #de1 #bfb4     ,my?ology ( ! s\l1  
#ace4       ,natural religion1 #cdd4    
,navel-cord1 #fi4     ,neokantians1     
#cdi4     ,neovitalism1 #bfd4           
,neptunian geology1 #cge4               
,neuro-muscul> cells1 #aad4             
,neuroplasm1 #ia1 #aji4     ,neuropsy*e1
 #afb4     ,nomocracy1 #i4              
,ontog5etic psy*ology1 #ajc4            
,ontological creationism1 #bce4         
me?ods1 #bdi4     ,orbits ( ! heav5ly   

bodies1 #bda4     ,orig9 ( movem5t1 #ae1
 #bda4     ( feel+1 #ae1 #bda4          
,ov>y1 #fc4       ,pal+5esis1 #hb4     (
 ! psy*e1 #adc4     ,p&]a 7! fa!r (     
,*ri/71 #cbh4     ,pan!ism1 #bhh4       
,papacy1 #cad4     ,papal e?ics1 #cei4  
,papiomorpha1 #cg4     ,paul1 #cac1     
#ceg4     epi/les (1 #cab4              
,paul9ism1 #cac4     ,p$icle ( !        
allantois1 #fi4     ,p]petual motion1   
#bde4     ,p]si/5ce ( =ce1 #bab1 #bca4  
( matt]1 #bab4     ,phroneta1 #bic4     
,phylog5y1 #ga1 #ha4     ( ! apes1 #ea4 
sy/ematic1 #ha4     ,physiology1 #ci4   
,phytopsy*e1 #aeg4     ,pi!can?ropus1   
#hg4     ,pi!coid !ory1 #hb1 etc4       
,pi!cometra-!sis1 #fi1 #he4             
,plac5ta1 #cb1 #fh4     ,plac5tals1 #cb1
 #hf4     ,plasmodoma1 #aec4            
,plasmogony1 #beg4     ,plasmophaga1    
#aed4     ,plato1 #ii1 #aig4            
,plato's !ory ( ideas1 #bfi4            
,platod>ia1 #afj4     ,platodes1 #afj4  
,platyrrh91 #ce4     ,pneuma zoticon1   
#dj4     ,poly!ism1 #bgf4     ,pond]able

 matt]1 #bbb4     ,pre=mation !ory1 #ed4
     ,prim>ia1 #cc4     ,primates1 #cc1 
#hf4     ,primitive ,*ri/ianity1 #caa4  
gut1 #fa1 #afa4     ,prodynamis1 #baf4  
,proga/]1 #afa4     ,proplac5tals1 #he4 
,prosimi1 #cd4     ,pro/oma1 #afa4      
,pro?yl1 #bbc4     ,protoplasm1 #ij4    
,protozoa1 #fj4     ,prov]tebr1 #aff4   
,pseudo-,*ri/ianity1 #cba4     ,psy*ade 
!ory1 #agh4     ,psy*e1 #hh4            
,psy*og5y1 #ace4     phyletic1 #adi4    
po/-embryonic1 #adf4     ,psy*ology1 #hh
 et seqq4     ontog5etic1 #ajd4         
phylog5etic1 #ajd4     ,psy*omonism1    
#bbf4     ,psy*ophysics1 #ig4           
,psy*oplasm1 #ia1 #aaj4     ,pupa1 sleep
 ( !1 #adf4     ,pyknosis1 #bah4        
,pyknotic !ory ( sub/ance1 #bah4        
,reason1 #ag1 #abe4     ,reflex action1 
#aab4     ar*es1 #aad4     ,re=mation1  
!1 #cai4     ,religion a private conc]n1
 #cfa4     ,remak1 #eh4     ,revelation1
 #cjf4     ,rev]sion1 #adb4     ,romance
 ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 #cbg4     ,romanes1   
#ajf4     ,rudim5t>y organs1 #bfd4      

,sa9ts1 #bhd4     ,scale ( emotion1     
#abg4     ( memory1 #abj4     ( movem5t1
 #aaa4     ( pres5tation1 #aah4     (   
reason1 #abb4     ( reflex action1 #aac4
     ( w1 #abg4     ,scatulation !ory1  
#ee4     ,s*leid51 #bf1 #dg4     ,s*ool1
 & ,*ur*1 #cfa4     & ,/ate1 #cfb4      
re=m ( !1 #cfc4     ,s*wann1 #bf1 #dg4  
,sela*ii1 #aff4     ,selection1 !ory (1 
#gi4     ,self-consci\sness1 #aga4      
,s5se-k1 #big4     organs1 #bic4        
,s5ses1 philosophy ( !1 #bie4           
,s5tim5t1 #ag1 etc41 #cca4     ,siebold1
 #bg4     ,simi1 #cd4     ,social       
duties1 #cea4     in/9cts1 #cej4        
,sol> sy/ems1 #bda1 #cfi4     ,sol>ism1 
#bhj4     ,s\l1 #hh et seqq4            
app>atus ( !1 #afb4     bl5d+ ( !1 #ada4
     creation ( !1 #ace4     division ( 
!1 #ace4     e!ric1 #aii4     gase\s1   
#aii4     hi/ionic1 #aeg4     hi/ory (  
!1 #afg4     hydra1 #afa4     life ( !1 
#ij4     liquid1 #bjj4     mammal1 #afg4
     n]ve1 #afb4     orig9 ( !1 #ace4   
( ! plant1 #aeg4     p]sonal1 #afb4     

