,a ,,manual ,,( ,,wood-,,c>v+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,panel4 ,p4 #abd4 ,a ,,manual ,,( ,,wood ,,c>v+ ,,by ,,*>les ,g4 ,,lel&1 ,f4,r4,l4,s41 ,m4,a4 ,late ,director ( ! ,public ,indu/rial ,art ,s*ool ( ,philadelphia2 ,memb] 7,committee7 ( ! ,home ,arts & ,ind4 ,assn42 also ,comm4 ,memb] ( ! ,fr5*-,am]ican & ,hung>ian ,folk ,lore ,societies2 ,pres4 ,briti% ,gypsy ,lore ,soc41 c42 ,au?or ( ,! ,m9or ,arts1 ,twelve ,manuals ( ,arts1 ,practical ,education1 ,album & ,h&book ( ,ret\ss ,"w1 c4 c4 ,,revis$ ,,by ,,john ,j4 ,,holtzapffel ,associate ,memb] ( ! ,in/itute ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 ,london2 ,correspond+ ,memb] ( ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute1 ,philadelphia2 ,memb] ( ! ,briti% ,horological ,in/itute2 ,exam9]1 ,city & ,guilds ( ,london2 ,in/itute = ! ,advancem5t ( ,te*nical ,education1 c4 c4 ,,new ,,york ,,*>les ,,scribn]',s ,,sons #aiji ,,copyright1 #ahia1 ,,by ,,*>les ,,scribn]',s ,,sons ,,publi%]s' ,,note4 ,?is manual1 l t on ,draw+ & ,design+1 previ\sly publi%$1 is int5d$ to =m "o ( a s]ies 9 fur!rance ( ! pr9ciples set =? 9 ,mr4 ,lel&'s "w on ,practical ,education4 ,x has r>ely happ5$ t a volume su* z ?is latt]1 propos+ 7z "o critic decl>$7 no?+ less ?an a complete revolution 9 ,education1 has be5 s fav\rably receiv$ by ! public1 & s highly approv$ by compet5t au?orities1 z 0 ! case ) x4 ,%\ld x be unkn[n to any fri5ds ( educational re=m into ^: h&s ?is h&book may fall1 x is to be hop$ t !y w ?9k x wor? :ile to make !mselves acqua9t$ ) ! pr9ciples ^u :i* ,mr4 ,lel&'s practical manuals are bas$4 ,z reg>ds ?is 9 p>ticul>1 x may be obs]v$ t x is almo/ ! only "o :i* treats ,wood-c>v+ 9 a g5]al & ext5d$ s5se1 & reg>ds x z an art widely applicable to ornam5tation1 & n "o conf9$ to small *efs-d'oeuvre & prize toys1 facsimiles ( fruit & leaves1 or ! l4 ,x is ! fir/ book 9 :i* ! sweep-cut1 :i* is ! v s\l ( all good & bold c>v+1 has ev] be5 describ$4 ,x may be add$ t ! "w has d]iv$ great advantage f ! fri5dly int]e/ tak5 9 x by ,mr4 ,john ,j4 ,holtzapffel1 = :i* ! ?anks ( bo? au?or & publi%]s are due4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,introduction4 ,woods1 ,tools1 & ,%>p5+ #a ,,fir/ ,,lesson4 ,ind5t+ & ,/amp+ #ae ,,second ,,lesson4 ,cutt+ ,grooves ) a ,g\ge #bb ,,?ird ,,lesson4 ,flat ,patt]ns made ) cuts & l9es--,cavo ,relievo or ,intaglio ,rilevato 7,cavo-cutt+7 #bh ,,f\r? ,,lesson4 ,cutt+ out a ,flat ,panel ) a ,gr\nd #cd ,,fif? ,,lesson4 ,cutt+ ,simple ,leaves--,c>v+ ) ! ,left ,h&--,modell+ or ,r\nd+--,%ad$ ,patt]ns & ,modell+--,progress t[>ds ,relief #ci ,,six? ,,lesson4 ,cutt+ ) ! ,gra9--,turn+ ! ,tool--! ,drill--,bold ,c>v+--& l>ge "w #dd ,,sev5? ,,lesson4 ,! ,sweep-cut or ,free-h& ,c>v+--,cutt+ ,not*es 9 ,leaves--! ,r\nd-cut #di ,,eigh? ,,lesson4 ,fur!r application ( ! ,sweep-cut to ,high] ,relief #ec ,,n9? ,,lesson4 ,c>v+ ,simple ,figures or ,animal ,=ms--,figur9i = ,cab9ets--,simple ,r\nd$ ,edges & approa* to ,modell+ #ei ,,t5? ,,lesson4 ,f9i%+ (f--,imitation ( old & worn "w--,:]e ,poli%+ is requir$ #fd ,,elev5? ,,lesson4 ,diap]-"w--,/amp$ ,diap]-patt]ns--,cutt+ ,diap]s #fi ,,twelf? ,,lesson4 ,build+-up1 or ,appliqu "w #ge ,,?irte5? ,,lesson4 ,c>v+ 9 ! ,r\nd #gi ,,app5dix ,,to ,,?irte5? ,,lesson4 ,on ! ,use ( ! ,saw #hc ,,f\rte5? ,,lesson4 ,incis$1 ,intaglio1 or ,sunk ,c>v+ #hf ,,fifte5? ,,lesson4 ,c>v+ ,curv$ ,surfaces3 ,cocoa-nuts1 ,b[ls1 ,horns1 ,casks1 ,tank>ds1 etc4 #ic ,,sixte5? ,,lesson4 ,bosses1 ,knobs1 ,b>s1 & ,poli%$ ,ornam5ts #aja ,,sev5te5? ,,lesson4 ,to ,repair ,wood-,c>v+--,glue--,nitric ,acid ,glue--,prep>+ ,decay$ ,wood--,artificial ,wood--,fill]s--,spray+--,to make ,glue take #aje ,,eighte5? ,,lesson4 ,col\r+ ,wood-"w--,oil+--,soda--,/a9s & ,dyes--,ivory+ ,surfaces--,black ,dyes & ,ink #aaj ,,n9ete5? ,,lesson4 ,mak+ ,m\lds or ,squeezes = ,wood-,c>v]s #aae ,,tw5tie? ,,lesson4 ,spot ,cutt+ #aah ,,app5dix4 ,objects = ,wood-,c>v+ #aba ,,li/ ,,( ,,plates4 ,,decorative ,,panel ,frontispiece ,,panel ,,9 ,,l[-,,relief to face page #dj ,,highly-,,f9i%$ ,,/udies ,,( ,,foliage #dh ,,circul> ,,panel ,,9 ,,high] ,,relief #ef ,,head ,,by ,,civitale #hb ,,m9iature ,,frame #abh ,wood-,c>v+4 ,,introduction4 ,,woods1 ,,tools1 ,,& ,,%>p5+4 ,skill 9 wood-c>v+1 z 9 e o!r art1 is to be atta9$ only by ?or\ghness4 ,let ! pupil !re=e be> 9 m9d t he or %e mu/ be c>eful to ma/] ! fir/ lessons1 & to g no fur!r until ^! c be execut$ ) ease & accuracy4 ,?is w be greatly aid$ if ! book is read ) c>e1 & n us$ = m]e ref]5ce4 ,,tea*]s w please obs]ve t ! "w is 9 a regul> s]ies ( progressive lessons1 ! fir/ be+ extremely easy2 & t ^! lessons lead s gradually "o to ano!r t ! la/ are no h>d] ?an ! fir/ to "o :o has gone on c>efully f ! beg9n+4 ,?is w be f\nd to aid tea*+ & self-in/ruction greatly4 ,e item ( in=mation w be f\nd "u its prop] head1 & n scatt]$ "h & !re ?r\gh diff]5t *apt]s3 = e lesson is complete 9 itself1 & f ! fir/ ! pupil is taught h[ to produce "s satisfactory "w ( its k9d4 ,?us1 ind5t+ or /amp+1 :i* c be le>n$ at once1 & groov+ ) a g\ge1 :i* is n m difficult1 are capable ( produc+ v beautiful decoration ev5 if ! work] goes no fur!r4 ,no writ] has1 inde$1 ev] s]i\sly consid]$ :at valuable & v>i$ results may be produc$ by ^! simple processes4 ,f9ally1 ! au?or has endeav\r$ 9 ^! pages to treat wood-c>v+ n m]ely z a f9e art1 ^: *ief aim is to produce specim5s ( fancy "w = exhibitions1 & facsimiles ( fl[]s1 nev] to be t\*$1 b also to qualify ! le>n] = a call+1 & :at n9e-t5?s ( all practical wood-c>v+ really consi/s (1 t is1 h\se & o!r l>ge decoration1 & ( "w :i* is to be p]haps pa9t$1 & expos$ to ! air4 ,!re is no reason :y ! arti/ %\ld n be prep>$ to und]take figure-heads = %ips1 g>d5 gates1 cornices = ro(s & rooms1 dados1 door panels1 & simil> "w1 z well z m]e draw+-room toys1 :i* %\ld h no f9i% save ! delicate t\* ( ! cutt+ tool4 ,! au?or w\ld obs]ve z reg>ds ?is "w t he has be5 "u v great obligation to ,mr4 ,john ,j4 ,,holtzapffel1 ,assoc4 ,m4 ,in/4 ,c4,e41 ^: "n is s well kn[n to all work]s 9 wood & metal1 = revisions1 sugge/ions1 & addition ( ! *apt] on ! use ( ! saw 9 c>v+4 ,he is also indebt$ to ,mr4 ,,caddy1 tea*] ( wood-c>v+ 9 ,brighton = valuable sugge/ions4 ,,tools ,,& ,,implem5ts4 ,! fir/ & mo/ important is a /rong1 &1 if possible1 a heavy table or b5*4 ,if ! pupil _c af=d ?is1 an ord9>y small kit*5 table mu/ be f\nd4 ,x %\ld be us$ = c>v+ alone1 z x w be necess>y to bore holes & drive screws into x4 ,b if a table _c be sp>$ = ?is1 ! pupil mu/ make %ift by putt+ a bo>d at lea/ an in* 9 ?ickness on a common table & fa/5+ x ) clamps4 ,at a m advanc$ /age he w c>ve /&+ up at a high] b5*1 or ) 8 "w on a /&4 ,pupils 9 wood-c>v+ %ops (t5 c>ve /&+ f ! beg9n+4 ,illu/ration3 a b ,c>v+ ,tools are g5]ally divid$ into two classes3 *isels1 :i* are flat at ! end & 9 ! blade2 & g\ges1 :i* are holl[4 ,among pr(essional wood-c>v]s ! =m] is g5]ally kn[n z a firm]1 9 ord] to di/+ui% x f ! *isel us$ by c>p5t]s4 ,a c>v]'s *isel is always gr\nd on bo? sides1 s z to =m a w$ge l a v high1 /eep ro( 7a71 :ile t ( ! c>p5t] is a /\t] implem5t1 its edge be+ l a w$ge :i* is flat on "o side 7b71 z x is only gr\nd on ! o!r4 ,! object ( gr9d+ c>v]s' *isels on bo? sides is t !re are _m cuts :i* _c be execut$ by a c>p5t]'s *isel at all1 or at lea/ n ) ease1 = "o w\ld be oblig$1 :ile us+ x1 to cont9ually turn x ar\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a a4 ,,g\ge4 ,,firm]4 ,c>v]s ,*isels or ,firm]s1 ,fig4 #a b1 are ( _m & all sizes1 f an in* 9 bread? d[n to ! pick1 :i*1 across ! end or edge1 is no wid] ?an a small hyph5 7-74 ,to ^! may be add$ ! skew-*isels1 also call$ skews or corn]-firm]s1 :i* are firm]s gr\nd (f diagonally1 s t ! po9t is on "o side4 ,^! are also %>p5$ on bo? sides4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a b4 ,,firm]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #b-e4 ,,g\ges4 ,g\ges1 ,figs4 #b-e1 are *isels m or less r\nd$4 ,^!1 ( all wid?s1 v>y f ! extra flat1 :i* is s slightly curv$ t x might at a casual glance be tak5 = an ord9>y *isel1 to ! ord9>y flat4 ,a little m b5d or convexity gives ! scroll g\ge4 ,a semi-circle or any n>r[] portion ( ! same curve is a holl[ g\ge1 ! small] sizes ( :i* are call$ ve9]s1 ! v smalle/ ( ! latt] be+ kn[n z eye-tools4 ,!re are "s diff]5ces ( names = ^! among writ]s1 z well z workm51 b = all practical purposes ! t]ms "h us$ may be accept$1 & are und]/ood by all :o sell ! tools4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,,b5t ,,tools4 ,b5t ,tools4 ,bo? *isels & g\ges are made /raight1 or b5t or curv$ 9 ! %ank4 ,x (t5 happ5s t 9 deep cutt+1 or 9 holl[$ spaces1 x is impossible to cut ) an implem5t hav+ a /raight %aft1 :ile ) "o diff]5tly %ap$ ! wood c be easily remov$1 ,fig4 #f4 ,holdfa/s4--,c>v]'s ,screws1 & ,clamps1 ,h& ,screws1 ,b5* ,screws1 c4 ,z ! c>v] holds 8 tool ) "o h& & directs x ) ! o!r1 x is evid5t t "s means mu/ be tak5 to secure 9 place ! piece ( "w :i* he cuts4 ,i4 ,! simple/ me?od ( do+ ?is is to drive ?ree or f\r nails or screws into ! table at a conv5i5t di/ance4 ,! "w may be held betwe5 ^! to prev5t its slipp+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,,holdfa/ ,,& ,,saw ,,table4 ,,ii4 ,,holdfa/s4--,clamps or ,cramps1 ,fig4 #g4 ,^! cramps are small iron frames1 l ?ree sides ( a squ>e1 ) a screw 9 ! "u limb4 ,!y are us$ on ! edge ( ! table to hold ! "w firmly d[n to its surface2 two or m are always employ$4 ,_! fault is t !y ind5t & damage ! "w2 a piece ( wa/e wood may be int]pos$ betwe5 ! "w & ! upp] limb to prev5t ?is1 b su* a gu>d is g5]ally 9 ! way & o!rwise objectionable4 ,h& ,screws1 ,figs4 #h & #i1 are a f> bett] tool1 entirely free f ! above-nam$ objection4 ,!y consi/ ( two /rips ( h>d wood r\nd$ at ! "o end1 or jaws1 & two screws1 also ( wood1 "o ( :i* passes ?r\gh bo? jaws1 & ! o!r ?r\gh only "o2 ! end ( ?is second screw ent]+ a recess made 9 ! o!r jaw to reta9 x 9 position4 ,to use !m ! h&les are grasp$ firmly 9 ! two h&s1 & ! h&s are revolv$ ar\nd "o ano!r away f y1 :i* causes ! jaws to op5 exactly p>allel ) "o ano!r4 ,:5 ! op5+ betwe5 ! jaws equals ! ?ickness ( ! "w & ! table1 ! h& screws are slipp$ ov] !m1 & ! second screw !n alone receives an extra half turn1 ?is ?r[s ! jaws slightly out ( p>allelism1 & effects a p[]ful grip ^u ! "w at _! po9ts4 ,!y are exce$+ly p[]ful also 9 hold+ "w = glu+ toge!r & o!r purposes1 & are made ( all sizes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,fig4 #i4 ,,h& ,,screws4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,,c>v]s' ,,screws4 ,,iii4 ,c>v]s' ,screws1 ,fig4 #aj4 ,^! are iron screws ab\t #ab or #ad 94 long1 ) a f9] po9t$ screw1 l t ( a gimlet1 at ! "o end1 & a squ>e at ! o!r2 on ! screw is a w+$ or fly nut4 ,to use !m ! po9t is screw$ firmly into ! "u side ( ! "w1 ) ! fly nut remov$ & us$ z a lev] by "o ( ! holes 9 its w+s plac$ on ! squ>e on ! end ( ! %aft4 ,! %aft is !n pass$ ?r\gh a hole made ?r\gh ! top ( ! b5* or table1 & ! fly nut replac$ on ! screw bel[ ! table to fix ! "w d[n to x4 ,! screws are long1 :i* is sometimes conv5i5t1 b if ! "w be ?9 x is usual to put a block ( wa/e wood on ! %aft be=e ! fly nut1 to avoid ! t$ium ( hav+ to screw ! latt] up a long way4 ,slack5+ ! nut enables ! "w to be turn$ r\nd to any requir$ position1 & !re is no?+ above ! table except ! "w4 ,,iv4 ,snibs or ,dogs1 ,figs4 #aa1 #ab4 ,^! are pieces ( wood screw$ d[n to ! table1 :i* hold ! panel or o!r piece ( "w by a projection4 ,!y are easily made by simply saw+ out a piece ( wood fairly correspond+ 9 ?ickness to ! panel4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,fig4 #ab4 ,,snibs ,,or ,,dogs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,v4 ,take an ord9>y button1 ,fig4 #ac1 su* z is common on cupbo>ds 9 c\ntry cottages to fa/5 ! door4 ,saw out a piece ( ! panel1 "o or m in*es squ>e4 ,put ! screw ?r\gh ! button & turn x ov] ! panel & ! little wa/e piece ( wood4 ,two or m ( ^! w hold ! "w p]fectly fa/4 ,,vi4 ,! simple/ me?od ( all is to leave ab\t an in* at ei!r end ( ! panel & pass screws ?r\gh ^! extra portions into ! table4 ,:5 ! "w is c>v$ ^! ends may be sawn (f4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,,scrat*4 ,! ,scrat*1 ,fig4 #ad4 ,?is is a v conv5i5t & +5i\s tool4 ,x is us$1 says ,j4 ,s4 ,gibson 7,! ,wood-,c>v]1 ,ed9burgh1 #ahhi71 = runn+ small m\ld+s & holl[s4 ,:]e ! l9es are long & /raight x makes f9] "w ?an is possible by means ( g\ges4 ,! cutt]s are made f pieces ( /eel b>ely #a-af? ( an in* ?ick4 ,brok5 pieces ( saws are g5]ally us$ = cutt]s4 ,!y mu/ be tightly fix$ 9 ! /ock4 ,x is work$ backw>ds & =w>ds g5tly4 ,:5 ! cutt]s are fil$ to ! requir$ %ape1 !y h to be f9i%$ ) a slip /one to take out ! file m>ks4 ,!y are %>p5$ /raight across ! edges4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,,r\t]4 ,! ,r\t]1 ,fig4 #ae4 ,?is is a small copy ( ! jo9]'s plane ( ! same "n4 ,x consi/s ( a block ( wood ) a p]fectly flat sole2 a hole ?r\gh x at an angle c>ries ! cutt] & ! w$ge by :i* x is fix$4 ,x is employ$ = flatt5+ ! gr\ndwork aft] t has be5 p>tially excavat$ ) ! *isels4 ,! sole ( ! r\t] re/s ^u any m>g9s left ( ! orig9al surface1 & be+ work$ ab\t ov] ! gr\nd1 ! fix$ projection ( ! cutt] rapidly r$uces ! latt] to "o true level4 ,^! r\t]s are made f ab\t n9e in*es long 9 ! sole to ab\t ?ree in*es1 ! smalle/1 :i* little tools h cutt]s ab\t #a-h? ( an in* wide4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,,fret ,,b[ ,,saw4 ,saws4 ,^! are ( v>i\s k9ds2 p]haps ! mo/ useful is ! ,fret ,b[ ,saw1 ,fig4 #af4 ,?is consi/s ( a light ?9 /eel frame ) screw jaws1 at ! op5 end 9 :i* ! ?9 saw-blades are clamp$4 ,! h&le is also =m$ z a screw1 by :i* its jaw c be advanc$ ab\t an in* t[>ds its fell[4 ,to place ! saw 9 position = "w1 ! end ( ! h&le is screw$ r\nd until its jaw has advanc$ ab\t an in*1 ! saw is !n fix$ 9 ! opposite jaw by its ?umb-screw1 !n 9 ! h&le jaw 9 ! same way1 aft] :i* ! h&le is turn$ until its jaw has travell$ back aga9 ! di/ance x _h previ\sly advanc$1 ?us /ra9+ ! saw by ! t5sion ( ! /eel spr+ saw-frame4 ,?is saw is v useful = remov+ sup]flu\s pieces f ! outl9e1 bo? 9 flat works & :5 c>v+ 9 ! r\nd1 z w be expla9$2 its prim>y purpose is = cutt+ out pi]c$ & buhl & fretwork1 b = su* "w1 z ! ap]tures cut d n always cut out to ! edges1 a drill is requir$ to pi]ce holes to ?read ! saw ?r\gh ! "w be=e x is plac$ 9 ! second jaw to /ra9 x4 ,fig4 #af is requir$ = pi]c$ "w laid d[n on a gr\nd & !n c>v$1 a /yle ( c>v+ :i* w be describ$4 ,! ord9>y jo9]s dovetail or t5on saws1 _! blades ) /iff backs1 are requir$1 & are almo/ indisp5sable = cutt+ (f portions ( ! "w & trimm+ x to %ape2 ^! saws are too well kn[n to require description4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,,knuckle-,,b5d4 ,9 addition to ! tools already describ$1 ! pupil w ne$ = m & v>i$ "w ! foll[+3--,i4 ,! ,spade ,*isel1 & ,spade ,g\ge4 ,^! are v light1 & are us$ = f9i%+ by h&1 z1 = in/ance1 9 cutt+ ar\nd grapes or plums or 9 f9e "w4 ,,ii4 ,knuckle-b5ds1 ,fig4 #ag4 ,^! are g\ges scoop$ or b5t 9 a curve l a knuckle4 ,,iii4 ,! ,mac>oni ,tool1 ,fig4 #ah4 ,?is is l ! ?ree sides ( a squ>e4 ,x is = remov+ wood on ea* side ( a ve9 or leaf1 or simil> delicate "w4 ,x is n v commonly us$4 ,,iv4 ,! ,p>t+ ,tool or ,v1 /raight or curv$4 ,?is is a useful tool = outl9+ a patt]n or ve9+ leaves4 ,beg9n]s f9d x1 l ! ,mac>oni1 r difficult to %>p51 or to keep an edge on x4 ,x mu/ n be us$ recklessly = c>v+1 z x is apt to break unless h&l$ ) c>e4 ,x %\ld be kept ) a cork on ! end4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,,mac>oni ,,tools4 ,x is a "q among exp]ts z to :e!r ! tools = beg9n]s %\ld h long or %ort h&les1 :i* is z s5sible z if !y %\ld debate :e!r ! pupils %\ld h l>ge or small h&s4 ,g5]al ,seaton1 :o is 9 o!r matt]s a good au?ority1 decl>es t small1 %ort1 neatly-turn$ boxwood h&les mu/ be avoid$2 !y are ne>ly useless4 ,get good-siz$ bee* or a% h&les q five in*es long1 & if ! /eel is f\r or f\r & a half in*es long y w h a really s]viceable tool4 ,common s5se tea*es t betwe5 a *ild or a "y lady :o has a palm ! size ( a c>d9al's seal 7to borr[ a simile f ,b5v5uto ,cell9i71 & a workman :o w\ld bur/ a numb] t5 glove1 !re mu/ be v great diff]5ces 9 ! size ( h&les1 & x is c]ta9 t = "y beg9n]s %ort ones are to be advis$4 ,if !y are n to be obta9$ ready made1 !n take an ord9>y long h&le1 saw x (f to ! requisite l5g?1 say f ?ree to ?ree & a half in*es1 r\nd ! %>p edge ( ! wood1 fir/ly ) a knife or *isel1 !n ) a rasp1 & f9i% x (f ) glass-pap]4 ,see t ! tools :5 set into ! h&les are well r+$ & firm4 ,9 mo/ %ops x is usual to %>p5 !m if x be requir$4 ,aft] becom+ accu/om$ to su* h&les ! pupil may1 z he progresses1 famili>ize himself ) ^? :i* are 9 g5]al use4 ,!re is really only "o tr\ble 9 wood-c>v+4 ,?is is ! %>p5+ ! tools1 & keep+ !m 9 good condition4 ,= ?is ! gr9d/one & oil/one are indisp5sable1 & ! beg9n] mu/ take pa9s to le>n to %>p5 8 tools well & readily4 ,,%>p5+4 ,tools :i* are z yet ungr\nd1 or :i* h _h ! edge brok51 may1 ) pati5ce & c>e1 be %>p5$ on a h>% flat /one1 b r\nd gr9d/ones :i* revolve ) a h&le are n de>2 y c1 h[ev]1 always get y\r tools gr\nd by any c>p5t]4 ,e c>v] %\ld !re=e1 if possible1 own "o ( ^! gr9d/ones4 ,x w s]ve z well = a l>ge class z = an individual4 ,! next indisp5sable is ! oil/one4 ,?is is to be f\nd ( diff]5t k9ds2 ! ord9>y ,turkey /one1 set 9 a block ( wood1 w answ] = firm]s1 skews1 & flat g\ges1 = f9] tools ! be/ ,arkansas /ones may be employ$4 ,be=e us+ "o1 let fall on x a few drops ( oil1 :i* is to be kept 9 a small c ) a n>r[ sp\t1 made expressly = su* dropp+4 ,h a co>se rag1 & :5 y h done ) ! /one1 always wipe x clean ( ! oil4 ,take great c>e n to we> a holl[ 9 ! middle ( ! /one4 ,x is by f> ! be/ plan to get "s wood-c>v] or c>p5t] to %[ y h[ to %>p5 ! tools4 ,!re are v few places :]e !re is n somebody :o c tea* ?is art4 ,x is usual to h a box-cov] to ! oil/one1 :i* %\ld always be ov] x :5 n 9 use1 to prev5t du/ f settl+ on ! surface4 ,a v little du/ inde$ comb9$ ) ! oil is a great h9drance to %>p5+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,,slip ,,hold]4 ,slips4 ,^! are pieces ( ,arkansas1 ,turkey1 & o!r /ones1 made ( a v>iety ( %apes1 to fit ! inside ( su* tools z _c be %>p5$ on a flat surface1 l t ( oil-/one4 ,!y require great c>e 9 h&l+ le/ ! f+]s be cut4 ,to avoid ?is1 take a piece ( wood1 & cut a deep groove 9 x1 exactly adapt$ to hold ! /one firmly1 leav+ z mu* ( x project+ z may be requir$ = use1 ,fig4 #ai4 ,if y _c obta9 a slip exactly suit$ to any p>ticul> tool1 !n gr9d or cut x to %ape on ! gr9d/one or ) a file2 "s c>v]s use a v co>se :et/one adapt$ to ?is purpose4 ,! safe me?od ( us+ a slip :5 n m\nt$ 9 wood is to lay ! back ( ! g\ge at an in* & a half f ! edge on ! edge ( ! table2 ! edge ( ! tool mu/ be slightly rais$1 & ! slip c !n be appli$ ) p]fect safety & ) great effect4 7,seaton47 ,! ,v1 or p>t+ tool1 is difficult to %>p5 because1 until "o has _h practice ) x1 x is h>d to cut d[n ea* side 9 exact uni=mity ) ! o!r4 ,= ?is x is necess>y to h a slip gr\nd to a ,v edge1 s z to exactly fit ! inside ( ! tool4 ,! ,/rap4 ,?is is a piece ( h>d1 smoo? lea!r1 glu$ on a flat bit ( bo>d4 ,?is may be prep>$ ) sweet oil & em]y p[d]1 or ,tripoli1 to be r5ew$ z occasion requires1 or ) a prep>ation ( l>d & crocus p[d]4 ,em]y pa/e sold at ! tool-%op w answ] = all ord9>y "w4 ,:5 no /rap is at h& a f9al %>p1 or a razor edge1 may be giv5 ev5 on a smoo? p9e bo>d1 especially if a v little f9e air-du/ be on x4 ,%>p5+ ! tools is l ?read+ ! ne$le 9 sew+1 or putt+ a po9t on lead p5cils :5 draw+1 some?