,,! ,,f9e-,,art ,,libr>y4 ,,edit$ ,,by ,,john ,c4 ,l4 ,,sp>kes1 ,pr9cipal ( ! ,national ,art ,tra9+ ,s*ool1 ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum4 ,,engrav+3 ,,its ,,orig91 ,,processes1 ,,& ,,hi/ory4 ,,by ,,le ,,vicomte ,,h5ri ,,delaborde4 ,,translat$ ,,by ,r4 ,a4 ,m4 ,,/ev5son4 ,) an ,additional ,*apt] on ,engli% ,engrav+1 ,,by ,,william ,,walk]4 ,,cassell ,,company1 ,,limit$3 ,,london1 ,,p>is1 ,,new ,,york ,,melb\rne4 #ahhf4 ,,all ,,rights ,,res]v$4 ,,editorial ,,note4 ,! au?or ( ,la ,gravure1 ( :i* "w ! pres5t volume is a translation1 has devot$ s little att5tion to ,engli% ,engrav+1 t x has be5 ?\ght advisable to supplem5t 8 some:at inadequate rem>ks by a special *apt] deal+ ) ?is subject4 ,9 accordance ) ?is view1 ,mr4 ,william ,walk] has contribut$ an acc\nt ( ! rise & progress ( ! ,briti% ,s*ool ( ,engrav+1 :i*1 toge!r ) 8 ,*ronological ,table ( ! bett]-kn[n ,engli% ,engrav]s1 w1 we feel sure1 add mu* to ! value ( ! ,"w 9 ! eyes ( ,engli% read]s4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*ap4 ,,page ,i4 ,,! ,,processes ,,( ,,e>ly ,,engrav+4 ,,! ,,beg9n+s ,,( ,,engrav+ ,,9 ,,relief4 ,,xylography ,,& ,,pr9t+ ,,) ,,movable ,,type #a ,,ii4 ,,play+ ,,c>ds4 ,,! ,,dot ,,mann] #cj ,,iii4 ,,fir/ ,,attempts ,,at ,,intaglio ,,engrav+4 ,,! ,,nielli ,,( ,,! ,,flor5t9e ,,goldsmi?s4 ,,pr9ts ,,by ,,! ,,italian ,,& ,,g]man ,,pa9t]-,,engrav]s ,,( ,,! ,,fifte5? ,,c5tury #di ,,iv4 ,,l9e ,,engrav+ ,,& ,,wood ,,engrav+ ,,9 ,,g]many ,,& ,,italy ,,9 ,,! ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury #hf ,v4 ,,l9e ,,engrav+ ,,& ,,et*+ ,,9 ,,! ,,l[ ,,c\ntries1 ,,to ,,! ,,second ,,half ,,( ,,! ,,sev5te5? ,,c5tury #aah ,,vi4 ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,l9e ,,engrav+ ,,& ,,et*+ ,,9 ,,france ,,& ,,engl&4 ,,fir/ ,,attempts ,,at ,,mezzot9t4 ,a ,,glance ,,at ,,engrav+ ,,9 ,,europe ,,be=e #affj #aej ,,vii4 ,,fr5* ,,engrav]s ,,9 ,,! ,,reign ,,( ,,l\is ,,xiv #agh ,,viii4 ,,engrav+ ,,9 ,,france ,,& ,,9 ,,o!r ,,european ,,c\ntries ,,9 ,,! ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury4 ,,new ,,processes3 ,,/ipple1 ,,crayon1 ,,col\r1 ,,& ,,aquat9t #baa ,,ix4 ,,engrav+ ,,9 ,,! ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury #bdh ,a ,,*apt] ,,on ,,engli% ,,engrav+ #bhg ,,*ronological ,,table ,,( ,,engli% ,,engrav]s #cca ,,index #cdc ,,engrav+4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,processes ,,( ,,e>ly ,,engrav+4 ,,! ,,beg9n+s ,,( ,,engrav+ ,,9 ,,relief4 ,,xylography ,,& ,,pr9t+ ,,) ,,movable ,,type4 ,! nations ( antiquity und]/ood & practis$ engrav+1 t is to say1 ! art ( repres5t+ ?+s by incis$ outl9es on metal1 /one1 or any o!r rigid sub/ance4 ,sett+ aside ev5 ^? relics ( antiquity 9 bone or fl9t :i* /ill reta9 traces ( figures drawn ) a %>p-po9t$ tool1 !re may yet be f\nd 9 ! ,bible & 9 ,hom] acc\nts ( sev]al works execut$ by ! aid ( simil> me?ods2 & ! *>act]s outl9$ on ! preci\s /ones adorn+ ! brea/plate ( ! high-prie/ ,a>on1 or ! sc5es repres5t$ on ! arm\r ( ,a*illes1 might be quot$ among/ ! mo/ anci5t examples ( ! art ( engrav+4 ,! ,egyptians1 ,greeks1 & ,etruscans h left u specim5s ( goldsmi?'s "w & fragm5ts ( all k9ds1 :i*1 at any rate1 atte/ ! practice ( engrav+ 9 _! c\ntries4 ,f9ally1 e "o is aw>e t metal seals & dies ( engrav$ /one 7 9 common use among/ ! ,romans4 ,engrav+1 !re=e1 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w1 is no inv5tion due to mod]n civilisation4 ,b _m c5turies elaps$ be=e man acquir$ ! art ( multiply+ pr9t$ copies f a s+le orig9al1 to :i* art ! "n ( engrav+ has be5 ext5d$1 s t n[adays ! ^w signifies ! op]ation ( produc+ a pr9t4 ,( engrav+ ?us und]/ood !re are two important processes or me?ods4 ,by ! "o1 /rokes are drawn on a flat surface1 & aft]w>ds labori\sly conv]t$ by ! engrav] into ridges1 :i*1 :5 coat$ ) ink1 are pr9t$ on ! pap] 9 virtue ( _! projection4 ,by ! o!r1 outl9es1 %ad[s1 & half-t9ts are repres5t$ by incisions int5d$ to conta9 ! col\r+ matt]2 :ile ^? p>ts meant to come out :ite on pap] are left unt\*$4 ,wood-cutt+1 or engrav+ 9 relief1 is an example ( ! fir/ me?od2 :ile to ! second belongs metal-"w or copp]plate engrav+1 :i* we n[ call engrav+ ) ! bur91 or l9e engrav+4 ,9 ord] to engrave 9 relief1 a block1 n less ?an an in* ?ick1 ( h>d1 smoo? wood1 su* z box or pe>1 is us$4 ,on ?is block e detail ( ! design to be engrav$ is drawn ) p5 or p5cil4 ,!n su* places z are meant to come out :ite 9 ! pr9t are cut away ) a %>p tool4 ,?us1 only ^? places t h be5 cov]$ be=eh& by ! p5cil or ! p5 rema9 at ! level ( ! surface ( ! block2 !y only w be ink$ by ! action ( ! roll]2 & :5 ! block is subject$ to ! action ( ! press1 !y only w transf] ! pr9t+ ink to ! pro(4 ,?is me?od1 e>li] ?an t ( ! incis$ l9e1 l$ to engrav+ 9 camaeu1 :i* 0 skilfully practis$ 9 ,italy & ,g]many dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,z 9 camaeu engrav+ ^? l9es :i* def9e ! cont\rs are left z ridges by ! cutt+ away ( ! surr\nd+ surface1 we may say t 9 ?is me?od 7:i* ! ,italians call *i>oscuro7 ! usual processes ( engrav+ 9 relief are employ$4 ,b x is a fur!r object ( camaeu to produce on ! pap] flat t9ts ( v>i\s dep?s3 t is to say1 a scale ( tones some:at simil> to ! effect ( draw+s wa%$ 9 ) ,indian ink or sepia1 & t\*$ up ) :ite4 ,n[ su* a *romatic progression c only be arriv$ at by ! co-op]ation ( di/9ct processes4 ,!re=e1 in/ead ( pr9t+ f a s+le surface1 sep>ate blocks are employ$ = ! outl9es1 %ad[s1 & lights1 & a pro( is tak5 by ! successive application ( ! pap] to all ^! blocks1 :i* are made to correspond exactly by means ( guid+ m>ks4 ,a ?ird /yle ( engrav+ 9 relief1 ! e>ly dot mann]1 0 practis$ = "s "t dur+ ! p]iod ( ! ,incunabuli1 :5 ! art 01 z ! root ( ?is ,lat9 ^w %[s1 /ill 9 its cradle4 ,by ?is me?od ! "w 0 no long] c>ri$ out on wood1 b on metal2 & ! engrav]1 in/ead ( completely holl[+ out ^? p>ts de/9$ to pr9t light1 m]ely pitt$ !m ) m9ute holes1 leav+ _! bulk 9 relief4 ,he 0 cont5t t ^! masses %\ld appe> ^u ! pap] black1 reliev$ only by ! spr9kl+ ( :ite dots result+ f ! holl[s4 ,we j m5tion by way ( note ! process :i* produc$ ^? r>e specim5s call$ empre9tes en pte4 ,all specim5s ( ?is "w are ant]ior 9 date to ! sixte5? c5tury1 & belong less /rictly to art ?an to indu/ry1 z ! process only consi/$ 9 produc+ on pap] emboss$ designs /rongly sugge/+ ! appe>ance ( ornam5ts 9 embroid]y or tape/ry4 ,to produce ^! inevitably co>se figures a sort ( half-liquid1 blacki% gum or pa/e 0 introduc$ into ! holl[ portions ( ! block be=e pr9t+4 ,on ! block ?us prep>$ 0 plac$ a %eet ( pap]1 previ\sly /a9$ orange1 r$1 or light yell[1 & ! pa/e conta9$ 9 ! holl[ places1 :5 lodg$ on ! pap]1 became a k9d ( draw+ 9 relief1 some?+ l an impa/o ( d>k col\r4 ,?is 0 sometimes p[d]$ ) a fluffy or metallic du/ be=e ! pa/e _h "t to h>d54 ,?\gh simple en\gh z reg>ds ! m]e process1 9 practice l9e engrav+ dem&s a peculi> dext]ity4 ,:5 ! outl9es ( ! draw+ t is to be copi$ h be5 trac$ & transf]r$ to a plate usually made ( copp]1#a ! metal is attack$ ) a %>p tool1 call$ ! dry-po9t4 ,!n ! tr5*es ?us m>k$ out are deep5$1 or fre% ones are made ) ! grav]1 :i*1 ow+ to its %ape1 produces an angul> incision4 ,! appe>ance ( e object repres5t$ 9 ! orig9al mu/ be reproduc$ solely by ^! incis$ l9es3 at diff]5t di/ances ap>t1 or t5d+ 9 v>i\s directions3 or by dots & cross-hat*+s4 ,l9e engrav+ possesses no o!r res\rces4 ,moreov]1 9 addition to ! difficulties result+ f ! use ( a refractory tool1 we mu/ m5tion ! unavoidable sl[ness ( ! "w1 & ! frequ5t impossibility ( correct+ faults )\t hav+ rec\rse to su* dra/ic rem$ies z obta9+ a fre% surface by re-levell+ ! plate :]e ! mi/akes h be5 made4 ,et*+ by means ( aqua=tis1 orig9ally us$ by arm\r]s 9 _! damasc5e "w1 is said to h be5 fir/ appli$ to ! execution ( plates 9 ,g]many t[>ds ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,s9ce !n x has attract$ a great _m draughtsm5 & pa9t]s1 z x requires only a %ort appr5tice%ip1 & is ! quicke/ k9d ( engrav+4 ,l9e engrav]s h n only frequ5tly us$ et*+ 9 beg9n+ _! plates1 b h (t5 employ$ x1 n m]ely to sket* 9 _! subject1 b actually 9 conjunction ) ! bur94 ,_m important works owe _! exi/5ce to ! mixture ( ! two processes1 among o!rs ! f9e portraits ( ,jean ,mor91 & ! admirable ,batailles d',alex&re1 engrav$ by ,gr>d ,audran1 aft] ,lebrun4 ,b at pres5t we are only occupi$ ) et*+ z practis$ sep>ately & )9 ! limits ( its own res\rces4 ,! arti/ :o makes use ( ?is me?od has to scoop no labori\s furr[s4 ,he draws ) ! ne$le1 on a copp] plate cov]$ ) a coat+ ( v>ni%1 sugge/ions ( =m z free z ! /rokes ( p5 or p5cil4 ,at fir/ ^! /rokes only affect ! surface ( ! copp] :]e ! ne$le has fre$ ! plate f v>ni%4 ,b !y become ( ! necess>y dep? z soon z a c]ta9 quantity ( corrosive fluid has be5 p\r$ on to ! plate1 :i* is surr\nd$ by a sort ( wax ramp>t4 ,= a l5g? ( "t proportion$ to ! effect int5d$1 ! acid is all[$ to bite ! expos$ p>ts ( ! metal1 & :5 ! plate is clean$ pro(s c be /ruck (f f x4 ,) ! exception ( su* few modifications z *>act]ise pr9ts 9 ! scrap$ or scrat*$ mann]1 call$ sgraffio1 & 9 ! /ippl$ mann]1 ! me?ods ( engrav+ j m5tion$ are all t h be5 us$ 9 ,europe f ! end ( ! ,middle ,ages up to ab\t ! second half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,we ne$ n1 !re=e1 at pres5t m5tion m rec5t processes1 su* z mezzot9t1 aquat9t1 c41 ea* ( :i* we %all t\* ^u at its prop] place 9 ! hi/ory ( ! art4 ,be=e proce$+ ) ?is hi/ory1 let u try to recollect ! facts ) :i* we h prefac$ x2 &1 z *ronological ord] proscribes1 to diff]5tiate & classify ! fir/ productions ( relief engrav+4 ,h[ev] =mal _! diff]5ces ( op9ion on matt]s ( detail1 te*nical writ]s hold z c]ta9 "o g5]al fact4 ,!y all agree 9 recognis+ t ! me?ods ( relief engrav+ 7 practis$ ) a view to pr9t+ e>li] ?an ! me?od ( intaglio4 ,:at int]val1 h[ev]1 sep>ates ! two discov]ies8 ,at :at epo* are we to place ! inv5tion ( wood engrav+8 or if ! process1 z has be5 (t5 alleg$1 is ( ,asiatic orig91 :5 0 x br\ght into ,europe8 ,to pret5d to give a decisive answ] to ^! que/ions w\ld be1 at lea/1 imprud5t4 ,conjectures ( e sort1 & ev5 ! mo/ dogmatic ass]tions1 are n want+4 ,b ! le>n$ h 9 va9 evok$ te/imony1 int]pret$ passages1 & drawn conclusions4 ,!y h gone back to fir/ causes1 & que/ion$ ! mo/ remote antiquity2 !y h sometimes /rangely =c$ ! mean+ ( traditions1 & h too (t5 conf\nd$ simple mat]ial accid5ts ) ! evid5ces ( consci\s art prop]ly s call$4 ,yet ! problem is z f> f solution z ev]1 &1 inde$1 ! numb] & div]sity ( op9ions h up till n[ done little b r5d] conviction m difficult & d\bt m excusable4 ,our au?orities1 = in/ance1 are n ju/ifi$ 9 connect+ ! succession ( mod]n engrav]s ) ^? m5 :o1 ev5 be=e ! ,deluge1 engrav$ on trees ! hi/ory ( _! times1 _! sci5ces1 & _! religion4#b ,nor is ! m5tion by ,plut>* ( a c]ta9 almo/ typographical trick ( ,agesilaus1 ,k+ ( ,sp>ta1 excuse en\gh = ^? :o h c\nt$ him among ! precursors ( ,gut5b]g4 ,x is by no means impossible t ,agesilaus1 9 a sacrifice to ! gods on ! eve ( a decisive battle may h be5 clev] en\gh to deceive 8 soldi]s1 by impr9t+ on ! liv] ( ! victim ! ^w ,victory1 already writt5 9 rev]se on ! palm ( 8 h&4 ,b 9 tru? su* trick]y only di/antly conc]ns art2 & if we are to consid] ! ,greek h]o z ! inv5tor ( pr9t+1 we mu/ also all[ t x has tak5 u z long z eighte5 c5turies to pr(it by 8 discov]y4 ,we %all !re=e consid] ourselves entitl$ to ab&on all speculations on ! fir/ cause ( ?is discov]y 9 fav\r ( an exclusive att5tion to su* facts z m>k an advance f ! dim =e%ad[+ ( its future capabilities to ! intellig5t & p]sev]+ practice ( ! p]fect$ processes ( ! art4 ,we %all be cont5t to inquire t[>ds :at epo* ?is new me?od1 ! heir ( popul> fav\r1 supplem5t$ ! old res\rces ( ! graphic arts by ! multiplication ( engrav+s 9 ! pr9t+ press4 ,& we may !re=e sp>e ourselves ! tr\ble ( go+ back to d\btful or remote in=mation1 to ar*ological speculations1 m or less excus$ by c]ta9 passages 9 ,cic]o1 ,qu9tilian1 & ,petronius1 or by a frequ5tly quot$ phrase ( ,pl9y on ! books1 ornam5t$ ) figures1 t belong$ to ,m>cus ,v>ro4#c ,moreov] 9 exam9+ ! hi/orical "q f a comp>atively mod]n epo* only1 we are n c]ta9 to f9d = ourselves1 /ill less to provide = o!rs1 p]fectly satisfactory answ]s4 ,r$uc$ ev5 to ^! t]ms1 su* a "q is complicat$ en\gh to excuse controv]sy1 & va/ en\gh to make room = a leg5d>y z well z a critical view ( ! case4 ,xylography1 or block pr9t+1 :i* may be call$ ! art ( /amp+ on pap] designs & immovable lett]s cut out on wood1 prec$$ )\t d\bt ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ 9 movable metal *>act]s4 ,"s specim5s au!ntically dat$1 su* z ! ,/4 ,*ri/oph] ( #adbc1 & c]ta9 pr9ts publi%$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! foll[+ ye>s1 prove ) und5iable au?ority ! priority ( block pr9t+4 ,x rema9s to be se5 if ^! specim5s are absolutely ! fir/ engrav$ 9 ,europe2 :e!r !y illu/rate ! beg9n+ ( ! art1 or only a /ep 9 its progress2 :e!r1 9 "o ^w1 !y are types )\t prec$5t1 or only *ance survivals ( o!r & m anci5t /yles ( wood engrav+4 ,papillon1 9 support ( ! op9ion t ! e>lie/ attempts took place at ,rav5na be=e ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 br+s into c\rt a some:at d\btful /ory4 ,two *ildr5 ( sixte51 ! ,cavali]e ,alb]ico ,cunio & 8 tw9 si/] ,isabella1 took x into _! heads 9 #abhd to c>ve on wood ) a little knife1 & to pr9t by "s process seem+ly z simple a s]ies ( compositions on ! *ivalr\s de$s ( ,alex&] ! ,great4 ,! relations & fri5ds ( ! two "y engrav]s1 ,pope ,honorius ,,iv4 among/ o!rs1 ea* receiv$ a copy ( _! "w4 ,aft] ?is no m 0 he>d ( ! discov]y till ! day :5 ,papillon miracul\sly came across evid5ces ( x 9 ! libr>y ( a ,swiss (fic] 9 retirem5t at ,bagneux4 ,papillon un=tunately 0 satisfi$ ) m]ely record+ 8 discov]y4 ,x nev] occurr$ to him to ensure m conclusive publicity1 nor ev5 to inquire into ! ultimate fate ( ! pr9ts he only _h se54 ,! collection ( ,! ,*ivalr\s ,de$s ( ,alex&] ! ,great aga9 vani%$1 & ?is "t n to reappe>4 ,x is m prud5t1 9 default ( any means ( v]ification1 to )hold our belief 9 ! precoci\s ability ( ! ,rav5na tw9s1 _! xylographic attempts1 & ! ass]tions ( _! admir]s1 al?\gh compet5t judges1 su* z ! ,abb ,zani1#d & aft] him ,em]ic ,david1 h n hesitat$ to admit ! au!nticity ( ! :ole /ory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,,! ,,/4 ,,*ri/oph] ,,( #adbc4 ,! le>n$ ,zani _h1 9 tru?1 8 own reasons = tak+ ,papillon at 8 ^w4 ,_h ! /ory t5d$ to e/abli% ! pre-exi/5ce ( engrav+ 9 ,g]many1 he w\ld probably h inve/igat$ ! matt] m closely1 & ) a less ready fai?4 ,b ! glory ( ,italy 0 directly at issue1 & ,zani1 hone/ ?\gh he 01 did n feel incl9$ to receive ) coldness1 /ill less to reject1 te/imony :i*1 = lack ( bett]1 might console 8 national self-respect1 & some:at help to av5ge :at ! ,italians call$ ,g]man vanity4 ,pride w\ld h be5 a bett] ^w1 = ! pret5sions ( ,g]many ) reg>d to wood engrav+ are bas$ on m s]i\s titles & f> m explicit docum5ts ?an ! "o discov]$ by ,papillon1 & recklessly pass$ on by ,zani4 ,he9eck5 & ! o!r ,g]man writ]s on ! subject d\btless criticise 9 a slightly disda9ful mann]1 & ) "s excess ( patriotic feel+4 ,= all t1 !y def5d _! op9ions by docum5ts1 & n by m]e traditions2 & if all _! examples are n q evid5tly ,g]man1 ^? :i* are n %\ld 9 ju/ice be attribut$ to ,fl&]s1 or to ,holl&1 & by no means to ,italy4 ,9 ?is /ruggle ( rival national claims ! s*ools ( ! ,l[ ,c\ntries are entitl$ to _! %>e ( glory4 ,x is q possible t _! claims1 s g5]ally ignor$ t[>ds ! end ( ! la/ c5tury1 %\ld 9 ! pres5t day be acc\nt$ ! mo/ valid ( all2 & t1 9 ?is obscure "q ( priority1 ! presumption may be 9 fav\r ( ! c\ntry :i* suppli$ an art closely connect$ ) engrav+ ) its fir/ elem5ts & its fir/ examples4 ,x w\ld be unbecom+ 9 e way to pret5d to ent] "h on a detail$ hi/ory ( ! orig9 ( pr9t+4 ,! numb] ( exhau/ive works on ! subject1 ! explanations ( ,m4 ,lon de ,laborde1 ,m4 ,augu/e ,b]n>d1 & m rec5tly ( ,m4 ,paeile1 w\ld r5d] x a m]e lesson 9 repetition or a too easy p>ade ( borr[$ le>n+4 ,anyh[1 ! discov]y ( pr9t+ ) type is s intimately connect$ ) ! pr9t+ ( engrav+s1 & ! practical me?ods 9 bo? are s mu* alike1 t x is necess>y to m5tion a few facts1 & to comp>e a few dates4 ,we %all !re=e1 "u correction1 r$uce to ! limits ( a sket* ! complete picture drawn by o!r h&s4 ,if pr9t+ be /rictly und]/ood to mean typography1 or ! art ( transf]r+ writt5 matt] to pap] by means ( movable & rais$ metal types1 !re c be no d\bt t its discov]y mu/ date f ! day on :i* !re 0 inv5t$ at ,may5ce ! process ( ca/+ *>act]s 9 a m\ld previ\sly /amp$ 9 ! bottom by a /eel die be>+ ! type to be reproduc$4 ,gut5b]g1 ) :om ! idea ( ?is decisive improvem5t orig9at$1 is 9 ?is s5se ! e>lie/ pr9t]4 ,8 ,lett]s ( ,indulg5ce ( #aded & 8 ,bible are ! olde/ examples ( ! art ) :i* he is = ev] associat$4 ,9 a g5]al s5se1 h[ev]1 & 9 a wid] mean+ ( ! ^w1 x may be said t pr9t+ 0 kn[n be=e ,gut5b]g's "t1 or at lea/ be=e he publi%$ 8 typographical ma/]pieces4 ,p previ\sly knew bo? h[ to pr9t broadsides f *>act]s cut on a s+le block1 & h[ to v>y ! arrangem5t ( ! text by us+1 9 place ( an immovable r[ ( lett]s1 *>act]s exi/+ z sep>ate types1 & capable ( v>i\s comb9ations4 ,on ?is po9t we mu/ tru/ to ! te/imony ( "o ( ,gut5b]g's workm51 ,ulri* ,zell1 ! fir/ pr9t] e/abli%$ 9 ,cologne4 ,f> f attribut+ to 8 ma/] ! absolute inv5tion ( movable type1 he m]ely contra/s ) ! process kn[n & practis$ 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries be=e ! second half ( ! fifte5? c5tury ! f> m delicate process ( ca/ type t 0 discov]$ lat]4 ,& ,ulri* ,zell adds1 ! fir/ /ep t[>ds ?is inv5tion 0 tak5 9 #addj 9 ! pr9t+ ( ! copies ( ,donatus1#e :i* 7 pr9t$ be=e ?is "t 9 ,holl& 7ab illis atque ex illis74 ,n[ if ^! copies ( ,donatus 7 n pr9t$ by means ( movable type1 :y %\ld !y be m5tion$ r ?an ! _m o!r works equally fitt$ to give a h9t to ,gut5b]g8 ,:y1 9 go+ back to ! orig9 ( ! discov]y1 %\ld 8 pupil say no?+ ( ^? illu/rat$ leg5ds :i* 7 xylographically cut & sold 9 all ! ,rh5i% t[ns1 & :i* ! future inv5tor ( pr9t+ mu/ h se5 hundr$s ( times8 ,= ! att5tion ( ,gut5b]g to h be5 ?us conc5trat$ on a s+le object1 !re mu/ h be5 "s peculi> m]it & "s /amp ( real progress 9 ! mode ( execution to di/+ui% ! copies ( ,donatus pr9t$ at ,ha>lem f o!r contempor>y "w4 ,laur5ce ,co/]--! "n attribut$ to ! inv5tor ( ! process :i* ,gut5b]g improv$--mu/ h already made use ( a me?od m closely alli$ ?an any o!r to ! improvem5ts ab\t to foll[1 & de/9$ to put a t]m to m]e exp]im5ts4 ,to suppose ! contr>y is to misund]/& ! words ( ,ulri* ,zell & ! influ5ce :i* he attributes to ! ,dut* edition ( ,donatus1 f :i* ,gut5b]g d]iv$ ! fir/ idea ( 8 inv5tion4 ,x is /ill m difficult to und]/& h[1 if ! ,donatuses are block-pr9t$1 rev]s$ lett]s are sometimes f\nd 9 ! fragm5t>y specim5s :i* survive4 ,!re is no?+ ! lea/ extraord9>y 9 su* a mi/ake :5 x c be expla9$ by ! c>elessness ( a compositor ( movable type1 b su* a mi/ake w\ld really be incr$ible on ! "p ( a xylographic workman4 ,:at possible caprice c\ld h tempt$ him to engrave occasional lett]s upside d[n8 ,"o c\ld only suppose he err$1 n f inadv]t5ce1 b ) volunt>y infidelity & 9 calculat$ defiance ( common s5se4 ,! discov]y :i* has immortalis$ ! "n ( ,gut5b]g %\ld be recognis$ & admir$ z ! conclusion & cr[n ( a s]ies ( e>li] attempts 9 pr9t$ type4 ,tak+ into acc\nt ! inadequacy ( ! movable type1 :e!r ( wood or ( any o!r sub/ance1 fir/ employ$ by ! ,dut*1 & ! p]fection ( ! e>lie/ specim5s ( ,g]man pr9t+1 x c & %\ld be admitt$ t1 be=e ! publication ( ! ,lett]s ( ,indulg5ce1 ! ,bible1 & o!r productions f ! work%op ( ,gut5b]g & 8 fell[-lab\r]s1 attempts at g5u9e typography _h be5 already pursu$1 & to a c]ta9 ext5t rew>d$ ) success4 ,f ! v confession ( ,ulri* ,zell1 a confession repeat$ by ! anonym\s au?or ( ! ,*ronicle ( ,cologne pr9t$ 9 #adii1f ! fir/ rude essay 9 ! art 7prefiguratio7 0 se5 9 ! t[n ( ,ha>lem4 ,we may1 9 %ort1 conclude t ! idea ( comb9+ designs cut on wood ) a sep>ate lett]press 9 movable types1 belongs 9 all probability to ,holl&4 ,"o ( ! olde/ collections ( engrav+s ) subject matt] pr9t$ by ?is process is ! ,speculum ,human ,salvationis1 m5tion$ by ,adrian ,junius 9 8 ,batavia--writt51 x w\ld seem1 betwe5 ! ye>s #aefj & #aegj1 b n publi%$ till #aehh1 _m ye>s aft] 8 dea?4 ,!re9 x is expressly /at$ t ! ,speculum 0 pr9t$ be=e #addb by ,l\r5s ,janszoon ,co/]4 ,x is true t ,junius is speak+ ( ev5ts :i* occurr$ m ?an a c5tury be=e ! "t to :i* he ascribes !m3 on ! te/imony1 z he says1 ( v ag$ m51 :o _h receiv$ ?is tradition1 z a burn+ tor* pass$ f h& to h&4 ,& ?is belat$ n>rative has appe>$1 & may /ill appe>1 some:at d\btful4 ,we ourselves consid] ! d\bt to be exagg]at$1 b we %all n insi/ on t4 ,! specim5s survive :i* gave rise to su* leg5ds & comm5t>ies2 & x is fitt+ !y %\ld be que/ion$4 ,f\r editions ( ! ,speculum are kn[n1 two 9 ,dut* & two 9 ,lat94 ,x mu/ be und]/ood t we only speak ( ! editions :i* h no publi%]s' names1 no dates1 nor any sign ( ! place :]e !y 7 publi%$3 ! ,speculum1 a sort ( ,*ri/ian h&book1 mu* us$ 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 hav+ be5 frequ5tly repr9t$1 ) due indication ( names & places1 dur+ & aft] ! la/ tw5ty ye>s ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! olde/ ,dut* edition t is dat$1 ! "o ( #adhc1 pr9t$ by ,john ,veld5a]1 reproduces c]ta9 engrav+s :i* _h already embelli%$ ! f\r anonym\s editions1 ) ! diff]5ce t ! plates h be5 sawn 9 two to suit ! dim5sions ( a small] volume4 ,h5ce1 :atev] conjectures may exi/ z to ! date ( ! fir/ publication1 we h1 at lea/1 a positive fact3 z ! orig9al plates only appe> 9 a mutilat$ /ate 9 ! copies pr9t$ 9 #adhc1 x is evid5t t ! f\r editions :]e !y appe> entire are ( e>li] date4 ,^! que/ions rema93--fir/1 :e!r !y are e>li]1 too1 ?an ! second half ( ! fifte5? c5tury--e>li]1 t is1 ?an ! "t :5 ,gut5b]g gave to ! _w ! results ( 8 lab\r8 & second1 :e!r !y orig9at$1 l ! edition ( ,donatus1 9 a ,dut* work%op8 ,d\bt seems impossible on ! la/ po9t4 ,^! f\r editions are all pr9t$ ) ! same cuts1 on ! same pap] made 9 ,brabant1 & "u ! same typographical conditions1 ) ! exception ( "s slight diff]5ces 9 ! *>act]s ( ! two ,dut* editions1 & ! ins]tion ( tw5ty leaves xylographically pr9t$ 9 "o ( ! two ,lat9 editions4 ,is x1 !n1 likely1 or ev5 possible1 t ^! books belong1 z has be5 suppos$1 to ,g]many8 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,,! ,,holy ,,virg9 ,,& ,,! ,,infant ,,jesus4 ,g]man ,wood ,engrav+4 7,fifte5? ,c5tury47 ,! ?+ might1 inde$1 be possible1 7 x m]ely a "q ( ! copies 9 ,lat92 b ! ,dut* ones _c be suppos$ to h be5 publi%$ any:]e b 9 ,holl&2 & ! orig9 ( ! latt] once e/abli%$1 h[ are we to expla9 ! typographical imp]fection ( ! "w if n by ignorance ( ! process :i* ,gut5b]g 0 to popul>ise8 ,accord+ to ,m4 ,paeile1 a compet5t judge 9 su* a matt]1#g ! lett]press ( ! ,dut* ,speculum is writt5 9 ! pure dialect ( ,nor? ,holl&1 z x 0 spok5 9 ^? p>ts t[>ds ! end ( ! f\rte5? c5tury & ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5?4 ,arm$1 !re=e1 ) b a few p>ticul>s z to pr9t+ & idiom1 x w n be too bold 9 u to fix ! date ( publication betwe5 ! fir/ & second qu>t]s ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,x may be add$ t ! co/ume ( ! figures is ( ! "t ( ,philip ! ,good2 t ! ta/e & /yle ( ! draw+ sugge/s ! influ5ce ( ! bro!rs ,van ,eyck2 & t !re is a decid$ contra/ betwe5 ! typographical imp]fection ( ! text & ! excell5t quality ( ! plates4 ,art1 & art already well on its way & confid5t ( its p[]s1 is ?us se5 side by side ) an indu/rial process /ill 9 its infancy3 a rem>kable pro( ( ! advances already accompli%$ 9 wood engrav+ be=e pr9t+ _h got beyond ! rudim5t>y p]iod4 ,= our pres5t purpose1 ?is is ! *ief po9t1 ! ess5tial fact to v]ify4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,,/4 ,,v]onica4 ,g]man ,wood ,engrav+4 7,fifte5? ,c5tury47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--,,/4 ,,john4 ,flemi% ,wood ,engrav+4 7,fifte5? ,c5tury47 ,! discov]y ( pr9t+1 !re=e1 is d\btless a result ( ! example ( relief engrav+1 & !re is no d\bt ei!r t ! fir/ attempts at pr9t+ ) type orig9at$ 9 ,holl&4 ,:il/ ,co/]1 or ! pr$ecessor ( ,gut5b]g1 :oev] he 01 0 some:at feebly prep>+ ! way = typographical indu/ry1 pa9t+ & ! arts ( design g5]ally _h 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries atta9$ a degree ( developm5t :i* !y _h n be=e rea*$1 except 9 ,italy4 ,among/ ! ,g]man contempor>ies ( ,hub]t & ,john van ,eyck1 :at rival 0 !re to comp>e ) ^! two ma/]s8--:at tea*] ) s notable an influ5ce1 or s f]tile a tea*+8 ,:il/1 on ! banks ( ! ,rh9e1 arti/s unwor?y ( ! "n & pa9t]s de/itute ( tal5t 7 cont9u+ ! ,go?ic traditions & ! =mul ( _! pr$ecessors1 ! s*ool ( ,bruges 0 r5ew+1 or r f\nd+1 a national art4 ,by ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury ! revolution 0 accompli%$ 9 ?is s*ool1 :i* 0 already di/+ui%$ by ! ,van ,eycks1 & to :i* ,meml+ 0 ab\t to add fre% lu/re4 ,g]many1 too1 9 a few ye>s 0 to glory 9 a l success2 b ! movem5t did n set 9 till aft] ! second half ( ! c5tury4 ,till !n ev]y?+ rema9$ dead1 ev]y?+ betray$ an extreme pov]ty ( me?od & doctr9e4 ,if we judge ! ,g]man art ( ! "t by su* "w1 = in/ance1 z ! ,/4 ,*ri/oph]1 engrav$ 9 #adbc1 a s+le glance is suffici5t to reveal ! m>k$ sup]iority ( ! contempor>y ,flem+s4 ,x is1 !n1 f> f unnatural t1 at a "t :5 pa9t]s1 goldsmi?s1 & all o!r arti/s 9 ,fl&]s 7 s pla9ly sup]ior 9 skill to _! co-work]s 9 ,g]many1 ! ,flemi% engrav]s %\ld likewise h l$ ! van ( progress1 & tak5 _! places z ! fir/ 9 ! hi/ory ( _! art4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--,,! ,,infant ,,jesus4 ,flemi% ,wood ,engrav+4 7,fifte5? ,c5tury47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--;,,jesus1 ,,savi\r ,,( ,,! ,,_w4 ,g]man ,wood ,engrav+4 7,fifte5? ,c5tury47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--,,! ,,crucifixion4 ,g]man ,wood ,engrav+4 7,fifte5? ,c5tury47 ,x may be said t ! pro(s are insuffici5t4 ,be x s4 ,we %all n look = !m 9 ! ,virg9 on wood1 belong+ to ! ,brussels ,libr>y1 & be>+ ! date #adah1 z ! au!nticity ( ?is date1 to our ?9k+ p]fectly g5u9e1 has be5 disput$2 nor %all we seek = !m 9 ! anonym\s examples :i* x seems to u b j to ascribe to ! old s*ool ( ! ,l[ ,c\ntries4#h ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--,,! ,,apocalypse ,,( ,,/4 ,,john4 ,dut* ,wood ,engrav+4 7,fifte5? ,c5tury47 ,up to n[ we are will+ to admit t only ,g]many is 9 a position to produce a piece ( evid5ce beyond suspicion4 ,) its impos+ date ( #adbc1 its "t-hon\r$ rights1 & (ficial r5[n1 ! ,/4 ,*ri/oph]1 n[ 9 ! libr>y ( ,"l ,sp5c]1 has privileges :i* _c be disput$ or que/ion$4 ,b x does n foll[ t ! wood-cuts ( ! ,speculum1 ( ! ,biblia ,paup]um1 ( ! ,ars ,mori5di1 & ( simil> undat$ publications1 mu/ be m rec5t4 ,nor1 because a dat$ ,g]man pr9t has surviv$1 mu/ x !re=e be conclud$ t no?+ 0 produc$ at t "t except 9 ,g]many4 ,x %\ld be p>ticul>ly obs]v$ t ! plates ( ! ,speculum seem well-nigh prodigies ( pictorial skill & k 9 comp>ison ) ! ,/4 ,*ri/oph]2 t _! au?or mu/ h s]v$ a long appr5tice%ip 9 a good s*ool2 t1 9 %ort1 no art beg9s ) su* a piece ( "w1 & t1 ev5 suppos+ ^! cuts did n appe> till aft] ! ,g]man pr9t1 "s "t _h d\btless elaps$ dur+ :i* ! progress !y involve _h be5 prep>$ & pursu$4 ,x is !re=e reasonable to suppose t1 f ! fir/ ye>s ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 ! engrav]s ( ! ,l[ ,c\ntries began1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,van ,eycks1 to be initiat$ into ! conditions ( art1 & t1 l _! c\ntrym5 ! pr9t]s1 !y %[$ ! pa? :i* o!rs 7 to cle> & level4 ,x mu/ be rem>k$1 h[ev]1 t 9 ! beg9n+ pr9t+ & wood engrav+ d n always m>* on p>allel l9es--t !y d n meet 9 l ord] _! successive p]iods ( trial & advance4 ,9 ,g]many1 up till ! "t :5 ,gut5b]g atta9$ ! f9al /age1 & popul>is$ ! la/ secrets ( ! pr9t+ process1 pa9t]s1 draughtsm51 & engrav]s 7 all helpless 9 a rut3 f ! au?or ( ! ,/4 ,*ri/oph] to ! engrav]s ( ?irty ye>s lat]1 !y boa/ b ! r\ghe/ & co>se/ ( ideas & me?ods4 ,he9eck51 ! exagg]at$ *ampion ( ! ,g]man cause z aga9/ ! p>tisans ( ,co/]1 :om he contemptu\sly calls ! beadle#i--;,he9eck5 himself1 speak+ ( ! fir/ ,g]man books engrav$ on wood5 tablets1 is oblig$ to admit t :5 ! draw+ is exam9$ ) a connoisseur's eye1 a heavy & b>b>\s ta/e appe>s to reign ?r\gh\t4#aj ,9 ,g]many ! arti/ic "p 0 to wait ^u & foll[ ! example ( ! indu/rial3 0 to lag beh9d & to plod on 9 b>b>ism long aft] ! indu/rial revolution 0 accompli%$ at its side4 ,& x 0 long be=e ! wood-cutt+ engrav]s acquir$ any?+ l ! skill ( ! pr9t]s employ$ by ,gut5b]g & by ,f/4 ,9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 on ! o!r h&1 ! reg5]ation ( art prec$$ me*anical improvem5t4 ,ev5 :5 ! latt] 0 9 full progress1 nay1 ev5 :5 a gr& discov]y _h reveal$ all ! capabilities & fix$ ! limits ( pr9t+1 engrav+ 0 by no means subord9at$1 z 9 ,g]many1 to ! advance ( ! new process1 b1 on ! contr>y1 _h long s9ce acquir$ a cle>ness & c]ta9ty ( execution :i* 0 /ill lack+ 9 ! works ( ! pr9t]s4 ,! ,speculum1 z we h said1 be>s te/imony to t sort ( anomaly betwe5 ! me*anical imp]fection ( ! ,dut* pr9t$ texts ( ! fifte5? c5tury & ! m]it ( ! plates by :i* !y 7 accompani$4 ,o!r examples might be m5tion$1 b x is useless to multiply evid5ce1 & to insi/ on details4 ,we %all h accompli%$ en\gh if we h succe$$ 9 acc5tuat+ "s ( ! pr9cipal features1 & 9 summ+ up ! ess5tial *>act]i/ics ( engrav+1 at ! "t ( ! ,incunabuli4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,play+ ,,c>ds4 ,,! ,,dot ,,mann]4 ,9 our endeav\r to prove ! relative antiquity ( wood engrav+ 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 we h int5tionally r def]r$ ! purely ar*ological "q1 & h s\ght ! fir/ signs ( tal5t in/ead ( ! bold beg9n+s ( ! art4 ,! orig9 ( wood engrav+1 mat]ially consid]$1 _c be said to be conf9$ to ! "t & c\ntry ( ! pupils ( ,van ,eyck4 ,x 0 c]ta9ly 9 _! h&s t x fir/ began to %[ signs ( be+ a real art1 & give promise = ! future2 b we h /ill to inquire h[ _m ye>s x _h be5 practis$ 9 ,europe1 ?r\gh :at phases x _h already pass$1 & to :at uses x _h be5 appli$1 be=e x took ?is />t & receiv$ ?is consecration4 ,we treat ?is "q ( orig9 ) "s res]ve1 & mu/ repeat z our excuse t savants h pu%$ _! rese>*es s f>1 & unhappily ) su* conflict+ results1 & h f\nd1 or h ?\ght !y f\nd1 9 ! acc\nts ( travell]s1 or 9 anci5t (ficial or hi/orical docum5ts1 s _m pro(s & argum5ts 9 support ( diff]5t sy/ems1 t x becomes equally difficult to accept or to f9ally reject _! v>i\s conclusions4 ,! prevail+ op9ion1 h[ev]1 attributes to ! mak]s ( play+ c>ds1 if n ! discov]y ( wood engrav+1 at lea/ its fir/ practical application 9 ,europe4 ,_m writ]s agree on ! g5]al pr9ciple1 b agreem5t ends :5 x comes to be "q ( ! date & place ( ! e>lie/ attempts4 ,"s pron\nce 9 fav\r ( ! f\rte5? c5tury & ,g]many2 o!rs plead = ,france1 :]e !y say c>ds 7 9 use f ! beg9n+ ( ! reign ( ,philip ( ,valois4 ,o!rs aga91 to support ! claims ( ,italy1 arm !mselves ) a passage quot$ by ,tirabos*i f ! ,trattato del ,gov]no della ,famiglia1 a "w writt51 accord+ to !m1 9 #abii2 & !y suppose1 besides1 t ! comm]cial relations ( ,japan & ,*9a ) ,v5ice w\ld h introduc$ into t t[n be=e any o!r ! use ( c>ds & ! art ( mak+ !m4 ,em]ic ,david1 "o ( ! mo/ rec5t au?orities1 c>ries ?+s ) a /ill high] h&4 ,he beg9s by sett+ aside all ! claimants--,g]many ) ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 ,france z well z ,italy4#aa ,:]e play+ c>ds 7 fir/ us$1 or :e!r any p>ticul> xylographic collection belongs or n to ! fir/ ye>s ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 are matt]s ( extremely small importance 9 8 eyes4 ,9 ! docum5ts br\ght =w>d by compet5t exp]ts z ! mo/ anci5t rema9s ( wood engrav+1 he f9ds in/ead a te/imony to ! un9t]rupt$ practice ( ! art 9 ,europe4 ,= ! real orig9 ! au?or ( ! ,disc\rs sur la ,gravure does n hesitate to g boldly back beyond ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,nor does he /op !re2 b sees 9 ! practice ( ! ,greeks "u ! successors ( ,alex&] a m]e cont9uance ( ! traditions ( ^? ,asiatic peoples :o 7 accu/om$ f "t immemorial to pr9t on textile fabrics by means ( wood5 m\lds4 ,x w\ld be too tr\blesome to discuss 8 facts or 8 conclusions2 s _m examples borr[$ f ! poets1 f ! hi/orians ( antiquity1 & ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*1 appe> to su/a9 8 p]haps too compreh5sive !ory4 ,! be/ & ! %orte/ plan w be to take x ^u tru/1 & to admit on ! au?ority ( ,hom]1 ,h]odotus1 ,ezekiel1 & ,/4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 t f ! h]oic ages till ! e>ly days ( ,*ri/ianity1 !re has be5 no break 9 ! practice ( pr9t+ ^u v>i\s mat]ials f wood5 blocks4 ,/ill less ne$ we grudge ! ,middle ,ages ! possession ( a secret already ! common prop]ty ( s _m c5turies4 ,b ! pr9t+ ( textiles does n imply ! k & practice ( engrav+ prop]ly s call$2 & _m c5turies may h pass$ )\t any attempt to use ?is m]ely indu/rial process = f9] ends1 or to apply x to ! purposes ( art4 ,seals ) lett]s cut 9 relief 7 sme>$ ) col\r & impress$ on vellum or pap] long be=e ! inv5tion ( pr9t+4 ,! small /amps or patt]ns ) :i* ! scribes & illum9ators transf]r$ ! outl9es ( capital lett]s to _! manuscripts1 might well h sugge/$ ! la/ advance4 ,& yet h[ _m ye>s & exp]im5ts 7 requir$ to br+ x to p]fection6 ,:y may we n suppose t ! art ( engrav+1 l ! art ( pr9t+1 9 spite ( e>ly1 p>tial1 & analog\s discov]ies1 may h wait$ long = its h\r ( bir?8 ,& :5 block pr9t+ 0 once br\ght f ,asia into ,europe1 :y may x n h suff]$ ! same fate z o!r inv5tions equally +5i\s 9 pr9ciple & equally limit$ 9 _! e>li] applications8 ,glass1 = in/ance1 0 well kn[n by ! nations ( antiquity2 b h[ long a "t elaps$ be=e x 0 appli$ to w9d[s8 ,we h said t accord+ to a g5]ally receiv$ op9ion we mu/ look ^u play+ c>ds z ! olde/ rema9s ( xylography4 ,b ! evid5ce on :i* ?is op9ion is bas$ has only a negative au?ority4 ,because ! old books 9 :i* c>ds are m5tion$ say no?+ ( any o!r productions ( wood engrav+1 x has be5 inf]r$ t su* productions did n yet exi/2 b is x n all[able to ask if ! sil5ce ( writ]s 9 su* a case absolutely e/abli%es su* a negative8 ,might n ?is sil5ce be expla9$ by ! nature ( ! "w1 & ( ! subject treat$1 :i* 0 g5]ally lit]>y or philosophical1 & q indep5d5t ( que/ions ( art8 ,:5 speak+ ( c>ds1 :e!r to =mally =bid or only to re/ra9 _! use1 ! *ronicl]s & ! morali/s ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 or ( ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5?1 probably ?\ght b little ( ! way !y 7 made4 ,_! int5tion 0 to d5\nce a vice r ?an to describe an indu/rial process4 ,:y1 !n1 %\ld !y h tr\bl$ ab\t o!r works 9 :i* ?is process 0 employ$1 n only )\t dang] to religion & morality1 b ) a view ( hon\r+ bo?8 ,pi\s pictures cut 9 wood by ! h&s ( monks or artisans might h be5 well kn[n at ?is "t1 al?\gh contempor>y au?ors may h *os5 to m5tion only c>ds2 &1 )\t pu%+ conjecture too f>1 we may take ! lib]ty ( suppos+ t engrav]s fir/ drew _! inspiration f ! same s\rce z illum9ators1 pa9t]s on glass1 & sculptors4 ,besides1 we "k well t art 0 !n only ! nave expression ( religion & ! emblem ( ,*ri/ian ?\ght4 ,:y %\ld ! cutt]s ( xylographic figures h be5 an exception to ! g5]al rule8 & :at /range freak w\ld h l$ !m to *oose z ! subject ( _! fir/ ef=ts a species ( "w s contr>y to ! mann]s & traditions ( all ! s*ools8 ,sett+ aside writt5 te/imony1 & consult+ ! engrav+s !mselves :i* h be5 h&$ d[n to u f =m] c5turies1 we are entitl$ to say t ! v olde/ play+ c>ds are1 at ! mo/1 contemporane\s ) ! ,/4 ,*ri/oph] ( #adbc & ! olde/ kn[n wood-cuts1 inasmu* z ! engrav+ ( ^! c>ds c]ta9ly does n date back beyond ! reign ( ,*>les ,,vii4 ,t ! ,italian1 ,g]man1 or ,fr5* t>oc*i 7ornam5t$ *equ]s or c>ds7 7 9 use be=e t "t is possible2 b z none ( ^! e>ly t>oc*i h surviv$1 x _c be kn[n to :at ext5t !y repres5t ! progress ( ! art1 & h[ f> !y may h s]v$ z models = o!r xylographic works3 ev5 ?\gh x be true t relief engrav+1 & n m]ely draw+ ) ! p51 0 ! means fir/ employ$ = ! mak+ ( ! t>oc*i m5tion$ "h & !re 9 ! *ronicles4 ,su* ,fr5* c>ds z h come d[n to u w\ld lead u to believe1 9 any case1 t ! progress 0 sl[ en\gh1 = !y /ill reveal an extraord9>y want ( exp]i5ce bo? z to %ape & effect1 & h all ! timidity ( an art /ill 9 its infancy4 ,?is mu/ also be said ( works ( ! same k9d execut$ 9 ,g]many 9 ! fifte5? c5tury2 except ! c>ds1 attribut$ to a contempor>y ( ! ,ma/] ( #adff1 & ^! are engrav$ on metal4 ,9 ,italy alone1 c>ds1 or r ! symbolical pieces kn[n rightly or wrongly by ! "n ( t>oc*i1 possess$1 f an arti/ic po9t ( view1 real importance f ! "t :5 engrav+ on metal _h begun to take ! place ( wood-cutt+4 ,! arti/s initiat$ by ,f9igu]ra into ! secrets ( ! new me?od display$ good ta/e1 k1 & skill2 & 9 su* less important "w1 z well z 9 t ( a high] ord]1 _! tal5t at la/ inaugurat$ an era ( real progress & ( fruitful ent]prise4 ,x is ( no consequ5ce1 = ! matt] ( t1 :e!r wood engrav+ 0 fir/ appli$ to ! mak+ ( pi\s pictures or to ! manufacture ( c>ds4 ,9 any case ! process is g5]ally look$ ^u z ! olde/ me?od ( engrav+1 & z ! fir/ to give types to be multipli$ 9 pro(s by pr9t+4 ,m4 ,lon de ,laborde1 "o ( ! cle>e/ & be/ in=m$ writ]s on ! orig9s ( engrav+ & typography1 consid]s1 on ! o!r h&1 t engrav+ 9 relief on metal1 r ?an ! xylographic process1 0 ! proximate cause ( ! discov]y ( pr9t+4 ,9 a "w publi%$ 9 #ahci1 :i* un=tunately has yet to receive ! amplifications promis$ by ! au?or1#ab ,m4 de ,laborde decl>es t ! fir/ pr9t$ engrav+s mu/ h be5 dott$ ones3 t is1 pr9ts produc$ 9 ! peculi> mode already t\*$ ^u1 & 9 :i* ! black p>ts come out spr9kl$ ) :ite dots4 ,accord+ to him1 engrav+1 or1 to speak m exactly1 ! pr9t+ ( engrav$ "w1 mu/ h be5 inv5t$ by goldsmi?s r ?an by draughtsm5 or illum9ators4 ,! =m]1 by ! nature ( _! craft1 possess$ ! tools & ! necess>y mat]ials1 & 7 !re=e 9 a bett] position ?an any "o else to /umble ^u ! discov]y ( ! process1 if n delib]ately to inv5t x4 ,z matt] ( fact1 _m ( ^? :o work$ 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 or 9 ! ,rh5i% prov9ces1 dur+ ! fir/ ye>s ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 pr9t$ works 9 ! e>ly dot mann]3 9 o!r words1 engrav$ 9 relief on metal4 ,& ^? xylographic specim5s :i* are usually look$ ^u z ! olde/ examples ( engrav+1 are 9 reality only ! outcome ( a re=mation1 & ! product ( an art already modifi$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--;,,jesus ,,*ri/ ,,c>ry+ ,,! ,,cross4 ,engrav+ 9 ! ,dot ,mann] 7#adjf74 ,! op9ion express$ "s "t ago by ,m4 ,lon de ,laborde has rec5tly be5 support$ by ! discov]y ( two engrav+s1 9 ! e>ly dot mann]1 belong+1 we ?9k1 to ! ye> #adjf1 & on :i* we h ourselves publi%$ "s rem>ks4#ac ,b our argum5t be+ only f\nd$ on ! simil>ity ( c]ta9 ext]nal facts1 s to speak1 & on ! probability ( c]ta9 calculations1 x is n really possible to attribute to ^! docum5ts s secure a /&+ z to ^? ^: age is e/abli%$ by dates1 & set practically beyond "q4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--,,! ,,holy ,,face4 ,engrav+ 9 ! ,dot ,mann] 7#adjf74 ,n[1 ! olde/ ( ! dat$ engrav+s 9 relief on metal is ! ,/4 ,b]n>d9o ( ,si5a1 wrongly call$ ! ,/4 ,b]n>d1 belong+ to ! ,biblio?que ,nationale 9 ,p>is4 ,?is engrav+ 9 ! dot mann] be>s ! date #aded4 ,x is1 !re=e1 lat] ?an ! ,/4 ,*ri/oph] engrav$ on wood1 & lat] ev51 z we %all pres5tly see1 ?an ! fir/ engrav+ 9 incis$ l9e1 ! ,pax1 by ,f9igu]ra1 ^: date ( pr9t+ is c]ta94 ,rememb]+ ^! facts1 ! sep>ation ( ! olde/ dott$ pr9ts f ! fir/ specim5s ( true engrav+ is only p]missible on ! gr\nd t !y are works execut$ by a special process4 ,consid]$ f a purely arti/ic po9t ( view1 !y (f] little int]e/4 ,_! draw+1 /ill rud] ?an t ( ! ,g]man wood-cuts1 exhibits an almo/ hi]oglyphic unreality4 ,_! g5]al effect is purely conv5tional2 &1 ow+ to ! uni=m dep? ( ! blacks1 _! insignificant modell+ expresses nei!r ! relief nor ! comp>ative depression ( ! =ms4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--,,/4 ,,b]n>d9o4 ,engrav+ 9 ! ,dot ,mann] 7#aded74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--,,/4 ,,*ri/oph]4 ,engrav+ 9 ! ,dot ,mann]4 7,fifte5? ,c5tury47 ,9 %ort1 we f9d 9 ^! e>ly dott$ pr9ts no?+ b p]fect fals5ess to nature1 & all ! m5dacity inh]5t 9 feebl5ess ( ta/e & slavi% con=mity to sy/em4 ,h[ comes x t ?is sorry *ild's-play has appe>$ to des]ve 9 our day att5tion :i* is n always conc$$ to m s]i\s "w8 ,?is might be bett] excus$ _h ^! pr9ts be5 inve/igat$ 9 ord] to demon/rate ! pr9ciples ( ! me?od foll[$ aft]w>ds by ! engrav]s ( illu/rations = books4 ,! *>m+ bord]s1 = in/ance1 :i* adorn ! ,books ( ,h\rs1 pr9t$ 9 ,france at ! end ( ! fifte5? & ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5turies1 w\ld naturally sugge/ comp>isons betwe5 ! way 9 :i* _m p>ts are /ippl$1 & ! process ( ! e>ly dott$ engrav+4 ,b we may surely t]m excessive ! ef=ts ( c]ta9 s*ol>s to fix on ^! defective attempts 9 a p>ticul> me?od ( "w ! att5tion ( a public naturally attract$ else:]e4 ,! fact is1 h[ev]1 t 9 ?is matt]1 z well z 9 que/ions relat+ to ! orig9 ( wood engrav+ & pr9t+1 national self-respect 0 at /ake1 & writ]s s\ght 9 ! n>r[ field ( ar*ology a victory ov] rival claims :i* !y might less easily h a*iev$ on o!r gr\nds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--;,,jesus ,,on ,,! ,,m\nt ,,( ,,olives4 ,engrav+ 9 ! ,dot ,mann]4 7,fifte5? ,c5tury47 ,betwe5 ! au?ors ( ! ,l[ ,c\ntries & ( ,g]many1 long accu/om$ to skirmi%es ( ! k9d1 ?is new conflict might h begun & cont9u$ )\t awak+ mu* int]e/ 9 o!r nations2 b1 contr>y to cu/om1 ^! c\nt]claims orig9at$ nei!r 9 ,g]many nor 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries4 ,= ! fir/ "t ! "n ( ,france 0 he>d ( 9 a dispute z to ! orig9 ( engrav+2 & ?\gh !re 0 b scant hon\r to be ga9$1 ! un=ese5 rivalry did n fail to give additional int]e/ to ! /ruggle1 &1 9 ,france at lea/1 to meet ) a measure ( fav\r4 ,! words ,b]nh>d9us ,milnet1 deciph]$1 or suppos$ to be deciph]$1 at ! bottom ( an old dott$ engrav+1 repres5t+ ,! ,virg9 & ! ,infant ,jesus1 7 tak5 = ! signature ( a ,fr5* engrav]1 & ! discov]y 0 turn$ to fur!r pr(it by ! assumption t ! said ,b]n>d or ,b]n>d9 ,milnet engrav$ all ! pr9ts ( ?is p>ticul> class2 al?\gh1 ev5 suppos+ ^! to belong to a s+le s*ool1 !y manife/ly c\ld n all belong to a s+le epo*4 ,! inv5tion & monopoly ( dott$ engrav+ once attribut$ to a s+le c\ntry1 or r to a s+le man1 ^! ass]tions cont9u$ to ga9 gr\nd = "s "t1 & 7 ev5 repeat$ 9 lit]>y & hi/orical works4 ,a day1 h[ev]1 came :5 !y began to lose cr$it2 & z d\bts ent]$ ev5 ! m9ds ( 8 c\ntrym51 ! suppos$ ,b]n>d ,milnet is n[ depriv$ ( 8 "n & title1 & is v prop]ly reg>d$ z an imag9>y be+4 ,does x foll[ f ?is1 z ,m4 ,passavant#ad w\ld h x1 t all ^! pr9ts1 naturalis$ = a little :ile 9 ,france1 ought to be re/or$ to ,g]many8 ,_! contradictory "* ) reg>d to workman%ip & /yle might cause "o1 ) ! mo/ hone/ int5tions1 to hesitate1 ?\gh _! intr9sic value is n su* z to cause ! =m] c\ntry any great loss4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--,,/4 ,,george4 ,engrav+ 9 ! ,dot ,mann]4 7,fifte5? ,c5tury47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--,,/4 ,,dom9ic4 ,engrav+ 9 ! ,dot ,mann]4 7,fifte5? ,c5tury47 ,inde$1 x is difficult to conceive ( any?+ less int]e/+1 except ) reg>d to ! p>ticul> nature ( ! process4 ,! outl9es ( ! figures h none ( t draw+1 firm ev5 to /iffness1 nor has ! fl[ ( ! drap]ies t ta/e = abrupt =ms1 :i* di/+ui%$ ! productions ( ! ,g]man s*ool f its beg9n+s4 ,! lea/ feeble ( ^! specim5s1 su* z ! ,sa9t ,b>b>a1 9 ! ,brussels ,libr>y1 or ! ,/4 ,george on ,horseback1 pres]v$ 9 ! ,pr9t ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,biblio?que ,nationale 9 ,p>is1 d inde$ occasionally sugge/ "s simil>ity ( orig9 or mann] ) ! s*ool ( ,van ,eyck4 ,b x is unnecess>y to debate ! po9t at great] l5g?4 ,:e!r produc$ 9 ,france1 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 or 9 ,g]many1 ! dott$ engrav+s ( ! fifte5? c5tury add s little lu/re to ! l& :i* gave !m bir?1 t no scepticism z to _! orig9 ne$ lie v heavily on ! consci5ce4 ,9 ! g5]al hi/ory ( ! docum5ts on ! orig9 ( engrav+1 ! dott$ pr9ts =m a s]ies di/+ui%$ by ! me?od ( _! execution f any o!r e>li] or contempor>y specim5s ( "w2 ! date m>k #aded1 borne by "o among ! numb]1 gives u au!ntic in=mation z to ! "t ( ^! /range exp]im5ts1 ^! curiosities ( h&icraft r ?an ( art4 ,?is is z mu* z we ne$ to be> 9 m9d ^u ! subject1 & q en\gh to complete ! hi/ory ( ! elem5t>y attempts :i* prec$$ or :i* co-exi/$ = a few ye>s ) ! beg9n+ ( engrav+ by incis$ l9e 9 ,italy4 ,we h n[ arriv$ at t decisive mom5t :5 engrav+1 end[$ ) fre% res\rces1 0 practis$ = ! fir/ "t by real ma/]s4 ,up to ! pres5t1 ! trifl+ ability & skill possess$ by c]ta9 wood-cutt]s & ! peculi> me?ods ( dott$ engrav+ h be5 ! only means by :i* we c\ld measure ! ef=ts exp5d$ 9 ! se>* = new te*nical me?ods1 or 9 _! use :5 discov]$4 ,we h n[ done ) su* hesitat+ & halt+ progress4 ,! art ( pr9t+ f plates cut 9 intaglio _h no soon] be5 discov]$ by1 or at lea/ dignifi$ by ! practice (1 a ,flor5t9e goldsmi?1 ?an ^u e side fre% tal5t 0 evok$4 ,9 ,italy & ,g]many x 0 a "q ( :o %\ld pr(it mo/ & quicke/ by ! advance4 ,a _s ( rivalry at once arose betwe5 ! two s*ools2 & fifte5 ye>s _h n elaps$ s9ce ,italian art _h giv5 its note 9 ! works ( ! goldsmi? engrav]s ( ! s*ool ( ,f9igu]ra1 be=e ,g]man art _h f\nd an equally def9ite expression 9 ! works ( ! ,ma/] ( #adff4 ,b1 be=e exam9+ ?is simultane\s progress1 we %all h to say a few words on ! hi/orical "p ( ! "q1 & to return to ! orig9 ( ! process ( intaglio engrav+1 z we h already done ) ! orig9 ( engrav+ 9 relief4 ,?is "p ( our subject mu/ be briefly & f9ally dispos$ (2 we may !n altoge!r ab&on ! unc]ta9 gr\nd ( ar*ological hypo!sis4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,fir/ ,,attempts ,,at ,,intaglio ,,engrav+4 ,,! ,,nielli ,,( ,,! ,,flor5t9e ,,goldsmi?s4 ,,pr9ts ,,by ,,! ,,italian ,,& ,,g]man ,,pa9t]-,,engrav]s ,,( ,,! ,,fifte5? ,,c5tury ,we h se5 t ,gut5b]g's p]man5t improvem5ts 9 ! me?od ( pr9t+ result$ 9 ! sub/itution1 s f> z writt5 spee* 0 conc]n$1 ( a mode ( reproduction almo/ inf9itely fruitful1 & ev5 rapid :5 comp>$ to ! sl[ness & ! limit$ res\rces ( ! xylographic me?od4 ,typography 0 de/9$ to aboli% ! use ( block pr9t+1 & m p>ticul>ly ( caligraphy1 :i*1 till !n1 _h occupi$ s _m pi\s & pati5t h&s bo? 9 mona/]ies & 9 s*ools4 ,! art ( pr9t+ f engrav+s work$ simil> mis*ief to ! illum9ator's craft4 ,su* 71 be=e long1 ! natural consequ5ces ( ! progress made2 &1 we may add1 su* _h be5 f ! fir/ ! *ief object ( ^! innovations4 ,p]haps ?is d\ble revolution1 s pot5t 9 its g5]al effect & 9 its influ5ce on mod]n civilisation1 may h appe>$ to ^? engag$ 9 x no m important ?an a purely indu/rial improvem5t4 ,surely1 = in/ance1 we d no inju/ice to ,gut5b]g if we accept ) "s res]ve ! va/ political & philosophical ideas1 & ! purposes ( univ]sal enfran*isem5t1 ) :i* he has be5 sometimes cr$it$8 ,probably ! views ( ! inv5tor ( pr9t+ rea*$ nei!r s f> nor s high4 ,he did n int5d to figure z an apo/le1 nor did he reg>d himself z devot$ to a philan?ropic mission1 z we %\ld put x 9 ! pres5t day4 ,he consid]$ himself no m ?an a workman ) a happy ?