,,plot9os ,complete ,works ,9 ,*ronological ,ord]1 ,gr\p$ 9 ,f\r ,p]iods2 ,) ,,biography by ,,porphyry1 ,,eunapius1 ,,suidas1 ,,comm5t>y by ,,porphyry1 ,,illu/rations by ,,jambli*us ,,ammonius1 ,,/udies 9 ,s\rces1 ,developm5t1 ,influ5ce2 ,,index ( ,subjects1 ,?\ghts & ,words4 by ,,k5ne? ,,sylvan ,,gu?rie1 ,pr(essor 9 ,ext5sion1 ,univ]sity ( ! ,s\?1 ,sewanee2 ,a4,m41 ,sewanee1 & ,h>v>d2 ,ph4,d41 ,tulane1 & ,columbia4 ,m4,d41 ,m$ico-,*irurgical ,college1 ,philadelphia4 ,,comp>ative ,,lit]ature ,,press ,p4 ,o4 ,box #db1 ,,alp9e1 ,n4,j41 ,u4,s4,a4 ,copyright1 #aiah1 by ,k5ne? ,sylvan ,gu?rie4 ,all ,rights1 includ+ t ( ,translation1 ,res]v$4 ,ent]$ at ,/ation]s' ,hall1 by ,george ,bell & ,sons1 ,portugal ,/reet1 ,l9coln's ,inn1 ,london4 ,,plot9os ,complete ,works ,9 ,*ronological ,ord]1 ,gr\p$ 9 ,f\r ,p]iods2 ,) ,,biography by ,,porphyry1 ,,eunapius1 ,,suidas1 ,,comm5t>y by ,,porphyry1 ,,illu/rations by ,,jambli*us ,,ammonius1 ,,/udies 9 ,s\rces1 ,developm5t1 ,influ5ce2 ,,index ( ,subjects1 ,?\ghts & ,words4 by ,,k5ne? ,,sylvan ,,gu?rie1 ,pr(essor 9 ,ext5sion1 ,univ]sity ( ! ,s\?1 ,sewanee2 ,a4,m41 ,sewanee1 & ,h>v>d2 ,ph4,d41 ,tulane1 & ,columbia4 ,m4,d41 ,m$ico-,*irurgical ,college1 ,philadelphia4 ,,vol4 ,i ,biographies2 ,amelian ,books1 #a-ba4 ,,comp>ative ,,lit]ature ,,press ,p4 ,o4 ,box #db1 ,,alp9e1 ,n4,j41 ,u4,s4,a4 ,,=eword ,x is only ) mix$ feel+s t su* a "w c be publi%$4 ,ov]%ad[+ all is ! supreme duty to ! ,engli%-speak+ _w1 & second>ily to ! re/ ( humanity to re/ore to !m 9 an accessible =m _!1 till n[1 unexploit$ spiritual h]itage1 ) its flood ( light on ! orig9s ( _! favorite philosophy4 ,& !n comes ! contra/--! pitiful accompli%m5t4 ,nor c\ld x be o!rwise2 = !re are passages t nev] c be int]pret$ p]fectly2 moreov]1 ! writ] w\ld gladly h devot$ to x e o!r leisure mom5t ( 8 life--b t 0 impossible4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 he w\ld h made ?is translation at ! beg9n+ ( 8 life1 in/ead ( at its end1 _h x n be5 = a mi/ak5 s5se ( mode/y2 b z no "o (f]$ to d x1 he _h to d x himself4 ,if he _h done x e>li]1 8 ,philosophy ( ,plot9os w\ld h be5 a f> bett] "w4 ,inde$1 if x 0 n = ! difficulty & exp5se ( putt+ x out1 ! writ] w\ld n[ add to ! text an entirely new summ>y ( ,plot9os's views4 ,! fairly complete concordance1 h[ev]1 %\ld be ( s]vice to ! /ud5t1 & help to rectify ! late/ ,g]man summ>y ( ,plot9os1 t by ,drews1 :i* 9 its ef=t to furni% a f\ndation = ,h>tmann's philosophy ( ! unconsci\s1 neglect$ bo? orig9s & spiritual aspects4 ,h[ev]1 ! pres5t g5etic insight ( ,plot9os's developm5t %\ld make =ev] impossible t !ory ( ca/-iron coh]5ce1 :i* is nei!r hi/orical nor human4 ,! writ]1 hav+ no !sis su* z ,drews' to ju/ify1 w welcome all corrections & sugge/ions4 ,he regrets ! inevitable unc]ta9ties ( capitalization 7z betwe5 ! supreme ,"o1 ,intellig5ce ,_w-,s\l & ,daemon or gu>dian1 & ! l[] "o1 intellig5ce1 s\l & demon or gu>dian72 & any o!r inconsi/5cies ( :i* he may h be5 guilty2 & he besee*es ! mantle ( *>ity 9 view ( ! /up5d\sness ( ! und]tak+1 9 :i* he practically c\ld get no assi/ance ( any k9d1 & also 9 view ( ! almo/ insup]able difficulties ( 8 own c>e]4 ,he1 h[ev]1 begs to assure ! read] t he did ev]y?+ ad majorem ,dei gloriam4 ,,index4 ,,plot9os' ,,complete ,,works4 ,preface #a ,concordance ( ,enneads & ,*ronological ,numb]s #b ,concordance ( ,*ronological ,numb]s & ,enneads #c ,biography ( ,plot9os1 by ,porphyry #e ,biographies by ,eunapius & ,suidas #ci ,amelian ,books1 #a-ba #dj ,amelio-,porphyrian ,books1 #bb-bc #bhc ,porphyrian ,books1 #cd-de #fda ,eu/o*ian ,books1 #df-ed #ajag ,,plot9ic ,,/udies ,,9 ,,s\rces1 ,,developm5t ,,& ,,influ5ce4 #a4 ,developm5t 9 ! ,tea*+s ( ,plot9os #abfi #b4 ,platonism3 ,significance1 ,progress1 & ,results #abhh #c4 ,plot9os' ,view ( ,matt] #abif #d4 ,plot9os' ,creation ( ! ,tr9ity #acjj #e4 ,resemblances to ,*ri/ianity #acjg #f4 ,indebt$ness to ,num5ius #acac #g4 ,value ( ,plot9os #acbg ,concordance to ,plot9os i ,an outl9e ( ! doctr9es ( ,plot9os is publi%$ "u ! title ,! ,message ( ,plot9os4 ,,concordance ,,( ,,enneads ,,& ,,*ronological ,,numb]s i4#a #ec iii4#a #c v4#a #aj i4#b #ai iii4#b #dg v4#b #aa i4#c #bj iii4#c #dh v4#c #di i4#d #df iii4#d #ae v4#d #g i4#e #cf iii4#e #ej v4#e #cb i4#f #a iii4#f #bf v4#f #bd i4#g #ed iii4#g #de v4#g #ah i4#h #ea iii4#h #cj v4#h #ca i4#i #af iii4#i #ac v4#i #e ii4#a #dj iv4#a #d vi4#a #db ii4#b #ad iv4#b #ba vi4#b #dc ii4#c #eb iv4#c #bg vi4#c #dd ii4#d #ab iv4#d #bh vi4#d #bb ii4#e #be iv4#e #bi vi4#e #bc ii4#f #ag iv4#f #da vi4#f #cd ii4#g #cg iv4#g #b vi4#g #ch ii4#h #ce iv4#h #f vi4#h #ci ii4#i #cc iv4#i #h vi4#i #i ,,concordance ,,( ,,*ronological ,,numb]s ,,& ,,enneads #a i4#f #ai i4#b #cg ii4#g #b iv4#g #bj i4#c #ch vi4#g #c iii4#a #ba iv4#b #ci vi4#h #d iv4#a #bb vi4#d #dj ii4#a #e v4#i #bc vi4#e #da iv4#f #f iv4#h #bd v4#f #db vi4#a #g v4#d #be ii4#e #dc vi4#b #h iv4#i #bf iii4#f #dd vi4#c #i vi4#i #bg iv4#c #de iii4#g #aj v4#a #bh iv4#d #df i4#d #aa v4#b #bi iv4#e #dg iii4#b #ab ii4#d #cj iii4#h #dh iii4#c #ac iii4#i #ca v4#h #di v4#c #ad ii4#b #cb v4#e #ej iii4#e #ae iii4#d #cc ii4#i #ea i4#h #af i4#i #cd vi4#f #eb ii4#c #ag ii4#f #ce ii4#h #ec i4#a #ah v4#g #cf i4#e #ed i4#g ,life ( ,plot9os ,& ,ord] ( 8 ,writ+s ,by ,,porphyry4 7,writt5 :5 ab\t #gj ye>s ( age1 see #bc47 ,i4 ,,plot9os1 ,,l ,,porphyry1 ,,despis$ ,,8 ,,physical ,,nature1 ,,b ,a ,,picture ,,( ,,him ,,0 ,,secur$4 ,plot9os ! philosoph]1 :o liv$ rec5tly1 seem$ a%am$ ( hav+ a body4 ,consequ5tly he nev] spoke ( 8 family or home 7,lycopolis1 n[ ,sy\t1 9 ! ,!baid1 9 ,egypt74 ,he nev] w\ld p]mit anybody to p]petuate him 9 a portrait or /atue4 ,"o day t ,amelius#a begg$ him to all[ a pa9t+ to be made ( him1 he said1 ,is x n en\gh = me to h to c>ry ar\nd ?is image#b1 9 :i* nature has enclos$ u8 ,mu/ ,i besides transmit to po/]ity ! image ( ?is image z wor?y ( att5tion8 ,z ,amelius nev] succe$$ 9 gett+ ,plot9os to reconsid] 8 refusal1 & to cons5t to give a sitt+1 ,amelius begg$ 8 fri5d ,c>t]ius1 ! mo/ fam\s pa9t] ( ^? times1 to att5d ,plot9os's lectures1 :i* 7 free to all4 ,by d9t ( gaz+ at ,plot9os1 ,c>t]ius s fill$ 8 own imag9ation ) ,plot9os's features t he succe$$ 9 pa9t+ !m f memory4 ,by 8 advice1 ,amelius direct$ ,c>t]ius 9 ^! labors1 s t ?is portrait 0 a v good lik5ess4 ,all ?is occurr$ )\t ! k ( ,plot9os4 ,,ii4 ,,sickness ,,& ,,dea? ,,( ,,plot9os2 ,,8 ,,bir?day ,,unkn[n4 ,plot9os 0 subject to *ronic dige/ive disord]s2 nev]!less1 he nev] 0 will+ to take any rem$ies1 on ! plea t x 0 unwor?y ( a man ( 8 age to relieve himself by su* means4 ,nei!r did he ev] take any ( ! !n popul> wild animal rem$y1 because1 said he1 he did n ev5 eat ! fle% ( dome/ic animals1 let alone t ( savage ones4 ,he nev] ba!d1 cont5t+ himself1 ) daily massage at home4 ,b :5 at ! p]iod ( ! plague1 :i* 0 mo/ virul5t1#c ! man :o rubb$ him di$ ( x1 he gave up ! massage4 ,?is int]ruption 9 8 habits br\ght on him a *ronic qu9sy1 :i* nev] became v noticeable1 s long z ,i rema9$ ) him2 b aft] ,i left him1 x became aggravat$ to ! po9t t 8 voice1 =m]ly sonor\s & p[]ful1 became p]man5tly ho>se2 besides1 8 vision became di/urb$1 & ulc]s appe>$ on 8 h&s & feet4 ,all ?is ,i le>n$ on my return1 f my fri5d ,eu/o*ius1 :o rema9$ ) him until 8 end4 ,^! inconv5i5ces h9d]$ 8 fri5ds f see+ him z (t5 z !y us$ to d1 ?