+ :i* is a great tr\ble1 & a con/ant int]ruption to e>ne/ "w1 yet :i* mu/ be con/antly se5 to4 ,nev] g on c>v+ = a second if y f9d t a tool is gr[+ 9 ! lea/ dull or scrat*y4 ,!re c be no good "w :atev] )\t really good tools 9 p]fect ord]4 ,x may be obs]v$ t tools are nev] gr\nd q s mu* inside z !y are ext]nally4 ,also t ?is d\ble gr9d+ gives a %>p] cutt+-edge2 b g\ges require v little edg+ inside4 ,%\ld ! c>v] be unable to obta9 a ,turkey or ,arkansas /one1 he may use smoo? slate1 or almo/ any /one :i* is tol]ably h>d4 ,,wood4 ,all wood = c>v+ %\ld be ( ! be/ quality1 well season$1 & free z possible f cracks1 knots1 or o!r irregul>ities4 ,f9e :ite p9e or deal1 be+ v easy to cut1 is suitable = a beg9n]4 ,lime & pe>-tree wood1 l p9e1 are ev5 9 ! gra94 ,am]ican walnut is also easy to cut4 ,x is ( a beautiful d>k col\r1 :i* is mu* improv$ by oil+ & age4 ,) ?is1 b t\gh] ?an ! prec$+1 are bee*1 elm1 & oak4 ,popl>1 yell[ deal1 & ! s-call$ ,am]ican wood 7kn[n z popl> 9 ,am]ica1 ,middle ,/ates7 are useful = _m k9ds ( "w4 ,! c>v] %\ld accu/om himself1 z soon z possible1 to oak1 z a h>d wood is by no means h>d to c>ve z soon z a little skill is acquir$4 ,bone1 ivory1 & pe>l-%ell1 :i* at ! fir/ ef=t seems to be almo/ imp5etrable1 aft] a few days are work$ ) great ease4 ,illu/ration ,,fir/ ,,lesson4 ,,ind5t+ ,,& ,,/amp+4 ,! fir/ /age 9 wood-c>v+ is to decorate a flat surface 9 v l[ relief by a process :i*1 /rictly speak+1 is n c>v+ at all4 ,let ! beg9n] take a panel or ?9 flat bo>d1 let u say "o ( six in*es 9 bread?1 twelve 9 l5g?1 & half an in* or less 9 ?ickness4 ,= ?is k9d ( "w a f9ely gra9$1 ev51 & light-col\r$ wood1 su* z holly or bee*1 is pref]able4 ,draw ! patt]n on pap]1 ( ! size int5d$ ) a v black & s(t lead or crayon p5cil1 place x ) ! face to ! wood1 & turn+ ! edges ov]1 gum !m d[n to ! edge ( ! panel4 ,!n ) "s v smoo? h>d object1 su* z an agate or /eel burni%]1 an ivory pap]-knife1 or ! end ( a r\nd$ & glossy p5knife h&le1 c>efully rub ! back ( ! patt]n4 ,:5 ?is is done remove ! pap]1 & ! patt]n w be f\nd transf]r$ to ! wood4 ,if imp]fect1 t\* x up4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,! pupil may n[1 ) a patt]n-:eel or trac]1 ind5t or m>k a l9e or n>r[ groove 9 ! outl9e ( ! patt]n4 ,! trac] is ! same implem5t ( ! same "n :i* is us$ 9 rep\ss or brass-%eet or metal-"w4 ,its end is exactly l t ( a screw-driv]4 ,to manage x prop]ly hold x upright1 & run x along1 tapp+ x z x goes ) a hamm] ( iron or wood1 ,fig4 #bj4 ,9 "s c\ntries a /ick ( wood ab\t six in*es 9 l5g?1 & an in* broad at ! butt1 is us$4 ,:]e ! :eel _c be employ$1 z 9 small corn]s1 use ! trac]4 ,! po9t$ trac]1 ,fig4 #ba1 us$ 9 lea!r-"w1 & 9 c>p5try1 is (t5 indisp5sable = ! small] patt]n-"w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,,po9t$ ,,& ,,edg$ ,,trac]4 ,:5 ! outl9e is all m>k$ out 9 a groove1 take "o ( ! /amps1 or gr\nd+ pun*es1 %[n on ,fig4 #bc1 & ) ! hamm] ind5t ! :ole backgr\nd1 ,fig4 #bd4 ,if !re be corn]s too small to admit ! /amp or /amps = ! same patt]n1 !n f9i% !m up ) a po9t$ nail or any po9t1 su* z a bodk94 ,! result w be l ! simple design 9 ,fig4 #bc4 ,:5 ?is is done1 coat ! :ole ) oil1 rub x 91 & wipe x (f ) c>e4 ,!n ) a piece ( v s(t wood poli% only ! patt]n1 & f9ally rub x (f by h& or ) a /iff bru%4 ,?is k9d ( ornam5tation is adapt$ to ! cov]s ( books or albums1 z x c be appli$ to ! ?9ne/ %eets ( wood4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,,/amps4 ,ano!r way to improve ?is "w is to take ! trac]1 & smoo? d[n & depress ! gr\nd1 especially ne> ! patt]n edge4 ,?is gives an improv$ relief4 ,!n ! gr\nd may be /amp$ or matt$1 ,fig4 #bd4 ,x may be borne 9 m9d t ! pupil :o ma/]s ?is process ( ind5t+ ) :eel1 trac]s1 & /amps1 w be q able to "w patt]ns 9 damp %eet-lea!r1 s9ce ! latt] is effect$ 9 ! same way ) ! same tools4 ,nor does ! fir/ /ep 9 rep\ss or %eet-brass "w diff] greatly f x4 ,all ! m9or arts h a great deal 9 common2 _m ( ! tools us$ 9 "o be+ applicable to o!rs4 ,! pupil :o beg9s ) "s k ( draw+ w soon f9d x easy to "w 9 any mat]ial4 ,! pupil hav+ done ?is1 has an idea ( h[ a patt]n is plac$ or spac$ & contra/$ ) ! gr\nd4 ,he may n[ take ano!r panel1 & hav+ drawn ! patt]n1 cut out ! outl9e 9 a light groove ) a v small g\ge or a ,v tool1 or a firm]4 ,let him be v c>eful to hold ! h&le 9 8 "r h&1 & guide ! blade ) ! f+]s ( ! left1 & nev] to let ! latt] get be=e ! po9t4 ,d n cut deeply or too rapidly4 ,be=e beg9n+ on ! patt]n1 practise cutt+ grooves on wa/e wood4 ,unless ?is is done ! panel w almo/ c]ta9ly be spoil$4 ,x is usual among c>v]s to beg9 ) cutt+ ! groove ) a ,v tool1 b x is well to prep>e = ?is by us+ ! trac] or :eel4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,fig4 #bg repres5ts ! effect ( a gr\nd :i* is ind5t$1 & to a degree ornam5t$1 by us+ r\nd /amps ( diff]5t patt]ns & sizes4 ,v good effects may be produc$ 9 ?is way1 :i* resembles diap]-"w4 ,to cle>ly recapitulate ! process1 let me obs]ve3 ,t to beg91 ! pupil mu/ h a smoo? panel )\t knots or imp]fections4 ,! patt]n is drawn on ?is or transf]r$ to x4 ,?is patt]n %\ld be entirely 9 outl9e1 )\t any inside l9es or draw+ betwe5 ! outside edges1 ,fig4 #bd4 ,take a :eel or trac] & ind5t ! :ole patt]n v c>efully & r deeply1 n all at "o pressure1 b by go+ twice or ?rice ov] ! l9e4 ,!n ) a /amp & hamm] ind5t all ! backgr\nd & ! spaces betwe5 ! edges ( ! patt]n4 ,hav+ done ?is once1 take ano!r panel & patt]n1 & in/ead ( press+ 9 ! outl9e ) a :eel or trac]1 cut x ) a p>t+ tool or g\ge--n too deeply4 ,!n ind5t z be=e1 ,fig4 #be4 ,?is /amp+ ! gr\nds is (t5 miscall$ diap] c>v+1 b ! diap] is1 correctly speak+1 a small patt]n multipli$ to make a gr\nd1 & n r\ghly corrugat+ or dott+ ) a bodk91 or prick+4 ,?is latt] is1 ( c\rse1 ind5t+4 ,diap]s may be ei!r /amp$ or c>v$ l any o!r patt]ns4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,?is process ( flatt5+1 :eel+1 trac+1 & /amp+ wood1 ?\gh little practis$ n[1 0 s common 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 t !re are v few gall]ies conta9+ pictures ) gold backgr\nds 9 :i* !re are n specim5s ( x4 ,v great ma/]s 9 pa9t+ frequ5tly practis$ x4 ,aft] gild+ ! gr\nd1 !y outl9$ ! patt]n ) a prick-:eel1 :i* is q l ! r[el ( a spur1 & (t5 trac$ dott$ patt]ns ) ! :eel itself on ! flat gold4 ,black or d>k br[n pa9t 0 !n rubb$ into ! dots4 ,sometimes ! /amp 0 also us$1 & its m>ks or holes fill$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,x is n necess>y to gild ! backgr\nd to produce a f9e effect4 ,fir/ apply a coat ( v>ni%1 poli% x :5 dry ) f9e/ glass-pap]1 !n apply a coat or two ( :ite oil pa9t1 ton$ ) ,naples yell[1 & :5 x is dry "w x ) :eel-trac]s & /amps4 ,:5 dry poli% x aga91 & rub d>k br[n pa9t into all ! l9es & dots4 ,cov] x ) two coats ( f9e ret\*+ v>ni%1 & ! effect w be t ( old /amp$ ivory4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,,g\ge ,,l9es4 ,?is fir/ lesson may be omitt$ by ^? :o wi% to proce$ at once to c>v+4 ,x is giv5 "h because x sets =? ! easie/ & lea/ exp5sive mann] ( ornam5t+ wood1 & "o :i* =ms a curi\s & beautiful art by itself4 ,) x "o c acquire a famili>ity ) ! me?od ( transf]r+ patt]ns to wood1 & ) ! managem5t ( ! trac] & /amp4 ,! patt]n-:eel %\ld be held 9 ! "r h&1 & guid$ by ! =ef+] ( ! left1 :i* is a good prep>atory practice = ! *isel & g\ge4 ,:ile ! tools requisite = ?is "w are few & inexp5sive1 x may be obs]v$ t tol]able sub/itutes may be obta9$ = !m any:]e4 ,almo/ any knife-blade1 eras]1 or screw-driv] c be gr\nd into a dull edge :i* may s]ve to trace & press ! wood1 :ile a spike or v l>ge nail c1 ) a file1 be s cross$ at ! end z to make a /amp4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,,ind5t$ ,,gr\nd4 ,,second ,,lesson4 ,,cutt+ ,,grooves ,,) ,a ,,g\ge4 ,we w n[ suppose t ! pupil has a piece ( smoo? p9e wood1 at lea/ six in*es by six 9 size1 & half an in* 9 ?ickness1 fa/5$ to ! table be=e him4 ,let him draw on x two l9es ) a lead p5cil1 across ! gra91 "o-f\r? ( an in* di/ant f ea* o!r4 ,!n tak+ a flut] or g\ge ( semi-circul> curve1 also "o-f\r? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 let him c>efully cut away ! wood betwe5 ! l9es s z to =m a semi-circul> groove1 ,fig4 #bh a4 ,?is is n to be effect$ by cutt+ all ! wood away at once4 ,a v little %\ld be remov$ at fir/1 s z to make a %all[ groove1 !n ?is may be cut ov] aga9 till ! incision is p]fect4 ,hold ! h&le ( ! tool firmly 9 ! "r h&1 ) ! wri/ & "p ( ! =e>m re/+ on ! b5*2 place ! two fir/ f+]s ( ! left h& on ! face ( ! blade ab\t an in* f ! cutt+ edge1 to direct & act z a /op to prev5t ! tool advanc+ too fa/4 ,"s place ! ?umb bel[ ! blade1 s t x is held betwe5 ! ?umb & ! two fir/ f+]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh a4 ,,/raight ,,grooves4 ,keep y\r m9d on y\r "w--a c>eless movem5t may cause a slip ( ! tool & ru9 x4 ,let e /roke ( *isel or g\ge be made & regulat$ by purpose & design1 n haphaz>d1 or at r&om4 ,?9k exactly :at y wi% to cut or mean to d1 & leave no?+ to involunt>y action4 ,! habit ( do+ ?is may be acquir$ 9 ! fir/ few lessons1 if y try1 & :5 x is acquir$ all ! real difficulty ( c>v+ is ma/]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh b4 ,,cross ,,grooves4 ,nev] attempt to c>ve any?+ unless x is fa/5$ to ! table4 ,pupils :o d ?is fall into ! habit ( hold+ ! panel d[n ) ! left h&1 & ! result is t ! tool slips soon] or lat]1 & inflicts a w\nd :i* may be s]i\s4 ,always keep bo? h&s on ! tool4 ,:5 ! pupil %all h cut p]haps tw5ty /raight grooves ) great c>e ) ! g\ge1 he may !n cut cross-b>r$ grooves1 ,fig4 #bh b1 & !n curv$ ones z 9 ,fig4 #bi a1 b1 c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,,curv$ ,,& ,,cross+ ,,grooves4 ,two sections ( a circle ?us int]sect+ =m1 z may be se51 a leaf4 ,"o1 two1 or ev5 ?ree lessons may be devot$ to ?is1 b let ! pupil g no fur!r until he c cut ^! grooves p]fectly4 ,he w !n f9d x excell5t practice at odd int]vals to c>ve grooves 9 circles1 spirals1 or o!r =ms4 ,groove-c>v+ may be reg>d$ z l9e-draw+1 = any patt]n :i* c be drawn 9 simple l9es c be ( c\rse imitat$ ) a g\ge4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,v pretty decorative "w may be effect$ by ?is g\ge-groov+ alone1 & 9 fact x 0 v common 9 ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies1 z is %[n by specim5s 9 ! museums ( ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 ,muni*1 ,vi5na1 & ,salzburg4 ,! wood *os5 0 g5]ally a highly-gra9$ or /rongly-m>k$ p9e1 ! natural yell[ col\r ( :i* 0 some:at height5$ by /a9+1 oil+1 or age4 ,! patt]n1 g5]ally a leafy "o1 0 !n outl9$ ) a n>r[1 say "o-?ird in* g\ge1 & ! grooves pa9t$ 9 ) black or br[n4 ,?is 0 appli$ 9 _m ways1 b especially to l>ge cab9ets or w>drobes4 ,x is a v rapid & effective k9d ( "w4 ,celtic or ,iri% 7or ,runic7 patt]ns1 :i* resemble ropes or ribbons cross+ "o ano!r1 c be v well imitat$ by runn+ ^! l9es ) a g\ge1 ,fig4 #cj4 ,no writ] on wood-c>v+ ev] seems to h notic$ :at beautiful1 complicat$1 & valuable "w c be execut$ 9 ?is mann] alone4 ,^! l9es c be pa9t$ 9 black1 d>k col\rs1 or r$1 s z to make f9e effects 9 decorative furniture or friezes4 ,x may also be obs]v$1 t :5 cut !y may be us$ = m\lds = pla/] ( ,p>is1 papi]-ma*1 & lea!r4 ,! pupil w\ld d well to pass a few days 9 develop+ simple groove-"w1 :i* is wor? p]fectly und]/&+4 ,!re are few :o _c ) c>e le>n to cut grooves v well ) a g\ge aft] a few days' practice4 ,i urge t ! pupil %all d ?is ) ease be=e go+ fur!r4 ,secondly1 t he %all actually realize :at a great am\nt ( beautiful "w c be made ) "o g\ge ( f "o-f\r? to "o-?ird ( an in* diamet]2 z1 = in/ance1 9 inscriptions1 int]lac+ b&s or any k9d ( design =m$ ( l9es or cords1 ,celtic decoration1 int]lac+ ropes or ribbons1 etc4 ,! arti/ :o proposes to ma/] c>v+ = g5]al decoration %\ld pay p>ticul> att5tion to ?is simple "w4 ,beg9n]s 9 c>v+ are1 )\t exception1 s anxi\s to get ornam5ts or leaves 9 relief1 & to produce "s k9d ( high-class art "w1 t !y pass ov] groov+ & curve-c>v+ or flat-cutt+ z ( v little consequ5ce1 :5 9 fact x w\ld be 9 e way mu* m to _! advantage to develop x to ! utmo/4 ,! great reason :y !re is at pres5t s little decoration ( broad spaces 9 panels1 scrolls1 or furniture1 by means ( c>v+1 is because all c>v]s are devot$ almo/ exclusively to m ambiti\s "w1 & ignore :at may be done ) a few tools by ! simple/ me?ods4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,?ird ,,lesson4 ,,flat ,,patt]ns ,,made ,,) ,,cuts ,,& ,,l9es--,,cavo ,,relievo ,,or ,,intaglio ,,rilevato 7,,cavo-,,cutt+74 ,!re is an easy k9d ( flat or holl[ c>v+1 if x c be s call$1 :i* is execut$ ) a g\ge or ,v tool1 or a firm] alone1 b :i* produces flat patt]ns4 ,make ! design1 & z x is to be execut$ almo/ entirely ) l9es or grooves1 or small holl[s1 x mu/ be s design$ t ! patt]ns are close fitt+1 or sep>at$ only by l9es4 ,n[ & !n1 or "h & !re1 a small corn] or l>g] space or cavity may be remov$ by a t\* ( ! tool1 b z a rule !re is little "w 9 x beyond m]e l9es4 ,h[ev]1 z 9 ! g\ge-"w ( ! previ\s lesson1 al?\gh anybody c le>n 9 a day or two to run ! l9es1 yet if good patt]ns be available1 rem>kably beautiful & valuable "w may be produc$ by x4 ,x is z applicable to cab9ets1 *e/s1 panels = *airs1 or o!r k9ds ( decoration4 ,( c\rse ! l9es1 or holl[s1 or excavations may1 z 9 all cases1 be fill$ 9 ) col\r1 ,fig4 #ca4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,?is "w c (t5 be v well execut$ ) ! firm] 7or flat c>v]'s *isel7 alone1 & x w af=d good practice to acquire famili>ity ) t greatly neglect$ tool4 ,flat or cavo-cutt+ ( ?is k9d z "w is only a little advance on groov+ ) a g\ge1 b its results may be v mu* m arti/ic4 ,x occupies a position betwe5 g\ge groov+ & cutt+ out ! gr\nd4 ,ea* ( ^! are z sep>at$ z s _m di/9ct arts1 b !y lead "o to ! o!r1 ,figs4 #ca-ce4 ,! easie/ way to prep>e ?is "w is to execute ! patt]n on ! wood 9 ,indian ink1 & !n simply cut away all ! black4 ,! l9es 9 leaves1 etc41 mu/ be v c>efully run ) ! ,v tool2 all ! l>g] holl[s %\ld be cut ) a g\ge4 ,if v l>ge holl[s1 or spaces1 or gr\nds are left1 !y mu/ be execut$ z describ$ 9 ! next lesson4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,,flat ,,patt]ns4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,,flat ,,patt]ns4 ,obs]ve 9 ,figs4 #ca to #ce t all ! c>v+ is conf9$ to simply cutt+ away ! p>ts indicat$ by ! black gr\nd4 ,! f9e l9es c be be/ execut$ ) a p>t+ or ,v tool1 & 9 _m in/ances ) ! smalle/ g\ge or ve9]4 ,?\gh n usual1 x is excell5t practice1 :5 possible1 to le>n to d ?is ) a small firm]1 or c>v]'s *isel4 ,^! cavo relievo or cut-out flat patt]ns are z easy ( execution z g\ge-"w to any "o :o has le>n$ ! latt]4 ,!y are n n[ mu* /udi$1 b !y are capable ( a wide application 9 l>ge decorative art4 ,! l9es & cavities look be/ :5 pa9t$ or dy$4 ,x is ! next /ep beyond g\ge-"w1 :i* repres5ts simple draw+ ( l9es 9 design1 & corresponds to sket*+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,cont\r or r\nd+ & modell+ ( c\rse correspond to light & %ade1 b pla9 g\ge & cavo-cutt+ is simple sket*+4 ,any animal1 or a human figure1 a vase1 fl[]s1 or v9es may be ?us c>v$1 ! only fur!r condition be+ t ! outl9es %all always be broad & bold4 ,great c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ n to make too _m l9es1 especially f9e ones1 & 9 all cases to avoid detail1 & make ! design z simple z y c4 ,:5 9 ?us outl9+ an animal y h cle>ly indicat$1 ) z few l9es z possible1 :at x is meant to be1 y h done en\gh1 z 9 all sket*+ ! gold5 rule is to give z mu* repres5tation ) z little "w z possible1 ,fig4 #cf4 ,x may be obs]v$ t famili> & ext5sive practice ( ! v easy g\ge-groove "w1 & ( simple flat or cavo-cutt+ 9 holl[s1 if c>ri$ out on a l>ge scale1 z = in/ance 9 wall & door patt]ns1 gives ! pupil f> m en]gy & confid5ce1 & is m conducive to free-h& c>v+ & ! sweep-cut1 ?an ! usual me?od ( devot+ mu* "t 9 ! beg9n+ to *ipp+ elaborate leaves & o!r small "w4 ,!re=e x w be well = ! pupil to p]fect himself 9 su* simple groove & holl[ "w4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ /ep 9 m$ival c>v+1 & x 0 ! prop] "o = g5]al decoration4 ,x 0 9 ?is mann] t ! old c>v]s ( ,engl& & _! ma/]s1 ! ,flem+s1 taught _! pupils4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,f\r? ,,lesson4 ,,cutt+ ,,out ,a ,,flat ,,panel ,,) ,a ,,gr\nd4 ,let ! pupil take a panel & draw on x a patt]n1 ,fig4 #cg a4 ,he is to cut ?is out 9 :at is call$ flat c>v+1 & sometimes ribbon "w4 ,he beg9s by outl9+1 :i* may be effect$ 9 diff]5t ways4 ,i4 ,by tak+ a small flut] or ve9]1 or a tool+-g\ge "o-t5? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & cutt+ a groove all ar\nd ! patt]n j outside ( x1 b accurately close to x4 ,if p]fect 9 ,lesson ,,ii4 ?is w be v easy = him4 ,,ii4 ,he may d ?is also ) a ,v or p>t+ tool1 b ! g\ge is bett] = a fir/ attempt4 ,,iii4 ,! outl9e cutt+ may be effect$ by tak+ a firm] or c>v]'s *isel1 "o-?ird ( an in* broad1 & plac+ x up & d[n close to ! patt]n1 b slop+ outw>dly1 give x a tap ) ! mallet s z to s9k x a v little way into ! wood4 ,d n cut /raight up & d[n1 b s z to make a slop+ bank4 ,,iv4 ,!re is yet ano!r way1 :i* is m difficult & seldom practis$1 yet :i* if ma/]$ gives great skill 9 c>v+4 ,take ! firm] or flat *isel1 & hold+ x ) great c>e run x along ! edge1 slop+ outw>ds1 s z to cut ! l9e accurately4 ,by means ( ?is me?od ! :ole "w may be v well outl9$4 ,x is n urg$ z absolutely necess>y at a fir/ lesson1 b x is advisable to practise x soon] or lat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg a4 ,:5 ! outl9+ is done1 let ! pupil take a flat g\ge 7if he has cut ! l9e ) a small g\ge71 & v c>efully %ave away ! wood f ! gr\nd4 ,let him cut at fir/ v little at a "t1 = 8 object is n[ n to make some?+ to %[1 b to le>n h[ to manage 8 tools4 ,d n f9i% all ! cutt+ 9 "o "p at once1 leav+ ! re/ unt\*$1 b g all ov] x gradually sev]al times1 until x is ne>ly p]fect4 ,let e t\* tell4 ,remove ! wood at e cut1 & leave no edges or spl9t]s4 ,to d ?is well y mu/ also always wat* & consid] ! gra9 ( ! wood at ! p>ticul> spot y are op]at+ ^u2 x is easy en\gh to see :e!r y are cutt+ )1 t is 9 ! same direction1 z ! gra91 or across ! gra92 b x is some?+ beyond ?is t has to be look$ to4 ,x is inv>iable t all wood1 :e!r cut ) ! gra9 or p>tly across ! gra91 w be f\nd to "w bett]1 smoo!r1 & ) less t5d5cy to spl9t] ei!r 9 ! "o or ! o!r direction1 t is to say1 :5 cut f "r to left1 or ! rev]se1 f left to "r4 ,! requir$ direction 9 :i* x w cut ! smoo!/ is at once %[n by ! behavi\r ( ! wood itself & ! quality ( ! results2 h5ce1 %\ld ! "w or surface %[ a t5d5cy to spl9t]1 if possible cut x f ! opposite direction1 & turn ! "w r\nd on ! b5* %\ld t be necess>y to enable y to d x1 t is1 if y _c use ! tool 9 ei!r h&4 ,bew>e above all ?+s ( lett+ ! h&s "w me*anically4 ,?9k ( :at y are ab\t4 ,by le>n+ to cut clean & flat y are tak+ ! fir/ /ep t[>ds ! sweep-cut1 :i* w come aft]w>ds1 & :i* requires bo? delib]ation & dext]ity4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg b4 ,:5 all is cut out nicely & c>efully1 take an extra flat g\ge & clean ! floor1 remov+ e trace ( unev5ness4 ,!n take a ,fr5* r\nd nail or bodk91 & ) ! mallet fill ! gr\nd ) little holes s z to make a r\gh surface2 or y may use "o ( ! /amps = ?is4 ,?is requires c>e1 s t ! %ape ( ! /amp may n be app>5t4 ,x is advisable to trim ) a v %>p small *isel1 & ) great c>e1 ! edge ( ! patt]n4 ,= ?is lesson x w be be/ n to cut away m ?an "o-f\r? ( an in* to =m ! gr\nd4 ,if ! outl9+ is done ) a *isel & mallet1 be=e cutt+ away ! gr\nd1 g ov] ! outl9e & cut at a little di/ance f ! l9e already cut t[>ds x1 s z to remove ! wood & =m a ,v-%ap$ groove1 z "o digs ) a spade4 ,tea*]s or pupils are begg$ to rememb] t ! sole object ( ?is lesson is to le>n h[ to h&le & manage ! tools2 t is1 to become famili> ) !m1 & h[ to le>n to cut a gr\nd ) skill & confid5ce4 ,to d ?is !re %\ld be mu* occasional practice on bits ( wa/e wood4 ,!re=e x is e>ne/ly urg$ t no beg9n] %all g fur!r ?an ! "w describ$ 9 ?is lesson until he or %e c execute x ) accuracy & ease4 ,:5 ?is is ga9$ all t rema9s to be done is easy4 ,! reason :y ! p>t+ or ,v tool is n specially recomm5d$ to beg9n]s = outl9+ is1 t x is ! mo/ difficult ( all tools 9 ord9>y use to %>p54 ,! small g\ge answ]s e purpose = ! "w 9 h&4 ,to recapitulate1 fir/1 we h ! cutt+ away f betwe5 ! outl9es ( ! patt]n3 ,if ! panel be half an in* 9 ?ickness1 x %\ld n be m ?an a qu>t] ( an in* 9 dep?4 ,cut ov] ! :ole v lightly at fir/1 & !n g ov] x aga9 & aga94 ,d n dig or cut out ! :ole qu>t] ( an in* 9 "o place at once1 leav+ ! re/ z yet unt\*$4 ,%\ld y d ?is y w be l$ to cutt+ too deeply 9 "s places4 ,:5 ! h>d "w is effectively execut$1 & ne>ly all ! wood is r\ghly cut away1 ! "w is said to be bo/$ or sket*$1 a ^w suppos$ to be d]iv$ f ! ,fr5* bau* or ! ,italian abozzo1 mean+ ! same ?+4 ,aft] cutt+ ,fig4 #cg a1 ! pupil may proce$ to #cg b1 :i* is simply an amplification ( ! same4 ,illu/ration ,,fif? ,,lesson4 ,,cutt+ ,,simple ,,leaves--,,c>v+ ,,) ,,! ,,left ,,h&--,,modell+ ,,or ,,r\nd+--,,%ad$ ,,patt]ns ,,& ,,modell+--,,progress ,,t[>ds ,,relief4 ,x w be v mu* to ! advantage ( ! pupil1 s soon z he c cut confid5tly & correctly ) ! g\ge or *isel1 to practise ) ! left h& z well z ! "r4 ,! y\ng] he is ! easi] w x be to =m ?is habit4 ,a c>v+ tool is %>p5$ f bo? sides because ! edge1 s made1 enables ! arti/ to cut f _m positions )\t turn+ ! wood1 & :5 he c use bo? h&s he has ! same advantage to a great] degree4 ,try1 !re=e1 to acquire a p]fect comm& ( ! tools1 s z to cut ) bo? h&s1 & 9 _m directions & ways1 ! greate/ c>e be+ always tak51 h[ev]1 t y d n turn ! po9t t[>ds y\rself1 le/ an unw>y slip %\ld produce a w\nd4 ,:5 y c cut ) confid5ce1 & d n rely "u any circum/ance on splitt+1 digg+1 priz+ up1 wriggl+1 or rock+ ) ! g\ge to remove wood1 !n y c tell be=eh& :at y are ab\t to d4 ,to atta9 ?is skill y mu/ frequ5tly practise cutt+ on wa/e wood1 & n sp5d all y\r "t on p]fectly f9i%$ "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,! pupil has be5 in/ruct$ 9 ,lesson ,,iv4 h[ to cut out ! gr\nd f a flat panel1 leav+ ! patt]n 9 relief4 ,v beautiful patt]ns may be execut$ ) v little f9i%2 & a va/ proportion ( beautiful old ,go?ic wood-c>v+ dep5d$ f> m on outl9e ?an on modell+ = its effect4 ,modell+ is ! r\nd+ or %ap+ a patt]n to give x =m4 ,n[ leaves1 9 "o %ape or ano!r1 m or less natural1 =m a great proportion ( all decorative design4 ,:5 !y are simplifi$ f ! orig9al type1 & made m]ely ornam5tal1 yet /ill pres]v+ s mu* ( ! orig9al %ape t we c pla9ly see :at t type 01 !y are said to be conv5tionaliz$4 ,x is1 !re=e1 v important t ! wood-c>v] %\ld "k h[ to c>ve leaves well4 ,he has already le>n$ h[ to make ! simple outl9e or groove ( "o or _m ) a g\ge1 & h[ to remove ! wood surr\nd+ !m4 ,he may n[ g a /ep fur!r & cut ) great c>e ! elem5t>y patt]n1 ,fig4 #ch4 ,use a flat g\ge = gradually r\nd+ & c>v+ ! surface1 beg9n+ ) ! out] or l[] edge1 & work+ up to ! /em4 ,! pupil w d ?is z well aga91 & ) f> great] confid5ce & ease1 %\ld he beg9 fir/ly by mak+ a %ad$ copy ( a leaf 9 p5cil1 !n modell+ x 9 clay1 & !n copy+ ?is 9 wood4 ,! "t ?us sp5t w be ga9$ 9 ! end _m times ov] by ! skill & dext]ity & eye-tra9+ acquir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,panel 9 ,l[-relief ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 r\nd+ a leaf is effect$ simply by wa/+ or *ipp+ away little by little by /raight=w>d cutt+4 ,?is is ! same = convexities & holl[s4 ,su* r\nd+ & undulation is p]=m$ by skill$ arti/s ) v few tools1 includ+ g\ges1 skew-*isels1 rasps1 files1 & ! d\ble-b5t g\ge4 ,! /ud5t may1 9 ! beg9n+1 r\nd & scoop 8 leaves ) any tools :i* seem fit1 if he w only cut ) ! utmo/ caution1 & keep ! implem5ts well %>p5$4 ,a v important & r difficult "p ( ?is "w is ! cutt+ ! ribs or /ems :i* run ?r\gh ! leaf4 ,"o implem5t = ?is purpose is ! s-call$ mac>oni tool1 b at pres5t x is really v little us$1 ow+ to ! great difficulty ( keep+ x %>p1 & its liability to break4 ,ne>ly all ve9+ c be execut$ ) ! flut] or l>ge ve9]1 ! holl[ g\ge1 ! ,v tool1 or ! flat g\ge1 accord+ to circum/ances4 ,! wood1 z ,eleanor ,r[e rem>ks1 %\ld be tak5 (f 9 %ort1 %>p t\*es1 & n by deep & long cuts1 & no attempt %\ld be made to obta9 a smoo? surface until ! =m & g5]al modell+ ( ! leaf is done4 ,! edge ( ! leaf may be a little "u-cut to give relief2 ?is effect %\ld be giv5 by a ,v tool or small ve9]4 ,:5 ! leaf is correct 9 =m1 proce$ ) flat g\ges to remove ! tool m>ks1 hold+ ! tool v firmly1 & incl9+ x to an angle ( ab\t #de4 ,x is advisable = ! beg9n] to cut sev]al simple leaves ) great c>e1 ,fig4 #ci1 &1 if possible1 let him draw1 %ade c>efully1 & model !m all 9 clay be=e c>v+ !m4 ,he w be a/oni%$ to f9d h[ mu* easi] ! latt] process is1 & ) :at confid5ce x c be c>ri$ out1 aft] ! two =m] h be5 execut$4 ,hav+ = sev]al ye>s _h "u my sup]vision l>ge classes 9 wood-c>v+1 bo? ) & )\t modell+ 9 clay1 ,i speak f exp]i5ce on ?is subject4 ,x is to be obs]v$ t1 z leaves & sprays involve e possible curve1 he :o c design1 model1 & c>ve !m well1 w f9d no difficulty 9 execut+ birds1 animals1 or ! human face or figure4 ,9 _! simple/ =ms1 or 9 flat "w1 ^! are all extremely easy4 ,!n !y may be a little r\nd$1 or modell$1 & s go+ on1 /ep by /ep1 ! c>v] may come to full relief4 ,oak leaves are1 p]haps1 ! mo/ graceful ( all objects1 & l5d !mselves to z _m =ms z ! acan?us1 b !y are also v difficult 9 _! m advanc$ developm5ts4 ,!re=e !y =m an admirable subject = /udy4 ,illu/ration ,,six? ,,lesson4 ,,cutt+ ,,) ,,! ,,gra9--,,turn+ ,,! ,,tool--,,! ,,drill--,,bold ,,c>v+--,,& ,,l>ge ,,"w4 ,9 bo? l>ge & small c>v+ !re is "o common difficulty1 ! frequ5t resi/ance ( ! gra9 ( ! wood & defects incid5tal to x4 ,?is "q has already be5 t\*$ ^u 9 ! ,f\r? ,lesson1 :]e ! pupil has be5 told t he w usually f9d ! wood cut m readily f ! "o side t[>ds ! o!r4 ,to ?is may be add$1 t z he progresses & c>ves 9 high] relief he w n only f9d ! same ?