,,volume ,,iii4 ,,works ,,( ,,plot9os ,,plot9os ,complete ,works ,9 ,*ronological ,ord]1 ,gr\p$ 9 ,f\r ,p]iods2 ,) ,,biography by ,,porphyry1 ,,eunapius1 ,,suidas1 ,,comm5t>y by ,,porphyry1 ,,illu/rations by ,,jambli*us ,,ammonius1 ,,/udies 9 ,s\rces1 ,developm5t1 ,influ5ce2 ,,index ( ,subjects1 ,?\ghts & ,words4 by ,,k5ne? ,,sylvan ,,gu?rie1 ,pr(essor 9 ,ext5sion1 ,univ]sity ( ! ,s\?1 ,sewanee2 ,a4,m41 ,sewanee1 & ,h>v>d2 ,ph4,d41 ,tulane1 & ,columbia4 ,m4,d41 ,m$ico-,*irurgical ,college1 ,philadelphia4 ,,vol4 ,,iii ,porphyrian ,books1 #cd-de4 ,,comp>ative ,,lit]ature ,,press ,p4 ,o4 ,box #db1 ,,alp9e1 ,n4,j41 ,u4,s4,a4 ,copyright1 #aiah1 by ,k5ne? ,sylvan ,gu?rie4 ,all ,rights1 includ+ t ( ,translation1 ,res]v$4 ,ent]$ at ,/ation]s' ,hall1 by ,george ,bell & ,sons1 ,portugal ,/reet1 ,l9coln's ,inn1 ,london4 ,,six? ,,ennead1 ,,book ,,six4 ,( ,numb]s4 ,,manifoldness ,,is ,,di/ance ,,f ,,unity1 ,,& ,,evil4 #a4 ,does manifoldness consi/ 9 di/ance f unity8 ,is inf9ity ?is di/ance c>ri$ to ! extreme1 because x is an innum]able manifoldness8 ,is !n inf9ity an evil1 & are we ourselves evil :5 we are manifold8 7,t is probable72 or e be+ becomes manifold :51 n be+ able to rema9 turn$ t[>ds itself1 x blossoms out2 x ext5ds :ile divid+2 & ?us los+ all unity 9 its expansion1 x becomes manifoldness1 because !re is no?+ t holds its p>ts mutually unit$4 ,if1 nev]!less1 !re /ill rema9 some?+ t holds its p>ts mutually unit$1 !n1 ?\gh blossom+ out1 7! ess5ce7 rema9s1 & becomes manifoldness4 ,,h[ ,,manifoldness ,,is ,,an ,,evil4 ,b :at is !re to be fe>$ 9 magnitude8 ,if 7! ess5ce7 t has increas$ c\ld feel 7x w\ld feel t :i* 9 itself has become evil2 =7 x w\ld feel t x _h issu$ f itself1 & _h ev5 gone to a great di/ance 7f itself74 ,no 7ess5ce71 inde$1 seeks t :i* is o!r ?an itself2 e 7ess5ce7 seeks itself4 ,! movem5t by :i* 7an ess5ce7 issues f itself is caus$ ei!r by audacity1 or necessity4 ,e 7be+7 exi/s 9 ! highe/ degree n :5 x becomes manifold or great1 b :5 x belongs to itself2 n[ ?is occurs :5 x conc5trates ^u itself4 ,t :i* desires to become great 9 "s o!r mann] is ignorant ( t 9 :i* true greatness consi/s2 in/ead ( proce$+ t[>ds its legitimate goal1 x turns t[>ds ! outside4 ,n[1 on ! contr>y1 to turn t[>ds oneself1 is to rema9 9 oneself4 ,! demon/ration ( ?is may be se5 9 t :i* p>ticipates 9 greatness2 if 7! be+7 develop itself s t ea* ( its p>ts exi/ ap>t1 ea* "p w inde$ exi/1 b 7! be+7 w no long] be :at x orig9ally 04 ,to rema9 :at x is1 all its p>ts mu/ conv]ge t[>ds unity2 s t1 to be :at x 0 9 its be+1 x %\ld n be l>ge1 b s+le4 ,:5 x possesses magnitude1 & quantity inh]es 9 x1 x is de/roy$1 :ile :5 x possesses unity1 x possesses itself4 ,d\btless ! univ]se is bo? great & beautiful2 b x is beautiful only s f> z ! unity holds x 9 f dissipat+ into inf9ity4 ,besides1 if x be beautiful1 x is n because x is great1 b because x p>ticipates 9 beauty2 n[1 if x ne$ p>ticipation 9 beauty1 x is only because x has become s l>ge4 ,inde$1 isolat$ f beauty1 & consid]$ 9 itself z great1 x is ugly4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 :at is great is ) beauty 9 ! relation obta9+ betwe5 matt] & =m1 because :at ne$s adornm5t is manifold2 consequ5tly1 :at is great has s mu* m ne$ ( be+ adorn$ & is s mu* m ugly 7z x is great74 ,,:at ,,is ,,! ,,numb] ,,( ,,! ,,inf9ite4 #b4 ,:at op9ion %\ld we hold ( t :i* is call$ ! numb] ( inf9ity8 ,we mu/ beg9 by exam9+ h[ x c be a numb]1 if x be inf9ite4 ,inde$1 s5se-objects are n inf9ite2 consequ5tly1 ! numb] :i* inh]es 9 !m c\ld n be inf9ite1 & he :o numb]s !m1 does n numb] inf9ity4 ,ev5 if !y 7 multipli$ by two1 or by m1 !y /ill c\ld always be det]m9$2 if !y 7 multipli$ 9 respect ( ! pa/ or ! future1 !y w\ld /ill be det]m9$4 ,x might be object$ t numb] is n inf9ite 9 an absolute mann]1 b only 79 a relative mann]7 9 ?is s5se1 t x is always possible to add !reto4 ,b he :o numb]s does n create numb]s2 !y 7 already det]m9$1 & !y exi/$ 7be=e be+ conceiv$ by him :o 0 numb]+ !m74 ,z be+s 9 ! intelligible _w are det]m9$1 _! numb] is also det]m9$ by ! quantity ( be+s4 ,j z we make man manifold by add+ to him ! beautiful1 & o!r ?+s ( ! k9d1 we c make an image ( numb] correspond to ! image ( e intelligible be+4 ,j z1 9 ?\ght1 we c multiply a t[n t does n exi/1 s c we multiply numb]s4 ,:5 we numb] ! p>ts ( "t1 we limit ourselves to apply+ to !m ! numb]s t we h 9 ourselves1 & :i*1 m]ely on t acc\nt1 d n cease rema9+ 9 u4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,inf9ite ,,rea*$ ,,exi/5ce4 #c4 ,h[ did ! inf9ite1 9 spite ( its inf9it5ess1 rea* exi/5ce8 ,= ! ?+s :i* h arriv$ at exi/5ce1 & :i* subsi/1 h be5 prep>atorily conta9$ 9 a numb]4 ,be=e answ]+ ?is "q1 we mu/ exam9e :e!r1 :5 x =ms "p ( v]itable ess5ces1 multitude c be evil4 ,on high1 ! manifoldness rema9s unit$1 & is h9d]$ f completely be+ manifoldness1 because x is ! "o ess5ce2 b ?is is inf]ior to unity by ?is v condition t x is manifoldness1 & ?us1 is imp]fect 9 respect to unity4 ,!re=e1 ?\gh n hav+ ! same nature z ! ,"o1 b a nature some:at degrad$ 79 comp>ison ) unity71 manifoldness is inf]ior to unity2 b1 by ! effect ( ! unity :i* x d]ives f ! ,"o 7s9ce x is ! "o ess5ce71 x /ill possesses a v5]able "*1 r$uces to unity ! manifold x conta9s1 & makes x subsi/ 9 an immutable mann]4 ,,h[ ,,inf9ity ,,c ,,subsi/ ,,9 ,,! ,,intelligible ,,_w4 ,h[ c inf9ity subsi/ 9 ! intelligible _w8 ,ei!r x exi/s among ! g5u9e ess5ces1 & !n is det]m9$2 or x is n det]m9$1 & !n x does n exi/ among ! v]itable ess5ces1 b x mu/ be classifi$ among ! ?+s :i* exi/ 9 p]petual becom+1 su* z "t4#a ,! inf9ite is det]m9ate1 b x is n any ! less inf9ite2 = x is n ! limit#b :i* receives ! det]m9ation1 b ! inf9ite#c2 & betwe5 ! b\nd>y & ! inf9ite !re is no int]m$i>y t c\ld receive ! det]m9ation4 ,?is inf9ite acts z if x 7 ! idea ( ! b\nd>y1 b x is conta9$ by :at embraces x ext]iorly4 ,:5 ,i say t x flees1 ,i d n mean t x passes f "o locality to ano!r1 = x has no locality2 b ,i mean t space has exi/$ f ! v mom5t t ?is inf9ite 0 embrac$4#d ,we mu/ n imag9e t :at is call$ ! movem5t ( ! inf9ite consi/s 9 a displacem5t1 nor admit t ! inf9ite by itself possesses any o!r ( ! ?+s t c\ld be nam$2 ?us ! inf9ite c\ld nei!r move1 nor rema9 /ill4 ,:]e inde$ w\ld x halt1 s9ce ! place indicat$ by ! ^w :]e is po/]ior to inf9ity8 ,movem5t is attribut$ to inf9ity only to expla9 t ! inf9ite has no p]man5cy4 ,%\ld we believe t ! inf9ite exi/s on high 9 "o only & s+le place1 or t x arises !re1 & desc5ds "h bel[8 ,no3 = x is 9 respect to "o only & s+le place t we are enabl$ to conceive bo? :at has ris5 & does n desc5d1 z well z t :i* desc5ds4#e ,,inf9ite ,,is ,,conceiv$ ,,by ,,! ,,?\ght',s ,,mak+ ,,ab/raction ,,( ,,! ,,=m4 ,h[ !n c we conceive ! inf9ite8 ,by mak+ ab/raction ( =m by ?\ght4 ,h[ w x be conceiv$8 ,we may conceive ( ! inf9ite z simultane\sly be+ ! contr>ies1 & n be+ !m4 ,x w h to be conceiv$ z be+ simultane\sly great & small2 = ! inf9ite becomes bo? ( ^!4#f ,x may also be conceiv$ z bo? be+ mov$1 & be+ /able#g2 = ! inf9ite becomes ^! two ?+s also4 ,b be=e ! inf9ite becomes ^! two contr>ies1 x is nei!r ( !m 9 any det]m9ate mann]2 o!rwise1 y w\ld h det]m9$ x4 ,by virtue ( its nature1 ! inf9ite is ^! ?+s !re=e 9 an indet]m9ate & inf9ite mann]2 only on ?is condition w x appe> to be ^! contr>y ?+s4 ,if1 by apply+ y\r ?\ght to ! inf9ite1 y d n entice x into a det]m9ation1 z into a net1 y w see ! inf9ite escap+ y1 & y w n f9d any?+ 9 x t w\ld be a unity2 o!rwise1 y w\ld h det]m9$ x4 ,if y repres5t$ to y\rself ! inf9ite z a unity1 x w\ld seem to y manifold2 if y say t x is manifold1 x w aga9 make game ( y2 =1 all ?+s d n =m a manifold :]e no "o ?+ is "o4 ,f /ill ano!r /&po9t1 ! nature ( ! inf9ite is movem5t1 & accord+ to ano!r nature1 /ability2 = its prop]ty ( be+ invisible by itself con/itutes a movem5t :i* di/+ui%es x f intellig5ce#h2 its prop]ty ( n be+ able to escape1 ( be+ ext]iorly embrac$1 ( be+ circumscrib$ )9 an unescapable circle con/itutes a sort ( /ability4 ,movem5t !re=e _c be pr$icat$ ( inf9ity1 )\t also attribut+ /ability to x4 ,,h[ ,,o!r ,,numb]s ,,=m ,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,intelligible ,,_w4 #d4 ,let u n[ exam9e h[ ! numb]s =m "p ( ! intelligible _w4 ,are !y inh]5t 9 ! o!r =ms8 ,or are !y1 s9ce all et]nity1 ! consequ5ces ( ! exi/5ce ( ^! =ms8 ,9 ! latt] case1 z ! v ess5ce possess$ prim>y exi/5ce1 we w\ld fir/ conceive ! monad2 !n1 z movem5t & /ability emanat$ f x1 we w\ld h ! triad2 & ea* "o ( ! rema9+ intelligible entities w\ld lead to ! conception ( "s ( ! o!r numb]s4 ,if x 7 n s1 if a unity 7 inh]5t 9 ea* intelligible entity1 ! unity inh]5t 9 ! fir/ ,ess5ce w\ld be ! monad2 ! unity inh]5t 9 :at foll[$ x1 if !re be an ord] 9 ! intelligible entities1 w\ld be ! pair2 la/1 ! unity inh]+ 9 "s o!r intelligible entity1 su* z1 = in/ance1 9 t51 w\ld be ! decad4 ,nev]!less ?is c\ld n yet be s1 ea* numb] be+ conceiv$ z exi/+ 9 itself4 ,9 ?is case1 w we be compell$ to admit t numb] is ant]ior to ! o!r intelligible entities1 or po/]ior !reto8 ,on ?is subject ,plato#i says t m5 h arriv$ to ! notion ( numb] by ! succession ( days & nights1 & he ?us ref]s ! conception ( numb] to ! div]sity ( 7objective7 ?+s4 ,he !re=e seems to tea* t x is fir/ ! numb]$ objects t by _! div]sity produce numb]s1 t numb] results f movem5t ( ! s\l1 :i* passes f "o object to ano!r1 & t x is ?us begott5 :5 ! s\l enum]ates2 t is1 :5 %e says to h]self1 ,"h is "o object1 & !re is ano!r2 :ile1 s long z %e ?9ks ( "o & ! same object1 %e affirms no?+ b unity4 ,b :5 ,plato says t be+ is 9 ! v]itable numb]1 & t ! numb] is 9 ! be+1#aj he int5ds to tea* t by itself numb] possesses a hypo/atic sub/antial exi/5ce1 t x is n begott5 9 ! s\l :i* enum]ates1 b t ! v>iety ( s5se-objects m]ely recalls to ! s\l ! notion ( numb]4 ,,py?agorean ,,intelligible ,,numb]s ,,discuss$4 #e4 ,:at !n is ! nature ( numb]8 ,is x a consequ5ce1 & p>tially an aspect ( ea* be+1 l man & "o-man1 ess5ce & "o-ess5ce8 ,c ! same be said = all ! intelligibles1 & is t ! orig9 ( all numb]s8 ,if s1 h[ is x t on high 79 ! intelligible _w7 ! pair & triad exi/8 ,h[ are all ?+s consid]$ )9 unity1 & h[ w x be possible to r$uce numb] to unity1 s9ce x has a simil> nature8 ,!re w\ld ?us be a multitude ( unities1 b no o!r numb] w\ld be r$uc$ to unity1 except ! absolute ,"o4 ,x might be object$ t a pair is ! ?+1 or r ! aspect ( ! ?+ :i* possesses two p[]s jo9$ toge!r1 su* z is a composite r$uc$ to unity1 or su* z ! ,py?agoreans conceiv$ ! numb]s1#aa :i* !y seem to h pr$icat$ ( o!r objects1 by analogy4 ,= in/ance1 !y ref]r$ to ju/ice z ! 7,tetrad1 or7 gr\p-(-f\r1#ab & likewise = ev]y?+ else4 ,?us a numb]1 z = in/ance a gr\p-(-t51 w\ld be consid]$ z a s+le 7gr\p (7 unity1 & w\ld be connect$ ) ! manifold conta9$ 9 ! s+le object4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is an inadequate acc\nt ( our conception ( t52 we speak ( ! objects aft] ga!r+ 7t57 sep>ate objects4 ,lat]1 inde$1 if ^! t5 objects con/itute a new unity1 we call ! gr\p a decad4 ,! same /ate ( affairs mu/ obta9 ) intelligible ,numb]s4 ,if su* 7 ! /ate ( affairs 7answ]s ,plot9os71 if numb] 7 consid]$ only )9 objects1 w\ld x possess hypo/atic exi/5ce8 ,x might be object$1 ,:at !n w\ld h9d] t1 ?\gh we consid] :ite )9 ?+s1 t nev]!less ! ,:ite %\ld 7besides7 h a hypo/atic sub/antial exi/5ce8 ,= movem5t is inde$ consid]$ )9 ess5ce1 & yet 7x is agre$ t7 movem5t possesses a hypo/atic sub/antial exi/5ce )9 ess5ce4 ,! case ( numb]1 h[ev]1 is n simil> to t ( movem5t2 = we h demon/rat$ t movem5t ?us consid]$ 9 itself is some?+ unit>y4#ac ,moreov]1 if no m ?an su* a hypo/atic sub/antial exi/5ce be pr$icat$ ( numb]1 x ceases to be a be+1 & becomes an accid5t1 ?\gh x w\ld n ev5 !n be a pure accid5t2 = :at is an accid5t mu/ be some?+ be=e becom+ ! accid5t 7( "s sub/ance74 ,?\gh be+ insep>able !refrom1 x mu/ possess its own individual nature 9 itself1 l :it5ess2 & be=e be+ pr$icat$ ( some?+ else1 x already is :at x is posit$4 ,consequ5tly1 if "o be 9 e 7be+71 "o man is n id5tical ) man2 if "o be some?+ diff]5t f man#ad & f e o!r 7be+71 if x be some?+ common to all 7be+s71 "o mu/ be ant]ior to all m5 & to all o!r 7be+s71 s t man & all o!r be+s may be "o4 ,! "o is !re=e ant]ior to movem5t1 s9ce movem5t is "o1 & likewise ant]ior to ess5ce1 to all[ = ess5ce also be+ "o4 ,?is ( c\rse does n ref] to ! absolute ,unity t is recogniz$ z sup]ior to ess5ce1 b ( ! unity :i* is pr$icat$ ( e intelligible =m4 ,likewise1 above t ( :i* ! decad is pr$icat$ subsi/s ! ,decad 9 itself1 = t 9 :i* ! decad is recogniz$ c\ld n be ! ,decad 9 itself4 ,,! ,,intelligible ,,unity ,,& ,,decad ,,exi/ ,,be=e ,,all ,,numb]s ,,"o ,,or ,,t54 ,does unity !re=e inh]e 9 ess5ces1 & does x subsi/ ) !m8 ,if x inh]e 9 ess5ces1 or if x be an accid5t1 z heal? is an accid5t ( man1 x mu/ be some?+ individual 7l heal?74 ,if unity be an elem5t ( ! composite1 x w fir/ h to exi/ 7individually71 & be an unity 9 itself1 s z to be able to unify itself to some?+ else2 !n1 be+ bl5d$ ) ?is o!r ?+ t x has unifi$1 x w n long] rema9 really "o1 & w !reby ev5 become d\ble4 ,besides1 h[ w\ld t apply to ! decad8 ,:at ne$ ( ! 7intelligible7 ,decad has t :i* is already a decad1 by virtue ( ! p[] x possesses8 ,w x receive its =m f t ,decad8 ,if x be its matt]1 if x be t5 & decad only because ( ! pres5ce ( ! ,decad1 ! ,decad w h fir/ to exi/ 9 itself1 9 ! pure & simple /ate ( 7be+ a7 ,decad4 ,,:at ,,is ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,^! ,,intelligible ,,numb]s8 #f4 ,b if1 indep5d5tly ( ! ?+s !mselves1 !re be an ,"o 9 itself1 & a ,decad 9 itself2 & if ! intelligible entities be unities1 pairs1 or triads1 indep5d5tly ( :at !y are by _! be+1 :at !n is ! nature ( ^! ,numb]s8 ,:at is _! con/itution8 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t a c]ta9 ,reason presides ov] ! g5]ation ( ^! ,numb]s4 ,x is !re=e necess>y cle>ly to und]/& t 9 g5]al1 if intelligible =ms at all exi/1 x is n because ! ?9k+ pr9ciple fir/ ?\ght ea* ( !m1 & !reby gave !m hypo/atic exi/5ce4 ,ju/ice1 = in/ance1 0 n born because ! ?9k+ pr9ciple ?\ght :at ju/ice 02 nor movem5t1 because x ?\ght :at movem5t 04 ,?us ?\ght _h to be po/]ior to ! ?+ ?\ght1 & ! ?\ght ( ju/ice to ju/ice itself4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?\ght is ant]ior to ! ?+ t owes its exi/5ce to ?\ght1 s9ce ?is ?+ exi/s only because x is ?\ght4 ,if !n ju/ice 7 id5tical ) su* a ?\ght1 x w\ld be absurd t ju/ice %\ld be no?+ else ?an its def9ition2 = 9 ?is case1 ! ?9k+ ( ju/ice or movem5t1 w\ld am\nt to a conception ( ^! objects 7by a def9ition74 ,n[ ?is w\ld be tantam\nt to conceiv+ ! def9ition ( a ?+ t did n exi/1 :i* is impossible4 ,,ju/ice1 ,,l ,,an ,,intellectual ,,/atue1 ,,0 ,,born ,,( ,,itself4 ,! /atem5t t 9 :at is immat]ial1 k & ! kn[n ?+ co9cide1#ae mu/ n be und]/ood to mean t x is ! k ( ! ?+ :i* is ! ?+ itself1 nor t ! reason :i* contemplates an object is ?is object itself1 b r1 conv]sely1 t x is ! ?+ :i*1 exi/+ )\t matt]1 is purely intelligible & intellection4 ,i d n "h mean ! intellection :i* is nei!r a def9ition nor an intuition ( a ?+2 b ,i say t ! ?+ itself1 su* z x exi/s 9 ! intelligible _w1 is exclusively intellig5ce & k4 ,x is n 7! k9d (7 k t applies itself to ! intelligible1 x is ! 7actual7 ?+ itself :i* keeps t k 7!re( possess$ by reason7 f rema9+ diff]5t f x1 j z ! k ( a mat]ial object rema9s diff]5t f t object2 b x is a v]itable 7k9d (7 k1 t is1 a k :i* is n m]ely a simple image ( ! kn[n ?+1 b really is ! ?+ itself4 ,x is n !re=e ! ?\ght ( ! movem5t :i* produc$ movem5t 9 itself1 b ! movem5t 9 itself :i* produc$ ! ?\ght1 s t ! ?\ght ?9ks itself z movem5t1 & z ?\ght4 ,on ! "o h&1 intelligible movem5t is ?\ght by ! intelligible ,ess5ce2 on ! o!r h&1 x is movem5t 9 itself because x is fir/--= !re is no movem5t ant]ior !reto2 x is real movem5t1 because x is n ! accid5t ( a subject1 b because x is ! actualization ( ! ess5ce :i* moves1 & possesses actualiz$ 7exi/5ce72 x is !re=e be+1 ?\gh x be conceiv$ z diff]5t f ess5ce4 ,ju/ice1 = in/ance1 is n ! simple ?\ght ( ju/ice2 x is a c]ta9 disposition ( ,intellig5ce1 or r x is an actualization ( a det]m9ate nature4 ,! face ( ,ju/ice is m beautiful ?an ! ev5+ or morn+ />s1 & ?an all visible beauty4#af ,ju/ice may be imag9$ z an intellectual /atue :i* has issu$ f itself & :i* has manife/$ itself su* z x is 9 itself2 or r1 :i* subsi/s ess5tially 9 itself4 ,,intellig5ce ,,?9ks ,,?+s ,,n ,,because ,,!y ,,exi/1 ,,b ,,because ,,x ,,possesses ,,!m4 #g4 ,we mu/1 9 fact1 conceive intelligible ess5ces z subsi/+ 9 "o nature1 & "o s+le nature z possess+ & embrac+ all 7?+s74 ,!re no "o ?+ is sep>at$ f ! o!rs1 z 9 ! s5se-_w1 :]e ! sun1 moon1 & o!r objects ea* occupy a diff]5t locality2 b all ?+s exi/ toge!r 9 "o unity2 su* is ! nature ( intellig5ce4 ,! 7univ]sal7 ,s\l imitates x1 9 ?is respect1 z does also ! p[] call$ ,nature1 con=mably to :i*1 & by virtue ( :i* individuals are begott5 ea* 9 a diff]5t place1 :ile %e rema9s 9 h]self4 ,b1 al?\gh all ?+s exi/ toge!r 79 ! unity ( ,intellig5ce71 ea* ( !m is none ! less diff]5t f ! o!rs4 ,n[1 ^! ?+s :i* subsi/ 9 ,intellig5ce & be+1 are se5 by ! ,intellig5ce t possesses !m1 n because x obs]ves !m1 b because x possesses !m )\t feel+ ! ne$ ( di/+ui%+ !m f ea* o!r2 because f all et]nity !y h dwelt )9 x di/9ct f ea* o!r4 ,we believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( ^! ?+s on ! fai? ( ^? :o admire !m1 because !y h p>ticipat$ !re94 ,z to ! magnitude & beauty ( ! intelligible _w1 we c judge ( x by ! love :i* ! ,s\l feels = x1 & if o!r ?+s feel love = ! ,s\l1 x is because %e h]self possesses an intellectual nature1 & t by h] ! o!r ?+s c1 to "s ext5t1 become assimilat$ to ,intellig5ce4 ,h[ inde$ c\ld we admit t "h bel[ 0 "s organism gift$ ) beauty1 )\t recogniz+ t ! ,organism itself 7! intelligible _w#ag7 possesses an admirable & really unspeakable beauty8 ,fur!r1 ! p]fect ,organism is compos$ ( all ! organisms2 or r x embraces all ! organisms2 j z our ,univ]se is "o1 yet simultane\sly is visible1 because x conta9s all ! ?+s :i* are 9 ! visible univ]se4 ,,:at ,,& ,,h[ ,,is ,,e ,,intelligible ,,entity4 #h4 ,s9ce !n ! 7univ]sal7 ,organism possesses prim>y exi/5ce1 s9ce x is simultane\sly organism1 intellig5ce1 & v]itable ,be+2 & z we /ate t x conta9s all organisms1 numb]s1 ju/ice1 beauty1 & ! o!r simil> be+s--= we mean some?+ diff]5t by ! ,man himself1 & ,numb] itself1 & ,ju/ice itself--we h to det]m9e1 s f> z x is possible 9 su* ?+s1 :at is ! condition & nature ( ea* intelligible entity4 ,,numb] ,,mu/ ,,exi/ ,,9 ,,! ,,prim>y ,,ess5ce4 7,to solve ?is problem7 let u beg9 by sett+ aside s5sation1 & let u contemplate ,intellig5ce by our intellig5ce exclusively4 ,above all1 let u cle>ly und]/& t1 z 9 u life & intellig5ce d n consi/ ( a corporeal mass1 b 9 a p[] )\t mass1 likewise v]itable ,be+ is depriv$ ( all corporeal ext5sion1 & con/itutes a p[] f\nd$ on itself4 ,x does n inde$ consi/ 9 some?+ )\t =ce1 b 9 a p[] sov]eignly vital & intellectual1 :i* possesses life 9 ! highe/ degree1 intellig5ce1 & be+4 ,consequ5tly1 :atev] t\*es ?is p[] p>ticipates 9 ! same *>act]i/ics accord+ to ! mann] ( its t\*2 9 a high] degree1 if ! t\* be close2 9 a l[] degree1 if ! t\* be di/ant4 ,if exi/5ce be desirable1 ! complete/ exi/5ce 7or1 ess5ce7 is m desirable /ill4 ,likewise1 if intellig5ce des]ve to be desir$1 p]fect ,intellig5ce des]ves to be desir$ above ev]y?+2 & ! same /ate ( affairs prevails 9 respect to life4 ,if !n we mu/ grant t ! ,ess5ce is ! fir/1 & if we mu/ assign ! fir/ rank to ,ess5ce1 ! second to ,intellig5ce1 & ! ?ird to ! ,organism1#ah z ! latt] seems already to conta9 all ?+s1 & ,intellig5ce ju/ly occupies ! second rank1 because x is ! actualization ( ,be+--!n numb] c\ld n ent] into ! ,organism1 = be=e ! organism already exi/$ "o & two 7,be+ & ,intellig5ce74 ,nor c\ld numb] exi/ 9 ,intellig5ce1 = be=e ,intellig5ce 0 ,be+1 :i* is bo? "o & manifold4 7,numb] !re=e mu/ exi/1 or orig9ate1 9 ! prim>y ,be+47 ,,numb] ,,foll[s ,,& ,,proce$s ,,f ,,ess5ce4 #i4 ,x rema9s = u to discov] :e!r x 7 ,be+1 9 ! process ( division1 t begat numb]1 or :e!r x be ! numb] t divid$ ,be+4 7,?is is ! alt]native37 ei!r be+1 movem5t1 /ability1 diff]5ce & id5tity produc$ numb]1 or x is numb] t produc$ all ^! 7categories1 or7 g5]a4 ,our discussion mu/ />t ?us4 ,is x possible t numb] %\ld exi/ 9 itself1 or mu/ we contemplate two 9 two objects1 ?ree 9 ?ree objects1 & s =?8 ,! same "q arises ab\t unity z consid]$ )9 numb]s2 = if numb] c exi/ 9 itself indep5d5tly ( numb]$ ?+s1#ai x c also exi/ previ\sly to ! ess5ces4 ,c numb] !re=e exi/ be=e ! ess5ces8 ,x might be well prelim9>ily to ass]t t numb] is po/]ior to ! ,ess5ce1 & proce$s !refrom4 ,b !n if ess5ce be "o ess5ce1 & if two ess5ces be two ess5ces1 "o w prec$e ess5ce1 & ! o!r numb]s w prec$e ! ess5ces4 7,w\ld numb] !n prec$e ! ess5ces7 only 9 ?\ght & conception1 or also 9 ! hypo/atic exi/5ce8 ,we %\ld ?9k z foll[s4 ,:5 y ?9k ( a man z be+ "o1 or ! beautiful z be+ "o1 ! "o t is ?us conceiv$ 9 bo? 7be+s7 is some?+ t is ?\ght only aft]w>d4 ,likewise1 :5 y simultane\sly consid] a dog & a horse1 "h also two is evid5tly some?+ po/]ior4 ,b if y beget ! man1 if y beget ! horse or ! dog1 or if y produce !m outside :5 !y already exi/ 9 y1 )\t begett+ !m1 nor produc+ !m by m]e *ance 7( see+ !m71 y w say1 ,we %\ld g t[>ds "o 7be+71 !n pass to ano!r1 & ?us get two2 !n make "o m be+1 by add+ my p]son4 ,likewise1 7be+s7 7 n numb]$ aft] !y 7 creat$1 b be=e !y 7 creat$1 :5 7! creator7 decid$ h[ _m %\ld be creat$4 ,,numb] ,,split ,,! ,,unity ,,into ,,plurality2 ,,py?agorean ,,id5tification ,,( ,,ideas ,,& ,,numb]s4 ,! univ]sal ,numb] !re=e exi/$ be=e ! ess5ces 77 creat$72 consequ5tly1 ,numb] 0 n ! ess5ces4 ,d\btless1 ,numb] 0 9 ,ess5ce2 b x 0 n yet ! numb] ( ,ess5ce2 = ,ess5ce /ill 0 "o4 ,b ! p[] ( ,numb]1 hypo/atically exi/+ )9 x1 divid$ x1 & made x beget ! manifold4 ,numb] is ei!r ! be+ or actualization 7( ,ess5ce72 ! v ,organism & ,intellig5ce are numb]4 ,ess5ce is !re=e ! unifi$ numb]1 :ile ! ess5ces are develop$ numb]2 ,intellig5ce is ! numb] :i* moves itself1 & ! ,organism is ! numb] t conta9s4 ,s9ce !re=e ,ess5ce 0 born f ,unity1 ,ess5ce1 z x exi/$ )9 ,unity1 mu/ be ,numb]4 ,t is :y 7! ,py?agoreans#bj7 call$ ! ideas unities & numb]s4 ,,two ,,k9ds ,,( ,,numb]3 ,,ess5tial ,,& ,,unit>y4 ,su* !n is ess5tial ,numb] 7numb] t is ,be+74 ,! o!r k9d ( numb]1 :i* is call$ a numb] compos$ ( digits1 or unities1 is only an image ( ! =m]4 ,! ess5tial ,numb] is contemplat$ 9 ! intelligible =ms1 & assi/s 9 produc+ !m2 on ! o!r h&1 x exi/s primitively 9 ess5ce1 ) ess5ce1 & be=e ! ess5ces4 ,! latt] f9d !re9 _! f\ndation1 s\rce1 root & pr9ciple4#ba ,inde$1 ,numb] is ! pr9ciple ( ,ess5ce1 & re/s 9 x1 o!rwise x w\ld split up4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! ,"o does n re/ ^u ess5ce2 o!rwise ess5ce w\ld be "o be=e p>ticipat+ 9 ! ,"o2 likewise1 :at p>ticipates 9 ! decad w\ld be ! decad already be=e p>ticipat+ 9 ! decad4 ,,ess5ce ,,is ,a ,,location ,,= ,,! ,,?+s ,,yet ,,to ,,be ,,produc$4 #aj4 ,subsi/+ !re=e 9 ! manifold1 ,ess5ce !re=e became ,numb] :5 x 0 ar\s$ to multiplicity1 because x already conta9$ )9 itself a sort ( pre=mation or repres5tation ( ! ess5ces :i* x 0 ready to produce1 (f]+ ! ess5ces1 z x 71 a locality = ! ?+s ^: f\ndation !y 7 to be4 ,:5 we say1 s mu* gold1 or1 s _m o!r objects1 gold is "o1 & "o does n !reby int5d to make gold out ( ! numb]1 b to make a numb] out ( ! gold2 x is because "o already possesses ! numb] t "o seeks to apply x to gold1 s z to det]m9e its quality4 ,if ess5ces 7 ant]ior to ,numb]1 & if ,numb] 7 contemplat$ 9 !m :5 ! enum]at+ p[] enum]ates ! objects1 ! numb] ( ! 7be+s71 :atev] x is1 w\ld be accid5tal1 in/ead ( be+ det]m9$ 9 advance4 ,if ?is be n ! case1 !n mu/ numb]1 prec$+ 7! be+s7 det]m9e h[ _m ( !m mu/ exi/2 :i* means t1 by ! m]e fact ( ! primitive exi/5ce ( ! ,numb]1 ! 7be+s7 :i* are produc$ und]go ! condition ( be+ s _m1 & ea* ( !m p>ticipates 9 unity :5ev] !y are "o4 ,n[ e ess5ce comes f ,ess5ce because ess5ce1 by itself1 is ,ess5ce2 likewise1 ! ,"o is "o by itself4 ,if e 7be+7 be "o1 & if ! multitude ( 7be+s7 tak5 toge!r =m ! unity t is 9 !m1 !y are "o z ! triad is "o1 & all be+s also are "o2 n z is ! ,monad 7or ,unity71 b z is a ?\s&1 or any o!r numb]4 ,he :o1 :ile enum]at+1 produc$ ?+s1 proclaims t !re are a ?\s& ( !m1 claims to d no m ?an to tell out :at he le>ns f ! ?+s1 z if he 0 indicat+ _! colors1 :ile really he is only express+ a condition ( 8 reason2 )\t :i*1 he w\ld n "k h[ mu* ( a multitude 0 pres5t !re4 ,:y !n does he speak s8 ,because he kn[s h[ to enum]ate2 :i* inde$ he kn[s if he "k ! numb]1 & ?is he c "k only if ! numb] exi/4 ,b n to "k :at is ! numb]1 at lea/ "u ! respect ( quantity1 w\ld be ridicul\s1 & ev5 impossible4 ,,an ,,object',s ,,exi/5ce ,,implies ,a ,,previ\s ,,model ,,9 ,,itself4 ,:5 "o speaks ( good ?+s1 "o ei!r designates objects :i* are su* by !mselves1 or ass]ts t ! good is _! attribute4 ,if "o designate ! goods ( ! fir/ ord]1#bb "o is speak+ ( ! fir/ ,hypo/asis1 or rank ( exi/5ce2 if "o designate ! ?+s ( :i* ! good is ! attribute1 ?is implies ! exi/5ce ( a nature ( ! good :i* has be5 attribut$ to !m1 or :i* produces ?is *>act]i/ic )9 !m1 or :i* is ! ,good 9 itself1 or :i*1 produc+ ! good1 nev]!less dwells 9 its own nature4 ,likewise1 :51 9 connection ) 7be+s71 we speak ( a decad1 7or1 gr\p ( t571 "o is ei!r ref]r+ to ! ,decad 9 itself1 or1 ref]r+ to ! ?+s ( :i* ! decad is an attribute1 "o is =c$ to recognize ! exi/5ce ( a ,decad 9 itself1 ^: be+ is t ( a decad4 ,consequ5tly1 ! conf]r+ ( ! "n decad implies ei!r t ^! 7be+s7 are ! ,decad 9 itself1 or above !m 9 ano!r ,decad ^: be+ is t ( be+ a ,decad 9 itself4 ,,unity ,,& ,,numb] ,,prec$e ,,! ,,"o ,,& ,,! ,,_m ,,be+s4 ,9 g5]al1 ev]y?+ :i* is pr$icat$ ( an object ei!r comes to x f )\t1 or is its actualization4 ,unless by nature x be incon/ant1 be+ pres5t n[1 & abs5t !n1 if x be always pres5t1 x is a be+ :5 ! object is a be+4 ,if x be d5i$ t its nature 7 t ( a be+1 x w surely be grant$ t x is a "p ( ! ess5ces1 & t x is an ess5ce4 ,n[1 if ! object c be conceiv$ )\t ! ?+ :i* is its actualization1 ?is ?+ nev]!less exi/s contemporane\sly ) x1 ev5 ?\gh 9 ?\ght x be conceiv$ po/]iorily4 ,if ! object _c be conceiv$ )\t ?is ?+1 z man _c be conceiv$ ( )\t "o1 9 ?is case "o is n po/]ior to man1 b is simultane\s1 or ev5 ant]ior1 s9ce ! man's subsi/5ce is entirely dep5d5t !reon4 ,z to u1 we recognize t ,unity & ,numb] prec$e 7,ess5ce & ! ess5ces74 ,,unity ,,mu/ ,,exi/ ,,9 ,,! ,,intelligible ,,be=e ,,be+ ,,appli$ ,,to ,,multiple ,,be+s4 #aa4 ,x may be object$ t ! decad is no?+ else ?an t5 unities4 ,if ! exi/5ce ( ! ,"o be grant$1 :y %\ld we n also grant ! exi/5ce ( t5 unities8 ,s9ce ! supreme ,unity 7! unity ( ! fir/ ,ess5ce71 possesses hypo/atic exi/5ce1 :y %\ld ! case n be ! same ) ! o!r unities 7! complex unities conta9$ )9 ea* ( ! ess5ces78 ,x mu/ n be suppos$ t ! supreme ,unity is b\nd up ) a s+le ess5ce2 = 9 ?is case ea* ( ! o!r 7be+s7 w\ld no long] be "o4 ,if ea* ( ! o!r 7be+s7 mu/ be "o1 !n unity is common to all ! 7be+s72 t is t s+le nature :i* may be pr$icat$ ( ! multiple 7be+s71 & :i* mu/1 z we h expla9$ x1 subsi/ 9 itself 79 ! prim>y ess5ce7 be=e ! unity :i* resides 9 ! multiple 7be+s74 ,,! ,,supreme ,,unity ,,adju/s ,,all ,,l[] ,,gr\p ,,unities4 ,z unity is se5 9 "s "o 7be+71 & !n 9 "s o!r1 if ! second unity possess hypo/atic exi/5ce also1 !n ! supreme ,unity 7( ! fir/ ,ess5ce7 w n alone possess hypo/atic exi/5ce1 & !re w be ?us a multitude ( unities 7z !re is a multitude ( be+s74 ,if ! hypo/atic exi/5ce ( ! fir/ ,unity be alone ackn[l$g$1 ?is w exi/ ei!r 9 ! ,ess5ce 9 itself1 or 9 ! ,"o 9 itself4 ,if x exi/ 9 ! ,ess5ce 9 itself1 ! o!r unities 7:i* exi/ 9 ! o!r be+s7 w !n be su* m]ely by figure ( spee*1 & w no long] be subord9at$ to ! prim>y unity2 or numb] w be compos$ ( dissimil> unities1 & ! unities w diff] f ea* o!r 9 s f> z !y are unities4 ,if ! prim>y unity exi/ already 9 ! ,unity 9 itself1 :at ne$ w\ld t ,unity 9 itself h ( t unity to be "o8 ,if all t be impossible1 we %all h to recognize ! exi/5ce ( ! ,"o :i* is purely & simply "o1 :i*1 by its be+ is entirely indep5d5t ( all ! o!r be+s1 :i* is nam$ ! *ief ,unity1 & is conceiv$ ( z su*4 ,if unity exi/ on high 79 ! intelligible _w7 )\t any object t may be call$ "o1 :y might n ano!r ,"o 7! "o ( ! fir/ ,be+7 subsi/ on high also8 ,:y w\ld n all ! 7be+s71 ea* be+ a sep>ate unity1 n con/itute a multitude ( unities1 :i* might be ! multiple unity8 ,z ! nature 7( ! fir/ ,be+7 begets1 or r1 z x has begott5 7f all et]nity72 or at lea/1 z x has n limit$ itself to "o ( ! ?+s x has begott51 ?us r5d]+ ! unity 7( ! fir/ ,be+7 some:at cont9u\s2 if x circumscribe 7:at x produces7 & promptly ceases 9 its procession1 x begets small numb]s2 if x advance fur!r1 mov+ alone n 9 =eign matt]s1 b 9 itself1 x begets l>ge numb]s4 ,x ?us h>monizes e plurality & e be+ ) e numb]1 kn[+ well t1 if ea* ( ! 7be+s7 7 n 9 h>mony ) "s numb]1 ei!r !y w\ld n exi/1 or !y w\ld be> nei!r proportion1 measure1 nor reason4 ,,"o ,,& ,,unity ,,are ,,)9 ,,u2 ,,indep5d5tly ,,( ,,! ,,"o ,,outside4 #ab4 7,ari/otle#bc7 objects t ,"o & ,unity h no hypo/atic 7or1 g5u9e7 exi/5ce4 ,ev]y:]e ! ,"o is some?+ t is "o4 ,t is no?+ b a simple modification exp]i5c$ 9 our s\l 9 pres5ce ( ea* ess5ce4 ,we might z easily affirm t :5 we ass]t ess5ce1 ?is is b a simple modification ( our s\l1 ,ess5ce 79 itself7 be+ absolutely no?+4 ,if x be insi/$ t ,ess5ce exi/s because x excites & /rikes our s\l1 :i* !n repres5ts x to h]self1 we see t ! s\l is equally impress$ by ! ,"o1 & repres5ts ,him to h]self4 ,besides1 we %\ld ask 7,ari/otle7 if ?is modification or conception ( our s\l d n be> to u ! aspect ( unity or ! manifold8 ,s mu* ! m1 we (t5 say t an object is n "o2 evid5tly we !n are n d]iv+ ! notion ( unity f ! object1 because we are affirm+ t !re is no unity 9 x4 ,unity !re=e dwells )9 u1 & x is 9 u )\t ! object ( :i* we pr$icate t x is "s "o ?+4 ,,!re ,,is ,,inde$ ,a ,,unit>y ,,mode ,,( ,,exi/5ce ,,9 ,,outside ,,objects4 ,x may be object$ t hav+ ?is unity 9 our s\l dep5ds on receiv+ f ! ext]ior object a notion & an image1 :i* is a conception furni%$ by ?is object4 ,z ! philosoph]s :o pr(ess ?is op9ion d n diff]5tiate ! species ( "o & ( numb]1 & z !y all[ !m no o!r hypo/atic exi/5ce 7?an to be conceiv$ by our s\l71 if !y 7practically d7 all[ !m any sort ( hypo/atic exi/5ce1 x w be v int]e/+ to scrut9ize ! op9ions ( ^!4#bd ,!y !n say t ! notion or conception t we h ( ! "o or ( ! numb] d]ives f ! objects !mselves1 is a notion z mu* a po/]iori z ^? ( t1#be some?+1 cr[d1 fe/ival1 army1 or ( multitude2 =1 j z ! manifold is no?+ )\t ! multiple objects1 nor a fe/ival )\t ! m5 ga!r$ to celebrate ! religi\s c]emony1 ?us ! ,"o is no?+ )\t ! "o object1 :5 we posit ! "o1 conceiv+ x alone1 hav+ made an ab/raction ( ev]y?+ else4 ,! p>tisans ( ?is op9ion w cite _m examples ( ! same k9d1 z ! "r h& side1 ! upp] "p1 & _! contr>ies4 ,:at reality inde$ 7to speak z !y d71 c ! "r h& side possess outside ( a p]son :o /&s or sits "h or !re#bf8 ,! case is simil> ) ! upp] side1 :i* ref]s to a c]ta9 "p ( ! univ]se1 & ! l[] side to ano!r4#bg ,our fir/ answ] to ?is argum5t is t we w all[ t !re is a c]ta9 k9d ( exi/5ce 9 ! ?+s !mselves ( :i* we h j spok52 b t ?is mode ( exi/5ce is n id5tical 9 all ?+s1 consid]$ ei!r 9 respect to ea* o!r1 or ea* 9 respect to ! ,"o :i* is 9 all4 ,fur!r1 we int5d to refute "o by "o ^! argum5ts t h be5 oppos$ to u4 ,,! ,,notion ,,( ,,! ,,subject ,,"o ,,does ,,n ,,come ,,f ,,! ,,subject ,,itself4 #ac4 ,to beg9 )1 x is unreasonable to insi/ t ! notion ( ! subject "o comes to u f ! subject itself 7:i* is "o71 f ! visible man1 = in/ance1 or f "s o!r animal1 or ev5 "s /one4 ,evid5tly ! visible man & ! ,"o are ?+s entirely diff]5t1 :i* c\ld n be id5tifi$#bh2 o!rwise1 our judgm5t w\ld n be able 7z x is7 to pr$icate unity ( ! non-man4 ,besides1 z ! judgm5t does n op]ate on empt9ess = ! "r side1 & o!r su* ?+s1 see+ a diff]5ce ( position :5 x tells u t an object is "h1 or !re2 likewise1 x also sees some?+ :5 x says t an object is "o2 = x does n exp]i5ce !re an affection t is va91 & x does n affirm unity )\t "s f\ndation4 ,x _c be believ$ t ! judgm5t says t an object is "o because x sees t x is alone1 & t !re is no o!r2 =1 :ile say+ t !re is no o!r1 ! judgm5t implicitly ass]ts t ! o!r is "o4 ,fur!r1 ! notions ( o!r & diff]5t are notions po/]ior to t ( unity2 if ! judgm5t did n rise to unity1 x w\ld n ass]t ei!r ! o!r nor ! diff]5t2 :5 x affirms t an object is alone1 x says1 !re is "o only object2 & !re=e pr$icates unity be=e only4 ,besides1 ! judgm5t :i* affirms is itself a sub/antial 7be+7 be=e affirm+ unity ( "s o!r 7be+72 & ! 7be+7 ( :i* x speaks is "o likewise be=e ! judgm5t ei!r ass]ts or conceives any?+ ab\t x4 ,?us 7be+7 mu/ be "o or _m2 if x be _m1 ! "o is necess>ily ant]ior1 s9ce1 :5 ! judgm5t ass]ts t plurality is pres5t1 x evid5tly ass]ts t !re is m ?an "o2 likewise1 :5 x says t an army is a multitude1 x conceives ( ! soldi]s z arrang$ 9 "o s+le corps4 ,by ?is la/ example1 x is pla9 t ! judgm5t 79 say+ "o body71 does n let ! multitude rema9 multitude1 & t x ?us reveals ! exi/5ce ( unity2 =1 :e!r by giv+ to ! multitude a unity :i* x does n possess1 or by rapidly reveal+ unity 9 ! arrangem5t 7:i* makes ! body ( ! multitude71 ! judgm5t r$uces multitude to unity4 ,x does n err "h ab\t unity1 any m ?an :5 x says ( a build+ =m$ by a multitude ( /ones t x is a unity2 =1 besides1 a build+ is m unifi$ ?an an army4#bi ,if1 fur!r1 unity inh]e 9 a /ill high] degree 9 t :i* is cont9u\s1 & 9 a degree /ill high] 9 :at is n divisible1#cj evid5tly t occurs only because ! unity has a real nature1 & possesses exi/5ce2 = !re is no great] or less 9 t :i* does n exi/4 ,,unity1 ,,?\gh ,,by ,,p>ticipation ,,exi/+ ,,9 ,,s5se-,,objects1 ,,is ,,intelligible4 ,j z we pr$icate be+ ( e s5se-?+1 z well z ( e intelligible ?+1 we pr$icate x 9 a high] degree ( intelligible ?+s1 attribut+ a high] degree 7( sub/antiality7 to ! 7be+s t are v]itable ?an to s5se-objects71 & to s5se-objects ?an to o!r g5]a 7( physical objects72 likewise1 cle>ly see+ unity 9 s5se-objects 9 a degree high] ?an 9 ! intelligible 7ess5ces71 we recognize ! exi/5ce ( unity 9 all its modes1 & we ref] !m all to ,unity 9 itself4 ,besides1 j z be+ & ess5ce#ca are no?+ s5sual1 ?\gh s5se-objects p>ticipate !re91 s unity1 ?\gh by p>ticipation x inh]e 9 s5se-objects1 is n any ! less an intelligible ,unity4 ,judgm5t grasps x by an intellectual conception2 by see+ "o ?+ 7:i* is s5sual7 x also conceives ano!r :i* x does n see 7because x is intelligible72 x !re=e knew ?is ?+ 9 advance2 & if judgm5t knew x 9 advance1 judgm5t 0 ?is ?+1 & 0 id5tical ) t ^: exi/5ce x ass]t$4 ,:5 x says1 a c]ta9 object1 x ass]ts ! unity1 z1 :5 x speaks ( c]ta9 objects1 x says t !y are two or m4 ,if !n "o _c conceive ( any object :atev] )\t "o1 two1 or "s o!r numb]1 x becomes possible to insi/ t ! ?+ )\t :i* no?+ c be ass]t$ or conceiv$1 does n at all exi/4 ,we _c inde$ d5y exi/5ce to ! ?+ )\t ^: exi/5ce we c\ld n ass]t or conceive any?+4 ,n[ t :i* is ev]y:]e necess>y to speak & to conceive mu/ be ant]ior to spee* & conception1 s z to contribute to _! production4 ,if1 besides1 ?is ?+ be necess>y to ! hypo/atic exi/5ce ( e ess5ce--= !re is no ess5ce t lacks unity--x mu/ be ant]ior to be+1 & be+ mu/ be begott5 by x4 ,t is :y we say an ess5ce in/ead ( fir/ posit+ ess5ce1 & a only !reaft]1 = !re mu/ be "o 9 ess5ce1 to make sev]al possible2 b 7! conv]se is n true2 =7 unity does n conta9 ess5ce1 unless unity itself produce x by apply+ itself to ! begett+ ( x4 ,likewise1 ! ^w t 7:5 employ$ to designate an object7 is n mean+less2 = in/ead ( nam+ ! object1 x proclaims its exi/5ce1 its pres5ce1 its be+1 or "s o!r ( its k9ds ( ess5ce4 ,! ^w t does n !re=e express some?+ )\t reality1 x does n proclaim an empty conception1 b x designates an object z def9itely z "s prop] "n4 ,,unity ,,only ,,an ,,accid5t ,,9 ,,s5se-,,?+s1 ,,b ,,some?+ ,,9 ,,itself ,,9 ,,! ,,intelligible4 #ad4 ,z to ^? :o consid] unity z relative1 !y might be told t unity c\ld n lose its prop] nature m]ely z a result ( ! affection exp]i5c$ by "s o!r be+ )\t itself be+ affect$4 ,x _c cease be+ "o )\t exp]i5c+ ! privation ( unity by division into two or ?ree4 ,if1 on be+ divid$1 a mass become d\ble )\t be+ de/roy$ 9 respect to its be+ a mass1 evid5tly1 besides ! subject1 !re exi/$ unity2 & ! mass lo/ x because ! unity 0 de/roy$ by ! division4 ,s ?is same ?+ :i* n[ is pres5t1 & n[ disappe>s1 %\ld be classifi$ among ess5ces :]ev] x be f\nd2 & we mu/ recognize t1 ?\gh x may be an accid5t ( o!r objects1 x nev]!less exi/s by itself1 :e!r x manife/ 9 s5se-objects1 or :e!r x be pres5t 9 intellig5t entities2 x is only an accid5t 9 po/]ior 7be+s1 namely1 ! s5se-objects72 b x exi/s 9 itself 9 ! intelligible entities1 especially 9 ! fir/ ,ess5ce1 :i* is ,"o prim>ily1 & only second>ily ess5ce4 ,,two ,,is ,,n ,,an ,,addition ,,to ,,"o1 ,,b ,a ,,*ange 7,,refutation ,,( ,,ari/otle74 ,! objection t unity1 )\t itself exp]i5c+ any?+1 by ! m]e addition ( some?+ else1 is no long] "o1 b becomes d\ble1 is a mi/ake4#cb ,! "o has n become two1 & is n t :i* has be5 add$ to x1 nor t to :i* some?+ has be5 add$4 ,ea* ( !m rema9s "o1 su* z x 02 b two c be ass]t$ ( _! totality1 & "o ( ea* ( !m sep>ately4 ,two !re=e1 n any m ?an pair1 is by nature a relation4 ,if ! pair consi/$ 9 ! union 7( two objects71 & if be+ unit$ 7 id5tical ) to duplicate1 9 ?is case ! union1 z well z ! pair1 w\ld con/itute two4 ,n[ a pair appe>s likewise 9 a /ate contr>y 7to t ( ! reunion ( two objects72 = two may be produc$ by ! division ( a s+le object4 ,two1 !re=e1 is nei!r reunion nor division1 z x w\ld h to be 9 ord] to con/itute a relation4 ,,objects ,,p>ticipate ,,9 ,,numb]s ,,j ,,z ,,!y ,,p>ticipate ,,9 ,,all ,,intelligible ,,entities4 ,:at !n is ! pr9cipal cause 7by virtue ( :i* objects p>ticipate 9 numb]s78 ,a be+ is "o by ! pres5ce ( "o2 d\ble1 because ( ! pres5ce ( ! pair2 j z x is :ite because ( ! pres5ce ( :it5ess2 beautiful1 because ( ! pres5ce ( beauty2 & j by t ( ju/ice4 ,if t be n admitt$1 we %all be r$uc$ to ass]t+ t :it5ess1 beauty & ju/ice are no?+ real1 & t _! only causes are simple relations2 t ju/ice consi/s 9 "s p>ticul> relation ) "s p>ticul> be+2 t beauty has no f\ndation o!r ?an ! affection t we feel2 t ! object :i* seems beautiful possesses no?+ capable ( excit+ ?is affection ei!r by nature1 or by acquirem5t4 ,:5 y see an object t is "o1 & t y call s+le1 x is simultane\sly great1 beautiful1 & susceptible ( receiv+ a numb] ( o!r qualifications4 ,n[ :y %\ld unity n inh]e 9 ! object z well z greatness & magnitude1 sweetness & bitt]ness1 & o!r qualities8 ,we h no "r to admit t quality1 :atev] x be1 =ms "p ( ! numb] ( be+s1 :il/ quantity is exclud$2 nor to limit quantity to cont9u\s quantity1 :ile discrete quantity is exclud$ f ! conception ( quantity2 & t s mu* ! less z cont9u\s quantity is measur$ by discrete quantity4 ,?us1 j z an object is great because ( ! pres5ce ( magnitude1 z x is "o by ! pres5ce ( unity2 s is x d\ble because ( ! pres5ce ( be+ a pair1 & s =?4#cc ,,! ,,v]itable ,,numb]s ,,are ,,intelligible ,,entities4 ,%\ld we be ask$ to describe ! op]ation ( ! p>ticipation ( objects 9 unity & 9 numb]s1 we %all answ] t ?is "q connects ) ! m g5]al problem ( ! p>ticipation ( objects 9 intelligible =ms4 ,besides1 we %all h to admit t ! decad pres5ts itself "u diff]5t aspects1 accord+ z x is consid]$ to exi/ ei!r 9 discrete quantities1 or 9 cont9u\s quantities1 or 9 ! r$uction ( _m great =ces to unity1 or1 la/1 into ! intelligible entities to :i* we are lat] rais$4 ,x is among !m1 inde$1 t are f\nd ! v]itable ,numb]s 7spok5 ( by ,plato1#aj7 :i*1 in/ead ( be+ consid]$ z discov]$ 9 o!r 7be+s71 exi/ )9 !mselves2 su* is ! ,decad-9-itself1 :i* exi/s by itself1 in/ead ( simply be+ a decad#cd compos$ ( "s intelligible entities4 ,,numb] ,,exi/s ,,be=e ,,e ,,animal1 ,,& ,,! ,,univ]sal ,,animal4 #ae4 7,f ! above discussion ab\t ! intelligibility ( numb]s7 let u n[ return to :at we said 9 ! beg9n+4 ,! univ]sal 7,be+7 is v]itable ,ess5ce1 ,intellig5ce1 & p]fect liv+ ,organism2 & at ! same "t conta9s also all ! liv+ organisms4 ,our univ]se1 :i* also is an organism1 by its unity imitates s f> z x c ! unity ( ! p]fect liv+ ,organism4 ,i say1 to ! ext5t ( its capacity1 because1 by its nature1 ! s5se-_w has dep>t$ f ! unity ( ! intelligible _w2 o!rwise1 x w\ld n be ! s5se-_w4 ,moreov]1 ! univ]sal liv+ ,organism mu/ be ! univ]sal ,numb]2 = if x 7 n a p]fect numb]1 x w\ld lack "s numb]2 & if x did n conta9 ! total numb] ( liv+ organisms1 x w\ld n be ! p]fect liv+ ,organism4 ,numb] !re=e exi/s be=e e liv+ organism1 & be=e ! univ]sal liv+ ,organism4 ,man & ! o!r liv+ organisms are 9 ! intelligible _w2 s f> z !y are liv+ organisms1 & s f> z ! intelligible _w is ! univ]sal liv+ ,organism2 = man1 ev5 "h bel[1 is a "p ( ! liv+ ,organism1 s f> z itself is a liv+ organism1 & z ! liv+ ,organism is univ]sal2 ! o!r liv+ organisms are also 9 ! liv+ ,organism1 s f> z ea* ( !m is a liv+ organism4 ,,! ,,intelligible ,,z ,,pot5tial ,,& ,,actualiz$ ,,9 ,,! ,,s\l4 ,likewise1 ,intellig5ce1 z su*1 conta9s all ! individual intellig5ces z its p>ts4#ce ,^!1 h[ev]1 =m a numb]4 ,consequ5tly1 ! numb] :i* is 9 ! ,intellig5ce does n occupy ! fir/ degree4 ,s f> z ! numb] is 9 ,intellig5ce1 x is equal to ! quantity ( ! actualizations ( ,intellig5ce4 ,n[1 ^! actualizations are wisdom1 ju/ice1 & ! o!r virtues1 sci5ce1 & all ! 7ideas7 ^: possession *>act]izes x z v]itable ,intellig5ce4 7,if !n sci5ce exi/ 9 ! ,intellig5ce7 h[ does x happ5 t x is n !re 9 "s pr9ciple o!r ?an itself8 ,9 ,intellig5ce ! kn[]1 ! kn[n1 & sci5ce are "o & ! same ?+2 & ) ev]y?+ else )9 x4 ,t is :y e 7entity7 exi/s 9 ! intelligible _w 9 its highe/ degree4 ,= in/ance1 )9 x1 ,ju/ice is no accid5t1 ?\gh x be "o 9 ! s\l1 z su*2 = intelligible entities are 9 ! s\l 7only 97 pot5tial condition 7s long z %e rema9s no m ?an s\l72 & !y are actualiz$ :5 ! s\l rises to ,intellig5ce & dwells ) x4#cf ,,numb] ,,z ,,! ,,univ]sal ,,bond ,,( ,,! ,,univ]se4 ,besides ,intellig5ce1 & ant]ior !reto1 exi/s ,ess5ce4 ,x conta9s ,numb]1 ) :i* x begets 7be+s72 = x begets !m by mov+ accord+ to numb]1 det]m9+ ^u ! numb]s be=e giv+ hypo/atic exi/5ce to ! 7be+s71 j z ! unity 7( ess5ce7 prec$es its 7exi/5ce71 & int]relates x ) ! ,fir/ 7or1 absolute ,unity74 ,numb]s int]relate no?+ else to ! ,fir/2 x suffices = ,ess5ce to be int]relat$ ) ,him1 because ,ess5ce1 on becom+ ,numb]1 atta*es all 7be+s7 to itself4 ,ess5ce is divid$ n s f> z x is a unity 7= its unity is p]man5t72 b hav+ divid$ itself con=mably to its nature 9 z _m ?+s z x decid$ on1 x saw into h[ _m ?+s x _h divid$ itself2 & ?r\gh ?is 7process7 x begat ! numb] t exi/s )9 itself2 = x divid$ itself by virtue ( ! pot5tialities ( numb]1 & x begat z _m 7be+s7 z numb] comport$4 ,,! ,,g5]ation ,,( ,,ev]y?+ ,,regulat$ ,,by ,,numb]4 ,! fir/ & v]itable ,numb] is !re=e ! s\rce & pr9ciple#ba ( hypo/atic exi/5ce = be+s4 ,t is ! reason t ev5 "h bel[1 ! classifi$ bo? discrete & cont9u\s quantity#ch &1 ) a diff]5t numb]1 x is "s o!r ?+ t is begott51 or no?+ m c be begott54 ,su* are ! prim>y ,numb]s1 s f> z !y c be numb]$4 ,! numb]s t subsi/ 9 o!r ?+s play two p>ts4 ,s f> z !y proce$ f ! ,fir/1 !y c be numb]$2 s f> z !y are bel[ !m1 !y measure o!r ?+s1 !y s]ve to enum]ate bo? numb]s & ?+s :i* c be enum]at$4 ,h[ inde$ c\ld y ev5 say t5 )\t ! aid ( numb]s )9 y\rself8 ,,difficulties ,,connect$ ,,) ,,^! ,,intelligible ,,numb]s4 #af4 ,! fir/ objection might be1 ,:]e d y locate1 or h[ d y classify ^! prim>y & v]itable ,numb]s8 ,all ! philosoph]s 7:o foll[ ,ari/otle7 classify numb]s 9 ! g5us ( quantity4 ,x seems t we h above treat$ ( quantity1 & classifi$ bo? discrete & cont9u\s quantity#ch among o!r be+s4 ,"h h[ev] we seem to say t ^! ,numb]s =m "p ( ! prim>y ,ess5ces1 & add t !re are1 9 addition1 numb]s t s]ve = enum]ations4 ,we are n[ ask$ h[ we make ^! /atem5ts agree1 = !y seem to give rise to sev]al que/ions4 ,is ! unity :i* is f\nd among s5se-be+s a quantity8 ,or is unity a quantity :5 repeat$1 :ile1 :5 consid]$ alone & 9 itself1 x is ! pr9ciple ( quantity1 b n a quantity itself8 ,besides1 if unity be ! pr9ciple ( quantity1 does x %>e ! nature ( quantity1 or has x a diff]5t nature8 ,"h are a numb] ( po9ts we ought to exp\nd4 ,we %all answ] ^! que/ions1 & "h is :at we consid] our />t+-po9t4 ,,unity ,,conta9$ ,,9 ,,s5se-,,objects ,,is ,,n ,,unity ,,9 ,,itself4 ,:51 consid]+ visible objects1 by :i* we ought to beg91 we comb9e "o 7be+7 ) ano!r1 z = in/ance1 a horse & a dog1 or two m51 & say t !y =m two2 or1 :5 consid]+ a great] numb] ( m5 we say !y are t51 & =m a gr\p ( t51 ?is numb] does n con/itute be+1 nor an 7accid5t7 among s5se-objects2 x is purely & simply a quantity4 ,divid+ ?is gr\p ( t5 by unity1 & mak+ unity ( its p>ts1 y obta9 & con/itute ! pr9ciple ( quantity 7unity7 = a unity ?us d]iv$ f a gr\p ( t54 ,,num]als ,,pr$icat$ ,,( ,,! ,,man ,,9 ,,himself ,,are ,,ess5tial4 ,b :5 y say t ! ,man consid]$ 9 himself is a numb]1 z1 = in/ance1 a pair1 because he is bo? animal & reasonable1 we h "h no m ?an a simple modality4 ,=1 :ile reason+ & enum]at+ we produce a quantity2 b s f> z !re are "h two ?+s 7animal & reasonable71 & z ea* ( !m is "o1 z ea* completes ! be+ ( ! man1 & possesses unity2 we are "h us+ & proclaim+ ano!r k9d ( numb]1 ! ess5tial ,numb]4 ,"h ! pair is n po/]ior to ?+s2 x does n limit itself to express+ a quantity :i* is ext]ior to ess5ce2 x expresses :at is 9 ! v be+ ( ?is ess5ce1 & conta9s its nature4 ,,collective ,,n\ns ,,us$ ,,z ,,pro( ,,( ,,indep5d5t ,,exi/5ce4 ,inde$1 x is n y :o "h bel[ produce numb] :5 y by discursive reason range ?r\gh ?+s t exi/ by !mselves1 & :i* d n dep5d = _! exi/5ce on y\r enum]ation2 = y add no?+ to ! be+ ( a man by enum]at+ him ) ano!r4 ,t is no unity1 z 9 a *oric ballet4 ,:5 y say1 t5 m51 t5 exi/s only 9 y :o are enum]at+4 ,we c\ld n ass]t t t5 exi/s 9 ! t5 m5 y are enum]at+1 because ^! m5 are n co-ord9at$ s z to =m a unity2 x is y y\rself :o produce t5 by enum]at+ ?is gr\p ( t51 & by mak+ up a quantity4 ,b :5 y say1 a *oric ballet1 an army1 !re is some?+ :i* exi/s outside ( ^! objects1 & )9 y\rself4#ci ,h[ are we to und]/& t ! numb] exi/s 9 y8 ,! numb] :i* exi/$ 9 y be=e y made ! enum]ation has ano!r mode 7( exi/5ce7 7?an ! numb] t y produce by enum]ation74 ,z to ! numb] :i* manife/s itself 9 ext]ior objects & ref]s to ! numb] )9 y\rself1 x con/itutes an actualization ( ! ess5tial numb]s1 or1 is con=mable to ! ess5tial ,numb]s2 =1 :ile enum]at+ y produce a numb]1 & by ?is actualization y give hypo/atic exi/5ce to quantity1 z 9 walk+ y did to movem5t4 ,,! ,,numb] ,,)9 ,,is ,,! ,,numb] ,,con/itutive ,,( ,,our ,,be+4 ,9 :at s5se does ! numb] :i* is )9 u 7be=e we enum]ate7 h a mode 7( exi/5ce7 o!r 7?an ! "o we produce 9 enum]ation78 ,because x is ! numb] con/itutive ( our be+1 :i*1 z ,plato says1#dj p>ticipates 9 numb] & h>mony1 & is a numb] & h>mony2 = ! s\l is said to be nei!r a body nor an ext5sion2 %e !re=e is a numb]1 s9ce %e is a be+4 ,! numb] ( ! body is a be+ ( ! same nature z ! body2 ! numb] ( ! s\l consi/s 9 ! be+s :i* are incorporeal l s\ls4 ,!n1 = ! intelligible entities1 if ! animal itself be plurality1 if x be a triad1 ! triad t exi/s 9 ! animal is ess5tial4 ,z to ! triad :i* subsi/s1 n 9 ! animal1 b 9 ess5ce1 x is ! pr9ciple ( be+4 ,if y enum]ate ! animal & ! beautiful1 ea* ( ^! two 9 itself is a unity2 b 79 enum]at+ !m71 y beget numb] 9 y\rself1 & y conceive a c]ta9 quantity1 ! pair4 ,if 7l ! ,py?agoreans7 y say t virtue is a gr\p ( f\r1 or tetrad1 x is "o s f> z its p>ts 7ju/ice1 prud5ce1 c\rage1 & temp]ance7 contribute to ! =mation ( a unity2 y may add t ?is gr\p ( f\r1 or tetrad1 is a unity1 s f> z x is a k9d ( sub/rate2 z to y1 y connect ?is tetrad ) ! "o t is inside ( y4#da ,,h[ ,a ,,numb] ,,may ,,be ,,call$ ,,inf9ite4#db #ag4 ,z ! reasons "h advanc$ w\ld seem to imply t e numb] is limit$1 we may ask 9 :i* s5se may a numb] be said to be inf9ite8 ,?is conclusion is "r1 = x is aga9/ ! nature ( numb] to be inf9ite4 ,:y d p !n (t5 speak ( a numb] z inf9ite8 ,is x 9 ! same s5se t "o calls a l9e inf9ite8 ,a l9e is said to be inf9ite1 n t !re really exi/s an inf9ite l9e ( ?is k9d1 b to imply ! conception ( a l9e z great z possible1 great] ?an any giv5 l9e4 ,simil>ly ) numb]4 ,:5 we "k :i* is ! numb] 7( c]ta9 objects71 we c d\ble x by ?\ght1 )\t1 on t acc\nt1 add+ any o!r numb] to ! fir/4 ,h[ inde$ w\ld x be possible to add to ext]ior objects ! conception ( our imag9ation1 a conception t exi/s 9 ourselves exclusively8 ,we %all !re=e say t1 among intelligible entities1 a l9e is inf9ite2 o!rwise1 ! intelligible l9e w\ld be a simple quantative expression4 ,if h[ev] ! intelligible l9e be n ?is1 x mu/ be inf9ite 9 numb]2 b we !n und]/& ! ^w inf9ite 9 a s5se o!r ?an t ( hav+ no limits t c\ld n be transc5d$4 ,9 :at s5se !n is ! ^w inf9ite "h us$8 ,9 ! s5se t ! conception ( a limit is n impli$ 9 ! be+ ( a l9e 9 itself4 ,,intelligible ,,l9e ,,po/]ior ,,to ,,numb]1 ,,& ,,exi/s ,,9 ,,! ,,intelligible4 ,:at !n is ! intelligible l9e1 & :]e does x exi/8 ,x is po/]ior to numb]#dc2 = unity appe>s 9 ! l9e1 s9ce ?is />ts f ! unity 7( ! po9t71 & because x has b "o dim5sion 7l5g?72 n[ ! measure ( dim5sion is n a quantative 7entity74 ,:]e !n does ! intelligible ,l9e exi/8 ,x exi/s only 9 ! intellig5ce t def9es x2 or1 if x be a ?+1 x is b some?+ intellectual4 ,9 ! intelligible _w1 9 fact1 ev]y?+ is intellectual1 & su* z ! ?+ itself is4 ,x is 9 ?is same _w1 likewise1 :]e is made ! decision :]e & h[ ! plane1 ! solid1 & all o!r figures are to be dispos$4 ,= x is n we :o create ! figures by conceiv+ !m4 ,?is is s because ! figure ( ! _w is ant]ior to u1 & because ! natural figures :i* are suitable to ! productions ( nature1 are necess>ily ant]ior to ! bodies1 & 9 ! intelligible _w exi/ 9 ! /ate ( prim>y figures1 )\t det]m9+ limits1 = ^! =ms exi/ 9 no o!r subjects2 !y subsi/ by !mselves1 & h no ne$ ( ext5sion1 because ! ext5sion is ! attribute ( a subject4 ,,! ,,intelligible ,,sph]ical ,,figure ,,! ,,primitive ,,"o4 ,ev]y:]e1 !re=e1 9 ess5ce1 is a s+le 7sph]ical7 figure1#dd & ea* ( ^! figures 7:i* ?is s+le figure implicitly conta9$7 has become di/9ct1 ei!r 91 or be=e ! animal4 ,:5 ,i say t ea* figure has become di/9ct1 ,i d n mean t x has become an ext5sion1 b t x has be5 assign$ to "s p>ticul> animal2 ?us1 9 ! intelligible _w1 ea* body has be5 assign$ its own *>act]i/ic figure1 z1 = in/ance1 ! pyramid to ! fire4#de ,our _w seeks to imitate ?is figure1 al?\gh x _c accompli% ?is1 because ( matt]4 ,!re are o!r figures "h bel[ t are analog\s to ! intelligible figures4 ,,figures ,,pre-,,exi/ ,,9 ,,! ,,intelligible4 ,b are ! figures 9 ! liv+ ,organism z su*1 or1 if x _c be d\bt$ t !y are 9 ! liv+ ,organism1 d !y ant]iorly exi/ 9 ! ,intellig5ce8 ,if ! ,organism conta9$ ,intellig5ce1 ! figures w\ld be 9 ! fir/ degree 9 ! ,organism4 ,b z x is ! ,intellig5ce t conta9s ! ,organism1 !y are 9 ! fir/ degree 9 ,intellig5ce4 ,besides1 z ! s\ls are conta9$ 9 ! p]fect liv+ ,organism1 x is "o reason m = ! priority ( ! ,intellig5ce4 ,b ,plato says1#df ,intellig5ce sees ! ,ideas compris$ )9 ! p]fect liv+ ,organism4 ,n[1 if x see ! ,ideas conta9$ 9 ! p]fect liv+ ,organism1 ,intellig5ce mu/ be po/]ior to ! latt]4 ,by ! words x sees x %\ld be und]/ood t ! exi/5ce ( ! liv+ ,organism itself is realiz$ 9 ?is vision4 ,inde$1 ! ,intellig5ce :i* sees is n some?+ diff]5t f ! ,organism :i* is se52 b 79 ,intellig5ce7 all ?+s =m b "o4 ,only1 ?\ght has a pure & simple sph]e1 :ile ! ,organism has an animat$ sph]e4#dg ,,inf9ity ,,9 ,,numb] ,,arises ,,f ,,possibility ,,( ,,increas+ ,,greate/ ,,imag9able ,,physical ,,numb]4 #ah4 ,?us1 9 ! intelligible _w1 e numb] is f9ite4 ,b we c conceive ( a numb] great] ?an any assign$ numb]1 & ?us x is t our m9d1 :ile consid]+ ! numb]s1 produces ! 7notion ( !7 inf9ite4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 ! intelligible _w1 x is impossible to conceive a numb] great] ?an ! ,numb] conceiv$ 7by div9e ,intellig5ce72 = on high ,numb] exi/s et]nally2 no ,numb] is lack+1 or c\ld ev] lack1 s t "o c\ld nev] add any?+ !reto4 ,,z ,,unmeasur$ ,,! ,,intelligible ,,numb] ,,might ,,be ,,call$ ,,inf9ite4 ,nev]!less1 ! intelligible ,numb] might be call$ inf9ite 9 ! s5se t x is unmeasur$4 ,by :at1 inde$1 c\ld x be measur$8 ,! ,numb] t exi/s on high is univ]sal1 simultane\s "o & manifold1 con/itut+ a :ole circumscrib$ by no limit 7a :ole t is inf9ite72 x is :at x is by itself4 ,none ( ! intelligible be+s1 inde$1 is circumscrib$ by any limit4 ,:at is really limit$ & measur$ is :at is h9d]$ f los+ itself 9 ! inf9ite1 & dem&s measure4 ,b all ( ! intelligible 7be+s7 are measures2 :5ce x results t !y are all beautiful4 ,s f> z x is a liv+ organism1 ! liv+ ,organism 9 itself is beautiful1 possess+ an excell5t life1 & lack+ no k9d ( life2 x does n h a life m+l$ ) dea?1 x conta9s no?+ mortal nor p]i%able4 ,! life ( ! liv+ ,organism 9 itself has no fault2 x is ! fir/ ,life1 full ( vigor & en]gy1 a prim>y ,light ^: rays vivify bo? ! s\ls t dwell on high1 & ^? t desc5d "h bel[4 ,?is ,life kn[s :y x lives2 x kn[s its pr9ciple & its goal2 = its pr9ciple is simultane\sly its goal4 ,besides1 univ]sal ,wisdom1 ! univ]sal ,intellig5ce1 :i* is intimately unit$ to ! liv+ ,organism1 :i* subsi/s 9 x & ) x1 /ill improves x2 height5+ its hues z x 7 by ! spl5dor ( its wisdom1 & r5d]+ its beauty m v5]able4 ,ev5 "h bel[1 a life full ( wisdom is t :i* is mo/ v5]able & beautiful1 ?\gh we c h>dly cat* a glimpse ( su* a life4 ,on high1 h[ev]1 ! vision ( life is p]fectly cle>2 ! 7favor$ initiate7 receives f ,life bo? capacity to behold & increas$ vitality2 s t1 ?anks to a m en]getic life1 ! behold] receives a cle>] vision1 & he becomes :at he sees4 ,"h bel[1 our glance (t5 re/s on inanimate ?+s1 & ev5 :5 x turns t[>ds liv+ be+s1 x fir/ notices 9 !m t :i* lacks life4 ,besides1 ! life :i* is hidd5 9 !m is already m+l$ ) o!r ?+s4 ,on high1 on ! contr>y1 all ! 7be+s7 are alive1 entirely alive1 & _! life is pure4 ,if at ! fir/ aspect y %\ld look on some?+ z depriv$ ( life1 soon ! life )9 x w\ld bur/ out be=e y\r eyes4 ,,ess5ce ,,alone ,,possesses ,,self-,,exi/5ce4 ,contemplate !re=e ! ,be+ t p5etrates ! intelligibles1 & :i* communicates to !m an immutable life2 contemplate ! ,wisdom & ,k t resides )9 !m1 & y w n be able to keep f d]id+ ?is inf]ior nature to :i* ! vulg> human be+s attribute g5u9e be+4 ,x is 9 ?is supreme ,be+ t dwell life & intellig5ce1 & t ! ess5ces subsi/ 9 et]nity4 ,!re1 no?+ issues 7f ,ess5ce71 no?+ *anges or agitates x2 = !re is no?+ outside ( x t c\ld rea* x2 if a s+le ?+ exi/$ outside ( 7be+71 7be+7 w\ld be dep5d5t on x4 ,if any?+ oppos$ to 7ess5ce7 exi/$1 ?is ?+ w\ld escape ! action ( 7be+72 x w\ld no long] owe its exi/5ce to 7be+71 b w\ld con/itute a common pr9ciple ant]ior to x1 & w\ld be ess5ce4 ,p>m5ides#dh !re=e 0 "r 9 say+ t ! ,ess5ce 0 "o2 t x 0 immutable1 n because !re 0 no?+ else 7t c\ld modify x71 b because x 0 ess5ce4 ,alone1 !re=e1 does ,ess5ce possess self-exi/5ce4 ,h[ !n c\ld "o1 to ,ess5ce1 refuse to attribute exi/5ce1 or any ( ! ?+s ( :i* x is an actualization1 & :i* x con/itutes8 ,s long z x exi/s1 x gives !m to itself2 & s9ce x exi/s always1 ^! ?+s !re=e et]nally subsi/ )9 x4 ,,! ,,p[] ,,& ,,beauty ,,( ,,ess5ce ,,is ,,to ,,attract ,,all ,,?+s4 ,su* are ! p[] & beauty ( ,ess5ce t x 7*>ms &7 attracts all ?+s1 hold+ !m z x 7 susp5d$1 s t ^! are delight$ to possess ev5 a trace ( its p]fection1 & seek no?+ beyond1 except ! ,good4 ,= ,ess5ce is ant]ior to ! ,good 9 respect to u 7:5 we climb up f "h bel[ to ! intelligible _w74 ,! entire intelligible _w aspires to ! ,life & ,wisdom s z to possess exi/5ce2 all ! s\ls1 all ! intellig5ces likewise aspire to possess x2 ,ess5ce alone is fully self-suffici5t4 ,,second ,,ennead1 ,,book ,,eight4 ,( ,sight2 or ( ,:y ,di/ant ,objects ,seem ,small4#di 7,,( ,,p]spective47 ,,v>i\s ,,!ories ,,( ,,p]spective4 #a4 ,:at is ! cause t :5 di/ant visible objects seem small]1 & t1 ?\gh sep>at$ by a great space1 !y seem to be close to ea* o!r1 :ile if close1 we see !m 9 _! true size1 & _! true di/ance8 ,! cause ( objects seem+ small] at a di/ance might be t light ne$s to be focuss$ ne> ! eye1 & to be accommodat$ to ! size ( ! pupils#ej2 t ! great] ! di/ance ( ! matt] ( ! visible object1 ! m does its =m seem to sep>ate f x dur+ its transit to ! eyes2 & t1 z !re is a =m ( quantity z well z ( quality1 x is ! reason 7or1 =m7 ( ! latt] :i* alone rea*es ! eye4 ,on ! o!r h&1 7,epicurus7 ?9ks t we feel magnitude only by ! passage & ! successive introduction ( its p>ts1 "o by "o2 & t1 consequ5tly1 magnitude mu/ be br\ght )9 our rea*1 & ne> u1 = u to det]m9e its quantity4 ,,quality ,,is ,,m ,,ess5tial ,,?an ,,quantity4 7,d objects at a di/ance seem small]7 because we p]ceive magnitude only by accid5t1 & because color is p]ceiv$ fir/8 ,9 ?is case1 :5 an object is ne>1 we p]ceive its color$ magnitude2 :5 at a di/ance1 we p]ceive fir/ its color1 n well en\gh di/+ui%+ its p>ts to ga!r exact k ( its quantity1 because its colors are less lively4 ,:y %\ld we be surpris$ at magnitudes be+ simil> to s\nds1 :i* gr[ weak] z _! =m decreases 9 di/9ctness8 ,z to s\nds1 inde$1 x is ! =m t is s\ght by ! s5se ( he>+1 & "h int5sity is notic$ only z an accid5t4 ,b if he>+ p]ceive magnitude only by accid5t1 to :at faculty %all we attribute ! primitive p]ception ( int5sity 9 s\nd1 j z primitive p]ception ( magnitude 9 ! visible object is ref]able to ! s5se ( t\*8 ,he>+ p]ceives app>5t magnitude by det]m9+ n ! quantity b ! int5sity ( s\nds2 ?is v int5sity ( s\nds1 h[ev]1 is p]ceiv$ only by accid5t 7because x is its prop] object74 ,likewise1 ta/e does n by accid5t feel ! int5sity ( a sweet savor4 ,speak+ /rictly1 ! magnitude ( a s\nd is its ext5t4 ,n[ ! int5sity ( a s\nd indicates its ext5t only by accid5t1 & !re=e 9 an inexact mann]4 ,inde$ a ?+'s int5sity is id5tical ) ! ?+ itself4 ,! multitude ( a ?+'s p>ts is kn[n only by ! ext5t ( space occupi$ by ! object4 ,,diff]5ces ,,( ,,color ,,aid ,,9 ,,! ,,p]ception ,,( ,,magnitude4 ,x may be object$ t a color _c be less l>ge1 & t x c only be less vivid4 ,h[ev]1 !re is a common *>act]i/ic 9 some?+ small] & less vivid2 namely1 t x is less ?an :at x is its be+ to be4 ,z to color1 dim9ution implies weakness2 z to size1 smallness4 ,magnitude connect$ ) color dim9i%es proportionally ) x4 ,?is is evid5t 9 ! p]ception ( a v>i$ object1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! p]ception ( m\nta9s cov]$ ) h\ses1 =e/s1 & _m o!r objects2 "h ! di/9ctness ( detail af=ds a /&>d by :i* to judge ( ! :ole4 ,b :5 ! view ( ! details does n impress itself on ! eye1 ! latt] no long] grasps ! ext5t ( ! :ole ?r\gh measurem5t ( ! ext5t (f]$ to its contemplation by ! details4 ,ev5 9 ! case :]e ! objects are ne> & v>i$1 if we include !m all 9 "o glance )\t di/+ui%+ all _! p>ts1 ! m p>ts our glance loses1 ! small] d ! objects seem4 ,on ! contr>y1 if we di/+ui% all _! details1 ! m exactly d we measure !m1 & le>n _! real size4 ,magnitudes ( uni=m color deceive ! eye because ! latt] c no long] measure _! ext5t by its p>ts2 & because1 ev5 if ! eye attempt to d s1 x loses itself1 n kn[+ :]e to /op1 = lack ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! p>ts4 ,,disappe>ance ,,( ,,! ,,=m ,,implies ,,t ,,( ,,! ,,size4 ,! di/ant object seems to u close because our inability to di/+ui% ! p>ts ( ! int]v5+ space does n p]mit u to det]m9e exactly its magnitude4 ,:5 sight c no long] trav]se ! l5g? ( an int]val by det]m9+ its quality1 9 respect to its =m1 nei!r c x any long] det]m9e its quantity 9 respect to magnitude4 ,,refutation ,,( ,,ari/otle',s ,,visual ,,angle ,,!ory4 #b4 ,"s#ea hold t di/ant objects seem to u less] only because !y are se5 "u a small] visual angle4 ,else:]e#eb we h %[n t ?is is wrong2 & "h we %all limit ourselves to ! foll[+ consid]ations4 ,! ass]tion t a di/ant object seems less because x is p]ceiv$ "u a small] visual angle supposes t ! re/ ( ! eye /ill sees some?+ outside ( ?is object1 :e!r ?is be "s o!r object1 or some?+ ext]nal1 su* z ! air4 ,b if we suppose t ! eye sees no?+ outside ( ?is object1 :e!r ?is object1 z w\ld a great m\nta91 occupy ! :ole ext5t ( ! glance1 & p]mit no?+ beyond x to be se52 or :e!r x ev5 ext5d beyond ! sweep ( ! glance on bo? sides1 !n ?is object %\ld n1 z x actually does1 seem small] ?an x really is1 ev5 ?\gh x fill ! :ole ext5sion ( ! glance4 ,! tru? ( ?is obs]vation c be v]ifi$ by a m]e glance at ! sky4 ,n 9 a s+le glance c ! :ole hemisph]e be p]ceiv$1 = ! glance c\ld n be ext5d$ widely en\gh to embrace s va/ an expanse4 ,ev5 if we grant ! possibility ( ?is1 & t ! :ole glance embraces ! :ole hemisph]e2 /ill ! real magnitude ( ! heav5 is great] ?an its app>5t magnitude4 ,h[ !n by ! dim9ution ( ! visual angle c\ld we expla9 ! smallness ( ! app>5t magnitude ( ! sky1 on ! hypo!sis t x is ! dim9ution ( ! visual angle :i* makes di/ant objects appe> small]8 ,,fir/ ,,ennead1 ,,book ,,five4 ,does ,happ9ess ,increase ,) ,"t8#ec ,,happ9ess ,,has ,,no?+ ,,to ,,d ,,) ,,duration ,,( ,,"t4 #a4 ,does happ9ess increase ) duration ( "t8 ,no3 = ! feel+ ( happ9ess exi/s only 9 ! pres5t4 ,! memory ( pa/ happ9ess c\ld n add any?+ to happ9ess itself4 ,happ9ess is n a ^w1 b a /ate ( s\l4 ,b a /ate ( s\l is a pres5t 7exp]i5ce71 su* z1 = in/ance1 ! actualization ( life4 ,,happ9ess ,,is ,,n ,,! ,,satisfaction ,,( ,,! ,,desire ,,to ,,live4 #b4 ,might happ9ess n be ! satisfaction ( ! desire ( liv+ & activity1 inasmu* z ?is desire is ev] pres5t ) u8 7,h>dly74 ,fir/1 accord+ to ?is hypo!sis1 ! happ9ess ( to-morr[ w\ld ev] be great] ?an t ( to-day1 & t ( ! foll[+ day ?an t ( ! day be=e1 & s on to inf9ity4 ,9 ?is case1 ! measure ( happ9ess w\ld no long] be virtue 7b duration74 ,!n1 ! beatitude ( ! div9ities w also h to become great] f day to day2 x w\ld no long] be p]fect1 & c\ld nev] become s4#ed ,besides1 desire f9ds its satisfaction 9 ! possession ( :at is pres5t1 bo? n[1 & 9 ! future4 ,s long z ^! pres5t circum/ances exi/1 _! possession con/itutes happ9ess4 ,fur!r1 z ! desire ( liv+ c be no m ?an ! desire to exi/1 ! latt] desire c ref] to ! pres5t only1 inasmu* z real exi/5ce 7ess5ce7 inh]es only 9 ! pres5t4 ,desire = a future "t1 or = "s lat] ev5t1 means no m ?an a desire to pres]ve :at "o already possesses4 ,desire ref]s nei!r to ! future nor ! pa/1 b to :at exi/s at pres5t4 ,:at is s\ght is n a p]petual progression 9 ! future1 b ! enjoym5t ( :at exi/s f ! pres5t mom5t onw>d4 ,,increas$ ,,happ9ess ,,w\ld ,,result ,,only ,,f ,,m ,,p]fect ,,grasp4 #c4 ,:at %all be said ( him :o liv$ happily dur+ a long] p]iod1 :o has long] contemplat$ ! same spectacle8 ,if su* long] contemplation result$ 9 a cle>] idea !re(1 ! l5g? ( "t has s]v$ "s useful purpose2 b if ! ag5t contemplat$ x 9 ! same mann] = ! :ole ext5t ( "t1 he possesses no advantage ov] him :o contemplat$ x only once4 ,,pleasure ,,is ,,unconnect$ ,,) ,,happ9ess4 #d4 ,x might be object$ t ! =m] ( ^! m5 enjoy$ pleasure long] ?an ! o!r4 ,?is consid]ation has no?+ to d ) happ9ess4 ,if by ?is 7enjoy$7 pleasure we mean ! free ex]cise 7( intellig5ce71 ! pleasure ref]r$ to is !n id5tical ) ! happ9ess "h meant4 ,?is high] pleasure ref]r$ to is only to possess :at is "h ev] pres5t2 :at ( x is pa/ is ( no fur!r value4 ,,l5g? ,,( ,,happ9ess ,,does ,,n ,,affect ,,its ,,quality4 #e4 ,w\ld equal happ9ess be pr$icat$ ( ?ree m51 "o :o _h be5 happy f 8 life's beg9n+ to its end1 ! o!r only at its end1 & ! ?ird1 :o _h be5 happy1 b :o ceas$ be+ su*4#ee ,?is comp>ison is n betwe5 ?ree m5 :o are happy1 b betwe5 "o man :o is happy1 ) two :o are depriv$ ( happ9ess1 & t at ! 7pres5t mom5t7 :5 happ9ess 7c\nts mo/74 ,if !n "o ( !m h any advantage1 he possesses x z a man actually happy comp>$ ) su* z are n2 he !re=e surpasses ! two o!rs by ! actual possession ( happ9ess4 ,,if ,,unhapp9ess ,,increase ,,) ,,"t1 ,,:y ,,%\ld ,,n ,,happ9ess ,,d ,,s8 #f4 7,x is g5]ally agre$ t7 all calamities1 suff]+s1 griefs & simil> evils are aggravat$ 9 proportion to _! duration4 ,if !n1 9 all ^! cases1 evil be increas$ ) "t1 :y %\ld n ! same circum/ance obta9 9 ! contr>y case8 ,:y %\ld happ9ess also n be increas$8#ef ,ref]r+ to griefs & suff]+s1 x might reasonably be said t !y are increas$ by duration4 ,:51 = example1 sickness is prolong$1 & becomes a habitual condition1 ! body suff]s m & m pr(\ndly z "t goes on4 ,if1 h[ev]1 evil ev] rema9 at ! same degree1 x does n gr[ worse1 & !re is no ne$ ( compla9+ b ( ! pres5t4 ,consid]ation ( ! pa/ evil am\nts to consid]+ ! traces left by evil1 ! morbid disposition ^: int5sity is increas$ by "t1 because its s]i\sness is proportionate to its duration4 ,9 ?is case x is n ! l5g? ( "t1 b ! aggravation ( ! evil :i* adds to ! mis=tune4 ,b ! new degree 7( int5sity7 does n subsi/ simultane\sly ) ! old1 & x is unreasonable to pr$icate an increase z summation ( :at is no m to :at n[ is4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is ! fix$ *>act]i/ic ( happ9ess to h a fix$ t]m1 to rema9 ev] ! same4 ,"h also ! only increase possibly due to duration ( "t dep5ds on ! relation betwe5 an increase 9 virtue & "o 9 happ9ess2 & ! elem5t to be reckon$ ) "h is n ! numb] ( ye>s ( happ9ess1 b ! degree ( virtue f9ally acquir$4 ,,z ,,addition ,,is ,,possible ,,) ,,"t1 ,,:y ,,_c ,,happ9ess ,,increase8 #g4 ,x might be object$ t x is inconsi/5t to consid] ! pres5t only1 exclusive ( ! pa/ 7z 9 ! case ( happ9ess71 :5 we d n d s 9 respect ( "t4 ,= ! addition ( pa/ to pres5t unque/ionably l5g!ns "t4 ,if !n we may prop]ly say t "t becomes long]1 :y may we n say ! same ( happ9ess8--,7 we to d s1 we w\ld be apply+ happ9ess to divisions ( "t1 :ile x is precisely to br+ out ! indivisibility ( happ9ess t x is consid]$ to be measur$ by ! pres5t exclusively4 ,:ile consid]+ "t1 9 respect ( ?+s t h vani%$1 su* z1 = in/ance1 ! dead1 x is p]fectly reasonable to reckon ! pa/2 b x w\ld be unreasonable to comp>e pa/ happ9ess ) pres5t happ9ess 9 respect to duration1 because x w\ld be treat+ happ9ess z some?+ accid5tal & tempor>y4 ,:atev] might be ! l5g? ( "t t prec$$ ! pres5t1 all t c be said ( x is1 t x is no m4 ,to reg>d duration :ile consid]+ happ9ess is to try to disp]se & fraction some?+ t is "o & indivisible1 some?+ t exi/s only 9 ! pres5t4 ,t is :y "t is call$ an image ( et]nity1 inasmu* z x t5ds to de/roy et]nity's p]man5ce ?r\gh its own disp]sion4#eg ,by ab/ract+ p]man5ce f et]nity1 & appropriat+ x1 "t de/roys et]nity2 = a %ort p]iod1 p]man5ce may survive 9 association ) "t2 b z soon z x becomes fus$ ) x1 et]nity p]i%es4 ,n[ z happ9ess consi/s 9 ! enjoym5t ( a life t is good1 namely 9 t :i* is prop] to ,ess5ce 79 itself71 because none bett] exi/s1 x mu/1 in/ead ( "t1 h1 z a measure1 et]nity itself1 a pr9ciple :i* admits nei!r increase nor dim9ution1 :i* _c be comp>$ to any l5g?1 ^: nature x is to be indivisible1 & sup]ior to "t4 ,no comp>ison1 !re=e1 %\ld be in/itut$ betwe5 ess5ce & non-ess5ce1 et]nity & "t1 ! p]petual & ! et]nal2 nor %\ld ext5sion be pr$icat$ ( ! indivisible4 ,if we reg>d exi/5ce ( ,ess5ce 9 itself1 x w be necess>y to reg>d x entire2 to consid] x1 n z ! p]petuity ( "t1 b z ! v life ( et]nity1 a life :i* in/ead ( consi/+ ( a s]ies ( c5turies1 exi/s entire s9ce all c5turies4 ,,n ,,ev5 ,,memories ,,( ,,! ,,pa/ ,,increase ,,happ9ess4 #h4 ,somebody might object t by subsi/+ till ! pres5t1 ! memory ( ! pa/ adds some?+ m to him :o has long liv$ happily4 ,9 ?is case x w be necess>y to exam9e :at is meant by ?is memory4 ,if x mean ! memory ( =m] wisdom1 & if x mean t he :o w\ld possess ?is memory w\ld become wis] on acc\nt ( x1 !n ?is memory diff]s f our "q 7:i* /udies happ9ess1 & n wisdom74 ,if x mean ! memory ( pleasure1 x w\ld imply t ! happy man has ne$ ( mu* pleasure1 & _c rema9 satisfi$ ) :at is pres5t4 ,besides1 !re is no pro( t ! memory ( a pa/ pleasure is at all pleasant2 on ! contr>y1 x w\ld be entirely ridicul\s to rememb] ) delight hav+ ta/$ a delici\s di% ! day be=e1 & /ill m ridicul\s rememb]+ su* an enjoym5t t5 ye>s ago4 ,x w\ld be j z ridicul\s to pride "o self on hav+ be5 a wise man la/ ye>4 ,,n ,,ev5 ,,! ,,memory ,,( ,,virtue ,,increases ,,happ9ess4 #i4 ,c\ld n ! memory ( virtu\s actions contribute to happ9ess8 ,no3 = su* a memory _c exi/ 9 a man :o has no virtue at pres5t1 & :o !reby is driv5 to seek out ! memory ( pa/ virtues4 ,,l5g? ,,( ,,"t ,,is ,,( ,,no ,,importance1 ,,n ,,ev5 ,,z ,,opportunity ,,( ,,virtue4 #aj4 ,ano!r objection is t l5g? ( "t w\ld give opportunity = do+ _m beautiful de$s2 :ile ?is opportunity is d5i$ him :o lives happily only a %ort p]iod4 ,?is may be answ]$ by d5y+ happ9ess to a man on ! gr\nds ( hav+ done _m beautiful de$s4 ,if sev]al p>ts ( "t & sev]al actions are to con/itute happ9ess1 !n x w\ld be con/itut$ by ?+s t are no m1 t are pa/1 & by pres5t ?+s2 :]eas our def9ition ( happ9ess limits x exclusively to ! pres5t4 ,!n we consid]$ :e!r l5g? ( "t add to happ9ess4 ,!re rema9s only to exam9e :e!r happ9ess ( long duration be sup]ior because ( yield+ opportunities ( do+ m beautiful de$s4 ,to beg9 )1 ! man :o is inactive may be j z happy1 if n m happy ?an he :o is active4 ,besides1 x is n actions !mselves :i* yield happ9ess2 7! s\rces ( happ9ess7 are /ates ( m9d1 :i* are ! pr9ciples ( beautiful actions4 ,! wise man enjoys welf>e :ile active1 b n because ( ?is activity2 he d]ives 7?is welf>e7 n f cont+5t ?+s1 b f :at he possesses 9 himself4 ,= x might happ5 ev5 to a vici\s man to save 8 fa!rl&1 or to feel pleasure 9 see+ x sav$ by "s o!r4 ,x is n !n ^! activities :i* are ! causes ( ! enjoym5t ( happ9ess4 ,true beatitude & ! joys x yields mu/ be d]iv$ f ! con/ant disposition ( ! s\l4 ,to pr$icate x ( activity1 w\ld be to make x dep5d on ?