\gh he p]si/$ 9 8 =m] cu/om ( speak+ to ea* "o individually4 ,! only solution ( ?is difficulty 0 = him to leave ,rome4 ,he retir$ into ,campania1 on an e/ate t _h belong$ to ,ze?us1 "o ( 8 fri5ds :o _h di$ e>li]4 ,all he ne$$ 0 furni%$ by ! e/ate itself1 or 0 br\ght to him f ! e/ate at ,m9turnae1 own$ by ,ca/ricius 7au?or ( a ,comm5t>y on ,plato's ,p>m5ides1 to :om ,porphyry d$icat$ 8 treatise on ,veget>ianism74 ,eu/o*ius himself told me t he happ5$ to be at ,puzzoli at ! "t ( ,plot9os's dea?1 & t he 0 sl[ 9 rea*+ ! b$side ( ,plot9os4 ,! latt] !n said to him1 ,i h be5 wait+ = y2 ,i am try+ to unite :at is div9e 9 u#d to t :i* is div9e 9 ! univ]se4 ,!n a s]p5t1 :o happ5$ to be "u ,plot9os's dea?-b$ slipp$ into a hole 9 ! wall 7z happ5$ at ! dea? ( ,scipio ,africanus1 ,pl9y1 ,hi/4 ,nat4 xv4 #dd71 & ,plot9os brea!d 8 la/4 ,at t "t ,plot9os 0 #ff ye>s old 79 #bgj1 born 9 #bje71 accord+ to ! acc\nt ( ,eu/o*ius4 ,! emp]or ,claudius ,,ii 0 !n f9i%+ ! second ye> ( 8 reign4 ,i 0 at ,lilybaeum2 ,amelius 0 at ,apamaea 9 ,syria1 ,ca/ricius 9 ,rome1 & ,eu/o*ius alone 0 ) ,plot9os4 ,if we />t f ! second ye> ( ,claudius ,,ii & g back #ff ye>s1 we w f9d t ,plot9os's bir? falls 9 ! #ah? ye> ( ,septimus ,sev]us 7#bje74 ,he nev] w\ld tell ! mon? or day ( 8 bir?1 because he did n approve ( celebrat+ 8 bir?-day ei!r by sacrifices1 or banquets4 ,/ill he himself p]=m$ a sacrifice1 & ent]ta9$ 8 fri5ds on ! bir?-days ( ,plato & ,socrates2 & on ^? days ^? :o c\ld d x _h to write essays & read !m to ! assembl$ company4 ,,iii4 ,,plot9os',s ,,e>ly ,,education4 ,?is is z mu* z we le>n$ ab\t him dur+ v>i\s int]views ) him4 ,at eight ye>s ( age he 0 already "u in/ruction by a gramm>ian1 ?\gh ! habit ( uncov]+ 8 nurse's brea/ to suck h] milk1 ) avidity1 /ill clung to him4 ,"o day1 h[ev]1 %e s compla9$ ( 8 importunity t he became a%am$ ( himself1 & ceas$ do+ s4 ,at #bh ye>s ( age he devot$ himself entirely to philosophy4 ,he 0 introduc$ to ! tea*]s :o at t "t 7 ! mo/ fam\s 9 ,alex&ria4 ,he w\ld return f _! lectures sad & disc\rag$4 ,he communicat$ ! cause ( ?is grief to "o ( 8 fri5ds1 :o l$ him to ,ammonius1 ) :om ,plot9os 0 n acqua9t$4 ,z soon z he he>d ?is philosoph]1 he said to 8 fri5d1 ,?is is ! man ,i 0 look+ =6 ,f t day =w>ds he rema9$ close to ,ammonius4 ,s great a ta/e = philosophy did he develop1 t he made up 8 m9d to /udy t :i* 0 be+ taught among ! ,p]sians1 & among ! ,h9dus4 ,:5 emp]or ,gordian prep>$ himself = 8 exp$ition aga9/ ! ,p]sians1 ,plot9os1 !n #ci ye>s old1 foll[$ 9 ! wake ( ! army4 ,he _h sp5t betwe5 #aj to #aa ye>s ne> ,ammonius4 ,aft] ,gordian 0 kill$ 9 ,mesopotamia1 ,plot9os _h consid]able tr\ble sav+ himself at ,antio*4 ,he rea*$ ,rome :ile ,philip 0 emp]or1 & :5 he himself 0 #ej ye>s ( age4 ,,! ,,s*ool ,,( ,,ammonius4 ,h]5nius1 7! pagan7 ,orig51 & ,plot9os _h agre$ to keep secret ! tea*+s !y _h receiv$ f ,ammonius4 ,plot9os c>ri$ out 8 agreem5t4 ,h]5nius 0 ! fir/ "o to break x1 & ,orig5 foll[$ 8 example4 ,! latt] limit$ himself to writ+ a book entitl$1 ,( ,daemons2 &1 "u ! reign ( ,galli5us1 he wrote ano!r "o to prove t ,! ,emp]or alone is ! ,only ,poet 7if ! book 0 a flatt]y2 :i* is n likely4 ,!re=e x probably meant3 ,! ,k+ 7( ! univ]se1 t is1 ! div9e ,intellig5ce71 is ! only 'demiurgic' ,creator47 ,,plot9os ,,an ,,unsy/ematic ,,tea*]4 ,= a long p]iod ,plot9os did n write any?+4 ,he cont5t$ himself ) tea*+ orally :at he _h le>n$ f ,ammonius4 ,he ?us pass$ t5 :ole ye>s tea*+ a few pupils1 )\t committ+ any?+ to writ+4 ,h[ev]1 z he all[$ 8 pupils to "q him1 x (t5 happ5$ t 8 s*ool 0 disord]ly1 & t !re 7 useless discussions1 z ,i lat] he>d f ,amelius4 ,,amelius1 ,,plot9os',s ,,fir/ ,,secret>y4 ,amelius enroll$ himself among ! pupils ( ,plot9os dur+ ! ?ird ye> ( ,plot9os's /ay 9 ,rome1 :i* also 0 ! ?ird ye> ( ! reign ( ,claudius ,,ii1 t is1 #bd ye>s4 ,amelius orig9ally _h be5 a disciple ( ! ,/oic philosoph] ,lysima*us4#e ,amelius surpass$ all 8 fell[-pupils by 8 sy/ematic me?ods ( /udy4 ,he _h copi$1 ga!r$1 & almo/ knew by he>t all ! works ( ,num5ius4 ,he compos$ a hundr$ copy-books ( notes tak5 at ! c\rses ( ,plot9os1 & he gave !m z a pres5t to 8 adopt$ son1 ,ho/ilianus ,hesy*ius1 ( ,apamea4 7,fragm5ts ( ,amelius's writ+s are f\nd scatt]$ 9 ^? ( ,proclus1 ,/obaeus1 ,olympiodorus1 ,damascius1 & _m ( ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs47 ,,iv4 ,,h[ ,,porphyry ,,came ,,to ,,plot9os ,,= ,,! ,,fir/ ,,"t1 ,,9 #bec4 ,9 ! t5? ye> ( ! reign ( ,galli5us1 ,i 7!n be+ tw5ty ye>s ( age71 left ,greece & w5t to ,rome ) ,antonius ( ,rhodes4 ,i f\nd !re ,amelius1 :o _h be5 foll[+ ! c\rses ( ,plot9os = eighte5 ye>s4 ,he _h n yet d>$ to write any?+1 except a few books ( notes1 ( :i* !re 7 n yet z _m z a hundr$4 ,9 ?is t5? ye> ( ! reign ( ,galli5us1 ,plot9os 0 fifty-n9e ye>s old4 ,:5 ,i 7= ! second1 & m important "t7 jo9$ him1 ,i 0 ?irty ye>s ( age4 ,dur+ ! fir/ ye> ( ,galli5us1 ,plot9os began to write ^u "s topics ( pass+ int]e/1 & 9 ! t5? ye> ( ,galli5us1 :5 ,i visit$ him = ! fir/ "t1 he _h writt5 tw5ty-"o books1 :i* _h be5 circulat$ only among a v small numb] ( fri5ds4 ,!y 7 n giv5 out freely1 & x 0 n easy to g ?r\gh !m4 ,!y 7 communicat$ to /ud5ts only "u precaution>y measures1 & aft] ! judgm5t ( ^? :o receiv$ !m _h be5 c>efully te/$4 ,,plot9os',s ,,books ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,p]iod 7,,! ,,amelian ,,p]iod74 ,i %all m5tion ! books t ,plot9os _h already writt5 at t "t4 ,z he _h prefix$ no titles to !m1 sev]al p]sons gave !m diff]5t ones4 ,"h are ^? t h ass]t$ !mselves3 #a4 ,( ! ,beautiful4 i4 #f4 #b4 ,( ! ,immortality ( ! ,s\l4 iv4 #g4 #c4 ,( ,fate4 iii4 #a4 #d4 ,( ! ,nature ( ! ,s\l4 iv4 #a4 #e4 ,( ,intellig5ce1 ( ,ideas1 & ( ,exi/5ce4 v4 #i4 #f4 ,( ! ,desc5t ( ! ,s\l into ! ,body4 iv4 #h4 #g4 ,h[ does t :i* is ,po/]ior to ! ,fir/ ,proce$ f ,him8 ,( ! ,"o4 v4 #d4 #h4 ,d all ! ,s\ls =m b a ,s+le ,s\l8 iv4 #i4 #i4 ,( ! ,good1 or ( ! ,"o4 vi4 #i4 #aj4 ,( ! ,?ree ,pr9cipal ,hypo/atic ,=ms ( ,exi/5ce1 v4 #a4 #aa4 ,( ,g5]ation1 & ( ! ,ord] ( ,?+s aft] ! ,fir/1 v4 #b4 #ab4 7,( ! ,two7 ,matt]s1 7! ,s5sible & ,intelligible74 ii4 #d4 #ac4 ,v>i\s ,consid]ations1 iii4 #i4 #ad4 ,( ! 7,circul>7 ,motion ( ! ,heav5s4 ii4 #b4 #ae4 ,( ! ,daemon ,allott$ to ,u1 iii4 #d4 #af4 ,( 7,reasonable7 ,suicide1 i4 #i4 #ag4 ,( ,quality1 ii4 #f4 #ah4 ,are !re ,ideas ( ,individuals8 v4 #g4 #ai4 ,( ,virtues4 i4 #b4 #bj4 ,( ,dialectics4 i4 #c4 #ba4 7,h[ does ! ,s\l keep ! ,mean betwe5 ,indivisible ,nature & ,divisible ,nature87 iv4 #b4 ,^! tw5ty-"o books 7 already writt5 :5 ,i visit$ ,plot9os2 he 0 !n 9 ! fifty-n9? ye> ( 8 age4 ,v4 ,,h[ ,,porphyry ,,came ,,to ,,plot9os ,,= ,,! ,,second ,,"t 7,a4 ,d4 #bfc-bfi74 ,i rema9$ ) him ?is ye>1 & ! five foll[+ ones4 ,i _h already visit$ ,rome t5 ye>s previ\sly2 b at t "t ,plot9os sp5t 8 summ]s 9 vacation1 & cont5t$ himself ) in/ruct+ 8 visitors orally4 ,dur+ ! above-m5tion$ six ye>s1 z sev]al que/ions _h be5 cle>$ up 9 ! lectures ( ,plot9os1 & at ! urg5t reque/ ( ,amelius & myself t he write !m d[n1 he wrote two books to prove t ,,plot9os',s ,,books ,,( ,,! ,,second ,,p]iod 7,,! ,,porphyrian ,,p]iod74 #bb4 ,! ,"o & ,id5tical ,exi/5ce is ,ev]y:]e ,entire1 ,i1 vi4 #d4 #bc4 ,second ,"p ,!re(4 vi4 #e4 ,!n he wrote ! book entitl$3 #bd4 ,! ,sup]ess5tial ,transc5d5t ,pr9ciple ,does ,n ,?9k4 ,:i* is ! ,fir/ ,?9k+ ,pr9ciple8 ,& ,:i* is ! ,second8 v4 #f4 ,he also wrote ! foll[+ books3 #be4 ,( ,pot5tiality & ,actualization4 ii4 #e4 #bf4 ,( ! ,impassibility ( ,incorporeal ,entities4 iii4 #f4 #bg4 ,( ! ,s\l1 ,fir/ ,"p4 iv4 #c4 #bh4 ,( ! ,s\l1 ,second ,"p4 iv4 #d4 #bi4 7,( ! ,s\l1 ,?ird2 or1 ,h[ d ,we ,see87 iv4 #e4 #cj4 ,( ,contemplation4 