\ght1 :5 he propos$ to replace ! l5g?y & co/ly lab\rs ( ! copyi/ by a process s mu* *eap] & s mu* m exp$iti\s4 ,a some:at simil> idea _h already occurr$ to ! xylographic pr9t]s4 ,ev5 ! title ( "o ( ! fir/ books publi%$ by !m1 ! ,biblia ,paup]um1 or ,bible = ! ,poor1 prov$ _! wi% to place )9 ! rea* ( ! masses an equival5t to ^? illum9at$ manuscript copies :i* 7 only obta9able by ! ri*4 ,"o glance at ! anci5t xylographic collections is en\gh to disclose ! _s 9 :i* su* "w 0 und]tak51 & ! design ) :i* x 0 conceiv$4 ,! new indu/ry imitat$ 9 e p>ticul> ! appe>ance ( ^? e>li] works due to ! p5 ( ! scribe or to ! bru% ( ! illum9ator2 &1 p]haps1 ! pr9t]s !mselves1 speculat+ on ! want ( disc]nm5t 9 ! pur*as+ public1 ?\ght less ( expos+ ! secret ( _! me?od ?an ( ma9ta9+ an illusion4 ,9 mo/ ( ! xylographic books1 inde$1 ! fir/ page is q )\t ornam5tation4 ,!re are nei!r *apt]-head+s nor ornam5tal capitals2 ! blank space seems to await ! h& ( ! illum9ator1 :o %\ld /ep 9 to f9i% ! "w ( ! pr9t]1 & complete ! resemblance betwe5 ! pr9t$ books & ! manuscript4 ,gut5b]g foll[$2 & ev5 he1 al?\gh less closely an imitator ( caligraphy1 did n himself disda9 at fir/ to practise "s deception z to ! nature ( 8 me?od4 ,x is said t ! ,bible he pr9t$ at ,may5ce 0 sold z manuscript2 & ! lett]press is c]ta9ly n accompani$ by any te*nical explanation1 or by any note ( ! pr9t]'s "n or ! mode ( fabrication4 ,n till some:at lat]1 :5 he publi%$ ! ,ca?olicon1 did ,gut5b]g av[ t he _h pr9t$ ?is book )\t ! help ( re$1 quill1 or /ylus1 b by means ( a m>vell\s array ( m\lds & pun*es4 ,ev5 9 ?is specim5 ( a process already settl$ & f9ally disclos$ to ! public1 ! capital lett]s 7 left blank 9 ! pr9t+1 & 7 aft]w>ds fill$ 9 ) bru% or p54 ,x 0 a f>ewell salutation to ! pa/1 & ! late/ appe>ance ( t old art :i* 0 n[ doom$ to pass away be=e ! new1 & to leave ! field to ! products ( ! press4 ,did ! inv5tor ( ! art ( pr9t+ f plates cut 9 intaglio1 l ! inv5tor ( ! art ( typography1 only wi% at fir/ to ext5d to a l>g] public :at _h hi!rto be5 res]v$ = ! fav\r$ few8 ,0 e>ly engrav+ b a weapon turn$ aga9/ ! monopoly ( ! m9iature pa9t]8 ,we might be tempt$ to ?9k s1 f ! numb] ( manuscripts belong+ to ! second half ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 9 :i* col\r$ pr9ts1 surr\nd$ by bord]s also col\r$1 are set opposite a pr9t$ text1 app>5tly 9 ord] to imitate z ne>ly z possible ! famili> aspect ( illum9at$ books4 ,next 9 turn came pr9t$ books ) illu/rations1 & loose %eets publi%$ sep>ately = e-day use4 ,! ,italian engrav]s1 ev5 be=e !y began to adorn ) ! bur9 ^? works :i* h be5 ! mo/ frequ5tly illu/rat$--su*1 = in/ance1 z ! religi\s h&books & ! poem ( ,dante--employ$ ! new process f z e>ly z #adfe1 to assure _! cal5d>s a wid] publicity4 ,b let u return to ! "t :5 engrav+ 0 yet 9 its e>ly /ages1 & :5--by *ance1 by =ce ( orig9al g5ius1 or by ! m]e completion ( :at _h be5 begun by o!r h&s--a ,flor5t9e goldsmi?1 "o ,maso ,f9igu]ra1 succe$$ 9 fix+ on pap] ! impression ( a silv] plate on :i* l9es _h be5 engrav$ 9 intaglio & fill$ ) black4 ,f9igu]ra's great glory does n1 h[ev]1 lie 9 ! solution ( ! practical difficulty4 ,among/ ! ,italians none be=e him _h ev] ?\ght ( try+ to pr9t f a "w engrav$ 9 incis$ l9e or intaglio on metal2 & !re=e1 at lea/1 9 8 own c\ntry1 he des]v$ ! hon\rs ( priority4 ,b ! inv5tion ( ! process--t is1 9 ! absolute & lit]al s5se ( its "n1 ! notion ( reproduc+ bur9 "w by pr9t+--0 c]ta9ly n peculi> to ,f9igu]ra4 ,unconsci\s ( :at 0 pass+ else:]e1 he may h be5 ! fir/ 9 ,flor5ce to attempt ?is revolution 9 art2 b1 beyond ! fronti]s ( ,italy1 _m _h already employ$ = ! necessities ( trade t me?od :i* x 0 8 to turn into a p[]ful in/rum5t ( art4 ,8 true glory consi/s 9 ! unexpect$ au?ority ) :i* he inaugurat$ ! movem5t4 ,al?\gh x may be true t !re are pr9ts a few ye>s old] ?an any ,flor5t9e niello--! ,g]man specim5s ( #addf1 discov]$ b ! o!r day by ,m4 ,r5\vi]1#ae or ! ,virg9 ( #adea describ$ by ,m4 ,passavant#af--;x _c *ange ! real date ( ! inv5tion ( engrav+2 t date has be5 writt5 by ! h& ( a man ( tal5t1 ! fir/ engrav] wor?y ( ! "n ( arti/4 ,t ,f9igu]ra 0 really ! inv5tor ( engrav+1 because he dignifi$ ! new process by ! /rik+ ability ) :i* he us$ x1 & prov$ 8 p[] :]e 8 contempor>ies _h only exhibit$ _! weakness1 mu/ be di/9ctly laid d[n1 ev5 at ! risk ( sc&alis+ "s ( ! le>n$4 ,he has ! same "r to celebrity z ,gut5b]g1 :o1 l him1 0 b ! discov]] ( a decisive advance2 ! same "r also z ,nicol ,pisano & ,giotto1 ! real f\nd]s ( ! race ( ! ,great ,ma/]s1 &1 truly speak+1 ! fir/ pa9t] & ! fir/ sculptor :o appe>$ 9 ,italy1 al?\gh nei!r sculpture nor pa9t+ 7 ev5 novelties at ! mom5t ( _! bir?4 ,z a m]e "q ( date1 ! ,pax ( ,flor5ce may n be ! e>lie/ example ( engrav+2 be x s4 ,b 9 :i* ( ^! e>li] attempts1 n[ s mu* acclaim$ z argum5ts aga9/ ! accept$ tradition1 c we glean ev5 ! fa9te/ promise ( ! m]its :i* di/+ui% t illu/ri\s engrav+8 ,he :o wr\ght x is no usurp]2 8 fame is a legitimate conque/4 ,x is a s+ul> co9cid5ce t ! discov]y ( pr9t+ & t ( ! art ( tak+ pro(s on pap] f a plate engrav$ 9 intaglio1 or1 to speak m exactly1 t ! f9al improvem5ts ( bo? ^! processes1 %\ld h sprung up almo/ simultane\sly1 "o 9 ,italy & ! o!r 9 ,g]many4 ,!re is only an int]val ( two ye>s betwe5 ! "t :5 ,f9igu]ra pr9t$ 8 fir/ engrav+ 9 #adeb1 & ! "t :5 ,gut5b]g exhibit$ 8 fir/ attempts at pr9t+ 9 #aded4 ,till !n1 copies drawn1 pa9t$1 or writt5 by h& _h be5 ! only effici5t means ( reproduction4 ,none1 ev5 among/ ^? mo/ capable ( orig9al ?\ght or action1 consid]$ x b5ea? !m to set =? ! ?\ght ( o!rs4 ,boccaccio & ,petr>* ex*ang$ :ole books ( ,livy or ( ,cic]o :i* !y _h pati5tly transcrib$1 & monki% or pr(essional arti/s copi$ on ! vellum ( missals ! pa9t+s :i* cov]$ ! walls or adorn$ ! alt>s ( _! *ur*es4 ,su* subjects z 7 engrav$ on wood 7 only design$ to /imulate ! devotion ( ! pi\s4 ,bo? by _! inadequate execution1 & ! special use = :i* !y 7 int5d$1 !y mu/ rank z indu/rial products r ?an z works ( art4 ,besides illum9ation & wood engrav+1 !re 0 a process sometimes us$ to copy c]ta9 orig9als1 portraits or fancy subjects1 b m frequ5tly employ$ by goldsmi?s 9 ! decoration ( *alices1 reliqu>ies1 & alt> canons4 ,?is process 0 no?+ b a special application & comb9ation ( ! res\rces belong+ to ! long kn[n arts ( enamell+ & *alcography1 :i* la/ simply means engrav+ on metal4 ,! incis$ l9es made by ! grav] 9 a plate ( silv]1 or ( silv] & gold comb9$1 7 fill$ ) a mixture ( lead1 silv]1 & copp]1 made m easily fusible by ! addition ( a c]ta9 quantity ( borax & sulphur4 ,?is blacki%-col\r$ mixture 7nigellum1 :5ce niello1 niell>e7 left ! un5grav$ p>ts expos$1 &1 9 cool+1 became encru/$ 9 ! furr[s :]e x _h be5 introduc$4 ,aft] ?is1 ! plate1 :5 c>efully poli%$1 pres5t$ to ! eye ! contra/ ( a design 9 dull black enamel trac$ ^u a field ( %9+ metal4 ,t[>ds ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury ?is k9d ( engrav+ 0 mu* practis$ 9 ,italy1 especially 9 ,flor5ce1 :]e ! be/ niellatori 7 to be f\nd4 ,"o ( !m1 ,tomaso1 or = %ort1 ,maso ,f9igu]ra1 01 l _m goldsmi?s ( 8 "t1 at once an engrav]1 a design]1 & a sculptor4 ,! draw+s attribut$ to him1 8 nielli1 & ! bas-reliefs p>tly by him & p>tly by ,antonio ,pollajuolo1 w\ld n1 p]haps1 h be5 en\gh to h pres]v$ 8 memory3 x is 8 inv5tion--9 ! degree we m5tion$--( ! art ( pr9t+ intaglio engrav+s1 or r ( ! art ( engrav+ itself1 t has made him immortal4 ,:at1 h[ev]1 c seem m simple ?an ?is discov]y8 ,x is ev5 difficult to und]/& :y x 0 n made be=e1 :5 we rememb] n only t ! pr9t+ ( blocks engrav$ 9 relief _h be5 practis$ s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 b t ! niellatori !mselves 7 9 ! habit ( tak+1 fir/ 9 clay & !n 9 sulphur1 an impression & a c\nt]-impression ( _! "w be=e apply+ ! enamel4 ,:at %\ld seem m simple ?an to h tak5 a direct pro( on a ?9 ela/ic body su* z pap]8 ,b x is always easy to criticise aft] ! ev5t1 & to po9t out ! road ( progress :5 ! end has be5 atta9$4 ,:o kn[s if to-day !re is n ly+ at our v h& "s discov]y :i* yet we nev] ?9k ( grasp+1 & if our pres5t bl9dness w n be ! cause ( simil> wond] to our successors8 ,at any rate1 ,f9igu]ra _h f\nd ! solution ( ! problem by #adeb4 ,?is 0 put beyond d\bt on ! day t[>ds ! close ( ! la/ c5tury 7#agig71 :5 ,zani discov]$1 9 ! ,pr9t-,room ( ! ,p>is ,libr>y1 a niello by ,f9igu]ra pr9t$ on pap] ( indisputable date4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4--;,,f9igu]ra4 ,! ,pax ( ! ,bapti/]y ( ,/4 ,john at ,flor5ce4 ,?is little pr9t1 or r pro(1 tak5 be=e ! plate 0 put 9 niello1 ( a ,pax#ag engrav$ by ! ,flor5t9e goldsmi? = ! ,bapti/]y ( ,/4 ,john1 repres5ts ! ,coronation ( ! ,virg94 ,x measures only #acj millimetres by #hg4 ,z reg>ds its size1 !re=e1 ! ,coronation is really only a vignette2 b x is a vignette h&l$ ) su* k & /yle1 & in=m$ ) s deep a feel+ = beauty1 t x w\ld be> ) p]fect impunity ! ordeal ( be+ enl>g$ a hundr$ times & transf]r$ to a canvas or a wall4 ,its claims z an ar*ological specim51 & ! value t f\r c5turies h add$ to ?is small piece ( p]i%able pap]1 mu/ assur$ly nei!r be =gott5 nor misund]/ood by any "o4 ,yet he w\ld be ill-advis$1 on ! o!r h&1 :o %\ld reg>d ?is ma/]piece ( art z a m]e hi/orical curiosity4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--;,,italian ,,niello4 7,fifte5? ,c5tury47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,,italian ,,niello4 7,fifte5? ,c5tury47 ,! r>e m]its :i* di/+ui% ,f9igu]ra's ,coronation are to be se51 ?\gh mu* less conspicu\sly1 9 a c]ta9 numb] ( works attribut$ to ! same orig94 ,o!r pieces engrav$ at ! same "t1 & pr9t$ "u ! same conditions by unkn[n ,flor5t9e workm51 prove t ! example giv5 9 #adeb _h at once creat$ imitators4 ,x mu/ be rem>k$1 h[ev]1 t among/ su* works1 :e!r attribut$ to ,f9igu]ra or to o!r goldsmi?s ( ! same "t & c\ntry1 none belong to ! class ( engrav+s prop]ly s call$4 ,9 o!r words !y are only :at we h agre$ to call nielli3 t is1 pro(s on pap] ( plates design$ to be aft]w>ds enamell$1 & n impressions ( plates specially & f9ally int5d$ to be us$ = pr9t+4 ,x w\ld almo/ appe> t ! ma/] & 8 fir/ foll[]s fail$ to =esee all ! results & b5efits ( ?is discov]y2 t !y look$ ^u x only z a sur] te/ ( "w ?an clay or sulphur ca/s1 z a te/ process suitable to c]ta9 /ages ( ! lab\rs ( ! goldsmi?4 ,9 "o ^w1 f ! "t :5 he made 8 fir/ success till ! end ( 8 life1 ,f9igu]ra probably only us$ ! new process to =w>d 8 "w z a niellatore1 )\t its ev] occurr+ to him to employ x = its own sake1 & 9 ! _s ( a real engrav]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4--;,,italian ,,niello4 7,fifte5? ,c5tury47 ,flor5t9e engrav+s ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 o!r ?an 9 niello1 or ^? at lea/ ^: orig9 & date are c]ta91 are n only lat] ?an ,f9igu]ra's work+ days1 b are ev5 lat] ?an ! ye> ( 8 dea? 7#adgj74 ,9 ,g]many1 f ! v beg9n+1 s to speak1 ( ! p]iod ( initiation1 ! ,ma/] ( #adff & 8 disciples 7 multiply+ impressions ( _! works1 & pr(it+ by ! full res\rces ( ! new process4 ,9 ,flor5ce1 on ! contr>y1 !re pass$ ab\t tw5ty ye>s dur+ :i* ! art seems to h rema9$ /ation>y & conf9$ to ! same n>r[ field ( practice z at fir/4 ,y may visit ! ri*e/ public or private collections )\t meet+ 7) ! exception ( works 9 niello7 any au!ntic & (ficial specim5 ( ,flor5t9e engrav+ ( ! "t ( :i* we speak4#ah ,y may op5 books & catalogues1 & f9d no m5tion ( any engrav$ subject t c be call$ a pr9t e>li] ?an ^? attribut$ to ,baccio ,bald9i1 or to ,botticelli1 :i* only appe>$ 9 ! la/ qu>t] ( ! c5tury4 ,yet x is impossible to f9d any explanation ( ?is /]ility--( ?is extraord9>y abs5ce ( a s*ool ( engrav]s1 9 ! exact acceptation ( ! ^w1 outside ( ! gr\p ( ! niellatori4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig #bj4--;,,baccio ,,bald9i4 ,illu/ration f ! ,div9a ,comm$ia ( #adha4 ,"s ye>s lat]1 h[ev]1 progress _h l$ to emancipation4 ,! art ( engrav+1 h5ce=? free1 broke f its indu/rial s]vitude1 des]t$ ! traditions ( enamell+ & *as+1 & took possession ( its own doma94 ,!re are /ill to be rem>k$1 ( c\rse1 a c]ta9 timidity & a c]ta9 lack ( exp]i5ce 9 ! h&l+ ( ! tool1 an execution at once summ>y & /rangely c>eful1 a mixture ( nave int5tions & conv5tional modes ( expression4 ,b ! bur91 ?\gh only able z yet imp]fectly to treat l9es 9 mass & v>y ! values ( %ad[s1 has ma/]$ ! secret ( repres5t+ life ) precision & elegance ( outl9e1 & c r5d] ! facial expression ( ! mo/ diff]5t types4 ,sacr$ & my?ological p]sonages1 sybils & prophets1 madonnas & ! gods ( ,olympus1 ! m5 & wom5 ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 all n only reveal at ! fir/ glance _! close pictorial relation%ip to ! g5]al incl9ations & habits ( ,flor5t9e art ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 b %[ u ^! t5d5cies cont9u$ & confirm$ 9 a fre% =m4 ,! delicacy :i* *>ms u 9 ! bas-reliefs & ! pictures ( ! "t2 ! aspiration1 common to contempor>y pa9t]s & sculptors1 ( idealis+ & height5+ ! expression ( ext]nal facts2 ! love ( r>e1 exquisite1 & some:at subtle expression1 are to be f\nd 9 ! works left by ! pa9t]-engrav]s :o 7 ! imm$iate foll[]s ( ,f9igu]ra1 no less cle>ly ?an 9 ! pa9t$ & sculptur$ subjects on ! walls ( contempor>y *ur*es & palaces4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4--;,,baccio ,,bald9i4 ,!seus & ,ariadne4 ,:atev] we may suppose to h be5 ! "p due to ,baccio ,bald9i1 to ,botticelli1 to ,pollajuolo1 or to anybody else2 ) :atev] acut5ess we may disc]n1 or ?9k we disc]n1 ! inequalities ( /yle & ! tricks ( t\* 9 diff]5t m52 all _! works display a vigor\s unity1 :i* mu/ be c>efully tak5 into acc\nt1 inasmu* z x gives its "* to ! s*ool4 ,?\gh we %\ld ev5 succe$ 9 sep>ately labell+ ) a prop] "n ea* "o ( ! works :i* are all really dep5d5t on "o ano!r1 ! ga9 w\ld be small4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4--;,,baccio ,,bald9i4 ,! ,prophet ,b>u*4 ,provid$ t nei!r ! qualities nor ! mean+ ( ! :ole movem5t be und]/ood1 we may1 z reg>ds ! di/ribution ( m9or p>ts1 resign ourselves to d\bt1 & ev5 ignorance1 & console ourselves = ! my/]y :i* en%r\ds ^! nameless tal5ts3 & ?is ! m readily t we c ) great] imp>tiality appreciate _! m]its 9 ! abs5ce ( biographical hypo!sis & ! comm5t>ies ( ! s*ol>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4--;,,baccio ,,bald9i4 ,! ,sibyl ( ,cum4 ,! pr9ts due to ! ,flor5t9e pa9t]-engrav]s :o foll[$ ,f9igu]ra m>k a transitional epo* betwe5 ! fir/ /age ( ,italian engrav+ & ! "t :5 ! art1 hav+ ent]$ ^u its p]iod ( virility1 us$ its p[]s ) confid5ce1 & %[$ itself equal to any feat4 ,! privileges ( fruitfulness & success 9 ?is second phase no long]1 x is true1 belong :olly to ,flor5ce4 ,x w\ld seem t1 aft] hav+ aga9 & aga9 giv5 bir? to s mu* tal5t1 ,flor5t9e art1 exhau/$ by rapid production1 repos$ & volunt>ily all[$ ! neighb\r+ s*ools to take h] place4 ,ev5 be=e ! appe>ance ( ,m>c ,antonio1 ! mo/ important pro(s ( skill 7 giv5 outside ( ,tuscany2 & if t[>ds ! beg9n+1 or at ! beg9n+1 ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! num]\s plates engrav$ by ,robetta /ill cont9u$ to su/a9 ! reputation ( ! ,flor5t9e s*ool1 su* a result 0 ow+ f> less to ! individual tal5t ( ! engrav]1 ?an to ! *>m & intr9sic value ( 8 models4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4--,,pr9t ,,belong+ ,,to ,,! ,,set ,,entitl$ ,,! ,,game ,,( ,,c>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4--,,mantegna4 ,! ,virg9 & ! ,infant ,jesus4 ,( all ! ,italian engrav]s :o1 t[>ds ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 complet$ ! popul>isation 9 _! c\ntry ( ! art ^: fir/ secrets & examples 7 reveal$ & suppli$ by ,flor5ce1 ! "o mo/ p[]fully inspir$ & mo/ skilful 0 c]ta9ly ,&rea ,mantegna4 ,we ne$ n "h recall ! true position ( ?is great arti/ 9 ! hi/ory ( pa9t+4 ,su* ( 8 pictures & decorative pa9t+s z /ill exi/ possess a _w-wide fame2 &1 ?\gh 8 engrav+s are less g5]ally kn[n1 !y des]ve equal celebrity1 & w\ld ju/ify equal admiration4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4--,,mantegna4 ,f ! ,pr9t ,repres5t+ a ,battle ( ,sea-,gods4 ,! engrav$ "w ( ,mantegna consi/s ( only tw5ty plates1 ab\t half ( :i* are religi\s1 & ! rema9d] my?ological or hi/orical4 ,?\gh none ( ^! engrav+s be>s ! signature or initials ( ! ,paduan ma/]1 _! au!nticity _c be d\bt$4 ,x is abundantly manife/ 9 c]ta9 m>k$ *>act]i/ics ( /yle & workman%ip2 9 ! delicate yet /rong precision ( ! draw+2 & 9 t some:at rude elegance :i* 0 at ! comm& ( none ( 8 contempor>ies 9 ! same degree4 ,e "p ( !m1 ev5 :]e !y sav\r ( imp]fection or ( extravagance1 be>s witness to ! indomitable w & indep5d5t g5ius ( a ma/]4 ,8 t\* imp>ts a passionate & ?rill+ aspect ev5 to ! details ( ar*itectural decoration & ! smalle/ inanimate objects4 ,"o w\ld suppose t1 aft] hav+ /udi$ ea* "p ( 8 subject ) ! eye ( a man ( culture & a ?9k]1 ,mantegna1 :5 he came to repres5t x on ! metal1 =got all b ! burn+ impati5ce ( 8 h& & ! fev] ( ! /ruggle ) 8 mat]ial4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4--,,mantegna4 ,! ,entombm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4--,,mantegna4 ,jesus ,*ri/1 ,/4 ,&rew1 & ,/4 ,long9us4 ,& yet ! h&l+ alone ( su* works z ! ,entombm5t & ! ,triumph ( ,cs> be>s witness to ! tal5t ( an engrav] already m exp]i5c$ ?an any ( 8 ,italian pr$ecessors & m alive to ! real res\rces ( 8 art4 ,! bur9 9 ,mantegna's h& displays a firmness t c no long] be call$ /iffness2 &1 :ile x h>dly z yet c be said to imitate pa9t+1 competes 9 boldness & rapidity at lea/ ) ! effect ( *alk or ! p54 ,unlike ! ,flor5t9e engrav]s1 ) _! timid sp>se /rokes :i* sc>cely s]v$ to m>k ! outl9es1 ,mantegna works ) masses ( %ad[ produc$ by means ( clos] gra9+1 & seeks to express1 or at any rate to sugge/1 int]nal modell+1 in/ead ( cont5t+ himself ) ! m]e outl9es ( ! body4 ,9 a ^w1 ,mantegna z an engrav] nev] =got 8 k z a pa9t]2 & x is ?is1 comb9$ ) ! r>e vig\r ( 8 imag9ation1 :i* assures him ! fir/ place among/ ! ,italian ma/]s be=e ! "t ( ,m>c ,antonio4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4--,,mantegna4 ,f ! ,triumph ( ,julius ,cs>4 ,mantegna _h soon _m imitators4 ,"s ( !m1 z ,mocetto1 ,jacopo ,francia1 ,nicoletto da ,mod5a1 & ,jacopo de' ,b>b>i1 kn[n z ! ,ma/] ( ! ,caduceus1 ?\gh pr(it+ by 8 example1 did n pu% _! docility s f> z to sacrifice _! own ta/es & individual s5tim5t4 ,o!rs1 z ,zoan ,&rea & ,giovanni ,antonio da ,brescia1 ^: "w has be5 sometimes mi/ak5 = t ( ,mantegna himself1 set !mselves n only to make 8 mann] _! own1 b to imitate 8 engrav+s l9e = l9e4 ,h[ev] /rongly ,mantegna's influ5ce may h act$ on ! ,italian engrav]s ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 or ! e>ly ye>s ( ! sixte5?1 x h>dly seems to h ext5d$ beyond ,lomb>dy1 ,v5ice1 & ! small neighb\r+ /ates4 ,x 0 nei!r 9 ,flor5ce nor 9 ,rome t ! ,paduan example pr9cipally excit$ ! _s ( imitation4 ,! works x gave rise to belong ne>ly all ( !m to arti/s =m$ "u ! ma/]'s v eyes1 or 9 close proximity to 8 tea*+s1 :e!r ! mann] ( ! lead] ( ! s*ool appe>$ 9 ! ef=ts ( pure copyi/s & imitators m or less adroit1 or :e!r x appe>$ 9 a mu* modifi$ condition 9 ! works ( m indep5d5t disciples4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4--,,mocetto4 ,bac*us4 ,x 0 9 ,v]ona1 ,v5ice1 ,mod5a1 & ,bologna t ! movem5t :i* ,mantegna />t$ 9 art f\nd its mo/ brilliant cont9uation4 ,z ! engrav]s1 embold5$ by exp]i5ce1 gradually t5d$ to reconcile some?+ ( _! own inspirations & p]sonal desires ) ! doctr9es transmitt$ to !m1 assur$ly a c]ta9 am\nt ( progress 0 manife/$ & "s improvem5ts 7 introduc$ into ! use or ! comb9ation ( means2 b 9 spite ( su* p>tial div]g5ces1 ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! works proves _! common orig91 & te/ifies to ! imprud5ce ( ! ef=ts sometimes made to split into small isolat$ gr\ps & inf9ite subdivisions :at1 9 reality1 =ms a complete :ole1 a g5u9e s*ool4 ,! same _s ( unity is aga9 f\nd to pr$om9ate 9 all ! works ( ! ,g]man engrav]s belong+ to ! second half ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,) respect to purpose & /yle1 !re is c]ta9ly a great diff]5ce betwe5 ! e>ly ,italian engrav+s & ^? :i* m>k ! beg9n+ ( ! art 9 ! t[ns ( ,high & ,l[ ,g]many4 ,b bo? h ?is 9 common3 t c]ta9 fix$ traditions once f\nd$ rema9 = a "t almo/ un*angeable2 t c]ta9 fix$ me?ods ( execution are held l articles ( fai?1 & only modifi$ ) an extreme respect = ! "t-hon\r$ pr9ciples ( e>ly days4 ,! ,ma/] ( #adff1 & %ortly aft] him1 ,m>t9 ,s*ongau]1 _h sc>cely %[n !mselves1 be=e _! example 0 foll[$1 & _! tea*+ ob$i5tly practis$1 by a great] numb] ( disciples ?an _h foll[$1 or 7 de/9$ to foll[1 9 ,italy ! lead ( ! contempor>ies ( ,f9igu]ra or ,mantegna4 ,! influ5ce ex]t$ by ! latt] _h at lea/ an equival5t 9 ! asc5dancy ( ,m>t9 ,s*ongau]2 :ile ! ,ma/] ( #adff1 9 ! "* ( a f\nd]1 :i* belongs to him1 has almo/ ! same importance 9 ! hi/ory ( ,g]man engrav+ z ! ,flor5t9e goldsmi? 9 t ( ,italian engrav+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4--;,,batti/a ,,del ,,porto1 ,,call$ ,,! ,,ma/] ,,( ,,! ,,bird4 ,/4 ,seba/ian4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4--,,m>t9 ,,s*ongau]4 ,! ,virg9 & ! ,infant ,jesus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4--,,m>t9 ,,s*ongau]4 ,/4 ,john ! ,evangeli/4 ,! ,ma/] ( #adff may1 inde$1 be reg>d$ z ! ,f9igu]ra ( ,g]many1 because he 0 ! fir/ 9 8 own c\ntry to raise to ! dignity ( an art :at _h be5 only an indu/rial process 9 ! h&s ( tal5tless workm54 ,l wood engrav+1 intaglio engrav+1 su* z we see x 9 ,g]man pr9ts "s ye>s be=e ! works ( ! ,ma/] ( #adff1 _h only succe$$ 9 spread+ abroad1 9 ! t[ns on ! banks ( ! ,rh9e1 productions ( a rude or grotesque symbolism1 9 :i*1 not)/&+ rec5t attempts to exagg]ate _! value1 a want ( te*nical exp]i5ce 0 z evid5t z extreme pov]ty ( conception4 ,^! ar*ological curiosities c h no legitimate place among/ works ( art1 & we may )\t inju/ice take /ill less acc\nt ( !m1 z ! rapid progress made by ! ,ma/] ( #adff ?r[s _! inf]iority into great] relief4 ,if ! anonym\s arti/ call$ ! ,ma/] ( #adff be ! true f\nd] ( ! ,g]man s*ool ( engrav+2 if he %[ himself clev]] ?an any ( ! ,italian engrav]s ( ! p]iod--f ! po9t ( view only ( practical execution1 & ! "r h&l+ ( ! tool--x does n necess>ily foll[ t he holds ! same priority 9 tal5t z he c]ta9ly holds 9 ord] ( "t be=e all o!r engrav]s ( ! same age & c\ntry4 ,"o ( ^!1 ,m>t9 ,s*ongau]1 call$ also h&some ,m>t91 or = %ort1 ,m>t9 ,s*on1 may h a bett] "r to ! highe/ place4 ,end[$ ) m imag9ation ?an ! ,ma/] ( #adff1 ) a deep] feel+ = tru? & a cle>] in/9ct = beauty1 he displays at lea/ equal dext]ity 9 ! conduct ( ! "w & 9 ! h&l+ ( ! grav]4 ,assur$ly1 if we comp>e ,m>t9 ,s*ongau]'s pr9ts ) ! beautiful ,flemi% or ,fr5* engrav+s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! comb9ations ( l9es :i* satisfi$ ! ,g]man engrav] _c fail to appe> insuffici5t1 or ev5 ar*aically simple2 b if we comp>e !m ) ! engrav$ "w ( all c\ntries 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 x w be ackn[l$g$ t1 ev5 z a te*nical work]1 ! ma/] ( ,colm>#ai exhibit$ a /rik+ sup]iority ov] all 8 contempor>ies4 ,su* plates z ! ,flight into ,egypt1 ! ,dea? ( ! ,virg91 ! ,wise ,virg9s1 & ! ,fooli% ,virg9s1 are di/+ui%$ above all by p[] & by grace ( expression2 b to ^! ideal qualities !re is add$ s mu* firmness ( draw+1 & s mu* decision ( h&l+1 t1 9 spite ( all subsequ5t progress1 !y des]ve to be numb]$ ) ^? :i* mo/ hon\r ! art ( engrav+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4--,,m>t9 ,,s*ongau]4 ,jesus ,betray$ by ,judas4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4--,,m>t9 ,,s*ongau]4 ,! ,entombm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4--,,m>t9 ,,s*ongau]4 ,figure f ! set entitl$ ,! ,fooli% ,virg9s4 ,m>t9 ,s*ongau]1 l ! ,ma/] ( #adff1 at once rais$ up bo? imitators & rivals 9 ,muni*1 9 ,me*eln 9 ,we/phalia1 9 ,nuremb]g1 & 9 _m o!r t[ns 9 ! ,g]man ,/ates4 ,8 influ5ce & reputation ext5d$ ev5 beyond ! bord]s ( ,g]many2 & x 0 n ! arti/s ( ! ,l[ ,c\ntries alone :o s\ght to pr(it by 8 example4 ,9 ,flor5ce "y ,mi*elangelo did n disda9 to /udy1 nor ev5 to copy him1 = he pa9t$ a ,temptation ( ,/4 ,an?ony1 aft] ,s*ongau]'s engrav+4 ,italian m9iature pa9t]s & engrav]s1 ,gh]>do & ,nicoletto da ,mod5a1 among/ o!rs1 reproduc$ _m ( 8 pr9ts4 ,! v figures & ornam5tation :i* decorate ! ,books ( ,h\rs1 publi%$ by ,simon ,vo/re & ,h>d\9 at ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 %[ t 9 ! ,france ( t p]iod a zeal = imitation ( ! ma/]'s mann] 0 n always re/ra9$ by ! fe> ( actual plagi>ism4 ,b ! influ5ce ( ,m>t9 ,s*ongau] on ! progress ( art & ! tal5t ( arti/s 0 m ext5d$ & decid$ 9 ,g]many itself4 ,among/ ^? :o mo/ ob$i5tly submitt$ to1 & :o be/ knew h[ to pr(it by1 t example1 we ne$ only m5tion ,b>?olomew ,s*n1 ,franz von ,bo*olt1 ,w5ceslas ( ,olmtz1 ,israel van ,me*551 ,glock5ton1 & la/ly1 ! engrav] ) ! monogram ,b ,m1 ^: mo/ important "w1 ! ,judgm5t ( ,solomon1 0 p]haps engrav$ f a picture by ,m>t9 ,s*ongau]1 :o l ,mantegna1 l ,pollajuolo1 & inde$ l ! majority ( e>ly engrav]s1 0 n only a pa9t]1 b a s+ul>ly good "o4 ,8 pa9t$ pictures /ill belong+ to ! t[n ( ,colm>1 &1 sett+ aside 8 r>e tal5t z an engrav]1 ev5 ! little ,dea? ( ! ,virg91 :i* has be5 ! prop]ty ( ! ,london ,national ,gall]y s9ce #ahfj1 w\ld be en\gh to e/abli% 8 reputation4#bj ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4--,,m>t9 ,,s*ongau]4 ,/4 ,an?ony4 ,! importance ( su* an arti/ is 9 e respect t ( ! lead] ( a s*ool & a ma/] 9 ! /ricte/ acceptation ( ! ^w4 ,m>t9 ,s*ongau] 9 8 own p]son1 & ?r\gh ! tal5t he help$ to fo/]1 did s mu*1 & s greatly hon\r$ 8 c\ntry1 t x is only j to reg>d him z "o ( ! mo/ glori\s repres5tatives ( national art1 & to place 8 "n beside ^? ( ,alb]t ,dr] & ,holbe91 z ! ?ree m5 9 :om ! ess5tial qualities & *>act]i/ics ( ! ,g]man g5ius h be5 mo/ typically repres5t$4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,l9e ,,engrav+ ,,& ,,wood ,,engrav+ ,,9 ,,g]many ,,& ,,italy ,,9 ,,! ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury4 ,?anks to ! ,ma/] ( #adff & to ,m>t9 ,s*ongau]1 l9e engrav+ 9 ,g]many 0 m>k$ by brilliant & unexpect$ advances1 :il/ wood engrav+ m]ely foll[$ ! humble traditions ( e>ly days4 ,x is true t ! latt] process 0 no long] exclusively appli$ to ! production ( occasional unb\nd pr9ts1 or *eap religi\s pictures on loose leaves1 ( :i* we h a specim5 9 ! ,sa9t ,*ri/oph] ( #adbc4 ,9 ,g]many1 t[>ds ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 ! cu/om _h spread ( illu/rat+ 7z we n[ call x7 type-pr9t$ books ) wood engrav+s4 ,to m5tion a few among/ _m examples1 we h ! ,casket ( ! ,true ,ri*es ( ,salvation 7,s*atzbehalt]71 publi%$ at ,nuremb]g 9 #adia1 & ! ,*ronicorum ,lib] call$ ! ,nuremb]g ,*ronicle1 pr9t$ 9 ! same t[n 9 #adic1 bo? ( :i* conta9 num]\s wood-cuts int]polat$ 9 ! text4 ,^! cuts are n s bad z ! e>li] ,g]man "w 9 ! same process1 yet !y are f> f good4 ,!y sc>cely hold out a promise ( ! advance 9 skill made "s ye>s lat] by wood-cutt]s "u ! influ5ce ( ,alb]t ,dr]1 & if !y are comp>$ ) ! illu/rations :i* adorn ,italian books ( ! same p]iod--! ,decam]on ( #adib1 = in/ance1 & especially ! ,hypn]otoma*ia ,poliphili ( #adii--!y appe> /ill worse4 ,?\gh !y are n ( mu* value 9 !mselves1 ! pr9ts :i* accompany ! writ+s 9 ! ,casket & ! ,nuremb]g ,*ronicle des]ve att5tion4 ,!y 7 done f designs suppli$ by ,alb]t ,dr]'s ma/]1 ,mi*ael ,wolgemut2 & ! gulf betwe5 ! r feeble tal5t ( ! old] man1 & ! pr(\nd k & p[]ful orig9ality ( 8 illu/ri\s pupil1 c ?us be easily measur$4 ,alb]t ,dr] 0 ! son ( a ,hung>ian goldsmi? e/abli%$ at ,nuremb]g4 ,he tells u himself h[1 at ! age ( fifte51 he left 8 fa!r's %op = ,wolgemut's /udio3 n t he wi%$ to free himself f p>5tal au?ority1 b simply to ha/5 ! "t :5 he might d 8 %>e t[>ds satisfy+ ! wants ( a num]\s family4 ,my fa!r1 says ,alb]t ,dr]1 9 8 autobiographical notes1 c\ld only supply himself1 8 wife1 & *ildr5#ba ) ! /rict necess>ies ( life2 & sp5t 8 life 9 great h>d%ip & sev]e h>d "w4 ,he suff]$ 9 addition _m adv]sities & tr\bles4 ,e "o :o knew him spoke well ( him1 = he l$ a wor?y ,*ri/ian life1 0 pati5t & g5tle1 at peace ) e "o1 & always ?ankful to ,god4 ,he did n seek worldly pleasures1 0 a man ( few words1 kept little company1 & fe>$ ,god4 ,my de> fa!r 0 v e>ne/ ab\t br++ up 8 *ildr5 9 ! fe> ( ,god1 = x 0 8 greate/ desire to lead !m aright1 s t !y might be pleas+ to ,god & man4 ,& 8 daily injunction to u 0 t we %\ld love ,god1 & deal uprightly ) our neighb\r4444 ,i felt at l5g? m l an arti/ ?an a goldsmi?1 & ,i begg$ my fa!r to let me pa9t2 b he 0 displeas$ ) ! reque/1 = he regrett$ ! "t ,i _h lo/ 9 le>n+ 8 trade4 ,h[ev]1 he gave 9 to me1 & on ,/4 ,&rew's ,day1 #adhf1 he appr5tic$ me to ,ma/] ,mi*ael4 ,alb]t ,dr]'s progress 0 inde$ rapid1 at lea/ 8 progress 9 engrav+1 = he drew ) rem>kable tal5t be=e he ent]$ ,wolgemut's /udio4 ,! *>m+ portrait ( himself at ! age ( ?irte51 /ill pres]v$ at ,vi5na 9 ! ,alb]t9e ,collection1 suffici5tly proves t he requir$ no lessons f 8 new ma/] 9 ! skilful h&l+ ( a p5cil3 ! tea*+ ( 8 own m9d _h be5 en\gh4 ,b x 0 o!rwise ) engrav+1 :]e he _h to advance by way ( exp]im5t1 & ga9 capacity f practice4 ,& x 0 n till ab\t #adif1 aft] _m ye>s ( appr5tice%ip1 t he v5tur$ to publi% 8 fir/ engrav$ "w4 ,8 e>ly works1 moreov]1 are v probably only copies f ,wolgemut1#bb :]eas ! orig9al works :i* foll[$1 ?\gh reta9+ some?+ ( ! traditional mann]1 be> nev]!less a /amp ( indep5d5t feel+4 ,?us too1 & at ne>ly ! same "t1 ! g5ius ( ,p]ug9o's gift$ pupil began to %[ itself "u ! borr[$ =ms ( ! only /yle p]mitt$ 9 ! s*ool2 & ! ob$i5t h& :i* portray$ ! ,sposalizio 9 ! mann] & "u ! eyes ( 8 ma/]1 9 secret already obey$ ! m9d ( ,raphael4 ,mean:ile ,alb]t ,dr]1 ^: fame _h begun to spread beyond ! walls ( ,nuremb]g1 und]took a t\r ?r\gh ,g]many1 & 0 abs5t = f\r ye>s2 & :5 he return$ to settle 9 8 native t[n1 he m>ri$ ,agnes ,frey1 ! daught] ( a respectable & weal?y m]*ant 9 ,nuremb]g4 ,if we may believe report1 ! union 0 unhappy1 & d>k5$ & %ort5$ by cruel dome/ic tr\bles ! life ( ! noble arti/4 ,! /ory has (t5 be5 told h[ 8 imp]i\s & gre$y wife kept him cont9ually at "w1 & h[1 z pr9ts paid bett] ?an pictures1 %e w\ld n all[ him to sacrifice ! bur9 to ! bru%4 ,dread+ ! reproa*es & accusations ( idl5ess to :i* %e gave v5t on ! smalle/ provocation1 ,dr] b5t b5ea? ! yoke & r>ely left 8 /udio4 ,"o day1 = in/ance1 !y relate t he 0 discov]$ 9 ! /reet by 8 wife1 :om he believ$ to be at ! o!r end ( ! t[n1 & 0 =c$ to return & to expiate 8 mom5t>y idl5ess by work+ f> beyond 8 usual "t4 ,! poor arti/ di$ at la/ ( ov]work & mis]y2 & 8 hateful wid[ only regrett$ 8 dea? because x set a t]m to 8 e>n+s4 ,su* is ! acc\nt 9 all ! books t deal ) ,dr]1 f ! "w ( ! ,g]man ,s&r>t1 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 d[n to ! biographical diction>ies publi%$ 9 our own "t by ,fr5* writ]s2 su* is ! /ory :i* has s]v$ z text to s _m d5unciations ( ?is new ,xantippe1 & to s _m elegies ^u h] victim4 ,b ! facts ( ! case 7 n c>efully exam9$4 ,! result ( ,h]r ,?aus+'s scrupul\s inve/igation ( ! subject1 & ! au!ntic te/imony he has adduc$1 %[1 on ! contr>y1 t ,alb]t ,dr] & 8 wife liv$ on pretty good t]ms till 8 dea?2 s t we may bani% z idle fables ! torm5ts :i* he 0 suppos$ to h suff]$1 & ! sorr[s t 7 said to h %ort5$ 8 life4 ,! /ory s frequ5tly repeat$ aft] ,vas>i1 ( ,dr]'s qu>rels ) a c]ta9 =g] ( 8 works at ,v5ice1 :]e copies sign$ ) 8 monogram 7 publicly sold z orig9als1 re/s on a sur] basis4 ,! said =g] 0 a "y man ( no reputation :o _h conceiv$ ?is idea ( comm&+ a sale = 8 works1 & ( ?us quickly realis+ a pr(it on ! r5[n ( ,dr] & ! simplicity ( 8 cu/om]s4 ,x 0 n long1 h[ev]1 be=e ! fraud 0 discov]$1 :5 he tri$1 x is said1 to turn x into a joke2 b ! ,g]man arti/ c\ld n be br\ght to see x 9 t light4 ,x 0 a case 9 :i* 8 wife 0 n conc]n$1 & he c\ld take 8 own "p op5ly4 ,he appli$ at once to ! ,s5ate1 d5\nc$ ! fraud1 & obta9$ a decree condemn+ ! (f5d] !nce=? to affix to 8 plates no o!r "n ?an 8 own4 ,?is "n1 de/9$ to become celebrat$1 0 no o!r ?an t ( ,m>c ,antonio ,raimondi4 ,9 our own days ! tru? ( ?is /ory has be5 m ?an once d\bt$1 at lea/ 9 s f> z ! legal consequ5ces are conc]n$1 = ! =g]y itself _c be d5i$4 ,! plates ( ! ,life ( ! ,virg91 engrav$ by ,m>c ,antonio f ,alb]t ,dr]1 & be>+ ! monogram ( ! latt]1 are kn[n to e "o2 b x has be5 object$ z an argum5t aga9/ ! s5t5ce t1 9 ! /ate ( morals & legislation 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 to affix ano!r p]son's signature to ^! plates did n con/itute a misdemean\r2 & t ,m>c ,antonio1 by appropriat+ ! "n & ! works ( ,alb]t ,dr]1 did no worse ?an _m imitators ( ,m>t9 ,s*ongau] _h done be=e him1 no worse1 inde$1 ?an 0 pres5tly to be done ) reg>d to 8 own works by imitators z unscrupul\s z himself4 ,?is is q true2 b x is no less s t ,alb]t ,dr]'s signature1 s delib]ately add$ by ,m>c ,antonio to ! copies he engrav$ ( ! ,life ( ! ,virg91 is n to be f\nd on ! plates ( ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,passion1 engrav$ lat] on by ,m>c ,antonio 9 imitation ( ! ,g]man ma/]4 ,x is impossible n to suppose t 9 ! meantime a judgm5t ( "s sort 0 pass$1 oblig+ ! copyi/ to appe> "u 8 true col\rs4 ,! j satisfaction accord$ to ! dem&s ( ,alb]t ,dr] 0 n1 h[ev]1 to pres]ve him f ! injury aft]w>ds done him by imitators ( ano!r k9d4 ,"s ,v5etian pa9t]s foll[$ ! example ( ,m>c ,antonio1 &1 add+ insult to injury1 en]getically abus$ ! v man ^: works !y impud5tly copi$4 ,if y saw ^! m51 wrote ,dr] to 8 fri5d ,pirkheim]1 y w\ld take !m = ! be/ p 9 ! _w4 ,= my "p1 ,i c nev] help laugh+ at !m :5 !y speak to me4 ,!y are q aw>e t "o kn[s all ab\t _! knav]y2 b !y don't c>e4 ,y may be sure ,i 0 w>n$ 9 "t n to eat & dr9k ) !m4 ,!re are pa9t]s 9 ,v5ice :o copy my works1 clam\r+ l\dly ! :ile t ,i am ru9+ art by dep>t+ f ! antique4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4-;,,hans ,,sebald ,,beham4 ,! ,je/] & ! ,lov]s4 ,alb]t ,dr]1 h[ev]1 f\nd 9 ! welcome he receiv$ f ! mo/ celebrat$ ,italian arti/s a comp5sation = ! bad conduct to :i* he 0 a victim4 ,old ,giovanni ,bell9i himself ov]:elm$ 8 "y rival ) praise1 & begg$ = "o ( 8 works1 = :i* he decl>$ himself eag] to pay well4 ,la/ly1 :5 ,dr] 0 once m 9 8 own c\ntry1 & might h consid]$ himself =gott5 by ! ,italian pa9t]s1 ,raphael1 ! greate/ ( all1 s5t him z a tok5 ( 8 admiration "s pro(s ( plates t ,m>c ,antonio _h j engrav$ "u 8 own eye4 ,:at happ5$ at ,v5ice 0 ne>ly happ5+ at ,nuremb]g4 ,! ,g]man engrav] did n dream ( copy+ ! works ( 8 old imitator z a sort ( quid pro quo2 b1 z he really appreciat$ !m at _! true value1 he did n hesitate to %[ !m to 8 pupils1 & to recomm5d !m to _! imitation4 ,aldegrev]1 ,hans ,s*afle91 ,baldung ,grn1 ,hans ,sebald ,beham1 inde$1 ! great] "p ( ! s-call$ ,little ,ma/]s1 :o 7 de/9$ all _! lives to rema9 fai?ful to tradition1 7 cont5t to admire )\t any ?\ght ( imitation2 b ^? :o 7 y\ng] & less fix$ simply took ,alb]t ,dr] at 8 ^w4 ,p]haps he sc>cely welcom$ su* excessive docility4 ,b _! ma/] hav+ ?us almo/ ackn[l$g$ a sup]ior1 ^! "y m5 hurri$ly left him to put !mselves "u ! guidance ( ! conqu]or4 ,! des]t]s 7 num]\s4 ,georg ,p5cz1 ,b>?olomew ,beham1 & ,jacob ,b9ck1 :o _h be5 ! fir/ to cross ! ,alps1 succe$$ 9 copy+ ,m>c ,antonio well en\gh to cause sev]al ( ! subjects !y engrav$ to be mi/ak5 = 8 own4 ,:5 9 _! turn1 & 9 ,rome itself1 !y _h educat$ ,g]man pupils1 ^! latt] return$ to _! own c\ntry to f9i% ! revolution already begun1 by spread+ /ill fur!r ! ta/e = ! ,italian mann]2 s t ! s*ool ( ,dr]1 ! only "o kn[n 9 ,g]many "s ye>s be=e1 01 aft] ! second g5]ation1 almo/ entirely absorb$ 9 t ( ! ,italians4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig #ci4 ,,hans ,,sebald ,,beham4 ,! ,?ree ,soldi]s4 ,! engrav+s ( ,alb]t ,dr]1 ev5 ^? produc$ 9 ! full =ce ( 8 tal5ts1 = a long "t obta9$ b little fav\r 9 ,france & ,engl&4 ,!y n[ possess zeal\s admir]s1 & mod]n pa9t+ n[ & !n %[s signs ( be+ affect$ by ?is en?usiasm2 x is 9 ! new ,g]man s*ool1 ( :i* ,cornelius & ,kaulba* 7 ! *iefs1 t ! ,nuremb]g ma/] seems to h ex]t$ ! mo/ important influ5ce1 & "o :i* is1 ev5 9 "s respects1 to be regrett$4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 be unju/ to ,dr] to saddle him ) ! burd5 ( errors ( :i* he 0 b ! involunt>y cause4 ,h[ev] exagg]at$ may h be5 ! reaction produc$ by 8 foll[]s ?ree c5turies aft] 8 dea?1 consid]$ sep>ately & ap>t f !m1 he rema9s1 nev]!less1 an em95t arti/ & ! greate/ ( all 8 c\ntrym54 ,vas>i consid]s t1 z a pa9t] & sculptor1 he w\ld h equall$ ! great ma/]s ( ,italy1 if he _h be5 born 9 ,tuscany1 & if ! /udy ( ! antique _h help$ him to imp>t to 8 figures z mu* beauty & elegance z !y h tru? & delicacy2 z a ma!matician he rank$ among ! fir/ ( 8 "t 9 ,g]many2 z an engrav]--& x is z su* only t we c look ^u him "h--he enorm\sly advanc$ ! progress ( ! art4 ,no "o be=e him ev] h&l$ ! bur9 ) ! same skill & vig\r2 no "o ev] cut outl9es on ! metal ) su* absolute c]ta9ty1 or s c>efully reproduc$ e detail ( modell+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4--;,,alb]t ,d,,r]4 ,willibald ,pirkheim]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4--;,,alb]t ,d,,r]4 ,! ,holy ,face4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4--;,,alb]t ,d,,r]4 ,! ,/&>d ,be>]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4--;,,alb]t ,d,,r]4 ,! ,ride4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4--;,,alb]t ,d,,r]4 ,! ,pommel ( ,maximilian's ,sword4 ,! qualities :i* di/+ui%$ 8 tal5t & mann] are f\nd to ne>ly ! same ext5t 9 all 8 "w4 ,z examples1 h[ev]1 peculi>ly expressive ( 8 delicate yet p[]ful tal5t1 we may m5tion ! hunt+ ,/4 ,hub]t--or1 m probably1 ,/4 ,eu/ace--kneel+ be=e a /ag ) a miracul\s crucifix on its head1 ! ,/4 ,j]ome 9 8 ,cell1 ! pr9t call$ ! ,knight & ,dea?1 & la/ly ! subject kn[n z ,melan*olia1 :i* %\ld r be call$ ,reflection1 b reflection 9 its grave/1 d>ke/1 "o might almo/ say its mo/ despair+1 attitude4 ,?is piece1 :i* ev5 ,vas>i all[s to be incomp>able1 repres5ts a woman seat$1 h] head re/+ on "o h&1 :il/ %e holds 9 ! o!r a compass ) :i* %e is trifl+ me*anically4 ,z ?\gh to sugge/ ! limitations & no?+ness ( human k1 an h\r-glass & v>i\s sci5tific in/rum5ts are scatt]$ ab\t2 :il/ 9 ! middle di/ance a *ild1 d\btless an image ( y\?ful illusions1 is att5tively writ+1 & contra/s 9 its s]5ity ) ! tr\bl$ c\nt5ance & despair+ attitude ( ! pr9cipal figure4 ,_h ,dr] only engrav$ ?is "o extraord9>y plate1 _h he only produc$ ?is "o "w1 z /rik+ly orig9al 9 execution z 9 int5tion1 x w\ld be en\gh to m>k 8 position = ev] 9 ! hi/ory ( art1 & to comm5d him to ev]la/+ hon\r4 ,b !re are _m o!r works f ! same h& :i* might be also m5tion$ to confirm or to increase our admiration4 ,!re are _m1 besides ! ,melan*olia1 :]e ! almo/ savage en]gy ( ! /yle is alli$ to an extraord9>y manipulative delicacy 9 ! expression ( details4 ,sometimes1 inde$1 8 en]gy deg5]ates into viol5ce & 8 precision into dryness2 sometimes--z a rule1 9 fact--! g5]al effect is impair$ by a too detail$ insi/5ce on subord9ate =ms1 :ile ! beauty ( ^! =ms is at lea/ affect$ by ! m9ute c>e ) :i* !y h be5 sep>ately /udi$ & express$4 ,b ^! imp]fections1 or1 if y l1 ^! faults1 may be attribut$ 9 "p to ! t5d5cies & prejudices ( ! p]iod1 & 9 "p to t national ta/e = excessive analysis :i* has be5 a *>act]i/ic ( ! ,g]man m9d 9 e age4 ,t ,dr]'s m]its1 on ! o!r h&1 are entirely 8 own1 may easily be se5 by comp>+ 8 works n only ) ^? ( =m] engrav]s1 b ) ^? ( =eign contempor>y ma/]s4 ,nei!r 9 ,italy1 nor any:]e else1 is x possible to f9d 9 ! sixte5? c5tury an engrav] ( su* orig9al inspiration & possess+ s mu* k & te*nical skill4 ,ev5 ,m>c ,antonio1 sup]ior ?\gh he may be 9 s5tim5t & maje/y ( /yle1 _c dispossess ,dr] ( 8 lawful r5[n1 nor take f 8 art its peculi> virtue & au?ority4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4--,,m>c ,,antonio4 ,lucretia4 ,aft] ,raphael4 ,m>c ,antonio ,raimondi 0 born at ,bologna1 :]e he /udi$ 9 ! s*ool ( ! pa9t]-goldsmi? ,francesco ,francia1 & 0 /ill only an unkn[n work] 9 niello1 & ! au?or ( "s r indiff]5t plates engrav$ f 8 own or 8 ma/]'s designs1#bc :5 a j\rney to ,v5ice & ! c>eful /udy ( ,alb]t ,dr]'s engrav+s %[$ him ! inmo/ possibilities ( an art ( :i* he _h till !n kn[n little m ?an ! m]e me*anical processes4 ,un=tunately1 z we h se51 ! "y engrav] 0 n cont5t ) copy+ ^!1 ! be/ models ( ! day1 = 8 own improvem5t1 b1 to secure a d\ble pr(it1 pu%$ 8 imitation a /ep fur!r1 & copi$ ! signature ) z mu* c>e z ! /yle4 ,"s ye>s lat] he w5t to ,rome1 :]e ,raphael1 on ! recomm5dation ( ,giulio ,romano1 all[$ him to engrave "o ( 8 own designs1 ! ,lucretia4 ,o!r orig9als f ,raphael's p5cil 7 aft]w>ds reproduc$ by ,m>c ,antonio ) s mu* success t ^! fac-similes ( ! ideas ( ! div9e ,ma/] 7 soon 9 ev]ybody's h&s1 & ! be/ judges1 ev5 ,raphael himself1 7 fully satisfi$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4--,,m>c ,,antonio4 ,poetry4 ,aft] ,raphael4 ,! nobility ( feel+1 & ! purity ( ta/e & execution1 :i* %9e 9 ^! n[ classic plates h nev] be5 surpass$4 ,^! are ! qualities1 & ^! only1 :i* we mu/ look = & admire unres]v$ly2 to seek = m1 z to regret its abs5ce1 w\ld be sup]flu\s4 ,to compla9 ( ! abs5ce ( col\r & ( arial p]spective w\ld be z unju/ z to expect f ,rembr&t ! /yle & types ( ! ,italian s*ool4 ,rembr&t's pr9ts are impregnat$ ) poetry 9 _! tone & 9 ! h>mony ( _! effects2 ^? ( ,m>c ,antonio are models ( beauty1 z reg>ds l9e & dignity ( =m4 ,! two great ma/]s ( ,bologna & ( ,leyd51 s oppos$ to ea* o!r 9 ! nature ( _! aspirations & ! *oice ( _! me?ods1 h yet1 ea* 9 8 own way1 prov$ _! case & c>ri$ _! po9t2 & to ea* mu/ be allott$ 8 own peculi> %>e ( glory4 ,x w\ld be idle to po9t out ) regret1 z "s h done1 :at is lack+ 9 ! ma/]pieces ( ,m>c ,antonio1 or to say t great] fre$om 9 r5d]+ col\r or 9 manag+ light & %ade w\ld h l5t !m an additional *>m4#bd ,su* qualities %\ld be look$ = else:]e ?an 9 subjects engrav$--n1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 f pictures--b f p5 or *alk draw+s4 ,9 sixte5? c5tury ,italy !y c\ld sc>cely come f ! bur9 ( "o ( ,raphael's pupils3 an epic bur91 s to speak1 & "o contemptu\s ( qualities !n consid]$ ( second>y importance4 ,moreov]1 ! h& ( him :o held x 0 bold r ?an skilful1 vigor\s r ?an pati5t4 ,to model a body 9 %ad[1 he employ$ unev5ly cross$ or almo/ p>allel hat*+s1 drawn at diff]5t wid?s ap>t1 & 9 subord9ation to ! l>g] feel+ ( ! =m & movem5t he wi%$ to express4 ,!n light] /rokes l$ up to ! half-light1 & a few dots at unequal di/ances bord]$ on ! light4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4--,,m>c ,,antonio4 ,apollo4 ,aft] ,raphael4 ,:at c\ld be simpl] ?an su* a me?od8 ,yet :at m exact 9 its results1 & :at m expressive 9 draw+8 ,! exact cross+ ( l9es matt]$ little to ,m>c ,antonio4 ,:at he 0 tak5 up ) & want$ to make visible 0 nei!r ! mann] nor ! *oice ( workman%ip3 t might be simple inde$1 & he 0 satisfi$ if only ! beauty ( a head or ! g5]al aspect ( a figure 7 /rik+ at a fir/ glance1 if only ! appe>ance ( ! :ole 0 l>gely r5d]$ & well def9$4 ,sometimes "o outl9e is correct$ by a second1 & ^! alt]ations1 all ! m int]e/+ z we may suspect t !y 7 ord]$ by ,raphael himself1 prove bo? ! engrav]'s passion = correct draw+ & 8 small reg>d = m]e niceties ( craftsman%ip4 ,! "t 0 yet di/ant :51 9 ?is same ,italy1 ! trifl+ se>* aft] common te*nicalities %\ld take ! place ( su* wise views2 :5 m5 %\ld set to "w to reproduce ! %ad[s ( a face or a piece ( drap]y by loz5ges conta9+ a semicircle1 a little cross1 or ev5 some?