+ 9 work+ leaves & o!r ornam5t1 b he w also f9d t "s portions ab\t ^! w always cut bett]1 m smoo?ly1 & )\t spl9t]+1 :5 ! tool cuts d[nw>ds1 t is1 f ! surface t[>ds ! backgr\nd1 b ) o!r & q adjac5t portions :5 ! tool is made to cut ! rev]se way or upw>ds4 ,z a fir/ rule1 !re=e1 s soon z !re is ! smalle/ sign ( spl9t]+1 try ! cut f an opposite direction to remove x1 & x %\ld cease4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,fur!r1 if ! edge ( ! g\ge or firm] cut 9 c]ta9 directions aga9/ ! gra9 ( ! wood1 x w cat*1 or te>1 or spl9t]4 ,z ano!r precaution aga9/ ?is1 ! c>v] may %ift ! position ( ! wood by unscrew+ x1 if x is held by a clamp or holdfa/4 ,?is is m easily effect$ if he h1 9 ! ,fr5* fa%ion1 only ?ree or f\r nails driv5 into ! table1 9 :i* case he has only to pick 8 "w up & put x into a diff]5t position2 or he may %ift 8 own position4 ,b x is be/ ( all to be able to c>ve ) bo? h&s1 a feat :i*1 aft] all1 is n difficult to acquire1 & :i* comes v soon ) a little practice2 & to ma/] ! art ( turn+ ! tool ab\t & cutt+ 9 any position1 :i* also comes ) practice to an incr$ible ext5t4 ,he :o c d ?is1 c manage to cut ) ! gra9 9 mo/ cases )\t %ift+ ! block4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,wood %\ld nev] be torn or ripp$2 ev]y?+ %\ld be done by clean1 smoo? cutt+4 ,to make sure ( ?is y mu/ fir/ ( all keep e tool z %>p z a razor all ! "t1 & always cut ) ! gra94 ,cutt+ diagonally1 or p>tly across1 is /ill cutt+ ) ! gra91 & is easi] & sur] ?an go+ p>allel ) x4 ,m>k out ! patt]n1 ,figs4 #dj or #da1 & outl9e x4 ,! ,greek & ,roman workm51 & v (t5 ^? ( lat] b e>ly times1 ) a gimlet1 or drill1 or c5tre-bit1 bor$ out holes "h & !re1 bo? 9 wood-c>v+ & 9 /one1 & work$ up to1 or ar\nd ^!4 ,!y =m$ beg9n+s1 z x 71 to guide ! g\ge or *isel4 ,^! 7 (t5 ( great practical utility :]ev] a small r\nd cavity occurr$1 b _! *ief use 9 wood 0 to aid & direct ! tool 9 c]ta9 places :]e !re 7 difficulties ( gra9 to cont5d )1 or %>p po9ts or corn]s ( ornam5ts likely to be brok5 (f4 ,i 0 once puzzl$ to "k :y ! drill 0 s mu* m us$ 9 anci5t ?an 9 mod]n c>v+1 b reflection conv9c$ me t :]e decorative "w mu/ be done exp$iti\sly or *eaply1 & a little co>s5ess ( execution did n signify1 x 0 a v great aid4 ,9 ! patt]n1 ,fig4 #ch1 ! leaf is easy to cut2 t is to say1 "o s+le leaf4 ,cutt+ x once m1 or repeat+ x1 is only do+ ! same "w ov] aga92 yet if ?is same leaf1 or ano!r n a bit m difficult1 be repeat$ tw5ty-five or ?irty times 9 a wrea?1 x w seem to be a v difficult piece ( "w4 ,n[1 x is a matt] ( importance to und]/& t if y c d a v small1 simple piece ( wood-c>v+ really well1 y c also by m]e pati5ce & repetition execute a piece ( "w :i* w\ld seem to be v rem>kable1 or q beyond y\r p[]4 ,! illu/ration to ?is lesson1 ,fig4 #dj1 %[s :at ,i mean4 ,almo/ any "o ) c>e c\ld cut out a leaf1 & he :o has done "o c repeat x 9 any o!r arrangem5t4 ,n[ a va/ proportion ( all decorative patt]ns 9 flat or ribbon-"w1 & ev5 9 high] relief1 are =m$ on ?is pr9ciple ( repetition1 or ( s-call$ lobes1 s t he :o c c>ve ev5 a little neatly may be confid5t almo/ f ! beg9n+ ( be+ able to execute ev5 valuable "w4 ,su* a panel z ,fig4 #da1 :5 once c>v$1 may s]ve = ! lid or sides ( a box1 ! cov] ( an album1 or any object ) a smoo?1 flat surface4 ,b ,i _c repeat too (t5 ?is injunction1 to con/antly practise cutt+ on wa/e wood1 s z to acquire facility ( h&1 be=e attempt+ any?+ :i* is to be %[n or sold4 ,x is un=tunately true t1 left to himself or h]self1 !re is n a pupil 9 a ?\s& :o w\ld n devote all ! "t or "w to produc+ %[-pieces1 ev5 at ! fir/ cutt+1 in/ead ( practis+ s z to le>n h[ to produce !m4 ,:5 pupils h tea*]s :o are practical & workmanlike1 x is probable t z soon z !y c h&le ! tools !y w be set at bold1 l>ge "w4 ,?is is =tunate = !m1 s9ce x is ! greate/ advantage "o c h1 be x 9 ,design1 ,modell+1 ,wood-c>v+1 or any o!r art ( ! k9d1 to be made famili> ) free-h&1 l>ge1 & vigor\s execution4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,,highly ,,f9i%$ ,,/udies ,,( ,,foliage4 ,p4 #dh4 ,illu/ration ,,sev5? ,,lesson4 ,,! ,,sweep-,,cut ,,or ,,free-,,h& ,,c>v+--,,cutt+ ,,not*es ,,9 ,,leaves--,,! ,,r\nd-,,cut4 ,boldness 9 cutt+ is a matt] ( v great importance1 s9ce no "o c c>ve really well till he gets beyond *ipp+ or wa/+4 ,to c>ve boldly we mu/ use ! sweep-cut4 ,x may be obs]v$ t 9 modell+ 9 clay !re are c]ta9 me?ods ( %ap+ ! mat]ial1 :i* are q peculi>2 z1 = in/ance1 :5 we press ! modell+ tool d[n or up1 & at ! same "t turn x to ! left or "r4 ,?is makes an incl9ation upw>ds or a depression d[nw>ds1 yet slop+ to "o side or ! o!r4 ,x is made by two movem5ts 9 "o2 s 9 cutt+ ) a sword or long knife1 if we *op1 yet at ! same in/ant draw ! blade1 ! result is a mu* deep] incision4 ,?is is call$ ! draw-cut1 & by means ( x a man may cut a %eep 9 two1 or sev] a h&k]*ief or lace veil ?r[n into ! air4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,v mu* l ?is is ! d\ble motion ( ! h& 9 ! sweep-cut1 :i* mu/ be acquir$ by all :o w\ld le>n to c>ve leaves well4 ,x is n q true t all "w mu/ g ?r\gh ! ?ree /ages ( block+ out1 bo/+1 & f9i%+2 = :5 leaves are c>v$ ) ! sweep-cut !y are g5]ally f9i%$ at "o op]ation4 ,) ?is cut1 :i* is usually p]=m$ ) a flat g\ge1 ! wood is remov$ s z to give a peculi> =m or curve--z :5 a leaf slopes d[n & sideways--by a s+le b comp\nd movem5t2 t is1 we mu/1 :ile press+ ! edge1 also move x or give x a slight lat]al motion4 ,?is sweep or side-cut is develop$ m fully 9 slop+ l>g] & especially r\nd$ surfaces1 l :ole leaves1 :i* rise & fall1 or undulate1 ,figs4 #da1 #db4 ,?is cut1 by means ( :i* "o c c>ve ) confid5ce ! mo/ brittle & difficult wood1 requires a tool ( v good quality1 :i* mu/ be kept scrupul\sly %>p4 ,x mu/ be practis$ on wa/e wood till ! pupil is a ma/] ( x1 b :5 x is once acquir$1 wood-c>v+1 z reg>ds all l>ge & effective "w1 may be said to really h no fur!r difficulties4 ,) "s x seems to come all at once1 by inspiration4 ,! simple/ or fir/ =m ( ! sweep-cut occurs 9 mak+ leaves4 ,e "o :o has tri$ ?is kn[s t ! cutt+ ! not*es or mak+ lobes 9 ! wood1 b especially ! %ap+ ! po9ts1 is a difficult matt]1 = if we simply %ove or press ! edge ( ! cutt]1 z 9 ord9>y or plane "w1 ! leaf w probably break1 especially if ! wood be splitty1 unev51 or brittle4 ,hav+ m>k$ out a circle to include ! lobes ( ! leaf1 we cut a not* half way betwe5 ! propos$ po9ts1 & by %av+ fir/ f "o side & !n ! o!r1 br+ ! leaf or its lobes into %ape1 ,fig4 #dc4 ,( c\rse1 9 do+ ?is we cut f ! po9t to ! corn]s4 ,= ! pres5t x w suffice to apply x 9 its simple/ & easie/ =m to cutt+ gr\ps ( leaves4 ,9 ! previ\s lesson ! pupil has be5 told h[ to cut out a s+le pla9 leaf 9 relief by simply wa/+ or *ipp+ away ! wood little by little ) a flat g\ge4 ,9 l mann] x might be fil$1 or rasp$1 or scrap$ l metal1 into %ape4 ,let ! pupil n[ sket* ,fig4 #dc1 & !n bo/ x out1 by cutt+ r\nd & cle>+ away z already describ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,! dott$ l9es indicate ! orig9al %ape or circles 9 :i* ! leaves are cut4 ,:5 x is all done b ! f9i%+1 or bo/$1 !n cut ! not*es backw>ds 9 ! mann] already describ$4 ,&1 z ,i h said1 if ! pupil has practis$ ! sweep-cut1 & keeps 8 flat g\ge p]fectly %>p1 he may cut ! f9e/ not*es 9 ! smalle/ leaves 9 ! splittie/ wood )\t once break+ away a piece4 ,! sweep-cut gives p]fect confid5ce1 & he :o has acquir$ x1 & kn[s h[ to apply x s z to make any curve or boss or involution :i* he pleases1 may be said to h pass$ f ! amateur /age to t ( ! arti/1 or at lea/ ( ! clev] workman4 ,by means ( x "o c model ! mo/ refractory wood into any %ape1 & to any "o :o is exp]t at x oak is z easy to c>ve z p9e4 ,!re=e ! pupil %\ld sp>e no pa9s to acquire x2 & x w come soon] p]haps ?an he expects if he fir/ ( all takes all pa9s to und]/& :at x really is1 & secondly to practise x = a few h\rs on wa/e wood4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 _m c>v]s :o pass mon?s or ye>s 9 wa/+ away wood by simple /raight cutt+ or *ipp+ be=e !y get any idea ( :at a sweep-cut is--if inde$ !y ev] le>n x4 ,b if ! pupil has previ\sly acquir$ skill1 t is to say1 ease & confid5ce 9 runn+ g\ge l9es & holl[ cutt+ & %ap+ simple leaves by /raight cutt+1 he w )\t d\bt f9d t ! free-h& sweep-cut comes z by inspiration4 ,illu/ration ,,eigh? ,,lesson4 ,,fur!r ,,application ,,( ,,! ,,sweep-,,cut ,,to ,,high] ,,relief4 ,:5 a leaf is 9 its ord9>y natural condition x is g5]ally flat1 b :ile gr[+ or fad+ x (t5 curls & twi/s into rem>kable & graceful %apes1 :i* are ext5sively employ$ 9 decoration4 ,be=e go+ fur!r ,i w\ld impress x on ! intellig5t /ud5t t ! m]e lit]al imitation ( any k9d ( leaf1 s t x w\ld look exactly l a real leaf if x 7 only col\r$1 %\ld seldom or nev] ent] )9 ! prov9ce ( wood-c>v+ z a g5]al decorative art4 ,:at ! pupil %\ld d 9 copy+ leaves & fl[]s1 etc41 or 9 modell+ !m = c>v+1 is to obs]ve _! *>act]i/ic %ape & cont\r1 to foll[ all _! graceful l9es & b5ds1 depressions & swell+s1 & give ! g5]al expression & _s ( ^! )\t /riv+ too accurately to make a m]e leaf4 ,he %\ld n make x s ?9 t x w\ld break ) a slight bl[4 ,a great deal ( ! mo/ admir$ "w ( ! pres5t day is ( ?is k9d1 :i* w h>dly be> du/+4 ,a leaf may always be cut1 z we see x done 9 classical & 9 anci5t "w1 s solidly & firmly z to resi/ ! we> & te> ( c5turies4 ,z nobody is expect$ to believe t x is a real leaf :5 x is palpably cut out ( wood or /one1 we may z well conv5tionalize x 7t is1 keep only a g5]al lik5ess to a leaf71 & make x attractive by grace & skilful comb9ation4 ,& ?is c be done if we only cut out ! leaf 9 its g5]al =m & leave a /rong base = x to re/ on1 s t x may be safely du/$ or rubb$ aga9/4 ,! /ud5t %\ld try to und]/& ?is1 = x w enable him to make all effects necess>y 9 decorative "w1 & save him mu* ne$less petty lab\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,if ! pupil has practis$ ! sweep-cut1 & c ) confid5ce "w 9 any direction1 ) bo? h&s1 he may n[ attempt oak-leaves 9 :i* !re are v>i$ slopes1 cavities1 & swell+s1 ,figs4 #dd & #de4 ,^! seem to h be5 ! fav\rite subjects ( ! old modell]s & c>v]s4 ,p]haps ! be/ design+ ( ! k9d 9 exi/5ce is t by ,adam ,kraft1 9 ,nuremb]g4 ,i repeat "h1 t ! m difficult & v>i$ a leaf is ! m necessity is !re = ! pupil to model x 9 clay1 or at lea/ to draw & %ade x c>efully1 be=e beg9n+4 ,! reason is ?is1 t1 hav+ its pr9cipal po9ts 9 ! memory1 x is mu* easi] to reproduce !m :5 cutt+ 9 wood2 we "k !n :5 & :]e to turn ! h& or ! tool4 ,& x is well to be> 9 m9d t ?is practical & necess>ily accurate1 ?\gh (t5 ha/y1 sket*+ & %ad+ ( ! work%op gr[s v rapidly on ! pupil1 s t1 be+ driv5 to x1 he le>ns to d su* draw+ m promptly & vigor\sly ?an he w\ld 9 a s*ool or class4 ,9 mak+ ! sweep-cut x is necess>y to get ! b5d or movem5t1 :i* is direct+ ! g\ge 9 ! prop] r\te4 ,9 ord9>y cutt+ we only pu% ! blade =w>d2 9 ! sweep-cut !re is a draw or side movem5t z well z a pu%4 ,b ! b5d or direction con/itutes1 s to speak1 a ?ird movem5t1 & ?is is ! mo/ difficult to det]m9e4 ,to get a c]ta9 symmetrical turn or curve we cut )\t see+1 :]eas 9 ord9>y cutt+ or wa/+ we see cle>ly j :at we are go+ to slice (f1 & take x away ) confid5ce4 ,b ) a little practice on wa/e wood1 ! sweep or draw-cut w become s famili> t "o c execute ! mo/ difficult curves1 n by *ipp+ away1 b by a bold sweep4 ,amateurs :o h taught !mselves c g5]ally cut or *ip only /raight=w>ds2 !y _c turn or curve a leaf ) a sweep4 ,! comb9$ movem5t giv5 to ! tool 9 mak+ ! sweep-cut may be ?us analyz$1 & if ! ?ree di/9ct =ces appli$ to ! tool be fir/ und]/ood & !n kept 9 m9d 9 mak+ su* cuts1 success w soon & easily result4 ,suppose we are engag$ ^u ! surface ( a leaf :i* slopes g5]ally d[nw>ds & (f to "o side1 b also has a rise or m\nd some:]e 9 ! c\rse ( ! slope1 & mo/ leaves h "o or m su* undulations4 ,) ! g\ge1 /raight or b5t1 grasp$ firmly 9 ! "r h&1 & ! two f+]s ( ! left h& press$ on ! surface & side ( ! blade ab\t an in* f ! cutt+ edge--! position already describ$3 ! tool is pu%$ /raight =w>d = ! entire l5g? ( ! cut by ! "r h&2 at ! same "t ! blade is pu%$ to ! "r or pull$ to ! left by ! two f+]s ( ! left h& to ! ext5t1 & z ! slope may travel to ! "r or ! left2 & ?irdly1 ! "r wri/ is rais$ or l[]$ to cause ! tool to travel ov] ! int5d$ m\nds or undulations on ! leaf4 ,n[ ^! ?ree di/9ct movem5ts or =ces ex]t$ on ! tool m]ge into "o ano!r1 & may be said to be us$ simultane\sly1 & are really "o cont9u\s movem5t1 :i* gives ! sweep-cut2 b ! ext5t to :i* any "o prepond]ates ( c\rse dep5ds ^u ! p>ticul> %ape ( ! leaf or scroll be+ c>v$1 & is soon f\nd out by b little practice ^u diff]5t =ms4 ,9 comm5c+ or bo/+ out ?is patt]n1 ,fig4 #dd1 & all o!rs 9 high relief1 ! pupil w d well to obs]ve t he %\ld select a g\ge ^: sweep w fit ! curve ( ! leaf 9 ! "p x is int5d$ to beg9 ^u1 & plac+ ! edge ( ! g\ge outside1 b q close to ! l9e1 & hold+ ! tool at a slope s z to cut away f x outw>ds1 give x a mod]ate bl[ ) ! mallet4 ,take c>e n to drive ! g\ge 9 too deeply4 ,?is is ! block+ out ( ! leaf1 or outl9+ 9 ! solid4 ,& 9 do+ ?is1 beg9 by mak+ or cutt+ ! g5]al outl9e only4 ,leave ! second-siz$ int]/ices or holl[s = a second cutt+1 & ! small] not*es ( ! leaves & f9e corn]s = a f9al f9i%+4 ,9 ?is patt]n1 ,fig4 #dd1 also ,figs4 #db & #de1 ! leaves %\ld be ( ! natural size1 or f ?ree to five in*es 9 l5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,,circul> ,,panel ,,9 ,,high] ,,relief4 ,mo/ beg9n]s cut too closely "u ! leaf1 s z to get at once to relief1 :i* looks l f9i%4 ,z a rule x is bett]1 :atev] ! patt]n be1 9 flat ribbon-"w or high relief1 to always r slant outw>ds4 ,= 9 ! fir/ place1 :5 we come to f9i% 9 ribbon-"w1 ! pupil may f9d x necess>y to cut s mu* away to bevel or r\nd or und]cut ! patt]n1 t 7especially :5 x is 9 n>r[ l9es7 ! ?9n+ away w q de/roy _! proportions4 ,b x is well on yet ano!r acc\nt to be v sp>+ ( ?is p>+ away & und]cutt+4 ,!re are f> too _m wood-c>v]s :o cut away "u 9 ord] to make leaves ?9 & natural1 till !y are l pap]1 & mu* m fragile4 ,?is is greatly admir$ z indicat+ skill1 & x c]ta9ly dem&s skill ( a common ord] to effect4 ,b x requires a mu* high] & nobl] k9d ( art & w to make ! leaves /rong & firm1 ev5 if we conv5tionalize !m--s t _! curves are really beautiful4 ,& ?is may be done1 & at ! same "t all ! mo/ beautiful & *>act]i/ic features ( leaves be pres]v$4 ,9 ribbon or flat c>v+1 a /rong %ad[ or relief may be got z foll[s4 ,9 cutt+1 slant ! *isel or g\ge outw>ds at an angle ( #de1 ?us 4 ,:5 ! gr\nd+ is f9i%$1 cut "u ! slope1 half way up4 ,! outl9e w !n be l a 4 ,?is %>p edge may be cut away a v little1 su* z 1 or ev5 into a r\nd$ 1 9 :i* case !re w be a m>k$ l9e ( %ad[ all r\nd ! edge4 ,hav+ block$ out ! :ole quasi-p]p5dicul>ly1 t is1 9 "o direction or on "o side1 proce$ to cut away ! mo/ app>5t holl[s or depressions4 ,) c>e & measurem5t ev5 ! beg9n] w soon f9d 8 leaves beg9n+ to assume %ape4 ,if he has n le>n$ z yet to cut & sweep boldly1 he may f9i% ! :ole by simply wa/+ ! wood away ) /raight cutt+1 aid$ by ! file1 riffl]1 or rasp4 ,9 fact1 = _m beg9n]s1 & especially = ^? :o are sl[ to le>n1 ?is /raight cutt+ & rasp+ is really advisable1 because x at lea/ makes !m famili> ) h&l+ tools1 & tea*es !m h[ to model & holl[ out4 ,beg9n]s always exp]i5ce great dread or hesitation z reg>ds holl[+ & curv+ 9 ! r\nd1 b :5 !y p]ceive t an object is beg9n+ to assume %ape !y take he>t1 & :5 !y h succe$$ ) "o or two by easy1 c]ta9 "w1 ev5 ) ! help ( rasps1 !y w c>ve ) m confid5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ornam5t ,,f ,,! ,,duomo1 ,,flor5ce4 ,illu/ration ,,n9? ,,lesson4 ,,c>v+ ,,simple ,,figures ,,or ,,animal ,,=ms--,,figur9i ,,= ,,cab9ets--,,simple ,,r\nd$ ,,edges ,,& ,,approa* ,,to ,,modell+4 ,:5 ! pupil has _h "s practice 9 c>v+ leaves & simil> ornam5ts 9 relief1 he soon le>ns to deep5 or to cut !m high] & high]1 & !n to model !m into =m4 ,he may n[1 if he *ooses1 attempt "s simple animal =ms4 ,a bird1 a duck1 or a h>e hang+ up1 w pres5t no special difficulty to him1 fir/ly1 if he w obta9 "o ( ,swiss "w1 already c>v$ 9 wood1 & imitate x4 ,!re are few t[ns :]e he _c obta9 some?+ ( ! k9d4 ,x is true t mu* ,swiss wood-c>v+ is n at all to be recomm5d$ z reg>ds /yle or f9i%1 b x w d v well = a beg9n+4 ,! be/ me?od w\ld ( c\rse be to model a h>e 9 clay aft] a dead "o4 ,9 any case he c make a beg9n+ by buy+ "s toy animals1 c>v$ 9 wood & n pa9t$4 ,^! are made by be+ sawn or turn$ out ( wood into ! pr(ile section4 ,?is is !n slic$ into _m pieces & ea* ( ^! c>v$1 sometimes fairly well1 into an animal4 ,! wool or hair is imitat$ 9 ! v small g\ges or ,v tools1 & sometimes scrap$ ) a rasp1 comb1 or o!r tool4 ,aft] ! block+ out su* "w pres5ts no peculi> difficulty4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,! process is q z easy z reg>ds ! ord9>y or grotesque animals 9 ,go?ic c>v+4 ,draw su* an animal1 ,fig4 #df or #dh a or b1 & hav+ fairly bo/$ x out1 proce$ to v gradually r\nd away ! edges4 ,if x be1 = in/ance1 a s]p5t1 :i* is ev]y:]e r\nd1 ?is process is v simple1 especially if aft] ! cutt+ we smoo? x ) files & glass-pap]4 ,x w %ape itself4 ,n[ ! limbs ( animals1 & ev5 ( human be+s 9 l[ relief1 may be r\nd$ 9 ?is mann] to approximate correctness2 or to correctness en\gh = initial ornam5tal processes4 ,z ! pupil proce$s1 & improves 9 modell+ & advances to copy+--let u say excell5t patt]ns ( ,r5aissance & classic "w--he w g f> beyond su* beg9n+4 ,b !re is 9 itself absolutely no reason :y1 if he only draws 8 outl9es correctly1 he %\ld n beg9 by ?is simple ,go?ic "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,:atev] a pupil c draw f life or a block1 t he c %ad[2 & :atev] he c draw & %ad[ he c model 7or vice v]s72 & :atev] he c model1 he c execute 9 wood2 nor w\ld ! work+ x out 9 %eet brass or lea!r tr\ble him at all4 ,?is is ! be/ way to "w1 s mu* ! be/ t1 "u all circum/ances1 & 9 spite ( all drawbacks1 e wood-c>v] %\ld /rive ) all 8 he>t to le>n to draw & model2 = 9 s do+ he w le>n a great deal m ?an all ?ree ( ^! cuts put toge!r1 = he w mo/ assur$ly h acquir$ a faculty :i* w help him 9 any?+ :i* he may und]take4 ,hav+ le>n$ to sket* out1 bo/1 & r\nd simple figures1 ,i advise ! pupil to execute a numb] ( !m1 ) or )\t leaves & ornam5ts4 ,he may ?us sket* & cut fi%es1 animals ( all k9ds1 human figures 9 outl9e1 until he feels a c]ta9 confid5ce & ease z reg>ds _! execution4 ,:at ! pupil mu/ d1 !re=e1 9 ?is lesson1 is to draw1 bo/ out1 & r\nd easy animal =ms4 ,at ?is /age let him pay m att5tion to ! few po9ts :i* con/itute g5]al correctness 9 a sket* ?an to m9or details4 ,i ref] to ! g5]al di/ances ( ! eyes1 jo9ts1 outl9es ( legs & back 9 a horse1 de]1 hog1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh b4 ,simple figures may be execut$ 9 flat or ribbon-"w1 or 9 ! l[e/ relief1 z well z 9 any o!r "w4 ,! ,italian c>v]s1 = cab9et mak+1 9 ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies1 made great use ( figur9i1 ,fig4 #di1 also ! ornam5t on page #fj4 ,^! 7 little /atues1 g5]ally ( human be+s1 f ?ree to five in*es 9 l5g?4 ,!y 71 9 ord9>y "w1 r sket*$ out ?an elaborately c>v$1 b ! effect 0 good2 sometimes a hundr$ ( !m w\ld be work$ into a s+le cab9et4 ,^! figur9i 7 also v freely us$ 9 lat] ,roman & ,roman ,byzant9e /one & ivory "w1 g5]ally z r[s ( sa9ts or scriptural p]sonages1 e "o fill+ a ni*e "u a r\nd ar*4 ,^! latt] 7 (t5 z rudely & simply %ap$ z x is possible to conceive1 yet1 ow+ to _! mak+ up or disposition1 z subord9ate p>ts !y 7 9 good ta/e4 ,any c>v] ) a little practice c produce !m4 ,r[s ( figur9i 9 ni*es 7 frequ5tly us$ = bord]s1 or to surr\nd caskets4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hang+ ,,box ,,= ,a ,,corn]4 ,illu/ration ,,t5? ,,lesson4 ,,f9i%+ ,,(f--,,imitation ,,( ,,old ,,& ,,worn ,,"w--,,:]e ,,poli%+ ,,is ,,requir$4 ,! f9i%+ (f ( wood-c>v+ dep5ds on :at ! "w 9 h& may be4 ,if x is a piece ( c>efully execut$ foliage1 or leaves 7& leaves1 l cro*ets 9 decorative art1 is a t]m widely appli$ to all %oot+ out or gr[+ ornam5ts71 x is ( c\rse ! be/ plan to f9i% only ) ! g\ge or *isel1 s t ! skill ( ! arti/ 9 clean cutt+ may be evid5t4 ,b x has become ! fa%ion = writ]s on wood-c>v+ to insi/ on x1 z a law )\t exception1 t all wood-c>v+ mu/ be f9i%$ by cutt+2 t glass-pap] & files %\ld on no acc\nt be us$1 & t a c>v] %\ld n seek to smoo? ov] ! surface ( 8 c>v+1 z if to conceal h[ 8 "w has be5 execut$4 ,9 wood-c>v+1 z 9 ev]y?