iii4 #h4 #ca4 ,( ,intelligible ,beauty4 v4 #h4 #cb4 ,! ,intelligible ,entities are n ,outside ( ,intellig5ce4 ,( ,intellig5ce & ( ,s\l4 v4 #e4 #cc4 ,aga9/ ! ,gno/ics4 ii4 #i4 #cd4 ,( ,numb]s4 vi4 #f4 #ce4 ,:y d ,di/ant ,objects ,seem ,small8 ii4 #h4 #cf4 ,does ,happ9ess 7,consi/ 9 ,duration87 i4 #e4 #cg4 ,( ! ,mixture ) ,total ,p5etration4 ii4 #g4 #ch4 ,( ! ,multitude ( ,ideas2 ,( ! ,good4 vi4 #g4 #ci4 ,( ! ,w4 vi4 #h4 #dj4 7,( ! ,_w74 ii4 #a4 #da4 ,( ,s5sation1 & ( ,memory4 iv4 #f4 #db4 ,( ! ,k9ds ( ,exi/5ce1 ,fir/4 vi4 #a4 #dc4 ,( ! ,k9ds ( ,exi/5ce1 ,second4 vi4 #b4 #dd4 ,( ! ,k9ds ( ,exi/5ce1 ,?ird4 vi4 #c4 #de4 ,( ,et]nity & ,"t4 iii4 #g4 ,plot9os wrote ^! tw5ty-f\r books dur+ ! six ye>s ,i sp5t ) him2 z subjects he w\ld take ! problems t happ5$ to come up1 & :i* we h indicat$ by ! titles ( ^! books4 ,^! tw5ty-f\r books1 jo9$ to ! tw5ty-"o ,plot9os _h writt5 be=e ,i came to him1 make =ty-five4 ,,vi4 ,,plot9os',s ,,books ,,( ,,! ,,?ird ,,p]iod 7,,! ,,eu/o*ian ,,p]iod74 ,:ile ,i 0 9 ,sicily1 :]e ,i w5t 9 ! fifte5? ye> ( ! reign ( ,galli5us1 he wrote five new books t he s5t me3 #df4 ,( ,happ9ess4 i4 #d4 #dg4 ,( ,provid5ce1 ,fir/4 iii4 #b4 #dh4 ,( ,provid5ce1 ,second4 iii4 #c4 #di4 ,( ! ,hypo/ases t ,act z ,means ( ,k1 & ( ! ,transc5d5t4 v4 #c4 #ej4 ,( ,love4 iii4 #e4 ,^! books he s5t me 9 ! la/ ye> ( ! reign ( ,claudius ,,ii1 & at ! beg9n+ ( ! second4 ,%ortly be=e dy+1 he s5t me ! foll[+ f\r books3 #ea4 ,( ! ,nature ( ,evils4 i4 #h4 #eb4 ,( ! ,influ5ce ( ! ,/>s4 ii4 #c4 #ec4 ,:at is ! ,animal8 ,:at is ,man8 i4 #a4 #ed4 ,( ! ,fir/ ,good 7or1 ( ,happ9ess74 i4 #g4 ,^! n9e books1 ) ! =ty-five previ\sly writt51 make 9 all fifty-f\r4 ,"s 7 compos$ dur+ ! y\? ( ! au?or1 o!rs :5 9 8 bloom1 & f9ally ! la/1 :5 8 body 0 already s]i\sly weak5$2 & !y betray 8 condition :ile writ+ !m4 ,! tw5ty-"o fir/ books seem to indicate a _s :i* does n yet possess all its vigor & firmness4 ,^? t he wrote dur+ ! middle ( 8 life1 %[ t 8 g5ius 0 !n 9 its full =m4 ,^! tw5ty-f\r books may be consid]$ to be p]fect1 ) ! exception ( a few passages4 ,! la/ n9e are less p[]ful ?an ! o!rs2 & ( ^! n9e1 ! la/ f\r are ! weake/4 ,,vii4 ,,v>i\s ,,disciples ,,( ,,plot9os4 ,plot9os _h a great numb] ( auditors & disciples1 :o 7 attract$ to 8 c\rses by love ( philosophy4 ,among ?is numb] 0 ,amelius ( ,etruria1 ^: true "n 0 ,g5tilianus4 ,he did inde$ insi/ t 9 8 "n ! lett] l %\ld be replac$ by r1 s t 8 "n %\ld read ,am]ius1 f am]ia 7mean+ indivisibility1 ?\gh ,suidas /ates t x 0 d]iv$ f ! t[n ( ,am]ia1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,umbria71 & n ,amelius1 f amellia 7neglig5ce74 ,a v zeal\s disciple ( ,plot9os 0 a physician f ,scy?opolis 7or1 ,be?%ean1 9 ,pale/9e71 nam$ ,paul9us1 ^: m9d 0 full ( ill-dige/$ in=mation & :om ,amelius us$ to call ,mikkalos 7! t9y74 ,eu/o*ius ( ,alex&ria1 also a physician1 knew ,plot9os at ! end ( 8 life1 & rema9$ ) him until 8 dea?1 to c>e = him4 ,exclusively occupi$ ) ! tea*+s ( ,plot9os1 he himself became a g5u9e philosoph]4 ,zoticus1 also1 atta*$ himself to ,plot9os4 ,he 0 bo? critic & poet2 he correct$ ! works ( ,antima*us1 & beautifully v]sifi$ ! fable ( ! ,atlantidae4 ,8 sight gave out1 h[ev]1 & he di$ %ortly be=e ,plot9os4 ,paul9us also1 di$ be=e ,plot9os4 ,ze?us 0 "o ( ! disciples ( ,plot9os4 ,he 0 a native ( ,arabia1 & _h m>ri$ ! daught] ( ,!odosius1 fri5d ( ,ammonius4 ,he 0 a physician1 & mu* belov$ by ,plot9os1 :o s\ght to lead him to )draw f public affairs1 = :i* he _h consid]able aptitude2 & ) :i* he occupi$ himself ) zeal4 ,plot9os liv$ 9 v close relations ) him2 he ev5 retir$ to ! c\ntry e/ate ( ,ze?us1 di/ant six miles f ,m9turnae4 ,ca/ricius1 surnam$ ,firmus1 _h once own$ ?is e/ate4 ,nobody1 9 our times1 lov$ virtue m ?an ,firmus4 ,he held ,plot9os 9 ! deepe/ v5]ation4 ,he r5d]$ ,amelius ! same s]vices t might h be5 r5d]$ by a good s]vant1 he display$ = me ! att5tions natural t[>ds a bro!r4 ,nev]!less ?is man1 :o 0 s atta*$ to ,plot9os1 rema9$ engag$ 9 public affairs4 ,sev]al s5ators1 also1 came to li/5 to ,plot9os4 ,m>cellus1 ,orontius1 ,sab9illus & ,rogatianus appli$ !mselves1 "u ,plot9os1 to ! /udy ( philosophy4 ,! latt]1 :o also 0 a memb] ( ! s5ate1 _h s deta*$ himself f ! affairs ( life1 t he _h ab&on$ all 8 possessions1 dismiss$ all 8 att5dants1 & r5\nc$ all 8 dignities4 ,on be+ appo9t$ praetor1 at ! mom5t ( be+ inaugurat$1 :ile ! lictors 7 already wait+ = him1 he refus$ to sally =?1 & c>ry out any ( ! functions ( ?is dignity4 ,he ev5 fail$ to dwell 9 8 own h\se 7to avoid ne$less pomp72 he visit$ 8 fri5ds1 bo>d+ & sleep+ !re2 he took food only e o!r day2 & by ?is diet+1 aft] hav+ be5 afflict$ ) g\t to ! po9t ( hav+ to be c>ri$ ar\nd 9 a litt]1 he recov]$ 8 /r5g?1 & /ret*$ out 8 h&s z easily z any artisan1 ?\gh =m]ly 8 h&s _h be5 incapacitat$4 ,plot9os 0 v p>tial to him2 he us$ to praise him publicly1 & po9t$ him out z a model to all :o desir$ to become philosoph]s4 ,ano!r disciple ( ,plot9os 0 ,s]apion ( ,alex&ria4 ,at fir/ he _h be5 a rhetorician1 & only lat] appli$ himself to philosophy4 ,nev]!less he nev] 0 able to cure himself ( fondness = ri*es1 or usury4 ,me also1 ,porphyry1 a native ( ,tyre1 ,plot9os admitt$ to ! circle ( 8 intimate fri5ds1 & he *>g$ me to give ! f9al revision to 8 works4 ,,viii4 ,,p]sonal ,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,plot9os4 ,once ,plot9os _h writt5 some?+1 he c\ld nei!r ret\*1 nor ev5 re-read :at he _h done1 because 8 weak eyesight made any read+ v pa9ful4 ,8 p5man%ip 0 poor4 ,he did n sep>ate words1 & 8 spell+ 0 defective2 he 0 *iefly occupi$ ) ideas4 ,until 8 dea? he cont9u\sly p]si/$ 9 ?is habit1 :i* 0 = u all a subject ( surprise4 ,:5 he _h f9i%$ compos+ some?+ 9 8 head1 & :5 he !n wrote :at he _h m$itat$ on1 x seem$ z if he copi$ a book4 ,nei!r 9 conv]sation nor 9 discussion did he all[ himself to be di/ract$ f ! purpose ( 8 ?\ghts1 s t he 0 able at ! same "t to att5d to ! ne$s ( conv]sation1 :ile pursu+ ! m$itation ( ! subject :i* busi$ him4 ,:5 ! p]son :o _h be5 talk+ ) him w5t away1 he did n re-read :at he _h writt5 be=e ! int]ruption1 :i*1 z has be5 m5tion$ above1 0 to save 8 eyesight2 he c\ld1 lat] on1 take up ! ?read ( 8 composition z if ! conv]sation _h be5 no ob/acle to 8 att5tion4 ,he !re=e 0 able simultane\sly to live ) o!rs & ) himself4 ,he nev] seem$ to ne$ recup]ation f ?is int]ior att5tion1 :i* h>dly ceas$ dur+ 8 slumb]s1 :i*1 h[ev]1 7 tr\bl$ bo? by ! insuffici5cy ( food1 = sometimes he did n ev5 eat bread1 & by ?is cont9u\s conc5tration ( 8 m9d4 ,,ix4 ,,plot9os ,,z ,,gu>dian ,,& ,,arbitrator4 ,!re 7 wom5 :o 7 v mu* atta*$ to him4 ,!re 0 8 bo>d+ h\se keep] ,gem9a1 & h] daught]1 also call$ ,gem9a2 !re 0 also ,amphiclea1 wife ( ,ari/o1 son ( ,jambli*us1 all ?ree ( :om 7 v fond ( philosophy4 ,sev]al m5 & wom5 ( sub/ance1 be+ on ! po9t ( dea?1 entru/$ him ) _! boys & girls1 & all _! possessions1 z be+ an irreproa*able tru/ee2 & ! result 0 t 8 h\se 0 fill$ ) "y boys & girls4 ,among ^! 0 ,polemo1 :om ,plot9os educat$ c>efully2 & ,plot9os enjoy$ he>+ ,polemo recite orig9al v]ses 7874 ,he us$ to g ?r\gh ! acc\nts ( ! manag]s ) c>e1 & saw to _! economy2 he us$ to say t until ^! "y p devot$ !mselves entirely to philosophy1 _! possessions %\ld be pres]v$ intact1 & see t !y enjoy$ _! full incomes4 ,! obligation ( att5d+ to ! ne$s ( s _m w>ds did n1 h[ev]1 h9d] him f devot+ to intellectual conc]ns a cont9u\s att5tion dur+ ! nights4 ,8 disposition 0 g5tle1 & he 0 v approa*able by all :o dwelt ) him4 ,consequ5tly1 al?