,,mod]n ,,scepticism4 ,,mod]n ,,scepticism4 ,a ,,c\rse ,,( ,,lectures ,,deliv]$ ,,at ,,! ,,reque/ ,,( ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,evid5ce ,,society1 ,,) ,,an ,,explanatory ,,pap] ,,by ,,! ,,"r ,,rev]5d ,c4 ,j4 ,,ellicott1 ,d4,d41 ,,"l ,,bi%op ,,( ,,gl\ce/] ,,& ,,bri/ol4 ,,new ,,york3 ,,anson ,d4 ,f4 ,,r&olph ,,& ,,co41 #ggj1 ,,broadway4 ,,mdccclxxi4 ,issu$ 9 ?is ,c\ntry by special arrangem5t ) ! ,engli% ,publi%]s1 ,,messrs4 ,,hodd] ,,& ,,/\ghton4 ,,preface4 ,! foll[+ ,lectures1 deliv]$ at ! reque/ ( ! ,*ri/ian ,evid5ce ,society1 are n[1 = ! conv5i5ce ( ! read]1 ga!r$ toge!r into "o volume1 & e>ne/ly comm5d$ to 8 s]i\s consid]ation4 ,a %ort acc\nt ( ! g5]al designs ( ! ,society1 ( ! plan ( ! ,lectures1 & ! reasons = _! appe>+ 9 a diff]5t ord] f t 9 :i* !y 7 deliv]$1 w be f\nd 9 an explanatory pap] :i* ! ,bi%op ( ,gl\ce/] & ,bri/ol has be5 k9d en\gh to draw up at ! reque/ ( ! ,committee4 ,?\gh plac$1 z la/ writt51 at ! end ( ! volume1 ! att5tion ( ! read] %\ld be e>ly direct$ to ?is pap]4 ,! ,committee take ?is opportunity ( (f]+ _! be/ ?anks to ! em95t m5 :o h f\nd "t1 9 ! mid/ ( _! v>i$ & labori\s avocations1 to l5d su* able & effici5t s]vice to ! great cause 9 h&1--! ma9t5ance ( ! tru? ( ! ,*ri/ian ,revelation4 ,,h>r[by1 ,*airman ( ,committee4 ,,cont5ts4 ,page ,,design ,,9 ,,nature #a ,,by ,,! ,,mo/ ,,rev]5d ,,! ,,"l ,,ar*bi%op ,,( ,,york4 ,,pan!ism #cc ,,by ,,! ,,rev4 ,j4 ,h4 ,,rigg1 ,d4,d41 ,pr9cipal ( ,we/m9/] ,tra9+ ,college4 ,,positivism #gi ,,by ,,! ,,rev4 ,w4 ,,jackson1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,s4,a41 late ,fell[ ( ,worce/] ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,revelation #aci ,,by ,,! ,,v ,,rev4 ,r4 ,,payne ,,smi?1 ,d4,d41 ,dean ( ,cant]bury2 late ,regius ,pr(essor ( ,div9ity1 ,ox=d4 ,,! ,,nature ,,& ,,value ,,( ,,! ,,miracul\s ,,te/imony ,,to ,,*ri/ianity #agi ,,by ,,! ,,rev4 ,,john ,,/\ghton1 ,d4,d4 ,,! ,,gradual ,,developm5t ,,( ,,revelation #bbi ,,by ,,! ,,"r ,,rev4 ,,! ,,"l ,,bi%op ,,( ,,c>lisle4 ,,! ,,alleg$ ,,hi/orical ,,difficulties ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,& ,,new ,,te/am5ts1 ,,& ,,! ,,light ,,?r[n ,,on ,,!m ,,by ,,mod]n ,,discov]ies #bfe ,,by ,,! ,,rev4 ,,george ,,rawl9son1 ,m4,a41 ,camd5 ,pr(essor ( ,anci5t ,hi/ory1 ,ox=d4 ,,my?ical ,,!ories ,,( ,,*ri/ianity #cje ,,by ,,! ,,rev4 ,,*>les ,,r[1 ,m4,a41 ( ,pembroke ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,,! ,,evid5tial ,,value ,,( ,,/4 ,,paul',s ,,epi/les #cfa ,,by ,,! ,,rev4 ,,/anley ,,lea!s1 ,m4,a41 ,pr(essor ( ,hebrew1 ,k+'s ,college4 ,,*ri/',s ,,tea*+ ,,& ,,influ5ce ,,on ,,! ,,_w #dji ,,by ,,! ,,"r ,,rev4 ,,! ,,"l ,,bi%op ,,( ,,ely4 ,,! ,,complet5ess ,,& ,,adequacy ,,( ,,! ,,evid5ces ,,( ,,*ri/ianity #deg ,,by ,,! ,,rev4 ,,canon ,,cook1 ,m4,a41 ,canon ( ,exet]2 ,prea*] at ,l9coln's ,inn4 ,,explanatory ,,pap] #ejc ,,by ,,! ,,"r ,,rev4 ,,! ,,"l ,,bi%op ,,( ,,gl\ce/] ,,& ,,bri/ol4 ,,notes #ebi ,,design ,,9 ,,nature4 ,,by ,,! ,,mo/ ,,rev]5d ,,! ,,"l ,,ar*bi%op ,,( ,,york4 ,,design ,,9 ,,nature4 ,all ?+s are full ( ,god1 said ! fa!r ( ,greek philosophy4 ,we h no ne$ ( ! hypo!sis ( ,god1 said a mod]n ,fr5* a/ronom]4 ,x is ) ! latt] say+1 :i* is descriptive ( ! attitude ( mod]n sci5ce at ?is "t1 t ! pres5t address w h to d4 ,a!ism no d\bt exi/s2 b f> m common is ! mode ( ?9k+ :i* w\ld disp5se ) all que/ions ab\t ! ,div9e nature 9 deal+ ) ! _w & its ph5om5a2 :i* consid]s t ! introduction ( ! "n ( ,god into sci5tific rese>*1 complicates :at is simple1 obscures ! rules ( obs]vation1 introduces controv]sies t are useless to sci5ce1 re/ra9s ! free c\rse ( inductive reason+ by an appreh5sion ( consequ5ces1 & entangles physical inquiry :i* leads to sure & cle> results1 ) m5tal & ) spiritual inquiry :i* h produc$ no?+ b disputation4 ,^? :o hold su* views w\ld ?9k x unphilosophical to d5y1 j z !y w\ld reg>d x to affirm1 ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,b ! popul> m9d is n equal to nice di/9ctions2 & x seems almo/ ! same ?+ to mo/ p to d5y ! exi/5ce ( ,god z to exclude ! ?\ght ( ,him :5 explor+ ,8 creation4 ,i am n )\t hope t a few words deliv]$ "h ^u ! argum5t f design1 z x is call$1 may t5d to dim9i% ! gr[+ e/rangem5t betwe5 sci5ce & religion1 & at ! same "t to rev9dicate = religion h] legitimate %>e 9 matt]s ( sci5tific int]e/4 ,i may und]take t ! subject1 h[ev] unwor?ily treat$ 9 o!r respects1 %all be discuss$ )\t bitt]ness1 & ) a fitt+ respect = ^? :o h done s mu* = physical sci5ce dur+ ! pres5t g5]ation4 ,x is necess>y to sket* 9 a few s5t5ces t field ( creation ) :i* ! argum5t f design has to d4 ,! _w pres5ts to u f\r k+doms or classes ( facts4 ,"o ( ^!1 & ! fir/ 9 po9t ( ord]1 is ! m9]al k+dom4 ,a few s-call$ elem5ts1 z metals1 e>?y bases1 & ! l1 act$ ^u by c]ta9 =ces1 kn[n to u z gravitation1 motion1 heat1 electricity1 magnetism1 *emical aff9ity1 h =m$ ! m\nta9 & ! valley1 ! w9d & ! cl\ds1 ! sea m>g9 & ! cave2 9 a ^w1 all ! gr& sub/ructure on :i* ! high] k+doms are to take _! places4 ,mod]n sci5ce has discov]$ h[ev]1 t ^! physico-*emical =ces are int]*angeable or conv]tible2 t ret>d$ motion turns to heat1 z 9 ! railway break1 t heat g5]ates electricity1 & ! electric curr5t magnetises ! iron r\nd :i* x passes4 ,n only ?is1 b ea* =ce g5]ates a c]ta9 equival5t ( ano!r--s mu* & no m2 & no =ce is lo/1 ?\gh a =ce may pass f an active to a pot5tial /ate4 ,= example1 two tuns ( wat] are rais$ by evaporation f ! sea1 & "o ( !m falls 9 ra9 9 a valley dra9$ by a riv]1 & 9 its d[nw>d motion back to ! sea x w turn ! wat]-:eel1 lift ! tilt-hamm]1 be> ! b>ge swiftly 9 its curr5t1 leap ov] ! rocky l$ge a foam+ cat>act1 & 9 all ^! x is only s5d+ back a portion ( ! =ce :i* 0 sp5t ^u its evaporation2 & ! real s\rce ( all ?is "w is1 & mu/ be1 ! sun's heat4 ,& ere ! wat] re/s aga9 9 ! sea x w h acc\nt$ = ! :ole ( ! =ce1 nei!r less nor m1 t _h op]at$ ^u x2 "p ( x 9 friction on its b$ & 9 consequ5t heat2 "p ( x 9 tasks impos$ by human skill4 ,! o!r tun ( wat] %all fall into "s l&-lock$ t>n1 high 9 ! hills1 :]e x _c at once r5d] back its =ce 9 "w or duty1 b ! =ce is !re1 held 9 susp5se or 9 res]ve4 ,wat] lift$ f ! sea level to ! valley ( ! ,engad9e1 a mile high]1 has us$ mu* ( ! sun's heat2 x w re/ore t heat or "s equival5t =ce1 z soon z y make a way = x to ! sea level aga92 & x w h p>t$ ) all ! =ce1 nei!r m nor less1 :i* rais$ x to t height4 ,t =ces are conv]tible1 & t :e!r conv]t$ or n !y are cons]v$1 s t no?+ is lo/1 are propositions demon/rat$4 ,x is n1 ,i believe1 demon/rat$1 b x is a probable supposition1 t all =ces are b "o =ce manife/$ 9 diff]5t modes4 ,!n z to ! mat]ial elem5ts on :i* ^! =ces "w2 ! hydrog51 c>bon1 iron1 lime1 & ! l1 ! "n ( elem5ts mu/ be held to mean no m ?an t !y h n z yet be5 resolv$ into simpl] sub/ances4 ,( _! ultimate composition we "k no?+4 ,!y may be s _m modifications ( an ultimate matt]2 b :e!r ?is ultimate matt] exi/s1 :e!r x be1 z mod]n mat]iali/s tell u ) su* confid5ce1 et]nal & inde/ructible1 :e!r imp5etrability be "o ( its prop]ties1 :e!r x be n a k9d ( pol> opposite to ! physico-*emical =ces1 & eng5d]$ ) !m1 s t 9 a diff]5t univ]se1 ) o!r =ces at "w1 !re mu/ h be5 diff]5t elem5ts1 ^! are all que/ions ( m]e speculation1 incapable ( pro(4 ,! physical enquir] has b\nd himself to consid] only ! facts :i* he c obs]ve2 & :5 he tells u t matt] is et]nal1 & t !re=e creation is impossible1 he is des]t+ ! gr\nd :]e alone he is /rong4 ,bi%op ,b]keley's & ,colli]'s d5ial t matt] truly exi/s is q z probable z ?is affirmation4 ,b bo? alike are speculative guesses & n sci5ce4 ,!re is a second k+dom to add to ! fir/4 ,! _w is n a m]e agglom]ation ( rocks & m\nta9s1 seas & lakes4 ,be=e ! physical =ces _h complet$ _! "w1 a new =ce _h be5 add$ to !m2 t ( life4 ,! b>e rocks became clo!d ) liv+ moss4 ,9 m>%y places1 w>m & moi/1 a ri* vegetation grew & decay$4 ,along ! slopes ! int]lac+ roots ( grasses deta9$ ! p>ticles ( soil :i* w\ld o!rwise h be5 wa%$ d[n to "s l[] b$4 ,! vegetable _w1 ) ?\s&s ( v>ieties1 clo!d & adorn$ ! /ony e>?4 ,engl&'s greatness 9 ! pres5t 0 tak5 ord] = 9 ^? ages :5 h] coal measures 7 =m$ out ( ! =e/s :i* grew rank & di$ 9 a climate diff]5t 9 all respects f t :i* =ms ! subject ( our daily animadv]sion4 ,?ird 9 ord] comes ! ,animal ,k+dom4 ,i d n attempt to def9e life1 :e!r animal or vegetable1 ) exactness4 ,e "o has fail$ 9 t attempt4 ,z a r\gh description ( animal life1 x may1 p]haps1 suffice to say t ! liv+ be+ is "o end[$ ) s5sation & spontane\s motion1 ( :i* ea* ( ! p>ts contributes some?+ to ! cont9uance ( ! :ole1 & is 9 turn pres]v$ or def5d$ by ! :ole4 ,if ^? :o f9d fault ) ?is1 look = ano!r def9ition 9 ,dr4 ,:ewell's compreh5sive "w1#a !y w f9d my excuse 9 ! v>iety & ! inadequacy ( ! def9itions !re collect$4 ,! animal life spread out ov] ! globe f ! fir/ is pr(use1 is beautiful & v>i\s4 ,! oolitic lime/one & ! :ite *alk are almo/ :olly made up ( %ells ( ,=am9if]a4 ,on ! riv] ,columbia is a b$ ( clay #ejj feet ?ick1 :i* consi/s l>gely ( ! %ells ( ,diatoms1 if1 inde$1 ^! are to be rank$ 9 ! animal k+dom4 ,! %ells ( ! ,=am9if]a1 :i* c only be exam9$ by ! microscope1 exhibit wond]ful v>iety & beauty4 ,/ill m rem>kable 9 ?is respect are ! ,polycy/9a1 ^: %ells1 z figur$ 9 ,mr4 ,ponton's book1 recall c5s]s & vases1 jewell$ crosses & />s1 p5dants & tripods1 su* z a ,london goldsmi? w\ld d well to reproduce4 ,until ! microscope 0 inv5t$ no eye c h explor$ ?is wond]ful du/4 ,! %ells ( bo? ^! humble tribes1 ! ,=am9if]a & ,polycy/9a resemble ! %ells ( o!r animals mu* high] 9 ! scale ( organization2 b ne>ly z !y are relat$ 9 organization to ea* o!r1 ! =ms are v diff]5t1 & ea* 9 itself pres5ts a wond]ful div]sity ( =ms4 ,9 high] families ( animals !re are ! same *>act]s4 ,! globe teems ) life 9 e>?1 & air1 & wat]4 ,if y w p]mit me1 s e>ly 9 my argum5t1 to speak ( ! ,mak] ( !m all1 ,i w say t ! creative p[] is inexhau/ible 9 inv5tion1 bo? ( useful & beautiful p>ts4 ,& 9 ! ceaseless activity ( ^! creatures1 great & small1 we recognise ! physical happ9ess :i* accompanies s mu* life4 ,x is a *orus ( ?anksgiv+ & praise1 f pool & jungle1 f treetop & s(t grass1 f ! creatures t revel 9 ! life t ,god has giv5 !m4 ,9 dem&+ ! "r to reg>d man z ! f\r? k+dom ( nature1 ,i am aw>e t "s may demur to ! claim4 ,no d\bt he mu/ take rank 9 ! k+dom ( ! animals1 by reason ( 8 id5tity ) animals 9 all ! vital functions4 ,disp>ag+ ?+s h be5 said ( 8 bra92 & ,moles*ott has rem>k$1 ,i ?9k1 t all its f9e/ ?+s are b modifi$ phosphorus aft] all4 ,no phosphorus1 no ?9k+6 ,! slight projection on ! out] m>g9 ( ! e> has lately assum$ port5t\s proportions4 ,! possession ( t preci\s relic1 :i* has turn$ up sudd5ly l ! locket ( ! long lo/ *ild 9 a /imulat+ novel1 proves our k9%ip to ! ,simian race1 f "s bald] specim5s ( :i* we are suppos$ to h desc5d$1 & gives u a place on an unsuspect$ family tree4 ,b1 aft] all t has be5 said by ! naturali/s to tea* u humility1 !re d rema9 "s facts1 :i* entitle man to a sep>ate place1 to "o at lea/ ( :i* ! mod]n s*ool h giv5 great] prom95ce ?an be=e4 ,!y are ^!4 ,man c control nature4 ,he c read nature & und]/& x4 ,he has a p[] ( self-regulation1 :i* we call consci5ce4 ,& he c & does ?9k mu* ab\t ,god4 ,z to ! p[] ( man to control nature1 ,i pref] to employ ! words ( ,mr4 ,wallace1 "o ( ! fir/ to put =w>d :at is call$ ! law ( natural selection1 :o w n be suspect$ ( claim+ any transc5d5tal place or privilege = man4 ,) a nak$ & unprotect$ body1 he says1 man's intellig5ce gave him clo?+ aga9/ ! v>y+ inclem5cies ( ! seasons4 ,?\gh unable to compete ) ! de] 9 swiftness1 or ) ! wild bull 9 /r5g?1 x has giv5 him weapons :]e) to capture & ov]come bo?4 ,?\gh less capable ?an mo/ o!r animals1 ( liv+ on ! h]bs & ! fruits :i* unaid$ nature supplies1 ?is wond]ful faculty taught him to gov]n & direct nature to 8 own b5efit1 & to make h] produce food = him :5 & :]e he pleas$4 ,f ! mom5t :5 ! fir/ sk9 0 us$ z a cov]+1 :5 ! fir/ rude spe> 0 =m$ to assi/ 9 ! *ase1 ! fir/ se$ s[n or root plant$1 a gr& revolution 0 effect$ 9 nature1 a revolution :i* 9 all ! previ\s ages ( ! _w _h _h no p>allel1 = a be+ _h aris5 :o 0 no long] necess>ily subject to *ange ) ! *ang+ univ]se1 a be+ :o 01 9 "s degree1 sup]ior to nature1 inasmu* z he knew h[ to control & regulate h] action1 & c\ld keep himself 9 h>mony ) h]1 n by a *ange 9 body1 b by an advance 9 m9d4 ,"h1 !n1 we see ! true gr&eur & dignity ( man4 ,on ?is view ( 8 special attributes we may admit t ev5 ^? :o claim = him a position & an ord] a class or a sub-k+dom by himself1 h "s reason on _! side4 ,he is inde$ a be+ ap>t1 s9ce he is n influ5c$ by ! great laws :i* irresi/ibly modify all o!r organic be+s4 ,nay1 m1 ?is victory :i* he has ga9$ = himself gives him a direct+ influ5ce ov] o!r exi/5ces4 ,man has n only escap$ natural selection himself1 b he is actually able to take away "s ( t p[] f nature :i* be=e 8 appe>ance %e univ]sally ex]cis$4 ,we c anticipate ! "t :5 ! e>? w produce only cultivat$ plants & dome/ic animals2 :5 man's selection %all h supplant$ natural selection2 & :5 ! ocean w be ! only doma9 9 :i* t p[] c be ex]t$1 :i* = c\ntless cycles ( ages rul$ supreme ov] ! e>?4#b ,?us eloqu5tly & =cibly speaks ,mr4 ,wallace2 & ,i d n /op n[ to criticise ! exagg]ation ( language :i* treats ! law ( natural selection z supreme rul] ( ! e>?4 ,let me say a few words next ^u man's p[] to reflect on1 & to und]/& nature4 ,= ?is 0 ! second m>k by :i* man 0 di/+ui%$ f ! animal creation1 ) :i* he has s mu* 9 common4 ,man alone is capable ( an unselfi% int]e/ 9 ! _w ar\nd him2 t is1 an int]e/ t does n be> imm$iately on 8 bodily wants4 ,h[ f> he has c>ri$ ?is int]e/1 let mod]n sci5ce be> witness4 ,! common feat ( =etell+ all ! eclipses ( sun & moon = a giv5 ye>1 is p]=m$ = our almanack ye>ly1 )\t excit+ surprise or gratitude4 ,yet x means t man c s foll[ ! heav5ly bodies 9 _! pa?1 = ye>s & ye>s to come1 = all ! ye>s t are gone1 t he c tell1 )\t fe> ( error1 on :at day ! cone ( %ad[ ?r[n by ! sun-light$ e>? into space1 %all sweep ov] ! face ( ! moon & blot out h] light1 completely or a little4 ,b ?is is an old triumph1 h>dly wor? quot+1 b = its aptness to impress all k9ds ( m9ds4 ,a cl]k 9 "o ( our public (fices1 us+ only su* leisure z (ficial "w all[$1 has told u lately wond]s ab\t ! composition ( ! sun2 & "h 9 ,london1 arm$ ) a little in/rum5t 7! spectroscope71 ?is di/+ui%$ man has be5 able to asc]ta9 t 9 yond] photosph]e ! same elem5ts are f\nd :i* ! *emi/ seeks & f9ds 9 ! cru/ ( our little e>?4 ,:at pro(s c be m conv9c+ ( ! fitness ( man to play 8 "p 9 ! sc5e 9 :i* he is plac$8 ,8 s5ses are adapt$ to ! facts he is to obs]ve2 8 eye to light1 8 e> to sonor\s vibrations1 8 t\* to resi/ance & to weight4 ,b ! nak$ organ soon falls %ort ( 8 wi%es4 ,& soon ! microscope unfolds ! beautiful =ms ( ! ,polycy/9a %ells1 ! m9ute fibril ( ! muscle1 & ! compon5ts ( ! blood ( life4 ,! telescope br+s ne> ! _w ( />s1 & resolves ! bright mi/ into clu/]s ( di/9ct orbs4 ,! balance weighs quantities ( matt] too small = ! t\* to appreciate4 ,& la/ly1 ! spectroscope takes ! picture1 s to speak1 ( *emical ph5om5a too di/ant to be realis$ by ^! means2 & s ! composition ( ! heav5ly bodies1 ab\t :i* ! mo/ sangu9e obs]v] tw5ty ye>s ago w\ld h admitt$ t we %\ld nev] "k any?+ firm] ?an conjecture1 is already ! subject ( exact obs]vation4 ,! names ( ,hom]1 ,plato1 & ,%akspe>e rem9d u h[ m>vell\sly ! _w is imag$ & reproduc$ 9 ! m9ds ( "s great m51 & ( ! %>e :i* we small] m5 c take 9 _! "w by an admir+ sympa?y4 ,a production ( art1 :e!r lit]>y1 pictorial1 or pla/ic1 is a creation4 ,! ?+s ( ,troy 7 n s t\*+ nor s gr& 9 _! reality z !y became 9 ! =m :i* ! poet gave !m4 ,leg5d ent]s l>gely into ! /ories ( ,macbe? & ,hamlet4 ,! hi/ories are %ad[y1 b ! plays are sub/antial2 !y conta9 "s t\* ( tru?4 ,old & "y read !m1 & l5d to ! au?or all _! feel+s to "w on z he w4 ,weigh ?is fact well4 ,x seems to me to %[ s pla9ly t man's con/itution has be5 fitt$ by =esight & prep>ation = ! place 9 e>? t he 0 to fill4 ,suppos+ t ,moles*ott 0 "r 9 8 />tl+ aphorism1 ,)\t phosphorus !re is no ?\ght1 :at a wond] are we =c$ to recognise "h4 ,! rage ( ,a*illes1 ! dea? ( ,socrates1 ! resolute wick$ness ( ,lady ,macbe?1 ! "* ( h] husb&1 s weak 9 8 crime1 s gr& 9 8 remorse & ru92 ! ref9$ & g5tle ,hamlet1 =c$ by a pret]natural comm& to assume ! "* ( an av5g]2 to all ^! ! pres5ce ( phosphorus 9 ! bra9 is indisp5sable4 ,h[ comes s small a cause to "w su* gr& effects4 ,x is suffici5tly wond]ful to he> ,joa*im disc\rse eloqu5t music ^u ! simple/ ( in/rum5ts1 a viol92 take away ! viol9 & sub/itute a bit ( wood2 if ! music /ill cont9ues1 :at 0 be=e a wond]ful ex]cise ( skill is n[ miracul\s4 ,if great ?\ghts are b phosphorus burnt 9 ! clos$ /ove ( a poet's bra91 ,i am m ready ?an ev] to admire t creative wisdom :i* c\ld br+ ?is out ( t1 :i* c\ld s disp5se ) ord9>y means 9 ,8 highe/ productions4 ,b ! aphorism is n true z x /&s4 ,i believe !re is no free phosphorus 9 ! bra94 ,)\t lime1 no ?\ght2 )\t oxyg51 no ?\ght2 )\t wat]1 no ?\ght4 ,all ^! are true1 & !y import a well-kn[n fact1 t man :o ?9ks is a creature 9 a mat]ial _w1 & t c]ta9 =ms ( matt] are ne$ful to 8 exi/5ce z an organis$ be+4#c ,two ?+s are awful to me1 said ,kant1 ! />ry firmam5t & ! s5se ( responsibility 9 man4 ,9 8 ,metaphysics ( ,e?ics he has treat$ ?is s5se ( responsibility ) s+ul> logical p[]4 ,x is "o ( ! m>ks t sep>ate man f all o!r creatures4 ,no d\bt ?is pr9ciple has all[$ m5 to come to v wrong & absurd conclusions4 ,because ! savage practises cannibalism1 & kn[s no rules ( *a/ity b ^? :i* fl[ f ! husb&'s "r ( prop]ty 9 ! wife1 x is inf]r$ t ! savage has no moral s5se4 ,x w\ld be z fair to inf] t because ,engl& once trad$ 9 slaves1 f\ght cocks1 bait$ bulls1 & oppress$ ! native races 9 ,india & h] colonies1 !re=e !re 0 no s5se ( "r & wrong 9 ,engl&4 ,x is = ! exi/5ce ( ! pr9ciple t ,i cont5d1 & n = its p]fect education & enlight5m5t4 ,! pr9ciple is t some?+ is "r to w & to d1 & some?+ is n "r4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! pr9ciple is prov$ if ! poor savage ( :om ,i spoke w\ld consid] 8 manhood disgrac$ by flee+1 ev5 = 8 life's sake1 be=e ! foe1 or by suff]+ "o cry to escape him "u ! tortures1 :]e) 8 captors are do+ him to dea?4 ,! education ( ?is pr9ciple is a diff]5t matt]2 no "o c\ld say t ev5 n[ 8 consci5ce 0 completely educat$4 ,s act t y\r pr9ciple ( action w\ld be> to be made a law = ! :ole _w1#d is a noble maxim2 b x requires k & light1 z well z "r int5tion4 ,if y twit u ) ! fact t m5 h be5 cruel1 impure1 caprici\s1 & absurd 9 _! conduct1 we answ] t !y _h /ill a "r & a wrong4 ,"o :o has ! s5se ( sight may f9d himself compell$ to live 9 "s n>r[ cleft or rav9e1 :]e !re is little to see1 b ! s5se is !re /ill4 ,! ba?+-m5 at ,pfeff]s1 ) ! e>? clos$ almo/ ov] _! heads1 see little ( ! sc5]y ( ,switz]l&3 b !y h eyes n ! less4 ,we are claim+ = m5 n[1 n ! f9e sweep ( moral prospect1 b ! moral s5se ( sight2 & ?is is nev] want+4 ,^u ?is s5se e artifice has be5 us$ to make x look l some?+ else2#e = until x c be s trans=m$1 x is a p[]ful witness = ano!r _w ?an ?is4 ,! commone/ explanation is t x is only a pr9ciple ( enlight5$ self-int]e/4 ,/udy x = y\rself 9 ! savage1 9 ! little *ild2 y w f9d t ^! two pr9ciples run on diff]5t l9es4 ,! la/ m>k ( man1 t di/+ui%es him f all animals is1 t he believes 9 ,god4 ,"o half ! human race at ?is mom5t pr(ess "s cre$ 9 :i* ,god is ! great fir/ cause1 ! ,creator & ,gov]nor ( ! _w4 ,( ! o!r half1 h>dly any are q )\t religion4 ,oblig$ z ,i am1 says ,m4 ,quatrefages1 9 words :i* ,i h _h occasion to quote else:]e1#f ev5 by my education1 to pass 9 review ! races ( m51 ,i h s\ght = a!ism 9 ! l[e/ & 9 ! highe/1 b n[h]e h ,i met ) x1 except 9 an individual1 or at mo/ 9 "s s*ool ( m51 m or less kn[n1 z we h se5 9 ,europe 9 ! la/ c5tury1 & z we see at ! pres5t day4 ,ev]y:]e & always ! masses ( ! p h escap$ x4 ,b = my pres5t argum5t x is n necess>y to insi/ t a "r belief 9 ,god prevails4 ,!re is a belief 9 ,god1 & x _c h come f exp]i5ce or obs]vation ( visible facts4 ,y may l[] ! position ( man1 by comp>+ him to ! apes1 & by *emical analysis ( 8 bra92 all ! m wond]ful is x t a creature 9 su* sorry case %\ld pret5d to hold communion ) ! div9e4 ,8 feet are 9 ! e>?y clay1 b 8 head is lift$ up t[>ds heav54 ,heir to a hundr$ maladies1 ! sport ( a hundr$ passions1 hold+ on ?is life1 s *equ]$ 9 its complexion1 b = a few days1 ?is creature cries out ( 8 tr\ble3 ,god exi/s2 & he c see & he> me4 ,man1 if ,i h prov$ my position1 /&s q alone at ! head ( ! k+doms ( nature1 alone 9 8 p[] ( controll+ x1 alone 9 8 appreciation ( its beauty1 alone 9 ! self-gov]nm5t ( consci5ce1 ! fir/ ( all ! creatures ( ,god1 to pron\nce ! "n ( ,him :o _h made all ?+s1 9 a _w :i* = ages _h be5 bl9d to its ,mak]1 & ?ankless because bl9d4 ,n[ x has become1 & w probably cont9ue to be1 a "q ( ! deepe/ int]e/ to mank9d1 h[ ^! f\r k+doms came into be+4 ,& at pres5t !re is a t5d5cy t[>ds a !ory purely mat]ial & me*anical4 ,x is s 9 ,g]many1 ! c\ntry ( ,b*n]1 ,vogt1 & ,moles*ott2 x is s 9 ,france1 :]e ,comte & ,littr h writt52 x is s "h 9 ,engl&1 :]e x is ne$less to quote di/+ui%$ names4 ,i purpose1 9 ! rema9d] ( ?is lecture1 to attempt an int]pretation ( ! facts be=e u1 q diff]5t f ?is preval5t notion2 & also to %[ h[ vici\s & h[ inadequate 9 a sci5tific po9t ( view ! sy/em kn[n z mat]ialism appe>s to be4 ,! "t is all too %ort = su* a purpose3 b any address l ?is c only aim to scatt] g]ms ( ?\ght1 n to pres5t a sy/em4 ,t ! creation 0 gradual1 appe>s alike f ! acc\nt ( ! ,bible & f sci5tific obs]vation4 ,matt] & motion mu/ h exi/$ be=e ! ball ( e>? 0 =m$2 & ! physico-*emical =ces mu/ h be5 9 full play :5 ! fir/ li*5 clo!d ! rocks1 or ! fir/ plants 7 =m$ 9 ! sea4 ,! fir/ appe>ance ( life on ! globe 0 a mighty /ep 9 creation1 & f ?is po9t ! "q ( design becomes a v urg5t "o4 ,obs]ve3 ! plant _w is a new _w1 ) a s]ies ( wond]s all its own4 ,!re 0 no?+ 9 ! heat ( ! sun1 nor 9 ! e>?'s motion or magnetic curr5ts1 to give any promise or presage ( ! m>vels ( ! =e/4 ,suppos+ t we admit t ^! 7 evolv$ by law1 t is to say1 t z a matt] ( fact plants only appe>$ :]e c]ta9 conditions ( light & heat & moi/ure comb9$ to fav\r !m1 & t :]ev] ^! conditions 7 comb9$ !y nev] fail$ to appe>4 ,! "q next arises :e!r matt] & =ce evolv$ !m f _! own inh]5t nature1 or =ce & matt] 7 creat$ ) ! int5tion to produce !m1 s t ! plant 0 int5d$ & prep>$ !n :5 ! o!r =ces began to /ir ! =mless void4 ,is ! plant _w ! accid5tal or necess>y outcome ( ! =ces t made ! m9]al _w8 or mu/ we say t x be>s m>ks ( design8 ,"h we mu/ obs]ve t x is a wid] & ri*] _w ?an t :i* prec$$ x3 m full by f> ( =ms ( beauty & grace1 ea* ( !m su/a9$ by a vascul> sy/em ( :i* ! m9]al _w af=ds no p>allel4 ,y /& be=e ! gn>l$ & twi/$ oak t rises out ( ! fea!r+ f]ns2 y nev] ?9k t ?is giant ( two c5turies1 endu$ ) a c]ta9 p[] ( self-protection aga9/ ! /orms ( two hundr$ ye>s1 is an accid5tal product4 ,x is s gr&ly /rong1 s ri*ly clo!d ) a myriad leaves1 alike b yet 9 some?+ diff]5t ea* f ea*4 ,! cattle c\nt ^u its fri5dly %ade2 ! f[ls ( ! air make x _! re/+-place4 ,?is a result ( c]ta9 motions 9 ! univ]se & c]ta9 prop]ties ( matt]1 n design$ at all1 =ese5 by no eye8 ,to no "o w\ld su* a ?\ght naturally occur4 ,! _w1 full 9 its fir/ /age ( m>ks ( ord] & purpose1 %[s m ( ! same m>ks 9 its second & m complicat$ /ate4 ,! *ange t has tak5 place is n t[>ds confusion & exhau/ion f un=ese5 defects 9 me*anism1 b a high] developm5t4 ,! m9]al k+dom 0 wond]ful2 t x %\ld be able to clo! itself ) a mantle ( v]dure1 & pass into ano!r k+dom mu* m complex1 height5s ! wond]4 ,b !n comes ! fur!r *ange1 ! p\r+ out ( animal life ^u ! globe4 ,0 ?is too an inevitable consequ5ce ( physical =ces8 ,all ! animal creation teems ) m>ks ( purpose4 ,consid] only "s ( ! contrivances by :i* ! f[ls ( ! air are fitt$ = _! peculi> life4 ,describ+ a night ( extreme coldness1 ! poet says3 ,! owl1 = all h] fea!rs1 is a-cold4 ,t w>m cov]+ ( ! bird mu/ be portable z well z w>m2 x weighs ab\t an ounce & a half4 ,b ! cov]+ ( birds w\ld be useless to !m if ! %[]s to :i* !y mu/ be expos$ 7 absorb$ by ! plumage1 s t x became a heavy cl++ mass4 ,an oily secretion makes x wat]pro(2 we h all se5 ! duck free itself by "o %ake f e trace ( its rec5t ba?4 ,! heavy skeleton t befits p$e/rian creatures1 w\ld disable ! bird f flight2 s x is provid$ ) tubes ( ?9 bone1 surr\nd+ a cavity fill$ ) air4 ,its p9ions mu/ be light z well z /rong2 obs]ve h[ ! light b>bs ( ! fea!r h r\gh5$ edges s t !y =m "o /rong cont9u\s surface1 almo/ imp]vi\s to ! air :i* !y /rike4 ,! air 9 ! bones ( birds & 9 o!r cavities ( ! body1 heat$ too by an inn] w>m? mu* great] ?an t ( man1 contributes some?+ to _! buoyancy4 ,_! spe$ & endurance are enorm\s4 ,x is said t ! swall['s flight is n9ety miles an h\r4 ,"o long /ret* across ! ,nor? ,sea br+s ! sea-f[l f ,norway to ,flambor\gh ,head2 !y re/ = a %ort "t aft] ?is flight1 & pass inl&1 n ! worse = _! exploit4 ,y may inf] f ! beak ( a bird its habits & its food4 ,! bill ( a woodpeck] is a po9t$ tool1 tipp$ ) h>de/ horn1 to break op5 ! b>k ( ! tree = insects4 ,! flat bill ( ! duck has plates ( horn at ! side2 an excell5t in/rum5t = /ra9+ (f ! wat] & reta9+ ! food4 ,! bill ( ! snipe is long1 & n>r[1 & s5sitive1 to pi]ce ! m>%y gr\nd1 & feel aft] its food4 ,we might g on = h\rs multiply+ su* in/ances1 & f e "p ( ! field ( creation4 ,n[1 any m9d 9 its natural /ate kn[s t 9 human works su* adaptations c\ld only proce$ f contrivance1 & is will+ to reg>d ^! 9 ! same way z pro(s ( design 9 creation4 ,! physici/ has to tutor himself to a diff]5t view4 ,all ^! ?+s are evolutions1 "u pressure ( circum/ances1 ( ! orig9al =ces ( creation4 ,= example1 out ( c]ta9 birds t5ant+ m>%y places1 "o has a some:at l>g] beak1 & ?is gives him an advantage 9 pi]c+ ! gr\nd = food2 & s 8 %>e ( food is l>g]1 & 8 /r5g? & c\rage great]1 & he has a fre] *oice ( a mate2 & s ! long beak gr[s long] 9 ! next g5]ation1 & ! gr&son's beak is long] ?an ! son's1 f ! same causes2 & ?us ! law works1 until 9 c\rse ( "t !re /&s confess$ a new species--a p]fect snipe4 ,is ! sci5tific !ory bett] 9 ?is case ?an ! popul>8 ,x is n4 ,x does n acc\nt = ! facts s well4 ,b is n our belief t ,god made ! f[l ( ! air ) fitt+ in/rum5ts = a peculi> life because ,he saw t x 0 good1 & wi%$ all portions ( ,8 v>i$ e>? to be ! sc5e ( ! joy & en]gy ( appropriate t5ants1 a m]e hypo!sis8 ,! wor%ip ( ,god is univ]sal1 & exi/s )\t any explicit op9ion t ,he is ! ,creator1 ! fir/ ,cause4 ,because y are able to conceive ( ,him1 & are will+ to accept ,him z ! ,rul] ( y\r w & consci5ce1 ,he mu/ exi/4 ,does ?is seem too rapid an assumption8 ,consid] ! alt]native4 ,if ,he exi/s n1 ! s\nd ( wor%ip has gone up f all l&s 9 va91 & 9 va9 h all good m5 consecrat$ _! lives to an ob$i5ce to ! law ( duty4 ,7 su* deceit felt to be possible1 a d>kness t might be felt w\ld settle ^u our spirits1 & ! h&s w\ld inde$ hang d[n1 & ! feeble knees be p>alyz$1 & a /rict sil5ce on all moral subjects become u be/4 ,b we mu/ see ) su* eyes z ,god has giv5 u2 & scepticism ab\t fai? & consci5ce is p]haps z unpr(itable z scepticism ab\t t\* & sight4 ,god exi/s !n1 x is assur$ to u by ! common fai? ( mank9d1 by ! highe/ law )9 ourselves4 ,& z ,he exi/s1 to ,him1 & to no o!r1 mu/ we assign ! place ( ,creator4 ,!re _c be two ,gods4 ,i _c give my consci5ce to "o z its guide1 & adore ano!r = ! wisdom ( ! univ]se4 ,god exi/s !n1 & ,8 exi/5ce is n m]ely assum$ 9 ord] to acc\nt = m>ks ( design 9 nature4 ,& we ma9ta9 t ! easi] supposition is also ! tru]4 ,^! m>ks ( purpose are :at !y appe> to be1 tok5s ( ! wisdom ( ,god4 ,?\ ha/ made heav51 ! heav5 ( heav5s ) all _! ho/1 ! e>? & all ?+s t are !re91 ! sea & all t is !re91 & ?\ pres]ve/ !m all4#g ,if ,i 7 to v5ture to express 9 a few s5t5ces ! belief ( a man ( ord9>y education ^u ?is subject ,i %\ld say t ,god alone is & c be ! fir/ cause ( ?is univ]se1 ! mov] ( its motion1 ! giv] ( its life4 ,! wise purposes :i* %9e =? = u 9 nature1 7 9 ! m9d ( ,god f ! fir/ act ( creation4 ,9 say+ t ,he has wr\ght by laws1 we d n detract f ,8 p[]2 we seem r to enhance x to our m9ds 9 attribut+ to ,him con/ancy z well z wisdom4 ,a law is n a re/ra9t2 x is a fix$ mann] ( work+4 ,to say ( a pa9t] t he nev] produces any b f9e works1 does n affirm t he is less free ?an an inf]ior arti/2 j because produc+ bad "w is no p[] or privilege b a defect4 ,& s1 :5 we admit t ,god works by law1 & expect to f9d ! same spectrum f ! sun's rays1 :i* we h once made ) our own prism1 at e "t & 9 e place :]e ! sun's light %9es1 & s on1 we d n n>r[ ! p[] ( ! ,great ,artific]1 unless x c be %[n t caprice is a privilege & a good4 ,! subject ( miracles is n "h to be discuss$2 ,i w only obs]ve t !y are pres5t$ to u z p>ts ( a great purpose = ! good ( man2 & t our ,"l refus$1 :5 ,he 0 tempt$1 to "w wond]s out ( wilfulness1 or only to a/oni%4 ,! extreme jeal\sy ( sci5tific m5 ( admitt+ any allusion to !ology1 9 connection ) ! c\rse ( nature1 proce$s f errone\s conceptions ( ,god4 ,mr4 ,wallace1 :om ,i h already quot$ ) respect1 is ready to admit t ! ,creator works 9 ! beg9n+ z ! f\nd] ( ! laws on :i* ! _w is to proce$2 b he is afraid ( admitt+ t !re has be5 cont9ual int]f]5ce & re-arrangem5t ( details4#h ,b ?is em95t naturali/ attributes to u a conception ( ! ,mo/ ,high :i* we d n hold1 nay1 :i* we en]getically reject4 ,if ! laws 7 wise & good1 :5ce w\ld come ! ne$ ( int]f]5ce or re-arrangem5t8 ,:o are we t we %\ld bid ,god speak once1 & =bid ,him twice to speak8 ,! laws ( nature are ,god's laws1 & ,god's laws are ,8 utt]ance ( ,himself ?r\gh ! spee* ( nature4 ,god is ! same ye/]day1 to-day1 & = ev]2 & s ,8 laws rema9 ! same4 ,!y are1 if ,i may say s )\t irrev]5ce1 ! veil & ve/ure ov] ! =m ( ,god1 too bright 9 itself = u to look on2 !y take _! outl9e f ,him :o is b5ea? !m4 ,y may cont9ue y\r rese>*es 9 full confid5ce t ! laws w /& sure1 n because y h ! slighte/ gu>antee z a man ( sci5ce t ^! laws w nev] be int]f]$ )2 su* a gu>antee y h on y\r own pr9ciples no "r to ask4 ,y are to obs]ve t ! facts are s2 t !y %all et]nally be s is n = y1 = t is all beyond exp]i5ce4 ,b ! wisdom t made ! laws ne$s n to revise its "w1 & erase & ins]t & am5d its code4 ,9 ! days ( creation ,god saw t x 0 good2 ! eye t s approv$ x *anges n4 ,until ! purpose t runs ?r\gh ! ages is complet$ ! laws w /& sure4 ,b ea* new k+dom ( nature has introduc$ a *ange am\nt+ to a revolution1 :i* nei!r ! !ologian nor ! naturali/ reg>ds z an int]f]5ce or a caprice4 ,:5 ! pr9ciple ( plant-life 0 introduc$1 ! m9]al _w became ! mat]ial on :i* ! plant-life work$2 x ga!r$ into itself ! l[] elem5ts1 c>bon1 silica1 nitrog51 & us$ !m z means ( its own organic life4 ,! plant p>took ( ! nature ( ! class bel[ x1 :il/ x dom9at$ & us$ t class4 ,?is same took place :5 animal life 0 introduc$4 ,! beautiful plants become ! mat]ial :]eon ! animal life work$1 ! food :]eby x su/a9$ itself4 ,x 0 ! same :5 man 0 add$1 9 :om in/9ct is replac$ by reason1 & e?ical action sup]v5es ov] action by impulse & appetite4 ,ea* ( ^! k+doms has mu* 9 common ) t :i* is bel[ x4 ,! animal is 9 _m respects a plant2 = ! diatomace\s creatures "o kn[s h>dly 9 :i* k+dom to f9d _! place4 ,! man is an animal 9 mu*1 & p]haps 8 animal in/9cts play a l>g] "p 9 ! _w's hi/ory & 9 8 own developm5t ?an we are wont to all[4 ,b ea* high] /ep br+s 9 some?+ :olly new4 ,an animal1 says ,hegel1 is a miracle = ! vegetable _w4 ,ea* /ep is a revolution 9 "o po9t ( view2 b !n ! l[] /ate prep>$ itself = ! high]1 prophesi$1 s to speak1 ( its com+1 & ! high] seat$ itself s easily on ! ?rone prep>$ = x1 t we d n wond] to f9d x !re4 ,y call x evolution2 we call x a creative act4 ,we ?9k t ,god exi/s1 & if ,he acts any:]e x mu/ be 9 ?is1 ! univ]se ( ?+s4 ,greek3 ,ex h5os ta panta gigne/hai is an old say+ long be=e ,*ri/ianity4 ,b y & we may "w by ! same calculus & rules ( obs]vation4 ,! facts are ! same1 ! int]pretation ( :at is beh9d !m is diff]5t4 ,nor ne$ we d5y t ! pr9ciple ( :i* ,mr4 ,wallace spoke z supreme 9 ! _w1 has its tru? & its use 9 expla9+ ! facts ( creation4 ,x nev] rais$ an in]t m9]al mass into a vegetable organism2 x nev] rais$ a plant into an animal4 ,x nev] rais$ an ape into a man4 ,no facts h yet be5 produc$ t g to prove any su* leaps1 & if our logic is to be improv$ 9 any?+ by ! light ( exp]i5ce1 x is 9 ?is1 t facts %\ld be record$ & g5]alis$1 b n assum$4 ,b t climatic conditions1 & ! /ruggles = life1 h modifi$ species1 & work$ out new v>ieties1 or new species1 we may fe>lessly admit2 x is "o m pro(1 p]haps1 t ! _w is a meet s*ool & tra9+ gr\nd = ! creatures plac$ 9 x = discipl9e4 ,b a law is n a god2 x nev] rul$ supreme2 nev] 0 o!r ?an "o precept out ( _m 9 ! ,div9e code ( ! _w4 ,x has become ! fa%ion ) "s naturali/s to speak ( ,god z ! ,unkn[able4 ,mr4 ,m>t9eau has f9ely obs]v$1 some:]e1 t ?is "n is self-contradictory2 = we affirm by ! use ( x t we "k s mu*1 t ,he _c be kn[n4 ,i g mu* fur!r4 ,x assumes ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 & 9 ! same brea? sep>ates u f ,him = ev]4 ,!ologians h ev] be5 ready to confess t ,god _c be kn[n 9 ,8 own ess5ce to creatures su* z we4 ,lo6 ^! are p>ts ( ,8 ways3 b h[ little a portion is kn[n ( ,him8 b ! ?und] ( ,8 p[] :o c und]/&8#i ,an un9spir$ writ] speaks ! same language z ! inspir$4 ,= u t are m5 to talk ab\t div9e ?+s is z :5 ! unmusical disc\rse ( music or civilians ( /rategy4#aj ,b %all we !n sit d[n 9 despair1 & no m look up to ,god8 ,we %all be untrue to our own be/ in/9cts2 we %all n h us$ all our means ( enlight5m5t4 ,i grant t ! m]e contemplation ( ,god 9 nature is n en\gh4 ,l ! pill> ( cl\d ( old1 x is at once light & d>kness2 a light to u 9 contemplat+ ! book ( nature1 a d>kness to our he>ts1 %ut 9 ) _! own s9s & sorr[s4 ,naturali/s h nev] done ju/ice1 z x seems to me1 to ! mo/ important facts ( man's nature4 ,n only c he /udy nature1 b he c act 9 x & ^u x4 ,& ?is p[] ( action assures him ( 8 fre$om4 ,possess$ ( ?is gift1 t places him a little l[] ?an ! angels1 he kn[s t he c use x ei!r way4 ,he may foll[ 8 own fooli% vanity1 8 own evil wi%es1 & set up = 8 own law1 & be 8 own ,god2 or he may return to ,him1 :5ce he came out1 & (f] to ,god ! homage ( 8 own w1 ( 8 love1 & 8 ob$i5ce4 ,to "o :o has p]=m$ ?is great act ,god is no m ! ,unkn[able4 ,9 ! mutual comm]ce ( two wills1 two spirits1 ! f9ite & ! inf9ite1 ! f9ite rises m & m1 & sees m & m ( ,him :o has manife/$ ,himself to u 9 ,8 creation ( ! _w out ( free love1 9 ,8 creation ( a free be+ to rule 9 ! same _w1 cr[n$ ) glory & honor1 9 ,8 giv+ t free be+ a law ( duty :]e) to rule himself1 9 ,8 hav+ plant$ 9 him hopes & long+s t w be satisfi$ only 9 et]nity4 ,yes2 man is humble & l[4 ,by e organ1 & by e fibre he is mat$ ) "s analog\s creature 9 ! brute _w4 ,he surpasses !m 9 ! v>iety ( 8 ailm5ts1 & ! pr(undity ( 8 pa9s4 ,he is "p ( a sy/em1 :i* naturali/s tell u is ha/5+ t[>ds night & dea?2#aa ! motion ( ! p[] ( nature t5d+ pla9ly t[>ds univ]sal re/4 ,b ,plac$ on ?is i/hmus ( a middle /ate1 ,a be+ d>kly wise & rudely great1 he has t 9 him :i* unites him to ano!r sph]e4 ,to be able to conceive ( ,god at all2 to h )9 him a w & a p[] ( wor%ip1 ^! make him "o ) ,god1 & assure him aga9/ dea? & d>kness4 ,to d5y oneself ?is privilege ( view+ ! e>? 9 its relation to ,god1 to %ut out ,god artificially f t sph]e :]e ! natural und]/&+ has always f\nd ,him )\t assi/ance1 is a p$antry = :i* we %all surely suff]4 ,god w f9d u out4 ,!re is (t5 a c]ta9 irritation 9 ^? :o w\ld exclude ,him f _! sph]e ( view4 ,!y lose _! philosophic calmness :5 !y speak ( religi\s ?+s4 ,^! are ! tok5s ( pa/ conflicts & pa/ qu>rels1 ( a s\l t might "k m ( ,god if x _h n refus$4 ,god is reflect$ 9 ! _w1 9 ! man's intellig5ce1 9 8 consci5ce1 9 8 w4 ,:i!r %all ,i g f ,8 pres5ce8 we seem to be say+4 ,x is bett] to be able to say1 ,:om h ,i 9 heav5 & e>? b ,!e8 ,,pan!ism4 ,,by ,,! ,,rev4 ,j4 ,h4 ,,rigg1 ,d4,d41 ,,pr9cipal ,,( ,,we/m9/] ,,tra9+ ,,college4 ,,pan!ism4 ,a hundr$ ye>s ago ! controv]sy ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ,engl& 0 ) ,deism1 & 9 ,france ) ,a!ism2 :ile at t "t ! transc5d5tal infidelity ( ,g]many 0 z yet undevelop$1 & ! "n ( ,sp9oza 0 n[h]e held 9 hon\r4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 dei/ic infidelity appe>s to be obsolete1 & x is univ]sally felt by ^? :o h ent]$ truly into ! ?\ght & controv]sies ( ! age1 t ! "q = ! pres5t is betwe5 ,*ri/ian ,!ism & t /yle ( philosophy :i* recognises an imp]sonal div9ity 9 all ?+s4 ,deism grants too mu* to ! ,*ri/ian4 ,if a man really believes 9 a liv+ & p]sonal ,god1 a ,div9e ,mak] & ,rul] ( ! univ]se1 ) a moral "* & w1 he f9ds x h>d to d5y ! possibility & probability ( a revelation1 & impossible to ma9ta9 ! impossibility ( miracles4 ,hav+ be5 oblig$ to yield ?us f> to ! ,*ri/ian argum5t1 ! dei/ is unable !reaft] to )/& ! positive evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,moreov] ,deism is beset by ! same difficulties 9 effect :i* surr\nd ! ,*ri/ian revelation1 )\t its lights1 its consolations1 its bless+s4 ,! man1 !re=e1 :o rejects ,*ri/ianity seldom f9ds 8 re/+-place 9 ,deism4 ,he becomes a pan!i/ or an a!i/4 ,nak$ a!ism1 h[ev]1 is a repulsive cre$4 ,x is a he>t-)]+ negation4 ,x t\*es no sympa?y2 x /imulates no play ( intellect2 "u ! deadly *ill ( its unlight$ vacancy1 imag9ation _c brea!4 ,!re is no?+ ab\t x ref9$1 or subtle1 or pr(\nd4 ,x is ! b>e/ & h>de/ =m ( infidelity1 & has be5 pr(ess$ by ! co>se/ m9ds4 ,x dem&s no ef=t to compreh5d its "o univ]sal negation & x taxes no skill to exp\nd x4 ,x is an arid & b>r51 a cold & dre>y1 hypo!sis1 :i* no g5ius1 n ev5 t ( ,lucretius1 c\ld make attractive4 ,! old illu/ration is conclusive z to its absurdity4 ,x w\ld be imm5sely less mon/r\s to ma9ta9 t ! ,iliad1 9 its full p]fection1 might h be5 ! product ( ! =tuit\s conc\rse ( ! lett]s ( ! ,greek alphabet1 ?an t ?is inf9itely wond]ful & glori\s univ]se is ! result ( ! =tuit\s conc\rse ( atoms4 ,/>k a!ism1 !re=e1 h[ev] x may h fl\ri%$ 9 ! he>tless & hopeless ,france ( a hundr$ ye>s ago1 0 nev] likely to take root 9 ! soil ( ,european scepticism z ! alt]native ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 ,engl& x has _h v few vot>ies4 ,nor has a!ism1 z su*1 ev] f\nd fav\r 9 ! l& ( ,lu!r & ,melanc?on1 ! fav\rite soil ( my/icism & pietism4 ,engli% deism & ,scotti% scepticism did1 inde$1 produce pot5t effects 9 ,g]many a hundr$ ye>s ago2 b ! result 0 nei!r deism1 nor su* scepticism z t ( ,hume1 nor a!ism1 b a dreamy ideali/ic pan!ism4 ,& n[ ,g]many1 ) a disa/r\s fidelity1 by an infusion into our lit]ature ( its pan!i/ic unbelief1 has repaid to ,brita9 ! debt :i* x contract$ by its importation ( ,engli% deism & ,scotti% scepticism4 ,at ! pres5t mom5t a pan!i/ic philosophy is ! philosophy 9 :i* unbelief = ! mo/ "p inve/s itself 9 ,engl&4 ,h5ce ! task :i* falls to me to-day _c b be felt by myself to be "o ( v grave importance4 ,i c\ld unfeign$ly h wi%$ t x _h fall5 into o!r & m compet5t h&s4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 ,i may v5ture to claim two qualifications :i* may1 9 "s measure1 help to fit me = deal+ ) ! subject on :i* ,i h to speak4 ,"o is1 t ! subject ( ,pan!ism is "o :i* has mu* & frequ5tly ex]cis$ my ?\ghts = _m ye>s pa/1 ev] s9ce ,i le>nt f ! writ+s ( ,col]idge1 ,h>e1 & o!rs ! mean+ ( :at ,h>e spoke ( z ! fasc9ation ( ,pan!ism2 ev] s9ce ,i 0 l$ to ! /udy ( philosophy & its developm5t1 & especially ( ! ?\ghts ( ! e>ly ,greek wre/l]s ) ! my/]ies ( be+1 ( ! ,alex&rian ,neo-,platoni/s1 & ( ! mod]n ?9k]s ( ,g]many1 :o h fill$ ) transc5d5tal exhalations ( v]bal dialectics ! vacuum 9 speculation :i* _h be5 creat$ by ! de/ructive logic ( ,kant4 ,! o!r qualification :i* ,i v5ture to claim = my task to-day is t ,i h "s k ( ! difficulties ( ?\ght & belief :i* may lead hone/ m5 to become pan!i/s2 t ,i und]/& ! mann] ( ?\ght ( "o :o has become entangl$ 9 ! mazy coil ( pan!i/ic reason+s2 at all ev5ts1 t ,i "k t hone/ se>*]s aft] tru? may reluctantly become intellectually pan!i/s1 :ile yet _! he>t longs to reta9 fai? & wor%ip t[>ds a p]sonal ,god4 ,if1 !re=e1 "o necess>y condition ( true success 9 argum5t is an intellectual &1 z f> z possible1 a moral sympa?y ) "o's oppon5ts1 t condition1 ,i believe1 is fulfill$ 9 my case4 ,& ,i _c b ?9k t all ,*ri/ian controv]siali/s ought to feel a t5d] sympa?y t[>ds hone/ ?9k]s :o are involv$ 9 ! bewild]+ confusions ( a philosophy :i* !y d n love1 ev5 al?\gh !y may1 aft] _m a /ruggle & 9 sadness ( he>t1 h succumb$ at l5g? to ,pan!ism z ! only conclusion ( controv]sy 9 :i* !y are able to abide4 ,my subject to-day is n ! hi/ory ( ,pan!ism1 b its pr9ciples4 ,! hi/ory c\ld n be dealt ) 9 "o lecture2 ! pr9ciples1 ,i hope1 may4 ,& :atev] may be ! intellectual g5esis1 ! desc5t & d]ivation1 or ! special "*1 ( any p>ticul> =m ( ,pan!ism1 all its =ms w be f\nd to co9cide 9 c]ta9 respects4 ,! semi-,hegelian ( ,ox=d1 & ! pan!i/ :o falls back on ! l9es ( ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s speculations z 8 place ( def5ce1 may bo? be reg>d$ z /&+ on common gr\nd = ! purpose ( my pres5t argum5t4 ,9 attempt+ a criticism ( ! pr9ciples ( ,pan!ism1 ! fir/ ?+ to be done is to obta9 z cle> an idea z possible ( :at is to be und]/ood by ,pan!ism1 z di/+ui%$ f ,!ism on ! "o h&1 & f ,a!ism on ! o!r4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! difficulties1 bo? metaphysical & moral1 :i* atta* to ! conception ( a p]sonal ,god1 ! ,creator & ,gov]nor ( ! univ]se1 h1 m ?an any o!r cause1 con/ra9$ ?\ghtful m5 :o h pond]$ ! problem ( ! univ]se1 to endeav\r to escape f _! p]plexities & bewild]m5ts by tak+ refuge 9 ! notion ( a diffus$ imp]sonal div9ity4 ,& x mu/ be confess$ t ^! difficulties are s oppressive & s /agg]+ to our incompet5t human reason1 t !y might well tempt ! m]e reason]1 ! m]e logician1 ! m]e metaphysician1 to give up fai? 9 a p]sonal ,god1 if s to d 7 n really to involve "o's self 9 m ?an equival5t difficulties ( ! v same class1 besides _m o!r difficulties1 & 9 tru? contradictions1 bo? intellectual & also moral1 :i* are involv$ 9 ! pan!i/ic hypo!sis4 ,t ! alt]native is su* z ,i h n[ /at$1 t ! pan!i/ic hypo!sis is necess>ily beset ) su* difficulties & contradictions1 w 9 "p be %[n by ! inquiry :i*1 z ,i h intimat$1 mu/ ne$s come fir/ ( all 9 ! criticism ,i am to attempt4 ,an inve/igation ( ! mean+ ( ,pan!ism1 ( ! *>act]i/ic idea prop] to ! int]m$iate hypo!sis :i* rejects equally ,a-,!ism & ,!ism1 w op5 to view ! metaphysical difficulties & contradictions involv$ 9 ! hypo!sis4 ,i %all aft]w>ds try to %[ ! incompatibility ( ! pr9ciples ( ,pan!ism ) ! true pr9ciples ( natural sci5ce4 ,! moral consid]ations belong+ to ! ,*ri/ian controv]sy ) ,pan!ism ,i %all res]ve till ! f9al /age 9 my argum5t4 ,pan!ism agrees ) a!ism 9 its d5ial ( a p]sonal ,deity4 ,its div9ity ( ! univ]se is a div9ity )\t a w & )\t consci\s intellig5ce4 ,9 :at respect1 !n1 does ,pan!ism really diff] f a!ism8 ,if we elim9ate f our idea ( ! div9ity ( ! univ]se all consci\sness1 all sympa?y1 all w1 :at sort ( a div9ity rema9s1 :at s5se ( a pres5t & real div9e p[] is left to ! man t %r9ks f a!ism8 ,a!ism d5ies t 91 or ov]1 or ) nature !re is any?+ :atev] besides nature4 ,does n ,pan!ism d ! v same8 ,if n1 :at is !re1 let ! pan!i/ tell u1 9 nature besides nature8 ,:at sort ( a div9ity is t :i* is sep>ate f consci\s intellig5ce & f volunt>y w or p[]8 ,is x said t ?\gh !re be no ,deity 9 ! univ]se1 yet !re is a h>mony1 a unity1 an unfold+ plan & purpose1 :i* mu/ be recognis$ z transc5d+ all limitation1 z un]r+1 inexhau/ible1 inf9ite1 & !re=e z div9e8 ,let u ask ourselves :at unity t c be :i* is above m]e nature1 z su*1 & yet /&s 9 no relation to a p]sonal ,"l & ,rul] ( ! univ]se2 :at plan & purpose t c be :i* is ! product ( no intellig5ce1 :i* no m9d ev] plann$2 :at inf9ite & un]r+ h>mony c mean1 :5 !re is no h>moni/ to inspire & regulate ! life & movem5t ( ! :ole4 ,d n ! po9ts ( di/9ction :i* ! pan!i/ makes betwe5 8 philosophy & ! bald t5ets ( ! a!i/ am\nt 9 effect to s _m admissions t ! facts ( ! univ]se _c be /at$1 t ! ph5om5a ( nature _c be describ$1 ) any?+ l fidelity or accuracy1 )\t ! use ( language su* z has no real mean+ unless x implies ! exi/5ce & op]ation ?r\gh\t univ]sal nature ( a supreme actuative & provid5tial ,m9d & ,w8 ,! lea/ & l[e/ implication :i* is involv$ 9 ,pan!ism1 ! mo/ elem5t>y idea :i* ! ^w pan!ism c be held to connote1 ! b>e/ m9imum ( mean+ :i* ! cre$ ( ! pan!i/ c be presum$ to conta91 is t !re is 9 ! :ole ( nature--9 ?is univ]se ( be+--a div9e unity4 ,let u !n look at ?is ^w unity1 & consid] closely :at x mu/ mean4 ,^? :o believe 9 a div9e unity p]vad+ all nature mu/ imply t 9 ! mid/ ( ! inf9ite complexity & v>iety ( ! univ]se !re is ev]y:]e to be recognis$ a gr& law & ord] ( nature--a me?od1 plan1 & h>mony 9 ! great :ole1 :i* mu/ consequ5tly be traceable ?r\gh all ! p>ts4 ,b ^: & :5ce is ?is gr& law8 ,is x inde$ a reality8 ,are all ?+s fitt$ to ea* o!r1 "p to "p1 law to law1 =ce to =ce1 ?r\gh\t ! inf9ite dep?s ( microscopic disclosures1 ?r\gh\t ! inf9ite exub]ance ( nature's gr&e/ prov9ces1 ?r\gh\t all space & all duration8 ,d all ?+s "w to meet ea* o!r8 ,is e sev]al life-cell1 ea* organic fibre1 mov+1 t5d+1 develop+1 mak+ escapes or ov]tures1 z if a sep>ate angel ( un]r+ sympa?y & insight1 ( illimitable pla/ic skill & p[]1 ( creative en]gy & p]fect provid5ce1 inhabit$1 inspir$1 & actuat$ x8 ,is x s t ! man ( sci5ce1 :o ent]s into communion ) nature's actual life1 & movem5t1 & purpose1 seems to see & feel div9ities1 unre/+ly1 unwe>i$ly1 9 sil5t omnipot5ce1 9 inf9ite diffusion1 ev]y:]e at "w1 s t ! rev]5t inquir] & gaz] to :om ?is wondr\s spectacle is unveil$1 c\ld almo/1 9 8 own pan!i/ic s5se1 adopt ! invocation ( ,col]idge1 & address ! p[]s he sees at "w 9 su* words z ^!3 ,spirits t hov] o'er ,! immeasurable f\nt1 ,ebulli5t ) creative ,deity6 ,& ye ( pla/ic p[] t int]fus$ ,roll ?r\gh ! gross] & mat]ial mass1 ,9 organis+ surge6 ,holies ( ,god6 7,& :at if ,monads ( ! ,inf9ite ,m9d87 ,is x s8 ,i ask4 ,!n1 :at does su* a real h>mony & su* univ]sal correspond5ce & provid5ce z ?is imply8 ,surely we mu/ p]=ce adopt "o ( two alt]natives4 ,if we refuse to believe 9 ,"o ,rul+1 ,organiz+1 ,creative ,m9d1 ,"o ,liv+1 ,univ]sal ,m9d & ,w & ,provid5ce1 :i* works ?r\gh all1 we mu/ end[ ea* sep>ate be+1 or at lea/ ea* =m ( life1 ) creative en]gy1 illimitable & all-answ]+ s5sibility & sympa?y1 un]r+ wisdom1 & v]itable w4 ,nay1 ultimately1 z x seems to me1 ! alt]native mu/ be betwe5 accept+ ! fai? 9 an inf9ite ,god1 & attribut+ to ev5 ! p>ticles ( inorganic matt]1 am5able z ^! are to ! laws ( gravitation & *emical comb9ation1 a wisdom1 w1 & p[] ( _! own1 ! p[] ( intellig5ce & ( self-direction4 ,z to :at are call$ ! laws ( gravitation & ( *emical comb9ation1 we "k t a law1 l an idol1 is no?+ 9 ! _w b a "n4 ,!re is no p[] b ( ,god2 ! p[]s t be1 are orda9$ ( ,god4 ,a law is n a p[]2 ! laws ( sci5ce d b def9e obs]v$ me?ods ( movem5t or =ms ( cu/om>y relation betwe5 ?+ & ?+4 ,( "o ?+1 at any rate1 ,i ?9k we may be sure1 t a m]e ord] ( nature1 asc]ta9$ ?\gh x may h be5 by ! true/ & sure/ induction1 _c h made & _c su/a9 itself1 _c be self-orig9at$ & self-impell$4 ,s also x is c]ta9 t a m]e pla/ic univ]sal p[]1 ap>t f any creative or provid5tial m9d1 h[ev] its products might seem to imply intellig5ce1 c\ld be animat$ by no consci\s purpose1 & c\ld n be conceiv$ z work+ ) bl9d automatic c]ta9ty con=mably to a gr& cosmical plan or t[>ds a provid5tial end4 ,& if ! div9ity ( ! pan!i/ is no?+ m ?an a p]sonifi$ law or ord] ( nature1 8 p]sonification ( ?is ord] or law c add no?+ to its virtue or pot5cy1 c by no means trans=m x f a phrase into a liv+ p[]1 f a figure ( spee* into a real & intellig5t =ce1 c nev] con/itute x into a div9ity4 ,! m ,i reflect ^u ! subject1 ! m assur$ ! conclusion appe>s to be1 t any conception ( a real unity 9 & ( nature is self-contradictory & unmean+1 except ^u ! assumption ( a consci\s & intellig5t ,creator4 ,! unity ( nature1 to a man :o d5ies ! exi/5ce ( a real ,god1 _c be a unity inh]5t 9 nature1 _c be a unity accord+ to :i* nature itself has be5 plann$1 & is really work+2 x is an imput$ unity1 ! conception ( ! pan!i/ic philosoph]'s own m9d4 ,unity1 inde$1 z appreh5d$ by u--& x c only be kn[n ?r\gh our appreh5sion ( x--is ess5tially a conception1 a relative idea4 ,if "o c\ld conceive nature z exi/+ de/itute ( a m9d ei!r to "w on a plan1 or to recognise a plan 9 work+1 9 su* nature !re c\ld be no unity4 ,unity 9 action implies a plan ( volunt>y work+1 & !re=e a regulat+ m9d4 ,unity ( conception & exposition implies an intellig5t obs]v]4 ,! unity ( nature1 if x be n ! plan & "w ( ! v ,god1 c be no?+ m ?an a s*eme & conception :i* has be5 inv5t$ & imput$ by man4 ,b p]haps x may be ?\ght t ! ^w unity1 z us$ by pan!i/s1 %\ld be und]/ood r z ref]r+ to ! ultimate on5ess & id5tity ( all =ce ?r\gh\t ! univ]se1 ?an to h>mony ( univ]sal plan & purpose4 ,v>i\s z are ! appe>ances ( nature1 & ! modes 9 :i* ! laws ( nature op]ate1 x may yet be set =? by ! pan!i/ z 8 belief1--a belief1 he w say1 :i* ! mod]n advance ( sci5ce t5ds cont9ually to e/abli% z ! true !ory ( ! univ]se1--t all =ce is ultimately "o1 t ! diff]5t =ces ( nature are mutually conv]tible & equival5t1 t "o en]gy ( nature1 ,protean1 univ]sal1 ( inf9ite pla/icity & p[] ( v>iation or adaptation1 p]vades & actuates all ?+s4 ,x may be call$ gravitation1 or electricity1 or light1 or heat1 or n]v\s en]gy1 or vital =ce2 b ultimately & ess5tially x is "o & ! same2 x is1 to quote well-worn l9es :i* w be held "h /rictly to apply-- ,*ang$ ?ro' all1 & yet 9 all ! same4 ,x ,w>ms 9 ! sun1 refre%es 9 ! breeze1 ,gl[s 9 ! />s1 & blossoms 9 ! trees2 ,lives ?ro' all life1 ext5ds ?ro' all ext5t1 ,spreads undivid$1 op]ates unsp5t3 ,brea!s 9 our s\l1 in=ms our mortal "p1 99 99 99 99 99 ,to x no high1 no l[1 no great1 no small1 ,x fills1 x b\nds1 connects1 & equals all4 ,n[ if ?is be ! pan!i/ic unity :i* is admitt$ by m5 :o d5y a p]sonal ,deity1 ,i w n /ay to object t su* a view is h>dly consi/5t ) ! ess5tial di/9ction 9 nature :i* ev5 ,pr(essor ,huxley & m5 ( 8 s*ool unwav]+ly & p[]fully ma9ta91 betwe5 inorganic matt] & liv+ =ms4 ,x is m to my purpose to rem>k t x is mu* simpl] & easi] to believe 9 a p]sonal ,god1 ?an 9 su* an imp]sonal div9ity z ?is ,protean ,=ce4 ,e difficulty :i* belongs to ! ?\ght ( ,god's exi/5ce belongs to ?is also4 ,?is =ce mu/ be self-orig9at$1 mu/ h be5 f ev]la/+1 mu/ be creative1 omnipres5t1 provid5tial1 equal to all plans1 purposes1 contrivances1 inspirations1 :i* h be51 or ev] w be1 9 ?is ddalean & inf9ite univ]se2 mu/ be ! s\rce ( all intellig5ce1 ?\gh itself un9tellig5t2 ( all sympa?y1 al?\gh itself incapable ( sympa?y2 mu/ h =m$ ! eye1 ?\gh x _c see1 & ! e>1 ?\gh x _c he>2 mu/ h blossom$ & develop$ into p]sonal intellig5ces1 al?\gh p]sonal intellig5ce is a prop]ty :i* _c be attribut$ to x2 mu/ unque/ionably be omnisci5t z well z omnipres5t1 or x c\ld n1 9 its inf9ite conv]tibility1 anticipate all ne$s1 meet all dem&s1 answ] 9 absolute & univ]sal h>mony to e faculty1 capability1 & t5d5cy ( all ?+s t are & all ?+s t become4 ,n[ is x reasonable to object to ! doctr9e ( a p]sonal ,deity because ( its inconceivability & its /up5d\s difficulties1 & yet to believe 9 su* a primal1 ess5tial1 immat]ial1 creative1 inf9ite1 bl9d & un9tellig5t =ce z ?is8 ,surely no contradiction c\ld be great]4 ,! conception ( ,god z f ev]la/+ is /up5d\s4 ,b an inf9ite ,protean ,=ce f ev]la/+1 de/itute ( intellig5ce & w1 yet cont9ually op]ative z ! life1 s\l1 wisdom1 & provid5ce1 ( all ?+s1 is no?+ less ?an contradictory & absurd4 ,i c come to no conclusion1 accord+ly1 b t ,pan!ism really only diff]s f a!ism1 9 s f> z x confesses t x is impossible to speak ) ord9>y propriety1 or 9 any su* way z to meet ! necessities ei!r ( sci5ce itself or ( ! common s5se & feel+s ( mank9d1 )\t employ+ !i/ic language4 ,x has be5 said t hypocrisy is ! homage :i* vice pays to virtue4 ,s a pr(ession ( ,pan!ism is ! tribute ( compliance at lea/ 9 spee*1 is ! outw>d language ( homage1 :i* !ism has p[] to extort f a!ism4 ,pan!ism1 z is said by ! au?or ( ,lo?air1 is b a!ism 9 dom9o4 ,no?+1 z ! same writ] adds1 c surely be m mon/r\s ?an to repres5t a creator z unconsci\s ( creat+4 ,yes1 ,pan!ism is b veil$ a!ism4 ,/rip ,pan!ism ( all involutions ( ?\ght & all inve/itures ( language1 & 9 its nak$ tru? x /&s =? z m]e a!ism4 ,e =m :i* ,pan!ism takes1 e disguise :i* x assumes1 to hide f itself & f ! _w its real "*1 is a te/imony borne by a!ism to ! necessity :i* all m5 feel = assum+ ! exi/5ce ( ,deity2 ,:at ,robespi]re is report$ to h said ) ref]5ce to political gov]nm5t & national well-be+1 t if !re 7 n a ,god1 x w\ld be necess>y to inv5t "o1 is felt by pan!i/ic philosoph]s to be true 9 reg>d to nature4 ,s mon/r\s a conception is t ( ?is univ]se )\t a gov]n+ m9d2 s cle>ly & directly to ! common s5se ( mank9d d ! inf9ite h>monies ( ! univ]se seem to imply a design+ & gov]n+ ,intellig5ce2 s indubitably does ! might & life ( ! univ]se1 ev] com+ =? anew1 ev] spr++ up afre%1 ev] unfold+ & advanc+1 imply a c5tral liv+ ,p[]1 ,"o ) ! inf9ite gov]n+ ,intellig5ce2 t pan!i/s1 9 ord] to speak & write intelligibly1 are compell$ to inve/ nature ) ! qualities :i* !y d5y to ! ,deity1 to attribute a _s & intellig5ce to ! :ole ma*9e1 because !y d5y ! exi/5ce ( ! great ,me*ani/2 to p]sonify a h>mony & unity :i* is b an ab/raction1 :i*1 on _! own hypo!sis1 is b a gr& accid5t1 a result )\t a cause1 because !y refuse to believe 9 a p]sonal ,god4 ,i am v f> inde$ f wi%+ to come "u ! def9ition ( :at ,mr4 ,hutton has spok5 ( z ! ,h>d ,*ur*1 or to c>ry my positions m]ely by ! use ( ! dilemma1 yet ,i _c refra9 f say+1 p>5!tically1 t ! argum5t ( ! dilemma1 c>efully & truly appli$1 is n only always legitimate b (t5 necess>y1 & ,i mu/ affirm t x applies v closely 9 ! pres5t in/ance4 ,! pan!i/ _c ma9ta9 8 position midway betwe5 a!ism & !ism4 ,if he absolutely refuses to be a !i/1 x is necess>y to %[ him t he w h to yield to ! cruel necessity ( ackn[l$g+ himself to be an a!i/4 ,/&+ midway1 8 position is altoge!r unt5able1 f :i*ev] side x is assail$4 ,on ! "o side1 ! pan!i/ is condemn$ by ! same argum5ts :i* condemn a!ism2 on ! o!r side1 ! a!i/ may ju/ly allege aga9/ ! position ( ! pan!i/ ! self-same difficulties :i* bo? pan!i/ & a!i/ urge aga9/ !ism4 ,b if pan!ism be 9 reality only a!ism1 ,i may h5ce=? disreg>d ! v]bal di/9ction betwe5 ! two1 & br+ =w>d consid]ations & argum5ts :i* apply indiff]5tly to ei!r4 ,9 pursu+ ! discussion ,i %all take up 9 detail "s po9ts ( argum5t already1 z to _! g5]al scope1 m or less di/9ctly intimat$ 9 ! prelim9>y consid]ations :i* ,i h advanc$4 ,to explode any view ( ! _w :i* excludes f x ! pres5ce & gov]nm5t ( a p]sonal ,god1 no?+ m is ne$$ ?an to realize & truly und]/& ! a!i/ic view 9 its v>i\s aspects4 ,let u try ! a!i/'s !ory on ! hi/ory ( ! univ]se1 & see :e!r x c be made to fit1 or mu/ be brok5 9 ! attempt to fit x4 ,! w & int]f]5ce ( ,god1 z ! ,"l & ,rul] ( ! univ]se1 is exclud$4 ,! univ]se is held to h be5 f ! beg9n+ )\t a %ap+ & rul+ intellig5ce & w4 ,no m9d has presid$ ov] its de/9ies1 has animat$ its en]gies2 no provid5ce ( ,div9e p[] & wisdom has guid$ its *anges & progress1 has r5ew$ & repl5i%$ & su/a9$ x4 ,x foll[s t no p[] or w f beyond itself has ev] t\*$ ! univ]se4 ,its own unaid$ & unguid$ p[]s h done all4 ,if ! univ]se did n make itself1 x has develop$ itself3 all t has be51 or is to be1 0 includ$ pot5tially 9 t :i* 0 at ! beg9n+1 & has unfold$ 9 necess>y ord]4 ,! vision pres5t$ is to c]ta9 m9ds v fasc9at+3 x is a vision ( va/ unbrok5 progress1 ( cont9ual & inf9ite self-developm5t4 ,b let x be work$ out1 & let u consid] :at x really means4 ,su* an hypo!sis mu/ lead u back1 9 ! inf9ite dim di/ance ( ! orig9al & indi/+ui%able pa/1 into a univ]se-mi/ ( g]m9al p[]s f :i* all has s9ce develop$4--,b /ay4 ,0 ?is mi/ & expanse ( univ]sal nature 9 its orig9es all homog5e\s & at "o /age ( exi/5ce8 ,!n ,i h to ask1 :5ce came x8 ,:at1 go+ ev] fur!r & fur!r back1 :]e 7 ! inf9itely e>li]1 fa9t]1 evani%+ entities or p[]s1 into :i* inf9ite creative =ce & pot5tiality 0 diffus$8 & :at ! "o life & gr& h>mony ( influ5ces & impulses1 t5d+ t[>ds an inf9ite goal ( progress & p]fection1 :i* p]vad$ ! :ole8 ,:at does all ?is mean8 ,is ?is easi]1 simpl]1 m rational1 ?an to believe 9 ,god f ev]la/+8 ,is any?+ ga9$ 9 simplicity1 compreh5sibility1 probability1 or 9 sci5tific "*1 by d5y+ t 9 ! increas+ purpose :i* runs ?r\gh ! ages !re is any guidance ( a div9e intellig5ce or work+ ( a div9e w2 & call+ ! :ole process f fir/ to la/1 f ev]la/+ to ev]la/+1 developm5t8 ,:at is ?is ^w developm5t b a "n8 ,does ! use ( ! ^w expla9 any?+8 ,does ! use ( ! ^w r$uce ! my/]y ( ! univ]se to ! simplicity ( an axiom8 ,does ! use ( ! ^w provide a simple equival5t = all t div9e wisdom1 p[]1 & provid5ce1 h ev] be5 imag9$ to d = ! univ]se8 ,m5 call ! my/]y ( be+ & becom+ by ! "n ( developm5t1 & !n say t all ?+s are effect$ by developm5t1 & t developm5t expla9s all6 ,:]eas ?is developm5t ( :i* !y talk s famili>ly1 z ?\gh !y und]/ood all its secrets1 & 7 privy to its inf9itely v>i\s & mighty work+s1 & c\ld unfold its s\rce & mean+1 is itself all ! "t ! v my/]y to be resolv$ & expla9$4 ,developm5t is 9 tru? z amaz+ & incompreh5sible a my/]y z creation4 ,x seems to be b ano!r ^w = creation4 ,only !y :o affect its use in/ead ( ! ^w creation1 insi/ ^u creation )\t a creator4 ,! un9tellig5t & unconsci\s univ]se1 on _! view1 is cont9ually creat+ itself4 ,! hypo!sis ( developm5t1 h[ev]1 is n only un9telligible & utt]ly devoid ( reality1 :5 criticiz$ 9 its g5]al pr9ciple2 z might be expect$1 x altoge!r breaks d[n :5 x is te/$ 9 detail4 ,pr(essor ,huxley's protoplasm breaks x d[n4 ,all ! sci5tific evid5ce1 z t em95t tea*] ( sci5ce %[$ at ,liv]pool la/ autumn1 is oppos$ to ! idea t protoplasm 0 develop$ out ( inorganic matt]4 ,! hypo!sis ( spontane\s life-g5]ation appe>s to be explod$4 ,sci5ce1 at any rate1 on its own positive pr9ciples1 has no "r :atev] to pret5d t life has ev] be5 develop$ out ( :at 0 n liv+4 ,"h1 !n1 a great &1 s f> z sci5ce c help u to =m a judgm5t1 an altoge!r impassable b>ri] rises to view aga9/ any developm5t hypo!sis4 ,at a c]ta9 /age 9 ! hi/ory ( ! univ]se protoplasm1 organiz$ life1 made its appe>ance on ! sc5e1 />t+ up z a p]fectly new1 an orig9al1 an undevelop$ ph5om5on4 ,be=e1 all _h be5 inorganic & dead2 n[ ,life 0 abroad 9 ! _w1 de/9$ to increase & multiply1 & repl5i% ! univ]se4 ,let ^? :o d5y div9e & creative w & gov]nm5t1 in=m u :5ce came ?is life4 ,x 0 n develop$4 ,mu/ x n h be5 creat$4 ,if n1 !n :5ce1 ,i ask1 :5ce did x spr+8 ,! argum5t :i* ,i h j urg$ %\ld1 z ,i v5ture to ?9k1 be conclusive ev5 ) ^? :o "k1 & seek to "k1 no?+ m ( sci5ce ?an ! ord] & me?od ( its ph5om5al processes4 ,i w n[ br+ =w>d a consid]ation :i* w1 ,i hope1 be admitt$ to h weight by ^? m5 ( sci5ce--x is to be greatly lam5t$ t !re %\ld be s few ( ^!--:o h /udi$ ! nature & work+ ( ! m9d z well z ! ph5om5a ( s5se4 ,we h se5 t protoplasm--t ,life--0 n develop$ out ( inorganic matt]1 b appe>s to h be5 an entirely new & prim>y fact on ! face ( ! univ]se4 ,life came 9 & appropriat$1 put to its own uses1 b\nd up "u its own seal1 impregnat$ ) its own specific virtue1 ! raw inorganic mat]ials :i* x f\nd 9 nature2 b ! p[] ( ,life itself 0 altoge!r new4 ,a fact 9 "s sort analog\s to ?is confronts u 9 a high] sph]e1 9 ! sph]e ( liv+ intellig5ce itself4 ,i ref] to ! em]g5ce ( p]sonal consci\sness among ! _w ( liv+ creatures4 ,to me x appe>s t ! s5se ( p]sonality is an altoge!r new & orig9al fact1 "o :i* _c be conceiv$ z develop$ or developable out ( any pre-exi/+ ph5om5a or conditions4 ,:5ce x comes1 or h[ x arises1 ,i "k n4 ,b x appe>s to be1 9 & ( itself1 ! ass]tion ( an ess5tial sep>at5ess betwe5 ,"o's ,self & all ph5om5a1 all con/itu5ts1 all conditions :atev]4 ,! s5se ( an ,i ,myself1 ( ,p]sonality1 ass]ts an anti!sis betwe5 ! ,man1 & all t ! ,man uses1 takes up into 8 p]sonality1 makes 8 own4 ,z ,life b9ds up inorganic matt] "u its seal1 b is n develop$ out ( inorganic matt]1 s ! volunt>y & responsible ,self b9ds up "u ! seal ( its own p]sonality all t belongs to ! manifold life ( its complex be+4 ,z life br+s into ! univ]se a new _w ( ph5om5a1 high] & m manifold ?an ^? ( m]e inorganic matt]1 yet embody+ & adopt+ ^!1 s p]sonality br+s into ! univ]se a new _w ( va/ly high] & r>] ph5om5a ?an ^? ( m]e vitality1 yet embodies & adopts ^!3--x introduces all t belongs to reflection & morality1 giv+ bir? to an intellig5ce & a _w ( ?\ght1 9 :i* all ! l[] & ant]ior ph5om5a ( ! _w become matt]s ( cognisance1 & are mirror$ z objects ( ?\ght4 ,z ,i v5ture to ?9k t ?is s5se ( p]sonality1 ) ! new _w ( reflective consci\sness & morality :i* x br+s 91 is a fact1 />t+ up 9 ! mid/ ( a univ]se ( ant]ior developm5ts1 su* z all ,mr4 ,d>w9's solv5ts utt]ly fail to t\*1 a ph5om5on :i* rema9s z f> f explanation z be=e he wrote 8 la/ book1 s x appe>s to me t ! p[] ( human spee* is ano!r fact />t+ up 9 ! mid/ ( ! l9e ( suppos$ developm5ts :i* no hypo!sis ( evolution c af=d any help t[>ds expla9+4 ,miracul\sly develop$ reason1 some?+ high]1 z x seems to me1 ?an any developm5t ( human reason our race has1 9 its highe/ culture1 z yet put =?1 mu/ h be5 necess>y 9 ord] to ! inv5tion ( language by any race ev5 ( ! mo/ sagaci\s mammals4 ,& yet1 aga91 spee* itself is a necessity1 a necess>y in/rum5t1 9 ord] to ! high developm5t ( reason4 ,we h "s idea :at deaf mutes ( our human family are l1 :5 no pa9/ak+ & k9dly culture has be5 be/[$ on _! intellig5ce1 & temp]1 & affections1 & consci5ce4 ,let u conceive ! :ole race ( man to be1 & to h be5 f ! beg9n+1 n inde$ deaf1 b cong5itally & irrev]sibly dumb1 ) no m p[] ( articulate expression ?an a horse1 or let u say1 a dog4 ,:at w\ld ! developm5t ( human reason h be5 "u su* conditions8 ,h[1 !n1 is x possible to conceive t ! wondr\s faculty & in/rum5t ( spee* 0 ev] inv5t$ & p]fect$ by mammals ( infra-human faculty & developm5t1 & t !y 7 aft]w>ds ?r\gh ?is inv5tion develop$ yet m highly1 until !y atta9$ to ! dignity & advancem5t ( humanity8 ,su* infra-human mammals mu/ h be5 m miracul\sly end[$ 9 ord] to su* an inv5tion ?an ev] man himself has be54 ,aft] all t ,mr4 ,d>w9 has writt51 does or c any reasonable man or woman actually believe 9 ! possibility1--ap>t f ! ,div9e ,p[] & ,w & ,guidance1--= t is ! po9t1--( ! self-developm5t1 ! spontane\s upgr[? ( articulate language8 ,let u /udy our quadrup$al famili>s1 = ! sake ( illu/ration & analogy4 ,we see daily h[ our noble dogs /ra9 & groan aft] spee*1 d all b speak3 we m>k _! eloqu5t looks1 _! speak+ ge/ures1 _! wond]fully expressive movem5ts1 h[ !y wat* u speak1 & seem z if !y und]/ood :at spee* is to u1 & z if !y crav$ mo/ long+ly ! p[] = !mselves4 ,we _c b sympa!tically admire ! intellig5t1 ! b5evol5t1 ! noble1 ! sagaci\s physiognomies :i* !y %[4 ,if any creature ev] c\ld1 w\ld1 or did develop spee* 9 any rudim5t>y =m1 are n !y j 9 ! circum/ances to d x8 ,& :5 once rudim5tally begun1 h[ev] unc\?ly & imp]fectly1 %\ld n _! organs cont9ually improve by ! cont9ual ef=t & ! increas+ intellig5ce8 ,is x n imm5sely less h>d ( belief1 & less difficult to imag9e1 t dogs %\ld develop spee*1 ?an t man %\ld h be5 develop$ f ! l>v ( ! ascidi8 ,yet is !re ev5 a beg9n+ made t[>ds ! can9e developm5t ( articulate language1 or does any liv+ man believe t su* a beg9n+ ev] c\ld be made8 ,to me x appe>s t human spee* & human p]sonality are 9 "s way b\nd up ) ea* o!r1 t ! "o1 9 "s sort1 implies ! o!r1 & t ^! two *>act]i/ics ( our race pres5t an insup]able ob/acle to ! acceptance by really sci5tific ?9k]s ( any hypo!sis ( evolution :i*1 leav+ ,god out ( nature1 w\ld acc\nt = ! :ole exi/5ce & progress ( ! univ]se on ! pr9ciple ( spontane\s developm5t4 ,b aga91 let me be all[$ to te/ ! developm5t hypo!sis 9 detail at ano!r po9t4 ,?is hypo!sis--& any pan!i/ic or a!i/ic view ( ! univ]se :i* pr(esses to be sci5tific--is oblig$ to confess t all liv+ be+s1 ( :atev] sort1 h be5 develop$ out ( a s+le prim>y cell--call$ (t5 a g]m-cell--( protoplasm4 ,"h !y f9d ! beg9n+ ( e k9d ( life4 ,! plant1 ! animal1 ( e sort1--! li*51 ! c$>1 ! sponge1 ! bird1 ! mammal1 ! m9ute/ entozoon1 ! mo/ microscopic infusorium1 & man1--h be5 develop$ out ( ^! prim>y cells4 ,:at !n d ! same m5 :o tea* u ?is1 f9d to be ! con/itution ( ^! same cells1 :5 microscopically exam9$8 ,!y f9d !m to be1 = ! mo/ "p1 & inde$ always1 if all[ance be made = v trivial exceptions1 id5tically ! same4 ,! matt] is id5tically ! same1 ! appe>ance id5tically ! same2 no diff]5ce :atev] ( con/itution1 =m1 or prop]ties1 is to be detect$4 ,!y _c tell :e!r ! nettle1 or ! frog1 or ! eagle1 or ! man1 is to be develop$ out ( any giv5 cell3 = any?+ _! sci5ce c tea* !m1 any ( ^! might be develop$1 z !y call x1 out ( any cell4 ,b if ?is be s1 is x sci5tific1 is x real or true1 is x n altoge!r mislead+1 to speak ( m]e developm5t 9 su* a case8 ,! fl[] may be said to be develop$ out ( ! bud because ! bud is ! fl[] 9 m9iature1 ! fl[] is really fold$ up 9 ! bud4 ,b surely "h is no case ( m]e developm5t2 "h is no unfold+ out ( ! g]m-cell ( :at is pot5tially conta9$ 9 ! cell1 reg>d$ z a m]ely mat]ial organism4 ,judg$ by e te/ ( physical exp]im5t1 ! prim>y cells are id5tically ! same2 & yet !y gr[ into =ms ess5tially & inf9itely dissimil>4 ,does x n cle>ly appe> t "h is a matt] 9 :i* "s p[] above & beyond ! m]e physical con/itution & nature ( ! prim>y cell mu/ be admitt$1 on e pr9ciple ( sci5ce1 on e gr\nd ( pure c&\r & tru?1 to be ( necessity pres5t8 ,is x n evid5t t ) ea* g]m-cell !re mu/ be associat$ "s individual life-p[] :i* animates ! cell1 :i* uses x z a unit to multiply1 z a f\ndation to build ^u1 :i* does build & weave & "w into x & ^u x cont9ually new mat]ial1 :i*1 = its own use 9 its "w ( weav+ & fabricat+1 & = ! completion ( its own di/9ctive =m & vehicle1 takes toll ( air & e>? & wat] & heat-p[]--! anci5t elem5ts--select+ out ( !m its appropriate pabulum1 9 :atev] *emical comb9ations ( ! prim>y elem5ts kn[n to our mod]n sci5tific analysis may be fit & ne$ful8 ,surely n developm5t1 b life1 ! my/]y ( individual life1 is "h4 ,& if ! philosoph] w d5y ! omnipres5t creative & su/a9+ p[] ( ,god1 x appe>s to me t he mu/ be prep>$ to animate ea* g]m-cell ) an individual intellig5ce :i* works ) div9e p[]1 on a def9ite & mo/ miracul\s plan1 & t[>ds a di/9ct goal ( p]fection4 ,to call su* v>i\s p[]s & processes1 su* div]se & g5]ically diff]5t op]ations1 9 e sph]e ( life1 by ! same t]m1 appe>s to me to be unsci5tific2 to speak ( !m all alike z processes ( unfold+ or developm5t1 :5 results ! mo/ inf9itely unlike & sep>ate are obta9$ f beg9n+s :i* are id5tically alike1 appe>s to be n only unsci5tific b altoge!r mislead+4 ,i d n ?9k x arrogant or unw>rant$ to conclude f su* consid]ations z ,i h be5 try+ to set =?1 t evolution1 or developm5t1 ap>t f ! p[] & guidance ( ! ,liv+ ,god1 is an unphilosophical1 an unsci5tific idea1 an empty1 an unmean+ ^w4 ,x is a ?+ ( naught1 utt]ly impot5t to solve ! my/]ies ( ! univ]se1 ev5 :5 exp\nd$ & re9=c$ by ,mr4 ,d>w9's ,natural ,selection4 ,i h n a ^w to say "h aga9/ ! views ( ,mr4 ,d>w91 z def9$ & modifi$ by ! requirem5ts ( sci5tific mode/y & precision4 ,if ,i _h any pret5sions to be call$ a /ud5t ( natural sci5ce1 ,i %\ld sit at ! feet ( ,mr4 ,d>w9 :5 he speaks1 n z a philosophic !ori/1 b z a sci5tific obs]v] & a truly inductive naturali/4 ,b ,i mu/ say "h 9 respect to ,natural ,selection1 reg>d$ z1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,d>w9's hypo!sis1 ! h&maid ( developm5t1 t1 l developm5t1 x is b a "n1 & n a p[]4 ,x describes ! ord] & mode accord+ to :i* ,provid5ce works2 x is n itself a =ce--a work+ en]gy4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 himself inde$ (t5 speaks z if ,natural ,selection 7 itself a p[] & a provid5ce4 ,i f9d to my h& 9 ,mr4 ,k+sley's f9e1 sugge/ive pap] on ,! ,natural ,!ology ( ! ,future1 rec5tly publi%$ 9 ,macmillan's ,magaz9e1 a s5t5ce ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's 9 reg>d to ,natural ,selection :i* ,i w quote4 ,x may be metaphorically said1 writes ,mr4 ,d>w91 t natural selection is daily & h\rly scrut9iz+ ?r\gh\t ! _w e v>iation ev5 ! slighte/2 reject+ t :i* is bad1 pres]v+ & add+ up t :i* is good1 sil5tly & necess>ily work+ :5ev] & :]ev] opportunity (f]s at ! improvem5t ( e organic be+4 ,x may be metaphorically said1 are ,mr4 ,d>w9's words4 ,b 9 fact he is us+1 n a metaphor1 b a p]sonification4 ,! di/9ction ,mr4 ,d>w9 does n see4 ,he repeat$ly speaks ( 8 p]sonifications z metaphors4 ,b ! di/9ction not)/&+ is mo/ important4 ,by p]sonify+ ,natural ,selection ,mr4 ,d>w9 makes x appe> to be a cause1 attributes to x a real p[]1 nay1 wisdom & provid5ce1 z well z p[]4 ,he speaks 9 "o place ( ,nature's p[] ( selection2 contra/+ ?is ) ! p[]s ( artificial selection ex]cis$ by feeble man1 by :i*1 h[ev]1 man c d s mu*2 & argu+ t ,nature's p[] ( selection mu/ be incomp>ably great]1 & compet5t to produce incomp>ably sup]ior effects 9 respect ( ! beauty & inf9ite complexity ( ! co-adaptations betwe5 all organic be+s1 "o ) ano!r1 & ) _! physical conditions ( life4 ,language ( a simil> sort he v frequ5tly uses4 ,he has1 !re=e1 z a sci5tific man laid himself op5 to ! repro( ( ,m4 ,fl\r5s1 :om no "o w d5y to be a sci5tific critic4 ,ei!r1 says ,m4 ,fl\r5s1 ,natural ,selection is no?+1 or x is nature1 b nature end[$ ) ! attribute ( selection--nature p]sonifi$1 :i* is ! la/ error ( ! la/ c5tury2 ! n9ete5? c5tury has done ) p]sonifications4 ,! n9ete5? c5tury ought to h done ) p]sonifications2 b ) ! _s ( ,lam>ck's speculations ! /yle ( ! ,fr5* a!i/ic philosophy ( ! la/ c5tury reappe>s4 ,mr4 ,d>w91 9 ! passage quot$ by ,mr4 ,k+sley1 describes ! mann] 9 :i* 8 ,natural ,selection may be conceiv$ z op]at+4 ,:at1 if 8 mean+ 7 express$ ) /rict sci5tific tru?1 he ought to int5d to say1 is t su* z he describes is ! result ( provid5tial work+ accord+ to ! mode & ord] :i* he designates by ! phrase ,natural ,selection4 ,all we ask1 says "o ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's able/ critics1 is t we may be all[$ to believe 9 a ,god & a real ,div9e ,provid5ce1 z p[]ful & wise & good z ,mr4 ,d>w9's ,natural ,selection4 ,b1 moreov]1 x mu/ n be =gott5 t !re is some?+ besides ! m]e process ( *ange & gr[?1 ( :at our philosoph]s call developm5t1 to be acc\nt$ =4 ,!re is a fact on :i* ! gr[?1 ! *ange1 ! evolution1 mu/ be held 9 a true s5se to dep5d3 a prior fact to be tak5 acc\nt (4 ,! gr[? proce$s ^u a plan1 & fulfils an idea3 protoplasm itself embodies a sci5tific pr9ciple4 ,b z ! seal mu/ be be=e ! impression1 ! orig9al be=e ! copy1 s ! pr9ciple mu/ be be=e its embodim5t1 ! plan & ! idea mu/ be be=e ! gr[?3 ! end1 t[>ds :i* z its goal ! gr[? or developm5t proce$s1 mu/ h be5 conceiv$ & set up z an aim be=e its fulfilm5t began4 ,we are b\nd !re=e1 if we w\ld exhau/ ! problem1 nay1 if we w\ld truly conceive1 & ju/ly /ate x1 to ask h[ & :5ce ! pr9ciple1 ! plan1 ! idea1 ! end1 _h _! exi/5ce8 ,^! are realities2 !y are ! mo/ inn] & ess5tial realities 9 e in/ance ( gr[? or developm5t2 to deal only ) ! developm5t ( ! physical basis1 is to leave unt\*$ ! k]nel ( ! matt]1 is altoge!r sup]ficial & unreal4 ,b pr9ciples1 plans1 types & ideas1 ends contemplat$ 9 movem5t & progress1 ^! at any rate are n physical1 are n matt]s ( s5se & organization4 ,!y are1 z ,i h said1 prior to :at is physical1 !y are conditions antec$5t to organization & gr[?4 ,moreov]1 !y are m5tal conceptions1 n physical affections4 ,!y are only possible1 !y h no mean+1 except z ! ?\ghts ( "s m9d4 ,"h1 !n1 we are br\ght back by an inevitable necessity to an antec$5t m9d1 ! seat & orig9 ( all ! pr9ciples1 ! plans ! ideas1 ! ends1 embodi$ 9 organiz$ be+s1 & fulfill$ 9 _! exi/5ce1 gr[?1 & p]fection4 ,9 %ort1 f :atev] side we contemplate ! problems ( nature1 & :5cesoev] we take our po9t ( dep>ture 9 _! inve/igation1 we f9d ourselves br\ght face to face ) creative m9d4 ,! ?+s :i* are se5 & temporal lead u always inw>ds to ! ?+s :i* are unse5 & et]nal2 man & creaturely exi/5ce conduct u to ! liv+ ,god4 ,if any "o w\ld escape f ! pressure ( ?is argum5t by h>dily d5y+ t liv+ organization involves pr9ciple or plan1 type or idea1 purpose or end1 x c only foll[ t ! liv+ =ms ( ! univ]se are an inf9ite cong]ies ( accid5tal comb9ations1 t 9 reality !re are no su* ?+s z organs1 t !re c be no su* ?+ z developm5t1 & t !re is no su* ?+ z law4 ,:at m5 call law is m]e sequ5ce t happ5s to foll[ regul>ly4 ,! :ole univ]se has be5 con/itut$ & regulat$ by ! =tuit\s conc\rse ( atoms4 ,aga9/ su* a conclusion z ?is ,i d n ne$ to argue4 ,x is ! nak$ & repulsive a!ism ( :i* ,i spoke 9 ! introduction to ?is lecture4 ,! l9e ( argum5t :i* ,i h be5 pursu+ seems to =ce u to ! conclusion t !re is no logical re/+-place betwe5 su* !ism z ,*ri/ianity tea*es & su* ,democritean a!ism z t ( :i* we h n[ _h a glimpse4 ,b if ?is be s1 x foll[s t x is impossible to d5y design & f9al causes 9 creation1 & ! sway & ov]sight ( a univ]sal ,div9e ,provid5ce1 ! provid5ce ( a liv+ ,god1 except by d5y+ all law4 ,to ! ,*ri/ian !i/1 sci5ce is liv+ sci5ce inde$2 to ! pan!i/1 no less ?an ! a!i/1 sci5ce is h>dly bett] ?an a dead regi/]4 ,he may talk ( ! wisdom1 ! p[]1 ! ord]1 ! b5evol5ce1 ( nature4 ,b su* expressions on ! lips ( a pan!i/ are utt]ly illusive4 ,all ! wisdom1 all ! m>vell\s adju/m5ts ( nature1 are b ! happy conjunctures1 ! exquisite *ance unisons1 ( he kn[s n :at4 ,:5 lo/ 9 admiration ( m>vell\s organizations1 complexly apt & beautiful contrivances1 ( :at seem l ! mo/ /udi$ & b5efic5t provisions1 ! s\l t is beg9n+ to gl[ ) wond] at ?is seem+ wisdom1 & to swell ) ?ankfulness because ( ?is seem+ love1 mu/ be *ill$ into blank confusion & amazem5t by ! ?\ght t !re is no ,be+ ( ,wisdom & ,b5evol5ce ,:o is to be ?ank$ & ador$ because ( ^! ,8 m>vell\s works4 ,surely ?is is en\gh to d>k5 ! univ]se to ! explor] ( nature's my/]ies1 & to fill 8 s\l ) p]petual melan*oly4 ,nor is x easy to und]/& h[ any man ( true sci5ce1 any real inductive philosoph]1 :o comes into contact ) nature's liv+ processes & he>s ! p]petual :isp] ( h] liv+ voice1 c be ensn>$ into ! acceptance ( su* a h>d my/]y ( sceptical belief z ?is4 ,surely1 !n1 on purely sci5tific gr\nds1--! gr\nds n only ( metaphysical b also ( natural sci5ce1 on e gr\nd :i* c be appeal$ to by high & pure philosophy1 we are at lib]ty1 ,i %\ld say we are b\nd1 to reject ! hypo!sis :i* attempts to exp\nd nature & to solve its my/]ies1 )\t ! admission ( a div9e m9d4 ,s5se & matt] & ! obs]v$ ord] ( ph5om5a d n con/itute ! :ole ( our sci5ce4 ,!re are "s words writt5 by a poet1 too mu* neglect$ at ! pres5t "t1 :i* ,i _c =be> f quot+ "h4 ,h[ %\ld matt] occupy a *>ge ,dull z x is1 & satisfy a law1 ,s va/ 9 its dem&s1 unless impell$ ,to ceaseless s]vice by a ceaseless =ce1 ,& "u pressure ( "s consci\s cause8 ,! ,"l ( all1 ,himself ?r\gh all diffus$1 ,su/a9s1 & is ! life ( all t lives4 ,nature is b a "n = an effect1 ,^: cause is ,god4 ,he fe$s ! secret fire ,by :i* ! mighty process is ma9ta9$1 ,:o sleeps n1 is n we>y2 9 ^: sight ,sl[ circl+ ages are z transi5t days2 ,^: "w is )\t lab\r2 ^: designs ,no flaw de=ms1 no difficulty ?w>ts2 ,& ^: b5efic5ce no *>ge exhau/s4 ,surely1 if ,i may "h quote "s words ( ,mr4 ,k+sley's 9 ! lecture to :i* ,i h already ref]r$1 ?is is :at m5 ( sci5ce are f9d+1 m & m1 bel[ _! facts1 bel[ all ph5om5a :i* ! scalpel & ! microscope c %[1 a some?+ nameless1 invisible1 impond]able1 yet seem+ly omnipres5t & omnipot5t1 retreat+ be=e !m deep] & deep]1 ! deep] !y delve1 t :i* ! old s*oolm5 call$ '=ma =mativa1' ! my/]y ( t unkn[n & truly miracul\s elem5t 9 nature :i* is always escap+ !m1 ?\gh !y _c escape x1 t ( :i* x 0 writt5 ( old1 ',:i!r %all ,i g f ,?y pres5ce1 or :i!r %all ,i flee f ,?y ,_s8' ,! obs]vations :i* ,i h ?us f> (f]$ are direct$ :olly to ! philosophical & sci5tific aspect ( ! argum5t respect+ ,pan!ism4 ,i _c br+ ?is lecture to an end )\t ref]r+ to ! moral bran* ( ! argum5t4 ,! exi/5ce ( evil 9 ! univ]se is alleg$ z an argum5t aga9/ ! exi/5ce ( ,god & div9e gov]nm5t4 ,d\btless1 ! exi/5ce ( evil is a pa9ful my/]y4 ,_m good ,*ri/ians h felt x to be an oppressive & almo/ an ov]:elm+ my/]y4 ,x is "o ( ! difficulties att5dant on ! ,*ri/ian's belief2 x is1 9 fact1 ! "o moral difficulty4 ,b difficulties & my/]ies _c annul ! positive necessities ( ?\ght & argum5t4 ,if su* argum5ts z ,i h endeav\r$ to /ate make all sci5ce to be contradictory & un9telligible :i* speaks1 9 "o brea?1 ( ! laws & wisdom ( nature1 &1 9 ! next1 d5ies ! exi/5ce ( a ,god1 !n we are b\nd to accept !ism ) its inevitable consequ5ces1 not)/&+ ! my/]ies1 :e!r metaphysical or moral1 :i* our fai? may involve4 ,my/]ies are n contradictions1 &1 9 :i*ev] direction we move1 we %all f9d x impossible to escape f !m4 ,my/]ies surr\nd ! position ( ! sceptic or ! a!i/1 no less ?an t ( ! ,*ri/ian !i/2 n only my/]ies1 b1 z we h se51 contradictions1 beset him r\nd1 9 :i*ev] direction he turns4 ,! ,*ri/ian !i/1 by 8 fai? 9 ,god1 accepts ! my/]ies :i* are involv$ 9 ! ?\ght ( ,god1 b1 unlike ! unbeliev]1 he escapes f contradictions & absurdities4 ,x appe>s t ! morality ( man--8 great glory--t 8 s5se ( responsibility & ( volunt>y moral p[]1 t :i* mo/ peculi>ly con/itutes him man1 involves ! law ( moral influ5ce z betwe5 man & man4 ,x appe>s fur!r t ! p[] & faculty ( moral influ5ce = good mu/ ne$s involve ! law ( moral influ5ce = evil4 ,f ! fact ( man's own moral nature & moral responsibility1 & ! consequ5t fact ( 8 moral influ5ce ov] 8 fell[-m51 is d]iv$1 n only ! possibility ( moral evil 9 ! case ( a solit>y individual1 b ! possibility1 p]haps ,i may say ! naturalness1 ! probability1 ( a contagion ( moral evil spread+ ?r\gh\t ! race1 ! effect ( :i* c only be c\nt]act$ or limit$ by moral arrangem5ts & influ5ces specially con/itut$ = t end4 ,s mu* ,i may p]haps say 9 g5]al1 al?