+ else1 a true arti/ does n g by m]e rule4 ,he uses :at tools he pleases1 & f9i%es z he pleases4 ,he does n conf9e 8 "w to a s+le k9d1 & decl>e t ev]y?+ %\ld be limit$ to t 9 :i* he or c]ta9 exp]ts excel4 ,an exam9ation ( ! beautiful & curi\s wood-c>v+ 9 ! great hall 9 ,v5ice w conv9ce any "o t o!r ?+s z well z leaves may be c>v$ 9 wood2 & t :5 ^! repres5t1 = in/ance1 old books ) metal clasps1 or h\sehold ut5sils1 or arms1 imitation may be legitimately c>ri$ s f> z to poli% ! surface4 ,aga91 x may v (t5 occur to ! arti/ to imitate old & worn objects1 su* z a pilgrim's bottle1 a casket or horn1 = age 9 ?is way (t5 gives v beautiful & curi\s effects ( light & %ad[1 poli% or r\ghness1 diff]+ v mu* & v advantage\sly f ! /]eotyp$ uni=mity ( /yle ( too _m s*ools4 ,all ( ?is requires a wide dep>ture f ! no-poli% !ory4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4 ,! tru? is t ! beg9n] %\ld inde$ le>n to cut clean & well1 & to d all 8 "w ) an edge1 )\t files or glass-pap]1 b !re is no law :y he %\ld g no fur!r4 ,a great deal ( ! beauty ( _m old objects comes f a c]ta9 worn look1 by :i* !y h lo/ "s crude defects4 ,we w n[ consid] h[ su* poli% may be giv54 ,draw on a panel half an in* ?ick1 m or less1 ,fig4 #di4 ,hav+ bo/$ x out1 v slightly und]cut ! figure1 n completely1 b by r\nd+ ! edge a little4 ,d ?is fir/ly ) ! *isel1 z neatly z possible2 !n take files4 ,= _m places 9 y\r "w1 especially = smoo?+ gr\nds :]e ! "w is difficult & ! curv$ tool n available1 a b5t file is mo/ useful1 & ^! may be _h ( e %ape & curve4 ,= r\gh f9i%+ y may use rasps & l>ge riffl]s1 = f9] "w small files4 ,hav+ br\ght y\r "w into %ape1 y may scrape ! gr\nd flat ) pieces ( brok5 glass or a tool made = ! purpose1 or a *isel4 ,!n take glass or glass-pap]1 ! =m] be+ greatly pref]able1 & ) c>e f9i% /ill m4 ,x may n[ be advisable to oil all ! c>v+1 if oil is to be appli$4 ,lay ! oil on ) a broad flat bru%1 b if !re are any places :i* x w n rea*1 use a small] pa9t or camel's hair p5cil4 ,let ! oil soak 9 = a few days 9 a w>m room4 ,!n ) a piece ( v s(t p9e wood1 rub ) great c>e4 ,! h>d] y rub ! bett] ! poli% w be1 b also ! great] ! risk ( b5d+ or ind5t+ ! surface ( ! c>v+2 !re=e great c>e is necess>y4 ,! long] ?is poli%+ is cont9u$ ! bett] ! effect w be4 ,workm5 (t5 sp5d z mu* "t 9 poli%+ a piece ( "w int5d$ to be h&l$ z x took to c>ve x4 ,x may be obs]v$ t 9 us+ ! glass-pap] x is (t5 v difficult to get into c]ta9 holes or cavities4 ,^! are rea*$ ei!r by mak+ a bit ( ! pap] into a roll1 or by fold+ or roll+ x ar\nd ! end ( a /ick cut = ! purpose4 ,b ! mo/ effective way ( all is to take a /ick1 say ( ! size ( a lead p5cil1 or accord+ to ! cavity1 r\nd ! end ) a g\ge & glass-pap]1 dip ! end into glue1 &1 :ile x is moi/1 into p[d]$ glass4 ,:5 dry ^! make admirable f9i%]s1 & !y c be aga9 dipp$ :5 ! glass beg9s to we> (f4 ,glass may 9 ?is mann] be put on ! ends ( old b5t files4 ,:5 !re are figures ( animals1 or leaves1 or b&s int5d$ to be ?us f9i%$ & poli%$ all'antico1 or to resemble worn "w1 x is n advisable to put 9 !m too mu* inside "w or 9-l9es4 ,inside "w is1 = in/ance1 ! fea!rs on a bird1 ! hair on an animal1 ! scales on a fi%1 ! middle l9es & ve9s ( leaves4 ,a v few l9es to s]ve z indications mu/ suffice4 ,b ! /ud5t ( old & "t-worn c>v+ _c fail to draw all ^! conclusions = himself4 ,! la/ f9i% to be giv5 to su* "w may be execut$ by rubb+ ) ! h&4 ,?is communicates to c]ta9 k9ds ( wood & o!r sub/ances a peculi> poli%1 :i* no?+ else c really give4 ,9 a v l>ge proportion ( simple flat or ribbon-"w ! effect is v mu* increas$ or improv$ by poli%+ ! patt]n1 & leav+ ! gr\nd r\gh or ind5t+ x4 ,?is is n only p]fectly legitimate1 b commonly done 9 m>ble or metal rep\ss ( e k9d1 z well z lea!r-"w1 & yet e writ] on wood-c>v+ repeats z a duty ! injunction t !re mu/ be no poli%+1 & no?+ b cutt+4 ,?is is1 inde$1 equival5t to prohibit+ ! application ( wood-c>v+ to furniture1 objects to be h&l$1 h\se & _m o!r k9ds ( decoration4 ,b1 9 fact1 !re are in/ances 9 decoration 9 :i* pa9t or dyes1 ,fr5* poli%1 nails or o!r metal "w1 may be mo/ arti/ically & beautifully comb9$ ) wood-c>v+1 z _m ?\s&s ( relics ( ! ,middle ,ages & ,r5aissance prove4 ,poli%+ a patt]n makes x %9e1 :ile r\gh+ or dott+ a surface d>k5s x4 ,!re=e1 :5 we want 9 decoration bold effects ( light & %ade1 we may legitimately poli% ! p>ts :i* are 9 relief4 ,elaborately cut "w :i* is to be /udi$ by itself 9 detail1 & n simply z a "p ( a :ole1 ne$ n be poli%$ or r\gh2 its f9i% w dep5d on ! conditions ( its design4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,elev5? ,,lesson4 ,,diap]-,,"w--,,/amp$ ,,diap]-,,patt]ns--,,cutt+ ,,diap]s4 ,t :i* is call$ diap]-"w is :]e ! gr\nd consi/s ( "o g5]ally small patt]n frequ5tly repeat$ at regul> int]vals4 ,x is s call$ f ! well-kn[n diap] or figur$ l95 clo?1 f ! ,old ,fr5* diapr1 mean+ ! same1 f ! v]b diaprz1 to diap]1 or div]sifie ) fl\ri%+s 7,cotgrave74 ,! v]b1 accord+ to ,skeat1 is f ! ,old ,fr5* diaspre1 lat] jasp]1 a /one mu* us$ = ornam5tal jewell]y4 ,italian1 diaspro1 a jasp]4 ,diap]1 to decorate ) a v>iety ( col\rs1 or to embroid] on a ri* gr\nd 7,anglo-,norman74 ,!re 0 a ri* figur$ clo? s call$ 7,/rutt1 ii4 #f71 z also a k9d ( pr9t$ l95 7,halliwell74 ,! latt] are /ill common4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 mo/ probable t ! ^w really comes1 z ,fairholt ass]ts1 f ,ypres1 i4e41 d',ypres1 :i* 0 fam\s = su* "w4 ,"s writ]s apply ! t]m to m]ely dott+1 ind5t+1 or r\gh5+ a gr\nd1 b x is prop]ly applicable to small figures4 ,,/amp$ ,,diap] ,,patt]ns4 ,^! may be produc$ fir/ly & mo/ readily by means ( wood1 /amp$ or pun*$1 ,fig4 #bc & #bg1 & a hamm] or mallet4 ,practise ) ^! fir/ on wa/e wood4 ,x is n at fir/ easy to repeat !m at p]fectly regul> int]vals1 mak+ "o ! same z ! o!r4 ,! "w is greatly facilitat$ by draw+ l9es l a *equ] or *ess-bo>d on ! gr\nd1 & mak+ a /amp or diap] 9 e dot1 or all along ! l9es4 ,pun*es = ?is purpose may be _h 9 great v>iety4 ,?is class ( /amp$ "w is v effective = n>r[ edg+s & bord]s1 & on fillets1 :i* w\ld o!rwise be t$i\s & difficult to c>ve4 ,) b little practice ?is "w c be execut$ ) great rapidity4 ,,cutt+ ,,diap]s4 ,!re are "s patt]ns :i* are v easily cut ) a s+le tool1 z1 = in/ance1 squ>es1 diamonds1 & triangles4 ,= ^! a firm] or *isel is suffici5t4 ,! read] w obs]ve t "o squ>e1 etc41 is remov$ alt]nately1 & ano!r left4 ,9 design+ or select+ ^!1 or any diap]s1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to *oose su* z fit toge!r exactly4 ,b any figures ( ?is k9d1 :atev] !y are1 are well adapt$ = gr\nds4 ,a m advanc$ /yle ( diap]-"w is made by cutt+ l9es ) ! p>t+-tool or smalle/ g\ge1 unless1 inde$1 y are exp]t en\gh to d x ) a *isel or firm]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4 ,a ,,s+le ,,diap] ,,repeat$4 ,?is 0 ! commone/ k9d ( diap]+ on caskets 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,a v pretty effect 0 (t5 produc$ by fill+ ^! l9es ) d>k br[n or black pa9t4 ,9 any case1 :5 oil$1 or z !y grew old1 & du/ & oil or moi/ure work$ into !m1 !y became d>k4 ,x has already be5 said t any k9d ( m]e l9e-"w c be execut$ on a smoo? wood5 surface by means ( a ,v tool1 or g5]ally by a small g\ge4 ,x may also be effect$ ) a trac+-:eel1 or ) a trac]1 or ) any r dull-po9t$ in/rum5t4 ,9 h>d wood ( a light col\r v beautiful effects may ?us be produc$4 ,! next /ep is to cut l9es1 & comb9e ) ^! cutt+ out & excavat+ spaces1 z 9 ord9>y c>v+4 ,nev]!less1 x is n1 z a rule1 a good plan to make diap]s too ornam5tal or elaborate2 = ?is w lead to mak+ !m l>ge1 & !n !y w draw att5tion f ! patt]n1 if !re is "o1 or ! ma9 figures4 ,:5 ! :ole surface is all diap]1 z 9 a c>pet1 ! diap]s may be z l>ge & z elaborate z "o *ooses to make !m4 ,!re is b "o g5]al rule = design+ ! diap]4 ,draw a *ess-bo>d1 & !n by diagonals conv]t ^! into po9ts up & d[n1 squ>es1 or triangles2 or fill ! equal spaces ) equilat]al triangles1 hexagons1 circles1 or p5tagons1 etc4#a ,^! may be fill$ 9 ) any suitable decoration4 ,9 ,fig4 #ej portions ( ! orig9al surface ( ! panel h be5 left z ridges to sep>ate ! diap]s1 & !n e "o ( ! latt] has be5 c>v$ ) ! same ornam5t2 a r advanc$ example1 b cut only 9 mod]ate relief4 ,ano!r plate1 ,fig4 #eb1 gives a v>iety ( suitable figures 9 l[ relief2 "s two or ?ree ( ^! %\ld be *os5 & repeat$ 9 regul> ord] 9 neighb\r+ spaces4 #a ,to draw ^! & ornam5t !m1 consult ,draw+ & ,design+1 by ,c4 ,g4 ,lel&2 ,london1 ,:ittak] & ,co4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4 ,a ,,v>iety ,,( ,,diap] ,,patt]ns4 ,:]e ! ma9 object is simple decoration ( surfaces1 pla9 diap]-cutt+ is an important indu/ry1 & "o by means ( :i*1 ) no v great degree ( skill1 beautiful results may be obta9$4 ,?us1 l>ge pieces ( furniture1 *e/s1 & especially walls or wa9scoats1 may be exp$iti\sly adorn$ by means ( x1 ev5 by "o :o is f> f be+ able to c>ve 9 ! r\nd or cut leaves4 ,x may be v mu* facilitat$ 9 _m ways4 ,"o ( ^! is to cut out ! patt]ns 9 duplicate1 _m at once 9 pap]1 pa/e !m on ! wood1 & c>ve r\nd !m4 ,!n wet ! pap]1 & ?or\ghly remove x ) a /iff bru%4 ,ano!r plan is to cut out ! patt]n 9 c>d-bo>d1 ?9 brass1 or wood1 & /5cil x ) a lead p5cil or col\r :i* w wa% (f4 ,!n cut away z be=e4 ,x is extremely easy1 :5 we h once cut a c]ta9 figure a few times1 to g on repeat+ x1 & beg9n]s c1 !re=e1 ) great advantage1 be set at diap]-cutt+1 s9ce !y !reby acquire n only a famili>ity ) ! use ( ! tools1 b by d9t ( repetition famili>ize !mselves p]fectly ) at lea/ "o process2 = ! greate/ tr\ble 9 all arts & /udies is1 t !y d n1 at any e>ly /ep1 suffici5tly ma/] any "o ?+4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,twelf? ,,lesson4 ,,build+-,,up1 ,,or ,,appliqu ,,"w4 ,x w (t5 happ5 t 9 c>v+1 :ile mo/ ( ! "w is on a level1 "s portion1 g5]ally ! c5tre1 w rise above ! re/1 or project beyond x1 illu/rat$ by ,fig4 #eb4 ,x w\ld (t5 be a wa/e ( wood & "t to cut ?is out ( a s+le piece4 ,9 su* cases we m]ely glue an extra piece ( wood on1 & c>ve x into %ape4 ,sometimes 9 c>v+ a face1 only ! nose1 & p]haps ! *91 require to be add$4 ,x is said t ?is me?od ( glu+ wood on to wood to obta9 additional relief 0 fir/ ext5sively practis$ by ,gr9l+ ,gibbons4 ,9 ,g]many ?is addition ( a c5tral boss is s well und]/ood1 t 9 _m %ops !y sell heads or faces ( m51 wom51 or animals1 wrea?s1 & simil> c5tres or bosses = c>v]s :o c execute flat or ribbon-"w1 b n high relief4 ,9 ?is way v ornam5tal or %[y pieces ( "w may be execut$ ) ! lea/ possible pa9s & exp5se4 ,9 ! same mann] a piece ( old c>v+1 or1 x may be1 sev]al pieces1 are tak5 or sav$ f "s half-ru9$ anci5t specim51 & well glu$ on a s\nd piece ( old wood exactly l !m 9 col\r & texture4 ,?is is !n c>v$ 9 ! same /yle4 ,9 ?is way really valuable "w may be easily made1 = su* half-decay$ pieces ( old c>v+ are too (t5 ?r[n away1 & may (t5 be pur*as$ = a trifle4 ,/ill1 ?is me?od ( appliqu1 or appli$ wood on wood1 ?\gh x may be resort$ to 9 c]ta9 cases to save a great deal ( cutt+ & mat]ial1 may be c>ri$ too f>1 :5 x deg5]ates into m]e manufacture4 ,appliqu "w ( ?is k9d falls /ill fur!r into manufacture :5 x consi/s ( ?9 bo>ds1 cut into patt]ns ) a fret or scroll-saw1 work$ up ) g\ges1 & !n glu$ on wood4 ,?is is pla9 imitation4 ,yet x may be borne 9 m9d1 ?\gh mo/ writ]s on ! subject d5y x1 t :ile x is absolutely n high or legitimate art1 !re is no law & no reason aga9/ x2 & if a man c contrive no bett] way to ornam5t 8 h\se1 he is p]fectly 9 ! "r 9 do+ s1 if he ?9ks fit4 ,& if he c af=d ! "t1 skill1 & mat]ials1 he w probably advance f appliqu "w to some?+ bett]4 ,9 any case he w h le>n$ some?+ by x1 & x is wor? le>n+4 ,x is too (t5 ! case ) high art critics1 t !y exact t ev]ybody mu/ h f9i%$ ta/e & high p]ceptions all at once1 ) no reg>d to exp5se4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4 ,,appliqu ,,"w4 ,,dragon ,,9 ,,?9 ,,wood1 ,,appliqu ,,on ,a ,,diap] ,,gr\nd4 ,! pupil may n[ attempt an easy piece ( appliqu "w4 ,take a panel1 ,fig4 #eb1 & trace on x ! patt]n4 ,leave a blank flat space ( ! orig9al surface1 call$ ! seat1 = ! figures1 ( _! precise size1 & !n "w out ! gr\nd4 ,:]e ?is consi/s ( a diap]1 x may be made ei!r by c>v+ or by /amp+4 ,hav+ f9i%$ ! diap]$ gr\nd1 saw or cut out ! figures1 glue !m into _! places1 & c>ve !m2 or ! c>v+ may be execut$ be=e ! application4 ,appliqu "w is liable to ! objection1 especially :]e l>ge surfaces are laid on1 t two pieces ( wood are seldom ( precisely ! same quality & texture1 & t1 !re=e1 !y may sometimes aft]w>ds %r9k or swell 9 diff]5t directions1 ) ! natural result ( w>p+ & splitt+4 ,?is is sometimes rem$i$ by us+ screws z well z glue2 b ! be/ prev5tive ( su* accid5ts is to cut bo? ! gr\nd & ! piece glu$ on to x f ! same piece ( wood1 ( c\rse p]fectly season$4 ,9 _m cases frames or bord]s may be appliqu or glu$ on4 ,if ! "w be int5d$ = an album or book-cov]1 ! frame may be made a trifle high] ?an ! c5tral ornam5t1 to protect x f be+ scrat*$ :5 ly+ ) ! face on any surface4 ,?is w n be necess>y if x be us$ = a panel 9 ! side ( a box or 9 a wall4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,?irte5? ,,lesson4 ,,c>v+ ,,9 ,,! ,,r\nd4 ,c>v+ 9 ! r\nd is cutt+ an object :i* is f9i%$ on e side1 z a bu/ or /atue4 ,x is 9 fact /atu>y4 ,x seems to be v difficult "w to a beg9n]1 b ! pupil :o has ma/]$ ! rudim5ts :i* are laid d[n 9 ?is book1 & :o c measure & cut a l[ relief ( an in*1 or a high relief patt]n ( two or ?ree in*es1 w f9d no tr\ble :atev] 9 c>v+ some?+ small 9 ! r\nd1 & 9 progress+ f ?is to some?+ l>g]4 ,! /eps 9 wood-c>v+ f hamm]+ an ind5t$ patt]n to c>v+ a /atue are p]fectly def9$1 & v easy if !y are ?or\ghly ma/]$ "o at a "t4 ,c>v+ 9 ! r\nd w be lea/ difficult to ! "o :o c model 8 "w 9 clay or modell+-wax4 ,?is is especially easy if he alt]nates c>v+ ) design+ & modell+2 x is1 9 fact1 s great an aid to c>v+1 t !re %\ld be little ( ! latt] )\t x4 ,he :o has modell$ any?+ 9 clay or wax has1 9 a way1 c>v$ x 9 a s(t mat]ial1 :ile true c>v+ is only modell+ ) g\ges & *isels4 ,!re is no difficulty = "o :o has ma/]$ ! fir/ six lessons ( ?is book1 9 c>v+ half a duck or fi% 9 relief4 ,if he c\ld c>ve ! o!r side & jo9 !m he w\ld h ! animal complete4 ,f block+ out simple =ms1 su* z ducks1 fi%1 h>es1 or game1 9 high relief1 ! c>v] soon le>ns h[ to r\gh almo/ any?+4 ,hav+ made a bu/ 9 clay1 he kn[s :]e a bit is to be remov$ or cut away "h or !re4 ,he /udies x z he proce$s1 alt]nately 9 pr(ile or full-face1 & cont9ually measures ) callip]s & compasses to see t he is pres]v+ all ! proportions4 ,! practice :i* he has _h 9 delicately c>v+1 groov+1 sweep+1 & modell+ leaves1 9 cutt+ ! hair ( game1 imitat+ basket-"w1 etc41 w all n[ come into play4 ,z reg>ds fitt+ c]ta9 tools to =m ! eye-balls1 eye-lids1 etc41 if ! pupil does n z yet "k ! measure & capacity ( 8 tools1 he has work$ to little purpose4 ,if he %\ld be 9 d\bt f "t to "t1 let him j c>ve an eye1 or a lip1 or m\?1 on a piece ( wa/e wood1 & he w h no difficulty 9 repeat+ x2 & he :o grudges ! "t = su* practice w nev] make an arti/1 ,fig4 #ec4 ,! great difficulty 9 c>v+ 9 deep relief & 9 ! r\nd1 is to get ! g5]al sweep & cont\r & proportions ( ! :ole1 & ?is is difficult = a pupil :o does n design1 & %ade1 & model1 :ile x is a m]e trifle to "o :o does4 ,! cutt+ & block+ out1 :i* seems to be ! great difficulty1 is a m]ely me*anical process1 p]=m$ ) compasses1 c>v+ tools1 & rasps1 & sometimes ) a /eel b[-saw1 "h & !re4 ,& x pres5ts no difficulties to any intellig5t p]son :o has c>efully execut$ all t is describ$ 9 ! previ\s lessons1 especially to "o :o has c>v$ animals & simple figures1 or faces1 9 high relief4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4 ,,high ,,relief4 ,design by ,c4 ,g4 ,lel&4 ,x is true t 9 %ops :]e mu* l>ge & co>se "w is execut$1 z1 = in/ance1 great pieces = ceil+s1 figures = faades1 & ! l1 ! sculptor1 tra9$ f ! beg9n+ to ! sweep-cut & to bold *ipp+1 makes little acc\nt ( any difficulty1 & proce$s to c>ve ) great confid5ce4 ,n[ :at ! /ud5t mu/ endeav\r to atta9 is "s ( ! confid5ce ( ! m]e workman ) ! culture & k ( ! arti/4 ,& he %\ld1 :5ev] an opportunity pres5ts itself1 try to see practical c>v]s ( all k9ds at "w1 = 9 ?is way he w le>n mu* :i* no books give4 ,x is to be recomm5d$ t ! fir/ attempts at c>v+ 9 ! r\nd be made 9 s(t p9e wood1 z x is ( c\rse mo/ easily modell$4 ,no "o %\ld be disc\rag$ because a fir/ or second ef=t has turn$ out a failure4 ,i h obs]v$ t _m writ]s on ! art treat c>v+ 9 high relief1 or 9 ! r\nd1 z if ! fir/ effect 9 x mu/ necess>ily be a human head or figure1 t is to say1 ! mo/ difficult ( all objects4 ,b he :o c cut out a wood5 %oe1 or a rabbit1 or a fi%1 or ! simple/ object1 on a l>ge scale1 on all its sides1 w1 if he repeats ?is till he c d x easily1 h ma/]$ ! greate/ difficulty :i* al>ms beg9n]s1 t ( block+ out f all sides4 ,9 ! head by ,civitale1 full half-r\nd1 :i* may easily be made full r\nd1 ! c>v] may beg9 by modell+ ! :ole4 ,if ?is is n conv5i5t1 let him m>k out ) ! compasses ! diff]5t dim5sions1 & c>efully br+ ! :ole into =m by fir/ r\nd+ all into a rude %ape1 & !n v gradually cut away ! holl[s4 ,no detail$ descriptions ( exactly :at tools to *oose = c]ta9 places1 or h[ to "w1 w\ld be ( any real use to ! pupil :o has c>efully execut$ ! previ\s lessons1 z he w n h a s+le cut :i* he has n made be=e1 & 9 ?is in/ance a little volunt>y +5uity & reflection w d m good ?an any in/ruction4 ,illu/ration3 ,,head1 ,,by ,,civitale4 ,p4 #hb4 ,,app5dix ,,to ,,lesson ,,xiii4 ,,on ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,saw4 7,by ,john ,j4 ,holtzapffel47 ,! /eel buhl saw-frame 7,fig4 #af7 may be v usefully employ$ = remov+ _m ( ! sup]flu\s portions ( ! mat]ial 9 ! e>lie/ /ages ( c>v+ 9 ! r\nd1 z 9 l>ge or small figur9i1 & = ^? p>ts :i* h to be cut away to leave ! outl9es or m>g9s betwe5 leaves & o!r ornam5ts 9 flat works4 ,9 su* cases x is to be recomm5d$1 = its use n only saves mu* "t1 b also ! risk ( breakages1 to :i* ! "w is v liable :5 ^! portions h to be remov$ entirely ) ! c>v+-tool4 ,9 r\nd c>v+1 ! block1 m or less r\ghly m>k$ out on its surfaces to "s approa* to its ultimate =m ) ?ick p5cil or crayon l9es1 may be held on ! "w-b5* by ! c>v]'s screw 7,fig4 #aj71 or if t be n conv5i5t1 or if x be flat "w1 x c be held 9 ! vice4 ,a co>se /rong buhl saw-blade is employ$2 ?is is fir/ fix$ 9 ! screw jaw at ! fur!r side ( ! saw-frame2 ! h&le ( ! latt] is !n unscrew$ until x projects its jaw ab\t half-an-in*1 & at ! mom5t ! o!r end ( ! blade is fix$ !re91 ! two jaws are also made to approa* "o ano!r by press+ ! fur!r side ( ! saw-frame aga9/ ! "w-b5*1 ) ! h&le aga9/ ! workman's *e/2 aft] ?is1 ! h&le is screw$ back aga9 until its jaw returns home to its =m] position4 ,! back ( ! saw-blade is t[>ds ! back ( ! saw-frame1 & ! tee? ( ! blade %\ld po9t away f ! h&le1 easily discov]$ by pass+ ! f+] along !m1 & :5 ! saw is prop]ly /ra9$ = use x %\ld r+ l a h>p /r+4 ,9 use1 ! h&le ( ! frame is grasp$ by all ! f+]s ( ! h&1 except ! =ef+]1 :i* is /ret*$ /raight out along x 9 ! direction ( ! saw2 ! latt] is pu%$ /raight =w>d & )drawn ) mod]ate pressure1 j suffici5t to cause x to cut1 & is twi/$ ab\t to foll[ ! directions ( ! l9es or curves ( ! piece to be remov$4 ,dur+ ! saw+ ! out/ret*$ =ef+] is an un]r+ guide = ! direction ( ! cut4 ,:5 a piece has to be remov$ f betwe5 o!rs :i* h to be left1 z betwe5 ! body & ! b5d ( ! arm1 or betwe5 ! legs ( a figure1 a small hole is fir/ drill$ ?r\gh ! block & ! saw ?read$ ?r\gh x be=e x is /ra9$2 & ! only necess>y precaution ?r\gh\t 9 us+ ! saw1 is to leave suffici5t mat]ial ev]y:]e = p]fect fre$om 9 ! subsequ5t c>v+ by n cutt+ any:]e too close4 ,an entirely diff]5t me?od is foll[$ 9 cutt+ out m\lds1 ! pieces to be us$ = appliqu c>v+1 & = ! outl9es ( fretwork or panels pi]c$ ) _m int]/ices ( :i* ! surface is aft]w>ds to be c>v$4 ,^! works _c be held fa/ 9 ! vice or o!rwise1 n only because !y are (t5 ?9 & liable to fracture1 b because1 if s held1 x is impossible to atta9 ! desir$ true1 easy-fl[+ outl9es requir$ at once )\t subsequ5t correction1 :i* c be produc$ )\t difficulty :5 ! "w is p]fectly free4 ,! pr(essional h& fret-cutt]1 :o produces ! be/ & mo/ elaborate "w1 su* objects z ! long1 ?91 pi]c$ panels to be back$ ) silk = ! fronts ( pian(ortes1 uses a simil>1 b mu* deep]1 yet light saw-frame made ( wood1 ) ! same /eel screw-jaws1 hung to ! ceil+ by a cord4 ,he sits a/ride a b5* call$ a horse1 :i* has two tall v]tical jaws 9 front ( him1 _! upp] edges l9$ ) brass1 or sometimes ) cork4 ,! fur!r jaw is fix$ to )/& ! ?ru/ ( ! saw1 ! o!r is not*$ bel[ & spr+s op5 :5 left to itself1 b is clos$ by a diagonal /rut re/+ loosely 9 mortises made 9 ! face ( ! b5* & 9 t ( ! movable jaw2 ! /rut is pull$ d[nw>ds to close ! jaw on ! "w by means ( a cord pass+ f x ?r\gh a hole 9 ! b5* to a treadle b5ea? ! workman's foot4 ,! surfaces ( 8 "w are1 !re=e1 v]tical1 & ! "w itself is v lightly held1 s t he c twi/ x ab\t 9 all directions ) ! left h&1 :ile he keeps ! saw /eadily trav]s+ backw>ds & =w>ds 9 ! same plane horizontally1 ) ! "r4 ,a simpl] support1 call$ a saw table1 ,fig4 #g b1 is us$1 & ?or\ghly answ]s e purpose = ! small] class ( works :i* we are consid]+4 ,?is tool consi/s ( an oblong piece ( wood1 p]fectly flat1 smoo? & poli%$ on its upp] surface1 at ! "o end ( :i* !re is a slot ( ab\t an in* wide2 b5ea?1 x has a cross piece ( wood to keep ! implem5t /eady on ! b5* or table on :i* x is plac$1 & a clamp & screw to fix x !re4 ,! "w1 fir/ pi]c$ ) ! holes = ?read+ ! saw ?r\gh all its int5d$ int]/ices1 has ! saw plac$ ?r\gh "o ( !m1 /ra9$ z be=e1 & is !n laid d[n1 patt]n upp]mo/1 on ! saw table1 ^u :i* x is lightly held & twi/$ ab\t by ! po9ts ( all five f+]s ( ! left h& plant$ v]tically ^u x2 ! saw is work$ up & d[n v]tically 9 ! slot by ! "r h&1 ! h&le bel[ ! saw table4 ,! aim "h is to keep ! saw work+ always 9 ! same place1 & to let ! curve or l9e result f ! p]fectly free movem5t ( ! "w alone4 ,! saw-blades employ$ are mu* f9] ?an ^? previ\sly ref]r$ to2 !y are tightly /ra9$ 9 ! same way z be=e1 b !y are plac$ 9 ! frame s t ! tee? n[ po9t ! rev]se way1 t[>ds ! h&le1 & ! cut1 !re=e1 takes place at ! d[nw>d /roke4 ,! saws 9 ord9>y use1 su* z ! brass-back$ t5on & dove-tail saws & ! key-hole saws ( ! c>p5t]1 also f9d con/ant employm5t 9 fir/ r\ghly %ap+ & prep>+ ! blocks & panels to be subsequ5tly c>v$2 9 _! use x is only necess>y1 z 9 all saw+ ^u c>v$ works1 to cut j suffici5tly wide ( ! l9es m>k$ to ensure t all saw-m>ks w be remov$ by ! c>v+ tool4 ,illu/ration ,,f\rte5? ,,lesson4 ,,incis$1 ,,intaglio1 ,,or ,,sunk ,,c>v+4 ,deep c>v+1 z x is t]m$ by c]ta9 writ]s1 is n[ kn[n among arti/s z incis$1 sunk1 or intaglio4 ,x is an advanc$ =m ( g\ge-cutt+4 ,x is a v beautiful yet easy k9d ( "w1 :i* 0 ext5sively practis$ 9 ,italy 9 e>ly times1 & :i* is des]v+ special att5tion because ( its applicability n only to bold1 l>ge1 & ev5 co>se decoration--:i* 01 h[ev]1 v effective--b to ! mo/ delicate & m9ute objects4 ,x may1 says ,g5]al ,seaton1 :o 0 ! fir/ to describe x1 :i* he does ) mu* en?usiasm1 be call$ sunk c>v+1 =1 contr>y to ! usual me?od1 ! c>v+ is sunk1 :ile ! gr\nd is left at its orig9al level4 ,l engrav+ on metal1 x cuts into ! gr\nd1 & dep5ds entirely on outl9e1 or draw+1 & %ad[ = its effects4 ,x is suitable = book-cov]s1 or to be employ$ :]ev] ! c>v+ is liable to be h&l$ or rubb$1 because1 be+ sunk b5ea? ! gr\nd1 x _c be rubb$ or injur$ till ! gr\nd itself is worn d[n4 ,take any wood except a co>se "o1--holly1 bee*1 oak1 popl>1 pe>1 or walnut1--& let ! surface be well plan$1 or p]haps poli%$4 ,if x be a wood ( light col\r1 draw y\r patt]n ) a v s(t p5cil1 say ,b ,b ,b1 on pap]1 lay x face d[n on ! wood1 & rub ! back c>efully ) an ivory or o!r poli%]4 ,! "w is *iefly execut$ ) b5t g\ges & gra9]s1 flat & holl[1 ) two or ?ree b5t *isels & /amps1 & x (t5 happ5s t a good piece ( incis$ c>v+ c be execut$ ) v few tools4 ,x is execut$ almo/ entirely by h&1 or )\t hamm]+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4 ,,incis$ ,,c>v+4 ,*oose "s simple patt]n1 y\r object be+ to le>n h[ to cut & n to produce some?