+s ali5 to virtue & ! s\l4 ,! s\l's actualization consi/s 9 be+ wise1 & 9 ex]cis+ h] self-activity2 ?is is true happ9ess4 ,,second ,,ennead1 ,,book ,,sev54 ,ab\t ,mixture to ! ,po9t ( ,total ,p5etration4 ,,refutation ,,( ,,anaxagoras ,,& ,,democritus4 #a4 ,! subject ( ! pres5t consid]ation is mixture to ! po9t ( total p5etration ( ! diff]5t bodies4 ,?is has be5 expla9$ 9 two ways3 t ! two liquids are m+l$ s z mutually to int]p5etrate ea* o!r totally1 or t only "o ( !m p5etrates ! o!r4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two !ories is ( small importance4 ,fir/ we mu/ set aside ! op9ion ( 7,anaxagoras & ,democritus#eh71 :o expla9 mixture z a juxtaposition1 because ?is is a crude comb9ation1 r ?an a mixture4#ei ,mixture %\ld r5d] ! :ole homog5e\s1 s t ev5 ! smalle/ molecules might ea* be compos$ ( ! v>i\s elem5ts ( ! mixture4 ,,refutation ,,( ,,ari/otle ,,& ,,alex&] ,,( ,,aphrodisias4 ,z to ! 7,p]ipatetic7 philosoph]s :o ass]t t 9 a mixture only ! qualities m+le1 :ile ! mat]ial ext5sion ( bo? bodies are only 9 juxtaposition1 s long z ! qualities prop] to ea* ( !m are spread ?r\gh\t ! :ole mass1 !y seem to e/abli% ! rightness ( _! op9ion by attack+ ! doctr9e :i* ass]ts t ! two bodies mutually int]p5etrate 9 mixture4#fj 7,!y object7 t ! molecules ( bo? bodies w f9ally lose all magnitude by ?is cont9u\s division :i* w leave no int]val betwe5 ! p>ts ( ei!r ( ! two bodies2 = if ! two bodies mutually int]p5etrate ea* o!r 9 e "p1 _! division mu/ become cont9u\s4 ,besides1 ! mixture (t5 occupies an ext5t great] ?an ea* body tak5 sep>ately1 & z great z if m]e juxtaposition _h occurr$4 ,n[ if two bodies mutually int]p5etrate totally1 ! result+ mixture w\ld occupy no m place ?an any "o ( !m tak5 sep>ately4 ,! case :]e two bodies occupy no m space ?an a s+le "o ( !m is by ^! philosoph]s expla9$ by ! air's expulsion1 :i* p]mits "o ( ! bodies to p5etrate into ! pores ( ! o!r4 ,besides1 9 ! case ( ! mixture ( two bodies ( unequal ext5t1 h[ c\ld ! body ( ! small] ext5d itself suffici5tly to spread into all ! p>ts ( ! great]8 ,!re are _m o!r su* reasons4 ,,refutation ,,( ,,! ,,/oics4 ,we n[ pass to ! op9ions ( 7,z5o & ! o!r ,/oic7 philosoph]s1#fa :o ass]t t two bodies :i* make up a mixture mutually int]p5etrate ea* o!r totally4 ,!y support ?is view by obs]v+ t :5 ! bodies int]p5etrate totally1 !y are divid$ )\t ! occurr5ce ( a cont9u\s division 7:i* w\ld make _! molecules lose _! magnitude74 ,inde$1 p]spiration issues f ! human body )\t its be+ divid$ or riddl$ ) holes4 ,to ?is x may be object$ t nature may h end[$ our body ) a disposition to p]mit p]spiration to issue easily4 ,to ?is 7! ,/oics7 answ] t c]ta9 sub/ances 7l ivory#fb71 :i* :5 work$ into ?9 %eets1 admit1 9 all _! p>ts1 a liquid 7oat-gruel7 :i* passes f "o surface to ! o!r4 ,z ^! sub/ances are bodies1 x is n easy to und]/& h[ "o elem5t c p5etrate into ano!r )\t sep>at+ its molecules4 ,on ! o!r h&1 total division mu/ imply mutual de/ruction 7because _! molecules w\ld lose all magnitude :atev]74 ,:51 h[ev]1 two m+l$ bodies d n toge!r occupy m space ?an ei!r ( !m sep>ately 7! ,/oics7 seem =c$ to admit to _! adv]s>ies t ?is ph5om5on is caus$ by ! displacem5t ( air4 ,,explanation ,,( ,,mixture ,,t ,,occupies ,,m ,,space ,,?an ,,its ,,elem5ts4 ,9 ! case :]e ! comp\nd occupies m space ?an ea* elem5t sep>ately1 x might 7?\gh ) little probability71 be ass]t$1 t1 s9ce e body1 along ) its o!r qualities1 implies size1 a local ext5sion mu/ take place4 ,no m ?an ! o!r qualities c\ld ?is increase p]i%4 ,s9ce1 out ( bo? qualities1 arises a new =m1 z a comp\nd ( ! mixture ( bo? qualities2 s also mu/ ano!r size arise1 ! mixture comb9+ ! size out ( bo?4 ,"h 7! ,p]ipatetics7 might answ] 7! ,/oics73 ,if y ass]t a juxtaposition ( sub/ances1 z well z ( ! masses :i* possess ext5sion1 y are actually adopt+ our op9ions4 ,if h[ev] "o ( ! masses1 ) its =m] ext5sion1 p5etrate ! entire mass ( ! o!r1 ! ext5sion1 in/ead ( increas+1 z 9 ! case :]e "o l9e is add$ to ano!r by jo9+ _! extremities1 w n increase any m ?an :5 two /raight l9es are made to co9cide by sup]impos+ "o on ! o!r4 ,,case ,,( ,,mixture ,,( ,,unequal ,,quantities4 ,! case ( ! mixture ( a small] quantity ) a great] "o1 su* z ( a l>ge body ) a v small "o1 leads 7! ,p]ipatetics7 to consid] x impossible t ! great body %\ld spread 9 all ! p>ts ( ! small "o4 ,:]e ! mixture is n evid5t1 ! 7,p]ipatetics7 might claim t ! small] body does n unite ) all ! p>ts ( ! great]4 ,:5 h[ev] ! mixture is evid5t1 !y c expla9 x by ! ext5sion ( ! masses1 al?\gh x be v d\btful t a small mass w\ld assume s great an ext5sion1 especially :5 we attribute to ! composite body a great] ext5t1 )\t nev]!less admitt+ its trans=mation1 z :5 wat] trans=ms itself into air4 ,,evaporation ,,may ,,lead ,,to ,a ,,?ird ,,!ory ,,( ,,mixture4 #b4 ,:at happ5s :5 a mass ( wat] trans=ms itself into air8 ,?is "q dem&s p>ticul> treatm5t2 = h[ c ! trans=m$ elem5t occupy a great] ext5sion8 7,we %all n try to expla9 x on ei!r ! ,p]ipatetic or ,/oic pr9ciples7 because we h suffici5tly develop$ above ! num]\s reasons advanc$ by bo? ^? s*ools4 ,we _h bett] n[ consid] :i* ( ! two sy/ems we ourselves might adopt1 & on :i* side lies reason4 ,besides1 we %\ld consid] :e!r1 besides ^! bo?1 !re be n place = a ?ird op9ion4 ,,refutation ,,( ,,/oic ,,explanation ,,( ,,evaporation4 ,:5 wat] fl[s ?r\gh wool1 or :5 pap] all[s wat] to filt] ?r\gh x1 :y does n ! :ole ( ! wat] pass ?r\gh ^! sub/ances 7)\t p>tly rema9+ )9 !m78 ,if ! wat] rema9 !re9 p>tially1 we %all n be able to unite ! two sub/ances or masses4 ,%all we say t ! qualities alone are confus$ 7or1 m+l$78 ,wat] is n 9 juxtaposition ) ! pap]1 nor is lodg$ 9 its pores2 = ! :ole pap] is p5etrat$ !reby1 & no portion ( ! matt] lacks t quality4 ,if matt] be unit$ to quality ev]y:]e1 wat] mu/ ev]y:]e be pres5t 9 ! pap]4 ,if x be n wat] t ev]y:]e is pres5t 9 ! pap]1 b only 7humidity :i* is7 ! quality ( ! wat]1 :]e !n is ! wat] itself8 ,:y is n ! mass ! same8 ,! matt] t has ins9uat$ itself into ! pap] ext5ds x1 & increases its volume4 ,n[ ?is augm5tation ( volume implies augm5tation ( mass2 & ! latt] implies t ! wat] has n be5 absorb$ by ! book1 & t ! two sub/ances occupy diff]5t places 7& d n int]p5etrate ea* o!r74 ,s9ce "o body causes ano!r to p>ticipate 9 its quality1 :y w\ld x n also make x p>ticipate 9 its ext5sion8 ,by virtue ( ?is union ) a diff]5t quality1 "o quality1 unit$ ) a diff]5t "o1 _c1 ei!r rema9 pure1 or pres]ve its e>li] nature2 x necess>ily becomes weak]4 ,b "o ext5sion1 add$ to ano!r ext5sion1 does n vani%4 ,,refutation ,,( ,,p]ipatetic ,,explanation ,,( ,,evaporation4 ,"o body is said to divide ano!r1 by p5etrat+ x4 ,?is ass]tion1 h[ev]1 dem&s demon/ration1 = x is m reasonable to suppose t qualities may p5etrate a body )\t divid+ x4 ,su* demon/ration is attempt$ by ! claim t qualities are incorporeal4#fc ,b if matt] itself be z incorporeal z ! qualities1 :y c\ld n "s qualities along ) ! matt] p5etrate into "s o!r body8 ,t "s solids d n p5etrate o!r bodies1 is due to _! possession ( qualities incompatible ) t ( p5etration4 ,! objection t _m qualities c\ld n1 along ) matt]1 p5etrate "s body1 w\ld be ju/ifi$ only if x 7 ! multitude ( qualities t produc$ d5sity2 b if d5sity be z mu* ( a quality z corporeity1 ! qualities w con/itute ! mixture n 9 !mselves alone1 b only z !y happ5 to be det]m9$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 matt] does n l5d itself to mixture1 ?is occurs n by virtue ( its be+ matt]1 b z matt] unit$ to "s det]m9ative quality4 ,t is all ! tru] z matt] is receptive to any magnitude1 n hav+ any ( its own4 ,b en\gh ( ?is4 ,,! ,,body ,,is ,,rationaliz$ ,,matt]4 #c4 ,s9ce we h spok5 ( corporeity1 x mu/ be analyz$4 ,is x a composite ( all qualities1 or does x con/itute a =m1 a reason1 :i* produces ! body by pres5ce 9 matt]8 ,if ! body be ! composite ( all ! qualities toge!r ) matt]1 ?is totality ( qualities w con/itute corporeity4 ,b if corporeity be a reason :i* produces ! body by approa*+ matt]1 d\btless x is a reason :i* conta9s all ! qualities4 ,n[1 if ?is reason be n at all a def9ition ( be+1 if x be a reason productive ( ! object1 x w n conta9 any matt]4 ,x is ! reason :i* applies itself to matt]1 & :i*1 by its pres5ce1 produces ! body !re4 ,body is matt] ) indwell+ reason4 ,?is reason1 be+ a =m1 may be consid]$ sep>ately f matt]1 ev5 if x 7 entirely insep>able !refrom4 ,inde$1 reason sep>at$ 7f matt]71 & resid+ 9 intellig5ce1 is diff]5t 7f reason unit$ to matt]72 ! ,reason :i* abides )9 ,intellig5ce is ,intellig5ce itself4 ,b ?is subject 7,i %all7 ref] to else:]e4#fd ,,six? ,,ennead1 ,,book ,,sev54 ,h[ ,ideas ,multipli$1 & ! ,good4#fe ,a4 ,,h[ ,,ideas ,,multiply4 ,,! ,,eyes ,,7 ,,implant$ ,,9 ,,man ,,by ,,div9e ,,=esight4 #a4 ,:5 ! 7high]7 ,div9ity1 or 7"s l[]7 div9ity1#ff s5t s\ls d[n into g5]ation1 ,he gave to ! face ( man eyes suitable to enlight5 him1#fg & plac$ 9 ! body ! o!r organs suit$ to ! s5ses1 =esee+ t 7a liv+ organism7 w\ld be able to pres]ve itself only on condition ( see+1 he>+ & t\*+ contigu\s objects1 to enable x to select "s1 & to avoid o!rs4 ,,s5ses ,,n ,,giv5 ,,to ,,man ,,because ,,( ,,exp]i5ce ,,( ,,mis=tunes4 ,b c y expla9 ?is div9e =esight8 ,y mu/ n believe t ,he w\ld h begun by mak+ 7animals7 :o p]i%$ = lack ( s5ses1 & t lat] 7! div9ity7 gave s5ses to man & o!r animals s t !y c\ld pres]ve !mselves f dea?4#fh ,,nor ,,because ,,( ,,god',s ,,=esight ,,( ,,^! ,,mis=tunes4 ,x might1 inde$1 be object$ t 7! div9ity7 knew t ! liv+ organism w\ld be expos$ to heat1 cold1 & o!r physical conditions2 & t z a result ( ?is k1 to keep !m f p]i%+1 ,he grant$ !m1 z tools1 s5ses & organs4 ,9 our turn we %all ask :e!r ! div9ity gave ! organs to ! liv+ organisms t already possess$ ! s5ses1 or :e!r1 ,he end[$ s\ls ) s5ses & organs simultane\sly4 ,9 ! latt] case1 ?\gh !y 7 s\ls1 !y did n previ\sly possess ! s5sitive faculties4 ,b if ! s\ls possess$ ! s5sitive faculties s9ce ! "t !y 7 produc$1 & if !y 7 produc$ 7) ^! faculties7 9 ord] to desc5d into g5]ation1 !n x 0 natural = !m to d s4 ,9 ?is case x seems t x mu/ be contr>y to _! nature to avoid g5]ation1 & to dwell 9 ! intelligible _w4 ,!y w\ld seem made to belong to ! body1 & to live 9 evil4 ,?us div9e ,provid5ce w\ld reta9 !m 9 evil1 & ! div9ity w\ld arrive at ?is result by reason+2 9 any case1 ,he w\ld h reason$4 ,,=esight ,,( ,,creation ,,is ,,n ,,! ,,result ,,( ,,reason+4 ,if ! div9ity reason1 we are =c$ to wond] :at are ! pr9ciples ( ?is reason+2 =1 if x 7 object$ t ^! pr9ciples are d]iv$ f "s o!r reason+1 we %all1 nev]!less1 9 ! process ( asc5d+1 h to f9d some?+ ant]ior to all reason+2 namely1 a po9t ( dep>ture4 ,n[ f :5ce are ! pr9ciples ( reason+ d]iv$8 ,ei!r f ! s5ses or ! intellig5ce4 7,c\ld ! div9ity h made use ( pr9ciples d]iv$ f ! s5ses87 7,:5 ,god creat$7 !re 7 no s5ses 9 exi/5ce yet2 !re=e 7! div9ity mu/ h reason$7 f pr9ciples d]iv$ f ,intellig5ce4 ,b if ! premises 7 conceptions ( ,intellig5ce1 !n x 0 impossible = k & reason+ to h "s s5se-?+ z object1 z reason+ t has intelligible pr9ciples & conclusion c\ld n result 9 produc+ a conception ( ! s5se-7_w74 ,!re=e ! =esight :i* presid$ ov] ! creation ( a liv+ be+ or ( a :ole _w c\ld n h be5 ! result ( reason+4#fi ,,bo? ,,reason+ ,,& ,,=esight ,,are ,,only ,,figurative ,,expressions4 ,!re is inde$ no reason+ 9 ! div9ity4 ,:5 we speak ( x1 9 connection ) ! div9ity1 x is only to expla9 t ,he has regulat$ ev]y?+ z might h be5 done by "s wise man1 :o w\ld h reason$ ab\t results4 ,attribut+ =esight to ! div9ity indicates m]ely t ,he has dispos$ ev]y?+ z might h be5 done by "s wise man :o _h =ese5 results4#gj ,inde$ ! only use ( reason+ is to put 9 ord] ?+s ^: exi/5ce is n ant]ior to t ( reason+1 e "t t t 7,intellig5ce71 ! p[] sup]ior to reason+1 is n /rong en\gh4 ,likewise1 prevision is necess>y 9 ?is case1 because he :o makes use ( x does n possess a p[] t w\ld enable him to =ego or d )\t x4 ,prevision proposes to effect "s "o ?+ in/ead ( ano!r1 & seems to fe> t t :i* x desires might n occur4 ,b1 = a 7be+7 :i* c d b "o ?+1 bo? =esight & ! reason+ t decides betwe5 contr>ies1 are useless2 = !re is no ne$ ( reason+ :51 ( two contr>y c\rses ( action1 "o only is possible4 ,h[ w\ld ! ,pr9ciple :i* is s+le1 unit>y & simple1 h ne$ to reflect t ,he mu/ d "o ?+1 s t "s o!r might n take place1 or to judge t ! second w\ld occur z alt]native to ! fir/8 ,h[ c\ld ,he say t exp]i5ce has already demon/rat$ ! utility ( "s "o ?+1 & t x is well to make use ( x8 ,if ! div9ity act$ ?us1 !n inde$ w\ld ,he h _h rec\rse to prevision1 & consequ5tly1 to reason+4 ,x is on ?is hypo!sis t we said above t ! div9ity gave animals s5ses & faculties2 b x is q a problem to "k :at & h[ ,he really gave !m4 ,,9 ,,god ,,all ,,?+s ,,7 ,,simultane\s1 ,,?\gh ,,:5 ,,realiz$ ,,!y ,,develop$4 ,inde$1 if x be admitt$ t 9 ! div9ity no actualization is imp]fect1 if x be impossible to conceive 9 ,him any?+ t is n total or univ]sal1 ea* "o ( ! ?+s t ,he conta9s comprises )9 ,himself all ?+s4 ,?us z1 to ! div9ity1 ! future is already pres5t1 !re c\ld n be any?+ po/]ior to ,him2 b :at is already pres5t 9 ,him becomes po/]ior 9 "s o!r 7be+74 ,n[ if ! future be already pres5t 9 ! div9ity1 x mu/ be pres5t 9 ,him z if :at w happ5 7 already kn[n2 t is1 x mu/ be s dispos$ z to f9d itself suffici5tly provid$ =1 s z n to /& 9 ne$ ( any?+4 ,!re=e1 z all ?+s exi/$ already )9 ! div9ity 7:5 liv+ be+s 7 creat$71 !y _h be5 !re f all et]nity2 & t 9 a mann] su* t x w\ld lat] be possible to say1 ?is occurr$ aft] t4 ,inde$1 :5 ! ?+s t are 9 ! div9ity lat] develop & reveal !mselves1 !n "o sees t ! "o is aft] ! o!r2 b1 s f> z !y exi/ all toge!r1 !y con/itute ! univ]sal 7,be+71 t is1 ! pr9ciple :i* includes its own cause4 ,,9 ,,! ,,intelligible1 ,,ev]y?+ ,,possesses ,,its ,,reason ,,z ,,well ,,z ,,its ,,=m4 #b4 7,by ?is process7 we also "k ! nature ( ,intellig5ce1 :i* we see /ill bett] ?an ! o!r ?+s1 ?\gh we _c grasp its magnitude4 ,we admit1 9 fact1 t x possesses ! :atness 7ess5ce#ga71 ( ev]y?+1 b n its :yness 7its cause72 or1 if we grant 7t ?is cause be 9 ,intellig5ce71 we d n ?9k t x is sep>at$ 7f its :atness 7or1 ess5ce#gb74 ,let u suppose t1 = in/ance1 ! man1 or1 if possible1 ! eye1 %\ld (f] itself to our contemplation 79 ! intelligible _w7 z a /atue1 or z a "p ( x1 w\ld d4 ,! man t we see on high is bo? ess5ce#gc & cause4 ,z well z ! eye1 he mu/ be intellectual1 & conta9 8 cause4 ,o!rwise1 he c\ld n exi/ 9 ! intelligible _w4 ,"h bel[1 j z ea* "p is sep>at$ f ! o!rs1 s is ! cause sep>at$ 7f ! ess5ce74 ,on high1 on ! contr>y1 all ?+s exi/ 9 unity1 & ea* ?+ is id5tical ) its cause4 ,?is id5tity may (t5 be notic$ ev5 "h bel[1 z = in/ance1 9 eclipses4#gd ,x w\ld !re=e seem probable t 9 ! intelligible _w ev]y?+ w\ld1 besides ! re/1 possess its cause1 & t its cause con/itutes its ess5ce4 ,?is mu/ be admitt$2 & t is ! reason :y ^? :o apply !mselves to grasp ! *>act]i/ic#ge ( ea* be+ succe$ 79 also grasp+ its cause74 ,inde$ t :i* ea* 7be+7 is1 dep5ds on ! cause ( su* a =m4#gf ,to repeat3 n only is a 7be+'s7 =m its cause1 7:i* is inconte/able71 b yet1 if "o analyses ea* =m consid]$ 9 itself1 its cause w be f\nd4 ,! only ?+s :i* d n conta9 _! causes are ^? ^: life is )\t reality1 & ^: exi/5ce is %ad[y4 ,,intellig5ce ,,conta9s ,,! ,,cause ,,( ,,all ,,its ,,=ms4 ,:at is ! orig9 ( ! cause ( :at is a =m1 :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ,intellig5ce8 ,x is n f ,intellig5ce1 because ! =m is n sep>able f ,intellig5ce1 comb9+ ) x to =m "o s+le & same ?+4 ,if !n ,intellig5ce possess ! =ms 9 _! fulness1 ?is fulness ( =ms implies t !y conta9 _! cause4 ,intellig5ce conta9s ! cause ( ea* ( ! =ms x conta9s4 ,x consi/s ( all ^! =ms tak5 toge!r1 or sep>ately4 ,none ( !m ne$s discov]y ( ! cause ( its production1 = simultane\sly ) its production1 x has conta9$ ! cause ( its hypo/atic exi/5ce4 ,z x 0 n produc$ by *ance1 x conta9s all t belongs to its cause2 consequ5tly1 x also possesses ! :ole p]fection ( its cause4 ,s5se-?+s :i* p>ticipate 9 =m d n only receive _! nature f x1 b also ! cause ( ?is nature4 ,if all ! ?+s ( :i* ?is univ]se is compos$ be intimately concat5at$2 & if ! univ]se1 conta9+ all ?+s1 also conta9 ! cause ( ea* ( !m2 if its relation ) !m be ! same z t ( ! body ) its organs1 :i* d n mature successively1 b :i*1 t[>ds ea* o!r1 are mutually relat$ z cause & effect2 s mu* ! m1 9 ! intelligible _w1 mu/ ?+s h _! causes1 all ( !m 9 g5]al 9 respect to ! totality1 & ea* indep5d5tly 9 respect to itself4 ,,9 ,,! ,,intelligible ,,_w ,,ea* ,,be+ ,,is ,,accompani$ ,,by ,,its ,,:yness4 ,s9ce all intelligible 7entities7 h a hypo/atic consub/antial exi/5ce af=d+ no room = *ance2 & z !y are n sep>at$ f ea* o!r1 ?+s t are caus$ mu/ be> ^! _! causes )9 !mselves1 & ea* ( !m has "s sort ( a cause1 ?\gh )\t really possess+ "o4 ,if !re be no cause = ! exi/5ce ( ! intelligibles2 & if1 ?\gh isolat$ f all causes1 !y be self-suffici5t2 x c only be because !y c>ry _! cause along ) !m1 :5 !y are consid]$ 9 !mselves4 ,z !y conta9 no?+ =tuit\s1 & z ea* ( !m is manifold1 & z its cause is all t !y conta91 we might assign ?is cause to !mselves4 ,?us 9 ! intelligible _w be+ is prec$$1 or r accompani$ by its cause1 :i* is /ill m be+ ?an cause1 or r :i* becomes id5tifi$ ) x4 ,:at sup]flu\sness1 inde$1 c\ld !re be 9 intellig5ce1 unless its conceptions resemble imp]fect productions8 ,if its conceptions be p]fect1 "o c\ld nei!r discov] :at !y lack1 nor def9e _! cause1 &1 s9ce !y possess ev]y?+1 !y also possess _! cause4 ,!re1 be+ & cause are unit$2 ! pres5ce ( bo? is recogniz$ 9 ea* conception1 9 ea* actualization ( intellig5ce4 ,let u1 = in/ance1 consid] ! intelligible ,man2 he seems complete1 9 8 totality2 all 8 attributes 7 8 simultane\sly f ! beg9n+2 he 0 always entirely complete4 ,x is ! *>act]i/ic ( t :i* is g5]at$ n always to be :at x ought to be1 & to ne$ to acquire some?+4 ,! intelligible ,man is et]nal2 he is !re=e always complete2 b t :i* becomes man mu/ be g5]at$ 7be+74 ,,intellig5ce ,,did ,,n ,,delib]ate ,,be=e ,,mak+ ,,s5se-,,man4 #c4 ,b :y c\ld ,intellig5ce n h delib]at$ be=e produc+ ! s5se-man8 ,! 7man we "k by our s5ses7 0 7creat$7 by similitude to ! 7intelligible ,man71 no?+ c be add$ to him1 no?+ subtract$4 ,x is a m]e supposition to say t ,intellig5ce delib]ates & reasons4 ,! !ory t ?+s 7 creat$1 implies prelim9>y delib]ation & reason+2 b 7! latt] becomes impossible7 9 ! case ( et]nal g5]ation1 = t :i* orig9ates et]nally1#gg _c be ! object ( a delib]ation4 ,intellig5ce c\ld n delib]ate )\t hav+ =gott5 ! c\rse x _h foll[$ be=e2 x _c improve lat] on )\t imply+ t its beg9n+s 7 n p]fectly beautiful2 _h !y be5 ?is1 !y w\ld h rema9$ s4 ,if ?+s be beautiful1 x is t !y repres5t _! cause well2 = ev5 "h bel[ an object is beautiful only if x possess all its legitimate possessions2 t is1 if x possess its prop] =m4 ,x is ! =m t conta9s ev]y?+2 ! =m conta9s ! matt]1 9 ! s5se t x fa%ions matt]1 & leaves no?+ =mless !re94 ,b x w\ld conta9 some?+ =mless if a man lack$ "s "p1 z1 = in/ance1 an organ su* z ! eye4 ,,be+ ,,conta9s ,,its ,,cause4 ,?us1 a ?+ is fully expla9$ by ! cle>+ up ( its cause4 ,:y %\ld !re be eyebr[s above ! eye8 ,t x may possess all t is impli$ 9 its be+4 ,7 ^! p>ts ( ! body giv5 to man to protect him f dang]s8 ,t w\ld be to e/abli% )9 be+ a pr9ciple *>g$ to wat* ov] be+4 ,! ?+s ( :i* we speak are impli$ 9 ! be+ t exi/$ be=e !m4 ,consequ5tly1 be+ conta9s )9 itself ! cause :i*1 if di/9ct f be+1 is nev]!less insep>able !refrom4 ,all ?+s are impli$ 9 ea* o!r#ajj2 tak5 toge!r1 !y =m ! total1 p]fect & univ]sal ,be+2 _! p]fection is b\nd up )1 & is inh]5t 9 _! cause2 ?us a 7creature's7 be+1 its *>act]i/ic 7to ti n e9ai71 & its cause 7:y-ness7 fall toge!r4 7,be=e ask+ an important "q we mu/ premiss t7 9 ! intelligible _w ! cause t is complem5t>y to a be+ is ultimately unit$ to x4 ,we mu/ also premiss t1 by virtue ( its p]fection1 div9e ,intellig5ce conta9s ! causes 7z well z ! be+s#gh71 s t x is only a po/]iori t we obs]ve t ?+s are well regulat$4 ,if !n ! possession ( s5ses1 & inde$ ( p>ticul> ones1 be impli$ 9 ! =m ( man by ! et]nal necessity & p]fection ( div9e ,intellig5ce1 !n ! intelligible ,man 0 by no means m]e intellig5ce1 receiv+ ! s5ses :5 desc5d+ into g5]ation4 7,if !n hav+ s5ses be impli$ 9 ! =m ( man71 does n ,intellig5ce incl9e t[>ds ! ?+s "h bel[8 ,9 :at d ^! s5ses 7:i* are attribut$ to ! intelligible ,man7 consi/8 ,are ^! s5ses ! pot5tiality ( p]ceiv+ s5se-objects8 ,b x w\ld be absurd t1 on high1 man %\ld f all et]nity possess ! pot5tiality ( feel+1 yet feel only "h bel[1 & t ?is pot5tiality %\ld pass to actualization only :5 ! s\l became less good 7by its union to ! body74 ,,su* ,,que/ions ,,dem& ,,scrut9y ,,( ,,! ,,intelligible ,,man4 #d4 ,to answ] ^! que/ions1 we w\ld h to g back to ! nature ( ! intelligible ,man4 ,be=e def9+ ! latt]1 h[ev]1 x w\ld inde$ be f> bett] to beg9 by det]m9+ ! nature ( ! s5se-man1 on ! supposition t we "k ! latt] v well1 :ile p]haps ( ! =m]1 we h only a v inexact notion4 ,,diff]5ce ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,man ,,kn[n ,,by ,,! ,,s5ses ,,& ,,! ,,intelligible ,,man4 ,b !re are "s 7,ari/otelians or ,p]ipatetics7 :o might ?9k t ! intelligible ,man & ! s5se-man =m b "o4 ,let u fir/ discuss ?is po9t4 ,does ! s5se-man h a be+ diff]5t f ! s\l :i* produces him1 & makes him live & reason8 ,is he ! s\l t is dispos$ 9 "s special mann]8 ,is he ! s\l t uses ! body 9 "s p>ticul> way8 ,if man be a reasonable liv+ organism1 & if ! latt] be compos$ ( s\l & body1 ?is def9ition ( man w n be id5tical ) t ( ! s\l4 ,if ! man be def9$ z be+ ! composite ( ! reasonable s\l & ! body1 h[ c he be an immortal hypo/atic exi/5ce8 ,?is def9ition suits ! s5se-man only f ! mom5t t ! union ( ! s\l & ! body has occurr$2 x expresses :at w be1 in/ead ( sett+ =? :at we call ! ,man-9-himself2 r ?an be+ a real det]m9ation ( 8 *>act]i/ics1 x w\ld be only a description :i* w\ld n reveal ! orig9al be+4 ,in/ead ( def9+ =m engag$ 9 matt]1 x indicates :at is ! composite ( s\l & body1 aft] ! union has occurr$4 ,9 ?is case1 we d n yet "k :at is man consid]$ 9 8 be+1 :i* is intelligible4 ,to ! claim t ! def9ition ( s5se-?+s %\ld express some?+ composite1 x might be answ]$1 t we d ackn[l$ge t we mu/ n det]m9e ! consi/5ce ( ea* ?+4 ,n[ if x be absolutely necess>y to def9e ! =ms engag$ 9 matt]1 we mu/ also def9e ! be+ t con/itutes ! man2 t is necess>y especially = ^? 7,p]ipateticians7 :o1 by a def9ition1 mean a /atem5t ( a be+'s orig9al *>act]i/ics4 ,,man ,,def9$ ,,z ,a ,,reasonable ,,s\l4 ,:at !n is ! be+ ( man8 ,?is really is ask+ = ! man-ness ( a man1 some?+ *>act]i/ic ( him1 & insep>able f him4 ,is ! g5u9e def9ition ( a man t he is a reasonable animal8 ,w\ld n ?is r be ! def9ition ( ! composite man8 ,:at is ! be+ t produces ! reasonable animal8 ,9 ! above def9ition ( man1 reasonable animal means reasonable life2 consequ5tly1 man may be call$ ! reasonable life4 ,b c life exi/ )\t a s\l8 7,no71 = ! s\l w give ! man reasonable life2 & 9 ?is case1 in/ead ( be+ a sub/ance1 man w be only an actualization ( ! s\l2 or ev51 ! man w be ! s\l h]self4 ,b if man be ! reasonable s\l1 :at objection w !re be to 8 rema9+ man ev5 :5 8 s\l %\ld happ5 to pass into a diff]5t body 7z t ( a brute animal78 ,,man ,,z ,a ,,s\l ,,subsi/+ ,,9 ,a ,,special ,,reason4 #e4 ,man mu/ !re=e h z reason 7or1 z ess5ce71 some?+ else ?an ! s\l4 ,/ill1 9 ?is case1 man might be some?+ composite2 t is1 ! s\l w\ld subsi/ 9 a p>ticul> reason1 admitt+ t ?is reason 0 a c]ta9 actualization ( ! s\l1 ?\gh ?is actualization c\ld n exi/ )\t its produc+ pr9ciple4 ,n[ su* is ! nature ( ! sem9al reasons4 ,!y d n exi/ )\t ! s\l2 = ! g5]at+ reasons are n inanimate2 & nev]!less !y are n ! s\l purely & simply4 ,!re is !re=e no?+ surpris+ 9 ! /atem5t t ^! 7human7 be+s are 7sem9al7 reasons4 ,,^! ,,reasons ,,are ,,! ,,actualizations ,,( ,,! ,,s\l ,,:i* ,,begets ,,! ,,animal4 ,( :i* s\l are ^! reasons1#gi :i* d n beget ! man 7?\gh !y d beget ! animal71 !n ! actualization8 ,n ( ! vegetative s\l2 !y are ! actualizations ( ! 7reasonable7 s\l :i* begets ! animal1#hj :i* is a m p[]ful1 & !re=e a m liv+ s\l4 ,man is con/itut$#ha by ! s\l dispos$ 9 "s mann]1 :5 pres5t to matt] dispos$ 9 "s p>ticul> fa%ion--s9ce ! s\l is "s p>ticul> ?+1 accord+ z %e is 9 "s p>ticul> disposition--ev5 9 ! body4 ,9 ! bodies1 %e fa%ions a resembl+ =m4 ,s f> z ! nature ( ! body all[s x1 %e ?us produces an image ( ! man1 z ! pa9t] himself makes an image ( ! body2 %e produces1 ,i repeat1 an inf]ior man 7! s5se-man1 ! animal71 :i* possesses ! =m ( man1 8 reasons1 morals1 dispositions1 faculties1 al?\gh 9 an imp]fect mann]1 because he is n ! fir/ man 7! intellectual man74 ,he has s5sations ( ano!r k9d2 s5sations :i*1 ?\gh !y seem cle>1 are obscure1 if !y be comp>$ to ! sup]ior s5sations ( :i* !y are ! images4 ,! sup]ior man 7! reasonable man7 is bett]1 has a div9] s\l1 & cle>] s5sations4 ,x is he d\btless to :om ,plato ref]s 7:5 he says1 ,man is ! s\l#hb72 9 8 def9ition he adds1 :i* makes use ( ! body1 because ! div9] man dom9ates ! s\l :i* uses ! body1 & ?us uses ! body only 9 an indirect mann]4#hc ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,comb9ation ,,begott5 ,,by ,,! ,,s\l4 ,9 fact1 ! s\l atta*es h]self to ! ?+ begott5 by ! s\l1 because %e 0 capable ( feel+4 ,! s\l does ?is by vivify+ x m2 or r1 ! s\l does n atta* h]self !reto1 b draws x to h]self4 ,%e does n dep>t f ! intelligible _w1 b ev5 :ile rema9+ 9 contact ) x1 %e holds ! inf]ior s\l 7:i* con/itutes ! s5se-man7 susp5d$ to h]self2 & by h] reason %e bl5ds h]self ) ?is reason 7or1 %e unites h]self to ?is be+ by h] be+74 ,t is :y ?is man 7kn[n by ! s5ses71 :o by himself is obscure1 is enlight5$ by ?is illum9ation4 ,,! ,,?ree ,,m5 ,,9 ,,ea* ,,( ,,u4 #f4 ,:at is ! relation ( ! s5se-p[] )9 ! sup]ior ,s\l 7or1 9 ! rational s\l78 ,intelligible s5sation p]ceives 7intelligible7 objects t1 speak+ /rictly1 are n s5sible1 & corresponds to ! 7intelligible7 mann] 9 :i* !y are p]ceivable4 ,?us 7by ?is intelligible s5se-p[]7 ! ,s\l p]ceives ! sup]s5sual h>mony & also ! s5sual1 b 9 a mann] su* z ! s5se-man p]ceives x1 relat+ x s f> z possible to ! sup]ior h>mony1#ii j z he relates ! e>?ly fire to ! intelligible ,fire1 :i* is above1 & :i* ! sup]ior ,s\l felt 9 a mann] suitable to ! nature ( ?is fire4 ,if ! bodies :i* are "h bel[ 7 up !re also1 ! sup]ior ,s\l w\ld feel !m & p]ceive !m4 ,! man :o exi/s on high is a ,s\l dispos$ 9 "s p>ticul> mann]1 capable ( p]ceiv+ ^! objects2 h5ce ! man ( ! la/ degree 7! s5se-man7 be+ ! image ( ! intelligible ,man1 has reasons 7faculties7 :i* are also images 7faculties possess$ by ! sup]ior ,man74 ,! man :o exi/s 9 ! div9e ,intellig5ce con/itutes ! ,man sup]ior to all m54 ,he illum9ates ! second 7! reasonable man71 :o 9 8 turn illum9ates ! ?ird 7! s5se-man74 ,! man ( ?is la/ degree some:at possesses ! two o!rs2 he is n produc$ by !m1 he is r unit$ to !m4 ,! man :o con/itutes u actualizes himself z ! man ( ! la/ degree4 ,! ?ird receives some?+ ( ! second2 & ! second is ! actualization ( ! fir/4#hd ,ea* man's nature dep5ds on ! man accord+ to :om he acts 7! man is intellectual1 reasonable1 or s5sual accord+ z he ex]cises intellig5ce1 discursive reason1 or s5sibility74 ,ea* "o ( u possesses ! ?ree m5 9 "o s5se 7pot5tially72 & does n possess !m 9 ano!r 79 actualization2 t is1 he does n simultane\sly ex]cise intellect1 reason1 or s5se74 ,,fate ,,( ,,^! ,,?ree ,,m51 ,,9 ,,brutalization ,,& ,,9 ,,div9ization4 ,:5 ! ?ird life 7! s5se-p[]7 :i* con/itutes ! ?ird man1 is sep>at$ f ! body1 if ! life t prec$es x 7! discursive reason7 accompany x )\t nev]!less be+ sep>at$ f ! intelligible _w1 !n "o may say t ! second is ev]y:]e ! ?ird is4 ,x might seem surpris+ t ! latt]1 :5 pass+ into ! body ( a brute1 %\ld drag along t "p :i* is ! be+ ( man4 ,?is be+ 0 all be+s 7pot5tially72 only1 at diff]5t times1 x acts ?r\gh diff]5t faculties4 ,s f> z x is pure1 & is n yet deprav$1 x wi%es to con/itute a man1 & x is inde$ a man t x con/itutes2 = to =m a man is bett] 7?an to =m a brute71 & x does :at is be/4 ,x also =ms gu>dians ( ! sup]ior ord]1 b su* z are /ill con=mable to ! be+ con/itu5t ( manhood4 ,! 7intellectual7 ,man1 :o is ant]ior to ?is be+1 is ( a nature /ill m l t ( ! gu>dians1 or r1 he is already a div9ity4 ,! gu>dian atta*$ to a div9ity is an image ( him1 z ! s5se-man is ! image ( ! intellectual man f :om he dep5ds2 = ! pr9ciple to :i* man directly atta*es himself mu/ n be consid]$ z 8 div9ity4 ,!re is a diff]5ce "h1 simil> to t exi/+ betwe5 ! s\ls1 ?\gh !y all belong to ! same ord]4#hf ,besides1 ^? gu>dians :om ,plato simply calls gu>dians 7demons71 %\ld be call$ gu>dian-l1 or demonic be+s4#hg ,la/1 :5 ! sup]ior ,s\l accompanies ! inf]ior s\l :i* has *os5 ! condition ( a brute1 ! inf]ior s\l :i* 0 b\nd to ! sup]ior s\l--ev5 :5 %e con/itut$ a man--develops ! 7sem9al7 reason ( ! animal 7^: condition %e has *os572 = %e possesses t reason 9 h]self2 x is h] inf]ior actualization4 ,,animal ,,sem9al ,,reasons ,,may ,,be ,,contr>y ,,to ,,s\l',s ,,nature2 ,,?\gh ,,n ,,to ,,! ,,s\l ,,h]self4 #g4 ,x may h[ev] be object$ t if ! s\l produce ! nature ( a brute only :5 %e is deprav$ & degrad$1 %e 0 n orig9ally de/9$ to produce an ox or a horse2 !n ! 7sem9al7 reason ( ! horse1 z well z ! horse itself1 w be contr>y to ! nature 7( ! s\l74 ,no3 !y are inf]ior to h] nature1 b !y are n contr>y to h]4 ,f h] v orig91 ! s\l 0 7pot5tially7 ! 7sem9al7 reason ( a horse or a dog4 ,:5 p]mitt$1 ! s\l :i* 0 to beget an animal1 produces some?+ bett]2 :5 h9d]$1 %e 7only7 produces :at accords ) ! circum/ances4 ,%e resembles ! arti/s :o1 kn[+ h[ to produce sev]al figures1 create ei!r ! "o !y h receiv$ ! ord] to create1 or ! "o t is mo/ suit$ to ! mat]ial at h&4 ,:at h9d]s ! 7natural & g5]ative7 p[] ( ! univ]sal ,s\l1 9 h] quality ( univ]sal 7sem9al7 ,reason1 f sket*+ out ! outl9es ( ! body1 be=e ! s\l p[]s 7or1 individual s\ls7 %\ld desc5d f h] into matt]8 ,:at h9d]s ?is sket* f be+ a k9d ( prelim9>y illum9ation ( matt]8 ,:at w\ld h9d] ! individual s\l f f9i%+ 7fa%ion+ ! body sket*$ by ! univ]sal ,s\l71 foll[+ ! l9es already trac$1 & organiz+ ! memb]s pictur$ by !m1 & becom+ t :i* %e approa*$ by giv+ h]self "s p>ticul> figure1 j z1 9 a *oric ballet1 ! danc] conf9es himself to ! "p assign$ to him8 ,,! ,,s5se-,,_w ,,& ,,! ,,intelligible ,,_w ,,are ,,connect$ ,,by ,,! ,,manifold ,,triple ,,nature ,,( ,,man4 ,su* consid]ations h be5 arriv$ at m]ely z result ( scrut9y ( ! consequ5ces ( ! pr9ciples laid d[n4 ,our purpose 0 to discov] h[ s5sibility occurs 9 ! man himself1 )\t intelligible ?+s fall+ into g5]ation4 ,we recogniz$ & demon/rat$ t intelligible ?+s d n incl9e t[>ds s5se-?+s1 b t1 on ! contr>y1 x is ! latt] t aspire & rise to ! =m]1 & imitate !m2 t ! s5se-man d]ives f ! intellectual man ! p[] ( contemplat+ intelligible entities1 ?\gh ! s5se-man rema9 unit$ to s5se-?+s1 z ! intellectual man rema9s unit$ to ! intelligible entities4 ,inde$1 intelligible ?+s are 9 "s respects s5sual2 & we may call !m su* because 7ideally7 !y are ,bodies1 b !y are p]ceiv$ 9 a mann] diff]5t f bodies4 ,likewise1 our s5sations are less cle> ?an ! p]ception :i* occurs 9 ! intelligible _w1 & t we also call ,s5sation1 because x ref]s to ,bodies 7:i* exi/ on high only 9 an ideal mann]74 ,consequ5tly1 we call ! man "h bel[ s5sual because he p]ceives less well ?+s :i* !mselves are less good2 t is1 :i* are only images ( intelligible ?+s4 ,we might !re=e say t s5sations "h bel[ are obscure ?\ghts1 & t ! ,?\ghts on high are di/9ct ,s5sations4 ,su* are our views ab\t s5sibility4 ,,intelligible ,,animals ,,d ,,n ,,incl9e ,,t[>ds ,,! ,,s5se-,,_w ,,= ,,!y ,,are ,,pre-,,exi/+1 ,,& ,,are ,,di/9ct ,,f ,,_! ,,creat+ ,,image4 #h4 7,n[ let u pass to ! o!r "q we ask$74 ,h[ does x happ5 t all ! ,animals :o1 l ! ,horse itself1 are conta9$ 9 div9e ,intellig5ce1 d n incl9e t[>ds ! ?+s "h bel[ 7by g5]at+ !m78 ,d\btless1 to beget a horse1 or any o!r animal "h bel[1 div9e ,intellig5ce mu/ hold its conception2 nev]!less x mu/ n be believ$ t x fir/ _h ! volition ( produc+ ! horse1 & only lat] its conception4 ,evid5tly1 x c\ld n h wi%$ to produce ! horse1 b because x already _h ! conception !re(2 & x c\ld n h _h ! conception !re( b because x _h to produce ! horse4 ,consequ5tly1 ! ,horse :o 0 n begott5 prec$$ ! horse :o lat] 0 to be begott54 ,s9ce ! fir/ ,horse has be5 ant]ior to all g5]ation1 & 0 n conceiv$ to be begott51 x is n because ! div9e ,intellig5ce incl9es t[>ds ! ?+s "h bel[1 nor because x produces !m1 t x conta9s ! intelligible ,horse & ! o!r be+s4 ,! intelligible entities exi/$ already 9 ,intellig5ce 7be=e x begat7 & ! s5se-?+s 7 lat] begott5 by necess>y consequ5ce2 = x 0 impossible t ! procession %\ld cease ) ! intelligibles4 ,:o inde$ c\ld h /opp$ ?is p[] ( ! 7,intellig5ce7 :i* is capable ( simultane\s procession1 & ( rema9+ )9 itself8 ,,irrational ,,animals ,,mu/ ,,exi/ ,,)9 ,,intellig5ce1 ,,unless ,,man ,,alone ,,0 ,,to ,,exi/4 ,b :y %\ld ^! ,animals 7devoid ( reason7 exi/ 9 ! div9e ,intellig5ce8 ,we might und]/& t animals end[$ ) reason might be f\nd )9 x2 b does ?is multitude ( irrational animals seem at all admirable8 ,does x n r seem some?+ unwor?y ( ! div9e ,intellig5ce8 ,evid5tly ! ess5ce :i* is "o mu/ be also manifold1 s9ce x is po/]ior to ! ,unity :i* is absolutely simple2 o!rwise1 in/ead ( be+ inf]ior to x1 x w\ld fuse ) x4 ,be+ po/]ior to t ,unity1 x c\ld n be m simple1 & mu/ !re=e be less s4 ,n[ z ! unity 0 ! ,"o :o is excell5t1 ess5ce _h to be less unit>y1 s9ce multiplicity is ! *>act]i/ic ( inf]iority4 ,b :y %\ld ess5ce n be m]ely ! pair 7in/ead ( ! manifold78 ,nei!r ( ! elem5ts ( ! ,pair c\ld any long] be absolutely "o1 & ea* w\ld itself become a fur!r pair2 & we might po9t out ! same ?+ ( ea* ( ! new elem5ts 79 :i* ea* elem5t ( ! prim>y ,pair w\ld h split up74 ,besides1 ! fir/ ,pair conta9s bo? movem5t & /ability2 x is also intellig5ce & p]fect life4 ,! "* ( ,intellig5ce is n to be "o1 b to be univ]sal2 x !re=e conta9s all ! p>ticul> intellig5ces2 x is all ! intellig5ces1 & at ! same "t x is some?+ great] ?an all4 ,x possesses life n z a s+le s\l1 b z a univ]sal ,s\l1 hav+ ! sup]ior p[] ( produc+ individual s\ls4 ,x is besides ! univ]sal liv+ ,organism 7or1 ,animal72 consequ5tly1 x %\ld n conta9 man alone 7b also all ! o!r k9ds ( animals72 o!rwise1 man alone w\ld exi/ ^u ! e>?4 ,,_m ,,animals ,,are ,,n ,,s ,,irrational ,,z ,,diff]5t4 #i4 ,x may be object$ t ,intellig5ce might 7well7 conta9 ! ideas ( animals ( a high] ord]4 ,b h[ c x conta9 ! ideas ( animals t are vile1 or entirely )\t reason8 ,= we %\ld consid] vile e animal devoid ( reason & intellig5ce1 s9ce x is to ^! faculties t ^? :o possess !m owe _! nobility4 ,x is d\btless difficult to und]/& h[ ?+s devoid ( reason & intellig5ce c exi/ 9 ! div9e ,intellig5ce1 9 :i* are all be+s1 & f :i* !y all proce$4 ,b be=e beg9n+ ! discussion ( ?is "q1 let u assume ! foll[+ v]ities z grant$3 ,man "h bel[ is n :at is man 9 ! div9e ,intellig5ce1 any m ?an ! o!r animals4 ,l !m1 9 a high] =m1 he dwells )9 7! div9e ,intellig5ce72 besides1 no be+ call$ reasonable may be f\nd )9 x1 = x is only "h bel[ t reason is employ$2 on high ! only acts are ^? sup]ior to discursive reason4#hh ,:y !n is man "h bel[ ! only animal :o makes use ( reason8 ,because ! intellig5ce ( ,man1 9 ! intelligible _w1 is diff]5t f t ( o!r animals1 & s 8 reason "h bel[ mu/ diff] f _! reason2 = x c be se5 t _m actions ( o!r animals imply ! use ( judgm5t4 7,9 reply1 x might be ask$7 :y are n all animals equally rational8 ,& :y are n all m5 also equally rational8 ,let u reflect3 all ^! lives1 :i* repres5t z _m movem5ts2 all ^! intellig5ces1 :i* =m a plurality2 c\ld n be id5tical4 ,!re=e !y _h to diff] among ea* o!r1 & _! diff]5ce _h to consi/ 9 manife/+ m or less cle>ly life & intellig5ce2 ^? t occupy ! fir/ rank are di/+ui%$ by prim>y diff]5ces2 ^? t occupy ! second rank1 by second>y diff]5ces2 & s =?4 ,?us1 amid/ intellig5ces1 "s con/itute ! div9ities1 o!rs ! be+s plac$ 9 ! second rank1 & gift$ ) reason2 fur!r1 o!r be+s t we "h call depriv$ ( reason & intellig5ce really 7 reason & intellig5ce 9 ! intelligible _w4 ,inde$1 he :o ?9ks ! intelligible ,horse1 = in/ance1 is ,intellig5ce1 j z is ! v ?\ght ( ! horse4 ,if no?+ b ?\ght exi/$1 !re w\ld be no?+ absurd 9 t ?is ?\ght1 :ile be+ intellectual1 might1 z object1 h a be+ devoid ( intellig5ce4 ,b s9ce ?\ght & ! object ?\ght fuse1 h[ c\ld ?\ght be intellectual unless ! object ?\ght 7 s likewise8 ,to effect ?is1 ,intellig5ce w\ld1 s to speak1 h to r5d] itself un9tellig5t4 ,b x is n s4 ,! ?+ ?\ght is a det]m9ate intellig5ce1 j z x is a det]m9ate life4 ,n[1 j z no life1 :atev] x be1 c be depriv$ ( vitality1 s no det]m9ate intellig5ce c be depriv$ ( intellectuality4 ,! v intellig5ce :i* is prop] to an animal1 su* z1 = in/ance1 man1 does n cease be+ intellig5ce ( all ?+s2 :i*ev] ( its p>ts y *oose to consid]1 x is all ?+s1 only 9 a diff]5t mann]2 :ile x is a s+le ?+ 9 actualization1 x is all ?+s 9 pot5tiality4 ,h[ev]1 9 any "o p>ticul> ?+1 we grasp only :at x is 9 actualization4 ,n[ :at is 9 actualization 7t is1 a p>ticul> ?+71 occupies ! la/ rank4 ,su*1 9 ,intellig5ce1 = in/ance1 is ! idea ( ! ,horse4 ,9 its procession1 ,intellig5ce cont9ues t[>ds a less p]fect life1 & at a c]ta9 degree con/itutes a horse1 & at "s inf]ior degree1 con/itutes "s animal /ill inf]ior2 = ! great] ! developm5t ( ! p[]s ( ,intellig5ce1 ! m imp]fect ^! become4 ,at ea* degree 9 _! procession !y lose some?+2 & z x is a l[] degree ( ess5ce t con/itutes "s p>ticul> animal1 its inf]iority is r$eem$ by some?+ new4 ,?us1 9 ! measure t life is less complete 9 ! animal1 appe> nails1 claws1 or horns1 or tee?4 ,ev]y:]e t ,intellig5ce dim9i%es on "o side1 x rises on ano!r side by ! fulness ( its nature1 & x f9ds 9 itself ! res\rces by :i* to comp5sate = :atev] x may lack4 ,,app>5t ,,imp]fections ,,are ,,only ,,l[] ,,=ms ,,( ,,p]fection4 #aj4 ,b h[ c !re be any?+ imp]fect 9 ! intelligible _w8 ,:y does ! intelligible ,animal h horns8 ,is x = its def5se8#hi ,to be p]fect & complete4 ,x is to be p]fect z an animal1 p]fect z intellig5ce1 & p]fect z life2 s t1 if x lack "o quality1 x may h a sub/itute4 ,! cause ( ! diff]5ces1 is t :at belongs to "o be+ f9ds itself replac$ 9 ano!r be+ by some?+ else2 s t ! totality 7( ! be+s7 may result 9 ! mo/ p]fect ,life1 & ,intellig5ce1 :ile all ! p>ticul> be+s :i* are ?us f\nd 9 ! intelligible ess5ce are p]fect s f> z !y are p>ticul>4 ,,co-,,exi/5ce ,,( ,,unity ,,& ,,multiplicity ,,dem&s ,,organization ,,9 ,,sy/em4 ,! ess5ce mu/ be simultane\sly "o & manifold4 ,n[ x _c be manifold if all ! ?+s t exi/ )9 x be equal2 x w\ld !n be an absolute unity4 ,s9ce !re=e 7ess5ce7 =ms a composite unity1 x mu/ be con/itut$ by ?+s :i* be> to ea* o!r specific diff]5ces1 su* t its unity %all all[ ! exi/5ce ( p>ticul> ?+s1 su* z =ms & reasons 7be+s74 ,! =ms1 su* z ^? ( man1 mu/ conta9 all ! diff]5ces t are ess5tial to !m4 ,?\gh !re be a unity 9 all ^! =ms1 !re are also ?+s m or less delicate 7or highly organiz$71 su* z ! eye or ! f+]4 ,all ^! organs1 h[ev]1 are impli$ 9 ! unity ( ! animal1 & !y are inf]ior only relatively to ! totality4 ,x 0 bett] t ?+s %\ld be su*4 ,reason 7! ess5ce ( ! animal7 is animal1 & besides1 is some?+ diff]5t f ! animal4 ,virtue also be>s a g5]al "*1 & an individual "o4 ,! totality 7( ! intelligible _w7 is beautiful1 because :at is common 7to all be+s71 does n (f] any diff]5ces4 ,,b ,,h[ ,,c\ld ,,! ,,intelligible ,,_w ,,conta9 ,,vegetables ,,or ,,metals8 #aa4 7,! ,timaeus ( ,plato#ij7 /ates t heav5 has n scorn$ to receive any ( ! =ms ( ! animals1 ( :i* we see s great a numb]4 ,! cause mu/ be t ?is univ]se 0 to conta9 ! univ]sality ( ?+s4 ,:5ce does x d]ive all ! ?+s x conta9s8 ,f on high8 ,yes1 x receiv$ f above all ! ?+s t 7 produc$ by reason1 accord+ to an intelligible =m4 ,b1 j z x conta9s fire & wat]1 x mu/ also conta9 plant-life4 ,n[1 h[ c\ld !re be plant-life 9 ! intelligible _w8 ,are e>? & fire liv+ entities )9 x8 ,= !y mu/ be ei!r liv+ or dead entities2 9 ! latt] case1 n ev]y?+ w\ld be alive 9 ! intelligible _w4 ,9 :at /ate !n d ! above-m5tion$ objects f9d !mselves on high 79 ! intelligible _w78 ,fir/ x c be demon/rat$ t plants conta9 no?+ oppos$ to reason2 s9ce1 ev5 "h bel[1 a plant conta9s a reason :i* con/itutes its life4#ia ,b if ! ess5tial reason ( ! plant1 :i* con/itutes x1 is a life ( a p>ticul> k9d1 & a k9d ( s\l1 & if ?is reason itself be a unity1 is x ! prim>y ,plant8 ,no3 ! prim>y ,plant1 f :i* ! p>ticul> plant is d]iv$1 is above t reason4 ,! prim>y ,plant is unity2 ! o!r is multiple1 & necess>ily d]ives f ?is unity4 ,if s1 ! prim>y ,plant mu/ possess life 9 a /ill high] degree1 & be ! ,plant itself f :i* ! plants "h bel[ proce$1 :i* occupy ! second or ?ird rank1 & :i* d]ive f ! prim>y ,plant ! traces ( ! life !y reveal4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,e>? ,,exi/s ,,9 ,,! ,,intelligible4 ,b h[ does ! e>? exi/ 9 ! intelligible _w8 ,:at is its ess5ce8 ,h[ c ! e>? 9 ! intelligible _w be alive !re8 ,let u fir/ exam9e our e>?1 t is1 inquire :at is its ess5ce8 ,x mu/ be "s sort ( a %ape1 & a reason2 = ! reason ( ! plant is alive1 ev5 "h bel[4 ,is !re !n a liv+ 7sem9al7 reason 9 ! e>? also8 ,to discov] ! nature ( ! e>?1 let u take ess5tially t]re/rial objects1 :i* are begott5 or fa%ion$ by x4 ,! bir? ( ! /ones1 & _! increase1 ! int]ior =mation ( m\nta9s1 c\ld n exi/ unless an animat$ reason produc$ !m by an intimate & secret "w4 ,?is reason is ! =m ( ! e>?1#ib a =m t is analog\s to :at is call$ nature 9 trees4 ,! e>? might be comp>$ to ! trunk ( a tree1 & ! /one t c be deta*$ !refrom to ! bran* t c be sep>at$ f ! trunk4 ,consid]ation ( ! /one :i* is n yet dug out ( ! e>?1 & :i* is unit$ to x z ! uncut bran* is unit$ to ! tree1 %[s t ! e>?'s nature1 :i* is a productive =ce1 con/itutes a life end[$ ) reason2 & x mu/ be evid5t t ! intelligible e>? mu/ possess life at a /ill high] degree1 t ! rational life ( ! e>? is ! ,e>?-9-itself1 ! prim>y ,e>?1 f :i* proce$s ! e>? "h bel[4 ,,! ,,fire ,,z ,,x ,,is ,,9 ,,! ,,intelligible ,,_w4 ,if fire also be a reason engag$ 9 matt]1 & 9 ?is respect resemble ! e>?1 x 0 n born by *ance4 ,:5ce w\ld x come8#ic ,lucretius ?\ght x came f rubb+ 7/icks or /ones74 ,b fire exi/$ 9 ! univ]se be=e "o body rubb$ ano!r2 bodies already possess fire :5 !y rub up aga9/ "o ano!r2 = x mu/ n be believ$ t matt] possesses fire pot5tially1 s t x is capable ( produc+ x spontane\sly4 ,b :at is fire1 s9ce ! pr9ciple :i* produces ! fire1 giv+ x a =m1 mu/ be a reason8 ,x is a s\l capable ( produc+ ! fire1 t is1 a reason & a life1 :i* 7fuse7 into "o ?+4 ,t is :y ,plato says t 9 e object !re is a s\l#id2 t is1 a p[] capable ( produc+ ! s5se-fire4 ,?us ! pr9ciple :i* produces ! fire 9 our _w is a fi]y life1 a fire t is m real ?an ours4 ,s9ce !n ! intelligible ,fire is a fire m real ?an ours1 x also possesses a moral life4 ,! ,fire-9-itself !re=e possesses life4 ,!re is a simil> reason 9 ! o!r elem5ts1 air & wat]4 ,:y %\ld n ^! ?+s be z animat$ z e>? is8 ,!y are evid5tly conta9$ 9 ! univ]sal liv+ ,organism1 & !y con/itute p>ts !re(4 ,d\btless life is n manife/ 9 !m1 any m ?an 9 ! e>?2 b x c be recogniz$ 9 !m1 z x is recogniz$ 9 ! e>?1 by its productions2 = liv+ be+s are born 9 ! fire1 & /ill m 9 ! wat]1 z is bett] kn[n2 o!rs also are =m$ 9 ! air4 ,! flames t we daily see lit & ext+ui%$ d n manife/ 9 ! univ]sal ,s\l 7because ( ! %ortness ( _! duration72 h] pres5ce is n reveal$ 9 ! fire1 because %e does n "h bel[ succe$ 9 rea*+ a mass ( suffici5t p]man5cy4 ,,wat] ,,& ,,air ,,z ,,intelligible ,,entities4 ,x is n o!rwise ) wat] & air4 ,if by _! nature ^! elem5ts 7 m consi/5t1 !y w\ld reveal ! univ]sal ,s\l2 b z _! ess5ce is disp]s$1 !y d n reveal ! p[] t animates !m4 ,9 a simil> case are ! fluids occurr+ 9 our body1 z1 = in/ance1 ! blood2 ! fle%1 :i* seems animat$1 is =m$ at ! exp5se ( ! blood4#ie ,! latt] mu/ !re=e enjoy ! pres5ce ( ! s\l1 ?\gh x seem depriv$ ( ! 7s\l7 because 7! blood7 manife/s no s5sibility1 opposes no resi/ance1 & by its fluidity easily sep>ates itself f ! s\l t vivifies x1 z happ5s to ! ?ree elem5ts already m5tion$4 ,likewise ! animals :i* ,nature =ms out ( cond5s$ air feel )\t suff]+4#if ,z fix$ & p]man5t light p5etrates ! air s long z ! air itself is p]man5t1 ! s\l also p5etrates ! atmosph]e surr\nd+ h] )\t be+ absorb$ by x4 ,o!r elem5ts are 9 ! same case4 ,,! ,,intelligible ,,_w ,,is ,a ,,complete ,,model ,,( ,,?is ,,our ,,univ]se4 #ab4 ,we !re=e repeat t s9ce we admit t our univ]se is model$ on ! intelligible ,_w1 we %\ld s mu* ! m recognize t ! latt] is ! univ]sal liv+ ,organism1 :i* con/itutes all ?+s because x consi/s ( p]fect ess5ce4 ,consequ5tly 9 ! intelligible _w1 ! heav5s also are an animat$ be+1 n ev5 lack+ :at "h bel[ are call$ ! />s2 inde$ ! latt] are :at con/itutes ! heav5s' ess5ce4 ,nei!r is ! ,e>? on high some?+ dead2 = x is alive1 conta9+ all ! ,animals t walk on ! gr\nd1 & t are nam$ t]re/rial1 z well z ,vegetation ^: f\ndation is life4 ,on high exi/ also ! ,sea & ! ,wat] 9 univ]sal condition1 9 p]man5t fluidity & animation1 conta9+ all ! ,animals t dwell 9 ! wat]4 ,air also =ms "p ( ! intelligible _w1 ) ! ,animals t inhabit ! air1 & :i* on high possess a nature 9 h>mony ) x4 ,h[ inde$ c\ld ! ?+s conta9$ 9 a liv+ be+ n also !mselves be liv+ be+s8 ,consequ5tly !y are also su* "h bel[4 ,:y inde$ %\ld n all ! animals necess>ily exi/ 9 ! intelligible ,_w8 ,! nature ( ! great p>ts ( ?is _w inde$ necess>ily det]m9es ! nature ( ! animals t ^! p>ts conta94 ,?us f ! hav+ & be+ 7exi/5ce & nature7 ( ! intelligible _w is d]iv$ t ( all ! be+s conta9$ !re94 ,^! ?+s imply ea* o!r4 ,to ask ! reason = ! exi/5ce ( ! ,animals conta9$ 9 ! intelligible _w1 is to ask :y exi/s ?is v _w itself1 or ! univ]sal liv+ ,organism1 or1 :at am\nts to ! same ?+1 :y exi/ ! univ]sal ,life1 ! univ]sal ,s\l1 9 :i* are f\nd no fault1 no imp]fection1 & f :i* ev]y:]e ov]fl[s ! fulness ( life4 ,,all ,,?+s ,,unit$ ,,by ,a ,,common ,,s\rce4 ,all ^! ?+s d]ive f "o & ! same s\rce2 x is nei!r a brea? nor a s+le heat2 b r a s+le quality1 :i* conta9s & pres]ves )9 itself all ! qualities1 ! sweetness ( ! mo/ fragrant p]fumes1 ! flavor ( ! w9e1 & ( ! f9e/ ta/y juices1 ! gleam ( ! mo/ fla%+ colors1 ! s(tness ( ! objects :i* flatt] t\* ) ! greate/ delicacy1 ! rhy?m & h>mony ( all ! k9ds ( s\nds :i* c *>m ! he>+4 ,,simplicity ,,( ,,! ,,intelligible ,,does ,,n ,,d5y ,,composit5ess1 ,,b ,,inf]s ,,height ,,( ,,s\rce4 #ac4 ,nei!r ,intellig5ce1 nor ! ,s\l t proce$s !refrom1 are simple2 bo? conta9 ! univ]sality ( ?+s ) _! inf9ite v>iety1 s f> z ^! are simple1 mean+ t !y are n composite1 b t !y are pr9ciples & actualizations2 =1 9 ! intelligible _w1 ! actualization ( :at occupies ! la/ rank is simple2 ! actualization ( :at occupies ! fir/ rank is univ]sal4 ,intellig5ce1 9 its uni=m movem5t1 always tr5ds t[>ds simil> & id5tical ?+s2 nev]!less1 ea* ( !m is id5tical & s+le1 )\t be+ a "p2 x is on ! contr>y univ]sal1 because :at1 9 ! intelligible _w1 is a "p1 is n a simple unit1 b a unity t is inf9itely divisible4 ,9 ?is movem5t1 ,intellig5ce />ts f "o object1 & goes to ano!r object :i* is its goal4 ,b does all t is int]m$i>y resemble a /raight l9e1 or to a uni=m & homog5e\s body8 ,!re w\ld be no?+ rem>kable ab\t t2 = if ,intellig5ce did n conta9 diff]5ces1 if no div]sity awoke x to life1 x w\ld n be an actualization2 its /ate w\ld n diff] f inactivity4 ,if its movem5t 7 det]m9$ 9 a s+le mann]1 x w\ld possess b a s+le k9d ( 7re/rict$7 life1 in/ead ( possess+ ! univ]sal ,life4 ,n[ x %\ld conta9 an univ]sal & omnipres5t ,life2 consequ5tly1 x mu/ move1 or r h be5 mov$ t[>ds all 7be+s74 ,if x 7 to move 9 a simple & uni=m mann]1 x w\ld possess b a s+le ?+1 w\ld be id5tical ) x1 & no long] proce$ t[>ds any?+ diff]5t4 ,if h[ev] x %\ld move t[>ds some?+ diff]5t1 x w\ld h to become some?+ diff]5t1 & be two ?+s4 ,if ^! two ?+s 7 !n to be id5tical1 ,intellig5ce w\ld /ill rema9 "o1 & !re w\ld be no progress left2 if1 on ! contr>y1 ^! two ?+s 7 to be diff]5t1 x w\ld be proce$+ ) ?is diff]5ce1 & x w\ld1 by virtue ( ?is diff]5ce jo9$ to its div9ity1 beget "s ?ird ?+4 ,by its orig91 ! latt] is simultane\sly id5tical & diff]5t2 n ( "s p>ticul> diff]5ce1 b ( all k9ds ( diff]5ce1 because ! id5tity x conta9s is itself univ]sal4 ,?us be+ univ]sal diff]5ce z well z univ]sal id5tity1 ?is ?+ possesses all t is said to be diff]5t2 = its nature is to be univ]sal diff]5tiation 7to spread ov] ev]y?+1 to become ev]y?+ else74 ,if all ^! diff]5ces prec$$ ?is 7,intellig5ce71 ! latt] w\ld be modifi$ by !m4 ,if ?is be n ! case1 ,intellig5ce mu/ h begott5 all ! diff]5ces1 or r1 be _! univ]sality4 ,,intellig5ce ,,evolves ,,ov] ,,! ,,field ,,( ,,tru?4 ,ess5ces 7be+s7 !re=e _c exi/ )\t an actualization ( ,intellig5ce4 ,by ?is actualization1 aft] hav+ produc$ "s 7be+71 ,intellig5ce always produces "s o!r "o1 someh[ c>ry+ out ! c>e] :i* x is natural = v]itable ,intellig5ce to c>ry out )9 itself2 ?is c>e] is t ( ! be+s1 ( :i* ea* corresponds to "o ( its evolutions1 7or1 x roams ar\nd among be+s1 s t ?r\gh its roam+ ar\nd ^! be+s unite & =m47 ,s9ce ,intellig5ce is ev]y:]e id5tical1 its evolutions imply p]man5ce1 & !y make x move ar\nd ! field ( tru?#ig )\t ev] issu+ !refrom4 ,x occupies ?is :ole field1 because ,intellig5ce has made itself ! locality :]e its evolutions op]ate1 a locality :i* is id5tical ) :at x conta9s4 ,?is field is v>i$ en\gh to (f] a c>e] to be fulfill$2 if x 7 n univ]sally & et]nally v>i$1 !re w\ld be a /opp+-place :]e v>iety w\ld cease2 &1 7 ,intellig5ce to /op1 x w\ld n ?9k2 & if x _h nev] /opp$1 x w\ld h exi/$ )\t ?\ght 7or1 x w\ld n exi/74 ,?is h[ev]1 is n ! case2 !re=e ?\ght exi/s1 & its univ]sal movem5t produces ! fulness ( univ]sal ,be+4 ,univ]sal ,be+1 h[ev]1 is ! ?\ght t embraces univ]sal ,life1 & :i*1 aft] ea* ?+1 ev] conceives "s o!r2 because1 s9ce t :i* )9 x is id5tical is all s diff]5t4 ,x cont9ually divides & ev] f9ds some?+ diff]5t f ! o!rs4 ,9 its m>*1 ,intellig5ce ev] progresses f life to life1 f animat$ 7be+s7 to animat$ 7be+s72 j z "s travell]1 advanc+ on ! e>?1 f9ds all t he travels ?r\gh to be e>?1 :atev] v>iations !re( !re may h be54 ,9 ! intelligible _w1 ! life ^: field "o trav]ses is always self-id5tical1 b x is also always diff]5t4 ,! result is t 7?is sph]e ( op]ations7 does n seem ! same to u1 because 9 its evolution1 :i* is id5tical1 life exp]i5ces 7or1 trav]ses7 ?+s :i* are n ! same4 ,t h[ev] does n *ange ?is life1 = x passes ?r\gh diff]5t ?+s 9 a uni=m & id5tical mann]4 ,if ?is uni=mity & id5tity ( ,intellig5ce 7 n appli$ to diff]5t ?+s1 ,intellig5ce w\ld rema9 idle2 x w\ld no long] exi/ 9 actualization1 & no m be actualization4 ,n[ ^! diff]5t ?+s con/itute ,intellig5ce itself4 ,intellig5ce is !re=e univ]sal1 because ?is univ]sality =ms its v nature4 ,be+ ?us univ]sal1 ,intellig5ce is all ?+s2 !re is no?+ 9 x :i* does n contribute to its univ]sality2 & ev]y?+ is diff]5t1 s z to be able /ill to contribute to totality1 by its v diff]5ce4 ,if !re 7 no diff]5ce1 if ev]y?+ 9 x 7 id5tical1 ! be+ ( ,intellig5ce w\ld be dim9i%$1 inasmu* z its nature w\ld no m co-op]ate t[>ds its h>monic consummation4 ,,intellig5ce ,,conta9s ,,! ,,inf9ite ,,z ,,simultane\sness ,,( ,,"o ,,& ,,_m ,,& ,,z ,,fri5d%ip4 #ad4 ,by intellectual examples we c und]/& ! nature ( ,intellig5ce1 & see t x c\ld n be a unity :i* does n admit any k9d ( diff]5ce4 ,z example1 consid] ! 7sem9al7 reason ( a plant1 & t ( an animal4 ,if x be only a unity1 )\t any k9d ( v>iety1 x is n ev5 a reason1 & :at is born w be no m ?an matt]4 ,?is reason mu/ !re=e conta9 all ! organs2 &1 :ile embrac+ all matt]1 x mu/ n leave any "p ( x to rema9 id5tical ) any o!r4 ,= in/ance1 ! face does n =m a s+le mass2 x conta9s ! nose & ! eyes4 ,nor is ev5 ! nose some?+ simple2 x conta9s diff]5t p>ts ^: v>iety make ( x an organ2 if x 7 r$uc$ to a /ate ( absolute simplicity1 x w\ld be no m ?an a mass4 ,?us ,intellig5ce conta9s ! inf9ite1 because x is simultane\sly "o & manifold2 n inde$ l a h\se1 b z is a 7sem9al7 reason :i* is manifold int]iorly4 ,x conta9s )91 !re=e1 a sort ( figure 7or s*eme7 or ev5 a picture1 on :i* are int]iorly drawn or inscrib$ its p[]s & ?\ghts2 _! division does n take place ext]iorly1 = x is entirely int]ior4 ,?us ! univ]sal liv+ ,organism embraces o!r liv+ be+s1 )9 :i* may be discov]$ /ill small] liv+ be+s1 & /ill small] p[]s1 & s on till we arrive at ! atomic =m4#ih ,all ^! =ms are di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r by _! division1 )\t ev] hav+ be5 conf\nd$ toge!r1 ?\gh !y all occur 9 ! con/itution ( a s+le unity4 ,?us exi/s 9 ! intelligible _w t union 7by ,emp$ocles7 call$ fri5d%ip2 b su* union is v diff]5t f t :i* exi/s 9 ! s5se-_w4#afc ,9 fact1 ! latt] is only ! image ( ! fir/1 because x is =m$ ( completely disp>ate elem5ts4 ,v]itable union h[ev] consi/s 9 =m+ b a s+le 7?+7 )\t admitt+ ( any sep>ation betwe5 7elem5ts74 ,"h bel[1 h[ev]1 objects are sep>at$ f ea* o!r4 ,b4 ,a ,,/udy ,,( ,,! ,,good4 ,,all ,,s\ls ,,are ,,unit$ ,,by ,,_! ,,highe/1 ,,) ,,intellig5ce ,,%9+ ,,d[n ,,f ,,! ,,peak ,,!y ,,=m4 #ae4 ,:o !n w be able to contemplate ?is multiple & univ]sal ,life1 prim>y & "o1 )\t be+ *>m$ !re)1 & )\t scorn+ e o!r k9d ( life8 ,= our lives "h bel[1 t are s weak1 impot5t1 incomplete1 ^: impurity soils o!r lives1 c be consid]$ z no?+ b t5ebr\s4 ,z soon z y consid] ^! lives1 y no long] see ! o!rs1 y no long] live ) ^! o!r lives 9 :i* ev]y?+ is liv+2 :i* are reliev$ ( all impurity1 & ( all contact ) evil4 ,inde$1 evil reigns "h bel[ only#afd2 "h :]e we h b a trace ( ,intellig5ce & ( ! intelligible life4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 ! intelligible _w exi/s t ar*etype :i* is b5efic5t 7:i* possesses ! =m ( ,good71 z says ,plato1#aja because x possesses good by ! =ms 7t is1 by ! ideas74 ,inde$1 ! absolute ,good is some?+ diff]5t f ! ,intellig5ce :i* is good only because its life is pass$ 9 contemplat+ ! ,good4 ,! objects contemplat$ by ,intellig5ce are ! ess5ces :i* h ! =m ( ,good1 & :i* x possesses f ! mom5t x contemplates ! ,good4 ,intellig5ce receives ! ,good1 n su* z ! ,good is 9 itself1 b su* z ,intellig5ce is capable ( receiv+ x4 ,! ,good is inde$ ! supreme pr9ciple4 ,f ! ,good !re=e1 ,intellig5ce d]ives its p]fection2 to ! ,good ,intellig5ce owes its begett+ ( all ! intelligible entities2 on ! "o h&1 ,intellig5ce c\ld n consid] ! ,good )\t ?9k+ x2 on ! o!r1 x mu/ n h se5 9 ! ,good ! intelligible entities1 o!rwise1 ,intellig5ce itself c\ld n h begott5 !m4 ,?us ,intellig5ce has1 f ! ,good1 receiv$ ! p[] to beget1 & to fill itself ) t :i* x has begott54#ajb ,! ,good does n ,himself possess ! ?+s :i* ,he ?us donates2 = ,he is absolutely "o1 & t :i* has be5 giv5 to ,intellig5ce is manifold4 ,incapable 9 its pl5itude to embrace1 & 9 its unity to possess ! p[] x 0 receiv+1 ,intellig5ce split x up1 ?us r5d]+ x manifold1 s z to possess x at lea/ 9 fragm5ts4 ,?us ev]y?+ begott5 by ,intellig5ce proce$s f ! p[] d]iv$ f ! ,good1 & be>s its =m2 z intellig5ce itself is good1 & z x is compos$ ( ?+s t be> ! =m ( ,good1 x is a v>i$ good4 ,! read] may be assi/$ 9 =m+ a conception ( x by imag9+ a v>iegat$ liv+ sph]e1 or a composite ( animat$ & brilliant faces4 ,or aga91 imag9e pure s\ls1 pure & complete 79 _! ess5ce71 all unit$ by _! highe/ 7faculties71 & !n univ]sal ,intellig5ce seat$ on ?is summit1 & illum9at+ ! :ole intelligible region4 ,9 ?is simile1 ! read] :o imag9es x consid]s x z some?+ outside ( himself2 b 7to contemplate ,intellig5ce7 "o has to become ,intellig5ce1 & !n give oneself a panorama ( oneself4 ,,intellig5ce ,,conta9s ,,all ,,?+s ,,t ,,are ,,con=m$ ,,to ,,! ,,good4 #af4 ,in/ead ( /opp+ at ?is multiple beauty1 x mu/ be ab&on$ to rise 7to ! ,good71 ! supreme pr9ciple4 ,by reason+ n accord+ to ! nature ( our _w1 b accord+ to t ( ! univ]sal ,intellig5ce1 we %\ld ) a/oni%m5t ask ourselves :i* is ! pr9ciple t has begott5 x1 & h[ x did s4#ajc ,ea* "o 7( ! ess5ces conta9$ 9 ! ,intellig5ce7 is a 7p>ticul>7 =m1 & someh[ has its own type4 ,z _! common *>act]i/ic is to be assimilat$ to ! ,good1 ! consequ5ce is t ,intellig5ce conta9s all ! ?+s con=mable to ! ,good4 ,x possesses !re=e ! ess5ce :i* is 9 all ?+s2 x conta9s all ! animals1 z well z ! univ]sal ,life )9 !m1 & all ! re/4 ,,! ,,good ,,is ,,n ,,only ,,! ,,cause ,,( ,,be+1 ,,b ,,its ,,intuition ,,z ,,well4 ,:y mu/ ^! ?+s be consid]$ z goods1 :5 consid]$ f ?is po9t ( view8 ,! solution ( ?is problem may be arriv$ at f ! foll[+ consid]ation4 ,:5 = ! fir/ "t ,intellig5ce contemplat$ ! ,good1 ?is its contemplation split ! ,good's unity into multiplicity4 ,?\gh itself 7 a s+le be+1 ?is its ?\ght divid$ ! unity because ( its inability to grasp x 9 its entirety4 ,to ?is x may be answ]$ t ,intellig5ce 0 n yet su* ! fir/ "t x contemplat$ ! ,good4 ,did x !n contemplate ! ,good )\t intellig5ce8 ,intellig5ce did n yet see ! ,good2 b ,intellig5ce dwelt ne> x1 0 dep5d5t on x1 & 0 turn$ t[>ds x4#ajd ,hav+ arriv$ at its fulness1 because x 0 op]at+ on high1 & 0 tr5d+ t[>ds ! ,good1 ! movem5t ( ,intellig5ce itself l$ x to its fulness2 s9ce !n x 01 no long] a s+le movem5t1 b a movem5t p]fect & complete4 ,x became all ?+s1 & possess+ self-consci\sness1 x recogniz$ t itself 0 all ?+s4 ,x ?us became intellig5ce1 :i* possesses its fulness s z to conta9 :at x %\ld see1 & :i* sees by ! light t x receives f ,him f :om x d]ives :at x sees4 ,t is :y ! ,good is said to be n only ! cause ( be+1 b r ! cause ( ! vision ( be+4 ,z = s5se-objects1 ! sun is ! cause t makes !m exi/1 & r5d]s !m visible1 z x is also ! cause ( vision1 & z h[ev] ! sun is nei!r ! vision nor ! visible objects1 likewise ! ,good is ! cause ( be+ & ( intellig5ce1#aje x is a light 9 respect ( ! be+s t are se5 & ! ,intellig5ce t sees !m2 b x is nei!r ! be+s nor ! ,intellig5ce2 x is only _! cause2 x produces ?\ght by %$d+ its light on ! be+s & on ,intellig5ce4 ,x is ?us t ,intellig5ce has arriv$ to fulness1 & t on arriv+ at fulness x has become p]fect & has se54 ,t :i* prec$$ its fulness is its pr9ciple4 ,b x has ano!r pr9ciple 7:i* is ! ,good71 :i* is some:at ext]ior to x1 & :i* gave x its fulness1 & :ile giv+ x ?is fulness impress$ on x ! =m 7( itself1 ! ,good74 ,,all ,,is ,,intellig5ce2 ,,b ,,?is ,,is ,,diff]5tiat$ ,,into ,,univ]sal ,,& ,,individual4 #ag4 ,h[ c 7^! be+s7 exi/ )9 ,intellig5ce1 & con/itute x1 if !y 7 nei!r 9 t :i* has giv51 nor 9 t :i* has receiv$ ?is fulness1 s9ce1 be=e receiv+ its fulness f ! ,good1 ,intellig5ce _h n yet receiv$ 7^! be+s78 ,x is n necess>y t a pr9ciple %\ld itself possess :at x gives2 9 intelligible ?+s1 x suffices to consid] ! giv] sup]ior1 & ! receiv] inf]ior2 t 7giv+ & receiv+7 is ! cont5t ( g5]ation 9 ! ord] ( v]itable be+s4#ajf ,:at occupies ! front rank mu/ be 9 actualization2 po/]ior ?+s mu/ be 9 pot5tiality ( :at prec$es !m4 ,:at occupies ! front rank is sup]ior to :at occupies ! second rank2 ! giv]1 likewise is sup]ior to ! gift1 because x is bett]4 ,if !n !re be a ,pr9ciple ant]ior to actualization1 x mu/ be sup]ior bo? to actualization & to life2 & because x gave life to ,intellig5ce x is m beautiful1 /ill m v5]able ?an ,life4 ,?us ,intellig5ce receiv$ life1 )\t necessity = ! pr9ciple f :i* x receiv$ life hav+ _h to conta9 any v>iety4 ,life is ! impress ( ,him :o gave x1 b x is n 8 life4 ,:5 ,intellig5ce glanc$ t[>ds ,him1 x 0 indet]m9ate2 z soon z x fix$ its glance on ,him1 x 0 det]m9$ by ,him1 al?\gh ,he himself _h no det]m9ation4 ,z soon inde$ z ,intellig5ce contemplat$ ! ,"o1 ,intellig5ce 0 det]m9$ by ,him1 & f ,him x receiv$ its det]m9ation1 limit & =m4 ,! =m exi/s 9 ! receiv]2 ! giv] has none ( x4 ,?is det]m9ation has n be5 impos$ f )\t on ,intellig5ce z is ! case = ! limit impos$ on "s magnitude2 x is ! det]m9ation *>act]i/ic ( t ,life1 :i* is univ]sal1 multiple & inf9ite1 because x has radiat$ f ! supreme ,nature4 ,t ,life 0 n yet ! life ( any p>ticul> pr9ciple2 o!rwise1 x w\ld h be5 det]m9$ z an individual life4 ,nev]!less x has be5 det]m9$1 & by virtue ( t det]m9ation x is ! life ( a multiple unity4 ,ea* "o ( ! ?+s t con/itute its multiplicity has likewise be5 det]m9$4 ,inde$1 life has be5 det]m9$ z multiplicity 7( be+s7 because ( its own multiplicity2 z unity1 because ( ! v det]m9ation x has receiv$4 ,:at has be5 det]m9$ z unity8 ,intellig5ce1 because x is ! det]m9$ life4 ,:at 0 det]m9$ z multiplicity8 ,! multiplicity ( intellig5ces4 ,ev]y?+ !re=e is intellig5ce2 only1 ! ,intellig5ce t is "o is univ]sal2 :ile ! intellig5ces :i* =m multiplicity are individual4 ,,multiplicity ,,( ,,intellig5ces ,,implies ,,_! ,,mutual ,,diff]5ces4 ,if univ]sal ,intellig5ce comprises all ! individual intellig5ces1 might n ! latt] all be id5tical8 ,no1 = !n !re w\ld be b "o ( !m4 ,! multiplicity ( ! intellig5ces implies !re=e a diff]5ce betwe5 !m4#ajg ,b h[ does ea* diff] f ! o!rs8 ,its diff]5ce resides 9 its be+ "o2 = !re is no id5tity betwe5 ! univ]sal ,intellig5ce1 & any p>ticul> intellig5ce4 ,?us1 9 ,intellig5ce1 life is univ]sal p[]2 ! vision :i* emanates f x is ! p[] ( all ?+s2 & !n ,intellig5ce itself1 :5 x is =m$1 manife/s all ^! ?+s to u4 ,he :o is seat$ above all ( !m is _! pr9ciple1 ?\gh !y d n s]ve ,him z f\ndation2 =1 on ! contr>y1 ,he is ! f\ndation ( ! =m ( ! fir/ =ms1 )\t ,himself hav+ any =ms4 ,9 respect to ! ,s\l1 ,intellig5ce plays ! "p t ! ,fir/ plays 9 respect to ,intellig5ce2 ,intellig5ce %$s its light on ! ,s\l1 &1 to det]m9e h]1 rationalizes h] by communicat+ t ( :i* itself is ! trace4 ,! ,intellect1 !re=e1 is ! trace ( ! ,fir/2 & :ile x is a =m :i* develops 9 plurality1 ! ,fir/ has no %ape nor =m1 s z to give =m to all ! re/4 ,if itself 7 a =m1 ,intellig5ce w\ld be no?+ m ?an ! reason 7! s\l74#ajh ,t is :y ! ,fir/ c\ld n h conta9$ any multiplicity2 o!rwise1 its multiplicity itself w\ld h _h to be trac$ to "s sup]ior pr9ciple4 ,,life1 ,,intellig5ce1 ,,& ,,idea ,,be> ,,! ,,=m ,,( ,,! ,,good4 #ah4 ,9 :at respects d ! 7entities7 :i* are conta9$ by ,intellig5ce seem to be> ! =m ( ! ,good8 ,is x because ea* ( !m is a =m1 or because ea* is beautiful1 or p]haps = "s o!r reason8 ,all t proce$s f ! ,good be>s its *>act]i/ics or impressions1 or at lea/ be>s some?+ d]iv$ f x1 j z t :i* is d]iv$ f ! fire be>s a trace ( ! fire1#aji & z t :i* is d]iv$ f sweetness someh[ betrays x4 ,n[ t1 :i*1 9 ,intellig5ce1 is d]iv$ f ! ,good is life1 = life is born f ! actualization ( ! ,good1 & f ,him aga9 is d]iv$ ! beauty ( =ms4 ,!re=e all ^! ?+s1 life1 intellig5ce1 & idea w be> ! =m ( ,good4 ,,?is ,,=m ,,( ,,! ,,good ,,may1 ,,h[ev]1 ,,exi/ ,,at ,,v>y+ ,,degrees4 ,b :at elem5t is common to !m8 ,x does n suffice = !m to proce$ f ! ,good to h some?+ id5tical2 !y mu/ also h "s common *>act]i/ic2 = a same pr9ciple may give rise to diff]5t ?+s2 or aga91 "o & ! same ?+ may become diff]5t :ile pass+ f ! giv+ pr9ciple into ! receiv]s2 = !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 t :i* con/itutes ! fir/ actualization1 & t :i* is giv5 !reby4 ,?us1 t :i* is 9 ! ?+s ( :i* we speak is already diff]5t4 ,no?+ h9d]s ! *>act]i/ic ( all ^! ?+s 79 life1 intellig5ce & idea7 f be+ ! =m ( ,good1 b ?is =m exi/s at diff]5t degrees 9 ea* ( !m4 ,,intellig5ce ,,& ,,life ,,are ,,only ,,diff]5t ,,degrees ,,( ,,! ,,same ,,reality4 ,9 :i* ( ^! ?+s does ! =m ( ! ,good inh]e 9 ! highe/ degree8 ,! solution ( ?is problem dep5ds on ! foll[+ "o4 ,is life a good m]ely z su*1 ev5 if x 7 life pure & simple8 ,%\ld we n r limit t ^w life to ! life :i* d]ives f ! ,good1 s t m]e proce$+ f ! ,good be a suffici5t *>act]ization ( life8 ,:at is ! nature ( ?is life8 ,is x ! life ( ! ,good8 ,no3 life does n belong to ! ,good2 x only proce$s !refrom4 ,if ! *>act]i/ic ( life be proce$+ f ! ,good1 & if x be real life1 evid5tly ! result w\ld be t no?+ t proce$s f ! ,good w\ld des]ve scorn1 t life z life %\ld be consid]$ good1 t ! same condition ( affairs obta9s ) ! prim>y & v]itable ,intellig5ce1 & t f9ally ea* =m is good & be>s ! =m ( ,good4 ,9 ?is case1 ea* ( ^! 7life1 intellig5ce & idea7 possess a good :i* is ei!r common1 or diff]5t1 or :i* is ( a diff]5t degree4 ,s9ce we h admitt$ t ea* ( ! above-m5tion$ ?+s conta9s a good 9 its be+1 !n x is good *iefly because ( ?is good4 ,?us life is a good1 n 9 s f> z x is m]ely life1 b 9 s f> z x is real life & proce$s f ! ,good4 ,intellig5ce likewise is a good s f> z x ess5tially is intellig5ce2 !re is !re=e "s common elem5t 9 life & intellig5ce4 ,inde$1 :5 "o & ! same attribute is pr$icat$ ( diff]5t be+s1 al?\gh x =m an integral "p ( _! be+1 x may be ab/ract$ !refrom by ?\ght2 ?us f man & horse may be ab/ract$ animal2 f wat] & fire1 heat2 b :at is common 9 ^! be+s is a g5us1 :ile :at is common 9 intellig5ce & life1 is "o & ! same ?+ :i* inh]es 9 "o 9 ! fir/ degree1 & 9 ! o!r 9 ! second4 ,,is ,,! ,,^w ,,good ,a ,,common ,,label ,,or ,a ,,common ,,quality8 ,is x by a m]e play on words t life1 intellig5ce & ideas are call$ good8 ,does ! good con/itute _! be+1 or is ea* good tak5 9 its totality8 ,good c\ld n con/itute ! be+ ( ea* ( !m4 ,are !y !n p>ts ( ! ,good8 ,! ,good1 h[ev]1 is indivisible4 ,! ?+s t are b5ea? x are good = diff]5t reasons4 ,! prim>y actualization 7t proce$s f ! ,good7 is good2 likewise1 ! det]m9ation x receives is good1 & ! totality ( bo? ?+s is good4 ,! actualization is good because x proce$s f ! ,good2 ! det]m9ation1 because x is a p]fection t has emanat$ f ! ,good2 & ! comb9ation ( actualization & det]m9ation because x is _! totality4 ,all ^! ?+s ?us are d]iv$ f "o & ! same pr9ciple1 b nev]!less !y are diff]5t4 ,?us 79 a *oric ballet7 ! voice & ! /ep proce$ f "o & ! same p]son1 9 t !y are all p]fectly regulat$4 ,n[ !y are well regulat$ because !y conta9 ord] & rhy?m4 ,:at !n is ! cont5t 9 ! above-m5tion$ ?+s t w\ld make !m good8 ,b p]haps x may be object$ t if ! voice & /ep are well regulat$1 ea* "o ( !m entirely owes x to "s ext]nal pr9ciple1 s9ce ! ord] is "h appli$ to ! ?+s t diff] f ea* o!r4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! ?+s ( :i* we speak are ea* ( !m good 9 itself4 ,& :y are !y good8 ,x does n suffice to say t !y are good because !y proce$ f ! ,good4 ,d\btless we %all h to grant t !y are preci\s f ! mom5t t !y proce$ f ! ,good1 b reason dem&s t we %all det]m9e t ( :i* _! goodness consi/s4 ,,good ,,_c ,,be ,a ,,desire ,,( ,,! ,,s\l4 #ai4 ,%all ! decision ( :at is good be entru/$ to ! desire ( ! s\l8#aaj ,if we are to tru/ ?is affection ( ! s\l1 we %all be decl>+ t :atev] is desirable = h] is good2 b we w\ld n be seek+ :y ! ,good is desir$4 ,?us1 :ile we use demon/rations to expla9 ! nature ( e entity1 we w\ld be tru/+ to desire = ! det]m9ation ( ! ,good4 ,su* a proce$+ w\ld l& u 9 sev]al absurdities4 ,fir/1 ! ,good w\ld only be an attribute4 ,!n1 s9ce our s\l has sev]al desires1 & ea* ( ! latt] has diff]5t objects1 we w\ld n be able to decide :i* ( ^! objects w\ld be ! be/1 accord+ to desire4 ,x w\ld be impossible to decide :at w\ld be bett] be=e we "k :at is good4 ,,no ,,ne$ ,,to ,,seek ,,! ,,cause ,,( ,,good ,,z ,,9 ,,! ,,intelligible ,,! ,,cause ,,co9cides ,,) ,,! ,,nature4 ,%all we !n def9e ! good z ! virtue *>act]i/ic ( ea* be+ 7z say ! ,/oics78 ,9 ?is case1 by /rictly foll[+ 7! c\rse ( dialectics7 we w\ld r$uce ! ,good to be+ a =m & a reason4 ,b1 hav+ arriv$ !re1 :at %\ld we answ] if we 7 ask$ on :at gr\nds ^! ?+s !mselves are good8 ,9 imp]fect ?+s1 x seems easy to di/+ui% ! good1 ev5 ?\gh x be n pure2 b 9 intelligible ?+s we may n imm$iately succe$ 9 discov]+ ! ,good by comp>ison ) ! inf]ior ?+s4 ,z !re is no evil on high 79 ! intelligible _w71 & z excell5t ?+s exi/ 9 !mselves1 we f9d ourselves emb>rass$4 ,p]haps we are emb>rass$ only because we seek ! cause 7:yness7 7( ! good71 :]eas ! cause 7:yness7 is "h id5tical ) ! nature 7:atness71 z intelligible entities are good 9 !mselves4 ,nor w\ld we h solv$ ! problem if we 7 to assign "s o!r cause 7( ! ,good71 su* z ! div9ity1 to :i* our reason has n yet =c$ u to repair4 ,h[ev]1 we _c retire1 & we mu/ seek to arrive by "s o!r road to some?+ satisfactory4 ,,py?agorean ,,oppositions ,,are ,,also ,,wor?less ,,z ,,explanations ,,( ,,good4 #bj4 ,s9ce !re=e we h giv5 up desires z =ms 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! nature & quality 7( ! good71 %all we h rec\rse to o!r rules1 su* z1 = in/ance 7! ,py?agorean#ajd7 oppositions1 su* z ord] & disord]1 proportion & disproportion1 heal? & sickness1 =m & =mlessness1 be+ & de/ruction1 consi/5ce & its lack8 ,:o inde$ w\ld hesitate to attribute to ! =m ( good ^? *>act]i/ics :i* con/itute ! fir/ memb] ( ea* ( ^! opposition-pairs8 ,if s1 ! effici5t causes ( ^! *>act]i/ics w also h to be trac$ to ! good2 = virtue1 life1 intellig5ce & wisdom are compris$ )9 ! =m ( good1 z be+ ?+s desir$ by ! s\l t is wise4 ,,good ,,n ,,def9$ ,,by ,,intellig5ce1 ,,z ,,! ,,s\l ,,has ,,o!r ,,aspirations4 ,x w fur!r be sugge/$ 7by foll[]s ( ,ari/otle7 t we /op at ,intellig5ce1 pr$icat+ goodness ( x4 ,= life & s\l are images ( ,intellig5ce4 ,x is to ,intellig5ce t ! s\l aspires1 x is accord+ to ,intellig5ce t ! s\l judges1 x is on ,intellig5ce t ! s\l regulates h]self1 :5 %e pron\nces t ju/ice is bett] ?an inju/ice1 9 pref]r+ e k9d ( virtue to e k9d ( vice1 & 9 hold+ 9 high e/imation :at %e consid]s pref]able4 ,un=tunately1 ! s\l does n aspire to ,intellig5ce exclusively4 ,z might be demon/rat$ 9 a long discussion1 ,intellig5ce is n ! supreme goal to :i* we aspire1 & n ev]y?+ aspires to ,intellig5ce1 :il/ ev]y?+ aspires to ! ,good4 ,! 7be+s7 :i* d n possess intellig5ce d n all seek to possess x1 :ile ^? :o d possess x1 d n limit !mselves to x4 ,intellig5ce is s\ght only z ! result ( a tra9 ( reason+1 :il/ ,good is desir$ ev5 be=e reason comes into play4 ,if ! object ( desire be to live1 to exi/ always1 & to be active1 ?is object is n desir$ because ( ,intellig5ce1 b because ( its be+ good1 inasmu* z ! ,good is its pr9ciple & its goal4 ,x is only 9 ?is respect t life is desirable4 ,,! ,,good ,,is ,,intellig5ce ,,& ,,prim>y ,,life4 #ba4 ,:at !n is ! "o & only cause to ^: pres5ce is due ! goodness 7( life1 intellig5ce & idea78 ,let u n hesitate to say3 ,intellig5ce & prim>y ,life be> ! =m ( ,good2 x is on ?is acc\nt alone t !y are desirable2 !y be> ! =m ( ,good 9 ?is respect1 t ! prim>y ,life is ! actualization ( ! ,good1 or r ! actualization t proce$s f ! ,good1 & t intellig5ce is det]m9ation ( ?is actualization4 7,intellig5ce & prim>y ,life7 are fasc9at+1 & ! s\l seeks !m because !y proce$ f ! ,good2 nev]!less ! s\l aspires to !m 7only7 because !y fit h]1 & n because !y are good 9 !mselves4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! s\l c\ld n disda9 !m because !y be> ! =m ( good2 ?\gh#aab we c disda9 some?+ ev5 ?