,,volume ,,ii4 ,,works ,,( ,,plot9os4 ,,plot9os ,complete ,works ,9 ,*ronological ,ord]1 ,gr\p$ 9 ,f\r ,p]iods2 ,) ,,biography by ,,porphyry1 ,,eunapius1 ,,suidas1 ,,comm5t>y by ,,porphyry1 ,,illu/rations by ,,jambli*us ,,ammonius1 ,,/udies 9 ,s\rces1 ,developm5t1 ,influ5ce2 ,,index ( ,subjects1 ,?\ghts & ,words4 by ,,k5ne? ,,sylvan ,,gu?rie1 ,pr(essor 9 ,ext5sion1 ,univ]sity ( ! ,s\?1 ,sewanee2 ,a4,m41 ,sewanee1 & ,h>v>d2 ,ph4,d41 ,tulane1 & ,columbia4 ,m4,d41 ,m$ico-,*irurgical ,college1 ,philadelphia4 ,,vol4 ,,ii ,amelio-,porphyrian ,books1 #bb-cc4 ,,comp>ative ,,lit]ature ,,press ,p4 ,o4 ,box #db1 ,,alp9e1 ,n4,j41 ,u4,s4,a4 ,copyright1 #aiah1 by ,k5ne? ,sylvan ,gu?rie4 ,all ,rights1 includ+ t ( ,translation1 ,res]v$4 ,ent]$ at ,/ation]s' ,hall1 by ,george ,bell & ,sons1 ,portugal ,/reet1 ,l9coln's ,inn1 ,london4 ,,six? ,,ennead1 ,,book ,,f\r4 ,! ,"o ,id5tical ,ess5ce is ,ev]y:]e ,entirely ,pres5t4 ,,:y ,,! ,,_w-,,s\l ,,is ,,ev]y:]e ,,entire ,,9 ,,! ,,_w-,,body4 #a4 ,is x because ! body ( ! univ]se is s great t ! ,s\l is ev]y:]e pres5t 9 ! univ]se1 ?\gh be+ naturally divisible 9 7human7 bodies8 ,or x is by h]self1 t %e is ev]y:]e pres5t8 ,9 ! latt] case1 %e has n be5 drawn away ev]y:]e by ! body1 b ! body f\nd h] ev]y:]e 9 exi/5ce be=e x2 ?us1 9 :atev] place x may be1 x f\nd ! ,s\l pres5t be=e x itself 0 "p ( ! univ]se1 & ! total body ( ! univ]se 0 locat$ 9 ! ,s\l t exi/$ already4 ,,h[ ,,c\ld ,,! ,,s\l ,,h ,,no ,,magnitude1 ,,if ,,%e ,,already ,,fill$ ,,all ,,space8 ,b if ! ,s\l _h su* an ext5sion be=e ! body approa*$ h]1 if %e already fill$ all space1 h[ c %e h no magnitude8 ,besides1 h[ c\ld %e h be5 pres5t 9 ! univ]se :5 ! latt] did n yet exi/8 ,la/1 be+ consid]$ indivisible & non-ext5d$1 is %e ev]y:]e pres5t )\t hav+ any magnitude8 ,if ! answ] be t %e ext5d$ h]self ?r\gh\t ! body ( ! univ]se )\t h]self be+ corporeal1 ! "q is n yet resolv$ by ?us accid5tally attribut+ magnitude to ! ,s\l2 = x w\ld !n be reasonable to ask h[ %e grew great by accid5t4 ,! ,s\l c\ld n ext5d h]self 9 ! entire body 9 ! same mann] z quality1 z = in/ance1 sweetness or color2 = ^! are passive modifications ( ! bodies1 s t "o mu/ n be a/oni%$ to see a modification spread all ov] ! modifi$ body1 be+ no?+ by itself1 inh]+ 9 ! body1 & exi/+ only )9 x2 t is :y ! s\l necess>ily has ! same magnitude z ! body4 ,besides1 ! :it5ess ( "o "p ( ! body does n %>e ! exp]i5ce#a 7or1 passion7 exp]i5c$ by ! :it5ess ( ano!r "p2 ! :it5ess ( "o "p is id5tical1 9 respect to species1 to ! :it5ess ( ano!r "p2 b x is n id5tical !re) 9 respect to numb]2 on ! contr>y1 ! "p ( ! s\l :i* is pres5t 9 ! foot is id5tical ) ! portion ( ! s\l pres5t 9 ! h&1 z may be se5 9 ! p]cepts !re(4 ,la/1 :at is id5tical 9 ! qualities is divisible1 :ile t :i* is id5tical 9 ! s\l is indivisible2 if x be said to divide1 x is 9 ?is s5se t x is pres5t ev]y:]e4 ,,! ,,s\l ,,0 ,,capable ,,( ,,ext5sion ,,be=e ,,! ,,exi/5ce ,,( ,,! ,,body4 ,9 view ( ^! facts1 let u1 />t+ f ! v beg9n+1 expla9 9 a cle> & plausible mann]1 h[ ! s\l1 be+ incorporeal & ext5d$1 c\ld1 nev]!less1 h assum$ su* an ext5sion1 ei!r be=e ! bodies1 or 9 ! bodies4 ,if inde$ "o see t %e 0 capable ( assum+ ext5sion be=e ! bodies exi/$1 x w be easily und]/ood t %e c\ld h done s )9 ! bodies4 ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,univ]sal ,,be+4 #b4 ,!re exi/s a g5u9ely univ]sal 7,be+74 ,! _w t we see is no m ?an its image4 ,?is v]itably univ]sal 7,be+7 is 9 no?+2 = no?+ has proce$$ f its exi/5ce4 ,:at is po/]ior to ?is univ]sal 7,be+7 mu/1 to exi/1 be 9 x1 s9ce x w\ld dep5d on x1 & )\t x c\ld nei!r subsi/ nor move4 ,d n !re=e place our _w 9 ?is g5u9ely univ]sal 7be+7 z 9 a place1 if by place y und]/& ! limit ( ! body conta9+ s f> z x conta9s1 or a space :i* be=e _h1 & :i* /ill has empt9ess = nature4 ,conceive ( ! f\ndation on :i* our _w re/s z exi/+ 9 ! 7,be+7 :i* exi/s ev]y:]e1 & conta9s x4 ,conceive _! relation exclusively by ! m9d1 sett+ aside all local nom5clature4 ,inde$1 :5 "o speaks ( place1 x is only 9 relation ) our visible _w2 b ! univ]sal 7be+71 be+ ! ,fir/1 & possess+ g5u9e exi/5ce1 has no ne$ ( be+ 9 a place1 nor 9 any?+ :atev]4 ,be+ univ]sal1 x c\ld n fail to support itself1 = x fills itself1 equals itself1 & is :]e is ! univ]sal because x is ?is itself4 ,:at has be5 built on ! univ]sal1 be+ o!r ?an x1 p>ticipates 9 x1 & approa*es x1 receives /r5g? f x1 n by divid+ x1 b because x f9ds x 9 itself1 because x approa*es x1 s9ce ! univ]sal 7be+7 is n outside ( itself2 = x is impossible = ! ess5ce to be 9 non-ess5ce2 on ! contr>y1 x is non-ess5ce t mu/ subsi/ 9 ess5ce1 & consequ5tly unite entirely ) ! :ole ess5ce4 ,we repeat1 ! univ]sal c\ld n sep>ate itself f itself2 & if we say t x is ev]y:]e1 x is only 9 ?is s5se t x is 9 ess5ce1 t is1 9 itself4 ,x is n surpris+ t :at is ev]y:]e is 9 ess5ce & 9 itself2 = t :i* is ev]y:]e is 9 ! unity4 ,we1 h[ev]1 posit+ t ! 7,be+7 9 "q is s5se-7exi/5ce71 believe t x is ev]y:]e "h bel[2 &1 z ! s5se-7exi/5ce7 is great1 we wond] h[ nature 7t is1 ! intelligible ess5ce7 c ext5d 9 t :i* has s great a magnitude4 ,9 reality1 ! 7,be+7 :i* is call$ great is small2 ! 7,be+7 :i* is reg>d$ z small is great1 s9ce ! :ole ( x p5etrates 9 e "p ( all2 or r1 our _w1 by its p>ts ev]y:]e approa*+ ! univ]sal 7,be+71 f9ds x ev]y:]e entire1 & great] ?an itself4 ,consequ5tly1 z x w\ld receive no?+ m by a great] ext5sion 7=1 if x 7 possible1 x w\ld !reby exclude itself f ! univ]sal ,be+71 x circles ar\nd ?is ,be+4 ,n be+ able to embrace x1 nor to pi]ce into its inn]mo/1 x cont5t$ itself ) occupy+ a place1 & ) hav+ a place :]e x might pres]ve exi/5ce :ile approa*+ ! univ]sal 7,be+71 :i* 9 "o s5se is pres5t to x1 & 9 ano!r1 is n pres5t2 = ! univ]sal 7,be+7 is 9 itself1 ev5 :5 some?+ else wi%es to unite itself to x4 ,!re=e1 approa*+ x1 ! body ( ! univ]se f9ds ! univ]sal ,be+2 hav+ no ne$ ( go+ any f>!r1 x turns ar\nd ! same ?+ because ! ?+ ar\nd :i* x turns is ! v]itably univ]sal 7,be+71 s t 9 all its p>ts x enjoys ! pres5ce ( ?is :ole entire ,be+4 ,if ! univ]sal 7,be+7 7 9 a place1 our _w %\ld 7in/ead ( hav+ a circul> motion71 ru% t[>ds x 9 a /raight l9e1 t\*+ diff]5t p>ts ( ?is ,be+ by diff]5t p>ts ( its own1 & f9d itself on "o side di/ant f x1 & on ! o!r side ne> x4 ,b z ! univ]sal 7,be+7 is nei!r ne> "o place1 nor di/ant f1 ano!r1 x is necess>ily entirely pres5t z soon z x is at all pres5t4 ,consequ5tly1 x is entirely pres5t to ea* ( ^! ?+s f :i* x is nei!r ne> nor f>2 x is pres5t to ! ?+s t are able to receive x4 ,,! ,,univ]sal ,,be+ ,,is ,,indivisible4 #c4 ,is ! univ]sal 7,be+7 by itself pres5t ev]y:]e8 ,or does x rema9 )9 itself1 :ile f its inn]mo/ its p[]s desc5d on all ?+s1 & is x 9 ?is s5se t x is reg>d$ z ev]y:]e pres5t8 ,yes1 d\btless4 ,t is :y x is said t s\ls are ! rays ( ?is univ]sal 7,be+71 t x is built on itself1 & t f x1 s\ls desc5d into v>i\s animals4 ,! ?+s :i* p>ticipate 9 its unity1 incapable z !y are ( possess+ a complete nature con=m$ to its nature1 enjoy ! pres5ce ( ! univ]sal 7,be+7 9 ?is s5se t !y enjoy ! pres5ce ( "s ( its p[]s4 ,!y are n1 h[ev]1 entirely sep>at$ f x1 because x is n sep>at$ f ! p[] :i* x communicates to ea* ( !m4 ,if !y d n h m1 x is only because !y are n capable ( receiv+ m f ! pres5ce ( ! entire :ole 7,be+74 ,evid5tly x is always entirely pres5t !re :]e its p[]s are pres5t4 ,x h[ev] rema9s sep>at$1 = if x became ! =m ( any "o p>ticul> be+1 x w\ld cease to be univ]sal1 to subsi/ ev]y:]e 9 itself1 & x w\ld be ! accid5t ( "s o!r be+4 ,!re=e1 s9ce x belongs to none ( ^! ?+s1 ev5 ( ^? t aspire to unite !mselves ) x1 x makes !m enjoy its pres5ce :5 !y desire x1 & 9 ! measure 9 :i* !y are capable !re(2 b x does n belong to any ( !m 9 p>ticul>4 ,x is n surpris+1 !re=e1 t x %\ld be pres5t 9 all ?+s1 s9ce x is n pres5t 9 any 9 a mann] su* z to belong to x alone4 ,x is also reasonable to ass]t t1 if ! s\l %>e ! passions ( ! bodies1 x is only by accid5t1 t %e dwells 9 h]self1 & belongs nei!r to matt] nor to body1 t ! :ole ( h] illum9ates ! :ole _w-body4 ,x is n a contradiction to say t ! 7,be+7 :i* is n pres5t 9 any place is pres5t to all ?+s ea* ( :i* is 9 a place4 ,:at1 inde$1 w\ld be surpris+ & impossible w\ld be t ! univ]sal 7,be+7 c\ld1 :ile occupy+ a det]m9ate place1 be pres5t to ?+s :i* are 9 a place1 & c\ld at all be pres5t 9 ! s5se 9 :i* we h expla9$ x4 ,reason =ces u1 !re=e1 to admit t ! univ]sal 7,be+7 mu/1 precisely because x does n occupy any place1 be entirely pres5t to ! ?+s to :i* x is pres5t2 &1 s9ce x is pres5t to ! univ]se1 be entirely pres5t to ea* ?+2 o!rwise1 "o "p ( x w\ld be "h1 & ano!r !re2 consequ5tly1 x w\ld be divisible1 x w\ld be body4 ,h[ o!rwise c\ld "o divide ! 7,be+78 ,is x its life t %all )9 x be divid$8 ,if x be ! totality ( ! 7be+7 t is life1 no "p ( x w\ld be t4 ,or w somebody try to divide ! ,intellig5ce1 s t "o ( its p>ts be "h1 & ! o!r !re8 ,9 ?is case1 nei!r ( ! two p>ts w\ld be intellig5ce4 ,or w ! 7,be+7 itself be divid$8 ,b if ! totality be ! 7,be+71 no "o "p ( x w\ld be t4 ,x might be object$ t ! p>ts ( ! bodies are /ill bodies !mselves4 ,b t :i* is divid$ is n ! body 7z su*71 b a c]ta9 body ( a c]ta9 ext5t2 n[ ea* ( its p>ts possesses ! =m t causes x to be nam$ body2 :ile ! =m n only does n h "s p>ticul> ext5sion1 b ev5 any k9d ( ext5sion at all4 ,,! ,,unity ,,( ,,be+ ,,does ,,n ,,exclude ,,! ,,exi/5ce ,,( ,,o!r ,,be+s4 #d4 ,h[ c !re be a plurality ( ess5ces1 intellig5ces & s\l1 if ess5ce be "o8 ,! ess5ce is "o ev]y:]e2 b its unity does n exclude ! exi/5ce ( o!r 7be+s71 :i* may be said to con=m !reto4 ,x is s also ) ! unity ( ! intellig5ce1 & ( ! s\l1 al?\gh ! ,s\l ( ! univ]se be diff]5t f ! p>ticul> s\ls4 ,,ess5ce ,,is ,,divisible ,,if ,,!reby ,,n ,,dim9i%$4 ,x w\ld seem z if !re 7 a contradiction betwe5 ! pres5t ass]tions & o!r /atem5ts ( ours2 & p]haps our demon/ration imposes r ?an conv9ces4 ,x is impossible to believe t ! ess5ce :i* is "o be also ev]y:]e id5tical2 x w\ld seem pref]able to admit t ess5ce1 consid]$ 9 its totality1 is susceptible ( division1 s long z ?is division does n dim9i% x2 or1 to use m c>eful t]ms1 t x begets all ?+s :ile rema9+ ) itself2 & t ! s\ls t are born ( x1 & are its p>ts1 fill up ev]y?+4 ,b if x be admitt$ t ! ,"o ess5ce rema9s 9 ,himself because x seems incr$ible t a pr9ciple c\ld ev]y:]e be pres5t entire1 ! same difficulty w\ld h9d] u 9 reg>d to s\ls2 = x w result t ea* ( !m w no long] be entire 9 ! :ole body1 b w be divid$ !re91 or1 if ea* individual s\l rema9 entire1 t x is by rema9+ 9 "o "p ( ! body1 t ! s\l w communicate h] p[] to x4 ,^! same que/ions ab\t ! s\l c\ld be rais$ ab\t ! p[]s ( ! s\l1 & we might ask if !y be all entire ev]y:]e4 ,la/1 "o c\ld be l$ to believe t ! s\l 0 9 "o memb]1 :ile h] p[] 0 9 ano!r4 ,,! ,,s\l1 ,,z ,,compris+ ,,_m ,,s\ls1 ,,is ,,inf9ite4 ,let u fir/ expla9 h[ !re c be a plurality ( intellig5ces1 s\ls1 & ess5ces4 ,if we consid] ! ?+s t proce$ f ! fir/ pr9ciples1 z !y are numb]s & n magnitudes1 we %all also h to ask ourselves h[ !y fill ! univ]se4 ,?is plurality :i* ?us arises f ! fir/ pr9ciples does n 9 any way help u to solve our "q1 s9ce we h grant$ t ess5ce is multiple because ( ! diff]5ce 7( ! be+s t proce$ f x71 & n by place2 = ?\gh x be multiple1 x is simultane\sly entire2 ess5ce ev]y:]e t\*es ess5ce1#b & x is ev]y:]e entirely pres5t4 ,intellig5ce likewise is manifold by ! diff]5ce 7( ! intellig5ces t proce$ !refrom71 & n by space2 x is entire ev]y:]e4 ,x is s also ) s\ls2 ev5 _! "p :i* is divisible 9 ! bodies is indivisible by its nature4 ,b ! bodies possess ext5sion because ! s\l is pres5t ) !m2 or r1 x is because !re are bodies 9 ! s5se-_w2 x is because ! p[] ( ! ,s\l 7t is univ]sal7 :i* is 9 !m manife/s itself 9 all _! p>ts1 t ! ,s\l h]self seems to h p>ts4 ,:at proves t %e is n divid$ z !y are1 & ) !m1 t %e is entirely pres5t ev]y:]e1 is t by nature %e is ess5tially "o & indivisible4 ,?us1 ! unity ( ! ,s\l does n exclude ! plurality ( s\ls1 any m ?an ! unity ( ess5ce excludes ! plurality ( 7be+s71 or t ! plurality ( intelligibles does n disagree ) ! exi/5ce ( ! ,"o4 ,x is n necess>y to admit t ! ,s\l imp>ts life to ! bodies by ! plurality ( s\ls1 nor t t plurality d]ives f ! ext5sion ( ! body 7( ! _w74 ,be=e !re ev] 7 any bodies1 !re 0 already "o 7univ]sal7 ,s\l & sev]al 7individual7 s\ls4 ,! individual s\ls exi/$ already 9 ! univ]sal ,s\l1 n pot5tially1 b ea* 9 actuality4 ,! unity ( ! univ]sal ,s\l does n h9d] ! multitude ( ! individual s\ls conta9$ )9 h]2 ! multitude ( ! individual s\ls does n h9d] ! unity ( ! univ]sal ,s\l4 ,!y are di/9ct )\t be+ sep>at$ by any int]val2 !y are pres5t to ea* o!r in/ead ( be+ =eign to ea* o!r2 = !y are n sep>at$ f ea* o!r by any limits1 any m ?an diff]5t sci5ces are )9 a s+le s\l4 ,! ,s\l is su* t 9 h] unity %e conta9s all ! s\ls4 ,su* a nature is1 !re=e1 inf9ite4 ,,! ,,greatness ,,( ,,! ,,s\l ,,has ,,no?+ ,,to ,,d ,,) ,,! ,,size ,,( ,,! ,,body4 #e4 ,! magnitude ( ! ,s\l does n consi/ 9 be+ a corporeal mass2 = e corporeal mass is small1 & r$uces to no?+1 if x be made to und]go a dim9ution4 ,z to ! magnitude ( ! ,s\l1 no?+ c be remov$ f x2 & if some?+ 7 remov$1 %e w\ld n lose any?+4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 %e _c lose any?+1 :y fe> t %e %\ld be f> f some?+8 ,h[ c\ld %e be f> f some?+ s9ce %e loses no?+1 s9ce %e possesses an et]nal nature1 & is subject to no leakage8 ,if %e 7 subject to "s leakage1 %e w\ld advance till :]e %e c\ld leak2 b z %e _c leak at all 7= !re is no place :]e or into :i* %e c\ld leak71 %e has embrac$ ! univ]se1 or r1 %e h]self is ! univ]se1 & %e is too great to be judg$ accord+ to physical magnitude4 ,we may say t %e gives little to ! univ]se2 b %e gives x all x c receive4 ,d n consid] ! univ]sal ,be+ 7,ess5ce7 z be+ small]1 or z hav+ a small] mass 7?an our univ]se72 o!rwise1 y w\ld be l$ to ask y\rself h[ t :i* is small] c unite ) t :i* is great]4 ,besides1 "o %\ld n pr$icate comp>ative smallness ( ! univ]sal ,ess5ce1 nor comp>e1 9 reg>d to mass1 t :i* has no mass ) t :i* has2 t w\ld be z if somebody said t ! sci5ce call$ m$ic9e is small] ?an ! body ( ! doctor4 ,nei!r attribute to ! univ]sal ,ess5ce an ext5t great] 7?an t ( our univ]se72 = x is n 9 ext5sion t ! s\l is great] ?an ! body4 ,:at %[s ! v]itable magnitude ( ! s\l1 is t1 :5 ! body increases1 ! same s\l :i* =m]ly exi/$ 9 a small] mass is pres5t 9 ?is :ole mass t has become great]2 n[ x w\ld be ridicul\s to suppose t ! s\l increases 9 ! same mann] z a corporeal mass4 ,,! ,,s\ls ,,w ,,diff] ,,z ,,w ,,! ,,s5sations4 #f4 ,:y 7if ! univ]sal ,s\l possess ! magnitude "h attribut$ to h]71 does %e n approa* "s o!r body 7?an t :i* %e animates2 t is1 "s individual body78 ,x w\ld be ?is body's 7privilege or duty7 to approa* ! univ]sal ,s\l1 if x be able to d s2 on approa*+ to h]1 x receives some?+1 & appropriates x4 ,b w\ld ?is body1 t w\ld approa* ! univ]sal ,s\l1 n already possess h] simultane\sly ) ! s\l prop] to itself1 s9ce ^! s\ls 7! univ]sal ,s\l1 & ! individual s\l7 d n appe> to diff] f ea* o!r8 ,! fact is1 t z _! s5sations diff]1 s mu/ ! passions t !y exp]i5ce likewise diff]4 ,! ?+s are judg$ to be diff]5t1 b ! judge is ! same pr9ciple successively plac$ 9 pres5ce ( diff]5t passions1 al?\gh x be n he :o exp]i5ces !m1 b ! body dispos$ 9 "s p>ticul> mann]4 ,x is z if :5 "s "o ( u judges bo? ! pleasure exp]i5c$ by ! f+]1 & ! pa9 felt by ! head4 ,b :y does n our s\l p]ceive judgm5ts made by ! univ]sal ,s\l8 ,because ?is is a judgm5t1 & n a passion4 ,besides1 ! faculty t judg$ ! passion does n say1 ,i h judg$1 b x limits itself to judg+4 ,?us1 9 ourselves1 x is n ! sight :i* communicates its judgm5t to ! he>+1 al?\gh bo? ( ^! s5ses made sep>ate judgm5ts2 :at presides ov] ^! two s5ses is reason1 :i* con/itutes a diff]5t faculty4 ,(t5 reason cognizes ! judgm5t made by "s o!r 7be+71 :ile be+ consci\s simultane\sly ( ! passion x exp]i5ces4 ,b ?is "q has be5 treat$ else:]e4 ,,h[ ,,c ,,! ,,same ,,pr9ciple ,,exi/ ,,9 ,,all ,,?+s8 ,let u return to ?is "q3 ,h[ c ! same pr9ciple exi/ 9 all ?+s8 ,?is "q am\nts to ask+ h[ ea* ( ! s5se-objects :i* =m a plurality & :i* occupy diff]5t places1 c1 nev]!less1 p>ticipate 9 ! same pr9ciple2 = x is n all[able to divide unity into a multitude ( p>ts2 x w\ld be m fitt+ to r$uce ! multitude ( p>ts to unity1 :i* c\ld n approa* !m4 ,b :5 ^! p>ts occupy diff]5t places1 !y h l$ u to believe t unity likewise is split up1 z if ! p[] :i* dom9ates & :i* conta9s 7 divid$ into z _m p>ts z t :i* is conta9$4 ,! h& itself 7?\gh corporeal71 may hold an entire body1 su* z a piece ( wood sev]al feet 9 l5g?1 & o!r objects4 ,9 ?is case1 ! =ce t holds makes itself felt 9 ! :ole object t is felt1 & does n di/ribute itself 9 z _m p>ts z x may conta91 ?\gh x be circumscrib$ by ! limit ( ! rea* ( ! h&4 ,nev]!less1 ! h& is limit$ by its own ext5sion1 & n by t ( ! body :i* is held or susp5d$4 ,add to ! susp5d$ body "s o!r l5g?1 & admitt+ t ! h& c c>ry x1 its =ce w hold ! entire body )\t divid+ into z _m p>ts z x may conta94 ,n[ suppose t ! corporeal mass ( ! h& be annihilat$1 &1 nev]!less1 all[ ! =ce :i*1 be=e1 exi/$ 9 ! h& & held ! weight1 to p]si/2 w n ?is same =ce1 indivisible 9 ! totality1 be equally indivisible 9 ea* ( its p>ts8 ,,light ,,exi/s ,,simultane\sly ,,)9 ,,& ,,)\t4 #g4 ,imag9e a lum9\s po9t :i* s]ves z c5tre1 & imag9e ar\nd x a transp>5t sph]e1 s t ! cle>ness ( ! lum9\s po9t %9es 9 ! :ole body t surr\nds x )\t ! ext]ior receiv+ any light f else:]e2 y w surely h to ackn[l$ge t ?is int]ior light1 by rema9+ impassible1 p5etrates ! :ole surr\nd+ mass1 & t x embraces ! :ole sph]e f ! c5tral po9t 9 :i* x is se5 to %9e4 ,! tru? is t ! light did n emanate f ! little body plac$ 9 ! c5tre2 = ?is little body did n gl[ inasmu* z x 0 a body1 b inasmu* z x 0 a lum9\s body2 t means1 by virtue ( an incorporeal p[]4 ,n[ 9 ?\ght annihilate ! mass ( ! little lum9\s body1 & pres]ve its lum9\s p[]2 c\ld y /ill say t light is some:]e8 ,w x n be equally 9 ! int]ior1 & 9 ! :ole ext]ior sph]e8 ,y w no long] p]ceive :]e x 0 fix$ be=e1 & y w no long] say :5ce x comes1 nor :]e x is2 9 ?is respect y w rema9 unc]ta9 & a/oni%$2 y w see ! light %9e simultane\sly 9 ! int]ior & 9 ! ext]ior sph]e4 ,an example ( ?is is ! sol> light t %9es 9 ! air :5 y look at ! body ( ! sun1 at ! same "t t y p]ceive ev]y:]e ! same light )\t any division2 t is demon/rat$ by objects t int]cept ! light2 !y reflect x n[h]e else ?an 9 ! direction f :i* x came2 !y d n %att] x into fragm5ts4 ,b if ! sun 7 an incorporeal p[]1 y c\ld n1 :5 x w\ld radiate light1 tell :]e ! light began1 nor f :]e x 0 s5t2 !re w\ld be b a s+le light1 ! same ev]y:]e1 hav+ nei!r po9t ( beg9n+1 nor pr9ciple f :i* x proce$s4 ,,unity ,,is ,,9 ,,! ,,manifold ,,by ,a ,,mann] ,,( ,,exi/5ce4 #h4 ,:5 light emanates f a body x is easy to tell :5 x %9es1 because ! location ( t body is kn[n4 ,b if a be+ be immat]ial1 if x h no ne$ ( a body1 if x be ant]ior to all bodies1 & be f\nd$ on itself1 or r if x h no ne$1 z has a body1 or re/+ on any f\ndation--!n1 a be+ end[$ ) su* a nature has no orig9 f :i* x is d]iv$1 resides 9 no place1 & dep5ds on no body4 ,h[ c\ld y !n say t "o ( its p>ts is "h1 & ano!r is !re8 ,= ?us x w\ld h an orig9 f :i* x _h issu$1 & x w\ld dep5d f some?+4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 say t if some?+ p>ticipate 9 ?is be+ by ! p[] ( ! univ]se1 x p>ticipates 9 ?is be+ entirely1 )\t !reby be+ *ang$ or divid$2 = x is a be+ unit$ to a body t suff]s 7al?\gh (t5 t happ5s to x only accid5tally71 & 9 ?is respect x may be said t x is passive & divisible1 s9ce x is "s "p ( ! body1 ei!r its passion1 or =m4 ,z to ! 7be+7 :i* is unit$ to any body1 & to :i* ! body aspires to be unit$1 x mu/ 9 no mann] %>e ! passions ( ! body1 z su*2 = ! ess5tial passion ( ! body1 z su*1 is to divide itself4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! body be by nature incl9$ to divide itself1 !n is ! incorporeal1 by nature1 indivisible4 ,h[1 9 fact1 c\ld "o divide t :i* has no ext5sion8 ,if1 !re=e1 ! ext5d$ 7be+7 p>ticipate 9 ! 7be+7 :i* has no ext5sion1 x p>ticipates 9 ?is 7be+7 )\t divid+ x2 o!rwise1 ?is 7be+7 w\ld h ext5sion4 ,consequ5tly1 :5 y say t ! unity 7( ! univ]sal ess5ce7 is 9 ! manifold1 y d n say t unity has become manifoldness1 b y ref] to ?is unity ! mann] ( exi/5ce ( ! multitude1 see+ x 9 ?is :ole multitude simultane\sly4 ,z to ?is ,unity1 x w h to be und]/ood t x belongs to no individual1 nor to ! :ole multitude1 b t x belongs to itself alone1 t x is itself1 & t1 be+ itself1 x does n fail to support itself4 ,nor does x possess a magnitude su* z ( our univ]se1 nor1 let alone1 su* z t ( "o ( ! p>ts ( ! univ]se2 = x has absolutely no magnitude4 ,h[ c\ld x h any magnitude8 ,x is ! body t %\ld h su* magnitude4 ,z to ! 7be+7 ^: nature is entirely diff]5t f t ( ! body1 no magnitude %\ld be ascrib$ to x4 ,if x h no magnitude1 x is n[h]e2 x is nei!r "h nor !re2 = if s1 x w\ld be 9 sev]al places4 ,if !n ! local division suits only ! 7be+7 ( :i* "o "p is "h1 & ! o!r !re1 h[ c\ld ! 7be+7 t is nei!r "h nor !re be divid$8 ,consequ5tly1 ! incorporeal 7be+7 mu/ rema9 indivisible 9 itself1 al?\gh ! multitude ( ?+s aspire to unite itself to x1 & succe$s !re94 ,if !y aspire to possess x1 !y aspire to possess x entire1 s t if !y succe$ 9 p>ticipat+ 9 t 7be+71 !y w p>ticipate 9 t entire 7be+7 s f> z _! capacity rea*es4 ,nev]!less1 ! ?+s t p>ticipate 9 ?is 7be+7 mu/ p>ticipate 9 x z if !y did n p>ticipate 9 x1 9 ?is s5se t x does n belong exclusively to any ( !m4 ,x is ?us t ?is 7be+7 dwells entirely 9 itself1 & 9 ! ?+s 9 :i* x manife/s2 if x did n rema9 entire1 x w\ld no m be itself1 & ?+s w\ld no long] p>ticipate 9 ! 7be+7 to :i* !y aspire1 b 9 "s o!r 7be+7 to :i* !y did n aspire4 ,,pot5tialities ,,are ,,insep>able ,,f ,,_! ,,be+s4 #i4 ,if ?is unity 7( ! univ]sal ,s\l7 divid$ itself 9 a multitude ( p>ts su* t ea* w\ld resemble ! total unity1 !re w\ld be a multitude ( prim>y 7be+s72 = ea* "o ( ^! 7be+s7 w\ld be prim>y4 ,h[ !n c\ld "o di/+ui% f ea* o!r all ^! prim>y 7be+s71 s t !y might n all 9 confusion bl5d into a s+le "o8 ,!y w\ld n be sep>at$ by _! bodies1 = prim>y 7be+s7 c\ld n be =ms ( bodies2 z !y w\ld be simil> to ! prim>y 7,be+7 :i* is _! pr9ciple4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! ?+s nam$ p>ts 7 pot5tialities ( ! univ]sal 7,be+71 7!re w\ld be two results74 ,fir/1 ea* ?+ w\ld no long] be ! total unity4 ,!n1 "o might wond] h[ ^! pot5tialities sep>at$ f ! univ]sal 7,be+71 & ab&on$ x2 = if !y ab&on$ x1 x c\ld evid5tly only be to g some:]e else4 ,!re might also be reason to ask oneself if ! pot5tialities :i* are 9 ! s5se-_w are /ill or no long] 9 ! univ]sal 7,be+74 ,if !y be no long] 9 x1 x is absurd to suppose x dim9i%$ or became impot5t1 by be+ depriv$ ( ! p[]s x possess$ be=e4 ,x is equally absurd to suppose t ! pot5tialities w\ld be sep>at$ f ! be+s to :i* !y belong4 ,on ! contr>y1 if ! pot5tialities exi/ simultane\sly 9 ! univ]sal 7,be+7 & else:]e1 !y w1 "h bel[1 be ei!r :oles or p>ts2 if !y be p>ts1 t "p ( !m t w rema9 on high w also =m p>ts2 if !y be :oles1 !y are "h bel[ ! same z above2 !y are n divid$ "h bel[ 9 any way1 & ?us ! univ]sal 7,be+7 is /ill ! same )\t any division4 ,or aga91 ! pot5tialities are ! p>ticul>iz$ univ]sal 7,be+71 :i* has become ! multitude ( ! ?+s ( :i* ea* is ! total unity2 & ^! pot5tialities are mutually simil>4 ,9 ?is way1 ) ea* be+ !re w be b a s+le pot5tiality1 unit$ to ,be+1 & ! o!r ?+s w be no m ?an m]e pot5tialities4 ,b x is n easi] to conceive ( a be+ )\t pot5tiality1 ?an a pot5tiality )\t a be+2 = above 7among ! ideas7 ! pot5tiality consi/s ( hypo/atic exi/5ce & be+2 or r1 x is some?+ great] ?an be+4 ,"h bel[ !re are o!r pot5tialities1 less en]getic or lively2 !y emanate f ! univ]sal 7,be+7 z f a brilliant light w\ld emanate ano!r less brilliant light2 b ! be+s inh]e 9 ^! pot5tialities1 z !re c\ld be no pot5tiality )\t be+4 ,,! ,,univ]sal ,,s\l ,,is ,,ev]y:]e ,,entire1 ,,includ+ ,,s\ls ,,split ,,inf9itely4 ,among su* pot5tialities1 :i* are necess>ily con=mable to ea* o!r1 ! univ]sal ,s\l mu/ be ! same ev]y:]e1 or1 if %e be n absolutely ev]y:]e1 %e mu/1 at lea/1 9 e place1 be entire )\t division1 z 9 "o & ! same body4 ,9 ?is case1 :y c\ld %e n also be ?us 9 ! :ole univ]se8 ,if we 7 to suppose t ea* p>ticul> s\l 7 divid$ into inf9ity1 ! univ]sal ,s\l w no long] be entire1 &1 z a result ( ?is division1 %e w become completely impot5t4 ,!n1 z !re w be entirely diff]5t p[]s 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w1 !re w be no m sympa?y among s\ls4 ,la/1 ! image1 sep>at$ f ! ess5ce x repres5ts1 & ! light1 sep>at$ f ! s\rce ( :i* x is only a weak5$ emanation1 c\ld no long] subsi/2 = 9 g5]al ev]y?+ t d]ives its exi/5ce f any?+ else & its image c\ld no long] subsi/ )\t its model4 ,likewise1 ^! p[]s :i* radiate f ! univ]sal ,s\l w\ld cease to be if !y f\nd !mselves sep>at$ f _! pr9ciple4 ,if s1 ! ,pr9ciple :i* begets ^! p[]s w exi/ ev]y:]e !y are2 consequ5tly1 f ?is /&po9t also1 ! univ]sal 7,be+7 mu/ be ev]y:]e pres5t z a :ole1 )\t und]go+ any divisions4 ,,! ,,image ,,is ,,b\nd ,,to ,,its ,,model ,,by ,,radiation4 #aj4 ,x may be object$ t ! image ne$ n necess>ily be atta*$ to its model2 = !re are images t subsi/ 9 ! abs5ce ( _! model f :i* !y are d]iv$4 ,= in/ance1 :5 ! fire ceases1 ! heat t proce$s f x does n any ! less rema9 9 ! w>m$ object4 ,! relation betwe5 ?is image & its model %\ld be und]/ood z foll[s4 ,let u consid] an image made by a pa9t]4 ,9 ?is case1 x is n ! model :o made ! image1 b ! pa9t]2 & ev5 s x is n ev5 ! real image ( ! model1 ev5 if ! pa9t] _h pa9t$ 8 own portrait2 = ?is image did n arise f ! body ( ! pa9t]1 nor f ! repres5t$ =m1 nor f ! pa9t] himself1 b x is ! product ( a complex ( colors arrang$ 9 a c]ta9 mann]4 ,we1 !re=e1 d n really "h h ! production ( an image1 su* z is furni%$ by mirrors1 wat]s1 & %ad[s4 ,"h ! image really emanates f ! pre-exi/+ model1 & is =m$ by x1 & c\ld n exi/ )\t x4 ,x is 9 ?is mann] t ! inf]ior pot5tialities proce$ f ! sup]ior ones4 ,,s\ls ,,are ,,z ,,immortal ,,z ,,! ,,"o ,,f ,,:om ,,!y ,,proce$4 ,let u proce$ to ! objection drawn f ! heat t rema9s aft] ! )drawal ( ! fire4 ,! heat is n ! image ( ! fire1 or at lea/1 we may d5y t !re is always fire 9 heat2 b ev5 s heat w\ld n be indep5d5t ( fire4 ,besides1 :5 y )draw f a body ! fire t heats x1 ?is body gr[s cold1 if n in/antane\sly1 at lea/ gradually4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 be wrong to say t ! p[]s t desc5d "h bel[ also gradually gr[ ext9ct2 = ?is w\ld am\nt to /at+ t only ! ,"o is immortal1 :ile ! s\ls & intellig5ces are mortal4 ,besides1 x is n reasonable to admit t ev5 ! ?+s t d]ive f a be+ t wa/es away also gradually exhau/ !mselves2 = ev5 if y %\ld immobilize ! sun1 x w\ld /ill %$ ! same light 9 ! same places4 ,if x 7 object$ t x w\ld n be ! same light1 ! conclusion w\ld be 7! absurdity7 t ! body ( ! sun is 9 a p]petual wa/age4 ,la/ we h else:]e demon/rat$ at l5g? t :at proce$s f ! ,"o does n p]i%1 b t all s\ls & intellig5ces are immortal4 ,,be+s ,,p>take ,,( ,,! ,,"o ,,diff]5tly ,,accord+ ,,to ,,_! ,,capacities4 #aa4 ,b if 7! intelligible ,be+7 be pres5t ev]y:]e1 :y d n all 7be+s7 p>ticipate 9 ! intelligible 7,be+7 entire8 ,:y are !re sev]al degrees amid/ ^! 7be+s71 "o be+ ! fir/1 ! o!r ! second1 & s on8 ,because ! 7be+s7 :i* are capable ( absorb+ 7intelligible ,be+7 are c\nt$ z pres5t !reto4 ,ess5ce exi/s ev]y:]e 9 t :i* is ess5ce1 ?us nev] fail+ itself4 ,ev]y?+ t c be pres5t to x is pres5t 9 reality1 9 ! measure ( its capacity1 n 9 a local mann]1 z light is modifi$ by transp>5ce2 = p>ticipation takes place diff]5tly 9 an opaque body4 ,if we di/+ui% sev]al degrees among be+s1 we %all surely h to conceive t ! fir/ is sep>at$ f ! second1 & ! second f ! ?ird1 only by its ord]1 its p[]1 its 7individual7 diff]5ces1 b n by its location4 ,9 ! intelligible _w no?+ h9d]s diff]5t ?+s f subsi/+ toge!r1 su* z s\l & intellig5ce1 & all ! sci5ces1 sup]ior or inf]ior4 ,?us also 9 a s+le apple ! eye sees color1 ! no/ril smells p]fume1 & ea* o!r s5se-organ p]ceives its individual quality4 ,all ^! ?+s subsi/ toge!r & are n sep>at$ f ea* o!r4 ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,k9ds ,,( ,,pres5ces4 ,is ! intelligible 7,be+7 !n s v>i$ & manifold8 ,x is inde$ v>i$1 b x is simultane\sly simple2 x is bo? "o & manifold2 = reason 7:i* is ! ess5ce ( ! univ]sal ,s\l71 is bo? "o & manifold4 ,! univ]sal 7,be+7 is also "o2 ?\gh any diff]5ce 9 x 79 ?is s5se1 t x conta9s diff]5t ess5ces71 results f its own con/itution2 ! diff]5ce inh]es 9 its nature1 = x c\ld n belong to non-be+4 ,! con/itution ( ,ess5ce is su* z to be insep>able f unity2 unity is pres5t :]ev] ess5ce is1 & ! "o ,ess5ce subsi/s 9 itself4 ,x is inde$ possible t an ess5ce :i* 9 a c]ta9 respect is sep>at$ f ano!r ess5ce1 is1 h[ev]1 entirely pres5t ) x4 ,b !re are diff]5t k9ds ( pres5ce2 fir/1 :5 s5se-?+s are pres5t ) intelligible ?+s1 at lea/ to ^? to :i* !y c be pres5t2 second1 :5 intelligible entities are pres5t to ea* o!r2 likewise1 :5 ! body is pres5t to ! s\l2 ano!r1 :5 a sci5ce is pres5t to ! s\l2 fur!r1 :5 a sci5ce is pres5t to ano!r sci5ce1 & bo? coexi/ 9 ! same intellig5ce2 la/1 :5 a body is pres5t to ano!r body4 ,,h[ ,,v>i\s ,,?+s ,,c ,,p>ticipate ,,9 ,,! ,,same ,,pr9ciple4 #ab4 ,:5 a s\nd res\nds 9 ! air1 & :5 x con/itutes a ^w1 ! e> t is pres5t he>s & p]ceives ?is s\nd & ?is ^w1 especially if ! place be quiet4 ,if ano!r e> %\ld come to be 9 ?is place1 ! s\nd & ! ^w approa* x likewise1 or r1 ?is e> w approa* ! ^w4 ,suppose also t sev]al eyes consid] ! same object2 all are fill$ ) its sight1 al?\gh ?is object occupy a det]m9ate place4 ,?us ! same object w impress diff]5t organs ) diff]5t p]ceptions1 because ! "o is an eye1 & ! o!r is an e>4 ,likewise1 all ! ?+s t c p>ticipate 9 ! s\l d p>ticipate !re91 b ea* receives a diff]5t p[] f "o & ! same pr9ciple4 ,! s\nd is ev]y:]e pres5t 9 ! air2 x is n a divid$ unity1 b a unity pres5t ev]y:]e1 entirely4 ,likewise1 if ! air receive ! =m ( ! visible object1 x possesses x )\t division1 =1 9 :atev] place ! eye %\ld place itself1 x p]ceives ! =m ( ! visible object2 at1 lea/1 accord+ to our op9ion1 = n all philosoph]s agree h]e)4 ,we give ^! examples to expla9 h[ sev]al ?+s may p>ticipate 9 "o & ! same pr9ciple4 ,besides1 ! example ( ! s\nd suffices to demon/rate :at we "h wi% to expla92 namely1 t ! entire =m is pres5t 9 ! entire air2 = all m5 w\ld n he> ! same ?+1 if ! ^w utt]$ by ! s\nd 7 ev]y:]e entire1 & if ea* e> did n likewise he> x entire4 ,n[ if 9 ?is case ! entire ^w spread 9 ! entire air1 )\t "s def9ite "p ( ! ^w be+ unit$ to a c]ta9 "p ( ! air1 & "s o!r "p ( ! ^w be+ unit$ ) ano!r "p ( ! air1 h[ c\ld we refuse to admit t a s+le ,s\l p5etrates ev]y:]e )\t divid+ h]self ) ! ?+s1 t %e is entirely pres5t ev]y:]e :]e %e is1 t %e is ev]y:]e 9 ! _w )\t divid+ into p>ts t correspond to ^? ( ! _w8 ,:5 %e has unit$ ) ! bodies1 9 :atev] k9d ( union1 %e be>s an analogy to ! ^w :i* has be5 pron\nc$ 9 ! air1 :ile be=e unit+ ) ! bodies1 %e resembles him :o pron\nces1 or is ab\t to pron\nce "s ^w4 ,nev]!less1 ev5 :5 %e has unit$ to ! bodies1 %e does n really 9 c]ta9 respects cease resembl+ him :o pron\nces a ^w1 & :o1 :ile pron\nc+ x1 possesses x1 & gives x at ! same "t4 ,d\btless ! ^w does n h a nature id5tical ) ^? ?+s t we propos$ to illu/rate by ?is example2 nev]!less1 !re is mu* analogy betwe5 !m4 ,,! ,,body',s ,,relation ,,to ,,! ,,s\l ,,is ,a ,,passage ,,into ,,! ,,_w ,,( ,,life4 7,let u /udy7 ! relation ( ! 7_w7 ,s\l to bodies4 ,z ?is relation is ( a diff]5t k9d1 x mu/ be und]/ood t ! ,s\l is n p>tly 9 h]self & p>tly 9 ! bodies4 ,simultane\sly %e dwells entirely )9 h]self1 & also projects h] image into ! multiplicity ( ! bodies 7:i* reflect h]1 l mirrors74 ,suppose t "s def9ite body approa* ! ,s\l to receive life f h]2 x obta9s life sil5tly1 & ?us possesses :at already 0 9 o!r bodies4 ,inde$1 conditions _h n be5 arrang$ s t a "p ( ! ,s\l1 locat$ 9 a c]ta9 place1 %\ld await a body1 s z to ent] into x4 ,b ?is "p ( ! ,s\l :i* ent]s into a body1 s to speak1 exi/$ already 9 ! univ]se1 t is to say1 9 h]self1 & %e cont9u$ to exi/ 9 h]self al?\gh %e seem$ to h desc5d$ "h bel[4 ,h[ inde$ %\ld ! ,s\l desc5d "h bel[8 ,!re=e1 if %e did n desc5d "h bel[1 if %e only manife/$ h] actual pres5ce1 )\t await+ ! body :i* 0 to p>ticipate 9 h]1 evid5tly ! ,s\l dwells 9 h]self simultane\sly ) becom+ pres5t to ?is body4 ,n[1 if ! ,s\l dwell 9 h]self at ! same "t z %e becomes pres5t to ?is body 7= x is n ! ,s\l t came into ?is body71 x is ! body :i* ent]$ into h]2 x is ! body :i*1 be+ till !n outside ( v]itable ,ess5ce1 ent]$ into x1 & pass$ into ! _w ( life4 ,n[ ! _w ( life 0 all 9 itself1 )\t ext5sion1 &1 !re=e1 )\t division4 ,! body has1 !re=e1 n ent]$ into x z 9 some?+ t possesses ext5sion4 ,x comm5c$ by p>ticipat+1 n 9 "o ( ! p>ts ( ! _w ( life1 b 9 ?is :ole _w1 entirely4 ,if an additional body %\ld also ent] x1 x w p>ticipate 9 x 9 ! same way 7entirely74 ,consequ5tly1 if we said t ! _w ( life is entire 9 ^! bodies1 x is simil>ly entire 9 ea* ( !m4 ,x is1 !re=e ev]y:]e ! same1 & num]ically "o1 )\t divid+1 b always pres5t entire4 ,,ext5sion ,,is ,,m]ely ,a ,,sign ,,( ,,p>ticipation ,,9 ,,! ,,_w ,,( ,,life4 #ac4 ,:5ce orig9ates ext5sion 9 our univ]se1 & 9 ! animals8 ,! _w ( life conta9s no ext5sion4 ,s5sation1 ^: te/imony h9d]s u f believ+ :at we are told 9 ?is respect1 reveals to u "h & !re ! _w ( life4 ,b reason tells u t1 if we see x ?us1 x is n t x is really ext5d$ "h & !re1 b t all t possesses ext5sion has p>ticipat$ 9 ! _w ( life1 :i*1 h[ev]1 has no ext5sion4 ,,p>ticipation ,,c ,,be ,,only ,,9 ,,! ,,intelligible4 ,:5 a be+ p>ticipates 9 some?+1 evid5tly x does n p>ticipate 9 itself2 = ?us x w\ld really p>ticipate 9 no?+1 & w\ld rema9 :at x 04 ,! body t p>ticipates 9 some?+ mu/1 !re=e1 n p>ticipate 9 corporeal nature1 = x possesses x already4 ,consequ5tly1 ! body w n p>ticipate 9 ! corporeal nature1 any m ?an a magnitude w\ld p>ticipate 9 a magnitude1 :i* x possesses already4 ,let u ev5 admit t a magnitude be increas$1 yet on t acc\nt alone x w\ld n p>ticipate 9 magnitude2 = a two-foot object does1 n become a ?ree-foot object1 b ! object :i* fir/ _h a c]ta9 quantity m]ely *anges to "s o!r quantity2 o!rwise two w\ld become ?ree4 ,?us1 s9ce t :i* has ext5sion & is divid$ p>ticipates 9 g5us t is diff]5t1 & ev5 v diff]5t1 ! ?+ 9 :i* x p>ticipates mu/ nei!r be divid$1 nor h ext5sion2 b h absolutely no k9d ( quantity4 ,consequ5tly1 ! 7be+7 :i* ev]y:]e is pres5t entire mu/ be pres5t1 ?\gh rema9+ indivisible4 ,x is n indivisible m]ely because x is small1 :i* w\ld n make x any less divisible2 only1 x w\ld no m be proportion$ to ! univ]se1 x w\ld n spread 9 ! corporeal mass 9 ! degree t x increases4 ,nei!r does x resemble a po9t1 b x includes an inf9ity ( po9ts2 consequ5tly :at y might suppose 0 a po9t w\ld include an inf9ity ( 7sep>ate7 po9ts1 & c\ld n be cont9u\s1 nor1 consequ5tly1 proportion itself to ! univ]se4 ,if !n e corporeal mass possess ! 7be+7 :i* is pres5t ev]y:]e1 x mu/ possess x entire 9 all ! p>ts t compose x4 ,,no?+ ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sal ,,s\l ,,is ,,begott52 ,,x ,,only ,,seems ,,s4 #ad4 ,b if "o & ! s+le ,s\l be 9 ea* p]son1 h[ does ea* h 8 own s\l8 ,h[ !n c "o s\l be good1 :ile ! o!r is evil8 ,! univ]sal ,s\l communicates h] life to ea*1 = %e conta9s all ! s\ls & all ! intellig5ces4 ,%e possesses simultane\sly unity & inf9ity2 9 h] brea/ %e conta9s all ! s\ls1 ea* di/9ct f h]1 b n sep>at$2 o!rwise h[ c\ld ! ,s\l possess ! inf9ite8 ,x might /ill be object$ t ! univ]sal ,s\l simultane\sly conta9s all ?+s1 all lives1 all s\ls1 all ! intellig5ces2 t ^! are n ea* circumscrib$ by limits1 & t t is ! reason !y =m a unity4 ,inde$1 !re _h to be 9 ! univ]sal ,s\l a life n only "o1 b inf9ite1 & yet s+le2 ?is "o life _h to be "o s f> z x 0 all lives1 z ^! did n get confus$ 9 ?is unity1 b t !y %\ld orig9ate !re1 :ile at ! same "t !y %\ld rema9 locat$ 9 ! place f :]e !y _h />t$2 or r1 !y nev] left ! womb ( ! univ]sal ,s\l1 = !y h always subsi/$ 9 ! same /ate4 ,inde$1 no?+ 0 begott5 9 ! univ]sal ,s\l2 %e did n really divide h]self1 %e only seems divid$ 9 respect to :at receives h]2 ev]y?+ )9 h] rema9s :at x has always be54 ,b t :i* 0 begott5 7namely1 ! body7 approa*es ! ,s\l1 & seems to unite ) h]1 & dep5ds on h]4 ,,relation ,,( ,,man ,,to ,,! ,,intelligible ,,_w4 ,& :at are we8 ,are we ! univ]sal ,s\l1 or are we :at approa*es h]1 & :at is begott5 9 "t 7t is1 ! body78 ,no3 7we are n bodies74 ,be=e ! g5]ation ( ! bodies _h be5 accompli%$1 we exi/$ already on high2 "s ( u 7 m51 o!rs ( u 7 ev5 div9ities----t is1 we 7 pure s\ls1 intellig5ces connect$ ) univ]sal ,be+2 we =m$ p>ts ( ! intelligible _w1 p>ts t 7 nei!r circumscrib$ nor sep>at$1 b :i* belong$ to ! entire intelligible _w4 ,ev5 n[1 inde$1 we are n sep>at$ f ! intelligible _w2 b ! intelligible ,man 9 u has receiv$1 & is jo9$ by a man :o desir$ to be diff]5t f ! =m] 7t is1 ! s5se-man desir$ to be indep5d5t71 & f9d+ u1 = we 7 n outside ( ! univ]se1 he surr\nd$ u1 & add$ himself to ! intelligible man :o !n 0 ea* "o ( u4 ,,we ,,are ,,n ,,always ,,bo? ,,m51 ,,z ,,we ,,%\ld ,,be4 ,n[ suppose a s+le s\nd or ^w2 ^? :o li/5 to x he> x & receive x1 ea* 9 8 own way2 he>+ passes into ea* ( !m 9 ! condition ( an actualization1 & p]ceives :at is act+ on x4 ,we ?us became two m5 at once 7! intelligible ,man1 & ! s5se-man :o add$ himself to ! =m]72 we are no long]1 z be=e1 only "o ( ! two2 or r1 we are sometimes /ill only "o ( !m1 ! man :o add$ himself to ! fir/4 ,?is occurs e "t t ! fir/ ,man slumb]s 9 u1 & is n pres5t1 9 a c]ta9 s5se 7:5 we fail to reflect ab\t ! conceptions ( intellig5ce74 ,,h[ ,,! ,,body ,,approa*$ ,,! ,,s\l4 #ae4 ,b h[ did ! body approa* ! univ]sal ,s\l8 ,z ?is body _h an aptitude = p>ticipation 9 ! ,s\l1 x receiv$ t = :i* x 0 fit2 n[ x 0 dispos$ to receive a p>ticul> s\l2 t is :y x did n receive ! univ]sal ,s\l4 ,al?\gh ! latt] be pres5t ) ?is body1 %e does n become entirely suitable to x2 t is :y plants & ! non-human s\ls likewise possess only s mu* ( ! univ]sal ,s\l1 z !y 7 able to receive f h]4 ,likewise1 :5 a voice *all5ges notice1 s "s 7p]sons7 grasp only ! s\nd1 o!rs grasp also ! signification4 ,z soon z ! animal has be5 begott51 x possesses )9 itself ! pres5ce ( a s\l d]iv$ f ! univ]sal 7,be+71 & by :i* x rema9s unit$ ) ?is 7,be+7 because !n x possesses a body t is nei!r empty nor inanimate4 ,?is body 0 n be=e 9 an inanimate place1 & 7:5 x 0 begott571 x only fur!r reapproximat$ itself to ! s\l by its aptitude 7to receive life72 x became n only a body1 b also a liv+ body2 ?anks to ! neighborhood to ! s\l1 x receiv$ a trace 7( ! s\l72 & by t ,i d n mean a "p ( ! s\l1 b a k9d ( heat or light :i* emanat$ f ! s\l1 & :i*1 9 ! body1 begat desires1 pleasures1 & pa9s4 ,! body ( ! ?us begott5 animal 01 !re=e1 n a body =eign 7to life74 ,! ,s\l1 t _h issu$ f ! div9e pr9ciple1 rema9$ tranquil accord+ to h] own nature1 & 0 subsi/+ 9 h]self1 :5 t "p1 :i* 0 tr\bl$ by h] own weakness1 & 0 spontane\sly fluctuat+ ar\nd :5 assail$ by impulsions f )\t1 fir/ compla9$ audibly by h]self1 & !n 9 t "p ( ! animal :i* is common to ! s\l & body1 & communicat$ h] di/urbance to ! entire liv+ be+4 ,?us :5 a delib]ative assembly calmly exam9es "s "q1 a confus$ mob1 driv5 by hung] or excit$ by "s passion1 may come to spread tr\ble & disord] 9 ! :ole assembly4 ,z long z su* p keep quiet1 ! voice ( ! wise man may be he>d by !m2 & z a result ! cr[d reta9s ord]l9ess1 its worse "p rema9+ subord9ate2 o!rwise ! wor/ "p dom9ates1 :ile ! bett] "p rema9s sil5t1 because ! tr\ble h9d]s ! cr[d f li/5+ to reason4 ,?us does evil come to reign 9 a city & 9 an assembly4 ,likewise evil reigns 9 him :o all[s himself to be dom9at$ by ?is disord]ly cr[d ( fe>s1 desires & passions t he be>s )9 8 brea/2 & t w la/ until he r$uce t cr[d to ob$i5ce1 until he become aga9 ! man he =m]ly 0 7be=e desc5d+ "h bel[71 & until he regulate 8 life 7accord+ to ! bett] ,man72 :at he !n w grant to ! body w be grant$ z to some?+ =eign4 ,z to him :o lives n[ 9 "o mann]1 & n[ 9 ano!r1 he is a man ( m+l$ good & evil4 ,,?is ,,doctr9e ,,expla9s ,,! ,,my?s ,,( ,,anci5t ,,philosoph]s4 #af4 ,if ! s\l c\ld n become evil1 & if !re be b a s+le way = ! s\l to ent] ! body1 & to rema9 pres5t )9 x1 !re w\ld be no mean+ 9 ! p]iodical desc5ts & asc5ts ( ! s\l1 ! *a/isem5ts %e und]goes1 & ! migration into ! bodies o!r 7?an human bodies1 t is1 animal ones74 ,su* 7my?ological7 tea*+s h inde$ be5 h&$ d[n f ! anci5t philosoph]s :o be/ exp\nd$ ! s\l4 ,n[ x w be well to %[ t our doctr9e h>monizes ) t :i* !y h taught1 or t at lea/ !re is no contradiction betwe5 !m4 ,,! ,,s\l',s ,,desc5t ,,into ,,! ,,body4 ,we h j expla9$ t1 :5 ! body p>ticipates 9 ! s\l1 ! s\l does n someh[ g beyond h]self to ent] into ! body1 t x is on ! contr>y ! body :i* ent]s into ! s\l1 on p>ticipat+ 9 life1 or evid5tly1 :5 ! anci5t philosoph]s say t ! s\l comes into ! body1 ?is means t ! body ent]s into ess5ce1 & p>ticipates 9 ! life & ! s\l2 9 "o ^w1 to come does n "h signify pass+ f "o place into ano!r1 b indicates 9 :at way ! s\l ent]s into deal+s ) ! body4 ,!re=e to desc5d means1 = ! s\l1 to gr[ into a body1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* we h expla9$ x2 t means1 to give ! body some?+ ( ! s\l1 & n = ! s\l to become 7! prop]ty7 ( ! body4 ,consequ5tly1 ! s\l's issu+ f ! body mu/ aga9 mean t ! body ceases to p>ticipate 9 life4 ,,proc$ure ,,( ,,! ,,desc5t ,,( ,,! ,,s\l4 ,?is is h[ ?is p>ticipation takes place = ! p>ts ( ?is univ]se 7t is1 ! bodies74 ,be+ situat$ z x 7 on ! conf9es ( ! intelligible _w1 ! s\l (t5 gives ! body some?+ ( h]self2 =1 by h] p[] 7or pot5tiality71 %e is ! neighbor ( ! body2 & f9d+ h]self close to x1 %e ent]s into deal+s !re) by virtue ( a law ( h] nature2 b ?is int]c\rse is ( evil1 & to enfran*ise h]self f ! body is good4 ,:y8 ,because if ! s\l be n ! 7prop]ty or slave7 ( ! body 9 ?is int]c\rse1 %e1 nev]!less1 unites h]self to x1 & ?\gh %e 7 univ]sal1 %e becomes individual2 = h] activity no long] is exclusively conf9$ to ! intelligible _w1 al?\gh 7%e /ill1 by nature7 belong !reto4 ,x is z if someone1 :o 0 an exp]t 9 a :ole sci5ce1 conf9$ himself to a s+le proposition !re(2 :]eas a p]son :o possesses a :ole sci5ce %\ld naturally consid] its entirety1 & n a m]e "p ( x4 ,likewise ! s\l1 :i* belong$ entirely to ! intelligible _w1 & :i* p>tially bl5d$ h] p>ticul> ess5ce ) ! total ,ess5ce1 )drew out ( ! univ]sal ,ess5ce1 & became individual ess5ce1 because ! body to :i* %e conf9es h] activities is only a "p ( ?is univ]se4 ,x is z if ! fire1 end[$ ) ! ability ( burn+ ev]y?+1 0 r$uc$ to burn out "s small object1 al?\gh x possess$ p[] ( univ]sal scope4 ,inde$1 :5 ! p>ticul> s\l is sep>at$ f ! body1 %e is no long] p>ticul> 79 actualization72 on ! contr>y1 :5 %e has sep>at$ h]self f ! univ]sal ,s\l1 n by pass+ f "o locality to ano!r1 b by apply+ h] activity 7to a "p ( ?is univ]se1 to a body71 %e becomes p>ticul> 79 actualization71 ?\gh %e rema9 univ]sal 9 ano!r mann] 79 pot5tiality72 = :5 ! s\l presides ov] no body %e is truly univ]sal1 & is p>ticul> only 9 pot5tiality4 ,,:at ,,hell ,,means ,,= ,,! ,,c>e] ,,( ,,! ,,s\l4 ,consequ5tly1 :5 we say t ! s\l is 9 hell 7,hades71 if we mean by hades an invisible place1 t means t ! s\l is sep>at$ f ! body2 if1 on ! contr>y1 we und]/& hell to mean a l[] locality1 we may also (f] a reasonable int]pretation3 = n[ our s\l is ) our body & is locat$ ) x4 ,b :at is meant by say+ t ! s\l is 9 hell aft] ! body no long] exi/s8 ,if ! s\l be n sep>at$ f h] image1 :y %\ld %e n be :]e h] image is8 ,if ! s\l 7 sep>at$ f h] image by philosophy1 ?is image w alone g to ! l[] locality1 :ile ! s\l lives purely 9 ! intelligible _w1 )\t any emanation4 ,?is is :at we _h to tea* ab\t ! image born ( "s p>ticul> individual4 ,z to ! s\l1 if %e conc5trate 9 h] brea/ ! light t radiates ar\nd h]1 !n1 turn$ t[>ds ! intelligible _w1 %e entirely re-ent]s into ?is _w2 %e is no long] 9 actualization4 ,b ?is does n cause h] to p]i% 7= :5 %e is inc>nat$ 9 a body1 & is p>ticul>1 %e exi/s only pot5tially2 :ile %e atta9s to actualization :5 %e becomes univ]sal74 ,s mu* = ?is po9t2 n[ let u return to our subject4 ,,six? ,,ennead1 ,,book ,,five4 ,! ,"o ,id5tical ,ess5ce is ,ev]y:]e ,entirely ,pres5t4 ,,unity ,,mu/ ,,be ,,s\ght ,,= ,,9 ,,ess5ce4 #a4 ,x is a common conception ( human ?\ght t a pr9ciple s+le 9 numb] & id5tical is ev]y:]e pres5t 9 its entirety2 = x is an in/9ctive & univ]sal truism t ! div9ity :i* dwells )9 ea* ( u is s+le & id5tical 9 all4#c ,x _c be expect$ t ! m5 :o w use ?is expression %\ld be able to expla9 h[ ,god is pres5t 9 u1 & )\t subject+ _! op9ion to ! scrut9y ( reason2 !y w only affirm t su* is ! /ate ( ! case2 & re/+ 9 ?is conception :i* is ! spontane\s result ( _! und]/&+1 !y w all hold to ?is some?+ t is s+le & only1 & w refuse to give up ?is unity4 ,t is ! mo/ solid pr9ciple ( all1 a pr9ciple t our s\ls :isp] in/9ctively1 & :i* is n d$uc$ f ! obs]vation ( p>ticul> ?+s1 b :i* claims our att5tion f> be=e !m1 ev5 be=e ! maxim t ev]y?+ aspires to ! ,good4 ,n[ ?is pr9ciple is true if all ! be+s aspire to unity1 =m an unity & t5d t[>ds unity4 ,?is unity1 advanc+ t[>ds all o!r ?+s1 s f> z x c advance seems to be manifold1 & inde$ becomes s1 9 c]ta9 respects1 b ! anci5t nature :i* is ! desire ( ! ,good1 t belongs to itself1 really leads to unity2 & e nature aspires to possess ?is unity by turn+ t[>ds itself2 = ! good ( ! nature :i* is ,"o1 is to belong to oneself1 to be oneself2 t is1 to unify oneself4 ,t is :y x is reasonably said t ! ,good peculi>ly belongs to 7?is nature71 & mu/ n be s\ght outside ( x4 ,h[ inde$ c\ld ! ,good h fall5 outside ( ! ess5ce1 or be f\nd 9 non-ess5ce8 ,x mu/ evid5tly be s\ght 9 ess5ce1 s9ce itself is n non-ess5ce4 ,if !n ! ,good be ess5ce1 & may be f\nd 9 ess5ce1 x mu/ be )9 itself 9 ea* ( u4 ,we _c1 !re=e1 be f> f ess5ce1 b we are 9 x4 ,nei!r is x f> f u4 ,all 7be+s71 !re=e1 con/itute b a unity4 ,,be+ ,,is ,,! ,,basis ,,( ,,judgm5t ,,9 ,,?+s ,,p>ticipat+ ,,9 ,,be+4 #b4 ,z ! human reason :i* und]takes to exam9e ! "q "h rais$ is n "o1 b divid$1 x makes use ( corporeal nature 9 its rese>*es1 by borr[+ its pr9ciples4 ,t is :y reason1 ?9k+ x intelligible be+1 simil> to bodies1 divides x1 d\bt+ its unity4 ,x c\ld n be o!rwise1 because its inve/igation 0 n f\nd$ on ! prop] imman5t pr9ciples4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 9 our discussion ab\t ! "o univ]sal ,ess5ce1 *oose pr9ciples capable ( enli/+ support1 pr9ciples t w\ld be intellectual1 t is1 w\ld connect ) intelligible entities1 & v]itable be+4 ,= s9ce our s5se-nature is agitat$ by cont9ual flux1 be+ subject to all k9ds ( *anges1 tr5d+ t[>ds all directions ( space2 x %\ld consequ5tly be call$ n be+1 b g5]ation1 or becom+4 ,! et]nal ,ess5ce1 on ! contr>y1 is n divid$2 x subsi/s ev] 9 ! same mann] & 9 ! same /ate1 nei!r is born1 nor p]i%es2 occupies nei!r place nor space2 does n reside 9 any det]m9ate location2 nei!r ent]s1 nor issues1 b rema9s 9 itself4 ,a discussion ab\t ! nature ( bodies beg9s ) ?is 7physical7 nature1 & ! ?+s t are relat$ to x1 :i* 7d$uctively7 give rise to probable pro(s by ! aid ( syllogisms equally probable4 ,b :5 we deal ) intelligible entities1 our />t+-po9t mu/ be ! nature ( ! be+ consid]$2 pr9ciples h to be legitimately d]iv$ !refrom2 & !n1 )\t surreptiti\sly sub/itut+ any o!r nature 7inductively71 borr[ f ! intelligible ,be+ itself ! conception =m$ ab\t x2 = be+1 or :atness1 is ev]y:]e tak5 z pr9ciple2 & x is said t ! def9ition ( an object1 :5 well made1 sets =? _m ( its accid5ts4 ,!re=e1 :5 we are deal+ ) ?+s :]e be+ is ev]y?+1 we mu/1 s mu* ! m1 apply our :ole att5tion to ?is be+2 base all our 7argum5ts7 !reon1 & ref] ev]y?+ to x4 ,,intelligible ,,ess5ce ,,is ,,bo? ,,9 ,,& ,,out ,,( ,,itself4 #c4 ,if intelligible ess5ce be ess5tial ess5ce2 if x be immutable2 if x nev] evade itself2 if x admit ( no g5]ation2 & be n 9 any place1 ! result is1 t by virtue ( its nature1 x ev] rema9s )9 itself1 has no p>ts di/ant f ea* o!r1 locat$ 9 diff]5t places2 t x does n issue f itself1 :i* w\ld lead x to inh]e 9 diff]5t subjects1 or at lea/ to inh]e 9 "o subject1 &1 consequ5tly1 no long] to dwell 9 itself1 & no long] to rema9 impassible2 = if x inh]$ 9 some?+ diff]5t f itself1 x w\ld be expos$ to suff]+ 7passion1 or1 exp]i5ce74 ,z1 h[ev]1 ?is is impossible1 x c n inh]e 9 any?+ o!r ?an itself4 ,!re=e1 s9ce x nev] dep>ts f itself1 z x is nev] divid$1 z x exi/s )9 sev]al ?+s simultane\sly )\t und]go+ any *ange1 z x exi/s )9 itself "o & simultane\sly entire1 x mu/1 :ile exi/+ 9 sev]al ?+s1 rema9 ev]y:]e id5tical2 t is1 be ev]y:]e entire bo? 9 itself1 & out ( itself4 ,consequ5tly1 x does n 7exi/7 )9 any det]m9ate ?+1 b ! o!r ?+s p>ticipate 9 x1 s f> z !y are capable ( approa*+ x1 & s f> z !y d approa* x 9 ! measure 9 :i* !y are capable4 ,,t ,,entire ,,be+ ,,is ,,pres5t ,,ev]y:]e ,,is ,,! ,,only ,,solution ,,( ,,! ,,puzzle4 ,consequ5tly1 x w be necess>y ei!r to reject ! propositions set =? above1 t is1 ! pr9ciples :i* h be5 e/abli%$1 & d5y ! exi/5ce ( ! intelligible entities2 or1 z ?is is impossible1 to recognize ! tru? ( :at has be5 advanc$ f ! v beg9n+ 7( ?is discussion73 ! ,ess5ce :i* is "o & id5tical is indivisible1 & exi/s z s+le ev]y:]e4 ,x is n di/ant f any ( ! o!r ?+s2 &1 nev]!less1 7to be ne> !m7 x has no ne$ ( spread+1 ( lett+ c]ta9 portions ( its ess5ce fl[4#d ,x rema9s entire 9 itself1 & ?\gh x produce some?+ inf]ior1 x does n1 on t acc\nt1 ab&on itself1 & does n ext5d itself hi!r & yon 9 o!r ?+s2 o!rwise1 x w\ld be on "o side1 :ile ! ?+s x produces w\ld be on ! o!r1 & x w\ld occupy a place1 f9d+ itself sep>at$ !refrom4 ,z to ^! 7produc$ ?+s71 ea* ( !m is ei!r a :ole or a "p4 ,if x be a "p1 x w n pres]ve ! nature ( ! all1 z we h already said2 if1 h[ev]1 x be all1 we %all h to divide x 9 z _m p>ts z t 9 :i* x subsi/s--or1 x w h to be grant$ t ! id5tical ess5ce c simultane\sly be ev]y:]e entire4 ,?is is a demon/ration drawn f ! matt] itself1 :i* conta9s no?+ ext]nal to ! be+ t we are exam9+1 & :i* does n borr[ any?+ f any o!r nature4 ,,god',s ,,pres5ce ,,ev]y:]e ,,entire ,,describ$ ,,z ,,inf9ite4 #d4 ,let u1 !re=e1 contemplate ?is ,div9ity :o is n pres5t "h1 & abs5t !re1 b :o is ev]y:]e4 ,all ^? :o h any idea ( ! div9ities admit t !y1 z well z t supreme ,div9ity1 are pres5t ev]y:]e4 ,reason compels ?is admission4 ,n[1 s9ce ! ,div9ity is ev]y:]e1 ,he is n divid$2 o!rwise1 ,he w\ld n be pres5t ev]y:]e2 ,he w\ld h ,8 p>ts1 "o "h1 & ano!r !re4 ,he w\ld no long] be a unity2 ,he w\ld resemble an expanse divid$ into a numb] ( p>ts2 ,he w\ld be annihilat$ 9 ?is division1 & all ,8 p>ts w\ld no long] =m ! :ole2 9 %ort1 ,he w\ld h become body4 ,if t be impossible1 we %all h to admit t to :i* be=e we refus$ ass5t1 to :i* all human nature te/ifies1 namely1 t ! ,div9ity is ev]y:]e simultane\sly pres5t1 entire1 & id5tical4 ,if we ackn[l$ge su* a nature z inf9ite1 s9ce x has no limits1 ?is w be grant+ t x lacks no?+4 ,n[ if x lack no?+1 x mu/ be pres5t to e ess5ce2 if x c\ld n be ess5ce1 !re w\ld be places1 :]e x did n exi/1 & x w\ld lack some?+4 ,! ess5ces :i* exi/ b5ea? ! ,"o exi/ simultane\sly ) ,him1 are po/]ior to ,him1 ref] to ,him1 & reatta* !mselves to ,him z ,8 creatures2 s t to p>ticipate 9 :at is po/]ior to ,him is to p>ticipate 9 ,himself4 ,z1 9 ! intelligible _w1 !re is a multitude ( be+s :i* !re occupy ! fir/1 second1 or ?ird ranks1 9 t !y dep5d f t only c5tre ( a s+le sph]e2 & z !y coexi/ !re )\t any sep>at+ di/ance betwe5 !m1 ! result is t ! ess5ces :i* occupy ! fir/ or second ranks are pres5t !re ev5 :]e are ! be+s t occupy ! ?ird rank4 ,,example ,,( ,,! ,,sun ,,& ,,! ,,rays4 #e4 ,9 ord] to cle> up ?is po9t1 ! foll[+ illu/ration has be5 mu* us$4 ,let u imag9e a multitude ( rays1 :i* />t f a s+le c5tre2 & y w succe$ 9 conceiv+ ! multitude begott5 9 ! intelligible _w4 ,b1 admitt+ ?is proposition1 t ?+s begott5 9 ! intelligible1 & :i* are call$ multitude1 exi/ simultane\sly1 "o obs]vation mu/ be add$3 9 ! circle1 ! rays :i* are n di/9ct may be suppos$ to be di/9ct1 because ! circle is a plane4 ,b !re1 :]e !re is n ev5 ! ext5sion prop] to a plane1 :]e !re are only pot5tialities & be+s )\t ext5sion1 all ?+s mu/ be conceiv$ z c5tres unit$ toge!r 9 a s+le c5tre1 z might be ! rays consid]$ be=e _! developm5t 9 space1 & consid]$ 9 _! orig91 :]e1 ) ! c5tre1 !y =m b a s+le & same po9t4 ,if n[ y imag9e develop$ rays1 !y w dep5d f ! po9ts f :]e !y />t$1 & e po9t w n be any ! less a c5tre1 z no?+ w sep>ate x f ! fir/ c5tre4 ,?us ^! c5tres1 ?\gh unit$ to ! fir/ c5tre1 w n any ! less h _! individual exi/5ce1 & w =m a numb] equal to ! rays ( :i* !y are ! orig9s4 ,z _m rays z w come to %9e 9 ! fir/ c5tre1 s _m c5tres w !re seem to be2 &1 nev]!less1 all toge!r w =m b a s+le "o4 ,n[ if we comp>e all intelligible entities to c5tres1 & ,i mean c5tres t co9cide 9 a s+le c5tre & unite !re91 b :i* seem multiple because ( ! diff]5t rays :i* manife/1 )\t begett+ !m1 su* rays c\ld give u "s idea ( ! ?+s by ! contact ( :i* intelligible be+ seems to be manifold & pres5t ev]y:]e4 ,,! ,,unity ,,( ,,manifoldness4 #f4 ,intelligible entities1 inde$1 ?\gh !y =m a manifold1 nev]!less1 =m an unity4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?\gh !y =m an unity1 yet by virtue ( _! inf9ite nature !y also =m a manifold4 ,!y are ! multitude 9 unity1 & unity 9 multitude2 !y all subsi/ toge!r4 ,!y direct _! actualization t[>ds ! :ole1 ) ! :ole1 & x is /ill ) ! :ole1 t !y apply !mselves to ! "p4 ,! "p receives )9 itself ! fir/ action1 z if x 7 t ( only a "p2 b1 nev]!less1 x is ! :ole t acts4 ,x is z if a ,man-9-himself1 on desc5d+ into a c]ta9 man1 became ?is man )\t1 h[ev]1 ceas+ be+ ! ,man-9-himself4 ,! mat]ial man1 proce$+ f ! ideal ,man1 :o is s+le1 has produc$ a multitude ( m51 :o are ! same because "o & ! same ?+ has impress$ its seal on a multitude4 ,?us ! ,man-9-himself1 & e intelligible entity 9 itself1 & !n ! :ole entire univ]sal ,ess5ce is n 9 ! multitude1 b ! multitude is 9 ! univ]sal ,ess5ce1 or r1 ref]s to x2 = if :it5ess be ev]y:]e pres5t 9 ! body1 x is n 9 ! same mann] z ! s\l ( an individual is pres5t & id5tical 9 all ! organs4 ,x is 9 ?is latt] mann] t ! ess5ce is pres5t ev]y:]e4 ,,p>able ,,( ,,! ,,head ,,) ,,faces ,,all ,,ar\nd4 #g4 ,our nature & we ourselves all dep5d on 7cosmic7 be+2 we aspire to x1 we use x z pr9ciple1 f ! v beg9n+4 ,we ?9k ! intelligible 7entities conta9$ 9 ess5ce7 )\t hav+ ei!r images or impressions !re(4 ,consequ5tly1 :5 we ?9k ! intelligible 7entities71 ! tru? is t we are ^! v intelligible entities !mselves4 ,s9ce we ?us p>ticipate 9 ! g5u9e k1 we are ! intelligible entities1 n because we receive !m 9 u1 b because we are 9 !m4 ,h[ev]1 z be+s o!r ?an we con/itute intelligible entities1 z well z we1 we are all ! intelligibles4 ,we are intelligible entities s f> z !y subsi/ simultane\sly ) all ess5ces2 consequ5tly1 all ( u toge!r =m b a s+le unity4 ,:5 we turn our gaze outside ( ,him f :om we dep5d1 we no long] recognize t we are an unity2 we !n resemble a multitude ( faces :i* 7be+ dispos$ 9 a circle7 w\ld1 z se5 f ! ext]ior1 =m a plurality1 b :i* 9 ! int]ior w\ld =m b a s+le head4 ,if "o ( ^! faces c\ld turn ar\nd1 ei!r spontane\sly1 or by ! aid ( ,m9]va1 x w\ld see t itself is ! div9ity1 t x is ! univ]sal ,ess5ce4 ,no d\bt1 x w\ld n at fir/ see itself z univ]sal1 b lat]1 n be+ able to f9d any l&m>ks by :i* to det]m9e its own limits1 & to det]m9e ! di/ance to :i* x ext5ds1 x w\ld h to give up ! attempt to di/+ui% itself f ! univ]sal 7,ess5ce71 & x w\ld become ! univ]sal 7,ess5ce7 )\t ev] *ang+ location1 & by rema9+ 9 ! v f\ndation ( ! univ]sal 7,ess5ce74 ,,?is ,,is ,,prov$ ,,by ,,! ,,p>ticipation ,,( ,,matt] ,,9 ,,ideas4 #h4 ,:oev] w consid] ! p>ticipation ( matt] 9 ideas w be impress$ ) ! above !ory1 w decl>e x n impossible1 & express no fur!r d\bts4 ,x is necess>y to admit ! impossibility ( a conception su* z ! foll[+3 on "o h&1 ! ideas sep>ate f matt]2 on ! o!r h&1 matt] at a di/ance f !m1 & !n an irradiation f on high desc5d+ on matt]4 ,su* a conception w\ld be s5seless4 ,:at mean+ w\ld lie 9 ?is sep>ation ( ! ideas1 & ?is di/ance ( matt]8 ,w\ld x n !n be v difficult to expla9 & to und]/& :at is call$ ! p>ticipation ( matt] 9 ideas8 ,only by examples c we make our mean+ cle>4 ,d\btless1 :5 we speak ( an irradiation1 we d n1 h[ev]1 mean any?+ simil> to ! irradiation ( "s visible object4 ,b z ! mat]ial =ms are images1 & z !y h ideas1 z ar*etypes1 we say t !y are illum9at$ by ! ideas1 s z to convey ! idea t t :i* is illum9at$ is diff]5t f t :i* illum9es4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 to express ourselves m exactly1 we %all h to en=ce t ! idea is n locally sep>at$ f matt]1 & does n reflect itself !re9 z "s object does 9 wat]4 ,on ! contr>y1 matt] surr\nds ! idea on all sides2 t\*es x someh[ )\t t\*+ x2 !n1 9 its entirety1 x receives :at1 x is capable ( receiv+ f its vic9ity 7to ! idea71 )\t any int]m$i>y1 )\t ! idea p5etrat+ ?r\gh ! :ole ( matt]1 or hov]+ above x1 )\t ceas+ to rema9 )9 itself4 ,,! ,,s\l1 ,,z ,,entire1 ,,fa%ion$ ,,! ,,:ole ,,& ,,! ,,individuals4 ,s9ce ! idea ( fire1 = in/ance1 is n 9 matt]1 let u imag9e matt] s]v+ z subject = ! elem5ts4 ,! idea ( fire1 )\t itself desc5d+ into matt]1 w give ! =m ( ! fire to ! :ole fi]y matt]1 :ile ! fire1 fir/ m+l$ ) matt] w con/itute a multiple mass4 ,! same conception may be appli$ to ! o!r elem5ts4 ,if !n ! intelligible fire appe> 9 ev]y?+ z produc+ !re9 an image ( itself1 x does n produce ?is image 9 matt] z if x _h sep>at$ itself !refrom locally1 z w\ld h occurr$ 9 ! irradiation ( a visible object2 o!rwise x w\ld be some:]e1 & x w\ld fall "u ! s5ses4 ,s9ce ! univ]sal ,fire is multiple1 we mu/ conclude t1 :ile its idea rema9s 9 itself outside ( all place1 x itself has begott5 ! localities2 o!rwise we w\ld h to ?9k t1 hav+ become multiple 7by its p>ts71 x w\ld ext5d1 by )draw+ f itself1 to become multiple 9 ?is mann]1 & to p>ticipate sev]al times 9 ! same pr9ciple4 ,n[1 be+ indivisible1 ! idea has n giv5 a "p ( its be+ to matt]2 nev]!less1 9 spite ( its unity1 x has communicat$ a =m to :at 0 n conta9$ 9 its unity2 x grant$ its pres5ce to ! univ]se )\t fa%ion+ ?is by "o ( its p>ts1 & t by "s o!r "p4 ,x 0 z an entire :ole t x fa%ion$ ! :ole & ! individuals4 ,x w\ld inde$ be ridicul\s to suppose t !re 0 a multitude ( ! ideas ( fire1 s t ea* fire might be =m$ by its own p>ticul> idea2 if t 7 ! case1 ! ideas w\ld be innum]able4 ,fur!r1 h[ w\ld we divide ! ?+s t h be5 g5]at$ by ! ,fire1 s9ce x is s+le1 & cont9u\s8 ,if we augm5t ! mat]ial fire by add+ to x ano!r fire1 x is evid5tly ! same idea :i* w produce 9 ?is portion ( matt] ! same ?+s z 9 ! rema9d]2 = x c\ld n be ano!r idea4 ,,! ,,unity ,,( ,,! ,,s\l ,,proves ,,t ,,( ,,! ,,supreme4 #i4 ,if all ! elem5ts1 :5 begott51 7 to be ga!r$ into "o sph]e1 7!re w\ld be an opportunity ( obs]v+ & comp>+ !m4 ,! result w\ld be a conclusion t7 ?is sph]e does n h a plurality or a div]sity ( au?ors1 "o ( :om w\ld h creat$ "o "p1 & ano!r au?or1 ano!r4 ,! production ( ?is sph]e w imply a s+le ,au?or1 :o creat$ x by act+1 z a :ole2 n produc+ "o "p ( creation by "o "p ( ,himself1 & ano!r "p ( creation1 by ano!r "p ( ,himself4 ,9 ! latt] case1 ! sph]e might /ill h sev]al au?ors1 if ! production ( ! totality 7 n trac$ to a s+le1 indivisible ,pr9ciple4 ,?\gh ?is s+le & indivisible ,pr9ciple be ! au?or ( ! entire sph]e1 x does n int]p5etrate ! sph]e2 = x is ! entire ,sph]e :i* dep5ds on its au?or4 ,"o only & s+le ,life conta9s ! entire ,sph]e1 because ?is is locat$ 9 a s+le ,life4 ,all ! ?+s t are 9 ! sph]e may1 !re=e1 be r$uc$ to a s+le ,life1 & all ! s\ls =m a ,s\l :i* is s+le1 b :i* is simultane\sly inf9ite4 ,t is :y c]ta9 philosoph]s h said t ! s\l is a numb]2#e o!rs1 t ! numb] produces increase 9 ! s\l1 no d\bt mean+ by t1 t no?+ is defici5t 9 s\l1 t %e is ev]y:]e )\t ceas+ to be h]self4 ,z to ! expression1 to produce increase to ! s\l1 ?is mu/ n be tak5 lit]ally1 b s z to mean t ! s\l1 9 spite ( h] unity1 is abs5t n[h]e2 = ! unity ( ! s\l is n a unity t c be measur$2 t is ! peculi>ity ( ano!r be+ :i* falsely claims unity = itself1 & :i* succe$s 9 ga9+ ! appe>ance ( unity only by p>ticipat+ !re94 ,! ,ess5ce :i* really is "o is n a unity compos$ ( sev]al ?+s2 = ! )drawal ( "o ( !m w\ld de/roy ! total unity4 ,nor is x sep>at$ f ! o!r ?+s by limits2 = if ! o!r ?+s 7 assimilat$ !reto1 x w\ld become small] 9 ! case :]e ^! w\ld be great]2 ei!r x w\ld split itself up into fragm5ts by seek+ to p5etrate all1 & in/ead ( be+ pres5t to all1 z an entirety1 x w\ld be r$uc$ to t\*+ _! p>ts by its own p>ts4 ,if !n ?is ,ess5ce may ju/ly be call$ "o1 if unity may be pr$icat$ ( its be+1 x mu/1 9 a c]ta9 mann]1 seem to conta9 ! nature oppos$ to its own2 t is1 ! manifold2 x mu/ n attract ?is manifoldness f )\t1 b x mu/1 f & by itself1 possess ?is manifold2 x mu/ v]itably be "o1 & by its own unity be inf9ite & manifold4 ,be+ su*1 x seems z if x 7 ev]y:]e a ,reason 7a be+71 :i* is s+le1 & :i* conta9s itself4 ,x is itself t :i* conta9s2 & ?us conta9+ itself1 x is no :]e di/ant f itself2 x is ev]y:]e 9 itself4 ,x is n sep>at$ f any o!r be+ by a local di/ance2 = x exi/$ be=e all ! ?+s :i* are 9 a locality2 x _h no ne$ ( !m2 x is !y1 on ! contr>y1 :i* ne$ to be f\nd$ on x4 ,ev5 ?\gh !y %\ld come to be f\nd$ on x1 x w\ld n1 on t acc\nt1 cease re/+ on itself z a f\ndation4 ,if ?is f\ndation 7 to be %ak51 imm$iately all o!r ?+s w\ld p]i%1 s9ce !y w\ld h lo/ ! base on :i* !y re/$4 ,n[ ?is ,ess5ce c\ld n lose reason to ! po9t ( dissolv+ itself by )draw+ f itself2 & to be ab\t to tru/ itself to ! deceptive nature ( space :i* ne$s x = pres]vation4 ,,! ,,be+ ,,loves ,,ess5ce ,,z ,,entire4 #aj4 ,animat$ by wisdom1 ?is ,ess5ce dwells 9 itself1 & x c\ld nev] inh]e 9 o!r ?+s4 ,x is ^!1 on ! contr>y1 t come to dep5d f x1 z if ) passion seek+ :]e x may be4 ,t is ! love t wat*es at ! door ( ! belov$1 :i* rema9s ev] ne> ! beautiful1 agitat$ ) ! desire ( possess+ x1 & e/eem+ itself happy to %>e 9 its gifts4 ,inde$1 ! lov] ( ! cele/ial beauty does n receive ,beauty itself1 b1 z he /&s ne> x1 he %>es 9 its favors1 :ile ! latt] rema9s immovable 9 itself4 ,!re are1 !re=e1 _m be+s :i* love "o only & same ?+1 :o love x entire1 & :o1 :5 !y possess x1 possess x entire 9 ! measure 9 :i* !y are capable ( do+ s2 = !y desire to possess x entire4 ,:y !n %\ld n ?is ,ess5ce suffice to all by rema9+ )9 itself8 ,x suffices precisely because x rema9s )9 itself2 x is beautiful because x is pres5t to all z an entire :ole4 ,,reason ,,also ,,is ,a ,,:ole4 ,= u ,wisdom also is a :ole2 x is common to all ( u1 because x is n diff]5t 9 diff]5t places2 x w\ld1 inde$1 be ridicul\s = x to ne$ exi/5ce 9 "s locality4 ,besides1 wisdom does n resemble :it5ess2 = 7:it5ess is ! quality ( a body1 :ile7 ,wisdom does n at all belong to ! body4 ,if we really p>ticipate 9 ,wisdom1 we necess>ily aspire to "s ?+ s+le & id5tical1 :i* exi/s 9 itself1 z a :ole1 simultane\sly4 ,:5 we p>ticipate 9 ?is ,wisdom1 we d n receive x 9 fragm5ts1 b entire2 & ! ,wisdom :i* y possess entire is n diff]5t f t :i* ,i myself possess4 ,we f9d an image ( ?is unity ( ,wisdom 9 ! assemblies & meet+s ( m51 :]e all ^? pres5t seem to help 9 mak+ up a s+le ,wisdom4 ,x seems t ea* "o1 isolat$ f ! o!rs1 w\ld be p[]less to f9d wisdom2 b :5 ! same p]son is 9 a meet+1 :]e all ! m9ds agree toge!r1 9 apply+ !mselves to a s+le object1 he w\ld produce1 or r discov]1 ,wisdom4 ,:at inde$ h9d]s diff]5t m9ds f be+ unit$ )9 "o same & s+le ,intellig5ce8 ,al?\gh ,intellig5ce be common to u & to o!r m51 we d n notice ?is community4 ,x is z if1 t\*+ a s+le object ) sev]al f+]s1 "o %\ld lat] imag9e hav+ t\*$ sev]al objects2 or z if "o _h /ruck a s+le *ord ( ! lyre )\t see+ x 7& ?9k+ t "o _h /ruck diff]5t *ords74 ,,by ,,! ,,intelligible ,,p>ts ,,( ,,_! ,,be+1 ,,all ,,m5 ,,%>e ,,! ,,same ,,intelligible4 ,let u return to our subject4 ,we 7 seek+ h[ we might atta9 ! ,good ) our s\ls4 ,! ,good t y atta9 is n diff]5t f ! "o t ,i myself atta92 x is ! same4 ,& :5 ,i say t x is ! same1 ,i d n mean t f ! ,good desc5d$ ^u u bo? diff]5t ?+s1 s t ! ,good w\ld rema9 some:]e on high1 :ile ,8 gifts desc5d$ d[n "h2 on ! contr>y1 ,i mean t ,he :o gives is pres5t to ^? :o receive1 s t ^! may v]itably receive2 ,i mean besides t ,he gives ,8 gifts to be+s :o are intimately unit$ ) ,him1 & n to be+s :o might be =eign to ,him2 = intellectual gifts _c be communicat$ 9 a local mann]4 ,"o ev5 sees diff]5t bodies1 9 spite ( ! di/ance t sep>ates !m1 receiv+ ! same gifts1 because ! gift grant$1 & ! effect produc$ t5d to ! same result2 mu* m1 all ! actions & passions :i* produce !mselves 9 ! body ( ! univ]se are conta9$ )9 x1 & no?+ comes to x f )\t4 ,n[ if a body1 :i* by its nature z x 7 scatt]s itself 7because x is 9 a p]petual fl[+ wa/age71 nev]!less1 receives no?+ f )\t1 h[ w\ld a be+ t has no ext5sion reta9 no?+ f )\t1 h[ w\ld a be+ t has no ext5sion reta9 some?+ f )\t8 ,consequ5tly1 z all are conta9$ 9 "o & ! same ,pr9ciple1 we see ! good1 & we altoge!r t\* x by ! intelligible "p ( our nature4 ,,! ,,intelligible ,,_w ,,has ,,mu* ,,m ,,unity ,,?an ,,! ,,s5se-,,_w4 ,besides1 ! intelligible _w has mu* m unity ?an ! s5se-_w2 o!rwise1 !re w\ld be two s5se-worlds1 s9ce ! intelligible sph]e w\ld n diff] f ! s5se-sph]e if ! =m] did n h m unity ?an ! latt]4 ,9 respect to unity1 !re=e1 ! intelligible _w w\ld surpass ! s5se-sph]e4 ,x w\ld inde$ be ridicul\s to admit t "o ( ! two sph]es w\ld h an ext5sion suitable to its nature2 :ile ! o!r1 )\t any necessity1 w\ld ext5d1 & w\ld )draw f its c5tre4 ,:y w\ld n all ?+s conspire toge!r to unity1 9 ! intelligible _w8 ,!re1 inde$1 no "o ?+ h9d]s ano!r by imp5etrability1 any m ?an ! conception t y h ( a notion or ( a proposition 9 no wise h9d]s ! "o t ,i h 9 myself1 any m ?an diff]5t notions mutually h9d] ea* o!r 9 ! same s\l4 ,to ! objection t su* a union c\ld n take place = 7sep>ate7 be+s1 an affirmative answ] may be giv51 b only if "o d>e to suppose t v]itable be+s are corporeal masses4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,intelligible ,,may ,,rema9 ,,unmov$ ,,& ,,yet ,,p5etrate ,,9 ,,! ,,_w4 #aa4 ,h[ c ! intelligible1 :i* has no ext5sion1 p5etrate into ! :ole body ( ! univ]se1 :i* has no su* ext5sion8 ,h[ does x rema9 s+le & id5tical1 & h[ does x n split up8 ,?is "q has be5 rais$ sev]al times1 & we s\ght to answ] x1 s z to leave no unc]ta9ty4 ,we h (t5 demon/rat$ t ! ?+s are ?us2 nev]!less1 x w be well to give "s fur!r conv9c+ pro(s1 al?\gh we h already giv5 ! /ronge/ demon/ration1 & ! mo/ evid5t "o1 by tea*+ ! quality ( ! nature ( ! intelligible1 expla9+ t x is n a va/ mass1 "s enorm\s /one :i*1 locat$ 9 space1 might be said to occupy an ext5sion det]m9$ by its own magnitude1 & w\ld be incapable ( go+ beyond its limits2 = its mass & its p[] w\ld be measur$ by its own nature1 :i* is t ( a /one4 7,! intelligible ,ess5ce1 on ! contr>y17 be+ ! prim>y nature1 has no ext5sion t is limit$ or measur$1 because x itself is ! measure ( ! s5se-nature2 & because x is ! univ]sal p[] )\t any det]m9ate magnitude4 ,nor is x )9 "t1 because ! "t is cont9ually divid$ into int]vals1 :ile et]nity dwells 9 its own id5tity1 dom9at+ & surpass+ "t by its p]petual p[]1 ?