+ />tl+ at a fir/ ef=t4 ,if ! wood be d>k1 su* z ,am]ican walnut1 m>k ! patt]n ?r\gh ) ! prick-:eel or dot1 ,fig4 #ed4 ,if ! pupil has n p]fect eyesight1 or expects to c>ve at night1 x is advisable to outl9e ?is dot l9e ) a v f9e camel's hair bru% & ,*9ese :ite4 ,?is prev5ts _m mi/akes4 ,take1 to beg91 a small g\ge1 a little less ?an ! /em to be cut 9 diamet]1 & run x along ! l9e4 ,:5 y cut leaves1 get gradually t[>ds ! c5tre4 ,!n take a l>g] g\ge & f9i% ! /ems4 ,keep by y a piece ( clay or putty1 or moi/ knead$ bread1 & f "t to "t take an impression ( y\r "w4 ,?is is important1 = ! real excell5ce ( intaglio c>v+ consi/s 9 its be+ exactly l relief c>v+ rev]s$4 ,9 ?is way y w at once p]ceive1 )\t any special directions1 :at tools to use 9 y\r "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4 ,,incis$ ,,bord]3 ,,c5tre ,,9 ,,l[ ,,relief4 ,fig4 #ee is a r advanc$ example ( ?is class ( c>v+4 ,! :ole ( ! foliage is cut 9 cavo relievo1 or cavities1 ) g\ges & *isels1 bo? /raight & b5t1 & ! l9es ^u !m ) b5t ,v tools4 ,! duck 9 ! c5tre may be 9 ord9>y l[ relief1 to give an effective contra/4 ,!re is ano!r reason = ?us le>n+ to make y\r "w p]fect4 ,if y c>ve 9 h>d wood1 y c always use a piece ( sunk or intaglio c>v+ = a m\ld4 ,:5 x is f9i%$ take a piece ( russet lea!r1 soak x 9 wat] till x is q s(t1 press x ) y\r f+]s & a sponge = "s "t ) great c>e into ! m\ld1 & !n take x (f4 ,if y\r wood be well cut1 ! lea!r :5 dry w be q z attractive z ! c>v+ itself1 & may be us$ 9 _m ways4 ,! wood w n be injur$ 9 ! lea/ if y wipe x dry aft] tak+ ! impression4 ,) su* m\lds papi]-ma* ca/s c also be tak54 ,i h n[ be=e me a beautiful specim5 ( old ,byzant9e "w made 9 ?is mann]4 ,illu/ration3 ,egyptian ,cutt+4 ,!re is a peculi> k9d ( intaglio c>v+ :i* may be call$ ,egyptian1 because ! anci5t ,egyptians us$ x v ext5sively on _! monum5ts4 ,x consi/$ ( cutt+ out ! outl9e ( a figure 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,on ! outside ! c>v] cut d[n p]p5dicul>ly1 :ile ! inside patt]n 0 n cut away1 b only _h its edges r\nd$4 ,! result ( ?is peculi> groove or cut1 /raight on "o side & r\nd$ or curv$ on ! o!r1 0 a v /rong relief & %ad[4 ,x 0 9 fact a simple comb9ation ( relief & incis$ or cavo c>v+1 by means ( :i* a /rong relief 0 atta9$ by little "w4 ,! ma9 object 0 to make ! inscription solid & durable1 & at ! same "t v legible4 ,! pr9ciple1 z ,i h %[n1 is q applicable to ornam5t1 & requires mu* less lab\r ?an ev5 intaglio c>v+4 ,x is some?+ m1 9 fact mu* m1 ?an m]e outl9+1 & x is p>ticul>ly applicable to mural or wall decoration4 ,incis$ c>v+ is (t5 mu* improv$ by be+ pa9t$1 & sometimes v>ni%$4 ,t is to say1 ! sunk5 portion is ?us col\r$4 ,i h se5 :ite & v]milion us$ ) good effect1 b black & d>k br[n are g5]ally pref]r$4 ,gild+ seems peculi>ly ri* :5 ?us appli$ 9 ! holl[1 z ! %ad[ gives x a f9e tone4 ,?\gh ! imitation ( engrav+s is n )9 ! range ( wood-c>v+1 !re is1 h[ev]1 a v pretty & easy art by :i* draw+ & pa9t+ are v +5i\sly comb9$ ) a k9d ( c>v+4 ,take a panel ( firm wood ( lighti% col\r1 well plan$ & poli%$4 ,draw on x any patt]n1 or ev5 an animal1 or human figures4 ,incise ! pr9cipal l9es ) a ,v tool1 or1 accord+ to its size1 small g\ges may be us$4 ,= ! f9e l9es & %ad+1 a trac]1 or any po9t to ind5t1 n s %>p z to scrat*2 ?is is a matt] ( great importance2 & ! wood1 :i*1 if possible1 %\ld be ( box1 sycamore1 bee*1 or holly1 mu/ be adapt$ or prep>$ to take a m>k )\t break+4 ,:5 all ! l9es are well 91 take a m9iature fit* p5cil1 & fill 9 e l9e ) col\r1 tak+ c>e n to let ! pa9t spread beyond ! l9es4 ,diff]5t col\rs may be us$4 ,?is is h>dly wood-c>v+ at all1 b 9 skilful h&s x produces beautiful & rem>kable effects4 ,x is v effective inde$ :5 appli$ to lea!r4 ,z ! col\r is sunk 9 ! l9es1 x is well protect$2 ?is k9d ( ornam5tation is !re=e well adapt$ to book-cov]s4 ,i h appli$ x successfully to heavy c>d-bo>d panels prep>$ = arti/s to pa9t on 9 oil4 ,z ,i h said1 incis$ cutt+ w be f\nd useful to work]s 9 lea!r1 papi]-ma*1 clay1 or pla/] ( ,p>is1 because by means ( x !y c make m\lds4 ,ano!r k9d ( m\ld is made z foll[s3 ,cut out ) a saw ! outl9e ( ! patt]n 9 a piece ( bo>d ?ick en\gh to give ! requisite dep?4 ,!n glue ! p]=at$ bo>d to ano!r bo>d1 ! surfaces ( bo? be+ ( c\rse fir/ plan$ & smoo!d4 ,?is gives ! m\ld 9 ! r\gh4 ,!n fill 9 ! angles ( ! holl[s ) a composition ( clay & size1 or putty1 or rice & lime ) :ite ( egg1 or any o!r suitable cem5t1 & :ile x is s(t %ape x ) f+]s & tools to ! details ( ! patt]n requir$4 ,:5 p]fectly dry g ov] x c>efully1 tak+ pro(s "h & !re ) putty1 & correct ) b5t files4 ,!n smoo? x :]e x is at all r\gh1 oil x all1 & make y\r ca/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,boxwood ,,p[d] ,,flask4 ,,old ,,g]man4 ,illu/ration ,,fifte5? ,,lesson4 ,,c>v+ ,,curv$ ,,surfaces3 ,,cocoa-,,nuts1 ,,b[ls1 ,,horns1 ,,casks1 ,,tank>ds1 ,,etc4 ,c>v+ concave or convex surfaces1 su* z ! ext]ior ( a horn or ! int]ior ( a b[l1 is (t5 v difficult "w1 & ?\gh an +5i\s arti/ w readily f9d out = himself "s way to get ov] su* difficulties1 x is well to "k at once h[ ! "w may be done4 ,,horns4 ,! fir/ difficulty is to fix ! object s z to cut x4 ,a beg9n] :o und]takes to c>ve su* a v h>d1 slipp]y1 & unmanageable object z a horn1 w1 if he hold x ) "o h& :ile he c>ves ) ! o!r1 inevitably damage 8 patt]n or w\nd himself4 ,x is v dang]\s to hold ! "w 9 "o h& or betwe5 ! knees4 ,"o way to secure su* an object is to take a bo>d1 nail cross-pieces on x ov] ! ends ( ! horn s t a portion may be expos$ on :i* to "w1 & 9 ?is mann] "o c cut ) safety4 ,aga91 holdfa/s & clamps may be employ$1 b ! utmo/ c>e %\ld be tak5 le/ ^! slip away :5ev] too great pressure is br\ght to be> on !m4 ,a v good means to keep ! horn firm is to h a piece ( wood fa/ to ! table 9 :i* !re is a hole1 into :i* ! less] end ( ! horn fits1 :ile ! butt re/s1 & is fix$1 on ! table4 ,hav+ secur$ x1 outl9e ! patt]n ) a ,v tool or v small gra9+-g\ge1 & !n cut away ! gr\nd ) qu>t]-flat1 & f9ally ) flat g\ges4 ,! b5t file may be freely us$ = a horn1 & x w be necess>y 9 _m places4 ,:5 bo/$1 f9i% ) c>eful t\*+ or f9e files & glass-pap]4 ,if y wi% to col\r ! horn1 select "o :i* is *iefly :ite4 ,take a solution ( nitrate ( silv]1 :i* any *emi/ w prep>e = y4 ,be v c>eful inde$ h[ y h&le x1 = x w burn clo!s1 c>pets1 or fle%1 & at lea/ /a9 y\r f+]s = a long "t4 ,) a glass bru%1 if y c get "o1 if n1 ) a glass po9t1 or p51 or agate po9t1 or wax1 apply ! acid c>efully to ! patt]n4 ,if y use wood = ?is purpose x w answ]1 b x is v spe$ily consum$ by ! acid4 ,?is w make a yell[1 or br[n1 or sometimes a black /a91 accord+ to ! /r5g? ( ! solution1 ! numb] ( times x is appli$1 & ! h>dness ( ! horn4 ,:5 ! horn is cov]$ ) diap]-"w1 or a great _m small figures1 or a close patt]n1 !n always put ! acid into ! holl[s1 & leave ! design 9 :ite4 ,a black dye = horn1 z well z = metal1 is made by comb9+ ammonia ) sulphur4 ,x is v malodor\s1 b is effective4 ,any *emi/ w make x1 & w also prep>e = y ! dyes us$ = ivory & horn4 ,x is bett] & *eap] = ! amateur to buy ^! ?an to attempt to make !m = himself4 ,9 mo/ cases black & br[n are ! be/ col\rs to use4 ,if a horn is boil$ 9 hot wat]1 or /eam$1 x w become s s(t t x may be flatt5$4 ,!n x is v easy to c>ve4 ,! au?or has 9 8 possession two v anci5t & s+ul>ly ornam5t$ ,italian horns :i* 7 ?us %ap$4 ,horn1 :5 treat$ ) quick-lime & hot wat]1 c be r$uc$ to a pa/e :i* c be made into any %ape l a cem5t or pla/]4 ,x becomes h>d aga9 9 cold wat]4 ,all old horns 7 n us$ = gunp[d]2 _m ( !m 7 = w9e or o!r liquors2 o!rs 7 us$ = bl[+2 !y all make effective ornam5ts4 ,c>v$ horns are h&some ornam5ts :5 hung up ) cord & tassels4 ,i h made !m v attractive by gild+ ! rais$ patt]ns on !m4 ,,to ,,c>ve ,a ,,b[l4 ,! ext]ior ( a b[l pres5ts no special difficulty1 if x be well clamp$ d[n4 ,x may be secur$ ) blocks & nails1 or screws4 ,b ! int]ior is h>d] to get at & mu* h>d] to cut4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 *iefly done ) b5t g\ges & *isels4 ,x requires c>e & pati5ce 9 cases ( special tr\ble4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 easily succe$$ 9 we>+ or wa/+ away ! gr\nd by ! process :i* w be describ$ 9 c>v+ cocoa-nuts4 ,wood5 b[ls1 :i* are well adapt$ to c>v+1 may be b\ght *eaply at h\sehold furni%+ %ops4 ,!y are ( ! k9d us$ 9 e kit*54 ,!y may be m\nt$ on bases1 su* z any turn] c make1 to :i* ! b[l %\ld be fa/5$ ) a screw & glue4 ,b[ls may be col\r$ or gild$ l horns4 ,!y are v useful = _m purposes1 *iefly to conta9 visitors' c>ds or o!r small objects on ! writ+1 "w1 or toilet table4 ,,cocoa-,,nuts4 ,if x is to be us$ z a cup1 beg9 by saw+ away ! end on :i* is ! monkey face1 or s mu* z is desirable4 ,sometimes ! :ole nut is left1 to be hung up z an amulet1 ornam5t1 or *>m1 z o/ri* eggs are hung up 9 ! ,ea/4 ,!n clean x smoo? ) a l>ge rasp till fit to c>ve4 ,draw ! patt]n on ?is ) ,*9ese :ite1 t !re may be no mi/akes4 ,!n fix ! nut to ! bo>d or table1 z ) ! b[l 7vide p4 #ajj74 ,! gr\nd may1 ) pati5ce1 be cut away ) flat g\ges1 &1 ) practice1 ?is becomes really easy1 & m exp$iti\s ?an "o w\ld at fir/ suppose4 ,or x may be done *iefly ) files4 ,b ! mo/ rapid mann] ( work+ is by a cut :i* is describ$ z foll[s by ,g54 ,seaton1 :o1 h[ev]1 limits x to m]e decoration = a gr\nd4 ,!re is a species ( ornam5t mo/ useful = ! b5d ( bran*es1 & :i* is to be se5 9 ,swiss c>v$ brackets4 ,?is may be call$ ! zigzag patt]n or ornam5t4 ,x is int5d$ to repres5t ! cross-fissures & m>ks t are se5 9 ! b>k ( "s trees at ! end ( ! bran*es4 ,x is done ) a flat or qu>t]-r\nd g\ge1 ! h& sway+ f side to side1 & at ! same "t advanc+ by alt]nate /eps ea* corn] ( ! tool4 ,illu/ration3 ,small zigzag ,t is to say1 put ! tool /raight up & d[n1 & rock x f side to side1 & x w require little practice to le>n x4 ,b to use x1 n = ornam5t1 b a cut1 or r dig1 a firm] or *isel is bett] ?an a g\ge2 nor ne$ we be v p>ticul> z to ! appe>ance ( ! m>ks made1 z !y are all1 9 ! end1 to be cut or smoo!d out4 ,rock up & d[n ) ! firm]1 press+ a little flatt] ?an if ! object 7 to only make l9es1 or s z to scrape away "s ( ! gr\nd4 ,!n f ano!r direction g ov] ?is gr\nd1 digg+ & scrap+ away aga94 ,9 ?is mann] a %ell may be bo/$ rapidly1 & by x "o c "w at ! bottom ( a b[l :5 ev5 ! b5t tools are ( little or no use4 ,:5 ! :ole gr\nd is excavat$ by ?is process x may be easily smoo!d ) files or c>v+ tools4 ,! cutt+s f cocoa-nut %ell1 or wa/e bits1 may be kept1 & :5 p\nd$ to a f9e p[d]1 & mix$ ) glue1 !y make an admirable cem5t = repair+ walnut or o!r d>k wood "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4 ,,casks4 ,a cask :5 c>v$ is an admirable object = wa/e-pap]s1 or hold+ canes & umbrellas1 ,fig4 #ef4 ,x %\ld be ( wood at lea/ "o in* 9 ?ickness4 ,if held toge!r by broad brass or copp] hoops x w be mu* h&som]4 ,a bucket or pail may be c>v$ 9 l mann]2 & :5 lions' heads or o!r c>v$ ornam5ts are appli$1 x w be f\nd t a v ornam5tal object may be made ) little tr\ble or exp5se4 ,x is easie/ to c>ve casks1 kegs1 buckets1 or firk9s1 up & d[n1 or 9 a p]p5dicul> position1 & to /& up :ile at ! "w1 z a true c>v] is sure 9 ! end to d at all 8 "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4 ,,tank>ds ,,& ,,wa/e-,,pap] ,,boxes4 ,tank>ds1 if small1 may be turn$ f solid wood1 b1 :5 l>ge1 x is be/ to h !m made by ! coop]1 ( sev]al pieces1 & hoop$ ) metal4 ,to make ! design = all su* cyl9drical objects1 take a piece ( pap] :i* w exactly g r\nd1 or correspond to ! surface1 & be sure to make ! patt]n cont9u\s1 t is1 )\t breaks1 unless x be design$ 9 divisions4 ,wood5 measures1 su* z are us$ by deal]s 9 nuts1 fruit1 etc41 are well adapt$ to c>v+ = tank>ds4 ,!y may be b\ght at g5]al furni%+ %ops4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh4 ,,old ,,iri% ,,tank>d4 ,! old ,iri%1 & sometimes ! ,danes1 made a rude k9d ( tank>d1 ,fig4 #eh1 by fa/5+ toge!r ) nails1 glue1 or screws1 f\r pieces ( oak panel or ?9 bo>d4 ,x 0 l dr9k+ f a box4 ,x makes a useful receptacle = _m purposes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cocoa-,,nut ,,goblet4 ,illu/ration ,,sixte5? ,,lesson4 ,,bosses1 ,,knobs1 ,,b>s1 ,,& ,,poli%$ ,,ornam5ts4 ,!re are sev]al small effects 9 ornam5t :i* ! c>v] %\ld /udy ) c>e2 !y are g5]ally applicable to mo/ k9ds ( decorative art4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is ! employm5t ( bosses or knobs1 "s left pla91 & "s c>v$1 hemi-sph]ical or less4 ,!y may be almo/ flat1 b are always smoo? at ! edge & poli%$4 ,!y 7 v ext5sively us$ 9 e>ly c>v+ & metal-"w1 & ! read] may see _m illu/rations ( !m 9 ! works ( ,hulme4 ,sometimes ! knob becomes a small spot or a m]e dot1 employ$ to introduce light into a d>k gr\nd4 ,! practical !ory is t ! knob repres5ts ! pla9 or ornam5tal head ( a nail us$ to hold ! "w to ! wall1 or ! rivets ( arm\r1 :i* ! ,go?s transf]r$ f coats ( mail to l95 & wooll54 ,b ! real reason is to introduce po9ts ( light4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj4 ,knobs or bosses may be plac$ :]ev] !re are wide spaces betwe5 patt]ns4 ,! rule ( employ+ !m is ei!r a few l>ge po9ts or _m small ones2 !y mu/1 h[ev]1 be us$ sp>+ly4 ,! pr9ciple ( introduc+ !m is ( v wide ext5sion4 ,?us1 9 all k9ds ( "w1 especially metal1 grapes1 melons1 & o!r fruit are introduc$ solely t1 by _! r\ndness & poli%1 !y may make po9ts ( light or %9]s4 ,old emboss$ "w 9 lea!r & wood-c>v+ (t5 owes its *ief beauty to ! poli%1 :i* "t & use h giv5 to ! reliefs on x4 ,( c\rse ! employm5t ( %9]s or bosses1 & ( all k9ds ( smoo? poli%$ relief1 %\ld1 z a g5]al rule1 be sp>+1 subord9ate1 & judici\s4 ,nev]!less1 9 c]ta9 k9ds ( "w1 especially 9 mu* flat-c>v+1 :i* is int5d$ to simply ornam5t a surface1 at no great exp5diture ( lab\r1 j z tiles or tape/ry might d1 ! /ems & portions ( ! leaves1 or sometimes all ! patt]n1 may be poli%$ z highly z possible1 s z to make a relief aga9/ ! d>k gr\nd4 ,gr\nds are prick$ or pun*$ or dott$ to make !m d>k1 & :5 ! oil soaks into ! holes !y become p]man5tly d>k]4 ,!re=e ! patt]n is to be 9 contra/2 & :5 ! object is no m ?an to make a g5]al decorative effect1 n p]fectly f9i%$1 b l a sket*1 x may be poli%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb4 ,!re is ano!r curi\s effect giv5 by cross+ ! patt]n alone1 or ! gr\nd alone1 ) b>s1 l9es1 or /ripes4 ,x 0 v common at "o "t4 ,9 c>v+1 x may be produc$ ) a small g\ge or flut]2 ?\gh n natural1 except :]e x is giv5 9 long & %ort l9es to repres5t ! gra9+ ( wood1 x has a good effect simply because x di/ributes %ad[ ev5ly4 ,x 0 probably d]iv$ f ! effect ( ribs 9 clo?s1 :i* 7 mu* admir$ by ! ,v5etian pa9t]s4 ,door-knobs are effectively bosses1 t is to say1 ! same ornam5tation may be appli$ to bo?1 z to h&les = bureaus1 cab9ets1 & o!r furniture4 ,figs4 #ei to #fb w give ! pupil "s examples & ideas = c>v+ knobs & bosses4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,sev5te5? ,,lesson4 ,,to ,,repair ,,wood-,,c>v+--,,glue--,,nitric ,,acid ,,glue--,,prep>+ ,,decay$ ,,wood--,,artificial ,,wood--,,fill]s--,,spray+--,,to ,,make ,,glue ,,take4 ,x w sometimes happ5 to a c>v] t1 ow+ to bad wood or inadv]t5ce1 he splits away or breaks (f a piece f 8 "w4 ,9 ?is case he mu/ h rec\rse to glue4 ,?is %\ld be ( ! v be/ quality1 p]fectly light & clean4 ,glue is made 9 :at al*emi/s us$ to call a balneum m>i1 t is1 ( a vessel conta9+ hot wat]1 )9 :i* is a small] vessel4 ,! glue1 :i* is 9 ! inn] pot1 is !re=e to be boil$ by ! heat ( w>m wat]1 & n ( ! fire directly4 ,be=e sett+ x to boil1 break x into v small pieces1 say ( ! size ( a hazel nut1 & let x /& 9 cold wat] = twelve h\rs4 ,x w n[ be l a ?ick jelly4 ,p\r (f all ! wat] n absorb$1 & put ! jelly into ! inn] pot1 fill ! out] ) wat] & let x boil till ! glue is l a ?ick cream4 ,use x :ile 9 ?is /ate4 ,if y add to ! glue1 :ile ?us liquid1 "s nitric acid1 say ab\t a tea-spoonful to half a p9t ( glue1 y w h a v sup]ior cem5t1 :i* holds fa/] ?an ! pla9 glue1 & is mu* less liable to crack or split4 ,x dries m sl[ly1 :i* makes x v valuable = v5e]+ & = l>ge surfaces1 :]e glue (t5 dries be=e ! :ole c be appli$4 ,aga91 :5 an article fa/5$ ) common glue is deta*$1 x is (t5 almo/ impossible to /ick x on aga9 ) ! same4 ,b ) ! acidulat$ glue ?is is easy4 ,! greate/ advantage ( ?is glue is1 t if x be kept exclud$ f ! air x w rema9 9 a liquid /ate = at lea/ a ye>1 & c be us$ cold4 ,its disadvantages are a v pung5t & n agreeable smell1 & ! fact t1 :5 cork$ up1 ! cork is mo/ c]ta9 to get glu$ to ! bottle1 & requires to be brok5 to get x out1 r5d]+ a new "o necess>y4 ,?is may be avoid$1 h[ev]1 ) great c>e4 ,/ir ! acid into ! glue ) a glass rod or tube4 ,x may happ5 t a rott51 brok5 place is f\nd ev5 9 ! be/ wood2 or ! c>v] may obta9 possession ( a piece ( anci5t1 worm-eat51 half-decay$ c>v+1 & ) a v little skill su* pieces c be p]fectly repair$4 ,take a piece ( simil> wood1 & r$uce x to f9e sawdu/ by means ( a rasp4 ,= ?is purpose ,am]ican walnut & d>k old oak1 or cocoa-nut %ell1 :i* is easily pulv]iz$ 9 a mort>1 is excell5t4 ,make ?is into a pa/e ) glue1 & repair ) x any brok5 places4 ,?is1 if prop]ly made1 is q l wood itself1 & may be m\ld$ into any %ape4 ,x takes hold ( ! gr\nd1 & :5 dry x may be fil$ into uni=mity ) ! re/4 ,x may also be cut ) ease or trimm$ to %ape1 or1 9 fact1 c>v$4 ,if !re is too little glue 9 x x w break too easily1 if !re is too mu* x w be too glazy4 ,b a prop] mixture makes x q l wood4 ,scrat*es & *ance cuts may be rem$i$ by m]ely melt+ !m ) hot wat]4 ,b = su* small defects a fill] is useful4 ,?is is a k9d ( pa9t or liquid cem5t1 ! object ( :i* is to fill up ! pores ( c]ta9 co>se woods & make ! surface f9e4 ,! squeez+ wax1 describ$ 9 ! *apt] on mak+ m\lds1 is a fill]4 ,o!rs are made by mix+ fl\r ) v>ni%1 etc4 ,any deal] 9 pa9ts & v>ni%es w supply a fill] suitable to any special "w4 ,:5 a piece ( wood-"w is s decay$ t x is absolutely dropp+ to pieces1 & _c ev5 be h&l$1 x may be pres]v$ & rehabilitat$ by ! foll[+ process4 ,take "s ?9 glue & wat]1 or mucilage1 or size ( any k9d1 & a spray1 t is1 "o ( ^? articles su* z are us$ = spray+ p]fumes1 etc41 & :i* are = sale 9 mo/ *emi/'s %ops4 ,spray or spr9kle ! glue ov] ! figure1 &1 if necess>y1 gradually ?r[ on x f9e sawdu/ or o!r p[d]4 ,z x dries x may be %ap$ & work$ m freely4 ,we read cont9ually 9 ! newspap]s ( ! op5+ ( old tombs & anci5t subt]ranean caves1 9 :i* are discov]$ dead bodies1 bones1 dresses1 implem5ts ( bone & wood or lea!r1 or ev5 ( bak$ e>?1 :i* gradually dropp$ into du/ a few h\rs aft] be+ expos$ to ! air4 ,& ,i h nev] kn[n a case 9 :i* ^! objects c\ld n h be5 pres]v$2 c]ta9ly all :i* ,i h ev] se5 c\ld h be54 ,all t is necess>y to d is to make a ?9 size1 & v gradually spray+ or spr9kl+ x on ! objects1 all[ x to dry1 little by little4 ,!re are v few cases 9 :i*1 inde$1 ! spray _c be successfully us$4 ,x 0 by ! application ( ?is pr9ciple t ,sir ,joseph ,hook] pres]v$ ! ivory articles br\ght f ,n9eveh by ,sir ,au/5 ,h4 ,lay>d1 & :i* w\ld h p]i%$ b = him4 ,he advis$ t !y %\ld be boil$ 9 gelat9e4 ,! /ud5t :o becomes an exp]t 9 su* repair+ w f9d pl5ty to d1 & x w be 8 own fault if x is n pr(itable4 ,n9ete5 p out ( tw5ty h n ! lea/ conception ( ! degree to :i* repairs may be c>ri$4 ,"s ye>s ago a g5tleman 9 ,am]ica _h a v curi\s & valuable vase f ! pyramid ( ,*olula 9 ,mexico4 ,x 0 v fragile1 be+ made ( ! weake/ t]ra-cotta1 & hav+ be5 brok5 to pieces1 ! own] 0 ab\t to ?r[ x away1 b gave x to me4 ,"s mon?s aft] ,i repair$ x s p]fectly t ! close/ obs]vation c\ld n detect a flaw 9 x4 ,i did ?is by fa/5+ pieces ( pap] on ! inside ) gum1 & s gradually br++ ! fragm5ts toge!r1 edge to edge1 & fa/5+ !m ) ! acidulat$ glue4 ,:5 all 7 toge!r1 !re 01 ( c\rse1 a l9+ ( pap]4 ,:]e !re 0 a fault or a defici5cy outside1 ,i fill$ x 9 ) pla/] ( ,p>is1 rubb$ x all ev51 & col\r$ by rubb+ 9 pa9t4 ,?is process w\ld h be5 mu* easi] ) decay$ wood4 ,9 glu+ ord9>y wood toge!r1 heat ! two pieces fir/4 ,?is r5d]s !m m incl9$ to take ! glue4 ,sometimes x is a difficult ?