\gh x be suitable to u1 if x be n a good besides4#aab ,x is true t we p]mit ourselves to be allur$ by di/ant & inf]ior objects1 & may ev5 feel = !m a passionate love2 b t occurs only :5 !y h some?+ m ?an _! natural condition1 & :5 "s p]fection desc5ds on !m f on high4 ,j z ! bodies1 :ile conta9+ a light m+l$ ) _! 7sub/ance71 nev]!less ne$ illum9ation by "s o!r light to br+ out _! colors1#aac s ! intelligible entities1 9 spite ( ! light t !y conta91 ne$ to receive "s o!r m p[]ful light1 s z to become visible1 bo? = !mselves1 & = o!rs4 ,,good ,,consi/s ,,9 ,,illum9ation ,,by ,,! ,,extreme4 #bb4 ,:5 ! s\l p]ceives ! light ?us %$ by ! ,good on ! intelligible entities1 %e flies t[>ds !m1 ta/+ an indescribable bliss 9 ! contemplation ( ! light t illum9ates !m4 ,likewise "h bel[1 we d n l ! bodies = !mselves1 b = ! beauty t %imm]s 9 !m4#aad ,ea* intelligible entity owes its nature to none b to itself2 b x only becomes desirable :5 ! ,good1 s to speak1 illum9ates & colors x1 brea?+ grace into ! desir$ object1 & inspir+ love into ! desir+ he>t4 ,z soon z ! s\l reacts to ! influ5ce ( ! ,good1 %e feels emotion1 swells ) fancy1 is /ung by desire1 & love is born )9 h]4#aae ,be=e react+ to ! influ5ce ( good %e feels no transports :5 fac+ ! beauty ( ,intellig5ce2 = ?is beauty is dead s long z x is n irradiat$ by ! ,good4 ,consequ5tly ! s\l /ill rema9s depress$ & b[$ d[n1 cold & torpid1 9 front ( ,intellig5ce4 ,b z soon z %e feels ! g5tle w>m? ( ! ,good1 %e is refre%$1 %e awakes1 & spreads h] w+s2 & in/ead ( /opp+ to admire ! ,intellig5ce 9 front ( h]1 %e rises by ! aid ( rem9isc5ce to a /ill high] pr9ciple 7! ,fir/74 ,s long z !re is any?+ sup]ior to :at %e possesses1 %e rises1 allur$ by h] natural lean+ = ! ,inspir] ( love2 s %e passes ?r\gh ! region ( ,intellig5ce1 & /ops at ! ,good because !re is no?+ beyond4 ,s long z %e contemplates ,intellig5ce1 %e surely enjoys a noble & magnific5t spectacle1 b %e does n yet fully possess ! object ( h] se>*4 ,su* w\ld be a human c\nt5ance1 :i*1 9 spite ( its beauty1 is n attractive1 = lack ( ! *>m ( grace4 ,beauty is1 inde$1 r ! spl5dor t enhalos proportion1 ?an proportion itself2 & x is prop]ly ?is spl5dor :i* *all5ges love4 ,:y inde$ does beauty %9e radiantly on ! face ( a liv+ p]son1 & yet leave h>dly a trace aft] dea?1 ev5 :5 ! complexion & features are n yet m>r$8 ,:y1 among diff]5t /atues1 d ! mo/ life-l ones seem m beautiful ?an o!rs t may be bett] proportion$8 ,:y is a liv+ be+1 ?\gh ugly1 m beautiful ?an a pictur$ "o1 ev5 ?\gh ! latt] 7 ! mo/ h&some imag9able8 ,! secret is t ! liv+ =m seems to u mo/ desirable1 because x possesses a liv+ s\l1 because x is mo/ assimilat$ to ! ,good2 because ! s\l is color$ by ! light ( ! ,good1 & because1 enlight5$ by ! ,good %e is m wakeful & light]1 & because 9 h] turn %e light5s ! burd5s1 awakes1 & causes p>ticipation ( ! ,good1 s f> z %e may be able1 9 ! body )9 :i* %e resides4 ,,! ,,supreme ,,is ,,! ,,good ,,because ,,( ,,8 ,,supremacy4 #bc4 ,s9ce x is ?is ,pr9ciple :i* ! s\l pursues1 :i* illum9ates ,intellig5ce1 & ^: lea/ trace ar\ses 9 u s great an emotion1 !re is no gr\nd = a/oni%m5t if x possess ! p[] ( ex]t+ its fasc9ation on all be+s1 & if all re/ 9 ,him )\t seek+ any?+ beyond4 ,if inde$ ev]y?+ proce$s f ?is pr9ciple1 !n !re is no?+ bett]1 & ev]y?+ else is bel[ ,him4 ,n[1 h[ c\ld ! be/ ( be+s fail to be ! ,good8 ,if ! ,good be entirely self-suffici5t1 & h ne$ ( no?+ else1 :at c\ld x be except ! ,"o :o 0 :at ,he is be=e all o!r ?+s1 :5 evil did n yet exi/8 ,if all evils be po/]ior to ,him1 if !y exi/ only 9 ! objects t 9 no way p>ticipate 9 ! ,good1 & :i* occupy ! la/ rank1 if no evil exi/ among ! intelligibles1 & if !re be no?+ worse ?an evil 7j z !re is no?+ bett] ?an ! ,good71 !n evils are 9 complete opposition to ?is pr9ciple1 & x c\ld be no?+ else4 ,to d5y ! exi/5ce ( ! ,good1 we w\ld also h to d5y ! exi/5ce ( evil2 & ! result w\ld be a complete indiff]5ce ( *oice betwe5 any two p>ticul> ?+s2 :i* is absurd4 ,all o!r ?+s call$ good ref] to ,him1 :ile ,he ref]s to no?+ else4 ,,! ,,good ,,z ,,creator ,,& ,,pres]v]4 ,b if ?is be ! nature ( ! ,good1 :at does ,he d8 ,he made ,intellig5ce1 & life4 ,by ! int]m$iation ( ,intellig5ce1 ,he made ! s\ls & all ! o!r be+s t p>ticipate 9 ,intellig5ce1 9 ,reason1 or 9 ,life4 ,moreov]1 :o c\ld express ! goodness ( ,him :o is _! s\rce & pr9ciple8 ,b :at is ,he do+ at ! pres5t "t8 ,he pres]ves :at ,he has begott51 ,he inspires ! ?\ght 9 ^? :o ?9k1 ,he vivifies ! liv+1 by ,8 _s1#aaf ,he imp>ts to all 7be+s7 intellig5ce & life1 & to ^? :o are unable to receive life1 at lea/ exi/5ce4 ,,_m ,,fur!r ,,que/ions ,,ab\t ,,! ,,good2 ,,= ,,! ,,individual ,,x ,,is ,,illum9ation4 #bd4 ,& :at is ,he do+ = u8 ,to answ] ?is "q1 we w\ld /ill h to expla9 ! light by :i* ,intellig5ce is illum9at$1 & 9 :i* ! ,s\l p>ticipates4 ,b we %all h to po/pone ?is discussion1 & m5tion v>i\s o!r que/ions :i* may be ask$4 ,is ! ,good goodness1 & does x receive ?is "n because x is desirable = "s be+8 ,is t :i* is desirable = "s be+ ! good ( ?is be+1 & d we call ! ,good t :i* is desirable = all be+s8 ,is be+ desirable n r a simple *>act]i/ic ( ! ,good1 & mu/ n t :i* is desirable h a nature su* t x w\ld des]ve ! "n ( ,good8#aag ,besides1 d ! be+s t desire ! ,good desire x because !y receive f x some?+1 or m]ely because possession !re( causes bliss8 ,if !y d receive some?+ f x1 :at does x consi/ (8 ,if ! possession ( ! ,good give !m joy1 :y %\ld _! joy come f possession ( ! ,good1 r ?an f possession ( any?+ else8 ls ! ,good su* by :at is *>act]i/ic ( x1 or by some?+ else8 ,is ! ,good an attribute ( "s o!r be+1 or is ! ,good good = itself8 ,mu/ n ! ,good r be good = o!rs1 )\t be+ good = itself8 ,= :om anyway is ! ,good good8 ,= !re is a c]ta9 nature 7matt]7 = :i* no?+ is good4 ,,attribut+ ,,good ,,to ,,life ,,is ,,only ,,! ,,result ,,( ,,fe> ,,( ,,dea?4 ,nor c we ignore an objection rais$ by an oppon5t :o is difficult to conv9ce 7,plato's ,philebus73 ,well1 my fri5ds1 :at !n is ?is entity t y celebrate 9 su* pomp\s t]ms1 ceaselessly repeat+ t life & intellig5ce are goods1 al?\gh y said t ! ,good is above !m8 ,:at sort ( a good might ! ,intellect be8 ,:at sort ( a good %\ld 7a man7 h1 :o ?9ks ! ,ideas !mselves1 contemplat+ ev]y?+ 9 itself8 ,p]haps1 inde$1 a man1 :5 he enjoys ^! 7,ideas & contemplations71 might be deceiv$ into call+ !m a good m]ely because he happ5$ to be 9 pleasant circum/ances2 b %\ld ^! circum/ances become unpleasant1 on :at gr\nds w\ld he call !m a good8 ,m]ely because !y 7possess7 exi/5ce8 ,b :at pleasure or b5efit c\ld ?is af=d him8 ,if he did n consid] self-love z ! f\ndation !re(1 :at diff]5ce c\ld !re be = him betwe5 exi/5ce & non-exi/5ce8 ,x is !re=e to ?is natural physical error 7( self-love71 & to ! fe> ( dea?1 t we mu/ trace ! cause ( ! ascription ( good to intellig5ce & life4#aah ,,plato',s ,,answ] ,,to ,,philebus3 ,,!re ,,are ,,two ,,goods1 ,,! ,,human ,,& ,,! ,,univ]sal4 #be4 ,plato !re=e m+l$ ! ,good ) pleasure1 & did n posit ! ,good exclusively 9 ,intellig5ce1 z he wrote 9 ! ,philebus4#aai ,appreciat+ ?is difficulty1 he v rightly decid$ on "o h& t good did n consi/ 9 pleasure alone1 & on ! o!r1 t x did n consi/ 9 intellig5ce alone1 inasmu* z he fail$ to discov] 9 x any?+ to ar\se our desire4 ,p]haps ,plato _h /ill ano!r motive 79 call+ ! ,good a mixture71 because he ?\ght t1 ) su* a nature1 ! ,good is necess>ily full ( *>m1 desirable bo? = ! seek] & ! f9d]2 :5ce x w\ld result t he :o is n *>m$ has n f\nd ! ,good1 & t1 if he :o desires be n happy1 he evid5tly does n yet possess ! ,good4 ,x is n )\t a reason 7t ,plato =m$ ?is conception ( ! ,good72 = he 0 n seek+ to det]m9e ! univ]sal ,good1 b ! good ( man2 & z su* human good ref]s to 7man1 :o is7 a be+ diff]5t f ! absolute ,good1 !n x becomes = him some?+ diff]5t f ! ,good 9 itself2 & w\ld !re=e be defective & composite4 ,t is :y 7accord+ to ,plato71 t :i* is alone & s+le has no good1 b is good 9 ano!r & a high] s5se4 ,,! ,,ari/otelian ,,supreme ,,good4#abj ,! good mu/ !n be desirable2 b x is good n because x is desirable1 b x is desirable because x is good4#aba ,?us 9 ! ord] ( be+s1 ris+ f ! la/ to ! ,fir/1 x w be f\nd t ! good ( ea* ( !m is 9 ! "o imm$iately prec$+1 s long z ?is asc5d+ scale rema9 proportionate & increas+4 ,!n we w /op at ,him :o occupies ! supreme rank1 beyond :i* !re is no?+ m to seek4 ,t is ! ,fir/1 ! v]itable1 ! sov]eign ,good1 ! au?or ( all goodness 9 o!r be+s4 ,! good ( matt] is =m2 = if matt] became capable ( s5sation x w\ld receive x ) pleasure4 ,! good ( ! body is ! s\l2 = )\t h] x c\ld nei!r exi/ nor la/4 ,! good ( ! s\l is virtue2 & !n high] 7waits71 ,intellig5ce4 ,la/1 ! good ( ,intellig5ce is ! pr9ciple call$ ! ,prim>y nature4 ,ea* ( ^! goods produces some?+ )9 ! object ^: good x is4 ,x conf]s ord] & beauty 7z =m does on matt]72 or life 7z ! s\l does on ! body72 or wisdom & happ9ess 7z intellig5ce does on s\l74 ,la/1 ! ,good communicates to ,intellig5ce its influx1 & actualization emanat+ f ! ,good1 & %$d+ on ,intellig5ce :at has be5 call$ ! light ( ! ,good4 ,! nature ( ?is we %all /udy lat]4 ,,! ,,true ,,good ,,implies ,a ,,c\nt]feit ,,good4 #bf4 ,recognition ( goodness & s-call$ possession !re( consi/ ( enjoym5t ( ! pres5ce ( good by ! be+ :o has receiv$ f nature ! faculty ( s5sation4 ,h[ c\ld x make a mi/ake ab\t ! matt]8 ,! possibility ( its be+ deceiv$ implies ! exi/5ce ( "s c\nt]feit2 9 ?is case1 ! error ( ?is be+ 0 caus$ by t :i* resembl$ its good2 = ?is be+ )draws f :at _h deceiv$ x z soon z ! ,good pres5ts itself4 ,! exi/5ce ( a p>ticul> good = ea* be+ is demon/rat$ by its desire & incl9ation4 ,d\btless1 ! inanimate be+ receives its good f )\t2 b1 9 ! animat$ be+1 ! desire spontane\sly />ts to pursue ! ,good4 ,t is :y lifeless bodies are ! objects ( solicitude & c>e ( liv+ be+s1 :ile ! liv+ be+s wat* ov] !mselves4 ,,! ,,good ,,_c ,,be ,,pleasure ,,:i* ,,is ,,*angeable ,,& ,,re/less4 ,n[ :5 a be+ has atta9$ ! good x 0 pursu+ x is sure ( possess+ x z soon z x feels t x is bett]1 feels no regret1 is satisfi$1 takes pleasure !re91 & seeks no?+ beyond4 ,:at %[s ! insuffici5cy ( pleasure is t "o does n always l ! same ?+2 d\btless pleasure ev] *>ms1 b ! object :i* produces x is n ! same2 x is always ! newe/ object t pleases mo/4 ,n[ ! good to :i* we aspire mu/ n be a simple affection1 exi/+ only 9 him :o feels x2 = he :o mi/akes ?is affection = ! ,good rema9s unsatisfi$1 he has no?+ b an affection t somebody else might equally feel 9 pres5ce ( ! ,good4 ,consequ5tly no "o w succe$ 9 mak+ himself enjoy a pleasure he has n a*iev$#abb2 su* z1 = in/ance1 rejoic+ 9 ! pres5ce ( an abs5t son2 or1 = a glutton to reli% imag9>y food2 or1 = a lov]1 to tremble at ! t\* ( 8 abs5t mi/ress1 or 7to ?rill 9 a !oretic7 orgasm4 ,a ,,?+',s ,,good ,,is ,,its ,,=m2 ,,or1 ,,its ,,intimacy ,,) ,,itself4 #bg4 ,:at is ! ess5tial ( a be+'s nature8 ,=m4 ,matt] a*ieves 7recognition7 ?r\gh its =m2 & a s\l's de/9y is realiz$ by ! virtue :i* is its =m4 ,next we may ask :e!r ?is =m be a good = a be+ m]ely because x suits its 7nature78 ,does desire pursue t :i* is suitable to x1 or n8 ,no3 a be+ is suit$ by its l2 n[1 ?\gh a be+ seek & love its l1 its possession does n imply ! possession ( its good4 ,are we !n n imply+ t some?+ is suitable to a be+1 on ! /r5g? ( its be+ ! good ( t be+8 ,! det]m9ation ( :at is suitable to a be+ belongs to ! sup]ior ,be+ ( :om ! l[] be+ is a pot5tiality4 ,:5 a be+ is ! pot5tiality ( "s o!r1 ! be+ ne$s ! o!r2 n[ ! ,be+ :i* x ne$s because x is sup]ior is1 by t v fact1 its good4 ,( all ?+s matt] is ! mo/ indig5t1 & ! =m suitable to x is ! la/ ( all2 b1 above x1 "o may gradually asc5d4 ,consequ5tly1 if a be+ be good = itself1 s mu* ! m w x consid] good :at is its p]fection & =m1 namely1 ! be+ t is bett] ?an x1 because ( a sup]ior nature1 & ( supply+ ! good 7( ! l[] be+74 ,b :y %\ld t :i* a be+ receives f a sup]ior ,be+ be its good8 ,is x n ?is because x is em95tly suit$ to x8 ,no3 ,x is s m]ely because x is a portion ( ! ,good4 ,t is :y ! pure/ & be/ ,be+s are ^? t h mo/ intimacy ) !mselves4#abd ,besides x is absurd to seek ! cause :y :at is good1 is good = itself2 z if1 by ! m]e fact ( its be+ good1 x %\ld betray its own nature & n love itself4 ,nev]!less1 speak+ ( simple be+s1 x might be ask$ :e!r a be+ :i* does n conta9 sev]al ?+s diff]5t f ea* o!r ei!r possesses intimacy ) itself1 or c be good = itself4 ,,pleasure ,,may ,,accompany ,,! ,,good1 ,,b ,,! ,,good ,,is ,,indep5d5t ,,!re(4 ,n[1 if all t has be5 said be "r1 x is only a gradual upw>d analysis t reveals ! good t is suitable to ! nature ( any be+4 ,desire does n con/itute ! good1 b is born f its pres5ce4 ,^? :o acquire ! good receive some?+ f x4 ,pleasure accompanies ! acquirem5t ( good2 b ev5 %\ld pleasure n accompany ! good1 ! good %\ld1 none ! less be *os51 & s\ght = its own sake4 ,,matt] ,,is ,,improv$ ,,by ,,=m1 ,,! ,,dream ,,( ,,! ,,good4 #bh4 ,let u consid] ! implications ( ! pr9ciples we h /udi$4 ,if t :i* a be+ receives z good be ev]y:]e a =m1 if ! good ( matt] be a =m1 we might ask ourselves :e!r matt]1 grant+ x "h ! faculty ( volition1 w\ld ev5 wi% to be a =m8 ,su* a wi% w\ld be tantam\nt to a wi% to be de/roy$4 7,b matt] c\ld n wi% ?is71 = e be+ seeks its own good4 ,b p]haps matt] might n wi% to be matt]1 b simply to be ess5ce2 possess+ :i*1 matt] w\ld wi% to free itself f all ! evil )9 x4 ,b h[ c t :i* is evil 7= su* is ! nature ( matt]7 desire ! good8#abe ,besides1 we are n attribut+ desire to matt] itself4 ,x 0 only to meet ! exig5cies ( ! discussion t we employ$ ! hypo!sis :i* accord$ s5sibility to matt]1 if inde$ x c be grant$ to matt] )\t de/roy+ its nature4 ,we h at lea/ %[n t :5 =m has come1 z a dream ( ! ,good1#abf to unite itself to matt]1 ! latt] f\nd itself 9 a bett] condition4 ,,matt] ,,is ,,n ,,wick$ness1 ,,b ,,neutral ,,evil4 ,all we h said above goes on ! assumption t matt] is ! evil4 ,b if x 7 some?+ else1 z1 = in/ance1 malice1 & if ! ess5ce ( matt] 7 to receive s5sation1 w\ld intimacy ) :at is bett] /ill be ! good ( matt]8 ,b if x 7 n ! malice itself ( matt] :i* *oose ! good1 x 0 :at _h become evil 9 matt]4 ,if ! ess5ce 7( matt]7 7 id5tical ) evil1 h[ c\ld matt] wi% to possess ?is good8 ,w\ld evil love itself1 if x _h self-consci\sness8 ,b h[ c\ld t :i* is n lovable be lov$8 ,= we h demon/rat$ t a be+'s good does n consi/ 9 t :i* is suitable to x4 ,en\gh ab\t ?is1 h[ev]4 ,,! ,,good ,,is ,a ,,nature ,,:i* ,,possesses ,,no ,,k9d ,,( ,,=m ,,itself4 ,b if ! good be ev]y:]e a =m2 if1 9 ! measure t "o rises 7along ! ladd] ( be+s71 !re is a progression 9 ! =m--= ! s\l is m ( a =m ?an ! =m ( ! body2 9 ! s\l h]self !re are graduat$ =ms1 & intellig5ce is m ( a =m ?an ! s\l--! good foll[s a progression evid5tly inv]se to t ( matt]2 ! ,good exi/s 9 t :i* is purifi$ & fre$ f matt]1 & exi/s !re 9 proportion to its purity 7f matt]72 s x exi/s 9 ! highe/ degree 9 t :i* lays aside all mat]iality4 ,f9ally1 ! ,good 9 itself1 be+ entirely sep>at$ f all matt]2 or r1 nev] hav+ _h any contact ) x1 con/itutes a nature :i* has no k9d ( =m1 & f :i* proce$s ! fir/ =m 7,intellig5ce74 ,b ( ?is m lat]4#abg ,,! ,,indep5d5ce ,,( ,,! ,,good ,,f ,,pleasure ,,prov$ ,,by ,,! ,,temp]ate ,,man4 #bi4 ,suppos+ !n t ! pleasure does n accompany ! good1 b t ant]ior to pleasure !re h exi/$ some?+ :i* w\ld h naturally giv5 rise to x 7because ( its goodness72 :y !n might n ! good be consid]$ lovable8 ,b ! m]e ass]tion t good is lovable1 already implies t x is accompani$ by pleasure4 ,b suppos+ n[ t ! good c\ld exi/ )\t be+ lovable 7& consequ5tly n accompani$ by pleasure74 ,9 t case1 ev5 9 pres5ce ( ! good1 ! be+ t possesses s5sibility w n "k t ! good is pres5t4 ,:at w\ld h[ev] h9d] a be+ f kn[+ ! pres5ce ( ! good )\t feel+ any emotion at its possession1 :i* w\ld exactly repres5t ! case ( ! temp]ate man :o lacks no?+8 ,! result w\ld be t pleasure c\ld n be suitable to ! ,fir/ 7be+71 n only because ,he is simple1 b also because pleasure results f ! acquisition ( :at is lack+ 7& ! ,fir/ lacks no?+1 !re=e c\ld n feel pleasure74 ,,ev5 ,,scorn ,,( ,,life ,,implies ,,! ,,exi/5ce ,,( ,,! ,,good4 ,b1 9 ord] t ?is tru? may appe> 9 its full light1 we %all fir/ h to cle> away all ! o!r op9ions1 & especially h to refute ! tea*+ opposite to ours4 ,?is is ! "q ask$ ( u3 ,:at w be ! fruit ga!r$ by him :o has ! intellig5ce necess>y to acquire "o ( ^! goods 7su* z exi/5ce & life71 if on he>+ !m nam$1 he be n impress$ !reby1 because he does n und]/& !m1 ei!r because !y seem to him no m ?an words1 or because 8 conception ( ea* ( ^! ?+s %\ld diff] 7f our view ( !m71 or because 9 8 se>* = ! ,good he seeks "s s5se-object1 su* z weal?1 or ! l8 ,! p]son :o ?us scorns ^! ?+s 7exi/5ce & life71 !reby implicitly recognizes t !re is )9 him a c]ta9 good1 b t1 )\t kn[+ 9 :at x consi/s1 he nev]!less values ^! ?+s accord+ to 8 own notion ( ! ,good2 = x is impossible to say1 t is n ! good1 )\t hav+ "s sort ( k ( ! good1#abh or acqua9tance !re)4 ,! above speak] seems to betray a suspicion t ! ,good 9 itself is above ,intellig5ce4 ,besides1 if 9 consid]+ ! ,good 9 itself1 or ! good :i* mo/ approa*es x1 he d n disc]n x1 he w nev]!less succe$ 9 gett+ a conception ( x by its contr>ies2 o!rwise1 he w\ld n ev5 "k t ! lack ( intellig5ce is an evil1 ?\gh e man desire to be intellig5t1 & glory 9 be+ su*1 z is se5 by ! s5sations :i* aspire to become notions4 ,if intellig5ce1 & especially prim>y ,intellig5ce1 be beautiful & v5]able1 :at admiration might n !n be felt by him :o c\ld contemplate ! g5]at+ pr9ciple1 ! ,fa!r ( ,intellig5ce8#abi ,consequ5tly1 he :o affects to scorn exi/5ce & life receives a refutation f himself & f all ! affections he feels4 ,!y :o are disgu/$ ( life are ^? :o consid] n ! true life1 b ! life :i* is m+l$ ) dea?4 ,,two ,,int]pretations ,,( ,,plato',s ,,op9ion ,,ab\t ,,! ,,good4 #cj4 ,n[1 ris+ 9 ?\ght to ! ,good1 we mu/ exam9e :e!r pleasure mu/ be m+l$ ) ! ,good to keep life f rema9+ imp]fect1 ev5 if we %\ld1 besides1 contemplate ! div9e ?+s1 & ev5 ,him :o is _! pr9ciple4 ,:5 7,plato#aai7 seems to believe t ! good is compos$ ( intellig5ce1 z subject1 & also ( affection :i* wisdom makes ! s\l exp]i5ce1 he is n ass]t+ t ?is bl5d 7( intellig5ce & pleasure7 is ei!r ! goal 7( ! s\l71 or ! ,good 9 itself4 ,he only means t intellig5ce is ! good1 & t we enjoy its possession4 ,?is is a fir/ int]pretation ( 7,plato's7 op9ion ab\t ! ,good4 ,ano!r int]pretation is t to m+le intellig5ce ) pleasure is to make a s+le subject ( bo? ( !m1 s t 9 acquir+ or 9 contemplat+ su* an intellig5ce we possess ! good2 = 7accord+ to ! p>tisans ( ?is op9ion71 "o ( ^! ?+s c\ld n exi/ 9 isolation1 nor1 suppos+ t x c\ld s exi/1 x w\ld n be desirable z a good4 ,b 7%all we ask !m71 h[ c intellig5ce be m+l$ ) pleasure s z to =m a p]fect fusion !re)8 ,nobody c\ld be made to believe t ! pleasure ( ! body c\ld be m+l$ ) ,intellig5ce2 su* pleasure is incompatible ev5 ) ! joys ( ! s\l4 ,,pleasure ,,is ,,inde$ ,,an ,,accessory ,,to ,,all ,,goods ,,( ,,! ,,s\l4 ,! elem5t ( tru? 9 all ?is1 h[ev]1 is t e action1 disposition & life is jo9$ by "s accessory 7pleasure or pa97 t unites ) x4 ,inde$1 sometimes action meets an ob/acle to its natural accompli%m5t1 & life is affect$ by ! mixture ( a little ( its contr>y1 :i* limits its indep5d5ce2 sometimes1 h[ev]1 action is produc$ )\t any?+ tr\bl+ its purity & s]5ity1 & !n life fl[s along a tranquil c\rse4 ,^? :o consid] t ?is /ate ( intellig5ce is desirable1 & pref]able to ev]y?+ else1 9 _! inability to express _! ?\ghts m def9itely1 say t x is m+l$ ) pleasure4 ,su* likewise is ! mean+ ( expressions us$ by ^? :o apply to div9e ?+s t]ms int5d$ to express joy "h bel[1 & :o say1 ,he is intoxicat$ ) nect>6 ,let u to ! banquet6 ,jupit] smiles6#acj ,?is happy /ate ( intellig5ce is t :i* is ! mo/ agreeable1 ! mo/ wor?y ( our wi%es1 & ( our love2 nor is x transitory1 & does n consi/ 9 a movem5t2 its pr9ciple is t :i* colors intellig5ce1 illum9es x1 & makes x enjoy a sweet s]5ity4 ,t is :y ,plato#aca adds to ! mixture tru?1 & puts above x t :i* gives measure4 ,he also adds t ! proportion & ! beauty :i* are 9 ! mixture pass f !re into ! beautiful4 ,t is ! good t belongs to u1 t is ! fate t awaits u4 ,t is ! supreme object ( desire1 an object t we w a*ieve on condition ( draw+ ourselves up to t :i* is be/ 9 u4 ,n[ ?is ?+ full ( proportion & beauty1 ?is =m compos$ 7( ! elem5ts ( :i* we h spok571 is no?+ else b a life full ( radiance1 intellig5ce & beauty4 ,,! ,,s\l ,,scorn+ ,,all ,,?+s ,,bel[ ,,rises ,,to ,,! ,,good4 #ca4 ,s9ce all ?+s h be5 embelli%$ by ,him :o is above !m1 & h receiv$ _! light f ,him2 s9ce ,intellig5ce d]ives f ,him ! spl5dor ( its intellectual actualization2 by :i* spl5dor x illum9ates nature2 s9ce f ,him also ! s\l d]ives h] vital p[]1 because %e f9ds 9 ,him an abundant s\rce ( life2 consequ5tly1 ,intellig5ce has ris5 to ,him1 & has rema9$ atta*$ to ,him1 satisfi$ 9 ! bliss ( ,8 pres5ce2 consequ5tly also ! s\l1 to ! utmo/ ( h] ability1 turn$ t[>ds ,him1 =1 z soon z %e has kn[n ,him & se5 ,him1 %e 01 by h] contemplation1 fill$ ) bliss2 &1 s f> z %e c\ld see ,him1 %e 0 ov]:elm$ ) rev]5ce4 ,%e c\ld n see ,him )\t be+ impress$ ) ! feel+ t %e _h )9 h]self some?+ ( ,him2 x 0 ?is disposition ( h]s t l$ h] to desire to see ,him1 z ! image ( "s lovable object makes "o wi% to be able to contemplate x oneself4 ,"h bel[1 lov]s try to resemble ! belov$ object1 to r5d] _! body m graci\s1 to con=m _! s\l to _! model1 by temp]ance & ! o!r virtues to rema9 z little inf]ior z possible to ,him :om !y love1 = fe> ( be+ scorn$ by ,him2 & ?us !y succe$ 9 enjoy+ intimacy ) ,him4#acb ,likewise1 ! s\l loves ! ,good1 because1 f ! v beg9n+ %e is provok$ to love ,him4 ,:5 %e is ready to love1 %e does n wait = ! beauties "h bel[ to give h] ! rem9isc5ce ( ! ,good2 full ( love1 ev5 :5 %e does n "k :at %e possesses1 %e is ev] seek+2 & inflam$ ) ! desire to rise to ! ,good1 %e scorns ! ?+s "h bel[4 ,consid]+ ! beauties pres5t$ by our univ]se1 %e suspects t !y are deceptive1 because %e sees !m clo!d ^u ) fle%1 & unit$ to our bodies1 soil$ by ! matt] :]e !y reside1 divid$ by ext5sion1 & %e does n recognize !m z real beauties1 = %e _c believe t ! latt] c\ld plunge into ! mire ( ^! bodies1 soil+ & obscur+ !mselves4#acc ,la/1 :5 ! s\l obs]ves t ! beauties "h bel[ are 9 a p]petual flux1 %e cle>ly recognizes t !y d]ive ?is spl5dor ) :i* !y %9e1 f else:]e4#acd ,!n %e rises to ! intelligible _w2 be+ capable ( discov]+ :at %e loves1 %e does n /op be=e hav+ f\nd x1 unless %e be made to lose h] love4 ,hav+ arriv$ !re1 %e contemplates all ! true beauties1 ! true realities#ace2 %e refre%es h]self by fill+ h]self up ) ! life prop] to ess5ce4 ,%e h]self becomes g5u9e ess5ce4 ,%e fuses ) ! ,intelligible :i* %e really possesses1 & 9 its pres5ce %e has ! feel+ 7( hav+ f\nd7 :at %e 0 seek+ s long4 ,,! ,,au?or ,,( ,,?is ,,p]fection ,,mu/ ,,be ,,above ,,x4 #cb4 ,:]e !n is ,he :o has creat$ ?is v5]able beauty1 & ?is p]fect life8 ,:]e is ,he :o has begott5 be+8 ,d y see ! beauty t %9es 9 all ^! =ms s v>i\s8 ,x is well to dwell !re2 b :5 "o has ?us arriv$ at beauty1 "o is =c$ to seek ! s\rce ( ^! ess5ces & ( _! beauty4 ,_! au?or ,himself _c be any ( !m2 = !n ,he w\ld be no m ?an "s among !m1 & a "p ( ! :ole4 ,he is !re=e none ( ! p>ticul> =ms1 nor a p>ticul> p[]1 nor all ( ! =ms1 nor all ! p[]s t are1 or are becom+1 9 ! univ]se2 ,he mu/ be sup]ior to all ! =ms & all ! p[]s4 ,! supreme ,pr9ciple !re=e has no =m2 n inde$ t ,he lacks any2 b because ,he is ! pr9ciple f :i* all intellectual %apes are d]iv$4 ,:atev] is born--t is1 if !re be any?+ su* z bir?--mu/1 at bir?1 h be5 "s p>ticul> be+1 & h _h its p>ticul> %ape2 b :o c\ld h made t :i* 0 n made by anybody8 ,he !re=e is all be+s1 )\t be+ any ( !m2 ,he is none ( ! o!r be+s because ,he is ant]ior to all ( !m2 ,he is all o!r be+s because ,he is _! au?or4 ,:at greatness %all be attribut$ to ! ,pr9ciple :o c d all ?+s8 ,w ,he be consid]$ inf9ite8 ,ev5 if ,he be inf9ite1 ,he w h no greatness1 = magnitude occurs only among be+s ( ! l[e/ rank4 ,! creator ( magnitude c\ld n himself h any magnitude2 & ev5 :at is call$ magnitude 9 be+ is n a quantity4 ,magnitude c be f\nd only 9 some?+ po/]ior to be+4 ,! magnitude ( ! ,good is t !re be no?+ m p[]ful ?an ,he1 no?+ t ev5 equals ,him4 ,h[ inde$ c\ld any ( ! be+s dep5d5t on ,him ev] equal ,him1 n hav+ a nature id5tical ) ,88 ,ev5 ! /atem5t t ,god is always & ev]y:]e does n attribute to ,him any measure1 nor ev51 a lack ( measure--o!rwise1 ,he might be consid]$ z measur+ ! re/2 nor does x attribute to ,him any figure 7or1 outw>d appe>ance74 ,,! ,,supreme ,,is ,,limitless4 ,?us ! ,div9ity1 be+ ! object ( desire1 mu/ be ! mo/ desir$ & ! mo/ lov$1 precisely because ,he has no figure nor %ape4 ,! love ,he inspires is imm5se2 ?is love is limitless1 because ( ! limitlessness ( its object4 ,he is inf9ite1 because ! beauty ( its object surpasses all beauty4 ,n be+ any ess5ce1 h[ inde$ c\ld ! 7div9ity7 h any det]m9ate beauty8 ,z supreme object ( love1 ,he is ! creator ( beauty4#acf ,be+ ! g5]at+ p[] ( all t is beautiful1 ,he is at ! same "t ! fl[] 9 :i* beauty blooms#acg3 = ,he produces x1 & makes x m beautiful /ill by ! sup]abundance ( beauty :i* ,he %$s on h]4 ,he is !re=e simultane\sly ! pr9ciple & goal ( beauty4#ach ,z pr9ciple ( beauty1 ,he beautifies all t ( :i* ,he is ! pr9ciple4 ,x is n h[ev] by %ape t ,he beautifies2 :at ,he produces has no %ape1 or1 to speak m accurately1 ,he has a %ape 9 a s5se diff]5t f ! habitual mean+ ( ?is t]m4 ,! %ape :i* is no m ?an a %ape is a simple attribute ( "s sub/ance1 :ile ! ,%ape t subsi/s 9 itself is sup]ior to %ape4 ,?us1 t :i* p>ticipates 9 beauty 0 a %ape2 b beauty itself has none4 ,,absolute ,,beauty ,,is ,a ,,=mless ,,%ape4 #cc4 ,:5 we speak ( absolute ,beauty1 we mu/ !re=e )draw f all det]m9ate %ape1 sett+ none be=e ! eyes 7( our m9d72 o!rwise1 we w\ld expose ourselves to desc5d+ f absolute beauty to some?+ :i* does n des]ve ! "n ( beauty b by virtue ( an obscure & feeble p>ticipation#aci2 :ile absolute ,beauty is a %apeless =m1 if x be at all all[$ to be an idea 7or =m74 ,?us y may approa* ! univ]sal ,%ape only by ab/raction4 ,ab/ract ev5 ! =m f\nd 9 ! reason 7t is1 ! ess5ce71 by :i* we di/+ui% "o action f ano!r4 ,ab/ract1 = in/ance1 ! diff]5ce t sep>ates temp]ance f ju/ice1 ?\gh bo? be beautiful4 ,= by ! m]e fact t intellig5ce conceives an object z some?+ prop]1 ! object t x conceives is dim9i%$1 ev5 ?\gh ?is object 7 ! totality ( intelligible entities2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 if ea* ( !m1 tak5 ap>t1 h a s+le =m1 nev]!less all tak5 toge!r w (f] a c]ta9 v>iety4 ,,! ,,supreme ,,is ,,ess5tial ,,beauty2 ,,! ,,%apeless ,,%ap]2 ,,transc5d5t4 ,we /ill h to /udy ! prop] conception ( ,him :o is sup]ior to ! ,intellig5ce t is s univ]sally beautiful & v>i$1 b :o ,himself is n v>i$4 ,to ,him ! s\l aspires )\t kn[+ :y %e wi%es to possess ,him2 b reason tells u ,he is ess5tial beauty1 s9ce ! nature ( ,him :o is excell5t & sov]eignly lovable _c absolutely h any =m4 ,t is :y ! s\l1 :atev] object y may %[ h] 9 y\r process ( r$uc+ an object to a =m1 ev] seeks beyond ! %ap+ pr9ciple4 ,n[ reason tells u 9 respect to any?+ t has a %ape1 t z a %ape or =m is some?+ measur$ 7or limit$71 7any?+ %ap$7 _c be g5u9ely univ]sal1 absolute1 & beautiful 9 itself1 & t its beauty is a mixture4 ,!re=e ?\gh ! intelligible entities be beautiful 7!y are limit$72 :ile ,he :o is ess5tial beauty1 or r ! sup]-beautiful1 mu/ be unlimit$1 & consequ5tly h no %ape or =m4 ,he :o !n is beauty 9 ! fir/ degree1 & prim>y ,beauty1 is sup]ior to =m1 & ! spl5dor ( ! intelligible 7_w7 is only a reflection ( ! nature ( ! ,good4 ,,?us ,,love ,,beg9s ,,physically ,,b ,,becomes ,,spiritual4 ,?is is prov$ by :at happ5s to lov]s2 s f> z _! eyes rema9 fix$ on a s5se-object1 !y d n yet love g5u9ely4 ,love is born only :5 !y rise above ! s5se-object1 & arrive at repres5t+ 9 _! indivisible s\l an image :i* has no?+ m ( s5sation4 ,to calm ! ardor t dev\rs !m !y d inde$ /ill desire to contemplate ! belov$ object2 b z soon z !y come to und]/& t !y h to rise to some?+ beyond ! =m1 !y desire ! latt]2 = s9ce ! v beg9n+ !y felt )9 !mselves ! love = a great light inspir$ by a feeble gl[4 ,! ,%ape inde$ is ! trace ( ! %apeless4 ,)\t himself hav+ any %ape1 ,he begets %ape :5ev] matt] approa*es ,him4 ,n[ matt] mu/ necess>ily be v di/ant f ,him1 because matt] does n possess =ms ( ev5 ! la/ degree4 ,s9ce =m inh]5t 9 matt] is d]iv$ f ! s\l1 n ev5 m]e =m-fa%ion$ matt] is lovable 9 itself1 z matt]2 & z ! s\l h]self is a /ill high] =m1 b yet is inf]ior to & less lovable ?an intellig5ce1 !re is no escape f ! conclusion t ! prim>y nature ( ! ,beautiful is sup]ior to =m4 ,,! ,,=mlessness ,,( ,,! ,,supreme ,,is ,,prov$ ,,by ,,! ,,fact ,,t ,,! ,,s\l ,,:5 ,,approa*+ ,,him ,,spontane\sly ,,rids ,,h]self ,,( ,,=ms4 #cd4 ,we %all n be surpris$ t ! s\l's livelie/ transports ( love are ar\s$ by ,him1 :o has no =m1 n ev5 an intelligible "o1 :5 we obs]ve t ! s\l h]self1 z soon z %e burns ) love = ,him1 lays aside all =ms soev]1 ev5 if intelligible2 = x is impossible to approa* ,him s long z "o consid]s any?+ else4 ,! s\l mu/ !re=e put aside all evil1 & ev5 all good2 9 a ^w1 ev]y?+1 ( :atev] nature1 to receive ! div9ity1 alone ) ! alone4 ,:5 ! s\l obta9s ?is happ9ess1 & :5 7! div9ity7 comes to h]1 or r1 :5 ,he manife/s ,8 pres5ce1 because ! s\l has deta*$ h]self f o!r pres5t ?+s1 :5 %e has embelli%$ h]self z f> z possible1 :5 %e has become assimilat$ to ,him by means kn[n only to ! initiat$1 %e sudd5ly sees ,him appe> 9 h]4 ,no m int]val betwe5 !m1 no m d\bl5ess2 ! two fuse 9 "o4 ,x is impossible to di/+ui% ! s\l f ! div9ity1 s mu* does %e enjoy ,8 pres5ce2 & x is ! intimacy ( ?is union t is "h bel[ imitat$ by ^? :o love & are lov$1 :5 !y consummate union4 ,9 ?is condition ! s\l no long] feels 7h] body72 %e no m feels :e!r %e be alive1 human1 ess5ce1 univ]sality1 or any?+ else4 ,consid]ation ( objects w\ld be a degradation1 & ! s\l !n has nei!r ! leisure nor ! desire to busy h]self ) !m4 ,:51 aft] hav+ s\ght ! div9ity1 %e f9ds h]self 9 ,8 pres5ce1 %e ru%es t[>ds ,him1 & contemplates ,him in/ead ( h]self4#adj ,:at is h] condition at ! "t8 ,%e has n ! leisure to consid] x2 b %e w\ld n ex*ange x = any?+ :atev]1 n ev5 = ! :ole heav52 = !re is no?+ sup]ior or bett]2 %e c\ld n rise any high]4 ,z to o!r ?+s1 h[ev] elevat$ !y be1 %e _c at t "t /oop to consid] !m4 ,x is at ?is mom5t t ! s\l />ts to move1 & recognizes t %e really possesses :at %e desir$2 %e at la/ affirms t !re is no?+ bett] ?an ,him4 ,no illusion c\ld occur !re2 = :]e c\ld %e f9d any?+ tru] ?an tru? itself8 ,! s\l !n is :at %e affirms2 7or r71 %e ass]ts x 7only71 lat]1 & !n %e ass]ts x by keep+ sil5ce4 ,:ile ta/+ ?is beatitude %e c\ld n err 9 ! ass]tion t %e ta/es x4 ,if %e ass]t t %e ta/es x1 x is n t h] body exp]i5ces an agreeable titillation1 = %e has only become aga9 :at %e =m]ly us$ to be :5 %e became happy4 ,all ! ?+s t =m]ly *>m$ h]1 su* z comm&+ o!rs1 p[]1 weal?1 beauty1 sci5ce1 n[ seem to h] despicable2 %e c\ld n scorn !m e>li]1 = %e _h n met any?+ bett]4 ,n[ %e fe>s no?+1 s long z %e is ) ,him1 & contemplates ,him4 ,ev5 ) pleasure w\ld %e witness ! de/ruction ( ev]y?+1 = %e w\ld rema9 alone ) ,him2 s great is h] felicity4 ,,! ,,s\l ,,scorns ,,ev5 ,,?\ght3 ,,%e ,,is ,,intellectualiz$ ,,& ,,ennobl$4 #ce4 ,su*1 !n1 is ! /ate ( ! s\l t %e no long] values ev5 ?\ght1 :i* =m]ly excit$ h] admiration2 = ?\ght is a movem5t1 & ! s\l w\ld pref] none4 ,%e does n ev5 ass]t t x is ,intellig5ce t %e sees1 ?\gh %e contemplate only because %e has become intellig5ce1 & has1 s to speak1 become intellectualiz$1 by be+ e/abli%$ 9 ! intelligible place4 ,hav+ arriv$ to ,intellig5ce1 & hav+ become e/abli%$ !re91 ! s\l possesses ! intelligible1 & ?9ks2 b z soon z %e a*ieves ! vision ( ! supreme ,div9ity1 %e ab&ons ev]y?+ else4 ,%e behaves z does ! visitor :o1 on ent]+ into a palace1 w\ld fir/ admire ! diff]5t beauties t adorn its int]ior1 b :o reg>ds !m no long] z soon z %e p]ceives ! ma/]2 = ! ma/]1 by 8 7liv+7 nature1 :i* is sup]ior to all ! /atues t adorn ! palace1 monopolizes ! consid]ation1 & alone des]ves to be contemplat$2 consequ5tly ! spectator1 ) 8 glance fix$ on ,him1 h5ce=w>d obs]ves ,him alone4 ,by d9t ( cont9ual contemplation ( ! spectacle 9 front ( him1 ! spectator sees ! ma/] no long]2 9 ! spectator1 vision confuses ) ! visible object4 ,:at = ! spectator fir/ 0 a visible object1 9 him becomes vision1 & makes him =get all t he saw ar\nd himself4 ,to complete ?is illu/ration1 ! ma/] "h pres5t+ himself to ! visitor mu/ be no man1 b a div9ity2 & ?is div9ity mu/ n cont5t ,himself ) appe>+ to ! eyes ( him :o contemplates ,him1 b ,he mu/ p5etrate )9 ! human s\l1 & fill h] entirely4 ,,intellig5ce ,,has ,,! ,,two ,,p[]s ,,( ,,intellig5ce ,,& ,,love4 ,intellig5ce has two p[]s3 by ! fir/1 :i* is h] own p[] ( ?9k+1 %e sees :at is )9 h]4 ,by ! o!r %e p]ceives :at is above h] by ! aid ( a k9d ( vision & p]ception2 by ! vision1 %e fir/ saw simply2 !n1 by 7p]ceptive7 see+1 %e receiv$ intellection & fus$ ) ! ,"o4 ,! fir/ k9d ( contemplation is suitable to ! intellig5ce :i* /ill possesses reason2 ! second is intellig5ce transport$ by love4 ,n[1 x is :5 ! nect> intoxicates h]1#ada & deprives h] ( reason1 t ! s\l is transport$ ) love1 & t %e blossoms into a felicity t fulfils all h] desires4 ,x is bett] = h] to ab&on h]self to ?is intoxication ?an to rema9 wise4 ,9 ?is /ate does intellig5ce successively see "o ?+1 & !n ano!r8 ,no3 me?ods ( in/ruction 7or1 con/ructive spee*7 give out ev]y?+ successively2 b x is et]nally t intellig5ce possesses ! p[] ( ?\ght1 z well z ! p[] n to ?9k2 t is1 to see ! div9ity o!rwise ?an by ?\ght4 ,inde$1 :ile contemplat+ ,him1 %e receiv$ )9 h]self g]ms1 %e felt !m :5 !y 7 produc$ & deposit$ )9 h] brea/2 :5 %e sees !m1 %e is said to ?9k2 b :5 %e sees ! div9ity1 x is by t sup]ior p[] by virtue ( :i* %e 0 to ?9k lat]4 ,,! ,,s\l ,,does ,,n ,,?9k ,,god1 ,,= ,,9 ,,t ,,condition ,,%e ,,does ,,n ,,?9k4 ,z to ! s\l1 %e sees ! div9ity only by gr[+ confus$1 z x 7 by exhau/+ ! intellig5ce :i* resides 9 h]2 or r1 x is h] fir/ intellig5ce t sees2 b ! vision ! latt] has ( ! div9ity rea*es d[n to ! s\l1 :i* !n fuses ) intellig5ce4 ,x is ! ,good1 ext5d+ ov] intellig5ce & ! s\l1 & condesc5d+ to _! level1 :i* spreads ov] !m1 & fuses !m2 hov]+ above !m1 x be/[s on !m ! happy vision1 & ! ineffable feel+ ( itself4 ,x raises !m s high t !y are no m 9 any place1 nor )9 any?+ :atev]1 9 any ( ! s5ses 9 :i* "o ?+ is said to be )9 ano!r4 ,= ! ,good is n )9 any?+2 ! intelligible location is )9 x1 b x is n 9 any?+ else4 ,!n ! s\l moves no m1 because ! div9ity is n 9 motion4 ,to speak accurately1 %e is no long] s\l1 because ! div9ity does n live1 b is above life2 nei!r is %e intellig5ce1 because ! div9ity is above intellig5ce2 because !re mu/ be complete assimilation 7betwe5 ! s\l & ! div9ity74 ,f9ally1 ! s\l does n ?9k ev5 ! div9ity1 because 9 ?is condition %e does n ?9k at all4 ,,! ,,t\* ,,) ,,! ,,good ,,is ,,! ,,greate/ ,,( ,,sci5ces4 #cf4 ,! rema9d] is pla94 ,z to ! la/ po9t1 x has already be5 discuss$4 ,/ill x may be well to add some?+ !reto1 />t+ f ! po9t rea*$1 & proce$+ by argum5ts4 ,k1 or1 if x may be s express$1 ! t\* ( ! ,good1 is ! greate/ ?+ 9 ! _w4 ,plato#adb calls x ! greate/ ( sci5ces1 & ev5 s he "h applies ?is designation n to ! vision itself ( ! ,good1 b to ! sci5ce ( ! ,good t may be _h be=e ! vision4 ,?is sci5ce is atta9$ by ! use ( analogies1#adc by negations 7made ab\t ! ,good71 by ! k ( ?+s t proce$ f x1 & la/ by ! degrees t mu/ be tak5 7or1 upw>d /eps t mu/ be climb$ to rea* up to ,him4#afe7 7,^! !n are ! degrees7 t lead up 7to ! div9ity73 purifications1 virtues t adorn ! s\l1 elevation to ! intelligible1 settl+ 9 ! intelligible1 & !n ! banquet at :i* nect> fe$s him :o becomes simultane\sly spectator & spectacle1 ei!r = himself1 or = o!rs4#add ,hav+ become ,be+1 ,intellig5ce1 & univ]sal liv+ ,organism1 7! initiate7 no long] consid]s ^! ?+s z be+ outside ( him2 hav+ arriv$ at t condition1 %e approa*es ,him :o is imm$iately above all ! intelligible entities1 & :o already %$s ,8 radiance ov] !m4 7,! initiate7 !n leaves aside all ! sci5ce t has l$ him till !re2 settl$ 9 ! beautiful1 he ?9ks1 s long z he does n g beyond t 7sph]e (7 be+4 ,b !re1 z x 7 rais$ by ! v flood ( intellig5ce1 & c>ri$ away by ! wave t swells1 )\t kn[+ h[1 he sudd5ly sees4 ,! contemplation :i* fills 8 eye ) light does n reveal to him any?+ ext]ior2 x is ! light itself t he sees4 ,x is n an opposition betwe5 light on "o side1 & ! visible object on ! o!r2 nor is !re on "o side intellig5ce1 & on ! o!r ! intelligible entity2 !re is only ! 7radiation7 :i* lat] begets ^! entities1 & p]mits !m to exi/ )9 x4 7,! div9ity7 is no m ?an ! radiation t begets intellig5ce1 begett+ )\t be+ consum$1 & rema9+ )9 itself4 ,?is radiation exi/s1 & ?is exi/5ce alone begets some?+ else4 ,if ?is radiation 7 n :at x 01 nei!r w\ld ! latt] ?+ subsi/4 ,,god ,,be+ ,,above ,,?\ght ,,ignores ,,ev]y?+4 #cg4 ,!y :o attribut$ ?\ght to ! ,fir/ ,pr9ciple h at lea/ n attribut$ to ,him ! ?\ght ( ?+s t are inf]ior to ,him1 or :i* proce$ f ,him4#ade ,nev]!less "s ( !m claim$ t x 0 absurd to believe t ! div9ity ignor$ o!r ?+s4 ,z to ! =m]1 f9d+ no?+ great] ?an ! ,good1 !y attribut$ to 7! div9ity7 ! ?\ght ( ,himself1#adf z if ?is c\ld add to ,8 maje/y1 z if ev5 = ,him1 ?9k+ 7 m ?an be+ :at ,he is1 & x 7 n ! ,good ,himself :i* communicates ,8 sublimity to intellig5ce4 ,b f :om !n w ! ,good d]ive ,8 greatness8 ,w\ld x come f ?\ght1 or f ,himself8 ,if ,he d]ive x f ?\ght1 ,he is n great by himself2 or at lea/1 ,he is no m sov]eignly great4 ,if x be f ,himself t ,he d]ives ,8 greatness1 ,he is p]fectly ant]ior to ?\ght1 & x is n ?\ght t r5d]s ,him p]fect4 ,is ,he =c$ to ?9k because ,he is actualization1 & n m]ely pot5tiality8 ,if ,he is a be+ t ev] ?9ks1 & if ?is be ! mean+ ( actualization1#adg we w\ld be attribut+ to ! ,good two ?+s simultane\sly3 be+ & ?\ght2 in/ead ( conceiv+ ( ,him z a simple ,pr9ciple1 some?+ =eign is add$ to ,him1 z to eyes is add$ ! actualization ( sight1#adh ev5 admitt+ t !y see cont9ually4 7,! div9ity7 is 9 actualization1 9 ! s5se t ,he is bo? actualization & ?\ght1 is ,he n8 ,no1 = be+ ?\ght itself1 ,he mu/ n be ?9k+1 z movem5t itself does n move4#adi ,b d n y y\rselves say t 7! div9ity7 is bo? be+ & actualization8 ,we ?9k t be+ & actualization are multiple & diff]5t ?+s1 :il/ ! ,fir/ is simple4 ,to ! pr9ciple t proce$s f ! ,fir/ alone belongs ?\ght1 a c]ta9 seek+ out ( its be+1 ( itself1 & ( its orig94 ,x des]ves ! "n ( intellig5ce only by turn+ t[>ds 7! ,fir/7 9 contemplation1 & 9 kn[+ ,him4 ,z to ! unbegott5 ,pr9ciple1 :o has no?+ above ,him1 :o is et]nally :at ,he is1 :at reason might ,he h to ?9k8 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,pr9ciple ,,has ,,no ,,function4 ,t is :y ,plato rightly says t ! ,good is above ,intellig5ce4 ,to speak ( an un?9k+ intellig5ce w\ld be a self-contradiction2 = ! pr9ciple ^: nature x is to ?9k necess>ily ceases to be intellig5t if x does n ?9k4 ,b no function c be assign$ to a pr9ciple t has none1 & we _c blame x = idl5ess because x does n fulfil "s function2 ?is w\ld be z silly z to reproa* x = n possess+ ! art ( heal+4 ,to ! fir/ ,pr9ciple !n %\ld be assign$ no function1 because !re is none t w\ld suit ,him4 ,he is 7self7 suffici5t1 & !re is no?+ outside ( ,him :o is above all2 =1 9 be+ :at ,he is1 ,he suffices ,himself & ev]y?+ else4 ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,pr9ciple ,,we ,,may ,,n ,,ev5 ,,say ,,t ,,x ,,is4 #ch4 ,( ! ,fir/ we may n ev5 say1 ,he is4 7,he does n ne$ ?is71 s9ce we d n ei!r say ( ,him1 ,he is good4 ,he is good is said ( ! same pr9ciple to :i* ,he is applies4 ,n[ ,he is suits ! 7div9ity7 only on ! condition t ,he be giv5 no attribute1 limit+ oneself to ! ass]tion ( ,8 exi/5ce4 ,he is spok5 ( z ! ,good1 n z pr$icat+ an attribute or quality ( ,him1 b to indicate t ,he is ! ,good itself4 ,we d n ev5 approve ( ?is expression1 ,he is ! ,good1 because we ?9k t n ev5 ! article %\ld be prefix$ !reto2 b inasmu* z our language w\ld fail to express an entire negation or deprivation1 !n1 to avoid introduc+ "s div]sity 9 x1 we are =c$ to "n x1 b !re is no ne$ to say x is1 we simply call x1 ! ,good4 ,,! ,,self-,,suffici5t ,,good ,,does ,,n ,,ne$ ,,self-,,consci\sness ,,!re(4 ,b h[ c\ld we admit 7! exi/5ce (7 a nature )\t feel+ or consci\sness ( itself8 ,we might answ] ?is1 ,:at consci\sness ( self c 7! div9ity7 h8 ,c ,he say1 ,i am8 ,b 79 ! above-m5tion$ s5se71 ,he is n4 ,c ,he say1 ,i am ! ,good8 ,!n ,he w\ld /ill be say+ ( ,himself ,i am 7:]eas we h j expla9$ t ?is ,he _c d#aej74 ,:at !n w ,he add 7to 8 simplicity7 by limit+ ,himself to say+1 ,! ,good8 ,= x is possible to ?9k ! ,good ap>t f ,he is s long z ! ,good is n1 z an attribute1 appli$ to "s o!r be+4 ,b :oev] ?9ks himself good w surely say ,i am ! good2 if n1 he w ?9k ! pr$icate good1 b he w n be enabl$ to ?9k t he is s himself4 ,?us1 ! ?\ght ( good w imply ?is ?\ght1 ,i am ! good4 ,if ?is ?\ght itself be ! ,good1 x w n be ! ?\ght ( ,him1 b ( ! good1 & he w n be ! ,good1 b ! ?\ght4#aea ,if ! ?\ght ( good is diff]5t f ! ,good itself1 ! ,good w be prior to ! ?\ght ( ! good4 ,if ! ,good be self-suffici5t be=e ! ?\ght1 x suffices to itself to be ! ,good2 & 9 ?is respect has no ne$ ( ! ?\ght t x is ! ,good4 ,,! ,,good ,,is ,a ,,simple ,,p]ception ,,( ,,itself2 ,a ,,t\*4 #ci4 ,consequ5tly1 ! ,good does n ?9k itself ei!r z good1 nor z any?+ else2 = x possesses no?+ diff]5t f itself4 ,x only has a simple p]ception ( itself 9 respect to itself2 b z !re is no di/ance or diff]5ce 9 ?is p]ception x has ( itself1 :at c\ld ?is p]ception be b itself8 ,t is :y x p]ceives a diff]5ce :]e be+ & intellig5ce appe>4 ,9 ord] to ?9k1 intellig5ce mu/ admit id5tity & diff]5ce simultane\sly4 ,on ! "o h&1 )\t ! relation betwe5 ! ,intelligible & itself1 ! 7m9d7 w n di/+ui% itself f 7! intelligible72 & on ! o!r1 )\t ! aris+ ( an o!rness :i* w\ld enable x to be ev]y?+1 x w\ld n contemplate all 7e>?ly7 entities4 7,)\t ?is diff]5ce71 intellig5ce w\ld n ev5 be a pair4 ,!n1 s9ce intellig5ce ?9ks1 if x ?9k really1 x w n ?9k itself alone1 = :y %\ld x n ?9k all ?+s8 7,w\ld x n d s7 because x 0 impot5t to d s8 ,9 %ort1 ! pr9ciple :i* ?9ks itself ceases to be simple1 because 9 ?9k+ itself x mu/ ?9k itself z some?+ diff]5t1 :i* is ! necess>y condition ( ?9k+ itself4#aeb ,we h already said t intellig5ce _c ?9k itself )\t contemplat+ itself z some?+ diff]5t4 ,n[ 9 ?9k+1 intellig5ce becomes manifold 7t is1 f\rfold73 intelligible object 7?+ ?\ght7 & intellig5t subject 7?9k]72 movem5t 7or1 mov$#aec71 & ev]y?+ else t belongs to intellig5ce4 ,besides1 x mu/ be notic$1 z we h po9t$ out else:]e1 t1 to be ?\ght1 any ?\ght1 mu/ (f] v>iety#aed2 b 79 ! div9ity7 ?is movem5t is s simple & id5tical t x may be comp>$ to "s sort ( t\*1 & p>takes 9 no?+ ( intellectual actualization 7!re=e1 ?\ght _c be attribut$ to ! div9ity74 ,:at8 ,w 7! div9ity7 "k nei!r o!rs nor ,himself1 & w ,he rema9 immovable 9 ,8 maje/y8 7,surely74 ,all ?+s are po/]ior to ,him2 ,he 0 :at ,he is be=e !m4 ,! ?\ght ( ^! ?+s is adv5titi\s1 *angeable1 & does n apply to p]man5t objects4 ,ev5 if x did apply to p]man5t objects1 x w\ld /ill be multiple1 = we c\ld n grant t 9 inf]ior be+s ?\ght 0 jo9$ to be+1 :ile ! ?\ghts ( intellig5ce w\ld be empty notions4 ,! exi/5ce ( ,provid5ce is suffici5tly acc\nt$ = by its be+ t f :i* proce$ all 7be+s74 ,h[ !n 79 reg>d to all ! be+s t ref] to ,him7 c\ld 7! div9ity7 ?9k !m1 s9ce ,he does n ev5 ?9k ,himself1 b rema9s immovable 9 ,8 maje/y8 ,t is :y ,plato1#adi speak+ ( be+1 says t x d\btless ?9ks1 b t x does n rema9 immovable 9 its maje/y4 ,by t he means t1 no d\bt1 be+ ?9ks1 b t t :i* does n ?9k rema9s immovable 9 its maje/y2 us+ ?is expression = lack ( a bett] "o4 ,?us ,plato consid]s ! ,pr9ciple :i* is sup]ior to ?\ght z possess+ m maje/y1 nay1 sov]eign maje/y4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,pr9ciple ,,has ,,no ,,?\ght ,,z ,,! ,,fir/ ,,actualization ,,( ,a ,,hypo/asis4 #dj4 ,t ?\ght is incompatible ) ! fir/ ,pr9ciple is some?+ well kn[n by all ^? :o h 79 ec/asy7 ris5 to ,him4#aee ,to :at we h already said1 we %all h[ev] add sev]al argum5ts1 if inde$ we succe$ 9 express+ ?\ght compreh5sibly2 = conviction %\ld be =tifi$ by demon/ration4#aef ,9 ! fir/ place1 obs]ve t all ?\ght exi/s )9 a subject1 & proce$s f "s object4 ,?\ght t is connect$ ) ! object f :i* x is d]iv$1 has ! be+ to :i* x belongs1 z subject4 ,x inh]es 9 him because x is 8 actualization1 & completes 8 pot5tiality1 )\t1 itself1 produc+ any?+2 = x belongs exclusively to ! subject ^: complem5t x is4 ,?\ght t is hypo/atically unit$ ) be+1 & :i* und]lies its exi/5ce1 c\ld n inh]e 9 ! object f :i* x proce$s2 =1 _h x rema9$ 9 him1 x w\ld n h produc$ any?+4 ,n[1 hav+ ! pot5tiality ( produc+1 x produc$ )9 itself2 its actualization 0 be+1 & x 0 unit$ !reto4 ,?us ?\ght is n some?+ diff]5t f be+2 s f> z ?is nature ?9ks itself1 x does n ?9k itself z be+ some?+ diff]5t2 = ! only multiplicity !re9 is t :i* results f ! logical di/9ction ( intellig5t subject 7?9k]7 & intelligible object 7! be+ ?\ght71 z we h (t5 po9t$ out4 ,t is ! fir/ actualization :i* produc$ a hypo/asis 7or1 =m ( exi/5ce71 :ile con/itut+ be+2 & ?is actualization is ! image ( a ,pr9ciple s great t itself has become be+4 ,if ?\ght belong$ to ! ,good1 in/ead ( proce$+ !refrom1 x w\ld be no m ?an an attribute2 x w\ld n1 9 itself1 be a hypo/atic =m ( exi/5ce4 ,be+ ! fir/ actualization & ! fir/ ?\ght1 ?is ?\ght has nei!r actualization nor ?\ght above x4 ,!re=e1 by ris+ above ?is be+ & ?is ?\ght1 nei!r fur!r be+ nor ?\ght w be met )2 we w\ld arrive to ! ,pr9ciple sup]ior to be+1 & ?\ght1 an admirable pr9ciple1 :i* conta9s nei!r ?\ght nor be+1 :i* 9 solit>y guise dwells )9 itself1 & :i* has no ne$ ( ! ?+s :i* proce$ f ,him4 ,he did n fir/ act1 & !n produce an actualization 7he did n beg9 by ?9k+ 9 ord] lat] to produce ?\ght72 o!rwise1 he w\ld h ?\ght be=e ?\ght 0 born4 ,9 %ort1 ?\ght1 be+ ! ?\ght ( good1 is b5ea? ,him1 & consequ5tly does n belong to ,him4 ,i say3 does n belong to ,him1 n d5y+ t ! ,good c be ?\ght 7= ?is1 ,i admit72 b because ?\ght c\ld n exi/ 9 ! ,good2 o!rwise1 ! ,good & t :i* is b5ea? x--namely1 ! ?\ght ( ,good--w\ld fuse4 ,n[1 if ! good be some?+ inf]ior1 x w simultane\sly be ?\ght & be+2 if1 on ! contr>y1 good be sup]ior to ?\ght1 x mu/ likewise belong to ! ,intelligible4#aeg ,,ev5 ,,if ,,! ,,good ,,?\ght1 ,,!re ,,w\ld ,,be ,,ne$ ,,( ,,some?+ ,,sup]ior4 ,s9ce !re=e ?\ght does n exi/ 9 ! ,good1 & s9ce1 on ! contr>y1 x is inf]ior to ! ,good1 & s9ce x mu/ ?us wor%ip its maje/y1 7?\ght7 mu/ con/itute a diff]5t pr9ciple1 & leaves ! ,good pure & dis5gag$ f x1 z well z f o!r ?+s4 ,indep5d5t ( ?\ght1 ! ,good is :at x is )\t admixture4 ,! pres5ce ( ! ,good does n h9d] x f be+ pure & s+le4 ,if we 7 to suppose t ,good is bo? ?9k+ subject & ?\ght object 7?9k] & ?\ght7 or be+1 & ?\ght connect$ ) be+1 if ?us we make x ?9k itself1#aeh x w ne$ some?+ else1 & ?us ?+s w be above x4 ,z actualization & ?\ght are ! complem5t or ! consub/antial hypo/asis 7or1 =m ( exi/5ce7 ( ano!r subject1 ?\ght implies above x ano!r nature to :i* x owes ! p[] ( ?9k+2 = ?\ght _c ?9k any?+ )\t some?+ above x4 ,:5 ?\ght kn[s itself1 x kn[s :at x receiv$ by ! contemplation ( ?is o!r nature4 ,z to ,him :o has no?+ above ,him1 :o d]ives no?+ f any o!r pr9ciple1 :at c\ld ,he ?9k1 & h[ c\ld ,he ?9k himself8 ,:at w\ld ,he seek1 & :at w\ld ,he desire8 ,w\ld ,he desire to "k ! greatness ( ,8 p[]8 ,b by ! m]e fact ( ,8 ?9k+ x1 x w\ld h become ext]nal to ,him2 ,i call x ext]ior1 if ! cogniz+ p[] )9 ,him diff]$ f t :i* w\ld be kn[n2 if on ! contr>y !y fuse1 :at w\ld ,he seek8 ,,?\ght ,,is ,a ,,help ,,= ,,sub-,,div9e ,,natures4 #da4 ,x w\ld seem t ?\ght 0 only a help grant$ to natures :i*1 ?\gh div9e1 nev]!less d n occupy ! fir/ rank2 x is l an eye giv5 to ! bl9d4#aei ,b :at ne$ w\ld ! eye h to see ess5ce1 if itself 7 light8 ,to seek light is ! *>act]i/ic ( him :o ne$s x1 because he f9ds 9 himself no?+ b d>kness4#aei ,s9ce ?\ght seeks light1 :ile ! light does n seek ! light1 ! prim>y ,nature1 n seek+ ! light 7s9ce x is light itself71 c\ld n any m seek ?\ght 7s9ce x is ?\ght t seeks light72 ?9k+ c\ld n suit x1 !re=e4 ,:at utility or advantage w\ld ?\ght br+ him1 inasmu* z ?\ght itself ne$s aid to ?9k8 ,! ,good !re=e has n self-consci\sness1 n hav+ ne$ !re(2 x is n d\bl5ess2 or r1 x is n d\ble z is ?\ght :i* implies 7besides intellig5ce7 a ?ird t]m1 namely1 ! intelligible 7_w74 ,if ?\ght1 ! ?9k+ subject 7! ?9k]7 & ! ?\ght object 7! ?\ght7 be absolutely id5tical1 !y =m b "o1 & are absolutely indi/+ui%able2 if !y be di/9ct1 !y diff]1 & c no m be ! ,good4 ,?us we mu/ put ev]y?+ aside :5 we ?9k ( ?is be/ ,nature1 :i* /&s 9 ne$ ( no assi/ance4 ,:atev] y may attribute to ?is ,nature1 y dim9i% x by t am\nt1 s9ce x /&s 9 ne$ ( no?+4 ,= u1 on ! contr>y1 ?\ght is a beautiful ?+1 because our s\l has ne$ ( intellig5ce4 ,x is simil>ly a beautiful ?+ = intellig5ce1 because ?\ght is id5tical ) ess5ce1 & x is ?\ght t gave exi/5ce to intellig5ce4 ,,! ,,good ,,is ,,n ,,good ,,= ,,itself1 ,,b ,,only ,,= ,,! ,,natures ,,bel[ ,,x4 ,intellig5ce mu/ !re=e fuse ) ?\ght1 & mu/ always be consci\s ( itself1 kn[+ t ea* ( ! two elem5ts t con/itute x is id5tical ) ! o!r1 & t bo? =m b a s+le "o4 ,if x 7 only unity1 x w\ld be self-suffici5t1 & w\ld h no fur!r ne$ ( receiv+ any?+4 ,! precept "k ?yself applies only to natures :i*1 because ( _! multiplicity1 ne$ to give an acc\nt ( !mselves1 to "k ! numb] & ! quality ( _! compon5t elem5ts1 because !y ei!r d n "k !m entirely1 or ev5 n at all2 n kn[+ :at p[] 9 !m occupies ! fir/ rank1 & con/itutes _! be+4#afj ,b if !re be a ,pr9ciple :i* is "o by itself1 x is too great to "k itself1 to ?9k itself1 to be self-consci\s1 because x is no?+ det]m9ate = itself4 ,x receives no?+ )9 itself1 suffic+ itself4 ,x is !re=e ! ,good n = itself1 b = o!r natures2 ^! inde$ ne$ ! ,good1 b ! ,good has no ne$ ( itself2 x w\ld be ridicul\s1 & w\ld fail to /& up to itself4 ,nor does x view itself2 =1 f ?is look some?+ w\ld arise1 or exi/ = ,him4 ,all su* ?+s ,he left to ! inf]ior natures1 & no?+ t exi/s 9 !m is f\nd 9 ,him2 ?us 7! ,good7 is n ev5 be+4 ,nor does 7! ,good7 possess ?\ght1 s9ce ?\ght is unit$ to be+1 & z prim>y & supreme ?\ght coexi/$ ) ess5ce4 ,!re=e1 "o c n 7z says ,plato#aej71 express 7! div9ity7 by spee*1 nor h p]ception nor sci5ce ( ,him1 s9ce no attribute c be pr$icat$ ( ,him4 ,,! ,,beautiful ,,! ,,supreme ,,( ,,?ree ,,ranks ,,( ,,exi/5ce4 #db4 ,:5 y are 9 d\bt ab\t ?is matt]1 & :5 y wond] h[ y %\ld classify ^! attributes to :i* reason+ has br\ght y1 reject f among ! ?+s ( ! second ord] :at seems v5]able2 attribute to ! ,fir/ none ( ! ?+s t belong to ! second ord]2 nei!r attribute to ^? ( ! second ord] 7t is1 to ,intellig5ce71 :at belongs to ^? ( ! ?ird 7t is1 to ! ,s\l72 b subsume "u ! fir/ ,pr9ciple ! ?+s ( ! second ord]1 & "u ! second pr9ciple ! ?+s ( ! ?ird4 ,t is ! true means ( all[+ ea* be+ to pres]ve its nature1 & at ! same "t to po9t out ! bond t connects ! l[] ?+s ) ! high]1 & %[+ ?us t ! inf]ior ?+s dep5d on ! sup]ior ones1 :ile ! sup]ior ones rema9 9 !mselves4 ,t is :y 7,plato7 0 "r 9 say+1#afa ,all ?+s surr\nd ! ,k+ ( all1 & exi/ on 8 acc\nt4 ,all ?+s means all be+s4 ,all ?+s exi/ on 8 acc\nt means t ,he is ! cause ( _! exi/5ce1 & ! object ( _! desire1 because ,8 nature is diff]5t f !irs1 because 9 ,him is no?+ t is 9 !m1 s9ce !y c\ld n exi/ if ! ,fir/ possess$ "s attribute ( :at is inf]ior to ,him4 ,!re=e1 if ,intellig5ce be compris$ )9 :at is meant by all ?+s1 x c\ld n belong to ! ,fir/4 ,:5 79 ! same place ,plato calls ! div9ity7 ! cause ( all beauty1 he seems to classify beauty among ! ,ideas1 & ! ,good above ! univ]sal beauty4#afb ,aft] ?us hav+ assign$ ! intelligible 7entities7 to ! second rank1 he classifies1 z dep5d5t on !m1 ! ?+s ( ! ?ird ord]1 :i* foll[ !m4 ,la/1 to t :i* occupies ! ?ird rank1 to ! univ]sal ,s\l1 he subsumes ! _w t is d]iv$ !refrom4 ,z ! ,s\l dep5ds on ! ,intellig5ce1 & z ,intellig5ce dep5ds on ! ,good1 all ?+s ?us dep5d f ! ,good 9 diff]5t degrees1 m$iately or imm$iately4 ,9 ?is respect1 ! ?+s :i* are ! mo/ di/ant f ! ,good are ! objects ( s5se1 :i* are subsum$ "u ! ,s\l4 ,,six? ,,ennead1 ,,book ,,eight4 ,( ! ,w ( ! ,"o4 ,a4 ,,( ,,human ,,free ,,w4 ,,does ,,free ,,w ,,belong ,,to ,,god ,,only1 ,,or ,,to ,,o!rs ,,only8 #a4 ,d ! div9ities !mselves possess free w1 or is ?is limit$ to human be+s1 because ( _! _m weaknesses & unc]ta9ties8 7,= we assume t7 ! div9ities possess omnipot5ce1 s t x w\ld seem likely t _! actions 7 free & absolutely )\t petty re/rictions4 ,or mu/ we hold t ! 7supreme7 ,"o alone possesses omnipot5ce1 & unhamp]$ free w1 :ile 9 o!r be+s 7free w & opportunity7 ei!r ignore ea* o!r1 or conflict8 ,we %all !re=e h to det]m9e ! nature ( free w 9 fir/ rank be+s 7! div9ities7 & also ! supreme ,pr9ciple 7! ,"o71 al?\gh we ackn[l$ge t bo? ( !m are omnipot5t4 ,besides1 9 respect to ?is omnipot5ce1 we %all h to di/+ui% possibility f actualization1 pres5t or future4 ,,free ,,w ,,mu/ ,,be ,,= ,,m51 ,,if ,,x ,,is ,,to ,,be ,,= ,,! ,,div9ities4 ,be=e attack+ ^! que/ions1 we mu/1 z is usual1 beg9 by exam9+ :e!r we ourselves possess fre$om ( w4#aff ,fir/ !n1 9 :at s5se d we possess free w 7or1 responsibility1 t some?+ dep5ds on u72 or r1 :at conception we %\ld =m ( x8 ,to answ] ?is "q w be ! only means ( arriv+ at a conclusion ab\t :e!r or n fre$om ( w %\ld be ascrib$ to ! div9ities1 let alone 7! supreme7 ,div9ity4 ,besides1 :ile attribut+ to !m fre$om ( w1 we %all h to inquire to :at x applies1 ei!r 9 ! o!r be+s1 or 9 ! ,be+s ( ! fir/ rank4 ,,responsibility ,,dep5ds ,,on ,,volunt>9ess4 ,:at are our ?\ghts :5 we inquire :e!r some?+ dep5ds on u8 ,"u :at circum/ances d we "q ?is responsibility8 ,we ask ourselves :e!r we are any?+1 & :e!r really any?+ dep5ds on u :5 und]go+ ! buffets ( =tune1 ( necessity1 ( viol5t passions t dom9ate our s\ls1 till we consid] ourselves ma/]$1 enslav$1 & c>ri$ away by !m8 ,!re=e we consid] z dep5d5t on ourselves :at we d )\t ! con/ra9t ( circum/ances1 necessity1 or viol5ce ( passions--t is1 volunt>ily1 & )\t an ob/acle to our w4#afg ,h5ce ! foll[+ def9ition3 ,we are responsible = t :i* dep5ds on our w1 :i* happ5s or :i* is omitt$ accord+ to our volition4#afh ,we inde$ call volunt>y :at we uncon/ra9$ly d & consci\sly4#afi ,on u dep5ds only t ( :i* we are ! ma/]s to d or n to d4 ,^! two notions are usually connect$1 ?\gh !y diff] !oretically4 ,!re are cases :5 "o ( !m is lack+2 "o might1 = in/ance1 h ! p[] to commit a murd]2 & nev]!less if x 7 "o's own fa!r t he _h ignorantly kill$1 x w\ld n be a volunt>y act4#agj ,9 ?is case1 ! action 0 free1 b n volunt>y4 ,! volunt>9ess ( an action dep5ds on ! k1 n only ( ! details1 b also ( ! total relations ( ! act4#aga ,o!rwise1 :y %\ld kill+ a fri5d1 )\t kn[+ x1 be call$ a volunt>y action8 ,w\ld n ! murd] be equally involunt>y if "o did n "k t he 0 to commit x8 ,on ! contr>y hypo!sis1 x may be answ]$ t "o _h be5 responsible = provid+ oneself ) ! necess>y in=mation#agb2 b nev]!less x is n volunt>ily t "o is ignorant1 or t "o 0 prev5t$ f in=m+ oneself ab\t x4#agc ,,on ,,:i* ,,psy*ological ,,faculty ,,is ,,! ,,fre$om ,,( ,,w ,,bas$8 #b4 ,b to :i* "p ( ourselves %\ld we ref] free w8 ,to appetite or desire1 to ang] or sex passion1 = in/ance8 ,or %all x be to ! reason1 engag$ 9 se>* aft] utility1 & accompani$ by desire8 ,if to ang] or sex passion1#agd we %\ld be suppos$ to grant fre$om ( w to brutes1 to *ildr51 to ! angry1 to ! insane1 to ^? misl$ by magic *>ms1 or sugge/ions ( ! imag9ation1 ?\gh none ( su* p]sons be ma/] ( himself8 ,if aga9 7we are to ascribe fre$om ( w7 to reason accompani$ by desire1 does ?is mean to reason ev5 :5 misl$1 or only to "r reason1 & "r desire8#age ,"o might ev5 ask :e!r reason be mov$ by desire1 or desire by reason4#agf ,=1 admitt+ t desires arise naturally1 a di/9ction w nev]!less h to be e/abli%$3 if !y belong to ! animal "p1 & to ! comb9ation 7( s\l & body71 ! s\l w obey ! necessity ( nature2 if !y belong to ! s\l alone1 _m ?+s :i* are g5]ally attribut$ to ! doma9 ( our free w w h to be )drawn !refrom4 ,besides1 passions are always prec$$ by "s sort ( ab/ract reason+4 ,fur!r1 h[ c imag9ation itself--:i* con/ra9s u2 & desire--:i* drags u :i!r ,necessity compels1 make u ma/]s ( ourselves#agg "u ^! circum/ances8 ,besides1 h[ c we be ma/]s ( ourselves 9 g5]al :5 we are c>ri$ away8 ,t faculty ( ours :i* necess>ily seeks to satisfy its ne$s1 is n mi/ress ( ! ?+s t[>ds :i* x is compell$ to move4#agg ,h[ %\ld we attribute fre$om ( w to 7a s\l7 t dep5ds on some?+ else8 7,to a s\l7 :i*1 9 ?is ?+1 holds ! pr9ciple ( h] own det]m9ations8 7,to a s\l7 t regulates h] life !reby1 & d]ives !refrom h] nature8 7,to a s\l7 t lives accord+ to ! in/ructions receiv$ !refrom8 ,fre$om ( w w\ld !n h to be ackn[l$g$ ev5 9 inanimate ?+s2 = ev5 fire acts accord+ to its inborn nature4 ,,prelim9>y ,,k ,,does ,,n ,,settle ,,! ,,lib]t>ian ,,problem4 ,"s p]son might try to e/abli% a di/9ction f\nd$ on ! fact t ! animal & ! s\l d n act unconsci\sly4 ,if !y "k x by m]e s5sation1 h[ f> does t s5sation contribute to ! fre$om ( w8 ,= s5sation1 limit+ itself to p]ception1 does n yield ! p]cipi5t ma/]y ov] any?+4#agi ,if !y "k x by k1 & if ?is k conta9 only ! accompli%$ fact1 _! actions are !n det]m9$ by "s o!r pr9ciple4 ,if1 ev5 indep5d5tly ( desire1 reason or k make u p]=m c]ta9 actions1 or dom9ate u1#ahj to :at faculty %all ! action be ascrib$1 & h[ does x occur8 ,if reason produce ano!r desire1 h[ does x d s8 ,if reason manife/ itself & lib]ate u by ! process ( calm+ our desires1 ! free w lies no long] 9 ! action1 b 9 intellig5ce2 = e action1 h[ev] mu* direct$ by reason1 w\ld !n be some?+ mix$1 n reveal+ an unconfus$ free w4 ,,lib]ty ,,ref]r$ ,,to ,,! ,,action ,,( ,,intellig5ce4 #c4 ,! "q mu/ be exam9$ c>efully1 = x w lat] be appli$ to ! div9ities4 ,responsibility has be5 trac$ to ! w1 & ?is to reason fir/1 & lat] to "r reason4 ,bett]1 to reason enlight5$ by k2 = fre$om ( w is n possess$ inconte/ably if "o be ignorant ( :y 8 decision or action is good1 if "o h be5 l$ to d ! "r ?+ by *ance1 or by "s s5sible repres5tation4 ,s9ce ! latt] is n )9 our p[]1 we c\ld n impute to free w ! actions x inspir$4 ,by s5sible repres5tation1 or1 phantasy1#aha we mean ! imag9ation excit$ )9 u by ! passions ( ! body2 = x (f]s u diff]5t images accord+ z ! body has ne$ ( food1 ( dr9k1 or ( s5sual pleasures4 ,^? :o act accord+ to ! s5sible repres5tations excit$ )9 !m by div]s qualities ( ! humors ( ! body are n :olly responsible = _! actions4 ,t is :y deprav$ m51 :o usually act accord+ to ^! images1 d n1 accord+ to u1 p]=m actions t are free & volunt>y4 ,we ascribe free w only to him :o1 enfran*is$ f ! passions ( ! body1 p]=ms actions det]m9$ solely by intellig5ce4 ,we ref] lib]ty1 !re=e1 to ! noble/ pr9ciple1 to ! action ( ! intellig5ce#ahb2 we reg>d z free only ! decisions ^: pr9ciple x is1 & z volunt>y1 only ! desires x inspires4 ,?is fre$om is t :i* we ascribe to ! div9ities1 :o live 9 con=mity ) ,intellig5ce1 & ) ! ,desire ( :i* x is ! pr9ciple4#ahc ,,intellig5ce ,,has ,,conv]sion ,,to ,,good ,,& ,,be+ ,,9 ,,itself4 #d4 ,we might ask h[ t :i* is produc$ by a desire c\ld be autocratically free1 s9ce ! desire implies a ne$1 & drags u t[>ds some?+ ext]ior2 = :oev] desires really yields to an incl9ation1 ev5 ?\gh ! latt] %\ld lead him to ! ,good4 ,we might fur!r ask :e!r intellig5ce1 do+ t :i* is 9 its nature to d1 9 a mann] con=mable to its nature1 is free & indep5d5t1 s9ce x c\ld h done ! opposite4 ,fur!r1 we may ask :e!r we h ! "r to attribute free w to t :i* does n d any de$s2 la/1 :e!r t :i* does a de$1 is n1 by ! m]e fact t e action has a purpose1 subject to an ext]nal necessity4 ,h[ inde$ c\ld "o attribute fre$om to a be+ t obeys its nature8 ,we 7might answ]71 h[ c "o say ( ?is be+ t x obeys1 if x be n con/ra9$ to foll[ some?+ ext]nal8 ,h[ w\ld ! be+ t directs itself t[>ds ! ,good be con/ra9$1 if its desire be volunt>y1 if x direct itself t[>ds ! ,good1 kn[+ t x is su*8 ,only involunt>ily does a be+ dep>t f ! ,good1 only by con/ra9t does x direct itself t[>ds t :i* is n its good2 t is ! v nature ( s]vitude1 n to be able to rea* "o's own good1 & to be ?w>t$ by a sup]ior p[] to :i* ob$i5ce is compulsory4 ,s]vitude displeases u1 n because x deprives u ( ! lib]ty to d evil1 b because x h9d]s u go+ t[>ds our own1 f ensu+ our own good1 =c$ z we are to "w at ! good ( someone else4 ,:5 we speak ( obey+ our nature1 we di/+ui% 79 ! be+ t obeys its nature7 two pr9ciples1 ! "o :i* comm&s1 & ! o!r :i* obeys4#ahb ,b :5 a pr9ciple has a simple nature1 :5 x is a s+le actualization1 :5 x is n o!r 9 pot5tiality ?an x is 9 actualization1 h[ w\ld x n be free8 ,x _c be said to be act+ con=mably to its nature1 because its actualization is n diff]5t f its be+1 & because1 )9 x1 ess5ce & action co9cide4 ,x surely is free1 if x act nei!r = ano!r1 nor 9 dep5d5ce on ano!r4 ,if ! ^w indep5d5t be n suitable "h1 if x be too weak1 we mu/ at lea/ und]/& t ?is ,pr9ciple does n dep5d on any o!r1 does n recognize x z ! rul] ( its actions1 any m ?an ( its be+1 s9ce x itself is pr9ciple4 ,inde$1 if ,intellig5ce dep5d ^u a fur!r pr9ciple1 at lea/ ?is "o is n ext]nal1 b is ! ,good itself4 ,if !n x be 9 ! ,good itself t x f9ds its welf>e1 s mu* ! m does x itself possess indep5d5ce & lib]ty1 s9ce x seeks !m only 9 view ( ! ,good4 ,:5 !re=e ,intellig5ce acts 9 con=mity ) ! ,good1 x has a high] degree ( indep5d5ce2 = x possesses already ! conv]sion to ! ,good1 inasmu* z x proce$s f ! ,good1 & ! privilege ( be+ 9 itself1 because ,intellig5ce is turn$ t[>ds ! ,good2 n[ x is bett] = ,intellig5ce to rema9 )9 itself1 s9ce x is ?us turn$ t[>ds ! ,good4 ,,fre$om ,,( ,,w ,,& ,,virtue ,,are ,,indep5d5t ,,( ,,! ,,actions4 #e4 ,d autocratic fre$om & indep5d5ce inh]e 9 pure & ?9k+ ,intellig5ce exclusively1 or are !y also f\nd 9 ! s\l :i* applies its contemplative activity to intellig5ce1 & its practical activity to virtue8 ,if we grant lib]ty to ! practical activity ( ! s\l1 we w n ext5d x to its results2 = ( ?is we are n always ma/]s4 ,b if lib]ty is attribut$ to ! s\l :i* does good1 & :i*1 9 ev]y?+ acts by h]self1 we are ne> ! tru?4 ,h[ w\ld t dep5d on u8 ,z x dep5ds on u to be c\rage\s :5 !re is a w>4 ,nev]!less1 admitt+ t x !n dep5ds on u to be c\rage\s1 ,i obs]ve t1 if !re 7 no w>1 we c\ld n p]=m any action ( ?is nature4 ,likewise1 9 all o!r virtu\s de$s1 virtue always dep5ds on accid5tal circum/ances :i* =ce u to d "s p>ticul> ?+4#ahb ,n[ if we 7 to give virtue ! lib]ty ( decid+ :e!r x desir$ a w>1 s z to be able to (f] a pro( ( c\rage2 or desir$ inju/ices1 z opportunities to def9e & to respect rights2 or wi%$ t p might be poor to be able to %[ =? its lib]ality2 or :e!r x pref]r$ to rema9 at re/1 because ev]y?+ 0 9 ord]2 might virtue n pref] to rema9 inactive 9 case nobody ne$$ h] s]vices4#ahc ,simil>ly a good physician1 su* z ,hippocrates1 = in/ance1 w\ld wi% t 8 pr(essional s]vices %\ld n be ne$$ by anybody4 ,if !n virtue :5 appli$ to actions be =c$ to engage 9 su* activities1 h[ c\ld x possess indep5d5ce 9 all its purity8 ,%\ld we n say t actions are subject to ,necessity1 :il/ ! prelim9>y volition & reason+ are indep5d5t8 ,if ?is be s1 & s9ce we locate free w 9 t :i* prec$es its execution1 we %all also h to locate autocratic fre$om & indep5d5ce ( virtue outside ( ! 7actual7 de$4 ,,virtue ,,z ,,intellectualiz+ ,,habit ,,lib]ates ,,! ,,s\l4 ,:at %all we n[ say ( virtue consid]$ z habit or disposition8 ,does x n occupy itself ) regulat+ & mod]at+ ! passions & desires :5 ! s\l is n heal?y8 ,9 :at s5se d we !n say t x dep5ds on u to be good1 & t virtue has no ma/]8#ahd ,9 ?is s5se1 t x is we :o w & *oose2 m1 9 ! s5se t virtue1 by its assi/ance1 yields u lib]ty & indep5d5ce1 & releases u f s]vitude4 ,if !n virtue be ano!r k9d ( intellig5ce1 a habit t intellectualizes ! s\l1 ev5 9 ?is respect mu/ lib]ty be s\ght n 9 practical activity1 b 9 ! intellig5ce divorc$ f activity4 ,,lib]ty ,,ref]s ,,to ,,! ,,int]ior ,,life1 ,,r ,,?an ,,to ,,! ,,ext]ior4 #f4 ,h[ !n did we previ\sly ref] lib]ty to volition1 say+ t t :i* dep5ds on u1 our responsibility1 is t :i* occurs accord+ to our w8 ,yes1 b we add$1 or does n occur4 ,if inde$ we be "r1 & if we cont9ue to support our =m] op9ion1 we %all h to recognize t virtue & intellig5ce are _! own mi/resses1 & t x is to !m t we mu/ ref] our free w & indep5d5ce4 ,s9ce !y h no ma/]1 we %all admit t 7our7 intellig5ce rema9s )9 itself1 t virtue mu/ equally rema9 calm 9 itself1 regulat+ ! s\l s z to make h] good1 & t 9 ?is respect x itself is bo? free1 & enfran*ises ! s\l4 ,if passions or necess>y actions arise1 7virtue7 directs !m automatically2 nev]!less %e /ill pres]ves h] indep5d5ce 7or1 fre$om7 by gett+ into relations ) ev]y?+4 ,= in/ance1 7virtue7 does n engage 9 ext]ior ?+s to save ! body 9 times ( dang]2 on ! contr>y1 %e ab&ons x1 if x seem advisable2 %e ord]s ! man to r5\nce ev5 life1 weal?1 *ildr51 & fa!rl&2 = h] object is to be honorable1 rel9qui%+ any?+ b5ea? h] dignity4 ,?is evid5tly %[s t our lib]ty ( action & indep5d5ce d n ref] to practical matt]s1 nor to ext]nal occupations1 b to int]ior activity1 to ?\ght1 to ! contemplation ( virtue itself4 ,?is virtue mu/ be consid]$ z a k9d ( intellig5ce1 & mu/ n be confus$ ) ! passions t dom9ate & gov]n reason2 = ^!1 z 7,plato#ahe7 says1 seem to d]ive some?+ f ! body1 ?\gh tra9$ by ex]cise & habit4 ,,lib]ty ,,dep5ds ,,on ,,! ,,highe/ ,,intellig5ce4 ,lib]ty !re=e belongs to ! immat]ial pr9ciple1 & to ?is %\ld be trac$ our free w4 ,?is pr9ciple is ! volition :i* rules itself1 & :i* rema9s )9 itself2 ev5 :5 by necessity compell$ to take "s resolution affect+ ext]nal affairs4 ,all t proce$s f 7! immat]ial pr9ciple7 & exi/s by x1 dep5ds on u1 & is free2 :at is outside ( x1 & ) x2 :at x itself wills & c>ries out unh9d]$1 also con/itutes :at prim>ily dep5ds on u4 ,! contemplative & prim>y ,intellig5ce !re=e possesses indep5d5ce1 because 9 ! accompli%m5t ( its function x dep5ds on no o!r be+1 because fulfill+ 7its function1 ,intellig5ce7 rema9s entirely turn$ t[>ds itself1 exclusively engag$ ) itself1 re/+ 9 ! ,good1 liv+ accord+ to its w1 satisfi$1 & )\t ne$s4 ,besides1 w is no?+ m ?an ?\ght2 b x 0 call$ w because x 0 con=m$ to intellig5ce2 = w imitates :at con=ms to intellig5ce4 ,on ! "o h&1 w desires ! ,good2 on ! o!r1 = ,intellig5ce to ?9k truly1 is to abide )9 ! ,good4 ,intellig5ce !re=e possesses :at ! w desires1 &1 9 atta9+ ^! its desires1 w becomes ?\ght4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 we def9e lib]ty z ! w's a*ievem5t ( ! ,good1 :y %\ld n lib]ty also be pr$icat$ ( ! ,intellig5ce :i* is f\nd$ on 7! ,good7 t is ! object ( ! desire ( our w8 ,if1 h[ev]1 !re %\ld /ill be objection to ascrib+ lib]ty to intellig5ce1 ?is c\ld be ! case only by ascrib+ x to some?+ /ill high] 7namely1 sup]-,intellig5ce74 ,,! ,,s\l ,,is ,,free ,,by ,,intellig5ce1 ,,:i* ,,is ,,free ,,by ,,itself4 #g4 ,! s\l !re=e becomes free :51 by ! aid ( intellig5ce1 %e defies all ob/acles 9 h] asc5t to ! ,good2 & :atev] %e does = ! sake ( ! ,good is responsible action4 ,intellig5ce1 h[ev]1 is free by itself4 ,b4 ,,( ,,! ,,free ,,w ,,( ,,! ,,supreme4 7,let u n[ consid] ! free w ( ! ,good47 ,,! ,,good ,,is ,,! ,,desirable ,,9 ,,itself4 #h4 ,! nature ( ! ,good is t :i* is desirable = its own sake4 ,x is by ! ,good t ! ,s\l & ,intellig5ce ex]cise lib]ty :5 ! ,s\l c atta9 ! ,good )\t ob/acle1 & :5 ,intellig5ce c enjoy its possession4 ,n[ s9ce ! ,good's empire ext5ds ov] all l[] treasures2 s9ce ,he occupies ! front rank2 s9ce ,he is ! ,pr9ciple to :i* all be+s wi% to rise1 on :om !y all dep5d1 & f :om all d]ive _! p[] & lib]ty2 x w\ld be difficult to attribute to ,him a lib]ty simil> to our human fre$om ( w1 :5 we c h>dly1 ) propriety1 pr$icate su* a human lib]ty ( ,intellig5ce4 ,,! ,,good ,,is ,,free1 ,,b ,,n ,,m]ely ,,by ,,*ance4 ,"h "s ra% p]son1#ahf draw+ 8 argum5ts f "s o!r s*ool ( ?\ght1 may object t1 ,if ! ,good be inde$ good1 ?is occurs only by *ance4 ,a man is n ma/] ( :at he is 7t is1 ( 8 own nature71 because 8 own nature does n dep5d on himself 7t is1 is n due to self-det]m9ation74 ,consequ5tly1 he enjoys nei!r fre$om nor indep5d5ce1 z he acts or )holds action z he is =c$ by necessity4 ,su* an ass]tion is gratuit\s1 & ev5 self-contradictory4 ,x de/roys all conception ( w1 lib]ty & indep5d5ce1 r$uc+ ^! t]ms to be+ labels1 & illusions4 ,he :o advances su* an op9ion is =c$ to ma9ta9 n only t x is n )9 ! p[] ( anybody to d or n to d "s ?+1 b also t ! ^w lib]ty ar\ses no conception 9 8 m9d1 & is mean+less4 ,if h[ev] he insi/ t he does und]/& x1 he w soon be =c$ to ackn[l$ge t ! conception ( lib]ty be>s a con=mity ) ! reality :i* he at fir/ d5i$4 ,! conception ( a ?+ ex]ts no int]f]5ce on its sub/ance 7be+72 x c d no?+ by itself1 nor c x lead to hypo/atic exi/5ce4 ,x is limit$ to po9t+ out to u :i* be+ obeys o!rs1 :i* be+ possesses free w1 :i* be+ dep5ds on no o!r1 b is ma/] ( its own action1 a privilege *>act]i/ic ( et]nal be+s s f> z !y are et]nal1 or to be+s :i* atta9 ! ,good )\t ob/acle 7l ! ,s\l71 or possess x 7l ,intellig5ce74 ,x is !re=e absurd to say t ! ,good1 :i* is above !m1 seeks o!r high] good beyond itself4 ,,be+ ,,& ,,actualization ,,con/itute ,,"o ,,self-,,exi/5t ,,pr9ciple4 ,nor is x any m accurate to insi/ t ! ,good exi/s by *ance4 ,*ance occurs only 9 ! l[] & multiple ?+s4 ,we on ! contr>y insi/ t ! ,fir/ does n exi/ by *ance1 & t "o _c say t ,he is n ma/] ( ,8 bir?1 s9ce ,he 0 n born4#ahg ,x is n any less absurd to ass]t t ,he is n free because ,he acts accord+ to ,8 nature2 = su* an ass]tion w\ld seem to imply t fre$om consi/s 9 actions contr>y to "o's nature4 ,la/1 ,8 solit>9ess 7or1 unity7 does n deprive ,him ( lib]ty1 because ?is unity does n result f ,8 be+ h9d]$ by anybody else 7f hav+ any?+ else71 b f ,8 be+ :at ,he is1 f ,8 satisfy+ 7or1 pleas+7 ,himself1 z ,he c\ld n be any bett]2 o!rwise1 x w\ld be impli$ t "o w\ld lose "o's lib]ty on atta9+ ! ,good4 ,if su* an ass]tion be absurd1 is x n ! summit ( absurdity to refuse to pr$icate autocratic lib]ty ( ! ,good because ( ,8 be+ good1 because ,he rema9s )9 ,himself & because s9ce all be+s aspire t[>ds ,him1 ,he ,himself aspires to no?