\gh he dwelt full tw5ty-six ye>s 9 ,rome1 & ?\gh he 0 (t5 *os5 z arbitrator 9 disputes1 nev] did he (f5d any public p]sonage4 ,x4 ,,h[ ,,plot9os ,,treat$ ,,8 ,,adv]s>y1 ,,olympius4 ,among ^? :o pret5d$ to be philosoph]s1 !re 0 a c]ta9 man nam$ ,olympius4 ,he liv$ 9 ,alex&ria1 & = "s "t _h be5 a disciple ( ,ammonius4 ,z he desir$ to succe$ bett] ?an ,plot9os1 he treat$ ,plot9os ) scorn1 & develop$ suffici5t p]sonal animosity aga9/ ,plot9os to try to bewit* him by magical op]ations4 ,h[ev]1 ,olympius notic$ t ?is ent]prise 0 really turn+ aga9/ himself1 & he ackn[l$g$ to 8 fri5ds t ! s\l ( ,plot9os mu/ be v p[]ful1 s9ce x 0 able to ?r[ back ^u 8 enemies ! evil practices direct$ aga9/ him4 ,! fir/ "t t ,olympius attempt$ to h>m him1 ,plot9os hav+ notic$ x1 said1 ,at ?is v mom5t ! body ( ,olympius is und]go+ convulsions1 & is contract+ l a purse4 ,z ,olympius sev]al times felt himself und]go+ ! v ills he 0 try+ to get ,plot9os to und]go1 he f9ally ceas$ 8 practices4 ,,homage ,,to ,,plot9os ,,f ,a ,,visit+ ,,egyptian ,,prie/4 ,plot9os %[$ a natural sup]iority to o!r m54 ,an ,egyptian prie/1 visit+ ,rome1 0 introduc$ to him by a mutual fri5d4 ,hav+ decid$ to %[ "s samples ( 8 my/ic atta9m5ts1 he begg$ ,plot9os to come & witness ! app>ition ( a famili> _s :o obey$ him on be+ evok$4 ,! evocation 0 to occur 9 a *apel ( ,isis1 z ! ,egyptian claim$ t he _h n be5 able to discov] any o!r place pure en\gh 9 ,rome4 ,he !re=e evok$ ,plot9os's gu>dian _s4 ,b in/ead ( ! _s appe>$ a div9ity ( an ord] sup]ior to t ( gu>dians1 :i* ev5t l$ ! ,egyptian to say to ,plot9os1 ,y are inde$ =tunate1 ,o ,plot9os1 t y\r gu>dian _s is a div9ity1 in/ead ( a be+ ( a l[] ord]4 ,! div9ity t appe>$ c\ld n be que/ion$ or se5 = z long a p]iod z !y w\ld h lik$1 z a fri5d :o 0 wat*+ ov] ! sacrific$ birds *ok$ !m1 ei!r out ( jeal\sy1 or fe>4 ,,plot9os',s ,,attitude ,,t[>ds ,,! ,,public ,,my/]ies4 ,z ,plot9os's gu>dian _s 0 a div9ity1 ,plot9os kept ! eyes ( 8 own _s direct$ on t div9e gu>dian4 ,t 0 ! motive ( 8 writ+ 8 book#f t be>s ! title ,( ! ,gu>dian ,allott$ to ,u4 ,9 x he tries to expla9 ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! v>i\s spirits t wat* ov] mank9d4 ,aurelius1 :o 0 v scrupul\s 9 8 sacrifices1 & :o c>efully celebrat$ ! ,fe/ivals ( ! ,new ,moon 7z ,num5ius us$ to d87 7on ! ,cal5ds ( ea* mon?71 "o day bes\ght ,plot9os to come & take "p 9 a function ( t k9d4 ,plot9os1 h[ev]1 answ]$ him1 ,x is ! bus9ess ( ^? div9ities to come & visit me1 & n m9e to att5d on !m4 ,we c\ld n und]/& :y he %\ld make an utt]ance t reveal$ s mu* pride1 b we d>$ n "q ! matt]4 ,,xi4 ,,plot9os ,,z ,,detective ,,& ,,z ,,prophet2 ,,porphyry ,,sav$ ,,f ,,suicide4 ,s p]fectly did he und]/& ! "* ( m51 & _! me?ods ( ?\ght1 t he c\ld discov] /ol5 objects1 & =esaw :at ^? :o resid$ ) him %\ld "s day become4 ,a magnific5t necklace _h be5 /ol5 f ,*ione1 an e/imable wid[1 :o resid$ ) him & ! *ildr5 7z matron874 ,all ! slaves 7 summon$1 & ,plot9os exam9$ !m all4 ,!n1 po9t+ out "o ( !m1 he said1 ,?is is ! culprit4 ,he 0 put to ! torture4 ,= a long :ile1 he d5i$ ! de$2 b lat] ackn[l$g$ x1 & return$ ! necklace4 ,plot9os us$ to pr$ict :at ea* ( ! "y p :o 7 9 t\* ) him 0 to become4 ,he insi/$ t ,polemo w\ld be dispos$ to amor\s relations1 & w\ld n live long2 :i* also occurr$4 ,z to me1 he notic$ t ,i 0 m$itat+ suicide4 ,he came & s\ght me1 9 8 h\se1 :]e ,i 0 /ay+4 ,he told me t ?is project indicat$ an uns\nd m9d1 & t x 0 ! result ( a melan*oly disposition4 ,he advis$ me to travel4 ,i obey$ him4 ,i w5t to ,sicily1#g to /udy "u ,probus1 a celebrat$ philosoph]1 :o dwelt 9 ,lilybaeum4 ,i 0 ?us cur$ ( ! desire to die2 b ,i 0 depriv$ ( ! happ9ess ( resid+ ) ,plot9os until 8 dea?4 ,,xii4 ,,! ,,project ,,( ,a ,,platonopolis ,,comes ,,to ,,naught4 ,! emp]or ,galli5us & ! empress ,salon9a1 8 wife1 held ,plot9os 9 high reg>d4 ,c\nt+ on _! good w1 he bes\ght !m to h a ru9$ t[n 9 ,campania rebuilt1 to give x ) all its t]ritory to him1 t its inhabitants might be rul$ by ! laws ( ,plato4 ,plot9os int5d$ to h x nam$ ,platonopolis1 & to g & reside !re ) 8 disciples4 ,?is reque/ w\ld easily h be5 grant$ b t "s ( ! emp]or's c\rti]s oppos$ ?is project1 ei!r f spite1 jeal\sy1 or o!r unwor?y motive4 ,,xiii4 ,,p]sonal ,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,plot9os',s ,,deliv]y4 ,9 8 lectures 8 deliv]y 0 v good2 he knew h[ to make imm$iate apposite replies4 ,nev]!less1 8 language 0 n correct4 ,= in/ance1 he us$ to say anamnemisketai = anamimnesketai2 & he made simil> blund]s 9 writ+4 ,b :5 he w\ld speak1 8 intellig5ce seem$ to %9e 9 8 face1 & to illum9ate x ) its rays4 ,he grew especially h&some 9 discussions2 a light dew ( p]spiration appe>$ on 8 =ehead1 g5tl5ess radiat$ 9 8 c\nt5ance1 he answ]$ k9dly1 b satisfactorily4 ,= ?ree days ,i _h to "q him1 to le>n f him 8 op9ions ab\t ! union ( ! body ) ! s\l2 he sp5t all t "t 9 expla9+ to me :at ,i want$ to "k4#h ,a c]ta9 ,?aumasius1 :o _h ent]$ into ! s*ool1 said t he want$ to take d[n ! argum5ts ( ! discussion 9 writ+1 & he> ,plot9os himself speak2 b t he w\ld n /& ,porphyry's answ]+ & que/ion+4 ,nev]!less1 answ]$ ,plot9os1 if ,porphyry does n1 by 8 que/ions1 br+ up ! difficulties t we %\ld solve 7notice1 9 ! c\rse ( ! ,enneads1 ! cont9ual objections71 we w\ld h no?+ to write4 ,,xiv4 ,,philosophical ,,relations ,,( ,,plot9os4 ,! /yle ( ,plot9os is vigor\s & sub/antial1 conta9+ m ?\ghts ?an words1 & is (t5 full ( en?usiasm & emotion4 ,he foll[s 8 own inspirations r ?an ideas transmitt$ by tradition4 ,! tea*+s ( ! ,/oics & ,p]ipatetics are secretly m+l$ among 8 works2 ! :ole ( ,ari/otle's ,metaphysics is !re9 cond5s$4 ,plot9os 0 fully up to ! times 9 geometry1 ari?metic1 me*anics1 optics & music1 al?\gh he did n take an ov]-we5+ int]e/ 9 ^! sci5ces4 ,at 8 lectures 7 read ! ,comm5t>ies ( ,sev]us1 ( ,cronius2#i ( ,num5ius1#aj ( ,gaius & ,atticus 7,platonic ,philosoph]s1 ! latt]1 sett+ =? ! diff]5ces betwe5 ,plato & ,ari/otle72#aa !re 7 also read+s ( ! works ( ! ,p]ipatetics1 ( ,aspasius1 ( ,alex&] 7( ,aphrodisia1 ^: !ory ( ,mixture 9 ! ,univ]se ,plot9os /udies sev]al times71 ( ,adra/us1 & o!r philosoph]s ( ! day4 ,none ( !m1 h[ev]1 0 exclusively admir$ by ,plot9os4 ,9 8 speculations he reveal$ an orig9al & indep5d5t disposition4 ,9 all 8 rese>*es he display$ ! _s ( ,ammonius4 ,he c\ld readily assimilate 7:at he read72 !n1 9 a few words1 he summ>iz$ ! ideas ar\s$ 9 him by pr(\nd m$itation !reon4 ,"o day ,long9us's book ,on ! ,pr9ciples1 & 8 ,on ,antiqu>ians 7 read4 ,plot9os said1 ,long9us is a lit]>y man1 b n a philosoph]4 ,orig5 7! ,pagan#ab7 once came among 8 audi5ce2 ,plot9os blu%$1 & />t$ to rise4 ,orig51 h[ev]1 bes\ght him to cont9ue4 ,plot9os1 h[ev]1 answ]$ t x 0 only natural = lectur]s to cease talk+ :5 !y 7 aw>e ( ! pres5ce1 9 ! audi5ce1 ( p :o already knew :at 0 to be said4 ,!n1 aft] hav+ spok5 a little long]1 he rose4 ,,xv4 ,,porphyry ,,e>n$ ,,recognition ,,at ,,! ,,s*ool ,,( ,,plot9os4 ,at a celebration ( ,plato's bir?day ,i 0 read+ a poem ab\t ! ,my/ic ,m>riage 7( ! ,s\l7 :5 somebody d\bt$ my sanity1 because x conta9$ bo? en?usiasm & my/icism4 ,plot9os spoke up1 & said to me1 l\d en\gh to be he>d by ev]ybody1 ,y h j prov$ to u t y are at ! same "t poet1 philosoph]1 & hi]ophant4 ,on ?is occasion ! rhetorician ,diophanes read an apology on ! utt]ances ( ,alcibiades 9 ,plato's ,banquet1 & he s\ght to prove t a disciple :o seeks to ex]cise himself 9 virtue %\ld %[ unlimit$ complaisance = 8 tea*]1 