+ to hold !m toge!r till !y set1 t is1 adh]e s firmly t !y w hold4 ,= ?is ! clamp1 ,fig4 #g;a1 may (t5 be us$4 ,9 o!r cases1 take two pieces ( wood1 put "o on ea* side ( ! p>ts to be glu$1 & tie !m tightly toge!r2 sometimes clamps may be us$ to connect ! b9d+ pieces1 :5 !y are n applicable to :at is to be glu$4 ,/rong indi>ubb] r+s or gumm$ pap] /rips may be us$ 9 "s cases4 ,b ) ?\ght1 +5uity c g5]ally be awak5$ s z to help "o out ( any su* difficulty4 ,a v p]fect resemblance to c>v$ wood may be made by tak+ cocoa-nut p[d] or f9e sawdu/ & mix+ x ) ! acidulat$ glue1 s z to make a pa/e z already describ$4 ,!n1 hav+ ready a m\ld1 ei!r ( pla/] ( ,p>is or ( sunk or incis$ wood1 & oil+ x1 take ! impression4 ,^! ca/s1 ret\*$ & glass-pap]$1 are q l wood1 & !y may be us$ = decoration 9 doors4 ,! foll[+ are also excell5t recipes = glue4 ,liquid glue4 ,take ( be/ glue ?ree p>ts1 place !m 9 eight p>ts ( wat]1 all[ !m to soak = "s h\rs4 ,take half a "p ( hydro*loric acid 7muriatic acid71 ?ree-qu>t]s ( a "p ( sulphate ( z9c1 add to ^! ! glue1 & keep ! :ole at a mod]ately high temp]ature till fluid4 ,exce$+ly /rong cem5t = glass & *9a4 ,take gum arabic & dissolve x 9 acetic acid in/ead ( wat]4 ,x mu/ be melt$ 9 a hotti% place2 x w be mu* /rong] if ?is be done4 ,! f9e/ quality ( %eet gelat9e makes a transp>5t glue4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,eighte5? ,,lesson4 ,,col\r+ ,,wood-,,"w--,,oil+--,,soda--,,/a9s ,,& ,,dyes--,,ivory+ ,,surfaces--,,black ,,dyes ,,& ,,ink4 ,c>v$ or any o!r wood is (t5 dy$1 /a9$1 or ton$4 ,sometimes ?is is done to make "o piece or "p mat* ) ano!r2 or x may be to imitate ! effect ( age1 or to give light woods a col\r :i* w prev5t !m f %[+ defects4 ,?is is effect$ 9 _m ways4 ,oil+ alone is a k9d ( col\r+1 = all oil$ wood becomes mu* d>k] be=e long4 ,! m frequ5tly x is rubb$ 9 ) a p9e /ick ! h>d] & d>k] ! surface becomes4 ,i h se5 walnut tables :i* _h be5 ?us rubb$ ) a /ick or a h>d scrubb+ bru%1 until a tea-cup wet ) hot wat] on ! outside w\ld make no m>k on !m4 ,_h !y be5 only s(tly oil$ or pa9t$1 or v>ni%$1 an indelible /a9 mu/ h result$4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! oil is pure1 & t no wax has be5 boil$ 9 x4 ,a table :i* has _h wax on x = a poli% w always %[ m>ks or /a9s f hot wat]4 ,soda dissolv$ 9 wat]1 & appli$ to oak ) a sponge or bru%1 w give x a d>k] tone1 :i* may be increas$ by sev]al applications4 ,d>k tea ) a little alum is also useful1 also port] or be]1 also a decoction ( walnut leaves4 ,9 ,am]ica butt]nut gives a v ri* indelible dye4 ,let x be c>efully obs]v$ t 9 us+ ^!1 or any o!r col\rs1 ! foll[+ rules mu/ be /rictly obs]v$4 ,i4 ,use a sponge or bru% & d n apply ! dye pr(usely or p\r x on1 z y w run great risk ( w>p+ ! wood1 or caus+ x to split4 ,,ii4 ,x may be advisable to dry x ne> a fire1 b 9 ?is case ex]cise great c>e t ! heat be n too great4 ,,iii4 ,:5 dry1 rub ! dye (f ) a rag or s(t old newspap]1 or *amois sk94 ,d ?is v c>efully1 & d n be disappo9t$ if x seem v light & to h tak5 b little dye4 ,apply ! dye aga91 giv+ x pl5ty ( "t to dry betwe5 ! coat+s4 ,( c\rse ?is dep5ds on ! dyes us$1 & ! degree ( col\r requir$4 ,/eph5s' /a9s ( diff]5t k9ds1 to imitate all k9ds ( wood1 or ^? ( ,m&] 7,ox=d ,/reet1 ,london71 are v good1 & may n[ be pur*as$ 9 e t[n4 ,z a rule1 mo/ ( ^! dyes are v /rong1 & x is !re=e necess>y to dilute !m ) wat] & make sev]al applications1 in/ead ( putt+ on ! :ole /r5g? at once4 ,! dilut$ dye is c>efully pa9t$ ov] ! entire surface ) a full flat camel's hair bru%1 & a small] r\nd bru% is us$ 9 ! corn]s & small] recesses4 ,aft] us+ dyes1 & :5 p]fectly dry1 ! wood %\ld be oil$4 ,ammonia4 ,wood1 & especially oak1 may be n only /a9$ ( a v d>k ri* col\r1 giv+ ! effect ( age1 by wa%+ x c>efully ) ammonia or spirits ( h>t%orn1 & !n expos+ x = "s "t 9 a *imney1 or o!rwise to ! fumes ( smoke1 especially ( a wood-fire if x be possible4 ,/rong spirits ( ammonia1 accord+ to ,r[e1 may be plac$ 9 an op5 vessel & !n %ut up ) ! panel 9 an airtight *amb] or box1 ! wood d>k5+ accord+ to ! l5g? ( "t x is left 94 ,! ammonia may h to be r5ew$1 z x quickly evaporates4 ,= small "w a glass %ade may be us$1 or a box c be made ) a glass lid1 & aft] ! panel & sauc] ( ammonia h be5 plac$ inside1 ! crevices c be pa/$ ov] ) br[n pap]4 ,:5 ! dep? ( col\r is obta9$1 :i* c be se5 ?r\gh ! glass1 ! panel c be tak5 out4 ,! wood mu/ be s plac$ t ! ammonia c pass q r\nd ! p>ts :i* require d>k5+4 ,b = ord9>y purposes1 x w be f\nd q suffici5t to apply /rong ammonia ) a bru% or sponge1 & expose x to smoke4 ,umb]4 ,common p[d]$ umb]1 :i* is us$ by ! h\se pa9t]1 is mu* pref]able to ! ,swiss br[n liquid /a9 to produce an antique br[n appe>ance4 ,! ,swiss dye is entirely too ri* & uni=m1 mak+ ev]y?+ exactly alike1 or simil> to *ocolate4 ,b ! umb] mu/ be prop]ly appli$4 ,mix x ) be] or port]2 /rong c(fee is also v good2 & apply x ) a bru%4 ,:5 dry rub x v c>efully1 clean1 & apply x aga94 ,if x be desirable to make ! wood v d>k1 add lamp-black to ! dye1 mix+ & %ak+ x v ?or\ghly4 ,b always let ! fir/ applications be ( umb] alone4 ,by add+ ! lamp-black "o c d>k5 ! wood almo/ to blackness1 & if x be v c>efully done1 & n 9 a hurry1 & expos$ at int]vals to smoke 9 a w>m place1 a col\r second to none may be ?us giv54 ,pa9t4 ,wood :i* is to be expos$ to ! air mu/ ( c\rse be pa9t$ 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,b !re is ano!r me?od ( apply+ oil pa9t :i* is n s g5]ally kn[n or practis$1 yet :i* gives v good results4 ,?is consi/s ( rubb+ pa9t ) ! h& into wood or on pla/] ( ,p>is1 papi]-ma*1 or /one4 ,z x is mu* ?9n] ?an ) coats laid on ) a bru%1 x appe>s m l an innate or natural col\r4 ,?is 0 ! f+] pa9t+ ( ! old ,v5etian arti/s4 ,! appe>ance ?us produc$1 :5 x is skilfully done1 is v diff]5t inde$ f t ( an ord9>y coat ( pa9t1 & 9 mo/ cases x is mu* m attractive4 ,ivory+4 ,take a panel1 ! patt]n may be c>v$1 or ev5 produc$ 9 ! l[e/ relief by simply ind5t+ ! outl9e ) a :eel or trac]4 ,any degree ( relief w1 h[ev]1 d j z well4 ,apply a coat ( ?ick ord9>y copal v>ni%4 ,:5 p]fectly dry smoo? x ) f9e/ glass or em]y-pap]4 ,!n apply ! pa9t2 two or ?ree coats are bett] ?an "o4 ,see t ! la/ is p]fectly smoo?4 ,!n "w on ! dry surface ) trac] & /amps1 z y w\ld on wood or brass4 ,:5 f9i%$1 take a v small fit*-bru% & pa9t ,v&yke br[n into all ! dots1 l9es1 scrat*es1 & irregul>ities4 ,let !re be a d>k l9e ( br[n close to ! outl9e ( ! patt]n4 ,sometimes ! entire gr\nd may be rubb$ ) br[n1 all[+ an indication or a few dots ( :ite yell[ to %[ "h & !re4 ,:5 dry give two coats ( ret\*+ v>ni% 7t ( ,shnee ,frres1 ,no4 #ai1 ,rue des ,filles du ,calvaire1 ,p>is1 is specially suit$ to ?is "w74 ,by us+ olive1 d>k & light gre5s1 a beautiful imitation ( bronze c be ?us obta9$4 ,9 fact1 by /udy+ ! effects ( col\r 9 _m k9ds ( old objects1 we may obta9 h9ts = conv]t+ v ord9>y wood-c>v+ into beautiful objects4 ,bi*romate ( ,pota%1 dilut$ ) wat] to ! requir$ %ade1 is a good d>k dye1 b great c>e %\ld be tak5 n to spill a drop ( x on ! clo?+1 or to get x on ! h&s1 or ev5 to inhale its fumes1 z x is a poison4 ,apply x ) a bru%4 ,black ,dyes4 ,( late ye>s black dyes h be5 s mu* improv$ t ebony is imitat$ ) holly1 hickory1 & bee*1 to absolute p]fection4 ,! be/ way = ! c>v]1 z reg>ds ^! & all k9ds ( dyes1 su* z r$1 yell[1 gre51 etc41 is to g to a *emi/ or col\rman1 :o w obta9 !m = him4 ,= black ! foll[+ recipes may be us$4 ,i4 ,:ite v9eg> #a p9t4 ,iron fil+s #b ounces4 ,antimony 7p[d]$7 #b ounces4 ,vitriol #a ounce4 ,logwood #c ounces4 ,/eep x 9 a cork$ bottle = eight days4 ,,ii4 ,gall nuts co>sely brok5 #b ounces4 ,ra9 wat] #a qu>t4 ,boil d[n to "o half4 7,seaton47 ,to /a9 wood1 fir/ apply ,no4 ,,ii41 :5 ne>ly dry put on ,no4 ,i4 & !n ,no4 ,,ii4 aga94 ,x w occur to ! read] t ?is is really ink1 &1 9 fact1 if he _c get a /a91 good common ink appli$ a few times & well dri$ w answ] q z well4 ,aft] x has be5 ?or\ghly put on1 & q dry1 oil ! surface1 & rub x well1 & x w be f\nd t x w n wa% (f f any casual application ( wat]4 ,"s ( ! writ+ inks n[ made are int5sely black & almo/ indelible4 ,,n9ete5? ,,lesson4 ,,mak+ ,,m\lds ,,or ,,squeezes ,,= ,,wood-,,c>v]s4 ,x w v soon become app>5t to e wood-c>v] t x is easi] to copy f a model ?an a draw+1 & t ?is ease is v mu* increas$ :5 he has made t model 9 clay himself4 ,h[ev]1 x is also v advisable t he %all1 aft] a "t1 practise c>v+ f draw+s & sket*es also1 z ?is ( itself gives great skill & accuracy ( p]ception4 ,b he w v (t5 ne$ or wi% to h copies ( c>v+s or ca/s1 & ^! he may obta9 ) ease1 if ! relief be n too great or ! object too l>ge4 ,?is is call$ tak+ a squeeze1 & x may be done 9 two ways4 ,fir/ly1 by means ( squeez+ or modell+ wax1 :i* is sold by deal]s 9 arti/s' mat]ials4 ,! use ( ?is & ! ca/+ 9 pla/] ( ,p>is is1 h[ev]1 g5]ally tiresome to beg9n]s 9 c>v+4 ,= all practical purposes squeezes 9 pap] are q suffici5t4 ,pap] squeezes4 ,take any pieces ( s(t newspap]4 ,oil ! wood or pla/] ca/ :i* y wi% to copy2 soak1 & !n press on ! pap] &1 ) y\r f+]s & a sponge or a v /iff bru%1 poke & squeeze x into e cranny ( ! orig9al4 ,if ?is be done ?or\ghly1 ! h>de/ "p ( ! "w is accompli%$4 ,n[ give ! pap] a bru% ( fl\r-pa/e or gum or mucilage1 or pa/e /r5g!n$ ) glue1 & press on new pieces ( pap]4 ,to m]ely copy ! orig9al1 a few ?icknesses w suffice4 ,take ! squeeze (f & let x dry2 if necess>y1 t\* x up ) col\r4 ,= ?is ! fir/ coat %\ld be ( :ite pap]4 ,to make a ca/1 keep add+ pap] till ! :ole is at lea/ half an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,press x z h>d z y c :ile =m+ ! m\ld4 ,:5 x is dry y c pa9t or rub ! inside ) any dry p[d]1 su* z :it+1 or v>ni% x1 & !n make a ca/ ) ! same mat]ial1 i4e4 pap] & pa/e1 or ) pla/] ( ,p>is4 ,papi]-ma* ca/s1 :5 rubb$ by h& ) br[n pa9t1 =m p]fect facsimiles ( old wood-"w4 ,rubb$ ) bronze-p[d]s !y resemble metals1 or !y may be ivori$1 by ! process describ$ 9 ! *apt] on dyes4 ,pla/]-ca/s are v easily brok51 & are heavy & difficult to transport4 ,wax is spoil$ almo/ by a t\*1 & x readily yields to heat4 ,papi]-ma*1 :5 prop]ly manag$1 ) a little practice gives a m\ld :i* is equal to ei!r = all surfaces except ! mo/ m9utely delicate4 ,:5 dry1 su* ca/s may be let fall1 or really ?r[n ab\t1 )\t su/a9+ any injury1 & !y are v portable4 ,x is v (t5 possible to easily copy an object ) pap] :5 pla/] or wax _c be us$ at all4 ,! reason :y x is n m g5]ally us$ is because few p]sons h tak5 ! pa9s to treat x z a pla/ic mat]ial suitable to ! arts1 or are suffici5tly practis$ 9 x to "k :at c really be done ) x4 ,! wood-c>v] %\ld d ?is1 because x is a v important ?+ = him to keep copies ( 8 works1 or to get ^? ( o!rs to use 9 8 designs4 ,) a little practice1 & at no exp5se1 he c make su* ca/s 9 a mat]ial :i* is almo/ z durable z wood itself4 ,9 l>ge manufactories ( papi]-ma* ! pulp ( pap] is simply mix$ ) ! pa/e or size1 & put into ! m\lds 9 l>ge masses1 & !n subject$ to pressure4 ,:5 a good surface is secur$ ) f9e :ite pap]1 x is n ( mu* consequ5ce h[ co>se ! pap] = ! back+ may be4 ,= ?is purpose x may be mix$ ) t[ or fibre ( any k9d1 pla/]1 or f9e sawdu/1 etc41 s long z ! b9d] or size be only /rong en\gh to hold all toge!r4 ,b = all ord9>y purposes wa/e-pap] & pa/e1 ?ick5$ ) common glue1 w suffice4 ,illu/ration3 ,,case ,,= ,,pap]s ,,or ,,music4 ,,tw5tie? ,,lesson4 ,,spot ,,cutt+4 ,?is is a mann] ( ornam5t+ :i* c h>dly be call$ c>v+1 & :i* w\ld n des]ve special m5tion 7 x n t x is s ext5sively us$1 x be+ ! *ief me?od ( decoration 9 all ! isl&s ( ! ,pacific1 & /ill ext5sively practis$ 9 ,sw$5 & ,norway4 ,x consi/s ( small incis$ triangles1 or diamonds1 made ) a skew or ord9>y *isel1 :i* are arrang$ 9 r[s or l9es4 ,simple z ! "w may seem1 x is v effective :5 arti/ically employ$2 & x has ?is peculi>ity1 t no o!r k9d ( cutt+ is s well adapt$1 ) v little lab\r1 to relieve flat surfaces1 su* z paddles1 tank>ds1 spoons1 w> clubs1 & scoops or dipp]s4 ,! triangul> incision is made ) ?ree cuts2 by add+ two m f ! opposite direction we make a diamond1 or ! latt] may be produc$ at once ) only f\r cuts1 ,fig4 #fc4 ,to ^! we may add ! hemi-sph]ical or cup holl[1 :i* is made ) a g\ge1 & :i*1 9 ,scotl& at lea/1 seems to h be5 ! e>lie/ pre-hi/oric beg9n+ ( ornam5tation ( flat surfaces4 ,:5 ^! triangles & diamonds are ta/efully arrang$ 9 l9es1 & fill$ 9 ) a composition1 or pa9t1 :i* contra/s 9 col\r ) ! wood1 ! effect is (t5 excell5t4 ,ord9>y putty1 into :i* a little ma/ic has be5 well work$1 or pla/] ( ,p>is ) size & a little fl\r pa/e1 ) "o drop ( oil to an ounce1 makes a good fill] = su* a purpose4 ,?is may be appli$ to any incis$ cutt+4 ,an ivory-l fill+1 :i* may be /a9$ ( any col\r1 & :i* 0 once ext5sively us$ 9 ,flor5ce1 is made ) rice1 lime1 & size4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fc4 ,any patt]n :i* c be drawn 9 l9es may be execut$ ) good effect 9 triangul> spots1 ! base ( e spot be+ on ! l9e4 ,!y may ei!r jo9 "o ano!r or be sep>at$2 bo? me?ods produce a good effect4 ,! spots may be ( all sizes1 & are g5]ally n l>g] ?an ^? at ! top 9 ! above illu/ration4 ,l>ge triangles may ( c\rse be us$ z well z small ones4 ,ow+ to ! ease ) :i* ^! spots are made1 & ! good effect :i* !y produce :5 black5$1 x is n rem>kable t s simple a me?od ( decorat+ wood is ext5sively practis$4 ,by plac+ a g\ge v]tically & turn+ x1 z already m5tion$1 a cup-l cavity is easily cut4 ,a r[ ( ^! is (t5 v effective4 ,illu/ration ,,app5dix4 ,,objects ,,= ,,wood-,,c>v+4 ,! mo/ difficult "p ( mak+ is to "k :at to make4 ,9 no circum/ances %\ld ! wood-c>v] be at a loss = a subject to "w on1 yet ?is is ! commone/ s\rce ( compla9t1 especially among "y arti/s1 t !y d n "k :at to take up4 ,"o result ( ?is is ! we>isome production ( panels or fancy pieces )\t any def9ite aim1 & a con/ant imitation ( "o ano!r's "w4 ,un=tunately !re are a great _m :o _c und]/& or =m any idea h[ a patt]n w\ld look :5 execut$4 ,!y w pass x ov] 9 an engrav+1 b :5 !y see x actually c>v$ & made up !y appreciate x4 ,n[ ! tutor %\ld tea* ! pupils1 & ! /ud5ts tea* !mselves1 to ?9k ( subjects1 to inv5t !m1 to sket* & execute !m4 ,i h f\nd t all work]s are inv>iably m defective 9 ?is respect ?an 9 any o!r1 & t x is "o 9 :i* ! direction ( almo/ e art s*ool 9 ! _w is ei!r utt]ly want+1 or else leaves mu* to be desir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fd4 ,pupils %\ld be enc\rag$ to look at e object ) an eye to ornam5t+ or decorat+ x1 s f> z t c be done )\t detract+ f its usefulness4 ,9 e s*ool a li/ ( objects = c>v+ %\ld be hung up1 & ! work]s be frequ5tly reque/$ to ?9k ( subjects to add to ! li/2 outl9e sket*es ( furniture & o!r objects %\ld be suppli$4 ,x is n at all und]/ood t ev5 a v little frequ5t employm5t ( ! m9d inv5t+ & plann+1 no matt] at :at1 /imulates all ! m5tal faculties to an extraord9>y degree4 ,i !re=e s]i\sly urge t ! wood-c>v] %all e>ne/ly /udy ! foll[+ li/ ( subjects1 add to x1 & at times take "o or ! o!r ( !m & sket* x ) v>iations4 ,he may rememb] :ile do+ ?is1 t any ( ! ornam5ts giv5 may be v>i$ & appli$ to diff]5t ?+s1 z1 = in/ance1 ! v9e on a circul> panel may be easily adapt$ to a squ>e4 ,full directions = do+ ?is may be f\nd 9 ,! ,manual ( ,design1#b price "o %ill+1 :i* also conta9s _m patt]ns p]fectly adapt$ to c>v+4 #b ,london3 ,:ittak] & ,co4 ,*icago3 ,r&1 ,mc,nally & ,co4 ,! fir/ subject to be consid]$ is3 ,:at to design or make2 h[ its surface c be appropriately ornam5t$2 &1 h[ to produce ! be/ effect ) ! lea/ "w4 ,m]e elaboration is admir$ only by ! ignorant1 & ! less cultivat$ a pupil is1 ! m incl9$ he w be to d5sely cr[d$ petty patt]ns4 ,if ! pupil wants a design = any ( ! objects describ$ 9 ?is *apt]1 & if he c draw at all1 & has any skill 9 adapt+ or *ang+ a patt]n1 z1 = in/ance1 to make "o :i* fills a triangle or a squ>e set into a circle1 or ext5d to a long panel or a bord]1 he w f9d some?+ = any ( !m1 ei!r 9 ?is book1 or 9 ! ,manual ( ,design already ref]r$ to4 ,let him also take pa9s to collect z _m patt]ns z he c ( all k9ds1 & keep !m 9 a portfolio = ref]5ce4 ,e /ud5t ( wood-c>v+ %\ld rememb] t if he has a fold+ look+-glass1 :i* he c make = himself by cutt+ 9 two a squ>e mirror (1 say1 six in*es by twelve1 he c1 out ( any patt]n 9 ?is book1 or f any simple ornam5t :atev]1 make 7) ! lea/ ef=t ( +5uity or adaptiv5ess7 a bord] by repeat+ x 9 succession1 or a c5tre ornam5t :i* may be multipli$ 9 :ole or 9 "p ad inf9itum4 ,t is to say1 he c fill any giv5 space1 be x a panel1 ceil+1 circle1 triangle1 or hexagon4 ,or he c fill su* spaces by simply cutt+ out ornam5ts f c>d-bo>d1 & plac+ !m toge!r to =m v9es or outgr[?s f "o ano!r4 ,panels4 ,a panel is def9$ z a bo>d ) a surr\nd+ frame4 ,! ^w is d]iv$ f ! old ,engli% panel1 a piece ( clo?1 ,lat9 pannus1 a clo? or pat*2 f ! same ^w we h pane4 ,9 wood-c>v+ we practically apply x to small bo>ds int5d$ to be set 9 furniture1 or walls1 or ceil+s1 or made into book-cov]s or box-lids4 ,! uses ( panels are )\t limit1 z !y may be introduc$ into almo/ e k9d ( furniture1 su* z ! backs & sides ( *airs1 *e/s1 b$/eads1 caskets1 w9d[-g>d5 boxes1 doors1 or :]ev] a flat surface c be adorn$4 ,:5 surr\nd$ ) a frame or sev]al /rips ( m\ld+1 any panel becomes improv$ :5 ! out] frame is n ov]done4 ,z a rule ! bord] ( a panel %\ld be pla91 s z to di/9ctly def9e or set =? ! patt]n4 ,= ?is reason _m v ord9>y & ev5 rude subjects come out or look well :5 ?us m\nt$4 ,a s]ies ( c>v$ panels makes a beautiful frieze = any room4 ,a good g5]al size = mo/ "w is a panel six in*es by twelve1 m or less1 & half an in* ?ick4 ,9 spac+ a panel = ornam5t ! pupil may beg9 by mak+ "o circle 9 ! c5tre & "o 9 ea* corn]1 s t ! five may fill up ! :ole space4 ,conv]t ^! into a v9e & apply ornam5ts4 ,!re are ( c\rse endless v>iations ( ?is pr9ciple4 7,consult ! ,manual ( ,design47 ,*airs4 ,take any *air1 copy x1 & !n fill ! spaces ) ornam5ts to be c>v$4 ,l>ge1 squ>e1 high-back$1 old-fa%ion$ *airs admit ( ! mo/ panell+1 & c be made up by any cab9et-mak] or c>p5t]1 vide ,fig4 #fi4 ,x is a v good plan to always h su* objects made up 9 pieces1 c>ve !m sep>ately1 & !n h !m put toge!r4 ,x may be obs]v$ = beg9n]s1 & ^? :o are n mu* practis$ 9 cab9et-mak+1 t !re is a v sub/antial k9d ( furniture once made v commonly 9 ,g]many1 & :i* has be5 mu* reviv$ ( late ye>s4 ,x is made entirely )\t glue1 nails1 or screws1 by simply cutt+ holes into :i* t5ons or ends project1 :i* ends are fa/5$ on ! o!r side by holes & p9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fe4 ,on ?is pr9ciple e k9d ( furniture c be made by any man :o is +5i\s en\gh to simply measure bo>ds1 cut squ>e holes1 & adapt p9s to !m4 ,su* articles z are made by ?is process are v mu* /rong] ?an any o!rs1 & !y h ! great advantage t !y c be easily tak5 ap>t1 pack$1 or be /or$ 9 v small space :5 n 9 use2 & ! /yle is ( c\rse m adapt$ to c>v+ ?an ord9>y furniture4 ,! writ] has 9 8 possession *airs #bej ye>s old made on ?is pr9ciple4 ,! seat is a squ>e ne>ly two in*es ?ick1 9 :i* f\r holes are bor$1 into :i* ! legs are simply set1 z 9 a milk+-/ool4 ,betwe5 ! h9d legs two squ>e holes are cut1 into :i* simil> t5ons made 9 ! l[] end ( ! back are fitt$4 ,9 ^! t5ons two squ>e holes are cut1 j exactly on ! o!r side ( ! seat1 into :i* squ>e p9s are driv51 ,fig4 #fe4 ,) a v little +5uity or w1 anybody c contrive to make any piece ( furniture on ! same pr9ciple4 ,! seats ( *airs & /ools1 or ! faces ( tables1 %\ld nev] be c>v$1 = v app>5t reasons4 ,!re is pl5ty ( space = ! c>v] to "w at on ! edges & legs1 & ?is may be made /rik+ en\gh by means ( col\r+ & gild+1 ,figs4 #fd & #ff4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ff4 ,,console ,,or ,,bracket4 ,boxes4 ,^! h =m$ 9 all ages fav\rite subjects = decoration4 ,!y v>y f ! smalle/ casket to ! *e/4 ,a box ) ! lid =ms five panels1 or1 se5 f any po9t1 ?ree4 ,9 ,italy1 ( old1 !y 7 (t5 c>v$ )\t & )94 ,boxes may be made by simply glu+1 nail+1 or screw+ toge!r1 b !y may be s dovetail$ by an exp]t workman t ! juncture is q imp]ceptible4 ,vide ,=ty ,lessons 9 ,c>p5try ,practice1 by ,c4 ,f4 ,mit*ell4 ,cassell & ,co4 ,x is a feat 9 cab9et-mak+ to d ?is p]fectly1 & boxes ?us jo9$ are v exp5sive4 ,! appe>ance ( boxes is mu* improv$ by ! addition ( m\ld+-/rips1 bases1 & project+ ornam5ts4 ,! /ud5t is advis$ to c>ve or buy a few bosses1 su* z heads ( animals or faces1 & rosettes1 & try ! exp]im5t ( fitt+ !m to a box or c>v+ !m on "o1 ,fig4 #fg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fg4 ,caskets = ,cig>s4 ,?is applies also to receptacles into :i* glasses = fl[]s may be put4 ,take a cyl9d] ( wood1 turn$1 or made up l a b>rel1 & fit a base to x1 & a lid4 ,!y may be made ( v l>ge jo9ts ( bamboo1 :i* may also be beautifully c>v$1 & p>tly col\r$ 9 ! l9es1 z is common 9 ,*9a4 ,x is be/ = turn$ cyl9d]s & bamboo to h !m surr\nd$ ) metal r+s to prev5t _! splitt+4 ,!y may also be made squ>e1 t is1 z boxes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fh4 ,,tray ,,= ,,cig> ,,a%es4 ,trays = ,cig> ,a%es4 ,^! are be/ :5 c>v$ f h>d wood1 su* z box1 ?