\gh ?is seem$ to h an unlimit$ c\rse4 ,"t may be comp>$ to a l9e :i*1 :ile ext5d+ indef9itely1 ev] dep5ds f a po9t1 & turns ar\nd x2 s1 t1 into :atev] place x advances1 x always reveals ! immovable po9t ar\nd :i* x moves 9 a circle4 ,if1 by nature1 "t be 9 ! same relation 7z is ?is l9e ) its c5tre71 & if ! id5tical ,ess5ce be inf9ite by its p[] z well z by its et]nity1 by virtue ( its inf9ite p[] x w h to produce a nature :i* w\ld 9 "s way be p>allel to ?is inf9ite p[]1 :i* rises ) x1 & dep5ds f x1 & :i* f9ally1 by ! movable c\rse ( "t1 tries to equal ?is p[] :i* rema9s movable 9 itself4#f ,b !n ev5 ?is p[] ( ! intelligible ,ess5ce rema9s sup]ior to ! univ]se1 because ! =m] det]m9es ! ext5sion ( ! latt]4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,inf]ior ,,nature ,,c ,,p>ticipate ,,9 ,,! ,,intelligible4 ,h[ c\ld !n ! inf]ior nature p>ticipate 9 ! intelligible1 at lea/ to ! ext5t ( its capacity8 ,because ! intelligible is ev]y:]e pres5t 9 its entirety1 al?\gh1 by ! impot5ce ( ! ?+s t receive x1 x be n p]ceiv$ 9 its entirety 9 ea* ( ^! ?+s4 ,! id5tical ess5ce is pres5t ev]y:]e1 n inde$ z ! mat]ial triangle1 :i* is multiple 9 respect to numb] 9 sev]al subjects1 al?\gh x be id5tical !re9 9 respect to be+2 b z ! immat]ial triangle f :i* dep5d mat]ial triangles4 ,:y !n is ! mat]ial triangle n ev]y:]e1 l ! immat]ial triangle8 ,because matt] does n entirely p>ticipate 9 ! immat]ial triangle1 z x also receives o!r =ms1 & s9ce x does n apply itself entirely to e intelligible entity4 ,inde$1 ! prim>y ,nature does n give itself z an entirety to e ?+2 b x communicates itself fir/ to ! prim>y g5]a 7( ess5ces27 !n1 ?r\gh ^!1 x communicates itself to ! o!r ess5ces2 besides1 x is n any ! less f ! v beg9n+ pres5t to ! entire univ]se4 ,,life ,,int]p5etrates ,,all2 ,,& ,,kn[s ,,no ,,limits4 #ab4 ,b h[ does ?is 7prim>y ,nature7 make itself pres5t to ! :ole univ]se8 ,x is pres5t to ! univ]se because x is ! "o ,life4 ,inde$1 9 ! _w consid]$ z a liv+ be+1 ! life does n ext5d to c]ta9 limits1 beyond :i* x _c spread2 = x is pres5t ev]y:]e4 ,b h[ c x be ev]y:]e8 ,rememb]1 ! p[] ( life is n a det]m9ate quantity2 if1 by ?\ght1 x be inf9itely divid$1 /ill x nev] alt]s its fundam5tal *>act]i/ic ( inf9ity4 ,?is ,life does n conta9 any matt]2 consequ5tly1 x _c be split up l a mass1 & end 9 be+ r$uc$ to no?+4 ,:5 y h succe$$ 9 ga9+ a conception ( ! inexhau/ible & inf9ite p[] ( ! intellig5t ,ess5ce2 ( its nature t is unceas+1 indefatigable2 t suffices itself completely1 to ! po9t t its life1 s to speak1 ov]fl[s1 :atev] be ! place on :i* y fix y\r gaze1 or direct y\r att5tion2 :]e w y f9d abs5ce ( t intelligible ,ess5ce8 ,on ! contr>y1 y c nei!r surpass its greatness1 nor arrive at any?+ inf9itely small1 z if ! intelligible ,ess5ce _h no?+ fur!r to give1 & z if x 7 gradually becom+ exhau/$4 ,,if ,,y ,,see ,,any?+ ,,beyond ,,x1 ,,y ,,dep>t ,,f ,,x4 ,:51 !re=e1 y w h embrac$ ! univ]sal ,ess5ce & w be re/+ )9 x1 y mu/ n seek any?+ beyond x4 ,o!rwise1 y w be )draw+ f x2 &1 direct+ y\r glance on some?+ =eign1 y w fail to see :at is ne> y4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 y seek no?+ beyond x1 y w be simil> to a univ]sal ,ess5ce4 ,h[8 ,y w be entirely unit$ to x1 y w n be held back by any ( its p>ts1 & y w n ev5 be say+1 ,?is is :at ,i am6 ,by =gett+ ! p>ticul> be+ t y are1 y w be becom+ ! univ]sal ,be+4 ,y _h1 inde$1 already be5 ! univ]sal ,ess5ce1 b y 7 some?+ besides2 y 7 inf]ior by t v circum/ance2 because t :i* y possess$ beyond ! univ]sal ,ess5ce did n proce$ f ! univ]sal ,ess5ce1 = no?+ c be add$ !reto2 b r _h come f t :i* is n univ]sal4 ,:5 y become a det]m9$ be+1 because y borr[ some?+ f non-ess5ce1 y cease be+ univ]sal4 ,b if y ab&on non-ess5ce1 y w be increas+ y\rself4 ,x is by sett+ aside all ! re/ t ! univ]sal ,ess5ce may be discov]$2 = ess5ce does n reveal itself s long z "o rema9s ) ! re/4 ,x does n approa* y to make y enjoy its pres5ce2 x is y :o are /ray+ f x1 :5 x ceases to be pres5t4 ,besides1 :5 y /ray away1 y are n actually /ray+ away f x1 z x cont9ues to be pres5t2 y are n di/ant f x1 b1 ?\gh be+ ne> ,ess5ce1 y h turn$ away f x4 ,?us ev5 ! o!r div9ities1 ?\gh !y be pres5t to _m human be+s1 (t5 reveal !mselves only to "s "o p]son1 because he alone is able 7or1 kn[s h[7 to contemplate !m4 ,^! div9ities 7accord+ to ,hom]71#g assume _m diff]5t =ms1 & haunt ! cities4 ,b x is to ! supreme ,div9ity t all ! cities1 all ! e>?1 & all ! heav5s turn2 = ! univ]se subsi/s by ,him1 & 9 ,him4 ,f ,him also d all real ess5ces d]ive _! exi/5ce2 x is f ,him t all dep5d1 ev5 ! 7univ]sal7 ,s\l1 & ! univ]sal ,life2 x is to ,8 inf9ite unity t !y all turn z to _! goal2 a unity :i* is inf9ite precisely because x has no ext5sion4 ,,fif? ,,ennead1 ,,book ,,six?4 ,! ,sup]ess5tial ,pr9ciple ,does ,n ,?9k2 ,:i* is ! ,fir/ ,?9k+ ,pr9ciple1 & ,:i* is ! ,second8 ,,by ,,?9k+1 ,,intellig5ce ,,passes ,,f ,,unity ,,to ,,duality4 #a4 ,"o may ?9k oneself1 or "s o!r object4 ,:at ?9ks itself falls lea/ into ! duality 7inh]5t to ?\ght74 ,t :i* ?9ks "s o!r object approa*es id5tity less2 = ?\gh x conta9 :at x contemplates1 x nev]!less diff]s !refrom 7by its nature74 ,on ! contr>y1 ! pr9ciple t ?9ks itself is n1 by its nature1 sep>at$ f ! object ?\ght4 ,x contemplates itself1 because x is intimately unit$ to itself2 ! ?9k+ subject1 & ! object ?\ght =m b a s+le be+ )9 x1#h or1 x ?us becomes two1 :ile x is only "o4 ,x ?9ks 9 a sup]ior mann]1 because x possesses :at x ?9ks2 x occupies ! fir/ rank z ?9k+ pr9ciple1 because ! ?9k+ pr9ciple mu/ simultane\sly be unity & duality4 ,if x 7 n unity1 x w\ld ?9k "s object o!r ?an itself2 x w\ld no long] be ! fir/ ?9k+ pr9ciple4 ,inde$1 t :i* ?9ks an object o!r ?an itself c\ld n be ! fir/ ?9k+ pr9ciple1 s9ce x does n ?9k ! object ( its ?\ght z belong+ to its ess5ce2 &1 consequ5tly1 x does n ?9k itself4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 ! ?9k+ pr9ciple possess ! object1 if x be ?\ght z belong+ to its be+ 7or nature71 !n ! two t]ms ( ! ?\ght 7! object & ! subject71 w be id5tical4 ,! ?9k+ pr9ciple1 !re=e1 implies unity & duality simultane\sly2 = unless x jo9 duality to unity1 x w h no?+ to ?9k1 &1 consequ5tly1 x w n ?9k4 ,x mu/1 !re=e1 be simple1 & n simple simultane\sly4#i ,we bett] und]/& ! necessity ( ?is d\ble condition :51 />t+ f ! ,s\l1 we rise to intellig5ce1 = )9 ! latt] x is easi] to di/+ui% ! subject f ! object1 & to grasp its duality4#aj ,we may imag9e two lights ( :i* ! "o1 ! s\l h]self1 is less brilliant1 & we may !n posit z equal ! light t sees & ! light t is se54 ,bo? ( !m1 hav+ no?+ fur!r t di/+ui%es !m1 w =m b a s+le ?+1 :i* ?9ks by virtue ( its duality1 & :i* sees by virtue ( its unity4 ,"h by reason 7:i* is ! *>act]i/ic faculty ( ! s\l71 we h pass$ f duality to unity4 ,b1 :ile ?9k+1 intellig5ce passes f unity to duality2 x becomes1 or r is1 duality1 because x ?9ks2 & is "o1 because x ?9ks itself4 ,a ,,supra-,,?9k+ ,,pr9ciple ,,is ,,necess>y ,,to ,,! ,,work+ ,,( ,,intellig5ce4 #b4 ,s9ce we h di/+ui%$ two pr9ciples1 ! "o :i* is ! fir/ ?9k+ pr9ciple 7! ,intellig5ce71 & ! o!r :i* is ! second 7! ,s\l71 ! ,pr9ciple sup]ior to ! fir/ ?9k+ pr9ciple mu/ itself n ?9k4 ,9 ord] to ?9k1 x w\ld h to be ,intellig5ce2 to be ,intellig5ce1 x w\ld h to ?9k an object2 to be ! fir/ ?9k+ pr9ciple1 x w\ld h to conta9 ?is object4 ,n[ x is n necess>y t e intelligible entity %\ld possess intellig5ce1 & %\ld ?9k2 o!rwise x w\ld n only be intelligible1 b ev5 ,intellig5ce2 be+ ?us dual1 x w\ld n be ! fir/4 ,on ! o!r h&1 intellig5ce _c subsi/1 if !re be n a purely intelligible nature 7be+71 :i* is intelligible = ,intellig5ce1 b :i* 9 itself %\ld be nei!r intellig5ce nor intelligible4 ,inde$1 t :i* is intelligible mu/ be intelligible = some?+ else4 ,z to ,intellig5ce1 its p[] is q va91 if x does n p]ceive & does n grasp ! intelligible t x ?9ks2 = x _c ?9k1 if x h no object to ?9k2 & x is p]fect only :5 x possesses ?is4 ,n[1 be=e ?9k+1 x mu/ by itself be p]fect by nature 7be+74 ,!re=e1 ! pr9ciple ?r\gh :i* intellig5ce is p]fect mu/ itself be :at x is be=e x ?9ks2 consequ5tly1 x has no ne$ to ?9k1 s9ce1 be=e ?9k+1 x suffices to itself4 ,x w1 !re=e1 n ?9k4#aa ,,! ,,fir/ ,,?9k+ ,,pr9ciple ,,is ,,! ,,second ,,pr9ciple4 ,!re=e1 ! ,fir/ pr9ciple 7! ,"o7 does n ?9k2 ! second 7,intellig5ce7 is ! fir/ ?9k+ pr9ciple2 ! ?ird 7! ,s\l7 is ! second ?9k+ pr9ciple4 ,if ! fir/ ,pr9ciple ?\ght1 x w\ld possess an attribute2 consequ5tly1 in/ead ( occupy+ ! fir/ rank1 x w\ld occupy only ! second2 in/ead ( be+ ,"o1 x w\ld be manifold1 & w\ld be all ! ?+s t x ?\ght2 = x w\ld already be manifold1 ev5 if x limit$ itself to ?9k+ itself4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,mu/ ,,be ,,"o ,,exclusively1 ,,:i* ,,w\ld ,,make ,,?\ght ,,impossible4 #c4 ,x might be object$ t no?+ 79 all ?is7 w\ld h9d] ! fir/ ,pr9ciple f be+ bo? s+le & manifold4 ,we w answ] t ! manifold ne$s a s+le subject4 ,! manifold _c exi/ )\t ! ,"o f :i* x comes1 & 9 :i* x is2 )\t ! ,"o :i* is c\nt$ ! fir/ outside ( o!r ?+s1 & :i* mu/ be consid]$ only 9 itself4 ,ev5 on ! supposition t x co-exi/s ) o!r ?+s1 x mu/1 none ! less1 :ile be+ tak5 ) ! o!r ?+s ) :i* x is suppos$ to co-exi/1 be consid]$ z diff]5t f !m4 ,consequ5tly1 x mu/ n be consid]$ z co-exi/+ ) o!r ?+s1 b be consid]$ z _! subject 7or1 sub/rate71 & z exi/+ 9 itself1 in/ead ( co-exi/+ ) ! o!r ?+s ( :i* x is ! subject4 ,,)\t ,,some?+ ,,simple1 ,,no?+ ,,manifold ,,c\ld ,,exi/4 ,inde$1 t :i* is id5tical 9 ?+s o!r ?an ! ,"o1 may no d\bt be simil> to ! ,"o1 b _c be ! ,"o4 ,! ,"o mu/ exi/ alone 9 itself1 ?us to be grasp$ 9 o!r ?+s1 unless we %\ld claim t its 7nature7 consi/s 9 subsi/+ ) o!r ?+s4 ,"u ?is hypo!sis1 !re w n exi/ ei!r any?+ absolutely simple1 nor any?+ composite4 ,no?+ absolutely simple w exi/1 s9ce t :i* is simple c\ld n subsi/ by itself2 nei!r c\ld any?+ composite exi/1 s9ce no?+ simple w exi/4 ,= if no simple ?+ possess exi/5ce1 if !re be no simple unity1 subsi/+ by itself1 :i* c\ld s]ve z support to ! composite1 if none ( ^! ?+s be capable ( exi/+ by itself1 let alone communicat+ to o!rs1 s9ce x does n exi/2 we mu/ conclude t t :i*1 ( all ^! ?+s1 is composite1 c\ld n exi/1 s9ce x w\ld be made up out ( elem5ts t d n exi/1 & :i* are absolutely no?+4 ,!re=e1 if we insi/ on ! exi/5ce ( ! manifold1 we are imply+ ! exi/5ce ( ! ,"o be=e ! manifold4 ,n[ s9ce t :i* ?9ks is multiple1 ! pr9ciple t is n manifold w n ?9k4 ,b z ?is ,pr9ciple is ! fir/1 !n ,intellig5ce & ?\ght are entities lat] ?an ! fir/4 ,,good1 ,,intellig5ce ,,& ,,s\l ,,are ,,l ,,light1 ,,sun ,,& ,,moon4 #d4 ,z ! ,good mu/ be simple1 & self-suffici5t1 x has no ne$ to ?9k4 ,n[ t :i* x does n ne$ c\ld n be )9 x1 s9ce no?+ 7t is diff]5t f x7 exi/s 9 x2 consequ5tly1 ?\ght does n exi/ 9 x 7because x is ess5tially simple#ab74 ,besides1 ! ,good is "o ?+1 & ,intellig5ce ano!r2 by ?9k+1 ,intellig5ce takes on ! =m ( ,good4 ,besides1 :5 9 two objects unity is jo9$ to some?+ o!r ?an itself1 x is n possible t ?is unity1 :i* is jo9$ to some?+ else1 %\ld be ,unity itself4 ,unity 9 itself %\ld exi/ 9 itself be=e ?is unity 0 jo9$ to any?+ else4 ,= ! same reason1 unity jo9$ to some?+ else presupposes absolutely simple ,unity1 :i* subsi/s 9 itself1 & has no?+ ( :at is f\nd 9 unity jo9$ to o!r ?+s4 ,h[ c\ld "o ?+ subsi/ 9 ano!r if ! pr9ciple1 f :i* ?is o!r ?+ is d]iv$1 did n h an exi/5ce t 0 indep5d5t1 & prior to ! re/8 ,:at is simple _c d]ive any?+ f any o!r s\rce2 b :at is manifold1 or at lea/ indicates plurality1 is ( d]ivative 7nature74 ,! ,good may be comp>$ to light1 ,intellig5ce to ! sun1 & ! ,s\l to ! moon t d]ives h] light f ! sun4 ,! ,s\l's intellig5ce is only borr[$1 :i* intellectualizes h] by color+ h] ) its light4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,intellig5ce1 9 itself1 possesses its own light2 x is n only light1 b x is ess5tially lum9\s4 ,! ,pr9ciple t illum9ates ,intellig5ce & :i* is no?+ b light1 is absolutely simple light1 & supplies ,intellig5ce ) ! p[] to be :at x is4 ,h[ c\ld x ne$ any?+ else8 ,x is n simil> to :at exi/s 9 any?+ else2 = :at subsi/s 9 itself is v diff]5t f :at subsi/s 9 some?+ else4 ,,z ,,?\ght ,,is ,,inspiration ,,to ,,! ,,good1 ,,intellig5ce ,,implies ,,! ,,latt]4 #e4 ,:at is manifold ne$s to seek itself1 & naturally desires to embrace itself1 & to grasp itself by self-consci\sness4 ,b t :i* is absolutely ,"o c\ld n reflect on itself1 & ne$ self-consci\sness4 ,! absolutely id5tical pr9ciple is sup]ior to consci\sness & ?\ght4 ,intellig5ce is n ! fir/2 x is n ! fir/ ei!r by its ess5ce1 nor by ! maje/ic value ( its exi/5ce4 ,x occupies only ! second rank4 ,x exi/$ only :5 ! ,good already exi/$2 & z soon z x exi/$1 x turn$ t[>ds ! ,good4 ,9 turn+ t[>ds ! ,good1 ,intellig5ce cogniz$ ! latt]2 = ?\ght consi/s ( conv]sion t[>ds ! ,good1 & aspiration !reto4 ,aspiration t[>ds ! ,good1 !re=e1 produc$ ?\ght1 :i* id5tifies itself ) ! ,good2 = vision presupposes ! desire to see4 ,! ,good1 !re=e1 _c ?9k2 = x has no good o!r ?an itself4 ,besides1 :5 some?+ o!r ?an ! ,good ?9ks ! ,good1 x ?9ks ! ,good because x takes ! =m ( ! ,good1 & resembles ! ,good4 ,x ?9ks1 because itself becomes = itself a good & desirable object1 & because x possesses an image ( ! ,good4 ,if ?is ?+ always rema9 9 ! same disposition1 x w always reta9 ?is image ( ! ,good4 ,by ?9k+ itself1 ,intellig5ce simultane\sly ?9ks ! ,good2 = x does n ?9k itself z be+ actualiz$2 yet e actualization has ! ,good z its goal4 ,,! ,,good ,,z ,,supra-,,cogitative ,,is ,,also ,,supra-,,active4 #f4 ,if ! above argum5ts be wor? :ile1 ! ,good has no place = ?\ght4 ,:at ?9ks mu/ h its good outside ( itself4 ,! ,good1 !re=e1 is n active2 = :at ne$ to actualize w\ld actualization h8 ,to say t actualization actualizes1 is tautology4 ,ev5 if we may be all[$ to attribute some?+ to actualizations :i* relate to "s pr9ciple o!r ?an !mselves1 at lea/ ! fir/ actualization to :i* all o!r actualizations ref]1 mu/ be simply :at x is4 ,?is actualization is n ?\ght2 x has no?+ to ?9k1 z x is ! ,fir/4 ,besides1 t :i* ?9ks is n ?\ght1 b :at possesses ?\ght4 ,?us !re is duality 9 :at ?9ks2 b !re is no duality 9 ! ,fir/4 ,,prim>y ,,exi/5ce ,,w ,,conta9 ,,?\ght1 ,,exi/5ce ,,& ,,life4 ,?is may be se5 /ill m cle>ly by consid]+ h[ ?is d\ble nature %[s itself 9 all t ?9ks 9 a cle>] mann]4 ,we ass]t t all ess5ces1 z su*1 t all ?+s t are by !mselves1 & t possess true exi/5ce1 are locat$ 9 ! intelligible _w4 ,?is happ5s n only because !y always rema9 ! same1 :ile s5se-objects are 9 a p]petual fl[ & *ange#ac--;al?\gh1 inde$1 !re are s5se-objects 7su* z ! />s#ad71 t rema9 ! same--b r because !y1 by !mselves1 possess ! p]fection ( _! exi/5ce4 ,! s-call$ prim>y be+ mu/ possess an exi/5ce :i* is m ?an an adumbration ( exi/5ce1 & :i* is complete exi/5ce4 ,n[ exi/5ce is complete :5 its =m is ?\ght & life4 ,prim>y be+1 !re=e1 w simultane\sly conta9 ?\ght1 exi/5ce & life4 ,?us ! exi/5ce ( ess5ce w imply t ( intellig5ce2 & t ( intellig5ce1 t ( ess5ce2 s t ?\ght is insep>able f exi/5ce1 & is manifold in/ead ( be+ "o4 ,t :i* is n manifold 7! ,"o71 _c1 !re=e1 ?9k4 ,9 ! intelligible _w1 we f9d ,man1 & ! ?\ght ( man1 ,horse & ! ?\ght ( horse1 ! ,j ,man & ! ?\ght ( ! j man2 ev]y?+ 9 x is duality2 ev5 ! unity )9 x is duality1 & 9 x duality passes into unity4 ,! ,fir/ is nei!r all ?+s t imply duality1 nor any ( !m2 x conta9s no duality :atev]4 ,,! ,,fir/1 ,,!re=e1 ,,be+ ,,supra-,,cogitative1 ,,does ,,n ,,"k ,,itself4 ,else:]e we %all /udy h[ duality issues f unity4 ,"h we m]ely insi/ t z ! ,"o is sup]ior to be+1 x mu/ also be sup]ior to ?\ght4 ,x is1 !re=e1 reasonable to insi/ t x does n "k itself1 t x does n conta9 any?+ to be kn[n1 because x is simple4 ,/ill less w x "k o!r be+s4 ,x supplies !m ) some?+ great] & m preci\s ?an k ( be+s1 s9ce x is ! ,good ( all be+s2 f x !y d]ive :at is m important 7?an m]e cogitation71 ! faculty ( id5tify+ !mselves ) x s f> z possible4 ,,second ,,ennead1 ,,book ,,five4 ,( ! ,ari/otelian ,di/9ction ,betwe5 ,actuality & ,pot5tiality4 ,,que/ions ,,to ,,be ,,discuss$4 #a4 7,ari/otle7 spoke ( 7?+s7 exi/+ pot5tially1 & actually2 & actuality is spok5 ( z a be+4 ,we %all1 h[ev]1 h to exam9e ?is pot5tial & actual exi/5ce2 & :e!r ?is actual exi/5ce be ! same z actuality1 & :e!r ?is pot5tial exi/5ce be id5tical ) pot5tiality2 also1 :e!r ^! conceptions diff] s t :at exi/s actually be n necess>ily actuality4 ,x is evid5t t among s5se-objects !re exi/ ?+s pot5tially4 ,are !re also su* among ! intelligibles8 ,?is !n is ! problem3 :e!r ! intelligibles exi/ only actually2 & on ! hypo!sis ( ! exi/5ce among intelligibles ( some?+ exi/+ pot5tially1 :e!r1 because ( its et]nity1 ?is always rema9s !re 9 pot5tiality2 &1 because x is outside ( "t1 nev] arrives to actuality4 ,,def9ition ,,( ,,pot5tiality4 ,let u fir/ def9e pot5tiality4 ,:5 a ?+ is said to exi/ pot5tially1 ?is means t x does n exi/ absolutely4 ,necess>ily1 :at exi/s pot5tially is pot5tial only 9 relation to some?+ else2 = example1 metal is ! /atue pot5tially4 ,( c\rse1 if no?+ 7 to be done ) ?is ?+1 or )9 x1 if x 7 n to become some?+ beyond itself1 if !re 7 no possibility ( its becom+ any?+ else1 x w\ld only be :at x 0 already4 ,h[ c\ld x !n become some?+ diff]5t f :at x 08 ,x did n1 !re=e1 exi/ pot5tially4 ,consequ5tly1 if1 on consid]+ :at is a ?+ t exi/s pot5tially1 & "o t exi/s actually1 we say t x exi/s pot5tially1 we mu/ mean t x might become diff]5t f :at x is1 :e!r1 aft] hav+ produc$ ?is diff]5t ?+1 x rema9 :at x is1 or :e!r1 on becom+ ?is diff]5t ?+1 :i* x is pot5tially1 x ceases be+ :at x is itself4 ,inde$1 if metal be a /atue pot5tially1 ?is is a relation diff]5t f wat] be+ metal pot5tially1 z air is pot5tially fire4#ae ,,di/9ction ,,betwe5 ,,exi/+ ,,pot5tiality ,,& ,,pot5tiality4 ,%all we say t :at ?us exi/s pot5tially is pot5tiality 9 respect ( :at is to be2 z1 = in/ance1 t ! metal is ! pot5tiality ( a /atue8 ,n s1 if we ref] to ! produc+ pot5tiality2 = ! produc+ pot5tiality _c be said to exi/ pot5tially4 ,if1 !n1 we id5tifi$ exi/+ pot5tially n only ) exi/+ actually1 b also ) actuality1 !n pot5tiality w\ld co9cide ) pot5tial exi/5ce4 ,x w\ld be bett] & cle>]1 !re=e1 to contra/ pot5tial exi/5ce ) actual exi/5ce1 & pot5tiality ) actuality4 ,! ?+ :i* ?us exi/s pot5tially is ! sub/ance und]ly+ ! reactions1 %apes & =ms :i* x is naturally fitt$ to receive1 to :i* x aspires = _! bett]m5t or det]ioration1 & = ! de/ruction ( ^? ^: actualization con/itutes diff]5tiation4 ,,matt] ,,is ,,no?+ ,,actually4 #b4 ,z to matt]1 we %all h to exam9e :e!r x be some?+ actually1 :ile simultane\sly x pot5tially is ! %apes x receives2 or :e!r x be no?+ at all actually4 ,ev]y?+ else ( :i* we pr$icate pot5tiality passes on to actuality on receiv+ its =m1 & rema9+ ! same4 ,we may call a /atue an actual /atue1 ?us contra/+ ) x a pot5tial /atue2 b an actual /atue w n be impli$ by ! metal :i* we call$ ! pot5tial /atue4 ,consequ5tly1 :at exi/s pot5tially does n become :at exi/s actually2 b f :at 0 previ\sly a pot5tial 7/atue7 proce$s :at lat] is an actual 7/atue74 ,inde$1 :at exi/s actually is ! comp\nd1 & n ! matt]2 x is ! =m add$ to matt]2 ?is occurs :5 !re is produc$ ano!r be+2 :51 = example1 f ! metal is made a /atue2 = ! /atue exi/s by ?is v be+ some?+ o!r ?an ! metal2 namely1 ! comp\nd4#ag ,,9 ,,p]man5t ,,?+s1 ,,pot5tiality ,,& ,,actuality ,,may ,,co9cide4 ,9 non-p]man5t ?+s1 :at exi/s pot5tially is evid5tly some?+ q diff]5t 7f :at is said to exi/ actually74 ,b :5 ! pot5tial gramm>ian becomes an actual gramm>ian1 :y %\ld n ! pot5tial & actual co9cide8 ,! pot5tial wise ,socrates is ! same z ! actual ,socrates4 ,is ! ignorant man1 :o 0 pot5tially le>n$1 ! same z ! le>n$8 ,no3 only accid5t makes ( ! ignorant man a le>n$ "o2 = x 0 n 8 ignorance t made him pot5tially wise2 ) him1 ignorance 0 only an accid5t2 b 8 s\l1 be+ by h]self dispos$ 7to be actually le>n$71 /ill rema9s pot5tially le>n$1 9 s f> z %e 0 actually s1 & /ill keeps :at is call$ pot5tial exi/5ce2 ?us ! actual gramm>ian does n cease be+ a pot5tial gramm>ian4#ah ,no?+ h9d]s ^! two diff]5t ?+s 7( be+ a pot5tial & actual gramm>ian7 f co9cid+2 9 ! fir/ case1 ! man is no m ?an a pot5tial gramm>ian2 9 ! latt]1 ! man is /ill a pot5tial gramm>ian1 b ?is pot5tiality has acquir$ its =m 7t is1 has become actual#ai74 ,,diff]5ce ,,betwe5 ,,g5]al ,,& ,,p>ticul> ,,actuality4 ,if h[ev] :at is pot5tial be ! sub/rate1 :ile ! actual is bo? 7pot5tial & actual7 at ! same "t1 z 9 ! 7complete7 /atue1 :at !n %all we call ! =m 9 ! metal8 ,we might well call ! actuality by :i* "s object exi/s actually1 & n m]ely pot5tially1 ! =m & %ape2 !re=e n m]ely actuality1 b ! actuality ( ?is individual ?+4 ,,! ,,=m ,,add$ ,,to ,,matt] ,,is ,,! ,,specific ,,actuality4 ,! "n actuality w\ld bett] suit ! 7g5]al7 actuality r 7?an ! actuality ( "s "o ?+72 ! actuality correspond+ to ! pot5tiality :i* br+s a ?+ to actuality4 ,inde$1 :5 t :i* 0 pot5tial arrives at actuality1 x owes ! latt] to some?+ else4#bj ,,:at ,,9 ,,! ,,body ,,is ,a ,,passive ,,capacity1 ,,9 ,,! ,,s\l ,,is ,,an ,,active ,,faculty4 ,z to ! pot5tiality :i* by itself produces t ( :i* x is pot5tiality1 t is1 :i* produces ! actuality 7correspond+ to ?is pot5tiality71 x is a 7,/oic7 habituation2 :ile ! actuality 7:i* corresponds to ?is habituation7 owes its "n !reto2 = in/ance1 ! habituation is c\rage\sness2 :ile ! actuality is be+ brave4#ba ,b en\gh ( ?is6 ,,intelligible ,,matt] ,,is ,,n ,,pot5tial4 #c4 ,! purpose ( ! prec$+ consid]ations 0 to det]m9e ! mean+ ( ! /atem5t t intelligibles are actual2 to decide :e!r e intelligible exi/ only actually1 or :e!r x be only an actuality2 & ?ird1 h[ ev5 up !re 9 ! intelligible1 :]e all ?+s are actualities1 !re c also exi/ some?+ pot5tially4 ,if1 !n1 9 ! intelligible _w1 !re be no matt] :i* might be call$ pot5tial1 if no be+ is to become some?+ :i* x n yet is1 nor trans=m itself1 nor1 :ile rema9+ :at x is1 beget some?+ else1 nor by alt]+1 cause any sub/itution1 !n !re c\ld n be any?+ pot5tial 9 ?is ,_w ( et]nal ess5ce outside ( "t4 ,let u n[ address ! foll[+ "q to ^? :o admit ! exi/5ce ( matt]1 ev5 9 intelligible ?+s3 ,h[ c we speak ( matt] 9 ! intelligible _w1 if by virtue ( ?is matt] no?+ exi/s pot5tially8 ,= ev5 if 9 ! intelligible _w matt] exi/$ o!rwise ?an x does 9 ! s5se-_w1 /ill 9 e be+ w\ld be ! matt]1 ! =m & ! comp\nd :i* con/itutes x4 ,!y w\ld answ] t 9 intelligible ?+s1 :at plays ! "p ( matt] is a =m1 & t ! s\l1 by h]self1 is =m2 b1 9 relation to some?+ else1 is matt]4 ,is ! s\l !n pot5tial 9 respect ( ?is o!r ?+8 ,h>dly1 = ! s\l possesses ! =m1 & possesses x at pres5t1 )\t reg>d to ! future1 & %e is divisible 9 =m & matt] only = reason2 if %e conta9 matt]1 x is only because ?\ght conceives ( h] z d\ble 7by di/+ui%+ =m & matt] 9 h]74 ,b ^! two ?+s =m a s+le nature1 z ,ari/otle also says t 8 qu9tess5ce is immat]ial4 ,,! ,,s\l ,,is ,,! ,,produc+ ,,pot5tiality2 ,,n ,,! ,,pot5tiality ,,( ,,becom+4 ,:at %all we say8 ,pot5tially1 %e is ! animal1 :5 x is unborn1 ?\gh to be born4 ,pot5tially %e is ! music1 & all ! ?+s t become1 because !y are transi5t4 ,?us 9 ! intelligible _w !re are ?+s :i* exi/1 or d n exi/ pot5tially4 ,b ! s\l is ! pot5tiality ( ^! ?+s4#bb ,,9 ,,! ,,intelligible ,,_w ,,ev]y?+ ,,is ,,actual4 ,h[ might "o apply actual exi/5ce to intelligible ?+s8 ,ea* ( !m exi/s actually because x has receiv$ =m1 z ! /atue 7! comp\nd7 exi/s actually1 or r1 because x is a =m1 & because its ess5ce is a p]fect =m4 ,! intellig5ce does n pass f ! pot5tiality ( ?9k+ to ! actuality ( ?9k+4#bc ,o!rwise1 x w\ld imply an ant]ior intellig5ce :i* w\ld n pass f pot5tiality to actuality1 :i* w\ld possess ev]y?+ by itself2 = :at exi/s pot5tially implies ano!r pr9ciple ^: int]v5tion br+s x to actuality1 s z to be some?+ exi/+ actually4 ,a be+ is an actuality :5 x always is :at x is1 by itself4 ,!re=e1 all fir/ pr9ciples are actualities2 = !y possess all !y %\ld possess by !mselves1 et]nally4 ,su* is ! /ate ( ! s\l :i* is n 9 matt]1 b 9 ! intelligible _w4 ,! s\l :i* is 9 matt] is ano!r actuality2 %e is1 = in/ance1 ! vegetative s\l2 = %e is 9 actuality :at %e is4 ,we %all1 !re=e1 h to admit t 79 ! intelligible _w7 ev]y?+ exi/s actually1 & t ?us ev]y?+ is actuality1 because x has rightly be5 said#bd t intelligible nature is always awake1 t x is a life1 an excell5t life1 & t !re on high all actualities are p]fect4 ,!re=e1 9 ! intelligible _w1 ev]y?+ exi/s actually1 & ev]y?+ is actuality & life4 ,! place ( intelligible ?+s is ! place ( life1 ! pr9ciple & s\rce ( ! v]itable s\l1 & ( intellig5ce4 ,,matt] ,,is ,,non-,,be+1 ,,& ,,c ,,n ,,be ,,any?+ ,,actual4 #d4 ,all ! o!r objects 7! s5se-objects71 :i* are some?+ pot5tially1 are also actually some?+ else1 :i*1 9 reg>d to ! ,fir/1 may be said to be pot5tial exi/5ce4 ,z to matt]1 :i* exi/s pot5tially 9 all be+s1 h[ c\ld x actually be "s ( ^! be+s8 ,evid5tly1 x w\ld !n no long] be all be+s pot5tially4 ,if matt] be none ( ! be+s1 x necess>ily is n a be+4 ,if x be none ( ! be+s1 h[ c\ld x actually be some?+8 ,consequ5tly1 matt] is none ( ! be+s t 9 x become4 ,b might x n be some?+ else1 s9ce all ?+s are n 9 matt]8 ,if matt] be none ( ! be+s :i* are !re91 & if ^! really are be+s1 matt] mu/ be non-be+4 ,s9ce1 by imag9ation1 x is conceiv$ z some?+ =mless1 x c\ld n be a =m2 z be+1 x c\ld n be c\nt$ among ! =ms2 :i* is an additional reason :y x %\ld be consid]$ z non-be+4 ,z matt]1 !re=e1 is no be+ nei!r 9 respect ( be+s1 nor ( =ms1 matt] is non-be+ 9 ! highe/ degree4 ,s9ce matt] does n possess ! nature ( v]itable be+s1 & s9ce x _c ev5 claim a place among ! objects falsely call$ be+s 7= n ev5 l ^! is matt] an image ( reason71 9 :at k9d ( be+ c\ld matt] be includ$8 ,if x _c be includ$ 9 any1 x c evid5tly n be some?+ actually4 ,,ari/otle ,,said1 ,,matt] ,,is ,,no?+ ,,real ,,actually1 ,,b ,,only ,,pot5tially4 #e4 ,if ?is be s1 :at op9ion %all we =m ( matt]8 ,h[ c x be ! matt] ( be+s8 ,because matt] pot5tially con/itutes ! be+s4 ,b1 s9ce matt] already exi/s pot5tially1 may we n already say t x exi/s1 :5 we consid] :at x is to be8 ,! be+ ( matt] is only :at is to be2 x consi/s ( :at is go+ to be2 !re=e matt] exi/s pot5tially2 b x is pot5tially n any det]m9ate ?+1 b all ?+s4 ,!re=e1 be+ no?+ by itself1 & be+ :at x is1 namely1 matt]1 x is no?+ actually4 ,if x 7 some?+ actually1 :at x w\ld actually be w\ld n be matt]2 consequ5tly1 matt] w\ld no long] be absolutely matt]2 x w\ld be matt] only relatively1 l metal4 ,matt] is1 !re=e1 non-be+2 x is n some?+ :i* m]ely diff]s f be+1 l movem5t1 :i* relates to matt] because x proce$s f matt]1 & op]ates 9 x4 ,matt] is d5ud$ & despoil$ ( all prop]ties2 x c n trans=m itself1 x rema9s ev] :at x 0 at ! beg9n+1 non-be+4 ,f ! v be+ x actually 0 no be+1 s9ce x _h )drawn f all be+s1 & _h nev] ev5 become any ( !m2 = nev] 0 x able to keep a reflection ( ! be+s ^: =ms x ev] aspir$ to assume4 ,its p]man5t condition is to tr5d t[>ds some?+ else1 to exi/ pot5tially 9 respect ( ! ?+s t are to foll[4 ,z x appe>s :]e ends ! ord] ( intelligible be+s1 & z x is conta9$ by ! s5se-be+s :i* are begott5 aft] x1 x is _! la/ degree4 ,be+ conta9$ 9 bo? intelligible & s5se-?+s1 x does n actually exi/ 9 respect ( ei!r ( ^! classes ( be+s4 ,x exi/s only pot5tially2 x limits itself to be+ a feeble & obscure image1 :i* c n assume any =m4 ,may we n !nce conclude t matt] is ! image actually2 & consequ5tly1 is actually deception8 ,yes1 x truly is deception1 t is1 x is ess5tially non-be+4 ,if !n matt] actually be non-be+1 x is ! highe/ degree ( non-be+1 & ?us aga9 ess5tially is non-be+4 ,s9ce non-be+ is its real nature1 x is1 !re=e1 f> remov$ f actually be+ any k9d ( a be+4 ,if x mu/ at all be1 x mu/ actually be non-be+1 s t1 f> f real-be+1 its be+ 7s to speak7 consi/s 9 non-be+4 ,to remove ! deception ( deceptive be+s1 is to remove _! be+4 ,to introduce actuality 9 ! ?+s :i* possess be+ & ess5ce pot5tially1 is to annihilate _! reason = be+1 because _! be+ consi/s 9 exi/+ pot5tially4 ,,et]nal ,,matt] ,,exi/s ,,only ,,pot5tially4 ,!re=e1 if matt] 7 to be reta9$ z un*angeable1 x w\ld be fir/ necess>y to reta9 x z matt]2 evid5tly1 x w be necess>y to insi/ t x exi/s only pot5tially1 s t x may rema9 :at x ess5tially is2 ! only alt]native w\ld be to refute ! argum5ts we h advanc$4 ,,?ird ,,ennead1 ,,book ,,six?4 ,( ! ,impassibility ( ,incorporeal ,entities 7,s\l & & ,matt]74 ,a4 ,,( ,,! ,,s\l4 ,,que/ions ,,ab\t ,,! ,,passibility ,,( ,,judgm5t ,,& ,,! ,,s\l4 #a4 ,s5sations are n affections1#be b actualizations1 & judgm5ts1 relative to passions4 ,! affections occur 9 :at is o!r 7?an ! s\l72 t is1 9 ! organiz$ body1 & ! judgm5t 9 ! s\l4 ,= if ! judgm5t 7 an affection1 x w\ld itself presuppose ano!r judgm5t1 & s on to inf9ity4#bf ,?\gh accept+ ?is /atem5t1 we mu/1 nev]!less1 exam9e :e!r ! judgm5t itself1 z su*1 9 n[ise p>ticipates 9 ! nature ( its object2 = if x receive ! impression !re(1#bg x is passive4 ,besides1 ! images d]iv$ f ! s5ses--to use ! popul> language--are =m$ 9 a mann] entirely diff]5t f :at is g5]ally believ$4 ,!y are 9 ! same case z ! intellectual conceptions1 :i* are actualizations1 & ?r\gh :i*1 )\t be+ affect$1 we "k objects4 ,9 g5]al1 nei!r our reason nor our w p]mit u1 9 any way1 to attribute to ! s\l modifications & *anges su* z ! heat+ or cool+ ( bodies4 ,fur!r1 we h to consid] :e!r t "p ( ! s\l1 t is call$ ! passive 7or affective1 or irrational71 mu/ also be be consid]$ z unalt]able1 or z be+ affectible4 ,b we w take up ?is "q lat]2 we mu/ beg9 by solv+ our e>li] problems4 ,,h[ ,,c ,,! ,,s\l ,,rema9 ,,impassible1 ,,?\gh ,,giv5 ,,up ,,to ,,emotion8 ,h[ c\ld t "p ( ! s\l t is sup]ior to s5sation & passion rema9 unalt]able1 :ile admitt+ vice1 false op9ions1 & ignorance 7or folly72 :5 x has desires or av]sions2 :5 x yields itself to joy or pa91 to hate1 jeal\sy1 & appetite2 :51 9 "o ^w1 x nev] rema9s calm1 b :5 all ! ?+s t happ5 to x agitate x1 & produce *anges )9 x8 ,,on ,,! ,,/oic ,,hypo!sis ,,( ,,corporeity ,,! ,,s\l ,,_c ,,rema9 ,,impassible2 ,,z ,,x ,,is ,,impassible ,,all ,,t]ms ,,to ,,! ,,contr>y ,,are ,,only ,,figurative4 ,if1 7on ! ,/oic hypo!sis7 ! s\l 7 ext5d$1 & corporeal1 x w\ld be difficult1 or r impossible = h] to rema9 impassible & unalt]able :5 ! above-m5tion$ occurr5ces take place )9 h]4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 %e be a be+ t is unext5d$1 & incorruptible1 we mu/ take c>e n to attribute to h] affections t might imply t %e is p]i%able4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 h] be+ be a numb]#bh or a reason1#bi z we usually say1 h[ c\ld an affection occur )9 a numb] or a reason8 ,we mu/ !re=e attribute to ! s\l only irrational reasons1 passions )\t passivity2 t is1 we mu/ consid] ^! t]ms z no m ?an metaphors drawn f ! nature ( bodies1 tak+ !m 9 an opposite s5se1 see+ 9 !m no m ?an m]e analogies1 s t we may say t ! s\l exp]i5ces !m )\t exp]i5c+ !m1 & t %e is passive )\t really be+ su* 7z are ! bodies74 ,let u exam9e h[ all ?is occurs4 ,,virtue ,,z ,a ,,h>mony2 ,,vice ,,z ,a ,,di%>mony4 #b4 ,:at occurs 9 ! s\l :5 %e conta9s a vice8 ,we ask ?is because x is usual to say1 to snat* a vice f ! s\l2 to introduce virtue into h]1 to adorn h]1 to replace ugl9ess by beauty 9 h]4 ,let u also premiss1 foll[+ ! op9ions ( ! anci5ts1#cj t virtue is a h>mony1 & wick$ness ! opposite4 ,t is ! be/ means to solve ! problem at issue4 ,inde$1 :5 ! p>ts ( ! s\l 7! rational "p1 ! irascible "p1 & ! "p ( appetite71 h>monize ) ea* o!r1 we %all h virtue2#ca &1 9 ! contr>y case1 vice4 ,/ill1 9 bo? cases1 no?+ =eign to ! s\l ent]s into h]2 ea* ( h] p>ts rema9 :at !y are1 :ile contribut+ to h>mony4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 !re is dissonance1 !y c\ld n play ! same p>ts z ! p]sonnel ( a *oric ballet1 :o dance & s+ 9 h>mony1 ?\gh n all ( !m fill ! same functions2 ?\gh "o s+s :ile ! rema9d] are sil5t2 & ?\gh ea* s+s 8 own "p2 = x does n suffice t !y all s+ 9 tune1 !y mu/ ea* prop]ly s+ 8 own "p4 ,9 ! s\l we !re=e h h>mony :5 ea* "p fulfils its functions4 ,/ill ea* mu/ h its own virtue be=e ! exi/5ce ( a h>mony2 or its vice1 be=e !re is di%>mony4 ,:at !n is ! ?+ ^: pres5ce makes ea* "p ( ! s\l good or evil8 ,evid5tly ! pres5ce ( virtue or vice4 ,! m]e /atem5t t1 = ! rational "p 7( ! s\l7 vice consi/s 9 ignorance1#cb is no m ?an a simple negation1 & pr$icates no?+ positive ab\t reason4 ,,?is ,,def9ition ,,suffices ,,to ,,expla9 ,,! ,,facts ,,( ,,evil ,,9 ,,! ,,s\l4 ,b :5 ! s\l conta9s "s ( ^? false op9ions :i* are ! pr9cipal cause ( vice1 mu/ we n ackn[l$ge t some?+ positive occurs 9 h]1 & t "o ( h] p>ts und]goes an alt]ation8 ,is n ! disposition ( ! s\l's irascible "p diff]5t accord+ to its c\rage or c[>dl9ess8 ,& ! s\l's appetitive-"p1 accord+ to :e!r x be temp]ate or intemp]ate8 ,we answ] t a "p ( ! s\l is virtu\s1 :5 x acts 9 con=mity ) its be+1 or :5 x obeys reason2 = reason comm&s all ! p>ts ( ! s\l1 & h]self is subject$ to intellig5ce4 ,n[ to obey reason is to see2 x is n to receive an impression1 b to h an intuition1 to c>ry out ! act ( vision4#cc ,sight is ( ! same 7nature7 :5 9 pot5tiality1 or 9 actualization2 x is n alt]$ 9 pass+ f pot5tiality to actualization1#cd %e only applies h]self to d :at x is h] 7nature7 to d1 to see & "k1 )\t be+ affect$4 ,h] rational "p is 9 ! same relation ) intellig5ce2 %e has ! intuition !re(4#ce ,! nature ( intellig5ce is n to receive an impression simil> to t made by a seal1 b 9 "o s5se to possess :at x sees1 & n to possess x 9 ano!r2 intellig5ce possesses x by cogniz+ x2 b intellig5ce does n possess x 9 ?is s5se t :ile see+ x intellig5ce does n receive f x a %ape simil> to t impress$ on wax by a seal4 ,aga91 we mu/ n =get t memory does n consi/ 9 keep+ impressions1 b is ! s\l's faculty ( recall+ & repres5t+ to h]self ! ?+s t are n pres5t to h]4 ,"s objector might say t ! s\l is diff]5t be=e reawak5+ a memory1 & aft] hav+ reawak5$ x4 ,%e may inde$ be diff]5t1 b %e is n alt]$1 unless inde$1 we call ! pass+ f pot5tiality to actualization an alt]ation4 ,9 any case1 no?+ extrane\s ent]s into h]1 %e only acts accord+ to h] own nature4 ,,only ,,! ,,physical ,,organs1 ,,n ,,! ,,immat]ial ,,natures1 ,,c\ld ,,be ,,affect$4 ,9 g5]al1 ! actualizations ( immat]ial 7natures7 d n 9 any way imply t ^! 7natures7 7 alt]$--:i* w\ld imply _! de/ruction--b1 on ! contr>y1 !y rema9 :at !y 74 ,only mat]ial ?+s are affect$1 :ile active4 ,if an immat]ial pr9ciple 7 expos$ to und]go affections1 x w\ld no long] rema9 :at x is4 ,?us 9 ! act ( vision1 ! sight acts1 b x is ! eye t is affect$4 ,z to op9ions1 !y are actualizations analog\s to sight4 ,,psy*ological ,,explanation ,,( ,,ang]-,,"p',s ,,c\rage ,,or ,,c[>dl9ess4 ,b h[ c ! s\l's irascible-"p#cf be at "o "t c\rage\s1 & at ! o!r c[>dly8 ,:5 x is c[>dly1 x does n consid] reason1 or consid]s reason z hav+ already become evil2 or because ! defici5cy ( its in/rum5ts1 t is1 ! lack ( weakness ( its organs1 h9d]s x f act+1 or feel+ emotion1 or be+ irritat$4 ,9 ! contr>y condition x is c\rage\s4 ,9 ei!r case1 ! s\l und]goes no alt]ation1 nor is affect$4 ,,psy*ological ,,explanation ,,( ,,virtue ,,or ,,vice ,,( ,,appetite4 ,fur!r1 ! s\l's appetite is intemp]ate :5 x alone is active2 = !n1 9 ! abs5ce ( ! pr9ciples t ought to comm& or direct h]1 x alone does ev]y?+4 ,besides1 ! rational "p1 ^: function x is to see 7by consid]+ ! notions x receives f intellig5ce71 is occupi$ ) some?+ else1 = x does n d ev]y?+ simultane\sly1 be+ busy ) "s o!r action2 x consid]s o!r ?an corporeal ?+s1 s f> z x c4#cg ,p]haps also ! virtue or vice ( ! appetite dep5d consid]ably on ! good or evil condition ( ! organs2 s t1 9 ei!r case1 no?+ is add$ to ! s\l4 ,,! ,,s\l ,,orig9ates ,,movem5ts1 ,,b ,,is ,,n ,,alt]$ 7,,aga9/ ,,/oics74 ,,polemic ,,aga9/ ,,! ,,/oic ,,!ory ,,( ,,passions4 #c4 ,!re are desires & av]sions 9 ! s\l1 :i* dem& consid]ation4 ,x is impossible to d5y t pa91 ang]1 joy1 appetite & fe> are *anges & affections :i* occur 9 ! s\l1 & t move h]4#ch ,we mu/ "h draw a di/9ction1 = x w\ld be d5y+ ! evid5ce to insi/ t !re are 9 u no *anges or p]ception ( ^! *anges4 ,we _c attribute !m to ! s\l1 :i* w\ld am\nt to ! admission#ci t %e blu%es1 or gr[s pale1 )\t reflect+ t ^! passions1 ?\gh produc$ by ! s\l1 occur 9 a diff]5t sub/ance4 ,= ! s\l1 %ame consi/s 9 ! op9ion t some?+ is improp]2 &1 z ! s\l conta9s ! body1 or1 to speak m exactly1 z ! body is a dep5d5cy ( ! animat+ s\l1 ! blood1 :i* is v mobile1 ru%es to ! face4 ,likewise1 ! pr9ciple ( fe> is 9 ! s\l2 pal5ess occurs 9 ! body because ! blood conc5trates )9 ! int]ior p>ts4 ,9 joy1 ! noticeable dilation belongs to ! body also2 :at ! body feels is n a passion4 ,likewise ) pa9 & appetite2 _! pr9ciple is 9 ! s\l1 :]e x rema9s 9 a lat5t condition2 :at proce$s !refrom is p]ceiv$ by s5sation4 ,:5 we call desires1 op9ions & reason+s movem5ts ( ! s\l1 we d n mean t ! s\l becomes excit$ 9 ! production ( ^! movem5ts1#dj b t !y orig9ate )9 h]4 ,:5 we call life a movem5t1 we d n by ?is ^w mean an alt]ation2 = to act accord+ to "o's nature is ! simple & indivisible life ( ea* "p ( ! s\l4 ,,virtue ,,& ,,vice ,,affect ,,! ,,s\l ,,diff]5tly ,,f ,,all ,,! ,,o!r ,,passions4 ,9 %ort1 we insi/ t action1 life & desire are n alt]ations1 t memories are n =ms impress$ on ! s\l1 & t actualizations ( ! imag9ation are n impressions simil> to ^? ( a seal on wax4#da ,consequ5tly 9 all t we call passions or movem5ts1 ! s\l und]goes no *ange 9 h] sub/ance 7sub/rate7 or be+ 7nature72 virtue & vice 9 ! s\l are n simil> to :at heat1 cold1 :it5ess or blackness are 9 bodies2 & ! s\l's relation to vice & virtue is entirely diff]5t1 z has be5 expla9$4 ,,passional ,,*anges ,,occur ,,9 ,,! ,,body1 ,,n ,,ev5 ,,to ,,! ,,passional ,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,s\l4 #d4 ,let u n[ pass to t "p ( ! s\l t is call$ ! passional 7or1 affective74 ,we h already m5tion$ x1#db :5 treat+ ( all ! passions 7t is1 affections71 :i* 7 relat$ to ! irascible-"p & appetitive "p ( ! s\l2 b we are go+ to return to a /udy ( ?is "p1 & expla9 its "n1 ! passional 7or1 affective7 "p4 ,x is s call$ because x seems to be ! "p affect$ by ! passions2#dc t is1 exp]i5ces accompani$ by pleasure or pa94#dd ,amid/ ^! affections1 "s are born ( op9ion2 ?us1 we feel fe> or joy1 accord+ z we expect to die1 or z we hope to atta9 "s good2 !n ! op9ion is 9 ! s\l1 & ! affection 9 ! body4 ,on ! contr>y1 o!r passions1 occurr+ 9 an un=ese5 way1 give rise to op9ion 9 t "p ( ! s\l to :i* ?is function belongs1 b d n cause any alt]ation )9 h]1 z we h already expla9$4 ,nev]!less1 if1 on exam9+ unexpect$ fe>1 we foll[ x up high]1 we discov] t x /ill conta9s op9ion z its orig91 imply+ "s appreh5sion 9 t "p ( ! s\l t exp]i5ces fe>1 z a result ( :i* occur ! tr\ble & /upor :i* accompany ! expectation ( evil4 ,n[ x is to ! s\l t belongs imag9ation1 bo? ! prim>y imag9ation t we call op9ion1 & ! 7second>y7 imag9ation t proce$s f ! =m]2 = ! latt] is no long] g5u9e op9ion1 b an inf]ior p[]1 an obscure op9ion1 a confus$ imag9ation :i* resembles ! action *>act]i/ic ( nature1 & by :i* ?is p[] produces ea* ?+1 z we say1 unimag9atively4#de ,its result+ s5se-agitation occurs )9 ! body4 ,to x relate trembl+1 palpitation1 pal5ess1 & inability to speak4 ,su* modifications1 inde$1 c\ld n be ref]r$ to any "p ( ! s\l2 o!rwise1 su* "p ( ! s\l w\ld be physical4 ,fur!r1 if su* "p ( ! s\l und]w5t su* affections ^! modifications w\ld n rea* ! body2 = t affect$ "p ( ! s\l w\ld no long] be able to ex]cise its functions1 be+ dom9at$ by passion1 & ?us incapacitat$4 ,,! ,,s\l',s ,,affective ,,"p ,,may ,,be ,,! ,,cause ,,( ,,affections2 ,,b ,,is ,,incorporeal4 ,! affective "p ( ! s\l1 !re=e1 is n corporeal2 x is a =m inde$1 b a =m engag$ 9 matt]1 su* z ! appetite1 ! p[] ( gr[?1 bo? nutritive & g5]ative1 a p[] :i* is ! root & pr9ciple ( appetite1 & ! affective "p ( ! s\l4 ,n[ a =m _c und]go an affection or a passion1 b mu/ rema9 :at x is4 ,x is ! matt] 7( a body7 :i* is capable ( be+ affect$ by a passion 7an affection71 :5 ?is affection is produc$ by ! pres5ce ( ! p[] :i* is its pr9ciple4 ,inde$ x is nei!r ! p[] ( gr[? t gr[s1 nor ! nutritive p[] t is f$2 9 g5]al1 ! pr9ciple t produces a motion is n itself mov$ by ! movem5t x produces2 9 case x 7 mov$ 9 any way1 its movem5t & action w\ld be ( an entirely diff]5t nature4#df ,n[ ! nature ( a =m is an actualization1 by its m]e pres5ce produc+ 7some?+71 j z if ! h>mony alone c\ld cause ! vibration ( ! /r+s ( a lyre4 ,?us ! affective "p 7( ! s\l1 )\t itself be+ affect$7 is ! cause ( ! affections1 :e!r ! movem5t proce$ f x1 t is1 f s5se-imag9ation1 or :e!r !y occur )\t 7di/9ct7 imag9ation4 ,,! ,,affections ,,( ,,! ,,s\l ,,comp>$ ,,to ,a ,,musician ,,play+ ,,! ,,lyre4 ,we might fur!r consid] :e!r1 inasmu* z op9ion orig9ates 9 a high] pr9ciple 7( ! s\l71 ?is pr9ciple does n rema9 immovable because x is ! =m ( h>mony1 :ile ! cause ( ! movem5t plays ! role ( ! musician1 & ! p>ts caus$ to vibrate by ! affection1 t ( ! /r+s2 = x is n ! h>mony1 b ! /r+ t exp]i5ces ! affection2 & ev5 if ! musician desir$ x1 ! /r+ w\ld n vibrate unless x 7 prescrib$ by ! h>mony4 ,,passions ,,are ,,produc$ ,,by ,,ext]nal ,,images2 ,,& ,,_! ,,avoidance ,,is ,,! ,,task ,,( ,,philosophy4 #e4 ,if !n1 f ! v />t1 ! s\l und]go no affections1 :at !n is ! use ( try+ to r5d] h] impassible by means ( philosophy8 ,! reason is t :5 an image is produc$ 9 ! s\l by ! affective "p1 !re results 9 ! body an affection & a movem5t2 & to ?is agitation is relat$ ! image ( ! evil :i* is =ese5 by op9ion4 ,x is ?is affection t reason comm&s u to annihilate1 & ^: occurr5ce ev5 we are to =e/all1 because :5 ?is affection occurs1 ! s\l is sick1 & heal?y :5 x does no occur4 ,9 ! latt] case1 none ( ^! images1 :i* are ! causes ( affections1 =m )9 ! s\l4 ,t is :y1 to free oneself f ! images t obsess "o dur+ dreams1 ! s\l t occupies h]self !re) is to be wak5$4#dg ,aga91 t is :y we c say t affections are produc$ by repres5tations ( ext]ior entities1 consid]+ ^! repres5tations z affections ( ! s\l4 ,,psy*ological ,,process ,,involv$ ,,9 ,,purify+ ,,! ,,s\l1 ,,& ,,sep>at+ ,,s\l ,,f ,,body4 ,b :at d we mean by purify+ ! s\l1 inasmu* z %e c\ld n possibly be /a9$8 ,:at d we mean by sep>at+ 7or1 wean+7 ! s\l f ! body8 ,to purify ! s\l is to isolate h]1 prev5t+ h] f atta*+ h]self to o!r ?+s1 f consid]+ !m1 f receiv+ op9ions ali5 to h]1 :atev] ^! 7ali57 op9ions or affections might be1 z we h said2 x consequ5tly means h9d]+ h] f consid]ation ( ^! phantoms1 & f ! production ( _! relat$ affections4 ,to purify ! s\l1 !re=e1 consi/s 9 rais+ h] f ! ?+s "h bel[ to intelligible entities2 also1 x is to wean h] f ! body2 =1 9 t case1 %e is no long] suffici5tly atta*$ to ! body to be enslav$ to x1 resembl+ a light :i* is n absorb$ 9 ! :irlw9d 7( matt]#dh71 ?\gh ev5 9 ?is case t "p ( ! s\l :i* is subm]g$ does n1 on t acc\nt alone1 cease be+ impassible4 ,to purify ! affective "p ( ! s\l is to turn h] f a vision ( deceitful images2 to sep>ate h] f ! body1 is to h9d] h] f incl9+ t[>ds l[] ?+s1 or f repres5t+ _! images to h]self2 x means annihilat+ ! ?+s f :i* %e ?us is sep>at$1 s t %e is no long] *ok$ by ! :irlw9d ( ! _s :i* breaks loose :5ev] ! body is all[$ to gr[ too /rong2 ! latt] mu/ be weak5$ s z to gov]n x m easily4 ,b4 ,,( ,,matt]4 ,,introduction ,,to ,,! ,,escoreal ,,num5ian ,,fragm5t4 #f4 ,we h suffici5tly demon/rat$ ! impassibility ( intelligible be+ :i* is entirely compris$ )9 ! g5us ( =m4 ,b z matt] also1 ?\gh 9 ano!r mann]1 is an incorporeal entity1 we mu/ exam9e its nature also4 ,we mu/ see :e!r x may be affect$1 & und]go e k9d ( modification1 z is ! common op9ion2 or :e!r1 on ! contr>y1 x be impassible2 & 9 ?is case1 :at is ! nature ( its impassibility4 ,,non5tity ,,w ,,h ,,intellig5t ,,life ,,only ,,z ,,b5ea? ,,be+4 ,s9ce we are ?us l$ to treat ( ! nature ( matt]1 we mu/ fir/ premiss t ! nature ( exi/5ce1 be+ & ess5ce#di are n :at !y are ?\ght to be by p g5]ally4 ,exi/5ce is2 x is 9 ! g5u9e mean+ ( t ^w2 t is1 x is ess5tially2 x is absolutely1 lack+ no?+ ( exi/5ce4 ,fully be+ exi/5ce1 its exi/5ce & pres]vation are n dep5d5t on any?+ else2 s mu* ! m1 if o!r ?+s seem to be1 !y owe ?is !reto4 ,if ?is be true1 exi/5ce mu/ possess life1 p]fect life--= o!rwise x w\ld n be exi/5ce any m ?an non-exi/5ce4 ,n[ p]fect life is intellig5ce & p]fect wisdom4 ,exi/5ce !re=e is det]m9ate & def9ite4 ,no?+ outside ( x exi/s ev5 pot5tially2 o!rwise x w\ld n fully satisfy itself4 ,x is !re=e et]nal1 immutable1 incapable ( receiv+ any?+1 or ( add+ any?+ to itself2 = :at x w\ld receive w\ld h to be =eign to x1 & consequ5tly be non5tity4 ,9 ord] to exi/ by itself1 exi/5ce mu/ !re=e possess all ?+s )9 itself2 x mu/ be all ?+s simultane\sly1 x mu/ at ! same "t be "o & all1 s9ce ?is is ( :at we consid] exi/5ce to consi/2 o!rwise in/ead ( emanat+ f exi/5ce1 intellig5ce & life w\ld be incid5tal !reto4 ,!re=e !y c\ld n orig9ate f non5tity2 &1 on its side1 exi/5ce c\ld n be depriv$ ( intellig5ce & life4 ,true non5tity1 !re=e1 w h intellig5ce & life only z !y mu/ exi/ 9 objects inf]ior & po/]ior to exi/5ce4 ,! pr9ciple sup]ior to exi/5ce 7! ,"o71 on ! o!r h&1 gives intellig5ce & life to exi/5ce1 )\t itself ne$+ to possess !m4#ej ,,mat]iali/s ,,_c ,,und]/& ,,h[ ,,solid ,,e>? ,,is ,,ne>e/ ,,non5tity2 ,,& ,,:y ,,greate/ ,,exi/5ce ,,is ,,lea/ ,,mat]ial4 ,if su* be ! nature ( exi/5ce1 x c\ld be nei!r body1 nor ! sub/rate ( bodies2 = _! exi/5ce is non5tity4 7,mat]iali/s1 h[ev]1 object71 ,h[ c\ld we refuse to attribute be+ to ! nature ( bodies1 su* z ^! cliffs & rocks1 to ! solid e>?1 & 9 %ort1 to all ^! imp5etrable objects8 ,:5 ,i am /ruck1 am ,i n by ! %ock =c$ to ackn[l$ge t ^! objects exi/ z 7real7 be+8 ,on ! o!r h&1 h[ does x happ5 t entities t are n imp5etrable1 :i* c nei!r %ock o!rs nor be %ock$ by !m1 :i* are completely invisible1 l s\l & intellig5ce1 are g5u9e be+s8#ea ,our answ] is t ! e>?1 :i* possesses corporeal nature 9 ! highe/ degree1 is in]t2 ! elem5t t is less gross 7! air7 is already m mobile1 & resides 9 a high] region2 :ile fire )draws /ill m f corporeal nature4 ,! ?+s :i* be/ suffice !mselves lea/ agitate & tr\ble ! o!rs2 ^? t are heavi] & m t]re/rial1 by ! m]e fact t !y are incomplete1 subject to fall+1 & incapable ( ris+1 fall by weakness1 & %ock ! o!rs by virtue ( _! in]tia1 & _! weight4 ,?us inanimate bodies fall m heavily1 & %ock & w\nd o!rs m p[]fully4 ,on ! contr>y1 animat$ bodies1 by ! m]e fact ( great] p>ticipation 9 exi/5ce1 /rike ) less h>%ness4 ,t is :y movem5t1 :i* is a k9d ( life1 or at lea/ an image ( life1 exi/s 9 a high] degree 9 ?+s t are less corporeal4 ,,corporeity ,,is ,,non5tity ,,because ,,( ,,lack ,,( ,,unity4 ,x is !re=e an eclipse ( exi/5ce :i* r5d]s an object m corporeal4 ,:ile /udy+ ^? psy*oses call$ affections1 we discov] t ! m corporeal an object is1 ! m is x likely to be affect$2 ! e>? is m s ?an o!r elem5ts1 & s on4 ,inde$1 :5 o!r elem5ts are divid$1 !y imm$iately reunite _! p>ts1 unless !re be "s opposition2 b :5 we sep>ate p>ts ( e>?1 !y d n come toge!r aga94 ,!y ?us seem to h no natural e>?2 s9ce1 aft] a light bl[1 !y rema9 9 ! /ate :]e !y are left by ! bl[ t /ruck or broke !m4 ,!re=e ! m corporeal a ?+ is1 ! m x approa*es non5tity1 return+ to unity ) ! great] difficulty4 ,! heavy & viol5t bl[s by :i* bodies act on ea* o!r are foll[$ by de/ruction4 ,:5 ev5 a weak ?+ falls on some?+ weak1 x may /ill be relatively p[]ful2 z is non5tity hitt+ non5tity4 ,,s5sation ,,z ,,! ,,dream ,,( ,,! ,,s\l ,,f ,,:i* ,,we ,,mu/ ,,wake4 ,su* are ! objections t may be rais$ aga9/ ^? :o consid] all be+s z corporeal2 :o wi% to judge ( _! exi/5ce only by impressions !y receive !refrom1 & :o try to f\nd ! c]titude ( tru? on ! images ( s5sation4#gc ,!y resemble sleep+ m5 :o take z realities ! visions !y h 9 _! dreams4 ,s5sation is ! dream ( ! s\l2#eb s long z ! s\l is 9 ! body1 %e dreams2 ! real awak5+ ( ! s\l consi/s 9 g5u9e sep>ation f ! body1 & n 9 ris+ along ) ! body4 ,to rise ) ! body is to pass f "o sleep into ano!r k9d2 f "o b$ to ano!r2 really to awake is to sep>ate oneself completely f ! body4 ,! body1 ^: nature is contr>y to t ( ! s\l1 consequ5tly has a nature contr>y to t ( be+4 ,?is is prov$ by ! g5]ation1 flux1 & decay ( bodies1 all processes contr>y to ! nature ( be+4 ,,matt] ,,comp>$ ,,to ,a ,,mirror ,,:i* ,,reflects ,,ev]y?+ ,,?\gh ,,really ,,empty4 #g4 ,let u return to matt] z a sub/rate1 & !n to :at is said to exi/ )9 x4 ,?is w lead u to see t x consi/s ( non5tity1 & t x is impassible4 ,matt] is incorporeal because ! body exi/s only z po/]ior !reto1 because x is a composite ( :i* x con/itutes an elem5t4 ,x is call$ incorporeal because exi/5ce & matt] are two ?+s equally di/9ct f ! body4 ,n be+ s\l1 matt] is nei!r intellig5ce1 nor life1 nor 7sem9al7 reason1 nor limit4 ,x is a k9d ( inf9ity4#ec ,nei!r is x an 7active7 p[]2#ed = :at c\ld x produce8 ,s9ce matt] is none ( ! above-m5tion$ ?+s1 x c\ld n be call$ exi/5ce4 ,x des]ves only ! "n non5tity yet n ev5 9 ! s5se 9 :i* we may say t movem5t or re/ are n exi/5ce2#ee matt] is real non5tity4 ,x is an image & phantom ( ext5sion1 x is aspiration to a =m ( hypo/atic exi/5ce4 ,its p]sev]ance is n 9 re/ 7b 9 *ange74 ,by itself1 x is invisible1 x escapes :oev] wi%es to see x4 ,x is pres5t :5 y d n look at x1 x escapes ! eye t seeks x4 ,x seems to conta9 all ! contr>ies3 ! l>ge & small1 ! m & ! less1 ! lack & excess4#ef ,x is a phantom equally incapable ( rema9+ or escap+2 = matt] does n ev5 h ! /r5g? ( avoid+ 7=m71 because x has receiv$ no /r5g? f intellig5ce1 & x is ! lack ( all exi/5ce4 ,consequ5tly1 all its appe>ances are deceptions4 ,if we repres5t matt] z be+ greatness1 x imm$iately appe>s z smallness2 if we repres5t x z ! m1 we are =c$ to recognize x z ! less4 ,:5 we try to conceive ( its exi/5ce1 x appe>s z non5tity2 l all ! ?+s x conta9s1 x is a fugitive %ad[1 & a fleet+ game1 an image )9 an image4 ,x resembles a mirror1 9 :i* "o might see ! reflections ( objects ext]nal to x2 ! mirror seems to be fill$1 & to possess ev]y?+1 ?\gh really conta9+ no?+4 ,,z ,,objects ,,are ,,m]ely ,,reflections ,,9 ,a ,,mirror1 ,,matt] ,,is ,,no ,,m ,,affect$ ,,by ,,!m ,,?an ,,w\ld ,,be ,a ,,mirror4 ,?us matt] is a %apeless image1 into :i* ent]1 & out ( :i* issue ! images ( be+s4 ,^! appe> 9 x precisely because matt] has no %ape1 ?\gh !y seem to produce some?+ 9 x1 !y really produce no?+ 9 x4#eg ,!y h no consi/5ce1 /r5g?1 nor solidity2 z matt] has none ei!r1 !y ent] into x )\t divid+ x1 z if !y w\ld p5etrate wat]1 or z %apes might move 9 empt9ess4 ,if ! images t appe> 9 matt] _h ! same nature z ! objects !y repres5t & f :i* !y emanate1 !n1 if we attribute to ! images a little ( ! p[] ( ! objects t project !m1 we might be "r 9 consid]+ !m able to affect matt]4 ,b z ! ?+s t we see 9 matt] d n h ! same nature z ! objects ( :i* !y are ! images1 x is n true t matt] suff]s :5 receiv+ !m2 !y are no m ?an false appe>ances )\t any resemblance to :at produces !m4 ,feeble & false by !mselves1 !y ent] into a ?+ t is equally false4#eh ,!y mu/ !re=e leave x z impassible z a mirror1 or wat]2 produc+ on x no m effect ?an does a dream on ! s\l4 ,^! comp>isons1 h[ev]1 are yet imp]fect1 because 9 ^! cases !re is /ill "s resemblance betwe5 ! images & ! objects4 ,,s9ce ,,matt] ,,_c ,,be ,,de/roy$1 ,,x ,,_c ,,be ,,affect$4 #h4 7,accord+ to ,ari/otle#ei71 x is absolutely necess>y t :at c be affect$ mu/ h p[]s & qualities oppos$ to ! ?+s t approa* x1 & affect x4 ,?us1 x is ! cold t alt]s ! heat ( an object1 & humidity t alt]s its dryness1 & we say t ! sub/rate is alt]$1 :5 x ceases be+ hot1 & gr[s cold2 & ceas+ to be dry1 becomes humid4 ,ano!r pro( ( ?is tru? is ! de/ruction ( ! fire t1 by *ang+1 becomes ano!r elem5t4 ,!n we say t x is ! fire1 b n ! matt] t has be5 de/roy$4 ,:at is affect$ is !re=e t :i* is de/roy$2 = x is always a passive modification t occasions de/ruction4 ,consequ5tly be+ de/roy$ & be+ affect$ are insep>able notions4 ,n[ x is impossible = matt] to be de/roy$2 = h[ c\ld x be de/roy$1 & 9 :at w\ld x *ange8 ,,objection ,,t ,,matt] ,,mu/ ,,be ,,passible ,,if ,,its ,,qualities ,,*ange ,,z ,,!y ,,d4 ,x may be object$ t matt] receives heat1 cold1 & num]\s1 or ev5 innum]able qualities2 x is *>act]iz$ by !m1 x possesses !m z someh[ inh]5t 9 its nature1 & m+l$ ) ea* o!r1 z !y d n exi/ 9 isolat$ condition4 ,h[ c\ld nature avoid be+ affect$ along ) !m1#fj s]v+ z x does z a m$ium = ! mutual action ( ^! qualities by _! mixture8#fa ,if matt] is to be consid]$ impassible1 we %all h to consid] x z someh[ outside ( ^! qualities4 ,b e quality :i* is pres5t 9 a subject _c be pres5t 9 x )\t communicat+ to x some?+ ( itself4 ,,diff]5t ,,s5ses ,,( ,,p>ticipation ,,w ,,all[ ,,= ,,matt] ,,to ,,rema9 ,,impassible4 #i4 ,x mu/ be notic$ t ! expressions3 su* a ?+ is pres5t to su* a ?+ & su* a ?+ is 9 su* o!r ?+ h sev]al mean+s4 ,sometimes "o ?+ improves or det]iorates "s o!r ?+ by its pres5ce1 mak+ x und]go a *ange2 z may be se5 9 bodies1 especially ^? ( liv+ be+s4 ,aga91 "o ?+ improves or det]iorates ano!r )\t affect+ x2 ?is occurs ) ! s\l1 z we h already se54#fb ,aga91 x is z :5 "o impresses a figure on a piece ( wax2 ! pres5ce ( ! figure adds no?+ to ! 7nature7 ( ! wax1 & its de/ruction makes x lose no?+4 ,likewise1 light does n *ange ! figure ( ! object :i* x enlight5s ) its rays4 ,a cool$ /one p>ticipates a little 9 ! nature *>act]i/ic ( ! ?+ t cools x2 b none ! less rema9s /one4 ,:at suff]+ c light inflict on a l9e or a surface8#fc ,"o might p]haps say t 9 ?is case corporeal sub/ance is affect$2 b h[ c x suff] 7or be affect$7 by ! action ( light8 ,suff]+1 9 fact1 is n to enjoy ! pres5ce ( some?+1 nor to receive some?+4 ,mirrors1 &1 9 g5]al1 transp>5t ?+s1 d n suff] 7or are n affect$7 by ! effect ( images t =m 9 !m1 & !y (f] a /rik+ example ( ! tru? we are "h pres5t+4 ,inde$1 qualities inh]e 9 matt] l simple images1 & matt] itself is m impassible ?an a mirror4 ,heat & cold occur 9 x )\t w>m+ or cool+ x2 = heat+ & cool+ consi/ 9 t "o quality ( ! sub/rate gives place to ano!r4 ,9 pass+1 we might notice t x w\ld n be )\t int]e/ to exam9e :e!r cold is n m]ely abs5ce ( heat4 ,on ent]+ into matt]1 qualities mo/ly react on ea* o!r only :5 !y are opposite4 ,:at action1 inde$1 c\ld be ex]cis$ by a smell on a sweet ta/e8 ,by a color on a figure8 ,h[1 9 g5]al1 c\ld ?+s t belong to "o g5us act on ano!r8 ,?is %[s h[ "o quality c give place to ano!r 9 a same subject1 or h[ "o ?+ c be 9 ano!r1 )\t its pres5ce caus+ any modification 9 ! subject = :i* or 9 :i* x is pres5t4 ,j z a ?+ is n alt]$ by ! fir/ com]1 likewise t :i* is affect$ & :i* *anges does n receive a passive modification1 or *ange1 f any k9d ( an object4 ,qualities are affect$ only by ! action ( contr>ies4 ,?+s :i* are simply diff]5t cause no *ange 9 ea* o!r4 ,^? :i* h no contr>ies c\ld evid5tly n be modifi$ by ! action ( any contr>y4 ,t :i* is affect$1 !re=e1 c n be matt]2 x mu/ be a composite 7( =m & matt]71 or some?+ multiple4 ,b t :i* is isolat$ or sep>at$ f ! re/1 :at is q simple mu/ rema9 impassible 9 respect ( all ?+s1 & rema9 z a k9d ( m$ium 9 :i* o!r ?+s may act on ea* o!r4 ,likewise1 )9 a h\se1 sev]al objects c %ock ea* o!r )\t ! h\se itself or ! air )9 x be+ affect$4 ,x is !re=e qualities ga!r$ 9 matt] t act on ea* o!r1 s f> z x belongs to _! nature4 ,matt] itself1 h[ev]1 is /ill f> m impassible ?an ! qualities are among ea* o!r1 :5 !y d n f9d !mselves opposite4 ,,if ,,=m ,,be ,,un*angeable1 ,,s ,,is ,,matt]4 #aj4 ,if matt] c\ld be affect$1 x w\ld h to pres]ve "s ( ! affection1 reta9+ ei!r ! affection itself1 or rema9 9 a /ate diff]5t f ! "o 9 :i* x 0 be=e x 0 affect$4 ,b :5 "o quality appe>s aft] ano!r quality1 x is no long] matt] t receives x1 b matt] z det]m9$ by a quality4 ,if ev5 ?is quality %\ld evanesce1 ?\gh leav+ "s trace ( itself by ! action x has ex]cis$1 ! sub/rate w /ill m be alt]$2 proce$+ ?us x w come to be some?+ entirely diff]5t f pure matt]1 x w be some?+ multiple by its =ms & by its mann]s ( exi/5ce4 ,x w no long] be ! common receptacle ( all ?+s1 s9ce x w conta9 an ob/acle to _m ?+s t c\ld happ5 to x2 matt] w\ld no long] subsi/ )9 x1 & w\ld no long] be incorruptible4 ,n[ if1 by def9ition1 matt] always rema9s :at x 0 s9ce its orig91 namely matt]1 !n1 if we insi/ t x be alt]$1 x is evid5t t matt] no long] rema9s su*4 ,moreov]1 if ev]y?+ t is alt]$ mu/ rema9 un*ang$ 9 k9d1 s z n to be *ang$ 9 itself1 ?\gh *ang$ 9 accid5ts2 9 "o ^w1 if t :i* is *ang$ mu/ be p]man5t1 & if t :i* is p]man5t be n t :i* is affect$1 we come to a dilemma2 ei!r matt] is alt]$1 & ab&ons its nature2 or x does n ab&on its nature1 & is n *ang$4 ,if we say t matt] is *ang$1 b n 9 s f> z x is matt]1 x w1 to beg9 )1 be impossible to /ate 9 :at x is *ang$2 & fur!r1 we w\ld !reby be =c$ to insi/ x 0 n *ang$4 ,inde$1 j z o!r ?+s1 :i* are =ms1 _c be *ang$ 9 _! be+ 7or1 nature71 because x is ?is v unalt]ability :i* con/itutes _! be+ 7or1 nature71 likewise1 z ! be+ 7or1 nature7 ( matt] is to exi/ 9 s f> z x is matt]1 x _c be alt]$ 9 s f> z x is matt]1 & x mu/ necess>ily be p]man5t 9 ?is respect4 ,!re=e if =m be unalt]able1 matt] mu/ be equally unalt]able4 ,,matt] ,,p>ticipates ,,9 ,,! ,,intelligible ,,only ,,by ,,appe>ance4 #aa4 ,?is 0 no d\bt ! ?\ght pres5t to ,plato :5#fd he rightly said1 ,^! imitations ( ! et]nal be+s :i* ent] into matt]1 & :i* issue !refrom4 ,n )\t good reason did he employ ! t]ms ent] & issue2 he want$ u c>efully to scrut9ize ! mann] 9 :i* matt] p>ticipates 9 ideas4 ,:5 ,plato ?us tries to cle> up h[ matt] p>ticipates 9 ideas1 8 object is to %[1 n h[ ideas ent] into matt]1 z be=e s _m h believ$1 b _! condition )9 x4 ,d\btless1 x does seem a/oni%+ t matt] rema9s impassible 9 respect to ! ideas t are pres5t !re91 :ile ! ?+s t ent] 9 x are affect$ by ea* o!r4 ,we nev]!less h to ackn[l$ge t ! ?+s :i* ent] into matt] expel _! pr$ecessors1 & t x is only ! composite t is affect$4 ,nev]!less x is n e k9d ( composite t is affect$1 b only t composite t happ5s to ne$ ! ?+ t 0 introduc$ or expell$1 s t its con/itution becomes defective by ! abs5ce ( t 7quality71 or m complete by its pres5ce4 ,no?+ is add$ to ! nature ( matt]1 h[ev]1 by ! introduction ( any?+2 ! pres5ce ( t ?+ does n make matt] :at x is1 & matt] loses no?+ by its abs5ce2 matt] rema9s :at x 0 s9ce its orig94 ,to be ornam5t$ is to ! int]e/ ( some?+ t admits ( ord] or ornam5t2 x c receive t ornam5t )\t be+ *ang$1 :5 x only puts x on1 s to speak4 ,b if ?is ornam5t p5etrate into x z some?+ t =ms "p ( its nature1 x !n _c receive x )\t be+ alt]$1 )\t ceas+ to be :at x 0 be=e1 z = in/ance1 ceas+ to be ugly2 )\t1 by t v fact1 *ang+2 )\t1 = in/ance1 becom+ beautiful1 ?\gh ugly be=e4 ,!re=e if matt] become beautiful1 ?\gh be=e ugly1 x ceases to be :at x 0 be=e2 namely1 ugly2 s t on be+ adorn$ x loses its nature1 s mu* ! m z x 0 ugly only accid5tally4 ,be+ ugly en\gh to be ugl9ess itself1 x c\ld n p>ticipate 9 beauty2 be+ bad en\gh to be badness itself1 x c\ld n p>ticipate 9 goodness4 ,!re=e matt] p>ticipates 9 ! ideas )\t be+ affect$2 & consequ5tly1 ?is p>ticipation mu/ op]ate 9 ano!r mann]2 &1 = in/ance1 consi/ 9 appe>ance4#fe ,?is k9d ( p>ticipation solves ! problem we _h set ourselves2 x enables u to und]/& h[1 :ile be+ evil1 matt] c aspire to ! ,good )\t ceas+ to be :at x 01 9 spite ( its p>ticipation 9 ! ,good4 ,inde$ if ?is p>ticipation op]ate 9 a mann] su* t matt] rema9s )\t alt]ation1 z we say1 & if x always cont9ue to be :at x 01 !re is no reason to be surpris$ if1 ?\gh be+ evil1 x c p>ticipate 9 ! ,good2 x does n sw]ve f its mann] ( exi/5ce4 ,on "o h&1 z = h]1 ?is p>ticipation is unavoidable1 x p>ticipates z long z x endures2 on ! o!r h&1 z matt] cont9ues to be :at x is1 by virtue ( ! k9d ( p>ticipation :i* does n int]f]e ) its nature1 x und]goes no alt]ation on ! "p ( ! pr9ciple :i* gives x some?+2 x always rema9s z bad z x 01 because its nature p]si/s4 ,if matt] really p>ticipat$ 9 ! ,good1 if matt] 7 really modifi$ !reby1 its nature w\ld no long] be evil4 ,!re=e1 ! /atem5t t matt] is evil is true en\gh if x be consid]$ to imply t x is impassible 9 respect to ,good2 & ?is really am\nts to say+ t x is entirely impassible4 ,,s5se-,,objects ,,are ,,unreal ,,& ,,are ,,*iefly ,,made ,,up ,,( ,,appe>ance4 #ab4 ,plato#ff agre$ ) ?is1 & be+ p]suad$ t1 by p>ticipation1 matt] does n receive =m & %ape1 z w\ld "s sub/rate t %\ld con/itute a composite ( ?+s intimately unit$ by _! trans=mation1 _! mixture1 & _! common affections2 9 ord] to demon/rate ! opposite1 namely1 t matt] rema9s impassible :ile receiv+ =ms1 inv5t$ a mo/ apposite illu/ration ( a p>ticipation t op]ates )\t any?+ be+ affect$ 7namely1 t engrav]s1 be=e us+ dies on ! s(t wax1 clean !m c>efully74 ,almo/ any o!r k9d ( illu/ration w\ld fail to expla9 h[ ! sub/rate c rema9 ! same 9 ! pres5ce ( =ms4 ,:ile try+ to a*ieve 8 purpose1 ,plato has rais$ _m que/ions2 he has besides appli$ himself to demon/rate t s5se-objects are devoid ( reality1 & t a l>ge "p ( _! hypo/atic sub/ance is con/itut$ by appe>ance4 ,plato demon/rates ! p]man5ce & id5tity ( matt] by %[+ t x is by ! figures ) :i* x is endu$ t matt] affects animat$ bodies1 )\t itself suff]+ any ( _! affections4 ,he wi%es to conv9ce u t 9 be+ endu$ ) ^! figures1 matt] und]goes nei!r affection nor alt]ation4 ,inde$1 9 ! bodies t successively assume diff]5t figures1 we may1 rely+ on analogy1 call ! *ange ( figures an alt]ation2 b s9ce matt] has nei!r figure nor exi/5ce1#fg h[ c\ld we1 ev5 by analogy1 call ! pres5ce ( a figure an alt]ation8 ,! only sure way ( avoid+ a misund]/&+ 9 expression is to say t ! sub/rate possesses no?+ 9 ! mann] x is usually suppos$ to possess x4 ,h[ !n c\ld x possess ! ?+s x conta9s1 unless z a figure8 ,plato's illu/ration means t matt] is impassible1 & t x conta9s ! app>5t pres5ce ( images :i* are n really pres5t !re94 ,,plato',s ,,figurative ,,language ,,might ,,lead ,,to ,,errors ,,ab\t ,,8 ,,real ,,op9ions4 ,we mu/ /ill fur!r prelim9>ily insi/ on ! impassibility ( matt]2 = by us+ ! usual t]ms we might be misl$ into wrongly ?9k+ t matt] c\ld be affect$4 ,?us ,plato speaks#fh ( matt] be+ set on fire1 be+ wett$1 & s =?1 z if x receiv$ ! %apes ( air or wat]4 ,h[ev]1 ,plato modifies ! /atem5t t matt] receives ! %apes ( air & wat] by ! /atem5t t matt] is set on fire & wett$1 & he demon/rates t by receiv+ ^! %apes x nev]!less has none ( its own1 & t =ms d n m ?an ent] into x4 ,?is expression matt] is set on fire mu/ n be tak5 lit]ally2 x means only t matt] becomes fire4 ,n[ to become fire is n ! same ?+ z be+ set on fire2 to be set on fire c a*ieve no m ?an :at is diff]5t f fire1 ?an :at c be affect$2 = t :i* itself is a "p ( fire c\ld n be set on fire4 ,to insi/ on ! opposite w\ld am\nt to say+ t metal itself =m$ a /atue1 or t fire itself spread into matt] & set x on fire4 ,! !ory t a 7sem9al7 reason _h approa*$ matt]1 =ces u to "q h[ ?is reason c\ld h set matt] on fire4 ,! !ory t a figure _h approa*$ matt] w\ld imply t t :i* is set on fire is already compos$ ( two ?+s 7matt] & a figure71 & t ^! two entities =m a s+le "o4 ,al?\gh ^! two ?+s w\ld =m a s+le "o1 !y w\ld n affect ea* o!r1 & w\ld act only on o!r entities4 ,nor w\ld !y ev5 9 ?is case act jo9tly2 = "o w\ld effect no m ?an to h9d] ! o!r f avoid+ 7=m74 ,! !ory t :5 ! body is divid$ matt] also mu/ be divid$1 w\ld h to answ] ! "q1 ,h[ c\ld matt] on be+ divid$1 escape ! affection und]gone by ! composite 7( =m & matt]78 ,on su* a !ory1 "o might ev5 ass]t t matt] 0 de/roy$1 & ask1 ,s9ce ! body is de/roy$1 :y %\ld n matt] also be de/roy$8 ,:at is affect$ & divid$ mu/ be a quantity or magnitude4 ,:at is n a magnitude _c exp]i5ce ! same modifications z a body4 ,!re=e ^? :o consid] matt] affectible w\ld be =c$ to call x a body4 ,,matt] ,,z ,,! ,,et]nal ,,location ,,or ,,resid5ce ,,( ,,g5]ation4 #ac4 ,!y w\ld fur!r h to expla9 9 :at s5se !y say t matt] seeks to elude =m4 ,h[ c x be said to seek to elude ! /ones & ! solid objects :i* conta9 x8 ,= x w\ld be irrational to say t x seeks to elude =m at c]ta9 times1 b n at o!rs4 ,if matt] seeks to elude =m volunt>ily1 :y does x n elude =m cont9u\sly8 ,if necessity keep matt] 7)9 =m71 !re c be no mom5t :5 x w\ld n inh]e 9 "s =m or o!r4 ,! reason :y matt] is n always conta9$ by ! same =m mu/ n be s\ght = )9 matt]1 b 9 ! =ms t matt] receives4 ,9 :at s5se !n c\ld x be said t matt] eludes =m8 ,does x always & ess5tially elude =m8 ,?is w\ld am\nt to say+ t matt]1 nev] ceas+ be+ itself1 has =m )\t ev] hav+ x4 ,o!rwise1 ! /atem5t w\ld be mean+less4#fi 7,plato7 says t matt] is ! nurse & resid5ce ( g5]ation4 ,if !n matt] be ! nurse & resid5ce ( g5]ation1 x is evid5tly di/9ct f ! latt]4 ,only t :i* c be affect$ is )9 ! doma9 ( g5]ation4 ,n[ z matt]1 be+ ! nurse & resid5ce ( g5]ation1 exi/s be=e ! latt]1 x mu/ also exi/ be=e any alt]ation4 ,!re=e to say t matt] is ! nurse & resid5ce ( g5]ation is tantam\nt to say+ t matt] is impassible4 ,! same mean+ atta*es to su* o!r /atem5ts z t matt] is t 9 :i* begott5 ?+s appe>1 & f :i* !y issue1#gj t matt] is ! 7et]nal7 location1 & place 7( all g5]ation74#ga ,,matt] ,,z ,,location ,,( ,,=ms ,,rema9s ,,impassible4 ,:5 ,plato1 rightfully1 calls matt] ! location ( =ms1 he is n !reby attribut+ any passion to matt]2 he only indicates t matt]s g on 9 a diff]5t mann]4 ,h[8 ,s9ce matt]1 h[ev]1 by its nature1 _c be any ( ! be+s1 & z x mu/ flee f ! be+ ( all be+s1 & be entirely diff]5t f !m--= 7sem9al7 reasons are g5u9e be+s--x mu/ necess>ily pres]ve its nature by virtue ( ?is v diff]5ce4 ,x mu/ n only conta9 all be+s1 b also n appropriate :at is _! image2 = ?is is t by :i* matt] diff]s f all be+s4 ,o!rwise1 if ! images t fill a mirror 7 n transi5t1 & if ! mirror rema9$ invisible1 evid5tly we w\ld believe t ! ?+s ! mirror pres5ts to u exi/$ really4 ,if !n !re be some?+ 9 a mirror1 t is t :i* s5se-=ms are 9 matt]4 ,if 9 a mirror !re be no?+ b appe>ance1 !n !re is no?+ 9 matt] b appe>ance1 recogniz+ t ?is appe>ance is ! cause ( ! exi/5ce ( be+s1 an exi/5ce 9 :i* ! ?+s t exi/ always really p>ticipate1 & 9 :i* ! ?+s :i* d n really exi/ d n p>ticipate2 = !y c\ld n be 9 ! condition :]e !y w\ld be if !y exi/$ )\t ! exi/5ce ( exi/5ce 9 itself4 ,,! ,,my? ,,( ,,pov]ty ,,& ,,abundance4 #ad4 ,:at6 ,w\ld no?+ exi/ 79 ! s5se-_w7 if matt] did n exi/8 ,no?+6 ,x is z ) a mirror2 remove x1 & ! images disappe>4 ,inde$1 t :i* by its nature is de/9$ to exi/ 9 some?+ else c\ld n exi/ 9 t ?+2 n[ ! nature ( e image is to exi/ 9 some?+ else4 ,if ! image 7 an emanation ( ! causes !mselves1 x c\ld exi/ )\t be+ 9 any?+ else2 b z ^! causes reside 9 !mselves1 s t _! image may reflect itself else:]e1 !re mu/ be some?+ else de/9$ to s]ve z location = t :i* does n really ent] into x2 some?+ :i* by its pres5ce1 its audacity1 its solicitations1 & by its indig5ce1 %\ld z x 7 =cibly obta9 7:at x desires71 b :i* is deceiv$ because x does n really obta9 any?