+ resembl+ a "y s]p5t2 :5 engrav]s l ,morgh5 & 8 foll[]s %\ld see1 9 ! reproduction ( ma/]pieces ( ! bru%1 only an opportunity = assembl+ gr\ps ( m or less complicat$ l9es & p>ad+ _! dext]ity1 & %\ld ga9 by ^! tricks ! applause ( all m5 & ! "n ( arti/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4--,,m>c ,,antonio4 ,portrait ( ,raphael4 ,! s*ool f\nd$ by ,m>c ,antonio soon became ! mo/ num]\s & active ( all4 ,we h se5 t ! ,g]mans !mselves cr[d$ to ,rome1 & surr\nd$ ! ma/] :o _h caus$ !m to =get ,alb]t ,dr]4 ,engrav]s came to le>n or to p]fect _! k 9 ! same s*ool f e "p ( ,italy4 ,!re 7 ,m>co da ,rav5na1 ,ago/9o ,v5iziano1 ,giovanni ,c>aglio da ,v]ona1 ,il ,vec*io da ,p>ma1 & ,bonasone da ,bologna4 ,"s ye>s lat] came ! family ( ! ,mantovani1 a memb] ( :i*1 ,diana ,scultori1 m (t5 call$ ,diana ,ghisi1 pres5t$ p]haps ! fir/ example1 s common aft]w>ds1 ( a female engrav]4 ,_m o!rs1 ^: names & works h rema9$ m or less celebrat$1 desc5d f ,m>c ,antonio1 :e!r !y receiv$ 8 tea*+ directly or ?r\gh 8 pupils4 ,he1 :il/ s mu* tal5t 0 be+ develop$ "u 8 influ5ce1 cont9u$ ! k9d ( "w 9 :i* he _h excell$ f ! beg9n+ ( 8 /ay 9 ,rome1 conf9+ himself to ! engrav+ ( ,raphael's compositions3 t is1 z we h already said1 ( 8 draw+s4 ,x is ?is :i* expla9s ! diff]5ce1 at fir/ sight incompreh5sible1 betwe5 c]ta9 pr9ts by ,m>c ,antonio & ! same subjects z pa9t$ by ,raphael4 ,! pa9t] (t5 submitt$ to ! engrav] p5 or p5cil sket*es ( subjects :i* he aft]w>ds alt]$ ) 8 bru% :5 transf]r+ !m to walls or panels3 ! ,/4 ,cecilia1 ! ,p>nassus1 ! ,poetry1 = in/ance1 :i* are s unlike 9 ! copy & 9 :at wrongly appe>s to h be5 ! orig9al4 ,raphael (t5 drew specially = engrav+3 z 9 ! ,massacre ( ! ,innoc5ts1 ! ,judgm5t ( ,p>is ! ,plague ( ,phrygia1 c42 b 9 ei!r case ,m>c ,antonio _h b to f9d ! means ( fai?fully r5d]+ giv5 =ms ) ! grav]1 )\t tr\bl+ himself ab\t ^? difficulties :i* ! lum9\s or delicate qualities ( col\r w\ld c]ta9ly h introduc$4 ,raphael's dea?1 h[ev]1 depriv$ ! engrav] ( an influ5ce :i*1 to ! great advantage ( 8 tal5t1 he _h obey$ submissively = t5 ye>s4 ,m>c ,antonio w\ld n cont9ue to "w f ! draw+s ( ! ma/] :o c\ld no long] sup]9t5d him2 b he /ill cont9u$ to hon\r him 9 ! p]son ( 8 fav\rite pupil1 ,giulio ,romano1 to :om he atta*$ himself1 & ^: works he reproduc$ almo/ exclusively4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4--,,m>c ,,antonio4 ,! ,?ree ,doctors4 ,! connection ( ! two arti/s result$ 9 ! publication ( "s f9e engrav+s1 among/ o!rs ! ,h]cules & ,antu1 b x un=tunately t]m9at$ 9 a disgraceful bus9ess4 ,giulio ,romano1 foll[+ ! dissolute mann]s ( ! day1 r ?an ! example & traditions ( ! noble lead] ( ! s*ool1 /oop$ to design a s]ies ( boldly lic5ti\s subjects4 ,m>c ,antonio cons5t$ to engrave !m1 & ,pietro ,aret9o help$ /ill fur!r to degrade ! und]tak+ by compos+ an explanatory sonnet to be pr9t$ opposite to ea* plate4 ,! result 0 a book ^: title is /ill infam\s4 ,9 publi%+ x ! two arti/s took c>e n to sign _! names4 ,!y 71 h[ev]1 discov]$ by ! boldness ( ! /yle & ! firmness ( ! l9e2 =1 surpris+ z x may seem1 nei!r took ! tr\ble to alt] 8 usual mann]3 !y m]ely pr(an$ x4 ,"h1 assur$ly1 _! wont$ dignity ( =m & en]gy ( workman%ip appe> some:at incongru\s qualities4#be ,! culprits 7 soon discov]$2 & ,clem5t ,,vii4 issu$ a w>rant to pursue !m1 ord]+1 at ! same "t1 t e copy ( ! "w %\ld be de/roy$4 ,aret9o fl$ to ,v5ice1 ,giulio ,romano to ,mantua1 & ! only suff]] 0 ! engrav]4 ,he 0 imprison$ = sev]al mon?s1 & only set at lib]ty1 ?anks to frequ5t reque/s made by ,giulio de' ,m$ici & ! sculptor ,baccio ,b&9elli1 f ^: orig9al1 to prove 8 gratitude1 he execut$ ! beautiful ,m>tyrdom ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 "o ( ! ma/]pieces ( ,italian engrav+4 ,! re/ ( ,m>c ,antonio's life is only imp]fectly kn[n4 ,x is said t he 0 w\nd$ & left = dead 9 ! /reets :5 ,rome 0 sack$ by ! ,spani% "u ! ,con/able de ,b\rbon2 t he 0 !n tak5 prison]1 & only recov]$ 8 lib]ty at ! co/ ( a ransom l>ge en\gh to ru9 him2 & t he !n took refuge at ,bologna1 :]e x w\ld appe> he soon aft]w>ds di$3 n1 z has be5 alleg$1 murd]$ by ! lawful possessor ( "o ( 8 plates1 :i* he _h himself =g$1 b1 s says ,vas>i1 ne>ly r$uc$ to begg>y 7poco m5o *e m5dico71 & at any rate completely =gott54 ,m>c ,antonio's dea? did n br+ ) x ! ru9 ( l9e engrav+ 9 ,italy4 ,! num]\s pupils he _h educat$1 & 9 turn ! pupils ( ^!1 h&$ d[n to ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ! ma/]'s mann]1 & propagat$ 8 doctr9es 9 neighb\r+ c\ntries4 ,we h spok5 ( ! revolution :i* _! works produc$ 9 ,g]man art2 we %all pres5tly see ,fr5* art submitt+ 9 its turn to ,italian influ5ces4 ,mean:ile1 & ev5 dur+ ,m>c ,antonio's life1 a p>ticul> sort ( engrav+ 0 mak+ rapid progress 9 ,italy4 ,x consi/$ 9 ! employm5t ( a process1 popul>is$ by ,ugo da ,c>pi1 = obta9+ f sev]al wood5 blocks pro(s ( engrav+s 9 camaeu3 t is1 z we expla9$ at ! beg9n+ ( ?is book1 pro(s 9 two1 ?ree1 or f\r tones1 (f]+ almo/ ! same appe>ance z draw+s wa%$ 9 ) wat]-col\r3 a process :i* ,ugo did n really inv5t1 b only improv$ f ! fir/ attempts made at ,augsburg 9 #aeaj by ,job/ ,neck]1 :i* 7 de/9$ to be /ill fur!r improv$ by ,nicol ,vic5t9o1 ,&rea ,&reani1 ,antonio da ,tr5to1 & _m o!rs4 ,a great numb] ( pieces1 execut$ 9 ! same mann] f ,raphael & ,p>migiano1 prove ! skill ( ,ugo da ,c>pi1 :o un=tunately took x into 8 head to introduce into pa9t+ ev5 m radical *anges ?an ^? he _h fir/ promot$ 9 engrav+4 ,he conceiv$ ! /range idea ( pa9t+ a :ole picture ) 8 f+]1 )\t once hav+ rec\rse to a bru%1 &1 ! proce$+ appe>+ to him praisewor?y1 he p]petuat$ ! recollection ( x 9 a few pr\d words at ! bottom ( ! canvas4 ,mi*elangelo1 to :om ! picture 0 %[n z a rem>kable curiosity1 m]ely said t ! only rem>kable ?+ ab\t x 0 ! folly ( ! au?or4 ,:at w\ld he h ?\ght ( ,luca ,cambiaso1 ! ,g5oese1 ^: tal5t consi/$ 9 pa9t+ ) bo? h&s at once8 ,! practice ( engrav+ 9 camaeu 0 n cont9u$ 9 ,italy & ,g]many beyond ! la/ ye>s ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,ev5 be=e !n wood engrav+1 prop]ly s call$1 _h rea*$ a /age ( consid]able importance 9 bo? c\ntries2 & x _h di/+ui%$ itself by decid$ en\gh progress to cause engrav+ 9 camaeu to lose mu* ( ! fav\r ) :i* at fir/ x 0 welcom$4 ,we said at ! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt] t a real reg5]ation 9 wood engrav+ took place 9 ,g]many "u ! influ5ce ( ,alb]t ,dr]4 ,we h plates f ! draw+s ( ! ma/]1 engrav$1 if n entirely by himself1 at any rate to a c]ta9 ext5t ) 8 practical co-op]ation2 we h o!rs--= in/ance1 ! ,life ( ! ,virg9 & ! ,passion1 to :i* we h ref]r$ 9 speak+ ( ,m>c ,antonio's copies ( !m ) ! bur94 ,b1 9 addition to ^!1 we h a numb] ( wood engrav+s1 e>li] ?an ! second half ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 :i* prove ! progress made 9 ! art at ?is "t 9 ,g]many1 & ! ability ) :i* x 0 practis$ by ! successors ( ,wolgemut4 ,wood engrav+ 0 no long]1 z 9 ! "t ( ,wolgemut1 a m]e mode ( l9e> imitation1 & only fit to repres5t =m by outl9es2 x 0 n[ capable ( sugge/+ modell+ & effect1 n ( c\rse ) t f9i%$ delicacy & fre$om :i* c only be produc$ 9 true l9e engrav+1 b ) an en]getic exactness q1 9 accordance ) ! special conditions & res\rces ( ! process4 ,! ,triumphal ,ar* ( ! ,emp]or ,maximilian1 by ,hans ,burgkmair & to "s ext5t by ,alb]t ,dr]2 ! ,!u]dannck1 an allegorical hi/ory ( ! same pr9ce by ,hans ,s*affle92 ! ,passion ( ,jesus ,*ri/2 & ! ,illu/rium ,ducum ,saxoni ,effigies1 by ,lucas ,crana*1 z well z _m o!r collections publi%$ at ,nuremb]g1 ,augsburg1 ,weim>1 or ,witt5b]g1 des]ve m5tion z rem>kable examples ( ! peculi> skill ( ! ,g]man arti/s ( ! "t4 ,inde$1 :51 a little lat]1 ! ,dance ( ,dea?1 by ,ltzelburg]1 f ,holbe91 made its appe>ance1 ?is ma/]piece 9 wood engrav+ clos$ ! p]iod ( progress :i* _h gone on 9 ,g]many f ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & m>k$ 9 its g5]al hi/ory ! "t :5 ! art itself _h told its la/ secret1 & atta9$ p]fection4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4--,l,,tzelburg]4 ,! ,mis]4 ,aft] ,holbe94 ,:il/ ?is reg5]ation 9 wood engrav+ 0 be+ accompli%$ 9 ,g]many1 ! art cont9u$ to be practis$ 9 ,italy1 & especially 9 ,v5ice1 ) a feel+ = composition1 & t delicate retic5ce ( h&l+1 ( :i* ! cuts 9 ! ,hypn]otoma*ia ,poliphili1 publi%$ be=e ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury 7#adii71 & 9 o!r books pr9t$ "s ye>s lat]1 are su* /rik+ examples4 ,! ,italian wood engrav]s ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 h[ev]1 did n limit !mselves s entirely to ! national traditions z to /ifle altoge!r any attempt at innovation4 ,!y _h already tri$ to enliv5 ev5 ! execution ( ! illu/rations int5d$ to accompany lett]press by m decid$ sugge/ions ( light & %ade & g5]al effect4 ,?is is ! reason ( ! successful fir/ appe>ance1 & ! pres5t value1 ( s _m beautiful volumes f ! pr9t+ presses ( ,m>col9i da ,=li1 ,giolito da ,f]r>i & o!r pr9t]s e/abli%$ at ,v5ice4 ,illu/ration3 ,,prov]4 ,,xxi4 ,,fig4 #ea4--,l,,tzelburg]4 ,! ,ri* ,s9n]4 ,aft] ,holbe94 ,little by little1 h[ev]1 ! doma9 ( wood engrav+ wid5$1 or r ! object :i* wood engrav]s set !mselves to atta9 0 *ang$4 ,in/ead ( conf9+ !mselves1 z 9 ! pa/1 to ! "p ( comm5tators ( au?ors & illu/rators ( books1 !y set to "w1 l ! l9e engrav]s1 to publi%1 9 l>g] dim5sions ?an ! size ( a book1 pr9ts reproduc+ sep>ate draw+s & sometimes ev5 pictures4 ,! works ( ,titian specially s]v$ z models to skilful wood engrav]s1 "s ( :om1 ,dom5ico delle ,gre*e & ,nicol ,boldr9i among/ o!rs1 are said to h work$ 9 ! /udio1 ev5 "u ! ma/]'s own eye4 ,accord+ to ! c>eful te/imony ( ,ridolphi1 confirm$ by ,m>iette1 ,titian gave m ?an m]e advice4 ,he seems1 m ?an once1 to h sket*$ ) 8 own h& on ! wood ! designs to be reproduc$ by ! wood engrav]s2 & among/ ! pr9ts ?us begun by him1 sev]al ,virg9s 9 l&scapes & a ,triumph ( ,*ri/ may be m5tion$3 ! la/ a "w1 says ,m>iette1 drawn ) f9e ta/e1 9 :i* ! hat*+s =m+ ! outl9es & %ad[s 444 produce a s(tness & mell[ness und]/ood by ,titian alone4 ,h[ev] brief ! prec$+ obs]vations on ! progress ( engrav+ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury 9 ,g]many & ,italy may appe>1 !y w p]haps be suffici5t to indicate ! reciprocal influ5ce !n ex]cis$ by ! engrav]s ( bo? c\ntries4 ,)\t ceas+ to be ,italian 9 _! real pref]5ces1 _! ta/es1 & _! innate love ( maje/y ( /yle1 ,m>c ,antonio & 8 disciples und]/ood h[ to improve _! practical execution by ,alb]t ,dr]'s example1 exactly z ,dr]'s pupils & _! foll[]s1 :ile cont9u+ to be ,g]man z x 7 9 spite ( !mselves1 tri$ to become ,italianis$ z be/ !y might4 ,b x is "t to speak ( ! s*ool ( ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 :i* appe>$ to /& alo(1 z mu* f ! progress 9 ,g]many initiat$ by ,m>t9 ,s*ongau] & ,alb]t ,dr]1 z f ! m rec5t advance 9 ,italy4 ,app>5tly unaffect$ by ext]nal influ5ces1 x 0 cont5t to rely on its own p[]s1 & to make use ( its own res\rces1 :il/ await+ ! "t1 n[ close at h&1 :5 x %\ld 9 its turn supply example & tea*+ to ^? :o _h till !n believ$ !mselves to be ! tea*]s4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,l9e ,,engrav+ ,,& ,,et*+ ,,9 ,,! ,,l[ ,,c\ntries1 ,,to ,,! ,,second ,,half ,,( ,,! ,,sev5te5? ,,c5tury4 ,! hi/ory ( engrav+ 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries really dates b f ! e>ly ye>s ( ! sixte5? c5tury3 t is1 f ! appe>ance ( ! pr9ts ( ,lucas van ,leyd5 7#adid-aecc74 ,be=e t "t c]ta9 l9e engrav]s1 su* z ! s-call$ ,matre aux ,b&]oles1 ! ,ma/] ( ! ,/ream]s1 & ^? o!r anonym\s arti/s ( ! fifte5? c5tury :o compos$ ! gr\p call$ ! ,dut* primitives1 _h attempt$ to wid5 ! doma9 ( ! art1 till !n conf9$ to ! wood-cutt]s :o 7 ! contempor>ies or successors ( ! xylographi/s ( ! ,speculum ,salvationis & ! ,biblia ,paup]um4 ,b1 :il/ ! ,g]man & ,italian engrav]s 7 di/+ui%+ !mselves by ! brilliancy ( _! a*ievem5t1 _! contempor>ies 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries 7 produc+ works little fitt$ to compete ) ^? ( ! =eign ma/]s4 ,!y only succe$$ 9 %[+ !mselves m or less able artisans4 ,lucas van ,leyd5 0 ! fir/ to use ! bur9 arti/ically1 or at lea/ to h&le x ) a boldness & k nev] =e%ad[$ 9 ! timid essays ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb4--;,,anonym\s ,,arti/ ,,( ,,! ,,fifte5? ,,c5tury4 ,h]cules & ,omphale4 ,:ile /ill a *ild ,lucas van ,leyd5 _h already attract$ ! att5tion ( 8 c\ntrym5 by 8 tal5t z a pa9t]1 & 8 sket* 9 di/emp]1 ! ,/ory ( ,/4 ,hub]t--done1 x is alleg$1 at ! age ( twelve--plac$ him at once among/ arti/s ( repute4 ,"s ye>s lat] ! publication ( 8 pr9ts br\ght him to ! fir/ rank4 ,he ma9ta9$ 8 place till ! end ( 8 life2 & if1 aft] 8 dea?1 ! ,dut* & ,flemi% engrav]s /ill fur!r p]fect$ ! art he _h practis$1 !y did b foll[ 9 8 foot/eps & draw m abundantly f ! s\rce he _h discov]$4 ,! pr9cipal feature ( ! works ( ,lucas van ,leyd51 & 9 g5]al ( all ^? belong+ to 8 s*ool1 is a ke5 feel+ = ! ph5om5a ( light4 ,alb]t ,dr]1 & ev5 ,m>c ,antonio1 despis$ or misund]/ood ?is ess5tial quality ( art4 ,9 _! works !re is h>dly any gradation ( tone to sugge/ atmosph]ic di/ance1 & we might m5tion engrav+s ( !irs :]e objects consign$ to ! backgr\nd are almo/ z di/9ct z ^? 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,x 0 ,lucas van ,leyd5 :o conceiv$ ! idea ( p]ceptibly dim9i%+ ! values accord+ to _! di/ance1 ( giv+ to ! %ad[s m or less ( transp>5cy or dep?1 z ! case might be1 & ( end[+ ! lights & half-lights ) relatively great] =ce or delicacy4 ,reason+ s valid--bas$ z x 0 on ! real appe>ances ( nature--0 ! pr9cipal cause ( ! "y ,dut* ma/]'s success4 ,9 8 num]\s engrav+s1 h[ev]1 qualities ( ano!r ord] are add$ to ! m]it ( ?is innovation4 ,! v>iety ( facial expression1 ! tru? ( attitude & ge/ure1 are no less rem>kable ?an ! h>mony ( effect1 & ! attempts at :at we may v5ture to call naturali/ic col\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4--,,lucas ,,van ,,leyd54 ,adam & ,eve driv5 f ,p>adise4 ,consid]$ only f ! po9t ( view ( execution1 ! pieces engrav$ by ,lucas van ,leyd5 are f> f possess+ ! same l>g5ess ( design & modell+1 & ! same simplicity ( h&l+1 :i* ! works ( ,m>c ,antonio exhibit1 &1 9 a ^w1 h none ( t ma/]ly ease 9 ! r5d]+ ( =m :i* *>act]ises ! ,italian engrav]4 ,nor d !y exhibit ! det]m9ation to pursue ! tru? ev5 9 m9ute details1 & to /]nly insi/ on ! portrayal ( su* tru? :5 recognis$1 :i* di/+ui%es ! "w ( ,alb]t ,dr]4 ,!y are to be specially prais$ = delicacy ( h&l+1 & = ! skilful application ( ! processes ( engrav+ to ! picturesque repres5tation ( reality4 ,?us1 in/ead ( surr\nd+ ) an inv>iably firm outl9e objects or bodies at a di/ance f "o ano!r1 in/ead ( treat+ alike ! cont\r ( a figure 9 ! =egr\nd1 & t ( a tree1 or gr\p ( trees1 9 ! backgr\nd1 ,lucas van ,leyd5 alt]$ 8 "w to suit ! degree ( relative cle>ness or unc]ta9ty pres5t$ 9 nature by ! =ms ( objects at diff]5t di/ances f ! eye4 ,an unbrok5 l9e is 8 me?od = giv+ ! requir$ boldness to su* cont\rs z1 f ! place !y occupy1 mu/ be /rongly def9$ & dom9ate ! re/4 ,:51 on ! contr>y1 he wi%es to reproduce ! half-veil$ l9es ( a di/ant l&scape1 & to imitate t tremul\s & float+ aspect assum$ by an object 9 proportion to its remot5ess & ! am\nt ( int]v5+ atmosph]e1 he *anges 8 t\*2 &1 in/ead ( b\nd+ by a s+le cont9u\s l9e ! object reproduc$1 employs a s]ies ( small brok5 l9es1 sup]impos$ 9 a horizontal or oblique direction2 & ?us1 in/ead ( a dry def9ition ( outl9e1 he r5d]s ) delib]ate hesitation t float+ quality :i* is to be obs]v$ 9 nature4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed4--,,lucas ,,van ,,leyd54 ,! ,visitation4 ,lucas van ,leyd5 0 ! fir/ among/ engrav]s :o took into acc\nt ) any measure ( success ! assum$ di/ances ( 8 models1 9 ord] to organise 9 _! repres5tation a v>y+ value ( tones & a g5]al gradation ( =ce4 ,?is important *ange he introduc$ f ! beg9n+3 t is to say1 f #aejh1 ! ye> ( 8 fir/ dat$ pr9t1 ,! ,monk ,s]gius ,kill$ by ,mahomet 7:i*1 by ! way1 might be m appropriately entitl$ ,mahomet be=e ! ,body ( a ,h]mit ,murd]$ by ,"o ( 8 ,s]vants74#bf ,"h1 z 9 ! ma/]'s o!r pr9ts1 ! backgr\nds are treat$ ) s light a t\* t _! di/ance c be felt2 ! h&l+ becomes less en]getic1 ! bur9 pl\ghs ! copp] less heavily1 z ! objects rec$e f ! front ( ! composition4 ,moreov]1 e subord9ate =m is obs]v$ & r5d]$ ) s+ul> delicacy2 e face & e detail ( drap]y be> te/imony1 by ! way !y are engrav$1 to ! cle> insight ( ! arti/ & 8 extraord9>y skill ( h&4 ,8 "w is /rictly reali/ic1 8 /yle precise & cle> r ?an l(tily inspir$2 & we look almo/ 9 va9 to him = ta/e1 prop]ly s call$1 ! feel+ = ! beautiful1 9 fact1 ! und]/&+ ( ! ideal conditions ( art4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee4--,,lucas ,,van ,,leyd54 ,pyramus & ,?isbe4 ,?is x is :i* con/itutes ! pr9cipal diff]5ce1 & cle>ly m>ks ! di/ance1 betwe5 ! tal5t ( ,lucas van ,leyd5 & t ( ,mantegna1 ( ,m>c ,antonio1 or ( any o!r ,italian engrav] ( ! fifte5? or sixte5? c5turies4 ,besides1 nei!r ! defects nor ! m]its ( ! ma/] are entirely ! result ( 8 incl9ations or 8 p]sonal habits4 ,! v _s ( ,dut* art & ! in/9ctive pref]5ces ( ! future s*ool ( ! sev5te5? c5tury are to be f\nd 9 embryo 9 8 works1 :i* t5d less to initiate u into ! my/]ies ( ! invisible1 ?an to place be=e u ! fai?ful image ( :at really exi/s4 ,x 0 ! fate ( ,holl&1 z ,eugne ,from5t9 has well said1#bg to l ce qui ressemble1 to return to x "o day or o!r1 to outlive all besides1 & to survive & be sav$ itself by portraiture4 ,tak+ ! ^w 9 its wide/ acceptation1 ,lucas van ,leyd5 is already engrav+ portraits4 ,x is by ! c>eful imitation ( liv+ nature or /ill-life t he means to int]e/ u3 ev5 :5 8 models are 9 !mselves ( little wor?1 or1 z is sometimes ! case1 are ! rev]se ( beautiful4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef4--,,lucas ,,van ,,leyd54 ,portrait ( ! ,emp]or ,maximilian ,i4 ,9 repres5t+1 = example1 ,david ,calm+ ! ,fury ( ,saul1 ) :at simple good fai? he makes use ( ! fir/ type he comes across--a /\t clodhopp] :om he has pick$ up 9 ! /reet or at ! tav]n6 ,no m is want$ save a h>p "u 8 arm & a sla%$ d\blet on 8 body2 j z 9 pictur+ ! mo/ tragical sc5es ( ! ,passion--! ,ecce ,homo1 or ! ,crucifixion--he ?9ks x en\gh to surr\nd 8 ,*ri/ ) ! ,jew p$dl]s or ! home-keep+ citiz5s ( 8 native t[n1 )\t alt]+ 9 any way _! appe>ance or _! dress4 ,:at c\ld be m contr>y to ! traditions ( ,italian art & ! pr9ciples :i* h gov]n$ x1 f ,giotto d[n to ,raphael8 ,:at less unusual 9 ! hi/ory ( ,dut* art8 ,lat] on ,rembr&t himself 0 to "w 9 ! same way2 b ) :at mighty p[]s ( inv5tion6 ,:at a />tl+ expression ( ! inn] mean+1 ! philosophy ( a subject1 is unit$ 9 8 fa%ion ( treatm5t ) ! reali/ic ideals ( ! national g5ius6 ,9 tru?1 x is n m]ely ! peculi> *>act]i/ic ( an individual--! indiff]5ce to1 or av]sion f1 conv5tional beauty ( =m :i* is app>5t 9 ?is great ma/]1 s f>-rea*+ 9 moral vision1 s pre-em95tly sagaci\s & pr(\nd among pa9t]s ( ! s\l2 x sums up & reveals ! innate disposition & /hetic temp]am5t ( a :ole race4 ,9 8 brief c>e] ,lucas van ,leyd5 _h ! happ9ess to see 8 ef=ts rew>d$ & 8 cr$it univ]sally e/abli%$1 & ( ?is au?ority & influ5ce he ev] made ! noble/ use4 ,look$ ^u z a lead] by ! pa9t]s ( 8 c\ntry2 9 fri5dly relations ) ! ,g]man engrav]s1 :o1 l ,alb]t ,dr]1 s5t him _! works1 or came !mselves to ask advice2 possess+ great] weal? ?an usually fell to ! %>e ( ! arti/s ( 8 "t2 he nev] employ$ 8 ri*es or 8 influ5ce except 9 ! int]e/ ( art1 or ( ! m5 :o practis$ x4 ,he refus$ no solicitant ( m]it1 h[ev] slight4 ,! wor?y ma/] 0 c>eful to disguise 8 aid "u pretext ( "s advantage to himself3 he 0 always requir+ draw+s ( "s build+ or "s arti/ic object1 & ?us he sp>$ ! self-respect ( ! p]son :om he wi%$ to help1 & :om he entru/$ ) ! commission4 ,m ?an once he w5t j\rney+ ?r\gh ! ,l[ ,c\ntries to visit engrav]s & pa9t]s f> inf]ior to himself1 :om he yet mode/ly call$ 8 rivals4 ,he complim5t$ !m ) words ( praise & enc\ragem5t2 gave ent]ta9m5ts 9 _! hon\r2 & did n leave !m )\t ex*ang+ 8 works = !irs1 :i* 7 ?us paid = a hundr$ times ov]4 ,x 0 9 "o ( ^! j\rneys1 t to ,flu%+1 t ,lucas van ,leyd5 0 attack$ ) ! disease :i* 0 de/9$ to c>ry him to ! grave4 ,"s p h attribut$ to poison ! sudd5ness ( ! attack2 b ( ?is !re is no pro(4 ,once back 9 8 native t[n1 he l+]$ on "s "t1 worn out & s9k+1 yet refus+ to condemn himself to idl5ess4 ,too feeble to rise1 he yet cont9u$ to draw & engrave 9 b$1 rema9+ fai?ful till ! end to ! noble passion ( 8 life1 to ! art he _h dignifi$1 & to t nature :i* he _h que/ion$ m closely1 &1 9 c]ta9 respects1 p]haps bett] und]/ood ?an any ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,x is said t a few h\rs be=e 8 dea? he desir$ to be tak5 up to a t]race ( 8 h\se1 t he might once m admire ! sett+ sun2 & !re1 absorb$ 9 sil5t contemplation1 surr\nd$ by fri5ds & pupils1 he = ! la/ "t gaz$ on ! place ( 8 bir?1 & on t heav5 f :i* ! light 0 fad+1 ev5 z life 0 ebb+ f 8 bosom4 ,x 0 a prop] conclusion to s pure a life--to "o1 inde$1 ( ! mo/ irreproa*able c>e]s 9 ! hi/ory ( art4 ,lucas van ,leyd5 di$ at ?irty-eight1 an age fatal to m ?an "o great arti/1 & :i* 0 sc>cely atta9$ by ?ree m5 ) :om he seems l9k$ by a simil>ity ( g5ius1 at lea/ z reg>ds e>ly f]tility & s9c]ity ( inspiration3 ,raphael1 ,lesueur1 & ,moz>t4 ,! impetus giv5 by ,lucas van ,leyd5 to ! art ( engrav+ 0 second$1 ev5 dur+ 8 life1 by sev]al ,dut* arti/s :o imitat$ 8 me?od m or less successfully4 ,among/ o!rs1 ,al>t ,claess51 an anonym\s engrav] call$ ! ,matre l'crevisse1 & ,dirck ,/>1 or ,van ,/>51 g5]ally call$ ! ,matre l'toile4 ,! movem5t did n slack5 aft] ! dea? ( ! lead] ( ! s*ool4 ,! engrav]s ( ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 acc5tuat+ m & m ! qualities aim$ at f ! beg9n+1 soon surpass$ _! ,g]man rivals1 & seem$ alone to be gift$ ) ! knack ( deal+ ) light4 ,cornelius ,cort1 :o engrav$ sev]al ( ,titian's works 9 ,v5ice 9 ! great pa9t]'s /udio1 & ! pupils he educat$ on 8 return to ,holl&1 began to exhibit a boldness ( t\* n to be s cle>ly discov]$ 9 _! pr$ecessors2 b ?is progress1 real 9 "s respects1 0 n accompli%$ )\t injury to tru?ful /udy & ! exact int]pretation ( =m1 & c]ta9ly n )\t a deplorable exagg]ation 9 ! use ( means4 ,! workman%ip ( ,h5drik ,goltzius1 = in/ance1 & /ill m t ( 8 pupil1 ,jan ,mll]1 is /ra9$ & feeble ow+ to _! affectation ( ease4 ,! con/ant use ( b5t & p>allel l9es unreasonably prolong$ imp>ts to ! plates ( ^! two engrav]s an appe>ance at once dull & florid2 !y pres5t some?+ ( ! same aspect z ^? caligraphical specim5s ( ! pres5t day1 9 :i* ! faces ( ,h5ri ,,iv4 or ( ,napoleon are drawn entirely ) ! curves ( a s+le /roke4 ,/ill1 9 spite ( ?is extremely affect$ workman%ip1 ! pr9ts ( ,goltzius1 ( ,mll]1 & ev5 ( ,sa5r$am1 are *>act]is$ by a comp>ative int5sity ( tone1 z well z by s+ul> skill 9 cutt+ ! copp]4 ,?is abuse ( me?od1 h[ev]1 _h n yet become g5]al 9 ! s*ools ( ! ,l[ ,c\ntries4 ,side by side ) ! intemp]ate or d>+ craftsm5 we h m5tion$1 !re 7 c]ta9 ,flemi% & ,dut* engrav]s :o imp>t$ to _! "w a delicacy & a retic5ce ( expression bett] suit$ to ! traditions & ! models bequea!d by ,lucas van ,leyd54 ,^! 7 ,nicolas van ,bruyn at ,antw]p1 ! bro!rs ,wi]ix at ,am/]dam1 & "s few o!rs1 all ( !m disciples m or less fai?ful to ! old tea*+1 & app>5tly m or less ho/ile to ! ef=t at emancipation go+ on ar\nd !m4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ,rub5s took ! re9s1 individual resi/ance & impulse ceas$1 & all controv]sy 0 at an end4 ,pr9ciples1 me?od1 & aim became ! same = e "o4 ,bo? ,dut* & ,flemi% engrav]s op5ly set !mselves to repres5t ) ! grav] ! inf9ite gradations ( a pa9t$ canvas1 ! delicacy & ! d>+1 ! nice/ punctilio & ! mo/ summ>y sme>+1 ( ! pa9t]'s bru%4 ,nev] 0 ! influ5ce ( a pa9t] on engrav+ s direct or s pot5t z t ( ,rub5s4 ,! great ma/] _h %[n by 8 draw+s t x 0 possible to be z ri* a col\ri/ ) black & :ite alone z ) all ! res\rces ( ! palette4 ,he made *oice among/ 8 pupils ( ^? :om he believ$ to be capable ( foll[+ 8 example 9 ?is matt]2 he oblig$ !m to lay aside ! bru%1 almo/ ord]$ !m to become engrav]s1 & s p5etrat$ !m ) ! secret ( 8 me?od1 t he seems to h animat$ !m ) 8 own inspiration4 ,he assembl$ !m 9 ! va/ h\se :i* he _h built at ,antw]p1 & :i* he turn$ into a college ( arti/s ( all sorts4 ,he made !m sometimes lab\r b5ea? 8 eye2 he c>efully correct$ _! "w2#bh & 9 ?is way he taught !m t compreh5sion ( effect :i* 0 specially 81 & 8 own incomp>able k ( ! "r tones ) :i* to lay 91 or to support1 a mass ( light or %ad[4 ,to recall ! success ( ^! ef=ts is to recall ! names ( ,vor/]man1 ,bolsw]t1 ,paul ,pontius1 & ,s\tman3 m5 boldly sci5tific 9 _! art1 :o1 at ! fir/ ru%1 c>ri$ to p]fection t /yle ( engrav+ :i* r5d]s be=e all ! relative ri*ness & v>i$ value ( tones 9 a picture1 & ^: effects are id5tical 9 "s sort ) ^? ( ! pa9t+ itself4 ,x is obvi\s t1 9 spite ( its prodigi\s m]its1 ?is pa9t+ is n ( s elevat$ a nature z t ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci or ,raphael2 b is x !re=e less true t x is completely summ$ up1 & its liv+ image reflect$1 9 contempor>y engrav+8 ,actuat$ by an idea ( col\r & effect analog\s to t ( ,m>c ,antonio ) reg>d to draw+1 ! ,flemi% engrav]s resolutely subord9at$ accessories to ! importance & spl5d\r ( ess5tials2 & 9 ?is way !y succe$$ 9 dissembl+1 by means ( ! bread? ( ! :ole1 ! execution ( details & ev5 ! labori\sness ( ! process4 ,x w\ld seem f ! sp>kl+ look & brilliant h&iwork ( ^! plates1 t ! engrav]s _h ?r[n !m (f 9 a few h\rs ( inspiration1 s completely does _! da% bani% all idea ( ! "t sp5t ^u !m1 all s5se ( pati5ce & toil4 ,& yet ^! lights & %ades1 ! sweep ( ! fle%1 ! %e5 & %imm] ( ! fabrics1 are all ! result ( l9es labori\sly pl\gh$2 p]haps a ?\s& /rokes h be5 ne$$ to imitate an effect due to a s+le glaze1 or giv5 by two t\*es ( ! bru%4 ,! engrav+s ( ! ,flemi% s*ool 9 ,rub5s' "t are /ill widely di/ribut$4 ,!re are few p :o h n _h ! opportunity ( admir+ ! ,?omiris1 ! ,/4 ,ro* ,pray+ = ! ,plague-,/rick51 or ! ,portrait ( ,rub5s1 by ,pontius2 ! ,desc5t f ! ,cross1 by ,vor/]man2 ! ,fall ( ! ,damn$1 by ,s\tman2 & a hundr$ o!r pieces z beautiful1 all engrav$ f ! ma/] by 8 pupils4 ,& :o does n "k t m>vell\s ma/]piece1 ! ,cr[n ( ,?orns1 engrav$ by ,bolsw]t f ,van ,dyck8 & ^? o!r ma/]pieces ( ,van ,dyck himself--! et*$ portraits ( arti/s or amateurs1 ! pa9t]'s fri5ds1 f ! two ,breughels to ,cornelis1 f ,franz ,snyd]s to ,philip ,le ,roy8 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eg4--,,van ,,dyck4 ,et*$ by ,himself4 ,! progress1 h[ev]1 by :i* ! ,flemi% s*ool ( engrav+ _h di/+ui%$ itself1 soon _h an equival5t 9 ! movem5t ( re=m 9 ,holl&4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & on f ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5?1 ! ,dut* engrav]s1 by d9t ( insi/+ too /rongly on ! innovations ( ,lucas van ,leyd51 _h almo/ succe$$ 9 caus+ sci5tific ease ( h&l+ to deg5]ate into m]e trick]y1 & _s ( design into inflation & turbul5ce4 ,among/ ! fir/1 & ) great] au?ority ?an any1 ,cornelius ,viss*] set himself to /ay ! art ( l9e engrav+ on its d[nw>d c\rse4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh4--;,,cornelius ,,viss*]4 ,! ,sell] ( ,ratsbane4 ,mo/ ( ! sc5es repres5t$ by ,viss*] are assur$ly n ( a nature greatly to int]e/ ! imag9ation1 /ill less to t\* ! he>t4 ,x w\ld be some:at difficult to be mov$ to any philosophical or poetic ?\ght by ! contemplation ( su* "w z ! ,fry+-,pan1 or ! ,sell] ( ,ratsbane2 b ^!1 ?\gh ! ideas by :i* !y are sugge/$ are trivial or commonplace1 are treat$ ) a deep feel+ = tru?1 ) admirable craftsman%ip1 & ) an am\nt ( s9c]ity & boldness :i* makes up = ! abs5ce ( beauty1 :e!r 9 ?\ght or type4 ,consid]$ only f ! po9t ( view ( execution1 ! plates ( ,viss*] are ma/]pieces2 are su* m>vels1 inde$1 t !y _c be too c>efully /udi$ by all engrav]s1 :atev] ! /yle ( _! "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ei4--;,,cornelius ,,viss*]4 ,giles ,b\tma4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fj4--,,paul ,,pott]4 ,! ,c[4 ,! same may be said 9 ano!r ord] ( art = ^? f9e portraits--( ,boccaccio1 ( ,pietro ,aret9o1 & ( ,giorgione--engrav$ by ,cornelius ,van ,dal51 ! be/ ( ,viss*]'s pupils4 ,x is also on ! same gr\nd1 t1 9 spite ( mo/ notable diff]5ces 9 h&l+1 ! plates engrav$ by ,jonas ,suyd]hoef1 aft] ,t]burg & ,!odore de ,keyse1 comm& ! att5tion ( arti/s & amateurs4 ,f9ally1 side by side ) ^! works1 9 ! execution ( :i* et*+ 0 only resort$ to z a prep>atory process1 or sometimes 0 n ev5 us$ at all1 a numb] ( subjects entirely engrav$ ) ! ne$le--et*+s1 to speak /rictly--make up a :ole :i* is ! m cr$itable to ! ,dut* s*ool1 inasmu* z x w\ld be impossible at any "t to f9d ! l 9 ! s*ools ( o!r c\ntries4 ,fr5* engrav+ _h d\btless reason to be pr\d ( ! ma/]pieces ( ,claude ,lorra9e1 or ! clev] & witty et*+s ( ,callot & ,israel ,silve/re4 ,9 ,italy aft] ,p>migiano1 ,ago/9o ,c>racci1 & c]ta9 o!r contempor>y ,bolognese1 9 ,spa91 ,rib]a1 & aft]w>ds ,goya1 acquir$ a legitimate r5[n z et*]s4 ,b :atev] may be ! m]it ( _! individual "w1 ^! arti/s are unconnect$ 9 ei!r ( _! native c\ntries ) any gr\p :olly devot$ to "w ( ! same k9d3 ) any arti/ic family ( common orig91 incl9ation1 & belief4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fa4--;,j4 ,,ruysdael4 ,! ,little ,cornfield4 ,n[ ! skilful ,dut* et*]s d n come s+ly1 nor at long int]vals4 ,!y "w 9 a body4 ,x is )9 a few ye>s1 9 fact almo/ simultane\sly1 t ,adrian ,brauw] & ,adrian van ,o/ade publi% _! tav]n sc5es2 ,ruysdael & ,jan ,bo? _! l&scapes2 ,paul ,pott] & ,b]ghem1 ,adrian van de ,velde1 ,m>c de ,bye1 ,k>el du ,j>d91 su* a multitude ( *>m+ little subjects1 _! village sc5es & village p1 _! flocks 9 ! fields1 or _! s+le animals4 ,:il/ emulat+ ea* o!r's tal5t1 all are agre$ to pursue "o & ! same object1 all are agre$ z to ! necessity ( devotion to ! /udy ( surr\nd+ nature & ev]yday tru?4 ,al?\gh ! ,dut* et*]s display 9 ! totality ( _! a*ievem5t ! same ideal & ! same t5d5cy1 ea* keeps1 if only 9 ! matt] ( workman%ip1 a c]ta9 di/9ction & "* ( 8 own4 ,"o1 h[ev]1 /&s out f ! gr\p ) mat*less spl5d\r1 ) all ! sup]iority ( g5ius ov] tal5t3 t "o is ,rembr&t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fb4--,,rembr&t4 ,portrait ( ,himself3 ,rembr&t ,appuye4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fc4--,,rembr&t4 ,fau/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fd4--,,rembr&t4 ,joseph's ,coat br\ght to ,jacob4 ,pa9s & pati5ce h be5 wa/$ on ! secret ( ,rembr&t's me?od ( et*+ & pr9t+2 9 try+ to discov] 8 tools & 8 mann] ( us+ !m1 s z to a*ieve ) him ^? contra/s ( s(t %ad[ & radiant light4 ,va9 que/ ( te*nical tricks :]e1 really1 !re is no m ?an a /yle born ( imag9ation1 &1 l x1 inspir$ f above6 ,x may be said t ) ,rembr&t1 z ) great musical compos]s1 ! h>monic sy/em is s closely alli$ to ! melodic idea1 t analysis1 if n impossible1 is at lea/ sup]flu\s4 ,x sometimes happ5s--be=e a ,correggio1 = in/ance--t ! *>m ( ! pa9t+ affects "o 9 a mann] ab/ract en\gh to produce a sort ( musical s5sation4 ,?\gh x does n appe> t ! art ( engrav+ c\ld be end[$ ) a simil> expansive =ce1 yet ,rembr&t's et*+s may almo/ be said to possess x4 ,!y give ! feel+ ( undef9$ aspirations r ?an ! limit$ lik5ess ( ?+s2 ! spectator is t\*$ by ! my/]i\s mean+ ( ^! passionate visions1 r ?an by ! =m 9 :i* !y are convey$4 ,! impression receiv$ is s ke5 t x /ifles any trivial wi% to criticise1 & c]ta9 details :i* w\ld be pa9ful else:]e are "h n ev5 displeas+1 inasmu* z no "o w\ld dream ( requir+ a ma!matical explanation ( ! special conditions ( ! subject1 or ( ! skill ( workman%ip :i* ! arti/ has display$ ,be=e ! ,sacrifice ( ,abraham1 ! ,tobit1 ! ,laz>us1 & all ! o!r s\l-speak+ ma/]pieces1 :o w\ld pause to consid] ! /rang5ess or ! vulg>ity ( ! p]sonages & _! app>el8 ,only ! critic1 :o1 unwitt+ ( ! re/1 w\ld beg9 by exam9+ ) a magnify+ glass ! workman%ip ( ! ray ( light :i* illum9es ! ,hundr$ ,guild] ,piece1 ! ,annunciation1 or ! ,pilgrimage to ,emmaus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fe4--,,rembr&t4 ,tobit's ,bl9dness4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ff4--,,rembr&t4 ,jan ,lutma4 ,rembr&t's me?od is1 s to speak1 sup]s5su\s4 ,at times he lightly t\*es 8 plate1 & at times he attacks z at a v5ture2 at o!rs he skims ! surface & c>esses x ) an exquisite ref9em5t1 a magical dext]ity4 ,9 8 lights he breaks ! l9e ( ! cont\r1 b only to resume & boldly acc5tuate x 9 8 %ad[s2 or he rev]ses ! me?od1 & 9 ! "o1 z 9 ! o!r case1 succe$s infallibly 9 fix+1 satisfy+1 & conv9c+ ! att5tion4 ,he uses engrav]'s tools & me?ods z ,bossuet uses words1 subdu+ !m to ! ne$s ( 8 ?\ght1 & con/ra9+ !m to express x1 c>eless ( f9e f9i% z ( trivial subtlety4 ,l ,bossuet1 too1 he composes out ( ! mo/ incongru\s elem5ts1 out ( ! trivial & ! l(ty1 ! commonplace & ! h]oic1 a /yle inv>iably eloqu5t2 & f ! m+l+ ( ^! het]og5e\s elem5ts !re spr+s an admirable h>mony ( result4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fg4--,,rembr&t4 ,! ,begg>s4 ,! ,flemi% engrav]s =m$ by ,rub5s1 & _! ,dut* contempor>ies1 _h no wor?y successors4 ,! revolution !y accompli%$ 9 ! art 0 brief1 & did n ext5d beyond ! ,l[ ,c\ntries4 ,9 ,italy1 ,dut* & ,flemi% engrav+s 7 naturally despis$4 ,x is said--& x is easy to believe--t ^? accu/om$ to commune ) ,raphael & ,m>c ,antonio e/eem$ !m fitt+ decorations = ! walls ( po?\ses4 ,9 ,france & ,g]many1 :]e ,italian ideas 9 art _h reign$ s9ce ! sixte5? c5tury1 !y exp]i5c$ at fir/ no bett] reception4 ,:5 at l5g? ! consid]ation !y really des]v$ 0 accord$ !m1 ! sup]iority ( ,france 0 e/abli%$1 & h] engrav]s c\ld no long] be expect$ to desc5d to imitation4 ,! movem5t 9 ! s*ools ( ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 be=e ! second half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 is ?us1 to speak tru?1 a m]e episode 9 ! hi/ory ( ! art1 & its ma/]pieces _h no la/+ influ5ce on engrav+ 9 g5]al4 ,= x to h be5 o!rwise1 ! engrav]s ( o!r c\ntries mu/ h r5\nc$1 n only ! national traditions1 b ev5 ! models !y _h at h&4 ,! me?od ( ,bolsw]t or ( ,pontius c\ld only be usefully employ$ to reproduce ! works ( ,rub5s & ,van ,dyck4 ,! h&l+ ( ,viss*] & ( ,suyd]hoef 0 only suitable to su* pictures z 7 pa9t$ 9 ,am/]dam & ,leyd54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fh4--,,rembr&t4 ,! ,pancake-mak]4 ,& mean:ile1 :5 ! s*ools ( ! ,l[ ,c\ntries 7 %9+ ) a lu/re s brilliant & s transitory1 :at 0 do+ 9 ,france8 & h[ 9 ,france 0 ! great age ( engrav+ inaugurat$8 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,l9e ,,engrav+ ,,& ,,et*+ ,,9 ,,france ,,& ,,engl&4 ,,fir/ ,,attempts ,,at ,,mezzot9t4 ,a ,,glance ,,at ,,engrav+ ,,9 ,,europe ,,be=e #affj4 ,! ,fr5* 7 unable to di/+ui% !mselves e>ly 9 ! art ( engrav+1 z ! conditions "u :i* !y lab\r$ 7 diff]5t f ^? :i* obta9$ 9 ,italy1 ,g]many1 & ! ,l[ ,c\ntries3 ! homes1 all ?ree ( !m1 ( s*ools ( pa9t+4 ,f ! ?irte5? c5tury onw>ds1 ! ar*itects & sculptors ( ,france _h produc$ an unbrok5 succession ( good ?+s2 b ! orig9 ( h] s*ool ( pa9t+ is n ne>ly s remote1 nor has x su* su/a9$ importance4 ,save = ! unkn[n glass-pa9t]s ( h] ca!drals1 = ! m9iaturi/s :o prec$$ & succe$$ ,jean ,f\quet1 & = ! arti/s 9 *alks ^: "w is t\*$ ) s peculi> a *>m & s delicate an orig9ality1 %e c boa/ ( no great pa9t] be=e ,jean ,c\s94 ,& ! art ( engrav+ c\ld sc>cely h fl\ri%$ :51 z yet1 ! art ( pa9t+ _h sc>cely exi/$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fi4--,,noel ,,g>ni]4 ,grotesques4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gj4--;,,jean ,,duvet4 ,! ,p[] ( ,royalty4 ,wood-cutt+1 x is true1 0 practis$ 9 ,france ) a c]ta9 success1 z e>ly z ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & ev5 a little be=e t4 ,! ,danses macabres--^? aids to morality s popul> 9 m$ival times--! illu/rat$ ,books ( ,h\rs1 & o!r compilations besides1 pr9t$ ) figures & tail-pieces1 9 ,lyons or ,p>is1 give e>ne/ ( ! unborn ma/]pieces ( ,ge(roy ,tory1 ( ,jean ,c\s9 himself1 & ( sundry o!r draughtsm5 & wood-cutt]s ( ! reigns ( ,franois ,i4 & ,h5ri ,,ii4 ,b1 z practis$ by goldsmi?s1 su* z ,jean ,duvet & ti5ne ,delaune1 & by pa9t]s ( ! ,fonta9ebleau s*ool l ,r5 ,boyv9 & ,ge(roy ,dumon/i]1 l9e engrav+ & et*+ 7 /ill no m ?an a means ( popul>is+ extravagant imitations ( ,italian "w4 ,! pr9ts ( ,nicolas ,beatrizet1 :o _h be5 ! pupil ( ,ago/9o ,musi at ,rome1 & ^? ( ano!r engrav] ( ,lorra9e1 ^: "n has be5 ,italianis$ into ,niccol della ,casa1 appe> to h be5 produc$ ) ! "o object ( deify+ ! _s ( %am1 & conv]t+ ,fr5* engrav]s to t religion to :i* ,fr5* pa9t]s _h apo/atis$ ) s mu* ill-=tune "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,italians br\ght 9 by ,francis ,i4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ga4--,,ti5ne ,,delaune4 ,adam & ,eve driv5 f ,p>adise4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gb4--,,ti5ne ,,delaune4 ,mirror4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gc4--;,,&r\et ,,du ,,c]ceau4 ,ornam5t$ ,vase4 ,dur+ ! :ole ( ! sixte5? & ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5turies ! ,fr5* s*ool ( engrav+ _h nei!r me?od nor b5t ( its own2 b mean:ile x 0 a :im ( fa%ion t e "o %\ld h&le ! bur9 or ! po9t4 ,f ! days ( ,h5ri ,,ii4 to ^? ( ,l\is ,,xiii41 craftsman or layman1 ev]ybody practis$ engrav+4 ,!re 7 goldsmi?s l ,pi]re ,woeiriot1 pa9t]s l ,claude ,corneille & ,jean de ,g\rmont1 ar*itects l ,&r\et du ,c]ceau2 !re 7 noblem52 !re 7 ev5 ladies--z1 = in/ance1 ,georgette de ,mont5ay1 :o d$icat$ to ,jeanne d',albret a collection ( mottoes & emblems1 p>tly1 x 0 said1 ( h] own engrav+4 ,all ! _w & 8 wife1 9 fact1 7 g\g+ wood & scrap+ copp]4 ,x mu/ be repeat$ t ! pr9ts ( ?is "t are = ! mo/ "p borr[$--are copies feeble or /ilt$1 or bo?1 ( =eign orig9als4 ,n until aft] "s ye>s ( ?raldom c\ld ! ,fr5* engrav]s %ake (f ! yoke ( ,italian art1 create a special /yle1 & con/itute !mselves a s*ool4 ,! revolution 0 prep>$ by ,?omas de ,leu & ,lon>d ,gaulti]1 engrav]s ( portraits & ( hi/orical subjects2 b ! h]o ( ! ,fr5* s*ool is ,jacques ,callot4 ,!re are c]ta9 names 9 ! hi/ory ( ! arts :i* reta9 an et]nal od\r ( popul>ity2 we rememb] !m z ^? ( m5 ( tal5t1 :o 7 also 9 "s sort h]oes ( romance1 & our int]e/ rema9s p]5nial4 ,jacques ,callot is "o ( ^!4 ,he is probably ! only ,fr5* engrav]#bi ^: "n is yet famili> to ! g5]al public4 ,t ?is is s is h>dly ! effect ( 8 "w1 h[ev] excell5t3 x is r ! result ( 8 adv5tures2 ( 8 flight f home 9 *ildhood2 8 w&]+s ) ! gipsies2 & ! luck he _h--8 good looks aid+--) ! ladies ( ,rome1 & ev5 7x is :isp]$7 ) ! wife ( ,?omass9 8 ma/]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gd4--,,?omas ,,de ,,leu4 ,h5ri ,,iv4 ,we h said x is ,callot's m]it to h lift$ ! ,fr5* s*ool ( engrav+ out ( ! rut 9 :i* x dragg$1 & to h op5$ = x a new pa?4 ,he did n1 h[ev]1 accompli% ! "w ) an entire indep5d5ce1 nor )\t "s lean+s t[>ds t ,italy 9 :i* he _h be5 tra9$4 ,aft] work+ 9 ,flor5ce "u ,canta-,gall9a1 ^: fre$om ( /yle & fanta/ic ta/e c\ld n b prove irresi/ible to ! future arti/ ( ,franca ,trippa & ,fritell9o1 he _h be5 oblig$ to return to ,nancy4 ,!nce he escap$ a second "t1 & ?i!r 0 a second "t br\ght back by 8 elde/ bro!r1 :o _h be5 despat*$ 9 pursuit4 ,a ?ird j\rney took him to ,rome2 & !re1 :e!r glad to be rid ( him or we>y ( debate1 8 family let him rema94 ,x is probable t dur+ 8 expatriation1#cj ,callot nev] s mu* z dream$ ( le>n+ f ! ,old ,ma/]s2 b he did n fail to make a close /udy ( c]ta9 contempor>ies :o 7 ma/]s s call$4 ,paul ,v4 0 ,pope2 & ! age ( ,raphael & ,m>c ,antonio1 ( ,julius ,,ii4 & ,leo ,x41 0 = ev] at an end4 ,! enfeebl+ eclecticism ( ! ,c>racci1 & ! pr(itless fecundity ( ,guido1 _h giv5 curr5cy to all sorts ( second-rate qualities1 & 9 pa9t+ _h sub/itut$ prett9ess = beauty4 ,! result 0 an invasion ( frivolity1 alike 9 mann]s & beliefs1 :i* 0 de/9$ to f9d its lea/ dubi\s expression 9 ! works ( ,le ,josp91 & lat] on 9 ^? ( an arti/ ( k9dr$ ta/es ) ! ,lorra9e engrav]--! fanta/ical ,salvator ,rosa4 ,:5 ,callot settl$ 9 ,rome 9 #afji1 ,le ,josp9 _h already rea*$ ! climax ( fame & =tune2 ,salvator1 at an int]val ( ne>ly ?irty ye>s1 0 on ! heels ( 8 fir/ success4 ,com+1 z he did1 to take a place among ! dext]\s & ! ecc5tric1 x seems t ,callot c\ld n h *os5 a bett] "t4 ,x 0 n long be=e he attract$ att5tion2 = :5 he left ,rome = ,flor5ce1 :]e he produc$ "s ( 8 livelie/ "w1 8 "n & 8 capacity 7 already 9 repute4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ge4--;,,callot4 ,f ! ,set entitl$ ,balli di ,sfessania4 ,at ,flor5ce 8 capacity 0 p]fect$ "u ! influ5ce ( ,giulio ,p>igi2 &1 ?anks to ! fav\r ( ,duke ,cosmo ,,ii41 :i* he easily obta9$1 8 "n soon became fam\s 9 ! _w ( fa%ion z among connoisseurs4 ,unlike 8 c\ntrym51 ,claude ,lorra9e & ! noble ,p\ss91 :o1 "s ye>s lat]1 7 9 ?is same ,italy to live labori\s & ?\ghtful lives1 ,callot freely foll[$ 8 peculi> ve91 & saw 9 art no m ?an a means ( amusem5t1 9 ! p ab\t him only subjects = c>icature1 & 9 imag9ative & ev5 religi\s subjects b a pretext = grotesque inv5tion4 ,l ano!r ,fr5* satiri/1 ,ma?ur9 ,regni]1 :o _h prec$$ him 9 ,rome1 he 0 addict$ to vulg> types1 to rags & de=mities1 ev5 to ! /igmata ( debau*]y4 ,?us1 ! works ( bo? ^! two m51 :om we may comp>e toge!r1 too (t5 brea! a mo/ di%on\rable atmosph]e ( vice4 ,) a frankness :i* goes ! l5g? ( impud5ce1 !y give full play to _! ta/e = degradation & vile reality2 & yet _! vig\r ( expression does n always deg5]ate into cynicism1 nor is ! tru? ( _! pictures always %ameless4 ,! fact is1 bo? _h ! secret ( say+ exactly en\gh to express _! ?\ghts1 ev5 :5 ^! 7 br$ by ! mo/ caprici\s fancy4 ,!y may be reproa*$ ) n c>+ to raise ! /&>d ( _! "w2 b x is impossible to d5y !m ! m]it ( hav+ pa9t$ ugl9ess ( e k9d firmly & ) elegant precision1 nor t ( hav+ giv51 ea* 9 8 own language1 a def9ite & truly national =m to t art ( satire :i* _h be5 h>dly s mu* z r\gh-hewn 9 ! c>icatures & pamphlets ( ! ,league4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gf4--;,j4 ,,callot4 ,f ! ,set entitl$ ,les ,g5til%ommes4 ,et*+1 b little practis$ 9 ,g]many aft] ! dea? ( ,dr]1 _h f\nd sc>cely great] fav\r 9 ,italy4 ,z to ! ,dut* ,little ,ma/]s1 spok5 ( 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s1 ! "t 0 n yet come = mo/ ( _! *>m+ works4 ,claude ,lorra9e's et*+s1 n[ s ju/ly celebrat$1 7 !mselves ( lat] date ?an ,callot's4 ,! latt] 01 !re=e1 ! real au?or ( ?is class ( "w4 ,9 8 h& ! ne$le acquir$ a lightness & boldness n presag$ 9 previ\s essays1 :i* 7 at once co>se & c>eless4 ,9 8 sugge/ions ( life 9 motion1 he imitat$ ! swift & lively gait ( ! p5cil1 :il/ 8 cont\rs are t\*$ ) ! sev]ity ( ! p51 if n ( ! bur9 itself4 ,9 a ^w1 he gave 8 plates an appe>ance ( accuracy )\t de/roy+ t look ( improvisation :i* is s necess>y to "w ( ! k9d2 9 ?is way he decid$ ! nature & special conditions ( et*+4 ,x 0 ow+ to 8 influ5ce t ,fr5* art fir/ attract$ ! att5tion ( ! ,italians3 ,/efano della ,bella1 ,cant>9i & ev5 ,canta-,gall9a 7:o did n disda9 to copy ! et*+s ( 8 old pupil71 ,ca/iglione ! ,g5oese1 & _m o!rs1 essay$1 ) m or less success1 to appropriate ! /yle ( ! ma/] ( ,nancy2 & :5 he return$ to e/abli% himself 9 ,france1 :]e 8 reputation _h prec$$ him1 he f\nd admir]s1 & be=e long a /ill great] foll[+ ( imitators4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gg4--;,j4 ,,callot4 ,f ! ,set entitl$ ,les ,gueux4 ,he 0 pres5t$ to ,l\is ,,xiii41 :o at once commission$ him to engrave ! ,siege ( ,la ,ro*elle1 & receiv$ at ,c\rt ) rem>kable fav\r1 :i* 01 h[ev]1 )drawn "s ye>s lat]1 :5 he 0 bold en\gh to oppose ! w ( ,ri*elieu4 ,aft] ! tak+ ( ,nancy 7#afcc7 f ! ,duke ( ,lorra9e1 ,callot's sov]eign1 ! great ,c>d9al1 to immortalise ! ev5t1 ord]$ ! engrav] to make x ! subject ( a companion pr9t to t ( ! ,siege ( ,la ,ro*elle1 :i* he _h j f9i%$2 b he 0 revolt$ by ! idea ( us+ 8 tal5ts = ! humiliation ( 8 pr9ce1 & repli$ to ,ri*elieu's mess5g]1 t he w\ld r cut (f 8 ?umb ?an obey4 ,! reply 0 n ( a k9d to ma9ta9 him 9 ! good graces ( ! ,c>d9al1 & ,callot felt x4 ,he took leave ( ! k+1 & soon aft] retir$ to 8 native t[n1 :]e he di$ at ! age ( =ty-?ree4 ,really introduc$ into ,france by ,callot1 et*+ _h become ! fa%ion !re4 ,abraham ,bosse & ,israel ,silve/re help$ to popul>ise x1 ! latt] by apply+ x to topography & ar*itecture1 ! =m] by us+ x = ! illu/ration ( religi\s & sci5tific books1 & ! embelli%m5t ( ! fans & o!r elegant knick-knacks !n sell+ 9 t ,gal]ie ,dauph9e du ,palays :i* is figur$ 9 "o ( 8 pr9ts1 & f :i* a play ( ,corneille's d]ives its "n4 ,he publi%$ besides an inf9ite numb] ( subjects ( all sorts3 dome/ic sc5es1 portraits1 co/umes1 ar*itectural ornam5ts1 almo/ always engrav$ f 8 own designs1 & sometimes f ^? ( ! ,norman pa9t]1 ,sa9t-,ygny4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gh4--;,,claude ,,lorra9e4 ,le ,b\vi]4 ,abraham ,bosse is d\btless a second-rate man1 b he is f> f hav+ no m]it at all4 ,he is an intellig5t1 if n a v delicate obs]v]1 :o kn[s h[ to imp>t to 8 figures & to ! g5]al aspect ( a sc5e an appe>ance ( reality :i* is n altoge!r ! tru?1 b :i* comes v ne> to hav+ its *>m4 ,he c]ta9ly possesses ! in/9ct ( correct draw+1 9 default ( ref9$ ta/e & feel+2 & f9ally1 to take him simply z an engrav]1 he has mu* ( ! bold & firm h&l+ ( ,callot1 ) some?+ already ( t *e]ful & ?or\ghly ,fr5* clev]ness :i* 0 de/9$ to be m & m develop$ 9 ! national s*ool ( engrav+1 & to rea* p]fection 9 ! second half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,to ,abraham ,bosse are ow+ decid$ improvem5ts 9 ! con/ruction ( pr9t+-presses1 ! composition ( v>ni%es1 & all ! practical p>ts ( ! art2 to him "s te*nical /udies are also due1 ! mo/ int]e/+ ( :i*1 ! ,trait des ,manires de ,grav] sur l',aira9 p> le ,moy5 des ,eaux-=tes1 is1 if n ! fir/1 at lea/ "o ( ! fir/ books on engrav+ publi%$ 9 ,france4 ,we may add t ! works ( ,abraham ,bosse1 l ^? ( all o!r et*]s ( 8 "t1 %[ a cont9ual t5d5cy to imitate ) ! ne$le ! "w ( ! grav]3 a t5d5cy wor? rem>k+1 ?\gh blamable 9 "s respects1 z its result is to deprive ea* class ( "w ( its peculi> "*1 & f et*+ 9 p>ticul> to remove its appe>ance ( fre$om & ease4 ,we h rea*$ ! mom5t :5 ! ,fr5* s*ool ( engrav+ ent]$ ! pa? ( progress1 no m to dep>t f x1 & :51 aft] hav+ foll[$ 9 ! re> ( =eign engrav]s1 ! ,fr5* ma/]s at l5g? began to make up ) & almo/ to outdi/ance !m4 ,be=e proce$+1 we mu/ glance at ! movem5t ( ^? s*ools ^: beg9n+s we h already trac$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gi4--;,,claude ,,lorra9e4 ,le ,*evri]4 ,! l9e ( really great ,italian pa9t]s w5t out ) ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,dom5i*9o1 inde$1 ,annibale ,c>racci1 & a few o!rs1 glorifi$ ! c5tury t foll[$2 b _! works1 al?\gh full ( s5tim5t1 skill1 & ability1 are q z mu* affect$ by ! p]nici\s eclecticism ( ! p]iod & by ! g5]al decl9e 9 ta/e4 ,aft] !m all ! arts decl9$4 ,sculpture & ar*itecture became m & m degrad$ "u ! influ5ce ( ,b]n9i & ,borrom9i4 ,a?ir/ = novelty ( any k9d1 p _h gradually come to ?9k ! mo/ extravagant fancies clev]4 ,to br+ ! /raight l9e into great] disrepute1 /atues & bas-reliefs 7 tortur$ z by a hurricane2 attitudes1 drap]ies1 & ev5 immovable accessories 7 all p]turb$ & wav]+4 ,! engrav]s 7 no bett] ?an ! pa9t]s1 sculptors1 & ar*itects4 ,by d9t ( exagg]at+ ! ideali/ic cre$1 !y _h fall5 into m]e insanity2 & 9 ! mid/ ( ?is degradation ( art1 !y aim$ at no?+ save excitem5t & novelty1 s t _! inv5tion 0 only %[n 9 irregul> or ov]l5g?y l9es1 & _! impetuosity 9 bad draw+4 ,daily w&]+ fur!r f ! pa?s ( ! ma/]s1 ! ,italian engrav]s at la/ atta9$1 ?r\gh ! abuse ( me?od1 a complete oblivion ( ! ess5tial conditions ( _! art2 s t ) few exceptions1 till ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 no?+ is to be f\nd save b>r5 sleight-(-h& 9 ! works ( t v s*ool1 :i*1 9 ! days ( ,m>c ,antonio & 8 pupils1 _h be5 univ]sally triumphant4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hj4--;,,abraham ,,bosse4 ,f ! ,set entitl$ ,le ,j>d9 de la ,noblesse ,franaise4 ,aft] ! ,little ,ma/]s1 inh]itors ( "s ( ! g5ius1 skill1 & r5[n ( ,alb]t ,dr]1 ,g]many _h giv5 bir? to a fair numb] ( clev] engrav]s1 ! majority ( :om _h left _! c\ntry4 ,"s ( !m1 indi/+ui%able to-day f ! second g5]ation ( ,m>c ,antonio's disciples1 _h1 z we said1 ab&on$ ! national /yle = ! ,italian2 o!rs _h settl$ 9 ,france or 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries4 ,! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w> accompli%$ ! ru9 ( ,g]man art1 :i* be=e long 0 repres5t$ only 9 ,frank=t1 :]e ,mat!w ,mrian ( ,basle1 & 8 pupils1 ) c]ta9 engrav]s f neighb\r+ c\ntries1 _h tak5 refuge4 ,:il/ engrav+ 0 decl9+ 9 ,italy & ,g]many1 ! ,engli% s*ool 0 spr++ into be+4 ,?