\gh any o!r may be us$4 ,x is mu* bett] t !y be made r l>g] & deep] ?an _m 9 use1 z a%es are cont9ually be+ knock$ out ( small & %all[ ones4 ,!y may be r\nd or squ>e1 l a fi% or a small book 7) a lid71 a %ell1 a tortoise1 or a scoop$ h&1 a face1 or a figure ( any animal or human be+1 ,fig4 #fh4 ,basket-"w4 ,?is is v easily imitat$ 9 wood1 & x =ms a v pretty & fanciful /yle = _m k9ds ( objects4 ,take any k9d ( basket-"w1 ei!r t ( split osi]s1 :i* are half-r\nd1 or ,italian ru%-"w1 or ,am]ican ,indian1 :i* is made ( flat /rips ( a% or p9e-b>k int]wov51 or ,indian rattan1 & imitate x ) flat g\ges or firm]s4 ,x is v easy "w1 & beg9n]s soon become exp]t 9 x4 ,x improves ! effect1 :5 ! "w is f9i%$1 if d>k col\r be pa9t$ into ! depressions4 ,basket-"w may be us$ = diap] gr\nd4 ,! ,am]ican ,indian basket-"w1 9 flat /rips f "o-?ird ( an in* to an in* 9 bread?1 is easie/ to imitate1 & may be execut$ ) a s+le ,v tool or firm]4 ,casks1 ,small ,b>rels1 ,kegs4 ,^! are useful = wa/e-pap] boxes1 or to conta9 canes & umbrellas4 ,:5 c>v$ & col\r$ !y =m v attractive articles ( furniture4 ,!y may be us$ = g>d5 seats4 ,heads ( animals appliqu to ^!1 "s = h&les to lift !m1 or else holes mu/ be cut 9 !m = ?is purpose1 vide ,fig4 #ef4 ,frames = ,pictures or ,look+-glasses4 ,^! give a wide range to ! wood-c>v]1 = all bord]s are suitable to frames4 ,heads may be appliqu to corn]s & c5tres ( frames4 ,x is v mu* to be desir$ t design]s & c>v]s w\ld ex]t _! inv5tiv5ess & endeav\r to break up ! monotony & feebl5ess :i* *>act]ize mo/ frames1 vide bord]s & photograph frames4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m9iature ,,frame4 ,p4 #abh4 ,horns4 ,horns may be c>v$1 z previ\sly describ$1 & imitations ( !m 9 wood are easily made4 ,!y are ornam5tal objects1 & useful :5 hung up to conta9 small objects4 ,!y c1 by /eep+ 9 hot wat]1 be s(t5$ & flatt5$1 vide initial to ,fifte5? ,lesson4 ,tiles4 ,^! are really panels4 ,!y are pieces ( wood f half an in* to an in* 9 ?ickness1 ! size ( ord9>y tiles1 c>v$ 9 bold relief ) free h&1 col\r$ or n1 & are v useful = h\se decoration1 *imney-piece bord]s1 cornices1 & corn]s4 ,! tile :5 employ$ ) mu* repetition becomes ! diap] ornam5t4 ,w9d[ ,g>d5s to conta9 fl[]-pots4 ,^! are squ>e *e/s1 z long z ! w9d[ is wide1 & f a foot to eighte5 in*es 9 dep?4 ,!y may be made ) two or ?ree panels1 or "o long panel 9 front1 ) "o at ea* end4 ,!y =m admirable subjects = decoration4 ,albums1 ,portfolios1 ,book-cov]s4 ,^! are panels1 & af=d an inf9ite range ( design & effects 9 wood-c>v+4 ,!y may be v beautifully & easily ornam5t$ 9 m]e /amp+ & outl9+ 7vide ,lesson ,,ii471 or by putt+ 9 diap] gr\nds1 or basket-"w1 or by v l[ relief c>v+1 9 :i* case !re %\ld be a bord] 9 a little high] relief to protect ! patt]n f be+ rubb$1 ,fig4 #gj4 ,canoes4 ,9 _m c\ntries l>ge or real canoes are made f "o piece ( wood & elaborately c>v$4 ,v pretty m9iature canoes may be made f "o to ?ree feet 9 l5g? f any k9d ( wood1 & cov]$ ) any k9d ( ornam5tation4 ,x is n necess>y to excavate !m f a s+le block or log1 z !y may be made f two or m pieces4 ,!y =m useful receptacles = _m objects4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fi4 ,panels ( ,doors4 ,^! might be g5]ally ornam5t$4 ,e k9d ( wood-c>v+ is applicable to !m1 b x %\ld be rememb]$ t = all su* decoration a l>ge1 free1 & bold /yle is absolutely necess>y1 & t x is unwise to make mural "w1 :i* %\ld be visible at great di/ances1 out ( pretty fl[]s or too delicate "w4 ,a room ) good bold door-panels1 wa9scot1 or dado & a frieze1 seems half furni%$1 :ile trifl+ & feeble ornam5ts detract f su* appe>ance4 ,! great secret ( ! attractiv5ess ( m$ival & savage decoration is its en]gy4 ,ev5 ecc5tricity & grotesqu5ess lose all t is repulsive 9 !m :5 !y are simply & vigor\sly set =?4 ,c>v$ patt]ns 9 l[ relief may be appli$ to door-panels4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gj4 ,,album ,,cov]4 ,foot-/ools4 ,^! are really small panell$ boxes1 unless made ) supports or legs4 ,b5*es4 ,simple b5*es are seldom decorat$1 b !y are admirably adapt$ to x4 ,nev] c>ve ! seats1 unless !y are made to fold up to protect !m f ! ra91 9 :i* case ! "u ornam5ts ( *oir-seats or mis]]es may be appropriately us$4 ,:5 ! b5* has a back x becomes a rude s(a or settee or settle 7,anglo-,saxon setl1 a seat74 ,prop]ly speak+ a settle is a long b5* ) a high back4 ,?is may be c>v$ 9 panels4 ,!re 0 an old ,saxon & e>ly ,engli% d\ble *air made to seat two1 :i* is l a %ort settle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ga4 ,,hang+ ,,box4 ,hang+ ,boxes4 ,^! are boxes g5]ally made ) a back1 :i* is ! longe/ piece1 & :i* goes above & bel[ ! receptacle "p4 ,!y are useful = newspap]s or lett]s4 ,e k9d ( c>v+ is applicable to !m1 ,fig4 #ga4 ,key ,boxes4 ,^! are small hang+ cab9ets4 ,9 e family !re are _m loose keys ( trunks & furniture ly+ ab\t loose1 & h>d to f9d :5 want$4 ,if !re 7 a key box !y w\ld always be readily f\nd4 ,make a box or frame1 let u say eighte5 in*es 9 l5g? by t5 in*es wid?1 ( f\r /rips ( deal or any wood4 ,^! /rips may be half an in* 9 ?ickness by an in* 9 wid?4 ,nail or glue !m toge!r s z to =m ! f\r sides ( a box4 ,!n take "o or two or ?ree /rips ( ?9 plan$ bo>d1 & neatly nail !m on to =m a back to ! %all[ box4 ,n[ take a panel1 :i* is to =m ! lid or door ( ! cab9et4 ,x w be bett] to make a n>r[ frame ( f\r /rips1 & set ! panel 9 ?is1 z a door1 ) h+es & lock4 ,?is is to be hung up on ! wall4 ,x w v mu* improve ! :ole if ! int]ior & outside ( ! cab9et1 or all ! deal1 be /a9$ to mat* ! door1 :i*1 z x is to be c>v$1 %\ld be ( walnut or oak1 or "s bett] class ( wood4 ,!n get "s small silv] or plat$-head$ nails & drive !m 9 r[s 9 ! cab9et4 ,! keys are to be hung up on ^!4 ,cab9ets4 ,^! may be 9 ! nature ( upright boxes ) doors1 ) ?ree sides ornam5t$1 ! f\r? be+ plac$ aga9/ ! wall1 or ?ree-sid$ = a corn]4 ,! =ms ( cab9ets are extremely v>i$1 & ! arti/ %\ld pass mu* "t 9 design+ !m4 ,!y are ( all sizes1 f great armoires = clo?+ d[n to caskets4 ,! ^w cab9et is d]iv$ f ! ,fr5* cabane1 a cab94 ,! e>lie/ dwell]s 9 ,italy made ! receptacles = ! a%es ( ! dead exactly l ! cab9s 9 :i* !y dwelt4 ,sabots or ,wood5 ,%oes4 ,^! s]ve admirably to c>ve1 & are v pretty :5 col\r$ or ivori$1 bronz$ 9 antique /yle1 or o!rwise ornam5t$4 ,sabots are useful to conta9 small articles1 & may be turn$ into cig>-a% hold]s4 ,umbrella ,h&les4 ,^! (f] an inexhau/ible field = ! design] & c>v] ( small objects4 ,tank>ds4 ,^! & all k9ds ( cyl9drical objects are ! same z reg>ds design z panels1 only t ! patt]n :5 n 9 set divisions mu/ be cont9u\s1 or go+ r\nd )\t a break4 ,!y h be5 already describ$4 ,p5 & ,p5cil ,boxes4 ,a v conv5i5t =m is t ( a r\nd-turn$ wood1 pla91 upright j>4 ,small squ>e or r\nd c>v$ boxes = su* a purpose are n h>d to make4 ,!y may be made l t[]s or ca/les1 ! trunks ( trees1 b>rels1 or almo/ any holl[ objects4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gb4 ,,flask4 ,pilgrim ,bottles & ,p[d] ,flasks4 ,take two pieces ( bo>d1 ea* "o in* ?ick1 plane !m smoo?1 & saw bo? into ovals exactly mat*+1 (1 say1 six in*es by t54 ,cut away ! c5tre f bo?4 ,fit !m exactly4 ,!n r\nd ea* half 9 su* a mann] t1 :5 br\ght toge!r1 !y =m a r\nd r+1 l a ,fr5* loaf4 ,!n c>efully holl[ out ! c5tre ( bo?1 includ+ ! neck1 & glue ! halves toge!r4 ,c>ve ! outside1 ,figs4 #gb & #gc4 ,dur+ ! ,middle ,ages su* bottles 7 made ( _m sizes to conta9 gunp[d]4 ,!y 7 c>v$ f ivory or h>d wood1 & 7 cov]$ ) a v great v>iety ( subjects1 su* z de]1 dogs1 wild bo>s1 birds1 cupids1 sc5es f ! hea!n my?ology & ! ,bible1 z well z ord9>y grotesques4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gc4 ,,pilgrim ,,bottle4 ,%r9es or ,reliqu>ies4 ,?is is ! conv5tional "n = boxes or caskets made exactly 9 ! =m ( h\ses1 ! lid be+ "o side ( ! ro(4 ,! %ape is a conv5i5t "o = a box4 ,!y 7 cov]$ ) ornam5ts ( ! mo/ v>i$ or grotesque k9ds4 ,mummies4 ,! ,egyptian mummy or its outw>d box or s>cophagus =ms an excell5t subject = a useful box4 ,take two pieces ( wood1 adapt !m to make a box1 l ! ,egyptian type1 t is1 ! lid be+ ab\t "o-f\r? z ?ick z ! box4 ,appliqu or glue m wood on to ! lid1 9 ! c5tre4 ,! :ole may be !n smoo!d into %ape1 pa9t$ & gilt1 or else c>v$ 9 l[ relief1 or simply /amp$4 ,x may also be all gilt1 & ! dot "w & %ad[s pa9t$ 9 br[n or ivori$4 ,take = model a real s>cophagus4 ,! "w is n difficult1 & ! result w be a v h&some object4 ,roman ,s>cophagus4 ,?is is simply a squ>e box c>v$ 9 v high relief1 aft] ! patt]n ( a ,roman tomb4 ,! ornam5ts may be appliqu4 ,^! s>cophagi are v beautiful :5 ivori$4 ,books4 ,a v pretty patt]n = a box is an old book ( ! twelf? or ?irte5? c5tury1 ) its clasps & o!r ornam5ts 9 high relief4 ,"o ( ! cov]s is set on h+es1 & =ms ! lid4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to poli% & ornam5t ! :ole s z to look l an orig9al4 ,x 0 v common to make ! sides ( old books ( wood5 panels1 :i* 7 c>v$ 9 high relief4 ,silv] & brass or iron clasps & /uds tak5 f su* old books may be b\ght 9 _m bric--brac %ops4 ,/aves or ,alp5/ocks4 ,a /aff f\r or five feet 9 l5g? is m useful = a p$e/rian go+ a great di/ance ?an a cane1 & x is rem>kable t x %\ld h fall5 into su* disuse4 ,9 old times 9 nor!rn c\ntries !y 7 (t5 made squ>e1 ! corn]s be+ slightly r\nd$1 & 7 !n cov]$ ) ,runic inscriptions & ornam5ts4 ,^! 7 v (t5 almanacks1 s t a man wi%+ to "k :at 0 ! day ( ! week or mon? _h only to consult 8 /aff1 or to up /ick4 ,^! 7 call$ clogs4 ,!y might be acceptable & useful to _m t\ri/s4 ,!y 7 commonly c>v$ by ! peasants1 & a few may possibly /ill be f\nd 9 ,suffolk4 ,spoons4 ,wood5 spoons are easily c>v$ & ornam5t$4 ,x is v curi\s1 t q ap>t f any mod]n slang atta*$ to ! words spooney or to spoon1 two spoons1 f _! fitt+ toge!r exactly1 are consid]$ 9 _m c\ntries z a type ( matrimony & p]fect agreem5t4 ,9 ,wales1 z 9 ,sw$5 & ,alg]ia1 x is usual to pres5t a newly m>ri$ c\ple ) a piece ( wood c>v$ into ! =m ( two spoons1 & ,i myself possess specim5s ( su*4 ,if anyone wi%es to e/abli% ! cu/om 9 ,engl& he w\ld probably f9d t ! pres5t w\ld be g5]ally welcome4 ,two spoons 9 "o cup are1 x is well kn[n1 ! sign ( a happy m>riage4 ,i h se5 l>ge wood5 spoons c>v$ & pa9t$ & v>ni%$1 or gilt2 two ( ^! ti$ toge!r ) a ribbon 7 hung up z an amulet to secure peace4 ,bell[s4 ,^! are c>v$ 9 l[ relief1 & may be ornam5t$ by simple ind5tation or outl9+ & /amp+4 ,x is ! easie/ c\rse to get ! wood & saw x out1 half or "o-?ird in* walnut or oak1 & !n c>ve x1 & h ! bell[s made up1 ,figs4 #gd & #ge4 ,platt]s4 ,take a piece ( panel1 "o-?ird to half ( an in* 9 ?ickness1 & saw x out into any %ape1 su* z t ( a fi%1 a wild bo>1 a pig1 a cat1 a rabbit1 tortoise1 h>e1 etc41 c>e be+ tak5 t ! %ape always approa* t ( a circle1 an oval1 or at lea/ a diamond4 ,mo/ animals c be drawn fitt+ into a circul> bord]1 z y c asc]ta9 = y\rself by putt+ a cat or a h>e1 etc41 into a hoop4 ,ind5t ) /amp$ "w or c>ve 9 ribbon-"w1 l[ relief1 f9i% & poli% ) c>e1 dye black1 & !n oil or v>ni%4 ,^! are useful = int]pos+ betwe5 cups1 vases1 etc41 & ! table-clo?4 ,v pretty effects may be produc$ by inlay+ small discs ( pe>l or ivory to =m ! eyes1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gd4 ,,! ,,w9d-,,fl[]1 ,,or ,,anemone4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ge4 ,a ,,salam&]4 ,lunettes & ,spaces4 ,x w (t5 happ5 t !re is ov] a *imney-piece or door1 or "u or ov] a w9d[1 a space l a semi-circle1 or half an ellipse or oval1 or squ>e or rectangle ( any k9d1 :i* might v well be fill$ 91 & x w be f\nd t1 9 mo/ cases1 !re is no?+ m appropriate ?an wood-c>v+4 ,x w be an easy matt] = anyone 9 ! lea/ famili> ) draw+ to adapt ! designs 9 ?is "w1 or 9 ! ,manual ( ,design1 to su* spaces4 ,false ,s(a-backs4 ,:5 a pla9 flat l\nge or s(a is plac$ aga9/ a wall its appe>ance may be greatly improv$ 9 "o ( two ways4 ,fir/ly1 a c>pet or clo? may be hung on ! wall1 j mat*+ x 9 size & meet+ x4 ,secondly1 & ?is is v effective1 get bo>ds or panels made into a piece1 j z broad z ! s(a is long1 & f two feet to any height y please4 ,x may rea* d[n to ! gr\nd1 or beg9 ) ! s(a4 ,c>ve x4 ,?is w seem to be ! back ( ! s(a1 or a gu>d = ! wall2 9 any case x w appe> v well4 ,x may be made ( sep>ate panels1 say six or eight in*es by twelve or sixte51 made up into a frame4 ,su* pieces may be plac$ to back any k9d ( furniture :i* re/s p]man5tly aga9/ ! wall4 ,door ,pieces4 ,panels j z long z ! door is wide1 & f "o to two1 ?ree1 or ev5 f\r feet across1 :5 c>v$1 =m h&some decorations to place above a door2 !y may also be us$ to place above w9d[s4 ,inscriptions1 or simple figures ) ornam5t1 look v well on !m4 ,outside or ,faade ,pieces4 ,_m a h\se1 be x mansion or cottage1 :i* seems utt]ly prosaic & pla91 might be greatly improv$ if betwe5 its w9d[s1 on ! outside1 !re c\ld be set ornam5tal panels4 ,^! may be pa9t$1 c>v$ 9 /one1 m\ld$ ( ,portl& cem5t or o!r artificial /one1 & 9 _m cases c>v$ ( wood4 ,ornam5t$ inscriptions 9 old ,engli%1 & simple figures1 are suitable = ^! panels2 9 any case let ^? :o adopt !m try n to h ! commonplace cupids & ornam5ts g5]ally se5 9 mural decoration4 ,x may n be 9 good =m to be grotesque1 b ^? :o entirely avoid x are almo/ always commonplace4 ,fig4 #gf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gf4 ,wood or ,coal ,boxes4 ,^! are squ>e boxes ) lids1 to be plac$ by ! fireplace4 ,! coal-scuttle1 ) ! coals1 may be plac$ 9 !m4 ,9 c>v+ ev]y?+ ( ! k9d x is a good idea to introduce ornam5tal lett]+ & appropriate mottoes4 ,bread ,platt]s4 ,^! may be se5 9 e fancy or furni%+ %op :]e wood5 w>es are sold4 ,!y c be mu* improv$ by c>v+ to s]ve z r\nd panels4 ,*imney-pieces4 ,^! g5]ally consi/ ( pila/] panels & /rips1 & anybody :o c execute ^! 9 detail c h !m made up4 ,x is desirable = ! pupil to copy a few or _m *imney-pieces1 great or small1 f real ones1 & adopt ! ornam5ts f !m4 ,& z !y are articles :i* receive a great deal ( we> & te> & rubb+1 x may be well to rememb] t too delicate f9i% is misplac$ :]e scrubb+ ) soap & s& is sure to set 9 "s day1 & :]e1 at any rate1 du/+ & o!r processes are inevitable4 ,aft] a few ye>s ! foliage or fl[]s und]cut to ! la/ degree1 beg9 to %$ _! leaves1 & appe> brok5 or ragg$4 ,good flat-c>v+1 :i* endures any?+1 is bett] ?an ?is1 & ! roses1 ev5 if 9 high relief1 w\ld look none ! worse = be+ solidly ?\gh conv5tionally cut4 ,a good *imney-piece & a h&some high-back$ arm*air c be v well execut$ by anybody :o c d ord9>y panel c>v+4 ,!re is no fireplace 9 ev5 ! humble/ cottage = :i* a *imney-piece may n be made4 ,its upp] portion c 9 mo/ cases be made to support %elves or a cab9et2 :5 9 a corn] ^! ( c\rse are triangul>4 ,go?ic or ornam5t$ lett]+ may be us$ 9 ! ornam5t4 ,= ?is1 prov]bs or quotations relative to ! fireplace are appropriate4 ,beams4 ,:5 ! beams :i* support ! floor above are left expos$1 ! room is improv$ by be+ made high]4 ,if ^! beams are c>v$1 ev5 if x be done rudely1 ! :ole room seems to be adorn$4 ,?is is /rik+ly ! case :5 ! beams are /a9$ a d>k br[n1 & !n t\*$ up a little on ! prom95t po9ts ) gild+4 ,if x be too difficult to c>ve ! beams 9 situ or 9 place1 x is easy to ornam5t !m ) appli$ c>v$ ornam5ts4 ,pa9s %\ld be tak5 to make ^! appe> to be uni=m ) ! wood4 ,racks4 ,^! may be = umbrellas1 hats1 g>m5ts1 pipes weapons1 & o!r purposes4 ,great +5uity & ta/e c be develop$ 9 design+ !m4 ,( "o ?+ let ! design] be v c>eful4 ,let him see t ! pegs or hooks are /rongly fix$ & are n ornam5t$4 ,i h se5 su* pieces ( furniture1 9 :i* a f\r-corn]$ %>p-edg$ fl[] is plac$ once & ev5 twice on a hook1 :ile on o!rs !re is at ! end a projection m ?an an in* 9 diamet]1 :i* is flat on ! back or "u side1 ) a %>p edge4 ,! result is1 t :5 a coat is hung by ! loop on su* a peg & is !n turn$ or twi/$ once or twice1 z (t5 happ5s1 x is almo/ impossible at times to get x (f4 ,! ,boss or r\nd c5tral projection =m$ a v important "p or speciality 9 m$ival wood-c>v+4 ,x c be advantage\sly us$ z a c5tre1 & sets (f to good effect surr\nd+ flat or pla9 c>v+4 ,x is sometimes us$ z a h&le = *e/s4 ,x is1 :5 a simple half-circle1 v easily sket*$ into %ape4 ,x may be =m$ into ! head ( an animal1 a fl[]1 a s+le curl+ leaf1 or sev]al leaves4 ,! /ud5t is specially urg$ to copy z _m z he c f ,go?ic designs4 ,a boss at ! bottom ( a b[l1 or 9 a sauc] or plaque1 produces a good effect1 ! concave surface r\nd x mak+ a beautiful effect ( %ade1 :i* might be m frequ5tly employ$ by picture-frame mak]s4 ,?is ornam5t1 :i* is v easily made & v /rik+1 is ?us prep>$4 ,get a b[l or a %all[ r\nd platt]2 any turn] w make "o = y4 ,!n c>ve f a hemisph]e ( wood a head or a boss ( leaves or fl[]s1 or a dragon4 ,r\nd ! bottom ) a file to fit1 & ) glue & a screw fa/5 x to ! b[l4 ,! int]ior ( ! b[l may be poli%$1 v>ni%$1 gild$1 or ivori$4 ,clock ,cases4 ,a common clock is n v exp5sive1 & :5 x is prop]ly repa9t$ & set 9 a well-c>v$ frame its value w be v mu* enhanc$4 ,a t[] is a v good subject = a clock case4 ,ve/ibule4 ,! small ante-hall1 betwe5 ! fir/ & second door1 common 9 v _m h\ses4 ,?is c be ornam5t$ ) a wa9scot or dados 9 long panels4 ,x is v (t5 ?us decorat$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,= cottages & c\ntry h\ses1 or ev5 = t[n mansions1 su* panels may be beautifully & fitly decorat$ ) g\ge-"w 9 grooves1 a flat patt]n 9 simple cutt+-91 su* z any p]son may le>n h[ to execute 9 a few h\rs4 ,fill 9 ! patt]n or cuts ) d>k pa9t1 & if expos$ to *anges ( temp]am5t or rubb+1 let x be oil$ or v>ni%$4 ,! same "w is ( c\rse z appropriate to halls z any o!r rooms1 b ! ve/ibule1 be+ small1 may s]ve = a beg9n+4 ,/aircase ,balu/]s4 ,^! af=d$ inexhau/ible "w = ! arti/s ( ! old5 "t1 & !y %\ld be tempt+ to e wood-c>v]4 ,x is n at all necess>y t !y %\ld be /rictly ( op5 "w1 9 lattices or rails1 z beautiful objects ( ! k9d 7 once (t5 made 9 panels4 ,b ! c>v] %\ld especially be aw>e ( project+ leaves or cro*ets1 z !y are v apt to cat* g>m5ts4 ,g>d5-"w4 ,mu* bold wood-c>v+ may be execut$ = g>d5s 9 a great v>iety ( =ms4 ,/&s or tables = pott$ fl[]s & tubs may be decorat$1 panels plac$ 9 walls1 & summ]-h\ses made 9 f> great] v>iety ?an !y are at pres5t4 ,poetry supplies an inf9ite v>iety ( inscriptions appropriate to g>d5s1 :i* may be c>v$ & ornam5t$4 ,x is wor? not+ t /atues ( ,flora & ,pomona & ,v]tumnus 9 simple ar*aic =ms 7 us$ to protect g>d5s & or*>ds among ! ,romans1 & x w\ld be an easy matt] to c>ve ^! 9 l[ relief 9 panels4 ,gates4 ,! gates ( c\ntry places1 g>d5s1 etc41 af=d a wide scope = ! skill ( ! c>v]1 & z !y are ! fir/ objects g5]ally se5 ab\t a h\se !y may be mo/ appropriately ornam5t$4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 mu* o!r "w1 ! art ( ! c>p5t] is comb9$ ) t ( ! c>v]4 ,x %\ld be1 h[ev]1 rememb]$1 z reg>ds gates1 z ( all decoration :atev]1 t any?+ :i* c ev] be 9 any mann] 9 ! way is n beautiful1 s5sible1 or prop]4 ,!re %\ld nev] be a jagg$ or po9t$ ornam5t :]ev] x c cat* clo?+4 ,b$/eads4 ,! b$/ead 0 ( old consid]$ s appropriate = c>v+1 t ,i f9d 9 an excell5t old ,italian "w on furniture m illu/rations ( ?is article ?an any o!r4 ,ev5 v simple & *eap ones may be r$\bl$ 9 value by a little judici\s c>v+4 ,trays4 ,^! may be made 9 great v>iety1 to conta9 _m k9ds ( objects4 ,z a rule ! tray is a long %all[ box1 b x may be c>v$ f "o piece ( wood1 & is !n us$ to c>ry objects 91 ! s+le piece be+ necess>y to give x /r5g?4 ,if ornam5t$ ) c>v+ ! tray =ms an attractive object :5 hung up on ! wall4 ,& x may be "h rem>k$ t "o great object ( all c>v+ is1 t mo/ objects :i* are useful 9 "s way %all be ornam5tal :5 n 9 use4 ,we d n wi% to h trays & coal-boxes 9 ! way if !y are pla91 b :5 decorat$ !y s]ve z well z pictures to ornam5t a room4 ,coal or ,wood ,boxes4 ,see ,wood or ,coal ,boxes4 ,salt ,boxes1 ,collection ,boxes4 ,^! v useful articles ne$ n be limit$ z reg>ds cont5ts1 nor conf9$ to ! kit*5 or to collection4 ,if ! "p ( ! box :i* goes aga9/ ! wall1 or its back1 be l5g!n$1 ! salt box becomes a k9d ( bracket4 ,vide ,hang+ ,boxes4 ,%elf-bo>ds4 ,x v (t5 happ5s t a lit]>y man1 or draughtsman1 or ar*itect1 ?\gh 8 "w-table may be l>ge1 f9ds x cr[d$ ) books1 etc4 ,to f9d place = ^! ! %elf-bo>d is v conv5i5t4 ,x is simply a bo>d1 let u say "o foot wide1 plac$ on two supports1 :i* lift x twelve or fifte5 in*es f ! table4 ,to economize room ^! supports may ea* be a squ>e op5 box1 9 :i* books may be plac$4 ,! advantage ( ?is %elf is t x may be displac$ at any "t :5 ! table is cle>$4 ,a pla9 bo>d 9 a room is n an attractive object1 its edge1 or ev5 "o side ( x1 may !re=e be c>v$4 ,brackets & ,bracket ,%elves4 ,^! useful objects may be made 9 a great v>iety ( =ms4 ,! simple/ is m]ely ?ree pieces ( bo>d fa/5$ toge!r 9 a triangle4 ,9 ! illu/ration1 ,fig4 #gg1 !re are five pieces4 ,! c5tre ( b slopes at an angle ( #de4 ,bracket %elves are made by hang+ two brackets & lay+ a bo>d across !m4 ,a bracket may be made on a long] bo>d1 & h two or m %elves1 x !n becomes a hang+ rack or cab9et4 ,or ! support may be a long /rip 9 :i* pegs ( wood or metal are plac$1 on :i* objects are hung4 ,a v great v>iety ( c>v$ or /amp$ ornam5t may be adapt$ to brackets4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gg4 ,,bracket4 ,,! ,,tannh,,us]4 ,viol9 & ,guit> ,cases4 ,9 ! old times ^! 