ev5 9 case ! latt] 7 9 love ) him4 ,plot9os rose sev]al times1 z if he want$ to leave ! assembly2 nev]!less1 he re/ra9$ himself1 & aft] ! audi5ce _h disp]s$1 he ask$ me to refute ! pap]4 ,z ,diophanes w\ld n communicate x to me1 ,i recall$ 8 argum5ts1 & refut$ !m2 & !n ,i read my pap] be=e ! same auditors z ^? :o _h he>d :at _h be5 said by ,diophanes4 ,i pleas$ ,plot9os s mu*1 t sev]al times he int]rupt$ me by ! words1 ,/rike t way1 & y w become ! light ( m56 ,:5 ,eubulus1 :o 0 tea*+ ,platonism at ,a!ns1 s5t to ,plot9os "s pap]s on ,platonic subjects1 ,plot9os _h !m giv5 to me to exam9e !m & report to him ab\t !m4 ,he also /udi$ ! laws ( a/ronomy1 b n z a ma!matician w\ld h done2 he c>efully /udi$ a/rology2 b realiz+ t no confid5ce c\ld be plac$ 9 its pr$ictions1 he took ! tr\ble to refute !m sev]al times1 9 8 "w4#ac ,,xvi4 ,,plot9os',s ,,polemic ,,aga9/ ,,! ,,gno/ics4 ,at t "t !re 7 _m ,*ri/ians1 among :om 7 prom95t sect>ians :o _h giv5 up ! anci5t philosophy 7( ,plato & ,py?agoras71 su* z ,adelphius & ,aquil9us4 ,!y e/eem$ & possess$ ! great] "p ( ! works ( ,alex&] ( ,lybia1 ( ,philocomus1 ( ,demo/rates & ( ,lydus4 ,!y adv]tis$ ! ,revelations ( ,zoroa/]1 ( ,zo/rian1 ( ,nico!us1 ( ,allog5es1 ( ,mesus1 & ( sev]al o!rs4 ,^! sect>ians deceiv$ a great numb] ( p1 & ev5 deceiv$ !mselves1 insi/+ t ,plato _h n exhau/$ ! dep?s ( intelligible be+1 or ess5ce4 ,t is :y ,plot9os refut$ !m at l5g? 9 8 lectures1 & wrote ! book t we h nam$ ,aga9/ ! ,gno/ics4 ,! re/ 7( _! books7 he left me to inve/igate4 ,amelius wrote z mu* z =ty books to refute ! "w ( ,zo/rian2 & z to me1 ,i demon/rat$ by num]\s pro(s t ?is alleg$ ,zoroa/rian book 0 apocryphal1 & _h only rec5tly be5 writt5 by ^? ( t ilk :o wi%$ to make p believe t _! doctr9es _h be5 taught by ,zoroa/]4 ,,xvii4 ,,/>t ,,( ,,! ,,amelio-,,porphyrian ,,controv]sy1 ,,ov] ,,num5ius4 ,! ,greeks insi/$ t ,plot9os _h appropriat$ ! tea*+s ( ,num5ius4 ,trypho1 :o 0 bo? a ,/oic & a ,platoni/1 insi/$ on ?is to ,amelius1 :o wrote a book t we h entitl$1 ,on ! ,diff]5ce ,betwe5 ! ,tea*+s ( ,plot9os & ,num5ius4 ,he d$icat$ x to me "u ! title1 ,to ,basil 7! ,k+1 rec5tly us$ z a "n1 ,royal74 ,t 0 my "n be=e ,i 0 call$ ,porphyry1 ! ,purple ,"o4 ,9 my own home language 7,pho5ician7 ,i us$ to be call$ ,mal*us2 t 0 my fa!r's "n1 & 9 ,greek ,mal*us is translat$ by ,basileus 7,basil1 or ,k+74 ,inde$1 ,long9us1 :o d$icat$ 8 book ,on ,in/9ct to ,cleodamus1 & me jo9tly1 !re calls me ,mal*us2 & ,amelius has translat$ ?is "n 9 ,greek1 j z ,num5ius translat$ ,maximus 7f ,lat9 into ,greek by7 ,megaos 7! great "o74 7,i w quote ! lett] 9 full74 ,greet+s f ,amelius to ,basil 7,royal1 or ,purple ,"o73 ,y may be sure t ,i did n h ! lea/ incl9ation ev5 to m5tion "s o!rwise respectable p :o1 to ! po9t ( deaf5+ y1 insi/ t ! doctr9es ( our fri5d 7,plot9os7 are none o!r ?an ^? ( ,num5ius ( ,apamea4 ,x is evid5t en\gh t ^! reproa*es are entirely due to _! desire to adv]tise _! oratorical abilities4 ,possess$ ) ! desire to r5d ,plot9os to pieces1 !y d>e to g z f> z to ass]t t he is no m ?an a babbl]1 a =g]1 & t 8 op9ions are impossible4 ,b s9ce y ?9k t x w\ld be well = u to seize ! occasion to recall to ! public ! tea*+s ( :i* we approve 79 ,plot9os's sy/em ( philosophy71 & 9 ord] to honor s great a man z our fri5d ,plot9os by spread+ 8 tea*+s--al?\gh ?is really is ne$less1 inasmu* z !y h long s9ce become celebrat$--,i comply ) y\r reque/1 &1 9 accordance ) my promise1 ,i am h]eby inscrib+ to y ?is "w :i*1 z y well "k1 ,i ?rew toge!r 9 ?ree days4 ,y w n f9d 9 x t sy/em & judici\sness natural to a book compos$ ) c>e2 !y are only reflections sugge/$ by ! lectures 7receiv$ f ,plot9os71 & arrang$ z !y happ5$ to come to m9d4 ,i1 !re=e1 ?r[ myself on y\r indulg5ce1 especially z ! ?\ght ( 7,plot9os1 t7 philosoph] :om "s p are sl&]+ to u1 is n easy to grasp1 because he expresses ! same ideas 9 diff]5t mann]s 9 accordance ) ! exig5cies ( ! occasion4 ,i am sure y w h ! goodness to correct me1 if ,i happ5 to /ray f ! op9ions ( ,plot9os4 ,z ! tragic poet says some:]e1 be+ ov]:elm$ ) ! pressure ( duties1 ,i f9d myself compell$ to submit to criticism & correction if ,i am discov]$ 9 alt]+ ! doctr9es ( our lead]4 ,y see h[ anxi\s ,i am to please y4 ,f>ewell6 ,,xviii4 ,,polemic ,,betwe5 ,,amelius ,,& ,,porphyry2 ,,amelius ,,tea*es ,,porphyry4 ,i h quot$ ?is lett] 9 full to %[ t1 ev5 9 ! times ( ,plot9os himself1 x 0 claim$ t ,plot9os _h borr[$ & adv]tis$ z 8 own tea*+s ( ,num5ius2 also t he 0 call$ a trifl]1 & 9 %ort t he 0 scorn$--:i* happ5$ *iefly because he 0 n und]/ood4 ,plot9os 0 f> f ! display & vanity ( ! ,sophi/s4 ,:5 lectur+1 he seem$ to be hold+ a conv]sation ) 8 pupils4 ,he did n try to conv9ce y by a =mal argum5t4 ,?is ,i realiz$ f ! fir/1 :5 att5d+ 8 c\rses4 ,i wi%$ to make him expla9 himself m cle>ly by writ+ aga9/ him a "w to prove t ! intelligible entities subsi/ outside ( intellig5ce4#ad ,plot9os _h ,amelius read x to him2 & aft] ! read+ he laugh+ly said to him1 ,x w\ld be well = y to solve ^! difficulties t ,porphyry has advanc$ aga9/ me1 because he does n cle>ly und]/& my tea*+s4 ,amelius inde$ wrote a r volum9\s "w to answ] my objections4#ae ,9 turn1 ,i respond$4 ,amelius wrote aga94 ,?is ?ird "w at la/ made me und]/&1 b n )\t difficulty1 ! ?\ght ( ,plot9os2 & ,i *ang$ my views1 read+ my retraction at a meet+4 ,s9ce t "t1 ,i h _h complete confid5ce 9 ! tea*+s ( ,plot9os4 ,i begg$ him to poli% 8 writ+s1 & to expla9 8 sy/em to me m at l5g?4 ,i also prevail$ ^u ,amelius to write "s works4 ,,xix4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,works ,,( ,,plot9os ,,7 ,,put ,,into ,,%ape4 ,y may judge ( ! high op9ion ( ,plot9os held by ,long9us1 f a "p ( a lett] he address$ to me4 ,i 0 9 ,sicily2 he wi%$ me to visit him 9 ,pho5icia1 & desir$ me to br+ him a copy ( ! works ( t philosoph]4 ,?is is :at he wrote to me ab\t ! matt]3 ,please s5d me ! works2 or r1 br+ !m ) y2 = ,i %all nev] cease begg+ y to travel 9 ?is "o ( all o!r c\ntries1 7 x only because ( our anci5t fri5d%ip1 & ( ! sweetness ( ! air1 :i* w\ld s well suit y\r ru9$ heal?2#af = y mu/ n expect to f9d any new k "h :5 y visit u4 ,:atev] y\r expectations may be1 d n expect to f9d any?+ new "h1 nor ev5 ! anci5t works 7( myself1 ,long9us87 t y say are lo/4 ,!re is su* a sc>city ( copyi/s "h1 t s9ce ,i h be5 "h ,i h h>dly be5 able to get :at ,i lack$ ( ,plot9os "h1 by induc+ my copyi/ to ab&on 8 usual occupations to devote himself exclusively to ?is "w4 ,n[ t ,i h ^? works ( ,plot9os y s5t me1 ,i ?9k ,i h !m all2 b ^! t ,i h are imp]fect1 be+ full ( errors4 ,i _h suppos$ t our fri5d ,amelius _h correct$ ! errors ( ! copyi/2 b 8 occupations h be5 too press+ to all[ ( 8 att5d+ to ?is4 ,h[ev] passionately ,i desire to exam9e :at ,plot9os has writt5 ab\t ! s\l1 & ab\t exi/5ce1 ,i d n "k :at use to make ( 8 writ+s2 ^! are precisely ^? ( 8 works t h be5 mo/ mis-writt5 by ! copyi/s4 ,t is :y ,i wi% y w\ld s5d !m to me transcrib$ exactly2 ,i w\ld comp>e ! copies & return !m promptly4 ,i repeat t ,i beg y n to s5d !m1 b to br+ !m y\rself ) ! o!r works ( ,plot9os1 :i* might h escap$ ,amelius4 ,all ^? he br\ght "h ,i h _h transcrib$ exactly2 = :y %\ld ,i n mo/ zeal\sly seek works s preci\s8 ,i h (t5 told y1 bo? :5 we 7 toge!r1 & ap>t1 & :5 y 7 at ,tyre1 t ,plot9os's works conta9$ reason+s ( :i* ,i did n approve1 b t ,i lik$ & admir$ 8 me?od ( writ+2 8 concise & =ceful /yle1 & ! g5u9ely philosophical arrangem5t ( 8 discussions4 ,i am p]suad$ t ^? :o seek ! tru? mu/ place ! works ( ,plot9os among ! mo/ le>n$4 ,,xx4 ,,op9ion ,,( ,,long9us1 ,,! ,,great ,,critic1 ,,ab\t ,,plot9os4 ,i h made ?is r long quotation only to %[ :at 0 ?