+ else ?an ,himself1 & has no ne$ ( any?+8 ,z ,8 high] hypo/atic exi/5ce is simultane\sly ,8 high] actualization--= 9 ,him ^! two aspects fuse into "o1 s9ce !y d s ev5 9 ,intellig5ce--,8 ess5ce is no m con=m$ to ,8 actualization1 ?an ,8 actualization to ,8 ess5ce4 ,he _c be said to actualize accord+ to ,8 nature1 nor t ,8 actualization & ,8 high] life are trac$ up into ,8 high] be+ 7s to speak74 ,b z ,8 high] be+ & ,8 high] 7actualization7 are intimately unit$1 & coexi/ s9ce all et]nity1 ! result is t ^! two entities con/itute a s+le ,pr9ciple1 :i* dep5ds on itself1 & no?+ else4 ,,physical ,,qualities ,,us$ ,,( ,,! ,,supreme ,,only ,,by ,,analogy4 #h4 ,we conceive ( ! self-rule z no accid5t ( ! ,good2 b1 f ! self-rule prop] to 7all7 be+s1 we rise1 by ab/raction ( ! contr>ies1 to ,him :o ,himself is lib]ty & indep5d5ce1 ?us apply+ to ?is ,pr9ciple ! l[] attributes t we borr[ f inf]ior be+s 7t is1 ! ,s\l & ,intellig5ce71 because ( our impot5ce to speak prop]ly ( ,him4 ,su* inde$ are ! t]ms t we c\ld use 9 ref]r+ to ,him1 ?\gh x w\ld be absolutely impossible to f9d ! prop] expression1 n only to pr$icate any?+ ( ,him1 b ev5 to say any?+ :atev] ab\t ,him4 ,= ! mo/ beautiful & v5]able ?+s d no m ?an imitate ,him1 :o is _! pr9ciple4 ,nev]!less1 f ano!r /&po9t1 ,he is n _! pr9ciple1 s9ce ?is _! imitation mu/ be d5i$1 & we mu/ )draw1 z too inf]ior1 ev5 ! t]ms lib]ty & self-rule1 = ^! t]ms seem to imply a t5d5cy t[>ds some?+ else1 an ob/acle1 ev5 if only to avoid x2 ! coexi/5ce ( o!r be+s1 ev5 if only to imitate ,him un9t]rupt$ly4 ,n[ no t5d5cy %\ld be attribut$ to ! ,good4 ,he is :at ,he is be=e all o!r ?+s1 s9ce we d n ev5 say ( ,him1 ,he is1 s z n to e/abli% any connection betwe5 ,him & be+s4 ,nei!r c we say ( ,him1 accord+ to ,8 nature2 = ?is expression indicates "s lat] relation4 ,x is inde$ appli$ to intelligible entities1 b only s f> z !y proce$ f "s o!r pr9ciple2 t is :y x is appli$ to be+1 because x is born ( ! 7,good74 ,b if we ref] nature to temporal ?+s1 x c\ld n be pr$icat$ ( be+2 = to say t be+ does n exi/ by itself w\ld be to affect its exi/5ce2 to say t x d]ives its exi/5ce f some?+ else is equival5t to ass]t+ t x does n exi/ by itself4 ,nor %\ld we say ( ! ,good t ,8 nature is accid5tal1 nor speak ( cont+5cy 9 connection ) 7! ,div9ity72 = ,he is cont+5t nei!r = ,himself nor = o!r be+s2 cont+5cy is f\nd only 9 ! multiple be+s :i*1 already be+ "o ?+1 h accid5tally become "s o!r4 ,h[ inde$ c\ld ! ,fir/ exi/ accid5tally8 = ,he did n rea* ,8 pres5t condition =tuit\sly en\gh to enable u ev5 to ask1 ,h[ did ,he become :at ,he is8 ,no *ance l$ ,him 7to become ,8 pres5t self71 nor l$ ,him to hypo/atic exi/5ce2 = *ance & luck did n exi/ ant]iorly to ,him1 s9ce ev5 !y proce$ f a cause1 & exi/ only 9 ?+s t gr[#ahh 7or1 become74 ,,cont+5ce ,,might ,,be ,,appli$ ,,to ,,! ,,supreme1 ,,if ,,! ,,^w ,,be ,,re-,,def9$4 #i4 ,if h[ev] anybody appli$ ! t]m cont+5cy to ! ,div9ity1 we %\ld n dispute ab\t ! ^w1 b g back ( x to its und]ly+ mean+4 ,d y1 by x1 mean t ! ,fir/ is a pr9ciple ( p>ticul> nature & p[]2 & t if ,he _h _h a diff]5t nature1 ,he w\ld /ill1 z pr9ciple1 h con=m$ to ! nature ,he w\ld h _h8 ,also1 t if ,he _h be5 less p]fect1 ,he w\ld /ill h actualiz$ 9 con=mity ) ,8 be+8 ,we %\ld answ] su* an ass]tion ?us3 x 0 impossible = ! high] ,pr9ciple ( all ?+s to be cont+5t2 or to be less p]fect accid5tally1 or good 9 "s o!r mann]1 z "s high] ?+ t 0 less complete4 ,z ! pr9ciple ( all ?+s mu/ be bett] ?an !y1 ,he mu/ be det]m9ate2 & by ?is is "h meant t ,he exi/s 9 an unique mann]4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 n by necessity2 = necessity did n exi/ be=e ,him4 ,necessity exi/s only 9 ! be+s t foll[ ! fir/ ,pr9ciple1 ?\gh ! latt] impose no con/ra9t ^u !m4 ,x is by ,himself t ! ,fir/ exi/s uniquely4 ,he c\ld n be any?+ b :at ,he is2 ,he is :at ,he ought to h be52 & n by accid5t4 ,he is t2 ,he _h to be :at ,he 04 ,s ,he :o is :at ,he ought to h be5 is ! pr9ciple ( ! ?+s t ought to exi/4 ,n by accid5t1 nor cont+5tly1 !re=e1 is ,he :at ,he is2 ,he is :at ,he _h to be2 ?\gh "h ! t]m _h to be is improp]4 7,if we be p]mitt$ to expla9 :at we mean by an illu/ration1 we may say t7 ! o!r be+s h to await ! appe>ance ( _! k+--:i* means1 t ,he %all posit ,himself z :at ,he really is1 ! true ,k+1 ! true ,pr9ciple1 ! true ,good4 ,( ,him x mu/ n ev5 be said t ,he actualizes 9 con=mity ) ! ,good1 = !n ,he w\ld seem subord9ate to "s o!r pr9ciple2 we mu/ say only t ,he is :at ,he is4 ,he is n con=m$ to ! ,good1 because ,he is ! ,good itself4 ,,n ,,ev5 ,,ess5ce ,,is ,,cont+5t1 ,,let ,,alone ,,sup]-,,ess5ce4 ,besides1 !re is no?+ cont+5t1 ev5 9 7t :i* is b5ea? ! ,fir/71 namely1 ,ess5ce-9-itself2 = if any cont+5cy inh]$ 9 x1 x itself w\ld be cont+5t4 ,b ,ess5ce _c be cont+5t1 = n =tuit\sly is x :at x is2 nor does x d]ive :at x is f any?+ else1 because ! v nature ( ,ess5ce is to be ,ess5ce4 ,?is be+ ! case1 h[ c\ld ,he :o is above ,ess5ce be consid]$ z be+ :at ,he is =tuit\sly8 ,= ,he begat ,ess5ce1 & ,ess5ce is n :at x is =tuit\sly1 s9ce x exi/s 9 ! same mann] z ,be+1 :i* is :at is ,be+ & ,intellig5ce--o!rwise1 "o might ev5 say t ,intellig5ce 0 cont+5t1 z if x c\ld h be5 any?+ b :at is its nature4 ,?us ,he :o does n issue f ,himself1 & does n incl9e t[>ds any?+ :atev]1 is :at ,he is 9 ! mo/ special s5se4 ,,! ,,supreme ,,is ,,! ,,p[] ,,really ,,ma/] ,,( ,,himself4 ,:at n[ c\ld be said 7to look d[n7 f "s 7peak7 ov]hang+ 7,ess5ce & ,intellig5ce71 ^u 7_! pr9ciple78 ,c\ld y describe :at y saw f !re z be+ :at x is =tuit\sly8 ,c]ta9ly n6 ,nei!r ,8 nature nor ,8 mann] w\ld be cont+5t4 ,he is m]ely 7an absolute1 unexpla9able7 exi/5ce 7a ?us74 ,ev5 ?is t]m ?us1 h[ev]1 w\ld be improp]1 =1 on apply+ x to ! ,fir/1 x w\ld become det]m9ate1 & become su* a ?+4 ,:oev] has se5 ! ,fir/ w\ld n say ,he 01 or 0 n t2 o!rwise1 y w\ld be r$uc+ ,him to ! class ( ?+s :i* may be designat$ z ?is or t2 b ! ,fir/ is above all ^! ?+s4 ,:5 y %all h se5 ,him :o is inf9ite 7indef9ite71 y w be able to "n all ! ?+s t are aft] ,him 7y w be able to "n ,him :om all ?+s foll[72 b y mu/ n classify ,him among ^!4 ,consid] ,him z ! univ]sal ,p[] ess5tially ma/] 7( himself71 :i* is :at ,he wi%es2 or r1 :o has impos$ ,8 w ^u 7all7 be+s1 b :o ,himself is great] ?an all volition1 & :o classifies volition z bel[ ,himself4 7,to speak /rictly !re=e7 ,he did n ev5 w to be :at ,he is 7he did n ev5 say1 ,i %all be t72 & no o!r pr9ciple made ,him be :at ,he is4 ,,! ,,supreme ,,bani%es ,,all ,,*ance ,,by ,,assign+ ,,limit ,,& ,,%ape ,,to ,,ea* ,,=m4 #aj4 ,he 7,/rato ! ,p]ipatetic87 :o insi/s t ! ,good is :at x is by *ance1 %\ld be ask$ h[ he w\ld l to h x demon/rat$ to him t ! hypo!sis ( *ance is false--9 case x be false--& h[ *ance c\ld be made to disappe> f ! univ]se8 ,if !re be a nature 7su* z ! nature ( ! "o ,unity71 :i* makes 7*ance7 disappe>1 x itself c\ld n be subject to *ance4 ,if we subject to *ance ! nature :i* causes o!r be+s n to be :at !y are by *ance1 no?+ w be left t c\ld h be5 d]iv$ f *ance4 ,b ! pr9ciple ( all be+s bani%es *ance f ! univ]se by giv+ to ea* 7be+7 a =m1 a limitation1 & a %ape2 & x is impossible to attribute to *ance ! production ( be+s ?us begott5 9 a mann] con=m+ to reason4 ,a cause exi/s !re4 ,*ance reigns only 9 ?+s t d n result f a plan1 :i* are n concat5at$1 :i* are accid5tal4 ,h[ inde$ c\ld we attribute to *ance ! exi/5ce ( ! pr9ciple ( all reason1 ord]1 & det]m9ation8 ,*ance no d\bt sways _m ?+s#ahh2 b x c\ld n control ! production ( intellig5ce1 reason1 & ord]4 ,*ance1 9 fact1 is ! contr>y ( reason2 h[ !n c\ld 7*ance7 produce 7reason78 ,if *ance d n beget ,intellig5ce1 s mu* ! m c\ld x n h begott5 ! /ill sup]ior & bett] ,pr9ciple2 = *ance _h no res\rces f :i* to produce ?is pr9ciple2 *ance itself did n exi/2 & x w\ld n h be5 9 any mann] able to imp>t et]nal 7qualities74 ,?us1 s9ce !re is no?+ ant]ior to ! 7,div9ity71 & z ,he is ! ,fir/1 we %all h to halt our inquiry ab\t ?is ,pr9ciple1 & say no?+ m ab\t ,him1 r exam9+ ! production ( ! be+s po/]ior to ,him4 ,z to ,him himself1 !re is no use consid]+ h[ ,he 0 produc$1 z ,he really 0 n produc$4 ,,! ,,supreme ,,z ,,ma/] ,,( ,,8 ,,own ,,be+4 ,s9ce ,he 0 n produc$1 we mu/ suppose t ,he is ! ma/] ( ,8 own be+4 ,ev5 if ,he 7 n ma/] ( ,8 own be+1 & if1 be+ :at ,he is1 ,he did n end[ ,himself ) hypo/atic =m ( exi/5ce1 & limit$ ,himself to utiliz+ ,8 res\rces1 ! consequ5ce is t ,he is :at ,he is necess>ily1 & t ,he c\ld n h be5 diff]5t f :at ,he is4 ,he is :at ,he is1 n because ,he c\ld h be5 o!rwise1 b because ,8 nature is excell5t4 ,inde$1 ev5 if "o be sometimes h9d]$ f becom+ bett]1 no "o is ev] h9d]$ by any o!r p]son f becom+ worse4 ,!re=e1 if ,he did n issue f ,himself1 ,he owes x to ,himself1 & n to any outside h9drance2 ,he mu/ ess5tially be t :i* has n issu$ f itself4 ,! impossibility ( becom+ worse is n a m>k ( impot5ce1 because1 if 7! ,div9ity7 d n deg5]ate1 ,he owes x to ,himself1 7& d]ives x7 f ,himself4 ,8 n aspir+ to any?+ o!r ?an ,himself con/itutes ! highe/ degree ( p[]1 s9ce ,he is n subject$ to necessity1 b con/itutes ! law & necessity ( o!r be+s4 ,has necessity !n caus$ its own 7hypo/atic7 exi/5ce8 ,no1 x has n ev5 rea*$ !re1 inasmu* z all t is aft] ! ,fir/ a*iev$ 7hypo/atic7 exi/5ce on ,8 acc\nt4 ,h[ !n c\ld ,he :o is be=e 7hypo/atic7 exi/5ce 7or1 :i* has a*iev$ a =m ( exi/5ce71 h d]iv$ ,8 exi/5ce f any o!r pr9ciple1 or ev5 f ,himself8 ,,x ,,is ,,impossible ,,to ,,transc5d ,,! ,,fir/4 #aa4 ,:at !n is ! ,pr9ciple :i* "o _c ev5 say t x is 7hypo/atically7 exi/5t8 ,?is po9t w h to be conc$$ )\t discussion1 h[ev]1 = we _c prosecute ?is inquiry4 ,:at inde$ w\ld we be seek+1 :5 x is impossible to g beyond1 e inquiry lead+ to "s "o pr9ciple1 & ceas+ !re8 ,besides1 all que/ions ref] to "o ( f\r ?+s3 exi/5ce1 quality1 cause & ess5ce4 ,f ! be+s t foll[ ,him1 we conclude to ! ess5ce ( ! ,fir/1 9 t s5se 9 :i* we say ,he exi/s4 ,seek+ ! cause ( ,8 exi/5ce1 h[ev]1 w\ld am\nt to seek+ an 7ult]ior7 pr9ciple1 & ! ,pr9ciple ( all ?+s _c ,himself h a pr9ciple4 ,an ef=t to det]m9e ,8 quality w\ld am\nt to seek+ :at accid5t inh]es 9 ,him 9 :om is no?+ cont+5t2 & !re is /ill m cle>ly no possible inquiry z to ,8 exi/5ce1 z we h to grasp x ! be/ we "k h[1 /riv+ n to attribute any?+ to ,him4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,god ,,puzzles ,,u ,,only ,,because ,,we ,,habitually ,,/>t ,,f ,,"s ,,pre-,,exi/5t ,,*aos4 7,habitually7 we are l$ to ask ^! que/ions ab\t ! nature 7( ! div9ity7 *iefly because we conceive ( space & location z a *aos1 into :i* space & location1 t is ei!r pres5t$ to u by our imag9ation1 or t really exi/s1 we lat] introduce ! fir/ ,pr9ciple4 ,?is introduction am\nts to a "q :5ce & h[ ,he came4 ,we !n treat ,him z a /rang]1 & we wond] :y ,he is pres5t !re1 & :at is ,8 be+2 we usually assume ,he came up out ( an abyss1 or t ,he fell f above4 ,9 ord] to evade ^! que/ions1 !re=e1 we %all h to remove f our conception 7( ! div9ity7 all notion ( locality1 & n posit ,him )9 any?+1 nei!r conceiv+ ( ,him z et]nally re/+1 & f\nd$ )9 ,himself1 nor z if come f some:]e4 ,we %all h to cont5t ourselves ) ?9k+ t ,he exi/s 9 ! s5se 9 :i* reason+ =ces u to admit ,8 exi/5ce1 or ) p]suad+ ourselves t location1 l ev]y?+ else1 is po/]ior to ! ,div9ity1 & t x is ev5 po/]ior to all ?+s4 ,?us conceiv+ 7( ! ,div9ity7 z outside ( all place1 s f> z we c conceive ( ,him1 we are n surr\nd+ ,him z x 7 )9 a circle1 nor are we und]tak+ to measure ,8 greatness1 nor are we attribut+ to ,him ei!r quantity or quality2 = ,he has no %ape1 n ev5 an intelligible "o2 ,he is n relative to any?+1 s9ce ,8 hypo/atic =m ( exi/5ce is conta9$ )9 ,himself1 & be=e all else4 ,,! ,,supreme1 ,,be+ ,,:at ,,he ,,is1 ,,is ,,n ,,produc$ ,,by ,,*ance4 ,s9ce 7! ,div9ity7 is su*1 we c]ta9ly c\ld n say t ,he is :at ,he is by *ance4 ,su* an ass]tion ab\t ,him is impossible1 inasmu* z we c speak ( ,him only by negations4#ahi ,we %all !re=e h to say1 n t ,he is :at ,he is by *ance2 b t1 be+ :at ,he is1 ,he is n t by *ance1 s9ce !re is )9 ,him absolutely no?+ cont+5t4 ,,ev5 ,,we ,,may ,,be ,,said ,,to ,,be ,,ma/]s ,,( ,,ourselves2 ,,h[ ,,mu* ,,m ,,! ,,supreme6 #ab4 ,%all we n ev5 refuse to say t 7! div9ity7 is :at ,he is1 & is ! ma/] ( :at ,he is1 or ( t :i* is /ill sup]ior8 ,our s\l /ill moots ?is problem1 because %e is n yet entirely conv9c$ by :at we h said4 ,our consid]ations !re( are z foll[s4 ,by 8 body1 ea* "o ( u is f> sep>at$ f be+2 b by 8 s\l1 by :i* he is pr9cipally con/itut$1 he p>ticipates 9 be+1 & is a c]ta9 be+2 t is1 he is a comb9ation ( diff]5ce & be+4 ,fundam5tally1 we are !re=e n a be+2 we are n ev5 be+2 consequ5tly1 we are n ma/]s ( our be+2 be+ itself r is ma/] ( u1 s9ce x furni%es u ) diff]5ce 7:i*1 jo9$ ) be+1 con/itutes our nature74 ,z1 9 a c]ta9 degree1 we are nev]!less ! be+ t is ma/] ( u1 we may1 9 ?is respect1 ev5 "h bel[1 be call$ ma/]s ( ourselves4 ,z to ! ,pr9ciple :i* absolutely is :at ,he is1 :i* is ,be+ itself1 s t ,he & ,8 be+ fuse1 ,he is ma/] ( ,himself1 & dep5ds on no?+1 ei!r 9 ,8 exi/5ce or be+4 ,he does n ev5 ne$ to be ma/] ( ,himself s9ce 7,he is be+71 & s9ce all t occupies ! fir/ rank 9 ! intelligible _w is classifi$ z be+4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,supreme ,,is ,,ev5 ,,beyond ,,8 ,,own ,,ma/]4 ,z to ,him :o made be+ 7equival5t to7 fre$om1 ^: nature x is to make free be+s1 & :o 7!re=e7 might be call$ ! au?or ( lib]ty--excuse ! expression--to :at c\ld ,he be enslav$8 ,x is ,8 be+ 7or1 nature7 to be free2 or r1 x is f ,him t be+ d]ives its fre$om2 = 7we mu/ n =get t7 be+ is po/]ior to ,him1 :o ,himself 7be+ beyond x71 has none4 ,if !n !re be any actualization 9 ,him1 if we 7 to consid] t ,he 0 con/itut$ by an actualization1 ,he w\ld nev]!less conta9 no diff]5ce1 ,he w be ma/] ( ,8 own self t produces ! actualization1 because ,he ,himself & ! actualization fuse 7& are id5tical74 ,b if we ackn[l$ge no actualization :atev] 79 ! ,div9ity71 if we pr$icate actualization only ( ! ?+s t t5d t[>ds ,him1 & f ,him d]ive _! hypo/atic exi/5ce1 we %\ld /ill less recognize 9 ,him any elem5t t is ma/]1 or t ma/]s4 ,we %\ld n ev5 say t ,he 0 ma/] ( ,himself1 nor t ,he _h a ma/]1 b because we h already pr$icat$ ( be+ :at is meant by be+ ma/] ( oneself4 ,we !re=e classify 7! ,div9ity7 9 a rank high] /ill4 ,b h[ c !re be a pr9ciple high] ?an ! "o t is ma/] ( ,himself8 ,9 ! ,pr9ciple :i* is ma/] ( ,himself1 z be+ & actualization are two 7sep>ate7 entities1 x is actualization t furni%es ! notion ( be+ ma/] ( oneself4 ,z h[ev] we saw t actualization 0 id5tical ) be+1 9 ord] to be call$ ma/] ( itself1 actualization mu/ h diff]5tiat$ itself f be+4 ,!re=e 7! ,div9ity71 :i* is n con/itut$ by two ?+s fus$ into unity1 b by absolute ,unity1 be+ ei!r only actualization1 or n ev5 m]e actualization1 c\ld n be call$ ma/] ( ,himself4 ,,all ,,su* ,,language ,,ab\t ,,! ,,div9ity ,,is ,,metaphorical4 #ac4 ,al?\gh ! above expressions1 :5 appli$ to ! 7div9ity71 are really n exact1 we are nev]!less =c$ to use !m 9 connection ) ?is disquisition4 ,we !re=e repeat :at 0 above rightly /at$1 t no d\bl5ess1 n ev5 if m]ely logical1 %\ld be admitt$ to our idea ( ! ,div9ity4 ,nev]!less1 t we may be bett] und]/ood1 we %all = a mom5t lay aside ! /rictness ( language dem&$ by reason4 ,,! ,,supreme ,,is ,,ma/] ,,( ,,himself ,,because ,,8 ,,v ,,ess5ce ,,dep5ds ,,on ,,himself4 ,n[ suppos+ ! exi/5ce ( actualizations 9 ! div9ity1 & t ^! actualizations dep5d on ,8 w--= he c\ld n actualize involunt>ily--& t simultane\sly !y con/itute ,8 be+2 9 ?is case1 ,8 w & ,8 be+ w be id5tical 7t is1 w fuse74 ,su* z ,he wi%$ to be1 ,he is4 ,t ,he wills & actualizes 9 con=mity to ,8 nature1 w n be said 9 pref]5ce to ?is1 t ,8 be+ con=ms to ,8 w & ,8 actualization4 ,he is absolutely ma/] ( ,himself1 because ,8 v ess5ce dep5ds on ,himself4 ,,! ,,supreme ,,is ,a ,,unity ,,( ,,w1 ,,be+ ,,& ,,actualization4 ,"h arises ano!r consid]ation4 ,e be+1 t aspires to ! ,good1 wi%es to be ! ,good f> m ?an to be :at x is2 & ?9ks itself z exi/+ mo/1 ! m x p>ticipates 9 ! ,good4 ,its pref]5ce is to be 9 su* a /ate1 to p>ticipate 9 ! ,good z mu* z possible1 because ! nature ( ! ,good is d\btless pref]able 9 itself4 ,! great] ! portion ( good possess$ by a be+1 ! fre] & m con=mable to its w is its nature 7be+72 !n x =ms b "o & ! same ?+ ) its w1 & by its w a*ieves hypo/atic exi/5ce 7or1 a =m ( exi/5ce74 ,s long z a be+ does n possess ! ,good1 x wi%es to be diff]5t f :at x is2 s soon z ! be+ possesses x1 ! be+ wi%es to be :at x is4 ,?is union1 or pres5ce ( ! ,good 9 a be+1 is n =tuit\s2 its be+ is n outside ( ! ,w 7( ! ,good72 by ?is pres5ce ( ! ,good x is det]m9$1 & on t acc\nt1 belongs to itself4 ,if !n ?is pres5ce ( ! ,good cause e be+ to make & det]m9e itself1 !n evid5tly 7! ,div9ity7 is prim>ily & p>ticul>ly ! pr9ciple ?r\gh :i* ! re/ may be itself4 ,! be+ 7( ! ,good7 is intimately unit$ ) ! w 7! ,div9ity7 has to be su* z ,he is--if ,i may be p]mitt$ to speak ?us--& ,he _c be und]/ood unless ,he wi%es to be :at ,he is4 ,z 9 ,him ev]y?+ concurs 79 a consummation71 ,he wi%es to be1 & is :at ,he wi%es2 ,8 w & ,himself =m b "o 7are id5tical1 or1 fuse74 ,he is n any ! less "o1 = ,he f9ds t ,he is precisely :at ,he may h wi%$ to be4 ,:at inde$ c\ld ,he h wi%$ to be1 if n :at ,he is8 ,,! ,,supreme ,,w\ld ,,wi% ,,to ,,be ,,:at ,,he ,,is4 ,n[ suppos+ t 7! div9ity7 7 giv5 ! *ance to *oose :at ,he w\ld l to be1 & t ,he 7 p]mitt$ to *ange ,8 nature1 ,he w\ld n desire to become diff]5t f :at ,he is2 ,he w\ld n f9d 9 ,himself any?+ t displeas$ ,him1 z if ,he _h be5 =c$ to be :at ,he is2 = ,he z ev] will$1 & /ill wills to be :at ,he is4 ,! nature ( ,good is really ,8 w2 ,he has nei!r yield$ to a lure1 nor 7bl9dly7 foll[$ 8 own nature1 b ,he pref]r$ ,himself1 because !re 0 no?+ diff]5t t ,he c\ld h wi%$ to be4 ,) ?is1 contra/ t o!r be+s d n f9d impli$ 9 _! own be+ ! reason ( pleas+ !mselves1 & t "s ( !m are ev5 dissatisfi$ ) !mselves4 ,9 ! hypo/atic exi/5ce ( ! ,good1 h[ev]1 is necess>ily conta9$ self-*oice1 & self-desire2 o!rwise1 !re w\ld be no?+ 9 ! :ole univ]se t c\ld please itself1 s9ce "o pleases himself only inasmu* z he p>ticipates 9 ! ,good1 & possesses an image ( x )9 oneself4 ,,e ,,t]m1 ,,:5 ,,appli$ ,,to ,,! ,,div9ity1 ,,%\ld ,,be ,,prec$$ ,,by ,a ,,p>ticle ,,rem9d+ ,,x ,,is ,,only ,,us$ ,,metaphorically4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 ask indulg5ce = our language2 :5 speak+ ( ! 7div9ity7 we are1 by ! necessity ( be+ und]/ood1 oblig$ to make use ( words :i* a meticul\s accuracy w\ld "q4 ,ea* ( !m %\ld be prefix$ by a 7w>n+7 p>ticle1 7mean+ some:at1 or7 high]4 ,,! ,,supreme ,,is ,,*oice1 ,,be+1 ,,w1 ,,self-,,direction1 ,,& ,,self-,,exi/5ce4 ,! subsi/5ce ( ! ,good implies t ( *oice & w1 because ,he c\ld n exi/ )\t ^! two4 ,b 79 ! ,div9ity7 7^! ?ree1 *oice1 be+ & w7 d n =m a multiplicity2 !y mu/ be consid]$ z hav+ fus$4 ,s9ce ,he is ! au?or ( w1 ,he mu/ evid5tly also be ! au?or ( :at is call$ self-direction 7be+ = oneself74 ,?is leads u to say t ,he made ,himself2 =1 s9ce ,he is ! au?or ( w1 & z ?is w is m or less ,8 "w1 & z x is id5tical ) ,8 ess5ce1 7we may say t7 ,he gave himself ! =m ( 7hypo/atic7 exi/5ce4 ,n by *ance !re=e is ,he :at ,he is2 ,he is :at ,he is because ,he wi%$ to be su*4 ,,9 ,,analysis ,,cont+5cy ,,is ,,elim9at$4 #ad4 ,"h is /ill ano!r po9t ( view f :i* ! subject "u discussion may be reg>d$4 ,ea* "o ( ! be+s t are said to be exi/5t1 is ei!r id5tical ) its ess5ce1 or diff]s f x4 ,?us1 "s p>ticul> man diff]s f ! ,man-ess5ce1 only p>ticipat+ !re94 ,on ! contr>y1 ! s\l is id5tical ) ! ,s\l-ess5ce1 :5 %e is simple1 & :5 %e is n pr$icat$ ( any?+ else4 ,likewise1 ! ,man-9-himself is id5tical ) ! ,man-ess5ce4 ,! man :o is o!r ?an ! ,man-ess5ce is cont+5t2 b ! ,man-ess5ce is n cont+5t2 ! ,man-9-himself exi/s 9 himself4 ,if !n ! ess5ce ( man exi/ by itself1 if x be nei!r =tuit\s nor cont+5t1 h[ c\ld cont+5cy be pr$icat$ ( ,him :o is sup]ior to ,man 9 himself1 & :o begat him1 f :om all be+s are d]iv$1 s9ce ,8 is a nature simpl] ?an ! ,man-ess5ce1 & ev5 ( ess5ce 9 g5]al8 ,if1 9 asc5d+ t[>ds great] simplicity1 cont+5cy decreases1 s mu* ! m impossible is x t cont+5cy c\ld ext5d to ! ,nature t is ! simple/ 7namely1 ! ,good74 ,,! ,,supreme ,,is ,,bo? ,,be+ ,,& ,,cause4 ,let u also rememb] t ea* ( ! be+s :i* exi/ g5u9ely1 z we h said1 & :i* h receiv$ _! =m ( hypo/atic exi/5ce f ! ,good1 likewise owe x to ,him t !y are individual1 z are ! simil>ly situat$ s5se-be+s4 ,by su* individual be+s is "h meant hav+ 9 "o's own be+ ! cause ( 8 hypo/atic exi/5ce4 ,consequ5tly1 ,he :o !n contemplates ?+s c give an acc\nt ( ea* ( _! details1 to give ! cause ( ! individuality ( eyes or feet1 to %[ t ! cause ( ! g5]ation ( ea* "p is f\nd 9 its relations ) ! o!r p>ts1 & t !y h all be5 made = ea* o!r4 ,:y are ! feet ( a p>ticul> l5g?8 ,because "s o!r organ is su*2 = in/ance1 ! face be+ su*1 ! feet !mselves mu/ be su*4 ,9 "o ^w1 ! univ]sal h>mony#aij is ! cause on acc\nt ( :i* all ?+s 7 made = ea* o!r4#aia ,:y is ! individual su* a ?+8 ,because ( ! ,man-ess5ce4 ,!re=e ! ess5ce & ! cause co9cide4 ,!y issu$ f ! same s\rce1 f ! ,pr9ciple :i*1 )\t hav+ ne$ ( reason+1 produc$ toge!r ! ess5ce & ! cause4 ,?us ! s\rce ( ! ess5ce & ! cause produces !m bo? simultane\sly4 ,su* !n are begott5 ?+s1 su* is _! pr9ciple1 b 9 a mu* sup]ior & tru] mann]2 = 9 respect ( excell5ce1 x possesses an imm5se sup]iority ov] !m4 ,n[ s9ce x is n =tuit\sly1 nei!r by *ance1 nor cont+5tly1 t ! ?+s :i* be> _! cause 9 !mselves1 are :at !y are2 s9ce1 on ! o!r h&1 7! ,div9ity7 possesses all ! entities ( :i* ,he is ! pr9ciple1 evid5tly1 be+ ! ,fa!r ( reason1 ( cause1 & ( causal be+--all ( !m entities entirely free f cont+5ce--he is ! ,pr9ciple & type ( all ?+s t are n cont+5t1 ! ,pr9ciple :i* is really & 9 ! highe/ degree indep5d5t ( *ance1 ( =tune1 & ( cont+5cy2 ,he is ! cause ( ,himself1 ,he is ,he by virtue ( ,himself2 = ,he is ,self 9 a prim>y & transc5d5t mann]4 ,,! ,,supreme ,,co-,,exi/s ,,) ,,himself1 ,,& ,,is ,,su* ,,z ,,he ,,wi%es ,,to ,,be4 #ae4 ,he is simultane\sly ! lovable & love2 ,he is love ( himself2 = ,he is beautiful only by & 9 ,himself4 ,he coexi/s ) ,himself only on condition t ! ?+1 :i* exi/s 9 ,himself1 is id5tical ) ,him4 ,n[ z 9 ,him ! ?+ t coexi/s is id5tical ) ,him1 & z 9 ,him also t :i* desires1 & t :i* is desirable play ! "p ( hypo/asis & subject1 "h once m appe>s ! id5tity ( desire & be+4 ,if ?is be s1 x is evid5tly aga9 ,he :o is ! au?or ( ,himself1 & ! ma/] ( ,himself2 consequ5tly1 ,he 0 made n su* z "s o!r be+ desir$ x1 b ,he is su* z ,he ,himself desires4 ,,m5 ,,escape ,,*ance ,,by ,,inf]ior ,,isolation2 ,,!re=e ,,! ,,supreme ,,mu/ ,,be ,,free4 ,:5 we ass]t t 7! ,div9ity7 ,himself receives no?+1 & is receiv$ by no o!r be+1 we !reby 9 ano!r way prove t ,he is :at ,he is1 n by *ance4 ,?is is ! case because ,he isolates ,himself1 & pres]ves ,himself un9fect$ f all ?+s4 ,besides1 we sometimes see t our nature possesses some?+ simil>1 :5 x f9ds itself dis5gag$ f all t is atta*$ to u1 & subjects u to ! sway ( =tune & fatality--= all ! ?+s t we call ours are dep5d5t1 & und]go ! law ( =tune1 happ5+ to u =tuit\sly4 ,only 9 ?is mann] is "o ma/] ( himself1 possess+ free w1 by virtue ( an actualization ( ! light :i* has ! =m ( ! ,good1 ( an actualization ( ! ,good1 :i* is sup]ior to intellig5ce2 ( an actualization :i* is n adv5titi\s1 & :i* is above all ?\ght4 ,:5 we %all h ris5 ?i!r1 :5 we %all h become t alone1 leav+ all ! re/1 %all we n say t we are !n above ev5 lib]ty & free w8 ,:o !n c\ld subject u to *ance1 to =tune1 to cont+5cy1 s9ce we %all h become ! g5u9e life1 or r1 s9ce we %all be 9 ,him :o d]ives no?+ f any o!r be+1 :o is solely himself8 ,:5 o!r be+s are isolat$1 !y d n suffice !mselves2 b ,he is :at ,he is1 ev5 :5 isolat$4 ,,! ,,asc5t ,,( ,,life ,,witness ,,to ,,! ,,disappe>ance ,,( ,,cont+5cy4 ,! fir/ hypo/atic =m ( exi/5ce does n consi/ 9 an inanimate entity or 9 an irrational life2 = an irrational life is b weak 9 ess5ce1 be+ a disp]sion ( reason1 & some?+ indet]m9ate4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! clos] life approa*es reason1 ! fur!r is x f cont+5cy1 = t :i* is rational has no?+ to d ) *ance4 ,asc5d+ !n 7to ! ,div9ity7 ,he does n seem to u to be ,reason1 b :at is /ill m beautiful ?an ,reason2 s f> is ,he f hav+ aris5 by *ance6 ,inde$1 ,he is ! v root ( ,reason1 = x is ! goal at :i* all ?+s f9d _! consummation4 ,he is ! pr9ciple & f\ndation ( an imm5se ,tree :i* lives by reason2 ,he rema9s 9 ,himself1 & imp>ts ess5ce to ! ,tree by ! reason ,he communicates4 ,,! ,,supreme ,,z ,,ev]y:]e ,,& ,,n[h]e2 ,,z ,,incl9ation ,,& ,,imman5ce4 #af4 ,z we ass]t1 & z x seems evid5t t 7! ,div9ity7 is ev]y:]e & n[h]e1 x is necess>y ?or\ghly to grasp & und]/& ?is conception1 z x applies to ! subject ( our /udies4 ,s9ce 7! ,div9ity7 is n[h]e1 ,he is n[h]e =tuit\sly2 s9ce ,he is ev]y:]e1 ,he is ev]y:]e :at ,he is4 ,he himself is !re=e :at is nam$ omnipres5ce1 & univ]sality4 ,he is n conta9$ )9 omnipres5ce1 b is omnipres5ce itself1 & ,he imp>ts ess5ce to all ! o!r be+s because !y are all conta9$ )9 ,him :o is ev]y:]e4 ,possess+ ! supreme rank1 or r ,himself be+ supreme1 ,he holds all ?+s 9 ob$i5ce to ,himself4 ,= !m ,he is n cont+5t2 x is !y t are cont+5t to ,him1 or r1 t connect ) ,him2 = x is n ,he :o contemplates !m1 b !y :o look at ,him4 ,on ,8 "p1 ,he1 z x 71 moves t[>ds ! mo/ intimate dep?s )9 ,himself1 lov+ ,himself1 lov+ ! pure radiance ( :i* ,he is =m$1 ,himself be+ :at ,he loves1 t is1 giv+ ,himself a hypo/atic =m ( exi/5ce1 because ,he is an imman5t actualization1 & :at is mo/ lovable 9 ,him con/itutes ! high] ,intellig5ce4 ,?is ,intellig5ce be+ an op]ation1 ,he himself is an op]ation2 b z ,he is n ! op]ation ( any o!r pr9ciple1 ,he is ! op]ation ( ,himself2 ,he !re=e is n :at *ance makes ( ,him1 b :at ,he actualizes4 ,he is ! au?or ( ,himself1 inasmu* z ,he exi/s p>ticul>ly because ,he is ,8 own f\ndation1 because ,he contemplates ,himself1 because1 s to speak1 ,he passes ,8 exi/5ce 9 contemplat+ ,himself4 ,he !re=e is1 n :at ,he =tuit\sly f\nd ,himself to be1 b :at ,he himself wi%es to be1 & z ,8 w conta9s no?+ =tuit\s1 ,he is ev5 9 ?is respect indep5d5t ( cont+5cy4 ,=1 s9ce ,8 w is ! w ( ! ,be/ t is 9 ! univ]se1 x c\ld n be =tuit\s4 ,if "o 7 to imag9e an opposite movem5t1 "o w easily recognize t ,8 incl9ation t[>ds ,himself1 :i* is ,8 actualization1 & ,8 imman5ce 9 ,himself make ( ,him :at ,he is4 ,inde$1 %\ld 7! div9ity7 incl9e t[>ds :at is outside ( ,himself1 ,he w\ld cease be+ :at ,he is4 ,8 actualization1 9 respect to ,himself1 is to be :at ,he is2 = ,he & t actualization co9cide4 ,he !re=e gives ,himself a hypo/atic =m ( exi/5ce1 because ! actualization t ,he produces is insep>able f ,himself4 ,if !n ! actualization ( 7! div9ity7 did n m]ely comm5ce1 b if1 on ! contr>y1 x dat$ f all et]nity2 if x consi/ 9 an excit+ action1#aib id5tical to ,him :o is excit$2 & if1 besides ?is excit+ action1 ,he be ev]-be+ sup]-intellection1 !n 7! div9ity7 is :at ,he makes himself by ,8 excit+ action4 ,! latt] is sup]ior to ,be+1 to ,intellig5ce1 & to ! ,life ( ,wisdom2 x is ,himself4 ,he !re=e is an actualization sup]ior to ,life1 ,intellig5ce & ,wisdom2 ^! proce$ f ,him1 & f ,him alone4 ,he !re=e d]ives ess5ce f ,himself1 & by ,himself2 consequ5tly1 ,he is1 n :at ,he =tuit\sly f\nd ,himself to be1 b :at ,he will$ to be4 ,,provid5ce1 ,,! ,,plan ,,( ,,! ,,univ]se1 ,,is ,,f ,,et]nity4 #ag4 ,"h is ano!r pro( ( x4 ,we h /at$ t ! _w & ! be+ x conta9s are :at !y w\ld be if _! production _h be5 ! result ( a volunt>y det]m9ation ( _! au?or1 :at !y w\ld /ill be if ! div9ity ex]cis+ a prevision & presci5ce bas$ on reason+1 _h done ,8 "w accord+ to ,provid5ce4 ,b z 7^! be+s7 are or become :at !y are f all et]nity1 !re mu/ also1 f et]nity--)9 ! coexi/5t be+s1 exi/ 7sem9al7 reasons :i* subsi/ 9 a plan m p]fect 7?an t ( our univ]se72 consequ5tly1 ! intelligible entities are above ,provid5ce1 & *oice2 & all ! ?+s :i* exi/ 9 ,ess5ce subsi/ et]nally !re1 9 an entirely intellectual exi/5ce4 ,if ! "n ,provid5ce be appli$ to ! plan ( ! univ]se1 !n imman5t ,intellig5ce c]ta9ly is ant]ior to ! plan ( ! univ]se1 & ! latt] proce$s f imman5t ,intellig5ce1 & con=ms !reto4#aic ,,! ,,supreme1 ,,assi/$ ,,by ,,intellig5ce1 ,,w\ld ,,h ,,no ,,room ,,= ,,*ance4 ,s9ce ,intellig5ce is ?us ant]ior to all ?+s1 & s9ce all ?+s are 7root$7 9 su* an ,intellig5ce z pr9ciple1 ,intellig5ce _c be :at x is z a matt] ( *ance4 ,=1 if on "o h&1 ,intellig5ce be multiple1 on ! o!r h& x is 9 p]fect agreem5t ) itself1 s t1 by co-ord9ation ( ! elem5ts x conta9s1 x =ms a unity4 ,once m1 su* a pr9ciple t is bo? multiple & co-ord9at$ manifoldness1 :i* conta9s all 7sem9al7 reasons by embrac+ !m )9 its own univ]sality1 c\ld n be :at x is z a result ( =tune or *ance4 ,?is pr9ciple mu/ h an entirely opposite nature1 z mu* diff]+ f cont+5cy1 z reason f *ance1 :i* consi/s 9 ! lack ( reason4 ,if ! above ,intellig5ce be ! 7supreme7 ,pr9ciple1 !n ,intellig5ce1 su* z x has be5 "h describ$1 is simil> to ?is ,pr9ciple1 con=ms to x1 p>ticipates 9 x1 & is su* z is wi%$ by x & its p[]4 7,! ,div9ity7 be+ indivisible1 is !re=e a 7s+le7 ,reason t embraces ev]y?+1 a s+le 7unit>y7 ,numb]1 & a s+le 7,div9ity7 t is great] & m p[]ful ?an ! g5]at$ 7univ]se72 ?an ,he1 none is great] or bett]4 ,f none o!r1 !re=e1 c ,he h d]iv$ ,8 ess5ce or qualities4 ,:at ,he is = & 9 ,himself1 is !re=e d]iv$ f ,himself2 )\t any relation ) ! outside1 nor ) any o!r be+1 b entirely turn$ t[>ds ,himself4 ,,*ance ,,c\ld ,,n ,,cause ,,! ,,"o ,,t ,,is ,,! ,,c5tre ,,( ,,! ,,circul> ,,intellig5ce4 #ah4 ,if !n y seek ?is 7,pr9ciple71 d n expect to f9d any?+ on ! outside ( ,him2 9 ,him seek all t is aft] ,him1 b d n seek to p5etrate )9 ,him2 = ,he is :at is outside 7( ev]y?+71 ! compreh5sion ( all ?+s1 & _! measure4#aid ,simultane\sly1 ,he is ! int]nal1 be+ ! mo/ intimate dep? ( all ?+s2 79 :i* case7 ! ext]nal w\ld be 7repres5t$ by7 ,reason & ,intellig5ce1 :i* l a circumf]5ce fit ar\nd ,him & dep5d f ,him4 ,inde$1 ,intellig5ce is su* only because x t\*es ,him1 & s f> z x t\*es ,him1 & dep5ds f ,him#aie2 = x is its dep5d5ce f ,him t con/itutes its intellig5ce4 ,x resembles a circle :i* is 9 contact ) its c5tre4 ,x w\ld be univ]sally ackn[l$g$ t su* a circle w\ld d]ive all its p[] f ! c5tre1 & w\ld1 9 a high] s5se1 be c5tri=m4 ,?us ! radii ( su* a circle unite 9 a s+le c5tre by extremities simil> to ! di/al & orig9at+ 7extremities74 ,^! 7di/al7 extremities1 ?\gh !y be simil> to ! c5tric ones1 are nev]!less b fa9t traces !re(2 = ! latt]'s pot5tiality includes bo? ! radii & _! 7di/al7 extremities2 x is ev]y:]e pres5t 9 ! radii1 manife/s its nature !re91 z an immature developm5t4 ,?is is an illu/ration h[ ,intellig5ce & ,ess5ce 7 born f 7! div9ity7 z by effusion or developm5t2 & by rema9+ dep5d5t f ! intellectual nature ( ! ,unity1 x !reby manife/s an inh]5t high] ,intellig5ce1 :i* 7speak+ /rictly71 is n intellig5ce1 s9ce x is ! absolute ,unity4 ,a c5tre1 ev5 )\t radii or circumf]5ce1 is nev]!less ! fa!r ( ! circumf]5ce & ! radii1 = x reveals traces ( its nature1 & by virtue ( an imman5t pot5cy1 & individual =ce1 x begets ! circumf]5ce & ! radii :i* nev] sep>ate f x4 ,simil>ly1 ! ,"o is ! high] ar*etype ( ! intellectual p[] :i* moves ar\nd ,him1 be+ ,8 image4 ,= 9 ! ,unity !re is a high] ,intellig5ce :i*1 s to speak1 mov+ 9 all directions & mann]s1 !reby becomes ,intellig5ce2 :ile ! ,unity1 dwell+ above ,intellig5ce1 begets x by its p[]4 ,h[ !n c\ld =tune1 cont+5cy & *ance approa* ?is intellig5ce-begett+ ,p[]1 a p[] t is g5u9ely & ess5tially creative8 ,su* !n is :at is 9 ,intellig5ce1 & su* is :at is 9 ,unity1 ?\gh t :i* is 9 ,him is f> sup]ior4 ,,z ,,cause1 ,,suitability1 ,,& ,,opportunity1 ,,! ,,supreme ,,is ,,beyond ,,*ance4 7,z illu/ration71 consid] ! radiance %$ af> by "s lum9\s s\rce t rema9s )9 itself2 ! radiation w\ld repres5t ! image1 :ile ! s\rce f :i* x issues w\ld be ! g5u9e light4#aif ,nev]!less1 ! radiation1 :i* repres5ts ! intellig5ce1 is n an image t has a =m =eign 7to its pr9ciple71 = x does n exi/ by *ance1 be+ reason & cause 9 ea* ( its p>ts4 ,unity !n is ! cause ( ! cause2 ,he is1 9 ! true/ s5se1 supreme causality1 simultane\sly conta9+ all ! intellectual causes ,he is to produce2 ?is1 ,8 (fspr+1 is begott5 n z a result ( *ance1 b accord+ to ,8 own volition4 ,8 volition1 h[ev]1 0 n irrational1 =tuit\s1 nor accid5tal2 & z no?+ is =tuit\s 9 ,him1 ,8 w 0 exactly suitable4 ,!re=e ,plato#aig call$ x ! suitable1 & ! timely1 to express z cle>ly z possible t ! 7,div9ity7 is =eign to all *ance1 & t ,he is t :i* is exactly suitable4 ,n[ if ,he be exactly suitable1 ,he is s n irrationally4 ,if ,he be timely1 ,he mu/ 7by a ,greek pun71 also be supremely sov]eign ov] ! 7be+s7 b5ea? ,him4 ,s mu* ! m w ,he be timely = ,himself4 ,n by *ance !re=e is ,he :at ,he is1 = ,he will$ to be :at ,he is2 ,he wills suitable ?+s1 & 9 ,him t :i* is suitable1 & ! actualization !re(1 co9cide4 ,he is ! suitable1 n z a subject1 b z prim>y actualization manife/+ ,him su* z x 0 suitable = ,him to be4 ,t is ! be/ description we c give ( ,him1 9 our impot5ce to express ourselves ab\t ,him z we %\ld l4#aih ,,no ,,p]son ,,:o ,,has ,,se5 ,,! ,,supreme ,,c\ld ,,possibly ,,call ,,him ,,*ance4 #ai4 ,by ! use ( ! above indications 7x is possible71 to asc5d to ,him4 ,hav+ done s1 grasp ,him4 ,!n y w be able to contemplate ,him1 & y w f9d no t]ms to describe ,8 7greatness74 ,:5 y %all see ,him1 & resign any attempt at spok5 description1 y w proclaim t ,he exi/s by ,himself 9 a way su* t1 if ,he _h any be+1 x w\ld be ,8 s]vant1 & w\ld be d]iv$ f ,him4 ,no "o :o has ev] se5 ,him w\ld h ! audacity to ma9ta9 t ,he is :at ,he is by *ance2 nor ev5 to utt] su* a blasphemy1 = ,he w\ld be conf\nd$ by 8 own tem]ity4 ,hav+ asc5d$ to ,him1 ! 7human obs]v]7 c\ld n ev5 locate ,8 pres5ce1 z x 7 ris+ up ev]y:]e be=e ! eyes ( 8 s\l4 ,:i*ev] way ! s\l directs h] glances1 %e sees ,him1 unless1 on consid]+ "s o!r object1 %e ab&ons ! div9ity by ceas+ to ?9k ( ,him4 ,,! ,,supreme ,,is ,,above ,,be+ ,,because ,,n ,,dep5d5t ,,!reon4 ,! anci5t 7philosoph]s71 9 enigmatical utt]ances1 said t 7! div9ity7 is above be+4#aii ,?is mu/ be und]/ood to mean n only t ,he begets be+1 b because ,he is n dep5d5t on be+ or on ,himself4 ,n ev5 ,8 own be+ is to ,him a pr9ciple2 = ,he himself is ! pr9ciple ( be+4 ,n = ,himself did he make x2 b1 hav+ made x1 ,he left x outside ( ,himself1 because ,he has no ne$ ( ess5ce1 s9ce ,he himself made x4 ,?us1 ev5 ?\gh ,he exi/1 ,he does n produce t :i* is meant by t v]b4 ,,hav+ ,,made ,,himself ,,does ,,n ,,imply ,,any ,,priority ,,9 ,,! ,,div9ity4 #bj4 ,x w be object$ t ! above implies ! exi/5ce 7( ! ,div9ity7 be=e ,he exi/$2 =1 if ,he made ,himself1 on ! "o h&1 ,he did n yet exi/1 if x 0 ,himself t ,he made2 & on ! o!r1 s f> z x 0 ,he :o made1 ,he already exi/$ be=e ,himself1 s9ce :at has be5 made 0 ,himself4 ,h[ev]1 7! ,div9ity7 %\ld be consid]$ n s mu* z be+ made b z mak+1 & we %\ld realize t ! actualization by :i* ,he creat$ ,himself is absolute2 = ,8 actualization does n result 9 ! production ( any o!r be+4 ,he produces no?+ b ,himself1 ,he is entirely ,himself2 we are n deal+ "h ) two ?+s1 b ) a s+le entity4 ,nei!r ne$ we hesitate to admit t ! prim>y actualization has no be+2 b t actualization %\ld be consid]$ z con/itut+ ,8 hypo/atic =m ( exi/5ce4 ,if )9 ,him ^! two 7 to be di/+ui%$1 ! sup]latively p]fect ,pr9ciple w\ld be incomplete & imp]fect4 ,to add actualization to ,him w\ld be to de/roy ,8 unity4 ,?us1 s9ce ! actualization is m p]fect ?an ,8 be+1 & s9ce t :i* is prim>y is ! mo/ p]fect1 t :i* is prim>y mu/ necess>ily be actualization4 ,he is :at ,he is z soon z ,he actualizes4 ,he _c be said to h exi/$ be=e ,he made ,himself2 = be=e ,he made ,himself ,he did n exi/2 b 7f ! fir/ actualization7 ,he already exi/$ 9 entirety4 ,he !re=e is an actualization :i* does n dep5d on be+1 7an actualization7 t is cle>ly free2 & ?us ,he 7orig9ates7 f ,himself4 ,if1 z to ,8 ess5ce1 ,he 7 pres]v$ by "s o!r pr9ciple1 ,he himself w\ld n be ! fir/ proce$+ f ,himself4 ,he is said to conta9 ,himself because ,he produces 7& p>ades7 ,himself2 s9ce x is f ! v beg9n+ t ,he caus$ ! exi/5ce ( :at ,he naturally conta9s4 ,/rictly1 we might inde$ say1 t ,he made ,himself1 if !re exi/$ a "t :5 ,he himself began to exi/4 ,b s9ce ,he 0 :at ,he is be=e all times1 ! /atem5t t ,he made ,himself means m]ely t hav+ made & himself are insep>able2 = ,8 ess5ce co9cides ) ,8 creative act1 &1 if ,i may be p]mitt$ to speak ?us1 ) 8 et]nal g5]ation4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,supreme ,,may ,,be ,,said ,,to ,,comm& ,,himself4 ,likewise1 ! /atem5t t ! 7div9ity7 comm&s ,himself may be tak5 /rictly1 if 9 ,him be two entities 7! comm&] & ! comm&$72 b if 7we may n di/+ui% su* a pair ( entities7 !re is only "o entity )9 ,him1 & ,he is only ! comm&]1 conta9+ no?+ t obeys4 ,h[ !n1 if ,he conta9 no?+ t 0 comm&$1 c\ld ,he comm& ,himself8 ,! /atem5t t ,he comm&s ,himself means t1 9 ?is s5se1 !re is no?+ above ,him2 9 :i* case ,he is ! ,fir/1 n on acc\nt ( ! num]ical ord]1 b by ,8 au?ority & p]fectly free p[]4 ,if ,he be p]fectly free1 ,he _c conta9 any?+ t is n free2 ,he mu/ !re=e be entirely free )9 ,himself4 ,does ,he conta9 any?+ t is n ,himself1 t ,he does n d1 t is n ,8 "w8 ,if inde$ ,he conta9$ any?+ t 0 n ,8 "w1 ,he w\ld be nei!r p]fectly free nor omnipot5t2 ,he w\ld n be free1 because ,he w\ld n dom9ate ?is ?+2 nor w\ld ,he be omnipot5t1 because ! ?+ ^: mak+ w\ld n be 9 ,8 p[] w\ld ev5 !reby evade ,8 dom9ion4 ,,fur!r ,,objections ,,to ,,! ,,self-,,autocracy ,,( ,,! ,,div9ity4 #ba4 ,c\ld 7! div9ity7 h made ,himself diff]5t f :at ,he made ,himself8 7,if he c\ld n1 ,he w\ld n h be5 omnipot5t74 ,if y remove f ,him ! p[] ( do+ evil1 y !reby also remove ! p[] ( do+ good4 7,9 ! div9ity71 p[] does n consi/ 9 ! ability to make contr>ies2 x is a con/ant & immutable p[] ^: p]fection consi/$ precisely 9 n dep>t+ f unity2 = ! p[] to make contr>ies is a *>act]i/ic ( a be+ incapable ( cont9u\sly p]si/+ 9 ! be/4 ,self-creation 7! actualization by :i* ! div9ity creat$ ,himself7 exi/s once = all1 = x is p]fect4 ,:o inde$ c\ld *ange an actualization produc$ by ! w ( ! ,div9ity1 an actualization t con/itutes ,8 v w8 ,b h[ !n 0 ?is actualization produc$ by ! volition 7( ! div9ity7 :i* did n yet exi/8 ,:at c\ld be meant by ! volition ( 7! ,div9ity7 if ,he _h n yet will$ hypo/atic =m ( exi/5ce 7= ,himself78 ,:5ce !n came ,8 w8 ,w\ld x h come f ,8 be+ 7:i*1 accord+ to ! above objection7 0 n yet actualiz$8 ,b ,8 w 0 already )9 ,8 be+4 ,9 ! 7,div9ity71 !re=e1 !re is no?+ :i* diff]s f ,8 be+4 ,o!rwise1 !re w\ld h be5 9 ,him some?+ t w\ld n h be5 ,8 w4 ,?us1 ev]y?+ 9 ,him 0 w2 !re 0 9 ,him no?+ t did n ex]cise volition2 no?+ :i*1 !re=e1 0 ant]ior to ,8 volition4 ,!re=e1 f ! v beg9n+1 ! w 0 ,he2 !re=e1 ! 7,div9ity7 is z & su* z ,he will$ x to be4 ,:5 we speak ( :at 0 ! consequ5ce ( ! w 7( ! ,div9ity71 ( :at ,8 w has produc$1 7we mu/ inde$ conclude t7 ,8 w produc$ no?+ t ,he 0 n already4 ,! /atem5t t 7! ,div9ity7 conta9s ,himself means 7no m ?an t7 all ! o!r be+s t proce$ f ,him are by ,him su/a9$4 ,!y inde$ exi/ by a sort ( p>ticipation 9 ,him1 & !y relate back to ,him4 7,! ,div9ity7 ,himself does n ne$ to be conta9$ or to p>ticipate2 ,he is all ?+s = ,himself2 or r1 ,he is no?+ = ,himself1 because ,he has no ne$ ( all ! o!r ?+s 9 respect to ,himself4 ,,! ,,ob/acle ,,to ,,! ,,div9ity ,,is ,,failure ,,to ,,ab/ract ,,en\gh ,,f ,,him4 ,?us1 :5ev] y wi% to speak ( 7! ,div9ity71 or to ga9 a conception ( ,him1 put aside all ! re/4 ,:5 y w h made ab/raction ( all ! re/1 & :5 y w ?us h isolat$ 7! ,div9ity71 d n seek to add any?+ to ,him2 r exam9e :e!r1 9 y\r ?\ght1 y h n omitt$ to ab/ract some?+ f ,him4 ,?us y c rise to a ,pr9ciple ( :om y c\ld n lat] ei!r ass]t or conceive any?+ else4 ,classify 9 ! supreme rank1 !re=e1 none b ,he :o really is free1 because ,he is n ev5 dep5d5ce on ,himself2 & because he m]ely is ,himself1 ess5tially ,himself1 :ile ea* ( ! o!r be+s is itself1 & some?+ else besides4 ,,second ,,ennead1 ,,book ,,"o4 ,( ! ,heav54#bjj ,,heav51 ,,?\gh ,,9 ,,flux1 ,,p]petuates ,,itself ,,by ,,=m4 #a4 ,no?+ w be expla9$ by ! p]fectly true 7,/oic7 /atem5t t ! _w1 z corporeal be+ t ev] exi/$ & t w ev] exi/1 is indebt$ = ! cause ( its p]petuity to ! volition ( ! div9ity4 ,we might f9d an analogy betwe5 ! *ange ( ! elem5ts1 & ! dea? ( animals )\t ! p]i%+ ( ! =m ( ! species "h bel[1 & ! univ]se above1 ^: body is subject to a p]petual flux & fl[4 ,?us ! div9e volition c\ld pres]ve = x ! same specific =m 9 spite ( successive alt]ations1 s t1 )\t p]petually reta9+ num]ical unity1 x w\ld ev] pres]ve ! specific unity ( =m4 ,x w\ld inde$ be a rem>kable discrepancy 9 ! me?ods ( nature t "h bel[ 9 animals ! =m alone %\ld be p]petual1 :ile 9 ! heav5 & ! />s _! individuality %\ld be consid]$ z p]petual z _! =m4 ,,!re ,,mu/ ,,inevitably ,,be ,,*ange ,,9 ,,heav54 ,! incorruptibility ( ! heav5 has be5 ascrib$ to its conta9+ )9 its brea/ all ?+s1#bja & to ! non-exi/5ce ( any o!r ?+ into :i* x c\ld *ange1 z well z to ! impossibility ( its meet+ any?+ ext]ior t c\ld de/roy x4 ,^! !ories w\ld inde$1 9 a reasonable mann]1 expla9 ! incorruptibility ( heav5 consid]$ z totality1 & univ]se2 b w\ld fail to expla9 ! p]petuity ( ! sun & ( ! o!r />s :i* are p>ts ( heav51 in/ead ( be+ ! :ole univ]se1 z is ! heav54 ,x w\ld seem m reasonable t1 j l ! fire & simil> ?+s1 ! />s1 & ! _w consid]$ z univ]se w\ld possess a p]petuity *iefly ( =m4 ,x is q possible t ! heav51 )\t meet+ any de/ructive ext]ior ?+1 %\ld be subject$ to a p]petual de/ruction su* t x w\ld pres]ve no?+ id5tical b ! =m1 f ! m]e mutual de/ruction ( its p>ts4 ,9 ?is case its sub/rate1 be+ 9 a p]petual flux1 w\ld receive its =m f "s o!r pr9ciple2 & we w\ld be driv5 to recognize 9 ! univ]sal liv+ ,organism :at occurs 9 man1 9 ! horse1 & 9 o!r animals2 namely1 t ! man or horse 7consid]$ z species7 la/s =ev]1 :ile ! individual *anges4 7,accord+ to ?is view1 !n7 ! univ]se w n be con/itut$ by "o ev] p]man5t "p1 ! heav51 & ano!r ceaselessly *ang+ "o1 compos$ ( t]re/rial ?+s4 ,all ^! ?+s w !n be subject to ! same condition ?\gh !y might diff] by long] or %ort] duration1 s9ce cele/ial bodies are m durable4 ,su* a conception ( ! p]petuity *>act]i/ic ( ! univ]se & its p>ts conta9s less ambiguity 7?an ! popul> notion71 & w\ld be fre$ f all d\bt if we 7 to demon/rate t ! div9e p[] is capable ( conta9+ ! univ]se 9 ?is mann]4 ,! !ory t ! _w conta9s some?+ p]petual 9 its individuality w\ld dem& n only a demon/ration t ! div9e volition c produce su* an effect1 b also an explanation :y c]ta9 ?+s 7accord+ to t !ory7 are always id5tical 79 =m & individuality71 :ile o!r ?+s are id5tical only by _! =m4 ,if ! p>ts ( ! heav5 alone rema9$ id5tical 7by _! individuality71 all o!r ?+s also %\ld logically rema9 7individually7 id5tical4 ,,rejection ,,( ,,! ,,op9ion ,,( ,,h]aclitus4 #b4 ,an admission t ! heav5 & ! />s are p]petual 9 _! individuality1 :ile sublun>y ?+s are p]petual only 9 _! =m1 w\ld dem& demon/ration t a corporeal be+ c pres]ve its individuality z well z its =m1 ev5 ?\gh ! nature ( bodies 7 a cont9ual fluctuation4 ,su* is ! nature t ! physical philosoph]s1#bjb & ev5 ,plato himself1 attribute n only to sublun> bodies1 b ev5 to cele/ial ones4 ,=1 asks 7,plato#bjc71 h[ c\ld corporeal & visible objects subsi/ ev] immutable & id5tical ) !mselves8 7,plato7 !re=e admits ! op9ion ( ,h]aclitus t ! sun itself is 9 a /ate ( p]petual becom+ 7or1 gr[?74#bjd ,,ari/otle ,,has ,,to ,,dep5d ,,on ,,qu9tess5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 ! sy/em ( ,ari/otle1 ! immutability ( ! />s is easily expla9$1 b only aft] accept+ 8 !ory ( a fif? elem5t 7! qu9tess5ce#bje74 ,if1 h[ev]1 x be reject$1 x w\ld be impossible to demon/rate t ! heav51 let alone its p>ts1 ! sun & ! />s1 d n p]i%1 :ile 7z ,ari/otle does7 we reg>d ! body ( ! heav5 z be+ compos$ ( ! same elem5ts z t]re/rial animals4 ,,plot9os',s ,,views ,,support$ ,,by ,,! ,,heav5',s ,,possession ,,( ,,! ,,s\l ,,& ,,body4 ,z e animal is compos$ ( s\l & body1 ! heav5 mu/ owe ! p]man5ce ( its individuality to ! nature ei!r ( its s\l1 or ( its body2 or aga91 to t ( bo?4 ,on ! hypo!sis t its incorruptibility is due to ! nature ( its body1 ! ,s\l's only function w be to animate x 7by unit+ ) ! body ( ! _w74 ,on ! contr>y hypo!sis t ! body1 by nature corruptible1 owes its incorruptibility exclusively to ! ,s\l1 !re is ne$ ( demon/ration t ! /ate ( ! body does n naturally oppose ?is con/itution & p]man5ce 7=1 naturally con/itut$ objects admit ( no di%>mony72 b t1 on ! contr>y1 "h matt]1 by its pr$isposition1 contributes to ! accompli%m5t ( ! div9e volition4 ,,fluctuation ,,ne$ ,,n ,,int]f]e ,,) ,,cont9uance4 #c4 7,x might h[ev] be object$7 t ! body ( ! _w c\ld n contribute to ! immortality ( ! _w1 s9ce ! body itself fluctuates p]petually4 ,b ?is fluctuation does n take place 9 an outw>d direction1 :ile ! body 7( ! _w7 rema9s ev] ! same because ?is fluctuation occurs s entirely )9 ! _w t no?+ issues !refrom4 ,! _w !re=e c\ld nei!r increase nor dim9i%1 nor fur!r gr[ old4 7,z pro( ( ?is we may7 consid] h[1 f all et]nity1 ! e>? con/antly pres]ves ! same %ape & mass2 simil>ly1 ! air nev] dim9i%es1 any m ?an ! wat]4 ,! *anges )9 !m d n affect ! univ]sal liv+ ,organism4 ,ev5 we human be+s subsi/ a long :ile1 9 spite ( ! p]petual *ange ( our con/itu5t p>ts1 & ?\gh "s ( ^! p>ts ev5 issue f ! body4 ,s mu* ! m w ! _w's nature1 f :i* no?+ issues1 suffici5tly h>monize ) ! nature ( ! univ]sal ,s\l to =m along ) h] an organism :i* ev] rema9s ! same1 & subsi/s = ev]4 ,,fire1 ,,?\gh ,,an ,,app>5t ,,exception1 ,,/ill ,,con=ms ,,to ,,?is ,,proc$ure4 ,= example1 fire 7z ! pr9cipal elem5t ( ! heav571 is bo? lively & swift1 & _c rema9 9 ! inf]ior regions1 any m ?an ! e>? c abide 9 ! sup]ior regions4 ,:5 x has rea*$ ^! regions :]e x is to rema91 x becomes e/abli%$ 9 ! mo/ suitable place4 ,b ev5 s1 l all o!r bodies1 x /ill seeks to ext5d 9 all directions4 ,h[ev]1 x _c asc5d1 s9ce !re is no place high] ?an ! "o x occupies2 nor c x desc5d1 because ( ! opposition ( its own nature4 ,! only ?+ left = x to d is to yield to ! guidance & natural impulsion ( ! life-imp>t+ univ]sal ,s\l1 t is1 to move into ! mo/ beautiful place1 9 ! univ]sal ,s\l4 ,its fall+ f "h is prev5t$ by ! univ]sal ,s\l's circul> movem5t :i* dom9ates & supports x1 z well z by its innate indisposition to desc5d1 s t its cont9uance 9 ! high] regions is unoppos$4 7,! fire has no simil>ity )7 ! con/itutive p>ts ( our body :i* are =c$ to d]ive _! suitable =m f else:]e4 ,if unaid$1 !y are n ev5 capable ( pres]v+ _! organization4 ,m]ely to subsi/1 !y are =c$ to borr[ p>ts f o!r objects4 ,! case is entirely diff]5t ) ! fire ( ! heav51 :i* ne$s no food because x loses no?+4 ,if inde$ x all[$ any?+ to escape1 we might inde$ be =c$ to /ate t :5 9 ! heav5 a fire is ext+ui%$1 a sub/itute mu/ be lit4 ,b 9 su* a case ! univ]sal liv+ ,organism w\ld no m rema9 id5tical4 ,,! ,,immortality ,,( ,,! ,,heav5 ,,is ,,due ,,to ,,resid5ce ,,!re ,,( ,,! ,,univ]sal ,,s\l4 #d4 ,ap>t f ! exig5cies ( our argum5t1 x may be int]e/+ to consid] :e!r !re be any wa/age (f f heav51 s z to create a ne$ ( be+ 7repl5i%$ or7 f$1 s to speak2 or :e!r all its cont5ts1 be+ once = all e/abli%$1 subsi/ !re naturally1 )\t all[+ any ( _! sub/ance to escape4 ,9 ! latt] case we w\ld be driv5 fur!r to inquire :e!r ! heav5 be compos$ ( fire exclusively or pr9cipally#bac2 & :e!r1 :ile dom9at+ ! o!r elem5ts1 ! fire engages !m 9 its c\rse4 ,7 we to associate 7) fire7 ! ,s\l1 :i* is ! mo/ p[]ful ( all causes1 s z to unite h] ) elem5ts s pure & excell5t 7j z1 9 o!r animals1 ! s\l *ooses ! be/ p>ts ( ! body z dwell+-place71 we w\ld h produc$ a solid argum5t = ! immortality ( ! heav54 ,ari/otle inde$ says t ! flame surges1 & t ! fire dev\rs ev]y?+ ) an insatiable avidity#bjf2 b he 0 evid5tly speak+ only ( ! t]re/rial fire1 = ! cele/ial fire is calm1 immovable1 & 9 h>mony ) ! nature ( ! />s4 ,,! ,,heav5',s ,,immortality ,,also ,,due ,,to ,,! ,,univ]sal ,,s\l',s ,,spontane\s ,,motion4 ,a /ill m important reason = ! immortality ( ! heav5 is t ! univ]sal ,s\l1 mov+ ) rem>kable spontaneity1 imm$iately succe$s ! mo/ p]fect pr9ciples 7su* z ! ,good1 & ,intellig5ce74 ,%e c\ld n !re=e all[ ! annihilation ( any?+ :i* _h once be5 posit$ )9 h]4 ,ignorance ( ! cause t conta9s ! univ]se c\ld alone p]mit d5ial t ! univ]sal ,s\l :i* emanates f ! div9ity excels all o!r bonds 9 /r5g?4 ,x is absurd to believe t aft] hav+ conta9$ some?+ dur+ a c]ta9 p]iod1 %e c\ld ev] cease do+ s4 ,?is w\ld imply t %e _h done s till n[ by "s viol5ce2 :i* w\ld aga9 inf] ! exi/5ce ( "s plan m natural ?an ! actual /ate1 & actual admirable disposition ( be+s )9 ! v con/itution ( ! univ]se2 :i* w\ld la/ly sugge/ a =ce capable ( de/roy+ ! organization ( ! univ]se1 & ( und]m9+ ! sov]eignty ( ! gov]n+ ,s\l4 ,,! ,,immortality ,,( ,,! ,,heav5 ,,prov$ ,,by ,,its ,,nev] ,,hav+ ,,_h ,,to ,,beg94 ,we h else:]e#bjg %[n t x w\ld be absurd to suppose t ! _w ev] _h a beg9n+4 ,?is h[ev] implies t x w nev] cease to exi/4 ,:y inde$ %\ld x n cont9ue to d s8 ,its compon5t elem5ts are n1 l wood1 & simil> ?+s1 expos$ to wa/age4 ,_! cont9u$ subsi/5ce1 h[ev]1 implies t ! univ]se t !y =m mu/ also ev] subsi/4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ev5 if !y 7 subject to a p]petual *ange1 ! univ]se mu/ /ill subsi/ because ! pr9ciple ( ?is *ange subsi/s cont9ually4 ,moreov]1 x has else:]e be5 %[n#bbd t ! univ]sal ,s\l is n subject to rep5tance1 because %e gov]ns ! univ]se )\t difficulties or fatigue1 & t ev5 9 ! impossible case t ! body ( ! univ]se %\ld happ5 to p]i%1 %e w\ld n !reby be alt]$4 ,,:y ,,cele/ial ,,?+s ,,la/ ,,long] ,,?an ,,t]re/rial ,,ones4 #e4 ,! reason :y cele/ial ?+s endure beyond t]re/rial animals & elem5ts has be5 ?us /at$ by ,plato#bbe3 ,div9e animals 7 =m$ by ! div9ity ,himself1 :ile ! animals "h bel[ 7 =m$ by ! div9ities1 ,8 (fspr+4 ,:at ! div9ity 7,himself7 does c\ld n possibly p]i%4 ,?is implies ! exi/5ce1 bel[ ! demiurge 7,intellig5ce71 ( ! cele/ial ,s\l1 ) our s\ls4#bjh ,f ! cele/ial ,s\l d]ives & fl[s an app>5t-=m-(-an-image1#bji :i* =ms t]re/rial animals4 ,?is inf]ior s\l imitates h] intelligible pr9ciple 7! cele/ial ,s\l71 )\t1 h[ev]1 be+ able to resemble h] completely--because %e employs elem5ts :i* are less good 7?an ! cele/ial elem5ts72 because ! place :]e %e op]ates ) !m is less good 7?an heav57--& because ! mat]ials t %e organizes c\ld n rema9 unit$4 ,consequ5tly1 t]re/rial animals c\ld n la/ = ev]4 ,= ! same reason ?is s\l does n dom9ate t]re/rial bodies ) z mu* p[] 7z ! cele/ial ,s\l dom9ates cele/ial ?+s71 because ea* ( !m is gov]n$ by ano!r 7human7 s\l4 ,,immortality ,,does ,,n ,,ext5d ,,to ,,! ,,sub-,,lun> ,,sph]e4 ,if we be "r 9 attribut+ immortality to ! heav51 we %all h to ext5d t conception to ! />s x conta9s2 = unless its p>ts endur$1 nei!r c\ld ! heav54 ,h[ev]1 ! ?+s b5ea? ! heav5 d n =m "p ( x4 ,! region :i* con/itutes ! heav5 does n ext5d fur!r d[n ?an ! moon4 ,z to u1 hav+ our organs =m$ by ! 7vegetative7 s\l :i* 0 giv5 u by ! cele/ial div9ities 7! />s71 & ev5 ! heav5 itself1#baj we are unit$ to ! body by t s\l4 ,inde$1 ! o!r s\l 7! reasonable s\l71 :i* con/itutes our p]son1 our me1#baa is n ! cause ( our be+1#bab b ( our well-be+ 7:i* consi/s 9 our intellectual life74 ,%e comes to jo9 our body :5 x is already =m$ 7by ! vegetative s\l71 & contributes to our be+ only by "o "p1 by giv+ u reason 79 mak+ ( u reasonable be+s1 & m574 ,,! ,,/>s ,,conta9 ,,n ,,only ,,fire1 ,,b ,,tangible ,,e>?4 #f4 ,is ! heav5 compos$ exclusively ( fire8 ,does ! fire all[ any ( its sub/ance to fl[ (f1 or escape8 ,does x1 !re=e1 ne$ be+ f$8 7,plato#bac7 ?9ks ! body ( ! univ]se is compos$ ( e>? & fire2 fire to expla9 its be+ visible1 & e>? to expla9 its be+ tangible4 ,?is w\ld lead u to suppose t ! />s are compos$ ( fire n exclusively1 b pr$om9at+ly1 s9ce !y seem to possess a tangible elem5t4 ,?is op9ion is plausible because ,plato supports x ) reasonable gr\nds4 ,s5se1 sight & t\* w\ld lead u to believe t ! great] "p1 if n ! :ole1 ( ! heav51 is fire4 ,b reason sugge/s t ! heav5 also conta9s e>?1 because )\t e>? x c\ld n be tangible4#bad ,?is h[ev] does n imply t x conta9s also air & wat]4 ,x w\ld seem absurd to ?9k t wat] c\ld subsi/ 9 s great a fire2 nor c\ld air survive !re9 )\t imm$iately be+ trans=m$ to /eam4 ,x might be object$ t two solids :i* play ! p>ts ( extremes 9 a proportion1 _c be unit$ )\t two means4#bac ,?is objection1 h[ev]1 might h no cog5cy1 = ?is ma!matical relation might n apply to natural ?+s1 z inde$ we are l$ to surmise by ! possibility ( m+l+ e>? & wat] )\t any int]m$i>y4 ,to ?is x may be answ]$ t e>? & wat] already conta9 ! o!r elem5ts4 ,"s p]sons might ?9k t ! latt] c\ld n effectually unite e>? & wat]2 b ?is w\ld n di/urb our cont5tion t ! e>? & wat] are relat$ because ea* ( ^! two elem5ts conta9s all ! o!rs4 ,,e>? ,,conta9s ,,all ,,! ,,o!r ,,elem5ts4 ,besides1 we %all h to exam9e :e!r ! e>? be invisible )\t fire1 & ! fire intangible )\t ! e>?4 ,7 ?is ! case1 no?+ w\ld possess its own prop] be+4 ,all ?+s w\ld be mix$2 ea* w\ld reclaim its "n only by ! elem5t prepond]at+ 9 x2 = x has be5 claim$ t ! e>? c\ld n exi/ )\t ! humidity ( wat]1 :i* alone keeps all its p>ts unit$4 ,ev5 7 ?is grant$1 x w\ld1 none ! less1 rema9 absurd to say t ea* ( ^! elem5ts is some?+1 :ile claim+ t x does n possess any *>act]i/ically individual con/itution1 except by its union ) ! o!r elem5ts1 :i*1 nev]!less1 w\ld n1 any ! m1 exi/ individually1 ea* 9 itself4 ,:at reality1 inde$1 w\ld inh]e 9 ! nature or be+ ( ! e>?1 if none ( its p>ts 7 e>? except because ! wat] t op]at$ z a bond8 ,besides1 ) :at c\ld wat] unite )\t ! prelim9>y exi/5ce ( an ext5sion ^: p>ts 7 to be b\nd toge!r = ! =mation ( a cont9u\s :ole8 ,! exi/5ce ( an ext5sion1 h[ev] small x be1 w imply ! self-exi/5ce ( e>?1 )\t ! assi/ance ( wat]2 o!rwise1 !re w\ld be no?+ = wat] to b9d toge!r4 ,nor w\ld ! e>? h any ne$ ( air1 s9ce ! air exi/s be=e ! obs]vation ( any *ange )9 x4 ,nor is fire any m necess>y to ! con/itution ( ! e>?2 fire only s]ves 9 mak+ x visible1 l all o!r objects4 ,x is inde$ reasonable to ass]t t x is fire :i* r5d]s objects visible1 & x is a mi/ake#bae to /ate t "o sees d>kness1 :i* _c be se5 any m ?an sil5ce c be he>d4 ,besides1 !re is no necessity = fire to be 9 e>?2 light suffices 7to make x visible74 ,sn[1 & _m o!r v cold sub/ances are1 )\t any fire1 v brilliant--t is1 unless we say t ! fire approa*$ !m1 & color$ !m be=e leav+ !m4 ,,elem5ts ,,are ,,nev]!less ,,individual4 ,z to ! o!r elem5ts1 c\ld n wat] exi/ )\t p>ticipat+ 9 ! e>?8 ,air c\ld c]ta9ly n be said to p>ticipate 9 e>?1 because ( its p5etrability4 ,x is v d\btful t ! fire conta9s any e>?1 because x does n seem cont9u\s1 & does n1 by itself1 seem to be tri-dim5sional4 ,true1 fire does seem to conta9 solidity1 b n ( a tri-dim5sional k9d2 x seems r to be a sort ( resi/ance corporeal nature#bad74 ,only ( e>? may h>dness be pr$icat$2 inde$1 gold1 9 liquid /ate1 is d5se2 n because x is e>?1 b because x possesses d5sity1 & is solidifi$4 ,x w\ld !re=e n be unreasonable t fire1 ap>t by itself1 c\ld subsi/ by ! p[] ( ! ,s\l :i* su/a9s x by h] pres5ce4 ,! bodies ( 7c]ta9 among7 ! gu>dian spirits consi/ ( fire4#baf ,,t]re/rial ,,elem5ts1 ,,h[ev]1 ,,d ,,n ,,degrade ,,! ,,heav54 ,x is unlikely t ! univ]sal ,organism is compos$ ( univ]sal elem5ts4 ,t t]re/rial animals are ?us compos$ is c]ta92 b to introduce ! t]re/rial elem5t into ! composition ( ! heav5 w\ld be to admit some?+ contr>y to nature1 & to ! ord] !reby e/abli%$4 7,epicurus's op9ion t7 ! />s c>ry t]re/rial bodies along 9 _! rapid flight is undemon/rable4 ,besides1 ! pres5ce ( ! e>? w\ld be an ob/acle to ! %9e & spl5dor ( ! cele/ial fire4 ,,plato ,,po/ulat$ ,,! ,,exi/5ce ,,( ,,e>? ,,z ,,basis ,,( ,,life4 #g4 ,plato's view#bag is to be accept$4 ,! univ]se mu/ conta9 some?+ solid1 imp5etrable1 s t ! e>?1 :5 e/abli%$ 9 ! middle ( ! univ]se1 might (f] a firm f\ndation = all ! animals t walk on x1 & t ^! animals might possess a c]ta9 solidity by ! v fact ( _! t]re/riality2 s t ! e>? might1 by itself1 possess ! prop]ty ( cont9u\sness2 t x might be illum9at$ by fire1 might also p>ticipate 9 wat]1 s z n to be desiccat$1 & s t its p>ts might unite1 & t ! air might some:at light5 its mass4 ,,elem5ts ,,are ,,k9dr$ ,,?r\gh ,,_! ,,common ,,gr\nd1 ,,! ,,univ]se-,,body4 ,! e>? 0 m+l$ ) ! upp] fire n to produce ! />s1 b because fire has some?+ t]re/rial1 z e>? has some?+ igne\s1 z a result ( all ! bodies be+ conta9$ )9 ! body ( ! univ]se4 ,9 %ort1 e "o ( ! elem5ts includes mixture ( itself & ( ! o!r ) :i* x p>ticipates4 ,?is results f ! int]relat+ community exi/+ )9 ! univ]se 7! sympa?y74 ,s ea* elem5t1 )\t comb9+ ) any o!r1 borr[s "s ( its prop]ties4 ,= example1 wat] p>ticipates 9 ! fluidity ( ! air1 )\t h[ev] m+l+ !re)2 s ! e>? does n possess ! fire1 b d]ives its brightness f x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a mixture w\ld r5d] all prop]ties common to bo? elem5ts1 conf\nd+ !m toge!r1#bah & w\ld n limit itself to m]ely approximat+ e>? & fire1 t is1 a c]ta9 solidity ) a c]ta9 d5sity4 ,on ?is subject we c invoke ! au?ority ( 7,plato#bai71 ,! div9ity lit ?is light 9 ! second circle above ! e>?1 !reby ref]r+ to ! sun1 :i* he else:]e calls ! mo/ brilliant />4 ,by ^! words he h9d]s u f admitt+ t ! sun is any?+ else ?an fire4 ,he also indicates t fire has no quality o!r ?an light1 :i* he consid]s z di/9ct f flame1 & z possess+ only a g5tle heat4 ,?is light is a body4 ,f x emanates ano!r be+ t we1 by v]bal simil>ity1 also call light1 & :i* we ackn[l$ge to be incorporeal4 ,?is second k9d ( light d]ives f ! =m]1 be+ its fl[] & brightness1 & con/itutes ! ess5tially :ite 7t is1 brilliant7 body 7( lightn+1 or comets74 7,un=tunately1 h[ev]71 ! ^w t]re/rial 7:i* designates ! elem5t alli$ to ! fire1 z we h said above71 we are wont to reg>d unfavorably because ,plato makes ! e>? consi/ ( solidity1 :ile we speak ( ! e>? z a unity1 ?\gh 7,plato7 di/+ui%es sev]al qualities )9 ?is elem5t4 ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,cele/ial ,,fire ,,& ,,light4 ,! fire ( :i* we speak above emits ! pure/ light1 & resides 9 ! highe/ region1 by virtue ( its nature4 ,^! cele/ial flames are entirely di/9ct f ! e>?ly flame1 :i* aft] asc5d+ to a c]ta9 height1 & meet+ a great] quantity ( air1 becomes ext+ui%$4 ,aft] asc5d+1 x falls back on to ! e>?1 because 7z a comet7 x _c rise any fur!r2 x /ops 9 ! sublun> regions1 ?\gh r5d]+ ! ambi5t air light]4 ,9 ^? cases 9 :i* x cont9ues to subsi/ 9 high] regions1 x becomes weak]1 g5tl]1 & acquires a heatless gl[1 :i* is b a reflection ( ! cele/ial light4 ,! latt]1 on ! o!r h&1 is divid$ p>tly among ! />s 9 :i* x reveals great contra/s ( magnitude & color1 & p>tly 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,its invisibility to our eyes is caus$ bo? by its t5uity1 & transp>5ce1 :i* causes x to become z tangible z pure air1 & also because ( its di/ance f ! e>?4 ,,cele/ial ,,light ,,is ,,n ,,expos$ ,,to ,,any ,,wa/age4 #h4 ,s9ce ?is light subsi/s 9 elevat$ regions1 because ! purity ( its nature =ces x to rema9 9 pure regions1 x _c be subject to any wa/age 7or1 leakage74 ,su* a nature c\ld n all[ any escape ei!r d[nw>ds or upw>ds1 nor c\ld x meet any?+ t w\ld =ce x to desc5d4 ,moreov]1 x w be rememb]$ t !re is a great diff]5ce ( condition 9 a body unit$ to1 or sep>at$ f a s\l2 & 9 ?is case ! body ( ! heav5 is ev]y:]e unit$ to ! 7univ]sal7 ,s\l4 ,,! ,,heav5 ,,does ,,n ,,ne$ ,,! ,,action ,,( ,,ei!r ,,air ,,or ,,fire4 ,besides1 all t approa*es ! heav5 is ei!r air or fire4 ,:at ( x is air _c affect ! heav54 ,:at ( x is fire c nei!r influ5ce ! heav51 nor t\* x1 to act on x4 ,be=e act+ on ! heav51 x w\ld h to assume its nature2 besides1 fire is less great or p[]ful ?an ! heav54 ,moreov]1 ! action ( fire consi/s 9 heat+2 :]eas1 #a1 t :i* is to be heat$ _c h be5 hot by itself2 & z1 #b1 t :i* is to be dissolv$ by fire mu/ fir/ be heat$1 inasmu* z x is ?is heat+ :i* causes a *ange ( nature4 ,no o!r body is ne$$ = ei!r ! subsi/5ce ( ! heav51 or = ! function+ ( its natural revolutions4#bbj ,moreov]1 ! heav5 does n move 9 a /raight l9e1 because x is 9 ! nature ( cele/ial ?+s to rema9 immovable1 or to move 9 a circul> orbit1 & n to assume any o!r k9d ( movem5t )\t compulsion by "s sup]ior =ce4 ,,! ,,/>s ,,are ,,inexhau/ible4 ,,& ,,ne$ ,,no ,,refre%m5t4 ,/>s1 !re=e1 /& 9 ne$ ( no fe$+1#bba & we %\ld n judge !m accord+ to our own circum/ances4 ,inde$1 our 7human7 s\l1 :i* conta9s our bodies1 is n id5tical ) ! ,s\l t conta9s ! heav52 our s\l does n reside 9 ! same place1 :ile ! _w-,s\l does n1 l our composite bodies lose 7excreta74 ,n z our bodies d ! />s ne$ cont9ual metabolic replac+ food4 ,f our conception ( cele/ial bodies we %\ld remove all ideas ( a *ange t c\ld modify _! con/itution4 ,t]re/rial bodies are animat$ by an entirely diff]5t nature#bbb2 :i* ?\gh because ( its weakness is incapable ( insur+ !m a durable exi/5ce1 nev]!less imitates ! sup]ior nature 7( ! cele/ial ,s\l7 by bir? & g5]ation4 ,else:]e#bbc we h %[n t ev5 ?is v cele/ial ,s\l _c p>take ( ! p]fect immutability ( intelligible ?+s4 ,,f\r? ,,ennead1 ,,book ,,six4 ,( ,s5sation & ,memory4 ,,/oic ,,doctr9es ,,( ,,s5sations ,,& ,,memories ,,hang ,,toge!r4 ,if we d5y t s5sations are images impress$ on ! s\l1 simil> to ! impression ( a seal1#bbf we %all also1 = ! sake ( consi/5cy1 h to d5y t memories are notions or s5sations pres]v$ 9 ! s\l by ! p]man5ce ( ! impression1 inasmu* z1 accord+ to our op9ion1 ! s\l did n orig9ally receive any impression4 ,! two que/ions1 !re=e1 hang toge!r4 ,ei!r we %all h to insi/ t s5sation consi/s 9 an image impress$ on ! s\l1 & memory1 9 its pres]vation2 or1 if ei!r "o ( ^! op9ions be reject$1 ! o!r w h to be reject$ also4 ,h[ev]1 s9ce we reg>d bo? ( !m z false1 we %all h to consid] ! true op]ation ( bo? s5sation & memory2 = we decl>e t s5sation is z little ! impression ( an image z memory is its p]man5ce4 ,! true solution ( ! "q1 on ! contr>y1 w be disclos$ by an exam9ation ( ! mo/ p5etrat+ s5se1#bbg & !n by induction transf]r+ ! same laws to ! o!r s5ses4 ,a4 ,,( ,,s5sation4 ,,! ,,s5se ,,( ,,sight ,,does ,,n ,,possess ,,! ,,image ,,se5 ,,)9 ,,itself4 ,9 g5]al ! s5sation ( sight consi/s ( p]ception ( ! visible object1 & by sight we atta9 x 9 ! place :]e ! object is plac$ be=e our eyes1 z if ! p]ception op]at$ 9 t v place1 & z if ! s\l saw outside ( h]self4 ,?is occurs1 ,i ?9k1 )\t any image be+ produc$ nor produc+ itself outside ( ! s\l1 )\t ! s\l receiv+ any impression simil> to t imp>t$ by ! seal to ! wax4 ,inde$1 if ! s\l already 9 h]self possess$ ! image ( ! visible object1 ! m]e possession ( ?is image 7or type7 w\ld free h] f ! necessity ( look+ outside ( h]self4 ,! calculation ( ! di/ance ( ! object's location1 & visibility proves t ! s\l does n )9 h]self conta9 ! image ( ! object4 ,9 ?is case1 z ! object w\ld n be di/ant f h]1 ! s\l w\ld n see x z locat$ at a di/ance4 ,besides1 f ! image %e w\ld receive f )9 h]self1 ! s\l c\ld n judge ( ! size ( ! object1 or ev5 det]m9e :e!r x possess$ any magnitude at all4 ,= in/ance1 tak+ z an example ! sky1 ! image :i* ! s\l w\ld develop ( x w\ld n be s great 7z x is1 :5 ! s\l is surpris$ at ! sky's ext5t74 ,besides1 !re is a fur!r objection1 :i* is ! mo/ important ( all4 ,if we p]ceive only ! images ( ! objects we see1 in/ead ( see+ ! objects !mselves1 we w\ld see only _! appe>ances or adumbrations4 ,!n ! realities w\ld diff] f ! ?+s t we see4 ,! true obs]vation t we _c disc]n an object plac$ ^u ! pupil1 ?\gh we c see x at "s little di/ance1 applies ) great] cog5cy to ! s\l4 ,if ! image ( ! visible object be locat$ )9 h]1 %e w n see ! object t yields h] ?is image4 ,we h to di/+ui% two ?+s1 ! object se51 & ! see+ subject2 consequ5tly1 ! subject t sees ! visible object mu/ be di/9ct f x1 & see x z locat$ else:]e ?an )9 itself4 ,! prim>y condition ( ! act ( vision !re=e is1 n t ! image ( ! object be locat$ 9 ! s\l1 b t x be locat$ outside ( ! s\l4 ,,s5sations ,,are ,,n ,,exp]i5ces1 ,,b ,,relative ,,actualizations4 #b4 ,aft] d5y+ t s5sation consi/s ( su* an op]ation1 x is our duty to po9t out ! true /ate ( affairs4 ,?\gh x be object$ t ?us ! s\l w\ld be consid]$ z judg+ ( ?+s %e does n possess1 x is nev]!less pla9 t x is ! *>act]i/ic ( a p[]1 n to exp]i5ce or suff]1 b to develop its =ce1 to c>ry out ! function to :i* x is de/9$4 ,if ! s\l is to disc]n a visible or audible object ! latt] mu/ consi/ ( nei!r images nor exp]i5ces1 b actualizations relative to ! objects :i* naturally belong to ! doma9 ( ^! actualizations ( ! s\l4 ,^? :o d5y t any faculty c "k its object )\t receiv+ "s impulsion f x imply t ! faculty suff]s1 )\t really cogniz+ ! object be=e x2 = ?is s\l-faculty %\ld dom9ate ! object in/ead ( be+ !reby dom9at$4 ,,?is ,,is ,,true ,,n ,,only ,,( ,,sight ,,b ,,( ,,he>+1 ,,ta/e ,,& ,,smell4 ,! case ( he>+ is simil> to t ( sight4 ,! impression is 9 ! air2 ! s\nds consi/ 9 a s]ies ( di/9ct vibrations1 simil> to lett]s trac$ by "s p]son :o is speak+4 ,by virtue ( h] p[] & h] be+1 ! s\l reads ! *>act]s trac$ 9 ! air1 :5 !y pres5t !mselves to ! faculty :i* is suitable to reception ( !m4 ,z to ta/e & smell also1 we mu/ di/+ui% betwe5 ! exp]i5ce & ! cognition ( x2 ?is latt] cognition con/itutes s5sation1 or a judgm5t ( ! exp]i5ce1 & diff]s !refrom entirely4#bbh ,,cognition ,,( ,,intelligible ,,objects ,,/ill ,,less ,,admits ,,( ,,an ,,impression4 ,! cognition ( intelligible ?+s /ill less admits ( an exp]i5ce or impression2 = ! s\l f9ds ! intelligible ?+s )9 h]self1 :ile x is outside ( h]self t %e contemplates s5se-objects4 ,consequ5tly ! s\l's notions ( intelligible entities are actualizations ( a nature sup]ior to ^? ( s5se-objects1 be+ ! actualizations ( ! s\l h]self1 t is1 spontane\s actualizations4 ,we %all h[ev] h to relegate to ano!r place#bbi ! "q :e!r ! s\l sees h]self z d\ble1 contemplat+ h]self z ano!r object1 s to speak1 & :e!r %e sees intellig5ce z s+le 9 a mann] su* t bo? h]self & intellig5ce seem b "o4 ,b4 ,,( ,,memory4 ,,memory ,,acts ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,sympa?y ,,( ,,! ,,s\l',s ,,highe/ ,,self4 #c4 ,treat+ ( memory1 we mu/ beg9 by attribut+ to ! s\l a p[] :i*1 ?\gh surpris+1 is p]haps really nei!r /range nor incr$ible4 ,! s\l1 )\t receiv+ any?+1 nev]!less p]ceives ! ?+s %e does n h4 ,! 7secret ( ?is7 is t by nature ! s\l is ! reason ( all ?+s1 ! la/ reason ( intelligible entities1 & ! fir/ reason ( s5se-objects4#bcj ,consequ5tly ! s\l is 9 relation ) bo? 7sph]es72 by ! intelligible ?+s ! s\l is improv$ & vivifi$2 b %e is deceiv$ by ! resemblance :i* s5se-objects be> to intelligible entities1 & ! s\l desc5ds "h bel[ z if drawn by h] allur+ *>m4 ,because %e occupies a position int]m$i>y betwe5 intelligible entities & s5se-objects1 ! s\l occupies a position int]m$i>y betwe5 !m4 ,%e is said to ?9k intelligible entities :51 by apply+ h]self to !m1 %e recalls !m4 ,%e cognizes !m because1 9 a c]ta9 mann]1 %e actually con/itutes ^! entities2 %e cognizes !m1 n because %e posits !m )9 h]self1 b because %e someh[ possesses !m1 & has an intuition ( !m2 because1 obscurely con/itut+ ^! ?+s1 %e awakes1 pass+ f obscurity to cle>ness1 & f pot5tiality to actualization4 ,= s5se-objects %e acts 9 ! same way4 ,by relat+ !m to :at %e possesses )9 h]self1 %e makes !m lum9\s1 & has an intuition ( !m1 possess+ z %e does a pot5tiality suitable to 7a p]ception (7 !m2 &1 s to speak1 to begett+ !m4 ,:5 ! s\l has appli$ ! :ole =ce ( h] att5tion to "o ( ! objects t (f] !mselves to h]1 %e1 = a long :ile1 !reby rema9s affect$ z if ?is object 7 pres5t2 & ! m att5tively %e consid]s x1 ! long] %e sees x4#bca ,t is :y *ildr5 h a /rong] memory2 !y d n quickly ab&on an object1 b l+]+ly fix _! gaze ^u x2 in/ead ( all[+ !mselves to be di/ract$ by a cr[d ( objects1 !y direct _! att5tion exclusively to "s "o ( !m4 ,on ! contr>y1 ^? ^: ?\ght & faculties are absorb$ by a v>iety ( objects1 d n re/ ) any "o1 & d no m ?an look !m ov]4 ,,memory ,,is ,,n ,,an ,,image1 ,,b ,,! ,,reawak5+ ,,( ,a ,,faculty4 ,if memory consi/$ 9 ! pres]vation ( images1#bcb _! num]\sness w\ld n weak5 memory4 ,if memory kept ^! images /or$ )9 itself1 x w\ld h no ne$ ( reflection to recall !m1 nor c\ld memory recall !m sudd5ly aft] hav+ =gott5 !m4 ,fur!r1 ex]cise does n weak51 b increases ! en]gy & =ce ( memory1 j z ! purpose ( ex]cise ( our feet or h&s is only to put ourselves 9 a bett] condition m easily to accompli% c]ta9 ?+s :i* are nei!r 9 our feet nor our h&s1 b to :i* ^! memb]s become bett] adapt$ by habit4 ,besides 7if memory be only /orage ( images71 :y !n does "o n rememb] a ?+ :5 x has be5 he>d b once or twice8 ,:y1 :5 x has be5 he>d (t51 is x long rememb]$1 al?\gh x 0 n reta9$ at fir/8 ,?is c surely n be because at fir/ only "s "p ( ! images _h be5 reta9$2 = 9 t case ^? p>ts w\ld be easily recall$4 ,on ! contr>y1 memory is produc$ sudd5ly z a result ( ! la/ he>+ or reflexion4 ,?is cle>ly proves t1 9 ! s\l1 we are only awak+ ! faculty ( memory1 only imp>t+ to x new en]gy1 ei!r = all ?+s 9 g5]al1 or = "o 9 p>ticul>4 ,aga91 memory does n br+ back to u only ! ?+s ab\t :i* we h reflect$2 7by association ( ideas7 memory sugge/s to u besides a multitude ( o!r memories ?r\gh its habit ( us+ c]ta9 indices any "o ( :i* suffices easily to recall all ! rema9d]#bcc2 h[ c\ld ?is fact be expla9$ except by admitt+ t ! faculty ( memory _h become /r5g!n$8 ,once m1 ! pres]vation ( images 9 ! s\l w\ld indicate weakness r ?an /r5g?1 = ! reception ( sev]al impressions w\ld imply an easy yield+ to all =ms4 ,s9ce e impression is an exp]i5ce1 memory w\ld be measur$ by passive receptivity2 :i*1 ( c\rse1 is ! v contr>y ( ! /ate ( affairs4 ,nev] did any ex]cise :atev] r5d] ! ex]cis+ be+ m fitt$ to suff]+ 7or1 receptive exp]i5ce74 ,/ill ano!r argum5t3 9 s5sations1 x is n ! weak & impot5t organ :i* p]ceives by itself2 x is n1 = in/ance1 ! eye t sees1 b ! active pot5tiality ( ! s\l4 ,t is :y old p h bo? s5sations & memories t are weak]4 ,bo? s5sation & memory1 !re=e1 imply "s en]gy4 ,la/1 z we h se5 t s5sation is n ! impression ( an image 9 ! s\l1 memory c\ld n be ! /orage-place ( images x c\ld n h receiv$4 ,,memory ,,ne$s ,,tra9+ ,,& ,,education4 ,x may be ask$ h[ev]1 :y1 if memory be a faculty 7a pot5tiality7 or disposition1#bcd we d n imm$iately rememb] :at we h le>n$1 & :y we ne$ "s "t to recall x8 ,x is because we ne$ to ma/] our own faculty1 & to apply x to its object4 ,n o!rwise is x ) our o!r faculties1 :i* we h to fit to fulfil _! functions1 & ?