\gh ! subject is "o on :i* ,i ?9k x wis]1 z a rule1 to say no?+4 ,i feel x to be a pr(\nd & p]il\s my/]y1 h[ev] glori\sly x may h be5 made ! occasion = ! manife/ation 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus our ,"l ( ! ,div9e sup]ab\nd+ wisdom1 m]cy1 & p[]4 ,b if we admit ! subject to be involv$ 9 pr(\nd1 ev5 t]rible my/]y1 is t a reason :y1 mak+ %ipwreck at "o plunge ( all t belongs to humanity1 fai? & hope & philosophy %\ld commit suicide1 & desc5d toge!r into ! gulf ( ev]la/+ d>kness & despair6 ,reason may reel & gr[ dizzy :ile x looks too long & too absorb$ly d[n ! fe>ful & fa?omless dep?s ( ! my/]y ( s91 b t is no suffici5t cause :y reason %\ld ca/ itself headlong into ! abyss4 ,pan!ism has only "o way 9 :i* to escape f ! my/]y ( evil1 & t is to d5y all di/9ction betwe5 "r & wrong1 betwe5 moral good & moral evil4 ,( c\rse !re c be no su* ?+ z s9 = ! pan!i/1 because all1 accord+ to 8 cre$1 is nature & developm5t & necessity4 ,hol9ess is a matt] ( ta/e or s5tim5t4 ,consci5ce is an illusive developm5t2 :at we reg>d z div9e morality is b utilit>ianism s5tim5taliz$ & exalt$ into sacr$ law "u ! influ5ce ( un5light5$ impulse & antique sup]/ition1 a m]e affair ( ! association ( ideas :i* sci5ce w "s day expla9 away4 ,! ontology & e?ics ( ,pan!ism may be summ$ up 9 "o s5t5ce1 ,:atev] is1 is2 & !re is nei!r "r nor wrong1 b all is fate & nature4 ,pan!ism--,i say ,pan!ism j z truly & completely z a!ism1 = ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two1 z we h se51 is b "o ( "n & phrase1 & bo? alike d5y ,god & consci5ce--,pan!ism ?us does cruel viol5ce to e bett] in/9ct ( our nature1 outrages all ! dem&s ( religion & gov]nm5t1 :e!r human or div9e1 & makes itself ! dire/ foe ( human progress & well-be+4 ,_m pan!i/s1 d\btless1 h be5 & are virtu\s1 ev5 noble1 m52 "s1 ,i am prep>$ to believe1 may ev51 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 be religi\s m54 ,b ! direct t5d5cy ( ! pan!i/ic philosophy is confess$ly :at ,i h n[ /at$4 ,:5 moral & pure1 its pure morality c be no?+ m1 at lea/ 9 !ory1 ?an a ref9$ utilit>ianism4 ,only z su* c any pan!i/ pret5d to impose morality z law4 ,to sum up1 may ,i n say t ,pan!ism1 :e!r 9 its metaphysical or its moral aspect1 is ! dream ( m5 :o w n admit t !re is 9 ! univ]se any?+ beyond :at _! s5ses imm$iately reveal to !m8 ,its philosophy 0 repres5t$ 9 ! la/ c5tury 9 its l[] & m popul> =m by ,condorcet2 ! basis ( ^: sy/em 0 laid 9 ! pr9ciple1 p5s] c'e/ s5tir1--?\ght is no?+ m ?an s5se or feel+2 9 its high] & m intellectual =m x 0 repres5t$ by ! sceptical s5se-idealism ( ,hume4 ,at ! pres5t day ,ba9 & ,mill h endeav\r$ to develop ! pr9ciple ( ,condorcet 9 h>mony ) ! high] & m subtle philosophy ( ,hume4 ,! result appe>s to be a sort ( nihili/ic s5se-idealism4 ,matt] is probably no?+ diff]5t f our m5tal ideas--s f> ,b]keley1 no less ?an ,hume1 is foll[$2 our ideas1 h[ev] develop$1 are yet ess5tially only ! comb9ation & int]fusion ( our s5sations & s5se-associations2 meantime !re is no evid5ce ( ! real & sub/antial exi/5ce ei!r ( ! _w outside u1 or ( ourselves z true & sep>ate selves or p]sons1 or ( ,god4 ,su* at lea/ w\ld seem to be ! metaphysics ( ! di/9ctively ,engli% s*ool ( ,pan!ism1 i4e41 ( ,pan!ism r5d]$ into philosophic sy/em by ! ,engli% m9d4 ,! ,g]man ,pan!ism has infect$ ! t5d5cies ( ,engli% ?\ght & criticism1 b1 not)/&+ ! influ5ce ( ,hegel at ,ox=d1 has n be5 reproduc$ 9 any ,engli% sy/em ( egoi/ic ,pan!ism4 ,9 _! aspects & results1 9 relation to !ism & ,*ri/ian fai?1 ! ,g]man egoi/ic ,pan!ism & ! ,engli% s5se-ideali/ic ,pan!ism /rictly co9cide4 ,su* !n is ! highe/ philosophy to-day ( ^? :o1 refus+ to be call$ a!i/s1 nev]!less reject all fai? 9 ,god2 ( ^? :o1 reject+ ,*ri/ian !ism1 claim to be positively nei!r m nor less ?an ! m5 ( sci5ce4 ,m5 ( sci5ce ?\gh !y be1 _! philosophy is ! philosophy ( nesci5ce & ! philosophy ( despair4 ,we ne$ be "u no appreh5sion t su* a philosophy w ev] be g5]ally accept$4 ,x is too /rong1 too sorr[ful1 too nause\s a composition to suit ! common ta/e4 ,x n only dissolves morality & its f\ndations1 b x precludes all hope ( immortality4 ,! race inde$ may be immortal & progressively great & glori\s1 al?\gh h[ ev5 s mu* c be kn[n is m ?an ,i c see2 b ! individual man by man1 woman by woman1 *ild by *ild1 p]i%es ea* "o = ev]4 ,m5 & wom5 ) ye>n+1 lov+ he>ts1 ) t5d] & passionate affections1 :o h buri$ _! dead out ( _! sight1 & :o c\ld n endure to live if !y 7 doom$ to sorr[ )\t hope1 _c b reject ) loa?+ & horror su* doctr9es z ^!4 ,m5 ( v>i\s culture1 ( manifold intellectual res\rces1 :o live 9 ! mid/ ( ref9$ & accompli%$ society1 & :o are n suff]+ f ! pang ( imm$icable angui% & irrep>able b]eavem5t1 may possibly live s m]ely intellectual & speculative a life1 may be s :olly absorb$ 9 m]e sci5ce1 may h s f> sep>at$ !mselves f all t belongs to ! he>t's affections & ! trembl+ religi\s s5sibilities ( human nature1 z to adopt ! philosophy ( nihilism ) h>dy calmness1 al?\gh ,i confess t x passes my p[] to und]/& or conceive ?is2 su* m5 may be cont5t to foll[ _! speculative conclusions into ! blackness ( d>kness = ev]1 & may ?us1 if n less1 be m ?an ! common cr[d ( humanity4 ,b su* a philosophy w n cont5t ^? :o %>e ! ord9>y wants & s5sibilities ( our race4 ,! work+1 sorr[+1 lov+1 hop+ m5 & wom5 ( ?is human race w no m be able to satisfy !mselves ) any a!i/ic or1 if any %\ld pref] s to call x1 pan!i/ic philosophy1 ?an !y c fea/ ^u ! ea/ w9d4 ,!y w cleave to t ,*ri/ian tru? & fai? :i* has br\ght life & immortality to light1 & :i*1 9 %[+ to ! crav+ he>t ( ne$y1 sorr[+1 s9ful man ! ,fa!r reconcil$ 9 ,*ri/1 has bless$ly suffic$ a long+ _w4 ,inde$1 x w\ld seem t1 :51 x comes to ! po9t1 ev5 di/+ui%$ lead]s 9 ! ranks ( ^? aga9/ ^: views ,i h be5 argu+1 f9d x impossible to give up _! fai?1 at lea/ 9 immortality4 ,rnan is unque/ionably "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ lead]s among ^? m5 ( le>n+ & culture :o d5y ! exi/5ce ( a creative w & ,p]sonal ,god4 ,yet ,rnan _c make up 8 m9d t he has lo/ = ev] 8 belov$ si/]2 t %e has pass$ into ! night ( no?+ness into :i* he mu/ soon foll[ h]4 ,9 ! d$ication to h] memory ( 8 ,life ( ,jesus1 he addresses an invocation to ! pure s\l ( 8 si/] ,h5riette1 :o di$ at ,byblos1 ,sept4 #bd?1 #ahfa2 & appeals to h] to reveal to him1 f ! bosom ( ,god 9 :i* %e re/s1 ^? tru?s :i* are mighti] ?an dea?1 & take away ! fe> ( dea?4 ,rnan1 !n1 aft] all1 _c give up 8 si/]1 nor1 if x 7 only = h] sake1 8 belief 9 immortality4 ,& yet h[ utt]ly unsci5tific is su* a belief1 if sci5ce is to be def9$ & limit$ 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciples ( ! anti-!i/ic philosophy4 ,:]e c our m5 ( m]e s5se-sci5ce f9d any physical basis ( immortality8 ,!re is no hope1 no in/9ct or fai?1 at once s indissolubly b\nd up ) our nature1 s necess>y to ! developm5t ( all t is be/ 9 man1 & s utt]ly de/itute ( evid5ce & basis 9 m]ely natural sci5ce1 z our assurance ( immortality4 ,if we are to reta9 our belief 9 immortality1 we mu/ ma9ta9 our fai? 9 realities above & ap>t f s5se1 9 realities :i* _c be te/$ or inve/igat$ by any appliances ( natural sci5ce4 ,if immortality be true1 ,pan!ism _c be true4 ,:at1 !n1 h we f\nd respect+ ! s$uctive & too fa%ionable illusion :i* has l$ a/ray s _m m9ds1 especially ( speculative1 re/less1 & d>+ intellig5ce1 9 ! pres5t age8 ,we h f\nd t ,pan!ism is ess5tially only a!ism 9 disguise1 & occupies a position 9 :i* x comb9es aga9/ itself ! argum5ts :i* !i/s h to allege aga9/ a!ism1 & a!i/s aga9/ !ism2 t1 :ile x de?rones ! true ,god1 x sets up 9 ,8 place ,developm5t & ,natural ,selection z its div9ities1 clo?+ !m ) ! attributes :i* x d5ies to deity2 t its developm5t hypo!sis w n be> ! te/ ( sci5ce1 ( ! natural sci5ce to :i* x pr(esses to appeal2 t ! orig9 ( protoplasm1 ! attributes ( man1 & ! gr[? & trans=mation ( g]m-cells1 alike refuse to accord ) ! hypo!sis2 t ! v nature ( sci5ce itself1 z recogniz+ law & organization1 is incompatible ) any philosophy :i* d5ies !ism2 t ! moral difficulties :i* rise up z a b>ri] aga9/ a d5ial ( ! ,*ri/ian !ism are no less insurm\ntable ?an ! metaphysical & sci5tific difficulties2 t morality1 consci5ce1 natural affection1 immortal hope1 e deepe/1 mo/ t5d] & sacr$1 mo/ bless$ & humanis+1 in/9ct ( our nature is violat$ by ! d5ial ( a p]sonal & holy ,god & ,judge2 9 a ^w1 t our :ole humanity revolts aga9/ x4 ,may ,i v5ture to hope t ! views :i* ,i h n[ endeav\r$ to set =? may h "s weight ) "y & inquir+ spirits8 ,no m t]rible suff]+ c !re be1 ?an = an hone/1 lov+1 & virtu\s nature to become involv$ 9 ! me%es ( pan!i/ic d\bt & unbelief4 ,we mu/ make up our m9ds to be> ) _m pr(\nd & pa9ful my/]ies :i* are n to be solv$ by man2 b may ! good ,_s ( ,god save u ea* & all f los+ our *ildlike fai? 9 ,8 almighty1 omnipres5t1 & absolutely good & holy gov]nm5t & provid5ce6 ,,positivism4 ,,by ,,! ,,rev4 ,w4 ,,jackson1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,s4,a41 ,,late ,,fell[ ,,( ,,worce/] ,,college1 ,,ox=d4 ,,positivism4 ,ev]ybody 9 ?is room has1 ,i suppose1 he>d ( ! positive sci5ces1 or ,positivism 9 "s %ape or o!r4 ,:at does ,positivism mean8 ,a sy/em bas$ on positive facts4 ,b :at are facts8 ,!y are 7says ! ,positivi/7 obs]v$ ph5om5a4 ,z = metaphysical conceptions ( all sorts1 ^! are negatives ) no?+ real1 no?+ positively true 9 !m4 ,tru? mu/ be s\ght among/ obs]v$ ph5om5a4 ,x is wor? our :ile to exam9e ?is la/ proposition4 ,take a ph5om5on4 ,y h all obs]v$ col\r1--:at is x8 ,a physici/1 if y ask him1 w tell y ( a modification 9 a ray ( light v>i\sly produc$--by refraction1 = example--z :5 sunlight breaks a d>k cl\d into _m-t9t$ beauty4 ,b h[ if all ! _w ( m5 & animals 7 bl9d8 ,! physiologi/ w /ep 9 & speak to y ( ! /ructure ( ! eye--! susceptibility ( its ret9a = special impressions2 !re he says y may f9d col\r4 ,put bo? acc\nts toge!r1 & !y appe> z "p-causes1 ea* a factor help+ to make up a result2 :i* result physici/ & physiologi/ w\ld agree to call col\r4 ,yet aga93 ,suppose ! human & animal _w 7 depriv$ ( all consci\sness1 all :i* 9 ! wide/ mean+ we call m9d--_! eyes rema9+ l mirrors1 telescopes1 microscopes2 p]fect in/rum5ts1 only e k9d ( intellig5ce1 in/9ctive or rational1 gone4 ,:]e w\ld col\r !n be8 ,! sun might play ^u cl\d or ra91 ! light ( a ra9b[ be reflect$ 9 ! eye4 ,7 !re b p]ceiv+ m9d1 ! impression w\ld exi/4 ,b we are suppos+ ! impressible to be want+2 !re is no s5sation1 no p]cipi5t2 col\r mu/ rema9 unkn[n1 = !re is no?+ capable ( obs]v+ x4 ,n[ ?is %[s y1 fir/1 h[ important x is to emphasize ! ^w obs]v$ add$ to ph5om5on4 ,x %[s y1 secondly1 :]e ! ultimate seat ( e obs]vation really lies2 ea* obs]v$ ph5om5on1 ea* positive fact1 is at la/ nei!r m nor less ?an a m5tal /ate4 ,! evid5ce = ea* fact is ! condition ( y\r own m9d1 y\r consci\sness z x is call$4 ,y may sift ! ?+ witness$1 v]ify1 exam9e1 & cross-exam9e2 b aft] all1 y\r own consci\sness is ! fir/ real evid5ce y h got4 ,x w\ld seem1 !n1 t ! mo/ positive ( all sci5ces w\ld be ! sci5ce ( m9d2 & ! next mo/ positive ! sci5ces :i* enable u to draw conclusions f our positively exi/+ m5tal /ates2 ! /atem5ts1 we may call !m1 :i* our m9ds make to u4 ,yet1 /range to say1 ! v fir/ ?+ ,positivism does is to disp5se ) a sci5ce ( m9d1 z m9d1 altoge!r4 ,mr4 ,mill makes x a sev]e reproa* aga9/ ,comte1 t he ignores bo? psy*ology & logic2 recognizes no p[] 9 ! m9d1 ev5 ( self-obs]vation2 accepts no !ory ev5 ( ! inductive process4 ,mr4 ,mill *>act]ises ,comte's want ( m5tal sci5ce z a grave ab]ration4#ab ,x is inde$ s4 ,?is appe>s pla9ly en\gh 9 ! example j adduc$ f our commone/ s5sation1 ! e-day ph5om5on ( col\r4 ,x 0 made up1 y saw1 ( ?ree factors1 a physical antec$5t1 a condition ( ! s5sitive app>atus1 & a m9d :i* receiv$ into its consci\sness ! impression in/rum5tally convey$ to x4 ,?is la/1 y w rememb]1 0 ! fir/ fact to u4 ,x is ! fact3 ! revelation ( an outw>d _w1 its *anges & its cont9u+ pres5ce1 its re/ & its con/ant motion4 ,)\t ?is fact ( inw>d consci\sness1 nature w\ld h possess$ no m significance ?an pictures se5 9 ! eyes ( ! newly dead4 ,su* be+ ! case1 x ne$s no argum5t to %[ ! importance ( mak+ q sure t our int]pretation ( nature is correct4 ,if !re be any unobs]v$ illusion 9 our s5sory in/rum5ts1 or :at mu/ evid5tly be mu* worse1 9 our p]cipi5t m9d1 tru? is at an end1 & falsehood receiv$ 9 its /ead4 ,h5ce ! necessity ( obs]v+ our own obs]vations1 subject+ our consci\sness to scrut9y1 & be+ acqua9t$ ) ! crit]ia1 n only ( our p]ceptions1 b ( our judgm5ts4 ,x is ?is process ( analysis & criticism :i* =ms a l>ge "p ( ! me?od ( v]ification1--a me?od ! value ( :i* did n escape ! great ,greek philosoph]s1 ?\gh "s rec5t writ]s seem to fancy x a mod]n discov]y4 ,inexp]i5c$ obs]v]s are (t5 s little aw>e ( ! pre-em95t importance ( ?is critical process1 t ,i w deta9 y ) an illu/ration ( x = ! b5efit ( my y\ng] auditors4 ,my example %all be tak5 f p]ception p> excell5ce--our eyesight1 ! s5se pron\nc$ sure/ bo? 9 poetry & prose4 ,y w rememb] y\r ,horace ,segnius irritant animos demissa p] aurem1 ,quam qu sunt oculis subjecta fidelibus1 et qu ,ipse sibi tradit spectator4 ,& almo/ ev]ybody else has said ! same1 z witness ! old prov]b1 ,see+ is believ+4 ,n[ ,i w m5tion five in/ances 9 :i* p believe !y see some?+1 & d n see x2 9 o!r words1 ! objective antec$5t is want+1 & ! impression is produc$ p>tly by ! s5sory app>atus1 p>tly by ! m9d itself4 ,z ,i describe ^! in/ances "o by "o1 let my he>]s ask !mselves1 ,h[ does ?is illusion come ab\t8 ,is x produc$ by our optic in/rum5t or by our m5tal activity8 ,fir/1 !n1 ,take a light$ /ick1 & :irl x rapidly r\nd & r\nd4 ,y believe y see a circle ( sp>ks--9 reality x is no m ?an a simple tra91 & on a l illusion ! ,ca!r9e-:eel is con/ruct$4 ,aga91 put y\rself 9 ! h&s ( an optically incl9$ fri5d1 & let him op]ate ^u y ?us4 ,he %all place a c>dbo>d d[n ! middle axis ( y\r face1 q close aga9/ y\r nose--"o side ( 8 bo>d1 say ! "r1 col\r$ a brilliant r$1 ! left a vivid gre54 ,aft] an in/ant or two let him sudd5ly sub/itute ano!r bo>d1 :ite on bo? sides4 ,d my "y fri5ds guess :at w foll[8 ,y\r "r eye w see gre51 y\r left r$--! rev]se ( :at !y saw be=e2 yet nei!r w see correctly1 = bo? eyes are look+ at uncol\r$ surfaces4 ,?irdly1 ,wat* ! full moon ris+--h[ l>ge & r\nd %e looks1 re/+ z x 7 ^u t ea/]n hill1 & se5 amid/ ! tops ( its =e/ trees6 ,h[ mu* l>g] & broad] ?an :5 %e hangs al(t 9 upp] sky6 ,has e "o "h le>n$ ! true reason :y8 ,if n1 look at h] ?r\gh a slit 9 a c>d1 & h] diamet] w be ! same4 ,f\r?ly1 ,a s*oolboy is cross+ 8 b$room 9 ! deep d>k night1 anxi\sly hop+ t 8 head may n come into collision ) ! b$-po/4 ,?\gh c>efully & successfully avoid+ x1 he imag9es ( a sudd5 t ! bl[ is imm95t4 ,quick z ?\ght he /ops to save 8 head1 &1 behold1 ! room is z quickly fill$ ) sp>ks or flames ( fire4 ,ano!r mom5t1 & all becomes d>k once m4 ,i h he>d _m a s*oolboy exclaim ov] ?is ph5om5on1 b nev] knew "o :o c\ld expla9 x4 ,f9ally1 did y ev]1 on op5+ y\r eyes 9 a morn+1 close !m quickly aga91 & keep !m %ut1 direct+ !m z if to look /raight =w>ds8 ,mo/ p]sons ( active n]v\s p[]1 aft] a few trials--say a doz51 or a score--are surpris$ to see col\rs appe> & flit be=e ! sight4 ,"s ye>s ago1 ,g]many's greate/ poet tri$1 at ! sugge/ion ( h] greate/ physiologi/1 a s]ies ( exp]im5ts on ^! col\r$ images4 ,he f\nd t by an ef=t ( w he c\ld cause !m to come & g1 gov]n _! movem5t1 m>*1 & succession4 ,& ?is took place "u no conditions ( impair$ s5sation1 nor any halluc9ation ( a diseas$ m9d4 ,a ?or\ghly heal?y w succe$$ 9 impress+ itself ^u physical in/rum5ts1 controll+ _! law1 & creat+ at its own pleasure an unfail+ly bright phantasmagoria4 ,"s "h may1 o!rs may n1 h appreh5d$ ! di/9ctions betwe5 our five cases4 ,! fir/ two are due to ! s5sory app>atus1 its optical laws ( cont9u$ impression & complem5t>y col\r4 ,9 ! latt] ?ree1 m9d int]v5es4 ,! enl>g$ size ( ! moon occurs ?r\gh rapid comp>ison1 ! fi]y lights 9 a d>k room ?r\gh in/9ctive appreh5sion1 bo? influ5ces ( m9d on ! s5sory sy/em4 ,! fif? & mo/ int]e/+ ( all is no bad example ( int]f]5ce betwe5 moral & mat]ial law4 ,! w truly causative 7y may rem>k7 ov]rules ! natural process ( physical impression1 alt]s x1 & creates a design$ effect4 ,i wi% ,i c\ld induce my "y fri5ds to devise a numb] ( exp]im5ts on simil> mix$ cases1 &1 hav+ tri$ !m1 to dissect out _! real laws4 ,^! %>p5+s ( ! critical faculty are exce$+ly useful--!y cultivate cle>ness2 & mo/ p "k t two-?irds among our mi/akes 9 life are caus$ by confusion ( ?\ght4 ,besides all o!r uses1 su* lessons tea* at once ! necessity1 z we said be=e1 ( obs]v+ y\r own obs]vations4 ,& z1 fir/1 ! real witness ( e obs]vation is our m9d2 e fact#afh :i* comes ?r\gh our bodily s5ses be+ to u a m5tal impression1 x seems b common s5se to he> above all ?+s :at m9d has to say = & ab\t itself4 ,!n1 secondly1 :]e w\ld be ! b5efit d]iv$ f our obs]vations1 if we c\ld n reason ^u !m1 or c\ld place no confid5ce 9 our own reason+s8 ,yet ! art ( reason+ is s purely a m5tal process1 t x c be repres5t$ by symbols z ab/ract & free f mat]ial mean+ z if !y 7 b>e algebraic signs4 ,?irdly1 9 ! mo/ accurate ( sci5ces m9d ext5ds our k f> beyond ! circle ( obs]vation1 & gives u axiomatic assurance ( its own accuracy4 ,:o ev] saw1 or ev] c see1 all /raight l9es 9 all conceivable positions1 yet :o d\bts t ?r\gh\t ! :ole univ]se no two /raight l9es ev] did inclose or c inclose a space8 ,&1 f\r?ly1 c x be a matt] ( indiff]5ce to any ( u :at evid5ce ! m9d (f]s conc]n+ its own moral nature1 & :at is ! value ( t evid5ce1 & ! laws d$ucible !refrom8 ,h[ true x ?us appe>s t "k ?yself lies at ! root ( all k1 & t ! man :o receives no witness f )9 c "k no?+ z he ought to "k x6 ,comte swept away all ^! & ! l consid]ations by a neat little fiction ( 8 own4 ,we _c obs]ve ourselves obs]v+1 he said1 we _c obs]ve ourselves reason+4 ,s1 !n1 logic becomes a *im]a1 & psy*ology a ^w ( contempt4 ,respect+ ?is fallacy1 ,mr4 ,mill ?9ks ! only wond] is t x %\ld impose on any "o4 ,cle>ly x impos$ on ,comte himself4 ,b1 :at organon1 asks ,mill1 = ! /udy ( our moral & intellectual functions does ,m4 ,comte (f] 9 lieu ( ! direct m5tal obs]vation :i* he repudiates8 ,we are almo/ a%am$ to say x is phr5ology6 ,mill reg>ds ?is /atem5t z a r$uctio ad absurdum1 b ! actual organon sub/itut$ is m absurd /ill4 ,comte's phr5ology 0 n ! phr5ology ( ,gall or ,spurzheim1 b a funny small bantl+ ( 8 own1 a sort ( infant ph5om5on1 call$ into exi/5ce n )\t a ,positive purpose4 ,9 pla9 words1 m9d 0 no long] to give evid5ce respect+ itself4 ,we mu/ /udy its laws 9 bra94 ,h[ any true correspond5ce ( bra9 & m9d c\ld be kn[n unless bo? 7 /udi$1 does n appe>4 ,comte ov]look$ ! "q 9 8 anxiety to sub/itute = psy*ology & its laws a bodily function & its laws4 ,yet 8 motive appe>s to h be5 excell5t6 ,he reg>d$ ?is dw>f$ sup]ficial phr5ology1 ,mr4 ,mill tells u1 z extricat+ ! m5tal /udy ( man f ! metaphysical /age1 & elevat+ x to ! positive4 ,! *ief gi/ ( :i* s5t5ce1 bewild]+ to ! un9itiat$1 op5s up ! v core & c5tre ( ! ,positive sy/em--a subject = dissection ( "s consid]able human int]e/4 ,ea* sci5ce is br\ght into ! positive /age :5 x is co-ord9at$ accord+ to positive laws--sy/ematiz$1 ,comte w\ld say4 ,he has a p]fect mania = sy/ematization2 sy/em is ) him almo/ an equival5t = tru?4 ,( c\rse1 ! real value ( e sy/em turns entirely on its co-ord9at+ me?od1 or pr9ciple ( =mation2 & ,comte's1 we see1 0 "o ( positive laws4 ,! nature ( ^! laws is1 !re=e1 ! ess5ce & turn+-po9t ( ! :ole matt]4 ,i _c impress ^u y too /rongly ! p>am\nt importance ( keep+ ?is tru? /eadily 9 view4 ,b if any "o inquires exactly :at ^! laws are1 he asks1 ,i fe>1 a puzzl+ "q4 ,puzzl+1 = ?is reason t1 say :at "o w--employ any words1 h[ev] c>efully select$--"o may become liable to ! *>ge ( rais+ a false impression4 ,positivi/ savans !mselves d n use any uni=m phraseology1 & _m phrases !y d use are necess>ily d]iv$ f philosophies mo/ dis$ify+ to ,positive e>s4 ,examples %[+ :at sort ( law is really meant are !re=e always welcome2 & few c\ld be m in/ructive ?an ?is way ( mak+ m9d ,positive4 ,comte did n falt] 9 8 purpose4 ,lat] on he expla9$ ! necessity 7= 8 sy/em1 y und]/&7 ( br++ our intellectual & moral ph5om5a "u ! same law ) o!r ph5om5a ( animal life2 & r$uc$ !m1 n to bra9 action pure & simple1 b to c]ebral functions1 controll$ by ! visc]a & vegetative movem5ts ( our bodily exi/5ce4 ,let u look at ! mean+ ( all ?is4 ,s\l us$ to be conceiv$ ( z diff]5t 9 k9d f body4 ,! bra91 ! n]v\s sy/em1 ! body1 7 its organs1 allies1 ma*9es4 ,sometimes !y1 especially ! in/rum5ts ?r\gh :i* ! s\l m imm$iately works1 ex]cis$ reaction on _! sov]eign employ]2 !y imp$$ or susp5d$ h] functions1 & tr\bl$ h] s]5ity4 ,b ?\gh !y might cl\d ! manife/ation1 !y c\ld n de/roy ! ess5ce ( a liv+ s\l4 ,:at !y did 0 temporal & transitory2 b !y %all pass away & be dissolv$1 :ile s\l w endure = ev]4 ,! ^w m9d has be5 mu* us$ to signify s\l1 z act+ 9 & ?r\gh body4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "s vagu5ess 9 its employm5t4 ,yet we con/antly speak ( ! laws ( m9d1 because s\l is 9 ?is life ! p>tn] ( body2 & !re=e kn[n to u z m9d1 & z m9d is /udi$ ?r\gh its laws4 ,"o psy*ological task has always be5 to sep>ate ! pure activity ( s\l f ! mix$ work+s ( m9d1 by exam9ation & cross-exam9ation ( our int]nal consci\sness4 ,y w n[ easily und]/& h[ va/ ! *ange ,comte int5d$ by 8 physiological organon = ! /udy ( our moral & intellectual functions4 ,y w see :at is meant by elevat+ m5tal sci5ce to ! ,positive /age1 & sy/ematiz+ x "u laws :i* p may v>i\sly describe z ph5om5al1 me*anical1 or mat]ial2 adjectives all r\ghly us$ to express ! same g5]al idea4 ,:at we took = a spiritual ess5ce is only a develop$ animal nature1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 m5 & bea/s ( ! field is n "o ( k9d1 b ( degree4 ,man,k,i,n,d is a misnom]4 ,humanity is 7z ,comte ?\ght7 a high] degree ( animality4 ,we h no "r to suppose a p]sonal immortality4 ,man may be said to live aft] dea? 9 ! memory ( 8 fell[-m51 b ! truly ,positive philosoph] believes 9 no o!r dea?less exi/5ce4 ,:at we really c see & inve/igate is a va/ mov+ me*anism1 our univ]se4 ,beyond ?is all k is a blank4 ,we "k ( no?+ :i* set ?is me*anism 9 motion2 x may h mov$ f all et]nity2 x may g on mov+ ev]la/+ly2 or x may we> itself out4 ,philosophy c tea* u no m ?an di/9ctions & degrees 9 ! ph5om5al law :i* p]vades & rules a univ]se )\t a ,god4 ,yet ,comte said t he 0 no ,a!i/4 ,he ev5 d5\nc$ ,a!ism1 & decl>$ x z bad z !ology4 ,he did n wi% to d5y1 only to ignore ,god4 ,nei!r did he desire to appe> ungrateful2 7p>don words :i* s\nd 9 y\r e>s pr(anity27 ,god 0 a really useful hypo!sis once2 9 ! days :5 m5 _h rec5tly issu$ f _! primval =e/s4 ,?ank+ ! ,deity = ,8 provisional s]vices1 ,comte c\rte\sly dismiss$ ,him f ,8 ?rone4 ,all ?is w h seem$ to y a mo/ mon/r\s tissue ( negations4 ,b ,comte held x to be a code ( ,positive fai?2 a fai? firmly gr\nd$ on ! self-suffic+ness ( human nature1 read accord+ to 8 v]sion ( c\rse--void ( belief 9 a p]sonality :i* survives ! grave1 )\t k (1 tru/ 91 or pray] to ,god4 ,! bless+s ( ?is advanc$ fai? he desir$ to ext5d f> & wide4 ,at ! pres5t mom5t 8 desire is realiz+ itself2 = ! l attitude ( ?\ght has become a fav\rite position among ! savans ( our ,we/]n _w4 ,:5 x p5etrates ! m active classes1 we %all disc]n x easily by its fruits6 :at ^? fruits w be1 is a "q = /atesm5 & = u all4 ,! *ief h9drance oppos+ its spread among/ unsophi/icat$ m9ds has be5 a po9t mu* dwelt ^u ( old by ,plato1 & by ,cic]o aft] him4 ,x is ! prote/ :i* t irrepressible entity call$ s\l p]sev]es 9 alleg+4 ,we are all apt to %r9k f ! picture ( bodily dissolution3 ,to lie 9 cold ob/ruction1 & to rot2 ,?is s5sible w>m motion to become ,a knead$ clod6 ,b :at if ! delight$ _s has be5 develop$ by bra91 & ) bra9 mu/ be dissolv$8 ,our :ole di/9ctive human life1 our m9d1 moral1 intellectual1 spiritual1 rebels aga9/ a doom ( subjection to t crass mat]ial law6 ,yet c we e/abli% a diff]5ce8 ,c we %[ t ! law ( our true be+ diff]s f ! law ( ?+s outside u8 ,?is "q1 unspeakably int]e/+ to e "o ( u1 might be put 9 v>i\s %apes4 ,we might ask1 ,c ! prote/ ( s\l be set d[n z a m]e s5tim5t only8 ,if x 7 no m ?an an in/9ct ( our nature1 x w\ld des]ve consid]ation2 = :y %\ld s high & noble an in/9ct be aimless & mislead+8 ,if we _c tru/ our own s\ls1 :at are we to tru/8 ,ph5om5a !mselves are giv5 u )94 ,ma!matical tru?s1 :i* ,positivi/s are oblig$ to exempt f ph5om5al law1 h a subjective validity--we _c help ?9k+ !m1 & we _c ?9k _! contradictories4 ,b suppose t a future /ate ( recomp5ce ) its inf]5tial moralities _c be d5i$ )\t d5y+ our own consci\sness--pron\nc+ ! cle>e/ ( our intuitions a w o' ! wisp--or1 sadd] /ill1 a corpse light on ! grave ( hope--nay1 m1 )\t subv]t+ ! law :i* makes human society to diff] f animal greg>i\sness1 & gives to human action its spr+1 its lib]ty1 its life--suppose all ?is true1 :at %all1 :at c we say8 ,& su* is ! issue ,i propose to try ?is morn+4 ,! plan ,i h devis$ = try+ x fairly is1 fir/1 to get z cle> an idea z %ort compass w all[ ( :at ,positivism says on our "q4 ,aft]w>ds to /ate a case = moral law by way ( anti!sis4 ,x is ?r\gh ! law ( our moral be+ t we may mo/ readily look = some?+ to diff]5ce our s\ls f creatures bel[ !m4 ,! /ra9 ,i %all h to put on y\r att5tion lies 9 ?is2 aft] grasp+ 9 brief ! ,positivi/ attitude1 ,i mu/ ask t y w n take my facts or argum5ts on tru/1 b w v]ify ea* sev]ally by an appeal to y\r own consci\sness4 ,x is always ^u ! law d$uc$ f or appli$ to facts t y ought to ex]cise y\r greate/ vigilance4 ,= law int]prets facts to u--we might almo/ say t "u its manipulation !y b5d l a nose ( wax2 no?+1 y w rememb]1 s flexible z figures1 except facts4 ,let me repres5t ^! maxims to y "u a similitude4 ,ev]ybody has look$ 7:5 "y at lea/7 ?r\gh a kaleidoscope1 & has obs]v$ ! beauty ( its _m-col\r$ figures1 _! symmetrical %apes1 & ! en*antm5t ( _! succession4 ,:at magic creates ?is phantasmagoria8 ,"s pretty bits ( col\r$ glass1 %9+ gewgaws1 scraps ( lace1 fripp]ies1 & o!r odds & ends1 are put into a transluc5t box1 & beheld ?r\gh a tube fitt$ ) mirrors :i* are set at an angle det]m9$ by optical law4 ,! brok5 knick-knacks repres5t ! facts ( ev]ybody's ph5om5al kaleidoscope2 ! reflect+ angle "u :i* !y are se5 is its law2 ! col\r$ images are ev]ybody's impressions ( ?+s1 nature1 & mank9d4 ,z long z y live1 rememb] t :5ev] y are contemplat+ ! _w's ph5om5a--:5ev] y see facts ( life1 ei!r great or small1 y are look+ at !m ?r\gh "s optical in/rum5t or ano!r4 ,if its law accords ) _! law1 y\r view is tru?ful2 b !n x w be all ! less pretty1 ! less symmetrical4 ,!re are d>k spots 9 our real _w1 *ecks ( all sorts1 moral evil1 angui% ( he>t & consci5ce1 =esights1 /]n acc\ntabilities6 ,y h lo/ y\r *ildhood's magic glass1 & h got a cle> reflect+ telescope 9 its /ead6 ,pity to =ego ! nice kaleidoscope :]e all 0 s bright1 s h>moni\s1 & array$ 9 su* regul> %apes4 ,yet ! view x gave 0 wor? :at mo/ p's views are wor?--precisely no?+6 ,comte _h 8 kaleidoscope4 ,e sy/ematiz] :o all[s no my/]y1 no d>kness any:]e1 mu/ keep ! article2 9 po9t ( fact1 mo/ p enjoy hav+ "o4 ,alas6 = ! #ai? c5tury6 ,x has su* a fev]i% view9ess1 su* a fa%ion ( incessantly turn+ its magic tube1 t life seems little else ?an a dreamy phantasmagoria6 ,to con/ruct a /eady reflect+ in/rum5t = y\rself requires indu/ry1 "t1 & ?\ght1 ?ree ?+s :i* few p c>e to be/[ ^u _! beliefs4 ,!re=e ! practice is to pick up kaleidoscopes ready-made at a *eap rate1 & to feel z easy z /]n realities w p]mit on ! subject ( _! tru?fulness4 ,romances are ! kaleidoscopes ( "o class1 cram-books ( a second1 newspap]s ( a ?ird1 self-love ! optical law ( ! greate/ numb]4 ,we are met ?is morn+ to break up a gr& kaleidoscope1 & to look into its con/ruction4 ,i %all d my endeav\r to prev5t y all f replac+ x by any in/rum5t ( a ready-made sort4 ,! easie/ plan = all lectur]s is to display a s]ies ( transp>5t conclusions2 b ,i %all pref] furni%+ y ) facts & argum5ts1 lett+ y put !m toge!r1 look at !m1 & v]ify _! law ( true vision = y\rselves4 ,let u see ,comte's law fir/4 ,x 01 /rictly speak+1 a law ( succession & resemblance4 ,y w guess at once t 7 ?is all we c\ld see 9 ! ph5om5al _w1 our insight w\ld be v limit$4 ,& ,comte's object 0 to limit u4 ,we c nev] "k1 ,positively speak+1 f9al causes2 ^? :i* make up ! common notion ( design1 purpose1 int5tion4 ,nor yet any effici5t causes2 no?+ truly productive ( an effect1 z m5 usually say4 ,all we c "k is ! middle ( a *a9 ( successive ph5om5a4 ,! two ends are absolutely hidd5 f our eyes4 ,x 0 9 ?is s5se t ,comte d5i$ causation--8 language 0 vigor\s2 he d5\nc$ x z metaphysical1 & :5 ,comte nicknames any?+ metaphysical or !ological1 he means1 z ev]ybody kn[s1 ,ana!ma m>ana?a4 ,! difficulty "h is palpable4 ,a law ( av]ages--a /ati/ical law1 z x is (t5 call$1 does n pr(ess to acc\nt = any?+2 x m]ely g5]alizes crude mat]ial1 & gets x ready = sci5tific ?\ght to "w out ! true law4 ,b a law ( succession has an impos+ s\nd1 & x does 9 ! wor/ s5se impose4 ,! fallacy may be %[n 9 an in/ant4 ,day & night succe$ ea* o!r regul>ly4 ,does ei!r acc\nt = ! o!r8 ,! rotation ( ! e>? is simultane\s ) bo?--x acc\nts = bo?4 ,its effect is to expose ! e>?'s two hemisph]es alt]nately to ! sun's rays4 ,?is rotation co9cides aga9 ) o!r laws ( our planet>y sy/em1 & !y acc\nt = x4 ,x is on ^! laws1 & n on su* gr\nds z ,hume1 ,comte's great ,positive antec$5t1 alleg$1 t we look = sunset & sunrise4 ,:5 !y fail1 ! sy/em ( :i* our globe =ms "p w h collaps$4 ,su* !n 0 ! orig9al kaleidoscope ( ,positivism4 ,x 0 condemn$ = reasons :i* w h pla9ly appe>$ to y4 ,o!r eyes h swept ! field ( vision ?is _w (f]s1 & o!r in/rum5ts to aid our insight h be5 adopt$4 ,y w n h fail$ already to rem>k ! extreme vagu5ess ( t ^w law4 ,!re are v few ,engli% words m vague3 x is appli$ to almo/ e sort ( =mula1 =ce1 pr9ciple1 idea2 besides be+ misus$ 9 ways almo/ innum]able4 ,y mu/ !re=e1 :5 busy ) que/ions l ! pres5t1 fix y\r att5tion ^u ! adjectives add$ to x1 & ! examples select$ by way ( illu/ration4 ,! ,positive sy/em is1 accord+ to ,littr1 ( immeasurable ext5t1 embrac+ ! :ole univ]se4 ,?us1 :atev] 0 conceiv$ 9 d>k prep>atory ages1 !ological or metaphysical2 :atsoev] p]sons1 :o philosophize 9 ei!r ( ^? antiquat$ ways may ev5 n[ dream2--if ! conception _c be r$uc$ "u ,positive laws1 x mu/ be reg>d$ z non-exi/5t4 ,all t really exi/s is includ$ )9 su* laws1 ! def9ition ( :i*1 !re=e1 becomes a subject ( ! greate/ possible importance4 ,!y are1 he says1 imman5t causes4 ,! room we are 9 conta9s intellig5t & educat$ p1 b h[ _m "h c\ld def9e ?is ^w imman5t8 ,x & its correlative1 transc5d5t1 are 9 tru? metaphysical t]ms4 ,if y w turn to ,mell9's ,encyclopdic ,^w-,book 7fav\rably kn[n to metaphysicians = purposes ( pillage71 y w f9d imman5t expla9$1 "u ! ,g]man e9heimis*1 into t5 %ades ( usage4 ,probably1 9 common ,engli% ,littr might h said inh]5t4 ,! univ]se1 he writes1 n[ appe>s to u z a :ole1 hav+ its causes )9 itself1 causes :i* we "n its laws4 ,! long conflict betwe5 imman5ce & transc5d5ce is t\*+ its close4 ,transc5d5ce is !ology or metaphysic1 expla9+ ! univ]se by causes outside x2 imman5ce is sci5ce1 expla9+ ! univ]se by causes )9 itself4#ac ,n[1 "o /ock-9-trade example is t a /one falls to ! gr\nd by virtue ( an imman5t cause4 ,9 pla9] words1 ! /one belongs to univ]sal matt] ( :i* gravity is an inh]5t law4 ,next1 we f9d ?is same example ,positively appli$ to ! human w4 ,volition is free j z a fall+ /one is free2 x obeys its own inh]5t law4 ,fur!r1 we read ( ! rigor\s fatalities :i* make ! _w :at x is4 ,comte1 ,littr1 & o!rs object aga9/ call+ ^! fatalities mat]iali/ic1 because !y di/+ui% gradations ( law4 ,yet !y limit all human k )9 ! mat]iali/ic circle1 & ,janet1 :o refuses to acquit !m ( ,mat]ialism1 dwells on ! po9t t1 in/ead ( def9+ m9d z an unkn[n cause ( ?\ght1 emotion1 & w1 x is said to be1 :5 anatomically consid]$1 ! sum ( ! functions ( bra9 & sp9al cord2 & :5 consid]$ physiologically1 ! sum ( ! functions ( bra9 9 consci\sly receiv+ impressions4#ad ,we ne$ n wi% to dispute ab\t words4 ,b suppose x _h be5 /at$ 9 pla9 ,fr5* or ,engli% t all kn[n or kn[able objects 9 ! univ]se are plac$ by ,positivism "u ! rule ( laws z rigor\s 9 _! fatality z ! laws ( matt]1 w\ld n ! ultimate po9t 9 "q h be5 m tangible1 m intelligible8 ,p might inde$ h said1 ,:y1 aft] all ,positivism comes to ! same ?+ z ,fatalism1 or ,mat]ialism2 & ) c]ta9 writ]s ?is risk may v possibly be held a decisive objection4 ,once m1--ano!r explanation giv5 by ,littr is1 t ,positivism lies /rictly )9 ! relative4 ,_m "h are aw>e h[1 s9ce ,kant's "t1 ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,g]many h be5 flood$ ) metaphysic1 good1 bad1 & indiff]5t1 on ! relative & ! condition$4 ,pity t ,littr %\ld h plung$ into ^! :irlpools6 ,ravaisson ref]s to ,h]b]t ,sp5c] & ,sophie ,/4 ,g]ma9 = ! po9t t ?is conception1 ! relative1 mu/ always imply ! exi/5ce ( an absolute1 kn[n or unkn[n4#afi ,i _c foll[ him n[1 b any "o int]e/$ 9 do+ s w f9d ! subject comm5c$ at page #ff ( 8 ,philosophie en ,france1 7"o ( ! ,imp]ial ,reports71 & cont9u$ ?r\gh sections #i & #aj4 ,x is a v important discussion4 ,ravaisson /&s out among/ ,fr5*m5 z a consummate ma/] ( 8 sci5ce2 & he incl9es to inf] t ,comte t5d$1 & t ,positivism g5]ally n[ t5ds1 t[>ds a f9al return to metaphysic4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ,i fe> ,i h tir$ y1 & am glad to quit ?is dry "p ( my lecture1 & get away to m common-s5se gr\nd4 ,by way ( introduc+ our mo/ int]e/+ topic1 let me draw "o common-s5se conclusion f ! difficult tract j %ot ov]4 ,dur+ our passage1 a ?\ght may h fla%$ ^u y :i* ,i rememb] he>+ 9 a ,bampton ,lecture1 some:at to ?is effect--,positivism is ! mo/ negative sy/em ( all4 ,x appe>s h>d to avoid ?is idea2 = ,positivism d5ies 9 express t]ms t human be+s h any k outside ^? g5]aliz$ laws ( exp]i5ce :i* make up ! ,positive sci5ces4 ,x d5ies 79 a ^w7 ! mo/ ess5tial "p ( :at 0 =m]ly held to be a k ( m9d1 bo? human & ,div9e4 ,positive ?9k]s rebut ! *>ge ( negativism ?is way4 ,we conf9e ourselves1 !y say1 to :at we "k2 we d n v5ture1 l ,pan!i/s & ,a!i/s1 into ! unkn[able4 ,we d n d5y ,god1 we only ignore ,him4 ,we d n ask ab\t ! fir/ cause ( ! _w1 or :e!r x has a con/ructural f9al end4 ,su* que/ions z ^! are dis$ify+4 ,! ,positive philosophy1 says ,littr1 does n busy itself ) ! beg9n+ ( ! univ]se1 if ! univ]se _h a beg9n+--nor yet ) :at happ5s to liv+ ?+s1 plants1 animals1 m51 aft] _! dea?1 or at ! consummation ( ! ages1 if ! ages h a consummation4#ae ,littr's s5t5ce1 :i* ,i h r5d]$ v]batim1 rem9ds "o ( ! pray] told to ,bi%op ,att]bury1 z (f]$ by soldi] on ! eve ( battle3 ,o ,god1 if !re be a ,god1 save my s\l1 if ,i h a s\l6 ,i am sorry to repeat ill-s\nd+ words aga92 b is n ?is really ! exact religi\s attitude ( an hone/ ,positivi/1 :o feels sometimes t\*$ by visions ( possible life aft] dea?1 ,( all ! nurse & all ! prie/ h taught2 t is1 if we conceive 8 attitude accord+ to ! lea/ negative int]pretation put ^u ! sy/em8 ,cont9u+ ?is lea/ negative int]pretation1 let u view "u its light ! ,positive cosmology or !ory ( ! _w's exi/5ce2 ( creation1--t is to say1 if !re ev] 0 a creation4 ,a /one falls to ! gr\nd4 ,try+ to acc\nt = ! ph5om5on1 we grasp a law inh]5t 9 ! mat]ial _w4 ,o!r ph5om5a lead u to o!r laws4 ,we contemplate ! mat]ial _w ) its laws 9 op]ation1 a magnific5t spectacle ( mov+ =ces2 an organic :ole1 %9+ ?r\gh its own intr9sic glory ( nev]-ceas+ developm5t4 ,if we turn & pursue ! rev]se road1 & trace evolution back to its elem5t>y pr9ciples1 we may dissolve worlds into primordial =ce1 or we may1 z ,pr(essor ,tyndall sugge/$ at ,liv]pool1 f9d ! ,all 9 a fi]y cl\d occupy+ space4 ,!n comes ! complex "q1#agj ,:at beyond8 ,:at be=e8 ,:5ce1 & ,h[ produc$8 a ,positivi/ ?9k] may return "o ( two answ]s4 ,he may ei!r say1 ,we d n "k1 or he may say1 ,no?+ c be kn[n4 ,take ! lea/ negative fir/1 z we propos$2 x surely des]ves ?is rejo9d]3 ,if y plead ignorance1 b surmise t k is possible1 y ought n1 = reasons valid ) e true lov] ( wisdom1 to /op "h4 ,y are sub/itut+ = ! ideas ( creation & fir/ cause1 :at y call a primordial univ]se1 a mat]ial condition ( "s k9d1 produc+ ph5om5a regulat$ by inh]5t laws1 successive1 p]i%able1 & no?+ m6 ,all once believ$ beyond1 a blank6 ,ev5 ! v "n ( philosophy consecrat$ by cons5t ( ages to ! ,fir/ & to ! ,la/1 admoni%es y4 ,r5\nce y\r vocation1 d5y y\r "n1 or proce$4 ,we dem& a ,positive result 9 ! highe/ s5se1 n a fog ( ignorance1 n a sl\gh ( despond4 ,b if ! second answ] be ! true "o1 if ! tea*+ ( ,positivism is t no?+ m c be kn[n1 let u be told s 9 pla9 words4 ,let no "o be *>m$ into ! ,positive circle by false allurem5ts2 = ( all vices trea*]y & hypocrisy are ! mo/ c[>dly4 ,are y really wis] ?an ! pagan ,lucretius8 ,if n1 :y boa/ ( #ai? c5tury discov]ies 9 wisdom1 insight1 happ9ess8 ,if y h exam9$ ! relics ( a primval _w1 explor$ ! races ( liv+ & ?9k+ creatures1 if y h asc5d$ to ! />ry firmam5t1 & trav]s$ its %9+ ho/s1 to come back ) %ame & disappo9tm5t1 & tell u ?is is y\r all1 our all1 !n inde$ ! wages ( y\r sci5ce is dea?4 ,:ile y speak y\r f9al v]dict at lea/ cov] y\r faces1 ,&1 sad z angels = a good man's s91 ,weep to record1 & blu% to give x 96 ,^! ?\ghts h br\ght u to ! mo/ ess5tial consid]ations ( ?is lecture4 ,:e!r ! ,positive savant puts 9 a plea ( ignorance or ( blank negation1 we c>e n4 ,we w treat x z a *all5ge ?r[n d[n1 & d our be/ to meet x4 ,succe$ or n1 we w take no refuge 9 ambiguities1 b ma9ta9 a truly positive ass]tion4 ,we say t ! _w we live 9 is n "o _w1 b two1#aga di/+ui%able ?r\gh ! laws by :i* ea* is gov]n$4 ,!re exi/s su* a ?+ z ph5om5al law2 we accept ! fact4 ,b di/9ct1 broadly di/9ct1 ap>t 9 its work+1 its elem5ts1 & its f9al result1 is moral law4 ,an appeal lies to facts1 & we %all try to ju/ify our ass]tion4 ,! mode ( pro( n[ to be adopt$ is n metaphysical4 ,i m5tion ! circum/ance because inve/igations into m9d are apt to be conf\nd$ ) metaphysic1 & are !n suppos$ too difficult to des]ve att5tion4 ,my argum5t w dem& no?+ beyond a he>+ & a scrut9y4 ,x w consi/ ( j s mu* m5tal dissection z may be ne$ful to %[1 fir/1 a /ructural law ( our inw>d nature1 &1 secondly1 to illu/rate its work+s & effects4 ,^! two sets ( facts w be plac$ side by side1 9 ord] t ea* may *eck ! o!r1 & t _! co9cid5ce may also 7z ,i hope x w7 furni% a fre% & suffici5t pro( ( ! contra/ betwe5 moral & mat]ial law4 ,ev]ybody kn[s h[ conv9c+ are1 & ought to be1 facts sep>ately asc]ta9able1 yet conv]g+ into "o & ! same conclusion4 ,"o =m ( spee* almo/ unavoidable ought to be rem>k$ be=eh&4 ,i mean ! ^w fre$om z appli$ to ! human w & its volitions4 ,:5 compell$ to use x1 ,i %all d s only 9 ! s5se ( philosophic z contra/$ ) !ological free w4 ,by philosophic fre$om ,i und]/& t sort & degree ( active *oice free f con/ra9t :i* is requir$ = ! idea ( responsibility1 an idea univ]sally agre$ on by div9es oppos$ to ea* o!r on ! po9t ( !ological freewill4 ,by ?is la/-nam$ idea ,i und]/& suppos$ p[]s ( spiritual atta9m5t1 :i* g to make up a notion ( self-suffic+ moral /r5g?4 ,) x ! pres5t lecture1 be+ purely philosophical1 c h no?+ :atev] to d1 b ,i %\ld mu* deplore misconception1 because any !ory ( self-suffic+ness w\ld be repugnant to my own p]sonal convictions4 ,look n[ at ! life ( an animal1 ) s5ses (t5 m in/rum5tally accurate ?an ours4 ,survey ! _w ar\nd1 :i* furni%es ! objects ( 8 p]ception & 8 intellig5ce4 ,! mode 9 :i* t intellig5ce acts is held to be m or less "u ! absolute rule ( in/9ct1 & creatures bel[ man are commonly describ$ z ^? t n\ri% a bl9d life )9 ! bra94 ,:e!r ?is be or be n p]fectly correct makes no diff]5ce to our pres5t purpose4 ,! po9t ,i want y to fix y\r ?\ghts ^u is ! directness ( relation betwe5 ! feel+ or intellig5t pr9ciple ( m]e animal life1 & ! object p]ceiv$1 felt1 or appreh5d$4 ,p]haps x may give vividness to y\r ?\ght1 if y figure ?is relation "u ! similitude ( a "r l9e connect+ two po9ts--object )\t1 appreh5sion )94 ,! l9e itself w !n repres5t ! impulsive activity ( a creature1 z1 = example1 :5 a hungry tig] leaps ^u 8 prey4 ,n[ ?is directness ( action is n ! ?+ mo/ m>k$ 9 our own prop] human exi/5ce4 ,:at is really m>k$ is ! exact rev]se2 ! m truly human any action appe>s1 ! f>!r is x away f resemblance to t animal *>act]i/ic4 ,suppose a man acts l a tig]1 he is simply brutal2 if he be gov]n$ by 8 feel+s1 h[ev] amiable1 we pron\nce him weak or unreason+4 ,absolutely impulsive do+s1 su* z ! indulg5ce ( an appetite1 bl[s /ruck 9 passion1 or ev5 9 self-def5ce1 we sep>ate f our volitions prop]1 & call !m irrational & in/9ctive4 ,9 educat+ *ildr5 we *eck displays ( impulse1 we bid !m pause & reflect4 ,& x is obvi\s t education presupposes an educable p[] or pr9ciple1 :i* pr9ciple self-education 7! mo/ important tra9+ ( all7 w place 9 a cle> light be=e y4 ,int]rogate y\rselves1 !n4 ,y w see t ! m5tal p[] y mo/ wi% to tra9 & augm5t is di/+ui%able en\gh ev5 9 ! commone/ affairs ( life4 ,take a case ( feel+4 ,"s object--no matt] :at--k9dles an emotion )9 y--ang]1 wi% affection1 pursuit1 dislike1 avoidance--& y feel /rongly impell$ to take action !reupon4 ,?is w\ld be ! movem5t :i* 0 imag$ to our m9ds z a simple l9e4 ,b to laun* along x inconsid]ately y w\ld feel nei!r prop] p] se--nor yet do+ :at is due to y\rself1 because x is y\r human pr]ogative to act1 n accord+ to impulse1 b accord+ to reason4 ,& obs]ve1 to d1 or to =be> do+1 is a "q by no means det]m9$ by f9d+ :e!r ano!r emotion be or be n /rong] ?an ! fir/4 ,:at reason dem&s is t ! impulse y feel1 or x may *ance ! /ronge/ ( a doz5 impulses1 %all become to y an object ( c>eful scrut9y4 ,y are b\nd 9 hone/y to scrut9ize x2 n only because x exi/s z an incitem5t felt )9 y\rself1 b mu*1 mu* m because x is felt to be y\r actual self4 ,x is y\r "* :i* gave ! spr+1 & lives 9 ! movem5t to action4 ,p]*ance ?is po9t ( "* is a hidd5 nook1 an unkn[n dep? ( feel+ or desire1 undiscov]$1 unsuspect$ by y\r fell[-creatures--a secret ( y\r inn] self4 ,nev]!less x is am5able to ! tribunal ( a m inw>d self /ill1 to be br\ght be=e x z an object t %all be exam9$ & cross-exam9$1 s5t5c$ ei!r to vivid fre$om or pres5t suppression--x may be ev5 to ext9ction ev]more6 ,ea* human be+ possesses ?is wond]ful self-objectiviz+ p[]4 ,he is able to look at himself z a ,,n-self--a some?+ p>tition$ (f1 & ext]nal2 to be ?\ght ab\t1 felt ab\t1 reason$ ab\t2 to be controll$1 *a/5$1 correct$4 ,?is p[] is our inali5able h]itage2 we _c resign x if we w\ld2 we _c f9ally susp5d its ex]cise4 ,m\nta9s c\ld n cru%1 nor oceans dr[n x2 flames ( fire nev] burn$ x out f ! brea/ ( "o s+le m>tyr4 ,:e!r we use our bir?right = good or = evil1 x /ill rema9s ) u2 :5 we act1 our w is n a feel+1 an appetition1 travell+ simply f "o po9t to ano!r4 ,x is a movem5t ( our _w )91 a movem5t ( t microcosm call$ ,man4 ,suppose a p]son resolves to employ ?is p[] aright4 ,"s wi% or feel+1 su* z might drive a l[] creature to in/9ctive action1 /irs )9 him1 & becomes ! object ( 8 contemplation4 ,to ! sessions ( sil5t ?\ght he summons :atev] assi/ants he c get2 ! witnesses ( exp]i5ce1 prud5ce1 duty1 ! gold5 rules ( ! ,gospel2 :atev] seems mo/ prop] to det]m9e ! "q at issue1--fitness or unfitness1 to act or to ab/a9 f act+4 ,he says to himself 7z all "h h done a ?\s& times71 ,?is long+1 ?\ght1 /ate ( m9d1 is wise or fooli%1 good or bad1 "r or wrong2 nay1 'tis ,i myself t am s6 ,& 9 ?us say+ he is consci\s ( t sort ( fre$om to w or n to w1 :i* makes up responsibility4 ,he does n d5y--contr>iwise1 ) ! might ( 8 :ole ess5tial humanity he ass]ts--t ! act ( w is ?us tak5 out ( ! direct l9e ( inevitable antec$5cy1 away f ! physico-me*anical s]ies1 & enabl$ to comm5ce a s]ies ( its own4 ,9 a ^w1 8 consci\sness evid5ces to him t functional law :i* makes ! human s\l a ?+ m wond]ful ?an all ! inorganic or all ! animat$ univ]se besides4 ,& ! law ?us evid5c$ is ! law ( moral causation4 ,i said t our own s\l ?us becomes to u m wond]ful ?an all ! kn[n univ]se besides4 ,i might h said m my/]i\s2 s truly sui g5]is & diff]5t f all ?+s n ens\l$1 z to be inexplicable by human sci5ces1 an enigma to itself1 dwell+ alone 9 its own awful isolation4 ,d b ?9k :at cause is--no?+ less ?an orig9at+ p[]2 :at !n mu/ x be 9 /]n & sad reality = a s\l to orig9ate a s96 ,yet we _c d5y ! fact4 ,we confess x e day1 n only 9 our he>ts & deep] utt]ances1 b 9 ! commone/ ?\gh mo/ trem5d\s ( words1 ! ^w responsibility4 ,if a man 7 9 no true s5se ! cause ( 8 own actions1 he c\ld nev] be held responsible ei!r by ,god or ,man4 ,b z long z ,ju/ice ma9ta9s h] seat1 ea* crim9al w be s held1 s judg$1 s recomp5s$4 ,& ! only pr9ciple "u :i* ,ju/ice c ju/ify h] judgm5ts is ! reality ( moral causation4 ,if1 !n1 ?is law be e/abli%$1 we h prov$ our po9t4 ,j z we recognize a mat]ial _w by me*anical law--& inde$ our k ( matt] itself is only a k ( its laws--s 9 l mann]1 & p>i passu1 we recognize a moral _w by its di/9ctive law4 ,we live1 !re=e1 n 9 "o _w1 b 9 two3 ,man is "o _w1 & ha? ,ano!r to att5d him4 ,! po9t is ( surpass+ importance6 ,^u x turns ! :ole issue4 ,c me*anism--or1 z x is vaguely call$1 mat]ialism--be or be n accept$1 ) its att5dant !ories1 z ! tru?2 t is1 our :ole tru?1 all we h to live by & to die by8 ,inf9itely important issue6 hav+ mu* to d at ?is v mom5t ) ! happ9ess & real good ( millions among/ our fell[-creatures & fell[-c\ntrym54 ,x is = ?is reason we mu/ n sp>e pa9s to demon/rate our moral law1 = ?is reason also we w give "s pass+ s5t5ces to %[ h[ wor?less 9 argum5t is ! sophism mo/ commonly circulat$ aga9/ x4 ,m5 speak ( a law ( motives1 ) complete assurance1 & )\t seem+ to be aw>e ( ! tw(old fallacy und]ly+ x4 ,writ]s on ! subject furni% /ati/ics ( suicide1 murd]1 & ! l2 & !n ask h[ ! fre$om ( moral cause c be compatible ) s visible a law8 ,b :at sort ( a law is ?is8 ,cle>ly n a law ^u :i* ! results are condition$1 z sunrise on ! e>?'s rotation2 b a m]e g5]alization1 l ! laws ( av]age be=e m5tion$4 ,su* a law does n gov]n ! acts1 b ! acts ! law1 or1 9 pla9 words1 !y are ! law4 ,x is an epitomiz$ result1 inf]r+ no m consequ5ce to our free moral causation1 ?an a life assurance inf]s to ! cont+5cy ( our individual life or dea?4 ,! sophism w\ld be readily detect$ if x 7 n = t un=tunate ^w motive4 ,p =get t a motive is n a p[] t compels u1 b an object :i* we *oose to seek4 ,w1 we are s]i\sly told1 mu/ be det]m9$ by ! /ronge/ motive4 ,n[ if1 9 ?us speak+1 ! /ronge/ motive objectively be meant1 t is ! motive ess5tially & 9 its own nature ! /ronge/1 !n inde$ we may exclaim1 ,w\ld t ?is 7 true6 ,= are n "r1 ju/ice1 goodness1 absolutely & 9 !mselves ! /ronge/8 ,yet m5 9 g5]al fail to pursue !m2 !y are *os5 by ^? ( :om ! _w is n wor?y4 ,b if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! phrase /ronge/ motive is to be und]/ood subjectively1 & means t :i* on ea* occasion is felt to be ! /ronge/2 :at =m ( s\nd+ words has ev] yield$ a m b>r5 s5se1 a simpl] truism8 ,w mu/ be det]m9$ by ! *oice ( w4 ,x means ?is1 & no?+ m4 ,we may sum ! :ole matt] ( motive 9 a s+le s5t5ce4 ,motives d n make ! man1 b ! man 8 motives4 ,to conceive x o!rwise w\ld be to imag9e ea* man a m]e bundle ( in/9cts1 su* in/9cts z we calculate ) c]ta9ty 9 ! brute animals we wi% to allure1 to subdue1 or to de/roy4 ,be n l dumb driv5 cattle1 says ! ,psalm ( ,life1 & old ,h]b]t exhorts-- ,n rudely1 z a bea/1 ,to run into an action4 ,! bea/ feels an incitem5t1 & ru%es direct ^u ! pitfall4 ,x is ! pr]ogative ( a true man to subsume 7z logicians speak7 ea* l9e ( impulse into ! circle ( 8 own s\l2 to delib]ate 9 ! secret *amb]s ( a be+ imp5etrable ev5 to 8 own und]/&+1 & to put 9 =ce ! result :i* becomes z x 7 ! free manife/ation ( himself4 ,:5 !re=e y exam9e ! actions ( a fell[-creature1 & disc]n 8 motives1 y praise or blame :at8 n ! motives1 b ! man4 ,p]mit me to close ?is discussion by an example ( ! mann] 9 :i* we make & unmake our own motives4 ,no "o pres5t is s "y1 or s c>eless1 z nev] to h felt ! pa9s ( self-reproa*4 ,"s light or %ade ( life projects be=e u ! outl9e ( ourself4 ,by virtue ( ! law describ$1 we view & review x1 z if x 7 ! picture ( ano!r be+4 ,9 contra/ ) x1 we place our own ideal1 all t our boyhood fondly fanci$ our manhood w\ld become2 ! semblances ( ^? we h lov$ & lo/2 ( ! fa!r1 :o taught u to prize tru? & virtue above e>?ly weal? & di/9ction2 ( ! "m1 at ^: knee we knelt 9 pray]1 & ^: uprais$ eye imag$ ! s]5ity ( t heav5 to :i* %e implor$ u to aspire4 ,^! belov$ =ms1 rob$ 9 ! unfad+ fre%ness ( a love /rong] ?an dea?1 /ir our he>t ( he>ts1 ) acc5ts unmi/akable4 ,!y rem9d u ( :at we resolv$ & tru/$ "o day to be f\nd1 9 ?\ght1 9 feel+1 & 9 life4 ,b1 close to ! gl[+ portrait ( our purpos$ self /&s ! dw9dl$ figure ( :at we actually are2 &1 oh1 ! %ame1 ! angui% ( t /]n1 disappo9t+ comp>ison6 ,among ! l[] creatures 7we ask 9 pass+7 :at is !re to resemble ?is self-re=m+ pr9ciple8 ,9 ! dome/icat$ animal1 bo? bea/ & bird1 we see w\nd$ affection1 grief "u a ma/]'s ang]1 & desire to w9 back 8 love4 ,9 ! greg>i\s tribes we f9d respect = a common bond ( :at we almo/ may call utility2 b has any s5se ( wrong z wrong1 or s9 z s91 ev] be5 f\nd educable8 ,man %[s ! mighty /r5g? ( ?is pr9ciple )9 him1 ev5 :5 he %[s x 9 its mo/ repulsive %apes4 ,! remorseful wret* :o ?r[s himself b5ea? ! :eel ( ,jugg]naut1 is a diff]5t k9d ( be+ f ! horse or dog4 ,& consid]+ ! self-int]e/1 self-flatt]y1 & self-indulg5ce array$ aga9/ x1 may we n say t ! root ( su* passionate remorse has some?+ s\nd 9 x1 else x w\ld long ago h be5 trodd5 out f ! life & he>t ( mank9d8 ,= n[1 z always1 our hone/ angui% & %ame s[ ! appo9t$ se$ ( our noble/ atta9m5ts4 ,^? /eps by :i* we climb our /eep asc5t are hewn 9 ! travail ( our s\ls4 ,david f\nd x s1 :5 he he>d ! voice ( ,na?an say+1 ,?\ art ! man6 & wrote words :i* h come d[n ne> ?ree ?\s& ye>s2--,! sacrifices ( ,god are a brok5 _s4 ,( all acts1 asks ,mr4 ,c>lyle1 is n1 = a man1 rep5tance ! mo/ div9e8 ,! deadlie/ s91 ,i say1 7 t same sup]cili\s consci\sness ( no s92 t is dea?2 ! he>t s consci\s is divorc$ f s9c]ity1 humility1 & fact2 is dead2 x is 'pure' z dead dry s& is pure4 ,david's life & hi/ory1 z writt5 = u 9 ^? ,psalms ( 81 ,i consid] to be ! true/ emblem ev] giv5 ( a man's moral progress & w>f>e "h bel[4 ,true/ emblem inde$6 ,9 x1 we see1 z 9 a glass1 h[ liv+ 9 two worlds we _c b h a sympa?y ) ea*2 insomu* t e man feels himself to be two selves1 n "o2 a spiritual & a psy*ical man4 ,!re is1 says ,sir ,?omas ,br[ne1 ano!r man )9 me1 t's angry ) me1 rebukes1 comm&s1 & da/>ds me4 ,a d\ble consci\sness :i* gr[s ^u _m a s\l1 until its tru] *oice & bett] motives are atta9$3 ,! life :i* is1 & t :i* is to come1 ,susp5d$ hang 9 su* nice equipoise ,a brea? di/urbs ! balance2 & t scale ,9 :i* we ?r[ our he>ts prepond]ates4 ,?is lecture />t$ f ! "q1 :at is a ph5om5on1 & h[ d we "k ( its exi/5ce8 ,see+ t our k re/s prim>ily on ! evid5ce ( our own m9d1 we drew ! inf]5ce t ,comte committ$ a fatal error :5 he bani%$ ! sci5ce ( m9d1 z m9d1 f 8 cycle4 ,review+ 8 v>i\s devices1 & "s devices ( 8 successors1 = elim9at+ psy*ology1 & r$uc+ ! /udy ( m9d to a /udy ( bodily functions1 we approa*$ ! /ronghold ( ,positivism1--law4 ,&1 aft] discuss+ ! !ories ma9ta9$ respect+ x1 we boldly ?rew d[n our *all5ge to ?is effect3 law ph5om5al or me*anical admitt$1 we ass]t1 ! exi/5ce ( ano!r k9d ( law4 ,we say t ! fre$om ( human *oice betwe5 evil & good is utt]ly unlike ! fre$om ( a /one :i* falls by me*anical law1 & _c *oose b fall4 ,! inf]5ce f ph5om5al law is ! exi/5ce ( a ph5om5al _w4 ,! inf]5ce f ano!r exi/5t law is t !re is ano!r exi/5t _w4 ,man1 we affirm1 lives 9 bo?2 has sympa?ies ) bo?2 &1 by virtue ( 8 d\ble nature1 is a true citiz5 ( bo?4 ,! ultimate pr9ciple ( man's high] nature is to u inscrutable2 =1 ev5 z ! eye sees n itself1 s nei!r does ! _s ( a man disc]n t :i* makes x _s4 ,b1 ?\gh we _c "k ! s\l1 we c "k mu* & _m ?+s ab\t x2 ?+s mo/ important--nay1 all-important = u to "k1 s9ce !y di/+ui% ! _s t burns )9 u f matt]1 f me*anism1 & f m]e animality4 ,h5ce we d n1 ) ! ,positivi/1 ignore ! unkn[able4 ,contr>iwise1 confess+ our ignorance1 :]e we are ignorant1 we /rive to obs]ve & ga!r all we c4 ,"o ?+ t c be ?us kn[n is ! pr9ciple ( moral causation2 & ?is we h inductively inve/igat$4 ,we began by obs]v+ a process 9 our own m9ds1 a process or law ( self-objectivity4 ,i am sorry to use su* an unc\? ^w2 b x saves a long description1 & y w all rememb] ! fact4 ,t process c>ries1 on ! v face ( x1 adaptation to ! purposes ( moral *oice1 free f ! mat]ial necessity :i* gov]ns a fall+ /one1 & dis5gag$ f ! control ( su* impulses z ! incitem5t ( rul+ in/9cts4 ,we next v]ify ?is law by obs]v+ its op]ation2 fir/1 9 s+le acts ( ! ,w accompani$1 z y w recollect1 by di/9ct consci\sness ( *oice & responsibility4 ,x 0 9 respect ( ?is consci\s c]ta9ty t ,dr4 ,johnson said1 ,we "k we are free1 & !re ends ! matt]4 ,we v]ifi$1 a second "t1 ! self-objectivis+ law1 by its work+ & effects ^u our motives1 :i* x makes & unmakes2 elim9at+ "s1 adopt+ o!rs1 s z to modify & alt] our :ole real "*4 ,any "o :o is happy en\gh to recall ! sl[ advances ( successful self-education1 or a less ord9>y process by :i* old ?+s pass$ away & all ?+s became new1 may recollect ) pleasure h[ ?is law s]v$ z an in/rum5t ( *ange2 h[ x plac$ himself be=e 8 own inw>d eye1 ev5 daily1 9 fre%ly in/ructive lights1 awak5+ new self-que/ion+s1 emotions1 av]sions1 desires1 hopes1 & /imulat+ to new ex]tions2 h[ x oppos$ itself to ! ma/]y ( any s+le dom9ant passion1 "u :i* we say a man acts me*anically1 because he has already surr5d]$ himself a slave to its sway2 h[ x became a *eck ^u all day-dream+ or drift+ ) ! tide1 :5 aga9 we are said to act me*anically because we yield to circum/ances z !y fl[1 & live a bl9d life1 l creatures t _c escape ! *a9 ( ,in/9ct4 ,=1 obs]ve3 let any in/9ct1 ev5 ! noble/1 be ev] s nobly develop$1 if we act f its impulse only1 & n f a reflective *oice ( ! prompt+ :i* x gives1 we are liv+ bel[ ! image ( our true nature1 because we are n /riv+ to become a law unto ourselves4 ,y may v]ify our moral law 9 numb]less ways among ! common walks ( life2 & x really is a task ( no great difficulty1 if y take ) y ! tru? t ! :ole issue is summ$ 9 "o ^w--,responsibility4 ,a fall+ /one _c *oose b fall2 7 a man subject to mat]ial law1 he c\ld h no *oice :atev]4 ,nei!r w\ld x make any real diff]5ce1 if ! ,w 7 impell$ by ov]p[]+ motive1 & did n make its motive to itself4 ,! slate :i* slides f a ro(1 & kills a *ild1 we d n accuse ( murd]2 we d n atta* moral acc\ntability to ! hungry tig]4 ,x is because man is n impell$ l /ones or tig]s1 t we hold him responsible4 ,& we praise or blame 9 ! highe/ degree 8 mo/ delib]ate acts4 ,! wrong he does ) malice a=e?\ght is a crime 9 ! /ronge/ s5se2 ! good he works ) consid]ate purpose we e/eem 8 highe/ well-do+4 ,9 our "t ! wills ( individual m5 h *ang$ ! de/9ies ( nations2 & any "o :o reads books1 reviews1 or newspap]s sees a vigor\s use ( t ^w responsibility4 ,no "o d\bts t ^! p[]ful wills are ! true causes ( effects felt ?r\gh\t all ,europe1 effects :i* w rema9 :5 ^? :o caus$ !m are 9 ! grave2 nay1 ev5 :5 g5]ations--p]*ance dyna/ies--%all h pass$ away4 ,9 l[] life1 we hon\r ! truly causative man :o conqu]s a habit ( intemp]ance or any evil passion3 x is great] to ov]come "o's self ?an to conqu] _m cities4 ,we deem e "o acc\ntable = :at he all[s1 or disall[s1 9 relation to 8 ,god1 8 fell[s1 or himself4 ,9 a ^w1 we consid] ea* man s f> ! true cause ( 8 own conduct1 z to load him ) responsibility4 ,yes1 responsibility6 ,d n %r9k f ! ?\ght2 x is :olesome = all4 ,d b practise self-control en\gh to look y\rself ) hone/ purpose 9 ! face :5 y are ab\t to act1 y w nev] suppose t y act me*anically1 & y w seldom act amiss4 ,if y wi% to b5efit y\r c\ntrym51 inculcate ! gr& lesson ( responsibility2 = :at well-in=m$ p]son d\bts t "o ma9 root ( our pres5t social & religi\s ailm5ts lies 9 compromise ) kn[n immoralities1 indol5t acquies5ce 9 holl[ words1 & lifeless outside %[s1 :]e ought to be he>d & se5 ! rigid tru?s ( acc\ntability1 duty1 consi/5cy8--all impossible )\t a practical law ( self-scrut9y & self-control4 ,yet fur!r3 ,responsibility is also an und5iable witness to a _w ( life beyond dea?4 ,j z ev5 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] himself has rem>k$1 t ! idea ( relativity involves ! correlative idea ( an absolute2 ev5 s1 9 ?\ght1 responsibility involves its correlative belief1 a recomp5ce6 ,b1 9 morality1 ! evid5ce is /r+5t beyond expression4 ,=1 ! idea ( responsibility is fix$ 9 ! nature ( ?+s2 un*angeable1 et]nal4 ,& x conta9s 9 itself ! l(ti] idea ( p]sonality4 ,lead+ u to look = a _w ( righte\s recomp5ce1 x leads also to belief 9 a p]sonal ,be+1 be=e :om we are responsible1 & :o w aw>d to ea* ( u our recomp5ce4 ,david travell$ ! same road to ! same conclusion1 :5 he look$ r\nd ^u m51 :o lack$ m]cy because !y lack$ ju/ice1 & said1 ,unto !e1 ,o ,"l1 belonge? m]cy3 = ?\ r5d]e/ to e man accord+ to 8 "w4 ,did ,i n feel t my /ra9 ^u y\r att5tion mu/ n[ cease1 ,i %\ld h lik$ to %[ at l5g? h[ ! law by :i* we discov] moral causation1 may be v]ifi$ ev]y:]e 9 ! :ole prov9ce ( m9d4 ,x is difficult1 = in/ance1 to look at ! p]plex+ que/ions rais$ ab\t language1 )\t p]ceiv+ t !re runs ?r\gh its purely human =mation ! articulate results ( an elem5t resembl+ int]nal dialogue2 9 o!r words1 a law ( self-objectivis+ repres5tation4 ,9 art1 aga91 ! p]petual ef=ts ( ages is to pres5t our human manifoldness ( ?\ght1 feel+1 & idea1 be=e our "o individual self4 ,h5ce ! art =mula ( multeity 9 unity4 ,& :at is ! true bond ( society z di/+ui%$ f greg>i\sness8 ,is x n ! ,gospel's gold5 rule8 ,b h[ c our neighb\r be view$ z a second self1 unless self has be5 already objectivis$ be=e our moral intuitions8 ,we might foll[ ! same ?read ?r\gh\t ! conditions ( all philosophy4 ,! "o ?+ we h to rememb] 9 e rese>* conc]n+ man is t education1 :e!r ( self or o!rs1 implies an educable pr9ciple2 a g]m1 ( :i* education & atta9m5t are ! bud1 ! blossom1 & ! fruit4 ,!re=e1 if we want to "k ,humanity1 we mu/ look to ! educat$ human be+4 ,! philosoph]1 ! arti/1 ! ?9k] ( e sort1 mu/ h ris5 into cle>ness ere he c become a typical man4 ,is x n1 !re=e1 a mi/ake to appeal = !ories ( human nature to ! /ati/ics 7always /ati/ics67 ( ignorance & savag]y8 ,:5 modell+ our physical =m1 ,buon>otti did n seek 8 type 9 hospitals = maim$ or di/ort$ limbs1 & exclaim1 ,behold1 su* is man6 ,curi\s too1 & contradictory1 ! way 9 :i* appeals to b>b>ism h work$4 ,9 ! #ah? c5tury we us$ always to he> ( t gold5 age1 ,:5 free 9 woods ! noble savage ran1 ,& man1 ! bro!r1 liv$ ! fri5d ( man4 ,9 ! #ai?1 savage life is cannibalism1 sup]/ition1 cruelty1 t]rible1 revolt+1 loa?some2 p]*ance1 "t mu/ yet pass be=e we le>n ju/ice to our fell[s ( any age6 ,mean:ile1 we may feel sure t our human ideal is n to be f\nd 9 ! fro/-bitt5 rickety infant species2 nor yet 9 its dw>f$ & /unt$ adult2 ! cret9 & ! imbecile w n give its l9eam5ts2 & x may be h>d to say :i* is lea/ l a true man1 ! undevelop$ or ! p]v]t$ creature4 ,= example1 :at sup]iority 9 moral height has ! savant1 ^: self-satisfi$ sci5ce ignores or d5ies a ,god1 ov] ! poor pigmy b>b>ian1 unskill$ 9 ! use ( fire1 & liv+ ^u b]ries & insects1 :o props himself aga9/ a tree ) e>?w>d face1 & prays1 say+1 ,y]e1 if inde$ ?\ art1 :y do/ ?\ suff] u to be kill$8 ,?\ ha/ rais$ u up4 ,:y do/ ?\ ca/ u d[n8#af ,bett] p]haps ! rude /amm]+ ( our race's *ildhood ?an its half-spee*less1 half-p>alyz$ old age6 ,& "h ! argum5t ( ?is lecture ends4 ,( causation 9 g5]al1 & ! gr& subject ( design1 x has n be5 my h9t to speak4 ,^! va/ topics h fall5 into high] h&s ?an m9e4 ,my aim 0 limit$ to f9d+ ! diff]5tia ( man--! moral *>act]i/ic :i* places him 9 contra/ ) physico-me*anical laws4 ,x occurs to me1 h[ev]1 t y may employ t5 m9utes n unpleasantly1 ^u :at we c h>dly help call+ ! romance ( ,positivism4 ,! /ory1 tak5 f fir/ to la/--"p comic1 "p tragic--is z wild & weird z "o ( ! ,fr5*man ,dor's pictures1--a /ory too /range to be ?\ght true1 if x did n happ5 to h be5 true6 ,x has also its /++ lessons1 & !y foll[ naturally2 evolv$1 z x 71 f ! motley & my/ify+ comm5cem5t4 ,comte's life has be5 writt5 by fri5d & foe4 ,= fulness ( detail ! "r book is by 8 disciple & executor1 ,dr4 ,rob9et1 :o has j figur$ among ^? :o rule 9 ! ,commune ( ,p>is4 ,rob9et is v int]e/+1 = he ?or\ghly believes 9 8 ma/]1 & accepts ! :ole ,comti/ religion1 cal5d> & all1 :i* ,littr & o!rs reject4 ,no reproa* ?is to ,comte's biograph]1 = t same wor%ip is celebrat$ 9 our cool] atmosph]e ( ,engl&4 ,! ,pall ,mall ,gazette has1 by its notices1 made ! celebrations widely kn[n4 ,!re is an acc\nt ( ! gr&e/ ye>ly solemnity :i* w suffice _m1 & excite ! curiosity ( m1 9 its numb] = ,janu>y #g?1 #ahfh4 ,x is n h>d to see t ! wor%ipp]s diff] f ! recusants by a /rong feel+ t !y _c live ^u axioms s\nd+ l negatives4 ,!y want s5tim5t1 emotion1 excitem5t to su/a9 !m4 ,let u obs]ve h[ ,comte caught ! fir/ glimpse ( ?is requirem5t4 ,8 life 0 sombre--a boy delicate & fracti\s1 dislik$ by 8 ma/]s1 turn$ out ( ! ,polyte*nique1 repudiat$ by 8 great sociali/ tea*] ,/4 ,simon4 ,8 family relations n happy1 8 m>riage lea/ ( all4 ,we _c wond] at vag>ies1 = he _h a real fit ( rampant insanity1 & aft] release f an asylum _h ne>ly dr[n$ himself 9 ! ,se9e4 ,8 wife f\nd him intol]able1 & left h] home4 ,mr4 ,mill speaks ( h] respect = him2--x 0 oddly te/ifi$ aft] 8 dea?1 = %e pleads 9 law t he 0 a madman1 an a!i/1 & immoral2 repudiates 8 w1 & seizes ! consecrat$ relics ( 8 dwell+4 ,littr support$ h] aga9/ ^? :o1 l ,rob9et1 ?\ght h] little less ?an blasphem\s4 ,if %e _h appe>$ 9 an ,engli% law c\rt1 we %\ld h kn[n m tru? ?an we d4 ,let u n[ look at su* facts z we h f ! m fav\rable side4 ,! man liv$ a lonely life1 z became a sort ( conceptual al*emi/1 su/a9$ by a belief t he 0 turn+ m5's lead5 ?\ghts into 8 own pure gold4 ,"o brilliant projection ( 8 has made him ! idol ( ,positivi/s4 ,i confess x puzzles me1 among _m o!rs1 to imag9e h[ a qualifi$ critic c treat su* a philosophic solv5t ei!r z true or z orig9al4 ,x supposes ! hi/ory ( all human ?9k+ to pass necess>ily ?r\gh ?ree /ages1 !ology1 metaphysics1 positive tru?2 & t ! _w makes progress accord+ly4 ,we w hope t ! ?+ call$ !ology1 a b5ight$ belief 9 ! gov]nm5t & int]v5tion ( supreme w1 is n altoge!r ext9ct 9 ?is age ( progress2 if x be s1 ,mr4 ,fr\de enc\rages u to look = a revival4 ,among less] matt]s1 ! hypo!sis ( metaphysical cook]y is an idea "o fails to realise4 ,0 x a banquet ) jo9ts cut ,laputa-l1 aft] "s fa%ion ( concepts1 or syllogi/ic figures8 ,0 x a fea/ ( reason & a fl[ ( s\l1 or1 m probably1 an ab/raction pure & simple1 z if a man c\ld ,cloy ! hungry edge ( appetite ,by b>e imag9ation ( a fea/8 ,comte's comicalities /rike mo/ p all ! m because he writes on1 always utt]ly ins5sible to 8 own com$y4 ,if any "o wi%es = a s]i\s critique 9 small compass1 ,i may m5tion ,/irl+'s app5dix to 8 translation ( ,s*wegl]'s ,h&book2 ,:ewell 9 8 ,philosophy ( ,discov]y1 & else:]e4 ,comte 0 mo/ confid+ 9 8 own !ory4 ,littr is n s confid5t1 = he has ano!r !ory ( 8 own4 ,b1 putt+ aside ! "q ( its v]ification1 we may rem>k t 9 ! r\gh idea ,comte %[$ himself be=e 8 age4 ,positive ?9k]s h busi$ !mselves ) physical evolution2 = example1 ! developm5t ( a bra9 f an oy/] or an eozoon2 b ,comte 0 int5t ^u m5tal evolution4#agb ,man ne$ n mu* c>e ab\t ! cong5]s ( a body sprung f e>?2 b s\l is ano!r ?+4 ,we tru/ our own _s1 z c>ry+ "s image & sup]scription ( ,god2 we feel & conceive x to be diff]5t 9 k9d f s5sitive life2 we love to ?9k ( x 9 its f9ality z a sp>k fl[+ out f ,div9e ,light2 a brea? brea!d into body f above4 ,9 ! rev]se ( ?is belief !re is d\btless an elem5t unfav\rable to happ9ess2 x makes "s m5 cynics1 "s pessimi/s1 "s simply victims4 ,comte's inf9ite self-satisfaction probably sav$ him f self-torture4 ,b we judge t he felt 8 condition deeply1 f ! rapture ) :i* he hail$ a new & brilliant discov]y6 ,yes1 x 0 ! mo/ wond]ful ( all 8 discov]ies2 he "o day f\nd an unsuspect$ law ( life )9 himself2 he discov]$ t he _h a he>t4 ,to _m1 ?is is ! black spot on ,comte's memory2 !y _c receive 8 love1 nay1 8 frantic adoration1 ( ! lonely wife ( a convict1 abs5t 9 ! gallies1 z a piece ( pure ,platonism4 ,_h ,madame ,comte's allegations be5 sift$ fully1 we might h kn[n all4 ,z x is1 ,i = my own "p l to ?9k him innoc5t2 he 0 mad f disease1 & p]haps f conceit2 a conceit1 says ,mr4 ,mill1 too colossal to be believ$ )\t read+ him up2 b ,i tru/ he 0 n immoral4 ,8 lett]s are aga9/ x1 ! lady's face is aga9/ x1 & above all1 !re is aga9/ x ! la/+ effect ^u himself4 ,aft] a ye>'s happ9ess to ,comte1 %e di$ & left him1 z he ?or\ghly suppos$1 an enlight5$ & a religi\s man4 ,poor ,comte6 ,8 sweet] life 0 buri$ ) ! dead1 :o to him c\ld nev] rise aga94 ,8 religion 0 no m ?an a fun]eal cult2 a veil ?r[n ov] x1 no hope1 no ?\ght ( reunion6 ,! episode ( ,clotilde 01 9 itself1 "o ( ^? t\*es ( nature :i* make ! :ole _w k92 ! brief1 bright1 & long sad exp]i5ce ! solit>y _h ( 8 he>t2 ! love1 ! loss1 ! un=gett+ sorr[6 ,b1 did x n prove1 beyond ! =ce ( reclamation to disprove1 t ,comte's sy/em ends1 at la/1 9 :at is commonly call$ mat]ialism8 its fai? 7or negation ( fai?7 be+ 9 effect ?is1 t we look = entire human dissolution co9cid5t ) bodily dea?4 ,& ! end fl[s naturally f ! beg9n+2 all we ?9k is ph5om5al1 all we "k is ph5om5al1 fir/ & la/4 ,our life is only a ph5om5on2 & dea?1 dea? jo9s u to ! unreturn+ pa/4 ,we are absorb$1 all t is good ( u1 into g5]al & g5]ic humanity2 an ,eidolon1 call$ ! ,great ,be+ = our com=t2 z if a "n 7:at's 9 a "n87 c\ld console u6 ,! race we may h tri$ to s]ve is to be our ,eu?anasia1 our sepul*re1 ,i _h almo/ said our c5otaph6 ,/range ?\ght1 n )\t a k9d ( s]p5t-fasc9ation6 ,epidemic 9 ,engl& n[1 ga9+ =ce f its unhall[$ audacity6 ,! consi/5t pessimi/1 :o rates m5 at ! wor/1 ?9ks ! wor/ 9 himself1 & does ! wor/ by all o!rs1 & by himself1 if he is b fix$ 9 ?is unbelief1 ne$ n fe> :at ! _w1 man1 or ,god %all d unto him4 ,x is ! old :isp]1 ,ye %all be z gods6 ',tis sup]human to sit & wat* ! /orm2 to h our /rong s5sations1 illusions !y are call$ 9 ,france2 blood-poisons :i* circulate 9 our life1 work+ hot passion & mis*ief2 sorr[ to _m a lov+1 _m a confid+ he>t2 passion1 mis*ief1 sorr[1 :at matt]s x8 !re comes an opiate by-&-by6 ,! man ( ov]wr\ght bra91 us$ up1 worn-out feel+s2 ! di/emp]$ dream]2 ! reckless work] ( wrongs2 ! disappo9t$ /riv] = an e>?ly cr[n1 all %all h _! common slumb] at la/2 unconsci\s1 imp]vi\s1 unbrok54 ,i w read y ?ree /anzas f a long] piece writt5 by "o n unkn[n always :]e t tree ( k grew3-- ,cessation is true re/1 ,& sleep = !m oppre/2 ,& n to be1--7 ble/4 ,annihilation is ,a bett] /ate ?an ?is2 ,bett] ?an woe or bliss4 ,! "n is dread2--! ?+ ,is dea? )\t its /+2 ,an ov]%ad[+4 ,if su* be ! ?\ght to !m ^: natural h]itage /&s /rong1 fr+$ ) luxuri\s hope to live belov$1 to die regrett$2 :at w ! ov]%ad[+ be :5 x passes1 l a plague brea?1 ov] ! *ildr5 ( toil & anxiety1 ov] !m ^: life is at be/ h>d1 & _! lot depress$ & )\t illusions8 ,w !y n want _! /rong s5sations8 ,w !y respect any law1 human or div9e1 :i* /&s betwe5 !m & _! enjoym5ts8 ,w !y n cru% all :o b> _! pleasures1 aye1 *oke !m 9 _! own blood8 ,:y n8 ,! opiate comes to all at la/4 ',tis an act ( oblivion6 ,! ov]%ad[+ w cov] all4 ,& ?is is ! com+ cre$ ( ! #ai? c5tury4 ,to return to ,comte1 ab\t :om ,i might say mu*1 b mu/ n2--( c\rse1 he _h no =esight ( any?+ worse ?an an imm$iate realization ( 8 cr[n+ ideas--sociality1 frat]nity1 ,positivism4 ,europe split into small /ates2 wom5 made incapable ( prop]ty1 b held objects ( religi\s wor%ip2 m5 work$ on a communi/ic pr9ciple2 an olig>*y ( ri*2 a spirituality ( ,positive believ]s1 ) a supreme infallible pontiff at _! head2 ,p>is ! seat ( infallibility & ( ord]4 ,clotilde _h %[n ,comte a pr9ciple antagoni/ic to1 & pr$om9at+ ov]1 all egoism2 ,altruism 0 to burn out ( m5 all selfi% aims1 nay1 ! ord9>y feel+s ( a man6 ,a rigor\s rule ( life 0 to aid1 & a religion )\t a ,god to en=ce1 ?is new law4 ,two h\rs a day1 divid$ into ?ree private s]vices1 7 to be sp5t 9 ! adoration ( ,humanity "u ! =m ( a liv+ or dead woman4 ,! image ( ! fair idol1 dress1 po/ure1 ev]y?+ 0 to be br\ght di/9ctly to m9d2 & ! :ole s\l to be pro/rat$ 9 h] hon\r4 ,comte1 x has be5 said1 gave woman ev]y?+ except ju/ice4 ,!re is a grave moral 9 ?is tale4 ,!ology 0 ext+ui%$2 b ! desire to wor%ip burn$ on--a fire unqu5*able4 ,is t desire1 or is x n1 a broad reality1 an inali5able tru? ( our nature8 ,comte accept$ x = himself1 & n = himself alone1 b = our :ole human race4 ,along ) x he accept$ ! only pr9ciple :i* c\ld be/[ univ]sal validity4 ,our moral intuitions 7 ackn[l$g$ safe guides1 & some?+ m2 ! rul]s ( an intellectual _w1 ! reveal]s ( tru? high] ?an all beside4 ,(t5 & (t5 he ass]t$ ! dom9ion ( he>t ov] m9d4 ,probably1 if ,comte _h liv$ long] he w\ld h ackn[l$g$ o!r revelations ( our moral nature4 ,moral causation1 = example4 ,t /range phrase ( 8--a modifiable fatality1 self-contradiction 9 words1 suicide 9 s5se1 :at did x port5d8 ,0 x ! fir/ s\nd ( a m>riage-bell1 fre$om & duty once aga9 unit$8 ,a *ange ( 8 sy/em wond]ful to contemplate1 yet n m wond]ful ?an ! /ate 9 :i* he left x4 ,"o _c help "h ask+ h[ matt]s w\ld h /ood if ,comte _h di$ )\t kn[+ 8 ,clotilde4 ,h[ incomplete accord+ to 8 own acc\nt 8 philosophy6 h[ want+ 9 t :i* p]fect$ ! :ole6 ,a notable fact ?is1 ?r[+ great light on ! value ( su*-l sy/ematization :i*1 aft] all1 mu* resembles secretion f t int]e/+ viscus1 ! sy/em-mak]'s own p>ticul> bra94 ,& !re is ano!r fact q z notable4 ,h[ curi\s t ,comte %\ld h liv$ s long )\t discov]+ :atev] tru? 8 own he>t & a /rong human affection disclos$ to him6 ,h5ce we might illu/rate & confirm a previ\s rem>k1 t any "o n liv+ a truly human life--call him undevelop$1 un$ucat$1 dw>f$1 or immature--is no typical man2 & if we believe anci5t maxims1 sc>cely a le>n] 9 philosophy1 c]ta9ly n a judge ( its highe/ & wide/ problems4 ,! mo/ notable fact & greate/ surprise ( all is1 t ,comte's pray] )\t petition1 8 passionate self-mesm]iz+ adoration1 8 religion )\t a ,god1 %\ld h tak5 any hold on m54 ,no "o c transf] to o!rs 8 private sorr[ or 8 private joy2 x is h>d = a man to get 8 ?\ght und]/ood1 h>d] /ill to make common pa/ure ( 8 he>t4 ,b ,comte devis$ extraord9>y propag&i/ exp$i5ts2 ^? :o consid] 8 developm5ts m]e madness1 %\ld expla9 :y sane p h accept$ !m4 ,comte set no value on ,prote/antism 9 any %ape4 ,! religion ( 8 own c\ntry he c>ri$ back to m$ival =ms1 & !n trave/i$ x4 ,!re 7 _m fe/ivals1 a cal5d> ( sa9ts1 n9e sacram5ts1 & a horrible c>icature ( ! ,*ri/ian ,tr9ity4 ,?is idea cr[n$ 8 sociology1 :i* ,i ne$ h>dly say 0 communi/ic socialism1 enfold+ 7z socialism always mu/ enfold7 & sc>cely veil+ ! mo/ iron ( despotisms1 bo? temporal & spiritual4 ,8 m9d delight$ 9 contemplat+ a syn!sis ( ! great ,feti%1 ,e>?1 ) ! great ,be+ ,humanity2 :i* la/ someh[ assumes on occasion a fem99e g5d]4 ,to ,clotilde1 symboliz+ t supreme object1 ,clotilde1 8 noble & t5d] patroness1 he transf]r$ ,dante's homage ( ,beatrice2 addresses to ! "m ( our ,"l2 & /rang] ?an all1 ! pray] ( ,?omas ,kempis to ,almighty ,god1 ,amem te plusquam me1 nec me nisi propt] te--,may ,i love ,!e m ?an self1 nor self at all except = ,!e4 ,n[ consid]3 :5 ,comte di$1 sixty-f\r ye>s _h n q elaps$ s9ce goddesses ( ,reason 7 wor%ipp$ 9 ! ca!dral & o!r *ur*es ( ,p>is4 ,^u ea* high alt> a fair woman1 *os5 = h] faultless beauty1 sate en?ron$1 h] feet re/+ ^u ! consecrat$ slab4 ,gaily clo!d 9 tunic & ,greek mantle1 %e 0 s display$ by a tor* beh9d h] ?rone1 s elevat$ above h] wor%ipp]s1 z to attract f ,phrygian cap to ,italic %oe _! passionate gaze & adoration4 ,l[ d[n b5ea? h] foot/ool lay ! brok5 symbols ( a fai? !n decl>$ effete & pass$ away2 j z half a c5tury aft]w>ds ,comte decl>$ !ology pass$ away4 ,music s\nd$1 inc5se smok$1 ,bi%op ,gobel1 :o assi/$ at a p>ody ( sacr$ rites1 wept te>s ( %ame1 b 9 fe> & trembl+ he assi/$4 ,! object ( ?is mad mock]y ( religion1 ?is empire ( he>t ov] m9d1 ?is woman-wor%ip1 0 to proclaim afre% ,frat]nity1 ,progress1 ,sociality4 ,sociality1 = ! suppos$ law ( :i* f9al developm5t ,comte wor%ipp$ humanity & ,clotilde--b dis[n$ immortality & ,god4 ,^! two madnesses1 h[ ne> ak91 h[ f> ap>t 7 !y8 ,! _w is n really made "y by de/roy+ old ?+s2 yet ! pa? ( #ah? c5tury madness lay ?r\gh fire & blood4 ,its de$s are sometimes spok5 (1 ev5 n[1 z great crimes2 b no great crime is crim9al 9 ! sight ( m5 ^: life is godless1 d>k1 & unsub/antial4 ,horrors pass be=e !m l unrealities4 ,! _w1 writes ,m]ci] on ! trial ( ,l\is ,,xvi1--,! _w is all an optical %ad[4 ,9 our #ai? c5tury life1 'tis a skilfully prep>$ ov]%ad[+1 b5ea? :i* m5 beat _! br[s till _! blood-%ot eyes see r$4 ,i see r$1 exclaim$ ,eug5e ,sue's ruffian1 & !n ,i /rike ) ! knife4#ag ,let me end by tell+ y a dream1 :i* is n all a dream4 ,a company ( savans 7 se5 9 ! visions ( ! night1 busy ) a new sci5tific inv5tion4 ,e>?1 !y argu$1 e>? has h] volcanoes1 h] burn+ exhalations2 m5 h electric lights1 fires1 gas lamps1 furnaces4 ,^! make up ! _w's prop] illum9ation4 ,! effect int5d$ 01 !re=e1 to d>k5 ! air we brea!1 s t no rays f ! upp] sky %\ld pass ?r\gh x4 ,! inv5tors hop$ t a di/rict1 a c\ntry1 nay1 ev5 a _w1 might ?us be ov]%ad[$ by a gloom imp]vi\s to moon & />s by night1 to sun by day2 & ! human eye see no *anges1 save ^? :i* ! e>?'s activity1 or human p[] & skill1 might produce4 ,t]re/rial & artificial alt]nations except$1 all 0 to be *angeless z w9t] midnight--deep imp5etrable d>kness6 ,x 0 se5 sl[ly1 v sl[ly1 to desc5d4 ,9 ?irty ye>s ! m5 ( sci5ce hop$ & purpos$ its p]fection4 ,did ^? :o _h previ\sly kn[n ! beautiful light ( heav51 :o _h ba!d & bask$ 9 ! life-giv+ sunbeam1 feel happy1 or ev5 calm1 :5 !y saw _! *ildr5 & *ildr5's *ildr5 robb$ ( cele/ial glory & gladness8 ,yet !re is "o ?+ worse ?an a _w )\t a sun--y "k :at ,i mean--,humanity )\t a ,,god4 ,,po/script4 ,! ,lectur] purposely ab/a9$ f read+ ,pr(essor ,huxley's acute critique on ,positivism until ?is ,lecture _h gone to press4 ,he n[ /rongly recomm5ds 8 auditors to read ,no4 viii4 ( ! ,lay ,s]mons4 ,%\ld any read] f9d difficulties 9 pages #bc-be ( ! =ego+ ,lecture1 he w d well to p]use ,littr's ,augu/e ,comte et la ,philosophie ,positive1 *apt] iii41 p>ticul>ly pp4 #db1 #dc4 ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,revelation4 ,,by ,,! ,,v ,,rev]5d ,r4 ,,payne ,,smi?1 ,d4,d41 ,,dean ,,( ,,cant]bury2 ,,late ,,regius ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,div9ity1 ,,ox=d4 ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,revelation4 ,! duty :i* has be5 impos$ ^u me to-day by ! ,*ri/ian ,evid5ce ,society is1 ,i conceive1 to /ate z cle>ly z ,i c1 :at is our gr\nd = believ+ t a revelation is n only possible1 b is a necess>y "p ( ! sy/em ( ?is _w4 ,z ! programme fur!r jo9s sci5ce & revelation1 ,i conceive t ,i am deb>r$ f any b a /rictly sci5tific pro(4 ,we may reasonably inf] ! probability ( a revelation f ,god's necess>y attribute ( love4 ,we may ourselves feel morally sure t a creature1 approa*+ s ne>ly to ! spiritual _w1 & capable ( s mu* good z is man1 w\ld n be left by 8 ,mak] 9 t mis]able /ate ( vice & mis]y 9 :i* we f9d ourselves4 ,!re are _m good & weighty reasons = believ+ t ,god w\ld give u a revelation1 & t ! ,*ri/ian religion is ,god's revelation--reasons drawn f ! nature ( ,god1 f ! actual condition 9 :i* man is plac$1 & f ! direct tea*+s ( ,holy ,scripture--all ^!1 l a cord ( _m ?reads t _c easily be brok51 s]ve to confirm ! fai? ( ! believ]1 b ,i mu/ =ego _! use4 ,9 conf9+ myself to :at ,i conceive to be ! /rictly sci5tific basis ( a revelation1 ,i w\ld1 nev]!less1 beg y to rememb] t ! evid5ces ( ,*ri/ianity are cumulative4 ,!y cov] a va/ field1 & x is 9 _! unit$ =ce t _! /r5g? lies4 ,! v va/ness ( ! field (t5 invites attack4 ,"s outly+ "w seems capable ( ov]?r[4 ,"s discov]y 9 ! doma9s ( hi/ory1 ( philology1 or ( physical sci5ce1 seems to provide new weapons = ! assault4 ,possibly n all ! argum5ts us$ 9 def5ce ( ,*ri/ianity w endure ! te/ ( close & accurate exam9ation4 ,possibly1 too1 9 our views ( ! nature ( ,*ri/ianity1 & 9 our exegesis ( ! ,scriptures1 we h arriv$ only at p>tial tru?1 & d n di/+ui% ) suffici5t accuracy betwe5 :at is c]ta9ly reveal$1 & :at is no?+ m t a possible explanation ( ! ,div9e ^w4 ,!re are1 moreov]1 ,i w c&idly confess1 difficulties 9 ! way ( fai?4 ,h[ev] new may be ! =m ( ! attack1 & h[ev] mod]n ! mat]ials :i* x uses1 yet ! /r5g? ( ! attack lies 9 real difficulties1 :i* are no new matt]1 b h ev] la9 deep 9 ! m9ds ( ?\ghtful m54 ,i d n believe t belief is a ?+ easy ( atta9m5t1 any m ?an virtue is4 ,i believe t bo? are victories1 ga9$ by a /ruggle--ga9$ ov] oppos+ =ces4#agc ,b z c]ta9 z ,i am t ?is pres5t /ate ( ?+s 0 int5d$ to tra9 man to virtue1 ?