+2 s t x pres]ves its indig5ce1 & cont9ues to solicitate 7satisfaction#gb74 ,z soon z ,pov]ty exi/s1 x ceaselessly begs1 z a 7well-kn[n ,platonic7 my? tells u2#ig t %[s cle>ly en\gh t x is naturally d5ud$ ( all good4 ,x does n ask to obta9 all t ! giv] possesses2 x is satisfi$ ) ! possession ( "s ( x1 ?us reveal+ to u h[ mu* ! images t appe> 9 matt] are diff]5t f real be+s4 ,ev5 ! v "n ( ,pov]ty1 :i* is giv5 to matt]1 indicates t x is insatiable4 ,:5 ,pov]ty is said to unite ) ,abundance1 we d n mean t x unites ) ,exi/5ce or ,fulness1 b ) a "w ( wond]ful skill1 namely1 a ?+ t is no?+ b speci\s appe>ance4#gd1ih ,,! ,,miracle ,,is ,,t ,,matt] ,,p>ticipates ,,9 ,,exi/5ce ,,)\t ,,p>ticipat+ ,,9 ,,x4 ,x is inde$ impossible t t :i* is outside ( exi/5ce %\ld be completely depriv$ ( x2 = ! nature ( exi/5ce is to produce be+s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 absolute non5tity _c m+le ) exi/5ce4 ,! result is some?+ miracul\s3 matt] p>ticipates 9 exi/5ce )\t really p>ticipat+ 9 x1 & by approa*+ to x obta9s some?+1 ?\gh by its nature matt] _c unite ) exi/5ce4 ,x !re=e reflects :at x receives f an ali5 nature z e*o reflects s\nd 9 places t are symmetrical & cont9u\s4 ,t is h[ ?+s t d n reside 9 matt] seem to reside 9 x1 & to come f x4 ,,g5]ation ,,illu/rat$ ,,by ,,light+ ,,fire ,,by ,,refraction4 ,if matt] p>ticipat$ 9 ! exi/5ce ( g5u9e be+s & receiv$ !m )9 itself1 z might easily be ?\ght1 t :i* w\ld ent] into x w\ld p5etrate deeply into matt]2 b evid5tly matt] is n p5etrat$ !reby1 rema9+ unreceptive ( any ( x4 ,on ! contr>y1 matt] arre/s _! procession1 z e*o arre/s & reflects s\nd-waves1 matt] be+ only ! resid5ce 7or1 j> or vase7 ( ! ?+s t ent] )9 x1 & !re m+le ) ea* o!r4 ,ev]y?+ takes place !re z 9 ! case ( p]sons :o1 wi%+ to light fire f ! rays ( ! sun1 %\ld place 9 front ( ^! rays poli%$ j>s fill$ ) wat]1 s t ! flame1 arre/$ by ! ob/acles met )91 %\ld n be able to p5etrate1 & %\ld conc5trate on _! outside4 ,t is h[ matt] becomes ! cause ( g5]ation2 t is h[ ?+s occur )9 x4 ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,matt] ,,to ,,reason ,,illu/rat$ ,,by ,,t ,,( ,,op9ion ,,& ,,imag9ation4 #ae4 ,! objects t conc5trate ! rays ( ! sun1 are !mselves visible1 by receiv+ f ! fire ( s5sation :at takes fire 9 _! he>?4 ,!y appe> because ! images t =m !mselves are ar\nd & ne> !m1 & t\* ea* o!r1 & f9ally because !re are two limits 9 ^! objects4 ,b :5 ! 7sem9al7 reason is 9 matt]1 x rema9s ext]ior to matt] 9 an entirely diff]5t mann]2 x has a diff]5t nature4 ,"h x is n necess>y t !re be two limits2 matt] & reason are /rang]s to ea* o!r by diff]5ce ( nature1 & by ! diff]5ce betwe5 _! natures t makes any mixture ( !m impossible4 ,! cause t ea* rema9s 9 itself is t :at ent]s into matt] does n possess x1 any m ?an matt] possesses :at ent]s into x4 ,t is h[ op9ion & imag9ation d n m+le 9 our s\l1#ge & ea* rema9s :at x 01 )\t entail+ or leav+ any?+1 because no m+l+ c occur4 ,^! p[]s are =eign to ea* o!r1 n 9 t !re is a m]e juxtaposition1 b because betwe5 !m obta9s a diff]5ce t is grasp$ by reason1 in/ead ( be+ se5 by sight4 ,"h imag9ation is a k9d ( phantom1 ?\gh ! s\l h]self be no phantom1 & ?\gh %e seem to accompli%1 & ?\gh %e really accompli% _m de$s z %e desires to accompli% !m4 ,?us imag9ation /&s to ! s\l 9 ab\t ! same lation z 7=m7 ) matt]4 ,nev]!less 7imag9ation7 does n hide ! s\l1 ^: op]ations (t5 dis>range & di/urb x4 ,nev] c\ld imag9ation hide ! s\l entirely1 ev5 if imag9ation %\ld p5etrate ! s\l entirely1 & %\ld seem to veil x completely4 ,inde$1 ! s\l conta9s op]ations & reasons contr>y 7to imag9ation71 by :i* %e succe$s 9 putt+ aside ! phantoms t besiege h]4#gf ,b matt]1 be+ inf9itely feebl] ?an ! s\l1 possesses none ( ! be+s1 ei!r ( ! true or false1 :i* *>act]i/ically belong to x4 ,matt] has no?+ t c\ld %[ x (f1 be+ absolutely d5ud$ ( all ?+s4 ,x is no m ?an a cause ( appe>ance = o!r ?+s2 x c\ld nev] say1 ,i am "h1 or !re6 ,if1 />t+ f o!r be+s1#gg pr(\nd reason+ %\ld succe$ 9 discov]+ matt]1 x ultimately decl>es t matt] is some?+ completely ab&on$ by true be+s2 b z ! ?+s t are po/]ior to true be+s !mselves seem to exi/1 matt] might1 s to speak1 be said to be ext5d$ 9 all ^! ?+s1 seem+ bo? to foll[ !m1 & n to foll[ !m4 ,,! ,,magnitude ,,( ,,matt] ,,is ,,really ,,d]iv$ ,,f ,,! ,,sem9al ,,reason4 #af4 ,! 7sem9al7 reason1 on approa*+ matt]1 & giv+ x ! ext5sion x desir$1 made ( x a magnitude4 ,! reason drew f itself ! magnitude to give x to ! matt]1 :i* did n possess x1 & :i* did n1 m]ely on t acc\nt1 acquire size2 o!rwise ! magnitude occurr+ )9 x w\ld be magnitude itself4 ,if we remove =m f matt]1 ! sub/rate t !n rema9s nei!r seems nor is l>ge 7s9ce magnitude is "p ( =m74 ,if :at is produc$ 9 matt] be a c]ta9 magnitude1 z = in/ance a man or a horse1 ! magnitude *>act]i/ic ( ! horse disappe>s ) ! =m ( ! horse4#gh ,if we say t a horse _c be produc$ except 9 a mass ( det]m9$ size1 & t ?is magnitude rema9$ 7:5 ! =m ( ! horse disappe>$71 we w\ld answ] t :at w\ld !n rema9 w\ld n be ! magnitude *>act]i/ic ( ! horse1 b ! magnitude ( mass4 ,besides1 if ?is mass 7 fire or e>?1 :5 ! =m ( fire or t ( e>? disappe>$1 ! magnitude ( ! fire or ( ! e>? w\ld simultane\sly disappe>4 ,matt] !re=e possesses nei!r figure nor quantity2 o!rwise1 x w\ld n h ceas$ be+ fire to become some?+ else1 b1 rema9+ fire1 w\ld nev] become fire4#gi ,n[ t x seems to h become z great z ?is univ]se1 if ! heav5s1 ) all !y conta9 7 annihilat$1 all quantity w\ld simultane\sly disappe> out ( matt]1 & ) quantity also ! o!r insep>able qualities w disappe>4 ,matt] w\ld !n rema9 :at x orig9ally 0 by itself2 x w\ld keep none ( ! ?+s t exi/ )9 x4 ,inde$1 ! objects t c be affect$ by ! pres5ce ( contr>y objects c1 :5 ! latt] )draw1 keep "s trace ( !m2 b t :i* is impassible reta9s no?+2 = in/ance1 ! air1 :5 p5etrat$ by ! light1 reta9s none ( x :5 x disappe>s4 ,t t :i* has no magnitude c become great is n any m surpris+ ?an t :i* has no heat c become hot4 ,inde$1 = matt] to be matt] is some?+ entirely diff]5t f its be+ magnitude2 magnitude is z immat]ial z figure4 ,( matt] su* z x really is we %\ld say t x is all ?+s by p>ticipation4 ,n[ magnitude =ms "p ( :at we call all ?+s4 ,z ! bodies are composite1 magnitude is !re among ! o!r qualities1 )\t h[ev] be+ det]m9ate !re94 ,inde$1 ! reason ( ! body also conta9s magnitude4#hj ,on ! contr>y1 matt] does n ev5 conta9 indet]m9ate magnitude1 because x is n a body4 ,,magnitude ,,is ,,an ,,image ,,=m$ ,,by ,,! ,,univ]sal ,,reflection ,,( ,,univ]sal ,,be+s4 #ag4 ,nei!r is matt] magnitude itself2 = magnitude is a =m1 & n a resid5ce2 x exi/s by itself#ha 7= matt] _c ev5 appropriate ! images ( be+s74 ,n ev5 9 ?is respect1 !re=e1 is matt] magnitude4 ,b z t :i* exi/s 9 intellig5ce or 9 ! s\l desir$ to acquire magnitude1 x imp>t$ to ! ?+s t desir$ to imitate magnitude by _! aspiration or movem5t1 ! p[] to impress on "s o!r object a modification analog\s to _! own4 ,?us magnitude1 by develop+ 9 ! procession ( imag9ation1 dragg$ along ) itself ! smallness ( matt]1 made x seem l>ge by ext5d+ x along ) itself1 )\t becom+ fill$ by t ext5sion4 ,! magnitude ( matt] is a false magnitude1 s9ce matt] does n by itself possess magnitude1 & by ext5d+ itself along ) magnitude1 has %>$ ! ext5sion ( ! latt]4 ,inde$ z all intelligible be+s are reflect$1 ei!r 9 o!r ?+s 9 g5]al1 or 9 "o ( !m 9 p>ticul>1 z ea* ( !m 0 l>ge1 ! totality also is1 9 ?is mann]1 great 7874 ,?us ! magnitude ( ea* reason con/itut$ a p>ticul> magnitude1 z1 = in/ance1 a horse1 or "s o!r be+4#hb ,! image =m$ by ! univ]sal reflection ( intelligible be+s became a magnitude1 because x 0 illum9at$ by magnitude itself4 ,e "p ( x became a special magnitude2 & all ?+s toge!r seem$ great by virtue ( ! univ]sal =m to :i* magnitude belongs4 ,?us occurr$ ! ext5sion ( ea* ?+ t[>ds ea* ( ! o!rs1 & t[>ds _! totality4 ,! am\nt ( ?is ext5sion 9 =m & 9 mass necess>ily dep5d$ on ! p[]1 t trans=m$ :at 9 reality 0 no?+ to an appe>ance ( be+ all ?+s4 ,9 ! same mann] color1 t arose out ( :at is n color1 & quality1 t arose out ( :at is n quality1 "h bel[ 7 ref]r$ to by ! same "n z ! intelligible entities 7( :i* !y are ! images74 ,! case is simil> = magnitude1 :i* arose out ( t :i* has none1 or at lea/ out ( t magnitude t be>s ! same "n 7z intelligible magnitude74 ,,s5se-,,objects ,,appe>1 ,,& ,,are ,,int]m$i>y ,,betwe5 ,,=m ,,& ,,matt]4 ,s5se-objects1 !re=e1 occupy a rank int]m$i>y betwe5 matt] & =m itself4#hc ,!y no d\bt appe>1 because !y are d]iv$ f intelligible entities2 b !y are deceptive1 because ! matt] 9 :i* !y appe> does n really exi/4#hd ,ea* ( !m becomes a magnitude1 because x is ext5d$ ?r\gh ! p[] ( ! entities t appe> "h bel[1 & :i* locate !mselves "h4 ,?us we h1 9 e direction1 ! production ( an ext5sion2 & t )\t matt] und]go+ any viol5ce1 because 7pot5tially7 x is all ?+s4 ,ev]y?+ produces its own ext5sion by ! p[] x d]ives f ! intelligible entities4 ,:at imp>ts magnitude to matt] is ! appe>ance ( magnitude1 & x is ?is appe>ance t =ms our e>?ly magnitude4 ,matt] yields itself ev]y:]e entirely to ! ext5sion x ?us1 by ! univ]sal appe>ance ( magnitude1 is =c$ to take on4 ,inde$1 by its nature1 matt] is ! matt] ( ev]y?+1 & consequ5tly is no?+ det]m9ate4 ,n[ t :i* is no?+ det]m9ate by itself c\ld become its opposite 7( :at x is71 & ev5 aft] ?us hav+ become its own opposite1 x is n yet really ?is opposite2 o!rwise ?is opposite w\ld be its nature4#he ,,magnitude ,,is ,,only ,,appe>ance4 #ah4 ,let u n[ suppose t a conception ( magnitude 7 possess$ by "s be+ :i* w\ld h ! p[] n only to be 9 itself1 b also to produce itself ext]nally2 & t x %\ld meet a nature 7su* z matt]7 t 0 incapable ( exi/+ )9 intellig5ce1 ( hav+ a =m1 ( reveal+ any trace ( real magnitude1 or any quality4 ,:at w\ld su* a be+ d ) su* a p[]8 ,x w\ld create nei!r a horse nor an ox2 = o!r causes 7! sem9al7 reasons w\ld produce !m4#hf ,inde$1 t :i* proce$s f magnitude itself _c be real magnitude2 x mu/ !re=e be app>5t magnitude4#hg ,?us1 s9ce matt] has n receiv$ real magnitude1 all x c d is to be z great z its nature w p]mit2 t is1 to seem great4 ,to accompli% t1 x mu/ n fail any:]e2 &1 if x be ext5d$1 x _c be a discrete quantity1 b all its p>ts mu/ be unit$1 & abs5t 9 no place4 ,inde$1 x 0 impossible = a small mass to conta9 an image ( magnitude t w\ld equal ! real magnitude1 s9ce x is only an image ( magnitude2 b1 c>ri$ away ) ! hope ( a*iev+ ! magnitude to :i* x aspir$1 ?is image ext5d$ to its limit1 along ) matt]1 :i* %>$ its ext5sion because matt] c\ld n foll[ x4 ,t is h[ ?is image ( magnitude magnifi$ :at 0 n great1 )\t h[ev] mak+ x seem really great1 & produc$ ! magnitude t appe>s 9 its mass4 ,none ! less does matt] pres]ve its nature1 ?\gh x be veil$ by ?is app>5t magnitude1 z if by a g>m5t ) :i* x cov]$ itself :5 x foll[$ ! magnitude t involv$ x 9 its ext5sion4 ,if matt] ev] happ5$ to be /ripp$ ( ?is g>m5t1 x w\ld nev]!less rema9 :at itself 0 be=e2 = x possesses magnitude only 9 s f> z =m by its pres5ce makes x great4#hh ,,if ,,matt] ,,7 ,a ,,prim>y ,,pr9ciple1 ,,x ,,w\ld ,,be ,,! ,,=m ,,( ,,! ,,univ]se1 ,,su* ,,z ,,s\l ,,is4 ,z ! s\l possesses ! =ms ( be+s1 & z %e h]self is a =m1 %e possesses all ?+s simultane\sly4#hi ,conta9+ all ! =ms1 & besides see+ ! =ms ( s5se-objects turn+ t[>ds h]1 & approa*+ h]1 %e is n will+ to accept !m1 along ) _! manifoldness4 ,%e consid]s !m only aft] mak+ ab/ractions ( _! mass2 = ! s\l c\ld n become o!r ?an %e is4#ij ,b z matt] does n h ! /r5g? to resi/1 possess+ z x does no special *>act]i/ic activity1 & be+ no m ?an an adumbration1 matt] yields to ev]y?+ t active p[] proposes to inflict on x4 ,besides1 t :i* proce$s f intelligible 7nature7 possesses already a trace ( :at is to be produc$ 9 matt]4 ,t is h[ discursive reason :i* moves )9 ! sph]e ( repres5tative imag9ation1 or ! movem5t produc$ by reason1 implies division2 = if reason rema9$ )9 unity & id5tity1 x w\ld n move1 b rema9 at re/4 ,besides1 n z ! s\l does1 c matt] receive all =ms simultane\sly2 o!rwise x w\ld be a =m4 ,z x mu/ conta9 all ?+s1 )\t h[ev] conta9+ !m 9 an indivisible mann]1 x is necess>y t1 s]v+ z x does z location = all ?+s1 x %\ld ext5d t[>ds all ( !m1 ev]y:]e (f]+ itself to all ( !m1 avoid+ no "p ( space1 because x is n re/rict$ )9 any b\nd>y ( space1 & because x is always ready to receive :at is to be4 ,h[ !n does x happ5 t "o ?+1 on ent]+ into matt]1 does n h9d] ! entrance ( o!r ?+s1 :i*1 h[ev]1 _c co-exi/ ) ! =m] ?+8 ,! reason is t matt] is n a fir/ pr9ciple4 ,o!rwise1 x w\ld be ! v =m ( ! univ]se4 ,su* a =m1 inde$1 w\ld be bo? all ?+s simultane\sly1 & ea* ?+ 9 p>ticul>4 ,inde$ ! matt] ( ! liv+ be+ is divid$ z are ! v p>ts ( ! liv+ be+2 o!rwise no?+ b reason#ia w\ld exi/4 ,,matt] ,,z ,,"m1 ,,nurse1 ,,resid5ce1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,nature4 #ai4 ,:5 ?+s ent] into ! matt] t plays ! "p ( "m to !m1 !y nei!r hurt x1 nor give x pleasure4 ,_! bl[s are n felt by matt]2 !y direct _! bl[s only aga9/ ea* o!r1 because ! p[]s act ^u _! opposites1 & n on _! sub/rates1 unless inde$ we consid] ! sub/rates z unit$ to ! ?+s !y conta94 ,heat makes cold disappe>1#ib z :it5ess affects blackness2 or1 if !y m+le1 !y produce a new quality by _! mixture4#ic ,:at is affect$ is ! ?+s t m+le1 & _! be+ affect$ consi/s 9 ceas+ to be :at !y 74 ,among animate be+s1 x is ! body t is affect$ by ! alt]ation ( ! qualities1 & ( ! =ces possess$4 ,:5 ! qualities con/itutive ( ^! be+s are de/roy$1 or :5 !y comb9e1 or :5 !y und]go "s *ange contr>y to _! nature1 ! affections relate to ! body1 z ! p]ceptions d to ! s\l4 ,! latt] inde$ kn[s all ! affections t produce a lively impression4 ,matt]1 h[ev]1 rema9s :at x is2 x c\ld n be affect$ :5 x ceases to conta9 heat or cold1 s9ce nei!r ( ^! qualities is ei!r *>act]i/ic or =eign4 ,! "n t be/ *>act]izes matt]1 !re=e1 is nurse or resid5ce4#id ,b 9 :at s5se c\ld matt]1 t begets no?+1 be call$ "m8 ,^? :o call x su* consid] a "m z play+ ! "p ( m]e matt]1 t[>ds h] *ild1 m]ely receiv+ ! g]m1 )\t contribut+ any?+ ( itself1 because ! body ( ! *ild owes its gr[? to n\ri%m5t4 ,if h[ev] ! "m does contribute any?+ 7to ! =mation ( ! *ild7 %e !n plays ! "p ( =m1 & does n re/rict h]self to ! "p ( matt]4 ,inde$1 ! =m alone is fruitful1 :ile ! o!r nature 7t is1 matt]71 is unfruitful4 ,,! ,,my? ,,( ,,! ,,i?yphallic ,,h]mes4 ,t no d\bt 0 ! mean+ ( ^? anci5t sages :o 9 my/]ies & initiations symbolically repres5t$ ! anci5t ,h]mes#ie ) ! g5]ative organ 9 erection1 to tea* t x is intelligible reason t begets s5se-objects4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^! same sages signify ! /]ility ( matt]1 condemn$ to p]petual self-id5tity1 by ! eunu*s :o surr\nd ,rhea1#if mak+ ( x ! "m ( all ?+s1 to use ! expression !y employ 9 designat+ ! pr9ciple t plays ! "p ( sub/rate4 ,,! ,,/]ility ,,( ,,nature ,,indicat$ ,,by ,,ca/ration4 ,t "n indicates ! diff]5ce betwe5 matt] & a "m4 ,to ^? :o1 refus+ to be satisfi$ ) sup]ficialities1 insi/ on ?or\ghness1 !y ?us signifi$ 9 z precise a mann] z possible 7)\t lift+ ! veil (7 obscurity1 t matt] 0 /]ile1 al?\gh fem99e also to ext5t at lea/ t matt] receives1 )\t contribut+ to1 ! act ( g5]ation4 ,!y indicat$ x by ?is1 t ! 7,galli7 :o surr\nd ,cybele are n wom51 b nei!r are !y m51 possess+ no p[] ( g5]ation2 = by ca/ration !y h lo/ a faculty t is *>act]i/ic only ( a man ^: virility is intact4 ,,f\r? ,,ennead1 ,,book ,,?ree4 ,psy*ological ,que/ions4 ,a4 ,,are ,,n ,,all ,,s\ls ,,p>ts ,,or ,,emanations ,,( ,a ,,s+le ,,s\l8#ii ,,psy*ology ,,obeys ,,! ,,precept ,,"k ,,?yself1 ,,& ,,%[s ,,h[ ,,we ,,are ,,temples ,,( ,,! ,,div9ity4 #a4 ,among ! que/ions rais$ ab\t ! s\l1 we purpose to solve "h n only su* z may be solv$ ) "s degree ( assurance1 b also su* z may be consid]$ matt]s ( d\bt1 consid]+ our rese>*es rew>d$ by ev5 only a def9ition ( ?is d\bt4 ,?is %\ld prove an int]e/+ /udy4 ,:at inde$ bett] des]ves c>eful exam9ation & close scrut9y ?an :at ref]s to ! s\l8 ,among o!r advantages1 ! /udy ( ! s\l has t ( mak+ kn[n to u two ord] ( ?+s1 ^? ( :i* %e is ! pr9ciple1 & ^? f :i* %e h]self proce$s4 ,?is exam9ation w be 9 l9e ) ! div9e precept to "k ourselves4#ajj ,be=e seek+ to discov] & und]/& ! rema9d]1 x is no m ?an "r fir/ to apply ourselves to f9d+ out ! nature ( ! pr9ciple t emb>ks 9 ^! rese>*es#aja2 & z we are seek+ :at is lovable1 we w d well to contemplate ! mo/ beautiful ( spectacles 7t ( our own intellectual nature72 = if !re be a duality1 9 ! univ]sal 7,s\l71 s mu* m likely w !re be a duality 9 individual intellig5ces4 ,we %\ld also exam9e ! s5se 9 :i* x may be said t s\ls are sanctu>ies ( ! div9ity2 b ?is "q w n admit ( solution till aft] we h det]m9$ h[ ! s\l desc5ds into ! body4 ,,are ,,individual ,,s\ls ,,emanations ,,( ,,! ,,univ]sal ,,s\l8 ,n[ we mu/ consid] :e!r our s\ls !mselves are 7emanations7 f ! univ]sal ,s\l4 ,x may be insi/$ t1 to demon/rate t our s\ls are n p>ticles ( ! univ]sal ,s\l1 x does n suffice to %[ t our s\ls g z f> 79 _! procession7 z ! univ]sal ,s\l1 nor t !y resemble 7! univ]sal ,s\l7 9 _! intellectual faculties1 grant+ inde$ t su* a resemblance be admitt$2 = we might say t p>ts con=m to ! :ole !y compose4 ,we might invoke ,plato's au?ority1 & insi/ t he tea*es ?is op9ion 9 t 7"p ( ! ,philebus#ajb7 :]e he affirms t ! univ]se is animate3 ,z our body is a "p ( ! univ]se1 our s\l is a "p ( ! ,s\l ( ! univ]se4 ,we might add t 7,plato7 /ates & cle>ly demon/rates t we foll[ ! circul> movem5t ( heav51 t f x we receive1 our moral habits & condition2 t z we 7 begott5 9 ! univ]se1 our s\l mu/ be d]iv$ f ! surr\nd+ univ]se#ajc2 & z ea* "p ( u p>ticipates 9 our s\l1 we ourselves %\ld p>ticipate 9 ! ,s\l ( ! univ]se1 ( :i* we are p>ts 9 ! same way z our memb]s are p>ts ( ourselves4 ,la/1 we might quote ! foll[+ words3 ,! univ]sal ,s\l takes c>e ( all t is inanimate4 ,?is s5t5ce seems to mean t !re is no s\l outside ( ! univ]sal ,s\l2 = x is ! latt] t c>es = all t is inanimate4 ,,con=mity ,,to ,,! ,,univ]sal ,,s\l ,,implies ,,t ,,!y ,,are ,,n ,,p>ts ,,( ,,h]4 #b4 ,consid] ! foll[+ answ]s4 ,to beg9 )1 ! ass]tion t s\ls con=m 7to ea* o!r71 because !y atta9 ! same objects1 & ! r$uction ( !m to a s+le k9d1 implicitly d5ies t !y are p>ts 7( ! univ]sal ,s\l74 ,we might bett] say t ! univ]sal ,s\l is "o & id5tical1 & t ea* s\l is univ]sal 7t is1 t %e con=ms to ! univ]sal ,s\l1 because %e possesses all ! latt]'s p[]s74 ,n[1 ass]tion ( ! unity ( ! univ]sal ,s\l def9es h] z be+ some?+ diff]5t 7f individual s\ls72 namely1 a pr9ciple :i*1 specially belong+ nei!r to "o nor ! o!r1 nei!r to an individual1 nor to a _w1 nor to any?+ else1 itself c>ries out :at is c>ri$ out by ! _w & e liv+ be+4 ,x is "r en\gh to say t ! univ]sal ,s\l does n belong to any individual be+1 inasmu* z %e is 7pure7 be+2 x is "r en\gh t !re %\ld be a ,s\l :i* is n own$ by any be+1 & t only individual s\ls %\ld belong to individual be+s4 ,,limitations ,,to ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,t]m ,,p>ts1 ,,9 ,,physical ,,?+s4 ,b we %all h to expla9 m cle>ly ! s5se 9 :i* ! ^w p>ts mu/ "h be tak54 ,to beg9 )1 !re is "h no "q ( p>ts ( a body1 :e!r homog5e\s or het]og5e\s4 ,we %all make b a s+le obs]vation1 namely1 t :5 treat+ ( homog5e\s bodies1 p>ts ref] to mass1 & n to =m4 ,= in/ance1 take :it5ess4 ,! :it5ess ( "o "p ( ! milk1 is n a "p ( ! :it5ess ( all ! milk 9 exi/5ce2 x is ! :it5ess ( a "p1 & n ! "p ( :it5ess2 =1 tak5 9 g5]al1 :it5ess has nei!r size nor quantity4 ,only ) ^! re/rictions c we say t !re are p>ts 9 ! =ms suitable to corporeal ?+s4 ,,:5 ,,appli$ ,,to ,,incorporeal ,,?+s1 ,,p>ts ,,h ,,diff]5t ,,s5ses4 ,fur!r1 treat+ ( incorporeal ?+s1 p>ts is tak5 9 sev]al s5ses4 ,speak+ ( numb]s1 we may say t two is a "p ( t5 7ref]r+ exclusively to ab/ract numb]s74 ,we may also say t a c]ta9 ext5sion is a "p ( a circle or l9e4 ,fur!r1 a notion is said to be a "p ( sci5ce4 ,,su* ,,ma!matical ,,s5ses ,,_c ,,be ,,appli$ ,,to ,,! ,,s\l4 ,:5 deal+ ) numb]s & geometrical figures1 z well z ) bodies1 x is evid5t t ! :ole is necess>ily dim9i%$ by its division into p>ts1 & t ea* "p is small] ?an ! :ole4 ,rightly1 ^! ?+s %\ld be susceptible to increase or dim9ution1 z _! nature is t ( def9ite quantities1 n quantity 9 itself4 ,x is surely n 9 ?is s5se t1 :5 ref]r+ to ! s\l1 we speak ( quantities4 ,! s\l is n a quantity su* z a doz51 :i* =ms a :ole divisible into unities2 o!rwise1 we w\ld end 9 a ho/ ( absurdities1 s9ce a gr\p ( t5 is n a g5u9e unity4 ,ei!r ea* "o ( ! unities w\ld h to be s\l1 or ! ,s\l h]self result f a sum ( inanimate unities4 ,,actual ,,division ,,into ,,p>ts ,,w\ld ,,be ,,tantam\nt ,,to ,a ,,d5ial ,,( ,,! ,,:ole4 ,besides1 our oppon5ts h grant$ t e "p ( ! univ]sal ,s\l con=ms to ! :ole4 ,n[1 9 cont9u\s quantities1 x is by no means necess>y t ! "p %\ld resemble ! :ole4 ,?us1 9 ! circle & ! quadrilat]al 7! p>ts are n circles or quadrilat]als74 ,all ! p>ts ( ! divid$ object 7f :i* a "p is tak57 are n ev5 simil> to ea* o!r1 b v>y 9 manifold ways1 su* z ! diff]5t triangles ( :i* a s+le triangle might be compos$4 ,our oppon5ts also ackn[l$ge t ! univ]sal ,s\l is compos$ ( p>ts t con=m to ! :ole4 ,n[1 9 a l9e1 "o "p might also be a l9e1 :ile diff]+ f ! :ole 9 magnitude4 ,b :5 we speak ( ! s\l1 if ! diff]5ce ( ! "p f ! :ole consi/$ 9 a diff]5ce ( size1 ! s\l w\ld be a magnitude & a body2 = !n %e w\ld diff]5tiate 9 quantity by psy*ic *>act]i/ics4 ,b ?is w\ld be impossible if all s\ls be consid]$ simil> & univ]sal4 ,x is evid5t t ! s\l _c1 l magnitudes1 be fur!r divid$2 & ev5 our oppon5ts w\ld n claim t ! univ]sal ,s\l is ?us divid$ into p>ts4 ,?is w\ld am\nt to de/roy+ ! univ]sal ,s\l1 & r$uc+ h] to a m]e "n1 if inde$ 9 ?is sy/em a prior univ]sal 7,s\l7 c at all be said to exi/4 ,?is w\ld place h] 9 ! position ( w9e1 :i* might be di/ribut$ 9 sev]al j>s1 say+ t ! "p ( ! w9e conta9$ 9 ea* ( !m is a portion ( ! :ole4#ajd ,,nor ,,is ,,! ,,s\l ,a ,,"p ,,9 ,,! ,,s5se ,,t ,,"o ,,proposition ,,is ,a ,,"p ,,( ,a ,,sci5ce4 ,nor %\ld we 7apply to ! s\l7 ! ^w "p 9 ! s5se t "s s+le proposition is a "p ( ! total sci5ce4 ,9 ?is case ! total sci5ce does n rema9 any less ! same 7:5 x is divid$71 & its division is only z x 7 ! production & actualization ( ea* ( its compon5t p>ts4 ,"h ea* proposition pot5tially conta9s ! total sci5ce1 & 79 spite ( its division71 ! total sci5ce rema9s :ole4 ,,! ,,diff]5ce ,,( ,,functions ,,( ,,! ,,_w-,,s\l ,,& ,,individual ,,s\ls ,,makes ,,entire ,,division ,,betwe5 ,,!m ,,impossible4 ,if su* be ! relation ( ! univ]sal ,s\l to ! o!r s\ls1 ! univ]sal ,s\l1 ^: p>ts are su*1 w n belong to any p>ticul> be+1 b w subsi/ 9 h]self4 ,no long] w %e be ! s\l ( ! _w4 ,%e w ev5 rank ) ! numb] ( s\ls consid]$ p>ts4 ,z all s\ls w\ld con=m to ea* o!r1 !y w\ld1 on ! same gr\nds1 be p>ts ( ! ,s\l t is s+le & id5tical4 ,!n x w\ld be inexplicable t "s "o s\l %\ld be ,s\l ( ! _w1 :ile "s o!r s\l %\ld be "o ( ! p>ts ( ! _w4 ,,are ,,individual ,,s\ls ,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,_w-,,s\l ,,z ,,is ,,! ,,local ,,consci\sness ,,( ,,"s ,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,body ,,to ,,! ,,:ole ,,consci\sness8 #c4 ,are individual s\ls p>ts ( ! univ]sal ,s\l z1 9 any liv+ organism1 ! s\l t animates 7or vivifies7 ! f+] is a "p ( ! entire s\l back ( ! :ole animal8 ,?is hypo!sis w\ld =ce u to ! conclusion ei!r t !re is no s\l outside ( ! body1 or t ! :ole univ]sal ,s\l exi/s entire1 n 9 a body1 b outside ( ! body ( ! _w4 ,?is "q des]ves consid]ation4 ,let u d s by an illu/ration4 ,,/udy ,,( ,,! ,,"q ,,by ,,obs]vation ,,( ,,! ,,human ,,organism4 ,if ! univ]sal ,s\l communicate h]self to all individual animals1 & if x be 9 ?is s5se t ea* s\l is a "p ( ! univ]sal ,s\l--= z soon z %e w\ld be divid$1 ! univ]sal ,s\l c\ld n communicate h]self to e "p--! univ]sal mu/ be entire ev]y:]e1 & %e mu/ simultane\sly be "o & ! same 9 diff]5t be+s4 ,n[ ?is hypo!sis no long] p]mits u to di/+ui% on "o h& ! univ]sal ,s\l1 & on ! o!r ! p>ts ( ?is s\l1 s mu* ! m z ^! p>ts h ! same p[] 7z ! univ]sal ,s\l72 = ev5 = organs ^: functions are diff]5t1 z ! eyes & e>s1 x w n be claim$ t !re is "o "p ( ! s\l 9 ! eyes1 & ano!r 9 ! e>s--su* a division w\ld suit only ?+s t h no relation ) ! s\l4 ,we %\ld insi/ t x is ! same "p ( ! s\l :i* animates ^! two diff]5t organs1 ex]cis+ 9 ea* ( !m a diff]5t faculty4 ,inde$1 all ! p[]s ( ! s\l are pres5t 9 ^! two s5ses 7( sight & he>+71 & ! only cause ( ! diff]5ce ( _! p]ceptions is ! diff]5ces ( ! organs4 ,nev]!less all p]ceptions belong to =ms 7t is1 to faculties ( ! s\l71 & r$uce to a =m 7! s\l7 :i* c become all ?+s 7874#aec ,?is is fur!r prov$ by ! fact t ! impressions are =c$ to come & c5tre 9 an only c5tre4 ,d\btless ! organs by means ( :i* we p]ceive _c make u p]ceive all ?+s1 & consequ5tly ! impressions diff] ) ! organs4 ,nev]!less ! judgm5t ( ^! impressions belongs to "o & ! same pr9ciple1 :i* resembles a judge att5tive to ! words & acts submitt$ to 8 consid]ation4#aje ,we h1 h[ev]1 said above t x is "o & ! same pr9ciple :i* produces acts belong+ to diff]5t functions 7z are sight & he>+74 ,if ^! functions be l ! s5ses1 x is n possible t ea* ( !m %\ld ?9k2 = ! univ]sal alone w\ld be capable ( ?is4 ,if ?\ght be a special indep5d5t function1 e intellig5ce subsi/s by itself4 ,fur!r1 :5 ! s\l is reasonable1 & :5 %e is s 9 a way su* z to be call$ reasonable 9 h] entirety1 t :i* is call$ a "p con=ms to ! :ole1 & consequ5tly is n a "p ( ! :ole4 ,,intellectual ,,difficulty ,,( ,,! ,,s\l ,,be+ ,,"o ,,& ,,yet ,,9 ,,all ,,be+s4 #d4 ,if ! univ]sal ,s\l be "o 9 ?is mann]1 :at ab\t consequ5ces ( ?is 7conception78 ,might we n well d\bt ! possibility ( ! univ]sal ,s\l's simultane\sly be+ "o1 yet pres5t 9 all be+s8 ,h[ does x happ5 t "s s\ls are 9 a body1 :ile o!rs are disc>nate8 ,x w\ld seem m logical to admit t e s\l is always 9 "s body1 especially ! univ]sal ,s\l4 ,= x is n claim$1 = ! univ]sal ,s\l1 z x is = ours1 t %e ev] ab&ons h] body1 & ?\gh x be by "s ass]t$ t ! univ]sal ,s\l may "o day leave h] body1 x is nev] claim$ t %e w\ld ev] be outside ( any body4 ,ev5 admitt+ t "s day %e %\ld be divid$ f all body1 h[ does x happ5 t a s\l c\ld ?us sep>ate1 :ile "s o!r c\ld n1 if at bottom bo? are ( ! same nature8 ,z to ,intellig5ce1 su* a "q w\ld be impossible2 ! p>ts into :i* x is divid$ are n di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r by _! individual diff]5ce1 & !y all exi/ toge!r et]nally1 = ,intellig5ce is n divisible4 ,on ! contr>y1 z ! univ]sal ,s\l is divisible )9 ! bodies1 z has be5 said1 x is difficult to und]/& h[ all ! s\ls proce$ f ! unit>y 7pure7 ,be+4 ,,! ,,heal?y ,,s\l ,,c ,,"w1 ,,! ,,sick ,,s\l ,,is ,,devot$ ,,to ,,h] ,,body4 ,?is "q may be answ]$ z foll[s4 ,! unit>y ,be+ 7t is ,intellig5ce71 subsi/s 9 itself )\t desc5d+ into ! bodies4 ,f unit>y ,be+ proce$ ! univ]sal ,s\l & ! o!r s\ls1 :i*1 up to a c]ta9 po9t1 exi/ all toge!r1 & =m b a s+le s\l s f> z !y d n belong to any p>ticul> individual 7conta9$ 9 ! s5se-_w74 ,if1 h[ev]1 by _! sup]ior extremities !y atta* !mselves to ,unity1 if )9 x !y co9cide1 !y lat] div]ge 7by _! actualization71 j z on ! e>? light is divid$ betwe5 ! v>i\s dwell+s ( m51 nev]!less rema9+ "o & indivisible4 ,9 ?is case1 ! univ]sal ,s\l is ev] elevat$ above ! o!rs because %e is n capable ( desc5d+1 ( fall+1 ( incl9+ t[>ds ! s5se-_w4 ,our s\ls1 on ! contr>y1 desc5d "h bel[1 because special place is assign$ to !m 9 ?is _w1 & !y are oblig$ to occupy !mselves ) a body :i* dem&s su/a9$ att5tion4 ,by h] l[] "p1 ! univ]sal ,s\l resembles ! vital pr9ciple :i* animates a great plant1 & :i* !re manages ev]y?+ peaceably & noiselessly4 ,by _! l[] "p our s\ls are simil> to ^? animalcul born ( ! decay+ p>ts ( plants4 ,t is ! image ( ! liv+ body ( ! univ]se4 ,! high] "p ( our s\l1 :i* is simil> to ! high] "p ( ! univ]sal ,s\l1 might be comp>$ to a f>m] :o1 hav+ notic$ ! worms by :i* ! plant is be+ dev\r$1 %\ld apply himself to de/roy+ !m1 & %\ld solicit\sly c>e = ! plant4 ,s we might say t ! man 9 good heal?1 & surr\nd$ by heal?y p1 is entirely devot$ to 8 duties or /udies2 ! sick man1 on ! contr>y1 is entirely devot$ to 8 body1 & becomes dep5d5t !reon4 ,,s\ls ,,reta9 ,,bo? ,,_! ,,unity ,,& ,,diff]5ces ,,on ,,diff]5t ,,levels4 #e4 ,h[ c\ld ! univ]sal ,s\l simultane\sly be ! s\l ( y\rself & ( o!r p]sons8 ,might %e be ! s\l ( "o p]son by h] l[] /rata1 & t ( somebody else by h] high] /rata8 ,to tea* su* a doctr9e w\ld be equival5t to ass]t+ t ! s\l ( ,socrates w\ld be alive :ile be+ 9 a c]ta9 body1 :ile %e w\ld be annihilat$ 7by los+ h]self )9 ! univ]sal ,s\l7 at ! v mom5t :5 7z a result ( sep>ation ( ! body7 %e _h come into :at 0 be/ 79 ! intelligible _w74 ,no1 none ( ! true be+s p]i%es4 ,n ev5 ! intellig5ces lose !mselves up !re 79 ! div9e ,intellig5ce71 because !y are n divid$ z are bodies1 & ea* subsi/s 9 h] own *>act]i/ics1 to _! diff]5ces jo9+ t id5tity :i* con/itutes be+4 ,be+ locat$ bel[ ! individual intellig5ces to :i* !y are atta*$1 individual s\ls are ! reasons 7born7 ( ! intellig5ces1 or m develop$ intellig5ces2 f be+ b slightly manifold1 !y become v mu* s1 :ile rema9+ 9 communion ) ! slightly manifold be+s4 ,z h[ev] !y t5d to introduce sep>ation 9 ^! less divisible be+s 7t is1 intellig5ces71 & z nev]!less !y _c atta9 ! la/ limits ( division1 !y simultane\sly pres]ve bo? _! id5tity & diff]5ce4 ,ea* "o rema9s s+le1 & all toge!r =m a unity4 ,,s\ls ,,develop ,,manifoldness ,,j ,,z ,,intellig5ce ,,does4 ,we h ?us succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ ! mo/ important po9t ( ! discussion1 namely1 t all s\ls proce$ f a s+le ,s\l1 t f be+ "o !y become manifold1 z is ! case ) ! intellig5ces1 divid$ 9 ! same way1 & simil>ly undivid$4 ,! ,s\l t dwells 9 ! intelligible _w is ! "o & indivisible reason 7born7 ( intellig5ce1 & f ?is ,s\l proce$ ! p>ticul> immat]ial reasons1 9 ! same mann] z on high 7! individual intellig5ces proce$ f ! "o & absolute ,intellig5ce74 ,,:y ,,%\ld ,,creation ,,be ,,pr$icat$ ,,( ,,! ,,univ]sal ,,s\l ,,& ,,n ,,( ,,! ,,human8 #f4 ,if !re be simil>ity betwe5 ! univ]sal ,s\l & ! individual s\ls1 h[ does x happ5 t ! =m] creat$ ! _w1 :ile ! o!rs did n d s1 ?\gh ea* ( !m also conta9 all ?+s )9 h]self1 & s9ce we h already %[n t ! productive p[] c exi/ simultane\sly 9 sev]al be+s8 ,by expla9+ its reason we c ?us exam9e & discov] h[ ! same nature 7be+7 c act or exp]i5ce1 or act & exp]i5ce1 9 a diff]5t mann] 9 diff]5t be+s4 ,,! ,,_w-,,s\l ,,alone ,,creates ,,because ,,%e ,,rema9s ,,ne>e/ ,,! ,,intelligible ,,_w4 ,h[ & :y did ! univ]sal ,s\l make ! univ]se1 :ile ! individual s\ls only manage a "p !re(8 ,t is n m surpris+ ?an to see1 among m5 :o possess ! same k1 "s comm& a great] numb]1 & o!rs a less]4 ,?is is ! case because !re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 s\ls4 ,"s1 in/ead ( sep>at+ f ! univ]sal ,s\l1 h rema9$ 9 ! intelligible _w1 & /ill conta9 ! body 7( ! univ]sal71 :ile o!rs1 :5 ! body 7( ! univ]se7 already exi/$1 & :ile ! univ]sal ,s\l1 _! si/]1 gov]n$ x1 accept$ de/9ies assign$ !m by fate1 z if 7! univ]sal ,s\l7 _h prep>$ = !m dwell+s to receive !m4#ajf ,besides1 ! univ]sal ,s\l contemplates univ]sal ,intellig5ce1 & ! individual s\ls r contemplate individual intellig5ces4 ,^! s\ls might inde$ possibly h also be5 capable ( mak+ ! univ]se2 b t is no long] possible to !m n[ t ! univ]sal ,s\l has already done x1 & has prec$$ !m4 ,besides1 ! v same "q w\ld h aris5 ev5 if an entirely diff]5t s\l _h fir/ made ! univ]se4 ,p]haps x is bett] to /ate t if ! univ]sal ,s\l has creat$ ! univ]se1 x is *iefly because %e is m closely relat$ to intelligible entities1 = ! s\ls t are ne>e/ !reto are ! mo/ p[]ful4 ,ma9ta9+ !mselves 9 ?is quiet region1 !y act ) great] facility2 = to act )\t suff]+ is ! sign ( a great] p[]4 ,?us ! p[] dep5d+ on ! intelligible _w abides )9 itself1 & by abid+ )9 itself1 produces4 ,! o!r s\ls1 desc5d+ t[>ds ! body1 )draw f ! intelligible _w1 & fall into ! abyss 7( matt]74 ,p]haps also ! elem5t ( manifoldness )9 !m1 f9d+ itself drawn t[>ds ! l[] regions1 along ) x dragg$ ! conceptions ( ^? s\ls1 & made !m desc5d hi!r4 ,inde$ ! di/9ction ( ! second or ?ird rank = s\ls mu/ be und]/ood 9 ?is s5se t "s are ne>]1 & "s fur!r f ! intelligible _w4 ,likewise1 among u1 all s\ls are n equally dispos$ 9 reg>d to ?is _w4 ,"s succe$ 9 unit+ ) x1 o!rs approa* x by _! aspirations2 o!rs d n q succe$1 because !y d n all use ! same faculties1 & "s use ! fir/1 o!rs ! second1 & "s ! ?ird1 ?\gh !y all equally possess all faculties4 ,,diff]5ce ,,betwe5 ,,individual ,,& ,,univ]sal ,,s\ls4 #g4 ,t is :at seems true to u4 ,z to ! ,philebus passage 7quot$ 9 ! fir/ section71 x might mean t all s\ls 7 p>ts ( ! univ]sal ,s\l4 ,t1 h[ev]1 is n its true mean+1 z held by "s4 ,x only means :at ,plato desir$ to ass]t 9 ?is place1 namely1 t heav5 is animate4 ,plato proves ?is by say+ t x w\ld be absurd to insi/ t heav5 has no s\l1 :5 our body1 :i* is only a "p ( ! body ( ! univ]se1 nev]!less has a s\l2 b h[ c\ld a "p be animate1 unless ! :ole 0 s also8 ,x is especially 9 ! ,timaeus#ajg t ,plato cle>ly expresses 8 ?\ght4 ,aft] hav+ describ$ ! bir? ( ! univ]sal ,s\l1 he %[s ! o!r s\ls born lat] f ! mixture made 9 ! same vase f :i* ! univ]sal ,s\l 0 drawn4 ,he ass]ts t !y are simil> to ! univ]sal ,s\l1 & t _! diff]5ce consi/s 9 t !y occupy ! second or ?ird rank4 ,t is fur!r confirm$ by ?is passage ( ! ,pha$rus#ajh3 ,! univ]sal ,s\l c>es = :at is inanimate4 ,outside ( ! ,s\l1 inde$1 :at p[] w\ld manage1 fa%ion1 orda9 & produce ! body8 ,x w\ld be nons5se to attribute ?is p[] to "o s\l1 & n to ano!r4 7,plato7 adds 79 sub/ance73 ,! ,p]fect ,s\l1 ! ,s\l ( ! univ]se1 hov]+ 9 ! e!real region1 acts on ! e>? )\t ent]+ into x1 be+ borne above him z 9 a *>iot4 ,! o!r s\ls t are p]fect %>e ) x ! adm9i/ration ( ! _w4 ,:5 ,plato speaks ( ! s\l z hav+ lo/ h] w+s1 he is evid5tly di/+ui%+ individual s\ls f ! univ]sal ,s\l4 ,"o might also conclude t our s\ls are "p ( ! univ]sal ,s\l f 8 /atem5t t ! s\ls foll[ ! circul> movem5t ( ! univ]se1 t f x !y d]ive _! *>act]i/ics1 & t !y und]go its influ5ce4 ,inde$1 !y might v easily und]go ! influ5ce ex]cis$ by ! nature ( ! special localities1 ( ! wat]s & ! air ( ! t[ns !y inhabit1 & ! temp]am5t ( ! bodies to :i* !y are jo9$4 ,we h inde$ ackn[l$g$ t1 be+ conta9$ 9 ! univ]se1 we possess some?+ ( ! life-*>act]i/ic ( ! univ]sal ,s\l1 & t we und]go ! influ5ce ( ! circul> movem5t ( ! heav5s4 ,b we h also %[n t !re is )9 u ano!r 7rational7 s\l1 :i* is capable ( resi/ance to ^! influ5ces1 & :i* manife/s its diff]5t "* precisely by ! resi/ance %e (f]s !m4 ,! objection t we are begott5 )9 ! univ]se may be answ]$ by ! fact t ! *ild is likewise begott5 )9 its "m's womb1 & t nev]!less ! s\l t ent]s into its body is di/9ct f t ( its "m4 ,su* is our solution ( ! problem4 ,,sympa?y ,,betwe5 ,,individual ,,& ,,univ]sal ,,s\l ,,comes ,,f ,,common ,,s\rce4 #h4 ,! sympa?y exi/+ betwe5 s\ls =ms no objection4 ,= ?is sympa?y might be expla9$ by ! fact t all s\ls are d]iv$ f ! same pr9ciple f :i* ! univ]sal ,s\l also is d]iv$4 ,we h already %[n t !re is "o ,s\l 7! univ]sal7 & sev]al s\ls 7human s\ls72 & we h also def9$ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! p>ts & ! :ole4 ,la/1 we h also spok5 ( ! diff]5ce exi/+ betwe5 s\ls4 ,let u n[ return to ! latt] po9t4 ,,diff]5ce ,,betwe5 ,,s\ls4 ,?is diff]5ce betwe5 s\ls is caus$ pr9cipally by ! con/itution ( ! bodies !y animate2 also by ! moral habits1 ! activities1 ! ?\ghts & behavior ( ^! s\ls 9 e>li] exi/5ce4 ,accord+ to ,plato#aji ! *oice ( ! s\ls' condition dep5ds on _! ant]ior exi/5ce4 ,on obs]v+ ! nature ( s\ls 9 g5]al1 we f9d t ,plato recognizes diff]5ces betwe5 !m by say+ t "s s\ls occupy ! second or ?ird ranks4#aaj ,n[ we h said t all s\ls are 7pot5tially7 all ?+s1#aaa t ea* is *>act]iz$ by ! faculty pr9cipally ex]cis$ !reby1 t is1 t "s s\ls unite ) ! intelligible _w by actualization1 :ile o!rs d s 9 ?\ght or desire4#aab ,s\ls1 ?us contemplat+ diff]5t objects1 are & become all t !y contemplate4 ,fulness & p]fection also belong to s\l1 b 9 ?is respect !y are n all id5tical1 because v>iety is ! law t directs _! co-ord9ation4 ,inde$1 ! univ]sal#aac reason is on ! "o h& manifold1 & on ! o!r v>i$1 l a be+ t is animate1 & :i* possesses manifold =ms4#aad ,9 ?is case1 !re is co-ord9ation2 be+s are n entirely sep>at$ f ea* o!r1 & !re is no place = *ance ei!r 9 real be+s1 nor 9 bodies2 consequ5tly ! numb] ( be+s is def9ite4 ,to be individual1 be+s mu/ fir/ be /able1 !n !y mu/ rema9 id5tical1 & la/1 !y mu/ num]ically be "o 9 ord] to a*ieve individuality4 ,bodies :i* by nature p]petually ooze away1 because = !m =m is some?+ incid5tal1 nev] possess =mal exi/5ce b by _! p>ticipation 9 7& imitation (71 g5u9e ,be+s4 ,on ! contr>y1 = ! latt]1 t are n composite1 exi/5ce consi/s 9 ea* ( !m be+ num]ically s+le1 9 possess+ ?is unity :i* dates f ! beg9n+1 :i* does n become :at x 0 n1 & :i* w nev] cease be+ :at x is4 ,if inde$ !y _c exi/ )\t "s produc+ pr9ciple1 t pr9ciple w n d]ive !m f matt]4 ,x w h to add to !m some?+ f its own be+4 ,b if intelligible entities ?us h at times m1 & at times less1 p]fection1 !y w *ange2 :i* w\ld contradict _! 7nature1 or7 be+1 :i* is to rema9 id5tical4 ,:y inde$ %\ld !y become su* z !y are n[1 & :y %\ld !y n always h be5 su* z !y n[ are8 ,fur!r1 if !y be at times m or less p]fect1 if !y become1 !y are n et]nal4 ,b x is grant$ t ! ,s\l 7z an intelligible be+7 is et]nal4 ,,l ,,! ,,div9ity1 ,,! ,,s\l ,,is ,,always ,,"o4 7,x might /ill be ask$7 :e!r :at is /able c be call$ inf9ite8 ,t :i* is /able is pot5tially inf9ite1 because its p[] is inf9ite )\t be+ also inf9itely divid$2 = ! div9ity too is inf9ite4#aae ,?us ea* s\l is :at ! div9ity's nature is1 )\t receiv+ f any o!r ei!r limit or det]m9ate quantity4 ,! s\l ext5ds z f> z %e wi%es4 ,%e is nev] =c$ to g fur!r1 b ev]y:]e %e desc5ds t[>ds bodies & p5etrates into !m1 accord+ to h] nature4 ,besides1 %e nev] sep>ates f h]self1 ?\gh pres5t 9 f+] or 9 foot4 ,n o!rwise is x ) ! univ]se3 :]ev] ! ,s\l p5etrates1 %e ev] rema9s indivisible1 z :5 %e p5etrates into ! diff]5t p>ts ( a plant4 ,!n1 if y cut a c]ta9 "p1 ! pr9ciple :i* communicates life to x rema9s pres5t bo? 9 ! plant & 9 ! "p deta*$ !refrom4 ,! body ( ! univ]se is s+le1 & ! ,s\l is ev]y:]e 9 h] unity4 ,,s\l ,,p[]s ,,rema9 ,,! ,,same ,,?r\gh\t ,,all ,,*anges ,,( ,,body4 ,:5 numb]less v]m9 arise out ( ! putrefaction ( a body1 !y d n d]ive _! life f ! s\l ( ! entire animal2 ! latt] has ab&on$ ! body ( ! animal1 &1 be+ dead1 no long] dwells 9 ! body4 ,b ! matt] d]iv$ f putrefaction1 be+ well suit$ = ! g5]ation ( v]m91 ea* receives a diff]5t s\l1 because ! 7univ]sal7 ,s\l is n lack+ any:]e4 ,nev]!less1 z "o "p ( ! body is capable ( receiv+ h]1 :ile ano!r is n1 ! p>ts t ?us become animat$ d n increase ! numb] ( s\ls2 = ea* ( ^! little be+s dep5ds1 z f> z %e rema9s "o1 on ! s+le ,s\l 7t is1 on ! univ]sal ,s\l74 ,?is /ate ( affairs resembles t 9 u4 ,:5 "s p>ts ( our bodies are cut (f1 & :5 o!rs gr[ 9 _! place1 our s\l ab&ons ! =m]1 & unites ) ! latt]1 9 s f> z %e rema9s "o4 ,n[ ! ,s\l ( ! univ]se ev] rema9s "o2 & ?\gh amid/ ?+s conta9$ )9 ?is univ]se1 "s are animate1 :ile o!rs are inanimate1 ! s\l-p[]s nev]!less rema9 ! same4 ,b4 ,,:y ,,& ,,h[ ,,d ,,s\ls ,,desc5d ,,into ,,bodies8 ,,two ,,k9ds ,,( ,,transmigration4 #i4 ,let u n[ exam9e h[ x happ5s t ! s\l desc5ds into ! body1 & 9 :at mann] ?is occurs2 = x is suffici5tly a/oni%+ & rem>kable4 ,= a s\l1 !re are two k9ds ( entrance into a body4 ,! fir/ occurs :5 ! s\l1 already dwell+ 9 a body1 und]goes a transmigration2 t is1 passes f an a]ial or igne\s body into a t]re/rial body4 ,?is is n usually call$ a transmigration1 because ! condition f :i* ! s\l comes is n visible4 ,! o!r k9d occurs :5 ! s\l passes f an incorporeal condition into any k9d ( a body1 & ?us = ! fir/ "t ent]s into relations ) a body4#aaf ,,/udy ,,( ,,fir/ ,,inc>nation4 ,we mu/ "h exam9e :at1 9 ! latt] case1 is exp]i5c$ by ! s\l :i*1 till !n pure f all deal+s ) ! body1 = ! fir/ "t surr\nds h]self ) t k9d ( a sub/ance4 ,besides1 x is n only j b ev5 necess>y = u to beg9 by a consid]ation ( 7?is ev5t 97 ! univ]sal ,s\l4 ,to say t ! ,s\l ent]s ! body ( ! univ]se & comes to animate x1 is no m ?an a /atem5t made to cl>ify our ?\ghts2 = ! succession 9 h] actions ?us e/abli%$ is purely v]bal4 ,!re nev] 0 a mom5t :5 ! univ]se 0 n animat$1 :5 its body exi/$ )\t ! ,s\l1 or :5 matt] exi/$ )\t =m4#aag ,b ^! ?+s c be sep>at$ 9 ?\ght & spee*1 s9ce z soon z an object is =m$1 x is always possible to analyse x by ?\ght & spee*4 ,t is ! tru?4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,univ]se ,,is ,,animat$ ,,by ,,! ,,_w ,,s\l4 ,if !re 7 no body1 ! s\l c\ld n h any procession1 s9ce ! body is ! natural locality ( h] developm5t4 ,z ! s\l mu/ ext5d1 %e w beget a receiv+ locality1 & w1 consequ5tly1 produce ! body4 ,! s\l's re/ is bas$1 & dep5ds = gr[? on 7! intellectual category (7 re/ itself4 ,! s\l ?us resembles an imm5se light :i* weak5s z x becomes m di/ant f its s\rce1 s t at ! extremity ( its radiation1 x has become no m ?an an adumbration4 ,h[ev]1 ! s\l evid5tly gave a =m to ?is adumbration f ! v beg9n+ ( ?+s4 ,x 01 inde$1 by no means suitable t :at approa*$ ! s\l %\ld 9 no way p>ticipate 9 reason#aah2 consequ5tly !re came to be an adumbration ( reason 9 7matt]71 ?is adumbration be+ ! s\l4 ,! univ]se ?us became a beautiful & v>i$ dwell+1 :i* 0 n depriv$ ( ! pres5ce#aai ( ! univ]sal ,s\l by h] n totally incorporat+ )9 x4 ,%e judg$ t ! :ole univ]se 0 wor?y ( h] c>e1 & %e ?us gave x z mu* be+ & beauty z x 0 able to receive1 )\t h]self los+ any ( x1 because %e manages ! _w :ile h]self rema9+ above x 9 ! intelligible sph]e4 ,by s animat+ x1 %e ?us grants x h] pres5ce1 )\t becom+ its prop]ty2 %e dom9ates x1 & possesses x1 )\t be+1 !reby1 dom9at$ or possess$4 ,! univ]se1 inde$1 is 9 ! conta9+ ,s\l1 & p>ticipates !re9 entirely4 7,! univ]se is 9 ! ,s\l z is7 a net 9 ! sea1 on all sides p5etrat$ & envelop$ by life1 )\t ev] be+ able to appropriate x4 ,s f> z x c1 ?is net ext5ds along ) ! sea1 = none ( its p>ts c\ld be else:]e ?an x is4 ,by nature ! univ]sal ,s\l is imm5se1 because h] magnitude is n def9ite2 s t by "o & ! same p[] %e embraces ! entire body ( ! _w1 & is pres5t ?r\gh\t ! :ole ext5sion4 ,)\t x1 ! _w-,s\l w\ld make no ef=t to proce$ into ext5sion1 = by h]self %e is all t x is h] nature to be4 ,! magnitude ( ! univ]se !re=e is det]m9$ by t ( ! location ( ! ,s\l2 & ! limits ( its ext5t are ^? ( ! space )9 :i* x is animat$ by h]4 ,! ext5sion ( ! adumbration ( ! ,s\l is !re=e det]m9$ by t ( ! reason :i* radiates f ?is focus ( light2 & on ! o!r h&1 ?is reason 0 to produce su* an ext5sion z its nature urg$ x to produce4#abj ,,! ,,_w-,,s\l ,,progressively ,,in=ms ,,all ,,?+s4 #aj4 ,n[ let u return to t :i* has always be5 :at x is4 ,let u1 9 ?\ght1 embrace all be+s3 air1 light1 sun1 & moon4 ,let u !n consid] ! sun1 ! light1 & s =?1 z be+ all ?+s1 )\t ev] =gett+ t !re are ?+s t occupy ! fir/ rank1 o!rs ! second1 or ! ?ird4 ,let u1 at ! summit ( ?is s]ies ( be+s1 conceive ( ! univ]sal ,s\l z subsi/+ et]nally4 ,let u !n posit t :i* holds ! fir/ rank aft] h]1 & ?us cont9ue till we arrive at ! ?+s t occupy ! la/ rank1 & :i*1 z x 71 are ! la/ glimm]+s ( ! light %$ by ! s\l4 ,let u repres5t ^! ?+s z an ext5sion fir/ d>k1 & !n lat] illum9at$ by ! =m :i* comes to impress itself on an orig9ally d>k backgr\nd4 ,?is backgr\nd is embelli%$ by reason 9 virtue ( ! entire univ]sal ,s\l's indep5d5t p[] ( embelli%+ matt] by means ( reasons1 j z ! sem9al reasons !mselves fa%ion & =m animals z microcosms4 ,accord+ to its nature1 ! ,s\l gives a =m to ev]y?+ %e t\*es4 ,%e produces )\t casual conception1 )\t ! delays ( delib]ation1 or ( ^? ( volunt>y det]m9ation4 ,o!rwise1 %e w\ld n be act+ accord+ to h] nature1 b accord+ to ! precepts ( a borr[$ art4 ,art1 inde$1 is po/]ior to nature4 ,art imitates by produc+ obscure & feeble imitations ( nature's works1 toys )\t value or m]it2 & besides1 art makes use ( a great batt]y ( app>atus to produce ^! images4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! univ]sal ,s\l1 dom9at+ bodies by virtue ( h] nature 7be+7 makes !m become & be :at %e desires2 = ! ?+s !mselves t exi/ s9ce ! beg9n+ _c raise resi/ance to h] w4 ,9 inf]ior ?+s1 z ! result ( mutual ob/ruction1 matt] does n receive ! exact =m t ! 7sem9al7 reason conta9s 9 g]m4 ,b z ! univ]sal ,s\l produces ! univ]sal =m1 & z all ?+s are !re9 co-ord9at$1 ! "w is beautiful because x is realiz$ )\t tr\ble or ob/acle4 ,9 ! univ]se !re are temples = ! div9ities1 h\ses = m51 & o!r objects adapt$ to ! ne$s ( o!r be+s4 ,:at inde$ c\ld ! ,s\l create if n :at %e has ! p[] to create8 ,z fire w>ms1 z sn[ cools1 ! s\l acts n[ )9 h]self1 & !n outside ( h]self1 & on o!r objects4 ,! action :i* inanimate be+s elicit f !mselves slumb]s1 z x 71 )9 !m2 & t :i* !y ex]t on o!rs consi/s 9 assimilat+ to !mselves t :i* is capable ( an exp]i5ce4 ,to r5d] ! re/ simil> to itself1 is inde$ ! common *>act]i/ic ( e be+4 ,! s\l's p[] ( act+ on h]self & on o!rs is a vigilant faculty4 ,x communicates life to be+s :o d n h x 9 !mselves1 & ! life communicat$ to !m is simil> to ! life ( ! s\l h]self4 ,n[ z ! s\l lives 9 reason1 %e imp>ts a reason to ! body1 :i* reason is an image ( ! "o %e h]self possesses4 ,inde$1 :at %e communicates to ! bodies is an image ( life4 ,%e also imp>ts to !m ! %apes ^: reasons %e conta9s4 ,n[ z %e possesses ! reasons ( all ?+s1 ev5 ( ! div9ities1 ! _w conta9s all ?+s4 ,,! ,,univ]sal ,,s\l ,,z ,,model ,,( ,,reason1 ,,z ,,int]m$i>y ,,& ,,int]pret]4 #aa4 ,! anci5t sages1 :o wi%$ to mat]ialize ! div9ities by mak+ /atues ( !m1 seem to me to h well judg$ ! nature ( ! univ]se4 ,!y und]/ood t ! be+ ( ! univ]sal ,s\l 0 easy to attract any:]e1 t h] pres5ce c easily be summon$ 9 ev]y?+ suit$ to receive h] action1 & ?us to p>ticipate some:at 9 h] p[]4 ,n[ any?+ is suit$ to und]go ! action ( ! s\l :5 x l5ds itself l a mirror to ! reflection ( any k9d ( an image4 ,9 ! univ]se nature mo/ arti/ically =ms all be+s 9 ! image ( ! reasons x conta9s4 ,9 ea* ( 7nature's7 works ! 7sem9al7 reason t is unit$ to matt]1 be+ ! image ( ! reason sup]ior to ! matt] 7( ! idea71 reatta*es itself to div9ity 7to ,intellig5ce71 accord+ to :i* x 0 begott51 & :i* ! univ]sal ,s\l contemplat$ :ile creat+4#aba ,x 0 !re=e equally impossible t !re %\ld be "h bel[ any?+ :i* did n p>ticipate 9 ! div9ity1 & :i* ! latt] br\ght d[n "h bel[2 = 7! div9ity7 is ,intellig5ce1 ! sun t %9es !re on high4 ,let u consid] 7! univ]sal ,s\l7 z ! model ( reason4 ,bel[ ! ,intellig5ce is ! ,s\l1 :i* dep5ds on x1 :i* subsi/s by & ) x4 ,! ,s\l holds to ?is sun 7( ,intellig5ce72 ! ,s\l is ! int]m$i>y by :i* ! be+s "h bel[ are reatta*$ to intelligible be+s2 %e is ! int]pret] ( ?+s :i* desc5d f ! intelligible _w into ! s5se-_w1 & ( ! ?+s ( ! s5se-_w :i* return into ! intelligible _w4 ,inde$1 intelligible ?+s are n sep>at$ f ea* o!r2 !y are di/+ui%$ only by _! diff]5ce & _! con/itution4 ,ea* ( !m rema9s )9 itself1 )\t any relation to locality2 !y are simultane\sly unit$ & sep>ate4 ,! be+s t we call div9ities des]ve to be consid]$ su* because !y nev] sw]ve f intelligible entities1 because !y dep5d on ! univ]sal ,s\l consid]$ 9 h] pr9ciple1 at ! v mom5t ( ! ,s\l's issu+ f ,intellig5ce4 ,?us ^! be+s are div9ities by virtue ( ! v pr9ciple to :i* !y owe _! exi/5ce1 & because !y devote !mselves to ! contemplation ( ,intellig5ce1 f :i* ! univ]sal ,s\l h]self does n di/ract h] gaze4 ,,s\ls ,,are ,,n ,,cut ,,(f ,,f ,,intellig5ce ,,dur+ ,,_! ,,desc5t ,,& ,,asc5t4 #ab4 ,human s\ls ru% d[n "h bel[ because !y h gaz$ at _! images 79 matt]7 z 9 ! mirror ( ,bac*us4 ,nev]!less1 !y are n sep>at$ f _! pr9ciple1 ,intellig5ce4 ,_! intellig5ce does n desc5d along ) !m1 s t ev5 if by _! feet !y t\* ! e>?1 _! head rises above ! sky4#abb ,!y desc5d all ! l[] z ! body1 ov] :i* _! int]m$i>y "p is to wat*1 has m ne$ ( c>e4 ,b _! fa!r ,jupit]1 pity+ _! tr\bles1 made _! bonds mortal4 ,at c]ta9 int]vals1 he grants !m re/1 deliv]+ !m f ! body1 s t !y may return to inhabit ! region :]e ! univ]sal ,s\l ev] dwells1 )\t incl9+ t[>ds ?+s "h bel[4#abc ,inde$ :at ! univ]se at pres5t possesses suffices x bo? n[ & 9 ! future1 s9ce its duration is regulat$ by et]nal & immutable reasons1 & because1 :5 "o p]iod is f9i%$1 x aga9 beg9s to run ?r\gh ano!r :]e all ! lives are det]m9$ 9 accordance ) ! ideas4#abd ,9 t way all ?+s "h bel[ are subject$ to intelligible ?+s1 & simil>ly all is subord9at$ to a s+le reason1 ei!r 9 ! desc5t or 9 ! asc5sion ( s\ls1 or 9 _! activities 9 g5]al4 ,?is is prov$ by ! agreem5t betwe5 ! univ]sal ord] & ! movem5ts ( ! s\ls :i* by desc5d+ "h bel[1 con=m to ?is ord] )\t dep5d+ on x2 & p]fectly h>monize ) ! circul> movem5t ( heav54 ,?us ! actions1 =tunes & de/9ies ev] are prefigur$ 9 ! figures =m$ by ! />s4#abe ,t is ! symphony ^: s\nd is s melodi\s t ! anci5ts express$ x symbolically by musical h>mony4#abf ,n[ ?is c\ld n be ! case unless all ! actions & exp]i5ces ( ! univ]se 7 7well7 regulat$ by reasons :i* det]m9e its p]iods1 ! ranks ( s\ls1 _! exi/5ces1 ! c>e]s t !y accompli% 9 ! intelligible _w1 or 9 heav51 or on ! e>?4 ,! univ]sal ,intellig5ce ev] rema9s above ! heav51 & dwell+ !re entirely1 )\t ev] issu+ f itself2 x radiates into ! s5se-_w by ! int]m$iation ( ! ,s\l :i*1 plac$ beside x1 receives ! impression ( ! idea1 & transmits x to inf]ior ?+s1 n[ immutably1 & !n *angeably1 b nev]!less 9 a regulat$ mann]4 ,,:y ,,s\ls ,,take ,,on ,,diff]5t ,,k9ds ,,( ,,bodies4 ,s\ls d n always desc5d equally2 !y desc5d sometimes l[]1 sometimes less l[1 b always 9 ! same k9d ( be+s 7among liv+ be+s74 ,ea* s\l ent]s into ! body prep>$ to receive h]1 :i* corresponds to ! nature to :i* ! s\l has become assimilat$ by its disposition2 =1 accord+ z ! s\l has become simil> to ! nature ( a man or ( a brute1 %e ent]s into a correspond+ body4 ,,h[ ,,s\ls ,,come ,,to ,,desc5d4 #ac4 ,:at is call$ inevitable necessity & div9e ju/ice consi/s 9 ! sway ( nature :i* causes ea* s\l to proce$ 9 an ord]ly mann] into ! bodily image :i* has become ! object ( h] affection1 & ( h] pr$om9at+ disposition4 ,consequ5tly ! s\l1 by h] =m1 entirely approa*es ! object t[>ds :i* h] int]ior disposition be>s h]4 ,?us %e is l$ & introduc$ :]e %e is to g2 n t %e is =c$ to desc5d at any p>ticul> mom5t into any p>ticul> body2 b1 at a fix$ mom5t1 %e desc5ds z x 7 spontane\sly :]e %e ought to ent]4 ,ea* 7s\l7 has h] own h\r4 ,:5 ?is h\r arrives1 ! s\l desc5ds z if a h]ald 0 call+ h]1 & %e p5etrates into ! body prep>$ to receive h]1 z if %e _h be5 ma/]$ & set 9 motion by =ces & p[]ful attractions ex]t$ by magic4#abg ,simil>ly 9 an animal1 nature adm9i/]s all ! organs1 solves or begets ev]y?+ 9 its own "t1 gr[s ! be>d or ! horns1 gives special incl9ations & p[]s to ! be+1 :5ev] !y become necess>y4 ,simil>ly1 9 plants1 7nature7 produces fl[]s or fruits at ! prop] season4 ,! desc5t ( s\ls into ! bodies is nei!r volunt>y nor =c$2 x is n volunt>y1 s9ce x is n *os5 or cons5t$ to by s\ls4 ,x is n compulsory1 9 ! s5se t ! latt] obey only a natural impulsion1 j z "o might be l$ to m>riage1 or to ! accompli%m5t ( v>i\s hone/ actions1 r by in/9ct ?an by reason+4 ,nev]!less1 !re is always some?+ fatal = ea* s\l4 ,"o accompli%es h] de/9y at "s "o mom5t2 ! o!r s\l at "s o!r mom5t4 ,likewise1 ! intellig5ce t is sup]ior to ! _w also has some?+ fatal 9 its exi/5ce1 s9ce itself has its own de/9y1 :i* is to dwell 9 ! intelligible _w1 & to make its light radiate !refrom4 ,?us individuals come "h bel[ by virtue ( ! common law to :i* !y are subject$4 ,ea* "o1 inde$1 be>s )9 himself ?is common law1 a law :i* does n d]ive its p[] f outside1 b :i* dep5ds on ! nature ( ^? :o are subject to x1 because x is innate 9 !m4 ,consequ5tly all volunt>ily c>ry out its decrees at ! pr$e/9$ "t1 because ?is law impels !m to _! goal2 & because1 d]iv+ its =ce f ^? :om x comm&s1 x presses & /imulates !m & inspires !m ) ! desire to g :i!r _! int]ior vocation calls !m4 ,,by ,a ,,pun ,,on ,,_w ,,& ,,adornm5t1 ,,plot9os ,,%[s ,,m5 ,,add ,,to ,,! ,,beauty ,,( ,,! ,,_w4 #ad4 ,t is h[ ?is _w1 :i* already conta9s _m lights1 & :i* is illum9at$ by s\ls1 f9ds itself /ill fur!r adorn$ by ! v>i\s beauties d]iv$ f diff]5t be+s4 ,x receives beauties f ! intelligible div9ities & f ! o!r intellig5ces :i* furni% x ) s\ls4 ,?is is probably ! allegorical int5t ( ! foll[+ my?4 ,,by ,a ,,pun ,,on ,,prome!us ,,& ,,provid5ce1 ,,plot9os ,,employs ,,! ,,my? ,,( ,,p&ora4 7,foll[+ bo? ,hesiod & ! ,gno/ics1 ,plot9os relates t7 a woman 0 =m$ by ,prome!us1 & adorn$ by ! o!r div9ities4 ,?is piece ( clay1 aft] hav+ be5 knead$ ) wat]1 0 end[$ ) a human voice1 & receiv$ a =m simil> to ! deities4 ,!n ,v5us1 ! ,graces & ! o!r deities ea* gave h] a gift4 ,t is :y ?is woman 0 call$ ,p&ora1 because 7z h] "n implies1 9 ,greek7 %e _h receiv$ gifts1 :i* _h be5 giv5 by all ! div9ities4 ,all1 9 fact1 made "s pres5t to ?is piece ( clay already fa%ion$ by "s k9d ( provid5ce 7,prome!ia1 or ,prome!us74 ,:5 ,epime!us rejects ! gift ( ,prome!us1 x only indicates t x is bett] to live 9 ! intelligible _w4#abh ,! creator ( ,p&ora1 h[ev]1 is b\nd because he seems atta*$ to 8 "w4 ,b ?is bond is entirely ext]ior1 & x is brok5 by ,h]cules1 because ! latt] possesses a lib]at+ p[]4 ,:atev] o!r int]pretation ! my? ( ,p&ora may receive1 x mu/ /ill signify gifts receiv$ by ! _w1 & its import mu/ agree ) our tea*+4 ,,:y ,,_m ,,s\ls ,,succumb ,,to ,,! ,,law ,,( ,,! ,,ord] ,,( ,,! ,,univ]se4 #ae4 ,on desc5d+ f ! intelligible _w1 s\ls fir/ come into heav51 & !y !re take a body by means ( :i* !y pass ev5 into t]re/rial bodies1 accord+ z !y m or less advance 7outside ( ! intelligible _w74 ,!re are "s :o issue f heav5 into ! bodies ( an inf]ior nature2 !re are "s also :o pass f "o body into ano!r4 ,! latt] no long] h ! p[] to reasc5d into ! intelligible _w because !y h =gott52 !y are weight$ d[n by ! burd5 !y c>ry along ) !mselves4 ,n[ s\ls diff] ei!r by ! bodies to :i* !y are unit$1 or by _! diff]5t de/9ies1 or by _! k9d ( life1 or by _! primitive nature4 ,?us diff]+ f ea* o!r 9 all ^! relations1 or 9 only "s1 ! s\ls "h bel[ ei!r succumb to fate1 or are alt]nately subject$ to x1 & lib]at$2 or1 :ile support+ :at is necess>y1 pres]ve ! lib]ty ( devot+ !mselves to actions t are *>act]i/ic ( !m1 & live accord+ to "s o!r law1 foll[+ ! ord] t rules ! :ole univ]se4 ,?is ord] embraces all ! 7sem9al7 reasons1 & all ! causes1 ! movem5ts ( ! s\ls1 & ! div9e laws4 ,x agrees ) ^! laws1 x borr[s f !m its pr9ciples1 & relates !reto all ?+s t are its consequ5ces4 ,x pres]ves 9 an imp]i%able condition all ! be+s :i* are able to pres]ve !mselves con=mably to ! con/itution ( ! intelligible _w4 ,x leads ! o!r be+s :i!r _! nature calls !m1 s t :i!rsoev] !y may desc5d1 !re is a cause :i* assigns to !m "s p>ticul> position or condition4 ,,! ,,significance ,,( ,,mis=tunes ,,& ,,puni%m5ts4 #af4 ,! puni%m5ts :i* ju/ly ov]take ! evil mu/ !re=e be d]iv$ f t ,ord] :i* rules all ?+s ) propriety4 ,! unju/ evils1 accid5ts1 mis]y & diseases :i* seem to ov]:elm ! good1 may all be said to be consequ5ces ( ant]ior faults4 ,^! evils are intimately relat$ to ! c\rse ( ev5ts1 & are ev5 repres5t$ !re9 by _! signs1 s t !y seem to happ5 accord+ to ! ,reason 7( ! univ]se74 ,we mu/ h[ev] ackn[l$ge t !y are n produc$ by natural reasons1 t !y are n )9 ! purview ( ,provid5ce1 & t !y are only its accid5tal consequ5ces4 ,?us :5 a h\se happ5s to fall1 x buries anybody bel[ x1 :oev] he may happ5 to be2 or aga91 :e!r "s regul> movem5t drives on "s "o ?+1 or ev5 sev]al ?+s1 x breaks or cru%es any?+ t happ5s to lie 9 its pa?4 ,^! accid5ts :i* seem unju/1 are n evils = ^? :o suff] !m1 if y consid] h[ !y take _! place )9 ! legitimate ord] ( ! univ]se2 p]haps ev5 !y con/itute j *a/isem5ts & are ! expiations ( e>li] faults4 ,x w\ld be incr$ible t "o s]ies ( be+s 9 ! univ]se %\ld obey its ord]1 :ile ano!r s]ies %\ld be subject to *ance or caprice4 ,if ev]y?+ happ5 ?r\gh causes & natural consequ5ces1 9 con=mity ) a s+le reason1 & to a s+le ord]1 ! smalle/ ?+s mu/ =m "p ( t ord]1 & agree ) x4 ,inju/ice practic$ aga9/ somebody else is an inju/ice = him :o commits x1 & mu/ attract a puni%m5t to him2 b by ! place :i* x holds 9 ! univ]sal ord]1 x is n an inju/ice1 ev5 = him :o suff]s x4 ,x _h to be ?us4 ,if ! victim ( ?is inju/ice 0 an hone/ man1 = him x c h only a happy end+4 ,?is univ]sal ord] mu/ n be accus$ ( be+ undiv9e & unju/1 b we %\ld insi/ t di/ributive ju/ice ex]cises itself ) p]fect propriety4 ,if c]ta9 ?+s seem wor?y ( blame1 x is because !y are due to secret causes t escape our k4 ,,f ,,! ,,intelligible ,,_w1 ,,s\ls ,,fir/ ,,g ,,into ,,heav54 #ag4 ,f ! intelligible _w s\ls fir/ desc5d into ! heav54 ,= if ! heav5 is ! be/ "p ( ! s5se-_w1 x mu/ be ne>e/ to ! limits ( ! intelligible _w4 ,! cele/ial bodies are !re=e ! fir/ t receive ! s\ls1 be+ mo/ fitt$ to receive !m4 ,! t]re/rial body is animat$ ! la/1 & x is suit$ to ! reception ( an inf]ior s\l only1 because x is m di/ant f ! incorporeal nature4 ,all s\ls fir/ illum9ate ! sky1 & radiate f x _! fir/ & pure/ rays2 ! rema9d] is lit up by inf]ior p[]s4 ,!re are s\ls :i*1 desc5d+ l[]1 illum9ate inf]ior ?+s2 b !y d n ga9 any?+ 9 gett+ s f> f _! orig94 ,,! ,,desc5d+ ,,graduations ,,( ,,exi/5ce4 ,we mu/ imag9e a c5tre1 & ar\nd ?is c5tre a lum9\s sph]e t radiates f 7,intellig5ce74 ,!n1 ar\nd ?is sph]e1 lies a second "o t also is lum9\s1 b only z a light lit f ano!r light 7! univ]sal ,s\l74 ,!n1 beyond & outside ( ^! sph]es lies a fur!r "o1 :i* no m is light1 b :i* is illum9at$ only by an ali5 light1 = lack ( a light peculi> to 7?is _w ( ours74 ,outside ( ^? two sph]es !re is inde$ a rhomboid1 or r ano!r sph]e1 t receives its light f ! second sph]e1 & :i* receives x ! m int5sely1 ! clos] x is !reto4 ,! great light 7,intellig5ce7 %$s its light ?\gh rema9+ )9 itself1 & ! brilliancy t radiates ar\nd x 7on to ! s\l7 is reason4 ,o!r s\ls radiate also1 "s by rema9+ unit$ to ! univ]sal ,s\l1 o!rs by desc5d+ l[] 9 ord] bett] to illum9ate ! bodies to :i* !y devote _! c>e2 b ^! c>es are tr\bl\s4 ,z ! pilot :o /e]s 8 %ip ov] ! tr\bl$ waves =gets himself 9 ! ef=t ( 8 "w1#abi to ! po9t ( =gett+ t he exposes himself to p]i% ) ! %ip 9 ! %ipwreck1 likewise s\ls are dragg$ d[n 7into ! abyss ( matt]7 by ! att5tion !y devote to ! bodies t !y gov]n4 ,!n !y are *a9$ to _! de/9y1 z if fasc9at$ by a magic attraction1 b really reta9$ by ! pot5t bonds ( nature4 ,if e body 7 z p]fect z ! univ]se1 x w\ld completely suffice itself1 x w\ld h no dang] to fe>1 & ! s\l t is pres5t )9 x1 in/ead ( ?is1 c\ld communicate life to x )\t leav+ ! intelligible _w4 ,c4 ,,does ,,! ,,s\l ,,employ ,,discursive ,,reason ,,:ile ,,disc>nate8 ,,! ,,s\l ,,does ,,n ,,use ,,discursive ,,reason ,,except ,,:ile ,,h9d]$ ,,by ,,! ,,ob/acles ,,( ,,! ,,body4 #ah4 ,does ! s\l ratioc9ate be=e ent]+ ^u ! body1 & aft] hav+ left x8 ,no3 %e reasons only :ile 9 a body1 because %e is unc]ta91 emb>rass$ & weak5$4 ,to ne$ to reason 9 ord] to arrive at complete k always betrays weak5+ ( intellect4 ,9 ! arts reason+ occurs only :5 ! arti/ hesitates be=e "s ob/acle4 ,:]e !re is no difficulty 9 ! matt]1 art ma/]s x1 & produces its "w in/antly4 ,,! ,,s\l ,,c ,,reason ,,intuitionally ,,)\t ,,ratioc9ation4 7,x might be object$7 t if ! s\ls on high d n reason1 !y w no long] be reasonable4 ,!y rema9 reasonable1 h[ev]1 because !y are well able to p5etrate into ! ess5ce ( some?+1 :5ev] ! occasion dem&s x4 ,ratioc9ation %\ld be consid]$ z foll[s4 ,if x consi/ 9 a disposition t is always d]iv$ f ,intellig5ce1 9 an imman5t act1 a reflection ( ?is p[] 9 s\ls1 ^! mu/ also reason 9 ! intelligible _w2 b !n !y h no fur!r ne$ ( language4 ,likewise1 :5 !y inhabit heav51 nei!r d !y ne$ to take rec\rse to spee*1 z d ! s\ls "h bel[1 z a result ( _! ne$s & unc]ta9ties4 ,!y act 9 an ord]ly mann]1 & 9 con=mity ) nature1 )\t prem$itation or delib]ation4 ,!y "k ea* o!r by a simple intuition1 z ev5 "h bel[ we "k our l )\t _! talk+ to u1 by a m]e glance4 ,on high e body is pure & transp>5t4 ,ea* p]son !re1 is1 z x 71 an eye4 ,no?+ is hidd5 or simulat$4 ,be=e y h spok51 y\r ?\ght is already kn[n4 ,x is probable t spee* is us$ by ! gu>dians & o!r liv+ inhabitants ( ! air1 = !y are liv+ be+s4 ,d4 ,,h[ ,,c ,,! ,,s\l ,,simultane\sly ,,be ,,divisible ,,& ,,indivisible8 ,a ,,decision ,,w ,,dep5d ,,on ,,! ,,mean+ ,,( ,,! ,,t]ms4 #ai4 ,mu/ we consid] t 79 ! s\l71 ! indivisible & ! divisible are id5tical1 z if !y 7 m+l$ toge!r8 ,or %\ld we consid] ! di/9ction betwe5 ! indivisible & ! divisible f "s o!r po9t ( view8 ,%\ld ! fir/ be consid]$ z ! high] "p ( ! s\l1 & ! latt] z ! l[]1 j exactly z we say t "o "p ( ! s\l is rational1 & ! o!r "p is irrational8 ,su* que/ions c be answ]$ only by a close scrut9y ( ! nature ( ! divisibility & indivisibility ( ! s\l4 ,,! ,,body ,,ne$s ,,! ,,s\l ,,= ,,life4 ,:5 ,plato#acj says t ! s\l is indivisible1 he speaks absolutely4 ,:5 he insi/s t %e is divisible1 x is always relatively 7to ! body74 ,he does inde$ say t %e becomes divisible 9 ! bodies1 b n t %e has become su*4 ,let u n[ exam9e h[1 by h] nature1 ! body ne$s ! s\l to live1 & :at necessity !re is = ! s\l to be pres5t 9 ! entire body4 ,,s5se1 ,,gr[? ,,& ,,emotion ,,t5d ,,t[>ds ,,divisibility4 ,by ! m]e fact t x feels by means ( ! entire body1 e s5se-p[] und]goes division4 ,s9ce x is pres5t ev]y:]e1 x may be said to be divid$4 ,b z1 on ! o!r h&1 x manife/s itself ev]y:]e z a :ole1 x _c really be consid]$ z divid$4 ,we _c g fur!r ?an ! /atem5t t x becomes divisible 9 bodies4 ,"s might object t x 0 divid$ only 9 ! s5se ( t\*4 ,x is h[ev] also divid$ 9 ! o!r s5ses1 s9ce x is always ! same body t receives x1 b only less s4 ,! case is ! same ) ! p[] ( gr[? & nutrition2 & if appetite h its seat 9 ! liv]1 & ang] 9 ! he>t1 ^! appetites mu/ be subject to ! same conditions4 ,besides1 x is possible t ! body does n receive ^? appetites 9 a mixture1 or t x receives !m 9 "s o!r mann]1 s t !y result f "s ( ! ?+s t ! body d]ives f ! s\l by p>ticipations4 ,reason & intellig5ce1 h[ev]1 are n communicat$ to ! body because !y /& 9 no ne$ ( any organs to fulfil _! functions4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y f9d 9 !m only an ob/acle to _! op]ations4 ,,! ,,s\l ,,z ,a ,,:ole ,,( ,,two ,,di/9ct ,,divisible ,,& ,,indivisible ,,p>ts4 ,?us ! indivisible & ! divisible are 9 ! s\l two di/9ct p>ts1 & n two ?+s m+l$ toge!r s z to con/itute b a s+le "o4 ,!y =m a s+le :ole compos$ ( two p>ts1 ea* ( :i* is pure & sep>able f ! o!r by its *>act]i/ic p[]4 ,if !n ! "p :i* 9 ! body becomes divisible receives f ! sup]ior "p ! p[] ( be+ indivisible1 ?is same "p might simultane\sly be divisible & indivisible1 z a mixture ( divisible nature & ( ! 7indivisible7 p[] receiv$ by x f ! high] "p4 ,e4 ,,relations ,,betwe5 ,,s\l ,,& ,,body4 ,,if ,,functions ,,are ,,n ,,localiz$ ,,! ,,s\l ,,w ,,n ,,seem ,,entirely ,,)9 ,,u4 #bj4 ,are ! above-m5tion$ & o!r p>ts ( ! s\l localiz$ 9 ! body1 or are "s localiz$1 & o!rs n8 ,?is mu/ be consid]$1 because if none ( ! p>ts ( ! s\l are localiz$1 & if we ass]t t !y are n[h]e ei!r 9 or out ( ! body1 ! latt] w rema9 inanimate1 & we w n be able to expla9 ! mann] ( ! op]ations occurr+ by help ( ! organs4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we assign a location 9 ! body to c]ta9 p>ts ( ! s\l1 )\t localiz+ o!r p>ts1 ! unlocaliz$ p>ts w seem n to be )9 u1 & consequ5tly n ! :ole ( our s\l w seem to be 9 ! body4 ,,space ,,is ,,corporeal2 ,,! ,,body ,,is ,,)9 ,,! ,,s\l4 ,( ! s\l nei!r a "p nor ! :ole is 9 ! body z a locality4 ,! prop]ty ( space is to conta9 "s body4 ,:]e ev]y?+ is divid$ x is impossible = ! :ole to be 9 e "p4 ,b ! s\l is n body1 & ! s\l conta9s ! body r ?an ! body conta9s ! s\l4 ,,nor ,,is ,,! ,,body ,a ,,vase1 ,,= ,,proximate ,,transmission ,,( ,,! ,,s\l4 ,nor is ! s\l 9 ! body z 9 a vase4 ,9 ?is case1 ! body w\ld be inanimate1 & w\ld conta9 ! s\l z 9 a vase or locality4 ,if ! s\l be consid]$ z conc5trat$ 9 h]self & z communicat+ to ! body some?+ ( h]self by close transmission 7z ! ,/oics w\ld say71 t :i* ! s\l w transmit to ?is vase w\ld = h] become some?+ lo/4 ,,_m ,,metaphysical ,,objections ,,to ,,! ,,conception ,,( ,,s\l ,,z ,,localiz$4 ,consid]+ location 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w1 x is incorporeal1 & consequ5tly _c be a body4 ,x w\ld no long] ne$ ! s\l4 ,besides 7if ! s\l be 9 ! body z if 9 a locality7 ! body w approa* ! s\l by its surface1 & n by itself4 ,_m o!r objections c be rais$ to ! !ory t localizes ! s\l 9 ! body4 ,"u ?is hypo!sis1 inde$1 place w\ld h to be c>ri$ ar\nd along ) ! ?+ 9 :i* x w locate4 ,b t :i* w\ld c>ry place ar\nd ) x 7w\ld be a mon/rosity74 ,moreov]1 if ! body be def9$ z be+ an int]val1 x w be /ill less true to say t ! s\l is 9 ! body z a locality2 = an int]val %\ld be empty2 b ! body is n empty1 be+ )9 empt9ess4 ,,nor ,,is ,,! ,,s\l ,,9 ,,! ,,body ,,z ,a ,,quality ,,9 ,a ,,sub/rate4 ,nor w ! s\l be 9 ! body z 7a quality7 is 9 a sub/rate4 ,! attribute ( be+ a sub/rate is a m]e affection1 l a color1 or a figure2 b ! s\l is sep>able f ! body4 ,,nor ,,is ,,! ,,s\l ,,9 ,,! ,,body ,,z ,a ,,"p ,,9 ,,! ,,:ole4 ,nor w ! s\l be 9 ! body z a "p 9 ! :ole2 = ! s\l is n a "p ( ! body4 ,nor is x a "p ( ! liv+ :ole2 = ?is w\ld /ill dem& explanation ( ! mann] ( ?is be+ )9 x4 ,%e w n be )9 x z w9e 9 a j>1 or z "o j> 9 ano!r1 nor z "o ?+ is )9 itself 7z ! ,mani*eans ?\ght74 ,,nor ,,is ,,! ,,s\l ,,9 ,,! ,,body ,,z ,a ,,:ole ,,9 ,a ,,"p4 ,nor w ! s\l be 9 ! body z a :ole is 9 its p>ts2 = x w\ld be ridicul\s to call ! s\l a :ole1 & ! body ! p>ts ( t :ole4 ,,nor ,,w ,,! ,,s\l ,,be ,,9 ,,! ,,body ,,z ,,=m ,,9 ,,matt]4 ,nor w ! s\l be 9 ! body z =m is 9 matt]2 = ! =m t is engag$ 9 matt] is n sep>able4 ,moreov]1 t =m desc5ds ^u matt] implies ! prelim9>y exi/5ce ( matt]2 b x is ! s\l t produces =m 9 matt]2 & !re=e ! s\l mu/ be di/9ct f =m4 ,?\gh ! s\l be n =m begott5 9 matt]1 ! s\l might be a sep>able =m2 b ?is !ory w\ld /ill h to expla9 h[ ?is =m inh]es 9 ! body1 s9ce ! s\l is sep>able f ! body4 ,,! ,,s\l ,,is ,,said ,,to ,,be ,,9 ,,! ,,body ,,because ,,! ,,body ,,alone ,,is ,,visible4 ,all m5 say t ! s\l is 9 ! body1 h[ev]1 because ! s\l is n visible1 :ile ! body is4 ,obs]v+ ! body1 & judg+ t x is animat$ because x moves & feels1 we say t x has a s\l1 & we are !reby l$ to suppose t ! s\l is 9 ! body4 ,b if we c\ld see & feel ! s\l1 & if we c\ld realize t %e surr\nds ! :ole body by ! life %e possesses1 & t %e ext5ds ar\nd x equally on all sides till ! extremities1 we w\ld say t ! s\l is 9 no way 9 ! body1 b t on ! contr>y ! accessory is )9 its pr9ciple1 ! conta9$ )9 ! conta9]1 :at fl[s )9 ! immovable4 ,,?is ,,leaves ,,! ,,"q ,,( ,,! ,,mann] ,,( ,,! ,,s\l',s ,,pres5ce4 #ba4 ,h[ w\ld we answ] a p]son :o1 )\t himself mak+ any /atem5ts 9 reg>d to ! matt]1 %\ld ask u h[ ! s\l is pres5t to ! body2 :e!r ! :ole s\l is pres5t to ! body 9 ! same mann]1 or :e!r "o ( h] p>ts is pres5t 9 "o way1 & ano!r 9 "s o!r way8 ,,! ,,s\l ,,9 ,a ,,body ,,z ,a ,,pilot ,,9 ,a ,,%ip4 ,s9ce none ( ! comp>isons t we h =m]ly exam9$ seems to express ! relation ( ! s\l to ! body1 prop]ly we might say t ! s\l is 9 ! body z ! pilot is 9 ! %ip4#aca ,?is illu/ration is satisfactory 9 t x emphasizes ! s\l's be+ sep>able f ! body2 b x does n prop]ly indicate ! pres5ce ( ! s\l 9 ! body4 ,if ! s\l be pres5t 9 ! body z a pass5g] 9 a %ip1 x w\ld be !re only by accid5t1 & ! illu/ration is n yet satisfactory if *ang$ to ! pilot's pres5ce 9 ! %ip he is /e]+2 = ! pilot is n pres5t to ! :ole ( ! %ip z ! :ole s\l is 9 ! body4#acb ,"o might illu/rate ! s\l's pres5ce 9 ! body z an art inh]es 9 its in/rum5ts2 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! helm1 :i* might be suppos$ to be alive1 conta9+ ! p[] ( /e]+ ! %ip skilfully4 ,?is is /ill unsatisfactory1 because su* an art comes f )\t4 ,! s\l might inde$ be comp>$ to a pilot :o %\ld be inc>nat$ 9 8 helm2 & ! s\l might be 9 ! body z 9 "s natural in/rum5t1#acc s t ! s\l w\ld move x at pleasure4 ,?is h[ev] might /ill fail to expla9 ! mann] 9 :i* ! s\l w\ld exi/ 9 h] in/rum5t4 ,!re=e1 ?