\gh at fir/ ( small importance1 ! beg9n+s & e>ly essays ( ! s*ool are su* z may h>dly pass )\t rem>k4 ,= "s "t ,engl& _h seem$ to take little "p 9 ! progress ( ! f9e arts 9 ,europe1 except comm]cially1 or z ! ho/ess ( _m fam\s arti/s1 f ,holbe9 to ,van ,dyck4 ,!re 7 a c]ta9 numb] ( picture-deal]s & pr9t-sell]s 9 ,london1 b "u ,*>les ,i4 h] only pa9t]s & engrav]s ( m]it 7 =eign]s4#ca ,! fam\s portrait pa9t]1 ,sir ,pet] ,lely1 :om ! ,engli% are pr\d to own1 0 a ,g]man1 z 0 ,knell]1 :o inh]it$ 8 reputation1 &1 z 0 ,holl>1 an engrav] ( unrivall$ tal5t4#cb ,& :ile a few pupils ( ?is la/ arti/ 7 do+ _! be/ to imitate 8 example1 ! ta/e = l9e engrav+ & et*+1 :i* processes 7 be+ sl[ly & pa9fully popul>is$ by _! ef=ts1 0 sudd5ly *ang$ into a passion = ano!r me?od1 9 :i* ! pr9cipal success ( ! ,engli% s*ool has s9ce be5 won4 ,pr9ce ,rup]t1 s r5[n$ = 8 c\rage & 8 romantic adv5tures1 _h ! =tunate *ance to introduce to ,london ! process ( engrav+ :i* is call$ mezzot9t4 ,9 spite1 h[ev]1 ( :at has be5 alleg$1 ! hon\r ( ! inv5tion is n 84 ,ludwig von ,sieg51 a lieut5ant-colonel 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,l&grave ( ,hesse-,cassel1 _h c]ta9ly discov]$ mezzot9t be=e ! end ( #afdb1 = 9 ! c\rse ( t ye> he publi%$ a pr9t 9 ?is /yle--! portrait ( ! ,pr9cess ,amelia ,elizabe? ( ,hesse--! v fir/ ev] giv5 to ! public4 ,von ,sieg5 = a:ile refus$ to divulge 8 secret4 ,!re is n1 he wrote to ! ,l&grave ( ,hesse conc]n+ ?is same portrait1 a s+le engrav]1 nor a s+le arti/1 :o kn[s h[ ?is "w 0 done4 ,&1 inde$1 no "o succe$$ 9 f9d+ out1 & x 0 only aft] a sil5ce ( twelve ye>s t ,von ,sieg5 cons5t$ to reveal 8 my/]y4 ,pr9ce ,rup]t1 !n at ,brussels1 0 ! fir/ initiat$4 ,he1 9 8 turn1 *ose = confidant ! pa9t] ,wall]ant ,vaillant1 :o app>5tly did n ?9k himself b\nd to /rict sil5ce1 =1 soon aft]w>ds1 a numb] ( ,flemi% engrav]s attempt$ ! process4 ,once made public1 no "o tr\bl$ ab\t ! man :o _h inv5t$ x4 ,he 01 9 fact1 s quickly & completely =gott51 t ev5 9 #afef ,von ,sieg5 0 oblig$ to claim ! title1 :i* no "o any long] dream$ ( giv+ him1 & to sign 8 works3 ,von ,sieg51 ! fir/ & true inv5tor ( ?is k9d ( engrav+4 ,x 0 /ill worse 9 ,london :5 ! plates engrav$ by ,pr9ce ,rup]t 7 exhibit$1 & :5 ! ,engli% arti/s _h le>nt h[ !y c\ld produce ! l4 ,!y set !mselves to "w )\t look+ out = any o!r models1 & 7 mu* m tak5 up ) _! own results ?an ! hi/ory ( ! discov]y1 ! :ole hon\r ( :i* 0 attribut$ to ,rup]t1 ! man :o 9 reality _h only made x public4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ha4--,,pr9ce ,,rup]t4 ,head ( a ,"y ,man 7engrav$ 9 ,mezzot9t74 ,! tal5t ( ,rup]t's fir/ imitators1 l t ( ! orig9ator himself1 did n rise above m$iocrity4 ,among/ _! direct successors1 & ! successors ( ^!1 !re are few ( mu* acc\nt2 b 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 :5 ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds und]took1 l ,rub5s at ,antw]p1 to himself direct ! "w ( engrav+1 ! numb] ( good ,engli% mezzot9t engrav]s became consid]able4 ,e>lom1 ,ardell1 ,smi?1 ,dick9son1 ,gre51 ,watson1 & _m o!rs des]v+ ( m5tion1 greatly increas$ ! res\rces ( ! process1 by apply+ x to ! reproduction ( ! ma/]'s works4 ,mezzot9t1 at fir/ res]v$ = portraits1 0 us$ = subjects ( e sort3 fl[] pieces1 g5re1 ev5 hi/ory2 & /ep by /ep x atta9$ to practical p]fection1 ( :i*1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury1 ! ,engli% /ill _h ! monopoly4 ,! me?ods ( mezzot9t diff] completely f ^? ( l9e engrav+ & et*+4 ,) ! grav] & ! ne$le ! %ad[s & half-tones are made out on copp] by means ( incis$ l9es & t\*es2 ) ! mezzot9t tool1 on ! contr>y1 ! lights are produc$ by scrap+1 ! %ad[s by leav+ intact ! correspond+ portions ( ! plate4 ,in/ead ( (f]+ a flat1 smoo? surface1 l ! plates 9 l9e engrav+1 a mezzot9t copp] mu/ be fir/ gra9$ by a /eel tool 7call$ ! rock]71 %ap$ l a *isel1 ) a semicircul> blade :i* is bevell$ & too!d4 ,sometimes 7& ?is is g5]ally ! case 9 ! pres5t day7 ! rock+ ( ! surface1 on :i* ! engrav] is to "w1 is produc$1 n by a tool1 b by a special ma*9e4 ,:5 ! draw+ has be5 trac$ 9 ! usual way on ! prep>$ plate1 ! gra9 produc$ by ! rock] is rubb$ d[n ) ! burni%] :]ev] pure :ite or light t9ts are requir$4 ,! p>ts t are n flatt5$ by ! burni%] pr9t z d>ks2 & ^! d>ks are all ! deep] & m velvety z !y result f ! gra9 itself--t is to say1 f a g5]al prep>ation specially adapt$ to cat* ! ink--& are by no means compos$1 z 9 l9e engrav+1 ( furr[s m or less cr[d$ or cross-hat*$4 ,mezzot9t engrav+ has1 9 ?is respect1 ! advantage ( o!r processes2 9 all o!rs x is decid$ly inf]ior4 ,! r\gh gra9 produc$ on a plate by ! rock]1 & ! m]e scrap+ by :i* x is oblit]at$ or modifi$1 are te*nical h9drances to decid$ draw+3 only ) grav] or po9t is x possible to make outl9es ( p]fect accuracy4 ,aga91 precision1 delicacy ( modell+1 & p]fect f9i% 9 detail are impossible to ! scrap]4 ,mezzot9t1 9 f9e1 is suitable = ! translation ( pictures :]e ! light is sc>ce & conc5trat$1 b is p[]less to r5d] "w quiet 9 aspect & smoo? 9 effect4 ,engli% engrav]s1 !n1 _h begun to rank z arti/s4 ,callot1 &1 aft] him1 o!r ,fr5* engrav]s already rem>kably skilful1 _h succe$$ 9 f\nd+ a s*ool :i* 0 soon to be hon\r$ by ! pres5ce ( true ma/]s2 ,italy & ,g]many 7 det]iorat+ /eadily4 ,mean:ile1 :at 0 go+ on else:]e8 ,9 ,spa9 !re 0 a brilliant galaxy ( pa9t]s1 "s ( :om1 l ,rib]a1 h left et*+s2 b !re 7 few or no pr(essional engrav]s4 ,9 ,switz]l&1 ,jo/ ,amman ( ,zuri* 7#aeci-aeia7 0 succe$$ by a c]ta9 numb] ( illu/rator-engrav]s1 heirs ( 8 sup]ficial clev]ness & ( 8 comm]cial r ?an arti/ic ideas3 engrav]s1 by ! way1 :o are commonly conf\nd$ ) ! ,g]man ma/]s ( ! same epo*4 ,la/ly1 ! few ,sw$es or ,poles :o /udi$ art1 :e!r 9 ,fl&]s or ,g]many1 nev] succe$$ 9 popul>is+ ! ta/e = x 9 _! own c\ntries2 only = =m's sake ne$ !y be m5tion$4 ,! fir/ ( ! two great phases ( ! hi/ory ( engrav+ ends ab\t ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,we h se5 t ! influ5ce ( ,m>c ,antonio1 ?\gh combat$ at fir/ by ! influ5ce ( ,alb]t ,dr]1 easily conqu]$1 & prevail$ )\t a rival 9 ,italy1 ,g]many1 & ev5 ,france1 until ! appe>ance ( ,callot & 8 contempor>ies4 ,mean:ile1 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries ! art pres5t$ a physiognomy ( its own1 develop$ sl[ly1 & end$ by und]go+ a ?or\gh1 b brief1 trans=mation "u ! au?ority ( ,rub5s4 ,! ,flemi% s*ool 0 soon to be absorb$ 9 t ( ,france1 & ! second p]iod1 :i* may be t]m$ ! ,fr5*1 to beg9 9 ! hi/ory ( engrav+4 ,7 x p]missible1 on ! au?ority ( examples giv5 else:]e1 to comp>e a multitude ( m5 sep>at$ by diff]5ces ( epo* & end[m5t1 we might arrange ! old engrav]s 9 ! ord] adopt$ = a gr\p ( mu* great] arti/s by ! pa9t]s ( ! ,apo!osis ( ,hom] & ! ,hemicycle ( ! ,palais des ,beaux-,arts4 ,let u reg>d !m 9 our m9d's eye z a ma/] might figure !m4 ,9 ! c5tre is ,f9igu]ra1 ! fa!r ( ! race2 next to him1 on ! "o side1 are ! ,ma/] ( #adff1 ,m>t9 ,s*ongau]1 & ,alb]t ,dr]2 on ! o!r1 ,mantegna & ,m>c ,antonio1 surr\nd$1 l ! ?ree ,g]man ma/]s1 by _! disciples1 among/ :om !y ma9ta9 an attitude ( comm&4 ,betwe5 ! two gr\ps1 b r on ! ,g]man side1 is ,lucas van ,leyd51 fir/ 9 place1 z by "r1 among ! ,dut*m54 ,bel[ ^! e>ly ma/]s1 :o we> ^u _! br[s t expression ( sev]ity :i* di/+ui%es _! "w1 comes ! excit$ cr[d ( d>+ innovators1 ^: m]it is 9 ! _s ( _! /yle--,bolsw]t1 ,vor/]man1 ,pontius1 ,cornelius ,viss*]1 ,van ,dal51 & _! rivals4 ,rembr&t muses ap>t1 sombre1 & z ?\gh %r\d$ 9 my/]y4 ,la/ly1 9 ! middle di/ance1 are se5 ! m]ely clev] engrav]s3 ! ,dut* ,little ,ma/]s1 ,callot1 ,holl>1 & ,israel ,silve/re4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we mu/ ab&on ?is realm ( fancy = ! regions ( fact1 we might sum up ! results ( pa/ progress by in/anc+ a few pr9ts ( p]fect beauty4 ,our own selection w\ld be ,mantegna's ,entombm5t2 ,m>c ,antonio's ,massacre ( ! ,innoc5ts2 ! ,dea? ( ! ,virg91 by ,m>t9 ,s*ongau]2 ,dr]'s ,melan*olia2 ! ,calv>y ( ,lucas van ,leyd52 ,rembr&t's ,*ri/ ,heal+ ! ,sick2 ,bolsw]t's ,cr[n ( ,?orns2 ! ,portrait ( ,rub5s1 by ,paul ,pontius1 or ! ,gellius de ,b\ma ( ,cornelius ,viss*]2 & f9ally1 ,callot's ,flor5t9e ,fair1 or ,g>d5 at ,nancy1 & ! ,b\vi]1 or1 bett] /ill1 ! ,soleil ,levant ( ,claude ,lorra9e4 ,happy ! own] ( ?is selection ( ma/]pieces3 ! man :o1 bett] inspir$ ?an ! majority ( 8 k9d1 has pref]r$ a few gems to an ov]gr[n & unwieldy collection4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,fr5* ,,engrav]s ,,9 ,,! ,,reign ,,( ,,l\is ,,xiv4 ,we h foll[$ ?r\gh all its /ages ! progress ( ! art ( engrav+1 f ! "t ( its e>lie/ m or less successful attempts1 to ! "t :5 a really important advance 0 accompli%$4 ,h[ev] brilliant ^! e>ly phases may h be51 prop]ly speak+ !y include b ! beg9n+s ( ! art4 ,! epo* we are n[ to trav]se is t ( its complete developm5t & fulle/ p]fection4 ,we h se5 t ! s*ools ( ,italy & ! ,l[ ,c\ntries _h1 ea* 9 its own direction1 l>gely increas$ ! res\rces ( engrav+1 )\t exhau/+ !m4 ,! quality ( draw+ w\ld seem to h be5 c>ri$ to an inimitable p]fection 9 ! works ( ,m>c ,antonio1 _h n examples ( a ke5] s5se ( =m & an exactness ev5 m irreproa*able be5 discov]$ 9 ^? ( ! ,fr5* ma/]s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! engrav+s produc$ "u ! direct influ5ce ( ,rub5s only rema9$ ! f9e/ specim5s ( ! sci5ce ( col\r & effect until ! appe>ance ( ! plates engrav$ 9 ,p>is by ,gr>d ,audran4 ,f9ally1 ?\gh ! old] engrav]s _h set !mselves ! task ( acc5tuat+ a c]ta9 k9d ( beauty1 suitable to ! peculi> ta/es & capacities ( ! s*ools to :i* !y belong$1 none ( !m _h s\ght1 at lea/ ) any success1 to pres5t 9 "o :ole all ! diff]5t species ( beauty inh]5t 9 ! art4 ,x 0 res]v$ = ! ,fr5* engrav]s ( ! age ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 to unite 9 "o supreme ef=t qualities :i* till !n _h seem$ to exclude ea* o!r4 ,:ile !y prov$ !mselves draughtsm5 z skilful & col\ri/s z good z ! be/ ( _! pr$ecessors1 !y excell$ !m 9 _! h>moni\s fusion ( :atev] qualities are appropriate to engrav+1 z also 9 ! ela/icity ( _! !ory & ! all-r\nd capacity ( _! me?od4 ,! works ( ! ,l\is ,,xiii4 engrav]s h]ald$ ?is new dep>ture1 & prep>$ ! way = ! real ma/]s4 ,z soon z1 ) a view to secur+ a c]ta9 measure ( indep5d5ce1 ! ,fr5* s*ool ( pa9t+ _h begun to free itself f ! _s ( sy/ematic imitation1 ! art ( l9e engrav+ proce$$ resolutely along an op5 pa?1 & m>k$ its c\rse by /ill m significant improvem5ts4 ,to say no?+ ( ,?omas de ,leu--:o = t matt] 0 n1 p]haps1 born 9 ,france#cc--;& no?+ ( ,lon>d ,gaulti]1 :o1 l ,de ,leu1 pr9cipally work$ 9 ! reign ( ,h5ri ,,iv41 ,jean ,mor91 ^: me?od1 at once s picturesque & s firm1 0 ! result ( a peculi> comb9ation ( acid1 dry-po9t1 & ! grav]1 ,mi*el ,lasne1 ,claud ,mellan--9 spite ( ! some:at pret5ti\s ease & r affect$ skill ( 8 h&l+--& o!r l9e engrav]s1 v>i\sly capable1 ea* aft] 8 k9d1 are f\nd to owe no?+ to =eign example4 ,_! works already d m ?an h9t at ! new dep>ture2 b we are approa*+ ! p]iod :5 di/+ui%$ engrav]s become s common 9 ! ,fr5* s*ool1 t 9 ?is place we ne$ only m5tion ^? ^: names are /ill ( special importance4 ,rob]t ,nanteuil1 "o ( ! mo/ em95tly di/+ui%$1 &1 tak+ !m *ronologically1 "o ( ! fir/1 0 de/9$ = ! b>1 & 9 8 y\?ful ta/es %[$ none ( t irresi/ible t5d5cy to ! arts :i* is ! common symptom ( great tal5t4 ,:il/ /udy+ lit]ature & sci5ce at ,rheims1 :]e he 0 born 9 #afbf1 he also took up draw+ & engrav+1 b ) no idea ( devot+ himself /eadily to ei!r4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 t aft] hav+ m]ely dalli$ 9 odd mom5ts ) ! art :i* 0 "o day to make him fam\s1 he v soon conclud$ t he _h s]v$ a suffici5t appr5tice%ip2 = at n9ete5 he set ab\t engrav+ ! frontispiece to 8 own philosophical !sis4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hb4--;,,jean ,,mor94 ,anto9e ,vitr4 ,aft] ,philippe de ,*ampagne4 ,x 0 9 ^? days ! cu/om to ornam5t su* writ+s ) figures & symbols appropriate to ! c&idate's position1 or to ! subject ( 8 argum5t4 ,! mo/ di/+ui%$ pa9t]s did n disda9 to design orig9als1 & ! frontispieces engrav$ f ,philippe de ,*ampagne1 ,lesueur1 & ,lebrun1 are n unwor?y ( ! tal5t & reputation ( ^? great m54 ,nanteuil1 9 emulation1 0 anxi\s n only to produce a ma/]piece1 b to inve/ x ) an appe>ance ( gr&eur z little fitt$ to 8 position z to 8 sl5d] acqua9tance ) ! art4 ,h[ev] t may h be51 he su/a9$ 8 !sis to ! satisfaction ( ! judges2 &1 albeit an exce$+ly bad "o1 8 engrav+ 0 admir$ 9 ! society :i* he frequ5t$4#cd ,"s v]ses address$ to ladies#ce /ill fur!r increas$ 8 reputation z a univ]sal g5ius4 ,un=tunately1 to all ^! public successes 7 add$ o!rs ( a m purely p]sonal nature1 :i* 7 soon nois$ abroad2 & x w\ld appe> t1 fre% adv5tures hav+ l$ to a vexati\s sc&al1 ,nanteuil1 :o %ortly be=e _h m>ri$ ! si/] ( ! engrav] ,regnesson1 0 compell$ to leave1 almo/ 9 secrecy1 a place :]e once he _h none save admir]s & fri5ds4 ,by a fatal co9cid5ce ! fugitive's family 0 ru9$ at ! same "t3 x became imp]ative = him to live by 8 own "w1 & to seek 8 =tune 9 ! practice ( draughtsman%ip4 ,ab&on+ ! law1 he !re=e set out = ,p>is1 :]e he arriv$ poor & unkn[n1 b det]m9$ to succe$4 ,! "q 01 h[ )\t introductions to ga9 patrons8 h[ to make pr(itable acqua9tances 9 ! great city8 ,aft] los+ "s days 9 que/ ( a good op5+1 x is said t he hit ^u a some:at /range device4 ,he _h br\ght ) him f ,rheims "s crayon portraits1 z specim5s ( 8 ability2 he *ose "o ( ^!1 & wait$ at ! door ( ! ,sorbonne till ! "y div9ity /ud5ts came out ( class4 ,he foll[$ !m into a neighb\r+ w9e %op1 :]e !y 7 wont to take _! meals1 & pret5d$ to be look+ = "s "o ^: portrait he _h tak5 7he said7 ! week be=e4 ,he knew nei!r ! "n nor address ( 8 sitt]1 b ?\ght t if 8 fell[-/ud5ts w\ld look at ! draw+1 !y might be able & will+ to help him4 ,x is sup]flu\s to say t ! orig9al ( ! portrait 0 n recognis$2 b ! picture pass$ f h& to h&1 & 0 admir$2 ! price 0 ask$1 ! arti/ 0 c>eful to be mod]ate 9 8 dem&s1 & "s ( ! "y m5 7 s tak5 by ! smallness ( ! sum1 t !y (f]$ to sit = _! portraits4 ,! fir/ f9i%$ & approv$1 o!r /ud5ts 9 _! turn want$ _! portraits = _! families & fri5ds4 ,?is gave ! "y arti/ m remun]ative "w4 ,8 connection rapidly increas$1 & be=e long he 0 entru/$ ) ! reproduction1 on copp]1 ( draw+s commission$ by di/+ui%$ p>liam5t m5 & p]sons ( /&+ at ! ,c\rt4 ,at la/ ! k+1 ^: portrait he aft]w>ds engrav$ 9 diff]5t sizes--z (t5 z elev5 times--gave him a numb] ( sitt+s1 aft] :i* ,nanteuil receiv$ a p5sion & ! title ( ,dess9ateur du ,cab9et4#cf ,l\is ,,xiv4 0 n satisfi$ ) ?us rew>d+ a tal5t already recognis$ z sup]ior2 he 0 also desir\s ( /imulat+ by g5]al measures ! developm5t ( :at he _h himself decl>$ a lib]al art4#cg ,engrav]s 7 privileg$ to ex]cise x )\t be+ subject$ to any appr5tice%ip1 or controll$ by o!r laws ?an ^? ( _! own g5ius2 & sev5 ye>s lat] 7#affg7 ! royal e/abli%m5t at ! ,gobel9s became virtually a s*ool ( engrav+4 ,:il/ ,lebrun1 its fir/ director-9-*ief1 assembl$ !re9 an army ( pa9t]s1 draughtsm51 & ev5 sculptors1 & wr\ght f 8 own designs ! tape/ries ( ! lm5ts & ! ,saisons1 ,seba/i5 ,lecl]c sup]9t5d$ ! lab\rs ( a l>ge body ( native & =eign engrav]s1 ent]ta9$ at ! k+'s exp5se4 ,"o ( ^!1 ,edel9ck1 _h be5 summon$ to ,france by ,colb]t4 ,born at ,antw]p 9 #afdj1 & a contempor>y ( ! engrav]s tra9$ by ! disciples ( ,rub5s himself1 he 0 di/+ui%$1 l !m1 by 8 vig\r ( h&l+ & k ( effect4 ,once settl$ 9 ,p>is1 he supplem5t$ ^! ,flemi% *>act]i/ics ) qualities di/9ctively ,fr5*1 & 0 soon a =emo/ engrav] ( 8 "t4 ,end[$ ) s+ul> insight & ela/icity ( m9d1 he readily assimilat$1 & sometimes ev5 improv$ ^u1 ! /yle ( ^? pa9t]s :om he reproduc$1 & adopt$ a new s5tim5t ) e new orig9al4 ,he began1 9 ,france1 ) an engrav+ ( ,raphael's ,holy ,family1 ! s-call$ ,vi]ge de ,franois ,i41 :i* is sev]e 9 aspect1 & altoge!r ,italian 9 draw+2 & he foll[$ ?is up ) plates ( ! ,madele9e ( ,lebrun1 8 ,*ri/ aux ,anges1 & 8 ,famille de ,d>ius1 all ( !m admirable reproductions1 9 :i* ! defects ( ! orig9als are modifi$1 :ile _! beauties are increas$ by ! use ( me?ods :i* make _! peculi> & ess5tial *>act]i/ics none ! less conspicu\s4 ,9 int]pret+ ,lebrun1 ,edel9ck alt]$ nei!r 8 significance nor 8 /yle2 he only t\*$ 8 "w ) fre% tru? & nature3 z1 :5 deal+ ) ,rigaud1 he conv]t$ t arti/'s pomposity & fl\ri% into a c]ta9 opul5ce & vig\r4 ,:51 on ! contr>y1 he _h to int]pret a "w /amp$ ) calm & reflective g5ius1 8 own bold & brilliant tal5t became impregnat$ ) s]5ity1 & he c\ld execute ) a m>vell\s retic5ce su* a translation z t f ,philippe de ,*ampagne--! pa9t]'s portrait ( himself--a fav\rite1 x is said1 ) ! engrav]1 & "o ( ! ma/]pieces ( ! art4 ,:5 ,edel9ck arriv$ 9 ,p>is1 ,nanteuil1 8 s5ior by "s fifte5 ye>s1 _h a /udio at ! ,gobel9s1 close to ! "o :]e he himself 0 in/all$4 ,?is seem+ equality 9 ! fav\r accord$ to two m51 !n s unequal 9 reputation & a*ievem5t1 w\ld be a/oni%+ unless we rememb] ! object :i* br\ght !m toge!r1 & ! v _s ( ! in/itution4 ,?+s w5t on 9 ! ,gobel9s almo/ z !y did 9 ,flor5ce1 9 ! g>d5s ( ,san ,m>co1 "u ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici4 ,arti/s ( repute work$ side by side ) beg9n]s3 n inde$ toge!r1 b ne> en\gh = ! ma/] cont9ually to help ! /ud5t1 & = ! _s ( rivalry1 ! excitem5t ( example1 to keep alive a univ]sal cont9uity ( ef=t4 ,fr5* art _h be5 lately hon\r$ by ?ree pa9t]s ( ! highe/ ord]--,p\ss91 ,claude1#ch & ,lesueur2 b ! fir/ two liv$ 9 retirem5t1 & f> f ,france2 :il/ ! ?ird _h di$ leav+ no pupils1 &1 consequ5tly1 no tradition4 ,x seem$ urg5t1 !re=e1 9 ord] to p]petuate ! glory ( ! s*ool1 to ga!r toge!r bo? m5 ( mature tal5t & m5 ^: tal5t 0 yet "y & un=m$1 & to impel !m all t[>ds a common object on a common l9e ( "w4 ,colb]t x 0 :o conceiv$ & execut$ ! plan1 :o assembl$ all ! great ma/]s 9 pa9t+1 sculpture1 & engrav+1 ^: s]vices he c\ld comm&1 )\t omitt+ any y\ng] m5 :o might seem wor?y ( enc\ragem5t4 ,he qu>t]$ !m all at ! ,gobel9s1 & put ov] !m ! man be/ fitt$ to play ! "p ( _! organis] & supreme director4 ,!re 0 a pre-e/abli%$ h>mony betwe5 ,l\is ,,xiv4 & ,lebrun1 says ,m4 ,vitet1#ci & :5 ! pa9t] di$ 7#afij71 nei!r he nor 8 ma/] _h z yet p]mitt$ any encroa*m5t ^u _! t]ritory4 ,lebrun might h appropriat$ a fam\s say+ ( ! k+1 appli$ x to 8 own absolute supremacy1 & said1 ) tru?1 t he alone 0 ,fr5* art4 ,ev]y?+ connect$ ) ! art ( design1 :e!r directly or indirectly1 f /atues & pictures = public build+s d[n to furniture & gold plate1 7 all subject to 8 au?ority1 & 7 all m\ld$ by 8 influ5ce4 ,x 0 an un=tunate influ5ce 9 "s respects1 = x made ! pa9t+ & sculpture ( ! epo* monoton\sly bomba/ic2 b to engrav+1 "u ^: auspices contempor>y pictures 7 sometimes trans=m$ into real ma/]pieces1 x _c be said to h be5 unfav\rable4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hc4--;,,jean ,,pesne4 ,! ,entombm5t4 ,aft] ,p\ss94 ,:5 ,lebrun 0 call$ to ! gov]nm5t ( ! arts1 ! numb] ( practical engrav]s 9 ,france 0 already consid]able4 ,jean ,pesne1 ! special int]pret] ( ,p\ss91 _h publi%$ sev]al ( ^? vigor\s pr9ts :i* ev5 n[ %$ hon\r on ! "n ( ! engrav] ( ! van\issem5t d',e/h]1 ( ! ,te/am5t d',eudamidas1 & ( ! ,sept ,sacrem5ts4 ,claud9e ,b\zonnet1 surnam$ ,claudia ,/ella1 :o by ! =ce ( h] extraord9>y gift has won h] way to ! highe/ rank among female engrav]s1 ti5ne ,baudet1 & ,gantrel--all ^!1 l ,jean ,pesne1 appli$ !mselves almo/ exclusively to ! task ( reproduc+ ! compositions ( ! noble pa9t] ( ,les ,&elys4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,franois de ,poilly1 ,r\llet1 & ,masson 7! la/ s celebrat$ = 8 portrait ( ,c\nt d',h>c\rt1 & 8 ,pilgrims ( ,emmaus1 aft] ,titian71 & _m o!rs equally well kn[n1 _h won _! spurs be=e !y devot$ !mselves to ! reproduction ( ,lebrun4 ,f9ally1 ,nanteuil1 :o only engrav$ a few portraits f orig9als by ! director1 0 already widely kn[n :5 ,colb]t reque/$ him to jo91 among ! fir/1 ! bro!rhood :i* he _h f\nd$ at ! ,gobel9s4 ,z soon z 9 8 turn ,edel9ck 0 admitt$1 he ha/5$ to pr(it by ! advice ( ! ma/] :om x 0 8 privilege to be associat$ )2 &1 aid$ by ,nanteuil's example1 & "u ,nanteuil's eye1 he soon tri$ 8 h& 9 ! production ( engrav$ portraits4 ,no "o inde$ c\ld be bett] fitt$ ?an ,nanteuil to tea* ?is special art1 9 :i* he has _h few rivals & no sup]ior4 ,ev5 n[1 :5 we consid] ^! admirable portraits ( 81 we are z c]ta9 ( ! lik5ess z if we _h kn[n ! sitt]s4 ,ev]ybody's expression is s cle>ly def9$1 ! "* ( 8 physiognomy s accurately portray$1 t x is impossible to d\bt ! absolute tru? ( ! repres5tation4 ,!re is no t\* ( picturesque affectation 9 ! details2 no exagg]at$ nicety ( means2 no trick1 nor mann]ism ( any sort2 b always cle> & limpid workman%ip1 & /yle s retic5t1 s measur$1 t at fir/ glance !re is a c]ta9 indescribable appe>ance ( coldness1 no h9drance to p]sons ( ta/e1 b a pitfall to su* eag] & ha/y judgm5ts z1 to be conqu]$1 mu/ be c>ri$ by /orm4 ,nanteuil's portraits come be=e u 9 all ! outw>d calm ( nature2 possibly !y seem almo/ in>ti/ic because !y make no p>ade ( artifice2 b1 once exam9$ ) att5tion1 !y discov] t highe/ & r>e/ =m ( m]it :i* is conceal$ "u an appe>ance ( simplicity4 ,if ! ,tur5ne1 ! ,prsid5t de ,bellivre1 ! ,van ,/e5b]gh5 7call$ ! ,avocat de ,holl&e71 ! ,pi]re de ,m>idat1 ! ,lamo! ,le ,vay]1 ! ,loret1 & o!rs1 are ma/]pieces ( ref9em5t 9 expression & draw+1 !y also prove1 z reg>ds execution1 ! exquisite ta/e & ! m>vell\s dext]ity ( ! engrav]4 ,b to disc]n ! v>iety ( me?od !y display1 & to p]ceive t ! h&l+ is z sure & f]tile z x is le>n$ & unpret5ti\s1 !y mu/ be closely /udi$4 ,z a rule1 ,nanteuil employs 9 8 half-lights dots arrang$ at v>y+ di/ances1 accord+ to ! =ce ( col\r+ requir$1 9 comb9ation ) %ort /rokes ( exce$+ f95ess4 ,sometimes--z1 = in/ance1 9 ! ,*ri/9e de ,sude1 altoge!r engrav$ 9 ?is mann]--! process suffices him n only to model su* p>ts z v]ge ^u 8 lights1 b ev5 to con/ruct ! masses ( 8 %ad[s4 ,! ,ed\>d ,mol is1 on ! contr>y1 9 pure l9e4 ,! s(t silk9ess ( hair he (t5 expresses by free & fl[+ l9es1 "s ( :i*1 break+ away f ! pr9cipal mass1 are reliev$ aga9/ ! backgr\nd1 break+ ! monotony ( ! workman%ip1 & sugge/+ movem5t by _! vagu5ess ( cont\r4 ,(t51 too1 c]ta9 loose l9es1 ei!r brok5 or cont9u$ )\t cross+ 9 diff]5t directions1 admirably di/+ui% ! natures ( c]ta9 sub/ances1 & imitate to p]fection ! s(t ri*ness ( furs or ! %e5 ( sat94 ,yet x sometimes happ5s t 9 ! ma/]'s h& ! same me?od results 9 ! mo/ opposite effects3 a pr9t1 = in/ance1 may exemplify 9 its treatm5t ( ! textures ( fle% a me?od appli$ else:]e1 & ) equal success1 to ! r5d]+ ( drap]ies4 ,9 a ^w1 ,nanteuil does n appropriate any p>ticul> process to any pr$et]m9$ purpose4 ,:ile judici\sly subord9at+ ea* to propriety1 he c1 :5 he pleases1 make ! mo/ ( all2 & :atev] pa? he foll[s1 x always appe>s t he has tak5 ! be/ to rea* 8 end4 ,x 0 n only to ! tea*+ ( ,nanteuil t ,edel9ck _h rec\rse2 he /ill fur!r improv$ 8 /yle by /udy+ 8 c\ntryman1 ,nicolas ,pitau 7:om ,colb]t _h also summon$ f ,antw]p to ! ,gobel9s71 & aft]w>ds by acquir+ ! secret ( brilliant h&l+ f ,franois de ,poilly4 ,to :i* ( ^! engrav]s he 0 mo/ indebt$ is a po9t :i* _c be exactly det]m9$4 ,aft] inve/+ himself ) qualities f ea*1 he did n imitate "o m ?an ano!r2 he f\nd 8 inspiration 9 ! examples ( all ?ree4 ,nanteuil & ,edel9ck1 fir/ unit$ by _! "w1 7 soon fa/ fri5ds1 9 spite ( ! diff]5ce ( _! ages1 & ! /ill great] diff]5ce ( _! ta/es4 ,! ,fr5* engrav] s5t = 8 wife f ,rheims z soon z he f\nd himself 9 a fair way to success & =tune2 b he _h also 9 "s degree return$ to ! habits ( 8 y\?4 ,a %9+ light 9 society1 & z intimate ) ! cultur$ set at ,mlle4 de ,scudry's z ) ! devotees ( pleasures less /rictly intellectual1 8 c>e] ( dissipation 9 ! salons & fa%ionable tav]ns ( ! day contra/s /rangely ) ! sob] quality ( 8 tal5t1 & increases our surprise at ! numb] ( works :i* he produc$4 ,ev5 8 decl9+ heal? did n *ange 8 habits4 ,till ! end he cont9u$ to divide 8 "t betwe5 8 "w & ! _w2 & at 8 dea?1 9 #afgh1 at ! age ( fifty-two1 he left no?+1 or almo/ no?+1 to 8 wife1 9 spite ( ! l>ge sums he _h made s9ce he came to ,p>is4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hd4--;,,jean ,,pesne4 ,nicolas ,p\ss94 ,edel9ck's fate 0 v diff]5t4 ,he liv$ 9 seclusion1 giv5 ov] to 8 art & to ! "o ambition ( becom+ *ur*w>d5 7m>guilli]7 ( 8 p>i%3 a position refus$ him1 x is said1 z res]v$ = tradesm5 & (ficial p]sonages1 & ) :i* he 0 only at l5g? inve/$ by ! condesc5d+ int]f]5ce ( ! k+4 ,x 0 probably ! only fav\r p]sonally solicit$ by ,edel9ck1 b x 0 by no means ! fir/ he ow$ to ! protection ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,be=e ! *ur*w>d5%ip he held ! title ( ,premi] ,dess9ateur du ,cab9et4 ,l ,lebrun1 l ,mans>t & ,le ,ntre1 he 0 a ,knight ( ,/4 ,mi*ael1 & ! ,academy ( ,pa9t+ elect$ him z "o ( its c\ncil4 ,8 old age1 l ! re/ ( 8 days1 0 quiet & labori\s2 & :5 he di$ 7#agjg7 8 two bro!rs & 8 son ,nicolas1 :o _h all ?ree be5 8 pupils1 inh]it$ a =tune z wisely husb&$ z x _h be5 hon\rably acquir$4 ,edel9ck surviv$ ! pr9cipal engrav]s ( ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,franois de ,poilly1 ,r\llet1 ,masson1 & ,jean ,pesne1 _h m or less closely foll[$ ,nanteuil to ! grave4 ,at ! ,gobel9s1 once s ri* 9 ability ( ! fir/ ord]1 /ud5ts _h tak5 ! place ( ma/]s1 & clev] craftsm5 succe$$ to arti/s ( g5u9e inspiration4 ,van ,s*upp5 _h foll[$ ,nanteuil1 z ,mign>d _h ,lebrun1 f necessity r ?an "r4 ,& la/ ( all1 ,gr>d ,audran1 ! mo/ di/+ui%$ engrav] ( ! "t--:om1 = ! sake ( cle>ness 9 our n>rative1 we h n yet m5tion$--_h di$ 9 #agjc2 & ?\gh memb]s ( 8 family did hon\r to ! "n he _h di/+ui%$1 none ( !m 7 able to su/a9 ! full weight ( its glory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #he4--;,g,,r>d ,,audran4 ,la ,noblesse4 ,aft] ,raphael4 ,"o w\ld h>dly v5ture to say t ,gr>d ,audran 0 an engrav] ( g5ius1 because x does n seem p]missible to apply ! t]m to "o ^: bus9ess x is to int]pret ! creations ( o!rs1 & subord9ate himself to models he has n himself design$2 yet h[ else c "o *>act]ise a tal5t s full ( life1 s />tl+ a capacity = feel+1 & a me?od at once s l>ge1 s un/udi$1 & s orig9al8 ,d n ! plates ( ,gr>d ,audran be> witness to some?+ m ?an m]e sup]ficial skill8 ,d !y n r reveal qualities m subtle--a some?+ p]sonal & liv+1 :i* raises !m to ! rank ( imag9ative "w8 ,_! real fault1 p]haps--at lea/ ! fault ( ^? aft] ,lebrun or ,mign>d--is t !y are n reproductions ( a pur] type ( beauty4 ,& ev5 ^! ma/]s are s f> dignifi$ by ! creative t\* ( _! translator z almo/ to seem wor?y ( unres]v$ admiration4 ,we c und]/& ! mi/ake ( ! ,italians1 :o ?\ght1 :5 !y saw ! ,batailles d',alex&re1 9 black & :ite1 t ,france1 too1 _h h] ,raphael1 :51 9 reality1 all[+ = diff]5ce ( mann]1 %e c\ld only glory 9 ano!r ,m>c ,antonio4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hf4--;,g,,r>d ,,audran4 ,navigation4 ,aft] ,raphael4 ,gr>d ,audran 0 born 9 ,lyons 9 #afdj1 & !re obta9$ f 8 fa!r 8 fir/ lessons 9 art4 ,aft]w>ds he w5t to ,p>is1 & plac$ himself "u ! mo/ fam\s ma/]s ( ! day1 by ^: aid he 0 soon introduc$ to ,lebrun1 & at once commission$ to engrave "o ( ,raphael's compositions4 ,:5 ,audran und]took ! "w1 he _h n ! picture be=e him1 z ,edel9ck _h :5 he engrav$ ! ,vi]ge de ,franois ,i4 ,8 orig9al 0 only a p5cil copy :i* ,lebrun _h br\ght back f ,italy2 h5ce no d\bt ! mod]n "* & ! ,fr5* /yle :i* are /amp$ on ! engrav+4 ,feel+ dissatisfi$ ) 8 "w1 ! "y arti/ did n publi% x1 b det]m9$ to /udy ! ,italians 9 ,italy1 to educate himself directly f _! works1 & !nce=? to engrave only ^? pictures ( :i* he c\ld judge at fir/-h& )\t ! dang] ( an int]m$i>y4 ,he set (f !re=e = ,rome1 & rema9$ !re = ?ree ye>s1 dur+ :i* "t he produc$ sev]al copies pa9t$ at ! ,vatican1 _m draw+s f ! antique1 sev]al plates aft] ,raphael1 ,dom5i*9o1 & ! ,c>raccis1 & ! engrav+ ( a ceil+ by ,pietro da ,cortona1 :i* la/ he d$icat$ to ,colb]t4 ,by ?is act ( homage he acquitt$ himself ( a debt ( gratitude to ! m9i/] :o _h fav\r$ him ev] s9ce 8 arrival 9 ,p>is1 & :o1 at ,lebrun's reque/1 _h suppli$ ! means ( 8 soj\rn 9 ,italy4 ,on ,colb]t's "p x 0 only an act ( ju/ice to recall ,audran to ,france1 & to entru/ him ) ! engrav+ ( ! lately f9i%$ s]ies ( ! ,batailles d',alex&re1 = ! great publication call$ ! ,cab9et du ,roi4 ,to ! engrav]1 !n tw5ty-sev5 ye>s old1 a p5sion 0 grant$1 ) a /udio at ! ,gobel9s1 !n ! cu/om>y rew>d ( tal5ts brilliantly display$4 ,x may be add$ t six ye>s 7#afgb-afgh7 suffic$ him to f9i% ! /up5d\s task4 ,treat$ z a fri5d1 & almo/ on an equal foot+1 by ,lebrun1 :o = no "o else dep>t$ f ! r\t9e ( 8 (ficial supremacy1 ,audran ex]t$ ov] ! k+'s *ief pa9t] a consid]able1 if a secret1 influ5ce4 ,9 spite ( all t has be5 said1#dj ,lebrun 0 n ! k9d ( man to op5ly "q 8 own infallibility1 nor to adv]tise 8 def]5ce to ! advice ( an arti/ s mu* y\ng] ?an himself1 8 pupil1 s to speak1 & consequ5tly )\t ! au?ority ( any high] degree2 yet he frequ5tly consult$ him1 & took 8 advice1 9 private4 ,also 7& ?is is significant7 :5 ! engrav+s ( ! ,batailles appe>$--engrav+s to a c]ta9 ext5t unfai?ful1 inasmu* z !y diff]$ decid$ly f ! orig9als--! fact t ! pa9t] made no compla9t po9ts to 8 recognition 9 ,audran ( ! "r to correct1 & to 8 implicit submission to ,audran's corrections4 ,9 ?is respect ,lebrun conduct$ himself z a man ( ! _w1 & "o well able to und]/& ! true int]e/s ( 8 reputation4 ,he _h ev]y?+ to ga9 by giv+ full lib]ty to an engrav] by ^: p]fect ta/e ! blund]s ( 8 own 7 correct$1 & :o h>monis$ 8 frequ5tly h>% & heavy col\r+1 & /r5g!n$ 9 modell+ & design 8 (t5 undecid$ expression ( =m4 ,?us ! plates ( ! ,batailles1 9 addition to ! high quality ( ! composition ( ! orig9als1 pres5t1 alike 9 g5]al aspect & 9 detail1 a decision :i* belongs to ,audran alone4 ,=ce & transp>5cy ( tone1 l>g5ess ( effect1 &1 above all1 a di/9ctly m>k$ feel+ = *>act]i/ic tru?s1 are conspicu\s 9 !m4 ,n a s+le condition ( art is imp]fectly fulfill$4 ,m>c ,antonio himself drew ) no m c]ta9ty2 ! ,flem+s !mselves _h no deep] k ( *i>oscuro2 ! ,fr5* engrav]s1 n except+ ev5 ,edel9ck1#da h nev] treat$ hi/orical engrav+ ) su* ease & me/ria4 ,9 a ^w1 none ( ! mo/ fam\s engrav]s ( ,europe h be51 we believe1 s ri*ly end[$ ) all arti/ic in/9cts1 nor h bett] und]/ood _! use4 ,! ,batailles d',alex&re f9i%$1 ,audran engrav$ ,lesueur's ,m>tyre de ,sa9t ,protais2 sev]al ,p\ss9s1 among/ o!rs ! ,pyrrhus ,sauv1 ! ,femme ,adultre1 & ! radiant ,triomphe de la ,vrit1 "o ( ! mo/ beautiful 7if n ! mo/ beautiful7 hi/orical engrav+s ev] publi%$2 &1 aft] ,mign>d1 ! ,pe/e d'g9e1 & ! pa9t+s 9 ! cupola at ,val-de-,grce4 ,^! sev]al works1 :]e elevation ( ta/e & s5tim5t are no less triumphantly manife/ ?an 9 ! ,batailles !mselves1 are also f9i%$ examples ( engrav+ 9 ! lit]al s5se ( ! ^w4 ,audran disda9$ to flaunt 8 skill1 & to surprise ! eye by te*nical display1 b he und]/ood to ! utmo/ all ! secrets & res\rces ( ! craft1 & employ$ !m ) m ability ?an any competitor4 ,associat+ engrav+ ) et*+1 he deep5$ ) p[]ful t\*es ( ! bur9 ^? /rokes ( ! ne$le :i* _h m]ely s]v$ to sugge/ outl9es1 masses ( %ad[1 & half-t9ts4 ,on occasion1 %ort /rokes1 free z a p5cil's1 & seem+ly drawn at r&om1 ) dots ( diff]5t sizes1 di/ribut$ ) app>5t c>elessness1 suffic$ = ! modell+ ( 8 =ms2 at o!rs1 he proce$$ by a consi/5t sy/em ( cross-hat*+4 ,"h r\gh et*+ "w is tumbl$ ab\t 7s to speak7 9 wild disord]2 !re a contr>y effect is produc$ by ne>ly p>allel furr[s scoop$ 9 ! metal ) me?odical exactness2 b ev]y:]e ! *oice & progress ( ! tools are bas$ on conditions inh]5t 9 ! nature ( ! sev]al objects1 & _! relative positions & di/ances4 ,audran did n try to attract att5tion to any ( ! me?ods he employ$2 he made ea* height5 ! effect ( ! o!r1 & comb9$ !m all )\t p>ade ( ease1 & yet )\t confusion4 ,s _m admirable works secur$ = ,audran a fame su* z ,edel9ck1 z ,nanteuil himself1 _h nev] obta9$4 ,! ,academy ( ,pa9t+1 :i* _h welcom$ him aft] ! publication ( 8 fir/ plates1 elect$ him z "o ( its c\ncil 9 #afha4 ,! s*ool ( engrav+ :i* he op5$ grew l>g] ?an any o!r1 & _m ( 8 pupils became notable ev5 9 8 company1 & help$ to increase ! r5[n ( ! ma/] :o _h tra9$ !m4#db ,t[>ds ! close ( 8 life ,audran laid by ! bur9 = ! p54 ,foll[+ ,alb]t ,dr]'s example1 he propos$ to put toge!r1 9 ! =m ( treatises1 8 life-long obs]vations on ! art he _h s successfully practis$4 ,un=tunately1 ?is task 0 int]rupt$ by 8 dea?2 &1 except+ a ,recueil des ,proportions du ,corps ,huma91 no?+ is left u ( ^? tea*+s :i* ! greate/ engrav]1 n only ( ,france1 b p]haps ( any s*ool1 _h desir$ to h& on to po/]ity4 ,by _! works1 ,nanteuil1 ,audran1 & ! o!r ma/]s ( ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 _h popul>is$ hi/orical & portrait engrav+ 9 ,france4 ,! ta/e = pr9ts spread m & m1 & amateurs began to make collections4 ,at fir/ !y conf9$ !mselves to real ma/]pieces2 aft] :i* !y began to covet ! complete a*ievem5t ( peculi> engrav]s4 ,! mania = r>e pr9ts became fa%ionable2 & we le>n f ,la ,bruyre t1 be=e ! end ( ! c5tury1 "s amateurs _h already come to pref] engrav+s presque pas tires--engrav+s fitt] to decorate ! ,petit-,pont or ! ,rue ,neuve on a holiday ?an to be ho>d$ 9 a collection--to ! mo/ p]fect specim5s ( ! art4 ,o!rs 7 *iefly occupi$ ) ! bulk ( _! collections1 & treasur$ up confus$ heaps ( all sorts ( plates1 good1 bad1 & indiff]5t4 ,o!rs !re 7 :o only c>$ ab\t su* z did n exce$ a c]ta9 size2 & x is told ( "o devotee ( ?is fai? t1 inasmu* z he w\ld h>b\r no?+ 9 8 portfolios b r\nd engrav+s ( exactly ! same circumf]5ce1 he 0 us$ to cut ru?lessly to 8 patt]n :atev] came into 8 h&s4 ,we mu/ add t1 side by side ) su* maniacs1 intellig5t m5 l ! ,abb de ,m>olles & ! ,m>quis de ,br+h5 increas$ _! collections to good purpose1 & 7 cont5t to br+ toge!r ! mo/ important specim5s ( anci5t engrav+ & su* z be/ s]v$ to illu/rate ! m mod]n progress ( ! art4 ,9 ,france1 h[ev]1 x 0 n only ! be/ expressions ( engrav+ t 7 consid]$4 ,on ! heels ( ! great engrav]s !re foll[$ a cr[d ( second-rate workm54 ,besides hi/ory & portrait1 e v>iety ( pr9t 0 publi%$3 dome/ic sc5es1 ar*itecture & topography1 co/umes1 ftes1 & public celebrations4 ,! engrav+ ( maps greatly improv$ "u ! direction ( ,adrian & ,guillaume ,sanson1 sons ( ! fam\s ,geograph] 9 ,ord9>y to ,l\is ,,xiii4 ,jacques ,gomb\/1 ! k+'s ,eng9e] 9 ,ord9>y = ! draw+ up ( plans ( t[ns1 publi%$1 z e>ly z #afeb1 a map ( ,p>is & its suburbs 9 n9e %eets1 mu* m exact & m c>efully engrav$ ?an ^? ( =m] reigns4 ,fa%ion plates 7 multipli$ ad inf9itum2 & a p]iodical call$ ,le ,m]cure ,galant /eadily produc$ new modes 9 app>el & p]sonal ornam5ts4 ,c]ta9 collections also1 de/9$ to p]petuate ! remembrance ( ! ev5ts ( ! reign1 or ! p]sonal actions ( ! k+1 7 publi%$ by ord]1 & at ! exp5se ( ,8 ,maje/y1 ) a luxury ju/ifi$ at any rate by ! importance ( ! arti/s p>ticipat+ 9 ! "w4 ,! v almanacs be> ! /amp ( tal5t1 & are n unfrequ5tly inscrib$ ) ! names ( celebrat$ engrav]s1 su* z ,lepautre1 ,franois ,spi]re1 ,*auveau1 ,sba/i5 ,lecl]c1 & ,de ,poilly4 ,9 ! days ( ,h5ri ,,iv4 & ,l\is ,,xiii4 almanacs 7 pr9t$ on a s+le %eet1 ) a bord] sometimes ( allegorical figures1 b1 m (t51 compos$ simply ( ! attributes ( ! seasons4 ,x 0 "u ,l\is ,,xiv4 t !y at fir/ appe>$ on l>g] pap]1 & !n 9 sev]al %eets1 :]e9 7 repres5t$ ! mo/ important ev5ts ( ! ye>1 or1 x might be1 "s c]emony or c\rt fte4 ,9 "o is pictur$ ! ,battle ( ,s5ef1 or ! sign+ ( ! ,treaty ( ,nimegu52 9 ano!r1 p]haps1 ! k+ is repres5t$ danc+ ! ,/rasb\rg m9uet1 or (f]+ a collation to ladies4 ,( c\rse ! majority ( ^! pr9ts are valueless 9 po9t ( execution1 & are1 moreov]1 ( an almo/ purely comm]cial "*2 b ^? :i* are poore/ f an arti/ic po9t ( view are /ill wor?y ( int]e/1 s9ce !y af=d indisputable in=mation conc]n+ ! p & ! habits & mann]s ( ! "t4 ,:il/ _m ,fr5* arti/s 7 devot+ !mselves to ! engrav+ ( subjects ( mann]s or dome/ic sc5es1 or to ! illu/ration ( books & almanacs1 o!rs 7 mak+ satirical sket*es ( curr5t ev5ts & popul> p]sons4 ,! engrav+ ( c>icatures1 ?\gh x only dates f ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 _h be5 practis$ long be=e 9 ,france & o!r c\ntries4 ,to say no?+ ( ! ,danses macabres1 a sort ( religi\s1 or at any rate philosophical1 satire1 we might m5tion c]ta9 c>icatures publi%$ ev5 be=e ! ,c>racci 9 ,italy2 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries 9 ! "t ( ,j]ome ,bos* & ,breughel2 9 ,g]many 9 ! reign ( ,maximilian ,,ii42 & f9ally 9 ,france1 9 ! reign ( ,*>les ,,ix4 ,b all ^! are ei!r z /upidly lic5ti\s z ^? aft]w>ds made ^u ,h5ri ,,iii4 & 8 c\rti]s1 or z heavily grotesque z ^? ( ! "t ( ! ,league1 t[>ds ! end ( ! reign ( ,h5ri ,,iv4 ,:5 ,l\is ,,xiii4 came to ! ?rone1 ! wit ( ! c>icaturi/s 0 little ke5]1 if we may judge by ! co>se pictorial lazzi inspir$ by ! disgrace & dea? ( ! ,m>*al d',ancre1 & ! ,dut* & ,spani% pr9ts design$ 9 ridicule ( ! ,fr5*2 b "s ye>s lat]1 :5 ,callot _h introduc$ into ! treatm5t ( burlesque a ke5ness & delicacy :i* x c\ld h>dly h be5 expect$ to atta91 ! comic pr9ts assum$ "u ! bur9 ( c]ta9 engrav]s an appe>ance ( great] +5uity & less brutality4 ,x is ne$less to rem>k t at ! beg9n+ ( ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xiv4--inde$1 dur+ ! :ole "t ( ! ,fronde & ! =eign occupation ( a "p ( ,fr5* t]ritory--x 0 ,maz>9 & ! ,spani>ds :o came 9 = all ! epigrams4 ,9 ! c>icatures ( ! day ! ,spani>ds 7 inv>iably repres5t$ ) enorm\s ruffs1 9 tatt]s sup]bly worn1 &1 to complete ! allusion to _! pov]ty1 ) bun*es ( beetroot & onions at _! belts4 ,!re is no?+ p>ticul>ly comic1 nor especially ref9$1 9 ! execution ( ! pr9ts4 ,9 piquancy & tru?1 ^! jokes ab\t ,spani% mann]s & ,spani% food recall ^? pres5tly to be made 9 ,engl& ab\t ,fr5*m51 :o are !re inv>iably repres5t$ z frog-eat]s & danc+-ma/]s4 ,yet comp>+ ! faceti ( t p]iod ) ! exagg]at$ or obsc5e hum\rs :i* prec$$ !m1 x seems z ?\gh ! doma9 ( c>icature 7 ev5 !n be+ op5$ up to wor?y precursors ( ! lively draughtsm5 ( ! eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies3 9 fact1 z ?\gh "s ,attic salt 7 already p5etrat+ to ,botia4 ,?is advance is visible 9 ! satires publi%$ t[>ds ! end ( ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,! ,procession ,monacale1 a set ( tw5ty-f\r engrav+s :i* appe>$ 9 ,holl& 7:]e _m ,prote/ants _h tak5 refuge71 attack$ ) consid]able vig\r ! revocation ( ! ,edict ( ,nantes1 & ! pr9cipal p]sons :o _h p>ticipat$ 9 t measure4 ,l\vois1 ,mme4 de ,ma9t5on1 & all ! privy c\ncillors ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 are repres5t$ "u ! c[l1 & ) significant attributes4 ,ev5 ! k+ figures 9 ?is s]ies ( h]oes ( ! ,new ,league2 he is 9 a monk's frock l ! o!rs1 b a sun1 9 allusion to 8 l(ty device1 s]ves = 8 face1 & ?is hood$ ,phbus be>s 9 8 h& a tor* to light himself ?r\gh ! surr\nd+ d>kness4 ,! pr9ts t make up ?is set1 z well z _m m 9 ! same /yle1 are design$ & engrav$ ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( _s4 ,!y s]ve to prove t 9 ! frivol\s arts1 z well z 9 ! comic lit]ature ( ! day1 ! object 0 to make dec5t folk laugh1 & to keep jok+ )9 b\nds4 ,9 a ^w1 9 comp>ison ) =m] c>icatures1 !y are z ! vaudevilles ( ! ,italian com$y to ! f>ces once play$ on ! bo>ds ( /roll+ !atres4 ,e sort ( engrav+ be+ cultivat$ 9 ,france ) m success ?an any:]e else1 "u ,l\is ,,xiv4 ! trade 9 pr9ts became "o ( ! mo/ fl\ri%+ bran*es ( ,fr5* indu/ry4 ,! great hi/orical plates1 x is true--^? at any rate :i*1 l ! ,batailles d',alex&re1 7 publi%$ at ! k+'s co/--7 *iefly sold 9 ,france1 & 7 n (t5 export$1 save z pres5ts to sov]eigns & ambassadors4 ,b portraits1 dome/ic sc5es1 & fa%ion plates1 7 %ipp$ (f 9 ?\s&s1 & flood$ all p>ts ( ,europe4 ,be=e ! second half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! *ief pr9tsell]s 7= ! mo/ "p engrav]s !mselves & publi%]s ( _! own works7 7 e/abli%$ 9 ,p>is on ! ,quai de l',horloge1 or1 l ,abraham ,bosse1 9 ! int]ior ( ! ,palace4 ,r lat] ?an ?is1 ! mo/ popul> %ops 7 to be f\nd 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,sv]94 ,if we exam9e ! pr9ts !n publi%$ 9 ,p>is1 we may c\nt z _m z ?irty publi%]s liv+ 9 ! ,rue ,/4 ,jacques alone1 & among/ ! numb] are _m fam\s names3 z ,gr>d ,audran1 at ! sign ( ! ,two ,gold5 ,pill>s2 ,franois de ,poilly1 at ! sign ( ,/4 ,b5$ict1 & s =?4 ,h5ce1 we may m5tion1 9 pass+1 ! mi/ake :i* attributes to engrav]s ( ! greate/ tal5t ! production ( bad plates1 to :i* !y w\ld nev] h put f+] except to take pro(s4 ,= in/ance1 ! words ,gr>d ,audran excudit1 to be f\nd at ! bottom ( _m su*1 d n mean t !y 7 engrav$ by ! ma/]1 b only publi%$ by him4 ,(t51 too1 pseudonyms--n always 9 ! be/ possible ta/e--conceal$ ! "n ( ! publi%] & ! place ( publication3 a precaution easily und]/ood1 z x 0 g5]ally appli$ to obsc5ities1 & p>ticul>ly to ^? call$ pices surprise1 :i* 7 !n becom+ common1 & cont9u$ to increase indef9itely dur+ ! foll[+ c5tury4 ,true art1 h[ev]1 is b little conc]n$ ) su* curiosities2 & x is be/ to look else:]e = its manife/ations4 ,! sup]ior m]it ( ! engrav+ ( ! ma/]s ( ! ,fr5* s*ool _h attract$ numb]s ( =eign arti/s to ,p>is4 ,_m took root !re1 among/ !m ,van ,s*upp5 & ! ,flem+s commission$ to engrave ! ,victoires du ,roi1 pa9t$ by ,van d] ,meul52 o!rs1 hav+ f9i%$ _! c\rse ( /udy1 return$ to _! own c\ntries1 ! mission>ies ( ,fr5* doctr9e & ( ,fr5* mann]4 ,! result ( ?is unit$ influ5ce 0 an almo/ exact simil>ity 9 all ! l9e engrav+s produc$1 by m5 ( :atev] nationality or f :atev] orig9als4 ,?us1 ! portraits engrav$ by ! ,g]man ,johann ,ha9zelmann f ,ulri* ,may] & ,joa*im ,s&r>t1 sc>cely diff] f ^? he _h =m]ly engrav$ f ,fr5* arti/s3 ! ,mi*el ,le ,telli]1 = in/ance1 & ! ,prsid5t ,duf\r4 ,! hi/orical plates publi%$ ab\t ! same "t 9 ,g]many prove ! same lively zeal 9 imitation4 ,9 !m art appe>s z1 s to speak1 a ,fr5* subject2 & ,gu/ave ,ambl+1 ,b>?olomew ,kilian1#dc & _m m ( _! c\ntrym5--pupils1 l ^! two1 ( ,franois de ,poilly--might be class$ among/ ! engrav]s ( ! ,fr5* s*ool1 if ! /yle ( _! "w 7 ! only ?+ to be consid]$4 ,an exam9ation ( ! pr9ts publi%$ by ,flemi% & ,dut* arti/s lat] ?an ! s*ool ( ,rub5s & ,van ,dal51 w\ld ju/ify a l obs]vation4 ,we may fairly reg>d ,van ,s*upp5 only z a clev] pupil ( ,nanteuil1 & ,cornelius ,v]meul5 z an imitator1 less successful1 b no less subs]vi5t4 ,& :5 we turn to ! ,italian engrav]s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 we f9d t1 z a rule1 _! "w is m>k$ by s imp]sonal a physiognomy1 is s mu* ! outcome ( c]ta9 preconceiv$ & rigid conv5tions1 t "o c\ld almo/ believe !m inspir$ by ! same m9d1 & done by ! same h&4 ,:il/ ,fr5* influ5ce reign$ almo/ supreme 9 ,g]many & ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 & ,italian art became m & m ! slave ( r\t9e1 ,engli% engrav+ _h n yet begun to feel ! influ5ce ( ! progress else:]e a*iev$ s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury4 ,! "t 01 h[ev]1 at h& :51 9 ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xv41 ,london engrav]s :o came to /udy 9 ,p>is %\ld return to _! own c\ntry to practise successfully ! lessons !y _h le>n$4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 pres5tly turn to !m2 b1 be=e speak+ ( ! pupils1 we mu/ briefly m5tion ! a*ievem5ts ( ! ma/]s1 & n>rate ! /ory ( ,fr5* engrav+ 9 ,france aft] ! dea? ( ! excell5t arti/s ( ! age ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,engrav+ ,,9 ,,france ,,& ,,9 ,,o!r ,,european ,,c\ntries ,,9 ,,! ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury4 ,,new ,,processes3 ,,/ipple1 ,,crayon1 ,,col\r1 ,,& ,,aquat9t4 ,mor91 ,nanteuil1 ,masson1 & ! o!r portrait engrav]s ( ! p]iod1 9 spite ( ! v>iety ( _! tal5t1 left _! imm$iate successors a simil> body ( doctr9e & a common tradition4 ,n[ ! works ( ! pa9t] ,rigaud1 ^: importance _h consid]ably increas$ t[>ds ! end ( ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 made c]ta9 modifications ( ?is sev]e tradition necess>y on ! "p ( ! arti/s employ$ to engrave !m4 ,portraits1 = ! mo/ "p bu/ portraits1 reliev$ aga9/ an almo/ nak$ backgr\nd1 7 no long] 9 fa%ion4 ,to r5d] a cr[d ( accessories :i*1 :ile enri*+ ! composition1 frequ5tly encumb]$ x beyond measure1 became ! problem 9 engrav+4 ,x 0 successfully solv$ by ,pi]re ,drevet1 8 son ,pi]re ,imb]t1 & 8 nephew ,claude ,drevet1 ?is la/ ! au?or1 among/ o!r plates n[ mu* priz$1 ( a ,guillaume de ,v9timille & a ,c\nt ,z9z5dorff4 ,! fir/ ( ^! ?ree engrav]s--at ,lyons ! pupil ( ,g]ma9 ,audran1 & at ,p>is ( ,anto9e ,masson--engrav$1 ) "s few exceptions1 only portraits1 ! be/ kn[n ( :i* are a full-l5g? ,l\is ,,xiv41 ,l\is ,,xv4 z a ,*ild1 ,c>d9al ,fleury1 & ,c\nt ,t\l\se2 !y atte/ an extreme skill ( h&1 & a ke5 p]ception ( ! special *>act]i/ics ( ! orig9als4 ,! second1 ! simil>ity ( ^: ,*ri/ian "n has (t5 caus$ him to be mi/ak5 = 8 fa!r1 %[$ himself f ! fir/ /ill m skilful & m c]ta9 ( 8 own p[]s4 ,he 0 only tw5ty-six :5 he f9i%$ 8 full-l5g? ,bossuet1 9 :i* ! precision ( ! h&l+1 ! exactness & brilliancy ( ! bur9 "w1 seem to indicate a tal5t already arriv$ at maturity4 ,9 ?is plate1 inde$1 & 9 "s o!rs by ! same engrav]--z ! ,c>d9al ,dubois1 ! ,adri5ne ,lec\vreur1 & o!rs--!re are p>ts1 p]haps1 t seem almo/ wor?y ( ,nanteuil himself4 ,x is impossible to imitate ) great] nicety ! ri*ness ( erm9e1 ! delicacy ( lace1 & ! poli% & brilliancy ( gild+2 b ! subtle delicacy ( physiognomy1 ! ela/icity ( liv+ fle% :i* animat$ ! portraits ( ! e>li] ma/]s1 w "h be look$ = 9 va94 ,su* "w is ! outcome ( an art no long] supreme1 albeit ( a v high ord] /ill4 ,z mu* may be said ( ! be/ hi/orical plates engrav$ 9 ,france "u ! ,reg5cy1 & 9 ! fir/ ye>s ( ,l\is ,,xv4 ,! old] mann]1 x is true1 0 /ill p]ceptible1 b x 0 beg9n+ to *ange1 & 0 soon to be conceal$ m & m "u a p>ade ( craftsman%ip amus+ly self-consci\s1 & an elegance ref9$ to ! po9t ( affectation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hg4--,,laur5t ,,c>s4 ,l',av>e4 ,f ,b\*]'s ,molire4 ,! ,fr5* engrav]s ( ! "t ( ,l\is ,,xv4 may be divid$ into two di/9ct gr\ps3 ! "o submitt+ to ! au?ority ( ,rigaud1 & p>tially pres]v+ ! tradition ( ! la/ c5tury2 ! o!r1 ( great] num]ical importance1 & 9 "s respects ( great] ability1 b1 9 imitation ( ,watteau & 8 foll[]s1 seek+ success 9 attractiv5ess ( subject1 grace ( h&l+1 & ! expression ( a g5]al prett9ess1 r ?an 9 ! fai?ful r5d]+ ( tru?4 ,z we "k1 ! mann]s ( ! "t 7 n calculat$ to disc\rage a l t5d5cy1 :i*1 inde$1 grew m & m g5]al among/ arti/s dur+ ! :ole c\rse ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 until x end$ 9 a revolution1 z radical 9 its way z ! great political "o3 namely1 ! exclusive wor%ip ( a some:at b>r5 simplicity & ( ! antique n>r[ly und]/ood4 ,9 #agej 7t is to say1 almo/ at ! v "t ( ! bir? ( ,david1 ! future re=m] ( ! s*ool7 ! public ask$ no?