\gh ,i _c answ] all ! objections br\ght aga9/ ! sy/em ( ! _w be+ exactly :at x is1 nor solve all ! d\bts & difficulties1 moral & metaphysical1 :i* surr\nd u3 s ,i am conv9c$1 9 spite ( simil> difficulties 9 ! way ( religion1 t belief1 & n unbelief1 is ! end at :i* man ought to aim4 ,i believe t man 0 int5d$ to atta9 to a high] & m p]fect /ate ?an t 9 :i* he n[ f9ds himself1 & t he c only atta9 to x by virtue & fai?2 b z ! v value ( ^! lies app>5tly 9 _! be+ won by an ef=t1 long & e>ne/ly ma9ta9$1 ,i am n surpris$ at ! exi/5ce ( difficulties1 lea/ ( all ( su* difficulties z arise f our ignorance4 ,/ill belief w\ld be unnecess>ily#ah difficult1#agd & we may ev5 say1 morally impossible1 if ! sum ( ! argum5ts 9 def5ce ( a revelation did n l>gely exce$ ! sum ( ! argum5ts aga9/ "o4 ,) ^! argum5ts ,i h to-day no?+ to d4 ,! evid5ces ( ,*ri/ianity1 ext]nal & int]nal1 w be treat$ ( by o!rs4 ,my bus9ess is to %[ t a revelation 0 to be expect$2 t x 0 probable1 or at all ev5ts possible1 &1 !re=e1 t ! evid5ces ( ,*ri/ianity h a claim ^u ! consid]ation ( e "r ?9k+ man4 ,9 %[+ t a revelation 0 to be expect$1 ,i %all at ! same "t %[ :at is ! exact position :i* x holds1 & 9 :at way reveal$ k diff]s f all o!r k1 sci5tific & unsci5tific4 ,n[ ! argum5t :i* ,i %all use z my pro( ( ! possibility ( a revelation is simply ?is1 t 9 ! pres5t sy/em ( ?+s we f9d no be+ end[$ ) any faculties )\t !re be+ also provid$ a prop] field = _! ex]cise1 & a necessity impos$ ^u t be+ ( us+ ^? faculties4 ,9 ?is /atem5t ,i assume no?+4 ,i d n assume t !re is a ,god :o made ^! be+s4 ,i d n assume t !y 7 made or creat$2 /ill less d ,i assume t !y 7 int5d$ to use _! faculties4 ,i put aside all !ories ( design & causation1 n because ,i d n believe t !y possess =ce1 b because ! actual facts :i* ,i see ar\nd me1 or :i* ,i am taught by sci5tific m51 are en\gh = my pro(4 ,! only ?+ :i* ,i assume is1 t ! laws ( nature are univ]sal2 & ,i assume ?is simply because x w be readily grant$ me4 ,! univ]sality ( nature's laws compels u to admit t a law :i* holds good 9 all kn[n cases1 w necess>ily hold good 9 all cases :atsoev]4 ,our :ole language is s ess5tially bas$ ^u religi\s ideas t x w\ld be v difficult = me to use only neutral words4 ,b 9 us+ religi\s words1 ,i wi% !m to be und]/ood 9 a neutral s5se4 ,if ,i speak ( creatures1 ,i mean only be+s1 ?+s :i* exi/ n[1 or h exi/$4 ,if ,i speak ( !m z end[$ ) faculties1 ,i m]ely mean t !y possess !m4 ,by nature1 ,i mean simply ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s1 :e!r design$ by an intellig5t m9d1 or a m]e come-by-*ance4 ,i look simply ar\nd me at :at is--or at all ev5ts appe>s to be--& ,i f9d myself 9 a _w 9 :i* !re is a v exact correspond5ce betwe5 ! end[m5ts & faculties ( e exi/5t be+1 & ! /ate ( ?+s 9 :i* x happ5s to be4 ,s exact is ?is correspond5ce1 t if y give ,pr(essor ,ow5 a bone1 he w tell y to :at ord] ( animals its own] belong$1 :at 7 its habits1 ! nature ( its food1 ( its habitat1 & mode ( life4 ,nature works out ?is correspond5ce ev5 to ! mo/ m9ute detail4 ,by look+ at ! bone ( a quadrup$ we c tell1 n m]ely great ?+s ab\t x1 b su* trifles z :i* leg x us$ fir/ 9 gett+ up f ! gr\nd4 ,= nature is s undeviat+ t ! outw>d habits1 ev5 9 ?+s ( no app>5t mom5t1 correspond to ! int]nal con=mation4 ,n[1 possibly1 x w readily be grant$ t su* is ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s4 ,:atev] may h be5 ! /ages ?r\gh :i* we h1 or h n1 pass$1 we n[ f9d ourselves 9 a _w ( app>5t cause & effect--full ( inf9itely v>i$ =ms ( life1 b ( :i* none are purposeless4 ,i _c ^u ?is po9t br+ =w>d a bett] witness ?an ,pr(essor ,huxley1 :o1 9 8 mo/ int]e/+ essay on ,geological ,contemporaneity 7,lay ,s]mons1 p4 #bcf7 speaks z foll[s3--,all :o are compet5t to express an op9ion ^u ! subject are1 at pres5t1 agre$ t ! manifold v>ieties ( animal & vegetable =m h n ei!r come into exi/5ce by *ance1 nor result f caprici\s ex]tions ( creative p[]2 b t !y h tak5 place 9 a def9ite ord]1 ! /atem5t ( :i* ord] is :at m5 ( sci5ce t]m a natural law4 ,! :ole *a9 ( animal & vegetable life seems to ?is great au?ority s p]fect & complete1 t ev5 ! v>iations :i* h tak5 place 9 x1 h be5 gov]n$1 he consid]s1 by a law1 t is1 a regul> & ord]ly succession4 ,^! v>iations h be5 ! result1 app>5tly1 ( c]ta9 *anges 9 ! ext]nal /ate ( ?+s1 to :i* ! ext]nal con=mation ( ! animal has someh[ or o!r be5 made to correspond4 ,b z ,pr(essor ,huxley po9ts out1 ^! v>iations h be5 conf9$ to v n>r[ limits4 ,:5 p speak ( ! enorm\s *anges :i* h tak5 place 9 ! liv+ population ( ! globe dur+ geological eras1 !y ref]1 he says1 to ! pres5ce 9 ! lat] rocks ( fossil rema9s ( a va/ numb] ( animals n discov]able 9 ! e>li] rocks2 b ! fossils :i* y d f9d 9 ! e>ly rocks diff] b little f exi/+ species4 7,see p4 #bch47 ,he ?us negatives on sure gr\nds ! idea t a /ate ( ?+s ev] exi/$ on ?is globe ess5tially unlike :at exi/s n[4 ,:at !n exi/s n[8 ,i answ]1 fir/ ( all a va/ *a9 ( vegetable life1 fitt$ 9 e portion ( x to f9d its own subsi/5ce1 & to propagate its species4 ,its ma9 function is to manufacture out ( m9]al sub/ances t protoplasm1 ^u :i*1 9 ! long run1 all animal life dep5ds4 7,lay ,s]mons1 p4 #ach47 ,i ne$ n deta9 y by enum]at+ ! _m v>i\s contrivances by :i* plants are enabl$ to manufacture food = u out ( c>bon1 hydrog51 oxyg51 & nitrog5--sub/ances ^u :i*1 9 _! orig9al /ate1 animals _c fe$--nor ! /ill m curi\s & elaborate processes by :i* _! fecundation1 & ! propagation ( ea* species is provid$ =--processes :i* seem (t5 to require ! int]v5tion ( animal life4 ,i ne$ n deta9 y ^u ?is po9t3 y w readily grant t ?is correspond5ce does exi/4 ,if a plant is n suit$ to its habitat1 & _c use its natural p[]s1 nature imposes ^u x ! sev]e p5alties--fir/1 ( degradation1 & !n ( dea?4 ,^u ! animal _w %e imposes j ! same p5alties4 ,!re is nei!r excess nor defect 9 h] op]ations4#ai ,:atev] %e gives mu/ be us$1 b animals1 be+ gov]n$ 9 ! ma9 by in/9cts1 h no *oice4 ,!y necess>ily employ all _! liv+ p[]s1 & app>5tly h no p[]s beyond ^? indisp5sable = _! exi/5ce4 ,?is po9t1 h[ev]1 ,i w n press1 ?\gh x seems to foll[ f ! fact ass]t$ by ,pr(essor ,huxley1 t no important diff]5ce c be obs]v$ betwe5 ! fossil rema9s f\nd 9 ! e>lie/ /rata1 & animals ( ! same species & ord] exi/5t n[4 7,see pp4 #bda1 #bdb1 & = vegetables1 p4 #bdj47 ,=1 z he tells y1 facts e/abli% a sci5tific law--law 9 ! m\?s ( sci5tific m51 mean+ an e/abli%$ ord] ( facts4 ,well !n6 ,i w put ?is fact ( abs5ce ( progress aside1 & ) x ! coroll>y ( ! abs5ce ( lat5t p[]s4#bj ,b ( actual p[]s x is evid5t t animals d use !m all1 & h to use !m all4 ,s close1 too1 is ! agreem5t betwe5 ! p[]s & ! ext]nal position ( e animal1 t a *ange 9 its ext]nal relations w modify its p[]s to a c]ta9 ext5t4 ,b only to a c]ta9 ext5t2 !re are fix$ limits to ! adaptability ( ^? liv+ p[]s4 ,if ! *anges are su* z to occasion a m active ex]cise ( its liv+ p[]s1 ! animal increases 9 /r5g?1 size1 & beauty2 if unfav\rable1 b /ill p]mitt+ "s use ( its p[]s1 x dw9dles & decays4 ,b pass ! appo9t$ b\nds & ! animal dies4 ,nature is exact+ ! p5alty ( ! non-use ( :at x has giv54 ,nature exacts a sev]e p5alty = ! mis-use1 & ! la/ & f9al p5alty = ! violation ( h] laws4 ,i d n "k t an ascidian jelly-bag has any o!r faculties ?an ^? ( suck+ 9 wat]1 & ( /ick+ to a /one4#ba ,b ?is ,i "k1 t if x does n use all ! p[]s x possesses & suck 9 its wat]1 & /ick to its /one1 no process ( natural selection w ev] develop x into a monkey3 x w g to ! limbo ( non5tity4#bb ,b :at an al>m+ ?\ght1 t at a p]iod sep>at$ f u by su* va/ geologic ages1 t1 accord+ to ! nebul> hypo!sis1 held by s _m ( our lead+ a/ronom]s z a probable !ory1 ?is :ole univ]se 0 a mass ( heat$ vap\r2 :at an al>m+ ?\ght t ! v exi/5ce ( man %\ld h dep5d$ ^u a jelly bag /ick+ to a /one & suck+ up wat]6 ,alas6 !re 0 !n no wat]1 no /ones1 no jelly bags1 & !re=e !re are n[ no m56 ,man escapes1 poor ?+1 f 8 humble p>5tage3 he ne$ n feel 8 e>s to f9d ! pro( !re ( 8 monkeyhood3#bc b 8 escape co/s him de>4 ,:at ) a/ronomy & biology1 m5 ( sci5ce betwe5 !m h cle>$ u out ( exi/5ce4 ,sci5tifically1 man is no m4 ,my argum5t1 =tunately1 dep5ds ^u matt]s ( fact3 facts = :i* ! believ] acc\nts by hold+ t ?is _w is ! "w ( a ,be+ possess$ ( inf9ite wisdom & p[]1 & :o !re=e has end[$ all ,8 creatures ) ^? faculties :i* !y ne$$1 & ) no o!rs2 because to give useless faculties w\ld be a violation ( ,god's attribute ( wisdom4 ,! /ud5t ( natural sci5ce may take ano!r view4 ,x is no "p ( 8 bus9ess to d s4 ,8 (fice is to discov] & tabulate ! ord] ( facts1 ( ph5om5a1 & ?is ord] he calls a natural law4 ,well & good4 ,b teleology1 ! sci5ce ( ends1 :i* gives ! reason :y a ?+ is :at x is--teleology belongs to ! metaphysician4 ,x is 8 bus9ess to inquire into causes & effects4 ,/ill1 z a matt] ( fact1 sci5tific m5 d try _! h& at acc\nt+ = ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s1 & !y say1 p]haps1 t !re is a /ruggle1 a competition 9 nature1#agg s %>p & close t no creature c cont9ue to exi/ save by ! vigor\s ex]cise ( all its necess>y faculties1 :ile all useless qualities w be ca/ away z m]e ov]weight & incumbrance4 ,i ne$ no decision ^u ?is po9t2 ! fact is all ,i want4 ,i d n want y to decide :e!r m9d prec$$ matt]1 & consequ5tly t !re is a ,god3 or :e!r matt] & m9d came into exi/5ce contemporane\sly1 9 :i* case !re is no room = ! !ory ( developm5t1 b abundant room = impossibilities1 metaphysical & actual2 or1 la/ly1 :e!r matt] prec$$ m9d1 ! latt] be+ simply ! result ( a high corporeal organisation1 sl[ly atta9$ to by ! processes ( selection1 natural & sexual4 ,:e!r ?is pres5t /ate ( ?+s 0 work$ out intellig5tly1 by a ,be+ possess$ ( w & und]/&+1 or is ! result ( bl9d & un9tellig5t p[]s1 work+ =tuit\sly1 ?is1 to my argum5t1 matt]s n4 ,all ,i want is ! admitt$ fact--t e liv+ organisation fully possesses all ^? faculties :i* x ne$s1 & mu/ use all its faculties "u p5alty1 fir/ ( degradation1 &1 f9ally1 9 ! long run1 ( ext9ction4 ,b man is a liv+ organization1 & mu/1 !re=e1 come "u ?is law4 ,let u see :e!r ! fact confirms ?is d$uction4 ,n[1 9 all ! long l9e1 f ! ascidian upw>ds to man1 nature _h suppli$ none b physical wants4 ,h] *ildr5 ne$ food2 %e gives !m ea* ^? s5ses & t con=mation :i* enables !m to get ea* _! own food4 ,!y ne$ safety3 %e uses mu* +5uity 9 provid+ = _! safety4 ,%e is1 moreov]1 lib]al4 ,_! food is1 9 g5]al1 ga9$ s easily1 & _! safety s well provid$ =1 t _! lives are full ( enjoym5t4 ,h] c>e1 h[ev]1 is tak5 9 ! ma9 = ! species1 & n = ! individual4 ,he enjoys 8 food because nature has tak5 lov+ c>e = ! :ole family to :i* he belongs2 & %e fur!r takes c>e t t family %all cont9ue to exi/4 ,if x p]i%1 x is because by "s *ange 9 temp]ature1 or ! l1 ! correspond5ce is de/roy$ betwe5 its faculties & its ext]nal position4 ,%ort ( ?is1 ! +5uity employ$ by nature 9 provid+ = ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( e species ( insect & animal is z wond]ful z t employ$ by h] 9 cont9u+ vegetable life2 &1 z a rule1 ! l[] ! creature is 9 ! scale ( be+1 ! m curi\s ! contrivances us$ = its pres]vation4 ,well1 :5 we come to man we f9d ^! ?ree lead+ necessities equally well provid$ =4 ,man is provid$ ) ! means = obta9+ food1 = provid+ = 8 safety1 & = propagat+ 8 species4 ,b1 ?\gh nature's ends are ! same1 & rea*$ ) equal c]ta9ty1 h] means are1 9 ! ma91 diff]5t4 ,! animals are mov$ to ga9 _! exi/5ce by _! s5ses work+ ^u _! in/9cts4 ,?is is a great advance ^u vegetable life4 ,y _h !re nei!r s5ses nor in/9cts1 b simply p[]s4 ,b man rises above ! animals z mu* z !y transc5d vegetables4 ,he atta9s to ^! same ends ( food1 safety1 & cont9u$ exi/5ce by ! use ( 8 reason4 ,n[1 ,i wi% y to notice ?is4 ,nature is n limit$ 9 h] res\rces1 nor conf9$ to "o me?od4 ,%e is n oblig$ to plant animals 9 ! gr\nd t !y may suck up food ?r\gh _! legs2 %e c & does give !m in/9cts by :i* !y c get _! food 9 a v diff]5t way4 ,b p]fect z ^! in/9cts are1 nature c d /ill bett]4 ,%e c produce an animal capable ( reason+ ^u causes & effects1 & :o1 !re=e1 provides = ev]y?+ :i* he imag9es to be good = him by sett+ ^? causes 9 motion :i* produce ! desir$ effect4#bd ,b ) ! possession ( reason !re also goes ! possession ( :at we call m5tal faculties4 ,n only c man by ! use ( 8 reason obta9 food1 provide = 8 safety1 & cont9ue 8 race1 b high] ends are made possible = him1 to be atta9$ to by ! use ( ?is high] end[m5t4 ,man has ! p[] ( articulate spee*1 & ^u ?is foll[s ! p[] ( le>n+ to read1 to write1 & to cyph]2 & ^u ! p[] ( do+ ^! ?ree ?+s foll[s a pl5itude ( o!r p[]s4 ,n[1 ,i %all n /op to enquire h[ man ga9$ ^! p[]s1 :e!r by natural & sexual selection or n2 b ,i v5ture to po9t out t !re is a va/ *asm betwe5 physical & intellectual p[]s4 ,! mo/ s5sible monkey is a p>ody r ?an an imitation ( man1 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two is enorm\s4#be ,! po9ts ( agreem5t s]ve r to enable u to measure ?is int]val1 & see h[ wide x is1 ?an to bridge x ov]4 ,n[1 let u suppose ourselves philosoph]s come1 we w say1 f ! planet ,jupit]1 on a mission intru/$ to u by ! ,jovians1 to exam9e & report ^u ! nature ( ! creatures :i* p ! f\r inf]ior planets1 ,t]ra1 ,v5us1 ,m]cury1 & ,m>s4 ,( c\rse1 we %\ld look ^u ! inhabitants ( su* small communities ) contempt1 b1 be+ philosoph]s1 we %\ld n neglect any?+ because x 0 trifl+4 ,well1 :5 we came to ,t]ra we %\ld report t x 0 a v curi\s region1 inhabit$ by a long scale ( be+s1 ea* "o fitt$ to its place1 & t at _! head !re 0 a r noxi\s1 tr\blesome1 & uppi% creature call$ man1 ^: exam9ation _h caus$ u an inf9ity ( tr\ble4 ,9 exam9+ ?is creature we %\ld f9d t x %>$ 9 all ! wants ( ^? b5ea? him1 b t x suppli$ its wants1 n by ! use ( in/9cts1 b ( reason4 ,ov] & above1 h[ev]1 man's physical wants1 we %\ld f9d t he _h m5tal wants2 & ) ^! wants faculties also1 by :i* he c\ld supply !m4 ,supply all ! physical wants ( an animal1 & hav+ none besides1 x w lie /ill = h\rs or days until hung] /irs x to r5ew$ ex]tion4 ,supply all man's physical wants1 & 8 m5tal wants !n develop into full activity4 ,give him ! l[e/ & base/ drudg]y2 make him "w morn+1 noon1 & night 9 ! meane/ occupations1 = ! supply ( m]ely physical necessities1 &1 ?\gh y c inf9itely degrade1 y _c de/roy 8 m5tal p[]s4 ,he /ill ?9ks1 /ill connects causes & effects4 ,b our purpose w be be/ answ]$ by tak+ ! case ( ^? ^: faculties are mo/ highly cultivat$4 ,has nature suppli$ a prop] field = ! ex]cise ( ! m5tal p[]s1 n m]ely ( ,fuegians1 b ( ! mo/ highly develop$ man8 ,y "k t %e has4 ,take ! s5ses :i* he has 9 common ) ! animals1 b see :at va/ means h be5 provid$ by :i* he c make an intellectual use ( !m4 ,:at arts & sci5ces1 pa9t+1 music1 h>mony1 numb]s1 eloqu5ce1 h gr[n out ( _! use4 ,z = our m5tal p[]s1 ?9k only ( ! va/ numb] ( ologies :i* are claim+ admission into our v normal s*ools4 ,?9k only ( all our le>n$ ,associations1 our ,royal ,societies1 our ,social ,congresses1 our ,briti% ,museums full ( books1 :i* h be5 writt51 & are wait+ only to be read1 & y mu/ own t m5 d use _! m5tal p[]s1 & h means en\gh = a m ample use ( !m4 ,nature makes u use our m5tal p[]s to "s ext5t4 ,%e enc\rages u to use !m ?or\ghly & e>ne/ly4 ,use !m we mu/4 ,man is plac$ 9 su* a position t he mu/ /udy :at passes r\nd him4 ,man le>ns by exp]i5ce4 ,in/9cts are b slightly progressive4 ,unless br\ght into contact ) man1 ! animals le>n little--p]haps no?+4 ,i d n d\bt b t ^? huge mon/]s1 ^: rema9s we behold 9 geological museums1 7 ! mo/ dull & /upid creatures possible4 ,i ?9k ?is simply because ,i suppose t man did n !n exi/1 &1 !re=e1 t ^! mon/]s _h no?+ to wak5 !m up out ( _! sluggi% torpor4 ,b sci5tific m5#bf tell me t exi/+ mammals actually h l>g] bra9s ?an _! anci5t t]ti>y prototypes ( ! same ord]4 ,let man ent] ! /age1 & ! in/9cts ( animals are quick5$4 ,nature did n create man )\t tak+ c>e to gu>d ! inf]ior animals f 8 de/ructive p[]s4 ,b man 9 himself1 ess5tially1 is at once progressive & retrogressive4 ,b\nd up ) him is an inf9ite possibility ( advance & decay4 ,he is nev] /ation>y4 ,bo? individuals & communities are p]petually ei!r asc5d+ or desc5d+ 9 ! scale1 morally & intellectually4 ,b ?is law ( nature obliges man to p]petual m5tal ef=t "u ! usual p5alty ( degradation4 ,we h n m]ely to advance1 to w9 new gr\nd4 ,if ?is 7 all1 at l5g? we %\ld h no?+ to d4 ,we h to w9 back lo/ gr\nd4 ,our ga9s are1 ,i hope1 great] ?an our losses2 b ! progress ( no community w ev] be fa/ en\gh1 cont9u$ en\gh1 & assur$ en\gh1 to ju/ify ! memb]s ( x 9 liv+ 9 a fool's p>adise4 ,?is1 !n1 0 our second po9t4 ,! fir/ 01 t nature has provid$ u ) a prop] field = ! ex]cise ( our m5tal faculties2 ! second1 t %e imposes ^u u ! necessity ( us+ !m4 ,we may add1 t ! law ( sci5tific progress also makes x c]ta9 t no advance ( sci5ce w ev] deliv] u f ! necessity ( us+ our faculties4 ,! valuable "p ( e sci5ce is its !ory--! m5tal "p4 ,facts & fossils are ( no value1 except z be+ ! mat]ials = ?\ght4 ,no geologi/ w\ld c>e mu* = a discov]y ( fossils 9 agreem5t ) an e/abli%$ !ory1 b if ! !ory 7 /ill debat$1 !n e discov]y t t5d$ to prove or disprove x1 w\ld be canvass$ ) intellig5t int]e/4 ,! pure sci5ces c gr[1 ,i am well aw>e1 only by additions4 ,b !n !y are simply in/rum5tal4 ,!y are to ! mix$ sci5ces :at ari?metic is to ! ord9>y bus9ess ( life4 ,log>i?ms1 algebra1 ! integral & diff]5tial calculuses1 are simply easy ways ( do+ difficult sums4 ,x is a great ?+1 no d\bt1 = sci5ce to p]fect its in/rum5ts & processes1 b sci5tific progress lies 9 ! mix$ sci5ces !mselves1 & ^! are con/antly und]go+ modification4 ,! spectrum analysis is l>gely modify+ ! sci5ce ( a/ronomy4 ,deep sea dr$g+1 & o!r fre% means ( in=mation1 h s modifi$ geology1 t no "o holds n[ t simil> /rata are necess>ily ( ! same date4 ,a va/ cretace\s =mation is probably go+ on at ?is v day 9 ! b$ ( ! ,atlantic4 7,huxley1 ,lay ,s]mons1 p4 #bjf47 ,! law1 !n1 ( sci5tific progress is con/ant modification2 fre% facts are discov]$1 new !ories />t$1 old !ories reviv$1 exi/+ !ories alt]$1 reca/1 newly %ap$4 ,%\ld a sci5ce become1 practically1 complete & p]fect1 sci5tific m5 w\ld c>e = x no long]4 ,! manufactur] & m]*ant w\ld !n seize ^u x4 ,9 ?is way :at 0 once a problem 9 ! m9d ( ! /ud5t1 becomes an article ( use1 com=t1 & enjoym5t 9 our daily lives4 ,mean:ile1 new sci5ces spr+ up1 & old sci5ces take new %ape1 &1 z a matt] ( fact1 s l>ge has become ! sci5tific doma91 t no "o man c ma/] x4 ,division ( lab\r has become z necess>y "h z 9 ! manual crafts4 ,we are no long] encyclopdi/s1 b ea* "o mu/ /ick to 8 own page 9 ! great book ( le>n+4 ,_m ( ^! sci5ces relate to our social condition4 ,& ( ^! ! importance & value e day rapidly increases4 ,good gov]nm5t l>gely dep5ds ^u k ( all ^? natural laws ^u :i* moral & physical well-be+ dep5ds4 ,^u good gov]nm5t foll[ increas$ weal?1 active trade1 high] wages1 & l>g] consumption ( commodities4 ,^u ^! foll[s increas$ population1 & t population conc5trat$ ^u spots fav\rable = all ?is activity4 ,& ^u ?is foll[ new social difficulties2 fre% problems arise to be solv$1 & new que/ions to occupy ! m9d bo? ( ! /ud5t & ( ! /atesman4 ,unless solv$1 society w retrograde2 x w suff] 9 heal?1 9 weal?1 & morality2 turbul5ce w take ! place ( quiet indu/ry2 & t community w decay4 ,"h aga9 nature provides a field = ! employm5t ( our faculties1 & compels u to use !m4 ,if n !re is ! same p5alty1 degradation4 ,i d n "k h[ _m geological p]iods x w\ld take be=e1 by ! neglect ( our p[]s1 we c\ld retrograde back to our ascidian prog5itor2 b ,i see ev]y:]e ar\nd me ! pro(s t retrogression is z mu* a law ( man's nature z progress4 ,we c only cont9ue :at we are by us+ all our p[]s4#bg ,b ,i may h l+]$ ov] ?is "p ( my subject too long4 ,no "o p]haps w d5y t man bo? c & mu/ use 8 m5tal p[]s z ?or\ghly z an animal mu/ use its in/9cts1 & a plant its vegetative p[]s1 or x w suff] = its neglect4 ,only rememb] t my argum5t has no?+ to d ) individuals2 ,i am treat+ ( man z a species1 & inve/igat+ ! g5]al laws :i* regulate 8 well be+4 ,well1 n[1 has man any o!r p[]s ?an ^? already describ$8 ,has he m]ely physical p[]s to enable him to get food1 & o!r bodily necess>ies2 & m5tal p[]s to enable him to read1 write1 & cyph]8 ,is ?is all8 ,y "k t x is n all4 ,!re is ano!r broad di/9ction betwe5 man & all ! o!r inhabitants ( ?is e>?4 ,he alone di/+ui%es betwe5 "r & wrong4#bh ,n[ if man possesses ?is faculty1 h[ev] acquir$1 & by :atev] "n call$1 !n if nature's laws are univ]sal1 he is bo? b\nd to use x1 w suff] f n us+ x1 & w h a prop] field provid$ = its use4 ,nature gives no faculty )\t impos+ an obligation ( ex]cis+ x3 an obligation1 h[ev]1 :i* re/s 9 its full =ce ^u ! species1 & ^u ! individual only z belong+ to ! species4 ,"s p[]s e individual mu/ use or he w\ld die2 !re are o!r p[]s :i*1 if he does n use1 nature w be cont5t ) a light] p5alty4 ,f> be x f me to affirm t e "o "h uses 8 reason+ p[]s4 ,i hope he does2 b if he does n use !m1 ,i am q sure t nature w exact ( him ! p5alty ( /upidity4 ,b ! species mu/ use !m2 if n1 ^u degradation w\ld soon foll[ ext9ction4 ,nature1 = in/ance1 w\ld n let man exi/ z a m]e animal4 ,if he did n use 8 reason1 ! in/9cts ( o!r animals are s sup]ior to 81 t :ile !y f\nd food he w\ld be unable to d s4 ,ev5 if necessity quick5$ 8 in/9cts1 he w\ld yet h ceas$ to be a man1 & w\ld be retrograd+ back to ! ascidian4 ,to cont9ue to be a man he mu/ make "s l[ use at all ev5ts ( 8 m5tal p[]s4 ,n[1 c y e/abli% any su* diff]5ce betwe5 man's intellectual & moral p[]s1 z w ju/ify y1 :ile ackn[l$g+ t y mu/ use ! "o1 9 neglect+ ! o!r8 ,c y give any reason :y y ne$ n use ! faculty :i* und\bt$ly y possess ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 "r & wrong1 & ! faculty1 let u say1 ( us+ ! imag9ation 9 matt]s ( sci5ce4 ,i am sure y _c4 ,by n us+ y\r m5tal p[]s y w be 9 an inf]ior m5tal position2 by n us+ y\r moral p[]s y w hold an inf]ior moral position4 ,b y may say ! p5alty is slight1 & we w pay x4 ,we w use our physical p[]s1 & become gr& animals & we w use our m5tal p[]s1 & become gr& intellectual m54 ,n m5 ,i answ]4 ,add intellectuality to animality1 & y m]ely get an intellectual animal4 ,y\r moral p[]s are an ess5tial "p ( y\rselves4 ,confess$ly too1 !re is ample field = us+ !m4 ,! :ole _w is s con/itut$ t morn+1 noon1 & night1 ! "q p]petually arises ( "r & wrong4 ,y _c take a /ep 9 life )\t consci5ce int]v5+4 ,x is s insep>ably a "p ( y\rselves t con/antly x acts z a m]e in/9ct1 & approves or condemns y\r conduct z spontane\sly z y\r palate di/+ui%es betwe5 sweet & bitt]4 ,y may r5d] y\r palate dull1 s t y _c ta/e :at y eat & dr9k2 y may r5d] y\r consci5ce dull1 b x has a /rong recup]ative =ce1 &1 aft] ye>s ( dullness1 w awak51 & ex]cise aga9 its judicial functions ) /]n & decisive en]gy4 ,/ruggle z mu* z y l1 b ! conclusion _c be evad$1 t y c di/+ui% betwe5 "r & wrong1 t y ought to d s1 & t y mu/ d s4 ,if s1 :at foll[s8 ,i answ]1 ! necessity ( religion1 & !re=e ( revelation4 ,resi/ z m5 w & d1 !y h b a *oice betwe5 two alt]natives4 ,ei!r all ?is pres5t /ate ( ?+s1 9 :i* e faculty has its appropriate field ( ex]cise1 & e ext]nal possibility has opposite to x an int]nal faculty2 ei!r all ?is is an illusion & deceit1 a purposeless & objectless piece ( juggl]y2#bi or if x be a reality1 !n ! exi/5ce 9 man ( faculties1 oblig+ him to di/+ui% betwe5 "r & wrong1 con/itute him a responsible ag5t4 ,if he is responsible1 he is responsible to "s "o3 & c]ta9 p5alties are necess>ily atta*$ to ! neglect1 ! misuse1 & ! violation ( 8 moral p[]s4 ,! p]son to :om man is responsible mu/ be capable ( =m+ an equitable judgm5t1 & !re=e mu/ "k ! motives z well z ! outw>d acts1 & = ?is no?+ less ?an omnisci5ce w suffice4 ,he mu/ h ! p[] ( apportion+ adequate rew>ds & puni%m5ts to human actions1 :i* w ne$ little less ?an omnipot5ce4 ,& z no adequate rew>d or puni%m5t foll[s 9 ?is life1 !re mu/ be "s o!r /ate 9 :i* m5 w be dealt ) accord+ to _! true des]ts4 ,if n1 !n !re exi/s 9 man a :ole class ( faculties1 moral faculties1 :i* seem to f9d 9 ?is pres5t /ate ( ?+s an appropriate field = _! ex]cise1 b :i* man is "u no necessity ( us+4 ,a man :o lives 9 ! habitual violation ( e moral obligation1 b does s ) discretion1 may h a v l>ge enjoym5t ( ! ?+s ( ?is _w3 :ile g5]ally a man ^: consci5ce is t5d]1 & ^: life is regulat$ by ! highe/ motives1 necess>ily & volunt>ily ab&ons mu*1 bo? ( pleasure & prosp]ity4 ,nature _c h s bungl$ h] "w4 ,! highe/ possible ex]cise ( ! p[]s :i* %e has giv5 u mu/ necess>ily lead to ! highe/ possible good4 ,x does n matt] to ! argum5t :e!r consci5ce & y\r o!r moral faculties be natural or acquir$4 ,if nature end[$ an ascidian ) ! p[] ( acquir+ moral faculties1 x 0 b\nd to use !m z soon z x _h got !m4 ,! "q :e!r y are b\nd to use y\r m5tal faculties does n dep5d 9 ! lea/ ^u ! "q :e!r man is an improv$ monkey4 ,y are b\nd to use !m simply because y h !m4 ,s y are b\nd to live z a responsible be+ simply because y h ! faculty ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 "r & wrong4 ,y "k1 too1 t y act y\rselves ^u ?is pr9ciple4 ,if any "o 7 to pu% "o ( y out ( y\r seat & take x himself1 n only w\ld y be angry1 b our *airman w\ld call 9 a policeman to expel ! di/urb]1 & give y y\r seat back aga94 ,:y8 ,because ! man w\ld h be5 do+ wrong1 & ne$ n h done x2 & because x 0 wrong y are angry & puni% him4 ,b c y /op !re8 ,!re are ?+s :i* we "k to be wrong1 b :i* hurt none b ourselves2 ?+s we "k to be wrong1 b :i* b5efit society4 ,a man may lib]ally support useful in/itutions f motives ( o/5tation1 or z a bribe1 if he is a c&idate1 let u say1 = a seat 9 p>liam5t4 ,an act may be app>5tly "r1 b ! inn] motive wrong4 ,n[1 consci5ce judges ( ?+s absolutely2 x condemns or approves ( ?+s1 n z !y seem1 b z !y really are3 n by results1 b by _! intr9sic "*4 ,:at is !re :i* answ]s to ?is outside ( man8 ,mu/ !re n be a judge :o also judges m5 absolutely8 ,y c f9d no su* judge b ,god4 ,ei!r1 !n1 nature is a %am1 & h] laws n univ]sal1 & ?is pres5t /ate ( ?+s a delusion1 or !re is a univ]sal judge1 & a future /ate 9 :i* rew>d & puni%m5t w be met$ out 9 /rict accordance ) ! rightness & wrongness ( human action4 ,a be+ omnisci5t & almighty c alone judge actions absolutely 9 ! same way z consci5ce judges u1 bo? = our ?\ghts1 words1 & de$s4 ,i h *iefly spok5 ( consci5ce1 b ! argum5t takes 9 all man's moral & spiritual p[]s4#cj ,no man c d\bt b t man has )9 him p[]s :i* exactly answ] to religion outside ( him4 ,! p[] ( fai? is z mu* a faculty z t ( sight2 & s also is t in/9ct1 ,i _h almo/ call$ x1 :i* makes a man ev] turn away 9 discont5t f ! pres5t to /ruggle = ! future4 ,& :at is m1 man's moral & religi\s faculties develop ) advanc+ civilization j z 8 m5tal faculties d4 ,! m5tal que/ions :i* agitate our m9ds w\ld be entirely void ( int]e/ to a savage2 ! social difficulties :i* occupy ! att5tion ( our political economi/s & /atesm5 w\ld be m]e tra% to a peasant3 s1 too1 ) religion4 ,i d n see any reason :y a race may n s9k s l[ z to lose ! v idea ( a ,god2 b ,i am sure t su* a race w\ld hold ! v l[e/ place 9 ! scale ( humanity4 ,:atev] r\nd 9 ! ladd] ( human progress y l to exam9e1 ,i w make bold to say t y w f9d ! religi\s & moral /ate ( mank9d !re hold+ a v close relation to ! degree ( m5tal culture & civilization to :i* x has atta9$4 ,n[1 ! only ?+ t acts p[]fully ^u man's moral faculties is religion4 ,i d n say t ?is ought or ought n to be s2 all ,i ass]t is t x is s4 ,call1 if y l1 ! great mass ( y\r fell[ m5 ,phili/9es1 & despise _! l[ culture1 b y w f9d no?+ t acts p[]fully ^u ^! ,phili/9es to give !m culture1 to raise1 ref9e1 & purify !m1 except religion4 ,consci5ce1 too1 holds a mo/ direct & evid5t relation to religion4 ,y w n f9d consci5ce am5able to reason+4 ,:5 virtue beg9s to reason1 ! prov]b tells y x is lo/4 ,:5 consci5ce condemns1 x is because ! ?+ condemn$ is a s9 aga9/ ,god2 :5 x approves1 x is because ! ?+ done is absolutely "r1 & z ,god comm&$4 ,consci5ce nev] asks :e!r a ?+ is a s9 aga9/ society2 x nev] tr\bles ab\t consequ5ces1 kn[s no?+ ab\t political economy1 or political morality ei!r4 ,x judges by a high] & absolute rule4 ,by s do+ x makes man a responsible ag5t absolutely1 br+s him into direct relation ) ,god z ! absolute judge1 & r5d]s necess>y a m exact apportionm5t ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts ?an exi/s at pres5t4 ,!re mu/ be "s o!r /ate ( exi/5ce 9 :i* man w be judg$ 9 ! same way z n[ he judges himself1 & 9 :i* ! natural effects ( ?is judgm5t w be fully c>ri$ out4 ,b1 if !re is ?us a future judgm5t1 & a /ate 9 :i* happ9ess & mis]y w foll[ z ! natural#ca results ( our actions "h1 man w require a c]ta9 am\nt ( k conc]n+ ?is judgm5t4 ,by ! possession ( consci5ce & o!r religi\s faculties1 man holds a def9ite relation t[>ds ,god4 ,pla9ly ! mo/ trem5d\s results may foll[ f ?is relation1 & man ought to h "s sure k ( ^! results4 ,n[ x is conceivably possible t ,god might h giv5 u ?is k by means ( ! light ( nature1 z we call x4 ,b ,he has n4 ,confess$ly natural religion is nei!r cle> en\gh nor c]ta9 en\gh to affect p[]fully ! masses4 ,man is n a quiet1 ord]ly1 neutral sort ( be+2 he be>s ab\t ) him a nature fraught & fully *>g$ ) ! mo/ dang]\s passions4 ,reason1 ) its prud5tial maxims1 has nev] done mu* to re/ra9 ^! passions4 ,to take1 !n1 ! l[e/ possible gr\nd4 ,z nature has giv5 u moral qualities1 ,i suppose t moral excell5ce is a ?+ z necess>ily to be atta9$ to z physical & m5tal excell5ce4 ,b :ile nature has provid$ ample means = atta9+ to ! two la/1 %e w n1 )\t a revelation1 h provid$ suffici5t means = ! atta9m5t ( ! fir/4 ,by ! aid ( religion1 ab\t z _m m5 probably atta9 to moral excell5ce1 z by o!r natural means atta9 to physical & m5tal excell5ce4#cb ,)\t religion nature w h brok5 d[n4 ,y w\ld h univ]sally a /ate ( ?+s l t 9 anci5t ,greece--"o ,plato1 surr\nd$ by ! mass lead+ ! mo/ grossly s5sual life4 ,nature _c develop any be+ high] ?an h]self1 nor end[ x ) wants :i* %e _c supply4 ,if nature develops intellect1 morality1 religion1 !n t p[] :i* develop$ ^! faculties mu/ also be intellectual1 moral1 religi\s4 ,:at1 !n1 c ?is p[] 9 nature be b ! work+ ( ,god8 ,out ( no?+ comes no?+4 ,! effect _c be great] ?an ! cause4 ,! exi/5ce ( man1 ) 8 m5tal1 moral1 & religi\s p[]s1 =bids u to believe t t :i* caus$ man to exi/ c be less possess$ ( ^! p[]s ?an he is4 ,inf9itely high] he may be1 l[] he _c be4 ,& z surely z man's physical & m5tal wants are provid$ = by t p[] :i* call$ ^! wants into be+1 s surely w man's moral & religi\s wants be suppli$4 ,!y are n suppli$ by ! light ( nature2 no?+ !n rema9s b revelation4 ,into ! =mal pro( ( revelation ,i mu/ n ent]2 all t devolv$ ^u me 0 to %[ ! priori probability1 or at lea/ possibility1 ( a revelation4 ,i h endeav\r$ to %[ ?is by a consid]ation ( :at man is1 view$ simply z a natural be+1 & by ! consid]ation ( 8 natural wants4 ,i h n tak5 into consid]ation any ( ! additional k giv5 u 9 ! ,bible conc]n+ man4 ,i h treat$ him 9 mu* ! same way z ,i might "o ( ! creatures 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s1 if ,i _h be5 ask$ to /udy x 9 ord] t ,i might see :at its wants 71 & tell ! keep] :at to give x to ma9ta9 x 9 ! full possession ( its p[]s4 ,no d\bt x w\ld h help$ me if ,i _h be5 told :at & :]e ! creature _h be5 be=e4 ,i %\ld !n h _h no difficulty 9 expla9+ & acc\nt+ = ev]y?+4 ,su* k1 h[ev]1 ev5 revelation does n give u1 because x is n indisp5sable4 ,x gives u t only :i* is necess>y = ! supply ( our wants4 ,ev5 ) ?is k my argum5t is n conc]n$2 b c]ta9 g5]al pr9ciples ab\t revelation foll[ f :at ,i h laid d[n4 ,& fir/1 revelation has no?+ to d ) our physical /ate4 ,reason is q suffici5t to tea* u all ^? sanit>y laws by :i* our bodies w be ma9ta9$ 9 heal?ful vig\r4 ,if ! ,bible condemns drunk5ness1 gluttony1 & ! l1 x does s n = sanit>y reasons1 b = moral reasons1 because !y are s9s4 ,s revelation has no?+ to d ) our m5tal p[]s2 :atev] we c atta9 to by our m5tal p[]s we are to atta9 to by !m4 ,physical & metaphysical sci5ce alike lie remote f ! object-matt] ( revelation4 ,because ,god has1 9 ! ,bible1 giv5 u revelation 9 an in=mal way1 9 ord]1 p]haps1 to comm5d x to our entire nature1 p (t5 =get t its prop] object-matt] is simply ! moral relation 9 :i* man /&s to ,god1 especially ) ref]5ce to a future /ate ( be+4 ,religi\s m5 =get ?is4 ,!y (t5 take up an antagoni/ic position to sci5ce1 & try to make out sy/ems ( geology & a/ronomy & an?ropology f ! ,bible & by ^! judge all t sci5tific m5 say4 ,really ! ,bible nev] gives u any sci5tific k 9 a sci5tific way4 ,if x did1 x w\ld be leav+ its own prop] doma94 ,:5 x does seem to give u any su* k1 z 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis1 !re is a v important diff]5tia ab\t x4 ,:at x says has always ref]5ce to man4 ,! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis does n tell u h[ ! e>? 0 =m$ absolutely2 geology ought to tell u t4 ,x tells u h[ x 0 prep>$ & fitt$ = man4 ,look at ! "w ( ! f\r? day4 ,does any man suppose t ! />s 7 set 9 ! expanse ( heav5 absolutely t m5 might "k :at "t ( ye> x 08 ,b t is _! special s]vice1 & 9 old "t a mo/ important s]vice = man4 ,to ! geologi/ man is j z mu* & j z little z a trilobite or a mega!rium4 ,to ! /ud5t ( ! ,bible man is ev]y?+1 & ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis tea*es him t man 0 ! cause ( all o!r t]re/rial creation1 ! sum & cr[n ( ! ,creator's "w4#ahj ,b if believ]s mix up sci5ce & revelation1 s d ! /ud5ts ( physical sci5ce4 ,no soon] is a !ory />t$1 ?an x is imm$iately comp>$ ) :at ! ,bible says1 or is suppos$ to say4 ,n[1 no d\bt1 ! comp>ison betwe5 ! tea*+s ( revelation & sci5ce is inevitable4 ,:atev] is mix$ up ) revelation1 ow+ to ! mann] 9 :i* ,god has be5 pleas$ to be/[ x1 mu/1 at lea/1 be true4 ,x w\ld be impossible = u to accept ! au?ority ( ! ,bible ^u ^? po9ts 9 :i* we _c judge ( its tru?1 if 9 ^? po9ts 9 :i* we are compet5t judges we f\nd x errone\s4 ,! tea*+s1 !re=e1 ( sci5ce & ( revelation mu/ be comp>$2 b 9 ?is comp>ison n only mu/ we rememb] t x is n ! object ( ! ,bible to tea* sci5ce1 & t1 z x speaks to all p at all times1 x mu/ use popul> language1 b also t ! comp>ison mu/ be made1 n ) ! float+ !ories ( ! h\r1 b only ) e/abli%$ tru?s4 ,if ! wise/ geologi/ ( our days c\ld %[ t !re 0 an exact agreem5t betwe5 geology & ! ,bible1 x w\ld r disprove ?an prove its tru?4 ,=1 z geology is a gr[+ sci5ce1 x w\ld prove ! agreem5t ( ! ,bible ) t :i* is receiv+ daily additions1 & is con/antly und]go+ modification1 & t5 ye>s h5ce ! two w\ld be at hopeless v>iance4 ,at ! same "t !re is a good side to ! discussion1 & ! !ologian especially is ! ga9]4 ,9 ! pres5t day ! attack ^u revelation draws its weapons f our increas$ k ( physical sci5ce1 ( philology1 & ( hi/ory1 & ! !ologian c no long] neglect ^! /udies4 ,i h no scruple 9 say+ t ,i look ) pride ^u :at my c\ntrym5 h done1 & are do+1 9 enl>g+ ! b\nds ( our sci5tific k1 ev5 if ,i d n always approve ( _! _s1 or accept _! conclusions2 & ,i am q sure !ologians mu/ /udy1 intellig5tly & dispassionately1 all ^? bran*es ( k :i* are br\ght into contact ) revelation1 or !y w lose _! influ5ce ov] ! intellect ( ! c\ntry4 ,x is no use treat+ physical sci5ce z a bugbe>4 ,let our !ologians ma/] x1 & !y w f9d x a manly /udy1 :i* w give _! m9ds bread?1 w tea* !m :at are ! difficulties :i* press heavily on _m ?\ghtful m9ds1 & :i* mu/ be fairly met4 ,an opposition betwe5 an old sci5ce l !ology & new sci5ces !re mu/ be3 b let bo? sides rememb] t revelation 0 nev] int5d$ to tea* u any?+ t we c\ld le>n by ! use ( our natural faculties1 & t :at ! ,bible tea*es mu/ be comp>$ n ) float+ & probable !ories1 b ) prov$ !ories4 ,^! prov$ !ories w1 ,i believe1 fall into _! place 9 due c\rse ( "t1 z easily z ,galileo's !ory ab\t ! revolution ( ! e>? r\nd ! sun4 ,if n1 ,i d n see h[ ! claims ( ! ,bible to be ! ,^w ( ,god c be ma9ta9$3 = ,i _c believe t !re is any *asm betwe5 ! tea*+s ( ,god 9 nature & 9 revelation4 ,b ,i ?9k x p]fectly possible t m5 may mis9t]pret & misund]/& bo? "o & ! o!r4 ,i h deta9$ y too long4 ,b ,i mu/ make "o m rem>k4 ,if ! prop] object matt] ( revelation is t k1 :i* be+ necess>y = u z moral ag5ts1 0 yet unatta9able by our natural p[]s1 !n reason is no judge ( :at revelation tea*es4 ,!re may be 9 our relations to ,god1 ?+s :i* we nev] %\ld h expect$3 deep tru?s op5+ onw>ds into my/]ies pa/ our pres5t f9ite compreh5sion4 ,if ev]y?+ _h be5 pla91 easy1 commonplace1 revelation w\ld n h be5 ne$$4 ,nev]!less1 reason holds a v high (fice ) respect to revelation4 ,9 a matt] ( s high consequ5ce1 z :e!r ,god has spok5 to u or n1 we are b\nd to exam9e mo/ scrupul\sly ! evid5ce ^u :i* ! fact ( ! revelation re/s4 ,& ?is exam9ation involves an enquiry into ! tea*+s ( revelation4 ,! exi/5ce ( my/]ies 9 a revelation is reasonable3 ! exi/5ce ( immorality 9 x w\ld be fatal to its claims4 ,= if ! sci5tific basis = my belief 9 ! gift ( a revelation is ! exi/5ce 9 me ( consci5ce1 & ( moral faculties :i* make me a responsible be+1 ,i am left absolutely )\t a basis = a revelation :i* makes me violate my consci5ce4 ,a revelation :i* degrades my moral & spiritual p[]s is z mu* aga9/ nature z any?+ t degrad$ my physical or m5tal p[]s4 ,if religion be true1 x mu/ ennoble1 elevate1 purify1 & p]fect me1 "h z f> z ! pres5t condition ( my exi/5ce p]mits1 entirely 9 t o!r /ate to :i* our pres5t responsibility po9ts1 provid$1 ( c\rse1 t ,i submit myself to its tea*+s4 ,i "k ( no way by :i* ,i c make ?is exam9ation except by reason & exp]i5ce4 ,& ,i hold ?is fur!r1 because ,i hold t a true religion mu/ be comm5surate ) ! :ole ( man4 ,x mu/ make him bett] physically1 m5tally1 morally1 & spiritually1 & consecrate all 8 p[]s to ,god4 ,i am only too well aw>e t mu* :i* ,i h said has be5 put 9 a feeble & confus$ mann]4 ,mu* also necess>y = ! support & elucidation ( ! argum5t _h to be omitt$ because ( ! necessity ( compress+ x into s %ort an essay2 b ,i tru/ t ! ma9 l9e ( ?\ght is cle>1 namely1 t religion outside ( u /&s 9 s pla9 a relation to :at we are int]nally1 t ei!r x is real1 or ?is :ole /ate ( ?+s is a delusion4 ,man1 )\t a revelation1 & !re=e )\t religion1 is ! only "o ?+ ( all t exi/ ^u ! face ( ! e>? t is a bungle1#cc a failure1 & a mi/ake4 ,,! ,,nature ,,& ,,value ,,( ,,! ,,miracul\s ,,te/imony ,,to ,,*ri/ianity4 ,,by ,,john ,,/\ghton1 ,d4,d41 ,,k5s+ton4 ,,miracles4 ,"o ( ! mo/ t\*+ n>ratives 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t relates to a want ( fai? 9 miracles4 ,x is said t :5 ,?omas 0 told ( 8 ,ma/]'s resurrection1 he repli$1 ,except ,i %all see 9 ,8 h&s ! pr9t ( ! nails1 & put my f+] into ! pr9t ( ! nails1 & ?ru/ my h& into ,8 side1 ,i w n believe4 ,he 0 n d5\nc$ = ?is4 ,no ^w ( )]+ scorn1 or cutt+ ridicule1 or ?reat5+ ang]1 fell on ! e> ( ! d\bt+ disciple4 ,b evid5ce 0 (f]$4 ,rea* hi!r ?y f+]1 & behold my h&s2 & rea* hi!r ?y h&1 & ?ru/ x into my side2 & be n fai?less1 b believ+4 ,z f> z rebuke appe>$1 x 0 only by implication1 9 words respect+ ^? ^: fai? is ( ke5] eye1 & swift] foot3 ,bless$ are !y t h n se51 & yet h believ$4 ,i ?9k t e "o :o speaks ( miracles to d\bt+ m9ds %\ld f ?is n>rative take a lesson4 ,surely ! gi/ & purpose ( x is1 t we %\ld di/+ui% betwe5 intellectual difficulty & moral prejudice1 & deal pati5tly & conv9c+ly ) hone/ seek]s aft] tru?4 ,sometimes ! subject be=e u has be5 s h&l$ z to drive ! unbeliev] into deep] unbeliev+--,i w\ld r /rive to "w ^u a little fai?1 & make x m4 ,i4 ,i am to speak to y respect+ ! nature ( ! miracul\s te/imony to ,*ri/ianity4 ,my bus9ess is ) mighty works1 record$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t z hav+ be5 wr\ght = ! purpose ( te/ify+ to a ,div9e mission4 ,no def9ition ( _! "* 9 relation to physical law c any:]e be f\nd 9 ?is anci5t record4 ,!y are n spok5 ( z violations ( law1 or z susp5sions ( law1 or z int]f]5ces ) law1 or z contradictions to law4 ,!y are describ$1 n on ! side ( _! physical nature1 b on ! side ( _! moral signification4 ,!y are depict$1 n 9 _! connection ) ! obvi\s ord] ( ! mat]ial univ]se1 or ) any hidd5 p[]s & pr9ciples ( a high] & h>moni\s description2 b 9 _! connection ) ,him :o claim$ to be ! ,r$eem] ( mank9d1 :o came1 accord+ to ,8 own words1 to seek & save t :i* 0 lo/4 ,!y are d5om9at$ wond]s1 />tl+ occurr5ces1 ?+s contr>y to common exp]i5ce2 & signs1--n m]e m>vels bur/+ idly on ! public gaze1 & excit+ 9 a multitude ( spectators a b>r5 curiosity1 b signs1--replete ) an ult]ior mean+1 & te/ify+ to ! "* & "w ( ,him ?r\gh :om !y 7 accompli%$4 ,!re is no necessity1 !n1 = u at ! outset to def9e a miracle on ! physical side ( x--to call x a violation ( law1 or a susp5sion ( law--an int]f]5ce ) x1 or a contradiction to x4 ,9 o!r words1 !re is no ne$ impos$ by ! conditions ( our argum5t1 to inquire into ! mode 9 :i* su* a ph5om5on c be produc$4 ,x is en\gh to %[ t x did occur1 & to dwell ^u ! religi\s significancy ( its occurr5ce fir/ to ! witnesses1 & next to ourselves4 ,:at is ! exact position :i* miracles may be ?\ght to occupy z wond]s 9 ! univ]se1 :e!r1 ?r\gh break+ 9 ^u common exp]i5ce1 !y are ref]able to ! op]ation ( occult laws1 kn[n & controll$ at a fitt+ mom5t by ! my/]i\s t\* ( ! wond]-work]2 or :e!r !y are to be consid]$ z result+ simply f ! imm$iate fiat ( ! ,supreme w1 are que/ions :i* may ) advantage be relegat$ = consid]ation else:]e4 #a4 ,b1 at ! v ?re%old ( our inquiry we are met by ! ass]tion1 t a miracle1 h[ev] def9$1 is 9 itself simply impossible4 ,impossible6 ,9 :at s5se impossible8 ,does x mean impossible to man1 or impossible to ,god8 ,impossible to man1 ( c\rse1 x is4 ,t impossibility ent]s into ! popul> idea ( a miracle4 ,man has no su* control ov] nature z to be able to produce "o4 ,b if x be said a miracle is impossible to ,god1 su* an impossibility involves ! ext5sion ( human inability to ,god ,himself4 ,x involves ei!r ! idea1 t nature has ev] be5 indep5d5t ( ,god1 or ! idea1 t if produc$ by ,him1 ,he is no long] ,"l ( ,8 own works--?is ,lord%ip hav+ be5 surr5d]$ by ,8 w1 or hav+ escap$ f ,8 h&s4 ,summ>ily dispos+ ( ?is gross an?ropomorphism1 we f9d beh9d x ! dogma ( ,sp9oza1 t !re is no?+ transc5d5tal any:]e1 no transc5d5tal beg9n+s1 no transc5d5tal int]positions2 = ,god & nature are "o ?r\gh ! et]nities4 ,9 ! wake ( ,sp9oza's philosophy foll[s ! mod]n axiom--to recognise ! impossibility ev5 ( any two mat]ial atoms subsi/+ toge!r )\t a det]m9ate relation--( any action ( ! "o on ! o!r1 :e!r ( equilibrium or ( motion1 )\t ref]5ce to a physical cause--( any modification :atsoev] 9 ! exi/+ conditions ( mat]ial ag5ts1 unless ?r\gh ! inv>iable op]ation ( a s]ies ( et]nally impress$ consequ5ces1 foll[+ 9 "s necess>y *a9 ( ord]ly connexion4#cd ,"h1 9 lim9e1 be=e exam9+ ?is pr9ciple1 let me obs]ve1 once = all1 t miracles d by no means ca/ any slur ^u ! settl$ ord] ( nature1 z if x 7 faulty & imp]fect1 & requir$ correction or supplem5t = effectuat+ its prop] ends--z frail con/ructions 9 eng9e]+ dep>tm5ts ( human contrivance ne$ subsequ5t repairs4 ,nature is p]fect en\gh = h] own ends2 miracles are introduc$ = o!r & high] purposes4 ,?is requires to be borne 9 m9d ?r\gh\t our entire discussion4 ,b to come to ! antagoni/ pr9ciple1 t !re is a developm5t 9 nature ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( physical laws1 ap>t f an orig9al ,creator & an ev]la/+ ,"l4 ,i d n say--f> f x--t ! pr9ciple d5ies ! exi/5ce ( su* a ,creator & ,"l1 b x supposes at lea/ t ! physical ord] ( ! univ]se is fix$ 9 su* a s5se1 z to h ev] exclud$ f x ! action1 directly or indirectly1 ( a ,div9e w1 beyond ! inflexible ma9t5ance ( ord9>y op]ations4 ,x is said1 ,! enl>g$ critical & inductive /udy ( ! natural _w _c b t5d p[]fully to ev9ce ! inconceivabl5ess ( imag9$ int]ruptions ( natural ord]1 or suppos$ susp5sions ( ! laws ( matt]1 & ( t va/ s]ies ( dep5d5t causation :i* con/itutes ! legitimate field = ! inve/igation ( sci5ce1 ^: con/ancy is ! sole w>rant = its g5]alization4 ,9 reply to ?is x may be fairly urg$ t sci5ce1 :il/ %e ma9ta9s ! inv>iable sequ5ce ( causes & effects1 & ! un9t]rupt$ ord] ( physical ev5ts1 is a prophetess ( tru? & wisdom4 ,%e enunciates lessons b\nd up ) ! welf>e ( ! race4 ,?us f> !re is no antagonism betwe5 h] & religion4 ,%e c1 )\t ab&onm5t ( h] pr9ciples1 nay1 9 ! act ( c>ry+ !m out1 (ficiate z a prie/ess at ! alt> ( ,god2 nor is !re any?+ 9 ! position = :i* %e /ipulates contr>y to ! claims ( ,revelation4 ,= ,revelation1 9 appeal+ to miracles1 supposes ! ord9>y c\rse ( physical ph5om5a to be inviolable1 & no book m ?an ! ,bible exhibits ! normal con/ancy ( natural ag5cies4 ,b :5 sci5ce pron\nces z impossible all su* signs & wond]s z are record$ 9 ,scripture1 %e /eps out ( h] prov9ce4 ,9 h] own prov9ce %e may ju/ly affirm !re are no signs ( miracles2 %e may sweep h] telescope ov] ! fields ( ! sky1 & ply h] microscope amid/ ! gr[?s ( ! e>?1 & say1 ,i c see no traces any:]e b ( inflexible law4 ,^! realms ( exi/5ce are full ( ord]4 ,x is ! p]fection ( _! beauty1 t !y are free f violations1 susp5sions1 di/urbances1 & int]f]5ces4 ,b to say ?is--& ,i fully concur 9 x--is n to demon/rate t ! ,scriptures relate impossibilities4 ,to d s1 philosophy mu/ pass beyond ! range ( physical obs]vation1 s9ce !re no place c be f\nd = work+ out ! desir$ demon/ration4 ,philosoph]s d n always rememb] h[ difficult x is to prove a negative4 ,%[+ t c]ta9 ?+s are1 !y are apt to slide into a belief t !re=e c]ta9 o!r ?+s _c be1 ! conclusion prov+ on logical exam9ation a simple non sequitur4 ,d\btless x is a fact1 t we c detect n[h]e 9 nature a provision made = produc+ miracles su* z come "u our review 9 ?is lecture1 t no prophecy nor h9t ( !m c be disc]n$ ?r\gh\t h] measur$ realms2 b ?is is a v diff]5t ?+ f say+1 t nature tea*es ! belief ( !m to be absurd4 ,s f> f its be+ absurd1 !re may1 aft] all1 be f\nd 9 nature some?+ analog\s to a miracle4 ,9 nature !re are di/9ct worlds1 worlds betwe5 :i* !re are gaps & gulfs4 ,i d n dispute t !re are /rik+ approximations 9 ! ph5om5a ( "s realms to ! ph5om5a ( o!rs2 b !re are also broad deep spaces1 "h & !re1 nev] bridg$ ov] by ! discov]ies ( sci5ce4 ,h5ce1 an animal1 z y h be5 told already1 9 ! words ( ,hegel1 is a miracle = ! vegetable _w4 ,x is a new creation 9 "s way1 & a new creation 9 any way is a miracle4 ,aft] w&]+ among/ rocks1 we f9d 9 plants a new _w4 ,organiz$ life is s2 s also1 comp>$ ) animal in/9ct1 is ! m9d ( man1 ) its spiritual reason1 & its moral consci\sness4 ,n only d ,col]idge1 ,kant1 & ,plato reg>d man's highe/ faculty z ess5tially diff]5t f ! m]e adaptive und]/&+ ( an animal nature2 b :at is /ill m rem>kable1 ,ari/otle himself1 ^: turn ( m9d 0 s diff]5t f !irs1 diff]5tiates man f o!r creatures on ! gr\nd ( 8 be+ end[$ ) ! faculty ( reason4 ,9 8 "w on ! ,g5]ation ( ,animals1 he says t !re is no res\rce except to believe1 t ! reason has no aff9ity ) ! mat]ial elem5ts out ( :i* ! human embryo is =m$1 b t x comes f )\t1 & t x alone1 ( all ! compon5t p>ts ( man1 is div9e4#ce ,?us1 9 ! op9ion ( "o ( ! greate/ philosoph]s ! _w has ev] kn[n1 ! l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 man & all l[] creatures is broad & cle>1 a l9e :i* 9 ! simple ord] & developm5t ( nature !y c\ld nev] cross4 ,! sup]ior attributes ( humanity1 accord+ to him1 come f )\t2 "h1 !n1 among/ ! compon5t p>ts ( humanity is some?+ div9e4 ,9 o!r words1 we h a new _w2 a new creation4 ,i d n say !re is a /rict p>allel betwe5 any new race or species 9 nature & ! occurr5ce ( individual miracles on r>e occasions1 b ,i d say t !re is en\gh ( resemblance betwe5 ^! two descriptions ( *ange to exempt a believ] 9 bo? ( !m f ! *>ge ( be+ absurd4 ,fur!rmore1 !re are 9 human m9ds v>ieties ( p[] ( an a/oni%+ description3 al?\gh !re be faculties common to all m51 ! vig\r ( ^? faculties 9 "s cases is su* z p]fectly to eclipse ! vig\r ( !m 9 o!rs4 ,! sup]iority ( individual m9ds1 ^: works h fill$ ! _w ) wond]1 is su* z to leave beh9d1 at an unapproa*able di/ance1 ! ord9>y measure ( human end[m5t4 ,c]ta9 intellects 7,i ne$ n "n !m7 h long ex]cis$ a =mative p[] ^u ! civiliz$ portions ( our race4 ,!y h be5 z cry/als ins]t$ 9 a solution1 & o!r cry/als h receiv$ %ape f !m4 ,:5ce h come ^! typical en]gies 9 ! intellectual _w8 ,no law ( developm5t w acc\nt = a respl5d5t g5ius n[ & !n fla%+ on ! _w2 = ! appe>ance ( a ma/] m9d1 aft] humanity has kept on a l[ level ?r\gh g5]ation aft] g5]ation2 = ! asc5t aga9 ( gift$ spirits into ! highe/ heav5 ( inv5tion1 aft] ano!r lapse into m]e m$iocrity4 ,no kn[n laws ( causality acc\nt = su* facts 9 ! realms ( intellectual exi/5ce4 ,if1 9 ! case ( man1 z comp>$ ) o!r animals1 ! diff]5ce1 z ,ari/otle says1 is some?+ :i* comes f )\t1 ! same may be said ) respect to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ord9>y mortals & ,william ,%akesp]e or ,john ,milton4 ,!re is =c$ ^u u ! conviction1 t ^! />s :i* dwell ap>t are k9dl$ by fires burn+ 9 sup]human sph]es4 ,i d n say1 9 ?is case1 any m ?an 9 ! o!rs ,i h cit$1 t we f9d an exact p>allel to a miracle2 b ,i d ma9ta91 t we discov] "h a k9d ( inspiration :i*1 l ! miracul\s1 transc5ds all kn[n laws1 & br+s to m9d :at 0 said by ! fir/ ( ^? j nam$3 ,!re are m ?+s 9 heav5 & e>?1 ,horatio1 ,?an are dreamt ( 9 y\r philosophy4 ,:at is call$ physical sci5ce mu/ *ange h] "n1 & r5\nce h] (fice1 & assume functions ( ano!r ord]1 be=e %e c pron\nce a p]emptory negative ^u ! po9t 9 controv]sy4#cf ,physical sci5ce ne$s to become metaphysical1 & to pass into fields ( ab/ract reason+ 9 ord] to ! utt]ance ( a univ]sal dictum4 ,to ?is k9d ( m5tal employm5t 9 itself ,i make no objection2 = ! sci5ce ( m]ely physical nature1 )\t any outlook into high] regions1 keeps ! s\l 9 humiliat+ imprisonm5t4 ,! excursions ( ?\ght1 h[ev]1 n[ be=e u are reg>d$ 9 "s qu>t]s "u ! s+ul> delusion ( be+ /rictly sci5tific1 :il/ employ$ 9 devis+ a !ory ( ! univ]se :i* excludes ! con/ant control ( a p]sonal ,god1 an ,almighty w4 ,! assaults on :at is miracul\s c be c>ri$ on only ) metaphysical weapons4 ,! facts ( physical nature d n supply !m2 only f !ories ( physical nature1 tak+ a metaphysical =m1 c !y be ga!r$4 ,ev5 ,positivism1 ) all its d\btfulness & d5ial--/range contradiction t--mu/1 9 ord] to d5y ! possibility ( miracles1 build up a wall to %ut !m out1 by tr5*+ fir/ on gr\nd beyond its own doma94 ,pure ,positivism1 consi/5tly ) itself1 is n compet5t to contradict ! exi/5ce ( ! sup]natural2 x c b leave x an op5 "q4 ,! common me?od ( di/9ctly d5y+ miracles is "o involv+ ei!r "s a!i/ic or pan!i/ic pr9ciple4 ,assume--& x is b an assumption--t matt] is et]nal & self-suffici5t2 t natural laws h n orig9at$ 91 or are n adm9i/]$ by1 a p]sonal w2 & ?us assum+ :at prep>es =1 if x does n necessitate1 "s a!i/ic or pan!i/ic hypo!sis1 y c plausibly ma9ta9 t ! wond]s ( :i* we speak are utt]ly inconceivable4 ,b1 z y see1 x is n physical sci5ce simply consid]$ :i* br+s out ?is result2 ! result comes ?r\gh add+ to physical sci5ce :at is really a metaphysical elem5t4 ,at :at a trem5d\s co/1 x may be obs]v$ by ! way1 is su* a result a*iev$4 ,! philosophy ( univ]sal necessity places man 9 ! same pr$icam5t z x does simple matt]4 ,if all nature excludes volunt>y control1 & is subject only to an iron rule ( inv>iable succession1 !n man also mu/ himself be incapable ( volunt>y control1 :e!r x comes f a supreme w or f 8 own4 ,?us ! w>f>e :i* assails miracles1 ?reat5s to de/roy all ideas ( fre$om & moral responsibility4 ,& ?is d>k =e%ad[+ is n conceal$4 ,/ep by /ep1 we are confid5tly & calmly told1 ! notion ( evolution by law is trans=m+ ! :ole field ( our k & op9ion4 ,n ! physical _w alone is n[ ! doma9 ( inductive 787 sci5ce1 b ! moral1 ! intellectual1 & ! spiritual are be+ add$ to ! empire4 ,x is ! cr[n ( philosophy to see ! immutable ev5 9 ! complex action ( human life4#cg ,b :5 all assumptions are d5i$1 ! :ole "q pres5ts ano!r aspect4 ,giv5 ! fundam5tal di/9ction betwe5 ?+s physical & ?+s moral2 giv5 ! high] nature ( man1 ! p]sonal exi/5ce ( ,god1 a moral elem5t 9 ! ,div9e rule1 ! immortality ( ! human s\l1 & ! pres5t vic9ity ( invisible spiritual realms2 &1 imm$iately1 miracles wr\ght by ! ,div9e w = m5's moral welf>e are completely remov$ out ( ! sph]e ( ! impossible4 ,positivism1 ,a!ism1 & ,pan!ism are consid]$ 9 o!r lectures ( ?is c\rse1 & !re=e x is n my (fice to exam9e !m4 ,to :at has be5 said by ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,york & ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,jackson1 & to :at may be said by ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,rigg1 ,i mu/ ref] my he>]s4 ,i w\ld only obs]ve 9 pass+1 :at1 inde$1 ,i h h9t$ at already1 t x puzzles me beyond description to conceive h[1 by any c\rse ( natural evolution1 indep5d5t ( ! introduction ( a new =ce by an ov]rul+ p[]1 ! ph5om5a ( ! human w ) its morally creative en]gy = good & evil c\ld h be5 produc$4 ,to solve1 on ! pr9ciple ( pure developm5t1 ! problem ( ! g5esis ( t my/]i\s faculty1 is an insup]able task4 ,if we may speak ( :at is inconceivable--& sci5tific m5 set u ! example--we %\ld say ! exi/5ce ( volition 9 man1 ) its moral accompanim5ts1 is utt]ly inconceivable1 ap>t f belief 9 a ,div9e w1 ( :i* ours is ! (fspr+4 ,x appe>s1 !n1 t sci5ce really pres5ts no antec$5t gr\nds = reject+ miracles1 & t if we believe 9 a p]sonal ,god1 ! presum$ impossibility melts away4 ,?is po9t has be5 conc$$ by "o ( ! ma/]s ( mod]n reason+4 ,a miracle1 z 0 ju/ly rem>k$ by ,br[n1 is no contradiction to ! law ( cause & effect2 x is a new effect1 suppos$ to be produc$ by ! introduction ( a new cause4 ,( ! adequacy ( t cause1 if pres5t1 !re c be no d\bt1 & ! only antec$5t improbability :i* c be ascrib$ to ! miracle1 is ! improbability t any su* cause exi/$4#ch #b4 ,:5 we h dispos$ ( ! prelim9>y objection :i*1 9 "s way or o!r1 says miracles are impossible1 we are met by ano!r objection1 namely1 t !y are imm5sely improbable4 ,hume's +5i\s position1#ci--t miracles are contr>y to human exp]i5ce1 t no am\nt ( human te/imony is suffici5t to e/abli% !m1 & t x is f> m likely m5 %\ld be deceiv$ or mi/ak51 ?an t su* ev5ts z miracles mu/ be1 c\ld ev] take place1--has be5 made to d abundant s]vice 9 ?is controv]sy2 v little1 if any?+1 has be5 add$ by ^? :o h p]si/5tly us$ ! argum5t1 to improve its =m or to increase its plausibility4 ,"o ( its late/ modifications is1 t incid5ts out ( ! common c\rse ( ?+s1 said to happ5 9 ! pres5t day1 are by all ( u sceptically reg>d$1 t sup]natural pret5sions are felt by u to be inadmissible1 & t :]e we are compell$ to all[ ! hone/y ( witnesses1 if !y affirm any?+ involv+ a miracul\s nature1 we at once dispose ( ! :ole matt] by say+ '!re mu/ be a mi/ake some:]e4' ,und\bt$ly x is true t miracles are contr>y to common exp]i5ce4 ,!y mu/ be s1 or !y w\ld n be :at !y are4 ,if !y 7 ( frequ5t occurr5ce1 if !y _h happ5$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w s (t5 z to become famili> to mank9d1 !y w\ld *ange _! "* completely4 ,_! nature & purpose1 9 ! view ( ^? :o receive !m1 is su* z to r5d] x necess>y t we %\ld be> ?is 9 m9d4 ,b to allege t !y are contr>y to human exp]i5ce1 tak5 9 ! wide/ po9t ( view1 is to beg ! "q at issue1 a fact rem>k$ a ?\s& times4 ,t !y are n contr>y to ! exp]i5ce ( c]ta9 p]sons :o liv$ eighte5 hundr$ ye>s ago1 is :at ,*ri/ians affirm2 to say t !y are1 is illogically to cut ! controv]sy %ort1 &1 by a g5]al d5ial ( ev]y?+ ( ! k9d1 to put out ( c\rt ! v case ab\t to be tri$1 9 support ( :i* !re are cr$ible witnesses wait+ to give evid5ce4 ,! "q ( probability mu/ be look$ at all r\nd4 ,! circum/ances "u :i* any alleg$ wond]s may h happ5$ mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt1 be=e we pron\nce ^u _! probability or improbability4 ,:5 extraord9>y ?+s1 col\r$ ) a sup]natural t+e1 are relat$ to u z hav+ occurr$ )\t any assignable purpose1 or only = "s sect>ian or p>ty end1 9 connection ) beliefs long *]i%$ & av[$1 ( c\rse we look on !m suspici\sly2 giv+ to ! au?orities relat+ ! n>ratives1 cr$it = integrity & tru?fulness1 we naturally say '!re mu/ be a mi/ake some:]e4' ,&1 no d\bt1 ! g5]al culture ( ! pres5t age1 h[ev] sup]ficial t culture may be1 makes u f> less ready ?an our fa!rs 71 to endorse popul> tales ( wond]4 ,!re is a salut>y scepticism :i* gr[s out ( ext5sive k4 ,tru? is ( su* imm5se value1 t we %\ld n be indiff]5t to x 9 ! smalle/ communications & conc]nm5ts ( life4 ,mo/ assur$ly any wayw>d1 ecc5tric1 unmean+1 & useless dep>ture f ! common c\rse ( ?+s1 t5d+ only to %ake our fai? 9 nature1--z if m5 might ga!r grapes ( ?orns1 or figs ( ?i/les1 z if b>ley be+ s[n1 :eat %\ld spr+ up1 or an apple tree by a sudd5 freak %\ld be> oranges1--w\ld des]ve to be /igmatiz$ z unwor?y ( belief4 ,b ! wond]s 9 "q come "u ano!r category4 ,!y are repres5t$ 9 ! hi/ory :i* has record$ !m1 n only z be+ exceptional incid5ts 9 !mselves1 b z hav+ be5 accompli%$ "u exceptional circum/ances4 ,!y are n waifs & /rays on ! /ream ( "t1 float+ no "o kn[s :y & :i!r2 b gr[?s root$ 9 :at appe>s z a unique sy/em ( moral in/ruction & improvem5t1 design$ by ! lov+ ,fa!r ( spirits = ,8 lo/ *ildr54 ,!y d n produce :at may be call$ a di/urbance ( nature--t is1 a ?r[+ ?+s 9 ! physical _w out ( ge>1 s t m5 are !reby puzzl$ to make out :at nature is1 & h[ f> x may be tru/$4 ,! docum5ts :i* conta9 our miracul\s *ronicles atte/ ! immutability ( ,him :o is ! ,k+ ( nature1 & ! un*angeable f\ndation ( ,8 gov]nm5t & law1 ) a pre-em95t lum9\sness & ) an unp>allel$ =ce4 ,! wond]s *ronicl$ 7 av[$ly wr\ght = purposes ( ! highe/ ord]2 & "h1 aga91 we fall back ^u ! di/9ction betwe5 :at is physical & :at is moral4 ,^? purposes ( ! highe/ ord] to :i* we ref] are moral4 ,!y be> on ! noble/ de/9ies ( humanity1 & !y l9k !mselves ) ! pr9ciples ( natural religion1 ) ! be+ & sway ( a mighty1 wise1 & graci\s ,god1 ) our consci5ce & responsibility1 & ) ! future exi/5ce ( ! s\l4 ,natural religion1 ?\gh x speaks n a ^w ( miracles1 ?\gh x gives no prophecies ( _! adv5t1 yet prep>es = _! appe>ance s f>1 t its tea*+s1 fairly consid]$1 cut (f all antec$5t unlikelihood ( _! occurr5ce4 ,= natural religion sugge/s ! desirabl5ess ( reveal$ religion1 & reveal$ religion is only ano!r "n = sup]natural int]position4 ,9 a lecture ^u ,sci5ce & ,revelation1 by ! ,dean ( ,cant]bury1 x has be5 %[n t man's moral nature1 man's religi\s susceptibilities1 r5d] religion a necessity = ! supply ( 8 deepe/ wants2 b t :at is call$ natural religion is n cle> en\gh1 nor c]ta9 en\gh1 to affect ! g5]ality ( our race4 ,revelation1 !n1 x may be fairly argu$1 look+ at man1 is a desid]atum1 look+ at ,god1 is a probability2 & ,revelation1 be+ obvi\sly a sup]natural be/[m5t1 seems to imply "s au!ntication ( itself1 9 "p at lea/1 by means ( evid5ce correspond+ ) its own sup]natural orig9 & "*4 ,! conditions "u :i* ,scripture miracles are said to h be5 p]=m$ mu/ be kept 9 view :5 we are told !y are improbable4 ,!y 7 n p]=m$ 9 "o cont9u$ s]ies by a succession ( ,?aumaturgi/s2 b !y are f\nd gr\p$ toge!r 9 c]ta9 clu/]s4 ,z sci5ce indicates p>ticul> epo*s ( ! en]giz+ p[] ( nature1 s ! ,bible records p>ticul> epo*s ( an en]giz+ p[] above nature4 ,! fir/ great clu/] ( ,bible wond]s we f9d ga!r$ r\nd ! ,lawgiv] ( ,israel2 ! second r\nd ! great ,re=m] ( ,god's anci5t ,*ur*2 ! ?ird r\nd ,him :o is spok5 ( z ,! ,^w made fle%1 :o dwelt among u1 & :o imp>t$ to ,8 apo/les miracul\s p[]s ak9 to ,8 own4 ,miracles1 = ! mo/ "p1 are halos ( div9e light encircl+ ?ree gr& names--,moses1 ,elijah1 ,jesus1--! la/ ! greate/ ( ! ?ree4 ,physical wond]s we meet ) 9 company ) spiritual ones--wond]s 9 outw>d nature 9 company ) wond]s 9 ! great s\l-_w1 ( :i* s5sible ?+s are ! types & %ad[s4 ,9 o!r words1 miracles occur 9 connection ) inspiration1 &1 :il/ m>vels />tle ! eye1 new tru?s or new applications ( tru? are address$ to ! m9d4 ,9 h>mony ) facts 9 ! intellectual univ]se already notic$1 resembl+ ! exceptional illum9ations ( g5ius :i* at int]vals h fla%$ on ! re/ ( mank9d1--l ! lightn+ t light5e? out ( ! "o "p "u heav51 & %9e? unto ! o!r "p "u heav51--s\ls inspir$ ) a gr& moral message h come =? f ! secret place ( ! ,mo/ ,high2 & x has be5 9 ! pa?way ( ^! inspir$ s\ls t physical miracles h />t$ up2 r1 x has be5 by _! h&s t physical miracles h be5 wr\ght4 ,!re h be5 surpris+ co9cid5ces 9 mod]n times betwe5 ! wond]ful 9 nature & ! wond]ful 9 hi/ory2 = example1 betwe5 ! sail+ ( ! inv9cible ,spani% ,armada1 & ! /orm :i* /rew$ ! %ores ( ,great ,brita9 ) its pond]\s wrecks--betwe5 ! m>* ( ,napoleon's army & ! w9t]'s sn[ :i* bl9d$1 b5umb$1 & de/roy$ s _m ?\s&s4 ,! connection is unexpla9$ except on ! pr9ciple ( a ,div9e provid5ce4#dj ,& s 9 anci5t times !re 7 co9cid5ces betwe5 ! lightn+ & ?und] ( ,s9ai1 & ! legislative wisdom ( ,moses--betwe5 ! fire t fell on ,c>mel1 & ! re=m+ zeal ( ,elijah4 ,! connection is explicable only on ! pr9ciple ( ^! m5 hav+ be5 ! int]nunciators ( ! ,div9e w4 ,?is explication is /r5g!n$ by :at !y did ) _! own f+]s or _! own lips4 ,x may be consid]$ z entr5*+ too mu* on ! doma9 ( doctr9e to speak 9 ?is lecture ( ! ,inc>nation2 b ,i w\ld v5ture to say ?us mu*1 t ,jesus appe>s on ! face ( ! evangelical n>ratives1 z ! ,son ( ,god1 9 a s5se 9 :i* no o!r be+ c be rightly call$ s2 t 9 ! op9ions ( e>ly ,*ri/5dom1 ! l[e/ z well z ! highe/1 ,he 0 e/eem$ z a sup]natural ,p]son2#da & t1 by common cons5t1 amid/ div]sities ( !ological s5tim5t1 x is ackn[l$g$1 nev] man spake l ?is man1 or liv$ l ?is man1 or di$ l ?is man1 or 0 l ?is man4 ,& be+1 by ! p]fection ( ,8 moral "*1 & by ! purpose ( ,8 b5evol5t mission1 a truly exceptional p]son1 x is only 9 keep+ ) ! fir/ blu%1 & ) ! deep] /udy ( ,8 wondr\s life1 to believe 9 signs & wond]s att5d+ ,8 e>?ly c>e]1 %[+ :5ce ,he came1 & illu/rat+ :at ,he came to d4 ,*ri/ ,himself is ! greate/ ( wond]s 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,no o!r approa*es ,him 9 wisdom1 love1 beautifulness1 & glory4 ,9 m s5ses ?an "o ,8 "n is above e "n4 ,tak+ ! f\r ,gospels toge!r1 ! ,inc>nation ( ! ,^w is associat$ ) a sup]natural bir?4 ,! miracle 9 ! spiritual _w ( ! manife/ation ( ,god 9 ,jesus ,*ri/1 is c\pl$ ) ! miracle 9 ! physical _w ( ! ,virg9's conception4 ,if ,*ri/ianity be m ?an ! republication ( natural religion1 if x be ! revelation ( ,god's r$eem+ love1 x involves a miracle z ! v />t+-po9t ( ! process2 & ! unfold+ ( ! idea 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t includes a div9e manife/ation1 :i* is a miracle 9 hi/ory1 & a div9e bir?1 :i* is a miracle 9 nature4#db ,8 adv5t 9 ! _w comes out 9 ! f\r ,gospels z a c5tral sunlike m>vel1 & !re=e x seems no improbability1 b r ! cle>e/ ( all probabilities1 t ar\nd ,him !re %\ld revolve a planet>y circle ( miracles4 ,difficulties are ne$lessly creat$ by =getfulness ( ! "* ascrib$ to ?is extraord9>y ,p]son4 ,to argue z to :at ,he did1 or z to :at ,he did n d1 )\t a recognition ( ! actual ,"o pa9t$ 9 ! ,gospels1 is really to argue ab\t ano!r ,*ri/1 n ! "o :om ,*ri/ians foll[4 ,9 accordance ) ! view ,i h tak51 is ! mann] 9 :i* ! ,new ,te/am5t miracles are n>rat$4 ,x seems assum$ t su* ?+s might be expect$ 9 ! wake ( su* a p]sonage z ! ,son ( ,god4 ,!y are n introduc$ z a procession ( facts *all5g+ supreme admiration4 ,no fl\ri% ( trumpets h]alds _! m>*2 b !y foll[ z ! fitt+ & humble ret9ue ( ,him :o walk$ ! e>? its undisput$ ,ma/]4 ,! ,evangeli/s write z m5 :o 7 n a/\nd$ at :at _! ,ma/] did1 because !y 7 s fill$ ) rev]5ce & admiration1 at ! ?\ght ( :at _! ,ma/] 04 ,hav+ consid]$ ! antec$5t objections made to miracles1 we are n[ prep>$ to look at :at is really ! nature ( ! miracul\s te/imony af=d$ to ,*ri/ianity4 ,& "h1 = ! sake ( simplify+ ! argum5t1 ,i %all conf9e myself to ! miracles ascrib$ to ,*ri/4 ,fai? 9 ,8 miracles w lead to fai? 9 ! miracles ( ,8 apo/les4 ,if x be grant$1 z we cont5d f :at has be5 said x ought to be1 t ?is is a case 9 :i* hi/orical pro( is admissible1 !n x is impossible to f9d /rong] hi/orical pro( ?an comes to h& 9 support ( ! tru? ( ! evangelical n>ratives4 ,! hi/orical pro(1 z su*1 has ( late be5 comp>atively little impugn$2 ! assaults made on ! prior cr$ibility ( sup]natural facts be+ ! ma9 opposition ) :i* believ]s 9 ,*ri/ianity h to cont5d4 ,t opposition ov]come1 & ! validity ( compet5t witnesses1 z to ! "q at issue1 e/abli%$1 ! c\rse is free = an accumulation ( evid5ce1 su* z ,dr4 ,l>dn]1 ) r>e erudition1 has pil$ up 9 8 volumes on ! ,cr$ibility ( ! ,gospel ,hi/ory3 su* z ,ar*deacon ,paley1 ) unique +5uity1 & ) s+ul> felicity ( arrangem5t & illu/ration1 has cond5s$ 9 8 view ( ! ,evid5ces ( ,*ri/ianity4#dc ,! works n[ m5tion$ d n1 x mu/ be confess$1 supply all t is want$ = ! settlem5t ( ! "q1 accord+ to ! phase x assumes at pres5t4 ,b :5 sci5tific & metaphysical difficulties ( mod]n creation h be5 grappl$ ) & remov$1 ! array ( pagan & ,*ri/ian te/imonies 9 support ( ! orig9al cr$ibility ( ! ,evangeli/s1 z collect$ by ^! & o!r writ]s1 comes to r5d] s]vice ( imm5se value4 ,x is m ?an any "o has yet attempt$1 to ov]turn1 by citation aga9/ citation1 criticism aga9/ criticism1 argum5t aga9/ argum5t1 ! bulw>ks ( hi/orical def5ce built up by ! rese>*es ( le>n$ advocates4 ,inde$1 ! e>ly hi/orical evid5ce all goes "o way4 ,x is evid5ce )\t c\nt]-evid5ce4 ,& to pass = a mom5t to =eign lit]ature4 ,aft] ! endeav\rs ( ,/rauss & o!rs to resolve mu* ( ! ,gospel /ory into my?s ( a lat] age1 & ( ,rnan1 to con/ruct out ( ! orig9al docum5ts a ,fr5* philosophical romance1 we are provid$ ) ! works ( ,ebr>d & ,press5s1 :o h v9dicat$ ! tru? ( ! ,new ,te/am5t /ory4 ,x w\ld be idle to attempt1 )9 ! compass ( ?is lecture1 any outl9e ( ! mass ( matt] br\ght toge!r 9 ?is s]vice4 ,b ,i may be all[$ to indicate t x may be arrang$ 9 ?ree divisions4 ,fir/1 ! concessions ( ! ,jews4 ,talmudical writ+s imply t ,jesus ( ,naz>e? did _m mighty works4 ,! ,toldo? ,jes*u relates a numb] ( ?+s1 su* z rais+ ! dead1 heal+ lep]s1 & re/or+ ! lame4 ,x repres5ts p z fall+ d[n be=e ,him1 exclaim+1 ,truly ,?\ art ! ,son ( ,god4#dd ,! ,*ri/ian miracles are all[$1 b !y are attribut$ to magic4 ,!re c be no d\bt1 says ,:ately1 t ?is mu/ h be5 7z our sacr$ writ]s tell u x 07 :at ! adv]s>ies ( ,jesus ma9ta9$ f ! fir/4 ,= if ^? :o liv$ on ! spot 9 ,8 "t _h d5i$ or d\bt$ ! facts ( ! miracles1 & _h decl>$ t ! acc\nts ( !m 7 false tales1 & t no miracles _h ev] really be5 wr\ght1 we may be sure t ! same w\ld h be5 said ev] aft] by _! desc5dants4#de ,secondly1 ! admissions ( hea!ns4 ,! extracts f ,celsus 9 ,orig5 af=d an abridg$ hi/ory ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 & ackn[l$ge t ,he did _m m>vell\s ?+s4 ,celsus expla9s ! fact by say+1 ,jesus w5t into ,egypt1 & hav+ made trial ( p[]s practis$ !re1 return$ highly elat$1 & pron\nc$ ,himself a ,god4#df ,porphry speaks ( ,*ri/ian miracles z wr\ght by poor ru/ics ?r\gh magical arts4#dg ,julian does n contradict !m :5 he contemptu\sly affirms1 t ,jesus did no?+ 9 ,8 lifetime wor?y ( remembrance1 unless any "o ?9ks x a mighty matt] to heal lame & bl9d p1 & exorcise demons 9 ! villages ( ,be?saida & ,be?any4#dh ,to ^! hea!n admissions1 :i* are ( consid]able value1 are to be add$1 ?irdly1 ! affirmations ( ,*ri/ians4 ,miracles are ass]t$ by !m 9 manifold =ms & 9 manifold writ+s4 ,! ,fa!rs foll[ 9 ! wake ( ,apo/les & ,evangeli/s2 &1 be x rememb]$1 ea* ,new ,te/am5t au?or :o te/ifies to ^! sup]human a*ievem5ts is an indep5d5t witness1 s t _! /atem5ts be> ! value ( z _m concurr5t pro(s3 & if x %\ld be said t1 because !y 7 ,*ri/ians1 !y are p>tial witnesses1 on ! o!r h& x c be said t "s ( ! ,fa!rs1 & all ! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s1 _h become s1 contr>y to =m] habits & prejudices1 9 "p1 at lea/1 ?r\gh ! v =ce ( miracles1 & t too at ! co/ ( extraord9>y self-sacrifice & suff]+4 ,i h n suffici5t space to exhibit adequately ! argum5t = ! cr$ibility ( ! ,new ,te/am5t witnesses4 ,i mu/1 h[ev]1 obs]ve t ! =ce has n dep>t$ f ! old-fa%ion$ me?od ( /at+ ! case1 namely1 t y mu/ accept !m z compet5t & satisfactory2 or y mu/ believe ei!r t !y 7 di%one/ m51 int5d+ to deceive1 or t !y 7 dupes ( _! own or ( o!r p's fancies4 ,i am dispos$ to ext5d ! dilemma1 & to say1 t !re is a ?ird supposition1 gr[+ out ( ! junction ( ^! two1 ! supposition 7accord+ to a n uncommon occurr5ce 9 ! my/]ies ( human nature7 t ! witnesses might be p>tly ! victims ( delusion1 & p>tly ! inv5tors ( fiction1 t cr$ulity & imag9ation might be bo? at "w1 ! result be+ a fabrication ( miracles1 hav+ no basis1 or b an exce$+ly sl5d] "o1 9 facts occurr+ be=e m5's eyes4 ,) ^! alt]natives "u our view1 ! inquiry is1 ,:i* %all we apply to ! witnesses ( ! miracles ( ,*ri/8 ,rnan has appli$ ! composite supposition to ! witnesses ( ! resurrection4 ,on ! ,sunday morn+1 ,m>y ,magdal5e fir/ came v e>ly to ! tomb4 ,! /one 0 displac$ f ! op5+1 & ! body 0 no long] 9 ! place :]e !y _h laid x4 ,at ! same "t ! /range/ rum\rs 7 spread 9 ! ,*ri/ian community4 ,! cry1 ',he is ris51' quickly spread among/ ! disciples4 ,love caus$ x to f9d ready cr$5ce ev]y:]e4 ,su* 0 ! impression ,he _h left 9 ! he>ts ( ,8 disciples1 & ( a few devot$ wom51 t dur+ "s weeks m1 x 0 z if ,he 7 liv+ & consol+ !m4 ,_h ,8 body be5 tak5 away1 or did en?usiasm1 always cr$ul\s1 create aft]w>ds ! gr\p ( n>ratives by :i* x 0 s\ght to e/abli% fai? 9 ! resurrection8 ,9 ! abs5ce ( oppos+ docum5ts ?is c nev] be asc]ta9$4 ,let u say1 h[ev]1 t ! /rong imag9ation ( ,m>y ,magdal5e play$ an important "p 9 ?is circum/ance4 ,div9e p[] ( love6 ,sacr$ mom5ts 9 :i* ! passion ( "o possess$ gave to ! _w a resuscitat$ ,god6 ,no "o is m ready ?an ,i am to d ju/ice to ! extraord9>y lit]>y m]its ( ! ,vie de ,jsus1 its lucid /yle1 its descriptive p[]1 its manifold *>ms2 b ,i _c conceal my amazem5t t ! au?or1 ) 8 exquisite g5ius1 %\ld adopt su* a trave/i$ r5d]+ ( ! noble/ ( ,bible /ories4 ,!re are no docum5ts1 z he confesses1 to "w ^u b ! f\r ,gospels2 & f ^! ,gospels x di/9ctly appe>s t1 s f> f ! witnesses produc$ be+ ( ! "* he indicates1 s f> f _! love snat*+ at any?+ )9 rea*1 h[ev] airy1 out ( :i* to weave a web ( wond]s1 !re 7 m5 among/ !m sl[ ( he>t to believe :at ! prophets _h writt51 & :at ,jesus _h said ab\t ! resurrection2 m5 :o c\nt$ ! report ( t resurrection1 :5 !y fir/ he>d ( x1 z an idle tale1--"o ( :om ev5 w\ld n yield to sight itself1 b dem&$ to t\* ! nail-pr9ts 9 ! holy palms1 & to ?ru/ 8 h& into ! sacr$ side4 ,& z to ! wom51 :5 !y came to ! sepul*re on ! ?ird day1 x 0 n to hail a ris5 ,jesus1 b to ano9t a buri$ "o4 ,t p]sons repres5t$ by ! hi/orians z burd5$ ) d\bts1 & fe>s1 & unbelief1 & dem&+ demon/rative evid5ce1 %\ld h be5 f9ally conv9c$1 & %\ld h /ak$ _! all ^u t conviction1 removes !m = ev] utt]ly beyond all reasonable suspicion ( dream+ /rangely col\r$ dreams ( _! ,"l's ris5 life1--to say no?+ ( collusion & fraud1--& places !m at once among/ witnesses1 :o well knew :at !y said1 & :]e( !y affirm$4 ,! cr$ibility ( ! witness borne to ano!r resurrection is also well e/abli%$4 ,= evid5ce ( ! au!nticity ( ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,john1 ,i ref] to ,pr(essor ,lightfoot's lecture1 & w\ld only rem>k ^u ! n>rative 9 ?is ,gospel--a n>rative s full ( pa!tic beauty--t x is impossible to expla9 away its details by possibilities ( misappreh5sion1 & p>donable exagg]ations ( extraord9>y incid5ts4 ,?us mu* is indisputable1 ,laz>us 0 sick unto dea?4 ,to all human appe>ance he di$4 ,he di$1 & 0 buri$1 & rema9$ s long 9 ! grave t x 0 believ$ ! corruption ( 8 corpse _h comm5c$4 ,co9cid5t ) ! utt]ance by ,jesus1 at ! door ( ! tomb1 ( ! words1 ,laz>us1 come =?6 ! body mov$1 arose1 came =?1 b\nd h& & foot ) grave-clo!s2 9 consequ5ce ( :i*1 _m ( ! ,jews :i* came to ,m>y1 & _h se5 ! ?+s :i* ,jesus did1 believ$ on ,him4 ,"h 7 pres5t$ to ! s5ses ( witnesses ph5om5a involv+ ! p]=mance ( a miracle4 ,a di/9ction has be5 ju/ly drawn betwe5 te/imony to ph5om5a cognizable by ! s5ses1 & miracles completely consid]$ on _! invisible & div9e side1 z well z _! visible & human "o4 ,te/imony1 x is said1 c apply only to app>5t s5sible facts2 te/imony c only prove an extraord9>y & p]haps inexplicable occurr5ce or ph5om5on2 t x is due to sup]natural causes is entirely dep5d5t on ! previ\s belief & assumption ( ! p>ties4#di ,) ! omission ( ! words previ\s belief & assumption1 & ! sub/itution ( ! words reflection & conviction1--:e!r ex]cis$ & exp]i5c$ at ! "t or aft]w>ds1--,i accept ! /atem5t4 ,ph5om5a are imm$iately appreh5sible2 ! cause is n s4 ,a p]suasion t ! cause is miracul\s arises 9 ! m9d z an inf]5ce f :at is directly witness$4 ,b :at is directly witness$ may be ( su* a nature z to compel ! witness1 z a reasonable p]son1 to believe t :at has tak5 place results f a sup]natural int]position4 ,?is conviction implies1 inde$1 t ! p]son believes 9 ! exi/5ce ( sup]natural p[]--9 o!r words1 believes 9 ! exi/5ce & ag5cy ( ,god--:i* belief may be describ$ z a previ\s belief3 b a conviction t p>ticul> ph5om5a are ! result ( a sup]natural cause1 dep5ds on ! ex]cise ( reason 9 reg>d to ! ph5om5a !mselves4 ,no te/imony1 ,i admit1 c rea* to ! sup]natural1 directly1 b x may rea* x by implication4 ,keep+ 9 view ! di/9ction laid d[n1 we say ( ! n>rative ( ! resurrection ( ,laz>us1 t no natural solution ( ! ev5t record$ is )9 rea*4 ,fraud1 collusion1 trick]y1#ej are exclud$ by ! "* ( ,*ri/ & ( ,laz>us3 no ref]5ce to accid5tal co9cid5ces1 or to mesm]ism1 or to electric influ5ces1 or to any kn[n physical ag5cies1 meets ! case4 ,nor is !re room = ! anticipation t ! advancem5t ( sci5ce w ev] solve ?is problem4 ,if a solution be atta9able1 we are %ut up to ! "o solution accept$ by ,*ri/ians4 ,to leave x unsolv$1 to ref] x to ! class ( unacc\ntable ph5om5a1 ?r\gh a p]si/5t det]m9ation n to believe 9 any?+ sup]natural1 9 ! face ( all :i* c be said 9 reply to antec$5t objections1 is mo/ unphilosophical4 ,let me "h add1 9 ref]5ce to n>ratives ( ! miracul\s1 t x is easy to m>%al a numb] ( g5]al reflections toge!r1 ca/+ a slur ^u evid5ce1 & to inve/ ) "s plausibility its d5ial or non-acceptance4 ,b1 :5 we ?9k h[ fallaci\sly1 yet plausibly1 g5]al reflections may be employ$ = ! contradiction ( evid5ce1--h[1 by ref]5ce to ! prov]bial exagg]ations ( travell]s' /ories1 acc\nts ( o!r c\ntries1 ( _! cu/oms & productions1 may be discr$it$2 h[1 by insi/+ ^u m5's liability to illusion1 ! obs]vations ( sci5tific inquir]s may be set aside2 h[1 by dwell+ on cr$ulity & passion1 p>ty _s1 & ! l1 hi/oric d\bts may be conjectur$ respect+ ! exi/5ce ( ,napoleon ,i41 & h[1 9 ! same way1 hi/oric d\bts may be h]eaft] rais$ respect+ a l>ge "p ( ! c>e] ( ,napoleon ,,iii42 we see h[ little su* g5]al reflections are to be tru/$1 h[ mu* m !y may d to h9d] ! int]e/s ( tru? ?an to help !m4#ea ,! absurdity ( ! conclusions 9 su* cases discr$its ! process by :i* !y are rea*$4 ,let u n pass f ?is "p ( ! subject )\t say+ "o ^w z to ! presumption 9 fav\r ( ! ,new ,te/am5t n>ratives ( miracles1 :5 comp>$ ) n>ratives ( miracles f\nd else:]e4 ,place side by side ) ! ,scripture n>ratives ! miracul\s /ories 9 ! ,apocryphal ,gospels1 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,fa!rs1 9 m$ival *ronicles1 9 mod]n leg5ds ( ,sa9ts1 & "o sees ! =ce ( a rem>k by an em95t ,g]man !ologian3 ,! critical acum5 ( ,niebuhr 01 z is admitt$1 inf]ior to t ( no man1 & he has done away ) only too mu* ( ! anci5t hi/ory ( ,rome4 ,yet he ackn[l$g$1 ') respect to a miracle1 9 ! /ricte/ s5se ( ! ^w1 x ne$s b an unprejudic$ & se>*+ inve/igation ( nature to p]ceive1 t ! miracles relat$ are any?+ b absurd1 & a comp>ison ( !m ) ! leg5ds or s-call$ miracles ( o!r religions1 to recognize :at a diff]5t _s dwells 9 !m4'#eb ,to take only "o /ep f>!r 9 ?is direction1 :5 x is ask$1 ,:at1 if s _m app>5tly compet5t witnesses 7 to assure y1 t !y _h se5 su* & su* a miracle--m5tion+ ! mo/ mon/r\s absurd1 fanta/ic1 & ludicr\s confusion ( nature--w\ld y believe !m8 ,we answ] 9 ! words ( a mod]n ,writ]3 ,we are only conc]n$ ) ! miracul\s "u t =m & ^? conditions "u :i* x has actually by tru/wor?y report tak5 place1 z subord9at$ to :at has be5 call$ 'a g5]al law ( wisdom1' i4e4 to a wise plan & design 9 ! ,div9e m9d "u :i* *eck ! c\rse ( miracles has1 s to speak1 kept ne> to nature1 j div]g+ en\gh = ! purpose1 & no m4#ec ,,ii4 ,x is "t to att5d to ! second "p ( our subject1 ! value ( ! miracul\s te/imony to ,*ri/ianity4 #a4 ,! miracles mu/ n be tak5 alone2 !y =m a "p ( ,*ri/ianity2 & !re=e1 to be rightly und]/ood1 !y %\ld hold 9 ! m9d an insep>able relation to ! re/ ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,*ri/ianity is its own evid5ce4 ,ea* portion h>monizes ) ! o!r portions4 ,!y yield mutual support4 ,miracles1 !re=e1 are concurr5t ) o!r pro(s4 ,ext]nal & int]nal are conv5i5t words1 b !y are liable to mis*iev\s application4 ,"o objection to ! ^w ext]nal1 z designat+ ! evid5ce ( miracles1 is t x assumes !m to be outside ! ,gospel--only bulw>ks = def5ce1 n pill>s id5tical ) ! inn] /ructure4 ,x is curi\s t opposite classes ( p]sons h attribut$ to miracles an ext]nality :i* _! place 9 ,scripture w n all[4 ,by "o class1 consi/+ ( advocates = ! evid5ce1 miracles are pres5t$ z ! *ief "p ( ! evid5ce1 z m>ks indisp5sable = ! au!ntication ( ,div9e tru?1 yet q ab extra ?+s1 plac$ r\nd ab\t ! temple to w>d (f evil-dispos$ p]sons :o w\ld d>e to violate ! %r9e4 ,by ano!r class1 consi/+ ( ^? :o take exception to ! miracles1 !y are also treat$ z ?+s ab extra1 ?+s :i* may well be cut (f f ,*ri/ianity--burd5s :i* !re is no necessity x %\ld be made to be>--a dress :i* disfigures x r ?an o!rwise1 & :i*1 = ! sake ( its progress 9 ! _w1 _h bett] be /ripp$ (f & ca/ away4 ,^! two modes ( assum+ "o & ! same ?