\gh "s ( !m may react promptly1 o!rs also may ne$ "t to ga!r _! =ces toge!r4 ,! same man does n always simultane\sly ex]cise memory & judgm5t1 because x is n ! same faculty t is active 9 bo? cases4 ,?us !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 ! wre/l] & ! runn]4 ,diff]5t dispositions react 9 ea*4 ,besides1 no?+ t we h said w\ld militate aga9/ di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! man ( /rong & t5aci\s s\l :o w\ld be incl9$ to read ov] :at is recall$ by 8 memory1 :ile he :o lets _m ?+s escape him w\ld by 8 v weakness be dispos$ to exp]i5ce & pres]ve passive affections4 ,aga91 memory mu/ be a pot5tiality ( ! s\l1 inasmu* z ! s\l has no ext5sion 7& !re=e c\ld n be a /orage-place = images :i* imply ?ree dim5sions74 ,,s\l ,,ev5ts ,,occur ,,v ,,diff]5tly ,,f ,,:at ,,is ,,suppos$ ,,by ,,! ,,unobs]vant ,,or ,,unreflective4 ,9 g5]al all ! processes ( ! s\l occur 9 a mann] v diff]5t f t conceiv$ by unobs]vant m54 ,psy*ic ph5om5a occur v diff]5tly f s5se-ph5om5a1 ! analogy ( :i* may lead to v s]i\s errors4 ,h5ce ! above unobs]vant m5 imag9e t s5sations & memories resemble *>act]s inscrib$ on tablets or %eets ( pap]4#bce ,:e!r !y consid] ! s\l mat]ial 7z d ! ,/oics71 or z immat]ial 7z d ! ,p]ipatetics71 !y c]ta9ly d n realize ! absurd consequ5ces :i* w\ld result f ! above hypo!sis4 ,,six? ,,ennead1 ,,book ,,"o4 ,( ! ,t5 ,ari/otelian & ,f\r ,/oic ,categories4 ,,hi/orical ,,review ,,( ,,categories4 #a4 ,v anci5t philosoph]s h inve/igat$ ! numb] & k9ds ( ess5ces4 ,"s said !re 0 b "o2#bif o!rs1 t !re 0 a limit$ numb] ( !m2 o!rs /ill1 an inf9ite numb]4 ,besides1 ^? :o recogniz$ b a s+le 7ess5ce7 h advanc$ op9ions v diff]5t1 z is also ! case ) ^? :o recogniz$ a limit$ or unlimit$ numb] ( ess5ces4 ,z ! op9ions ( ^! philosoph]s h be5 suffici5tly exam9$ by _! successors1 we %all n busy ourselves !re)4 ,we %all /udy ! doctr9e ( ^? :o1 aft] hav+ exam9$ ! op9ions ( _! pr$ecessors1 decid$ on det]m9ate numb]s 7( ess5ces72 admitt+ nei!r a s+le ess5ce1 because !y recogniz$ t !re 0 a multiplicity ev5 9 ! intelligibles2 nor an inf9ite numb] ( ess5ces1 because su* an inf9ity c\ld n exi/1 & w\ld r5d] all sci5ce impossible2 b :o1 classify+ ! ess5ces ^: numb] is limit$1 & see+ t ^! classifications c\ld n be consid]$ elem5ts1 look$ on !m z k9ds4 ,( ^!1 "s 7! ,p]ipatetic ,ari/otelians7 propos$ t51 :ile o!rs propos$ a less] numb] 7! ,/oics taught f\r71 or a great] numb] 7! ,py?agorean oppositions1 = in/ance74 ,z to ! k9ds1 !re is also diff]5ce ( op9ions3 "s look$ ^u ! k9ds z pr9ciple 7,plot9os himself72 :ile o!rs 7,ari/otle7 held t !y =m$ classes4 ,,( ,,! ,,t5 ,,ari/otelian ,,categories4#bcf ,,/atem5t ,,( ,,ari/otle',s ,,position4 ,let u fir/ exam9e ! doctr9e t classifies ess5ce into t5 7k9ds74 ,we %all h to inve/igate :e!r x be necess>y to ackn[l$ge t its p>tisans recognize t5 k9ds1 all ( :i* be> ! "n ( ess5ce1 or t5 categories2 = !y say#bcg t ess5ce is n synonym\s 9 ev]y?+1 & !y are "r4 ,,ari/otle',s ,,categories ,,neglect ,,! ,,intelligible ,,_w4 ,let u beg9 by ask+ ^! philosoph]s :e!r ! t5 k9ds apply equally to s5se-7ess5ces71 & intelligible 7ess5ces71 or :e!r !y all apply to ! s5se-7ess5ces71 & "s only to ! intelligible 7ess5ces72 = "h !re are no long] mutual relations4 ,we mu/ !re=e inquire :i* ( ^? t5 k9ds apply to intelligible ess5ces1 & see :e!r intelligible ess5ces c be r$uc$ to "o s+le k9d1 t w\ld also apply to s5se-ess5ces2 & :e!r ! ^w be+#bch c be appli$ simultane\sly to intelligible & s5se-entities1 z a homonym\s label4 ,= if be+ be a homonym1#bci !re are sev]al diff]5t k9ds4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x be a synonym 7or1 "n ( common qualities7 x w\ld be absurd t ?is ^w %\ld be> ! same mean+ 9 ! ess5ces :i* possess ! highe/ degree ( exi/5ce1 & 9 ^? :i* possess its l[] degree2 = ! ?+s among :i* x is possible to di/+ui% bo? prim>y & l[] degrees c\ld n belong to a common k9d4 ,b ^! 7,ari/otelian7 philosoph]s d n1 9 _! division1 reg>d ! 7,platonic7 intelligible entities4 ,!y !re=e did n mean to classify all be+s2 !y pass$ by ^? t possess ! highe/ degree ( exi/5ce4#bie #a4 ,be+4#bdj #b4 ,let u fur!r exam9e if ^! t5 divisions be k9ds1 & h[ be+ c\ld =m a k9d2 = we are =c$ to beg9 our /udy "h4 ,,intelligible ,,& ,,s5se-,,be+ ,,c\ld ,,n ,,=m ,a ,,s+le ,,k9d4 ,we h j said t intelligible be+ & s5se-be+ c\ld n =m a s+le k9d4#bda ,o!rwise1 above bo? intelligible be+1 & s5se-be+1 !re might be "s ?ird entity :i* w\ld apply to bo?1 be+ nei!r corporeal nor incorporeal2 = if x 7 incorporeal1 ! body w\ld be incorporeal2 & if x 7 corporeal1 ! incorporeal w\ld be corporeal4 ,,que/ions ,,rais$ ,,by ,,ari/otelian ,,!ories4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 :at common elem5t is !re 9 matt]1 =m1 & ! concretion ( matt] & =m8 ,! 7,ari/otelians7 give ! "n ( be+ alike to ^! ?ree entities1 ?\gh recogniz+ t !y are n be+ 9 ! same degree4 ,!y say t =m is m be+ ?an is matt]1#bdb & !y are "r2 !y w\ld n insi/ 7z d ! ,/oics7 t matt] is be+ 9 ! great] degree4 ,fur!r1 :at elem5t is common to ! prim>y & second>y be+s1 s9ce ! second>y owe _! *>act]i/ic title ( be+ to ! prim>y ones8 ,,:at ,,is ,,be+ ,,9 ,,g5]al8 ,9 g5]al1 :at is be+8 ,?is is a "q to :i* ! 7,ari/otelians7 c\ld f9d no answ]2 = su* m]e indication ( prop]ties is n an ess5tial def9ition ( :at x is1 & x w\ld seem t ! prop]ty ( be+ a ?+ t is susceptible ( successively admitt+ _! contr>ies1 :ile rema9+ id5tical1 & num]ically "o1#bdc c\ld n apply to all 7intelligible7 be+s4 #c4 ,c we ass]t t be+ is a category t embraces simultane\sly intelligible be+1 matt]1 =m1 & ! concretion ( =m & matt]1 on ! same ju/ification t "o may say t ! race ( ! ,h]aclidae =m a k9d1 n because all its memb]s possess a common *>act]i/ic1 b because !y are all desc5d$ f a common ance/ry8 ,9 su* case1 ! fir/ degree !re( w belong to ?is be+ 7f :i* all ! re/ is d]iv$71 & ! second degree to ! o!r ?+s :i* are less be+s4 ,:at !n h9d]s t all ?+s =m a s+le category1 s9ce all o!r ?+s ( :i* "o may say1 !y subsi/1 owe ?is prop]ty to be+8 ,might x !n be said t ! o!r ?+s are affections 7or1 modifications71#bcb & t ! be+s are 7hi]>*ically7 subord9at$ to ea* o!r 9 a diff]5t mann]8 ,9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 we c\ld n /op at 7! conception (7 be+1 & det]m9e its fundam5tal prop]ty s z to d$uce f x o!r be+s4 ,be+s w\ld ?us be ( ! same k9d1 b !n w\ld possess some?+ :i* w\ld be outside ( ! o!r be+s4#bdd ,?us ! second>y sub/ance w\ld be attribut$ to some?+ else1 & leave no mean+ to :atness 7quiddity or quality71 det]m9ate =m 7?atness71 be+ a subject1 n be+ a subject1 be+ 9 no subject1 & be+ attribut$ to no?+ else1#bde 7z1 :5 "o says1 :it5ess is a quality ( ! body1 quantity is some?+ ( sub/ance1 "t is some?+ ( movem5t1 & movem5t is some?+ ( mobility71 s9ce ! second>y be+ is attribut$ to some?+ else4#bdf ,ano!r objection w\ld be1 t ! second>y be+ is attribut$ to ! prim>y ,be+1 9 ano!r s5se 7?an quality is to be+71 z a k9d1 z con/itut+ a "p1 z be+ ?us ! ess5ce ( ! subject1 :ile :it5ess w\ld be attribut$ to some?+ else 9 ?is s5se t x is 9 a subject4#bdg ,our answ] w\ld be t ^! ?+s h prop]ties :i* di/+ui% !m f ! o!rs2 !y w consequ5tly be ga!r$ into a unity1 & be call$ be+s4 ,nev]!less1 no k9d c\ld be made up out ( !m1 nor ?us arrive at a def9ition ( ! notion & nature ( be+4 ,en\gh ab\t ?is2 let u pass to quantity4 #b4 ,,quantity4 #d4 ,! ,ari/otelians call quantity fir/ numb]1 !n cont9u\s size1 space1 & "t4#bdh ,to ^! concepts !y apply ! o!r k9ds ( quantity2 z = in/ance1 !y say t movem5t is a quantity measur$ by "t4#bdi ,x might also be said reciprocally1 t "t receives its cont9uity f movem5t4 ,,cont9u\s ,,& ,,def9ite ,,quantity ,,h ,,no?+ ,,9 ,,common4 ,if cont9u\s quantity be quantity z f> z x is cont9u\s1 !n def9ite quantity w no long] be quantity4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 cont9u\s quantity be quantity only accid5tally1 !n !re is no?+ 9 common betwe5 cont9u\s & def9ite quantity4 ,we w grant t numb]s are quantities1 al?\gh if _! nature ( be+ quantities 7 pla91 "o w\ld n see :y !y %\ld be giv5 t "n4 ,z to ! l9e1 ! surface1 & ! body1 !y are call$ sizes & n quantities2 & ! latt] "n is giv5 !m only :5 !y are e/imat$ num]ically2 z :51 = in/ance1 !y are measur$ by two or ?ree feet4#bdi ,a body is a quantity only 9 s f> z x is measur$1 j z space is a quantity only by accid5t1 & n by its spatiality4 ,we mu/ "h n consid] :at is quantity by accid5t1 b by its quantitativ5ess1 quantity itself4 ,?ree ox5 are n a quantity2 9 ?is case1 ! quantity is ! numb] f\nd 9 !m4 ,inde$1 ?ree ox5 belong already to two categories4 ,! case is simil> ) ! l9e1 & ! surface1 bo? ( :i* possess su* quantity4 ,b if ! quantity ( surface be quantity itself1 :y w\ld surface itself be a quantity8 ,x is no d\bt only :5 det]m9$ by ?ree or f\r l9es t ! surface is call$ a quantity4 ,,numb]s ,,are ,,n ,,quantity ,,9 ,,itself4 ,%all we !n say t numb]s alone are quantity8 ,%all we attribute ?is privilege to ,numb]s 9 !mselves1 :i* are be+s1 because !y exi/ 9 !mselves8#bej ,%all we grant ! same privilege to numb]s exi/+ 9 ?+s :i* p>ticipate 9 !m1 & :i* s]ve to numb]1 n unities1 b t5 ox51 = example1 or t5 horses8 ,fir/1 x w\ld seem absurd t ^! numb]s %\ld n be be+s1 if ! =m] ones be su*4 ,!n1 x w seem equally absurd t !y %\ld exi/ )9 ! ?+s !y measure1 )\t exi/+ outside !m1#bea z ! rules & in/rum5ts :i* s]ve to measure exi/ outside ( ! objects !y measure4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ^! numb]s t exi/ 9 !mselves s]ve to measure1 & nev]!less d n exi/ )9 ! objects t !y measure1 ! result w be t ^! objects w n be quantities s9ce !y w n p>ticipate 9 quantity itself4 ,,numb] ,,is ,,n ,,9 ,,quantity2 ,,b ,,quantity ,,is ,,9 ,,numb]4 ,:y %\ld ^! numb]s be consid]$ quantities8 ,d\btless because !y are measures4 ,b are ^! measures quantities1 or quantity itself8 ,z !y are 9 ! ord] ( be+s1 ev5 if !y %\ld n apply to any ( ! o!r ?+s1 ! numb]s w nev]!less rema9 :at !y are1 & !y w be f\nd 9 quantity4 ,inde$1 _! unity designates an object1 s9ce x applies to ano!r2 !n ! numb] expresses h[ _m objects !re are1 & ! s\l makes use ( numb] to measure plurality4 ,n[1 :5 measur+ ?us1 ! s\l does n measure ! :atness 7or1 quality7 ( ! object1 s9ce %e says "o1 two1 :atev] be _! objects1 ev5 if ( opposite nature2 %e does n det]m9e ! "* ( ea* ?+1 = in/ance1 if x be w>m or beautiful2 %e limits h]self to e/imat+ its quantity4 ,consequ5tly1 :e!r we take ,numb] 9 itself1 or 9 ! objects :i* p>ticipate !re91 quantity exi/s n 9 ^! objects1 b 9 ! numb]2 quantity f9ds itself n 9 ! object ?ree feet long1 b 9 ! numb] ?ree4 ,,magnitude ,,& ,,numb]s ,,w\ld ,,be ,,( ,a ,,diff]5t ,,type ,,( ,,quantity4 ,:y !n %\ld sizes also be quantities8 ,probably because !y approximate quantities1 & because we call quantities all objects t conta9 quantities1 ev5 ?\gh we d n measure !m ) quantity 9 itself4 ,we call l>ge :at num]ically p>ticipates 9 mu*2 & small :at p>ticipates 9 little4 ,greatness & smallness are quantities1 n absolute1 b relative2 nev]!less ! ,ari/otelians say t !y are relative quantities s f> z !y seem to be quantities4#beb ,t is a "q to be /udi$2 =1 9 ?is doctr9e1 numb] is a k9d ap>t1 :ile sizes w\ld hold second rank2 x is n exactly a k9d1 b a category :i* ga!rs ?+s :i* are ne> ea* o!r1 & :i* may hold fir/ or second rank4 ,z to u1 we %all h to exam9e if ! ,numb]s :i* exi/ 9 !mselves be only sub/ances1 or if !y be also quantities4 ,9 ei!r case1 !re is no?+ 9 common betwe5 ! ,numb]s ( :i* we speak1 & ^? :i* exi/ 9 ?+s :i* p>ticipate !re94#bec ,,spee* ,,z ,a ,,quantity4 #e4 ,:at relation to quantity exi/s 9 spee*1 "t1 & movem5t8 ,fir/1 let u consid] spee*4 ,x c be measur$4#bed ,9 ?is respect1 spee* is a quantity1 b n 9 s f> z x is spee*1 ^: nature is to be significant1 z ! n\n1 or ! v]b4#bee ,! vocal air is ! matt] ( ! ^w1 z x also is ( ! n\n & ! v]b1 all :i* con/itute ! language4 ,! ^w is pr9cipally an impulse laun*$ on ! air1 b x is n a simple impulse2 because x is articulat$ x someh[ fa%ions ! air2 consequ5tly x is a de$1 b a significant "o4 ,x might be reasonably said t ?is movem5t & impulse con/itute a de$1 & t ! movem5t :i* foll[s is a modification1 or r t ! fir/ movem5t is ! de$1 & ! second movem5t is ! modification ( ano!r1 or r t ! de$ ref]s to ! subject1 & ! modification is 9 ! subject4 ,if ! ^w consi/$ n 9 ! impulse1 b 9 ! air1 !re w\ld result f ! significant *>act]i/ic ( ! expressive impulse two di/9ct entities1 & no long] a s+le category4 ,,nei!r ,,is ,,"t ,a ,,quantity4 ,let u pass to "t4#bef ,if x exi/ 9 :at measures1 t :i* measures mu/ be exam9$2 x is d\btless ! s\l1 or ! pres5t in/ant4 ,if x exi/ 9 :at is measur$1 x is a quantity s f> z x has a quantity2 z1 = in/ance1 x may be a ye>4 ,b1 s f> z x is "t1 x has ano!r nature2 = :at has su* a quantity1 )\t 7ess5tially7 be+ a quantity1 is n any ! less su* a quantity4 ,,quantity ,,z ,,equal ,,& ,,unequal ,,does ,,n ,,ref] ,,to ,,! ,,objects4 ,z to 7,ari/otle's7 ass]tion t ! prop]ty ( quantity is to be bo? equal & unequal1#beg ?is prop]ty belongs to quantity itself1 & n to ! objects :i* p>ticipate 9 quantity1 unless x be by accid5t1 s f> z "o does n consid] ^! objects 9 !mselves4 ,a ?ree foot object1 = in/ance1 is a quantity s f> z x is tak5 9 its totality2 b x does n =m a k9d ) quantity itself2 only1 along ) x1 x is trac$ back to a k9d ( unity1 a common category4 ,,relation4#beh #f4 ,let u n[ consid] relation4 ,let u see :e!r1 9 relative matt]s1 !re be some?+ common t con/itutes a k9d1 or :i* is a po9t ( union 9 any o!r mann]4 ,let u1 be=e ev]y?+ else1 exam9e :e!r relation 7z1 = example1 left & "r1 d\ble & half1 & s =?7 be a k9d ( hypo/asis1 or sub/antial act1 or an habituation2 or1 :e!r x be a k9d ( hypo/atic exi/5ce 9 c]ta9 ?+s1 :ile 9 o!rs x is n s2 or :e!r x be ?is "u no circum/ances4 ,:at is !re inde$ t is p>ticul> 9 relations su* z d\ble & half2 surpass] & surpass$2 9 possession1 & 9 disposition2 ly+ d[n1 /&+1 sitt+2 9 ! relation ( fa!r & son2 ( ma/] & slave2 9 ! l & diff]5t2 ! equal & unequal2 ! active & passive2 measur] & measur$2 s5sation & k8 ,k1 = in/ance1 relates to ! object :i* c be kn[n1 & s5sation to s5se-object2 = ! relation ( k to ! object :i* c be kn[n has a k9d ( hypo/atic exi/5ce 9 ! actualization relative to ! =m ( ! object :i* c be kn[n2 likewise ) ! relation ( s5sation to ! s5se-object4 ,! same may be said ab\t ! relation ( ! active to ! passive1 :i* results 9 a s+le actualization1 z well z ab\t ! relation betwe5 ! measure & ! measur$ object1 f :i* results m5suration4 ,b :at results f ! relation ( ! simil> to ! simil>8 ,if 9 ?is relation !re be no?+ begott51 "o c at lea/ discov] !re some?+ :i* is its f\ndation1 namely1 ! id5tity ( quality2 nev]!less1 nei!r ( ^! two t]ms w\ld !n h any?+ beside _! prop] quality4 ,! same may be said ( equal ?+s1 because ! id5tity ( quantity prec$es ! mann] ( be+ ( bo? ?+s2 ?is mann] ( be+ has no f\ndation o!r ?an our judgm5t1 :5 we say1 ,?is "o or t "o are ( ! same size2 ?is "o has begott5 t "o1 ?is "o surpasses t "o4 ,:at are /&+ & sitt+ outside ( him :o /&s or sits8 ,z to ! possession1 if x apply to him :o possesses1 x r signifies ! fact ( possession2 if x apply to :at is possess$1 x is a quality4 ,z mu* c be said ( disposition4 ,:at !n exi/s outside ( ! two relative t]ms1 b ! comp>ison e/abli%$ by our judgm5t8 ,9 ! relation ( ! ?+ :i* surpasses ! ?+ :i* is surpass$1 ! fir/ is "s "o size1 & ! second is "s o!r size2 ^? are two indep5d5t ?+s1 :ile z to ! comp>ison1 x does n exi/ 9 !m1 except 9 our judgm5t4 ,! relation ( left to "r & t ( ! =m] to ! latt] consi/ 9 ! diff]5t positions4 ,x is we :o h imag9$ ! di/9ction ( "r to left2 !re is no?+ 9 ! objects !mselves t answ]s !reto4 ,! =m] & ! latt] are two relations ( "t1 b x is we :o h e/abli%$ t di/9ction4 ,,:e!r ,,^! ,,relations ,,are ,,subjective ,,or ,,objective4 #g4 ,if1 :5 we speak ( ?+s1 we utt] no?+ true1 !n !re is no?+ real 9 ! relation1 & ?is k9d ( be+ has no f\ndation4 ,b if1 :5 we comp>e two mom5ts1 we say1 ,?is "o is ant]ior1 & t "o is po/]ior1 we speak truly1 !n we conceive t ! ant]ior & ! po/]ior are some?+ indep5d5t ( ! subjects 9 :i* !y exi/4 ,likewise ) ! left & ! "r1 z well z ) sizes2 we admit t 9 ^!1 besides ! quantity :i* is suitable to !m1 !re is a c]ta9 habituation1 z f> z ! "o surpasses & ! o!r is surpass$4 ,if1 )\t our enunciat+ or conceiv+ any?+1 x be real t su* a ?+ is ! d\ble ( ano!r2 if ! "o possess :ile ! o!r is possess$1 ev5 if we _h kn[n no?+ ab\t x2 if ! objects _h be5 equal be=e we _h notic$ !m2 if !y be likewise id5tical 9 respect ( quality2 f9ally if1 9 all relative ?+s1 !re be a habituation :i* is indep5d5t ( ! subjects 9 :i* x is f\nd2 & if we limit ourselves to notic+ its exi/5ce 7)\t creat+ x72 if ! same circum/ances obta9 9 ! relation ( k to :at c be kn[n1 a relation :i* evid5tly con/itutes a real habituation2 if x be s1 !re is no?+ left to d b to ask :e!r ?is habituation 7nam$ a relation7 be some?+ real4 ,we %all h to grant1 h[ev]1 t ?is habituation subsi/s 9 c]ta9 subjects z long z ^! subjects rema9 su* z !y 71 & ev5 if !y 7 sep>ate2 :ile1 9 o!r subjects1 ?is habituation is born only :5 !y are br\ght toge!r4 ,we %all also h to grant t1 9 ! v subjects t rema91 !re are "s 9 :i* ?is habituation is annihilat$ or alt]$ 7su* z1 = example1 ! left direction1 or proximity74 ,?is has l$ p to believe t 9 all ^! relations !re is no?+ real4 ,?is po9t hav+ be5 grant$1 we %all h to seek :at common elem5t !re is 9 all ^! relations1 & to exam9e :e!r :at is common to !m all con/itutes a k9d1 or an accid5t2 & la/1 we %all h to consid] h[ f> t :i* we h discov]$ corresponds to reality4 ,,relations ,,are ,,simultane\s ,,exi/5ces4 ,we %\ld call relative n :at is said absolutely ( ano!r ?+1 su* z1 = in/ance1 ! habits ( ! s\l & ! body2 nor :at belongs to su* a ?+1 nor :at is 9 su* a ?+ 7z = in/ance ! s\l is said to be ! s\l ( su* an individual1 or to be 9 su* a subject71 b :at :olly d]ives its exi/5ce f ?is habit 7call$ relation74 ,by hypo/atic exi/5ce ,i "h mean n ! exi/5ce :i* is prop] to subjects1 b ! exi/5ce :i* is call$ relative2 z1 = in/ance1 ! d\ble causes ! 7correlative7 exi/5ce ( ! half2 :ile x does n cause ! exi/5ce ( ! two foot object1 nor ( two 9 g5]al1 nor ! "o foot object1 nor "o 9 g5]al4 ,! mann] ( exi/5ce ( ^! objects consi/s 9 t ?is "o is two1 & t "o "o4 ,z a result ( ?is1 :5 ^! objects exi/1 ! fir/ is call$ d\ble1 & is su* 9 reality2 & ! second is half4 ,^! two objects h !re=e simultane\sly & spontane\sly effect$ t ! "o 0 d\ble1 & ! o!r half4 ,!y h be5 correlatively begott54 ,_! only exi/5ce lies 9 _! correlation1 s t ! exi/5ce ( ! d\ble lies 9 its surpass+ ! half1 & ! half d]ives its exi/5ce f its be+ surpass$ by ! d\ble4 ,consequ5tly ^! two objects are n1 ! "o ant]ior1 & ! o!r po/]ior1 b simultane\s4#bei ,we might also exam9e :e!r or n o!r ?+s d n also possess ?is simultaneity ( exi/5ce1 z happ5s ) fa!r & son1 & o!r simil> cases4 ,! son cont9ues to exi/1 inde$1 ev5 aft] ! dea? ( ! fa!r2 bro!r also survives bro!r1 s9ce we (t5 say t "s "o p]son resembles "s o!r deceas$ p]son4 ,,di/9ction ,,betwe5 ,,active ,,habituation ,,imm$iate ,,& ,,remote4 #h4 ,! above digression gives u ! opportunity ( inve/igat+ :y !re %\ld be a diff]5ce betwe5 ^! relations1 & ^? ( :i* we spoke above4 ,h[ev]1 we %\ld be glad to h ! ,ari/otelians fir/ /ate :at community ( exi/5ce obta9s 9 ?is correlation4 ,x w\ld be impossible to claim t ?is community 0 any?+ corporeal4 ,if !n x be corporeal1 x mu/ exi/ ei!r )9 ! v subjects1 or )\t !m4 ,if su* a habituation be id5tical among all1 x is a synonym4 ,if x be a habituation :i* diff]s accord+ to ! subjects 9 :i* x exi/s1 x is a homonym2 = ! m]e "n ( habituation 79 diff]5t ?+s7 does n always correspond to ! exi/5ce ( any g5u9e simil>ity4 ,%\ld we !n divide ! habituations into two classes1 recogniz+ t c]ta9 objects h an in]t & inactive habituation1 imply+ simultaneity ( exi/5ce1 & t o!r objects h a habituation always imply+ pot5tiality & actualization1 s t be=e actualiz+ ! pot5tiality be already ready to ex]t itself1 & to pass f pot5tiality to actualization 9 ! approximation ( relative conditions8 ,mu/ we ass]t t 9 g5]al c]ta9 ?+s actualize1 :ile o!rs limit !mselves to exi/+8 ,mu/ we also ass]t t t :i* limits itself to exi/5ce only gives its correlative a "n1 :ile t :i* actualizes gives x exi/5ce8 ,( ?is latt] k9d ( ?+s are ! fa!r & son1 ! active & passive1 = su* ?+s ex]t a k9d ( life & action4 ,mu/ we !n divide habituation 9 sev]al k9ds1 n z possess+ some?+ simil> & common 9 ! diff]5ces1 b z hav+ a nature diff]5t 9 ea* memb] ( ! division1 & ?us con/itut+ a homonym 7or1 m]e v]bal label78 ,9 ?is case1 we w\ld apply to ! active habituation ! names ( do+ & suff]+1 because bo? imply an id5tical action4 ,fur!r1 we w h to posit ano!r habituation :i*1 )\t itself actualiz+1 implies some?+ :i* acts 9 two relative t]ms4 ,= example1 !re is equality2 :i* equates two objects2 = x is equality :i* r5d]s ?+s equal1 j z id5tity makes !m id5tical2 j z ! names great & small are d]iv$ "o f ! pres5ce ( greatness1 & ! o!r f t ( smallness4 ,b if we %\ld consid] greatness & smallness 9 ! individuals :i* p>ticipate !re91 x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t su* individual is great] by ! act ( greatness :i* manife/s 9 him1 & t ano!r is small] because ( ! inh]5t act ( littl5ess4 ,,habituations ,,are ,,reasons ,,t ,,p>ticipate ,,9 ,,=ms4 #i4 ,x mu/ !re=e be grant$ t 9 ! ?+s ( :i* we fir/ spoke1 su* z kn[+ & do+ 7active be+71 !re is an actualization1 an habituation1 & an actualiz+ reason2 :ile 9 ! o!r ?+s !re is a p>ticipation 9 =m & reason4 ,= inde$1 if ! bodies 7 ! only ess5ces1 ! relative habituations w\ld be> no reality4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 we assign ! fir/ rank 9 exi/5ce to incorporeal ?+s1 & to ! reasons1 & if we def9e ! habituations z reasons t p>ticipate 9 ! =ms1 we %\ld say t :at is d\ble has ! d\ble = its cause1 & :at is half1 has ! half z its cause2 & t o!r ?+s are :at !y are nam$ because ( ! pres5ce ( ! same1 or ( ! contr>y =m4 ,n[ ei!r two ?+s simultane\sly receive "o ! d\ble1 & ! o!r ! half1 & "o greatness1 & ! o!r smallness2 or contr>ies su* z resemblance & dissimil>ity are to be f\nd 9 ea* ?+1 z well z id5tity & diff]5ce2 & ev]y?+ f9ds itself simultane\sly simil> & dissimil>1 id5tical & diff]5t4 ,x might be object$ t if "o object 7 ugly1 & ano!r ugli] /ill1 !y are su* because !y p>ticipate 9 a =m4 ,n s2 = if ^! two objects be equally ugly1 !y are equal 9 ! abs5ce ( ! =m4 ,if !y be unequally ugly1 ! lea/ ugly is su* because x p>ticipates 9 a =m :i* does n suffici5tly subdue matt]1 & ! ugli] is su* because x p>ticipates 9 a =m :i* does s /ill less4 ,!y c\ld1 besides1 be judg$ f ! /&po9t ( deprivation1 comp>+ !m to ea* o!r z if !y conta9$ "s =m4 ,! s5sation is a =m t results f two ?+s 7( t :i* feels1 & t :i* is felt72 s also ) k4 ,9 respect to ! ?+ possess$1 possession is an act :i* conta9s1 :i* has a k9d ( efficacy4 ,z to m5suration1 :i* is an actualization ( measure1 9 respect ( ! measur$ object1 x consi/s 9 a reason4 ,,:ile ,,"s ,,ari/otelian ,,categories ,,are ,,logically ,,possible1 ,,! ,,objects ,,subsum$ ,,are ,,impossible4 ,if !n1 consid]+ ! con/itution ( ! relative relations z a g5]ic =m1 x be admitt$ t x con/itutes an unity1 x =ms a classification2 consequ5tly x con/itutes an exi/5ce & a =m 9 all ?+s4 ,b if ! reasons 7or1 relations7 be oppos$ to ea* o!r1 if ! above-m5tion$ diff]5ces obta9 among !m1 !y d n con/itute a class1 & ev]y?+ mu/ be r$uc$ to a resemblance1 or category4 ,n[1 ev5 if we admit t ! ?+s ( :i* we h spok5 c be r$uc$ to a unity1 x does n foll[ t all ! ?+s ga!r$ "u ! same category by ! ,ari/otelians1 c\ld be r$uc$ to a s+le sort4 ,inde$1 !y lump toge!r into ! same classification1 bo? objects & m]e /atem5ts ( _! abs5ce1 z well z ! objects :i* d]ive _! appellation f !m2 z1 = in/ance1 d\bl5ess itself1 & ! d\ble object4 ,n[ h[ is x possible to r$uce to ! same classification bo? a ?+ & ! m]e lack ( x1 z1 = in/ance1 d\bl5ess & ! non-d\ble1 ! relative & ! non-relative8 ,?is is z absurd z x w\ld be to ga!r into ! same classification ! liv+ be+1 & ! non-liv+ be+4 ,worse yet1 h[ c\ld "o assort toge!r duplication & ! d\ble object1 :it5ess & ! :ite object8 ,su* ?+s c\ld n possibly be id5tical4 #c4 ,,qualities4#bfj #aj4 ,we are n[ to consid] quality1 on acc\nt ( :i* a be+ is said to be su*4 ,:at c be ! nature ( ?is quality t x ex]ts ! p[] ( decid+ ( ! ph5om5a ( objects8 ,is !re a same1 s+le quality :i* is some?+ common to all qualities1 & :i*1 by its diff]5ces1 =ms classifications8 ,or are ! qualities s diff]5t t !y c\ld n con/itute "o & ! same classification8 ,:at is !re 9 common betwe5 capacity & disposition#bfa 7t is1 ! physical p[]71 ! affective quality1 ! figure1 & ! ext]ior =m8#bfb ,,! ,,lack ,,( ,,p[]s ,,_c ,,be ,,subsum$ ,,"u ,,! ,,same ,,category ,,z ,,! ,,p[]s4 ,:at %all be said ( ?ickness & ?9ness1 ( fatness & leanness8 ,if ! elem5t common to ^! conceptions be a p[] belong+ to ! capacities1 dispositions1 & physical p[]s1 :i* gives to ea* object ! p[] x possesses1 ! /atem5ts ( ! abs5ce ( p[] w no long] be classifi$ along ) 7! p[]s74 ,besides1 9 :at s5se c we call ! figure & =m ( ea* ?+ a p[]8 ,fur!r1 ess5ce w\ld h be5 depriv$ ( all p[]s t 7 ess5tial1 reta9+ only ^? x might h receiv$4 ,!n1 quality w\ld compreh5d all actualizations ( ! be+s1 :i*1 prop]ly1 are actualizations only s f> z !y act spontane\sly2 & also all actualizations ( ^! prop]ties1 b only s f> z !y really exi/4 ,b quality consi/s 9 7uness5tial7 p[]s 7su* z habituations & dispositions7 classifi$ bel[ be+s4#bfc ,= in/ance1 box+ ability does n belong among necess>y human qualifications1 su* z rational functions4 ,! latt] w\ld n be call$ a quality 7z we w\ld speak ( box+ ability72 & reason+ w\ld be consid]$ a quality only figuratively4 ,,m]e ,,diff]5tials ,,( ,,be+s ,,are ,,n ,,g5u9e ,,qualities4 ,a quality is !re=e a p[] :i* adds 7ess5tial7 *>act]i/ics to already exi/+ be+s4 ,^! *>act]i/ics :i* diff]5tiate be+s c !re=e be call$ qualities only figuratively4 ,qualities are1 r1 actualizations & reasons1 or p>ts ( reasons1 :i* proclaim ! :atness1 ?\gh ! latt] seem to qualify be+4 ,z to ! qualities :i* really des]ve ?is "n1 :i* qualify ?+s1 :i* we g5]ally call pot5tialities1 !y are ! reasons & %apes1 ei!r ( ! s\l or ! body1 su* z beauty or ugl9ess4#bfd ,,n ,,all ,,qualities ,,are ,,reasons4 ,h[ c all qualities be pot5tialities8 ,x is easy to see t beauty & heal? are qualities4 ,b h[ c\ld ugl9ess & sickness1 weakness & g5]al impot5ce1 be qualities8 ,is x because !y qualify c]ta9 ?+s8 ,b :at h9d]s ! qualifi$ ?+s f be+ call$ su* by m]e nom5clature1 z homonyms1 & n because ( a s+le 7all-suffici5t7 reason8 ,besides1 :at w\ld h9d] !m f be+ consid]$ n only accord+ to "o ( ! f\r modes1#bfe b ev5 aft] ea* "o ( ! f\r1 or at lea/ aft] any two ( !m8 ,fir/1 ! quality does n consi/ 9 act+ & exp]i5c+2#bff s t x is only by plac+ oneself at diff]5t viewpo9ts t "o c\ld call :at acts & exp]i5ces a quality1 9 ! same s5se z heal? & sickness1 disposition & habitude1 =ce & weakness4 ,?us p[] is no long] ! common elem5t 9 ^! qualities1 & we %all h to seek some?+ else possess+ ?is *>act]i/ic1 & ! qualities w no long] all be reasons4 ,h[ inde$ c\ld a sickness1 become a habituation1 or be a reason8 ,,quality ,,is ,,n ,a ,,p[] ,,b ,,disposition1 ,,=m ,,& ,,"*4 ,%all ! affections :i* consi/ 9 ! =ms & p[]s1 & _! contr>ies1 ! privations1 be call$ qualities8#bfg ,if s1 "o k9d w no long] exi/2 & we %all h to r$uce ^! ?+s to a unity1 or category2 t is :y k is call$ a =m & a p[]1 & ignorance a privation & impot5ce4 ,mu/ we also consid] impot5ce & sickness a =m1 because sickness & vice c & d accompli% _m ?+s badly8 ,n s1 = 9 ?is case he :o miss$ 8 aim w\ld be ex]t+ a p[]4 ,ea* "o ( ^! ?+s ex]ts its *>act]i/ic activity 9 n incl9+ t[>ds ! good2 = x c\ld n d :at 0 n 9 its p[]4 ,beauty c]ta9ly does h "s p[]2 is x s also ) triangul>ity8 ,9 g5]al1 quality %\ld n be made to consi/ 9 p[]1 b r 9 ! disposition1 & to consid] x z a k9d ( =m ( "*4 ,?us ! common elem5t 9 all qualities is f\nd to be ?is =m1 ?is classification1 :i* no d\bt is inh]5t 9 be+1 b :i* c]ta9ly is d]ivative f x4 ,,quality ,,consi/s ,,9 ,a ,,non-,,ess5tial ,,"*4 ,:at "p d ! p[]s 7or1 pot5tialities7 play "h8 ,! man :o is naturally capable ( box+ owes x to a c]ta9 disposition4 ,x is s also ) somebody :o is unskilful 9 some?+4 ,9 g5]al1 quality consi/s 9 a non-ess5tial *>act]i/ic2 :at seems to contribute to ! be+1 or to add to x1 z color1 :it5ess1 & color 9 g5]al1 contributes to ! be+s z f> z x con/itutes some?+ di/9ct !refrom1 & is its actualization2 b x occupies a rank inf]ior to be+2 & ?\gh d]iv$ !refrom1 x adds itself !reto z some?+ =eign1 z an image & adumbration4 ,,ugly ,,qualities ,,are ,,imp]fect ,,reasons4 ,if quality consi/ 9 a =m1 9 a "* & a reason1 h[ c\ld "o ?us expla9 impot5ce & ugl9ess8 ,we %all h to d s by imp]fect reasons1 z is g5]ally recogniz$ 9 ! case ( ugl9ess4#bfh ,b h[ c a reason be said to expla9 sickness8 ,x conta9s ! reason ( heal?1 b some:at alt]$4 ,besides1 x is n necess>y to r$uce ev]y?+ to a reason2 x is suffici5t to recognize1 z common *>act]i/ic1 a c]ta9 disposition =eign to be+1 su* t :at is add$ to be+ be a quality ( ! subject4 ,triangul>ity is a quality ( ! subject 9 :i* x is locat$1 n by virtue ( its triangul>ity1 b ( its location 9 ?is subject1 & ( endu+ x ) its =m4 ,humanity has also giv5 to man 8 %ape1 or r1 8 be+4 ,,!re ,,is ,,only ,,"o ,,k9d ,,( ,,quality2 ,,( ,,:i* ,,capacity ,,& ,,disposition ,,p>take4 #aa4 ,if ?is be s1 :y %\ld we recognize sev]al k9ds ( qualities8 ,:y %\ld we di/+ui% capacity & disposition8 ,:e!r quality be durable or n1 x is always ! same2 = any k9d ( a disposition is suffici5t to con/itute a quality2 p]man5ce1 h[ev]1 is only an accid5t1 unless x %\ld be held t simple dispositions are imp]fect =ms1 & t capacities are p]fect =ms4 ,b if ^! =ms be imp]fect1 !y are n qualities2 if !y be already qualities1 p]man5ce is b an accid5t4 ,,physical ,,p[]s ,,d ,,n ,,=m ,a ,,second>y ,,k9d ,,( ,,quality4 ,h[ c physical p[]s =m a second>y k9d ( qualities8 ,if !y be qualities only s f> z !y are p[]s1 ?is def9ition w\ld n suit all qualities1 z has be5 said above4 ,if box+ ability be a quality z f> z x is a disposition1 x is useless to attribute to x a p[]1 s9ce p[] is impli$ 9 habituation4 ,fur!r1 h[ %\ld we di/+ui% ! natural box+ ability f t :i* is sci5tifically acquir$8 ,if bo? be qualities1 !y d n imply any diff]5ce s f> z "o is natural1 & ! o!r acquir$2 t is m]ely an accid5t1 s9ce ! capacity ( box+ is ! same =m 9 bo? cases4 ,,! ,,d]ivation ,,( ,,qualities ,,f ,,affection ,,is ,,( ,,no ,,importance4 ,:at does x matt] t c]ta9 qualities are d]iv$ f an affection1 & t o!rs are n d]iv$ !refrom8 ,! orig9 ( qualities contributes no?+ to _! di/9ction or diff]5ce4 ,if c]ta9 qualities be d]iv$ f an affection1 & if o!rs d n d]ive !refrom1 h[ c\ld !y be classifi$ z "o k9d8 ,if x be said t "s imply exp]i5c+ :ile o!rs imply action1 !y c bo? be call$ qualities m]ely by simil>ity ( appellation 7homonymy74 ,,%ape ,,is ,,n ,a ,,quality2 ,,b ,,specific ,,appe>ance1 ,,or ,,reason4 ,:at c\ld be said ( ! %ape ( e ?+8 ,if we speak ( ! %ape z f> z some?+ has a specific =m1 t has no reg>d to quality2 if x be spok5 ( 9 respect to beauty or ugl9ess1 toge!r ) ! =m ( ! subject1 we !re h a reason4 ,,ari/otle ,,0 ,,wrong ,,9 ,,call+ ,,r\gh1 ,,unit$1 ,,r>e1 ,,& ,,d5se ,,qualities4 ,z to r\gh1 unit$1 r>e & d5se#bfi ^! c\ld n be call$ qualities2 = !y d n consi/ only 9 a relative sep>ation or reapproximation ( ! p>ts ( a body1 & d n proce$ ev]y:]e f ! inequality or equality ( position2 if !y did1 !y might be reg>d$ z qualities4 ,lightness & weight1 also1 c\ld be correctly classifi$1 if c>efully /udi$4 ,9 any case1 lightness is only a v]bal simil>ity 7a homonym7 unless x be und]/ood to mean dim9ution ( weight4 ,9 ?is same class might also be f\nd leanness & slimness1 :i* =m a class diff]5t f ! f\r prec$+ ideas4 ,,psy*ological ,,!ory ,,( ,,quality4 #ab4 ,:at o!r s*eme ( analysis ( quality c\ld we f9d1 if ! above 7 decl>$ unsatisfactory8 ,mu/ we di/+ui% fir/ ! qualities ( ! s\l f ^? ( ! body1 & !n analyse ! latt] accord+ to ! s5ses1 relat+ !m to sight1 he>+1 ta/e1 smell & t\*8 ,to beg9 )1 h[ c ! qualities ( ! s\l be divid$8 ,w !y be relat$ to ! faculty ( desire1 to ang]1 or reason8 ,w !y be divid$ accord+ to _! suitable op]ations1 or accord+ to _! useful or h>mful "*8 ,9 ?is case1 w\ld we di/+ui% sev]al ways ( be+ useful or h>mful8 ,%\ld we !n likewise divide ! prop]ties ( ! bodies accord+ to ! diff]5ce ( _! effects1 or accord+ to _! useful or h>mless "*1 s9ce ?is "* is a prop]ty ( quality8 ,surely2 to be useful or h>mful seems to be ! prop]ty ( bo? ! quality1 & ! ?+ qualifi$4 ,o!rwise1 we %\ld h to seek "s o!r classification4 ,,relation ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,?+ ,,qualifi$ ,,& ,,! ,,quality4 ,h[ c ! ?+ qualifi$ by a quality ref] to ! quality8 ,?is mu/ be /udi$1 because ! ?+ qualifi$ & ! quality d n belong to a common k9d4 ,if ! man capable ( box+ be relat$ to ! quality1 :y %\ld n ! same quality obta9 betwe5 ! active man & activity8 ,if !n ! active man be some?+ qualifi$1 activity & passivity %\ld n be ref]r$ to relation4 ,x w\ld seem pref]able to relate ! active man to ! quality if he be active by virtue ( a p[]1 = a p[] is a quality2 b if ! p[] be ess5tial1 9 s f> z x is a p[]1 x is n some?+ relative1 nor ev5 some?+ qualifi$4 ,we %\ld n consid] t activity corresponds to increase2 = ! increase1 s f> z x increases1 /&s 9 relation only to ! less2 :ile activity is su* by itself4 ,to ! objection t activity1 s f> z x is su*1 is some?+ qualifi$1 x might be answ]$ t1 at ! same "t1 z f> z x c act on some?+ else1 & t x is ?us call$ active1 x is some?+ relative4 ,9 ?is case ! man capable ( box+ & ! art ( box+ itself mu/ be 9 relation4 ,= ! art ( box+ implies a relation2 all ! k x imp>ts is relative to some?+ else4 ,z to ! o!r arts1 or at lea/1 z to ! great] numb] ( o!r arts1 x may1 aft] exam9ation1 be said t !y are qualities1 s f> z !y give a disposition to ! s\l2 z f> z !y act1 !y are active1 &1 f ?is /&po9t1 !y ref] to some?+ else1 & are relative2 & besides1 !y are relative 9 ! s5se t !y are habituations4 ,,activity ,,does ,,n ,,alt] ,,! ,,quality4 ,w we !re=e h to admit t activity1 :i* is activity only because x is a quality1 is some?+ sub/antially diff]5t f quality8 ,9 animat$ be+s1 especially 9 ^? capable ( *oice because !y incl9e t[>ds ?is or t ?+1 activity has a really sub/antial nature4 ,:at is ! nature ( ! action ex]cis$ by ! inanimate p[]s t we call qualities8 ,is x p>ticipation 9 _! qualities by :atev] approa*es !m8 ,fur!r1 if ! p[] :i* acts on some?+ else simultane\sly exp]i5ces 7or suff]s71 h[ c x /ill rema9 active8 ,= ! great] ?+1 :i* by itself is ?ree feet 9 size1 is great or small only by ! relation e/abli%$ betwe5 x1 & some?+ else 7small]74 ,x might inde$ be object$ t ! great] ?+ & ! small] ?+ become su* only by p>ticipation 9 greatness or smallness4 ,likewise1 :at is bo? active & passive becomes su* 9 p>ticipat+ 9 activity & passivity4 ,,are ,,! ,,s5se-,,_w ,,& ,,! ,,intelligible ,,sep>ate1 ,,or ,,classifiable ,,toge!r8 ,c ! qualities se5 9 ! s5se-_w1 & ^? t exi/ 9 ! intelligible _w1 be classifi$ toge!r 9 "o k9d8 ,?is "q dem&s an answ] f ^?#bgj :o claim t !re are also qualities 9 ! intelligible _w4 ,%\ld x also be ask$ ( ^? :o d n admit ( ! exi/5ce on high ( k9ds1 b :o limit !mselves to attribut+ "s habit to ,intellig5ce8 ,x is evid5t t ,wisdom exi/s 9 ,intellig5ce2 if ?is ,wisdom be homonym\s 7simil> 9 "n only7 ) ! wisdom :i* we "k "h bel[1 x is n reckon$ among s5se-?+s2 if1 on ! contr>y x be synonym\s 7simil> 9 nature also7 ) ! wisdom :i* we "k "h bel[1 quality w\ld be f\nd 9 intelligible entities1 z well z 9 s5se-?+s 7:i* is false72 unless inde$ x be recogniz$ t all intelligible ?+s are ess5ces1 & t ?\ght belongs among !m4 ,besides1 ?is "q applies also to ! o!r categories4 ,9 respect to ea* ( !m x might be ask$ :e!r ! s5sible & ! intelligible =m two diff]5t k9ds1 or belong to a s+le classification4 #d4 ,,:54 #ac4 ,z to ! category ( "t1 :51 ! foll[+ ?\ghts are sugge/$4 ,,if ,,"t ,,be ,a ,,quantity2 ,,:y ,,%\ld ,,"t ,,:5 ,,=m ,a ,,sep>ate ,,category8 ,if to-morr[1 to-day1 & ye/]day1 z well z o!r simil> divisions ( "t1 be p>ts ( "t1 :y %\ld !y n be class$ 9 ! same classification z "t itself1 along ) ! ideas x has be51 x is1 & x w be8 ,z !y are k9ds ( "t1 x seems prop] t !y %\ld be classifi$ along ) "t itself4 ,n[ "t is "p ( quantity4 ,:at !n is ! use ( ano!r category8 ,if ! ,ari/otelians say t n only x has be5 & x w be are "t-concepts1 b ye/]day & =m]ly1 :i* are v>ieties ( !re has be5 are also "t-concepts 7= ^! t]ms are subord9at$ to !re has be571 t x is n only n[ t is "t1 b t :5 is su* also1 !y w be =c$ to answ] z foll[s3 ,fir/1 if :5 be "t1 "t exi/s2 !n1 z ye/]day is pa/ "t1 x w be some?+ composite1 if ! pa/ be some?+ else ?an "t2 we w h to erect two categories1 n m]ely a simple category4 ,= in/ance1 !y say bo? t :5 is 9 "t1 )\t be+ "t1 & say t :5 is t :i* is 9 "t4 ,an example ( ?is w\ld be to say t ,socrates exi/$ =m]ly1 :]eby ,socrates w\ld really be outside ( 7pres5t7 "t4 ,!re=e !y are no long] express+ some?+ s+le4 ,b :at is meant by ,socrates be+ 9 "t1 & t "s fact is 9 "t8 ,does x mean t !y are "p ( "t8 ,if1 9 say+ a "p ( "t1 & s f> z x is a "p ( "t1 ! ,ari/otelians believe t !y are n speak+ ( "t absolutely1 b only ( a pa/ "p ( "t1 !y are really express+ sev]al ?+s4 ,= ?is "p1 s f> z x is a "p1 is by !m ref]r$ to some?+2 & = !m ! pa/ w be "s ?+ add$ 7to ,"t71 or x w become id5tifi$ ) !re has be51 :i* is a k9d ( "t4 ,b if !y say t !re is a diff]5ce1 because !re has be5 is indet]m9ate1 :ile =m]ly & ye/]day are det]m9ate1 we %all be decid+ some?+ ab\t !re has be52 !n ye/]day w be ! det]m9ation ( !re has be51 s t ye/]day w be det]m9$ "t4 ,n[1 t is a quantity ( "t2 s t if "t be a quantity1 ea* "o ( ^! two ?+s w be a det]m9$ quantity4 ,b1 if1 :5 !y say ye/]day !y mean !reby t su* an ev5t has happ5$ 9 a det]m9$ pa/ "t1 !y are /ill express+ sev]al ?+s4 ,!re=e1 if "s new category is to be introduc$ :5ev] "o ?+ acts 9 ano!r1 z "h happ5$ ( :at occurr$ 9 "t1 we might h to introduce _m additional categories1 = 9 a diff]5t ?+ ! action is diff]5t4 ,?is w1 besides1 become cle>] 9 :at is to foll[ on ! category ( place4 #e4 ,,:]e1 ,,or1 ,,place4 ,,if ,,:]e ,,& ,,place ,,are ,,diff]5t ,,categories1 ,,_m ,,m ,,might ,,be ,,add$4 #ad4 ,! ,ari/otelians 7:ile treat+ ( ?is category7 say1 ,:]e8 ,= in/ance1 to ! ,lyceum1 or1 to ! ,academy4 ,! ,academy & ! ,lyceum are !n places & p>ts ( places1 z ! top1 ! bottom1 & "h are p>ts or classes ( place4 ,! only diff]5ce consi/s 9 a great] det]m9ation4 ,if !n ! top1 ! bottom1 & ! middle be places1 z1 = in/ance1 ,delphi is ! middle ( ! e>?1 &1 ! ,lyceum & o!r c\ntries are ne> ! middle ( ! e>?1 :at else b place d we h to seek1 s9ce we h j said t ea* ( ^! ?+s d5otes a place8 ,if1 :5 we say :]e8 we ass]t t "o ?+ is 9 ano!r place1 we are n express+ some?+ s+le & simple4 ,besides1 ea* "t t we affirm t su* a man is !re1 we are creat+ a d\ble relation1 namely1 ! relation ( ! man :o is !re1 ) ! place :]e he is1 & ! relation ( ! conta9+ place & ! conta9$ man4 ,:y !re=e %\ld we n r$uce ?is to ! class ( relations1 s9ce ! relation ( bo? t]ms ) ea* o!r produces some?+8 ,besides1 :at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 "h & at ,a!ns8 ,! ,ari/otelians grant t "h indicates ! place2 consequ5tly1 ! same is true ( 9 ,a!ns4 ,if1 9 ,a!ns be equival5t to be+ 9 ,a!ns1 ?is latt] expression conta9s two categories1 t ( place1 & t ( be+4 ,n[1 ?is %\ld n be ! case2 = z "o %\ld n say ,quality exi/s1 b only1 quality4 ,besides1 if be+ 9 place & be+ 9 "t presuppose categories o!r ?an place & "t1 :y w\ld be+ 9 a vase n also con/itute a sep>ate category8 ,:y w\ld x n be s ) be+ 9 matt]1 ) be+ 9 ! subject1 & 9 g5]al ( a "p be+ 9 ! :ole1 or ! :ole 9 ! p>ts1 ! g5us 9 ! species1 & ! species 9 ! g5us8 ,9 ?is mann] we w\ld h a f> great] numb] ( categories4 #f4 ,,action ,,& ,,exp]i5c+8#bga ,! subject ( action gives rise to ! foll[+ consid]ations4 ,,actualization ,a ,,f> ,,bett] ,,category ,,?an ,,do+ ,,or ,,act+4 #ae4 ,! ,ari/otelians hold t numb] & quantity1 & o!r ?+s ref]r+ to be+ %\ld be subord9at$ to be+2 ?us !y classify quantity z 9 a g5us diff]5t f be+4 ,quality also ref]s to be+1 x also is erect$ into a sep>ate g5us4 ,consequ5tly1 z action also ref]s to be+1 x is also consid]$ a sep>ate g5us4 ,mu/ !n act+1 or r action1 f :i* act+ is d]iv$1 be consid]$ a sep>ate g5us1 z we consid] t quality1 f :i* qualification is d]iv$1 is a sep>ate g5us8 7,z to ^! d]ivations71 x might be ask$ :e!r !re 7 no di/9ction betwe5 action1 to act1 & active1 or betwe5 to act1 & action8 ,to act expresses ! idea ( active1 :ile action does n express x4 ,to act means to be 9 "s action2 or r1 9 actualization4 ,consequ5tly1 actualization expresses a category r ?an action2 s9ce actualization is pr$icat$ ( be+1 l quality1 z 0 said above2 & actualization1 l movem5t1 also relates to be+2 b movem5t necess>ily con/itutes a class ( ess5ce4 ,h[ inde$ c\ld we admit t quantity1 quality & relation ea* =m a g5us1 9 respect to be+1 & yet refuse to movem5t1 :i* equally ref]s to be+1 ! privilege ( also =m+ a g5us ( be+8 ,,h[ ,,c ,,movem5t ,,be ,,9 ,,"t1 ,,if ,,*ange ,,be ,,outside ,,( ,,"t8 #af4 ,x may be object$ t movem5t is an imp]fect actualization4#bgb ,9 t case actualization %\ld be giv5 ! fir/ rank2 & "u t g5us w\ld foll[ ! species ( movem5t1 ) ! quality ( imp]fection1 by say+ t movem5t is an actualization1 & add+ 7! specific diff]5ce7 t x is imp]fect4 ,to say t movem5t is an imp]fect actualization does n deprive x ( be+ an actualization1 b implies t ?\gh x be actualization1 !re is 9 x succession1 n to arrive at be+ actualization1 7:i* x is already71 b to accompli% some?+ f :i* x is yet entirely di/9ct4 ,!n 7:5 t goal is rea*$71 x is n ! movem5t t becomes p]fect1 b ! ?+ :i* 0 ! goal4 ,= in/ance1 walk+ is walk+ f ! v fir/ /ep2 b if !re be a mile to g1 & ! mile be n yet f9i%$1 :at is lack+ ( ! mile is n lack+ to ! walk+ or to movem5t 7tak5 absolutely71 b to t p>ticul> walk4 ,= ! walk 0 walk+ & movem5t f ! v fir/ /ep2 consequ5tly1 he :o is mov+ has already mov$1 & he :o cuts has already cut4#bgc ,j z actualization1 movem5t has no ne$ ( "t2 x ne$s "t only to become su* an action4 ,if !n actualization be outside ( "t1 movem5t1 tak5 absolutely1 mu/ also be outside ( "t4 ,! objection t movem5t is 9 "t because x implies cont9uity 7proves too mu*2 = 9 t case7 intuition itself1 if prolong$1 w\ld also imply cont9uity1 & !re=e w\ld be 9 "t4 ,reason+ by induction1 x may be se51 #a1 t "o c always di/+ui% p>ts 9 any k9d ( movem5t2 #b1 t x w\ld be impossible to det]m9e :5 & s9ce :5 ! movem5t began1 or to assign ! def9ite po9t ( dep>ture2 #c1 t x is always possible to divide movem5t by foll[+ x up to its orig91 s t 9 ?is mann] movem5t t has j begun w\ld f9d itself to h begun s9ce inf9ite "t1 &1 #d1 t movem5t w\ld be inf9ite 9 reg>d to its beg9n+4 ,! fact is t ! ,ari/otelians di/+ui% movem5t f actualization2 !y affirm t actualization is outside ( "t1 b t "t is necess>y to movem5t2 n inde$ to "s p>ticul> movem5t1 b to movem5t 9 itself1 because1 accord+ to _! views1 x is a quantity4 ,nev]!less1 !y !mselves ackn[l$ge t movem5t is a quantity only by accid5t1 z1 = in/ance1 :5 x is a daily movem5t1 or :5 x has "s p>ticul> duration4 ,j z actualization is outside ( "t1 no?+ h9d]s movem5t f hav+ begun outside ( "t1 & "t f be+ connect$ ) movem5t only because ! movem5t has a c]ta9 duration4 ,inde$1 x is g5]ally grant$ t *anges occur outside ( "t1 = x is usual to say1 ,! *anges occur ei!r sudd5ly or successively4 ,n[ if *ange c occur outside ( "t1 :y %\ld x n be s also ) movem5t8 ,we "h speak ( *ange1 & n ( hav+ *ang$2 = *ange does n necess>ily h to be accompli%$ 7:ile hav+ *ang$ signifies an accompli%$ fact1 & consequ5tly implies ! notion ( "t74 ,,action ,,& ,,exp]i5c+ ,,may ,,be ,,subsum$ ,,"u ,,movem5t1 ,,b ,,_c ,,be ,,consid]$ ,,z ,,sep>ate ,,categories4 #ag4 ,x may be object$ t actualization & movem5t d n1 by !mselves1 =m a g5us1 b belong to ! g5us ( relation1 because actualization exi/s ?r\gh ! p[] ( some?+ active1 & movem5t exi/s by ! p[] ( "s motor1 z su*4 ,we might answ] t relative conceptions are produc$ by habituation 7! mann] ( be+7 ev5 ( ?+s1 & n only ?r\gh ! relation e/abli%$ betwe5 !m by ! m9d4 ,z ! habituation is a mode ( hypo/atic exi/5ce1 al?\gh x be ! ?+ ( some?+ else1 or al?\gh x ref] to some?+ else1#bgd x nev]!less possesses its nature be=e be+ a relation4 ,n[ ?is actualization1 ?is movem5t1 ?is habituation1 :i* is ! ?+ ( "s o!r ?+ nev]!less possesses ! prop]ty ( exi/+ & ( be+ conceiv$ by itself be=e be+ a relation2 o!rwise1 all ?+s w\ld be relative conceptions2 = !re is no?+1 n exclud+ ! s\l h]self1 :i* does n be> "s relation to some?+ else4 ,moreov]1 :y are action & act+ n relatives8 ,= !y necess>ily are ei!r a movem5t or an actualization4 ,if ! ,ari/otelians consid] action a relative1 & make a g5us ( act+1 :y !n d !y n also place movem5t among ! relatives1 & make a g5us ( mov+8 ,!y might1 inde$1 h subsum$ "u ! g5us movem5t ! two species action & reaction 7or1 suff]+72 b !y h no "r to make two di/9ct g5]a ( act+ & react+1 z !y g5]ally d4 ,,on ,,ari/otelian ,,pr9ciples1 ,,ev5 ,,intellection ,,w\ld ,,be ,,movem5t ,,or ,,actualization4 #ah4 ,we mu/ fur!r exam9e if ! ,ari/otelians h ! "r to say t act+ conta9s bo? actualizations & movem5ts1 ! actualizations produc+ !mselves in/antane\sly1 & ! movem5ts successively2 z1 = in/ance1 divid+ implies "t4 ,or w !y say t all actualizations are movem5ts1 or1 at lea/1 are accompani$ by movem5ts8 ,w !y trace all actions to exp]i5c+ 7or1 reactions71 or w !y ackn[l$ge absolute actions1 l walk+ or speak+8 ,or w !y di/+ui% all actions t relate to exp]i5c+ z movem5ts1 & all absolute actions z actualizations8 ,or w !y place actions ( bo? k9ds among movem5ts1 & among actualizations8 ,!y w\ld no d\bt classify walk+1 :i* is an absolute ?+1 z movem5t2 & ?9k+1 :i* is a v]b )\t passive voice1 z an actualization4#bge ,o!rwise ! ,ari/otelians w be oblig$ to insi/ t !re is no?+ active 9 walk+ or ?9k+4 ,b if walk+ & ?9k+ d n belong to ! category ( act+1 x w be necess>y to expla9 to :at !y d belong4 ,w x be said t ?9k+ relates to ! ?9kable 7! intelligible71 z intellection does1#bgf because s5sation relates to ! s5se-object8 ,if s5sation be relat$ to ! s5se-object1 :y d !y n equally relate s5s+ 7feel+7 to ! s5se-object8 ,s5sation1 relat+ to some?+ else1 has a relation ) t ?+2 b1 besides t relation1 x has ! prop]ty ( be+ an action or an exp]i5ce 7or1 reaction74 ,if !re=e reaction 7or1 suff]+71 besides belong+ to some?+ else1 or dep5d+ on some?+ else1 has ! prop]ty ( itself be+ some?+1 l actualization1 !n walk+1 besides belong+ to some?+ else 7to ! feet71 & dep5d+ on some?+ else 7on ! motive p[]71 nev]!less by itself possesses ! prop]ty ( be+ movem5t4 ,9 ?is case1 x w h to be recogniz$ t intellection1 besides be+ a relation1 by itself also is a movem5t or an actualization4 ,,d ,,c]ta9 ,,actions ,,appe> ,,imp]fect ,,:5 ,,n ,,jo9$ ,,to ,,"t8 #ai4 ,let u n[ exam9e if c]ta9 actualizations seem to be imp]fect :5 !y are n jo9$ to "t1 ?us id5tify+ !mselves ) movem5ts1 z life id5tifies itself ) liv+4 ,= 7accord+ to ! ,ari/otelians7 ! life ( ea* 7be+7 is accompli%$ 9 a p]fect "t1 & happ9ess is an actualization2 n an individual "o1 inde$1 b a sort ( movem5t4#bgg ,consequ5tly we w h to call life & happ9ess movem5ts1 & movem5t w h to be made a g5us1 ?\gh recogniz+ t movem5t =ms a g5us v diff]5t f quantity & quality2 &1 l !m1 relates to be+4 ,?is g5us c\ld be divid$ into two species1 movem5ts ( body & movem5ts ( s\l1 or movem5ts spontane\s & communicat$2 or aga91 movem5ts proce$+ f ! be+s !mselves1 or movem5ts proce$+ f o!rs4 ,9 ?is case1 ! movem5ts proce$+ f ! be+s !mselves are actions1 :e!r !y communicate to o!rs1 or rema9 absolute 9 !mselves 7& n communicat+ to o!rs1 l speak+ & walk+72 & ! movem5ts proce$+ f o!rs are reactions ?\gh ! communicat$ movem5ts seem to be id5tical ) ! movem5ts proce$+ f o!rs4 ,= example1 division is "o & ! same ?+1 :e!r x be consid]$ )9 him :o divides1 or 9 t :i* is divid$2 nev]!less divid+ is some?+ diff]5t f be+ divid$4 ,or aga91 division is n "o & ! same ?+ accord+ z x proce$s f him :o divides1 or z x is receiv$ by him :o is divid$2 to divide means to cause 9 ! divid$ ?+ ano!r movem5t1 :i* is ! result ( ! divid+ action or movem5t4 ,p]haps1 inde$1 ! diff]5ce does n lie 9 ! v fact ( be+ divid$1 b 9 ! movem5t :i* results f ! division1 z = in/ance1 9 suff]+2 = ?is is :at con/itutes reaction 7or passion74 ,:at are we to say if !re be no suff]+8 ,we might answ] t ! actualization ( him :o acts is simply pres5t 9 su* a ?+ 7)\t correlative reaction74 ,!re are ?us two mann]s ( act+2 to act )9 oneself1 & to act outside ( oneself4 ,no m w x !n be said t ! fir/ mode is prop] act+1 & ! second react+1 b t !re are two ways ( act+ outside ( oneself1 act+ & react+4 ,= in/ance1 writ+ is an op]ation 9 :i* "o acts on some?+ else )\t a correlative reaction1 because 9 writ+ "o produces no?+ b ! v actualization ( writ+1 & n some?+ else1 l exp]i5c+2 = ! quality ( writ+ t has be5 produc$ is no?+ t reacts 7or1 exp]i5ces74 ,z to walk+1 ?\gh ! e>? be /epp$ on by ! feet1 x does n react 7or1 exp]i5ce7 z a consequ5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 if x be ! body ( an animal t is trod "u feet1 x may be conceiv$ t !re is reaction1 because "o !n ?9ks ( ! suff]+ endur$ by ! animal ?us trod on1 & n ( ! walk+2 o!rwise1 ?is reaction w\ld h be5 conceiv$ be=e 7! notion ( ?is reaction w\ld h be5 impli$ 9 ! v notion ( walk+74 ,,action ,,& ,,reaction ,,=m ,,b ,a ,,s+le ,,g5us4 ,?us1 9 ev]y?+1 act+ =ms b a s+le g5us along ) react+1 :i* 7by ! ,ari/otelians7 is consid]$ its opposite4 ,react+ is :at foll[s act+1 )\t be+ its contr>y2 to be burnt1 = in/ance1 foll[s burn+1 b is n its contr>y4 ,9 ?is case1 ! reaction is :at results 9 ! object itself f ! fact ( burn+1 or ( be+ burnt1 :i* =m b "o 7process71 :e!r ! result be suff]+1 or some?+ else1 z1 = in/ance1 depreciation4 ,x might be object$1 ,:5 "o 7be+7 makes ano!r suff]1 is x n true t ! "o acts1 & ! o!r reacts8 ,"h f a s+le actualization result two facts1 an action1 & a reaction4 ,besides1 x is n necess>y to include 9 ! action ! w to cause suff]+2 x has only produc$ some?+ else z a result ( :i* x causes suff]+1 some?+ :i* occurr+ 9 ! be+ t suff]s1 & be+ "o s+le 7occurr5ce71 t causes suff]+4 ,:at !n is ?is "o id5tical ?+ :i* is ant]ior to ! suff]+8 ,:5 !re is no suff]+1 is !re n nev]!less a reaction 9 him 9 :om is ! modification8 ,= in/ance1 9 him :o he>s8 ,no3 to he> is n to react1 & s5sation is n really a reaction2#bgh b to suff] is to exp]i5ce a reaction1 & ! reaction is n ! contr>y ( ! action 79 ! s5se we h expla9$74 ,,reactions ,,ne$ ,,n ,,be ,,passive1 ,,b ,,may ,,be ,,active4 #bj4 ,let x be grant$1 !n1 t reaction is n ! contr>y ( action4 ,nev]!less1 z x diff]s !refrom1 x c\ld n %>e ! same g5us4 ,if bo? reaction & action be movem5ts1 !y %>e ! same g5us1 t ( alt]ation1 :i* is a movem5t1 z respects quality4#bgi ,:5 alt]ation proce$s f ! be+ end[$ ) quality1 is !re any action1 ?\gh ?is be+ rema9 impassible8 ,yes1 = ?\gh impassible1 x is active4 ,x may be ask$1 is ?is be+ no long] active :5 x acts on "s o!r object1 z1 = in/ance1 by /rik+ x1 & !n reacts8 ,! answ] is1 t x w\ld be active & passive simultane\sly4 ,if x be active1 :5 x reacts--:51 = in/ance1 x rubs--:y is x consid]$ active r ?an passive8 ,because x reacts 9 be+ rubb$ :ile x rubs4 ,c\ld we say t1 because x is mov$ :ile mov+1 !re 7 9 x two movem5ts8 ,b h[ c\ld !re be two movem5ts 9 x8 ,%all we ass]t t !re is b "o8 ,9 ?is case1 h[ c\ld ! same movem5t be action & reaction simultane\sly8 ,d\btless1 x w be consid]$ action1 9 s f> z x proce$s f ! mov]2 & reaction1 inasmu* z x passes f ! mov] into ! mov$2 & ?is1 )\t ceas+ to be "o & ! same ?+4 ,w\ld y say t reaction 0 a movem5t ( a k9d diff]5t f action8 ,h[ !n w\ld ! alt]+ movem5t 9 a c]ta9 mann] modify :at reacts )\t an equal reaction 9 :at is act+8 ,b h[ 7c we conceive7 ( reaction 9 t :i* acts on ano!r object8 ,is ! m]e pres5ce ( ! movem5t 9 ! mov$ suffici5t to con/itute reaction8#bhj ,b if1 on "o h&1 ! 7sem9al7 reason ( ! swan :it5s1 & on ! o!r h& ! swan t is be+ born becomes :ite1 %all we say t ! swan is passive 9 becom+ :at x is 8 nature to be8 ,if he becomes :ite ev5 aft] 8 bir?1 is he /ill passive8 ,if "o ?+ increase1 & ano!r ?+ be increas$1 w we admit t ! ?+ t increases reacts8 ,w we r attribute reaction to ! ?+ qualifi$8 ,if "o ?+ be embelli%$1 & ano!r ?+ embelli%es x1 c\ld we say t ! embelli%$ ?+ reacts8#bha ,if h[ev]1 ! embelli%+ ?+ decreases1 &1 l t91 t>ni%es1 or on ! contr>y1 l copp]1 takes on poli%2 %all we say t ! t9 acts1 & ! copp] reacts 7t is1 suff]s78 ,besides1 x w\ld be impossible to say t t :i* le>ns is passive 7suff]+78 ,w\ld ?is be because ! action ( him :o acts passes into him8 ,b h[ c\ld !re be any reaction 7suff]+7 s9ce !re is no?+ !re b an act8 ,?is action1 no d\bt1 is n a reaction 7suff]+72 b he :o receives x is passive1 because he p>ticipates 9 passivity4 ,inde$1 f ! fact t ! le>n] does n himself act1 x does n necess>ily result t he is passive2 = le>n+ is n be+ /ruck1 b grasp+ & disc]n+1 z takes place ) ! process ( vision4 ,,def9ition ,,( ,,reaction ,,or ,,suff]+4 #ba4 ,h[ may we def9e ! fact ( reaction8 ,we d n approve ( ! def9ition t x is ! pass+ ( ! actualization f "o be+ into ano!r1 if its receiv] appropriate x4 ,%all we say t a 7be+7 reacts :5 !re is no actualization1 b only an effective exp]i5ce8 ,b is x n possible t ! be+ t reacts becomes bett]2 :ile1 on ! contr>y1 ! "o :o acts1 loses8 ,a 7be+7 may also act 9 an evil mann]1 & ex]cise on ano!r a h>mful influ5ce2 & ! actualization may be %ameful1 & ! affective exp]i5ce be honorable4 ,:at di/9ction %all we !n e/abli% 7betwe5 action & reaction78 ,%all we say t an action is to cause 7an actualization7 to pass f self into o!rs1 & t reaction is to receive 9 oneself 7an action7 f someone else8 ,b !n :at ab\t ! 7actualizations7 produc$ 9 oneself :i* d n pass into o!rs1 su* z ?\ght & op9ion8 ,"o c ev5 excite oneself by a reflection or op9ion ( emotive value1 )\t ?is emotion hav+ be5 ar\s$ by anybody else4 ,we %all !re=e def9e an action z a spontane\s movem5t1 :e!r ?is movem5t rema9 9 ! be+ :o produces x1 or :e!r x pass into somebody else4 ,:at !n are ! faculty ( desire1 & desire 9 g5]al8 ,if desire be excit$ by ! desir$ ?+ 7x is an exp]i5ce1 or passion71 ev5 if we %\ld n take into consid]ation ! cause ( its excitem5t1 & ev5 if we only notic$ t x arose lat] ?an ! object2 = ?is desire does n diff] f an impression or an impulsion4 ,%all we !n1 among desires1 di/+ui% actions :5 !y proce$ f intellig5ce1 & exp]i5ces :5 !y invoke & draw 7on ! s\l71 s t ! be+ be less passive by :at x receives f o!rs1 ?an by :at x receives f itself8 ,d\btless a be+ c act ^u itself4 7,we c !n def9e7 an affective exp]i5ce1 & a be+'s exp]i5ce1 z foll[s4 ,!y consi/ ( und]go+1 )\t any contribution f oneself1 a modification :i* does n contribute to be+1 & :i*1 on ! contr>y1 alt]s1 or at lea/1 does n improve4 ,to ?is 7def9ition7 x may be object$ t if w>m+ oneself consi/ 9 receiv+ su* heat z p>tially contributes to ! subject's be+1 & p>tly does n d s1 !n we h "h "o & ! same ?+ :i* bo? is1 & is n an exp]i5ce4 ,to ?is x may be answ]$ t !re are two ways ( w>m+ oneself4 ,besides1 ev5 :5 ! heat+ contributes to ! be+1 x does s only 9 ! degree t "s o!r object exp]i5ces4 ,= in/ance1 ! metal w h to be heat$1 & und]go an exp]i5ce1 = ! production ( ! be+ call$ /atue1 al?\gh ?is /atue itself be heat$ only incid5tally4 ,if !n ! metal become m beautiful by ! effect ( t :i* heats x1 or by ! effect ( ! heat+ itself1 x und]goes an exp]i5ce2 = !re are two mann]s ( 7und]go+ an exp]i5ce1 or7 suff]+3 ! "o consi/s 9 becom+ worse1 & ! o!r 9 becom+ bett]--or at lea/1 9 n alt]+4 ,,transmission1 ,,reception ,,& ,,relation ,,und]lie ,,action ,,& ,,exp]i5ce4 #bb4 ,! cause t a be+ und]goes an exp]i5ce is t x conta9s ! k9d ( movem5t call$ alt]ation1 :i*ev] way x modify him2 on ! contr>y1 action means to h 9 oneself a def9ite movem5t1 d]iv$ f oneself1 or a movem5t :i* has its goal 9 "s o!r be+1 & its orig9 9 self4 ,9 bo? cases !re is movem5t2 b ) ?is di/9ction3 t action1 s f> z x is action1 is impassible2 :ile an exp]i5ce consi/s 9 ! exp]i5c]'s reception ( a disposition new to him1 )\t ! reception ( any?+ t contributes t[>ds 8 be+2 s z to avoid 7! case ( ! /atue1 above1 :]e7 ! exp]i5ce happ5$ to "o be+ 7! metal71 :ile x 0 ano!r be+ t 0 produc$ 7! /atue74 ,consequ5tly1 ! same ?+ w 9 "o /ate be an action1 & 9 o!r1 an exp]i5ce4 ,?us ! same movem5t w 9 "o be+ be an action1 because x is consid]$ f a c]ta9 viewpo9t2 & f ano!r x w be an exp]i5ce1 because x is dispos$ "s o!r way4 ,action & exp]i5ce seem !re=e to be relative1 if "o consid] ! action 9 its relation ) exp]i5ce1 s9ce ! same ?+ is action 9 ! "o1 & exp]i5ce 9 ! o!r4 ,also1 because nei!r ( ^! two c be consid]$ 9 itself1 b only 9 him :o acts1 or exp]i5ces1 :5 ! "o moves1 & ! o!r is mov$4 ,ea* ( ^! t]ms !re=e implies two categories2 "o gives ! movem5t1 ! o!r receives x2 consequ5tly we h transmission & reception1 :i* result 9 relation4 ,if he :o receiv$ ! movem5t possesses x z he possesses color1 :y c\ld x n also be said t he possess$ movem5t8 ,absolute movem5ts1 su* z walk+ 7& ?9k+7 possess /eps & ?\ght4 ,,pr$iction ,,& ,,responsiv5ess ,,to ,,x ,,d ,,n ,,fall ,,"u ,,def9ition ,,= ,,action ,,& ,,exp]i5ce4 ,let u n[ consid] :e!r pr$iction be an action1 & :e!r adapt+ "o's c\rse to ! pr$iction ( somebody else w\ld con/itute exp]i5c+2 = pr$iction comes f "o be+ & applies to ano!r4 ,h[ev]1 al?\gh pr$iction apply to "s o!r1 we w\ld n consid] pr$iction an action1 nor be+ direct$ by ! pr$iction ( somebody else an exp]i5ce4 ,9 g5]al1 n ev5 ?\ght is an action2 ?\ght1 inde$1 does n pass 9 to ! object ?\ght1 b functions )9 itself2 x is n at all an action4 ,actualizations are n at all actions1 & n all ( !m p]=m actions2 inde$1 !y may d s only accid5tally4 ,x might be object$ t a man :o 0 walk+ w\ld c]ta9ly impress on ! gr\nd ! trace ( 8 /eps1 & w\ld !reby p]=m an action4 ,su* an action w\ld be ! consequ5ce ( some?+ else1 or ! man w\ld act accid5tally2 & x w\ld be accid5tal1 because ! man 0 n ?9k+ ( x4 ,x is 9 ?is way t ev5 inanimate ?+s p]=m "s action1 t fire heats1 & m$ic9e cures4 ,b en\gh ( ?is4 #g4 ,,possession4 #bc4 ,let u n[ exam9e ! category ( hav+ 7possession74 ,,hav+ ,,is ,,s ,,indef9ite ,,& ,,v>i\s ,,t ,,x ,,_c ,,be ,a ,,category4 ,if ! v]b to h be us$ 9 sev]al s5ses1 :y might we n apply to ?is category all ! v>i\s uses ( ! ^w2 = in/ance1 quantity1 because quantity has size2 quality1 because x has color2 ! fa!r1 because he has a son2 ! son1 because he has a fa!r2 &1 9 g5]al1 all k9ds ( possession8 ,w x be said t ! o!r ?+s t c be possess$ h already be5 classifi$ "u ! categories consid]$ above1 & t ! category ( hav+ comprises only arms1 foot-we>1 & clo?+8 ,?is might be answ]$ by ! "q :y hav+ ^! objects %\ld con/itute a category1 & :y burn+ !m1 cutt+ !m1 bury+ !m1 or ?r[+ !m away1 w\ld n equally con/itute "o or m categories8 ,if ! answ] be t all ^! ?+s =m "o category because !y ref] to ! body1 ?is w\ld !n also make ano!r category if we plac$ a g>m5t ov] a litt]2 or likewise if someone 7 cov]$ ) clo?+4 ,if ano!r answ] be t ! category ( hav+ consi/s 9 ! mann] ( conta9+1#bhb & 9 possession1#bhc !n all ?+s :i* are possess$ w h to be r$uc$ to ?is category1 :i* w ?us conta9 all possession1 :atev] x be1 s9ce ! nature ( ! possess$ object c\ld n "h prevail to =m "s di/9ction4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! category ( hav+ mu/ exclude hav+ a quantity or quality1 because ! latt] ideas already =m _! own categories2 nor hav+ p>ts1 because ( ! category ( be+ 7:i* includes p>ts72 :y %\ld ?is category conta9 hav+ arms1 :5 arms1 z well z foot-we>1 belong to ! category ( be+8 ,9 any case1 h[ c\ld ! /atem5t1 ,he has arms be consid]$ some?+ simple1 :i* c\ld be r$uc$ to any "o category8 ,t /atem5t expresses ! same idea z ,he is arm$4 ,c ?is expression 7he has arms7 ref] only to a man1 or ev5 to 8 /atue8 ,! liv+ man possesses v diff]5tly f possession by a /atue1 & ! v]b to h is us$ only z a v]bal label 7a homonym71 j z ! v]b to /& up w\ld mean some?+ v diff]5t accord+ z x ref]r$ to a man or a /atue4 ,besides1 is x reasonable to make a g5]ic category ( "s m]ely incid5tal *>act]i/ic8 #h4 ,,situation4 #bd4 ,z to ! category ( situation1 x conta9s also su* incid5tal *>act]i/ics z be+ rais$1 or seat$4 ,"h ! ,ari/otelians d n make a category ( situation1 by itself1 b ( ! k9d ( situation1 z :5 x is said1 ,he is plac$ 9 su* a po/ure--a phrase 9 :i* to be plac$ & 9 su* a po/ure express two entirely diff]5t ideas--or aga91 he is 9 su* a place4 ,n[1 z po/ure & location h already be5 /udi$1 :at is ! use 9 "h comb9+ two categories into "o8 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! expression he is seat$ indicate an action or an exp]i5ce1 mu/ x n !n be r$uc$ to ! category ( action or exp]i5ce8 ,x w\ld moreov] am\nt to ! same ?+ to say he is rais$1 z to say1 he is situat$ above2 j z we say he is situat$ 9 ! middle1 or1 he is situat$ bel[4 ,besides1 be+ seat$ has already be5 treat$ ( "u ! category ( relation2 :y %\ld1 be+ rais$ n also be a relative entity1 s9ce ! category ( relation includes ! ?+ to ! left1 & ! ?+ to ! "r1 z well z ! left & "r h& !mselves8 ,en\gh ( ^! reflections 7ab\t ,ari/otelian categories74 ,b4 ,,criticism ,,( ,,! ,,/oic ,,categories4 #be4 ,let u n[ pass to ! 7,/oic7 philosoph]s#bhd :o1 recogniz+ f\r categories only1 divide ev]y?+ into sub/ances1 qualities1 modes1 & relations2 & :o1 attribut+ to all 7be+s7 some?+ common1 ?us embrace !m into a s+le g5us4 ,,! ,,category ,,( ,,some?+ ,,common ,,is ,,absurd4 ,?is doctr9e raises a great numb] ( objections1 especially 9 t x attributes to all be+s some?+ 9 common1 & ?us embraces !m 9 a s+le class4 ,inde$1 ?is some?+ ( :i* !y speak is q incompreh5sible2 z also is h[ x c\ld adapt itself equally to bodies & to incorporeal be+s1 betwe5 :i* !y d n all[ = suffici5t di/9ction to e/abli% a di/9ction 9 ?is some?+4 ,besides1 ?is some?+ ei!r is1 or is n an ess5ce2 if x be an ess5ce1 x mu/ be a =m2 if x be n an ess5ce1 !re result a ?\s& absurdities1 among :i* w\ld be t ess5ce is n an ess5ce4 ,let u !re=e leave ?is po9t1 & devote ourselves to ! division into f\r categories4 #a4 ,,sub/ance2 ,,accord+ ,,to ,,!m ,,x ,,is ,,split ,,up4 ,! ,/oics assign ! fir/ rank to sub/ances1 & place matt] be=e ! o!r sub/ances4 ,f ?is x results t ! ,/oics assign to ! same rank _! fir/ ,pr9ciple1 & ) x ! ?+s :i* are inf]ior !reto4 ,fir/1 !y r$uce to a s+le class bo? ant]ior & po/]ior ?+s1 ?\gh x be impossible to comb9e !m 9 ?is mann]4 ,9 fact1 e "t t ?+s diff] f ea* o!r 9 t "s are ant]ior1 & o!rs po/]ior1 ^? :i* are po/]ior owe _! ess5ce to ^? :i* are ant]ior4 ,on ! contr>y1 :5 ?+s are compris$ )9 "o & ! same class1 all equally owe _! ess5ce to ?is class1 s9ce a class is :at is affirm$ ( k9ds ( ?+s 9 reg>d to ess5ce4 ,! ,/oics !mselves recognize ?is by say+ t all ?+s d]ive _! ess5ce f matt]4 ,besides1 :5 !y c\nt b a s+le sub/ance1 !y d n enum]ate ! be+s !mselves1 b !y seek _! pr9ciples4 ,n[ !re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 treat+ ( pr9ciples & treat+ ( be+s4 ,if ! ,/oics recognize no ess5ce o!r ?an matt]1 & ?9k t o!r ?+s are modifications ( matt]1 !y are wrong 9 r$uc+ ess5ce & o!r ?+s to a common class2 !y %\ld r say t ess5ce is be+1 & t o!r ?+s are modifications1 & !n di/+ui% betwe5 ^! modifications4 ,fur!r1 x is absurd to ass]t t 7among ess5ces71 "s %\ld be sub/ances1 & o!rs %\ld be o!r ?+s 7su* z qualities1 modes & relations72 = ! ,/oics recognize b a s+le sub/ance1 :i* does n conta9 any diff]5ce1 unless by division z ( mass into p>ts2 besides1 !y %\ld n attribute divisibility to _! sub/ance1 because !y tea* t x is cont9u\s4 ,!y %\ld !re=e say1 sub/ance 7& n sub/ances74 ,,matt] ,,_c ,,be ,,! ,,prim>y ,,pr9ciple4 #bf4 ,:at is mo/ %ock+ 9 ! ,/oic doctr9e1 is t !y assign ! fir/ rank to :at is only a pot5tiality1 matt]1 in/ead ( plac+ actualization be=e pot5tiality4#bhe ,x is impossible = ! pot5tial to pass to actualization if ! pot5tial occupy ! fir/ rank among be+s4 ,inde$1 ! pot5tial c\ld nev] improve itself2 & x implies ! necess>y ant]iority ( actualization2 9 :i* case pot5tiality is no long] a pr9ciple4 ,or1 if x be insi/$ t actualization & pot5tiality mu/ be simultane\s1 bo? pr9ciples w be f\nd dep5d+ on *ance4 ,besides1 ev5 if actualization be contemporane\s ) pot5tiality1 :y %\ld n ! fir/ rank be assign$ to actualization8 ,:y %\ld ?is 7matt]7 be an ess5ce1 r ?an ^? 7=ms78 ,:oev] ass]ts t =m is po/]ior be>s ! burd5 ( pro(2 = matt] does n beget =m1 & quality c\ld n arise f :at has no quality2 nor actualization f :at is pot5tial2 o!rwise1 actualization w\ld h exi/$ ant]iorly1 ev5 9 ! sy/em ( ! ,/oics4 ,accord+ to !m1 ev5 ,god is no long] simple3 ,he is po/]ior to matt]2 = ,he is a body con/itut$ by =m & matt]4#bhf ,:5ce !n does ,he d]ive ,8 =m8 ,if ! div9ity exi/ )\t matt]1 ,he is incorporeal1 by virtue ( ,8 be+ pr9ciple & reason1 & ! active pr9ciple w\ld ?us be incorporeal4 ,if1 ev5 )\t hav+ matt]1 ! div9ity be composite 9 ess5ce1 by virtue ( ,8 body1 ! ,/oics w h to po/ulate "s o!r k9d ( matt] :i* may bett] suit ! div9ity4 ,,matt] ,,is ,,n ,a ,,body ,,)\t ,,quality1 ,,b ,,) ,,magnitude 7,a ,,/oic ,,def9ition74 ,besides1 h[ c\ld matt] be ! fir/ ,pr9ciple1 if x be a body8 ,if ! body ( :i* ! ,/oics speak be ( ano!r nature1 !n matt] c be call$ a body only figuratively4#bhg ,if !y say t ! common prop]ty ( ! body is to h ?ree dim5sions1 !y are speak+ ( ! ma!matical body4 ,if on ! contr>y !y jo9 imp5etrability to ! ?ree dim5sions1 !y are no m talk+ ab\t some?+ simple4 ,besides1 imp5etrability is a quality1 or is d]iv$ f a quality2 b :at is ! s\rce ( imp5etrability8 ,:5ce comes tri-dim5sional ext5sion8 ,:o endu$ matt] ) ext5sion8 ,matt]1 inde$1 is n conta9$ 9 ! idea ( tri-dim5sional ext5sion any m ?an ! latt] is conta9$ 9 ! notion ( matt]4 ,consequ5tly1 s9ce matt] ?us p>ticipates 9 size1#bhh x is no long] a simple matt]4 ,,absolute ,,exi/5ce ,,prec$es ,,cont+5t ,,exi/5ce4 ,moreov]1 :5ce is d]iv$ ! unification ( matt]8 ,matt] is n unity1 b x p>ticipates 9 unity4 ,!y w\ld h _h to realize t ! mat]ial mass is n ant]ior to ev]y?+1 & t ! fir/ rank p]ta9s to :at is n "o mass1 to ,unity itself4 ,!n !y w\ld h to desc5d f ,unity to multiplicity1 f :at is size-less to actual sizes2 s9ce1 if size be "o1 x is n because x is ,unity itself1 b only because x p>ticipates 9 unity4 ,we mu/ !re=e recognize t :at possesses prim>y & absolute exi/5ce is ant]ior to :at exi/s cont+5tly4 ,b h[ does cont+5cy itself exi/8 ,:at is its mode ( exi/5ce8 ,if ! ,/oics _h exam9$ ?is po9t1 !y w\ld h f9ally hit ^u 7! absolute ,unity7 :i* is n unity m]ely cont+5tly4 ,by ?is expression is "h meant :at is n "o by itself1 b by o!rs4 ,,! ,,/oic ,,god ,,is ,,only ,,modifi$ ,,matt]4 #bg4 ,! ,/oics did well1 inde$1 to assign ! pr9ciple ( ev]y?+ to ! fir/ rank2 b !y %\ld n h recogniz$ z pr9ciple1 & accept$ z be+ :at 0 %apeless1 passive1 devoid ( life & intellig5ce1 d>k1 & indef9ite4 ,because ( ! univ]se's beauty1 !y are =c$ to introduce )9 x a div9ity2 b ! latt] d]ives ,8 v ess5ce f matt]2 ,he is composite & po/]ior 7to matt]72 r1 ,he is no m ?an modifi$ matt]4#bhh ,consequ5tly1 if matt] be ! subject1 !re mu/ necess>ily be outside ( x "s o!r pr9ciple :i*1 act+ ^u matt]1 makes ( x ! subject ( ! qualities :i* ,he imp>ts !reto4 ,if ?is pr9ciple resid$ 9 matt]1 & ,himself 7 ! subject2 if1 9 o!r words1 ,he 7 contemporane\s ) matt]1 ,he c\ld n r$uce matt] to ! /ate ( a subject4 ,n[ x is entirely impossible 7= ?is pr9ciple7 to con/itute a subject concurr5tly ) matt]2 = 9 su* a case bo? w\ld h to s]ve z subject to some?+ high]2 & :at c\ld x be1 s9ce !re c\ld be no fur!r pr9ciple to make a subject ( !m1 if all ?+s _h already be5 absorb$ into ?is 7concurr5t7 subject8 ,a subject is necess>ily subject to some?+2 n to :at x has 9 itself1 b to t ^: action x und]goes4 ,n[1 x und]goes ! action ( t :i* itself is n subject by itself2 consequ5tly1 ( t :i* is outside ( itself4 ,?is po9t has evid5tly be5 ov]look$ by ! ,/oics4 ,,if ,,ev]y?+ ,,be ,,d]iv$ ,,f ,,matt]1 ,,matt] ,,c ,,no ,,long] ,,be ,,_! ,,subject4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if matt] & ! active pr9ciple ne$ no?+ ext]ior1 if ! subject t !y con/itute c itself become all ?+s by assum+ diff]5t =ms1 z a danc]1 :o c assume all possible attitudes1 ?is subject w\ld no long] be a subject1 b ,he w be all ?+s4 ,j z ! danc] is n ! subject ( ! attitudes 7= !y are 8 actualizations71 likewise ! matt] ( ! ,/oics w no long] be ! subject ( all ?+s1 if all ?+s proce$ f matt]2 or r1 ! o!r ?+s w no long] really exi/1 !y w be no?+ b modifi$ matt]1 j z ! attitudes are no?+ b ! modifi$ danc]4 ,n[ if ! o!r ?+s no long] really exi/1 matt] is no long] a subject2 x is no long] ! matt] ( ! ess5ces1 b is matt] exclusively4 ,x w no long] ev5 be matt]1 because :at is matt] mu/ be matt] ( some?+2 b t :i* ref]s to some?+ else belongs to ! same classification z t ?