\ght ( ,plot9os by ! greate/ critic ( our days1 ! man :o _h exam9$ all ! works ( 8 "t4 ,at fir/ ,long9us _h scorn$ ,plot9os1 because he _h reli$ on ! reports ( p ignorant 7( philosophy74 ,moreov]1 ,long9us suppos$ t ! copy ( ! works ( ,plot9os he _h receiv$ f ,amelius 0 defective1 because he 0 n yet accu/om$ to ! /yle ( ,plot9os4 ,nev]!less1 if any "o _h ! works ( ,plot9os 9 _! purity1 x 0 c]ta9ly ,amelius1 :o possess$ a copy made ^u ! orig9als !mselves4 ,i w fur!r add :at 0 writt5 by ,long9us ab\t ,plot9os1 ,amelius1 & ! o!r philosoph]s ( 8 "t1 s t ! read] may bett] appreciate ?is great critic's high op9ion ( !m4 ,?is book1 direct$ aga9/ ,plot9os & ,g5tilianus ,amelius1 is entitl$ ,( ! ,limit 7( ,good & ,evil87 & beg9s z foll[s3 ,!re 71 ,o ,m>cellus ,orontius#ag _m philosoph]s 9 our "t1 & especially 9 ! fir/ ye>s ( our *ildhood--= x is useless to compla9 ( _! r>ity at ! pres5t2 b :5 ,i 0 /ill a y\?1 !re 7 /ill a r goodly numb] ( m5 celebrat$ z philosoph]s4 ,i 0 =tunate en\gh to get acqua9t$ ) all ( !m1 because ,i travel$ e>ly ) our p>5ts 9 _m c\ntries4 ,visit+ _m nations & t[ns1 ,i ent]$ into p]sonal relations ) su* ( ^! m5 z 7 /ill alive4 ,among ^! philosoph]s1 "s committ$ _! tea*+s to writ+s1 ) ! purpose ( be+ useful to po/]ity1 :ile o!rs ?\ght t x 0 suffici5t = !m to expla9 _! op9ions to _! disciples4 ,among ! =m] are ! ,platoni/s ,euclides1 ,democritus 7:o wrote ,comm5t>ies on ! ,alcibiades1 on ! ,pha$o1 & on ! ,metaphysics ( ,ari/otle71 ,procl9us1 :o dwelt 9 ! ,troad1 ,plot9os & 8 disciple ,g5tilianus ,amelius1 :o are at pres5t tea*+ at ,rome2 ! ,/oics ,!mi/ocles1 ,phebion1 & bo? ,annius & ,m$ius1 :o 7 mu* talk$ ( only rec5tly1 & ! ,p]ipatetician ,heliodorus ( ,alex&ria4 ,among ^? :o did n write _! tea*+s are ! ,platoni/s ,ammonius 7,saccas7 & 7! pagan7 ,orig51#ah :o liv$ ) him = a long :ile1 & :o excell$ among ! philosoph]s ( t p]iod2 also ,!odotus & ,eubulus1 :o taught at ,a!ns4 ,( c\rse1 !y did write a little2 ,orig51 = in/ance1 wrote ab\t ,! ,gu>dian ,spirits2 & ,eubulus wrote ,comm5t>ies on ! ,philebus1 & on ! ,gorgias1 & ,obs]vations on ,ari/otle's ,objections aga9/ ,plato's ,republic4 ,h[ev]1 ^! works are n consid]able en\gh to rank _! au?ors among ^? :o h s]i\sly treat$ ( philosophy2 = ^! little works 7 by !m writt5 only incid5tally1 & !y did n make writ+ _! pr9cipal occupation4 ,! ,/oics ,h]m9us1 ,lysima*us1#ai ,a!naeus & ,musonius 7au?or ( ,memorable ,ev5ts1 translat$ 9 ,greek by ,claudius ,pollio71 :o liv$ at ,a!ns4 ,! ,p]ipateticians ,ammonius & ,ptolemy1 :o 7 ! mo/ le>n$ ( _! contempor>ies1 especially ,ammonius1 ^: erudition 0 unequall$1 none ( ^! philosoph]s wrote any important "w2 !y limit$ !mselves to writ+ poems1 or fe/al orations1 :i* h be5 pres]v$ 9 spite ( !m4 ,i d\bt v mu* t !y wi%$ to be kn[n by po/]ity m]ely by books s small 7& unrepres5tative71 s9ce !y _h neglect$ to acqua9t u ) _! tea*+s 9 m significant works4 ,among ^? :o h left writt5 works1 "s h done no m ?an ga!r or transcribe :at has be5 left to u f ! anci5t 7philosoph]s72 among ^! are ,euclides1 ,democritus & ,procl9us4 ,o!rs limit$ !mselves to recall+ "s details extract$ f anci5t hi/ories1 & !y tri$ to compose books ) ! same mat]ials z _! pr$ecessors1 z did ,annius1 ,m$ius1 & ,phebio2 ! latt] "o try+ to make himself fam\s by /yle1 r ?an by ?\ght4 ,to ^! we might add ,heliodorus1 :o has put 9 8 writ+s no?+ t _h n be5 said by ! anci5ts1 )\t add+ any philosophical explanation4 ,b ,plot9os & ,g5tilianus ,amelius1 h %[n t !y really made a pr(ession ( be+ writ]s1 bo? by ! great numb] ( que/ions !y treat$1 & by ! orig9ality ( _! doctr9es4 ,plot9os expla9$ ! pr9ciples ( ,py?agoras & ,plato m cle>ly ?an 8 pr$ecessors2 = nei!r ,num5ius1 nor ,cronius1 nor ,mod]atus1#bj nor ,?rasyllus1#ba come any:]e ne> ! precision ( ,plot9os :5 !y t\* on ! same topics4 ,amelius tri$ to foll[ 9 8 foot/eps1 & adopt$ ! great] "p ( 8 ideas2 b diff]s f him 9 ! v]bosity ( 8 demon/rations1 & ! diffusion ( 8 /yle4 ,! writ+s ( ^! two m5 alone des]ve special consid]ation2 = :at is ! use ( criticiz+ ! works ( imitators2 _h we n bett] /udy ! au?ors ^: works !y copi$1 )\t any additions1 ei!r 9 ess5tial po9ts1 or 9 argum5tation1 do+ no m ?an *oos+ out ! be/8 ,?is has be5 our me?od ( proc$ure 9 our controv]sy ) ,g5tilianus ,amelius's /rictures on ju/ice1 9 ,plato's works2 & 9 my exam9ation ( ,plot9os's books on ! ,ideas4#bb ,s :5 our mutual fri5ds ,basil ( ,tyre1 7,porphyry#bc71 :o has writt5 mu* on ! l9es ( ,plot9os1 hav+ ev5 pref]r$ ! tea*+s ( ,plot9os to my own 7z he _h be5 my pupil71 und]took to demon/rate t ,plot9os's views ab\t ! ,ideas 7 bett] ?an my own1 ,i h fully refut$ 8 cont5tions1 prov+ t he 0 wrong 9 *ang+ 8 views on ! subject4#bd ,besides1 ,i h criticiz$ sev]al op9ions ( ,g5tilianus ,amelius & ,plot9os1 z = in/ance 9 ! ,lett] to ,amelius :i* is long en\gh to =m a :ole book4 ,i wrote x to answ] a lett] s5t me f ,rome by ,amelius1 :i* 0 entitl$ ,! ,*>act]i/ics ( ! ,philosophy ( ,plot9os4#be ,i1 h[ev]1 limit$ myself to entitl+ my little "w1 ,a ,lett] to ,amelius4 ,,xxi4 ,,results ,,( ,,long9us',s ,,criticism ,,& ,,v9dication ,,( ,,plot9os',s ,,orig9ality4 ,f ! above x w be se5 t ,plot9os & ,amelius are sup]ior to all _! contempor>ies by ! great numb] ( que/ions !y consid]1 & by ! orig9ality ( _! sy/em2 t ,plot9os _h n appropriat$ ! op9ions ( ,num5ius1 & t he did n ev5 foll[ !m2 t he _h really pr(it$ by ! op9ions ( ! ,py?agoreans 7& ( ,plato72 fur!r1 t he 0 m precise ?an ,num5ius1 ,cronius1 & ,?rasyllus4 ,aft] hav+ said t ,amelius foll[$ 9 ! foot/eps ( ,plot9os1 b t he 0 prolix & diffuse 9 8 expositions1 :i* *>act]i/ic =ms ! diff]5ce betwe5 _! /yles1 he speaks ( me1 :o at t "t _h kn[n ,plot9os = only a %ort "t1 & says1 ,our mutual fri5ds1 ,basil 7,k+7 ( ,tyre 7,porphyry71 :o has writt5 mu*1 tak+ ,plot9os z 8 model4 ,by t he means t ,i h avoid$ ! r unphilosophical diffus5ess ( ,amelius1 & h imitat$ ! 7concise7 /yle ( ,plot9os4 ,! quotation ( ! judgm5t ( ?is fam\s man1 ! fir/ critic ( 8 day1 %\ld decide ( ! rev]5ce due to our philosoph]1 ,plot9os4 ,if ,i _h be5 able to visit ,long9us :5 he begg$ me to d s1 he w\ld n h und]tak5 ! refutation he wrote1 be=e hav+ cle>ly und]/ood ,plot9os's sy/em4 ,,xxii4 ,,! ,,apollonian ,,oracle ,,ab\t ,,plot9os4 7,b :5 ,i h a long oracle ( ,apollo to quote1 :y %\ld ,i delay ov] a lett] ( ,long9us's1 or1 9 ! words ( ! prov]b1 quot$ 9 ,iliad xxii4 #abf & ,hesiod ,!ogony #ce71 ,:y %\ld ,i dally ne> ! oak-trees1 or ! rock8 ,if ! te/imony ( ! wise is to be adduc$1 :o is wis] ?an ,apollo1 a deity :o said ( himself1 ,i "k ! numb] ( ! gra9s ( s&1 & ! ext5t ( ! ocean2 ,i und]/& ! du/1 & ,i he> him :o does n speak6 ,?is 0 ! div9ity :o _h said t ,socrates 0 ! wise/ ( m52 & on be+ consult$ by ,amelius to discov] :at _h become ( ! s\l ( ,plot9os1 said3 ,let me s+ an immortal hymn to my de> fri5d6 ,draw+ my gold5 b[1 ,i w elicit melodi\s s\nds f my lyre4 ,i also invoke ! symphonic voice ( ! *oir ( ,muses1 ,^: h>moni\s p[] raises exultant paeans1 ,z !y once sang 9 *orus 9 praise ( ,a*illes1 ,a ,hom]ic song 9 div9e inspiration4 ,sacr$ *oir ( ,muses1 let u toge!r celebrate ?is man1 ,= long-hair$ ,apollo is among y6 ,o ,deity1 :o =m]ly w]t a man1 b n[ approa*e/ ,! div9e ho/ ( gu>dian spirits1 deliv]$ f ! n>r[+ bonds ( necessity ,t en*a9s man 7:ile 9 ! body71 & f ! tumult caus$ by ! ,confus+ :irlw9d ( ! passions ( ! body1 ,su/a9$ by ! vigor ( ?y m9d1 ?