+1 are z objectionable 9 !mselves1 z !y are curi\s 9 _! co9cid5ce4 ,! miracles really run into & int]sect ! l9es ( ,new ,te/am5t tea*+ f end to end4 ,!y are n seals ext]nally atta*$1 b cont5ts deposit$ inside--n po/-m>ks %[+ simply :5ce ! lett] comes1 b p>agraphs writt5 9 ! fold$ %eet4 ,! int]nal & ! ext]nal--if we may use ! words 9 _! popul> curr5cy--mu/ occupy our att5tion toge!r4 ,miracles _c be torn f ! life ( ,*ri/4 ,8 nature1 "*1 tea*+1 wond]s1 con/itute an unp>allel$ spiritual unity4 ,criticism "h1 ( c\rse1 has its own dep>tm5t ( duty to fulfil4 ,:at really con/itute ! synoptical ,gospels & ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,john1 is its prov9ce to det]m9e4 ,read+s ( ,,mss4 require to be exam9$ ) an hone/ desire to r5d] ! textus receptus z p]fect z possible--a desire :i* a rev]5tial reg>d = ! g5u9e cont5ts ( ! record mu/ s]ve to /imulate4 ,:5 all t lab\r has be5 accompli%$1 ! miracles ( ! g5u9e rolls ( ,scripture are to be reg>d$ z integral elem5ts ( fai?4 ,! facts ( ,*ri/ianity1 says ,ar*deacon ,lee1 are repres5t$ by "s z =m+ no "p ( its ess5tial doctr9es2 !y rank1 x is argu$1 no high] ?an its ext]nal accessories4 ,x is impossible to ma9ta9 ?is di/9ction4 ,9 ! ,*ri/ian ,revelation ! fact ( ! ,resurrection is ! c>d9al doctr9e1 ! doctr9e ( ! ,inc>nation is ! fundam5tal fact4 ,*ri/ianity exhibits its mo/ mom5t\s tru?s z actual realities1 by f\nd+ !m ^u an hi/orical basis1 & by int]weav+ !m ) transactions & ev5ts :i* re/ ^u ! evid5ce ( s5se4#ed #b4 ,miracles are reasonable atte/ations ( a ,div9e mission4 ,z su* our ,"l appeals to !m1 !y be> witness ( me1 t ! ,fa!r ha? s5t me4 ,z su* ,nicodemus receiv$ !m3 ,we "k t ,?\ art a tea*] come f ,god3 = no man c d ^! miracles t ,?\ doe/1 except ,god be ) him4 ,z su* ! poor bl9d man reg>d$ !m 9 t exquisite piece ( navet1 9 :i* he says1 ,:y h]e9 is a m>vell\s ?+1 t ye "k n f :5ce ,he is1 & yet ,he ha? op5$ m9e eyes4 ,z x is reasonable1 9 ! case ( an ambassador1 to ref] to 8 cr$5tials 9 pro( ( 8 legitimate au?ority2 s x is reasonable1 9 ! case ( a pr(ess$ly ,div9e tea*]1 to ref] to signs & wond]s he is capable ( work+1 9 pro( ( 8 ,div9e commission4 ,( va/ importance is x t we %\ld note precisely ! po9t t\*$ by ! f+] ( miracul\s evid5ce4 ,x may be said1 n only are miracles incapable ( en=c+ a tra9 ( argum5t1 b !y are incapable ( e/abli%+ any moral or religi\s proposition4 ,no physical demon/ration1 x may be alleg$1 c ev] l9k itself on to a spiritual tru?1 because ! two ?+s belong to totally diff]5t sph]es4 ,we %\ld get involv$ 9 metaphysical subtleties1 7 ,i to inquire ?or\ghly into ?is position4 ,x is en\gh to say1 t1 admitt+ x1 ! exact po9t t\*$ by miracul\s evid5ce1 is1 accord+ to ! tea*+ ( ,scripture itself1 ! (fice su/a9$ & ! commission borne by a p]son4 ,! works :i* ! ,fa!r ha? giv5 me to f9i%1 ! same works t ,i d1 be> witness ( me4 ,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 a man approv$ ( ,god among y1 by miracles1 & wond]s1 & signs1 :i* ,god did by ,him4 ,9 ^! passages1 ! witness ( miracles is atta*$ to a p]son4 ,my works be> witness ( me1 says ,jesus4 ,!y are ! approval ( a man1 says ,pet]4 ,! evid5tial =ce ( !m be>s on ,*ri/ ,himself1 ! s5t ( ,god4 ,?us consid]$1 miracles free !mselves f objections made to _! compet5cy to s]ve z direct pro(s ( spiritual tru?s4 ,! miracles ( ,moses af=d evid5ce ( 8 ,div9e legation3 9 l mann] ! miracles ( ,jesus af=d evid5ce ( ,8 ,div9e ,messiah%ip4 ,x is said ( ,him t ,he taught !m z "o hav+ au?ority1 & n z ! scribes4 ,au?oritativ5ess is *>act]i/ic ( ,8 mode ( tea*+4 ,v]ily1 v]ily1 ,i say unto y4 ,he claim$ a "r to speak1 z "o :o _h p[] to comm& m5 t !y %\ld obey4 ,!re is 9 ,8 utt]ance little ( argum5t1 b mu* ( law4 ,miracles c add no =ce to a *a9 ( reason+1 & y may say !y _c imm$iately demon/rate spiritual tru?1 b !y af=d a basis = ! enunciation ( a ,div9e message1 a m&ate ( ! ,div9e w4 ,miracles1 no d\bt1 come )9 relations to spiritual tru?1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! miracul\sly demon/rat$ au?ority ( its utt]]2 b spiritual tru? has o!r di/9ct & appropriate m>ks ( its ,div9e orig9 & "*4 ,x conta9s an inw>d witness--x %9es by its own light4 ,x comm5ds itself to m5's consci5ces 9 ! sight ( ,god1 & :5 believ$1 v9dicates ! ju/ness & wisdom ( su* belief4 ,x _c be too mu* insi/$ on1 t miracul\s evid5ce comes n out 9 ,scripture by itself4 ,! works ( ,jesus include m ?an ,8 miracles4 ,! :ole b5efic5t influ5ce ( ,8 life is cov]$ by ! words1 :o w5t ab\t do+ good4 ,) ! ?\ght ( :at ,he did1 /&s associat$ ! ?\ght ( :at ,he 02 & ) ! "* ( ,8 mat*less life is int]wov5 ! "* ( ,8 mat*less tea*+4 ,miracles =m b "o /r& 9 ! cable :i* b9ds ! ,*ur*'s fai? to ,him :o is ! ,an*or ( h] hope2 & !y expose ! %ip to p]il :o untwi/ ! rope1 & lay ^u t s+le /r& ! :ole am\nt ( /ra9--! entire /ress ( t5sion4 ,holy ,writ w>rants no su* c\rse2 b w>ns aga9/ x4 ,if !re arise among y a prophet1 or a dream] ( dreams1 & give? !e a sign or a wond]1 & ! sign or ! wond] come to pass1 :]e( he spake unto !e1 say+1 ',let u g aft] o!r gods :i* ?\ ha/ n kn[n1 & let u s]ve !m2' ?\ %alt n he>k5 unto ! words ( t prophet1 or t dream] ( dreams4 ,moses1 himself a work] ( miracles1 appeals to some?+ beyond miracles z ess5tial to ! f9al e/abli%m5t ( religi\s au?ority4 ,! moral pro( is put 9 ! =emo/ place1 & no m]e physical a*ievem5t c ex]cise exclusive =ce ap>t f t4 ,&1 z if to rem9d u ( ^! words 9 ,deut]onomy1 we read 9 ! la/ *apt]s ( ,revelation ( m5 be+ deceiv$ by ! miracles ( ! bea/1 ( ! spirits ( devils work+ miracles1 & ( ! false prophet t wr\ght miracles4 ,?us ! ,new ,te/am5t tea*es u to b9d ! evid5ce ( ,*ri/ian miracles to t :i* %[s h[ utt]ly diff]5t !y are f all ! pret5sions ( deceiv]s1 f all ! delusions ( fanatics4 ,to dwell on extraord9>y incid5ts1 ap>t f o!r consid]ations1 is to op5 a door to sup]/ition1 & ev5 revolt+ cr$ulity4 ,9 ?is way1 a belief 9 wit*craft1 sanction+ mo/ unrighte\s & cruel laws1 ma9ta9$ its gr\nd 9 ,engl& to ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,f any?+ l ! unreasonabl5ess ( /ak+ religi\s fai? ^u physical ev5ts or hi/orical circum/ances1 simply because !y are unacc\ntable ^u any ord9>y hypo!sis ( human affairs1 ! ,gospel is p]fectly free4 ,he :o appeals to ,8 own mighty works1 appeals also to ,8 own self-evid5c+ words1 & to ! moral disposition ( ,8 disciples4 ,to ?is end 0 ,i born1 & = ?is cause came ,i into ! _w1 t ,i %\ld be> witness unto ! tru?4 ,e "o t is ( ! tru? he>e? my voice4 ,my doctr9e is n m9e1 b ,8 t s5t me4 ,if any man w d ,8 w1 he %all "k ( ! doctr9e :e!r x be ( ,god1 or :e!r ,i speak ( myself4 ,he t speake? ( himself1 seeke? 8 own glory2 b he t seeke? 8 glory t s5t him1 ! same is true1 & no unrighte\sness is 9 him4 ,! solit>y position assign$ to ! evid5ce ( miracles 9 ! controv]sies ( ! la/ c5tury 0 mis*iev\s to ! int]e/s ( religion4 ,i believe ) ,col]idge1 h[ little ( div9e1 h[ little fitt+ to our nature a miracle is1 :5 insulat$ f spiritual tru?s1 & disconnect$ f religion z its end3--& ,i w\ld ask ) him1 ,:at !n c we ?9k ( a !ological !ory1 :i*1 adopt+ a s*eme ( prud5tial legality1 common to x ) '! /y ( ,epicurus1' z f> at lea/ z ! spr+s ( moral action are conc]n$1 makes its :ole religion consi/ 9 ! belief ( miracles6 ,!re is "s room = ?is sev]e c5sure ( !ologians 9 ! la/ c5tury1 :o fail$ to insi/ on ! creat+ ( a new he>t1 :i* collects ! en]gies ( a man's :ole be+ 9 ! focus ( ! consci5ce--! "o ess5tial miracle1 ! same1 & ( ! same evid5ce to ! ignorant & ! le>n$1 :i* no sup]ior skill c c\nt]feit1 human or demoniacal4 ,i %\ld assign a high] place to ! physical miracle ?an ,col]idge did1--b !re is to my m9d a true & deep s5se 9 :at he asks respect+ ! moral "o3--,is x n t implication ( doctr9e 9 ! miracle1 & ( miracle 9 ! doctr9e1 :i* is ! bridge ( communication betwe5 ! s5ses & ! s\l8#ee ,*ri/ianity z a :ole1 at ! pres5t "t1 e/abli%es its claims by ! new spiritual creation :i* x effects 9 its s9c]e disciples4 ,& "h1 let me add3 look+ at ! position ( our inquiry at ! pres5t day1 x appe>s ( great importance1 n to lay d[n z a pr9ciple1 t miracles are indisp5sable 9 ! au?orization ( a ,div9e message4 ,to d s hamp]s our argum5t4 ,to d s contradicts ,scripture1--,john did no miracle4 ,if "o em95t s]vant ( ! ,mo/ ,high c\ld make good 8 au?ority )\t effect+ any physical m>vel1 s might ano!r4 ,reg>d+ ,jesus simply z a ,div9e ,tea*]1 !re w\ld1 !n1 be no absolute necessity = ,8 work+ wond]s 9 ! fields ( mat]ial nature4 ,8 moral acts1 ,8 fre$om f moral defects1 & ! :ole moral t5or ( ,8 life1 w\ld ev9ce ! hol9ess ( ,8 "*1 & ! on5ess ( ,8 own _s ) t ( ! ,fa!r ( spirits1 ! f\nta9 ( love & tru?2 = :at ,he said ( m5 appli$ to ,himself1 ,by _! fruits ye %all "k !m4 ,yet1 ?\gh ,i _c see t miracles1 z "s ?9k1 7 ess5tial to ! pro( ( :at ,he said respect+ ,himself1 !y are1 z indicat$ already1 :at might be expect$ 9 "o :o 0 all t ,jesus ( ,naz>e? claim$ to be2 !y also corroborate claims to spiritual au?ority1 re/+ on o!r gr\nds2 &1 /ill fur!r1 ! mann] 9 :i* "s ( !m 7 p]=m$1 po9ts to ! high] nature :i* tab]nacl$ 9 ,8 humanity4 ,! place 9 ! sph]e ( evid5ce occupi$ by ! miracles ( ,jesus1 is n exactly ! same to u t x 0 to ! multitudes :o witness$ !m4 ,i fully agree 9 ! rem>k1 ,we d n ask any "o to beg9 ) ! miracles1--to reg>d p[]1 & /ill m ! record ( p[]1 c5turies aft]w>ds1 z ! "o irresi/ible pro( ( ! tru? & ,div9e orig9 ( a ,revelation4 ,?is has be5 done--done p]haps too long--done c]ta9ly 9 ?is age )\t conviction4#ef ,a miracle nev] 0 ! "o irresi/ible pro(4 ,x nev] 0 m ?an "o among/ o!rs4 ,b at fir/ x _h a p[] ( awak5+ att5tion1 :i* x does n possess n[4 ,se51 x irresi/ibly produc$ excitem5t1 :i* l$ to inquiry4 ,record$1 x fails ( t effect4 ,x is wise1 at ?is "t ( day1 to beg9 ! exposition ( ,*ri/ian evid5ce by insi/+ on ,*ri/ianity z a fact--z a moral spiritual p[] 9 ! _w2 & !n1 exam9+ its pr9ciples1 & trac+ its a*ievem5ts to ! beg9n+1 to br+ out ! evid5tial wor? ( ,*ri/'s miracles z a cr[n on ! head ( o!r pro(s4 ,at ! same1 "t x %\ld be obs]v$1 t _! p]t95cy z pro(s rema9s unalt]$4 ,!y are n less true = be+ old4 ,!y are z good witnesses n[ z !y 7 eighte5 c5turies ago4 ,:at 0 done by ,julius ,cs>1 :at 0 done by ,alex&] ! ,great1 z x appe>s on record1 is /ill z valid an indication z ev]1 ( ! g5ius & pr[ess :i* ! m5 possess$4 ,s1 :at ,jesus did1 z we f9d x record$ 9 ,8 f\rfold memoirs1 produces undim9i%$ assurance ( ,8 sup]human "*4 ,if any "o asks = miracles n[1 ,i reply1 !y are n want$1 !y c\ld n be us$ z cr$5tials ( "o :o left ! _w ages s9ce4 ,8 own miracles1 asc]ta9$ by hi/ory1 w1 to ! end ( "t1 9 connection ) ,8 :ole life1 avail z gu>antees = fai? 9 ,8 ,div9e might & goodness4 #c4 ,&1 f9ally1 ! miracles promote ! acceptance ( ,*ri/ian tru?s by ! illu/rations ( !m :i* !y af=d4 ,*ri/'s miracles are ( ! same description z ! pr9ciples & precepts 9 ,*ri/'s tea*+4 ,!y are animat$ ) b5evol5ce1 in/9ct ) love4 ,! ,gospel p]petually (f]s to m5 a spiritual salvation2 ,miracles at ! beg9n+ br\ght !m salvation ( a l[] k9d1 :i* nev]!less po9t$ to a high]4 ,( ! au?or ( ,*ri/ianity x might be said lit]ally1 ,he is ! ,savi\r ( ! body4 ,8 wondr\s works ( heal+ sp>kl$ ) a t5d]ness1 compassion1 & help1 l ^? ) :i* ,8 ma9 mission to mank9d 0 fill$4 ,&1 z !y 7 em95tly b5eficial to human be+s1 & s 7 ( ! same class z ! o!r be/[m5ts ! ,*ri/ ( ,god came to conf]1 !y exhibit$ types ( ! nobl] bless+s !mselves4 ,!y are mirrors reflect+ l>g] & bett] gifts4 ,signs !y are z well z wond]s2 p>ables z well z pro(s4 ,9 cures ( ! bl9d1 !re are p>ables ( spiritual illum9ation2 9 ! cleans+ ( lep]s1 p>ables ( spiritual purification2 & 9 exorcisms1 p>ables ( spiritual dis5?ralm5t4 ,! b5evol5t animus1 & ! didactic =m ( ! miracles ( ,jesus seiz$ ! att5tion ( e>ly ,*ri/ian writ]s1 & 7 employ$ by !m = ! purpose ( e/abli%+ & recomm5d+ ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,!y us$ !m mu* m "u _! illu/rative ?an "u _! /rictly evid5tial aspect4 ,arnobius 7,a4,d4 #cjf71 9 t5 *apt]s ( 8 sev5 books1 ,adv]sus ,g5tes1 lays special /ress ^u _! k9d & b5efic5t t5d5cy4#eg ,lactantius1 8 contempor>y 9 8 ,in/itutions1 :il/ reg>d+ ,*ri/'s miracles z pro(s ( ,8 high] nature1 manife/s p>ticul> delight 9 se>*+ out _! e?ical significance4 ,he goes ?r\gh ! mighty works ( our ,"l 9 ord]1 & po9ts out1 h[ !y demon/rat$ ! r5ewal ( ! human s\l1 ! op5+ ( its eyes1 ! un/opp+ ( its e>s1 ! loos5+ ( its tongue4#eh ,& ,a?anasius 7,a4,d4 #cbf7 takes special pa9s to %[ t ! miracles ( ,jesus 7 revelations--self-repres5tations ( ,8 ,p]son z ,div9e ,creator1 n m]e cr$5tials ( ,8 doctr9e1 b v]itable victories ov] nature1 s t no "o c d\bt :o ,*ri/ is1 :5 once he beholds ,8 works3--& moreov]1 t by ! mann] ( ,8 work+ miracles1 ,he at once prov$ 8 ,div9ity1 & ,8 humanity1 ,8 ,godhead & ,8 inc>nation4#ei ,& ,augu/9e insi/s mu* on _! design z symbolical ( r$emption1 z in/ructive acts1 *>g$ ) prophetical import1 & calculat$ to inspire delight m ?an wond]4#fj ,^! rem>ks & quotations be> *iefly on ! relation ( miracles to ! spiritual bless+s ( ! ,gospel at ! beg9n+4 ,b miracles also su/a9 a v int]e/+ relation to ! l bless+s z be/[$ 9 aft]1 & 9 pres5t times4 ,:5 ! spr+ is ov]1 & its produce ( blossoms has pass$ away1 x is f\nd1 t ?\gh ! gr\nd is cov]$ ) leaves ( :ite & p9k1 ! blossoms h set into preci\s fruit4 ,!y h bequea!d m ?an blossoms4 ,ea* fold$ up a promise ( :at is ri*] ?an itself4 ,! pea* fl[]1 ! pea*--! pe> fl[]1 ! pe>4 ,we read 9 ! ,apocalypse1 ( ! ,tree ( ,life4 ,is n ! ,gospel ! ,tree ( ,life8 ,is n ,*ri/ ! ,tree ( ,life8 ,x is n fanciful to speak ( ! miracles z e>ly blossoms4 ,long s9ce !y bur/ out pr(usely4 ,long s9ce !y fell4 ,to "s eyes1 !y may seem to lie 9 ! pa?s ( hi/ory1 z )]$ leaves4 ,b if ! spr+-"t is pa/1 ! autumn-"t has long s9ce come4 ,*ri/ianity c tell ( spiritual bless+s :i* x has conf]r$ on ! *ildr5 ( m5 d[n to ?is day1 & is conf]r+ /ill4 ,a tranquil consci5ce1 a pure he>t1 a holy life1 a hope t make? n a%am$1--^! are ! clu/]+ felicities1 ! manifold beatitudes1 ( ! ,gospel ( ,love4 ,?ank ,god6 abundant has be5 ! +a!r+4 ,?ank ,god6 abundant is ! h>ve/1 /ill wait+ to be ga!r$4 ,9 nature ! bloom is m pl5tiful ?an ! fruit1 b "h ! fruit is m pl5tiful ?an ! bloom4 ,,! ,,gradual ,,developm5t ,,( ,,revelation4 ,,by ,,! ,,"r ,,rev]5d ,,! ,,"l ,,bi%op ,,( ,,c>lisle4 ,,! ,,gradual ,,developm5t ,,( ,,revelation4 ,:5 ,i und]took1 at ! reque/ ( ! ,*ri/ian ,evid5ce ,society1 to deliv] a lecture hav+ = its title ,! ,gradual ,developm5t ( ,revelation1 ,i confess t ,i did n p]ceive t ! title 0 op5 to criticism4 ,i ?\ght t ,i und]/ood ! t]ms employ$1 & ,i /ill tru/ t ?is is s2 b a little consid]ation %[$ me t ! language 0 n us$ v /rictly1 & t !re 0 9 x a confusion ( metaphors1 :i* might possibly be connect$ ) a confusion ( ?\ght4 ,?is be+ s1 ,i propose to introduce :at ,i h to say by a %ort exam9ation ( ! words :i* express ! subject ( my lecture3 & ,i d s1 z ,i ne$ h>dly say1 n = ! purpose ( f9d+ fault1 b because x seems to me t ,i %all 9 ?is mann] mo/ easily expla9 ! nature ( ! subject :i* ,i conceive to be committ$ to me1 & indicate ! mann] 9 :i* ,i purpose to treat x4 ,n[ ! ^w developm5t1 :i* l _m o!r long words has become v common1 is also1 l _m o!r words1 n unfrequ5tly us$ some:at loosely4 ,! root ( x1 ! ^w velop1 is unkn[n 9 any o!r =m ?an ! two words envelope & develope4#fa ,9 ma!matics1 ! ^w develope is us$1 z all words are1 ) ! utmo/ precision4 ,we speak ( develop+ a function1 t is1 putt+ x into a new & unfold$ =m1 :i*1 h[ev]1 %all be ess5tially equival5t to ! orig9al4 ,s also we speak ( developable surfaces1 t is1 surfaces su* z cones & cyl9d]s1 :i* c be unfold$ & laid flat ^u a plane )\t te>+4 ,x w be se5 t 9 ^! applications ( ! ^w ! ess5tial ?\ght is t ( a *ange1 by a process ( unfold+1 9 ! condition ( some?+ :i* y already possess2 & ?is ,i take to be ! true def9ition ( developm5t4 ,f ?is1 h[ev]1 we easily pass to a cognate mean+ ( ! t]m4 ,?us we speak ( ! developm5t ( an idea1 t is1 ! unfold+ & apply+ ( ! results ( an orig9al ?\ght1 a discov]y or pr9ciple1 :i* 7 truly conta9$ 9 x f ! fir/1 b 7 n f ! fir/ p]ceiv$ to be s conta9$4 ,= example1 we say t railways are only a developm5t ( ! orig9al idea ( turn+ to acc\nt ! expansive =ce ( /eam2 or t ,newton's ,pr9cipia & ,laplace's ,mecanique ,cele/e1 &1 9 fact1 ! :ole ( mod]n physical a/ronomy1 are developm5ts ( ! idea1 or fact1 call x :i* y w1 ( ! univ]sal gravitation ( matt]2 or t ! ,briti% con/itution ( ?is c5tury is a developm5t ( ,magna ,*>ta2 & s =?4 ,:at we mean by ?is language is t ! ess5tial pr9ciples ( ! developm5t 7 implicitly conta9$ 9 ! orig9al idea1 & t "o has be5 d]iv$ f ! o!r some:at 9 ! same way z t 9 :i* ! bird comes f ! egg & ! plant f ! se$4 ,dr4 ,newman1 9 8 ,essay ,on ! ,developm5t ( ,*ri/ian ,doctr9e1 takes a some:at diff]5t view4 ,he speaks ( ! developm5t ( an idea z foll[s3 ,:5 "s great enunciation1 :e!r true or false1 ab\t human nature1 or pres5t good1 or gov]nm5t1 or duty1 or religion1 is c>ri$ =w>d into ! public ?rong & draws att5tion1 !n x is n only passively admitt$ 9 ?is or t =m into ! m9ds ( m51 b x becomes a liv+ pr9ciple )9 !m1 lead+ !m to an ev]-new contemplation ( itself1 an act+ ^u x1 & a propagation ( x4 ,su* is ! doctr9e ( ! natural bondage ( ! w1 or ( individual responsibility1 or ( ! immortality ( ! s\l1 or ( ! rights ( man1 or ( ! div9e "r ( k+s1 or ( ! hypocrisy & tyranny ( prie/craft1 or ( ! lawfulness ( self-indulg5ce4444 ,let "o su* idea get possession ( ! popul> m9d1 or ! m9d ( any set ( p]sons1 & x is n difficult to und]/& ! effects :i* w ensue4#fb ,tak+ ?is view1 !re is manife/ly a difficulty 9 det]m9+ :e!r an idea has be5 rightly or wrongly develop$1 :e!r ! gr[? be :olly f ! root or p>tly p>asitical2 & ! prime int5tion ( ,dr4 ,newman's book is to supply te/s ( g5u9e developm5t1 & to apply !m 9 "o p>ticul> case2 b ,i wi% x to be p]ceiv$ t :e!r we take ?is wid] view1 or ! /rict] "o :i* ,i endeav\r$ to pres5t to y j n[1 x is ess5tially necess>y to reg>d developm5t z ! exhibition 9 a new unfold$ =m ( t :i* already exi/$ 9 ano!r4 ,:5 !re=e we speak ( developm5t ) ref]5ce to ,god1 we mu/ reg>d ,him z ! develop]1 & ,8 et]nal purposes z ! ?+ develop$3 ! po9t :i* ,i h to br+ be=e y ) ref]5ce to its be>+ ^u ! fai? ( ,*ri/ians1 & ! unbelief ( ^? :o scruple to be reg>d$ z disciples ( ,*ri/1 is ! gradual "* ( ! process by :i* ,god has develop$ ,8 purposes4 ,& ?is be+ ! mean+ ( developm5t1 ,i ?9k x is manife/ t x is a confusion ( figures to speak ( ! developm5t ( a revelation4 ,to reveal is to draw back a veil1 & s to uncov] some?+ :i* 0 conceal$ be=e4 ,h5ce we c prop]ly speak ( ,god z reveal+ to u ,8 p]son1 ,8 "*1 ,8 w4 ,8 p]son is et]nal & un*angeable2 s is ,8 "*2 s is ,8 w2 b ,he uncov]s & %[s ^! to u2 x may be by ,holy ,scripture1 x may be by ! liv+ voice1 or ! life1 or ! p]son ( ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/2 b h[ev] x be1 ! conception appropriate to ! ^w revelation is t ( some?+ :i* exi/s indep5d5tly ( our m9ds1 & :i* is uncov]$1 s t our m9ds c p]ceive x4 ,revelation1 !re=e1 _c be develop$2 if we use ! ^w z mean+ ! process ( reveal+1 !n ?is is a diff]5t process f t ( develop+2 & if we use ! ^w z mean+ objectively ! k :i* has be5 reveal$1 ! k :i* we obta9 ( ,god by revelation1 !n ?is k comes to u 9 an already develop$ =m3 x is n an idea to be develop$1 b a tru? to be receiv$4 ,on ! :ole1 ,i reg>d z ! mo/ important ^w 9 ! title ( my lecture1 ! ^w gradual3 :e!r we speak ( ! developm5t ( ,8 et]nal purposes & int5tions1 or ! revelation ( ,8 p]son & "*1 ! process appe>s to h be5 a gradual "o1 & 9 a c]ta9 s5se a sl[ "o3 & ?is gradualness ( op]ation may be v>i\sly e/imat$ accord+ to ! turn ( m9d & habits ( ?\ght ( him :o consid]s x3 "s w be cont5t simply to b[ _! heads & wor%ip z be+ 9 ! pres5ce ( ,him ^: ways are pa/ f9d+ out3 "s w say t t :i* ,*ri/ians believe to be ! developm5t ( ,8 purposes & ! revelation ( ,8 p]son is inconsi/5t ) _! conceptions ( ,god1 & s w reject x3 o!rs w hesitate to reject on priori gr\nds t :i*1 to say ! lea/1 admits ( a /rong argum5t 9 its fav\r1 b w confess t !y feel ! difficulties :i* h be5 urg$ aga9/ ! cre$ ( ,*ri/5dom2 & ) reg>d to t p>ticul> phase ( difficulty ) :i* ,i am pr(ess+ to deal 9 ?is lecture1 !y w say1 & p]haps say ) sadness1 t ! revelation :i* ! volume ( ,holy ,scripture purports to conta91 does n comm5d itself to _! m9ds1 z correspond+ to _! highe/ ?\ghts ( t :i* ,god might be expect$ to d 9 mak+ ,himself kn[n to man4 ,n[ x is to m9ds 9 ?is condition t consid]ations conc]n+ ! do+s ( ,god may be hopefully (f]$4 ,i d n see h[ x is possible to treat su* a subject z m9e1 if ,i consid] myself z speak+ to p]sons :o d5y ! impossibility ( revelation z di/9ct f human k3 if a revelation be impossible1 p] se1 x is useless to discuss ! qualities ( t p>ticul> =m ( revelation :i* ,*ri/ians pr(ess to h receiv$2 b if a man is will+ to receive a revelation1 & has some?+ ( ! _s indicat$ by ! words1 ,oh1 t ,i knew :]e ,i might f9d ,him1 !n x does seem to be possible to (f] "s sugge/ions :i* %all t5d to %[ t ! mann] ( revelation :i* ,holy ,scripture exhibits is 9 h>mony ) all t we "k ( our ,creator f o!r s\rces1 & t ! gradual "* ( ! ,div9e op]ations1 z exhibit$ 9 t hi/ory :i* culm9ates 9 ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 is wond]fully analog\s to ! "* ( e o!r op]ation :i* we c rightly call div9e4 ,let u !n obs]ve :at ! revelation ( ,god purports to be2 & = ! special end :i* ,i h 9 view1 ,i ?9k we may suitably divide x into ! foll[+ pr9cipal /eps3-- #a4 ,t made to ,adam & ,eve2 #b4 ,t made to ,abraham2 #c4 ,t made to ,moses2 #d4 ,t made 9 & by ,jesus ,*ri/ our ,"l4 ,let u look at ea* ( ^! = a mom5t4 ,! revelation to ,adam & ,eve is repres5t$ z be+ ( ! simple/ k9d possible4 ,9 fact x is difficult to conceive h[ any?+ beyond a v simple & p>tial revelation c\ld be possible 9 ! v infancy ( humanity4 ,x am\nts to little m ?an ! revelation ( ,god z a p]sonal gov]nor1 ^: w mu/ be obey$3 a comm& is giv52 t comm& is brok51 & a puni%m5t is inflict$2 & !n mank9d is repres5t$ z ca/ out ( ,ed5 into ! wild1 uncultivat$ _w4 ,x is necess>y to realize ! extreme simplicity ( ?is hi/ory1 & ! imp]fect "* ( ! revelation3 ! m s1 because !re is "s temptation to imag9e ,adam & ,eve z be+ 9 ! possession ( m k ?an ,scripture attributes to !m2 ,scripture 9 reality attributes no k to !m1 b r repres5ts ! tree ( k z hav+ be5 ! cause ( _! fall4 ,philosophically speak+1 we may describe ! condition ( ?+s :i* exi/$ 9 ,ed5 z be+ ! dawn ( man's religi\s consci\sness2 he has no responsibility1 & no s92 b a law is impos$ ^u him1 & ?us comes responsibility1 & ?us by ! brea* ( law comes s93 man 0 alive )\t ! law once1 b :5 ! comm&m5t came s9 reviv$1 & man di$4 ,! sacr$ hi/ory repres5ts ! _w z engag$1 s to speak1 9 work+ out ! results ( ?is primitive revelation till ! "t ( ,abraham4 ,god is repres5t$ z puni%+ ! evil & rew>d+ ! good1 ! puni%m5t ( ! evil be+ ! m conspicu\s conduct ( ! two2 ?us ,ca9 is puni%$1 ! p 9 ! days ( ,noah are puni%$1 ! build]s ( ! t[] ( ,babel are puni%$3 b ,i d n ?9k x c be said t ! be+ & "* ( ,god are any fur!r reveal$ till ! "t ( ,abraham4 ,!n we h ! new fact ( ,god call+ out a family2 grant+ to t family special promises & special privileges1 & mak+ x 7z x 77 ! depository ( ! =tunes ( ! _w4 ,probably ?is is a /ep :i* we %\ld n h expect$2 possibly x may ev5 be argu$ t x is no real /ep 9 advance2 b1 be ?is z x may1 x is repres5t$ 9 ,scripture z ! next /ep 9 ! process ( revelation2 :e!r x /rike u z /range or n1 we are compell$1 on ! hypo!sis t ,scripture conta9s ! hi/ory ( revelation1 to reg>d ,abraham & 8 family z a po9t1 a /ation1 9 ! process4 ,& s we come to ,moses4 ,i am dispos$1 h[ev]1 to reg>d ! ,mosaic revelation z diff]+ 9 degree r ?an 9 k9d f t made to ,abraham4 ,a family 0 call$ 9 ,abraham1 a nation 9 ,moses2 b 9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r1 ! =tunes ( ! :ole _w 7 b\nd up ) ! hi/ory & conduct ( a *os5 few2 ! family ( ,abraham 0 a peculi> & *os5 family1 ! ,israelites :om ,moses made into a nation 7 a peculi> & *os5 p3 ! pr9ciple 0 ! same1 namely t ( selection1 & :atev] difficulty belongs to "o case1 belongs equally to ! o!r4 ,x w\ld be a long task1 & = my purpose an unnecess>y "o1 to trace ! gradual progress ( ! revelation made 9 sundry times & 9 div]s mann]s to ! ,israeliti% *ur* & p2 beg9n+ ) ! gr& ann\ncem5t ( ! ,"n ( ,god f ! ,burn+ ,bu%1 & cont9u$ by ! decl>ation ( ! law 9 ! wild]ness1 r5d]$ visible1 s to speak1 by ! sacrificial ritual1 & exp\nd$ by prie/s & prophets1 x gradually became cle>] & cle>]1 until ! fulness ( "t came1 & ,god s5t =? ,8 ,son made ( a woman4 ,i ne$ n say t to ,*ri/ians ?is is emphatically ! revelation ( ,god--he :o has se5 ! ,son has se5 ! ,fa!r4 ,all previ\s revelations are only prep>atory = ?is2 & :5 we h receiv$ ?is1 all o!rs seem to be lo/1 j z ! moon & />s :i* %9e s brightly at night are absolutely ext+ui%$ z soon z ! sun is ris54 ,assum+ all ?is1 h[ev]1 x may be wor? :ile to rem>k1 fir/1 t ,jesus ,*ri/ expressly connect$ ,himself ) all t _h gone be=e1 say+ t ,he came n to de/roy1 b to fulfil2 & secondly1 t ,he1 l ,moses & ,abraham be=e ,him1 f\nd$ an ,greek3 ekklsia1 or *ur*1 z a depository ( ! =tunes ( mank9d1 only ) ?is diff]5ce or ext5sion ( pr9ciple1 t :]eas ! *ur* ( ,abraham 0 a family1 & ! *ur* ( ,moses 0 a nation1 ! *ur* ( ,*ri/ 0 ca?olic1 kn[+ no di/9ction ( family or nation1 b embrac+ all :o 7 will+ to take ,him z _! ,capta91 & ,8 ,cross z _! bann]4 ,?is sket*1 slight z x is1 ( ! progress ( revelation1 z pres5t$ to u 9 ,holy ,scripture1 w be abundantly suffici5t = my pres5t purpose4 ,9 consid]+ its claims to be receiv$ by mank9d1 ,i ?9k x %\ld be at once c&idly own$1 z seems inde$ to be conc$$ 9 ,holy ,scripture1 t ! me?od ( revelation is probably diff]5t f any?+ :i* we %\ld h expect$ on g5]al gr\nds ( reason4 ,p]haps x is difficult1 x may be impossible1 to say v precisely :at we %\ld h expect$2 b c]ta9ly ,i ?9k we %\ld n h expect$ to h f\nd ! pr9cipal revelations ( ,god made1 z !y are alleg$ to h be5 made1 to a select$ family1 a select$ nation1 a select$ corporate body4 ,x is only c&id to ackn[l$ge t1 f a philosophical po9t ( view1 we may "h see a great difficulty2 & ! difficulty becomes m sali5t :5 we look out ( ! n>r[ groove ( sacr$ hi/ory into ! wide hi/ory ( ! _w at l>ge4 ,!re we f9d a rem>kable gr[? ( k1 & an exhibition ( ! highe/ p[]s & gifts ( humanity1 q sep>at$ f t region :i* is ass]t$ to h be5 specially illum9at$ ) light f heav54 ,! progress ( our k ( ! lit]ature ( anci5t nations1 & a great] famili>ity ) ! ?\ghts & feel+s ( p outside ! ,*ri/ian pale1 h t5d$ to ?r[ ?is difficulty into /rong] relief3 our old acqua9tance ) ,greece & ,rome1 our m rec5t acqua9tance ) su* c\ntries z ,india & ,*9a1 h made u aw>e t1 someh[ or o!r1 great light did %9e ^u ^! c\ntries 9 old5 days1 & x is h>% to say t ! light did n come f heav54 ,let1 !re=e1 ! difficulty be frankly ackn[l$g$2 :ile at ! same "t x is also ackn[l$g$ t 9 a matt] s mu* beyond ! scope ( our faculties z t ( say+ 9 :at mann] ,god c be/ reveal ,himself to mank9d1 all difficulties dep5d+ ^u ! /rang5ess or unexpect$ness ( a me?od alleg$ to h be5 adopt$1 mu/ 9 ! nature ( ?+s be ( less ?an fir/-rate magnitude1 & mu/ give way to suffici5t evid5ce4 ,ackn[l$g+1 h[ev]1 z frankly z c be desir$1 ! difficulty "h /at$1 ,i obs]ve t !re is anyh[ a rem>kable consi/5cy 9 ! s*eme ( revelation :i* ,scripture conta9s4 ,"o /ep leads naturally to ano!r2 & look+ at ! :ole c\rse ( ,scripture hi/ory1 f ! fir/ v]se ( ! ,book ( ,g5esis to ! la/ v]se ( ! ,book ( ,revelation1 x is wond]ful 7p]haps ^u any infidel hypo!sis1 m ?an wond]ful7 h[ ! v>i\s p>ts hang toge!r1 & h[ ! beg9n+1 ! middle1 & ! end seem to dovetail !mselves toge!r into "o connect$ & consi/5t :ole4 ,i d n "k t ,i h ev] be5 m /ruck ) ?is1 ?an :5 read+ ! rec5t "w on ,! ,hi/ory & ,lit]ature ( ! ,israelites1 by ,c4 & ,a4 de ,ro?s*ild4 ,9 ?is "w we h ! advantage ( see+ ! ,old ,te/am5t exhibit$ 9 a rev]5t & lov+ _s )\t ! ,new1 & z x might h appe>$ if ,jesus ,*ri/ _h n be5 born4 ,any "o read+ ! book w\ld be impell$ to say t ! influ5ce ( ! lit]ature ( ! ,israelites mu/ be = ! improvem5t & enlight5m5t ( mank9d2 b ! que/ions press ^u ! m9d ( ! read]--at lea/ !y did ^u m9e--,:at does all ?is lead to8 ,:at has become ( ^! ,israelites8 & :at is ! mean+ ( ! language ( _! prophets8 ,9 fact1 ! book seems to put ! read] v mu* 9 ! position ( ! ,e?iopian nobleman 9 ! ,book ( ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 :o 0 prep>$ by read+ "s ( ! lit]ature ( ! ,israelites to receive f ,philip ! evangeli/ ! prea*+ ( ! "n ( ,jesus4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t seems exactly to fit ^u ! ,old2 & t gradual progress ( revelation :i* we notice 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 seems to lead up to1 & f9d its completion & explanation 91 ! hi/ory :i* is conta9$ 9 ! ,new4 ,on ! :ole1 look+ at ! s*eme ( revelation z x appe>s 9 ,scripture1 & z x has be5 illu/rat$ by hi/ory1 bo? pr(ane & sacr$1 ,i believe t ,i disc]n ^! features4 ,i see ! k ( ,god em]g+ f v obscure beg9n+s1 & imp>t$ 9 v unexpect$ ways2 ,i see1 h[ev]1 t ?is k does someh[ or ano!r n m]ely rema9 ) mank9d1 b increase & become cle>] & m influ5tial2 ,i see a p>ticul> family & nation select$ = ! reception & spread ( ?is k1 & ! family & nation s select$1 aft] go+ ?r\gh mu* education & _m vicissitudes1 produc+ at l5g? ,"o 9 :om ! :ole hi/ory appe>s to culm9ate1 & !n disappe>+ f all position ( influ5ce ^u ! =tunes ( ! _w except ?r\gh ?is "o pre-em95t memb]4 ,/ill fur!r1 ,i p]ceive1 & x is absolutely impossible = ! mo/ sceptical to d5y1 t ! "n ( ?is rem>kable memb] ( ! select$ family & nation has be5 ! mo/ pot5t t has ev] be5 nam$1 & t ,8 influ5ce 9 ! _w has be5 & is f> great]1 m ext5d$1 & m int5se 9 its action1 ?an any o!r influ5ce :i* has ev] be5 br\ght to be> ^u ! human he>t & m9d4 ,ev5 9 ! "w to :i* ,i ref]r$ j n[1 9 :i* ! ,old ,te/am5t alone comes "u consid]ation1 ! dates ( ! hi/ory are giv5 by ref]5ce to ! bir? ( ,jesus ,*ri/2 & :atev] view m5 may be dispos$ to take ( ! m my/]i\s & transc5d5tal allegations conc]n+ ! life ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 x is impossible to d5y t ! civilization & improvem5t ( ! _w1 & ! purification ( human society & ! l1 are m connect$ ) ,8 ,"n ?an ) t ( any o!r philosoph] or tea*] or lead] ( mank9d4 ,:5 ,i say t x is impossible to d5y ?is1 ,i am ( c\rse aw>e t x has be5 d5i$1 & t !re are & h be5 p]sons :o h ass]t$ t ,*ri/ianity has n only n be5 t :i* ,*ri/ians believe x to h be51 b has be5 positively detrim5tal to human progress2 b :at ,i mean is1 t to make ! d5ial to :i* ,i ref]1 is s contr>y to ! g5]al v]dict ( mank9d t x is h>d = any "o to make x1 & impossible = any "o :o is at all likely to be influ5c$ by any?+ t ,i c say4 ,= ^? :o are at all likely to be influ5c$ are p]sons :o are sceptical1 n ^? :o are antagoni/ic2 a man may d\bt--:o has n d\bt$8--& a man may be tortur$ by 8 d\bts1 & x may be possible to relieve him2 b ,i see no probability ( help+ t man :o has come to ! conclusion t ! influ5ce ( ,jesus ,*ri/ has be5 a mis*iev\s & ob/ructive influ5ce 9 ! hi/ory ( human progress2 ) su* a man1 ,i1 at lea/1 z a ,*ri/ian apologi/1 d n feel t ,i h any common gr\nd4 ,tak+ !n ! view ( revelation to :i* ,i h ref]r$ z be+ t conta9$ 9 ,holy ,scripture1 & ackn[l$g+ t su* a view pres5ts difficulties to ?\ghtful & inquir+ m9ds1 ,i wi% to exam9e & see :e!r we _c f9d "s help t[>ds a "r appreciation ( ,god's me?od ( revelation by exam9+ ! c\rse ( nature1 or t :i* is suppos$ to be its c\rse4 ,& :5 we look to nature ) ?is purpose1 x is impossible n to be /ruck by ?is g5]al fact1 namely1 t gradualness ( developm5t appe>s to be a univ]sal law4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! orig9al design ( ! ,creator 7= ,i assume t !re 0 an orig9al design7 has be5 c>ri$ out1 s f> f be+ sudd51 has be5 v sl[2#fc & m ?an ?is1 ! me?od ( op]ation has be5 frequ5tly su* z we %\ld sc>cely h expect$1 & greatly oppos$ to ^? notions ( creative maje/y :i* mo/ ( u are v mu* dispos$ to preconceive4 ,9 ord] to put ?is cle>ly be=e y1 let me call y\r att5tion to ! v picturesque & poetical view ( creation1 conta9$ 9 ,*ateaubri&'s ,g5ie du ,*ri/ianisme4 ,t "w appe>$ aft] ! explosion ( ! volcano ( ! fir/ great ,fr5* revolution1 & 0 int5d$ to reconcile ! m9ds ( m51 we>y ) ! infidelity & a!ism :i* _h s long be5 rampant1 to ! views ( ,god conta9$ 9 ,holy ,scripture1 & ma9ta9$ by ,*ri/ians4 ,writ+ ) ?is purpose1 ,m4 ,*ateaubri& tells u t we may conceive ( ! ,creator z hav+ call$ ! _w into exi/5ce 9 a condition z complete1 & hav+ z _m m>ks ( antiquity1 z we n[ see ab\t u3 :5 ?is e>? 0 creat$ !re w\ld be already anci5t =e/s1 & abundance ( animals1 "s 9 _! maturity1 o!rs danc+ ab\t 9 ! frisk9ess ( y\?2 ! trees w\ld be furni%$ ) birds' ne/s1 & ! cr[s & pigeons w\ld be hat*+ _! eggs1 or t5d+ _! "y2 ! butt]flies & mo?s w\ld be sport+ on ! plants2 ! bees w\ld be mak+ honey f ! new-=m$ fl[]s2 ! %eep w\ld be foll[$ by _! lambs2 & ! night+ales w\ld be a/oni%+ !mselves ) _! fir/1 yet p]fect songs1 9 all ! groves4 ,f9ally1 ,adam w\ld be a man ( ?irty1 & ,eve a girl ( sixte54 ,)\t ?is orig9al antiquity1 says our au?or1 !re w\ld h be5 nei!r pomp nor maje/y 9 ! "w ( ! ,et]nal2 &1 :i* c\ld n well be1 nature 9 h] innoc5ce w\ld h be5 less fair ?an %e is n[ 9 h] corruption4 ,an insipid infancy ( plants1 animals1 elem5ts1 w\ld h cr[n$ a _w devoid ( poetry4#fd ,no d\bt ?is description is any?+ b devoid ( poetry2 x is p]haps ! only way 9 :i* a poet w\ld be dispos$ to conceive ( creation2 x is difficult to imag9e ! music ( ,haydn set to any o!r description ( ! creative "w2 b und\bt$ly x is n sci5tific1 &1 :at is m1 x is n ,scriptural4 ,*ateaubri& no m got 8 picture ( creation f ! ,book ( ,g5esis ?an ,erne/ ,rnan got 8 picture ( ,jesus ,*ri/ f ! f\r ,gospels2 & t !re may be no mi/ake ab\t ?is latt] po9t1 let me ask y to obs]ve t ! mo/ m>k$ & sali5t feature ( ! ,bible picture ( creation is ! gradualness ( ! creative "w4 ,i d n say t ! picture is n poetical2 ,i believe x to be q z poetical z t :i* ,*ateaubri& w\ld sub/itute = x1 & ,i q admit t x ought to be reg>d$ f a poetical r ?an a sci5tific po9t ( view2 /ill gradualness ( developm5t is ! mo/ m>k$ & sali5t ( its features3 fir/1 a *aos ( matt] )\t life2 !n vegetable life2 !n ! l[] =ms ( animal life2 !n mammals2 & la/ly1 man4 ,no "o c d5y t ^! & o!r /eps1 spread ov] ! "t :i* is indicat$ by ! my/]i\s creative days1 d toge!r make up ! ,bible hi/ory ( physical creation2 & no "o c fail to p]ceive t ! ord] ( proce$+ is z diff]5t z possible f t describ$ by ! ,fr5* apologi/4 ,accord+ to ?is latt] view1 creation />ts =?1 ,m9]va-l1 f ! m9d ( ,god2 accord+ to ,scripture1 ! "w is expressly gradual & presumably sl[4 ,we are s accu/om$ to ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis1 t ,i ?9k we sometimes sc>cely p]ceive its peculi>ities2 b suppose t ! rev]se ord] ( arrangem5t _h be5 adopt$1 & t man 9 def]5ce to 8 dignity _h be5 repres5t$ z com+ 9 fir/1 & t o!r creatures _h be5 repres5t$ z be+ made aft]w>ds = 8 use & pleasure1 w\ld n ?is h made a radical *ange1 & introduc$ an enorm\s sci5tific difficulty8 ,i rememb] once be+ told by a p]son1 :o held /rong views ) reg>d to ! dang]\s "* ( ! conclusions ( geology1 t x seem$ to him absolutely incr$ible t a p]iod %\ld h exi/$ :5 ! e>? 0 inhabit$ by no?+ b fi%es1 reptiles1 & ! l2 yet ?is is precisely :at ,scripture affirms to h be5 ! fact2 & if ! creative "w _h be5 conclud$ ) ! fif? day1 !re w\ld h be5 no mammals ^u ! e>?1 & no man4 ,gradualness 9 creative "w1 !re=e1 is s f> f be+ contr>y to ! indications ( ,god's me?od giv5 9 ,scripture1 t x is "o ( ! few ?+s :i* /& out f ! scriptural acc\nt ) und5iable prom95ce4 ,t ?is same feature is n less prom95t 9 ! results ( all ! physical sci5ces1 x w\ld take m "t & m ability to demon/rate ?an are at my comm&2 nev]!less x is necess>y t ,i %\ld ask y k9dly to accompany me1 :ile ,i endeav\r to %[ y t ! conclusions ( sci5ce1 & ev5 ! guesses ( sci5tific m51 po9t to ?is conclusion1 & t5d to make unt5able any objections to ! revelation ( ,god conta9$ 9 ,scripture1 on ! gr\nd ( ! gradual mann] 9 :i* t revelation is alleg$ to h be5 made4 ,! g5]al evid5ce ( geology is famili> probably to mo/ ( u1 & x is only ! g5]al evid5ce ) :i* ,i c desire to deal on su* an occasion z ?is2 b pray obs]ve t :ile ! p>ticul> conclusions ( geology1 l ^? ( o!r physical sci5ces1 are liable to cont9u$ modification & am5dm5t1 ! g5]al drift ( ! conclusions is suffici5tly cle> & c]ta94 ,no "o c d\bt1 = in/ance1 ! great antiquity ( our globe1 & ! fact t x has gone ?r\gh successive *anges ) reg>d to ! "* ( its surface1 ! nature ( its inhabitants1 & ! l4 ,und\bt$ly !re 0 a "t :5 civiliz$ m5 did n dwell ^u x2 und\bt$ly !re 0 a /ill m di/ant p]iod :5 m5 did n dwell ^u x 9 any =m1 civiliz$ or unciviliz$2 p]haps !re 0 a p]iod ev5 m di/ant1 :5 life 0 n to be f\nd ^u ! e>?'s surface at all4 ,& physical a/ronomy w take u ev5 beyond geology1 & w make x probable t ! e>? 0 orig9ally 9 a fluid condition1 9 :i* f ! excessive temp]ature no =m ( life c\ld h exi/$4 ,few problems are m curi\s ?an t :i* d$uces ! pres5t figure ( our globe f ! hypo!sis ( orig9al fluidity4 ,take a mass ( fluid1 & set x revolv+ sl[ly ab\t an axis1 z our e>? revolves1 & x c be %[n t x w assume su* a =m z t :i* our e>? has4 ,i d n lay /ress ^u ! rem>kable num]ical co9cid5ce ( ! ellipticity ( ! e>?1 z d]iv$ by ,laplace f !ory1 ) t :i* is discov]$ by obs]vation1 because ?is involves c]ta9 arbitr>y hypo!ses2 b tak+ ^? results :i* involve no?+ arbitr>y at all1 x is almo/ impossible n to believe t ! e>? 0 at "o "t a hot fluid mass1 & t x has gradually cool$ d[n & h>d5$ into its pres5t p]man5t condition4 ,look ^u ! e>? !n z be+ once 9 ?is hot fluid condition4 ,x turns sl[ly r\nd ^u its axis & cools4 ,i _c trace ! :ole ( ! process1 b be=e x arriv$ at its pres5t condition !re mu/ h be5 crack+s & bur/+s & eruptions2 & s cont95ts & isl&s & m\nta9s w\ld be =m$2 b ^u ! :ole1 ev5 9 ! wilde/ times1 ! process w\ld be v g5tle1 = ! highe/ m\nta9s on ! e>?'s surface are b z ! d[n ^u ! surface ( a pea*4 ,!n ^u ?is globe appe> creatures suit$ to its condition2 & ! eye :i* c\ld h wat*$ ! _w 9 its progress w\ld h se5 animals ( successively high] types occupy+ ! e>?'s surface1 till at l5g? t surface 0 spott$ ) cities built by ! h& ( man1 & ! ocean /udd$ ) 8 %ips4 ,x is impossible to guess ! "t :i* mu/ h elaps$ betwe5 ! epo* :5 ! e>? 0 a hot revolv+ mass ( fluid1 & ! epo* 9 :i* we live2 nei!r is x v possible to say1 ?\gh x is possible to guess1 :at w\ld h be5 ! successive sc5es pres5t$ by ! e>? to ! eye :i* %\ld h witness$ ! :ole ( ! *anges2 b :atev] may h be5 ! nature ( ! *anges1 ?is conclusion is inevitable1 namely1 t !re has be5 a progression ( "s k9d f ! fluidity ( ! primval dead revolv+ mass to ! inhabit$ _w ( ?is n9ete5? c5tury2 x matt]s n = my argum5t :e!r ! progression1 s f> z animal life is conc]n$1 has be5 due to natural selection1 or to su* a process z t advocat$ by ! au?or ( ,ve/iges ( ,creation1 or to successive & di/9ct creative acts2 ! fact holds good1 ^u any hypo!sis1 t ! ,almighty ,creator has produc$ t univ]se :i* we see1 n by "o act1 b by a gradual & app>5tly v sl[ creative process1 :e!r cont9u\s or discont9u\s x matt]s n = my purpose to inquire4 ,n[ ?is c\rse ( nature is /rik+ly analog\s to t gradual mode ( proce$+ :i* is alleg$ to belong to revelation2 & any difficulty :i* belongs to "o appe>s to atta* equally to ! o!r4 ,nay1 if we are to give any weight to ! mo/ rec5t physical speculations1 x may be fairly argu$ t ! difficulties connect$ ) revelation are b z trifles comp>$ ) ^? :i* nature pres5ts4 ,i ref] to ^? views ( :i* ! late/ exposition is to be f\nd 9 ,mr4 ,d>w9's ,desc5t ( ,man4 ,let me t\* ^u ^? views = a mom5t4 ,x seems t ! e>ly prog5itors ( man 7 once cov]$ ) hair1 bo? sexes hav+ be>ds2 _! e>s 7 po9t$ & capable ( movem5t2 & _! bodies 7 provid$ ) a tail1 hav+ ! prop] muscles4444 ,! males 7 provid$ ) great can9e tee?1 :i* s]v$ !m z =midable weapons4444 ,at a /ill e>li] p]iod1 ! prog5itors ( man mu/ h be5 aquatic 9 _! habits4 ,& la/ly1 ! mo/ anci5t prog5itors 9 ! k+dom ( ! ,v]tebrata1 at :i* we are able to obta9 an obscure glance1 app>5tly consi/$ ( a gr\p ( m>9e animals resembl+ ! l>v ( exi/+ ascidians4 ,?is is c]ta9ly a some:at al>m+ conclusion2 look+ h[ev] to ! asc5t 7= s ,i ?9k x ought to be call$7 r ?an ! desc5t1 x w\ld seem to be ! view ( "s ( our advanc$ natural inve/igators1 t ! m>9e animals 9 "q produc$ c]ta9 l[ly organiz$ fi%es2 ^! produc$ ganoids & ! l2 ^! produc$ amphibians2--"h !re seems to be a difficulty--,no "o1 writes ,mr4 ,d>w91 c at pres5t say by :at l9e ( desc5t ! ?ree high] & relat$ classes1 namely1 mammals1 birds1 & reptiles1 7 d]iv$ f ei!r ( ! two l[] v]tebrate classes1 namely1 amphibians & fi%es4 ,h[ev]1 once get to ! mammals1 & all difficulty ceases3 ! ,monotremata produc$ ! ,m>supials2 ^! ! plac5tal ,mammals3 ?us we come to ! ,lemurid1 & f !m ! int]val is n great to ! ,simiad2 ! ,simiad bran*$ (f into two great /ems1--! ,new ,_w & ,old ,_w ,monkeys2 & f ! latt] at a remote p]iod1 ,man1 ! wond] & glory ( ! univ]se1 proce$$4#fe ,( ?is p$igree1 :i*1 if n ( noble quality1 is ( prodigi\s l5g?1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 tells u we ne$ n feel a%am$4 ,p]haps n2 ?\gh c]ta9ly ! n]ves ( any "o unaccu/om$ to an?ropological inve/igations may be excus$ = trembl+ slightly z he he>s x recit$2 b ! po9t :i* ,i wi% to press is ?is1 t suppos+ 7= argum5t's sake7 ?is view ( man's orig91 or any?+ l x1 to be true1 x is impossible to imag9e a m ?or\gh case ( gradual developm5t2 !re is no?+ 9 ! religi\s hi/ory ( mank9d z exp\nd$ 9 ,holy ,scripture s amaz+ly m>vell\s z t :i* is conta9$ 9 ?is physical hi/ory2 & c]ta9ly ^? :o are prep>$ to receive ! ,d>w9ian view ( ! developm5t ( man's body1 ought n to f9d any?+ to (f5d !m on ! gr\nd ( improbability 9 ! ,scriptural acc\nt ( ! revelation made by ,god to ! human s\l4 ,i d n "k to :at ext5t ,mr4 ,d>w9's views are likely to be p]man5t2 b suppos+ t !y1 or any view ( ! same class1 %\ld ev5tually ov]come all exi/+ difficulties1 & be g5]ally reg>d$ z repres5t+ ! process by :i* x has pleas$ ,god to br+ ab\t man's physical & m5tal supremacy1 !n x c h>dly seem /range t ! same ,god %\ld h adopt$ a c\rse ( progress & developm5t 9 ! spiritual & religi\s _w4 ,i say1 emphatically1 if x has pleas$ ,god to act ?us2 because if ,i accept ! hypo!sis ( ! nebul> orig9 ( planet>y sy/ems1 or ! supposition ( ! e>? be+ a fluid globe gradually cool$1 or ev5 ! ass]tion t our mo/ anci5t prog5itors 7 m>9e animals1 ,i mu/ d s ) ! und]ly+ assumption t x has pleas$ ,god s to "w4 ,i d n f9d fault ) sci5tific m5 = n putt+ _! !ories 9 ?is =m2 b look+ at ! "q f a religi\s1 or ev5 f a philosophical1 po9t ( view1 ,i _c cons5t to lose sight ( ,god1 z ! intellig5t mak] ( ! :ole4 ,if ?is e>? 0 orig9ally a fluid mass1 !n ,i believe t t 0 ! be/1 or1 = any?+ ,i "k to ! contr>y1 ! only way ( mak+ a _w2 if ! m>9e animals1 :i* ,mr4 ,d>w9 sees ?r\gh 8 sci5tific telescope1 did become fi%1 & ^? fi% ev5tually became m51 !n ,i believe t t 0 ! be/1 or1 = any?+ ,i "k to ! contr>y1 ! only way ( mak+ m52 & ?is be+ s1 :y may ,i n deal 9 ! same mann] ) ! alleg$ c\rse ( man's spiritual hi/ory8 ,i h 9 my h&s some?+ :i* purports to be a revelation to my intellect1 & to my s\l1 ( ! ,god :o made me3 t revelation is conta9$ 9 a hi/ory :i* tells me t ,god spake at sundry times & 9 div]s mann]s to ! p ( old5 "t1 & t f9ally ,he spake by ,"o :o is call$ ,8 ,son4 ,n[ ,i d n say t ?is revelation is or is n a real "o2 b ,i d say t !re is no?+ to r5d] u suspici\s ( its reality 9 ! fact t x has be5 communicat$ gradually1 t x has gr[n z ! human race has gr[n1 & t "s ( ! /eps 9 ! process ( revelation appe> /range1 or ev51 at fir/ sight1 unwor?y ( ! gr& s*eme ( :i* !y =m a "p4 ,no "o has a "r to f9d fault on ?is gr\nd :o has read ! lessons ( natural sci5ce1 & obs]v$ h[ x po9ts to gradual progression z a *>act]i/ic ( ! do+s ( ,god4 ,lea/ ( all c !y f9d fault on ?is gr\nd1 :o receive 9 :ole1 or ev5 9 "p1 ! rec5t !ories conc]n+ ! orig9 ( man4 ,i w n und]take to answ] = ^? /ud5ts :o h gone deeply into ^! physical que/ions2 b ,i d ass]t1 )\t fe> ( contradiction1 t to m5 ( ord9>y education1 & ord9>y habits ( ?\ght1 ! difficulties ( accept+ ,scripture z ! revelation ( ,god to ! human s\l1 h[ev] mu* ^? difficulties may be exp\nd$ or ev5 exagg]at$1 are absolutely no?+ z comp>$ ) ! difficulty ( accept+ rec5t views ( man's prodigi\s p$igree4 ,! fact is1 t x is n s mu* ! process by :i* a result has be5 br\ght ab\t1 z ! result itself1 :i* is ! all-important ?+4 ,:atev] may h be5 ! hi/ory ( our e>? 9 ! d>k dim di/ance ( incalculable ages1 we "k t its pres5t condition is v beautiful1 & t x answ]s admirably well ! purpose = :i* x seems to h be5 orig9ally design$1 namely1 t ( s]v+ = ! resid5ce ( intellig5t man2 & :atev] may h be5 ! process by :i* t creative "w 0 consummat$1 :i* is describ$ 9 ,scripture z ! mak+ ( man out ( ! du/1 & brea?+ into 8 no/rils ! brea? ( life1 we "k t man is high above all ! re/ ( creation1 & wor?y ( be+ spok5 ( z be+ made 9 ! image ( ,god4 ,& s 9 ! case ( man's spiritual hi/ory1 we ne$ n be ov]-c>eful to criticize ! sev]al /eps :5 we are able to see ! result2 ! "q is1 n s mu* :e!r ! /eps ( ,god :i* we trace 9 ,old ,te/am5t hi/ory be su* /eps z we %\ld imag9e t ! ,mo/ ,high w\ld h left1 z :e!r ! my/]y ( ! ,inc>nation1 & ! tru? t ,god has spok5 to u by ,8 own ,son1 be n wor?y ( all acceptation4 ,if ,*ri/ be wor?y ( our adoration & love1 !n1 ?\gh ! way may h be5 long1 & /range1 & d>k1 & sometimes ev5 we>y1 yet we may be sure t x is ! "r way1 because x has l$ u to ,him4 ,= !re is ?is fur!r analogy betwe5 nature & revelation1 namely1 t 9 ea* ! progress is n indef9ite1 b t5ds to a limit4 ,:atev] !ory be adopt$ ) reg>d to ! hi/ory ( ! e>?1 we seem to see 9 its pres5t settl$ condition ! limit t[>ds :i* ev]y?+ has be5 mov+ 9 pa/ geological ages2 & ev5 if man has be5 a progressive animal1 & has only gradually atta9$ 8 pres5t physical p]fection1 ,i presume x is n anticipat$ t ! process ( natural selection1 or any o!r process1 w c>ry him beyond ! po9t :i* he has n[ rea*$4 ,or1 if we take ! div9e picture ( creation1 we see ! creative "w t5d+ f ! limit ( *aos to ! limit ( man2 !n physics cease & religion beg9s1 & we he> utt]ances ( ! voice ( ,god beg9n+ ) :isp]s1 & becom+ m & m di/9ct1 until we are p]mitt$ to li/5 to div9e oracles utt]$ by human lips4 ,beyond ?is ! dreams ( philosophy1 & ! aspirations ( ! human he>t1 & ! long+s ( ! we>y & heavy-lad5 _c c>ry our ?\ghts or raise our desires4 ,^? :o are acqua9t$ ) ,bi%op ,butl]'s great "w w p]ceive t ,i h n[ be5 endeav\r+--h[ imp]fectly no "o kn[s bett] ?an myself--to apply to ! "q ( ! gradual developm5t ( revelation1 ^? pr9ciples ( reason+ :i* ,bi%op ,butl] has taught u to use4 ,i 0 v sorry to see x /at$ 9 ! evid5ce tak5 be=e ! select committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,lords on ,univ]sity ,te/s1 t ,bi%op ,butl]'s ,analogy 0 out ( fa%ion 9 ,ox=d4#ff ,i tru/ t ! witness only int5d$ to ass]t t ! ,analogy 0 n n[ s commonly *os5 = exam9ations z =m]ly1 = x w be an evil day = u all :5 ! me?od ( reason+ :i* ,bi%op ,butl] taught u %all be out ( fa%ion ) ?9k+ p4 ,9 tru?1 ! advantage ( ! me?od is t1 prop]ly speak+1 x nev] c be out ( fa%ion2 x is l ! me?od ( ,euclid1 or t ( ! ,diff]5tial ,calculus2 x is an organum1 an in/rum5t1 a ma*9e1 :i* may be appli$ 9 all ! v>y+ circum/ances ( !ological controv]sy1 & to almo/ all religi\s difficulties4 ,= ! pr9ciple ( ! me?od is ?is4 ,y f9d c]ta9 difficulties 9 t :i* pr(esses to be a revelation ( ,god2 y ?9k to get rid ( ^! difficulties by d5y+ ! revelation2 w y succe$ 9 do+ s8 ,n if y f9d precisely analog\s difficulties 9 ! c\rse ( nature2 unless y g fur!r1 & d5y n only t !re is a ,god ( revelation1 b a ,god ( nature too4 ,nay1 ! argum5t c>ries y beyond ?is po9t1 & sugge/s to y t if !re be difficulties 9 ,god's natural _w1 & if ,he be pleas$ to reveal ! spiritual _w to u1 !n we ought to expect to f9d ! same g5]al me?od ( proce$+ 9 matt]s spiritual :i* we h be5 able to obs]ve 9 ! natural _w4 ,i q admit t ?is reason+ has no =ce = ! man :o says ,!re is no ,god2 he mu/ be dealt ) 9 ano!r way2 b x has =ce & x has com=t = ! d\bt+ inquir+ s\l1 by assur+ x t x c f9d a logical re/+-place1 & t ! refuge f ! mis]y ( blank & hopeless a!ism is to be f\nd 9 simple fai? 9 ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/4#fg ,) ! a!i/1 ,i hone/ly confess1 t ,i h little or no sympa?y2 c]ta9ly ,i %\ld n ?9k x wor? :ile to compose a lecture int5d$ = 8 special beho(4 ,i %\ld feel dispos$ r to s5d him = 8 answ] to ! f\rte5? & fifty-?ird ,psalms4 ,! difficulty ( suppos+ ! framework ( ! univ]se to h _h no ar*itect1 appe>s to me to be s great1 s absolutely immeasurable1 t ! man :o c fancy t he has got ov] x mu/1 z ,i believe1 ei!r n h und]/ood ! difficulty1 or else h deceiv$ himself z to 8 p[] ( solv+ x2 anyh[1 ,i feel t he has cut away all gr\nd ( argum5t1 z betwe5 him & me4 ,n s ! man ^: m9d is sceptically incl9$4 ,be x ev] rememb]$ t ! ^w sceptic is d]iv$ f a ^w :i* means to look or to see--x is ! same ^w :i* =ms ! root ( ! ^w bi%op or ov]se]2 & accord+ly !re is no?+ radically reproa*ful 9 ! "n ( sceptic4 ,x implies t a man is det]m9$ to look into matt]s = himself1 n to tru/ e ass]tion1 n to repeat a p>rot cre$2 & s f> z ?is det]m9ation is conc]n$1 x is high & noble1 & is 9 fact ! v root & spr+ ( all human k2 b :o c wond] if look+ %\ld lead to d\bt+1 & t s ! "n ( sceptic %\ld popul>ly imply1 n ! man :o looks & believes1 b ! man :o looks & d\bts8 ,& ,i am n a%am$ to confess t ,i h mu* sympa?y ) ?is sceptical frame ( m9d4 ,n only is x closely connect$ ) a noble in/9ct ( inquiry & se>* = tru? :i* ,god has implant$ 9 ! human m9d1 b also1 z ,i believe1 x is well-nigh impossible t an inquir+ m9d %\ld deal s]i\sly ) religi\s subjects & rema9 entirely free f d\bt4 ,9 my op9ion1 ! am\nt ( scepticism :i* has1 dur+ "s p]iod ( 8 life1 occupi$ ! m9d ( ea* ?\ghtful e>ne/ man1 w be m]ely a "q ( degree2 :ile1 at ! same "t1 ,i mo/ s9c]ely believe t scepticism ought n to be1 & ne$ n be ! la/+ condition ( ! human s\l1 & t all d\bts may be made to vani% 9 ! light :i* ,god has giv5 to light5 e man :o is born into ! _w4 ,i "k n :at may be ! condition ( m9d ( ^? to :om ,i h be5 speak+ to-day4 ,i presume ! hope ( ! ,*ri/ian ,evid5ce ,society is t "s p]sons :o feel practically ! pressure ( d\bt & unbelief1 w come & see :e!r any ( _! difficulties c be resolv$ by ?is c\rse ( ,lectures4 ,if !re be su* 9 ?is company1 ,i beg !m1 9 conclud+ ?is ,lecture1 to believe t !y h be5 li/5+ to "o :o does n wi% to treat _! speculative difficulties z trifles1 b :o w\ld consid] x z an unspeakable privilege to be able to help a d\bt+ bro!r to get rid ( 8 d\bts1 & to ex*ange !m = ! /eady assurance ( fai? 9 ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,,! ,,alleg$ ,,hi/orical ,,difficulties ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,& ,,new ,,te/am5ts1 ,,& ,,! ,,light ,,?r[n ,,on ,,!m ,,by ,,mod]n ,,discov]ies4 ,,by ,,! ,,rev4 ,,george ,,rawl9son1 ,m4,a41 ,,camd5 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,anci5t ,,hi/ory1 ,,ox=d4 ,,! ,,alleg$ ,,hi/orical ,,difficulties ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,& ,,new ,,te/am5ts4 ,9 address+ y on ! hi/orical difficulties ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts--a l>ge subject1 :i* x w be h>d to treat adequately )9 ! "t all[$ to me--,i mu/ 9 ! fir/ place premise1 t ) difficulties :i* lie on ! v]ge or outskirts ( ! hi/oric field1 on ! debatable gr\nd betwe5 ,sci5ce & ,hi/ory1 ,i d n on ! pres5t occasion pr(ess to deal4 ,que/ions z to ! orig9 ( man1 :e!r by developm5t or by direct creation1 :e!r f "o pair or f m2 que/ions z to 8 primval condition1 8 possession f ! fir/ ( ! faculty ( spee*1 8 orig9al savag]y or civilisation1 & ! l1 lie 7,i ?9k7 beyond ! doma9 ( hi/ory prop]1 belong+ to :at has be5 prop]ly t]m$ ! pre-hi/oric p]iod ( our race1 & s n com+ )9 ! t]ms ( ! subject on :i* ,i h und]tak5 to speak to-day4 ,hi/ory deals ) man f ! "t to :i* writt5 records rea* back4 ,hi/orical difficulties arise f div]g5ce1 real or app>5t1 betwe5 ! diff]5t acc\nts conta9$ 9 ^? records4 ,n[ ! pr(ane records1 to :i* any mod]n critical s*ool w\ld attribute an hi/orical value1 d n rea* back )9 _m ages ( ! orig9 ( man1 & ?us no hi/orical difficulty c arise ) respect to ^! primitive times4 ,x is only :5 we desc5d to an age ( records1 :5 ! app>5tly au!ntic acc\nts ( anci5t c\ntries pres]v$ to our day c be comp>$ ) ! ,scriptural n>rative t difficulty arises & t ei!r agreem5t or disagreem5t c be %[n4 ,! fir/ difficulty1 really hi/orical1 :i* meets u :5 we op5 ! volume ( ,scripture1 is ! %ortness ( ! "t into :i* all hi/ory is 7or at any rate appe>s to be7 compress$1 by ! *ronological /atem5ts1 especially ^? ( ,g5esis4 ,! exodus ( ! ,jews is fix$ by _m consid]ations to ab\t ! fifte5? or sixte5? c5tury be=e our era4 ,! p]iod betwe5 ! ,flood & ! ,exodus1 accord+ to ! numb]s ( our ,engli% v]sion1 b a v little exce$s a ?\s& ye>s4 ,consequ5tly1 x has be5 usual to reg>d ,scripture z au?oritatively lay+ x d[n t all mank9d sprang f a s+le pair )9 tw5ty-five or tw5ty-six c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 & !re=e t all hi/ory1 & n only s1 b all ! *anges by :i* ! v>i\s races ( m5 7 =m$1 by :i* languages develop$ into _! num]\s & div]se types1 by :i* civilization & art em]g$ & gradually p]fect$ !mselves1 are %ut up )9 ! n>r[ space ( #b1ejj or #b1fjj ye>s be=e ! bir? ( our ,"l4 ,n[ ?is "t is said ) reason to be q insuffici5t4 ,egypt & ,babylonia h hi/ories1 z settl$ k+doms1 :i* rea* back 7accord+ to ! mo/ mod]ate ( mod]n critical hi/orians7 to ab\t ! "t at :i* ! numb]s ( our ,engli% ,bible place ! ,deluge4 ,consid]able div]sities ( language c be prov$ to h exi/$ at t date2 m>k$ly diff]5t physical types appe> n mu* subsequ5tly2 civilization 9 ,egypt has1 ab\t ! ,pyramid p]iod1 :i* few n[ place lat] ?an ,b4,c4 #b1dej1 an advanc$ "*2 ! arts exi/ ne>ly 9 ! %ape 9 :i* !y 7 kn[n 9 ! c\ntry at its mo/ fl\ri%+ p]iod4 ,cle>ly1 a consid]able space is want$ ant]ior to ! pyramid age = ! gradual developm5t ( ,egyptian life into ! condition :i* ! monum5ts %[ to h be5 !n rea*$4 ,?is space ! numb]s ( our ,engli% ,bible d n all[4 ,su* is ! difficulty4 ,n[ h[ is x to be met8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 c&\r %\ld 7,i ?9k7 induce all ^? :o urge x to let _! read]s1 or he>]s1 "k t a special unc]ta9ty atta*es to ! numb]s 9 "q1 f ! fact t !y are giv5 diff]5tly 9 ! diff]5t anci5t v]sions4 ,we possess ! ,p5tateu* 9 ?ree v anci5t =ms1 9 ,hebrew1 9 ! ,greek v]sion kn[n z ! ,septuag9t1 & 9 ,sam>itan4 ,our ,engli% numb]s repres5t ^? ( ! ,hebrew text4 ,! numb]s ( ! ,septuag9t & ! ,sam>itan v]sion are diff]5t4 ,^? ( ! ,sam>itan v]sion ext5d ! p]iod betwe5 ! ,deluge & ! bir? ( ,abraham f ! #bib ye>s ( ! ,hebrew text to #idb ye>s1--an addition ( six c5turies & a half--:ile ^? ( ! ,septuag9t1 accord+ to "s copies1 give #a1jgb ye>s z ! int]val1 accord+ to o!rs #a1agb ye>s1 ?us increas+ ! p]iod betwe5 ! ,deluge & ,abraham by a space ( ne>ly eight1 or ne>ly n9e c5turies4 ,n[ if ! ,greek1 or ev5 if ! ,sam>itan1 numb]s are ! "r ones1 if !y repres5t1 t is1 ! orig9al text1 x may be que/ion$ :e!r any?+ m is want$4 ,x may be que/ion$ :e!r a t]m ( f six to eight c5turies is n en\gh = ! production ( t /ate ( ?+s :i* we f9d exi/+ 9 ,babylonia & 9 ,egypt :5 ! light ( hi/ory fir/ dawns ^u !m1 :e!r )9 t space might n h be5 produc$ su* a /ate ( civilization1 s mu* progress 9 art1 su* diff]5ces ( physical type1 & su* div]sities ( language z appe> to h exi/$ at t p]iod4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! ultimate v]dict ( calm reason1 & rigid sci5tific inquiry %\ld be aga9/ ?is view1 if m "t seem to be absolutely want$ = ! developm5t ( settl$ gov]nm5t1 ( art1 sci5ce1 language1 e?nical div]sities1 v>ieties ( physical type1 & ! l1 ?an ev5 ! enl>g$ *ronology ( ! ,septuag9t all[s1 !n ,i %\ld n be afraid to grant t ! orig9al record ( ,scripture on ?is po9t may h be5 lo/1 & t1 z x is c]ta9 t we _c possess ! actual *ronological s*eme ( ,moses 9 m ?an "o ( ! ?ree extant v]sions ( 8 words :i* h come to u ) almo/ equal au?ority1 s x is q possible t we may n posses 8 real s*eme 9 any4 ,no?+ 9 anci5t ,,mss4 is s liable to corruption f ! mi/akes ( copyi/s z ! numb]s2 ! orig9al mode ( writ+ !m appe>s 9 all c\ntries ( :i* we h any k to h be5 by signs1 n v diff]5t f "o ano!r2 ! abs5ce ( any context det]m9+ 9 fav\r ( "o numb] r ?an ano!r1 :]e ! copy is blott$ or fad$1 increases ! *ance ( error1 & ?us x happ5s t 9 almo/ all anci5t works ! numb]s are f\nd to be des]v+ ( v little reliance4 ,:]e !y to any ext5t *eck "o ano!r1 !y are g5]ally self-contradictory2 :]e !y d n1 !y are frequ5tly 9 ! highe/ degree improbable4 ,a second hi/orical difficulty connect$ ) ,g5esis 0 mu* insi/$ ^u by ! late ,b>on ,buns54 ,! primitive ,babylonian k+dom is decl>$ 9 ! t5? *apt] ( ,g5esis to h be5 ,cu%ite4 ,b>on ,buns5 held t !re 7 no ,cu%ites out ( ,africa1 & t an ,asiatic ,cu% exi/$ only 9 ! imag9ation ( ,biblical int]pret]s1 & 0 ! *ild ( _! despair4#fh ,b an analysis ( ! e>lie/ docum5ts recov]$ f ,babylonia has %[n t ! primitive ,babylonian p1 t :i* rais$ ! fir/ /ructures :]e( any trace rema9s1 9 ! c\ntry1 & ^: build+s _h gone to ru9 9 ! days ( ,nebu*adnezz>1 0 7at any rate to a l>ge ext5t7 ,cu%ite1 its vocabul>y be+ und\bt$ly ,cu%ite or ,e?iopian1 & pres5t+ num]\s analogies ) ^? ( ! non-,semitic races ( mod]n ,abyss9ia4 ,h5ce1 mod]n hi/orical sci5ce1 9 ! p]son ( "o ( its be/ repres5tatives1 ,m4 ,l5ormant1 comm5ces n[ ! hi/ory ( ! ,ea/ ) a ,fir/ ,cu%ite ,empire1 :i* x reg>ds z dom9ant 9 ,babylonia = sev]al c5turies be=e ! e>lie/ ,semitic ,empire arose4#fi ,a difficulty less notic$1 yet "o :i* 01 9 ! /ate ( our hi/orical k a few ye>s s9ce1 m real1 may be f\nd 9 ! n>rative conta9$ 9 ! #ad? *apt] ( ,g5esis ) respect to ! invasion ( ,pale/9e 9 ! "t ( ,abraham by a numb] ( k+s f ! vic9ity ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,^! k+s act "u ! presid5cy ( a mon>*1 call$ ,*$orlaom] 7or ,*$or-lagom]71 :o is /at$ to be k+ ( ,elam4 ,n[ till v rec5tly !re 0 no pr(ane evid5ce t ,elam--:i* is n ,p]sia1 z _m h suppos$1 b ,elymas or ,susiana1 ! c\ntry betwe5 ,babylonia & ,p]sia--_h ev] be5 an indep5d5t /ate1 mu* less a p[]ful k+dom1 & /ill less "o t at s remote a date c\ld h ex]cis$ suz]a9ty ov] s _m & su* important nations4 ,b ! ,assyrian cunei=m inscriptions h %[n t ?r\gh\t almo/ ! :ole ( ! ,assyrian p]iod ,elam ma9ta9$ h]self z an indep5d5t /ate & "o ( consid]able milit>y /r5g? on ! s\?-ea/]n bord]s ( ! empire2 & v rec5tly#gj x has fur!r be5 discov]$ t1 accord+ to ! ,assyrian belief1 an ,elamitic k+ 0 /rong en\gh to invade & plund] ,babylonia at a date1 :i* express$ 9 our ord9>y mann] w\ld be ,b4,c4 #b1bhf1 or some:at e>li] ?an ! "t commonly assign$ to ,abraham4 ,fur!r1 ! primitive ,babylonian rema9s be> traces ( ! ext5sion ( ,elamitic influ5ce into ,babylonia at a remote era2 & ! possibility ( su* di/ant milit>y exp$itions at ?is f>-(f p]iod ( ! _w's hi/ory1 receives illu/ration at once f ! epi!t ,ravag] ( ,syria1 :i* is borne by a ,babylonian mon>* ( ab\t ?is date1 & also f ! num]\s exp$itions conduct$ n v mu* lat] by ! ,egyptian pr9ces f ! valley ( ! ,nile into ,mesopotamia4 ,no o!r hi/orical difficulties1 s f> z ,i "k1 pres5t !mselves 9 ! n>rative ( ,g5esis4 ,"s attempts 7 made 9 ,g]many1 ab\t ?irty or =ty ye>s ago1 to prove t ! description ( ,egypt conta9$ 9 ! latt] portion ( ! book exhibit$ num]\s mi/akes & inaccuracies2 b ! mi/akes & inaccuracies alleg$ 7 sc>cely ( an hi/orical "*1 & ! writ]s :o alleg$ !m h be5 s triumphantly refut$ by ,h5g/5b]g1 & o!rs1 t ! sceptical s*ool has ceas$ to urge ! po9t1 & n[ all[s ! entire tru?fulness & accuracy ( ! :ole acc\nt4 ,few ?+s are 9 tru? m rem>kable ?an ! complete h>mony & accordance :i* exi/ betwe5 ! picture ( anci5t ,egypt & ! anci5t ,egyptians1 z drawn = u by ,moses1 & t portraiture ( !m :i* is n[ obta9able f _! own contempor>y writ+s & monum5ts4 ,) reg>d to ! n>rative conta9$ 9 ! la/ f\r books ( ! ,p5tateu*1 mod]n criticism has *iefly employ$ itself 9 objections turn+ ^u ! numb]s4 ,! multiplication ( ! ,israelites1 z relat$ 9 ,g5esis & ,exodus1 has be5 decl>$ to be utt]ly & absolutely incr$ible4 ,! sudd5 exodus f ,egypt ( a body ( two millions ( p]sons 9 ! way n>rat$ has be5 pron\nc$ an impossibility4 ,! subsi/5ce ( su* a multitude1 ) _! flocks & h]ds1 9 ! ,des]t ( ,tih = =ty ye>s1 or ev5 a s+le ye>1 has be5 said to be inconceivable4 ,_m m9or objections1 turn+ on ! same po9t ( num]ical difficulty1 h be5 urg$1 & ! conclusion has be5 drawn t ! entire n>rative ( ,exodus1 ,numb]s1 ,leviticus1 & ,deut]onomy is unhi/orical--a romance drawn up at a comp>atively late p]iod ( ! nation's hi/ory1 hav+ p]haps a c]ta9 hi/oric f\ndation1 b 9 its details :olly & entirely imag9>y4#ga ,n[1 ) respect to ^! objections1 let x be obs]v$1 9 ! fir/ place1 t !y all turn ^u ! "o po9t ( numb]2 & t ! numb]s ( ! sacr$ texts are 7z has be5 already obs]v$7 exactly ! "p ( x :i* is mo/ liable to corruption & lea/ to be dep5d$ ^u4 ,s t if ! difficulties ( ! multiplication1 z /at$1 ( ! exit f ,egypt1 ! m>*1 ! passage ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 & ! soj\rn 9 ! wild]ness1 7 all all[$ to be z great z repres5t$1 x w\ld be en\gh to reply t !re may h be5 a corruption ( ! numb]s--! addition 7say7 ( a ciph] 9 ea* case--& t ! :ole n>rative w\ld /& good1 & ! difficulties disappe>1 if = six hundr$ ?\s& t 7 m5 9 ,exodus xii4 #cg1 we 7 to read #fj1jjj1 & s on--! entire exodus be+ ?us made "o ( #bjj1jjj in/ead ( two million s\ls4 ,b ?is mode ( meet+ ! difficulty is n1 p]haps1 "h ! "r "o4 ,! numb]s may be def5d$ z !y /&4 ,9 ,g]many ! be/ critics1 includ+ s subtle & little cr$ul\s a writ] z ,ewald1 accept !m4 ,!y seem requir$ by ! g5]al t5or ( ! :ole n>rative1 especially by ! great unwill+ness ( ! ,egyptians to let ! p g1 & by _! p[]1 )9 little m ?an a g5]ation to conqu] & occupy ,canaan4 ,assum+ !re=e ! numb]s to be s\nd1 to h come to u z !y 7 deliv]$ by ,moses1 let u inquire :at ! great difficulties are ( :i* s mu* has be5 made1 & see if !y are really s insup]able4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 z to ! multiplication 9 ,egypt4 ,n[ "h1 be=e we c =m any judgm5t1 two ?+s h to be det]m9$--,:at 0 ! numb] ( ! ,israelites :5 !y ent]$ ,egypt1 & ,:at 0 ! duration ( _! /ay !re8 ,:at 0 _! numb] :5 !y ent]$ ,egypt8 ,we are commonly told1 sev5ty s\ls4 ,n[1 no d\bt1 ^! words occur 9 ,scripture1 ,all ! s\ls ( ! h\se ( ,jacob1 :i* came into ,egypt1 7 ?reescore & t54#gb ,b1 :5 we come to look into details1 we f9d fir/1 t ! sev5ty s\ls ( ,jacob's desc5dants comprise only two wom51 ! m>ri$ daught]s & gr&-daught]s ( ,jacob n be+ m5tion$1 :o yet1 we are told1 foll[$ ! migrations ( ! tribe1#gc & no acc\nt be+ tak5 ( ! wives ( 8 sons & gr&sons4 ,supply+ ^! omissions1 we h = ! family ( ,jacob z x ent]$ ,egypt1 ! numb] #bfg1 in/ead ( ! numb] sev5ty1 or ne>ly f\r times ! ord9>y e/imate4 ,b ?is is f> f be+ all4 ,! *ildr5 ( ,israel ent]$ ,egypt ) _! h\seholds1 or reta9]s4#gd ,:at ! size ( a patri>*al h\sehold 0 we may ga!r f ! hi/ory ( ,abraham1 :o _h #cah tra9$ s]vants born 9 8 h\se1 capable ( active milit>y s]vice4 ,x has be5 well obs]v$ t we %all sc>cely f9d s _m 9 a clan ( ?ree ?\s& s\ls4#ge ,jacob's reta9]s are likely to h be5 m num]\s r ?an less num]\s ?an ^? ( ,abraham2 & ! conclusion ( ,kurtz1 t !y am\nt$ to sev]al ?\s&s#gf is !re=e p]fectly reasonable4 ,x appe>s to me q probable t ! tribe :i* took possession ( ! ,l& ( ,go%5 on ! invitation ( ,joseph & ,ph>aoh 0 a body ( five or six ?\s& p]sons4 ,next1 z to ! duration ( ! soj\rn 9 ,egypt1 ! ,hebrew text lays x d[n v positively t x 0 #dcj ye>s4#gg ,! be/ ,,mss4 ( ! ,septuag9t agree4 ,!re 0 a tradition among ! lat] ,jews :i* br\ght d[n ! t]m to #bae ye>s2 b ?is tradition _c reasonably be set aga9/ ! pla9 words ( ,exodus2 & consequ5tly we mu/ take #dcj ye>s z ! duration ( ! soj\rn4 ,is x !n1 or is x n1 conceivable1 t "u ! circum/ances ( ! "t & c\ntry1 a tribe or clan ( #e1jjj p]sons may h increas$ 9 #dcj ye>s to "o ( two millions8 ,"h x has to be rememb]$ t !re 7 two modes :]eby !y might increase1 "o t ( ord9>y natural increase1 ! o!r by augm5tation ( ! numb] ( _! reta9]s4 ,! natural t5d5cy ( population has be5 %[n by ,mr4 ,mal?us1 to be to d\ble itself1 if un*eck$1 e #be ye>s4#gh ,! ,israelites1 hav+ ! l& ( ,go%51 a l>ge f]tile t]ritory1 capable ( support+ a population ( sev]al millions1 assign$ !m1 w\ld be 9 a position :]e ! *ecks on ! natural t5d5cy1 especially at fir/1 w\ld be v slight4 ,n[1 accord+ to ! e/imate ( ,mr4 ,mal?us1 a body ( #e1jjj p]sons increas+ )\t *eck1 w\ld h become m ?an two millions at ! end ( #bbe ye>s2 a body ( #bfg p]sons w\ld h exce$$ ! same am\nt at ! close ( #cbe ye>s2 & a body ev5 ( sev5ty p]sons w\ld h done ! same at ! expiration ( #cge ye>s2 s t1 except = ! op]ation ( artificial *ecks1 ! family ( ,jacob1 _h x really consi/$ ( sev5ty p]sons only1 w\ld h become "o ( above two millions fifty-five ye>s be=e ! "t ( ! exodus4 ,b1 no d\bt1 z ! increase took place1 ! artificial *ecks1 :i* keep d[n ! natural t5d5cy ( population1 began to op]ate1 & ! result 01 t if ! orig9al immigrants 71 z ,i h suppos$1 ab\t #e1jjj1 ! actual rate ( increase _h be5 a d\bl+1 n once ea* tw5ty-five ye>s1 b once ea* =ty-eight ye>s1 or n v mu* beyond ! rate :i* prevails 9 our own c\ntry at ! pres5t "t4 ,if we add to ?is ! consid]ation t ! ,israelites1 be+ 9 a v fl\ri%+ condition dur+ ! e>li] portion ( _! soj\rn 9 ,egypt1 w\ld naturally augm5t1 by pur*ase1 ! numb] ( _! h\seholds1 & might ev5 receive1 by agreem5t1 :ole tribes into _! body1 we %all n be surpris$ t at ! end ( ! #dcj ye>s1 ! clan _h gr[n to be a nation ( two million s\ls4 ,) respect to ! difficulties ( ! exit ( ?is l>ge body ( p]sons f ,egypt 9 ! sudd5 way :i* ! n>rative 9 ,exodus seems to describe1 !y dep5d 7,i ?9k7 ma9ly on ! broad & g5]al mann] ( description habitual to ,ori5tal writ]s1 :o d n tr\ble !mselves ) details1 or ) exceptions1 b describe 9 ! mass1 /at+ t to be done by all :i* 0 done by mo/1 or by ^? ( mo/ acc\nt2 reg>d+ a nation z conc5trat$ 9 its heads2 & direct+ att5tion to ! ma9 ev5ts1 to ! neglect ( ! v>i\s details into :i* !y 7 brok5 up4 ,a c&id read]1 mak+ fair all[ance = ^! *>act]i/ics ( ,ori5tal /yle1 & = ! brevity ( ! sacr$ n>rative1 w sc>cely be mu* tr\bl$ by ! difficulties ( ! />t & ! m>*1 z !y h be5 urg$ by "s critics4 ,x is c]ta9 migrations ( tribes1 q z l>ge z t ( ,israel is said to h be51 h f "t to "t tak5 place 9 ! ea/1 & inde$ 9 ! we/ also4 ,su* migrations h frequ5tly be5 sudd5--! emigrants h />t$ (f ) _! wom51 *ildr51 & all _! possessions on a c]ta9 day#gi--!y h trav]s$ enorm\s di/ances1 mu* great] ones ?an ! ,israelites trav]s$1 & h f9ally settl$ !mselves 9 new abodes4 ,t ! ,israelites made su* a migration !re _c be a d\bt4 ,! ,egyptians1 ,greeks1 ,romans1 all accept$ ! fact z c]ta94 ,cavils z to _! exact numb]s1 or z to ! p>ticul> expressions us$ 9 ,exodus1 d n t\* ! ma9 fact1 b %[ 7if !y %[ any?+7 ei!r t our anci5t manuscripts are "h & !re defective1 or t an e>ly ,ori5tal hi/orian does n write 9 ! exact & accurate /yle ( a n9ete5?-c5tury occid5tal critic4 ,! difficulty :i* atta*es to ! subsi/5ce ( ! ,israelites = =ty ye>s 9 ! wild]ness ( ,tih1 conc]ns almo/ :olly ! su/5ance ( _! flocks & h]ds1 :i* are said to h be5 num]\s1 & h be5 calculat$ at two million head ( cattle4 ,! answ] to ?is difficulty may be v brief4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we are n told t ! cattle did n v rapidly decrease2 = no m5tion is made ( ! p possess+ any consid]able numb] 9 ! lat] portion ( ! soj\rn1 until an enorm\s booty is captur$ f ! ,midianites2#hj & 9 ! second place1 !re is ample reason to believe t ! wild]ness 0 anci5tly v mu* m f]tile ?an x is at pres5t1 & q capable ( furni%+ pa/urage to flocks & h]ds ( a l>ge size4 ,! rec5t explorations ( ,mr4 ,tri/ram & ,mr4 ,holl& h plac$ ?is fact beyond a d\bt1 & h %[n t ! ,s9aitic p59sula1 at any rate1 0 a des]t m]ely 9 comp>ison ) ! ri*ly agricultural c\ntries ( ,egypt & ,pale/9e4 ,hi/orical difficulties are sc>cely alleg$ ) respect to ! portion ( ! ,biblical n>rative :i* foll[s ^u ! soj\rn 9 ! wild]ness4 ,! conque/ ( ,canaan by ! immigrant ,israelites is a fact too well atte/$ to be d5i$2 & ! subsequ5t *equ]$ hi/ory ( ! race1 z deliv]$ to u 9 ,judges & 9 ! ,fir/ ,book ( ,samuel1 is = ! mo/ "p too mode/ & unpret5d+ an acc\nt to tempt ! assaults ( sceptics4 ,! exploits ( ,gideon & ,samson are view$ inde$ ) incr$ulity2 b m]ely on ! gr\nd t !y are intr9sically improbable4 ,x is n until we come to ! "t ( ,david & ,solomon t any fur!r difficulties1 really ( an hi/orical "*1 pres5t !mselves1 & t an exam9ation ( ! difficulties by ! light ( hi/orical docum5ts becomes possible4 ,! sudd5 rise ( ! ,israelites to p[] & greatness 9 ! reign ( ,david1 ! gr&eur1 magnific5ce1 & ext5t ( ! k+dom ( ,solomon1 & ! entire collapse ( ! empire at 8 dea? appe> to "s1 n m]ely 9 !mselves /range & improbable1 b incompatible ) :at is kn[n f hi/ory ( ! condition ( ! neighb\r+ c\ntries4 ,! little c\ntry ( ,pale/9e 0 plac$ midway betwe5 ! t]ritories ( two great & p[]ful mon>*ies1 ( :i* x may be said1 9 a g5]al way1 t = a ?\s& ye>s be=e ! rise ( ! ,p]sians to p[]1 !y conte/$ ! sov]eignty ( ! ,ea/4 ,ov]-%ad[$ by ! gr& =ms ( ,egypt & ,assyria1 h[ c\ld ,israel 7x may be ask$7 em]ge f obscurity1 h[ especially advance at a b\nd f a dep5d5t to a dom9ant position1 ass]t+1 & = above fifty ye>s ma9ta9+1 h] place among ! great ones ( ! e>?8 ,we may answ]1 t1 9 ! fir/ place su* a revolution has num]\s analogies 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,ea/1 :]e ! rapid rise ( petty /ates to greatness1 ! sudd5 conv]sion ( an oppress$ into a dom9ant p[]1 is ! rule r ?an ! exception2 :]e ,babylon1 ,m$ia1 ,p]sia1 ,p>?ia1 :]e ! hi/ories ( ,timur1 ,y5ghis ,khan1 ,nadir ,%ah1 all illu/rate x4 ,b fur!r1 9 ?is p>ticul> case1 we c see n only a g5]al analogy1 b a fitness 9 ! peculi> circum/ances ( ! "t = ! production ( su* a ph5om5on z t :i* ,scripture places be=e u4 ,! monum5tal evid5ce ( ! two c\ntries %[s1 t exactly at ! "t :5 ! conque/s ( ,david & ! ,empire ( ,solomon are plac$1 bo? ,egypt & ,assyria 7 exceptionally weak4 ,egypt1 aft] ! "t ( ,ramesses ,,iii4 7ab4 ,b4,c4 #a1bjj7 ceas$ to be aggressive on ! side ( ,syria1 & cont9u$ until ! accession ( ,%e%onk or ,%i%ak1 7ab4 ,b4,c4 #iij7 to be a quiet & unw>like p[]4 ,assyria1 :i*1 ab\t ,b4,c4 #a1ajj1 ext5d$ h] sway into ! valley ( ! ,orontes1 & ?reat5$ ,pale/9e ) subjection1 pass$ "u a cl\d soon aft]w>ds1 & did n aga9 become a t]ror to ,syria1 till ab\t ,b4,c4 #hhj4 ,= a ,jewi% ,empire to arise x 0 necess>y t ,egypt & ,assyria %\ld be simultane\sly weak4 ,su* simultane\s weakness is f\nd = ! hundr$ or hundr$ & tw5ty ye>s betwe5 ,b4,c4 #a1ajj & ,b4,c4 #iij4 ,& exactly into ?is int]val fall ! rise ( ! ,jews to p[] "u ,saul & ,david1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( _! empire "u ,solomon4 ,d\bts 7 ?r[n a few ye>s s9ce1 by an able writ]1 on ! exp$itions ( ,%i%ak aga9/ ,rehoboam1 ,solomon's son1 & ( ,z]ah1 ! ,e?iopian1 aga9/ ,asa1 ,rehoboam's gr&son2#ha :i*1 x 0 sugge/$1 might be m]e embelli%m5ts ( a hi/ory1 o!rwise tame & un9t]e/+4 ,! c>eful analysis :i* ! inscription ( ,%i%ak at ,k>nac has und]gone at ! h&s ( ,mr4 ,/u>t ,poole1#hb & ,dr4 ,brugs*1#hc n to m5tion o!r s*ol>s1 & ! evid5ce ?us furni%$ ( ! reality & ! importance ( 8 exp$ition into ,pale/9e1 r5d] ! cont9uance ( incr$ulity1 z to ! =m] ( ^! attacks1 impossible4 ,! analysis has ?r[n a flood ( light on :at 0 previ\sly obscure 9 ! scriptural n>rative4 ,x has %[n t ,%i%ak w5t up1 n s mu* ) any ext5sive s*eme ( conque/1 z to settle 8 proteg1 ,j]oboam1 9 8 k+dom1 :]e he 0 9 great dang] f ! ,levitical & ,canaanite t[ns n be+ 9 8 h&s4 ,^! ,%i%ak r$uc$ & made ov] to ,j]oboam1 ?us giv+ him a firm hold on ! nor!rn k+dom4 ,hav+ done ?is1 he 0 cont5t to receive ! m]e submission ( ,rehoboam1 & all[$ him to reta9 ! s\!rn k+dom1 p]haps n wi%+ to make ,j]oboam too /rong4 ,x 0 ! con/ant practice ( ! great mon>*s ( ,egypt1 ,assyria1 & ,babylon1 to ma9ta91 on dep5d5t ?rones1 a l>ge numb] ( petty pr9ces1 :o 7 *ecks ^u ea* o!r1 & c\ld easily be dealt )1 if !y %ew$ any incl9ation to rebellion4 ,! exp$ition ( ,z]ah has n yet receiv$ any di/9ct confirmation f monum5ts4 ,b ! rec5t discov]y t !re reign$ ab\t ?is "t a k+ call$ ,az]*-,am5 9 ,e?iopia1 has remov$ ! difficulties :i* atta*$ to ! "n & ! description ( ! invad]1 & has indicat$ to ! dispassionate & c&id /ud5t1 t "h1 too1 ! ,jewi% hi/orian _h probably contempor>y records to guide him1 & relat$ real facts ( hi/ory1 n figm5ts drawn f 8 imag9ation4 ,a real hi/orical difficulty meets u soon aft] ?is1 9 ! sacr$ n>rative1 9 ! invasion ( ! k+dom ( ,sam>ia1 by ,pul1 :o is call$ a k+ ( ,assyria1 & is said to h put ,m5ahem to a tribute ( a ?\s& tal5ts ( silv]4#hd ,we possess ! hi/ory ( ,assyria = ?is p]iod1 app>5tly 9 a /ate ( complet5ess2 & ?is hi/ory %[s u no mon>* at ?is "t 7or inde$ at any o!r "t71 be>+ a "n 9 ! lea/ resembl+ t ( ,pul4 ,! pr$ecessor ( ,tigla?-piles] on ! ?rone ( ,assyria1 0 a c]ta9 ,as%ur-lu% 7or ,as%ur-likkis71 ^: pr$ecessor 0 ,as%ur-dayan1 :o foll[$ on ,%almanes] ,,iii4 ,x seems impossible t any "o ( ^! k+s c be ,pul4 ,moreov]1 ,assyria1 9 ! "t imm$iately prec$+ ! accession ( ,tigla?-piles]1 in/ead ( be+ a great1 aggressive p[]1 capable ( m>*+ armies into ,pale/9e1 0 9 a depress$ /ate1 tr\bl$ by frequ5t insurrections among h] own subjects1 & q incapable ( s5d+ out di/ant milit>y exp$itions4 ,?us ,pul1 k+ ( ,assyria1 con/itutes to ! mod]n hi/orical inquir] a real difficulty--a difficulty :i* x has be5 propos$ to meet 9 v>i\s ways4 ,! be/ explanation hi!rto sugge/$ is1 ,i ?9k1 ! foll[+4 ,pul1 :o 0 call$ by ,b]osus1 ! great ,babylon hi/orian1 k+ ( ! ,*aldeans1 0 probably a mon>* :o reign$ at ,babylon1 :ile ,as%ur-lu% 0 reign+ at ,n9eveh4 ,9 ! tr\bl\s decade ( ye>s :i* prec$$ ,tigla?-piles]'s accession1 he became a p[]ful pr9ce1 p]haps depriv$ ,assyria ( h] we/]n prov9ces1 & invad$ ,syria & ,pale/9e f ! qu>t] f :i* ,assyrian invasions _h be5 wont to come4 ,pres5t+ himself to ! ,israelites z ! repres5tative ( ! great ,mesopotamian p[]1 ) :i* !y _h be5 cont5d+ = c5turies1 !y t]m$ him loosely k+ ( ,assyria :5 he 0 9 reality a k+ ( ,babylon1 :o _h possess$ himself ( a portion ( ! ,assyrian dom9ions4 ,9 ! same way1 !y subsequ5tly t]m$ ,nabopolass>1 ! fa!r ( ,nebu*adnezz>1 & ev5 ,d>ius ,hy/aspis1 k+s ( ,assyria4#he ,a difficulty us$ to be felt ) respect to ,s>gon1 k+ ( ,assyria1 :o is said to h tak5 ,a%dod by ! h& ( "o ( 8 capta9s4#hf ,s>gon's "n is n conta9$ 9 ! hi/orical books ( ,scripture1 nor is he m5tion$ by any ( ! classical writ]s1 :o speak ( ,%almanes]1 ,s5na*]ib1 & ,es>haddon4 ,! occurr5ce ( 8 "n 9 ,isaiah 0 ?\ght to indicate an irreconcilable diff]5ce betwe5 ! hi/orical data possess$ by t prophet & ^? ( ! writ] ( ,k+s4 ,ev5 8 exi/5ce 0 d\bt$1 & diff]5t writ]s propos$ to reg>d 8 "n z a m]e v>iant = ^? ( ea* ( ! ?ree pr9ces j m5tion$4 ,! ,assyrian inscriptions h completely cle>$ up all ?is obscurity4 ,s>gon is f\nd to h be5 ! successor ( ,%almanes]2 ! pr$ecessor & fa!r ( ,s5na*]ib4 ,he speaks ( hav+ captur$ ,a%dod4 ,all t ,isaiah says ( him is confirm$2 & x appe>s to h be5 q accid5tal t ! writ] ( ,k+s1 :o m ?an once alludes to him1#hg does n m5tion 8 "n4 ,! /rictly hi/orical "* ( ! lat] portion ( ! ,old ,te/am5t n>rative1 especially ( t deliv]$ to u 9 ,k+s1 ,*ronicles1 ,ezra1 & ,nehemiah1 & 9 ! contempor>y prophets1 ,j]emiah1 ,ze*>iah1 & ,haggai1 is g5]ally admitt$1 ev5 by sceptics4 ,! only writ+s belong+ to ?is p]iod1 :]eto exception is tak5 are ! ,books ( ,daniel & ,e/h]1 :i* _m /ill reg>d z full ( hi/orical inaccuracies1 & z q unwor?y ( cr$5ce4 ,i %all !re=e conclude my obs]vation on ! alleg$ hi/orical difficulties ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & ! light ?r[n on !m by mod]n discov]ies1 by a brief consid]ation ( ^! two books & ( ! objections tak5 to !m4 ,! *ief hi/orical inaccuracies alleg$ aga9/ ,daniel are ! foll[+3 ,he is said to h inv5t$ two k+s1 ,bel%azz>1 & ,d>ius ! ,m$e1 ^: exi/5ce is n m]ely unkn[n to hi/ory1 b preclud$ by x2 to h falsely ascrib$ a gov]nm5t by satraps to ! ,babylonians2 to h incorrectly repres5t$ ! condition ( _! wise m52 to h made ,susa a resid5ce ( ! ,p]sian mon>*s :5 x 0 n ev5 built2 to h wrongly made ! la/ k+ ( ,babylon a son ( ,nebu*adnezz>1 & to h misrepres5t$ 8 fate2 to h misconceiv$ ! relative position ( ! ,m$es & ,p]sians at ! "t ( ! capture ( ,babylon2 & to h relat$ an utt]ly incr$ible circum/ance1 viz4 t ,daniel 0 admitt$ among ! ,babylonian wise m51 & ev5 con/itut$ _! head4#hh ,n[ ( ^! *>ges "s are q incapable ( be+ ei!r sub/antiat$ or di/9ctly refut$ f our insuffici5t k ( ! times to :i* !y ref]4 ,no?+ is really kn[n ( ! classes into :i* ! wise m5 ( ,babylon 7 divid$ 9 ,nebu*adnezz>'s "t1 except+ :at we le>n f ,daniel himself4 ,! au?ors suppos$ to contradict ,daniel on ?is po9t1 write ( ! /ate ( ?+s 9 _! own day1 :i* happ5s to be eight c5turies lat]6 ,& !y d n write ab\t ! ,babylonian wise m5 at all1 b ab\t ! divisions ( ! ,p]sian magi1 an entirely diff]5t class4 ,we d n ev5 "k en\gh ab\t ! wise m5 to say :e!r !re 0 any?