+1 j z half belongs to ! same classification z ! d\ble1 & is n ! be+ ( ! d\ble4 ,b h[ c\ld non-ess5ce1 except by accid5t1 ref] to ess5ce8 ,b ! absolute ,ess5ce & matt] itself ref] to ess5ce by virtue ( be+ ess5ce4 ,n[ if t :i* is to be is a simple pot5tiality1 x _c con/itute be+1 :i* consequ5tly matt] c\ld n be4#bhi ,,! ,,monism ,,( ,,! ,,/oics ,,breaks ,,d[n1 ,,j ,,l ,,dualism4 ,consequ5tly1 ! ,/oics1 :o reproa* o!r philosoph]s 7su* z ,plato7 = mak+ up be+s out ( non-be+s1#bij !mselves make up a non-be+ out ( a be+4#bia ,inde$ 79 ! sy/em ( ! ,/oics71 ! _w1 su* z x is1 is n be+4 ,x is c]ta9ly unreasonable to insi/ t matt]1 :i* is a subject1 %\ld nev]!less be be+1 & t bodies %\ld n1 any m ?an matt] be be+2 b x is /ill m unreasonable to insi/ t ! _w is be+1 n by itself1 b only by "o ( its p>ts 7namely1 matt]72 t ! organism does n owe its be+ to ! s\l1 b only to matt]2 & la/1 t ! s\l is only a modification ( matt]1 & is some?+ po/]ior to o!rs4 ,f :om !n did matt] receive animation8 ,:5ce comes ! hypo/atic exi/5ce ( ! s\l8 ,h[ does1 matt] receive =m8 ,=1 s9ce matt] becomes ! bodies1 ! s\l is some?+ else ?an matt]4 ,if ! =m came f some?+ else ?an ! s\l1 quality1 on unit+ to matt]1 w\ld produce n ! s\l1 b inanimate bodies4 ,if some?+ fa%ion matt] & create ! s\l1 ! creat$ s\l w\ld h to be prec$$ by a creat+ s\l4 ,,! ,,fault ,,( ,,! ,,/oics ,,is ,,to ,,h ,,tak5 ,,s5sation ,,z ,,guide4 #bh4 ,! ,/oic !ory raises numb]less fur!r objections2 b we halt "h le/ we ourselves incur ridicule 9 combat+ s evid5t an absurdity4 ,x suffices if we h demon/rat$ t ^! philosoph]s mi/ake non-ess5ce = absolute ess5ce2 7putt+ ! c>t be=e ! horse71 !y assign ! ,fir/ rank to :at %\ld occupy ! la/4 ,! cause ( _! error is t !y h *os5 s5sation z guide1 & h consult$ no?+ else 9 det]m9+ bo? _! pr9ciples1 & consequ5ces4 ,be+ p]suad$ t ! bodies are g5u9e ess5ces1#bib & refus+ to believe t !y trans=m !mselves into ea* o!r1 !y believ$ t :at subsi/$ 9 !m 79 ! mid/ ( _! *anges7 is ! real ess5ce1 j z "o might imag9e t place1 because x is inde/ructible1 is m ess5tial ?an 7metabolic7 bodies4 ,al?\gh 9 ! sy/em ( ! ,/oics place rema9 unalt]$1 ^! philosoph]s %\ld n h reg>d$ z ess5ce t :i* subsi/s 9 any mann] soev]2 !y %\ld1 fir/1 h consid]$ :at are ! *>act]i/ics necess>ily possess$ by ess5ce1 ! pres5ce ( :i* 7*>act]i/ics7 makes x subsi/ )\t und]go+ any alt]ation4 ,let u inde$ suppose t a %ad[ w\ld cont9u\sly subsi/ by foll[+ some?+ :i* *anges cont9u\sly2 ! %ad[1 h[ev]1 w\ld n be no m real ?an ! object x foll[s4 ,! s5se-_w1 tak5 toge!r ) its multiple objects1 is m ( an ess5ce ?an ! ?+s x conta9s1 m]ely because x is _! totality4 ,n[ if ?is subject1 tak5 9 its totality1 be non-ess5ce1 h[ c\ld x be a subject8 ,! mo/ surpris+ ?+1 h[ev]1 is t ! 7,/oics71 9 all ?+s foll[+ ! te/imony ( s5sation1 %\ld n also h affirm$ t ess5ce c be p]ceiv$ by s5sation2 =1 to matt]1 !y d n attribute imp5etrability1 because x is a quality 7& because1 accord+ to !m1 matt] has no quality74 ,if !y insi/ t matt] is p]ceiv$ by intellig5ce1#bic x c\ld only be an irrational intellig5ce :i* w\ld consid] itself inf]ior to matt]1 & attribute to x1 r ?an to itself1 ! privilege ( con/itut+ g5u9e ess5ce4 ,s9ce 9 _! sy/em intellig5ce is non-ess5ce1 h[ c\ld any cr$ibility atta* to t intellig5ce :5 x speaks ( ?+s sup]ior to x1 & ) :i* x possesses no aff9ity8 ,b we h said en\gh ( ! nature ( ^! subjects1 else:]e4#bid #b4 ,,quality4 ,,qualities ,,are ,,incorporeal4 #bi4 ,s9ce ! ,/oics speak ( qualities1 !y mu/ consid] ^! z di/9ct f subjects2 o!rwise1 !y w\ld n assign !m to ! second rank4 ,n[1 to be any?+ else ?an ! subjects1 qualities mu/ be simple1 & consequ5tly1 n composite2 t is1 !y mu/ n1 9 s f> z !y are qualities1 conta9 any matt]4 ,9 ?is case1 ! qualities mu/ be incorporeal & active2 =1 accord+ to ! ,/oics1 matt] is a passive subject4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 ! qualities !mselves be passive1 ! division into subjects & qualities is absurd1 because x w\ld classify sep>ately simple & composite ?+s1 & !n reunite !m into "o s+le classification4 ,fur!r1 x is faulty 9 t x locates "o ( ! species 9 ano!r 7matt] 9 ! qualities71 z if sci5ce 7 divid$ into two k9ds1 ( :i* "o w\ld comprise gramm>1 & ! o!r gramm> ) some?+ additional4 ,,sem9al ,,reasons1 ,,z ,,qualifi$ ,,matt]1 ,,w\ld ,,be ,,composite2 ,,& ,,second>y4 ,if ! ,/oics say t ! qualities are qualifi$ matt]1 !n _! 7sem9al7 reasons be+ n m]ely unit$ to nature1 b 7fully7 mat]ial1 w no d\bt =m a composite2 b be=e =m+ ?is composite !y !mselves w already be compos$ ( matt] & =ms2 !y !mselves w !re=e be nei!r reasons nor =ms4 ,,! ,,f\r ,,/oic ,,categories ,,evaporate1 ,,leav+ ,,matt] ,,alone ,,z ,,basis4 ,if ! 7,/oics7 say t ! reasons are only modifi$ matt]1 !y !n admit t qualities are modes1 & ! 7,/oics7 %\ld locate ! reasons 9 ! f\r? category1 ( relation4 ,if h[ev] relation be some?+ diff]5t f modality1 9 :at does t diff]5ce consi/8 ,is x t modality "h possesses great] reality8 ,b if modality1 tak5 9 itself1 be n a reality1 :y !n make ( x a category8 ,surely x w\ld be impossible to ga!r 9 a s+le category bo? ess5ce & non-ess5ce4 ,9 :at !n does ?is modification ( matt] consi/8 ,x mu/ be ei!r ess5ce or non-ess5ce4 ,if x be ess5ce1 x is necess>ily incorporeal4 ,if x be non-ess5ce1 x is no?+ b a ^w1 & matt] alone exi/s4 ,9 ?is case1 quality is no?+ real1 & modality /ill less4 ,z to ! f\r? category1 relation1 absolutely no reality :atev] w inh]e 9 x4 ,?is ,/oic sy/em1 !re=e1 conta9s no?+ else b matt]4 ,,! ,,cult ,,( ,,matt] ,,implies ,,ignor+ ,,s\l ,,& ,,intellig5ce4 ,b on ^: au?ority d we le>n ?is8 ,surely1 n on t ( matt] itself1 unless t1 because ( its modification1 x becomes intellig5ce2 b ?is 7alleg$7 modification is b a mean+less addition2 x mu/ !re=e be matt] :i* p]ceives ^! ?+s1 & expresses !m4 ,if we %\ld ask :e!r matt] utt] s5sible ?+s1 we might inde$ ask ourselves h[ matt] ?9ks & fulfils ! functions ( ! s\l1 al?\gh matt] lacks bo? s\l & intellig5ce4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 matt] utt] some?+ nons5sical1 insi/+ t x is :at x is n1 & :at x c\ld n be1 to :om %\ld ?is silly utt]ance be ascrib$8 ,surely only to matt]1 if x c\ld speak4 ,b matt] does n speak2 & he :o speaks ?us does s only because he has borr[$ mu* f matt]1 t he has become its slave1 ?\gh he h a s\l4 ,! fact is t he is ignorant ( himself1 z well z ( ! nature ( ! faculty :i* c divulge ! tru? ab\t ?is subject 7intellig5ce74 #c4 ,,modality4 ,,modality ,,%\ld ,,n ,,occupy ,,ev5 ,,! ,,?ird ,,rank ,,( ,,exi/5ce4 #cj4 ,x is absurd to assign ! ?ird rank to modalities1 & ev5 assign to !m any place :atev]2 = all modalities ref] to matt]4 ,x may h[ev] be object$ to ?is t !re are diff]5ces betwe5 ! modalities2 ! v>i\s modifications t matt] und]goes are n ! same ?+ z ! modalities2 ! qualities are d\btless modalities ( matt]1 b ! modalities1 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w1 ref] to qualities4 7,! answ] to ?is is t7 s9ce ! qualities are only modalities ( matt]1 ! te*nical modalities m5tion$ by ! 7,/oics7 !mselves r$uce to matt]1 & necess>ily relate !reto4 ,9 view ( ! _m diff]5ces obta9+ betwe5 !m1 h[ o!rwise c\ld modalities =m a category8 ,h[ c\ld "o r$uce to a s+le classification ! l5g? ( ?ree feet1 & :it5ess--s9ce "o is a quantity1 & ! o!r a quality8 ,h[ c\ld "t & place be r$uc$ !reto8 ,besides1 h[ w\ld x be possible to consid] z modalities su* expressions z ye/]day1 =m]ly1 9 ! ,lyceum1 &1 9 ! ,academy8 ,h[ c\ld "t be expla9$ z a modality8 ,nei!r "t1 nor ?+s :i* are 9 "t1 nor place1 nor ! ?+s :i* are 9 place1 c\ld be modalities4 ,h[ is to act a modality1 s9ce he :o acts is n himself a modality1 b r acts )9 "s modality1 or ev51 acts simply8 ,nor is he :o und]goes an exp]i5ce any m ( a modality2 he exp]i5ces some?+ r 9 a modality1 or r1 he und]goes "s exp]i5ce 9 su* a mann]4 ,modality r suits ! 7,ari/otelian7 categories ( situation & possession2 & z to possession1 no man ev5 possesses 9 su* or su* a modality1 b possesses purely & simply4 #d4 ,,relation2 ,,! ,,/oics ,,confuse ,,! ,,new ,,) ,,! ,,ant]ior4 #ca4 ,if ! ,/oics did n1 along ) ! o!r discuss$ categories1 r$uce relation to a common k9d1 !re might be good gr\nds to exam9e :e!r !y attribut$ sub/antial 7or1 hypo/atic7 reality to ^! mann]s ( be+2 = (t51 !y d n attribute to !m any4 ,b :at is to be said ( _! confus+ ?+s new & ant]ior 9 "o same classification8 ,?is is evid5tly an absurdity2 = surely "o & two mu/ exi/ be=e ! half or ! d\ble4 ,z to ! philosoph]s 7,plato1 = in/ance71 :o h taught o!r op9ions ab\t ess5ces & _! pr9ciples1 consid]$ z f9ite or inf9ite1 corporeal or incorporeal1 or bo? simultane\sly corporeal or incorporeal1 we w exam9e ea* ( ^! op9ions sep>ately1 consid]+ also ! hi/oric objections ( ! anci5t 7philosoph]s74 ,,six? ,,ennead1 ,,book ,,two4 ,! ,categories ( ,plot9os4#big #a4 ,aft] hav+ discuss$ ! doctr9e ( ! t5 categories 7( ,ari/otle71 & spok5 ( ! 7,/oics7 :o r$uce all ?+s to a s+le g5us1 & !n di/ribute !m 9 f\r species1 we mu/ /ill set =? our own op9ion on ! subject1 /riv+ h[ev] to con=m ourselves to ! doctr9e ( ,plato4 ,,plot9os ,,is ,,=c$ ,,to ,,demon/ration ,,( ,,8 ,,div]g5ce ,,f ,,plato4 ,if x 7 our op9ion t ess5ce 0 "o1 we w\ld n ne$ to /udy :e!r !re 0 "o s+le g5us = all ?+s1 :e!r all g5]a c\ld n be r$uc$ to a s+le "o2 :e!r !re 7 pr9ciples2 :e!r ! g5]a 7 at ! same "t pr9ciples2 or :e!r all pr9ciples are g5]a1 )\t say+ conv]sely t all g5]a are pr9ciples2 or1 if we mu/ di/+ui% betwe5 !m1 say t "s pr9ciples are simultane\sly g5]a1 or "s g5]a are pr9ciples1 or1 f9ally1 :e!r all pr9ciples be g5]a )\t ! g5]a be+ pr9ciples1 & conv]sely4 ,b1 s9ce we d n ackn[l$ge t ess5ce is "o1 ! reasons#bih = :i* 7 advanc$ by ,plato & o!r philosoph]s1 we f9d ourselves =c$ to treat all ^! que/ions1 & fir/ to expla9 :y we recognize g5]a ( ess5ces1 & :at numb] we decide on4 ,,plot9os ,,adds ,,to ,,ess5ce ,,et]nity1 ,,to ,,make ,,ess5ce ,,intelligible4 ,z we are go+ to treat ( ess5ce or ess5ces1 we mu/ be=e ev]y?+ else cle> up ! significance ( ess5ce1 :i* we are n[ consid]+1 & di/+ui% x f :at o!r p mean by t ^w1 :i* we w\ld m likely call t :i* becomes1 :at is nev] g5u9e ess5ce4 ,& besides1 x mu/ be cle>ly und]/ood t 9 mak+ ?is di/9ction1 we d n int5d to divide a g5us 9 species ( ! same nature2 z ,plato tri$ to d4#bii ,= x w\ld be ridicul\s to subsume "u ! same g5us bo? ess5ce & non-ess5ce1 or ,socrates1 & ! image ( ,socrates4 ,! k9d ( divisions "h attempt$ w !re=e only consi/ 9 sep>at+ ?+s ess5tially diff]5t1 z1 = in/ance1 expla9+ t app>5t ess5ce is n ! same z ! v]itable ,ess5ce1 by demon/rat+ t ! latt]'s nature is entirely diff]5t4 ,to cl>ify ?is its nature1 x w be necess>y to add to ! idea ( ess5ce t ( et]nity1 & ?us to demon/rate t ! nature ( be+ c\ld nev] be deceptive4 ,x is ( ?is k9d ( ess5ce 7t is1 ( ! intelligible ,ess5ce71 t we are go+ to treat1 admitt+ t x is n s+le4 ,lat]#cjj we %all speak ( g5]ation1 ( :at becomes1 & ( ! s5se-_w4 ,,hi]>*ical ,,con/itution ,,( ,,! ,,univ]se4 #b4 ,hold+ z we d t ! _w-,ess5ce is n "o1 we mu/ face ! "q :e!r ! numb] ( be+s is det]m9ate1 or inf9ite4 ,to say t _w-,ess5ce is n "o1 h[ev]1 is to say t x is bo? "o & multiple1 a v>i$ unity t embraces a multitude4 ,x is !re=e necess>y t ! ,"o1 s conceiv$1 be "o s f> z x =ms a s+le g5us1 conta9+ z species ! ess5ces by :i* x is simultane\sly "o & multiple2 or !re mu/ be sev]al g5]a1 b t !y all be subsum$ "u ! s+le "o2 or aga91 t !re be sev]al g5]a :i* h[ev] be n mutually subsum$1 ( :i* ea*1 be+ indep5d5t ( ! o!rs1 may conta9 :at is bel[ x1 consi/+ ( less ext5d$ g5]a1 or species bel[ :i* !re are no m ?an individuals2 s t all ^! ?+s may contribute to ! con/itution ( a s+le nature1 toge!r mak+ up ! organization ( ! intelligible _w1 :i* we call _w-,ess5ce 7or be+74 ,,! ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,! ,,univ]se ,,are ,,pr9ciples ,,& ,,g5]a ,,simultane\sly4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 ! divisions t we e/abli% are no m only g5]a1 !y are simultane\sly ! v pr9ciples ( _w-,ess5ce2 on ! "o h& !y are g5]a1 because !y conta9 less ext5d$ g5]a1 b5ea? :i* are species1 :i* end 9 individuals2 !y are also pr9ciples1 because _w-,ess5ce is compos$ ( multiple elem5ts1 & because ^! elem5ts con/itute ! totality ( ,ess5ce4 ,if x 7 only /at$ t _w-,ess5ce is compos$ ( sev]al elem5ts1 & t ^! elem5ts1 by co-op]ation1 con/itute ! ,all1 )\t add+ t !y bran* out into l[] species1 our divisions w\ld inde$ be pr9ciples1 b !y w\ld no long] be g5]a4 ,= in/ance1 if x be said t ! s5se-_w is compos$ ( f\r elem5ts1 su* z fire1 or o!r elem5ts1 ^! elem5ts are inde$ pr9ciples1 b n g5]a1 unless ?is "n be us$ z a v]bal simil>ity 7or1 homonym1 or pun74 ,,be+ ,,actualizations1 ,,bo? ,,g5]a ,,& ,,individuals ,,w ,,be ,,di/9ct4 ,admitt+ !re=e ! exi/5ce ( c]ta9 g5]a1 :i* are simultane\sly pr9ciples1 we mu/ /ill consid] :e!r !y %\ld be conceiv$ s t ^! g5]a1 along ) ! ?+s conta9$ by ea* ( !m1 comm+le1 fuse1 & =m ! :ole by _! bl5d+4 ,if s1 ! g5]a w\ld exi/ pot5tially1 b n 9 actualization2 none w\ld h any?+ *>act]i/ic4 ,fur!r1 grant+ ! di/9ctness ( ! g5]a1 c we grant t ! individuals bl5d8 ,b :at !n w\ld become ( ! g5]a !mselves8 ,w !y subsi/ by !mselves1 & w !y rema9 pure1 )\t mutual de/ruction ( ! m+l$ individuals8 ,lat] we %all indicate h[ su* ?+s c\ld take place4 ,,fundam5tal ,,unity ,,( ,,g5]a ,,w\ld ,,de/roy ,,species2 ,,manifoldness ,,mu/ ,,pre-,,exi/4 ,n[ t we h expla9$ ! exi/5ce ( g5]a1 :i*1 besides1 are pr9ciples ( be+1 & t f ano!r po9t ( view !re are pr9ciples 7or elem5ts71 & comp\nds1 we %all h to set =? ! crit]ion by :i* we con/itute ^! g5]a2 we %all h to ask h[ !y may be di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r1 in/ead ( r$uc+ !m to a s+le 7pr9ciple71 z if !y _h be5 unit$ by *ance1 al?\gh x does inde$ seem m rational to r$uce !m to a s+le 7pr9ciple74 ,x w\ld be possible to r$uce !m 9 ?is way if all ?+s 7 species ( ess5ce1 if ! individuals 7 conta9$ )9 ^! species1 & if !re 7 no?+ outside ( ^! species4 ,b su* a supposition w\ld de/roy ! species--= su* species w\ld no long] be species1 or =ms2--& f t mom5t !re w\ld be no fur!r ne$ = r$uc+ plurality to unity1 & ev]y?+ =m+ a s+le unity2 s t1 all ?+s belong+ to ?is ,"o1 no be+ outside ( ! ,"o w\ld exi/1 z f> z x 0 some?+ else4 ,h[ inde$ c\ld ! ,"o h become manifold1 & h[ c\ld x h begott5 ! species1 if no?+ b x exi/$8 ,= x w\ld n be manifold if !re 7 n some?+ to divide x1 su* z a size2 n[ t :i* divides is o!r ?an t :i* is divid$4 ,! m]e fact t x divides itself1 or imp>ts itself to o!rs1 %[s t x 0 already divisible be=e ! division4 ,,!re ,,is ,,m ,,?an ,,"o ,,g5us1 ,,= ,,n ,,ev]y?+ ,,c ,,be ,,subsum$ ,,"u ,,be+ ,,& ,,ess5ce4 ,= ?is & o!r reasons1 !re=e1 we mu/ take good c>e to avoid ass]tion ( a s+le g5us2 = x w\ld be impossible to apply to ev]y?+ ! d5om9ations ( be+ & ess5ce4#cdb ,if inde$ !re be v diff]5t objects call$ ess5ce1 ?is is only accid5tally1 j z if "o call$ ! color :ite a be+2 = /rictly we _c apply be+ to :ite1 z consid]$ alone4#cja ,,! ,,"o ,,is ,,s ,,f> ,,above ,,all ,,! ,,g5]a ,,z ,,n ,,to ,,be ,,c\nt$4 #c4 ,we !re=e ass]t ! exi/5ce ( sev]al g5]a1 & t ?is plurality is n accid5tal4 ,^! div]s g5]a1 h[ev]1 dep5d f ! ,"o4 ,b ev5 ?\gh !y d dep5d f ! ,"o1 if ! ,"o be n some?+ :i* may be affirm$ ( ea* ( !m z consid]$ 9 its be+1 !n no?+ h9d]s ea* ( !m1 hav+ no?+ simil> to ! o!rs1 f con/itut+ a g5us ap>t4 ,we also grant t ! ,"o1 exi/+ outside ( ! g5]a :i* are begott5 ( ,him1 is _! cause1 al?\gh ! o!r ess5ces consid]$ 9 _! be+ d n proclaim ?is4 ,yes inde$1 ! ,"o is outside ( ! o!r ess5ces4 ,besides1 ,he is above !m2 s mu* s1 t ,he is n c\nt$ z "o ( !m2 = x is ?r\gh ,him t ! o!r ess5ces exi/1 :i*1 s f> z !y are g5]a1 are equal4 ,,we ,,are ,,discuss+ ,,"h ,,n ,,! ,,absolute ,,"o1 ,,b ,,! ,,ess5tial ,,relat$ ,,"o4 ,/ill1 x w be ask$1 ,( :at nature is ! ,"o :i* does n c\nt among ! g5]a8 ,?is 7absolute ,"o7 is outside ( our pres5t consid]ation2 = we are n /udy+ ,him :o is above ess5ce1#cdb b ! ess5ces !mselves4 ,we mu/ !re=e pass by ! absolute ,"o1 & seek ! "o :i* is c\nt$ among ! g5]a4 ,,! ,,relat$ ,,"o ,,is ,,9 ,,"s ,,g5]a1 ,,b ,,n ,,9 ,,o!rs4 ,to beg9 ) 7if we consid] ! relat$ ,"o f ?is po9t ( view71 x w seem a/oni%+ to see ! cause numb]$ along ) ! effects4 ,x w\ld inde$ be unreasonable to cram into a s+le g5us bo? sup]ior & inf]ior ?+s4 ,if nev]!less1 on c\nt+ ! "o amid/ ! ess5ces ( :i* ,he is ! cause1 ,he 0 to be consid]$ z a g5us to :i* ! o!r ess5ces 7 to be subord9at$1 & f :i* !y diff]$2 if1 besides1 ! "o 0 n to be pr$icat$ ( ! o!r ess5ces ei!r z g5us1 or 9 any o!r respect1 x w\ld /ill be necess>y t ! g5]a :i* possess$ ess5ce subsume species "u !m2 s9ce1 = in/ance1 by mov+1 y produce walk+1 & yet walk+ _c be consid]$ a g5us subord9ate to y2 b above ! walk+ !re exi/$ no?+ else t c\ld1 9 respect to x1 op]ate z a g5us2 & if nev]!less !re exi/$ ?+s b5ea? walk+1 walk+ w\ld1 9 respect to !m1 be a g5us ( ! ess5ces4 ,,! ,,p>ts ,,( ,a ,,manifold ,,unity ,,are ,,ap>t ,,only ,,= ,,exam9ation4 ,p]haps1 in/ead ( say+ t ! "o is ! cause ( ! o!r ?+s1 we w\ld h to admit t ^! ?+s are z p>ts & elem5ts ( ! "o2 & t all ?+s =m a s+le nature 9 :i* only our ?\ght e/abli%es divisions2 s t1 by virtue ( its admirable p[]1 ?is nature be unity di/ribut$ 9 all ?+s1 appe>+ & becom+ manifold1 z if x 7 9 movem5t1 & t ! "o %\ld cease be+ unity z a result ( ! fruitfulness ( its nature4 ,if we 7 to enum]ate successively ! p>ts ( su* a nature1 we w\ld grant to ea* ( !m a sep>ate exi/5ce1 ignor+ t we _h n se5 ! :ole toge!r4 ,b aft] ?us hav+ sep>at$ ! p>ts1 we w\ld soon reapproximate !m1 n = long be+ able to keep ap>t ! isolat$ elem5ts :i* t5d to reunite4 ,t is :y we c\ld n help mak+ a :ole out ( !m1 lett+ !m once m become unity1 or r1 be unity4 ,besides1 ?is w be easi] to und]/& :5 we %all "k :at ^! ess5ces are1 & h[ _m are ! g5]a ( ess5ces2 = we %all !n be able to conceive _! mode ( exi/5ce4 ,& z1 9 ^! matt]s1 x is n well to limit oneself to negations1 b to aim at positive k1 & at ! full intellig5ce ( ! subject "h treat$1 we %all h to make ?is inquiry4 ,,! ,,g5]a ,,( ,,ess5ce ,,w ,,be ,,det]m9$ ,,by ,,an ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,! ,,"o ,,& ,,_m4 #d4 ,if1 on occupy+ ourselves ) ?is s5se-_w1 we wi%$ to det]m9e ! nature ( bodies1 w\ld we n beg9 by /udy+ "s "p !re(1 su* z a /one8 ,we c\ld !n di/+ui% !re9 sub/ance1 quantity--su* z dim5sion--& quality1 su* z color2 & aft] hav+ discov]$ ^! same elem5ts 9 o!r bodies1 we c\ld say t ! elem5ts ( ! corporeal nature are be+1 quantity1 & quality2 b t ^! ?ree coexi/2 & t1 ?\gh ?\ght di/+ui% !m1 all ?ree =m b "o & ! same body4 ,if1 besides1 we 7 to recognize t movem5t is prop] to ?is same organization1 w\ld we n add x to ! ?ree elem5ts already di/+ui%$8 ,^! f\r elem5ts1 h[ev]1 w\ld =m b a s+le "o1 & ! body1 ?\gh "o1 w\ld1 9 its nature1 be ! reunion ( all f\r4 ,we %all h to take ! same c\rse ) our pres5t subject1 intelligible ,be+1 & its g5]a & pr9ciples4 ,only1 9 ?is comp>ison1 we %all h to make ab/raction ( all t is peculi> to bodies1 su* z g5]ation1 s5se-p]ception1 & ext5sion4 ,aft] hav+ e/abli%$ ?is sep>ation1 & hav+ ?us di/+ui%$ ess5tially diff]5t ?+s1 we %all arrive at ! conception ( a c]ta9 intelligible exi/5ce1 :i* possesses real ess5ce1 & unity 9 a /ill high] degree4 ,f ?is /&po9t1 "o might be surpris$ h[ ! 7sub/ance :i* is ?us7 "o c be bo? "o & _m4 ,9 respect to bodies1 x is g5]ally recogniz$ t ! same ?+ is bo? "o & _m2 ! body c inde$ be divid$ inf9itely2 color & appe>ance1 = in/ance1 are !re9 v diff]+ prop]ties1 s9ce !y are sep>at$ "h bel[4 ,b 9 respect to ! s\l1 if %e be conceiv$ z "o1 )\t ext5t1 dim5sion & absolutely simple1 z x appe>s at fir/ sight1 h[ c\ld we1 aft] t1 believe t ! s\l 7 manifold8 ,we %\ld h "h expect$ to rea* unity1 all ! m z1 aft] hav+ divid$ ! animal 9 body & s\l1 & aft] hav+ demon/rat$ t ! body is multi=m1 composite & div]se1 "o might well1 on ! contr>y1 h expect$ to f9d ! s\l simple2 & to h accept$ ?is conclusion z f9al1 z ! end ( our rese>*es4 ,we w\ld ?us h tak5 ! s\l z a sample ( ! intelligible _w1 j z ! body repres5ts ! s5se-_w4 ,hav+ ?us consid]$ ?is s\l1 let u exam9e h[ ?is unity c be manifold2 h[1 9 its turn1 ! manifold c be unity2 n inde$ a composite =m$ ( sep>able p>ts1 b a s+le nature simultane\sly "o & manifold4 ,=1 z we h already said1 x is only by />t+ f ?is po9t & demon/rat+ x1 t we w e/abli% solidly ! tru? ab\t ! g5]a ( ess5ce4 ,,! ,,s\l ,,is ,a ,,plural ,,unity ,,( ,,sem9al ,,reasons4 #e4 ,! fir/ consid]ation t meets u is t ea* body1 :e!r ( animals or plants1 is multiple1 by virtue ( its colors1 =ms1 dim5sions1 ! k9ds ( p>ts1 & div]sity ( _! position2 & t nev]!less all ?+s d]ive f unity1 :e!r f ! absolutely simple ,unity1 or f ! habituation ( ! univ]sal ,unity1 or f "s pr9ciple hav+ m unity--& consequ5tly m ess5ce--?an ! ?+s x produces2 because1 ! fur!r ! di/ance f unity1 ! less ! ess5ce4 ,! pr9ciple :i* =ms ! bodies mu/ !re=e be "o1 )\t ei!r be+ absolutely "o1 nor id5tical ) ! ,"o2 o!rwise1 x w\ld n produce a plurality t 0 di/ant f unity2 consequ5tly1 x mu/ be a plural-unity4 ,n[ ?is pr9ciple is ! s\l2 !re=e %e mu/ be a plural unity4 ,?is plurality1 h[ev]1 consi/s ( ! 7sem9al7 reasons :i* proce$ f ! s\l4 ,! reasons1 inde$1 are n o!r ?an ! s\l2 = ! s\l h]self is reason1 be+ ! pr9ciple ( ! reasons2 ! reasons are ! actualization ( ! s\l :i* acts accord+ to h] be+2 & ?is be+ is pot5tiality ( ! reasons4#cjc ,! s\l is !re=e plurality simultane\sly ) unity2 :i* is cle>ly demon/rat$ by ! action %e ex]ts on o!r ?+s4 ,,! ,,s\l ,,is ,a ,,def9ite ,,ess5ce ,,z ,,p>ticul> ,,be+4 ,b :at is ! s\l consid]$ ap>t f all action1 if we exam9e 9 h] ! "p :i* does n "w at =mation ( ! bodies8#cjd ,w n a plurality ( p[]s /ill be f\nd !re98 ,z to _w-,ess5ce1 nobody ev5 ?9ks ( depriv+ ! s\l ( x4 ,b is h] ackn[l$g$ ess5ce ! same z t pr$icat$ ( a /one8 ,surely n4 ,besides1 ev5 9 ! ess5ce ( ! /one1 be+ & be+ a /one are insep>able concepts1 j z be+ & be+ a s\l are1 9 ! s\l1 b "o & ! same ?+4#cje ,mu/ we !n reg>d z diff]5t 9 h] ess5ce on "o side1 & on ! o!r ! rema9d] 7:at con/itutes ! be+72 s t x w\ld be ! diff]5ce 7prop] to be+7 :i*1 by be+ add$ to h]1 con/itut$ ! s\l8 ,no3 ! s\l is no d\bt a det]m9ate ess5ce2 n z a :ite man1 b only z a p>ticul> be+2 9 o!r words1 %e has :at %e has by h] v be+4 ,,! ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,! ,,s\l ,,d]ives ,,f ,,its ,,be+2 ,,add+ ,,life ,,to ,,ess5ce4 #f4 ,h[ev]1 c\ld we n say t ! s\l does n h all t %e has ?r\gh h] be+1 9 ?is s5se1 t 9 h] we mu/ di/+ui% on "o h& ess5ce1 & on ! o!r "s k9d ( ess5ce8 ,if ! s\l possess su* a k9d ( ess5ce1 & if ?is k9d ( ess5ce come to h] f )\t1 ! :ole w no long] be ! be+ ( ! s\l s f> z %e is s\l2 only p>tially w x be ! be+ ( ! s\l1 & n 9 totality4 ,besides1 :at w\ld be ! ess5ce ( ! s\l )\t ! o!r ?+s :i* con/itute h] be+8 ,w ! ess5ce be ! same = ! s\l z = ! /one8 ,w we n r h to insi/ t ?is ess5ce ( ! s\l d]ives f h] v be+2 t ?is ess5ce is h] s\rce & pr9ciple2 or r1 t x is all t ! s\l is1 & consequ5tly is life2 & f9ally t 9 ! s\l life & ess5ce fuse8 ,,s\l ,,unity ,,does ,,n ,,resemble ,,! ,,unity ,,( ,a ,,reason1 ,,includ+ ,,plurality4 ,%all we say t ?is unity resembles t ( a reason 7( a =m78 ,no4 ,! sub/ance ( ! s\l is "o2 b su* unity does n exclude duality or ev5 plurality2 = x admits ( all ! attributes ess5tial to ! s\l4 ,,! ,,s\l ,,is ,,bo? ,,be+ ,,& ,,life4 ,%\ld we say t ! s\l is bo? be+ & life1 or t %e possesses life8 ,to say t ! s\l possesses life w\ld mean t ! possessor is n inh]5tly alive1 or t life does n inh]e 9 h] be+4 ,if !n we _c say t "o ( ! two possesses ! o!r1 we %all h to recognize t bo? are id5tical1 or t ! s\l is bo? "o & manifold1 9 h] unity embrac+ all t appe>s 9 h]2 t 9 h]self %e is "o1 b manifold 9 respect to o!r ?+s2 t1 al?\gh %e be "o by h]self1 %e makes h]self multiple by h] movem5t2 t1 :ile =m+ a :ole :i* is "o1 %e seeks to consid] h]self 9 h] multiplicity4 ,s ,ess5ce also does n rema9 unit>y1 because its pot5tiality ext5ds to all x has become4 ,x is contemplation t makes x appe> manifold1 ! necess>y ?\ght has multipli$ x4 ,if x appe> z "o only1 x is only because x has n yet ?\ght1 & x really is /ill only "o4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,two ,,g5]a ,,are ,,be+ ,,& ,,movem5t4 #g4 ,:at & h[ mu* c be se5 9 ! s\l8 ,s9ce we h f\nd 9 ! s\l bo? be+ & life1 & z bo? be+ & life are :at is common 9 e s\l1 & z life resides 9 intellig5ce1 recogniz+ t !re is 7besides ! s\l & h] be+7 intellig5ce & its life1 we %all posit z a g5us :at is common 9 all life2 namely1 movem5t2 consequ5tly1 be+ & movem5t1 :i* con/itute prim>y life1 w be our fir/ two categories4 ,al?\gh 79 reality7 !y fuse1 !y are di/+ui%$ by ?\ght1 :i* is incapable ( approa*+ unity exclusively2 & ^: ex]cise compels ?is di/9ction4 ,besides1 x is possible1 y c1 9 o!r objects1 cle>ly see ess5ce1 z di/9ct f movem5t or life1 al?\gh _! ess5ce be n real1 & only %ad[y or figurative4#cjf ,j z ! image ( a man lacks sev]al ?+s1 &1 among o!rs1 ! mo/ important1 life2 likewise1 ! ess5ce ( s5se-objects is only an adumbration ( ! v]itable ess5ce1 lack+ z x does ! highe/ degree ( ess5ce1 namely1 vitality1 :i* appe>s 9 its ar*etype4 ,s y see x is q easy to di/+ui%1 on "o h&1 ess5ce f life1 &1 on ! o!r1 life f ess5ce4 ,ess5ce is a g5us1 & conta9s sev]al species2 n[ movem5t mu/ n be subsum$ "u ess5ce1 nor be posit$ )9 ess5ce1 b %\ld be equat$ ) ess5ce4 ,:5 we locate movem5t )9 ess5ce1 x is n t we consid] life is ! subject ( movem5t1 b because movem5t is life's actualization2 only 9 ?\ght c ei!r exi/ sep>ately4 ,^! two natures1 !re=e1 =m b a s+le "o2 = ess5ce exi/s n 9 pot5tiality1 b 9 actualization2 & if we conceive ( ^! two g5]a z sep>at$ f ea* o!r x w /ill be se5 t movem5t is )9 ess5ce1 & ess5ce )9 movem5t4 ,9 ! unity ( ess5ce1 ! two elem5ts1 :5 consid]$ sep>ately1 imply ea* o!r reciprocally2 b ?\ght affirms _! duality1 & %[s t ea* ( ! two s]ies is a d\ble unity4 ,,ano!r ,,g5us ,,is ,,/ability1 ,,:i* ,,is ,,only ,,ano!r ,,k9d ,,( ,,movem5t4 ,s9ce !n x is 9 ! sph]e ( ess5ce t movem5t appe>s1 & s9ce movem5t manife/s its p]fection f> r ?an x divides its be+2 & s9ce ess5ce1 9 ord] to c>ry out ! nature "h assign$ to x1 mu/ always p]sev]e 9 movem5t1 x w\ld be /ill m absurd to d5y x /ability1 ?an to refuse x movem5t4 ,! notion & ! conception ( /ability are /ill m 9 h>mony ) ! nature ( ess5ce ?an are ^? ( movem5t2 = x is 9 ess5ce t may be f\nd :at is call$ rema9+ 9 ! same /ate1 exi/+ 9 ! same mann]1 & be+ uni=m4 ,let u !re=e ass]t t /ability is a g5us diff]5t f movem5t1 ( :i* x seems to be ! opposite4 ,,di/9ction ,,betwe5 ,,/ability ,,& ,,ess5ce4 ,9 _m ways x c be %[n t /ability mu/ be kept ap>t f ess5ce4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 if /ability 7 id5tical ) ess5ce1 :y %\ld x be s1 r ?an movem5t1 :i* is life1 ! actualization ( be+1 & ( ess5ce itself8 ,s9ce we h di/+ui%$ betwe5 movem5t & ess5ce1 & s9ce we h said t x is bo? id5tical !re)1 & /ill at ! same "t diff]5t f x2 & because ess5ce & movem5t are diff]5t f ea* o!r f "o viewpo9t1 b f ano!r1 are id5tical2 we mu/ also 79 ?\ght7 di/+ui% /ability f ess5ce )\t sep>at+ x 79 exi/5ce72 & by sep>at+ x 9 ?\ght1 we %all be mak+ a di/9ct g5us ( x4 ,inde$1 if /ability & ess5ce 7 to be confus$ toge!r 9 a p]fect union1 if we 7 to ackn[l$ge no diff]5ce betwe5 !m1 we w\ld /ill be oblig$ to id5tify /ability ) movem5t by ! int]m$iation ( ess5ce2 9 ?is way /ability & movem5t w\ld toge!r =m b "o & ! same ?+4#cjg ,,ess5ce1 ,,/ability ,,& ,,movem5t ,,exi/ ,,because ,,?\ght ,,by ,,intellig5ce4 #h4 ,we mu/ posit ^! ?ree g5]a 7ess5ce1 movem5t1 & /ability7 because intellig5ce ?9ks ea* ( !m sep>ately4 ,by ?9k+ !m simultane\sly1 ,intellig5ce posits !m2 &1 z soon z ,intellig5ce ?9ks !m1 !y are 79 exi/5ce74 ,! ?+s ^: exi/5ce 7ess5ce7 implies matt] d n exi/ 9 ,intellig5ce2 = o!rwise !y w\ld be immat]ial4 ,on ! contr>y1 immat]ial ?+s come into exi/5ce by m]ely be+ ?\ght4 ,s !n contemplate pure ,intellig5ce1 in/ead ( seek+ x ) y\r bodily eyes1 fix on x y\r int]ior gaze4 ,!n w y see ! he>? ( ,be+1 :]e %9es an unsleep+ light2 y w see !re9 h[ ess5ces subsi/ z simultane\sly divid$ & unit$2 y w see 9 x an abid+ life1 ! ?\ght :i* applies n to ! future1 b to ! pres5t2 :i* possesses x already1 & possesses x = ev]2 :i* ?9ks :at is intimate to x1 & n :at is =eign4 ,intellig5ce ?9ks3 & y h actualization & movem5t4 ,intellig5ce ?9ks :at is 9 itself3 & y h be+ & ess5ce2 =1 by m]ely exi/+1 ,intellig5ce ?9ks3 ,intellig5ce ?9ks itself z exi/+1 & ! object to :i* ,intellig5ce applies its ?\ght exi/s also4 ,! actualization ( ,intellig5ce on itself is n be+2 b ! object to :i* x ref]s1 ! ,pr9ciple f :i* x d]ives1 is ess5ce4 ,ess5ce1 inde$1 is ! object ( intuition1 b n intuition itself2 ! latt] exi/s 7has ess5ce7 only because x />ts f1 & returns !reto4 ,n[ z ess5ce is an actualization1 & n a pot5tiality1 x unites bo? t]ms 7exi/5ce & intuition1 object & subject71 &1 )\t sep>at+ !m1 x makes ( intuition ess5ce1 & ( ess5ce intuition4 ,ess5ce is ! un%akable f\ndation ( all ?+s1 & support ( _! exi/5ce2 x d]ives its possessions f no =eign s\rce1 hold+ !m f itself1 & )9 itself4 ,x is simultane\sly ! goal ( ?\ght1 because x is /ability t nev] ne$$ a beg9n+1 & ! pr9ciple f :i* ?\ght 0 born1 because x is unborn /ability2 = movem5t c nei!r orig9ate f1 nor t5d t[>ds movem5t4 ,! idea also belongs to ! g5us ( /ability1 because x is ! goal 7or limit7 ( intellig5ce2 b ! intellectual actualization by :i* x is ?\ght con/itutes movem5t4 ,?us all ^! ?+s =m b "o ?+2 & movem5t1 /ability1 & ! ?+s :i* exi/ 9 all ess5ces con/itute g5]a 7or classifications74 ,moreov]1 e ess5ce po/]ior to ^! g5]a is1 9 its turn1 also def9ite ess5ce1 def9ite /ability1 & def9ite movem5t4 ,,?is ,,triune ,,play ,,implies ,,also ,,id5tity ,,& ,,diff]5ce4 ,summ+ up :at we h discov]$ ab\t ! nature ( ,ess5ce1 we f9d fir/ ?ree g5]a4 ,!n1 ^! ?ree1 ,ess5ce1 ,movem5t & ,/ability 7 contemplat$ respectively by ! ess5ce1 movem5t & /ability )9 ourselves1 :i* we also h>moniz$ ) ^? intelligibles4 ,!n aga9 we lo/ ! p[] ( di/+ui%+ !m by unit+1 confus+1 & bl5d+ ^! ?ree g5]a4 ,b a little lat] we divid$1 extricat$ & di/+ui%$ !m s z aga9 to see ess5ce1 movem5t & /ability2 ?ree ?+s1 ( :i* ea* exi/s ap>t4 ,! result ( ?is process !n is t !y are reg>d$ z diff]5t1 disc]n+ !m by _! diff]5ces1 & recogniz+ diff]5ce 9 ess5ce by posit+ ?ree ?+s ea* ( :i* exi/s ap>t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if !y be consid]$ 9 _! relation ) unity & 9 unity1 if !y be all r$uc$ to be+ some?+ s+le & id5tical1 "o may see ! aris+1 or r ! exi/+ ( id5tity4 ,to ! ?ree g5]a already recogniz$1 !re=e1 we %all h to add id5tity or diff]5ce1 or 79 ,platonic language#cjh71 sam5ess & o!r-ness4 ,^! two classifications add$ to ! ?ree o!rs1 w 9 all make five g5]a = all ?+s4 ,id5tity & diff]5ce 7are g5u9e g5]a1 inde$1 because !y7 also communicate _! *>act]i/ics to inf]ior 7be+s71 ea* ( :i* manife/s "s su* elem5t4 ,,^! ,,five ,,g5]a ,,are ,,prim>y ,,because ,,no?+ ,,c ,,be ,,affirm$ ,,( ,,!m4 ,^! five g5]a t we ?us recognize are prim>y1 because no?+ c be pr$icat$ ( !m 9 ! category ( exi/5ce 7be+74 ,no d\bt1 because !y are ess5ces1 ess5ce might be pr$icat$ ( !m2 b ess5ce w\ld n be pr$icat$ ( !m because be+ is n a p>ticul> ess5ce4 ,nei!r is ess5ce to be pr$icat$ ( movem5t or /ability1 = ^! are species ( ess5ce4 ,nei!r does ess5ce p>ticipate 9 ^! f\r g5]a z if !y 7 sup]ior g5]a "u :i* ess5ce itself w\ld be subsum$2 = /ability1 movem5t1 id5tity & diff]5ce d n protrude beyond ! sph]e ( ess5ce1 & are n ant]ior !reto4 ,,:y ,,n ,,add ,,o!rs ,,su* ,,z ,,unity1 ,,quantity1 ,,quality1 ,,or ,,relation8 #i4 ,^! & simil> 7,platonic7 argum5ts demon/rate t ^? are g5u9ely prim>y g5]a2 b h[ are we to prove !y are exclusive8 ,:y1 = example1 %\ld n unity1 quantity1 quality1 relation1 & fur!r 7,ari/otelian7 categories1 be add$ !reto8 ,,nei!r ,,absolute ,,nor ,,relative ,,unity ,,c ,,be ,a ,,category4 ,unity 7may mean two ?+s74 ,! absolute ,unity1 to :i* no?+ may be add$1 nei!r ,s\l1 nor ,intellig5ce1 nor any?+ else1 _c be pr$icat$ z attribute ( any?+1 & !re=e _c be a g5us4 ,b if we are ref]r+ to ! unity :i* we attribute to ess5ce1 :5 we say t ess5ce is "o1 x is no long] ! orig9al ,unity4 ,besides1 h[ c\ld ! absolute ,"o1 :i* )9 itself admits ( no diff]5ce1 beget species8 ,if x _c d ?is1 x _c be a g5us4 ,h[ inde$ c\ld y divide unity8 ,by divid+ x1 y w\ld multiply x2 & ?us ,unity-9-itself w\ld be manifold1 & 9 aspir+ to become a g5us x w\ld annihilate itself4 ,besides1 9 ord] to divide ?is unity into species1 y w\ld h to add some?+ to unity1 because x does n conta9 diff]5ces su* z exi/ 9 be+4 ,intellig5ce might well admit diff]5ces betwe5 ess5ces1 b ?is c\ld n possibly be ! case ) unity4 ,! mom5t y add a s+le diff]5ce1 y posit duality1 & consequ5tly de/roy unity2 = ev]y:]e ! addition ( a s+le unity causes any previ\sly posit$ numb] to disappe>4 ,,unity ,,is ,,n ,,synonym\s ,,) ,,ess5ce4 ,x may be object$ t ! unity :i* is 9 ess5ce1 9 movem5t1 & ! rema9d] ( ! g5]a1 is common to all ( !m1 & t "o might !re=e id5tify unity ) ess5ce4#cji ,x mu/ !n be answ]$ t1 j z ess5ce 0 n made a g5us ( o!r ?+s because !y 7 n :at 0 ess5ce1 b t !y 7 call$ ess5ces 9 ano!r s5se1 "h likewise unity c\ld n be a common attribute ( o!r ?+s1 because !re mu/ be a prim>y ,unity1 & a unity tak5 9 a second>y s5se4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 x be said t unity %\ld n be made a g5us ( all ?+s1 b some?+ :i* exi/s 9 itself l ! o!rs1 if aft]w>ds unity be id5tifi$ ) ess5ce1 !n1 z ess5ce has already be5 li/$ z "o ( ! g5]a1 we w\ld be m]ely uselessly introduc+ a sup]flu\s "n4#caj ,di/+ui%+ betwe5 unity & ess5ce is an av[al t ea* has its sep>ate nature2 ! addition ( some?+ to "o makes a c]ta9 "o2 addition ( no?+1 on ! o!r h&1 all[s unity to rema9 absolute1 :i* _c be pr$icat$ ( any?+4 ,b :y c\ld ?is unity n be ! ,fir/ ,unity1 ignor+ ! absolute ,unity8 ,= we use fir/ ,unity z a designation ( ! ess5ce :i* is b5ea? ! absolute ,unity4 ,because ! ,pr9ciple ant]ior to ! fir/ ,ess5ce 7t is1 ! fir/ & absolute ,unity7 is n ess5ce2 o!rwise1 ! ess5ce bel[ ,him w\ld no long] be ! fir/ ,ess5ce2 "h1 on ! contr>y1 ! unity :i* is above ?is unity is ! absolute ,unity4 ,besides1 ?is unity :i* w\ld be sep>at$ f ess5ce only 9 ?\ght1 w\ld n admit ( any diff]5ces4 ,besides1 !re are ?ree alt]natives4 ,ei!r ?is unity alleg$ to inh]e 9 ess5ce w be1 j l all o!r ess5ces1 a consequ5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( ess5ce2 & consequ5tly1 w\ld be po/]ior to x4 ,or1 x w be contemporane\s ) ess5ce & ! o!r 7categories72 b a g5us _c be contemporane\s ) ! ?+s ( :i* x is ! g5us4 ,! ?ird possibility is t x may be ant]ior to ess5ce2 9 :i* case its relation to ,ess5ce w be t ( a pr9ciple1 & no long] a g5us conta9+ x4 ,if !n unity be n a g5us 9 respect to ess5ce1 nei!r c x be a g5us 9 respect ( o!r ?+s2 o!rwise1 we w\ld h to say ( ess5ce also t x 0 a g5us embrac+ ev]y?+ else4 ,,ess5ce ,,_c ,,become ,a ,,g5us ,,s ,,long ,,z ,,x ,,rema9s ,,"o4 ,consid]+ unity accord+ to its ess5ce1 x seems to fuse & co9cide ) absolute ,ess5ce1 = ess5ce1 s f> z x tr5ds t[>ds unity1 is a s+le ess5ce2 b 9 s f> z x is po/]ior to unity1 x becomes all ?+s x c be1 & becomes manifold4 ,n[1 s f> z ess5ce rema9s "o & does n divide1 x c\ld n con/itute a g5us4 ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,ess5ce ,,c ,,be ,,said ,,to ,,be ,,"o ,,only ,,figuratively4 #aj4 ,9 :at s5se1 !re=e1 c\ld ea* ( ! elem5ts ( ess5ce be call$ "o8 ,9 t x is some?+ unit>y1 )\t be+ unity itself2 = :at is a c]ta9 "o is already manifold4 ,no species is "o except figuratively#cjf2 = 9 itself x is manifold4 ,x is 9 ! same s5se t1 9 ?is s5se-_w1 we say t an army1 or a *oric ballet1 con/itute a unity4 ,n 9 su* ?+s is absolute unity2 & !re=e x may n be said t unity is some?+ common4 ,nei!r does unity reside 9 ess5ce itself1 nor 9 ! individual ess5ces2 !re=e1 x is n a g5us4 ,:5 a g5us is pr$icat$ ( some?+1 x is impossible to pr$icate ( ! same ?+ contr>y prop]ties2 b ( ea* ( ! elem5ts ( univ]sal ess5ce x is possible to ass]t bo? unity & its opposite4 ,consequ5tly 7if we h call$ unity a g5us71 aft] hav+ pr$icat$ ( "s ess5ce unity z a g5us1 we w\ld h affirm$1 ( ! same ess5ce1 t unity 0 n a g5us4 ,unity1 !re=e1 c\ld n be consid]$ "o ( ! prim>y g5]a2 = ess5ce is no m "o ?an x is manifold4 ,z to ! o!r g5]a1 none ( !m is "o )\t be+ manifold2 mu* less c\ld unity be pr$icat$ ( ! second>y g5]a ( :i* ea* is q manifold4 ,besides1 no g5us1 consid]$ 9 its totality1 is unit>y2 s t if unity 7 a g5us1 x w\ld m]ely !reby cease be+ unity2 = unity is n a numb]1 & nev]!less x w\ld become a numb] 9 becom+ a g5us4 ,( c\rse1 numb]s include an alleg$ unity1 z soon z we try to erect x into a g5us1 x is no long] a unity1 9 a /rict s5se4 ,among numb]s unity is n appli$ to !m z w\ld h be5 a g5us2 ( su* unity x is m]ely said t x is among numb]s1 n t x is a g5us2 likewise1 if unity 7 among ! ess5ces1 x w\ld n be !re z g5us ( ess5ce1 nor ( any?+ else1 nor ( all ?+s4 ,aga91 j z ! simple is ! pr9ciple ( ! composite )\t be+ consid]$ a g5us 9 respect to x--!n x w\ld be simultane\sly simple & composite--s1 if "o 7 consid]$ to be a pr9ciple1 x c\ld n be a g5us 9 respect to ?+s subsum$ "u x2 & !re=e w be a g5us nei!r = ess5ce1 nor = o!r 7categories or ?+s74 ,,v>i\s ,,argum5ts ,,aga9/ ,,unity ,,z ,a ,,category4 ,if unity 7 to be consid]$ a g5us1 x c\ld be t only 9 respect to ! ?+s ( :i* ea* is said to be "o2#cji z if1 = in/ance1 "o %\ld1 f be+1 d$uce ! unity conta9$ )9 x4 ,unity w\ld !n be ! g5us ( c]ta9 ?+s2 = j z ess5ce is a g5us1 n 9 respect to all ?+s1 b 9 respect to ^? species t possess ess5ce1 s unity w\ld be a g5us 9 respect to ! species t possess unity4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is impossible2 = ?+s d n diff] 9 respect to unity1 z !y d 9 respect to ess5ce4 ,x might fur!r be object$ t if ! same divisions :i* 7 appli$ to ess5ce 7 appli$ to unity1 & if ess5ce be a g5us because x divides itself1 & manife/s itself z ! same 9 a numb] ( ?+s1 :y !n %\ld unity also n be a g5us1 s9ce x appe>s 9 z _m ?+s z ess5ce1 & simil>ly divides itself8 ,m]e recurr5ce ( some?+ 9 sev]al ess5ces is no pro( x is a g5us2 :e!r 9 respect to ! ess5ces 9 :i* x occurs1 or to o!rs4 ,m]ely be+ common to sev]al ess5ces by no means con/itutes a g5us4 ,no "o w claim t a po9t is a g5us = l9es or = any?+ else1 ?\gh po9ts be f\nd 9 all l9es4 ,z said1 unity is f\nd 9 e numb]1 & nev]!less x is n a g5us = any numb]1 or = any?+ else4 ,! =mation ( a g5us dem&s t :at is common to sev]al ?+s %[ specific diff]5ces1 con/itut+ species1 & be pr$icat$ ( :at exi/s4 ,b :at are ! specific diff]5ces )9 unity8 ,:at species does x =m8 ,if to ?is x be answ]$ t x =ms ! same species z ess5ce1 !n x bl5ds ) ess5ce1 & 7unity7 is 7z said above71 only ano!r "n = ess5ce2 & ess5ce1 z category1 suffices4 ,,g5u9e ,,relations ,,betwe5 ,,unity ,,& ,,ess5ce4 #aa4 ,! que/ions "h to be solv$ are1 h[ unity subsi/s )9 ess5ce1 h[ !y bo? divide1 & 9 g5]al h[ any g5]a divide2 & :e!r _! two divisions be id5tical1 or diff]5t4 ,to solve ^! que/ions1 we %all fir/ h to ask h[ 9 g5]al any ?+ :atev] is said to be "o1 & is "o2 !n1 if x c be said 9 ! same s5se t ess5ce is "o1 9 :at s5se ?is is said4 ,evid5tly1 unity is n ! same = ev]y?+4 ,x _c ev5 be und]/ood 9 ! same s5se 9 respect to s5se-?+s1 & intelligible ?+s2 n any m ?an ess5ce is id5tical = ^! two ord] ( 7be+s71 or ev5 = s5se-?+s comp>$ to ea* o!r4 ,! idea ( unity is n ! same 9 ref]5ce to a *oric ballet1 an army1 a vessel or a h\se2 x is ev5 less s 9 respect ( "o ( ^! ?+s1 & :5 x deals ) cont9u\s objects4 ,& nev]!less1 by _! unity all ^! ?+s imitate ! same ar*etype1 "s f f>1 "s f ne>4 ,intellig5ce1 surely1 is assur$ly t :i* mo/ approa*es absolute ,unity2 = al?\gh ! s\l already possess unity1 ,intellig5ce possesses x f> m int5sely2 = x is ! "o ess5ce4 ,,unity ,,reigns ,,/ill ,,m ,,9 ,,! ,,good4 ,is ! expression ( ! ess5ce ( some?+ simultane\sly ! expression ( its unity1 s t x possesses z mu* unity z x possesses ess5ce8 ,or does ?is simultane\sness exi/ )\t any direct proportion betwe5 ! am\nt ( unity & ess5ce8 ,yes2 = x is possible t some?+ h less unity )\t1 on t acc\nt1 hav+ any ! less ess5ce2 an army1 a *oric ballet h n less ess5ce ?an a h\se1 ?\gh f> less unity4 ,! unity pres5t 9 ea* ?+ seems !re=e to aspire to ! ,good1 :i* has ! mo/ unity2#caa = ! clos] some?+ approa*es ! ,good1 ! great] unity does x a*ieve2 t is ! crit]ion ( great] or less unity4 ,inde$1 e 7be+7 desires n only m]ely to be 7alive71 b to enjoy ! ,good4 ,t is :y ev]y?+1 s f> z x c1 ha/5s to become "o1 & ^? 7be+s7 :i* by nature possess unity naturally tr5d t[>ds ,him by desir+ to unite ) !mselves4 ,= e 7be+7 ha/5s n to sep>ate f o!rs1 b on ! contr>y _! t5d5cy is to t5d t[>ds ea* o!r & !mselves4 ,t is :y all s\ls1 :ile pres]v+ _! individual nature1 w\ld l to fuse into a s+le s\l4 ,! ,"o reigns ev]y:]e 9 ! s5se-_w1 z well z 9 ! ,intelligible4 ,x is f ,him t ev]y?+ orig9ates1 x is t[>ds ,him t ev]y?+ tr5ds4 ,9 ,him d all 7be+s7 seek _! pr9ciple & _! goal2 = only !re9 d !y f9d _! good2 only by t does ea* 7be+7 subsi/1 & occupies its place 9 ! univ]se2 once t x exi/s1 no 7be+7 c\ld help tr5d+ t[>ds ! ,"o4 ,?is occurs n only 9 nature1 b ev5 9 ! arts2 :]e ea* art seeks1 to ! ext5t ( its ability1 to con=m its works to unity1 to ! ext5t ( its ability1 & to ! possibilities ( its works4 ,b t :i* succe$s be/1 is ,ess5ce itself1 :i* is q close to unity4 ,,fur!r ,,reasons ,,:y ,,unity ,,is ,,n ,a ,,category4 ,consequ5tly1 9 speak+ ( 7be+s7 o!r ?an 7ess5ce itself71 z1 = in/ance1 ( man1 we say simply man 7)\t add+ to x ! idea ( unity#cab72 if h[ev] we say a man1 x is to di/+ui% him f two2 if h[ev] we use ! ^w "o 9 /ill ano!r s5se1 x is by add+ to x "s 7z1 someone74 ,n s is x ) ess5ce2 we say1 be+ "o1 conceiv+ ( be+ 7ess5ce7 & "o1 z if =m+ a s+le :ole1 & 9 posit+ ess5ce z "o1 we emphasize its n>r[ aff9ity ) ! ,good4 ,?us conceiv$1 ess5ce becomes "o2#cac & 9 ! "o f9ds its orig9 & goal4 ,nev]!less x is n "o z unity itself1 b r 9 a diff]5t mann]1 9 ?is s5se t ! 7unity ( ess5ce7 admits priority & po/]iority4 ,:at !n is 7! unity ( ess5ce78 ,mu/ x n !n be consid]$ simil> 9 all ! p>ts 7( ess5ce71 z some?+ common to all 7& consequ5tly1 z =m+ a g5us78 ,b 9 ! fir/ place1 ! po9t is also some?+ common to all ! l9es1 & nev]!less x is n a g5us2 9 ! numb]s1 unity is some?+ common to all1 & is n any m ( a g5us4 ,inde$1 ! unity :i* is f\nd 9 ! monad1 9 ! dyad 7or pair71 & 9 o!r numb]s1 _c be confus$ ) unity 9 itself4 ,!n1 no?+ h9d]s !re be+ 9 ess5ce "s ant]ior1 & o!r po/]ior p>ts1 bo? simple & comp\nd ones 7:i* w\ld be impossible = ! ,"o 9 itself74 ,ev5 if ! unity f\nd ev]y:]e 9 all ! p>ts ( ess5ce 7 ev]y:]e id5tical1 by ! m]e fact t x w\ld (f] no diff]5ce1 x c\ld n give rise to species1 & consequ5tly1 x c\ld n be a g5us4 ,,by ,,t5d+ ,,t[>ds ,,! ,,"o1 ,,ev]y?+ ,,t5ds ,,t[>ds ,,! ,,good4 #ab4 ,we !re=e ass]t 7t by mov+ t[>ds unity ev]y?+ moves t[>ds ! ,good74 ,h[ c x be1 h[ev]1 t ,goodness %\ld consi/ 9 com+ clos] to unity1 ev5 = numb]1 :i* is inanimate8#cad ,?is "q might z well be ask$ ab\t any inanimate object :atev]4 ,if we 7 told t su* 7be+s7 d n enjoy 7exi/5ce71 we might answ] t we are "h treat+ ( be+s accord+ to _! proximity to unity only4 ,if1 = in/ance1 we 7 ask$ h[ a po9t c p>ticipate 9 ! ,good1 we might answ] by a retort1 ask+ :e!r we are deal+ ) ! ,po9t 9 itself4 ,!n we w\ld answ] by ! obs]vation t ! /ate ( affairs 0 ! same = all ?+s ( ! same k9d4 ,if h[ev] we 7 press$ ab\t ! po9t consid]$ z exi/+ 9 "s object1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! circle1 we w\ld answ] t = su* a po9t1 ! ,good is ! good ( ! circle 7( :i* x =ms "p72 t su* is ! ,good t[>ds :i* x aspires1 & t x seeks t z f> z possible ?r\gh ! int]m$iation ( ! circle4 ,,^! ,,g5]a ,,exi/ ,,9 ,,bo? ,,! ,,subord9ate ,,objects1 ,,& ,,!mselves4 ,b h[ c\ld we realize su* g5]a8 ,are all ^! g5]a susceptible ( division1 or d !y lie entire )9 ea* ( ! objects !y compreh5d8 ,if s1 h[ does ?is unity f9d itself8 ,unity exi/s !re9 z a g5us1 j z ! :ole exi/s )9 ! plurality4 ,does unity exi/ only 9 ! objects t p>ticipate !re98 ,n only 9 ^! objects1 b also 9 itself4 ,?is po9t w be /udi$ lat]4 ,,quantity ,,is ,a ,,second>y ,,g5us1 ,,!re=e ,,n ,a ,,fir/4 #ac4 ,n[ :y %\ld we n posit quantity among ! prim>y g5]a8 ,& :y n also quality8 ,quantity is n "o ( ! prim>y g5]a l ^? we h posit$1 because ! prim>y g5]a coexi/ ) ess5ce 7:i* is n ! case ) quantity74 ,inde$1 movem5t is insep>able f ess5ce2 be+ its actualization & life4 ,/ability is impli$ 9 be+2 :ile id5tity & diff]5ce are /ill m insep>able f ess5ce2 s t all ^! 7categories7 appe> to u simultane\sly4 ,z to numb] 7:i* is discrete quantity71 x is some?+ po/]ior4 ,z to 7ma!matical7 numb]s1 f> m are !y po/]ior bo? to ^! g5]a1 & !mselves2 = ! numb]s foll[ ea* o!r2 ! second dep5ds on ! fir/1 & s =?2 ! la/ are conta9$ )9 ! fir/4 ,numb]1 !re=e1 _c be posit$ among ! prim>y g5]a4 ,inde$1 x is p]missible to d\bt :e!r quantity may be posit$ z any k9d ( a g5us4 ,m ev5 ?an numb]1 ext5sion 7:i* is cont9u\s quantity71 %[s ! *>act]i/ics ( composit5ess1 & ( po/]iority4 ,along ) numb]1 ! l9e ent]s into ! idea ( ext5sion4 ,?is w\ld make two elem5ts4 ,!n comes surface1 :i* makes ?ree4 ,if !n x be f numb] t cont9u\s dim5sion d]ives its quantitativ5ess1 h[ c\ld ?is dim5sion be a g5us1 :5 numb] is n8 ,on ! o!r h&1 ant]iority & po/]iority exi/ 9 dim5sion z well z 9 numb]s4 ,b if bo? k9ds ( quantities h 9 common ?is1 t !y are quantities1 x w be necess>y to discov] ! nature ( quantity4 ,:5 ?is w h be5 f\nd1 we %all be able to make ( x a second>y g5us2 b x c\ld n rank ) ! prim>y g5]a4 ,if1 !n1 quantity be a g5us )\t be+ a prim>y "o1 x w /ill rema9 = u to discov] to :i* high] g5us1 :e!r prim>y or second>y1 x %\ld be subsum$4 ,,numb] ,,& ,,dim5sion ,,diff] ,,s ,,mu* ,,z ,,to ,,sugge/ ,,diff]5t ,,classification4 ,x is evid5t t quantity in=ms u ( ! am\nt ( a ?+1 & p]mits u to measure ?is2 !re=e itself mu/ be an am\nt4 ,?is !n is ! elem5t common to numb] 7! discrete quantity71 & to cont9u\s dim5sion4 ,b numb] is ant]ior1 & cont9u\s dim5sion proce$s !refrom2 numb] consi/s 9 a c]ta9 bl5d+ ( movem5t & /ability2 cont9u\s dim5sion is a c]ta9 movem5t or proce$s f "s movem5t2 movem5t produces x 9 its progress t[>ds inf9ity1 b /ability arre/s x 9 its progress1 limits x1 & creates unity4 ,besides1 we %all 9 ! foll[+ expla9 ! g5]ation ( numb] & dim5sion2 &1 :at is m1 _! mode ( exi/5ce1 & h[ to conceive ( x rightly4 ,x is possible t we might f9d t numb] %\ld be posit$ among ! prim>y g5]a1 b t1 because ( its composite nature1 cont9u\s dim5sion %\ld be posit$ among ! po/]ior or lat] g5]a2 t numb] is to be posit$ among /able ?+s1 :ile dim5sion belongs among ^? 9 movem5t4 ,b1 z said above1 all ?is w be treat$ ( lat]4 ,,quality ,,is ,,n ,a ,,prim>y ,,g5us ,,because ,,x ,,is ,,po/]ior ,,to ,,be+4 #ad4 ,let u n[ pass on to quality4 ,:y does quality also fail to appe> among ! prim>y g5]a8 ,because quality also is po/]ior to !m2 x does inde$ foll[ aft] be+4 ,! fir/ ,be+ mu/ h ^! 7quantity & quality7 z consequ5ces1 ?\gh be+ is nei!r con/itut$ nor complet$ !reby2 o!rwise1 be+ w\ld be po/]ior to !m4 ,( c\rse1 z to ! composite be+s1 =m$ ( sev]al elem5ts1 9 :i* are bo? numb]s & qualities1 !y inde$ are diff]5tiat$ by ^? diff]5t elem5ts :i* !n con/itute qualities1 ?\gh !y simultane\sly conta9 common 7elem5ts74 ,z to ! prim>y g5]a1 h[ev]1 ! di/9ction to be e/abli%$ does n proce$ f simpl5ess or composit5ess1 b ( simpl5ess & :at completes be+4 ,notice1 ,i am n say+1 ( :at completes '"s "o' be+2 = if we 7 deal+ ) "s "o be+1 !re w\ld be no?+ unreasonable 9 ass]t+ t su* a be+ 0 complet$ by a quality1 s9ce ?is be+ w\ld h be5 9 exi/5ce already be=e hav+ ! quality1 & w\ld receive f ! ext]ior only ! prop]ty ( be+ su* or su*4 ,on ! contr>y1 absolute ,be+ mu/ ess5tially possess all t con/itutes x4 ,,complem5t ,,( ,,be+ ,,is ,,call$ ,,quality ,,only ,,by ,,c\rtesy4 ,besides1 we h else:]e po9t$ out#cae t :at is a complem5t ( be+ is call$ a quality figuratively only2#cjf & t :at is g5u9ely quality comes f ! ext]ior1 po/]iorly to be+4 ,:at prop]ly belongs to be+ is its actualization2 & :at foll[s x is an exp]i5ce 7or1 negative modification74 ,we n[ add t :at ref]s to "s be+1 _c 9 any respect be ! complem5t ( be+4 ,!re is no ne$ ( any addition ( be+ 7exi/5ce7 to man1 s f> z he is a man1 to make ( him a 7human7 be+4 ,be+ exi/s already 9 a sup]ior region be=e desc5d+ to specific diff]5ce2 ?us ! animal exi/s 7z be+7 be=e "o desc5ds to ! prop]ty ( be+ reasonable1 :5 "o says3 ,man is a reasonable animal4#caf ,,! ,,f\r ,,o!r ,,categories ,,d ,,n ,,toge!r ,,=m ,,quality4 #ae4 ,h[ev]1 h[ d f\r ( ^! g5]a complete be+1 )\t nev]!less con/itut+ ! su*ness 7or1 quality7 ( be+8 = !y d n =m a c]ta9 be+4 ,! prim>y ,ess5ce has already be5 m5tion$2 & x has be5 %[n t nei!r movem5t1 diff]5ce1 nor id5tity are any?+ else4 ,movem5t1 evid5tly1 does n introduce any quality 9 ess5ce2 nev]!less x w be wise to /udy ! "q a little m def9itely4 ,if movem5t be ! actualization ( be+1 if ess5ce1 & 9 g5]al all t is 9 ! front rank be ess5tially an actualization1 movem5t _c be consid]$ z an accid5t4 ,z x is1 h[ev]1 ! actualization ( ! ess5ce :i* is 9 actualization1 x c no long] be call$ a simple complem5t ( be+1 = x is be+ itself4 ,nei!r mu/ x be rank$ amid/ ?+s po/]ior to be+1 nor amid/ ! qualities2 x is contemporane\s ) be+1 = y mu/ n suppose t ess5ce exi/$ fir/1 & !n mov$ itself 7^! be+ contemporane\s ev5ts74 ,x is likewise ) /ability2 = "o _c say t ess5ce exi/$ fir/1 & !n lat] became /able4 ,nei!r are id5tity or diff]5ce any m po/]ior to ess5ce2 ess5ce 0 n fir/ unit>y1 & !n lat] manifold2 b by its ess5ce x is "o manifold4 ,s f> z x is manifold1 x implies diff]5ce2 :ile s f> z x is a manifold unity1 x implies id5tity4 ,^! categories1 !re=e1 suffice to con/itute be+4 ,:5 "o desc5ds f ! intelligible _w to inf]ior ?+s1 he meets o!r elem5ts :i* inde$ no long] con/itute absolute be+1 b only a c]ta9 be+1 t possesses "s p>ticul> quantity or quality2 ^! are inde$ g5]a1 b g5]a inf]ior to ! prim>y g5]a4 ,,relation ,,is ,,an ,,app5dage ,,exi/+ ,,only ,,among ,,def9ite ,,objects4 #af4 ,z to relation1 :i*1 s to speak1 is only an (f%oot or app5dage1#cag x c\ld c]ta9ly n be posit$ amid/ ! prim>y g5]a4 ,relation c exi/ only betwe5 "o ?+ & ano!r2 x is no?+ :i* exi/s by itself2 e relation presupposes some?+ =eign4 ,,nei!r ,,c ,,place ,,or ,,"t ,,figure ,,among ,,!m4#cah ,! categories ( place & "t are j z unable to figure among ! prim>y g5]a4 ,to be 9 a place1 is to be 9 some?+ =eign2 :i* implies two consequ5ces3#cai a g5us mu/ be s+le1 & admits ( no composit5ess4 ,place1 !re=e1 is no prim>y g5us4 ,= "h we are deal+ only ) v]itable ess5ces4 ,z to "t1 does x possess a v]itable *>act]i/ic8 ,evid5tly n4 ,if "t be a measure1 & n a measure pure & simple1 b ! measure ( movem5t1#cbj x also is some?+ d\ble1 & consequ5tly composite4 7,?is1 z ) place1 w\ld deb> x f be+ rank$ among ! prim>y g5]a1 :i* are simple74 ,besides1 x is some?+ po/]ior to movem5t2 s t x c\ld n ev5 be rank$ along ) movem5t4 ,,action1 ,,exp]i5ce1 ,,possession ,,& ,,location ,,are ,,simil>ly ,,unsatisfactory4 ,action & exp]i5ce equally dep5d on movem5t4 ,n[1 z ea* ( !m is some?+ d\ble1 ea* ( !m1 consequ5tly1 is some?+ composite4 ,possession also is d\ble4 ,location1 :i* consi/s 9 some?+'s be+ 9 "s def9ite way 9 some?+ else1 actually comprises ?ree elem5ts4 7,!re=e possession & location1 because composite1 are n simple prim>y g5]a74 ,,nei!r ,,are ,,good1 ,,beauty1 ,,virtue1 ,,sci5ce1 ,,or ,,intellig5ce4 #ag4 ,b :y %\ld n ! ,good1 beauty1 virtues1 sci5ce1 or intellig5ce be consid]$ prim>y g5]a8 ,if by good we und]/& ! ,fir/1 :om we call ! ,good itself1 ( :om inde$ we c\ld n affirm any?+1 b :om we call by ?is "n1 because we h none bett] to express our mean+1 ,he is n a g5us2 = ,he _c be affirm$ ( any?+ else4 ,if inde$ !re 7 ?+s ( :i* ,he c\ld be pr$icat$1 ea* ( !m w\ld be ! ,good ,himself4 ,besides1 ! ,good does n consi/ 9 be+1 & !re=e is above x4 ,b if by good we mean only ! quality 7( goodness71 !n x is evid5t t quality _c be rank$ ) prim>y g5]a4 ,does ?is imply t ,ess5ce is n good8 ,no2 x is good1 b n 9 ! same mann] z ! ,fir/1 :o is good1 n by a quality1 b by ,himself4 ,x may h[ev] be object$ t1 z we saw above1 ess5ce conta9s o!r g5]a1 & t ea* ( ^! is a g5us because x has some?+ 9 common1 & because x is f\nd 9 sev]al ?+s4 ,if !n ! ,good be f\nd 9 ea* "p ( be+ or ess5ce1 or at lea/1 9 ! great] numb] ( !m1 :y w\ld n also ! ,good be a g5us1 & "o ( ! fir/ g5]a8 ,because ! ,good is n ! same 9 all p>ts ( ,ess5ce1 exi/+ )9 x 9 ! prim>y or second>y degree2 & because all ^! diff]5t goods are all subord9ate to ea* o!r1 ! la/ dep5d+ on ! fir/1 & all dep5d+ f a s+le ,unity1 :i* is ! supreme ,good2 = if all p>ticipate 9 ! ,good1 x is only 9 a mann] t v>ies accord+ to ! nature ( ea*4 ,,if ,,! ,,good ,,be ,a ,,g5us1 ,,x ,,mu/ ,,be ,,"o ,,( ,,! ,,po/]ior ,,ones4 ,if y insi/ t ! ,good mu/ be g5us1 we w grant x1 z a po/]ior g5us2 = x w be po/]ior to be+4 ,n[ ! exi/5ce ( 7! ,ari/otelian7 ess5ce1#cba al?\gh x be always unit$ to ,ess5ce1 is ! ,good itself2 :ile ! prim>y g5]a belong to ,ess5ce = its own sake1 & =m be+4 ,h5ce we />t to rise up to ! absolute ,good1 :i* is sup]ior to ,ess5ce2 = x is impossible = ess5ce & be+ n to be manifold2 ess5ce necess>ily includes ! above-enum]at$ prim>y g5]a2 x is ! manifold unity4 ,,if ,,! ,,exclusive ,,good ,,mean ,,unity1 ,a ,,new ,,g5us ,,w\ld ,,be ,,unnecess>y4 ,b if by ,good we "h mean ! unity :i* lies 9 ,ess5ce1 we w\ld n hesitate to ackn[l$ge t ! actualization by :i* ,ess5ce aspires to ,unity is its true good1 & t t is ! means by :i* x receives ! =m ( ,good4 ,!n ! good ( ,ess5ce is ! actualization by :i* x aspires to ! ,good2 t act con/itutes its life2 n[ ?is actualization is a movem5t1 & we h already rank$ movem5t among ! prim>y g5]a4 7,x is !re=e useless to make a new g5us ( ,good conceiv$ z unity74 ,,beauty ,,is ,,treat$ ,,simil>ly ,,to ,,! ,,good4 #ah4 ,z to ! beautiful1 if t be tak5 to mean ! prim>y & supreme ,beauty1 we w\ld answ] z ab\t ! ,good1 or at lea/1 we w\ld make an analog\s answ]4 ,if h[ev] we mean only ! spl5dor ) :i* ! ,idea %9es1 x may be answ]$ t t spl5dor is n ! same ev]y:]e2 & t1 besides1 x is some?+ po/]ior4#cbb ,if ! beautiful be consid]$ z absolute ,be+1 x is !n already compris$ ) ! ,be+ already consid]$ 7& consequ5tly does n =m a sep>ate g5us#cbc74 ,if x be consid]$ 9 respect to u human be+s1 :o are spectators1 & if x be expla9$ z produc+ 9 u a c]ta9 emotion1 su* an actualization is a movem5t2 b if1 on ! contr>y1 x be expla9$ z t t5d5cy :i* draws u to ! beautiful1 ?is /ill is a movem5t4 ,,k ,,is ,,ei!r ,a ,,movem5t ,,or ,,some?+ ,,composite4 ,k is pre-em95tly movem5t2 = x is ! intuition ( ess5ce2 x is an actualization1 & n a simple habit4 ,x %\ld1 !re=e1 also be r$uc$ to movem5t4#bii ,x may also be r$uc$ to /ability 7if consid]$ z a durable actualization72 or r1 x belongs to bo? g5]a4 ,b if x belong to two diff]5t g5]a1 x is some?+ ( a bl5d2 b any?+ bl5d$ is necess>ily po/]ior 7to ! elem5ts :i* ent] into ! bl5d1 & x _c !re=e ei!r be a prim>y g5us74 ,,intellig5ce1 ,,ju/ice1 ,,virtues ,,& ,,temp]ance ,,are ,,no ,,g5]a4 ,intellig5ce is ?9k+ ess5ce1 a composite ( all g5]a1 & n a s+le g5us4 ,v]itable ,intellig5ce is inde$ ess5ce connect$ ) all ?+s2 consequ5tly x is all ess5ce4 ,z to ess5ce consid]$ alone1 x con/itutes a g5us1 & is an elem5t ( ,intellig5ce4 ,la/1 ju/ice1 temp]ance1 & 9 g5]al all ! virtues are s _m actualizations ( ,intellig5ce4 ,!y c\ld n1 !re=e1 rank amid/ ! prim>y g5]a4 ,!y are po/]ior to a g5us1 & con/itute species4 ,,ess5ce ,,d]ives ,,its ,,diff]5ces ,,f ,,! ,,o!r ,,co-,,ord9ate ,,categories4 #ai4 ,s9ce ^! f\r categories 7:i* complete ess5ce1 namely1 movem5t1 /ability1 id5tity & diff]5ce7 7) ,ess5ce z a fif?7 con/itute ! prim>y g5]a1 x rema9s to be exam9$ :e!r ea* ( !m1 by itself1 c beget species2 = in/ance1 :e!r ,ess5ce1 entirely by itself1 c\ld admit divisions 9 :i* ! o!r categories w\ld h no %>e :atev]4 ,no3 =1 9 ord] to beget species1 ! g5us w\ld h to admit diff]5ces d]iv$ f outside2 ^! diff]5ces w\ld h to be prop]ties belong+ to ,ess5ce z su*1 )\t h[ev] be+ ,ess5ce4 ,b f :]e !n w\ld ,ess5ce h d]iv$ !m8 ,impossibly f :at does n exi/4 ,if !n !y 7 necess>ily d]iv$ f t :i* exi/s1 z only ?ree o!r g5]a ( ess5ces rema91#cbd evid5tly1 ,ess5ce mu/ h d]iv$ its diff]5ces f ^! g5]a1 :i* associate !mselves ) ,ess5ce1 :ile yet enjoy+ a simultane\s exi/5ce4 ,b f ?is v fact t ^! g5]a enjoy an exi/5ce simultane\s 7) ,ess5ce71 !y s]ve to con/itute x1 z x is compos$ ( ! ga!r+ ( ^! elem5ts4 ,h[ !n c\ld !y be diff]5t f ! :ole t !y con/itute8 ,h[ d ^! g5]a make species out ( all 7^! be+s78 ,h[1 = in/ance1 c\ld pure movem5t produce species ( movem5t8 ,! same "q arises 9 connection ) ! o!r g5]a4 ,besides1 we mu/ avoid 7two dang]s37 los+ ea* g5us 9 its species1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 r$uc+ x to ! /ate ( a simple pr$icate1 by consid]+ x only 9 its species4 ,! g5us mu/ exi/ bo? 9 its species & 9 itself4 ,:ile bl5d+ 7) ! species71 x mu/ 9 itself rema9 pure & unbl5d$2 =1 if x %\ld contribute to be+ o!rwise 7by bl5d+ ) its species71 x w\ld annihilate itself4 ,su* are ! que/ions t mu/ be exam9$4 ,,intellig5ce ,,z ,a ,,composite ,,is ,,po/]ior ,,to ,,! ,,categories4 ,n[1 we h above posit$ c]ta9 premises4 ,intellig5ce1 & ev5 e intellig5ce1 includes )9 itself all 7ess5ces74 ,we rank$ 7,ess5ce or ,be+7 above all species t are p>ts !re(4 ,ess5ce is n yet ,intellig5ce4 ,f ^! x results t already develop$ ,intellig5ce is already some?+ po/]ior4 ,we %all !re=e make use ( ?is /udy to a*ieve ! goal we _h set ourselves 7namely1 to det]m9e ! relation ( ! g5us to its conta9$ species74 ,we %all !re=e make use ( ,intellig5ce z an example to ext5d our k ( ?is subject4 ,,k ,,is ,,! ,,actualization ,,( ,,! ,,notions ,,:i* ,,are ,,pot5tial ,,sci5ce4 #bj4 ,let u1 !re=e1 suppose t ,intellig5ce 0 9 a /ate 9 :i* x did n yet atta* itself to any?+ 9 p>ticul>1 s t x _h n yet become an individual intellig5ce4 ,let u conceive x simil> to k consid]$ by itself be=e ! notions ( ! p>ticul> species1 or to ! k ( a species tak5 be=e ! notions ( ! conta9$ p>ts4 ,univ]sal ,k1 )\t 79 actualization7 be+ any p>ticul> notion1 pot5tially lies )9 all notions1 & reciprocally1 ea* p>ticul> notion is "o s+le ?+ 9 actualization1 b all ?+s 9 pot5tiality2 likewise ) univ]sal ,k4 ,! notions :i* ?us ref] to a species exi/ pot5tially 9 univ]sal ,k1 because1 :ile apply+ itself to a species1 !y pot5tially are also univ]sal ,k4 ,univ]sal ,k is pr$icat$ ( ea* p>ticul> notion1 )\t ! p>ticul> notion be+ pr$icat$ ( univ]sal ,k2 b univ]sal ,k mu/ none ! less subsi/ 9 itself )\t bl5d+ 7) any?+ else#cbe74 ,,intellig5ce ,,is ,,! ,,pot5tiality ,,( ,,! ,,intellig5ces ,,:i* ,,are ,,its ,,actualizations4 ,! case is simil> ) ,intellig5ce4 ,!re is a k9d ( exi/5ce ( univ]sal ,intellig5ce1 :i* is locat$ above ! p>ticul> actualiz$ intellig5ces1 & is diff]5t f t ( ! p>ticul> intellig5ces4 ,^! are fill$ ) univ]sal notions3 univ]sal ,intellig5ce furni%es to ! p>ticul> intellig5ces ! notions !y possess4 ,x is ! pot5tiality ( ^! intellig5ces all ( :i* x conta9s 9 its univ]sality2 on _! side1 ^!1 9 _! p>ticul>ity1 conta9 univ]sal ,intellig5ce j z a p>ticul> sci5ce implies univ]sal sci5ce4 ,! great ,intellig5ce exi/s 9 itself1 & ! p>ticul> intellig5ces also exi/ 9 !mselves2 !y are impli$ 9 univ]sal ,intellig5ce1 j z ?is "o is impli$ 9 ! p>ticul> intellig5ces4 ,ea* "o ( ! p>ticul> intellig5ces exi/s simultane\sly 9 itself1 & 9 some?+ else 79 ! univ]sal ,intellig5ce71 j z univ]sal ,intellig5ce exi/s simultane\sly 9 itself & 9 all ! o!rs4 ,9 univ]sal ,intellig5ce1 :i* exi/s 9 itself1 all p>ticul> intellig5ces exi/ pot5tially1 because x actually is all ! intellig5ces1 & pot5tially ea* ( !m sep>ately4 ,on ! contr>y1 ^! are actualizations ( ! p>ticul> intellig5ces1 & pot5tially univ]sal ,intellig5ce4 ,inde$1 s f> z !y are :at is pr$icat$ ( !m1 !y are actualizations ( :at is pr$icat$2 s f> z !y exi/ 9 ! g5us t conta9s !m1 !y are ?is g5us pot5tially4#cbf ,g5us1 z su*1 is pot5tially all ! species x embraces2 x is none ( !m 9 actuality2 b all are impli$ !re94 ,s f> z g5us is 9 actualization :at exi/s be=e ! species1 x is ! actualization ( ! ?+s :i* are n p>ticul>4 ,z occurs 9 ! species1 ^! p>ticul> ?+s a*ieve su* actualization only by ! actualization :i* emanates f ! g5us1 & :i*1 ) reg>d to !m1 acts z cause4 ,,h[ ,,intellig5ce1 ,,?\gh ,,"o1 ,,produces ,,p>ticul> ,,?+s4 #ba4 ,h[ !n does ,intellig5ce1 ?\gh rema9+ "o1 by ,reason produce p>ticul> ?+s8 ,?is really am\nts to ask+ h[ ! inf]ior g5]a d]ive f ! f\r ,g5]a4 ,we %all !n h to scrut9ize h[ ?is great & ineffable ,intellig5ce1 :i* does n make use ( spee*1 b :i* is entire intellig5ce1 intellig5ce ( all1 univ]sal1 & n p>ticul> or individual intellig5ce1 conta9s all ! ?+s :i* proce$ !refrom4 7,( ! ess5ces x conta9s7 x possesses ! numb]1 z x is bo? "o & _m4 ,x is _m1 t is1 7x is7 _m pot5tialities1 :i* are admirable p[]s1 full ( =ce & greatness1 because !y are pure2 p[]s t are vigor\s & v]itable because !y h no goal at :i* !y are =c$ to /op2 consequ5tly be+ inf9ite1 t is1 supreme ,inf9ity1 & ,greatness4 ,if !n we 7 to scrut9ize ?is greatness & beauty ( be+1 if by ! spl5dor & light :i* surr\nd x1 we 7 to di/+ui% :at ,intellig5ce conta9s1 !n w\ld we see ! effloresc+ ( quality4 ,) ! cont9uity ( actualization we w\ld behold greatness1 9 quiesc5t condition4 ,z we h se5 "o 7numb]71 two 7quality71 & ?ree 7greatness71 greatness1 z ! ?ird ?+1 pres5ts itself ) univ]sal quantity4 ,n[1 z soon z quality & quantity %[ !mselves to u1 !y unite1 bl5d into "o & ! same figure 7outw>d appe>ance74 ,!n comes diff]5ce1 :i* divides quality & quantity1 :5ce arise diff]5t qualities1 & diff]5ces ( figure4 ,! pres5ce ( id5tity produces equality1 & t ( diff]5ce1 inequality1 bo? 9 quantity1 numb]1 & dim5sion2 h5ce ! circle1 ! quadrilat]al1 & ! figures compos$ ( unequal ?+s2 h5ce numb]s t are simil>1 & diff]5t1 ev5 & unev54 ,,?is ,,intellectual ,,life ,,possesses ,,! ,,reasons ,,or ,,ideas4 ,?us intellectual ,life1 :i* is ! p]fect actualization1 embraces all ! ?+s t our m9d n[ conceives1 & all intellectual op]ations4 ,9 its pot5tiality x conta9s all ?+s z ess5ces1 9 ! same mann] z ,intellig5ce does4 ,n[ ,intellig5ce possesses !m by ?\ght1 a ?\ght :i* is n discursive 7b intuitive74 ,! intellectual life !re=e possesses all ! ?+s ( :i* !re are reasons 7t is1 ideas72 itself is a s+le ,reason1 great1 p]fect1 :i* conta9s all reasons1#cbg :i* exam9es !m 9 an ord]ly fa%ion1 beg9n+ ) ! fir/1 or r1 :i* has ev] exam9$ !m1 s t "o c\ld nev] really tell t x 0 exam9+ !m4#cbh ,= all ?+s t we grasp by ratioc9ation1 9 :atev] "p soev] ( ! univ]se !y may be locat$1 are f\nd z intuitively possess$ by ,intellig5ce4 ,x w\ld seem z if x 0 ,ess5ce itself :i*1 7be+ id5tical ) ,intellig5ce71 _h made ,intellig5ce reason ?us 7by produc+ its conceptions71#cbi z appe>s to happ5 9 ! 7sem9al7 reasons :i* produce ! animals4#ccj ,9 ! 7ideas1 t is 9 ! sem9al7 reasons :i* are ant]ior to ratioc9ation1 all ?+s are f\nd to possess a con/itution su* t ! mo/ p5etrat+ intellig5ce w\ld h consid]$ be/1 by reason+4#cca ,we %\ld !re=e expect 7great & wond]ful ?+s7 ( ^! ,ideas1 sup]ior & ant]ior to ,nature & 7sem9al7 reasons4 ,!re ,intellig5ce fuses ) ,be+2#cbi nei!r 9 ess5ce nor intellig5ce is !re any?+ adv5titi\s4 ,!re ev]y?+ is smoo?ly p]fect1 s9ce ev]y?+ !re is con=mable to intellig5ce4 ,all ,ess5ce is :at ,intellig5ce dem&s2 x is consequ5tly v]itable prim>y ,ess5ce2 = if x proce$$ f "s o!r 7s\rce71 ?is also w\ld be ,intellig5ce4 ,,f ,,ess5ce ,,are ,,born ,,all ,,liv+ ,,organisms4 ,?us ,ess5ce reveals )9 itself all ! ,=ms & univ]sality4 ,?is c\ld n h be5 p>ticul>2 = x c\ld n be s+le1 ! d\ble pres5ce ( diff]5ce & id5tity dem&+ x to be simultane\sly "o & _m4 ,s9ce1 f its v orig91 ,ess5ce is "o & _m1 all ! species x conta9s mu/ consequ5tly simultane\sly conta9 unity & plurality1 reveal+ dim5sions1 qualities1 & diff]5t figures2 = x is impossible t ,ess5ce %\ld lack any?+1 or %\ld n be complete univ]sality2 = x w\ld no long] be univ]sal1 if x 7 n complete4 ,life1 !re=e1 p5etrates e ?+2 is ev]y:]e pres5t )9 x4 ,h5ce results t f t ,life mu/ h be5 born all liv+ organisms1 = s9ce matt] & quality are f\nd )9 _! bodies1 ^! also are n lack+4 ,n[1 z all liv+ organisms are born )9 x1 & h ev] subsi/$ )9 x1 !y 7 ess5tially embrac$ )9 et]nity1 yet1 tak5 sep>ately1 ea* ( !m is a diff]5t ess5ce4 ,tak5 toge!r !y =m a unity4 ,consequ5tly1 ! complex & syn!tic totality ( all ^! liv+ organisms is ,intellig5ce1 :i*1 ?us conta9+ all 7be+s71 is ! p]fect & ess5tial liv+ ,organism4 ,:5 ,intellig5ce all[s itself to be contemplat$ by :at d]ives exi/5ce f x1 ,intellig5ce appe>s !reto z ! intelligible1 & receives ?is pr$icate prop]ly & truly4#ccb ,,?us ,,intellig5ce ,,begets ,,_w ,,s\l ,,& ,,individual ,,s\ls4 #bb4 ,?is 0 :at ,plato meant1 :5 he said1 enigmatically1 ,intellig5ce contemplates ! ,ideas conta9$ )9 ! p]fect liv+ ,organism2 x sees :at !y are1 & to h[ _m !y am\nt4#ccc ,inde$1 ! 7univ]sal7 ,s\l1 :i* ranks imm$iately aft] ,intellig5ce1 possesses ! ,ideas 9 h]self inasmu* z %e is a s\l2 b %e sees !m bett] 9 ! ,intellig5ce :i* is above h]4#ccd ,likewise1 our own intellig5ce1 :i* also conta9s ! ideas1 sees !m bett] :5 x contemplates !m 9 ! sup]ior ,intellig5ce2 =1 9 itself1 x c only see2 b 9 ! sup]ior ,intellig5ce x sees t x sees4#cce ,n[ ?is intellig5ce t contemplates ! ideas is n sep>at$ f ! sup]ior ,intellig5ce1 = x proce$s !refrom2 b z x is ! plurality t has proce$$ f ! unity1 because x adds diff]5ce 7to id5tity71 x becomes manifold unity4 ,be+ ?us bo? unity & plurality1 ,intellig5ce1 by virtue ( its multiple nature1 produces ! plurality 7( be+s74 ,besides1 x w\ld be impossible to discov] !re9 any?+ t 0 num]ically unit>y1 or any?+ t might be call$ individual4 ,:atev] be contemplat$ 9 x1 x is always a =m1 = x conta9s no matt]4 ,t is :y1 aga91 ,plato1 ref]r+ to ?is tru?1 said t be+ 0 divid$ to inf9ity4#ccf ,desc5d+ f g5us to species1 we h n yet arriv$ at inf9ity2 = t :i* ?us arises is def9$ by ! species t h be5 begott5 by a g5us2 ! "n ( inf9ity applies bett] to ! la/ species1 :i* c no long] be divid$ into species4 ,t is :y 7z ,plato tea*es71 :5 "o has arriv$ at individuals1 !y mu/ be ab&on$ to inf9ity4#ccg ,?us1 ! individuals are inf9ite s f> z !y are consid]$ 9 !mselves2 b1 9 s f> z !y are embrac$ by unity1 !y are r$uc$ to a numb]4 ,intellig5ce !re=e embraces :at comes aft] x1 ! ,s\l2 s t ! ,s\l1 till ! la/ ( h] p[]s1 is conta9$ by a numb]2 z to ! la/ p[] 7matt]71 x is entirely inf9ite#cch ,consid]$ 9 ?is condition 7:]e1 turn+ t[>ds :at is bel[ x1 x begets ! ,s\l71 ,intellig5ce is a "p 7because x applies itself to some?+ p>ticul>71 ?\gh x possess all ?+s1 & ?\gh1 9 itself1 x be univ]sal2 ! intellig5ces :i* compose x are ea* a "p 7ea* con/itut+ a p>ticul> intellig5ce by virtue ( ! actualization ( ,intellig5ce :i* exi/s 7& ?us exi/s 9 itself74 ,z to ! ,s\l1 %e is ! "p ( a "p 7t is1 a "p ( ! ,intellig5ce :i* itself is a "p1 z has j be5 said71 b exi/s by virtue ( ! actualization ( ! ,intellig5ce :i* acts outside ( itself4 ,inde$1 :5 ,intellig5ce acts 9 itself1 ! actualizations x produces are ! o!r intellig5ces2 :5 x acts outside ( itself1 x produces ! ,s\l4 ,:5 9 h] turn1 ! ,s\l acts z g5us or species1 %e begets ! o!r s\ls :i* are h] species4 ,^! s\ls !mselves h two actualizations2 ! "o1 direct$ t[>ds :at is above !m1 con/itutes _! intellig5ce2 ! o!r1 direct$ t[>ds :at is bel[ !m1 gives bir? to ! o!r rational p[]s1 & ev5 to a la/ p[] :i* is 9 contact ) matt]1 & :i* fa%ions x4#cci ,! inf]ior "p ( ! s\l does n h9d] ! :ole rema9d] f rema9+ 9 ! sup]ior region4#cdj ,besides1 ?is inf]ior "p is only ! v image ( ! s\l2 x is n sep>at$ f h]1#cda b x resembles ! image reflect$ by a mirror1 an image :i* p]si/s only s long z ! model rema9s be=e ! mirror4 ,:at %\ld be our conception ( ! model plac$ be=e ! mirror8 ,d[n ?r\gh :at is imm$iately above ! image 7t is1 d[n ?r\gh ! s\l h]self71 we h ! intelligible _w1 compos$ ( all ! intelligible entities1 :]e ev]y?+ is p]fect4 ,! s5se-_w is no m ?an ! imitation !re(1 & x imitates t intelligible _w s f> z x c1 9 t x itself is a liv+ organism :i* is ! image ( ! p]fect liv+ ,organism4 ,! s5se-_w imitates x z ! portrait t is pa9t$1 or reflect$ by ! surface ( wat] reproduces ! p]son situat$ be=e ! pa9t]1 or above ! wat]4 ,?is portrait obta9$ by ! pa9t+1 or reflect$ by ! surface ( ! wat] is n ! image ( ! composite :i* con/itutes ! man 7! s\l & body71 b ( "o or two p>ts only1 ! body :i* 0 fa%ion$ by ! s\l4 ,likewise1 !re=e1 ! s5se-_w1 :i* 0 made to resemble ! intelligible _w1 (f]s u images1 n ( its creator1 b ( ! 7ess5ces7 conta9$ )9 its creator1 among :i* is man1 along ) all o!r animals4 ,n[1 9 common ) its creator1 ea* liv+ organism possesses life1 ?\gh ea* possess x diff]5tly2 bo?1 besides1 equally =m "p ( ! intelligible _w4 ,,six? ,,ennead1 ,,book ,,?ree4 ,plot9o's ,own ,s5se-,categories4 ,,g5]a ,,( ,,! ,,physical ,,are ,,diff]5t ,,f ,,^? ,,( ,,! ,,intelligible4 #a4 ,we h ?us decl>$ our views ab\t 7intelligible7 ,be+1 & %[n h[ !y agree ) ! doctr9es ( ,plato4 ,n[ we h to /udy ! o!r nature 7! ,be+ ( ! s5se-_w72 & we %all h to consid] :e!r x be prop] to e/abli% "h ! same g5]a z = ! intelligible _w1 or to posit a great] numb]1 by add+ "s to ^? already recogniz$2 or :e!r ! g5]a diff] 9 ea* be+ entirely1 or only p>tially1 "s rema9+ id5tical1 :ile o!rs diff]4 ,if any ( !m be id5tical 9 bo? be+s1 t c be und]/ood only by analogy2#cdc t is :at w become evid5t :5 ea* ( ^! be+s are fully und]/ood4 ,,! ,,_w ,,mu/ ,,be ,,/udi$1 ,,j ,,z ,,"o ,,w\ld ,,analyze ,,! ,,voice4 ,?is is by :at we mu/ beg94 ,hav+ to speak ( s5se-objects1 & kn[+ t all ( !m are conta9$ 9 ?is _w "h bel[1 we mu/ fir/ scrut9ize ?is _w1 e/abli% )9 x divisions accord+ to ! nature ( ! 7be+s7 :i* compose x1 & !n di/ribute !m into g5]a1 j z we w\ld d if we _h to analyze ! voice ^: nature is inf9ite 7by ! div]sity ( s\nds x produces71 r$uc+ x to a def9ite numb] ( k9ds4#cdd ,obs]v+ ! elem5ts common to _m s\nds1 we w\ld r$uce !m to "o unity1 !n1 to a sup]ior unity1 fur!r to a supreme unity1 9 :i* ^! s\nds appe> z a small numb] ( classes4 ,!n1 ! elem5ts common to ^! individuals w\ld be call$ species1 & t common to v>i\s species w\ld be call$ a g5us4 ,z to ! voice1 x is easy en\gh to discov] ea* species1 to r$uce all ! species to unity1 & to pr$icate ( all ( !m 7z highe/ g5us or category7 ! g5]al elem5t1 ! voice4 ,b an analysis z summ>y z ?is is impossible ) ! 