\gh ! latt] illu/ration is an improvem5t on ! =m]1 we mu/ /ill seek "o :i* clos] approa*es reality4 ,,! ,,s\l ,,pres5t ,,9 ,,! ,,body ,,z ,,light ,,9 ,,air4 #bb4 ,?is is ! bett] illu/ration3 ! s\l is pres5t 9 ! body z light is pres5t 9 air4 ,light is inde$ pres5t 9 air )\t be+ pres5t to x2 t is1 light is pres5t to ! :ole air )\t m+l+ ) x1 & light rema9s )9 itself :ile ! air escapes4 ,:5 ! air1 )9 :i* light radiates1 )draws f ! light1 ! air keeps none ( ! light2 b x is illum9at$ s long z ! air rema9s subject to ! action ( light4 ,air1 !re=e1 is 9 light1 r ?an light is 9 air4 ,:ile expla9+ ! g5]ation ( ! univ]se1#acd !re=e1 ,plato prop]ly locates ! body 7( ! _w7 9 ! s\l1 & n ! s\l 9 ! body4#ace ,he also /ates t !re is a "p ( ! s\l t conta9s ! body1 & ano!r 9 :i* !re is no body1 9 ?is s5se1 t !re are s\l-p[]s ( :i* ! body has no ne$4 ,! case is simil> ) ! o!r s\ls4 ,_! p[]s 9 g5]al are n pres5t to bodies1 & only ^? p[]s ( :i* ! body /&s 9 ne$ are pres5t to x4 ,^! h[ev] are pres5t to ! body )\t be+ built up ei!r on ! memb]s1 or ^u ! body z a :ole4 ,= s5sation1 ! faculty ( feel+ is entirely pres5t to ! :ole organ :i* is feel+ 7z1 = in/ance1 to ! :ole bra972 likewise = ! o!r functions1 ! diff]5t faculties are ea* pres5t to a diff]5t organ4 ,i %all expla9 myself4 ,,:ile ,,! ,,s\l-,,p[] ,,is ,,ev]y:]e1 ,,! ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,action ,,is ,,localiz$ ,,9 ,,! ,,special ,,organ4 #bc4 ,s9ce1 = ! body1 be+ animat$ am\nts to be+ p5etrat$ by ! light %$ by ! s\l1 e "p ( ! body p>ticipates !re9 9 "s p>ticul> mann]4 ,ea* organ1 accord+ to its fitness1 receives ! p[] suitable to ! function x fulfils4 ,?us we may say t ! p[] ( sight resides 9 ! eyes2 t ( he>+ 9 ! e>s2 t ( ta/e 9 ! tongue2 t ( smell 9 ! nose2 t ( t\* 9 ! :ole body1 s9ce1 = ! latt] s5se1 ! :ole body is ! organ ( ! s\l4 ,n[ z ! in/rum5ts = t\* are ! fir/ n]ves1 :i* also possess ! p[] ( mov+ ! organism1 z !y are ! seat ( ?is p[]2 z1 besides1 ! n]ves orig9ate 9 ! bra91 9 ! bra9 has be5 localiz$ ! pr9ciple ( s5sation & appetite--9 %ort1 ! pr9ciple ( ! :ole organism2 no d\bt because x 0 ?\ght t ! p[] :i* uses ! organs is pres5t 9 t "p ( ! body :]e are ! orig9s ( ^! organs4 ,x w\ld h be5 bett] to say t x is ! action ( ! p[] t makes use ( ! organs t orig9ates 9 ! bra92 = t "p ( ! body f :i* />ts ! movem5t impress$ on ! organ _h to s]ve some:at z a f\ndation = ! p[] ( ! workman1 a p[] ^: nature is 9 h>mony ) t ( ! organ 7x sets 9 motion72 or r1 ?is "p ( ! body does n s]ve z f\ndation = ?is p[]1 = ?is p[] is ev]y:]e1 b ! pr9ciple ( ! action is 9 t "p ( ! body 9 :i* is ! v pr9ciple ( t organ4 ,,reason ,,is ,,9 ,,! ,,head1 ,,b ,,n ,,9 ,,! ,,bra91 ,,:i* ,,is ,,! ,,seat ,,( ,,! ,,int]m$i>y1 ,,! ,,p[] ,,( ,,s5sation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z ! p[] ( s5sation & ! p[] ( appetite1 :i* belong to ! s5sible & imag9ative s\l1 are b5ea? reason1 because !y are relat$ to :at is inf]ior1 :ile reason is above1#acf ! result 0 t ! anci5ts localiz$ reason 9 ! highe/ "p ( ! animal1 9 ! head2 n t reason is 9 ! bra91#acg b because reason is seat$ 9 ! s5se-p[]1 by ! int]m$iation ( :i*1 only1 reason may be said to reside 9 ! bra94 ,! s5se-p[]1 surely1 _h to be attribut$ to ! body1 &1 )9 ! body1 to ! organs mo/ capable ( l5d+ !mselves to its action4 ,reason1 :i* has no 7direct7 deal+ ) ! body1 _h h[ev] to be 9 relation ) ! s5se-p[]1 :i* is a =m ( ! s\l1 & c p>ticipate 9 reason4 ,! s5se-p[]1 does1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 judge2 & ! p[] ( imag9ation has some?+ intellectual4 ,la/1 ! appetite1 & ! desire someh[ connect ) imag9ation & reason4 ,reason1 !re=e1 is 9 ! head1 n z 9 a locality1 b because x is 9 relation ) ! s5se-p[] :i* resides 9 t organ1 z has be5 %[n above4 ,,gr[? ,,is ,,localiz$ ,,9 ,,! ,,liv]1 ,,ang] ,,9 ,,! ,,he>t4 ,z ! p[] ( gr[?1 nutrition1 & g5]ation op]ates all ?r\gh ! entire body2 & z x is by ! blood t ! body is n\ri%$2 z ! blood is conta9$ 9 ! ve9s2 & z ! ve9s1 z well z ! blood1 orig9ate 9 ! liv]2 ?is organ has be5 assign$ z ! seat ( t "p ( ! s\l call$ appetite2 = appetite is involv$ 9 ! p[] ( begett+1 ( fe$+ & increas+ ! body4 ,fur!r z ! blood 7purifi$ by respiration7 is subtle1 light1 mobile & pure1 ! he>t becomes a suitable in/rum5t = ! p[] ( ang]1 = ! blood t possesses ^! qualities />ts f ! he>t4 ,!re=e1 ) good reason1 ! he>t is assign$ z ! seat ( ! turbul5t convulsions ( ! p[] ( ang]4 ,f4 ,,:]e ,,goes ,,! ,,s\l ,,aft] ,,dea?8 ,,! ,,s\l ,,aft] ,,dea? ,,goes ,,to ,,! ,,place ,,suit$ ,,to ,,x ,,by ,,retribution4 #bd4 ,:i!r w ! s\l pass :5 %e %all h left ! body8 ,%e w n g :]e !re is no?+ suitable to receive h]4 ,%e c\ld n pass into :at is n naturally dispos$ to receive h]1 unless !re be some?+ t w\ld attract a s\l t _h lo/ h] prud5ce4 ,9 ?is case1 ! s\l rema9s 9 :atev] is capable ( receiv+ h]1 & foll[s x :i!r t 7receptive matt]7 c exi/ & beget4 ,n[ z !re are diff]5t places1 x is necess>y t ! diff]5ce 7( ! dwell+s 9 :i* ! s\ls come to dwell7 %\ld be d]iv$ f ! disposition ( ea* s\l1 & ( ju/ice :i* reigns above be+s4 ,no "o inde$ c\ld escape ! puni%m5t :i* unju/ actions des]ve4 ,! div9e law#ach is inevitable1 & possesses ! p[] ( c>ry+ out ! judgm5ts 7accord+ to its decrees74 ,! man :o is de/9$ to und]go a puni%m5t is1 9 spite ( himself1 dragg$ t[>ds t puni%m5t1 & is driv5 ar\nd#aci by a movem5t t nev] /ops4 ,!n1 z if we>i$ ( /ruggl+ aga9/ ?+s to :i* he desir$ to (f] resi/ance1 he betakes himself to ! place t is suitable to him1 & ?us by a volunt>y movem5t und]goes involunt>y suff]+4 ,! law prescribes ! greatness & duration ( ! puni%m5t4 ,lat]1 z a result ( ! h>mony t directs ev]y?+ 9 ! univ]se1 ! end ( ! puni%m5t endur$ by ! s\l co9cides ) ! s\l's receiv+ /r5g? to leave ^? places4 ,,pure ,,incorporeal ,,s\ls ,,dwell ,,)9 ,,intellig5ce ,,9 ,,div9ity4 ,! s\ls t h a body !reby feel ! corporeal puni%m5ts !y are und]go+4 ,pure s\ls1 h[ev]1 t d n c>ry along ) !m any?+ corporeal1 necess>ily enjoy ! privilege ( abid+ 9 ! incorporeal4 ,be+ free f hav+ to dwell 9 any?+ corporeal z !y h no bodies1 !y reside :]e is be+ & ess5ce1 & ! div9e2 t is1 9 ! div9ity4 ,!re1 9 ! div9ity1 ) ! intelligible be+s1 dwells ! pure ,s\l4 ,if y wi% to locate ! ,s\l /ill m exactly1 g to :]e are ! intelligible entities2 & if y are look+ = !m1 d n look = !m ) ! eyes1 z if !y 7 7physical7 bodies4 ,g4 ,,:at ,,are ,,! ,,conditions ,,( ,,! ,,op]ation ,,( ,,memory ,,& ,,imag9ation8 ,,cosmic ,,que/ions ,,ab\t ,,memory ,,dep5d ,,on ,,exact ,,def9ition ,,( ,,:at ,,memory ,,is4 #be4 ,memory raises ! foll[+ que/ions4 ,does memory g5]ally rema9 ) ! bodies t h issu$ f "h bel[8 ,does x subsi/ only 9 "s ( !m8 ,9 ?is case is memory g5]al or special1 durable or transitory8 ,^! que/ions _c be answ]$ until we def9e t int]ior pr9ciple 9 u to :i* memory belongs4 ,t is1 we %all h to det]m9e1 n :at is memory1 b 9 :at k9d ( be+s x mu/ exi/ by virtue ( its nature1 = else:]e we h (t5 def9$ & treat$ ( memory itself4 ,we mu/ !re=e exactly def9e t pr9ciple )9 u to :i* memory is natural4#adj ,,memory ,,inapplicable ,,except ,,to ,,be+s ,,subject ,,to ,,limitations ,,( ,,"t4 ,z memory presupposes a k or casual exp]i5ce1 memory _c be attribut$ to be+s t are impassible1 & outside ( ! limitations ( "t4 ,memory is !re=e inapplicable to ! ,div9ity1 to ,ess5ce1 & to ,intellig5ce1 all ( :om exi/ outside ( "t1 z et]nal & immutable1 )\t a conception ( priority or subsequ5tness1 :o ev] abide 9 ! same condition1 )\t ev] exp]i5c+ any *ange4 ,h[ c\ld t :i* is id5tical & immutable make use ( memory1 s9ce x c\ld nei!r acquire nor keep a disposition diff]+ f ! prec$+ "o1 nor h successive ?\ghts ( :i* ! "o w\ld be pres5t1 :ile ! o!r _h pass$ into ! condition ( be+ rememb]$8 ,,!re ,,is ,a ,,timeless ,,memory ,,consi/+ ,,( ,,self-,,consci\sness4 ,x 7may be object$7 t no?+ h9d]s ,intellig5ce f kn[+ ! *anges ( o!r be+s1 su* z1 = in/ance1 ! p]iodical revolutions ( ! _w1 )\t itself und]go+ any *ange4 ,b !n x w\ld h to foll[ ! *anges ( ! mov+ object1 z x w\ld ?9k fir/ ( "o ?+1 & !n ( ano!r4 ,besides1 ?\ght is some?+ else ?an memory1 & we mu/ n apply to self-consci\sness ! "n ( memory4 ,inde$1 intellig5ce does n busy itself ) reta9+ its ?\ghts1 & ) h9d]+ !m f escap+2 o!rwise x might also fe> le/ x lose its own nature 7,be+74 ,= ! s\l h]self1 rememb]+ is n ! same z recall+ innate notions4 ,:5 ! s\l has desc5d$ "h bel[1 %e may possess ^! notions )\t ?9k+ ( !m1 especially if x be only rec5tly t %e ent]$ into ! body4#ada ,! anci5t philosoph]s seem to h appli$ ! t]ms memory & rem9isc5ce to ! actualization by :i* ! s\l ?9ks ( ! entities %e possesses2 t 7h[ev]7 is a q special k9d ( memory1 entirely indep5d5t ( "t4#adb ,,def9ition ,,( ,,memory ,,dep5ds ,,on ,,:e!r ,,x ,,belongs ,,to ,,! ,,s\l ,,or ,,organism4 ,b p]haps our solution seems sup]ficial1 & appe>s to re/ on an insuffici5t analysis4 ,x might inde$ be ask$ :e!r memory & rem9isc5ce1 in/ead ( belong+ to ! rational s\l1 might n *>act]ize ! l[] s\l1 or ! composite ( s\l & body t we call ! organism8 ,if inde$ !y belong to ! l[] s\l1 f :]e does ! latt] d]ive !m1 & h[ does %e possess !m8 ,! same "q may fur!r be ask$ 9 ! case ( ! organism4 ,to answ] all ?is1 we %all1 z said above1 h to /udy our own int]ior pr9ciple to :i* memory belongs4 ,if x be ! s\l t possesses memory1 we %all h to ask :at faculty or "p !re( is con/itut$ by memory4 ,if1 z has be5 urg$ by "s1 x be ! organism to :i* memory belongs1 & consid]+ ! organism z ! s5ti5t pr9ciple1 h[ c\ld ?is faculty op]ate )9 x8 ,besides1 :at is x t we %\ld call ! organism8 ,fur!r1 is x ! same p[] t p]ceives s5se-objects1 & intelligible entities1 or are !re two di/9ct p[]s8 ,,! ,,psy*ology ,,( ,,s5sation4 #bf4 ,if ! two elem5ts :i* compose ! animal %>e 9 ! act ( s5sation1 ! s5sation is common to ! s\l & ! body1 su* z ! acts ( pi]c+ or weav+4#adc ,?us1 9 s5sation1 ! s\l plays ! "p ( ! workman1 & ! body t ( 8 tool2 ! body und]goes ! exp]i5ce1 & s]ves z mess5g] to ! s\l2 ! s\l p]ceives ! impression produc$ 9 ! body1 or by ! body2 or %e =ms a judgm5t ab\t ! exp]i5ce %e has und]gone4 ,consequ5tly s5sation is an op]ation common to ! s\l & body4 ,,9 ,,any ,,case ,,memory ,,is ,,peculi> ,,to ,,! ,,s\l ,,& ,,body4 ,?is c\ld n be ! /ate ( affairs ) memory1 by :i* ! s\l1 hav+ already ?r\gh s5sation p]ceiv$ ! impression produc$ 9 ! body1 pres]ves x1 or dismisses x4 ,x might be claim$ t memory also is common to ! s\l & body1 because its effici5cy dep5ds on ! adju/m5ts ( ! bodies4 ,no d\bt ! body c h9d] or promote ! ex]cise ( memory1 )\t ?is faculty ceas+ to be peculi> to ! s\l4 ,h[ %all we try to prove t ! memory ( k acquir$ by /udy1 belongs to ! comp\nd1 & n to ! s\l alone8 ,if ! organism be ! composite ( s\l & body1 9 ! s5se t x is "s ?ird object begott5 by _! union1 x w be absurd to say t x is nei!r s\l nor body4 ,inde$1 x c\ld n be any?+ diff]5t f ! s\l & body1 nei!r if ! s\l & body 7 trans=m$ into ! composite ( :i* !y are ! elem5ts1 nor if !y =m$ a mixture1 s t ! s\l w\ld be no m ?an pot5tially 9 ! organism4 ,ev5 9 ?is case1 x is /ill ! s\l1 & ! s\l alone1 t w\ld rememb]4 ,?us 9 a mixture ( honey & w9e1 x is ! honey alone t %\ld be cr$it$ ) any sweetness t may be ta/$4 ,,t ,,! ,,s\l ,,is ,,inc>nate ,,is ,,n ,,! ,,cause ,,( ,,h] ,,possess+ ,,memory4 ,x may aga9 be object$ t x is inde$ ! s\l t rememb]s2 b only because %e is resid5t 9 ! body1 & is n pure2 %e mu/ be affect$ 9 "s p>ticul> mann] to be able to impress ! body ) ! =ms ( s5se-objects2 h] seat mu/ be 9 ! body to receive ^! =ms1 & to pres]ve !m4 ,b to beg9 )1 ^! =ms c\ld n h any ext5sion2 !n !y c\ld n be ei!r 7,/oic7 seal-impr9ts1 or impressions2 = 9 ! s\l !re is no impulsion1 nor any impr9t simil> to t ( a seal on wax1 & ! op]ation itself by :i* x p]ceives s5se-objects is a k9d ( ?\ght 7or intellection74 ,inde$1 x w\ld be impossible to speak ( an impression 9 ! act ( ?\ght4 ,?\ght has no ne$ ( ! body or a corporeal quality4 ,x is besides necess>y = ! s\l to rememb] h] movem5ts1 z = in/ance1 h] desires :i* h n be5 satisfi$1 & ^: object ! body has n atta9$2 = :at c\ld ! body tell u ( an object :i* ! body has n yet rea*$8#add 7,speak+ ( ?\ghts71 h[ c\ld ! s\l1 conjo9tly ) ! body1 rememb] ?+s :i* ! body1 by its v nature1 c\ld absolutely n "k8 ,,memory ,,belongs ,,to ,,! ,,s\l ,,alone4 ,d\btless we w h to ackn[l$ge t !re are affections :i* pass f ! body into ! s\l2 b !re are also affections :i* belong exclusively to ! s\l1 because ! s\l is a real be+1 ) *>act]i/ic nature & activities4 ,9 ?is case1 ! s\l mu/ h desires1 & recall !m1 rememb]+ t !y h1 or h n be5 satisfi$2 because1 by h] nature1 %e does n =m "p ( ! ?+s :i* are 7z ,h]aclitus said7 9 a p]petual fl[4 ,o!rwise1 we c\ld n attribute to ! s\l co5e/hesia 7or1 common feel+71 consci5ce1 reflection1 or ! intuition ( h]self4 ,if %e did n possess !m by h] nature1 %e w\ld n acquire !m by union ) ! body4 ,d\btless !re are activities :i* ! s\l _c c>ry out )\t ! assi/ance ( ! organs2 b %e h]self possesses ! faculties 7or p[]s7 f :i* ^! activities are outgr[?s4 ,besides1 %e1 by h]self1 possesses o!r faculties1 ^: op]ations are d]iv$ f h] alone4 ,among ^! is memory1 ^: ex]cise is only h9d]$ by ! body4 ,inde$1 :5 ! s\l unites ) ! body1 %e =gets2 :5 %e sep>ates f ! body1 & purifies h]self1 %e (t5 recov]s memory4 ,s9ce ! s\l possesses memory :5 %e is alone1 ! body1 ) its *angeable nature1 t is ev] subject to a p]petual fl[1 is a cause ( =getfulness1 & n ( memory2 ! body !re=e is1 = ! s\l1 ! /ream ( ,le! 7or =getfulness74 ,to ! s\l alone1 !re=e1 belongs memory4 ,,memory ,,belongs ,,bo? ,,to ,,! ,,div9e ,,s\l1 ,,& ,,to ,,t ,,d]iv$ ,,f ,,! ,,_w-,,s\l4 #bg4 ,to :i* s\l1 h[ev]1 does memory belong8 ,to ! s\l ^: nature is m div9e1 & :i* con/itutes u m ess5tially1 or to ! s\l t we receive f ! univ]sal ,s\l 7! rational & irrational s\ls78 ,memory belongs to bo?2 b 9 "o case x is g5]al1 & 9 ! o!r p>ticul>4 ,:5 bo? s\ls are unit$1 !y toge!r possess bo? k9ds ( memory2 if !y bo? rema9 sep>ate1 ea* rememb]s long] :at conc]ns h]self1 & rememb]s less long :at conc]ns ! o!r4 ,t is ! reason p talk ( ! image ( ,h]cules be+ 9 ! hells4#ade ,n[ ?is image rememb]s all ! de$s committ$ 9 ?is life2 = ?is life p>ticul>ly falls to h] lot4 ,! o!r s\ls :i* 7by unit+ )9 !mselves ! rational "p to ! irrational7 toge!r possess bo? k9ds ( memory4 ,!y yet _c rememb] any?+ b ! ?+s t conc]n ?is life1 & :i* !y h kn[n "h bel[1 or ev5 ! actions :i* h "s relation ) ju/ice4 ,,:at ,,! ,,rational ,,s\l1 ,,if ,,sep>at$1 ,,w\ld ,,rememb] ,,( ,,life4 ,we mu/ /ill cle> up :at w\ld be said by ,h]cules 7t is1 ! man himself71 alone1 & sep>at$ f 8 image4 ,:at !n w\ld ! rational s\l1 if sep>at$ & isolat$1 say8 ,! s\l :i* has be5 attract$ by ! body kn[s ev]y?+ t ! man 7speak+ /rictly71 has done or exp]i5c$ "h bel[4 ,9 c\rse ( "t1 at dea?1 ! memories ( e>li] exi/5ces are reproduc$2 b ! s\l1 out ( scorn1 all[s "s to escape h]4 ,hav+ inde$ purifi$ h]self f ! body1 %e w rememb] ! ?+s t 7 n pres5t to h] dur+ ?is life4#adf ,if1 aft] hav+ ent]$ into ano!r body1 %e happ5 to consid] ! pa/1 %e w speak ( ?is life :i* w become =eign to h]1 ( :at %e has rec5tly ab&on$1 & ( _m o!r e>li] facts4 ,! circum/ances :i* happ5 dur+ a long p]iod w always rema9 buri$ 9 oblivion4 ,b we h n yet discov]$ :at ! s\l1 :5 isolat$ f ! body w rememb]4 ,to solve ?is "q1 we %all be =c$ to decide to :i* p[] ( ! s\l memory belongs4 ,,memory ,,does ,,n ,,belong ,,to ,,appetite1 ,,because ,,x ,,may ,,be ,,r$uc$ ,,to ,,s5sation4 #bh4 ,does memory belong to ! p[]s by :i* we feel & "k8 ,is x by appetite t we rememb] ! ?+s t excite our desires1 & by ang] t we rememb] ! ?+s t irritate u8 ,"s w ?9k s4 ,x is inde$ ! same faculty :i* feels pleasure1 & reta9s remembrance !re(4 ,?us :51 = in/ance1 appetite meets an object :i* has already made x exp]i5ce pleasure1 x rememb]s ?is pleasure on see+ ?is object4 ,:y inde$ %\ld appetite n be simil>ly mov$ by "s o!r object8 ,:y is x n mov$ 9 "s mann] by ! same object8 ,:y %\ld we n ?us attribute to x ! s5sation ( ?+s ( ?is k9d8 ,fur!r1 :y %\ld appetite itself n be r$uc$ to ! p[] ( s5sation1 & n d likewise = ev]y?+1 nam+ ea* ?+1 by :at pr$om9ates !re98 ,,:at ,,appetite ,,keeps ,,is ,,an ,,affection1 ,,b ,,n ,a ,,memory4 ,mu/ we attribute s5sation to ea* p[]1 b 9 a diff]5t mann]8 ,9 ?is case1 = in/ance1 x w be sight1 & n appetite1 :i* w p]ceive s5se-objects2 b appetite w be lat] wak5$ by s5sation :i* w be relay$1 7z ! ,/oics w\ld say72 & ?\gh x does n judge ( s5sation1 x w unconsci\sly feel ! *>act]i/ic affection4 ,! same /ate ( affairs w obta9 ) ang]4 ,x w be sight :i* w %[ u an inju/ice1 b x w be ang] :i* w res5t x4 ,j s1 :5 a %eph]d notices a wolf ne> 8 flock1 ! dog1 ?\gh he h n yet obs]v$ any?+1 w be excit$ by ! smell or noise ( ! wolf4 ,x c]ta9ly is appetite :i* exp]i5ces pleasure1 & :i* keeps a trace ( x2 b ?is trace con/itutes an affection or disposition1 & n a memory4 ,x is ano!r p[] :i* obs]ves ! enjoym5t ( pleasure1 & :i* rememb]s :at occurr$4 ,?is is prov$ by ! fact t memory is (t5 ignorant ( ! ?+s 9 :i* appetite has p>ticipat$1 ?\gh appetite /ill pres]ve traces !re(4 ,,memory ,,does ,,n ,,belong ,,to ,,! ,,faculty ,,( ,,s5sation4 #bi4 ,c memory be ref]r$ to s5sibility8 ,is ! faculty t feels also ! "o t rememb]s8 ,b if ! image ( ! s\l 7! irrational s\l7 possess ! memory1 z we said above1#adg !re w\ld be 9 u two faculties t w feel4 ,fur!r1 if s5sibility be capable ( grasp+ notions1 x w also h to p]ceive ! conceptions ( discursive reason1 or x w be ano!r faculty t w p]ceive bo?4 ,,memory ,,does ,,n ,,belong ,,exclusively ,,to ,,! ,,p[] ,,( ,,p]ception4 ,is ! p[] ( p]ception common to ! reasonable s\l & to ! irrational s\l1 & w we grant t x possesses ! memory ( s5se-objects & ( intelligible ?+s8 ,to recognize t x is "o & ! same p[] :i* equally p]ceives bo? k9ds ( ?+s1 is already to take "o /ep t[>ds ! solution ( ! problem4 ,b if we divide ?is p[] into two1 !re w nev]!less /ill be two k9ds ( memory2 fur!r1 if we all[ two k9ds ( memory to ea* ( ! two s\ls 7! rational & ! irrational71 !re w be f\r k9ds ( memory4 ,,memory ,,is ,,n ,,id5tical ,,) ,,feel+ ,,or ,,reason+4 ,are we compell$ to rememb] s5sations by s5sibility1 :e!r x be ! same p[] :i* feels s5sation1 & :i* rememb]s s5sation1 or is x also discursive reason :i* conceives & rememb]s conceptions4 ,b ! m5 :o reason ! be/ are n ^? :o also rememb] ! be/2 & ^? :o h equally delicate s5ses1 d n all1 on t acc\nt1 h an equally good memory4 ,on ! contr>y1 "s h delicate s5ses1 :ile o!rs h a good memory1 )\t h[ev] be+ capable ( p]ceiv+ equally well4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if feel+ & rememb]+ be mutually indep5d5t1 !re w be 7outside ( s5sibility7 ano!r p[] :i* w rememb] ?+s =m]ly p]ceiv$ by s5sation1 & ?is p[] w h to feel :at x is to rememb]4#adh ,,memory ,,belongs ,,to ,,imag9ation4 7,to solve all ^! difficulties7 x may be /at$ t no?+ h9d]s ! admission t ! actualization ( ! s5sation produces 9 memory an image1 & t ! imag9ation1 :i* diff]s 7f s5sation71 possesses ! p[] ( pres]v+ & recall+ ^! images4 ,x is inde$ imag9ation 9 :i* s5sation culm9ates2 & :5 s5sation ceases1 imag9ation pres]ves its repres5tation4 ,if !n ?is p[] pres]ve ! image ( ! abs5t object1 x con/itutes memory4#adi ,accord+ z ! image rema9s = a long] or %ort] "t1 memory is or is n fai?ful2 & our memories la/1 or are effac$4 ,memory ( s5se-objects !re=e belongs to ! imag9ation4 ,if ?is faculty ( memory be possess$ by diff]5t p]sons 9 unequal degrees1 ?is diff]5ce dep5ds ei!r on ! diff]5ce ( =ces1 or on practice 7or ex]cise71 or on ! abs5ce or pres5ce ( c]ta9 bodily dispositions :i* may or may n influ5ce memory1 or di/urb x4#aej ,b else:]e we %all /udy ! "q fur!r4 ,,intellectual ,,conceptions ,,are ,,n ,,entirely ,,pres]v$ ,,by ,,imag9ation4 #cj4 ,:at ab\t intellectual conceptions8 ,are !y also pres]v$ by imag9ation8 ,if imag9ation accompany e ?\ght1 & if lat] x1 z x 71 pres]ves its image1 we %\ld ?us h ! memory ( ! kn[n object2 o!rwise "s o!r solution w h to be s\ght4 ,p]haps reason1 ^: actualization always accompanies ?\ght1 has ! function ( receiv+ x & transmitt+ x to imag9ation4 ,inde$1 ?\ght is indivisible1 & s long z x is n evok$ f ! dep?s ( intellig5ce1 x rema9s z x 7 hidd5 )9 x4 ,reason develops x1 & mak+ x pass f ! /ate ( ?\ght to t ( image1 spreads x out z x 7 9 a mirror1 = our imag9ation4#aea ,t is :y we grasp 7! ?\ght7 only :5 ! s\l1 :i* always desires rational ?\ght1 has a*iev$ a ?\ght4 ,!re is a diff]5ce betwe5 ?\ght & ! p]ception ( ?\ght4 ,we are always ?9k+1 b we d n always p]ceive our ?\ght4 ,t comes f ! fact t ! pr9ciple t p]ceives ! ?\ghts also p]ceives ! s5sations1 & occupies itself ) bo? 9 turn4 ,,! ,,two ,,k9ds ,,( ,,memory ,,imply ,,two ,,k9ds ,,( ,,imag9ation4 #ca4 ,if !ory belong to imag9ation1 & if bo? ! rational & irrational s\ls possess memory1 we w h two k9ds ( imag9ation 7intellectual & s5sual72 & if bo? s\ls are sep>ate1 ea* ( !m w possess "o k9d ( imag9ation4 ,! !ory ( two k9ds ( imag9ation )9 u 9 ! same pr9ciple w\ld n acc\nt = !re be+ two k9ds ( imag9ation2 & x w\ld leave unsolv$ ! "q to :i* ( !m memory belongs4 ,if memory belong to bo? k9ds ( imag9ation1 !re w always be two k9ds ( imag9ation--= x _c be said t ! memory ( intelligible ?+s belongs to ! "o1 & t ( s5se-?+s to ! o!r2 o!rwise we w\ld h two animate be+s ) no?+ 9 common4 ,if !n memory equally belong to bo? imag9ations1 :at diff]5ce is !re betwe5 !m8 ,besides1 :y d we n notice ?is diff]5ce8 ,"h is ! cause4 ,,( ,,! ,,two ,,imag9ations ,,"o ,,always ,,pr$om9ates ,,or ,,ov]%ad[s ,,! ,,o!r4 ,:5 bo? k9ds ( imag9ation h>monize1 !y co-op]ate 79 ! production ( a s+le act74 ,! mo/ p[]ful dom9ates1 & only a s+le image is produc$ )9 u4 ,! weak] foll[s ! /rong]1 z ! feeble reflection ( a p[]ful light4 ,on ! contr>y1 :5 bo? k9ds ( imag9ation disagree & /ruggle1 !n only "o ( !m manife/s1 & ! o!r is entirely ignor$1 j z we always ignore t we h two s\ls#aeb2 = bo? s\ls are melt$ into a s+le "o1 & ! "o s]ves z vehicle = ! o!r4 ,! "o sees all1 b pres]ves only c]ta9 memories :5 %e leaves ! body1 & leaves 9 oblivion great] "p ( ! ?+s t relate to ! o!r4 ,likewise1 aft] we h e/abli%$ relations ) fri5ds ( an inf]ior ord]1 we may acquire m di/+ui%$ fri5d%ips1 & we rememb] ! =m] b v little1 ?\gh we rememb] ! latt] v di/9ctly4 ,,p>tition ,,( ,,! ,,fund ,,( ,,memory ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,two ,,s\ls4 ,:at ab\t 7! memory7 ( fri5ds1 ( p>5ts1 ( a wife1 ( ! fa!rl&1 & ( all t a virtu\s man may prop]ly rememb]8 ,9 ! image ( ! s\l 7! irrational s\l7 ^! memories w be accompani$ by a passive affection2 b 9 ! man 7! rational s\l7 !y w n be s accompani$4 ,! affections exi/ s9ce ! beg9n+ 9 ! inf]ior s\l2 9 ! sup]ior s\l1 z a result ( h] deal+s ) ! o!r1 !re are also "s affections1 b only prop] affections4 ,! inf]ior s\l may well seek to rememb] ! actions ( ! sup]ior s\l1 especially :5 %e h]self has be5 prop]ly cultivat$2 = %e c become bett] f h] v pr9ciple up1 & ?r\gh ! education %e receives f ! o!r4 ,! high] s\l mu/ will+ly =get :at comes to h] f ! inf]ior s\l4 ,:5 %e is good1 %e c1 besides1 by h] p[] conta9 ! subord9ate s\l4 ,! m %e desires to approa* ! intelligible _w1 ! m %e mu/ =get ! ?+s f "h bel[1 unless ! :ole life %e has l$ "h bel[ be su* t %e has entru/$ to h] memory none b praisewor?y ?+s4 ,ev5 9 our own _w1 inde$1 x is a f9e ?+ to release oneself f human preoccupations4 ,x w\ld !re=e be /ill f9] to =get !m all4 ,9 ?is s5se we might well say t ! virtu\s s\l %\ld be =getful4 ,%e ?us escapes manifoldness1 r$uces manifoldness to unity1 & ab&ons ! indet]m9ate4 ,%e !re=e ceases to live ) manifoldness1 light5s h] burd5s1 & lives = h]self4 ,inde$1 :ile rema9+ "h bel[1 %e desires to live 9 ! intelligible _w1 & neglects all t is =eign to h] nature4 ,%e !re=e reta9s b few e>?ly ?+s :5 %e has arriv$ to ! intelligible _w2 %e has m ( !m :5 %e inhabits ! heav5s4 ,h]cules 79 heav57 may well vaunt 8 valor2 b ev5 ?is valor seems to him trifl+ :5 he has arriv$ at a region /ill holi] ?an heav51 :5 he dwells 9 ! intelligible _w1 :5 he has ris5 ov] ,h]cules himself by ! =ce manife/$ 9 ^? /ruggles :i* are *>act]i/ic ( v]itable sages4 ,,f\r? ,,ennead1 ,,book ,,f\r4 ,que/ions ,ab\t ! ,s\l4 7,second ,"p47 ,,spee* ,,( ,,s\l ,,9 ,,! ,,intelligible ,,_w4 #a4 ,:5 ! s\l w h ris5 to ! intelligible _w1 :at w %e say1 & :at w %e rememb]8 ,%e w contemplate ! be+s to :i* %e w be unit$ & %e w apply h] :ole att5tion !reto2 o!rwise1 %e w\ld n be 9 ! intelligible _w4 ,,memory ,,( ,,s\l ,,9 ,,! ,,intelligible ,,_w4 ,w %e h no memory ( ?+s "h bel[8 ,w %e n1 = in/ance1 rememb] t %e devot$ h]self to philosophy2 & t1 dur+ h] resid5ce on ! e>?1 %e contemplat$ ! intelligible _w8 ,no3 = an intellig5ce entirely devot$ to ! object ( its ?\ght1 _c simultane\sly contemplate ! intelligible & ?9k some?+ else4 ,! act ( ?\ght does n imply ! memory ( hav+ ?\ght4 ,,9 ,,! ,,intelligible ,,_w ,,all ,,?+s ,,are ,,simultane\s2 ,,h5ce ,,n ,,rememb]$4 ,b ?is memory is po/]ior to ?\ght6 ,9 ?is case1 ! m9d 9 :i* x occurs has *ang$ condition4 ,x is !re=e impossible t he :o is entirely devot$ to ! pure contemplation ( ! intelligible %\ld simultane\sly rememb] ! ?+s t =m]ly happ5$ to him "h bel[4 ,if1 z x seems1 ?\ght is outside ( "t1 because all ! intelligible ess5ces1 be+ et]nal1 h no relation ) "t1 x is evid5tly impossible t ! intellig5ce :i* has rais$ itself to ! intelligible _w %\ld h any memory ( ! ?+s "h bel[1 or ev5 h absolutely any memory :atev]2 = ea* 7( ! ess5ces ( ! intelligible _w7 are always pres5t to ! intellig5ce :i* is n oblig$ to g ?r\gh !m successively1 pass+ f "o to ! o!r4 ,,intellig5ce ,,unites ,,z ,,x ,,rises ,,to ,,! ,,intelligible4 ,w n ! intellig5ce divide itself 9 desc5d+ 7f ! g5]a7 to ! species 7or =ms78 ,no3 = %e reasc5ds to ! univ]sal & ! sup]ior ,pr9ciple4 ,,n ,,ev5 ,,! ,,asc5d$ ,,s\l ,,ne$ ,,be ,,divid$4 ,grant+ !n t !re is no division 9 ! intellig5ce :i* possesses ev]y?+ simultane\sly2 w !re n at lea/ be division 9 ! s\l :i* has ris5 to ! intelligible _w8 ,no?+ h[ev] =bids t ! totality ( ! unit$ intelligibles be grasp$ by an intuition equally unit>y & total4 ,,! ,,unity ,,( ,,app]ception ,,is ,,manifold4 ,is ?is intuition simil> to ! intuition ( an object grasp$ 9 its entirety by a s+le glance1 or does x conta9 all ! ?\ghts ( ! intelligibles contemplat$ simultane\sly8 ,s9ce ! intelligibles (f] a v>i$ spectacle1 ! ?\ght :i* grasps !m mu/ evid5tly be equally multiple & v>i$1 compreh5d+ sev]al ?\ghts1 l ! p]ception ( a s+le s5se-object1 z = in/ance t ( a face compreh5ds sev]al p]ceptions because ! eye1 on p]ceiv+ ! face1 simultane\sly sees ! nose & ! o!r features4 ,,9 ,,! ,,intelligible ,,ant]iority ,,ref]s ,,to ,,ord]1 ,,n ,,to ,,"t4 ,x may be object$ t x may happ5 t ! s\l w divide & develop some?+ :i* 0 unit>y4 ,?is ?+ mu/ !n already h be5 divid$ 9 intellig5ce1 b su* a division is m l an impression4 ,z ant]iority or po/]iority 9 ideas does n ref] to "t1 s also w ! m5tal conception ( ant]iority & po/]iority n be subject to temporal conditions1 b ref] to ord] 7:i* presides ov] intelligible ?+s74 ,= in/ance1 on consid]+ a tree's ord] t ext5ds f ! roots to ! tree-top1 priority & po/]iority exi/s only "u ! relation ( ord]1 inasmu* z ! :ole plant is p]ceiv$ at "o s+le glance4 ,,intellig5ce ,,is ,,n ,a ,,unity2 ,,b ,,its ,,manifold ,,is ,,produc$ ,,by ,a ,,unity4 ,h[ c ?+s be prior or po/]ior1 if ! s\l t contemplates ! ,"o embrace all ?+s8 ,! pot5tiality :i* is ,"o is "o 9 su* a mann] t x is multiple :5 x is contemplat$ by ano!r pr9ciple 7,intellig5ce71 because !n x is n simultane\sly all ?+s 9 "o s+le ?\ght4 ,inde$1 ! actualizations 7( ,intellig5ce7 are n a unity2 b !y are all produc$ by an ev] p]man5t pot5tiality2 !y !re=e become multiple 9 ! o!r pr9ciples 7! intelligibles72 = ,intellig5ce1 n be+ unity itself1 c receive )9 its brea/ ! nature ( ! multiple :i* did n =m]ly exi/ 79 ! ,"o74 ,,! ,,s\l ,,does ,,n ,,ev5 ,,rememb] ,,h]self4 #b4 ,grant$4 ,b does ! s\l rememb] h]self8 ,probably n4 ,he :o contemplates ! intelligible _w does n rememb] :o he is2 t1 = in/ance1 he is ,socrates1 t he is a s\l or an intellig5ce4 ,h[ inde$ w\ld he rememb] x8 ,entirely devot$ to ! contemplation ( ! intelligible _w1 he does n by ?\ght reflect back ^u himself2 he possesses himself1 b he applies himself to ! intelligible1 & becomes ! intelligible1 9 respect to :i* he plays ! "p ( matt]4 ,he assumes ! =m ( ! object he is contemplat+1 & he !n is himself only pot5tially4 ,actually1 he is himself only :5 he ?9ks ! intelligible4 ,:5 he is himself only1 he is empty ( all ?+s1 because he does n ?9k ! intelligible2 b if by nature he is su* t he is all ?+s1 9 ?9k+ himself1 he ?9ks all ?+s4 ,9 ?is /ate1 see+ himself actually by ! glance he ?r[s on himself1 he embraces all ?+s 9 ?is intuition2 on ! o!r h&1 by ! glance he ?r[s on all ?+s1 he embraces himself 9 ! intuition ( all ?+s4 ,,9 ,,! ,,intelligible ,,self-,,direction ,,( ,,?\ght ,,is ,,n ,,*angeabl5ess4 ,"u ! above circum/ances1 ! s\l *anges ?\ghts--some?+ t we above refus$ to admit4 ,intellig5ce is inde$ immutable2 b ! s\l1 situat$ on ! extremities ( ! intelligible _w1 may und]go "s *ange :5 %e reflects ^u h]self4 ,inde$1 :at applies to ! immutable necess>ily und]goes "s *ange 9 respect to x1 because x does n always rema9 appli$ to x4 ,to speak exactly1 !re is no *ange :5 ! s\l deta*es h]self f ! ?+s t belong to h] to turn t[>ds h]self1 & conv]sely2 = ! s\l is all ?+s1 & ! s\l =ms b "o ?+ ) ! intelligible4 ,b :5 ! s\l is 9 ! intelligible _w1 %e becomes e/rang$ f h]self & f all t belongs to h]2 !n1 liv+ purely 9 ! intelligible _w1 %e p>ticipates 9 its immutability1 & %e becomes all t x is2 =1 z soon z %e has rais$ h]self to ?is sup]ior region1 %e mu/ necess>ily unite h]self to ,intellig5ce1 t[>ds :i* %e has turn$1 & f :i* %e is no long] sep>at$ by an int]m$i>y4 ,on ris+ t[>ds intellig5ce1 ! s\l attunes h]self to x1 & consequ5tly unites h]self ) x durably1 9 a mann] su* t bo? are simultane\sly s+le & d\ble4 ,9 ?is /ate ! s\l _c *ange2 %e is immutably devot$ to ?\ght1 & %e simultane\sly has self-consci\sness1 because %e =ms a unity ) ! intelligible _w4 ,,! ,,s\l ,,becomes ,,:at ,,%e ,,rememb]s4 #c4 ,:5 ! s\l dep>ts f ! intelligible _w2 :5 in/ead ( cont9u+ to =m a unity ) x1 %e wi%es to become indep5d5t1 to become di/9ct1 & to belong to h]self2 :5 %e incl9es t[>ds ! ?+s "h bel[1 !n %e rememb]s h]self4 ,! memory ( intelligible ?+s h9d]s h] f fall+1 t ( t]re/rial ?+s makes h] desc5d "h bel[1 & t ( cele/ial ?+s makes h] dwell 9 heav54 ,9 g5]al1 ! s\l is & becomes :at %e rememb]s4 ,inde$1 to rememb] is to ?9k or imag9e2 n[1 to imag9e is n inde$ to possess a ?+1 b to see x & to con=m to x4 ,if ! s\l see s5se-?+s1 by ! v act ( look+ at !m %e someh[ acquires "s ext5sion4 ,z %e is ?+s o!r ?an h]self only second>ily1 %e is none ( !m p]fectly4 ,plac$ & e/abli%$ on ! conf9es ( ! s5se & intelligible worlds1 %e may equally move t[>ds ei!r4 ,,memory ,,is ,,n ,,z ,,high ,,z ,,unreflective ,,id5tification4 #d4 ,9 ! intelligible _w1 ! s\l sees ! ,good by intellig5ce2 = intellig5ce does n h9d] h] f arriv+ to ! ,good4 ,betwe5 ! s\l & ! ,good1 ! int]m$i>y is n ! body1 :i* c\ld be no m ?an an ob/acle2 = if ! bodies c ev] s]ve z int]m$i>ies1 x w\ld only be 9 ! process ( desc5d+ f ! fir/ pr9ciples to ?ird rank entities4 ,:5 ! s\l occupies h]self ) inf]ior objects1 %e possesses :at %e wi%$ to possess con=mably to h] memory & imag9ation4 ,consequ5tly memory1 ev5 %\ld x apply itself to ! v be/ ?+s1 is n ! be/ ?+ possible2 = x consi/s n only 9 feel+ t "o rememb]s1 b also 9 f9d+ oneself 9 a disposition con=mable to ! affections1 to ! e>li] intuitions :i* are rememb]$4 ,n[ x may happ5 t a s\l possesses some?+ unconsci\sly1 s t %e possesses x bett] ?an if %e 7 consci\s !re(4 ,9 fact1 :5 %e is consci\s !re(1 %e possesses x l some?+ =eign to h]1 & f :i* %e is keep+ h]self di/9ct2 :51 on ! contr>y1 %e is unconsci\s ( x %e becomes :at %e possesses2 & x is especially ?is latt] k9d ( memory :i* c mo/ ?or\ghly effect h] degradation 7:5 %e con=ms h]self to s5se-objects1 by apply+ h] imag9ation !reto74 ,,intelligible ,,entities ,,are ,,n ,,m]ely ,,images1 ,,b ,,pot5tialities ,,= ,,memory4 ,t ! s\l1 on leav+ ! intelligible _w1 br+s away ) h] memories !re(1 implies t ev5 9 ! 7intelligible7 _w %e to a c]ta9 degree already possess$ memory2 b ?is pot5tiality 0 eclips$ by ! ?\ght ( ! intelligible entities4 ,x w\ld be absurd to insi/ t ! latt] exi/$ 9 ! s\l 9 ! condition ( simple images2 on ! contr>y1 !y !re con/itut$ an 7intellectual7 pot5tiality :i* lat] pass$ into ! condition ( actualization4 ,:5ev] ! s\l happ5s to cease apply+ h]self to ! contemplation ( intelligible entities %e no long] sees :at %e =m]ly saw 7t is1 s5se-objects74 ,,intelligible ,,entities ,,return1 ,,n ,,by ,,memory1 ,,b ,,by ,,fur!r ,,vision4 #e4 ,are our notions ( intellectual entities actualiz$ by ! pot5tiality :i* con/itutes memory8 ,if ^! notions be n intuitions1 x is by memory t !y become actualiz$2 if !y are intuitions1 x is by ! pot5tiality :i* has giv5 !m to u on high4 ,?is p[] awakes 9 u e "t t we rise to intelligible ?+s1 9 x is t :i* sees :at we lat] talk ab\t4 ,we d n p]ceive intelligible entities by imag9ation or reason+1 :i* itself is =c$ to draw its pr9ciples f else:]e2 x is by our faculty ( contemplation1 :i* alone enables u to speak ( !m :ile we are "h bel[4 ,we see !m by awak+ 9 ourselves "h bel[ ! same pot5tiality :i* we are to ar\se :5 we are 9 ! intelligible _w4 ,we resemble a man :o1 climb+ ! peak ( a rock1 %\ld1 by 8 glance1 discov] objects invisible = ^? :o h n climb$ ) him4 ,,:5 ,,s\ls ,,desc5d ,,f ,,! ,,intelligible ,,to ,,! ,,heav5s1 ,,!y ,,recognize ,,ea* ,,o!r4 ,reasonable argum5ts !re=e cle>ly demon/rate t memory manife/s 9 ! s\l only :5 %e has desc5d$ f ! intelligible _w into ! 7e>?ly7 heav5s4 ,likewise1 x w\ld n surprise u if1 :5 %e _h ris5 f "h bel[ to ! heav5s1 & _h dwelt !re1 %e %\ld rememb] a great numb] ( ?+s f "h bel[1 ( :i* we h already spok51 & t %e w\ld recognize _m s\ls :i* %e _h kn[n e>li]1 s9ce ^! latt] mu/ necess>ily be jo9$ to bodies ) simil> c\nt5ances4 ,ev5 ?\gh ! s\ls %\ld *ange ! %apes ( _! bodies1 mak+ !m sph]ical1 !y w\ld /ill be recognizable by _! habits & individual "*4 ,!re is no?+ incr$ible 9 ?is1 = 9 admitt+ t ^! s\ls h purifi$ !mselves f all ^! passions1 no?+ h9d]s !m f pres]v+ _! "*4 ,besides1 if !y c conv]se ) ea* o!r1 !y h ?is z an additional means ( recogniz+ ea* o!r4 ,,tra9+ ,,"h ,,bel[ ,,w ,,help ,,! ,,s\ls ,,to ,,rememb] ,,:5 ,,beyond4 ,:at happ5s :5 s\ls desc5d f ! intelligible _w into ! 7e>?ly7 heav5s8 ,!y !n recov] memory1 b !y possess x 9 a degree less ?an ! s\ls :o h always occupi$ !mselves ) ! same objects4 ,besides1 !y h _m o!r ?+s to rememb]1 & a long space ( "t has made !m =get _m actions4 ,,fall ,,into ,,g5]ation ,,may ,,be ,,p>tial2 ,,& ,,may ,,be ,,recov]$ ,,f1 ,,be=e ,,ru94 ,b if1 aft] hav+ desc5d$ into ! s5se-_w !y fall 7f ! heav5s7 into g5]ation1 :at w be ! "t :5 !y w rememb]8 ,x is n necess>y t ! s\ls 7:i* dep>t f ! intelligible _w7 %\ld fall into ! l[e/ regions4 ,x is possible t1 aft] hav+ desc5d$ only a little f ! intelligible _w _! movem5t may be arre/$1 & no?+ h9d]s !m f return+ on high be=e !y h become degrad$ 9 ! l[] regions ( g5]ation4 ,,memory ,,is ,,limit$ ,,to ,,s\ls ,,t ,,*ange ,,_! ,,condition4 #f4 ,x may !re=e be fe>lessly affirm$ t ! s\ls :i* ex]cise _! discursive reason1 & :i* *ange condition1 rememb]2 = memory is ! *>act]i/ic ( ?+s t 71 b no m are4 ,,d ,,! ,,_w-,,s\l ,,& ,,! ,,/>-,,s\ls ,,ex]cise ,,memory8 ,b evid5tly ! s\ls :i* dwell 9 ! same /ate c\ld n ex]cise memory2 = :at w\ld !y h to rememb]8 ,if 7ignor+ our argum5ts above7 human reason %\ld wi% to attribute memory to ! s\ls ( all ! />s1 especially to t ( ! moon & ! sun1 !re is no?+ to h9d] x f do+ ! same ) reg>d to ! univ]sal ,s\l1 & x w\ld d>e to attribute ev5 to ,jupit] memories :i* w\ld occupy him ) a ?\s& diff]5t ?+s4 ,z soon z x w h ent]$ into ?is ord] ( ideas1 reason w\ld proce$ to speculate ab\t ! conceptions & ratioc9ations ( ! />-s\ls--t is1 grant+ t !y reason at all4 7,b t is a gratuit\s assumption72 = if ^! s\ls h no?+ to discov]1 if !y d n d\bt1 if !y h no ne$ ( any?+1 if !y d n le>n ?+s t !y h ignor$ be=e1 :at use w\ld !y make ( reason+1 ( argum5ts1 or ( ! conceptions ( discursive reason8 ,!y h no ne$ ( seek+ me*anical means ( gov]n+ human affairs & ev5ts2 = !y en=ce ord] 9 ! univ]se 9 a totally diff]5t mann]4 ,,^! ,,s\ls ,,d ,,n ,,rememb] ,,god2 ,,= ,,!y ,,cont9ue ,,to ,,see ,,him4 #g4 ,w ^! s\ls n ev5 rememb] t !y h se5 ! div9ity8 7,!y h no ne$ ( do+ s1 =7 !y see ,him all ! "t2 z long z !y cont9ue to see ,him !y _c say t !y h se5 ,him1 because su* a /atem5t w\ld imply t !y see ,him no m4 ,,memory ,,is ,,impossible ,,to ,,^! ,,s\ls1 ,,= ,,to ,,!m ,,!re ,,is ,,no ,,"t1 ,,b ,,"o ,,s+le ,,day4 ,w !y n ev5 rememb] t !y p]=m$ _! revolution ye/]day1 or ! ye> be=e1 t !y liv$ ye/]day1 & s9ce h liv$ a long :ile8 ,!y /ill live cont9u\sly2 n[1 :at rema9s ! same1 is "o4 ,to try to di/+ui% ye/]day & la/ ye> 9 ! movem5t ( ! />s1 is to d l a man :o w\ld divide into sev]al p>ts ! movem5t :i* =ms "o /ep1 :o w\ld wi% to r$uce unity to multiplicity4 ,inde$1 ! movem5t ( ! />s is "o1 al?\gh x is by u subject$ to a measure1 z if x 7 multiple2 s we c\nt ! days diff]5t "o f ! o!r because ! nights sep>ate !m f ea* o!r4 ,b s9ce !re is b "o s+le day 9 ! heav5s1 h[ c\ld "o c\nt sev]al8 ,h[ c\ld !re be a la/ ye>8 ,,b ,,:y ,,c\ld ,,! ,,/>-,,s\ls ,,n ,,be ,,consci\s ,,( ,,our ,,*anges8 ,x may be object$ t ! space transv]s$ 7by planets7 is n a unity1 b conta9s sev]al p>ts1 z notably 9 ! zodiac4 ,:y !n c\ld ! cele/ial ,s\l n say1 ,i h pass$ ?is "p1 ,i h n[ arriv$ at ano!r8 ,besides1 if ! />-s\ls consid] human ?+s1 h[ w\ld !y n see t !re are *anges "h bel[1 t ! m5 exi/+ to-day h succe$$ o!rs8 ,if s1 !y mu/ "k t o!r m5 h already exi/$1 t !re h be5 o!r facts4 ,!y !re=e possess memory4 ,,_m ,,new ,,?+s ,,are ,,unnotic$2 ,,no?+ ,,=ces ,,! ,,p]ception ,,( ,,new ,,?+s4 #h4 ,x is n necess>y to rememb] all "o sees1 nor by imag9ation to repres5t to oneself all ! ?+s t foll[ =tuit\sly4 ,besides1 :5 ! m9d possesses a k & a cle> conception ( c]ta9 objects :i* lat] come to (f] !mselves to 8 s5ses1 no?+ =ces him to ab&on ! k he has acquir$ by intellig5ce1 to look at ! p>ticul> s5se-object :i* is 9 front ( him1 unless he be *>g$ to adm9i/] "s ( ! p>ticul> ?+s conta9$ 9 ! notion ( ! all4 ,,memory ,,is ,,n ,,compulsory4 ,n[1 to ent] into details1 let u fir/ say t "o does n necess>ily reta9 all "o has se54 ,:5 some?+ is nei!r int]e/+ nor important1 ! s5ses1 impress$ by ! div]sity ( objects )\t our volunt>y direction ( consci\sness1 are alone affect$2 ! s\l does n p]ceive ! impressions because !re is no utility 9 !m = h]4 ,:5 ! s\l is turn$ t[>ds h]self1 or t[>ds o!r objects1 & :5 %e applies h]self to !m entirely1 %e c\ld n rememb] ^! indiff]5t ?+s1 = %e does n ev5 p]ceive !m :5 !y are pres5t4 ,nei!r is x necess>y t ! imag9ation %\ld repres5t to itself :at is accid5tal2 nor1 if x does repres5t !m to itself1 t x %\ld reta9 !m fai?fully4 ,x is easy to be conv9c$ t a s5se-impression ( ?is k9d is n p]ceiv$1 on ! gr\nd ( ! foll[+ argum5ts4 ,9 ! act ( walk+ we divide1 or r trav]se ! air1 )\t any consci\s purpose2 consequ5tly we nei!r notice x1 nor ?9k ( x1 :ile we press =w>d4 ,likewise1 if we _h n decid$ to take "s p>ticul> road1 & unless we c\ld fly ?r\gh ! air1 we w\ld n ?9k ( ! region ( ! e>? :]e we are1 nor ( ! di/ance we h travel$4 ,?is is prov$ by ! fact t :5 ! m9d possesses ! g5]al k ( :at occurs1 & is sure t ! ?+s w occur z plann$1 a man no long] att5ds to details4 ,besides1 if a p]son cont9ues to d ! same ?+1 x w\ld be useless to cont9ue to obs]ve ! simil> details4 ,consequ5tly if ! />s1 :ile foll[+ _! c\rses1 c>ry out _! duties )\t att5d+ to ! occurr5ce ( :at goes on2 & unless _! *ief duty is to obs]ve occurr5ces or ! occurr5ce itself2 & if _! progress is no?+ m ?an accid5tal1 :ile _! att5tion is held by o!r & great] objects2 & if !y regul>ly cont9ue to pass ?r\gh ! same orbit )\t consid]+ ! calculation ( "t1 ev5 if x _h already be5 divid$ 7"u ^! f\r conditions72 !re is no ne$ to suppose t ^! />s w\ld h a memory ( ! places !y pass by1 or ( _! p]iods4 ,_! life w\ld be uni=m2 because !y always travel ?r\gh ! same places1 s t _! movem5t is1 s to speak1 m vital ?an local1 because x is produc$ by a s+le liv+ be+ 7! univ]se71 :i*1 realiz+ x )9 itself1 is ext]iorly at re/ & int]iorly 9 motion by its et]nal life4 ,,/>-,,motions ,,comp>$ ,,to ,a ,,ballet-,,*orus4 ,! movem5t ( ! />s might be comp>$ to t ( a *oric ballet4 ,let u suppose t x _h b a limit$ duration2 its motion w\ld be consid]$ p]fect1 if view$ z a totality1 f beg9n+ to end2 b if consid]$ 9 its p>ts only1 x w\ld be imp]fect4 ,n[ if we suppose t x exi/s always2 !n w x always be p]fect4 ,if x be always p]fect1 !re w be nei!r "t nor place :]e x is becom+ p]fect2 consequ5tly1 x w n ev5 h any desire1 & x w measure no?+1 nei!r by "t nor place2 & !re=e w n rememb] ei!r4 ,,/>s ,,h ,,no ,,memory ,,because ,,!y ,,are ,,uni=mly ,,blissful4 ,besides1 ! />s enjoy a blissful life because !y contemplate ! real life 9 _! own s\ls2 because !y all aspire to ! ,"o1 &1 radiat+ into ! entire heav5s1 l cords t vibrate 9 unison1 !y produce a k9d ( symphony by _! natural h>mony4 ,la/1 ! entire heav5s revolve2 s also d _! p>ts1 :i*1 9 spite ( ! div]sity ( _! motions1 & ( _! positions1 all gravitate t[>ds a same c5tre4 ,n[ all ^! facts support ! !ory we h advanc$1 s9ce !y %[ t ! life ( ! univ]se is "o sy/em1 & is uni=m4 ,,"q3 ,,does ,,jupit]',s ,,royal ,,adm9i/ration ,,imply ,a ,,use ,,( ,,memory8 #i4 ,jupit]1 :o gov]ns ! _w1 & endues x ) ord] & beauty1 possesses f all et]nity#aed a royal s\l & intellig5ce2 he produces ?+s by 8 provid5ce1 & regulates !m by 8 p[]2 9 an ord]ly mann] he disposes ev]y?+ 9 ! developm5t & a*ievem5t ( ! num]\s p]iods ( ! />s4 ,d n su* acts on ,jupit]'s "p imply use ( memory by :i* he may "k :at p]iods h already be5 accompli%$1 & busy himself ) ! prep>ation ( o!rs by 8 comb9ations1 8 calculations1 & reason+s8 ,8 be+ ! mo/ skilful adm9i/rator 9 ! _w w\ld seem to imply t he uses memory4 ,,! ,,inf9ity ,,( ,,jupit]',s ,,life ,,opposes ,,8 ,,use ,,( ,,memory4 ,we might well1 9 respect to ! memory ( ^! p]iods1 exam9e ! numb] ( ^! p]iods1 & :e!r x is kn[n to ,jupit]2 = if x be a f9ite numb]1 ! univ]se w h _h a comm5cem5t )9 "t2 b if x be inf9ite1 ,jupit] w n h be5 able to "k h[ _m ?+s he has done4 7,to solve ?is problem7 we mu/ admit t ,jupit] ev] enjoys k1 9 a s+le & unit>y life4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t he mu/ be inf9ite & possess unity1 n by a k come to him f )\t1 b int]iorly1 by 8 v nature1 because ! inf9ite ev] rema9s entire 9 him1 is inh]5t 9 him1 is contemplat$ by him1 & is n1 = him1 simply ! object ( an accid5tal k4 ,inde$1 :ile kn[+ ! inf9ity ( 8 life1 ,jupit] simultane\sly kn[s t ! influ5ce he ex]cises on ! univ]se is s+le2 b 8 k !re( is n due to 8 ex]cis+ x on ! univ]se4 ,,jupit] ,,may ,,be ,,tak5 ,,9 ,a ,,d\ble ,,s5se4 #aj4 ,! pr9ciple :i* presides ov] ! ord] ( ! univ]se is d\ble2 f "o po9t ( view he is ! demiurge2 f ! o!r1 ! univ]sal ,s\l4 ,by ! "n ( ,jupit]1 !re=e1 we designate bo? ! demiurge1 & ! ,gov]nor ( ! univ]se4 ,z to ! demiurge1 we mu/ dismiss all notions ( pa/ or future1 & attribute to him no?+ b a life t is uni=m1 immutable1 & indep5d5t1 ( "t4 ,b ! life ( ! gov]nor ( ! univ]se 7:i* is ! univ]sal ,s\l71 raises ! "q :e!r %e be also free f any necessity ( reason+1 & ( plann+ :at is to be done8 ,surely1 = ! ord] :i* is to rule has already be5 devis$ & decid$1 & t )\t hav+ be5 ord]$2 = t :i* is 9 ord] 0 t :i* became1 & ! process ( becom+ ev5tuates 9 ord]4 ,! latt] is ! activity ( ! ,s\l :i* dep5ds f an abid+ wisdom1 a wisdom ^: image is ! ord] exi/+ )9 ! s\l4 ,z ! wisdom contemplat$ by ! s\l does n *ange1 nei!r does its action4 ,inde$1 ! ,s\l contemplates wisdom p]petually2 if %e ceas$1 %e w\ld lapse into inc]titude1 = ! s\l is z unit>y z h] "w4 ,?is unit>y pr9ciple t gov]ns ! _w dom9ates p]petually1 & n only occasionally2 = :5ce %\ld !re be sev]al p[]s1 to /ruggle among ea* o!r1 or get into unc]ta9ties8 ,! pr9ciple t adm9i/]s ! univ]se is !re=e unit>y1 & ev] wills ! same4 ,:y1 inde$1 %\ld %e desire n[ "o ?+1 & !n ano!r1 & ?us involve h]self 9 unc]ta9ties8 ,/ill1 ev5 if %e alt]$ h]self "u unit>y conditions1 %e w\ld n be involv$ 9 difficulties4 ,t ! univ]se conta9s a great numb] & k9ds ( p>ts oppos$ to ea* o!r is no reason t ! ,s\l does n ) c]ta9ty "k h[ to arrange !m4 ,%e does n beg9 by objects ( l[e/ rank1 nor by p>ts2 %e directs by ! pr9ciples4 ,/>t+ f ^!1 %e easily succe$s 9 putt+ ev]y?+ 9 ord]4 ,%e dom9ates because %e p]si/s 9 a s+le & id5tical function4 ,:at w\ld induce h] to wi% fir/ "o ?+1 & !n ano!r8 ,besides1 9 su* a /ate ( affairs1 %e w\ld hesitate ab\t :at %e ought to d1 & h] action w\ld be weak5$1 & ?is w\ld result 9 a weakness ( h] activities1 :ile delib]at+ ab\t /ill undecid$ plans4 ,,ratioc9ation ,,has ,,no ,,place ,,9 ,,! ,,_w-,,s\l4 #aa4 ,! _w is adm9i/]$ l a liv+ be+1 namely1 p>tly f ! outside1 & f ! result+ memb]s1 & p>tly f )91 & f ! pr9ciple4 ,! art ( ! physician works f outside 91 decid+ :i* organ is at fault1 op]at+ only ) hesitation & aft] grop+ ar\nd exp]im5tally4 ,nature1 h[ev]1 />t+ )9 f ! pr9ciple1 has no ne$ to delib]ate4 ,! p[] :i* adm9i/]s ! univ]se proce$s n l ! physician1 b l nature4 ,x pres]ves its simplicity s mu* ! bett] z x comprises ev]y?+ 9 its brea/1 inasmu* z all ?+s are p>ts ( ! liv+ be+ :i* is "o4 ,inde$1 nature1 :i* is unit>y1 dom9ates all individual natures2 ^! proce$ f x1 b rema9 atta*$ !reto1 l bran*es ( an imm5se tree1 :i* is ! univ]se4 ,:at w\ld be ! utility ( reason+1 calculation1 & memory 9 a pr9ciple t possesses an ev] pres5t & active wisdom1 & :i*1 by ?is wisdom1 dom9ates ! _w & adm9i/]s x 9 an immutable mann]8 ,t its works are v>i$ & *angeful1 does n imply t ?is pr9ciple mu/ itself p>ticipate 9 _! mutability4 ,x rema9s immutable ev5 :ile produc+ diff]5t ?+s4 ,are n sev]al /ages produc$ successively 9 ea* animal1 accord+ to its v>i\s ages8 ,are n c]ta9 p>ts born & increas$ at det]m9ate p]iods1 su* z ! horns1 ! be>d1 & ! brea/s8 ,does "o n see ea* be+ begett+ o!rs8 ,?us1 )\t ! deg5]ation ( ! e>li] 7sem9al7 reasons1 o!rs develop 9 _! turn4 ,?is is prov$ by ! 7sem9al7 reason subsi/+ id5tical & entire )9 ! same liv+ be+4 ,,?is ,,univ]sal ,,wisdom ,,is ,,p]man5t ,,because ,,timeless4 ,we are !re=e ju/ifi$ 9 ass]t+ ! rule ( "o & ! same wisdom4 ,?is wisdom is univ]sal2 x is ! p]man5t wisdom ( ! _w2 x is multiple & v>i$1 & at ! same "t x is "o1 because x is ! wisdom ( ! liv+ ,be+ :i* is "o1 & is ! greate/ ( all4 ,x is inv>iable1 9 spite ( ! multiplicity ( its works2 x con/itutes ! ,reason :i* is "o1 & /ill is all ?+s simultane\sly4 ,if x 7 n all ?+s1 x w\ld1 in/ead ( be+ ! wisdom ( ! univ]se1 be ! wisdom ( only ! latt] & individual ?+s4 ,,wisdom1 ,,9 ,,! ,,_w-,,s\l ,,does ,,n ,,imply ,,reason+ ,,& ,,memory4 #ab4 ,x may p]haps be object$ t ?is might be true ( nature1 b t :]eas ! ,s\l-(-!-univ]se conta9s wisdom1 ?is implies also reason+ & memory4 ,?is objection c\ld be rais$ only by p]sons :o by wisdom und]/& t :i* is its abs5ce1 & mi/ake ! se>* = wisdom = reasonable ?9k+4 ,= :at c reason+ be b ! que/ ( wisdom1 ! real reason1 ! intellig5ce ( ! real ess5ce8 ,he :o ex]cises reason resembles a man :o plays ! lyre to ex]cise himself1 to acquire ! habit ( play+ x1 &1 9 g5]al1 to a man :o le>ns 9 ord] to "k4 ,he seeks inde$ to acquire sci5ce1 ^: possession is ! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( a sage4 ,wisdom consi/s !re=e 9 a /able condition4 ,?is is se5 ev5 9 ! conduct ( ! reason]2 z soon z he has f\nd :at he s\ght1 he ceases to reason1 & re/s 9 ! possession ( wisdom4 ,,omnisci5t ,,intuition ,,makes ,,memory ,,& ,,reason+ ,,sup]flu\s4 ,!re=e1 if ! gov]n+ ,p[] ( ! _w seems to resemble ^? :o le>n1 x w be necess>y to attribute to x reason+1 reflection1 & memory1 s t x may comp>e ! pa/ ) ! pres5t or ! future4 ,b if1 on ! contr>y1 its k be su* z to h no?+ m to le>n1 & to rema9 9 a p]fectly /able condition1 x evid5tly possesses wisdom by itself4 ,if x "k future ?+s--a privilege t c\ld n be d5i$ x "u p5alty ( absurdity--:y w\ld x n also "k h[ !y are to occur8 ,kn[+ all ?is1 x w\ld h no fur!r ne$ ( comp>+ ! pa/ ) ! pres5t4 ,besides1 ?is k ( its future w n resemble ! prevision ( ! =etell]s1 b to ! c]titude ent]ta9$ by mak]s ab\t _! h&iwork4 ,?is c]titude admits no hesitation1 no ambiguity2 x is absolute2 z soon z x has obta9$ ass5t1 x rema9s immutable4 ,consequ5tly1 ! wisdom ab\t ! future is ! same z ab\t ! pres5t1 because x is immutable2 t is1 )\t ratioc9ation4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x did n "k ! future ?+s x 0 to produce1 x w\ld n "k h[ to produce !m1 & x w\ld produce !m )\t rule1 accid5tally1 by *ance4 ,9 its production1 x rema9s immutable2 consequ5tly1 x produces )\t *ang+1 at lea/ z f> z p]mitt$ by ! model borne )9 x4 ,its action is !re=e uni=m1 ev] ! same2 o!rwise1 ! s\l might err4 ,if its "w 0 to conta9 diff]5ces1 x does n d]ive ^! f itself1 b f ! 7sem9al7 reasons :i* !mselves proce$ f ! creat+ pr9ciple4 ,?us ! creat$ ?+s dep5d f ! s]ies ( reasons1 & ! creat+ pr9ciple has no ne$ to hesitate1 to delib]ate1 nei!r to support a pa9ful "w1 z 0 ?\ght by "s philosoph]s :o consid]$ ! task ( regulat+ ! univ]se we>isome4 ,x w\ld inde$ be a tiresome task to h&le a /range matt]1 t is1 "o :i* is unmanageable4 ,b :5 a p[] by itself dom9ates 7:at x =ms71 x _c h ne$ ( any?+ b itself & its c\nsel2 t is1 its wisdom1 = 9 su* a p[] ! c\nsel is id5tical ) wisdom4 ,x !re=e ne$s no?+ = creation1 s9ce ! wisdom x possesses is n a borr[$ wisdom4 ,x ne$s no?+ 7extrane\s or7 adv5titi\s2 consequ5tly1 nei!r reason+ nor memory1 :i* faculties yield u no?+ b :at is adv5titi\s4 ,,9 ,,! ,,_w-,,s\l ,,wisdom ,,is ,,! ,,highe/ ,,& ,,nature ,,! ,,l[e/4 #ac4 ,h[ w\ld su* a wisdom diff] f s-call$ nature8 7,9 ! ,s\l7 wisdom occupies ! fir/ rank1 & nature ! la/4 ,nature is only ! image ( wisdom2 n[1 if nature occupy no m ?an ! la/ rank1 %e mu/ also h only ! la/ degree ( ! reason t enlight5s ! ,s\l4 ,z illu/ration1 take a piece ( wax1 on :i* ! figure impress$ on "o side p5etrates to ! o!r2 & ^: well-m>k$ traits on ! upp] face appe> on ! l[] face only 9 a confus$ mann]4 ,su* is ! condition ( nature4 ,%e does n "k1 %e only produces1 bl9dly %e transmits to matt] ! =m %e possesses1 j z "s w>m object transmits to ano!r1 b 9 a less] degree1 ! heat x itself possesses4 ,nature does n ev5 imag9e3 = ! act ( imag9+1 inf]ior z x is to t ( ?9k+1 is nev]!less sup]ior to t ( impress+ a =m1 z nature does x4 ,nature c nei!r grasp nor und]/& any?+2 :ile imag9ation seizes ! adv5titi\s object & p]mits ! "o :o is imag+ to "k :at he has exp]i5c$4 ,z to nature1 all x kn[s is to beget2 x is ! actualization ( ! active pot5tiality 7( ! univ]sal ,s\l74 ,consequ5tly1 ,intellig5ce possesses intelligible =ms2 ! 7univ]sal7 ,s\l has receiv$ !m1 & ceaselessly receives !m f h]2 t is :at h] life consi/s (2 ! cle>ness :i* %9es 9 h] is ! consci\sness %e has ( h] ?\ght4 ,! reflection :i* 7! ,s\l h]self projects on matt] is nature1 :i* t]m9ates ! s]ies ( ess5ces1 & occupies ! la/ rank 9 ! intelligible _w2 aft] h]1 !re is no?+ b imitations 7( be+s74 ,nature1 :ile act+ on matt] is passive 9 respect 7to ! ,s\l74 ,! 7,s\l71 sup]ior to nature1 acts )\t suff]+4 ,f9ally1 ! supreme 7,intellig5ce7 does n 7itself7 act on ! bodies or on matt]4 ,,!re ,,is ,,cont9uity ,,betwe5 ,,nature ,,& ,,! ,,elem5ts4 #ad4 ,! bodies begott5 by nature are ! elem5ts4 ,z to ! animals & ! plants1 d !y possess nature z ! air possesses ! light :i* :5 retir+ does n injure ! air1 because x nev] m+l$ ) ! air1 & rema9$ sep>ate f x8 ,or is nature's relation to animals & plants ! same z t ( ! fire ) a heat$ body1 to :i*1 on retir+1 x leaves a w>m? :i* is diff]5t f ! heat *>act]i/ic ( ! fire1 & :i* con/itutes a modification ( ! heat$ body8 ,surely ?is4 ,to ! ess5ce :i* x m\lds1 nature gives a %ape1 :i* is diff]5t f ! =m prop] to nature h]self4 ,we might h[ev] /ill consid] :e!r !re be any int]m$i>y betwe5 nature & ! ess5ce :i* %e m\lds4 ,h[ev]1 we h suffici5tly det]m9$ ! diff]5ce t exi/s betwe5 nature & ! wisdom :i* presides ov] ! univ]se4 ,,h[ ,,c ,,"t ,,be ,,divid$ ,,)\t ,,imply+ ,,division ,,( ,,! ,,s\l',s ,,action8 #ae4 ,we /ill h to solve "o "q be>+ on ! above discussion4 ,if et]nity relate to ,intellig5ce1 & "t to ! ,s\l--= we h /at$ t ! exi/5ce ( "t is relat$ to ! actualization ( ! ,s\l1 & dep5ds !refrom--h[ c "t be divid$1 & h a pa/1 )\t ! ,s\l's action itself be+ divid$1 )\t h] reflection on ! pa/ con/itut+ memory 9 h]8 ,inde$1 et]nity implies id5tity1 & "t implies div]sity2 o!rwise1 if we suppose !re is no *ange 9 ! actualizations ( ! ,s\l1 "t w h no?+ to di/+ui% x f et]nity4 ,%all we say t our s\ls1 be+ subject to *ange & imp]fection1 are 9 "t1 :ile ! univ]sal ,s\l begets "t )\t h]self be+ 9 x8 ,,9 ,,"t ,,are ,,actions ,,& ,,reactions ,,( ,,! ,,s\l2 ,,b ,,n ,,! ,,s\l ,,h]self4 ,let u admit t ! univ]sal ,s\l is n 9 "t2 :y %\ld %e beget "t r ?an et]nity8 ,because ! ?+s %e begets are compris$ )9 "t1 in/ead ( be+ et]nal4 ,nei!r are ! o!r s\ls )9 "t2 no?+ ( !m1 except _! actions & reactions 7,/oic t]ms74 ,inde$1 ! s\ls !mselves are et]nal2 & !re=e "t is subsequ5t to !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :at is 9 "t is less ?an "t1 s9ce "t mu/ embrace all t is )9 x1 z ,plato says1 t "t embraces all t is 9 numb] & place4 ,,"q3 ,,ev5 ,,! ,,priority ,,( ,,ord] ,,implies ,a ,,temporal ,,conception4 #af4 ,x may h[ev] be object$ t if ! 7univ]sal ,s\l7 conta9 ?+s 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y 7 successively produc$1 %e !reby conta9s !m z e>li] & lat]4 ,!n1 if %e produce !m )9 "t1 %e incl9es t[>ds ! future1 & consequ5tly1 also conv]sely to ! pa/4 ,,e>li] ,,& ,,lat] ,,exi/ ,,only ,,9 ,,:at ,,is ,,begott52 ,,n ,,9 ,,_! ,,sem9al ,,reason4 ,x may be answ]$ t ! conceptions ( e>li] & lat] apply only to ?+s :i* are becom+2 9 ! ,s\l1 on ! contr>y1 !re is no pa/2 all ! 7sem9al7 reasons are simultane\sly pres5t to h]1 z has already be5 said4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 begott5 ?+s1 ! p>ts d n exi/ simultane\sly1 because !y d n all exi/ toge!r1 al?\gh !y all exi/ toge!r )9 ! 7sem9al7 reasons4 ,= in/ance1 ! feet or ! h&s exi/ toge!r 9 ! 7sem9al7 reasons1 b 9 ! body !y are sep>ate4 ,nev]!less1 ^! p>ts are equally sep>at$1 b 9 a diff]5t mann]1 9 ! 7sem9al7 reason1 z !y are equally ant]ior to ea* o!r 9 a diff]5t mann]4 ,if h[ev] !y be ?us sep>ate 9 ! 7sem9al7 reason1 !y !n diff] 9 nature4 ,,?+s ,,:i* ,,are ,,ant]ior ,,c ,,be ,,only ,,9 ,,l[] ,,pr9ciples4 ,b h[ are !y ant]ior to ea* o!r8 ,x mu/ be because "h he :o comm&s is id5tical ) him :o is comm&$4 ,n[ 9 comm&+ he expresses "o ?+ aft] ano!r2 = :y are all ?+s n toge!r8 7,n s74 ,if ! comm& & he :o comm&s 7 sep>ate entities1 ! ?+s w\ld h be5 produc$ 9 ! same mann] z !y h be5 express$ 7by spee*72 b z ! comm&] is himself ! fir/ comm&1 he does n express ?+s 7by spee*71 he only produces !m "o aft] ! o!r4 ,if he 7 7by spee*7 to express :at he actually does1 he w\ld h to consid] ! ord]2 consequ5tly1 he w\ld h to be sep>ate f x4 ,is x ask$1 h[ c ! comm&] be id5tical ) ! comm&8 ,he is n simultane\sly =m & matt]1 b =m alone 7t is1 ! totality ( ! reasons :i* are simultane\sly pres5t to him74 ,?us1 ! ,s\l is bo? ! pot5tiality & ! actualization :i* occupy ! second rank aft] ,intellig5ce4 ,to h p>ts "s ( :i* are prior to o!rs suits only su* objects z _c be ev]y?+ simultane\sly4 ,,diagram ,,( ,,! ,,univ]se4 ,! ,s\l1 su* z we are consid]+ h] "h1 is some?+ v5]able2 %e resembles a circle :i* is unit$ to ! c5tre1 & :i* develops )\t leav+ 7its base ( op]ations1 ! c5tre71 ?us =m+ an undivid$ ext5sion4 ,to ga9 a conception ( ! ord] ( ! ?ree pr9ciples1 ! ,good may be consid]$ z a c5tre1 ! ,intellig5ce z an immovable circle1 & ! ,s\l z an ext]nal movable circle impell$ by desire4 ,,circul> ,,movem5t ,,( ,,! ,,s\l4 ,inde$1 intellig5ce possesses & embraces ! ,good imm$iately2 :ile ! ,s\l c only aspire to 7! ,good71 :i* is locat$ above ! ,intellig5ce4 ,! :ole _w-sph]e possess+ ! ,s\l :i* ?us aspires 7to ! ,good71 is mov$ by ! prompt+s ( its natural aspirations4 ,its natural aspiration1 h[ev]1 is to rise 9 bodily aspiration to ! pr9ciple on ! outside ( :i* x is2 namely1 to ext5d ar\nd x1 to turn1 & consequ5tly to move 9 a circle4 ,,! ,,intellectual ,,diff]5ces ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,_w-,,s\l1 ,,& ,,s\ls ,,( ,,/>s1 ,,e>? ,,& ,,m54 #ag4 ,:y are ! ?\ghts & rational aspirations 9 u diff]5t 7f :at !y are 9 ! univ]sal ,s\l78 ,:y is !re 9 u po/]iority 9 respect to "t 7z we conceive ?+s 9 a successive mann]1 :ile ! univ]sal ,s\l conceives !m simultane\sly78 ,:y d we h to "q ourselves 7ab\t ?is78 ,is x because sev]al =ces are active 9 u1 & cont5d = ma/]y1 & !re is no s+le "o :i* alone comm&s8 ,is x because we successively ne$ v>i\s ?+s to satisfy our ne$s1 because our pres5t is n det]m9$ by itself1 b ref]s to ?+s :i* v>y cont9ually1 & :i* are outside ( ourselves8 ,yes1 t is ! reason :y our det]m9ations *ange accord+ to ! pres5t occasion & ne$4 ,v>i\s ?+s come f ! outside to (f] !mselves to u successively4 ,besides1 z sev]al =ces dom9ate 9 u1 our imag9ation necess>ily has repres5tations t are v>i\s1 transi5t1 modifi$ by ea* o!r1 & h9d]+ ! movem5ts & actions *>act]i/ic ( ea* p[] ( ! s\l4 ,?us1 :5 lu/ arises 9 u1 imag9ation repres5ts to u ! desir$ object1 w>ns u1 & in/ructs u ab\t ! passion born ( lu/1 & at ! same "t begs ( u to li/5 to x1 & to satisfy x4 ,9 ?is /ate1 ! s\l floats 9 unc]ta9ty1 :e!r x grant to ! appetite ! desir$ satisfaction1 or :e!r %e refuse x4 ,ang]1 = in/ance1 excites u to v5geance1 & !reby produces ! same unc]ta9ty4 ,! ne$s & passions ( ! body also sugge/ to u v>y+ actions & op9ions2 z d also ! ignorance ( ! true goods1 ! s\l's inability to give a c]ta9 judgm5t1 :ile 9 ?is hesitat+ condition1 & ! consequ5ces :i* result f ! m+l+ ( ! ?+s we h j m5tion$4 ,/ill our own highe/ "p makes judgm5ts m c]ta9 ?an ^? rea*$ by ! "p common 7to ! s\l & to ! body71 a "p t is v unc]ta91 be+ a prey to div]sity ( op9ions4 ,,s\ls1 ,,accord+ ,,to ,,moralization1 ,,resemble ,,v>i\s ,,=ms ,,( ,,gov]nm5t4 ,"r reason1 on desc5d+ f ! high] realms ( ! s\l into ! common "p1 is by ?is m+l+ weak5$1 al?\gh x is n naturally weak2 ?us1 9 ! tumult ( a num]\s assembly1 x is n ! wise/ c\nsellor ^: ^w c>ries weight2 b on ! contr>y1 t ( ! mo/ turbul5t & qu>relsome1 & ! tumult !y make =ces ! wise man to /ay seat$1 p[]less & vanqui%$1 by ! noise4 ,9 ! p]v]se man1 x is ! animal "p t rules2 ! div]sity ( influ5ces :i* ov]come ?is man repres5ts ! wor/ ( gov]nm5ts 7! rule ( ! mob74 ,9 ! commonplace man1 ?+s happ5 z 9 a republic :]e "s good elem5t dom9ates ! rema9d]1 :i* does n refuse to obey4 ,9 ! virtu\s man1 !re is a life :i* resembles ! ari/ocracy1 because he manages to )draw f ! influ5ce ( ! commonplace "p1 & because he li/5s to :at is be/ 9 himself4 ,f9ally1 9 ! be/ man1 completely sep>at$ f ! common "p1 reigns "o s+le pr9ciple f :i* proce$s ! ord] to :i* ! rema9d] is subject4 ,x w\ld seem !re=e t !re 7 two cities1 ! "o sup]ior1 & ! o!r inf]ior1 :i* latt] d]ives its ord] f ! =m]4 ,we saw t ! univ]sal ,s\l 0 a s+le id5tical pr9ciple :i* comm&s uni=mly2 b o!r s\ls1 z we h j expla9$1 are 9 a v diff]5t condition4 ,en\gh ( ?is4 ,,! ,,body ,,is ,,n ,,u1 ,,b ,,ours4 #ah4 ,does ! body1 ?anks to ! pres5ce ( ! s\l t vivifies x1 possess some?+ :i* becomes *>act]i/ically its own1 or is its possession no?+ m ?an its nature1 & is ?is ! only ?+ add$ to ! body8 ,evid5tly1 ! body :i* enjoys ! pres5ce ( ! s\l1 & ( nature1 w\ld n resemble a corpse4 ,x w be 9 ! condition ( ! air1 n :5 ! air is p5etrat$ by ! sun-light 7= !n x really receives no?+71 b :5 x p>ticipates 9 ! heat4 ,!re=e1 plant & animal bodies t possess a nature1 f9d t x consi/s ( ! %ad[ ( a s\l4 ,x is to ?is body1 ?us vivifi$ by nature1 t suff]+s & pleasures relate2 b x is = u to exp]i5ce ^! suff]+s & pleasures )\t ourselves suff]+4 ,by u is "h meant ! reasonable s\l1 f :i* ! body is di/9ct1 )\t h[ev] be+ =eign to x1 s9ce x is ours 7s9ce x belongs to u74 ,only because ( ?is1 t x is ours1 d we c>e = x4 ,we are n ! body2 b we are n entirely sep>at$ f x2 x is associat$ ) u1 x dep5ds on u4 ,:5 we say we1 we mean by ?is ^w :at con/itutes ! pr9cipal "p ( our be+2 ! body also is ours3 b 9 ano!r s5se4 ,!re=e its suff]+s & pleasures are n indiff]5t to u2 ! weak] we are1 ! m we occupy ourselves ) x4 ,9 x1 s to speak1 is plung$ ! mo/ preci\s "p ( ourselves1 :i* ess5tially con/itutes ! p]sonality1 ! man4 ,,! ,,s\l ,,& ,,body ,,toge!r ,,=m ,a ,,fusion ,,( ,,bo?4 ,! passions d n really belong to ! s\l1 b to ! liv+ body1 :i* is ! common "p1 or ! fusion 7( bo?1 or ! comp\nd74 ,! body & s\l1 ea* tak5 sep>ately1 are self-suffici5t4 ,isolat$ & inanimate1 ! body does n suff]4 ,x is n ! body t is dissolv$1 x is ! unification ( its p>ts4 ,isolat$1 ! s\l is impassible1 indivisible1 & by h] condition escapes all affections4 ,b ! unification ( two ?+s is sure to be m or less un/able1 & on its occurr5ce1 x (t5 happ5s t x is te/$2 h5ce ! pa94 ,i say1 two ?+s1 n inde$ two bodies1 because two bodies h ! same nature2 ! pres5t is a case :]e "o k9d ( be+ is to be unit$ to "o ( a diff]5t k9d1 :]e ! inf]ior be+ receives some?+ f ! sup]ior be+1 b receives only a trace ( t some?+1 because ( its inability to receive h] entirely4 ,!n ! :ole comprises two elem5ts1 b nev]!less =ms only a unity2 :i*1 becom+ some?+ int]m$i>y betwe5 :at x 01 & :at x has n be5 able to become1 becomes s]i\sly emb>rass$1 because x has =m$ an un=tunate alliance1 n v solid1 always drawn into opposite directions by contr>y influ5ces4 ,?us x is at "o "t elat$1 & at ano!r1 deject$2 :5 x is deject$1 x manife/s its suff]+2 :5 x is elat$1 x aspires to communion betwe5 ! body & ! s\l4 ,,! ,,s\l ,,feels ,,! ,,passions ,,)\t ,,exp]i5c+ ,,!m4 #ai4 ,t is :y !re is pleasure & pa94 ,t is :y grief is said to be a p]ception ( dissolution1 :5 ! body is ?reat5$ ) ! loss ( ! image ( ! s\l 7( be+ disorganiz$ by los+ ! irrational s\l74 ,t is :y x is said t pleasure is a p]ception produc$ 9 ! animal :5 ! image ( ! s\l reassumes its sway ov] ! body4 ,x is ! body :i* und]goes passion2 b x is ! s5se-pot5tiality ( ! s\l :i* p]ceives ! passion by its relation ) ! organs2 x is %e to :i* all ! s5sations ultimately report !mselves4 ,! body alone is injur$ & suff]s2 = example1 :5 "o memb] is cut1 x is ! mass ( ! body :i* is cut2 ! s\l feels pa9 n m]ely z a mass1 b z a liv+ mass4 ,x is likewise ) a burn3 ! s\l feels x1 because ! s5se-pot5tiality z x 7 receives its reaction by its relations ) ! organs4 ,! s\l entire feels ! passion produc$ 9 ! body )\t h[ev] h]self exp]i5c+ x4 ,,unless ,,! ,,s\l ,,7 ,,impassible ,,%e ,,c\ld ,,n ,,localize ,,& ,,manage ,,pa94 ,inde$1 z ! :ole s\l feels1 %e localizes ! passion 9 ! organ :i* has receiv$ ! bl[1 & :i* suff]s4 ,if %e h]self exp]i5c$ ! suff]+1 z ! :ole ( h] is pres5t 9 ! :ole body1 %e c\ld n localize ! suff]+ 9 "o organ2 ! :ole ( h] w\ld feel ! suff]+2 %e w\ld n relate x to any "o "p ( ! body1 b to all 9 g5]al3 = %e is pres5t ev]y:]e 9 ! body4 ,! f+] suff]s1 & ! man feels ?is suff]+1 because x is 8 f+]4 ,x is g5]ally said t ! man suff]s 9 8 f+]1 j z x is said t he is blond1 because 8 eyes are blue4 ,x is !re=e ! same entity t und]goes passion' & suff]+1 unless ! ^w suff]+' %\ld n "h designate bo? ! passion1 & ! s5sation :i* foll[s x2 9 ?is case no m is meant ?an t ! /ate ( suff]+ is accompani$ by s5sation4 ,! s5sation itself is n ! suff]+1 b ! k ( ! suff]+4 ,! pot5tiality :i* kn[s mu/ be impassible to "k well1 & well to indicate :at is p]ceiv$4 ,= if ! faculty :i* is to indicate ! passions itself suff]1 x w ei!r n indicate !m1 or x w indicate !m badly4 ,,! ,,appetites ,,are ,,locat$ ,,nei!r ,,9 ,,body ,,nor ,,s\l1 ,,b ,,9 ,,_! ,,comb9ation4 #bj4 ,consequ5tly1 x may be said t ! orig9 ( ! desires %\ld be locat$ 9 ! common 7comb9ation7 & 9 ! physical nature4 ,to desire & seek some?+ w\ld n be *>act]i/ic ( a body 9 any /ate :atev] 7:i* w\ld n be alive74 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is n ! s\l :i* seeks aft] sweet or bitt] flavors1 b ! body4 ,n[ ! body1 by ! v fact t x is n simply a body 7t x is a liv+ body71 moves mu* m ?an ! s\l1 & is oblig$ to seek out a ?\s& objects to satisfy its ne$s3 at times x ne$s sweet flavors1 at o!rs1 bitt] flavors2 aga9 humidity1 & lat]1 heat2 all ( !m be+ ?+s ab\t :i* x w\ld n c>e1 7 x alone4 ,z ! suff]+ is accompani$ by k1 ! s\l1 to avoid ! object :i* causes ! suff]+1 makes an ef=t :i* con/itutes flight1 because %e p]ceives ! passion exp]i5c$ by ! organ1 t contracts to escape ! h>mful object4 ,?us ev]y?+ t occurs 9 ! body is kn[n by s5sation1 & by t "p ( ! s\l call$ nature1 & :i* gives ! body a trace ( ! s\l4 ,on "o h&1 desire1 :i* has its orig9 9 ! body1 & rea*es its highe/ degree 9 nature1 atta*es itself !reto4 ,on ! o!r h&1 s5sation begets imag9ation1 z a consequ5ce ( :i* ! s\l satisfies h] ne$1 or ab/a9s1 & re/ra9s h]self2 )\t li/5+ to ! body :i* gave bir? to desire1 nor ! faculty :i* lat] felt its reaction4 ,,two ,,k9ds ,,( ,,desires3 ,,( ,,! ,,body2 ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,comb9ation1 ,,or ,,nature4 ,:y !re=e %\ld we recognize two k9ds ( desires1 in/ead ( ackn[l$g+ only "o k9d 9 ! liv+ body8 ,because nature diff]s f ! body to :i* x gives life4 ,nature is ant]ior to ! body because x is nature t organizes ! body by m\ld+ x1 & %ap+ x2 consequ5tly1 ! orig9 ( desire is n 9 nature1 b 9 ! passions ( ! liv+ body4 ,if ! latt] suff]1 x aspires to possess ?