+ /range & unusual 9 a =eign] be+ plac$ at _! head4 ,we may suspect t x 0 s1 b we h really no suffici5t evid5ce on ! subject4 ,! little evid5ce t we h is to ! effect t ! wise m5 7 a le>n$1 n a prie/ly1 body2 & t !y admitt$ =eign]s among !m--m we d n "k2 b !re is c]ta9ly n ! slighte/ difficulty 9 suppos+ t ! despotic p[] ( a ,babylonian mon>* w\ld h be5 amply suffici5t to ov]come any repugnance :i* any class ( 8 subjects might h felt t[>ds "o ( 8 appo9tm5ts4 ,simil>ly1 we h no suffici5t k ( ! ,babylonian gov]nm5tal sy/em to say t x 0 n1 at any rate1 to "s ext5t1 satrapial4 ,a satrapial sy/em is simply "o 9 :i* gov]nors are appo9t$ ov] ! prov9ces1 in/ead ( _! be+ suff]$ to rema9 "u ! rule ( native k+s4 ,our pres5t ,indian sy/em is 9 "p satrapial1 9 "p a gov]nm5t by means ( k+s4 ,! ,assyrian gov]nm5t 0 "o ( ! same k9d2 &1 on ! :ole1 x is mo/ probable t s 0 ! ,babylonian4 ,g$aliah1 :o succe$$ to ,k+ ,z$ekiah 9 ,judea1 0 a gov]nor1#hi t is1 a satrap1 appo9t$ by ,nebu*adnezz>2 & ,b]osus speaks ( a satrap ( ,egypt1 ,cle-,syria1 & ,phnicia1 z hold+ (fice "u ,nabopolass>1 ,nebu*adnezz>'s fa!r4 ,?us !re is no inaccuracy 9 ,daniel's speak+ ( ,nebu*adnezz> z summon+1 among 8 o!r great (fic]s1 8 satraps4#ij ,t ! ^w1 :i* is ,p]sian1 0 n us$ 9 ,babylonia is probable2 b ,daniel1 writ+ = ,jews "u ,p]sian gov]nm5t1 :o 7 p]fectly famili> ) ! t]m1 employ$ x = a correspond+ ,babylonian expression4 ,! *>ge t ,daniel misappreh5d$ ! relative position ( ! ,m$es & ,p]sians at ! capture ( ,babylon1 reg>d+ ! supremacy ( ! ,m$es z /ill cont9u+1 is unju/1 & re/s on an omission to look c>efully to ! orig9al text4 ,x is true t ! ,m$es are plac$ be=e ! ,p]sians 9 ! words ( ! h&writ+ ^u ! wall1 & also 9 ! =mula1 accord+ to ! law ( ! ,m$es & ,p]sians1 :i* alt]e? n4 ,b ?is honor>y prec$5ce assign$ to ! ,m$es is a m]e trace ( _! anci5t supremacy--a trace mu* m /rongly m>k$ 9 ,greek writ]s1 :o actually call ,cyrus & 8 successors ,m$es--& is n an indication ( its cont9uance4 ,daniel twice m>ks v /rongly ! subord9ate position ( ! ,m$es1 /at+ 9 "o place#ia t ,d>ius ! ,m$e receiv$ ! k+dom--i4e41 0 giv5 x by ano!r2 & fur!r decl>+ t he 0 made k+ ov] ! nation ( ! ,*aldans1#ib us+ 9 ?is case an expression :i* di/9ctly implies t he d]iv$ 8 position f "s sup]ior au?ority1 :i* made him k+4#ic ,! notion t ,susa1 or at any rate1 its palace1 0 n built at ! "t :5 ,daniel says t he saw himself 9 vision !re1 re/s :olly ^u a /atem5t made by ,pl9y1 six hundr$ ye>s lat]1 t ,susa1 ! anci5t regal city ( ! ,p]sians1 0 built by ,d>ius ,hy/aspis4#id ,n[ ?is /atem5t1 "o ( v weak au?ority1 _h we no?+ to set aga9/ x1 is contr>y to ! decl>ations ( v>i\s o!r classical au?orities1 among !m notably ( ,h]odotus2 & is completely disprov$ by ! ,assyrian inscriptions1 :i* %[ t ,susa 0 "o ( ! mo/ anci5t ( all ! ,mesopotamian cities1 & t its palace 0 fam\s = _m c5turies be=e ! "t ( ,daniel4 ,! tru? :i* und]lies ,pl9y's /atem5t1 is ! fact t ,d>ius ,hy/aspis 0 ! fir/ ,p]sian mon>* to build a palace at ,susa aft] ! ,p]sian fa%ion2 b ! anci5t resid5ce ( ! ,susian k+s1 ! ,memnonium1 z ! ,greeks call$ x1 _h exi/$ = consid]ably m ?an a ?\s& ye>s :5 ! son ( ,hy/aspes began 8 edifice4 ,( ! two rema9+ *>ges1 :i* conc]n ,d>ius ! ,m$e1 & ,bel%azz>1 "o--& t ! m important ( ! two--has be5 completely rebutt$ by ! evid5ce ( ! ,babylonian monum5ts4 ,^! monum5ts %[ t ,nabonn$us 7or ,labynetus71 ! k+ ( ,babylon attack$ by ,cyrus1 _h a son nam$ ,bel-%>-ez]1 or ,bel%azz>1 :om dur+ "s ye>s he associat$ ) him 9 ! gov]nm5t4 ,?is son may well h be5 on ! "m's side desc5d$ f ,nebu*adnezz>1 z ,daniel says t ,bel%azz> 02#ie he may h play$ ! "p 9 ! siege :i* ,daniel /ates t he did1 :ile 8 fa!r 7z ,b]osus m5tion$7 def5d$ ! =tress ( ,borsippa2 & he may h fall5 9 ! g5]al massacre dur+ ! night 9 :i* ,babylon 0 tak51 :ile 8 fa!r 0 subsequ5tly made prison]1 & k9dly treat$ by ,cyrus4 ,all ! suppos$ contradictions ( pr(ane hi/ory by ,daniel 9 connection ) ?is matt]1 are entirely remov$ by "o little docum5t1 exhum$ 9 our own day f ! soil ( ,mesopotamia1 by ! ex]tions ( an ,engli% g5tleman4 ,) respect to ,d>ius ! ,m$e1 no?+ has be5 z yet discov]$4 ,x is cle> f ,daniel t he 0 n a k+ 9 8 own "r1 b a vic]oy set up by ,cyrus4 ,he held 8 gov]nm5t probably = n m ?an two ye>s4 ,p]haps he is to be id5tifi$ ) ,a/yages1 ! ,m$ian k+1 :om ,cyrus depos$ b treat$ k9dly2 p]haps he 0 m]ely a ,m$ian noble1 :om ,cyrus advanc$1 z he did o!r ,m$es1 to a position ( tru/ & importance4 ,! monum5ts h n at pres5t ?r[n any light on ?is matt]2 b he w\ld be a bold p]son1 :o1 aft] ! discov]y ) respect to ,bel%azz>1 w\ld und]take to say t !re may n1 ere _m ye>s are pa/1 be z mu* light ?r[n ^u ! obscure hi/ory ( ?is mon>*1 z has be5 rec5tly ?r[n on ! hi/ory1 =m]ly at lea/ z obscure1 ( 8 pr$ecessor4 ,i _c leave ?is matt] & turn to ano!r )\t /rongly advis+ ^? :o h any d\bts z to ! g5u95ess & au!nticity ( ! ,book ( ,daniel1 :i* h be5 ( late s fi]cely attack$1 to /udy c>efully ! rec5t "w ( ,pr(essor ,pusey ^u ! subject4 ,!y w f9d 9 x a complete answ] to all ! objections1 hi/orical1 & critical1 :i* h be5 urg$ aga9/ ?is portion ( ,scripture4 ,! hi/orical difficulties alleg$ aga9/ ! ,book ( ,e/h]1 are *iefly ! foll[+4 ,assum+ ,ahasu]us to be ,x]xes1 :i* is no d\bt a highly probable id5tification1 x is said t ,e/h]'s position is impossible1 s9ce ,x]xes _h b "o wife1 ,ame/ris1 :o _c be ,e/h]4 ,nor c\ld any ,p]sian k+ h m>ri$ a ,jewess1 s9ce !re 0 a law t ! k+s %\ld take all _! wives out ( sev5 noble ,p]sian families4 ,su* a fea/ z t describ$ 9 ! fir/ *apt]1 :]e all ! pr9ces ( ! prov9ces 7 ent]ta9$ = #ahj days1 c\ld n h tak5 place1 s9ce ! gov]nors c\ld n )\t ru9 to ! empire h be5 s long abs5t f _! gov]nm5ts4 ,x is incr$ible t a ,p]sian k+ %\ld h giv5 ! comm&1 said to h be5 giv5 by ,ahasu]us to ,va%ti4 ,! edicts ascrib$ to ,ahasu]us are all incr$ible--especially ! second & ?ird4 ,no k+ w\ld h cons5t$ to ! murd] ( #b1jjj1jjj ( 8 subjects2 nor w\ld any k+ ev] h all[$ at a lat] "t ^? two millions to /& up & slay z _m z !y pleas$ ( _! enemies4 ,f9ally1 ! hon\rs grant$ to ,mordecai are said to be excessive1 & su* z no mon>* w\ld h all[$ to a subject4 ,) respect to ! fir/ ( ^! objections1 we may reply t ?\gh ,ame/ris _c be ,e/h]1 %e may well be ,va%ti2 & t ?\gh ! classical writ]s tell u ( no o!r wife ( ,x]xes1 yet x is q possible t he may h _h sev]al4 ,polygamy 0 ! rule ) ! ,p]sian k+s4 ,ame/ris 0 no d\bt on ! :ole ! *ief wife ( ,x]xes1 & if %e at "o "t fell into disgrace1 mu/ h be5 aft]w>ds re/or$ to fav\r2 b ! acc\nts :i* we h f ! ,greeks d n at all preclude ! possibility ( su* a tempor>y disgrace1 & ( ! elevation ( ano!r wife to ! fir/ place = a "t4 ,z to its be+ impossible t any ,p]sian k+ c\ld h m>ri$ a ,jewess1 x is suffici5t to rem>k1 t ?\gh ! ,p]sians _h laws1 ! ,p]sian k+s 7 above ! law1 & c\ld always disreg>d its re/ra9ts4 ,:5 ,cambyses hav+ conceiv$ an affection = 8 full si/]1 ,atossa1 ask$ ! royal judges if !y c\ld f9d a law all[+ a ,p]sian to m>ry su* a ne> relative1 _! reply 01 t !y c\ld f9d no law p]mitt+ ! m>riage ( bro!rs & si/]s1 b t !y f\nd a law1 t ! k+ ( ! ,p]sians might d :at he lik$4#if ,! objection to ,x]xes fea/+ all 8 pr9ces = #ahj days is an objection1 n to any?+ conta9$ 9 ! ,book ( ,e/h]1 b to some?+ :i* ! critic :o makes x has intrud$ into ! book4 ,! writ] ( ! book tells u t ,x]xes made a fea/ to all 8 pr9ces & 8 s]vants 7*4 i4 #c71 & subsequ5tly relates t ! fea/ la/$ an hundr$ & f\rscore days 7v]se #d72 b he n[h]e /ates t ! pr9ces 7 all pres5t dur+ ! :ole ( ! "t4 ,inde$1 ! read] possess$ ( common s5se sees cle>ly en\gh t ! v duration ( ! fe/ivity 0 probably contriv$1 9 ord] t all ! pr9ces might 9 _! turn p>take ( x4 ,! critic says1 x is n s /at$ 9 ! text1 :i* is true3 b nei!r is t /at$ :i* he has ?\ght t he saw 9 x4 ,! comm& giv5 to ,va%ti is und\bt$ly /range & abnormal4 ,x 0 an outrage on ,ori5tal cu/om2 & z su* ! n>rative sets x be=e u4 ,! k+ does n issue ! ord] until he is m]ry ) w9e2 & ! ,que5 refuses to obey1 because %e feels ! ord] to be an insult4 ,b c we say t no ,ori5tal k+ c\ld possibly h issu$ su* a comm&8 ,is x n m reasonable to all[1 ) a ,g]man critic ( ! sceptical s*ool1 t ! n>rative is "h possible on acc\nt ( ! advanc+ corruption 9 ,x]xes' "t1 & ?r\gh ! folly ( ,x]xes himself8#ig ,inde$ is x n cle> t we c set no limit to ! caprices ( absolute p[]1 or to ! ord]s t may n be issu$ by a pr\d & silly despot8 ,consid]ations ( ?is k9d g f> also to remove ! difficulty :i* has be5 felt z to ! ma9 facts ( ! n>rative ( ,e/h]1 ! int5d$ massacre ( ! ,jews1 & ! c\nt]-edict all[+ !m to def5d !mselves & slay _! enemies4 ,su* facts are altoge!r out ( ! ord9>y exp]i5ce ( ,we/]n nations2 & x is n surpris+ t !y h be5 met ) incr$ulity on ! "p ( ^? ^: k ( ! pa/ is limit$ to an acqua9tance ) ! c\rse ( ,european1 & especially ( mod]n ,european1 hi/ory4 ,b c x be said t !y are altoge!r out ( nature8 t !y h no c\nt]p>t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,ea/8 t !y transc5d altoge!r :at au!ntic hi/ory relates ( ! do+s ( ,ori5tal tyrants8 ,"h aga9 ! ,g]man sceptic is m cauti\s ?an "s ( ^? :o h s\ght to popul>ise him1 & all[s t f :at we "k ( ! base "* & despotism ( ,x]xes x may p]haps be believ$ t ,haman obta9$ f him a decree = ! extirpation ( ! ,jews1 & ,mordecai 9 return a correspond+ c\nt]-decree#ih4 ,all t he objects to is1 ! fi]c5ess ) :i* ! ,jews set to "w1 & ! consequ5t massacre by !m ( above #ge1jjj p]sons4 ,?is fact he ?9ks incr$ible4 ,x may be all[$ t _h ! p]sons sla9 be51 z ! objectors suppose1 ,p]sians1 ! circum/ances relat$ w\ld h be5 extremely h>d ( belief2 b x is on ! :ole mo/ probable t !re 7 few or no ,p]sians among !m4 ,a religi\s sympa?y unit$ ! ,p]sians ) ! ,jews2 & x is sc>cely likely t any ( !m w\ld h tak5 "p 9 ! propos$ de/ruction ( ! ,jewi% nation4 ,! adv]s>ies ( ! ,jews 7 to be f\nd 9 ! ranks ( ! conqu]$ nations1 n ( ! conqu]+ "o4 ,!y 7 ,p]sian subjects1 n ,p]sians4 ,!re is no reason to ?9k t ! loss ev5 ( #ge1jjj ( su* p]sons w\ld h be5 felt by ,x]xes z a matt] ( mu* importance4 ,we mu/ rememb]1 h[ev]1 t ! numb] #ge1jjj is d\btful4 ,! ,septuag9t v]sion has #ae1jjj2 & ?is numb] is m 9 h>mony ?an ! o!r ) ! #hjj sla9 9 ! capital4 ,f9ally1 to ! objection t ! hon\rs grant$ to ,mordecai are excessive1 x may be repli$1 9 ! fir/ place1 t !y are analog\s to ^? grant$ to ,joseph1#ii & ,daniel1#ajj & !re=e su* z 7 occasionally all[$ to subjects by ,ori5tal sov]eigns2 & secondly1 t if !re 7 any?+ abnormal 9 !m1 x w\ld be suffici5tly acc\nt$ = by ! wild & extravagant temp] ( ,x]xes1 :i* delight$ 9 /range acts & exhibitions ( an unusual "*4 ,haman1 :o knew 8 ma/]'s weakness1 might well speculate ^u x1 & sugge/ extraord9>y hon\rs1 s9ce he imag9$ t x 0 himself = :om !y 7 int5d$4 ,i h n[ notic$ all ! hi/orical difficulties ( any =ce or weight1 :i* h come be=e me 9 ! c\rse ( my /udies on ! hi/ory ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,i h dwelt p>ticul>ly on ^? connect$ ) ! ,p5tateu* & ) ! two ,books ( ,daniel & ,e/h]1 because ( late ye>s ! attacks ( sceptics h be5 especially direct$ aga9/ ^? portions ( ! ,sacr$ volume4 ,i h left myself b scant "t = notic+ hi/orical difficulties connect$ ) ! n>rative ( ! ,new ,te/am5t2 b ?is is ( ! less consequ5ce1 s9ce !re are no m ?an "o or two su* difficulties on :i* any /ress has rec5tly be5 laid by our oppon5ts4 ,x has be5 said t ,/4 ,luke1 9 connect+ ! "n ( ,cyr5ius ) ! tax+ :i* caus$ ,joseph & ,m>y to g f ,naz>e? to ,be?lehem1 und5iably contradicts hi/ory4#aja ,cyr5ius 7or ,quir9us7 0 appo9t$ gov]nor ( ,syria ab\t t5 ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,h]od ! ,great1 & made a c5sus ( 8 prov9ce %ortly aft]w>ds4 ,?is c5sus ,/4 ,luke is accus$ ( plac+ t5 ye>s too e>ly4 ,! answ] to ?is *>ge is1 t ! words ( ,/4 ,luke 7*ap4 ii4 #b7 _c possibly mean t ,cyr5ius 0 gov]nor at ! "t ( ! tax+2 _h x be5 ,/4 ,luke's int5tion to express ?is1 ! v]se w\ld h ran ?us3 ,?is tax+ 0 made :5 ,cyr5ius 0 gov]nor ( ,syria1 & n ?is tax+ 0 fir/ made1 etc4 ,fir/1 t is1 :i* is manife/ly ! emphatic ^w ( ! s5t5ce1 w\ld !n h be5 abs5t f x4 ,evid5tly1 !re=e1 ,/4 ,luke's words mu/ be> "s o!r mean+4 ,!y may signify1 ?is tax+ 0 made be=e ,cyr5ius 0 gov]nor1 & s be=e t bett] kn[n tax+ :i* he ord]$4 ,?is is an all[able translation ( ! passage4 ,or !y may mean1 & ,i ?9k !y d mean1 ?is tax+ 0 fir/ complet$--fir/ took full effect--:5 ,cyr5ius 0 gov]nor2 t is to say1 ! tax+ ord]$ by ,augu/us1 & comm5c$ "u ,h]od ! ,great1 0 int]rupt$ 7z x may easily h be51 s9ce ! ,jews 7 v bitt] aga9/ x71 & ! bus9ess 0 fir/ accompli%$ "u ,cyr5ius4 ,?is is a s5se :i* ! ,greek v]b translat$ incur v]sion 0 made sometimes has4 ,aga91 x has be5 said t ,/4 ,luke err$ 9 /at+ t ,lysanias 0 tetr>* ( ,abil5e 7iii4 #a7 9 ! fifte5? ye> ( ! reign ( ,tib]ius ,cs>4#ajb ,lysanias1 x is said1 di$ sixty ye>s previ\sly2 & ,/4 ,luke has ignorantly made him alive1 be+ deceiv$ by ! fact t ,abil5e cont9u$ to be call$ ! ,abil5e ( ,lysanias1 aft] its =m] rul]1 = sixty or sev5ty ye>s subsequ5tly4 ,n[ "h x is 9 ! fir/ place assum$1 )\t any ^w ( pro(1 t ! ,lysanias :o di$ ,b4,c4 #cd once rul$ ov] ,abil5e4 ,secondly1 x is assum$1 also )\t any ^w ( pro(1 t ,abil5e came to be kn[n z ! ,abil5e ( ,lysanias1 f him4 ,i v5ture to ass]t t !re is absolutely no gr\nd = believ+ t ! old ,lysanias 0 ev] rul] ( ,abil5e2 & ,i v5ture to ma9ta9 t ,abil5e came to be call$ ! ,abil5e ( ,lysanias f a second or lat] ,lysanias1 a son ( ! =m] "o1 :o is ! p]son int5d$ by ,/4 ,luke4 ,till rec5tly1 ,*ri/ian apologi/s 7 defi$ to %[ hi/orically t !re 0 ev] m ?an "o ,lysanias1 & 7 accus$ ( inv5t+ a second to escape a difficulty4 ,b a few ye>s s9ce1 a discov]y 0 made :i* mu/ be reg>d$ by all reasonable p]sons z hav+ set ! :ole matt] at re/4 ,?is 0 an inscription f\nd ne> ,baalbek1#ajc conta9+ a d$ication ( a memorial tablet or /atue to ,z5odorus1 son ( ! tetr>* ,lysanias1 & to ,lysanias1 h] *ildr51 by 7app>5tly7 ! wid[ ( ! fir/1 & ! "m ( ! second ,lysanias4 ,z5odorus 0 already kn[n z hav+ succe$$ ! fir/ ,lysanias 9 8 gov]nm5t4 ,x is ?us cle>1 t !re 71 z previ\sly suspect$1 two p]sons ( ! "n1 a fa!r1 & a son1 & !re is n ! slighte/ reason = d\bt+ ,/4 ,luke's /atem5t t ! latt] 0 tetr>* ( ,abil5e 9 ! fifte5? ( ,tib]ius4 ,i "k ( no o!r cavil aga9/ ! hi/orical accuracy ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 t ,i c reg>d z wor?y ( be+ dignifi$ ) ! "n ( difficulty4 ,x has be5 d5i$ t any decree ev] w5t out f ,cs> ,augu/us1 t all ! _w %\ld be tax$1#ajd b z ,savigny1 ! be/ au?ority on ,roman antiquities1 holds ! contr>y to be c]ta91 ?is d5ial ne$ n deta9 u4 ,x has be5 ass]t$ t if ! massacre ( ! ,innoc5ts _h tak5 place1 x mu/ h be5 notic$ by ,josephus2#aje b ?is argum5t f omission is too weak to des]ve m ?an a pass+ notice4 ,no?+ is m famili> to hi/orical /ud5ts ?an ! unacc\ntable omissions :i* occur 9 ! works ( almo/ all hi/orians4 ,scepticism has se>*$ 9 ! mo/ m9ute & unsp>+ way e detail ( ! ,gospel & ! ,acts1 & has endeav\r$ e>ne/ly to f9d diff]5ces & div]g5ces betwe5 ^! facts & ^? ( pr(ane hi/ory2 b aga9 & aga9 has x be5 compell$ to own t ! div]g5ces are slight1 & ! diff]5ces su* z may be reconcil$ by natural & probable suppositions4 ,! entire result ( ! se>*+ criticism1 :]eto ! hi/orical "* ( ! ,new ,te/am5t has be5 expos$1 has be5 to %[ t n only ! g5]al n>rative1 b all its m9uti1 are tru/wor?y4 ,no evangeli/ has be5 convict$ ( error 9 respect ( any hi/orical /atem5ts4 ,:]e a %all[ le>n+ & a defective k ( ! records ( ! pa/ h l$ m5 to ?9k t !y _h f\nd a slip or a mi/ake1 & a %\t ( triumph has be5 rais$1 pr(\nd] rese>* has always demon/rat$ ! v]acity & accuracy ( ! sacr$ writ]1 & has expos$ ! ignorance ( 8 assailant4 ,! hi/orical "* ( ! ,new ,te/am5t is1 ,i ?9k ,i may say1 9 ! eyes ( all sob] hi/orical critics e/abli%$4 ,,my?ical ,,!ories ,,( ,,*ri/ianity4 ,,by ,,! ,,rev4 ,,*>les ,,r[1 ,m4,a41 ,,( ,,pembroke ,,college1 ,,ox=d4 ,,my?ical ,,!ories ,,( ,,*ri/ianity4 ,x is h>dly possible to ov]-e/imate ! importance ( ! issues to :i* x w be my duty to address myself 9 ?is lecture4 ,!y involve ! c5tral position ( ,*ri/ianity2 viz41 ! all-important "q :e!r ,jesus ,*ri/ 0 an hi/orical p]son1 or a creation ( ! imag9ation4 ,is ! ,*ur* :i* is erect$ on ,him f\nd$ on an hi/oric fact1 :i* _h an objective exi/5ce2 or is ! ,jesus ( ! ,evangeli/s a subjective creation :i* exi/$ only 9 ! m9ds ( its orig9ators8 ,_m ( ! attacks :i* h be5 made on ,revelation are direct$ aga9/ its outworks m]ely2 ?is is "o direct$ aga9/ ! v key ( ! ,*ri/ian position4 ,if x c be c>ri$ by our oppon5ts1 ! :ole l9e ( our def5ces becomes unt5able4 ,let u n deceive ourselves4 ,if ! ,gospels are n 9 _! ma9 outl9es hi/orically true1 ,*ri/ianity is no m div9e ?an ,%akespe>e4 ,x may be ! highe/ developm5t ( man2 b x c h no pret5ce to be e/eem$ a revelation f ,god4 ,! objections ( ?is s*ool h done m to und]m9e ! belief ( ! educat$ classes 9 ,*ri/ianity z a div9e revelation ?an any "o s+le cause4 ,!y h l>gely creat$ ! s-call$ rationalism ( ! ,cont95t4 ,!y are widely diffus$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,9 our own c\ntry1 a num]\s class ( writ]s :o obta9 ready access to our p]iodical lit]ature are n only imbu$ ) simil> views1 b write ) ! quiet assumption t ! hi/orical f\ndation ( ,*ri/ianity _c be def5d$4 ,z my subject is a wide "o1 ,i mu/ address myself to x )\t any prelim9>y obs]vations4 ,! "q be=e u is simply ?is1 ,are ! ,gospels cr$ible hi/ories1 9 ! s5se t o!r writ+s ( ! same description are8 or are ! l>g] portion ( _! cont5ts fictiti\s8 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ t al?\gh ^! s*ools support _! views by an imm5se critical app>atus1 ! real ,greek3 sk&alon ( ! ,gospels is ! sup]natural elem5t :i* !y conta94 ,ap>t f ?is1 _! hi/orical "* w\ld nev] h be5 que/ion$4 ,! !ory t miracles are impossible und]lies ! entire mass ( ^! objections4 ,b ! "q ( ! miracul\s has be5 already h&l$ by ano!r lectur]4 ,i %all !re=e only obs]ve on x t x =ms no portion ( a /rictly hi/orical inquiry4 ,x app]ta9s to ! ab/ract regions ( ?\ght4 ,hi/ory has to deal ) evid5ce1 n ) ab/ract dogmas or philosophical que/ions4 ,to beg9 an hi/orical inquiry ) ! assumption t miracles are impossible1 & t any ev5t :i* involves ! sup]natural mu/ be a fiction1 is quietly to assume ! po9t at issue4 ,b z ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* is an in/itution :i* actually exi/s1 & z its orig9 c be trac$ up to ! times ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 & z x is erect$ on ! ,gospels z its f\ndation1 ^! s*ools are fully aw>e t ! "q _c be settl$ by ! quiet assumption t miracles are impossible4 ,! case /&s ?us4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* exi/s4 ,x has _h its orig9 9 ! ev5ts ( pa/ hi/ory4 ,! ,*ur* itself ass]ts n[1 & has ass]t$ 9 all ages1 t x is f\nd$ on ! hi/orical tru? ( ! div9e p]son ( ,*ri/ our ,"l1 z ,he is depict$ 9 ! ,gospels4 ,if ! ,gospels are true1 !y give a rational acc\nt ( its orig91 ,b ^? ) :om ,i am reason+ d5y t !y are a /atem5t ( hi/oric facts1 & consequ5tly t !y are n ! true acc\nt ( x4 ,b z ! ,*ur* is an hi/oric fact1 !y are q aw>e t any m]e g5]al assumption t miracles are impossible is n suffici5t4 ,!y f9d !mselves1 !re=e1 compell$ to d two ?+s1--fir/1 to inv5t a critical app>atus to de/roy ! cr$ibility ( ! ,gospels2 &1 secondly1 to prop\nd a !ory :i* %all acc\nt = ! orig9 ( ! ,*ur* on pr9ciples purely human4 ,! solution prop\nd$ is ! my?ical & ,tb+5 !ories4 ,?is critical app>atus keeps two aims 9 view1--fir/1 to prove ! exi/5ce ( /atem5ts 9 ! ,gospels at v>iance ) ^? ( contemporane\s hi/ory2 secondly1 to %[ t ^! n>ratives ab\nd ) a multitude ( contradictions4 ,to effect ?is latt] purpose1 e v>iation ( /atem5t is made to assume ! "* ( a contradiction4 ,! ext5t to :i* ?is has be5 c>ri$ is sc>cely cr$ible4 ,?is process hav+ z !y hope de/roy$ ! sub/ance ( ! ,gospels1 ! next proc$ure is to inv5t a !ory out ( ! imag9ation z ! acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity1 & to prop\nd x z true hi/ory4 ,at fir/ sight x w\ld appe> to h be5 ! easie/ c\rse to ass]t t !y are simple =g]ies1 9 ! same s5se 9 :i* ! ,donation ( ,con/ant9e or ! ,false ,decretals are =g]ies4 ,b ?is is :at no unbeliev] ( ! pres5t day :o reg>ds 8 lit]>y reputation v5tures to prop\nd z ! alt]native to _! hi/orical cr$ibility4 ,:y is ! simple c\rse ab&on$1 & an inf9itely complicat$ !ory sub/itut$ 9 its place8 ,! answ] is t _! entire ph5om5a negative ! supposition t !y c\ld h orig9at$ 9 directly consci\s fraud4 ,a m elaborate !ory1 !re=e1 has to be sub/itut$ = ! simple "o4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$ t ,i c only speak ( x 9 its g5]al aspect1 = its modifications are extremely num]\s1 & h>dly any two writ]s c be f\nd :o take precisely ! same view4 ,b ! foll[+ may be /at$ z ! pr9ciples :i* und]lie ^! sy/ems ( mod]n unbelief1 ?r[+ aside _! m9or details4 ,fir/4 ,t miracles be+ impossible1 no sup]natural elem5t :atev] ent]s into ! "* ( ! hi/orical ,jesus4 ,second4 ,t ,he 0 probably a v great man1 ?\gh1 :5ev] ! exig5cies ( ! sy/em require x1 x is necess>y to assume t ,he 0 deeply implicat$ 9 ! prejudices & sup]/itions ( ! age 9 :i* ,he liv$4 ,?ird4 ,t ,he probably believ$ ,himself to be ! ,messiah expect$ by ,8 c\ntrym51 ?\gh z to ! precise nature ( ,8 ,messianic claims my oppon5ts are n agre$4 ,f\r?4 ,t ,he succe$$ 9 inspir+ a cr[d ( foll[]s ) an en?usia/ic atta*m5t to ,him4 ,fif?4 ,t !y 7 hone/ p aft] _! fa%ion2 b 7 impell$ by an en?usiasm only equall$ by _! cr$ulity4 ,six?4 ,t !y inv5t$ a multitude ( fabul\s /ories1 ascrib$ !m to ,jesus1 & 9 "t mi/ook !m = facts4 ,sev5?4 ,t out ( ^! & k9dr$ elem5ts1 aid$ by a succession ( developm5ts1 ! human ,jesus 0 gradually metamorphos$1 9 ! c\rse ( ! sev5ty ye>s :i* foll[$ ! crucifixion1 into ! ,*ri/ ( ! ,synoptic ,gospels1 & 9 a hundr$ & ?irty into t ( ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,john4 ,n[1 z ^! s*ools d5y ! exi/5ce ( ! sup]natural1 ?is :ole developm5t mu/ h be5 due to causes :i* are purely human2 9 "o ^w1 to ! laws :i* regulate ! developm5ts ( ! moral & spiritual worlds4 ,z ^? ( ! natural _w h be5 effect$ ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( natural laws1 s ! creation ( ! ,jesus ( ! ,evangeli/s is due to laws :i* regulate ) equal pot5cy ! action ( ! m9d4 ,bo? sets ( laws are equally con/ant & inv>iable4 ,to exam9e ! critical app>atus :i* has be5 appli$ to ! ,gospels = ! purpose ( prov+ _! unhi/orical "*1 c\ld only be accompli%$ 9 a "w ( consid]able l5g?4 ,i %all !re=e only make two obs]vations on ! pr9ciples adopt$4 ,fir/4 ,^! s*ools assault ! ,gospels by *>g+ !m ) conta9+ a multitude ( inaccuracies1 discrepancies1 & contradictions4 ,:ile !y d ?is !y c>efully keep 9 ! backgr\nd ! m9ute accuracies1 agreem5ts ) contemporane\s hi/ory1 & pla9 indications ( autoptic te/imony ) :i* !y ab\nd4 ,su* a l9e ( conduct is ! same ?+ z to place be=e ! ,c\rt :i* is to try ! cause ev]y?+ :i* an acute c\nsel c adduce 9 opposition1 & to suppress ! :ole evid5ce = ! def5ce4 ,secondly4 ,a great majority ( ^! objections are f\nd$ on a view ( ! ,gospels :i* _! writ]s expressly repudiate4 ,x is tak5 = grant$ t ! ,gospels are hi/ories 9 ! /ricte/ s5se ( t ^w4 ,by a /rict hi/ory ,i mean a n>rative 9 :i* ! ev5ts are connect$ toge!r 9 accordance ) ! sequ5ces ( "t & place4 ,?is is ! arrangem5t :i* is g5]ally adopt$ 9 mod]n hi/ories & biographies4 ,b ! ,gospels expressly ass]t t !y belong to a diff]5t class ( writ+s4 ,!y are n hi/ories1 b memoirs4 ,9 a memoir1 ! arrangem5t ( ev5ts 9 ! /rict sequ5ce ( "t & place is n ! pr$om9ant idea4 ,! ,gospels are n only memoirs1 b memoirs ( a peculi> "*4 ,!y are details ( ! actions & tea*+s ( ,jesus ,*ri/ writt5 = ! express purpose ( tea*+ ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,9 works ( ?is k9d ! arrangem5t & gr\p+ ( ev5ts are =m$ on v diff]5t pr9ciples f ^? adopt$ 9 ! composition ( pure hi/ories4 ,z ?is is a mo/ important po9t1 ,i mu/ adduce pro( ( x :i* is beyond all contradiction4 ,/4 ,john's ,gospel ass]ts1 9 z _m words1 t x 0 ! purpose ( its au?or to write su* a memoir1 & n a /rict hi/ory4 ,at *ap4 xx41 v]4 #cj1 #ca1 he says1 ,& _m o!r signs truly did ,jesus 9 ! pres5ce ( ,8 disciples1 :i* are n writt5 9 ?is book3 b ^! are writt51 t ye may believe t ,jesus is ! ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god2 & t believ+ ye may h life ?r\gh ,8 "n4 ,aga91 9 ! la/ v]se ( ! ,gospel x is expressly /at$ t ,jesus did _m ?+s :i* ! writ] has n record$4 ,! au?or !re=e cle>ly ass]ts t he has made a selection ( c]ta9 ev5ts 9 ! life ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 f a v mu* l>g] numb]1 ) :i* he 0 acqua9t$1 & t ! pr9ciple :i* guid$ him1 bo? 9 ! selection & arrangem5t1 0 a religi\s "o4 ,^! are writt5 t ye may believe t ,jesus is ! ,*ri/1 etc4 ,x is impossible m di/9ctly to ass]t t ! ,gospel is a religi\s memoir4 ,no less cle> is ! /atem5t ( ,/4 ,luke4 ,he says t he wrote 9 ord] to ! mo/ excell5t ,!ophilus1 t he might "k ! c]ta9ty ( ! ?+s 9 :i* he _h be5 in/ruct$4 ,! orig9al %[s t ! in/ruction 0 giv5 ) a def9ite religi\s purpose4 ,! ,gospel is a decl>ation ( ^? ?+s mo/ surely believ$ among ,*ri/ians4 ,9 "o ^w1 ! "w is a memoir1 & n a hi/ory4 ,if x be repli$ t ,luke says t he wrote 9 ord]1 ,greek3 en taxei1 ,i answ] t !re are o!r ord]ly arrangem5ts besides ^? ( "t & place2 & t if a "w is a religi\s memoir1 ! arrangem5t w\ld be regulat$1 ?\gh n exclusively1 by ! ref]5ce ( ! facts to ! religi\s end 9 view4 ,! ass]tions ( ! o!r two ,gospels are n s express1 b view$ 9 connection ) _! cont5ts !y prove t !y belong to ! same class ( writ+s4 ,m>k writes1 ,! beg9n+ ( ! good news ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god4 ,"h a religi\s purpose is ass]t$ to be ! guid+ pr9ciple ( ! "w4 ,mat!w1 9 accordance ) ,hebrew phraseology1 entitles 8 "w ,! book ( ! g5]ation ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,david1 ! son ( ,abraham4 ,! :ole cont5ts ( ! ,gospel answ] to ?is description4 ,x 0 writt5 to prove t ,jesus 0 ! ,messiah ( prophecy accord+ to ! conceptions ( ,jewi% ,*ri/ianity4 ,su* be+ ! di/9ct ass]tions ( ! writ]s ( ! ,gospels z to ! "* ( _! works1 x is absurd to criticize !m z "o might be ju/ly entitl$ to d if f\r ,boswells _h set =? f\r lives ( ,dr4 ,johnson1 ! arrangem5t ( :i* 0 pr(ess$ly regulat$ by ! hi/orical sequ5ce4 ,! writ] ( a religi\s memoir is entitl$ to adopt a v diff]5t ord] ( ev5ts 9 8 n>rative f t :i* ought to be adopt$ by ! writ] ( a hi/ory4 ,an illu/ration w make ?is matt] pla94 ,if ,i 7 to compose a biography ( ,wesley1 ,i %\ld be b\nd to n>rate ! ev5ts 9 ! ord] ( "t1 ) a di/9ct specification ( ! ord] ( place2 b if ,i 7 to compose a memoir = ! purpose ( tea*+ ! doctr9es ( ,wesleyanism1 ,i %\ld foll[ a v diff]5t arrangem5t4 ,/ill m rem>kable w\ld be ! v>iation 9 ! arrangem5t if ,i wrote 8 memoir = ! purpose ( prov+ t ,wesley nev] design$ t ! ,*ur* :i* he f\nd$ %\ld diss5t f ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&4 ,su* be+ ! "* ( ! ,gospels1 objections :i* w\ld be s]i\s z aga9/ regul> hi/ories are h>mless aga9/ compositions ( ?is description4 ,a l>ge portion ( _! alleg$ discrepancies arise f ! diff]5t arrangem5t ( ! ev5ts n>rat$ 9 !m1 ow+ to ! pr$om9ance 9 !m ( ! religi\s idea4 ,n[ obs]ve t 9 compositions ( ?is description x frequ5tly happ5s t ! connect+ l9ks :i* w\ld make ev5ts p]fectly h>monize toge!r1 are want+1 simply because ! purpose ( ! writ] has n l$ him to record !m4 ,i adduce a s+le in/ance :]e ! connect+ l9k has be5 accid5tally pres]v$1 & :i* at once conv]ts a n>rative aga9/ :i* mo/ s]i\s objections might h be5 alleg$1 into "o ( ! /ronge/ pro(s ( ! hi/orical tru?fulness ( ! ,evangeli/s4 ,we all rememb] ! acc\nt ( ! murd] ( ,john ! ,bapti/4 ,x is told ) all ^? m9ute & delicate t\*es :i* are ! peculi> indication ( autoptic te/imony4 ,x places be=e our eyes ! great fea/--! "y lady danc+ h] lascivi\s dance--! words ( ,h]od's v[--! girl's go+ out ) excitem5t to h] "m--! dem& ( ! ,bapti/'s head 9 a l>ge di%--! sorr[ & reluctant cons5t ( ,h]od--! mission ( ! execution]--! pres5tation ( ! head to ! girl1 & by h] to h] "m4 ,ev]y?+ betok5s ! pres5ce ( an eye-witness4 ,! n>rative is op5 to ?is obvi\s objection3 ,h[ c\ld ! disciples ( ,*ri/1 mean & l[ z !y 71 procure s accurate a description ( an ev5t :i* happ5$ 9 ! palace at ! great fea/8 ,!re 7 nei!r newspap]s nor report]s 9 ^? days4 ,b ?is is only ! beg9n+ ( ! difficulty4 ,! au?ors ( ! ,gospels pr(ess to give u ! ipsissima v]ba :i* 7 utt]$ by ,h]od1 9 ! retirem5t ( 8 palace1 :5 ! reports br\ght him ( ! fame ( ,jesus r5d]$ him consci5ce-/rick54 ,! words are mo/ rem>kable1 & leave no alt]native betwe5 _! be+ ! words ( ,h]od or a =g]y4 ,x is ,john1 says he1 :om ,i behead$3 he is ris5 f ! dead1 & !re=e mighty works d %[ =? !mselves 9 him4 ,our v]sion spoils ! =ce ( ! la/ words-- ,greek3 hai dunameis en]g\s9 en aut--:i*1 r5d]$ lit]ally1 are1 ,! p[]s en]gize 9 him4 ,?is is c]ta9ly a mo/ s+ul> expression1 & "o op5 to a /rong suspicion ( =g]y2 = h[ c\ld ! foll[]s ( ,jesus h got hold ( ! v words ( an utt]ance ( ,h]od spok5 9 ! retirem5t ( ! palace8 ,b besides all ?is1 ! words ,greek3 hai dunameis en]g\s9 en aut pla9ly imply t x 0 ! g5]al idea t a l>ge numb] ( miracles _h be5 wr\ght by our ,"l4 ,my oppon5ts suppose t ! hi/oric ,jesus only attempt$ to "w miracles 9 a v few que/ionable cases1 & t ! multitude ( miracles :i* h be5 subsequ5tly ascrib$ to ,him are ! inv5tions ( ,8 delud$ foll[]s4 ,su* are ! difficulties4 ,n[ = _! solution4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ t ! au?or ( ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les tells u t among ! tea*]s ( ! ,*ur* at ,antio* dur+ ,paul's soj\rn !re1 0 ,mana51 :o 0 a fo/]-bro!r ( ,h]od ! ,tetr>*4 ,?is is told u 9 a mann] :i* is purely incid5tal1 & supplies u ) a possible s\rce f :5ce ! in=mation might h be5 d]iv$4 ,/ill x by no means foll[s t a man :o _h ! same wet-nurse z ,h]od 0 an inmate ( 8 palace1 or witness$ ! great fea/4 ,b a passage ( ! mo/ incid5tal "* 9 ,/4 ,luke's ,gospel supplies u ) ! s\rce ( in=mation :i* we want4 ,9 n>rat+ our ,"l's la/ j\rney to ,j]usalem1 ,luke tells u t ,he 0 accompani$ by ! twelve apo/les1 & sev]al wom5 :o m9i/]$ to ,him4 ,( ^! he designates ?ree by "n4 ,"o ( ^! is describ$ z ,joanna1 ! wife ( ,*uza1 ,h]od's /ew>d4 ,"h !n we h ! v p]son we are 9 want (4 ,*uza's (fice ( ,greek3 epitropos1 or /ew>d1 impos$ on him ! duty ( sup]9t5d+ ! great fea/4 ,he !re=e witness$ ! :ole proc$ure1 & 8 wife 0 9 con/ant communication ) ! disciples4 ,8 (fice mu/ h br\ght him into daily communication ) 8 ma/]4 ,:at m likely ?an :5 he wait$ on ,h]od = 8 ord]s1 he w\ld ask him ! news2 & t he %\ld report to him ! fame ( ! great tea*] ) :om 8 wife 0 9 att5dance8 ,he 0 !re=e 9 ! exact situation to h he>d ,h]od's consci5ce-/rick5 exclamation4 ,! s\rce ( in=mation is be=e u4 ,! incid5tal m5tion ( ,joanna & h] husb& af=ds to ?is n>rative an atte/ation su* z few ev5ts 9 pa/ hi/ory possess4 ,if ?is incid5t _h be5 lo/1 ! difficulty w\ld h be5 insup]able4 ,! mann] 9 :i* little circum/ances dovetail into "o ano!r 9 ! ,gospels is only consi/5t ) _! hi/orical "*4 ,x w\ld be impossible if !y 7 bundles ( my?s or leg5ds4 ,i adduce "o in/ance ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! ,gospels fulfil ! conditions ( hi/ory1 ev5 :]e ! abs5ce ( ! connect+ l9k has occasion$ s]i\s difficulty4 ,y all "k t ! want ( any ref]5ce 9 ! ,synoptics to ! miracle ( ! resurrection ( ,laz>us is ! /ronghold ( ^? :o d5y its hi/orical cr$ibility4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( any direct in=mation1 we are driv5 = ! solution ( ! difficulty to ! regions ( conjecture4 ,let u suppose1 !n1 t ! /ory is a my?4 ,if s1 x is obvi\s t x is a v gr& & p]fect "o4 ,! inv5tor mu/ h be5 a man ( ! highe/ g5ius 9 8 way4 ,if a p]son wi%$ to inv5t a description ( a resurrection1 he w\ld f9d x impossible1 9 ! same numb] ( words1 to surpass its p]fection4 ,if ! au?or ( ,/4 ,john's ,gospel has fail$ to depict ano!r resurrection 9 an equally graphic mann]1 x 0 n = want ( suffici5t g5ius4 ,yet ! ,gospel ass]ts ! fact ( ano!r resurrection--t ( ,jesus ,*ri/2 b x utt]s n "o ^w descriptive ( x4 ,all t x says is t ,m>y ,magdal5e came 9 ! morn+1 & f\nd ! tomb empty4 ,i put x to y\r common s5se to det]m9e1 on ! sup position t ?is ,gospel 0 writt5 by a p>tisan = ! purpose ( ?r[+ a halo ( glory ar\nd ! p]son ( 8 ,ma/]1 :e!r ! au?or ( ! resurrection ( ,laz>us w\ld n h =g$ a /ill m magnific5t description ( ! resurrection ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,8 failure to d s is cle>ly n ow+ to lack ( ability4 ,b h[ /&s ! case on ! supposition t ! ,gospel is hi/orical8 ,ev]y?+ is exactly z x %\ld be4 ,! ,evangeli/ has giv5 8 pictorial description ( ! resurrection ( ,laz>us1 because he witness$ x4 ,he has n done s ) respect to ! resurrection ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 because no human eye beheld x4 ,! n>rative !re=e fulfils ! conditions ( hi/ory1 & breaks d[n "u ! te/s :i* belong to fiction4 ,! limits ( a s+le lecture necess>ily preclude me f ent]+ on any m9or consid]ation4#ajf ,i !re=e proce$ at once to address myself to ! demolition ( ! c5tral position ( my oppon5ts1 t :ile ! ,gospels conta9 a few gra9s ( hi/oric tru?1 buri$ b5ea? a multitude ( fables1 ! great] portion ( _! cont5ts is a spontane\s gr[? :i* sprung up 9 ! bosom ( ! ,*ri/ian society 9 ! la/ sev5ty ye>s ( ! fir/ c5tury2 & t by means ( a numb] ( my?ical & leg5d>y inv5tions1 & a succession ( developm5ts1 a good & holy ,jew1 nam$ ,jesus1 0 metamorphos$ into ! div9e ,*ri/ ( ! ,evangeli/s4 ,9 reason+ on ?is po9t1 ,i %all assume no?+ b :at is conc$$ by ! ,s*ools 9 "q4 ,:at are ! concessions :i* ,i ask z ! f\ndations ( my reason+8 ,v simple ones inde$1 & su* t no man c d5y me4 ,fir/1 t ! ,gospels exi/2 secondly1 t ! ?ree fir/ ,gospels 7 9 exi/5ce ab\t ,a4,d4 #ajj1 & ! f\r? ab\t #afj2 ?irdly1 t 9 addition to ! facts or fictions :i* make up our ,gospels1 !y conta9 ! del9eation ( a great "*--,jesus ,*ri/4 ,on ! exi/5ce ( ?is "* my argum5t is f\nd$4 ,i n[ conc5trate y\r att5tion on x1 :i* ,i %all call = ! future ! portraiture ( ,jesus ,*ri/ our ,"l4 ,i ne$ n prove t x exi/s 9 ! ,gospels1 = ! mo/ ord9>y read] p]ceives t x is !re4 ,! "q is1 ,h[ did x get !re8 ,x is v easy to say t ! ,gospels consi/ ( a mass ( fictions4 ,b ?is is no acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( ! portraiture4 ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral und\bt$ly consi/s ( an imm5se multitude ( /ones4 ,b to say t a multitude ( qu>rym5 dug !m1 & t a multitude ( masons arrang$ !m accord+ to _! spontane\s impulses1 is no acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( t magnific5t /ructure4 ,let u c>efully obs]ve :at ?is great portraiture ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 z x is exhibit$ 9 ! ,gospels1 consi/s (4 ,x is ! del9eation ( a great moral & spiritual "* dramatiz$ ov] a wide sph]e ( action4 ,?is portraiture is n ! result ( ! artificial del9eation ( a "* su* z we see v commonly pres5t$ to u by hi/orians1 & ( :i* we see v num]\s examples 9 ,"l ,macaulay's ,hi/ory ( ,engl&4 ,su* *>act]s are ! artificial creations ( ! hi/orian1 & exhibit 8 view ( :at 8 h]oes actually 74 ,b nei!r ( ! au?ors ( ! ,gospels h once attempt$ ?us to del9eate ! "* ( 8 ,ma/]4 ,b ! portraiture ( ,jesus ,*ri/ is del9eat$ 9 ! ,gospels mo/ cle>ly & mo/ di/9ctly4 ,( :at mat]ials !n does x consi/8 ,only "o answ] c be return$4 ,x is ! comb9$ result ( all ! facts1 or1 z my oppon5ts say1 fictions1 :i* compose ! ,gospels4 ,n[ z ! exi/5ce ( ?is portraiture is n a !ory1 b a fact1 x is pla9 t x mu/ be acc\nt$ =4 ,! assumption t ! ,gospels are hi/orically true1 & t _! au?ors h truly del9eat$ ! actions & say+s ( "o :o _h an hi/orical exi/5ce1 is a rational acc\nt ( its orig94 ,b z ^! ,s*ools d5y _! hi/orical "*1 !y are b\nd to tell u h[ ! portraiture got !re4 ,! only answ]s :i* !y prop\nd are ! my?ic & ,tb+5 !ories4 ,accord+ to ^! !ories1 a good & holy ,jew1 :o _h attract$ a cr[d ( en?usia/ic & cr$ul\s foll[]s1 0 gradually metamorphos$ by !m into ! div9e ,*ri/ ( ! ,evangeli/s4 ,! inv5tors ( ! "* 7 impell$ by purely spontane\s in/9cts4 ,!y _h no int5tion ( consci\s deception4 ,!y mi/ook _! ,ma/] = ! ,messiah4 ,9 ! dep?s ( _! en?usia/ic cr$ulity1 !y inv5t$ multitudes ( fictions1 & 9 "t mi/ook !m = realities1 & innoc5tly ascrib$ !m to ,jesus4 ,developm5t succe$$ developm5t4 ,! fruitful m9d ( ! infant ,*ur* creat$ my? aft] my?4 ,p>ty _s rag$4 ,compromise foll[$ compromise4 ,spontane\s impulse by ! end ( ! c5tury _h creat$ ! mat]ials ( our pres5t ,gospels4 ,at la/ ?ree unkn[n m5 appe>$ :o arrang$ ^! mat]ials into _! pres5t =m1 & produc$ ! ,synoptics4 ,sixty ye>s lat]1 ano!r great unkn[n arose1 ^: "* mu/ h be5 a comp\nd ( my/icism1 en?usiasm1 & impo/ure1 & produc$ ! f\r? ,gospel1 :i* he successfully palm$ (f on ! ,*ur* z ! "w ( ! ,apo/le ,john1 "s sev5ty or eighty ye>s aft] he 0 sil5t 9 ! grave4 ,su* is ! alt]native :i* mod]n unbelief pres5ts z a sub/itute = ! hi/orical reality ( ! portraiture ( ,jesus ,*ri/ z we behold x 9 ! ,gospels4 ,"o _c help paus+ to obs]ve ! k9d ( analogy :i* exi/s betwe5 ^! !ories & ^? ( a c]ta9 class ( philosoph]s :o attempt to prove t ! moral & religi\s be+ :om we designate man has be5 sl[ly develop$ out ( ! l[] =ms ( life by causes purely physical4 ,l z 9 ! "o case ea* developm5t became an improvem5t on its pr$ecessor1 s 9 ! o!r ! l[] fabul\s creations mu/ h di$ out1 & ! nobl] ones prevail$1 until at la/ !re em]g$ f !m ,*ri/ianity & ! glori\s ,*ri/ ( ! ,gospels4 ,physical philosoph]s1 h[ev]1 "w at a great advantage 9 develop+ an ape into a moral be+1 comp>$ ) ! my?ologi/s :o develop$ a ,jew ( ! ye> #cj into a ,*ri/4 ,! "o c draw *eques to any ext5t on ! bank ( et]nity4 ,if a million ( ye>s is n suffici5t1 a million ( millions may be easily _h4 ,b 9 ! o!r case my oppon5ts are limit$ by ! /]n conditions ( hi/ory2 & ! respective p]iods ( sev5ty & "o hundr$ & ?irty ye>s are all t !y v5ture ev5 to dem&4 ,n[1 obs]ve2 ! portraiture ( ! ,jesus ( ! ,evangeli/s consi/s ( a multitude ( p>ts :i* h>moni\sly bl5d into a complicat$ :ole4 ,x is compos$1 9 fact1 ( z _m di/9ct portions z !re are incid5ts record$ 9 ! ,gospels1 :i* all concur 9 imp>t+ to x a common effect4 ,^? ) :om ,i am cont5d+ admit t ! "* is a v great "o4 ,_m ( !m all[ t x is great] & m p]fect ?an any :i* has ev] exi/$ z a fact or be5 conceiv$ z a fiction4 ,yet ! "*1 tak5 z a :ole1 pres5ts u ) an ess5tial unity4 ,?is is obvi\sly ! case 9 ! ?ree fir/ ,gospels1 & w h>dly be disput$ except on a v few subord9ate po9ts4 ,b x is equally rem>kable t ( ! v>i\s traits :i* compose ! "*1 & :i* are v num]\s1 ea* pres5ts u ) a simil> unity1 al?\gh !y are dramatiz$ ov] a v wide sph]e ( action4 ,to ?is fact ,i e>ne/ly invite y\r att5tion4 ,9 ! portraiture ( ,jesus at lea/ tw5ty di/9ct aspects ( moral "* are bl5d$ toge!r1 & a numb] ( subord9ate ones n easy to be c\nt$2 & ea* ( ^! con/itutes a sep>ate unity1 :i* h>moni\sly bl5ds ) ! o!rs1 & toge!r compose ! great unity ( ! portraiture4 ,num]\s z !y are1 & dramatiz$ ov] a wide sph]e ( action1 !y are yet depict$ ) a faultless propriety1 ev5 9 ! mo/ m9ute details4 ,nor does x to any s]i\s ext5t diff] ) ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,?is is c]ta9ly ! case z f> z ! actions attribut$ to ,jesus are conc]n$1 ?\gh x is n s obvi\s 9 ! case ( ! disc\rses4 ,/ill ev5 9 ^! an und]ly+ unity ( conception c be f\nd4#ajg ,! f\r ,gospels conta91 9 fact1 f\r portraitures ( "o & ! same ,*ri/1 only diff]+ f ea* o!r 9 ! po9t ( view f :i* !y are tak54 ,n[ ! obvi\s c\rse w\ld h be5 to h assum$ t ! conception ( ! orig9al "* 0 ! creation ( "s great poet1 & t ! f\rfold modification ( x :i* our pres5t ,gospels exhibit has be5 ! "w ( f\r subsequ5t poets4 ,b ?is supposition ! facts & ph5om5a ( ! case consign to ! region ( hopeless impossibilities4 ,x is !re=e necess>y to assume t ! "* itself1 & ! ,*ri/ianity ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 h be5 gradually elaborat$ bit by bit1 n by a succession ( great poets1 b ( cr$ul\s1 en?usia/ic my?ologi/s2 & t ! ,synoptic ,gospels orig9at$ 9 piec+ toge!r a multitude ( tales :i* 9 ! latt] end ( ! fir/ c5tury 7 float+ on ! surface ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,x is impossible to d5y t ! ,jesus ( ! ,evangeli/s is an immeasurably f9] conception ?an ei!r ! ,prome!us ( s*ylus1 :i* exhibits ! div9e 9 suff]+1 or ! ,macbe? or ,hamlet ( ,%akspe>e4 ,ea* ( ^! *>act]s is di/+ui%$ by a unity ( conception :i* proves t z *>act]s !y are ! creation ( a s+le m9d4 ,b suppos+ we 7 to be told t ^!1 & ! dramas :i* conta9 !m1 7 n ! creations ( s+le poets1 nor ev5 ( a succession ( poets1 b _h be5 sl[ly elaborat$1 /ep by /ep1 dur+ a consid]able int]val ( "t by a numb] ( cr$ul\s en?usia/s4 ,my oppon5ts w\ld be ! fir/ to receive su* a sugge/ion ) %\ts ( d]ision4 ,x is pla9 t if ! portraiture ( our ,"l be an ideal creation1 ^? :o fram$ x mu/ h be5 gift$ ) a high ord] ( g5ius4 ,let me illu/rate ! position by ! art ( pa9t+4 ,high g5ius 9 pa9t+ is analog\s to high g5ius 9 poetry4 ,let u suppose t we are contemplat+ a great ideal picture1--e4g41 ! ,m>riage ,fea/ 9 ,cana ( ,galilee1 at ! ,l\vre1--& t we are told t x is n ! "w ( a s+le arti/1 nor ev5 ( f\r1 b ( a succession :o gradually develop$ x4 ,nor1 to make ! case a p>allel "o1 is ?is all :i* we %\ld be ask$ to believe4 ,z ,i h already obs]v$1 ! portraiture ( ! ,jesus ( ! ,evangeli/s is made up ( a multitude ( p>ts1 ea* ( :i* has a sep>ate unity1 f ! union ( :i* ! unity ( ! :ole results4 ,^! are said to h be5 elaborat$ out ( a numb] ( my?s & developm5ts :i* h be5 ! creations ( _m m9ds4 ,9 a simil> mann] ! picture ( ! ,m>riage ,fea/ at ,cana consi/s ( a numb] ( sep>ate figures :i* h>moni\sly bl5d into a :ole1 & to :i* ! magnific5t col\r+ has be5 adapt$4 ,n[ suppose t we 7 told t ea* ( ^! figures _h be5 gradually develop$ into its pres5t =m by a set ( improvem5ts effect$ unconsci\sly by a succession ( pa9t]s2 & t all t ! arti/ :o =m$ ! picture did 0 skilfully to comb9e ^! sep>ate figures1 & place !m 9 juxtaposition4 ,surely "o w\ld n be un*>itable 9 assum+ t ! au?or ( su* a sugge/ion _h escap$ f a lunatic asylum4 ,simil> is ! !ory ( ^! ,s*ools z to ! orig9 ( ! ,gospels1 & ( ! great "* conta9$ 9 !m4 ,su* a !ory ( _! orig9 dem&s our acquiesc5ce 9 a great] miracle ?an all ! miracles ( ! ,new ,te/am5t unit$ toge!r4 ,view$ 9 its great outl9es1 ?is !ory is self-condemn$ by its inh]5t absurdity4 ,b :5 we apply a s\nd logic to its details1 x vani%es l "o ( ! palaces ( ! ,arabian ,nights4 ,pr(ess+ to be bas$ on rational pr9ciples1 x violates all ! laws ( reason4 ,= hi/oric tru? x sub/itutes wild dreams ( ! imag9ation4 ,y w please to keep /eadily 9 m9d t ! means by :i* my oppon5ts und]take to metamorphose a ,jew ( ! ye> #cj into a div9e ,*ri/1 /at$ g5]ally1 are a succession ( my?ical & leg5d>y creations & developm5ts1 conte/s & compromises1 betwe5 ho/ile sects evolv$ 9 con=mity ) ! laws ( ! intellectual & moral _w4 ,let u n[ assume ! tru? ( _! position1 & see h[ x w "w4 ,if ! ,jesus ( ! ,evangeli/s be a developm5t1 x is evid5t t x mu/ h _h a />t+-po9t4 ,?is c\ld h be5 none o!r ?an ! atmosph]e ( ?\ght & feel+ :i* exi/$ 9 ,juda dur+ ! fir/ ?irty ye>s ( ! fir/ c5tury4#ajh ,b none m firmly pr(ess _! belief 9 ! reign ( law 9 ! _w ( m9d & matt] ?an ^? ^: !ories ,i am controv]t+4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is belief !y pron\nce all sup]natural int]v5tions 9 human affairs impossible4 ,i ?ankfully conc$e to !m ! fact t all developm5ts affect+ ! m9d ( man :i* are ( purely human orig9 mu/ be br\ght ab\t 9 con=mity ) law4 ,let x be cle>ly und]/ood1 !re=e1 t my reason+ is bas$ on ?is assumption4 ,?is po9t be+ cle>1 ! "q imm$iately pres5ts itself1 :at is ! nature ( ! laws :i* regulate ! m5tal developm5ts ( man1 especially 9 8 "* ( a moral & religi\s be+8 ,are !y rapid1 or d !y require long int]vals ( "t = _! elaboration8 ,are great *anges 9 our moral or religi\s ideas ( a quick or a sl[ gr[?8 ,! answ] to ^! que/ions is ( vital importance to ! argum5t1 because on ! %[+ ( my oppon5ts !y h only sev5ty ye>s at _! comm& dur+ :i* !y c develop ! ,*ri/ ( ! ,synoptics1 & ! ,*ri/ianity ( ne>ly all ! ,epi/les1 f ! religi\s & moral ideas ( ! ,judaism ( ! ye> #cj4 ,=tunately = u1 ! univ]sal te/imony ( hi/ory answ]s ^! que/ions ) no ambigu\s voice4 ,! developm5ts ( man1 :e!r moral1 social1 or religi\s1 are sl[4 ,! :ole c\rse ( civilization1 includ+ )9 t t]m ev]y?+ :i* relates to ! gr[? ( ! m9d ( man1 & :i* t5ds to 8 ref9em5t & high] culture1 is a v gradual "o2 & its successive /ages require long int]vals ( "t = _! developm5t4 ,:5ev] unbeliev]s attempt to acc\nt = ! gr[? ( human civilization f a savage /ate1 or to develop a man out ( an ape1 9 ! "o case !y dem& t5s ( ?\s&s & 9 ! o!r millions ( ye>s = its accompli%m5t4 ,z ?is po9t is ( great importance to ! argum5t1 ,i mu/ adduce di/9ctive pro( ( x4 ,no tru? is m c]ta9 ?an t x is impossible = m51 ei!r individually or collectively1 to raise !mselves except by v gradual /ages above t moral & spiritual atmosph]e 9 :i* !y 7 born4 ,we are unit$ by ! close/ ties ( habit & education ) ! pa/4 ,we brea! f ! dawn ( our consci\sness ! v atmosph]e ( its ?\ght & feel+4 ,e succe$+ /ate ( society is mo/ closely b\nd to t :i* prec$$ x4 ,e great *ange 9 ?\ght or feel+ has be5 produc$ by a succession ( *anges leav+ no deep gulf betwe54 ,individual progress1 unless ext]nal influ5ces are br\ght to be> on ! m9d1 foll[s ! same law ( gradual gr[?4 ,ev5 g5ius1 & :at are call$ ! creative p[]s ( ! m9d1 are fett]$ by ^! conditions4 ,all greatness is relative to & be>s ! impress ( ! age :i* produc$ x4 ,great m5 diff] f o!rs only 9 be+ able to advance a few /ages beyond ord9>y humanity4 ,b ! greate/ g5ius is unable to elevate itself into a v high region ( ?\ght or feel+ at a s+le b\nd1 or to sev] ! l9ks :i* unite x ) ! pa/4 ,! utmo/ effect :i* ! greate/ ( m5 h be5 able to produce on ^? by :om !y h be5 surr\nd$ is to cause _! actual developm5ts to advance at a some:at accel]at$ ratio4 ,to ! tru? ( ^! g5]al pr9ciples all hi/ory te/ifies4 ,:5 we measure ea* /age ( human gr[?1 we f9d t x has occupi$ long int]vals ( "t4 ,s gradual is ! process1 t consid]able *anges c only be discov]$ aft] ! lapse ( l5g!n$ p]iods4 ,! :ole hi/ory ( philosophy1 art1 morality1 & religion te/ifies to ?is4 ,all philosophic s*ools ( ?\ght h be5 ( gradual gr[?4 ,! daub ( a savage has nev] sudd5ly develop$ itself into ! creations ( a ,mi*ael ,angelo or a ,rub5s1 nor h 8 r\gh imitations ( ! human =m pass$ b by a succession ( gradual /ages into ! p]fection ( a ,phidias4 ,poetry1 ! mo/ creative ( arts1 is subject to simil> conditions4 ,! ideas ) :i* ! poet works are ^? ( ! age 9 :i* he lives4 ,he pa9ts ! ph5om5a & reflects ! l9e ( ?\ght1 ! morality1 ! religion1 ! intellectual & social conditions ( ! times :i* gave him bir?4 ,:at he accompli%es is to exhibit !m "u new comb9ations4 ,a bu%man nev] at a s+le b\nd became a ,hom] or a ,%akspe>e4 ,! hi/ory ( philosophy be>s witness t ! univ]sal law ( our nature is a gradual gr[?4 ,ea* ( its developm5ts 0 closely alli$ to t :i* prec$$ x1 & directly grew out ( x4 ,ea* ,s*ool has occupi$ a consid]able "t 9 its developm5t1 has gr[n out ( t :i* prec$$ x1 & prep>$ ! way = its successor4 ,! int]val :i* sep>ates ! respective /ages is small4 ,ea* great race ( mank9d has also creat$ a philosophy /amp$ ) its own impress1 & directly relat$ to its peculi> "*4 ,a native ( ,au/ralia has nev] sudd5ly elevat$ himself into a ,socrates4 ,! same law is no less applicable to religions4 ,we "k no in/ance ( ! direct creation ( "o4 ,x is true t ! orig9 ( _m is buri$ 9 ! obscurity ( ! pa/4 ,yet z soon z !y em]ge into ! light ( hi/ory1 x is cle> t !y are subject to a law ( gradual gr[?2 & aft] !y h atta9$ _! full developm5t1 to a no less rem>kable law ( gradual decay4 ,all ! religions on e>?1 ) ! exception ( ,*ri/ianity1 be> witness to ?is rule4 ,:at h be5 call$ new religions1 h be5 evolv$ out ( previ\sly exi/+ mat]ials1 modifi$ & adapt$ to ! gr[? & decay ( civilization4 ,no ,feti% wor%ipp]1 h[ev] l(ty 8 g5ius1 c\ld h evolv$ ! sy/ems ( ,brahmanism or ,buddhism by a s+le b\nd ( 8 imag9ation4 ,if ! law ( ! gr[? ( religions is a v gradual "o1 t ( our moral ideas is f> m s4 ,improvem5ts 9 ! great moral pr9ciples :i* regulate ! life ( man are mo/ pa9fully sl[4 ,all ! great races ( mank9d h pres5t$ ! same g5]al outl9es ( "*1 ) only slight improvem5ts1 f age to age4 ,i quote only two examples1 ! mod]n ,fr5* & ,g]mans4 ,h[ /rik+ly l are c]ta9 portions ( ! "* ( ! =m]1 to ! picture ( ! ,gauls giv5 9 ! pages ( ,cs>2 or to ! descriptions ( ! same race inhabit+ a di/ant region :i* ! great apo/le has drawn 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians4 ,we may /ill read ! g5]al outl9e ( ! "* ( ! ,g]man race 9 ! pages ( ,tacitus4 ,developm5ts !re h be51 & ! sl[ness is sadly disappo9t+ to ! philan?ropi/4 ,to be able ev5 to recognize progress1 we mu/ survey long int]vals ( "t4 ,! optimi/ has inde$ ne$ ( pati5ce2 & ! mo/ en?usia/ic may be c]ta9 t long ages be=e any consid]able advance is made1 accord+ to ! m]e laws ( natural developm5t1 he w be slumb]+ 9 ! grave4 ,b x mu/ n be =gott5 t ! developm5ts :i* our oppon5ts po/ulate are always 9 ! way ( progressive improvem5ts4 ,/]n hi/orical fact compels u to ass]t t developm5ts are frequ5tly retrogressive4 ,no less gradual is ! moral progress ( ! individual4 ,x is also a pa9ful b und5iable fact t retrogressive ones are mu* m rapid ?an progressive ones4 ,! moral ideas 9 ! mid/ ( :i* we are educat$ cl+ to u ) ! firme/ grasp4 ,! be/ m5 exhibit only a slight advance above ! g5]al morality ( _! age4 ,i n[ draw y\r att5tion to ! fact t ! inv5tive p[]s ( ! compos] ( fiction are limit$ by ! same laws4 ,he too1 9 ! /rict s5se ( t t]m1 is unable to create ! new4 ,! mat]ials ) :i* he c "w are ! idealization ( ! times 9 :i* he lives4 ,:e!r he be poet or novel writ]1 he c nei!r inv5t a new religion or a new morality4 ,my?ical inv5tions ( e k9d embody ! /ate ( ?\ght1 feel+1 & g5]al idealization ( ! times :i* produc$ !m4 ,! entire mass ( exi/+ my?ology te/ifies to ?is fact4 ,su*1 !n1 are ! in/rum5ts & mat]ials ) :i* my oppon5ts h to "w 9 ! elaboration ( ,*ri/ianity out ( ,judaism1 & 9 metamorphos+ a human ,jesus into a div9e ,*ri/4 ,let u exam9e ! possibility ( ! attempt4 ,we mu/ place ourselves 9 ! position ( ! foll[]s ( ,jesus on ! ev5+ ( ! crucifixion4 ,8 individual influ5ce _h ga!r$ ar\nd ,him a numb] ( en?usia/ic & cr$ul\s foll[]s :o mi/ook ,him = ! ,messiah ( popul> expectation4 ,! crucifixion c]ta9ly da%$ _! hopes4 ,b accord+ to ! !ory ( my oppon5ts1 9 ! height ( _! en?usiasm !y det]m9$ to believe 9 ,him z ! ,messiah /ill4 ,to c>ry out ?is resolution1 x is obvi\s t new gr\nd _h to be tak54 ,a developm5t ( "s k9d 0 absolutely necess>y4 ,no am\nt ( cr$ulity c\ld mi/ake a dead body m\ld]+ 9 ! grave = ! ,messiah ( ,jewi% expectation4 ,x 0 absolutely necess>y1 !re=e1 if ,8 ,messiah%ip c\ld become a possibility1 t ! crucifi$ ,jesus %\ld be rescu$ f ! tomb4 ,if a resurrection c\ld n be effect$ 9 reality1 x 0 indisp5sable t "o %\ld be 9 imag9ation4 ,until ,8 foll[]s c\ld be br\ght 9 consid]able numb]s to believe t ?is _h happ5$1 no developm5ts 9 ! direction ( ! ,gospels 7 possible4 ,! mo/ obvi\s exp$i5t to h accompli%$ ?is w\ld h be5 = "s ( ! disciples to h done t :i*1 accord+ to "o ( ! ,evangeli/s1 ! ,jews accus$ !m (1 viz41 to h /ol5 ! body1 & report t ,jesus 0 ris5 f ! dead4 ,b ^? aga9/ :om ,i am reason+ d n v5ture to accuse !m ( consci\s fraud4 ,?is assumption all educat$ unbeliev]s h long ab&on$ z hopelessly unt5able4 ,su* a basis w c]ta9ly n be> ! weight ( ! ,*ri/ianity ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,9 place ( ?is1 !y assume t ! cr$ulity1 idealism1 & en?usiasm ( ! foll[]s ( ,jesus 0 bottomless4 ,) ?is ma*9]y !y ?9k t ,he c be rescu$ f ! grave4 ,two !ories h be5 prop\nd$ = ?is purpose4 ,"o is t "s en?usia/ic woman--,m>y ,magdal5e1 = example--?\ght t %e saw ,jesus ) ! m9d's eye1 or mi/ook ! g>d5] = ,him1 & conv]t$ ?is appe>ance into a bodily reality4 ,%e communicat$ h] en?usiasm to ! re/4 ,o!rs may h imag9$ t !y saw ,him 9 a simil> mann]1 & committ$ a simil> mi/ake4 ,! o!r !ory is t ,he 0 buri$ 9 a swoon1 t ,he manag$ to creep out ( ,8 grave1 t ,he p>tially recov]$1 & di$ %ortly aft] 9 retirem5t4 ,on su* a f\ndation my oppon5ts propose to erect ! :ole weight ( ! hi/oric ,*ur*1 & f su* a *im]a to develop ! portraiture ( ! div9e ,*ri/4 ,! second !ory ,i %\ld n h m5tion$ if x _h n be5 dignifi$ by ! "n ( ,buns54 ,x is obvi\s t x w n support ! weight ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,:at6 a man :o di$ f weakness %ortly aft] creep+ out ( 8 grave1 metamorphis$ by 8 foll[]s into a div9e ,messiah1 & seat$ on ! "r h& ( ,god6 ,if ,he liv$ 9 retirem5t1 & di$ 9 ,phnicia %ortly aft]w>ds1--accord+ to an assumption = :i* !re is n ev5 ! gho/ ( hi/orical te/imony1--,8 foll[]s _h access to ,him or !y _h n4 ,if we adopt ! =m] "p ( ! alt]native1 no am\nt ( cr$ulity c\ld h mi/ak5 ,him = a glori\s ,messiah rescu$ f ! tomb4 ,! v sight ( ,him mu/ h act$ z a complete ext+ui%] on ! p[]s ( ! imag9ation4 ,if we adopt ! latt]1 x falls "u ! g5]al head t ! belief 9 ! resurrection 0 m]ely due to an excit$ imag9ation4 ,all ! assi/ance :i* x r5d]s is to dispose ( ! dead body4 ,n[1 9 !ory1 no?+ is easi] ?an to say t an excit$ woman saw ,jesus ) h] m5tal eye1 mi/ook x = a bodily reality1 & communicat$ h] en?usiasm to ! re/ ( ,8 foll[]s4 ,b 9 practice1 su* ?+s are n q s easy4 ,al?\gh x is no h>d matt] to p]suade ! cr$ul\s to believe 9 ! appe>ance ( gho/s & phantoms1 yet ,i d n "k t ! :ole hi/ory ( man pres5ts u ) a s+le example ( a great in/itution :i* owes its orig9 to su* a belief4 ,b ev5 ! cr$ul\s believ]s 9 su* app>itions are v difficult to p]suade t !y h actually se5 a man :o once _h di$ aga9 re/or$ to life4 ,i d\bt :e!r ! entire mass ( fictiti\s lit]ature pres5ts u ) any?+ at all analog\s to ! suppos$ belief ( ! cr$ul\s foll[]s ( ,jesus 9 ! resurrection ( _! ,ma/]4 ,ev5 p]sons :o h a mo/ imp]fect k t nature is gov]n$ by law1 are q aw>e t dead m5 d n revive4 ,! foll[]s ( ,jesus c\ld h be5 h>dly m cr$ul\s ?an mod]n spirituali/s1 yet ^! latt] h n yet succe$$ 9 erect+ a great in/itution on ! basis ( an actual resurrection f ! dead1 or ev5 on ! pres5ce ( a _s 9 a table4 ,suppos+1 !re=e1 t "s fanatic foll[] ( our ,"l made ! mi/ake 9 "q1 x c\ld really h be5 no easy matt] to h communicat$ ?is en?usiasm to ! re/1 damp$ z _! spirits 7 by ! crucifixion4 ,/ill m difficult w\ld x h be5 = any consid]able numb] to h made ! mi/ake ( conv]t+ a flight ( ! imag9ation into an objective fact4 ,at any rate my oppon5ts mu/ conc$e t to h p]suad$ any numb] ( m5 "u su* circum/ances t ! crucifi$ ,jesus 0 actually ris5 f ! dead mu/ h requir$ a consid]able int]val ( "t4 ,x w\ld be mu* m easy to create a belief 9 a resurrection aft] ! lapse ( a c5tury1 ?an )9 a few ye>s ( ! ev5t4 ,:5 we survey a pa/ ev5t ?r\gh ! haze ( "t1 x helps to confuse our ideas z to :at is possible4 ,b long int]vals ( "t s conv5i5t = ! physical speculator are precisely ! ?+s :i* my oppon5ts h n at _! disposal4 ,sev5ty ye>s is all :i* !y !mselves ?9k x possible to ask =2 & z all developm5ts are sl[1 "o or two entirely exhau/ x1 & !y require a multitude to effect _! purpose4 ,b n only 0 x necess>y to get "s ( ! en?usia/ic foll[]s ( our ,"l to believe 9 ,8 resurrection1 b also to con/itute a society f\nd$ on its basis4 ,until ?is 0 done1 all developm5t 0 impossible4 ,b ea* /ep requires a consid]able int]val ( "t4 ,b h[ c\ld ! ,*ur* be held toge!r :ile ! belief 9 ! resurrection 0 =m+8 ,b ev5 suppos+ t ,jesus by ! p[] ( ! imag9ation _h be5 rescu$ f ! grave1 x became a v s]i\s "q :at to d ) ,him4 ,no am\nt ( cr$ulity c\ld h br\ght ,him into daily communication ) ,8 foll[]s4 ,if ,he cont9u$ on e>?1 ,8 n do+ s 0 a v s]i\s affair4 ,! obvi\s exp$i5t 0 t ,he %\ld be tak5 up into heav51 f :i* at "s future day he %\ld come back aga9 & take possession ( 8 ,messianic ?rone4 ,su* is ! idea adopt$ by ^! s*ools ( ?\ght1 & !y are nev] we>i$ ) tell+ u t ! *ief if n ! only article 9 ! primitive belief ( ! foll[]s ( ,jesus 0 ,8 spe$y return to realize _! expectations ( ,8 ,messianic glory4 ,be x s2 = ! consequ5ces are v s]i\s to ! position ( ^? ^: views ,i am combat+4 ,8 foll[]s !n expect$ ,him to return z ! ,jewi% ,messiah4 ,n[ no?+ is m c]ta9 ?an z long z ?is expectation la/$ !re c\ld h be5 no developm5t 9 ! direction ( ! ,*ri/ ( ! ,gospels4 ,h[ long1 !n1 did ?is /ate ( /agnation la/ 9 ! bosom ( ! ,*ur*8 ,:5 did x occur to ! foll[]s ( ,jesus t ! expectation ( ! spe$y return ( _! ,ma/] 0 a baseless "o1 & t !y mu/ set !mselves to "w to develop a diff]5t conception ( a ,*ri/8 ,x is a fact t su* beliefs d n spe$ily die out1 & t !y c survive _m a disappo9tm5t4 ,! mod]n prophetic ,s*ool af=ds a /rik+ pro( ( ! t5acity ( su* hopes4 ,!y h repeat$ly prophesi$ t ! ,adv5t w happ5 9 our times2 & not)/&+ ! falsification ( _! pr$ictions1 ,i believe t !y /ill cl+ to ?is belief4 ,at any rate x has requir$ a long int]val ( "t to undeceive !m2 & z cr$ulity 01 accord+ to ! views :i* ,i am combat+1 ! lead+ trait ( ! foll[]s ( ,jesus1 x mu/ h be5 a consid]able int]val ( "t be=e !y c\ld h be5 p]suad$ to "p company ) _! d>l+ expectation4 ,b z long z a ,jewi% ,messiah satisfi$ _! aspirations1 ! ,*ur* c\ld h develop$ no new ,messianic conceptions4 ,b to af=d some?+ l a basis = reason+1 ,i w suppose ^! ob/acles to h be5 surm\nt$2 t ! "w ( developm5t has comm5c$1 & t ! womb ( ! ,*ur* is at la/ become pregnant ) its future ,*ri/4 ,fre% & ev]-increas+ difficulties pres5t !mselves = solution4 ,let x be obs]v$ t1 aft] !y h effect$ ! resurrection1 all :i* has be5 accompli%$ 0 to repair ! damage inflict$ on ! ,*ur* by ! crucifixion1 & to re/ore to x1 z a necessity ( its exi/5ce1 a liv+ in/ead ( a dead ,messiah4 ,t ,messiah 0 /ill ! ,messiah ( ,judaism4 ,!y h sc>cely advanc$ a /age 9 ! creation ( ! ,gospels1 & ( ! ,*ri/ !re9 del9eat$1--n to say ( ! entire moral & spiritual tea*+ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,let u obs]ve ! /eps ( ! process by :i* ! metamorphose mu/ h be5 effect$4 ,x is1 say my oppon5ts1 v unc]ta9 :e!r ! hi/oric ,jesus ev] attempt$ to p]=m a miracle4 ,b accord+ to ! conceptions ( ! times1 ,8 foll[]s ?\ght t ! ,messiah ought to h p]=m$ !m4 ,to supply ! defect1 !y inv5t$ a mass ( miracul\s /ories1 & 9 _! fond cr$ulity ?\ght t ,jesus _h actually p]=m$ !m1 & ?us ! delusion ( ,8 miracul\s wond]-work+ 0 propagat$ 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,b all exp]i5ce proves t my?ic & leg5d>y miracles are grotesque4 ,yet ^? 9 ! ,gospels are all sob] ones1 & /amp$ ) a high moral tone4 ,!y mu/ !re=e h und]gone a succession ( developm5ts be=e !y c\ld h assum$ _! pres5t =m4 ,/ill a ,jewi% ,messiah has yet to be trans=m$ into ! ,jesus ( ! ,evangeli/s4 ,aft] a :ile a happy ?\ght occurs to ^! un9/ruct$ ,jews4 ,!y det]m9e to inve/ ! ,tea*] ) :om !y _h habitually conv]s$ ) a "* at once div9e & human4 ,! my?ic faculty is aga9 invok$1 & ! human ,jesus1 by ! aid ( developm5t aft] developm5t1 gradually assumes ! aspect ( ! div9e ,*ri/4 ,9 a simil> mann] !y feel t ! moral aspect ( ! ,messiah ( _! fonde/ expectations mu/ und]go a *ange1 & 9 due "t ! triumphant ,k+ becomes ! meek & ! l[ly ,jesus1 & ! morality ( ,ph>isaism becomes t ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,few p]sons are at all aw>e ( ! enorm\s difficulties :i* w\ld h beset any p]sons :o1 :e!r consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 set !mselves to metamorphise a ,jew ( ! ye> #cj into ! ,*ri/ ( ! ,gospels4 ,famili>ity ) ! "* induces numb]s to ?9k t poets or fabuli/s1 inv5tors ( my?s & leg5ds1 might easily h creat$ x4 ,to =m a correct e/imate ( ! difficulty1 x is necess>y to transport ourselves out ( ! n9ete5? c5tury into ! ,jewi% atmosph]e ( ?\ght & feel+ ( ! c5tury :i* prec$$ ! ,adv5t4 ,a />t+-po9t x mu/ h _h4 ,!re c\ld h be5 no o!r ?an x4 ,let x be obs]v$ t be=e ! elaboration ( ! ,jesus ( ! ,gospels1 ^? :o fabricat$ ! conception 7 :olly )\t a model to guide !m4 ,all anci5t fact or fable fails to furni% any?+ at all analog\s to ?is great "*4 ,su* models z !y _h w\ld h guid$ its inv5tors wrong4 ,! only ones :i* !y possess$ 7 ! popul> ,messianic conceptions ( ! p]iod1 & ! prevail+ ,jewi% ideas ( religion & morality4 ,besides ^!1 !y might h fall5 back on ! g5]al ideas conta9$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t ,scriptures & ! apocryphal books4 ,! ideal ( a ,jewi% h]o w\ld c]ta9ly n h help$ !m 9 =m+ ! conception ( ! ,evangelical ,jesus4 ,"o apocryphal book has be5 frequ5tly ref]r$ to z af=d+ consid]able aid--! ,book ( ,eno*4 ,i h fully discuss$ ?is subject else:]e1#aji & ! conclusion to :i* ,i h arriv$ is1 ,i ?9k1 incontrov]tible1 t ev5 if we grant t its ,messianic portions 7 compos$ prior to ! ,*ri/ian era 7a concession :i* ,i am by no means prep>$ to make71 ! aid :i* x w\ld h af=d$ ! my?ologi/s :o inv5t$ ! ,*ri/ ( ! ,gospels w\ld h be5 inconsid]able4 ,to avoid a l5g!n$ controv]sy z to its date1 ,i am q will+ t ^! s*ools ( ?\ght %\ld make all ! use !y c ( !m4 ,let me po9t out a few ( ! difficulties :i* mu/ h beset ! pa? ( ! inv5tors ( ! great portraiture ( ! ,gospels4 ,e read] at once recognizes t ! "* :o is !re depict$ is a sup]human "o2 or r1 to speak m accurately1 x is exhibit$ z unit+ ! human & ! div9e4 ,?is is a pla9 matt] ( fact1 & is q indep5d5t ( ! "q :e!r ! ,evangeli/s 7 "r 9 s repres5t+ x4 ,nor is my argum5t at all affect$ by any suppos$ difficulty 9 def9+1 9 ! t]ms ( an ab/ract cre$1 ! precise measure ( ! div9e :i* !y h ascrib$ to x4 ,all t ,i cont5d = is t ! ,jesus ( ! ,evangeli/s is dramatiz$ z unit+ a div9e & human consci\sness1 & t x is exhibit$ ) a faultless propriety4 ,n[ ! mom5t ! my?ologi/s made a movem5t 9 ?is direction1 a hundr$ problems ( a mo/ difficult "* mu/ h dem&$ _! solution be=e !y c\ld advance a s+le /ep4 ,i c only adduce "o or two examples4 ,h[ 0 ! human to be repres5t$ z act+ 9 union ) ! div9e1 & ! div9e ) ! human8 ,9 :at proportions 7 !y to be comb9$8 ,h[ 0 ! "o to be prev5t$ f swall[+ up ! o!r8 ,let x be obs]v$ t !re 0 no model to guide !m4 ,! attempt to exhibit ! div9e & human 9 a s+le p]sonality _h nev] be5 attempt$ be=e4 ,! difficulty w be at once se5 f a ref]5ce to ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! ne>e/ approa* :i* x exhibits to unit+ ! human & ! div9e is 9 ! act ( prophetic inspiration4 ,b 9 ?is ! two factors are inv>iably di/9ct4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t prophet1 :5 "u ! influ5ce ( ! prophetical illapse1 inv>iably prefaces 8 utt]ances ) ,?us sai? ! ,"l4 ,^! words are nev] once plac$ 9 ! m\? ( ,jesus ?r\gh\t ! entire ,gospels4 ,in/ead ( !m1 ,8 mo/ solemn utt]ances are introduc$ ) ! words1 ,i say unto y4 ,! prophet is g5]ally vehem5tly excit$4 ,! ,jesus ( ! ,evangeli/s is inv>iably calm4 ,y mu/ nev] =get t ! position ( ^? aga9/ ^: !ories ,i am reason+ compels !m to assume t ! cont5ts ( ! ,gospels h be5 elaborat$ by ! action ( a multitude ( m9ds4 ,be x s4 ,x foll[s t ^! problems mu/ h receiv$ z _m diff]5t solutions z !re 7 m9ds engag$ 9 ! attempt4 ,in/ead ( ! "* :i* result$ !refrom pres5t+ a unity ( aspect1 x w\ld h be5 a mass ( hopeless confusion4 ,my limits w only all[ me to draw y\r att5tion to "o or two ( ^! difficulties out ( ! va/ multitude4 ,! hi/orical ,jesus 0 unque/ionably crucifi$4 ,h[ 0 a crucifi$ man to be repres5t$ z div9e8 ,he di$ 9 agony4 ,h[ 0 an arti/ to dramatize ! div9e 9 suff]+8 ,if my he>]s are n aw>e ( ! difficulties :i* w\ld h att5d$ ! solution ( ^! & k9dr$ que/ions1 ,i advise !m to /udy ! creation ( ! great ,grecian dramati/1 ! ,prome!us ,v9ctus ( s*ylus1 & comp>e x ) ! ,jesus ( ! ,gospels4 ,i am sure t correct ta/e w pron\nce t ! creation ( ! fi%]m5 ( ,galilee utt]ly transc5ds t ( ! g5ius ( ! great trag$ian4 ,no?+ is m difficult1 ev5 9 works ( fiction1 ?an to comb9e ! attributes ( hol9ess & b5evol5ce z h>moni\sly act+ 9 ! same p]son4 ,9 liv+ m5 !y almo/ inv>iably j>4 ,!y possess !m imp]fectly1 & "o g5]ally c\nt]acts ! action ( ! o!r4 ,! difficulty ( comb9+ !m is greatly increas$ if ! be+ unit+ !m is to be repres5t$ z bo? human & div9e4 ,hol9ess & b5evol5ce are 9 fact opposite sides ( "*1 & no m difficult problem c be pres5t$ to ! imag9ation ?an to exhibit !m z act+ h>moni\sly 9 ! same "*4 ,no "q 9 !ology is m emb>rass+ ?an ! mode 9 :i* !y coexi/ 9 ,god4 ,x foll[s t if ! cont5ts ( ! ,gospels 7 due to a multitude ( m9ds1 !y mu/ h exhibit$ z _m aspects ( ! "* ( a ,*ri/ z !re 7 fabuli/s engag$ 9 its creation4 ,b ! "* ( ! ,jesus ( ! ,gospels1 9 its comb9ation ( hol9ess ) b5evol5ce1 pres5ts u ) a complete unity4 ,n only is ! unity complete1 b ! p]fection ( ! picture is inimitable4 ,:]e c we f9d1 ei!r 9 fact or fiction1 any?+ l ! p]fection ( ! hol9ess & b5evol5ce ( ! ,jesus ( ! ,evangeli/s8 ,yet we are ask$ to believe t x has be5 a gradual gr[? creat$ by successions ( cr$ul\s my?ologi/s4 ,! moral & religi\s tea*+ ( ! ,gospels =ms a subject by itself ( l>ge dim5sions1 & x is impossible = me )9 ! limits ( a lecture to d m ?an glance at x4#aaj ,x consi/s ( two p]fectly di/9ct portions3 fir/1 ! subject ( morality & religion z x is exhibit$ 9 ! p]son ( ,jesus ,*ri/2 secondly1 z ,he taught !m = ! use ( ord9>y m54 ,mo/ unbeliev]s w admit t ! portraiture ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 z x is exhibit$ 9 ! ,gospels1 is "o ( ! mo/ spotless moral beauty1 & ! greate/ elevation4 ,i am q aw>e t a few exceptions h be5 made to x2 b "s ( !m are obvi\sly f\nd$ on misappreh5sion1 & o!rs are evid5tly incorrect4 ,at any rate x _c be d5i$ t ! entire moral aspect ( ! p]son ( ,*ri/ is unique 9 human lit]ature4 ,no less rem>kable is ,8 moral tea*+ = ! use ( ord9>y m54 ,x is pure1 elevat$1 b5efic5t1 gr&4 ,x be>s ! unque/ionable m>ks ( hav+ be5 ! elaboration ( a s+le m9d4 ,! p>ts are adapt$ to ea* o!r & to ! :ole4 ,b our ,"l's moral "*1 & ,8 moral tea*+ z !y are exhibit$ 9 ! ,gospels1 consi/ ( a numb] ( deta*$ portions1 :i* toge!r make up a complicat$ :ole4 ,_! solution involves su* a multiplicity ( que/ions1 z to r5d] x difficult to c\nt !m4 ,!y are que/ions :i* ! pr(\nde/ ?9k]s h solv$ 9 ! mo/ v>i$ mann]4 ,yet 9 ! ,gospels ! mode ( _! solution is a complete unity4 ,!y coalesce ) an inimitable beauty4 ,let unbeliev]s cavil z !y may1 an ov]:elm+ majority ( ! holie/ & ! be/ ( m5 h b[$ be=e ! "* ( ! ,jesus ( ! ,evangeli/s 9 humble adoration1 & felt t x 0 immeasurably above !m4 ,numb]s ( ^! subjects 7 inquir$ into by anci5t philosoph]s ) ! ke5e/ int]e/1 b !y f\nd no adequate solution4 ,my oppon5ts ass]t t ?is great "*1 ar\nd :i* ! entire morality ( ,*ri/ianity c5tres1 is n an hi/orical "o4 ,h[ did x !n orig9ate8 ,! answ] is1 t x is f\nd$ on ! traditional rem9isc5ces ( ! tea*+ ( a ,jewi% peasant :o di$ 9 e>ly manhood2 & t ! num]\s p>ts ( :i* ! "* & ,8 tea*+ consi/ 7 unconsci\sly elaborat$ 9 ! c\rse ( _m ye>s by a multitude ( cr$ul\s1 en?usia/ic my?ologi/s4 ,i mu/ n[ advance to ano!r /age ( my argum5t4 ,z my oppon5ts ass]t t ! developm5t ( ! ,gospels1 & ( ! portraiture ( ! ,*ri/ :i* !y conta91 7 entirely due to natural causes1 x is evid5t t !y mu/ h be5 effect$ 9 con=mity ) ! laws :i* regulate ! developm5ts ( ! human m9d4 ,let u te/ ?is pr9ciple4 ,tak+ ! atmosph]e ( ,jewi% ?\ght & feel+ z x exi/$ 9 ! ye> #cj z ! />t+-po9t1 x is evid5t to e "o at all acqua9t$ ) ! subject1 t ! int]val :i* sep>ates its conceptions f ^? ( ! ,gospels is f> great] ?an t :i* sep>ates any two types ( human ?\ght4 ,to take a s+le example4 ,! int]val betwe5 ! free _s ( morality z x is exhibit$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & ! casui/ic & rituali/ic t5d5cies ( moral ?\ght :i* ultimately develop$ !mselves into ,rabb9ism1 is pr(\nd4 ,if1 !re=e1 ,*ri/ianity grew out ( ,judaism by a succession ( natural causes1 ! int]val betwe5 !m mu/ h be5 bridg$ ov] by a succession ( developm5ts4 ,s1 aga91 ) respect to ,messianic conceptions4 ,a pr(\nd int]val sep>ates t ( ,*ri/ f t ( ,b>*ocebas1 to :i* ,jewi% ,messianism 0 !n t5d+4 ,t ( ,b>*ocebas 0 a natural gr[? out ( ! popul> ,messianic conceptions ( ! ye> #cj1 & sep>at$ f !m by no great int]val4 ,b _! developm5t occupi$ no less ?an a c5tury4 ,b if ! ,jesus ( ! ,evangeli/s grew out ( ! popul> idea ( ! ye> #cj1 x is evid5t t ! succession ( developm5ts mu/ h be5 v num]\s1 & h requir$ long int]vals ( "t1 be=e x 0 possible to create ! portraiture ( ,*ri/4 ,let me take ano!r example1 :i* ^? aga9/ :om ,i am reason+ _c refuse to accept4 ,! int]val :i* sep>ates ! /ate ( religi\s & moral ?\ght involv$ 9 ! primitive ,mosaic in/itutions f t ( ! ye> #cj is consid]able1 ?\gh f> less ?an t :i* sep>ates ! latt] f t conta9$ 9 ! ,gospels4 ,9 adduc+ ?is example1 ,i use "o mo/ fav\rable to my oppon5ts4 ,*ri/ians ma9ta9 t ?is developm5t 0 accel]at$ by sup]natural causes4 ,! prop] subject ( comp>ison w\ld h be5 "o :i* bo? sides are agre$ to h be5 effect$ by causes purely natural4 ,i ne$ n h[ev] fe> mak+ ! concession1 = x w m ?an be> ! weight ( my argum5t4 ,we w suppose t ! entire hi/ory ( ,judaism1 z ^? ) :om ,i am reason+ say1 conta9$ 9 x no?+ sup]natural4 ,i ask y !re=e to obs]ve t ! developm5t 9 "q 0 complet$ only aft] an int]val ( m ?an a ?\s& ye>s f its comm5cem5t4 ,yet we are invit$ to believe t ! ,*ri/ianity ( ! ,synoptics1 & ( ! l>g] portion ( ! ,epi/les1 0 evolv$ 9 a p]iod ( sev5ty ye>s1 & ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* erect$ on !m1 z its f\ndation1 & t ( ! f\r? ,gospel 9 #acj ye>s4 ,let u take ano!r mode ( measurem5t ( my oppon5ts' own *oos+4 ,! ,synoptic ,gospels1 z !y say1 are sep>at$ f t ( ,/4 ,john by an int]val ( sixty ye>s4 ,is x possible to bridge ov] ! int]val :i* sep>ates ! ,synoptics f ! ,jewi% atmosph]e ( ?\ght & feel+ ( ! ye> #cj1 9 sev5ty ye>s1 if x requir$ sixty ye>s to effect ! developm5t 9 "q8 ,aga9/ "o conv5i5t assumption ,i mu/ pres5t a mo/ respectful prote/4 ,:5ev] x suits _! purpose1 ! human ,jesus is repres5t$ z a v great man1 :o t[]$ high above ! ord9>y conditions ( humanity4 ,aga91 :5 x is conv5i5t ,he is repres5t$ to h be5 a v little man1 ! prey ( all ! sup]/itions ( ,8 age4 ,i am prep>$ to reason on ei!r side ( ?is alt]native1 b n on bo?4 ,^! ,s*ools po/ulate greatness :5ev] !y want to make a prodigi\s leap 9 religion & morality2 littl5ess :5 !y want to acc\nt = ! miracul\s elem5t 9 ,*ri/ianity4 ,b :ile ,i am ready to assume z ! basis ( ! argum5t t ! human ,jesus 0 a great man1 let x be und]/ood t ,he c\ld h be5 great only 9 ! s5se 9 :i* all o!r great m5 h be5 great4 ,^? :o d5y ! possibility ( physical miracles mu/ n1 :5 x suits _! purpose1 assume ! exi/5ce ( moral ones4 ,8 greatness mu/ h be5 limit$ by ! conditions impos$ on x by ! environm5t ( a ,jew ( ! ye> #cj :o 0 born a peasant1 & p]i%$ at ?irty-five ye>s ( age4 ,obs]ve aga91 ! miracles ( ! ,gospels h to be inv5t$ someh[4 ,i am ready to conc$e t miracul\s /ories ( a c]ta9 type h be5 inv5t$ 9 ri* abundance4 ,b ! :ole class ( fictiti\s miracles inv5t$ 9 cr$ul\s ages are /amp$ ) a peculi> trait f :i* ^? ( ! ,gospels are free4 ,! "o are mon/r\s1 undignifi$1 & grotesque4 ,! o!rs are sob]1 dignifi$1 & ,i ?9k t my oppon5ts w all[1 if miracles are possible1 wor?y ( ,god4 ,! pres]vation ( ! apocryphal ,gospels enables u to "k :at sort ( miracles ! my?ic _s comm5c+ ) ! next c5tury attribut$ to ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,i h exam9$ ! subject else:]e4 ,! foll[+ passage sums up ! result3-- ,! case /&s ?us3 our ,gospels pres5t u ) ! picture ( a glori\s ,*ri/2 ! my?ic ,gospels ) t ( a contemptible "o4 ,our ,gospels h inve/$ ,him ) ! highe/ conceivable =m ( moral greatness2 ! my?ic ones h n ascrib$ to ,him "o action :i* is elevat$4 ,9 our ,gospels ,he exhibits a sup]human wisdom2 9 ! my?ic ones a ne>ly equal sup]human absurdity4 ,9 our ,gospels ,he is array$ 9 all ! beauty ( hol9ess2 9 ! my?ic ones1 ?is aspect is entirely want+4 ,9 our ,gospels1 n "o /a9 ( selfi%ness defiles ,8 "*2 9 ! my?ic ones1 ! ,"l ,jesus is bo? petti% & malici\s4 ,our ,gospels exhibit to u a sublime morality2 n a ray ( x %9es 9 ^? ( ! my?ologi/s4 ,! miracles ( ! "o & ! o!r are contra/$ 9 e po9t4 ,a simil> opposition ( "* runs ?r\gh ! :ole curr5t ( ?\ght1 feel+1 morality1 & religion4#aaa ,i ask my oppon5ts to acc\nt = ?is diff]5ce1 & specially to say :y 9 ! second c5tury ! my?ic _s began to create a ridicul\s ,*ri/1 & 9 ! fir/ x produc$ a glori\s "o2 & ?r\gh h[ _m /ages ( developm5t ! creation pass$ until x culm9at$ 9 :at we read 9 ! ,gospels1 & ! int]val ( "t to be assign$ to ea*4 ,b accord+ to ! !ories ,i am combat+1 ! ,messianic aspects ( ! "* ( ! ,jesus ( ! ,evangeli/s mu/ h pass$ ?r\gh a succession ( developm5ts be=e !y c\ld h atta9$ _! pres5t =m4 ,diff]5t p>ties _h to inv5t diff]5t aspects ( x4 ,next1 ^! _h to procure acceptance 9 ! v>i\s ,*ur*es4 ,ea* p>ty w\ld cl+ to its own views4 ,! =mation ( ho/ile sects 9 ! ,*ur* 0 a c]ta9 consequ5ce4 ,if !y gradually wore !mselves out1 all exp]i5ce ( sect>ian w>f>e proves t ! int]val mu/ h be5 long4 ,we "k z fact t no?+ is m difficult ?an to effect compromises betwe5 cont5d+ religi\s factions2 & t !y are only1 if at all1 possible aft] long & bitt] exp]i5ce4 ,i ask y to compute = y\rselves h[ _m developm5ts & compromises mu/ h be5 requir$1 & ! int]val ( "t ea* mu/ h occupi$8 ,f> m difficult & m num]\s mu/ h be5 ! developm5ts by :i* ! moral aspects ( ! ,gospels & ( _! div9e ,*ri/ mu/ h be5 elaborat$ out ( ! ,judaism ( ! ye> #cj1 & ! popul> conceptions ( its ,messiah4 ,i %all select = illu/ration only two examples out ( a va/ multitude4 ,"o ( ! mo/ m>k$ di/9ctions betwe5 ,gospel & anci5t moral tea*+ is ?is3 ! :ole aspect ( anci5t moral tea*+ assign$ ! highe/ place to ! h]oic & political virtues1 & a subord9ate "o to ! mild1 meek1 b5evol5t1 & humbl] ones4 ,?is is precisely rev]s$ 9 ! morality ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,aga93 ! aspect ( a ,jewi% sa9t & h]o1 z x is depict$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 =ms a s+ul> contra/ to t :i* ! ,new ,te/am5t has assign$ to ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,i h prov$ t moral developm5ts 9 ! direction ( improvem5t are v sl[4 ,i propose1 !re=e1 ! foll[+ problem = my oppon5ts to solve4 ,?r\gh h[ _m /ages mu/ ^! h pass$ be=e ! creation ( ! ,gospels became a possibility1 & h[ _m ye>s mu/ !y h occupi$8 ,b all ! :ile t ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 0 creat+ a my?ology1 & /ruggl+ ) developm5ts & cont5tions & ext]nal opposition1 x is an hi/orical fact t x succe$$ 9 ext5d+ itself ov] a wide geographical area4 ,?is greatly aggravates ! difficulty ( develop+ an improv$ ,*ri/ out ( h] pregnant womb4 ,! wid] ! geographical area ov] :i* %e gradually ext5d$ h]self1 ! m difficult w\ld h become ! int]*ange ( ideas necess>y = developm5ts & compromises4 ,x by no means foll[s t "o little society w\ld imm$iately swall[ ! my?ic creation ( ano!r4 ,i mu/ obs]ve t ?is portion ( ! argum5t is cumulative1 & admits ( be+ press$ to an indef9ite ext5t4 ,x n[ rema9s = ^? aga9/ ^: !ories ,i h be5 reason+ to c\nt ! numb] ( ^! developm5ts1 & to assign a reasonable int]val = ea*4 ,if !y w d s1 !y w !n f9d t ^! !ories are hopelessly unt5able4 ,i h hi!rto argu$1 on ! *os5 position ( my oppon5ts1 t ! ,synoptic ,gospels 7 writt5 ab\t ! ye> #ajj1 & ! f\r? ab\t #afj4 ,su* dates are entirely fallaci\s1 & aga9/ all evid5ce4 ,b z f> z my reason+ is conc]n$1 x matt]s little :5 ! ,gospels 7 compos$4 ,if ,i c prove t ! portraiture ( ,*ri/ & ! g5]al aspect ( ! ,gospels 7 famili>ly kn[n 9 ! ,*ur* at a mu* e>li] p]iod1 x is n ! smalle/ diff]5ce = my argum5t :e!r !y exi/$ 9 an oral or a writt5 =m4 ,! concession ( sev5ty ye>s = ! creation ( ! ,synoptic ,gospels1 & "o hundr$ & ?irty = t ( ,/4 ,john1 has n[ to be entirely revok$4 ,! mo/ extreme ( ! ,s*ool t ,i am oppos+ conc$e t ! f\r mo/ important epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul are unque/ionably g5u9e1 & writt5 by him )9 less ?an ?irty ye>s aft] ! resurrection4 ,! g5u95ess ( at lea/ f\r o!rs is conc$$ by ! mo/ em95t unbeliev]s4 ,we h1 !n1 be=e u g5u9e hi/orical docum5ts ( ,*ri/ianity1 compos$ by its mo/ active mission>y at ab\t ! same di/ance ( "t f ! resurrection z t :i* sep>ates u f ! repeal ( ! ,corn ,law ,act4 ,n[ by ! aid ( ^! epi/les x is possible to prove by a multitude ( incid5tal allusions t all ! great features ( ! portraiture ( ,jesus ,*ri/ 7 fully develop$ :5 ,/4 ,paul wrote !m4 ,nay1 :at is m1 ! mann] 9 :i* ! allusions are made prove t ?is portraiture 0 n a new "o1 b t x _h be5 long kn[n 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,society4 ,to exhibit ?is pro( w\ld require a lecture ( equal l5g? to ! pres5t4 ,z ,i h giv5 x already else:]e1#aab & x has n be5 assail$1 ,i %all assume t my position is inconte/able4 ,! p]iod ( "t dur+ :i* ! human ,jesus mu/ h be5 develop$ into ! div9e ,*ri/ ( ! ,gospels1 if ! portraiture be a fictiti\s creation1 mu/ be r$uc$ to "o ( less ?an t5 ye>s4 ,b :e!r x be t51 sev5ty1 or "o hundr$ & ?irty1 x contradicts ! laws by :i* all human developm5ts are regulat$4 ,its creation involves a moral miracle ( ! mo/ /up5d\s "*4 ,my oppon5ts po/ulate a numb] ( conditions :i* hi/ory & philosophy refuse to conc$e4 ,!y require a long int]val ( "t2 hi/ory w only grant !m a %ort "o4 ,!y require t developm5ts %\ld be rapid2 !y are always sl[1 especially moral ones4 ,!y require ! creation ( elevat$ moral s5tim5t2 _! only in/rum5ts ) :i* to "w are cr$ul\s my?ologi/s4 ,!y require t developm5ts %\ld be always progressive t[>ds high] p]fection2 hi/ory decl>es t !y are frequ5tly retrograde ones4 ,!y po/ulate p>ty _s1 b x produces endless division4 ,!y require compromises1 b !y mu/ be made by cr$ul\s en?usia/s4 ,!y require unity ( result2 !y po/ulate a multitude ( ag5ts4 ,!y ask = cr$ulity1 & are confront$ by sobriety4 ,!y ask = sev5ty ye>s2 hi/orical fact w conc$e !m less ?an t54 ,!y d5y physical miracles1 & ask u to believe 9 moral ones4 ,su* is ! position ( ! s*ool ( ?