+ m ( art ?an a pass+ amusem5t4 ,! imm$iate successors ( ,lebrun _h br\ght ! hi/orical /yle into great disrepute4 ,p _h we>i$ ( ! pomp\s p>ade ( allegory1 ! tyranny ( spl5d\r1 ! monotony ( luxury2 !y took refuge 9 ano!r extreme--9 ! exagg]ation ( grace & all ! coquetries ( s5tim5t4 ,pa/orals1 or w\ld-be pa/orals1 & subjects = ! mo/ "p my?ological1 took ! place ( h]oic actions & academical apo!oses4 ,!y _h n a :it m nature ?an ^! o!rs1 b !y _h at any rate m int]e/ = ! m9d1 & great] *>m = ! eye4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hh4--,,laur5t ,,c>s4 ,le ,dpit ,am\reux4 ,f ,b\*]'s ,molire4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( engrav+ alone1 ! pr9ts publi%$ 9 ,france at ?is "t are = ! mo/ "p models ( _s & delicacy1 z ^? ( ! ,l\is ,,xiv4 ma/]s are ( le>n$ execution & vigor\s conception4 ,moreov]1 "u ! frivol\s =ms affect$ by ,fr5* engrav+ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 some?+ n unfrequ5tly survives ( ! ma/]ly skill & sci5ce ( ! old] m54 ,x is to be suppos$ t ,laur5t ,c>s rememb]$ ! example ( ,gr>d ,audran1 &1 9 8 own way1 succe$$ 9 p]petuat+ x :5 he engrav$ ,lemoyne's ,h]cule et ,omphale1 & ,dlivrance d',&romde4 ,ev5 :5 he 0 reproduc+ su* fantasies z ! ,fte vniti5ne ( ,watteau1 or sc5es ( pla9 family life1 l ,*>d9's ,amusem5ts de la ,vie prive1 & ,la ,s]9ette1 he _h ! art ( supplem5t+ f 8 own ta/e :atev] /r5g? & dignity 8 orig9als might lack4 ,0 x n1 too1 by appropriat+ ! doctr9e1 or at lea/ ! me?od1 ( ,audran--8 free alliance ( ! bur9 ) ! ne$le--t ,nicolas de ,l>mess91 ,lebas1 ,lpici1 ,avel9e1 ,duflos1 ,dupuis1 & o!rs1 produc$ _! *>m+ transcripts ( ,pat]1 ,lancret1 ,b\*] himself--9 spite ( 8 imp]t95ces ( mann] & 8 unpleasant fals5ess ( col\r--&1 above all1 ,watteau1 ( all ! ma/]s ( ! eighte5? c5tury ! be/ und]/ood & ! mo/ brilliantly int]pretat$ by ! engrav]s8 ,a :ile lat]1 ,greuze _h ! hon\r to occupy !m mo/2 & "s among !m1 z ,levasseur & ,flip>t1 did n fail to acquit !mselves ) ability ( a task r5d]$ peculi>ly difficult by ! flaccid & lab\r$ execution ( ! orig9als4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hi4--;,,*$el4 ,arlequ9 ,jal\x4 ,aft] ,watteau4 ,h[ev] summ>y our description ( ! progress ( ,fr5* engrav+ dur+ ! :ole ( ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xv41 or ! e>ly ye>s ( ,l\is ,,xvi41 x is sc>cely possible n to m5tion1 side by side ) hi/orical & g5re engrav+1 ! c\ntless illu/rations--( novels1 fables1 songs1 & publications ( e description--! g5]al aspect ( :i* s /rongly be>s witness to ! f]tility & grace ( ,fr5* art at t "t4 ,x is difficult to omit ! names ( ^? agreeable engrav]s ( da9ty subjects1 n seldom ( _! own design3 ^? poet m9ores1 ! vaudevilli/s ( ! bur91 :o1 f ! int]pret]s ( ,gravelot1 ,eis51 & ,gabriel de ,/4 ,aub9 to ,*(f>d1 f ,co*9 to ,moreau1 h left u s mu* "w /eep$ 9 ! ri*e/1 ! mo/ v>i$ imag9ation1 or in=m$ by an exquisite natural p]ception4 ,ready & +5i\s above all o!rs1 delicate ev5 9 _! mo/ caprici\s flights1 witty be=e ev]y?+1 !y are arti/s ^: accompli%m5t1 9 spite ( its appe>ance ( frivolity1 is n to be mat*$ = delicacy & sci5ce 9 ! "w ( any o!r epo*1 or ! s*ool ( any o!r c\ntry4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ij4--;,,co*94 ,la ,ma9 ,*aude4 ,aft] ,de ,troy4 ,plac$1 9 "s sort1 at an equal di/ance f ! contempor>y hi/orical engrav]s & ! engrav]s ( illu/rations1 & divid$1 z x 71 betwe5 ! recollections ( ! pa/ & ! examples ( ! pres5t1 ,ficquet1 & "s ye>s lat]1 ,augu/9 de ,/4 ,aub91 produc$ ! little portraits :i* are z popul> n[ z !n4 ,! portraits ( ,ficquet are priz$ above all2 ?\gh ^? ( ,/4 ,aub91 9 spite ( _! small size1 exhibit a l>g5ess & firmness ( modell+ n to be f\nd 9 "w t is sometimes pref]r$ to !m4 ,:at is m1 ,ficquet's plates are g5]ally only r$uctions ( pr9ts already publi%$ by o!r engrav]s1 ,nanteuil1 ,edel9ck1 & ! re/2 :il/ ! portraits ( ,/4 ,aub9 h ! m]it ( be+ directly tak5 f orig9al pictures or draw+s4 ,z a rule1 h[ev]1 ^! portraits are reliev$ on a dead black gr\nd1 )\t gradation or v>iety ( effect2 & x is probably to ! some:at h>% & monoton\s aspect ?us produc$ t we mu/ attribute ! comp>ative disfav\r ) :i* !y are reg>d$4 ,x is also p]missible to suppose t ,ficquet's almo/ microscopic pr9ts1 l ^? ( 8 imitators1 ,sav>t & ,gratel\p1 owe mu* ( _! popul>ity to _! extreme f9i%4 ,:5 ! m9d is n ex]cis$ 9 disc]n+ ! ess5tial p>ts ( an art1 ! eye is apt to look ^u excessive neatness ( workman%ip z ! c]ta9 evid5ce ( p]fection4 ,z p ins5sible to ! *>m ( pa9t+ fall confid+ly into raptures ov] ! pictures ( ,c>lo ,dolci1 ,g]>d ,d[1 & ,d5n]1 s1 x maybe1 c]ta9 admir]s ( ,ficquet e/eem 8 tal5t 9 proportion to ! exagg]at$ cleanness & c>efulness ( 8 plates4 ,yet 8 real m]it does n entirely re/ on su* second>y consid]ations4 ,_m ( 8 small portraits1 mo/ ( !m int5d$ z illu/rations1 are rem>kable = firm draw+ & delicate facial expression2 & if ! "w 7 g5]ally simpl] & less cr[d$ ) half-t9ts1 x might be class$1 z m9iature 9 l9e1 ) ,petitot's enamels4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ia4--;,,augu/9 ,,de ,,/4 ,,aub94 ,rameau4 ,aft] ,caffi]i4 ,! analogy1 h[ev]1 c only be support$ ) reg>d to _! tal5t2 _! dispositions diff] 9 e po9t4 ,! pa9t] ,petitot1 a f]v5t ,calv9i/1 ^: life pres5ts a curi\s contra/ ) ! worldly "* ( 8 "w1 _h ! hon\r to attract ! att5tion ( ,bossuet1 :o1 x is said1 attempt$ to conv]t him4 ,he 0 imprison$ at ,=-l',evque aft] ! revocation ( ! ,edict ( ,nantes1 & only quitt$ x to devote himself to solitude & /udy4 ,ficquet1 = 8 "p1 took no int]e/ :atev] 9 religi\s que/ions1 & gave up e sp>e mom5t to ! pursuit ( pleasure2 he 01 besides1 = ev] %ort ( money1 & 0 p]petually hunt$ by 8 cr$itors1 :o1 we>y ( /ruggl+1 usually end$ by in/all+ him 9 _! own h\ses to f9i% a plate = !m4 ,x 0 9 ?is way t he came to sp5d ne>ly two mon?s at ,/4 ,cyr1 9 ! v he>t ( :i* community he engrav$ 8 ,mme4 de ,ma9t5on1 aft] ,mign>d4 ,?is portrait1 paid = long previ\sly to ! la/ f>?+1 made no progress :atev]2 & ! ,"m ,sup]ior1 hav+ exhau/$ pray]s & reproa*es1 & despair+ ( see+ x f9i%$1 address$ h]self to ! metropolitan4 ,f him %e obta9$ p]mission to introduce ! arti/ into ! conv5t1 & to keep him !re till ! accompli%m5t ( 8 task4 ,b ?+s w5t on no bett]4 ,ficquet1 bor$ to dea? 9 8 seclusion1 simply slept out ! "t1 & nev] t\*$ 8 grav]4 ,"o day he s5t = ! ,sup]ior1 & told h] t if he /ay$ at ,/4 ,cyr to all et]nity1 he c\ld n "w 9 ! solitude !y _h made = him2 amusem5t he mu/ & w\ld h1 & 9 default ( bett]1 x mu/ be ! conv]sation ( ! nuns2 he add$1 9 a ^w1 t he refus$ to f9i% ! portrait unless "s ( !m came e day to keep him company4 ,8 conditions 7 accept$2 & to enc\rage him /ill fur!r1 "s ( ! pupils accompani$ ! nuns1 & play$ & sang to him 9 8 room4 ,at l5g? ! long-expect$ plate 0 ready2 b ,ficquet1 disgu/$ ) ! "w1 de/roy$ x1 & w\ld only cons5t to beg9 aga9 on ! promise ( in/ant lib]ty & a /ill l>g] sum4 ,by ^! means ! nuns ( ,/4 ,cyr at la/ became possess$ ( ! lik5ess ( _! f\ndress1 & ! little ,mme4 de ,ma9t5on--:i* is p]haps ,ficquet's ma/]piece--made up to !m = ! /range exactions ) :i* !y _h _h to comply4 ,z ! habit ( employ+ et*+ 9 ! execution ( _! works _h ga9$ gr\nd among arti/s1 ! temptation to h rec\rse to ?is spe$y process _h vanqui%$ "o p]son aft] ano!r1 ev5 ^? :o seem$ lea/ likely to yield1 :e!r f _! position 9 society1 or _! =m] me?ods4 ,!re 7 soon z _m amateur z pr(essional engrav]s2 & le>n+ ! use ( ! ne$le well en\gh to sket* a pa/oral 0 soon z fa%ionable z turn+ a madrigal4 ,among ! fir/ to set ! example 0 ! ,reg5t2 he engrav$ a set ( illu/rations = an edition ( ,daphnis et ,*loe1 & 8 initiative 0 foll[$ by cr[ds ( all ranks3 great lords l ! ,duc de ,*evreuse & ! ,m>quis de ,coigny2 g5tlem5 ( ! g[n1 l ! ,prsid5t de ,gravelle2 f9anci]s1 s*ol>s1 & m5 ( lett]s1 l ,watelet1 ,c\nt ,caylus1 & ,d',arg5ville4#dd ,c\rt ladies & ! wives ( pla9 citiz5s jo9$ ! ?rong2 f ! ,du*esse de ,luynes & ! ,que5 h]self1 to ,mme4 de ,pompad\r & ,mme4 ,reb\l 7:o aft]w>ds m>ri$ ! pa9t] ,vi571 !re 7 scores ( wom5 :o amus$ !mselves by engrav+1 to say no?+ ( ! _m :o made x a pr(ession4 ,! drawback ( su* pa/imes1 innoc5t en\gh 9 !mselves1 0 t !y degrad$ art into a frivol\s amusem5t1 & promulgat$ a false view ( its capabilities & real object4 ,?is is :at v g5]ally happ5s :51 on ! /r5g? ( a c]ta9 degree ( ta/e1 mi/ak5 = tal5t1 p aspire to compass1 )\t reflection or /udy1 results only to be atta9$ by k & exp]i5ce4 ,! au?ors ( su* ha/y "w ?9k art easy1 because !y are ignorant ( its ess5tials2 & ! public1 9 its turn mi/ak5 z to ^!1 accepts appe>ances = reality1 becomes accu/om$ to ! pret5ce ( m]it1 & loses all ta/e = true sup]iority4 ,e art may be ?us p]v]t$2 & 9 our own days1 amateur wat] col\rs1 /atuettes1 & waltzes are z injuri\s to pa9t+1 sculpture1 & music1 z1 9 =m] days1 ! amusem5t ( pr9t-mak+ 0 to engrav+4 ,moreov]1 x 0 n art only t ^! pr9ts began to injure4 ,prompt$ by gallantry1 z und]/ood by ! y\ng] ,crbillon & ,vois5on :5 !y wrote _! exp]i5ces1 !y (t5 pres5t$ to ! eyes ( wom5 sc5es to ! description ( :i* !y w\ld n h li/5$3 z a c]ta9 lady is report$ to h ask$ ,b>on de ,bes5val1 dur+ ! relation ( an emb>rass+ adv5ture1 to draw a picture-puzzle ( :at he c\ldn't tell h]4 ,(t51 h[ev]1 engrav+1 z practis$ 9 ! salons1 appeal$ to q ano!r ord] ( passions & ideas4 ,9 support ( ! great cause ( ! day--philosophy--all weapons seem$ fair1 & ! ne$le 0 us$ to dissem9ate ! new evangel4 ,:5 ,mme4 de ,pompad\r1 9 h] little engrav+1 ! pro(s ( :i* 7 f\ght = by h] c\rti]s1 attempt$ to %[ ,! ,g5ius ( ! ,arts ,protect+ ,france1 %e set no v dang]\s example1 & only prov$ "o ?+--t ! said ,g5ius did n s c>efully protect ! k+dom z to exclude ! possibility ( platitude4 ,b :5 ! habitus ( ,mme4 d'p9ay & ,d',holba* set !mselves 9 _! little pr9ts to attack c]ta9 s-call$ m5tal sup]/itions1 !y unconsci\sly op5$ ! door to p ( a m radical turn ( m9d4 ,be=e ! end ( ! c5tury pr9ts a good deal m crudely en]getic appe>$ on ! same subject2 & ! po?\se engrav]s1 9 _! turn1 illu/rat$ ! ,pre ,du*ne1 z ! draw+-room engrav]s _h illu/rat$ ! ,essai sur les ,murs & ! ,encyclopdie4 ,al?\gh ! engrav+ ( illu/rations1 or at lea/ light subjects1 01 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 almo/ ! only sort practis$ 9 ,france1 ev5 by ! mo/ em95t arti/s1 "s ( ^! imp>t$ to _! productions a sev]] significance1 & an appe>ance m 9 h>mony ) t ( =m] "w4 ,sev]al--pupils ( ,nicolas ,h5ri ,t>dieu1 or ( ,dupuis--resi/$ ) mu* con/ancy ! encroa*m5t ( ! fa%ionable /yle1 & pass$ on to _! s*ol>s ( all nations ^? tea*+s !y _h receiv$ 9 _! y\?4 ,! ,g]mans1 ,joseph ,wagn]1 ,m>t9 ,preisl]1 ,s*midt1 ,john ,george ,wille2 ! ,italian1 ,porporati2 ! ,spani>ds1 ,c>mona & ,pascal ,mols2 ! ,engli%m51 ,/range1 ,+ram1 ,ryl&1 & o!rs1 came1 at close int]vals1 = in/ruction or improvem5t 9 ?is s*ool4 ,9 ,p>is !y publi%$ plates ( v>i\s degrees ( excell5ce2 b1 9 ! great] "p ( ^!1 ! nationality & p]sonal s5tim5t ( _! au?ors are oblit]at$ 9 acquir$ habits ( ta/e & h&l+4 ,wille's pr9ts1 = in/ance--^? ev5 :i* h mo/ contribut$ to 8 fame1 ,pat]nal ,in/ruction1 aft] ,t]burg1 or ! ,dut*woman ,knitt+1 aft] ,mi]is--might j z well1 = any?+ "o sees to ! contr>y1 h be5 ! "w ( a ,fr5* engrav] ( ! same p]iod4 ,!y only diff] f plates be>+ ! "n ( ,beauv>let or ( ,daull 9 a c]ta9 ,teutonic excess ( coldness 9 ! h&l+2 9 a some:at /aid1 &1 z x 71 metallic /iffness ( arrangem5t4 ,c>mona's ,franois ,b\*]1 & 8 ,col9 de ,v]mont1 aft] ,rosl91 & ,porporati's ,tancrde et ,clor9de1 aft] ,c>le ,vanloo1 h /ill less ( ! /amp ( orig9ality4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ib4--,,porporati4 ,susannah4 ,aft] ,sant]re4 ,f9ally1 ) ! exception ( ,ryl&1 by reason ( ! p>ticul> process he employ$1 & ( :i* we %all pres5tly h to speak--& especially ( ,/range1 :o has 8 own peculi> mode ( feel+1 & a sort ( m]it peculi> to himself--none ( ! ,engli% engrav]s tra9$ 9 ! ,fr5* s*ool fail to %[ ! signs ( close relation%ip4 ,engrav]s ( m orig9al tal5t mu/ be look$ = nei!r among/ hi/orical nor portrait engrav]s1 nor ev5 among/ engrav]s ( g5re4 ,= in=mation z to ! /ate ( ! art outside ( ,france1 & ap>t f ! ,fr5* s*ool1 we mu/ r turn to ! illu/rations ( books & almanacs engrav$ by ,*od[iecki at ,dantzic or ,b]l91 or to ! va/ plates f anci5t ,roman monum5ts et*$--n )\t a c]ta9 rhetorical emphasis--by ,piranesi4 ,z = o!r second or ?ird rate =eign engrav]s ( ! p]iod1 z = ^? ragionevoli 7z ,vas>i w\ld h call$ !m7 ^: "w1 if undes]v+ ( oblivion1 is likewise undes]v+ ( att5tive exam9ation1 we %all h done our "p if we m5tion c]ta9 among/ !m3 z ,j4 ,h\brak51 :o work$ at ,dordre*t2 ,dom5i*9o ,cunego1 ( ,rome2 ,weirott]1 ( ,vi5na2 & ,f]n&o ,selma1 ( ,madrid4 ,mean:ile1 9 ,france & o!r c\ntries1 by royal comm&1 or at ! exp5se ( ri* amateurs1 important s]ies ( pr9ts 7 be+ publi%$ 9 commemoration ( public ev5ts1 or 9 illu/ration ( fam\s collections ( pa9t+ & sculpture4 ,! fir/ ( ! latt] ord] 0 ! ,gal]ie de ,v]sailles1 begun by ,*>les ,simoneau1 cont9u$ by ,mass1 & only f9i%$ 9 #ageb aft] tw5ty-eight consecutive ye>s ( lab\r4 ,x 0 spe$ily succe$$ by ! ,cab9et de ,crozat & ! ,pe9tures de l',htel ,lamb]t2 & a little lat] ! example ( ,france 0 foll[$ by o!r c\ntries1 & "o aft] ! o!r !re appe>$1 9 ,italy1 ,g]many1 & ,engl&1 ! ,museo ,pio ,clem5t9o1 ! ,dresd5 ,gall]y1 ! catalogue ( ! ,bruhl collection1 & ! publications ( ,boydell--all su* magnific5t works z d hon\r to ! second half ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,f9ally1 ?anks to ,viv>s & ,bale*\1 ! engrav+ ( l&scape began to rival hi/orical engrav+1 to :i* x _h be=e be5 consid]$ z m]ely accessory4 ,! hon\r ( hav+ creat$ x belongs to ! ,fr5*4 ,x is too (t5 =gott5 t !y 7 ! fir/ to excel 9 x1 & t b = ! practice ( ,viv>s1 ,engl& to :om ! m]it ( initiative is usually attribut$ might nev] h boa/$ ( ,woollett & 8 pupils4 ,s9ce ,claude ,lorra9e & ,gasp>d ,dughet1 ! ,fr5* s*ool _h produc$ few pa9t]s ( pure l&scape--none ( fir/-rate ability4 ,! fir/ to re/ore to ! neglect$ art a some?+ ( its pri/9e brilliance 0 ,joseph ,v]net4 ,an obs]v]1 b "o r clev] ?an s9c]e1 he is c]ta9ly want+ 9 ! /r5g? & gravity :i* are *>act]i/ics ( ! great ma/]s4 ,9 8 "w !re is m intellig5ce ?an deep feel+1 & m elegance ?an true beauty4 ,l ! descriptive poetry ( ! "t1 x %[s u ,nature a trifle too sleek & %9y1 & a little ov]-emphasis$2 %e is r a !me = disc\rse ?an a model to be lov+ly /udi$ z a s\rce ( inspiration4 ,yet ev5 :]e ! tru? is ?us arbitr>ily treat$1 x reta9s "u ,v]net's bru% suffici5t *>m1 if n to move1 at lea/ to int]e/ & to please2 s t ! success ( ?is brilliant arti/1 & ! influ5ce he ex]t$ on ! ,fr5* s*ool & on public ta/e1 are easily und]/ood4 ,9 ! l(ty position :i* 8 tal5t _h won him1 ,joseph ,v]net 0 m capable ?an any o!r pa9t] ( giv+ a happy impulse to ! art ( engrav+2 &1 inde$1 ! l&scape engrav]s =m$ by him 7 ma/]s ( ! g5re4 ,we h m5tion$ ,bale*\ & ,viv>s4 ,! =m]1 at fir/ a pupil ( ,lpici1 began by engrav+ portraits1 ! be/ kn[n ( :i*1 a full-l5g? ( ,augu/us ,,iii41 ,k+ ( ,pol&1 br\ght ^u its au?or ! %ame ( a fitt+ puni%m5t4 ,convict$ ( hav+ deta9$ a c]ta9 numb] ( ! fir/ pro(s = 8 own pr(it2 ,bale*\ 0 /ruck (f ! li/ ( ! ,acadmie1 & oblig$ to retire to ,arles1 8 native t[n1 & !nce to ,avignon1 :]e he took to l&scape engrav+4 ,!re x 0 t he execut$ aft] ,joseph ,v]net 8 ,baigneuses1 8 ,calme1 & 8 ,la ,tempte4 ,9 8 latt] ye>s he return$ to hi/ory1 & execut$ aft] ,c>le ,vanloo 8 tiresome ,sa9te ,g5evive1 :i* 0 once s l\dly vaunt$1 :i* ev5 n[ is n unadmir$1 & :i* really might be a ma/]piece1 if te*nical skill & excessive ease ( h&l+ 7 all ! art4 ,?\gh1 unlike ,viv>s1 he did n tea* ! practice ( l&scape 9 ,engl&1 ,bale*\ contribut$ enorm\sly by 8 works to ! education ( ! ,engli% engrav]s2 & ! be/ ( !m1 ,woollett1 confess$ t he produc$ 8 ,fi%+ ) a pro( ( ! ,fr5*man's ,la ,tempte always be=e 8 eyes4 ,z = ,viv>s1 he engrav$ 9 ,p>is a numb] ( plates aft] ,joseph ,v]net & ! ,old ,ma/]s1 & !n1 prec$+ ,de ,l\!rb\rg & _m o!rs ( 8 nation1 he migrat$ to ,london4 ,he took ) him a new art1 z ,holl> _h done a c5tury be=e1 & f\nd$ t s*ool ( l&scape engrav]s ^: tal5ts 7 de/9$ to con/itute1 ev5 to our own "t1 ! *ief glory ( ,engli% engrav+4 ,b be=e 8 pupils & imitators c\ld take possession aft] him ( ?is va/ doma91 engrav+ 9 ,engl& _h develop$ consid]ably1 9 ano!r direction1 "u ! influ5ce ( two di/+ui%$ arti/s1 ,hog>? & ,reynolds1 born at an int]val ( tw5ty-five ye>s f "o ano!r4 ,! son ( a pr9t]'s read]1 :o appr5tic$ him to a goldsmi?1 ,william ,hog>? sp5t almo/ all 8 y\? 9 obscurity & pov]ty4 ,at tw5ty he 0 engrav+ bus9ess c>ds = ,london tradesm52 "s ye>s lat] he 0 sign-pa9t+1 & 0 we>+ himself out 9 "w entirely unwor?y ( him1 :5 he =c$ ! att5tion ( ! public by ! publication ( a satirical pr9t1 ! h]oes ( :i* 7 well kn[n & easily recognis$4 ,8 success be+ pres5tly confirm$ by o!r compositions ( ! same sort1 he pr(it$ by ! fact to apply 8 tal5t to m s]i\s "w4 ,he soon acquir$ a reputation1 enri*$ himself by m>ry+ ! daught] ( ,sir ,james ,?ornhill1 ! k+'s pa9t]1 & rema9$ till 8 dea? 7#agfd7 "o ( ! mo/ em95t m5 ( 8 c\ntry4 ,bo? z pa9t] & engrav] ,hog>? 0 a deep /ud5t ( art1 on :i* he has left "s comm5dable writ+s2 b he nev] succe$$ 9 fulfill+ all its conditions4 ,extravagantly pre-occupi$ ) ! philosophical significance ) :i* he purposes to end[ 8 "w1 he does n always see :5 he has gone f> en\gh 9 ! exposition ( 8 idea3 he d>k5s x ) comm5t>y2 he becomes un9telligible by %e] insi/5ce on intelligibility4 ,!re are allegories ( 8 9 :i*1 /ill /riv+ aft] +5uity1 he has pil$ detail ^u detail till ! result is confusion worse conf\nd$4 ,b :5 no excess ( analysis has decompos$ 8 prim>y idea to no?+ness1 by direct+ ! att5tion else:]e1 ,hog>? /rikes home1 & compasses mo/ p[]ful effects4 ,8 s]ies ( pr9ts1 9 :i* are /ori$ ! actions ( "o or m p]sons--8 ,m>riage la ,mode1 8 ,rake's ,progress1 8 ,h>lot's ,progress1 8 ,indu/ry & ,idl5ess--! la/ a sort ( d\ble biography repres5t+ ! diff]5t lives ( two appr5tices1 "o ( :om becomes ,"l ,mayor ( ,london1 :il/ ! o!r dies at ,tyburn--all ^! engrav$ by himself1 p>tly 9 et*+ & p>tly 9 l9e1 are1 z reg>ds ! execution1 by no means irreproa*able2 are frequ5tly1 inde$1 n ev5 good3 b 9 expression & ge/ure !y are ne>ly always ( />tl+ tru?1 :ile ! moral mean+1 ! inn]mo/ _s ( e sc5e1 is felt & r5d]$ ) ! ke5e/ sagacity4 ,at ! v "t :5 ! g5ius ( ,ri*>dson 0 work+ a l revolution 9 lit]ature1 ,hog>?--& h]e9 lies 8 *ief m]it--0 introduc+ dome/ic drama into art4 ,9 ,engl& & else:]e ! pa9t]-engrav] & ! noveli/1 bo? creators ( ! /yle 9 :i* !y work$1 h _h a cr[d ( imitators2 b !y _c be said to h met ) rivals any:]e4 ,! g5ius ( ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds is ( a totally diff]5t ord]4 ,9 ! s5se ( consi/+ 9 ! s5tim5t ( effect & ! ma/]ly arrangem5t ( tones x is ess5tially picturesque1 & pres5ts su* a boldness ( "* z engrav]s c\ld easily appreciate & reproduce4 ,!re is no f>-fet*$ significance1 no accessories t5d+ to de/roy ! unity ( ! :ole4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! "w proce$s by syn!sis2 x is all l>gely s*em$1 & built up 9 masses :]e ! details are sc>cely indicat$4 ,! expression lies n s mu* 9 niceties ( physiognomy z 9 ! :ole attitude ( ! sitt]s & ! *>act]i/ic pose & cont\r ( ! faces repres5t$4 ,! pa9t]'s imag9ation is brilliant r ?an delicate2 sometimes1 inde$1 x deg5]ates into bad ta/e & ecc5tricity4 ,b f> m frequ5tly x gives 8 attitudes an air ( ease & orig9ality1 & ! g5]al aspect ( 8 portraits brea!s a p]fect dignity4 ,! vigor\s contra/s1 ! fre$om & weal? ( col\r :i* are _! prim>y *>act]i/ics1 z !y are ^? ( ,ga9sbor\gh's "w likewise1 are qualities to ^: translation ! free & fl[+ /roke ( ! grav] is h>dly fitt$1 b :i* mezzot9t w\ld naturally r5d] ) ease & success4 ,&1 z we h said be=e1 x is to ! influ5ce ( ! fam\s pa9t] t mu/ be attribut$ ! imm5se ext5sion ( ! latt] process 9 ,engl& dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! l&scape & mezzot9t engrav]s began1 !re=e1 to vitalise ! ,engli% s*ool3 ! =m] especially l5t x real importance by _! tal5t4 ,f #agfj or !reab\ts ,woollett publi%$1 aft] ,ri*>d ,wilson or aft] ,claude1 ^? admirable works :i*1 on acc\nt ( _! suave h>mony ( effect1 _! transp>5cy ( atmosph]e1 & _! v>iabl5ess ( col\r1 are less l engrav+s ?an pictures4#de ,%ortly aft]w>ds he complet$ 8 fame by "w ( ano!r sort3 ! reproduction1 fir/1 ( ,we/'s ,dea? ( ,wolfe1 & !n ( 8 ,battle ( ,la ,hogue1 ! ,am]ican's be/ picture1 & ! f9e/ hi/orical plate ev] engrav$ 9 ,engl&4 ,la/ly ab\t ! same "t1 ,rob]t ,/range1 a pupil ( ,philippe ,le ,bas1 engrav$ 9 l9e1 aft] ,correggio & ,van ,dyck1 ! ,sa9t ,j]ome & ! ,*>les ,i42 z well z o!r pr9ts aft] ^! ma/]s1 :i* are q z *>m+1 & %\ld1 inde$1 be unres]v$ly admir$ if ! correctness ( _! draw+ 7 only equal to _! elegance ( modell+ & flexibility ( tone4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ic4--,,woollett4 ,l&scape4 ,aft] ,g4 ,smi?4 ,s mu* progress accompli%$ 9 s few ye>s attract$ ! att5tion ( /atesm5 & ( ! ,engli% ,gov]nm5t4 ,!y saw x 0 "t to cease f pay+ tribute to ! sup]iority ( ,fr5* engrav]s1 & to all[ ^? tal5ts to develop 9 ,london :i* _h till !n be5 s5t to s*ool 9 ,p>is4 ,george ,,iii4 _h j f\nd$ ! ,royal ,academy 7,jan41 #agfi71 ) ,reynolds = its fir/ ,presid5t4 ,he det]m9$ /ill fur!r to /r5g!n ! impulse ( art by c\nt5anc+ great und]tak+s 9 engrav+2 & z he wi%$ ! c\ntry to reap z mu* comm]cial b5efit z hon\r 9 ! matt]1 he grant$ b\nties on ! exportation ( ,engli% engrav+s1 :ile ! importation ( ,fr5* "w 0 tax$ ) enorm\s duties4 ,9 ?is way ! progress ( national art became a political "q1 & e "o ha/5$ to second ! k+'s views4 ,woollett's plates _h be5 l>gely subscrib$ = be=e publication1 & ! illu/rat$ editions ( ! travels ( ,cook & ,sir ,joseph ,banks 7 tak5 up 9 a few days4 ,f9ally1 :5 x 0 propos$ to engrave ,copley's ,dea? ( ,*a?am1 ! subscription at once ran up to #c1fjj2 & :51 ! fir/ pro(s hav+ be5 tak51 ! plate 0 return$ to ! engrav]1 he made almo/ z mu* m 9 less ?an two ye>s4 ,nor did ! fev] ( protection 9 any wise abate = t4 ,on ! contr>y1 x call$ a numb] ( tal5ts into be+1 & attract$ to ,london a cr[d ( =eign]s1 all sure ( ! enc\ragem5t :i* began to fail !m else:]e4 ,cipriani1 ,angelica ,kauffmann1 ,ca!r9e ,pre/el1 ! ,swiss ,mos] & 8 daught]1 & a hundr$ o!r pa9t]s or engrav]s1 came 9 "o aft] ano!r to contribute to ! success ( ! s*ool & ! spread ( ,engli% trade4#df ,among/ ^! adv5tur]s !re 0 "o--! ,flor5t9e ,b>tolozzi--^: works at once became ! fa%ion1 less1 p]haps1 = any intr9sic m]it ?an because ( ! novelty ( 8 me?od4 ,! process call$ /ipple engrav+ exclud$ ! use ( l9es & cross hat*+s1 & consi/$ 9 ! arrangem5t ( masses ( dots m or less delicate 9 !mselves1 & m or less close 9 ord]1 & design$ 9 proportion to _! relative di/ance or ne>ness1 to r5d] nice gradations ( tone1 dep? ( %ad[1 & ev5 complet5ess ( outl9e4 ,speak+ exactly1 ?is 0 b an application to ! g5]al execution ( a "w ( a process adopt$ long be=e by et*]s & l9e engrav]s z a means ( p>tial execution4 ,jean ,mor91 ,b\lang]1 ,gr>d ,audran himself1 & _m o!rs1 _h habitually made use ( dots to supplem5t ! "w ( ! bur9 or ! ne$le1 or to effect transitions betwe5 _! lights & %ad[s1 or ! l>g] ( _! outl9es & subtl] details ( _! modell+4 ,moreov]1 be=e _! "t1 ,jan ,lutma1 a ,dut* goldsmi?1 inv5t$ a me?od ( engrav+ 9 dots1 :i*1 produc$ by means ( 8 et*+ ne$le & aqua=tis1 7 deep5$ & enl>g$ ) *isel & hamm]3 :5ce ! "n ( opus mallei be/[$ on 8 results4 ,b>tolozzi1 !re=e1 & ! ,engli% engrav]s :o1 l ,ryl&1 made use ( /ippl+1 did b revive & ext5d 9 _! own way ! b\nd>ies ( a me?od already kn[n4 ,!y display$ rem>kable skill1 x is true1 b _! "w1 l ! re/ ( its k9d1 displays a feebl5ess ( =m t is almo/ inevitable1 & is t\*$ ) a coldness inh]5t 9 ! v nature ( ! process4 ,9 /ipple engrav+1 ! bur9 & ! dry po9t are us$ alt]nately1 accord+ to ! degree ( vig\r or delicacy requir$4 ,! p>ts t are to come light 9 pro( are done ) ! dry-po9t2 :ile ^? to come d>k are cov]$ ) dots pl\gh$ deep] ) ! bur94 ,r\nd ! edge ( ^!1 by ! m]e act ( pl\gh+1 !re is rais$ a rim1 or ramp>t--te*nically call$ a burr--:i* ! engrav]1 to rega9 ! gr\nd ?us lo/1 has to rub d[n ) ! burni%]4 ,9 ?is way he goes on dott+ & burni%+ till he gets a close en\gh gra94 ,imm5sely successful dur+ ! la/ ye>s ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 /ipple engrav+ soon w5t out ( fa%ion1 n only 9 ,france1 :]e x sc>ce surviv$ ! fir/ attempts ( ,copia1 b ev5 9 ,engl&1 :]e ! example ( ,b>tolozzi & ,ryl& _h be5 foll[$ ) su* eag] dilig5ce4 ,su*1 too1 some:at lat]1 0 ! fate ( a some:at simil> process--! crayon engrav+1 ( :i* ,gilles ,dem>teau1 born 9 ,lige1 b br$ & tra9$ 9 ,p>is1 may be consid]$1 if n ! inv5tor1 at lea/ ! mo/ active1 skilful1 & popul> practition]4#dg ,! object ( crayon engrav+ is to imitate ! effect ( r$ or black *alk on a co>se-gra9$ pap]1 :i*1 by ! v r\ghness ( its surface1 reta9s no m ?an an unev51 & z x 7 a disconnect$1 impression ( ! /rokes or hat*+s laid ^u x4 ,9 common ) /ipple engrav+1 x r5d]s ! loose & brok5 l9es ( ! orig9als by sub/itut+ a mass ( dots = ! ord9>y "w ( ! bur9 or ! ne$le4 ,x diff]s1 h[ev]1 f /ipple engrav+ 9 ! me?od ( work+1 & ev5 9 ! nature ( ! tools employ$4 ,! outl9es are trac$ on ! v>ni%$ copp] ) a too!d or multi-po9t$ ne$le1 :ile ! inn] hat*+s are made ei!r ) ! ne$le 9 "q1 or ) :at is call$ a r\lette1 :i* is a /eel cyl9d] bri/l+ ) small1 jagg$ tee?1 & runn+ on a fix$ axis4 ,! r\lette1 :i* is provid$ ) a h&le1 is s direct$ t ! tee? are br\ght to be> directly1 & ) m or less effect1 on ! v>ni%$ copp]4 ,!n ! plate is bitt5 92 & :5 ! aqua=tis has done its "p1 ! "w1 if necess>y1 is resum$ ) ! same tools on ! b>e metal4 ,! fir/ specim5s ( crayon engrav+ 7 pres5t$ 9 #ageg to ! ,acadmie ,royale de ,pe9ture1 :i*1 an (ficial docum5t in=ms u1#dh highly approv$ ( ! me?od1 z be+ well fitt$ to p]petuate ! designs ( good ma/]s1 & multiply copies ( ! be/ /yles ( draw+s4 ,= ! reproduction ( draw+s1 ! new process 0 c]ta9ly bett] ?an et*+1 at lea/ z practis$ to t end by ! ,c\nt de ,caylus & ! ,abb de ,sa9t-,non4 ,! mis=tune 01 t 9 ! eighte5? c5tury z 9 ! fir/ ye>s ( ! n9ete5?1 ! crayon engrav]s appe> to h ?\ght f> less ( p]petuat+ ! designs ( good ma/]s ?an ( suit+ _! *oice ( orig9als to ! prevail+ fa%ion4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 h[ev] skilful !y 7 9 execution1 ! only cause s]v$ by ,dem>teau's innum]able fac-similes 0 t ( ! ,b\*]s & ,fragon>ds1 & ( k9dr$ exp]ts 9 ! mo/ di/+ui%$ s*ool ( draw+4 ,reproduc$ by engrav+1 ! crayon /udies ( ^! p]sons became ! ord9>y means ( in/ruction 9 academies & public s*ools2 & f ! fir/ ! popul>ity ( ^! wret*$ models 0 su* t1 ev5 aft] ! revolution effect$ 9 art by ,david1 on ?r\gh ! ,empire1 & z late z ! ,re/oration1 art /ud5ts g5]ally rema9$ subject to ! regim5 adopt$ = _! pr$ecessors 9 ! days ( ,l\is ,,xv4 & ,,xvi4 ,!n li?ography made its appe>ance1 & 9 no great :ile 0 appli$ to ! production ( draw+-copies1 once ! monopoly ( crayon engrav+4 ,nor 0 ?is ! only qu>t] f :i* ! me?od ( ,franois & ,dem>teau 0 assail$4 ,by degrees x fell out ( use = ! production n only ( draw+-copies1 b ( fac-similes ( draw+s by ! ma/]s = arti/s & amateurs2 or1 if occasionally practis$1 x 0--z 9 ! subjects engrav$ "s ?irty ye>s back f draw+s 9 ! ,l\vre & ! ,muse de ,lille--) s _m modifications1 & 9 comb9ation ) su* a numb] ( o!r processes1 z r$uc$ x f supremacy to ! rank1 till worse %\ld befall1 ( a m]e auxili>y4 ,9 our own "t x has _h its dea?-bl[ 9 ! advance ( photography2 & z1 aft] all1 its "o object 0 ! pres5tation ( an exact lik5ess1 ! absolute effigy1 ( its orig9al1 ! pref]5ce ( a purely me*anical process ( reproduction is1 if we consid] ! c]ta9ty ( ! results1 no m ?an natural4 ,9 proportion z1 by its v nature1 photography is p[]less to take ! place ( engrav+1 :5 ! "w to be reproduc$1 be x picture or mural decoration1 presupposes 9 ! int]pret]1 9 :atsoev] degree1 ! p[] ( translat+ :at is be=e him1 j s f> is x capable ( fulfill+ ! "o condition impos$ ^u ! copyi/ ( a draw+ or an engrav+--t ( p]fect fidelity 9 imitation4 ,! object attempt$ by ,franois1 ,dem>teau1 ,bonnet1 & o!rs--! production by engrav+ ( a sort ( optical illusion1 ! exact fac-simile ( a draw+--_h be5 />t$ be=e !m by ,jean ,*ri/ophe ,leblond1 an arti/ born ( ,fr5* p>5ts at ,frank=t1 :o1 moreov]1 _h s\ght to ext5d to ! imitation ( col\r :at 8 successors 7 cont5t to re/rict to ! imitation ( mono*rome4 ,v e>ly 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 ,leblond succe$$ 9 produc+ pr9ts 9 sev]al t9ts1 by a me?od :i* he call$ pa/el engrav+1 & to :i* cu/om has giv5 ! m g5]al "n ( col\r engrav+4 ,= ! second half ( ?is title1 x might1 p]haps1 h be5 bett] to use ! ^w pr9t+4 ,:at is call$ col\r engrav+ is n really a special engrav+ process4 ,its :ole orig9ality consi/s 9 ! production ( a s+le pro( f sev]al plates 7g5]ally f\r71 9 ! prep>ation ( :i* ! rock]1 ! r\lette1 & sometimes ev5 ! bur91 h be5 us$4 ,f ^! plates1 ea* ink$ ) a s+le col\r1 ! effect ( :i* is reliev$ or modifi$ by ! subsequ5t addition ( ^? t9ts ) :i* ! o!r ?ree are cov]$1 !re results 9 ! pro(1 by ! use ( po9ts ( correspond5ce1 an ensemble 9 col\r :i* is simil> 9 appe>ance to t ( pa9t+ 9 pa/el1 9 wat]-col\r1 or 9 g\a*e4 ,?is 0 pretty mu* ! process1 & ! results 7 9 "s sort comp>able ) ^? obta9$ by *romo-li?ography4 ,! old] me?od _h1 h[ev]1 ! advantage ( ! o!r 9 t1 by ! v v>iety ( ! prep>ation to :i* ! plate 0 subject$1 its results 7 n s liable to pres5t ! appe>ance1 ei!r co>se or dull1 ( common h&-t9t$ "w4 ,"s ( ,leblond's engrav+s1 p>ticul>ly a l>ge1 half-l5g? ,l\is ,,xv41 enable u to e/imate to ! full ! capacities ( 8 inv5tion4 ,leblond1 inde$1 mu/ be c\nt$ an inv5tor1 inasmu* z x 0 8 to discov] a secret :i*1 be=e him1 _h be5 only dimly =ese51 or at mo/ half-guess$4 ,/ill1 ! essays 9 ! fir/ ye>s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ( ! ,dut*man ,la/mann1 & a little lat] ( ,segh]s ! ,flem+1 %\ld n be completely ov]look$2 nor w\ld x be j to refuse recognition to ! practical improvem5ts made 9 col\r engrav+1 aft] ,leblond1 by ,gauti] ,dagoty1 9 ,p>is1 & by ,taylor1 9 ,london4 ,9 proportion to ! relative importance ( ! two discov]ies1 ,leblond play$ ! same "p 9 ! hi/ory ( ! col\r process z ,dagu]re 9 ! hi/ory ( heliography4 ,!y ea* effect$ s great an advance z to close ! p]iod ( grop+ & d>kness1 & to "s ext5t det]m9e ! c\rse ( progress4 ,b x does n foll[1 !re=e1 t !y ow$ no?+ to ! attempts ( _! pr$ecessors2 & if _! claim to inv5tors' hon\rs is fairly e/abli%$1 x is because !y solv$ a problem !y 7 by no means ! fir/ to attack4 ,leblond1 inde$1 got no?+ f 8 discov]y b ! hon\r ( mak+ x4 ,he s\ght 9 va9 to turn x to acc\nt 9 ,london1 & succe$$ no bett] 9 ,p>is4 ,9 ! latt] city he liv$ = "s ye>s 9 great di/ress1 & 9 #agda he di$ !re1 9 ! hospital4 ,"s ye>s aft] ! inv5tion ( col\r engrav+1 ano!r sort ( engrav+1 or r ano!r sort ( pictorial reproduction1 ! me?od call$ au lavis1 0 inv5t$1 & v skilfully us$ f ! outset1 by ,jean ,bapti/e ,lepr9ce2 & 9 no great :ile ! s]ies ( innovations 9 ! practice ( ! art1 f ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 0 complet$ by ! inv5tion ( aquat9t4 ,! fir/ ( ^! two processes is app>5tly ( extreme simplicity4 ,! l9e once engrav$ & bitt5 91 z 9 ord9>y et*+1 x only consi/$ 9 bru%+ ! plate ) acid1 z a draughtsman wa%es 9 on pap] ) sepia or ,indian ink4 ,! prelim9>y "w1 h[ev]1 requir$ a great deal ( c>e & skill1 & ev5 a c]ta9 am\nt ( sci5tific k4 ,! p>ticul> quality ( ! copp]1 ! composition ( ! v>ni%es & acids1 & _m o!r conditions impossible to discuss 9 detail1 made ! new process some:at difficult ( employm5t2 & be=e long ! ard\r ( ^? practition]s :o _h essay$ to imitate ,lepr9ce's results 0 v s5sibly dim9i%$4 ,9 spite ( ! value ( ^! results1 & ! p]sonal skill ( ! inv5tor2 9 spite1 too1 ( ! te*nical explanations conta9$ 9 ! ,plan du ,trait de la ,gravure au ,lavis pres5t$ by him 7#agej7 to ! ,acadmie ,royale1 x 0 evid5t t ! ,fr5* engrav]s ?\ght lightly ( ,lepr9ce's discov]y1 & did n c>e to inve/igate its capabilities4 ,x only got a fre% />t 9 ,france :51 notably modifi$ & improv$ by ! initiative ( =eign engrav]s1 x _h be5 trans=m$ 9 ,london into :at is kn[n z aquat9t engrav+4 ,!n1 h[ev]1 9 ! h&s ( ,debuc\rt1#di & ( ,jazet lat] on1 x acquir$ a popul>ity all ! great] t its productions1 by _! v nature & quality1 7 m intimately 9 h>mony ) ! inspiration & /yle ( fa%ionable art4 ,jazet1 = in/ance1 contribut$ greatly to ! triumph ( aquat9t 9 ,france1 by apply+ x1 f ! fir/ ye>s ( ! ,re/oration1 to ! int]pretation ( ! works ( ,horace ,v]net4 ,su* plates z ,le ,biv\ac du ,colonel ,moncey1 ! ,b>rire de ,cli*y1 ! ,soldat ,lab\reur1 & _m o!rs1 7 tol]at$ among ,fr5*m5 = ! sake ( ! associations !y awak5$ at lea/ z mu* z = _! arti/ic m]it4 ,x is possible t s9ce !n ! engrav] has reckon$ a little too mu* on ! _w-wide reputation ( 8 pa9t]2 or x may be t he has be5 some:at too consci\s ( ! advantages ( a rapid & facile me?od1 & has sacrific$ ! ideal ( delicacy & correctness to ! enhancem5t ( a reputation = f]tility4 ,c]ta9 x is t ,jazet1 z is prov$ by 8 e>ly engrav+s1 & especially ! ,b>rire de ,cli*y1 0 m capable ?an any "o else ( rais+ "w 9 aquat9t to ! level ( art2 & x is mu* to be regrett$ t 8 some:at c>eless ease %\ld h h9d]$ ! full developm5t ( 8 tal5t4 ,x is /ill m to be regrett$ t1 9 spite ( ! laudable ef=ts ( ,messrs4 ,prvo/1 ,gir>d1 & o!rs to ma9ta9 ! process 9 ! bett] way1 x %\ld h be5 di%on\r$ & depriv$ ( all b a purely comm]cial importance by ! production ( multitudes ( plates1 ^: only m]it is _! *eapness4 ,if we consid] ! s-call$ ,biblical sc5es done 9 aquat9t = exportation1 ! h]o9es ( romance1 ! half-nak$ wom5 describ$ 7by way ( comm5t>y7 z ,love1 ,s\v5ir1 ,pleasure1 ,desire1 & all ! t]ms ( ! erotic vocabul>y1 x is h>d to say :e!r ! int5tion or ! execution is ! m unpleasant4 ,:at is c]ta9 is t su* ?+s h no?+ to d ) art except z examples ( its degradation & de/ruction4 ,t section ( ! public s5sible ( _! *>m is c]ta9ly n t :i* is impress$ by beauty1 & x is useless to c>e ab\t w9n+ its approbation2 b :5 ugl9ess is ev]y:]e x is to be fe>$ t ev]ybody may gr[ us$ to ! sight1 & =get to look else:]e4 ,! dang] to :i* pure l9e engrav+ is ?us expos$ by ! deplorable exig5cies ( competition is n ! only "o :i* ?reat5s ! art4 ,a glance at its sev]al phases s9ce #ahjj & at its pres5t /ate is en\gh to %[ t ! l9e ( tal5ts has nev] once be5 int]rupt$2 t ^? ( to-day are e :it z vigor\s & accompli%$ z ^? ( ! pa/2 b t = opportunities ( display+ _! full p[]1 & be+ appreciat$ at _! true wor? !y h n seldom to wait 9 va94 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,engrav+ ,,9 ,,! ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury "s ( ! mo/ celebrat$ arti/s ( ! ,fr5* s*ool ( pa9t+ belong$1 by ! nature ( _! tal5t z well z by ! date ( _! *ief successes1 to ! ante-revolution>y p]iod4 ,greuze1 ,fragon>d1 ,moreau1 ,mme4 ,vige-,lebrun1 ,vi5 ev51 not)/&+ 8 int5tions ( re=m1 ,regnault & ,v9c5t1 9 spite ( _! influ5ce z pr(essors on ! new g5]ation--all seem$ r to recall ! pa/ ?an to h]ald ! future4 ,"o man1 ,l\is ,david1 p]sonifi$ ! progress ( ! epo*4 ,8 pictures1 ,les ,horaces1 & ! ,brutus1 _h appe>$ "s ye>s be=e1 & ! approa*+ exhibition ( ,les ,sab9es 0 impati5tly expect$4 ,at ?is "t ! y\ng] arti/s & ! public unanim\sly reg>d$ ,david z ! reg5]ator ( national art & a ma/] ju/ly supreme4 ,ar*itecture1 pa9t+1 furniture1 ev5 fa%ion 9 dress1 7 all subject$ to 8 absolute sway2 ev]y?+ 0 done 9 imitation ( ! antique1 z und]/ood & int]pret$ by him4 ,"u ! pretexts ( pure beauty & a *a/e /yle1 no?+ b a s\lless body1 a sort ( col\r$ /atue1 0 repres5t$ on canvas2 :ile sculpture became no m ?an an imitation ( ,greek or ,roman /atu>y4 ,s9ce ,lebrun1 inde$1 no s+le influ5ce _h s completely tyrannis$ ov] ,fr5* ta/e4 ,engrav+1 ?\gh fat$ l ! o!r arts to accept ! dictator%ip ( ,david1 0 at any rate ! fir/ to ?r[ (f 8 yoke4 ,be=e ! ,re/oration1 :il/ ! pa9t] ( ,m>at1 !n pa9t] to ! ,emp]or1 0 /ill 9 ! fulness ( 8 p[]1 ! great ,italians1 ^: pictures cr[d$ ! ,l\vre1 _h already be5 int]pret$ ) m respect = ! memory ( ! old mann] ?an submission to ! requirem5ts ( ! new] /yle4 ,! mo/ tal5t$ ( ^! new arti/s1 ,b\*]-,desnoy]s1 :5 work+ at 8 ,belle ,j>d9ire1 aft] ,raphael1 or 8 ,vi]ge aux ,ro*]s1 aft] ,leon>do1 probably ?\ght mu* less ( contempor>y "w ?an ( ! ,fr5* engrav]s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury2 :ile on _! "p ,b]vic & ,t>dieu1 :o _h long be=e giv5 pro( ( _! p[]1 fai?fully ma9ta9$ ! great traditions3 ! "o 9 an au/]ity ( execution & a firmness ( t\* h]$it>y 9 8 family1 ! o!r 9 8 sci5tific ease ( h&l+4 ,^! ?ree 7 ( ! race ( ! old] ma/]s1 & _! "w1 unju/ly =gott5 "s ye>s lat] dur+ ! rage = ! ,engli% mann]1 des]ves a bett] fate ?an to be conf\nd$ ) ! cold & =mal pr9ts publi%$ 9 ! ,france ( ! ,fir/ ,empire4 ,! engrav+s aft] ,david1 by popul>is+ 8 "w1 obta9$ "s success 9 _! day1 b h fail$ to secure a la/+ reputation4 ,! fault1 h[ev]1 is n altoge!r ) ! engrav]s3 9 spite ( ! app>5t consci5ti\sness ( ! pa9t]1 8 real indecision ( me?od mu/ c\nt = some?+ 9 ! m$iocre a*ievem5ts ( 8 int]pret]s4 ,free to impose 8 own sy/em on all o!r arti/s1 ,david might h en=c$ 8 arti/ic au?ority on 8 contempor>ies2 & ev5 if x 7 beyond 8 p[] to re/ore ! ,fr5* s*ool ( engrav+1 he might at lea/ h reg5]at$ its pr9ciples1 &1 comb9+ sep>ate ef=ts "u ! syn!sis ( 8 own p]sonal conception1 h brea!d into x a fre% _s ( unity4 ,?is he nev] attempt$2 & x is ev5 h>d to guess at :at he expect$ f 8 engrav]s4 ,x might be suppos$ t 8 own fondness = precision ( =m w\ld h l$ him to require f !m insi/5ce z to ! draw+1 & n mu* att5tion to col\r & effect2 yet mo/ ( ! pr9ts aft] 8 pictures--among/ o!rs ^? by ,morel & ,mass>d--are heavy 9 tone & feeble 9 draw+4 ,!re is 9 !m no trace ei!r ( ! precise mann] ( ,david1 or ( ! l>ge me?od ( ! old s*ool2 x is !re=e n 9 ^! commonplace works1 & /ill less 9 ! b>r5 engrav+s compos+ ! great ,commission d'gypte1 t we mu/ look = signs ( su* tal5t z !n exi/$ 9 ,france4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #id4--;,,alex&] ,,t>dieu4 ,! ,e>l ( ,arundel4 ,aft] ,van ,dyck4 ,! few pa9t]s :o1 l ,regnault1 7 m or less indep5d5t ( ,david's influ5ce1 or1 l ,prud'hon1 _h v5tur$ to create an entirely orig9al me?od1 7 admir$ by s small a public t _! pictures 7 n g5]ally reproduc$ 9 engrav+1 & ?us c\ld d little = ! progress ( ! art4 ,"s1 h[ev]1 ( ,prud'hon's draw+s & pictures met1 "u ! ,directory & ! ,empire1 ) excell5t int]pret]s 9 ,copia & 9 ,b>?lemy ,rog]2 :ile 9 ! la/ ye>s ( ! eighte5? c5tury ,b]vic's engrav+ ( ,regnault's ducation d',a*ille _h obta9$ at lea/ z mu* success z ! orig9al _h won 9 ! ,salon ( #aghc4 ,to give a companion to ?is ju/ly celebrat$ piece1 ,b]vic soon aft] publi%$ 8 ,enlvem5t de ,djanire1 aft] ,guido4 ,?is "w1 to :i* ! judges ( ! ,dec5nial ,competition aw>d$ ! prize 9 pref]5ce to any engrav+ publi%$ 9 ,france f #ahjj to #ahaj1 by confirm+ ! engrav]'s reputation1 caus$ 8 fell[-craftsm5 to return once m to ! old pa? ( progress4 ,x mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be suppos$ t ,b]vic did n himself div]ge some:at f ! way ( ! ma/]s3 x may ev5 be said t he 0 always m incl9$ to skirt x ?an to foll[ x resolutely4 ,at ! outset he 0 n suffici5tly alive to ! p]ils ( facility2 & lat] on he 0 apt to atta* too mu* importance to c]ta9 q mat]ial qualities4 ,yet x mu/ be add$ t he nev] w5t s f> z to entirely sacrifice ess5tials to accessories1 & t m ?an once--9 8 f9e full-l5g? ( ,l\is ,,xvi4 = in/ance--he display$ an ability all ! m laudable z ! orig9al 0 by no means inspir+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ie4--;,,b]vic4 ,l'ducation d',a*ille4 ,aft] ,regnault4 ,f ! engrav+ x is h>d to suspect ! m$iocrity ( ,callet's picture4 ,?is1 n[ at ,v]sailles1 is insipidly col\r$ & loosely & clumsily drawn2 ! pr9t1 on ! contr>y1 is to be admir$ = its solid appe>ance1 & its easy yet uno/5tati\s h&l+4 ,lace1 sat91 velvet1 all accessories1 inde$1 are treat$ ) a l>g5ess ( t\* by no means at v>iance ) delicacy1 & ! g5]al tone is h>moni\sly lum9\s4 ,"h & !re1 h[ev]1 is already visible a c]ta9 artifice ( mann] :i* ?reat5s to deg5]ate into an unwise cultivation ( f9e l9e1 & end 9 an abuse ( skill4 ,?is1 inde$1 is :at happ5$4 ,b]vic1 h5ce=?1 ?\ght ( little else b dext]ity1 & end$ 9 8 ,laocoon1 p]haps ! be/ kn[n ( all 8 works1 by a display ( common te*nical fireworks1 to a c]ta9 ext5t surpris+1 b by no means to be unres]v$ly admir$4 ,! c>e ) :i* he set himself to imitate ! gra9 ( m>ble by m9ute workman%ip is only trifl+ ) 8 subject2 & ?\gh a gr\p ( /atues _c be treat$ 9 ! same way z figures pa9t$ on canvas1 x 0 m important1 & m desirable 9 e respect1 to reproduce ! "* & /yle ( ! orig9al ?an to imitate ! sub/ance 9 :i* x 0 wr\ght4 ,moreov]1 9 ! attempt s to int]pret 8 model1 ,b]vic has defeat$ 8 own purpose4 ,by a multitude ( details1 & an abuse ( half-lights int5d$ to br+ out ! slighte/ accid5ts ( =m & modell+1 he has only succe$$ 9 depriv+ ! g5]al aspect ( brilliancy & unity4 ,f> remov$1 inde$1 0 su* a me?od f t ( ! ,old ,ma/]s1 & ,b]vic liv$ long en\gh to *ange 8 m9d4 ,i h miss$ ! tru?1 he decl>$ 9 8 old age1 & if ,i c\ld beg9 life aga91 ,i %\ld d no?+ ,i h done4 ,!re he wrong$ himself4 ,z happ5s (t5 9 t>dy rep5tances1 he rememb]$ pa/ errors only to exagg]ate !m2 b we mu/ be ju/] to ! engrav] ( ! ,l\is ,,xvi4 & ,l'ducation d',a*ille ?an he 0 to himself1 & n =get t mu* ( 8 "w %\ld be exclud$ f ! sweep+ condemnation :i* he laun*$ ^u ! :ole4 ,:il/ ,b]vic 0 c\nt$ ! greate/ ,fr5* engrav]1 ,italy boa/$ ( a man1 8 inf]ior 9 reality1 b :om1 9 ! exi/+ de>? ( tal5t1 8 c\ntrym5 agre$ to ?ru/ into ! glori\s em95ce ( a ma/]4 ,l ,canova1 8 s5ior by a few ye>s only1 ,raphael ,morgh5 _h ! good =tune to be born at ! "r "t4 ,bo? second-rate arti/s1 !y w\ld h pass$ almo/ unnotic$ 9 a m fav\r$ c5tury2 z x 01 9 ! abs5ce ( contempor>y rivals1 _! compatriots accept$ _! accid5tal sup]iority z a pro( ( absolute m]it4 ,moreov]1 by m]ely submitt+ 9 "s sort to ! dictates ( op9ion & ( public ta/e1 _! popul>ity & success 7 easily assur$4 ,! writ+s ( ,w9ckelmann & ,raphael ,m5gs _h br\ght antique /atues & ,italian pictures ( ! sixte5? c5tury once m into fav\r2 s t ,canova1 by imitat+ ! =m] m or less clev]ly1 & ,morgh5 by engrav+ ! latt]1 c\ld nei!r ( !m fail to please1 & x is especially to _! *oice ( subjects t we mu/ attribute ! great reputation !y bo? enjoy$4 ,morgh51 ! pupil & son-9-law ( ,volpato1 ^: weak engrav+s f ! ,/anze1 9 ! ,vatican1 are kn[n to e "o1 %>$ ) t feeble arti/1 & ) ,longhi1 ! privilege ( reproduc+ admirable pa9t+s1 :i* _h ei!r nev] be5 engrav$1 or n s9ce ! "t ( ! ma/]s4 ,?is alone gives a c]ta9 value to 8 plates1 faulty z !y are4 ,assur$ly1 = in/ance1 ! engrav+ ( ,leon>do's ,la/ ,supp] reproduces no m ?an ! g5]al l9es ( ! composition & ! attitude ( ! figures4 ,we look at x z we might li/5 to an inf]ior actor read+ v]ses f ,polyeucte or ,a?alie1 because ! inspiration ( ! ma/] is /ill to be felt1 9 spite ( ! int]m$i>y ( expression2 only ! sort ( beauty inh]5t 9 ! conception & arrangem5t ( ! orig9al rema9s 9 ?is piece ( ,morgh5's4 ,:at c be said ( ! head ( ! ,savi\r1 l ^? ( ! ,apo/les1 re/or$ by ! engrav]1 & unillum9$ by ! fa9te/ glimm] ( s5tim5t8 ,h[ is x possible1 exam9+ ! "w 9 detail1 n to be (f5d$ by ! arrogance ( ! te*nique & ! display ( m]e me*anical facility1 :5 "o rememb]s ! incomp>able accuracy ( ,leon>do & 8 p]fection ( /yle8 ,b 9 ?us sub/itut+ 8 own mann]1 & ! caprices ( 8 individual ta/e1 = ! mann] & ! ta/e ( ! pa9t] ( ,! ,la/ ,supp]1 ,morgh5 only treat$ ?is great ma/] z he 0 9 ! habit ( treat+ o!rs4 ,:e!r x 0 8 lot to int]pret ,raphael or ,p\ss91 ,&rea del ,s>to or ,correggio1 he _h b "o uni=m me?od = ! mo/ conflict+ types2 & to 8 tricks ( h& he subject$1 )\t remorse1 ! inspir$ grace or ! noble en]gy ( :atev] he copi$4 ,once1 h[ev]1 x 0 giv5 him to ent]ta9 high] aspirations1 & to /udy m consci5ti\sly ! p>ticul> *>act]i/ics ( ! "w he 0 to reproduce4 ,x w\ld be impossible )\t delib]ate inju/ice to avoid recognis+ m]it 9 8 plate f ,van ,dyck's ,francesco de ,moncada1 z mu* on ! score ( intellig5t fidelity z ( skilful execution4 ,b1 = 8 o!r works1 c\ld "o1 )\t equal inju/ice1 condone ! inadequacy ( expression & draw+1 ! sy/ematic contempt ( all ef=t1 ! _m evid5ces ( va9 & self-confid5t ease :i* refuses to be humbl$ ev5 9 ! pres5ce ( g5ius8 ,morgh5 pres]v$ till ! end ! brilliant reputation :i* 8 extreme f]tility & ! complac5t patriotism ( ! ,italians _h won = him at ! outset4 ,born 9 ,naples1 he settl$ 9 ,flor5ce1 :i!r he _h be5 allur$ by ! ,gr& ,duke ,f]d9& ,,iii41 & :]e he rema9$ dur+ ! ,fr5* occupation1 &1 mu* less res5tful ?an ,alfi]i1 repuls$ nei!r ! homage nor ! fav\r ( ! =eign]4 ,on ! return ( ! ,gr& ,duke1 8 old protector1 he 0 /ill less ready to yield to ! ,neapolitans1 :o covet$ ! hon\r ( recall+ ! r5[n$ arti/ to 8 native c\ntry4 ,:5 at l5g? he di$ 9 #ahcc1 all ,italy 0 /irr$ at ! news1 & innum]able sonnets1 ! usual expression ( public regret or en?usiasm1 celebrat$ ! undy+ glory ( ! illu/ri\s engrav] ( ',! ,la/ ,supp]4' ,johann ,god>d ,mll]1 :o e>ly 9 life _h _h ne>ly z widespread a recognition 9 ,g]many z ,morgh5 9 ,italy1 dep>t$ ?is _w 9 lonely mis]y ?ree ye>s be=e ! ,neapolitan4 ,beyond ! walls ( ,/uttg>t1 sc>ce any "o rememb]$ ! exi/5ce or ! brief r5[n ( ! engrav] ( ! ,madonna della ,s$ia & ! ,battle ( ,bunk]'s ,hill4 ,= he _h long ceas$ to tr\ble ab\t 8 "w or 8 reputation1 & liv$ only to m\rn a son1 :o 9 #ahaf di$ at ! v "t :51 9 8 turn1 he 0 ab\t to become "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ engrav]s ( 8 c\ntry4 ,f *ildhood ?is son1 ,*ri/ian ,fr$]ick ,mll]1 _h be5 devot$ to 8 fa!r's art4 ,8 fir/ attempts 7 successful en\gh to w>rant 8 e>ly admittance to ! s*ool ( engrav+ rec5tly f\nd$ at ,/uttg>t by ,duke ,*>les ( ,wurtemb]g4 ,we h se5 t dur+ ! second half ( ! eighte5? c5tury _m ,g]man engrav]s came to ,p>is = tra9+1 & t _m rema9$ !re4 ,expell$ f ,france1 _! adopt$ c\ntry1 by ! ,revolution1 !y return$ to ,g]many1 & ! in/itution ( a s*ool ( engrav+ 9 ,/uttg>t 0 "o result ( _! expulsion4 ,b by #ahjb _m ( ! fugitives 7 already back 9 ,p>is1 & ! /udios1 clos$ = t5 ye>s1 once m op5$ _! doors to num]\s pupils4 ,fr$]ick ,mll]1 !n b>ely tw5ty1 foll[$ 8 fa!r's example1 & 9 8 turn w5t to p]fect himself "u ,fr5* ma/]s4 ,comm5d$ to ! good (fices ( ,wille1 !n pa/ eighty1 :o felt x an hon\r to h taught ,johann ,god>d ,mll]1 & introduc$ by him1 ! "y man 0 soon 9 relation ) ,b]vic1 ,t>dieu1 & ,desnoy]s2 & )\t con/itut+ himself a ?or\gh-go+ imitator ( ^! f9e craftsm51 he yet borr[$ en\gh f !m to be consid]$1 if n _! rival1 at lea/ "o ( _! mo/ fai?ful disciples4 ,! plates he engrav$ = ! ,muse ,franais1 publi%$ by ,laur5t & ,robill>d1#ej %[ laudable submission to ! pr9ciples ( ! ma/]s & an already s\nd exp]i5ce ( art2 b x is 9 ! ,madonna di ,san ,si/o1 9 :i* he seems to h arriv$ at maturity1 t 8 tal5t may be fully measur$4 ,be=e und]tak+ ?is plate1 ! "y engrav] w5t to ,italy to /udy o!r "w by ! ,div9e ,pa9t]1 & to prep>e himself = ! int]pretation ( ! picture 9 ! ,dresd5 ,gall]y by draw+ f ! ,vatican frescoes4 ,on 8 return to ,g]many1 he at once appli$ himself to ! task1 & pursu$ x ) su* ard\r t1 t[>ds ! end ( #ahae1 t is 9 ?ree ye>s1 he _h br\ght x to an end4 ,! ,madonna di ,san ,si/o des]ves to rank ) ! f9e/ l9e engrav+s ( ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury4 ,x has long be5 popul>2 b r5[n came too sl[ly = ! engrav]1 & unhappily he lack$ ! pati5ce to await its com+4 ,:5 ,mll] _h f9i%$ 8 "w1 he det]m9$ to publi% x himself1 hop+ to ga9 n only hon\r b legitimate pr(it4 ,he 0 exhau/$ by h>d "w1 b he tru/$ to meet ) ! rew>d :i* he felt to be due to su* cont9ual ef=t1 & to meet ) x at once4 ,"t pass$1 h[ev]1 & ! "y engrav]1 a prey to fev]i% anxiety1 began to rail at ! indiff]5ce ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,he _h soon to make arrangem5ts ) a publi%]1 t ! fruit ( 8 lab\rs might n be altoge!r lo/4 ,sev]al amateurs !n b\ght pro(s1 b !re 0 z yet no g5]al popul>ity = a pr9t ! appe>ance ( :i*1 9 ! expectation ( its au?or1 %\ld h _h all ! importance ( a public ev5t4 ,s _m disappo9tm5ts complet$ ! ru9 ( 8 heal?1 & at la/ affect$ 8 reason4 ,9 a p>oxysm ( excitem5t1 ,mll] /abb$ himself ) a burni%]4 ,%ortly aft] 8 ,si/9e ,madonna obta9$ t great success :i* ! poor arti/ _h fondly anticipat$4 ,! publi%] grew ri* ^u ! pro(s2 & ! "n ( ! "y engrav] :o _h made too great ha/e to sell !m 0 ) ju/ice acclaim$ ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,! works ( ,b]vic1 ( ,desnoy]s1 ( ,morgh5 & ( ,mll]1 may be said to repres5t ! /ate ( engrav+ 9 ,france1 9 ,italy1 & 9 ,g]many dur+ ! e>ly ye>s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,!y %[ t at t "t ! ?ree s*ools pr(ess$ ! same doctr9es1 or1 at lea/1 foll[$ ! same ma/]s2 b ?is seem+ con=mity 0 n de/9$ to be ( long duration4 ,! pr9ciples ( art 7 soon modifi$ by ! influ5ce ( new ideas1 & ! ,g]man engrav]s 7tak+ ! lead 9 ?is *ange ( aim7 ent]$ ! pa? :i* !y are /ill foll[+4 ,at ! "t ( ,mll]'s dea?1 ! influ5ce ( ,goe! & ,s*ill] on ,g]man lit]ature _h begun to ext5d to ! pictorial arts4 ,passionate /udy ( ! ,middle ,ages took ! place ( ! wor%ip ( antiquity1 & :il/ ! classical diction>y 0 /ill ! only gospel = ,fr5* pa9t]s1 ^? beyond ! ,rh9e 7 already dr9k+ inspiration f ,*ri/ian tradition & national leg5d4 ,?is 0 a happy reaction 9 s f> z x re9ve/$ art ) t e!real "* :i* is indisp5sable to its high] developm5ts2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 rapidly deg5]at+ into m]e ar*ology1 ! movem5t end$ by oppress+ & imprison+ tal5t "u inv>iable =mulas4 ,a few ye>s suffic$ to r$uce ,g]man art to su* a condition t asceticism became ! e/abli%$ rule4 ,s9ce !n ,ov]beck1 ,cornelius1 & ,kaulba* h add$ ! weight ( _! au?ority & example1 & cont9u$ & p]fect$ ! tradition ( _! =]unn]s2 & ?is re=mation has be5 z ?or\gh 9 ,g]many z ! f> diff]5t revolution accompli%$ by ,david 9 ,france4 ,! ,g]man pa9t]s hav+ ?us laid aside a "p ( _! mat]ial res\rces1 ! ,g]man engrav]s h be5 oblig$ to conf9e !mselves to a translation ( ! ideal s5tim5t ( _! orig9als4 ,9 ?is task x mu/ be all[$ !y h p]fectly succe$$4 ,!y reproduce ) s+ul> complet5ess t g5]ative ?