7m complicat$ univ]se74 ,9 ! s5se-_w we w h to recognize sev]al g5]a1 :i* w diff] f ^? ( ! intelligible _w1 s9ce ! s5se-_w itself diff]s f ! intelligible _w s mu* t x is n its c\nt]p>t1 b only its image1 ^: only elem5t common 7to its model7 is ! "n4 ,,we ,,mu/ ,,fir/ ,,dissect ,,away ,,! ,,s\l ,,f ,,! ,,body1 ,,to ,,exam9e ,,x4 ,z "h bel[ 9 ! mixture 7or bl5d1 ! s\l71 & ! composition 7! body7 7:i* =m our nature7 !re are two p>ts1 s\l & body1 ! totality ( :i* =ms ! liv+ organism2#cde z ! nature ( ! s\l belongs to ! intelligible _w1 & consequ5tly does n belong to ! same ord] ( ?+s z ! s5se-_w1 we %all1 h[ev] difficult x may be1 h to sep>ate ! s\l#cdf f ! s5se-objects :i* we are "h alone to consid]4 7,we %all illu/rate ?is by a p>able74 ,he :o w\ld wi% to classify ! inhabitants ( a t[n accord+ to _! dignities & pr(essions1 w\ld h to leave aside ! =eign resid5ts4 ,z to ! passions :i* arise f ! union ( ! s\l ) ! body1 or1 t ! s\l exp]i5ces because ( ! body1#cdg we %all lat] exam9e h[ !y %\ld be classifi$4#cdh ,?is h[ev] mu/ foll[ our /udy ( ! s5se-objects4 ,,:at ,,is ,,be+ ,,9 ,,! ,,intelligible ,,is ,,g5]ation ,,9 ,,! ,,s5se-,,_w4 #b4 ,fir/ let u consid] :at mundane "n ,be+ mu/ be appli$ to4 ,to beg9 )1 x mu/ be expla9$ t physical nature c receive ! "n ( be+ only z a figure ( spee*2#cdc or r1 %\ld n receive x at all1 s9ce x implies ! idea ( p]petual fl[+ 7t is1 *ange#cdi72 s1 ! m suitable d5om9ation w\ld be g5]ation4#cej ,we %all also h to ackn[l$ge t ! ?+s t belong to g5]ation are v diff]5t2 nev]!less all bodies1 "s simple 7su*1 z elem5ts71 ! o!rs composite z mixtures71 toge!r ) _! accid5ts & effects1 mu/1 dur+ ! process ( classification1 be r$uc$ to a s+le g5us4 ,9 bodies1 "o may besides di/+ui% on "o h& matt]1 on ! o!r1 ! =m impr9t$ !reon2 & we designate ea* ( ^! sep>ately z a g5us1 or subsume bo? "u a unity1 inasmu* z we designate bo? by ! common label#cdc ( be+1 or r1 g5]ation4 ,b :at is ! common elem5t 9 matt] & =m8 ,9 :at mann]1 & ( :at is matt] a g5us8 ,= :at diff]5ce inh]es 9 matt]8 ,9 :at sequ5ce c\ld we incorporate t :i* is compos$ ( bo?8 ,b 9 ! case t t :i* is compos$ ( bo? be itself corporeal be+1 :ile nei!r ( ! two is a body1 h[ !n c\ld ei!r be incorporat$ 9 a s+le g5us1 or )9 ! same g5us along ) ! comp\nd ( bo?8 ,h[ 7c\ld ?is incorporation into a s+le g5us be effect$ )7 ! elem5ts ( "s object & ! object itself8 ,to answ] t we %\ld beg9 by ! 7composite7 bodies3 :i* w\ld be tantam\nt to le>n+ to read by beg9n+ ) syllables 7& n ) lett]s74 ,,c ,,we ,,analyze ,,?is ,,_w ,,by ,,analogy ,,) ,,! ,,intelligible8 ,let u n[ grant t symmetrical analysis by individual objects is impossible4 ,might we n1 z a means ( classification1 !n employ analogy8 ,9 ?is case ! 7intelligible1 high]7 be+ w\ld "h be repres5t$ by matt]2 & movem5t above1 by =m "h1 :i* w\ld ?us quick5 & p]fect matt]4 ,! in]tia ( matt] w\ld correspond to re/ above1 :ile ! 7intelligible7 id5tity & diff]5ce w\ld correspond to our e>?ly manifold resemblance & diff]5ces4#cea 7,su* an analogic me?od w\ld misrepres5t ! /ate ( affairs 9 ?is _w74 ,to beg9 )1 matt] does n receive =m z its life or actualization1 b 7=m7 approa*es & in=ms 7matt]7 z some?+ =eign 7=m d]iv+ f be+1 :ile matt] is only a deception2 s t !re is no k9%ip betwe5 !m74 ,!n 9 ! 7intelligible _w7 =m is an actualization & motion1 :ile "h bel[ movem5t is diff]5t1 be+ accid5tal2 we might f> r call =m ! halt+ or re/ ( matt]1 = =m def9es t :i* 9 itself is indef9ite 7unlimit$74 ,!re 79 ! intelligible _w7 id5tity & diff]5ce ref] to a s+le ess5ce1 :i* is bo? id5tical & diff]5t4 ,"h bel[1 ess5ce diff]s only relatively1 by p>ticipation 79 ! diff]5ce7 = x is some?+ id5tical & diff]5t1 n by consequ5ce1 z above1 b "h bel[1 by nature4 ,z to /ability1 h[ c\ld x be attribut$ to matt]1 :i* assumes all dim5sions1 :i* receives all its =ms f )\t1 )\t itself ev] be+ able to beget any?+ by means ( ^! =ms8 ,su* a division1 !re=e1 w h to be giv5 up4 ,,physical ,,categories ,,are ,,matt]1 ,,=m1 ,,comb9ation1 ,,attributes ,,& ,,accid5ts4 #c4 ,:at classification %all we adopt8 ,!re is fir/ matt]1 !n =m1 & fur!r ! comb9ation :i* results f _! bl5d+4 ,!n we h a numb] ( conceptions :i* ref] to ! ?ree prec$+ classes1 & are pr$icat$ ( !m2 ! fir/1 simply1 z attributes2 ! o!rs1 besides1 z accid5ts4 ,among ! latt]1 "s are conta9$ )9 ! ?+s1 :ile o!rs conta9 !m2 "s ( !m are actions1 & ! o!rs exp]i5ces 7passions7 or _! consequ5ces4 ,,! ,,?ree ,,fir/ ,,physical ,,categories ,,( ,,matt]1 ,,=m ,,& ,,comb9ation4 ,matt] is some?+ common :i* is f\nd 9 all ?+s2#ceb nev]!less x does n =m a g5us because x does n admit ( any diff]5ces1 unless its diff]5ces consi/ 9 appe>+ 9 diff]5t =ms2 z1 "h1 fire1 & !re1 air4 ,philosoph]s :o consid] t matt] is a g5us base ?is op9ion on ! fact t matt] is common to all ! ?+s 9 :i* x exi/s1 or t x /&s 9 ! relation ( ! :ole to ! p>ts ( p>ticul> objects 7or1 matt]s74 ,9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 ! t]m g5us w\ld be us$ 9 a s5se diff]+ f ! "o x be>s usually4 ,x w\ld !n be no m ?an an only or s+le elem5t1 if we admit t an elem5t c be a g5us4 ,if1 conceiv+ t matt] is unit$ to matt]1 or exi/s )9 x1 we add =m to matt]1 matt] w\ld !reby be diff]5tiat$ f ! o!r =ms1 b x w n compreh5d e be+-l =m4 ,7 we to call ! g5]at+ pr9ciple ( be+ =m1 & 7 we to call ! reason :i* con/itutes ! =m be+-l reason1 we %all n yet h cle>ly def9$ ! nature ( be+4 ,f9ally1 if we give ! "n ( be+ only to ! comb9ation ( matt] & =m1 ! result w be t nei!r ( ^! two 7matt] or =m tak5 sep>ately7 w !mselves be be+4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we 7 to ass]t t n only _! comb9ation1 b also ea* ( !m sep>ately 7 be+1 we !n w\ld be fac$ ) ! problem ( :at is common to all ?ree4 ,,diff]5t ,,physical ,,categories4 ,z to ! ?+s :i* are simply posit$ z attributes1 !y %\ld1 z pr9ciples or elem5ts1 be classifi$ "u relation4 ,among ! accid5ts ( ?+s1 "s1 l quantity & quality1 are conta9$ )9 !m2 :ile o!rs conta9 !m1 z "t & place4 ,!n !re are actions & exp]i5ces1 z movem5ts2 !n _! consequ5ces1 z be+ 9 "t1 & be+ 9 place2 ! latt] is ! consequ5ce ( ! comb9ation1 ! =m] is ! consequ5ce ( movem5t4 ,,five ,,physical ,,categories4 ,we decide1 !re=e1 t ! ?ree fir/ ?+s 7matt]1 =m1 & _! comb9ation7 contribute to ! =mation ( a s+le g5us1 :i*1 by a figure ( spee*1 we call 7corporeal7 ,be+1 a g5us :i* is common to !m1 & ^: "n applies to all ?ree4 ,!n come ! o!r g5]a2 su* z relation1 quantity & quality2 ! 7relation (7 be+ conta9$ 9 place1 & 9 "t2 movem5t2 & place & "t4 ,b z ! category ( "t & place w\ld r5d] sup]flu\s t ( be+ 9 place & ( be+ 9 "t1#cec we %\ld limit ourselves to ! recognition ( five g5]a1 ( :i* ! fir/ 7be+7 comprises matt]1 =m & ! comb9ation4#ced ,if1 h[ev]1 we %\ld n c\nt matt]1 =m & comb9ation z a s+le g5us1 our analysis w assume ! foll[+ %ape3 matt]1 =m1 comb9ation1 relation1 quantity1 quality1 & movem5t4 ,o!rwise1 ! latt] ?ree might be subsum$ "u relation1 :i* possesses m ext5sion ?an !y4 ,,s5se-,,be+4 #d4 ,:at is ! common elem5t 9 ^! ?ree ?+s 7matt]1 =m & _! comb9ation78 ,:at con/itutes _! 7sublun>y1 mundane or7 e>?ly be+8 ,is x because matt]1 =m & _! comb9ation =m a f\ndation = o!r ?+s8 ,9 t case1 z matt] is ! f\ndation1 or seat ( =m1 !n =m w n be 9 ! g5us ( be+4 ,b1 z ! comb9ation also =ms f\ndation = o!r ?+s1 !n =m unit$ to matt] w be ! subject ( ! comb9ations1 or r1 ( all ! ?+s :i* are po/]ior to ! comb9ation1 z quantity1 quality1 & movem5t4 ,,be+ ,,is ,,t ,,:i* ,,is ,,pr$icat$ ,,( ,,no?+ ,,else4 ,x w\ld seem t 7physical7 be+ is t :i* is n pr$icat$ ( any?+ else2#cee = :it5ess & blackness may1 = in/ance1 be pr$icat$ ( "s :ite or black subject4 ,likewise ) ! idea ( d\bl5ess2--,i mean "h n ! d\bl5ess :i* is ! opposite ( "o half1 b ! d\bl5ess pr$icat$ ( "s subject1 z :5 "o says ?is wood is d\ble4 ,s also pat]nity1 & sci5ce1 are attributes ( ano!r subject1 ( :i* t is said4 ,s space is t :i* limits1 & "t t :i* measures some?+ else4 ,b fire1 or wood consid]$ z su*1 are n attributes4 ,nei!r are ,socrates1 nor composite be+ 7compos$ ( matt] & =m71 nor =m :i* is 9 ! be+1 because x is n a modification ( any o!r subject4 ,inde$1 =m is n an attribute ( matt]2 x is an elem5t ( ! comb9ation4 ,man & =m ( man are "o & ! same ?+4#cef ,matt] also is an elem5t ( ! comb9ation2 "u ?is respect1 x may be pr$icat$ ( a subject1 b ?is subject is id5tical ) itself4 ,on ! contr>y1 :it5ess1 consid]$ 9 itself1 exi/s only 9 ! subject ( :i* x may be pr$icat$4 ,consequ5tly1 ! ?+ :i* exi/s only 9 ! subject ( :i* x is pr$icat$ is n 7physical7 be+4#cef ,be+1 on ! contr>y1 is t :i* is :at x is by itself4 ,9 case x =m "p ( "s subject1 !n x completes ! comb9ation2 ^: elem5ts exi/ ea* 9 itself1 & :i* are pr$icat$ ( ! comb9ation only 9 a condition o!r ?an t ( exi/+ 9 x4 ,consid]$ z a "p1 be+ is relative to some?+ o!r ?an itself2 b consid]$ 9 itself1 9 its nature1 9 :at x is1 x is n pr$icable ( any?+4#ceg ,,physical ,,be+ ,,is ,,! ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,all ,,o!r ,,?+s4 ,to be a subject is !n a prop]ty common to matt]1 to =m1 & to ! comb9ation4 ,b ?is function ( subject is fulfill$ diff]5tly by matt] 9 respect to =m1 & by =m 9 respect to ! modifications1 & by ! comb9ation2 or r1 matt] is n a subject 9 respect to =m2 =m is ! complem5t :i* completes x :5 x /ill is only matt]1 & :5 x exi/s only pot5tially4#ceh ,to speak /rictly1 =m is n 9 matt]2 = :5 "o ?+ =ms only a unity ) some?+ else1 "o _c say t "o is 9 ! o!r 7z "s accid5t 9 its subject74 ,only :5 bo? are tak5 toge!r d matt] & =m =m a subject = o!r ?+s2#cei ?us ,man 9 g5]al1 & a p>ticul> man con/itute ! subject ( passive modifications2 !y are ant]ior to ! actions & consequ5ces :i* relate to !m4 ,be+ !re=e is ! pr9ciple f :i* all o!r ?+s d]ive1 & by :i* !y exi/2 t to :i* all passive modifications relate1 & f :i* all actions proce$4#cfj ,,relation ,,betwe5 ,,physical ,,& ,,intelligible ,,t]ms ,,are ,,m]ely ,,v]bal4 #e4 ,su* are ! *>act]i/ics ( s5se-be+4 ,if 9 any way !y also suit intelligible be+1 x is only by analogy1#cdc or by figure ( spee* 7homonymy74#cfa ,s1 = in/ance1 ! fir/ is s call$ 9 respect ( ! rema9d]2 = x is n absolutely fir/1 b only 9 respect to ! ?+s :i* hold an inf]ior rank2 f> m1 ! ?+s :i* foll[ ! fir/ are also call$ fir/ 9 respect to ^? :i* foll[4 ,likewise1 9 speak+ ( intelligible ?+s1 ! ^w subject is us$ 9 a diff]5t s5se4 ,x may also be d\bt$ t !y suff] 7exp]i5ce71 & x is evid5t t if !y d suff]1 x is 9 an entirely diff]5t mann]4#cfb ,,physical ,,be+ ,,is ,,t ,,:i* ,,is ,,n ,,9 ,a ,,subject4 ,n to be 9 a subject is !n ! common *>act]i/ic ( all be+1 if1 by n be+ 9 a subject1 we mean n to =m "p ( any subject1 & n to contribute to ! =mation ( a unity !re)4 ,inde$1 t :i* contributes to ! =mation ( a composite be+1 ) some?+ else1 c\ld n be 9 t ?+ z 9 a subject2 =m !re=e is n 9 matt] z 9 a subject1 & nei!r is man 9 ,socrates z 9 a subject1 because man =ms "p ( ,socrates4#cfc ,?us1 be+ is t :i* is n 9 a subject4 ,if we add t be+ is n pr$icat$ ( any subject1 we mu/ also add1 ins(> z ?is subject is some?+ diff]5t f itself2 o!rwise man1 pr$icat$ ( "s "o man1 w\ld n be compris$ )9 ! def9ition ( be+1 if 79 ass]t+ t be+ is n pr$icat$ ( any subject71 we did n add1 s f> z ?is subject is some?+ diff]5t f itself4 ,:5 ,i say1 ,socrates is a man1 ,i am practically say+1 ,:ite is :ite1 & n1 wood is :ite4 ,:ile actually ass]t+ t ,socrates is a man1 ,i am ass]t+ t a p>ticul> man is a man1 & to say ,! man :o is 9 ,socrates is a man1 am\nts to say+ ,socrates is ,socrates1 or1 t p>ticul> reasonable liv+ organism is a liv+ organism4 ,,all ,,! ,,o!r ,,physical ,,categories ,,ref] ,,to ,,matt]1 ,,=m ,,or ,,comb9ation4 ,x might h[ev] be object$ t ! prop]ty ( be+ does n consi/ 9 be+ a subject2 = ! diff]5ce 7z1 = in/ance1 a bip$71 is also "o ( ^? ?+s :i* are n 9 a subject4#cfc ,if bip$ be consid]$ z a "p ( be+1 we are compell$ to recognize t bip$ is n 9 a subject2 b if by bip$ we d n mean "s p>ticul> be+ b ! prop]ty ( be+ a bip$1 !n we are no long] speak+ ( a be+1 b ( a quality1 & bip$ w be 9 a subject4 ,b "t & place d n seem to be 9 a subject6 ,if we def9e "t z ! measure ( movem5t1#cfd 7!re are two possibilities74 ,fir/1 "t might be measur$ movem5t2 & !n x w be 9 movem5t z 9 a subject1 :ile movem5t itself w be 9 ! mov$ ?+4 ,or1 "t w be :at measures 7! s\l1 or ! pres5t mom5t71 & !n x w be 9 :at measures z 9 a subject4 ,z to space1 z x is ! limit ( :at conta9s1 x w also reside 9 :at conta9s4#cfe ,x is o!rwise ) ! be+ t we are "h consid]+4 ,be+1 !n1 w h to be consid]$ z consi/+ 9 ei!r "o1 or 9 sev]al1 or 9 all ! prop]ties ( :i* we are speak+2 because ^! prop]ties simultane\sly suit matt]1 =m1 & ! comb9ation4 ,,be+ ,,draws ,,its ,,exi/5ce ,,f ,,! ,,intelligible4 #f4 ,x may p]haps be object$ t we h "h indicat$ ! prop]ties ( be+1 b we h n describ$ its nature4 ,su* a reque/ am\nts to ask+ to see :at s5se-be+ is2 n[ s5se-be+ is1 & be+ is n some?+ :i* c be se54 ,:at !n8 ,are fire & wat] n be+s8 ,d\btless1 !y are4 ,b are !y be+s m]ely because !y are visible8 ,no4 ,is x because !y conta9 matt]8 ,no4 ,is x because !y h a =m8 ,no4 ,is x because !y are comb9ations8 ,no4 ,!y are be+s1 because !y are4 ,b "o c also say t quantity1 z well z t quality is6 ,yes1 d\btless1 b if we speak ?us ab\t quantity & quality1 x is only by a figure ( spee*4#cdc1cfa1 #cff ,!n1 9 :at consi/s ! be+ ( e>?1 fire1 & o!r simil> ?+s8 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! be+ ( ^! ?+s & ( o!rs8 ,! ess5ce ( ! e>?1 ( ! fire1 & s =?1 exi/s 9 an absolute mann]1 :ile ! ess5ce ( o!r ?+s 7is relative7 & = in/ance1 means m]ely be+ :ite4 ,is add$ to :ite is n ! same ?+ z ess5ce tak5 absolutely2 is x8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,ess5ce tak5 absolutely is ess5ce 9 ! fir/ degree2 to be add$ to :ite1 is ess5ce by p>ticipation1 ess5ce 9 ! second degree2 = to be1 add$ to :ite1 makes :ite an ess5ce2 & :ite add$ to ess5ce makes ! be+ :ite2 t is :y :ite is an accid5t = ess5ce1 & to be an accid5t to :ite4 ,x is n ! same ?+ z if we said1 ,socrates is :ite1 &1 ! ,:ite is ,socrates2 = 9 bo? cases ,socrates is ! same be+2 b x is n ?us ) :it5ess2 =1 9 ! second case1 ,socrates is conta9$ 9 ! :ite1 & 9 ! fir/ case1 :ite is a pure accid5t4 ,:5 we say1 ! be+ is :ite1 ! :ite is an accid5t ( be+2 b :5 we say1 ! ,:ite is ess5ce1 ! :ite conta9s ess5ce4 ,9 %ort1 :ite possesses exi/5ce only because x ref]s to be+1 & is 9 be+4 ,x is !re=e f be+ t x receives its exi/5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 ess5ce draws its exi/5ce f itself2 & f :ite x receives :it5ess1 n because x is 9 ! :ite1 b because ! :ite is )9 x4#cff ,z ! ess5ce :i* is 9 ! s5se-_w is n ,ess5ce by itself1 we mu/ say t x draws its exi/5ce f ! v]itable ,ess5ce1 9 itself2 &1 f9ally1 ! ,:ite 9 itself possesses ess5ce because x p>ticipates 9 ! intelligible ,ess5ce4 ,,be+ ,,_c ,,be ,,ascrib$ ,,to ,,matt]1 ,,:i* ,,d]ives ,,its ,,be+ ,,f ,,! ,,intelligible4 #g4 ,if somebody %\ld object t mat]ial ?+s d]ive _! ess5ce f matt]1 we %\ld h to ask f :5ce matt] itself draws its ess5ce & exi/5ce2 = we h else:]e demon/rat$ t matt] does n hold ! fir/ rank4#cfg ,if1 h[ev]1 x be fur!r object$1 t ! o!r ?+s c\ld n exi/ )\t be+ 9 matt]1 we w answ] t t is true only = s5se-?+s4 ,b if matt] be ant]ior to s5se-?+s1 t does n h9d] itself be+ po/]ior to _m o!r ?+s1 & to all intelligible ?+s2 = ! exi/5ce ( matt] is f> m obscure ?an ! ?+s 9 matt]1 if ^! ?+s be 7sem9al7 reasons1 :i* p>ticipate deep] 9 ess5ce1 :ile matt] is completely irrational1 be+ an adumbration1 & a decay ( reason4#cfh ,x may fur!r be object$ t matt] gives ess5ce to mat]ial ?+s1 z ,socrates gives ess5ce to ! :ite t is 9 him4 ,we w answ] t :at possesses a sup]ior degree ( ,ess5ce may well conf] a less] degree ( ess5ce to :at possesses a /ill inf]ior degree !re(1 b t ! reciprocal or conv]se condition is impossible4 ,n[1 z =m is m ess5ce ?an matt]1#cfi ess5ce _c be pr$icat$ equally ( matt] & =m1 & be+ is n a g5us ^: species is matt]1 =m & ! comb9ation4#cgj ,^! ?ree ?+s h sev]al common *>act]i/ics1 z we h already said1 b !y diff] 9 respect to ess5ce2 = :5 some?+ :i* possesses a sup]ior degree ( ess5ce approa*es some?+ :i* possesses an inf]ior degree 7z :5 =m approa*es matt]71 ?is ?+1 al?\gh ant]ior 9 7! ontological7 ord]1 is po/]ior 9 respect to be+2 consequ5tly1 if matt]1 =m & ! comb9ation be n be+s equally1 no long] is be+ = !m some?+ common1 l a g5us4 ,nev]!less1 be+ w be 9 a less n>r[ relation ) ?+s :i* are po/]ior to matt]1 to =m1 & to ! comb9ation1 ?\gh x gives ea* ( !m ! prop]ty ( belong+ to !mselves4 ,x is ?us t life has diff]5t degrees1 "o /rong]1 ! o!r weak]1 & t ! images ( a same object are "s m lively1 o!rs m obscure4#cga ,if ess5ce be measur$ by a l[] degree ( ess5ce1 & if ! sup]ior degree :i* exi/s 9 o!r ?+s be omitt$1 ess5ce ?us consid]$ w be a common elem5t4 ,b t is n a good way ( proc$ure4 ,inde$1 ea* :ole diff]s f ! o!rs1 & ! less] degree ( ess5ce does n con/itute some?+ t 0 common to all2 j z1 = life1 !re is n some?+ common to vegetative life1 to s5sitive life1 & rational life4#cga ,,ess5ces ,,diff] ,,accord+ ,,to ,,p>ticipation ,,9 ,,=m4 ,consequ5tly1 ess5ce diff]s bo? 9 matt] & 9 =m2 & ^! two 7entities7 dep5d f a ?ird 7intelligible ,be+71 :i* communicates itself to !m unequally4 ,! ant]ior ,be+ possesses a bett] nature 7ess5ce7 ?an any po/]ior be+1 n only :5 ! second proce$s f ! fir/1 & ! ?ird f ! second2 b :5 two ?+s proce$ f "o & ! same ?+1 ! same 7condition ( affairs7 may be obs]v$4 ,?us does ! clay 7:5 fa%ion$ by ! pott]7 become a tile n only accord+ z x p>ticipates 9 ! fire m or less 7is m or less ?or\ghly bak$74 ,besides1 matt] & =m d n proce$ f ! same intelligible pr9ciple2#cgb = ! intelligibles also diff] among ea* o!r4 ,,diff]5ce ,,betwe5 ,,matt] ,,& ,,=m ,,due ,,to ,,t ,,( ,,intelligible ,,entities ,,f ,,:i* ,,!y ,,dep5d4 #h4 ,besides1 x is n necess>y to divide ! comb9ation 9 =m & matt]1 n[ t we speak ( s5se-be+1 a be+ :i* has to be p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses1 r ?an by reason4 ,nei!r is x necess>y to add ( :at ?is be+ is compos$2 = ! elem5ts :i* compose x are n be+s1 or at lea/ n s5se-be+s4 ,:at has to be done "h is to embrace 9 a s+le g5us :at is common to /one1 to e>?1 to wat]1 & to ! ?+s comp\nd$ ( !m2 namely1 to plants & animals s f> z !y respond to s5sation4 ,9 ?is way1 we %all consid] bo? =m & matt]2 = s5se-be+ conta9s !m bo?4 ,?us fire1 e>?1 & _! int]m$i>ies are bo? matt] & =m2 z to ! comb9ations1 !y conta9 sev]al be+s unit$ toge!r4 ,:at !n is ! common *>act]i/ic ( all ^! be+s1 :i* sep>ates !m f o!r ?+s8 ,!y s]ve z subjects to o!r ?+s1 & are n conta9$ 9 "o subject1 & d n belong to some?+ else2#cgc 9 %ort1 all ! *>act]i/ics we h enum]at$ above suit s5se-be+4 ,,s5se-,,be+ ,,consi/s ,,9 ,,! ,,reunion ,,( ,,qualities ,,& ,,matt]4 ,b h[ %all we sep>ate ! accid5ts f s5se-be+1 if x h no exi/5ce )\t dim5sion or quality8 ,( :at w s5se-be+ consi/1 if we remove f x dim5sion1 figure 7or outw>d appe>ance71 color1 dryness1 & humidity8 ,= s5se-be+s are qualifi$4 ,! qualities :i* *ange simple into qualifi$ be+ ref] to some?+4 ,?us1 x is n ! entire fire :i* is be+1 b some?+ ( ! fire1 "o ( its p>ts4 ,n[ :at is ?is "p1 if x be n matt]8 ,s5se-be+1 !re=e1 consi/s 9 ! reunion ( quality & matt]2 & be+ is con/itut$ by ! totality ( ^! ?+s bl5d$ 9 a s+le matt]4 ,ea* ?+ tak5 sep>ately w be quality or quantity1 & s =?2 b ! ?+ ^: abs5ce makes be+ incomplete is a "p ( t be+4 ,z to ! ?+ :i* is add$ to already complete be+1 x has its own place2#cgd & x is n lo/ 9 ! bl5d+ :i* con/itutes be+4 ,i d n say t su* a ?+1 tak5 ) o!rs1 is a be+ :5 x completes a matt] ( "s p>ticul> size & quality1 & t x is no m ?an a quality :5 x does n complete ?is mass2 ,i say t ev5 "h bel[ n ev]y?+ is be+1 & t only ! totality :i* embraces ev]y?+ is be+4 ,let none compla9 t we are con/itut+ be+ z ( t :i* is n be+2 = ev5 ! totality is n a v]itable be+4 7,"h ?is ^w is us$ 9 bo? s5sual & intelligible s5ses1 z a pun71 & only (f]s ! image ( ! v]itable 7,be+71 :i* possesses ess5ce indep5d5tly ( all t ref]s to x1 & itself produces ! o!r ?+s because x possesses v]itable 7,exi/5ce74 ,"h bel[ ! sub/rate possesses ess5ce only incompletely1 &1 f> f produc+ o!r ?+s1 is /]ile2 x is only an adumbration1 & onto ?is adumbration are reflect$ images :i* h only ! appe>ance 7in/ead ( real exi/5ce47#cge ,,classification ,,( ,,bodies4 #i4 ,s mu* !n = :at we _h to say ( s5se-be+1 & ! g5us x con/itutes4 ,x rema9s to analyze x into species4 ,e s5se-be+ is a body2 b !re are elem5t>y & organiz$ bodies2 ! =m] are fire1 e>?1 wat] & air2 ! organiz$ bodies are ^? ( plants & animals1 :i* are di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r by _! =ms4 ,! e>? & ! o!r elem5ts may be divid$ into species4 ,plants & bodies ( animals may be classifi$ accord+ to _! =ms2 or we c\ld classify ap>t ! t]re/rial animals1 t inhabit ! e>?1 & ^? :i* belong to "s o!r elem5t4 ,we might also analyze bodies into ^? t are light1 heavy1 or int]m$i>y2 ! heavy bodies rema9+ 9 ! middle ( ! _w1 ! light bodies 9 ! sup]ior region :i* surr\nds ! _w1 & ! int]m$i>y bodies dwell+ 9 ! int]m$i>y region4 ,9 ea* "o ( ^! regions ! bodies are di/+ui%$ by _! ext]ior appe>ance 7or1 figure72 ?us !re exi/ ! bodies ( ! 7/>s1 or7 cele/ial bodies1 & !n ^? t belong to p>ticul> elem5ts4 ,aft] hav+ di/ribut$ ! bodies accord+ to ! f\r elem5ts1 !y c\ld be bl5d$ toge!r 9 "s o!r mann]1 & ?us beget _! mutual diff]5ces ( location1 =ms1 & mixtures4 ,bodies c\ld also be di/+ui%$ z fi]y1 t]re/rial1 & s =?1 accord+ to _! pr$om9at+ elem5t4 ,,prim>y ,,& ,,second>y ,,be+s ,,are ,,divid$ ,,by ,,no ,,sub/antial ,,diff]5ce4 ,z to ! di/9ction drawn betwe5 prim>y & second>y be+1#cgf x mu/ be admitt$ t "s p>ticul> fire1 & ! univ]sal ,fire diff] f ea* o!r 9 ?is1 t ! "o is individual1 & ! o!r univ]sal2 b ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m does n seem to be ess5tial4 ,inde$1 does ! g5us ( quality conta9 bo? ,:ite1 & a p>ticul> :ite2 or ,gramm>1 & "s p>ticul> grammatical sci5ce8 ,h[ f> does ,grammatical sci5ce !n h less reality ?an "s p>ticul> grammatical sci5ce1 & ,sci5ce1 ?an "s p>ticul> sci5ce8 ,grammatical sci5ce is n po/]ior to "s p>ticul> grammatical sci5ce2 ,grammatical sci5ce mu/ already h exi/$ be=e ! exi/5ce ( ! grammatical sci5ce 9 y1 s9ce ! latt] is "s grammatical sci5ce because x is f\nd 9 y2 x is besides id5tical ) univ]sal ,grammatical sci5ce4 ,likewise1 x is n ,socrates t caus$ him :o 0 n a man to become a man2 x is r ! univ]sal ,man :o enabl$ ,socrates to be a man2 = ! individual man is man by p>ticipation 9 ! univ]sal ,man4 ,:at !n is ,socrates1 if n "s man8 ,9 :at does su* a man contribute to r5d] be+ m be+8 ,if ! answ] be t he contributes !reto by ! fact t ! univ]sal ,man is only a =m1 :ile a p>ticul> man is a =m 9 matt]1 ! result w only be t a p>ticul> man w be less ( a man2 = reason 7t is1 ess5ce7 is weak] :5 x is 9 matt]4 ,if ! univ]sal ,man consi/ n only 9 =m itself1 b is also 9 matt]1 9 :at w he be inf]ior to ! =m ( ! man :o is 9 matt]1 s9ce x w be ! reason ( ! man :i* is 9 matt]8 ,by its nature ! univ]sal is ant]ior1 & consequ5tly ! =m is ant]ior to ! individual4 ,n[ t :i* by its nature is ant]ior is an absolute ant]ior4 ,h[ !n w\ld ! univ]sal be less 9 be+8 ,d\btless ! individual1 be+ bett] kn[n to u1 is ant]ior = u2 b no diff]5ce 9 ! ?+s !mselves results4#cgg ,besides1 if we 7 to admit ! di/9ction betwe5 prim>y & second>y be+s1 ! def9ition ( be+ w\ld no long] be "o2 = t :i* is fir/ & t :i* is second are n compris$ "u "o s+le def9ition1 & d n =m a s+le & same g5us4 ,,bodies ,,may ,,be ,,classifi$ ,,n ,,only ,,by ,,=ms2 ,,b ,,by ,,qualities2 ,,etc4 #aj4 ,bodies may also be di/+ui%$ by heat or dryness1 wetness or cold1 or 9 any o!r desir$ mann]1 by tak+ two qualities simultane\sly1 !n consid]+ ^! ?+s z a composition & mixture1 & ceas+ at ! comb9ation !re(4 ,or1 bodies may be divid$ 9 t]re/rial bodies1 t dwell on ! e>?1 or di/ribute !m accord+ to _! =ms1 & ! diff]5ces ( animals2 by classify+ n ! animals !mselves1 b _! bodies1 :i* are _! in/rum5ts1#cgh z x 74 ,x is prop] to e/abli% a classification accord+ to ! =ms1 z x is equally reasonable to classify bodies accord+ to _! qualities1 su* z heat1 cold1 & s =?4 ,if x be object$ t bodies are con/itut$ r by _! qualities1 x may be answ]$ t !y are j z mu* classifi$ by _! bl5ds1 _! colors1 & _! figures4 ,:5 analyz+ s5se-be+1 x is n unreasonable to classify x accord+ to ! diff]5ces t appe> to ! s5ses4#cgi ,?is 7be+7 does n possess absolute 7,ess5ce72 x is ! totality ( ! matt] & qualities :i* con/itutes ! s5se-be+1 s9ce we h said t its hypo/atic exi/5ce consi/s 9 ! union ( ! ?+s p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses1 & t x is accord+ to ! te/imony ( _! s5ses t m5 believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( ?+s4 ,,bodies ,,are ,,classifiable ,,accord+ ,,to ,,specific ,,=ms4 ,! composition ( ! bodies be+ v>i$1 !y may also be classifi$ accord+ to ! specific =ms ( ! animals4 ,su*1 = in/ance1 w\ld be ! specific =m ( a man unit$ to a body2 = ?is =m is a quality ( body1 & x is reasonable to analyze x accord+ to ! qualities4 ,if x %\ld be object$ t we h said above t "s bodies are simple1 :ile o!rs are composite1 ?us contra/+ ! simple & ! composite1 we %all answ] t1 )\t reg>d+ _! composition1 we h also said t !y are ei!r brute or organiz$4 ,! classification ( bodies %\ld n be f\nd$ on ! contra/ betwe5 ! simple & ! composite1 b1 z we fir/ did1 we may classify ! simple bodies 9 ! fir/ rank4 ,!n1 by consid]+ _! bl5d+s1 "o may />t f ano!r pr9ciple to det]m9e ! diff]5ces (f]$ by ! composites "u ! respect ( _! figure or _! location2 ?us1 = in/ance1 bodies might be classifi$ 9 cele/ial & t]re/rial4 ,?is may close our consid]ation ( s5se-be+1 or g5]ation4 ,,def9ition ,,( ,,quantity4 #aa4 ,let u n[ pass to quantity & quantitatives4 ,:5 treat+ ( quantity1 we h already said t x consi/s 9 numb] & dim5sion1 9 s f> z "s ?+ possesses su* a quantity1 t is1 9 ! numb] ( mat]ial ?+s1 & 9 ! ext5sion ( ! subject4#chj ,"h inde$ we are n treat+ ( ab/ract quantity1 b ( a quantity :i* causes a piece ( wood to measure ?ree feet1 or t horses are five 9 numb]4 ,consequ5tly1 z we h said1 we %\ld call ext5sion & numb] 7consid]$ f ! concrete viewpo9t7 quantitatives2 b ?is "n c\ld c\ld be appli$ nei!r to "t nor space2 "t1 be+ ! measure ( movem5t1#cha re-ent]s into relation2 & place1 be+ t :i* conta9s ! body1#chb consi/s ( a mann] ( be+1 & consequ5tly1 9 a relation4 7,s mu* ! less %\ld we call "t & place quantitatives1 z7 movem5t1 ?\gh cont9u\s1 does n ei!r belong to ! g5us ( quantity4 ,,l>ge ,,& ,,small ,,are ,,conceptions ,,belong+ ,,to ,,quantity4 ,%\ld l>ge & small be classifi$ )9 ! g5us ( quantity8 ,yes3 = ! l>ge is l>ge by a c]ta9 dim5sion1 & dim5sion is n a relation4 ,z to great] & small]1 !y belong to relation2 = a ?+ is great] or small] 9 relation to some?+ else1 j z :5 x is d\ble4 ,:y !n d we sometimes say t a m\nta9 is l>ge1 & t a gra9 ( millet is small8 ,:5 we say t a m\nta9 is small1 we use ! latt] t]m in/ead ( small]2 = !y :o use ?is expression !mselves ackn[l$ge t !y call a m\nta9 small only by comp>+ x to o!r m\nta9s1 :i* implies t "h little /&s = small]4 ,likewise1 :5 we say t a gra9 ( millet is l>ge1 ?is does n mean l>ge 9 any absolute s5se1 b l>ge only = a gra9 ( millet2 :i* implies t "o comp>es x to ?+s ( ! same k9d1 & t "h l>ge means l>g]4#chc ,,beauty ,,is ,,classifi$ ,,along ,,) ,,! ,,relatives4 ,:y !n d we n also classify ! beautiful among ! relatives8 ,because beauty is su* by itself1 because x con/itutes a quality1 :ile m beautiful is a relative4 ,nev]!less ! ?+ :i* is call$ beautiful w\ld sometimes appe> ugly1 if x 7 comp>$ to "s o!r1 z1 = in/ance1 if we 7 to contra/ ! beauty ( m5 ) t ( ! gods2 h5ce ! expression 7( ,h]aclitus's#chd73 ,! mo/ beautiful ( monkeys w\ld be ugly if comp>$ ) an animal ( a diff]5t k9d4 ,:5 beauty is pr$icat$ ( some?+1 x is consid]$ 9 itself2 x might p]haps be call$ m beautiful or m ugly if x 7 comp>$ to ano!r4 ,h5ce x results t1 9 ! g5us ( :i* we are treat+1 an object is 9 itself great because ( ! pres5ce ( greatness1 b n 9 respect to "s o!r4 ,o!rwise1 we w\ld be oblig$ to d5y t a ?+ 0 beautiful because ( ! exi/5ce ( "s m beautiful "o4 ,nei!r !re=e mu/ we d5y t a ?+ is great because !re is only "o great] ?an x2 = great] c\ld n exi/ )\t great1 any m ?an m beautiful )\t beautiful4 ,,quantity ,,admits ,,( ,,contr>ies 7,,polemic ,,aga9/ ,,ari/otle74#che #ab4 ,x mu/ !re=e be admitt$ t quantity admits ( contr>ies4 ,ev5 our ?\ght admits ( contr>ies :5 we say great & small1 s9ce we !n conceive ( contr>ies1 z :5 we say1 mu* & little2 = mu* & little are 9 ! same condition z great & small4 ,sometimes x is said1 ,at home !re are _m p1 & by ?is is int5d$ a 7relatively7 great numb]2 = 9 ! latt] case x is a relative4 ,likewise x is said1 ,!re are few p 9 ! !atre1 in/ead ( say+1 !re are less p1 7relatively72 b :5 "o uses ! ^w _m a great multitude 9 numb] mu/ be und]/ood4 ,,h[ ,,multitude ,,is ,,classifi$ ,,) ,,relatives4 ,h[ !n is multitude classifi$ among relatives8 ,x =ms "p ( relatives 9 t multitude is an ext5sion ( numb]1 :ile its contr>y is a contraction4 ,likewise is x ) cont9u\s dim5sion2 we conceive ( x z prolong$4 ,quantity !re=e has a d\ble orig93 progression ( unity1 & ( ! po9t4 ,if ei!r progression cease promptly1 ! fir/ "o produces little1 & ! second1 small4 ,if bo? be prolong$1 !y produce mu*1 & l>ge4 ,:at !n is ! limit t det]m9es ^! ?+s8 ,! same "q may be ask$ ab\t ! beautiful1 & ab\t w>m?2 = !re is also w>m]2 only1 ! latt] is a relative1 :ile ,w>m1 tak5 absolutely1 is a quality4 ,z !re is a reason ( ! beautiful 7a reason t w\ld produce & det]m9e ! beautiful71 likewise !re mu/ be a reason = ! ,great1 a reason by p>ticipation 9 :i* an object becomes great1 z ! reason ( ! ,beautiful makes beautiful4 ,su* are ! ?+s = :i* quantity admits contr>ies4 ,,!re ,,is ,,no ,,contr>y ,,= ,,place4 ,= space1 !re is no contr>y1 because /rictly space does n belong to ! g5us ( quantity4 ,ev5 if space 7 "p ( quantity1 high w\ld n be ! contr>y ( any?+ unless ! univ]se conta9$ also l[4 ,! t]ms high & l[1 appli$ to p>ts1 signify only high] & l[] ?an some?+ else4 ,x is s also ) "r & left1 :i* are relatives4 ,,classification ,,( ,,syllables ,,& ,,spee*4 ,syllables & spee* are quantitatives2 !y might be subjects 9 respect to quantity1 b only s by accid5t4 ,inde$1 ! voice1 by itself1 is a movem5t1#chf x mu/ !re=e be r$uc$ to movem5t & action4 ,,discrete ,,quantity ,,q ,,di/9ct ,,f ,,cont9u\s ,,quantity4 #ac4 ,we h already expla9$ t discrete quantity is cle>ly di/+ui%$ f cont9u\s quantity1 bo? by its own def9ition1 & ! g5]al def9ition 7= quantity74#chg ,we may add t numb]s are di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r by be+ ev5 & odd4 ,if besides !re be o!r diff]5ces amid/ ! ev5 & odd numb]s1 ^! diff]5ces w h to be ref]r$ to ! objects 9 :i* are ! numb]s1 or to ! numb]s compos$ ( unities1 & n any m to ^? :i* exi/ 9 s5se-be+s4 ,if reason sep>ate s5se-?+s f ! numb]s !y conta91 no?+ h9d]s u !n f attribut+ to ^! numb]s ! same diff]5ces 7z to ! numb]s compos$ ( unities74#chh ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,cont9u\s ,,quantity4 ,:at di/9ctions are admitt$ by cont9u\s quantity8 ,!re is ! l9e1 ! surface1 & ! solid2 = ext5sion may exi/ 9 "o1 two or ?ree dim5sions 7& ?us c\nt ! num]ical elem5ts ( cont9u\s size7 in/ead ( e/abli%+ species4#chi ,9 numb]s ?us consid]$ z ant]ior or po/]ior to ea* o!r1 !re is no?+ 9 common1 :i* w\ld con/itute a g5us4 ,likewise 9 ! fir/1 second & ?ird increases 7( a l9e1 surface1 & solid7 !re is no?+ 9 common2 b z f> z quantity is f\nd1 !re is also equality 7& inequality71 al?\gh !re be no ext5sion :i* is quantitative m ?an any o!r4#cij ,h[ev]1 "o may h dim5sions great] ?an ano!r4 ,x is !re=e only 9 s f> z !y are all numb]s1 t numb]s c h any?+ 9 common4 ,p]haps1 inde$1 x is n ! monad t begets ! pair1 nor ! pair t begets ! triad1 b x may be ! same pr9ciple :i* begets all ! numb]s4 ,if numb]s be n d]ivative1 b exi/ by !mselves1 we may1 at lea/ )9 our own ?\ght1 consid] !m z begott5 7or1 d]ivative74 ,we conceive ( ! small] numb] z ! ant]ior1 ! great] z po/]ior4 ,b numb]s1 z su*1 may all be r$uc$ to unity4 ,,/udy ,,( ,,geometrical ,,figures4 ,! me?od ( classification adopt$ = numb]s may be appli$ to sizes1 & ?us di/+ui% ! l9e1 ! surface1 & ! solid or body1 because ^? are sizes :i* =m diff]5t species4 ,if besides ea* ( ^! species 7 to be divid$1 l9es might be subdivid$ into /raight1 curv$ & spiral2 surfaces into /raight & curv$2 solids into r\nd or polyh$ral bodies4 ,fur!r1 z geomet]s d1 may come ! triangle1 ! quadrilat]al1 & o!rs4 ,,/udy ,,( ,,! ,,/raight ,,l9e4 #ad4 ,b :at ab\t ! /raight l9e8 ,is x n a magnitude8 ,possibly2 b if x be a magnitude1 x is a qualifi$ "o4#cia ,x is ev5 possible t /raightness con/itutes a diff]5ce ( ! 7v nature ( !7 l9e1 z l9e1 = /raightness ref]s solely to a l9e2 & besides1 we (t5 d$uce ! diff]5ces ( ,ess5ce f its qualities4 ,t a /raight l9e is a quantity add$ to a diff]5ce does n cause its be+ compos$ ( ! l9e1 & ( ! prop]ty ( /raightness2 =1 7 x ?us compos$1 /raightness w\ld be its *ief diff]5ce4 ,,/udy ,,( ,,! ,,triangle4 ,n[ let u consid] ! triangle1 :i* is =m$ ( ?ree l9es4 ,:y %\ld x n belong to quantity8 ,w\ld x be s1 because x is n con/itut$ by ?ree l9es m]ely1 b by ?ree l9es arrang$ 9 "s p>ticul> mann]8 ,b a quadrilat]al w\ld also be con/itut$ by f\r l9es arrang$ 9 "s p>ticul> mann]4 7,b be+ arrang$ 9 "s p>ticul> mann] does n h9d] a figure f be+ a quantity74 ,! /raight l9e1 inde$1 is arrang$ 9 "s p>ticul> mann]1 & is none ! less a quantity4 ,n[ if ! /raight l9e be n simply a quantity1 :y c\ld ?is n also be said ( a limit$ l9e8 ,= ! limit ( ! l9e is a po9t1 & ! po9t does n belong to any g5us o!r ?an ! l9e4 ,consequ5tly1 a limit$ surface is also a quantity1 because x is limit$ by l9es1 :i* ev5 m belong to quantity4 ,if !n ! limit$ surface be conta9$ 9 ! g5us ( quantity1 :e!r ! surface be a triangle1 a quadrilat]al1 a hexagon1 or any o!r polygon1 all figures :atev] w belong to ! g5us ( quantity4 ,b if we assign$ ! triangle or quadrilat]al to ! g5us ( quality m]ely because we are speak+ ( "s "o def9ite triangle or quadrilat]al1 no?+ w\ld h9d] "o & ! same ?+ f be+ subsum$ "u sev]al categories4 ,a triangle w\ld !n be a quantity s f> z x 0 bo? a g5]al & p>ticul> magnitude1 & w\ld be a quality by virtue ( its possess+ a p>ticul> =m4 ,! same might be pr$icat$ ( ! ,triangle 9 itself because ( its possess+ a p>ticul> =m2 & s also ) ! sph]e4 ,by foll[+ ?is l9e ( argum5t1 geometry w\ld be turn$ into a /udy ( qualities1 in/ead ( t ( quantities1 :i* ( c\rse x is4 ,! exi/+ diff]5ces betwe5 magnitudes d n deprive !m ( _! prop]ty ( be+ magnitudes1 j z ! diff]5ce betwe5 ess5ces does n affect _! ess5tiality4 ,besides1 e surface is limit$1 because an inf9ite surface is impossible4 ,fur!r1 :5 ,i consid] a diff]5ce t p]ta9s to ess5ce1 ,i call x an ess5tial diff]5ce4 ,s mu* ! m1 on consid]+ figures1 ,i am consid]+ diff]5ces ( magnitude4 ,= if ! diff]5ces 7 n ( magnitude1 ( :at w\ld !y be diff]5ces8 ,if !n !y be diff]5ces ( magnitude1 ! diff]5t magnitudes :i* are d]iv$ f diff]5ces ( magnitude %\ld be classifi$ accord+ to ! species con/itut$ by !m 7:5 consid]$ 9 ! light ( be+ magnitudes74 ,,geometry ,,/udies ,,quantities1 ,,n ,,qualities4 #ae4 ,b h[ c y qualify ! prop]ties ( quantity s z to call !m equal or unequal8#cib ,is x n usual to say ( two triangles t !y are simil>8 ,c\ld we n also pr$icate simil>ity ( two magnitudes8 ,d\btless1 = :at is call$ simil>ity1#cic does n conflict ) simil>ity or dissimil>ity 9 ! g5us ( quantity4#cid ,"h1 inde$1 ! ^w simil>ity is appli$ to magnitudes 9 a s5se o!r ?an to quality4 ,besides1 if 7,ari/otle7 said t ! prop]ty *>act]i/ic ( quantities is to enable !m to be call$ equal or unequal1 ?is does n conflict ) pr$icat+ simil>ity ( "s ( !m4 ,b z x has be5 said t ! special *>act]i/ic ( qualities is to admit ( be+ call$ simil> or dissimil>1 we mu/1 z has already be5 expla9$1 und]/& simil>ity 9 a s5se o!r ?an :5 x is appli$ to magnitudes4 ,if simil> magnitudes be id5tical1 we mu/ !n consid] ! o!r prop]ties ( quantity & quality :i* might be pres5t 9 !m 7s z cle>ly to contra/ _! diff]5ces74 ,x may also be said t ! t]m simil>ity applies to ! g5us ( quantity s f> z ?is conta9s diff]5ces 7:i* di/+ui% f ea* o!r simil> magnitudes74 ,,diff]5ces ,,:i* ,,complete ,,! ,,be+ ,,mu/ ,,be ,,prefix$ ,,to ,,t ,,to ,,:i* ,,!y ,,ref]4 ,9 g5]al1 ! diff]5ces :i* complete a be+ %\ld be classifi$ along ) t ( :i* !y are ! diff]5ces1 especially :5 a diff]5ce belongs to a s+le subject4 ,if a diff]5ce complete ! be+ ( a subject1 & d n complete ! be+ ( ano!r1 ?is diff]5ce %\ld be classifi$ along ) ! subject ^: be+ x completes1 leav+ t ^: be+ x does n complete = sep>ate consid]ation4 ,by ?is we d n mean complet+ ! ,be+ 9 g5]al1 b complet+ "s p>ticul> be+1 s t ! subject spok5 ( z a p>ticul> "o admits no fur!r ess5tial addition4 ,we !re=e h ! "r to say t triangles1 or t quadrilat]als1 z well z surfaces & solids1 are equal1 & to pr$icate equality or inequality ( quantitative entities4 ,b we yet h to /udy :e!r quality only c be said to be simil> or dissimil>4#cie ,,:e!r ,,quality ,,only ,,c ,,be ,,call$ ,,simil> ,,or ,,dissimil>4 ,:5 we 7 treat+ ( ?+s t 7 qualifi$1 we _h already expla9$ t matt]1 unit$ to quantity1 & tak5 ) o!r ?+s1 con/itutes s5se-be+2 t ?is be+ seems to be a composite ( sev]al ?+s1 t x is n prop]ly a :atness1#cif b r qualification 7or1 qualifi$ ?+74 ,! 7sem9al7 reason1 = in/ance t ( fire1 has m ( a ref]5ce to :atness1 :ile ! =m t ! reason begets is r a qualification4 ,likewise1 ! 7sem9al7 reason ( man is a :atness1 :il/ ! =m t ?is reason gives to ! body1 be+ only an image ( reason1 is r a qualification4 ,?us if ! ,socrates t we see 0 ! g5u9e ,socrates1 8 m]e portrait compos$ ( no m ?an colors w\ld also be call$ ,socrates4 ,likewise1 al?\gh ?is 7sem9al7 reason ( ,socrates be t :i* con/itutes ! g5u9e ,socrates1 we nev]!less also apply ! "n ( ,socrates to ! man t we see2 yet ! colors1 or ! figure ( ! ,socrates we see1 are only ! image ( ^? :i* are conta9$ by 8 7sem9al7 reason4 ,likewise1 ! reason ( ,socrates is itself only an image ( ! v]itable reason 7( ! idea7 ( ! man4 ,?is is our solution ( ! problem4#cig ,,! ,,v>i\s ,,t]ms ,,express+ ,,quality4 #af4 ,:5 we sep>ately consid] ea* ( ! ?+s :i* compose s5se-be+ & :5 we wi% to designate ! quality :i* exi/s among !m1 we mu/ n call x :atness1 any m ?an quantity or movem5t1 b r "n x a *>act]i/ic1 employ+ ! expressions su*1 z1 & ?is k9d4 ,we are ?us enabl$ to indicate beauty & ugl9ess1 su* z !y are 9 ! body4 ,inde$1 s5se-beauty is no m ?an a figure ( spee*1#cdc 9 respect to intelligible beauty2 x is likewise ) quality1 s9ce black & :ite are also completely diff]5t 7f _! reason1 or _! idea74 ,,! ,,sem9al ,,reason ,,h>monizes ,,) ,,its ,,appe>+ ,,actualization4 ,is ! cont5t ( 7sem9al7 reason & ( a p>ticul> reason1 id5tical ) :at appe>s1 or does x apply !reto only by a figure ( spee*8#cdc ,%\ld x prop]ly be classifi$ among ! intelligible1 or ! s5se-objects8 ,s5sual beauty ( c\rse evid5tly diff]s f intelligible beauty2 b :at ( ugl9ess--9 :i* classification does x belong8 ,mu/ virtue be classifi$ among intelligible or s5sual qualities1 or %\ld we locate "s 9 ea* class8 7,all ?is unc]ta9ty is excusable1 inasmu*7 z x may be ask$ :e!r ev5 ! arts1 :i* are reasons1 %\ld be classifi$ among s5se-qualities8 ,if ^! reasons be unit$ to a matt]1 !y mu/ h matt] z _! v s\l4 ,b :at is _! condition "h bel[1 :5 unit$ to "s matt]8 ,^! reasons are 9 a case simil> to song accompani$ by a lyre2#cih ?is song1 be+ utt]$ by a s5se-voice1 is 9 relation ) ! /r+s ( ! lyre1 :ile simultane\sly be+ "p ( ! art 7:i* is "o ( ^! sem9al reasons74 ,likewise1 x might be said t virtues are actualizations1 & n p>ts 7( ! s\l74 ,are !y s5se-actualizations8 7,?is seems probable71 = al?\gh ! beauty conta9$ 9 ! body be incorporeal1 we /ill classify x among ! ?+s :i* ref] to ! body1 & belong to x4 ,z to ari?metic1 & geometry1 two diff]5t k9ds mu/ be di/+ui%$3 ! fir/ k9d deals ) visible objects1 & mu/ be classifi$ among s5se-objects2 b ! second k9d deals ) /udies suitable to ! s\l1 & %\ld !re=e be classifi$ among intelligible entities4 ,plato#cii consid]s t music & a/ronomy are 9 ! same condition4 ,,_m ,,o!r ,,conceptions ,,belong ,,among ,,s5se-,,qualities4 ,?us ! arts :i* relate to ! body1 :i* make use ( ! organs1 & :i* consult ! s5ses1 are really dispositions ( ! s\l1 b only ( ! s\l z appli$ to corporeal objects2 & consequ5tly1 !y %\ld be classifi$ among s5se-qualities4#djj ,"h also belong practical virtues1 su* z are impli$ by civil duties1 & :i*1 in/ead ( rais+ ! s\l to intelligible entities1 fructify 9 ! actions ( political life1 & ref] to !m1 n z a necessity ( our condition1 b z an occupation pref]able to ev]y?+ else4#dja ,among ^! qualities we %all h to classify ! beauty conta9$ 9 ! 7sem9al7 reason1 &1 s mu* ! m1 black & :ite4 ,,9 ,,spite ,,( ,,?is ,,classification ,,! ,,s\l ,,h]self ,,rema9s ,,incorporeal4 ,b is ! s\l h]self a s5se-be+1 if %e be dispos$ 9 a p>ticul> way1 & if %e conta9 p>ticul> reasons 7t is1 faculties1 virtues1 sci5ces & arts1 all ( :i* ref] to ! body1 & :i* h be5 classifi$ z s5se-qualities78#djb ,x has already be5 expla9$ t ^! reasons !mselves are n corporeal2 b t !y h be5 classifi$ among s5se-qualities only because !y ref]r$ to ! body1 & to ! actions !reby produc$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z s5se-quality has be5 def9$ z ! meet+ ( all ! above enum]at$ entities1 x is impossible to classify incorporeal ,be+ 9 ! same g5us z ! s5sual be+4 ,z to ! qualities ( ! s\l1 !y are all d\btless incorporeal1 b z !y are exp]i5ces 7or1 suff]+s1 or1 passions7 :i* ref] to t]re/rial ?+s1 !y mu/ be classifi$ 9 ! g5us ( quality1 j z ! reasons ( ! individual s\l4 ,( ! s\l we mu/ !re=e pr$icate exp]i5ce1 h[ev] divid+ ! latt] 9 two elem5ts1 "o ( :i* w\ld ref] to ! object to :i* x is appli$1 & ! o!r to ! subject 9 :i* x exi/s4#djc ,?\gh !n ^! exp]i5ces _c be consid]$ z corporeal qualities1 yet x mu/ be admitt$ !y relate to ! body4#djd ,on ! o!r h&1 al?\gh we classify ^! exp]i5ces 9 ! g5us ( quality1 /ill ! s\l h]self %\ld n be r$uc$ to ! rank ( corporeal be+4 ,la/1 :5 we conceive ( ! s\l z )\t exp]i5ces1 & )\t ! reasons above-m5tion$1 we are !reby classify+ h] along ) ! ,_w f :i* %e desc5ds1#dje & we leave "h bel[ no intelligible be+1 ( any k9d :atev]4 ,,qualities ,,are ,,classifi$ ,,z ,,corporeal ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,s\l4 #ag4 ,qualities1 !re=e1 %\ld be classifi$ z ( ! body1 & ( ! s\l4#djf ,ev5 ?\gh all ! s\ls1 z well z _! immat]ial qualities1 be consid]$ z exi/+ on high1 yet _! inf]ior qualities mu/ be divid$ accord+ to ! s5ses1 ref]r+ ^! qualities ei!r to sight1 he>+1 feel+1 ta/e1 or smell4 ,"u sight1 we w classify ! diff]5ces ( colors2 "u he>+1 t ( ! s\nds2 & likewise1 ) ! o!r s5ses4 ,z to ! s\nds1 inasmu* z !y h b a s+le quality1 !y w h to be classifi$ accord+ to _! be+ s(t1 h>%1 agreeable1 & ! l4 ,,diff]5ces ,,( ,,be+ ,,%\ld ,,be ,,di/+ui%$ ,,accord+ ,,to ,,quality4 ,x is by quality t we di/+ui% ! diff]5ces :i* inh]e 9 be+1 z well z ! actualizations1 ! beautiful or ugly actions1 & 9 g5]al1 all t is p>ticul>4 ,only v r>ely d we discov] 9 quantity diff]5ces :i* con/itute species2 s mu* is ?is ! case1 t x is g5]ally divid$ by its *>act]i/ic qualities4 ,we mu/ !re=e leave quantity aside1 & t leads u to wond] h[ we may divide quality itself 7s9ce x is made use ( to di/+ui% o!r ?+s74#djg ,,diff]5ce ,,( ,,quality ,,_c ,,be ,,di/+ui%$ ,,by ,,s5sation4 ,:at sort ( diff]5ces1 inde$1 might we use to e/abli% su* divisions1 & f :at g5us w\ld we draw !m8 ,x seems absurd to classify quality by quality itself4 ,?is is j z if ! diff]5ce ( be+s 7 to be call$ be+s4 ,by :at inde$ c\ld "o di/+ui% :ite f black1 & colors f ta/es & s5sations ( t\*8 ,if we di/+ui% ! diff]5ce ( ^! qualities by ! s5se-organs1 ^! diff]5ces w\ld no long] exi/ 9 ! subjects4 ,h[ inde$ c\ld "o & ! same s5se di/+ui% ! diff]5ce ( ! qualities x p]ceives8 ,is x because c]ta9 ?+s ex]cise an action t is con/ructive or de/ructive on ! eyes1 or ! tongue8 ,we w\ld !n h to ask :at is ! con/ructive or de/ructive elem5t 9 ! s5sations ?us excit$8 ,yet1 ev5 7 ?is answ]$1 su* an answ] w\ld n expla9 :]e9 ^! ?+s diff]4#djg ,,diff]5ce ,,9 ,,effects ,,is ,,limit$ ,,to ,,! ,,intelligibles4 ,a fur!r possibility is t ^! ?+s %\ld be classifi$ accord+ to _! effects1 & t x is reasonable to d s ) invisible entities1 su* z sci5ces2 b ?is w\ld n be applicable to s5se-objects4 ,:5 inde$ we divide sci5ces by _! effects1 & :51 9 g5]al1 we classify !m accord+ to ! p[]s ( ! s\l1 by conclud+ f ! div]sity ( _! effects t !y diff]1 our m9d grasps ! diff]5ce ( ^! p[]s1 & x det]m9es n only ) :at objects !y deal1 b x also def9es _! reason 7or1 ess5ce74 ,let u admit t x is easy to di/+ui% arts accord+ to _! reasons1 & accord+ to ! notions !y include2 b is x possible to divide corporeal qualities 9 t mann]8 ,ev5 :5 "o /udies ! intelligible _w1 !re is room = d\bt z to h[ ! diff]5t reasons di/+ui% !mselves f ea* o!r2 x is easy en\gh to see t :ite diff]s f black2 b 9 :at does x d s8 ,,x ,,is ,,absurd ,,to ,,di/+ui% ,,be+1 ,,qualities ,,& ,,diff]5ces ,,by ,,!mselves4 #ah4 ,all ! que/ions we h ask$ %[ t we d\btless mu/ seek to discov] ! diff]5ces ( ! v>i\s 7be+s71 s z to di/+ui% !m f ea* o!r2 b t x is z impossible z x is unreasonable to inquire :at are ! diff]5ces ( ! diff]5ces !mselves4#djh ,be+ ( be+s1 quantities ( quantities1 qualities ( qualities1 diff]5ces ( diff]5ces _c be discov]$2 b we %\ld1 :]ev] possible1 classify ext]ior objects1 ei!r accord+ to _! effects1 or accord+ to sali5t *>act]i/ics4 ,:5 ?is is impossible1 objects %\ld be di/+ui%$1 z = in/ance d>k f light gre54 ,b h[ is :ite di/+ui%$ f black8 ,s5sation or intellig5ce tell u t ^? ?+s are diff]5t )\t in=m+ u ( _! reason2 ei!r s5sation1 because its function is n to set =? ! reason ( ?+s1 b only to br+ !m someh[ to our att5tion2 or intellig5ce1 because x disc]ns ?+s t are simple by intuition1 )\t hav+ to resort to ratioc9ation1 & limits itself to ! /atem5t t some?+ is su* or su*4 ,besides1 9 ea* "o ( ! op]ations ( intellig5ce !re is a diff]5ce 7a special di/9ctive *>act]i/ic7 :i* enables x to di/+ui% diff]5t ?+s1 )\t ?is diff]5ce 7:i* is prop] to ea* ( ! op]ations ( intellig5ce7 itself hav+ ne$ to be disc]n$ by ! help ( "s o!r diff]5ce4 ,,"s ,,qualities ,,are ,,diff]5ces4 ,are all qualities diff]5ces1 or n8 ,:it5ess1 colors1 qualities p]ceiv$ by t\* & ta/e1 may become diff]5ces betwe5 diff]5t objects1 ?\gh !y !mselves be species4 ,b h[ d ! sci5ces ( gramm> or ( music con/itute diff]5ces8 ,! sci5ce ( gramm> r5d]s ! m9d grammatical1 & ! sci5ce ( music r5d]s ! m9d musical1 especially if !y be untaught2 & ^! ?us become specific diff]5ces4 ,besides1 we h to consid] :e!r a diff]5ce be drawn f ! same g5us 7f :i* ! consid]$ ?+s are drawn71 or f "s o!r g5us4 ,if x be drawn f ! same g5us1 x fulfils1 = ! ?+s ( ?is g5us1 ! same function z does a quality to ! quality to :i* x s]ves z diff]5ce4 ,su* are virtue & vice2 virtue is a p>ticul> habit1 & vice is also a p>ticul> habit2 consequ5tly1 z habits are qualities1 ! diff]5ces ( ^! habits 7ei!r ( virtue or vice7 w be qualities4 ,x may p]haps be object$ t a habit )\t diff]5ce is n a quality1 & t x is ! diff]5ce alone :i* con/itutes ! quality4#dji ,we w answ] t x is 7commonly7 said t sweet is good1 & t bitt] is bad2 ?is !n implies a recognition ( _! diff]5ce by a habit 7a mann] ( be+71 & n by a quality4 ,:at if sweet be said to be crude1 or ?ick & bitt]1 ?9 or ref9$8 ,! answ] is t co>s5ess does n in=m u ( ! nature ( sweetness1 b indicates a mann] ( be+ ( :at is sweet2 & simil>ly1 ) :at is ref9$4 ,,!re ,,are ,,diff]5ces ,,:i* ,,are ,,n ,,qualities4 ,!re rema9s = u to exam9e if a diff]5ce ( a quality nev] be a quality1 z t ( a be+ is n a be+1 nor t ( a quantity1 a quantity4 ,does five diff] f ?ree by two8 ,no3 five does n diff] f ?ree1 x only exce$s x by two4 ,h[ inde$ c\ld five diff] f ?ree by two1 :5 five conta9s two8 ,likewise1 a movem5t does n diff] f a movem5t by a movem5t4 ,z to virtue & vice1 "h is "o :ole oppos$ to ano!r :ole1 & x is ?us t ! :oles are di/+ui%$4 ,if a di/9ction 7 drawn f ! same g5us1 t is1 f quality1 in/ead ( f\nd+ itself on ano!r g5us2 z1 = in/ance1 if "o said t su* a vice ref]r$ to pleasures1 "s o!r to ang]1 "s o!r to acquisitiv5ess1 & if "o 7 to admit t su* a classification 0 good2 x w\ld evid5tly result t !re are diff]5ces t are n qualities4 ,,v>i\s ,,d]ivatives ,,( ,,! ,,category ,,( ,,quality4 #ai4 ,z has be5 indicat$ above1 ! g5us ( quality conta9s ! 7be+s7 :i* are said to be qualifi$ 7qualitative entities71 inasmu* z !y conta9 "s quality 7z1 = in/ance1 ! h&some man1 s f> z he is end[$ ) beauty74#daj ,^! 7be+s7 h[ev] d n prop]ly belong to ?is g5us1 = o!rwise !re w\ld "h be two categories4 ,x suffices to r$uce !m to ! quality :i* supplies _! "n4 ,s non-:it5ess1 if x indicate "s color o!r ?an :ite1 is a quality2 if x express m]ely a negation1 or an enum]ation1 x is only a ^w1 or a t]m :i* recalls ! object2 if x be a ^w1 x con/itutes a movem5t 7s f> z x is produc$ by ! vocal organ72 if x be a "n or a t]m1 x con/itutes1 s f> z x is a significative1 a relative4 ,if ?+s be class$ n only by g5]a1 if x be admitt$ t ea* ass]tion & expression proclaim a g5us1 our answ] mu/ be t "s affirm ?+s by _! m]e ann\ncem5t1 & t o!rs d5y !m4 ,x may p]haps be be/ n to include negations 9 ! same g5us z ?+s !mselves1 s9ce1 to avoid m+l+ sev]al g5]a1 we (t5 d n include affirmations4 ,z to privations1 x may be rem>k$ t if ! ?+s ( :i* !re are privations are qualities1 !n ! privations !mselves are qualities1 z too?less1 or bl9d4#daa ,b nak$ & 7its contr>y7 clo!d are nei!r ( !m qualities2 !y r con/itute habits1 & ?us belong among relatives4 ,passion1 at ! mom5t x is felt1 does n con/itute a quality1 b a movem5t2 :5 x has be5 exp]i5c$1 & has become durable1 x =ms a quality2#daj fur!r1 if ! 7be+7 :i* has exp]i5c$ ! passion h kept none ( x1 x w h to be describ$ z hav+ be5 mov$1 :i* am\nts to ! same ?+ z really be+ mov$4 ,h[ev]1 9 ?is case1 ! conception ( "t w h to be ab/ract$ f t ( movem5t2 = we mu/ n add ! conception ( ! pres5t to t ( movem5t4#dab ,f9ally1 7! adv]b7 well1 & ! o!r analog\s t]ms may be r$uc$ to ! simple notion ( ! g5us ( quality4 ,x rema9s to exam9e if we mu/ ref] to ! g5us ( quality be+ r$ )\t also do+ s = r$d5+#daj = blu%+ does n belong to x1 because he :o blu%es suff]s 7exp]i5ces71 or is mov$4 ,b z soon z he ceases blu%+1 if he h already blu%$1 ?is is a quality2 = quality does n dep5d on "t1 b consi/s 9 be+ su* or su*2 :5ce x foll[s t hav+ blu%$ is a quality4 ,!re=e we %all reg>d z qualities only habits1 & n m]e dispositions2#daj be+ w>m1 = in/ance1 & n w>m+ up2 be+ sick1 b n becom+ sick4 ,,contr>9ess ,,is ,,n ,,! ,,greate/ ,,possible ,,diff]5ce4 #bj4 ,does e quality h an opposite8#daj ,z to vice & virtue1 !re is1 betwe5 ! extremes1 an int]m$i>y quality :i* is ! opposite ( bo?1#daa b1 ) colors1 ! int]m$i>ies are n contr>ies4 ,?is might be expla9$ away on ! gr\nd t ! int]m$i>y colors are bl5ds ( ! extreme colors4 ,h[ev]1 we ought n to h divid$ colors 9 extremes & int]m$i>ies1 & oppos$ !m to ea* o!r2 b r h divid$ ! g5us ( color into black & :ite1 & !n h %[n t o!r colors are compos$ ( ^! two1 or diff]5tiat$ ano!r color t w\ld be int]m$iate1 ev5 ?\gh composite4 ,if x be said t int]m$i>y colors are n opposite to ! extremes because opposition is n compos$ ( a simple diff]5ce1 b ( a maximal diff]5ce1#dac x w h to be answ]$ t ?is maximal diff]5ce results f hav+ int]pos$ int]m$i>ies2 if ^! 7 remov$1 ! maximal diff]5ce w\ld h no scale ( comp>ison4 ,to ! objection t yell[ approximates :ite m ?an black1 & t ! s5se ( sight supports ?is cont5tion2 t x is ! same ) liquids :]e !re is no int]m$i>y betwe5 cold & hot2 x mu/ be answ]$ t :ite & yell[ & o!r colors comp>$ to ea* o!r simil>ly likewise diff] completely2 &1 because ( ?is _! diff]5ce1 con/itute contr>y qualities2 !y are contr>y1 n because !y h int]m$i>ies1 b because ( _! *>act]i/ic nature4 ,?us heal? & sickness are contr>ies1 ?\gh !y h no int]m$i>ies4 ,c\ld x be said t !y are contr>ies because _! effects diff] maximally8 ,b h[ c\ld ?is diff]5ce be recogniz$ z maximal s9ce !re are no int]m$i>ies :i* %[ ! same *>act]i/ics at a less degree8 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 heal? & sickness c\ld n !re=e be demon/rat$ to be maximal4 ,consequ5tly1 opposit5ess w h to be analyz$ z some?+ else ?an maximal diff]5ce4 ,does ?is mean only a great diff]5ce8 ,!n we mu/ 9 return ask :e!r ?is great mean great] by opposition to some?+ small]1 or great absolutely8 ,9 ! fir/ case1 ! ?+s :i* h no int]m$i>y c\ld n be opposites2 9 ! second1 z x is easily grant$ t !re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 "o nature & ano!r1 & z we h no?+ great] to s]ve z measure = ?is di/ance1 we %all h to exam9e by :at *>act]i/ics opposit5ess might be recogniz$4 ,,contr>ies ,,are ,,^? ,,?+s ,,t ,,lack ,,resemblance4 ,to beg9 )1 resemblance does n mean only belong+ to ! same g5us1 nor m]e confusion f m or less num]\s *>act]i/ics1 z1 = in/ance1 by _! =ms4 ,?+s t possess resemblance1 !re=e1 are n opposites4 ,only ?+s :i* h no?+ id5tical 9 respect to species are opposites2#dad ?\gh we mu/ add t !y mu/ belong to ! same g5us ( quality4 ,?us1 ?\gh !y h no int]m$i>ies1 we c classify z opposites ! ?+s :i* betray no resemblance to ea* o!r2 9 :i* are f\nd only *>act]i/ics :i* d n approximate ea* o!r1 & be> no k9d ( analogy to ea* o!r4 ,consequ5tly1 objects :i* h some?+ 9 common 9 ! respect ( colors c\ld n be contr>ies4 ,besides1 n ev]y?+ is ! contr>y ( e o!r ?+2 b "o ?+ is only ! contr>y ( "s o!r2 & ?is is ! case ) ta/es z well z ) colors4 ,b en\gh ( all ?is4 ,,qualities ,,admit ,,( ,,degree4 ,does a quality admit ( m or less8#daj ,evid5tly ! objects :i* p>ticipate 9 qualities p>ticipate !re9 m or less4 ,b ! *ief "q is :e!r !re be degrees 9 virtue or ju/ice8 ,if ^! habits possess a c]ta9 latitude1 !y h degrees4 ,if !y h no latitude1 !y are n susceptible ( m or less4 ,,reasons ,,:y ,,movem5t ,,is ,a ,,category4 #ba4 ,let u pass to movem5t4#dae ,admitt$ly movem5t is a g5us ) ! foll[+ *>act]i/ics3 fir/1 movem5t _c be r$uc$ to any o!r g5us2 !n1 no?+ high] 9 ! scale ( be+ c be pr$icat$ ( x2 la/1 x reveals a great numb] ( diff]5ces :i* con/itute species4 ,,movem5t ,,_c ,,be ,,r$uc$ ,,to ,,any ,,high] ,,g5us4 ,to :at g5us c\ld 7movem5t7 be r$uc$8 ,x con/itutes nei!r ! be+ nor ! quality ( ! 7be+7 9 :i* x exi/s4 ,x is n ev5 r$ucible to action1 = 9 passion 7or1 exp]i5ce7 !re are sev]al k9ds ( movem5ts2 & x is ! actions & passions :i* are r$ucible to movem5t4 ,fur!r1 movem5t ne$ n necess>ily be a relative m]ely because movem5t does n exi/ 9 itself1 t x belongs to "s be+1 & t x exi/s 9 a subject2 o!rwise1 we %\ld h to classify quality also z a relation2 = quality belongs to "s 7be+7 & exi/s 9 a subject2 x is n s h[ev]1 ) a quantity4 ,x might be object$ t1 ?\gh ea* ( !m exi/ 9 "s subject1 ! "o by virtue ( its be+ a quality1 & ! o!r1 ( be+ a quantity1 !y !mselves are n any ! less species ( ess5ces4 ,! same argum5t w\ld apply to movem5t2 ?\gh x belong to "s subject1 x is some?+ be=e belong+ to a subject1 & we mu/ consid] :at x is 9 itself4 ,n[ :at is relative is n at fir/ some?+ by itself1 & !n ! pr$icate ( some?+ else2#daf b :at is born ( ! relation exi/+ betwe5 two objects1 is no?+ else outside ! relation to :i* x owes its "n2 ?us ! d\ble1 s f> z x is call$ d\bl5ess1 is nei!r begott51 nor exi/s except 9 ! comp>ison e/abli%$ betwe5 x & a half1 s9ce1 n be+ conceiv$ ( be=e1 x owes its "n & its exi/5ce to ! comp>ison ?us e/abli%$4 ,,is ,,*ange ,,ant]ior ,,to ,,movem5t8 ,:at !n is movem5t8 ,:ile belong+ to a subject1 x is some?+ by itself be=e belong+ to a subject1 z are quality1 quantity1 & be+4 ,to beg9 )1 no?+ is pr$icat$ be=e x1 & ( x1 z a g5us4 ,is *ange#dag ant]ior to movem5t8 ,"h *ange is id5tical ) movem5t1 or if *ange is to be consid]$ a g5us1 x w =m a g5us to be add$ to ^? already recogniz$4 ,besides1 x is evid5t t1 on ?is hypo!sis1 movem5t w become a species1 & to x w be oppos$1 z ano!r species1 g5]ation1 z1 = in/ance1 g5]ation is a *ange1 b n a movem5t4#dah ,:y !n %\ld g5]ation n be a movem5t8 ,is x because :at is g5]at$ does n yet exi/1 & because movem5t c\ld n exi/ 9 non-be+8 ,consequ5tly1 nei!r w g5]ation be a *ange4 ,or is ?is s because g5]ation is an alt]ation & increase1 & because x presupposes t c]ta9 ?+s are alt]$1 & increase8 ,to speak ?us is to busy ourselves ) ?+s t prec$e g5]ation4 ,g5]ation presupposes production ( "s o!r =m2 = g5]ation does n consi/ 9 an alt]ation passively und]gone1 su* z be+ w>m$1 or be+ :it5$2 su* effects c\ld be produc$ be=e realization ( ! g5]ation4 ,:at !n occurs 9 g5]ation8 ,!re is alt]ation4 ,g5]ation consi/s 9 ! production ( an animal or plant1 9 ! reception ( a =m4 ,*ange is mu* m reasonably to be consid]$ a species1 ?an movem5t2 because ! ^w *ange means t "o ?+ takes ! place ( ano!r1 :ile movem5t signifies ! actualization by :i* a be+ passes f :at is prop] to x1 to :at is n1 z 9 ! translation f "o place to ano!r4 ,if t be n admitt$ 7to def9e movem5t71 x w at lea/ h to be ackn[l$g$ t ! action ( /udy+ x1 z t ( play+ ! lyre1 & 9 g5]al1 all ! movem5ts t modify a habit1 w\ld be subsum$ )9 our def9ition4 ,alt]ation !re=e c\ld n be any?+ else b a species ( movem5t2 s9ce x is a movem5t :i* produces passage f "o /ate to ano!r4#dai ,,def9ition ,,( ,,alt]ation4 #bb4 ,grant+ t alt]ation is ! same ?+ z movem5t1 s f> z ! result ( movem5t is to r5d] some?+ o!r ?an x 01 7we /ill h to ask7 :at !n is movem5t8 ,to indulge 9 a figurative expression1#cdc x is ! passage ( pot5tiality to ! actualization ( :i* x is ! pot5tiality4#dbj ,,movem5t ,,z ,a ,,=m ,,( ,,p[]4 ,let u1 inde$1 suppose1 t some?+ :i* =m]ly 0 a pot5tiality succe$s 9 assum+ a =m1 z pot5tiality t becomes a /atue1 or t passes to actualization1 z a man's walk4#dba ,9 ! case :]e ! metal becomes a /atue1 ?is passage is a movem5t2 9 ! case ( ! walk+1 ! walk itself is a movem5t1 l ! dance1 ) "o :o is capable ( x4 ,9 ! movem5t ( ! fir/ k9d1 :]e ! metal passes into ! condition ( be+ a /atue1 !re is ! production ( ano!r =m :i* is realiz$ by ! movem5t4#dbb ,! movem5t ( ! second k9d1 ! dance1 is a simple =m ( ! pot5tiality1 &1 :5 x has ceas$1 leaves no?+ t subsi/s aft] x4#dbc ,,movem5t ,,is ,,active ,,=m1 ,,& ,,cause ,,( ,,o!r ,,=ms4 ,we are !re=e ju/ifi$ 9 call+ movem5t an active =m t is ar\s$1 by opposition to ! o!r =ms :i* rema9 inactive4 7,!y may be s nam$71 :e!r or n !y be p]man5t4 ,we may add t x is ! cause ( ! o!r =ms1 :5 x results 9 produc+ some?+ else4 ,?is 7s5se-7 movem5t may also be call$ ! life ( bodies4 ,i say ?is movem5t1 because x be>s ! same "n z ! movem5ts ( ! intellig5ce1 & ^? ( ! s\l4 ,,que/ions ,,ab\t ,,movem5t4 ,:at fur!r proves t movem5t is a g5us1 is t x is v difficult1 if n impossible1 to grasp x by a def9ition4 ,b h[ c x be call$ a =m :5 its result is det]ioration1 or some?+ passive8 ,x may !n be comp>$ to ! w>m+ influ5ce ( ! rays ( ! sun1 :i* ex]ts on "s ?+s an influ5ce t makes !m gr[1 :ile o!r ?+s x %rivels4 ,9 bo? cases1 ! movem5t has some?+ 9 common1 & is id5tical1 s f> z x is a movem5t2 ! diff]5ce ( its results is due to ! diff]5ce ( ! be+s 9 :i* x op]ates4 ,are !n gr[+ sick & convalesc5ce id5tical8 ,yes1 s f> z !y are movem5ts4 ,is _! diff]5ce !n due to _! subjects1 or to any?+ else8 ,?is "q we w consid] fur!r on1 :ile /udy+ alt]ation4 ,n[ let u exam9e ! elem5ts common to all movem5ts2 9 t way we %all be able to prove t movem5t is a g5us4 ,,common ,,elem5t ,,9 ,,gr[?1 ,,increase ,,& ,,g5]ation4 ,fir/1 ! ^w movem5t c be us$ 9 diff]5t s5ses1 j z ess5ce1 :5 consid]$ a g5us4 ,fur!r1 z we h already said1 all ! movem5ts by :i* "o ?+ arrives at a natural /ate1 or produces an action suitable to its nature1 con/itute s _m species4 ,!n1 ! movem5ts by :i* "o ?+ arrives at a /ate contr>y to its nature1 h to be consid]$ z analog\s to t to :i* !y lead4 ,b :at common elem5t is !re 9 alt]ation1 gr[? & g5]ation1 & _! contr>ies8 ,:at is !re 9 common betwe5 ^! movem5ts1 & ! displacem5t 9 space1 :5 y consid] ! f\r movem5ts1 z su*8#dbe ,! common elem5t is t ! mov$ ?+1 aft] ! movem5t1 is no long] 9 ! =m] /ate2 t x no m rema9s quiet1 & does n re/ s long z ! movem5t la/s4 ,x ceaselessly passes to ano!r /ate1 alt]s1 & does n rema9 :at x 02 = ! movem5t w\ld be va9 if x did n make "o ?+ o!r ?an x 04 ,consequ5tly o!rness does n consi/ 9 "o ?+ becom+ o!r ?an x 01 & !n p]si/+ 9 ?is o!r /ate1 b 9 ceaseless alt]ation4 ,?us1 "t is always diff]5t f :at x 0 because x is produc$ by movem5t2 = x is movem5t measur$ 9 its m>* & n 9 its limit ( motion1 or /opp+ po9t2 x foll[s1 c>ri$ away 9 its c\rse4 ,fur!r1 "o *>act]i/ic common to all k9ds ( movem5t is t x is ! m>* 7or process7 by :i* pot5tiality & possibility pass into actualization2 = e object 9 movem5t1 :atev] be ! nature ( ?is movem5t1 succe$s 9 mov+ only because x =m]ly possess$ ! p[] ( produc+ an action1 or ( exp]i5c+ ! passion ( "s p>ticul> nature4 ,,movem5t ,,= ,,s5se-,,objects4 #bc4 ,= s5se-objects1 :i* receive _! impulse f )\t1 movem5t is a /imulus :i* agitates !m1 excites !m1 presses !m1 prev5ts !m f slumb]+ 9 in]tia1 f rema9+ ! same1 & makes !m pres5t an image ( life by _! agitation & cont9ual mutations4 ,besides1 "o mu/ n confuse ! ?+s t move ) movem5t2 walk+ is n ! feet1 b an actualization ( ! p[] connect$ ) ! feet4 ,n[ z ?is p[] is invisible1 we p]ceive only ! agitation ( ! feet2 we see t _! pres5t /ate is q diff]5t f t 9 :i* !y w\ld h be51 _h !y rema9$ 9 place1 & t !y h "s addition1 :i* h[ev]1 is invisible4 ,?us1 be+ unit$ to objects o!r ?an itself1 ! p[] is p]ceiv$ only accid5tally1 because "o notices t ! feet *ange place1 & d n re/4 ,likewise1 alt]ation 9 ! alt]$ object1 is recogniz$ only by failure to discov] 9 x ! same quality z be=e4 ,,movem5t ,,z ,,influx4 ,:at is ! seat ( a movem5t act+ on an object by pass+ f int]nal p[] to actualization8 ,is x 9 ! motor8 ,h[ w t :i* is mov$ & :i* suff]s be able to receive x8 ,is x 9 ! movable elem5t8 ,:y does x n rema9 9 ! mov]8 ,movem5t mu/ !re=e be consid]$ z insep>able f ! mov]1 al?\gh n exclusively2 x mu/ pass f ! mov] into ! mobile 7elem5t7 )\t ceas+ to be connect$ ) ! mov]1 & x mu/ pass f ! mov] to ! mov$ l a brea? 7or influx74#dbf ,:5 ! motive p[] produces locomotion1 x gives u an impulse & makes u *ange place ceaselessly2 :5 x is calorific1 x heats2 :51 meet+ matt]1 x imp>ts !reto its natural organization1 & produces increase2 :5 x removes some?+ f an object1 ?is object decreases because x is capable !re(2 la/1 :5 x is ! g5]ative p[] :i* ent]s into action1 g5]ation occurs2 b if ?is g5]ative p[] be weak] ?an ! de/ructive p[]1 !re occurs de/ruction1 n ( :at is already produc$1 b ( :at 0 9 ! process ( production4 ,likewise1 convalesc5ce takes place z soon z ! =ce capable ( produc+ heal? acts & dom9ates2 & sickness occurs1 :5 ! opposite p[] produces a contr>y effect4 ,consequ5tly1 movem5t mu/ be /udi$ n only 9 ! ?+s 9 :i* x is produc$1 b also 9 ^? t produce x or transmit x4 ,! prop]ty ( movem5t consi/s !re=e 9 be+ a movem5t end[$ ) "s p>ticul> quality1 or be+ some?+ def9ite 9 a p>ticul> ?+4 ,,movem5t ,,( ,,displacem5t ,,is ,,s+le4 #bd4 ,z to movem5t ( displacem5t1 we may ask if asc5d+ be ! opposite ( desc5d+1 9 :at ! circul> movem5t diff]s f ! rectil9e> movem5t1 :at diff]5ce obta9s 9 ?r[+ an object at ! head or at ! feet4 ,! diff]5ce is n v cle>1 = 9 ^! cases ! motive p[] is ! same4 ,%all we say t !re is "o p[] :i* causes rais+1 & ano!r t l[]s1 especially if ^! movem5ts be natural1 & if !y be ! result ( lightness or heav9ess8 ,9 bo? cases1 !re is some?+ 9 common1 namely1 direction t[>ds its natural place1 s t ! diff]5ce is d]iv$ f ext]ior circum/ances4 ,inde$1 9 circul> & rectil9e> movem5t1 if someone move ! same object 9 turn circul>ly & 9 a /raight l9e1 :at diff]5ce is !re 9 ! motive p[]8 ,! diff]5ce c\ld be d]iv$ only f ! figure 7or outw>d appe>ance7 ( ! movem5t1 unless x %\ld be said t ! circul> movem5t is composite1 t x is n a v]itable movem5t1 & t x does n produce any *ange by itself4 ,9 all ( ^! cases1 ! movem5t ( displacem5t is id5tical1 & pres5ts only adv5titi\s diff]5ces4 ,,explanation ,,( ,,composition ,,& ,,decomposition4 #be4 ,( :at d composition 7bl5d+1 or mixture7 & decomposition consi/8 ,d !y con/itute o!r k9ds ( movem5t ?an ^? already notic$1 g5]ation & de/ruction1 gr[? & decrease1 movem5t ( displacem5t & alt]ation8 ,%all composition & decomposition be r$uc$ to "s "o ( ^! k9ds ( motion1 or %all we look at ?is process inv]sely8 ,if composition consi/ 9 approximat+ "o ?+ to ano!r1 & 9 jo9+ !m toge!r2 & if1 on ! o!r h&1 decomposition consi/ 9 sep>at+ ! ?+s :i* 7 jo9$1 we h "h only two movem5ts ( displacem5t1 a unit+1 & a sep>at+ "o4 ,we %\ld be able to r$uce composition & decomposition to "o ( ! above recogniz$ k9ds ( motion1 if we 7 to ackn[l$ge t ?is composition 0 m+l+1#dbg comb9ation1 fusion1 & union--a union :i* consi/s 9 two ?+s unit+1 & n 9 be+ already unit$4 ,inde$1 composition includes fir/ ! movem5t ( displacem5t1 & !n an alt]ation2 j z1 9 increase1 !re 0 fir/ ! movem5t ( displacem5t1 & !n movem5t 9 ! k9d ( ! quality4#dbh ,likewise1 "h !re is fir/ ! movem5t ( displacem5t1 !n ! composition or decomposition1 accord+ z ?+s approximate or sep>ate4#dbi ,(t5 also decomposition is accompani$ or foll[$ by a movem5t ( displacem5t1 b ! ?+s :i* sep>ate und]go a modification diff]5t f ! movem5t ( displacem5t2 simil>ly1 composition is a modification :i* foll[s ! movem5t ( displacem5t1 b :i* has a diff]5t nature4 ,,composition ,,& ,,decomposition ,,are ,,n ,,alt]ations4 ,%all we h to admit t composition & decomposition are movem5ts :i* exi/ by !mselves1 & analyze alt]ation into !m8 ,cond5sation is expla9$ z und]go+ an alt]ation2 t means1 z becom+ composite4 ,on ! o!r h&1 r>efaction is also expla9$ z und]go+ an alt]ation1 namely1 t ( decomposition2 :51 = in/ance1 "o m+les wat] & w9e1 ea* ( ^! two ?+s becomes o!r ?an x 01 & x is ! composition :i* has op]at$ ! alt]ation4 ,we w answ] t "h composition & decomposition no d\bt prec$e c]ta9 alt]ations1 b ^! alt]ations are some?+ diff]5t ?an compositions & decompositions4 ,o!r alt]ations 7c]ta9ly7 are n compositions & decompositions1 = nei!r c cond5sation nor r>efaction be r$uc$ to ^! movem5ts1 nor are !y compos$ ( !m4 ,o!rwise1 x w\ld be necess>y to ackn[l$ge ! 7exi/5ce (7 empt9ess4 ,besides1 h[ c\ld y expla9 blackness & :it5ess1 z be+ compos$ ( composition & decomposition8 ,?is doctr9e w\ld de/roy all colors & qualities1 or at lea/1 ! great] "p ( !m2 = if all alt]ation1 t means1 all *ange ( quality1 consi/$ 9 a composition or decomposition1 ! result w\ld n be ! production ( a quality1 b an aggregation or disaggregation4 ,h[ inde$ c\ld y expla9 ! movem5ts ( tea*+ & /udy+ by m]e composition8 ,,movem5ts ,,divid$ ,,9 ,,natural1 ,,artificial1 ,,& ,,volunt>y4 #bf4 ,let u n[ exam9e ! diff]5t k9ds ( movem5ts4 ,%all we classify movem5ts ( displacem5t 9 movem5ts upw>ds & d[nw>ds1 rectil9e> or curvil9e>1 or 9 movem5ts ( animate & inanimate be+s8 ,!re is inde$ a diff]5ce betwe5 ! movem5t ( inanimate be+s1 & t ( animate be+s2 & ^! latt] h diff]5t k9ds ( motion1 su* z walk+1 fly+1 & swimm+4 ,_! movem5ts c\ld also be analyz$ 9 two o!r ways1 accord+ z x 0 con=mable to1 or aga9/ _! nature2 b ?is w\ld n expla9 ! out] diff]5ces ( movem5ts4 ,p]haps ! movem5ts !mselves produce ^! diff]5ces1 & d n exi/ )\t !m2 nev]!less1 x is nature t seems to be ! pr9ciple ( ! movem5ts1 & ( _! ext]ior diff]5ces4 ,x w\ld fur!r be possible to classify movem5ts z natural1 artificial1 & volunt>y2 ( ! natural1 !re are alt]ation & de/ruction2 ( ! artificial1 !re are ! build+ ( h\ses1 & con/ruction ( vessels2 ( ! volunt>y1 !re are m$itation1 le>n+1 devot+ oneself to political occupations1 &1 9 g5]al1 speak+ & act+4 ,la/1 we might1 9 gr[?1 alt]ation & g5]ation1 di/+ui% ! natural movem5t1 & t contr>y to nature2 or ev5 e/abli% a classification f\nd$ on ! nature ( ! subjects 9 :i* ^! movem5ts occur4 ,,di/9ction ,,betwe5 ,,/ability ,,& ,,/illness4 #bg4 ,let u n[ /udy /ability or /illness1 :i* is ! contr>y ( movem5t4#dbe ,are we to consid] x itself a g5us1 or to r$uce x to "s "o ( ! kn[n g5]a8 ,fir/1 /ability r suits ! intelligible _w1 & /illness ! s5se-_w4 ,let u n[ exam9e /illness4 ,if x be id5tical ) /ability1 x is useless to look = x "h bel[ :]e no?+ is /able1 & :]e app>5t /ability is 9 reality only a sl[] movem5t4 ,if /illness be diff]5t f /ability1 because ! latt] ref]s to :at is completely immovable1 & /illness to :at is actually fix$1 b is naturally movable ev5 :5 x does n actually move1 ! foll[+ di/9ction %\ld be e/abli%$4 ,if /illness "h bel[ be consid]$1 ?is re/ is a movem5t :i* has n yet ceas$1 b :i* is imm95t2 if by /illness is und]/ood ! complete cessation ( movem5t 9 ! mov$1 x w be necess>y to exam9e :e!r !re be any?+ "h bel[ t is absolutely )\t movem5t4 ,z x is impossible = "o ?+ to possess simultane\sly all ! species ( movem5t1 & z !re are necess>ily movem5ts t are n realiz$ 9 x--s9ce x is usual to say t "s p>ticul> movem5t is 9 some?+--:5 some?+ und]goes no displacem5t1 & seems /ill 9 respect to ?is movem5t1 %\ld "o n say ab\t x t 9 ?is respect x is n mov+8 ,/illness is !re=e ! negation ( movem5t4 ,n[ no negation con/itutes a g5us4 ,! ?+ we are consid]+ is at re/ only 9 respect to local movem5t2 /illness expresses !re=e only ! negation ( ?is movem5t4 ,,movem5t ,,is ,,m ,,?an ,,! ,,negation ,,( ,,re/4 ,x may p]haps be ask$1 :y is movem5t n r ! negation ( re/8 ,we %all !n answ] t movem5t 7is some?+ positive71 t x br+s some?+ ) x2 t x has "s effici5cy1 t x communicates an impulsion to ! subject1 t produces or de/roys _m ?+s2 /illness1 on ! contr>y1 is no?+ outside ( ! subject :i* is /ill1 & means no m ?an t ! latt] is /ill4 ,,9 ,,! ,,intelligible ,,/ability ,,does ,,n ,,imply ,,/illness4 ,b :y %\ld we n reg>d ! /ability ( intelligible ?