\ght aga9/ :om ,i h be5 reason+4 ,!y are call$ by a sad misnom] rationali/ic4 ,i ask1 are ^! !ories rational1 probable1 or possible8 ,def5d]s ( revelation h no gr\nds = dread+ an appeal to reason4 ,if ! ,gospels1 & ! glori\s ,*ri/ !re9 del9eat$1 h be5 evolv$ 9 accordance ) ! v>i\s !ories aga9/ :i* ,i h be5 cont5d+1 x involves a great] miracle ?an all ! miracles ( ! ,new ,te/am5t unit$ toge!r4#aha ,,! ,,evid5tial ,,value ,,( ,,/4 ,,paul',s ,,epi/les4 ,,by ,,! ,,rev4 ,,/anley ,,lea!s1 ,m4,a41 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,hebrew1 ,,k+',s ,,college4 ,,! ,,evid5tial ,,value ,,( ,,/4 ,,paul',s ,,epi/les4 ,! attacks ^u t body ( traditional belief & receiv$ ?\ght :i* is conv5i5tly express$ & commonly und]/ood by ! t]m ,*ri/ianity h turn$ v mu* ( late ye>s ^u ! au!nticity ( ! sev]al books compos+ ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,inquiries ( ?is nature h comm5d$ !mselves to an age :i* we ne$ n %r9k f *>act]is+ z critical & discrim9at+4 ,!re is a manife/ & a v intelligible pleasure to be d]iv$ f reop5+ que/ions :i* _m h be5 accu/om$ to reg>d z settl$1 f prov+ =m] conclusions errone\s1 or %[+ t consid]able d\bt /ill rema9s :]e c]ta9ty 0 believ$ to exi/2 & 9 ! natural en?usiasm att5d+ inve/igations ( ?is k9d1 x is by no means a matt] ( surprise if ! actual importance ( ! results has be5 some:at ov]rat$4 ,! inf]5ces foll[+ f ! conclusions arriv$ at1 h be5 e/imat$ 9 proportion to ! suppos$ c]ta9ty ( ! conclusions4 ,if a p>ticul> ,gospel c be %[n to be falsely1 or at any rate ) d\btful tru?1 ascrib$ to its traditional au?or1 ! inf]5ce drawn1 or at lea/ sugge/$1 is ! comp>ative depreciation1 if n wor?lessness1 ( t ,gospel4 ,we "k n :y1 b x is frequ5tly assum$ t if ev]y?+ is n 9 exact accordance ) ! popul> belief 9 any matt]1 no?+ :i* is popul>ly associat$ ) t belief c reasonably be ma9ta9$4 ,! :ole edifice w fall1 or mu/ ev5 be de/roy$1 because a /one "h or !re is faulty1 or out ( place4 ,because inve/igation %[s t ! f\ndation does n lie z x 0 ?\ght to lie1 !re=e !re is no f\ndation at all4 ,! ra%ness & precipitancy ( any su* inf]5ce w be at once app>5t to e ?\ghtful m9d4 ,because ! reasons usually assign$ are inconclusive1 x by no means foll[s t no reasons c be giv54 ,! c5tral que/ions really involv$1 may be altoge!r unaffect$ by ! te*nical & subord9ate "q1 :o 0 actually ! writ] ( "s p>ticul> book4 ,! critical inve/igation ( au?or%ip may h positively no be>+ at all on ! op9ions express$1 or ! facts record$ 9 ! book4 ,:e!r or n ?is be s 9 any giv5 in/ance1 x is at any rate conceivably possible 9 ! ab/ract4 ,9 ! case n[ be=e u1 h[ev]1 we h to deal ) a conv]se position4 ,!re are f\r ,epi/les 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t :i* h be5 admitt$ on all h&s to be ! v]itable productions ( ! ,apo/le ,paul4 ,^! are ! two ,epi/les to ,cor9?1 ! ,epi/le to ! ,*ur* at ,rome1 & ! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians4 ,! writ]s1 if any1 :o h v5tur$ to call 9 "q ! au!nticity ( ^! ,epi/les are s few1 & s insignificant1 z to be unwor?y ( m5tion4 ,we may safely pass !m by )\t fe> ( *all5ge or dispute4 ,!re is absolutely no room = any reasonable d\bt t we h 9 our h&s 9 ^! f\r lett]s ! true & g5u9e compositions ( ,saul ( ,t>sus1 aft] he _h become a ,*ri/ian4 ,x w be my bus9ess1 !n1 on ! pres5t occasion1 to exam9e & weigh ! precise value ( ?is admission ( au!nticity1 :i* c only be spok5 ( z univ]sally made4 ,:at is ! evid5ce 9 support ( ,*ri/ianity :i* c be fairly adduc$ f x8 ,9 endeav\r+ to e/imate ! nature & am\nt ( ?is evid5ce1 ,i %all n assume ^! ,epi/les to be :at we commonly und]/& by inspir$4 ,i %all reg>d !m only z ! natural human productions ( a c]ta9 man ^: p]sonal hi/ory1 to a consid]able ext5t1 c be discov]$ f !m4 ,if1 on int]nal or o!r gr\nds1 !re is cause to believe !y h any high] au?ority1 t w be ano!r matt]4 ,b we %all n assume x 9 deal+ ) !m4 ,our aim 9 ! fir/ place mu/ simply be to inquire :at ! acceptance ( ^! f\r ,epi/les z ! "w ( ,/4 ,paul legitimately dem&s ( u2 :at are ! inf]5ces fairly d$ucible f _! /atem5ts2 :at insight !y give u into ! "* & motives ( ! writ]1 & :at in=mation !y convey z to ! nature & con/itution ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian society to :i* !y 7 address$4 ,& fir/1 z to _! date4 ,we _c place ! dea? ( ! ,apo/le ,paul lat] ?an ! ye> ( our ,"l #fh4 ,x may h be5 ! ye> be=e2 b z he is said by ,j]ome & ,eusebius to h suff]$ "u ,n]o1 & ,galba succe$$ ,n]o 9 ,a4,d4 #fh1 x _c h be5 aft]w>ds4 ,aga91 we are safe 9 say+ t1 on ! supposition ( ! latt] date1 ^! f\r ,epi/les _h be5 writt5 t5 ye>s be=e ! ,apo/le ,paul di$2 t is to say1 !y 7 all writt5 be=e ! end ( ,a4,d4 #eh4 ,fe/us probably succe$$ ,felix 9 ! ye> ( our ,"l #fj4 ,b ,paul _h be5 two ye>s a prison] at ,cs>ea1 :5 ,fe/us came into ! prov9ce2#aac & ^! lett]s 7 writt5 :ile he 0 /ill at lib]ty4 ,we h1 !n1 9 ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/les1 by :i* we mean always & exclusively ^! p>ticul> ,epi/les1 und\bt$ g5u9e productions ( ab\t five-&-tw5ty ye>s1 or n mu* m1 aft] ! dea? ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,mak+ all due all[ance = possible v>iation 9 ! requisite dates1 we are w>rant$ 9 say+ t ! int]val betwe5 ! ,crucifixion & ! s5d+ ( ^! lett]s to _! sev]al de/9ations1 did n exce$ by m ?an two or ?ree ye>s ! qu>t] ( a c5tury4 ,x 0 c]ta9ly less ?an ?irty ye>s4 ,! be/ way ( appreciat+ su* an int]val z ?is is to take a correspond+ p]iod 9 our own lives4 ,we h mo/ ( u a v cle> recollection1 probably1 ( ev5ts :i* happ5$ 9 ! ye> #ahdd or #ahde4 ,! w> 9 ! ,punjaub1 & ! ,iri% fam9e1 :i* happ5$ %ortly aft]w>ds1 9 #ahdf1 & ! great ,european ev5ts ( #ahdh1 "s two ye>s lat]1 are fre% & vivid 9 ! memory ( e p]son :o has arriv$ at middle age4 ,to o!rs yet m advanc$1 an int]val ( five-&-tw5ty or ?irty ye>s c effect b little 9 effac+ ev5ts or circum/ances :i* at ! "t produc$ a deep & p[]ful impression4 ,!y rememb] !m z ye/]day4 ,s x mu/ h be5 ) _m :o 7 liv+ at ,cor9? :5 ! fir/ ,epi/le to ! ,*ur* !re 0 writt51 & :o read x on its arrival4 ,b f ?is ,epi/le we "k#aad t m ?an #bej p]sons :o _h se5 ! ris5 ,jesus at "o "t 7 /ill alive & able to give _! te/imony to t effect4 ,^! p]sons1 !re=e1 mu/ h _h z vivid a recollection ( ! circum/ance ref]r$ to1 z we ourselves h ( ! battles on ! ,sutlej4 ,! ,que5's coronation is to u an ev5t f>!r 9 ! backgr\nd ( ! pa/ ?an ! vision ( ! crucifi$ ,jesus 0 to ! #bej bre?r5 :o /ill surviv$4 ,& ! way 9 :i* _! exp]i5ce is m5tion$ is "o :i* is ! m /rik+ because x is s casual4 ,/4 ,paul alludes to x incid5tally z a ?+ ( :i* he _h (t5 spok5 to ! ,cor9?ians4 ,he c\ld n h done s _h ?is n be5 ! case4 ,!y knew p]fectly well t he _h m5tion$ x to !m4 ,!y _h n =gott5 t x =m$ a "p ( 8 oral communications4 ,he c\ld n h ref]r$ to x 9 ?is way _h x n be5 s4 ,b s nei!r is x possible t he c\ld h spok5 ( ! fact _h ! #bej witnesses be5 ! m]e inv5tion ( 8 own bra94 ,7 !re no %rewd m5 ( common s5se 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,cor9? :o c\ld h detect$ an imposition s gross z ?is1 if x _h be5 "o8 ,_h !re be5 ev5 a small m9ority ( su* m51 we %\ld h _h no second ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians1 or ! second ,epi/le w\ld surely h be5 v diff]5t f :at x is4 ,we are oblig$1 9 accept+ ! fir/ ,epi/le to ,cor9? z ! v]itable "w ( ,/4 ,paul1 to conclude t dur+ 8 /ay 9 t city he _h habitually spok5 ( ! fact1 :i* none c\ld call 9 "q or d5y1 t !re 7 liv+ at t "t m ?an #bej p]sons :o _h a di/9ct recollection ( hav+ se5 ,jesus ,*ri/ at "s p]iod less ?an six weeks aft] ,he _h be5 crucifi$1 b :o nev] saw ,him aga94 ,/4 ,paul n only said ?is1 b ! :ole ,cor9?ian ,*ur* knew t :at he said 0 true1 = o!rwise he w\ld n 9 ?is way h d>$ to say x4 ,!re is no occasion n[ to discuss ! "q :at x 0 ^! p saw1 because t w\ld c>ry u f> a/ray4 ,all we ne$ = ! pres5t insi/ ^u is ! fact t we h contempor>y evid5ce ( ! v be/ k9d1 9 ! =m1 namely1 ( a g5u9e lett]1 t a l>ge numb] ( p]sons 7 /ill alive1 say 9 ! ye> ( our ,"l #eh1 :o believ$ t !y _h se5 a p]son1 n m]ely z a spectre or vision1 b z a liv+ & sub/antial man1 :om !y knew to h be5 crucifi$ & buri$ b a %ort "t be=e1 & :o likewise knew t !re 7 _m m :o c\ld h corroborat$ _! evid5ce on ?is po9t if !y _h n be5 dead4 ,we fully admit1 !n1 t ?is is a circum/ance :i* is op5 to explanation 9 v>i\s ways1 ! true explanation be+ det]m9able ^u o!r & additional consid]ations2 b :at we d ma9ta9 is t ^u ! premises conc$$ to u by ! mo/ rigid criticism1 x is n possible to set aside ! evid5ce on :i* x re/s1 be its explanation :at x may4 ,& "h x is wor? :ile ask+1 be=e we pass on1 h[ we %\ld feel ourselves ju/ifi$ 9 reg>d+ ! te/imony ( #ejj p]sons n[1 n m cr$ul\s or weak-m9d$ ?an ourselves1 to an ev5t :i* _h pass$ "u ! cognisance ( _! own s5ses1 ev5 ?\gh t ev5t 7 ! po/hum\s appe>ance ( a man :o _h be5 put to dea? z a malefactor8 ,is x n c]ta9 t any su* suppos$ appe>ance w\ld be calculat$ to make an impression on ! behold]s :i* might well la/ = five-&-tw5ty or ?irty ye>s1 & %\ld we n reg>d _! uni=m agreem5t 9 ! matt] z a v rem>kable circum/ance imp]atively dem&+ "s solution8 ,! fir/ po9t1 !n1 :i* ! exi/5ce ( ?is ,epi/le e/abli%es1 is ! fact t at ! "t x 0 writt5 !re 7 liv+ _m compet5t eye-witnesses ( :at 0 believ$ by !m to h be5 ! reanimation ( a body :i* _h be5 dead & buri$1 & t _! te/imony 0 accept$ by a v l>ge numb] ( p]sons :o implicitly believ$ x4 ,"h1 !n1 we h writt5 evid5ce to ! effect t a p>ticul> ev5t 0 amply te/ifi$ & v g5]ally believ$ ^u ! te/imony4 ,b1 aga91 ! same ,epi/le %[s t ?is belief 0 by no means unque/ion+4 ,! v same *apt] proves t !re 7 ^? at ,cor9? :o said !re 0 no resurrection ( ! dead4#aae ,!y did n believe1 t is1 9 ! doctr9e t ! dead w ultimately rise4 ,!y held no d\bt 9 common ) o!rs t ! resurrection 0 pa/ already2 t ! *ange :i* _h pass$ ^u ! ,*ri/ian ^u belief 9 ,*ri/ 0 s radical & s complete1 t he might lit]ally1 )\t any viol5t figure ( spee*1 be said to h ris5 aga9 f ! dead4 ,!y acquiesc$ s fully 9 ! tru? express$ by ,/4 ,paul 9 ! second ,epi/le1 ,if any man be 9 ,*ri/1 he is a new creature1#aaf t ! felt newness ( t spiritual creation seem$ to satisfy all _! long+s aft] life1 & !y relegat$ to ! insignificance ( a non-ess5tial & a dreamy unreality ! ?\ght ( a resurrection ( ! body yet to come4 ,! way1 !n1 9 :i* ! ,apo/le meets ?is =m ( unbelief is 9 ! highe/ degree notewor?y4 ,he argues f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n1 f :at 0 believ$ to :at 0 n believ$1 f :at ^! e>ly d\bt]s implicitly accept$ to t :i* !y sceptically reject$4 ,n[1 if ,*ri/ be prea*$ t ,he rose f ! dead1 & ye believe x1 h[ say "s among y t !re is no future resurrection ( ! dead8 ,= if !re be no future resurrection ( ! dead1 !n is ,*ri/ n ris58 b ye "k & believe ,him to be ris51 o!rwise ye w\ld n be :at ye are4 ,?is1 & no?+ else ?an ?is1 is ! drift ( ! ,apo/le's argum5t4 ,x %[s u pla9ly1 !re=e1 t !re 0 a discrim9at+ ex]cise ( reason at "w 9 m5's m9ds at ,cor9?4 ,! /ruggle betwe5 reason & fai? _h l&$ !m 9 a logical inconsi/5cy4 ,!y reject$ ! future resurrection on :at seem$ to be rational gr\nds1 because x appe>$ to !m contr>y to reason & exp]i5ce1 b !y =got t !y _h already submitt$ _! reason to a belief no less absolute & imp]i\s1 :i*1 if logically held1 w\ld /ultify _! scepticism4 ,& !re is no sett+ aside ! inf]5ce f ?is argum5t1 t ! t5d5cy ( ! m9d :i* reject$ ! future resurrection 0 to reject likewise ! p]sonal resurrection ( ! ,"l ,jesus1 & ! te/imony ( ! great] "p ( ! #ejj bre?r5 yet surviv+ :o _h se5 ,him aft] ,he 0 ris54 ,t is to say1 ! "* ( ! fai? 9 ! "o case is enhanc$ by ! scepticism 9 ! o!r4 ,j z ! belief ( ,?omas aft] 8 d\bt1 accept+ = ! sake ( illu/ration ! n>rative 9 ,/4 ,john1#aag 0 ! /rong] & m conv9c+ because he _h only adopt$ x ^u conclusive evid5ce1 s is ! belief ( ! ,cor9?ians 9 ! resurrection ( ,jesus ( ! great] value evid5tially1 because we "k x to h be5 _! habit ( m9d n unque/ion+ly to believe4 ,we arrive1 !n1 at ?is fur!r position t we may n lightly reg>d ! belief ( ! ,cor9?ian ,*ur* 9 ! validity ( ! evid5ce = ,*ri/'s resurrection z ! belief ( p]sons :o 7 cr$ul\s en\gh to believe any?+4 ,^u fairly e/imat+ all ! circum/ances1 !re is abundant & conclusive pro(1 :i* we may call contempor>y1 t ! resurrection ( ! ,"l ,jesus 0 believ$ 9 z a fact by a va/ numb] ( p]sons :o 7 conv9c$ !y _h receiv$ t fact ^u ample or suffici5t te/imony4 ,we mu/ n =get1 also1 ! nature ( ! fact t 0 believ$4 ,! resurrection ( a dead body is s contr>y to all reason & exp]i5ce1 t ! difficulties 9 ! way ( believ+ x may be e/imat$ z practically equal 9 all cases4 ,no "o c pr(ess to believe x )\t be+ fully consci\s ( ! absurdity ( t :i* he pr(esses to believe4 ,x is a po9t 9 :i* ! imag9ation c sc>cely hope to take ! reason at a disadvantage1 or at unaw>es4 ,9 only two ways is deception possible4 ,fir/1 on ! supposition ( ! unreality ( ! previ\s dea?2 & secondly1 t ! subsequ5t appe>ance 0 unreal4 ,n[ 9 ! fir/ case ! notion ( unreality is preclud$1 because x 0 firmly & univ]sally believ$1 & n by ,*ri/ians only1 t ,*ri/ _h di$2 & !re is no ve/ige ( any evid5ce to %[ t ,he di$ 9 any o!r way ?an on ! cross4 ,?is dea? 0 z ne$ful an elem5t 9 ! cre$ ( ! ,cor9?ian ,*ur* z ,8 resurrection1 n to say t any true belief 9 ,8 resurrection involv$ ! belief 9 ,8 dea?4 ,x w n d to expla9 ,8 suppos$ resurrection on ! gr\nd t ,8 dea? 0 unreal4 ,:]e w\ld h be5 ! fooli%ness ( ! cross1 if ,*ri/ _h n di$8 ,to secure ! resurrection ( ,*ri/ at ! exp5se ( ,8 dea? w\ld h be5 simply absurd1 = two reasons3 fir/1 because t w\ld h made ! resurrection aft] all no resurrection--an unreality2 & secondly1 because ! dea? ( ,*ri/ alone & by itself 0 a fact t 0 implicitly believ$1 & )\t :i* ! fai? ( ! ,*ur* _c be conceiv$ or compreh5d$4 ,we are r$uc$1 !re=e1 to ! necessity ( expla9+ ! resurrection ( ,*ri/ on ! alt]native supposition t ! subsequ5t appe>ance 0 unreal4 ,& "h we are met by ! transc5d5t difficulty1 t x is antec$5tly 9 ! highe/ degree improbable t any sane man %\ld be f\nd to believe t ! appe>ance ( a p]son aft] dea?1 :o _h be5 crucifi$ & buri$1 c\ld be o!r ?an imag9>y & delusive4 ,& we become1 9 fact1 b\nd to det]m9e :e!r 9 ! ab/ract x is m improbable t multitudes ( compet5t p]sons %\ld believe 9 :at 0 contradict$ by univ]sal exp]i5ce1 & especially by _! own1 or t some?+ may h occurr$ :i*1 9 spite ( !mselves & _! exp]i5ce1 _h compell$ !m to ?is belief4 ,= we mu/ n fail to rememb] t ! two suppositions are mutually de/ructive4 ,if ,*ri/ di$1 !n ! belief 9 ,8 resurrection c only be expla9$ on ! !ory t ,8 subsequ5t appe>ance 0 unreal4 ,if ,8 subsequ5t appe>ance 0 unreal1 !n1 to say ! lea/1 x is entirely gratuit\s to d5y ! fact ( ,8 hav+ di$1 because if ,he did n truly die1 !re is no discov]able reason :y ,8 suppos$ appe>ance aft] dea? %\ld n h be5 real4 ,we may *oose :i* explanation we deem pref]able4 ,we _c alt]nately or simultane\sly adopt bo?4 ,i am n n[ call$ ^u to prove m ?an :at is cle>ly prov$1 t ! exi/5ce ( ?is "o ,epi/le z ! g5u9e "w ( ,/4 ,paul af=ds abundant evid5ce t ! resurrection ( ,jesus ,*ri/ f ! dead 0 accept$ z a fact by l>ge numb]s ( m51 "s ( :om1 at lea/1 c only h accept$ x on evid5ce :i* seem$ to !m suffici5t to c\nt]act ! adv]se te/imony ( _! exp]i5ce1 _! reason1 & _! s5ses4 ,& x is almo/ ne$less to obs]ve t ! belief 9 ! resurrection z "h depict$1 involv$ also a belief 9 ! burial#aah ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 9 ! ma9 & ess5tial features ( ,8 dea?1#aai t x 0 on ! ?ird day t ,he arose1#abj t ,8 appe>ances aft] ,8 resurrection 7 di/9ct & manifold1#aba & t ! ,apo/le :o depict$ x _h himself be5 among ! mo/ vehem5t oppon5ts ( ?is v belief 9 ! p]son ( ! ,"l1 ^: resurrection he proclaim$4#abb ,all ?is is e/abli%$ by ! admission ( ?is lett] z g5u9e1 & by ! admission :i* _c be d5i$1 t ! writ] 0 giv+ a natural & pla9 /atem5t ( ! tru?1 & n a fabricat$ or ideal n>rative ( fictiti\s occurr5ces4 ,t is to say1 s f> ! te/imony ( ?is ,epi/le is 9 con=mity ) ! framework ( ! ,gospel hi/ory4 ,if ! f\r ,gospels 7 lo/ to u1 ! life1 & dea?1 & resurrection ( ,jesus ,*ri/ w\ld /ill rema9 firmly & di/9ctly imb$d$ 9 ! orig9al fai? ( ! ,cor9?ian ,*ur*4 ,we "k f ?is lett] t less ?an ?irty ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,*ri/1 !re 0 a v l>ge body ( m5 at ,cor9? :o believ$ implicitly t ,he _h ris5 f ! dead1 & t !y knew t _m p]sons 7 /ill alive :o 7 eye-witnesses ( ! fact4 ,i ask y1 !n1 v c>efully to obs]ve t ?is does n prove ! fact4 ,x only %[s u conclusively t less ?an ?irty ye>s aft] ! fact !re 7 _m p]sons :o believ$ 9 x z su*4 ,& let u put a p>allel case4 ,suppose a p]son com+ to ,london 9 ! pres5t day1 & decl>+ t less ?an ?irty ye>s ago a c]ta9 man 9 a di/ant c\ntry :o _h be5 put to dea? z a malefactor1 _h ris5 f ! dead ! ?ird day1 & 0 /ill alive4 ,:at success ?9k y w\ld he meet )8 ,mo/ assur$ly !re w\ld n be half-a-doz5 p :o w\ld believe him4 ,b if1 on ! contr>y1 a new society %\ld be =m$1 consi/+ exclusively ( p]sons pr(ess+ to believe all ?is1 w\ld n ! circum/ance be s rem>kable z to lead u to inf] t !re mu/ be "s adequate cause = x8 ,if ! p]sons pr(ess+ ?is belief 7 ( all /ations & classes1 & _m ( !m1 z is prov$ by ?is ,epi/le1 m5 ( intellig5ce & disc]nm5t1 %\ld we n be con/ra9$ to confess t ! only reasonable supposition 0 t !re 0 some?+ 9 ! evid5ce :i* c\ld n be lightly set aside8 ,h[ev] /range & my/]i\s ! tale might be1 x c\ld n be altoge!r a cunn+ly devis$ fable4 ,!re mu/ be some?+ at ! bottom ( x4 ,no effect c exi/ )\t an adequate cause4 ,"h is cle> evid5ce ( a v consid]able effect exi/+4 ,:at 0 ! cause ( x8 ,! cause alleg$ w\ld d\btless be a suffici5t cause1 = tru? is n only /rang]1 b mighti] ?an fiction4 ,& x may be fairly que/ion$ :e!r1 "u all ! circum/ances1 any o!r cause c be discov]$ :i* w\ld be suffici5t4 ,!re is s f>1 !re=e1 an antec$5t probability t ! cause alleg$ 0 ! true cause4 ,aga91 x is to be obs]v$ ?r\gh\t all ^! ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul t ! resurrection ( ,*ri/ 0 to him n a pa/ influ5ce1 b a pres5t p[]4 ,if ! evid5ce ( ! fir/ ,epi/le to ,cor9? is less ?an ?irty ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,*ri/1 ! evid5ce ( ! second c>ries u back to ne>ly half t "t4 ,! writ] speaks ( himself z be+ 9 ,*ri/ m ?an f\rte5 ye>s be=e4#abc ,?is br+s u virtually to n m ?an a doz5 or fifte5 ye>s f ! actual occurr5ce ( ! resurrection2 & 9 all probability ! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians c>ries u back ev5 fur!r /ill4 ,critics are divid$ z to ! computation ( ! "t m5tion$ 9 x4 ,b if ! f\rte5 ye>s aft] ( *ap4 ii4 are to be add$ to ! ?ree ye>s aft] :i* ,paul w5t up to ,j]usalem to see ,pet]1 !n ! :ole p]iod c be little less ?an tw5ty1 & ! extreme limit ref]r$ to sc>cely m ?an t5 ye>s aft] ! resurrection4#abd ,at t "t1 !n1 ,/4 ,paul himself fully & implicitly believ$ 9 x4 ,at t "t he _h made great sacrifices = 8 belief 9 x4 ,at t "t1 or %ortly aft]1 he _h n improbably suff]$ privation & p]secution because ( x4 ,b ! fai? :i* he held !n he is f\nd hold+ z t5aci\sly z ev] f\rte5 or tw5ty ye>s aft]w>ds1 hold+ x1 9 fact1 s t5aci\sly t he is able to br+ _m o!rs to %>e x ) him4 ,a man mu/ be some?+ m ?an an en?usia/ :o = f\rte5 ye>s c\ld reta9 a conviction s mon/r\s z ?is1 if false1 & at ! end ( t "t c\ld make m conv]ts ?an be=e4 ,surely ?is is n ! ord9>y exp]i5ce ( mank9d1 t x is s easy to get m5 to believe z a fact1 contradict+ _! own exp]i5ce1 :at aft] all is no fact at all4 ,x is "o ?+ to w9 conv]ts to our op9ions or our pr9ciples1 & q ano!r to ga9 cr$5ce = a fact t x is e "o's int]e/ to disprove4 ,= at t "t :at second>y advantage c\ld !re be 9 ! pr(ession ( a fai? :i* 0 univ]sally despis$1 & :i* expos$ its m prom95t vot>ies to imm95t p]il1 z ! elev5? *apt] ( ! second lett] to ,cor9? abundantly %[s4 ,x is obvi\s t at fifte5 ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,*ri/ _m ( ! #ejj bre?r5 :o 7 aft]w>ds dead 7 /ill alive1 & x is n too mu* to inf] t ,/4 ,paul1 f ! position he held 9 ! ,*ur*1 0 p]sonally acqua9t$ ) _m or mo/ ( !m4 ,he !re=e p]sonally mu/ h _h num]\s opportunities ( amply satisfy+ himself z to ! tru? ( ! fact :i* he proclaim$ s p]si/5tly4 ,b /ill x is evid5t t x possess$ = him a p[] & an influ5ce totally diff]5t f t ( any ord9>y occurr5ce or ev5t4 ,x 0 n ! ,*ri/ :o once rose1 b ! ,*ri/ :o 0 ris5 t he proclaim$4 ,8 fir/ ris+ f ! grave 0 ! "w ( a di/9ct mom5t ( "t4 ,! influ5ce ( :i* ,he !reby reveal$ ,himself z ! c5tre & s\rce 0 cont9u\s & inexhau/ible4 ,x 0 ?is influ5ce :i* ! ,apo/le felt 9 8 life4 ,he c\ld tell ! ,galatians 9 language x w\ld be impossible to c\nt]feit1 ,i am crucifi$ ) ,*ri/1 nev]!less ,i live2 yet n ,i1 b ,*ri/ live? 9 me1 & ! life :i* ,i n[ live 9 ! fle% ,i live by ! fai? ( ! ,son ( ,god1 :o lov$ me1 & gave ,himself = me4#abe ,a decl>ation su* z ?is is wor? volumes ( evid5ce2 x is its own evid5ce2 x bubbles up cle> & sp>kl+ f ! v f\nta9 & well-head ( tru?4 ,no man c\ld h said x :o did n feel x1 & no man c\ld h felt x1 & n kn[n t :at he felt 0 an int5se reality1 defy+ all explanation except on ! hypo!sis t ! c5tral core ( x 0 tru?1 & n falsehood4 ,if an influ5ce ?us op]at+ on ! life 0 d]iv$ f ! dea? & resurrection ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 !re mu/ h be5 some?+ v unusual 9 t dea?1 & some?+ m ?an a mi/ake or an illusion 9 t ris+ aga9 to set su* a =ce 9 op]ation4 ,no o!r man's dea? w\ld produce ! same effect1 7:o c>es = ! dea? ( ,socrates87 & no o!r man's resurrection1 :e!r alleg$ or prov$1 c\ld d s2 b if ?is man's dea? & resurrection did produce x1 z x pla9ly did1 !n ! result speaks = itself4 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians1 ?\gh writt5 m ?an eighte5 c5turies ago1 is a /&+ witness to x4 ,!re is no wond] t su* an influ5ce 0 felt !n 9 e "p ( ! kn[n _w1 & especially 9 ! c5tres ( its life1 su* z ,rome & ,cor9?1 because we _c b feel x n[2 & a pr9ciple s in/9ct ) life _c b be sup]ior to & indep5d5t ( ! p[] ( dea?4 ,"h is ! pres5t p[] ( ! resurrection act+ concurr5tly ) ! mass ( cumulative evid5ce conv]g+ 9 ! po9t :5 x 0 an ev5t ( actual hi/ory1 & comb9+ !re) to %[ ! tru? ( x4 ,no?+ c prove m conspicu\sly ! /r5g? ( ?is influ5ce 9 ! p]sonal life ( ,/4 ,paul ?an 8 great ,epi/le to ! ,romans4 ,ev]y:]e ,*ri/ is pres5t ) him z an en]gis+ p[]1 :i* is va/ly m ?an a m]e memory ( ! pa/1 & is a vital & pot5t ag5cy /ill 9 op]ation4 ,he did inde$ die unto s9 once1 b ev]more ,he live? unto ,god4#abf ,! gift ( ,god is et]nal life1 ?r\gh ,jesus ,*ri/ our ,"l1 :o 0 decl>$ to be ! ,son ( ,god ) p[] accord+ to ! _s ( hol9ess by ! resurrection f ! dead4#abg ,b :at is n ! lea/ rem>kable feature ab\t ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans is ! fact t x 0 writt5 to a ,*ur* ( :i* ,/4 ,paul 0 p]sonally ignorant4 ,he _h nev] be5 at ,rome4 ,x is evid5t1 h[ev]1 t !re 7 _m ,*ri/ians !re4 ,^! ,*ri/ians 7 n 8 conv]ts4 ,he says he _h _h a great desire = _m ye>s to come unto !m4#abh ,!n !re _h be5 ,*ri/ians at ,rome = _m ye>s4 ,! _m c be sc>cely less ?an t5 or a doz52 b if s1 ?is br+s u aga9 to little m ?an fifte5 ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,*ri/4 ,we f9d1 h[ev]1 ^! ,*ri/ians pr(ess+ id5tically ! same belief 9 ! same p]son & ! same facts z ,/4 ,paul himself4 ,!y also believ$ 9 a ,jesus ,*ri/ :o _h be5 crucifi$1 & :o _h be5 rais$ f ! dead4 ,h[ !y came to believe 9 ,him we _c tell4 ,x is pla9 !y did believe 9 ,him4 ,x is also probable 9 ! highe/ degree1 nay1 x is impossible b t _m ( !m f :om !y receiv$ _! fai?1 _h ei!r be5 eye-witnesses1 or companions ( eye-witnesses ( ! life ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,at any rate1 x is obvi\s t ! sub/antial framework ( belief 0 id5tical ) t :i* 0 curr5t among ! ,*ur*es ( ,galatia1 & 9 ! ,*ur* at ,cor9?4 ,a man :o _h be5 crucifi$ & ris5 aga91 0 ! c5tre ( _! hope1 _! affection1 _! joy1 _! confid5ce4 ,9 ,him !y all felt !y 7 sup]naturally unit$ 9 a sup]natural life2 & z _! k ( ,*ri/ 0 altoge!r indep5d5t ( ,/4 ,paul's prea*+1 x possesses ! value ( indep5d5t te/imony1 & pres5ts an additional am\nt ( difficulty 9 ! face ( any attempt to acc\nt = ! belief 9 ,*ri/'s resurrection on ! hypo!sis ( "s error or deception4 ,h[ev] unreasonable x 0 to attempt to acc\nt = x 9 t way at ,cor9?1 ! difficulty becomes great] :5 ! case ( ,rome is add$ to t ( ,cor9?4 ,"h ! p]sonal influ5ce ( ! en?usia/ic ,paul is remov$1 & yet ! results produc$ are manife/ly undi/+ui%able4 ,_! fai? _h be5 spok5 ( ?r\gh\t ! :ole _w1#abi & x 0 fai? 9 a crucifi$ & ris5 ,jesus2 a fai? :i* !y z ,g5tiles 7 n a%am$ to pr(ess 9 ! ,jew ,*ri/ ,jesus1 & to be confirm$ 9 by ! ,jew ,saul ( ,t>sus4 ,!re is some?+ v rem>kable 9 ^! results4 ,h[ _m national & p]sonal prejudices mu/ h be5 ov]come2 h[ _m root$ & inh]5t animosities mu/ h be5 eradicat$2 h[ mu* /ubborn pride mu/ h be5 b5t & mortifi$2 & h[ _m acute s5sibilities dead5$1 be=e results su* z ^! c\ld h be5 obta9$4 ,& :at 0 x all =8 ,no e>?ly advantage _h be5 or 0 likely to be secur$4 ,no hope ( visible rew>d 0 (f]$4 ,simply ! loss ( self-respect1 9 hav+ believ$ :at 0 only a gross absurdity if x 0 n ! tru?1 0 incurr$4 ,! k t "u any circum/ances _! temporal condition w\ld h be5 f> bett] if !y _h nev] he>d ( ,*ri/ ,jesus2 t ! belief 9 ,8 "n c\ld give !m nei!r l&s nor h\ses1 b only lay ^u !m additional h9drances 9 ! way ( gratify+ _! natural incl9ations1 only expose !m m & m to ! hatr$ & contempt ( m54 ,if 9 ?is life only !y _h hope 9 ,*ri/1 !y 7 ( all m5 mo/ mis]able2 !re 0 no "o r$eem+ po9t1 no "o comp5sat+ advantage4 ,!y _h believ$ a lie1 & !y 7 all ! worse = x4 ,^! two po9ts at lea/ are cle>3 t !y ?\ght x no lie1 & t "u ! circum/ances !y mu/ h be5 /rangely con/itut$1 if1 be+ a lie1 x _h ! p[] to su/a9 !m z x did4 ,= obs]ve1 connect$ ) ! fai? ( ,*ri/ !re 0 n ev5 ! gratification ( flatt]$ vanity 9 ! case ( ^! fir/ believ]s4 ,!re is an intelligible pleasure t a man c f9d n[adays 9 con/itut+ himself ! apo/le ( unbelief4 ,!re is ! promise ( a c]ta9 intellectual glory 9 ! ef=t to ov]?r[ an anci5t fai? l t ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! hope ( possible triumph is dazzl+4 ,!re is a pleasure 9 seem+ to be s mu* wis] ?an s _m o!rs1 9 hav+ out/ripp$ ! accumulat$ wisdom ( ages1 9 be+ ! pione] ( intellectual emancipation1 ! h>b+] ( light t has em]g$ f e trace ( religi\s d>kness1 ! =]unn] ( ! d[nfall ( sup]/iti\s prejudices1 ! demolition ( ! la/ & olde/ ( ! cre$s4 ,!re is some?+ to attract ! imag9ation 9 all ?is1 some?+ to fo/] a self-complac5t e/imate ( self1 toge!r ) a k9d ( malevol5t joy 9 indulg+ ! passion ( de/ructiv5ess4 ,b :at 0 !re to flatt] ! vanity 9 ! belief ( a proclamation :i* 0 fooli%ness to ! ,greeks8 ,:at 0 !re to exalt ! intellect1 or to magnify ! self1 9 ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/ crucifi$8 ,we d n d5y t x 0 possible = ! self to ent] 9 & mix ev5 ) ! doctr9e ( ! cross2 b x c\ld only d s z a pr9ciple t 0 fatally antagoni/ic to x4 ,! two c\ld n co-exi/2 "o mu/ de/roy ! o!r4 ,! belief t a crucifi$ malefactor _h ris5 9 triumph f ! grave1 0 subv]sive ( ev]y?+ calculat$ to hon\r ! intellect1 or to please ! natural desire ( man to wor%ip & admire himself4 ,!re 0 no h>ve/ to be reap$ f belief 9 ! ,crucifi$ on ?is score4 ,we are at a loss to discov] 9 any "o po9t :at second>y motive c1 ) any %[ ( probability1 be attribut$ to ! fir/ believ]s1 z pr$ispos+ !m to _! belief1 if ! motive 0 n a simple & s9c]e conviction ( its tru?4 ,& yet if s1 ! difficulty becomes /ill great] 9 assum+ t :at !y believ$ 0 n ! tru?1 b a flagrant lie4 ,= x mu/ ev] be rememb]$ t x is an assumption aft] all4 ,x is c]ta9ly n less difficult to prove 9 ! face ( all ! evid5ce t ,*ri/ did n rise1 ?an x is to prove ^u t evid5ce t ,he did4 ,if ! result ( ! :ole argum5t 9 ! "o case is a presumption1 x mo/ assur$ly is n less s 9 ! o!r4 ,once m1 x _c = "o mom5t be ass]t$ t ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans orig9at$ 9 any way ! fai? :i* x assumes4 ,x is absurd to suppose t an unkn[n man m]ely on ! cr$it ( 8 reputation c\ld h sub/antially modifi$ ! belief ( a p>ticul> ,*ur* by simply indit+ a lett] to x4 ,! /ate ( ?+s assum$ at ,rome1 & ! fai? depict$ 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans1 are only intelligible on ! supposition t !y are true4 ,x is obvi\s t ! body ( ! writ]'s fai? 0 sub/antially id5tical ) t ( ^? to :om he 0 writ+4 ,bo? 7 atta*$ to a p>ticul> p]son :om !y believ$ to be ! ,son ( ,god1 :o _h be5 crucifi$1 dead1 & buri$1 _h ris5 aga91 & 0 !n sitt+ at ! "r h& ( ,god z an int]cessor4#acj ,& m ?an t1 bo? believ$ t ?is p]son 0 ! giv] ( a new ,_s :i* influ5c$ bo?1 & animat$ all believ]s1 & made !m all "o1 & 0 n only ! evid5ce to !m ( ! actual tru? & resurrection ( ,*ri/1 b 0 also ! pl$ge t !y !mselves 7 accept$ 9 a new relation to ,god by ,*ri/4#aca ,?is gift ( ! new ,_s 0 ! invisible bond betwe5 !m & ,*ri/1 betwe5 !m & "o ano!r1 betwe5 !m & ! ,mac$onian ,*ri/ians1 betwe5 !m & ! bre?r5 ( ,cor9?1 betwe5 !m & ,/4 ,paul himself4 ,no?+ ! lea/ l ?is ,_s _h be5 kn[n be=e 9 _! own exp]i5ce or 9 t ( ! ages pa/4 ,x 0 a new ph5om5on :i* !y felt1 & saw1 & ackn[l$g$1 & c\ld n d5y4 ,n[ ! eigh? *apt] ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans conta9s incontrov]tible pro( ( ! op]ation ( ?is ,_s4 ,no lett]s f ,paul c\ld h made ! ,*ri/ians at ,rome imag9e !y 7 influ5c$ by x4 ,we c see = ourselves t x 0 n less famili> to !m ?an x 0 to him4 ,no message ( 8 _h made x famili> to !m4 ,ye>s be=e !y _h kn[n x1 al?\gh f :om !y _h receiv$ x none c tell1 b x is p]fectly c]ta9 t a condition ( belief l t at ,rome c\ld n h be5 ! "w ( a day4 ,x mu/ h tak5 "t to gr[4 ,& yet at ! same "t x is no less cle> t x 0 a product ( ! exi/+ g5]ation4 ,!re 0 n "o ( ^? to :om ! ,apo/le wrote :o _h n 9 8 own be+ ! consci\sness ( a prior condition ( unbelief4 ,_m ( !m _h probably be5 defil$ ) "s ( ! d>k catalogue ( crimes enum]at$ 9 ! fir/ *apt]1 b !y _h be5 ju/ifi$ by fai?1 & _h f\nd peace ) ,god ?r\gh our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/4#acb ,!y knew ?is2 !y 7 consci\s ( ! d\ble exp]i5ce2 !y c\ld comp>e ! "o ) ! o!r4 ,! ,apo/le's lett] _h n orig9at$ ^! exp]i5ces ( _! consci\sness3 x _h reflect$ & express$ !m4 ,! notion ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans be+ an imag9>y lett] writt5 "u imag9>y circum/ances to imag9>y p]sons1 describ+ imag9>y incid5ts & imag9>y feel+s1 is too mon/r\sly prepo/]\s to be = "o mom5t ent]ta9$4 ,x has pres]v$ ! real & irresi/ible evid5ce ( a va/ spiritual influ5ce at "w among a l>ge body ( m5 :i* 0 precisely contemporane\s ) "o ev5t--_! belief1 namely1 9 ! resurrection ( a man :o _h be5 crucifi$ 9 ,pale/9e4 ,n[ x mu/ be admitt$ t 9 ?is alone & by itself1 if x 0 n true1 !re is no?+ t c be discov]$ :i* is adequate to ! production ( results s rem>kable4 ,:5 x is ass]t$ t ! dea? ( ,jesus ,*ri/ is surpass$ 9 excell5ce & sublimity by any o!r dea?1 ! "o "q t sugge/s itself is1 ,if ?is be s1 h[ is x t ! results :i* foll[$ t dea? 7 n m rem>kable ?an or s rem>kable z ^? :i* foll[$ ! dea? ( ,jesus8 ,?is is a simple fact t no criticism or scepticism c de/roy1 t ! prea*+ ( ! dea? & resurrection ( ,jesus ,*ri/ 9 ! fir/ ?irty ye>s aft]w>ds did produce results1 z te/ifi$ by ^! ,epi/les1 :i* are simply unp>allel$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,if ! dea? 0 n a real dea?1 or ! resurrection n a true resurrection1 !n ! responsibility mu/ re/ ^u u ( discov]+ "s o!r explanation suffici5t to acc\nt = effects :i* are too palpable to be ignor$1 & c assur$ly be acc\nt$ = on ?is supposition1 b h n yet be5 adequately acc\nt$ = on any o!r4 ,x is no "p ( my pres5t design1 & "t w\ld fail me1 to enl>ge ^u all ! po9ts 9 :i* ! hi/ory ( ! ,gospels is confirm$ by ^! ,epi/les4 ,i am n n[ conc]n$ to e/abli% ! cr$ibility ( ! ,gospels1 b only ! g5]al cr$ibility ( ! ,gospel hi/ory2 & !re=e x may suffice to say t we f9d ,/4 ,paul & ! ,romans believ+ t ,jesus ,*ri/ 0 made ( ! se$ ( ,david accord+ to ! fle%1#acc an admission :i*1 com+ f ! pupil ( ,gamaliel1 :o mu/ h _h ! requisite te*nical in=mation1 is v rem>kable2 b sep>at$ z ! ,son ( ,god ) p[]1 :i* is at lea/ consi/5t ) our ,gospel n>rative1 t makes ,him ! ,son ( ,god1 b born ( a virg91 & especially *>act]is$ dur+ ,8 m9i/ry by miracul\s p[]s2 t 9 ea* ( ^! ,epi/les ! cu/om ( baptism is expressly m5tion$ or impli$2#acd t if ! orig9 ( ?is rite is n directly to be ref]r$ to ! in/itution ( ,*ri/1 z record$ 9 ! ,gospels1 we are altoge!r ignorant ( its orig92 t ! practice ( x 0 cle>ly univ]sal1 :i* is s f> consi/5t ) ! belief t x 0 d]iv$ f ! express comm& ( ,*ri/2 t 9 ! fir/ ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians#ace ! writ] speaks ( ,jesus ,*ri/ tak+ bread ! same night t ,he 0 betray$1 & bless+ x1 & speaks ( x 9 t]ms almo/ id5tical ) ^? ( ! ,gospels1 ?us %[+ n only t ! dea? ( ,*ri/1 b t ! ma9 circum/ances ( ,8 dea? 7 commonly kn[n1 & ! record ( !m s f> unv>y+1 & t consequ5tly ! supposition ( any great or sub/antial div]g5ce is preclud$2 t ! portrait ( ,jesus :i* all recognis$ 01 9 all its pr9cipal & important features1 id5tical ) t :i* we recognise n[2 & t1 !re=e1 z ! exi/5ce ( "s ,gospels is1 "u ! circum/ances1 a matt] ( necessity1 ! "q is n s mu* :e!r our ,gospels are true1 z :e!r !re are any o!rs :i* c be reg>d$ z tru] & m tru/wor?y4 ,& :5 we be> 9 m9d t at ?is "t ! int]val ( ?irty ye>s _h n yet elaps$ s9ce ! dea? ( ,*ri/1 we c p>tly e/imate ! possibility ( dim or unc]ta9 recollection 9 ! case ( ev5ts s cle>ly def9$1 & s simple1 & s important1 by ! fre%ness ) :i* we ourselves rememb] o!r ev5ts m complicat$ t h happ5$ )9 a simil> p]iod ( "t4 ,!re is1 moreov]1 cle> evid5ce t at ! date ( ^! ,epi/les two practices 7 univ]sal 9 ! ,*ur*--^?1 namely1 ( baptis+ conv]ts1 & ( commemorat+ :at 0 call$ ! ,"l's ,supp]4 ,^! practices mu/ h _h a comm5cem5t1 & h _h an orig94 ,! p]iod ( ?irty ye>s1 be=e :i* !re is no trace ( ! second1 ev5 if ! fir/ exi/$ 9 o!r =ms1 is too %ort a "t = _! orig9 to h be5 =gott51 or = ! practice ( !m to h become mat]ially modifi$4 ,b ! commemoration ( ! ,"l's ,supp] is unmean+1 except 9 connection ) ! dea? ( ,*ri/1 & ,/4 ,paul decl>$1 ,z (t5 z ye eat ?is bread & dr9k ?is cup1 ye d %[ ! ,"l's dea? till ,he come2#acf & :atev] relation !re may h be5 betwe5 baptism z practis$ by ! ,jews or by ,john ! ,bapti/1 & ,*ri/ian baptism1 x is c]ta9 t baptism 9 ! "n ( ,jesus is un9telligible1 except on ! supposition ( ,8 hav+ ris5 f ! dead1 or hav+ 9 "s way e/abli%$ ,8 claim to be ! ,son ( ,god1 or ! f\nd] ( a new society4 ,/4 ,paul1 h[ev]1 di/9ctly says t ,*ri/ s5t him n to baptise1 b to prea* ! ,gospel1#acg z ?\gh ,he _h s5t o!rs to d bo?2 or at any rate1 _h s5t o!rs to baptise4 ,! preval5ce1 !re=e1 ( ^! significant practices1 :i* is cle>ly traceable less ?an ?irty ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,*ri/1 is well-nigh equival5t to contempor>y evid5ce1 bo? z to _! orig9 & to ! reality ( ! ev5ts !y signifi$4 ,if ,*ri/ _h be5 a %ad[1 or a my?1 or a m]e cry/allis$ idea1 x is absolutely impossible t we %\ld h ! k9d ( evid5ce we h z to ! univ]sality ( ^! practices4 ,we c acc\nt = !m on no !ory b ! express comm& ( ,*ri/1 :i* mu/ h be5 sub/antially id5tical ) t record$ 9 ! ,gospels4 ,x is p]fectly cle>1 !re=e1 t ! kn[n writ+s ( ,/4 ,paul conta9 incontrov]tible evid5ce ( ! :ole framework ( ! life ( ,*ri/1 :i* 0 ! basis ( ! ,*ri/ian fai? less ?an ?irty ye>s aft] ,8 dea?4 ,!y %[ u ! exi/5ce ( a l>ge & organis$ society1 :i* 0 held toge!r solely by ! atta*m5t ( its memb]s to ,8 p]son2 & :i*1 b = fai? 9 ,him1 w\ld h _h no exi/5ce at all4 ,?is society 0 notori\s = ! pr(ession & ! practice ( a v high morality1 su* z _h nev] be=e be5 se51 & c nev] be surpass$1--at lea/1 x is su* a morality ^! ,epi/les inculcate4 ,! occurr5ce ( "o or two flagrant brea*es ( ?is morality 9 ! ,*ur* at ,cor9?1 only s]ves z a foil to :at 01 beyond all "q1 its g5]al /&>d2 b1 9 addition to ?is1 !re 7 o!r features 9 x ( a :olly exceptional & unprec$5t$ "*4 ,"o ( ^! 0 :at we may call1 = want ( a bett] "n1 its unworldl9ess4 ,e "o mu/ feel t !re is t 9 ! writ+s ( ,/4 ,paul :i* is di/a/eful to ! common humanity ( ! _w4 ,x is z if a new s5se _h be5 sudd5ly creat$1 & ! writ] 0 b5t ^u satisfy+ x4 ,! :ole range ( sympa?ies & requirem5ts & ta/es is new4 ,x is n a natural ?+ = m5 to c>e ab\t communion ) ,jesus1 or pray] to ,god1 or p>ticipation 9 ! ,holy ,_s1 to h he>ts ov]fl[+ ) gratitude to ! ,div9e ,be+ = hav+ r$eem$ !m1 = adopt+ !m into ,8 family1 & mak+ !m p>tak]s ( ! hol9ess ( ,8 own nature4 ,h[ev] ?is is to be acc\nt$ =--if x c be acc\nt$ =--x 0 n !n1 & is n n[1 a condition ( m9d natural to man4 ,n[1 take away ! expression ( ^! feel+s1 & ! lett]s ( ,/4 ,paul come to an end1 & ! occasion = writ+ !m comes to an end1 & ! exi/5ce ( ! society = :i* !y 7 writt5 comes to an end4 ,b z ! lett]s exi/1 ! occasion = writ+ !m mu/ h exi/$1 & ! society = :i* !y 7 writt5 mu/ h exi/$2 & none ( ^! ?+s c h exi/$ )\t a suffici5t & analog\s cause4 ,!y are insep>ably connect$ ) ! prea*+ ( ,jesus & ! belief 9 ,8 "n4 ,take away ^! two ?+s1 & !y w\ld n h exi/$ at all4 ,b _! v exi/5ce is a pro( at ! same "t t !y c only h made _! way 9 opposition to ! prevail+ t5d5cies ( human nature1 because !y *]i%$ & exhibit$ a condition ( m9d :i* is =eign to ! natural ta/es & incl9ations ( mank9d4 ,!re is int]nal evid5ce1 !re=e1 9 ! writ+s ( ,/4 ,paul t ! fai? :i* he prea*$ _h only succe$$1 :]ev] x 0 successful1 by triumph+ ov] mu* t 0 naturally & fatally oppos$ to x2 ?us %[+ t we _c ref] to any natural causes ! success ( a s*eme ( religi\s belief :i* 0 itself contr>y to nature1 & is /ill felt to be contr>y to nature4 ,b !re is ano!r feature1 :olly exceptional & unprec$5t$1 :i* *>act]is$ ! new society2 ! evid5ce = :i* is too di/9ct to be set aside or expla9$ away--! fir/ ,epi/le to ,cor9? af=ds conclusive pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( miracul\s gifts 9 ! ,*ur* !re4 ,^! gifts 7 ( v>i\s k9ds2 ! mo/ my/]i\s ( !m be+ ! gift ( tongues4 ,:atev] ?is 01 x is suffici5tly cle> t x 0 ov]-e/imat$1 & t x 0 abus$4 ,! possessors ( x 7 puff$ up on acc\nt ( x4 ,!y 7 dispos$ to pref] x be=e *>ity1 & ! less obtrusive gifts ( ! ,_s4 ,we c only conclude1 !re=e1 t ?is gift 0 a reality :i* 0 ackn[l$g$ & envi$ by o!rs1 b a reality likewise :i* 0 peculi> to ! ,*ur*1 & :i* 0 limit$ to ! area ( belief 9 ,*ri/4 ,n[ we mu/ n assume t ! possession ( ?is gift 0 miracul\s2 all we may insi/ ^u is ! validity ( ! evid5ce t x 0 real1 & ( ?is ! f\rte5? *apt] ( ! fir/ ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians pres5ts inconte/able pro(1 & consequ5tly ! exi/5ce ( ?is gift is a di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( ! effects :i* foll[$ ! orig9al pr(ession ( ! fai? ( ,jesus4 ,n only 0 ! /&>d ( morality rais$ by x1 n only 7 new dispositions awak5$ by x1 & new capacities & ta/es creat$1 & new desires & hopes implant$1 n only 7 ! orig9al prop5sities1 incl9ations1 & antipa?ies ( nature resi/$1 ?w>t$1 & ov]come2 b 9 addition to ?is1 !re is a pla9 evid5ce ( new p[]s & end[m5ts be+ conf]r$ ^u ! fir/ believ]s concurr5tly ) _! belief 9 ,*ri/4 ,n[ x is obvi\sly impossible t delusion c h op]at$ 9 all ^! cases2 b unless x did1 ! multiplicity & comb9ation ( !m supply no inconsid]able confirmation ( ! reality ( t ev5t1 ! belief 9 :i* 0 ! v basis ( _! exi/5ce4 ,multitudes believ$ 9 ! fact t ,*ri/ _h ris5 f ! dead1 & ! pr(ession ( t belief 0 foll[$ by "o or o!r ( ^! results4 ,a great *ange 0 wr\ght 9 num]\s in/ances :i* 0 unprec$5t$ 9 ! exp]i5ce ( ! individual1 & :i* c\ld f9d no c\nt]p>t 9 ! exp]i5ce ( ! hea!n _w2 & if ! results :i* foll[$ ! proclamation ( a fact 7 conspicu\sly s real1 is x possible t ! fact itself 0 less s8 ,= !re is only "o alt]native--if ! cause produc+ ^! results 0 n a fact--namely1 t belief 9 a p>ticul> ev5t :i* 0 n a fact1 produc$ !m4 ,9 o!r words1 n only 0 ! fai? ( ! e>ly ,*ur* self-orig9at$1 b moreov]1 all ! ph5om5a ( its exi/5ce 7 ! product ( t :i* itself _h no exi/5ce4 ,we ne$ n fe> to admit t a v /rong conviction may suffice to produce consid]able results1 ev5 ?\gh ! conviction may be bas$ ^u a falsehood2 b we may well "q :e!r all ! results "h manife/$1 comb9$1 c\ld h be5 produc$ by m]e belief 9 ! resurrection ( a man ^: resurrection 0 n a fact4 ,:at 0 !re 9 ?is belief1 suppos+ x to h be5 bas$ ^u a lie1 :i* c\ld h wr\ght s p[]fully & s g5]ally on ! m9ds ( m5 z x did8 ,c\ld su* a belief h made !m morally new1 h made !m will+ to enc\nt] %ame & contempt1 & end[$ !m ) p[]s :i* r5d]$ !m ! objects ( envy to _! fell[-believ]s8 ,if we ?9k x c\ld1 we mu/ /ill confess t a comb9ation ( circum/ances l ^!1 tak5 all toge!r1 is s exceptional z to be virtually )\t a p>allel 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r po9t 9 ! ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul :i* des]ves our notice :5 e/imat+ _! value z evid5ce1 & t is ! witness !y af=d u ( 8 own alt]$ feel+s ) reg>d to ,*ri/4 ,he speaks1 9 8 lett] to ! ,galatians1 ( hav+ be5 =m]ly a devot$ ,jew1 & hav+ p]secut$ ! ,*ur* ( ,god & laid x wa/e4#ach ,if we _h no o!r evid5ce ?an ?is1 x w\ld be suffici5t4 ,!re is no reason to d\bt :at ! ,apo/le says4 ,he _h be5 a bitt] enemy ( ,*ri/4 ,b !re is no evid5ce :atev] t :ile he 0 ?us ho/ile to ,*ri/ he _h ev] believ$ ,8 dea? & ,8 resurrection to h be5 an unreality4 ,_h he disbeliev$ 9 ^! ev5ts z facts1 x is m ?an probable t "s trace ( su* disbelief w\ld h escap$ him 9 8 writ+s4 ,b x is n s4 ,! dea? ( ,*ri/ 0 manife/ly a notori\s fact :i* nei!r he nor any "o c>$ to d5y4 ,! resurrection ( ,*ri/1 ?\gh p]haps receiv$ m que/ion+ly1 0 nev]!less put by or expla9$ away r ?an actually d5i$4 ,! tradition m5tion$ at ! end ( ,/4 ,mat!w's ,gospel1 z commonly report$ among ! ,jews1#aci is probably a fair sample ( ! indol5t _s 9 :i* ! /ory ( ,*ri/'s resurrection 0 met by !m1 &1 p]haps1 reg>d$ by ,saul ( ,t>sus4 ,9 8 own case x 0 n s mu* t he disbeliev$ ^! ?+s z facts1 z t he 0 ignorant ( _! p[]4 ,! dea? ( ,*ri/ 0 no m to him ?an ! dea? ( any "o else4 ,! resurrection ( ,*ri/ 0 to him no?+ m ?an an idle ,*ri/ian tale4 ,he disreg>d$ bo? r because ( ! pr9ciples associat$ ) !m ?an because ( _! intr9sic falsehood4 ,b ! "t came :5 x 0 o!rwise4 ,x pleas$ ,god1 :o sep>at$ him f 8 "m's womb1 & call$ him by ,8 grace to reveal ,8 ,son 9 him4#adj ,he !n f\nd t ! man ^: dea? he _h kn[n z a fact1 ?\gh n z a p[]1 0 intimately connect$ ) himself1 t he _h a %>e 9 ,8 dea?1 & _h be5 crucifi$ ) ,him1 & ! resurrection1 :i* _h be5 to him be=e b z an idle tale1 he n[ f\nd to be ! unfail+ s\rce ( a new spiritual life to him4 ,?is 0 probably m ?an tw5ty ye>s be=e he wrote any "o ( ^! ,epi/les4 ,if we place 8 escape f ,damascus "u ,aretas 9 ! ye> ( our ,"l #ci1 ?is w br+ 8 conv]sion to ! ye> ( our ,"l #cf4 ,n[1 ,i ask y notice ?is date v c>efully4 ,x is z late z we c well fix ! conv]sion ( ,saul2 "s h fix$ x mu* e>li]4 ,b suppos+ x to h happ5$ z late z ,a4,d4 #cf1 ?is 0 b five or at ! mo/ six ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 :i* happ5$ 9 ,a4,d4 #cj1 or1 z ,i believe1 9 ,a4,d4 #ca4 ,n[1 if ! dea? ( ,*ri/ 0 an unreality1 ,he w\ld 9 all probability at t "t h be5 /ill alive1 z ,he w\ld n yet h be5 =ty ye>s old1 & ,8 dea? by natural means 0 n likely to h occurr$4 ,b conceive = "o mom5t ! impossible absurdity ( ! conv]sion ( ,saul tak+ place & ! active life ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* go+ on = _m ye>s :ile ,*ri/1 :o 0 suppos$ to h di$ ^u ! cross1 0 actually liv+ 9 obscurity 9 "s unkn[n corn] ( ! _w4 ,! idea is simply prepo/]\s4 ,! supposition ( ,*ri/ n hav+ di$ z ,he 0 believ$ to h di$ is too impossible to be ma9ta9$4 ,if we h got ,*ri/'s dea? !n z a positive hi/orical fact :i* is unque/ionable1 we h a plat=m ( reality on :i* to re> our sup]/ructure ( evid5ce = ! reality ( ,8 resurrection4 ,if ,*ri/ did n truly rise1 !re is "o v important "q to be answ]$ :i* has n be51 & :i* nev] w be answ]$1 namely--,:at became ( ,8 dead body8 ,! production ( t dead body by ! enemies ( ,*ri/ w\ld h be5 absolutely fatal to all ! prea*+ & ! fai? ( ! ,*ri/ians2 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* w\ld h be5 effectually /ifl$ 9 its v bir?4 ,i %\ld n n[1 aft] an int]val ( almo/ n9ete5 c5turies1 be lectur+ 9 ,/4 ,george's ,hall on ! evid5ces ( ,*ri/ianity if ! dead body ( ,*ri/ _h be5 produc$1 & yet no?+1 surely1 w\ld h be5 easi] = ,8 enemies to d4 ,if1 !n1 ! disciples /ole ,him away f ! sepul*re :ile ! soldi]s slept1 & s made away ) ! body1 we mu/ admit t ^! ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul1 :i* at lea/ are unrivall$ 9 ! lit]ature ( ! _w1 & :i* _c aga9 be produc$ at w1 owe _! orig9 to a delib]ate lie2 & t aft] an int]val ( five-&-tw5ty ye>s1 :i* might h suffic$ = x to h be5 successfully expos$4 ,& we mu/ confess t "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ & highly educat$ ( ! ,jews ( t "t1 :o himself _h be5 a viol5t p]secutor ( ! ,*ri/ians1 0 induc$ aga9/ 8 w1 & app>5tly n by ,*ri/ian influ5ce1 to connive at ?is collusion or become ! victim ( x1 & t 9 su* a way z to ru9 all 8 worldly prospects1 to entail ^u him ye>s ( h>d%ip1 & to inspire him1 or at lea/ to leave him1 aft] almo/ a qu>t] ( a c5tury1 ) all ! tact1 wisdom1 & discretion :i* are s conspicu\s 9 8 lett]s to ! ,*ur*es at ,rome & ,cor9?4 ,v]ily ?is supposition is absolutely preclud$ by ! v nature ( ! case4 ,!re rema9s !n b "o o!r to be advanc$1 & t is ?is4 ,! primitive ,*ri/ians & ,/4 ,paul himself 7 alike ! victims ( delusion4 ,! te/imony ( ! fir/ disciples 0 bas$ ^u an error4 ,! vision :i* _h arre/$ ,saul on 8 j\rney to ,damascus1 & *ang$ ! :ole curr5t ( 8 life1 0 no?+ m ?an ! halluc9ation ( a sun/roke4 ,! prea*+ 9 :i* he pass$ s _m ye>s ( 8 life1 & brea/$ s mu* resi/ance1 0 only an infatuation2 ! hope1 & peace1 & joy ( :i* 8 lett]s are s full1 & :i* _h tak5 p]man5t possession ( him ^u belief 9 ,*ri/1 7 all a lie4 ,he _h sacrific$ himself = no?+1 he _h toil$ & suff]$ = n\ght4 ,he _h ?r[n away 8 life = a dream4 ,we d n d5y t su* a position is conceivable2 b we d d5y t ! lett]s ( ,/4 ,paul give evid5ce ( x4 ,_h ! resurrection ( ,*ri/ be5 m]ely a delusion1 ! ,epi/les to ,rome1 ,cor9?1 & ,galatia are n ! k9d ( fruits we %\ld h expect$ x to produce aft] s long an int]val2 nay1 !re is room = ! grave/ possible d\bt :e!r1 be+ a delusion1 x c\ld h produc$ !m4 ,?is1 !n1 is our /&+ gr\nd4 ,we d n assume t ,/4 ,paul 0 inspir$4 ,we d n say t 8 writ+s are au?oritative or b9d+ ^u our fai?4 ,we take up no su* position4 ,we take only :at we f9d--! g5u9e lett]s ( an e>ly conv]t to ,*ri/1 :i* 7 c]ta9ly writt5 less ?an ?irty ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,*ri/1 :i* conta9 int]nal evid5ce on ! "p ( _! writ] to 8 belief 9 ! c5tral facts !y proclaim1 at an int]val ( little m ?an five ye>s aft] ^? facts occurr$4 ,we treat ^! lett]s z ! natural productions ( any ord9>y man4 ,we d$uce f !m only su* evid5ce z we %\ld d$uce f ! lett]s ( ,cic]o1 or anyone else4 ,we d n affirm t !y are 9 any way sup]natural1 b we say t !y supply conclusive evid5ce to ! v wide-spread belief 9 c5tres ( life s f> remov$ z ,rome1 ,cor9?1 & ,galatia1 9 a sup]natural fact less ?an ?irty ye>s aft] x occurr$4 ,we d n say t ?is wide-spread belief proves ! fact to h occurr$2 b we d say t if ! fact really did occur1 x w\ld acc\nt = ! belief1 & we d say t tak+ all ! circum/ances into consid]ation !re is at lea/ room = ! v grave/ possible d\bt :e!r _h x n occurr$1 ! ph5om5a we witness w\ld h be5 pres5t$4 ,giv5 ! resurrection1 & ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/les are expla9$2 d5y ! resurrection1 & y _c acc\nt = !m4 ,giv5 ! resurrection1 & ,/4 ,paul's own "* is ! natural consequ5ce ( x1 ,/4 ,paul's conv]sion its natural product2 d5y ! resurrection1 & he is ! greate/ ( all inconsi/5cies1 & 8 conv]sion1 ) its effects1 ! mo/ inexplicable ( all enigmas4 ,& "h we might be cont5t to leave ! case1 confid5t t we h n ov]/ra9$ x1 & confid5t 9 its own intr9sic s\ndness & inh]5t /r5g?1 = ! m ! "*1 ! hi/ory1 & ! writ+s ( ,/4 ,paul are fairly /udi$1 ! m disciples !y w w9 to ,*ri/2 b x may1 p]haps1 be exp$i5t to notice briefly "o or two po9ts 9 _! be>+ on ?is position4 ,x w1 ( c\rse1 be said t no am\nt ( belief 9 a fact w prove x to h be5 a fact1 :i* is obvi\sly true4 ,! resurrection1 if a fact1 is a miracul\s fact1 s f> remov$ f ! limits ( ord9>y exp]i5ce & natural law z to be well-nigh suffici5t to cov] almo/ any contradiction ( ! "o1 or any violation ( ! o!r4 ,x is no "p ( my pres5t bus9ess to discuss ! "q to :at ext5t a belief 9 miracles is def5sible2 t has already be5 done 9 a previ\s lecture ( ?is c\rse2 b ,i may make ?is obs]vation1 t1 grant+ ! actual occurr5ce ( a miracle l ! resurrection1 !re are ^? to :om x w\ld be impossible to prove x by any te/imony :atev]4 ,nay1 !re are ^? :o w\ld n believe x on ! evid5ce ( _! own s5ses1 or1 at lea/1 :o say s4 ,any demon/ration1 !re=e1 ( a miracle1 ev5 if x c\ld be demon/rat$1 w\ld be cle>ly useless = !m4 ,x w\ld1 ( c\rse1 on ?is hypo!sis1 fail to rea* !m4 ,n[1 we may conc$e at once t ,*ri/ianity is :olly unable to (f] any su* demon/ration2 nay1 we may g fur!r1 & say t if x c\ld1 x w\ld be no ne>] to ! ov]com+ ( su* opposition4 ,b let x be obs]v$ t ! exi/5ce ( su* opposition by no means proves ! evid5ces ( ,*ri/ianity to be unsatisfactory or uns\nd4 ,! p]son :o decl>es t he w\ld n believe a miracle l ! resurrection ev5 ?\gh he 7 himself ! witness ( x1 is n likely to believe x on ! te/imony ( a second p]son1 be he nev] s tru/wor?y1 ev5 if x _h actually occurr$4 ,& ?is is a fact t des]ves to be borne 9 m9d1 because s f> f %[+ t ! evid5ces ( ! great ,*ri/ian miracle are inadequate1 x r %[s ! absolute impossibility ( _! be+ adequate to meet successfully ! case 9 po9t4 ,x r conc$es ! /r5g? ( ^? evid5ces1 f m]e eag]ness to affirm t no?+ c\ld make !m /rong en\gh4 ,b1 besides ?is1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t1 grant+ ! reality ( a miracle l ! resurrection1 x is obvi\s t1 hav+ be5 witness$ by a limit$ numb] ( witnesses1 x mu/ necess>ily be dep5d5t aft]w>ds = its acceptance ^u te/imony4 ,on ! supposition ( its actual occurr5ce1 a few only c\ld receive x ^u ocul> demon/ration1 & ! va/ majority ( mank9d1 if !y receiv$ x1 c\ld only d s ^u ! te/imony ( o!rs4 ,x is !re=e cle>ly conceivable on ! hypo!sis t _m :o reject$ x might d s 9 direct contrav5tion ( ! tru?4 ,inde$1 all :o reject$ x mu/ d s4 ,because1 !n1 !re are f\nd ^? :o reject ! evid5ce ( ! resurrection ( ,*ri/1 x by no means foll[s !y h n done s 9 contrav5tion ( ! fact4 ,! "q really is n :e!r !re is /ill left any possible room = d\bt--= t we h se5 !re always mu/ be--b :e!r ! exi/+ te/imony is suffici5tly unbrok51 & suffici5tly uni=m1 & suffici5tly valid1 to be reasonably conclusive4 ,& on ?is po9t ! kn[n ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul are s+ul>ly cle>4 ,!y witness to ! fact ( five hundr$ p]sons hav+ se5 ! ris5 ,jesus at "o "t1 ( ! univ]sal acceptance ( belief 9 ! resurrection1 s t nei!r 9 ! ,*ur*es ( ,rome1 ,cor9?1 or ,galatia1 does !re seem to h be5 a s+le ,*ri/ian :o d\bt$ x4 ,!y witness to ! fact t ,/4 ,paul himself _h liv$ 9 famili> int]c\rse ) ,pet]1 ,james1 & o!rs1 :o _h kn[n ! ,"l1 & t he _h orig9ally jo9$ ! ,*ri/ian body at ! mo/ six or sev5 ye>s aft] ! resurrection1 :5 he mu/ h _h abundant opportunities ( te/+ ! validity ( its evid5ce1 & :5 x w\ld h be5 impossible = him to h giv5 9 8 allegiance to an ev5t s contr>y to 8 exp]i5ce1 except ^u conclusive pro(4 ,be>+ 9 m9d t "u any circum/ances "s mu/ cont5t !mselves ) belief on te/imony1 x is difficult to conceive ( any te/imony :i* c\ld be m conv9c+ or m satisfactory ?an t ( ?is ,apo/le2 especially see+ t he 0 at ! fir/ a viol5t p]secutor ( ! fai? he prea*$2 t he mu/ h _h ample means ( sift+ ! evid5ce on :i* x re/$2 &1 because1 liv+ at ! "t he did1 s ne> to ! dea? ( ,*ri/1 t :i* 8 te/imony loses 9 ! matt] ( p]sonal eye-witness x m ?an ga9s1 all ?+s consid]$1 9 ! matt] ( delib]ate conviction & devot$ lifelong s]vice4 ,t is to say1 ! conv]sion ( ! p]secutor ,saul ( ,t>sus is itself a wondr\s evid5ce ( ! resurrection ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,! lett]s ( ! ,apo/le are ! expression ( 8 mature belief2 b at ! "t :5 t belief 0 =m$ he mu/ h _h ample means ( kn[+ h[ f> he _h foll[$ a cunn+ly devis$ fable1 & h[ f> t :i* he believ$ 0 tru? & 0 no lie4 ,la/ly1 x may be said1 ,if ! evid5ce = ,*ri/'s resurrection 0 s satisfactory :5 x 0 fir/ proclaim$1 :y 0 x n univ]sally believ$8 ,to ?is we may answ]1 ,:y 0 ,paul ! ,apo/le at any p]iod ( 8 hi/ory ,saul ! p]secutor8 or ,:y 7 !re any t believ$ if !re 7 "s :o d\bt$8 ,x is gratuit\s to affirm t ! want ( univ]sality on ! "o side is m rem>kable ?an on ! o!r4 ,we c only say t fai? is ! great t\*/one ( man's moral nature4 ,to ! end ( "t x w be true t "s w believe ! ?+s t are spok51 & "s believe !m n4#ada ,:y are !re n[ any intellig5t & able m5 :o believe 9 ,*ri/'s resurrection if x is absolute folly to believe 9 x8 ,t x is n folly to believe 9 x we c %[ to demon/ration1 :ile if1 z a matt] ( fact1 x did occur1 z = ! mom5t we may assume x did1 x is obvi\s t ! actual effects are :at we see !m n[ to be4 ,!re are ^? :o believe1 b !re are ^? also :o disbelieve4 ,x is f ! nature ( ! case impossible t a fact l ! resurrection %\ld appeal to man's acceptance l any ord9>y fact ( hi/ory1 a battle or an e>?quake4 ,x _c d s4 ,if x did1 !re 7 no place = ! "q1 ,:y %\ld x be ?\ght a ?+ incr$ible ) y t ,god %\ld raise ! dead8#adb ,9 accept+ ! resurrection ( ,*ri/1 we accept also ! inf]5ce t x 0 ,god :o rais$ ,him f ! dead1 & t ,he did s = a special purpose--! purpose1 namely1 ( te/ify+ to ,8 life1 ,8 "*1 ,8 mission1 ,8 tea*+1 & ,8 claims1 :i* are insep>able f ,8 tea*+4 ,9 accept+ ! resurrection1 we accept n only a b>e fact1 b a fact t influ5ces our relation to ,god & our ?\ghts ( ,god--a fact involv+ antec$5tly _m important pr9ciples1 & result+ 9 mom5t\s consequ5ces4 ,b be x rememb]$ t if ! resurrection is e/abli%$ z a fact at all1 x is e/abli%$ z a fact = all "t2 no progress ( m9d1 no advancem5t ( sci5ce1 no *ange ( circum/ances1 no di/ance ( "t1 no lapse ( ages c affect its tru?4 ,t :i* has happ5$ once has happ5$ = ev]4 ,! undisput$ ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul furni% :at may be reg>d$ virtually z evid5ce ( a contempor>y "* to ! tru? ( ,*ri/'s resurrection4 ,_h x n truly happ5$1 !y c\ld n h be5 writt52 = ! pulse ( resurrection life beats /rong 9 e page4 ,_h x n truly happ5$1 ^? exig5cies ( ! e>ly ,*ur* w\ld nev] h occurr$ :i* 7 ! occasion ( _! be+ writt51 = )\t ! dea? & resurrection ( ! ,r$eem] ! ,*ur* ( ! r$eem$ is an impossibility4 ,_h x n truly happ5$1 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* w\ld h _h no exi/5ce n[1 & ! comm5t>y ( eighte5 c5turies on ! advice & judgm5t ( ,gamaliel1 :5 confront$ ) ! fir/ prea*+ ( ! resurrection1 w\ld h be5 q o!r ?an x is3 ,& n[ ,i say unto y1 ,refra9 f ^! m5 & let !m alone2 = if ?is c\nsel or ?is "w be ( m51 x w come to n\ght2 b if x be ( ,god1 ye _c ov]?r[ x1 le/ haply ye be f\nd ev5 to fight aga9/ ,god4 99 99 99 99 99 ,= fur!r treatm5t ( ?is subject ! read] is ref]r$ to ! ,boyle ,lectures = #ahfi--,! ,witness ( ,/4 ,paul to ,*ri/4 ,,*ri/',s ,,tea*+ ,,& ,,influ5ce ,,on ,,! ,,_w4 ,,by ,,! ,,"r ,,rev]5d ,,! ,,"l ,,bi%op ,,( ,,ely4 ,,*ri/',s ,,tea*+ ,,& ,,influ5ce ,,on ,,! ,,_w4 ,my subject is a l>ge "o1 & my "t is %ort2 !re=e1 ,i w say b v few words ( preface4 ,i propose to assume no?+ b ! pat5t facts ( hi/ory1 admitt$ ev5 by ! mo/ advanc$ sceptics ( ! day4 ,he>tily z ,i myself believe 9 all ! canonical scriptures1 & 9 all t !y tea* u1 ,i d n ask y to admit ! tru? ( miracles1 or ! inspiration ( ! ,apo/les1 or ! g5u95ess ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 or any?+ :i* any mod]ately reasonable man c d\bt (4 ,all ,i w\ld assume is ?is1 t we h 9 hi/ory a g5]al outl9e ( ! life & tea*+ ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 t t outl9e corresponds ) :at we read 9 ! ?ree ,synoptical ,gospels4 ,!re is really no discordant acc\nt or contradictory tradition ei!r among ! e>ly ,*ri/ians or ! e>ly h]etics1 or ! contempor>y hea!ns4 ,x is ev]y:]e "o & ! same4 ,x may be m fill$ up1 m col\r$1 m drap$ 9 "o picture ?an ano!r2 b ! features & ! l9eam5ts belong unmi/akably to "o ,man4 ,9 all ! biographies1 all ! lett]s1 all ! traditions1 & !y are _m & mo/ unusually num]\s & div]sifi$ ?\gh n div]se1 !re is 9 reality no?+ l ! discrepancy :i* we obs]ve 9 ! "* ( ,socrates z portray$ by 8 disciple ,x5ophon1 & ! "* ( ! same ,socrates z drawn by 8 o!r & m fam\s disciple ,plato4 ,! acc\nt 9 ! fir/ ?ree ,gospels is uncontradict$ by t 9 ! f\r?1 by :at we read 9 ! ,acts1 by ! lett]s ( ! e>ly disciples1 by ! traditions c>efully ga!r$ up by m5 l ,papias1 "s sev5ty ye>s aft] ! ev5ts1 by ! g5]al belief ( aft] ages1 or by ! few notices to be f\nd 9 ! writ+s ( enemies & unbeliev]s4 ,i %all ask1 !n1 t y admit ! g5]al tru? ( ! hi/ory ( ,jesus z h&$ d[n to u by ,/4 ,mat!w1 ,/4 ,m>k1 & ,/4 ,luke1 j z y w\ld g5]ally admit ! evid5ce ( common m51 ev5 if "s *oose to ?9k t !y 7 cr$ul\s m54 ,i4 ,let u fir/ look at ! "* ( ,*ri/ z s depict$4 ,i v5ture to say1 9 ! fir/ place1 t x exhibits ! mo/ p]fect picture ( sublime simplicity ev] drawn4 ,! ,gospels seem v mu* l notes tak5 f memory by m5 :o 7 anxi\s n to lose "s record ( ,"o :om !y _h kn[n & lov$4 ,x is impossible to imag9e any?+ m simple or m simply graphic ?an _! /yle--x is /ill m impossible to imag9e any?+ m remov$ f ! vulg>ity ( rhetoric or display or ef=t at effect1 ?an ! "* ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,p h spok5 z ?\gh ,he _h be5 m]ely a fir/-rate political re=m]1 a demagogue belong+ to a type ( unusual dis9t]e/$ness4 ,surely ,8 retir$1 unse5 y\?1 ,8 g5tle1 quiet manhood1 ,8 calm1 dignifi$1 unimpassion$ words are ! v opposite 9 tone & "* to ^? ( ! noble/ demagogue or ! pure/ political lead] t 0 ev] he>d (4 ,he w5t ab\t do+ good1 seems almo/ to record ,8 hi/ory4 ,he 0 meek & l[ly ( he>t1 seems almo/ to sum up ,8 "*4 ,! mo/ untir+ en]gy1 ! mo/ pati5t endurance1 ! mo/ t5d] & affectionate b5evol5ce /rike u 9 e act & e ^w ( ,*ri/4 ,& yet !re 0 no?+ feeble1 no?+ effem9ate1 no?+ s5tim5tal ab\t ,him4 ,simple z ! g5tle/ *ild1 ,he 0 brave z ! h>de/ w>rior4 ,weep+ ) ! t5d]ness ( a woman = ! sad & ! suff]+1 ,he rebuk$ ) inflexible /]nness ! base1 ! cruel1 & ! hypocritical4 ,) ! mo/ unsulli$ purity ( ?\ght & life1 ,he _h yet a he>t ( su* l>ge & g5tle sympa?y t ! v outca/s ( mank9d c\ld come to ,him = help & c\nsel1 & ,he nev] reject$ !m4 ,he did n %r9k f t\*+ ! lep]1 & ! lepr\s s9n] w5t away f ,him a new man1 ) a new he>t & a new life4 ,b ! covet\s1 ! pr\d1 ! trea*]\s1 ! actor 9 religion1 7 rebuk$ by ,him 9 words :i* h made a new language 9 ,*ri/5dom2 ,scribes1 ,ph>isees1 hypocrites1 s\nd+ to u no long] z writ]s ( ! law1 memb]s ( a religi\s body 9 ,pale/9e1 & actors 9 dramatic p]=mances1 b z synonyms = all t is untrue 9 religion & 9 life4 ,& !re is "o ?+ :i* signally sep>ates ,him z a tea*] f all o!r tea*]s ( religion & morality1 viz41 t ! great lesson 0 ,himself4 ,i mu/ speak fur!r ( ?is pres5tly4 ,:at ,i mean "h is1 t ! biographies1 ?\gh !y give _m ( ,8 disc\rses1 set be=e u mo/ ( all1 n :at ,he said1 b :at ,he did2 & ,8 actions are to u1 & h be5 9 all "t1 ! mo/ impressive lessons ev] giv5 to man4 ,probably all m5--ev5 ^? :o d n believe 9 ,him--w\ld confess1 t if !y c\ld see anyone liv+ j ! life :i* is relat$ to h be5 ! life ( ,jesus1 ! man s liv+ w\ld be p]fect 9 all p>ts1 ! v ideal ( humble-he>t$1 active-spirit$1 pure-m9d$1 high-s\l$ humanity4 ,he taught ,himself1 by simply liv+ ,himself2 & ,8 life is ! great lesson to e age ( man4 ,& ! orig9ality ( ,8 "* is almo/ z obs]vable z its excell5ce4 ,he 0 n simply ! ,great ,tea*]1 l ! philosoph]s ( old1 to :om cr[ds ( disciples 7 ga!r$ to li/54 ,he 0 n ! contemplative ?9k]1 liv+ retir$ f human society4 ,he 0 no ascetic1 fr[n+ coldly on ! innoc5t happ9ess ( man4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ) all ,8 m>vell\s activity1 !re is n ! smalle/ appe>ance ( re/lessness1 excitem5t1 impetuosity4 ,he 01 if ,he be rightly describ$ by ,8 biograph]s1 :at no o!r man ev] 0--p]fectly unselfi%1 liv+1 act+1 ?9k+1 speak+1 always ) ref]5ce ei!r to ! s]vice ( ,god or ! good ( man4 ,( c\rse1 z ,i d n assume ! tru? ( miracles1 ,i am unable to ask y to give unlimit$ cr$5ce to all t ,8 foll[]s h record$ conc]n+ ,him4 ,b ?is is evid5tly ! impression t ,he left ^u _! m9ds1 viz41 t ,he possess$ amaz+ p[]1 b t x 0 unit$ ) inf9ite condesc5sion1 & t x 0 con/antly engag$ 9 do+ good1 & nev] ex]t+ itself to d mis*ief4 ,!y believ$ t ,he _h p[] to d all ?+s1 b t he re/ra9$ x f do+ evil ev5 to ,8 greate/ enemies2 t ,he nev] us$ x to gratify ,himself1 nor to save ,himself f tr\ble1 or ev5 f suff]+2 t x 0 always ex]cis$ = ! b5efit ( o!rs2 t 9 fact ! ,self :i* 0 unspeakably gr& 0 incessantly re/ra9$ & d5i$4 ,,ii4 ,n[ let u turn = a few mom5ts to ,8 tea*+4 ,x 0 z rem>kable z ,himself4 ,o!r moral philosoph]s1 or tea*]s ( ! art ( liv+1 argu$ ) _! foll[]s1 sett+ =? moral sy/ems or prop\nd+ !ological !ories4 ,he us$ no argum5ts1 prop\nd$ no !ories1 weav$ no elaborate sy/ems4 ,all ,he said 0 ) an au?ority :i* a/oni%$ ,8 he>]s1 & all ! m1 because ( ! humility ( ,8 life & ! self-d5ial ( ,8 "*4 ,8 :ole sy/em ( casui/ry w\ld be conta9$ 9 f\r or five pages ( common pr9t+2 & ?\gh mu* ( x 0 new1 & all ( x ( ! sev]e/ /r+5cy1 x yet comm5d$ itself at once to ! consci5ces ( !m t he>d ,him2 x has comm5d$ itself 9 ! ma9 to ! consci5ces ( all subsequ5t ages1 & 9 pr9ciple at lea/ x yet rules ! morality ( all ,*ri/5dom1 & 9 great measure ev5 ! morality ( ! foll[]s ( ,mohamm$4#adc ,x is easy to sket* out a few ( ! great pr9ciples :i* ,he ?us set =?4 ,at ! root ( all lay tru?4 ,! ,ea/]ns1 among :om ,he taught1 h always be5 acc\nt$ z too ready to practise deceit4 ,!re 0 no?+ ,jesus ,*ri/ condemn$ s mu* z di%one/y or hypocrisy--! v ^w hypocrisy1 z ,i h said already1 & all our in/9ctive hatr$ & contempt ( x1 be+ due to ,8 d5unciations ( x to ,8 disciples4 ,closely connect$ ) ?is 0 ! /ress :i* ,he laid on purity ( ?\ght4 ,to impose a weight & put a /ra9 on outw>d conduct 0 all too little3 x w\ld v likely lead to sup]ficial "*1 to ! dread$ & d5\nc$ hypocrisy4 ,f ! he>t come evil ?\ghts1 & evil words1 & evil actions4 ,& ! axe mu/ be laid to ! root ( ! tree4 ,make ! tree good1 & its fruit w be good4 ,to give way to ! desire ( evil is to d evil4 ,aga93 !re 0 pl5ty ( p>tial goodness4 ,! hea!ns & ev5 ! ,jews _h le>n$ an ard5t patriotism1 b x 0 l9k$1 z to its alt] ego1 ) a burn+ hatr$ ( _! c\ntry's enemies1 nev] /rong] 9 ,pale/9e ?an :5 ,jesus taught !re4 ,& ?is pr9ciple ( love to c\ntry & ho/ility to ali5s came home1 too1 into private life4 ,x 0 an axiom t m5 %\ld love _! neighb\rs & hate _! enemies4 ,nev] be=e 7 ^? words cle>ly utt]$ ^u e>?1 ,i say unto y1 love y\r enemies4 ,imp]fectly1 mis]ably ill inde$1 z !y h be5 act$ on1 !y h revolutioniz$ human ?\ght4 ,x 0 n only ,sp>e y\r enemies1 n only ,=give y\r enemies1 b ,love y\r enemies4 ,l ev]y?+ t ,he taught1 x 0 to h its seat deep d[n 9 ! he>t4 ,x 0 ess5tial to e ,*ri/ian t he %\ld f 8 he>t =give ev]yone 8 bro!r _! trespasses4 ,x has be5 object$ to ,8 tea*+ t x und]m9$ ! pr9ciple ( h]oic virtue1 absorb+ active patriotism 9 a dreamy philan?ropy4 ,b ! objection is false4 ,8 tea*+ 0 at ! f>!/ possible di/ance f dream9ess or sickl9ess4 ,! b5evol5ce ,he taught 01 l ,8 own1 active & en]getic1 busy+ itself1 z ev]y?+ practical mu/1 fir/ on ^? mo/ easily & mo/ naturally )9 its rea*1 b !n ext5d+ to e creat$ be+1 made by ! same ,god1 & lov$ by ! common ,fa!r4 ,!re did1 inde$1 arise a new k9d ( patriotism1 to :i* ,i may1 p]haps1 allude h]eaft]2 b c anyone read our ,"l's lam5tations ov] ,j]usalem1 or ,/4 ,paul's utt]ances ( 8 he>t's desire = ,israel1 8 almo/ wi% t he himself might be lo/ if he c\ld save !m1 & yet ma9ta9 t patriotism 9 its true/ ess5ce 0 qu5*$ ei!r 9 ! he>t ( ,jesus or 9 ! feel+s ( ,8 mo/ devot$ foll[]s8 ,b :atev] else may h be5 peculi> & exceptional 9 ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/1 t :i* *iefly di/+ui%es ,him f all o!r tea*]s is ?is4 ,moral philosoph]s l ,socrates1 ev] kept !mselves 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,x 0 philosophy t 0 ev]y?+1 ,socrates 0 b ! humble tyro1 feebly feel+ aft] tru?4 ,prophets ( e religion1--,moses1 ,zoroa/]1 ,mohamm$1 all spoke ! ^w :i* ,god put into _! m\?s4 ,he 0 all2 & !y 7 at ! be/ ,8 hon\r$ subjects & s]vants4 ,b ,jesus ,*ri/1 ! meek1 ! g5tle1 ! humble1 ! unselfi%1 ! self-d5i$1 ! self-devot$1 n only %[$ ,himself z ! ,patt]n ( life1 b ev5 prop\nd$ ,himself z ! ,object ( fai?1 hope1 love1 ob$i5ce1 loyalty1 devotion1 adoration1 wor%ip4 ,x is impossible to d5y ?is )\t r5d+ to pieces e ,*ri/ian record4 ,x is argu$1 ,i "k1 t ?is 0 no "p ( ,*ri/'s orig9al tea*+1 t x grew up aft] ,8 dea? among ,8 devot$ foll[]s1 :o look$ back ^u ,him z a lov$ & lo/ fri5d & tea*]1 & :o by degrees inve/$ ,him ) ,div9e attributes & paid ,him ,div9e hon\rs2 & especially x is ?\ght t ! writ+s ( ,/4 ,john1 or r writ+s 9 ! second c5tury falsely ascrib$ to ,/4 ,john1 & ! lat] epi/les attribut$ to ,/4 ,paul1 fo/]$ ?is exagg]at$ belief4 ,i may well leave ! g5u95ess ( ^! lat] writ+s to ^? :o h s ably & s amply dealt ) !m be=e me4 ,all ,i wi% to say n[ is1 t if ,/4 ,john's ,gospel & ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/les _h nev] come d[n to u1 we %\ld /ill be j :]e we are4 ,?is special tea*+ ( ,*ri/ by ,himself is fully develop$ 9 e portion ( ! ?ree synoptical ,gospels4 ,!y are int]p5etrat$ by x f end to end4 ,if x nev] came f ,*ri/1 ! writ]s ( ^? ,gospels h misconceiv$ ,him altoge!r1 & _! record is m]e fiction & falsehood4 ,& s x is ( e docum5t :i* we possess--hi/ory1 lett]s1 traditions1 anecdotes1 apocalypses--!y all turn ! same way1 !y all speak ! same tongue4 ,nay2 ,i h (t5 ?\ght t if we _h only ! ?ree synoptical ,gospels left1 ?\gh we %\ld suff] t]ribly inde$ by los+ ! deep !ology ( ,/4 ,john ! ,div9e1 we %\ld /ill h ! cle>e/ possible /atem5ts--?\gh ( ! "* sometimes call$ undesign$1 or m prop]ly indirect & incid5tal--z to ! ,godhead1 ,k+%ip1 ,prie/hood ( ,*ri/2 & t we %\ld h none1 or at mo/ b "o or two ( ^? passages :i* h be5 ?\ght by _m to be inconsi/5t ) ! highe/ belief 9 our ,"l's supreme1 co-equal1 co-et]nal ,deity4 ,x is 9 fact 9 ,/4 ,john & 9 ,/4 ,paul t we f9d ! mo/ develop$ =m ( ! ,new ,te/am5t !ology1 b on t v acc\nt ! appe>ance1 = appe>ance x is only1 ( inconsi/5cy & difficulty4#add ,let u briefly recall our ,"l's words 9 ! fir/ ?ree ,gospels4 ,con/antly ,he calls ,himself ! ,son ( ,man1 mean+--7c we d\bt87--"o :o _h no ord9>y int]e/ 9 mank9d1 9 manhood1 9 all humanity2 con/antly ,he confesses ,himself1 & is confess$ to be1 ! ,son ( ,god2 con/antly ,he claims to be ,k+3 ,he dem&s absolute ob$i5ce1 b\ndless love 7he t love? fa!r or "m m ?an ,him is n wor?y ( ,him72 ,he =gives s9s2 ,he has au?ority ov] ! ,sabba?2 ,he baptizes ) ! ,holy ,gho/2 ,he promulgates ,8 own law ev5 :]e x seems to contradict ,moses' law2 ,he is at lea/ repres5t$ 7z ,i d n assume miracles ,i mu/ say no m7 z ) creative p[]1 multiply+ bread1 re/or+ sight1 call+ ! dead to life1 say+ to ! tempe/1 ,peace1 be /ill2 ,he proclaims ,himself ! ,judge ( all ! e>?1 ab\t to sit ^u ,8 ?rone1 ) all nations1 ! dead1 small & great1 ga!r$ be=e ,him1 & ! angels ( ,god wait+ to d ,8 pleasure2 ,he pron\nces ! s5t5ce1 & x runs 9 words :i* indicate t ! great act ( ob$i5ce 0 wait+ on ,himself 9 prison1 9 sickness1 9 ne$1 & 9 suff]+1 t ! great s9 0 neglect+ ,him1 ,him z repres5t$ by ,8 s]vants4 ,!re is "o o!r sc5e :i* seems to me ev5 m tell+ ?an all ^!4 ,ea* ( ! ?ree ,evangeli/s relate1 ,/4 ,john alone omits to relate1 ! in/itution ( ! ,la/ ,supp]4 ,!re di/9ctly--:atev] may be held by diff]+ sects z to its mean+ & its bless+--!re di/9ctly ,jesus ,*ri/ pres5ts ,himself to our fai? z ! ,p[] :i* su/a9s all spiritual life2 po9t+ to ,himself z ! great ,sacrifice1 ! anti-typical ,pas*al ,lamb1 & !n pr(ess+ t ,8 ,body & ,blood c fe$ & su/a9 ! s\ls ( all disciples 9 all com+ "t4 ,:at is ?is b1 fir/ to proclaim ,himself ! ,lamb ( ,god :i* take? away ! s9 ( ! _w2 & !n to attribute t su/a9+1 /r5g!n+1 life-giv+ p[] to ,himself :i* c be pr$icat$ ( no?+ %ort ( ,god8 ,i !re=e fe>lessly ass]t t1 if our ,*ri/ian records be 9 any way bett] ?an wa/e pap]1 if !y be any records ( ,*ri/ at all1 we _c b le>n f !m t ,he pres5t$ ,himself to ,8 foll[]s1 n z ,prophet m]ely1 n z ,tea*] only1 b z _! ,prie/1 _! ,k+1 _! ,god4 ,n[1 obs]ve1 fir/1 ! p]fect orig9ality ( ?is4 ,no "o ev] pr(ess$ any?+ l x be=e4 ,all ! hea!n fables ab\t gods com+ d[n among m51 all _! belief or half belief t "s m5 7 ! (fspr+ ( deity1 meant no?+ l ?is4 ,_! gods 7 !mselves b deifi$ m5 or p]sonifi$ p[]s ( nature4 ,x 0 easy to make my?ic /ories ab\t _! bodily appe>ance1 or ab\t _! e>?ly loves & _! e>?ly prog5y4 ,or1 to speak ( some?+ gr&]1 ?\gh p]haps less poetical1 ! great pan!i/ic religions gave ready room = ! fancy t !re 0 a sp>k ( deity 9 e s5ti5t be+1 & t x might be m & m develop$ into ,god4 ,9 !m1 inde$1 ,god is b ! g5]al pr9ciple ( life & intellig5ce :i* runs ?r\gh\t all ! univ]se2 x is dull] 9 "o spot & bright] 9 ano!r2 "h x may almo/ g out 9 d>kness1 & !re x may bur/ =? into ! light ( heav5 & ( glory4 ,b x is n a p]son2 at ! highe/ x is an imp]sonal p[]4 ,x may dwell !re=e 9 ! ,bull ,apis1 x may reside 9 ! ,lama ( ,?ibet1 x may gr[ to be ! highe/ intellig5ce 9 ,buddha4 ,9 none ( !m is x really ,god4 ,x is b ! embodim5t & ! k9dl+ up ( a sp>k ( ,div9e ,be+1 b n a liv+1 ?9k+1 will+ mak] ( ! univ]se & rul] ( all ?+s4 ,b ,jesus ,*ri/1 :5 ,he 0 ^u e>?1 liv$ among ! only p on ! e>? :o _h a cle> conception ( "o great & p]sonal ,god1 s "o & s p]sonal z ea* sep>ate man is "o & p]sonal1 man hav+ be5 made 9 ! express lik5ess ( ,god4 ,jesus ,*ri/ liv$ among a p :o e/eem$ t "o p]sonal ,god s great & s awful t !y d>$ n ev5 speak ,8 "n1 ! "n by :i* ,he _h specially reveal$ ,himself1 = !y ?\ght t t "n1 if human lips %\ld utt] x1 w\ld %ake heav5 & e>?4 ,yet x 0 ?is great1 only1 incommunicable1 unutt]able ,be+1 ^: ,son ,he call$ ,himself1 ^: v ess5ce ,he claim$ = ,8 own4 ,let x n be said1 t ,he came at a mom5t :5 ,jewi% hopes 7 all c5tr$ on "s heav5ly ,mess5g] to r$eem & re/ore !m1 t ,he only fell into _! notions1 took advantage ( _! expectations & flatt]$ _! prejudices4 ,!y expect$ a ,messiah1 no d\bt1 ) mu* 9 him t 0 heav5ly 7if y w1 ,div9e72 !y expect$ ,him to r$eem _! nation1 to ov]?r[ _! enemies1 to advance _! k+dom4 ,b !y nev] ?\ght t _! ,messiah w\ld claim to be ! ,supreme ,,jehovah1 !y nev] ?\ght t ,he 0 to r$eem1 n _! bodies1 b _! s\ls1 by dy+ z a lamb sacrific$ ^u ! alt>2 !y nev] ?\ght t1 in/ead ( satisfy+ _! patriotism & elevat+ _! nation1 ,he w\ld tea* !m to subord9ate patriotism to univ]sal love ( man1 & t in/ead ( ext5d+ ! e>?ly k+dom ( ,israel ?r\gh ! _w1 ,he w\ld f\nd a k+dom :i* %\ld be :olly moral & spiritual1 & :i* w\ld place ! ,greek1 ! ,roman & ! ,sam>itan on ! same foot+ ) ! long-fav\r$ *ildr5 ( ,abraham4 ,s f> 7 !y f any ?\ghts l ^!1 t x 0 because ( all ?is t !y crucifi$ _! ,*ri/4 ,& if all ?is 7 orig9al 9 ,jesus1 x 0 z bold z x 0 orig9al4 ,! humble1 uno/5tati\s1 unselfi%1 ,jewi% peasant decl>es ,himself ! ,"o ,et]nal ,god4 ,if x 0 assumption only1 x des]v$ ! dea? :i* 0 its consequ5ce4 ,b j let u consid] x = a mom5t4 ,0 x fanaticism8 ,i h already po9t$ to ! calmness1 self-possession1 sob]ness ( ,*ri/4 ,no "* 9 hi/ory exhibits ^! qualities s m>k$ly4 ,!re is n a symptom ( re/lessness1 excitem5t1 intemp]ance1 ( any k9d 9 "o ( ,8 disc\rses4 ,8 eloqu5ce--& no "o c d\bt ,8 eloqu5ce :o has read1 ,consid] ! lilies ( ! field1 :o has he>d ,come unto ,me1 all ye t travail & are heavy lad5--b ,8 eloqu5ce1 ?\gh m he>t-?rill+ ?an any human eloqu5ce1 0 nev] rhetorical1 nev] emotional4 ,x c>ri$ conviction because x s\nd$ l tru? utt]$ by love4 ,9 fact1 fanaticism or insanity are *>ges t _c be made aga9/ ,him on any gr\nd :atev]1 except on ! gr\nd t ,he believ$ :at ,he taught1 & t no reasonable man c\ld believe x4 ,& if s1 ,i ?9k ! *>ge mu/ be ab&on$1 = ,bacon1 ,locke1 ,leibnitz1 ,newton h believ$ x1 & x is /ill believ$ by ! mo/ reason+ m9ds 9 ,*ri/5dom4 ,impo/ure is ano!r *>ge4 ,i h rem9d$ y t ! great pr9ciple ( ,*ri/'s tea*+ 0 tru?4 ,if !re 0 "o po9t on :i* x c\ld ) "s col\r ( probability be said t ,he 0 an en?usia/1 x w\ld be 9 ,8 love ( tru?1 & ,8 scorn = all t 0 false & hypocritical4 ,x w\ld be /range inde$ t su* a tea*] %\ld lay ! f\ndation ( ,8 tea*+ 9 falsehood4 ,& be x rememb]$1 t ! suppos$ falsehood 0 n to please popul> ta/es1 or to take advantage ( popul> prejudices1 b to run c\nt] to & (f5d !m all1 hav+ app>5tly no purpose1 b ! purely dis9t]e/$ purpose ( m5d+ m5's mann]s aga9/ _! wills1 & hav+ evid5tly no e>?ly end b p]secution1 suff]+1 & dea?4 ,! fanaticism is ! mo/ inexplicable1 ! impo/ure ! mo/ improbable ev] he>d or ?\ght (4 ,,iii4 ,& n[ let u see :at ! tea*+ ( ?is s-call$ fanatic or impo/or has done4 ,i suppose x w be ackn[l$g$ t ,he liv$ at a "t :5 ! _w 0 s+ul>ly 9 want4 ,hea!nism _h fail$ to satisfy x4 ,! _w _h outgr[n its infancy1 & _h toss$ away its dolls4 ,! philosoph]s d]id$1 ev5 ! poets c\ld h>dly play )1 _! old hea!n deities4 ,society 0 corrupt to its core4 ,! old mon>*ies _h sunk "o by "o1--,egypt1 ,assyria1 ,babylon1 ,p]sia1 ,mac$onia--oppress$ ) _! own vices4 ,rome _h inde$ rea*$ ! height ( p[]1 b x 0 p[] to be vile & s to be mis]able4 ,& !re 0 a groan utt]$ f univ]sal humanity = some?+ to save x f ! utt] exhau/ion ( s5suality h>d by suff]+1 ( moral1 social1 & political degradation4 ,judea itself1 :]e /ill ,god 0 wor%ipp$1 0 no exception to ! g5]al rule1 ?\gh x _h yet h>dly fall5 to ! dep? ( imp]ial ,rome4 ,& :at ( philosophy8 ,c]ta9ly x c\ld nev] h _h a bett] trial4 ,! greate/ moral philosoph]s ! _w ev] knew1 ,socrates1 ,plato1 ,ari/otle1 _h taught at ,a!ns4 ,! s\nd ( _! voices rea*$ ,rome1 & e*o$ ?r\gh all ! civiliz$ _w4 ,)\t d\bt1 _! tea*+ 0 valu$1 )\t d\bt x 0 valuable to ! ?9k+ few2 b ! effect produc$ ^u ! _m is too truly describ$ by ,ovid1 ,video meliora proboque1 ,det]iora sequor4 ,! salt ( society _h n be5 discov]$2 = society /ank1 & 0 corrupt ?r\gh\t4 ,& !n ,jesus ,*ri/ set =? a rem$y1 & x 0 ,,himself4 ,x _c be too emphatically said1 or too /eadily borne 9 memory1 t ,,*ri/ianity ,,is ,,*ri/4 ,s ,he taught2 s ,8 disciples aft] ,him--n a law--n a !ory--n a code ( morals--n a sy/em ( casui/ry--n ev5 an elaborate !ology--b !y ceas$ n to tea* & to prea* ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,& ?is did satisfy human wants4 7#a7 ,moral philosophy nev] mov$ m ?an a few ?\ghtful m9ds4 ,a /rong law1 l ! law ( ,moses or ! laws ( ,rome1 may put a curb on m5's passions & keep !m 9 by bit & bridle1 le/ !y fall ^u y4 ,b !re 0 some?+ va/ly m p[]ful 9 ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/4 ,he prop\nd$ ,himself to ,8 foll[]s1 z ! "o great object ( _! loyalty & love4 ,n[ love & loyalty are ! v gr\ndspr+s ( noble & dis9t]e/$ life4 ,! s]vant ( law lives 9 ob$i5ce to law1 because to break law is to incur its p5alties4 ,! morali/ tra9s himself ) special ref]5ce to himself4 ,! v necessity ( 8 tra9+ turns ! moral eye inw>d1 creates self-consci\sness1 & produces1 p]haps despond5cy f failure1 p]haps self-confid5ce f success4 ,! effect ( loyalty is altoge!r o!rwise4 ,! eye1 ! he>t1 ! hope1 are all turn$ outw>ds--& 9 ! case ( ! ,*ri/ian--n outw>ds only b upw>ds4 ,! result is1 n ! calculat+ morality1 :i* may easily make a man selfi%1 b ! absorb+ love ( a ma/]1 :i* makes him self-devot$4 ,& co9cid5t ) ! love & loyalty to ! ,ma/]1 came ! bro!rhood ( all :o lov$ & obey$ t ,ma/]2 a close tie ( bro!rhood t[>ds !m1 & e>ne/ desire to br+ o!rs into t bro!rhood1 & s an univ]sal *>ity to mank9d4 ,?us did ! ,great ,tea*] provide = ! wants ( man1 consid]$ z a moral be+4 7#b7 ,let u see h[ ,he provid$ = ,8 wants z a spiritual be+4 ,x is ! witness ( all religi\s antiquity1 t1 :il/ ! s\l long$ to look up to1 & re/ 9 some?+ above x1 x 0 ev] /riv+ to br+ t :i* 0 above x d[n to a level ) itself4 ,x c\ld n grasp inf9ity1 & x 0 ev] try+ to make x f9ite4 ,s x devis$ man-gods & idol-gods4 ,s x degrad$ ,god to be no high] ?an man1 nay1 lik5$ its ,mak] to ! graz$ ox4 ,:at ,jesus ,*ri/ did 0 to br+ ,god d[n to man1 b n to degrade & l[] ,him by do+ s4 ,he pr(ess$ n to be a ,man-,god1--l ! ,saturn & ,jupit] ( ,latium1 l ! ,lama ( ,?ibet1 or l ! ,buddha ( ,ceylon & ,*9a2 b ! ,god-,man1 ,god dwell+ 9 human fle%1 & manife/+ all ! "* ( inf9ity 9 ! p]son ( ! f9ite4 ,s ,he satisfi$ ! ye>n+s ( ! human s\l1 )\t l[]+ ! dignity ( ! ,div9e ,_s4 ,x is impossible to rememb] ! fables ( hea!nism )\t feel+ t ,deity is n only l[]$1 b utt]ly lo/ 9 !m4 ,b ,i appeal to y\r exp]i5ce & to y\r he>ts1 :e!r ! conception ( ,god convey$ to u ?r\gh ,*ri/ is n rais$1 r ?an depress$--rais$ ev5 above ! conception ( ! ,high & ,l(ty ,"o :i* inhabite? et]nity1 z discov]$ by our reason+s1 or z reveal$ to our fai?1 9 ! !ism ( ! philosoph] or ! writ+s ( ! ,jewi% prophets4 7#c7 ,once m1 ,he provid$ = man's wants z a social & political be+4 ,social polity has ev] oscillat$ betwe5 an absolute despotism & a pure democracy4 ,!re are _m :o say t ! only ideal ( good gov]nm5t is ei!r a pat]nal despotism1 or lib]ty1 equality1 & frat]nity4 ,x is mo/ true t our ,"l decl9$ p]si/5tly to m+le ,himself ) e>?ly politics1 or to m$dle 9 ! affairs ( e>?ly k+doms4 ,b ,he decl>$ t ,8 mission 0 to set up 9 ?is _w a k+dom n ( ?is _w4 ,& ! pr9ciples1 ! polity ( t k+dom comb9$ 9 a m>vell\s mann] ! unoppos$ w ( ! ,fa!r-,k+ ) ! frat]nal equality ( all ! p4 ,z ,k+ ( ! k+dom ( ,god ,he exact$ ! mo/ devot$ loyalty & ! mo/ unsw]v+ ob$i5ce2 b to ! memb]s ( ! k+dom ,he said1 ,all ye are bre?r54 ,he =bade any to aspire to pre-em95ce1 or au?ority1 l ! k+s ( ! ,g5tiles2 to ^? :o desir$ to sit on ,8 "r h& & on ,8 left ,he only promis$ t !y %\ld dr9k ( ,8 cup ( suff]+1 & be baptiz$ ) ,8 baptism ( blood4 7#d7 ,la/ly1 ,he provid$ = man's natural wants z a s9ful be+4 ,e religion witnesses to ! anxiety ( ! religi\s m9d to ?r[ (f a weight f ! consci5ce by au/]ities1 or by sacrifices1 or by gifts4 ,i am aw>e t ,i am tread+ on gr\nd :i* may lead me into controv]sy1 & f ?is ,i mu/ gu>d myself4 ,/ill ,i ?9k e "o :o reads ! ,gospels mu/ confess t ! ,*ri/ian hi/ory & ! ,*ri/ian fai? culm9ate 9 sacrifice4 ,i d n wi% to reason on x2 ,i readily admit its deep my/]y1 & ! great difficulty ( expla9+ x2 ,i only ass]t1 & ,i ass]t )\t fe> ( contradiction1 t ,*ri/ set =? ,himself1 & t ,8 disciples set ,him =? to ! _w z ,"o :o suff]$ = ! s9s ( t race :i* ,he _h made ,8 own2 t ,he fir/ b\nd !m closely to ,himself1 & !n dra9$ (f to ! dregs t cup :i* _! s9s _h prep>$ = !m4 ,he came into mank9d t ,he might c>ry (f ! curse :i* s9 _h ca/ into ! mid/ ( x4 ,& ,i "k1 inde$1 t !re are "s1 & "s = ^: scruples & difficulties ,i feel deep respect1 :o1 ackn[l$g+ all ! debts due to ,*ri/ianity1 = rais+1 ennobl+1 & purify+ human life & human ?