+s contr>y to ^? t make x suff]1 to make pleasure succe$ pa91 & satisfaction succe$ ne$4 ,nature1 l a "m1 guesses ! desires ( ! body t has suff]$1 tries to direct x1 & to lure x back4 ,:ile ?us try+ to satisfy x1 %e !reby %>es 9 its desires1 & %e proposes to accompli% ! same ends4 ,x might be said t ! body1 by itself1 possesses desires & incl9ations2 t nature has "s only z a result ( ! body1 & because ( x2 t1 f9ally ! s\l is an indep5d5t p[] :i* grants or refuses :at is desir$ by ! organism4 ,,desires ,,are ,,physical1 ,,because ,,*angeable ,,9 ,,h>mony ,,) ,,! ,,body4 #ba4 ,! obs]vation ( ! diff]5t ages %[s t x is inde$ ! organism :i* is ! orig9 ( desires4 ,inde$1 ^! *ange accord+ z ! man is a *ild or a y\?1 sick or well4 ,nev]!less t "p ( ! s\l :i* is ! seat ( desires ev] rema9s ! same4 ,consequ5tly ! v>iations ( desire mu/ be trac$ back to ! v>iations ( ! organism4 ,b ?is desir+ faculty ( ! s\l is n always entirely wak5$ by ! excitation ( ! body1 al?\gh ?is subsi/s to ! end4 ,(t5 ev5 be=e hav+ delib]at$1 ! s\l w =bid ! body to dr9k or eat1 al?\gh ! organism desires x z ke5ly z possible4 ,nature h]self also (t5 =bids ! satisfaction ( ! bodily desire1 because su* desire may n seem to x natural1 & because %e alone has ! "r to decide :at ?+s are h>moni\s to or contr>y to nature4 ,! !ory t ! body1 by its diff]5t /ates sugge/s diff]5t desires to ! s\l's faculty ( desire1 does n expla9 h[ ! diff]5t /ates ( ! body c inspire diff]5t desires 9 ! s\l's faculty ( desire1 s9ce !n x is n itself t x seeks to satisfy4 ,= x is n = itself1 b = ! organism1 t ! s\l's faculty ( desire seeks foods1 humidity or heat1 motion1 agitation1 or ! satisfaction ( hung]4 ,,relation ,,( ,,desire-,,function ,,to ,,! ,,vegetative ,,p[]s4 #bb4 ,x is possible1 ev5 9 plant-life1 to di/+ui% some?+ :i* is ! *>act]i/ic prop]ty ( _! bodies1 & a p[] t imp>ts x to !m4 ,:at 9 u 9 ! s\l's faculty ( desire1 is 9 plant-life ! natural elem5t 7or1 vegetative p[]74 ,,plato ,,is ,,9 ,,d\bt ,,ab\t ,,! ,,e>?',s ,,s\l2 ,,:e!r ,,%e ,,is ,,l ,,^? ,,( ,,/>s4 ,! e>? also possesses a s\l2 & !re=e also su* a pot5tiality2 & x is f ! e>? t ! plants d]ive _! vegetative pot5tiality4 ,"o might reasonably fir/ ask :i* is ?is s\l t resides 9 ! e>?4 ,does %e proce$ f ! sph]e ( ! univ]se 7to :i* alone ,plato seems to attribute a s\l f ! v fir/71 s z to make ( h] an irradiation ( ?is sph]e ^u ! e>?8 ,or %\ld we on ! contr>y1 attribute to ! e>? a s\l simil> to t ( ! />s1 z ,plato does :5 he calls ! e>? ! fir/ & mo/ anci5t ( ! div9ities conta9$ )9 ! int]ior ( ! heav5s8 ,c\ld x1 9 ?is case1 be a div9ity1 if x did n h a s\l8 ,x is !re=e difficult to det]m9e ! exact /ate ( affairs1 & ! v words ( ,plato "h in/ead ( dim9i%+ our emb>rassm5t1 only increase x4 ,at fir/1 h[ w we manage to =m a reasonable op9ion on ?is subject8 ,judg+ f :at ! e>? causes to gr[1 "o might conjecture t x possesses ! vegetative pot5tiality4 ,z _m liv+ be+s are se5 to gr[ f ! e>?1 :y w\ld x itself n be a liv+ be+8 ,be+ besides a great liv+ be+1 & a consid]able "p ( ! _w1 :y %\ld ! e>? n possess intellig5ce1 & be a div9ity8 ,s9ce we consid] e /> z a liv+ be+1 :y w\ld we n simil>ly consid] ! e>?1 :i* is a "p ( ! univ]sal liv+ be+8 ,x w\ld1 inde$1 be impossible to admit t x 0 ext]iorly conta9$ by a =eign s\l1 & t int]iorly x w\ld h no s\l1 z if x 7 ! only be+ incapable ( hav+ an individual s\l4 ,:y %\ld we grant animation to ! 7/>ry7 bodies ( fire1 :ile n to ! e>?ly body ( our e>?8 ,inde$1 bodies c\ld z easily be ( e>? z ( fire4 ,n 9 ! />s1 any m ?an 9 ! e>?1 is !re any nose1 fle%1 blood1 or hum\rs1 al?\gh ! e>? is m v>i$ ?an ! />s1 & al?\gh x be compos$ ( all ! o!r liv+ bodies4 ,z to its inability to move1 ?is c be said only 9 ref]5ce to local motion4 7,= x is capable ( motion 9 ! respect t x c feel47 ,,! ,,e>? ,,c ,,feel ,,z ,,well ,,z ,,any ,,( ,,! ,,/>s4 ,x w be ask$1 ,b h[ c ! e>? feel8 ,we %all answ] 9 turn1 ,h[ c />s feel8 ,x is n ! fle% t feels2 a s\l is n dep5d5t = feel+ on a body2 b ! body is dep5d5t on ! s\l = self-pres]vation4 ,z ! s\l possesses judgm5t1 %e %\ld be able to judge ! passions ( ! body :5ev] %e applies h] att5tion !reto4 ,,"q3 ,,:at ,,passions ,,w\ld ,,be ,,suitable ,,to ,,! ,,e>?8 ,x may h[ev] /ill be ask$1 ,:at are ! passions *>act]i/ic ( ! e>?1 & :i* may be objects ( judgm5t = ! s\l8 ,x may besides be object$ t ! plants1 consid]$ 9 ! t]re/rial elem5t t con/itutes !m1 d n feel4 ,,s5sation ,,w ,,fir/ ,,h ,,to ,,be ,,exam9$4 ,let u n[ exam9e to :at be+s s5sation belongs1 & :]eby x op]ates4 ,let u see :e!r s5sation c take place ev5 )\t organs4 ,( :at use to ! e>? c\ld s5sation be8 ,= x does n s]ve ! e>? z means ( k2 ! k :i* consi/s 9 wisdom suffices = ! be+s to :om s5sation is ( no use4 ,?is consid]ation might h[ev] be d5i$1 = ! k ( s5se-objects (f]s1 besides utility1 "s ( ! *>ms ( ! ,muses4 ,su* is1 = example1 ! k ( ! sun & ! o!r />s1 ^: contemplation itself is agreeable4 ,?is problem w !re=e dem& solution4 ,,re/atem5t ,,( ,,problems ,,involv$4 ,we mu/ !re=e fir/ inve/igate if ! e>? possess s5ses1 to :at animals s5sation naturally belongs1 & h[ s5sation op]ates4 ,x w be necess>y to beg9 by discuss+ ! d\btful po9ts t we h indicat$1 & to exam9e 9 g5]al if s5sation c op]ate )\t organs1 & if ! s5ses h be5 giv5 = utility1 admitt+ ev5 t !y c procure "s o!r advantage4 ,,conceptive ,,?\ght ,,dem&s ,,! ,,int]m$i>y ,,process ,,( ,,s5sation4 #bc4 ,conception ( s5se-objects occurs :5 ! s\l or ! liv+ be+ exp]i5ces p]ceptions by grasp+ ! bodies' inh]5t qualities1 & by repres5t+ _! =ms to itself4 ,! s\l mu/ !re=e p]ceive s5se-objects ei!r ) or )\t ! body4 ,h[ c\ld ! s\l d s alone8 ,pure & isolat$1 %e c conceive only :at %e has )9 h]self2 %e c only ?9k4 ,b = conception ( objects o!r ?an h]self1 %e mu/ previ\sly h grasp$ !m1 ei!r by becom+ assimilat$ to !m1 or by f9d+ h]self unit$ to some?+ :i* may h become simil> to !m4 ,,! ,,pure ,,s\l ,,w\ld ,,rema9 ,,isolat$4 ,x is impossible = ! s\l to become simil> to s5se-objects 79 ord] to grasp !m71 by rema9+ pure4 ,h[ inde$ c\ld a po9t become simil> to a l9e8 ,! intelligible l9e itself c\ld n become con=m$ to ! s5se-l9e1 any m ?an intelligible fire to ! s5se-fire1 or ! intelligible man to ! s5se-man4 ,nature h]self :i* begets man c\ld n be id5tical ) ! begott5 man4 ,! isolat$ s\l1 ev5 if %e c\ld grasp s5se-objects1 w f9i% by apply+ h]self to ! intuition ( intelligible objects1 because1 hav+ no?+ by :i* to grasp ! =m]1 %e w let !m escape4 ,inde$1 :5 ! s\l p]ceives f f> a visible object1 al?\gh only ! =m rea*es h]1 nev]!less :at fir/ began by be+ = h] indivisible1 f9ally con/itutes a subject1 :e!r x be color or a figure1 ^: size is det]m9$ by ! s\l4 ,,s5sation ,,dep5ds ,,on ,,! ,,s5se-,,%ape1 ,,:i*1 ,,l ,,tools1 ,,is ,,int]m$iate4 ,! s\l & ! ext]ior object d n !re=e suffice 7to expla9 s5sation72 = !re w\ld be no?+ t suff]s4 ,!re mu/ !re=e be a ?ird t]m t suff]s1 t is1 :i* receives ! s5se-=m1 or1 %ape4 ,?is ?ird t]m mu/ sympa?ize1 or1 %>e ! passion ( ! ext]ior object1 x mu/ also exp]i5ce ! same passion1 & x mu/ be ( ! same matt]2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 its passion mu/ be kn[n by ano!r pr9ciple2 la/1 passion mu/ keep some?+ ( ! object :i* produces x1 )\t h[ev] be+ id5tical ) x4 ,! organ :i* suff]s mu/ !re=e be ( a nature int]m$i>y betwe5 ! object :i* produces ! passion & ! s\l1 betwe5 ! s5sible & ! intelligible1 & ?us play ! "p ( a t]m int]m$i>y betwe5 ! two extremes1 be+ receptive on "o side1 mak+ ann\ncem5ts on ! o!r1 & becom+ equally simil> to bo?4 ,! organ t is to become ! in/rum5t ( k mu/ be id5tical nei!r ) ! subject t kn[s1 nor ) ! object t is kn[n4 ,x mu/ become simil> to bo? ( !m2 to ! ext]ior object because x suff]s1 & to ! cogniz+ s\l because ! passion :i* x exp]i5ces becomes a =m4 ,speak+ m accurately1 ! s5sations op]ate by ! organs4 ,?is results f ! pr9ciple ass]t$ above1 t ! s\l isolat$ f ! body c grasp no?+ 9 ! s5se-_w4 ,z us$ "h1 ! ^w organ ei!r ref]s to ! :ole body1 or to "s "p ( ! body fitt$ to fulfil "s p>ticul> function2 z 9 ! case ( t\* or sight4 ,likewise1 x is easy to see t tools ( artisans play a "p int]m$i>y betwe5 ! m9d :i* judges1 & ! object :i* is judg$2 & t !y s]ve to discov] ! prop]ties ( sub/ances4 ,= in/ance1 a 7foot7 rule1 :i* is equally con=m$ to ! idea ( /raightness 9 ! m9d1 & to ! prop]ty ( /raightness 9 ! wood1 s]ves ! artisan's m9d z int]m$i>y to judge if ! wood he works be /raight4 ,,exclusion ,,( ,,o!r ,,side ,,issues4 ,we h j demon/rat$ t s5sation belongs exclusively to an embodi$ s\l1 & t ?is implies organs4 ,b we h no?+ to d ) ! "q :e!r ! p]ceiv$ object mu/ be 9 contact ) ! organ1 or :e!r ! s5sation c take place at a di/ance f ! s5se-object1 by means ( an int]m$i>y2 z ! case ( ! fire :i* is locat$ at a di/ance f our body1 )\t ! int]m$i>y's suff]+ 9 any mann]4 ,x happ5s aga9 :]e1 empty space s]v+ z int]m$i>y betwe5 ! eye & ! color1 "o may well ask :e!r1 to see1 x suffice to possess ! pot5tiality prop] to t organ4 ,b x is sure t s5sation is "s activity ( ! s\l 9 a body1 or ?r\gh a body4 ,,are ,,! ,,s5ses ,,giv5 ,,u ,,only ,,= ,,! ,,sake ,,( ,,utility8 #bd4 ,:e!r ! s5ses 7 giv5 u = ! sake ( utility mu/ be exam9$ z foll[s4 ,if ! s\l 7 sep>at$ f ! body1 %e w\ld n feel2 %e feels only :5 unit$ to a body2 !re=e %e feels by & = ! body4 ,x is f ! s\l's intimacy ) ! body t s5sation results1 ei!r because all passions1 :5 ke5 en\gh1 rea* ! s\l2 or :e!r ! s5ses 7 made = u to take c>e t no object approa*es too ne> u1 or ex]cises on our organs an action /rong en\gh to de/roy !m4 ,if s1 ! s5ses 7 giv5 u = ! sake ( utility4 ,ev5 if ! s5ses d s]ve to acquire k & in=mation1 !y w\ld be ( no use to a be+ :o possesses k1 b only to "o :o ne$s to le>n he has ! mis=tune ( be+ ignorant1 or :o ne$s to rememb]1 because he is subject to =getfulness4 ,!y are !re=e n f\nd 9 ! be+ :o has no ne$ to le>n1 & :o does n =get4 ,,are ,,s5ses ,,giv5 ,,! ,,/>s ,,= ,,utility8 ,let u consid] :at consequ5ces may be drawn !refrom = ! e>?1 ! />s1 & especially = ! heav5s & ! :ole _w4 ,f :at we h se51 ! p>ts ( ! _w :i* suff] may possess s5sation 9 _! relation ) o!r p>ts4 ,b is ! entire _w1 capable ( feel+1 z x is entirely impassible 9 its relations ) itself8 ,if s5sation dem& on "o h& an organ1 & on ! o!r ! s5se-object1 ! _w :i* includes ev]y?+1 c h nei!r organ to p]ceive1 nor ext]ior object to be p]ceiv$4 ,we may !re=e ascribe to ! _w a sort ( intimate s5sation1 su* z we ourselves possess1 & d5y to x ! p]ception ( o!r objects4 ,:5 we feel some?+ unusual 9 our bodies1 we p]ceive x z be+ ext]nal4 ,n[ z we p]ceive n only ext]ior objects1 b ev5 "s "p ( our body ?r\gh "s o!r "p ( ! body itself1 simil>ly ! _w might v well p]ceive ! sph]e ( ! planets by means ( ! sph]e ( ! fix$ />s2 & p]ceive ! e>? ) all ! objects x conta9s by means ( ! sph]e ( ! planets8 ,if ^! be+s 7! />s & ! planets7 d n feel ! passions felt by o!r be+s1 :y might !y n also possess diff]5t s5ses8 ,might n ! sph]e ( ! planets n only by itself possess sight by itself1 b 9 addition be ! eye de/9$ to transmit :at x sees to ! univ]sal ,s\l8 ,s9ce %e is lum9\s & animat$1 %e might see z does an eye1 suppos+ t %e did n feel ! o!r passions4#aee 7,plato71 h[ev]1 said1 t ! heav5s h no ne$ ( eyes4 ,d\btless ! heav5s h no?+ outside ( !mselves to see2 & consequ5tly1 !y may n h ne$ ( eyes1 z we h2 b !y conta9 some?+ to contemplate1 namely1 !mselves4 ,if x %\ld be object$ t x is useless = !m to see !mselves1 x may be answ]$ t !y 7 n made pr9cipally = ?is purpose1 & t if !y see !mselves1 x is only a necess>y consequ5ce ( _! natural con/itution4 ,no?+ !re=e h9d]s !m f see+1 z _! body is diaphan\s4 ,,if ,,s5sation ,,is ,a ,,s\l-,,di/raction1 ,,! ,,/>s ,a ,,w\ld ,,n ,,indulge ,,!re94 #be4 ,x w\ld seem t 9 ord] to see1 & 9 g5]al to feel1 m]e possession ( ! necess>y organs by ! s\l1 is n en\gh2 ! s\l mu/ also be dispos$ to direct h] att5tion to ?+s ( s5se4 ,b x is usual = ! 7univ]sal7 ,s\l to be ev] appli$ to ! contemplation ( intelligible ?+s2 & m]e possession ( ! faculty ( s5sation w\ld n necess>ily imply its ex]cise1 because x w\ld be entirely devot$ to objects ( a high] nature4 ,s :5 we apply ourselves to ! contemplation ( intelligible ?+s1 we notice nei!r ! s5sation ( sight1 nor ^? ( o!r s5ses2 &1 9 g5]al1 ! att5tion t we give to "o ?+ h9d]s u f see+ ! o!rs4 ,ev5 among u human be+s1 to wi% to p]ceive "o ( our memb]s ?r\gh ano!r1 z1 = in/ance1 look+ at ourselves1 is bo? sup]flu\s & va91 unless ?is has "s v good purpose4 ,moreov]1 x is a *>act]i/ic ( an imp]fect & fallible be+ to contemplate "s ext]nal ?+1 m]ely because x is beautiful4 ,x may !re=e well be said t if to feel1 he> & ta/e are di/ractions ( a s\l t atta*es h]self to out] objects1 ! sun & ! o!r />s _c see or he>1 except accid5tally4 ,x w\ld h[ev] n be unreasonable to admit t !y turn t[>ds u ?r\gh ! ex]cise ( ! s5ses ( sight or he>+4 ,n[1 if !y turn t[>ds u1 !y mu/ be m9dful ( human affairs4 ,x w\ld be absurd t !y %\ld n rememb] ! m5 to :om !y d s mu* good2 h[ inde$ w\ld !y d good1 if !y _h no memory8 ,,! ,,e>? ,,feels ,,& ,,directs ,,by ,,! ,,laws ,,( ,,sympa!tic ,,h>mony4 #bf4 ,! />s "k our desires ?r\gh ! agreem5t & sympa?y e/abli%$ betwe5 !m & u by ! h>mony reign+ 9 ! univ]se4 ,our desires are grant$ by ! same me?od4 ,likewise1 magic is f\nd$ on ! h>mony ( ! univ]se2 x acts by means ( ! =ces :i* are int]connect$ by sympa?y4 ,if s1 :y %\ld we n attribute to ! e>? ! faculty ( s5sation8 ,grant+ ?is1 :at sort ( s5sations w\ld we attribute to x8 ,to beg9 )1 :y %\ld we n attribute to x t\*1 :e!r by "o "p feel+ ! condition ( ano!r1 & by ! transmission ( ! s5sation to ! gov]n+ p[]1 or by ! :ole e>? feel+ ! fire1 & o!r simil> ?+s2 = if ! t]re/rial elem5t is in]t1 x c]ta9ly is n ins5sible4 ,! e>? w !re=e feel ! great ?+s1 & n ^? ( m9or importance4 ,:y %\ld x feel8 ,surely if ! e>? h a s\l1 %e w n ignore ! /ronge/ motions !re94 ,! e>? mu/ also be suppos$ to feel1 9 ord] to dispose all t dep5ds on h] = ! b5efit ( humanity4 ,all ^! ?+s %e w suitably dispose by ! laws ( h>mony4 ,%e c he> & grant ! pray]s address$ to h]1 b 9 a mann] o!r ?an we ourselves w\ld d4 ,besides1 %e might ex]cise o!r s5ses 9 h] relations1 ei!r ) h]self1 or ) =eign ?+s2 z1 = example1 to h ! s5sations ( ta/e & smell p]ceiv$ by o!r be+s4 ,p]haps ev5 %e has ne$ to p]ceive ! odors ( ! liquids to fulfil h] provid5tial functions 9 respect to animals1 & to take c>e ( h] own body4 ,,! ,,e>?',s ,,s5ses ,,may ,,be ,,diff]5t ,,f ,,ours4 ,we mu/ h[ev] n insi/ on h] organs be+ ! same z ours4 ,n ev5 9 all animals are ! s5ses simil>4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 n all h simil> e>s1 & ev5 ^? :o h no e>s at all nev]!less w p]ceive s\nds4 ,h[ c\ld ! e>? see1 if light be necess>y = h] vision8 ,nor mu/ we claim = h] ! necessity ( hav+ eyes4 ,we h already above grant$ t %e possesses ! vegetative p[]2 we %\ld !re=e !nce draw ! d$uction t ?is p[] is primitively by its ess5ce a sort ( _s4 ,:at objection !n c\ld !re be to assume t ?is _s might be respl5d5t & transp>5t8 ,argu+ m]ely f its nature ( be+ a _s1 we %\ld 7pot5tially at lea/7 conclude t x is transp>5t2 & t x is actually transp>5t because x is illum9at$ by ! cele/ial sph]e4 ,x is !re=e nei!r impossible nor incr$ible t ! s\l ( ! e>? %\ld possess sight4 ,besides1 we mu/ rememb] t ?is s\l is n t ( a vile body1 & t consequ5tly1 %e mu/ be a goddess4 ,9 any case1 ?is s\l mu/ be et]nally good4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,! ,,e>?',s ,,psy*ology4 #bg4 ,if ! e>? communicate to plant-life ! p[] ( begett+ & gr[+1 x possesses ?is p[] )9 itself1 & gives only a trace ( x to ! plants :i* d]ive f x all _! fruitfulness1 & z x 7 are ! liv+ fle% ( its body4 ,x gives to !m :at is be/ 9 !m2 ?is c be se5 9 ! diff]5ce betwe5 a plant gr[+ 9 ! soil1 & ( a bran* cut f x2 ! =m] is a real plant1 ! latt] is only a piece ( wood4 ,:at is communicat$ to ! body ( ! e>? by ! ,s\l :i* presides ov] x8 ,to see ?is x is suffici5t to notice ! diff]5ce betwe5 "s e>? re/+ )9 ! soil1 & a piece t is deta*$ !refrom4 ,x is likewise easy to recognize t /ones increase 9 size z long z !y are 9 ! bosom ( ! e>?1 :ile !y rema9 9 ! same /ate :5 !y h be5 pluck$ out !refrom4 ,ev]y?+ !re=e be>s )9 itself a trace ( ! univ]sal vegetative 7p[]7 %$ abroad ov] ! :ole e>?1 & belong+ p>ticul>ly to no "o ( its p>ts4 ,z to ! e>?'s p[] ( s5sation1 x is n 7l its vegetative p[]7 m+l$ ) ! body ( ! e>?2 x only hov]s above & guides x4 ,moreov]1 ! e>? possesses also1 high] ?an ! above p[]s1 a s\l & an intellig5ce4 ,!y be> respectively ! names ( ,c]es & ,ve/a1 accord+ to ! revelations ( m5 ( prophetic nature1 :o all[ !mselves to be inspir$ by ! div9e4 ,,does ,,! ,,irascible ,,p[] ,,also ,,orig9ate ,,9 ,,! ,,body8 #bh4 ,en\gh ( ?is4 ,let u return to ! "q f :i* we digress$4 ,we grant$ t ! desires1 pa9s & pleasures 7consid]$ n only z s5tim5ts1 b z passions71 orig9ate 9 ! con/itution ( ! organiz$ & liv+ body4 ,mu/ ! same orig9 be assign$ to ! irascible 7p[]78 ,7 ?is s1 we w\ld h sev]al que/ions to ask3 ,does ang] belong to ! entire organism1 or only to a p>ticul> organ1 su* z ! he>t :5 s dispos$1 or to ! bile1 z long z x is "p ( a liv+ body8 ,is ang] diff]5t f ! pr9ciple :i* gives ! body a trace ( ! s\l1 or is x an individual p[]1 :i* dep5ds on no o!r p[]1 :e!r irascible or s5sitive8 ,,! ,,liv] ,,is ,,! ,,seat ,,( ,,! ,,s\l',s ,,faculty ,,( ,,desire4 ,! vegetative p[] pres5t 9 ! :ole body communicates to e "p !re( a trace ( ! s\l4 ,x is !re=e to ! entire body t we mu/ ref] suff]+1 pleasure1 & ! desire ( food4 ,?\gh no?+ def9ite is asc]ta9$ ab\t ! seat ( sexual desire1 let u grant t _! seat is 9 ! organs de/9$ to its satisfaction4 ,fur!r1 be x grant$ t ! liv] is ! seat ( ! s\l's faculty ( desire1 because t organ is p>ticul>ly ! !atre ( ! activities ( ! vegetative p[] :i* impresses a trace ( ! s\l on ! body2 & fur!r1 because x is f ! liv] t ! action x ex]cises />ts4 ,,! ,,he>t ,,is ,,! ,,seat ,,( ,,ang]4 ,z to ang]1 we %all h to exam9e its nature1 :at p[] ( ! s\l x con/itutes1 :e!r x be ang] t imp>ts to ! he>t a trace ( its own p[]2 if !re exi/ ano!r =ce capable ( produc+ ! movem5t reveal$ 9 ! animal2 & f9ally1 if x be n a trace ( ang]1 b ang] itself :i* resides 9 ! he>t4 ,,ang] ,,orig9ates ,,9 ,,! ,,vegetative ,,& ,,g5]ative ,,p[]1 ,,z ,,trace ,,( ,,! ,,s\l4 ,fir/1 :at is ! nature ( ang]8 ,we gr[ irritat$ at maltreatm5t ( ourselves or ( a p]son de> to u2 9 g5]al1 :5 we witness "s outrage4 ,!re=e ang] implies a c]ta9 degree ( s5sation1 or ev5 intellig5ce1 & we %\ld h to suppose t ang] orig9ates 9 "s pr9ciple o!r ?an ! vegetative p[]4 ,c]ta9 bodily conditions1 h[ev]1 pr$ispose u to ang]2 su* z be+ ( a fi]y disposition1 & be+ bili\s2 = p are f> less dispos$ to ang] if ( a cold-blood$ nature4 ,besides1 animals gr[ irritat$ especially by ! excitem5t ( ?is p>ticul> "p1 & by ?reats ( h>m to _! bodily condition4 ,consequ5tly we w\ld once m be l$ to ref] ang] to ! condition ( ! body & to ! pr9ciple :i* presides ov] ! con/itution ( organism4 ,s9ce m5 are m irritable :5 sick ?an :5 well1 :5 !y are hungry1 m ?an :5 well satisfi$1 ang] or its pr9ciple %\ld evid5tly be ref]r$ to ! organiz$ & liv+ body2 evid5tly1 attacks ( ang] are excit$ by ! blood or ! bile1 :i* are liv+ p>ts ( ! animal4 ,z soon z ! body suff]s1 ! blood z well z ! bile boils1 & !re arises a s5sation :i* ar\ses ! imag9ation2 ! latt] !n in/ructs ! s\l ( ! /ate ( ! organism1 & disposes ! s\l to attack :at causes ?is suff]+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! reasonable s\l judges t we h be5 injur$1 %e gr[s excit$1 ev5 if !re 7 no disposition to ang] 9 ! body4 ,?is affection seems !re=e to h be5 giv5 to u by nature to make u1 accord+ to ! dictates ( our reasons1 repel & ?reat5s u4 7,!re are !n two possible /ates ( affairs47 ,ei!r ! irascible p[] fir/ is mov$ 9 u )\t ! aid ( reason1 & lat] communicates its disposition to reason by means ( ! imag9ation2 or1 reason fir/ ent]s into action1 & !n reason communicates its impulse to t "p ( our be+ :i* is dispos$ to ang]4 ,9 ei!r case1 ang] arises 9 ! vegetative & g5]ative p[]1 :i*1 9 organiz+ ! body1 has r5d]$ x capable to seek out :at is agreeable1 & to avoid :at is pa9ful2 diffus+ ! bitt] bile ?r\gh ! organism1 imp>t+ to x a trace ( ! s\l1 ?us communicat+ to x ! faculty ( gr[+ irritat$ 9 ! pres5ce ( h>mful objects1 &1 aft] hav+ be5 h>m$1 ( h>m+ o!r ?+s1 & to r5d] !m simil> to itself4 ,ang] is a trace ( ! s\l1 ( ! same nature z ! s\l's faculty ( desire1 because ^? lea/ seek objects agreeable to ! body1 & :o ev5 scorn ! body1 are lea/ likely to ab&on !mselves to ! bl9d transports ( ang]4 ,al?\gh plant-life possesses ! vegetative p[]1 x does n possess ! faculty ( ang] because x has nei!r blood nor bile4 ,^! are ! two ?+s :i*1 9 ! abs5ce ( s5sation1 leads "o to boil ) indignation4 ,:5 h[ev] s5sation jo9s ^! two elem5ts1 !re arises an impulse to fight aga9/ ! h>mful object4 ,if ! irrational "p ( ! s\l 7 to be divid$ into ! faculty ( desire1 & t ( ang]1 & if ! =m] 7 to be consid]$ ! vegetative p[]1 & ! o!r1 on ! contr>y1 z a trace ( ! vegetative p[]1 resid+ 9 ei!r ! he>t or blood1 or 9 bo?2 ?is division w\ld n consi/ ( oppos$ memb]s1 because ! second w\ld proce$ f ! fir/4 ,b !re is an alt]native3 bo? memb]s ( ?is division1 ! faculties ( desire & ang]1 might be consid]$ two p[]s d]iv$ f "o & ! same pr9ciple 7! vegetative p[]74 ,inde$1 :5 ! appetites are divid$1 x is _! nature1 & n ! be+ f :i* !y dep5d1 t is consid]$4 ,?is ess5ce itself1 h[ev]1 is n ! appetite1 b completes x1 h>moniz+ ) x ! actions proce$+ f ! appetite4 ,x is also reasonable to assign ! he>t z seat ( ! trace ( ! s\l :i* con/itutes ang]2 = ! he>t is n ! seat ( ! s\l1 b ! s\rce ( ! 7art]ially7 circulat+ blood4 ,,:5 ,,! ,,s\l ,,leaves ,,! ,,body1 ,,%e ,,leaves ,a ,,trace ,,( ,,life4 #bi4 ,if ! body resemble an object w>m$ r ?an illum9at$1 :y does no?+ vital rema9 aft] ! reasonable s\l has ab&on$ x8 ,x does pres]ve "s vital elem5t1 b only = a %ort "t2 ?is trace soon disappe>s1 z vani%es ! heat ( an object :5 x is remov$ f ! fire4 ,aft] dea?1 "s trace ( life /ill rema9s4 ,?is is prov$ by ! gr[? ( hair & nails on corpses2 & x is well kn[n t animals1 ev5 aft] be+ cut 9 pieces1 /ill move = "s "t4 ,besides1 ! disappe>ance ( ! 7vegetative7 life simultane\sly ) ! reasonable s\l1 does n prove _! id5tity1 & t !y 7! reasonable s\l1 & ! vegetative s\l7 are n diff]5t4 ,:5 ! sun disappe>s1 x causes ! disappe>ance n only ( ! light t surr\nds x imm$iately1 & z x 7 dep5ds f x1 b also ( ! brilliance :i* ^! objects receive f ?is light1 & :i* completely diff]s f x4 ,,does ,,! ,,disappe>ance ,,( ,,^! ,,?+s ,,necess>ily ,,imply ,,_! ,,de/ruction8 ,b does t :i* disappe>s m]ely dep>t1 or does x p]i%8 ,su* is ! "q :i* applies bo? to ! light :i* inh]es 9 ! illum9at$ objects 7& colors !m71 z well z to ! life inh]5t 9 ! body1 & :i* we call ! *>act]i/ically bodily life4 ,evid5tly1 !re rema9s no light left 9 ! objects :i* 7 illum9at$4 ,b ! "q is to decide :e!r ! light t inh]$ 9 !m returns to its s\rce1 or is annihilat$4 ,annihilation is impossible if ant]iorly x 0 some?+ real4 ,:at 0 x really8 ,s-call$ color mu/ dep5d on ! v bodies f :i* light also emanates2 & :5 ^! bodies p]i%1 _! color+ p]i%es ) !m2 nobody inde$ asks aft] ! fate ( ! color ( ! fire t has gone out any m ?an "o tr\bles oneself ab\t :at has become ( its appe>ance4 ,x may be object$ t ! appe>ance is only a condition1#aef su* z hold+ ! h& op5 or clos$1 :ile ! color1 on ! contr>y1 is ! same sort ( a quality z sweetness4 ,n[1 is !re no?+ to h9d] ! sweet or ! fragrant body f p]i%+1 )\t affect+ ! exi/5ce ( ! sweetness & fragrance8 ,c\ld !y subsi/ 9 o!r bodies )\t be+ felt1 because ! bodies :i* p>ticipate 9 ! qualities1 are su* z n to all[ ! qualities !y possess to be felt8 ,:at w\ld h9d] ! unaffect$ exi/5ce ( ! light aft] ! de/ruction ( ! body x color$1 if x m]ely ceas$ to be reflect$1 unless "o's m9d %\ld see t ^? qualities subsi/ 9 no subject8 ,if we 7 to admit ?is op9ion1 we w\ld also be oblig$ to admit t qualities are inde/ructible1 t !y are n produc$ 9 ! con/itution ( ! bodies1 t _! colors are n produc$ by ! reasons 9 se$2 t1 z happ5s ) ! *ang+ plumage ( c]ta9 birds1 ! 7sem9al7 reasons n only ga!r or produce ! colors ( ! objects1 b !y besides make use ( ^? t /ill fill ! air1 & t !y rema9 9 ! air )\t be+ su* z !y appe> to u :5 9 bodies4 ,en\gh ( ?is4 ,,?ree ,,possible ,,int]relations ,,( ,,! ,,s\l',s ,,sup]ior ,,& ,,inf]ior ,,bodies4 ,x may /ill be ask$ :e!r1 if :ile ! bodies subsi/1 ! light t colors !m rema9s unit$ to !m1 & does n sep>ate f !m1 :y !n w\ld n bo? x1 toge!r ) its imm$iate emanations1 move along ) ! body 9 :i* x inh]es1 al?\gh x _c be se5 go+ away any m ?an x is se5 approa*+8 ,we %all !re=e h to exam9e else:]e if ! second-rank p[]s ( ! s\l always rema9 atta*$ to ! high] ones1 & s on2 or if ea* ( !m subsi/ by itself1 & c cont9ue to subsi/ 9 itself :5 x is sep>at$ f ! high] ones2 or if1 inasmu* z no "p ( ! s\l c be sep>at$ f ! o!rs1 all toge!r =m a s\l :i* is simultane\sly "o & manifold1 b 9 "s /ill undet]m9$ mann]4 ,,c ,,! ,,physical ,,life ,,exi/ ,,)\t ,,! ,,s\l8 ,:at becomes ( ?is trace ( life t ! s\l impresses on ! body1 & t ! latt] appropriates8 ,if x belong to ! s\l1 x w foll[ ! latt]1 s9ce x is n sep>at$ f ! be+ ( ! s\l4 ,if x be ! life ( ! body1 x mu/ be subject to ! same conditions z ! lum9\s color ( ! bodies 7& p]i% ) !m74 ,inde$1 x w be well to exam9e if ! life c subsi/ )\t ! s\l1 or if1 on ! contr>y1 ! life exi/s no e>li] ?an ! s\l is pres5t1 & acts on ! body4 ,,/>s1 ,,z ,,well ,,z ,,! ,,sun1 ,,h ,,pray]s ,,address$ ,,to ,,!m4 #cj4 ,we h %[n t memory is useless to ! />s2 we h agre$ t !y h s5ses1 namely1 sight & he>+1 & ! p[] to he> ! pray]s address$ to ! sun1 & also ^? by _m p address$ to ! o!r />s1 because ^! p are p]suad$ t !y receive f !m _m b5efits2 !y ?9k ev5 t !y w obta9 !m s easily t ^! m5 ask ! />s to co-op]ate 9 actions n only su* z are j1 b ev5 su* z are unju/4 ,que/ions rais$ by ! latt] po9t mu/ /ill be consid]$4 ,,b5efits ,,are ,,grant$ ,,to ,,m5 ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,_w-,,s\l',s ,,m$iation4 ,"h arise important que/ions :i* h be5 frequ5tly consid]$ especially by su* z w n all[ ! div9ities to be reg>d$ z ! accomplices or au?ors ( %ameful de$s1 su* z love-adv5tures & adult]ies4 ,= ?is reason1 z well z on acc\nt ( :at 0 said above ab\t ! memory ( ! />s1 we %all h to exam9e ! nature ( ! influ5ce !y ex]cise4 ,inde$1 if !y grant our petitions1 ?\gh n imm$iately1 & give u :at we ask aft] a "t t sometimes is v long1 !y mu/ necess>ily ex]cise memory ( ! pray]s address$ to !m2 n[1 we h above d5i$ t !y c\ld h memory4 ,z to ! b5efits t !y grant to m51 x has be5 said t x seem$ z if !y _h be5 grant$ by ,ve/a1 t is1 ! e>?1 unless inde$ x %\ld be insi/$ t ! e>? alone grant$ b5efits to m54 ,,/atem5t ,,( ,,?ree ,,que/ions4 ,we h !re=e two po9ts to exam9e3 we fir/ h to expla9 t if we d attribute memory to ! />s1 x is only 9 a s5se agree+ ) our =m] /atem5ts1 & n = ! reason advanc$ by o!r p2 we %all lat] h to %[ t x is a mi/ake to attribute evil actions to !m4 ,9 view ( ?is1 we %all try1 z is ! duty ( ! philosoph]1 to refute ! compla9ts =m$ aga9/ ! div9ities :i* reside 9 ! heav5s1 & aga9/ ! univ]se :i* is equally accus$1 9 ! case t any cr$5ce :atev] is to be atta*$ to su* z pret5d t heav5 c be magically sway$ by ! arts ( audaci\s m52 la/1 we %all expla9 ! adm9i/ration ( ! m9i/ry ( gu>dians1 unless ! latt] po9t h be5 expla9$ incid5tally to ! solution ( ! =m] problems4 ,,natural ,,actions ,,are ,,bo? ,,on ,,:oles ,,& ,,on ,,p>ts4 #ca4 ,let u 9 g5]al consid] ! actions & reactions produc$ 9 ! univ]se ei!r by nature or by art4 ,9 ! works ( nature1 !re is an action ( ! :ole on ! p>ts1 ( ! p>ts on ! :ole1 & ( ! p>ts on ! p>ts4 ,9 ! works ( art1 art ei!r alone accompli%es :at x has und]tak51 or dep5ds on natural =ces to effect c]ta9 natural op]ations4 ,we may call actions ( ! univ]se1 all t ! total circul> expanse affects on itself or its "p4 ,= 9 fact1 ! heav5s by mov+ !mselves1 someh[ effect !mselves & _! p>ts1 bo? ^? 9 its own revolutions1 or on ! e>?4 ,! mutual reactions & passions ( ! p>ts ( ! univ]se are easy to recognize1 su* z ! positions tak5 up by ! sun1 & ! influ5ce ! sun ex]cises on ! o!r />s1 & especially 9 reg>d to ! e>?2 fur!r1 ! processes 9 its own elem5ts1 z well z 9 ^? ( ! o!r con/ellations1 & ( objects on e>?--all ( :i* des]ve sep>ate consid]ation4 ,,mo/ ,,( ,,! ,,arts ,,a*ieve ,,_! ,,own ,,ends4 ,ar*itecture & ! f9e arts1 fulfil !mselves 9 su* an object4 ,m$ic9e1 agriculture & simil> pr(essions1 h[ev]1 are auxili>y arts1 & obey ! laws ( nature1 assi/+ _! effici5t production s z to make !m z natural z possible4 ,z to rhetoric1 music1 & o!r arts ( ref9em5t1 :i* s]ve ! education ( s\ls 9 improv+ or degrad+ m51 x rema9s an op5 "q h[ _m !re are ( !m1 & :at p[] !y possess4 ,9 all ^! ?+s1 we w h to exam9e :at may be ( use to u = ! que/ions we are treat+1 & we w h to discov] ! cause ( ! facts1 z f> z possible4 ,,absurdity ,,( ,,ptolemean ,,a/rology4 ,x is evid5t t ! revolution ( ! />s ex]cises an influ5ce fir/ by dispos+ !m 9 diff]5t arrangem5t2 !n ! ?+s conta9$ )9 its sph]es2 !n t]re/rial be+s1 n only 9 body1 b 9 s\l2 fur!r1 ea* "p ( ! heav5s ex]cises influ5ce on t]re/rial & inf]ior ?+s4 ,we %all inde$ inquire :e!r ! l[] ?+s 9 turn ex]cise "s influ5ce on ! sup]ior ones4 ,= ! pres5t1 h[ev]1 grant+ t ! facts admitt$ by all1 or at lea/ a majority1 are :at !y seem to be1 we %all h to try to expla9 h[ !y are produc$1 by foll[+ !m up to _! orig9s4 ,we mu/ inde$ n say t all ?+s are caus$ exclusively by heat or cold1 ) possibly ! o!r qualities nam$ ! prim>y qualities ( ! elem5ts1 or ) ^? t d]ive f _! mixture#aeg2 nei!r %\ld we ass]t t ! sun produces ev]y?+ by ! heat1 or "s o!r /> 7l ,saturn71 by cold4 ,= inde$ :at w\ld cold am\nt to 9 ! heav5s1 :i* are a fi]y body1 or 9 fire1 :i* has no humidity8 ,moreov]1 9 ?is mann] x w\ld be impossible to recognize ! diff]5ce ( ! />s4 ,!n !re are _m facts t c\ld n be trac$ to _! influ5ce4 ,if ! influ5ce ( ! />s is to be made to acc\nt = ! diff]5ces ( human "*1 :i* are suppos$ to correspond to mixtures ( corporeal elem5ts1 produc+ a temp]am5t 9 :i* !re is an excess ( cold or heat1 to :i* su* causes w\ld "o trace hate1 envy1 & malice8 ,grant+ ev5 t ?is 7 possible1 h[ w\ld "o !n by ! same causes expla9 good & bad =tune1 pov]ty & weal?1 nobility ( fa!rs & *ildr51 & ! discov]y ( treasures8 ,a ?\s& facts equally z =eign to ! influ5ce ex]cis$ by ! physical qualities ( ! elem5ts on ! bodies or s\ls ( animals1 c\ld be cit$4 ,,no ,,crimes ,,%\ld ,,be ,,attribut$ ,,to ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,sublun>y ,,div9ities4 ,nei!r %\ld ! ?+s :i* happ5 to sublun>y be+s be attribut$ to ei!r a volunt>y decision1 or to delib]ations ( ! univ]se1 or ! />s4 ,x is n p]missible to imag9e t ! div9ities sway ev5ts 9 a mann] su* t "s %\ld become ?ieves1 o!rs %\ld enslave _! fell[-be+s1 or capture cities1 or commit sacrilege 9 temples1 or be c[>ds1 effem9ate 9 _! conduct1 or infam\s 9 _! morals4 ,to favor su* crimes w\ld be unwor?y ( m5 ( ! mo/ commonplace virtue1 let alone div9ities4 ,besides1 :at be+s w\ld be likely to busy !mselves favor+ vices & outrages f :i* !y 7 n to reap any advantage8 ,,hav+ ,,confut$ ,,a/rology ,,& ,,deviltry1 ,,_w ,,influ5ce ,,is ,,attribut$ ,,to ,,! ,,_w-,,s\l4 #cb4 ,s9ce ! influ5ce ext]iorly ex]cis$ by ! heav5s on u1 on animals1 & on human affairs g5]ally has be5 exclud$ f physical causes 7( a/rology7 & f volunt>y decisions ( div9ities1 x rema9s = u to f9d "s cause to :i* x may reasonably be attribut$4 ,fir/1 we w h to admit t ?is univ]se is a s+le liv+ be+1 :i* conta9s )9 its own organism all liv+ be+s2 & t x conta9s a s+le ,s\l1 :i* is communicat$ to all its p>ts2 namely1 to all be+s t =m "p ( ! univ]se4 ,n[ e be+ t is conta9$ 9 ! s5se-_w is a "p ( ! univ]se4 ,fir/1 & unre/rict$ly1 x is a "p ( ! univ]se by its body4 ,!n1 x is aga9 "p ( ! univ]se by its s\l1 b only s f> z x p>ticipates 79 ! natural & vegetative p[]7 ( ! univ]sal ,s\l4 ,! be+s :i* only p>ticipate 9 7! natural & vegetative p[]7 ( ! univ]sal ,s\l are completely p>ts ( ! univ]se4 ,^? :o p>ticipate 9 ano!r s\l 7! sup]ior p[] ( ! univ]sal ,s\l71 are n completely p>ts ( ! univ]se 7because !y are indep5d5t by _! rational s\ls72 b !y exp]i5ce passions by ! actions ( ! o!r be+s1 z f> z !y h some?+ ( ! univ]se 7s f> z by _! irrational s\ls1 !y p>ticipate 9 ! natural & vegetative p[] ( ! univ]se71 & 9 ! proportion 9 :i* !y possess "s "p ( ! univ]se4 ,?is univ]se is !re=e a s+le liv+ be+ t is self-sympa!tic4 ,! p>ts t seem di/ant are n any ! less ne>1 z1 9 ea* animal1 ! horns1 nails1 f+]s1 ! organs at di/ance f ea* o!r1 feel1 9 spite ( ! int]val :i* sep>ates !m1 ! affection exp]i5c$ by any o!r "o ( !m4 ,9 fact1 z soon z ! p>ts are simil>1 ev5 :5 !y are sep>at$ by an int]val in/ead ( be+ plac$ by ea* o!rs' side1 !y sympa?ize by virtue ( ?is _! simil>ity1 & ! action ( ! di/ant "o is felt by all ! o!rs4 ,n[ 9 ?is univ]se :i* is a s+le liv+ be+1 & :i* =ms a s+le organism1 !re is no?+ di/ant en\gh 9 place n to be ne> because ( ! nature ( ?is be+ ^: unity makes x self-sympa!tic4 ,:5 ! suff]+ be+ resembles ! act+ "o1 x exp]i5ces a passion con=mable to its nature2 :5 on ! contr>y x diff]s1 x exp]i5ces a passion t is =eign to its nature1 & pa9ful4 ,x is !re=e n surpris+ t ?\gh ! univ]se be s+le1 "o ( its p>ts c ex]t on ano!r a h>mful influ5ce1 s9ce x (t5 happ5s to ourselves t "o ( our p>ts w\nds ano!r by its action2 z = in/ance1 t ! bile1 sett+ ang] 9 motion1 %\ld cru% & te> "s o!r "p ( ! body4 ,n[ some?+ analog\s to ?is bile :i* excites ang]1 & to o!r p>ts t =m ! human body1 is discov]$ 9 ! univ]se4 ,ev5 9 plants !re are c]ta9 ?+s :i* =m ob/acles to o!rs1 & ev5 de/roy !m4 ,n[ ! _w =ms n only a s+le animal1 b also a plurality ( animals2 ea* ( !m1 z f> z x has a %>e 9 ! s+l5ess ( ! univ]se1 is pres]v$ !reby2 b1 9 s f> z ?is animal ent]s into ! multiplicity ( "s o!r animal1 he c w\nd x1 or be w\nd$ by x1 make use ( x1 or fe$ on x1 because x diff]s f itself z mu* z x resembles itself2 because ! natural desire ( self-pres]vation leads u to appropriate :at is suitable to itself1 & 9 its own int]e/ to de/roy :at is contr>y !reto4 ,f9ally1 ea* be+1 fulfill+ its "p 9 ! univ]se1 is useful to ^? t c pr(it by its action1 & w\nds or de/roys ^? :o _c support x2 ?us plants are scor*$ by ! passage ( fire1 & ! little animals are dragg$ along or trampl$ by ! great]4 ,?is g5]ation & ?is corruption1 ?is bett]m5t & det]ioration ( ?+s r5d] easy & natural ! life ( ! univ]se consid]$ z a s+le liv+ be+4 ,inde$1 x w\ld n o!rwise h be5 possible t ! p>ticul> be+s x conta9s %\ld h liv$ z if !y 7 alone1 %\ld possess _! ends 9 !mselves1 & %\ld live only = !mselves2 s9ce !y are only p>ts1 !y mu/1 z su*1 concur 9 ! ends ( ! :ole ( :i* !y are p>ts2 &1 s f> z !y are diff]5t1 !y c\ld n ea* pres]ve its own life1 because !y are conta9$ 9 ! unity ( ! univ]sal life2 nei!r c\ld !y entirely rema9 9 ! same /ate1 because ! univ]se mu/ possess p]man5ce1 & because ( ! univ]se1 p]man5ce consi/s 9 ev] rema9+ 9 motion4 ,,! ,,/>s' ,,motions ,,comp>$ ,,to ,a ,,pre>rang$ ,,dance4 #cc4 ,z ! circul> movem5t ( ! _w has no?+ =tuit\s1 inasmu* z x is produc$ con=mably to ! reason ( ?is great animal1 a p]fect symphonic 7co-op]ation7 betwe5 :at acts & :at reacts mu/ exi/ )9 x2 & !re mu/ also h be5 an ord] :i* w\ld co-ord9ate ?+s "o ) ano!r1 s t at ea* ( ! phases ( ! circul> movem5t ( ! _w !re might be a correspond5ce betwe5 ! v>i\s be+s subject to x1 z if1 9 a v>i$ *oric ballet ! danc]s =m$ a s+le figure4 ,z to our own mod]n dances1 x is easy to expla9 ! et]nal ?+s :i* contribute !reto1 & :i* diff] = e motion1 l ! s\nds ( ! flute1 ! songs1 & ! o!r circum/ances :i* are !reto relat$4 ,x is n h[ev] z easy to conceive ! motions ( a p]son :o con=ms himself /rictly to ea* figure1 :o accompanies1 :o raises "o limb1 or l[]s ano!r1 :o moves ?is limb1 or holds ! o!r limb motionless 9 a diff]5t attitude4 ,! danc]'s eyes are d\btless fix$ on "s fur!r aim :ile 8 limbs are /ill respond+ to ! motions inspir$ by ! music1 by co-op]at+ 9 express+ !m1 & 9 complet+ !m symmetrically4 ,likewise1 a man le>n$ 9 ! art ( danc+ c\ld expla9 ! reason t1 9 su* a figure1 su* a limb is rais$1 su* a limb is b5t1 :ile o!rs are hidd5 or l[]$2 n inde$ t ! danc] delib]ates ab\t ^! diff]5t attitudes1 b because 9 ! g5]al movem5t ( 8 body he consid]s su* a po/ure suitable to su* a limb to fulfil its prop] "p 9 ! dance4 ,likewise d ! />s produce c]ta9 facts1 & ann\nce o!r ones4 ,! entire _w realizes its univ]sal life by caus+ ! motion ( ! great] p>ts x comprises1 by ceaselessly *ang+ ! figures1 s t ! diff]5t positions ( ! p>ts1 & _! mutual relations may det]m9e ! re/1 & t ?+s may occur z 9 a movem5t execut$ by a s+le mov+ liv+ organism4 ,?us su* a /ate is produc$ by su* an attitude1 su* positions1 su* figures2 :ile "s o!r /ate is produc$ by "s o!r k9d ( figures1 & s =?4 ,consequ5tly1 ! real au?ors ( :at is occurr+ d n seem to be ^? :o c>ry out ! figures1 b ,he :o comm&s !m2 & ,he :o plans ! figures does n d "o ?+ :ile busy+ ,himself ) ano!r1 because ,he is n act+ on some?+ diff]5t f ,himself2 ,he himself is all ! ?+s t are done2 ,he "h is ! figures 7=m$ by ! univ]sal movem5t71 ,he himself !re is ! resultant passions 9 ! animal s mov$ & con/itut$ by nature1 simultane\sly active & passive z ! result ( necess>y laws4 ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,! ,,univ]se ,,%\ld ,,be ,,p>tial ,,only4 #cd4 ,grant+ t m5 are influ5c$ by ! univ]se ?r\gh "o ( ! elem5ts ( _! be+1 x mu/ be by 7_! body71 t :i* =ms "p ( ! body ( ! univ]se1 n by all ^? ( :i* !y are con/itut$4 ,consequ5tly1 ! surr\nd+ univ]se %\ld ex]cise on !m only a limit$ influ5ce4 ,9 ?is respect !y resemble wise s]vants :o "k h[ to c>ry out ! ord]s ( _! ma/]s )\t int]f]+ ) _! own lib]ty1 s t !y are treat$ 9 a mann] less despotic1 because !y are n slaves1 & d n entirely cease to belong to !mselves4 ,,a/rological ,,influ5ce ,,m]ely ,,indication4 ,z to ! diff]5ce f\nd 9 ! figures =m$ by ! />s1 x c\ld n be o!r ?an x is1 because ! />s d n advance 9 _! c\rse ) equal swiftness4 ,z !y move accord+ to ! laws ( reason1 & z _! relative positions con/itute ! diff]5t attitudes ( ?is great organism 7:i* is ! _w71 & z all ! ?+s t occur "h bel[ are1 by ! laws ( sympa?y relat$ to ^? t occur on high1 x w\ld be prop] to inquire :e!r t]re/rial ?+s are ! consequ5ces ( ! cele/ial ?+s to :i* !y are simil>1 or :e!r ! figures possess an efficaci\s p[]2 & 9 ! latt] case1 :e!r all figures possess ?is p[]1 or if figures are =m$ by />s only2 = ! same figure does n be> ! same significance1 & does n ex]t ! same action 9 diff]5t ?+s1 because ea* be+ seems to h its own prop] nature4 ,x may be said t ! configuration ( c]ta9 ?+s am\nts to no m ?an ! m]e disposition ( ?+s2 & t ! configuration ( o!r ?+s is ! same disposition ) ano!r figure4 ,if s1 influ5ce %\ld be attribut$ n to ! figures1 b to ! prefigur$ realities2 or r1 to ?+s id5tical by _! ess5ce1 & diff]5t by _! figures2 a diff]5t influ5ce w also h to be attribut$ to ! object :i* diff]s f ! o!rs only by ! place x occupies4 ,,a/rological ,,influ5ce ,,may ,,be ,,p>tly ,,action2 ,,p>tly ,,m]e ,,significance4 ,b ( :at does ?is influ5ce consi/8 ,9 significance1 or 9 7g5u9e effective7 action8 ,9 _m cases1 ! comb9ation1 or ?+ figur$1 may be said to h bo? an action1 & a significance2 9 o!r cases1 h[ev]1 a significance m]ely4 ,9 second place1 bo? ! figures & ! ?+s figur$ %\ld be cr$it$ ) ! p[]s suitable to ea*2 z ) danc]s1 ! h& ex]ts an influ5ce simil> to t ( ! o!r memb]s2 &1 return+ to figures1 ^! w\ld ex]t an influ5ce f> great] ?an a h& 9 danc+4 ,la/1 ! ?ird 7or l[e/7 degree ( p[] p]ta9s to ^? ?+s :i* foll[ ! lead ( ! figures1 c>ry+ out 7_! significance72 j z1 return+ to ! dance-illu/rations1 ! danc]'s limbs1 & ! p>ts ( ^? limbs1 ultimately d foll[ ! dance-figures2 or 7tak+ a m physiological example71 z :5 ! n]ves & ve9s ( ! h& are contract$ by ! h&'s motions1 & p>ticipate !re94 ,,e>?ly ,,ev5ts ,,%\ld ,,n ,,be ,,attribut$ ,,to ,,! ,,/>s' ,,body ,,or ,,w4 #ce4 ,h[ !n d ^! p[]s ex]t !mselves8--= we h to retrace our /eps to give a cle> explanation4 ,:at diff]5ce is exhibit$ by ! comp>ison ( "o triangle ) ano!r8 ,:at action does ! "o ex]t on ano!r1 h[ is x ex]t$1 & h[ f> does x g8 ,su* are ! que/ions we h to /udy1 s9ce we d n ref] ! production ( ?+s "h bel[ to ! />s1 nei!r to _! body1 nor to _! w2 n to _! bodies1 because ! ?+s :i* happ5 are n simple physical effects2 nor to _! w1 because x is absurd t div9ities %\ld by _! w produce absurd ?+s4 ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,! ,,/>s ,,consi/s ,,9 ,,_! ,,contemplation ,,( ,,! ,,intelligible ,,_w4 ,let u n[ recall :at has already be5 e/abli%$4 ,! univ]se is a s+le liv+ be+ by virtue ( its unity be+ sympa!tic ) itself4 ,! c\rse ( its life is regulat$ by reason2 x is entirely 9 agreem5t ) itself2 x has no?+ =tuit\s1 x (f]s a s+le ord]1 & a s+le h>mony4 ,besides1 all ! 7/>7 figures are ea* con=m$ to a reason & to a det]m9ate numb]4 ,! p>ts ( ! univ]sal liv+ be+s :i* con/itute ?is k9d ( a dance--we mean ! figures produc$ 9 x1 ( ! p>ts figur$ !re91 z well z ! ?+s d]iv$ !refrom--are ! v actualization ( ! univ]se4 ,?us ! univ]se lives 9 ! mann] we h det]m9$1 & its p[]s contribute to ?is /ate accord+ to ! nature !y h receiv$ f ! reason t has produc$ !m4 ,! figures are1 9 "s way1 ! reasons ( ! univ]sal ,liv+ be+1 ! int]vals or contra/s 7( ! p>ts7 ( ! ,liv+ be+1 ! attitudes !y take accord+ to ! laws ( rhy?m1 & accord+ to ! reason ( ! univ]se4 ,! be+s :i* by _! relative di/ances produce ^! figures are ! div]s memb]s ( ?is liv+ be+4 ,! diff]5t p[]s ( ?is liv+ be+ act )\t delib]ation1 z its memb]s1 because delib]ation is a process =eign to ! nature ( !mselves or to ?is liv+ be+4 ,aspiration to a s+le aim is ! *>act]i/ic ( ! s+le liv+ be+2 b x includes manifold p[]s4 ,all ^! diff]5t wills aspire to ! same end z ! s+le w ( ! organism1 = ea* "p desires "s "o ( ! diff]5t objects t x conta9s4 ,ea* wi%es to possess some?+ ( ! o!r's possessions1 & to obta9 :at x lacks2 ea* exp]i5ces a feel+ ( ang] aga9/ ano!r1 :5 x is excit$ aga9/ t o!r2 ea* increases at ! exp5se ( ano!r1 & begets ano!r4 ,! univ]se produces all ^! actions 9 its p>ts1 b at ! same "t x seeks ! ,good1 or r1 x contemplates x4 ,x is always ! ,good t is s\ght by ! "r w1 :i* is above passions1 & ?us accords ) ! w ( ! univ]se4 ,simil>ly1 s]vants ascribe _m ( _! actions to ! ord]s receiv$ f _! ma/]2 b ! desire ( ! ,good c>ries !m :]e _! own ma/] is c>ri$4 ,consequ5tly1 ! sun & ! o!r />s ex]t :at influ5ce !y d ex]t on ?+s "h bel[ ?r\gh contemplation ( ! intelligible _w4 ,,/> ,,influ5ce ,,is ,,expla9$ ,,by ,,_! ,,natural ,,radiation ,,( ,,good4 ,we %all limit ourselves to ! above illu/ration1 :i* may easily be appli$ to ! re/4 ,! sun does n limit itself to w>m+ t]re/rial be+s4 ,x makes !m also p>ticipate 9 its s\l1 z f> z possible2 = x possesses a p[]ful physical s\l4 ,likewise1 ! o!r />s1 involunt>ily1 by a k9d ( irradiation1 transmit to inf]ior be+s some:at ( ! 7natural7 p[] !y possess4 ,al?\gh !re=e all ?+s 79 ! univ]se7 =m b a s+le ?+ ( a p>ticul> figure1 !y (f] manifold diff]5t dispositions2 :i* diff]5t figures !mselves ea* h a *>act]i/ic p[]2 = ea* disposition results 9 appropriate action4 ,,special ,,figures ,,h ,,individual ,,effects1 ,,due ,,to ,,_! ,,*>act]i/ics4 ,?+s :i* appe> z a figure !mselves possess a *>act]i/ic influ5ce1 :i* *anges accord+ to ! p ) :i* !y are br\ght 9 contact4 ,examples ( ?is may be se5 daily4 ,:y d c]ta9 figures or appe>ances inspire u ) t]ror1 al?\gh !y h nev] done u any h>m1 :ile o!rs d n produce ! same effect on u8 ,:y are "s p fright5$ by c]ta9 figures or appe>ances1 :ile o!rs are fright5$ by diff]5t ones8 ,because ! =m]'s con/itution specially acts on ! =m] p1 & ! latt] on ! latt]2 !y c\ld only produce effects 9 h>mony ) _! nature4 ,"o object attracts att5tion by a p>ticul> appe>ance1 & w\ld yet attract att5tion by a diff]5t con/itution4 ,if x 0 its beauty t ex]t$ ! p[] ( ar\s+ emotion1 :y !n w\ld ?is beautiful object move "o man1 :ile ! o!r object w\ld move ano!r1 if !re be no pot5cy 9 ! diff]5ce ( figure or appe>ance8 ,x w\ld be unreasonable to admit t colors h a *>act]i/ic influ5ce & action1 yet d5y ! same p[] to figures or appe>ances4 ,x w\ld1 besides1 be absurd1 to admit ! exi/5ce ( some?+1 b to refuse x all pot5cy4 ,e be+1 because ( 8 m]e exi/5ce1 mu/ act or suff]4 ,"s inde$ act exclusively1 :ile o!rs bo? act & suff]4 ,sub/ances conta9 influ5ces indep5d5t ( _! figure or appe>ance4 ,t]re/rial be+s also possess _m =ces :i* are d]iv$ nei!r f heat nor cold4 ,! reason is t ^! be+s are end[$ ) diff]5t qualities1 t !y receive _! =ms f 7sem9al7 reasons1 & p>ticipate 9 ! p[]s ( nature2 su* are ! peculi> virtues ( natural /ones1 & ! surpris+ effects produc$ by plants4 ,,no?+ ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]se ,,is ,,entirely ,,inanimate4 #cf4 ,! univ]se is full ( v>iety2 x conta9s all ! reasons1 & an inf9ite numb] ( diff]5t p[]s4 ,s1 9 ! human body1 ! eye1 ! bones1 & ! o!r organs ea* h _! *>act]i/ic p[]2 z1 ! bone 9 ! h& does n h ! same /r5g? z ! bone 9 ! foot2 & 9 g5]al1 ea* "p has a p[] diff]5t f t possess$ by e o!r "p4 ,b unless we obs]ve v c>efully1 ?is div]sity escapes u 9 ! case ( 7natural7 objects4 ,mu* m w\ld x escape u 9 ! _w2 = ! =ces t we see 9 x are 7b7 ! traces ( ^? t exi/ 9 ! sup]ior region4 ,!re mu/ !n be 9 ! _w an inconceivable & admirable v>iety ( p[]s1 especially 9 ! />s t w&] ?r\gh ! heav5s4 ,! univ]se is n a great & va/ edifice1 inanimate1 & compos$ ( ?+s ( :i* x w\ld be easy to catalogue ! diff]5t k9ds1 su* z /ones1 lumb]1 & ornam5tal /ructures2 x is a wakeful be+1 liv+ 9 all its p>ts1 ?\gh diff]5tly s 9 ea*2 9 %ort1 x includes all t c ev] be4 ,?is solves ! problem1 h[ inanimate matt] c exi/ )9 an animat$ liv+ be+4 ,our discussions h !re=e taught u t 9 ! univ]se 7no?+ is inanimate2 t1 on ! contr>y7 ev]y?+ x conta9s is alive2 b ea* 9 a diff]5t mann]4 ,we d5y t !re is life 9 objects t we d n see mov+2 b nev]!less !y d live1 ?\gh only ) a lat5t life4 ,^? ^: life is visible are compos$ ( ^? ^: life is invisible1 b :i* nev]!less contribute to ! life ( ?is animal by furni%+ x ) admirable p[]s4 ,x w\ld !re=e be equally impossible t ! univ]se %\ld be alive unless ea* ( ! ?+s x conta9$ liv$ ) its own life4 ,nev]!less ! acts ( ! univ]se d n dep5d on *oice2 x acts )\t ne$+ to *oose1 because x prec$es any *oice4 ,?us _m ?+s obey its =ces4 ,,consci\sness ,,dep5ds ,,on ,,*oos+2 ,,ev]y?+ ,,has ,,p[]s1 ,,?\gh ,,hidd54 #cg4 ,! univ]se !re=e 7conta9s all t x ne$s71 & rejects 7or wa/es7 no?+4 ,/udy1 !re=e1 ! fire1 & all ! o!r ?+s consid]$ capable ( action4 ,satisfactory inve/igation ( _! action w\ld dem& recognition t ^! ?+s d]ive _! p[] f ! univ]se1 & a simil> admission = all t belongs to ! doma9 ( exp]i5ce4 ,b we d n usually exam9e ! objects to :i* we are accu/om$1 nor raise que/ions ab\t !m4 ,we inve/igate ! nature ( a p[] only :5 x seems unusual1 :5 its novelty excites our a/oni%m5t4 ,nev]!less we w\ld n be any less a/oni%$ at ! objects t we see s (t5 if _! p[] 7 expla9$ to u at a "t :5 we 7 n yet s ?or\ghly accu/om$ to x4 ,our conclusion !re=e is t e ?+ has a secret 7sub-consci\s7 p[] inasmu* z x is m\ld$ by1 & receives a %ape 9 ! univ]se2 p>ticipat+ 9 ! ,s\l ( ! univ]se1 be+ embrac$ by h]1 z be+ a "p ( ?is animat$ ,all2 = !re is no?+ 9 ?is ,all :i* is n a "p !re(4 ,x is true t !re are p>ts1 bo? on ! e>? & 9 ! heav5s1 t act m effici5tly ?an d o!rs2 ! heav5ly ?+s are m pot5t because !y enjoy a bett] develop$ nature4 ,^! p[]s produce _m ?+s devoid ( *oice1 ev5 9 be+s t seem to act 7purposively72 ?\gh !y are also active 9 be+s t lack t ability to *oose4 7,ev5 ^! p[]s !mselves act unconsci\sly73 !y d n ev5 turn 7t[>ds !mselves7 :ile communicat+ p[]1 :5 "s "p ( _! own s\l is emanat+ 7to t :i* !y are begett+74 ,simil>ly animals beget o!r animals )\t imply+ an act ( *oice1 )\t any weak5+ on ! "p ( ! g5]ator1 & ev5 )\t self-consci\sness4 ,o!rwise1 if ?is act 0 volunt>y1 x w\ld consi/ ( a *oice1 or ! *oice w\ld n be effective4 ,if !n an animal lack ! faculty ( *oice1 mu* less w x h self-consci\sness4 ,,production ,,is ,,due ,,to ,,"s ,,physical ,,s\l1 ,,n ,,to ,,any ,,a/rological ,,p[]4 #ch4 ,?+s :i* arise f ! univ]se )\t ! incitation ( somebody are g5]ally caus$ by ! vegetative life ( ! univ]se4 ,z to ! ?+s ^: production is due to somebody1 ei!r by simple wi%es1 or by cunn+ en*antm5ts1 !y %\ld be ascrib$ n to "s />1 b to ! v nature ( t :i* is produc$4 #a4 ,( c\rse1 ! necess>ies ( life1 or :at s]ves "s o!r use1 %\ld be attribut$ to ! goodness ( ! />s2 x is a gift made by a /rong] "p to a weak] "o4 ,any h>mful effect on ! g5]ation ( animals ex]cis$ by ! />s mu/ dep5d on _! sub/ance's inability to receive :at has be5 giv5 !m2 = ! effect is n produc$ absolutely1 b relatively to "s subject or condition1 = t :i* suff]s or is to suff] mu/ h a det]m9ate nature4 #b4 ,mixtures also ex]t a great influ5ce1 because ea* be+ furni%es some?+ useful to life4 ,moreov]1 some?+ good might happ5 to a p]son )\t ! assi/ance ( be+s :i* by nature w\ld seem useful4 #c4 ,! co-ord9ation ( ! univ]se does n always give to ea* p]son :at he desires4 #d4 ,besides1 we ourselves add mu* to :at has be5 giv5 to u4 #e4 ,all ?+s are n any ! less embrac$ 9 a same unity2 !y =m an admirable h>mony2 besides1 !y are d]iv$ f ea* o!r1 ?\gh orig9at+ f contr>ies2 = inde$ all ?+s are p>ts ( a s+le animal4 ,if any "o ( ^! begott5 ?+s is imp]fect because x is n completely =m$1 ! fact is t matt] n be+ entirely subdu$1 ! begott5 ?+ deg5]ates & falls into de=mity4 ,?us "s ?+s are produc$ by ! />s1 o!rs are d]iv$ f ! nature ( sub/ance1 :ile o!rs are add$ by ! be+s !mselves4 ,,a/rological ,,signs ,,are ,,only ,,concat5ations ,,f ,,univ]sal ,,reason4 #ci4 ,s9ce all ?+s are always co-ord9at$ 9 ! univ]se1 & s9ce all tr5d to "o s+le & id5tical aim1 x is n surpris+ t all 7ev5ts7 are indicat$ by 7a/rological7 signs4 ,virtue has no ma/]1 z ,plato said#aeh2 %e atta*es h]self to all :o honor h]1 & ab&ons ^? :o neglect h]2 ,god is innoc5t4#aei ,nev]!less1 h] works are b\nd up ) ! univ]sal ord]2 = all t is "h bel[ dep5ds on a div9e & sup]ior pr9ciple1 & ev5 ! univ]se p>ticipates !re94 ,?us all t happ5s 9 ! univ]se is caus$ n only by ! 7sem9al7 reasons1 b by reasons ( a high] ord]1 f> sup]ior to ^? 7t is1 ! ideas74 ,inde$1 ! sem9al reasons conta9 ! reasons ( no?+ produc$ outside ( sem9al reasons1 nei!r ( :at is d]iv$ f matt]1 nor f ! actions ( begott5 ?+s ex]cis$ on ea* o!r4 ,! ,reason ( ! univ]se resembles a legislator :o %\ld e/abli% ord] 9 a city4 ,! latt]1 kn[+ ! probable actions ( ! citiz5s1 & :at motives !y w\ld probably obey1 regulates 8 in/itutions !reupon1 intimately connects 8 laws ) ! conduct ( ! individuals subject to !m1 e/abli%es rew>ds & puni%m5ts = _! de$s1 s t automatically all ?+s conspire 9 mutual h>mony by an in]rant curr5t4 ,ea* !re=e is indicat$ by 7a/rological7 signs1 )\t ?is indication be+ an ess5tial purpose ( nature2 x is only ! result ( _! concat5ation4 ,z all ^! ?+s =m b a s+le "o1 ea* ( !m is kn[n by ano!r1 ! cause by ! effect1 ! consequ5t by ! antec$5t1 ! comp\nd by its elem5ts4 ,,! ,,gods ,,_c ,,be ,,held ,,responsible ,,= ,,our ,,ills4 ,! above consid]ation w\ld cle> up ! problem set above4 ,! gods 7t is1 ! />s71 _c be held responsible = our ills because1 #a4 ?+s produc$ by ! gods d n result f a free *oice1 b f a natural necessity2 because1 z p>ts ( ! univ]se1 ! gods act on o!r p>ts ( ! univ]se1 & contribute to ! life ( ! univ]sal organism4 #b4 ,t]re/rial be+s !mselves add v mu* to ! ?+s t are d]iv$ f ! />s2 #c4 ! ?+s giv5 u by ! />s are n evil1 b are alt]$ by be+ m+l$2 #d4 ! life ( ! univ]se is n regulat$ 79 advance7 = ! individual1 b only = ! totality2 #e4 matt] does n exp]i5ce modifications completely correspond+ to ! impressions x receives1 & _c entirely submit to ! =m giv5 to x4 ,,magic ,,occurs ,,by ,,love ,,work+ ,,z ,,sympa?y4 #dj4 ,b h[ %all we expla9 ! en*antm5ts ( magic8 ,by ! sympa?y t ?+s h = ea* o!r1 ! accord ( ^? t are simil>1 ! /ruggle ( ^? t are contr>y1 ! v>iety ( ! p[]s ( ! v>i\s be+s :i* contribute to ! =mation ( a s+le organism2 = _m ?+s are attract$ t[>ds ea* o!r & are mutually en*ant$1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( a magician4 ,! real magic is ! ,love t reigns 9 ! univ]se1 ) its contr>y ( ,hate4 ,! fir/ magician1 him :om m5 consult to act by ! means ( 8 philtres & en*antm5ts1 is ,love2 = x is f ! natural mutual love ( all ?+s1 & f ! natural p[] !y h to compel ea* o!rs' love1 t is d]iv$ ! efficaci\sness ( ! art ( inspir+ love by employ+ en*antm5ts4 ,by ?is art1 magicians br+ toge!r ! natures :i* h an innate love = ea* o!r2 !y unite "o s\l to ano!r z "o cross-f]tilizes di/ant plants2 by employ+ 7symbolic7 figures :i* possess special virtues2 by !mselves tak+ c]ta9 attitudes1 !y noiselessly attract ! p[]s ( o!r be+s1 & induce !m to conspire to unity s mu* ! easi] z !y !mselves are 9 unity4 ,a be+ ( ! same disposition1 b locat$ outside ( ! univ]se1 c\ld nei!r by magic attractions fasc9ate1 nor by 8 influ5ce en*a9 any ( ! ?+s conta9$ 9 ! _w2 on ! contr>y1 f ! mom5t t he is n a /rang] to ! _w1 he c attract t[>ds himself o!r be+s1 kn[+ _! mutual relations & attractions )9 ! univ]sal organism4 ,!re are inde$ invocations1 songs1 words1 7symbolic7 figures1 &1 = in/ance1 c]ta9 sad attitudes & pla9tive tones :i* ex]t a natural attraction4 ,_! influ5ce ext5ds ev5 to ! s\l--,i mean1 ! irrational s\l2 = nei!r ! w nor ! reason p]mit !mselves to be subdu$ by ! *>ms ( music4 ,?is magic ( music does n ar\se any a/oni%m5t2 nev]!less ^? :o play or s+1 *>m & inspire love un9t5tionally4 ,nor does ! virtue ( pray]s dep5d on _! be+ he>d by ,be+s t make free decisions2 = ^! invocations d n address !mselves to free-w4 ,?us#afj :5 a man is fasc9at$ by a s]p5t1 he nei!r feels nor und]/&s ! influ5ce ex]t$ on him2 he p]ceives :at he has felt only aft] hav+ exp]i5c$ x--! gov]n+ "p ( ! s\l _c anyway exp]i5ce any?+ ( ! k9d4 ,consequ5tly :5 an invocation is address$ to a ,be+1 "s ?+ results2 ei!r = him :o makes ?is invocation1 or = "s o!r p]son4 ,,h[ ,,pray]s ,,are ,,answ]$4 #da4 ,nei!r ! sun1 nor any o!r /> he>s ! pray]s address$ to x4 ,if !y are grant$1 x is only by ! sympa?y felt by ea* "p ( ! univ]se = e o!r2 j z all p>ts ( a cord are caus$ to vibrate by excitation ( any "o "p2 or1 j z caus+ "o /r+ ( a lyre to vibrate w\ld cause all ! o!rs to vibrate 9 unison1 because !y all belong to ! same sy/em ( h>mony4 ,if sympa?y c g z f> z mak+ "o lyre respond to ! h>monies ( ano!r1 s mu* ! m mu/ ?is sympa?y be ! law ( ! univ]se1 :]e reigns "o s+le h>mony1 al?\gh its regi/] conta9s contr>ies1 z well z simil> & analog\s p>ts4 ,! ?+s :i* h>m m51 l ang]1 :i*1 toge!r ) ! bile1 relate to ! liv]1 7 n creat$ = ! purpose ( h>m+ m54 ,x is z if a p]son1 9 ! act ( tak+ fire f a he>? accid5tally w\nd$ ano!r4 ,?is p]son is d\btless ! au?or ( ! w\nd because he transf]r$ ! fire f "o place to ano!r2 b ! w\nd occurr$ only because ! fire c\ld n be conta9$ by ! be+ to :om x _h be5 transmitt$4 ,,z ,,! ,,/>s ,,answ] ,,pray]s ,,unconsci\sly1 ,,!y ,,d ,,n ,,ne$ ,,memories ,,!re=4 #db4 ,! />s !re=e h no ne$ ( memory to rememb] our pray]s1 nor s5ses to receive !m2 ?us is solv$ ! problem consid]$ above4 ,nor ev51 if our pray]s are answ]$1 is ?is due1 z "s ?9k1 to any free w on _! "p4 ,:e!r or n we address pray]s to !m1 !y ex]cise ov] u a c]ta9 influ5ce by ! m]e fact t1 along ) u1 !y =m "p ( ! univ]se4 ,,! ,,pray]s ,,( ,,ev5 ,,! ,,evil ,,are ,,answ]$1 ,,if ,,made ,,9 ,,accordance ,,) ,,natural ,,law4 ,!re are _m =ces t are ex]cis$ involunt>ily1 ei!r automatically1 )\t any invitation1 or ) ! assi/ance ( skill4 ,?us1 9 an animal1 "o "p is naturally favorable or h>mful to ano!r2 t is :y bo? physician & magician1 ea* by 8 *>act]i/ic arts1 =ce "o ?+ to communicate its p[] to ano!r4 ,likewise1 ! univ]se communicates to its p>ts some?+ ( its own p[]1 ei!r automatically1 or z a result ( ! attraction ex]cis$ by ! individual4 ,?is is a natural process1 s9ce he :o asks is n =eign to x4 ,nei!r %\ld we be a/oni%$ if ev5 an evil individual obta9s 8 reque/s2 = d n ! evil dr9k f ! same /reams z d ! good8 ,9 ?is case1 ! grant+ is done unconsci\sly2 x grants simply1 & :at is grant$ h>monizes ) ! ord] ( ! univ]se4 ,consequ5tly1 if an evil individual asks & obta9s :at is )9 rea* ( all1 !re is no reason :y he %\ld be puni%$4 ,,! ,,_w-,,s\l ,,& ,,/>s ,,are ,,impassible4 ,x is !re=e wrong to hold t ! univ]se is subject to exp]i5c+ passions4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! gov]n+ ,s\l is entirely impassible2 !n1 if !re be any passions 9 h]1 !y are exp]i5c$ only by h] p>ts2 z to h]1 be+ unable to exp]i5ce any?+ contr>y to h] nature1 %e h]self rema9s impassible4 ,to exp]i5ce passions seems suitable to />s consid]$ z p>ts ( ! univ]se2 b1 consid]$ 9 !mselves1 !y are impassible1 because _! wills are impassible1 & _! bodies rema9 z unalt]able z _! nature1 because _! s\l loses no?+1 & _! bodies rema9 ! same1 ev5 if1 by _! s\l1 !y communicate some?+ ( !mselves to inf]ior be+s4 ,if some?+ issues f !m1 !y d n notice x2 if "s increase happ5s1 !y pay no att5tion4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,wise ,,man ,,escapes ,,all ,,en*antm5ts4 #dc4 ,h[ w ! wor?y man be able to escape ! action ( ! en*antm5ts & ! philtres employ$ by magic8 ,8 s\l escapes !m entirely2 8 reason is impassible1 & _c be l$ to *ange op9ions4 ,! wor?y man1 !re=e1 c suff] only ?r\gh ! irrational "p t he receives f ! univ]se2 ?is "p alone suff]s4 ,nor w he be subdu$ by ! loves inspir$ by philtres1 because love presupposes a s\l's incl9ation to exp]i5ce :at ano!r s\l exp]i5ces4 ,z en*antm5ts act on ! irrational "p ( ! s\l1 _! p[] w be de/roy$ by fight+ !m2 & by resi/+ !m by o!r en*antm5ts4 ,z a result ( en*antm5ts1 !re=e1 x is possible to exp]i5ce sicknesses1 & ev5 dea?2 &1 9 g5]al1 all ! affections relative to ! body4 ,e "p ( ! univ]se is subject to exp]i5c+ an affection caus$ 9 x by ano!r "p or by ! univ]se itself 7) ! exception ( ! wise man1 :o rema9s impassible72 )\t !re be+ any?+ contr>y to nature x c also feel ?is affection only at ! end ( "s "t4 ,,! ,,psy*ology ,,( ,,gu>dians4 ,! gu>dians !mselves c suff] ?r\gh _! irrational "p4 ,!y mu/ h memory & s5ses1 by nature !y mu/ be susceptible to en*antm5ts1 ( be+ induc$ to commit c]ta9 acts1 & to he> ! pray]s address$ to !m4 ,! gu>dians subject$ to ?is influ5ce are ^? :o approa* m51 & !y are ! m subdu$ !reby z !y approa* to m5 clos]4 ,,an ,,active ,,life ,,makes ,,m5 ,,m ,,liable ,,to ,,en*antm5ts4 ,e be+ t has "s relation ) ano!r c be bewit*$ by him2 he is bewit*$ & attract$ by ! be+ ) :om he is 9 relations4 ,only ! be+ conc5trat$ 9 himself 7by ! contemplation ( ! intelligible _w7 _c be bewit*$4 ,magic ex]cises its influ5ce on e action1 & on e active life2 = active life tr5ds t[>ds ! ?+s :i* *>m x4 ,h5ce ! 7,platonic7 expression1 ,! subjects ( ! magnanim\s ,ere*!us are rem>kable by ! beauty ( _! c\nt5ances4 ,:at inde$ does "o be+ feel 9 8 relations ) ano!r8 ,he is drawn t[>ds him1 n by ! art ( magic1 b by ! s$uction ex]t$ by nature1 :i* h>monizes & unites two be+s jo9+ !m "o to ! o!r1 n by locality1 b by ! p[] ( ! philtres employ$4 ,,magic ,,has ,,p[] ,,ov] ,,man ,,by ,,8 ,,affections ,,& ,,weaknesses4 #dd4 ,only ! man devot$ to contemplation c defy en*antm5ts1 inasmu* z none c be bewit*$ by himself4 ,! man :o contemplates has become unifi$2 he has become :at he contemplates1 8 reason is %elt]$ f all s$uctive influ5ces4 ,he does :at he ought to d1 he accompli%es 8 life & 8 prop] function4 ,z to ! rema9d] ( humanity1 ! s\l does n fulfil h] *>act]i/ic function1 nor does reason det]m9e its action2 ! irrational s\l becomes ! pr9ciple ( action1 & ! passions furni% m5 ) directions4 ,! influ5ce ( a magic attraction manife/s 9 ! disposition to m>riage1 9 ! c>e we take ( our *ildr51 &1 9 g5]al1 9 all t ! bait ( pleasure leads u to d4 ,amid/ our actions !re are "s t are provok$ by an irrational p[]1 ei!r by ang]1 or ! g5]al faculty ( desire ( ! s\l4 ,o!r actions relate to political life1 l ! desire ( obta9+ (fice1 & !y spr+ f a desire to comm&4 ,^? actions 9 :i* we propose to avoid "s evil1 are inspir$ by fe>2 :ile ^? actions 9 relat+ to ! desire to possess m ?an o!rs1 are inspir$ by cupidity4 ,la/1 ^? actions relat+ to utility1 & to ! satisfaction ( our ne$s1 %[ ) :at =ce nature has atta*$ u to life4 ,,hone/y ,,escapes ,,magic ,,only ,,because ,,x ,,results ,,f ,,contemplation ,,( ,,! ,,intelligible4 ,x may p]haps be said t ! actions ^: aim is noble & hone/ escape ! influ5ces ( magic2 o!rwise contemplation itself w\ld be subject !reto4 ,?is is true1 t ! man :o p]=ms de$s ( hone/y z be+ inevitable1 ) 8 eyes fix$ on true ,beauty1 c\ld nev] be bewit*$4 ,he kn[s duty1 & ! aim ( 8 life 7:i* w\ld limit 8 ef=ts7 is n any?+ on e>? or 9 ! 7univ]se74 ,x may inde$ be object$ t he is bewit*$ & atta*$ "h bel[ by ! magic =ce ( human nature1 :i* b9ds him to ! lives ( o!rs & ( himself4 ,x w\ld ev5 be reasonable to say t we %\ld n sep>ate ourselves f ! body because ( ! atta*m5t = him inspir$ by "s magic *>m4 ,z to ! man :o 7to contemplation7 pref]s practical activity1 & :o cont5ts himself ) ! beauty discov]$ !re91 he is evid5tly misl$ by ! deceptive traces ( ! ,beautiful1 s9ce he seeks beauty 9 inf]ior ?+s4 ,e activity unfold$ 9 ! doma9 ( :at has no?+ b ! appe>ance ( tru?1 e incl9ation = ?is k9d ( ?+ supposes t ! s\l is deceiv$ by :at attracts x4 ,t is ! way 9 :i* ! magic p[] ( nature is ex]cis$4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,avoid ,,magic ,,en*antm5ts4 ,inde$1 to foll[ :at is n ,good z if x 0 ! ,good1 to let oneself be misl$ by its appe>ance1 & by irrational incl9ations1 t is ! *>act]i/ic ( a man :o 9 spite ( himself is l$ :i!r he does n wi% to g4 ,n[ does ?is n really am\nt to yield+ to a magic *>m8 ,he alone escapes e magic *>m :o1 ?\gh he be c>ri$ away by ! l[] faculties ( 8 s\l1 consid]s good none ( ! objects t seem su* to ^! faculties1 :o calls good only :at he by himself kn[s to be su*1 )\t be+ misl$ by any deceptive appe>ance2 & :o reg>ds z good n :at he has to seek1 b :at he possesses v]itably4 ,!n only c\ld he 9 no way be misl$ by any magic *>m4 ,,e ,,be+ ,,!re=e ,,is ,a ,,specializ$ ,,organ ,,( ,,! ,,univ]se4 #de4 ,?is discussion tea*es u t ea* "o ( ! be+s conta9$ 9 ! univ]se contributes to ! purpose ( ! univ]se by its actions & passions accord+ to its nature & dispositions1 z1 9 an organism1 ea* organ contributes to ! f9al purpose ( ! entire body1 by fulfill+ ! function assign$ to x by its nature & con/itution4 ,f ?is ea* organ d]ives its place & role1 & besides communicates some?+ else to ! o!r organs1 & f !m receives all t its nature w\ld all[4 ,someh[1 all ! organs feel :at is go+ on 9 ! o!rs1 & if ea* ( !m became an organism1 x w\ld be q ready to fulfil ! function ( an organism1 :i* function diff]s f t ( be+ m]ely an organ4 ,,human ,,nature ,,is ,,int]m$iate1 ,,suff]+ ,,) ,,! ,,:ole1 ,,b ,,also ,,act+ ,,on ,,x4 ,we are ?us %[n our condition4 ,on ! "o h&1 we ex]cise a c]ta9 action on ! :ole2 on ! o!r1 we n only exp]i5ce ! passions t x is natural = our body to exp]i5ce 9 its relations ) o!r bodies1 b we also introduce into ^! relations ! s\l :i* con/itutes u1 b\nd z we are to ! k9dr$ ?+s :i* surr\nd u by our natural resemblance to !m4 ,inde$1 by our s\ls & dispositions we become1 or r1 we already are simil> on "o h& to ! inf]ior be+s ( ! demonic _w1 & on ! o!r1 to ! sup]ior be+s ( ! intelligible _w4 ,our nature _c be ignor$1 !re=e4 ,n all ( u receive1 n all ( u give ! same ?+4 ,h[ inde$ c\ld we communicate to o!rs ! good1 if we d n possess x8 or receive x1 if our nature 0 n capable ( x8 ,,by ,a ,,secret ,,road ,,ea* ,,"o ,,is ,,l$ ,,to ,,div9e ,,retribution4 ,?us ! evil man %[s :at he is1 & he is by 8 nature impell$ t[>ds :at already dom9ates him1 bo? :ile he is "h bel[1 or aft] he has left ?is place2 :5 he passes into ! place t[>ds :i* 8 incl9ations draw him4 ,! virtu\s man1 on ! contr>y1 has1 9 all ^! respects1 a diff]5t fate4 ,ea* "o is ?us driv5 by 8 nature1 z by "s occult =ce1 t[>ds ! place :i!r he is to g4 ,9 ?is univ]se1 !re=e1 !re obta9s an admirable p[] & ord]1 s9ce1 by a secret1 & hidd5 pa?1 ea* "o is l$ to ! unescapable condition assign$ to him by div9e ju/ice4 ,! evil man does n "k ?is1 & is1 9 spite ( himself1 conduct$ to ! place 9 ! univ]se :i* he is to occupy4 ,! wise man kn[s x1 & himself proce$s to 8 de/9$ abode4 ,be=e leav+ ?is life1 he kn[s :at resid5ce inevitably awaits him1 & ! hope ( dwell+ !re "s day 9 company ) ! div9ities fills 8 life ) happ9ess4 ,,exi/5ce ,,( ,,heav52 ,,hell',s ,,torm5ts ,,are ,,re=matory4 ,! p>ts ( ea* small organism und]go *anges & sympa!tic affections :i* are n mu* felt1 because ^! p>ts are n individual organisms 7& !y exi/ only = "s "t1 & 9 "s k9ds ( organisms74 ,b 9 ! univ]sal organism1 :]e ! p>ts are sep>at$ by s great di/ances1 :]e ea* "o foll[s its own incl9ations1 :]e !re is a multitude ( diff]5t animals1 ! movem5ts & *ange ( place mu/ be m consid]able4 ,?us ! sun1 ! moon & ! o!r />s are se5 successively to occupy diff]5t places1 & to revolve regul>ly4 ,x is n unreasonable !re=e to suppose t s\ls w\ld *ange location1 z !y *ange "*1 & t !y w\ld dwell 9 a place suitable to _! dispositions4 ,!y w\ld ?us contribute to ! ord] ( ! univ]se by occupy+ "s1 a place analog\s to ! head 9 ! human body2 & o!rs1 a place analog\s to ! human feet2 = ! univ]se admits ( place = all degrees ( p]fection4 ,:5 a s\l does n *oose ! be/ 7actions71 & yet does n atta* h]self to :at is wor/1 %e w\ld naturally pass into "s o!r place1 :i* is inde$ pure1 b yet proportion$ to ! m$iocrity %e has *os54 ,z to ! puni%m5ts1 !y resemble ! rem$ies appli$ by physicians to sickly organs4 ,on "s ! physician lays c]ta9 sub/ances2 9 "s he makes incisions1 or he *anges ! condition ( "s o!rs1 to ree/abli% ! heal? ( ! :ole sy/em1 by giv+ to ea* organ ! special treatm5t suitable to x4 ,likewise1 ! heal? ( ! univ]se dem&s t ! "o 7s\l7 be *ang$2 t ano!r be tak5 away f ! locality :]e %e langui%es1 & be locat$ :]e %e w\ld recov] f ! disease4 ,,f\r? ,,ennead1 ,,book ,,five4 ,psy*ological ,que/ions--,,iii4 ,ab\t ! ,process ( ,vision & ,he>+4 ,,x ,,is ,,unc]ta9 ,,:e!r ,,an ,,int]m$i>y ,,body ,,be ,,impli$ ,,by ,,vision4 #a4 ,above#afa we sugge/$ ! "q :e!r x be possible to see )\t "s m$ium su* z ! air or a diaphan\s body#afb2 we %all n[ try to consid] x4 ,x has already be5 ass]t$ t 9 g5]al ! s\l _c see or feel )\t ! int]m$iation ( "s body2 =1 :5 completely sep>at$ f ! body 7! s\l dwells 9 ! intelligible _w74 ,b1 z t\* consi/s ( p]ception1 n inde$ ( intelligible entities1 b only ( s5se-objects1 ! s\l _c see or feel )\t ! int]m$iation ( "s body2 = :5 completely sep>at$ f "s body1 ! s\l dwells 9 ! intelligible _w4 ,b1 z t\* consi/s ( p]ception1 n inde$ ( intelligible entities1 b only ( s5se-object1 ! s\l 9 ord] to come 9 contact ) ^! s5se-objects1 mu/ ent] into cognitive or affective relation ) !m by ! means ( int]m$i>ies :i* mu/ possess an analog\s nature2 & t is :y ! k ( bodies mu/ be acquir$ by ! means ( corporeal organs4 ,?r\gh ^! organs :i* are s int]relat$ z to =m a sort ( unity1 ! s\l approa*es s5se-objects 9 a mann] su* z to e/abli% effective communion4 ,t contact betwe5 ! organ & ! cogniz$ object mu/ be e/abli%$ is evid5t en\gh = tangible objects1 b is d\btful = visible objects4 ,:e!r contact be necess>y = he>+ is a "q we %all h to discuss lat]4#afc ,"h we %all fir/ discuss :e!r sight dem& a m$ium betwe5 ! eye & color4 ,,refutation ,,( ,,ari/otle',s ,,insi/5ce ,,on ,a ,,m$ium ,,( ,,sight4 ,if a m$ium ( sight exi/1 x exi/s only by accid5t1 & 9 no way contributes to sight4#afd ,s9ce opaque & e>?y bodies h9d] sight1 & z we see s mu* ! bett] z ! m$ium is m subtle1 x may be said1 inde$1 t m$iums contribute to sight1 or at lea/1 if !y d n contribute su* !reto1 !y may be h9drances z slight 7z possible72 b evid5tly a m$ium1 h[ev] ref9$1 is "s sort ( an ob/acle1 h[ev] slight4 ,,?