\ght1 & religi\s1 philosophical1 or lit]>y imag9ation1 :i*1 f> m ?an any pictorial idea1 inspires ! ,g]man pa9t]4 ,/rictly speak+1 !y d n produce engrav+s3 t is1 !y d n produce works 9 :i* ! bur9 has s\ght to r5d] ! value ( tone1 col\r1 *i>oscuro1 or any con/itu5t ( a picture save composition & draw+2 !y are satisfi$ to cut 9 ! copp]1 ) a precision frequ5tly approa*+ dryness1 ! outl9es ( simple =ms2 :ile1 by way ( concession to ! true pictorial _s1 !y ?9k x en\gh to ?r[ 9 "h & !re a few sugge/ions ( modell+ & light masses ( %ad[4 ,among ! num]\s specim5s ( ?is extreme retic5ce ( execution1 x is suffici5t to m5tion ! ,apo/olical ,sc5es engrav$1 aft] ,ov]beck1 by ,franz ,kell]1 ,ludy1 & ,/e9f5s&2 ! plates aft] ,cornelius1 publi%$ at ,c>lsruhe & ,muni*1 by ,s*ff]1 ,m]z1 & o!rs2 & la/ly1 ,?aet]'s big ,battle ( ! ,huns1 aft] ,kaulba*4 ,al?\gh subdivid$ into small] classes1 ! mod]n ,g]man s*ool is compos$--at lea/1 9 s f> z hi/orical pa9t+ & engrav+ are conc]n$--( a gr\p ( k9dr$ tal5ts1 inspir$ by ab/ract reflection r ?an ! /udy ( reality4 ,nev]!less ?is ma9 idea has n ev]y:]e be5 c>ri$ out ) ! same logical rig\r4 ,! ,dsseldorf engrav]s1 = in/ance1 h n always conf9$ !mselves1 l ^? ( ,muni*1 to ! repres5tation ( figures & _! accessories1 z m]e silh\ettes1 /r5g!n$1 if at all1 by ! pale/ ( %ad[s4 ,ev5 m ela/ic pr9ciples h prevail$ else:]e4 ,fels+ ( ,d>m/adt1 ,m5del ( ,b]l91 & ,/e9la ( ,dresd51 h prov$ by _! engrav+s aft] ,fra ,b>tolommeo1 ,raphael1 & ,holbe91 t !y h no notion ( d5y+ !mselves any ( ! me?ods us$ by ! ma/]s ( engrav+ = imitat+ 9 ! highe/ p]fection ! relief & life ( objects figur$ on canvas4 ,b ^! & o!r ef=ts mu/ be consid]$ exceptional4 ,z we h said1 ! dom9ant t5d5cy ( ,g]man art s9ce ! re=m is r t[>ds delib]ate1 ev5 sy/ematic1 conception ?an spontane\s expression ( s5tim5t3 x is1 9 fact1 ! mortification ( ! eye = ! intellig5ce4 ,9 a ^w1 ,g]man engrav]s tru/ too mu* to logic & analysis1 & too little to _! s5ses4 ,x is only natural t !y %\ld4 ,! qualities lack+ 9 _! works are also lack+ 9 ! pictures & draw+s f :i* ^! are engrav$4 ,/ill1 _! ma9 pr9ciple once admitt$1 we mu/ all[ t x c\ld n well be pu%$ to a m logical conclusion4 ,9 ,g]many1 sep>ate & indep5d5t tal5ts d n exi/1 z 9 ,belgium1 ,au/ria1 ,switz]l&1 & ,russia4 ,! end is ! same = all1 & is obta9$ by all 9 ne>ly ! same degree4 ,9 ,engl&1 also1 engrav+1 consid]$ z a :ole1 pres5ts an inconte/able unity2 nev]!less1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! s*ools is great4 ,a trifle hypo*ondriacal by d9t ( privations & p5ance1 ,g]man art is su/a9$ by a fev]i% fai? :i* l5ds to x ! animation ( life2 :ile 9 spite ( its fl\ri%+ looks1 ,engli% art is really decay$ 9 con/itution4 ,its heal? is only app>5t1 & ! lea/ /udy ( its vital s\rces compels ! recognition ( its frailty4 ,x has frequ5tly be5 said t ! arts are ! expression ( ! moral t5d5cy ( a p4 ,?is is d\btless true2 at all ev5ts1 x is true ( ^? p = :om ! arts h always be5 a necessity--( ,greece & ,italy1 = example1 :]e !y h be5 z x 7 endemic4 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 art has be5 diffus$ by contagion--z an epidemic--x may rema9 q di/9ct f national t5d5cies1 or only repres5t a "p ( !m1 or ev5 sugge/ ! pres5ce ( q antagoni/ic influ5ces4 ,/rictly speak+1 a s*ool ( pa9t+ has only exi/$ 9 ,engl& s9ce ! eighte5? c5tury2 surely its *>act]i/ics1 pa/ & pres5t1 are 9 n[ise a spontane\s expression ( national feel+8 ,are all its mo/ important a*ievem5ts--! portraits ( ,reynolds1 ,ga9sbor\gh1 ,lawr5ce1 & ! l&scapes ( ,turn]--inspir$ by t practical wisdom1 t _s ( ord] & love ( exactness 9 ev]y?+1 :i* *>act]ise ! ,engli% equally 9 private & 9 public life8 ,on ! contr>y1 ! que/ ( spuri\s brilliancy & effect1 exagg]at$ at ! exp5se ( accurate =m & precision ( /yle1 is ! "o tradition ( ! ,engli% s*ool ( pa9t+2 & 9 spite ( ! inv5tive & ta/eful "w produc$ 9 ! fir/ half ( ! c5tury by arti/s l ,wilkie1 ,smirke1 & ,mulready1 z ( ! m rec5t ef=ts ( ! ,pre-,raphaelites1 x w\ld seem z if ! s*ool 7 nei!r able nor will+ to *ange4 ,! /hetic =mula accept$ & us$1 f "o g5]ation to ano!r1 by ! ,engli% pa9t]s has influ5c$--&1 p]haps naturally1 ) /ill m au?ority--_! compatriots ! engrav]s4 ,j n[ ,engli% engrav+ seems c>eless ( fur!r ef=t4 ,x is z ?\gh its innum]able products _h no?+ :atev] to reveal to ^? :o buy !m1 & 7 b\ght f habit1 & n f ta/e4 ,x has be5 se5 t ,george ,,iii4 did 8 utmo/ to enc\rage l9e engrav+1 & t ! exportation ( pr9ts soon became a s\rce ( rev5ue4 ,h[ c\ld ! c\ntry neglect ^? w>es :i* abroad 7 made s he>tily welcome8 ,! ari/ocracy set ! example4 ,m5 ( high social position ?\ght x _! duty to subscribe to important publications4 ,9 imitation1 or f patriotism1 ! middle class 9 _! turn s\ght to fav\r ! gr[? ( engrav+2 & :51 "s ye>s lat]1 x became ! fa%ion to illu/rate ,keepsakes & ,books ( ,beauty ) /eel engrav+s1 _! *eapness put !m )9 ev]ybody's rea*4 ,p gradually took to hav+ pr9ts 9 _! h\ses1 j z !y h>b\r$ sup]fluities ( o!r k9ds2 &1 ! cu/om becom+ m & m g5]al1 engrav]s c\ld be almo/ c]ta9 ( ! sale ( any sort ( "w4 ,?is is /ill ! case4 ,9 ,london1 e new pr9t may reckon on a c]ta9 numb] ( subscrib]s4 ,h5ce ! facility ( production1 & ! con/ant me*anical improvem5ts t5d+ to %ort5 ! "w2 h5ce1 too1 un=tunately1 ! family lik5ess & purely conv5tional *>m ( ! ,engli% pr9ts ( ! la/ half-c5tury4 ,a glance at any rec5t aquat9ts & mezzot9ts or into a new book ( et*+s1 discov]s no?+ "o does n seem to h se5 a hundr$ times be=e4 ,!re are ! et]nal conflicts ( light & d>kness1 ! et]nal contra/s betwe5 velvety & pe>ly textures4 ,9 its ne$less =mality1 ?is trick]y resembles t ( un9spir$ & /yleless s+]s4 ,a brief piano passage is foll[$ by a cra%+ =te2 ! :ole ?+ consi/s 9 abruptness ( contra/1 & dep5ds = success entirely ^u surprise4 ,9 bo? cases ?is elem5t is soon exhau/$ by too frequ5t use4 ,! novelty ( _! appe>ance might at fir/ imp>t a c]ta9 *>m to ,engli% engrav+s2 b ! un5d+ repetition ( ! same effect has de/roy$ _! pr9cipal m]it1 & x is difficult to reg>d !m ) att5tion or int]e/4 ,x w\ld be unju/1 h[ev]1 to conf9e ourselves to ! consid]ation ( ! abuse ( g5]al me?ods1 & to say no?+ ( individual tal5ts4 ,engl& has produc$ "s rem>kable engrav]s s9ce ^? 9 mezzot9t =m$ by ,reynolds & ! l&scape arti/s :o 7 ,woollett's pupils4 ,abraham ,raimba*1 = in/ance1 0 a f9e workman1 & a bett] draughtsman ?an mo/ ( 8 compatriots2 8 plates aft] ,wilkie's ,bl9d ,man's ,buff1 ,! ,r5t-,day1 & ,! ,village ,politicians1 des]ve to be class$ among/ ! mo/ agreeable works ( mod]n engrav+4 ,samuel ,william ,reynolds1 9 8 portraits aft] _m ,engli% pa9t]s1 & 8 plates f ,gricault1 ,horace ,v]net1 & ,paul ,del>o*e1 & ,samuel ,c\s9s1 9 8 engrav+s ( ,lawr5ce's ,ma/] ,lambton1 ,pius ,,vii41 & ,lady ,g[] & h] ,son1 h succe$$ 9 gett+ a good deal m f mezzot9t ?an ! eighte5? c5tury ma/]s4 ,9 spite ( ! dissimil>ity ( _! tal5ts1 ,raimba* & ,c\s9s may yet be comp>$ z ! la/ ,engli% engrav]s :o attempt$ to inve/ _! "w ) a "* 9 con=mity ) ! /rict conditions ( ! art4 ,s9ce !m ! ,london craftsm5 h practis$ m or less skilfully an almo/ me*anical pr(ession4 ,!y h only produc$ ei!r ! ?\s&s ( engrav+s1 :i* e ye> proce$ f ! same s\rce1 or ! pr9ts t deal ) /ill less ambiti\s subjects--animals1 attributes ( ! *ase1 & s =?--on an absurdly l>ge scale4 ,!y h1 inde$1 gone s f> z to repres5t life-size dogs1 cats1 & game4 ,!re is ev5 a c]ta9 plate1 aft] ,l&se]1 ^: sole int]e/ is a p>rot on its p]*1 & :i* is mu* l>g] ?an ! plates t us$ to be engrav$ f ! l>ge/ compositions ( ! ma/]s4 ,to say ! lea/1 "h are errors ( ta/e n to be r$eem$ by improvem5ts 9 ! manufacture ( tools1 nor ev5 by +5i\s comb9ations ( ! diff]5t processes ( engrav+4 ,h[ev] skilful contempor>y ,engli% engrav]s may be 9 "s respects1 !y _c prop]ly be said to produce works ( art2 because !y insi/ on te*nique to an inord9ate degree1 & 9 l measure r$uce almo/ to no?+ ! proportions ( true art & s5tim5t4 ,"o might1 ) /ill great] reason1 ?us expla9 ! m$iocrity ( ,am]ican pr9ts 9 ! pres5t day4 ,few z !y are1 !y d n rivet att5tion z ! manife/ations ( an art :i*1 "y & inexp]i5c$1 is yet vital 9 its artlessness2 on ! contr>y1 !y are depress+ z ! products ( an art fall5 into ! sluggi%ness ( old age4 ,x is z ?\gh engrav+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h begun 9 decay--or r1 x may be1 negatively1 ) no t5d5cy to *ange1 & no impulse to progress4 ,mo/ly mezzot9ts or aquat9ts1 ! pr9ts sold 9 ,new ,york & ,new ,orleans sugge/ t _! au?ors only wi%$ to appropriate z be/ !y c\ld ! pres5t fa%ions & me?ods ( ,engli% engrav+4 ,z = "w 9 l9e1 x is almo/ entirely conf9$ to ! embelli%m5t ( bank notes & tradesm5's c>ds4 ,"s ( its pr(essors are n )\t te*nical k & a sort ( skill2 & if x 7 absolutely necess>y to f9d a *>act]i/ic specim5 ( ,am]ican art x %\ld1 p]haps1 be s\ght among/ works ( ?is sort4 ,9 any case1 x is be/ to res]ve a def9itive op9ion1 & simply to /ate :at ,am]ican engrav+ is1 & mu/ be1 till a ma/] arise by ^: influ5ce & example x may be animat$ & r5ew$4 ,if1 aft] consid]+ ! condition ( engrav+ at ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury1 "o %\ld wi% to become acqua9t$ ) its subsequ5t phases1 assur$ly "o has to admit ! pre-em95ce ( ,fr5* tal5t4 ,x may ev5 be advanc$ t ,fr5* engrav]s h ma9ta9$1 & d /ill ma9ta91 almo/ unaid$ ! art ( engrav+ )9 ^? limits f :i* x _c deviate )\t ! risk ( becom+1 z 9 ,g]many1 a language ( pure conv5tionality1 or1 z 9 ,engl&1 ! hackney$ expression ( m]e te*nical dext]ity4 ,)\t d\bt1 evid5ces ( broad] & m s]i\s tal5t 7 n lack+ ev5 9 t s*ool :i* "s ye>s e>li] seem$ to h gone to decay4 ,aft] ,volpato & ,morgh51 & 9 opposition to _! example1 !re 7 ,italian engrav]s :o work$ to su* purpose z to r$eem ! hon\r ( ! s*ool4 ,! plates by ,tos*i & 8 pupils1 f pictures & frescoes by ,correggio at ,p>ma2 ,calamatta's ,vu de ,l\is ,treize1 aft] ,+res2 ,m]curi's ,moissonneurs1 aft] ,lopold ,rob]t1 & _m pr9ts besides1 ei!r by ! same arti/s or o!rs ( _! race1 assur$ly des]ve to rank ) ! mo/ important a*ievem5ts ( ,fr5* engrav+ 9 ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,b ! ye>s t h laps$ s9ce _! publication1 :ile b>r5 = ,italy1 h br\ght a cont9u$ h>ve/ to ,france4 ,aft] ! engrav]s :o made _! appe>ance 9 ! la/ ye>s ( ! ,re/oration _! pupils became ma/]s 9 turn2 &1 9 spite ( adv]se circum/ances1 ! indiff]5ce ( a section ( ! public1 & ! increas+ popul>ity ( photography1 _! zeal seems no m likely to dim9i% ?an ! value ( _! "w4 ,once1 x is true1 at ! mo/ brilliant p]iod ( ,engli% engrav+1 ! ,fr5* s*ool 0 n )\t a mom5t ( hesitation on ! "p ( "s1 ( disloyalty on t ( o!rs4 ,dur+ ! ,fir/ ,empire1 ! exi/5ce ( ! art movem5t 9 ,london 9 ! la/ ye>s ( ! active rule ( ,george ,,iii4 & ! beg9n+ ( ! ,reg5cy 0 unsuspect$ 9 ,france4 ,! cessation ( comm]cial relations betwe5 ! two c\ntries left ! ,fr5* 9 su* complete ignorance t1 until #ahaf1 ! only ,engli% pr9ts !y knew 7 ^? by ,/range1 ,ryl&1 & ,woollett3 ^?1 9 fact1 publi%$ be=e ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,& :51 aft] ! ,re/oration1 ,engli% "w fir/ came "u ! eyes ( ,fr5* engrav]s1 ! fasc9ation ( its novelty dazzl$ !m m ?an ! spl5d\r ( its m]it4 ,^? :o1 l ,t>dieu & ,desnoy]s1 7 especially conc]n$ ) l(t9ess ( /yle & mascul9e vig\r ( execution1 7 b little mov$ by su* innovations1 if we may judge by ! nature ( _! subsequ5t publications4 ,! ,ru? & ,boaz1 engrav$ by ! =m] aft] ,h]s5t1 ! div]s ,madonnas & ! ,transfiguration1 engrav$ by ! latt] aft] ,raphael1 d n te/ify t _! belief 9 ! excell5ce ( ! old ,fr5* me?od 0 at all %ak54 ,b o!rs1 ei!r y\ng] or less /able ( conviction1 7 soon s$uc$4 ,l ! ,engli% engrav]s1 !y attempt$ to unite all ! diff]5t processes ( engrav+ 9 _! plates2 & !y s\ght1 to ! exclusion ( all besides1 ! easie/ way ( "w1 piquancy ( result1 & prett9ess ev]y:]e1 ev5 9 hi/ory4 ,^! imitations became m num]\s by reason ( _! fir/ success1 till !y ?reat5$ ! indep5d5ce ( ,fr5* engrav+1 :i* _h n be5 encroa*$ ^u s9ce ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! fev]1 h[ev]1 soon cool$4 ,a happy reaction set 9 soon aft] #ahcj1 & cont9u$ dur+ ! foll[+ ye>s2 & infatuation hav+ ev]y:]e be5 succe$$ by reflection1 ! mislead+ qualities ( ! ,engli% mann] 7 f9ally recognis$4 ,! ,fr5* s*ool takes c\nsel ) none save itself1 its pa/1 & its traditions4 ,to ?is j confid5ce 9 its own res\rces are ow+ its pres5t sup]iority to1 & indep5d5ce (1 o!r s*ools1 &1 :at is m important /ill1 its place ap>t f t me*anical indu/ry :i*1 ) its spuri\s successes1 its raids ^u a t]ritory n its own1 & its pret5ti\s ef=ts to occupy ! place ( art1 w\ld seize ^u ^? privileges1 :i*1 d all x may1 x c nev] hope to confiscate4 ,( all ! engrav]s :o h hon\r$ our epo* n 9 ,france alone1 b also 9 o!r c\ntries1 ! fir/ 9 g5ius1 z 9 ! g5]al influ5ce he has ex]t$ = ne>ly half a c5tury1 is c]ta9ly ,h5riquel--z he call$ himself 9 ! e>ly "p ( 8 c>e]--,h5riquel-,dupont 9 ! second half4 ,b he too1 x w\ld seem1 _h 8 h\rs ( indecision4 ,p]haps1 9 "s ( 8 e>ly works1 c]ta9 traces may be discov]$ ( a lean+ t[>ds ! ,engli% mann]1 c]ta9 t5d5cies ( d\btful or?odoxy2 b1 at any rate1 !y h nev] develop$ into manife/ errors3 !y h1 at ! mo/1 result$ 9 v5ial s9s1 :i* !mselves h be5 abundantly aton$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #if4--;,,h5riquel4 ,cromwell 7,et*+74 ,aft] ,paul ,del>o*e4 ,h5riquel is a ma/] 9 ! wide/ acceptation ( ! ^w3 a ma/]1 too1 ( ! /amp ( ^? 9 ! pa/ ( :om ! ,fr5* h ! greate/ "r to be pr\d4 ,! ma/]s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury h sc>cely left u plates at once s l>gely & s delicately treat$1 z 8 ,hmicycle du ,palais des ,beaux-,arts1 8 ,mose ,expos sur le ,nil1 & 8 ,/raf=d1 aft] ,paul ,del>o*e2 8 admirable sket* 9 et*+ ( ! ,pilgrims ( ,emmaus1 aft] ,v]onese2 & ! portrait ( ,m4 ,b]t91 aft] ,+res2 & ^! are b a few4 ,we h1 besides ! ,van ,dyck1 ,une ,dame et sa ,fille1 engrav$ "s ye>s be=e ! ,abdication de ,gu/ave ,wasa1 aft] ,h]s5t1 & ! ,m>quis de ,pa/oret1 aft] ,paul ,del>o*e2 ! ,*ri/ ,consolateur1 engrav$ r lat]1 aft] ,s*eff]2 &1 among less important1 ?\gh c]ta9ly n less m]itori\s works1 ! portraits engrav$ n[ ) ! sci5tific ease ( ! bur91 n[ ) ! light & delicate t\* ( ! ne$le3 ! ,pa/a1 ! botani/ ,desfonta9es1 ,des5ne ! draughtsman1 ! ,brongni>t1 ! ,t>dieu1 ! ,c>le ,v]net1 ! ,sauvageot1 ! ,s*eff]1 ! ,mans>d et ,p]rault1 ! ,mirabeau la ,tribune1 ! ,ra?i]1 &1 late/ ( all1 ! *>m+ little ,pre ,pettot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ig4--;,,h5riquel4 ,! ,m>quis de ,pa/oret4 ,aft] ,paul ,del>o*e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ih4--;,,h5riquel4 ,alex&] ,brongni>t4 ,aft] a ,draw+ by ! ,engrav]4 ,9 ^!--& 9 h[ _m besides8 = ! "w ( ! ma/] does n fall %ort ( n9ety pieces1 besides li?ographs & a great deal 9 pa/el & crayon--,h5riquel proves himself n only a tra9$ draughtsman & f9i%$ executant1 b1 z x 71 /ill m a pa9t] ?an any ( 8 imm$iate pr$ecessors4 ,b]vic--^: pupil he became1 aft] "s ye>s 9 ! /udio ( ,pi]re ,gur9--0 able to tea* him to ov]come ! practical difficulties ( ! art1 b ! influ5ce ( ! engrav] ( ! ,laocoon & ! ,djanire w5t no fur!r ?an te*nical initiation4 ,ev5 ! example ( ,desnoy]s1 h[ev] in/ructive 9 "s respects1 0 n s ob$i5tly foll[$ by ,h5riquel z to cause any sacrifice ( ta/e & natural s5tim5t4 ,by ! cle>ness ( 8 views1 z mu* z by ! elevation ( 8 tal5t1 ! engrav] ( ! ,hemicycle is connect$ ) ! pa/ ,fr5* s*ool & ! ma/]s :o are its *ief hon\r2 b by ! p>ticul> =m ( expression he employs1 by a some?+ extremely unexpect$ 9 8 mann] & extremely p]sonal 9 8 acceptance ( tradition1 he /&s to a c]ta9 ext5t ap>t f 8 pr$ecessors1 & may be call$ an innovator1 ?\gh he by no means adv]tises any su* pret5sion4 ,z we h j rem>k$1 8 use ( means is s v]satile t he pa9ts ) ! grav] or ! ne$le1 :]e j be=e him o!rs1 ev5 ! mo/ skilful--m5 l ,laugi] & ,ri*omme--c\ld only engrave2 & ! influ5ce he has ex]t$--:e!r by direct tea*+1 or by 8 sign$ "w--has _h ! effect ( rejuv5at+ engrav+ 9 ,france 9 m ?an "o p>ticul>1 & ( awak5+ tal5ts1 "s ( :i*1 ?\gh pla9ly betray+ _! orig91 h none ! less a weight & an importance ( _! own1 & des]ve an hon\rable place 9 ! hi/ory ( contempor>y art4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ii4--;,,h5riquel4 ,alex&] ,t>dieu4 ,aft] a ,draw+ by ,+res4 ,sev]al ( 8 mo/ di/+ui%$ pupils are dead3 ,ari/ide ,l\is1 ^: ,mignon1 aft] ,s*eff]1 won in/ant popul>ity2 ,jules ,franois1 :o is to be cr$it$1 among o!r f9e plates1 ) a real ma/]piece 9 ! ,militaire ,(frant des ,pices d',or une ,femme1 aft] ! ,t]burg 9 ! ,l\vre2 & ,r\sseaux1 p]haps ! mo/ gift$ engrav] ( 8 g5]ation1 ^: works1 few z !y are1 are yet en\gh to immortalise him4 ,:o kn[s1 inde$1 if "s day ! ,portrait d',homme f ! picture 9 ! ,l\vre attribut$ to ,francia1 & ! ,madame de ,svign f ,nanteuil's pa/el1 may n be s\ght = ) ! eag]ness n[ exp5d$ on ! se>* = ! old ma/]s ( engrav+8 ,! premature dea? ( ^! accompli%$ craftsm5 has c]ta9ly be5 a loss to ! ,fr5* s*ool4 ,=tunately1 h[ev]1 !re rema9 _m o!rs ^: "w is ( a nature to uphold ! anci5t r5[n ( ,fr5* art1 & to defy comp>ison ) ! a*ievem5t ( o!r c\ntries4 ,:]e1 save 9 ,france c\ld equival5ts be f\nd1 = in/ance1 ( ! ,coronation ( ! ,virg91 aft] ,giovanni da ,fiesole1 & ! ,m>riage ( ,sa9t ,ca!r9e1 aft] ,meml+1 by ,alphonse ,franois2 ( ! ,antiope1 by ,blan*>d1 aft] ,correggio2 ( ! ,vi]ge de la ,consolation1 aft] ,hb]t1 by ,huot2 ( ,dangu9's ,titian's ,mi/ress1 or ,b]t9ot's ,portem5t de ,croix1 aft] ,lesueur2 ( sev]al o!r plates1 rem>kable 9 diff]5t ways1 & be>+ ! same or o!r names8 ,:at rivalry ne$ ,gaill>d fe>1 9 ! sort ( engrav+ ( :i* he is really ! inv5tor1 & :i* he practises ) su* extraord9>y skill8 ,:e!r he produces aft] ,van ,eyck1 ,+res1 or ,rembr&t1 su* plates z ! ,homme l'illet1 ! dipus1 & ! ,pilgrims ( ,emmaus1 or gives u1 f 8 own draw+s or pa9t+s1 su* portraits z 8 ,pius ,,ix4 & 8 ,dom ,gurang]1 he1 9 e case1 arre/s ! m9d z well z surprises ! eye1 by ! inconceivable subtlety ( 8 "w4 ,ev5 :5 translat+ ! works ( o!rs he %[s himself boldly orig9al4 ,8 me?ods are entirely 8 own1 & r5d] imitation impossible because !y are prompt$ by ! exceptional delicacy ( 8 p]ceptions2 b1 ) all ! goodwill 9 ! _w1 x w\ld be no less difficult to appropriate 8 ke5ness ( s5tim5t or to ga9 an equal degree ( m5tal insight4 ,9 ,france1 !n1 l9e engrav+ has repres5tatives num]\s en\gh1 & above all m]itori\s en\gh1 to put to r\t ! appreh5sions ( ^? :o believe1 or affect to believe1 ! art irretrievably injur$ by ! success ( heliography4 ,we h only to glance at ! feats accompli%$ 9 our own day 9 engrav+ ( ano!r k9d1 & to exam9e ^? produc$ 9 ,france by contempor>y ,fr5* et*]s1 to be reassur$ on ?is "q also4 ,might we n1 ev51 )\t exagg]ation1 apply ! t]m r5aissance to ! s]ies ( advances effect$ 9 ! bran* ( engrav+ =m]ly di/+ui%$ by ,callot & by ,claude ,lorra9e8 ,:51 s9ce ! sev5te5? c5tury1 has ! ne$le ev] be5 h&l$ 9 ,france by s _m skilful arti/s1 & ) s ke5 a feel+ = effect & col\r8 ,b let none mi/ake ! drift ( our praise4 ,( c\rse1 we d n allude "h to ! ?\s&s ( c>eless sket*es scrawl$ on ! v>ni%1 ) a fre$om to be attribut$ to simple ignorance1 f> m ?an to real da% & _s2 nor to ^? w\ld-be works ( art1 = :i* ! skill ( ! pr9t] & ! tricks ( pr9t+ h done ! mo/4 ,to ! dupes ( su* blatant trick]ies !y %all be left4 ,/ill1 x is only j to ackn[l$ge1 9 ! et*+s ( ! day1 a s+ul> famili>ity ) ! true conditions ( ! process1 & g5]ally a good k ( pictorial effect1 solid en\gh & suffici5tly "u control to ma9ta9 a mean betwe5 p$antry & exagg]at$ ease4 ,_m names w\ld des]ve m5tion1 7 we n conf9$ to g5]al indications ( ! progress & ! movem5t !y repres5t4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 impossible to omit t ( ,jacquem>t1 ! "y ma/] rec5tly deceas$1 :o1 9 a k9d ( engrav+ he 0 ! fir/ to attempt1 gave pro( ( mu* +5uity ( ta/e & ( orig9al ability4 ,! plates ( :i* 8 ,gemmes et ,joyaux de la ,c\ronne is compos$1 & 8 et*+s ( simil> models--sculpture & goldsmi?'s "w1 vases & b9d+s1 enamels & cameos--all des]ve to rank ) hi/orical pieces ( ! highe/ ord]2 ev5 z ! /ill-life pa9t$ by ,*>d9 a c5tury ago /ill excites ! same int]e/1 & has a "r to ! same att5tion1 z ! be/ pictures by contempor>y allegorical or portrait pa9t]s4 ,! sup]iority ( ! ,fr5* s*ool1 9 :atev] /yle1 has1 moreov]1 be5 rec5tly recognis$ & proclaim$ 9 public4 ,x has n be5 =gott5 t ! jury entru/$ ) ! aw>ds at ! ,int]national ,exhibition ( #ahgh unanim\sly decre$ a pr9cipal %>e to ! engrav]s ( ,france4 ,)\t inju/ice ?is %>e might p]haps h be5 ev5 great] if ! jury1 *iefly compos$ ( ,fr5*m51 _h n ?\ght "r to take full acc\nt ( ! special conditions ( ! competition1 & ! read9ess ) :i* ! arti/s ( o!r c\ntries _h respond$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajj4--;,,jules ,,jacquem>t4 ,h5ri ,,iii4 ,aft] a ,sixte5? ,c5tury ,bronze4 ,s9ce !n ! position ( art 9 ,europe1 & ! relative importance ( tal5ts 9 diff]5t c\ntries ( ,europe1 h n *ang$4 ,if1 to und]/& ! /ate ( contempor>y engrav+1 x be ?\ght desirable to conf9e our att5tion to ! pres5t mom5t1 !re c be no d\bt :atev] t ! mo/ cursory exam9ation ( ! works repres5t+ ! diff]5t processes ( engrav+ mu/ ju/ify ! above obs]vations4 ,^! we %\ld wi% briefly to recapitulate4 ,we h said t et*+ has1 )9 ! la/ few ye>s1 return$ s mu* into fav\r1 t probably at no o!r "t h its products be5 m num]\s1 or 9 m g5]al dem&4 ,?is is b fair2 & x is n 9 ,france only t ! public ta/e = et*$ "w1 l>ge & small1 is ju/ifi$ by ! tal5t ( ! arti/s :o publi% x4 ,to quote a few names only among ^? to be comm5d$1 9 diff]5t degrees1 = _! _m pro(s ( s5tim5t & skill1 we h ,ung] 9 ,au/ria2 ,r$li* & ,massal(f 9 ,russia2 ,gilli 9 ,italy2 & ,seym\r ,had5 9 ,engl&4 ,by _! tal5ts !y assi/ 9 ! re=m :i* ! ,fr5* engrav]s began1 & :i* !y n[ pursue ) increas+ au?ority & exceptional te*nical k4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aja4--;,,jules ,,jacquem>t4 ,tripod1 by ,g\?ire4 ,mezzot9t & aquat9t h be5 n ne>ly s =tunate4 ,! =m] appe>s to h fall51 almo/ ev]y:]e1 into disuse4 ,ev5 9 ,engl&1 :]e1 z soon z ,von ,sieg5's inv5tion 0 import$1 a s*ool 0 f\nd$ to cultivate its res\rces--9 ,engl&1 :]e1 f ,e>lom to ,s4 ,w4 ,reynolds & ,c\s9s1 mezzot9t engrav]s s long excell$--x is a m]e *ance if a few are /ill to be f\nd support+ ! tradition4 ,9 o!r c\ntries1 ,france1 ,belgium1 ,g]many1 & ,italy1 mezzot9t is1 to speak /rictly1 sc>cely practis$ at all4 ,x has be5 replac$ by aquat9t1 :i* itself1 z we m5tion$ 9 a =m] *apt]1 is only us$ = purely comm]cial requirem5ts1 except by engrav]s ( real tal5t 9 comb9ation ) ! ne$le & ! grav]4 ,wood engrav+ has made1 9 c]ta9 respects1 consid]able progress 9 ! c\rse ( ! la/ few ye>s4 ,9 ,france & ,engl& x is produc+ results t n only confirm its advances1 b are z ! prophecy ( /ill bett] ?+s4 ,among/ rec5t pr9ts1 ^? ( ,rob]t1 = in/ance1 d m ?an promise2 !y realise ! hopes :i* o!rs only hold out4 ,all ! same1 x is commonly ! case ) wood engrav]s t1 clev] ?\gh !y be1 !y are apt to deceive !mselves z to ! special conditions ( _! art1 & too (t5 to =get t x is n _! prov9ce to imitate ! appe>ance ( l9e engrav+4 ,in/ead ( attempt+ to copy ! complicat$ results ( ! grav]1 !y %\ld r1 9 accordance ) ! nature ( ! process at _! disposal1 be satisfi$ ) rapid sugge/ions ( effect & modell+ & a summ>y imitation ( =m & col\r4 ,! illu/rations aft] ,holbe91 by ,ltzelburg] & o!r ,g]mans ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & ! portraits & subjects cut on wood by ,italian arti/s1 or by ,fr5*m5 ( ! same epo*1 z ,ge(roy ,tory & ,salomon ,b]n>d1 are models to :i* ! engrav]s ( our own day w\ld d well to con=m1 in/ead ( ent]+1 "u pretext ( improvem5ts1 ^u attempt$ innovations z =eign to ! true nature ( ! process z to its objects & real res\rces4 ,?\gh ! practice ( l9e engrav+ is m sci5tific 9 ,france ?an any:]e else1 x has nev]!less di/+ui%$ repres5tatives 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,besides ! ,fr5*1 ! ,g]man1 & ! ,italian engrav]s we h m5tion$1 ,web]1 9 ,switz]l&2 ,de ,kais]1 9 ,holl&2 ,biot & ,franck1 9 ,belgium2 ,jacobi1 ,sonn5leit]1 & ,klaus1 9 ,au/ria1 are work+ manfully = ! cause s well support$ by ,h5riquel & 8 foll[]s4 ,b ev]y:]e ! p]sev]ance ( zeal & tal5t is un=tunately insuffici5t to ov]come ! prejudices ( ! public1 & its exagg]at$ confid5ce 9 ! b5efits ( me*anical discov]y4 ,s9ce ! progress accompli%$ by sci5ce 9 ! doma9 ( heliographic reproduction1 s9ce ! advantages ) reg>d to mat]ial exactness t photography & ! processes d]iv$ f x h (f]$1 or seem to (f]1 l9e engrav+1 ( all ! diff]5t me?ods1 is c]ta9ly ! "o t has suff]$ mo/ f ! suppos$ rivalry4 ,a mi/ake1 all ! m to be regrett$ z x seems to be g5]al1 gave rise to ! idea t x 0 all ov] ) ! art ( engrav+1 simply because1 z m]e copies1 its products c\ld n h ! infallible fidelity ( photographic images1 & t1 h[ev] pa9/ak+ & fai?ful ! engrav]'s h&1 x c\ld nev] produce t exact fac-simile1 t ru?less imitation ( ! ?+ copi$4 ,no?+ c\ld be tru] ?an ?is1 if ! only object ( l9e engrav+ 7 to give u a lit]al copy1 a brutal effigy ( its orig9al4 ,b is x necess>y to m5tion aga9 t1 happily1 x has also ! task ( int]pretation8 ,ow+ to ! v limit$ field 9 :i* he works1 z x 7 9 mono*rome1 ! engrav] is compell$ to *oose & to comb9e ! be/ means ( r5d]+ by analogy ! v>i\s col\rs ( 8 orig9al1 to organise its g5]al effect1 & to br+ out bo? ! "* & ! /yle1 n[ by ! simplification ( c]ta9 details1 n[ by apply+ ! pr9ciple ( selection to c]ta9 o!rs4 ,we h no long] "h ! /upid imp>tiality1 or1 if x be pref]r$1 ! unreason+ v]acity ( a me*anical app>atus1 b ! delib]ate use ( feel+1 intellig5ce1 & ta/e--( all ^? faculties1 inde$1 :i* m\ld & ent] into ! tal5t ( an arti/4 ,n[ z long z !re are m5 9 ! _w capable ( pref]r+ idea to matt]1 & ! art :i* appeals to ! m9d to ! fact :i* speaks to ! eyes1 l9e engrav+ w reta9 its influ5ce1 h[ev] small x may be suppos$1 h[ev] limit$ x may really be4 ,9 any case1 ^? :o 9 ^! days1 9 spite ( e ob/acle1 are det]m9$ to pursue 9 _! own way ! "w ( su* m5 z ,edel9ck & ,nanteuil1 w h des]v$ recognition f _! contempor>ies1 & w h av]t$1 s f> z !y c\ld1 ! complete decay1 if x mu/ come1 ( art prop]ly s call$1 :5 sacrific$ to ! pr(it ( *ance manufacture & m]e te*nique4 ,a ,,*apt] ,,on ,,engli% ,,engrav+4 ,,by ,,william ,,walk]4 ,engl& appe>s at fir/ only to h p>ticipat$ 9 ! ,european movem5t among/ ! f9e arts by ! trade :i* x c>ri$ on 9 =eign productions1 & ! hospitality & ! patronage :i* x gave to _m celebrat$ arti/s4 ,?us ! c\ntry 0 enri*$ ) =eign works1 & examples 7 obta9$1 n p]haps wor?y ( be+ slavi%ly foll[$1 b at all ev5ts capable ( /imulat+ native tal5t4 ,at ! p]suasion ( ,erasmus1 ,holbe91 9 #aebf1 came to try 8 =tune 9 ,engl&1 & 0 foll[$ aft]w>ds by ,rub5s & ,van ,dyck1 z well z ,de ,bry1 ,vor/]man1 & ! indefatigable ,holl>1 ! latt] an engrav] unrivall$ 9 8 own /yle1 & p]haps ! mo/ un=tunate 9 worldly circum/ances :o ev] practis$ ! art4 ,z e>ly z #adhc wood-cuts 7 us$ = illu/ration 9 ,caxton's ,gold5 ,leg5d1 & subsequ5t pr9t]s adopt$ ! same practice 9 issu+ _! publications4 ,9 l mann]1 copp]plate engrav+s appe>$ fir/ z illu/rations = books1 notably 9 "o call$ ,! ,bir? ( ,mank9d1 d$icat$ to ,que5 ,ca!r9e1 & publi%$ by ,?omas ,raynalde 9 #aedj1 & 9 a translation ( ,vesalius' ,anatomy1 publi%$ 9 #aede by ,?omas ,gem9us1 :o n only did ! lit]>y "w1 b copi$ ! orig9al wood-cuts on copp]4 ,9 ! middle ( ! c5tury1 ! ,hog5b]gs took advantage ( ! me?od = portraiture1 ,francis engrav+ 9 #aeee a portrait ( ,que5 ,m>y1 & 8 bro!r ,remigius 9 #aegc "o ( ,mat!w ,p>k]1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 :o seems to h reta9$ ! engrav] 9 8 s]vice4 ,ab\t ! same p]iod appe>$ ,william ,rog]s1 :o 0 born 9 ,london 9 #aede1 & may be consid]$ z ! e>lie/ ,engli% engrav] wor?y ( m5tion4 ,8 s]ies ( portraits are ( consid]able m]it1 especially a :ole l5g?1 tak5 f a draw+ by ,isaac ,oliv]1 ( ,que5 ,elizabe?1 /&+ ) orb & sceptre1 & clo!d 9 a ri* embroid]$ & puff$ dress4 ,?is pr9t be>s at ! bottom ! "n ( ! engrav]1 & 0 aft]w>ds r$uc$ 9 size all r\nd1 turn+ ! figure ( ! ,que5 into a ?ree-qu>t] l5g?1 & cutt+ away ,rog]s' "n1 :i* 0 n re9s]t$ 9 ! lat] publication4 ,bo? sizes ( ! pr9t are sc>ce1 especially ! orig9al1 & inde$ = a consid]able "t ! r$uc$ impression 0 consid]$ anonym\s1 until ! appe>ance ( ! l>g] engrav+ & its comp>ison ) ! small] e/abli%$ ! id5tity ( ! two4 ,! eld] ,crisp9 de ,passe engrav$ a plate f ! same draw+ ( small] size1 & ) diff]5t accessories 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,de ,passe1 a native ( ,utre*t1 & 8 family1 ,william1 ,simon1 & a daught] ,magdal51 came ov] to ,engl& at ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & engrav$ _m pr9ts ( mu* int]e/ 9 a /yle peculi>ly _! own4 ,reg9ald ,el/racke 7born #afbj7 & ,francis ,del>am fl\ri%$ ab\t ! same p]iod4 ,b no?+ 0 accompli%$ by any ,engli% engrav] ( great arti/ic value1 or :i* c\ld be fairly comp>$ ) ! "w 9 o!r c\ntries1 until ! middle ( ! c5tury4 ,x 0 !n t ,william ,fai?orne1 by 8 s]ies ( portraits1 full ( col\r & execut$ 9 a cle> & brilliant /yle1 fre$ ,engl& f ?is reproa*4 ,he may be said to h inaugurat$ ! era ( ,engli% engrav]s1 :o1 ?\gh mo/ly surpass$ by o!r nations 9 ! l9e mann] ( engrav+1 h no rivals 9 mezzot9t4 ,?is /yle1 :i*1 :5 comb9$ ) bold et*+1 may be call$ ! culm9ation ( ! art1 0 tak5 up 9 ?is c\ntry z soon z discov]$1 adopt$ by ! ,engli% z _! own1 & gradually br\ght by !m to ! fulle/ p]fection4 ,fai?orne 0 a pupil ( ,sir ,rob]t ,peake1 pa9t] & engrav]1 & is said also to h /udi$ "u ,nanteuil1 :5 driv5 ?r\gh ! tr\bles ( ! fir/ revolution to take refuge 9 ,france4 ,8 portraits ( ,m>y1 ,pr9cess ( ,orange1 ! ,c\ntess ( ,exet]1 ,sir ,william ,pa/on1 ,que5 ,ca!r9e ( ,braganza1 ,*>les ,,ii41 ) long fl[+ black hair1 ,?omas ,killegrew1 dramati/ & c\rt fav\rite1 & ! fam\s ,m>quis ( ,worce/]1 "o ( ! contributors to ! inv5tion ( ! /eam eng9e1 rank high z engrav+s1 & wor?ily take _! place amid/ ! a*ievem5ts ( o!r c\ntries4 ,be=e treat+ ( mezzot9t & ! new field :i* x op5$ out to ! engrav]1 x w be well to call att5tion to ! com+ ( ,holl> to ,engl&1 & 8 peculi> me?od ( "w1 :i* consi/$ ma9ly ( et*+1 assi/$ by ! po9t or f9e grav]4 ,w5ceslaus ,holl> 7born #afjg7 0 =c$ e>ly 9 life by ! exig5cies ( ^? w>like times to leave 8 native l&--,bohemia--& to travel ?r\gh ,g]many1 design+ & engrav+ on 8 way1 until1 9 #afcf1 he met at ,cologne ) ! ,e>l ( ,arundel1 ! ,engli% ,ambassador to ,f]d9& ,,ii41 :o imm$iately took him into 8 employm5t1 & on 8 return f 8 mission br\ght him to ,engl&1 :]e1 ) ! exception ( ! tr\bl$ ye>s ( ! fir/ revolution1 ,holl> resid$ = ! rema9d] ( 8 life4 ,mis=tune1 h[ev]1 :i* att5d$ ,holl> 9 y\?1 seem$ rel5tless ?r\gh\t 8 entire c>e]2 aft] ! re/oration ( ,*>les ,,ii41 he und]w5t ! t]rible exp]i5ces ( ! plague & ( ! fire ( ,london1 & ! times1 ho/ile to e pursuit ( art1 r$uc$ ,holl> to a /ate ( indig5ce & di/ress f :i*1 9 spite ( p]sev]+ indu/ry1 he seems nev] to h be5 able to recov]4 ,s5t to ,africa 9 #affi z ! k+'s design]1 to make draw+s ( ! =tifications & surr\nd+s ( ! t[n ( ,tangi]s1 he meets ) ,alg]9e corsairs on 8 way back1 f :i* he escapes ) difficulty4 ,on 8 return1 x is only aft] delay & vexation t he c obta9 #ajj f ! impecuni\s k+ = 8 two ye>s' lab\rs & exp5ses4 ,he travels ?r\gh ,engl&1 mak+ draw+s & et*+s ( abbeys1 *ur*es1 ru9s1 & ca!drals1 & ultimately dies at ,we/m9/] 7#afgg7 9 a /ate ( extreme pov]ty & di/ress1 8 v dea?-b$ be+ di/urb$ by bailiffs1 :o ?reat5 ! seizure ( ! la/ article ( furniture he possess$1 ! b$ ^u :i* he is ly+4 ,8 body 0 laid 9 ! *ur*y>d ( ,/4 ,m>g>et's1 ,we/m9/]2 8 "n & works rema9 liv+ & immortal4 ,holl>'s pr9ts am\nt to consid]ably ov] two ?\s&1 & embrace all k9ds ( subjects1 portraits1 l&scapes1 ar*itecture1 co/ume1 & animal & /ill-life ( v>i$ "* & quality4 ,8 treatm5t ( ! textures ( hair1 fea!rs1 or ! bloom on butt]flies & o!r insects1 is simply unrivall$4 ,besides 8 portraits1 among o!r well-kn[n & valu$ pr9ts1 !re are--aft] 8 own designs--! long bird's-eye view ( ,london 9 f\r p>ts1 plans ( ! same city be=e & aft] ! great fire 7#afff71 ext]ior & int]ior views ( ! old ,ca!dral ( ,/4 ,paul1#ea ,we/m9/] ,hall1 ) its picturesque surr\nd+s1 ! ,ca!drals ( ,l9coln1 ,s\?well1 ,/rasb\rg1 ,antw]p1 & ,york1 sets ( butt]flies1 insects1 co/umes1 muffs1 & ri*ly-wr\ght jewell$ vessels4 ,9 addition to ^!1 he engrav$ a set ( ?irte5 plates 7#afga7 on ! v>i\s ,engli% ways ( hunt+1 hawk+1 & fi%+1 aft] ,francis ,b>l[1 pa9t] & engrav]1 :o fl\ri%$ dur+ ! same p]iod1 & excell$ 9 ! repres5tation ( animals1 birds1 & fi%4 ,! latt] arti/ has left a curi\s pr9t--( :i* ! only kn[n example is suppos$ to be t ( ! ,briti% ,museum--entitl$ ,! ,la/ ,horse ,race 7,augu/ #bd1 #afhd71 run be=e ,*>les ,,ii41 at ,dorsett ,f]ry 78 ,dat*ett71 ne> ,w9dsor ,ca/le4 ,holl> 0 ! ma/] ( ,rob]t ,gaywood1 :o 9 "s measure imitates 8 /yle1 & _m ( ^: plates are ju/ly e/eem$1 su* z ! s]ies ( heads aft] ,van ,dyck1 ! curi\s lik5ess ( ,cromwell1 ! l>ge pr9t ( ! philosoph]s ,democritus & ,h]aclitus1 z oppos+ pr(essors ( gaiety & gravity1 & ! plates ( birds & animals aft] ,b>l[4 ,9 ! meantime1 ! art ( mezzot9t _h be5 inv5t$1 9 ! fir/ place1 by ,ludwig von ,sieg51 a lieut5ant-colonel 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,l&grave ( ,hesse-,cassel1 :o us$ ! me?od to execute a l>ge portrait1 be>+ ! date #afdb1 ( ! ,pr9cess ,amelia ,elizabe?1 ! d[ag] ,l&grav9e ( ,hesse4 ,! cr$it = ! discov]y has also be5 ascrib$ to ! well-kn[n ,pr9ce ,rup]t1#eb nephew ( ,*>les ,i42 b ! leg5d ( ! pr9ce meet+ ) a soldi] clean+ 8 corrod$ gun1 & ?us conceiv+ ! idea ( engrav+ a copp] plate1 re/s on no suffici5t f\ndation4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 en\gh = ?is romantic pr9ce's undy+ r5[n1 t1 hav+ acquir$ ! secret ( produc+ ! necess>y gr\nd by "s means or o!r1 mo/ probably f ,von ,sieg51 he n only introduc$ ! process into ,engl&1 b execut$ himself sev]al rem>kable engrav+s 9 ! /yle1 "o ( :i*1 kn[n z ,! ,great ,execution] 7dat$ #afeh71 aft] ,spagnoletto1#ec to di/+ui% x f a small] plate conta9+ ! head only ( ! same figure1 rema9s to ?is day z a p[]ful & wond]ful example ( ! me?od4 ,x is curi\s t1 ) ! p>tial exception ( ,g]many1 & a few isolat$ in/ances 9 o!r c\ntries1 mezzot9t %\ld h be5 practically conf9$ to ,engl&2 ! v "n is n recognis$ else:]e4 ,g]many uses ! ^w ,s*abkun/1 scrap+ art2 ! ,fr5*1 ,la manire noire1 ! black mann]2 & ,italy1 ,l'incisione a fumo1 engrav+ 9 smoke or black1#ed ,be=e ! discov]y ( ! new me?od1 all engrav+ consi/$ ( an arrangem5t ( l9es v>i$ occasionally by dots1 :i* _h to be cut into ! poli%$ copp]plate ei!r directly by ! grav] or indirectly by ! use ( acid4 ,unt\*$ by ei!r grav] or acid1 ! poli%$ plate w\ld ?us1 "u ! ord9>y process ( copp]plate pr9t+ 7rubb+ 9 ! ink by a suitable dabb] & !n clean+ (f all ! ink n held fa/ by 9-d5ts71 pr9t :ite2 mezzot9t rev]ses ! process4 ,! plate1 in/ead ( be+ poli%$ :5 ! engrav] comm5ces 8 "w1 pres5ts a close1 f9e1 file-l surface1 :i*1 if ink$1 wip$1 & put "u ! heavy-pressure roll] press1 w\ld n[ pr9t (f a deep uni=m surface ( bloomy black2 9 place1 !re=e1 ( putt+ 9 l9es or dots to hold ! ink1 ! engrav] has to scrape (f ! close file-l gra9 at ! requir$ p>ts1 br++ up 8 highe/ lights by means ( a burni%]2 ! scrap] & burni%]1 n ! grav]1 are consequ5tly ! pr9cipal tools us$ 9 execut+ mezzot9t4 ,9 addition to ! great] ease & rapidity ) :i* an engrav+ c\ld be made by ?is process1 ! range ( effect or col\r 0 imm5sely increas$4 ,all tones betwe5 pure :ite & ! deepe/ black 7 n[ capable ( realisation1 & x is easy to see h[ greatly 7 enl>g$ ! res\rces ( ! engrav]1 ^: special gift & claim z an orig9al arti/--a fact too (t5 =gott51 or r n suffici5tly recognis$--consi/ 9 8 p[] ( translat+ into v>i\s %ades ( black & :ite ! num]\s col\rs at ! disposal ( ! pa9t]4 ,! =m+ or lay+ ! gra9$ surface1 te*nically call$ gr\nd1 is necess>ily ( ! utmo/ importance1 & is effect$ by a tool kn[n among/ practical work]s z ! rock]1 call$ also cradle1 or b]ceau--! ,fr5* equival5t--f ! peculi> rock+ motion giv5 to x by ! op]ator4 ,! rock] is made ( mod]ately ?9 & c>efully temp]$ /eel ab\t two in*es broad1 & might be t]m$ a /umpy1 wide *isel 7 x n t x is curv$ 7l a *eese-cutt]7 & not*$ or s]rat$ at ! cutt+ edge1 :i* s]ration is caus$ by "o side ( ! /eel be+ ind5t$ into small flut$ ridges runn+ p>allel upw>ds to ! h&le by :i* ! tool is held1 & some:at pres5t+ ! appe>ance ( a small-too?-comb4 ,on ! pla9 smoo? side ! rock] is gr\nd level to ! edge1 l o!r cutt+ tools1 & %>p5$ on a /one or hone ( suitable quality4 ,9 lay+ ! gr\nd ?is in/rum5t is held firmly 9 ! h&1 ! elb[ re/+ on a conv5i5t cu%ion1 ! s]rat$ cutt+ edge plac$ on ! plate ) a slight incl9ation1 & a /eady rock+ motion giv5 to ! tool1 :i* sl[ly advances ov] ! surface ( ! copp] or /eel1 =m+ on its way a n>r[ ind5t$ pa?4 ,side by side ) ?is pa? ano!r is made until ! :ole surface ( ! plate has be5 cov]$4 ,! s]ies ( p>allel pa?s is !n repeat$ at a c]ta9 angle ov] ! previ\s ones1 & s on 9 regul> progressive angul> ord] until ! requir$ clos5ess ( texture has be5 produc$2 to d ?is x is necess>y t ! s]ies ( p>allel pa?s--te*nically call$ a way--%\ld be repeat$ 9 prop] angul> progression f sixty to a hundr$ times4 ,z ! cont9ual friction ( ! elb[ aga9/ ! cu%ion caus$ ! lay+ ( a gr\nd to become a sev]e & pa9ful op]ation1 p>ticul>ly :5 ! use ( /eel in/ead ( copp] plates came into practice e>ly 9 ! pres5t c5tury1 a modification ( ?is plan 0 introduc$ :]eby ! tool 0 fix$ at ! fitt+ angle into "o end ( a long pole1 ! o!r end be+ ins]t$ loosely 9 a r+ fix$ on ! bo>d ^u :i* ! plate 0 plac$2 ! requisite rock+ motion c\ld !n be easily giv5 by ! h&1 & mu* pa9ful lab\r avoid$4 ,! necessity = a good gr\nd be+ s great1 z ! process became m & m g5]al 9 ,engl&1 a race ( pr(essional gr\nd-lay]s grew up1 :o 7 paid at a c]ta9 rate p] squ>e in* = ! surface ?us cov]$4 ,mu* controv]sy has tak5 place z to ! means by :i* ,sieg51 ,pr9ce ,rup]t1 & ! e>li] mezzot9t]s produc$ _! gr\nds1 b !re is little d\bt t x mu/ h be5 accompli%$ by "s rude =m ( ! pres5t tool1 & ! curi\s appe>ance ( ! gra9--z se5 9 v e>ly mezzot9ts--mu/ h be5 caus$ by ! irregul> cross+s ( ! impress$ lay]s1 ! necessity ( regul> angul> proc$ure ?r\gh\t ! plate1 9 ord] to obta9 an ev5 tone1 n hav+ be5 recognis$ at fir/4 ,pr9ce ,rup]t imp>t$ ! secret ( ! process to ,wall]ant ,vaillant1 a native ( ,lisle1 a portrait pa9t] 7born #afbc1 di$ #afgg7 :o practis$ ! me?od ) great success1 work+ *iefly at ,am/]dam1 & leav+ to po/]ity _m pr9ts ( consid]able arti/ic m]it4 ,sir ,*ri/oph] ,wr5 is also cr$it$ ) ! execution ( "o ( ! e>lie/ mezzot9ts1 a negro's head ) a coll> r\nd ! ?roat1 b !re is no satisfactory au?ority = ! v>i\s /atem5ts to ?is effect1 ! only s\nd fact be+ t ?is e>ly pr9t is an extremely int]e/+ specim5 ( ! process4 ,! fir/ ,engli% engrav+ execut$ 9 ?is /yle be>+ a date is a portrait ( ,*>les ,,ii4 9 an oval frame 7,giul4 ,%]w91 fecitt #affi71 by ,william ,%]w91 :o1 !re is "s reason to believe1 acquir$ 8 k ( ! process directly f ,pr9ce ,rup]t4 ,%]w91 born ab\t #afej1 engrav$ also 9 l9e1#ee & is said to h _h ! di/9ction ( engrav] to ! k+ conf]r$ on him by pat5t1 an exceptional hon\r4 ,among ! mezzot9t]s ab\t ?is p]iod1 ,abraham ,blootel+h1 born at ,am/]dam 9 #afcd1 & di/+ui%$ bo? z a l9e engrav] & et*]1 came ov] to ,engl& 9 #afgc1 made use ( ! me?od ) admirable success1 & is said to h effect$ consid]able improvem5t 9 ! process ( lay+ ! gr\nd2 8 life-size head ( ! ,duke ( ,monm\?1 9 an oval bord] or frame1 is a ma/]piece ( ! art4 ,b1 ) ! above exceptions1 ! works left by ! majority ( ! e>ly mezzot9t]s1 bo? ,engli% & =eign1 are m curi\s to ! /ud5t ?an satisfactory to ! arti/ic eye4 ,x 0 n until ! close ( ! c5tury1 :5 ,isaac ,beckett & ,john ,smi? _h already begun to issue _! gr& s]ies ( portraits aft] ,knell]1 ,lely1 & o!r contempor>y pa9t]s1 t ! full capabilities ( ! inv5tion 7 realis$ & ! f\ndation laid = ! /eady & un9t]rupt$ progress ( ! art4 ,john ,smi?'s cle>1 bright1 & intellig5t face ought to be well kn[n to ,engli%m5 bo? f 8 own engrav+ & also f ,knell]'s admirable picture1 f :i* x 0 tak51 s long to be se5 hang+ 9 ! ,rub5s & ,rembr&t room ( ! ,national ,gall]y1 & lately fitt+ly transf]r$ to ! ,national ,portrait ,gall]y4 ,he 0 a pupil ( ,beckett & native ( ,nor?ampton%ire1 & di$ at ,nor?ampton 9 #agdb1 :]e !re is a tablet to 8 memory 9 ,/4 ,pet]'s ,*ur*4 ,:5 ! eighte5? c5tury op5$1 mezzot9t _h tak5 firm root 9 ,engl&2 ,beckett & ,john ,smi? 7 9 ! pl5itude ( _! p[]s2 ,jean ,simon1 a ,prote/ant refugee f ,france 7born 9 ,norm&y1 #afge71 _h tak5 refuge 9 ,engl&1 & =sak+ 8 orig9al me?od ( l9e1 _h adopt$ t ( mezzot9t ) great success1 :ile ,g4 ,:ite 0 already giv+ ! fir/ indications ( ! advantages t might be ga9$ by ! introduction ( et*+ into ! me?od4 ,john ,fab]1 junior1 0 also e/abli%+ 8 reputation1 n only by 8 well-kn[n portraits 7:i* include ! set ( ! ,kit-cat ,club#ef & ! ,hampton ,c\rt beauties71 b by _m spirit$ fancy subjects aft] ,m]ci]1 & above all by an admirable pr9t aft] ,frank ,hals ( a man play+ ! guit>4 ,fab]1 ! y\ng]1 0 born 9 ,holl& 9 #afhd1 & br\ght to ,engl& :5 ?ree ye>s old by 8 fa!r 7also an engrav] 9 mezzot9t1 b completely ov]%ad[$ by 8 son72 he /udi$ "u ,v&]bank1 & 0 patronis$ by ,knell]2 8 works are peculi>ly valuable z =m+ records ( ! pa9t]s--n[ s apt to be c>elessly pass$ by#eg--:o liv$ betwe5 ! "t ( ,knell] & ! rise ( ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds1 & all left "w ( value to po/]ity4 ,! mod]n %>p division betwe5 pa9t]s & engrav]s 0 unkn[n 9 ^? days2 ! pa9t] 0 only too glad to avail himself ( ! tal5t ( ! engrav] to make 8 pa9t+s kn[n1 & 9 _m cases keep alive & h& d[n to aft] g5]ations a "n :i* o!rwise might h di$ out & be5 =gott54 ,pa9t]s ( ! pres5t age ignore ! engrav]1 & pref] ! m tangible money results to be obta9$ f treat+ ) a publi%] = ! pur*ase ( _! copyrights1 adopt+ 9 ?is respect ! tea*+ convey$ 9 ! witty spee* ( ,sir ,godfrey ,knell]1 :o1 :5 reproa*$ = 8 pref]5ce1 to o!r bran*es ( pa9t+1 ( ! lucrative "o ( portraiture1 repli$3 ,pa9t]s ( hi/ory make ! dead live & d n beg9 to live !mselves till !y are dead2 ,i pa9t ! liv+ & !y make me live4 ,knell] might1 h[ev]1 h def5d$ 8 practice on high] gr\nds1 = portraiture1 ?\gh (t5 ignorantly decri$1 te/s ! p[]s ( a great arti/ to ! utt]mo/1 & bequea?s to po/]ity a legacy ( z valuable "w z x is 9 ! p[] ( man to accompli%4 ,x is int]e/+ to note "h t copyright 9 works ( art 0 fir/ obta9$ on ! behalf ( engrav+2 ,hog>?1 pa9t] & engrav]1 f9d+ t s _m ( 8 pr9ts--:i*1 num]\sly di/ribut$1 c\ld easily be pirat$--7 be+ copi$1 boldly & successfully ass]t$ 8 rights 9 ! c\rts ( law1 & 0 ! means ( obta9+ f ,p>liam5t a ,copyright ,act to def5d prop]ty 9 art4 ,to ,fab] succe$$ ,?omas ,frye & ,james ,mc,ardell1 :o 7 bo? born 9 ! same city1 ,dubl91 ! bir?place ( sev]al o!r di/+ui%$ engrav]s4 ,! life ( ,frye 0 ev5tful2 he came 9 e>ly manhood to ,london 9 ! company ( 8 fell[-t[nsman ,/oppela]1 :o by turns became arti/1 actor1 dramatic writ]1 & s+]4 ,frye comm5c$ by pa9t+ & engrav+ portraits1 & !n took *>ge ( ! *9a manufactory j e/abli%$ at ,b[1 f ! ru9s ( :i* aft]w>ds arose ^? ( ,*elsea & ,worce/]2 !re he rema9$ fifte5 ye>s1 & by 8 ta/e & skill improv$ ! manufactures 9 mat]ial =m & ornam5tation until1 ! bus9ess n succe$+ & 8 heal? be+ injur$ by ! heat ( ! furnaces1 he _h to take a j\rney to ,wales to recruit1 ! exp5ses ( :i* he paid by pa9t+ portraits1 ultimately return+ to ,london ) "s money 9 8 pocket4 ,frye n[ took a h\se 9 ,hatton ,g>d51 :]e he pa9t$ m9iatures1 life-size heads 9 oils & crayons1 & 9 ! space ( ab\t two ye>s1 #agfj-b1 execut$ 9 mezzot9t ! rem>kable & ju/ly e/eem$ s]ies ( life-size heads1 :i* conta91 among o!rs1 portraits ( himself1 8 wife1 & 8 "m4 ,^! 