7 (t5 elaborately c>v$1 & ?us =m$ an ornam5t1 in/ead ( be+1 l all n[ us$1 any?+ b attractive4 ,h&les = ,draw]s4 ,! hang+ or h+e /yle ( old-fa%ion$ h&les1 n[ s preval5t1 has ! drawbacks ( n be+ always easy to op5 or f9d1 & ( frequ5tly break+4 ,! knob1 :i* 0 screw$ on1 0 always we>+ out & gett+ out ( ord]4 ,! be/ & mo/ practical k9d is made ) a squ>e %ank :i* passes ?r\gh a squ>e hole 9 ! draw]4 ,x has also 9 itself a squ>e hole into :i* a squ>e p9 is driv51 :i* holds x fa/4 ,c>v+ 9 v l[ relief may be appli$ to ornam5t ^! h&les1 b x %\ld nev] be su* z to produce positive inequalities1 su* z press into1 or may hurt ! h&4 ,if ! p9 be slightly w$ge-%ap$1 x c nev] we> out1 nor c ! h&le become loose1 s9ce :5 x does1 all t is requir$ is to drive x 9 fur!r4 ,a v pla9 *e/ ( draw]s may be made mu* m attractive ) a h&some set ( h&les4 ,h&les are ano!r =m ( bosses4 ,appli$ ,ornam5ts4 ,old ,roman bronze co9s1 su* z may be b\ght = two or ?ree p5ce1 are (t5 q h&some en\gh to be appli$ ) beautiful effect 9 caskets1 tank>ds1 or boxes4 ,lay ! co9 on ! wood1 draw its exact circle ) a p91 & d ?is until ! l9e is r deeply scrat*$4 ,cut out ! disc ) great c>e1 s t ! co9 may fit tightly into x4 ,= ?is purpose v ?ick co9s are pref]able4 ,let x project a little f ! surface4 ,fa/5 x 9 ) diamond or ,turkey cem5t4 ,( c\rse1 m$als or co9s ( any k9d may be us$4 ,make a bord] 9 ! wood r\nd ! co91 & if y l1 apply o!r ornam5t to ?is bord]4 ,l>ge nails ) circul> boss heads are v effective 9 furniture4 ,*e/s may be beautifully ornam5t$ ) !m4 ,wa/e-,pap] ,box4 ,a c>v$ box is mu* m sightly & solid ?an an ord9>y wa/e-pap] basket4 ,! box may be c>v$ 9 a basket patt]n1 & made r wid] at ! top ?an ! bottom4 ,bord]s4 ,any ornam5t cont9u$ 9 a l9e or /rip =ms a bord]4 ,a wave l9e1 or "o made ( hemi-circles1 jo9$ or n ) ornam5ts 9 e comp>tm5t1 is a good plan = a bord]4 ,s is a v9e ( any k9d4 ,:5 ! hemi-circles are squ>$ & jo9$1 x becomes ! basis = ! ,greek ,me&] or ,wall ( ,troy4 ,angles & o!r =ms are also us$4 ,any diap] may be repeat$ s z to =m a bord]4 ,bord]s ar\nd panels & o!r m>g9s1 & all along ! edges ( bo>ds = %elves1 brackets & mo/ ( ! works m5tion$ 9 ?is li/1 may be execut$ 9 highly decorative effect1 & ) an ease & precision difficult to atta9 by c>v+1 ) ! hamm] & /amps m5tion$ 9 ! fir/ lesson4 ,l9es are fir/ drawn on ! "w z guides to place ! pun*es to insure regul>ity4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gh4 ,,lect]n4 ,pila/]4 ,?\gh ?is t]m is g5]ally appli$ to :at may be call$ a flat-sid$ pill> aga9/ a wall1 or a flat half pill>1 9 wood-c>v+ x means q z (t5 a p]p5dicul> bord] 9 relief4 ,l bord]s1 pila/]s are us$ 9 _m ways 9 decoration1 z on walls1 bureaux1 cab9ets1 sidebo>ds1 tables1 or :]ev] a long /rip is to be fill$4 ,base ,m\ld+4 ,?is is g5]ally a bord] :i* is ! l[] portion ( a piece ( furniture1 etc4 ,?us1 if !re is a panel & frame1 & "u ?is1 j ov] ! feet1 a c>v$ /rip1 x is a base m\ld+4 ,n>r[ fillets on ^! may be also decorat$ by /amp+4 ,sidebo>d or ,buffet4 ,a piece ( furniture em95tly adapt$ to ornam5t4 ,x may be made ) a back or ) %elves1 ni*es1 or a cab9et plac$ on x in/ead ( a back4 ,alms ,boxes1 ,money ,boxes4 ,^! are made up = *ur*es1 g5]ally aft] ,go?ic designs1 & af=d a wide range ( design4 ,lect]n4 ,a *ur* read+ desk4 ,?is has always be5 a fav\rite subject ) wood-c>v]s1 ,fig4 #gh4 ,ends ( ,pews4 ,a fav\rite subject = c>v]s 9 ! days ( old1 vide ,fig4 #hj4 ,porte-papi]4 ,a v useful article to c>ry pap]1 or a sket*book1 or to press leaves & fl[]s & convey !m home4 ,take two pieces ( bo>d1 f "o-?ird to "o-half an in* 9 ?ickness1 & six in*es by eight 9 size1 m or less z may be desir$4 ,! pap] is plac$ betwe5 ^! bo>ds & ! :ole secur$ ) a h&-/rap4 ,x is usual to c>ve a fl[] patt]n on ^!4 ,r+ or ,circul> ,boxes4 ,take a bo>d1 ( any ?ickness1 e4g4 "o ( two in*es1 & make ( x a disc or circle1 us+ ! /eel fret saw1 ,fig4 #af2 !n m>k+ out ano!r circle )9 ?is1 saw out a r+ ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,adapt to ?is a bottom & lid1 bo?1 ( c\rse1 also circul>4 ,x w be l :at is kn[n z a *eese box4 ,to d\ble ! dep? saw out two r+s & glue !m toge!r4 ,?is w give f\r in*es dep?4 ,boxes may ?us be made ( any %ape1 su* z a fi%1 & !n c>v$4 ,photograph or ,mirror ,frames1 or ,m\nts4 ,take a piece ( ?9 bo>d1 six in*es by f\r or five1 or any size requir$4 ,cut out ( "o corn] ( ?is z mu* z w be requir$ = ! photograph or mirror1 leav+ en\gh wood = a patt]n4 ,^! h become v popul> ( late1 ,fig4 #gi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gi4 ,,frame ,,= ,a ,,photograph1 ,,look+ ,,glass1 ,,etc4 ,tripty*4 ,two fold+ cov]s or bo>ds on h+es1 int5d$ to cov] a picture or c>v$ or enamell$ or inlaid "w4 ,^! tripty*s may be us$ rev]s$ z writ+ desks1 or else c>v$ on bo? sides1 & !n :5 op5 hung on ! wall z ornam5ts4 ,:5 !re are only two bo>ds1 z 9 an album1 x is call$ a dipty*4 ,encoignures4 ,tables made ) an angle to fit into a corn] ( a room4 ,%ields4 ,c>v$ 9 wood1 ^! =m beautiful ornam5ts4 ,incitega4 ,a k9d ( /& or table = fl[]s4 ,x 0 g5]ally made ( rods or /rips1 b x may be v easily =m$ l a box1 t is1 a truncat$ pyramid rev]s$4 ,! sides are c>v$4 ,monopodium or ,c5tre-table4 ,a small circul> table support$ on a c5tral /em or foot1 us$ by ! anci5ts at social ent]ta9m5ts4 ,orb4 ,a globe cov]$ ) ornam5ts c>v$ 9 l[ relief4 ,!y =m v effective decorations4 ,f9ial4 ,a t]m9at+ ornam5t1 correspond+ to a fl[] z a cro*et does to a side leaf1 ,fig4 #hj1 etc4 ,co9-brackets4 ,brackets made to fit into ! corn] ( a room4 ,corn]-cab9ets4 ,cab9ets adapt$ to a corn] ( a room4 ,!re are also co9 or corn] objects ( furniture ( all k9ds4 ,m\ld+s4 ,^! are n>r[ bord]s or /rips1 & are v effective 9 giv+ relief 9 long spaces4 ,a good effect = a full bord]1 a diap] gr\nd or a broad patt]n1 may (t5 be made by d\bl+1 trebl+1 etc41 m\ld+s4 ,by us+ ! fold+ mirror a segm5t ( any m\ld+ or bord] may be conv]t$ into an ornam5t to fill up any giv5 space1 ( any %ape4 ,!re are sev]al tools specially made = cutt+ figures 9 m\ld+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hj4 ,,poppy-,,head4 ,poppy-heads4 ,!re are _m cases :]e c>v+ may be appli$ ) good effect to relieve b>5ess4 ,su* ornam5ts1 g5]ally small gr\ps ( foliage 7?\gh (t5 figures ) leaves71 7 =m]ly plac$ on ! summits ( b5*-ends desks1 & o!r cl]ical wood-"w 7,f4 ,w4 ,fairholt74 ,poppy-heads c be plac$1 h[ev]1 or adapt$1 to all k9ds ( furniture1 ) a v>iation 9 =m1 ,fig4 #hj4 ,sconce4 ,a wall c&le/ick1 :i* usually takes ! =m ( a project+ bracket$ support 9 wood or metal4 ,!y orig9at$ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 & 7 g5]ally ( enri*$ design4 ,!y may be saw$ out ( bo>ds1 or c>v$ 9 _m =ms4 ,trellis-scre5s4 ,^! are ?9 bo>ds ( op5 lattice-"w1 g5]ally made by fret-saw+ & subsequ5t c>v+4 ,!y are useful to place beh9d w9d[s1 & = _m purposes4 ,tympanum4 ,a triangul> space1 :i* may be fill$ 9 ) c>v$ ornam5t4 ,v]ge or ,b>ge-bo>d4 ,! gable ornam5t ( wood-"w1 us$ ext5sively = h\ses 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,x af=ds a wide field = decoration4 ,wrea?s4 ,c>v$ circles or r+s ( wood1 :i* =m beautiful ornam5ts1 especially :5 hung up at int]vals4 ,!y may be us$ = picture-frames1 ,fig4 #ha4 ,ac]ra4 ,a squ>e box1 on legs or supports4 ,heads & ,legs4 ,:5 a cyl9d]1 or squ>e /ick1 or horn1 or oval box1 is made to rudely resemble a figure by add+ to x a head & legs1 ?is is s call$4 dicula4 ,a small h\se or t[]1 g5]ally us$ z a box4 ,v effective & beautiful articles are ?us made4 ,ante-fix4 ,ornam5t c>v$ 9 /one or wood1 or made f t]ra-cotta1 to give an ornam5tal f9i% or to conceal unsightly junctions 9 masonry 7,fairholt74 ,!re are few c\ntry h\ses or cottages :]e !y _c be appli$4 ,ciborium1 ,syn$o*e4 ,v ri*ly adorn$ receptacles 9 :i* ! ,ho/ is kept4 ,!y may be imitat$ = cab9ets4 ,9 ,spani% *ur*es !y are call$ cu/odia4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ha4 ,,r+-,,box1 ,,wrea?1 ,,or ,,bread ,,platt]4 ,cyma4 ,a m\ld+ consi/+ ( a r\nd & holl[ conjo9$1 t]m$ cyma recta :5 holl[ above1 & cyma rev]sa :5 ! cavity is bel[4 ,modillons4 ,brackets 9 ,go?ic ar*itecture1 ! l[] portion (t5 9 ! =m ( a grotesque animal or human be+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hb4 ,,h& ,,mirror4 ,h& ,mirrors4 ,^! af=d an endless field = design4 ,fig4 #hb4 ,e*9us4 ,! egg & tongue or egg & an*or m\ld+1 mu* l ! he>t & d>t ornam5t4 ,x is easily made & is v effective4 ,faces may be cut on ! eggs4 ,outl9es4 ,figures ( m51 animals1 etc41 cut or saw$ out ( bo>ds1 & ei!r pa9t$ or c>v$4 ,!y are common 9 ,italian *ur*es4 ,!y =m v effective hang+ ornam5ts4 ,birds c be adapt$ to beautiful outl9es4 ,hamm] ,beam4 ,! project+ end ( a beam1 (t5 c>v$4 ,hood ,m\ld+4 ,! m\ld+ :i* cov]s or surm\nts a door or w9d[ on ! outside1 =m+ a sort ( hood or wea!r-gu>d4 ,x is also call$ a drip/one or wea!r m\ld+4 ,x c be beautifully ornam5t$1 & ?us becomes a /rik+ decoration4 ,impo/4 ,! horizontal m\ld+ on ! summit ( a pill> f :i* ! ar* spr+s4 ,console4 7,fr5*47 ,brackets 9 furniture4 ,p]fume ,*e/s4 ,boxes ) p]=at$ lids 9 :i* is kept pot-p\rri ( rose leaves1 or a mixture ( p[d]$ orris-root & spice4 ,*urns4 ,a c>v$ *urn is a fanciful ornam5t1 us$ to conta9 pap]s1 etc4 ,! h&le is fix$ to ! cov] & s]ves to lift x4 ,h&les = ,b[ls1 ,cups1 or ,boxes4 ,^! are sawn f bo>d f "o half to an in* 9 ?ickness1 & !n fa/5$ to ! b[l or box1 g5]ally ) screws4 ,:5 gracefully or qua9tly %ap$ !y conv]t any ord9>y b[l or tank>d1 ) v little tr\ble1 to an attractive ornam5t4 ,!y are almo/ peculi> to ,sw$5 & ,norway1 :]e !y may be se5 9 museums 9 v great v>iety4 ,b>k ,frames4 ,a curi\s & /rik+ ornam5t may be made 9 ?is mann]4 ,take a piece ( cork1 oak1 or o!r b>k1 :i* may be a foot 9 l5g? by six in*es4 ,make 9 x an oval or circle1 9 :i* c>ve any subject4 ,! writ] once _h an image ( ! ,virg9 ?us c>v$1 :i* 0 mu* admir$4 ,d>k br[n b>k is mu* improv$ by hav+ gild+ r\ghly spread on its project+ po9ts4 ,if ! gr\nd ( ! c>v+ be gilt & ! b>k left 9 its natural condition ! effect w also be good4 ,?ree-legg$1 or ,milk+ ,/ools4 ,^! are commonly c>v$ on ! seat4 ,ornam5ts may be c>v$ & bett] appli$ z 9 ,fig4 #hc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hc4 ,,?ree-,,legg$ ,,/ool4 ,,index4 ,ac]ra1 #aea dicula1 #aea ,album-cov]s1 #abi1 #aca ,alms boxes1 #adh ,alp5/ocks1 c>v$1 #acf ,ammonia z a wood /a91 #aab ,animal =ms1 c>v+1 #ei ,antefix1 #aea ,appliqu "w1 #ge1 #hd2 x may be c>ri$ too f>1 #gf ,art1 high1 & c>v+1 #fd1 #gf4 ,see also ,conv5tional1 !1 ,rule1 etc4 ,arti/1 !1 & ! workman 9 wood-c>v+1 #hb ,balu/]s1 c>v+1 #adb ,b>ge-bo>d1 #aea ,b>k frames1 #aed ,b>s1 & o!r ornam5ts1 #aja ,base m\ld+1 #adg ,basket-"w1 imitation (1 #abh ,beam1 hamm]1 #aed ,beams1 c>v+1 #ada ,b$/eads1 c>v$1 #adc ,bell[s1 c>v+1 #acg1 #ach ,b5*1 ! work+1 #c2 screws1 #e ,b5*es1 c>v+1 #acb ,b5d1 gett+ !1 #ee ,b5t tools1 #e1 #ie ,bi*romate ( ,pota% z a dye1 #aac ,black dyes1 #aad ,block+-out1 #ej1 #ef ,bold1 l>ge "w1 #dh1 #di ,bone1 ivory1 etc41 c>v+1 #ad ,book-box1 #acf ,book-cov]s1 c>v$1 #hh1 #ia1 #abi ,books & au?orities1 quot$ & ref]r$ to3 ,caddy1 ,mr41 #c2 ,fairholt's ,diction>y1 #aea2 ,gibson's ,wood ,c>v]1 #h2 ,holtzapffel1 ,j4 ,j41 #b1 #hc2 ,lel&'s ,draw+ & ,design+1 #gb1 #abb2 ,mit*ell's ,lessons 9 ,c>p5try1 #abf2 ,r[e1 ,eleanor1 #db1 #aab2 ,seaton1 ,g5]al1 #aa1 #hh1 #if1 #aad4 ,see also "u names1 z ,gibbons1 ,gr9l+4 ,bord]s1 c>v$1 #gh1 #adf ,bosses1 or c5tres1 #ge1 #aja1 #ada ,bo/+1 #ch1 #ej1 #ef ,b[l1 to c>ve a1 #ie1 #adb1 #aed ,boxes1 c>v+1 #abe1 #acf1 #add1 #adh2 hang+1 #acb1 #acc2 p5 & p5cil1 #acd4 ,see also ,cab9ets1 ,caskets1 ,p]fume1 etc4 ,brackets1 #abe1 #add1 #ade2 co9 7or corn]71 #aej ,bread platt]s1 #acg1 #adj1 #aeb ,buffets1 #adh ,build+-up1 or appliqu "w1 #ge ,butt]nut z a dye1 #aaa ,cab9et-mak+1 #abd ,cab9ets1 #acc1 #aeb2 ,figur9i =1 #ei1 #fb2 corn]1 #aej ,caddy1 ,mr41 8 sugge/ions1 #c ,canoes1 c>v+1 #abi ,c>p5try1 ,c4 ,f4 ,mit*ell's ,lessons 91 #abf ,c>v+1 e>ly1 #cc1 #ed1 #fh1 #gj1 #aja1 #acj1 #acd1 #ada2 objects =1 #aba4 ,see also ,cab9ets1 ,horns1 ,italian "w1 etc4 ,c>v+s1 decay$1 re/oration (1 #ajf ,c>v+s1 imitation (1 #ajh ,case = pap]s or music1 #aag ,caskets1 #acf2 = cig>s1 #abg4 ,see also ,boxes1 etc4 ,casks1 c>v+1 #ig1 #abh ,ca/s4 ,see ,m\lds1 etc4 ,cavo-cutt+1 #bh ,cavo ,relievo cutt+1 #bh1 #cb ,cell9i1 ,b5v5uto1 #aa ,celtic patt]ns1 #bf ,cem5t1 = glass & *9a1 #aji2 = wood1 #ig1 #ajf1 #adf4 ,see also ,fill]s1 ,glue1 etc4 ,c5tres1 or bosses1 #ge1 #hi ,*airs = c>v+1 #abd ,*imney-pieces1 decoration (1 #adj4 ,see also ,lunettes1 etc4 ,*ipp+1 or wa/+1 #db ,*isels1 #c1 #aj ,*urns1 ornam5tal1 #aed ,ciborium1 ,syn$o*e1 #aea ,clamps1 or ,cramps4 ,see ,holdfa/s4 ,clock-cases1 #adb ,coal boxes1 etc41 #adj ,cocoa-nut goblet1 #ajj ,cocoa-nut %ell cem5t1 #ig2 p[d]1 etc41 #ajh ,cocoa-nuts1 c>v+1 #ie ,co9 7or corn]7 brackets1 #aej ,co9s z ornam5ts1 #adf ,collection boxes1 #add ,col\r+ & /a9+ wood1 #aaj ,common-place1 !1 v4 ! grotesque1 #adj ,console1 or bracket1 #abe1 #aed ,conv5tional1 !1 pref]able to ! real1 #ed1 #eg ,corn]-cab9ets1 #aej2 firm]s1 #d ,cramps1 or ,clamps4 ,see ,holdfa/s4 ,cross+ ! patt]n1 #ajc ,cups1 h&les =1 #aed ,curve c>v+1 #bf ,curv$ surfaces1 c>v+1 #ic ,cu/odia1 ,spani%1 #aeb ,cyma1 #aeb ,decoration1 e>ly1 #acj2 ( rooms1 #acj ,see also ,rooms1 etc4 ,deep c>v+4 ,see ,intaglio4 ,design1 ,manual (4 ,see ,lel&4 ,diap] cutt+1 #ah1 #fi1 #gj1 #gf2 patt]ns1 #gj1 #abi1 #adg ,dipty*1 #aej ,dogs1 or snibs1 #h ,door-knobs1 #ajd2 pieces1 #aci ,doors1 panels (1 #abi ,draw]s1 h&les =1 #ade ,draw+1 #fa1 #gb ,drill1 use ( !1 #dg ,drip/one1 #aed ,dyes = wood1 #aaj ,ebony & o!r black dyes1 #aad ,e*9us1 #aed ,egyptian intaglio1 #ij ,egyptian ,mummies 7boxes71 #acf ,encoignures1 #aej ,engrav+s1 imitation (1 #ia ,eye-tools1 #e ,faade pieces1 #aci ,figures1 c>v+ simple1 #ei ,figur9i1 #fb1 #hc ,files = f9i%+1 #fd ,fill]s1 or cem5ts = wood1 #ajf1 #aai ,f+] pa9t+1 ,v5etian1 #aac ,f9ial1 #aej ,f9i%+ (f1 #ej1 #fd ,firm]1 !1 #c ,flasks1 c>v+1 #acd ,flat-cutt+1 #bf1 #ce1 #dh ,flat patt]ns1 #bh1 #cj1 #ca ,flemi% c>v]s1 ! old1 #cc ,flor5ce1 ornam5t f1 #eh ,flut]1 !1 #bb1 #cd ,foot-/ools1 #acb ,frames1 b>k1 #aed2 or bord]s1 #gh2 picture1 etc41 #abh1 #adh1 #adi1 #aea ,free-h& c>v+1 #di ,fret b[ saw1 !1 #i4 ,see also "u ,saw4 ,fret-cutt+1 #hd ,furniture1 c>v+ =1 #gd2 old & ,g]man1 #abd1 #abe4 ,see also "u ,cab9ets1 ,*airs1 ,foot-/ools1 etc4 ,gable ornam5ts1 #aea ,g>d5-"w1 #adc ,g>d5s1 w9d[1 #abi ,gates1 c>v+1 #adc ,gelat9e z a pres]vative1 #ajg ,gelat9e glue1 #aji ,g]man furniture1 #abd ,gibbons1 ,gr9l+1 8 "w1 #ge ,gibson1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,s41 8 ,wood-,c>v] quot$1 #h ,gild+1 #ada1 #aee4 ,see also "u ,f9i%+4 ,glass1 & glass-pap]1 = f9i%+1 #fd1 #ff ,glue1 mak+ & use (1 #aje1 #ajh2 acidulat$ & liquid1 #ajf1 #ajh1 #aji ,go?ic wood-c>v+1 #dj ,g\ge l9es1 #bj2 "w1 #bb ,g\ges1 #c1 #d1 #aj ,gra91 cutt+ ) !1 #dd ,greek1 anci5t1 "w1 #dg ,gr9d/ones1 etc41 #ab ,groov+1 #b1 #bb ,grotesque1 !1 v4 ! commonplace1 #adj ,gr\nd pun*es1 #af1 #ag ,gr\nds1 cutt+1 #cd ,hamm] beam1 #aed ,h&les ( tools1 #aa2 = draw]s1 #ade2 ,sw$i%1 #aed ,h& screws1 #e1 #g ,hang+ boxes1 #fc1 #acb ,heads & legs1 9 ornam5t1 #aea ,holdfa/s1 or clamps1 #e1 #dd1 #id ,holl[ g\ge1 !1 #e ,holtzapffel1 ,mr4 ,john ,j41 on ! ,use ( ! ,saw 9 wood-c>v+1 #hc ,hood m\ld+1 #aed ,hook]1 ,sir ,joseph1 #ajg ,horn1 h[ to col\r1 #id2 h[ to s(t51 #ie ,horns1 c>v+1 #ic1 #abh ,h\se1 outside ornam5t ( !1 #aci ,hulme1 works (1 #aja ,imitation ( old "w1 etc41 #fd ,implem5ts4 ,see ,tools1 etc4 ,impo/1 #aed ,incis$ "w1 #hf ,incitega1 #aej ,ind5t+1 or /amp+1 #b1 #ae ,ink z a dye1 #aad ,intaglio1 or sunk c>v+1 #hf2 ,rilevato cutt+1 #bh ,iri% 7,runic7 patt]ns1 #bf2 tank>d1 old1 #ii ,italian1 e>ly1 "w1 #fb1 #hf1 #adc ,ivory & horn1 dyes1 etc41 =1 #ie ,ivory+1 #aac ,key boxes1 #acc ,knobs & bosses1 #aja ,knuckle-b5ds1 #aj ,kraft1 ,adam1 8 "w1 #ee ,lay>d1 ,sir ,a4 ,h41 8 antiquities f ,n9eveh1 #ajg ,lea!r "w & c>v+1 #ij1 #ia ,leaves1 cutt+1 #ci1 #ea1 #ec1 #fd ,lect]ns1 #adg1 #adh ,left h&1 c>v+ ) !1 #ci1 #df ,lel&1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,g41 8 ,draw+ & ,design+1 #gb1 #abb2 design 9 high relief by1 #ha ,lunettes & spaces1 fill+1 #aci ,mac>oni tool1 !1 #aj1 #db ,m&]'s /a9s = wood1 #aaa ,metal "w1 rep\ss1 #ae1 #ag ,mirrors1 h&1 #aec ,mit*ell1 ,c4 ,f41 8 ,lessons 9 ,c>p5try1 #abf ,modell+1 #ci1 #di1 #ee1 #fa1 #gi2 or r\nd+1 #ci ,modillons1 #aec ,monopodium1 or c5tre-table1 #aej ,mottoes1 #adj ,m\ld+1 hood1 #aed ,m\ld+s & bord]s1 #adg1 #aej ,m\lds1 c>v+ =1 #ij1 #ib2 mak+1 #aae ,mummies 7boxes71 #acf ,mural decoration1 #adj ,nails1 head$1 z ornam5ts1 #adf ,n9eveh antiquities1 !1 #ajg ,norway1 ornam5t 91 #aed2 spot cutt+ !re1 #aah ,not*es 9 leaves1 cutt+1 #ea ,oak1 treatm5t (1 #aaa1 #aab2 leaves1 #dc1 #ed ,objects = wood-c>v]s1 #aba ,oil+ 9 f9i%+1 #ff1 #aaj ,oil/ones1 etc41 #ab ,orbs1 c>v+1 #aej ,ornam5t1 pre-hi/oric1 #aah ,ornam5tation1 art (1 #aba4 ,see also ,decoration4 ,ornam5ts1 appli$1 #adf ,outl9es1 #aed ,outl9+1 #cd ,pacific isl&s1 spot cutt+ !re1 #aah ,pa9t1 etc41 9 f9i%+1 #fh1 #ia1 #aac ,pa9t+1 f+]1 ( ! old ,v5etians1 #aac ,panels = c>v+1 #abc1 #abi1 #acb ,pap] squeezes1 #aae ,papi]-ma* "w1 etc41 & c>v+1 #ij1 #ib1 #aaf ,p>t+ tool1 !1 #aj1 #ac4 ,see also ,v tool4 ,patt]ns = c>v]s1 #gd1 #abb ,patt]n-:eel1 or trac]1 !1 #ae ,pegs & hooks1 #ada ,p5 & p5cil boxes1 #acd ,p]fume *e/s1 #aed ,pew-ends1 #adh ,pick1 !1 #c ,pila/]s1 #adg ,pilgrim bottles1 #acd1 #ace ,pla/] ca/s1 #aaf ,platt]s1 c>v$1 #acg1 #adj ,poli%$ ornam5ts1 #ajb ,poli%+ wood-c>v+s1 #ff1 #aaa4 ,see also ,f9i%+4 ,poppy-heads1 #aej1 #aea ,porte-papi]1 #adh ,portfolio-cov]s1 #abi ,p[d]-flasks1 #acd ,practice1 #dj1 #dh ,racks1 c>v$1 #ada ,rasps = f9i%+1 #ff ,real1 !1 n to be s\ght too /rictly1 #ed ,relics1 anci5t1 pres]vation (1 #ajg ,relief1 high1 design by ,c4 ,g4 ,lel&1 #ha2 high]1 #ec2 l[1 #hi2 progress t[>ds1 #ci ,reliqu>ies 7boxes71 #acf ,repair+ wood-c>v+s1 #aje ,rep\ss "w1 #ae1 #ag ,ribbon c>v+1 #cd1 #dh1 #eg4 ,see also ,flat c>v+4 ,r+ boxes1 #adh1 #aeb ,roman ,s>cophagus 7box71 #acf ,roman "w1 e>ly1 #dg ,rooms1 decoration (1 #acj1 #aci4 ,see also ,ve/ibule1 etc4 ,r\nd1 c>v+ 9 !1 or /atu>y1 #gi ,r\nd+4 ,see ,modell+4 ,r\t]1 !1 #i ,r[e1 ,eleanor1 quot$1 #db1 #aab ,rule1 high art1 & wood-c>v+1 #fe1 #gf ,runic ornam5ts1 #bf1 #acg ,sabots1 or wood5 %oes1 = c>v+1 #acc ,salam&]1 a1 #ach ,salt boxes1 #add ,saw table1 !1 #f1 #he ,saws1 & _! use1 #i1 #hc ,sconces1 #aea ,scotl&1 e>ly ornam5tation 91 #aah ,scrat*1 !1 #h ,scre5s1 trellis1 #aea ,screws1 c>v]s'1 #e1 #g ,scroll g\ge1 !1 #e ,seaton1 ,g5]al1 quot$1 #aa1 #hh1 #if1 #aad ,settee1 or settle1 !1 #acb ,%ad$ patt]ns & modell+1 #ci ,%>p5+ tools1 #aa1 #ab ,%elf-bo>ds1 #add ,%elves & brackets1 #add ,%ields1 9 ornam5t1 #aej ,%9]s1 or bosses1 #ajb ,%r9es or ,reliqu>ies 7boxes71 #acf ,sidebo>ds1 #adh ,side-cut1 !4 ,see ,sweep-cut4 ,skew-*isels1 #d ,slip-hold]1 #ab ,slips1 = %>p5+ tools1 #ab ,snibs1 or dogs1 #h ,soda z a dye = wood1 #aaa ,s(a-backs1 false1 #aci ,shnee ,frres1 _! v>ni%1 #aac ,spaces1 fill+1 #aci1 #aej1 #aea ,spade *isel1 !1 #aj ,spade g\ge1 !1 #aj ,spl9t]+ ( wood1 #cf1 #dd1 #ea1 #aje ,see also ,wood4 ,spoons1 c>v$1 #acg ,spot-cutt+1 #aah ,spray1 use ( !1 9 pres]v+ decay$ objects1 #ajg ,squeezes1 & tak+ a squeeze1 #ajg1 #aae ,/a9+ wood1 #aaj ,/aircase balu/]s1 c>v+1 #adb ,/amp+1 or ind5t+1 #b1 #ae4 ,see also ,diap]4 ,/atu>y4 ,see ,r\nd1 c>v+ 9 !4 ,/aves1 or alp5/ocks1 c>v$1 #acf ,/eph5s' /a9s = wood1 #aaa ,/ools1 #aee4 ,see also ,foot-/ool4 ,/rap1 !1 #ac ,sunk c>v+4 ,see ,intaglio4 ,sw$51 ornam5t 91 #aed2 spot cutt+ !re1 #aah ,sweep-cut1 !1 #cg1 #di1 #ec1 #ee ,swiss dye = wood1 #aab ,swiss "w1 #ei1 #if ,tables1 #aej ,tank>ds1 c>v+1 #ih1 #acd ,tannhus] bracket1 #ade ,tea z a dye1 #aaa ,tiles1 #abi ,tool1 !1 art ( turn+ x ab\t1 #ce1 #cg1 #df ,tools1 #a1 #c1 #hb1 #aej2 %>p5+1 #aa1 #ab ,trac]1 !1 #ae1 #af ,trays1 c>v+1 #adc2 = cig> a%es1 #abg ,trellis-scre5s1 #aea ,tripty*1 #aej ,tympanum1 #aea ,umb] /a9 = wood1 #aab ,umbrella-h&les1 #acd ,"u-cutt+1 #eg ,v or p>t+ tool1 !1 #aa1 #ac1 #bh1 #ce1 #cg4 ,see also ,p>t+ tool4 ,v>ni% & c>v+1 #ia1 #aac4 ,see also ,poli%+1 etc4 ,ve9]s1 #e ,v5etian f+] pa9t+1 #aac ,v5ice1 wood-c>v+ at1 #ff ,v]ge or b>ge-bo>d1 #aea ,ve/ibule1 ornam5t+ a1 #adb ,viol9 & guit> cases1 #ade ,wa9scots1 etc41 c>v+ =1 #gd ,walnut wood1 treatm5t (1 #aaj ,wa/e-pap] boxes1 c>v+1 #ih1 #adf ,wa/+1 or *ipp+1 #db ,wax1 = m\lds1 #ajg1 #aae1 #aaf2 z a poli% = wood1 #aaa ,w9d[ g>d5s1 #abi ,wood1 = c>v+1 #ad1 #cf1 #hh1 #ajf 7see also ,gra91 ,oak1 ,spl9t]+1 ,walnut1 etc472 col\r+ & /a9+1 #aaj2 decay$1 treatm5t (1 #ajf2 imitation (1 #ajf1 #ajh2 oil+1 #ff ,workman1 !1 & ! arti/ 9 wood-c>v+1 #hb ,wrea?s1 9 ornam5t1 #aea1 #aeb ,zigzag ornam5t1 ! ,swiss1 #if ,transcrib]'s note ,text 9 italics 0 surr\nd$ ) und]scores1 bold ) signs1 & small capitals 7 *ang$ to all capitals4 ,a symbol look+ l a knott$ po9t on ! side 0 repres5t$ ) symbol on page #eg4 ,9 ! orig9al ,fig4 #bb did n exi/4 ,errors 9 punctuation & misplac$ spaces 7 correct$ sil5tly4 ,also ! foll[+ corrections 7 made1 on page #aj lways *ang$ to always 7d n always cut out to ! edges7 #ce latt] *ang$ to lat] 7soon] or lat]47 #db ,! second ,fig4 #ch4 *ang$ to ,panel 9 ,l[-relief 7,see li/ ( ,plates47 #di boldy *ang$ to boldly 7,to c>ve boldly we mu/ use7 #ge #ab *ang$ to #eb 7or project beyond x1 illu/rat$ by ,fig4 #eb47 #ij ,egpytian *ang$ to ,egyptian 7,egyptian ,cutt+47 #aac ,frres *ang$ to ,frres 7t ( ,shnee ,frres7 #adc ,v]temnus *ang$ to ,v]tumnus 7,flora & ,pomona & ,v]tumnus 9 simple ar*aic =ms74 ,o!rwise ! orig9al 0 pres]v$1 includ+ inconsi/5cies 9 spell+ & hyph5ation4