\ght1 yet say t !y c\ld accept e portion ( x save only its doctr9e ( atonem5t & sacrifice4 ,!y ?9k x d]ogatory to ! m]cy & to ! love ( ,god1 & !y d\bt if ! s9s ( feeble be+s l ourselves c ev] be s (f5sive to ,8 maje/y z to ne$ su* an int]v5tion1 or to co/ s trem5d\s a price4 ,i say ,i respect _! scruples1 = 9 "s cases ,i believe !y h be5 ! scruples ( m5 v pure 9 life & v lov+ 9 he>t4 ,b ( ?is ,i am mo/ c]ta91 t !re is no?+ 9 ,*ri/ianity :i* has s comm5d$ x to ! acceptance ( mank9d at l>ge4 ,& c]ta9ly its effect1 if fully exhibit$1 is v rem>kable4 ,its effect is fir/ to enhance our s5se ( s91 & secondly to enhance our s5se ( ! love ( ,god4 ,wellnigh e o!r sy/em ( =giv5ess t5ds to make light ( s94 ,if rep5tance be easy1 s9 _c be s v h>d4 ,wellnigh e o!r sy/em ( religion has creat$ a dread ( ! ,sov]eign ,rul] ( ! ,univ]se1 & has seldom1 if ev]1 l$ to devot$ love ( ,him4 ,/rangely en\gh1 too1 all pa/ religions _h treat$ s91 :5 great1 z inexpiable1 & gave no room = rep5tance1 ev5 ?\gh s\ght c>efully & ) te>s4 ,b ! ,*ri/ian fai? 9 ! aton+ love ( ,*ri/ has deep5$1 beyond all comp>ison ) aught besides1 our conviction ( ! d>kness & ! dang] ( s92 has yet assur$ u t rep5tance = s9 is n impossible1 b to be atta9$ & !n c]ta9 to be accept$2 &1 la/ly1 has be5 ! "o only conv9c+ evid5ce t1 = all ! cl\ds & d>kness 9 :i* nature & natural religion h envelop$ ! ,deity1 !re is yet a lov+ ,he>t 9 heav51 & t we may1 ) und\bt+1 filial confid5ce ca/ our orphan s\ls ^u ! ,fa!rhood ( ,god4 ,& s x is a fact1 :i* no?+ c take away1 t1 ) all its admitt$ my/]y & deep obscurity1 ! cross ( ,*ri/ has be51 ev5 m ?an all else 9 ,8 m>vell\s hi/ory1 t :i* has won human he>ts1 & :i* has satisfi$ human ye>n+s4 ,,iv4 ,let u pass to ! reception ( ,*ri/'s tea*+ 9 ! _w4 ,!re is n mu* t is new to be said ab\t ?is4 ,fir/1 z to ! mode ( its propagation3 x 0 n propagat$ by =ce1 l ! religion ( ,mohamm$2 nor 0 x a political revolution1 z ,buddhism 0 a great ris+ aga9/ ! ca/e sy/em ( ! ,brahm9s1 jo9$ ) a modification or s-call$ re=mation ( _! !ological & philosophical !ories4 ,*ri/ =bade ,8 foll[]s to mix !mselves up 9 ! politics ei!r ( ! ,jews or ( ! hea!ns2 &1 z to =ce1 ,he told !m1 9 words :i* all ,*ri/ian hi/ory s9ce has v]ifi$1 t !y :o take ! sword %all p]i% ) ! sword4 ,9 fact1 ! mode ( ! propagation ( ! fai? ( ,*ri/ 0 ! simple/ conceivable3 x 0 m]ely a proclaim+ ( ,*ri/ z ! ,pr9ce & ! ,savi\r ( ! _w4 ,apo/les prea*$ ! k+dom ( ,god1 invit$ m5 to come into x1 decl>$ t ,*ri/ 0 its ,k+1 claim$ f ,8 subjects ob$i5ce to ,8 sov]eignty1 & promis$ !m peace 9 _! he>ts "h & happ9ess 9 ,8 home h]eaft]4 ,x is a matt] ( p]fect indiff]5ce to my pres5t argum5t :e!r y ackn[l$ge t ?is prea*+ 0 accompani$ ) miracles or n4 ,if x 01 !n cadit qu/io4 ,probably no "o 9 ?is company w say1 z ! ,jews said & z "s ( ! hea!ns said1 t ^? miracles 7 due to ,satanic ag5cy4 ,if !re 7 miracles !re=e1 !y 7 ( ,god4 ,b1 if y refuse y\r ass5t to miracles1 !n ,i only say ! result 0 all ! m miracul\s4 ,if !re 0 no?+ b a simple tea*+ ( ,*ri/--if only m5 n>rat$ ! life ( ! ,jewi% c>p5t]1 told ( ,8 dea?1 decl>$ him to be _! ,k+1 set up ,8 cross z _! hope1 & claim$ submission to ,him z _! ,god2 & if !reupon1 9 ! mid/ ( ,j]usalem & ,rome1 & ,a!ns & ,cor9?1 & ,ephesus & ,philippi1 & ,smyrna1 & ,antio*1 & ,alex&ria1 at a "t :5 art & sci5ce1 & civilization & philosophy 7 at ! greate/ height ev] kn[n2 if !n & !re1 9 ! space ( a s+le g5]ation1 ?\s&s & hundr$s ( ?\s&s1 ( all ages & all classes1 b[$ _! heads & gave up _! he>ts to ,*ri/1 ,i ask :at 0 x t gave su* magic p[] to ! s-call$ fooli%ness ( prea*+8 ,i answ]1 ,x 0 ! =ce ( tru?2 & ,i ask aga91 ,has any o!r answ] ev] be5 giv58 ,! progress ( ,*ri/ianity 9 e /ronghold ( hea!nism soon r\s$ ! jeal\sy ( ! gov]nors ( ! _w4 ,we ne$ n dwell ^u ! cruelties ) :i* its vot>ies 7 p]secut$4 ,m5 clo!d 9 g>m5ts sme>$ ) pit*1 & !n light$ up z liv+ tor*es1 to add a horrid lu/re to ! fe/ivities ( ! ,emp]or4 ,m5 crucifi$ ) _! heads d[nw>ds4 ,m5 ?r[n to wild bea/s4 ,! he>t sick5s at ! recital ( _! suff]+s1 & /ill m at ! f]ocity ( _! tortur]s4 ,b no?+ /opp$ !m4 ,e human p[] 0 ex]t$4 ,e device 0 tri$4 ,b nei!r skill nor =ce avail$4 ,! /ream fl[$ onw>ds till x became a riv]2 ! riv] spread out till x became a flood4 ,9 ! %ort space ( ?ree c5turies f ! dea? ( ,jesus1 ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,africa1 z f> z civilization _h rea*$1 own$ ,him z _! sov]eign1 & m>*$ "u ,8 bann]4 ,n a bl[ _h be5 /ruck 9 ,8 fav\r1 ?\gh ?\s&s & hundr$s ( ?\s&s _h di$ r ?an dis[n ,him4 ,& !n ! hea!n oracles 7 sil5t1 ! hea!n alt>s 7 des]t$1 ! hea!n philosoph]s 7 *ang$ to ,*ri/ians2 ,*ri/ian presbyt]s m9i/]$ :]e hea!n prie/s _h sacrific$2 ,*ri/ian orators spoke :]e hea!n advocates _h plead$2 ,*ri/ian judges decre$ ju/ice 9 ! seats ( ! prtors & ! proconsuls2 a ,*ri/ian ,emp]or sat ^u ! ?rone ( ! ,cs>s4 ,x is s /ill2 ! great bulk ( ! civiliz$ _w /ill reta9s1 & pr(esses to be guid$ by1 laws1 cu/oms1 & morals1 :i* are really drawn f ! tea*+ ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 99 99 99 99 99 7#a7 ,x is said t ! spread ( ,*ri/ianity is at lea/ p>tly due to m]e human & common-place causes4#ade ,x is said = in/ance1 t ! civilization ( ! hea!n empire 0 effete1 t society 0 corrupt1 t ! v _w 0 we>i$ ) its own wick$ness4 ,v true3 yet x 0 9 ! ,augu/an age t ,*ri/ liv$ & taught1 ! v climax ( anci5t art & lett]s1 & ref9em5t1 & philosophy4 ,v true2 b /ill1 t :i* w be our only refuge if we are driv5 out ( our fai?1 _h (f]$ ev]y?+ t x c ev] h to (f]4 ,moral philosophy _h done its be/4 ,socrates1 ,plato1 ,ari/otle1 ,epictetus1 ,s5eca1 _h done all t c\ld be done by reason+ & moral tea*+1 to w9 m5 f vice1 & to tra9 !m to virtue4 ,& e>?1 = all t1 0 we>+ ! v semblance ( hell4 ,m51 no d\bt1 7 we>y ( x1 & !y li/5$ ! m readily to ,him :o promis$ to ! we>y re/4 ,is x no m>k ( design & wisdom1 t ! rem$y 0 (f]$ at t v "t :5 x 0 ! mo/ ne$$1 & :5 ! ne$ 0 ! mo/ ke5ly felt8 7#b7 ,x is said1 t ! _w !n1 9 its deep dissatisfi$ re/lessness & inquietude1 0 turn+ "r & left = satisfaction1 & t ?us x readily l5t an e> to ! sup]/iti\s & ! sup]natural4 ,x may h be5 s4 ,x _h app>5tly giv5 up all fai?2 & ! unbeliev] passes readily into ! cr$ul\s4 ,b ,i _c ?9k x reasonable to conclude1 t an age ( philosophical scepticism1 ( unbridl$ lic5ti\sness1 ev5 ?\gh x might comb9e ) ^! "s disposition 9 fav\r ( ! m>vell\s1 w\ld be likely to admit ! pret5sions ( ,*ri/ianity )\t c>eful inve/igation2 :5 ,*ri/ianity bore ) x requirem5ts ( ! mo/ rigid morality1 (f]$ 9 ex*ange = its philosophy simple fai?1 9 ex*ange = its lic5ti\sness ! /]ne/ self-d5ial1 & gave x no promise 9 ?is life1 b ( contempt & suff]+1 & v likely m>tyrdom4 7#c7 ,x is said once m1 t ! unequall$ organization ( ! ,primitive ,*ur* made x a firm phalanx sure to w9 its way ?r\gh ! ranks ( ! fi]ce/ foes4 ,v true4 ,! economy ( ! ,primitive ,*ur*1 ) its bi%ops1 prie/s1 deacons1 & deaconesses 9 e city & suburb1 ) its /rict & unbrok5 unity ?r\gh\t ! _w :i* x _h won & 0 w9n+1 01 no d\bt1 an organization1 a freemasonry1 a secret society if y w1 :i* con/itut$ ! be/ possible ma*9]y = pres]v+ & propagat+ its fai?4 ,is x no sign ( ! sup]human wisdom ( its ,f\nd]1 t ,he n only taught ! great secret ( life2 b t ,he devis$ means :]eby t secret %\ld be gu>d$ & h&$ on to m58 ,i mu/ "h consid] = a mom5t "o ( ! grave/ que/ions :i* arises 9 _m m9ds ab\t ! progress ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,grant$ t its spe$ 0 rapid at ! fir/1 :y has x ev] /agnat$ s9ce8 ,if x be ! great rem$y = human woes1 & ! great prompt] ( human virtue & morality1 :y did n its ,div9e ,au?or1 if ,div9e ,he be1 orda9 t x %\ld at once f9d its way ev]y:]e1 & %\ld nev] fail any:]e8 ,i am ready to admit ! gravity ( ! "q4 ,i d\bt if !re be any great] my/]y connect$ ) ! fai? ( ,*ri/4 ,x 0 object$ to t fai? by ,"l ,h]b]t ( ,*]bury1 p]haps ! mo/ em95t ( ! dei/s ( ! la/ c5tury1 & x has tri$ _m a believ+1 z well z _m a d\bt+ _s1 s9ce4 ,we naturally feel1 t a religion meant to save all m5 ought to be made kn[n to all m54 ,9 ! few words ,i c say on x n[1 ,i d n pret5d to cle> up all ! my/]y4 ,i _c cle> up all ! my/]y ( ,god's actions or ( ,god's w4 ,i w\ld only rem9d y fir/1 t ?is is at all ev5ts b "o specim5 ( ! work+ ( t g5]al law1 :i* seems to rule 9 creation1 9 ,provid5ce1 & 9 grace4 ,! analogy betwe5 ! developm5t ( nature & ! developm5t ( revelation 0 ably trac$ 9 ! lecture ( "o :o prec$$ me "s =tnight or ?ree weeks back4 ,x c]ta9ly seems ! pr9ciple ( ! ,div9e action1 t all ?+s %\ld rise up into maturity by /eady gradual progress & gr[?4 ,s ! infancy ( mank9d 0 left 9 ! glimm] ( twilight2 !n !re 0 a dawn+ light 9 ! ages ( ! patri>*s & ! prophets1 till ! day broke full ^u ! _w 9 ! com+ into x ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,by ! same k9d ( gradual work+1 t day-spr+ f on high has ext5d$ its brightness fir/ to "o l& & !n to ano!r4 ,x is no m m>vell\s t ,*9a & ,india & ,c5tral ,africa %\ld n yet h se5 x all1 ?an t = ?\s&s ( ye>s ( man's pa/ hi/ory1 ! :ole human race1 except at mo/ a v small portion ( x1 %\ld h kn[n no?+ ( ,*ri/ or ev5 ( ,god4 ,!re has be5 an infancy ( man1 z !re has be5 an infancy ( ! ,univ]se2 & we may well believe1 t !re may h be5 a prep>ation = ,*ri/'s com+1 & else:]e a prep>ation = ! k ( ,8 com+1 correspond+ ) ! prep>ation ?r\gh c\ntless ages pa/ = ! habitation ( man ^u ! e>?4 ,& z to ! imp]fect reception ( ,*ri/ianity 9 "s places & times1 & its actual retrogression1 z f ! ,mohamm$an conque/1 9 o!rs2 is x n pla9 t we h to expect ,*ri/ianity to advance by moral means & n by me*anical8 ,*ri/ left a leav5 9 ! _w1 t x might "w & leav5 mank9d4 ,we are apt to expect t x %\ld "w by magic1 & n by its own moral influ5ce4 ,n[1 our ,"l nev] s work$ on e>?4 ,if ,he work$ 9 ,8 miracles by a me*anical =ce on nature1 ,he nev] appli$ su* a =ce to human wills1 nor does ,8 ,gospel "w s n[ 9 ! _w4 ,he call$ ,8 *ur* ! salt ( ! e>?2 b ,he w>n$ x t ! salt might lose its sav\r4 ,he said x 0 a gra9 ( mu/>d se$1 :i* %\ld gr[ into a tree & fill ! e>?2 b ,he nev] said t !re %\ld be no blights1 no fro/s1 no tempe/s :i* might *eck its gr[?1 or nip its leaves or r5d (f its bran*es4 ,! apo/les !mselves knew t !y _h ! ,gospel treasure 9 e>!n vessels1 & :5 ! vessel 0 injur$ ! treasure c\ld n be safely convey$ by x4 ,x is v natural to expect t a pot5t rem$y %\ld produce an in/antane\s cure4 ,b we are con/antly taught by exp]i5ce t maladies are too deep-seat$1 or con/itutions too sickly1 = rapid or p]fect re/oration4 ,we naturally expect e man "u ! true influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity to become p]fect3 we expect ,*ri/ianiz$ society to exhibit no defects4 ,b1 9 reality1 we only f9d t bo? ! man & ! p h a new pr9ciple1 :i* gradually raises !m1 t !y become in/9ct ) a new life1 :i* %[s itself sometimes inde$ by vigor\s action1 b :i* sometimes1 too1 becomes languid & feeble4 ,if we make ^! all[ances1 !re w be no?+ to /agg] our fai? 9 ! sl[ progress ( ! ,gospel ?r\gh ! _w4 ,9 ! beg9n+1 ,*ri/ianity 0 ?r[n into mortal conflict ) hea!nism4 ,t hea!nism x /eadily extirpat$1 :il/ ! s\nd] philosophy :i* _h liv$ 9 ! mid/ ( hea!nism x adopt$ = its own4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ?is !re came too (t5 an attempt at compromise4 ,!re sprang up a fusion betwe5 ,*ri/ian v]ity & philosophy1 & philosophy1 too1 ( ! corrupt] hea!n type1 n ( ! pure/ or mo/ div9e type4 ,h5ce ! /range =ms ( h]esy :i* meet u 9 ! e>li] c5turies4 ,aft] ! b>b>ian conque/s1 ,*ri/5dom inde$ took its fi]ce captors captive4 ,!y :o _h trod d[n imp]ial ,rome1 b[$ l[ly be=e ,him :om ,roman gov]nors _h crucifi$ & ,roman emp]ors _h p]secut$4 ,!n came a /ruggle betwe5 b>b>ism & fai?1 ! fai? gradually subdu+ ! b>b>ism1 b ! b>b>ism /ill cl\d+ ! fai?4 ,& ,i ?9k we d n en\gh rememb] h[ ?r\gh ! ,middle ,ages1 on :i* we (t5 look s contemptu\sly back1 !re 0 ev] go+ on a great mission "w ( ! *ur* & ( ! ,gospel1 ! fi]ce b>ons & ! rude *urls be+ z h>d to w9 to ! ob$i5ce ( fai? z ! hea!ns ) :om ! apo/les plead$ 9 ! e>ly ages ( ! fai?4 ,on ! :ole !re has be5 a con/ant progress1 greate/ c]ta9ly at fir/1 b nev] s]i\sly slack5$1 till ,mohamm$ devis$ a great ,*ri/ian h]esy 7= a ,*ri/ian h]esy x 01 z mu* z t ( ! ,gno/ics1 or t ( ! ,mani*ees be=e him17 !reby blight+ ! gr[? ( ! ,ea/]n ,*ur* = c5turies2 /ill1 h[ev]1 !re 0 progress aga9 9 ! we/1 among ,g]mans1 & ,slaves & ,sc&9avians2 /agnation = a "t f ! twelf? to ! eighte5? c5tury1 z f> at lea/ z visible increase 0 conc]n$2 & n[1 aga91 progress1 ?r\gh ! ov]-spread+ ( new cont95ts by ,*ri/ian coloni/s1 & ! br++ 9 ( newly-kn[n hea!n tribes to ! fai? ( ! ,*ur*4 ,unless we insi/ t ! _w %\ld be won by miracle1 ,i d n see t we c ask m evid5ce to ! w9n+ p[] ( ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/4 ,v4 ,& n[ = its effect on ^? taught by x1 & on ! _w at l>ge ?r\gh !m4 ,i h argu$ t philosophy fail$2 has ,*ri/ianity succe$$8 ,) ! all[ances :i* mu/ be made = ! matt] on :i* x has to "w1 & ) ! premis$ condition t x 0 n int5d$ s to act z a spell t man's w w\ld simply be enslav$ by x1 8 moral responsibility lo/1 & 8 /ate ( probation done away )2 !n ,i ass]t t x has succe$$ incomp>ably beyond any?+ else t has ev] be5 devis$1 or ev] attempt$ by man4 ,let u take great & ackn[l$g$ facts4 ,x is confess$ t "u ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity gladiatorial %[s1 & ! ?r[+ ( prison]s to wild bea/s1 7 giv5 up & done away )4 ,x is impossible to d5y t ! wor/ =ms ( lic5ti\sness1 :i* 7 n only tol]at$ 9 ,greece & ,rome1 b indulg$ 9 op5ly by _! h]oes1 attribut$ to _! deities1 & celebrat$ 9 v]se by _! poets1 h be5 univ]sally reprobat$ 9 ,*ri/5dom1 & d>e n n[ %[ _! heads abroad ev5 9 ! mo/ corrupt$ c5tres ( mod]n society4 ,! respect paid to woman is due be=e any o!r cause to ! hon\r ) :i* ! ,great ,f\nd] ( our fai? treat$ ^? wom5 :o wait$ on ,him1 & to ,8 filial rev]5ce = ! "m t b>e ,him4 ,! laws ( m>riage :i* n[ rule 9 ,europe are n hea!n1 n ev5 ,jewi%1 b pre-em95tly ,*ri/ian4 ,:at ,*ri/ spoke conc]n+ m>riage & divorce regulat$ ! pr9ciples ( ! ,*ur*1 & ! fir/ ,*ri/ian rul]s incorporat$ ^? pr9ciples into ! laws ( ! empire4 ,our dome/ic morals h ?us be5 gov]n$ by a few s5t5ces f ! lips ( "o ,man4 ,! exi/5ce ( hospitals = ! sick & w\nd$ is entirely due to ! *>ity ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,! s(t5+ ( ! horrors ( w>1 & ! bett] treatm5t ( prison]s1 are equally ! result ( ,*ri/ian influ5ce4 ,contra/1 = in/ance1 ! conduct ( ! mo/ humane ( hea!n conqu]ors ) ! conduct ( any great ,*ri/ian g5]al4 ,no "o among ! anci5ts is m celebrat$ = 8 humanity ?an ,titus2 yet :5 ,titus _h tak5 ,j]usalem1 he crucifi$ by ?\s&s its und\bt$ly brave def5d]s1 & ! hi/orian tells u t !re lack$ crosses = ! bodies & room = erect+ ! crosses4 ,:5 ,gu/avus ,adolphus took a city1 he s gu>d$ ! lives ( its inhabitants1 t x is said t no injury pass$ ^u ! head ( "o ( !m4 ,9 ! w> we h j witness$1 ! ,g]man army m>*$ into ,p>is1 aft] fi]ce fights & long sieges1 yet ! fir/ c>e ( ! invad]s 0 n to slay or torture1 b to fe$ ! fami%$ inhabitants ( ! city !y _h tak51 ! conqu]+ army ev5 giv+ up its rations to supply food to _! enemies1 :o might else h p]i%$ = hung]4 ,& z = ! prison]s 9 mod]n w>f>e1 ! w\nd$ & ! sick are t5d$ by ! surgeons1 & nurs$ 9 ! hospitals ( ^? aga9/ :om !y h be5 fight+1 & aga9/ :om x is possible !y may yet live to fight4#adf ,?is reg>d = human life is ju/ly reg>d$ by philan?ropi/s z ! true/ te/ ( a high civilization2 & ,i confid5tly ask :e!r x has ev] come b f ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ian tea*+ & ! effect ( ,*ri/ian sympa?y4 ,let u turn to ! "q ( slav]y4 ,x is object$ by "s t !re is no direct d5unciation ( slav]y 9 ! ,scriptures4 ,i am n n[ conc]n$ ) ! ,old ,te/am5t2 b ,i may yet1 9 pass+1 say1 t :il/ ,moses c\ld h>dly refuse to recognise slav]y z a prevail+ in/itution1 he /ill gave laws conc]n+ x :i* mitigat$ its horrors to ! utmo/1 & plac$ ! ,jewi% slave 9 a condition1 moral1 social1 & spiritual1 utt]ly unlike to 8 condition 9 any hea!n /ate4 ,z reg>ds ! ,gospel1 we mu/ rememb]1 once m1 t ,*ri/ 0 n a political re=m]1 n pr(ess$ly a social re=m]1 n ev5 prim>ily a moral re=m]4 ,8 mission 0 to elevate m5's :ole spiritual nature2 & ?is ,he did by ! infusion into society ( a new religi\s or spiritual pr9ciple4 ,x did n fall 9 ) ! purposes ( t mission to desc5d to e detail ( social life1 /ill less to regulate political in/itutions4 ,s1 ,he nev] d5\nces w>1 nor imp]ial tyranny1 nor ev5 ! political factions ( ! ,jews4 ,x is sc>cely a "q t sudd5 emancipation ( a great slave population is nev] desirable4 ,& if ! fir/ ,*ri/ians _h prea*$ aga9/ a deeply-root$ social in/itution1 !y might easily h produc$ great political convulsions1 & h ultimately r5d]$ less tol]able ?an ev] ! conditions ( ^? :om !y desir$ to befri5d4 ,b ! pr9ciples ( ,*ri/'s tea*+ are directly adv]se to slav]y1 & _! progress has inv>iably t5d$ to mitigate1 & at l5g? to eradicate x4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! bro!rhood ( all m51 ( _! common int]e/ 9 ,god1 ( _! common humanity ) ,*ri/2 ! pr9ciple t !re 0 nei!r ,jew nor ,greek1 nei!r male nor female1 nei!r bond nor free1 9 ! great ,*ri/ian commonweal?1 b t all 7 "o 9 ,*ri/--?is pr9ciple _c be work$ out )\t de/roy+ ! abject s]vitude ( "o man to ano!r4 ,&1 z a matt] ( fact1 ?is is :at x has done4 ,! *ange br\ght ab\t 0 gradual1 b x 0 sure4 ,at fir/ monks1 especially ea/]n monks1 refus$ to be wait$ on by slaves4 ,!n mission>ies nev] lo/ an opportunity ( r$eem+ slaves4444 ,ecclesia/ical legislation decl>$ ! slave to be a man1 & n a ?+1 or *attel2 laid x d[n z a rule t 8 life 0 8 own1 & c\ld n be tak5 )\t public trial2 en=c$ on a ma/] guilty ( involunt>y murd] ( 8 slave p5ance & exclusion f ! communion2 op5$ asylums to ^? :o fl$ f _! ma/]'s cruelty2 decl>$ ! enfran*isem5t ( ! s]f a "w acceptable to ,god4 ,! abolition ( dome/ic slav]y 0 "o ( ! mo/ important duties incumb5t on ! mission>y en]gies ( ! m$ival ,*ur*4#adi ,x is sad1 inde$1 to ?9k h[ ! plague ( slav]y aga9 broke out on ! discov]y ( ! ,we/ ,indies & ( ,am]ica--slav]y1 too1 9 "o ( its mo/ revolt+ & debas+ =ms2 b x /ill is true t ,*ri/ianity & ,*ri/ian missions h /ruggl$ ) x f ! fir/1 & t n[1 at l5g?1 x seems to be yield+1 & !re is good hope t x may ere long be utt]ly subdu$4 ,9 e way ,*ri/ianity has be5 ! pione] ( civilization1 & ! giv] ( social com=t & peace4 ,v truly1 _m coloni/s f ,*ri/ian l&s h giv5 to ! colonies :i* !y f\nd$ n com=t1 nor peace1 nor civilization2 b x has be5 because !y h left ,*ri/ian l&s & n c>ri$ _! ,*ri/ianity out along ) !m4 ,(t51 inde$1 !y h only laid wa/e hea!n l&s & oppress$ hea!n races2 & ,*ri/ianity foll[+ aft] !m1 has _h to undo ! evil1 :i* apo/ate ,*ri/ians _h inflict$4 ,/ill we may *all5ge any "o to %[ a s+le in/ance1 9 :i* civilization 9 mod]n times has spread to any place to :i* ,*ri/ianity has n fir/ f\nd its way4 ,we may *all5ge any "o to d5y1 t1 :]e ,*ri/ianity has be5 =sak5 or neglect$1 !re h sprung up1 in/ead ( x1 z 9 revolution>y ,france1 cruelty1 lic5ti\sness1 & social degradation4 ,*ri/ianity1 once m1 has be5 fav\rable at lea/ to ! developm5t ( m9d1 ! cultivation ( lett]s1 ! advancem5t ( sci5ce4 ,x is easy1 ( c\rse1 to say t !re h (t5 be5 ef=ts among ,*ri/ians to *eck ! progress ( sci5ce1 /ill m frequ5tly panic t]rors z to its unexpect$ discov]ies4 ,x is easy to po9t to ,galileo1 easy to speak ( ! fate ( geology 9 ! e>li] days ( ! pres5t c5tury1 ( ! reception ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's !ory n[4 ,z to ,galileo1 we may at once dis[n ! ,inquisition z repres5t+ ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,b x is unnecess>y to d5y t an appe>ance ( antagonism betwe5 fai? & sci5ce1 or fai? & lit]>y criticism1 w al>m timid believ]s1 & s may lead to tempor>y misund]/&+s betwe5 ,*ri/ians & m5 ( sci5ce or ( lit]ature4 ,yet look at pa/ hi/ory & say1 fir/1 :e!r sci5ce & philosophy & lit]ature did n = c5turies f9d _! only %elt] 9 ! ,*ur*1 ev5 "u ! deepe/ %ad[s ( its ca!drals & mona/]ies4 ,:5 all ! _w besides 0 unlett]$ & ignorant1 le>n+ fl\ri%$ among ! s*oolm51 philosophy & ev5 physical sci5ce 7 pursu$1 z f> z !y !n c\ld be pursu$1 by ecclesia/ics & div9es4 ,! "n ( ,rog] ,bacon /&s out conspicu\sly z "o :o1 9 ! cell ( a conv5t & "u ! g>b ( a fri>1 c>ri$ inquiries into physical tru? to a height :i*1 consid]+ 8 date & 8 difficulties1 may comp>e ev5 ) ! great & rapid discov]ies ( ! pres5t day4 ,9 %ort1 x may be said truly & fe>lessly1 t :il/ ! only o!r religi\s sy/ems 9 ! _w1 :i* des]ve consid]ation1 ,mohamm$anism1 ,brahm9ism1 & ,buddhism1 h ei!r /ifl$1 or at ! be/ /unt$ sci5ce & made /agnant civilization2 ,*ri/ianity has fo/]$ le>n+ ( all k9ds1 & has be5 9 itself ! highe/ civilization ev] kn[n4 ,i h naturally dwelt ^u ! ext]nal developm5t ( ! religi\s life ( ,*ri/ians1 n ^u its inn] be+4 ,a lecture on evid5ce1 mu/ ( necessity appeal to t :i* c be kn[n & read ( all m54 ,yet ,i might1 if !re 7 "t1 po9t to ! *>act]s ( individual ,*ri/ians z pro( ( ! elevat+1 ennobl+1 purify+1 sanctify+ p[] ( ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/1 ( ! contemplation ( ,*ri/1 & ( ! love ( ,*ri/4 ,i w cont5t myself ) quot+ words :i* _m "h h read1 & read ) int]e/1 long ago4 ,! au?or ( ,ecce ,homo writes3 ,t ,*ri/'s me?od1 :5 rightly appli$1 is really ( mighty =ce1 may be %[n by an argum5t :i* ! sev]e/ c5sor ( ,*ri/ians w h>dly refuse to admit4 ,comp>e ! anci5t ) ! mod]n _w4 ',look on ?is picture & on t4' ,"o broad di/9ction 9 ! *>act]s ( m5 =ces itself into prom95ce4 ,among all m5 ( ! anci5t hea!n _w1 !re 7 sc>cely "o or two to :om we may v5ture to apply ! epi!t 'holy4' ,9 o!r words1 !re 7 n m ?an "o or two1 if any1 :o1 besides be+ virtu\s 9 _! actions1 7 possess$ ) an unaffect$ en?usiasm ( goodness1 & besides ab/a9+ f vice1 reg>d$ ev5 a vici\s ?\ght ) horror4 ,probably no "o w d5y t 9 ,*ri/ian c\ntries ?is high]-ton$ goodness1 :i* we call hol9ess1 has exi/$4 ,few w ma9ta9 t x is exce$+ly r>e4 ,p]haps ! tru? is1 t !re has be5 sc>cely a t[n 9 any ,*ri/ian c\ntry s9ce ! "t ( ,*ri/1 :]e a c5tury has pass$ )\t exhibit+ a "* ( su* elevation t 8 m]e pres5ce has %am$ ! bad & made ! good bett]1 & has be5 felt at times l ! pres5ce ( ,god ,himself4 ,& if ?is be s1 has ,*ri/ fail$8 or c ,*ri/ianity die8#aej ,let u apply ?is te/ to "o or two ( ! greate/ & be/ ( ! hea!n philosoph]s4 ,take ,socrates fir/4 ,is x possible to imag9e an apo/le ( ,*ri/ jo9+1 z we "k t ,socrates jo9$1 9 dr9k+ b\ts :]e _m 7 intoxicat$1 n himself dr9k+ will+ly1 b :5 press$ mak+ deep] potations ?an any "o besides1 yet nev] exhibit+ symptoms ( drunk5ness8#aea ,x _c be conceiv$ t ! unutt]able lic5ti\sness ( ,alcibiades1 manife/$ dur+ "o ( ^? dr9k+ b\ts1 c\ld h be5 s manife/$1 ,i w n say 9 ! pres5ce ( ,/4 ,paul or ,/4 ,john1 or 9 ! pres5ce ( any ,*ri/ian cl]gyman s9ce !m1 b ev5 9 ! l[e/ assembly ( ,engli% drunk>ds4 ,take ,m>cus ,aurelius3 ,mr4 ,lecky1 ! eloqu5t & able writ] on ,european ,morals1 has held him up z an example ( :at pure philosophy c d1 & has *all5g$ comp>ison betwe5 him & ! mo/ exalt$ & sanctifi$ ( ! foll[]s ( ,*ri/4 ,we may well ackn[l$ge ! nobl5ess1 ! dis9t]e/$ness1 ! simplicity1 & ! elevation ( 8 "*4 ,no absolute & irresponsible gov]nor ( m5 has ev] be5 m cle> 9 8 high (fice4 ,yet ! concessions1 :i* 8 panegyri/ has made conc]n+ him1 sep>ate him (f by a broad l9e ( dem>cation f ! highe/ types ( ,*ri/ian hol9ess4 ,:5 8 wife di$1 = 8 *ildr5's sake he w\ld n contract a second m>riage2 b he pref]r$ ! society ( a mi/ress4 ,:5 he p]secut$ ! ,*ri/ians1 an act :i* we may p]haps attribute to mi/ak5 consci5ti\sness1 he n only p]secut$ !m1 b he d]id$ _! suff]+s4 ,c\ld we 9 ^! days ev5 call a man ,*ri/ian :o c\ld s err8 ,pr(ess$ ,*ri/ians1 no d\bt1 fall into lic5ti\sness1 b !n !y "k !y are 9 act repudiat+ _! ,*ri/ianity4 ,*ri/ians1 alas6 h p]secut$ ^? :om !y reg>d$ z h]etics4 ,b we mu/ look fairly at ! sad hi/ory ( p]secution be=e we simply say t ,roman emp]ors did no m4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 p]secution 0 n inconsi/5t ) ! pr9ciples ( hea!nism1 nor is x inconsi/5t ) ! pr9ciples1 if su* !re be1 ( a!ism or ( a!i/ic philosophy2 b x is :olly inconsi/5t ) ! pr9ciples taught by ,*ri/1 & c only h be5 tol]at$ :5 ^? pr9ciples _h be5 p]v]t$ or obscur$4 ,9 ! next place1 ,*ri/ian p]secutors1 believ+ t _! own =m ( ,*ri/ianity 0 ! only fai? t c\ld save mank9d1 e/eem+ !re=e ^? :o defil$ t fai? z m dang]\s to mank9d ?an any robb]s or murd]]s1 ?\ght consi/5tly1 ?\gh errone\sly1 t !y 7 b\nd to /amp out h]esy z !y w\ld /amp out pe/il5ce 9 _! cattle %$s1 or moral pe/il5ce 9 _! homes & villages4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 ?\gh de$s ( viol5ce always h>d5 ! he>ts ( ^? t d !m1 x is well kn[n t ev5 inquisitors1 s f> f ridicul+ ! suff]+s ( _! victims1 (t5 decre$ ^? suff]+s ) trembl+ h&s & brok5 acc5ts1 & eyes fill$ ) te>s4 ,p]secutors are no types ( ,*ri/ian excell5ce2 ! true/ ,*ri/ianity utt]ly repudiates !m2 b ev5 p]secutors h g5]ally be5 s1 n f love ( p]secution1 b f a deep & pa9ful conviction t p]secution 0 a duty & a necessity4 ,x w be repli$1 & v truly1 t = all ?is1 ,socrates & ,m>cus ,aurelius 7 gr& specim5s ( humanity1 ris+ to a noble height ( moral greatness 9 an age ( cruelty & lic5ti\sness1 & t we _c expect !m to h be5 all t we %\ld expect f a ,*ri/ian apo/le or f a ,*ri/ian k+4 ,grant$ mo/ he>tily ?is4 ,x only proves t ,*ri/ianity has rais$ our /&>d ( excell5ce & has rais$ ! *>act]s ( ^? :o embrace & foll[ x immeasurably above ! highe/ /&>d & ! noble/ *>act]s ( ! _w1 :i* _h nev] he>d ( ,*ri/4 ,i mu/ br+ my words1 my mo/ feeble & imp]fect words 9 ?is high argum5t1 to a close4 ,i h tri$ to %[ t ! life ( ,*ri/1 & ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/1 z we h !m record$ 9 ! mo/ unsuspici\s records1--records :i* c\ld n possibly h be5 ! gradual concoctions & concretions ( subsequ5t times1 ! c>eful aft]?\ghts ( en?usia/s or impo/ors2 t ! life & tea*+ ( ,*ri/ 7 orig9al 9 ! highe/ degree1 n calculat$ to attract f any p&]+ to prejudice or to passion1 t !y exhibit ! mo/ m>vell\s ideal ( simple gr&eur or gr& simplicity2 t ! p[] :i* !y ex]cise is f no app>5t ef=t--n ev5 f reason+ & argum5tation1--b f ! /r5g? ( tru?1 & f _! satisfaction to human want2 t ! p[] :i* !y ex]cis$1 & yet ex]cise1 is ! greate/ moral p[] ev] tri$ ^u man2 t !y h rais$1 & yet d raise1 m5 & nations to a great] height ( civilization1 humanity1 & purity1 ?an any?+ has ev] rais$ !m be=e4 ,& ,i ask1 ,h[ c we acc\nt = ! fact t all ?is has be5 done by ! tea*+ ( "o unlett]$ ,peasant 9 ! mo/ despis$ corn] ( a despis$ l&8 ,is !re any ph5om5on 9 moral sci5ce1 or 9 physical sci5ce1 :i* dem&s a pati5t & hone/ inve/igation m s]i\sly ?an ?is8 ,!re are ^? :o ?9k ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity is on ! wane4 ,i confess ,i c see no sign ( ?is2 ?\gh1 )\t d\bt1 its enemies are _m1 & ! wi% is fa!r to ! ?\ght4 ,b ,i w j put my case 9 "o o!r %ape1 :i* w m or less deal ) ?is "q ( decay1 & !n ,i w end4 ,if an assembly ( #ejj or #a1jjj p]sons c\ld be ga!r$ toge!r1 9 any city ( ,europe1 or ,european ,am]ica1 x be+ provid$ t all ( !m %\ld be intellig5t1 well-educat$1 high-pr9cipl$1 & well-liv+ m5 & wom52 & if ! "q 7 put to ea* ( !m1 ,to :at influ5ces d y attribute y\r high "*1 y\r moral & social excell5ce8 ,i feel no d\bt t n9ete5 out ( tw5ty ( !m w\ld1 on reflection1 reply1 ,to ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity on my education1 my consci5ce1 & my he>t4 ,i w suppose a yet fur!r "q to be put to !m1 & x %all be ?is3 ,if y 7 to be assur$ t ! object y hold de>e/ on e>? w\ld be tak5 f y to-morr[1 & if at ! same "t y c\ld be assur$ ) und\bt+ c]ta9ty t ,jesus ,*ri/ 0 a my? or an impo/or1 & ,8 ,gospel a fable & a falsehood1 :e!r ( ! two assurances w\ld /rike ^u y\r he>t ) ! m *ill+ & m hope-de/roy+ mis]y8 ,& ,i believe t n9e-t5?s ( ! company1 be+ su* z ,i h /ipulat$ !y %\ld be1 w\ld answ]1 ,take f me my be/ e>?ly treasure1 b leave me my hope 9 ! ,savi\r ( ! _w4 ,?is is ! effect produc$ ^u ! mo/ civiliz$ nations ( ! _w by ! tea*+ ( f\r ye>s1 & ! agony ( a few h\rs1 ( ,"o :o liv$ z a peasant1 & di$ z a malefactor & a slave4 ,:5ce _h ?is man ?is wisdom & ^! mighty works8 ,,! ,,complet5ess ,,& ,,adequacy ,,( ,,! ,,evid5ces ,,( ,,*ri/ianity4 ,,by ,,! ,,rev4 ,f4 ,c4 ,,cook1 ,m4,a41 ,,canon ,,( ,,exet]2 ,,prea*] ,,at ,,l9coln',s ,,inn4 ,,complet5ess ,,& ,,adequacy ,,( ,,! ,,evid5ces ,,( ,,*ri/ianity4 ,! evid5ces ( ,*ri/ianity =m a dep>tm5t ( sacr$ lit]ature ( va/ ext5t1 to :i* ! mo/ valuable contributions h be5 made 9 ages :5 ! fai? ( ! ,*ur* 0 mo/ vehem5tly assail$1 & h] p[]s 7 develop$ by sev]e & protract$ /ruggles4 ,x 0 ! subject to :i* ! able/ ,*ri/ian writ]s ( ! fir/ ?ree c5turies devot$ _! en]gies1 c>ry+ on 9 no ali5 _s ! "w ( ! ,apo/les1 meet+ assailants at e po9t1 demoli%+ ) comp>ative ease ! fabric ( hea!n sup]/ition2 w9n+ a nobl] & m f]tile triumph ov] ! intellect ( ,greece4 ,nor 0 ! "w ?us well begun :olly int]mitt$ dur+ ! ages :i* int]v5$ betwe5 ! ov]?r[ ( anci5t1 & ! full developm5t ( mod]n1 civilization2 a civilization :i* owes :atev] x has ( life & p[] to its reception & assimilation ( ,*ri/ian pr9ciples4#aeb ,b1 z might be expect$1 ! "w _h to be begun anew1 new difficulties 7 to be met1 new victories 7 to be a*iev$1 :5 ! spiritual & intellectual en]gies ( ,europe 7 set free by ! va/ upheaval ( m9d at ! ,re=mation4 ,! way 0 op5$ by repres5tative m54 ,grotius1 :o comb9$ 9 a mo/ rem>kable degree ! accurate & pr(\nd le>n+ & ! cle> dispassionate judgm5t *>act]i/ic ( 8 c\ntrym51 produc$ ! fir/ complete treatise1 ,de ,v]itate ,*ri/ian ,religionis1 soon adopt$ z ! /&>d "w by ,prote/ants1 translat$ into e language ( ,europe1 & by our own ,pocock into ,arabic1 = ! use ( ! ,ea/4 ,engl& foll[$ e>ly 9 ! field1 & 9 ! la/ c5tury fairly won ! place1 :i* %e /ill reta9s1 among ! =emo/ *ampions ( ! ,cross4 ,nor did ! p]secution :i* arre/$ ! progress ( ! ,re=mation 9 ,france1 !n1 z ev]1 unhappy 9 h] /ruggles = light & air1 suppress ! work+s ( spiritual ?\ght4 ,( all advocates ( ! fai?1 none p5etrat$ m deeply into its f\ndation1 none asc5d$ ) a /rong] flight or ke5] vision into its highe/ sph]e1 none comb9$ m v>i$ gifts ( intellect & _s ?an ,pascal1 a "n bright ) ! graci\s gleam ( lett]s1 de> to sci5ce1 de>e/ above all to ,*ri/ian tru?4#aec ,g]many1 too1 great 9 e field ( intellectual p[]1 has n be5 unm9dful ( ! duty ( ma9ta9+ & def5d+ ! deposit ( tru?--a duty specially incumb5t ^u h] z fir/ lead] 9 ! revolt aga9/ usurp$ au?ority--n :olly unm9dful1 ?\gh z yet %e is f> f hav+ dis*>g$ h] debt to ,*ri/5dom1 ( late ye>s p]plex$ & h>ass$ by h] reckless abuse ( p[]4 ,/ill 9 ! pa/1 among o!r great names1 ,leibnitz1 :o repres5ts1 p]haps m fully ?an any "o man1 ! peculi> *>act]i/ics ( ,g]man intellect1 laid ! f\ndations ( a sy/em1 9 :i* ! true relation betwe5 ! ,*ri/ian revelation & ,god's univ]se is exam9$4 ,& at ?is pres5t h\r m5 s\nd 9 ! fai?1 full ( ! love & light ( ,*ri/1 are br++ ! res\rces ( pr(\nd le>n+ & vigor\s intellect to be> ^u ! *aotic turmoil ( anti-,*ri/ian influ5ces4 ,)9 ?is pres5t ye> sev]al works h appe>$ 9 :i* infidelity is confront$1 bo? 9 ! sph]e ( g5]al cultivation1 & 9 ! ab/ruse/ fa/nesses ( philosophy1 by ,lu?>dt1 ,/e9mey]1 & ,delitzs*4#aed ,"o ( ! greate/ works at pres5t incumb5t ^u ! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/ is to br+ toge!r into a compact & sy/ematic body ! results ( previ\s inve/igations1 :i* f _! v ext5t are inaccessible to ! g5]ality ( inquir]s4 ,x is a "w = :i* ?is society has be5 =m$2 x w only be accompli%$ by ! comb9$ ef=ts ( m5 v>y+ 9 gifts & p[]s1 b animat$ alike by "o _s ( fealty & love to our ,"l4 ,on ?is occasion ,i propose1 ) all possible brevity1 to %[ t ^? evid5ces ( ,*ri/ianity :i* are accessible to e c>eful inquir] are complete & adequate2 complete inasmu* z !y meet ! fair requirem5ts ( our moral & rational nature1 & adequate ) ref]5ce to _! purpose1 :i* is to br+ u into contact ) ! c5tral & fundam5tal tru?s ( our religion1 & ) ! ,p]son ( its ,f\nd]4 ,x may be assum$ t p]sons :o meet to consid] ! evid5ces ( reveal$ religion h previ\sly satisfi$ !mselves ( ! exi/5ce & ! p]sonality ( ,god2 or at lea/ t !y h n accept$ ! !ory1 once deem$ too irrational to ne$ refutation1 t ! univ]se is b an assemblage ( =ces1 self-exi/5t1 & uncontroll$ by a consci\s w4 ,t is a "q antec$5t to our pres5t inquiry4 ,x w\ld be useless to discuss ! pro(s ( a sup]natural int]v5tion ) "o :o held t !re is no sup]natural p[] to int]v5e4 ,mat]ialism "u any =m1 & ,*ri/ianity 9 any /age1 are mutually exclusive4 ,!y are n ev51 prop]ly speak+1 antagoni/ic2 s9ce antagonism implies a common field ( action1 & ! recognition ( "s pr9ciple to :i* disputants c appeal4 ,we c only argue n[ ) ^? :o admit ! possibility ( a revelation1 & are !re=e will+ to exam9e ! evid5ces1 & to accept ! conclusions to :i* ^? evid5ces may lead4 ,our fir/ object w be to see :at conclusions are fairly drawn f ^? broad facts :i* fir/ pres5t !mselves 9 ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity1 & :i* no "o ?9ks ( disput+4 ,put y\rselves1 if possible1 9 ! position ( an inquir] to :om ! facts might be new1 & :o _h simply to satisfy himself z to _! be>+s ^u 8 own convictions & ^u ! /ate ( man4 ,"h is "o fact4 ,at ! c5tral po9t ( ! _w's hi/ory1 c5tral bo? 9 "t & 9 hi/orical import1 equidi/ant f ! end ( :at m5 are agre$ to call ! prehi/oric p]iod & our own "t1 ! man ,jesus arose1 & claim$ to be1 9 a s5se altoge!r ap>t f o!r m51 ! tea*] & ! ,savi\r ( ! _w4 ,he claim$ a direct mission f ,god1--nay1 m1 to be1 9 a s5se h]eaft] to be asc]ta9$1 ! ,son ( ,god4 ,he assum$ t ! tru? :i* ,he _h to tea* 0 new1 inasmu* z x 0 "o :i* man c\ld n discov] = himself1 b at ! same "t "o to :i* man's consci5ce w\ld be> te/imony1 :i* c\ld n !re=e be reject$ )\t s94 ,z cr$5tials ( ,8 mission1 ,he appeal$ to works :i* ^? :o accept$ ,him & ^? :o oppos$ ,him admitt$ c\ld n be wr\ght )\t sup]natural aid4#aee ,to "o "w1 z ! cr[n+ "w ( all1 ,he direct$ ,8 foll[]s to appeal1 z "o capable ( be+ atte/$1 & incapable ( be+ expla9$ away1 ev5 ,8 own resurrection f ! dead4 ,& n[ obs]ve1 ! fact ( ?is assumption1 q indep5d5t ( ! evid5ce by :i* x 0 support$1 /&s absolutely alone 9 ! _w's hi/ory4 ,consid] ! exi/+ religions ( ! _w4 ,?ree are associat$ ) ! names ( individuals z _! f\nd]s4 ,( ,mahomet we ne$ n speak4 ,8 doctr9e 0 av[$ly d]iv$ f ,judaism1 he claim$ no special relation%ip to ,god1 nor did he pr(ess to "w miracles2 z com+ aft] our ,"l1 we might h expect$ a f> ne>] resemblance 9 pret5sions advanc$ by himself1 & to "s ext5t at a lat] p]iod advanc$ by 8 foll[]s4 ,two o!r m51 h[ev]1 /& be=e u ) *>act]i/ics :i* attract our w>me/ int]e/1 & enable u to und]/& ! p]man5t influ5ce !y h ex]t$ ov] ! c\ntless myriads ( ,asia4 ,i "k no?+ 9 hi/ory m t\*+ ?an ! acc\nt ( ,sidd>?a#aef 7call$ ,sakya ,monni1 t is1 monk ( ! royal race ( ! ,sakyas71 ! f\nd] ( ,bhuddism1 ^: t5d] & noble _s 0 driv5 by ! contemplation ( human mis]y into desp]ate /ruggles to escape f ?is prison ( ! univ]se ev5 at ! co/ ( p]sonal annihilation2 b obs]ve ?is1 he did n ev5 pr(ess to support 8 /range gospel ( despair by ass]tions or atte/ations :i* w\ld necess>ily imply ! p]sonality ( ,god1 & ,8 sov]eignty ov] ! univ]se4 ,if1 aga91 y consult ! f\r books 9 :i* ,confucius#aeg sets =? ) s+ul> simplicity & =ce ! great pr9ciples ( moral tru?1 y w f9d t he nev] pres5ts !m z revelations1 z a message sup]naturally imp>t$ or atte/$1 b z evolutions ( man's inn] consci5ce1 z ! product ( a faculty inh]5t equally 9 all4 ,seek]s aft] tru?1 hone/1 e>ne/1 & noble seek]s1 to :om no ,*ri/ian %\ld refuse a tribute ( admiration1 ! _w has produc$1 b y w f9d no "o man1 save ,jesus only1 among ! f\nd]s ( exi/+ religions1 no "o inde$ )9 ! hi/oric p]iod1 :o ev] pr(ess$ to be ! giv] ( a tru? at once absolutely new & atte/$ by works su* z ,god only c\ld enable him to p]=m4 ,& n[ consid] ?is fact4 ,! appe>ance ( ?is man ,jesus1 unp>allel$ z x is %[n to h be51 0 nev]!less expect$4 ,at pres5t ,i h n to %[ t ,8 p]son1 ,8 (fices1 ,8 "w1 toge!r ) _! p]man5t effect1 _h actually be5 =etold1 or t ! pr$ictions ref]r$ to ,him z accompli%] ( a div9e purpose2 b ?is we "k1 z a fact beyond controv]sy1 t :5 ,he began to tea* & "w1 8 c\ntrym5 7 famili> ) a long s]ies ( texts1 beg9n+ ) ! fir/1 & cont9u$ to ! end1 ( _! sacr$ books1 9 :i* !y recogniz$ descriptions ( su* a tea*]4 ,y w rememb] t ^? descriptions includ$ all p>ticul>s by :i* an individual c\ld be id5tifi$4 ,z = _! accurate co9cid5ce ) :at is record$ ( our ,"l1 x is sc>cely necess>y to argue1 s9ce our able/ oppon5ts hold t x is too close to be acc\nt$ =1 save on ! supposition t ! records1 :e!r consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 7 m\ld$ s to produce ! con=mity4 ,) t !ory ,mr4 ,r[ & o!rs h dealt4 ,i d n believe t x is likely to reta9 a hold on ! m9ds ( our c\ntrym51 b x is a mo/ /rik+ atte/ation to an all-important fact :i* ,i reque/ y mo/ s]i\sly to weigh1 rememb]+ t ( ?is man ,jesus alone 9 ! _w's hi/ory c x be ass]t$ t su* an expectation exi/$4 ,! next fact1 aga91 is s obvi\s t m5 are 9 real dang] ( ov]look+ its significance4 ,! fai? 9 ?is ,man took root4 ,x took root at once1 & s deeply t /orms :i* might h suffic$ to te> up any human in/itution1 s]v$ only to fix x m firmly4 ,?is ,man di$1 ,8 foll[]s 7 h\nd$ to ! dea?1 man's passions1 man's sup]/itions1 man's intellect1 dur+ c5turies ( /ruggle1 7 oppos$ to ?is religion1 & yet x prevail$4 ,w y say x did n prevail univ]sally8 ,well1 :at is its actual ext5t8 ,i answ]1 x is co-ext5sive ) ! civilization ( ! _w4 ,is ?is ass]tion too /rong8 ,look at ! facts4 ,beyond ! pale ( ,*ri/5dom1 ! great races ( humanity1 :i* 9 pa/ ages h %[n equal capacities = ! highe/ culture1 h at ?is pres5t "t no s+le repres5tative nation1 ,turanian1 ,semitic1 or ,aryan1 9 :i* lib]ty1 philosophy1 nay1 ev5 physical sci5ce1 ) its s]5e indiff]5ce to moral or spiritual tru?1 h a settl$ home or practical developm5t4 ,! elem5ts ( civilization are !re1 capable und\bt$ly ( be+ evok$ & en]giz$1 b z a pla9 matt] ( fact at ?is pres5t "t1 aft] ?\s&s ( ye>s = developm5t1 ?r\gh\t ! va/ regions ( ,islamism1 ,buddhism1 & ,confucianism1 n to speak ( l[] =ms ( paganism1 !y are /unt$1 di/ort$1 &1 to all human k51 9 hopeless & *aotic ru94 ,x w\ld n be difficult to prove t ! special evils :i* h *ok$ ! human m9d1 & blight$ its en]gies1 are 9 ea* case di/9ctly traceable to evils inh]5t 9 ^? religi\s sy/ems2 b we are deal+ n[ ) facts n dep5d+ ^u argum5t1 nor dem&+ l5g!n$ inquiries4 ,x suffices to /ate ! b>e fact t ! religion ( ! crucifi$ ,jesus1 ) its doctr9es t 7 a /umbl+-block to ! ,jews1 & fooli%ness to ! ,g5tiles1 is at ?is day cont]m9\s ) human progress1 ) all advance 9 lib]ty1 sci5ce1 & social culture1 ) all t is sub/antially preci\s 9 ! civilization ( ! _w4 ,to ^! facts o!rs might be add$ ( a simil> "*1 su* z ! recognition ( our ,"l ,jesus z ! true ,ma/] & ,tea*] ( ! _w1 by m5 ackn[l$g$ 9 e age ( ,*ri/5dom to be conspicu\s = moral wor? & intellectual p[]2 su*1 aga91 z ! pre-em95ce 9 ,*ri/5dom1 9 e age1 ( nations :i* pr(ess at lea/ to ackn[l$ge ,him z _! ,"l1 & z ! rapid dis9tegration or ru9 ( communities :i* h corrupt$ or abjur$ ,8 religion4 ,b ! broade/ & simple/ facts ?us /at$ are suffici5t = ! "o purpose we h n[ 9 view2 suffici5t to induce e "o :o c>es to "k ! tru? to g at once to t ,man1 to ask :at ,he has to tea*4 ,! inquir] w d ?is1 z ,i %\ld ?9k1 be=e he ent]s into ! l5g!n$ & v difficult inquiry into ! orig9 or int]pretation ( ! pr$ictions or ! words ( :i* we h spok54 ,he w d x because1 aft] all1 no evid5ce has any?+ approa*+ ! weight :i* atta*es to ! p]sonal influ5ce ( a tea*]1 9 ?is case1 ( "o :o decl>es ,himself to be ready to receive inquir]s1 & to satisfy _! wants1 :o claims to be ! liv+ & ev]-pres5t ,tea*] ( man4 ,! inquir] w c]ta9ly d ?is if he feels ! same moral wants1 & exp]i5ces ! same moral difficulties & p]plexities :i* beset ! mo/ ?\ghtful hea!n be=e ! com+ ( ?is ,man2 feel+s well express$ 9 ! ,phd ( ,plato by ,simmias1 a good repres5tative ( /urdy1 ev5 sceptical1 b ?or\ghly hone/ seek]s aft] tru?4 ,^! are 8 words3 ,x seems to me1 ,socrates1 z probably to y also1 t to "k ! c]ta9ty ab\t su* que/ions 9 ?is pres5t life is a ?+ ei!r impossible or exce$+ly difficult2 yet t1 nev]!less1 n to te/ ?or\ghly :atev] is said ab\t !m1 or to desi/ until we h done our utmo/ by inquir+ 9 e direction1 w\ld be %e] c[>dice4 ,= "s "o at lea/ ( ! foll[+ results we ought to atta9 ab\t !m1 ei!r to le>n f o!rs h[ ! tru? /&s1 or discov] x = ourselves2 or1 if nei!r %\ld be possible1 !n1 at any rate1 to take ! be/ & mo/ irrefragable ( human !ories1 & use x z a raft1 s to speak1 to convey u1 ?\gh 9 mu* dang]1 ?r\gh ! sea ( life1 unless1 inde$1 "o 7 enabl$ to accompli% ! passage1 ) no risk ( error or mi%ap1 ^u ! firm] conveyance ( a ^w f ,god4#aeh ,! "q n[ meets u1 ,h[ c we be sure t we h ,8 tea*+8 ,:]e c we f9d ,8 own words8 ,:]e c we le>n :at ,he really did8 ,h we a ?or\ghly tru/wor?y1 n to say unque/ion$1 record ( ! words ,he utt]$8 ( ! works ,he is ass]t$ to h wr\ght8 ,n[ !re c be no d\bt1 t ( all assaults ^u ! fai?1 ! mo/ effective 9 ?is age are ^? :i* h be5 made ^u ! docum5ts :i* compose ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! reason = ?is is obvi\s4 ,an inve/igation into ! au!nticity ( any anci5t book dem&s an am\nt ( k & critical ability1 a s\ndness & ke5ness ( judgm5t1 :i* are ! v r>e/ ( qualifications4 ,turn to secul> lit]ature1 & y w f9d critics argu+ = ages1 )\t any approximation to a settlem5t1 t\*+ ! g5u95ess ( works attribut$ to m5 ^: peculi>ities ( g5ius & ( /yle w\ld seem to defy imitation4 ,:o w\ld v5ture on 8 own judgm5t to det]m9e h[ mu* ( ! ,hom]ic poems belong to ,t ,"l ( l(tie/ song1 ,:o above o!rs l an eagle so>s8 ,quel ,signor dell' altissimo canto1 ,*e sovra gli altri com' aquila vola4#aei ,look at ! controv]sy betwe5 ,grote1 ,j[ett1 & ! late/ ,g]man critics t\*+ ! au!nticity ( no small portion ( ! ,platonic dialogues4 ,tak5 simply z a "q ( critical inquiry1 no man ( s5se w\ld v5ture to det]m9e1 on int]nal data1 ! au?or%ip ( any book 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 )\t ye>s ( labori\s prep>ation4 ,i w add1 no prud5t man at all conv]sant ) ! hi/ory ( criticism w\ld accept ass]tions1 h[ev] confid5t1 ( critics ^: kn[n & av[$ prepossessions w\ld make x priori c]ta9 t !y w\ld be av]se to ! acceptance ( docum5ts :i*1 if g5u9e1 supply sub/antial gr\nds = belief 9 sup]natural works & a sup]natural ,p]son4 ,:at !n are we to d8 ,well1 9 ! fir/ place we may inquire :e!r any portion ( ! docum5ts 9 t book is admitt$ to be :olly unaffect$ by ! corrosive solv5t ( negative criticism4 ,?is w give u at once a mo/ important set ( docum5ts1 no less ?an ^? epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul#afj :i* conta9 ! fulle/ exposition ( ,*ri/'s doctr9e1 & ! mo/ explicit /atem5ts ( ! sup]natural facts on :i* t doctr9e is bas$2 above all1 ! fact ( ! ,resurrection4 ,!re y w f9d ,*ri/ speak+1 accord+ to ,8 own promise1 by ,8 ,_s4 ,b we are n to be *eat$ ( our h]itage by a criticism ( :i* ! ma9 negative results are repudiat$1 n only by all :o believe 9 any =m or degree ( objective revelation1 b by a great majority ( av[$ rationali/s4 ,"o by "o we recov]1 ) _! concurr5ce1 ! o!r g5]al epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul1 ! fir/ ( ,/4 ,pet] & ( ,/4 ,john1 ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,m>k1 ! disc\rses 9 ,/4 ,mat!w1 ! two treatises ( ,/4 ,luke1 &1 ?\gh hotly conte/$1 z might be expect$1 consid]+ its vital importance1 /ill triumphantly1 & ,i d n fe> to say irrevocably1 secur$1 atte/$ by ext]nal evid5ce ev] m p]fect1 & by int]nal evid5ce#afa daily m conv9c+1 z y c witness1 ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,john4 ,i might g f>!r /ill1 & po9t to ! reception ( ne>ly all conte/$ portions by "s or o!r ( our oppon5ts1 & %[ ! cog5cy ( ! reasons :i* ov]came deep-seat$ prejudices2 b x is suffici5t = our imm$iate purpose to argue ex concessis4 ,if we take at fir/ ^? books only :i* ! sev]e/ critics1 ) ! exception ( c]ta9 s*ol>s ( ! ,tb+5 s*ool hold to be indisputable1 we h ,*ri/ be=e u1 ! *>act]i/ics ( ,8 ,p]sonality1 ! c>d9al ev5ts ( ,8 life1 ! subject matt] ( ,8 tea*+4 ,ev5 ,keim & ,rnan admit t ,8 m>k is unmi/akably /amp$ ^u ^? disc\rses to :i* e inquir] w naturally turn at once1 :5 he seeks to "k :at ,jesus taught4 ,& "h let me speak out frankly my own op9ion4 ,! :ole result ( inquiry into ! tru? ( ,*ri/ianity w dep5d ^u ! effect produc$ ^u y by ! ,p]sonality ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,if a c>eful /udy ( ,8 words1 ( ,8 works1 does n con/ra9 y to recognize 9 ,him a div9e ,tea*]1 if x does n lead y to disc]n ! ,be+ 9 :om alone humanity atta9$ to t ideal p]fection ( :i* philosoph]s _h ev] dream$1 b ( :i* !y deem$ t ! realization 0 impossible1 nay1 m1 a ,be+ 9 :om ! moral & spiritual attributes ( ,deity1 p]fect hol9ess1 & p]fect love1 7 manife/$1 !n inde$ ,i admit1 nay1 ,i am 9 tru? conv9c$1 t no o!r evid5ces w h any real or p]man5t effect ^u y\r _s4 ,! complet5ess ( ^? evid5ces may fill y\r m9ds ) anxi\s que/ion+s1 _! adequacy may leave y )\t excuse = _! rejection2 b )\t a p]sonal influ5ce !y w also leave y cold1 & 9 a position1 if n ( outw>d antagonism1 yet ( inw>d ali5ation4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 y accept ,jesus z y\r ,tea*] & ,ma/]1 simply & :olly because ,he has won y\r he>t & conqu]$ y\r _s1 !n all o!r evid5ces w fall into _! prop] place2 !y w n be set aside1 contemn$1 or neglect$--_h !y be5 ne$less1 !y w\ld n h be5 giv5--b !y w be us$ z subsidi>y & supplem5t>y2 enabl+ y to give a reason = ! fai? :i* is 9 y1 bo? = y\r own satisfaction1 & = ! def5ce & advancem5t ( ,*ri/ian tru?4 ,! "o great evid5ce1 ! ma/] evid5ce1 ! evid5ce ) :i* all o!r evid5ces w /& or fall1 is ,*ri/ ,himself speak+ by ,8 own ^w4 ,our fir/ endeav\r mu/ !re=e be to acquire a di/9ct &1 s f> z may be possible1 a complete conception ( ! p]sonal "* ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 we are met by ! "q1 ,are we to consid] ,him at fir/ 9 ,8 human nature sep>ately1 or mu/ we1 9 ord] to appreciate ,him truly1 contemplate ,him at once 9 ! complet5ess ( ,8 ,p]sonality1 comb9+ ! human ) ! div9e8 ,i answ]1 n )\t "s hesitation1 t ! l9e seems po9t$ out by ,holy ,scripture4 ,we are told !re t ,8 nature is tw(old1 t 9 ,him we see ,god 9 man1 t ! :ole "w :i* ,he came to accompli% dep5d$ ^u t nature2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 we f9d t ! =m 9 :i* ,he pres5t$ ,himself to ,8 contempor>ies1 & ?r\gh ! m$ium ( hi/orical records to ! ,*ur*1 9 :i* & by :i* ,he drew mank9d to ,himself1 0 ?or\ghly human2 & s x seems to me cle> t our fir/ duty mu/ be to collect f ! ,gospel n>rative all ! *>act]i/ic traits ( ,8 humanity1 & s le>n to "k ,him z p]fect man4 ,we may or may n avail ourselves ( ext]nal help 9 ?is "p ( ! inquiry2 b if we d1 ! utmo/ caution & discrim9ation w be ne$$4 ,x is c]ta9 t all s-call$ lives ( ,jesus are writt5 "u "s k9d ( prepossession1 & convey impressions :i*1 h[ev] fair & hone/ !y may be1 h a /rong col\r+ ( p]sonal feel+s4 ,d\btless by su* lives z ^? by ,ne&]1 ,baumg>t51 ,press5s1 n to speak ( ! ,ecce ,homo1 a /ud5t may h 8 att5tion drawn to traits :i* he might o!rwise fail to appreciate3 b ,i believe t1 until ! m9d is saturat$ ) ! tru? set =? ) all pla9ness & 9 all complet5ess 9 ,scripture1 ! loss w outweigh ! ga94 ,i d n say t1 9 an advanc$ /age ( inquiry1 ^? among u especially :o h to consult ! wants ( o!r m9ds1 may n pr(itably resort to ^! & simil> writ+s = supplem5t>y in=mation or sugge/ions3 b ?is obs]vation is to "s ext5t true ( o!r works 9 :i* ! false inf9itely prepond]ates ov] ! true2 & if y once g outside ( ! ,gospels = aid 9 ! natural attempt to ga9 an indep5d5t position z an imp>tial inquir]1 y may entangle y\rself 9 ! subtle webs ( sophi/ry1 su* z are wov5 by ,rnan1 ,keim1 or ,/rauss4 ,speak+ inde$ ( ,press5s's "w on our ,savi\r's life1 :i*1 on ! :ole1 approa*es mo/ ne>ly to a fai?ful & complete portraiture1 a fri5d rem>kable = s\nd /rong s5se rem>k$ to me t a c>eful p]usal s]v$ b to conv9ce him ( ! ne$lessness ( su* rem\ld+s ( ! sacr$ hi/ory4 ,& = my own "p1 ,i d n hesitate to say t y w act mo/ wisely if y keep to ! gospel n>rative exclusively until y h asc]ta9$ to y\r own satisfaction :at are ! true *>act]i/ics ( our ,"l4 ,i d n ent]ta9 any d\bt z to ! result4 ,no heal?y moral nature ev] came into contact ) t ,p]sonality )\t recogniz+ its unapproa*$ & unapproa*able excell5ce4 ,nay1 ,i w add1 no human he>t susceptible ( t5d] or noble emotions ev] fix$ its gaze ^u ,jesus )\t ackn[l$g+ 9 ,him ! embodim5t ( love4 ,atte/ations to ?is effect might be adduc$ 9 abundance f writ+s ( m5 :o h pass$ _! lives 9 ineffectual ef=ts to extricate !mselves f ! p]plexity aris+ f _! inability to reconcile t impression ) _! intellectual sy/em3 b we ne$ no te/imony f )\t4 ,g to ,*ri/1 he> ,him speak1 wat* ,8 actions1 & y w h an evid5ce1 at once complete & adequate1 t 9 ,him 0 a human nature :i*1 9 its entire fre$om f all moral evil1 & 9 its p]fect developm5t ( all moral goodness1 /&s absolutely alone4 ,y may say ?is is m]e assumption4 ,i c only answ]1 ,y h to judge = y\rselves4 ,i d n pr(ess to draw out ! evid5ce1 b simply to %[ :at is its nature1 & :]e x is to be f\nd4 ,i d n attempt to del9eate t "*2 at ! utmo/1 ,i c\ld b give y b a v imp]fect acc\nt ( ! impression :i* x has made on my own v imp]fect nature4 ,i simply ass]t t ! evid5ce is !re1 & t ^u y re/s ! responsibility ( exam9+ x4 ,its effect1 z ,i d\bt n1 w dep5d ^u y\r moral nature2 n inde$ ^u y\r moral goodness--,*ri/ speaks to s9n]s--b ^u y\r moral susceptibility1 y\r capacity to disc]n & appreciate moral goodness4 ,if t "* does n attract1 subdue1 & w9 y1 ,i freely admit all o!r evid5ce w be useless s f> z y\r inn]mo/ convictions are conc]n$4 ,b num]\s z are ! cases ( individuals :o h rema9$ 91 or relaps$ into1 a /ate ( scepticism f v>i\s causes1 intellectual or moral1 few inde$ are ! cases ( m5 :o h n borne ) !m into t dre>y region an abid+ s5se ( ! p]sonal & supreme goodness ( ,jesus4 ,b ! m c>efully y exam9e t "*1 ! m =cibly y w be /ruck by ! fact t ?is ,man1 ( :om ! mo/ special & mo/ di/9ctive *>act]i/ics are absolute tru?fulness & absolute humility1 speaks ?r\gh\t ) an au?ority :i* involves ! assumption ( a div9e nature4 ,?is /atem5t does n re/ on p>ticul> texts op5 to miscon/ruction or evasion1 b on ! t5or ( ea* & e disc\rse1 on ,8 acts n less ?an ,8 words4 ,he addresses man z man's ,ma/]2 ,he speaks z ! ,son ( ,god1 z "o ) ,god4 ,?is fact is /at$ 9 /rong1 n to say irrev]5t1 t]ms by ! au?or ( ,ecce ,homo3 ,dur+ ,8 :ole public life ,jesus is di/+ui%$ f ! o!r prom95t *>act]s ( ,jewi% hi/ory by ,8 unb\nd$ p]sonal pret5sions4 ,two writ]s1 diff]+ widely 9 tone ( m9d1 b alike 9 dep? ( ?\ght & e>ne/ness ( purpose1 prove1 7 pro( ne$$1 t ^? pret5sions are ju/ifi$ by ! tru? ( ! ,inc>nation1 & by t alone4 7,see ! ,rev4 ,m4 ,f4 ,sadl]1 ,immanuel1 pp4 #bfd-cji2 & ,mr4 ,hutton's ,essay on ! ,inc>nation47 ,y w1 9 fact1 soon f9d t y h no alt]native b ei!r to give up all t has wr\ght itself into y\r moral nature1 & intw9$ itself ar\nd ! fibres ( y\r affections1 all y\r convictions ( ! moral excell5ce ( ,jesus1 or to accept ,him1 ev5 z ,he pres5ts ,himself1 ! ,god-man4 ,8 enemies felt ?is4 ,!y p]secut$ ,him because ,he made ,himself1 z !y said truly1 equal ) ,god4 ,!y crucifi$ ,him because ,he claim$ ! p[]s & attributes ( ! ,son ( ,god4 ,mod]n sceptics ( l(ti] /ra9 feel ?is ke5ly4 ,!y might be cont5t to accept ,him z a moral tea*]2 =1 9 t case1 !y c\ld deal ) ,him z _! equal by nature1 receiv+ or reject+ ,8 tea*+ z x might accord or n ) _! own judgm5t2 if !y reject ,him x is simply or ma9ly1 z !y w tell y1 because ,he claims to be m ?an man1 &1 z !y well "k1 to be no less ?an ,god4 ,!y ask 7p]haps y w ask71 h[ did ,he ju/ify ! claim8 ,! answ]1 ( c\rse1 involves ! :ole controv]sy2 b ,i w once m /ate my own conviction4 ,if y put y\rselves "u ,8 tea*+1 ,he w n leave y 9 d\bt4 ,y w atta9 by degrees only to any real appreciation ( ,8 human goodness2 b toge!r ) ! gr[? ( t appreciation w dawn ^u y ! consci\sness1 ev] increas+ 9 cle>ness & int5sity1 t 9 ,him y are gaz+ ^u ! ,inc>nate ,god4 ,y w h a tw(old evid5ce3 ! evid5ce ( a p]fectly logical conviction1 f\nd$ on sure inf]5ces f sure premises1 ^u ! insep>ability ( tru? & goodness1 self-k & p]fect wisdom1 & ! evid5ce ( direct intuition2 y w feel y\rselves 9 ! pres5ce ( ,god4 ,& n[ let me read a passage :i* is a v rem>kable atte/ation to ! effect produc$ ^u a man ( /rong s5se & ?or\gh indep5d5ce ( "*1 by an hone/ & rev]5t /udy ( our ,"l's ,p]son & tea*+4 ,y w f9d x 9 ! treatise on ! ,inc>nation1 publi%$ )9 ! la/ few mon?s1 9 ,mr4 ,hutton's ,essays3 ,& n[ let me hone/ly ask myself1 & answ] ! "q z truly z ,i c1 :e!r ?is great1 ?is /up5d\s fact ( ! ,inc>nation is hone/ly believable by an ord9>y man ( mod]n times1 :o has n be5 educat$ into x1 b educat$ to di/ru/ x2 :o has no lean+ to ! or?odox cre$1 z su*1 b has g5]ally pref]r$ to associate ) h]etics2 :o is q alive to ! =ce ( ! sci5tific & lit]>y criticisms ( 8 day2 :o has no antiqu>ian ta/es1 no pr$ilection = ! v5]able pa/2 :o does n reg>d ?is tru? z "p ( a great sy/em1 dogmatic or ecclesia/ical1 b m]ely = itself2 :o is1 9 a ^w1 simply anxi\s to take hold1 if he s may1 ( any div9e h& /ret*$ out to help him ?r\gh ! excitem5t & ! languor1 ! joy1 ! sorr[1 ! /orm & sun%9e1 ( ?is un9telligible life4 ,f my he>t ,i answ]1 ,yes--believable1 & m ?an believable1 9 any mood 9 :i* we c rise above ourselves to t sup]natural _s :i* ord]s ! unruly wills & affections ( s9ful m52 m ?an believable1 ,i say1 because x s vivifies & supplem5ts t fundam5tal fai? 9 ,god z to realize :at 7 else ab/ract1 &1 )\t dissolv+ ! my/]y1 to clo! et]nal love ) brea?+ life4#afb ,let me call y\r att5tion to ! rem>kable resemblance1 ( :i* ,i believe ! writ] to h be5 unconsci\s1 betwe5 ^! mo/ /rik+ words & ^? :i* ,i quot$ f ,plato4 ,:at ! anci5t inquir] long$ =1 b s\ght 9 va91 ! mod]n has s\ght & f\nd1 & ) x ! "o & ! only imag9able solution ( ! my/]y ( life4 ,i speak to p]sons able to br+ ! /ores ( v>i$ read+ to be> ^u ^! que/ions1 & we live 9 a "t :5 le>n+ has fairly rivall$ sci5ce 9 br++ regions ( ?\ght hi!rto unkn[n1 or kn[n only to solit>y /ud5ts1 )9 ! cognizance ( m5 ( g5]al cultivation4 ,z a matt] ( a deep int]e/ & importance1 ,i w\ld ask y1 :5 y h atta9$ to a complete conception ( our ,"l's ,p]son1 to comp>e ,8 tea*+ ) t ( m5 ^: influ5ce has be5 mo/ widely & abid+ly felt 9 ! _w4 ,i w n insult our ,ma/] by plac+ ,8 "n 9 juxtaposition ) ! f\nd] ( ,islamism1 nor inde$ w\ld x fairly ent] into ! inquiry2 = if y sep>ate ! elem5ts ( tru? d]iv$ f ,judaism & f ,*ri/ianity1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a corrupt tradition1 ! ,koran w yield y b a mass ( idle leg5ds4 ,x is inde$ ! fa%ion at pres5t to speak ( ,mahomet z a great & g5u9e prophet1 ) a ,div9e mission 7see ,hutton's ,essays1 i4 p4 #bgg74 ,n[ ,i d n d\bt 8 s9c]ity at ! beg9n+ ( 8 c>e]1 or 8 /eadfa/ adh]5ce to ! "o great tru? :i* he proclaim$2 b x mu/ nev] be =gott5 t he inv5t$ a special revelation to ju/ify indulg5ce 9 8 ma/]-s9 7see ! ,koran1 c4 #ff71 & t he comm&$ ! propagation ( 8 religion by ! sword4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 ?ree great names connect$ ) ^? mighty revolutions ( ?\ght :i* h p]man5tly affect$ ! moral or religi\s convictions ( mank9d2 ,i speak ( !m specially1 because _! "* & tea*+ 7 :olly un9flu5c$ by revelation1 & because !y sev]ally repres5t ! highe/ developm5t ( pre-,*ri/ian "*3 ,buddha1 ,confucius1 & ,socrates4 ,( two ,i h already spok51 & w n[ simply ref] y to ! cle> & imp>tial acc\nts giv5 by ,ampre1 ,francke1 & ,b>?lemi ,/4 ,hilaire1 to ju/ify my /atem5t1 t al?\gh1 z might be expect$1 9 "s po9ts ( _! moral tea*+ & 9 _! spiritual aspirations !y be> a true resemblance to ,him 9 :om human nature 0 p]fectly repres5t$1 yet ea* ( !m diff]$1 z inde$ all o!r m5 diff]1 f ,him1 9 "o special *>act]i/ic2 ea* ( !m is ! creature ( 8 race & ( 8 age2 ! influ5ce ( ea* is felt 9 ! full developm5t ( ! peculi> t5d5cies ( 8 own section ( ! human family2 9 ! "o case1 ( physical languor & m5tal dream9ess2 9 ! o!r1 ( a =mal & conv5tional morality1 & ( political unity secur$ by ! sacrifice ( all indep5d5t action & ?\ght4 ,i turn to ,socrates4 ,!re is a special reason :y we %\ld direct our att5tion to 8 "*4 ,x has at v>i\s times be5 br\ght into comp>ison ) t ( our ,"l2 ev5 :5 t comp>ison is n di/9ctly br\ght out1 x is (t5 int5tionally1 or x may be un9t5tionally1 sugge/$4 ,t "* has be5 del9eat$ by ,mr4 ,j[ett1 9 ! prefaces ( 8 translation ( ! ,platonic dialogues1 ) a sagacity beyond all praise1 ) an imp>tiality :i* tr5*es ^u indiff]5ce1 n m]ely 9 que/ions ( m]ely speculative int]e/1 b ( moral conc]nm5t4#afc ,x is a noble "w1 repres5t+ ! lab\r ( long ye>s devot$ almo/ exclusively to ! /udy ( ! ma/]-m9d ( ,greece4 ,socrates !re /&s be=e u4 ,we ent] into 8 ?\ghts1 we "k him z a liv+ man4 ,8 "* may inde$ h und]gone "s *ange ( repres5tation 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! m9d ( ! mo/ imag9ative ( human tea*]s1 8 greate/ disciple1 ,plato2 b x is a *ange :i* does b magnify & idealize 8 l(tie/ *>act]i/ics4 ,let u see1 !n1 9 :at respects ?is wise/ & be/ ( m51 ?is tea*] :om ! great ,fa!rs ( ,*ri/5dom ju/ly rev]5c$ z a true ?\gh unconsci\s prep>] ( m5's spirits = ! com+ ,tea*]1 resembles1 9 :at respects1 n less ?an ! o!r two1 he especially diff]s1 f our ,"l4 ,?is /rikes u at a glance4 ,socrates is altoge!r & ?r\gh\t a ,greek4 ,8 intellect1 8 "*1 is ,greek4 ,! /amp ( an exclusive nationality is ^u him4 ,he has ! feel+s1 ! prejudices1 ( a s+ul>ly exclusive section ( an exclusive race4 ,8 code ( morals tol]ates1 ,i w n say sanctions1 habits & feel+s q at v>iance1 z ,mr4 ,j[ett says1 ) mod]n & ,*ri/ian notions4 ,*>act]s m\ld$ to a great ext5t "u 8 influ5ce became liv+ embodim5ts ( "s ( ! wor/ *>act]i/ics ( hea!nism1 ( =ce1 pride 7 ,greek3 hubris71 & lic5ti\sness1 z1 = in/ance1 ,critias1 ,*>mides1 & ,alcibiades4 ,exquisite & p]fect z 0 8 sympa?y ) all t 0 noble1 all t 0 graceful & beautiful 9 ,hell5ic culture1 x w5t no fur!r4 ,graces :i* to ! ,*ri/ian are ! v f\ndation ( spirituali/ life1 _h no place1 no "n ev51 9 8 philosophy4 ,i _c recall1 among all 8 say+s1 "o t expresses sympa?y ) man 9 8 extreme/ degradation & mis]y1 or indignation ) 8 c\ntrym5 = _! treatm5t ( _! slaves4 ,i w\ld n be unju/4 ,i nev] turn to ! pages 9 :i* 8 _s brea!s )\t recogniz+ its attractions = ! lov] ( man & ! seek] aft] ,god2 b /ill ! fact rema9s1 & /&s out m cle>ly ! m fully t _s is made kn[n1 t ,socrates1 9 8 be/ & 9 8 wor/ *>act]i/ics1 0 out & out an ,a!nian by "*1 by temp]am5t1 by moral sympa?y1 & by religion also1 n less ?an ,confucius 0 a ,*9ese1 & ,sidd>?a a ,h9doo4 ,i t\* briefly on ano!r important po9t ,socrates 0 a true1 hone/1 e>ne/ seek] aft] tru?4 ,i give ?is high praise unres]v$ly4 ,z su*1 he repres5ts ! be/ t5d5cies ( ,g5tile ?\ght4 ,z an hone/ seek] he _h ! fitt+ rew>d4 ,s f> z 8 se>* 0 n imp$$ by moral causes to :i* ,i h allud$1 x 0 successful4 ,he appreh5d$ & taught tru?s ( inf9ite value4 ,b note ?is2 he _h n1 did n pr(ess to h1 def9ite convictions ^u ! mo/ important ( all tru?s4 ,mr4 ,j[ett says delib]ately1#afd & z ,i ?9k truly1 ,socrates _c be prov$ to h believ$ 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,8 speculations conc]n+ a future /ate ( retribution1 record$ d\btless ) a consid]able admixture ( ,platonism 9 ! ,phd1 are deeply int]e/+2 b !y are speculations only1 re/+ p>tly on gr\nds ( :i* he recognises ! insuffici5cy1 or ( :i* we _c d\bt ! uns\ndness4 ,socrates gave :at he f\nd4 ,he s\ght = life & immortality2 he drew v ne> to ! region :]e !y are to be f\nd2 he prep>$ ! _s ( man = _! ann\ncem5t2 b he did n br+ !m to light ,t 0 ! "w ( ,him :o at once decl>es ! tru?1 & ju/ifies its reception4 ,& n[1 keep+ ^! *>act]i/ics 9 m9d1 let me ask y to consid] !m 9 ref]5ce to our ,"l's tea*+4 ,"o ( our mo/ popul> & graceful writ]s--! ,dean ( ,we/m9/]--has done good s]vice to ! tru? by po9t+ out repeat$ly ! v conspicu\s & utt]ly peculi> *>act]i/ic ( ! ,savi\r1 t ,he is :olly devoid ( national exclusiv5ess4 ,?is is ! m /rik+ s9ce ,8 bir? & all ! circum/ances ( ,8 e>ly life w\ld naturally h imbu$ ,him ) ! prejudices ( ! mo/ exclusive ( all nations3 a nation :i* 0 int5d$ to be exclusive1 :i* c\ld only fulfil its special mission by exclusiv5ess4 ,mr4 ,hutton puts ?is ) 8 usual =ce1 b some:at h>%ly3 ,to tru/ 9 ,him really1 to believe t ,he c help u to r$uce ! vulg> *aos ( our ,engli% life to any ord] re/+ on an et]nal basis1 is f> easi] if we believe t ! v same m9d is %9+ on our consci5ces :i* ent]$ into ! poore/ ( lots among ne>ly ! mo/ degrad$ g5]ation ( ! mo/ n>r[-m9d$ race t ! _w has ev] kn[n1 & made x ! bir?place ( a new e>? 7,essays1 vol4 i41 p4 #bhc74 ,*ri/ speaks ev] to man z man2 ,8 words f9d an e*o 9 univ]sal consci\sness2 9 ,him !re is nei!r ,jew nor ,g5tile1 &1 note specially ?is po9t1 nei!r bond nor free4 ,at ?is po9t1 h[ev]1 we may be met ) an objection :i* has be5 pres5t$ ) consid]able skill1 & appe>s to h s]i\sly affect$ ! judgm5t ( inquir]s4 ,x is ass]t$ t1 aft] all1 our ,"l 0 b a ,jewi% ,rabbi1 diff]+ inde$ 9 "s rem>kable *>act]i/ics f o!r tea*]s ( ! synagogue1 b only to an ext5t :i* may be acc\nt$ =1 p>tly by ,8 position & education1 & ! influ5ce ( ,ess5ian pr9ciples1 p>tly by peculi>ity ( nature & gifts :i* our oppon5ts admit to h be5 ( ! highe/ ord]1 m>k+ ,him1 z !y w\ld say1 z a man ( transc5d5t g5ius1 "o ( ! few 9 ! _w's hi/ory 9 :om m5 are compell$ to recognise a ma/] ( ! s\l4 ,hebrew writ]s ( great le>n+1 by :om ?is notion is gladly accept$1 9 _! ef=ts to e/abli% x h done signal if unwitt+ s]vice to our cause4 ,!y h enabl$ read]s ( g5]al culture & unbiass$ judgm5t to asc]ta9 = !mselves "s important facts :i* 7 =m]ly kn[n ?or\ghly to ^? only :o _h suffici5t le>n+ & leisure to enable !m to p5etrate into ! dep?s ( ,rabb9ical lit]ature1 ! mo/ intricate & repulsive :i* human lab\r ev] produc$4 ,x is n[ comp>atively easy to asc]ta9 :at 0 ! true "* ( ! ,jewi% ,rabbi1 & ( ,rabb9ical tea*+2 :at1 too1 0 ! special "* ( ! ,ess5ian tea*+1#afe at & ab\t ! p]iod :5 our ,"l impress$ ,8 /amp ^u ! m9d ( man4 ,n[ ,i w\ld *all5ge any controv]siali/ to d5y t our ,"l's tea*+ diff]$ f t ( all ! ,rabbis1 n m]ely 9 degree1 b 9 k9d4 ,x diff]$ 9 pr9ciple1 9 its processes1 9 its results1 9 its tone1 its _s1 9 e ess5tial *>act]i/ic4 ,?is 0 felt at once by ,8 he>]s3 ! fir/ & mo/ abid+ impression made ^u ! mass ( ,8 c\ntrym5 0 t ,he taught n z ! scribes4 ,?is 0 ! secret ( ! attraction :i* drew & reta9$ disciples4 ,:]e %all we g8 ,?\ ha/ ! words ( et]nal life4 ,?is 0 ! cause ( ! fi]ce antagonism on ! "p ( ! ,rabbis4 ,!y felt t ,8 sy/em 0 incompatible ) _! own4 ,! scribe1 z su*1 0 a me*anical in/rum5t2 8 au?ority 0 t ( ! sy/em "u :i* he work$1 he held ! m9ds ( 8 he>]s b\nd d[n & crippl$ by fett]s by :i* he 0 himself b\nd ev5 m tightly4 ,prop]ly speak+1 he 0 n ev5 an int]pret] ( ! law1 ) ! pr9ciples ( :i* he 0 little conc]n$1 b simply a ref]ee on po9ts ( casui/ry or ( =mal obs]vance :i* _h be5 settl$ 9 pa/ ages4 ,! "o m]it :i* he claim$ 0 t ( unsw]v+ adh]5ce to ! old cu/oms1 ! old int]pretations1 ! old applications ( ! law4 ,( all disqualifications = ! (fice ( a scribe1 ! mo/ fatal w\ld be indep5d5ce ( _s1 orig9ality ( ?\ght or feel+4 ,_m say+s ( ! ,rabbis express ?is pr9ciple ) ! utmo/ navet3 e4g41 ,a scribe w h no portion 9 ! _w to come1 ev5 %\ld he be fai?ful to ! law ( ,god1 & full ( good works1 if 8 tea*+ be n :olly 9 accordance ) tradition4 ,our ,"l's *>ge aga9/ !m1 t !y made ! ^w ( ,god ( none effect by _! tradition1 sc>cely puts ?is po9t 9 a /rong] light ?an _! decl>ation t x is highly p]il\s = any le>n$ man to read ! ,bible1 s9ce he may be induc$ to tru/ to its guidance r ?an to 8 tea*]4 ,= ! m advanc$ disciple ! rule 01 t = "o h\r giv5 to ! /udy ( ! ,bible1 two %\ld be devot$ to ! ,talmud4 ,:5 we read ( diff]5t s*ools ( ,rabbis1 & le>n t !y repres5t$ diff]5t t5d5cies1 we naturally suppose t !re mu/ h be5 "s movem5ts ( _s1 "s /ruggles ( moral & intellectual spontaneity4 ,& x is true t betwe5 ! s*ool ( ,%ammai & t ( ,hillel & ! ,gamaliels !re 0 a wide div]g5ce1 ! "o relax+ & ! o!r en=c+ rigor\s obs]vances1 ! "o enc\rag+1 ! o!r condemn+ all g5ial culture2 b :5 we comp>e ! tea*+ ( ! two p>ties :i* is fully repres5t$ 9 ! ,talmud1 we see t ! lib]ality ( ! mo/ advanc$ is b\nd$ )9 v n>r[ limits4 ,hillel1 ! be/ ( all1 _h ! _s ( 8 ca/e4 ,et]nal life1 accord+ to him1 0 ! portion ( ^? :o _h atta9$ to a p]fect k ( ! unwritt5 & traditional sy/em to :i* he devot$ 8 own life4 ,x is q possible to cull f ! ,talmud1 especially f "o section 7! ,pirke ,abo?1 i4e41 decisions ( ! ,fa!rs7 a set ( maxims :i* brea! a high & grave morality1 :i* enjo9 temp]ance1 *a/ity1 g5tl5ess1 love ( c\ntry1 e>ne/ness 9 ! /udy ( ,god's law1 contempt = weal?1 celebrity1 & p[]2 b ! g5]al _s is cold1 =mal1 casui/ical1 & ! decisions are1 on ! :ole1 det]m9$ by consid]ations ( int]e/ & exp$i5cy4 ,9 %ort1 errors ( e k9d1--errors ( int]pretation1 errors 9 ! f\ndations ( moral tru?1 errors 9 ! repres5tation ( ,god's attributes1 errors orig9at+ 9 ! grosse/ sup]/itions1 & above all 9 n>r[1 bitt]1 exclusive prejudices1--be> an ov]:elm+ proportion to ! :ole compilation1 & belong unque/ionably to t ,talmudic atmosph]e 9 :i* we are told t ! pure & l(ty _s ( our ,ma/] atta9$ its natural developm5t4 ,x is true t ! second portion ( ! ,talmud1 ! ,gem>a1 pres5ts ^? *>act]i/ics 9 an exagg]at$ =m2 b ! fir/ "p1 ! ,mi%na1 is replete ) a casui/ry s trifl+ & repulsive z to make a cont9u\s p]usal almo/ impossible1 save to "o :o has "s special motive = ! /udy4 ,x conta9s n less ?an #d1jjh mi%naio?1 t is1 decisions or precepts1 ( :i* ! l>ge/ proportion is attribut$ to ,hillel or 8 foll[]s4 ,out ( ?is va/ collection x w\ld be difficult to fix ^u any consecutive s]ies ( maxims1 say fifty1 :i* w\ld approve !mselves to ! moral s5se4 ,widely z our ,"l's tea*+ diff]s f t ( ! ,greek or ! ,asiatic1 f> m does x diff] f t ( ,8 ,hebrew contempor>ies3 x belongs altoge!r to a diff]5t sph]e1 ! sph]e 9 :i* ! human _s 0 emancipat$ f all n>r[1 d>k1 exclusive prejudices1 & all its p[]s develop$ by t ,_s :i* re/$ on ,him )\t measure1 :i* ,he receiv$ z man1 & :i* ,he be/[$ z ,god4 ,x may be said t if ! evid5ce suppli$ by k ( ! ,p]son ( our ,"l be ( itself complete & adequate = ! highe/ purpose1 fur!r inquiries may be dismiss$ z sup]flu\s4 ,nor is ! rem>k unfair4 ,x is1 ,i believe1 q true t ( ! myriads :o accept ! ,*ri/ian revelation an imm5se proportion1 includ+ spirits ( e class1 are mov$ *iefly1 if n exclusively1 by ! p]sonal influ5ce ( ,jesus1 by ! intuition1 s to speak1 :i* !y ?us atta9 into ! manife/$ tru?4 ,! sun %9es ) its own lu/re1 & ne$s no evid5ce to prove its exi/5ce4 ,b our nature is full ( inconsi/5cies4 ,our /ronge/ convictions1 aft] all1 are held ) a feeble grasp1 & are liable to be wr5*$ f u by sudd5 assaults1 mo/ especially :5 !y dep5d ^u :at 9 mod]n p>lance are call$ subjective impressions4 ,x is well1 !re=e1 t ev5 ?is /ronge/ & deepe/ ( all convictions %\ld h outw>d & indep5d5t support1 t x %\ld appeal to palpable & asc]ta9able facts1 nev] inde$ surr5d]+ its true position 9 ! c5tral /ronghold ( our spirits1 b go+ =? :5 *all5g$1 & exam9+ at frequ5t int]vals ! /ate ( its def5ces & outpo/s4 ,let u1 !n1 v briefly consid] "s ( ^? evid5ces :i* ! ,*ri/ian apologi/ recognizes z mo/ important = ! confirmation ( fai?4 ,"h1 und\bt$ly1 we h fir/ to look at ! evid5ce ( miracles1 :i* has be5 discuss$ by ,dr4 ,/\ghton1 &1 among all miracles1 fir/ & =emo/--) :i* all o!r pro(s ( miracul\s int]v5tion /& or fall--! miracle ( ! resurrection4#aff ,i take x 9 ?is place1 n z x is (t5 tak51 z an antec$5t evid5ce to be exam9$ or reject$ previ\s to exam9ation ( ! "* ( our ,savi\r2 b z an evid5ce ( :i* ! true =ce is insep>ably b\nd up ) ! result ( t prelim9>y inquiry4 ,! m9d may inde$ submit to logical inf]5ces drawn f undisput$ or demon/rat$ facts1 b x w submit reluctantly1 & w1 soon] or lat]1 %ake (f its %ackles1 unless ^? inf]5ces accord ) its s5se ( moral fitness1 ( h>mony betwe5 ! outw>d manife/ation ( p[] & ! inw>d dem&s ( consci5ce4 ,all moral antec$5t objection to ! resurrection ( ,*ri/ disappe>s :5 x is ackn[l$g$ t ,8 "* satisfies ^? conditions4 ,! fir/ apologi/ ( ,*ri/ianity--,/4 ,pet] at ,p5teco/--puts ?is 9 ! v =egr\nd ( 8 argum5t3 ,god rais$ ,him up1 hav+ loos$ ! pa9s ( dea?1 because x 0 n possible t ,he %\ld be hold5 ( x4 ,x 0 impossible1 consid]+ ! relation ( ! ,son to ! ,fa!r1 & ( ! ,fa!r to ! univ]se4 ,! expectation1 9 fact1 ( ! resurrection ( "o approv$ by ,god z p]fect 9 hol9ess1 su* z ,*ri/ians believe _! ,ma/] to be1 is actually admitt$ to be s natural t ! mo/ subtle oppon5ts ( revelation assume t x mu/ h exi/$ 9 ! m9ds ( ! fir/ disciples1 br++ !m into a /ate :i* prep>$ !m to receive )\t que/ion+ ! rum\rs :i* 7 gradually m\ld$ into a semblance ( hi/orical consi/5cy4 ,?is !ory at lea/ proves ?is1--giv5 ! two facts ( ,god's p[] & ju/ice1 & ( ,*ri/'s nature1 z ackn[l$g$ by ! ,*ri/ian1 ! resurrection1 if prov$ on o!r gr\nds1 w f9d no ob/acle to its reception 9 our moral consci\sness4 ,b ! v fact t su* a hope exi/s1 "o :i*1 if fulfill$1 transc5ds all human long+s1 c>ry+ ) x1 z ,/4 ,paul %[s1 ! pl$ge & ! only pl$ge ( our p]sonal r$9tegration1 w b make ! inquir] c>eful to prove e l9k 9 ! *a9 ( evid5ce4 ,& "h we h to rem>k t1 s f> f hav+ t assum$ expectation1 ,8 disciples 7 utt]ly 9 despair aft] ! crucifixion4 ,) _! ,ma/]'s la/ brea? _! la/ hope dep>t$4 ,!y treat$ ! fir/ acc\nts :i* rea*$ !m z idle1 !y did n believe till !y _h ! evid5ce ( _! s5ses2 !n 7 !y glad1 :5 !y saw ! ,"l4 ,x is a rem>kable1 n to say unique1 comb9ation ( two conditions = ! p]fect e/abli%m5t ( an asc]ta9able fact1 t on ! "o side x %\ld be 9 p]fect congruity ) an et]nal pr9ciple1 & on ! o!r t x %\ld be witness$ by p]sons :olly unprep>$ = its occurr5ce1 & atte/$ "u circum/ances :i* make x impossible to d\bt _! s9c]ity4 ,t ! atte/ation 0 giv51 t x 0 confirm$ by outw>d effects o!rwise psy*ologically inexplicable1 by an imm$iate & complete *ange 9 ! "* ( ! disciples1 & by ! rapid triumph ( ! religion s atte/$1 ^! & k9dr$ po9ts y w f9d discuss$ 9 e treatise on ,*ri/ian evid5ces3 !y are1 9 fact1 n op5 to reasonable d\bt4 ,weigh m especially ! atte/ation ( ,/4 ,paul1 bo? z "o :o knew previ\sly all t c\ld be alleg$ aga9/ ! belief1 z "o ^: /rong intellect & /rong prejudices r5d]$ him inaccessible to m]e subjective impressions1 & z a man ( ^: conv]sion no rational1 no intelligible acc\nt has ev] be5 giv5 :i* does n involve ! fact ( a p]sonal manife/ation ( ,*ri/1 & !n y w h all t c be ne$$ = /eadfa/ conviction1 evid5ce complete & adequate = its purpose1 prov+ t ,jesus 0 %[n to be ! ,son ( ,god ) p[] by ! resurrection f ! dead4 7,rom4 i47 ,) an equal int]e/ ! /ud5t ( evid5ce w n[ turn back to ! inquiry into ! tea*+ ( prophecy4 ,at ! outset x suffic$ to "k ! broad fact t ! *>act]i/ics ( ! com+ ,*ri/ 7 believ$ by ,8 contempor>ies to h be5 ann\nc$ 9 pr$ictions :i*1 :e!r ( div9e orig9 or n1 unque/ionably m\ld$ _! anticipations4 ,he is n[ able to te/ _! accuracy1 to satisfy himself z to _! orig91 & to /udy !m ) a f> deep] & m intellig5t int]e/ ?an w\ld be possible )\t ! previ\s appreciation ( our ,"l's nature4 ,at fir/ 8 att5tion w naturally be caught by sep>ate pr$ictions1 by _! correspond5ce ) outw>d occurr5ces 9 ! ,gospel n>ration2 b z he advances 9 ! /udy 8 :ole _s w be gradually absorb$ 9 contemplation ( _! int]nal coh]5ce1 _! unbrok5 cont9uity1 _! ev] progress+ developm5t4 ,di/9ct1 accurate1 & 9 ! /ricte/ s5se ( ! ^w evid5tial1 ^? pr$ictions are1 tak5 sep>ately & indep5d5tly2 z su* !y are recognis$ by "o & all ! sacr$ writ]s--by none m fully ?an by ! two :o /& pre-em95t among ! disciples ( ,jesus--by ,/ ,paul1 :o repres5ts ! highe/ developm5t ( ! intellectual =ces 9 ,*ri/ianity1 ! acute disputant1 ! subtle reason]1 ! spirituali/ philosoph]1 or1 z he has be5 lately call$1 ! metaphysician ( ,*ri/ianity--& by ,/4 ,john1 ^: _s1 insph]$ 9 ! region ( love1 came into ne>e/ contact ) ! div9e1 :o repres5ts ! v highe/ ( all faculties1 t ( spiritual intuition4 ,nay1 ^? pr$ictions are repeat$ly & di/9ctly recognis$ z conclusive evid5ces by our ,"l ,himself4 ,b _! full significance is only disc]n$ :5 we contemplate !m z p>ts ( a mighty :ole1 z a cont9u\s & complete te/imony ( ! ,_s ( ,god4 ,two l9es ( light trav]se ! realm ( spiritual manife/ation1 ! "o reveal+ ! div9e1 ! o!r ! human *>act]i/ics ( ! future ,savi\r3 ! "o ev] exp&+1 b f ! beg9n+ broad1 lum9\s1 equable2 ! o!r advanc+1 s to speak1 ) v>y+ progress1 ev] & anon bur/+ out 9 sudd5 fla%es1 ea* br++ into vivid light "s ev5t 9 ! life1 above all ea* ev5t 9 ! cr[n+ "w1 ( ! ,savi\r4 ,^! two l9es gradually conv]ge until !y meet 9 ! ,inc>nation4 ,f t po9t ( meet+ ! ,*ri/ian goes back2 !n he le>ns to comb9e & to compreh5d _! intimations4 ,"u ,*ri/'s tea*+1 prophecy becomes to him a guid+ light--an evid5ce s complete t if x /ood alone he might disp5se ) o!r pro(s1 & feel x adequate = ! support ( 8 fai?4 ,y w1 h[ev]1 rememb] t besides ^? pr$ictions :i* apply directly to our ,"l's p]son1 an inexhau/ible treasury ( pr$ictions ref] to ev5ts 9 ! provid5tial hi/ory ( ! _w1 & !y1 too1 are /rictly evid5tial4 ,ev5 writ]s to :om ! v ^w revelation is di/a/eful1 ackn[l$ge 9 ! ,hebrew prophets true se]s2 t is1 m5 ^: _s 0 9 unison ) ! ev]la/+ h>monies ( ! univ]se4 ,b x is only :5 we "k ,*ri/ z ,he reveals ,himself1 z ! ,"l ( hi/ory1 t ! long s]ies ( prophetic intimations pres5t !mselves 9 _! true light to our m9ds4 ,! exact explanation ( ea* specific pr$iction1 su* z are f\nd 9 ,isaiah & ,daniel1 taxes & rew>ds ! indu/ry ( /ud5ts1 b ! real int]e/ consi/s n 9 ! satisfaction ( a rational curiosity1 or ! be>+ ^u controv]sy1 b 9 ! help :i* is ?us suppli$1 enabl+ u to realize vividly ! pres5ce ( ,*ri/ =eord]+ all ev5ts s z to make !m "w toge!r = ! accompli%m5t ( ,8 w4 ,if "t all[$1 ,i might "h dwell on o!r topics4 ,i might po9t out h[ deep ?9k]s1 ,pascal p]haps mo/ p[]fully1 h %[n t ,*ri/ianity1 & ,*ri/ianity alone1 fully recognises ! two opposite & app>5tly irreconcilable aspects ( our common humanity1 its unspeakable mis]y & degradation out ( ,god1 & its capacity = re/oration & reunion ) ! ,div9e1 &1 aga91 t x corresponds to an ext5t :olly incompreh5sible1 save on ! admission ( its div9e orig91 ) ^? requirem5ts ( man's consci5ce & _s :i* e sy/em ( philosophy recognises1 b :i* "o & all admit t !y fail to satisfy4 ,i might dwell ^u ! fact t betwe5 ! acceptance ( ! entire tru? ?us made kn[n to u1 & utt] negation ( ! sup]natural & div9e1 ! int]m$iate positions long def5d$ z t5able h be51 bo? "h & on ! cont95t1 all b univ]sally ab&on$ by ! repres5tatives ( mod]n ?\ght4 ,i might po9t out t toge!r ) t ab&onm5t1 & z a direct result ( t ab&onm5t1 a d>k1 dre> hopelessness1 n m]ely z to ! imm$iate issue ( ! /orms :i* convulse ! atmosph]e we brea! z spiritual1 social1 & intellectual be+s1 b z to ! future & abid+ consequ5ces ( ^? convulsions1 appe>s to be settl+ d[n ^u m5's m9ds3 a hopelessness = :i* !re is no rem$y save t :i* dep5ds ^u ! triumph ( righte\sness & tru?1 a triumph to be a*iev$ only "u ! bann] ( ,*ri/4 ,:at ,i h attempt$ to d1 none c feel z ,i d h[ imp]fectly1 has be5 to set be=e y 9 ord]ly sequ5ce facts )9 ! rea* ( all2 facts ( :i* ! tru? & p[] & f>-rea*+ influ5ces w be felt m & m 9 proportion to ! e>ne/ness & s9c]ity ( y\r own inquiry2 facts :i* once admitt$ are evid5ces complete 9 !mselves1 & adequate = _! purpose 9 ea* /age ( our spiritual developm5t3 evid5ces suffici5t to con/ra9 all :o believe 9 ,god to believe also 9 ! ,son :om ,he has s5t2 to "k ,him z ! way1 ! tru?1 & ! life4 ,9 ,8 s*ool t rational conviction1 reta9+ all its cle>ness1 w und]go a process at once ( developm5t & transfigurem5t2 & become a liv+ fai?4 ,,explanatory ,,pap] ,,by ,,! ,,"r ,,rev4 ,,! ,,"l ,,bi%op ,,( ,,gl\ce/] ,,& ,,bri/ol4 ,,explanatory ,,pap] ,hav+ be5 reque/$ by ! ,committee ( ! ,*ri/ian ,evid5ce ,society to draw up a %ort pap] :i* might s]ve z a p>tial introduction to ! ,lectures1 & especially might set =? _! g5]al plan & connexion1 z orig9ally design$ by ! ,committee1 ,i h mu* pleasure 9 submitt+ ! foll[+ brief comm5ts to ! _m read]s ( ?is valuable s]ies4 ,! ,lectures 7 deliv]$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! spr+ 9 ! pres5t ye>1 to l>ge audi5ces1 9 ,/4 ,george's ,hall1 ,langham ,place1 & 7 specially design$ to meet "s ( ! curr5t =ms ( unbelief among ! educat$ classes4 ,!y 7 deliv]$ at ! reque/ ( ! ,*ri/ian ,evid5ce ,society1 & repres5t a portion ( ! "w und]tak5 by ! ,committee ( t ,society 9 ! pres5t ye>4 ,z !y ?us /& 9 su* close connection ) our ,society1 x may n be unsuitable = me to make a few explanatory rem>ks on ! ,society itself1 & its g5]al objects1 z well z on ! plan ( ! lectures :i* h be5 deliv]$ at its reque/1 & :i* are n[ pres5t$ to ! read] 9 a collect$ & cont9u\s =m4 ,fir/1 !n1 z to ! ,society1 & its pres5t work+ & design4 ,i4 ,! ,society 0 e/abli%$ 9 ! spr+ ( ! pa/ ye>4 ,x _h long be5 felt by e>ne/ & ?