\ ha/5e/ to swim 7,& l ! sage ,ulysses 9 ,phaeacia71 to l& on a %ore n subm]g$ by ! waves1 ,) vigor\s /roke1 f> f ! impi\s cr[ds4 ,p]si/5tly foll[+ ! /raight5+ pa? ( ! purifi$ s\l1 ,:]e ! spl5dor ( ! div9ity surr\nds y1 ! home ( ju/ice1 ,f> f contam9ation1 9 ! holy sanctu>y ( initiation1 ,:5 9 ! pa/ y /ruggl$ to escape ! bitt] waves1#bf ,:5 blood-/a9$ life eddi$ ar\nd y ) repulsive curr5ts1 ,9 ! mid/ ( ! wat]s daz$ by fright5+ tumult1 ,ev5 !n ! div9ities (t5 %[$ y y\r end2#bg ,& (t51 :5 y\r _s 0 ab\t to /ray f ! "r pa?1 ,! immortals beckon$ y back to ! real end2 ! et]nal pa?1 ,enlight5+ y\r eyes ) radiant beams 9 ! mid/ ( gloomy d>kness4 ,no deep slumb] clos$ y\r eyelids1 & :5 %ak5 by ! eddies 7( matt]71 ,y s\ght to )draw y\r eyes f ! night t press$ d[n ^u !m2 ,y beheld beauties hidd5 f any :o devote !mselves to ! /udy ( wisdom4 ,n[ t y h disc>d$ y\r cloak ( mortality1 & asc5d$ ,climb+ out f ! tombs ( y\r angelic s\l1 ,y h ent]$ ! *oir ( div9ities1 :]e brea!s a g5tle zephyr4 ,!re dwell fri5d%ip1 & delightful desire1 ev] accompani$ by pure joy2 ,!re may "o qu5* "o's ?ir/ ) div9e ambrosia2 ,!re b\nd by ! ties ( love1 "o brea!s a g5tle air1 "u a tranquil sky4 ,!re dwell ! sons ( ,jupit]1 :o liv$ 9 ! gold5 age2 ,! bro!rs ,m9os & ,rhadaman?us1 ! j ,aeacus1 ,! div9e ,plato1 ! virtu\s ,py?agoras1 ,& all ^? :o =m$ ! b& ( immortal love1 ,& :o by bir? belong to ! mo/ bless$ ( div9ities4 ,_! s\l ta/es cont9ual joy amid/ p]petual fea/s6 ,& y1 bless$ man1 aft] hav+ f\ght _m a valiant fight1 ,9 ! mid/ ( *a/e angels1 y h a*iev$ et]nal ,felicity4 ,"h1 ,o ,muses1 let u close ?is hymn 9 honor ( ,plot9os2 ,cease ! mazes ( ! danc+ ( ! graceful *oir2 ,?is is :at my gold5 lyre _h to say ( ?is et]nally bless$ man6 ,,xxiii4 ,,p]sonal ,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,plot9os2 ,,! ,,ec/atic ,,trances4 ,?is oracle 7piec$ out ( num]\s quotations7 says 79 "s n[ lo/ l9es1 p]haps7 t ,plot9os 0 k9dly1 affable1 indulg5t1 g5tle1 su* z1 inde$ we knew him 9 p]sonal int]c\rse4 ,x also m5tions t ?is philosoph] slept little1 t 8 s\l 0 pure1 ev] aspir+ to ! div9ity t he lov$ :ole-he>t$ly1 & t he did 8 utmo/ to lib]ate himself 7f t]re/rial dom9ation7 to escape ! bitt] waves ( ?is cruel life4 ,t is h[ ?is div9e man1 :o by 8 ?\ghts (t5 aspir$ to ! fir/ 7pr9ciple71 to ! div9ity sup]ior 7to intellig5ce71 climb+ ! degrees indicat$ by ,plato 79 8 ,banquet71 beheld ! vision ( ! =mless div9ity1 :i* is n m]ely an idea1 be+ f\nd$ on intellig5ce & ! :ole intelligible _w4 ,i1 myself1 _h ! bless$ privilege ( approa*+ ?is div9ity1 unit+ myself to him1 :5 ,i 0 ab\t sixty-eight ye>s ( age4 ,t is h[ ! goal 7t ,plot9os s\ght to a*ieve7 seem$ to him locat$ ne> him4 ,inde$1 8 goal1 8 purpose1 8 end 0 to approa* ! supreme div9ity1 & to unite himself ) ! div9ity4 ,:ile ,i dwelt ) him1 he _h f\r times ! bliss ( rea*+ t goal1 n m]ely pot5tially1 b by a real & unspeakable exp]i5ce4 ,! oracle adds t ! div9ities frequ5tly re/or$ ,plot9os to ! "r pa? :5 he /ray$ f x1 enlight5+ 8 eyes by radiant spl5dor4 ,t is :y x may tru?fully be said t ,plot9os compos$ 8 works :ile 9 contemplation ( ! div9ities1 & enjoy+ t vision4 ,?anks to ?is sight t y\r 'vigilant' eyes _h ( bo? int]ior & ext]ior ?+s1 y h1 9 ! words ( ! oracle1 gaz$ at _m beauties t w\ld h>dly be grant$ to _m ( ^? :o /udy philosophy4 ,inde$1 ! contemplation ( m5 may be sup]ior to human contemplation2 b1 comp>$ to div9e k1 if x be ( any value :atev]1 x1 nev]!less1 c\ld n p5etrate ! dep?s rea*$ by ! glances ( ! div9ities4 ,till "h ! oracle _h limit$ itself to indicat+ :at ,plot9os _h accompli%$ :ile enclos$ 9 ! ve/ure ( ! body4 ,x !n proce$s to say t he arriv$ at ! assembly ( ! div9ities :]e dwell fri5d%ip1 delightful desire1 joy1 & love commun+ ) ! div9ity1 :]e ! sons ( ,god1 ,m9os1 ,rhadaman?us1 & ,aeacus are e/abli%$ z ! judges ( s\ls4 ,plot9os jo9$ !m1 n to be judg$1 b to enjoy _! intimacy1 z did ! high] div9ities4 ,!re inde$ dwell ,plato1 ,py?agoras1 & ! o!r sages :o =m$ ! *oir ( immortal love4 ,reunit$ ) _! families1 ! bless$ angels sp5d _! life 9 cont9u$ fe/ivals & joys1 enjoy+ ! p]petual beatitude grant$ !m by div9e goodness4 ,,xxiv4 ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,! ,,v>i\s ,,enneads4 ,?is is :at ,i h to relate ( ! life ( ,plot9os4 ,he _h1 h[ev]1 ask$ me to arrange & revise 8 works4 ,i promis$ bo? him & 8 fri5ds to "w on !m4 ,i did n judge x wise to arrange !m 9 confusion *ronologically4 ,s ,i imitat$ ,apollodorus ( ,a!ns1 & ,&ronicus ! ,p]ipatetician1 ! =m] collect+ 9 t5 volumes ! com$ies ( ,epi*>mus1 & ! latt] divid+ into treatises ! works ( ,ari/otle & ,!ophra/us1 ga!r+ toge!r ! writ+s t ref]r$ to ! same subject4 ,likewise1 ,i gr\p$ ! fifty-f\r books ( ,plot9os into six gr\ps ( n9e 7,enneads71 9 honor ( ! p]fect numb]s six & n9e4 ,into ea* ,ennead ,i h ga!r$ ! books t treat ( ! same matt]1 9 ea* case prefix+ ! mo/ important ones4 ,! ,fir/ ,ennead conta9s ! writ+s t treat ( ,morals4 ,!y are3 #a4 ,:at is an ,animal8 ,:at is a ,man8 #ec4 #b4 ,( ! ,virtues1 #ai4 #c4 ,( ,dialectics1 #bj4 #d4 ,( ,happ9ess1 #df4 #e4 ,does ,happ9ess 7consi/ 9 ,duration78 #cf4 #f4 ,( ,beauty1 #a4 #g4 ,( ! ,fir/ ,good1 & ( ! ,o!r ,goods1 #ed4 #h4 ,( ! ,orig9 ( ,evils1 #ea4 #i4 ,( 7,reasonable7 ,suicide1 #af4 ,su* are ! topics consid]$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,ennead2 :i* ?us conta9s :at relates to morals4 ,9 ! ,second ,ennead are gr\p$ ! writ+s t treat ( ,physics1 ( ! ,_w1 & ( all t x conta9s4 ,!y are3 #a4 7,( ! ,_w71 #dj4 #b4 ,( ! 7,circul>7 ,motion 7( ! ,heav5s71 #ad4 #c4 ,( ! ,influ5ce ( ! ,/>s1 #eb4 #d4 7,( bo? ,matt]s7 7,s5sible & ,intelligible71 #ab4 #e4 ,( ,pot5tiality & ,actuality1 #be4 #f4 ,( ,quality 7& ( ,=m71 #ag4 #g4 ,( ,mixture1 ,:]e !re is ,total ,p5etratration1 #cg4 #h4 ,( ,vision4 ,:y d ,di/ant ,objects ,seem ,small]8 #ce4 #i4 7,aga9/ ,^? ,:o say t ! ,demiurgic ,creator is ,evil1 z well z ,! ,_w ,itself71 ,aga9/ ! ,gno/ics1 #cc4 ,! ,?ird ,ennead1 :i* also relates to ! _w1 conta9s ! diff]5t speculations ref]r+ !reto4 ,"h are its compon5t writ+s3 #a4 ,( ,de/9y1 #c4 #b4 ,( ,provid5ce1 ! ,fir/1 #dg4 #c4 ,( ,provid5ce1 ! ,second1 #dh4 #d4 ,( ! ,gu>dian ,_s :o 0 ,allott$ to ,u1 #ae4 #e4 ,( ,love1 #ej4 #f4 ,( ! ,impassibility ( ,incorporeal ,?+s1 #bf4 #g4 ,( ,et]nity ( ,"t1 #de4 #h4 ,( ,nature1 ( ,contemplation1 & ( ! ,"o1 #cj4 #i4 ,diff]5t ,speculations1 #ac4 ,we h ga!r$ ^! ?ree ,enneads into "o s+le body4 ,we h assign$ ! book on ! ,gu>dian ,_s ,:o has be5 ,allott$ to ,u1 9 ! ,?ird ,ennead1 because ?is is treat$ 9 a g5]al mann]1 & because x ref]s to ! exam9ation ( conditions *>act]i/ic ( ! production ( man4 ,= ! same reason ! book on ,love 0 assign$ to ! ,fir/ ,ennead4 ,! same place has be5 assign$ to ! book on ,et]nity & ,"t1 because ( ! obs]vations :i*1 9 ?is ,ennead1 ref] to _! nature4 ,because ( its title1 we h put 9 ! same gr\p ! book on ,nature1 ,contemplation1 & ! ,"o4 ,aft] ! books t treat ( ! _w1 ! ,f\r? ,ennead conta9s ^? t ref] to ! s\l4 ,!y are3 #a4 ,( ! ,nature ( ! ,s\l1 ! ,fir/1 #d4 #b4 ,( ! ,nature ( ! ,s\l1 ! ,second1 #ba4 #c4 ,problems ab\t ! ,s\l1 ! ,fir/1 #bg4 #d4 ,problems ab\t ! ,s\l1 ! ,second1 #bh4 #e4 7,problems ab\t ! ,s\l1 ! ,?ird1 or7 ,( ,vision1 #bi4 #f4 ,( ,s5sation1 ( ,memory1 #da4 #g4 ,( ! ,immortality ( ! ,s\l1 #b4 #h4 ,( ! ,desc5t ( ! ,s\l into ! ,body1 #f4 #i4 ,d n all ,s\ls =m a ,s+le ,s\l8 #h4 ,! ,f\r? ,ennead1 !re=e1 conta9s all t relates to ,psy*ology4 ,! ,fif? ,ennead treats ( ,intellig5ce4 ,ea* book 9 x also conta9s some?