7 8 la/ productions1 z he di$ ( a complication ( diseases 9 #agfb at ! age ( fifty-two4 ,frye 0 indu/ri\s1 amiable1 & g5]\s 9 "*1 pati5t 9 mis=tune1 & +5i\s 9 accompli%+ 8 objects2 8 lik5esses ( ,george ,,iii4 & ,que5 ,*>lotte 7 obta9$ by frequ5t visits to ! !atre1 :]e x is said t ! k+ & que51 on kn[+ 8 purpose1 us$ k9dly to turn _! heads t[>ds ! arti/ to help him 9 8 task2 o!r portraits 7 p]haps accompli%$ m by ! ex]cise ( imag9ation1 z ! f9e ladies he w\ld ask to sit 7 wont to refuse ) ! excuse t !y did n "k 9 :at company !y might f9d !mselves plac$4 ,mc,ardell1 ! jovial companion ( arti/s1 ! fri5d ( ,qu9 ! actor1 ( :om ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds obs]v$1 t ev5 if ! col\rs ( 8 7,sir ,jo%ua's7 pictures fad$ 8 fame w\ld be pres]v$ by ,mc,ardell's engrav+s1 m>ks an epo* 9 ! art2 = he 0 ! fir/ to use vigor\s et*+ to increase ! effect ( mezzot9t4 ,he di$ "y1 9 ,june1 #agfe1 9 8 ?irty-sev5? ye>1 & 0 buri$ 9 ,hamp/ead ,*ur*y>d1 :]e1 accord+ to ,lysons1 a %ort inscription to 8 memory record$ ! fact4#eh ,mc,ardell's imm$iate successors 7 num]\s1 & ( /rik+ p[] & orig9ality 9 ! ex]cise ( _! art2 ! m important ( !m 7 ,ri*>d ,h\/on1 ,john ,gre5wood1 ,edw>d ,fi%]1 ,john ,spilsbury1 ,val5t9e ,gre51 ,william ,pe!r1 ,ri*>d ,brook%aw1 ,john ,blackmore1 ,john ,dixon1 ,john ,jones1 ,rob]t ,laurie1 & ! two ,watsons1 ,james & ,?omas1 :o 7 closely foll[$1 9 po9t ( "t1 by ,william ,dick9son1 ,james ,walk]1#ei ,john ,dean1 ,john ,"y1 ! popul> ,j4 ,r4 ,smi? 7,john ,raphael71 & p]haps ! greate/ ( !m all z an engrav]1 ,ri*>d ,e>lom4 ,_m ( ^! also practis$ 9 /ipple1 b _! f9] works 9 mezzot9t completely ov]%ad[ ^! productions4 ,x may be add$ t ev5 ! pa9t+s ( ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds w\ld h>dly h be5 appreciat$ z ?or\ghly bo? 9 ,engl& & o!r c\ntries1 7 x n = ! admirable r5d]+s ( 8 pictures by ! fam\s b& ( engrav]s practis+ dur+ 8 lifetime4 ,ga9sbor\gh has und\bt$ly suff]$ 9 ?is respect1 =1 unlike ,wright ( ,d]by1 ,hoppn]1 ,opie1 ,morl&1 & ,lawr5ce1 few important mezzot9ts h be5 execut$ aft] 8 pictures2 & 7 ! art to revive & ! engrav]s to be f\nd1 a m9e ( weal? w\ld be wait+ to rew>d ) its treasures well-direct$ lab\r4 ,e>lom 0 born 9 #agdc1 & at 8 dea? 9 #ahbb _h rea*$ 8 eightie? ye>2 :5 f\rte5 ye>s old he ga9$ a premium f ! ,society ( ,arts1 & attract$ att5tion by mak+ copies ( ,cipriani's pictures on ! ,"l ,mayor's /ate c>riage2 ?is l$ to 8 becom+ ! pa9t]'s pupil & to 8 acquir+ a ?or\gh k ( draw+4 ,! ,boydells employ$ him to make draw+s & engrav+s f ! ,h\ghton collection1 & ?r\gh\t 8 long life he cont9u$ to ex]cise unremitt+ly 8 labori\s pr(ession2 8 plates are num]\s & ( great excell5ce1 :ile 8 skilful use ( et*+ gives effect & v>iety to ! _m textures repres5t$4 ,e>lom engrav$ aft] v>i\s ma/]s anci5t & mod]n1 & p]haps fir/ %[$ ! _w ! wide range ( subjects :i* ! /yle 0 capable ( effectively repres5t+1 su* z--to m5tion only a few ( ! m important plates--,correggio's ,repose 9 ,egypt1 ,rub5s' ,son & ,nurse1 ,van ,dyck's ,duke ( ,aremb]gh on ,horseback1 ,v&]w]ff's ,ba?%eba br++ ,abi%ag to ,david1 ! ,fi%1 ,game1 ,vegetable1 & ,fruit ,m>kets1 aft] ,snyd]s & ,long ,john1#fj ,van ,huysum's fruit & fl[] pieces1 ,z(fany's t]ribly reali/ic repres5tation ( a ,sc5e 9 ! ,fr5* ,revolution on ! #aj? ( ,may1 #agic1 & 8 ,life ,s*ool at ! ,royal ,academy1 ,wright ( ,d]by's ,blacksmi?'s ,%op & ,iron ,=ge1 & ! six plates aft] ,hog>?1 ,m>riage la ,mode4 ,! r5[n acquir$ by ! works ( ,engli% mezzot9t]s gradually attract$ ! notice ( o!r nations--p>ticul>ly ,g]many--:]e ! /yle _h almo/ di$ out1 & _m =eign engrav]s came to ?is c\ntry1 among/ o!rs1 ,j4 ,g4 ,haid & ! ,vi5nese ,jacobe1 :o n only execut$ valuable works 9 ,engl&1 b 7 ! cause ( a p>tial r5ewal ( ! me?od 9 _! own c\ntries4 ,! ,au/rian ,pi*l] 7born #agfe1 di$ #ahjf7 f9i%$ 9 pure mezzot9t _m plates ( exceptional m]it1 :ile 8 fruit & fl[] pieces aft] ,van ,huysum rival ! ma/]pieces ( ,e>lom aft] ! same pa9t]4 ,dur+ ! same p]iod ! ,engli% s*ool _h be5 mak+ rapid /rides 9 ! o!r bran*es ( copp]plate engrav+1 l9e1 /ipple1 & et*+4 ,l9e1 :i* to ?is day is consid]$ by _m z ! highe/ /yle ( ! art1 & :i* mo/ c]ta9ly is well fitt$ to r5d] ! human =m ) grace & purity ( outl9e & detail1 has not)/&+ to ov]come ! difficulty ( adequately express+ ! v>i\s %ades ( col\r & texture1 & above all ( realis+ ! due effects ( atmosph]e & di/ance1 a s]i\s matt] :]e ! accessories are ( importance or :]e l&scape ent]s l>gely into ! composition ( ! picture4 ,x is1 !re=e1 n surpris+ t1 ) mezzot9t at h& ) its wide range ( capabilities1 !re %\ld be comp>atively few ,engli% engrav]s ( em95ce devot+ !mselves to l9e4 ,hog>?1 :o 0 born 9 #afig1 & began life z an engrav] ( arms & cyph]s1 naturally employ$ ! me?od ( l9e to give expression to 8 bold & vigor\s designs1 & 9 ?is 0 assi/$ by ,luke ,sullivan1 :o _h be5 a pupil ( ,?omas ,major4 ,major 7born #agbj7 _h sp5t "s ye>s 9 ,p>is engrav+ aft] ,b]ghem1 ,w\v]mans1 & o!rs2 he 0 an arti/ ( skill1 & liv$ to a consid]able age1 hold+ = =ty ye>s ! (fice ( seal engrav] to ! k+1 & be+ ! fir/ associate#fa engrav] elect$ by ! ,royal ,academy4 ,9 ! ye> #agcj1 ,viv>es1 :o 0 a ,fr5*man by bir?1 & :o1 9 spite ( natural arti/ic tal5ts1 _h be5 appr5tic$ to a tailor1 came to ,engl& at ! age ( eighte5 & /udi$ "u ,*atela91 an arti/ ( ,fr5* ,prote/ant p>5tage1 b born 9 ,london4 ,viv>es soon surpass$ 8 ma/]1 acquir$ great r5[n = 8 _m f9e plates ( l&scape & sea-sc5es1 & became a memb] ( ! ,society ( ,arti/s2 he liv$ = ?irty ye>s 9 ,great ,newport ,/reet1 & 0 buri$ 9 ,padd+ton ,*ur*y>d 9 ! ye> #aghj4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 f ! pre-em95t excell5ce ( ! l9e engrav+s ( ,/range1 ,woollett1 & ,%>p t ! "r ( ,engl& to a place 9 ! hi]>*y ( ! art has be5 conc$$ by o!r nations4 ,sir ,rob]t ,/range1 desc5d$ f an anci5t ,scotti% family1 0 born at ,orkney 9 #agba1 & s]v$ an appr5tice%ip ( six ye>s to ,ri*>d ,coop] ( ,ed9burgh4 ,9 ?is city ,/range />t$ z an engrav] on 8 own acc\nt2 :5 ! civil w> broke out he jo9$ ! side ( ! ,pret5d]1 engrav$ a half-l5g? portrait ( him1 & 0 appo9t$ engrav] to ?is pr9ce2 aft] ! battle ( ,cullod51 9 :i* he is said to h tak5 "p1 ,/range escap$ to ,p>is1 & _h !re ! advantage ( /udy+ "u ,le ,bas4 ,9 #agea he return$ to ,engl&1 & e/abli%$ himself 9 ,london1 :]e 8 tal5ts 7 readily recognis$ & appreciat$4 ,on ! accession ( ,george ,,iii41 ,/range refus$ ! commission to engrave :ole-l5g? portraits ( ! k+ & 8 ,prime ,m9i/]1 ,"l ,bute1 !reby giv+ great (f5ce1 :i*1 toge!r ) ! remembrance ( 8 =m] adv5tures1 made ,/range ?9k x prud5t to leave ! c\ntry = a "t2 !re=e1 to turn to good acc\nt ev5 su* unt[>d circum/ances1 he det]m9$ to increase ! k ( 8 art by travell+ ?r\gh ! cont95t4 ,9 ,italy he produc$ "s ( 8 f9e/ engrav+s aft] ,titian1 ,raphael1 ,correggio1 ,dom5i*9o1 ,guido1 & ,van ,dyck2 8 tal5t 0 ev]y:]e ackn[l$g$2 he 0 elect$ memb] ( ! ,academies ( ,rome1 ,flor5ce1 ,bologna1 ,p>ma1 & ,p>is2 &1 on 8 return to ,london1 by 8 engrav+ aft] ,we/ ( ! apo!osis ( ! k+'s ?ree *ildr51 :o _h di$ 9 infancy1 he rega9$ ! royal fav\r & receiv$ ! di/9ction ( knigh?ood4 ,sir ,rob]t ,/range 0 a memb] ( ! ,incorporat$ ,society ( ,arti/s1 b 0 v ho/ile to ! ,royal ,academy1 deeply & ju/ly res5t+ _! exclusion ( engrav]s f full memb]%ip4 ,dur+ ! lat] "p ( 8 life he liv$ 9 ,great ,que5 ,/reet1 ,l9coln's ,inn ,fields1 :]e he di$ 9 #agib4 ,he 0 buri$ 9 ,/4 ,paul's ,*ur*y>d1 ,cov5t ,g>d54 ,/range _h *iefly devot$ himself to classical subjects & ! del9eation ( ! human =m1 ,woollett1 on ! o!r h&1 took up ! bran*es ( l&scape & hi/ory1 & by 8 skill ( t\* & p]si/5tly intellig5t lab\r produc$ su* results z 7 suffici5t to call =? ungrudg+ praise f all compet5t judges1 n only 9 8 own c\ntry1 b abroad4 ,among ,woollett's mo/ celebrat$ plates are ! ,fi%]y1 ! ,battle ( ,la ,hogue1 & ! ,dea? ( ,g5]al ,wolfe4 ,9 ! pr9t+ ( ! la/ plate an accid5t occurr$ aft] a few pro(s _h be5 tak52 a pr9t] 9 c>eless fun tak+ up a hamm]1 cri$ out1 ,g5]al ,wolfe seems dy+1 ,i'll f9i% him2 say+ ?is1 he suit$ action to ^w1 & un9t5tionally br\ght ! hamm] d[n on ! face ( ! g5]al1 ?us de/roy+ by ! freak ( a mom5t ! "w ( days ( pati5t lab\r4 ,x is said t ,woollett cri$ on he>+ ! news2 ! pa9t]1 8 art once le>nt1 fir$ by imag9ation1 c by rapid /rokes ( 8 bru% give effect to 8 w1 :ile ! engrav] only atta9s 8 end by mon?s ( unremitt+ & tru/ful toil4 ,woollett 0 born at ,maid/one 9 #agce1 & 0 appr5tic$ to ,john ,t9ney1 :o is n[ be/ kn[n z hav+ be5 ! ma/] ( ?ree di/+ui%$ pupils1 ,an?ony ,walk]1 ,john ,br[ne1 & ,woollett himself4 ,an?ony ,walk] engrav$ ! well-kn[n ,law & ,physic aft] ,o/ade1 & ! figures 9 ! pr9t ( ,niobe1 ,woollett's fir/ "w ( importance4 ,he 0 ! bro!r ( ! ,william ,walk] :o greatly increas$ ! effect ( et*+ by re-bit+1 & x is said t ,woollett1 :5 mak+ use ( ! process1 0 wont to exclaim1 ,?ank y1 ,william ,walk]4#fb ,woollett liv$ 9 ,london all 8 life 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,ra?bone ,place1 :]e1 :5 he _h f9i%$ a plate1 he us$ to celebrate ! ev5t by fir+ a cannon f ! ro( ( 8 h\se2 he di$ 9 #aghe1 & a tablet#fc 0 plac$ to 8 memory 9 ! cloi/]s ( ,we/m9/] ,abbey4 ,william ,%>p 0 ! son ( a gunmak] 9 ! ,m9ories1 :]e he 0 born 9 #agdi1 & aft]w>ds appr5tic$ to ,b>ak ,longmate1 a notable h]aldic engrav]1 ) :om ,%>p's fir/ essay z an appr5tice 0 engrav+ pewt] pots4 ,%>p complet$ ! plate ( ,we/'s ,l&+ ( ,*>les ,,ii41 left unf9i%$ by ,woollett at 8 dea?1 :ile _m w "k "o ( 8 f9e/ works1 ! ,doctors ( ! ,*ur*1 aft] ,guido4 ,al?\gh he nev] left ,engl&1 8 pr9ts 7 celebrat$ ?r\gh\t ,europe2 he 0 elect$ honor>y memb] ( ! ,imp]ial ,academy at ,vi5na & ( ! ,royal ,academy at ,muni*1 b l ,woollett1 ,/range1 & ,hall1 0 n recognis$ by ! ,engli% ,royal ,academy4 ,8 religi\s & political views 7 peculi>1 & be+ consid]$ a dang]\s "*1 he 0 summon$ be=e ! ,privy ,c\ncil1 :]e at l5g?1 annoy$ by repeat$ &1 z he consid]$1 irrelevant que/ions1 ,%>p is said to h delib]ately pull$ out ( 8 pocket a prospectus ( 8 engrav+ ( ! celebrat$ ,poli% g5]al & patriot ,kosciusko1 & h&+ x to ! c\ncil1 reque/$ _! names z subscrib]s2 ?is & 8 frank mann] reliev$ him f ! unpleasant pr$icam5t 9 :i* he f\nd himself plac$4 ,%>p also engrav$ a portrait ( ,ri*>d ,bro!rs--a fanatic ^: prophecies & writ+s excit$ att5tion at ! "t--) ! title ( ,pr9ce ( ! ,hebrews1 & wrote und]nea?3 ,fully believ+ ?is to be ! man :om ,god has appo9t$1 ,i engrave 8 lik5ess4 ,?\gh successful & indu/ri\s 9 8 art1 ,%>p di$ 9 comp>ative pov]ty 9 ! ye> #ahbd at ,*iswick4 ,among o!r di/+ui%$ m5 :o work$ 9 l9e dur+ ?is p]iod mu/ be m5tion$ ,james ,hea?1 ,ank] ,smi?1 ,john ,keyse ,%]w91 ,francis ,legat1 ,?omas ,morris--a pupil ( ,woollett's--:o engrav$ ! f9e views ( ! ,monum5t1 se5 f ,fi% ,/reet ,hill1 & ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral f ,ludgate ,hill1 & la/ly ! un=tunate ,william ,wynne ,ryl&1 :o engrav$ ! portraits ( ,george ,,iii4 & ,"l ,bute1 :i* ,/range _h refus$ to und]take1 & :o1 ?\gh ( great] em95ce 9 l9e1 is cr$it$ ) br++ into notice 9 ,engl& ! /ipple mann] ( engrav+4 ,ryl& f9ally end$ an adv5tur\s c>e] by be+ hang$ = =g+ two bills on ! ,ea/ ,india ,company1 & by 8 dea?--not)/&+ all ef=ts to obta9 a reprieve--ju/ifi$ words us$ 9 relation to ! ev5t3 ,popes & mon>*s h p>don$ m5 :o _h committ$ crimes ( ! deepe/ dye--ev5 murd]--9 consid]ation ( _! tal5ts z arti/s2 b ,ryl& liv$ 9 ,engl&1 ! l& ( trade & comm]ce1 & _h committ$ an (f5ce aga9/ ! laws ( money1 ! god ( its idolatry4 ,nor dur+ ! hi/ory ( ?is p]iod ought ! names ( ,?omas ,worlidge1 ,david ,deu*>1 & ! +5i\s ,capta9 ,baillie to be omitt$2 ,worlidge 9 ! e>ly "p1 & ,deu*> at ! close ( ! c5tury1 et*$ ea* 9 8 own /yle ) precision & effect1 :ile ,william ,baillie1 an ,iri%man & retir$ cavalry (fic] 7born #agbc1 di$ #ahaj71 et*$ & work$ 9 mezzot9t ) equal happ9ess & success4 ,william ,blake 7born #ageg71 poet1 engrav]1 & pa9t]1 /&s alone4 ,9 engrav+--! labori\s art by :i* he 0 cont5t to live--he has execut$ admirable works1 ap>t f 8 own peculi> me?ods1 bo? 9 l9e1 z %[n 9 ! portrait ( ,lavat]1 & 9 /ipple1 z 9 ! ,indu/ri\s ,cottag]1 aft] ,morl&2 z poet & pa9t] he has left songs & designs :i*1 if so>+ high] ?an m5 c foll[1 or ev5 8 own p[]s ( h& & m9d suffici5tly express1 rema9 = ev] to ar\se ! wond] & excite ! imag9ation ( po/]ity4 ,?\gh he liv$ 9 pov]ty1 & oppress$ ) c>es1 he 0 always *e]ful & belov$ by all :o knew him intimately2 he 0 ev] at "w :ile life la/$1 & di$ 9 #ahbg1 z he _h liv$1 a righte\s & happy man4 ,he 0 laid 9 ,bunhill ,fields bury+-gr\nd1 b ! spot :]e he 0 buri$ is m>k$ by no tomb/one1 nor c x n[ be actually id5tifi$2 b :o t has look$ at ! portrait engrav$ by ,je5s f ,l9nell's wondr\s m9iature c ev] =get ! face ( ! poet1 engrav]1 & pa9t]1 ,william ,blake8 ,be=e speak+ ( ! bran* ( engrav+ kn[n by ! "n ( /ipple1 x w\ld be well to say a few words z to ! mode ( pr9t+ 9 col\r1 s preval5t at "o "t1 & ( ! connection :i* ! works ( ,kirkall _h 9 relation to ! me?od4 ,edw>d ,kirkall1 born at ,%effield 9 ! ye> #agbb1 publi%$ a set ( plates1 9 ! pr9t+ ( :i* he made use bo? ( mezzot9t & et*+ on copp]plate comb9$ ) wood blocks 7t is to say1 "o pr9t+ 0 f a copp]plate1 ! rema9d] f wood blocks71 9 ord] to give v>iety ( col\r to a set ( *i>oscuros & o!r engrav+s :i* he execut$ at t "t4 ,8 plan diff]$ f t ( ,leblond 9 t he us$ only "o copp]plate pr9t+1 ! o!r t9ts be+ giv5 by wood blocks2 ! results 7 int]e/+ & effective1 p>tak+ m ( ! "* ( *i>oscuros1 ! "n he himself gave to !m4 ,ap>t f ! failure ( ,leblond to realise 8 +5i\s idea t1 by ! consecutive & prop] sup]position ( ?ree lay]s ( primitive col\rs1 e %ade ( col\r might be produc$ 9 ! pr9t1 !re /ill rema9$ ano!r fatal defect 9 ! process3 all 8 col\rs 7 impress$ by copp]plate pr9t+1 t is1 he made use ( ?ree plates successively pr9t$ "o aft] ! o!r on ! same %eet ( pap]4 ,n[ a p]son :o c realise ! heavy pressure "u :i* a copp]plate has to pass s z to =ce x into ! damp pap]1 9 ord] t ! pap] %\ld extract ! ink f ! gra9 9 :i* x is held1 w be able to see t ! second & ?ird pr9t+--no matt] h[ accurate ! regi/]--mu/ cru% ! gra9 or burr giv5 to ! pap] by ! previ\s pr9t+ & ?us de/roy ! beauty ( ! engrav]'s "w4 ,not)/&+ ! really rem>kable results produc$ by ,leblond1 ?is fatal imp]fection m>s all ! engrav+s he has left execut$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,! copp]plates :i* 7 pr9t$ 9 col\r & c>ri$ to su* p]fection1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,engl&1 ab\t ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 7 pr9t$ f "o plate1 g5]ally execut$ 9 /ipple1 & ! v>i\s t9ts or col\rs c>efully rubb$ 9 by ! pr9t]1 :o us$ = ?is purpose a sort ( /ump in/ead ( ! ord9>y dabb]4 ,:atev] arti/ic h>mony 9 col\r might be produc$ 0 !re=e p>tially ! "w1 & to ! cr$it ( ! pr9t]2 ! pr9t$ impressions 7 9 addition g5]ally t\*$ up aft]w>ds1 & 9 "s cases almo/ entirely col\r$ by h&4 ,e impression pr9t$ 9 col\rs necess>ily v>ies2 "s are really exquisite 9 _! delicacy ( tone & assemblage ( %ades1 :ile o!rs are contemptible 9 _! />+ vulg>ity4 ,kirkall engrav$ an elaborate ornam5tal =m on :i* to give a receipt to 8 subscrib]s = ^! engrav+s2 "o ( :i*1 runn+ ?us1 ,receipt f ,sir ,hans ,sloane ( "o gu9ea z "p paym5t = twelve pr9ts 9 *i>oscuro :i* he 7,kirkall7 promises to deliv] :5 f9i%$ on paym5t ( "o gu9ea m1 c be se5 at ! ,briti% ,museum1 & w give "s idea ( ! mod]ate remun]ation arti/s ( ^? days 7 cont5t to receive = _! valuable lab\r4 ,! rise ( /ipple z a sep>ate /yle took place 9 ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & al?\gh ! com+ ( ,b>tolozzi to ,engl& gave x s great an impetus1 x is necess>y to po9t out t ! works ( ! s*ool :i* goes by 8 "n by no means %[ ! capabilities ( ! me?od4 ,! aim ( ,b>tolozzi & 8 foll[]s 0 ess5tially prett9ess2 to ?is all _! ef=ts t5d$1 & = ?is /ipple 0 a conv5i5t m$ium4 ,! v pr9t+ 9 r$1 rec5tly s popul>1 is b>b>\s 9 its ineffectiv5ess1 plates s pr9t$ be+ depriv$ ( a great "p ( _! prop] ranges ( light & %ade4 ,! m s]i\s "w 9 ?is me?od 0 accompli%$ by o!r engrav]s1 ( :om may be specially m5tion$ ,?omas ,gauga91 ,an?ony ,c>don1 ,c>ol9e ,watson1 &1 lat] on 9 ! pres5t c5tury1 ,william ,walk]1 :o c>ri$ ! /yle to ! highe/ po9t ev] rea*$ or likely to be rea*$4 ,engrav+ 9 /ipple--t is1 putt+ dots into ! plate 9 place ( l9es--01 h[ev]1 no new inv5tion2 f e>ly times l9e engrav]s _h plac$ dots 9 ! int]/ices ( _! cross$ l9es to give solidity & great] effect4 ,ottavio ,leoni1 a ,roman pa9t]1 _h us$ ! me?od freely 9 a set ( plates ( di/+ui%$ arti/s1 :i* he engrav$ 9 ! ye>s #afba-e1 execut+ ! heads1 ) ! exception ( ! hair1 entirely 9 /ipple2 & e>ly 9 ! c5tury ,fr5* engrav]s made use ( ! same means to give effect to _m ( _! fle% textures4 ,! crayon /yle ( engrav+ introduc$ by ,dem>teau1 & ! feeble ,engli% mann] kn[n z *alk1 :i* _h only a limit$ reign1 are b modifications ( ! /yle4 ,francesco ,b>tolozzi1 ! life-long fri5d ( ,cipriani 7born 9 #agbe at ,flor5ce71 0 educat$ 9 engrav+ at ,v5ice by ,joseph ,wagn]1 & l ,cipriani1 :o _h prec$$ him1 came ov] to ,engl& 9 #agfd4 ,8 reputation 0 already e/abli%$ !re2 he 0 appo9t$ engrav] to ! k+ ) a sal>y ( #cjj a ye>1 became "o ( ! fir/ =ty full memb]s ( ! ,royal ,academy 7#agfh71 & 0 ! only engrav] admitt$ to ! hon\r d[n to ! ye> #ahee4 ,b>tolozzi rema9$ 9 ,engl& = ?irty-eight ye>s1 cont9u\sly produc+ 8 innum]able & well-kn[n plates2 at l5g?1 9 #ahjb1 s$uc$ by ! (f] ( a h\se1 p5sion1 & a knigh?ood1 he w5t1 at ! age ( sev5ty-sev51 to ,lisbon1 :]e he di$ 9 #ahae1 hav+ rea*$ 8 n9ety-fir/ ye>1 & work+ at 8 pr(ession to ! la/4 ,john ,ogborn1 ,*eesman1 ,?omas ,ryd]1 ,*apman1 ,ag>1 ,t4 ,burke1 & ! delightful ,p4 ,w4 ,tomk9s--:o1 ) ! late ,c4 ,h4 ,je5s1 may be call$ ! m9iaturi/ ( engrav]s--7 all foll[]s m or less ( 8 s*ool4 ,an admirable draughtsman & p]fect ma/] ( ! grav]1 ,b>tolozzi 0 9 addition able to infuse a c]ta9 grace & beauty into ! trivial "w by :i* he is be/ kn[n2 b he has done "w ( a high] /amp1 & "s ( 8 l9e engrav+s1 su* z ,clytie1 ! ,dea? ( ,dido1 ! portraits ( ,"l ,?url[ & ,m>t9 van ,ju*5 9 full arm\r 7wor?y ( ! grav] ( ,pontius or ,de ,jode71 make all :o c>e = ! art regret t s tal5t$ an arti/ gave ! great] "p ( 8 "t & att5tion to produc+ pr9ts :i*1 ?\gh graceful & pleas+1 *>m b = ! mom5t & leave no p]man5t impression4 ,?is1 ! ,augu/an era ( ,engli% engrav+1 saw also ! rise ( ! tal5t$ & g5ial ,?omas ,bewick 7born #agec1 di$ #ahbh71 :o made ! doma9 ( natural hi/ory 8 own1 & 9 addition to execut+ "s int]e/+ copp] plates1 has by 8 exquisite wood-cuts aft] 8 own draw+s entitl$ ,engl& to claim h] place among/ ! greate/ arti/s 9 t =m ( engrav+4 ,! ,boydells1 too1 _h e/abli%$ _! celebrat$ firm2 bo? 7 engrav]s1 ,john 9 l9e1 & ,josiah1 8 nephew 7a pupil ( ,e>lom71 9 mezzot9t4 ,john ,boydell 0 born 9 #agai1 & e/abli%$ himself fir/ 79 #ageb7 at ! sign ( ! ,unicorn1 corn] ( ,que5 ,/reet1 ,*eapside1 aft]w>ds at #ij ,*eapside1 & f9ally took additional premises 9 ,pall ,mall = ! ,%akespe>e ,gall]y4 ,josiah 0 born 9 #ageb1 succe$$ on 8 uncle's dea? 7#ahjd7 to ! bus9ess1 & di$ 9 #ahag4 ,a great proportion ( ! be/ pr9ts ( ?is p]iod w be f\nd to be> ! addresses ( ^! fam\s publi%]s & engrav]s4 ,! la/ ye>s ( ! eighte5? & ! comm5cem5t ( ! pres5t c5tury witness$ ! dea? ( _m ( ! fam\s engrav]s already m5tion$4 ,x 0 n[ t ! ,birm+ham s*ool ( l9e arose1 &1 urg$ by ! influ5ce ( ,j4 ,m4 ,w4 ,turn]1 execut$ _! delicate l9e engrav+s aft] t fam\s pa9t]4 ,william ,radelyffe 0 ! f\nd] ( ?is s*ool1 & 0 foll[$ by 8 son ,edw>d1 ,rob]t ,br&>d1 ,j4 ,t4 ,willmore1 ,e4 ,goodall1 ,r4 ,wallis1 ,william ,mill]1 & o!rs4 ,%>p1 ,ank] ,smi?1 ,james ,hea?1 ,e>lom1 ,dick9son1 ,"y1 & ,j4 ,r4 ,smi? /ill rema9$ = a "t1 b mu* ( _! be/ "w 0 already done4 ,william ,w>d1 appr5tic$ to ,j4 ,r4 ,smi?1 8 bro!r ,james1 ! not$ animal pa9t]1 ,*>les ,turn] & ,samuel ,william ,reynolds _h also appe>$ to c>ry on & br+ to its fulle/ developm5t ! great ,briti% s*ool ( mezzot9t4 ,william ,w>d1 born 9 #agff1 by 8 s]ies ( engrav+s aft] ,george ,morl&--^: si/] he m>ri$--has made ! names ( ! pa9t] & engrav] almo/ indissoluble1 ea* hav+ contribut$ to ! immortality ( ! o!r4 ,james1 ! pa9t] & ,royal ,academician1 born 9 #agfi1 /udi$ "u 8 bro!r1 ) :om he s]v$ an appr5tice%ip ( ne>ly n9e ye>s2 8 plates ( ,cornelius ! ,c5turion aft] ,rembr&t1 ,sir ,jo%ua's ,mrs4 ,bill+ton z ,/4 ,cecilia1 & ! /udies aft] nature ( heads & feet ( ducks1 duckl+s1 geese1 & calves1 are among ! f9e/ works execut$ 9 ! me?od4 ,james liv$ to a great age1 dy+ 9 #ahei 9 8 n9ety-fir/ ye>1 hav+ surviv$ 8 bro!r & also a nephew1 ,william ,james ,w>d4 ,! la/-nam$ 0 likewise a good mezzot9t engrav]1 b un=tunately di$ 9 ! prime ( life 9 ! ye> #ahdj4 ,*>les ,turn] 0 born 9 ! same ye> z ,s4 ,w4 ,reynolds 7#aggc71 & surviv$ ! latt] by m ?an tw5ty ye>s2 8 pr9ts are v num]\s1 & comprise a great v>iety ( subjects4 ,! l>ge upright mezzot9t ( ,sir ,jo%ua's gr\p ( ! ,m>lbor\gh family1 ) ! two y\ng] *ildr5 9 front1 "o hold+ a mask1 ! o!r %r9k+ back 9 fright1 is des]v$ly well kn[n1 z is also 8 f9e r5d]+ ( ,! ,%ipwreck aft] ,j4 ,m4 ,w4 ,turn]1 publi%$ 9 #ahjg4 ,o!r *>act]i/ic pr9ts :i* may be m5tion$ are ,black & ,r$ ,game1 aft] ,elm]2 ,pheasants1 aft] ,b>5g]2 ! portraits ( ,alex&ra1 ,empress ( ,russia1 aft] ,moni]2 ,"l ,newton1 aft] ,raeburn2 & a m>vell\s life-size head ( ,salvator ,rosa's ,/4 ,francis1 engrav$ 9 #ahje4 ,turn] liv$ till ! ye> #aheg1 :5 he di$ at 8 h\se 9 ,w>r5 ,/reet1 ,fitzroy ,squ>e1 at ! age ( eighty-?ree4 ,samuel ,william ,reynolds1 "o ( ! mo/ gift$ m5 :o ev] appli$ !mselves to ! engrav]'s art1 /udi$ mezzot9t "u ,c4 ,h4 ,hodges2 he comm5c$ 8 comp>atively %ort c>e] bo? z pa9t] & engrav]1 & exhibit$ = sev]al ye>s at ! ,briti% ,in/itution4 ,end[$ ) s+ul> p[]s ( fasc9ation1 ,reynolds seems to h attract$ & kept fa/ ! fri5d%ip ( all ) :om he became acqua9t$1 irrespective ( _! p>ticul> social surr\nd+s4 ,samuel ,:itbread1 ! di/+ui%$ ,memb] ( ,p>liam5t1 ( old ,drury ,lane ,!atre r5[n1 0 8 intimate & k9de/ fri5d2 ,%]idan & ,edmund ,kean play$ at ,pope ,joan ) 8 daught]s1 & ! v pr9t] ( 8 plates fifty ye>s aft] ,reynolds' dea? w\ld gr[ bright :5 recall+ 8 memory1 say+1 ,he 0 ! pr9ce ( engrav]s4 ,he gave lessons 9 draw+ to ! daught]s ( ,george ,,iii41 :o wi%$ to make him _! equ]ry1 & aft]w>ds an important po/ ) a sal>y ( #ijj a ye> 0 (f]$ him1 b bo? ^! (f]s 7 refus$4 ,x is f ! te*nical skill & firm d>+ :i* ,reynolds display$ 9 8 pr9ts1 & ! intellig5t use he made ( ! means at 8 comm&1 t 8 "n z an engrav] rema9s pre-em95t2 ! ,falcon]1 ,vulture & ,snake1 ,h]on & ,spaniel1 & ,leop>ds aft] ,nor?cote2 ! ,du*ess ( ,b$=d aft] ,hoppn]2 ! regal :ole-l5g? ( ! un=tunate ,pr9cess ,*>lotte2 ! l>ge & exquisitely f9i%$ et*+ f ,rembr&t's fam\s picture ( ,! ,mill2 & ! ,l& ,/orm--kn[n also z ! ,mail ,coa* 9 a ,/orm--aft] ,george ,morl&1 are b a few ( ! _m pr9ts :i* %[ ! p[] & v]satility ( ! engrav]4 ,9 ! la/-nam$ pr9t 7publi%$ #agih71 :]e ! res\rces ( mezzot9t & et*+ comb9$ h be5 us$ to fulle/ purpose1 ! famili> id5tity ( ! pa9t] has be5 almo/ hidd5 "u ! massive effects ( light & %ade %[n 9 ! l&scape1 :]e amid/ lightn+ fla% & ru%+ w9d ! t]ror-/rick5 horses are se5 da%+ madly onw>d4 ,:5 ,reynolds w5t to ,p>is 9 #ahbf1 arti/s !re 7 a/oni%$ at 8 pa9t+s & ! effects t he produc$4 ,sixd5i]s & ,maile /udi$ ) him1 & sev]al plates be> _! comb9$ names2 un=tunately bo? ^! engrav]s1 excell5t z !y 7 z mezzot9t]s1 *iefly engrav$ aft] pa9t]s ^: productions p>took ( a frivol\s & some:at free "*4 ,reynolds1 h[ev]1 left m p]man5t m>ks ( 8 /ay 9 ! ,fr5* capital by execut+ !re ! l>ge plates ( ,gricault's ,wreck ( ! ,m$usa1 ,horace ,v]net's ,mazeppa1 & ! ma/]ly repres5tations ( ,*>let's *>act]i/ic types1 ! ,village ,b>b] & ! ,rag ,pick]4 ,9 ! la/ two ! te*nical h&l+ is s free t x w\ld almo/ seem z if ! scrap] _h be5 us$ ) ! same facility z *alk on pap]4 ,9 ref]5ce to ?is !re is a /ory extant t ,reynolds once scrap$ a l>ge :ole-l5g? portrait 9 a day & a night2 ! /ory is true1 b x is also true t x is "o ( 8 wor/ plates4 ,%ortly be=e 8 dea? ,reynolds 0 greatly /ruck ) ,con/able's picture ( ,! ,lock1 & resolv$ to engrave x at 8 own co/2 writ+ to ,con/able on ! arrival ( ! picture1 he says3--,i h be5 be=e y\r picture = ! la/ h\r4 ,x is no d\bt ! be/ ( y\r works true to nature1 se5 & arrang$ ) a pr(essor's ta/e & judgm5t4 ,! execution %[s 9 e "p a h& ( exp]i5ce2 ma/]ly )\t rud5ess1 & complete )\t littl5ess2 ! col\r+ is sweet1 fre%1 & heal?y2 bright n gaudy1 b deep & cle>4 ,take x = all 9 all1 s9ce ! days ( ,ga9sbor\gh & ,wilson no l&scape has be5 pa9t$ ) s mu* tru? & orig9ality1 s mu* art1 s little artifice4 ,b he did n live to fulfil 8 int5tion1 = :ile /ill full ( hope & high purpose = ! future1 ,reynolds 0 sudd5ly /rick5 ) p>alysis1 & di$ at 8 h\se 9 ,bayswat] 9 ! ye> #ahce4 ,?is sudd5 end+ 0 ! cause ( 8 son--likewise nam$ ,samuel ,william--=sak+ pa9t+ to f9i% "s ( 8 fa!r's plates1 & ultimately cont9u+ ) success ! practice ( mezzot9t on 8 own acc\nt4 ,reynolds' daught] ,elizabe?1 :o m>ri$ ! /ipple engrav] ,william ,walk]--?\gh *iefly kn[n by h] m9iatures & o!r pa9t+s--also engrav$ 9 e>ly life4#fd ,al?\gh !re are no au!ntic records ( ! p$igree1 ,s4 ,w4 ,reynolds always ass]t$ 8 collat]al relation%ip to ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds1 & 8 son (t5 m5tion$ t 8 fa!r1 :5 q a y\?1 call$ on ,sir ,jo%ua1 :o1 dur+ ! conv]sation t ensu$1 rem>k$ to ,reynolds1 ,!n y are my c\s94 ,o!r engrav]s ( em95ce t fl\ri%$ dur+ ?is p]iod are1 9 l9e1 ! ,bromleys1 ,john ,l&se] & 8 sons1 ,*>les ,hea?1 ,william ,b4 ,cooke & 8 bro!r ,george1#fe ,john ,burnet 7celebrat$ z pa9t]1 engrav]1 & au?or71 ,ri*>d ,gold+1 & ,john ,scott2 9 /ipple1 ,william ,bond1 ,?omas ,woolno?1 & ,james ,hopwood2 9 mezzot9t1 ,h5ry ,dawe1 ,william ,say1 ,h5ry ,mey]1 ,george ,cl9t1 & 8 pupil ,?omas ,lupton1 :o1 = 8 introduction ( s(t /eel in/ead ( copp] z ! m$ium = mezzot9t engrav+1 receiv$ 9 #ahbb ! gold ,isis m$al f ! ,society ( ,arts4 ,! me?od ( /ipple 0 mean:ile sl[ly dy+ out1 b1 z (t5 happ5s :5 "s p>ticul> art seems ab\t to expire1 ?is 0 ! v "t :5 ! capabilities ( ! /yle 7 %[n 9 ! highe/ p]fection4 ,william ,walk]1 born 9 ,musselburgh 9 ! ye> #agia1 s]v$ an appr5tice%ip to ?ree engrav]s1 ,mit*ell1 ,/ew>t1 & ,?omas ,woolno?1 & *oos+ /ipple z 8 me?od ( int]pretation1 9 8 portraits ( ,sir ,walt] ,scott1 ,raeburn1 & ! ,e>l ( ,hopet\n1 ju/ifi$ 8 *oice by execut+ ! f9e/ works t 7 ev] accompli%$ 9 ! /yle4 ,he a/oni%$ ! mezzot9t]s ( ! p]iod--:o told him t1 d :at he c\ld1 he w\ld nev] make /ipple equal mezzot9t 9 col\r#ff--;by ! am\nt ( =ce1 col\r1 & effect :i* he 0 able to give to ^! plates4 ,x is ne$less to say t su* "w z ?is c\ld only be accompli%$ at ! exp5se ( int5se en]gy & p]sev]+ lab\r1 qualities :i* 7 ! ess5tial *>act]i/ics ( ! ,scot* engrav]4 ,lat] on1 :5 settl$ 9 ,london1 & m p>ticul>ly aft] ! introduction ( /eel 9 place ( copp]1 ,walk] *iefly practis$ mezzot9t1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 he made use ( 8 previ\s exp]i5ce1 et*+ 8 subject fir/ 9 /ipple be=e lay+ ! mezzot9t gr\nd4 ,8 plate ( ,burns1 engrav$ 9 mezzot9t by himself & ,mr4 ,c\s9s1 owes a great "p ( its r5[n to ,walk]'s p[] ( r5d]+ lik5ess2 9 reg>d to ?is1 ! pa9t] ,alex&] ,nasmy? rem>k$1 on see+ ! f9i%$ pr9t1 t all he c\ld say 0 t x seem$ to him a bett] lik5ess ( ! poet ?an 8 own picture4 ,?is p>ticul> quality ( fidelity 9 lik5ess ,walk] c>ri$ out 9 all 8 aft] hi/orical works2 = ?is purpose no tr\ble 0 too mu*1 no lab\r too sev]e2 ! engrav+ ( ! ,di/+ui%$ ,m5 ( ,sci5ce assembl$ at ! ,royal ,in/itution 9 #ahjg-h1 :i* occupi$ a p]iod ( six ye>s ( unceas+ rese>* & lab\r1 is a /rik+ in/ance4 ,?is 0 practically 8 la/ plate4 ,he di$ at ! age ( sev5ty-six1 9 ! ye> #ahfg1 at 8 h\se 9 ,m>g>et ,/reet1 ,cav5di% ,squ>e1 & 0 buri$ at ,brompton ,cemet]y4 ,! dea? ( ,reynolds 9 #ahce seems to m>k r\ghly ! clos+ p]iod ( ,engli% engrav+ z a great art2 two ( 8 mo/ r5[n$ pupils 71 h[ev]1 /ill 9 ! fulness ( p[]1 ,david ,lucas & ! pres5t ,mr4 ,samuel ,c\s9s1 ,r4,a4#fg ,( ,mr4 ,c\s9s1 x is suffici5t to relate t ,reynolds1 happ5+ "o day to be 9 ! t[n ( ,exet]1 saw "s draw+s 9 a %op w9d[ :i* caught 8 eye1 & on go+ inside he le>nt t !y 7 by a lad ( ! "n ( ,c\s9s1 :i* incid5t l$ to ,reynolds tak+ ! y\? to ,london & keep+ him z 8 appr5tice4 ,mr4 ,c\s9s' arti/ic g5ius1 /eady p]sev]ance1 & /]l+ integrity 9 all t he und]took1 br\ght _! full results1 z %[n 9 ! f9e s]ies ( mezzot9t engrav+s s widely kn[n & highly appreciat$1 & 8 "n may inde$ be said to close wor?ily ! long l9e ( great ,briti% mezzot9t]s4 ,david ,lucas 0 born 9 ! ye> #ahjb1 & _h ! good =tune to meet 9 e>ly life ) ,con/able1 betwe5 :om & ,lucas 0 =m$ t intimate connection ( pa9t] & engrav] :i* 9 e>li] times _h l$ to su* great results4 ,fail+ ,reynolds1 ,con/able _h appli$ to ,lucas to be 8 engrav]1 & betwe5 !m 0 complet$ ! beautiful mezzot9t s]ies ( ,engli% l&scape2 ,con/able bore ! exp5se & 0 ev] 9 c\nsel ) ! engrav]1 go+ into ! m9ute/ details1 ?9k+ no tr\ble too mu* to produce a good result1 d[n to ! pr9t+ ( ! plates1 :i* !y (t5 did !mselves1 ,lucas hav+ _h a press erect$ at 8 h\se = ! purpose4 ,! execution ( ?is s]ies l$ to ,lucas und]tak+ ! l>ge plate ( ,! ,cornfield at 8 own risk1 & aft]w>ds ! companion picture ( ,! ,lock--ref]r$ to be=e--f9ally culm9at+ 9 8 production ( ! sup]b engrav+ ( ,salisbury ,ca!dral z se5 f ! mead[s1 to :i* ,con/able himself gave ! "n ( ,! ,ra9b[4#fh ,dur+ all ?is p]iod con/ant int]c\rse & correspond5ce took place betwe5 ! pa9t] & engrav]4 ,at "o "t1 ,con/able writes1 ,al?\gh mu* admir$1 ,salisbury is /ill too heavy2 ! s5tim5t ( ! picture is t ( solemnity n gaiety1 yet x mu/ be bright1 cle>1 alive1 fre%1 & all ! front se54 ,at ano!r1 ,! b[ is a gr& :ole1 provid$ x is cle> & t5d]2 h[ ,i wi% ,i c\ld scrat* & te> away ) y\r tools on ! /eel1 b ,i c't d x1 & y\r quiet way is ,i "k ! be/ & only way4 ,at l5g? comes1 ,de> ,lucas1 ! pr9t is a noble & beautiful ?+ entirely improv$ & entirely made p]fect2 ! b[ is noble1 x is />tl+1 unique4 ,s h&-9-h& !y work$ on1 ! pa9t] upbe>+ 8 helpmate ! engrav]1 ea* aid+ ! o!r1 little notic$ by ! public at ! "t1 b sl[ly build+ up an imp]i%able fame4 ,david ,lucas di$ 9 #ahha 9 8 eightie? ye>4 ,9 ! middle ( ! c5tury1 in>ti/ic mixture ( /yles1 me*anical means replac+ true "w1 exig5cies ( copyright1 & above all ! complete sev]ance ( ! engrav] n only f ! pa9t] b also f 8 only rightful patron ! public1 _h work$ its sure result4 ,"s good m5 surviv$1 su* z ,lewis1 ,atk9son1 ,doo1 ,rob9son1 ,j4 ,h4 ,watt1 ,r4 ,graves1 ,j4 ,possel:ite1 ,lumb ,/ocks1 ,h5ry ,c\s9s1#fi ,w4 ,gill]1 ,j4 ,r4 ,jackson1 & a few o!rs2 b no "y s*ool _h be5 =m+ to replace ^? dy+ out1 & ev]y?+ presag$ ! gradual ext9ction ( engrav+ z "o ( ! great arts4 ,has ?is l[e/ po9t be5 rea*$8 ,p]haps1 z ) ! beautiful art ( m9iature pa9t+1 :i* = a "t on ! adv5t ( photography seem$ gone = ev]1 yet /ill l "s /ream 0 only runn+ on 9 hidd5 c\rse und]gr\nd to appe> aga9 & rea* daylight1 s may x happ5 ) engrav+4 ,)9 ! la/ few ye>s two engrav]s h produc$ pr9ts wor?y ( any p]iod ( ! art1 ! late ,c4 ,h4 ,je5s & ! pres5t ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,%]borne4 ,"s ( ! /ipple m9iature book illu/rations :i* ,je5s execut$ = ,messrs4 ,macmillan & o!rs1 su* z ! gem m$allions ( ,plato & ,socrates1 ,love & ,dea?1 ,wooln]'s ,beautiful ,lady1 ! portraits ( ,allan ,ramsay1 ,*>les ,"y1 ,mr4 ,rusk9's two ,aunts1 & above all ,william ,blake1 are engrav$ ) ! t5d] feel+ & f9e t\* ( ! true arti/4 ,mr4 ,%]borne1 born 9 #ahcb1 probably little kn[n except by ! few1 orig9ally a *as] & design] = jewell]s & pupil ( ,pietro ,g]ometti1 ! ,roman cameo engrav] & m$alli/1 9 #ahgb1 fir$ by hope & love ( ! art1 =sook 8 own bran* to foll[ t ( engrav+4 ,l all true arti/s1 8 mode ( execution is 8 own4 ,apollo1 exhibit$ at ! ,royal ,academy1 #ahha1 ! head ( ,mr4 ,seym\r ,had51 ! portraits ( ,phelps ! ,*elsea ,wat]man or ,mrs4 ,james ,buil?1 & ! int]iors ( ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 se5 at ! ,pa9t]-,et*]s' ,exhibition 9 ! summ] ( #ahhe1 are works t w la/1 & are good examples ( ! engrav]'s p[]s1 caus+ regret t ,mr4 ,%]borne _h n e>li] turn$ 8 att5tion to an art ! beauty ( :i* he s truly feels4 ,:ile engrav+ z a :ole 0 decay+1 "o bran*1 t ( et*+1 has be5 und]go+ a revival1 & ! names ( ,mr4 ,seym\r ,had51 ,mr4 ,philip ,ham]ton1 & ,mr4 ,:i/l] are _w-kn[n4 ,!y & _! s*ool h conf9$ !mselves to produc+ _! own designs1 :ile o!rs1 l ,mr4 ,david ,law1 ,mr4 ,macbe?1 & ! ,messrs4 ,slocombe1 also translate ! works ( pa9t]s4 ,b1 :e!r z a vehicle = convey+ an orig9al design or translat+ t ( ano!r arti/1 et*+ is /rictly limit$ 9 its p[]s2 x be>s ! same relation to ! full art ( engrav+ z sket*+ or draw+ does to t ( p]fect pa9t+2 sugge/ive1 capable ( exhibit+ broad effects ( light & %ade1 or indicative ( ! idiosyncrasy ( ! et*]1 x is1 ( its v nature1 incomplete1 & acts b z h]ald to proclaim ! great] results to be obta9$ by foll[+ out ! art to its prop] goal4 ,! great impetus :i* ,bewick's g5ius gave to ! art ( wood engrav+ at ! comm5cem5t ( ! pres5t c5tury 0 c>ri$ onw>ds by 8 di/+ui%$ pupils ,luke ,cl5nell1 ,*>lton ,nesbitt1 & ,william ,h>vey1 ! latt] ( :om1 9 #ahba1 cut ! l>ge block ( ! dea? ( ,d5tatus 7#ae 94 #aa-a_/d 947 f ! picture ( ! erratic g5ius ,b4 ,r4 ,haydon1 "u :om he 0 at t "t /udy+ draw+4 ,rob]t ,bran/on1 ,john ,?ompson & 8 bro!r ,*>les1#gj ,jackson1 & ,w4 ,j4 ,l9ton1 are names ( equal r5[n2 9 fact1 dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! c5tury1 ,engl& may be said to h be5 supreme 9 ! art4 ,gradually1 h[ev]1 ! v>i\s me*anical processes = facilitat+ ! comm]cial ext5sion ( ! art su* z electrotyp+1#ga photography1 c41 br\ght "h1 too1 _! det]iorat+ effects1 caus+ ! engrav] to become less ( an arti/ & m ( a me*anic4 ,9 delicacy ( "w & elaboration ( detail1 ,am]ican arti/s n[ /& fir/ among wood engrav]s2 b !y attempt too mu* ) ! means at _! comm&1 & try to produce ^u ! comp>atively s(t mat]ial1 wood1 ! delicate f95ess ( l9e :i* c only be realis$ 9 p]fection on metal4 ,! extreme clos5ess ( ! l9es1 comb9$ ) ! exig5cies ( rapid surface pr9t+1 dull m or less ! m9ute int]/ices :i* ought to %[ pure :ite2 effect is lo/1 &1 not)/&+ ! excell5ce ( ! workman%ip1 ! result becomes monoton\s & we>y+ r ?an pleasurable to ! satiat$ eye4 ,9 et*+ also ,am]ica takes high rank2 9 addition to ,mr4 ,:i/l]1 ! names ( ,messrs4 ,j4 ,gadsby ,*apman1 ,gif=d1 ,duv5eck1 ,f4 ,s4 ,*ur*1 ,p5nell1 ,/eph5 ,p>ri%1 & ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,moran1 are well kn[n 9 ,europe4 ,9 ! complete /yles ( engrav+1 /ipple1 l9e1 & mezzot9t1 al?\gh ,am]ican engrav]s are little kn[n out ( _! own c\ntry--a l>ge en\gh field1 h[ev]1 9 :i* to ex]cise _! tal5ts--"s good "w has also be5 done2 9 /ipple1 by ,david ,edw91 ,ion4 ,b4 ,=re/1 ,gimbr$e1 & ,c4 ,tieb\t2 9 mezzot9t1 by ,*>les ,wilson ,peale1 ,a4 ,h4 ,rit*ie1 & ,john ,s>ta91 :o1 aft] hav+ work$ "u ! direction ( ,william ,"y ,ottley1 w5t f ,london to ,am]ica 9 #ahcj at ! age ( tw5ty-two2 & 9 l9e1 by ,a%] ,br[n ,dur&2 ,joseph ,&rews2 ! ,smillies2 & ,*>les ,burt1 :o is said to h be5 ! actual engrav] ( ! f9e plate ( ,leon>do's ,la/ ,supp]1 copi$ f ,morgh5's pr9t ( ! same subject1 & be>+ ! "n ( ,a4 ,l4 ,dick z engrav]4 ,! lives ( ^! & o!rs n m5tion$ 7 (t5 ev5tful & picturesque1 & w\ld repay /udy4 ,"s leav+ ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 or ,irel& 9 e>ly life to settle 9 ! l& ( _! adoption1 _h to /ruggle ) difficulties1 (t5 tea* !mselves1 make _! own tools1 l ,john ,*5ey1 or l ,*>les ,wilson ,peale1 turn _! h&s to :atev] duty might pres5t itself4 ,peale 0 a capta9 ( volunte]s1 d5ti/1 lectur] on natural hi/ory1 saddl]1 wat*mak]1 silv]smi?1 pa9t] 9 oil1 crayons1 or 9 m9iature on ivory1 modell] 9 clay & wax1 engrav] 9 mezzot9t1 & to cr[n all1 z 8 son 0 wont to say1 a mild1 b5evol5t1 & good man4 ,_m also devot$ _! tal5ts to bank-note engrav+1 a bran* ( ! art highly cultivat$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 :i* ! skill ( ! inv5tor & me*anic has be5 unit$ ) ! grace & g5ius ( ! arti/4 ,z engrav]s 9 ?is p>ticul> /yle may be specially m5tion$ ,w4 ,e4 ,m>%all1 ,j4 ,w4 ,casile>1 ,m4 ,j4 ,dan=?1 ,gideon ,fairman1 & ,jacob ,p]k9s1 ! latt] ( :om1 ) ,fairman & ! +5i\s ,asa ,sp5c]1 came ov] to ,engl& 9 #ahah to compete = ! premium ( #bj1jjj (f]$ by ! ,bank ( ,engl& = a bank-note :i* c\ld n be c\nt]feit$4 ,al?\gh n successful1 ! ,bank all[$ !m ! sum ( #e1jjj 9 consid]ation ( _! +5uity & ! tr\ble & exp5se :i* !y _h incurr$ 9 ! matt]4 ,:ile ,asa ,sp5c] is to be cr$it$ ) inv5t+ ! me?od ( apply+ ! geometric la!#gb to engrav+ ! involv$ patt]ns on banknotes1 ,p]k9s has ! hon\r ( introduc+ ! process ( transf] by means ( /eel roll]s4 ,! portrait or o!r design is engrav$ 9 ! usual mann] on a die plate1 :i* is !n h>d5$2 a s(t /eel roll] or cyl9d] is n[ roll$ ov] ! die ) great pressure by means ( a p[]ful ma*9e1 caus+ ! cyl9d] to take (f 9 its c\rse ! impression ( ! design 9 relief2 ?is roll] is n[ h>d5$ 9 its turn1 & by ! use ( simil> means made to impress ano!r s(t /eel die2 by repeat+ ?is process1 any requisite numb] ( plates c ?us be reproduc$ ! exact fac-similes ( ! orig9al engrav$ die plate4 ,ow+ to ! me*anical necessity t only a small surface ( ! roll] %\ld press on ! die at a giv5 mom5t1 ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d] requires to be small1 s t sev]al ( ^! dies1 & consequ5tly ( ! roll]s1 w be requir$ to complete ! entire plate f :i* ! ultimate pr9t+ ( ! note is effect$4 ,f9ally x may be well to conclude ?is brief acc\nt ( ! ,briti% s*ool ( engrav+ by call+ att5tion to ! consid]ations :i* ought to gov]n buy]s ( engrav+s2 buy only t :i* gives real p]sonal satisfaction1 di/ru/ a sell]'s inducem5ts1 9 price be rul$ by ! am\nt t c be ju/ly af=d$1 reject allur+ ?\ghts ( future money ga9 7or be prep>$ to pay ! sure p5alty--de/ruction ( natural arti/ic feel+ & hope ( fur!r cultivation71 & ev] be> 9 m9d ! words ( ,con/able to 8 engrav]3 ,tone1 tone1 my de> ,lucas1 is ! mo/ s$uctive & invit+ quality a picture or pr9t c possess2 x is ! fir/ ?+ se51 & l a fl[]1 invites to ! exam9ation ( ! plant itself4#gc 99 99 99 99 99 999999 ,! writ] ( ! ,*apt] on ,engli% ,engrav+ desires to ackn[l$ge ! facilities k9dly plac$ at 8 disposal by ,mr4 ,sidney ,colv91 ,keep] ( ,pr9ts & ,draw+s at ! ,briti% ,museum1 & to express 8 recognition ( ! valuable aid af=d$ him by ,mr4 ,f4 ,m4 ,o',donoghue1 ( ! same dep>tm5t4 ,,*ronological ,,table ,,( ,,! ,,m ,,important ,,engrav]s ,,belong+ ,,to ,,! ,,briti% ,,s*ool ,,( ,,engrav+4 ,=eign ,engrav]s practis+ 9 ,engl& are m>k$ ) an a/]isk4 b4 /&s = born2 d41 di$2 fl41 fl\ri%$2 c41 ab\t4 #af? ,c5t4 ,,raynalde1 ,?omas4 ,publi%$ 9 #aedj a book call$ ,! ,bir? ( ,mank9d1 illu/rat$ by copp]plate engrav+s4 ,,gem9us1 ,?omas4 ,publi%$ 9 #aede a translation ( ,vesalius' ,anatomy1 writt5 & illu/rat$ ) copp]plates engrav$ by himself4 99,,hog5b]g1 ,francis4 ,engrav$ 9 l9e a portrait ( ,que5 ,m>y ,i4 ( ,engl&1 be>+ date #aeee4 7,!re are d\bts z to ! correctness ( ?is date47 99,,hog5b]g1 ,remigius4 ,engrav$ 9 l9e portrait ( ,mat!w 7,bro!r ( above47 ,p>k]1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 be>+ date #aegc4 ,,rog]s1 ,william4 b4 ,london c4 #aede4 ,engrav$ 9 l9e a f9e :ole-l5g? portrait ( ,que5 ,elizabe?1 aft]w>ds republi%$ & r$uc$ 9 size4 #ag? ,c5t4 99,,de ,,passe1 ,crisp94 b4 ,utre*t c4 #aefj4 ,l9e4 ,engrav$ & drew f life4 99,,de ,,passe1 ,magdal54 b4 ,utre*t #aehc4 ,l9e4 7,daught] ( above47 99,,de ,,passe1 ,william4 b4 ,utre*t c4 #aeij2 fl4 #afbj-bg4 ,l9e4 7,son ( above47 99,,de ,,passe1 ,simon4 b4 ,utre*t #aeia2 d4 c4 #afdd4 ,l9e4 ,8 7,son ( above47 e>lie/ "w 9 ,engl& dat$ #afac4 ,,del>am1 ,francis4 fl4 c4 #afbj4 ,l9e4 ,,el/racke1 ,reg9ald4 fl4 c4 #afbj4 ,l9e4 ,,peake1 ,sir ,rob]t4 b4 c4 #aeib2 d4 #afde4 ,l9e4 ,also pa9t$ portraits 9 m9iature4 ,ma/] ( engrav] ,fai?orne & pa9t] ,dobson4 99,,holl>1 ,w5ceslaus4 b4 ,prague #afjg2 d4 ,london #afgg4 ,et*]1 f9i%+1 :5 necess>y1 ) f9e grav]4 99,,lomb>t1 ,pet]4 b4 ,p>is #afab2 came to ,engl& c4 #afec1 rema9+ = consid]able numb] ( ye>s2 d4 ,p>is4 ,l9e4 ,engrav$ s]ies ( twelve portraits call$ ,! ,c\ntesses4 ,,fai?orne1 ,william4 b4 ,london #afaf2 d4 ,london #afia4 ,l9e4 7,pupil ( ,sir ,rob]t ,peake47 99,,v&]bank1 ,pet]4 b4 ,p>is2 ( ,dut* extraction2 came to 7,pupil ( ,de ,poilly47 ,engl& c4 #afgd2 d4 ,bradfield #afig4 ,l9e4 ,,b>l[1 ,francis4 b4 ,l9coln%ire #afbf2 d4 ,london #agjb4 ,et*]1 l9e engrav]1 & animal pa9t]4 ,,gaywood1 ,rob]t4 b4 c4 #afcj2 d4 c4 #agaa4 ,et*] & l9e 7,pupil ( ,holl>47 engrav]1 *iefly ( animal subjects4 99,,loggan1 ,david4 b4 ,dantzic c4 #afcj2 d4 ,london #afic4 7,pupil ( ,simon de ,l9e4 ,portrait & ar*itectural ,passe47 engrav] & pa9t]4 ,,rup]t1 ,pr9ce4 b4 #afai2 d4 #afhb4 ,introduc$ mezzot9t into ,engl&1 & engrav$ "s f9e pr9ts 9 ! me?od1 :i* 7 probably execut$ abroad4 ,,%]w91 ,william4 b4 c4 #afej2 d4 c4 #agad4 ,engrav$ portrait ( ,*>les ,,ii4 #affi1 ! e>lie/ dat$ pr9t 9 mezzot9t au!ntically engrav$ 9 ,engl&4 ,,oliv]1 ,john4 b4 #afaf2 d4 #agja4 ,glass pa9t]2 also 7,nephew & pupil engrav$ 9 mezzot9t4 ( ,pet] ,oliv]1 m9iature pa9t] & et*]47 ,,place1 ,francis4 b4 c4 #afdj2 d4 #agbh4 ,mezzot9t1 l9e1 et*+4 fl4 #afgj4 ,a good _m e>ly mezzot9t pr9ts be> ^! two names1 b only z publi%]s 7excudit n ,,tompson1 ,ri*>d4 sculpsit71 & !re is great d\bt ,,br[ne1 ,alex&]4 if any 7 actually engrav$ by !m4 ,br[ne wrote ! ,ars ,pictoria 9 #affi1 9 :i* ,! ,mann] or ,way ( ,mezo ,t9to is describ$2 publi%$ by himself1 ,tompson1 & ano!r4 99,,blootel+h1 ,abraham4 b4 ,am/]dam #afcd2 d4 c4 #afie4 ,l9e & 7,pupil ( ,cornelius mezzot9t4 ,came to ,engl& = a few ,viss*]47 ye>s #afgc4 99,,valck1 ,g]>d4 b4 ,am/]dam c4 #afbf2 d4 c4 #agbj4 7,pupil ( ,mezzot9t & l9e4 ,accompani$ ,blootel+h47 ,blootel+h to ,engl&1 n leav+ until aft] #afhj4 ,,:ite1 ,rob]t4 b4 ,london #afde2 d4 ,london #agjd4 ,l9e4 7,pupil ( ,david ,portrait draughtsman f life4 ,loggan47 99,,v&]va>t1 ,john4 b4 ,ha>lem #afdg2 d4 ,london #agba4 ,mezzot9t] & pa9t]4 ,came to ,engl& #afgd4 99,,van ,,som]1 ,paul4 b4 ,am/]dam #afdi2 d4 ,london #afid4 7,pupil ( ,john ,van ,mezzot9t4 ,som]1 probably 8 bro!r47 ,,fai?orne1 ,william1 b4 ,london #afef2 d4 ,london #afhf4 junr4 7,son ( ,mezzot9t4 ,william ,fai?orne47 ,,luttrell1 ,e4 b4 ,dubl9 c4 #afej2 d4 c4 #agaj4 7,said to h ,mezzot9t] & crayon portraiti/4 le>nt me?od ( mezzot9t f ,blois1 gr\nd lay] to ,blootel+h47 ,,beckett1 ,isaac4 b4 ,k5t #afec2 d4 #agai4 ,mezzot9t4 ,pr9ts 7,attract$ by all dat$ betwe5 #afha-hh4 ,luttrell's works1 le>nt ! me?od ( mezzot9t f ,lloyd1 a pr9tsell]1 :o is said to h obta9$ ! secret f ,blois1 gr\nd lay] to ,blootel+h47 ,,smi?1 ,john4 b4 ,dav5try #afeb2 d4 ,nor?ampton #agdb4 7,pupil ( ,beckett ,mezzot9t4 & ,v&]va>t47 ,,williams1 ,r4 b4 ,wales4 ,mezzot9t4 ,pr9ts dat$ c4 #afhj to #agjd4 99,,dorigny1 ,sir ,ni*olas4 b4 ,p>is #afeg2 d4 ,p>is #agdf4 ,l9e4 ,settl$ 9 ,london #agaa-bd4 ,knight$ by ,george ,i4 = 8 set ( ,raphael's c>toons4 ,,l5s1 ,b]n>d4 b4 ,london #afei2 d4 #agbe4 ,mezzot9t4 99,,gribel91 ,simon4 b4 ,blois #affa2 d4 ,engl& #agcc4 ,l9e4 ,came to ,engl& #afhj2 engrav$ fir/ complete set ( ,raphael's c>toons4 ,,lumley1 ,george4 b4 ,york latt] "p ( #ag? c5tury4 7,fri5d ( ,francis ,mezzot9t4 ,place47 ,,:ite1 ,george4 b4 #afga2 d4 #agca-b4 ,mezzot9t4 7,son & pupil ( ,introduc$ slight et*+ into ! ,rob]t ,:ite47 me?od4 ,engrav$ also 9 l9e1 & pa9t$ portraits4 #ah? ,c5t4 99,,simon1 ,john b4 ,norm&y #afge2 d4 ,london c4 #agee4 7or ,jean74 ,fir/ engrav$ 9 l9e1 !n came to ,engl& & devot$ himself to mezzot9t4 ,,v]tue1 ,george4 b4 ,london #afhd2 d4 ,london #agef4 ,l9e2 antiqu>y1 wrote notes on ! hi/ory ( arts & arti/s 9 ,engl&4 ,manuscripts n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 99,,van ,,bleeck1 ,pet]4 b4 ,fl&]s2 d4 #agfd4 ,came to ,engl& #agbc ,mezzot9t4 99,,fab]1 ,john1 s54 b4 ,holl&2 d4 ,bri/ol #agba4 ,mezzot9t2 also m9iature pa9t]4 ,came to ,engl& 9 #afhg ) 8 son4 99,,fab]1 ,john1 jun4 b4 ,holl& #afhd2 d4 ,london #agdf4 7,son & pupil ( ,mezzot9t4 ,among/ o!rs1 engrav$ above47 ,kit ,cat ,club & ,hampton ,c\rt ,beauties4 ,,hog>?1 ,william4 b4 ,/4 ,bees1 ,durham1 #afig2 d4 ,london 7,fir/ appr5tic$ #agfd4 ,l9e engrav] & pa9t]4 to silv]smi?47 ,,sullivan1 ,luke4 b4 co4 ,l\?1 ,irel&1 #agje2 d4 ,london #agga4 ,l9e4 ,assi/ant to ,hog>?1 & engrav$ "s ( 8 pictures4 99,,b>on1 ,b]n>d4 b4 ,p>is c4 #agjj2 d4 ,london #agfb4 ,l9e4 7,pupil ( ,t>dieu1 ,came to ,engl& 9 #agab4 ,employ$ by ! ,fr5* engrav]47 ,hog>?4 ,,worlidge1 ,?omas4 b4 #agjj2 d4 ,hamm]smi? #agff4 ,et*] & portrait pa9t]4 ,*iefly resid$ at ,ba?4 ,,bickham1 ,george4 d4 #agfi4 ,l9e & et*+1 draughtsman4 ,publi%$ ,! ,univ]sal ,p5man2 fa!r ( ,george1 also an engrav] & draughtsman4 99,,rav5et1 ,franois ,simon1 b4 ,p>is #agjf2 d4 ,hamp/ead ,road #aggd4 ,a4,e4 ,l9e4 ,came to ,engl& a little be=e 7,pupil ( ,le ,bas47 #agde1 & settl$ 9 ,london4 ,,frye1 ,?omas4 b4 ne> ,dubl9 #agaj2 d4 ,london #agfj4 ,mezzot9t] & portrait pa9t]1 *iefly lifesize4 ,,brooks1 ,john4 b4 ,irel&2 d4 ,london4 ,l9e & mezzot9t4 ,ma/] ( ,mc,ardell & ,r4 ,h\/on4 ,left ,dubl9 c4 #agdg1 & set up a *9a manufactory at ,batt]sea4 ,mc,a,r,d,e,l,l1 ,james4 b4 ,dubl9 c4 #agbi2 d4 ,london #agfe4 7,pupil ( ,john ,brooks1 ,mezzot9t4 ,fir/ made use ( deep ,dubl947 et*+ to give effect to ! me?od4 99,,canot1 ,pet] b4 ,france #agaj2 d4 ,london #aggg4 ,l9e2 ,*>les1 ,a4,e4 *iefly sea views4 ,came to ,engl& #agdj1 :]e he rema9$ = ! re/ ( 8 life4 ,,*atela9e1 ,john ,bapti/e b4 ,london #agaj2 d4 ,london #agga4 ,l9e & ,claude4 draughtsman4 ,( ,fr5* ,prote/ant p>5tage4 ,ma/] ( ,viv>es1 = :om also he work$ lat] on4 99,,viv>es1 ,francis4 b4 ,france #agji2 d4 ,london #aghj4 ,l9e2 7,pupil ( ,*atela9e47 l&scape engrav]4 ,came to ,london at ! age ( eighte54 ,,t9ney1 ,john4 d4 #agfa4 ,practis$ 9 ,london #agdj-ej1 9 l9e & mezzot9t2 *iefly kn[n z ma/] ( ,woollett1 ,an?ony ,walk]1 & ,john ,br[ne4 ,,major1 ,?omas1 ,a4,e4 b4 #agbj2 d4 ,london #agii4 ,l9e4 ,fir/ ,associate engrav] ( ! ,royal ,academy4 ,,coop]1 ,ri*>d4 b4 ,york%ire2 d4 ,ed9burgh #agfd4 ,l9e & mezzot9t4 ,practis$ 9 ,ed9burgh 9 #agcj1 & 0 ! ma/] ( ,/range4 ,,/range1 ,sir ,rob]t4 b4 ,pomona1 ,orkney1 #agba2 d4 ,london #agib4 7,pupil ( ,ri*>d ,l9e4 ,coop]1 ( ,ed9burgh47 ,,h\/on1 ,ri*>d4 b4 ,irel& #agba2 d4 ,london #agge4 7,pupil ( ,john ,brooks1 ,mezzot9t4 ( ,dubl947 ,,baillie1 ,william1 b4 ,irel& #agbc2 d4 #ahaj4 ,et*+ & ,capta94 mezzot9t4 ,came to ,london #agda4 ,"s ye>s 9 ! army4 99,,b>tolozzi1 ,francis1 b4 ,flor5ce #agbe2 d4 ,lisbon #ahae4 ,r4,a4 ,/ipple & l9e4 ,came to ,engl& 7,pupil ( ,joseph #agfd1 rema9+ "h till #ahjb4 ,wagn]1 ( ,v5ice47 ,,ogborne1 ,john4 b4 ,london c4 #agbe2 d4 c4 #agie4 ,/ipple 7,pupil ( ,b>tolozzi47 & l9e4 ,,walk]1 ,an?ony4 b4 ,salisbury #agbf2 d4 ,london #agfe4 ,l9e 7,pupil ( ,t9ney47 & et*+4 ,,walk]1 ,william4 b4 ,?irsk #agbi2 d4 ,cl]k5well #agic4 7,pupil ( 8 ,l9e2 introduc$ ! process ( bro!r ,an?ony47 rebit+ into ! practice ( et*+4 99,,cunego1 ,dom5ico4 b4 ,v]ona #agbg2 d4 ,rome #agid4 ,l9e4 ,came to ,engl& & engrav$ "s plates = ! ,boydells4 ,,gre5wood1 ,john4 b4 ,bo/on1 ,am]ica1 #agbi2 d4 ,m>gate #agib4 ,mezzot9t1 et*+1 & pa9t]4 ,aft]w>ds became an auctione]4 ,,spilsbury1 ,john4 b4 #agcj2 d4 ,london #agie4 ,mezzot9t4 ,portrait pa9t]4 ,ga9$ premiums = mezzot9t #agfa & #agfc f ,society ( ,arts2 also pr9tsell]4 ,,dawe1 ,philip4 d4 c4 #ahjb4 ,mezzot9t & pa9t]1 said to h work$ "u ,hog>?4 ,0 a pupil ( ! pa9t] ,h5ry ,morl&4 ,,basire1 ,james4 b4 #agcj2 d4 ,london #ahjb4 ,l9e4 ,8 7,pupil ( ,ri*d4 fa!r ,isaac1 8 son ,james1 & 8 ,dalton1 a gr&son ,james1 7 also engrav]s4 draughtsman & engrav] ( mod]ate note47 ,,taylor1 ,isaac4 b4 ,worce/] #agcj2 d4 #ahjg4 ,l9e4 ,8 son ,isaac 0 also an engrav]4 ,,fi%]1 ,edw>d4 b4 ,irel& #agcj2 d4 ,london c4 #aghe4 ,mezzot9t4 ,,f9layson1 ,john4 b4 c4 #agcj2 d4 c4 #aggf4 ,mezzot9t4 ,resid$ 9 ,london4 ,ga9$ premiums f ,society ( ,arts #agfd & #aggc4 99,,haid1 ,johann ,gottfri$4 b4 ,wurtemburg #agcj2 d4 #aggf4 ,mezzot9t4 7,pupil ( 8 fa!r1 ,came to ,engl& :5 "y1 & work$ ,j4 ,jacob ,haid47 = ,boydell1 aft]w>ds return+ to ,g]many4 ,8 fa!r1 ,johann ,jacob1 & 8 bro!r1 ,johann ,elias1 7 also good mezzot9t]s4 99,,jacobe1 ,johann4 b4 ,vi5na #agcc2 d4 #agig4 ,came to ,london to le>n mezzot9t1 engrav$ "s f9e plates1 #aggi-hj1 & !n return$ to ,vi5na4 ,,pe!r1 ,william4 b4 ,c>lisle #agca2 d4 #ahba4 ,mezzot9t4 7,pupil ( ,?omas ,frye47 ,pa9t] 9 oil & m9iature draughtsman4 ,,woollett1 ,william4 b4 ,maid/one #agce2 d4 ,london #aghe4 ,l9e4 7,pupil ( ,t9ney47 ,,watts1 ,john4 ,mezzot9t4 ,engrav$ 9 ,london #aggj-hf2 also a pr9tsell]4 ,,brook%aw1 ,ri*>d4 b4 #agcf2 d4 c4 #ahjd4 ,mezzot9t4 ,w5t to ,p>is ab\t #aggb1 :]e 8 works 7 greatly e/eem$4 ,,purcell1 ,ri*>d4 b4 ,dubl9 c4 #agcf2 d4 ,london c4 #agff4 7,pupil ( ,john ,brooks47 ,mezzot9t4 ,came to ,london c4 #agee4 ,also work$ "u ! names ( ,c4 ,corbutt & 7probably7 ,h4 ,f[l]4 ,,phillips1 ,*>les4 b4 #agcg4 ,mezzot9t4 ,work$ *iefly aft] ! old ma/]s4 ,,ryl&1 ,william ,wynne4 b4 ,london #agch2 d4 ,london #aghc4 ,l9e & 7,pupil ( ,rav5et47 /ipple2 also a pr9tsell]4 ,visit$ ,p>is c4 #agfj1 & is said to h /udi$ "u ,le ,bas4 ,0 hang$ = =g]y4 ,,gre51 ,val5t9e1 ,a4,e4 b4 ne> ,birm+ham #agci2 d4 ,london #ahac4 ,mezzot9t4 ,engrav$ ov] tw5ty plates f ,dsseldorf ,gall]y4 ,,hall1 ,john4 b4 ne> ,col*e/] #agci2 d4 ,london #agig4 7,pupil ( ,rav5et47 ,l9e4 ,,blackmore1 ,?omas4 b4 ,london c4 #agdj2 d4 c4 #aghj4 ,mezzot9t4 ,engrav+s be> date ab\t #agfi-ga4 ,,dixon1 ,john4 b4 ,dubl9 c4 #agdj2 d4 e>ly #ai? c5tury4 ,mezzot9t4 ,practis$ 9 ,london1 /udi$ 9 ,dubl9 "u ! pa9t] ,f4 ,we/1 a draughtsman ( great p[]4 ,,laurie1 ,rob]t4 b4 ,london #agdj2 d4 c4 #ahjd4 ,mezzot9t2 also pr9tsell]4 ,ga9$ premium ,society ( ,arts #agga1 & "o 9 #aggf = facilitat+ pr9t+ by mezzot9t 9 col\rs4 ,spells 8 "n ,l[ry1 ,l[]y1 ,l[rie1 ,lawrie1 & f9ally ,laurie4 ,,okey1 ,samuel4 fl4 #agfe-gj4 ,mezzot9t4 ,aw>d$ premiums by ,society ( ,arts 9 #agfe & #agfg4 ,w5t to ,am]ica 9 #agga1 & settl$ at ,rhode ,isl&4 ,,watson1 ,james4 b4 ,irel& #agdj2 d4 ,london #agij4 ,mezzot9t4 ,fa!r ( ,c>ol9e ,watson4 ,,br[ne1 ,john1 ,a4,e4 b4 ,essex #agda2 d4 ,walwor? #ahja4 ,l9e4 7,pupil ( ,t9ney & ,l&scape engrav]4 ,woollett47 ,,watson1 ,?omas4 b4 ,london #agdc2 d4 ,bri/ol #agha4 7,appr5tic$ to ,mezzot9t & /ipple4 ,engrav$ engrav] on plate47 ,w9dsor ,beauties aft] ,lely2 has be5 /at$ to be ! bro!r ( ,james ,w41 b no relation2 p>tn] ) ,dick9son z pr9tsell]4 99,,tassa]t1 ,philip ,j4 b4 ,antw]p2 d4 ,london #ahjc4 ,mezzot9t1 also l9e4 ,came to ,engl& v "y4 ,assi/ant to ,t4 ,hudson ! pa9t]4 ,,byrne1 ,william4 b4 ,london #agdc2 d4 ,london #ahje4 ,l9e4 7,pupil ( 8 uncle1 a ,l&scape engrav]4 ,8 son ,john & h]aldic engrav]1 daught]s ,letitia & ,elizabe? also !n ( ,aliamet & engrav$1 & help$ him 9 8 plates4 ( ,wille1 at ,p>is47 ,,e>lom1 ,ri*>d4 b4 ,london #agdc2 d4 ,london #ahbb4 ,mezzot9t & /ipple4 ,us$ et*+ ) vigor\s effect4 ,engrav$ a few plates "u "n ( ,h4 ,bir*e2 "s "t a pupil ( ,cipriani4 ,,dunk>ton1 ,rob]t4 b4 ,london #agdd2 d4 e>ly "p ( #ai? 7,pupil ( ,pe!r47 c5tury4 ,mezzot9t4 ,engrav+s be> dates #aggj-ahaa4 ,,cook1 ,?omas4 b4 c4 #agdd2 d4 c4 #ahah4 ,l9e4 ,engrav$ 7,pupil ( ,rav5et47 among/ o!rs ,hog>?'s works "u title ,hog>? ,re/or$4 ,,dick9son1 ,william4 b4 ,london #agdf2 d4 ,p>is #ahbc4 ,mezzot9t & /ipple4 ,aw>d$ premium ,society ( ,arts #agfg4 ,= "s "t p>tn] ) ,?omas ,watson z pr9tsell]4 ,,t[nley1 ,*>les4 b4 ,london #agdf4 ,mezzot9t & /ipple1 also m9iature pa9t]4 ,work$ at ,b]l9 #aghf-ib1 !n return$ to ,london4 ,,ryd]1 ,?omas4 b4 #agdf2 d4 #ahaj4 ,/ipple4 ,8 son 7,pupil ( ,basire47 ,?omas also engrav$4 ,,walk]1 ,james4 b4 #agdh2 d4 ,london #ahjh4 ,mezzot9t4 ,9 7,pupil ( ,val4 ,gre547 #aghd w5t to ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 became engrav] to ,empress ( ,russia1 & return$ to ,engl& 9 #ahjb4 ,,murphy1 ,john4 b4 ,irel& #agdh2 d aft] #ahbj4 ,mezzot9t & /ipple4 99,,gauga91 ,?omas4 b4 ,abbeville #agdh2 d4 beg9n+ #ai? 7,pupil ( ,h\/on47 c5tury4 ,/ipple4 ,came v "y to ,london4 ,,holl[ay1 ,?omas4 b4 ,london #agdh2 d4 #agbg4 ,l9e4 ,kn[n *iefly f 8 s]ies ( ,raphael's c>toons4 ,,colly]1 ,joseph1 ,a4,e4 b4 ,london #agdh2 d4 #ahbg4 ,l9e & 7,pupil ( ,an?ony /ipple4 ,walk]47 ,,%>p1 ,william4 b4 ,london #agdi2 d4 ,*iswick #ahbd4 ,l9e4 7,pupil ( ,b>ak ,longmate1 engrav] on plate47 ,,%]w91 ,john ,keyse4 b4 ,sussex #agdi2 d4 ,london #agij4 ,l9e1 7,pupil ( ,b>tolozzi47 /ipple1 & pa9t]4 ,,burke1 ,?omas4 b4 ,dubl92 d4 ,london #ahae4 ,/ipple & 7,pupil ( ,dixon47 mezzot9t4 ,,/rutt1 ,joseph4 b4 ,essex #agdi2 d4 ,london #ahjb4 ,/ipple4 7,pupil ( ,w4 ,wynne ,au?or ( ,diction>y ( ,engrav]s1 ,ryl&47 ,sports & ,pa/imes ( ! ,engli%1 c4 ,,d\ghty1 ,william4 b4 ,york2 d4 ,lisbon #aghb4 ,mezzot9t]1 also portrait pa9t]4 ,engrav+s mo/ly dat$ #aggi4 ,0 a pupil ( ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds4 ,sail$ = ,b5gal #aghj1 b1 captur$ by ,fr5* & ,spani% squadrons1 0 tak5 in/ead to ,lisbon4 ,,hudson1 ,h5ry4 b4 ,london2 d4 abroad2 fl4 #aghb-ib4 ,mezzot9t4 ,,dean1 ,john4 b4 c4 #agej2 d4 ,london #agih4 ,mezzot9t4 7,pupil ( ,val5t9e ,pr9ts dat$ #aggf-hi at ?ree ,gre547 addresses 9 ,soho1 at ! la/ ( :i* a fire de/roy$ ne>ly all 8 plates & /ock4 ,,jones1 ,john4 d4 #agig4 ,mezzot9t & /ipple4 ,fa!r ( ,george ,jones 7b4 #aghf71 ,r4,a41 ! pa9t]4 ,,p>k]1 ,james4 b4 #agej2 d4 ,london #ahje4 ,l9e4 ,jo9$ 7,pupil ( ,basire47 ,willaim ,blake 9 keep+ a pr9t %op 9 #aghd4 ,,simon1 ,pet] ,j4 b4 c4 #agej2 d4 c4 #ahaj4 ,/ipple4 99,,facius1 ,george b4 ,ratisbon c4 #agej4 ,/ipple4 ,came to ,sigmund4 ,london 9 #agff at ! reque/ ( 99,,facius1 ,john ,bro!rs4 ,boydell4 ,gottlieb4 ,,morris1 ,?omas4 b4 c4 #agej2 fl4 #agie4 ,l9e4 ,engrav$ 7,pupil ( ,woollett47 ,views ( ,/4 ,paul's & ! ,monum5t4 ,,middiman1 ,samuel4 b4 #agej2 d4 ,london #ahca4 ,l9e4 7,pupil ( ,byrne47 ,l&scape engrav]4 ,,saund]s1 ,j4 fl4 #aggb-gd4 ,mezzot9t4 99,,m>*i1 ,giuseppe b4 ,rome #ageb2 d4 ,london #ahjh4 ,filippo ,lib]ati4 ,mezzot9t4 ,br\ght to ,engl& #agfi by ,sir ,j4 ,reynolds1 :o employ$ him z an assi/ant4 ,,smi?1 ,john ,raphael4 b4 ,d]by #ageb2 d4 ,donca/] #ahab4 ,mezzot9t & /ipple4 ,pa9t] 9 m9iature & crayons & pr9tsell]4 ,fa!r ( ,emma ,smi? ! engrav]4 ,,bewick1 ,?omas4 b4 ,nor?umb]l& #agec2 d4 ,gate%ead 7,pupil ( ,beilby1 an #ahbh4 ,wood engrav]2 also copp]plate4 engrav] at ,8 bro!r ,john 0 likewise a wood ,newca/le47 engrav]4 ,,nutt]1 ,william4 b4 #aged2 d4 ,london #ahjb4 ,/ipple4 7,pupil ( ,j4 ,r4 ,smi?47 ,,"y1 ,john4 b4 #agee2 d4 ,london #ahbe4 ,mezzot9t4 7,pupil ( ,j4 ,r4 ,smi?47 ,publi%$ catalogues ) et*+s ( ! ,grosv5or 7#ahbj71 ,leigh ,c\rt 7#ahbb71 ,ang]/e9 7#ahbc71 & ,/af=d 7#ahbf7 ,gall]ies4 ,,groz]1 ,joseph4 fl4 #aghf-ig4 ,mezzot9t4 ,,poll>d1 ,rob]t4 b4 ,newca/le-on-,tyne #agee2 d4 #ahch4 7,pupil ( a ,et*+1 aquat9t1 & pa9t]2 la/ silv]smi?47 surviv+ memb] ( ,incorporat$ ,society ( ,arti/s2 9 #ahcf gave ov] to ,royal ,academy ! pap]s ( ! ,society4 ,,legat1 ,francis4 b4 ,scotl& #agee2 d4 ,london #ahfi4 ,l9e4 ,/udi$ "u ,alex4 ,runciman1 ! ,ed9burgh pa9t]4 ,,gillray1 ,james4 b4 ,lan>k%ire #agbj2 d4 ,london #ahae4 7,pupil ( h]aldic ,et*] & l9e4 ,c>icaturi/4 engrav]47 ,,hea?1 ,james1 ,a4,e4 b4 ,london #ageg2 d4 ,london #ahcd4 ,l9e4 7,pupil ( ,colly]47 ,fa!r ( ,*>les ,hea?4 ,,blake1 ,william4 b4 ,broad ,/reet1 ,gold5 ,squ>e1 ,london1 7,pupil ( ,basire47 #ageg2 d4 ,f\nta9 ,c\rt1 ,/r&2 #bnd ( ! "n4 buri$ ,bunhill ,fields1 #ahbg4 ,l9e1 /ipple1 & et*+4 ,poet & pa9t]4 ,,haw>d1 ,francis1 ,a4,e4 b4 #agei2 d4 ,london c4 #agig4 ,mezzot9t & /ipple4 ,,!w1 ,rob]t4 b4 ,york%ire #ageh2 d4 ,h]ts #ahjb4 ,/ipple4 ,,smi?1 ,ank]1 ,a4,e4 b4 ,london #agei2 d4 ,london #ahai4 ,l9e4 7,pupil ( ,james ,taylor1 :o 0 bro!r & uncle respectively ( ! two ,isaac ,taylors1 engrav]s ( "s note47 ,,%eppe>d1 ,george4 b4 c4 #agfj2 fl4 #agid4 ,mezzot9t & /ipple4 ,,tomk9s1 ,p4 ,w4 b4 ,london #agfj2 d4 #ahdj4 ,/ipple4 7,pupil ( ,b>tolozzi47 ,design]4 ,,p>k1 ,?omas4 b4 #agfj2 d4 ,hamp/ead #ahce4 ,mezzot9t4 ,au?or4 ,,*eeseman1 ,?omas4 b4 #agfj2 d4 aft] #ahbj4 ,/ipple4 7,pupil ( ,b>tolozzi47 ,draughtsman4 ,,watson1 ,c>ol9e4 b4 ,london #agfj2 d4 ,pimlico #ahad4 ,/ipple4 7,daught] ( ,james ,watson47 ,,judk9s1 ,elizabe?4 fl4 #aggb-ge4 ,mezzot9t4 ,engrav$ ,mrs4 7,said to be pupil ( ,ab+don & ,c>eful ,%eph]dess1 ,james ,watson47 among/ o!rs1 aft] ,sir ,j4 ,reynolds4 ,,keat+1 ,george4 b4 ,irel& #agfb2 fl4 ,london #aghd-ig4 7,pupil ( ,william ,mezzot9t4 ,/ipple4 ,dick9son47 99,,ramb]g1 ,john ,h5ry4 b4 ,hanov] #agfc2 d4 c4 #ahdj4 ,aquat9t1 et*+1 /ipple4 ,pa9t]4 ,came e>ly 9 life to ,engl&1 b is said to h di$ at ,hanov]4 99,,s*iavonetti1 ,luigi4 b4 ,bassano #agfe2 d4 ,brompton #ahaj4 ,l9e1 /ipple4 ,draughtsman4 ,came to ,engl& 9 #agij1 & jo9$ ,b>tolozzi4 ,,knight1 ,*>les4 fl4 latt] "p ( #ah? c5tury4 ,/ipple4 ,,summ]field1 ,john4 d4 ,buck+ham%ire #ahag4 ,l9e4 7,pupil ( ,b>tolozzi47 ,,skelton1 ,william4 b4 ,london #agfc2 d4 ,pimlico #ahdh4 ,l9e4 7,pupil ( ,basire & ,%>p47 ,,nug5t1 ,?omas4 b4 ,drogh$a2 fl4 end ( #ah? c5tury4 ,/ipple4 ,,dupont1 ,ga9sbor\gh4 b4 #agfg2 d4 ,london #agig4 ,mezzot9t4 ,pa9t]4 ,nephew & pupil ( ,?omas ,ga9sbor\gh4 ,,bromley1 ,william1 ,a4,e4 b4 ,isle ( ,wight #agfi2 d4 #ahdb4 ,l9e4 7,pupil ( ,wood+1 a ,fa!r ( ,john ,*>les1 & ,james l9e engrav] 9 ,bromley1 ! mezzot9t engrav]s4 ,london47 ,,w>r51 ,*>les4 b4 ,london #agfg2 d4 ,w&swor? #ahbc4 ,l9e4 ,p]fect$ a process ( engrav+ on /eel plates tri$ by ,raimba*4 ,aw>d$ gold m$al ,society ( ,arts4 ,,w>d1 ,william1 ,a4,e4 b4 ,london #agff2 d4 ,london #ahbf4 7,pupil ( ,j4 ,r4 ,smi?47 ,mezzot9t4 ,m>ri$ si/] ( ,george ,morl&1 fa!r ( ,william ,w>d1 junior4 #ai? ,c5t4 ,,w>d1 ,james1 ,r4,a4 b4 ,london #agfi2 d4 #ahee4 ,mezzot9t4 7,n9e ye>s pupil ( ,animal pa9t]4 8 bro!r ,william1 ,j4 ,r4 ,smi?47 ,,l&se]1 ,john1 ,a4,e4 b4 ,l9coln #agfi2 d4 #aheb4 ,l9e4 ,fa!r 7,pupil ( ,william ( ! pa9t]s ,*>les & ,sir ,edw91 ,byrne47 ,r4,a4's1 & ( ! engrav] ,?omas4 ,,say1 ,william4 b4 ne> ,norwi* #agfh2 d4 ,london #ahcd4 7,pupil ( ,james ,w>d47 ,mezzot9t4 ,engrav$ fir/ successful mezzot9t on /eel4 ,,coop]1 ,rob]t4 fl4 e>ly "p ( #ai? c5tury4 ,/ipple4 ,,hodges1 ,*>les ,h[>d4 b4 ,engl&2 d4 ,am/]dam #ahcg4 ,mezzot9t & pa9t]4 ,w5t to ,holl& c4 #agid4 99,,c>don1 ,an?ony4 b4 ,brussels #aggc2 d4 ,london #ahac4 7,pupil ( ,/ipple4 ,came to ,engl& 9 #agij4 ,s*iavonetti47 ,,godby1 ,james4 fl4 beg9n+ #ai? c5tury4 ,/ipple4 ,,smi?1 ,b5jam94 d4 ,london #ahcc4 ,/ipple4 7,pupil ( ,b>tolozzi47 ,,cl9t1 ,george1 ,a4,r4,a4 b4 ,london #aggj2 d4 ,k5s+ton #ahed4 ,mezzot9t2 also portrait & m9iature pa9t]4 ,,reynolds1 ,samuel ,wm4 b4 #aggc2 d4 ,bayswat] #ahce4 ,mezzot9t1 7,pupil ( ,hodges47 portrait1 & wat]-col\r pa9t]4 ,fa!r ( ,elizabe?1 mezzot9t engrav] & m9iature pa9t]1 & ,samuel ,william1 mezzot9t engrav] & portrait pa9t]4 ,,turn]1 ,*>les1 ,a4,e4 b4 ,wood/ock #aggc2 d4 ,london #aheg4 ,mezzot9t & /ipple4 ,,scott1 ,john4 b4 ,newca/le-on-,tyne #aggd2 d4 ,*elsea 7,pupil ( ,poll>d47 #ahbh4 ,l9e1 animal engrav]4 ,,scriv51 ,edw>d4 b4 ,alce/] #agge2 d4 ,london #ahda4 7,pupil ( ,!w47 ,/ipple4 ,,raimba*1 ,abraham4 b4 ,london #aggf2 d4 ,gre5wi* #ahdc4 7,pupil ( ,j4 ,hall47 ,l9e4 ,,noble1 ,george4 fl4 beg9n+ ( #ai? c5tury4 ,l9e4 ,,englehe>t1 ,francis4 b4 ,london #agge2 d4 #ahdi4 ,l9e4 7,pupil ( ,colly]47 ,,nesbitt1 ,*>lton4 b4 ne> ,durham #agge2 d4 ,brompton #ahch4 7,pupil ( ,beilby & ,wood engrav]4 ,bewick47 ,,bran/on1 ,rob]t4 b4 ,lynn #aggh2 d4 ,brompton #ahbg4 ,wood 7,pupil ( 8 fa!r1 a engrav]4 copp]plate engrav]47 ,,cl5nell1 ,luke4 b4 ne> ,morpe? #agha2 7,pupil ( ,bewick47 d4 ,newca/le-on-,tyne #ahdj4 ,wood engrav]1 wat]-col\r1 & m9iature pa9t]4 ,,cooke1 ,william b4 #aggh2 d4 #ahee4 ,l9e4 ,bro!r ( ,b]n>d4 7,pupil ( ,george & uncle ( ,e4 ,w4 ,cooke1 ,r4,a4 ,angus1 an engrav] 9 l9e ( "s note47 ,,cooke1 ,george4 b4 ,london #agha2 d4 ,b>nes #ahcd4 ,l9e4 7,pupil ( ,basire47 ,bro!r ( ,wm4 ,b]n>d1 & fa!r ( ,e4 ,w4 ,cooke1 ,r4,a4 ,,lewis1 ,fr$]ick b4 ,london #aggi2 d4 ,enfield #ahef4 ,/ipple ,*ri/ian4 or *alk2 wat]-col\r pa9t]4 ,fa!r ( ,j4 ,f4 ,lewis1 ,r4,a41 & ,c4 ,g4 ,lewis ! engrav]4 ,,dawe1 ,george1 ,r4,a4 b4 ,london #agha2 d4 #ahbi4 ,mezzot9t2 7,son & pupil ( pa9t]4 ,bro!r ( ,h5ry4 ,pa9t$ ,philip ,dawe47 9 ,russia = ! ,emp]or #ahai-bh4 ,,dawe1 ,h5ry4 b4 ,london #agij2 d4 ,w9dsor #ahde4 7,son & pupil ( ,mezzot9t & pa9t]4 ,philip ,dawe47 ,,pye1 ,john4 b4 ,birm+ham #aghb2 d4 ,london #ahgd4 7,pupil ( ,james ,hea?47 ,l9e & /ipple4 ,l&scape engrav]4 ,,w$gwood1 ,john ,taylor4 b4 #aghc2 d4 ,london #ahef4 ,l9e4 ,,mey]1 ,h5ry4 b4 ,london c4 #aghc2 d4 #ahdg4 ,mezzot9t2 7,pupil ( ,b>tolozzi47 & /ipple4 ,nephew ( ,j4 ,hoppn]1 ,r4,a4 ,,le ,,keux1 ,john b4 ,london #aghc2 d4 #ahdf4 ,l9e1 ,bro!rs4 ar*itectural1 ,,le ,,keux1 ,h5ry b4 ,london #aghg2 d4 #ahfh4 & l&scape 7,pupils ( ,basire47 engrav]s4 ,,arm/rong1 ,cosmo4 fl4 e>ly "p ( #ai? c5tury4 ,l9e4 ,,radclyffe1 ,william4 b4 ,birm+ham #aghb2 d4 ,birm+ham #ahee4 ,l9e1 l&scape engrav]2 practis$ 9 ,birm+ham all 8 life4 ,fa!r ( ,edw>d1 l&scape engrav]4 ,,burnet1 ,john1 ,f4,r4,s4 b4 ,ed9burgh #aghd2 d4 ,/oke ,new+ton #ahfh4 ,l9e & mezzot9t4 ,pa9t] & au?or4 ,,hea?1 ,*>les4 b4 #aghe2 d4 #ahdh4 ,l9e2 excell$ 9 7,son ( ,james ,hea?47 small plates4 ,,gold+1 ,ri*>d4 b4 ,london #aghe2 d4 ,lambe? #ahfe4 ,l9e4 7,pupil ( ,j4 ,p>k]47 ,,woolno?1 ,?omas4 b4 #aghe2 d4 c4 #ahed4 ,/ipple & l9e4 ,small !atrical portraits & ar*itectural views4 ,,?ompson1 ,john4 b4 ,london #aghe2 d4 ,london #ahff4 ,wood 7,pupil ( ,bran/on47 engrav]4 ,bro!r ( ,*>les & ,*>les ,?ur/on4 ,,romney1 ,john4 b4 #aghf2 d4 ,*e/] #ahfc4 ,l9e4 ,,?ompson1 ,*>les4 b4 ,london #agia2 d4 ne> ,p>is #ahdc4 ,wood 7,pupil ( ,bewick engrav]2 bett] kn[n 9 ,p>is1 :]e & ,bran/on47 he w5t 9 #ahaf1 & introduc$ ! practice ( cutt+ out ! end ( ! wood1 !n unkn[n abroad4 ,,bond1 ,william4 fl4 beg9n+ ( #ai? c5tury4 ,/ipple4 ,,*apman1 ,j4 fl4 beg9n+ ( #ai? c5tury4 ,/ipple4 7,pupil ( ,b>tolozzi47 ,,webb1 ,j4 b4 c4 #agij2 d4 #ahcb4 ,l9e4 ,engrav] ( animals4 ,,f9d51 ,wm4 ,bro!rs4 b4 #aghh2 d4 #aheb4 ,/ipple & l9e4 ,,f9d51 ,e4 ,f4 b4 #agib2 d4 #aheg4 ,l&scape & 7,pupils ( ,j4 ,mitan1 an book illu/rators4 engrav] ( "s note47 ,,walk]1 ,william4 b4 ,midlo?ian #agia2 d4 ,london #ahfg4 7,pupil ( ,?omas ,/ipple & mezzot9t4 ,m>ri$ ,woolno?1 & ,elizabe?1 daught] ( ,s4 ,w4 ,mit*ell & ,reynolds4 ,/ew>t1 two engrav]s ( mod]ate note47 ,,lupton1 ,?omas ,g(f4 b4 ,cl]k5well #agia2 d4 #ahgc4 ,mezzot9t4 7,pupil ( ,cl9t47 ,e/abli%$ ! use ( /eel 9 place ( copp] 9 mezzo engrav+4 ,receiv$ = ?is gold ,isis m$al f ,society ( ,arts 9 #ahbb4 ,,l9nell1 ,john4 b4 #agib2 d4 c4 #ahhj4 ,mezzot9t2 pa9t]4 ,,cruik%ank1 ,george4 b4 ,london #agib2 d4 ,london #ahgh4 ,et*] 7,son ( ,isaac1 also & c>icaturi/4 c>icaturi/ & engrav]47 ,,wor?+ton1 ,wm4 ,h4 b4 c4 #agie2 d4 #ahbf4 ,l9e4 ,work$ 9 ,london4 ,,goodall1 ,edw>d4 b4 ,le$s #agie2 d4 ,london #ahgj4 ,l9e4 ,engrav$ aft] ,j4 ,m4 ,w4 ,turn]1 ?r\gh ^: influ5ce he became an engrav]4 ,0 self-taught4 ,,l&se]1 ,?omas1 ,a4,e4 b4 c4 #agie2 d4 #ahhj4 ,l9e4 ,bro!r ( 7,son & pupil ( ,sir ,edw94 ,john ,l&se]1 ,a4,e47 ,,hopwood1 ,james4 b4 #agie4 ,/ipple4 7,son ( ,james2 also an engrav]1 self-taught1 b help$ by ,hea?47 ,,rolls1 ,*>les4 fl4 e>ly "p ( #ai? c5tury4 ,l9e4 ,,bromley1 ,john b4 ,*elsea #agie2 d4 #ahci4 ,mezzzot9t4 ,*>les4 7,son ( ,8 son ,fr$]ick 0 also an engrav]4 ,wm4 ,bromley1 ,a4,e47 ,,h>vey1 ,william4 b4 ,newca/le-on-,tyne #agif2 d4 ,ri*mond 7,pupil ( ,?omas #ahff4 ,wood engrav] & design]4 ,cut ,bewick & ,b4 ,r4 "o ( ! l>ge/ ,engli% wood-cuts4 ,haydon47 ,,rob9son1 ,john4 b4 ,bolton #agif2 d4 ,petwor? #ahga4 ,l9e4 ,h5ry1 ,r4,a4 7,pupil ( ,james ,hea?47 ,,graves1 ,rob]t1 ,a4,e4 b4 ,london #agih2 d4 ,highgate #ahgc4 ,l9e4 7,pupil ( ,john ,romney47 ,,watt1 ,james ,h5ry4 b4 ,london #agii2 d4 #ahfg4 ,l9e4 7,pupil ( ,*>les ,hea?47 ,,bromley1 ,james4 b4 #ahjj2 d4 #ahch4 ,mezzot9t4 7,son ( ,william ,bromley1 ,a4,e47 ,,w>d1 ,william1 junior4 b4 c4 #ahjj2 d4 #ahdj4 ,mezzot9t4 7,son ( ,william ,w>d1 ,a4,e47 ,,willmore1 ,james b4 ,erd+ton1 ,/af=d%ire1 #ahjj2 ,tibbetts1 ,a4,e4 d4 ,london #ahfc4 ,l9e4 ,engrav$ aft] 7,sev5 ye>s pupil ,j4 ,m4 ,w4 ,turn]4 ( ,w4 ,radclyffe1 & ?ree ye>s ( ,c4 ,hea?47 ,,raddon1 ,w4 fl4 #ahcj4 ,l9e4 ,,hodgetts1 ,j4 fl4 #ahcj4 ,mezzot9t4 ,,jackson1 ,john4 b4 ,ov+ham #ahja2 d4 #ahdh4 ,wood 7,pupil ( ,bewick engrav]4 ,publi%$ ) ,*atto ,a & ,h>vey47 ,treatise on ,wood ,engrav+1 #ahch4 ,,gibbon1 ,b5jam9 b4 #ahjb2 d4 ,london #ahea4 ,l9e4 ,phelps4 7,pupil ( ,j4 ,h4 ,rob9son & ,scriv574 ,,%5ton1 ,h5ry b4 ,w9*e/] #ahjc2 d4 ,london #ahff4 ,*awn]4 7,pupil ( ,l9e4 ,*>les ,w>r547 ,,gill]1 ,w4 fl4 #ahce4 ,mezzot9t4 ,,br&>d1 ,rob]t4 b4 ,birm+ham #ahje2 d4 #aheb4 ,l9e1 7,pupil ( ,e4 ,goodall47 l&scape engrav]4 ,came to ,london #ahbd4 ,engrav$ aft] ,j4 ,m4 ,w4 ,turn]4 ,,lewis1 ,*>les ,george4 b4 #ahjg2 d4 #ahhj4 ,l9e1 et*+4 ,,lucas1 ,john4 b4 ,london #ahjg2 d4 ,london #ahgd4 7,pupil ( ,s4 ,w4 ,mezzot9t2 portrait pa9t]4 ,reynolds47 ,,radclyffe1 ,edw>d4 b4 ,birm+ham #ahji2 d4 ,london #ahfc4 7,son & pupil ( ,l9e4 ,william ,radclyffe47 ,,j\b]t1 ,jean b4 #ahaj2 d4 #ahhd4 ,l9e4 ,f]d9&4 ,,zobel1 ,george4 b4 c4 #ahae2 d4 ,london #ahha4 ,mezzot9t4 ,,je5s1 ,*>les ,h5ry4 b4 #ahag2 d4 #ahgi4 ,/ipple4 ,m9iature book illu/rations4 ,,jackson1 ,john b4 ,portsm\? #ahai2 d4 ,s\?sea #ahgg4 ,ri*>dson4 7,pupil ( ,mezzot9t & l9e4 ,r4 ,graves1 ,a4,e47 ,,c\s9s1 ,h5ry4 fl4 #ahdj4 ,mezzot9t4 7,bro!r ( ,saml4 ,c\s9s1 ,r4,a47 ,,w>d1 ,george fl4 #ahdj4 ,mezzot9t4 ,raphael4 7,son ( ,james ,w>d47 ,!re are /ill liv+ ?ree engrav]s em95tly repres5tative ( ! old s*ools3-- ,,doo1 ,george1 ,r4,a41 ,f4,r4,s4 b4 c4 #ahjj4 ,l9e4 ,,possel:ite1 ,j4 ,/ipple4 ,,c\s9s1 ,samuel1 ,r4,a4 b4 #ahja4 ,mezzot9t4 ,! pres5t ,t4 ,l4 ,atk9son 0 a pupil ( ,c\s9s4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,at ! pres5t day l9e engrav]s sometimes "w on /eel plates1 z !y are capable ( supply+ )\t damage a mu* great] numb] ( pro(s ?an c be pr9t$ f copp] plates4 ,x m frequ5tly happ5s t a copp] plate is coat$ ) /eel be=e be+ submitt$ to ! action ( ! press1 9 ord] to pres]ve x1 & to increase ! numb] ( copies )\t tak+ (f ! edge ( ! workman%ip4 ,t is to say1 t by means ( electrotyp+ a ?9 coat ( metal is sup]impos$1 :i*1 s9ce x consid]ably increases ! p[] ( endurance1 increases ! productiv5ess ( ! plate & ! numb] ( pro(s t c be tak54 #b ,papillon1 ,trait de la ,gravure en ,bois1 #agff1 vol4 i41 *4 #a4 #c ,pl9y1 ,hi/4 ,nat41 xxxv41 c4 #b4 #d ,mat]iali p] s]vire alla ,/oria dell' ,incisione1 c41 p4 #hc & foll[+4 #e ,t is ! ,treatises on ,lat9 ,syntax by lius ,donatus1 a gramm>ian ( ! f\r? c5tury4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages ^! treatises 7 mu* us$ 9 s*ools4 #f ,publi%$ by ,john ,koelh(f "u ! "n ( ,cronica van d] hillig] ,/at van ,coell51 p4 #ca & aft]4 #g ,essai hi/orique et critique sur l',inv5tion de l',imprim]ie4 ,lille1 #ahei4 #h ,?is1 at any rate1 is :at we feel tempt$ to d z reg>ds ! ,biblia ,paup]um1 a book conta9+ xylographic illu/rations1 ^: date has be5 v>i\sly e/imat$1 & :i* we are dispos$ to believe ev5 old] ?an ! fir/ edition ( ! ,speculum4 ,he9eck51 z usual1 claims = ,g]many ! production ( ?is preci\s collection1 :i* ,ottley1 ) m appe>ance ( reason1 reg>ds z ! "w ( an arti/ ( ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 :o work$ ab\t #adbj4 ,9 ?is way ,g]many w\ld only h ! "r to claim ! plates add$ 9 ! ,g]man editions publi%$ =ty ye>s lat]1 & :i* are f> less p]fect 9 po9t ( /yle & arrangem5t ?an ^? ( ! orig9al edition4 #i ,! ,dut* ^w co/] means *ur*w>d51 or beadle4 #aj ,ide gnrale d'une ,collection d',e/ampes1 #agga1 p4 #cje4 #aa ,disc\rs ,hi/orique sur la ,gravure4 ,p>is1 #ahjh4 #ab ,see 9 ,l',arti/e1 #ahci1 an article entitl$ ,la plus anci5ne ,gravure du ,cab9et des ,e/ampes de la ,biblio?que royale e/-elle anci5ne8 #ac ,notice sur deux ,e/ampes de #adjf1 et sur les ,comm5cem5ts de la ,gravure en ,cribl4 ,gazette des ,beaux-arts1 t4 ,ier1 #b;e priode1 #ahfi4 #ad ,le ,pe9tre-,graveur1 ,leipzig1 #ahfj1 vol4 i41 p4 #hd4 #ae ,une ,passion de #addf4 ,suite de ,gravures au ,bur91 les premires avec ,date4 ,montpelli]1 #aheg4 #af ,ar*iv fr die ,zei*n5d5 ,kn/e1 #aheh4 #ag ,! ,pax is a metal plate :i*1 at high mass & dur+ ! s++ ( ! ,agnus ,dei1 ! (ficiat+ prie/ gives to be kiss$ by ! cl]gy & ! dev\t1 address+ to ea* ( !m ^! words3 ,pax tecum4 ,! ,pax made by ,f9igu]ra = ! ,bapti/]y ( ,/4 ,john has be5 remov$ f !nce to ! ,uffizi1 :]e x /ill is4 #ah ,x is useless to adduce ! f9e ,pr(ile ( a ,woman1 discov]$ a few ye>s ago at ,bologna1 & n[ ! prop]ty ( ! ,b]l9 ,museum1 z an argum5t aga9/ ! pov]ty we are try+ to prove4 ,?is v important docum5t is n only ( unc]ta9 date1 b1 z we h rem>k$ else:]e1 ! nature ( its execution & /yle =bid "o to look ^u x z ! "w ( any ,flor5t9e arti/4 #ai ,m>t9 ,s*ongau] 0 born at ,colm>1 9 :i* t[n 8 fa!r _h settl$ z a goldsmi?2 !re he pass$ ! greate/ "p ( 8 life1 & !re he di$ 9 #adhh4 ,vas>i sometimes speaks ( him z ,antw]p ,m>t91 or ,m>t9 ! ,flem+4 ,?is is easily expla9$3 a ,g]man or ,flemi% arti/ w\ld be all "o 9 ! eyes ( a ,tuscan ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 z /rang]s 7 all b>b>ians to ! anci5t ,romans4 #bj ,?is is by no means univ]sally admitt$ to be a g5u9e "w by ,m>t9 ,s*ongau]4 #ba ,he _h no few] ?an eighte5 *ildr52 ,alb]t 0 ! ?ird4 #bb ,h]r ,moriz ,?aus+ has treat$ ?is "q exhau/ively 9 8 important "w on ,alb]t ,dr]4 #bc ,! olde/ kn[n dat$ engrav+ by ,m>c ,antonio1 ! ,pyramus & ,?isbe1 be>s ! date ( #aeje4 ,if ,m>c ,antonio1 z we h reason to ?9k1 0 born ab\t #adhj1 he mu/ h be5 already ov] tw5ty :5 he publi%$ ?is extremely commonplace pr9t4 #bd ,mi*ael ,hub] 7,manuel des ,curieux et des ,amateurs de l',art1 t4 iii47 says1 ^w = ^w3 ,all t is want$ 9 ^! pr9ts is a ri*] h&l+ & t g5]al aspect :i* we admire 9 ! subjects engrav$ f ,rub5s4 ,"o might z well say t ,petr>*'s /yle w\ld be improv$ by be+ ,ario/o's4 #be ,ago/9o ,c>acci1 :o des]ves to be numb]$ among/ ! clev]e/ engrav]s ( ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 did n blu% to devote 8 tal5ts to a simil> publication1 s]i\s 9 /yle1 b ( mo/ obsc5e int5tion4 ,! ,bolognese arti/1 l 8 celebrat$ c\ntryman1 seems to h wi%$ to display at once 8 sci5ce & 8 %amelessness4 ,! "o only s]ves to make ! o!r m inexcusable1 & x is ev5 /ill m difficult to tol]ate ?is au/]e immode/y ?an ! lic5ti\sness1 )\t /hetic pret5sion1 :i* *>act]ises ! little ,fr5* pr9ts sold "u ! rose 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 #bf ,passavant3 ,le ,pe9tre-,graveur1 iii4 #e4 #bg ,les ,matres d',autrefois1 p4 #afe4 #bh ,9 ! ,national ,libr>y at ,p>is a collection ( ov] a hundr$ trial pro(s1 ret\*$ by ,rub5s himself1 exi/s to be> witness to ! c>eful att5tion ) :i* he ov]look$ ! "w ( 8 engrav]s4 #bi ,at ! "t ( ,callot's bir? ,lorra9e 0 n yet ,fr5* t]ritory2 b z x 0 dur+ 8 life t ,nancy 0 tak5 by ! k+'s army1 we h a "r to include him among ,fr5* arti/s4 #cj ,he 0 9 all twelve ye>s 9 ,italy3 ?ree 9 ,rome1 & n9e 9 ,flor5ce4 #ca ,william ,fai?orne1 ! fir/ l9e engrav] wor? m5tion+ 9 ! hi/ory ( ,engli% art1 did n ev5 beg9 to be kn[n till aft] ,*>les ,i4 ,aft] ! k+'s fall1 ,fai?orne1 :o 0 a ,royali/1 w5t to ,france1 :]e1 "u ,nanteuil1 he p]fect$ himself 9 8 art1 & did n f9ally settle 9 ,engl& till ne> ! end ( #afej4 #cb ,holl> is n m]ely "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( ,g]man engrav]s4 ,!re are few arti/s 9 any c\ntry :o h h&l$ ! ne$le ) s mu* skill & intellig5ce2 !re is probably none :o has s greatly excell$ 9 r5d]+ ! details ( app>el & ( ! da9tie/ objects4 ,8 a*ievem5t numb]s m ?an #b1jjj pr9ts1 :i*1 9 spite ( _! small size1 & ! g5]ally trifl+ nature ( ! subjects1 des]ve to be class$ among/ ! mo/ rem>kable et*$ "w ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 #cc ,8 fir/ plates are sometimes sign$ ,de ,leeuw1 sometimes ,tomaes de ,leu1 :i* has l$ _m writ]s--,m4 ,rob]t-,dumesnil among !m--to suppose t he migrat$ to ,p>is f a t[n 9 ,fl&]s4 #cd ,x repres5ts a ,holy ,family1 ) ?is inscription on a /one1 to ! "r3 ,r4 ,nanteuil ,philosophi ,auditor ,sculpebat ,rhemis ,ano dni #afde4 #ce ,^! flights 7 n ,nanteuil's la/4 ,!re is extant a sort ( petition 9 v]se1 :i* he "o day pres5t$ to ,l\is ,,xiv4 to excuse himself = n hav+ f9i%$ 9 "t a portrait ord]$ by ! k+4 ,^! rhymes1 quot$ by ! ,abb ,lamb]t 9 8 ,hi/oire ,littraire du ,rgne de ,l\is ,,xiv41 & "s o!rs compos$ by ,nanteuil 9 praise ( ,mlle4 de ,scudry1 are n su* to make u regret t he did n m frequ5tly lay aside ! grav] = ! p54 #cf ,! great] "p ( ,nanteuil's draw+s are 9 ?ree crayons1 made out 9 places ) light t9ts 9 pa/el4 ,! col\r is sob] & delicate1 & (f]s a good deal ( resemblance to ! *>m+ ,fr5* crayons ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,nanteuil d\btless produc$ _m portraits :i* he nev] engrav$1 b he engrav$ v few t he _h n previ\sly produc$4 ,x mu/ also be rem>k$1 t 9 8 a*ievem5t1 :i* is compos$ ( m ?an two hundr$ & ?irty pieces1 !re are n m ?an eighte5 subject pictures or illu/rations4 ,x is wor?y1 too1 ( special note t !re are only eight portraits 9 :i* ! h&s are se51 & 9 six ( ^! only "o h& is %[n4 #cg dit de ,sa9t ,jean-de-,luz1 #affj4 #ch ,claude1 x is true1 0 /ill alive 9 #affg2 b aft] 8 second in/allation 9 ,rome 7#afbg71 he nev] saw ,france aga94 #ci ,vitet3 ,eu/a*e ,lesueur4 #dj ,x is said t ,lebrun "o day proclaim$ t ,audran _h improv$ 8 pictures4 ,x is possible he may h said1 t he _h n spoilt !m4 ,su* an expression 9 ! m\? ( su* a man is q mode/ en\gh2 b x is difficult to imag9e ,lebrun s f> humbl+ himself 9 public4 #da ,we said t ,edel9ck 0 born at ,antw]p2 b z he 0 v "y :5 he took up 8 abode 9 ,france1 & z he nev] return$ to 8 native c\ntry1 we may be all[$ to include him 9 ! ,fr5* s*ool ) z mu* "r z 8 c\ntryman1 ,philippe de ,*ampaigne4 #db ,among/ ,audran's mo/ di/+ui%$ s*ol>s1 we ne$ only m5tion ! foll[+ names3 ,gasp>d ,du*ange2 ,dorigny1 summon$ to ,london by ,que5 ,anne2 ,l\is ,desplaces2 & ,nicolas ,h5ri ,t>dieu1 f\nd] ( a family ( clev] engrav]s1 ! la/ ( :om di$ 9 #ahdd1 wor?y ( ! "n he bore4 #dc ,engrav] ( ! ,assumption ( ,philippe de ,*ampaigne4 ,he mu/ n be confus$ ) ano!r ,b>?olomew ,kilian1 8 ance/or1 & ! head ( a family 9 :i* !re are no less ?an tw5ty engrav]s4 #dd ,"s ( ^! little unpret5ti\s amateur pr9ts are n )\t *>m2 "s ev5 %[ a c]ta9 am\nt ( tal5t 9 ! execution1 & ! portraits drawn & engrav$ by ,c>montelle1 ! au?or ( ! ,prov]bes1 des]ve1 among/ o!rs1 to be m5tion$ on t acc\nt4 #de ,9 8 l&scapes1 ,woollett makes use ( et*+1 l9e1 & ! dry-po9t1 all ?ree4 ,philippe ,le ,bas 0 ! fir/ to make use ( dry-po9t to r5d] ! mi/y tones ( di/ances & ! cle>ness ( skies4 ,?is mode ( engrav+1 improv$ by ,viv>s1 0 c>ri$ to its highe/ p]fection by ,woollett4 ,c]ta9 ,engli% arti/s ( ! same p]iod tri$ to apply ! process ( mezzot9t to l&scape engrav+2 b ! l&scapes engrav$ 9 ?is way by ,watson & ,brook%aw1 aft] ! ,g]man ,kobell1 w n be> comp>ison ) ,woollett's4 #df ,9 a "w d$icat$ to ,pitt1 ,on ! ,orig9 ( ,trade & its ,hi/ory to ! ,pres5t ,times 7,london1 #agij71 we read t ! pr9ts export$ f ,engl& at t "t 71 z comp>$ ) ^? import$ f ,france1 9 ! proportion ( five hundr$ to "o by ! mo/ exact computation1 & t ! trade 9 ,engli% engrav+s1 f> f be+ re/rict$ to "o or two c\ntries1 ext5d$ all ov] ,europe4 #dg ,! cr$it ( ! inv5tion is really due to ,jean ,*>les ,franois1 born at ,nancy 9 #agag4 ,b ! application t ,franois made ( 8 discov]y 0--if we consid] ! improvem5ts introduc$ soon aft]w>ds by ,dem>teau--/ill s incomplete t x seems only fair to attribute to ! latt] a pr9cipal %>e 9 ! orig9al success4 #dh ,lettre de ,co*91 ,secrtaire p]ptuel de l',acadmie1 au ,sieur ,franois1 #bf? ,novemb]1 #ageg4 #di ,be=e giv+ himself up almo/ exclusively to ! practice ( aquat9t1 ,debuc\rt produc$ a l>ge numb] ( engrav+s 9 col\r3 ,le ,j>d9 & ,la ,gal]ie de ,bois au ,palais ,royal1 ! ,prom5ade aux ,tuil]ies1 ,l',escalade1 & s =?4 ,we "k ! ard\r1 v]g+ on mania1 ) :i* ^! pr9ts1 albeit ( little value f an arti/ic po9t ( view1 are n[ collect$4 #ej ,?is important publication conta9s1 9 f\r sections1 ! mo/ rem>kable pictures & sculptures ( ! ,l\vre1 z x exi/$ aft] ,napoleon _h enri*$ x ) ma/]pieces f e s*ool4 ,begun 9 #ahjb1 x 0 cont9u$ till #ahaa4 #ea ,?is f9e ca!dral1 burnt ) s _m o!r *ur*es 9 ! great fire1 0 #fij feet 9 l5g?1 #acj feet broad1 & #ebj feet high at ! top ( ! spire4 #eb ,! te>-%ap$ pieces ( glass 7,la*rim ,vitre71 :i* resi/ h>d bl[s appli$ at ! ?ick end1 yet fly to pieces ! mom5t a fragm5t is brok5 (f ! f9e end1 7 fir/ br\ght to ,engl& by ,pr9ce ,rup]t1 & are call$ popul>ly ,pr9ce ,rup]t's drops4 #ec ,?is pr9t repres5ts a tall1 p[]ful-look+ man1 /&+ ) nak$ sword 9 "o h&1 & hold+ up 9 ! o!r ! head ( ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/4 #ed ,o!r names giv5 to mezzot9t out ( ,engl& are3 ,s*w>zkun/1 black art2 ,la manire anglaise1 ,l'incisione a foggia n]a1 engrav+ 9 black fa%ion or mann]4 #ee ,?is engrav] mu/ n be confus$ ) ,john ,keyse ,%]w91 ^: l9e engrav+s produc$ a c5tury lat] are well kn[n4 #ef ,?is ,club 0 in/itut$ 9 #agjc1 ! ye> aft] ! accession ( ,que5 ,anne1 to promote ! ,prote/ant succession1 ! memb]s meet+ at ! ,cat & ,fiddle 9 ,%ire ,lane1 ,fleet ,/reet1 kept by ,*ri/oph] ,kat1 f :om x took ! "n4 ,! p>ticul> size kn[n among/ arti/s z ,kit-cat1 j bel[ ! wai/ & n q ?ree-qu>t] l5g?1 also acquir$ its "n f ?is s]ies ( portraits1 :i* 7 pa9t$ _! p>ticul> l5g? to suit ! walls ( ,tonson's villa at ,b>n ,elms4 #eg ,john ,riley1 ,jona?an ,ri*>dson1 ,mi*ael ,dahl1 ,john ,clo/]man1 ,john ,v&]bank1 & ,?omas ,hudson4 #eh ,! date ( ,mc,ardell's bir? is (t5 errone\sly giv5 z #agaj in/ead ( #agbh-i accord+ to ! above au?ority4 #ei ,james ,walk] mu/ n be confus$ ei!r ) ,an?ony & 8 bro!r ,william1 or ) ! /ipple & mezzot9t engrav] ,william ,walk] ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,james ,walk]'s pr9ts are n num]\s1 a great numb] ( 8 plates & pr9ts hav+ be5 lo/ f ! f\nd]+ ( ! vessel :i* 0 br++ !m back to ,engl& f ,russia1 :]e ,walk] _h liv$ = sev5te5 ye>s1 hav+ be5 appo9t$ 9 #aghd engrav] to ! ,empress ,ca!r9e4 #fj ,a pa9t] m g5]ally kn[n z ,lang5 ,jan1 born at ,mun/] 9 #afaj1 ! correct "n be+ ,john or ,johann van ,bockhor/2 ! "n1 h[ev]1 appe>s z above 9 ! engrav+4 #fa ,on ! f\ndation ( ! ,royal ,academy 9 #agfh1 ,b>tolozzi1 to ! exclusion ( ,/range & ,woollett1 0 admitt$ "o ( ! fir/ =ty memb]s ) full memb]%ip2 all engrav]s aft]w>ds up to ! ye> #ahee c\ld only be elect$ z associate memb]s4 #fb ,?is engrav] 0 9 no way relat$ to ! bett]-kn[n /ipple & hi/orical engrav] ( ! same "n :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! pres5t c5tury4 #fc ,woollett 0 buri$ 9 ,old ,/4 ,pancras ,*ur*y>d2 on a pla9 tomb/one :i* m>ks ! spot 7 f\nd "o day writt5 9 p5cil ! two l9es-- ,"h ,woollett re/s1 expect+ to be sav'd1 ,he grav$ well1 b is n well engrav'd4 ,%ortly aft]w>ds a subscription 0 rais$1 to :i* ,b5jam9 ,we/ & ,john ,boydell contribut$1 = ! purpose ( erect+ ! above-m5tion$ tablet :i* n[ /&s 9 ! ,we/ ,cloi/]4 #fd ,opie pa9t$ a life-size head ( ,s4 ,w4 ,reynolds1 & ( 8 daught] ,elizabe? z ,r$ ,rid+ ,hood 7exhibit$ at ! w9t] exhibition ( ! ,royal ,academy1 #ahgf72 ?is portrait ( h]self ,elizabe? engrav$ 9 mezzot9t at ! age ( f\rte54 #fe ,fa!r ( ! late ,e4 ,w4 ,cooke1 ,r4,a4 #ff ,walk] engrav$ ! portrait ( ,raeburn ) ! special purpose ( prov+ ! contr>y4 #fg ,john ,lucas1 ! well-kn[n portrait pa9t] & also engrav] 9 mezzot9t1 0 likewise a pupil ( ,reynolds4 #fh ,! plate ( ,salisbury ,ca!dral 0 engrav$ at ,con/able's exp5se & publi%$ 9 #ahcg by ,messrs4 ,hodgson1 ,graves & ,co41 = ! pa9t]4 ,aft] 8 sudd5 dea? 9 ! same ye> x 0 sold at ,fo/]'s1 ,pall ,mall1 9 #ahch1 & b\ght 9 = eighty gu9eas1 h>dly ! price ( two pro(s at ! pres5t "t4 ,?r\gh ! k9dness ( ,mr4 ,alg]non ,graves1 ! writ] has _h access to _m manuscript notes writt5 by ,david ,lucas4 #fi ,bro!r ( ,samuel ,c\s9s1 ,r4,a4 #gj ,bett] kn[n 9 ,france1 :]e he settl$ 9 #ahaf1 he di$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,p>is 9 #ahdc1 & introduc$ !re ! mode ( cutt+ on ! end ( ! gra9 in/ead ( ) ! gra9 z 0 be=e ! practice4 #ga ,fir/ introduc$ 9 #ahdj1 al?\gh n 9 g5]al practice until "s ye>s lat]4 #gb ,on ! pr9ciple ( t :i* is kn[n z eng9e turn+1 z se5 on ! back ( wat*-cases4 #gc ,x is also necess>y to po9t out t no impression damag$ f c\rse ( "t or pr9t$ f a worn-out plate c give any idea ( ! orig9al engrav+ z a "w ( art4 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 pro(s are prim facie likely to be ! be/ impressions1 b a good pr9t 7t is a lat] impression71 if 9 good condition1 is f> m valuable ?an a damag$ or rubb$ pro(1 h[ev] e>ly ! /ate may be4 ,,index4 ,,page ,agesilaus1 ,k+ ( ,sp>ta1 #h ,ago/9o1 ,v5iziano1 #ajf ,aldegrev]1 #ic ,ambl+1 ,gu/ave1 #bji ,amman1 ,jo/1 #age ,&rea1 ,zoan1 #gd ,&reani1 ,&rea1 #aaa ,&rews1 ,j41 #cbh ,antonio da ,brescia1 ,giovanni1 #gd ,ardell1 #agb1 #cjj1 #cja ,aret9o1 ,pietro1 #aji1 #aaj1 #acf ,d',arg5ville1 #bbd ,atk9son1 #cbd ,avel9e1 #baf ,audran1 ,gr>d1 #f1 #agh1 #aid-bjb1 #bjg1 #baa1 #baf1 #bcg ,baillie1 ,w1 #caj ,bald9i1 ,baccio1 #fj-fe ,bale*\1 #bbi-bca ,b>b>i1 ,jacopo de'1 #gd ,b>l[1 ,f41 #bia1 #bib ,b>tolozzi1 #bcg-bci1 #cje1 #cac1 #cad ,batti/a del ,porto1 #gg ,baudet1 ti5ne1 #ahi ,beatrizet1 ,nicolas1 #aea ,beauv>let1 #bbf ,beckett1 ,isaac1 #big1 #bih ,beham1 ,b>?olomew1 #ic1 #id ,beham1 ,hans ,sebald1 #ic1 #id ,bella1 ,/efano della1 #afb ,b]ghem1 #aci ,b]n>d1 ,augu/e1 #ab ,b]nh>d9us1 ,milnet1 #dd ,b]n9i1 #afh ,b]t9ot1 #bgh ,b]vic1 #bdi1 #beb-bee1 #bei1 #bfj1 #bgd ,bewick1 #cae1 #cbf ,b9ck1 ,jacob1 #id ,biot1 #bhe ,blackmore1 #cjb ,blake1 ,w41 #caj1 #caa ,blan*>d1 #bgh ,blootel+h1 ,abraham1 #big ,b ,m1 #he ,bo*elt1 ,franz von1 #hd ,boldr9i1 ,nicol1 #aaf ,bolsw]t1 #acb1 #acc1 #adi1 #agg ,bonasone1 da ,bologna1 #ajf ,bonnet1 #bdb ,bonzonnet1 ,claud9e1 #ahi ,borrom9i1 #afh ,bosse1 ,abraham1 #afd1 #aff1 #afi1 #bjg ,bo?1 ,jan1 #aci ,botticelli1 #fj1 #fb ,b\lang]1 #bcg ,boydell1 #cae ,boyv91 ,r51 #aea ,bran/on1 ,r41 #cbf ,brauw]1 ,adrian1 #aci ,breughels1 #acd ,bromley1 #cbj ,brook%aw1 #bcd1 #cjb ,br[ne1 ,john1 #cjg ,bruyn1 ,nicolas van1 #aca ,burgkmair1 ,hans1 #aac ,burke1 #cad ,burnet1 ,john1 #cbj ,burt1 #cbh ,calamatta1 #bfi ,callot1 ,jacques1 #ach1 #aef-aff1 #age-agg1 #bje ,canta-,gall9a1 #aeh1 #afb ,cant>9i1 #afb ,c>acci1 ,ago/9o1 #aaj1 #ach1 #aeh ,c>acci1 ,annibale1 #afh ,c>aglio1 ,giovanni1 da ,v]ona1 #ajf ,c>don1 ,an?ony1 #cac ,c>mona1 #bbf ,c>montelle1 #bbd ,c>pi1 ,ugo da1 #aaa1 #aab ,c>s1 ,laur5t1 #bac-baf ,casile>1 #cbi ,caylus1 ,c\nt1 #bbd1 #bdj ,c]ceau1 du1 ,adrian1 #aee ,*apman1 #cbg ,*auveau1 #bjd ,*$el1 #bag ,*eesman1 #cad ,*5ey1 #cbh ,*evreuse1 ,duc de1 #bbd ,*od[iecki1 #bbh ,*ur*1 #cbg ,cipriani1 #bcg ,claess5s1 ,al>t1 #acj ,cl5nell1 #cbf ,cl9t1 ,george1 #cbj ,co*91 #bah1 #bai1 #bdj ,coigny1 ,m>quis de1 #bbd ,cooke1 ,george ,william1 #cbj ,copia1 #beb ,corneille1 ,claude1 #aec ,cornelis1 #acd ,cornelius1 #id ,cort1 ,cornelius1 #acj ,cortona1 da1 ,pietro1 #aih ,co/]1 ,laur5ce1 #ad1 #af1 #bb1 #bh ,c\s91 #aej1 #aea ,c\s9s1 ,h5ry1 #cbd ,c\s9s1 ,samuel1 #bff1 #bfg1 #cbb ,crana*1 ,lucas1 #aac ,cunego1 ,dom5i*9o1 #bbh ,cunio1 ,cavali]e ,alb]ico1 #i ,dagoty1 ,gauti]1 #bdc ,dan=?1 #cbi ,dangu91 #bgh ,daull1 #bbf ,david1 ,em]ic1 #aj1 #ca ,david1 ,l\is1 #bdh1 #bej ,dawe1 ,h5ry1 #cbj ,dean1 ,john1 #cjb ,de ,bry1 #bhg ,debuc\rt1 #bde ,de ,kais]1 #bhe ,del>am1 ,franois1 #bhi ,delaune1 ti5ne1 #aea1 #aec1 #aed ,de ,leu1 ,?omas1 #aef1 #aeg1 #agi ,dem>teau1 ,gilles1 #bci-bdb ,de ,passe1 ,crisp91 #bhh ,de ,passe1 ,magdal51 #bhh ,de ,passe1 ,simon1 #bhh ,desnoy]s1 ,b\*]1 #bdi1 #bei1 #bfj1 #bgj1 #bgd ,desplaces1 ,l\is1 #bja ,deu*>1 ,david1 #caj ,dick1 #cbh ,dick9son1 #agb1 #cjb ,di5eck]1 ,jo/41 #aaa ,dixon1 ,john1 #cjb ,dom5i*9o1 #afh ,doo1 #cbd ,dorigny1 #bja ,drevet1 ,claude1 #baa ,drevet1 ,imb]t1 #baa ,drevet1 ,pi]re1 #baa ,du*ange1 ,gasp>d1 #bja ,duflos1 #baf ,du ,j>d91 ,k>el1 #adj ,dumon/i]1 ,ge(roy1 #aea ,dupuis1 #baf1 #bbf ,dur&1 #cbh ,dr]1 ,alb]t1 #ag1 #hg-ie1 #ig-ajj1 #ajb1 #ajf1 #aab1 #aac1 #aaf1 #abj1 #abb1 #abh1 #agf1 #agg ,duv5eck1 #cbg ,duvet1 ,jean1 #aea1 #aeb ,e>lom1 #agb1 #cjb1 #cjc ,edel9ck1 #ahd-ahf1 #ahi1 #aia-aif1 #bjj1 #bbj ,edw91 ,david1 #cbh ,el/racke1 ,reg9ald1 #bhi ,fab]1 ,john1 s5ior1 #bih1 #bii ,fab]1 ,john1 junior1 #bih1 #bii ,fairman1 #cbi ,fai?orne1 ,w1 #agj1 #bhi ,fels+1 #bfc ,f9igu]ra1 #ce1 #ch1 #dg1 #eb-ef1 #fb1 #gf ,fiquet1 #bah1 #bbj1 #bbb1 #bbc ,fi%]1 ,edw>d1 #cja ,flip>t1 #bag ,=re/1 ,j4 ,b41 #cbh ,francia1 ,francesco1 #ajb ,francia1 ,jacopo1 #gd ,franck1 #bhe ,franois1 ,alphonse1 #bgh ,franois1 ,jean ,*>les1 #bci-bdb ,franois1 ,jules1 #bgf ,frye1 ,?omas1 #cjj1 #cja ,f/1 #bi ,gaill>d1 #bgh ,gantrel1 #ahi ,g>ni]1 ,noel1 #aea ,gauga91 ,?omas1 #cac ,gaulti]1 ,leon>d1 #aef1 #agi ,gaywood1 ,r41 #bib ,gem9us1 ,?omas1 #bhh ,gh]>do da ,mod5a1 #hb ,ghisi1 ,diana1 #ajf ,gif=d1 #cbg ,gill]1 ,william1 #cbd ,gilli1 #bhb ,gimbr$e1 #cbh ,giolito da ,f]r>i1 #aae ,giotto1 #ec ,gir>d1 #bdf ,glock5ton1 #he ,gold+1 ,ri*>d1 #cbj ,goltzius1 ,h5drik1 #acj1 #aca ,gomb\/1 ,jacques1 #bjc ,g\rmont1 ,jean de1 #aec ,goya1 #aci ,gratel\p1 #bbj ,gravelle1 de1 ,presid5t1 #bbd ,graves1 ,rob]t1 #cbd ,gre*e1 ,dom5ico delle1 #aaf ,gre51 ,val5t9e1 #agb1 #cjb ,gre5wood1 ,john1 #cja ,greuze1 #baf ,grn1 ,baldung1 #ic ,gut5burg1 #h1 #ac-ae1 #ag1 #ah1 #bh1 #ce1 #dg1 #di1 #ea1 #ec1 #ed1 #fj1 #gf-gh1 #hb1 #hf1 #agf ,had51 ,seym\r1 #bhb1 #cbe1 #cbf ,haid1 #cjd ,ha9zelmann1 ,johann1 #bjh ,ham]ton1 #cbf ,h>d\91 #hb ,h>vey1 ,w1 #cbf ,hea?1 ,*>les1 #cbj1 #cbi ,hea?1 ,james1 #cji1 #cae ,h5riquel-,dupont1 #bga-bgg ,hog>?1 ,william1 #bca-bcc1 #cjj1 #cjd ,hog5b]g1 ,franois1 #bhh ,hog5b]g1 ,remigius1 #bhh ,holl>1 #agj1 #aga1 #agg1 #bhg1 #bij-bib ,hopwood1 ,james1 #cbj ,h\brak51 ,j41 #bbh ,h\/on1 ,ri*>d1 #cja ,huot1 #bgh ,il ,vec*io da ,p>ma1 #ajf ,+ram1 #bbf ,jackson1 #cbd1 #cbf ,jacobe1 #cjd ,jacobi1 #bhe ,jacquem>t1 #bhj-bhc ,jazet1 #bde1 #bdf ,je5s1 ,c4 ,h41 #cad ,je5s1 ,j4 ,h41 #cbe ,jones1 ,john1 #cjb ,kauffmann1 ,angelica1 #bcg ,kaulba*1 #id ,kell]1 ,franz1 #bfb ,kilian1 ,b>?olomew1 #bji ,kirkall1 ,edw41 #caa-cac ,klaus1 #bhe ,kobell1 #bcd ,laborde1 ,lon1 #ab1 #cf-ch ,l&se]1 ,john1 #cbj ,l>mess91 ,nicolas de1 #baf ,lasne1 ,mi*el1 #ahj ,la/man1 #bdc ,laugi]1 #bgf ,law1 ,david1 #cbf ,lawrie1 ,rob]t1 #cjb ,le ,bas1 #baf1 #bcd ,leblond1 ,j4 ,*ri/ophe1 #bdb1 #bdc1 #caa1 #cab ,lebrun1 #ahd1 #ahg1 #ahi1 #aid1 #aif1 #aih1 #aii ,lecl]c1 ,seba/i51 #ahd1 #bjd ,legat1 ,f41 #cji ,le ,josph91 #aeh ,lepautre1 #bjd ,lepici1 #baf1 #bcj ,lepr9ce1 ,j4 ,b41 #bdd ,le ,roy1 ,philip1 #acd ,levasseur1 #bag ,lewis1 #cbd ,leyd51 ,lucas van1 #aah-aca1 #acd1 #agf ,l9ton1 #cbf ,longhi1 #bef ,lorra9e1 ,claude1 #ach1 #afj1 #afb1 #afe1 #afg1 #agg ,l\is1 ,ari/ide1 #bgf ,l\!rb\rg1 #bca ,lucas1 ,david1 #cbb-cbd ,lucas1 ,john1 #cbb ,ludy1 #bfb ,lupton1 ,?omas1 #cbj ,lutma1 ,jan1 #bch ,ltzelburg]1 #aac-aae ,luynes1 ,du*ess (1 #bbd ,maitre l'crevisse1 #acj ,maitre l'toile1 #acj ,major1 ,?omas1 #cjd ,mantegna1 ,&rea1 #fh-gd1 #he1 #abd1 #agf1 #agg ,mantovani1 #ajf ,m>c ,antonio1 ,raimondi1 #ff1 #gc1 #ia1 #ib1 #ajj-aac1 #abj1 #abb1 #abd1 #acc1 #agf-agh ,m>c de ,bye1 #adj ,m>co da ,rav5na1 #ajf ,m>col9i da ,=li1 #aae ,m>%all1 #cbi ,massal(f1 #bhb ,mass>d1 #bej ,mass1 #bbi ,masson1 #ahi1 #aid1 #baa ,ma/] ( ! ,bird1 #gg ,ma/] ( ! ,caduceus1 #gd ,ma/] ( ,colm>1 #gf ,ma/] ( ,nuremb]g1 #id ,ma/] ( ! ,/ream]s1 #aah ,ma/] ( #adff1 #di1 #ea1 #ec1 #gf-gh1 #hb1 #hf ,ma/]s1 ,! ,little1 #ic1 #afb1 #afi1 #agg ,me*551 ,israel van1 #hd ,mellan1 ,claude1 #ahj ,meml+1 #bb ,m5del1 #bfc ,m]curi1 #bfi ,m]ian1 ,mat!w1 #agj ,m]z1 #bfb ,mey]1 ,h5ry1 #cbj ,mign>d1 #aid1 #aif ,mocetto1 #gd1 #ge ,mols1 ,pascal1 #bbf ,mont5ay1 ,georgette de1 #aef ,moran1 #cbg ,morel1 #bej ,morgh51 #ajf1 #bee-beh1 #bfj1 #bfi ,mor91 ,jean1 #f1 #agi1 #aha1 #baa1 #bcg ,morris1 ,?omas1 #cji ,mos]1 #bcg ,mll]1 ,*ri/ian ,fr$1 #beh-bfa ,mll]1 ,jan1 #acj1 #aca ,mll]1 ,john ,god>d1 #beh1 #bei ,musi1 ,ago/9o1 #aea ,nanteuil1 ,rob]t1 #ahj-ahd1 #ahf1 #ahi-aib1 #aid1 #bjb1 #bji1 #baa1 #bbj ,nesbitt1 #cbf ,niccol della ,casa1 #aeb ,niccol1 ( ,pisa1 #ec ,nicoletto da ,mod5a1 #gd1 #hb ,ogborn1 ,john1 #cad ,o/ade1 ,adrian van1 #aci ,ottley1 #cbh ,p>ri%1 ,/eph51 #cbg ,peale1 ,*>les ,wilson1 #cbh ,p5cz1 ,georg1 #ic ,p5nell1 #cbg ,p]k9s1 #cbi ,pesne1 ,jean1 #ahg-ahi1 #aic1 #aid ,pe!r1 ,william1 #cjb ,petitot1 #bbj1 #bbb ,pi*l]1 #cjd ,pitau1 ,nicolas1 #aia ,poilly1 ,franois de1 #ahi1 #aia1 #aid1 #bjd1 #bjg1 #bji ,pollajuolo1 ,antonio1 #ee1 #fb1 #he ,pompad\r1 ,mme4 de1 #bbd1 #bbe ,pontius1 ,paul1 #acb1 #acc1 #adi1 #agg ,porporati1 #bbf1 #bbg ,possel:ite1 #cbd ,pott]1 ,paul1 #ach1 #aci ,p\ss91 #afj ,preisl]1 ,m>t91 #bbf ,pre/el1 ,ka!r9e1 #bcg ,prvo/1 #bdf ,raimba*1 ,abraham1 #bff1 #bfg ,raimondi 7see ,m>c ,antonio74 ,raphael1 #aja-ajh ,reb\l1 ,mme41 #bbd ,r$li*1 #bhb ,reg5t1 ,! ,pr9ce1 ( ,france1 #bbc ,regnesson1 #ahb ,rgni]1 ,ma?ur91 #afj ,rembr&t1 #ajd1 #abh1 #adj-adh1 #agg ,reynolds1 ,sir ,j41 #agb1 #bca1 #bcc ,reynolds1 ,samuel1 #bff1 #bfg1 #cag-cbb ,rib]a1 #aci1 #age ,ri*omme1 #bgf ,rigaud1 #baa1 #bad ,rit*ie1 #cbh ,rob]t1 #bhd ,robetta1 #fg ,rob9son1 #cbd ,rog]1 ,b>?lemy1 #beb ,rog]s1 ,william1 #bhh ,romano1 ,giulio1 #ajb1 #ajh-aaj ,rosa1 ,salvator1 #aei ,r\llet1 #ahi1 #aid ,r\sseaux1 #bgf ,rub5s1 #aca-acc1 #agf1 #agh ,rup]t1 ,pr9ce1 #aga-agc1 #bib1 #bif ,ruysdael1 ,j41 #aci ,ryd]1 ,?omas1 #cad ,ryl&1 #bbf1 #bbh1 #bch1 #bci1 #bgj1 #cji1 #caj ,/4 ,aub91 ,augu/91 #bah-bba ,/4 ,non1 ,abb de1 #bdj ,sa9t-,ygny1 #afd ,sanson1 ,adri51 #bjc ,sanson1 ,guillaume1 #bjc ,s>ta91 ,john1 #cbh ,sav>t1 #bbj ,say1 ,william1 #cbj ,s*ff]1 #bfb ,s*afle91 ,hans1 #ic1 #aac ,s*midt1 #bbf ,s*n1 ,b>?olomew1 #hd ,s*ongau]1 ,m>t91 #gf1 #gh-hf1 #ia1 #aag1 #agf1 #agg ,scott1 ,john1 #cbj ,scultori1 ,diana 7see ,ghisi74 ,segh]s1 #bdc ,selma1 ,f]n&o1 #bbh ,%>p1 ,william1 #cje1 #cjh1 #cji1 #cae ,%]borne1 ,w4 ,h41 #cbe ,%]w91 ,john ,keyse1 #big1 #cji ,%]w91 ,william1 #bif1 #big ,silve/re1 ,israel1 #ach1 #afd1 #agg ,simon1 ,jean1 #bih ,simoneau1 ,*>les1 #bbi ,slocombe1 #cbf ,smillies1 #cbh ,smi?1 ,ank]1 #cji1 #caf ,smi?1 ,beckett1 #big1 #bih ,smi?1 ,john1 #big1 #bih ,smi?1 ,j4 ,r41 #agb1 #cjb ,snyd]s1 ,franz1 #acd ,sonn5leit]1 #bhe ,s\tman1 #acb1 #acc ,sp5c]1 ,asa1 #cbi ,spi]re1 ,franois1 #bjd ,spilsbury1 ,john1 #cjb ,/>1 ,dirck 7see ,van ,/>574 ,/e9f5s&1 #bfb ,/e9la1 #bfc ,/ella1 ,claud9e 7see ,bonzonnet74 ,/range1 ,rob]t1 #bbf1 #bbh1 #bcd1 #bgj1 #cje-cjg ,sullivan1 ,luke1 #cjd1 #cje ,suyd]hoef1 ,jonas1 #acf1 #adi ,t>dieu1 ,alex&re1 #bdi1 #bea1 #bei1 #bgj ,t>dieu1 ,nicolas ,h5ri1 #bja1 #bbf ,taylor1 #bdc ,?aet]1 #bfb ,?ompson1 ,*>les1 #cbf ,?ompson1 ,john1 #cbf ,tieb\t1 ,c41 #cbh ,t9ney1 ,john1 #cjg ,titian1 #aaf ,tomk9s1 ,p4 ,w41 #cad ,tos*i1 #bfi ,tory1 ,ge(roy1 #aea ,tr5to1 ,antonio da1 #aaa ,turn]1 ,*>les1 #caf1 #cag ,ung]1 #bhb ,vaillant1 ,wall]ant1 #agb1 #bif ,van ,dal51 ,cornelius1 #acf1 #agg ,van ,dyck1 #acc1 #acd ,van ,eyck1 #ah1 #bb1 #bh ,van ,s*upp51 #aid1 #bjh1 #bji ,van ,/>51 ,dirck1 #acj ,velde1 ,adrian van de1 #adj ,veld5a]1 ,john1 #ag ,v]meul51 ,cornelius1 #bji ,vic5t9o1 ,nicol1 #aaa ,vis%]1 ,cornelius1 #ace-acg1 #adi1 #agg ,viv>s1 #bbi-bca1 #cje ,volpato1 #bee1 #bfi ,von ,sieg51 ,ludwig1 #aga1 #agb1 #bib1 #bif ,vor/]man1 #acb1 #acc1 #agg1 #bhg ,vo/re1 ,simon1 #hb ,wagn]1 ,joseph1 #bbf ,walk]1 ,an?ony1 #cjb1 #cjg ,walk]1 ,james1 #cjb ,walk]1 ,william1 #cjb1 #cjh1 #cac1 #cba1 #cbb ,w>d1 ,william1 #caf ,watelet1 #bbd ,watson1 ,c>ol9e1 #cac ,watson1 ,james1 #agb1 #cjb ,watson1 ,?omas1 #agb1 #cjb ,watt1 ,j4 ,h41 #cbd ,watteau1 #bad ,web]1 #bhe ,w5ceslas1 ( ,olmtz1 #hd ,weirott]1 #bbh ,:i/l]1 #cbf1 #cbg ,:ite1 ,g41 #bih ,wi]ix1 #aca ,wille1 ,john ,george1 #bbf1 #bei ,woeiriot1 ,pi]re1 #aec ,wolgemut1 ,mi*ael1 #hg-hi1 #aac ,woollett1 #bbi1 #bca1 #bcd1 #bcf1 #bgj1 #cje1 #cjg1 #cjh ,woolno?1 ,?omas1 #cbj1 #cba ,worlidge1 ,?omas1 #caj ,wr51 ,sir ,*41 #bif ,"y1 ,john1 #cjb ,zell1 ,ulric1 #ad-af ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,cassell ,,company1 ,,limit$1 ,,la ,,belle ,,sauvage1 ,,london1 ,e4,c4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,punctuation & spell+ 7 made consi/5t :5 a pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0 f\nd 9 ?is book2 o!rwise !y 7 n *ang$4 ,simple typographical errors 7 correct$4 ,ambigu\s hyph5s at ! ends ( l9es 7 reta9$4 ,:5 necess>y1 illu/rations 7 mov$ s z to n int]rupt ! fl[ ( text4 ,footnotes 7 mov$ to ! end ( ! book1 j be=e ! ,index4 ,table ( ,cont5ts li/s ,a ,,*apt] ,,on ,,engli% ,,engrav+ z be+ on page #bgh1 b x is on page #bhg4 ,correct$ "h4 ,page #ccj3 ,?ree a/]isks repres5t an inv]t$ a/]ism4