+s also z a negation ( movem5t8 ,because /ability is n ! privation ( movem5t2 x does n beg9 to exi/ :5 movem5t ceases1 & x does n h9d] x f simultane\s exi/5ce ) x4 ,9 intelligible be+1 /ability does n imply ! cessation ( movem5t ( t ^: nature x is to move4#dcj ,on ! contr>y1 s f> z intelligible be+ is conta9$ 9 7or1 express$ by7 /ability1 x is /able2 s f> z x moves1 x w ev] move2 x is !re=e /able by /ability1 & movable by movem5t4 ,! body1 h[ev]1 is no d\bt mov$ by movem5t1 b x re/s only 9 ! abs5ce ( movem5t1 :5 x is depriv$ ( ! movem5t t x ought to h4 ,besides1 :at w\ld /ability be suppos$ to imply 7if x 7 suppos$ to exi/ 9 s5se-objects78 ,:5 somebody passes f sickness to heal?1 he ent]s on convalesc5ce4 ,:at k9d ( /illness %all we oppose to convalesc5ce8 ,%all we oppose to x t condition f :i* t man _h j issu$8 ,t /ate 0 sickness1 & n /ability4 ,%all we oppose to x ! /ate 9 :i* t man has j ent]$8 ,t /ate is heal?1 :i* is n id5tical ) /ability4 ,to say t sickness & heal? are ea* ( !m a sort ( /ability1 is to consid] sickness & heal? z species ( /ability1 :i* is absurd4 ,fur!r1 if x 7 said t /ability is an accid5t ( heal?1 x w\ld result t be=e /ability heal? w\ld n be heal?4 ,z to su* argum5ts1 let ea* reason accord+ to 8 fancy6 ,,conclusion ,,( ,,! ,,/udy4 #bh4 ,we h demon/rat$ t act+ & exp]i5c+ 7 movem5ts2 t1 among ! movem5ts1 "s are absolute1 :ile o!rs con/itute actions or passions4#dca ,we h also demon/rat$ t ! o!r ?+s t are call$ g5]a mu/ be r$uc$ to ! g5]a we h set =?4#dcb ,we h also /udi$ relation1 def9+ x z a habit1 a mann] ( be+ ( "o ?+ 9 respect ( ano!r1 :i* results f ! co-op]ation ( two ?+s2 we h expla9$ t1 :5 a habit ( be+ con/itutes a ref]5ce1 ?is ?+ is some?+ relative1 n s mu* z x is be+1 b z f> z x is a "p ( ?is be+1 z are ! h&1 ! head1 ! cause1 ! pr9ciple1 or ! elem5t4#dcc ,! relatives might be divid$ accord+ to ! s*eme ( ! anci5t 7philosoph]s71 by say+ t "s ( !m are effici5t causes1 :ile o!rs are measures1 t ! =m] di/+ui% !mselves by _! resemblances & diff]5ces1 :ile ! latt] consi/ 9 excess or 9 lack4 ,su* are our views ab\t ! 7categories1 or7 g5]a 7( exi/5ce74 ,,?ird ,,ennead1 ,,book ,,sev54 ,( ,"t & ,et]nity4#dce ,a4 ,,et]nity4 ,,introduction4 ,,et]nity ,,exi/s ,,p]petually1 ,,:ile ,,"t ,,becomes4 7#a47dcf ,:5 say+ t et]nity & "t diff]1 t et]nity ref]s to p]petual exi/5ce1 & "t to :at becomes 7?is visible _w71 we are speak+ (f-h&1 spontane\sly1 intuitionally1 & common language supports ^! =ms ( expression4 ,:5 h[ev] we try to def9e our conceptions !re( 9 great] detail1 we become emb>rass$2 ! diff]5t op9ions ( anci5t philosoph]s1 & (t5 ev5 ! same op9ions1 are int]pret$ diff]5tly4 ,we h[ev] %all limit ourselves to an exam9ation ( ^! op9ions1 & we believe t we c fulfil our task ( answ]+ all que/ions by expla9+ ! tea*+s ( ! anci5t philosoph]s1 )\t />t+ any m9ute disquisition ( our own4 ,we d inde$ insi/ t "s ( ^! anci5t philosoph]s1 ^! bless$ m5#dcg h a*iev$ ! tru?4 ,x rema9s only to decide :i* ( !m h done s1 & h[ we ourselves c grasp _! ?\ght4 ,,et]nity ,,is ,,! ,,model ,,( ,,its ,,image1 ,,"t4 ,fir/1 we h to exam9e t ( :i* et]nity consi/s1 accord+ to ^? :o consid] x z diff]5t f "t2 =1 by ga9+ a conception ( ! model 7et]nity71 we %all m cle>ly und]/& its image call$ "t4#dch ,if !n1 be=e obs]v+ et]nity1 we =m a conception ( "t1 we may1 by rem9isc5ce1 f "h bel[1 rise to ! contemplation ( ! model to :i* "t1 z its image1 resembles4 ,,relation ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,aeon ,,& ,,intelligible ,,be+4 #a4 7#b74 ,h[ %all we def9e ! aeon 7or1 et]nity78 ,%all we say t x is ! intelligible be+ 7or1 nature7 itself1 j z we might say t "t is ! heav5 & ! univ]se1 z has be5 done1 x seems1 by c]ta9 7,py?agorean7 philosoph]s8#dci ,inde$1 z we conceive & judge t ! aeon 7et]nity7 is some?+ v v5]able1 we ass]t ! same ( intelligible be+1 & yet x is n easy to decide :i* ( ! two %\ld occupy ! fir/ rank2 z1 on ! o!r h&1 ! pr9ciple :i* is sup]ior to !m 7! ,"o7 c\ld n be ?us describ$1 x w\ld seem t we w\ld h ! "r to id5tify intelligible be+ 7or1 nature71 & ! aeon 7or1 et]nity71 s mu* ! m z ! intelligible _w & ! aeon 7age1 or et]nity71 comprise ! same ?+s4 ,nev]!less1 7 we to place "o ( ^! pr9ciples )9 ! o!r1 we w\ld posit intelligible nature 7be+7 )9 ! aeon 7age1 or et]nity74 ,likewise1 :5 we say t an intelligible entity is et]nal1 z 7,plato7 does3#cdf ! nature ( ! model is et]nal1 we are !reby imply+ t ! aeon 7age or et]nity7 is some?+ di/9ct f intelligible nature 7be+71 ?\gh ref]r+ !reto1 z attribute or pres5ce4 ,! m]e fact t bo? ! aeon 7et]nity7 & intelligible nature 7be+71 are bo? v5]able does n imply _! id5tity2 ! v5]abl5ess ( ! "o may be no m ?an d]ivative f t ( ! o!r4 ,! argum5t t bo? comprise ! same entities w\ld /ill p]mit intelligible nature 7be+7 to conta9 all ! entities x conta9s z p>ts1 :ile ! aeon 7or age1 or et]nity7 might conta9 !m z :oles1 )\t any di/9ctions z p>ts2 x conta9s !m1 9 ?is respect1 t !y are call$ et]nal on its acc\nt4 ,,faults ,,( ,,! ,,def9ition ,,t ,,et]nity ,,is ,,at ,,re/1 ,,:ile ,,"t ,,is ,,9 ,,motion4 ,"s def9e et]nity z ! re/#ddj ( intelligible nature 7be+71 j l "t is def9$ z motion "h bel[4 ,9 ?is case we %\ld h to decide :e!r et]nity be id5tical ) re/ 9 g5]al1 or only 9 su* re/ z w\ld be *>act]i/ic ( intelligible nature 7be+74 ,if inde$ et]nity 7 to be id5tifi$ ) re/ 9 g5]al1 we w\ld fir/ h to obs]ve t re/ c\ld n be said to be et]nal1 any m ?an we c say t et]nity is et]nal1 = we only call et]nal t :i* p>ticipates 9 et]nity2 fur!r1 "u ?is hypo!sis1 we %\ld h to cle> up h[ movem5t c\ld ev] be et]nal2 = if x 7 et]nal1 x w\ld re/ 7or1 x w\ld /op74 ,besides1 h[ c\ld ! idea ( re/ ?us imply ! idea ( p]petuity1 n inde$ ( t p]petuity :i* is 9 "t1 b ( t ( :i* we conceive :5 speak+ ( ! aeonial 7or1 et]nal78 ,besides1 if ! re/ *>act]i/ic ( intelligible be+ 9 itself alone conta9 p]petuity1 ?is alone w\ld exclude f et]nity ! o!r g5]a 7or categories7 ( exi/5ce4 ,fur!r yet1 et]nity has to be conceiv$ ( z n only 9 re/1 b 7accord+ to ,plato#dch7 also 9 unity1 :i* is some?+ t excludes e int]val--o!rwise1 x w\ld become confus$ ) "t2--n[ re/ does n imply ! idea ( unity1 nor t ( an int]val4 ,aga91 we ass]t t et]nity resides 9 unity2 & !re=e p>ticipates 9 re/ )\t be+ id5tifi$ !re)4 ,,et]nity ,,z ,a ,,union ,,( ,,! ,,five ,,categories4 #b4 7#c74 ,:at !n is t ?+ by virtue ( :i* ! intelligible _w is et]nal & p]petual8 ,( :at does p]petuity consi/8 ,ei!r p]petuity & et]nity are id5tical1 or et]nity is relat$ to p]petuity4 ,evid5tly1 h[ev]1 et]nity consi/s 9 an unity1 b 9 an unity =m$ by multiple elem5ts1 9 a conception ( nature d]iv$ f intelligible entities1 or :i* is unit$ to !m1 or is p]ceiv$ 9 !m1 s t all ^! intelligible entities =m an unity1 ?\gh ?is unity be at ! same "t manifold 9 nature & p[]s4 ,?us contemplat+ ! manifold p[] ( ! intelligible _w1 we call be+ its sub/rate2 movem5t its life2 re/ its p]man5ce2 diff]5ce ! manifoldness ( its pr9ciples2 & id5tity1 _! unity4#dda ,syn!siz+ ^! pr9ciples1 !y fuse into "o s+le life1 suppress+ _! diff]5ce1 consid]+ ! inexhau/ible duration1 ! id5tity & immutability ( _! action1 ( _! life & ?\ght1 = :i* !re is nei!r *ange nor int]val4 ,! contemplation ( all ^! entities con/itutes ! contemplation ( et]nity2 & we see a life t is p]man5t 9 its id5tity1 :i* ev] possesses all pres5t ?+s1 :i* does n conta9 !m successively1 b simultane\sly2 ^: mann] ( exi/5ce is n diff]5t at v>i\s times1 b ^: p]fection is consummate & indivisible4 ,x !re=e conta9s all ?+s at ! same "t1 z 9 a s+le po9t1 )\t any ( !m dra9+ (f2 x resides 9 id5tity1 t is1 )9 itself1 und]go+ no *ange4 ,ev] be+ 9 ! pres5t1 because x nev] lo/ any?+1 & w nev] acquire any?+1 x is always :at x is4 ,et]nity is n intelligible exi/5ce2 x is ! 7light7 t radiates f ?is exi/5ce1 ^: id5tity completely excludes ! future & admits no?+ b pres5t exi/5ce1 :i* rema9s :at x is1 & does n *ange4 ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,! ,,intellig5ce ,,is ,,ev] ,,contemporane\s4 ,:at t x does n already possess c\ld 7intelligible exi/5ce7 possess lat]8 ,:at c\ld x be 9 ! future1 t x is n n[8 ,!re is no?+ t c\ld be add$ to or subtract$ f its pres5t /ate2 = x 0 n diff]5t f :at x is n[2 & x is n to possess any?+ t x does n necess>ily possess n[1 s t "o c\ld nev] say ( x1 x 02 = :at did x h t x does n n[ h8 ,nor c\ld x be said ( x1 x w be2 = :at c\ld x acquire8 ,x mu/ !re=e rema9 :at x is4 7,z ,plato ?\ght#dch71 t possesses et]nity ( :i* "o _c say ei!r x 01 or w be1 b only1 x is2 t ^: exi/5ce is immutable1 because ! pa/ did n make x lose any?+1 & because ! future w n make x acquire any?+4 ,!re=e1 on exam9+ ! exi/5ce ( intelligible nature1 we see t its life is simultane\sly entire1 complete1 & )\t any k9d ( an int]val4 ,t is ! et]nity we seek4 ,,et]nity ,,is ,,n ,,an ,,accid5t ,,( ,,! ,,intelligible1 ,,b ,,an ,,intimate ,,"p ,,( ,,its ,,nature4 #c4 7#d74 ,et]nity is n an extr9sic accid5t ( 7intelligible7 nature1 b is 9 x1 ( x1 & ) x4 ,we see t x is intimately inh]5t 9 7intelligible nature7 because we see t all o!r ?+s1 ( :i* we say t !y exi/ on high1 are ( & ) ?is 7intelligible7 nature2 = ! ?+s t occupy ! fir/ rank 9 exi/5ce mu/ be unit$ ) ! fir/ ,be+s1 & subsi/ !re4 ,?us ! beautiful is 9 !m1 & comes f !m2 ?us also does tru? dwell 9 !m4 ,!re ! :ole 9 a c]ta9 way exi/s )9 ! "p2 ! p>ts also are 9 ! :ole2 because ?is :ole1 really be+ ! :ole1 is n compos$ ( p>ts1 b begets ! p>ts !mselves1 a condition necess>y to its be+ a :ole4 ,9 ?is :ole1 besides1 tru? does n consi/ 9 ! agreem5t ( "o notion ) ano!r1 b is ! v nature ( ea* ( ! ?+s ( :i* x is ! tru?4 ,9 ord]1 really to be a :ole1 ?is real :ole mu/ be all n only 9 ! s5se t x is all ?+s1 b also 9 ! s5se t x lacks no?+4 ,9 ?is case1 no?+ w1 = x1 be 9 ! future2 = to say t1 = x1 some?+ w be = x implies t x lack$ some?+ be=e t1 t x 0 n yet all2 besides1 no?+ c happ5 to x aga9/ nature1 because x is impassible4 ,z no?+ c\ld happ5 to x1 = x no?+ is to be1 w be1 or has be54 ,,to ,,begott5 ,,?+s ,,! ,,future ,,is ,,necess>y2 ,,b ,,n ,,to ,,! ,,intelligible4 ,z ! exi/5ce ( begott5 ?+s consi/s 9 p]petually acquir+ 7some?+ or ano!r71 !y w be annihilat$ by a removal ( _! future4 ,an attribution ( ! future to ! 7intelligible7 entities ( a nature contr>y 7to begott5 ?+s71 w\ld degrade !m f ! rank ( exi/5ces4 ,evid5tly !y w n be consub/antial ) exi/5ce1 if ?is exi/5ce ( !irs be 9 ! future or pa/4 ,! nature 7be+7 ( begott5 ?+s on ! contr>y consi/s 9 go+ f ! orig9 ( _! exi/5ce to ! la/ limits ( ! "t beyond :i* !y w no long] exi/2 t is 9 :at _! future consi/s4#ddb ,ab/raction ( _! future dim9i%es _! life1 & consequ5tly _! exi/5ce4 ,t is also :at w happ5 to ! univ]se1 9 s f> z x w exi/2 x aspires to be+ :at x %\ld be1 )\t any int]ruption1 because x d]ives exi/5ce f ! cont9ual production ( fre% actualizations2 = ! same reason1 x moves 9 a circle because x desires to possess intelligible nature 7be+74 ,su* is ! exi/5ce t we discov] 9 begott5 ?+s1 su* is ! cause t makes !m ceaselessly aspire to exi/5ce 9 ! future4 ,! ,be+s t occupy ! fir/ rank & :i* are bless$1 h no desire ( ! future1 because !y are already all t x lies 9 !m to be1 & because !y possess all ! life !y are ev] to possess4 ,!y h !re=e no?+ to seek1 s9ce !re is no future = !m2 nei!r c !y receive )9 !mselves any?+ = :i* !re might be a future4 ,?us ! nature 7be+7 ( intelligible exi/5ce is absolute1 & entire1 n only 9 its p>ts1 b also 9 its totality1 :i* reveals no fault1 :i* lacks no?+1 & to :i* no?+ t 9 any way p]ta9s to non5tity c\ld be add$2 = intelligible exi/5ce mu/ n only embrace 9 its totality & univ]sality all be+s1 b x mu/ also receive no?+ t p]ta9s to non5tity4 ,x is ?is disposition & nature ( intelligible exi/5ce t con/itutes ! aeon 7or et]nity72 = 7accord+ to ,ari/otle7#ddc ?is ^w is d]iv$ f aei on1 be+ cont9ually4 ,,diff]5ce ,,betwe5 ,,et]nity ,,& ,,p]petuity4 #d4 7#e74 ,t ?is is ! /ate ( affairs appe>s :51 on apply+ "o's intellig5ce to ! contemplation ( "s ( ! intelligible ,entities1 x becomes possible to ass]t1 or r1 to see t x is absolutely incapable ( ev] hav+ und]gone any *ange2 o!rwise1 x w\ld n always exi/2 or r1 x w\ld n always exi/ entirely4 ,is x ?us p]petual8 ,d\btless2 its nature is su* t "o may recognize t x is always su* z x is1 & t x c\ld nev] be diff]5t 9 ! future2 s t1 %\ld "o lat] on aga9 contemplate x1 x w be f\nd simil> to itself 7un*ang$74 ,!re=e1 if we %\ld nev] cease f contemplation1 if we %\ld ev] rema9 unit$ !reto :ile admir+ its nature1 & if 9 t actualization we %\ld %[ ourselves indefatigable1 we w\ld succe$ 9 rais+ ourselves to et]nity2 b1 to be z et]nal z exi/5ce1 we mu/ n all[ ourselves to be 9 anyway di/ract$ f contemplat+ et]nity1 & et]nal nature 9 ! et]nal itself4 ,if t :i* exi/s ?us be et]nal1 & exi/s ev]1 evid5tly t :i* nev] l[]s itself to an inf]ior nature2 :i* possesses life 9 its fulness1 )\t ev] hav+ receiv$1 receiv+1 or be+ ab\t to receive any?+2 ?is nature w\ld be aidion1 or p]petual4 ,p]petuity is ! prop]ty con/itutive ( su* a sub/rate2 be+ ( x1 & 9 x4#ddc ,et]nity is ! sub/rate 9 :i* ?is prop]ty manife/s4 ,consequ5tly reason dictates t et]nity is some?+ v5]able1 id5tical ) ! div9ity4#ddd ,we might ev5 ass]t t ! age 7aion1 or et]nity7 is a div9ity t manife/s )9 itself1 & outside ( itself 9 its immutable & id5tical exi/5ce1 9 ! p]man5ce ( its life4 ,besides1 !re is no?+ to surprise any "o if 9 spite ( t we ass]t a manifoldness 9 ! div9ity4 ,e intelligible entity is manifoldness because inf9ite 9 p[]1 inf9ite 9 ! s5se t x lacks no?+2 x ex]cises ?is privilege peculi>ly because x is n subject to los+ any?+4 ,,et]nity ,,is ,,inf9ite ,,univ]sal ,,life ,,t ,,_c ,,lose ,,any?+4 ,et]nity1 !re=e1 may be def9$ z ! life t is at pres5t inf9ite because x is univ]sal & loses no?+1 z x has no pa/ nor future2 o!rwise x w\ld no long] be :ole4 ,to say t x is univ]sal & loses no?+ expla9s ! expression3 ! life t is at pres5t inf9ite4 ,,et]nity ,,is ,,sempit]nal ,,exi/5ce4 #e4 7#f74 ,z ?is nature t is et]nal & radiant ) beauty ref]s to ! ,"o1 issues f ,him1 & returns to ,him1 z x nev] sw]ves f ,him1 ev] dwell+ ar\nd ,him & 9 ,him1 & lives accord+ to ,him1 ,plato 0 q "r#dch 9 say+ n casually1 b ) great pr(undity ( ?\ght1 t et]nity is immutable 9 unity4 ,!reby ,plato n only r$uces ! et]nity to ! unity t x is 9 itself1 b also relates ! life ( exi/5ce to ! ,"o itself4 ,?is life is :at we seek2 its p]man5ce is et]nity4 ,inde$ t :i* rema9s 9 t mann]1 & :i* rema9s ! same ?+1 t is1 ! actualization ( t life :i* rema9s turn$ t[>ds1 & unit$ ) ! ,"o1 t ^: exi/5ce & life are n deceptive1 t truly is et]nity4 7,= intelligible or7 true exi/5ce is to h no "t :5 x does n exi/1 no "t :5 x exi/s 9 a diff]5t mann]2 x is !re=e to exi/ 9 an immutable mann] )\t any div]sity1 )\t be+ fir/ 9 "o1 & !n 9 ano!r /ate4 ,to conceive ( 7exi/5ce71 !re=e1 we mu/ nei!r imag9e int]vals 9 its exi/5ce1 nor suppose t x develops or acquires1 nor believe t x conta9s any succession2 consequ5tly we c\ld nei!r di/+ui% )9 x1 or ass]t )9 x ei!r be=e or aft]4 ,if x conta9 nei!r be=e nor aft]1 if ! true/ ?+ t c be affirm$ ( x be t x is1 if x exi/ z be+ & life1 "h aga9 is et]nity reveal$4 ,:5 we say t exi/5ce exi/s always1 & t !re is n "o "t 9 :i* x is1 & ano!r 9 :i* x is n1 we speak ?us only = ! sake ( great] cle>ness2 = :5 we use ! ^w always1 we d n take x 9 an absolute s5se2 b if we use x to %[ t exi/5ce is incorruptible1 x might well mislead ! m9d 9 lead+ x to issue out f ! unity 7*>act]i/ic ( et]nity7 to make x run ?r\gh ! manifold 7:i* is =eign to et]nity74 ,always fur!r indicates t exi/5ce is nev] defective4 ,x might p]haps be bett] to say simply exi/5ce4 ,b ?\gh ! ^w exi/5ce suffices to designate be+1 z sev]al philosoph]s h confus$ be+ ) g5]ation1 x 0 necess>y to cle> up ! mean+ ( exi/5ce by add+ ! t]m always4 ,inde$1 ?\gh we are ref]r+ only to "o & ! same ?+ by exi/5ce & exi/+ always1 j z :5 we say philosoph]1 & ! true philosoph]1 nev]!less1 z !re are false philosoph]s1 x has be5 necess>y to add to ! t]m philosoph]s ! adjective true4 ,likewise1 x has be5 necess>y to add ! t]m always to t ( exi/+1 & t ( exi/+ to t ( always2 t is ! d]ivation ( ! expression exi/+ always1 & consequ5tly 7by contraction71 aion1 or1 et]nity4 ,!re=e ! idea always mu/ be unit$ to t ( exi/+1 s z to designate ! real be+4 ,,! ,,creator1 ,,be+ ,,outside ,,( ,,"t1 ,,prec$es ,,! ,,univ]sal ,,only ,,z ,,its ,,cause4 ,always mu/ !re=e be appli$ to ! p[] :i* conta9s no int]val 9 its exi/5ce1 :i* has ne$ ( no?+ outside ( :at x possesses1 because x possesses ev]y?+1 because x is e be+1 & ?us lacks no?+4 ,su* a nature c\ld n be complete 9 "o respect1 b incomplete 9 ano!r4 ,ev5 if :at is 9 "t %\ld appe> complete1 z a body t suffices ! s\l appe>s complete1 ?\gh x be complete only = ! s\l2 t :i* is 9 "t ne$s ! future1 & consequ5tly is incomplete 9 respect to ! "t x /&s 9 ne$ (2 :5 x succe$s 9 enjoy+ ! "t to :i* x aspires1 & succe$s 9 becom+ unit$ !reto1 ev5 ?\gh x /ill rema9 imp]fect x /ill is call$ p]fect by v]bal simil>ity4 ,b ! exi/5ce ^: *>act]i/ic x is n to ne$ ! future1 n to be relat$ to any o!r "t--:e!r capable ( be+ measur$1 or indef9ite1 & /ill to be indef9ite--! exi/5ce t already possesses all x %\ld possess is ! v exi/5ce t our intellig5ce seeks out2 x does n d]ive its exi/5ce f any p>ticul> quality1 b exi/s be=e any quantity4 ,z x is n any k9d ( quantity1 x c\ld n admit )9 itself any k9d ( quantity4 ,o!rwise1 z its life w\ld be divid$1 x w\ld itself cease to be absolutely indivisible2 b exi/5ce mu/ be z indivisible 9 its life z 9 its nature 7be+74 7,plato's expression1#ddf7 ! ,creator 0 good does inde$ ref] to ! notion ( ! univ]se1 & indicates t1 9 ! ,pr9ciple sup]ior to ! univ]se1 no?+ began to exi/ at any p>ticul> "t4 ,nev]1 !re=e1 did ! univ]se beg9 to exi/ )9 "t1 because ?\gh its ,au?or exi/$ be=e x1 x 0 only 9 ! s5se t its au?or 0 ! cause ( its exi/5ce4 ,b1 aft] hav+ us$ ! ^w 01 to express ?is ?\ght1 ,plato imm$iately corrects himself1 & he demon/rates t ?is ^w does n apply to ! ,?+s t possess et]nity4 ,,to ,,/udy ,,"t ,,we ,,h ,,to ,,desc5d ,,f ,,! ,,intelligible ,,_w4 #f4 7#g74 ,speak+ ?us ( et]nity1 x is n any?+ =eign to u1 & we d n ne$ to consult ! te/imony ( anybody b ourselves4 ,= inde$1 h[ c\ld we und]/& any?+ t we c\ld n p]ceive8 ,h[ c\ld we p]ceive some?+ t w\ld be =eign to u8 ,we ourselves1 !re=e1 mu/ p>ticipate 9 et]nity4 ,b h[ c we d s1 s9ce we are 9 "t8 ,to und]/& h[ "o c simultane\sly be 9 "t & 9 et]nity1 x w be necess>y to /udy "t4 ,we mu/ !re=e desc5d f et]nity to /udy "t4 ,to f9d et]nity1 we h be5 oblig$ to rise to ! intelligible _w2 n[ we are oblig$ to desc5d !refrom to treat ( "t2 n inde$ desc5d+ !refrom entirely1 b only s f> z "t itself desc5d$ !refrom4 ,b4 ,,"t4 ,,! ,,op9ions ,,( ,,! ,,philosoph]s ,,ab\t ,,"t ,,mu/ ,,be ,,/udi$4 ,if ^? bless$ anci5t philosoph]s _h n already utt]$ _! views ab\t "t1 we w\ld only ne$ to add to ! idea ( et]nity :at we h to say ( ! idea ( "t1 & to set =? our op9ion on ! subject1 try+ to make x correspond ) ! already express$ notion ( et]nity4 ,b we n[ mu/ exam9e ! mo/ reasonable op9ions t h be5 advanc$ ab\t "t1 & obs]ve h[ f> our own op9ion may con=m !reto4 ,,"t ,,consid]$ ,,ei!r ,,z ,,motion2 ,,z ,,some?+ ,,movable2 ,,or ,,some?+ ,,( ,,motion4 ,to beg9 )1 we may divide ! g5]ally accept$ op9ions ab\t "t into ?ree classes3 "t z movem5t1 z some?+ movable1 or z "s "p ( movem5t4 ,x w\ld be too contr>y to ! notion ( "t to try to def9e x z re/1 z be+ at re/1 or z "s "p ( re/2 = "t is incompatible ) id5tity 7& consequ5tly ) re/1 & ) :at is at re/74 ,^? :o consid] "t z movem5t1 claim t x is ei!r any k9d ( movem5t1 or ! movem5t ( ! univ]se4 ,^? :o consid] x z some?+ movable are ?9k+ ( ! sph]e ( ! univ]se2 :ile ^? :o consid] "t z "s "p ( movem5t consid] x ei!r z ! int]val ( movem5t1 or z its measure1 or z "s consequ5ce ( movem5t 9 g5]al1 or regul> movem5t4 ,,polemic ,,aga9/ ,,! ,,/oics2 ,,"t ,,is ,,n ,,movem5t4 #g4 7#h74 ,"t _c 7z ! ,/oics claim1#ddg7 be movem5t4 ,nei!r c we ga!r toge!r all movem5ts1 s z to =m b a s+le "o1 nor c we consid] ! regul> movem5t only2 = ^! two k9ds ( motion are )9 "t4 ,if we 7 to suppose t !re 0 a movem5t t did n op]ate )9 "t1 su* a movem5t w\ld /ill be f> remov$ f be+ "t1 s9ce1 "u ?is hypo!sis1 ! movem5t itself is entirely diff]5t f t 9 :i* ! movem5t occurs4 ,amid/ ! _m reasons :i*1 9 pa/ & pres5t1 h be5 advanc$ to refute ?is op9ion1 a s+le "o suffices3 namely1 t movem5t c cease & /op1 :ile "t nev] susp5ds its flight4 ,to ! objection t ! movem5t ( ! univ]se nev] /ops1 we may answ] t ?is movem5t1 if x consi/ 9 ! circul> movem5t 7( ! />s1 accord+ to ,he/ius ( ,p]9?us2 or ( ! sun1 accord+ to ,erato/h5es#ddg7 op]ates )9 a def9ite "t1 at ! end ( :i* x returns to ! same po9t ( ! heav5s1 b x does n accompli% ?is )9 ! same space ( "t tak5 up 9 fulfill+ ! half ( its c\rse4 ,"o ( ^! movem5ts is only half ( ! o!r1 & ! second is d\ble4 ,besides1 bo?1 ! "o t runs ?r\gh half ( space1 & ! "o t runs ?r\gh ! :ole ( x1 are movem5ts ( ! univ]se4 ,besides1 x has be5 notic$ t ! movem5t ( ! ext]ior sph]e is ! swifte/4 ,?is di/9ction supports our view1 = x implies t ! movem5t ( ?is sph]e1 & ! "t us$ to op]ate x1 are diff]5t entities2 ! mo/ rapid movem5t is ! "o t takes up ! lea/ "t1 & runs ?r\gh ! greate/ am\nt ( space2 ! sl[e/ movem5ts are ^? t employ ! longe/ "t1 & run ?r\gh only a "p ( t space4#ddh ,,polemic ,,aga9/ ,,! ,,py?agoreans3 ,,"t ,,is ,,n ,,:at ,,is ,,movable4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if "t be n ! movem5t ( ! sph]e1 evid5tly x is f> less 7?an t :i* is movable1 z ?\ght ! ,py?agoreans1#ddi7 or 7z ,py?agoras ?\ght71 ! sph]e 7( heav57 itself1 z "s h ?\ght1 because x moves4 7,?is fact alone is suffici5t to refute ! op9ion t confuses "t ) t :i* is movable74 ,,polemic ,,aga9/ ,,! ,,/oic ,,z5o3 ,,"t ,,is ,,no ,,int]val ,,( ,,movem5t4 ,is "t !n "s "p ( movem5t8 7,z5o#dej7 calls x ! int]val ( movem5t2 b ! int]val is n ! same = all movem5ts1 ev5 if ! latt] 7 ( simil> nature2 = movem5ts t op]ate )9 space may be swift] or sl[]4 ,x is possible t ! int]vals ( ! mo/ rapid & ( ! sl[e/ movem5t might be measur$ by "s ?ird int]val1 :i* might f> m reasonably be consid]$ "t4 ,b :i* ( ^! ?ree int]vals %all be call$ "t8 ,r1 :i* ( all ! int]vals1 inf9ite 9 numb] z !y are1 %all "t be8 ,if "t be consid]$ ! int]val ( ! regul> movem5t1 x w n be ! p>ticul> int]val ( e regul> movem5t2 o!rwise1 z !re are sev]al regul> movem5ts1 !re w\ld be sev]al k9ds ( "t4 ,if "t be def9$ z ! int]val ( movem5t ( ! univ]se1 t is1 ! int]val conta9$ )9 ?is movem5t1 x w be no?+ else ?an ?is movem5t itself4 ,,p]si/5t ,,movem5t ,,& ,,its ,,int]val ,,are ,,n ,,"t1 ,,b ,,are ,,)9 ,,x4 ,besides1 ?is movem5t is a def9ite quantity4 ,ei!r ?is quantity w be measur$ by ! ext5sion ( ! space trav]s$1 & ! int]val w consi/ 9 t ext5sion2 b t ext5sion is space1 & n "t4 ,or we %all say t movem5t has a c]ta9 int]val because x is cont9u\s1 & t in/ead ( /opp+ imm$iately x always becomes prolong$2 b ?is cont9uity is no?+ else ?an ! magnitude 7t is1 ! duration7 ( ! movem5t4 ,ev5 ?\gh aft] consid]ation ( a movem5t x be e/imat$ z great1 z might be said ( a great heat--?is does n yet furni% any?+ 9 :i* "t might appe> & manife/2 we h "h only a sequ5ce ( movem5ts :i* succe$ "o ano!r l waves1 & only ! obs]v$ int]val betwe5 !m2 n[ ! sequ5ce ( movem5ts =ms a numb]1 su* z two or ?ree2 & ! int]val is an ext5sion4 ,?us ! magnitude ( ! movem5t w be a numb]1 say1 su* z t52 or an int]val t manife/s 9 ! ext5sion trav]s$ by ! movem5t4 ,n[ ! notion ( "t is n reveal$ h]e91 b we f9d only a quantity t is produc$ )9 "t4 ,o!rwise1 "t1 in/ead ( be+ ev]y:]e1 w exi/ only 9 ! movem5t z an attribute 9 a sub/rate1 :i* am\nts to say+ t "t is movem5t2 = ! int]val 7( ! movem5t7 is n outside ( movem5t1 & is only a non-in/antane\s movem5t4 ,if !n "t be a non-in/antane\s movem5t1 j z we (t5 say t "s p>ticul> in/antane\s fact occurs )9 "t1 we %all be =c$ to ask ! diff]5ce betwe5 :at is & :at is n in/antane\s4 ,d ^! ?+s diff] 9 relation to "t8 ,!n ! p]si/+ movem5t & its int]val are n "t1 b )9 "t4 ,,polemic ,,aga9/ ,,/rato3 ,,"t ,,is ,,n ,,motion ,,& ,,re/4 ,somebody might object t "t is inde$ ! int]val ( movem5t1 b t x is n ! *>act]i/ic int]val ( movem5t itself1 be+ only ! int]val 9 :i* movem5t ex]ts its ext5sion1 foll[+ along ) x4 ,all ^! t]ms lack def9ition4 ,?is 7ext5sion7 is no?+ else ?an ! "t )9 :i* ! movem5t occurs4 ,b t is precisely ! "q at issue1 f ! v />t4 ,x is z if a p]son :o _h be5 ask$ to def9e "t %\ld answ] "t is ! int]val ( ! movem5t produc$ )9 "t4 ,:at !n is ?is int]val call$ "t1 :5 consid]$ outside ( ! int]val *>act]i/ic ( movem5t8 ,if ! int]val *>act]i/ic ( "t be made to consi/ 9 movem5t1 :]e %all ! duration ( re/ be posit$8 ,inde$1 = "o object to be 9 motion implies t ano!r 7correspond+ object7 is at re/2 n[ ! "t ( ^! objects is ! same1 ?\gh = "o x be ! "t ( movem5t1 & = ! o!r ! "t ( re/ 7z ?\ght ,/rato#dea74 ,:at !n is ! nature ( ?is int]val8 ,x _c be an int]val ( space1 s9ce space is ext]ior 7to ! movem5ts t occur )9 x74 ,,polemic ,,aga9/ ,,ari/otle3 ,,"t ,,is ,,n ,,! ,,numb] ,,& ,,measure ,,( ,,movem5t4 #h4 7#i74 ,let u n[ exam9e 9 :at s5se x may be said 7by ,ari/otle#deb7 t "t is ! numb] & measure ( movem5t1 :i* def9ition seems m reasonable1 because ( ! cont9uity ( movem5t4 ,to beg9 )1 foll[+ ! me?od adopt$ ) ! def9ition ( "t z ! int]val ( movem5t1 we might ask :e!r "t be ! measure & numb] ( any k9d ( movem5t4#dec ,= h[ inde$ c\ld we give a num]ical valuation ( unequal or irregul> movem5t4 ,:at sy/em ( numb]+ or measurem5t %all we use = ?is8 ,if ! same measure be appli$ to sl[ or to swift movem5t1 9 _! case measure & numb] w be ! same z ! numb] t5 appli$ equally to horses & ox52 & fur!r1 su* measure might also be appli$ to dry & wet sub/ances4 ,if "t be a measure ( ?is k9d1 we cle>ly see t x is ! measure ( movem5ts1 b we d n discov] :at x may be 9 itself4 ,if ! numb] t5 c be conceiv$ z a numb]1 aft] mak+ ab/raction ( ! horses x s]v$ to measure1 if !re=e a measure possess its own individuality1 ev5 :ile no long] measur+ any?+1 ! case mu/ be simil> ) "t1 inasmu* z x is a measure4 ,if !n "t be a numb] 9 itself1 9 :at does x diff] f ! numb] t51 or f any o!r numb] compos$ ( unities8 ,z x is a cont9u\s measure1 & z x is a quantity1 x might1 = in/ance1 turn out to be some?+ l a foot-rule4 ,x w\ld !n be a magnitude1 z1 = in/ance1 a l9e1 :i* foll[s ! movem5t2 b h[ w ?is l9e be able to measure :at x foll[s8 ,:y w\ld x measure "o ?+ r ?an ano!r8 ,x seems m reasonable to consid] ?is measure1 n z ! measure ( e k9d ( movem5t1 b only z ! measure ( ! movem5t x foll[s4#deb ,!n t measure is cont9u\s1 s f> z ! movem5t x foll[s itself cont9ue to exi/4 ,9 ?is case1 we %\ld n consid] measure z some?+ ext]ior1 & sep>at$ f movem5t1 b z unit$ to ! measur$ movem5t4 ,:at !n w measure8 ,is x ! movem5t t w be measur$1 & ! ext5sion t w measure x8 ,:i* ( ^! two ?+s w "t be8 ,w x be ! measur+ movem5t1 or ! measur+ ext5sion8 ,"t w be ei!r ! movem5t measur$ by ext5sion1 or ! measur+ ext5sion2 or "s ?ird ?+ :i* makes use ( ext5sion1 z "o makes use ( a foot-rule1 to measure ! quantity ( movem5t4 ,b 9 all ^! cases1 we mu/1 z has already be5 notic$1 suppose t movem5t is uni=m2 = unless ! movem5t be uni=m1 "o & univ]sal1 ! !ory t movem5t is a measure ( any k9d :atev] w become almo/ impossible4 ,if "t be measur$ movem5t1 t is1 measur$ by quantity--besides grant+ t x at all ne$s to be measur$--movem5t mu/ n be measur$ by itself1 b by some?+ diff]5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if movem5t h a measure diff]5t f itself1 & if1 consequ5tly1 we ne$ a cont9u\s measure to measure x1 ! result w\ld be t ext5sion itself w\ld ne$ measure1 s t movem5t1 be+ measur$1 may h a quantity :i* is det]m9$ by t ( ! ?+ accord+ to :i* x is measur$4 ,consequ5tly1 "u ?is hypo!sis1 "t w\ld be ! numb] ( ! ext5sion :i* foll[s movem5t1 & n ext5sion itself :i* foll[s movem5t4 ,,nor ,,c ,,"t ,,be ,a ,,numb]$ ,,numb] 7,,z ,,ari/otle ,,claim$#deb74 ,:at is ?is numb]8 ,is x compos$ ( unities8 ,h[ does x measure8 ,t w\ld /ill h to be expla9$4 ,n[ let u suppose t we _h discov]$ h[ x measures2 we w\ld /ill n h discov]$ ! "t t measures1 b a "t t 0 su* or su* an am\nt4 ,n[ t is n ! same ?+ z "t2 !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 "t & "s p>ticul> quantity ( "t4 ,be=e ass]t+ t "t has su* or su* a quantity1 we h to discov] ! nature ( t :i* has t quantity4 ,we may grant t "t is ! numb] :i* measures movem5t1 :ile rema9+ ext]ior !reto1 z t5 is 9 t5 horses )\t be+ conceiv$ ) !m 7z ,ari/otle claim$1 t x 0 n a numb]+1 b a numb]$ numb]74 ,b 9 ?is case1 we /ill h to discov] ! nature ( ?is numb] t1 be=e numb]+1 is :at x is1 z w\ld be t5 consid]$ 9 itself4#ded ,x may be said t x is t numb] :i*1 by foll[+ numb]1 measures accord+ to ! priority & po/]iority ( t movem5t4#deb ,nor d we yet p]ceive ! nature ( t numb] :i* measures by priority & po/]iority4 ,9 any case1 :atev] measures by priority or po/]iority1 or by a pres5t mom5t1#dee or by any?+ else1 c]ta9ly does measure accord+ to "t4 ,?us ?is numb] 787 :i* measures movem5t accord+ to priority or po/]iority1 mu/ t\* "t1 &1 to measure movem5t1 be relat$ !reto4 ,prior & po/]ior necess>ily designate ei!r diff]5t p>ts ( space1 z = in/ance ! beg9n+ ( a /adium1 or p>ts ( "t4 ,:at is call$ priority is "t t ends ) ! pres5t2 :at is call$ po/]iority1 is ! "t t beg9s at ! pres5t4 ,"t !re=e is some?+ diff]5t f ! numb] t measures movem5t accord+ to priority or po/]iority1--,i d n say1 any k9d ( movem5t1 b /ill regul> movem5t4 ,besides1 :y %\ld we h "t by apply+ numb] ei!r to :at measures1 or to :at is measur$8 ,= 9 ?is case ^! two may be id5tical4 ,if movem5t exi/ along ) ! priority & po/]iority :i* relate !reto1 :y w we n h "t )\t numb]8 ,?is w\ld am\nt to say+ t ext5sion has su* a quantity only 9 case ( ! exi/5ce ( somebody :o recognizes t x possesses t quantity4 ,s9ce 7,ari/otle#def7 says t "t is inf9ite1 & t x is su* effectually1 h[ c x conta9 numb] )\t our tak+ a portion ( "t to measure x8 ,f t w\ld result t "t exi/$ be=e x 0 measur$4 ,b :y c\ld "t n exi/ be=e ! exi/5ce ( a s\l to measure x8 7,ari/otle7 might h answ]$ t x 0 begott5 by ! s\l4 ,! m]e fact t ! s\l measures "t ne$ n necess>ily imply t ! s\l produc$ ! "t2 "t1 along ) its suitable quantity1 w\ld exi/ ev5 if nobody measur$ x4 ,if h[ev] x be said t x is ! s\l t makes use ( ext5sion to measure "t1 we w answ] t ?is is ( no importance to det]m9e ! notion ( "t4 ,,polemic ,,aga9/ ,,epicurus3 ,,"t ,,is ,,n ,,an ,,accid5t ,,or ,,consequ5ce ,,( ,,movem5t4 #i4 7#aj74 ,:5 7,epicurus#deg7 says t "t is a consequ5ce ( movem5t1 he is n expla9+ ! nature ( "t2 ?is w\ld dem& a prelim9>y def9ition ( ! consequ5ce ( movem5t4 ,besides1 ?is alleg$ consequ5ce ( movem5t--grant+ ! possibility ( su* a consequ5ce--mu/ be prior1 simultane\s1 or po/]ior4 ,=1 9 :atev] way we conceive ( x1 x is )9 "t4 ,consequ5tly1 if ! consequ5ce ( movem5t be "t1 ! result w\ld be t "t is a consequ5ce ( movem5t 9 "t 7:i* is nons5se74 ,,plot9os ,,c ,,g ,,no ,,fur!r ,,9 ,,refut+ ,,endless ,,def9itions ,,( ,,"t4 ,n[1 z our purpose is to discov]1 n :at "t is n1 b :at x really is1 we notice t ?is "q has be5 treat$ at great l5g? by _m ?9k]s be=e u2 & if we 7 to und]take to consid] all exi/+ op9ions on ! subject1 we w\ld be oblig$ to write a v]itable hi/ory ( ! subject4 ,we h "h1 h[ev]1 gone to ! limit ( our ability 9 treat+ x )\t specializ+ 9 x4 ,z has be5 se51 x is easy en\gh to refute ! op9ion t "t is ! measure ( ! movem5t ( ! univ]se1 & to raise aga9/ ?is op9ion ! objections t we h rais$ aga9/ ! def9ition ( "t z ! measure ( movem5t 9 g5]al1 oppos+ !reto ! irregul>ity ( movem5t1 & ! o!r po9ts f :i* suitable argum5ts may be drawn4 ,we are !re=e free to devote ourselves to an explanation ( :at "t really is4 ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,"t ,,w ,,be ,,reveal$ ,,by ,,its ,,orig94 #aj4 7#aa74 ,to accompli% ?is we %all h to return to ! nature :i*1 z we po9t$ out above1 0 ess5tial to et]nity2 t immutable life1 :olly realiz$ all at once1 inf9ite & p]fect1 subsi/+ 91 & ref]r+ to unity4 ,"t 0 n yet1 or at lea/1 x did n yet exi/ = ! intelligible entities4 ,only1 x 0 yet to be born ( !m1#deh because 7z 0 ! _w71 "t1 by bo? its reason & nature1 0 po/]ior to ! 7intelligible entities#dei74 ,are we try+ to und]/& h[ "t issu$ f among intelligible entities :ile ^! 7 re/+ )9 !mselves8 ,"h x w\ld be useless to call ^u ! ,muses1 = !y did n yet exi/4 ,/ill ?is might p]haps n be useless2 = 79 a c]ta9 s5se1 t "t _h already begun1 !n1 s f> z !y exi/$ )9 ! s5se-_w7 !y exi/$ already4 ,9 any case1 ! bir? ( "t w be pla9 en\gh if we consid] x only z x is born & manife/$4 ,?us mu* c be said ab\t x4 ,,"t ,,arose ,,z ,,measurem5t ,,( ,,! ,,activity ,,( ,,! ,,univ]sal ,,s\l4 ,be=e priority & po/]iority1 "t1 :i* did n yet exi/1 brood$ )9 exi/5ce itself4 ,b an active nature 7! univ]sal ,s\l71 :i* desir$ to be mi/ress ( h]self1 to possess h]self1 & ceaselessly to add to ! pres5t1 ent]$ into motion1 z did "t1 along ) 7! ,s\l74 ,we a*ieve a repres5tation ( ! "t t is ! image ( et]nity1 by ! l5g? t we mu/ g ?r\gh ) to rea* :at foll[s1 & is po/]ior1 t[>ds "o mom5t1 & !n t[>ds ano!r4#dfj ,,l ,,"t1 ,,space ,,is ,,! ,,result ,,( ,,! ,,procession ,,( ,,! ,,univ]sal ,,s\l4 ,z ! univ]sal ,s\l conta9$ an activity t agitat$ h]1 & impell$ h] to transport into ano!r _w :at %e /ill saw on high1 %e 0 will+ to reta9 all ?+s t 7 pres5t at ! same "t4 7,"t arose n by a s+le fiat1 b z ! result ( a process4 ,?is occurr$ )9 ! univ]sal ,s\l1 b may well be fir/ illu/rat$ by ! m famili> process )97 ,reason1 :i* di/ributes unity1 n inde$ ,t :i* rema9s )9 itself1 b t :i* is ext]ior to itself4 ,?\gh ?is process seem to be a /r5g!n+ "o1 reason develop+ out ( ! se$ 9 :i* x brood$ unto manifoldness1 x is really a weak5+ 7or de/ructive "o71 inasmu* z x weak5$ manifoldness by division1 & weak5$ reason by caus+ x to ext5d4 ,! case 0 simil> ) ! univ]sal ,s\l4 ,:5 %e produc$ ! s5se-_w1 ! latt] 0 animat$ by a movem5t :i* 0 only an image ( intelligible movem5t4 7,:ile try+ to /r5g!n7 ?is image-movem5t to ! ext5t ( ! intelligible movem5t1 %e h]self 7weak5$71 in/ead ( rema9+ exclusively et]nal1 became temporal & 7involunt>ily7 subject$ :at %e _h produc$ to ! conditions ( "t1 transf]r+ entirely into "t n only ! univ]se1 b also all its revolutions4 ,inde$1 z ! _w moves )9 ! univ]sal ,s\l1 :i* is its location1 x also moves )9 ! "t t ?is ,s\l be>s )9 h]self4#dfa ,manife/+ h] p[] 9 a v>i$ & successive mann]1 by h] mode ( action1 ! univ]sal ,s\l begat succession4 ,inde$1 %e passes f "o conception to ano!r1 & consequ5tly to :at did n exi/ be=e1 s9ce ?is conception 0 n effective1 & s9ce ! pres5t life ( ! s\l does n resemble h] =m] life4 ,h] life is v>i$1 & f ! v>iety ( h] life results ! v>iety ( "t4#dfb ,,"t ,,is ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,! ,,s\l ,,consid]$ ,,9 ,,! ,,movem5t ,,by ,,:i* ,,%e ,,passes ,,f ,,"o ,,actualization ,,to ,,ano!r4 ,?us1 ! ext5sion ( ! life ( ! s\l produces "t1 & ! p]petual progression ( h] life produces ! p]petuity ( "t1 & h] =m] life con/itutes ! pa/4 ,we may !re=e prop]ly def9e "t z ! life ( ! s\l consid]$ 9 ! movem5t by :i* %e passes f "o actualization to ano!r4 ,,:at ,,et]nity ,,is ,,to ,,intellig5ce1 ,,"t ,,is ,,to ,,! ,,univ]sal ,,s\l4 ,we h already decid$ t et]nity is life *>act]iz$ by re/1 id5tity1 immutability & inf9ity 79 intellig5ce74 ,x is1 fur!r1 7admitt$ t7 ?is our _w is ! image ( ! sup]ior ,_w 7( intellig5ce74 ,we h also come to ! conclusion t "t is ! image ( et]nity4 ,consequ5tly1 correspond+ to ! ,life *>act]i/ic ( ,intellig5ce1 ?is _w mu/ conta9 ano!r life :i* be>s ! same "n1 & :i* belongs to t p[] ( ! univ]sal ,s\l4 ,in/ead ( ! movem5t ( ,intellig5ce1 we w h ! movem5t *>act]i/ic ( a "p ( ! s\l 7z ! univ]sal ,s\l ceaselessly passes f "o ?\ght to ano!r74 ,correspond+ to ! p]man5ce1 id5tity1 & immutability 7( ,intellig5ce71 we w h ! mobility ( a pr9ciple :i* ceaselessly passes f "o actualization to ano!r4 ,correspond+ to ! unity & ! abs5ce ( all ext5sion1 we w h a m]e image ( unity1 an image :i* exi/s only by virtue ( cont9uity4 ,correspond+ to an inf9ity already entirely pres5t1 we w h a progression t[>ds inf9ity :i* p]petually t5ds t[>ds :at foll[s4 ,correspond+ to :at exi/s entirely at ! same "t1 we w h :at exi/s by p>ts1 & :at w nev] exi/ entire at ! same "t4 ,! s\l's exi/5ce w h to be ceaseless acquir+ ( exi/5ce2 if x is to reveal an image ( ! complete1 univ]sal & inf9ite exi/5ce ( ! s\l2 t is ! reason its exi/5ce is able to repres5t ! intelligible exi/5ce4 ,,"t ,,is ,,z ,,int]ior ,,to ,,! ,,s\l ,,z ,,et]nity ,,is ,,to ,,exi/5ce4 ,"t1 !re=e1 is n some?+ ext]nal to ! s\l1 any m ?an et]nity is ext]ior to exi/5ce4 ,x is nei!r a consequ5ce nor a result ( x1 any m ?an et]nity is a consequ5ce ( exi/5ce4 ,x appe>s )9 ! s\l1 is 9 h] & ) h]1 z et]nity is 9 & ) exi/5ce4 ,,"t ,,is ,,! ,,l5g? ,,( ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,! ,,univ]sal ,,s\l4 #aa4 7#ab74 ,! result ( ! prec$+ consid]ations is t "t mu/ be conceiv$ ( z ! l5g? ( ! life *>act]i/ic ( ! univ]sal ,s\l2 t h] c\rse is compos$ ( *anges t are equal1 uni=m1 & ins5sible1 s t t c\rse implies a cont9uity ( action4 ,n[ let u = a mom5t suppose t ! p[] ( ! ,s\l %\ld cease to act1 & to enjoy ! life %e at pres5t possesses )\t int]ruption or limit1 because ?is life is ! activity *>act]i/ic ( an et]nal ,s\l1 an action by :i* ! ,s\l does n return ^u h]self1 & does n conc5trate on h]self1 ?\gh enabl+ h] to beget & produce4 ,n[ suppos+ t ! ,s\l %\ld cease to act1 t %e %\ld apply h] sup]ior "p to ! intelligible _w1 & to et]nity1 & t %e %\ld !re rema9 calmly unit$--:at !n w\ld rema91 unless et]nity8 ,= :at room = succession w\ld t all[1 if all ?+s 7 immovable 9 unity8 ,h[ c\ld %e conta9 priority1 po/]iority1 or m or less duration ( "t8 ,h[ c\ld ! ,s\l apply h]self to "s object o!r ?an t :i* occupies h]8 ,fur!r1 "o c\ld n !n ev5 say t %e appli$ h]self to ! subject t occupi$ h]2 %e w\ld h to be sep>at$ !refrom 9 ord] to apply h]self !reto4 ,nei!r w\ld ! univ]sal ,sph]e exi/1 s9ce x does n exi/ be=e "t1 because x exi/s & moves )9 "t4 ,besides1 ev5 if ?is ,sph]e 7 at re/ dur+ ! activity ( ! ,s\l1 we c\ld measure ! duration ( h] re/ because ?is re/ is po/]ior to ! re/ ( et]nity4 ,s9ce "t is annihilat$ s soon z ! ,s\l ceases to act1 & conc5trates 9 unity1 "t mu/ be produc$ by ! beg9n+ ( ! ,s\l's motion t[>ds s5se-objects1 by ! ,s\l's life4 ,consequ5tly 7,plato#dfc7 says t "t is born ) ! univ]se1 because ! ,s\l produc$ "t ) ! univ]se2 = x is ?is v action ( ! ,s\l :i* has produc$ ?is univ]se4 ,?is action con/itutes "t1 & ! univ]se is )9 "t4 ,plato does inde$ call ! movem5ts ( ! />s1 "t2 b evid5tly only figuratively1 z 7,plato7 subsequ5tly says t ! />s 7 creat$ to indicate ! divisions ( "t1 & to p]mit u to measure x easily4 ,,"t ,,is ,,n ,,begott5 ,,by ,,movem5t1 ,,b ,,only ,,indicat$ ,,!reby4 ,inde$1 z x 0 n possible to det]m9e ! "t itself ( ! ,s\l1 & to measure )9 !mselves ! p>ts ( an invisible & uncognizable duration1 especially = m5 :o did n "k h[ to c\nt1 ! 7_w7 ,s\l creat$ day & night s t _! succession might be ! basis ( c\nt+ z f> z two1 by ! aid ( ?is v>iety4 ,plato#dfd indicates t z ! s\rce ( ! notion ( numb]4 ,lat]1 obs]v+ ! space ( "t :i* elapses f "o dawn to ano!r1 we 7 able to discov] an int]val ( "t det]m9$ by an uni=m movem5t1 s f> z we direct our gaze !reupon1 & z we use x z a measure by :i* to measure "t4 ,! expression to measure "t is prem$itat$1 because "t1 consid]$ 9 itself1 is n a measure4 ,h[ inde$ c\ld "t measure1 & :at w\ld "t1 :ile measur+1 say8 ,w\ld "t say ( any?+1 ,"h is an ext5sion z l>ge z myself8 ,:at inde$ c\ld be ! nature ( ! entity t w\ld speak ( myself8 ,w\ld x be t accord+ to :i* quantity is measur$8 ,9 ?is case1 "t w\ld h to be some?+ by itself1 to measure )\t itself be+ a measure4 ,! movem5t ( ! univ]se is measur$ accord+ to "t1 b x is n ! nature ( "t to be ! measure ( movem5t2 x is su* only accid5tally2 x indicates ! quantity ( movem5t1 because x is prior to x1 & diff]s f x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! case ( a movem5t produc$ )9 a det]m9ate "t1 & if a numb] be add$ !reto frequ5tly en\gh1 we succe$ 9 rea*+ ! k ( h[ mu* "t has elaps$4 ,x is !re=e correct to say t ! movem5t ( ! revolution op]at$ by ! univ]sal ,sph]e measures "t s f> z possible1 by its quantity indicat+ ! correspond+ quantity ( "t1 s9ce x c nei!r be grasp$ nor conceiv$ o!rwise4 ,?us :at is measur$1 t is1 :at is indicat$ by ! revolution ( ! univ]sal ,sph]e1 is "t4 ,x is n begott51 b only indicat$ by movem5t4 ,,movem5t ,,is ,,said ,,to ,,be ,,measur$ ,,by ,,space1 ,,because ,,( ,,its ,,indet]m9ation4 ,! measure ( movem5t1 !re=e1 seems to be :at is measur$ by a def9ite movem5t1 b :i* is o!r ?an ?is movem5t4 ,!re is a diff]5ce1 inde$1 betwe5 t :i* is measur$1 & t :i* measures2 b t :i* is measur$ is measur$ only by accid5t4 ,t w\ld am\nt to say+ t :at is measur$ by a foot-rule is an ext5sion1 )\t def9+ :at ext5sion 9 itself is4 ,9 ! same way1 because ( ! inability to def9e movem5t m cle>ly because ( its indet]m9ate nature1 we say t movem5t is t :i* is measur$ by space2 =1 by obs]vation ( ! space trav]s$ by movem5t1 we c judge ( ! quantity ( ! movem5t4 ,,"t ,,is ,,measur$ ,,by ,,movem5t1 ,,& ,,9 ,,t ,,s5se ,,x ,,is ,,! ,,measure ,,( ,,movem5t4 #ab4 7#ac74 ,! revolution ( ! univ]sal ,sph]e leads u !re=e to ! recognition ( "t1 )9 :i* x occurs4 ,n only is "t t 9 :i* 7all ?+s become1 t is1 gr[71 b "t has to be :at x is ev5 be=e all ?+s1 be+ t )9 :i* ev]y?+ moves1 or re/s ) ord] & uni=mity4 ,?is is discov]$ & manife/$ to our intellig5ce1 b n produc$ by regul> movem5t & re/1 especially by movem5t4 ,bett] ?an re/1 inde$1 does movem5t lead u to a conception ( "t1 & x is ei!r to appreciate ! duration ( movem5t ?an t ( re/4 ,t is :at l$ philosoph]s to def9e "t z ! measure ( movem5t1 in/ead ( say+1 :at probably lay )9 _! int5tion1 t "t is measur$ by movem5t4 ,above all1 we mu/ n consid] t def9ition z adequate1 add+ to x t :i* ! measur$ entity is 9 itself1 n limit+ ourselves to express :at applies to x only incid5tally4 ,nei!r did we ev] disc]n t su* 0 _! mean+1 & we 7 unable to und]/& _! tea*+s z !y evid5tly posit$ ! measure 9 ! measur$ entity4 ,no d\bt t :i* h9d]$ u f und]/&+ !m 0 t !y 7 address+ _! tea*+s to le>n$ 7?9k]s71 or well prep>$ li/5]s1 & !re=e1 9 _! writ+s1 !y fail$ to expla9 ! nature ( "t consid]$ 9 itself1 :e!r x be measure or some?+ measur$4 ,,plato ,,does ,,make ,,"s ,,/atem5ts ,,t ,,all[ ,,( ,,be+ ,,ju/ifi$4 ,plato himself1 inde$1 does say1 n t ! nature ( "t is to be a measure or some?+ measur$1 b t to make x kn[n !re is1 9 ! circul> movem5t ( ! univ]se1 a v %ort elem5t 7! int]val ( a day71 ^: object is to demon/rate ! smalle/ portion ( "t1 ?r\gh :i* we are enabl$ to discov] ! nature & quantity ( "t4 ,9 ord] to indicate to u its nature 7be+71 7,plato#dch7 says t x 0 born ) ! heav5s1 & t x is ! mobile image ( et]nity4 ,"t is mobile because x has no m p]man5ce ?an ! life ( ! univ]sal ,s\l1 because x passes on & fl[s away !re)2 x is born ) ! heav5s1 because x is "o & ! same life t simultane\sly produces ! heav5s & "t4 ,if1 grant+ its possibility1 ! life ( ! ,s\l 7 r$uc$ to ! unity 7( ! ,intellig5ce71 !re w\ld be an imm$iate cessation ( "t1 :i* exi/s only 9 ?is life1 & ! heav5s1 :i* exi/ only ?r\gh ?is life4 ,,"t ,,z ,,! ,,prior ,,& ,,po/]ior ,,( ,,! ,,movem5t ,,( ,,?is ,,life ,,w\ld ,,be ,,absurd4 ,! !ory t "t is ! priority & po/]iority ( ?is 7e>?ly7 movem5t1 & ( ?is inf]ior life1 is ridicul\s 9 t x w\ld imply on "o h& t 7! priority & po/]iority ( ?is s5se-life7 are some?+2 & on ! o!r1 refus+ to recognize z some?+ real a tru] movem5t1 :i* includes bo? priority & po/]iority4 ,x w\ld1 inde$1 am\nt to attribut+ to an inanimate movem5t ! privilege ( conta9+ )9 itself priority ) po/]iority1 t is1 "t2 :ile refus+ x to ! movem5t 7( ! ,s\l71 ^: movem5t ( ! univ]sal ,sph]e is no m ?an an image4 ,/ill x is f ! movem5t 7( ! ,s\l7 t orig9ally emanat$ priority & po/]iority1 because ?is movem5t is effici5t by itself4 ,by produc+ all its actualizations x begets succession1 &1 at ! same "t t x begets succession1 x produces ! pass+ f "o actualization to ano!r4 ,,! ,,prim>y ,,movem5t ,,( ,,intellig5ce ,,! ,,in=m+ ,,p[] ,,( ,,"t4 7,"s objector might ask7 :y we r$uce ! movem5t ( ! univ]se to ! movem5t ( ! conta9+ ,s\l1 & admit t %e is )9 "t1 :ile we exclude f "t ! 7univ]sal7 ,s\l's movem5t1 :i* subsi/s )9 h]1 & p]petually passes f "o actualization to ano!r8 ,! reason is t above ! activity ( ! ,s\l !re exi/s no?+ b et]nity1 :i* %>es nei!r h] movem5t nor h] ext5sion4 ,?us ! prim>y movem5t 7( ,intellig5ce7 f9ds its goal 9 "t1 begets x1 & by its activity in=ms its duration4 ,,:y ,,"t ,,is ,,pres5t ,,ev]y:]e2 ,,polemic ,,aga9/ ,,antiphanes ,,& ,,critolaus4 ,h[ !n is "t pres5t ev]y:]e8 ,! life ( ! ,s\l is pres5t 9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 z ! life ( our s\l is pres5t 9 all p>ts ( our body4 ,x may inde$ be object$1#dfe t "t con/itutes nei!r a hypo/atic sub/ance1 nor a real exi/5ce1 be+1 9 respect to exi/5ce1 a deception1 j z we usually say t ! expressions ,he 0 & ,he w be are a deception 9 respect to ! div9ity2 = !n ,he w be & 0 j z is t1 9 :i*1 accord+ to 8 ass]tion1 he is go+ to be4 ,to answ] ^! objections1 we %all h to foll[ a diff]5t me?od4 ,"h x suffices to recall :at 0 said above1 namely1 t by see+ h[ f> a man 9 motion has advanc$1 we c asc]ta9 ! quantity ( ! movem5t2 & t1 :5 we disc]n movem5t by walk+1 we simultane\sly conc$e t1 be=e ! walk+1 movem5t 9 t man 0 indicat$ by a def9ite quantity1 s9ce x caus$ 8 body to progress by "s p>ticul> quantity4 ,z ! body 0 mov$ dur+ a def9ite quantity ( "t1 its quantity c be express$ by "s p>ticul> quantity ( movem5t--= ?is is ! movem5t t causes x--& to its suitable quantity ( "t4 ,!n ?is movem5t w be appli$ to ! movem5t ( ! s\l1 :i*1 by h] uni=m action1 produces ! int]val ( "t4 ,,! ,,movem5t ,,( ,,! ,,s\l ,,is ,,attribut$ ,,to ,,! ,,prim>y ,,movem5t4 ,to :at %all ! movem5t ( ! 7univ]sal7 ,s\l be attribut$8 ,to :atev] we may *oose to attribute x4 ,?is w always be "s indivisible pr9ciple1 su* z prim>y ,motion1 :i* )9 its duration conta9s all ! o!rs1 & is conta9$ by none o!r2#dff = x _c be conta9$ by any?+2 x is !re=e g5u9ely prim>y4 ,! same obta9s ) ! univ]sal ,s\l4 ,,approval ,,( ,,ari/otle3 ,,"t ,,is ,,also ,,)9 ,,u4 ,is "t also )9 u8#dfg ,x is uni=mly pres5t 9 ! univ]sal ,s\l1 & 9 ! individual s\ls t are all unit$ toge!r4#dfh ,"t1 !re=e1 is n p>cell$ out among ! s\ls1 any m ?an et]nity is p>cell$ out among ! 7,entities 9 ! intelligible _w7 :i*1 9 ?is respect1 are all mutually uni=m4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,ari/4 ,physics1 iii4 #g4 #b ,or1 ! f9i%$1 ! b\nd>y1 ! ,gno/ic ,horos4 #c ,plato1 ,philebus1 #bd2 ,c>y1 #cg4 #d ,plato1 ,timaeus1 p4 #eb2 ,c>y1 #bf4 #e ,see vi4 #c4ac4 #f ,see ,plato1 ,philebus1 ,c>y1 #dj2 see ii4 #d4aa4 #g ,see vi4 #c4bg4 #h ,see ii4 #d4aj4 #i ,timaeus1 #ci2 ,c>y1 #ad2 see iii4 #g4aa4 #aj ,p>m5ides1 #add2 ,c>y1 #cg4 #aa ,possibly a ref]5ce to ,num5ius' book !reon4 #ab ,ari/otle1 ,met4 i4 #e2 ,jambli*us1 de ,vita4 ,py?4 #bh4aej2 & #bi4afb2 f\nd 9 _! oa?2 also ,num5ius1 #fj4 #ac ,see vi4 #b4g4 #ad ,see vi4 #f4e4 #ae ,z ?\ght ,plato & ,ari/otle comb9$1 see ,ravaisson1 ,essay1 ii4 #djg4 #af ,a!neus1 xii4 #edf2 see i4 #f4d4 #ag ,plato1 ,timaeus1 #ci;e1 ,c>y1 #ae4 #ah ,see iii4 #h4g4 #ai ,z ?\ght ! ,py?agoreans2 see ,sextus ,empiricus1 ,hypotyposes ,pyrrh4 #c4ah1 p4 #afe4 #bj ,olympiodorus1 ,comm4 ,i ,alcibiades1 x4 p4 #ie2 ,ari/4 ,met41 i4 #e2 ,sextus ,emp41 ,h4 ,p41 iii4 #aeb2 ,porphyry2 ,vit4 ,py?41 #dh4 #ba ,z said ,!on ( ,smyrna1 ( ! ,py?agoreans1 ii4 p4 #bc2 ,jambli*us1 ,vit4 ,porph4 #bh4aej2 #bi4afb4 #bb ,see i4 #h4b4 #bc ,met4 x4 #b2 iv4 #b2 v4 #bd ,p]ipatetic comm5tators on ,ari/otle's ,metaphysics1 :i* 0 us$ z a text-book 9 ,plot9os's s*ool4 #be ,see end ( ,sec4 #ac4 #bf ,see vi4 #a4f4 #bg ,see ,ari/otle1 ,categories1 ii4 #f4 #bh ,z ,ari/otle ?\ght1 ,met4 x4 #b4 #bi ,see vi4 #i4b4 #cj ,met4 x4 #a4 #ca ,! ,num5ian secret "n ( ! div9ity1 fr4 #bj4 #cb ,met4 xiii4 #g4 #cc ,ari/otle1 ,met4 x4 #b4 #cd ,ari/otle1 ,metaph4 xiii4 #g4 #ce ,see iv4 #h4c4 #cf ,see iv4 #d4e4 #cg ,see v4 #g4c4 #ch ,see vi4 #c4ac4 #ci ,see vi4 #i4a4 #dj ,see ,timaeus1 #ce2 ,c>y1 #ab4 ,jambli*us1 ,on ! ,s\l1 #b2 ,macrobius1 ,dream ( ,scipio1 i4 #e4 #da ,see ,jambli*us1 ,ab\t ,common ,k ( ,ma!matics4 #db ,see ,sec4 #b4 #dc ,macrobius1 ,dream ( ,scipio1 #a4e4 #dd ,p>m5ides quot$ 9 ,plato's ,!ataetus1 #ahj ,e4 ,j[ett1 iii4 #chc4 #de ,plato1 ,timaeus1 #ef2 ,c>y1 #cj4 #df ,9 ! ,timaeus1 #ci2 ,c>y1 #ad4 #dg ,p>m5ides1 quot$ by ,plato1 9 ! ,sophi/s1 #bdd2 ,c>y1 #fa4 #dh ,9 ,plato's ,!ataetus1 #ahj2 ,j[ett ,tr4 iii4 #chc4 #di ,evid5tly ,porphyry _h advanc$ new objections t dem&$ an addition to ! =m] book on ! !ory ( vision2 see iv4 #e4 #ej ,z ?\ght ! ,/oics4 #ea ,l ,ari/otle1 de ,s5su et ,s5sili1 #b4 #eb iv4 #e4 #ec ,^! t5 disjo9t$ reflections on happ9ess rem9d u ( ,porphyry's que/ion+ habit1 )\t :i*1 ,plot9os said1 he might h _h no?+ to write2 see ,biography1 #ac4 #ed ,z ,epicurus ?\ght ! div9ities alone enjoy$ p]fect happ9ess1 ,diog4 ,la]t4 x4 #aba4 #ee ,see ,ari/otle1 ,nic4 ,e?ics1 #a4aj4 #ef ,see ,cic]o1 de ,f9ibus1 ii4 #bg-bi4 #eg ,see iii4 #g4 #eh ,plut>*1 ,dogm4 ,philos4 i4 #ag2 ,/ob4 ,eclog4 i4 #ah4 #ei ,ari/4 ,topic4 iv4 #b2 de ,g5]4 et ,cor4 i4 #aj2 ,ravaisson1 ,,ema1 i4 #dbb4 #fj ,z did ,alex&] ( ,aphrodisias1 9 8 treatise on ,mixture2 ,ravaisson1 ,,ema1 ii4 #big4 #fa ,/ob4 ,eclog4 i4 #ah4 #fb ,see ,plut>*1 ,:e!r ,wick$ness ,r5d]s ,"o ,unhappy4 #fc ,z said ,num5ius1 #dd4 #fd ,see vi4 #g4 ,?is is ano!r pro( ( ! *ronological ord]1 z vi4 #g foll[s ?is book4 #fe ,b\illet expla9s t 9 ?is book ,plot9os summat$ all t ,plato _h to say ( ! ,ideas & ( _! dep5d5ce on ! ,good1 9 ! ,timaeus1 ,philebus1 ,pha$rus1 ! ,republic1 ! ,banquet1 & ! ,alcibiades2 correct+ ?is summ>y by ! reflections ( ,ari/otle1 9 ,met4 xii4 ,b ,plot9os advances beyond bo? ,plato & ,ari/otle 9 go+ beyond ,intellig5ce to ! supreme ,good4 7,see ,sec4 #cg47 ,?is treatise might well h be5 writt5 at ! in/igation ( ,porphyry1 :o desir$ to und]/& ,plot9os's views on ?is great subject4 #ff ,! fam\s ,philonic di/9ction betwe5 ho !os1 & !os4 #fg ,plato1 ,timaeus1 p4 #de1 ,c>y1 #ai4 #fh ,see iii4 #b4 #fi ,see iii4 #b4a4 #gj ,plato's ,timaeus1 pp4 #cj-dj1 ,c>y1 #aj-ae4 #ga ,an ,ari/otelian idea1 f ,met4 vii4 #a4 #gb ,ari/otle1 ,met4 vii4 #ag4 #gc ,met4 vii4 #a4 #gd ,met4 vii4 #g4 #ge ,ari/otle1 ,met4 v4 #h4 #gf ,met4 #a4c4 #gg ,see ii4 #i4c4 #gh ,ari/otle1 de ,anima1 ii4 #b2 ,met4 vii4 #ag4 #gi ,porphyry1 ,( ! ,faculties ( ! ,s\l1 fr4 #e4 #hj ,see ii4 #e4c4 #ha ,ari/otle1 de ,anima1 i4 #c2 ii4 #b-d4 #hb ,plato1 ,i ,alcibiades1 p4 #acj1 ,c>y1 #eb4 #hc ,see i4 #a4c4 #hd ,b\illet expla9s ?is z foll[s3 ,discursive reason1 :i* con/itutes ! real man1 begets s5sibility1 :i* con/itutes ! animal2 see i4 #a4g4 #he ,see iii4 #d4c-f4 #hf ,see iii4 #d4f4 #hg ,^! demons are high] p[]s ( ! human s\l4 #hh ,see iv4 #c4ah4 #hi ,plato1 ,timaeus1 p4 #gf1 ,c>y1 #ed4 #ij p4 #ci1 ,c>y1 #ae4 #ia ,plato1 ,timaeus1 p4 #gg1 ,c>y1 #ee4 #ib ,see iv4 #d4bb4 #ic ,lucretius1 v4 #ajie4 #id ,diog5es ,la]tes1 iii4 #gd4 #ie ,plato1 ,timaeus1 p4 #hj1 ,c>y1 #fa4 #if ,see iv4 #c4ah4 #ig ,plato1 ,pha$rus1 p4 #bdh1 ,c>y1 #fj2 see i4 #c4d4 #ih ,see v4 #g4 #ii ,see v4 #a4i4 #ajj ,see i4 #h4f1 #g4 #aja ,rep4 vi4 p4 #eji1 ,c>y1 #ai4 #ajb ,see v4 #a4g4 #ajc ,see v4 #a4e4 #ajd ,see v4 #a4g4 #aje ,plato1 ,rep4 vi4 p4 #eji1 ,c>y1 #ai4 #ajf ,see v4 #a4f4 #ajg ,see iv4 #h4c4 #ajh ,see v4 #a4d4 #aji ,see v4 #a4f4 #aaj ,ari/4 ,nic4 ,e?4 #a4a4 #aaa ,see ,ari/41 ,met4 i4 #e4 #aab ,accord+ to ,plato's ,banquet1 p4 #bjf1 ,c>y1 #ca4 #aac ,see iv4 #e4g4 #aad ,see #a4f4 #aae ,plato1 ,pha$rus1 p4 #bdi1 ,c>y1 #fc4 #aaf ,see v4 #a4b4 #aag ,see vi4 #g4be4 #aah ,plato1 ,philebus1 p4 #fj1 ,c>y1 #ada2 ,gorgias1 p4 #dgd1 ,c>y1 #ff4 #aai p4 #fa1 ,c>y1 #add4 #abj ,see ,met4 xii4 #aba ,met xii4 #g4 #abb ,plato1 ,rep4 vi41 p4 #eje1 ,c>y1 #ag4 #abc ,accord+ to ! prov]b1 l seeks its l1 m5tion$ by ,plato1 9 8 ,banquet2 p4 #aie1 ,c>y1 #ba4 #abd ,plato1 ,gorgias1 p4 #ejg1 ,c>y1 #acf4 #abe ,see i4 #h4e4 #abf ,plato1 ,timaeus1 p4 #eb1 ,c>y1 #bf4 #abg ,see bel[1 ,sec4 #cb4 #abh ,plato1 ,rep4 vi41 p4 #ejf1 ,c>y #ag4 #abi ,z said ,plato1 ,republic vi41 p4 #ejh1 ,c>y1 #ai4 #acj ,see iii4 #e4i4 #aca ,9 8 ,philebus1 p4 #fe1 ,c>y1 #aee4 #acb ,z ,plato said1 9 8 ,banquet1 p4 #ahd1 ,c>y1 #ab4 #acc ,see i4 #f4e4 #acd ,see i4 #f4g4 #ace ,z says ,plato1 9 8 ,banquet1 p4 #baj1 ,c>y1 #ce4 #acf ,z ,plato says1 9 8 ,pha$rus1 p4 #bej1 ,c>y1 #fe4 #acg ,z ,plato says1 9 8 ,banquet1 p4 #ahc1 ,c>y1 #aa4 #ach ,see i4 #f4i4 #aci ,see i4 #f4h4 #adj ,z ,plato said1 9 8 ,banquet1 p4 #baa1 ,c>y1 #ce4 #ada ,see iii4 #e4i4 #adb ,rep4 vi41 p4 #eje1 ,c>y1 #af4 #adc ,see iii4 #c4f4 #add ,z ?\ght ,plato1 9 ! ,banquet1 p4 #baj1 ,c>y1 #ce4 #ade ,ari/4 ,met4 xii4 #i2 see v4 #a4i4 #adf ,met4 xii4 #g4 #adg ,met4 xii4 #i4 #adh ,see iv4 #f4c4 #adi ,met4 xii4 #h4 #aej ,plato1 ,rep4 vi4 p4 #eji1 ,c>y1 #ai4 #aea ,met4 xii4 #g4 #aeb ,see v4 #c4aj4 #aec ,see vi4 #b4g4 #aed ,see v4 #c4aa4 #aee ,see iii4 #i4f4 #aef ,see vi4 #e4aa4 #aeg ,see v4 #c4ac4 #aeh ,ari/4 ,met4 xii4 #g4 #aei ,z ?\ght ,plato1 ,rep4 vi41 p4 #ejh1 ,c>y1 #ai4 #afj ,see iv4 #c4a4 #afa ,lett] ii4 #cab2 ,c>y1 p4 #dhb4 #afb ,see i4 #f1 end4 #afc ,num5ius1 fr4 #cb4 #afd ,see ,num5ius1 fr4 #dh4 #afe ,banquet1 p4 #baa1 ,c>y1 #ce4 #aff ,z ,ari/otle asks1 ,e?4 ,nic4 iii4 #afg ,ari/4 ,nic4 ,e?4 iii4 #a4 #afh ,eud4 ,e?4 ii4 #f4 #afi ,nic4 ,e?4 iii4 #b4 #agj ,eud4 ,mor4 ii4 #i4 #aga ,nic4 ,e?4 iii4 #b4 #agb ,nic4 ,e?4 iii4 #f4 #agc ,plato1 ,alc9\s1 #ca2 ?is is oppos$ by ,ari/otle1 ,nic4 ,e?4 iii4 #b4f4 #agd ,ari/otle1 ,eud4 ,e?4 ii4 #aj4 #age ,ari/otle1 ,mor4 ,magn4 i4 #cb2 ,nic4 ,e?4 iii4 #f4 #agf ,ari/otle1 ,nic4 ,e?4 iii4 #d4 #agg ,ari/4 de ,anim4 iii4 #aj4 #agh de ,anim4 iii4 #i4 #agi ,magn4 ,mor4 i4 #ag4 #ahj de ,anim4 iii4 #i4 #aha ,?is ,/oic t]m _h already be5 notic$ & ridicul$ by ,num5ius1 #b4h1 #ac2 #c4d1 #e2 ,gu?rie1 ,num5ius1 p4 #ada4 ,he taught t x 0 a casual consequ5ce ( ! syn!tic p[] ( ! s\l 7#eb74 ,its relation to free-w & responsibility1 "h consid]$1 _h be5 ) ,num5ius ! f\ndation ( ! ridicule heap$ on ,lacydes4 #ahb ,nic4 ,e?4 x4 #h4 #ahc ,nic4 ,e?4 x4 #g4 #ahd ,plato1 ,republic1 x4 p4 #fag2 ,c>y1 #ae4 #ahe ,9 8 ,pha$o1 p4 #hc2 ,c>y1 #gd4 #ahf ,su* z ,/rato ! ,p]ipatetic1 & ! ,epicureans4 #ahg ,plato1 ,rep4 x4 p4 #eif;c2 ,c>y1 #a4 #ahh ,see ,jambli*us's ,lett] to ,mac$onius1 on ,de/9y1 #e4 #ahi ,see iii4 #i1 end4 #aij ,num5ius1 #cb4 #aia ,see vi4 #g4b4 #aib ,aris4 ,met4 ix4 #a2 xii4 #i2 ,nic4 ,e?4 x4 #h2 ,plato ,timaeus1 p4 #eb2 ,c>y1 #bf2 ,plot9os1 ,enn4 ii4 #e4c4 #aic ,?is etymology ( provid5ce applies 9 ,engli% z well z 9 ,greek2 see iii4 #b4a4 #aid ,plato1 ,laws1 iv41 p4 #gaf2 ,c>y1 #h4 #aie ,ari/4 ,met4 xii4 #g4 #aif ,see iii4 #h4i4 #aig ,9 8 ,cratylos1 p4 #dai2 ,c>y1 #gf4 #aih ,see iii4 #i1 end4 #aii ,z said ,plato 9 ! ,timaeus1 p4 #db2 ,c>y1 #ah2 see ,num5ius1 #aj1 #cb4 #bjj ,9 ?is book ,plot9os uses synonym\sly ! ,heav51 ! ,_w1 ! ,univ]sal ,organism or ,animal1 ! ,all 7or univ]se71 & ! ,:ole 7or ,totality74 ,?is book z x 7 completes ! =m] "o on ! ,ideas & ! ,div9ity1 ?us /udy+ ! ?ree pr9ciples 7,s\l1 ,intellig5ce & ,good7 cosmologically4 ,we ?us h "h ano!r pro( ( ! *ronological ord]4 ,9 x ,plot9os def5ds ,plato's doctr9e aga9/ ,ari/otle's objection 9 de ,anima i4 #c4 #bja ,z ?\ght ,h]aclitus1 ,diog4 ,la]t4 ix4 #h2 ,plato1 ,timaeus1 p4 #ca2 ,c>y1 #aa2 ,ari/4 ,heav51 #a1 #h1 #i4 #bjb ,su* z ,h]aclitus4 #bjc ,9 ! ,cratylus1 p4 #djb2 ,c>y1 #da4 #bjd ,rep4 vi41 p4 #dih2 ,c>y1 #aa4 #bje ,see ,apuleius1 de ,mundo1 p4 #gjh2 ,ravaisson1 ,e4,m4,a4 ii4 #aej2 ,plato1 ,ep9omis1 c4 #e4 #bjf ,:i* w\ld r5d] x unfit = fusion ) ! ,s\l1 ,ari/41 ,meteorology1 i4 #d2 ,plato1 ,tim41 p4 #eh2 ,c>y1 #cc4 #bjg ,see ii4 #i4c2 iii4 #b4a2 iv4 #c4i4 #bjh ,pha$o1 p4 #aji2 ,c>y1 #acd2 t is1 ! univ]sal ,s\l is "h di/+ui%$ into ! cele/ial ,s\l1 & ! inf]ior ,s\l1 :i* is nature1 ! g5]ative p[]4 #bji ,! inf]ior s\l1 or nature4 #baj ,see ii4 #c4i-ae4 #baa ,see i4 #a4g-aj4 #bab ,z is ! vegetative s\l1 :i* makes only ! animal "p ( u2 see i4 #a4g-aj4 #bac ,9 8 ,timaeus1 p4 #ca2 ,c>y1 #aa4 #bad ,timaeus1 p4 #ef2 ,c>y1 #cj4 #bae ,see i4 #h4i4 #baf ,plato1 ,ep9omis1 p4 #ihd2 ,c>y1 #h4 #bag ,9 ! ,timaeus1 p4 #ca1 #ea2 ,c>y #aa1 #bd1 #be4 #bah ,see ii4 #g4 #bai ,:o 9 8 ,timaeus says1 p4 #ci2 ,c>y1 #ad4 #bbj ,see ii4 #b4 #bba ,z ?\ght ,h]aclitus & ! ,/oics1 :o ?\ght t ! />s f$ !mselves f ! exhalations ( ! e>? & ! wat]s2 see ,s5eca1 ,nat4 ,que/4 vi4 #af4 #bbb ,see ii4 #a4e4 #bbc ,see iii4 #g2 ,plot9os may h already sket*$ ! outl9e ( ?is book 7numb] #de71 & amplifi$ x only lat]4 #bbd ,see ii4 #i4f1 or #cc2 ano!r pro( ( ! *ronological ord]4 #bbe ,9 8 ,timaeus1 p4 #fi2 ,c>y1 #dd4 #bbf ,z ! ,/oics ?9k1 ,plut>*1 ,plac4 ,phil4 iv4 #aa4 #bbg ,z ,ari/otle w\ld say1 de ,anima1 iii4 #c4 #bbh ,ari/otle1 de ,s5su1 #f4 #bbi v4 #c4 #bcj ,porphyry1 ,pr9ciples1 #bd4 #bca ,ari/41 ,mem4 et ,rec41 #b4 #bcb ,porphyry1 ,pr9ciples1 #be4 #bcc ,ari/otle1 ,mem4 et ,rec41 #b4 #bcd ,porphyry1 ,treatise1 ,psy*4 #bce ,locke's fam\s tabula rasa4 #bcf ,sub/ance1 ,quantity1 ,quality1 ,relation1 ,:51 ,:]e1 ,action-&-,reaction1 to ,h1 & ,location4 ,ari/otle's treatm5t !re( 9 8 ,categories1 & ,metaphysics4 #bcg ,met4 v4 #g4 #bch ,or1 sub/ance1 ousia4 #bci ,cat4 i4 #a1 #b2 or1 m]e label 9 common4 #bdj ,ari/otle1 ,met4 vii4 #c1 di/+ui%$ _m diff]5t s5ses ( ,be+2 at lea/ f\r pr9cipal ones3 :at x seems1 or ! univ]sal1 ! k9d1 or ! subject4 ,! subject is t ( :i* all ! re/ is an attribute1 b :i* is n ! attribute ( any?+4 ,be+ mu/ be ! fir/ subject4 ,9 "o s5se ?is is matt]2 9 ano!r1 =m2 & 9 ! ?ird place1 ! concretion ( =m & matt]4 #bda ,see ii4 #d4f-af1 = intelligible matt]1 & ii4 #d4b-e = s5se-matt]4 #bdb ,ari/41 ,met4 vii4 #c4 #bdc ,ari/41 ,cat4 #b4e4be4 #bdd ,ari/41 ,cat4 ii4 #e4ae4 #bde ,ari/41 ,met4 vii4 #a2 ,cat4 ii4 #e4 #bdf ,categ4 ii4 #e4a1 #b4 #bdg ,cat4 ii4 #e4af1 #ag4 #bdh ,cat4 ii4 #f4a1 #b4 #bdi ,met4 v4 #ac4 #bej ,met4 xiii4 #f4 #bea ,met4 xiii4 #c4 #beb ,categ4 ii4 #f4ah-bc4 #bec ,see vi4 #f4 #bed ,categ4 ii4 #f4d4 #bee ,ari/41 ,h]m5eia1 #d4 #bef ,see iii4 #g4h4 #beg ,categ4 ii4 #f4bf4 #beh ,categ4 ii4 #g4a2 ,met4 v4 #ae4 #bei ,categ4 ii4 #g4ag-ai4 #bfj ,see ,categ4 viii4 #bfa ,ari/41 ,categ4 ii4 #h4c1 #g1 #h1 #ac1 #ad4 #bfb ,see ii4 #f4c4 #bfc ,see ii4 #f4c4 #bfd ,see ii4 #f4a4 #bfe ,^! are3 #a1 capacity & disposition2 #b1 physical p[] or impot5ce2 #c1 affective qualities2 #d1 ! figure & ext]ior =m4 #bff ,met4 v4 #ad4 #bfg ,categ4 ii4 #h4 #bfh ,see i4 #f4b4 #bfi ,categ4 ii4 #h4ae4 #bgj ,among :om ,plot9os is n2 see vi4 #a4aj4 #bga ,! read] is w>n$ t ! s+le ,greek ^w pas*e9 is cont9ually play$ ^u 9 mean+s exp]i5c+1 suff]+1 react+1 or passion4 #bgb ,met4 xi4 #i4 #bgc ,t is1 to move & to cut express an action z p]fect z hav+ mov$ & hav+ cut4 #bgd ,z ,ari/otle says1 ,categ4 ii4 #g4a4 #bge ,plot9os proposes to divide v]bs n z transitive & intransitive1 b z v]bs express+ a complet$ action or /ate1 7z to ?9k71 & ^? express+ successive action1 7z1 to walk74 ,! ,fr5* language makes ?is di/9ction by us+ ) ^! latt] ! auxili>y tre4 ,ea* ( ^! two classes are subdivid$ into "s v]bs express+ an absolute action1 by :i* ! subject alone is modifi$2 & into o!r v]bs express+ relative action1 ref]r+ to1 or modify+ an ext]ior object4 ,^! alone are us$ to =m ! passive voice1 & ,plot9os does n want !m classifi$ ap>t4 #bgf ,9 ,greek ! ?ree words are d]iv$ f ! same root4 #bgg ,see i4 v4 #bgh ,see iii4 #f4a4 #bgi ,categ4 iii4 #ad4 #bhj ,= ?is movem5t did n con/itute reaction 9 ! mov]4 #bha ,t is1 ! ,greek ^w = suff]+4 #bhb ,a ,greek pun1 ka!xis4 #bhc ,a ,greek pun1 hexis also translat$ habit1 & habitude4 #bhd ,see ,*aignet1 ,hi/4 ( ,greek ,psy*ology1 & ,simplicius1 ,comm5t>y on ,categories4 #bhe ,see iv4 #g4ad4 ,?is is an ,ari/otelian di/9ction4 #bhf ,see ii4 #d4a4 #bhg ,by v]bal simil>ity1 or homonymy1 a pun4 #bhh ,see ii4 #d4a4 #bhi ,see ii4 #e4e4 #bij ,= ,plato plac$ all reality 9 ! ,ideas4 #bia ,logically1 _! conception ( matt] breaks d[n4 #bib ,cic]o1 ,academics1 i4 #aa4 #bic ,see ii4 #d4aj4 #bid ,see ,enn4 ii4 #d1 #e2 iii4 #f4 ,ano!r pro( ( ! *ronological ord]4 #bie ,plot9os 0 "h 9 error2 ,ari/otle ignor$ !m1 because he did n admit exi/5ce4 #bif ,?is ref]s to ! ,hylici/s1 :o consid]$ ! univ]se z f\nd$ on e>?1 wat]1 air or fire2 or1 ,anaxagoras1 :o introduc$ ! category ( m9d4 #big ,plot9os's own categories are develop$ f ! ?\ght ( ,plato1 f\nd 9 8 ,sophi/s1 = ! intelligible be+2 & yet he h>ks back to ,ari/otle's ,categories & ,metaphysics1 = 8 classification ( ! s5se-_w4 #bih ,see vi4 #d1 #f1 #i4 #bii ,9 8 ,sophi/4 p4 #bdh e-#bej2 ,c>y1 #gb-gf4 #cjj ,9 vi4 #c4 #cja ,see vi4 #c4f4 #cjb ,see vi4 #c4c4 #cjc ,see iii4 #b4af4 #cjd ,t is1 ! high] "p1 ! pr9cipal p[] ( ! s\l2 see ii4 #c4ag1 #ah4 #cje ,"h be+ & ess5ce h _h to be inv]t$4 #cjf ,v]bal simil>ity1 homonymy1 or pun4 #cjg ,see ,plato's ,sophi/s1 p4 #bej c2 ,c>y1 #ge4 #cjh ,sophi/s1 p4 #bed d2 ,c>y1 #hf4 #cji ,z said ,ari/otle1 ,met4 iv4 #b4 #caj ,plato1 ,sophi/1 p4 #bde2 ,c>y1 #fc4 #caa ,see vi4 #i4a4 #cab ,see vi4 #d4 #cac ,ari/41 ,met4 xiv4 #f4 #cad ,ari/otle4 ,met4 xiv4 #f4 #cae ,see ii4 #f4b4 #caf ,see vi4 #g4c-f4 #cag ,z said ,ari/otle4 ,e?4 ,nic4 i4 #f4b4 #cah ,aga9/ ,ari/otle4 #cai ,see vi4 #a4ad4 #cbj ,see iii4 #g4aa4 #cba ,to ti n e9ai4 #cbb ,see i4 #f4 #cbc ,see v4 #h4 #cbd ,c\nt+ id5tity & diff]5ce z a composite "o8 ,see note #aa4 #cbe ,see iv4 #i4e4 #cbf ,see iv4 #h4c4 #cbg ,see iii4 #b4af4 #cbh ,see iv4 #h4h4 #cbi ,see iii4 #h4g4 #ccj ,see iii4 #h4b4 #cca ,see iii4 #b4b4 #ccb ,see iii4 #i4a4 #ccc ,see #c4i4a2 ,timaeus1 p4 #ci2 ,c>y1 #ad4 #ccd ,see ii4 #i4a4 #cce ,see v4 #c4d4 #ccf ,plato1 ,philebus1 p4 #ah2 ,c>y1 #bc4 #ccg ,plato1 ,philebus1 p4 #ag e2 ,c>y1 #ba4 #cch ,see iii4 #d4a4 #cci ,see iv4 #h4c-g4 #cdj ,see iv4 #h4h4 #cda ,see iv4 #d4bi4 #cdb ,"h ,plot9os purposely m5tions ,num5ius's "n = ! div9ity 7fr4 #bj4f71 & disagrees ) x1 erect+ above x a supreme ,unity4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 only ,platonic1 ,rep4 vi4 #ai1 #eji b41 s t ,plot9os %\ld n be cr$it$ ) x z is done by ! v>i\s hi/ories ( philosophy4 ,ev5 ,num5ius held ! unity1 fr4 #ad4 #cdc ,?is means1 by m]e v]bal simil>ity1 homonymy1 or1 punn+4 #cdd ,z said ,plato1 9 8 ,philebus1 p4 #ah1 ,c>y1 #bc4 #cde ,see i4 #a4g4 #cdf ,see ,b\illet1 vol4 #a1 p4 #chj4 #cdg ,see iii4 #f4a-e4 #cdh ,see sect4 #af4 #cdi ,see ii4 #a4b4 #cej ,or1 mortal nature1 or1 decay2 see i4 #h4d2 ii4 #d4e-f4 #cea ,see vi4 #b4g1 #h4 #ceb ,see ii4 #d4f4 #cec ,see vi4 #a4ac1 #ad4 #ced ,9 vi4 #c4aa1 & vi4 #a4ac1 #ad1 he h[ev] subsumes "t & place "u relation4 #cee ,accord+ to ,ari/otle1 ,met4 vii4 #c4 #cef ,ari/otle1 ,met4 viii4 #e4f4 #ceg ,ari/otle1 ,categ4 ii4 #e4 #ceh ,see ii4 #e4d4 #cei ,met4 vii4 #aa4 #cfj ,met4 vii4 #ag4 #cfa ,see ii4 #d4c-e4 #cfb ,see iii4 #f4 #cfc ,categ4 ii4 #e4 #cfd ,see iii4 #g4h4 #cfe ,see sect4 #aa4 #cff ,ari/4 ,met4 vii4 #a4 #cfg ,see vi4 #a4bf4 #cfh ,see ii4 #d4aj4 #cfi ,see ,met4 vii4 #c4 #cgj ,see vi4 #a4b1 #c4 #cga ,see iii4 #h4g4 #cgb ,matt] is begott5 by nature1 :i* is ! inf]ior p[] ( ! univ]sal ,s\l1 iii4 #d4a42 & ! =m d]ives f ,reason1 :i* is ! sup]ior p[] ( ! same ,s\l1 ii4 #c4ag4 #cgc ,met4 v4 #h4 #cgd ,be+ an accid5t1 ,met4 v4 #cj1 see#dcd4 #cge ,see iii4 #f4ab4 #cgf ,see ,categ4 ii4 #e4a-b4 #cgg ,plot9os is "h def5d+ ,plato's valuation ( ! univ]sal1 aga9/ ,ari/otle1 9 ,met4 vii4 #ac4 #cgh ,ari/4 de ,anima1 ii4 #a4 #cgi ,see sect4 #h4 #chj ,plot9os foll[s ,ari/otle 9 8 def9ition ( quantity1 b subsumes "t & place "u relation4 ,plot41 vi4 #a4d2 ,ari/4 ,categ4 ii4 #f4a1 #b4 #cha ,ari/4 ,met4 v4 #ac4 #chb ,see vi4 #c4e2 iii4 #f4ag4 #chc ,categ4 ii4 #f4 #chd ,quot$ by ,plato 9 8 ,hippias1 p4 #bhi1 ,c>y1 #bj4 #che ,see ,categ4 #b4f4 #chf ,see vi4 #a4e4 #chg ,see sect4 #aa4 #chh ,see vi4 #f4 #chi ,met4 v4 #f4 #cij ,categ4 iii4 #f4bf4 #cia ,met4 v4 #ad4 #cib ,categ4 ii4 #f4bf4 #cic ,9 speak+ ( quality1 ,categ4 ii4 #h4cj4 #cid ,foll[+ ! ,lat9 v]sion ( ,fic9us4 #cie ,b\illet rem>ks t ,plot9os int5ds to demon/rate ?is by expla9+ ! t]m simil>ity n only ( id5tical quality1 b also ( two be+s ( :i* "o is ! image ( ! o!r1 z ! portrait is ! image ( ! corporeal =m1 ! =m] t ( ! sem9al reason1 & ! latt] t ( ! ,idea4 #cif ,by ?is ,plot9os means ! ess5ce1 or intelligible =m1 vi4 #g4b4 #cig ,see vi4 #g4c-f4 #cih ,see iii4 #f4d4 #cii ,9 8 ,banquet1 p4 #ahf-ahh2 ,c>y1 #ad1 #ae4 #djj ,see v4 #i4aa4 #dja ,see i4 #b4a4 #djb ,see vi4 #g4e4 #djc ,see iii4 #f4d4 #djd ,categ4 ii4 #h4c1 #g1 #h1 #ac1 #ad4 #dje ,see i4 #a4b4 #djf ,ari/4 ,categ4 ii4 #h4h-ac4 #djg ,met4 v4 #ad4 #djh ,met4 vii4 #ab4 #dji ,met4 v4 #ad4 #daj ,categ4 ii4 #h4 #daa ,ari/4 ,categ4 iii4 #aj4 #dab ,see vi4 #a4ag4 #dac ,met4 v4 #aj4 #dad ,categ4 iii4 #aa4 #dae ,categ4 iii4 #ad4 #daf ,categ4 ii4 #g4 #dag ,by a pun1 ?is *ange is us$ z synonym\s ) ! alt]ation us$ fur!r on4 #dah ,ari/4 de ,g54 i4 #d4 #dai ,alt]ation is *ange 9 ! category ( quality1 ,ari/4 de ,g54 i4 #d2 ,physics1 vii4 #b4 #dbj ,ari/4 ,metaph4 ix4 #f2 xi4 #i4 #dba ,met4 xi4 #i4 #dbb ,see ii4 #e4a1 #b4 #dbc ,see ii4 #e4b4 #dbd ,see ii4 #e4b4 #dbe ,categ4 iii4 #ad4 #dbf ,ari/4 ,met4 xi4 #i4 #dbg ,see ii4 #g4 #dbh ,ari/4 de ,g54 i4 #e4 #dbi ,ari/4 de ,g54 i4 #aj4 #dcj ,"h we h ,num5ius's innate motion ( ! intelligible1 fr4 #cj4ba4 #dca ,see vi4 #a4ae-bb4 #dcb ,namely1 "t1 vi4 #a4ac2 place1 vi4 #a4ad2 possession1 vi4 #a4bc2 location1 vi4 #a4bd4 #dcc ,= relation1 see vi4 #a4f-i4 #dcd ,= ,ari/otle says t an accid5t is some?+ :i* exi/s 9 an object )\t be+ "o ( ! di/9ctive *>act]i/ics ( its ess5ce4 #dce ,9 ?is book ,plot9os /udies "t & et]nity comp>atively2 fir/ consid]+ ,plato's views 9 ! ,timaeus1 & !n ! views ( ,py?agoras 7#a71 ,epicurus 7#i71 ! ,/oics 7#g71 & ,ari/otle 7#d1 #h1 #ab74 #dcf ,! bracket$ numb]s are ^? ( ! ,teubn] edition2 ! unbracket$1 ^? ( ! ,didot edition4 #dcg ,see ii4 #i4f4 #dch ,z ?\ght ,plato1 9 8 ,timaeus1 p4 #cg1 ,c>y1 #ad4 #dci ,/obaeus4 ,ecl4 ,phys4 i4 #bdh4 #ddj ,a category1 see vi4 #b4g4 #dda ,see vi4 #b4g4 #ddb ,or1 ) ,muell]1 !re=e1 9 a p]man5t future4 #ddc ,de ,caelo1 i4 #i4 #ddd ,t is1 ) ?is div9ity t intelligible exi/5ce is4 #dde ,ari/4 ,met4 iii4 #b4 #ddf ,9 ! ,timaeus1 p4 #bi1 ,c>y #aj4 #ddg ,/ob4 ,ecl4 ,physic4 ix4 #dj4 #ddh ,porphyry1 ,pr9ciples1 #cb1 end4 #ddi ,especially ,ar*ytas1 ,simplicius1 ,comm4 9 ,phys4 ,ari/ot4 #afe2 ,/ob4 ,ecl4 ,physic4 ,he]51 #bdh-bej4 #dej ,/obaeus1 #bed4 #dea ,see ,/obaeus1 #bej4 #deb ,ari/otle1 ,physica1 iv4 #ab4 #dec ,muell]3 ,:e!r ?is may be pr$icat$ ( ! totality ( ! movem5t4 #ded ,see vi4 #f4d-aj4 #dee ,z ,ari/otle1 ,phys4 iv4 #aa1 claim$4 #def ,9 ,physica1 iii4 #g4 #deg ,/obaeus1 ,ecl4 ,phys4 ix4 #dj4 #deh ,:5 collectively consid]$ z ,a-pollo1 foll[+ ,num5ius1 #db1 #fg1 ,plot9os1 v4 #e4f4 #dei ,see ii4 #i4c4 #dfj ,see iii4 #g4a1 ,introd4 #dfa ,see iii4 #f4af1 #ag4 #dfb ,porphyry1 ,pr9ciples1 #cb4 #dfc ,9 ! ,timaeus1 p4 #ch1 ,c>y1 #ad4 #dfd ,9 8 ,timaeus1 p4 #ci1 ,c>y1 #ad1 #ae4 #dfe ,z by ,antiphanes & ,critolaus1 ,/obaeus1 ,eclog4 ,phys4 ix4 #dj1 p4 #beb1 ,he]54 #dff ,see iii4 #g4b4 #dfg ,z ?\ght ,ari/otle1 de ,mem4 et ,rem94 ii4 #ab4 #dfh ,see iv4 #i4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,punctuation & spell+ 7 made consi/5t :5 a pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0 f\nd 9 ?is f\r-volume set2 o!rwise !y 7 n *ang$4 ,simple typographical errors 7 correct$4 ,inconsi/5t capitalization has n be5 *ang$4 ,ambigu\s hyph5s at ! ends ( l9es 7 reta9$4 ,infrequ5t spell+ ( ,plot9us *ang$ to ! pr$om9ant ,plot9os4 ,sev]al op5+ or clos+ p>5!ses & quotation m>ks are unmat*$2 ,transcrib] has n attempt$ to det]m9e :]e !y belong4 ,page #fgh3 ,a l9e conta9+ ,h[ !n c\ld "o1 appe>s to h be5 p>tly duplicat$ 9 ! orig9al4 ,! duplicate text1 :i* has be5 remov$ "h1 03 ,ess5ce s5ce possess self-exi/5ce4 ,h[ !n c\ld4 ,page #fij1 footnote #ec 7orig9ally #a73 he might h _h no?- does n complete on ! next l9e & has be5 *ang$ "h to he might h _h no?+4 ,page #gjj3 ,! two op5+ p>5!ses 9 '7f its :atness 7or1 ess5ce#gb74' %>e ! "o clos+ p>5!sis2 un*ang$4 ,page #gdd3 unmat*$ clos+ quotation m>k remov$ aft] a be+ is suit$ by its l4 ,page #hjd3 ,clos+ p>5!sis add$ aft] s+le 7unit>y4 ,page #hbc3 resi/ance corporeal nature#ae74 has no mat*+ op5+ p>5!sis2 un*ang$ "h4 ,page #icj3 ,phrase beg9n+ 7ea* con/itut+ a p>ticul> intellig5ce appe>s to %>e its clos+ p>5!sis ) ! phrase 7& ?us exi/s 9 itself74 ,page #ice3 ,clos+ p>5!sis 9 phrase composite z mixtures71 does n h a mat*+ op5+ p>5!sis2 un*ang$4 ,page #ihd3 ,footnote #cie 7orig9ally #ec71 corporeal =m1 ! =m] t ( orig9ally 0 corporeal =m1 ! latt] t (4 ,footnote ,issues3 ,9 ^! notes1 an*or means ! ref]5ce to a footnote1 & footnote means ! in=mation to :i* ! an*or ref]s4 ,an*ors occur )9 ! ma9 text1 :ile footnotes are gr\p$ 9 sequ5ce at ! end ( ?is e,book4 ,! /ructure ( ! orig9al book requir$ "s exceptions to ?is1 z expla9$ bel[4 ,! orig9al text us$ *apt] endnotes4 ,9 ?is e,book1 !y h be5 comb9$ into a s+le1 asc5d+ sequ5ce bas$ on ! sequ5ce 9 :i* ! footnotes 7n ! an*ors7 occurr$ 9 ! orig9al book1 & plac$ at ! end ( ! e,book4 ,?ree k9ds ( irregul>ities occurr$ 9 ! footnotes3 #a4 ,"s footnotes are ref]5c$ by m ?an "o an*or1 s two or m an*ors may ref] to ! same footnote4 #b4 ,"s an*ors 7 out ( sequ5ce1 app>5tly because !y 7 add$ aft]w>ds or because !y are %>e a footnote ) ano!r an*or4 ,!y h be5 r5umb]$ to mat* ! numb]s ( ! footnotes to :i* !y ref]4 #c4 ,"s footnotes h no an*ors4 ,^! are not$ bel[4 ,page #fgi3 ,footnote #cg has no an*or4 ,! miss+ an*or w\ld be on page #fgj4 ,page #gga3 ,footnote #he 7orig9ally #ba7 has no an*or4 ,! miss+ an*or w\ld be on page #gji or #gaj4 ,page #ggb3 ,footnote #aaa 7orig9ally #dg7 has no an*or4 ,! miss+ an*or w\ld be on page #gcf4 ,page #ggb3 ,footnote #abc 7orig9ally #ei7 has no an*or4 ,! miss+ an*or w\ld be on page #gdd or #gde4 ,page #haa3 ,footnote #agh 7orig9ally #ac7 has no an*or4 ,! miss+ an*or w\ld be on page #ggf4 ,page #icb3 ,footnote #cjb 7orig9ally #f7 has no an*or4 ,! miss+ an*or w\ld be on page #hie or #hif4 ,page #ihd3 ,footnote #dbd 7orig9ally #hb7 has no an*or4 ,! miss+ an*or w\ld be on page #igd or #ige4 ,page #ajae3 ,footnote #dde 7orig9ally #aa7 has no an*or4 ,! miss+ an*or w\ld be 9 page range #iib-iie4