\gh ,,! ,,m$ium ,,exp]i5ce ,,affection1 ,,! ,,organs ,,feel ,,x ,,bett] ,,)\t ,,! ,,m$ium4 7,!re is an op9ion t7 ! m$ium fir/ receives & !n transmits ! affection1 & impression4 ,= in/ance1 if "s "o /& 9 front ( u1 & directs 8 gaze at "s color1 he also sees x2 b ! color w\ld n rea* u unless ! m$ium _h exp]i5c$ ! affection4 ,to ?is x may be answ]$ t !re is no necessity = ! affections to be exp]i5c$ by ! m$ium1 inasmu* z ! affection is already exp]i5c$ by ! eye1 ^: function consi/s precisely 9 be+ affect$ by color2 or at lea/1 if ! m$ium be affect$1 its affection diff]s f t ( ! eye4 ,= in/ance1 a re$ int]pos$ betwe5 ! h& & ! fi% call$ ! torp$o1 or electric ray1 does n feel ! same numbness :i* x nev]!less communicates to ! hold+ h&2 /ill1 ! h& w\ld n be affect$ ) numbness unless ! re$ =m$ a communication betwe5 ! fi% & ! h&4#afe ,h[ev]1 ! matt] is n beyond discussion1 = 7ev5 )\t any int]m$i>y1 if = in/ance7 ! fi%] 7 9 7direct contact7 ) ! ray inside ( ! net1 he w\ld also feel ! electric numbness4 ,?is communication !re=e seems bas$ on sympa!tic affections4 ,t1 by virtue ( its nature1 "o be+ c be sympa!tically affect$ by "s o!r be+1 does n necess>ily imply t ! m$ium1 if diff]5t1 %>es t affection2 at lea/ 7x is c]ta9 t7 x is n affect$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,9 su* a case1 ! organ de/9$ to exp]i5ce ! affection exp]i5ces x f> bett] :5 !re is no m$ium1 ev5 :5 ! m$ium itself is susceptible to "s affection4 ,,necessity ,,( ,a ,,m$ium ,,9 ,,! ,,!ories ,,( ,,v>i\s ,,philosoph]s4 #b4 ,if vision#aff presupposes ! union ( ! light ( ! eye1#afg ) ! light int]pos$ 7betwe5 ! eye7 & ! s5se-object itself1 ! int]pos$ m$ium is ! light1 & ?is m$ium is necess>y1 on ?is hypo!sis4 7,on ! !ory ( ,ari/otle7 ! color$ sub/ance produces a modification 9 ! m$ium2 b no?+ "h w\ld h9d] ?is modification f rea*+ ! eye itself1 ev5 :5 !re is no m$ium4 ,=1 9 ?is case1 ! m$ium is necess>ily modifi$ be=e ! eye is4 7,! ,platonic philosoph]s7 tea* t vision op]ates by an effusion ( ! light ( ! eye4 ,!y h no ne$ to po/ulate a m$ium1 unless inde$ !y %\ld fe> t ! ray ( ! eye %\ld lose its way2 b ?is ray is lum9\s1 & ! light travels 9 a /raight l9e4 7,! ,/oics7 expla9 vision by ! resi/ance exp]i5c$ by ! visual ray4 ,!y _c d )\t a m$ium4#afh 7,! ,atomi/s &7 ! believ]s 9 images 7su* z ,epicurus71 insi/ t ^! images move 9 empt9ess1 !reby imply+ ! exi/5ce ( a free space to avoid h9d]+ ! images4 ,consequ5tly z !y w be h9d]$ 9 a direct ratio to ! exi/5ce ( a m$ium1 ?is op9ion does n run c\nt] to our own hypo!sis 7t !re is no m$ium74 ,a ,,cosmological ,,m$ium ,,is ,,necess>y1 ,,b ,,x ,,affects ,,sight ,,only ,,accid5tally4 ,^? :o 7) ,plot9os himself7 tea* t vision op]ates by sympa?y1 ass]t t vision is poor] ?r\gh a m$ium1 because ?is m$ium h9d]s1 fett]s1 & weak5s sympa?y4 ,9 ?is case1 inde$1 ! m$ium necess>ily weak5s sympa?y ev5 ?\gh x %>$ ! same nature 7z ! eye & ! object71 & 0 affect$ 9 ! same mann]4 7,x acts l ! integum5t7 ( "s body t is deeply burn$ by fire appli$ to x2 ! int]ior p>ts are less affect$ because !y are protect$ by ! ext]ior p>ts4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! p>ts ( "o & ! same animal w be less affect$ 9 exp]i5c+ sympa?y because ( ! exi/5ce ( a m$ium4 ,! affection w be weak5$ accord+ to ! nature ( ! m$ium1 because su* a m$ium w\ld h9d] excess ( affection1 unless inde$ t :i* is transmitt$ 7by "o "p to ano!r7 is n su* z to fail to affect ! m$ium4 ,b if ! univ]se sympa?ize ) itself because x con/itutes a s+le organism1 & if we are affect$ because we are conta9$ )9 ?is s+le organism1 & =m "p ( x1 :y %\ld any cont9uity be necess>y = u to feel a di/ant object8 ,! s+le organism1 inde$1 c\ld n be cont9u\s )\t ! cont9uity ( "s m$ium2 ?is cont9u\s m$ium is affect$ only by accid5t2 b o!rwise we w\ld h to admit t all c be affect$ by all4 ,b if ^! two objects are affect$ 9 "o mann]1 & o!r two objects are affect$ 9 ano!r mann]1 !re might n always be ne$ ( a m$ium4 ,:oev] ass]ts ! ne$ ( a m$ium = vision w h to advance a v good argum5t1 inasmu* z t :i* trav]ses ! air does n always affect ! air1 & (t5 limits itself to divid+ ! air4 ,?us :5 a /one falls ! only ?+ t happ5s to ! air is t x fails to support ! /one4 ,z fall+ is "p ( ! /one's nature1 x w\ld be unreasonable to ass]t t its fall+ 0 due to ! reaction ex]t$ by ! ambi5t air4 ,o!rwise we w\ld h to ass]t t x is ?is same reaction ( ! ambi5t air t makes fire asc5d1 :i* is absurd2 because ! fire1 by ! rapidity ( its motion1 =e/alls ?is reaction4 ,t1 by ! v rapidity ( ! motion1 reaction is accel]at$1 takes place only by accid5t1 & has no relation to ! upw>d impulsion2 = trees gr[ f above )\t receiv+ any 7upw>d7 impulsion4 ,ev5 we1 :5 walk+1 divide ! air )\t be+ pu%$ by ! reaction ( ! air2 ! air beh9d u limits itself to fill+ ! void we h creat$4 ,if !n ! air all[ itself to be divid$ by bodies )\t be+ affect$ by !m1 :at w\ld h9d] ! air f p]mitt+ free transit = ! images to rea* ! eye1 )\t be+ !reby divid$8 ,,images ,,d ,,n ,,rea* ,,u ,,by ,,efflu5ce4 ,if ^! images d n rea* u by "s sort ( efflu5ce1 :y %\ld ! air be affect$1 & :y %\ld we ourselves be affect$ only z a result ( ! affection exp]i5c$ by ! air8 ,if we felt only because ! air _h be5 affect$ be=e u1 we w\ld attribute ! s5sation ( sight n to ! visible object1 b to ! air locat$ ne> u1 z occurs ) heat4 ,9 ! latt] case x is n ! di/ant fire1 b ! air locat$ ne> u :i*1 be+ heat$1 !n w>ms u2 = ! s5sation ( heat presupposes contact1 :i* does n occur ) vision4 ,we see1 n because ! s5se-object is impos$ on ! eye 7b because ! m$ium is illum9at$72 n[ x is necess>y = ! m$ium to be illum9at$ because ! air by itself is d>k4 ,if ! air 7 n d>k1 x w\ld h no ne$ ( light2 = 7to effectuate vision7 ! obscurity1 :i* =ms an ob/acle to vision1 mu/ be ov]come by light4 ,t is p]haps ! reason :y an object plac$ v ne> ! eye is n se52 = x br+s ) x ! d>kness ( ! air1 toge!r ) its own4 ,,uselessness ,,( ,,air ,,z ,,transmitt+ ,,m$ium ,,prov$ ,,f ,,sight ,,( ,,objects ,,at ,,night4 #c4 ,a /rong pro( t ! =ms ( s5se-objects are n se5 m]ely because ! air1 on be+ affect$1 transmits !m by relays f po9t to po9t1 is t ev5 9 d>kness ! fire1 ! />s1 & _! =ms may be se54 ,9 ?is case no "o w\ld claim t ! =ms ( ! objects1 be+ impress$ on ! obscure air1 are transmitt$ to ! eye2 o!rwise1 !re w\ld be no obscurity1 z ! fire1 :ile transmitt+ its =m1 w\ld illum9ate4 ,inde$1 9 ! pr(\nd obscurity 9 :i* ! light ( ! />s is n se51 ! fire ( signals & ( light-h\ses may be p]ceiv$4 ,%\ld any "o1 9 opposition to ! te/imony ( 8 s5ses1 claim t ev5 9 ?is case ! fire p5etrates ! air1 he %\ld be answ]$ by hav+ x po9t$ out to him t 9 t case human vision %\ld di/+ui% ! smalle/ objects :i* are 9 ! air1 in/ead ( be+ limit$ to ! p]ception ( ! fire4 ,if !n we see :at is beyond a d>k m$ium1 x w\ld be mu* bett] se5 )\t any m$ium :atev]4 ,,abs5ce ,,( ,,m$ium ,,w\ld ,,int]f]e ,,) ,,vision ,,only ,,by ,,de/roy+ ,,sympa?y4 ,x might inde$ be object$ t )\t m$ium1 vision ceases4 ,?is occurs n because ( ! lack ( m$ium1 b because ! sympa?y ( ! 7univ]sal7 organism is 9 su* a case de/roy$ s9ce a m$ium presupposes t all ! p>ts ( ?is organism toge!r =m b a s+le be+4 ,x w\ld inde$ seem to be a g5]al condition necess>y = s5sation t ! univ]sal organism be sympa!tic ) itself2 o!rwise1 no "o ?+ c\ld p>ticipate 9 ! p[] ( any o!r ?+ t might happ5 to be v di/ant4 ,,vision ,,is ,,n ,,dep5d5t ,,on ,,! ,,affection ,,( ,,! ,,m$ium4 ,"h is ano!r important 7relat$7 "q4 ,if !re exi/$ ano!r _w & organism :i* _h no relation ) our _w1 & if on ! surface ( ! sky 0 an eye t 0 look+1 w\ld x p]ceive ?is o!r _w at a mod]ate di/ance1 or w\ld x h no relation !reto8 ,?is "q w be consid]$ lat]4#afi ,n[ h[ev] we %all give a fur!r pro( t ! m$ium has no?+ to d ) vision4 ,if ! air 7 affect$1 x w\ld exp]i5ce a mat]ial affection1 simil> to ! figure impress$ on wax4 ,9 ?is case1 a c]ta9 "p ( ! object w\ld be impress$ on a c]ta9 "p ( ! air2 & consequ5tly1 ! "p ( ! air ne>e/ to ! eye w\ld receive a "p ( ! visible object1 & ?is "p w\ld be ( a size equal to t ( ! pupil4 ,n[ a visible object is se5 9 its entirety1 & all ^? :o are 9 ! air equally see x1 :e!r !y behold x f ! front1 or side1 or :e!r !y be "o beh9d ! o!r1 )\t h[ev] =m+ mutual ob/acles4 ,?is proves t e "p ( ! air conta9s ! entire visible object4 ,?is _c be expla9$ by any corporeal affection1 b by high] laws1 suitable to ! s\l1 & to ! 7univ]sal7 organism :i* ev]y:]e responds to itself4 ,,mutual ,,relation ,,( ,,! ,,eye',s ,,light ,,& ,,! ,,objective ,,light4 #d4 ,:at is ! mutual relation betwe5 ! light t emanates f ! eye1 & ! light :i* is ext]ior to ! eye1 & :i* ext5ds betwe5 ! eye & ! object8#agj ,light has no ne$ ( air z a m$ium1 unless inde$ somebody %\ld und]take to say t !re is no light )\t air1 9 :i* case air w\ld be a m$ium only accid5tally4 ,light itself1 h[ev]1 is an unaffect$ m$ium1 = !re is no necessity "h = an affection1 b only = a m$ium2 consequ5tly1 if light be n a body1 !re is no ne$ ( a body 7to act z m$ium74 ,x might be object$ t sight has no ne$ ei!r ( a =eign light nor ( a m$ium to see ne> by1 b has ne$ ( !m = vision at a di/ance4 ,lat]#aga we %all consid] :e!r or n light )\t air be possible4 ,n[ let u consid] ! fir/ po9t4 ,,int]m$i>y ,,light ,,is ,,unnecess>y1 ,,p>tly ,,be+ ,,an ,,ob/acle4 ,if ! light :i* is contigu\s to ! eye %\ld become animat$1 & if ! s\l %\ld1 s to speak1 int]p5etrate x1 unit+ ) x z %e unites ) ! int]ior light1 !re w\ld be no ne$ ( int]m$i>y light = ! p]ception ( ! visible object4 ,sight resembles t\*2 x op]ates 9 light by someh[ transf]r+ itself to ! object1 )\t ! m$ium exp]i5c+ any affection4 ,n[ consid]3 does ! sight transf] itself to ! visible object because ( ! exi/5ce ( an int]val betwe5 !m1 or because ( ! exi/5ce ( "s body 9 ! int]val8 ,9 ! latt] case1 vision w\ld occur by remov+ ?is ob/acle4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 x be because ( ! exi/5ce ( a m]e int]val1 !n ! nature ( ! visible object mu/ seem in]t & entirely inactive4 ,?is is h[ev] impossible2 n only does t\* ann\nce & exp]i5ce ! neighbor+ object b1 by ! affection x exp]i5ces1 x proclaims ! diff]5ces ( ! tangible object1 & ev5 p]ceives x f a di/ance1 if no?+ oppose x2 = we p]ceive ! fire at ! same "t z ! air t surr\nds u1 & be=e ?is air has be5 heat$ by ! fire4 ,a solid body heats bett] ?an does ! air2 & consequ5tly x receives heat ?r\gh ! air1 r ?an by ! int]m$iation ( air4 ,if !n ! visible object h ! p[] to act1 & if ! organ h ! p[] ( exp]i5c+ 7or suff]+71 :y %\ld sight ne$ any int]m$i>y 7besides light7 to ex]t its p[]8 ,?is w\ld really be ne$+ an ob/acle6 ,:5 ! light ( ! sun rea*es u1 x does n light up ! air be=e light+ u1 b lights bo? simultane\sly2 ev5 be=e x has rea*$ ! eye1 :ile x is /ill else:]e1 we h already se51 j z if ! air 0 n affect$ at all2 t is ! case1 probably1 because ! m$ium has und]gone no modification1 & because light has n yet pres5t$ itself to our view4 ,"u ?is hypo!sis 7:i* ass]ts t ! air receives & transmits an affection7 x w\ld be difficult to expla9 :y dur+ ! night we see ! />s &1 9 g5]al1 any k9d ( fire4 ,,n ,,ev5 ,,! ,,light ,,( ,,! ,,eye ,,is ,,to ,,be ,,consid]$ ,,z ,,m$ium4 ,on ! hypo!sis t ! s\l rema9s )9 h]self1 :ile mak+ use ( ! light 7emanat$ f ! eye7 z a rod to rea* ! visible object1 a v %>p p]ception w\ld be caus$ by ! resi/ance exp]i5c$ by ! light 9 its t5sion#agb & s5se-color4 ,9 s f> z x is color1 ! light itself w\ld possess ! prop]ty ( reflect+ light4 ,9 ?is case1 ! contact w\ld take place by a m$ium4 ,b already be=e ?is ! light has rea*$ ! object )\t any m$ium2 s t ! lat] contact op]at$ by a m$ium w\ld produce cognition by a sort ( memory or reason+--:i* is n ! case4 ,,! ,,objective ,,light ,,does ,,n ,,transmit ,,! ,,image ,,by ,,relays4 ,! hypo!sis t ! light contigu\s to ! visible object is affect$1 & transmits ?is affection by relays f po9t to po9t into ! eye1 is ess5tially id5tical ) t !ory :i* supposes t ! m$ium mu/ be prelim9>ily modifi$ by ! visible object2 a hypo!sis t has already be5 discuss$ above4 ,,nei!r ,,= ,,he>+ ,,is ,,! ,,air ,,necess>y ,,z ,a ,,m$ium4 #e4 ,z to he>+1 !re are sev]al !ories4 ,"o is t ! air is fir/ set 9 motion1 & t ?is motion1 be+ transmitt$ unalt]$ f po9t to po9t f ! 7location ( !7 s\nd-produc+ air z f> z ! e>1 causes ! s\nd to arrive to ! s5se4 ,aga91 ano!r !ory is t ! m$ium is "h affect$ accid5tally1 & only because x happ5s to be int]pos$2 s t1 if ! m$ium 7 annihilat$1 we w\ld feel ! s\nd imm$iately on its production by ! %ock ( two bodies4 ,we might ?9k t ! air mu/ fir/ be set 9 motion1 b ! m$ium int]pos$ 7betwe5 ! fir/ mov$ air & ! e>7 plays a diff]5t "p4 ,! air "h seems to be ! sov]eign condition ( ! production ( s\nd2 =1 at ! orig9 ( ! s\nd1 ! %ock ( two bodies w\ld produce no s\nd if ! air1 compress$ & /ruck by _! rapid concussion did n transmit ! motion f po9t to po9t z f> z ! e>4#agc ,b if ! production ( ! s\nd dep5d on ! impulsion impress$ on ! air1 ! 7qualitative7 diff]5ce betwe5 voices & 7in/rum5tal7 s\nds w *all5ge explanation2 = !re is great diff]5ce 7( timbre7 betwe5 metal /ruck by metal ( ! same k9d1 or ano!r4 ,^! diff]5ces are n m]ely quantitative1 & _c be attribut$ to ! air :i* 7ev]y:]e7 is ! same1 nor to ! =ce ( ! /imulus 7:i* may be equal 9 int5sity74 ,ano!r !ory 7( ,ari/otle's7 is t ! production ( voices & s\nd is due to ! air1 because ! impulsion impress$ on ! air is sonor\s4 7,to ?is x %\ld be answ]$ t7 air1 9 s f> z x is air1 is n ! cause ( s\nd2 = x res\nds only 9 s f> z x resembles "s solid body1 rema9+ 9 its situation1 be=e x dilates1 z if x 7 some?+ solid4#agd ,! 7cause ( ! s\nd7 !n is ! %ock betwe5 objects1 :i* =ms ! s\nd t rea*es ! s5se ( he>+4 ,?is is demon/rat$ by ! s\nds produc$ 9 ! int]ior ( animals1 )\t ! pres5ce ( any air1 :5ev] "o "p is /ruck by "s o!r4 ,su* is ! s\nd produc$ by c]ta9 articulations :5 !y are b5t 7z1 ! knee72 or c]ta9 bones1 :5 !y are /ruck aga9/ ea* o!r1 or :5 !y break2 9 ?is case air has no?+ to d ) ! production ( ! s\nd4 ,^! consid]ations compel a !ory ( he>+ simil> to our conclusions ab\t sight4 ,! p]ception ( audition1 l t ( vision1 !re=e consi/s 9 a rep]cussion 7an affection sympa!tically felt7 9 ! univ]sal organism4 ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,! ,,air ,,to ,,! ,,light4 #f4 ,c\ld light exi/ )\t air1 if ! sun illum9at$ ! surface ( bodies1 & if !re 7 a void 9 ! int]val :i* is accid5tally illum9at$ by virtue ( its location 7betwe5 ! sun & ! bodies78 ,x is c]ta9 t if ! o!r ?+s 7 affect$ because ! air itself 0 affect$1 & if light 7 no?+ m ?an an affection ( ! air1 t is1 its sub/ance2 !n inde$ ?is affection c\ld n exi/ )\t ! exp]i5c+ subject 7! air74 ,b 79 our view7 light is n ess5tially *>act]i/ic ( air z su*2 = all fi]y & brilliant bodies1 among :i* are preci\s /ones1 possess a lum9\s color4 ,c\ld t :i* passes f a brilliant body into "s o!r body exi/ )\t t o!r body8 ,if light be b a simple quality ( an object1 & z e quality implies a subject on :i* x dep5ds1 light w h to be s\ght 9 ! body 9 :i* x resides4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 light be only an actualization produc$ by "s o!r ?+1 & if !re be no body contigu\s to ! lum9\s object1 & x be entirely surr\nd$ by a void1 :y c\ld light n exi/1 & radiate upw>ds 7z well z d[nw>ds1 & 9 e direction78 ,s9ce light radiates1 :y %\ld x n radiate )\t h9drance8 ,if its nature be to fall1 x w spontane\sly desc5d2 = nei!r ! air nor any illum9at$ body w make x issue f ! illum9at+ body1 nor c =ce x to advance1 s9ce x is nei!r an accid5t t implies a subject1 nor an affection t implies an affect$ object4 ,o!rwise1 ! light w\ld rema9 79 ! illum9at$ body7 :5 ! object f :i* x emanates %\ld happ5 to )draw2 b s9ce ! light )draws ) x1 x radiates4 ,9 :at direction does light radiate8 7,its radiation7 dem&s no m ?an ! exi/5ce ( suffici5t space2 o!rwise ! body ( ! sun w\ld lose its actualization2 t is1 ! light x radiates4 ,9 ?is case light w\ld n be ! quality ( a subject1 b ! actualization t emanates f a subject1 b :i* does n pass into any o!r subject 7z a k9d ( undulation72 b if ano!r subject be pres5t1 x w suff] an affection4 ,z life1 :i* con/itutes an actualization ( ! s\l1 affects ! body if x be pres5t1 & does n any ! less con/itute an actualization if ! body be abs5t1 likewise light con/itutes an actualization subject to ! same conditions4 ,x is n ! obscurity ( ! air t begets light1 nor obscurity m+l$ ) ! e>? :i* produces an impure light2 o!rwise "o might produce some?+ sweet by m+l+ "s ?+ ) :at is bitt]4 ,! /atem5t t light is a modification ( ! air1 is incomplete )\t ! addition t ! air mu/ itself be modifi$ by ?is modification1 & t ! obscurity ( ! air is no long] obscure aft] hav+ und]gone t *ange4 ,! air itself1 h[ev]1 rema9s :at x 01 j z if x _h n be5 affect$4 ,! affection belongs only to t :i* has be5 affect$4 ,color !re=e does n belong to ! air1 b subsi/s 9 itself2 ! air's only function is its pres5ce4 ,b en\gh ( ?is4 ,,does ,,! ,,)drawal ,,( ,,! ,,lum9\s ,,s\rce ,,ab&on ,,! ,,light ,,to ,,de/ruction2 ,,or ,,does ,,! ,,light ,,foll[ ,,x8 #g4 ,x might be ask$ :e!r ! )drawal ( ! object f :i* light emanates ab&ons ! light to de/ruction1 or does ! light foll[ ! s\rce into )drawal8 ,?is "q is relat$ to ! =m] "o2 7& x may be said t7 if ! light inh]e 9 ! illum9at$ body 9 a mann] su* z to h become *>act]i/ic ( x1 ! light p]i%es ) x4 ,! light is an imman5t actualization1 = o!rwise x w\ld surr\nd ! object f :i* x emanates1 & rema9 )9 x1 accumulat+ !re4 ,if ?is 7 s1 ! light c\ld n vani% s long z ! object f :i* x emanates itself cont9ues to subsi/4 ,if ?is object pass f "o place to ano!r1 light w\ld pass ?i!r also1 n because x turns back on itself or *anges locality1 b because ! actualization ( ! lum9\s object exi/s & is pres5t z soon z no?+ opposes x4 ,if ! di/ance f ! sun to ! e>? 7 mu* m consid]able ?an x really is1 ! light ( ! sun w\ld nev]!less rea* u1 provid+ no ob/acle 7 int]pos$4 ,on ! "o h&1 !re is 9 ! lum9\s body an actualization1 a k9d ( sup]abundant life1 a pr9ciple & s\rce ( activity2 on ! o!r h&1 beyond ! limits ( ! lum9\s body1 exi/s a second actualization :i* is ! image ( ! actualization *>act]i/ic ( ?is body1 & :i* nev] sep>ates itself f ! body4 ,e be+ has an actualization :i* is its image2 s t1 z soon z ! be+ exi/s1 its actualization exi/s also2 & s long z ! be+ subsi/s1 its actualization radiates ne>] or fur!r4 ,actualizations 7diff] inde$72 "s are feeble & obscure1 o!rs are secret or hidd51 o!rs are p[]ful & radiate af>4 ,:5 an actualization radiates at a di/ance x mu/ be admitt$ to exi/ !re :]e x acts1 :]e x ex]cises & manife/s its p[]4 ,consequ5tly "o c see light %9e f ! eyes ( animals ^: eyes are naturally brilliant#age2 likewise :5 ! animals t ex]t a conc5trat$ int]ior fire happ5 to op5 _! eyelids1 !y radiate rays ( light into ! d>kness2 :ile1 :5 !y close _! eyes1 no m light exi/s outside !m4 ,! light !re=e does n p]i%2 only1 x is no long] produc$ ext]iorly4 ,x does n re-ent] into ! animal b m]ely ceases to exi/ ext]iorly1 = ! visual fire does n pass outside1 rema9+ inside4 ,is light itself !n )98 ,at lea/ ?is light rema9s )92 b 7:5 ! eye is clos$7 ! eyelid =ms an ob/acle to its diffusion4 ,,light ,,z ,,actualization ,,is ,,! ,,be+ ,,( ,,! ,,lum9\s ,,body1 ,,& ,,is ,,incorporeal4 ,?us ! light t emanates f bodies is ! actualization ( ! lum9\s body :i* is active ext]iorly4 ,! light 9 ! bodies ^: orig9al nature is su*1 is ! =mal be+ ( ! orig9ally lum9\s body4 ,:5 su* a body has be5 m+l$ ) matt]1 x produces color4 ,! actualization alone does n suffice to give color2 x produces only ! hue1 because ! actualization is ! prop]ty ( a subject1 & dep5ds on x1 s t no?+ c be )drawn f ! subject )\t simultane\sly be+ )drawn f its actualization4 ,light is entirely incorporeal1 ?\gh x be ! actualization ( a body4 ,x c\ld n !re=e prop]ly be said ( light t x )draws or is pres5t4 ,! true /ate ( affairs is entirely diff]5t2 = ! light1 s f> z x is ! actualization ( ! lum9\s body1 is its v be+4 ,! image produc$ 9 a mirror is !re=e an actualization ( ! visible object1 :i* acts on any?+ t is passive 7t c suff]1 or exp]i5ce71 )\t lett+ any ( its sub/ance escape by any wa/age4 ,if ! object be pres5t1 ! image appe>s 9 ! mirror2 x is z x 7 ! image ( ! color t possesses "s p>ticul> figure4 ,:5 ! object )draws1 ! diaphan\s body no long] possesses :at x possess$ :ile ! visible object 0 act+ on ! mirror4 ,a simil> condition is t ( ! s\l2 h] actualization dwells )9 ! 7_w's7 body s long z ?is s\l h]self dwells )9 x4 ,,life ,,& ,,light ,,d ,,n ,,p]i%1 ,,b ,,are ,,no ,,m ,,!re4 7,curiosity might lead "s "o to ask ab\t7 a =ce t 7 n ! actualization ( ! ,s\l1 b :i* only proce$$ f ?is actualization1 su* z ! life :i* we say is prop] to ! body4 ,is ! case ( su* a =ce simil> to t ( ! light *>act]i/ic ( bodies8 ,we said t ! light inh]es 9 color$ bodies1 s f> z t :i* produces ! colors inh]es 9 ! bodies4 ,z to ! life prop] to ! bodies1 we ?9k t ! body possesses x s f> z ! s\l is pres5t2 = no?+ c be inanimate4 ,:5 ! body p]i%es1 & :5 x is no long] assi/$ by ! s\l :i* communicat$ life to x1 nor by ! actualization ( ?is s\l1 h[ %\ld life rema9 9 ! body8 ,:at6 ,has ?is life p]i%$8 ,no3 ?is life itself has n p]i%$1 = x is only ! image ( an irradiation2 x w\ld n be correct to say m ?an t x is no m !re4#agf ,a ,,_w ,,outside ,,( ,,our ,,_w ,,w\ld ,,n ,,be ,,visible4 #h4 ,if !re 7 a body outside ( our _w1 & if an eye obs]v$ x f "h )\t any ob/acle1 x is d\btful t ! eye c\ld see t body1 because ! eye w\ld h no affection common to x2 = community ( affection is caus$ by ! coh]5ce ( ! s+le organism 7t is1 ! unity ( ! _w74 ,s9ce ?is community ( affection 7or1 sympa?y71 supposes t s5se-objects & t ! s5ses belong to ! s+le organism1 a body locat$ outside ( ! _w w\ld n be felt1 unless x 7 "p ( ! _w4 ,9 ?is case1 x w\ld be felt4 ,if x 7 n a "p ( ! _w1 b yet by its color & o!r qualities x 0 con=m$ to ! organ t 0 to cognize x1 w\ld x be felt8 ,no1 x w\ld n be felt1 t is1 if su* a hypo!sis 7( a body locat$ outside ( ! _w7 7 at all admissible4 ,if h[ev]1 anyone %\ld refuse to admit su* a hypo!sis1 he w\ld pret5d t x is absurd t ! eye %\ld n see ! color locat$ 9 front ( x1 & t ! o!r s5ses d n p]ceive ! qualities be=e !m4 ,t is ! reason ( its absurdity4 ,= we are active or passive only because we are integral p>ts ( ! s+le organism1 & are locat$ )9 x4 ,is any?+ /ill left to be consid]$8 ,if :at we h said suffices1 our demon/ration is f9i%$2 o!rwise we %all h to give /ill fur!r pro(s to support our proposition4 ,,s5sation ,,is ,,limit$ ,,to ,,common ,,integral ,,p>ts ,,( ,,! ,,univ]se4 ,e organism is coh]5t 7t is1 is sympa!tic ) itself74 ,9 ! case ( a s+le organism1 our demon/ration suffices1 & all ?+s w exp]i5ce common affections s f> z !y con/itute p>ts ( ! s+le organism4 ,! plea t a body ext]ior to ! _w c\ld be felt because ( its resemblance 7is ill-f\nd$ because p]ception is *>act]i/ic ( an organism & because x is ! organism t possesses p]ception4 ,= its organ resembles 7! p]ceiv$ object72 ?us s5sation w\ld be ! p]ception pres5t$ to ! s\l by means ( organs simil> to ! p]ceiv$ objects4 ,if !n ! organism feel n only its cont5ts1 b also objects resembl+ !m1 x w p]ceive ^! ?+s by virtue ( its organic nature2 & ^! ?+s w be p]ceiv$ n because !y are cont5ts !re(1 b by virtue ( _! resemblance !reto4 ,x seems r t p]ceiv$ objects mu/ be p]ceiv$ 9 ! measure ( _! resemblance1 because ! s\l has famili>iz$ h]self ) !m1 & has assimilat$ !m to h]self4 ,if !n ! s\l :i* has assimilat$ ^! objects to h]self diff] f !m1 ! ?+s :i* 7 suppos$ to h become assimilat$ to h] w rema9 entirely =eign to h]4 ,! absurdity ( ?is consequ5ce %[s u t !re is a flaw 9 ! hypo!sis2 = x affirms simultane\sly t ! s\l exi/s1 & does n exi/1 t ! ?+s are bo? con=mable & diff]5t1 simil> & dissimil>4 ,s9ce !n ?is hypo!sis implies contradictories1 x is n admissible2 = x supposes t ! s\l exi/s 9 ?is _w1 z a result ( ! _w1 bo? be+ & n be+ univ]sal1 bo? be+ & n be+ diff]5t1 bo? be+ & n be+ p]fect4 ,! above hypo!sis mu/ !re=e be ab&on$2 & s9ce x implies a contradiction1 no reasonable consequ5ce c\ld be d$uc$ !refrom4 ,,?ird ,,ennead1 ,,book ,,eight4 ,( ,nature1 ,contemplation & ,unity4#agg 7,^! ?ree subjects are discuss$ 9 p>agraphs #a-d1 #e-g1 & #h-af4 ,! pla9 p>agraph numb]s are ^? ( ! ,teubn] edition2 ^? 9 p>5!sis are ! ,creuz] 7,didot7 edition47 ,a4 ,,( ,,nature4 ,,introduction3 ,,z ,a ,,joke1 ,,x ,,may ,,be ,,said ,,t ,,ev5 ,,plants ,,aspire ,,to ,,contemplation4 #a4 ,if z a prelim9>y pleasantry1 we said t all be+s1 n only reasonable ones1 b ev5 ! irrational1 plants z well z ! e>? t begets !m1 aspire to contemplation1 & are direct$ t[>ds t end2 t1 z a result ( ! diff]5ce exi/+ betwe5 !m1 "s really a*ieve contemplation1 :ile o!rs only accompli% a reflection or image ( x1 we w\ld no d\bt be told t ?is 0 an absurd p>adox4 ,b z we are "h engag$ 9 a private /udy1 we may1 z an indulg5ce1 support ?is p>adox4 ,:ile ?us trifl+1 are we ourselves n actually engag+ 9 contemplation8 ,besides1 x w\ld be n only we1 b any :o ?us trifle1 :o aspire to contemplation4 ,we might ev5 say t a jok+ *ild1 z well z a m$itat+ man bo? aim at rea*+ contemplation :5 ! =m] jokes1 & ! lat] m$itates4 ,inde$1 !re is n a s+le action t does n t5d t[>ds contemplation2 m or less ext]naliz+ x accord+ z x is c>ri$ out /rictly or freely4 ,9 any case its ultimate aim is always contemplation2 b ( ?is lat]4#agh ,,enum]ation ,,( ,,! ,,l[] ,,=ms ,,( ,,contemplation4 7#a74 ,let u beg9 by expla9+ :at c\ld be ! nature ( contemplation 7?\ght7 t we attribute to ! e>?1 to ! trees1 & to ! plants 7z we promis$71 & h[ ! ?+s produc$ & begott5 by ^! be+s c be r$uc$ to ! actuality ( contemplation2 h[ nature1 t is usually consid]$ to lack reason & imag9ation1 nev]!less is q capable ( "s k9d ( contemplation1 !reby produc+ all its works1 al?\gh speak+ /rictly1 x is incapable !re(4 ,,nature ,,acts ,,on ,,matt] ,,n ,,me*anically ,,b ,,by ,,its ,,pot5cy4 #b4 ,evid5tly nature possesses nei!r h&s1 nor feet1 nor any natural or artificial in/rum5t4 ,= production its only ne$ is a matt] on :i* to "w1 & :i* x =ms4 ,! works ( nature exclude all ideas ( me*anical op]ation2 n by any impell+ =ce1 nor by us+ lev]s nor ma*9es does x produce v>i$ colors1 nor draw ! outl9es ( objects4 ,ev5 ! workm5 :o =m wax figures1 to ^: "w ! op]ations ( nature are (t5 comp>$1 _c endue objects ) colors )\t borr[+ !m f else:]e4 ,besides1 we mu/ obs]ve t ^! workm5 conta9 a p[] :i* rema9s immutable1 & by ! sole means ( :i* !y produce _! works ) _! h&s4 ,likewise1 nature conta9s a p[] :i* rema9s immovable z a :ole2 x has no ne$ ( "s p>ts t w\ld rema9 immovable1 & o!rs t move4 ,x is matt] alone t und]goes movem5t1 = ! =m+ p[] is 9 no way mov$4 ,7 ! =m+ p[] mov$1 x w\ld no long] be ! fir/ motor#agi2 ! fir/ motor w\ld no long] be nature1 b :atev] might1 9 its totality1 be immovable4 ,,nature ,,is ,,immovable ,,z ,a ,,=m1 ,,b ,,n ,,z ,,comp\nd ,,( ,,matt] ,,& ,,=m4 ,x may be object$ t ! 7sem9al7 reason may rema9 immutable1 b t nature is di/9ct f reason1 & is mutable4 ,consid]+ ! totality ( nature1 we include reason4 ,consid]+ only "o ( its p>ts z immutable1 ?is "p /ill w be reason4 ,nature mu/ be a =m1 & n a composite ( matt] & =m4 ,:at ne$ w\ld x h ( a matt] t might be ei!r cold or hot1 s9ce matt]1 :5 subject$ to =m1 ei!r possesses ^! qualities1 or receives !m1 or r und]goes ! action ( reason be=e hav+ any qualities4 ,inde$1 x is n by fire t matt] becomes fire1 b by reason4 ,consequ5tly1 9 animals & plants1 x is ! reasons t produce#ahj2 & nature is a reason t produces o!r reasons1 imp>t+ "s ( h]self to ! sub/ance subject$ to h] influ5ce1 :ile rema9+ )9 h]self4 ,! reason t consi/s 9 a visible %ape occupies ! la/ rank2 x is dead1 & produces no?+4 ,! liv+ reason 7:i* adm9i/]s ! body ( ! liv+ be+71 be+ si/] to ! reason t produc$ ! visible =m 79 begett+ ! body ( ! liv+ be+71 & possess+ ! same p[] z ?is reason1 alone produces )9 ! begott5 be+4#aha ,,bo? ,,nature ,,& ,,reason ,,are ,,contemplation2 ,,:ile ,,univ]sal ,,reason ,,is ,,bo? ,,s\l ,,& ,,nature4 #c4 7#b74 ,h[ does nature produce8 ,& h[1 9 produc+1 does %e arrive at contemplation8 ,s9ce %e produces :ile rema9+ immovable )9 h]self1 & z %e is a reason1 %e is a contemplation also4 ,inde$1 e action is produc$ accord+ to a reason1 & consequ5tly diff]s f x4 ,reason assi/s & presides ov] action1 & consequ5tly is n an action4 ,s9ce reason is n an action1 x is a contemplation4 ,9 univ]sal ,reason1 ! reason :i* holds ! la/ rank itself proce$s f contemplation1 & 9 ?is s5se /ill des]ves ! "n ( contemplation because x is produc$ by ! contemplation 7( ! s\l74 ,h[ev] univ]sal ,reason1 :i* is sup]ior to ! latt] reason1 may be consid]$ "u two po9ts ( view1 z s\l & z nature4 7,let u beg9 by nature47 ,,! ,,reason ,,( ,,nature ,,is ,,! ,,result ,,( ,,an ,,immovable ,,contemplation4 ,does reason1 consid]$ z nature1 also d]ive f contemplation8 ,yes1 b on condition t x has contemplat$ itself some:at2 = x is produc$ by a contemplation & a pr9ciple :i* 0 contemplat$4 ,h[ does x contemplate itself8 ,x does n possess ?is mode ( contemplation :i* proce$s f 7discursive7 reason2 t is to say1 :i* consi/s 9 discursively consid]+ :at "o has 9 himself4 ,be+ a liv+ reason & a productive p[]1 h[ c\ld x fail discursively to consid] :at x conta9s8 ,because "o consid]s discursively only :at he does n yet possess4 ,n[ z nature possesses1 %e produces by ! m]e fact t %e possesses4 ,to be :at %e is & to produce :at %e produces are id5tical4 ,because %e is reason1 %e simultane\sly is contemplation & contemplat$ object4 ,z %e is all ?ree3 contemplation1 contemplat$ object1 & reason1 nature produces by ! m]e fact t x is 9 h] ess5ce to be ^! ?+s4 ,z we h %[n1 evid5tly action is a sort ( contemplation2 = x is ! result ( ! contemplation t rema9s immutable1 :i* does no?+ b contemplate1 & :i* produces by its m]e contemplation4 ,,nature',s ,,confession ,,t ,,h] ,,"m ,,is ,,univ]sal ,,reason1 ,,& ,,h] ,,fa!r ,,! ,,=mal ,,reasons4 #d4 7#c74 ,if anybody 7 to ask nature :y %e produces1 ,nature1 if at all will+ to li/5 & answ] w\ld say1 ,y %\ld n h que/ion$ me2 y %\ld h tri$ to und]/&1 keep+ sil5ce1 z ,i d2 = ,i am n 9 ! habit ( speak+4 ,:at 7 y to und]/&8 ,"h x is4 ,fir/1 :at is produc$ is ! "w ( my sil5t speculation1 a contemplation effect$ by my nature2 =1 myself be+ born ( contemplation1 m9e is a contemplative nature4 ,besides1 t :i* 9 me contemplates1 produces a "w ( contemplation1 l geometricians :o1 :ile contemplat+1 describe figures4 ,= x is n 9 describ+ figures1 b 9 contemplat+1 t ,i let drop f )9 me ! l9es :i* outl9e ! =ms ( ! bodies4 ,i pres]ve )9 me ! disposition ( my "m 7! univ]sal ,s\l71 & t ( ! pr9ciples t beget me 7! =mal 'reasons'74 ,! latt]1 inde$1 are born ( contemplation3 ,i 0 begott5 9 ! same way4 ,^! pr9ciples gave bir? to me )\t any action1 or ! m]e fact t !y are m p[]ful reasons1 & t !y contemplate !mselves4 ,,description ,,( ,,nature ,,z ,a ,,weak] ,,contemplation4 ,^! words signify t nature is a s\l begott5 by a sup]ior ,s\l t possesses a m pot5t life1 & conta9s h] contemplation sil5tly )9 h]self1 )\t incl9+ t[>ds t :i* is high] or l[]4 ,abid+ )9 h] own ess5ce 7be+7 t is1 )9 h] own re/ & self-consci\sness1 hav+ discov]$1 s f> z x 0 possible = h]1 :at 0 bel[ h]1 )\t go+ out ( h] way to seek x1 nature produc$ an agreeable & brilliant object4 ,if x is desir$ to attribute "s sort ( cognition or s5sation to nature1 ^! w resemble true cognition & s5sation only z ^? ( a man :o is awake resemble ^? ( a man :o is asleep4#ahb ,= nature peaceably contemplates h] object1 :i* 0 born 9 h] z effect ( nature's abid+ )9 & ) h]self1 ( h]self be+ an object ( contemplation1 & h]self be+ a sil5t1 if weak contemplation4 ,!re is1 inde$1 ano!r p[] t contemplates m /rongly2 ! nature :i* is ! image ( ano!r contemplation4 ,consequ5tly1 :at %e has produc$ is v weak1 because a weak5$ contemplation c beget a weak object only4 ,,x ,,is ,,m5 ,,:o ,,are ,,too ,,weak ,,= ,,contemplation ,,t ,,seek ,a ,,refuge ,,9 ,,action4 ,likewise x is m5 too weak = speculation :o1 9 action1 seek a %ad[ ( speculation & reason4 ,n be+ capable ( ris+ to speculation1 & because ( _! s\l-weakness n be+ able to grasp t :i* 9 itself is intelligible1 & to fill !mselves !re)1 ?\gh h[ev] desir+ to contemplate x1 ^! m5 seek1 by action1 to a*ieve t :i* !y c\ld n obta9 by ?\ght alone4 ,?us we f9d t action is a weakness or result ( contemplation1 :5 we act1 or desire to see1 or to contemplate1 or to grasp ! intelligible1 or try to get o!rs to grasp x1 or propose to act to ! ext5t ( our ability4 ,x is a weakness1 =1 aft] hav+ act$1 we possess no?+ ( :at we h done2 & a consequ5ce1 because we contemplate some?+ bett] ?an we ourselves h made4 ,:at man inde$ :o c\ld contemplate tru? w\ld g & contemplate its image8 ,?is is ! explanation ( ! ta/e = manual arts1 & = physical activity#ahc 7z ?\ght ,ari/otle74 ,b4 ,,contemplation4 ,,! ,,procession ,,( ,,! ,,_w-,,s\l4 #e4 7#d74 ,aft] hav+ spok5 ( nature1 & hav+ expla9$ h[ g5]ation is a sort ( contemplation1 let u pass to ! ,s\l t occupies a rank sup]ior to nature4 ,?is is :at we h to say ab\t h]4 ,by h] contemplative action1 by h] ard5t desire to le>n & to discov]1 by ! fruitfulness ( h] k1 & h] result+ ne$ to produce1 ! ,s\l1 h] totality hav+ become an object ( contemplation1 gave bir? to "s o!r object2 j z sci5ce1 on fructify+1 by in/ruction begets a less] sci5ce 9 ! s\l ( ! "y disciple :o possesses ! images ( all ?+s1 b only 9 ! /ate ( obscure !ories1 ( feeble speculations1 :i* are incapable ( self-suffici5cy4 ,! high] & rational "p ( ! ,s\l ev] dwells 9 ! high] region ( ! intelligible _w1 & is1 by ?is intelligible _w1 ev] illum9at$ & fructifi$#ahd2 :ile ! l[] 7natural & g5]ative p[]7 p>ticipates 9 :at ! sup]ior "p has receiv$1 by imm$iately p>ticipat+ 9 ! intelligible2 = life ev] proce$s f life1 & its actualization ext5ds to ev]y?+1 & is pres5t ev]y:]e4 ,9 h] procession1 ! univ]sal ,s\l all[s h] sup]ior "p to rema9 9 ! intelligible _w2 =1 if %e deta*$ h]self f ?is sup]ior "p1 %e w\ld no long] be pres5t ev]y:]e2 %e w\ld subsi/ only 9 h] l[] extremities4 ,besides1 ! "p ( ! ,s\l t ?us proce$s out ( ! intelligible _w is inf]ior to :at rema9s )9 x4 ,!re=e1 if ! ,s\l mu/ be pres5t & mu/ ass]t h] sph]e ( activity ev]y:]e1 & if t :i* occupies ! sup]ior rank diff]s f t :i* occupies ! inf]ior2 if1 besides1 h] activity proce$s ei!r f contemplation or action---?\gh inde$ orig9ally f contemplation--because contemplation prec$es ! action :i* c\ld n exi/ )\t contemplation2 9 ?is /ate ( affairs1 ?\gh "o actualization w\ld be weak] ?an ano!r1 yet x w\ld ev] rema9 a contemplation1 s t ! action d]iv$ f contemplation seems to be no m ?an a weak5$ contemplation2 = t :i* is begott5 mu/ always rema9 consub/antial ) its g5]at+ pr9ciple1 ?\gh weak]1 s9ce ( l[] rank4 ,all ?+s !re=e sil5tly proce$ f ! ,s\l1 because !y /& 9 no ne$ ( ei!r contemplation or ext]ior visible action4 ,?us ! ,s\l contemplates1 & ! contemplat+ "p ( ! ,s\l1 be+ someh[ locat$ outside ( ! sup]ior "p1 & be+ diff]5t !refrom1 produces :at is bel[ x2 ?us x is t contemplation begets contemplation4#ahe ,no m ?an its object is contemplation limit$ bel[2 t is :y x ext5ds to ev]y?+4 ,:]e is x n8 ,e s\l conta9s ! same object ( contemplation4 ,?is object1 )\t be+ circumscrib$ z a magnitude1 does n equally inh]e 9 all be+s2 consequ5tly1 x is n pres5t 9 ! same way to all p>ts ( ! ,s\l4 ,t is :y ,plato#ahf says t ! *>iote] ( ! s\l communicates to 8 horses :at he has se54 ,! latt] receive some?+ f him only because !y desire to possess :at he has se52 = !y h n receiv$ ! entire intelligible 7_w74 ,?\gh !y act because ( a desire1 !y act only 9 view ( :at !y desire2 t is1 9 view ( contemplation1 & ( its object4 ,,practice ,,is ,,only ,a ,,prep>ation ,,= ,,contemplation4 #f4 7#e74 ,! purpose ( action is to contemplate1 & to possess ! contemplat$ object4 ,! object or activity1 !re=e1 is contemplation4 ,x seeks to a*ieve indirectly :at x is unable to accompli% directly4 ,x is n o!rwise :5 "o has a*iev$ ! object ( "o's desires4 ,"o's real desire is n to possess ! desir$ object )\t kn[+ x1 b to "k x m ?or\ghly1 to pres5t x to ! sight ( ! s\l1 & to be able to contemplate x !re94 ,inde$1 activity always has 9 view "s good2 "o desires to posses x int]iorly1 to appropriate x1 & to possess ! result ( "o's action4 ,n[ z ,good c be possess$ only by ! s\l1 activity once m br+s u back to contemplation4 ,s9ce ! s\l is a reason1 :at %e is capable ( possess+ c\ld be no m ?an a sil5t reason1 be+ s mu* ! m sil5t z x is m a reason1 = p]fect reason seeks no?+ f>!r2 x re/s 9 ! manife/ation ( t ) :i* x is fill$2 ! complet] ! manife/ation1 ! calm] is ! contemplation1 & ! m does x unite ! s\l4 ,speak+ s]i\sly1 !re is id5tity betwe5 kn[+ subject & kn[n object 9 ! actualization ( k4 ,if !y 7 n id5tical1 !y w\ld be diff]5t1 be+ ali5 to ea* o!r1 )\t any real bond1 j z reasons 7are =eign to ! s\l7 :5 !y slumb] )9 h]1 )\t be+ p]ceiv$4 ,! reason#ahg mu/ !re=e n rema9 ali5 to ! le>n+ s\l1 b become unit$ !reto1 & become *>act]i/ic ( h]4 ,!re=e :5 ! s\l has appropriat$ a reason1 & has famili>iz$ h]self !re)1 ! s\l z x 7 draws x out ( h] 7brea/7 to exam9e x4 ,?us %e obs]ves ! ?+ t %e 7unconsci\sly7 possess$1 & by exam9+ x1 di/+ui%es h]self !refrom1 & by ! conception %e =ms ( x1 consid]s x z some?+ =eign to h]2 = ?\gh ! s\l h]self be a reason & a k9d ( intellig5ce1 nev]!less :5 %e consid]s some?+1 %e consid]s x z some?+ di/9ct f h]self1 because %e does n possess ! true fulness1 & is defective 9 respect to h] pr9ciple 7:i* is intellig5ce74 ,besides1 x is ) calmness t %e obs]ves :at %e has drawn f )9 h]self2 = %e does n draw f )9 h]self any?+ ( :i* %e did n =m]ly h ev5 a notion4 ,b %e only drew f )9 h]self t ( :i* h] view 0 incomplete1 & :i* %e wi%$ to "k bett]4 ,9 h] actualizations 7su* z s5sation71 %e adapts ! reasons %e possesses to ext]ior objects4#ahh ,on "o h&1 z %e possesses 7! intelligible entities7 bett] ?an does nature1 %e is also calm] & m contemplative2 on ! o!r h&1 z %e does n possess 7! intelligible entities7 p]fectly1 m 7?an intellig5ce7 %e desires to h direct exp]im5tal k & contemplation ( ! object %e contemplates4 ,aft] hav+ 7tempor>ily7 )drawn f h] own high] "p1 & hav+ 7by discursive reason7 run ?r\gh ! s]ies ( diff]5ces1 %e returns to h]self1 & aga9 gives h]self up to contemplation by h] high] "p 7intellig5ce7 f :i* %e _h )drawn 7to obs]ve ! diff]5ces72 = ! high] "p does n deal ) diff]5ces1 z x abides )9 h]self4 ,consequ5tly ! wise m9d is id5tical ) reason1 & 9 itself possesses :at x manife/s to o!rs4 ,x contemplates itself2 x arrives at unity n only 9 respect to ext]ior objects1 b also 9 respect to itself2 x re/s 9 ?is unity1 & f9ds all ?+s )9 itself4 ,,?is ,,contemplation ,,is ,,! ,,goal ,,( ,,all ,,k9ds ,,& ,,grades ,,( ,,exi/5ce4 #g4 7#f74 ,?us ev]y?+ 7ultimately7 d]ives f contemplation2 ev]y?+ 7really7 is contemplation1 includ+ ! true be+s1 & ! be+s by ! =m] second>ily begott5 by giv+ !mselves up to contemplation1 & :i* !mselves are objects ( contemplation ei!r = s5sation1 or = k or op9ion4 ,actions1 & also desire1 result 9 k4 ,g5]ation orig9ates 9 speculation1 & ends 9 ! production ( a =m1 t is3 9 an object ( contemplation4 ,9 g5]al1 all be+s t are images ( g5]at+ pr9ciples produce =ms & objects ( contemplation4 ,begott5 sub/ances1 be+ imitations ( be+s1 %[ t ! purpose ( g5]at+ pr9ciples is nei!r g5]ation nor action1 b ! production ( works :i* !mselves are to be contemplat$4 ,contemplation is aim$ at by bo? discursive ?\ght1 & b5ea? x1 by s5sation1 ! end ( bo? ( :i* is k4 ,fur!r1 b5ea? discursive ?\ght & s5sation is ! nature :i*1 be>+ )9 h]self an object ( contemplation1 t is1 a 7sem9al7 reason1 produces ano!r reason4#ahi ,su* are ! tru?s t are self-evid5t1 or t c be demon/rat$ by reason+4 ,besides x is cle> t1 s9ce ! intelligible objects devote !mselves to contemplation1 all o!r be+s mu/ aspire !reto2 = ! orig9 ( be+s is also _! end4 ,,ev5 ,,l[] ,,=ms ,,( ,,begett+ ,,are ,,due ,,to ,,sem9al ,,reasons4 ,! begett+ ( animals is entirely due to ! activity )9 !m ( sem9al reasons4 ,g5]ation is an actualization ( contemplation2 x results f ! ne$ ( produc+ multiple =ms1 f objects ( contemplation1 ( fill+ ev]y?+ ) reasons1 ( ceaseless contemplation2 begett+ is no m ?an produc+ a =m1 & to spread contemplation ev]y:]e4#aij ,all ! faults met ) 9 begott5 or manufactur$ ?+s are no m ?an faults ( contemplation4 ,! poor workman resembles ! produc] ( bad =m4 ,besides1 lov]s mu/ be c\nt$ among ^? :o /udy =ms1 & :o consequ5tly give !mselves up to contemplation4 ,b en\gh ( ?is4 ,c4 ,,( ,,unity4 ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,grades ,,( ,,?\ght ,,& ,,life4 #h4 7#g74 ,s9ce contemplation rises by degrees1 f nature to ! ,s\l1 f ! ,s\l to ,intellig5ce2 & z )9 x ?\ght becomes m & m 7intimate or7 int]ior1 m & m unit$ to ! ?9k]2 & z 9 ! p]fect ,s\l ! ?+s kn[n are id5tical ) ! kn[]2 & because !y aspire to ,intellig5ce1 ! subject mu/ !n evid5tly )9 ,intellig5ce be id5tical ) ! object2 n ?r\gh any appropriation !re(1 z ! p]fect ,s\l does inde$ appropriate x1 b because _! ess5ce 7be+7 is id5tical1 because ( ! id5tity betwe5 ?9k+ & be+ 7ess5ce74 ,)9 intellig5ce no long] d we h on "o side ! object1 & on ! o!r ! subject2 o!rwise we w\ld ne$ ano!r pr9ciple :]e ?is diff]5ce w\ld no long] exi/4 ,)9 x1 !n1 ^! two ?+s1 ! subject & ! object1 =m b a s+le 7entity74 ,t is a liv+ contemplation1 & no long] an object ( contemplation :i* seems to inh]e 9 some?+ else2 = exi/5ce )9 a liv+ be+ is n id5tical ) liv+ by oneself4 ,!re=e if x is to be alive1 ! object ( contemplation & ( ?\ght mu/ be life itself1 & n ! life ( plants1 t ( s5sation1 or psy*ic life4 ,^? are diff]5t ?\ghts1 ! "o be+ ! ?\ght ( plants1 ! ?\ght ( s5sation1 & psy*ic ?\ght4 ,!y are ?\ghts because !y are reasons4 ,,all ,,be+s ,,are ,,contemplations4 ,e life is a ?\ght :i*1 l life itself1 may be m or less true4 ,! true/ ?\ght is also ! fir/ life2 & ! fir/ life is id5tical ) ! fir/ ,intellig5ce4 ,consequ5tly1 ! fir/ degree ( life is also ! fir/ degree ( ?\ght2 ! second degree ( life is also ! second degree ( ?\ght2 & ! ?ird degree ( life is also ! ?ird degree ( ?\ght4 ,!re=e e life ( ?is k9d is a ?\ght4 ,nev]!less x is humanly possible to def9e ! diff]5ces ( ! v>i\s degrees ( life )\t be+ able to set =? cle>ly ^? ( ?\ght2 m5 w limit !mselves to say+ t "s 7( ^! degrees ( ?\ght7 imply intellig5ce1 :ile o!rs exclude x1 because !y d n seek to p5etrate ! ess5ce ( life4 ,we may obs]ve t ! rema9d] ( ! discussion br+s u back to ?is proposition1 t all be+s are contemplations4#aia ,if ! true/ life be ! life ( ?\ght1 if ! true/ life & ! life ( ?\ght be id5tical1 !n ! true/ ?\ght mu/ be alive4 ,?is contemplation is life1 ! object ( ?is contemplation is a liv+ be+ & life1 & bo? =m b "o4 ,,l ,a ,,circle1 ,,intellig5ce ,,is ,,insep>ably ,,s+le ,,& ,,manifold4 ,s9ce bo? are id5tical1 ! unity t !y =m became manifold because x does n contemplate unity1 or x does n contemplate unity s f> z x is "o2 o!rwise x w\ld n be intellig5ce4 ,aft] hav+ begun by be+ "o1 x ceas$ be+ "o2 unconsci\sly x became manifold z a result ( ! fruitful g]ms x conta9$4 ,x develop$ to become all ?+s1 ?\gh x w\ld h be5 bett] = x n to h desir$ ?is4 ,inde$1 x ?us became ! second pr9ciple1 z a circle :i*1 by develop+1 becomes a figure & a a surface1 ^: circumf]5ce1 c5tre1 & rays are di/9ct1 occupy+ diff]5t po9ts4 ,! orig9 ( ?+s is bett] ?an _! goal4 ,! orig9 is n equival5t to ! orig9 & goal1 & t :i* is bo? orig9 & goal is n id5tical ) t :i* is no m ?an orig94 ,9 o!r words1 intellig5ce itself is n ! intellig5ce ( a s+le ?+1 b univ]sal intellig5ce2 be+ univ]sal1 x is ! intellig5ce ( all ?+s4#aib ,if !n intellig5ce be univ]sal ,intellig5ce1 & ! intellig5ce ( all ?+s1 !n ea* ( its p>ts mu/ also be univ]sal1 also possess all ?+s4 ,o!rwise1 intellig5ce w\ld conta9 a "p t 0 n intellig5ce2 intellig5ce w\ld be compos$ ( non-intellig5ces2 & x w\ld resemble a conglom]ation ( ?+s :i* w\ld =m an intellig5ce only by _! union4 ,?us intellig5ce is inf9ite4 ,:5 some?+ proce$s f x1 !re is no weak5+2 nei!r = ! ?+s t proce$ f x1 = ?is is also all ?+s1 nor = ! intellig5ce f :i* ! ?+ proce$s1 because x is n a summation ( p>ts4#aic ,,to ,,! ,,intellig5ce ,,t ,,simultane\sly ,,is ,,! ,,intelligible ,,!re ,,mu/ ,,be ,a ,,supreme4 #i4 7#h74 ,su* is ! nature ( ,intellig5ce4 ,!re=e x does n occupy ! fir/ rank4 ,above x mu/ be a ,pr9ciple1 ^: discov]y is ! object ( ?is discussion4 ,inde$1 ! manifold mu/ be po/]ior to unity4 ,n[ intellig5ce is a numb]2 & ! pr9ciple ( numb] is unity1 & ! pr9ciple ( ! numb] t con/itutes unity is absolute ,unity4 ,intellig5ce is simultane\sly intellig5ce & ! intelligible2 x is !re=e two ?+s at once4 ,if !n x be compos$ ( two ?+s1 we mu/ seek :at is prior to ?is duality4 ,c\ld ?is pr9ciple be ,intellig5ce alone8 ,b ,intellig5ce is always b\nd to ! intelligible4 ,if ! ,pr9ciple we seek _c be b\nd to ! intelligible1 nei!r w x be ,intellig5ce4 ,if !n x be n ,intellig5ce1 & transc5d duality1 x mu/ be sup]ior !reto1 & ?us be above ,intellig5ce4 ,c\ld x be ! ,intellig5ce alone8 ,b we h already se5 t ! intelligible is insep>able f ,intellig5ce4 ,if ?is ,pr9ciple be nei!r ,intellig5ce1 nor ! intelligible1 :at c x be8 ,x mu/ be ! ,pr9ciple f :i* are d]iv$ bo? ,intellig5ce & its impli$ intelligible4 ,,! ,,begett] ,,( ,,intellig5ce ,,mu/ ,,be ,,simpl] ,,?an ,,x1 ,,& ,,is ,,rea*$ ,,n ,,by ,,intellig5t ,,reason+ ,,b ,a ,,simple ,,intuition4 ,b :at is ?is ,pr9ciple1 & h[ are we to conceive x8 ,x mu/ be ei!r intellig5t or n intellig5t4 ,if x be intellig5t1 x w also be ,intellig5ce4 ,if x be n intellig5t1 x w be unconsci\s ( itself1 & w n be 9 any way v5]able4 ,?\gh true1 x w\ld n be cle> or p]spicu\s to say t x is ! ,good itself1 s9ce we d n yet h an object on :i* we c\ld fa/5 our ?\ght :5 we speak ( x4 ,besides1 s9ce ! k ( ! o!r objects 9 all be+s :o c "k some?+ intellig5t1 occurs ?r\gh ,intellig5ce & lies 9 ,intellig5ce1 by :at rapid intellection 7or intuition7 c\ld we grasp ?is ,pr9ciple t is sup]ior to ,intellig5ce8 ,we may answ]1 by t "p ( u :i* resembles x2 = !re is 9 u some?+ ( x2 or r1 x is 9 all ?+s t p>ticipate 9 ,him4 ,ev]y:]e y approa* ! ,good1 t :i* 9 y c p>ticipate receives some?+ ( x4 ,take ! illu/ration ( a voice 9 a des]t1 & ! human e>s t may be locat$ !re4 ,:]ev] y li/5 to ?is voice1 y w grasp x entirely 9 "o s5se1 & n entirely 9 ano!r s5se4 ,h[ !n w\ld we grasp some?+ by approximat+ our intellig5ce 7to ! ,good78 ,to see up !re ! ,pr9ciple x seeks1 ,intellig5ce mu/1 s to speak1 return backw>ds1 &1 =m+ a duality1 x mu/ someh[ exce$ itself2 t means1 x w\ld h to cease be+ ! ,intellig5ce ( all intelligible ?+s4 ,inde$1 intellig5ce is prim>y life1 & p5etration ( all ?+s1 n 7z ! s\l does7 by a /ill actualiz+ movem5t1#aid b by a movem5t :i* is ev] already accompli%$ & pa/4#aie ,!re=e1 if ,intellig5ce be life1 :i* is ! p5etration ( all ?+s1 if x possess all ?+s di/9ctly1 )\t confusion--= o!rwise x w\ld possess !m 9 an imp]fect & incomplete mann]--x mu/ necess>ily proce$ f a sup]ior ,pr9ciple :i*1 in/ead ( be+ 9 motion1 is ! pr9ciple ( motion 7by :i* ,intellig5ce runs ?r\gh all ?+s71 ( life1 ( intellig5ce1 & ( all ?+s4 ,! ,pr9ciple ( all ?+s c\ld n be all ?+s1 x is only _! orig94 ,itself is nei!r all ?+s1 nor any p>ticul> ?+1 because x begets ev]y?+2 nei!r is x a multitude1 = x is ! pr9ciple ( multitude4 ,inde$ t :i* begets is always simpl] ?an t :i* is begott54 ,!re=e if ?is pr9ciple beget ,intellig5ce1 x necess>ily is simpl] ?an ,intellig5ce4 ,on ! !ory t x is bo? "o & all1 we h an alt]native1 t x is all ?+s because x is all ?+s at once1 or t x is ev]y?+ individually4 ,on ! "o h&1 if x be all ?+s at once1 x w be po/]ior to all ?+s2 if on ! contr>y x be prior to all ?+s1 x w be diff]5t f all ?+s4 ,= if ! ,"o co-exi/$ ) all ?+s1 ! ,"o w\ld n be a pr9ciple2 b ! ,"o mu/ be a pr9ciple1 & mu/ exi/ ant]iorly to all ?+s1 if all ?+s are to orig9ate f x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we say t ! ,"o is ea* p>ticul> ?+1 x w !reby be id5tical ) e p>ticul> ?+2 lat] x w be all ?+s at once1 )\t be+ able to disc]n any?+4 ,?us ! ,"o is none ( ^! p>ticul> ?+s1 be+ prior to all ?+s4 ,,! ,,supreme ,,is ,,! ,,pot5tiality ,,( ,,all ,,?+s1 ,,above ,,all ,,actualization4 #aj4 7#i74 ,?is ,pr9ciple !n is ! pot5tiality ( all4#aif ,)\t x1 no?+ w\ld exi/1 n ev5 ,intellig5ce1 :i* is ! prim>y & univ]sal life4 ,inde$ :at is above life is ! cause ( life4 ,! actualization ( life1 be+ all ?+s1 is n ! fir/ ,pr9ciple2 x fl[s f ?is ,pr9ciple z 7wat]7 f a spr+4 ,,! ,,supreme ,,z ,a ,,spr+ ,,( ,,wat]4 ,! fir/ ,pr9ciple may inde$ be conceiv$ ( z a spr+ 7( wat]7 :i* is its own orig91 & :i* p\rs its wat] into _m /reams )\t itself becom+ exhau/$ by :at x yields1 or ev5 )\t runn+ l[1 because ! /reams t x =ms1 be=e fl[+ away ea* 9 its own direction1 & :ile kn[+ :i* direction x is to foll[1 yet m+les its wat]s ) ! spr+4 ,,! ,,supreme ,,z ,,! ,,tree ,,( ,,! ,,univ]se4 ,aga91 7! ,supreme may be comp>$ to7 ! life t circulates 9 a great tree1 )\t its pr9ciple issu+ f ! root1 :]e is its seat1 b :i* lat] divides among ! bran*es4 ,?\gh spread+ ev]y:]e a manifold life1 ! ,pr9ciple /ill dwells 9 itself exempt f all manifoldness1 ?\gh be+ only its orig94#aig ,,if ,,unity ,,pass$ ,,into ,,! ,,manifold1 ,,! ,,univ]se ,,w\ld ,,be ,,de/roy$4 ,?is conta9s no?+ surpris+4 ,:y %\ld we be surpris$ at manifoldness issu+ f ,him :o is n manifold1 or at ! impossibility ( ! exi/5ce ( ! manifold )\t ! prior exi/5ce ( ,t :i* is n manifold8 ,! ,pr9ciple is n di/ribut$ 9 ! univ]se2 f> r1 if x 7 di/urb$1 ! univ]se w\ld be annihilat$2 = x _c exi/ except 9 s f> z its ,pr9ciple abides )9 itself1 )\t becom+ confus$ ) ! re/4 ,,?is ,,is ,,! ,,basis ,,( ,,! ,,return ,,to ,,unity4 ,consequ5tly1 !re is ev]y:]e a return to unity--= !re is = ev]y?+ a unity to :i* x may be r$uc$4 ,consequ5tly1 ! univ]se mu/ be d]iv$ f ! unity t is sup]ior to x2 & z ?is unity is n absolutely simple1 x mu/ itself be d]iv$ f a /ill sup]ior unity1 & s on until we arrive at ! absolutely simple ,unity1 :i* _c be r$uc$ to any o!r4 ,!re=e1 consid]+ :at is 9 a tree--t is1 its p]man5t pr9ciple--or :at is unit>y 9 an animal1 9 a s\l1 or 9 ! univ]se1 y w ev]y:]e h t :i* is mo/ p[]ful & preci\s4 ,if1 at la/1 y consid] t unity ( ! ?+s t really exi/1 t is1 _! pr9ciple1 _! s\rce1 _! 7productive7 p[]1 c y d\bt its reality1 & believe t ?is pr9ciple am\nts to no?+8 ,c]ta9ly ?is pr9ciple is none ( ! ?+s ( :i* x is ! pr9ciple2 x is su* t no?+ c\ld be pr$icat$ ( x1 nei!r ess5ce1 nor be+1 nor life1 because x is sup]ior to all ( x4 ,if y grasp x1 by ab/ract+ f x ev5 be+1 y w be 9 ec/asy4 ,by direct+ y\r glance t[>ds x1 by rea*+ x1 & re/+ 9 x1 y w get a unit>y & simple intuition !re(2 y w conceive ( its greatness by bo? itself & its d]ivatives4 ,,! ,,supreme ,,is ,,n ,,intellig5ce1 ,,:i* ,,aspires ,,to ,,! ,,=m ,,( ,,! ,,good4 #aa4 7#aj74 ,a fur!r consid]ation4 ,s9ce intellig5ce is a sort ( intuition1 namely1 a see+ 7or actualiz+7 intuition 7or vision71 x really consi/s ( a pot5tiality t has pass$ into actualization4 ,x w !re=e conta9 two elem5ts1 :i* w play ! p>ts ( 7intelligible7 matt]1#aih & ( =m1 j l actualiz$ vision1#aii = actualiz$ vision also implies duality4 ,!re=e intuition1 be=e be+ actualiz$1 0 unity4 ,?us unity has become duality1 & duality has become unity4 7,s5se-7 vision receives f s5se-objects its fulness1 & its p]fection1 s to speak4 ,z to intellectual vision1 h[ev]1 its fulness comes f a pr9ciple t is ! ,good4 ,n[ if intellig5ce 7 ! ,good itself1 :at w\ld be ! use ( its intuition or its actualization8 ,o!r be+s1 inde$1 aspire to ! ,good1 z ! goal ( _! activity2 b ! ,good itself has ne$ ( no?+2 & !re=e possesses no?+ b itself4#bjj ,aft] hav+ nam$ x1 no?+ %\ld be add$ !reto by ?\ght2 =1 to add some?+1 is to suppose t ,he ne$s ?is attribute4 ,n ev5 intellig5ce %\ld be attribut$ to ,him2 t w\ld be introduc+ !re9 some?+ ali51 di/+ui%+ 9 ,him two ?+s1 ,intellig5ce & ! ,good4 ,intellig5ce ne$s ! ,good1 b ! ,good has no ne$ ( ,intellig5ce4 ,on a*iev+ ! ,good1 ,intellig5ce takes its =m1 = x d]ives its =m f ! ,good2 & x becomes p]fect1 because x assumes ! nature 7( ! ,good74 ,! model 7or1 ar*etype7 mu/ be judg$ by ! trace x leaves 9 ,intellig5ce1 conceiv+ ( its true "* accord+ to ! impression x leaves4 ,only by ?is impression does ,intellig5ce behold & a*ieve ! ,good4 ,t is :y ,intellig5ce aspires to ! ,good2 & z ,intellig5ce ev] aspires to ! ,good1 ,intellig5ce ev] a*ieves x4 ,! ,good itself1 h[ev]1 nev] aspires to any?+2 = :at c\ld ,he desire8 ,nor does ,he a*ieve any?+1 s9ce ,he desires no?+4#bja ,!re=e 7! ,supreme7 is n ,intellig5ce1 :i* ev] desires1 & aspires to ! =m ( ,good4 ,,! ,,good ,,z ,,supreme ,,nei!r ,,ne$s ,,nor ,,possesses ,,intellection4 ,no d\bt ,intellig5ce is beautiful2 x is ! mo/ beautiful ( ?+s1 s9ce x is illum9at$ by a pure light1 s9ce x %9es ) a pure spl5dor1 & conta9s ! intelligible be+s ( :i* our _w1 9 spite ( its beauty1 is b an adumbration & image4 ,! intelligible _w is locat$ 9 a region respl5d5t ) cle>ness1 :]e is no?+ ei!r obscure or indef9ite1 :]e1 )9 itself1 x enjoys a blissful life4 ,x entrances ! human gaze1 especially :5 "o kn[s h[ to commune ) x4 ,b j z a view ( heav51 & ! spl5dor ( ! />s leads "o to seek & conceive _! au?or1 likewise ! contemplation ( ! intelligible _w1 & ! fasc9ation x ex]ts leads 7! behold]7 to seek its au?or4 ,! "q !n arises1 ,:o is ,he :o has giv5 exi/5ce to ! intelligible _w8 ,:]e & h[ did ,he beget ?is s pure ,intellect1 ?is s beautiful son :o d]ives all ( 8 fulness f 8 fa!r#bjb8 ,?is supreme ,pr9ciple itself is nei!r ,intellig5ce nor son1 b is sup]ior to ,intellig5ce1 :i* is ,8 son4 ,intellig5ce1 ,8 son1 succe$s ,him1 because ! son ne$s to receive f ! fa!r bo? intellection & fulness1 :i* is 8 food2 s 7! son7 holds ! fir/ rank aft] ,him :o has ne$ ( no?+1 n ev5 intellection4 ,nev]!less ,intellig5ce possesses fulness & true intellection1 because x imm$iately p>ticipates 9 ! ,good4 ,?us ! ,good1 be+ above real fulness & intellection1 nei!r possesses !m1 nor ne$s !m2 o!rwise1 ,he w\ld n be ! ,good4 ,,fif? ,,ennead1 ,,book ,,eight4 ,conc]n+ ,intelligible ,beauty4 ,,art ,,makes ,a ,,/atue ,,out ,,( ,,r\gh ,,m>ble4 #a4 ,s9ce he :o rises to ! contemplation ( ! intelligible _w1 & :o conceives ! beauty ( true intellig5ce1 c also1 z we h po9t$ out1 by intuition grasp ! sup]ior ,pr9ciple1#bjc ! ,fa!r ( ,intellig5ce1 let u1 s f> z our /r5g? all[s u1 try to und]/& & expla9 to ourselves h[ x is possible to contemplate ! beauty ( ,intellig5ce & ( ! intelligible _w4 ,let u imag9e two pieces ( m>ble plac$ side by side1 ! "o r\gh & in>ti/ic1 ! o!r "o fa%ion$ by ! sculptor's *isel1 :o made ( x ! /atue ( a goddess1 a grace1 or a muse2 or t ( a man--b n t ( any individual :atev]1 b t ( a 7cultur$ g5tle7 man 9 :om art w\ld h ga!r$ all ! traits ( beauty (f]$ by diff]5t individuals4 ,aft] hav+ ?us f art receiv$ ! beauty ( ! =m1 ! second m>ble w appe> beautiful1 n by virtue ( its ess5ce1 :i* is to be /one--= o!rwise ! o!r block w\ld be z beautiful z ?is "o--b because ( ! =m receiv$ ?r\gh art4 ,! latt]1 h[ev]1 did n exi/ 9 ! matt] ( ! /atue4 ,x 0 9 ! ?\ght ( ! arti/ t x exi/$ be=e pass+ into ! m>ble2 & x exi/$ !re91 n because x _h eyes & h&s1 b because x p>ticipat$ 9 art4 ,x 0 !re=e 9 art t ?is sup]ior beauty exi/$4 ,x c\ld n h become incorporat$ 9 /one4 ,dwell+ )9 itself1 x begat an inf]ior =m1 :i*1 pass+ into matt]1 c\ld nei!r pres]ve all its purity1 nor completely respond to ! w ( ! arti/1 possess+ no p]fection o!r ?an t all[$ by matt]4 ,z ! nature ( art is to produce beauty1 if art succe$ 9 produc+ beauty :i* con=ms to its con/itutive ess5ce1 !n1 by ! possession ( ! beauty ess5tial to x1 art possesses a beauty /ill great] & tru] ?an t :i* passes into ext]ior objects4 ,z all =m ext5ds by pass+ into matt]1 7?is objectifi$ =m7 is weak] ?an t :i* rema9s "o4 ,all t ext5ds ab&ons its own 7nature71 z d =ce1 heat1 & 9 g5]al any prop]ty2 likewise ) beauty4 ,e creat+ pr9ciple is always sup]ior to ! creat$ ?+4 ,x is n ! lack ( musical ability1 b ! music itself t creates ! musician2 :ile x is ! intelligible music t creates ! s5se music4 ,x has be5 attempt$ to degrade ! arts by say+ t to create !y imitate nature4 ,?is may be answ]$ by po9t+ out t ! natures ( be+s are !mselves ! images ( o!r be+s 7or ess5ces72 besides1 ! arts d n limit !mselves to ! imitation ( objects :i* (f] !mselves to our view1 b t !y g z f> back z ! 7ideal7 reasons f :i* are d]iv$ ! nature ( objects4 ,fur!r ! arts indep5d5tly create _m ?+s1 & to ! p]fection ( ! object !y add :at is lack+1 because !y possess beauty 9 !mselves4 ,phidias seems to h repres5t$ ,jupit] )\t copy+ any s5se-objects1 conceiv+ him su* z he w\ld appe> to u if he ev] reveal$ himself to our eyes4#bjd ,,beauty ,,inh]es ,,n ,,9 ,,! ,,organism',s ,,physical ,,*>act]i/ics1 ,,b ,,9 ,,its ,,color ,,& ,,=m4 #b4 ,n[ let u turn away f ! arts & consid] ! objects !y imitate1 su* z natural beauties1 namely1 rational & irrational creatures1 especially ! m p]fect1 9 :i* ! creator 0 able to ma/] matt]1 & endue x ) ! desir$ =m4 ,:at !n con/itutes ! beauty 9 ^! objects8 ,surely n 7! physical *>act]i/ics1 su* z7 blood or m5/rual dis*>ges1 b ! color & figure1 :i* diff] ess5tially !refrom2 o!rwise t :i* con/itutes beauty is some?+ indiff]5t--ei!r some?+ =mless1 or some?+ t conta9s a simple nature 7t is1 ! sem9al reason71 z does matt]1 = in/ance4 ,,beauty ,,comes ,,f ,,! ,,=m ,,imp>t$ ,,by ,,! ,,orig9ator4 ,:5ce came ! beauty ( t ,hel5a ab\t :om s _m battles 7 f\ght8 ,:5ce comes ! beauty ( s _m wom5 comp>able to ,v5us8 ,:5ce came ! beauty ( ,v5us h]self8 ,:5ce comes ! beauty ( a p]fect man1 or t ( "o ( ^? div9ities :o reveal !mselves to our eyes1 or :o1 )\t %[+ !mselves1 nev]!less possess a visible beauty8 ,does x n ev]y:]e orig9ate f ! creat+ pr9ciple t passes into ! creature1 j z1 9 ! art consid]$ above1 ! beauty passes f ! arti/ into ! "w8 ,x w\ld be unreasonable to ass]t t ! creatures & ! 7sem9al7 reason unit$ to matt] are beautiful1 :ile d5y+ beauty to ! reason :i* is n unit$ to matt] :ile /ill resid+ 9 ! creator 9 a prim>y & incorporeal condition2 & to ass]t t 9 ord] to become beautiful ?is reason mu/ become unit$ to matt]4 ,= if mass1 z su*1 0 beautiful1 !n ! creative reason w\ld be beautiful only 9 s f> z x 0 mass4 ,if =m1 :e!r 9 a l>ge or small object1 equally t\*es & moves ! s\l ( ! behold]1 evid5tly beauty does n dep5d on ! size ( ! mass4 ,/ill ano!r pro( ( ?is is t s long z ! =m ( ! object rema9s ext]ior to ! s\l1 & z we d n p]ceive x1 x leaves u ins5sible2 b z soon z x p5etrates into ! s\l1 x moves u4 ,n[ =m alone c p5etrate into ! s\l by ! eyes2 = great objects c\ld n ent] by s n>r[ a space4 ,9 ?is respect1 ! size ( ! object contra/s1 because t :i* is great is n mass1 b =m4#bje ,,recognition ,,( ,,beauty ,,dep5ds ,,on ,,prelim9>y ,,int]ior ,,beauty4 ,fur!r1 ! cause ( beauty mu/ be ei!r ugly1 beautiful or indiff]5t4 ,if x 7 ugly1 x c\ld n produce its opposite4 ,if x 7 indiff]5t1 x w\ld h no m reason to produce t :i* is beautiful1 ?an t :i* is ugly4 ,!re=e nature :i* produces s _m beautiful objects mu/ 9 h]self possess a v sup]ior beauty4 ,b z we d n h ! habit ( see+ ! int]ior ( ?+s1 :i* rema9s unkn[n1 we atta* ourselves only to _! ext]ior1 =gett+ t :i* moves u hides itself )9 !m2 & 79 ?is habit ( ours7 we resemble 7,n>cissus#bjf71 :o1 on see+ 8 image1 & n kn[+ :5ce x came1 w\ld try to cat* x4 ,x is n ! mass ( an object t con/itutes its attractiv5ess = u1 = x is n 9 mass t beauty inh]es4#bjg ,?is is reveal$ by ! beauty f\nd 9 ! sci5ces1 9 ! virtues1 & 9 g5]al 9 ! s\ls1 :]e x %9es m truly & brilliantly on contemplation & admiration ( its inh]5t wisdom4 ,!n we d n reg>d ! c\nt5ance1 :i* may be ugly2 we leave aside ! =m ( ! body1 to atta* ourselves exclusively to int]ior beauty4 ,if1 c>ri$ away by ! emotion t su* a spectacle %\ld cause1 y %\ld n proclaim its beauty2 & if1 on direct+ y\r gaze )9 y\rself1 y %\ld n exp]i5ce all ! *>m ( beauty1#bjh !n y se>* = intelligible beauty1 by su* a me?od1 w\ld be va92 = y w\ld seek x only ) :at is impure & ugly4#bji ,t is :y ^! discussions are n int5d$ = all m54 ,b if y h recogniz$ beauty )9 y\rself !y y may rise to ! rem9isc5ce 7( intelligible beauty74 ,,beauty ,,is ,,! ,,creat+ ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,! ,,prim>y ,,reason4 #c4 ,! reason ( ! beauty 9 nature is ! ar*etype ( ! beauty ( ! 7bodily7 organism4 ,nature h]self1 h[ev] 7is ! image ( !7 m beautiful ar*etypal reason :i* resides 9 ! 7univ]sal7 ,s\l1 f :i* x is d]iv$4#baj ,?is latt] %9es m brilliantly 9 ! virtu\s s\l1 :5ev] x develops !re94 ,x adorns ! s\l1 & imp>ts to h] a light itself d]iv$ f a /ill high] ,light1 t is1 prim>y ,beauty4 ,! univ]sal ,s\l's beauty ?us inh]+ 9 ! individual s\l1 expla9s ! reason ( ! ,beauty sup]ior to x1 a reason :i* is n adv5titi\s1 & :i* is n posit$ 9 any ?+ o!r ?an itself1 b :i* dwells )9 itself4 ,consequ5tly x is n a reason1 b really ! creat+ pr9ciple ( ! prim>y ,reason1 t is1 ! beauty ( ! s\l1 :i* 9 respect to ! s\l plays ! "p ( matt]4#baa ,x is1 9 ! la/ analysis1 ,intellig5ce1 :i* is et]nal & immutable because x is n adv5titi\s4 ,,our ,,image ,,( ,,intellig5ce ,,is ,,only ,a ,,sample ,,t ,,mu/ ,,be ,,purifi$4 ,:at sort ( an image does ,intellig5ce !n af=d8 ,?is is a mat]ial "q because we "k t any image ( ,intellig5ce suppli$ by any?+ else w\ld be imp]fect4 ,!re=e ?is image ( itself giv5 by ,intellig5ce also c\ld n be a g5u9e image2 x c be no m ?an :at is any /ray piece ( gold 9 respect to gold 9 g5]al1 namely1 a sample4 ,b if ! gold :i* falls "u our p]ception be n pure1 we h to purify x ei!r by our labor or by our ?\ght1 obs]v+ t x c nev] be gold 9 g5]al t we c exam9e1 b gold 9 p>ticul>1 consid]$ 9 an individual mass4#bab ,likewise 79 ! subject we are /udy+7 our />t+-po9t mu/ be our purifi$ intellig5ce1 or1 if y pref]1 ! div9ities !mselves1 consid]+ ! k9d ( intellig5ce indwell+ 9 !m2 = !y are all v5]able & unimag9ably beautiful4 ,to :at d !y owe _! p]fection8 ,to ,intellig5ce1 :i* acts 9 !m ) suffici5t =ce to manife/ !m4 ,!y d n inde$ owe x to ! beauty ( _! body2 = _! div9ity does n consi/ 9 ! possession ( a body#bac2 ! div9ities !re=e owe _! "* to _! intellig5ce4 ,n[ all div9ities are beautiful1 because !y are n wise at c]ta9 times1 & at o!r times unwise4 ,!y possess wisdom by an impassible intellig5ce1 t is immutable & pure4 ,!y "k ev]y?+2 n inde$ human ?+s1 b ^? :i* are prop] to !m1 ! ?+s :i* are div9e1 & all ^? t intellig5ce contemplates4#bad ,,diff]5ce ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,cele/ial ,,& ,,inf]ior ,,div9ities4 ,amid/ ! div9ities1 ^? :o reside 9 ! visible heav51 hav+ mu* leisure1 ev] contemplate ! ?+s exi/+ 9 ! sup]ior ,heav51 b z x 7 f a di/ance1 & by rais+ _! head4#bae ,on ! contr>y1 ^? 9 ! sup]ior ,heav51 & :o dwell !re1 dwell !re ) _! :ole p]sonality1 because !y reside ev]y:]e4 ,ev]y?+ on high1 namely1 e>?1 sea1 plants1 or animals1 =ms "p ( ! heav52 n[ all t =ms "p ( ! heav5 is cele/ial4 ,! div9ities t dwell !re d n scorn m51 nor any ( ! o!r ess5ces up !re1 because all are div9e1 & !y trav]se ! :ole cele/ial region )\t leav+ _! re/4#baf ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,intelligible ,,_w4 #d4 ,t is :y ! div9ities 9 heav5 lead an easy life1 tru? be+ "m1 nurse1 elem5t & food4 ,s !y see ev]y?+2 n ! ?+s :i* are subject to g5]ation1 b ^? :i* h ! p]man5ce ( be+1 s t !y see !mselves 9 ev]y?+ else4 ,9 ?is intelligible _w ev]y?+ is transp>5t4 ,no %ad[ limits vision4 ,all ! ess5ces see ea* o!r & int]p5etrate ea* o!r 9 ! mo/ intimate dep? ( _! nature4 ,light ev]y:]e meets light4 ,e be+ conta9s )9 itself ! entire intelligible _w1 & also beholds x entire 9 any p>ticul> be+4 ,all ?+s !re are locat$ ev]y:]e4 ,e ?+ !re is all1 & all is ea* ?+2 inf9ite spl5dor radiates ar\nd4 ,ev]y?+ is great1 = !re ev5 ! small is great4 ,?is _w has its sun & its />s2 ea* /> is a sun1 & all suns are />s4 ,ea* ( !m1 :ile %9+ ) its own due spl5dor1 reflects ! light ( ! o!rs4 ,!re abides pure movem5t2 = ,he :o produces movem5t1 n be+ =eign to x1 does n di/urb x 9 its production4 ,re/ is p]fect1 because x is n m+l$ ) any pr9ciple ( di/urbance4 ,! beautiful is completely beautiful !re1 because x does n dwell 9 t :i* is n beautiful 7t is1 9 matt]74 ,ea* "o ( ! cele/ial ?+s1 in/ead ( re/+ on an ali5 f\ndation1 has its own especial seat1 its orig91 & its pr9ciple1 9 its own be+1 & does n diff] f ! region )9 :i* x dwells1 because x is ,intellig5ce t is its sub/rate1 & itself is intelligible4 ,,! ,,intelligible ,,comp>$ ,,to ,,lynceus ,,^: ,,sight ,,p5etrat$ ,,all4 ,9 ord] to conceive ?is bett]1 we %\ld imag9e t ?is visible sky is a pure light :i* begets all ! />s4 ,"h bel[1 d\btless1 no "o "p c\ld be begott5 by any o!r1 = ea* "p has its own individual exi/5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 ! intelligible _w e "p is born f ! :ole1 & is simultane\sly ! :ole & a "p2 :]ev] is a "p1 ! :ole reveals itself4 ,! fabl$ ,lynceus1 ^: glance p5etrat$ ! v b[els ( ! e>?1 is only ! symbol ( ! cele/ial life4 ,!re ! eye contemplates )\t fatigue1 & ! desire ( contemplat+ is insatiable1 because x does n imply a void t ne$s fill+1 or a ne$ ^: satisfaction might br+ on disgu/4 ,9 ! intelligible _w1 ! be+s d n1 among ea* o!r1 diff] s z t :at is prop] to ! "o w\ld n be prop] to ! o!r4 ,besides1 !y are all inde/ructible4 ,_! insatiability 79 contemplation7 is to be und]/ood 9 ! s5se t satiety does n make !m scorn :at satiates !m4 ,! m t ea* sees1 ! bett] he sees2 ea* "o foll[s its nature 9 see+ z inf9ite bo? itself & ! objects t pres5t !mselves to its view4 ,on high1 life1 be+ pure1 is n labori\s4 ,h[ inde$ c\ld ! be/ life imply fatigue8 ,?is life is wisdom :i*1 be+ p]fectly complete1 dem&s no rese>*4 ,x is prim>y wisdom1 :i* is n d]iv$ f any o!r1 :i* is be+1 & :i* is n an adv5titi\s quality ( intellig5ce2 consequ5tly !re is none sup]ior to x4 ,9 ! intelligible _w absolute k accompanies intellig5ce1 because ! =m] accompanies ! latt]1 z ,ju/ice is en?ron$ by ! side ( ,jupit]4#bag ,all ! ess5ces 7or1 be+s7 9 ! intelligible ,be+ resemble s _m /atues :i* are visible by !mselves1 & ! vision ( :i* imp>ts an unspeakable happ9ess to ! spectators4 ,! greatness & p[] ( wisdom is reveal$ 9 its conta9+ all be+s1 & 9 its hav+ produc$ !m4 ,x is _! orig92 x is id5tical ) !m2 x fuses ) !m2 = wisdom is v be+4 ,?is we d n easily und]/& because by sci5ces#bah we mean gr\ps ( demon/rations & propositions1 :i* is n true ev5 ( our sci5ces4 ,h[ev]1 if ?is po9t be conte/$1 let u drop ?is comp>ison ) our sci5ces1 & return to k itself1 ( :i* ,plato#bai says t x does n %[ itself diff]5t 9 diff]5t objects4 ,h[ c t be8 ,plato left t to be expla9$ by u1 t we might %[ if we des]ve to be call$ 8 int]pret]s4#bbj ,we %all und]take ?is int]pretation by ! foll[+ obs]vation4 ,,demon/ration ,,t ,,wisdom ,,is ,,v]itable ,,be+1 ,,& ,,! ,,conv]se4 #e4 ,all ! productions ( nature or art are ! works ( a c]ta9 wisdom :i* ev] presides ov] _! creation4 ,art is made possible only by ! exi/5ce ( ?is wisdom4 ,! tal5t ( ! arti/ is d]iv$ f ! wisdom ( nature :i* presides ov] ! production ( e "w4 ,?is wisdom is n a sequ5ce ( demon/rations1 z ! :ole ( x =ms a unity2 x is n a plurality r$uc$ to unity1 b a unity :i* is resolv$ into a plurality4 ,if we admit t ?is wisdom is prim>y ,wisdom1 !re is no?