solid1 #bja4     sub/ance ( !1 #aih4    
transmigration ( !1 #ace4     ,s\rces ( 
k1 #bic4     ,space & "t1 #bdd4         
inf9ity (1 #bdb4     reality (1 #bdd4   
,species1 #gc4     ,spectral analysis1  
#bda4     ,sp]m>ium1 #fc4               
,sp]matozoa1 #eh4     ,sp9al cord1 #afe4
     ,sp9oza1 #ba1 #bae1 #bij4     ,_s  
_w1 #bba4     ,_s-rapp+1 #cje4          
,spiritism1 #cjd4     ,spiritualism1    
#bj4     ,sponge1 s\l ( !1 #afa4        
,/em-cell1 #fc1 #ach1 #aea4             
,/imulat$ movem5t1 #aac1 #aaf4          
,/imuli1 conduction (1 #aeh4     ,/rauss
 7,david71 #cji1 #cac4     ,/ruggle =   
life1 #bgj4     ,sub/ance1 #bae4     law
 (1 #baa1 etc4     /ructure (1 #bbi4    
,sup]/ition1 #cja4     ,sss 7,edw>d71   
#bej4     ,syllabus1 #cbc4              
,synodikon 7( ,pappus71 #cab4           
,table-turn+1 #cje4     ,teleological   
explanation1 #bei4     ,teleology1 #beh4
     ,tetrapoda1 #bi4     ,?anatism1    
#ahi4     prim>y1 #aib4     second>y1   
#aib4     ,!ism1 #bgf4     ,!ocracy1 #i4

     ,!ory1 #bii4     ,?\ght1 organs (1 
#abf1 #ahc1 #bic4     ,"t & space1 #bdd4
     reality (1 #bdf4     ,tissue1 !ory 
(1 #bf4     ,tissue-=m+ animals1 #aeg4  
plants1 #aef4     ,trans=mism1 #gf4     
,trimurti1 #bgh4     ,tr9ity1 dogma ( !1
 #bgg4     moni/ic1 #ccf4               
,triplo!ism1 #bgg4     ,tropesis1 #bbe4 
,tropismata1 #abh4     ,tunicata1 #afe4 
,turbell>ia1 #afa4                      
,ultramontanism1 #caj4     ,und]/&+1    
#abe4     ,unity ( natural =ces1 #bca4  
( sub/ance1 #bad4     ,univ]sum p]petuum
 mobile1 #bde4     ,ut]us1 #cd4         
,vaticanism1 #cad4     ,v]tebrates1 #bg1
 passim4     ,v]worn 7,max71 #dh1 #aaf4 
,vesalius1 #bd4     ,vibration1 !ory (1 
#baf4     ,vir*[1 #bf1 #ej4     ,vir*['s
 metamorphosis1 #ic4     ,vital =ce1    
#db1 #bfb4     ,vitalism1 #dc1 #bfb4    
,vivisection1 #da4     ,vogt 7,c>l71    
#ic4     ,vogt 7,j4,e471 #bah4          
,wat]-color draw+1 #cfd4     ,weismann1 
#aij4     ,w1 lib]ty ( !1 #abi4         
scale ( !1 #abh4     ,wolff 7,c4,f471   

#ef4     ,woman & ,*ri/ianity1 #ceh4    
,_w-consci\sness1 #aga4     ,_w-riddles1
 numb] (1 #ae4     ,wundt 7,wilhelm71   
#ajj1 #aga4                             
,,! ,,end              ,transcrib]'s    
notes3        ,! foll[+ is a li/ (      
*anges made to ! orig9al4      ,! fir/  
l9e is ! orig9al l9e1 ! second !        
correct$ "o4        7#ab7 ,consequ5tly1 
! s-call$ hi/ory ( ! _w      7#ab7      
,consequ5tly1 ! s-call$ hi/ory ( ! _w   
/ructure ( ! primates =ces u to di/+iu% 
two      /ructure ( ! primates =ces u to
 di/+ui% two        ( ! g5eaology ( our 
race2 = man be>s all !      ( ! g5ealogy
 ( our race2 = man be>s all !        _w 
( :i* we h direct & c]ta9 cognizanze    
_w ( :i* we h direct & c]ta9 cognizance 
! law ( sub/ance by ,rob]t ,may] &      
,helmholz      ! law ( sub/ance by      
,rob]t ,may] & ,helmholtz        ,! m   
impotant ( ^! works we owe to ,romanes  
,! m important ( ^! works we owe to     
,romanes        ,=m]ly assi/ant & pupil 
( ,helmholz1 ,wundt _h e>ly      ,=m]ly 

assi/ant & pupil ( ,helmholtz1 ,wundt _h
 e>ly        all o!r vivipor\s animals1 
precisely because ! complete      all   
o!r vivip>\s animals1 precisely because 
! complete        rec5t /ud5ts ( !      
proti/s1 af=d conlcusive evid5ce        
rec5t /ud5ts ( ! proti/s1 af=d          
conclusive evid5ce        a ?9k] is v   
/rik+2 9 explan+ x1 x is n      a ?9k]  
is v /rik+2 9 expla9+ x1 x is n        h
 no individuals & no g5]ations 9 !      
matazoic s5se4      h no individuals &  
no g5]ations 9 ! metazoic s5se4        9
 8 ,species & ,/udies 9 8 eighty-f\? ye>
      9 8 ,species & ,/udies 9 8        
eighty-f\r? ye>        ,*ief ,=ms (     
,!ism--,poly!ism--,tri!ism--,ampi!ism   
,*ief ,=ms (                            
,!ism--,poly!ism--,triplo!ism--,amphi!is
m        fai?1 & t all ^! insidu\s      
in/itutions are      fai?1 & t all ^!   
insidi\s in/itutions are        nor 9 ! 
n>n[ prisons ( our jail-l s*ools1       
nor 9 ! n>r[ prisons ( our jail-l       
s*ools1        ,& x 0 done 9 _m1 &      

sometimes v romatic1 ways4      ,& x 0  
done 9 _m1 & sometimes v romantic1 ways4