\ghtful p]sons1 bo? ,*ur*m5 & ,noncon=mi/s1 t "s comb9$ attempt ought to be made to meet 9 fair argum5t ! scepticism & unbelief :i* = ! la/ few ye>s h be5 di/9ctly traceable 9 all classes ( society4 ,into all ! causes ( ?is /ate ( ?+s x is n n[ our object to inquire4 ,^! are1 probably1 _m & v>i\s1 & may defy any =mal classification4 ,x is1 inde$1 seldom t ^? :o live 9 ! /ream & curr5t ( a quickly mov+ g5]ation c prop]ly e/imate ! v>i\sly comb9$ movem5ts ar\nd !m1 or c always v successfully ref] !m ev5 to _! m proximate causes4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 v pr(itably1 z ?us illu/rat+ ! g5]al design ( ! lectures1 pause to adv]t to two or ?ree ( :at w\ld seem to be lead+ causes ( ?is pres5t preval5ce ( d\bt & scepticism4 ,we may1 9 ! fir/ place !n1 v5ture to express ! op9ion t x does seem to /& 9 "s degree ( connection ) ! hi/orical criticism1 or1 to speak m exactly1 ) ! philosophical mode ( treat+ anci5t hi/ory1 :i*1 especially s9ce ! "t ( ,niebuhr1 has s hon\rably m>k$ ! pres5t & ! latt] half ( ! prec$+ g5]ation4 ,x 0 obvi\sly impossible t a sy/em :i* appe>$ to yield results judg$ to be em95tly satisfactory & tru/wor?y 9 reg>d ( ! g5]al hi/ory ( ! pa/1 %\ld n be appli$ to sacr$ hi/ory1 & to ! v>i\s docum5ts :i* toge!r make up ! ,holy ,bible4 ,& x has be5 appli$1 sometimes cauti\sly & rev]5tly1 & ) a due reg>d = ! religi\s convictions ( ,*ri/ian read]s1 b sometimes also ) an eag]ness & p]si/5ce :i* may n unfairly be *>act]iz$ z bo? inconsid]ate & unju/ifiable4 ,?is me?od ( criticism1 especially 9 its m unfav\rable manife/ations1 may c]ta9ly be specifi$ z "o ( ! e>li] causes ( t susp5d$ belief 9 ! hi/orical tru? ( sev]al portions ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t1 :i* _m ent]ta9 at ! pres5t "t1 & make no scruple ( av[+ & ju/ify+4 ,we may also z c]ta9ly specify z a second cause ! t5d5cy to ov]-ha/y g5]alization t has ( late m>k$ ! rapid developm5t ( "s ( ! natural sci5ces4 ,f true sci5ce true religion has no?+ to fe>4 ,b x is o!rwise :5 results newly obta9$1 & at pres5t1 f ! v circum/ances ( ! case1 imp]fectly te/$ & v]ifi$1 are confid5tly put =w>d2 & :5 inf]5ces ( p]haps d\btful validity are set1 if n 9 actual opposition to ! /atem5ts ( ,revelation1 yet 9 su* a /udi\s juxtaposition1 t comp>ison is *all5g$1 & by consequ5ce _m an e>ly conviction weak5$ & impair$4 ,we say by consequ5ce1--= no acute obs]v] ( ! he>t & its my/]ies c h fail$ to m>k h[1 ev5 9 m9ds ( high] /ra9 !re is (t5 a secret sympa?y ) ! attack+ p>ty1 n s mu* on ! m]its ( ! case1 z f ! simple fact t x is ! attack+ p>ty2 & t :ile on ?is side !re is only ! passivity ( prescription1 on ! o!r !re is all ! vig\r ( assault & progress4 ,?is obvi\s fact1 :i*1--l "s o!r m5tal facts ( a simil> nature1--is1 we fe>1 prov$ by almo/ daily exp]i5ce1 has n be5 suffici5tly tak5 into consid]ation2 b if e/imat$ prop]ly1 x w acc\nt = mu* t is o!rwise p]plex+4 ,x w ev5 t5d to reassure u1 z x w enable u to assign to its true ?\gh hidd5 reason mu* ( ! pres5t />tl+ read9ess ) :i* sci5tific inf]5ces1 suppos$ g5]ally to be unfav\rable to receiv$ views1 h receiv$ at lea/ "s measure ( sympa?y & approval ,x may be1 too1 t ?is lat5t feel+ ( sympa?y ) ! attack w be neutraliz$ :5 x is f\nd t ! def5ce is n defici5t 9 en]gy or vig\r1 & :5 ,engli% fair play seems to sugge/ t ea* side %\ld be all[$ to fight x out )\t hav+ any advantages aris+ f prep5sions or prejudice4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 !re is no d\bt t ! cause we h specifi$ is a real & a prevail+ "o4 ,ov]-ha/y sci5tific g5]alization is c]ta9ly "o ( ! causes ( ! pres5t /ate ( mod]n religi\s belief4 ,"o m cause we may also pause to specify1 z x involves 9 x mu* t w m9i/] com=t & reassurance4 ,?is cause is ! eag] & (t5 impati5t se>* = solid gr\nd :]eon religion & morality may be bas$4 ,) all _! faults1 m5 are n[ c]ta9ly seek+ = tru?4 ,!re may be misapplications ( hi/orical criticism1 !re may be misuses & misappreh5sions ( ! real te/imony ( sci5ce1 b amid all !re is cle>ly a se>*+ = tru? & firm gr\nd4 ,! processes ( de/ructive criticism are 9 fact ne>ly ov]1 & ! difficult process ( recon/ruction is comm5c+4 ,! due remembrance ( ?is w help u 9 e/imat+ a little m calmly1 & p]haps also a little m fairly1 "s ( ! />tl+ ph5om5a pres5t$ by ! pres5t /ate ( religi\s belief4 ,let u1 = example1 take = a mom5t into consid]ation two rem>kable *>act]i/ics ( ! pres5t "t1--fir/1 ! attempts to =m a sy/em ( morality indep5d5t ( reveal$ religion2 &1 secondly1 ! acceptance on ! "p ( sev]al e>ne/ & tru?ful m9ds ( su* a sy/em z ,positivism4 ,^! really w\ld seem to be at fir/ sight two inexplicable ph5om5a4 ,bo?1 h[ev]1 are to be acc\nt$ = by t se>*+ = some?+ to re/ on1 :i* has j be5 m5tion$4 ,x has be5 assum$ 9 ! "o case1 f> too ha/ily1 t ! unc]ta9ties connect$ ) ! belief 9 ! facts ( reveal$ religion are s great1 t no sy/em ( morality c\ld be consid]$ securely f\nd$ if x re/$ only on ! ,scriptures4 ,x has be5 felt by _m e>ne/ ?9k]s t any su* sy/em1 to be a true "o1 ought to re/ solely on pr9ciples ackn[l$g$ to be ( univ]sal application1 & on maxims t h receiv$ ! ass5t ( all ! bett] "p ( civiliz$ mank9d4 ,if ! tea*+ ( ,scripture be 9 g5]al h>mony ) su* maxims & pr9ciples1 its concurr5ce is n to be slight$2 b x is n deem$ z ( m real mom5t ?an ! concurr5ce ( any o!r =m ( religi\s tea*+ t has ex]cis$ a real influ5ce ov] any l>ge portion ( ! human family4 ,religion g5]ally is accept$ z a buttress to ! ris+ edifice ( morality1 b z no?+ fur!r4 ,! t[] is be+ build$ really ) ! desire to rea* heav53 if ! sequel be :at x 0 ( old1 x may /ill be conc$$1 ) all fairness1 t ! attempt is n made 9 a bad _s ,to *ange slightly ! allusion1 ! ef=t is n made 9 ! _s ( ! ,titans :o pil$ ,pelion on ,ossa1 b ) all ! e>ne/ness & anxiety ( hop+1 enquir+1 & se>*+1 ?\gh we are b\nd to add1 mi/ak5 m54 ,9 ! o!r case1 ?\gh x may seem to _m ra% to say "o ^w to mitigate ! sev]ity ( ! judgm5t t bo? is & ev] w be pass$ on su* a sy/em z ,positivism1 yet1 ev5 "h1 let u be j & sympa?is+4 ,!re is1 no d\bt1 9 ,positivism mu* t is pla9ly repulsive1 & really calls = sev]ity2 /ill1 ev5 9 ?is sy/em1 we may trace ! prevail+ desire to f9d some?+ solid1 some?+ :i* appe>s to be pro( to ! *anges ( op9ion or ! fluctuation ( cre$s4 ,s ! attempt is made to secure a sci5tific basis1 & to place !reon fact aft] fact1 :5 ea* has become v]ifi$ & e/abli%$1 & s to build onw>d--we _c hone/ly say upw>d--until some?+ l a sy/em is s f> con/ruct$ t succe$+ g5]ations may feel induc$ to cont9ue x4 ,s ev5 9 ?is sombre & *e]less sy/em !re is1 we believe1 really at "w a desire to t\* gr\nd4 ,to t desire1 h[ev]1 x mu/ be sorr[fully add$1 e l(ti] aspiration1 e nobl] inc5tive1 is necess>ily sacrific$4 ,sci5ce & sci5tific tru? is us$ 9 a way t w>rants ! appreh5sion t--if su* is to be ! use made ( x--! progress ( sci5ce may t5d1 fir/1 to impair1 &1 next1 to oblit]ate1 ! s5se ( responsibility on :i* ! pres5t & ! future alike s solemnly re/4 ,x is n )\t reason1 !n1 t ?is is dwelt gravely ^u by all sob] ?9k]s2 nor is x too mu* to say t ?is is n[ "o ( ! grave/ consid]ations connect$ ) ! advance ( mod]n sci5tific inve/igations4 ,! t5d5cies ( su* inve/igations c]ta9ly d appe> to h9d] ! due recognition ( ^! two mom5t\s pr9ciples--fir/1 ! s5se ( responsibility2 &1 secondly1 ! s5se ( dep5d5ce on some?+ high] ?an law1 ord]1 & evolution4 ,?is h9drance1 we tru/1 is only 9 appe>ance2 /ill t appe>ance is accept$ by _m z reality1 & x is n )\t reason t we are aga9 & aga9 rem9d$ t ! acceptance ( ! tru? ( ! ,*ri/ian cre$ w ) _m dep5d on its p[] ( assimilat+ ! doctr9e ( univ]sal causation1 or1 to speak m precisely1 ( demon/rat+ t t doctr9e is itself only a =m ( a yet high] & holi] tru?4 ,we turn1 h[ev]1 back aga9 to ! design & work+ ( ! ,society4 ,x 0 e/abli%$ to meet ?is gr[+ scepticism1 & ) a due recognition ( ! causes :i* h j be5 specifi$4 ,x 0 n />t$1 z has be5 sometimes said1 ) a little irony1 = ! purpose ( re/or+ a belief 9 ,*ri/ianity1 b = ! purpose ( meet+ argum5t ) argum5t1 & ( supply+ ! _m t are n[ fluctuat+ betwe5 belief & no belief ) sob] answ]s & valid argum5ts drawn =? anew f ! great treasury ( ,*ri/ian evid5ces4 ,?is is ! true design & object ( ! ,society4 ,its mode ( c>ry+ out ?is design has hi!rto be5 ?reefold--fir/1 by means ( lectures address$ to ! educat$2 secondly1 by ! =mation ( classes "u compet5t class-lead]s1 = ! in/ruction ( ^? 9 l[] grades ( society :o are expos$ to ! ?ick5+ dang]s aris+ f t organiz$ diffusion ( infidel pr9ciples :i* is "o ( ! sadde/ & mo/ monitory signs ( ! pres5t "t4 ,?irdly1 ! ,society is endeav\r+ to /imulate private /udy by ! circulation ( useful tracts1 & by ! (f] ( prizes to su* z may be will+ t _! private /udy %\ld be te/$ by competitive exam9ation4 ,all ^! ?ree modes ( c>ry+ out its "w h be5 adopt$ dur+ ! pres5t ye>2 &1 s f> z c be inf]r$ f ! "w t has be5 done1 & f ! v>i\s expressions ( public op9ion1 ) consid]able success4 ,popul> att5tion has naturally be5 direct$ m especially to ! fir/ ( ! modes specifi$--! lectures to ! educat$2 b x is satisfactory to /ate1 ere we pass at once to our explanatory comm5ts on ! plan ( ^! lectures1 t ! =mation ( classes has answ]$ ev5 beyond expectation1 & t1 f ! am\nt ( ! competition = ! prizes t h be5 (f]$1 exam9ation 9 ,*ri/ian evid5ces w =m a l>ge & mo/ int]e/+ portion ( ! future "w ( ! ,society4 ,,ii4 ,we may n[ turn our att5tion to ! lectures t are includ$ 9 ! pres5t volume--our fir/ ye>'s "w4 ,! numb] ( ! lectures 0 twelve4 ,"o ( ^!1 ! lecture on ! ,int]nal ,evid5ce ( ! ,au!nticity ( ,/4 ,john's ,gospel1 is un=tunately n includ$ 9 ! pres5t volume1 ow+ to ! desire express$ by ! le>n$ writ] t x %\ld n be publi%$4 ,! abs5ce is mu* to be regrett$2 fir/1 on acc\nt ( ! value & importance ( ! lecture2 &1 secondly1 on acc\nt ( ! p>tial break :i* has ?us be5 caus$ 9 ! sequ5ce ( ! lectures4 ,! lectures 7 n deliv]$ 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y are "h pres5t$ to ! read]4 ,! conv5i5ce ( ! active z well z di/+ui%$ m5 :o cons5t$ to act z lectur]s1 _h naturally to be consult$2 adju/m5ts _h to be made1 & int]*anges ( days ( lectur+ acc$$ to1 s z to secure ! cont9u\s deliv]y ( ! lectures on ! days specifi$4 ,9 ?is collective edition1 h[ev]1 ! prop] ord] is re/or$1 & may n[ be briefly expla9$1 z "s criticisms h be5 pass$ on ! subjects ( ! lectures1 :i* w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 modifi$ if ! :ole s]ies _h be5 deliv]$ 9 ! ord] orig9ally design$4 ,! fir/ ?ree lectures 7 design$ to be prep>atory & prelusive4 ,!y 7 direct$ aga9/ ! ?ree sy/ems :i* are n[ m especially1 9 diff]5t ways1 com+ into collision ) ,*ri/ianity--,mat]ialism & its !ories1 ,pan!ism1 & ,positivism4 ,x 0 judg$ by ^? :o sket*$ out ! plan ( ! lectures1 t until ^! subjects 7 %ortly dealt )1 & until ! objections aga9/ ,*ri/ianity1 f\nd$ ^u !m or d]iv$ f !m1 7 briefly notic$1 ! evid5ces = ,*ri/ianity c\ld h>dly be expect$ to h a fair he>+4 ,! int]nal argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ! lead+ tru?s ( ! ,*ri/ian religion c\ld sc>cely be fairly e/imat$ if !re 7 to be antec$5t objections ( a grave & g5]al "* left :olly unnotic$ & unansw]$4 ,h5ce ! ?ree op5+ lectures3 ,! fir/ ( ^! breaks gr\nd by ! consid]ation ( "s lead+ mat]iali/ic op9ions1 & especially by an exposition ( ! argum5t f design4 ,x ?us prep>es ! read] m fully to accept ! deep tru? s well & succ9ctly /at$ by ,bi%op ,m>t5s51#afg t ! _w has n m]ely a cosmogonic b also a creational orig91 & t ! my/]i\s problem ( creation & life c nev] be solv$ 9 a m]ely natural way1 b dem&s a sup]natural solution1 t is1 a solution ?r\gh a creative teleology4 ,! second lecture v suitably foll[s by a cle> exposition ( t great sy/em :i* has ( late be5 f\nd to ex]cise su* a fasc9ation ov] ?\ghtful & cultivat$ m9ds t x becomes1 to f> m ?an we may suppose1 ! conclusion ( all controv]sy4 ,we allude to ! sy/em ( ,pan!ism1 into :i* ( late _m noble spirits h seem$ will+ to m]ge all _! hopes & all _! fe>s4 ,sway$ to & fro1 unable to accept ,law = _! ,god1 & yet equally held back f ! bless$ tru? t ! ,god ( ! univ]se is a ,,p]son1 ?\s&s fall back ^u ! subtle & fasc9at+ sy/em :i* supplies a mov+ ,pr9ciple1 b )holds ! bless$ idea ( a holy ,w2 :i* discloses to !m a natura naturans1 b d5ies ! exi/5ce ( a lov+ ,creator & a p]sonal ,god4 ,x 0 ?us v prop]ly provid$ t ! lecture on ?is subject %\ld foll[ ! lecture on ,design 9 ,nature1 z exhibit+ ! true *>act]i/ics ( t modifi$ ,a!ism :i* only too (t5 becomes ! refuge ( m5 ^: m9ds h be5 %ak5 by ! inf]5ces ( pure mat]ialism1 or :o may h be5 drawn t[>ds ! disguis$ =ms ( x :i* lurk 9 _m ( our popul> treatises on ! orig9 & evolution ( ,man4 ,aft] a c>eful /udy ( ^! two lectures1 ! ?\ghtful read] w be enabl$ to recognize ! true nature & =ce ( ! argum5t f design1 & s w be l$ ! bett] to appreciate ! endur+ validity ( t great natural f\ndation = our belief 9 a p]sonal ,god4 ,( ! f\r great argum5ts by :i* man is p]mitt$ to rise to ! k ( ,god1 ! argum5t f design1 or1 z x is te*nically call$1 ! teleological argum5t1 is ! mo/ important1 z x1 9 fact1 includes ! moral argum5t1 :i*1 prop]ly e/imat$1 is only its subjective aspect4 ,ap>t f revelation we rise to ! k ( ,god 9 two ways1 by ! consid]ation ( ourselves1 & by ! contemplation ( ! _w ar\nd u2 :at ! moral argum5t is 9 ! =m] me?od1 t ! teleological argum5t is 9 ! latt]4 ,h5ce ! importance to ! g5]al read] ( hav+ an argum5t ( su* validity cle>ly set be=e him on diff]5t sides1 & f diff]5t po9ts ( view4 ,! ?ird lecture1 on ,positivism1 completes ! fir/ gr\p1 & =ms1 z x 71 a k9d ( useful app5dix to ! o!r two4 ,"h we h ! inve/igation ( a special sy/em1--a sy/em t pr(esses to be bas$ on positive & obs]v$ ph5om5a1 & claims to extricate ! m5tal /udy ( man f metaphysics & ab/ractions1 & to place x 9 ! realm ( ! realizable & ! positive4 ,su* a sy/em1 ?\gh nei!r n[ prevail+ to any ext5t1 nor ev] likely to become preval5t or popul>1 is /ill wor?y ( att5tion1 z x /&s 9 close connection ) curr5t mat]iali/ic conceptions1 & sugge/s "s in/ructive contra/s to ,pan!ism4 ,9 ! latt] sy/em we h1 at any rate1 "s idea ( p]vad+ ,deity2 b 9 ,positivism1 if we und]/& ! sy/em aright1 ,god1 & all conceptions ( ,god1 are n s mu* d5i$ z simply & entirely ignor$4 ,if ,pan!ism be deem$ fasc9at+1 ,positivism w appe> to mo/ m9ds utt]ly repell5t3 /ill x is a sy/em t claims "s di/+ui%$ m5 among its pr(ess$ expon5ts1 & p]haps a l>g] numb] ?an we may suppose ( consci\s or unconsci\s adh]5ts4 ,x may !re=e well claim f u inve/igation1 &1 9 ! position x occupies 9 ! ord] ( ^! lectures1 may fairly be consid]$ to be 9 its "r place4 ,we h dwelt ^u ! fir/ gr\p ( ! lectures1 z bo? ! position & ! importance ( ! subjects consid]$ 9 x h seem$ to require a full] notice4 ,on ! rema9+ gr\ps we may speak m briefly1 z _! connection & ! special subjects on :i* !y treat are mu* m self-explanatory4 ,! fir/ ?ree lectures hav+1 z x 71 cle>$ ! gr\nd1 & hav+ demon/rat$1 z we believe1 successfully ! unt5able nature ( ! sy/ems t h be5 plac$ 9 competition ) ,*ri/ianity1 ! two next lectures1 :i* =m ! second gr\p1 deal ) ! *ief difficulties aris+ f ! suppos$ conflict betwe5 sci5ce & ! ,holy ,scriptures4 ,! fir/ ( ^! two lectures1 t on ,sci5ce & ,revelation1 ent]s into ! subject g5]ally1 by %[+ h[1 on sci5tific consid]ations1 a revelation 0 to be expect$1 & h[1 consequ5tly1 ! evid5ces ( ,*ri/ianity h a /rong claim ^u ! att5tion ( e "r-?9k+ man4 ,! second ( ^! two lectures is conf9$ to a special b pr]ogative case1 9 :i* sci5ce & religion are suppos$ to be m p>ticul>ly 9 opposition to ea* o!r1--viz41 ! case ( miracles4 ,"h x is necess>y1 n only to inve/igate g5]ally ! nature ( ! miracul\s evid5ce to ,*ri/ianity1 b fairly to face ! antec$5t "q1 :e!r miracles1 h[ev] def9$1 are n 9 !mselves impossible4 ,9 fac+ t "q1 h[ev]1 att5tion is rightly call$ to ! nature ( ! weapons t are us$ 9 ! conflict1 & especially to ! fact1 s (t5 ov]look$1 t all ! assaults on ! miracul\s t c 9 any degree be deem$ wor?y ( consid]ation1 are c>ri$ on only ) metaphysical weapons4 ,! :ole "q really turns ^u ! belief 9 a p]sonal ,god3 if x be conc$$ t ?is belief is j & reasonable1 !n1 z ! writ] ( ! lecture rightly obs]ves1 ! presum$ impossibility 9 ref]5ce to miracles at once melts away4 ,! v idea ( a free-creat+ ,god c>ries ) x ! possibility ( new manife/ations ( ! ,div9e w1 :e!r 9 hi/ory or nature4 ,! su/a9+ p[] ( ,god1 :i* we recognise 9 ! =m ( law & ord]ly progress1 *anges :5soev] x %all h seem$ good to ,8 holy w = x to pass into ! creative2 ,8 imman5t work+s are !n se5 9 ! realm ( ! transc5d5tal1 & ! result is t :i* ,pan!ism1 ,naturalism1 & all simil> sy/ems mu/1 if consi/5t1 reg>d z impossible1 a new movem5t f ! ,div9e c5tre1 an epiphany ( a creative & ov]rul+ w1 a wond]1 a miracle4 ,:5 ,sp9osa said t ,god & nature are "o f et]nity to et]nity1 he 0 q consi/5t 9 add+ t !re is no transc5d5tal beg9n+1 & t miracles are impossible2 b = any "o :o believes 9 a p]sonal ,god1 or :o believes nature to be :at x is1--n a sy/em et]nally fix$1 b a sy/em pass+ ?r\gh a developm5t *>act]is$ by design1--to d5y ! possibility ( miracul\s int]positions1 reason & consi/5cy mu/ c]ta9ly1 9 ?is p>ticul>1 be susp5d$ or sacrific$4 ,! ?ird gr\p ( lectures1 :i* may be reg>d$ z subdivid$ into two portions1 naturally connects itself )1 & foll[s1 ! subjects j specifi$4 ,aft] ! g5]al consid]ation ( difficulties connect$ ) religion & ,*ri/ianity1 ! att5tion ( ! read] is n[ direct$ to ! m special difficulties connect$ ) ! ,holy ,scriptures4 ,9 ! fir/ portion ( ! gr\p ! subject ( ! ,gradual ,developm5t ( ,revelation1 or1 z ! title 0 re-def9$ by ! lectur]1 ! ,gradual ,nature ( ,div9e ,revelation1 prop]ly occupies ! fir/ place4 ,x is foll[$ by a lecture 9 :i* !re w be f\nd a c>eful consid]ation ( "s special in/ances ( difficulty connect$ ) ! hi/orical portions especially ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,^! two lectures 7 to h be5 foll[$ by a consid]ation ( ! moral difficulties t h be5 felt 9 ref]5ce to "s p>ts ( ! ,old ,te/am5t2 b = ?is subject1 :i*1 if prop]ly treat$1 w\ld h probably claim$ a l>ge %>e ( att5tion1 ! ,committee 7 n able to secure ! s]vices ( a lectur] = ! pres5t ye>4 ,?is is to be regrett$1 z !re is no subject connect$ ) ! ,holy ,scriptures :i* at ! pres5t "t m requires a c&id & sob] consid]ation2 no discussion :i*1 if fairly conduct$1 w\ld d m to remove _m hone/ly felt difficulties1 & to _m m9ds to br+ probably la/+ reassurance4 ,)\t presum+ to ent]1 h[ev] slightly1 into su* a subject 9 a discursive pap] l ! pres5t1 we w v5ture to make ?is g5]al rem>k1 :i* p]haps may be f\nd helpful1 viz41 t 9 deal+ ) all su* difficulties we mu/ c>efully di/+ui% betwe5 ^? connect$ ) ,div9e work+s1 & ^? connect$ ) human actions4 ,! =m] are1 9 _! real nature1 utt]ly beyond ! f9ite judgm5t ( man4 ,all t we may presume to consid] is ! way or mann] 9 :i* !y are br\ght be=e u by ! writ]1 & all t we c ei!r safely or wisely subject to criticism are ! aspects or col\r+ "u :i* !y are pres5t$4 ,we really are n compet5t to sket* out !ories ( ,div9e gov]nm5t1 ev5 9 ! simple/ matt]s1 & ) all ! advantages ( contemporane\s k2 nay1 9 ! lives ( ourselves & ^? ar\nd u1 !re are1 z has be5 wisely obs]v$1 innum]able ev5ts ( sorr[1 & c\ntless circum/ances ( suff]+1 ( :i* ! economic purpose _c ev5 be guess$ at 9 our pres5t /ate ( k1 & ( ! exact purposes ( :i* no sob] or rev]5t ?9k] ev] dreams ( attempt+ to =m any e/imate :atev]4 ,x is ?us utt]ly out ( ! "q to attempt to consid] ! difficulties connect$ ) ! ,div9e work+s1 except z to ! mann] ( _! repres5tation by ! human n>rator1 ^: human p[]s 7 ! in/rum5ts by :i* ,god 0 pleas$ to communicate ! outw>d facts ( ^? work+s to ! *ildr5 ( m54 ,9 reg>d ( ! ,div9e work+s !mselves1 especially :5 !y come be=e u 9 ! g5]al =ms ( judgm5ts on individuals or nations1 all we may presume safely to d is to reg>d !m z manife/ations ( ,div9e righte\sness 9 judicial relations or contradi/9ctions to ! s9s or transgressions ( m54 ,9 ref]5ce1 h[ev]1 to ! moral difficulties connect$ ) record$ human actions1 we may v5ture to g f>!r1 & to take into consid]ation ! fact already ref]r$ to ( ! gradual nature ( ,god's revelation1 & all ! modify+ ?\ghts :i* su* a fact br+s ) x4 ,x is ?us n only "r1 b necess>y1 to accept z our guide 9 all su* inve/igations or discussions ?is sob] spiritual pr9ciple1--t ! ,old ,te/am5t mu/ be int]pret$ f ! /&-po9t ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & "u ! full] light :i* is af=d$ by ! lat] disp5sation4 ,if we cl+ to ^! two great tru?s--fir/1 t ! hi/ory ( ! pa/1 z we f9d x 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ev] involves a ref]5ce to f9al purposes2 &1 secondly1 t e attempt to realize ! deep] significance ( t hi/ory mu/ use ,*ri/ianity z its basis--we %all probably f9d our way 9 ?is difficult doma9 ( speculation z f> & z safely z ! f9ite p[]s ( man c be deem$ capable ( advanc+2 we %all see z cle>ly z we c be p]mitt$ to see1 :5 poor human reason is endeav\r+ to survey ! adorable my/]ies t surr\nd ! record$ work+s ( ! manifold wisdom ( ,god4 ,! second portion ( ?is ?ird gr\p is m especially devot$ to difficulties connect$ ) ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ! fir/ place be+ naturally res]v$ = ! que/ions relat+ to ! life ( our ,"l & ! ,gospel n>rative4 ,! fir/ lecture is ?us direct$ to a consid]ation ( ! ,my?ical ,!ories ( ,*ri/ianity2 ! second to ! ,evid5tial ,value ( ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/les4 ,z has already be5 m5tion$1 ! lecture on ,/4 ,john's ,gospel1 :i* w\ld h occupi$ a position betwe5 ! two j specifi$1 ow+ to ! reque/ ( ! writ]1 has n be5 publi%$1 & ! s]ies 9 ?is "p ( x has 9 consequ5ce suff]$4 ,! two rema9+ lectures1 viz41 t on ,*ri/'s ,tea*+ & ,influ5ce on ! ,_w1 & t :i* foll[s x1 on ! ,complet5ess & ,adequacy ( ! ,evid5ces ( ,*ri/ianity1 =m ! la/ gr\p1 & wor?ily conclude ! int]e/+ s]ies4 ,a ?ird lecture on ! additional /r5g? :i* is br\ght to ! evid5ces ( ,*ri/ianity by ! conv]g5ce ( v>i\s l9es ( indep5d5t te/imony1 0 int5d$ to h be5 add$ to ?is gr\p1 b = ?is important & compreh5sive subject1 z 9 ! case ( ano!r subject rec5tly m5tion$1 ! ,committee 7 n able to procure a lectur]4 ,! s]ies1 z above describ$1 is n[ comm5d$ to ! ?\ghtful read]4 ,x w be f\nd to be m>k$ ?r\gh\t ) le>n+1 c&\r1 & we believe also ) g5tl5ess & sympa?y4 ,on ?is la/ *>act]i/ic we ourselves lay great /ress4 ,if we w\ld reclaim ! w&]+1 or confirm ! wav]+1 x is n by h>d words & unk9dly imputations1 b by ! expression ( t love & g5tl5ess :i* an apo/le rem9ds u are numb]$ among ! fruits ( ! ,_s4 ,we mu/ reg>d ourselves z f> z possible 9 _! places1 endeav\r to see z !y see1 & feel z !y feel1 & !n x may be p]mitt$ to u to return f our *>itable que/1 br++ back ! fri5dly w&]]s ) u1 & ourselves %>+ "s portion ( t holy joy :i* is felt 9 heav5 & 9 e>? :5 ! d\bt] is l$ back to belief1 & ! lo/ is f\nd4 ,?is rightful *>act]i/ic ( all true ,*ri/ian controv]sy is n1 we believe1 any:]e want+ 9 ?is volume1 & we ?us1 ) fulle/ confid5ce1 comm5d x to ! consid]ation ( all :o love ! tru?1 & humbly seek x 9 hi/ory1 sci5ce1 & !ology4 ,la/ly1 we may call att5tion to ! enc\rag+ fact1 t 9 ?is great "w good m5 h agre$ to =get m9or diff]5ces4 ,among ! di/+ui%$ m5 ^: indep5d5t lectures are n[1 = conv5i5ce1 ga!r$ toge!r 9 a common volume1 are memb]s ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& & memb]s ( o!r religi\s communities4 ,x is long t ?is co-op]ation has exi/$ 9 ! circulation ( ! ,holy ,scriptures2 x is rec5tly t x has aga9 appe>$ 9 ! ef=t to pres5t ^? ,scriptures 9 _! mo/ accurate =m to ! ,engli% read]2 x is n[ aga9 happily exemplifi$ 9 ! pres5t attempt to def5d & ma9ta9 ! tru? z x is 9 ,jesus ,*ri/ our ,"l4 ,^! ?+s are ( good augury4 ,?\gh !re may be diss5sions1 sad & pitiful1 )9 ! ,*ur*1 & assaults made ^u x f )\t1 (t5 sadly *>act]iz$ ) ! m>ks ( political /rife1 yet we may ?ank ,god t 9 ef=ts su* z ! pres5t1 & 9 ! calm & s]5ity ( /udies su* z ^? :i* ?is volume comm5ds1 a true union has be5 felt & act$ on4 ,yes1 x is a cause = ?ankfulness & rejoic+ t ! love ( ,*ri/ is m & m b9d+ u toge!r 9 companion%ips ( high duty & g5tle sympa?y1 & t rev]5ce = ,8 ,holy ,^w1 ,8 ,^w ( ,life & ,tru?1 is mak+ u feel t our "w is a common "o1 & t z we h 9 common freely receiv$1 s x is a bless$ ?+ 9 common freely to give4 ,we may humbly pray !n t ,god's graci\s fav\r may re/ on ?is ,c\rse ( ,lectures1 & may be p]mitt$ to be> a bless+ to ^? t read x4 ,may !y feel anew conv9c$ 9 he>t & _s t we h n foll[$ cunn+ly devis$ fables1 b t 9 ! ,holy ,scriptures ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t !re is light & tru?1 ev5 because !y br+ u ne>] to ,him :o is ! ,tru?1 z ,he is ! ,way & ! ,life1 = ev]more4 ,c4 ,j4 ,,gl\ce/] ,,& ,,bri/ol4 ,july #ai1 #ahga4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,philosophy ( ! ,inductive ,sci5ces4 #b ,mr4 ,wallace1 9 ! ,an?ropological ,j\rnal1 #ahfd2 see also ,lubbock's ,prehi/oric ,times1 la/ *apt]4 #c ,moles*ott1 ,circulation ( ,life3 ,lett] ,,xviii41 ) ,liebig's op9ion !re quot$4 #d ,kant1 ,metaphysics ( ,e?ics4 #e ,see1 = example1 ,r5\vi]1 ,sci5ce de la ,morale1 #ahfi4 #f ,limits ( ,philosophical ,enquiry4 #ahfh4 #g ,nehem4 ix4 #f4 #h ,see ,duke ( ,argyll's ,reign ( ,law4 #i ,job xxvi4 #ad4 #aj ,plut>*1 ,de ,ju/itia4 #aa ,bu*n]4 #ab ,see ,mill on ,comte1 p4 #fb1 seq4 #ac ,p>oles de ,philosophic ,positive1 p4 #ed4 #ad ,janet ref]s to ,ny/5's ,dictionnaire de ,mdec9e1 etc41 by ,littr & ,rob94 #ae ,p>oles de ,philosophie ,positive1 p4 #ec4 #af ,h>ris's ,highl&s ( ?iopia1 vol4 iii4 p4 #fc4 #ag ,:ile ^! %eets 7 pass+ ?r\gh ! press1 ,i read 9 ! ,pall ,mall ,gazette = ,april #bd?1 z foll[s3 ,"o ( ! ,communi/ pap]s1 ! ,montagne1 writes3 ,education has made sceptics ( u2 ! ,revolution ( #ahga is a!i/ic2 our ,republic we>s a b\quet ( immortelles 9 h] bosom4 ,we take our dead to _! homes1 & our wives to our he>ts )\t a pray]4 ,prie/s6 ?r[ aside y\r frocks1 turn up y\r sleeves1 lay y\r h&s ^u ! pl\gh1 = a song to ! l>k 9 ! morn+ air is bett] ?an a mumbl+ ( psalms1 & an ode to sp>kl+ w9e is pref]able to a *ant+ ( hymns4 ,our dogs t us$ only to gr[l :5 a bi%op pass$ w bite him n[1 & n a voice w be rais$ to curse ! day :i* dawns = ! sacrifice ( ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,p>is4 ,we owe x to ourselves1 we owe x to ! _w4 ,! ,commune has promis$ u an eye = an eye1 & has giv5 u ,monseigneur ,d>boy z a ho/age4 ,! ju/ice ( ! tribunals %all comm5ce1 said ,danton1 :5 ! wra? ( ! p is appeas$2 & he 0 "r4 ,d>boy6 tremble 9 y\r cell1 = y\r day is pa/1 y\r end is close at h&4 #ah ,i use ?is ^w because if ! value ( fai? & virtue consi/s 9 _! be+ a discipl9e1 :ile ?is implies ! exi/5ce ( difficulty1 x also limits ! degree ( ! difficulty4 #ai ,rudim5ts1 s f> f disprov+1 prove ?is4 ,a rudim5t %[s t nature might h giv5 m1 b has n done s4 ,:y8 ,because ! fur!r gift w\ld h be5 useless1 = in/ance1 man w\ld n h be5 b5efit$ by be+ able to feel ) 8 eye-br[s4 7,see ,d>w91 ,desc5t ( ,man1 i4 #be47 #bj ,pr(essor ,huxley's words are1 ,9 ^! gr\ps !re is abundant evid5ce ( v>iation--none ( :at is ord9>ily und]/ood z progression2 & if ! kn[n geological record is to be reg>d$ z ev5 any consid]able fragm5t ( ! :ole1 x is inconceivable t any !ory ( a necess>ily progressive developm5t c /&1 = ! num]\s ord]s & families cit$ af=d no trace ( su* a process4 7p4 #bde47 #ba ,d>w91 ,desc5t ( ,man1 i4 #bje4age #bb ,x is a curi\s fact t ^! ,ascidians possess a he>t & a circulation1 b t aft] ! he>t has beat5 a c]ta9 numb] ( times x /ops1 & !n beats ! opposite way1 s z to rev]se ! circulation4 7,lay ,s]mons1 p4 #ie47 ,9 :at /age ( its progress did x s deg5]ate z to lose ?is rem>kable p[]8 #bc ,d>w91 ,desc5t ( ,man1 i4 #bb4agf #bd ,!re is some?+ ( ?is 9 animals j z1 on ! o!r h&1 man is n altoge!r devoid ( in/9cts4 ,i %\ld h expect$ ?is f ! tea*+ ( ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis1 :i* repres5ts m5 n z a di/9ct creation b z ! la/ act ( creation4 #be ,physically ! monkey is man's sup]ior4 ,anatomi/s assure u t !y c f9d no v great diff]5ce betwe5 8 bra9 & ours4 ,8 l>ynx also is z well fitt$ z ours to produce articulate s\nds4 ,s f> we are equal4 ,b he has f\r h&s1 & we h b two4 ,read ,sir ,c4 ,bell's ,bridgewat] ,treatise ^u ! ,h&1 & y w see at once t a va/ sup]iority is impli$ 9 ?is4 ,i c nev] believe t :51 by natural & sexual selection1 a creature _h be5 atta9$ possess$ ( f\r h&s1 nature c\ld s degradate 9 h] "w z to fall back ^u two4 ,no well-br$ monkey w\ld h mat$ ) "o s de=m$4#agh #bf ,l>tet1 quot$ by ,d>w91 ,desc5t1 i4 #ea4 #bg ,! body politic is 9 fact v mu* l ! natural body4 ,!re is a con/ant wa/e & a con/ant repair4 ,! wa/e may be great] ?an ! repair--& 9 t case ! body dw9dles--b ! repair may be great] ?an ! wa/e1 9 :i* case !re is gr[?1 progress4 ,9 bo? alike real gr[? c only be by assimilation4 ,! new mu/ be tak5 up into ! old1 & become "p ) x4 ,t :i* is los+ vitality mu/ be put away2 b t :i* is to take its place mu/ become "o ) ! old4 ,aft] a c]ta9 "t1 h[ev]1 natural bodies lose _! p[]s ( assimilation1 & old age & dea? are ! result3 ,i _c ent] into ! "q h[ f> ?is is also ! case ) political bodies4#agi #bh ,animals br\ght into contact ) man atta9 "s small %>e 9 ?is p[]4 ,! influ5ce ( man ov] dome/icat$ animals is mo/ rem>kable4 ,i %\ld d\bt :e!r a wild animal 0 at all capable ( mak+ su* a di/9ction4 #bi ,i h tak5 ^! words f ! ,v$anta ,philosophy4 ,x tea*es t ! app>5t reality ( ?is _w is my1 i4e41 deceit1 illusion1 juggl]y3 naught besides ! ,"o exi/s3 ! _w 0 made out ( no?+ & is no?+4 ,all t is real 9 ?is visible1 is ! ,god :o is invisible4 ,see ,ballantyne's ,*ri/ianity comp>$ ) ,h9du ,philosophy1 pp4 xxxi-xxxvii1 #dc-ej4 #cj ,x is ! exam9ation ( ^! moral & spiritual faculties :i* makes x s probable t man possesses some?+ m ?an a highly organis$ body & m5tal p[]s1 :i*1 ?\gh sup]ior 9 degree1 are /ill ( ! same k9d z ^? possess$ by ! animals4 ,& x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! pro( t man possesses a s\l1 & t ! s\l is immortal1 is entirely indep5d5t ( revelation4 ,x is bas$ ^u ! intellig5t /udy ( ! facts ( psy*ology4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x is said t man does n really possess1 b only seems to possess ^! faculties1 ,i answ] t !n nature is a m]e deceiv]1 & its works a %am3 & t1 consequ5tly1 all physical sci5ce w\ld be ! /udy ( ! illusive4 #ca ,?\gh we draw a di/9ction betwe5 ! natural & ! sup]natural1 ?is di/9ction is t5able only :5 we look at ?+s f bel[1 & n :5 we look at !m f above4 ,we call ^? processes natural ( :i* we "k or might "k ! second>y causes4 #cb ,x is no argum5t aga9/ revelation t x does n make u all holy & dev\t4 ,x is n ! law ( ?is pres5t /ate ( ?+s t all m5 atta9 to ! highe/ possible physical & m5tal excell5ce4 ,all t we c say is1 t !y ought to aim at no?+ less4 ,s nei!r d all m5 atta9 to moral & religi\s excell5ce4 ,equally x ought to be _! aim2 b :y !y s (t5 fail 9 atta9+ to x is m ?an any "o c answ]4 ,! failure ( individuals to atta9 to ! highe/ good possible = ! species is "o ( nature's univ]sal laws4 ,:y ?is pres5t /ate ( ?+s is s con/itut$ is a my/]y1 :i* _c be solv$ "h2 b :i* w c]ta9ly be solv$ :5 we h ! p]fect k promis$ u 9 #a ,cor4 xiii4 #ab4 #cc ,pr(essor ,huxley consid]s t man is a bungle4 ,at all ev5ts he w\ld be glad to be turn$ into a sort ( clock1 & w\nd up e morn+ be=e he got out ( b$1 on condition t he %\ld always ?9k :at is true1 & d :at is "r4 7,lay ,s]mons1 p4 #cgc47 ,i suppose ?is means t we %\ld l to be gov]n$ by v p]fect in/9cts1 b ,i "q :e!r he w\ld n f9d 8 new k9d ( life dull4 ,at pres5t bo? "r ?9k+ & "r do+ require ( him an ef=t1 :i*1 f ! _s ( 8 writ+s1 ,i %\ld ?9k he enjoys4 ,b1 aft] all1 :at he says has a true f\ndation4 ,s9 is n a necess>y "p ( man's lot4 ,x cleaves to him because he is fall52 & ?is _w app>5tly (f]s u a /ate ( moral & religi\s discipl9e1 by ! aid ( :i*1 9 a future /ate1 we %all be free f s94 ,b ^? :o d n wi% to retrograde w\ld pref] to h ?is fre$om by ! =ce ( p]fect$ habits ?an by ! =ce ( in/9ct4 #cd ,essays & ,reviews 7,bad5 ,p[ell71 p4 #acc4 ,! italics are m9e1 simply to call att5tion to ! po9t ( ! quotation4 #ce ,de ,g54 ,an4 ,,ii4 iii4 #aj4 ,see article by ,sir ,alex&] ,grant 9 ! ,contempor>y1 ,may1 #ahga1 p4 #bgg4 #cf ,s9ce writ+ ! above1 ,i h light$ on ! foll[+ passage 9 an able univ]sity s]mon by "o ( ! lectur]s 9 ! pres5t c\rse4 ,i am glad to confirm :at _h /ruck my own m9d1 by quot+ ! words ( s c>eful a reason]4 ,9 ref]5ce to philosophic d\bts direct$ aga9/ ! idea ( design1 & ! analogy betwe5 human & natural productions1 he rem>ks3 ,?is is evid5tly a v h>d "q1 & if x prop]ly belong$ to ! prov9ce ( physical inquiry ,i %\ld %r9k f haz>d+ any inve/igation ( its m]its4 ,b ! "q has ov]/epp$ ! b\nd>y ( su* sci5ces1 & become a bran* ( philosophy4 ,i may seem obscure 9 mak+ ?is ass]tion1 b y w see its tru? if y consid] = a mom5t ! limit :i* divides sci5ce f philosophy4 ,sci5ces are (t5 cont5t to accept _! pr9ciples1 ! l[] f ! high] 7z ,ari/otle puts ! case7 9 an asc5d+ scale up to metaphysic1 :i*1 if x is any?+ at all1 is ! philosophy ( fir/ gr\nds s f> z !y are discov]able4 ,:ile ! v>i\s k9ds ( inquiry assume _! sev]al gr\nds z po/ulates1 ea* keeps its sep>ate & subord9ate place4 ,b "o prime impulse ( ! human m9d is unification1 & ?us1 9 e sci5ce1 !re spr+s up a t5d5cy to gr\nd itself4 ,! mom5t ?is attempt is made1 a sci5ce becomes a philosophy1 & mu/ be te/$ by ! ord9>y crit]ia ( philosophic proc$ure4--,"r & ,wrong1 by ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,jackson1 ,m4,a4 #cg ,we/m9/] ,review1 ,oct41 #ahfj4 ,art4 on ,new ,*ri/ianity4 #ch ,mill's ,sy/em ( ,logic1 ii41 #afj4 #ci ,! argum5t 9 ,hume's celebrat$ ,essay on ,miracles 0 v f> f be+ a new "o4 ,x _h1 z ,mr4 ,col]idge has po9t$ out1 be5 di/9ctly indicat$ by ,s\? 9 8 s]mon on ! incr$ulity ( ,/4 ,?omas2 & !re is a rem>kable /atem5t ( mu* ! same argum5t put into ! m\? ( ,wool/on's ,advocate1 9 ,%]lock's ,trial ( ! ,witnesses4--,art4 on ,miracles 9 ,smi?'s ,diction>y ( ! ,bible4 #dj ,see ,m>t5s5's ,*ri/ian ,dogmatics1 #bbb4 #da ,i mu/ "h ref] to ,dorn]'s ,doctr9e ( ! ,p]son ( ,*ri/1 :]e evid5ce is af=d$ ( :at ,i say4 #db ,see aga9 ,m>t5s5's ,*ri/ian ,dogmatics1 #bbj4 #dc ,i w\ld also m5tion ,! ,div9e ,orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity1 by ,john ,%epp>d4 ,a "w less kn[n ?an x des]ves to be4 #dd ,wag5seil's ,confutation ( ! ,toldo? ,jes*u3 ,%epp>d's ,div9e ,orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity1 ii4 #bje1 et seq4 #de ,lessons on ,*ri/ian ,evid5ce1 #cc4 #df ,celsus 9 ,orig41 ,l4 i41 #bh4 #dg ,hi]on1 ,t4 ii4 #ccd4 #dh ,cyril contra ,jul41 ,l4 vi41 p4 #aia4 ,see1 respect+ ^! & simil> passages1 ,l>dn]'s ,cr$ibility1 vii4 #bbe1 #ddb1 #fbg4 #di ,essays & ,reviews 7,bad5 ,p[ell71 #ajg4 #ej ,t ,rnan %\ld treat ! ,resurrection ( ,laz>us z a pi\s fraud1 & ! "o moral blot 9 ! /ory ( ,*ri/1 is ! greate/ lit]>y1 z well z moral1 blot 9 8 ,vie de ,jsus4 ,see ,hutton's ,essays1 i41 #big4 #ea ,see ,art4 on ,miracles 9 ,smi?'s ,dic4 #eb ,niebuhr's ,leb5sna*ri*t51 quot$ 9 ,lu?>dt's ,apologetic ,lectures1 #bjj4 #ec ,mozley's ,lectures on ,miracles1 #abj4 #ed ,lectures on ,miracles1 #e4 #ee ,col]idge's ,fri5d1 iii41 #ajd-f4 #ef ,dr4 ,vaughan's ,*ri/ ! ,light ( ! ,_w1 #agb4 #eg ,ad4 ,g54 #a4 i4 c4 #db1 et seq4 #eh ,in/4 ,l4 iv4 c4 #be4 #ei ,dorn]1 9 8 ,p]son ( ,*ri/ 7,cl>k's ,trans471 ii4 #bed1 dwells ^u ?is subject z unfold$ by ,a?anasius4 ,see also ,a?anasius' ?ird disc\rse aga9/ ! ,arians1 #cb4 #fj ,9 ,johan4 ,evan4 ,tract1 #af1 #bd1 #di4 #fa ,see ,bra*et's ,dictionnaire ,etymologique1 sub voc3 ,developp]4 #fb ,essay on ,developm5t1 page #ce4 #fc ,i w "h quote ! words ( a great man1 :o has = _m ye>s be5 "o ( ! *ief sci5tific ornam5ts ( ?is c\ntry1 & ^: dep>ture f ?is life1 at ! ripe age ( sev5ty-n9e ye>s1 ,i see1 ) mu* sorr[1 record$ 9 ! ,times ( ?is day4 ,speak+ ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! univ]se has come into its pres5t condition1 & is pres]v$ 9 t condition1 & ( ! possibility ( collision among/ ! con/itu5t bodies1 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el says3 ,ages1 :i* to u may well appe> indef9ite1 may easily be conceiv$ to pass )\t a s+le in/ance ( collision1 9 ! nature ( a cata/rophe4 ,su* may h gradually become r>] z ! sy/em has em]g$ f :at mu/ be consid]$ z its *aotic /ate1 till at l5g?1 9 ! fulness ( "t1 & "u ! pre-arrang+ guidance ( t ,,design :i* p]vades univ]sal nature1 ea* individual may h tak5 up su* a c\rse z to annul ! possibility ( fur!r de/ructive int]f]5ce4--,outl9es ( ,a/ronomy1 p4 #fjj4 ,i quote ^! words = ! sake ( ! phrase :i* !y conta91 & ! importance ( :i* x is impossible to exagg]ate1 ,! pre-arrang+ guidance ( t ,,design :i* p]vades univ]sal nature4 #fd ,le ,g5ie du ,*ri/ianisme1 ,bk4 iv41 *ap4 v4 #fe ,desc5t ( ,man1 p4 #bjh4 #ff ,report ( ,evid5ce1 #ahgj3-- ,q4 #cgf4 ,i ?\ght y said ,bi%op ,butl] _h be5 exclud$8--,x is n exclud$1 b be+ an optional subject x is "o t has be5 disc\rag$4 ,q4 #cgg4 ,:y8--,he is gone out ( fa%ion2 ,i d n "k :y4 ,q4 #cgh4 ,:o makes ! fa%ion8--,i suppose ! p>ticul> set ( exam9]s at "o "t4 ,q4 #cgi4 ,:at are ! works ( ,bi%op ,butl] :i* h s gone out ( fa%ion8--,! ,analogy & ! ,s]mons 7 ! books :i* we us$ to take up4 #fg ,! subject ( ?is ,lecture is t\*$ ^u1 b n exp&$1 9 ! foll[+ pregnant passage ( ,butl]'s ,analogy3 ,! ?+ object$ aga9/ ?is s*eme ( ! ,gospel is1 t x seems to suppose ,god 0 r$uc$ to ! necessity ( a long s]ies ( intricate means 9 ord] to accompli% ,8 ends1 ! recov]y & salvation ( ! _w3 9 l sort z m51 = want ( und]/&+ or p[]1 n be+ able to come to _! ends readily1 are =c$ to g r\ndab\t ways1 & make use ( _m p]plex$ contrivances to arrive at !m4 ,n[1 ev]y?+ :i* we see %[s ! folly ( ?is1 consid]$ z an objection aga9/ ! tru? ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,=1 accord+ to our mann] ( conception1 ,god makes use ( a v>iety ( means1 :at we (t5 ?9k t$i\s ones1 9 ! natural c\rse ( provid5ce1 = ! accompli%m5t ( all ,8 ends4 ,inde$1 x is c]ta9 !re is some:at 9 ?is matt] q beyond our compreh5sion3 b ! my/]y is z great 9 nature z 9 ,*ri/ianity4--,analogy1 ,"p ,,ii41 *ap4 iv4 #fh ,philos4 ( ,univ4 ,hi/4 i4 p4 #aia4 #fi ,manuel d',hi/oire1 tom4 ii4 p4 #af4 #gj ,zeits*rift f4 gypt4 ,sp4 ,nov4 #ahfh4 #ga ,col5so4 ,! ,p5tateu* & ! ,book ( ,jo%ua4 #gb ,g54 xlvi4 #bg2 comp>e ,ex4 i4 #e4 #gc ,g54 xlvi4 #g4 #gd ,g54 xlvi4 #e4 ,! ^w taph 77 "h1 translat$ little ones means h\seholds4 ,! ,septuag9t translate x by ,greek3 oikia or ,greek3 sung5eia4 #ge ,payne ,smi?1 ,bampton ,lectures4 p4 #hi4 #gf ,hi/ory ( ,old ,cov5ant1 vol4 ii4 p4 #adi4 ,e4 ,t4 #gg ,ex4 xii4 #dj1 #da4 #gh ,essay on ,population1 vol4 i4 p4 #h2 ,encycl4 ,brit4 vol4 xviii4 p4 #cdj4 #gi ,x 0 on ! #e? ( ,janu>y1 #agga1 ! day appo9t$ by ! high prie/s1 t ,ouba*a began 8 m>*1 ) sev5ty ?\s& families4 ,mo/ ( ! hordes 7 !n assembl$ 9 ! /eppes1 on ! left bank ( ! ,volga1 & ! :ole multitude foll[$ him4--,hommaire de ,hell1 ,travels1 p4 #bbg1 ,e4 ,t4 #hj ,num4 xxxi4 #cb1 #cc4 #ha ,f4 ,newman's ,hebrew ,mon>*y1 pp4 #afj1 #afa4 #hb ,diction>y ( ! ,bible1 ad voc4 ,,%i%ak4 #hc ,geographis*e ,ins*rift51 vol4 ii41 p4 #cb1 et seq4 #hd #b ,k+s xv4 #ai4 #he #b ,k+s xxiii4 #bi2 ,ezra vi4 #bb4 #hf ,isaiah xx4 #a4 #hg #b ,k+s xvii4 #f2 xviii4 #g1 #aa4 #hh ,von ,l5g]ke1 ,das ,bu* ,daniel2 ,e9leitung1 #ac2 p4 lxiii4 ,de ,wette1 ,e9leitung 9 d4 ,abte ,te/am5t1 p4 #bbe1 a2 ,davison1 ,introduction to ! ,old ,te/am5t1 vol4 iii4 pp4 #agd-aib4 #hi #b ,k+s xxv4 #bc4 #ij ,dan4 iii4 #b4 translat$ 9 our v]sion1 pr9ces1 b really ! ,hebrew equival5t ( ! ,p]sian kh%atrapa1 satraps4 #ia ,dan4 v4 #ca4 #ib ,dan4 ix4 #a4 #ic ,see ,pusey's ,lectures on ,daniel1 pp4 #abd1 #abe4 #crd edition4 #id ,h4 ,n4 vi4 #bg4 #ie ,dan4 v4 #aa4 #if ,h]od4 iii4 #ca4 #ig ,de ,wette1 ,e9leitung1 p4 #bfg4 #ih ,ibid4 loc4 cit4 #ii ,g54 xli4 #db1 #dc4 #ajj ,dan4 v4 #bi4 #aja ,/rauss1 ,leb5 ,jesu1 #cb4 #ajb ,/rauss1 ,leb5 ,jesu1 #dd4 #ajc ,see ,krafft1 ,topografie ,j]usalems1 ,inscr4 #bi4 #ajd ,/rauss1 ,l4 ,j4 #cb4 #aje ,ibid4 #cd4 #ajf ,^? :o wi% to see ! cumulative =ce ( ! entire argum5t w f9d x 9 ! ,jesus ( ! ,evangeli/s4 ,x is impossible to compress its reason+s4 #ajg ,see ,app5dix to ,/4 ,john's ,te/imony to ,*ri/1 9 ,pr(essor ,lea!s' ,boyle ,lectures4 ,no "o :o has n read ?is c =m an idea ( ! ext5t ( simil>ity ( ?\ght & expression to ! f\r? ,gospel :i* und]lies ! ,synoptics4 #ajh ,to give precision to ! argum5t1 x is necess>y to det]m9e its def9ite "*4 ,b x is impossible to d s )9 ! limits ( a s+le lecture4 #aji ,jesus ( ! ,evangeli/s1 *ap4 x4 #aaj ,see ,jesus ( ! ,evangeli/s1 *ap4 v4 #aaa ,jesus ( ! ,evangeli/s1 p4 #cha4 ,! entire collection ( apocryphal ,gospels has be5 translat$ by ,mr4 ,c[p]4 ,i am sure t _! p]usal w greatly confirm our fai? 9 ! hi/orical "* ( ! true4 ,! ord] ( m9d :i* inv5t$ ! "o c\ld n h inv5t$ ! o!r4 #aab ,jesus ( ! ,evangeli/s1 *ap4 xvii4 #aac ,acts xxiv4 #bg4 #aad #a ,cor4 xv4 #f4 #aae #a ,cor4 xv4 #ab4 #aaf #b ,cor4 v4 #ag4 #aag ,= evid5ce z to ! au!nticity ( ?is ,gospel see ! ,boyle ,lectures = #ahgj1 ,! witness ( ,/4 ,john to ,*ri/4 #aah #a ,cor4 xv4 #d4 #aai #a ,cor4 xi4 #bg4 #abj #a ,cor4 xv4 #d4 #aba #a ,cor4 xv4 #e-h4 #abb #a ,cor4 xv4 #i4 #abc #b ,cor4 xii4 #b4 #abd #a ,gal4 ii4 #a1 & i4 #ah4 #abe ,gal4 ii4 #bj4 #abf ,rom4 vi4 #aj4 #abg ,rom4 vi4 #bc2 i4 #c1 #d4 #abh ,rom4 xv4 #bc4 #abi ,rom4 i4 #h4 #acj ,rom4 i4 #d2 vi4 #f-i2 viii4 #cd4 #aca ,rom4 viii4 #ad1 #af1 #ag4 #acb ,rom4 v4 #a4 #acc ,rom4 i4 #c1 #d4 #acd ,rom4 vi4 #c2 #a ,cor4 i4 #ac2 ,gal4 iii4 #bg2 cf4 #b ,cor4 i4 #bb4 #ace #a ,cor4 xi4 #bc4 #acf #a ,cor4 xi4 #bf4 #acg #a ,cor4 i4 #ag4 #ach ,gal4 i4 #ac4 #aci ,/4 ,matt4 xxviii4 #ae4 #adj ,gal4 i4 #ae1 #af4 #ada ,acts xxviii4 #bd4 #adb ,acts xxvi4 #h4 #adc ,x mu/ always be rememb]$ t ,mohamm$ le>n$ ! be/ ( 8 morals & 8 !ology f ,jews or ,*ri/ians4 #add ,9 answ] to ?is !ory ( developm5t or aft]?\ght x may be said t all ! e>ly records1 ! writ+s ( ! ,apo/les & ,evangeli/s1 ! writ+s ( ! ,apo/olic fa!rs1 are cle> ab\t ! ,godhead ( ,*ri/4 ,x 0 comp>atively late t d\bt]s arose1 h]etics l ,c]9?us & ,!odotus1 & philosophic ,*ri/ians l ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 & ,orig51 accept+ ! gospel inde$1 b dilut+ x by _! reason+s ^u x4 #ade ,! argum5ts "h consid]$ are ^? prop\nd$ 9 ,lecky's ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals4 #adf ,! t]rible sc5es j enact$1 & ev5 n[ enact+1 9 ,p>is1 almo/ seem to contradict my words conc]n+ m]cy 9 w>1 words writt5 & ev5 pr9t$ be=e ,p>is 0 burn$ & wa/$4 ,b let u rememb] t eighty ye>s ago ,france ?rew away its ,*ri/ianity1 & took ,a!ism = its cre$2 t 9 ! la/ fifty ye>s x has be5 sl[ly & pa9fully recov]+ its fai?2 t ,p>is has be5 ! c5tre ( ! unbelief ( ,europe2 t s1 a l>ge portion ( its inhabitants h gr[n up utt]ly )\t religion2 t1 accord+ to a fri5dly witness1 ! p ( ,p>is believe n 9 any ,god1 nor 9 any man2#adg or1 accord+ to ano!r /atem5t1 ! ,communi/s ackn[l$ge no ,god1 no man1 no fai?1 no hope1 no?+ b bett] wages & m pleasure2#adh t ! *ief p]petrators ( ! horrors ( ! pa/ week n only abhorr$ ,*ri/ianity1 b murd]$ prie/s1 only because !y 7 m9i/]s ( ,*ri/1 & proclaim$ ,a!ism & ,mat]ialism to be ! v basis ( _! !ory1 bo? 9 politics & 9 life4 ,!re is no?+ to surprise u :5 we f9d t ^? :o delib]ately ca/ (f religion & humanity1 fai? 9 ,god1 & fai? 9 man1 fall l[] ?an ^? :o are simply ignorant ( ! true pr9ciples ( ei!r4 ,a!i/s 9 ! mid/ ( fai? are v likely to be mu* worse ?an hea!ns4 #adg ,=tnightly ,review1 quot$ 9 ,times1 ,may #ca1 #ahga4 #adh ,times1 ,may #ca1 #ahga4 #adi ,macle>'s ,hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian ,missions 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 p4 #dag4 ,macmillan1 #ahfc4 #aej ,ecce ,homo1 p4 #ga4 ,second edition1 #ahff4 #aea ,platon4 ,symposium4 ,/eph4 iii41 #bbj4 #aeb ,midway /&s ,anselm1 ! fa!r ( mod]n metaphysics1 ) ! sci5tific demon/ration ( ! two fundam5tal tru?s ( all religion1 ! exi/5ce ( ,god & ! ,inc>nation4 #aec ,pascal1 ,fragm5s d'une ,apologie du ,*ri/ianisme1 9 ! #bnd vol4 ( ,p5ses du ,blaise ,pascal4 ,p>is1 #ahad4 #aed ,lu?>dt 7,apologetis*e ,vortrge1 9 two p>ts71 pres5ts 9 a =m peculi>ly adapt$ = g5]al read]s1 a v complete survey bo? ( ! int]nal & ext]nal evid5ces4 ,/e9mey]1 ,apologetis*e ,vortrge1 9 ?ree p>ts1 discusses ! hi/orical evid5ce = ! miracles1 ! dea? & ! resurrection ( our ,"l1 ) special ref]5ce to ! late/ criticisms4 ,delitzs*'s ,sy/em d] ,*ri/li*5 ,apologetik is ( a m exclusively philosophical & dogmatic "*4 ,x has be5 review$ 9 ! ,/udi5 u4 ,kritik51 by ,dr4 ,sack1 ( ,bonn1 ^: own "w1 ,*ri/li*e ,apologetik1 #ahda1 is "o ( ! be/ on ! :ole subject ( evid5ces4 #aee ,x is well kn[n t bo? ,jews & ,g5tiles admitt$ t ! works 7 wr\ght1 ?\gh !y d5i$ t ! p[] came f ,god4 ,sup]/ition1 !n z ev]1 oppos$ ! fai? ( :i* x is ! c\nt]feit4 #aef ,! mo/ int]e/+ & accessible acc\nts ( ?is man are giv5 by ,m4 ,b>?lemi ,s4 ,hilaire1 ,le ,bonddha et sa ,religion2 & by ,m4 ,ampre1 9 ,la ,sci5ce et les ,lettres en ,ori5t4 ,sidd>?a liv$ ab\t ! end ( ! sev5? c5tury1 ,b4,c4 ,! "n ,sakya ,monni is an appellative1 mean+ ! monk or h]mit ( ! ,sakyas1 ! royal race to :i* he belong$4 ,! true end ( all philosophy & religion 9 8 sy/em is to ent] into ,nirvana1 i4e4 7accord+ to ,m4 ,eugne ,burn\f1 ! highe/ au?ority on ?is subject71 ! complete annihilation1 n only ( ! mat]ial elem5ts ( exi/5ce1 b also1 & m specially1 ( ! ?9k+ pr9ciple4 ,9 ?is view ! majority ( ,ori5tal s*ol>s agree2 ! few :o diff]1 z ,colebrook does1 id5tify ,nirvana ) an endless & dreamless sleep4 ,see ,m4 ,s4 ,hilaire1 l4c41 p4 #acc4 ,m4 ,ampre 7p4 #bae7 ?us *>act]izes ! sy/em1 ,la f9 suprme de l'homme t de p]dre le s5tim5t de son moi1 de r5onc] sa lib]t1 de s'lev] au dessus des affections les plus pures1 d'arriv] un tat1 o il ne re/t plus que le vide4 #aeg ,! f\r books ( ,khung-fu-tseu 7 writt5 9 ! second half ( ! six? c5tury1 ,b4,c4 ,!y conta9 ! religions & philosophy ( ,*9a 9 a dogmatic =m4 ,! second book1 call$ ,t*ung yung1 repres5ts mo/ fully 8 moral code1 ( :i* ! pr9ciple is ob$i5ce to natural reason1 & ! rule is obs]vance ( ! via m$ia1 ) due reg>d to times & circum/ances4 ,9 "o passage1 ccxi41 iv41 ,confucius says a man ( /rong virtue goes beyond ?is via m$ia :i* prescribes indiff]5ce & exact con=mity to natural law4 ,= a j appreciation ( ! ,confucian sy/em1 ! read] may consult ,m4 ,ampre1 ,la ,sci5ce et les ,lettres en ,ori5t1 p4 #ih ff4 #aeh ,= a v rem>kable e*o ( ?is passage1 %[+ ! dep? & p]man5ce ( su* feel+s1 see ! words ( ,mr4 ,hutton1 quot$ fur!r on4 #aei ,dante1 ,inf]no1 c4 iv4 #afj ,romans1 ,cor9?ians1 & ,galatians1 accept$ by all ! ,tb+5 ,s*ool4 7,see ,mr4 ,lea!s' lecture47 #afa ,9 addition to ! well-kn[n "w ( ,tis*5dorf1 & ,g]man1 ,fr5*1 & ,engli% comm5t>ies1 att5tion may be call$ to a valuable treatise by ,p4 ,h4 de ,groot1 ( ,gron+51 ,basilides als er/] ,zeuge des ,johannesevangeliums4 ,leipzig1 #ahfh4 ,! int]nal evid5ce has already be5 discuss$ by ,dr4 ,lightfoot1 :o promises a complete treatise on ! subject1 ) :i* no "o c deal m effectively4 ,"s good po9ts are made by ,mr4 ,hutton 9 ,essays1 vol4 i4 #afb ,essays ,!ological & ,lit]>y1 by ,r4 ,h4 ,hutton2 vol4 i41 p4 #bhb4 #afc ,notice ! fa9t condemnation1 if x be a condemnation at all1 ( ! peculi> %ame ( ,a!ns1 z greatly at v>iance ) mod]n & ,*ri/ian notions1 b 9 accordance ) ,hell5ic s5tim5t 7vol4 i41 p4 #dhb1 & comp>e p4 #eee74 #afd ,see ! preface to ! ,republic1 9 vol4 ii4 ,comp>e also ! words ( ,socrates on 8 trial 7p4 #dj 9 ! ,greek1 vol4 i41 p4 #ced1 ,j[ett72 !y probably repres5t 8 views m truly ?an ! brilliant speculations 9 ! ,phd4 ,"o alt]native :i* he seems dispos$ to accept1 viz41 t dea? may be a sleep l ! sleep ( him :o is undi/urb$ by dreams1 resembles v ne>ly ! ,nirvana ( ,buddhism4 #afe ,rits*l %[s v conclusively t ! ,ess5ian pr9ciple 0 ev5 m exclusive ?an ! ,rabb9ical1 & m antagoni/ic 9 pr9ciple to ,*ri/ianity4 ,see ,altka?olis*e ,kir*e1 pp4 #agi-bjc4 #aff ,)9 ! few la/ mon?s1 ,/e9mey] has publi%$ a treatise on ! hi/ory ( ! resurrection1 ) ref]5ce to ! late/ criticisms1 :i* ,i w\ld comm5d to read]s ( ,g]man4 ,s]i\s attempts h be5 made 9 ,engl& to disjo9 ?is c>d9al tru? f ! doctr9al sy/em ( ,/4 ,paul1 attempts :i* seem pass+ /range on ! "p ( critics :o accept him z a ?or\ghly tru?ful man1 nay1 z an inspir$ apo/le1 & :o mu/ "k t he makes ! resurrection ! v c5tre or f\ndation ( 8 tea*+4 ,ev5 ,hegel1 ! v ,corypheus ( idealism1 decl>es ,die ,auf]/ehung gehrt wes5tli* dem ,glaub5 an2 i4e41 ! resurrection belongs ess5tially to ! fai?4 ,see ,die ,philosophie d] ,religion1 p4 #cjj4 ,9 a note on ! same page1 ,hegel %[s t he takes x z a real objective ev5t3 wie alles ,bi%]ige 9 d] ,weise d] ,wirkli*keit fr das unmittelb>e ,bewus/se9 zur ,ers*e9ung gekomm51 s au* diese ,erhebung4 #afg ,*ri/ian ,dogmatics1 #fc4 7,cl>k47 ,,notes ,,to ,,mod]n ,,scepticism4 ,,notes4 ,,on ,,positivism4 #afh ,does any "o fancy t he sees a solid cube8 ,x is easy to %[ t ! solidity ( ! figure1 ! relative position ( its faces & edges to ea* o!r1 are inf]5ces ( ! spectator--no m convey$ to 8 conviction by ! eye alone ?an !y w\ld be if he 7 look+ at a pa9t$ repres5tation ( a cube4 ,! sc5e ( nature is a picture )\t dep? ( sub/ance1 no less ?an ! sc5e ( art2 & 9 ! "o case1 z 9 ! o!r1 x is ! m9d :i*1 by an act ( its own1 discov]s t col\r & %ape d5ote di/ance & solidity4 ,mo/ m5 are unconsci\s ( ?is p]petual habit ( read+ ! language ( ! ext]nal _w1 & translat+ z !y read4 ,! draughtsman1 inde$1 is compell$1 = 8 purposes1 to return back 9 ?\ght f ! solid bodies :i* he has inf]r$1 to ! %apes ( surface :i* he really sees4 ,he kn[s t !re is a mask ( !ory ov] ! :ole face ( nature1 if x be !ory to inf] m ?an we see4 ,b o!r m51 unaw>e ( ?is masqu]ade1 hold x to be a fact t !y see cubes & sph]es1 spaci\s ap>tm5ts1 & w9d+ av5ues4 ,& ^! ?+s are facts to !m1 because !y are unconsci\s ( ! m5tal op]ation by :i* !y h p5etrat$ nature's disguise4444 ,our s5sations require ideas to b9d !m toge!r2 namely1 ideas ( space1 "t1 numb]1 & ! l4 ,if n s b\nd toge!r1 s5sations d n give u any appreh5sion ( ?+s or objects4 ,all ?+s1 all objects1 mu/ exi/ 9 space & 9 "t--mu/ be "o or _m4 ,n[ space1 "t1 numb]1 are n s5sations or ?+s4 ,!y are some?+ diff]5t f1 & oppos$ to1 s5sations & ?+s4 ,we h t]m$ !m ideas4 ,x may be said !y are relations ( ?+s1 or ( s5sations4 ,b grant+ ?is =m ( expression1 /ill a relation is n a ?+ or a s5sation2 & !re=e we mu/ /ill h ano!r & opposite elem5t1 along ) our s5sations4444 ,we are (t5 told t su* a ?+ is a fact--a fact1 & n a !ory1--) all ! emphasis :i*1 9 speak+ or writ+1 tone or italics or capitals c give4 ,we see f :at has be5 said1 t :5 ?is is urg$1 be=e we c e/imate ! tru?1 or ! value ( ! ass]tion1 we mu/ ask to :om is x a fact8 :at habits ( ?\ght1 :at previ\s in=mation1 :at ideas does x imply1 to conceive ! fact z a fact8 ,does n ! appreh5sion ( ! fact imply assumptions :i* may ) equal ju/ice be call$ !ory1 & :i* are p]haps false !ory8 9 :i* case ! fact is no fact4 ,did n ! anci5ts ass]t x z a fact1 t ! e>? /ood /ill1 & ! />s mov$8 & c any fact h /rong] app>5t evid5ce to ju/ify p]sons 9 ass]t+ x emphatically ?an ?is _h8--,:ewell's ,philosophy ( ! ,inductive ,sci5ces1 #bnd ed41 vol4 i41 p4 #db1 seq4 ,t ! solidity ( figures is 9 tru? giv5 by m5tal judgm5t1 has be5 (t5 prov$ exp]im5tally2 see = examples1 ,huxley's ,elem5t>y ,physiology1 ,lesson x41 #ac-af4 ,! exp]im5t ) a co91 l5s & p91 p4 #bei1 is easy z well z conclusive1 b ,:eat/one's ,pseudoscope m surpris+ to mo/ obs]v]s4 ,comp>e on ?is curi\s subject ,brew/]'s ,natural ,magic1 ,lett] v4 #afi ,x is important to be> 9 m9d t1 f an admitt$ incompet5cy ( our faculties to "k ! absolute1 we _c inf] an impossibility ( kn[+ its exi/5ce4 ,to "k t a ?+ is1 & to "k :at x is1 are two totally di/9ct degrees & sorts ( k4 ,! mom5t ?is di/9ction is /at$1 e "o sees its tru?2 b _m p]sons omit /at+ x to !mselves :5 !y reason ^u ^! difficult subjects4 ,ravaisson1 aft] giv+ a brief acc\nt ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s op9ion1 goes on to say3 ,comm5t il y a1 au fond de t\te connaissance1 un absolu1 auquel correspond1 comme son oppos1 le relatif1 c'e/ ce qu'tablissait1 il y a plus de v+t sicles1 contre une doctr9e dj rgnante alors de relativit et de mobilit univ]selles1 la dialectique platonici5ne1 qui fraya le *em9 la metaphysique4 ,elle faisait plus3 elle montrait que p> cet absolu seul les relations sont intelligibles1 p>ce qu'il e/ la mesure p> laquelle seule n\s les e/imons4 ,la mtaphysique1 entre les ma9s de son immortel fondateur1 fit davantage encore3 elle montra que cet absolu1 p> lequel l'intellig5ce mesure le relatif1 e/ l'intellig5ce mme4 ,c'e/ ce que r$isait ,leibniz1 lorsque1 cette ass]tion1 r5\vele de la scola/ique p> ,locke1 qu'il n'tait ri5 dans l'intellig5ce qui d'abord n'et t dans le s5s1 il rpondait3 sauf l'intellig5ce1 et que1 avec ,ari/ote1 il montrait dans l'intellig5ce la mesure suprieure du s5s4--,rapport1 p4 #ff4 ,ravaisson !n gives int]e/+ extracts f ,sophie ,/4 ,g]ma91 & proce$s to %[ h[ ,comte1 )\t admitt+ any self-contemplat+ intellig5ce1 & ?us inf]r+ ! possibility ( an ,absolute1 did 9 fact pursue ! idea ( ,unity1 & ext5d$ ?is idea to ! univ]se1--a pr9ciple :i*1 if fully grasp$1 mu/ be fatal to ,positive views4 ,d'accord ma9t5ant avec ,platon1 ,ari/ote1 ,leibniz1 il dcl>ait que l'ensemble tant le resultat et l'expression d'une c]ta9e unit1 laquelle t\t conc\rt et se co-ordonne et qui e/ le b o t\t m>*e1 c'e/ dans cette unit1 c'e/ dans le b1 c'e/ dans la f9 ou cause f9ale qu'e/ le secret de l'organisme4--,rapport1 p4 #gf4 ,a special int]e/ atta*es to ! "w ( ,ravaisson z an au?oritative ,fr5* rat+ ( ! philosophic ex*ange betwe5 ,engl& & ,france4 ,x is almo/ unnecess>y to ref] = a less ab/ract acc\nt ( ^! relations to ! widely kn[n writ+s ( ,m4 ,ta9e4 #agj ,x %\ld h be5 /at$ 9 ! text1 z x 0 9 ! deliv]$ lecture1 t ^! que/ions 7 n =gott5 by ! em95t ,pr(essor4 ,! passages ref]r$ to w be f\nd 9 8 eloqu5t address on ! ,sci5tific use ( ! ,imag9ation1 p4 #dg1 seq41 or 9 8 volume ( collect$ ,essays1 p4 #afc1 seq4 ,! read] may obs]ve t1 bo? 9 ,pr(essor ,tyndall's pages & two s5t5ces back 9 ?is lecture1 ,developm5t is spok5 ( z a process or law 9 op]ation4 ,! v>i\s k9ds ( philosophy :i* may be engraft$ on su* a law are sev]ally det]m9$ by :atev] reply is giv5 to ! que/ions above sugge/$4 ,x w\ld seem inappropriate "h to /ate ! possible relations betwe5 a law ( developm5t & su* consequ5t 7or inconsequ5t7 philosophies4 ,^? :o wi% to consid] !m ! writ] may ref] to 8 little volume entitl$ ,"r & ,wrong1 = a brief discussion ( ?is subject1 & m p>ticul>ly = ! results to natural !ology4 ,! foll[+ ,g]man sket* ( an evolution-philosophy may n be )\t int]e/3--,v]mge e9] ewig5 ,kreisbewegung ent/eh5 als ,v]di*tung5 d] ,luft unzhlige ,welt51 himmlis*e ,got!it51 9 d]5 ,mittelpunkt die cyl9d]frmige ,erde ruht1 unbewegt weg5 des glei*5 ,ab/&es von all5 ,punkt5 d] ,himmelskugel4 ,die ,erde hat si* aus e9em unsprngli* flssig5 ,zu/&e gebildet4 ,aus dem ,feu*t5 s9d unt] dem ,e9fluss d] ,wrme 9 /uf5weise ,entwickelung die leb5d5 ,wes5 h]vorgegang54 ,au* die ,l&?i]e w>5 anfangs fis*>tig und hab5 er/ mit d] ,abtrocknung d] ,erdob]fl*e ihre jetzige ,ge/alt gewonn54 ,die ,seele soll ,anaxim&] als luft>tig bezei*net hab54 ,anaxim&] ( ,miletus 0 born ab\t ,b4,c4 #faj4 ,consequ5tly he ranks e>ly among ,european !oriz]s on developm5t4 ,! extract is f ,ueb]weg's ,grundriss1 t4 #a1 p4 #dj4 ,cf4 ,plut>* de ,placit4 v4 #ai1 & ,sympos viii4 qu4 #h1 ) ,euseb4 ,prp4 ,evang4 i4 #h4 #aga ,! sight ( a dualism app>5tly insoluble nev] fails to sugge/ "s su* que/ions z ^!3 ,0 x always s8 w x be s always8 & 7 ,i at ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 %\ld ,i see x s n[8 ,!re are ?ree possible ways ( conceiv+ o!rwise3 #a1 by r$uc+ m9d to matt]2 #b1 by r$uc+ matt] to m9d2 #c1 by compreh5d+ bo? "u a high] unity4 ,we ne$ only write d[n ^! issues = common s5se to p]ceive t ,nos4 #a & #b arise f1 & end 9 "o-sid$ speculation4 ,a man :o lives %ut up among/ ma*9]y is apt to ?9k ( 8 own m9d z a ma*9e4 ,great *emi/s h ere n[ tak5 ! human /oma* = a laboratory1 & 7 sl[ 9 awak5+ to ^? physiological facts :i* put ! vital processes ( assimilation 9 a nobl] & tru] light4 ,comte began by r$uc+ all sci5ces to ma!matical elem5ts4 ,aft]w>ds he discov]$ t to expla9 a high] ord] ( ?+s by a l[] is ! ess5ce ( mat]ialism4 ,to a m$itative _s1 ! inn] _w is ne>] ?an ! out]2 & !re=e ! evid5ce ( its reality is /rong] by want+ ! weakness ( a second l9k4 ,b active life br+s home to u ! exi/5ce ( bo?2 we suff] by defy+ or neglect+ ! laws ( ei!r2 & pa9 & sorr[ are (t5 ! advanc$ gu>d ( mu* /]n unyield+ tru?4 ,9 a _w :]e we all endure ! friction ( ?+s ext]nal1 x is h>d n to believe 9 objective z well subjective realities4 ,! tru? is1 t ! prim>y "q belongs to ! practical reason1 & c be settl$ by no o!r crit]ion4 ,!re is a philosophical maxim t we c nev] speak ( ! ,div9e univocally1 b only by analogy1 figure1 or similitude2 ! cause be+ t all attributes belong+ to ! ,inf9ite require words :i*1 if tak5 lit]ally1 mu/ l& u 9 self-contradiction4 ,h[ vivid an idea d we ga9 ( ,omnisci5ce or ,omnipot5ce by say+ t x is a circle ( :i* ! c5tre is ev]y:]e1 ! circumf]5ce n[h]e4 ,& :at signifies ! obvi\s inconsi/5cy8 ,d5y ! ,inf9ite1 try to f9d a place = its c5tre or circumf]5ce1 & ! inconsi/5cy rema9s1 toge!r ) a ho/ ( absurd consequ5ces4 ,:5 ( two hypo!ses bo? _c1 b "o mu/ be true1 & ei!r position l&s u 9 logical inconsi/5cy1 x is easy to see t our !oretical und]/&+ w nev] cle> up ! inexplicable issue4 ,a rule by :i* we live & act becomes ! sure/ t\*/one ( tru? or falsehood4 ,let u see :e!r ! two worlds 9 :i* we live c be practically treat$ z "o4 ,suppose a biv\ac into :i* a %ell desc5ds1 c]ta9 9 ano!r mom5t1 by physical law1 to explode4 ,is ! moral law--! ef=t ( ?is man or t man to escape--equally c]ta98 ,argu+ ab/ract$ly1 mo/ p w\ld hold x s1 yet we "k t ! fact lies o!rwise4 ,!re is a fatalism among soldi]s--e bullet has its billet--z !re is among nurses :o believe t e epidemic mu/ kill its de/9$ prey4 ,"o may h tra9$ himself to wi% = dea?1 ano!r is indiff]5t1 a ?ird s undecid$ t he leaves ! ev5t to a doctr9e ( *ances1 a f\r? is simply caprici\s4 ,ea* by a c\rse ( life & action has made or modifi$ 8 pres5t mom5t = *oice1 & any "o may or may n draw back f ! com+ p]il4 ,_h ! fall+ %ell be5 a spla% f a c>riage :eel1 e man w\ld h %runk f x4 ,! latt] risk is too simple = human pond]+s or human self-direction1 & 9 su* cases p act by a proximate /raight=w>d in/9ct4 ,b on :at pr9ciples mu/ he :o %r9ks f ei!r risk really proce$8 ,he is sure t 8 own movem5ts are 9 8 own p[] & cont+5t4 ,he is equally sure t ! movem5ts ( %ell or mud are absolutely det]m9$ 9 calculable curves1 & n at all cont+5t4 ,act+ on ^! two conjo9t data1 he succe$s 9 avoid+ dea? or dirt2 &1 :atev] !ori/s may write1 he w\ld h p]ill$ 8 success by act+ o!rwise4 ,nay1 :at is mu* to our purpose1 all !oretical m5 w\ld !mselves act ^u ! l assumption 9 all cases ( practical consequ5ce & em]g5cy4 ,suppose dualism bani%$ f ! _w 9 fact z well z 9 !ory1 ! problems ( education ought to be z demon/rable z ^? ( geometry or *emical exp]im5t4 ,! pa?s ( m5 & ( comets be+ equally calculable1 because equally subject to uni=m law1 h[ comes x t biography & hi/ory ab\nd 9 ! records ( grossly falsifi$ pr$ictions8 ,let ! c\rses ( nations be tabulat$1 & /atesman%ip is made easy4 ,we mu/ owe x to "s egregi\s ov]sight t crim9al puni%m5ts are n inv>iably det]r5t4 ,p]haps ! law ( ! /ronge/ motive has be5 neglect$2 if s1 re-enact ! code ( ,draco1 & virtue w become univ]sal4 ,till !n ! supposition mu/ cont9ue only an unv]ifi$ hypo!sis4 ,if we g back to our />t+-po9t1 & ask1 c ! practical dualism be r$uc$ to a high] unity8 our answ] mu/ confess a pres5t condition ( ignorance4 ,we are s f> f kn[+ :at con/itutes ! ?+ we call matt]1 or :at ! entity we feel )9 u--our s\l or m9d--really is1 t we _c tell h[ !y act & react on ea* o!r4 ,we fail 9 trac+ our own s5sations f _! outw>d antec$5ts to _! impression on our consci\sness2 &1 vice v]s1 we _c foll[ our en]gies f ! spr+s ( our volitions outw>d4 ,:ile ?us baffl$1 ! long$-= unity floats be=e our inw>d eye l a dim vision ( t intuitive faculty :i* pron\nces subject & object to be ultimately id5tical1 or z a revelation ( t religi\s fai? :i* accepts ! incompreh5sible1 & reposes 9 ! bosom ( ,god4 #agb ,s9ce ,comte's "t x has be5 %[n t m5tal developm5t is no v difficult process1 provid$ we assume t sev]al pr9ciples :i* consci\sness di/+ui%es & sometimes places 9 antagonism1 may be treat$ z equival5ts1 & be resolv$ into ea* o!r int]*angeably4 ,= example1 we h be5 apt to rev]5ce ^? :o suff]$ ! loss ( all ?+s r ?an accept ! ,exp$i5t z ! ,"r1 & :o di$ resolute 9 disall[+ ! rule ( policy to be plead$ 9 =o consci5ti4 ,we h also 9 common p>lance ass]t$ a di/9ction betwe5 ^! two pr9ciples1 :ile hold+ t ! "o claims ! o!r = its assur$ att5dant4 ,hone/y1 we said1 is ! be/ policy2 & we nev] meant !reby t ?or\gh policy is ! be/ policy4 ,:at we did mean 0 t a reg>d to exp$i5cy fails ( ! success :i* a /raight=w>d obs]vance ( "r des]ves1 & w at la/ obta94 ,b to make m5tal developm5t easy1 anti!ses mu/ appe> flu5t1 ! noble be conv]tible ) ! useful1 ! human ) ! m]ely animal4 ,?us1 :5 ,comte ador$ ,clotilde1 & ,dante immortaliz$ ,beatrice1 !y rehe>s$ = a million? "t ! loves ( preadamite plants4 ,col]idge us$ to ma9ta9 t ! te/ ( a philosophy 0 its ultimate co9cid5ce ) common s5se4 ,9 ! !ories "u consid]ation1 "r is philosophically resolv$ into ! great] happ9ess ( ! great] numb]1 & ?is equival5t exactly co9cides ) ! common s5se ( />v+ ?9k]s :o are possess$ by a fix$ idea t ! happ9ess ( ! impov]i%$ _m is promot$ by an opportune pillage ( ! weal?y few4 ,x is less easy to v]ify m5tal developm5t ?an to !orize ^u x1 yet v]ification may n be impossible6 ,if disbelief 9 a future life1 d5ial ( responsibility1 duty1 & morality1 z oppos$ to exp$i5cy1 make suffici5t way 9 ! _w1 & if practice h>monize ) speculation1 progress may become m evid5tly regress1 & ,man be prov$ a brute animal at la/4 ,! promis+ ev5ts 9 ,france are pat5t to e "o2 a less kn[n1 b /ill m enc\rag+ fact1 :i* we le>n on sci5tific au?ority1 is t c]ta9 ,basuto tribes h lately adopt$ ! 7to !m7 novel cu/om ( cannibalism4 ,p5d+ ! hop$-= v]ification1 if an id5tity ( human ) animal nature be accept$ z provisionally true1 x may be z well to anticipate a few ( its logical consequ5ces4 ,eat+ ! fle% ( our in/9ctive cong5]s ought positively to be disc\nt5anc$2 or1 z m5 & wom5 are simply animal1 all c>nivor\s human be+s %\ld on compulsion become cannibals4 ,despotism be+ ! =m ( gov]nm5t adopt$ by u ) g5]al applause1 z reg>ds ! animal k+dom1 x _c be too soon transf]r$ to our own mismanag$ nationalities4 ,9 a ^w1 our practices 9 ref]5ce to m51 wom51 bea/s1 fi%es1 birds1 & reptiles1 ought to be made uni=m4 ,above all1 ! new s*ool-bo>ds %\ld be *>g$ ) ! education ( our poor relations1 & ! l+ui/ic pr(essors ( ,ox=d & ,cambridge be in/ruct$ to use e ef=t = ! promotion ( a univ]sal language4 ,*>ity may be ?\ght by "s to beg9 at home1 !re=e a comm5cem5t may be made ) ! dome/icat$ irrationals1 f9*es spaniels1 cats1 hackneys1 %eep1 mules1 all asses1 all pigs1 & all monkey fav\rites4 ,x is j possible t volatile creatures unaccu/om$ to habits ( reflection 7"s tribes ( light-m9d$ birds1 = example7 may f9d ab/ract ideas & decl>ative s5t5ces a little difficult4 ,yet1 aft] all1 x ne$ n be su* a long /ep 9 ! case ( contemplative owls2 & we may !n apply ! old prov]b1 ,il n'y a que le premi] pas qui cote4 ,at all ev5ts1 ! ,simi\s process1 s successful 9 our _w ( fa%ion1 w be likely to suffice ) e well-dispos$ *impanzee2 ! circle ( k w cont9ually wid5 until ! _w ( animals becomes id5tifi$ ) ! _w ( man4 ,!n1 b n till !n1 ! a/oni%$ psy*ologi/ may cease 8 useless lab\rs1 & record ! inauguration ( a new era by ackn[l$g+ ,omnia jam fi5t fi]i qu posse negabam2 or1 /ill m conclusively1 ,?9k+ is b an idle wa/e ( ?\ght1 ,& n\ght is ev]y?+1 & ev]y?+ is n\ght4 ,,on ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,revelation4 #agc ,9 an answ] to ?is lecture by ,julian1 x is repli$ t ,belief is ! easie/ ?+ possible = weak & ignorant m9ds4 ,b ,julian by belief means acquiesc5ce2 & e *ur*-go] is aw>e t ! wor?lessness ( m]e acquiesc5ce is con/antly be+ urg$ ^u !m f ! pulpit4 ,x holds ! same relation to fai? t respectability--i4e41 acquiesc5ce 9 ! ord9>y /&>d ( morality--holds to hol9ess4 ,! subject is too difficult to be discuss$ adequately 9 a note2 b 9 my fir/ ,bampton ,lecture ,i h %[n h[ belief1 ?\gh ga9$ by a /ruggle1 is equally possible = ! unle>n$ & ! le>n$1 b 9 e case x has to be won by an ef=t 7,mal4 xi4 #ab74 #agd ,julian ass]ts t !re ought n to be any difficulty4 ,!re ought n to be ! lea/ %ad[ ( d\bt :e!r a giv5 book is f ,god or n 7p4 #e73 ,if ! h&writ+ ( ,jehovah 9 ! ,scriptures be d\btful1 x _c be div9e4 ,b1 z ,bi%op ,butl] has %[n 9 8 ,analogy1 !re are no difficulties1 z reg>ds ,revelation1 diff]5t 9 k9d f ^? :i* we daily enc\nt] 9 common life4 ,julian's easy ass]tions involve a trem5d\s difficulty2 = :at he virtually affirms is t ,god ought to h act$1 9 matt]s ( religion1 9 an entirely diff]5t way f t 9 :i* ,he has act$ 9 ! ord9>y con/itution ( ?is _w4 ,! :ole "q turns ^u some?+ q z mu* out ( ,julian's dep? z x is out ( m9e2 namely1 :at 0 ,god's purpose 9 creat+ man4 ,by ! /udy ( ! con/itution & c\rse ( nature1 & ( :at is said 9 ,holy ,scripture1 ,i arrive at ! conclusion t ,god has1 = "s wise purpose1 be5 pleas$ to place man "h 9 a /ate ( discipl9e4 ,su* a /ate implies ! exi/5ce ( difficulties2 ! greatness & degree ( ^! difficulties we c "k solely by exp]i5ce1 be+ able only to guess at ! reasons :i* h made a /ate ( probation necess>y = u4 ,b ! difficulties mu/ n be insup]able2 = if !y 71 !n ?is pres5t /ate w\ld be a discipl9e no long]4 #age ,mr4 ,d>w91 9 8 ,desc5t ( ,man 7i4 #bja-bjf71 enum]ates ! sev]al /ages ?r\gh :i* man is suppos$ to h pass$1 ( :i* ! fir/ /age is an imag9>y gr\p ( animals1 resembl+ 9 _m respects ! l>v ( our pres5t ,ascidians1 :i* div]g$ into two great bran*es--! "o retrograd+ 9 developm5t1 & produc+ ! pres5t class ( ,ascidians1 ! o!r ris+ to ! ,v]tebrata4 ,he fur!r describes ^! ,ascidians z h>dly appe>+ l animals1 & consi/+ ( a simple1 t\gh1 lea!ry sack1 ) two small project+ orifices4 ,i mu/ own t 9 ,mr4 ,d>w9's book ,i c f9d no pro( ei!r ( ! degradation ( ! pres5t race ( ,ascidians or ( ! developm5t ( _! c\s9s1 :om ,mr4 ,d>w9 has summon$ into exi/5ce to s]ve 8 purpose1 into apes4 ,! "w is full ( int]e/+ facts & +5i\s speculations1 b ! speculations c sc>cely be said to h consi/5cy en\gh to m]it ! "n ev5 ( a !ory4 #agf ,if ?is /ruggle exi/$1 x seems unacc\ntable t we d n f9d creatures 9 e /age ( evolution4 ,we mu/ suppose t ^! ,ascidian l>v exi/$ by millions--at all ev5ts1 _m ?\s& species ( animals exi/1 all accord+ to ?is !ory1 evolv$ f !m2 &1 z _m h fail$ & become our pres5t ,ascidians1 & o!rs 7 cont5t to rema9 z !y 71 ! numb] ( possible />t]s 9 ?is race mu/ h be5 va/4 ,reasonably1 !n1 we %\ld expect to f9d creatures 9 e /age ( progress1 & at ! head numb]s press+ closely on man4 ,in/ead ( ?is1 we f9d an empty space betwe5 ea* sev]al ord]1 & t betwe5 man & ! animal second 9 ! race is enorm\s4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! m9d ( ! l[e/ man & t ( ! highe/ animal is imm5se 7,d>w91 i4 #ajd74 #agg ,a monkey mu/ walk1 & does s q z frequ5tly z man1 b he walks v ill4 ,! gorilla runs ) a sidelong %ambl+ gait1 b m commonly progresses by re/+ on its b5t h&s4 ,! long-arm$ apes occasionally use _! arms l crut*es3 444 yet !y move awkw>dly1 & mu* less securely ?an man 7,d>w91 i4 #adc74 ,n[ ! !ory ( revolution w\ld require t1 be=e m5 & monkeys sep>at$ f "s common ance/or1 _! configuration 0 ! same4 ,h[ & :5 did ! h&s become feet1 or1 vice v]s1 ! feet h&s8 #agh ,i d n ?9k t ,julian c h obs]v$ ?is note4 ,= he retorts ^u me t dogs1 monkeys1 & jackdaws h a consci5ce1 & t :at ,i d$uce f x z reg>ds m51 w\ld ju/ify a simil> conclusion z reg>ds cats & dogs4 ,b ,i _h already po9t$ out t :atev] appe>ance ( ! high] moral qualities is to be obs]v$ 9 animals is app>5tly ! result ( contact ) man4 ,x is "p ( ! pres5t con/itution ( ?+s t c]ta9 animals h be5 dome/icat$1 & ov] ^! ! dom9ion giv5 to man 7,g54 i4 #bh7 is v l>ge4 ,i _c see h[ any animal c\ld be dome/icat$ if x 7 q incapable ( quasi-moral qualities4 ,i see !n no difficulty 9 a dome/ic animal hav+ a sort ( consci5ce3 )\t x a dog c\ld sc>cely be fai?ful4 ,& note1 too1 t ?is rudim5t>y consci5ce 9 a dog implies responsibility 9 x q z mu* z man's m p]fect consci5ce does 9 man4 ,! dog's responsibility is to 8 ma/]2 to :om is 8 ma/] responsible8 ,/ill1 z reg>ds ^! rudim5ts ( consci5ce1 ,i _c see any real pro( = m ?an a v curi\s influ5ce ( man's qualities ^u ^? ( animals br\ght into contact ) him4 ,) ,mr4 ,d>w9 7i4 #hi7 ,i hold t man only c ) c]ta9ty be rank$ z a moral be+2 & t z reg>ds consci5ce man diff]s pr(\ndly f ! l[] animals 7ib47 ,i d n hold1 h[ev]1 z ,julian imag9es1 t consci5ce is an un]r+ guide4 ,! exact contr>y is impli$ 9 ,matt4 vi4 #bc4 ,consci5ce ne$s m ?an itself to guide m5 aright4 #agi ,julian consid]s t ,i mu/ be "o ( ^? :o believe a /op occurs 9 ! middle ( ! second v]se ( ,g54 i41 :i* sev]s ! preadamite _w f ! _w z x n[ is4 ,i answ] t ,i am "o ( ^? :o "k a little ,hebrew1 & ,i am !re=e aw>e t ! v]b r5d]$ 0 9 v]se #b is n a copula1 b means cont9u$ exi/5ce4 ,z reg>ds ! geologic notions ascrib$ to me by ,julian1 ,i c only express my regret t sci5tific m5 %\ld p]si/ 9 ascrib+ to !ologians m]e nons5se4 ,no?+ is easi] ?an to slay m5 ( /raw1 b is x wor? ! tr\ble8 ,i w\ld recomm5d him to read a discussion ^u ! ,mosaic record 9 ! la/ *apt] ( ,mr4 ,capes' ,reasons ( ,return+ to ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&4 ,he w\ld !n see t ! op9ions ( !ologians are n s pu]ile z he supposes4 ,,on ,,miracles4 #ahj ,! publi%]s h ask$ me :e!r ,i h any rem>ks to make on ,julian's ,reply4 ,a few l9es w be suffici5t = all ,i h to say4 ,julian quotes 7page #af7 a s5t5ce )9 inv]t$ commas1 z m9e1 :i* ! read] w 9 va9 se>* = 9 my ,lecture4 ,he1 on page #ag1 attributes to me1 = ! purpose ( excit+ ridicule1 a /atem5t :i* ,i nev] dream$ ( mak+4 ,yet he adds3 ,! words are ,dr4 ,/\ghton's1 & y may read !m = sixp5ce4 ,he conc$es ! po9t ma9ta9$ 9 ! fir/ tw5ty-six pages ( my ,lecture1 by rem>k+3 ,we d n say t miracles are improbable or impossible4 ,al?\gh ,i di/9ctly expla9 t my argum5t 9 ! rema9d] ( ! ,lecture is conf9$ to ! miracles ascrib$ to ,*ri/1 ,julian simply indulges 9 an attack on ! au!nticity & g5u95ess ( ! ,p5tateu*4 ,he concludes by say+3 ,! ,new ,te/am5t /&s on no bett] f\ndation1 al?\gh we ne$ n ent] on t "q n[4 ,mo/ p w ?9k ?is 0 ! v "q on :i* ,julian ought to h ent]$1 9 answ] to a ,lecture on ,! ,miracul\s ,evid5ces ( ,*ri/ianity4 99 99 99 99 99 ,exception has be5 tak5 to :at ,i h said respect+ rem>kable co9cid5ces betwe5 natural ev5ts & hi/orical facts 7p4 #bjj74 ,"s ( my rem>ks1 z ! foot-note indicates1 7 sugge/$ by "o ( ! mo/ ?\ghtful ( mod]n ,cont95tal div9es4 ,i !re=e subjo9 ! foll[+ passage3-- ,!re is a my/]i\s h>mony betwe5 ! natural & ! moral1 betwe5 facts ( nature & facts ( hi/ory1 manife/ 9 :at we call ! 'wond]ful' 7mirabile71 z di/9ct f :at is prop]ly call$ ! 'miracul\s' 7miraculum74 ,:ile ! miracle1 prop]ly speak+1 implies a violation ( ! laws ( nature1 ! wond]ful1 :i* is closely connect$ ) x1 is su* a co9cid5ce & work+ toge!r ( nature & hi/ory z reveals a sup]natural result to ! religi\s p]ceptions1 :ile ! natural explanation /ill holds good = ! und]/&+4 ,! m>* ( ,napoleon into ,russia1 pregnant ) results1 & ! sev]e w9t]2 ! inv9cible ,armada ( ,philip ! ,second1 & ! sudd5 /orm 7afffavit deus et dissip>it eos71 s]ve z examples ( ! 'wond]ful' 9 ! s5se ref]r$ to4 ,!re is 9 ^! ?+s a surpris+ & unacc\ntable h>mony ( nature & hi/ory1 & yet all is natural2 no law is brok51 b ! co9cid5ce is inexplicable4 ,wond]s su* z ^! cont9ually pres5t !mselves to u1 bo? 9 ! _w at l>ge & 9 ! lives ( individuals4 ,!re is1 g5]ally speak+1 an unacc\ntable p[] ( nature :i* plays its "p 9 ! hi/orical & moral complications ( human life2 & x _c escape ! notice ( ! c>eful obs]v] t wond]ful co9cid5ces (t5 occur1 :i* to reason may appe> only z an extraord9>y1 inexplicable *ance2 to ! poet z a pr(\nd play ( ! _s ( ! _w1 & an active pres5ce ( a div9e phantasy 9 ! _w's progress2--comb9ations :i* lie beyond ! range ( rational computation1 & :i*1 l g5ii1 scorn ! n>r[ laws ( human k2--b 9 :i* ! ,*ri/ian disc]ns ! f+] ( ,god4 ,b he :o truly recognizes ! f+] ( ,god 9 ^! /range co9cid5ces mu/ be l$ on to a recognition ( ! actually miracul\s4 ,! wond]ful is only ! half-develop$1 unp]fect$ miracle4 ,! wond]ful possesses t ambigu\s "*1 half *ance1 half provid5ce1 half natural1 half div9e1 j because ! co9cid5ce ( ! holy & ! natural is ext]nal only2 & fai? mu/ /ill dem& a relation :]e9 nature & fre$om--sep>ate 9 ! usual c\rse ( ev5ts--%all n only seek "o ano!r 9 wond]ful configurations1 %all n only approa* "o ano!r1 b be imm$iately & ess5tially unit$2 fai? mu/ /ill long = an unequivocal sign1 ( :i* x c say1 ,"h is ,god1 & n nature4 ,?is sign is giv5 9 ! sacr$ hi/ory ( ,*ri/2 a sign :i* is spok5 aga9/1 & :i* is set = ! fall ( _m1 & = ! ris+ aga9 ( _m4--,m>t5s5's ,*ri/ian ,dogmatics1 p4 #bbb4 ,,on ,,my?ical ,,!ories ,,( ,,*ri/ianity4 #aha ,! foll[+ quotation f ,mr4 ,lecky1 :o is a witness ( ! mo/ unexceptionable "*1 sets =? 9 a /rik+ light ! solit>y gr&eur ( ! "* ( ,*ri/ z x has be5 depict$ 9 ! ,gospels4 ,x 0 res]v$ = ,*ri/ianity to pres5t to ! _w an ideal "* :i* ?r\gh\t all ! *anges ( eighte5 c5turies has inspir$ ! he>ts ( m5 ) an impassion$ love2 has %[n itself capable ( act+ on all ages1 nations1 temp]am5ts1 & conditions2 has n only be5 ! highe/ patt]n ( virtue1 b ! /ronge/ inc5tive to its practice2 & has ex]cis$ s deep an influ5ce t x may be truly said t ! simple record ( ?ree %ort ye>s ( active life has done m to reg5]ate & to s(t5 mank9d ?an all ! disquisitions ( philosoph]s1 & all ! exhortations ( morali/s4 ,?is has1 inde$1 be5 ! well-spr+ ( :atev] is be/ & pure/ 9 ! ,*ri/ian life4 ,amid all ! s9s & fail+s1 amid all ! prie/craft & p]secution & fanaticism t has defac$ ! ,*ur*1 x has pres]v$ 9 ! example & "* ( its ,f\nd] an endur+ pr9ciple ( reg5]ation4--,lecky's ,hi/ory ( ,morals1 vol4 ii41 p4 #i4 ,mr4 ,lecky di/9ctly admits t x is an hi/orical fact t ! ,*ri/ ( ! ,gospels has ex]t$ a p[] comp>$ ) :i* t ( all *>act]s1 :e!r real or my?ical1 has be5 inconsid]able4 ,a true philosophy mu/ acc\nt = ?is unique p[] possess$ by ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,if ! "* is a fiction1 :y is x t x has ex]t$ an influ5ce comp>$ ) :i* all o!r fictions h be5 feebl5ess8 ,if ,jesus ,*ri/ 0 a great man only1 :y has ,he done m to reg5]ate mank9d ?an all ! disquisitions ( philosoph]s1 & all ! exhortations ( morali/s8 ,:y has ,he left immeasurably beh9d ,him all o!r great m5 :o h ev] liv$8 ,! hi/orical tru? ( ! ,div9e "* portray$ 9 ! ,gospels adequately acc\nts = ?is mighty influ5ce4 ,no?+ else does4 ,a "* :i* leaves e o!r human "* indef9itely beh9d x1 mu/ belong to ! sup]natural1 n to ! natural1 ord] ( ?+s4 ,x is a moral & spiritual miracle4 ,to suppose t su* a "* has be5 g5]at$ by ! sl[ & gradual action ( natural laws1 contradicts alike ! acts ( hi/ory & ! pr9ciples ( philosophy4 ,nature recognizes no mighty leaps 9 h] ord] ( production4 ,watson ,hazell1 ,pr9t]s1 ,london & ,aylesbury4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,punctuation & spell+ 7 made consi/5t :5 a pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0 f\nd 9 ?is book2 o!rwise !y 7 n *ang$4 ,simple typographical errors 7 correct$2 occasional unbalanc$ quotation m>ks reta9$4 ,ambigu\s hyph5s at ! ends ( l9es 7 reta9$4 ,greek words are %[n 9 ,greek & !n 9 ,engli% translit]ations t are indicat$ by ,greek3 & 7 add$ by ! ,transcrib]s4 ,acc5t m>k errors 9 ,greek text h be5 rem$i$4 ,! orig9al book us$ bo? footnotes 7at ! bottom ( ea* page7 & endnotes 7at ! end ( ! book74 ,! footnotes h be5 numb]$ 9 a s+le sequ5ce & mov$ ne>ly to ! end ( ! book1 j be=e ! endnotes4 ,!re are #ad endnotes1 ! fir/ ( :i* is id5tifi$ "h z #afh4 ,typographical inconsi/5cies 9 ! id5tifications ( ! footnotes h be5 correct$1 b ! orig9al endnote an*ors 79 ! ma9 text7 #agf-ahj 7orig9ally #i-ac7 appe> to h be5 numb]$ #a too high4 ,also1 an*or #ahj orig9ally 0 numb]$ #a in/ead ( #ac1 & endnote #ahj 7orig9ally #ac7 is associat$ ) a *apt] t conta9s no endnote an*ors4 ,an*or #aha 7orig9ally #ad7 is correct4 ,"o footnote 7#adf 9 ?is e,book7 conta9s an*ors to footnotes ( its own 7#adg & #adh 9 ?is e,book74 ,!y appe> z sep>ate footnotes1 imm$iately aft] _! p>5t4 ,page #ade3 9 a neutral s5se4 ,if ,i speak ( ,! p]iod 0 pr9t$ z a comma4