+ to be s\ght beyond x1 s9ce 9 ?is case x is indep5d5t ( e pr9ciple1 & is locat$ )9 itself4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 we say t nature possesses ! 7sem9al7 reason1 & is its pr9ciple1 we %all h to ask :5ce nature d]ives x4#bba ,if x be call$ a sup]ior pr9ciple1 we /ill h to ask ! d]ivation ( ?is pr9ciple2 if x be d]iv$ f no?+1 we ne$ n g beyond x 7b return to ! above demon/ration74 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 x be d]iv$ f ,intellig5ce1 we %all h to exam9e :e!r ,intellig5ce produc$ wisdom4 ,! fir/ objection "h w be1 h[ c\ld x h done s8 ,= if ,intellig5ce itself produc$ x1 ,intellig5ce c\ld n h produc$ x )\t itself be+ ,wisdom4 ,true ,wisdom is !re=e be+ &1 on ! o!r h&1 be+ is wisdom1 & d]ives its dignity f ,wisdom2 t is :y be+ is v]itable ,be+4 ,consequ5tly1 ! be+ 7ess5ces7 :i* d n possess wisdom are su* be+s only because !y 7 creat$ by a c]ta9 wisdom2 b !y are n true be+s 7ess5ces71 because !y d n 9 !mselves possess ,wisdom4 ,x w\ld1 !re=e1 be absurd to /ate t ! div9ities1 or ! bless$ dwell]s 9 ! intelligible _w1 9 t _w are engag$ 9 /udy+ demon/rations4 ,! entities t exi/ !re are beautiful =ms1#bbb su* z are conceiv$ ( z exi/+ )9 ! s\l ( ! wise man2 ,i d n mean pa9t$ =ms1 b exi/+ 7sub/antial7 =ms4 ,t is :y ! anci5ts#bbc said t ideas are ess5ces & be+s4 ,,by ,a ,,pun1 ,,egyptian ,,wisdom ,,is ,,adduc$ ,,z ,a ,,symbol4 #f4 ,! sages ( ,egypt seem to me to h %[n ei!r a consummate insight or a m>vell\s in/9ct :51 9 ord] to reveal to u _! wisdom1 !y did n1 to express words & propositions1 make use ( lett]s repres5t+ s\nds & expressions1 b symboliz$ objects by hi]oglyphics1#bbd & 9 _! my/]ies symbolically designat$ ea* ( !m by a p>ticul> emblem4 ,?us ea* hi]oglyphic sign con/itut$ a k9d ( sci5ce or wisdom2 & )\t discursive conception or analysis places ! ?+ "u ! eyes 9 a syn!tic mann]4 ,lat]1 ?is syn!tic notion 0 reproduc$ by o!r signs :i* develop$ x#bbe express+ x discursively1 decl>+ ! causes ( ! con/itution ( ?+s1 :]ev] _! beautiful disposition excit$ admiration4 ,! wisdom ( ! ,egyptians is be/ se5 9 ?is1 t ?\gh !y did n possess ! causes ( 7ess5tial7 be+s1 7_! writ+7 0 able to express ev]y?+ s z to h>monize ) ! causes ( ess5tial ,be+4 ,,resemblance ,,( ,,e>?ly ,,?+s ,,to ,,! ,,intelligible ,,is ,,! ,,basis ,,( ,,! ,,resemblance ,,( ,,! ,,intelligible ,,to ,,! ,,e>?ly4 ,if !re=e all 7cele/ial7 entities resemble e>?ly objects--a tru?#bbf :i* is p]haps impossible to demon/rate1 s mu* ! m mu/ we1 be=e any exam9ation or discussion1 premiss t all 7e>?ly7 objects resemble ^? :i* exi/ 9 ! intelligible _w4 ,?is tru?1 :i* applies to ev]y?+1 may p]haps be/ be und]/ood by an important example4 ,,controv]sy ,,aga9/ ,,! ,,gno/ic ,,div9e ,,plann+ ,,( ,,! ,,_w4 #g4 ,x is !n by all ( u agre$ t ! univ]se proce$s f a sup]ior ,pr9ciple :i* possesses a c]ta9 p]fection4 ,! 7,gno/ic7 "q !n arises :e!r ?is ,pr9ciple1 be=e creat+1 reflect$ t x 0 necess>y fir/ to =m ! globe1 & to susp5d x to ! middle ( ! _w2 !n1 to produce ! wat]1 & to spread x ov] ! surface ( ! e>?2 lat] creat+ successively ! o!r ?+s conta9$ 9 ! space betwe5 ! e>? & heav54 ,fur!r1 did ,he give bir? to all ! animals only aft] hav+ to ,himself repres5t$ all _! =ms1 & ext]ior p>ts8 ,did ! ,creator und]take ! "w only aft] hav+ conceiv$ ! plan ( ! _w 9 its totality & 9 its details8 ,c]ta9ly n2 ,he _c h submitt$ to all su* consid]ations4#bbg ,h[ c\ld ,he1 nev] hav+ se5 any?+ su*1 h be5 incl9$ to !m8 ,nei!r c\ld ,he h borr[$ ! idea ( ! ?+s ,he 0 to produce1 & !n c>ri$ !m out z "s workman1 by ! use ( 8 h&s & feet2 = h&s & feet are creat$ entities4 ,! only hypo!sis left is t all ?+s 7 )9 "s "o o!r ?+ 7t is1 matt]1 :i* is _! sub/rate74 7,be+7 0 next to ?is o!r ?+ 7matt]71 & z no int]val sep>at$ !m1 ,he sudd5ly begot an image or repres5tation ( ,himself1 ei!r by ,himself1 or by ! int]m$iation ( ! univ]sal ,s\l1 or ( "s p>ticul> s\l--:i* detail does n matt] to our discussion "h4 ,,h[ ,,creation ,,( ,,! ,,_w ,,took ,,place4 ,!re=e1 ev]y?+ "h bel[ d]ives f above !re1 & is m beautiful 9 ! sup]ior _w2 = =ms "h bel[ are m+l$ ) matt]2 on high1 !y are pure4 ,?us ?is univ]se proce$s f ! intelligible _w1 & is conta9$ by ! =ms f beg9n+ to end4 ,fir/ matt] receives ! =ms ( ! elem5ts1 lat] receiv+ gradual accessions ( o!r =ms1 s t ultimately matt] becomes s buri$ "u =ms t x becomes difficult to recognize4 ,x receives =ms easily1 because x 7already7 possesses a =m :i* holds ! l[e/ rank4 ,likewise1 ! produc+ ,pr9ciple uses a =m z model1 & easily produces =ms because x consi/s entirely ( be+ & =m2 z a result1 its "w has be5 easy & univ]sal1 because itself 0 univ]sal4 ,!re=e x met no ob/acle1 & /ill ex]cises an absolute sov]eignty4 ,ev5 ( ! ?+s t act z ob/acles to ea* o!r1 none1 ev5 until ! pres5t "t1 =m an ob/acle to ! demiurgic 7,creator71 because ,he pres]ves ,8 univ]sality4 ,t is :y ,i am conv9c$ t if ev5 we 7 simultane\sly ! models1 =ms & ess5ce ( ?+s1 & if ! =m :i* produces "h bel[ 7 our ess5ce1 7t is1 be+71 we w\ld accompli% our "w )\t tr\ble1 ?\gh man1 9 8 pres5t /ate "h bel[1 produces 78 individual body :i* is7 a =m diff]5t f himself2 inde$1 on becom+ an individual1 man ceas$ be+ univ]sal4 ,b on ceas+ to be an individual1 man1 9 ! words ( ,plato1#bbh so>s 9 ! e!real region1 & gov]ns ! :ole _w4 ,=1 becom+ univ]sal1 he adm9i/]s ! univ]se4 ,,! ,,supreme ,,pr9ciple ,,admits ,,( ,,no ,,reason+1 ,,demon/ration1 ,,fai? ,,or ,,cause4 ,return+ to our subject1 y c p]haps expla9 :y ! e>? is locat$ 9 ! middle ( ! _w1 & :y its =m is sph]ical#bbi2 y may cle> up :y ! equator is incl9$ t[>ds ! ecliptic2 b y w\ld be wrong 9 ?9k+ t ! div9e ,intellig5ce propos$ to a*ieve ^! objects because x judg$ !m to be reasonable2 ^! ?+s are good only because ,intellig5ce is :at x is4 ,its "w resembles ! conclusion ( a syllogism1 ^: premises _h be5 )drawn1 & t 0 bas$ on ! intuition ( its causes4 ,9 div9e ,intellig5ce no?+ is a consequ5ce1 no?+ dep5ds on a comb9ation ( means2 its plan is conceiv$ indep5d5tly ( su* consid]ations4 ,reason+1 demon/ration1 fai?--all ^! are po/]ior ?+s4 ,! m]e exi/5ce ( ! pr9ciple det]m9es "h bel[ ! exi/5ce & nature ( ! entities dep5d+ f x4 ,nev] is "o m "r 9 ass]t+ t ! causes ( a pr9ciple %\ld n be s\ght1 ?an :5 ref]r+ to a ,pr9ciple :i* is p]fect1 & is bo? pr9ciple & end4 ,t :i* is simultane\sly pr9ciple & end is all ?+s at ! same "t1 & consequ5tly leaves no?+ to be desir$4 ,,if ,,?is ,,pr9ciple ,,is ,,n ,,beautiful1 ,,no?+ ,,else ,,c\ld ,,be ,,t4 #h4 ,?is ,pr9ciple is sov]eignly beautiful2 x is beautiful entirely & ?r\gh\t1 s t n a s+le "o ( its p>ts lacks beauty4 ,:o c\ld d5y t ?is ,pr9ciple is beautiful8 ,only su* z d n entirely possess beauty1 possess+ x only p>tially1 or ev5 n at all4 ,if ?is ,pr9ciple 7 n sov]eignly beautiful1 surely none o!r c\ld claim t di/9ction4 ,z ! sup]ior ,pr9ciple 7! "o1 sup]ior to ,intellig5ce7 is above beauty1 t :i* fir/ pres5ts itself to our view1 because x is a =m1 & ! object ( ! contemplation ( intellig5ce1 is t ^: aspect is amiable4#bcj ,,plato ,,symbolizes ,,?is ,,by ,,mak+ ,,! ,,creator ,,admire ,,8 ,,h&iwork4 ,x 0 to express ?is idea /rik+ly t ,plato#bca repres5ts ! demiurgic creator z admir+ 8 h&iwork1 :i* w\ld lead u also to admire ! beauty bo? ( ! model & ( ! idea4 ,aft] all1 admiration ( a "w made to resemble a model am\nts to admiration ( ! model itself4 ,h[ev] !re is no reason = a/oni%m5t at p]sons to :om ?is idea seems novel1 = lov]s1 & 9 g5]al all ^? :o admire visible beauty d n realize t !y admire x only because 7x is ! image7 ( ! intelligible beauty4#bcb ,t ,plato ref]r$ to ! model ! admiration felt by ! demiurgic 7creator7 = 8 "w is prov$ by 8 add+ to ! words he admir$ 8 "w ! expression & he conceiv$ ! purpose ( r5d]+ x /ill m simil> to its model4 ,he betrays ! beauty ( ! model by say+ t ! "w is beautiful1 & t x is ! image ( ! model2 = if ?is model 7 n sov]eignly beautiful1 & did n possess an unspeakable beauty1 h[ c\ld !re be any?+ m beautiful ?an ?is visible _w8 ,x is !re=e wrong to criticize ?is _w2 all t c be said ( x1 is t x is inf]ior to its model4#bcc ,,! ,,p[] ,,( ,,! ,,inf]ior ,,div9ities ,,dep5ds ,,on ,,_! ,,inh]+ ,,9 ,,! ,,supreme4 #i4 7,to expla9 our view we %all propose an exp]im5t#bcd74 ,let u imag9e t 9 ! s5se-_w e be+ %\ld rema9 z x is1 confus+ itself ) ! o!rs 9 ! unity ( ! :ole1 to ! ext5t ( its ability2 s t all t we see is lo/ 9 ?is unity4 ,imag9e a transp>5t sph]e ext]ior to ! spectator1 by look+ ?r\gh :i* "o might see all t x conta9s1 fir/ ! sun & ! o!r />s toge!r1 !n ! sea1 ! e>?1 & all liv+ be+s4 ,at ! mom5t ( pictur+ to y\rself 9 ?\ght a transp>5t sph]e t w\ld conta9 all mov+1 re/+ & *angeable ?+s1 pres]v+ ! =m ( ?is sph]e1 & )\t dim9i%+ ! size ( x1 suppress mass1 ext5t1 & mat]ial conception4 ,!n invoke ! div9ity t creat$ ?is _w ( :i* y h made y\rself an image to inve/ x4 ,8 com+ d[n into x may be conceiv$ ( z result+ f two causes4 ,ei!r ! ,div9ity t is simultane\sly s+le & manifold w come to adorn ?is _w 9 ! company ( ! o!r inf]ior div9ities :i* exi/ )9 ,him4 ,ea* ( ^! w\ld conta9 all ! o!rs t are manifold because ( _! p[]s2 & nev]!less !y w\ld =m a s+le div9ity because _! multiple p[]s are conta9$ 9 unity4 ,or ! ,div9ity w d ?is because ! only div9ity conta9s all ! inf]ior div9ities )9 ,8 brea/4 7,:i* is ! m likely hypo!sis87 ,,all ,,! ,,inf]ior ,,div9ities ,,are ,,conta9$ ,,)9 ,,! ,,supreme4 ,inde$1 ?is only ,div9ity loses none ( ,8 p[] by ! bir? ( all ! div9ities conta9$ )9 ,him4 ,all co-exi/1 & _! individual di/9ctions obta9 )\t _! occupy+ sep>ate localities or affect+ a s5se-=m4 ,o!rwise ! "o w\ld be "h1 & ! o!r !re2 ea* "o w\ld be individual1 )\t simultane\sly be+ univ]sal 9 itself4 ,nei!r h !y any p>ts t diff] 9 ea* ( !m1 or f ea* o!r2 nei!r is ! :ole =m$ by ea* ( !m a p[] divid$ 9 a multiplicity ( p>ts1 a p[] ^: magnitude w\ld be measur$ by ! numb] ( its p>ts4 ,tak5 9 its univ]sality ! intelligible _w possesses a univ]sal ,p[]1 :i* p5etrates ev]y?+ 9 its inf9ite developm5t )\t exhau/+ its inf9ite =ce4 ,he is s great t ev5 ,8 p>ts are inf9ite4 ,!re is no locality t ,he does n int]p5etrate4 ,ev5 our _w is great2 x likewise conta9s all ! p[]s2 b x w\ld be mu* bett]1 & its magnitude w\ld be inconceivable if x did n also conta9 physical p[]s1 :i* are ess5tially small 7because limit$74 ,fire & ! o!r bodies _c be call$ great p[]s because !y consi/ only ( an image ( ! inf9ity ( ! g5u9e ,p[] by burn+1 cru%+1 de/roy+1 & contribut+ to ! g5]ation ( animals4 ,!y de/roy only because !y !mselves are de/roy$2 !y contribute to g5]ation only because !y !mselves are g5]at$4 ,,be+ ,,is ,,desirable ,,because ,,beautiful4 ,! ,p[] :i* resides 9 ! intelligible _w is pure be+1 b p]fectly beautiful be+4 ,)\t beauty1 :at w\ld become ( be+8 ,)\t be+1 :at w\ld become ( beauty8 ,be+ itself w\ld be annihilat$ by ! beauty ( be+4 ,be+#baa is !re=e desirable1 x is id5tical ) beauty1 & beauty is amiable because x is be+4 ,see+ t bo? are ( ! same nature1 x w\ld be useless to inquire :i* is ! pr9ciple ( ! o!r4 ,! deceptive be+ 7( bodies7 ne$s to receive ! image borr[$ f beauty to appe> beautiful2 & 9 g5]al1 to exi/2 x exi/s only 9 s f> z x p>ticipates 9 ! beauty f\nd 9 be+2 ! great] its p>ticipation1 ! m p]fect is x1 because x appropriates ?is beautiful be+#bce all ! m4 ,,vision ,,( ,,! ,,sup]cele/ial4 #aj4 ,t is :y ,jupit]1 ! mo/ anci5t ( ! o!r div9ities1 ^: *ief he is1 leads !m 9 ?is div9e spectacle ( ! contemplation ( ! intelligible _w4#bcf ,he is foll[$ by ^! div9ities1 ! gu>dians1 & ! s\ls :o c support 7! glory (7 ?is vision4 ,f an invisible place1#bcg ?is div9e _w %$s light on all4 ,on ris+ above its sublime horizon1 x scatt]s its rays ev]y:]e1 inundat+ ev]y?+ ) cle>ness4 ,x dazzles all ^? :o are locat$ at ! foot ( ! peak :]e x %9es2 &1 l ! sun1 x (t5 obliges !m to turn away _! sight1 :i* _c su/a9 its glory4 ,"s h[ev] are =c$ to raise _! eyes1 imp>t+ to !m /r5g? = ?is contemplation2 o!rs1 :o are at a di/ance1 are tr\bl$4 ,on p]ceiv+ x1 ^? :o c contemplate ,him fix _! gaze on x & all its cont5ts4 ,n e "o1 h[ev]1 sees 9 x ! same ?+4 ,"o disc]ns !re9 ! s\rce & be+ ( ju/ice2 ano!r is ov]:elm$ by ! revelation ( wisdom1 ( :i* m5 "h bel[ sc>cely possess an enfeebl$ image4 ,inde$1 our vision is only an imitation ( intelligible wisdom4 ,! latt]1 spread+ ov] all be+s1 & z x 7 embrac+ imm5sity1 is ! la/ to be p]ceiv$ by ^? :o h already long contemplat$ ^! brilliant lights4 ,,psy*ological ,,effect ,,( ,,?is ,,vision4 ,su* is ! vision se5 by ! div9ities1 all toge!r1 & ea* "o sep>ately4 ,x is also beheld by ! s\ls t see all ! ?+s conta9$ )9 ! intelligible _w4 ,by ?is sight1 s\ls !mselves become capable ( conta9+1 f beg9n+ to end1 all ! entities )9 _! intelligible _w2 !y dwell )9 x by t "p ( !irs :i* is capable ( do+ s4 ,(t51 ev51 ! :ole ( !m dwells )9 x1 at lea/ s long z !y d n )draw !refrom4 ,,?is ,,vision1 ,,:5 ,,transf]r$ ,,)91 ,,becomes ,,sweet ,,z ,,nect>4 ,?is is :at is beheld by ,jupit] & by all ^? ( u :o %>e ,8 love = ?is revelation4 ,! la/ ?+ :i* !n appe>s is ! beauty t %9es 9 its entirety 9 ! ess5ces 7t is1 be+s71 z well z 9 ^? :o p>ticipate !re94 ,9 ! intelligible _w ev]y?+ gl[s1 & beautifies itself by %$d+ spl5dor on ^? :o gaze at x4 ,?us m5 :o h climb$ a high m\nta9 on arriv+ at ! summit sudd5ly %9e ) ! gold5 color reflect$ by ! gr\nd :]eon !y /&4 ,n[ ! color t ba!s ! intelligible _w is ! beauty t blooms )9 its fl[]2 or r !re ev]y?+ is color1 ev]y?+ is beauty1 9 its mo/ intimate dep?s2 = beauty1 9 ! intelligible _w1 is n a fl[] t blooms only on ! surface4 ,^? :o d n appreh5d ! totality ( ! view appreciate ! beauty ( only t :i* meets _! gaze2 b ^? :o1 l m5 intoxicat$ ) ?is sweet nect>1#bch are1 to ! v s\l1 p5etrat$ by ! beauty ( ! intelligible _w1 are no long] m]e spectators4 ,no long] are ! contemplat$ objects & ! contemplat$ s\l two ?+s ext]ior to ea* o!r4 ,if ! s\l's gaze is pi]c+ en\gh1 %e f9ds ! object %e contemplates )9 h]self4 ,(t5 %e possesses x )\t kn[+ x4 ,!n inde$ does %e contemplate x z %e w\ld contemplate "s ext]ior object1 because %e seeks to see x 9 ! same mann]4 ,e "t t "o looks at some?+ z a spectacle1 x is se5 outside ( oneself4 ,n[ ?is spectacle ( ! intelligible _w mu/ be transf]r$ )9 oneself1 & be contemplat$ z some?+ ) :i* "o has fus$1 to ! po9t ( id5tity4 ,?us a man1 possess$ by a div9ity1 :e!r by ,phoebus or by "s ,muse1 w\ld contemplate ?is div9ity )9 himself1 if he 7 at all able to contemplate a div9ity4 ,,me*anism ,,( ,,! ,,ec/asy4 #aa4 7,! ec/asy op]ates z foll[s47 ,:5 a man is entranc$ by ! div9ity1 he loses consci\sness ( himself4 ,!n :5 he contemplates ! 7div9e7 spectacle :i* he possesses )9 himself1 he contemplates himself & sees 8 image embelli%$4 ,h[ev] beautiful x be1 he mu/ leave x aside1 & conc5trate ^u ! unity1 )\t divid+ any ( x4 ,!n he becomes simultane\sly "o & all ) ?is div9ity :i* grants him ,8 pres5ce sil5tly4 ,!n is ! man unit$ to ! div9ity to ! ext5t ( 8 desire & ability4 ,if1 :ile rema9+ pure1 he return to duality1 he rema9s z close z possible to ! div9ity1 & he enjoys ! div9e pres5ce z soon z he turns t[>ds ! div9ity4 ,,b5efits ,,( ,,?is ,,conv]sion ,,t[>ds ,,! ,,div9ity4 ,! advantages d]iv$ f ?is conv]sion t[>ds ! div9ity are fir/ self-consci\sness1 s long z he rema9s di/9ct f ! div9ity4 ,if he p5etrate into 8 int]ior sanctu>y1 he possesses all ?+s1 & r5\nc+ self-consci\sness 9 favor ( indi/9ction f ! div9ity1 he fuses ) x4 ,z soon z he desires to see some?+1 s to speak1 outside ( himself1 x is he himself t he consid]s1 ev5 ext]iorly4 ,! s\l t /udies ! div9ity mu/ =m an idea ( him :ile seek+ to "k him4 ,lat]1 kn[+ h[ great is t div9ity to :i* %e desires to unite h]self1 & be+ p]suad$ t %e w f9d beatitude 9 ?is union1 %e plunges h]self into ! dep?s ( ! div9ity until1 in/ead ( cont5t+ h]self ) contemplat+ ! intelligible _w1 %e h]self becomes an object ( contemplation1 & %9es ) ! cle>ness ( ! conceptions ^: s\rce is on high4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,s\l ,,may ,,be ,,unit$ ,,to ,,! ,,div9ity ,,)\t ,,see+ ,,him4 ,b h[ c "o be unit$ to beauty1 )\t see+ x8 ,if x be se5 z "s ?+ di/9ct f oneself1 he is n yet fus$ ) x4 ,if ! act ( vision imply a relation ) an ext]ior object1 we h no vision2 or1 at lea/1 ?is vision consi/s 9 ! id5tity ( se] & se54 ,?is vision is a k9d ( consci5ce1 ( self-consci\sness2 & if ?is feel+ be too acute1 !re is ev5 dang] ( break+ up ?is unity4 ,besides1 "o mu/ n =get t ! s5sations ( evils make /rong] impressions1 & yield feebl] k1 because ! latt] are fritt]$ away by ! =ce ( impressions4 ,?us sickness /rikes %>ply 7b ar\ses only an obscure notion72 heal?1 on ! contr>y1 ?anks to ! calm t *>act]izes x1 yields u a cle>] notion ( itself1 = x rema9s quietly )9 u1 because x is prop] to u1 & fuses ) u4 ,on ! contr>y1 sickness is n prop] to u1 b =eign4 ,consequ5tly x manife/s itself vividly1 because x is oppos$ to our nature2 :ile we1 on ! contr>y1 enjoy b a feeble feel+ ( ourselves & ( :at belongs to u4 ,! /ate 9 :i* we grasp ourselves be/ is ! "o 9 :i* our consci\sness ( ourselves fuses ) u4 ,consequ5tly on high1 at ! v mom5t :5 our k by intellig5ce is at its be/1 we believe t we are ignorant ( x1 because we consult s5sation1 :i* assures u t x has se5 no?+4 ,inde$ x has n se5 any?+1 & x nev] c\ld see any?+ su* 7z ! intelligible be+s74 ,x is !re=e ! s5sation t d\bts2 b he :o has ! ability to see diff]s !refrom4 ,be=e ! se] c\ld d\bt1 he w\ld h to cease believ+ 9 8 v exi/5ce2 = he c\ld n1 s to speak1 ext]nalize himself to consid] himself ) ! eyes ( ! body4 ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,object ,,( ,,spiritual ,,vision4 #ab4 ,we h j said t a man c see1 ei!r 9 diff]+ f :at he sees1 or 9 id5tify+ himself ) ! object se54 ,n[1 :5 he has se51 ei!r z be+ diff]5t1 or z be+ id5tical1 :at does he report8 ,he tells u t he has se5 ! ,div9ity beget an (fspr+ ( an incomp>able beauty1 produc+ ev]y?+ 9 ,himself1 & )\t pa9 pres]v+ )9 ,himself :at ,he has begott54 ,9 fact1 *>m$ ) ! ?+s ,he has begott51 & full ( love = 8 works1 ! ,div9ity reta9$ !m )9 ,himself1 congratulat+ ,himself ^u _! spl5dor1 z mu* z ^u 8 own4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ^! beauties1 nev]!less inf]ior to ^? :i* h rema9$ )9 ! nature ( ! ,div9ity1 alone ( all ^! be+s1 8 ,son 7,jupit]1 ! son ( ,saturn1 "h repres5t+ ! univ]sal ,s\l born ( div9e ,intellig5ce7 has manife/$ himself ext]nally4 ,by him1 z by an image1 y may judge ( ! greatness ( 8 ,fa!r1 & t ( 8 bro!rs /ill unissu$ f )9 _! ,fa!r's nature4 ,besides1 x is n 9 va9 t ,jupit] tells u t he proce$s f 8 ,fa!r2 = he con/itutes ano!r _w t has become beautiful1 because he is ! image ( beauty1 & because x is impossible t ! image ( beauty & be+ %\ld n itself be beautiful4 ,jupit]1 !re=e1 ev]y:]e imitates 8 ar*etype4 ,t is :y1 because he is an image1 he possesses life & con/itutes be+2 & t is :y1 because he proce$s f 8 ,fa!r1 he also possesses beauty4 ,he likewise enjoys ! privilege ( be+ ! image ( 8 et]nity4 ,o!rwise he w\ld at "o "t reveal ! image ( 8 ,fa!r1 & at o!r times he w\ld n2 :i* is impossible1 because he is n an artificial image4 ,e natural image rema9s :at x 01 s long z its ar*etype subsi/s4#bci ,x is !re=e an error to believe t1 :ile ! intelligible _w subsi/s1 ! visible _w c\ld p]i%1 & t x 0 begott5 9 su* a mann] z t he :o _h creat$ x1 _h done s ) delib]ation4 ,:atev] inde$ might h be5 ! mann] ( op]ation1 ^! m5#bdj d n wi% to conceive & believe t1 s long z ! intelligible _w %9es1 o!r ?+s t proce$ !refrom c\ld n p]i%2 & t !y exi/ ev] s9ce 7_! model7 exi/$4 ,b ! 7intelligible _w7 has ev] exi/$1 & w ev] exi/2 = 79 spite ( _! impropriety71 we are oblig$ to make use ( su* t]ms to express our ?\ght4 ,,saturn ,,is ,,son ,,( ,,coelus1 ,,& ,,fa!r ,,( ,,jupit]4 #ac4 7,saturn7 is always repres5t$ z *a9$1 because ,he rema9s immovable 9 8 id5tity4 ,x is said he gave up to 8 son1 ,jupit]1 ! gov]nm5t ( ! univ]se1 because su* 7an occupation7 did n suit ,him1 :o possesses ! fulness#bda ( good ?+s1#bdb to di/ract himself f ! gov]nm5t ( ! intelligible _w to und]take t ( an empire y\ng] & less exalt$ ?an himself4 ,besides1 on "o h&1 7,saturn7 fix$ )9 himself1 & rais$ himself up to 8 fa!r 7,coelus1 or ,uranus74 ,on ! o!r h&1 he likewise fix$ ! inf]ior ?+s :i* 7 begott5 by 8 son 7,jupit]74 ,betwe5 bo? he 7,saturn7 !re=e occupies a rank int]m$i>y betwe5 8 ,fa!r1 :o is m p]fect & 8 son1 :o is less s4 ,on "o h& he mutilates 8 ,fa!r1 by splitt+ primitive unity into two diff]5t elem5ts4 ,on ! o!r1 he raises himself above ! be+ :i* is inf]ior to him1 dis5gag+ himself f ! *a9s t might t5d to l[] him4 ,z 7,coelus71 ! fa!r ( 7,saturn71 is too great to admit ( hav+ beauty attribut$ to him1 7,saturn7 occupies ! fir/ rank ( beauty4 ,,if ,,! ,,_w-,,s\l ,,& ,,v5us ,,be ,,beautiful1 ,,h[ ,,mu* ,,m ,,_! ,,s\rce8 ,! univ]sal ,s\l is beautiful also2 b %e is less beautiful ?an 7,saturn71 because %e is 8 image1 & because1 h[ev] beautiful %e may by nature be1 %e is /ill m beautiful :5 contemplat+ h] pr9ciple4 ,!re=e if ! univ]sal ,s\l--to use cle>] t]ms--& if ev5 ,v5us 7z subord9ate to him1 ,jupit]71 possess beauty1 :at mu/ be t ( ,intellig5ce8 ,if by _! nature ! univ]sal ,s\l & ,v5us receive _! beauty f "s o!r pr9ciple1 f :om w\ld !y d]ive ! beauty !y intr9sically possess1 & t :i* !y acquire8 ,z to u1 we are beautiful :5 we belong to ourselves2 & we are ugly :5 we l[] ourselves to an inf]ior nature4 ,aga91 we are beautiful :5 we "k ourselves1 & ugly :5 we ignore ourselves4 ,x is !re=e 9 ! intelligible _w t beauty %9es & radiates4 ,are ^! consid]ations suffici5t = a cle> k ( ! intelligible _w1 or mu/ we engage 9 a fur!r ef=t to accompli% ?is8 ,,fif? ,,ennead1 ,,book ,,five4 ,t ,intelligible ,entities ,are ,n ,ext]nal to ! ,intellig5ce ( ! ,good4 7,! subject ( ! qu>rel betwe5 ,amelius & ,porphyry4#bdc7 ,,k ,,( ,,! ,,intelligible ,,entities ,,implies ,,_! ,,pres5ce4 #a4 ,surely1 nobody c\ld believe t ! v]itable & real ,intellig5ce c\ld be deceiv$1 & admit ! exi/5ce ( ?+s t d n exi/8 ,its v "n gu>antees its intellig5t nature4 ,x !re=e possesses k )\t be+ subject to =getfulness1 & its k is nei!r conjectural1 d\btful1 nor borr[$1 nor acquir$ by demon/ration4 ,ev5 if we did admit t "s ( its k 0 d]iv$ f demon/ration1 no "o w d5y t x possesses c]ta9 k f )9 itself4 ,x w\ld be wis]1 h[ev]1 to be entirely reasonable & say t x d]ives ev]y?+ f )9 itself4#bdd ,)\t ?is1 x w\ld be difficult to di/+ui% :at k x d]iv$ f itself1 & :at 0 d]iv$ f outside4 ,ev5 ! c]ta9ty ( ! k d]iv$ f itself w\ld vani%1 & x w\ld lose ! "r to believe t ?+s really are su* z x imag9es4 ,inde$1 ?\gh ! ?+s ^: k we d]ive f ! s5ses seem capable ( produc+ 9 u ! highe/ evid5tial value1 x may /ill be ask$ :e!r _! app>5t nature d n d]ive m f modifications 9 u ?an f ! objects !mselves4 ,ev5 s1 belief 9 !m dem&s#bde ass5t ( ! intellig5ce1 or at lea/ ( ! discursive reason1 = ?\gh we admit t ?+s p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses exi/ 9 s5sible objects1 x is none ! less recogniz$ t :at is p]ceiv$ by s5sation is only a repres5tation ( ! ext]ior object1 & t s5sation does n rea* to ?is object itself1 s9ce x rema9s ext]ior to s5sation4#bdf ,b :5 intellig5ce cognizes1 & is cogniz+ intelligibles1 intellig5ce c\ld nev] ev5 meet !m if !y are cogniz$ z ly+ outside ( ,intellig5ce4 ,"o explanation w\ld be t intellig5ce does n at all meet !m1 nor cognize !m4 ,if x be by *ance t intellig5ce meets !m1 ! cognition ( !m w also be accid5tal & transi5t4 ,! explanation t cognition op]ates by union ( ! intellig5ce ) ! intelligible dep5ds on explanation ( ! bond t unites !m4 ,"u ?is hypo!sis1 ! cognitions ( ! intelligible ga!r$ by intellig5ce w consi/ ( impressions 7or1 types#bdg7 ( reality1 & w consequ5tly be only accid5tal impressions4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 c\ld n exi/ 9 ,intellig5ce2 = :at w\ld be _! =m8 ,z !y w\ld rema9 ext]ior to ,intellig5ce1 _! k w\ld resemble s5sation4 ,! only di/9ction ( ?is k f s5sation w\ld be t intellig5ce cognizes m t5u\s entities4 ,intellig5ce w\ld nev] "k t x really p]ceives !m4 ,x w\ld nev] really "k = c]ta9 t a ?+ 0 good1 j or beautiful4 ,9 ?is case ! good1 j & beautiful w\ld be ext]ior & =eign to x2 ,intellig5ce1 9 itself1 w n possess any =ms to regulate its judgm5ts1 & des]ve its confid5ce2 !y1 j z mu* z tru?1 w\ld rema9 outside ( x4 ,,intellig5ce ,,is ,,annihilat$ ,,by ,,! ,,!ory ,,t ,,tru? ,,is ,,ext]nal ,,to ,,x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! intelligible entities are ei!r depriv$ ( feel+1 life & intellig5ce1 or !y are intellig5t4 ,if !y be intellig5t1 !y1 l tru?1 fuse ) intellig5ce into ! prim>y ,intellig5ce4 ,9 ?is case we %all h to inquire into ! mutual relations ( intellig5ce1 intelligible entity1 & tru?4 ,d ^! con/itute b "o s+le entity1 or two8 ,:at 9 ! _w c\ld intelligible entities be1 if !y be )\t life or intellig5ce8 ,!y are surely nei!r propositions1 axioms1 nor words1 because 9 ?is case !y w\ld be enunciat+ ?+s diff]5t f !mselves1 & w\ld n be ?+s !mselves2 ?us1 :5 y say t ! good is beautiful1 x w\ld be und]/ood t ^! two notions are =eign to ea* o!r4 ,nor c we ?9k t ! intelligibles--= in/ance1 beauty & ju/ice--are entities t are simple1 b completely sep>ate f ea* o!r2 because ! intelligible entity w\ld h lo/ its unity1 & w\ld no long] dwell )9 a unit>y subject4 ,x w\ld be disp]s$ into a cr[d ( p>ticul> entities1 & we w\ld be =c$ to consid] into :at localities ^! div]s elem5ts ( ! intelligible 7 scatt]$4 ,besides1 h[ c\ld intellig5ce embrace ^! elem5ts & foll[ !m 9 _! vicissitudes8 ,h[ c\ld intellig5ce rema9 p]man5t8 ,h[ c\ld x fix itself on id5tical objects8 ,:at w be ! =ms or figures ( ! intelligibles8 ,w !y be l /atues ( gold1 or l images & effigies made ( "s o!r mat]ial8 ,9 ?is case1 ! intellig5ce t w\ld contemplate !m w\ld n diff] f s5sation4 ,:at w\ld be ! diff]5tiat+ cause t w\ld make ( "o ju/ice1 & ( ! o!r some?+ else8 ,la/1 & mo/ important1 an ass]tion t ! intelligible entities are ext]nal to ,intellig5ce w\ld imply t 9 ?us contemplat+ objects ext]ior to itself ,intellig5ce w n ga9 a g5u9e k ( !m1 hav+ only a false intuition ( !m4 ,s9ce1 "u ?is hypo!sis1 true realities w rema9 ext]ior to ,intellig5ce1 ! latt]1 :ile contemplat+ !m1 w n possess !m2 & 9 kn[+ !m w grasp only _! images4 ,?us r$uc$ to p]ceiv+ only images ( tru?1 in/ead ( possess+ tru? itself1 x w grasp only deceptions1 & w n rea* realities4 ,9 ?is case 7intellig5ce w be 9 ! dilemma7 ( ei!r ackn[l$g+ t x grasps only deceptions1 & ?us does n possess tru?2 or intellig5ce w be ignorant ( ?is1 be+ p]suad$ x possesses tru?1 :5 x really lacks x4 ,by ?us d\bly deceiv+ itself1 intellig5ce w by t v fact be /ill fur!r f ! tru?4 ,t is1 9 my op9ion1 ! reason :y s5sation _c atta9 ! tru?4 ,s5sation is r$uc$ to op9ion#bdh because x is a receptive#bdi p[]--z inde$ is express$ by ! ^w op9ion#bej2--;& because s5sation receives some?+ =eign1 s9ce ! object1 f :i* s5sation receives :at x possesses rema9s ext]nal to s5sation4 ,!re=e1 to seek tru? outside ( intellig5ce is to deprive intellig5ce ( tru? or v]ity ( intellig5ce4 ,x w\ld am\nt to annihilat+ ,intellig5ce1 & ! tru? 7:i* 0 to dwell )9 x7 w no long] subsi/ any:]e4 ,,! ,,notion ,,( ,,intellig5ce ,,implies ,,its ,,possession ,,( ,,all ,,intelligibles4 #b4 ,!re=e intelligible entities mu/ n be reg>d$ z ext]ior to ,intellig5ce1 nor z impressions =m$ 9 x4 ,nor mu/ we d5y x ! intimate possession ( tru?4 ,o!rwise1 any cognition ( intelligibles is made impossible1 & ! reality ( bo? !m & ,intellig5ce itself is de/roy$4 ,intimate possession ( all its ess5ces is ! only possible condition t w all[ k & tru? to rema9 )9 ,intellig5ce1 t w save ! reality ( ! intelligibles1 t w make possible ! k ( ! ess5ce ( e ?+1 in/ead ( limit+ u to ! m]e notion ( its qualities1 a notion :i* gives u only ! image & ve/ige ( ! object1 :i* does n p]mit u to possess x1 to unite ourselves ) x1 to become "o ) x4 ,on ?is condition only1 c ,intellig5ce "k1 & "k truly )\t be+ expos$ to =getfulness or grop+ unc]ta9ty2 c x be ! location :]e tru? w abide & ess5ces w subsi/2 c x live & ?9k--all ( :i* %\ld belong to ?is bless$ nature1 & )\t :i* n[h]e c\ld be f\nd any?+ t des]v$ our e/eem & respect4 ,on ?is condition only w ,intellig5ce be able to disp5se ) cr$ulity or demon/ration 9 believ+ realities2 = ,intellig5ce itself consi/s 9 ^! v realities1 & possesses a cle> self-consci\sness4 ,intellig5ce sees t :i* is its own pr9ciple1 sees :at is bel[ x1 & to :at x gives bir?4 ,intellig5ce kn[s t 9 ord] to "k its own nature1 x mu/ n place cr$5ce 9 any te/imony except its own2 t x ess5tially is intelligible reality4 ,x !re=e is tru? itself1 ^: v be+ x is to con=m to no =eign =m1 b to itself exclusively4 ,)9 ,intellig5ce fuses bo? be+1 & t :i* affirms its exi/5ce2 ?us reality ju/ifies itself4 ,by :om c\ld ,intellig5ce be conv9c$ ( error8 ,:at demon/ration !re( w\ld be ( any value8 ,s9ce !re is no?+ tru] ?an tru?1 any pro( to ! contr>y w\ld dep5d on "s prec$+ pro(1 & :ile seem+ to decl>e some?+ diff]5t1 w\ld 9 reality be begg+ ! "q4 ,,supreme ,,intellig5ce ,,is ,,div9ity ,,& ,,supreme ,,royalty4 #c4 ,?us ,intellig5ce1 ) ! ess5ces & tru?1 =m b "o & s+le nature = u4 ,x =ms "s great div9ity2 or r1 x is n "s c]ta9 div9ity1 b total 7div9ity72 = ,intellig5ce judges x wor?y ( itself to con/itute all ^! entities4 ,?\gh ?is nature be div9e1 x is nev]!less b ! second div9ity#beb2 :i* manife/s itself to u be=e we see ! 7supreme div9ity1 ,unity74 ,intellig5ce =ms ! magnific5t ?rone :i* 7! ,supreme7 =m$ = ,himself1 & :]eon ,he is seat$ immovably4 ,= x 0 n adequate t some?+ inanimate %\ld ei!r develop )9 ! brea/ ( ! div9ity1 nor support ! supreme ,div9ity :5 advanc+ t[>ds u4 ,,allegory ,,( ,,! ,,royal ,,procession4 ,s great a ,k+ des]v$ to h dazzl+ beauty z ! 7o/5tati\s7 van ( 8 7royal7 procession4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ris+ t[>ds ,him are fir/ met ! ?+s :i* by _! inf]ior dignity are class$ among ! fir/ ranks ( ! procession2 lat] ^? t are great] & m beautiful2 ar\nd ! k+ /& ^? t are truly royal1 :ile ev5 ^? t foll[ ,him are ( value4 ,!n1 aft] all ^! ?+s1 sudd5ly breaks 9 ^u our view ! ,k+ himself2 & we :o h rema9$ beh9d aft] ! dep>ture ( ^? :o 7 satisfi$ ) a view ( ! prelim9>ies1 fall d[n & wor%ip4 ,a pr(\nd diff]5ce di/+ui%es ! great ,k+ f all t prec$es ,him4 ,b x mu/ n be suppos$ t ,he gov]ns !m z "o man gov]ns ano!r4 ,he possesses ! mo/ j & natural sov]eignty4 ,he possesses real royalty because ,he is ! ,k+ ( tru?4 ,he is ! natural ma/] ( all ^! be+s t ,he has begott51 & :i* compose ,8 div9e body-gu>d4 ,he is ! k+ ( ! k+ & ( ! k+s1#bec & is ju/ly call$ ,fa!r ( ! div9ities4 ,jupit] himself 7:o is ! univ]sal ,s\l71 imitates ,him 9 ?is respect t he does n /op at ! contemplation ( 8 fa!r1 7:o is ,intellig5ce71 & he rises to ! actualization ( 8 gr&fa!r1#bed & he p5etrates into ! hypo/atic sub/ance ( ,8 be+4#bee ,,! ,,c\rse ,,upw>ds ,,is ,,"o ,,( ,,unification4 #d4 ,x has already be5 said t we mu/ rise to ! ,pr9ciple :i* is really "o1 & n "o 9 ! same way z are o!r ?+s1 :i*1 be+ 9 !mselves multiple1 are "o only by p>ticipation4 ,on ! contr>y1 t ,pr9ciple is n "o by p>ticipation1 z are all ^? ?+s :i* 7be+ neutral7 w\ld j z lief be multiple z "o4 ,we h also said t ,intellig5ce & ! intelligible _w1 are m unit>y ?an ! rema9d]1 t !y approa* ,unity m ?an all o!r ?+s1 b t !y are n purely "o4 ,to ! ext5t ( our ability we are n[ go+ to exam9e 9 :at ! ,pr9ciple :i* is purely "o consi/s1 purely & ess5tially1 & n 7accid5tally7 f )\t4 ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,! ,,unique2 ,,! ,,pair2 ,,& ,,! ,,gr\p4 ,ris+ !re=e to ! ,"o1 we mu/ add no?+ to ,him2 we mu/ re/ 9 ,him1 & take c>e n to )draw f ,him1 & fall into ! manifold4 ,)\t ?is precaution !re w be an occurr5ce ( duality1#bef :i* _c (f] u unity1 because duality is po/]ior to ,unity4 ,! ,"o _c be enum]at$ along ) any?+1 n ev5 ) uniqu5ess 7! monad71 nor ) any?+ else4 ,he _c be enum]at$ 9 any way2 = ,he is measure1 )\t ,himself be+ measur$2 ,he is n 9 ! same rank ) o!r ?+s1 & _c be add$ to o!r ?+s 7be+ incomm5surable74 ,o!rwise1 ,he w\ld h some?+ 9 common ) ! be+s along ) :i* ,he w\ld be enum]at$2 consequ5tly1 ,he w\ld be inf]ior to ?is common elem5t1 :ile on ! contr>y ,he mu/ h no?+ above ,him 7if ,he is to be ! "o fir/ ,be+74 ,nei!r ess5tial 7t is1 intelligible7 ,numb]1 nor ! l[] numb] :i* ref]s to quantity1 c be pr$icat$ ( ! unique2 ,i repeat1 nei!r ! ess5tial intelligible ,numb]1 ^: ess5ce is id5tical ) ?\ght1 nor ! quantative numb]1 :i*1 because all numb] is quantity1 con/itutes quantity concurr5tly )1 or indep5d5tly ( o!r g5]a4#beg ,besides1 quantative numb]1 by imitat+ ! =m] 7ess5tial intelligible7 ,numb]s 9 _! relation to ! ,unique1 :i* is _! pr9ciple1 f9ds its exi/5ce 9 its relation to real ,unity1 :i* x nei!r %>es nor divides4 ,ev5 :5 ! dyad 7or pair7 is born1 7x does n alt]7 ! priority ( ! ,monad 7or ,uniqu5ess74 ,nor is ?is ,uniqu5ess ei!r ( ! unities t con/itute ! pair1 nor ei!r ( !m alone2 = :y %\ld x be "o ( !m r ?an ! o!r8 ,if !n ! ,monad or ,uniqu5ess be nei!r ( ! two unities :i* con/itute ! pair1 x mu/ be sup]ior to !m1 & ?\gh abid+ )9 itself1 does n d s4 ,9 :at !n d ^! unities diff] f ! ,uniqu5ess 7or ,monad78 ,:at is ! unity ( ! pair8 ,is ! unity =m$ by ! pair ! same z t :i* is conta9$ 9 ea* ( ! two unities con/itut+ ! pair8 ,! unities 7:i* con/itute ! pair7 p>ticipate 9 ! prim>y ,unity1 b diff] f x4 ,s f> z x is "o1 ! pair also p>ticipates 9 unity1 b 9 diff]5t ways2 = !re is no simil>ity betwe5 ! unity ( a h\se & ! unity ( an army4 ,9 its relation to cont9uity1 !re=e1 ! pair is n ! same s f> z x is "o1 & s f> z x is a s+le quantity4 ,are ! unities conta9$ 9 a gr\p ( five 9 a relation to unity diff]5t f t ( ! unities conta9$ 9 a gr\p ( t58 7,to answ] ?is we mu/ di/+ui% two k9ds ( unity47 ,! unity :i* obta9s betwe5 a small & a great %ip1 & betwe5 "o t[n & ano!r1 & betwe5 "o army & ano!r1 obta9s also betwe5 ^! two gr\ps ( five & ( t54 ,a unity :i* w\ld be d5i$ z betwe5 ^! v>i\s objects w\ld also h to be d5i$ z obta9+ betwe5 ^! two gr\ps4 7,en\gh ( ?is "h72 fur!r consid]ations w be /udi$ lat]4 ,,puns ,,ab\t ,,ve/a1 ,,tak5 ,,f ,,! ,,cratylus ,,( ,,plato4 #e4 ,return+ to our =m] ass]tion t ! ,fir/ ev] rema9s id5tical1 ev5 ?\gh giv+ bir? to o!r be+s1 ! g5]ation ( numb]s may be expla9$ by ! imman5ce ( ,unity1 & by ! action ( ano!r pr9ciple :i* =ms !m1 z images ( unity4 ,s mu* ! m mu/ ! ,pr9ciple sup]ior to be+s be imman5t ,unity2 b "h x is ! ,fir/ himself :o begets ! be+s1 & n ano!r pr9ciple :o produces be+s 9 ! image ( ! ,fir/ :ile ?is ,fir/ w\ld abide )9 ,himself4 ,likewise ! =m ( unity1 :i* is ! pr9ciple ( numb]s1 exi/s )9 all 9 diff]5t degrees1 because ! numb]s po/]ior to unity p>ticipate !re9 unequally4 ,likewise1 ! be+s inf]ior to ! ,fir/ conta9 some?+ ( ,8 nature1 :i* some?+ con/itutes _! =m4 ,numb]s d]ive _! quantity f _! p>ticipation 9 unity4 ,likewise "h be+s owe _! be+ to _! conta9+ ! trace ( ! ,"o1 s t _! be+ is ! trace ( ! ,"o4#beh ,n f> f ! tru? w\ld we be 9 hold+ t ess5ce1 :i* is ! 7m common or7 pla9] nom5clature ( be+1#bei is d]iv$ f ! ^w h51 :i* means "o4 ,inde$ ess5ce proce$$ imm$iately f ! ,"o1#bgc & has diff]5tiat$ f ,him b v little4 ,turn+ t[>ds its own basis1 x has settl$1 & bo? became & is ! be+ ( all4 ,:5 a man pron\nces ess5ce 7on71 & emphasizes x1 he unconsci\sly approximates ! s\nd mean+ "o 7h571 demon/rat+ t ess5ce proce$s f unity1 z inde$ is indicat$1 s f> z possible1 by ! ^w on1 :i* means ess5ce4 ,t is :y be+ 7ousia7 & ess5ce 7e9ai#bfj7 imitate s f> z !y c ! pr9ciple ( ! ,p[] f :i* !y h emanat$4 ,! human m9d1 obs]v+ ^! simil>ities1 & guid$ by _! contemplation1#bfa imitat$ :at x grasp$ by utt]+ ! words on1#bfb e9ai1#bfc ousia1#bfd & he/ia4#bfe ,inde$1 ^! s\nds try to express ! nature ( :at has be5 begott5 by unity1 by means ( ! v ef=t made by ! speak] s z to imitate z well z possible ! g5]ation ( be+4 ,,! ,,supreme ,,nam$ ,,apollo4#bff #f4 ,:atev] be ! value ( ^! etymologies1 z begott5 be+ is a =m--= x w\ld be impossible to give any o!r designation to t :i* has be5 begott5 by ! ,"o--z x is1 n a p>ticul> =m1 b all =m1 )\t exception1 x evid5tly results t ! ,"o is =mless4 ,z x possesses no =m1 x _c be be+1 = ?is mu/ be some?+ individual1 or det]m9ate4 ,n[ ! ,"o c\ld n be conceiv$ ( z some?+ det]m9$2 = !n ,he w\ld no long] be a pr9ciple2 ,he w\ld only be ! det]m9$ ?+ attribut$ to ,him4 ,if all ?+s be 9 t :i* has be5 begott51 none ( !m c\ld be unity4 ,if ! ,"o be none ( !m1 ,he _c be :at is above !m2 consequ5tly1 z ^! ?+s are ess5ces & ess5ce1 ! ,"o mu/ be above ess5ce4 ,inde$1 ! m]e /atem5t t ! ,"o is above ess5ce1 does n imply any det]m9at5ess on ,8 "p1 affirms no?+ conc]n+ ,him & does n ev5 und]take to give ,him a "n4 ,x m]ely /ates t ,he is n ?is or t4 ,x does n pret5d to embrace ,him1 = x w\ld be absurd to attempt to embrace an inf9ite nature4 ,m]e attempt to d s w\ld am\nt to )draw+ f ,him1 & los+ ! slight trace ( ,him !reby impli$4 ,to see intelligible ,be+1 & to contemplate t :i* is above ! images ( ! s5se-objects1 none ( ^! mu/ rema9 pres5t to ! m9d4 ,likewise1 to contemplate ,him :o is above ! intelligible1 ev5 all intelligible entities mu/ be left aside to contemplate ! ,"o4 ,9 ?is mann] we may atta9 k ( ,8 exi/5ce1 )\t attempt+ to det]m9e :at ,he is4 ,besides1 :5 we speak ( ! ,"o1 x is n possible to indicate ,8 nature )\t express+ its opposite4#bfg ,x w\ld inde$ be impossible to decl>e :at is a pr9ciple ( :i* x is impossible to say t x is ?is or t4 ,all t we human be+s c d is to h d\bts poignant en\gh to resemble pangs ( *ildbir?4 ,we d n "k h[ to "n ?is ,pr9ciple4 ,we m]ely speak ( ! unspeakable1 & ! "n we give ,him is m]ely 7= ! conv5i5ce (7 ref]r+ to ,him z be/ we c4 ,! "n ,"o expresses no m ?an negation ( ! manifold4 ,t is :y ! ,py?agoreans#bfh 7 accu/om$1 among ea* o!r1 to ref] to ?is pr9ciple 9 a symbolic mann]1 call+ him ,apollo1#bfi :i* "n means d5ial ( manifoldness4 ,an attempt to c>ry out ! "n ( ,"o 9 a positive mann] w\ld only result 9 a great] obscuration ( ! "n & object1 ?an if we ab/a9$ f consid]+ ! "n ( ,"o z ! prop] "n ( ! fir/ ,pr9ciple4 ,! object ( ! employm5t ( ?is "n is to induce ! m9d t seeks ! fir/ ,pr9ciple fir/ to give he$ to t :i* expresses ! greate/ simplicity1 & consequ5tly to reject ?is "n :i* has be5 propos$ z only ! be/ possible4 ,inde$1 ?is "n is n adequate to designate ?is nature1 :i* c nei!r be grasp$ by he>+1 nor be und]/ood by any :o he>s x nam$4 ,if x c\ld be grasp$ by any s5se1 x w\ld be by sight2 ?\gh ev5 s !re mu/ be no expectation ( see+ any =m2 = ?us "o w\ld n atta9 ! fir/ ,pr9ciple4 ,,two ,,me?ods ,,( ,,sight2 ,,! ,,=m1 ,,& ,,! ,,light4 #g4 ,:5 intellig5ce is 9 actualization x c see 9 two ways1 z does ! eye4#bgd ,fir/1 ! eye may see ! =m ( ! visible object2 second1 x may see ! light by :i* ?is object is se54 ,?is light itself is visible1 b x is diff]5t f ! =m ( ! object2 x reveals ! =m & is itself se5 ) ?is =m1 to :i* x is unit$4 ,consequ5tly x itself is n se5 di/9ctly1 because ! eye is entirely devot$ to ! illum9at$ object4 ,:5 !re is no?+ b light1 x is se5 9 an intuitive mann]1 ?\gh x be /ill unit$ to "s o!r object4 ,= if x 7 isolat$ f e o!r ?+1 x c\ld n be p]ceiv$4 ,?us ! light ( ! sun w\ld escape our eye if its seat 7 n a solid mass4 ,my mean+ w be/ appe> by consid]+ ! :ole sun z light4 ,!n light w n reside 9 ! =m ( any o!r visible object1 & x w possess no prop]ty except t ( be+ visible2 = o!r visible objects are n pure light4 ,likewise 9 intellectual intuition 7sight ( ! m9d7 intellig5ce sees intelligible objects by means ( ! light %$ on !m by ! ,fir/2 & ! ,intellig5ce1 :ile see+ ^! objects1 really sees intelligible light4 ,b1 z ,intellig5ce directs its att5tion to ! enlight5$ object1 x does n cle>ly see ! ,pr9ciple t enlight5s !m4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 x =get ! objects x sees1 9 ! process ( contemplat+ only ! radiance t r5d]s !m visible1 x sees bo? ! light itself1 & its ,pr9ciple4 ,b x is n outside ( itself t t ,intellig5ce contemplates intelligible light4 ,x !n resembles ! eye :i*1 )\t consid]+ an ext]ior & =eign light1 be=e ev5 p]ceiv+ x1 is sudd5ly /ruck by a radiance :i* is prop] to x1 or by a ray :i* radiates ( itself1 & :i* appe>s to x 9 ! mid/ ( obscurity4 ,! case is /ill simil> :5 ! eye1 9 ord] to see no o!r objects1 closes ! eye-lids1 s z to draw its light f itself2 or :51 press$ by ! h&1 x p]ceives ! light :i* x possesses )9 itself4 ,!n1 )\t see+ any?+ ext]ior ! eye sees1 ev5 m ?an at any o!r mom5t1 = x sees ! light4 ,! o!r objects :i* ! eye h]et(ore saw1 ?\gh !y 7 lum9\s1 7 n light itself4 ,likewise1 :5 ,intellig5ce1 s to speak1 closes its eye to ! o!r objects1 conc5trat+ 9 itself1 & see+ no?+1 x sees n a =eign light t %9es 9 =eign =ms1 b its own light :i* sudd5ly radiates int]iorly1 ) a cle> radiance4 ,,intelligible ,,light1 ,,n ,,be+ ,,spatial1 ,,has ,,no?+ ,,to ,,d ,,) ,,place4 #h4 ,:5 intellig5ce ?us p]ceives ?is div9e light1 x is impossible to disc]n :5ce ?is light comes1 f )9 or f )\t2 = :5 x has ceas$ %9+ ! subject fir/ ?9ks t x came f )91 & lat] t x came f )\t4 ,b x is useless to seek ! s\rce ( ?is light1 = no "q ( location c be moot$ 9 connection ) x4 ,inde$1 x c\ld nei!r )draw f u1 nor approa* u2 x m]ely appe>s1 or rema9s hidd54 ,!re=e x _c be s\ght2 we mu/ re/fully wait till x appe>s1 :ile prep>+ ourselves to contemplate x1 j z ! eye awaits ! ris+ ( ! sun :i* appe>s above ! horizon1 or1 z ! poets say1 :i* spr+s up f ! ocean4 ,,god ,,arises ,,above ,,! ,,horizon ,,( ,,intellig5ce4 ,:5ce rises ,he ^: image is our sun8 ,above :at horizon mu/ ,he rise1 or appe>1 to enlight5 u8 ,he mu/ appe> above ! contemplat+ ,intellig5ce4 ,?us1 ,intellig5ce mu/ rema9 immovable 9 contemplation1 conc5trat$ & absorb$ 9 ! spectacle ( pure beauty :i* elevates & invigorates x4 ,!n ,intellig5ce feels t x is m beautiful & m brilliant1 m]ely because x has approa*$ ! ,fir/4 ,! latt] does n come1 z might be ?\ght2 ,he comes )\t really com+1 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! ^w2 ,he appe>s )\t com+ f any place1 because ,he is already pres5t above all ?+s be=e ,intellig5ce approa*es ,him4 ,9 fact1 x is ,intellig5ce :i* approa*es & )draws f ! ,fir/2 x )draws :5 x does n "k :]e x %\ld be1 or :]e is ! ,fir/4 ,! ,fir/ is n[h]e2 & if ,intellig5ce c\ld also be n[h]e--,i d n wi% to say 9 no place1 = itself is outside ( all place1 t is1 absolutely n[h]e--x w\ld always p]ceive ! ,fir/2 or r1 x w\ld n p]ceive ,him1 x w\ld be )9 ! ,fir/1 & fus+ ) ,him4 ,by ! m]e fact t ,intellig5ce is intellig5ce1 x p]ceives ! ,fir/ only by t "p ( itself :i* is n intellig5ce 7t is1 :i* is above ,intellig5ce74 ,x d\btless seems surpris+ t ! ,"o c\ld be pres5t to u )\t approa*+ u2 & be ev]y:]e1 ?\gh be+ n[h]e4 ,?is surprise is bas$ on ! weakness ( our nature2 b ! man :o kn[s ! ,fir/ w\ld mu* m likely be surpris$ 7 ! /ate ( affairs diff]5t4 ,x _c inde$ be o!rwise4 ,wond] at x1 if y please2 b :at has be5 said nev]!less repres5ts ! real /ate ( ! case4 ,,omnipres5ce ,,is ,,expla9$ ,,by ,,possession ,,( ,,all ,,?+s ,,)\t ,,be+ ,,possess$ ,,by ,,!m4 #i4 ,all t is begott5 by any?+ else resides ei!r 9 ! begett+ ,pr9ciple1 or 9 "s o!r be+1 9 ! case ( ! exi/5ce ( any be+ aft] or bel[ ! g5]at+ pr9ciple2 = t :i* 0 begott5 by some?+ else1 & :i*1 to exi/1 ne$s some?+ else1 ne$s some?+ else ev]y:]e1 & mu/ consequ5tly be conta9$ )9 some?+ else4 ,x is !re=e natural t ! ?+s :i* conta9 ! la/ rank %\ld be conta9$ 9 ! ?+s :i* prec$e !m imm$iately1 & t ! sup]ior ?+s %\ld be conta9$ 9 ^? :i* occupy a /ill m elevat$ rank1 & s on till ! fir/ ,pr9ciple4 ,z !re is no?+ above ,him1 ,he c\ld n be conta9$ )9 any?+4 ,s9ce ,he is n conta9$ 9 any?+1 & z ea* o!r ?+ is conta9$ 9 ! "o imm$iately prec$+ x1 ! fir/ ,pr9ciple conta9s all ! o!r be+s2 ,he embraces !m )\t %>+ ,himself ) !m1 & possesses !m )\t be+ %>$ by !m4 ,s9ce ,he possesses !m )\t be+ possess$ by !m1 ,he is ev]y:]e2 =1 unless ,he be pres5t1 ,he does n possess2 on ! o!r h&1 if ,he be n possess$1 ,he is n pres5t4 ,consequ5tly ,he bo? is1 & is n pres5t 9 ?is s5se t1 n be+ possess$1 ,he is n pres5t2 & t1 f9d+ ,himself indep5d5t ( ev]y?+1 ,he is n h9d]$ f be+ n[h]e4 ,if inde$ ,he 7 h9d]$ f be+ some:]e1 ,he w\ld be limit$ by "s o!r pr9ciple1 & ! ?+s b5ea? ,him c\ld no long] p>ticipate 9 ,him2 consequ5tly ! div9ity w\ld be limit$1 ,he w\ld no long] exi/ )9 ,himself1 & w\ld dep5d f inf]ior be+s4 ,all ?+s conta9$ )9 any?+ else are 9 ! pr9ciple f :i* !y dep5d4 ,x is ! contr>y ) ^? :i* are n[h]e2 !re is no place :]e !y are n4 ,if inde$ !re be a place lack+ ! div9ity1 evid5tly ?is place mu/ be embrac$ by "s o!r div9ity1 & ! div9ity is 9 "s o!r2 :5ce1 accord+ to ?is hypo!sis1 x is false t ! div9ity is n[h]e4 ,b z1 on ! contr>y1 x is true t ! div9ity is n[h]e1 & false t ,he is any:]e1 because ,he c\ld n be conta9$ 9 any o!r div9ity1 ! result is t ! div9ity is n di/ant f any?+4 ,if !n ,he1 be+ n[h]e1 be n di/ant f any?+1 !n ,he w 9 himself be ev]y:]e4 ,"o ( 8 p>ts w n be "h1 :ile ano!r is !re2 ! :ole ( ,him w n be only 9 "o or ano!r place4 ,! :ole ( ,him w !re=e be ev]y:]e2 = !re is no "o ?+ :i* exclusively possesses ,him1 or does n possess ,him2 ev]y?+ is !re=e possess$ by ,him4 ,look at ! _w3 z !re is no o!r _w b ,him1 ,he is n conta9$ 9 a _w1 nor 9 any place4 ,no place1 inde$1 c\ld exi/ ant]iorly to ! _w4 ,z to its p>ts1 !y dep5d f x1 & are conta9$ )9 x4 ,! ,s\l is n conta9$ 9 ! _w2 on ! contr>y1 x is ! ,s\l t conta9s ! _w2 = ! locus ( ! ,s\l is n ! body1 b ,intellig5ce4 ,! body ( ! _w is !re=e 9 ! ,s\l1 ! ,s\l 9 ,intellig5ce1 & ,intellig5ce itself 9 "s o!r ,pr9ciple4 ,b ?is ,pr9ciple ,himself c\ld n be 7conta9$7 9 any o!r pr9ciple1 f :i* ,he w\ld dep5d2 ,he is !re=e n )9 any?+1 & consequ5tly ,he is n[h]e4 ,:]e !n are ! o!r ?+s8 ,!y are 9 ! fir/ ,pr9ciple4 ,he is !re=e n sep>at$ f o!r ?+s1 nor is ,he 9 !m2 !re is no?+ t possesses ,him1 on ! contr>y1 x is ,he :o possesses all4 ,t is :y ,he is ! good ( all ?+s1 because all ?+s exi/ by ,him1 & are relat$ to ,him ea* 9 a diff]5t mann]4 ,t is :y !re are ?+s :i* are bett]1 "o ?an ! o!r2 = "s exi/ m int5sely ?an o!rs 79 relation ) ! ,good74 ,,! ,,mann] ,,( ,,p]ceiv+ ,,! ,,supreme4 #aj4 ,d n seek to see ?is ,pr9ciple by ! aid ( o!r ?+s2 o!rwise1 in/ead ( see+ ,him himself1 y w see no m ?an ,8 image4 ,try r to conceive ! nature ( ! ,pr9ciple t mu/ be grasp$ 9 ,himself1 t is1 pure & )\t any admixture1 because all be+s p>ticipate 9 ,him1 )\t any ( !m possess+ ,him4 ,no o!r ?+ inde$ c\ld be su* z ,he2 b nev]!less su* a ,be+ mu/ exi/4 ,:o inde$ c\ld all at once embrace ! totality ( ! p[] ( ?is ,pr9ciple8 ,if a be+ did s1 h[ c\ld ?is be+ diff] f ,him8 ,w\ld ! be+ limit itself to embrac+ only a "p ( ,him8 ,y might grasp ?is ,pr9ciple by an intuitive1 simple intellection1 b y w n be able to repres5t ,him to y\rself 9 ,8 totality4 ,o!rwise x is y :o w\ld be ! ?9k+ intellig5ce1 if inde$ y h rea*$ t pr9ciple2 b ,he is m likely to flee y1 or m likely /ill1 y w flee f ,him4 ,:5 y consid] ! div9ity1 consid] ,him 9 ,8 totality4 ,:5 y ?9k ,him1 "k t :at y rememb] ( ,him is ! ,good2 = ,he is ! cause ( ! wise intellectual life1 because ,he is ! p[] f :i* life & intellig5ce proce$4 ,he is ! cause ( be+ & ess5ce1 because ,he is "o2 ,he is simple & fir/1 because ,he is pr9ciple4 ,x is f ,him t ev]y?+ proce$s4 ,x is f ,him t ! fir/ movem5t proce$s1 )\t be+ 9 ,him2 x is f ,him also t proce$s ! fir/ re/1 because ,he himself has no ne$ ( x2 ,he himself is nei!r 9 movem5t nor re/2 = ,he has no?+ 9 :i* ,he c\ld re/ or move4 ,by ,8 relation to :at1 t[>ds :at1 or 9 :at c\ld ,he move or re/8 ,nei!r is ,he limit$1 = by :at c\ld ,he be limit$8 ,nei!r is ,he inf9ite 9 ! mann] sugge/$ by an enorm\s mass2 = :i!r w\ld ,he h any ne$ ( ext5d+ ,himself8 ,w\ld ,he d s to get some?+8 ,b ,he has ne$ ( no?+6 ,x is ,8 p[] t is inf9ite4 ,he c\ld nei!r *ange nor lack any?+2 = ! be+s :i* lack no?+ owe ?is to ,him only4 ,,progress ,,t[>ds ,,him ,,is ,,wak5+ ,,to ,,true ,,reality4 #aa4 ,! fir/ ,pr9ciple is inf9ite because ,he is "o1 & no?+ 9 ,him c\ld be limit$ by any?+ :atev]4 ,be+ "o1 ,he is n subject to measure or numb]4 ,he is limit$ nei!r by o!rs nor by ,himself1 s9ce ,he w\ld ?us be d\ble4 ,s9ce ,he has nei!r p>ts nor =m1 ,he has no figure4 ,n by mortal eyes !re=e mu/ y seek to grasp ?is pr9ciple su* z reason conceives ( ,him4 ,d n imag9e t ,he c\ld be se5 9 ! way t w\ld be imag9$ by a man :o believes t ev]y?+ is p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses1 & ?us annihilate ! pr9ciple :i* is ! supreme reality4 ,! ?+s to :i* ! common p attribute reality d n possess x2 = t :i* has ext5sion has less reality 7?an t :i* has no ext5sion72 n[ ! ,fir/ is ! pr9ciple ( exi/5ce1 & is ev5 sup]ior to be+4 ,y mu/ !re=e admit ! contr>y ( t :i* is ass]t$ by ^? commonplace p]sons2 o!rwise1 y w be depriv$ ( ! div9ity4 ,y w\ld resemble su* m5 z 9 ! sacr$ fe/ivals gorge !mselves ) ! foods f :i* "o %\ld ab/a9 on approa*+ ! div9ities1 & :o1 reg>d+ ?is enjoym5t z m c]ta9 ?an ! contemplation ( ! div9ity ^: fe/ival is be+ celebrat$1 dep>t )\t hav+ p>ticipat$ 9 ! my/]ies4 ,inde$ z ! div9ity does n reveal ,himself 9 ^! my/]ies1 ^! gross m5 d\bt ,8 exi/5ce1 because !y consid] real only :at is visible by ! physical eyes4 ,?us p :o w\ld sp5d _! :ole life 9 slumb] w\ld consid] z c]ta9 & real ! ?+s !y w\ld see 9 _! dreams2 if !y 7 to be wak$ & =c$ to op5 _! eyes1 !y w\ld place no cr$5ce 9 ! te/imony ( _! eyes1 & w\ld plunge !mselves aga9 into _! somnol5ce4 ,,! ,,good ,,is ,,sup]ior ,,to ,,! ,,beautiful1 ,,& ,,is ,,cogniz$ ,,by ,,! ,,m9d ,,z ,,its ,,s5se4 #ab4 ,we %\ld n seek to p]ceive an object o!rwise ?an by ! faculty t is suitable to cognize x4 ,?us colors are p]ceiv$ by ! eyes1 s\nds by ! e>s1 & o!r qualities by o!r s5ses4 ,analogy w\ld assign to intellig5ce its prop] function1 s t ?9k+ %\ld n be id5tifi$ ) see+ & he>+4 ,to act o!rwise w\ld be to resemble a man :o w\ld try to p]ceive colors by ! e>s1 & :o w\ld d5y ! exi/5ce ( s\nds because he c\ld n see !m4 ,we mu/ nev] =get t m5 h =gott5 ! ,pr9ciple :i* f ! beg9n+ until ?is day has excit$ _! desires & wi%es4 ,inde$ all ?+s aspire to ! fir/ ,pr9ciple1 t5d ?i!r by a natural necessity1 & seem to div9e t !y c\ld n exi/ )\t ,him4 ,! notion ( ! beautiful is giv5 only to s\ls t are awake1 & t already possess "s k2 at sight ( ,him !y are simultane\sly daz$ ) ,8 sublimity1 & spurr$ on by love4#bgj ,f ,8 v orig91 on ! contr>y1 ! ,good excites 9 u an innate desire2 ,he is pres5t ) u ev5 9 sleep2 ,8 view nev] dazes u ) /upor1 because ,he is always ) u4 ,enjoym5t ( ,8 pres5ce dem&s nei!r rem9isc5ce nor att5tion1 because "o is n depriv$ !re( ev5 9 sleep4 ,:5 ! love ( ! beautiful ov]:elms u1 x causes u anxieties1 because ! sight ( ! beautiful makes u desire x4 ,z ! love excit$ by ! beautiful is only second>y1 & z x exi/s only 9 su* p]sons z possess already "s k1 ! beautiful evid5tly occupies only ! second rank4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! desire ( ! ,good is m orig9al1 & dem&s no prelim9>y k4 ,t surely demon/rates t ! ,good is ant]ior & sup]ior to ! beautiful4 ,besides1 all m5 are satisfi$ z soon z !y possess ! ,good2 !y consid] t !y h rea*$ _! goal4 ,b n all ?9k t ! beautiful suffices !m2 !y ?9k t ! beautiful is beautiful = itself1 r ?an = !m2 z ! beauty ( an individual is an advantage only = himself4 ,la/1 ! great] numb] ( p are satisfi$ ) seem+ beautiful1 ev5 if !y are n s 9 reality2 b !y are n satisfi$ ) seem+ to possess ! ,good1 :i* !y desire to possess 9 reality4 ,inde$1 all desire to h t :i* occupies ! front rank2 b !y /ruggle1 !y engage 9 rivalry ab\t ! beautiful 9 ! op9ion t x is born j z !y are 7f developm5t ( circum/ances74 ,!y resemble a p]son :o w\ld claim equality ) ano!r p]son :o holds ! fir/ rank aft] ! k+1 because bo? dep5d f ! k+2 su* a p]son does n realize t ?\gh bo? are subject to ! k+1 yet !re is a great diff]5ce 9 hi]>*ical rank betwe5 !m#bga2 ! cause ( ?is error is t bo? p>ticipate 9 a same pr9ciple1 t ! ,"o is sup]ior to bo? ( !m1 & t la/ly ! ,good has no ne$ ( ! beautiful1 :ile ! beautiful is 9 ne$ ( ! ,good4#bgb ,! ,good is sweet1 calm1 & full ( delights2 we enjoy x at w4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! beautiful /rikes ! s\l ) amazem5t1 agitates x1 & m+les pa9s ) pleasures4 ,9 spite ( ourselves we are !reby (t5 sep>at$ f ! ,good1 l a belov$ object sep>ates a son f ! fa!r4 ,! ,good is m anci5t ?an ! beautiful1 n 9 "t1 b 9 reality2 besides1 x ex]ts sup]ior p[]1 because x is unlimit$4 ,t :i* is inf]ior to x1 possesses only an inf]ior & dep5d5t p[]1 in/ead ( hav+ a limitless p[] 7z belongs to ,intellig5ce1 :i* is inf]ior to ! ,good74 ,! ,div9ity !re=e is ma/] ( ! p[] :i* is inf]ior to ,8 own2 ,he has no ne$ ( ?+s t are begott52 = x is f ,him t all _! cont5ts are d]iv$4 ,besides1 ,he _h no ne$ ( begett+2 ,he /ill is su* z ,he 0 be=e2 no?+ w\ld h be5 *ang$ = ,him if ,he _h n begott52 if x _h be5 possible = o!r ?+s to receive exi/5ce 7indep5d5tly ( ,himself7 ,he w\ld n h oppos$ x ?r\gh jeal\sy4 ,x is n[ no long] possible = any?+ to be begott51 = ! div9ity has begott5 all t ,he c\ld beget4 ,nor is ,he ! univ]sality ( ?+s1 = ?us ,he w\ld /& 9 ne$ ( !m4 ,rais$ above all ?+s1 ,he has be5 able to beget !m1 & to p]mit !m to exi/ = !mselves by dom9at+ all4 ,,! ,,supremacy ,,( ,,! ,,good ,,implies ,,he ,,is ,,sup]ior ,,to ,,all ,,possessions4 #ac4 ,be+ ! ,good ,himself1 & n simply some?+ good1 ! ,div9ity _c possess any?+1 n ev5 ! quality ( be+ good4 ,if ,he possess$ any?+1 ?is ?+ w\ld ei!r be good1 or n good2 n[ 9 ! pr9ciple :i* is good 9 ,himself & 9 ! highe/ degree1 !re _c be any?+ :i* is n good4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! /atem5t t ! ,good possesses ! quality ( be+ good is impossible4 ,s9ce !re=e 7! ,good7 c possess nei!r ! quality ( be+ good1 or ( n be+ good1 ! result is t ,he _c possess any?+2 t ,he is unique1 & isolat$ f ev]y?+ else4 ,z all o!r ?+s ei!r are good )\t be+ ! ,good1 or are n good1 & z ! ,good has nei!r ! quality ( be+ good1 or ( n be+ good1 ,he has no?+1 & ?is is ! v ?+ t con/itutes ,8 goodness4 ,to attribute to ,him any?+1 su* z be+1 intellig5ce1 or beauty1 w\ld be to deprive ,him ( ! privilege ( be+ ! ,good4 ,!re=e :5 we deprive ,him ( all attributes1 :5 we affirm no?+ ab\t ,him1 :5 "o does n commit ! error ( suppos+ any?+ )9 ,him1 ,he is left z simple ess5ce1 )\t attribution ( ?+s ,he does n possess4 ,let u n imitate ^? ignorant panegyri/s :o l[] ! glory ( ^? !y praise by attribut+ to !m qualities inf]ior to _! dignity1 because !y d n "k h[ to speak prop]ly ( ! p]sons !y are try+ to praise4 ,likewise1 we %\ld n attribute to ! ,div9ity any ( ! ?+s b5ea? & aft] ,him2 we %\ld recognize ,him z _! em95t cause1 b )\t be+ any ( !m4 ,! nature ( ! ,good consi/s n 9 be+ all ?+s 9 g5]al1 nor 9 be+ any ( !m 9 p>ticul>4 ,9 ?is case1 inde$1 ! ,good w\ld =m no m ?an "o ) all be+s2 consequ5tly1 ,he w\ld diff] f !m only by ,8 own "*2 t is1 by "s diff]5ce1 or by ! addition ( "s quality4 ,in/ead ( be+ "o1 ,he w\ld be two ?+s1 ( :i* ! "o--namely1 :at 9 ,him 0 common ) ! o!r be+s--w\ld n be ! ,good1 :ile ! o!r w\ld be ! ,good 7& w\ld leave all be+s evil74 ,"u ?is hypo!sis1 ,he w\ld be a mixture ( good & ( n good2 he w\ld no long] be ! pure & prim>y ,good4 ,! prim>y ,good w\ld be t 9 :i* ! o!r ?+ w\ld p>ticul>ly p>ticipate1 a p>ticipation by virtue ( :i* x w\ld become ! good4 ,?is ?+ w\ld be ! good only by p>ticipation1 :il/ t 9 :i* x w\ld p>ticipate w\ld be no?+ 9 p>ticul>2 :i* w\ld demon/rate t ! good 0 no?+ 9 p>ticul>4 ,b if1 9 ! pr9ciple "u discussion1 ! good be su*--t is1 if !re be a diff]5ce ^: pres5ce gives ! "* ( goodness to ! composite--?is good mu/ d]ive f "s o!r pr9ciple :i* mu/ be ! ,good uniquely & simply4 ,su* a composite1 !re=e1 dep5ds on ! pure & simple ,good4 ,?us ! ,fir/1 ! absolute ,good1 dom9ates all be+s1 is uniquely ! ,good1 possesses no?+ )9 ,himself1 is m+l$ ) no?+1 is sup]ior to all ?+s1 & is ! cause ( all ?+s4 ,! beautiful & t :i* is be+ c\ld n d]ive f evil1 or f indiff]5t pr9ciples2 = ! cause be+ m p]fect1 is always bett] ?an its effects4 ,,second ,,ennead1 ,,book ,,n9e4 ,aga9/ ! ,gno/ics2 or1 ,t ! ,creator & ! ,_w are ,n ,evil4#bge ,,! ,,supreme ,,pr9ciples ,,mu/ ,,be ,,simple ,,& ,,n ,,comp\nd4 #a4 ,we h already se5#bgf t ! nature ( ! ,good is simple & prim>y1 = no?+ t is n prim>y c\ld be simple4 ,we h also demon/rat$ t ! nature ( ! ,good conta9s no?+ 9 itself1 b is some?+ unit>y1 ! v nature ( ! ,"o2 = 9 itself ! ,"o is n "s ?+ to :i* unity c\ld be add$1 any m ?an ! ,good 9 itself is "s ?+ to :i* goodness c\ld be add$4 ,consequ5tly1 z bo? ! ,"o & ! ,good are simplicity itself1 :5 we speak ( ! ,"o & ! ,good1 ^! two words express b "o & ! same nature2 !y affirm no?+1 & only repres5t x to u s f> z possible4 ,?is nature is call$ ! ,fir/1 because x is v simple1 & n composite2 x is ! absolute z self-suffici5t1 because x is n composite2 o!rwise x w\ld dep5d on ! ?+s ( :i* x 0 compos$4 ,nei!r is x pr$icable ( any?+ 7z an attribute 9 a subject7 = all t is 9 ano!r ?+ comes f some?+ else4 ,if !n ?is nature be n 9 any?+ else1 nor is d]iv$ f any?+ else1 if x conta9 no?+ composite1 x mu/ n h any?+ above x4 ,,! ,,only ,,supreme ,,pr9ciples ,,mu/ ,,!n ,,be ,,unity1 ,,intellig5ce ,,& ,,s\l4 ,consequ5tly !re are no pr9ciples o!r 7?an ! ?ree div9e hypo/atic sub/ances72 & ! fir/ rank w h to be assign$ to ,unity1 ! second to ,intellig5ce1 z ! fir/ ?9k+ pr9ciple1#bgg & ! ?ird to ! ,s\l4 ,su* inde$ is ! natural ord]1 :i* admits ( no fur!r pr9ciples1 9 ! intelligible _w4 ,if less be claim$1 x is because ( a confusion betwe5 ! ,s\l & ,intellig5ce1 or ,intellig5ce ) ! ,fir/2 b we h (t5 po9t$ out _! mutual diff]5ces4#bgh ,! only ?+ left is to exam9e if !re might n be m ?an ^! ?ree hypo/atic sub/ances2 & 9 ?is case1 :at _! nature might be4 ,,! ,,ari/otelian ,,di/9ction ,,( ,,pot5tiality ,,& ,,actuality ,,is ,,n ,,applicable ,,to ,,div9ity4 ,! ,pr9ciple ( all ?+s1 su* z we h describ$ x1 is ! mo/ simple & elevat$ possible4 ,! 7,gno/ics7 are wrong 9 di/+ui%+ )9 t 7supreme ,pr9ciple#bgi7 pot5tiality f actualization#bhj2 = x w\ld be ridicul\s to seek to apply to pr9ciples t are immat]ial & are actualizations1 t 7,ari/otelian7 di/9ction1 & ?us to increase ! numb] 7( ! div9e hypo/atic sub/ances4#bha7 ,,! ,,di/9ction ,,( ,,re/ ,,& ,,movem5t ,,also ,,inapplicable4 ,nei!r c\ld we1 bel[ ! ,supreme1 di/+ui% two intellig5ces1 "o at re/1 & ! o!r 9 motion4#bhb ,we %\ld h to def9e ! re/+ ( ! ,fir/1 & ! movem5t or utt]ance#bhc ( ! second4 ,! inaction ( ! "o & ! action ( ! o!r w\ld be equally my/]i\s4 ,by its be+ 7or1 nature71 ,intellig5ce is et]nally & id5tically a p]man5t actualization4 ,to rise to ,intellig5ce & to move ar\nd x is ! prop] function ( ! s\l4 ,,an ,,int]m$i>y ,,logos 7,,or ,,aeon ,,jesus71 ,,also ,,unacc\ntable4 ,reason 7logos7 :i* desc5ds f ,intellig5ce into ! ,s\l1 & intellectualizes h]1 does n con/itute a nature di/9ct f ! ,s\l & ,intellig5ce1 & int]m$i>y betwe5 !m4 ,,consci\sness ,,is ,,unit>y ,,?\gh ,,conta9+ ,,?9k]1 ,,object ,,& ,,?\ght4 ,nor %\ld we admit ! exi/5ce ( sev]al intellig5ces1 m]ely because we di/+ui% a ?9k] f a consci\sness ( ! ?9k]4 ,?\gh !re be a diff]5ce betwe5 ?9k+1 & ?9k+ t "o ?9ks1 ^! two nev]!less con/itute a s+le intuitive consci\sness ( its actualizations4 ,x w\ld be ridicul\s to d5y su* a consci\sness to v]itable ,intellig5ce4 ,x is !re=e ! same ,intellig5ce t ?9ks1 & t ?9ks t x ?9ks4 ,o!rwise !re w\ld be two pr9ciples1 ( :i* ! "o w\ld h ?\ght1 & ! o!r consci\sness ( ?\ght4 ,! second w\ld d\btless diff] f ! fir/1 b w\ld n be ! real ?9k+ pr9ciple4 ,a m]e logical di/9ction betwe5 ?\ght & consci\sness ( ?\ght w\ld n e/abli% ! 7actual7 diff]5ces betwe5 two 7hypo/atic sub/ances74 ,fur!r1 we %all h to consid] :e!r x be possible to conceive ( an ,intellig5ce :i* w\ld exclusively ?9k1 )\t any accompany+ consci\sness ( its ?\ght4#bhd ,if we ourselves :o are entirely devot$ to practical activity & discursive reason 7 9 su* a condition1#bhe we w\ld1 ev5 if o!rwise consid]$ s5sible1 be insane4 ,b z true ,intellig5ce ?9ks itself 9 its ?\ghts1 & z ! intelligible1 f> f be+ outside ( ,intellig5ce1 is ,intellig5ce itself1 ,intellig5ce1 by ?9k+1 possesses itself1 & necess>ily sees itself4#bhf ,:5 ,intellig5ce sees itself1 x does n see itself z un9tellig5t1 b z intellig5t4 ,!re=e 9 ! fir/ actualization ( ?\ght1 ,intellig5ce has ! ?\ght & consci\sness ( ?\ght1 two ?+s t =m b a s+le "o2 n ev5 logically is ?is a duality4 ,if ,intellig5ce always ?9ks :at x is1 is !re any reason to sep>ate1 ev5 by a simple logical di/9ction1 ?\ght f ! consci\sness ( ?\ght8 ,! absurdity ( ! doctr9e we are controv]t+ w be /ill m evid5t if we suppose t a ?ird intellig5ce is consci\s t ! second intellig5ce is consci\s ( ! ?\ght ( ! fir/2 we might ?us g on to inf9ity4#bhg ,a ,,diff]5tiat$ ,,reason ,,w\ld ,,deprive ,,! ,,s\l ,,( ,,consci\sness4 ,la/1 if we suppose t ,reason is d]iv$ f ,intellig5ce1 & !n f reason 9 ! s\l d]ive ano!r reason :i* w\ld be d]iv$ f ,reason 9 itself1 s z to con/itute a pr9ciple int]m$i>y betwe5 ,intellig5ce & ,s\l1 ! ,s\l w\ld be depriv$ ( ! p[] ( ?\ght4 ,= ?us ! ,s\l1 in/ead ( receiv+ reason f ,intellig5ce1 w\ld receive reason f an int]m$i>y pr9ciple4 ,in/ead ( possess+ ,reason itself1 ! ,s\l w\ld possess only an adumbration ( ,reason2 ! ,s\l w\ld n "k ,intellig5ce1 & w\ld n be able to ?9k4#bhh ,,no ,,m ,,?an ,,?ree ,,pr9ciples ,,admitt$ ,,because ,,( ,,! ,,unity ,,( ,,consci\sness4 #b4 ,9 ! intelligible _w1 !re=e1 we %all n recognize m ?an ?ree pr9ciples 7,unity1 ,intellig5ce1 & ,s\l71 )\t ^? sup]flu\s & incongru\s fictions4 ,we %all insi/ t !re is a s+le ,intellig5ce t is id5tical1 & immutable1 :i* imitates its ,fa!r s f> z x c4 ,!n !re is our s\l1 ( :i* "o "p ev] rema9s among ! intelligibles1 :ile "o "p desc5ds to s5se-objects1 & ano!r abides 9 an int]m$i>y region4#bhi ,z our s\l is "o nature 9 sev]al p[]s1 %e may at times entirely rise to ! intelligible _w1 ) ! be/ "p ( h]self & ( ess5ce2 at o!r times ! s\l's l[] "p all[s itself to be dragg$ d[n to ! e>?1 c>ry+ ) x ! int]m$iate portion2 = ! s\l _c be entirely dragg$ d[n4#bij ,?is be+ dragg$ d[n occurs only because ! s\l does n abide 9 ! bett] region4#bia ,:ile dwell+ 9 x1 ! ,s\l1 :i* is n a "p 7( x7 & ( :i* we are n a "p1#bib has giv5 to ! body ( ! univ]se all ! p]fections ( :i* %e 0 capable4 ,! ,s\l gov]ns x by rema9+ quiet1 )\t reason+1 )\t hav+ to correct any?+4 ,) wond]ful p[] %e beautifies ! univ]se by ! contemplation ( ! intelligible _w4 ,! m ! ,s\l atta*es h]self to contemplation1 ! m p[]ful & beautiful %e is2 :at %e receives f above1 %e communicates to ! s5se-_w1 & illum9ates because %e h]self is always illum9at$ 7by ,intellig5ce74 ,,! ,,_w ,,z ,,et]nally ,,begott5--,,god',s ,,ne$ ,,to ,,give4 #c4 ,?us ! ,s\l1 ev] be+ illum9at$1 9 turn h]self illum9ates l[] ?+s t subsi/ only ?r\gh h]1 l plants t fe$ on dew1 & :i* p>ticipate 9 life1 ea* accord+ to its capacity4 ,likewise a fire heats ! objects t surr\nd x1 ea* 9 proportion to its nature4 ,n[ if su* is ! effect ( fire ^: p[] is limit$1 :ile intelligible be+s ex]t unlimit$ p[]s1 h[ w\ld x be possible = ^! be+s to exi/ )\t caus+ any?+ to p>ticipate 9 _! nature8 ,ea* ( !m mu/ !re=e communicate "s degree ( its p]fection to o!r be+s4 ,! ,good w\ld no long] be ! good1 ,intellig5ce w\ld no long] be intellig5ce1 ! ,s\l w\ld no long] be s\l1 if1 b5ea? t :i* possesses ! fir/ degree ( life1 !re 0 n "s o!r ?+ :i* possess$ ! second degree ( life1 & :i* subsi/$ only s long z subsi/s ,he :o occupies ! fir/ rank4 ,x is !re=e unavoidable t all ?+s 7inf]ior to ! ,fir/7 mu/ always exi/ 9 mutual dep5d5ce1 & t !y be begott51 because !y d]ive _! exi/5ce f "s o!r s\rce4 ,!y 7 n begott5 at a def9ite mom5t4 ,:5 we affirm t !y are begott51 we %\ld say1 !y 7 begott51 or1 !y %all be begott54 ,nor w !y be de/roy$1 unless !y are compos$ ( elem5ts 9 :i* !y c\ld be dissolv$4 ,^? t are indissoluble w n p]i%4 ,x may be object$ t !y c\ld be resolv$ into matt]4 ,b :y %\ld matt] also n be liable to be de/roy$8 ,if x 7 grant$ t matt] 0 liable to de/ruction1 !re 0 no necessity = its exi/5ce4#bic ,x may be fur!r object$ t ! exi/5ce ( matt] necess>ily results f ! exi/5ce ( o!r pr9ciples4 ,9 ?is case1 ?is necessity /ill subsi/s4 ,if matt] is to be consid]$ z isolat$ 7f ! intelligible _w71 !n ! div9e pr9ciples also1 in/ead ( be+ pres5t ev]y:]e1#bid w1 z x 71 be wall$ up 9 a limit$ place4#bie ,b if ! latt] be impossible1 !n mu/ matt] be illum9at$ 7by ! intelligible _w74 ,,by ,a ,,pun ,,on ,,incl9ation1 ,,plot9os ,,%[s ,,t ,,! ,,_w-,,s\l ,,c\ld ,,n ,,h ,,gone ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,drama ,,( ,,creation ,,attribut$ ,,to ,,sophia ,,& ,,a*amo?4 #d4 ,b 9 t case1 ! ,s\l creat$ only because#bif %e _h lo/ h] w+s4 ,! univ]sal ,s\l1 h[ev]1 c\ld n h be5 subject to su* an accid5t4 ,^? 7,gno/ics7 :o claim t %e committ$ a fault %\ld expla9 ! nature ( t fault4#big ,:y did ?is fall occur8 ,if %e fell f all et]nity1 %e mu/ simil>ly rema9 9 h] fault2 if only at a det]m9ate "t1 :y n e>li]8 ,we h[ev] believe t ! ,s\l creat$ ! _w n by incl9+ 7t[>ds matt]71 b r because %e did n incl9e t[>ds x4 ,?us to incl9e t[>ds matt] ! ,s\l w\ld h =gott5 ! intelligible entities2 b if %e _h =gott5 !m1 %e c\ld n h creat$ ! _w 7us+ !m z models74 ,f :at 7models7 w\ld ! s\l h creat$ ! _w8 ,%e mu/ h =m$ x accord+ to ! intelligible models %e _h contemplat$ above4 ,if %e rememb]$ !m :ile creat+1 %e _h n incl9$ 7away f !m t[>ds matt]74 ,nei!r did ! ,s\l h an obscure notion ( ! intelligibles2 o!rwise %e w\ld h incl9$ h]self t[>ds !m1 to get a cle> intuition ( !m4 ,= if %e kept "s memory ( ! intelligible _w1 :y w\ld %e n h wi%$ to reasc5d !re98 ,,mo/ ,,g5]ally ,,assign$ ,,motives ,,( ,,creation ,,are ,,ridicul\s1 ,,or ,,worse4 ,besides1 :at advantage c\ld ! 7_w-,s\l7 h imag9$ %e 0 ga9+ by creat+ ! _w8 ,t %e did s 9 ord] to be honor$#bih seems unwor?y1 = x w\ld be attribut+ to h] ! desires ( a sculptor4 ,ano!r !ory is t ! 7_w-,s\l7 creat$ ! _w by virtue ( a rational conception1 & %e ?us ex]cis$ h] p[]1 ?\gh creat+ did n inh]e 9 h] nature4 ,if s1 h[ did %e make ! _w8 ,:5 w %e de/roy x8 ,if %e rep5t$1 :at is %e wait+ = 7be=e %e de/roys h] h&iwork78 ,if1 h[ev]1 %e has n yet rep5t$1 %e c\ld n rep5t aft] "t w h accu/om$ h] to h] "w1 & w h made h] m k9dly dispos$ !reto4 ,if h[ev] %e be await+ individual s\ls1 ! latt] %\ld n h return$ into g5]ation1 s9ce1 9 ! =m] g5]ation1 !y h already exp]i5c$ evils "h bel[1 & consequ5tly1 !y %\ld long s9ce h ceas$ to desc5d ^u ?is e>?4 ,,! ,,_w ,,%\ld ,,n ,,be ,,consid]$ ,,evil ,,because ,,( ,,our ,,suff]+s2 ,,no?+ ,,m ,,beautiful ,,c\ld ,,be ,,imag9$4 ,nor %\ld ! _w be consid]$ badly made1 m]ely because we suff] s mu* !re94 ,?is idea results f ent]ta9+ unju/ifiable expectations ( its p]fections1 & f confus+ x ) ! intelligible _w ( :i* x is an image4 ,c\ld a m beautiful image1 inde$1 be imag9$8 ,aft] ! cele/ial fire c\ld we imag9e a bett] fire ?an our own8 ,aft] ! intelligible e>?1 c\ld we imag9e a bett] e>? ?an ours8 ,aft] ! actualization by :i* ! intelligible _w embraces itself1 c\ld we imag9e a sph]e m p]fect1 m wond]ful1 or bett] ord]$ 9 its movem5ts#bii8 ,aft] ! intelligible sun1 h[ c\ld we imag9e any sun diff]5t f ! "o t we see8 ,,x ,,is ,,contradictory ,,to ,,consid] ,,oneself ,,capable ,,( ,,p]fection1 ,,b ,,to ,,d5y ,,impassibility ,,to ,,! ,,beautiful ,,works ,,( ,,nature4 #e4 ,is x n absurd to see ^? 7,gno/ics7 :o1 l ev]ybody else1 possess a body1 passions1 fe>s1 & excitem5ts1 hold+ an idea ( _! own p[]s high en\gh to make !m believe !mselves capable ( atta9+ ! intelligible1#cjj :ile to ! sun1 ?\gh x be immutable & p]fect1#cja & ?\gh x be impassible p[]1 refus+ a wisdom sup]ior to ours1 we :o 7 born only ye/]day1 & :o f9d s _m ob/acles 9 our se>* aft] tru?8 ,we c]ta9ly are surpris$ to see ^! 7,gno/ics7 consid]+ ! s\ls ( bo? !mselves & ( ! vile/ m5 immortal & div9e1 :ile refus+ immortality to ! entire heav51 to all ! />s x conta9s1 ?\gh !y be compos$ ( elem5ts m beautiful & pur]#cjb 7?an we71 ?\gh !y manife/ a m>vell\s beauty & ord]1 :ile 7^! ,gno/ics7 !mselves ackn[l$ge t disord] is obs]v$ "h bel[8 ,accord+ to _! !ories1 h[ev]1 ! immortal ,s\l w\ld h pick$ out ! wor/ "p ( ! _w1 :ile giv+ up ! be/ to mortal s\ls4#cjc ,,an ,,int]m$i>y ,,elem5tal ,,s\l ,,is ,,also ,,inadmissible4 ,x is also absurd to see !m introduce into ! _w1 aft] ! univ]sal ,s\l1 ano!r s\l said to be compos$ ( elem5ts4 ,h[ c\ld a composition ( elem5ts possess life8 ,a mixture ( elem5ts does n produce heat or cold1 humidity or dryness1 or any comb9ation !re(4 ,besides1 h[ c\ld ?is s\l 7t is inf]ior to ! univ]sal ,s\l71 hold 9 union toge!r ! f\r elem5ts1 if %e h]self 7 compos$ ( !m1 & !re=e 7 po/]ior to !m8 ,we may also rightfully dem& ( ! 7,gno/ics7 an explanation ( _! pr$icat+ p]ception1 reflection1 & o!r faculties to ?is 7my?ical7 s\l4 ,,! ,,gno/ics' ,,new ,,e>?1 ,,t ,,is ,,model ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,is ,,unreasonable4 ,besides1 z ! 7,gno/ics7 h no appreciation ( ! "w ( ! demiurgic creator1 nor = ?is e>?1 !y insi/ t ! div9ity has creat$ = !m a new e>?1 :i* is de/9$ to receive !m :5 !y %all h left "h bel[1 & :i* is ! reason ( ! _w4 ,b :at ne$ d !y h ( inhabit+ ! model ( ?is _w t !y pret5d to hate8 ,9 any case1 f :]e does ?is model come8 ,accord+ to !m1 ! model 0 creat$ only :5 its au?or incl9$ t[>ds ?+s "h bel[4 ,b :at 0 ! use ( ! model1 if its creator busi$ himself consid]ably ) ! _w to make a _w inf]ior to ! intelligible _w :i* he possess$8 ,if 7! model 7 creat$7 be=e ! _w1 :at c\ld h be5 its use8 ,0 x = ! sav$ s\ls8#cjd ,:y !re=e 7 ^? s\ls n sav$ 7by rema9+ )9 ! model78 ,"u ?is hypo!sis ! creation ( ! model 0 useless4 ,if 7! model1 h[ev]1 0 creat$7 aft] ?is _w1 its au?or d]iv$ x f ?is _w1 /eal+ ! =m away f matt]2 ! exp]i5ce t ! s\ls _h acquir$ 9 _! e>li] trials suffic$ to tea* !m to seek _! salvation4#cje ,la/1 if ! 7,gno/ics7 pret5d to h1 9 _! s\ls1 receiv$ ! =m ( ! _w1#cjf we h a new incompreh5sible language4#cjg ,,exiles1 ,,rep5tances1 ,,antitypes1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,gno/ic ,,inv5tions4 #f4 ,we h>dly "k :at to say ( ! o!r new conceptions !y h inject$ into ! univ]se1 su* z exiles1#cjh antitypes1#cji & rep5tances4#caj ,if by rep5tances & exiles !y mean c]ta9 /ates ( ! ,s\l 79 ! normal mean+ ( ! ^w1 :]e a s\l7 yields to rep5tance2 & if by antitypes !y mean ! images ( ! intelligible be+s t ! ,s\l contemplates be=e contemplat+ ! intelligible be+s !mselves1 !y are us+ mean+less words1 inv5t$ m]ely z cat*words & t]ms = _! individual sect2 = !y imag9e su* fictions m]ely because !y h fail$ cle>ly to und]/& ! anci5t wisdom ( ! ,greeks4 ,be=e !m ! ,greeks1 cle>ly & simply1 _h spok5 ( asc5sions ( s\ls t issu$ f ! cav]n1 & :i* ins5sibly rise to a tru] contemplation4 ,! doctr9es ( ^! 7,gno/ics7 are p>tly /ol5 f ,plato1 :ile ! rema9d]1 :i* 7 inv5t$ m]ely to =m _! own individual sy/em1 are innovations contr>y to tru?4 ,x is f ,plato t !y borr[$ _! judgm5ts1 ! riv]s ( ,hades4#caa ,!y d speak ( sev]al intelligible pr9ciples1 su* z ess5ce1 intellig5ce1 ! second demiurgic creator or univ]sal ,s\l2 b all t comes f ,plato's ,timaeus1#cab :i* says1 ,likewise z ! ideas conta9$ 9 ! exi/+ ,organism 7 se5 by ,intellig5ce1 s he ! creator ( ?is univ]se#cac ?\ght t ! latt] %\ld conta9 simil> & equally num]\s 7natures74 ,b1 n cle>ly und]/&+ ,plato1 ! ,gno/ics "h imag9$ 7?ree pr9ciples71 an intellig5ce at re/1 :i* conta9s all 7be+s71 a second intellig5ce t contemplates !m 7z !y occur7 9 ! fir/ intellig5ce1 & a ?ird intellig5ce t ?9ks !m discursively4 ,!y (t5 consid] ?is discursive intellig5ce z ! creative s\l1 & !y consid] ?is to be ! demiurgic creator m5tion$ by ,plato1 because !y 7 entirely ignorant ( ! true nature ( ?is demiurgic creator4 ,9 g5]al1 !y alt] entirely ! idea ( creation1 z well z _m o!r doctr9es ( ,plato1 & !y give out an entirely errone\s int]pretation !re(4 ,!y imag9e t !y alone h rightly conceiv$ ( intelligible nature1 :ile ,plato & _m o!r div9e intellects nev] atta9$ !reto4 ,by speak+ ( a multitude ( intelligible pr9ciples1 !y ?9k t !y seem to possess an exact k !re(1 :ile really !y degrade !m1 assimilat+ !m to l[]1 & s5sual be+s1 by increas+ _! numb]4#cad ,! pr9ciples t exi/ on high mu/ be r$uc$ to ! smalle/ numb] feasible2 we mu/ recognize t ! pr9ciple bel[ ! ,fir/ conta9s all 7! ess5ces71 & s d5y ! exi/5ce ( any intelligible 7entities7 outside ( x1 inasmu* z x conta9s all be+s1 by virtue ( its be+ prim>y ,be+1 ( prim>y ,intellig5ce1 & ( all t is beautiful b5ea? ! ,fir/ ,himself4 ,! ,s\l mu/ be assign$ to ! ?ird rank4 ,! diff]5ces obta9+ betwe5 s\ls mu/ fur!r be expla9$ by ! diff]5ce ( _! conditions or nature4#cae ,,! ,,gno/ics ,,may ,,well ,,borr[ ,,f ,,! ,,greeks1 ,,b ,,%\ld ,,n ,,depreciate ,,!m4 ,in/ead ( besmir*+ ! reputation ( div9e m51#caf ! 7,gno/ics7 %\ld int]pret ! doctr9es ( ! anci5t sages 9 a fri5dly way1 borr[+ f !m su* z !y are "r 9 pr(ess+1 z1 = in/ance1 ! immortality ( ! s\l1 ! exi/5ce ( ! intelligible _w1 & ( ! fir/ ,div9ity 7:o is ! ,good71 ! necessity = ! s\l to flee f int]c\rse ) ! body1 & ! belief t sep>ation ( ! s\l f body is equival5t to a return f g5]ation to be+4#cag ,!y d well inde$ if !y borr[ ^! ideas f ,plato1 = ! purpose ( develop+ !m4 ,!y are ev5 at lib]ty to express any op9ion !y please 9 div]g+ f 8 views2 b _! own doctr9e %\ld n be e/abli%$ 9 ! m9ds ( _! foll[]s by insults & s>casms aga9/ ,greek sages4 ,!y c\ld only d s by demon/rat+ ! propriety ( _! di/9ctive t5ets1 :5ev] !y diff] f ^? ( ! anci5t philosoph]s1 & by exp\nd+ _! own t5ets ) a really philosophic res]ve & equanimity4 ,ev5 :5 !y controv]t a sy/em !y are /ill b\nd to consid] no?+ b ! tru?1 )\t any attempt at self-glorification1 ei!r by attack+ m5 ^: tea*+s h long s9ce be5 approv$ by wor?y philosoph]s1 or by claims ( sup]iority to ! latt]4 ,= t :i* ! anci5ts taught on ! subject ( ! intelligible _w w always be consid]$ z ! be/ & wise/ by all :o d n p]mit !mselves to be misl$ by ! errors t to-day mislead s _m4#cah ,,gno/ic ,,additions ,,to ,,platonism ,,are ,,_! ,,poore/ ,,doctr9es4 ,if f ! doctr9es ( ! 7,gno/ics7 we remove :at !y h borr[$ f ! tea*+s ( ! anci5ts1 _! rema9+ additions w be discov]$ z v un=tunate4 ,_! polemic aga9/ 7,greek philosophy7 consi/s ( an introduction ( a great numb] ( g5ealogies1#cai & de/ructions1 blam+ ! int]c\rse ( ! s\l ) ! body1#cbj compla9+ ( ! univ]se1 criticis+ its adm9i/ration1 id5tify+ ! demiurgic creator 7t is1 ,intellig5ce7 ) ! univ]sal s\ls4#cba ,,! ,,univ]sal ,,s\l ,,may ,,n ,,be ,,judg$ ,,by ,,! ,,human ,,/&>d4 #g4 ,else:]e we h demon/rat$#cbb t ?is _w nev] began1 & w nev] end2 & t x mu/ la/ z long z ! intelligible entities4 ,we h also %[n1#cbc & t e>li] ?an ^! 7,gno/ics71 t ! s\l's int]c\rse ) ! body is n advantage\s to h]4 ,b to judge ! univ]sal ,s\l accord+ to ours is to resemble a man :o w\ld blame ! totality ( a well gov]n$ city by an exam9ation limit$ to ! work]s 9 e>? or metal4 ,,diff]5ces ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,univ]sal ,,s\l ,,& ,,! ,,human ,,s\l4 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 ! univ]sal ,s\l & our 7human7 s\ls are v important4 ,to beg9 )1 ! univ]sal ,s\l does n gov]n ! _w 9 ! same mann] 7z our s\l gov]ns ! body72 = %e gov]ns ! _w )\t be+ b\nd !reto4 ,besides _m o!r diff]5ces else:]e not$1#cbd we 7 b\nd to ! body aft] ! =mation ( a prim>y bond4#cbe ,9 ! univ]sal ,s\l ! nature t is b\nd to ! body 7( ! _w7 b9ds all t x embraces2 b ! univ]sal ,s\l h]self is n b\nd by ! ?+s %e b9ds4 ,z %e dom9ates !m1 %e is impassible 9 respect to !m1 :ile we ourselves d n dom9ate ext]ior objects4 ,besides1 t "p ( ! univ]sal ,s\l :i* rises to ! intelligible _w rema9s pure & indep5d5t2 ev5 t#cbf :i* communicates life to ! body 7( ! _w7 receives no?+ !refrom4 ,9 g5]al :at is 9 ano!r be+ necess>ily p>ticipates 9 ! /ate ( t be+2 b a pr9ciple :i* has its own individual life w\ld n receive any?+ f any o!r s\rce4#cbg ,t is :y1 :5 "o ?+ is locat$ )9 ano!r1 x feels ! exp]i5ces ( ! latt]1 b does n any ! less reta9 its individual life 9 ! ev5t ( ! de/ruction ( ! latt]4 ,= in/ance1 if ! fire )9 y\rself be ext+ui%$1 t w\ld n ext+ui% ! univ]sal fire2 ev5 if ! latt] 7 ext+ui%$1 ! univ]sal ,s\l w\ld n feel x1 & only ! con/itution ( ! body 7( ! _w7 w\ld be affect$ !reby4 ,if a _w exclusively compos$ ( ! rema9+ ?ree elem5ts 7 a possibility1 t w\ld be ( no importance to ! univ]sal ,s\l1 because ! _w does n h a con/itution simil> t ( ea* ( ! conta9$ organisms4 ,on high1 ! univ]sal ,s\l so>s above ! _w1 & !reby imposes on x a sort ( p]man5ce2 "h bel[1 ! p>ts1 :i* z x 7 fl[ (f1 are ma9ta9$ 9 _! place by a second bond4#cbh ,z cele/ial entities h no place 7outside ( ! _w71 into :i* !y might ooze out1#cbi !re is no ne$ ( conta9+ !m f ! int]ior1 nor ( compress+ !m f )\t to =ce !m back )92 !y subsi/ 9 ! location :]e ! univ]sal ,s\l plac$ !m f ! beg9n+4 ,^? :i* naturally move modify ! be+s :i* possess no natural motion4#ccj ,!y c>ry out well arrang$ revolutions because !y are p>ts ( ! univ]se4 ,"h bel[ !re are be+s :i* p]i% because !y _c con=m to ! univ]sal ord]4 ,= in/ance1 if a tortoise happ5$ to be caught 9 ! mid/ ( a *oric ballet t 0 danc+ 9 p]fect ord]1 x w\ld be trodd5 "u foot because x c\ld n )draw f ! effects ( ! ord] t regulat$ ! feet ( ! danc]s2 on ! contr>y1 if x con=m$ to t ord]1 x w\ld suff] no h>m4 ,,gno/ic ,,dem&s ,,= ,,reason ,,( ,,_w',s ,,creation ,,are ,,idle1 ,,& ,,involve ,,/ill ,,l>g] ,,que/ions4 #h4 ,to ask 7z d ! ,gno/ics7 :y ! _w 0 creat$1 am\nts to ask+ ! reason ( ! exi/5ce ( ! univ]sal ,s\l1 & ( ! creation ( ! demiurgic creator himself4 ,to ask su* a "q well *>act]izes m5 :o fir/ wi% to f9d a pr9ciple ( t :i* 79 ! _w7 is et]nal1 b :o lat] op9e t ! demiurgic creator became ! creat+ cause only z a result ( an incl9ation or alt]ation4#cca ,if inde$ !y be at all will+ to li/5 to u fairly1 we %all h to tea* !m ! nature ( ^! intelligible pr9ciples1 to end _! habit ( scorn+ 7^?7 v5]able 7intelligible7 be+s1 & 7to induce !m to7 pay ^! a des]v$ respect4 ,no "o1 inde$1 has ! "r to f9d fault ) ! con/itution ( ! _w1 :i* reveals ! greatness ( intelligible nature4 ,we are =c$#ccb to recognize t ! _w is a beautiful & brilliant /atue ( ! div9ities1 f ! fact t ! _w a*iev$ exi/5ce )\t beg9n+ ) an obscure life1 su* z t ( ! little organisms x conta9s1 & :i* ! productiv5ess ( univ]sal life nev] ceases to br+ =?1 by day or night2 on ! contr>y1 its life is cont9u\s1 cle>1 manifold1 ext5d$ ev]y:]e1 & illu/rat+ m>vell\s wisdom4 ,x w\ld be no m ?an natural t ! _w %\ld n equal ! model x imitates2 o!rwise1 x w\ld no long] be an imitation4 ,x w\ld be an error1 h[ev]1 to ?9k t ! _w imitates its model badly2 x lacks none ( ! ?+s t c\ld be conta9$ by a beautiful & natural image2 = x 0 necess>y = ?is image to exi/1 )\t imply+ reason+ or skill4#ccc ,,intellig5ce ,,c\ld ,,n ,,h ,,be5 ,,! ,,la/ ,,degree ,,( ,,exi/5ce4 ,intellig5ce1 inde$1 c\ld n be 7! la/ degree ( exi/5ce74 ,x 0 necess>ily actualization ( a d\ble nature1 bo? )9 itself1 & = o!r be+s4#ccd ,x 0 inevitable t x %\ld be foll[$ by o!r be+s1 = only ! mo/ impot5t be+ w\ld fail to produce some?+ t %\ld proce$ f x1#cce :ile 7x is grant$ t7 ! intelligible possesses a wond]ful p[]#ccf2 :]e=e1 x c\ld n help creat+4 ,,?is ,,is ,,! ,,be/ ,,( ,,all ,,possible ,,worlds ,,because ,,we ,,c ,,a*ieve ,,virtue4 ,:at w\ld be ! nature ( a _w bett] ?an ! pres5t "o1 if x 7 possible8 ,! pres5t "o mu/ be a fai?ful image ( ! intelligible _w1 if ! exi/5ce ( ! _w be necess>y1 & if !re be no bett] possible _w4 ,! :ole e>? is peopl$ ) animate & ev5 immortal be+s2 f "h bel[ up to ! heav5 7! _w7 is full ( !m4#ccg ,:y %\ld ! />s 9 ! highe/ sph]e 7! fix$ />s71 & ^? 9 ! l[] sph]es 7! planets71 n be div9ities1 9 view ( _! regul> motion1 & _! c>ry+ out a magnific5t revolution ar\nd ! _w#cch8 ,:y %\ld !y n possess virtue8 ,:at ob/acle c\ld h9d] !m f acquir+ x8 ,n on high are f\nd ! ?+s :i* "h bel[ make m5 evil2 namely1 t evil nature :i* bo? is tr\bl$1 & tr\bles4 ,) _! p]petual leisure :y %\ld n ! />s possess intellig5ce1 & be acqua9t$ ) ! div9ity & all ! o!r intelligible deities#cci8 ,h[ %\ld we possess a wisdom great] ?an !irs8 ,only a fooli% man w\ld ent]ta9 su* ?\ghts4 ,h[ c\ld our s\ls be sup]ior to ! />s :5 at ! h&s ( ! univ]sal ,s\l !y und]go ! con/ra9t ( desc5d+ "h bel[#cdj8 ,= ! be/ "p ( s\ls is t :i* comm&s4#cda ,if1 on ! contr>y1 ! s\ls desc5d "h bel[ volunt>ily1 :y %\ld ! 7,gno/ics7 f9d fault ) ?is sph]e :i!r !y came volunt>ily1 & f :i* !y c dep>t :5ev] x suits !m#cdb8 ,t ev]y?+ "h bel[ dep5ds on ! intelligible pr9ciples is prov$ by ! fact t ! organization ( ! _w is su* t1 dur+ ?is life1 we are able to acquire wisdom1 & live out a life simil> to t ( ! div9ities4#cdc ,,! ,,inequality ,,( ,,ri*es ,,is ,,( ,,no ,,mom5t ,,to ,,an ,,et]nal ,,be+4 #i4 ,no "o w\ld compla9 ( pov]ty & ! unequal di/ribution ( weal? if "o realiz$ t ! sage does n seek equality 9 su* ?+s1 because he does n consid] t ! ri* man has any advantage ov] ! poor man1 ! pr9ce ov] ! subject4#cdd ,! sage leaves su* op9ions to commonplace p1 = he kn[s t !re are two k9ds ( life2 t ( ! virtu\s :o a*ieve ! supreme degree 7( p]fection7 & ! intelligible _w1 & t ( common e>?ly m54 ,ev5 ! latt] life is d\ble2 = ?\gh at times !y d ?9k ( virtue1 & p>ticipate some:at 9 ! good1 at o!r times !y =m only a vile cr[d1 & are only ma*9es1 de/9$ to satisfy ! prim>y ne$s ( virtu\s p4#cde ,!re is no reason to be surpris$ at a man committ+ a murd]1 or1 ?r\gh weakness1 yield+ to 8 passions1 :5 s\ls1 t behave l "y1 inexp]i5c$ p]sons1 n inde$ l intellig5ces1 daily behave ?us4 ,x has be5 said#cdf t ?is life is a /ruggle 9 :i* "o is ei!r victor or vanqui%$4 ,b is n ?is v condition a pro( ( good arrangem5t8 ,:at does x matt] if y are wrong$1 s long z y are immortal8 ,if y be kill$1 y a*ieve ! fate t y desir$4 ,if y h reason to compla9 ( h[ y are treat$ 9 "s p>ticul> city1 y c leave x4#cdg ,besides1 ev5 "h bel[1 !re evid5tly are rew>ds & puni%m5ts4 ,:y !n compla9 ( a society )9 :i* di/ributive ju/ice is ex]cis$1 :]e virtue is honor$1 & :]e vice meets its des]v$ puni%m5t#cdh8 ,,moreov] ,,?is ,,_w ,,conta9s ,,traditions ,,( ,,div9ity4 ,n only are !re "h bel[ /atues ( ! div9ities1 b ev5 ! div9ities condesc5d to look on u1 lead+ ev]y?+ 9 an ord]ly mann] f beg9n+ to end1 & !y apportion to ea* ! fate t suits him1 & :i* h>monizes ) 8 antec$5ts 9 8 successive exi/5ces4#cdi ,?is is unkn[n only to p]sons :o are mo/ vulg>ly ignorant ( div9e ?+s4 ,try !re=e to become z good z y c1 b d n on t acc\nt imag9e t y alone are capable ( becom+ good#cej2 = !n y w\ld no long] be good4 ,o!r m5 7?an y7 are good2 !re are mo/ excell5t 7m9i/]+ spirits call$7 gu>dians2 fur!r1 !re are deities :o1 :ile inhabit+ ?is _w1 contemplate ! intelligible _w1#cea & are /ill bett] ?an ! gu>dians4 ,fur!r /ill is ! blissful 7univ]sal7 ,s\l t manages ! univ]se4 ,honor !re=e ! intelligible div9ities1 & above all ! great ,k+ ( ! intelligible _w1#ceb ^: greatness is especially manife/$ 9 ! multitude ( ! div9ities4 ,,true ,,k ,,%[n ,,n ,,by ,,unification1 ,,b ,,revelation ,,( ,,div9e ,,p[]4 ,x is n by r$uc+ all ?+s to unity1 b by sett+ =? ! greatness develop$ by ! div9ity itself1 t "o manife/s 8 k ( div9e p[]4 ,! ,div9ity 7manife/s ,8 p[]7 :51 ?\gh rema9+ :at ,he is1 ,he produces _m div9ities :i* dep5d on ,him1 :i* proce$ f ,him1 & exi/ by ,him4 ,9 ?is way ?is _w holds exi/5ce f ,him1 & contemplates ,him along ) all ! div9ities :i* ann\nce to m5 ! div9e decrees1 & :o reveal to !m :atev] pleases !m4#cec ,^! />s mu/ n be blam$ = n be+ :at ! div9ity is1 = !y only repres5t _! nature4 ,,mode/y ,,is ,a ,,"p ,,( ,,goodness2 ,,pride ,,is ,,folly4 ,if1 h[ev]1 y pret5d to scorn ^! 7/>s t are consid]$7 div9ities1 & if y hold y\rself 9 high e/eem1 on ! plea t y are n f> inf]ior to !m1 le>n fir/ t ! be/ man is he :o is mo/ mode/ 9 8 relations ) div9ities & m54 ,9 ! second place1 le>n t "o %\ld ?9k ( ! div9ity only )9 limits1 )\t insol5ce1 & n to seek to rise to a condition t is above human possibilities4 ,x is unreasonable to believe t !re is no place by ! side ( ! div9ity = all o!r m51 :ile impud5tly propos+ alone to aspire to t dignity4 ,?is by itself w\ld deprive ! ,s\l ( ! possibility ( assimilation to ! ,div9ity to ! limit ( h] receptivity4#ced ,?is ! ,s\l _c atta9 unless guid$ by ,intellig5ce4 ,to pret5d to rise above ,intellig5ce1#cee is to fall %ort ( x4 ,!re are p insane en\gh to believe1 )\t reflection1 claims su* z ! foll[+ 7,by initiation into secret k1 or gnosis71 y w be bett]1 n only ?an all m51 b ev5 ?an all ! deities4 ,^! p are swoll5 ) pride#cef2 & m5 :o be=e 7 mode/1 simple & humble1 become arrogant on he>+ !mselves say1 ,y are a *ild ( ! div9ity2 ! o!r m5 t y us$ to honor are n 8 *ildr51 any m ?an ! />s :o 7 wor%ipp$ by ! anci5ts4 ,y y\rself1 )\t work+1 are bett] ?an heav5 itself4 ,!n companions cr[d ar\nd him1 & applaud 8 utt]ance4 ,he resembles a man :o1 ?\gh n kn[+ h[ to c\nt1 %\ld1 9 ! mid/ ( a cr[d ( m51 equally ignorant ) him1 he> x said by somebody t he 0 a ?\s& feet high :ile o!rs 7 only five feet high4 ,he w\ld n realize :at 0 meant by a ?\s& feet1 b he w\ld consid] ?is measure v great4 ,,o!r ,,gno/ic ,,inconsi/5cies4 7,gno/ics7 admit t ! ,div9ity int]e/s ,himself 9 m54 ,h[ !n c\ld ,he 7z !y insi/71 neglect ! _w t conta9s !m8 ,c\ld ?is be ! case because ,he lack$ ! leisure to look aft] x8 ,9 ?is case ,he w\ld lack ! leisure to look aft] any?+ b5ea? ,him 7includ+ m5 also74 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ,he d c>e = m51 t c>e w\ld include ! _w t surr\nds & conta9s !m4 ,if ,he ignor$ :at surr\nd$ m51 9 ord] to ignore ! _w1 ,he w\ld !reby also ignore ! m5 !mselves4 ,! objection t m5 d ne$ t ! ,div9ity %\ld c>e = ! _w 7is n true71 = ! _w does ne$ ! c>e ( ! ,div9ity4 ,! ,div9ity kn[s ! arrangem5t ( ! _w1 ! m5 x conta9s1 & _! condition !re94#ceg ,! fri5ds ( ! ,div9ity support meekly all t results necess>ily !refrom4 7,!y are "r71 = t :i* happ5s %\ld be consid]$ n only f "o's own /&po9t1 b also f t ( ! totality ( circum/ances4 ,ea* 7p]son or ?+7 %\ld be consid]$ f 8 place 79 ! scale ( exi/5ce72 "o %\ld ev] aspire to ,him to :om aspire all be+s capable ( 7! ,good72 "o %\ld be p]suad$ t _m be+s1 or r t all be+s1 aspire !reto2 t ^? :o atta9 to ,him are happy1 :ile ! o!rs a*ieve a fate suitable to _! nature2 f9ally1 "o %\ld n imag9e oneself alone capable ( atta9+ happ9ess4#ceh ,m]e ass]tion ( possession does n suffice = real possession !re(4 ,!re are _m m5 :o1 ?\gh p]fectly consci\s t !y d n possess "s good1 nev]!less boa/ ( its possession1 or :o really believe !y d possess x1 :5 ! opposite is ! true /ate ( affairs2 or t !y exclusively possess x :5 !y are ! only ones :o d n possess x4 ,,plot9os ,,addresses ,,himself ,,to ,,^? ,,( ,,8 ,,fri5ds ,,:o ,,7 ,,=m]ly ,,gno/ic1 ,,n ,,to ,,! ,,latt] ,,:o ,,are ,,hopeless4 #aj4 ,on exam9+ _m o!r ass]tions 7( ! ,gno/ics71 or r1 all ( _! ass]tions1 we f9d m ?an en\gh to come to "s conclusion conc]n+ ! details ( _! doctr9es4 ,we _c1 inde$1 help blu%+ :5 we see "s ( our fri5ds1 :o _h imbu$ !mselves ) 7,gno/ic7 doctr9es be=e becom+ fri5ds ( ours1 someh[ or ano!r p]sev]e !re91 work+ zeal\sly to try to prove t !y des]v$ full confid5ce1 or speak+ z if !y 7 /ill conv9c$ t !y 7 bas$ on good gr\nds4#che ,we are "h address+ our fri5ds1 n ! p>tisans 7( ! ,gno/ics74 ,va9ly inde$ w\ld we try to p]suade ! latt] n to let !mselves be deceiv$ by m5 :o furni% no pro(s--:at pro(s inde$ c\ld !y furni%8--b :o only impose on o!rs by _! boa/fulness4#cei ,,plot9os ,,has ,,no ,,int5tion ,,( ,,writ+ ,a ,,full ,,confutation4 ,foll[+ ano!r k9d ( discussion1 we might write a refutation ( ^! m5 :o are impud5t en\gh to ridicule ! tea*+s ( ^? div9e m5 :o taught 9 anci5t times1 & :o con=m$ entirely to tru?4 ,we %all n h[ev] emb>k on ?is1 = :oev] und]/&s :at we h already said w f t 7sample7 be able to judge ( ! rema9d]4 ,,gno/ic ,,!ory ,,( ,,creation ,,by ,,m]e ,,illum9ation4#chf ,nei!r w we controv]t an ass]tion :i* ov]tops all _! o!rs 9 absurdity--we use ?is t]m = lack ( a /rong]4 ,"h x is3 ,! ,s\l & ano!r ,wisdom incl9$ d[nw>ds t[>ds ?+s "h bel[1 ei!r because ! ,s\l fir/ incl9$ d[nw>ds spontane\sly1 or because %e 0 misl$ by ,wisdom2 or because 79 ,gno/ic view71 ,s\l & ,wisdom 7 id5tical4 ,! o!r s\ls desc5d$ "h bel[ toge!r 7) ! ,s\l71 z well z ! memb]s ( ,wisdom1 & ent]$ into bodies1 probably human4 ,nev]!less ! ,s\l1 on acc\nt ( :i* ! o!r s\l desc5d$ "h bel[1 did n h]self desc5d4 ,%e did n incl9e1 s to speak1 b only illum9at$ ! d>kness4 ,f ?is illum9ation 0 born 9 matt] an image 7,wisdom1 ! image ( ! ,s\l74 ,lat] 0 =m$ 7! demiurgic creator1 call$7 an image ( ! image1 by means ( matt] or mat]iality1 or ( a pr9ciple by 7,gno/ics7 designat$ by ano!r "n 7! ,fruit ( ! fall7--= !y make use ( _m o!r names1 = ! purpose ( increas+ obscurity4 ,?is is h[ !y d]ive _! demiurgic creator4 ,!y also suppose t ?is demiurgic creator sep>at$ himself f 8 "m1 ,wisdom1 & f him !y d$uce ! :ole _w ev5 to ! extremity ( ! images4 ,! p]petration ( su* ass]tions am\nts to a bitt] s>casm ( ! p[] t creat$ ! _w4 ,,! ,,numb]less ,,intellectual ,,difficulties ,,( ,,su* ,a ,,!ory4 #aa4 ,to beg9 )1 if ! ,s\l did n desc5d1 if %e limit$ h]self to illum9at+ ! d>kness 7:i* is synonym\s ) matt]71 by :at "r c\ld x be ass]t$ t ! ,s\l incl9$ 7d[nw>ds78 ,if inde$ a k9d ( light issu$ f ! ,s\l1 ?is does n ju/ify an incl9ation ( ! ,s\l1 unless we admit ! exi/5ce ( some?+ 7d>kness7 b5ea? h]1 t ! ,s\l approa*$ ! d>kness by a local movem5t1 & t1 on arriv+ ne> x1 ! ,s\l illum9at$ x4 ,on ! contr>y1 if ! ,s\l illum9at$ x :ile rema9+ self-conta9$1 )\t do+ any?+ to promote t illum9ation1#cfj :y did ! ,s\l alone illum9ate ! d>kness8 7,accord+ to ! ,gno/ics7 ?is occurr$ only aft] ! ,s\l _h conceiv$ ! ,reason ( ! univ]se4 ,!n only c\ld ! ,s\l illum9ate ! d>kness1 by virtue ( ?is rational conception4 ,b !n1 :y did ! ,s\l n create ! _w at ! same "t %e illum9at$ ! d>kness1 in/ead ( wait+ = ! g5]ation ( 7psy*ic7 images8 ,fur!r1 :y did ?is ,reason ( ! _w1 :i* 7! ,gno/ics7 call ! =eign l&1 & :i* 0 produc$ by ! sup]ior p[]s1 z !y say1 n move its au?ors to t incl9ation8 ,la/1 :y does ?is illum9at$ matt] produce psy*ic images1 & n bodies8 7,wisdom1 or7 ! image ( ! ,s\l does n seem to /& 9 ne$ ( d>kness or matt]4 ,if ! ,s\l create1 !n h] image 7,wisdom7 %\ld accompany h]1 & rema9 atta*$ to h]4 ,besides1 :at is ?is creature ( h]s8 ,is x a be+1 or is x1 z ! 7,gno/ics7 say1 a conception8 ,if x be a be+1 :at diff]5ce is !re betwe5 x & its pr9ciple8 ,if x be "s o!r k9d ( a s\l1 x mu/ be a s\l ( gr[? & g5]ation1 s9ce its pr9ciple is a reasonable s\l4#cfa ,if h[ev] 7?is ,wisdom7 be a s\l ( gr[? & g5]ation1 h[ c\ld x be said to h creat$ = ! purpose ( be+ honor$#cfb8 ,9 %ort1 h[ c\ld x h be5 creat$ by pride1 audacity1 & imag9ation8 ,/ill less w\ld we h ! "r to say t x _h be5 creat$ by virtue ( a rational conception4 ,besides1 :at necessity 0 !re = ! "m ( ! demiurgic creator to h =m$ him ( matt] & ( an image8 ,speak+ ( conception1 x w\ld be necess>y to expla9 ! orig9 ( ?is t]m2 !n1 unless a creative =ce be pr$icat$ ( ?is conception1 x w\ld be necess>y to %[ h[ a conception c con/itute a real be+4 ,b :at creative =ce c be inh]5t 9 ?is imag9>y be+8 ,! 7,gno/ics7 say t ?is image 7! demiurgic creator7 0 produc$ fir/1 & t only aft]w>ds o!r images 7 creat$2 b !y p]mit !mselves to ass]t t )\t any pro(4 ,= in/ance1 h[ c\ld x be said t fire 0 produc$ fir/ 7& o!r ?+s only lat]78 ,,h[ ,,! ,,gno/ic ,,demiurge ,,creat$4 #ab4 ,h[ c\ld ?is newly =m$ image 7! demiurgic creator7 h und]tak5 to create by memory ( ! ?+s he knew8 ,z he did n exi/ be=e1 he c\ld n h kn[n any?+1 any m ?an ! "m 7,wisdom7 :i* is attribut$ to him4 ,besides1 x is q surpris+ t1 ?\gh ! 7,gno/ics7 did n desc5d ^u ?is _w z images ( s\ls1 b z v]itable1 g5u9e s\ls1 nev]!less h>dly "o or two ( !m succe$s 9 deta*+ !mselves f ! 7s5se7 _w & by ga!r+ toge!r _! memories1 to rememb] "s ( ! ?+s !y previ\sly knew1 :ile ?is image 7! demiurgical creator71 z well z 8 "m 7,wisdom71 :i* is a mat]ial image1 0 capable ( conceiv+ intelligible entities 9 a feeble mann]1 inde$1 z say ! ,gno/ics1 b aft] all f h] v bir?4 ,n only did %e conceive intelligible ?+s1 & =m$ an idea ( ! s5se-_w f ! intelligible _w1 b %e also discov]$ ) :at elem5ts %e 0 to produce ! s5se-_w4 ,:y did %e fir/ create ! fire8 ,d\btless because %e judg$ %e w\ld beg9 !reby2 = :y did %e n beg9 ) "s o!r elem5t8 ,if %e c\ld produce fire because %e _h ! conception !re(1 :y1 z %e _h ! conception ( ! _w--z %e mu/ h begun by a conception ( ! totality--did %e n create ! :ole at "o s+le /roke#cfc8 ,inde$1 ?is conception ( ! _w embrac$ all its p>ts4 ,x w\ld also h be5 m natural1 = ! demiurgical creator %\ld n h act$ l a workman1 z all ! arts are po/]ior to nature & to ! creation ( ! _w4 ,ev5 to-day1 we d n see ! natures#cfd :5 !y beget individuals1 fir/ produce ! fire1 !n ! o!r elem5ts successively1 & f9ally m+le !m4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! outl9e & organization ( ! entire organism are =m$ at once 9 ! g]m born at ! mon?ly p]iods 9 ! womb ( ! "m4 ,:y !n1 9 creation1 %\ld matt] n h be5 organiz$ at "o /roke by ! type ( ! _w1 a type t mu/ h conta9$ fire1 e>?1 & all ! re/ ( !m8 ,p]haps ! 7,gno/ics7 w\ld h ?us conceiv$ ( ! creation ( ! _w1 if 7in/ead ( an image7 !y _h _h 9 _! sy/em a g5u9e ,s\l4 ,b _! demiurgic creator c\ld n h proce$$ ?us4 ,to conceive ( ! greatness1 & especially ( ! dim5sion ( ! heav5s1 ( ! obliquity ( ! zodiac1 ( ! c\rse ( ! />s1 ! =m ( ! e>?1 & to und]/& ! reason ( ea* ( ^! ?+s1 w\ld n h be5 ! "w ( an image1 b r ( a p[] t proce$$ f ! bett] pr9ciples1 z ! 7,gno/ics7 9 spite ( !mselves ackn[l$ge4 ,,! ,,necessity ,,( ,,! ,,illum9ation ,,( ,,! ,,d>kness ,,mu/ ,,h ,,be5 ,,et]nal4 ,inde$1 if we exam9e att5tively t 9 :i* ?is illum9ation ( ! d>kness consi/s1 ! 7,gno/ics7 may be l$ to a recognition ( ! true pr9ciples ( ! _w4 ,:y 0 ! production ( ?is illum9ation ( ! d>kness necess>y1 if its exi/5ce 0 n absolutely unavoidable8 ,?is necessity 7( an illum9ation ( ! d>kness7 0 ei!r 9 con=mity )1 or 9 opposition to nature4 ,if x con=m$ !reto1 x mu/ h be5 s f all "t2 if x 7 contr>y !reto1 some?+ contr>y to nature w\ld h happ5$ to ! div9e p[]s1 & evil w\ld be prior to ! _w4 ,!n x w\ld no long] be ! _w t 0 ! cause ( evil 7z ! ,gno/ics claim71 b ! div9e p[]s4 ,! _w is n ! pr9ciple ( evil = ! s\l1 b x is ! s\l t is ! pr9ciple ( evil = ! _w4 ,asc5d+ f cause to cause1 reason w relate ?is _w to ! prim>y pr9ciples4 ,,ev5 ,,! ,,exi/5ce ,,( ,,! ,,d>kness ,,mu/ ,,be ,,relat$ ,,to ,,! ,,s\l4 ,if matt] is also said to be ! cause ( evil1 :]e does x orig9ate8 ,= ! d>kness exi/$ already1 z say 7! ,gno/ics71 :5 ! s\l has se5 & illum9at$ !m4 ,f :5ce 7comes d>kness78 ,if 7! ,gno/ics7 answ] t x is ! s\l h]self t creat$ 7d>kness7 by incl9+ 7d[nw>ds to matt]71 !n evid5tly 7! d>kness7 did n exi/ be=e ! incl9ation ( ! s\l4 ,d>kness !re=e is n ! cause ( ?is incl9ation2 ! cause is 9 ! nature ( ! s\l4 ,?is cause may ?us be relat$ to prec$+ necessities1 & z a result to fir/ pr9ciples4#cfe ,,in/ead ,,( ,,compla9+ ,,( ,,! ,,_w1 ,,und]/& ,,x ,,& ,,fit ,,y\rself ,,to ,,x4 #ac4 ,^? :o compla9 ( ! nature ( ! _w d n "k :at !y are do+1 nor ! ext5t ( _! audacity4 ,_m m5 are ignorant ( ! close concat5ation :i* unites ! entities ( ! fir/1 second1 & ?ird ranks1#cff & :i* desc5ds ev5 to ^? ( ! l[e/ degree4 ,in/ead ( blam+ :at is subord9ate to fir/ pr9ciples1 we %\ld g5tly submit to ! laws ( ! univ]se1 rise to fir/ pr9ciples1 n und]go ^? tragic t]rors1#cfg inspir$ 9 c]ta9 p by ! sph]es ( ! _w :i* ex]t on u no?+ b a b5efic5t influ5ce4#cfh ,:at is s t]rible 9 !m8 ,:y %\ld !y be fe>$ by ^! m5 =eign to philosophy & all s\nd le>n+8 ,?\gh cele/ial sph]es d h fi]y bodies1 !y %\ld n inspire u ) any fe>1 because !y are p]fectly h>moni\s ) ! univ]se & ) ! e>?4 ,we mu/ besides consid] ! s\ls ( ! />s to :i* ^? 7,gno/ics7 consid] !mselves s sup]ior1 :ile _! bodies1 :i* surpass ours s mu* 9 size & beauty1 efficaci\sly concur 9 ! production ( ?+s t are con=m$ to ! ord] ( nature#cfi2 = su* ?+s c\ld n be born if fir/ pr9ciples alone exi/$4 ,f9ally ! />s complete ! univ]se1 & are important memb]s !re(4 ,if ev5 man holds a great sup]iority ov] animals1 !re mu/ be a f> great] sup]iority 9 ^? />s :i* exi/ z ornam5ts to ! univ]se1 & to e/abli% ord] !re91 & n to ex]t !reov] a tyrannical influ5ce4#cgj ,! ev5ts t are said to fl[ f ! />s are r signs !re( ?an causes4#cga ,besides1 ! ev5ts t really d fl[ f ! />s diff] among ea* o!r by circum/ances4 ,x is n !re=e possible t ! same ?+s %\ld happ5 to all m51 sep>at$ z !y are by _! times ( bir?1 ! places ( _! resid5ce1 & ! dispositions ( _! s\ls4 ,x is j z unreasonable to expect t all w\ld be good1 nor1 because ( ! impossibility ( ?is1 to g & compla9 on ! gr\nds t all s5se-objects %\ld be simil> to intelligible objects4 ,moreov]1#cgb evil is no?+ b :at is less complete 9 respect to wisdom1 & less good1 9 a decreas+ gradation4 ,= in/ance1 nature 7t is1 ! p[] ( gr[? & g5]ation7 %\ld n be call$ evil because %e is n s5sation2 nor s5sation be call$ evil1 because x is n reason4 ,o!rwise1 we might be l$ to ?9k t !re 0 evil 9 ! intelligible _w4 ,inde$1 ! ,s\l is inf]ior to ,intellig5ce1 & ,intellig5ce is inf]ior to ! ,"o4 ,,gno/ics ,,wrongly ,,imag9e ,,intelligible ,,entities ,,c ,,be ,,bewit*$4#chg #ad4 ,ano!r error ( ! 7,gno/ics7 is _! tea*+ t intelligible be+s are n beyond ! rea* ( be+ affect$ by human be+s4 ,:5 ! 7,gno/ics7 utt] magic incantations1 address+ !m to 7intelligible be+s71 n only to ! ,s\l1 b to ! ,pr9ciples sup]ior !reto1 :at are !y really try+ to d8 ,to bewit* !m8 ,to *>m !m8 ,or1 to influ5ce !m#cgc8 ,!y !re=e believe t div9e be+s li/5 to u1 & t !y obey him :o skilfully pron\nces ^! songs1 cries1 aspirations & :i/l+s1 to all ( :i* !y ascribe magic p[]4#cgd ,if !y d n really mean ?is1 if !y by s\nds only claim to express ?+s :i* d n fall "u ! s5ses1 !n1 ?r\gh _! ef=t to make _! art m wor?y ( respect1 !y unconsci\sly rob x ( all claim to respect1 9 our e/imation4 ,,_! ,,explanation ,,( ,,disease ,,z ,,demoniacal ,,possession ,,is ,,wrong4 ,!y also pride !mselves on expell+ diseases4 ,if ?is 7 done ?r\gh temp]ance1 by a well regulat$ life1 z d ! philosoph]s1 ?is claim might be respect$4 ,b !y insi/ t diseases are demons1 :i* !y c expel by _! words1 & !y boa/ ( ?is 9 ord] to a*ieve reputation among ! common p1 t is always incl9$ to /& 9 awe ( magic4 ,!y c\ld n p]suade rational individuals t diseases d n h natural causes1 su* z fatigue1 satiety1 lack ( food1 corruption1 or "s *ange dep5d+ on an int]ior or ext]ior pr9ciple4 ,?is is prov$ by ! nature ( diseases4 ,sometimes a disease is expell$ by mov+ ! b[els1 or by ! adm9i/ration ( "s potion2 diet & ble$+ are also (t5 resort$ to4 ,is ?is because ! demon is hungry1 or ! potion de/roys him8 ,:5 a p]son is heal$ on ! spot1 ! demon ei!r rema9s or dep>ts4 ,if he rema91 h[ does 8 pres5ce n h9d] recov]y8 ,if he dep>t1 :y8 ,:at has happ5$ to him8 ,0 he f$ by ! disease8 ,9 ?is case1 ! disease 0 some?+ diff]5t f ! demon4 ,if he ent] )\t any cause = ! disease1 :y is ! individual into ^: body he ent]s n always sick8 ,if he ent] into a body t conta9s already a natural cause ( disease1 h[ f> does he contribute to ! disease8 ,! natural cause is suffici5t to produce ! disease4 ,x w\ld be ridicul\s to suppose t ! disease w\ld h a cause1 b t1 z soon z ?is cause is active !re w\ld be a demon ready to come & assi/ x4 ,,! ,,g5u9e ,,value ,,( ,,gno/icism ,,se5 ,,9 ,,its ,,l[ ,,moral ,,aspects4 ,! read] mu/ n[ cle>ly see ! k9d ( ass]tions giv5 out by ! 7,gno/ics71 & :at _! purpose mu/ be4 ,:at !y say ab\t demons 7or gu>dians7 has "h be5 m5tion$ only z a comm5t>y on _! va9 pret5ses4 ,o!r op9ions ( ! 7,gno/ics7 may be/ be judg$ by a p]usal ( _! books1 by ea* individual = himself4 ,rememb] always t our sy/em ( philosophy conta9s1 beside ! o!r good 7reasons71 ! simplicity ( moral habits1 ! purity ( intellig5ce1 & t in/ead ( va9 boa/+ x recomm5ds ! c>e ( p]sonal dignity1 rational self-confid5ce1 prud5ce1 res]ve1 & circumspection4 ,! rema9d] 7( ,gno/ic philosophy7 may well be contra/$ ) ours4 ,z all t is taught by ! ,gno/ics is v diff]5t 7f our tea*+s71 we w\ld h no advantage 9 a fur!r detail$ contra/2 & x w\ld be unwor?y ( u to pursue ! matt]7874 ,,! ,,gno/ic ,,de/9y ,,( ,,man ,,is ,,demoraliz+4 #ae4 ,we %\ld h[ev] obs]ve ! moral effect produc$ 9 ! s\l ( ^? :o li/5 to ! spee*es ( ^! m5 :o tea* scorn ( ! _w & its cont5ts4 ,ab\t ! de/9y ( man !re are two pr9cipal doctr9es4 ,! "o assigns z our end ! pleasures ( ! body1 ! o!r sugge/s hone/y & virtue1 ! love ( :i* comes f ! div9ity1 & leads back to ! ,div9ity1 z we h %[n else:]e4#cge ,epicurus1 :o d5ies div9e ,provid5ce1 advises u to seek ! only ?+ t rema9s1 ! enjoym5ts ( pleasure4 ,well1 ! 7,gno/ics7 hold a /ill m p]nici\s doctr9e2 !y blame ! mann] 9 :i* div9e ,provid5ce op]ates1 & !y accuse ,provid5ce itself2 !y refuse respect to laws e/abli%$ "h bel[1 & ! virtue :i* has be5 honor$ by all c5turies4 ,to de/roy ! la/ ve/iges ( honor1 !y de/roy temp]ance by jok+ at x2 !y attack ju/ice1 :e!r natural1 or acquir$ by reason or ex]cise2 9 "o ^w1 !y annihilate ev]y?+ t c\ld lead to virtue4 ,no?+ rema9s b to seek out pleasure1 to pr(ess selfi%ness1 to r5\nce all social relations ) m51 to ?9k only ( "o's p]sonal int]e/1 unless inde$ "o's own innate disposition be good en\gh to resi/ _! p]nici\s doctr9es4 ,no?+ t we reg>d z good is by !m e/eem$1 = !y seek entirely diff]5t objects4 ,,! ,,gno/ics ,,ignore ,,virtue ,,)\t ,,:i* ,,god ,,is ,a ,,m]e ,,^w4 ,nev]!less1 ^? :o "k ! ,div9ity %\ld atta* !mselves to ,him ev5 "h bel[1 & by devot+ !mselves to ,8 fir/ pr9ciples1 correct e>?ly ?+s by apply+ _! div9e nature !reto4 ,only a nature t disda9s physical pleasure c und]/& t ( :i* honor consi/s2 ^? :o h no virtue c\ld nev] rise to intelligible entities4 ,our criticism ( ! 7,gno/ics7 is ju/ifi$ by ?is t !y nev] speak ( virtue1 nev] /udy x1 give no def9ition ( x1 d n make out its k9ds1 & nev] repeat any?+ ( ! beautiful discussions !re( left to u by ! anci5t sages4 ,! 7,gno/ics7 nev] tell h[ "o c\ld acquire or pres]ve moral qualities1 h[ "o %\ld cultivate or purify ! s\l4#cgf ,_! precept1 ,contemplate ! div9ity1#cgg is useless if "o does n also tea* h[ ?is contemplation is to take place4 ,"o might ask ! 7,gno/ics7 if su* contemplation ( ! div9ity w\ld be h9d]$ by any lu/ or ang]8 ,:at w\ld h9d] "o f repeat+ ! "n ( ! div9ity1 :ile yield+ to ! dom9ation ( ! passions1 & do+ no?+ to repress !m8 ,virtue1 :5 p]fect$1 & by wisdom solidly e/abli%$ 9 ! s\l1 is :at %[s u ! div9ity4 ,)\t real virtue1 ,god is no m ?an a "n4 ,,scorn ,,( ,,?is ,,_w ,,is ,,no ,,gu>antee ,,( ,,goodness4 #af4 ,"o does n become a good man m]ely by scorn+ ! div9ities1 ! _w1 & ! beauties x conta9s4 ,scorn ( ! div9ities is ! *ief *>act]i/ic ( ! evil4 ,p]v]sity is nev] complete until scorn ( ! div9ities is rea*$2 & if a man 7 n o!rwise p]v]se1 ?is vice w\ld be suffici5t to make him su*4 ,! respect :i* ! 7,gno/ic7 pret5d to h = ! intelligible div9ities 7! aeons7 is an illogical accid5t4 ,= :5 "o loves a be+1 he loves all t atta*es !reto2 he ext5ds to ! *ildr5 ! affection = ! p>5t4 ,n[ e s\l is a daught] ( ! heav5ly ,fa!r4 ,! s\ls t preside ov] ! />s are intellectual1 good1 & clos] to ! div9ity ?an ours4 ,h[ c\ld ?is s5se-_w1 ) ! div9ities x conta9s1 be sep>at$ f ! intelligible _w8 ,we h already %[n above ! impossibility ( su* a sep>ation4 ,"h we insi/ t :5 "o scorns be+s s ne> to ^? t hold ! front rank1 x c only be t "o kn[s !m by "n only4 ,,to ,,except ,,c]ta9 ,,classes ,,( ,,be+ ,,f ,,div9e ,,c>e ,,is ,,to ,,%[ ,,call\sness ,,( ,,disposition4 ,h[ c\ld x ev] be consid]$ pi\s to claim t div9e ,provid5ce does n ext5d to s5se-objects1 or at lea/ int]e/s itself only 9 "s ( !m 7! spiritual m51 n ! psy*ical78 ,su* an ass]tion mu/ surely be illogical4 ,! 7,gno/ics7 claim t div9e ,provid5ce int]e/s itself only 9 !m4 ,0 ?is ! case :ile !y 7 liv+ on high1 or only s9ce !y live "h bel[8 ,9 ! fir/ case1 :y did !y desc5d onto ?is e>?8 ,9 ! second1 :y d !y rema9 "h bel[8 ,besides1 :y %\ld ! ,div9ity n be pres5t "h bel[ also8 ,o!rwise h[ c\ld ,he "k t ! 7,gno/ics71 :o are "h bel[1 h n =gott5 ,him1 & h n become p]v]se8 ,if ,he "k ^? t h n become p]v]se1 ,he mu/ also "k ^? :o h become p]v]se1 to di/+ui% ! =m] f ! latt]4 ,he mu/ !re=e be pres5t to all m51 & to ! entire _w1 9 "s mann] or o!r4 ,?us ! _w w p>ticipate 9 ! ,div9ity4 ,if ! ,div9ity depriv$ ! _w ( ,8 pres5ce1 ,he w\ld deprive y also !re(1 & y c\ld n say any?+ ( ,him or ( ! be+s bel[ ,him4 ,! _w c]ta9ly d]ives its exi/5ce f ,him :e!r ! div9ity protect y by ,8 provid5ce or ,8 help1 & :atev] be ! "n by :i* y ref] to ,him4 ,! _w nev] 0 depriv$ ( ! ,div9ity1 & nev] w be4 ,! _w has a bett] "r ?an any individuals to ! att5tions ( ,provid5ce1 & to p>ticipation 9 div9e p]fections4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true 9 respect to ! univ]sal ,s\l1 z is prov$ by ! exi/5ce & wise arrangem5t ( ! _w4 ,:i* ( ^! s pr\d individuals is z well arrang$1 & z wise z ! univ]se1 & c\ld ev5 ent] into su* a comp>ison )\t ridicule or absurdity8 ,inde$1 unless made m]ely 9 ! c\rse ( a discussion1 su* a comp>ison is really an impiety4 ,to d\bt su* tru?s is really ! *>act]i/ic ( a bl9d & s5seless man1 )\t exp]i5ce or reason1 & :o is s f> remov$ f k ( ! intelligible _w t he does n ev5 "k ! s5se-_w8 ,c\ld any musician :o _h once grasp$ ! intelligible h>monies he> t ( s5se-s\nds )\t pr(\nd emotion8 ,:at skilful geometrician or ari?metician w fail to enjoy symmetry1 ord] & proportion1 9 ! objects t meet 8 view8 ,?\gh _! eyes behold ! same objects z common p1 exp]ts see 9 !m diff]5t ?+s2 :51 = in/ance1 ) practic$ glance1 !y exam9e "s picture4 ,:5 recogniz+ 9 s5se-objects an image ( intelligible 7ess5ce71 !y are di/urb$ & rem9d$ ( g5u9e beauty3 t is ! orig9 ( love4#cgh ,"o rises to ! intelligible by see+ a %9+ image ( beauty gl[+ 9 a human face4 ,heavy & s5seless mu/ be t m9d :i* c\ld contemplate all ! visible beauties1 ?is h>mony1 & ?is impos+ arrangem5t1 ?is gr& panoramic view furni%$ by ! />s 9 spite ( _! di/ance1 )\t be+ /irr$ to en?usiasm1 & admiration ( _! spl5dor & magnific5ce4 ,he :o c fail to exp]i5ce su* feel+s mu/ h fail$ to obs]ve s5se-objects1 or "k ev5 less ! intelligible _w4 ,,gno/ics ,,ju/ify ,,_! ,,hate ,,( ,,! ,,body ,,by ,,plato2 ,,9 ,,?is ,,case ,,!y ,,%\ld ,,foll[ ,,him ,,also ,,9 ,,admiration ,,( ,,! ,,_w4 #ag4 ,"s 7,gno/ics7 object t !y hate ! body because ,plato#cgi compla9s mu* ( x1 z an ob/acle to ! s\l1 & z some?+ f> inf]ior to h]4 ,9 ?is case1 !y %\ld1 mak+ ab/raction ( ! body ( ! _w by ?\ght1 consid] ! re/2 t is1 ! intelligible sph]e :i* conta9s )9 x ! =m ( ! _w1 & !n ! incorporeal s\ls :i*1 9 p]fect ord]1 communicate greatness to matt] by model+ x 9 space accord+ to an intelligible model1 s t :at is begott5 might1 s f> z possible1 by its greatness1 equal ! indivisible nature ( its model2 = ! greatness ( s5se-mass "h bel[ corresponds to ! greatness ( intelligible p[]4 ,let ! 7,gno/ics7 !re=e consid] ! cele/ial sph]e1 :e!r !y conceive ( x z set 9 motion by ! div9e p[] t conta9s its pr9ciple1 middle & end1 or :e!r !y imag9e x z immovable1 & n yet ex]t+ its action on any ( ! ?+s x gov]ns by its revolution4 ,9 bo? ways !y w atta9 a prop] idea ( ! ,s\l t presides ov] ?is univ]se4 ,let !m !n conceive ( ?is s\l z unit$ to a body1 ?\gh rema9+ impassible1 & /ill communicat+ to ?is body s f> z ! latt] is capable ( p>ticipat+ !re91#chj "s ( its p]fections1 = ! div9ity is incapable ( jeal\sy4#cha ,!n !y w =m a prop] idea ( ! _w4 ,!y w und]/& h[ great is ! p[] ( ! ,s\l1 s9ce %e makes ! body p>ticipate 9 h] beauty to ! limit ( h] receptivity4 ,?is body has no beauty by nature1 b :5 7x is beautifi$ by ! ,s\l7 x entrances div9e s\ls4 ,,gno/ics ,,boa/ ,,( ,,lack ,,( ,,appreciation ,,( ,,beauty ,,already ,,recogniz$4 ,! 7,gno/ics7 pret5d t !y h no appreciation = ! beauty ( ! _w1 & t !y make no di/9ction betwe5 beautiful & ugly bodies4 ,9 ?is case !y %\ld n di/+ui% good f bad ta/e1 nor recognize beauty 9 ! sci5ces1 9 contemplation1 nor 9 ! div9ity itself2 = s5se-be+s possess beauty only by p>ticipation 9 fir/ pr9ciples4 ,if !y be n beautiful1 nei!r c\ld ^? fir/ pr9ciples be su*4 ,consequ5tly s5se-be+s are beautiful1 ?\gh less beautiful ?an intelligible be+s4 ,! scorn pr(ess$ by 7,gno/ics7 = s5se-beauty is praisewor?y en\gh if x ref] only to ! beauty ( wom5 & ( "y boys1 & if its only purpose be to lead to *a/ity4 ,b y may be sure t !y d n boa/ ( scorn+ :at is ugly1 !y only boa/ ( scorn+ :at !y _h at fir/ recogniz$ & lov$ z be+ beautiful4 ,,ev5 ,,ext]ior ,,or ,,p>tial ,,beauty ,,ne$ ,,n ,,conflict ,,) ,,! ,,beauty ,,( ,,! ,,univ]se2 ,,& ,,9 ,,any ,,case ,,!re ,,w\ld ,,be ,,no ,,evil ,,9 ,,x4 ,we mu/ fur!r obs]ve t x is n ! same beauty t is se5 9 ! p>ts & 9 ! :ole1 9 individuals & 9 ! univ]se2 t !re are beauties great en\gh 9 s5se-objects & 9 individuals1 = in/ance1 9 ! gu>dians1 to lead u to admire _! creator1 & to prove to u t !y inde$ are works ( 84 ,9 ?is way we may atta9 a conception ( ! unspeakable beauty ( ! univ]sal ,s\l1 if we d n atta* ourselves to s5se-objects1 & if1 )\t scorn+ !m1 we "k h[ to rise to intelligible entities4 ,if ! int]ior ( a s5se-be+ be beautiful1 we %all judge t x is 9 h>mony ) its ext]ior beauty4 ,if x be ugly we w consid] t x is inf]ior to its pr9ciple4 ,b x is impossible = a be+ really to be beautiful 9 its ext]ior :ile ugly )92 = ! ext]ior is beautiful only 9 s f> z x is dom9at$ by ! int]ior4#chb ,^? :o are call$ beautiful1 b :o are ugly )91 are ext]nally beautiful only deceptively4 ,9 contradiction to ^? :o claim t !re are m5 :o possess a beautiful body & an ugly s\l1 ,i insi/ t su* nev] exi/$1 & t x 0 a mi/ake to consid] !m beautiful4 ,if su* m5 7 ev] se51 _! int]ior ugl9ess 0 accid5tal1 & also _! s\l 01 by nature1 beautiful2 = we (t5 meet "h bel[ ob/acles :i* h9d] u f rea*+ our goal4 ,b ! univ]se _c by any ob/acle be h9d]$ f possess+ int]ior beauty 9 ! same way t x possesses ext]ior beauty4 ,! be+s to :om nature has n1 f ! beg9n+1 giv5 p]fection1 may inde$ n atta9 _! goal1 & consequ5tly may become p]v]t$2 b ! univ]se nev] 0 a *ild1 nor imp]fect2 x did n develop1 & receiv$ no physical increase4 ,su* a physical increase w\ld h be5 impossible inasmu* z x already possess$ ev]y?+4 ,nor c\ld we admit t its ,s\l _h ev]1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 ga9$ any increase4 ,b ev5 if ?is 7 grant$ to ! 7,gno/ics71 ?is c\ld n con/itute any evil4 ,,recognition ,,( ,,! ,,beauty ,,( ,,! ,,body ,,ne$ ,,n ,,imply ,,atta*m5t ,,!reto2 ,,x ,,is ,,compatible ,,) ,,resignation4 #ah4 7,gno/ics7 h[ev] might object t _! doctr9e inspir$ revulsion f1 & hate = ! body1 :ile 7t ( ,plot9os7 really atta*$ ! s\l to ! body 7by recognition ( its beauty74 ,h>dly4 ,we may illu/rate by two gue/s :o dwelt toge!r 9 a beautiful h\se4 ,! fir/ gue/ blam$ ! disposition ( ! plan1 & ! ar*itect :o con/ruct$ x1 b nev]!less rema9$ )9 x4 ,! o!r gue/1 in/ead ( blam+ ! ar*itect1 prais$ 8 skill1 & await$ ! "t :5 he might leave ?is h\se1 :5 he %\ld no long] ne$ x4 ,! fir/ gue/ w\ld ?9k himself wis] & bett] prep>$ to leave because he _h le>n$ to repeat t walls are compos$ ( lifeless /ones & beams1 & t ?is h\se 0 f> f truly repres5t+ ! intelligible h\se4 ,he w\ld h[ev] n "k t ! only diff]5ce obta9+ betwe5 him & 8 companion1 is t he did n "k h[ to support necess>y ?+s1 :ile 8 companion 7:o did n blame ! h\se7 w be able to leave x )\t regret because he lov$ /one-build+s only v mod]ately4 ,s long z we h a body we h to abide 9 ^! h\ses con/ruct$ by ! 7_w7 ,s\l1 :o is our b5efic5t si/]1 & :o _h ! p[] to d su* great ?+s )\t any ef=t4#chc ,,gno/ics ,,ackn[l$ge ,,k9%ip ,,) ,,deprav$ ,,m51 ,,b ,,refuse ,,x ,,to ,,! ,,beautiful ,,univ]se1 ,,( ,,:i* ,,we ,,%\ld ,,be ,,f> ,,pr\d]4 ,! ,gno/ics d n hesitate to call ! mo/ ab&on$ m5 _! bro!rs1 b refuse ?is "n to ! sun1 & ! o!r deities ( heav51 & to ! v ,s\l ( ! _w1 fools t !y are6 ,d\btless1 to unite ourselves ?us to ! />s by ! bonds ( k9dr$1 we mu/ no long] be p]v]se1 we mu/ h become good1 & in/ead ( be+ bodies1 we mu/ be s\ls 9 ^! bodies2 &1 s f> z possible1 we mu/ dwell )9 our bodies 9 ! same mann] z ! univ]sal ,s\l dwells )9 ! body ( ! univ]se4 ,to d ?is1 "o has to be firm1 n all[ oneself to be *>m$ by ! pleasures ( sight or he>+1 & to rema9 untr\bl$ by any rev]se4 ,! ,s\l ( ! _w is n tr\bl$ by any?+1 because %e is outside ( ! rea* ( all4 ,we1 h[ev]1 :o "h bel[ are expos$ to ! bl[s ( =tune1 mu/ repel !m by our virtue1 weak5+ "s1 & foil+ o!rs by our con/ancy & greatness ( s\l4#chd ,:5 we %all ?us h approa*$ ?is p[] :i* is out ( ! rea* 7( all exig5cies71 hav+ approa*$ ! ,s\l ( ! univ]se & ( ! />s1 we %all try to become h] image1 & ev5 to increase ?is resemblance to ! assimilation ( fusion4 ,!n1 hav+ be5 well dispos$ by nature & ex]cis$1 we also w contemplate :at ^! s\ls h be5 contemplat+ s9ce ! beg9n+4 ,we mu/ also rememb] t ! boa/ ( "s m5 t !y alone h ! privilege ( contemplat+ ! intelligible _w does n mean t !y really contemplate ?is _w any m ?an any o!r m54 ,,gno/ics ,,:o ,,boa/ ,,sup]iority ,,to ,,! ,,div9ities ,,:o ,,_c ,,leave ,,_! ,,bodies ,,are ,,9 ,,reality ,,ignorant ,,( ,,! ,,true ,,/ate ,,( ,,affairs4 ,va9ly also d "s 7,gno/ics7 boa/ ( hav+ to leave _! bodies :5 !y w h ceas$ to live1 :ile ?is is impossible to ! div9ities because !y always fill ! same function 9 heav54 ,!y speak ?us only because ( _! ignorance ( :at x is to be outside ( ! body1 & ( h[ ! univ]sal ,s\l 9 h] entirety wisely gov]ns :at is inanimate4 ,,! ,,jeal\s ,,di/9ction ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,spiritual1 ,,psy*ic ,,& ,,mat]ial ,,is ,,due ,,*iefly ,,to ,,ignorance ,,( ,,o!r ,,p',s ,,atta9m5ts4 ,we ourselves may v well n love ! body1 we may become pure1 scorn dea?1 & bo? recognize & foll[ spiritual ?+s t are sup]ior to e>?ly ?+s4 ,b on ?is acc\nt we %\ld n be jeal\s ( o!r m51 :o are n only capable ( foll[+ ! same goal1 b :o d con/antly pursue x4 ,let u n insi/ t !y are incapable ( do+ s4 ,let u n fall into ! same error z ^? :o d5y ! movem5t ( ! />s1 because _! s5ses %[ !m to rema9 immovable4 ,let u n act z d ! 7,gno/ics71 :o believe t ! nature ( ! />s does n see :at is ext]nal1 because !y !mselves d n see t _! own s\ls are outside4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,a ,/oic t]m4 #b ,z says ,p>m5ides1 v]se #hj4 #c ,cic]o1 ,tusc4 i4 #af2 ,nat4 ,deor4 i4 #a2 ,maxim4 ,tyr4 xvii4 #e4 #d ,z wa/age1 see #f4d1 #aj2 z ,num5ius might h said 9 #ab1 #bb4 #e ,z said ,num5ius fr4 #df4 #f ,see ,plato's ,timaeus #cg4 #g ,od4 xvii4 #dhf4 #h ,see v4 #c4e1 #f4 #i ,see v4 #c4aj4 #aj ,see v4 #c4h1 #i4 #aa ,see v4 #c4ab-ag4 #ab ,see v4 #e4ac4 #ac ,see ii4 #a4b4 #ad ii #a4a4 #ae ,ari/otle1 ,met4 v4 #d4 #af ,ari/otle1 ,met4 xii4 #b4 #ag ,ari/otle1 ,met4 vii4 #h4 #ah ,ari/otle1 de ,anima1 ii4 #e4 #ai ,ari/otle1 ,met4 xii4 #e4 #bj ,ari/otle1 ,met4 ix4 #h4 #ba ,ari/otle1 ,met4 ix4 #e4 #bb ,t is1 _! produc+ pot5tiality1 & n ! pot5tiality ( becom+ ^! ?+s1 z ?\ght ,ari/otle4 ,met4 ix4 #b4 #bc ,z ?\ght ,ari/otle1 ,s\l1 iii4 #g2 ,met4 xii4 #bd ,by ,plato 9 ! ,timaeus #eb4 #be ,see iv4 #f4 ,a polemic aga9/ ,ari/otle1 de ,anima ii4 #e1 & ! ,/oics1 ,clean!s1 ,sextus ,empiricus1 adv4 ,ma?4 vii4 #bhh1 & ,*rysippus1 ,diog4 ,la]t4 vii4 #ej4 #bf ,z ?\ght ,*rysippus1 ,diog4 ,la]t4 vii4 #aaa4 #bg ,see iv4 #f4 #bh ,see vi4 #f4af4 #bi ,see ii4 #f4b4 #cj ,plato1 9 8 ,pha$o #abg4 #ca ,see i4 #b4a4 #cb ,see i4 #b4a1 ! ,socratic def9ition4 #cc ,see i4 #a4b4d4 #cd ,see ii4 #e4b4 #ce ,see i4 #b4d4 #cf ,a t]m ( ,/oic psy*ology4 #cg ,see i4 #b4d4 #ch ,^! are ! s-call$ passions ( ! ,/oic ,*rysippus1 ,diog4 ,la]t4 vii4 #aaa4 #ci ,( ! ,/oic cont5tion1 ,t]t4 de ,anima1 #e4 #dj ,see i4 #a4ac4 #da ,z 0 taught by ,clean!s1 ,sext4 ,empir4 adv4 ,ma?4 vii4 #bhh4 #db ,see iii4 #f4c4 #dc ,or1 affections1 z we %all 9 ! future call !m1 9 ,engli%4 #dd ,see i4 #h4ae4 #de ,or1 bl9dly1 see iii4 #h4a-c2 iv4 #d4ac1 #ad4 #df ,see iii4 #f4c1 & i4 #a4ac4 #dg ,see iii4 #f4f4 #dh ,see i4 #d4h4 #di ,notice ?is ,num5ian "n = ! div9ity us$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,escoreal ,num5ius fragm5t4 #ej ,see iii4 #h4i4 #ea ,z ,plato ask$ 9 8 ,sophi/ #bdf2 ,cxi4 #beb4 #eb ,z ?\ght ,philo 9 ,leg4 ,alleg4 i4 #ec ,see ii4 #d4ae4 #ed ,see ii4 #e4c-e4 #ee ,see vi4 #b4 #ef ,see ii4 #d4aa4 #eg ,z ?\ght ,plato 9 ! ,timaeus #di-eb4 #eh ,see ii4 #e4e4 #ei de ,g54 et ,corr4 ii4 #b1 #c4 #fj ,z object$ ,ari/otle1 9 de ,g54 et ,corr4 i4 #g4 #fa ,see ii4 #g4a4 #fb iii4 #f4b4 #fc ,z ask$ ,ari/otle1 de ,g54 i4 #g4 #fd ,9 8 ,timaeus #ej4 #fe ,see iii #f4ab1 #ac4 #ff ,9 8 ,timaeus #ea4 #fg ,see ii4 #d4aa4 #fh ,9 8 ,timaeus #ea4 #fi ,9 8 ,timaeus #di4 #gj ,see iii4 #f4aa4 #ga ,z said ,plato1 9 8 ,timaeus #eb4 #gb ,see ii4 #h4ad4 #gc ,see iii4 #e4i4 #gd ,! my? ( ,p&ora1 see iv4 #c4ad4 #ge ,see iii4 #f4d4 #gf ,see iii4 #f4e1 #f4 #gg ,by a ba/>d reason+1 see ii4 #d4aj4 #gh ,see ii4 #d4i-ab4 #gi ,see iii4 #f4ab4 #hj ,see ii4 #g4b4 #ha ,see iii4 #f4ac4 #hb ,see ii4 #d4h4 #hc ,see ii4 #f4c4 #hd ,see ii4 #d4e4 #he ,see iii4 #d4f4 #hf ,x w\ld create ! magnitude t exi/s 9 matt]2 t is1 app>5t magnitude4 #hg ii4 #d4aa2 aga9/ ,mod]atus ( ,gades4 #hh ,see ii4 #d4aa4 #hi ,see iv4 #f4c4 #ij ,see ii4 #d4ab4 #ia ,t is1 intelligible be+4 #ib ,see iii4 #f4h4 #ic ,see ii4 #g4a4 #id ,z 0 sugge/$ by ,plato 9 ! ,timaeus #di-eb4 #ie ,z 0 sugge/$ by ,h]odotus1 ii4 #ea1 & ,cic]o1 de ,nat4 ,deor4 iii4 #bb4 #if ,t is1 ,cybele1 see v4 #a4g4 #ig ,! ,/oics4 #ih ,we h "h ano!r int]nal pro( ( ! rightness ( our pres5t *ronological ord] ( ,plot9os's ,enneads4 ,! my? ( ,p&ora occurs 9 iv4 #c4ad1 :i* foll[s ?is book4 #ii ,aga9/ ! ,mani*eans4 #ajj ,see vi4 #g4da4 #aja ,see i4 #a4ac4 #ajb ,9 t port ( ! ,philebus1 #bi2 ,c ii4 #cde4 #ajc ,z ?\ght ,plato1 9 ! ,pha$rus1 #bdf-bdh4 #ajd ,z 0 taught by ! ,mani*eans4 #aje ,z ?\ght ,cic]o1 ,tusculans1 i4 #bj2 & ,ari/otle1 de ,anima1 iii4 #a-c4 #ajf ,see ii4 #i4ah4 #ajg #db2 #fi4 #ajh #bfd2 ,c vi4 #dh4 #aji ,rep4 x4 ,c #bhg4 #aaj ,see iv4 #c4g4 #aaa ,see iv4 #c4f4 #aab ,see iv4 #c4f4 #aac ,g5]ative4 #aad ,see iii4 #b4af4 #aae ,9 ! s5se t x has no limits4 #aaf ,see iv4 #c4ae4 #aag ,z ?\ght ,x5ocrates & ,ari/otle1 de ,coelo1 i4 #aj4 #aah ,see iv4 #c4aj4 #aai ,philo1 de ,sommis1 ,m #fdh1 de ,mon>*ia1 ,m #bag4 #abj ,see iii4 #f4af1 #ag4 #aba ,z said ,num5ius1 fr4 #cb4 #abb ,z did ,discord1 9 ,hom]'s ,iliad1 iv4 #ddc4 #abc ,see ii4 #i4g4 #abd ,see v4 #g4a4 #abe ,see ii4 #c4g4 #abf ,plato1 ,rep4 x4 ,c #fag2 ,c x4 #bhf4 #abg ,see iv4 #d1 #bd1 #dj1 #dc2 iv4 #i4c4 #abh ,z 0 taught by ,him]ius2 see also ,plut>* & ,!mi/ius4 #abi ,z ,num5ius said1 fr4 #bf4c4 #acj ,9 8 ,timaeus1 #ce4 #aca ,z said ,num5ius1 fr4 #cb4 #acb ,see ,ari/otle1 ,plato's ,critias1 ,num5ius1 #cb1 & ,proclus4 #acc ,z ?\ght ,ari/otle1 de ,anima1 ii4 #a4d4 #acd ,9 8 ,timaeus1 #cd2 #cj4 #ace ,plato does j ! opposite4 #acf ,be+ ! p[] :i* directs ! animal f above1 see i4 #a4g4 #acg ,z ?\ght ,plato 9 ! ,timaeus1 #gc4 #ach iv4 #c4ac4 #aci ,z ?\ght ,plato 9 ! ,m5ex5us1 #bdh4 #adj ,z ,ari/otle ask$1 de ,memoria et ,rem94 #a4 #ada ,see i4 #a4aa4 #adb ,plato1 ,philebus1 ,c ii4 #cei4 #adc ,z ?\ght ,plato1 9 ! ,philebus1 ,c ii4 #ceg4 #add ,z ?\ght ,plato 9 8 ,philebus1 ,c ii4 #cfc4 #ade ,see i4 #a4ab2 iv4 #c4cb2 ! irrational s\l1 :i* is an image ( ! rational s\l1 is plung$ 9 ! d>kness ( s5se-life4 #adf ,z ?\ght ,plato 9 8 ,philebus1 ,c ii4 #cei4 #adg ,9 iv4 #c4bg4 #adh ,z ?\ght ,ari/otle1 de ,mem4 #a4 #adi ,z ?\ght ,ari/otle4 #aej ,z ?\ght ,ari/otle4 #aea ,see i4 #d4aj4 #aeb ,z ,num5ius said1 fr4 #cb4 #aec ,ano!r read+ is3 ,all p]ceptions belong to =ms :i* c r$uce to all ?+s4 ,b ?is does n connect ) ! next s5t5ce4 #aed ,accord+ to ,plato ,pha$rus1 #bdf2 ,c vi4 #dj1 & ,philebus1 #cj2 ,c ii4 #cdg4 #aee ,timaeus1 #cc4 #aef ,a pun on s*ma & s*sis4 #aeg ,z ?\ght ,ari/otle1 de ,g54 et ,corr4 ii4 #b-h4 #aeh ,rep4 x4 #fag2 ,c x4 #bhg2 see #b4c4i4 #aei ,rep4 x4 #afj ,accord+ to ,ari/otle4 #afa iv4 #d4bc4 #afb ,ari/otle1 de ,anima1 ii4 #g4 #afc ,see section #e4 #afd ,z ?\ght ,ari/otle1 de ,anim4 ii4 #g4 #afe ,z ,plato po9t$ out 9 8 ,m5o1 #hj4 #aff ,z ,plato tea*es4 #afg ,a mi/ak5 notion ( ,plato's1 !n common2 see ,mat?4 #f4bc4 #afh ,diog4 ,la]t4 vii4 #aeg4 #afi ,section #h4 #agj ,section #b4 #aga ,section #f4 #agb ,?is ,/oic !ory is set =? by ,diog5es ,la]tes 9 vii4 #aeg4 #agc ,z ?\ght ,ari/otle1 de ,anima1 ii4 #h4 #agd ,z ,ari/otle aga9 ?\ght4 #age ,z ?\ght ,ari/otle1 de ,g5]4 ,anim4 v4 #a4 #agf ,see iv4 #d4bi4 #agg ,?is book s\nds m ,num5ian or ,amelian1 ?an ! =m] ?ree1 :i* seem to h be5 writt5 to answ] que/ions ( ,porphyry's4 #agh ,see section #a-g4 #agi ,z ?\ght ,ari/otle 9 8 ,physics1 viii4 #ahj iv4 #c4aj4 #aha ,see ii4 #c4ac4 #ahb iii4 #f4f4 #ahc ,*ildr51 ^: m9ds are /ill weak1 & _c und]/& ! !ories ( speculative sci5ces exhibit$ by ,nic4 ,e?4 x4 #g4 #ahd ,?is upp] "p ( ! univ]sal ,s\l is ! pr9cipal p[] ( ! s\l2 see ii4 #c4ag4 #ahe ,see ii4 #c4ah4 #ahf ,9 8 ,pha$rus1 #bgb1 ,c>y1 #ge4 #ahg ,t is1 ! ess5ce ( ! kn[n object1 a pun on reason1 z 9 ii4 #f4b4 #ahh see iv4 #f4c4 #ahi ,:i* is ! visible =m2 see iii4 #h4a4 #aij ,z ?\ght ,plato1 ,banquet1 ,c>y1 #ca1 & ,ari/otle 9 ,ari/otle1 de ,anima1 ii4 #d4 #aia ,?is s\nds z if x 7 a quotation f ,num5ius1 ?\gh x does n appe> 9 ! latt]'s fragm5ts4 #aib ,see i4 #h4b4 #aic ,see v4 #a4d4 #aid ,see iii4 #g4b4 #aie ,see iii4 #g4aj4 #aif ,notice ! connection betwe5 ?is ?\ght & ii4 #e1 writt5 9 ! same p]iod ( 8 life2 see vi4 #h4ah4 #aig ,see iii4 #c4g & vi4 #h4ae4 #aih ,t is1 ! intelligible matt] ( ii4 #d4c4 #aii ,z ?\ght ,ari/otle1 9 ,nic4 ,e?4 i4 #g2 de ,anima1 ii4 #a4 #bjj ,see vi4 #h4af4 #bja vi4 #h4ae4 #bjb ,a pun on koros1 mean+ bo? fulness & son4 #bjc ,ano!r pro( ( ! *ronological ord]2 see #c4h4i4 #bjd ,cic]o1 ,orator #b2 ,s5eca1 ,controv]siae v4 #cf4 #bje ii4 #h4a4 #bjf ,see i4 #f4h4 #bjg i4 #f4b4 #bjh i4 #f4i4 #bji i4 #f4h4 #baj i4 #f4b4 #baa i4 #f4f4 #bab i4 #f4e4 #bac iii4 #e4f4 #bad ,z ?\ght ,plato1 9 ,pha$rus1 ,c>y1 #eh4 #bae ,pha$rus1 ,c>y1 #ei1 #fb2 ,num5ius1 #cb4 #baf ,see ii4 #b4a4 #bag ,9 ,sophocles ,o$ipus ,coloneus1 #acge2 a pun on d & dikn4 #bah ,a pun betwe5 sci5ce & k4 #bai ,9 8 ,pha$rus2 ,c>y1 #eh4 #bbj ,see v4 #a4h4 #bba ,see iv4 #d4aa1 #ab4 #bbb ,a pun on ! ^w mean+ =ms & /atues1 m5tion$ above4 #bbc ,su* z ,num5ius fr4 #bj4 #bbd ,pun on agalmata1 :i* has already done duty = /atues & =ms4 #bbe ,"h ,plot9os ref]s to ! hi]atic writ+1 :i* diff]$ f bo? ! hi]oglyphic & demotic4 #bbf ,see iii4 #b & #c4 #bbg ,see ii4 #i4ab2 iii4 #b4a4 #bbh ,9 8 ,pha$rus1 #bdf2 ,c>y1 #ee4 #bbi ,z 0 taught by ,cleom$es1 ,meteora viii1 & ,ptolemy1 ,almage/ i1 ,geogr4 i4 #g2 vii4 #e4 #bcj ,see i4 #f4i4 #bca ,9 8 ,timaeus1 #cg2 ,c>y1 c4 #ad4 #bcb ,see i4 #c4b2 i4 #f4h4 #bcc ,ref]r+ to ! ,gno/ics2 see ii4 #i4ag2 ?is is ano!r pro( ( ! *ronological ord]4 #bcd ,z propos$ 9 ii4 #i4ag4 #bce ,see i4 #h4ae4 #bcf ,z ?\ght ,plato 9 8 ,pha$rus2 ,c>y1 #ef4 #bcg ,! infra-cele/ial vault1 ( ,!odor ( ,as9e4 #bch ,z said ,plato1 9 8 ,pha$rus2 ,c>y1 #ei4 #bci ,see v4 #a4f4 #bdj ,gno/ics4 #bda ,pun on koros1 fulness1 or son4 #bdb ,or1 be+ satiat$ ) good ?+s4 #bdc ,see ,life ( ,plot9os1 #ah4 ,notice h[ well ! *ronological ord] works out4 ,! =m] book 7#ca7 & ! next 7#cc7 treat ( ! ,gno/ics1 :ile ?is book treats ( ! philosophical pr9ciple ( _! practical aspect4 ,besides1 x expla9s ! ,amelio-,porphyrian qu>rel4 ,l all o!r difficulties ( ! "t1 x 0 ab\t ,gno/icism1 & ,amelius's dismissal meant t ,plot9os reject$ ,egyptian ,gno/icism1 & ,num5ius's true position z a duali/ /&s reveal$2 b aft] ,porphyry's dep>ture1 ,plot9os h>k$ back to x4 #bdd ,we see "h an ass]tion ( ! /&po9t lat] ass]t$ by ,b]keley1 ,kant & ,hegel t ! m9d _c g outside itself1 & t consequ5tly x is ! measure ( all ?+s4 ,kant's ?+-9-itself1 a d$uction f ?is1 0 already discov]$ by ,plot9os 9 ! result ( ! ba/>d reason+ process1 :i* ,hegel call$ dialectic4 #bde ,see iii4 #f4a4 #bdf ,! ,kantian ?+-9-itself4 ,see ,porphyry1 ,pr9ciples ( ,intelligibles1 #cc4 #bdg ,see iii4 #f4a4 #bdh ,"h is a pun bas$ on doxa4 #bdi ,p>ade*om54 #bej ,doxa1 :i* is d]iv$ f de*e/hai1 to receive4 #bea ,we w\ld1 9 o!r words1 become pessimi/s4 #beb ,?is is ,philo's second>y div9ity1 p4 #bg1 ,gu?rie's ,message ( ,philo ,judaeus4 #bec ,t is1 ( ! ,intellig5ce & ( ! intelligible entities4 #bed ,:o is ! ,unity2 a ,num5ian conception1 fr4 #cf4 #bee ,a t]m rem9isc5t ( ! fam\s ,*ri/ian ,nic5e =mulation4 #bef ,t is we w =m a pair4 ,num5ius1 #ad1 also taught ! ,py?agorean pair or d\bl5ess4 #beg ,see vi4 #f4af4 #beh ,pun betwe5 ess5ces1 e9ai1 & "o1 or h5os4 #bei ,ousia4 #bfj ,notice ! two words = ess5ce4 ,plato ,cratylus1 #dbd2 ,c>y1 #hg4 #bfa ,z ,plato 9 8 ,cratylus sugge/s4 #bfb ,or1 ess5ce4 #bfc ,or1 ess5ce1 to be4 #bfd ,be+4 #bfe ,! goddess ,he/ia 9 ,greek1 or ,ve/a 9 ,lat92 b he/ia also meant a /&4 ,p4 #dja1 ,cratylus1 ,c>y1 #dj4 #bff ,see ,num5ius1 #fg1 #db4 #bfg ,see ii4 #i4a2 iii4 #i4i4 #bfh ,su* z ,num5ius1 #db1 & ,plut>*1 de ,isis et ,osiris1 ,fr4 ,tr4 #cha4 #bfi ,f a-polus4 #bgj ,see i4 #f4d2 iii4 #e4a4 #bga ,see v4 #e4a4 #bgb ,see i4 #f1 end4 #bgc ,pun betwe5 on & h54 #bgd ,see ,plato1 ,rep4 vi41 ,c>y1 #ac4 #bge ,m5tion$ 9 ,biography ( ,plot9os1 #af4 #bgf ,see vi4 #i4 ,ano!r pro( ( ! *ronological arrangem5t4 #bgg ,see v4 #f4 #bgh ,see v4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #f2 vi4 #g1 #i4 #bgi ,( ,by?os4 #bhj ,ennoia & ,!lesis4 #bha ,by di/+ui%+ )9 ea* ( !m pot5tiality & actualization1 ,num5ius1 #be1 multipli$ !m4 #bhb ,n\s1 & ,logos or ,a*amo?2 see ii4 #i4f4 #bhc ,! prophoric logos1 see i4 #b4c2 & ,philo4 de ,mosis ,vita #c4 #bhd ,see v4 #c4d4 #bhe ,see i4 #a4g4 #bhf ,?is is a m+l+ ( ,platonic & ,ari/otelic ?\ght1 see ,ravaisson1 ,essay on ! ,metaphysics ( ,ari/otle1 ii4 #djg4 #bhg ,:i* w\ld be nons5se2 ! ,gno/ics 7,val5t9us7 _h gone z f> z #cc aeons4 #bhh ,see ii4 #i4aa4 #bhi ,betwe5 ! s5se-_w1 & ! intelligible _w1 see iv4 #c4e-h2 v4 #b4c4 ,plot9os is foll[$ by ,jambli*us & ,damascius1 b ,proclus & ,h]mias d5i$ t ! s\l did n entirely ent] into ! body1 ,/obaeus1 ,ecl4 i4 #eb4 #bij ,see iv4 #c4ah2 iv4 #d4c4 #bia ,! intelligible _w4 #bib ,see iv4 #c4a-h2 iv4 #i4 #bic ,?us ,plot9os opposes ! ,gno/ic belief t ! _w 0 creat$1 & w p]i%4 #bid ,see ii4 #i1 #i1 #af4 #bie ,! ,gno/ic ,horos4 #bif ,z ,plato said ,pha$rus1 #bdf2 ,c>y1 #ee4 #big ,! ,gno/ic !ory ( creation by ! fall ( ,sophia & ,a*amo?4 #bih ,see ii4 #i4aa4 ,val5t9us h[ev] said only t ,a*amo? _h creat$ all ?+s 9 honor ( ! aeons2 only ! lat] !ologians held ?is view m5tion$ by ,plot9os4 #bii ,see i4 #b4a1 #b4 #cjj ,see ,i4 ,tim4 vi4 #bj1 #ba2 & ii4 #i4i4 #cja ,see ii4 #c4i4 #cjb ,see ii4 #a4d4 #cjc ,?is1 h[ev]1 is a mi/ake ( ,plot9os's1 z ! ,gno/ics held n ?is1 b t ! pneumatic or spiritual humans dwell on e>?1 & ! psy*ic 9 heav51 z ,b\illet rem>ks4 #cjd ,s t !y %\ld rema9 9 ! model in/ead ( desc5d+ "h bel[8 #cje ,by rema9+ 9 ! model1 in/ead ( desc5d+ "h bel[4 #cjf ,t is1 ! spiritual g]ms emanat+ f ! pl]ma4 #cjg ,plot9os "h treats z synonym\s new e>?1 reason ( ! _w1 model ( ! _w1 & =m ( ! _w2 b ,b\illet %[s t !re is reason to believe he 0 9 error 9 ! matt]4 #cjh ,f ! pl]ma1 ^: se$s ( election !y 71 & :i* n[ become to !m a =eign c\ntry4 #cji ,( ! aeons1 f :om s\ls1 z intelligible be+s1 _h emanat$4 #caj ,z 9 ! fam\s drama ( ,sophia & ,a*amo?4 #caa ,! unse5 place2 ! transmigrations ( ,basilides1 ,val5t9us1 ,c>pocrates1 & ! o!rs4 #cab ,p4 #ci4 ,c>y1 #ae4 #cac ,add$ to ,plato by ,plot9os4 #cad ,plot9os _h done s himself 7,intellig5ce1 & ! intelligible _w72 ,num5ius 7#be7 also did s4 #cae ,see iv4 #c4h1 #ae4 #caf ,su* z ,py?agoras & ,plato1 ,life ( ,plot4 #bc4 #cag ,see ii4 #i4ag4 #cah ,! doctr9e ( ! ,gno/ics4 #cai ,or1 g5]ations1 ! syzygies ( ! aeons1 see ,titus iii4 #i4 #cbj ii4 #i4ag4 #cba ,z 9 ! drama ( ! fall ( ,sophia & ,a*amo?4 #cbb ,see ii4 #a4a2 iii4 #b4a2 iv4 #c4i4 #cbc ,see i4 #b4 #cbd iv4 #c4 #cbe ,= ! desc5d+ s\ls ent] bodies already organiz$ by ! univ]sal ,s\l1 see iv4 #c4f2 ii4 #a4e2 ii4 #c4i2 ii4 #i4ah4 #cbf ,l[] "p1 see ii4 #a4e2 ii4 #c4e1 #ah4 #cbg ,see ii4 #a1 #c1 #d1 #e4 #cbh ,! fir/ bond is nature1 ! second is ! human s\l4 #cbi ,see ii4 #a4c4 #ccj ,t is1 ! />s1 ii4 #c4g-ac4 #cca ,see ii4 #i4e4 #ccb ,) ,plato's ,timaeus1 #bi1 ,c>y1 #i4 #ccc ,9 ! univ]sal ,s\l1 ii4 #c4af1 #ag4 #ccd ,by exi/+ & creat+1 see ii4 #e4b4 #cce ,see i4 #h4g1 = matt]4 #ccf ,see ii4 #i4c4 #ccg ,see ,philo1 de ,gigant4 i4 #cch ,see ii4 #b4a4 #cci ,see ii4 #c4i-ac4 #cdj ,see iv4 #h4 #cda ,see ii4 #c4i4 #cdb ,see i4 #d4h4 #cdc ,see i4 #b4 #cdd ,see i4 #d4g4 #cde ,see ii4 #c4ac4 #cdf ,see i4 #d4h4 #cdg ,see i4 #d4ad-af4 #cdh ,see ii4 #c4h1 #af4 #cdi ,see ii4 #c4i4 #cej ,see bel[4 #cea ,! />s1 see ii4 #c4i4 #ceb ,t is1 ,intellig5ce1 see i4 #h4b4 #cec ,! />s progno/icate ev5ts1 see ii4 #c4i4 #ced ,see i4 #b4 #cee ,to ! p]fect ,fa!r1 ,by?os1 ,ir5aeus1 ii4 #ah4 #cef ,see ,ir5aeus1 iii4 #ae4 #ceg ,see ii4 #i4af4 #ceh ,see ,ir5aeus4 i4 #ba4 #cei ,see ,ir5aeus1 iii4 #ae4 #cfj ,see i4 #a4ab4 #cfa ,?us id5tify+ ! reasonable s\l ) ,sophia1 & ! s\l ( gr[? & g5]ation ) ,a*amo?4 #cfb ,see ii4 #i4d4 #cfc ii4 #c4af4 #cfd ,or sem9al reasons1 ii4 #c4ac4 #cfe ,see iii4 #d4a4 #cff ,z wrote ,plato 9 8 second ,lett]1 #b1 #cab1 ,c>y1 #dhb4 #cfg ,j]emiah x4 #b4 #cfh ,p9d>1 ,olymp4 i4 #dc4 #cfi ,see ii4 #c4i4 #cgj ,see ii4 #c4g4 #cga ,see ii4 #c4g4 #cgb ,z ?\ght ,plato1 ,laws1 x1 p4 #hig1 ,cviii4 #bfe2 ,c>y1 ,c#h1 t evil is only negative4 #cgc ,see ,ir5aeus1 i4 #be4 #cgd ,see ,orig51 c4 ,cels4 i4 #bd4 #cge ,see i4 #b4 #cgf ,?is is1 h[ev]1 extreme1 z ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria h&s d[n helpful extracts f ,val5t9us1 ,/rom4 iv42 etc4 #cgg ,see ii4 #i4i #cgh ,see i4 #f4g4 #cgi ,9 8 ,pha$o1 pp4 #ff1 #fg2 ,c>y1 #bi-cb4 #chj ,t is1 accord+ to its receptivity4 #cha ,z ?\ght ,plato 9 ! ,timaeus1 p4 #bi2 ,c xi4 #aaj1 ,c>y1 #aj4 #chb ,by ! s\l t gives x =m1 see i4 #f4b4 #chc ,see iii4 #d4f2 v4 #a4b-f4 #chd ,see i4#d4h-ad4 #che ,?is 0 evid5tly a rebuke to ,amelius1 = 8 fai?fulness to ,num5ius2 & x is at ?is "t t ,amelius left ,plot9os4 #chf ,?is may ref] to ,num5ius's views1 see fr4 #bg b4 #aj4 #chg ,comp>e ,num5ius1 fr4 #fa1 #fb;a4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,punctuation & spell+ 7 made consi/5t :5 a pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0 f\nd 9 ?is f\r-volume set2 o!rwise !y 7 n *ang$4 ,simple typographical errors 7 correct$4 ,ambigu\s hyph5s at ! ends ( l9es 7 reta9$4 ,infrequ5t spell+ ( ,plot9us *ang$ to ! pr$om9ant ,plot9os4 ,sev]al op5+ or clos+ p>5!ses & quotation m>ks are unmat*$2 ,transcrib] has n attempt$ to det]m9e :]e !y belong4 ,?is f\r-volume set conta9s fifty-f\r ,books1 ea* ( :i* conta9s sev]al ,sections4 ,"s ( ! ,books gr\p ^? ,sections into sub-,*apt]s ^: head+s beg9 ) a lett]3 ,a41 ,b41 etc4 7see page #chg z an example74 ,9 ?is pla9 text v]sion ( ?is e,book1 ! ,sections & ! sub-,*apt]s are prec$$ by two blank l9es4 ,section head+s beg9n+ ) lett] enum]ations1 su* z ,a4 ,b4 ,c4 7 pr9t$ l>g] ?an normal ,section head+s4 ,page #cgg3 lation z 7=m7 p]haps %\ld be relation z 7=m72 un*ang$ "h4 ,page #chg3 two ord] ( ?+s p]haps %\ld be two ord]s ( ?+s4 ,page #dei3 :o is imag+ to "k probably %\ld be :o is imag9+ to "k4 ,page #dei3 ! op5+ p>5!sis 9 :i* 7! ,s\l h]self has no mat*+ clos+ p>5!sis2 x probably belongs aft] ,s\l4 ,page #dfg3 incorrect_/inconsi/5t s+le & d\ble quotation m>ks 9 ! foll[+ l9e h n be5 *ang$3 passion' & suff]+1 unless ! ^w suff]+' ,page #dgj3 ,:at 9 u 9 ! s\l's p]haps %\ld be ,:at 9 u is ! s\l's4 ,page #did3 9 ! s\rce1 ! la/ l9e1 :o assumes ! v>i\s poses sugge/$ by ! music1 0 out ( place2 no suitable place = x 0 f\nd1 s x has be5 remov$ = cont9uity & n[ appe>s only 9 ?is note4 ,page #ecj3 ! clos+ p>5!sis aft] p]ceiv$ object also is ! clos+ p>5!sis = ! phrase beg9n+ is ill-f\nd$4 ,!re are o!r in/ances 9 ?is f\r-volume set 9 :i* clos+ p>5!ses & quotation m>ks are %>$4 ,page #eee3 )9 y\rself !y y may p]haps %\ld be )9 y\rself !n y may4 ,page #fac3 a con/itution simil> t ( ea* probably %\ld be a con/itution simil> to t ( ea*4 ,footnote ,issues3 ,9 ^! notes1 an*or means ! ref]5ce to a footnote1 & footnote means ! in=mation to :i* ! an*or ref]s4 ,an*ors occur )9 ! ma9 text1 :ile footnotes are gr\p$ 9 sequ5ce at ! end ( ?is e,book4 ,! /ructure ( ! orig9al book requir$ two exceptions to ?is1 z expla9$ bel[4 ,! orig9al text us$ *apt] endnotes4 ,9 ?is e,book1 !y h be5 comb9$ into a s+le1 asc5d+ sequ5ce bas$ on ! sequ5ce 9 :i* ! footnotes occurr$ 9 ! orig9al book1 & plac$ at ! end ( ! e,book4 ,sev]al irregul>ities are expla9$ bel[4 #a4 ,"s footnotes are ref]5c$ by m ?an "o an*or1 s two or m an*ors may ref] to ! same footnote4 #b4 ,"s an*ors 7 out ( sequ5ce1 app>5tly because !y 7 add$ aft]w>ds or because !y are %>e a footnote ) ano!r an*or4 ,!y h be5 r5umb]$ to mat* ! numb]s ( ! footnotes to :i* !y ref]4 ,page #cdi3 ,footnote #af 7orig9ally #b7 has no an*or4 ,page #eig3 ,footnote #bea 7orig9ally #i7 has no an*or4