+ ab\t ! pr9ciple sup]ior to intellig5ce1 & also ab\t ! intellig5ce *>act]i/ic ( ! s\l1 & ab\t ,ideas4 #a4 ,ab\t ! ?ree ,pr9cipal ,hypo/atic ,=ms ( ,exi/5ce1 #aj4 #b4 ,( ,g5]ation1 & ( ! ,ord] ( ,?+s ,po/]ior to ! ,fir/1 #aa4 #c4 ,( ! ,hypo/atic ,=ms ( ,exi/5ce t ,transmit ,k1 & ( ! ,sup]ior ,pr9ciple1 #di4 #d4 ,h[ t :i* is ,po/]ior to ! ,fir/ ,proce$s f x8 ,( ! ,"o1 #g4 #e4 ,! ,intelligibles are n ,outside ( ,intellig5ce4 ,( ! ,good1 #cb4 #f4 ,! ,sup]-ess5tial ,pr9ciple ,does ,n ,?9k4 ,:i* is ! ,fir/ ,?9k+ ,pr9ciple8 ,:i* is ! ,second8 #bd4 #g4 ,are !re ,ideas ( ,individuals8 #ah4 #h4 ,( ,intelligible ,beauty1 #ca4 #i4 ,( ,intellig5ce1 ( ,ideas1 & ( ,exi/5ce1 #e4 ,we h ga!r$ ! ,f\r? & ,fif? ,ennead into a s+le volume4 ,( ! ,six? ,ennead1 we h =m$ a sep>ate volume1 s t all ! writ+s ( ,plot9os might be divid$ into ?ree p>ts1 ( :i* ! fir/ conta9s ?ree ,enneads1 ! second two2 & ! ?ird1 a s+le ,ennead4 ,"h are ! books t belong to ! ,six? ,ennead1 & to ! ,?ird ,volume4 #a4 ,( ! ,k9ds ( ,exi/5ce1 ! ,fir/1 #db4 #b4 ,( ! ,k9ds ( ,exi/5ce1 ! ,second1 #dc4 #c4 ,( ! ,k9ds ( ,exi/5ce1 ! ,?ird1 #dd4 #d4 ,! ,"o ,s+le ,exi/5ce is ev]y:]e ,pres5t 9 its ,entirety1 ,fir/1 #bb4 #e4 ,! ,"o ,s+le ,exi/5ce is ev]y:]e ,pres5t 9 its ,entirety1 ,second1 #bc4 #f4 ,( ,numb]s1 #cd4 #g4 ,( ! ,multitude ( ,ideas4 ,( ! ,good1 #ch4 #h4 ,( ! ,w1 & ( ! ,lib]ty ( ! ,"o1 #ci4 #i4 ,( ! ,good1 or ( ! ,"o1 #i4 ,?is is h[ we h di/ribut$ into six ,enneads ! fifty-f\r books ( ,plot9os4 ,we h add$ to sev]al ( !m1 ,comm5t>ies1 )\t foll[+ any regul> ord]1 to satisfy our fri5ds :o desir$ to h explanations ( sev]al po9ts4 ,we h also made head+s ( ea* book1 foll[+ ! *ronological ord]1 ) ! exception ( ! book on ,! ,beautiful1 ^: date ( composition we d n "k4 ,besides1 we h n only writt5 up sep>ate summ>ies = ea* book1 b also ,argum5ts1 :i* are conta9$ among ! summ>ies4#bh ,n[ we %all try to punctuate ea* book1 & to correct ! mi/akes4 ,:atev] else we may h to d besides1 w easily be recogniz$ by a read+ ( ^! books4 ,,life ,,( ,,plot9os1 ,,by ,,eunapius4 ,! philosoph] ,plot9os came f ,egypt2 to be accurate1 ,i w add t 8 home 0 ,lycopolis4 ,?is fact 0 n set d[n by ! div9e ,porphyry1 ?\gh he himself1 z he reports1 0 a /ud5t ( ,plot9os1 & _h sp5t a great "p ( 8 life ne> him4 ,! alt>s d$icat$ to ,plot9os are n yet cold2 & n only are 8 books read by ! le>n$ m ?an are ev5 ^? ( ,plato1 b ev5 ! multitude1 ?\gh incapable ( cle>ly und]/&+ 8 doctr9e1 nev]!less con=ms its conduct ( life to 8 sugge/ions4 ,porphyry has set d[n all ! details ( ! life ( ?is philosoph]1 s t little c be add$ !reto2 besides ,porphyry seems to h cle>ly exp\nd$ _m ( ,plot9os's writ+s4 ,,life ,,( ,,plot9os1 ,,by ,,suidas4 ,plot9os ( ,lycopolis1 philosoph]1 disciple ( t ,ammonius :o _h once be5 a port]1 0 ! tea*] ( ,amelius1 :o himself _h ,porphyry z pupil2 ! latt] =m$ ,jambli*us1 & ,jambli*us ,sopat]4 ,plot9os prolong$ 8 life till ! sev5? ye> ( ! reign ( ,galli5us4 ,he compos$ fifty-f\r books1 :i* are gr\p$ 9 six enneads4 ,8 con/itution 0 weak5$ by ! effects ( ! sacr$ disease 7epilepsy74 ,he wrote besides o!r works4 ,,fir/ ,,ennead1 ,,book ,,six?4 ,( ,beauty4 ,,review ,,( ,,beauty ,,( ,,daily ,,life4 #a4 ,beauty *iefly affects ! s5se ( sight4 ,/ill1 ! e> p]ceives x also1 bo? 9 ! h>mony ( words1 & 9 ! diff]5t k9ds ( music2 = songs & v]ses are equally beautiful4 ,on ris+ f ! doma9 ( ! s5ses to a sup]ior region1 we also discov] beauty 9 occupations1 actions1 habits1 sci5ces & virtues4 ,:e!r !re exi/s a type ( beauty /ill high]1 w h to be asc]ta9$ by discussion4 ,,problems ,,conc]n+ ,,high] ,,beauty4 ,:at is ! cause t c]ta9 bodies seem beautiful1 t our e>s li/5 ) pleasure to rhy?ms judg$ beautiful1 & t we love ! purely moral beauties8 ,does ! beauty ( all ^! objects d]ive f "s unique1 immutable pr9ciple1 or w we recognize "s "o pr9ciple ( beauty = ! body1 & "s o!r = some?+ else8 ,:at !n are ^! pr9ciples1 if !re are sev]al8 ,or :i* is ?is pr9ciple1 if !re is b "o8 ,,:at ,,is ,,! ,,pr9ciple ,,by ,,p>ticipation ,,9 ,,:i* ,,! ,,body ,,is ,,beautiful8 ,fir/1 !re are c]ta9 objects1 su* z bodies1 ^: beauty exi/s only by p>ticipation1 in/ead ( be+ inh]5t 9 ! v ess5ce ( ! subject4 ,su* are beautiful 9 !mselves1 z is1 = example1 virtue4 ,inde$1 ! same bodies seem beautiful at "o "t1 :ile at ano!r !y lack beauty2 consequ5tly1 !re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 be+ a body & be+ beautiful4 ,:at !n is ! pr9ciple ^: pres5ce 9 a body produces beauty !re98 ,:at is t elem5t 9 ! bodies :i* moves ! spectator1 & :i* attracts1 fixes & *>ms 8 glances8 ,?is is ! fir/ problem to solve2 =1 on f9d+ ?is pr9ciple1 we %all use x z a means to resolve o!r que/ions4 ,,polemic ,,aga9/ ,,symmetry1 ,,! ,,/oic ,,def9ition ,,( ,,beauty4 7,! ,/oics71 l almo/ ev]ybody1 insi/ t visual beauty consi/s 9 ! proportion ( ! p>ts relatively to ea* o!r & to ! :ole1 jo9$ to ! grace ( colors4 ,if !n1 z 9 ?is case1 ! beauty ( bodies 9 g5]al consi/s 9 ! symmetry & j proportion ( _! p>ts1 beauty c\ld n consi/ ( any?+ simple1 & necess>ily c\ld n appe> 9 any?+ b :at 0 comp\nd4 ,only ! totality w be beautiful2 ! p>ts by !mselves w possess no beauty2 !y w be beautiful only by _! relation ) ! totality4 ,nev]!less1 if ! totality is beautiful1 x w\ld seem also necess>y t ! p>ts be beautiful2 = inde$ beauty c\ld nev] result f ! assemblage ( ugly ?+s4 ,beauty mu/ !re=e be spread among all ! p>ts4 ,accord+ to ! same doctr9e1 ! colors :i*1 l sunlight1 are beautiful1 are beautiful b simple1 & ^? ^: beauty is n d]iv$ f proportion1 w also be exclud$ f ! doma9 ( beauty4 ,accord+ to ?is hypo!sis1 h[ w gold be beautiful8 ,! brilliant lightn+ 9 ! night1 ev5 ! />s1 w\ld n be beautiful to contemplate4 ,9 ! sph]e ( s\nds1 also1 x w\ld be necess>y to insi/ t :at is simple possesses no beauty4 ,/ill1 9 a beautiful h>mony1 e s\nd1 ev5 :5 isolat$1 is beautiful4 ,:ile pres]v+ ! same proportions1 ! same c\nt5ance seems at "o "t beautiful1 & at ano!r ugly4 ,evid5tly1 !re is b "o conclusion3 namely1 t proportion is n beauty itself1 b t x d]ives its beauty f "s sup]ior pr9ciple4 7,?is w appe> m cle>ly f fur!r examples74 ,let u exam9e occupations & utt]ances4 ,if also _! beauty dep5d$ on proportion1 :at w\ld be ! function ( proportion :5 consid]+ occupations1 laws1 /udies & sci5ces8 ,relations ( proportion c\ld n obta9 9 sci5tific speculations2 no1 nor ev5 9 ! mutual agreem5t ( ^! speculations4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ev5 bad ?+s may %[ a c]ta9 mutual agreem5t & h>mony2 z1 = in/ance1 7 we to ass]t t wisdom is s(t5+ ( ! bra91 & t ju/ice is a g5]\s folly4 ,"h we h two revolt+ly absurd /atem5ts1 :i* agree p]fectly1 & h>monize mutually4 ,fur!r1 e virtue is a s\l-beauty f> tru] ?an any t we h till n[ exam9$2 yet x c\ld n admit ( proportion1 z x involves nei!r size nor numb]4 ,aga91 grant+ t ! s\l is divid$ into sev]al faculties1 :o w und]take to decide :i* comb9ation ( ^! faculties1 or ( ! speculations to :i* ! s\l devotes itself1 w produce beauty8 ,moreov] 7if beauty is b proportion71 :at beauty c\ld be pr$icat$ ( pure intellig5ce8 ,,beauty ,,consi/s ,,9 ,,k9%ip ,,to ,,! ,,s\l4 #b4 ,return+ to our fir/ consid]ation1 we %all exam9e ! nature ( ! elem5t ( beauty 9 bodies4 ,x is some?+ p]ceivable at ! v fir/ glance1 some?+ :i* ! s\l recognizes z k9dr$1 & sympa!tic to h] own nature1 :i* %e welcomes & assimilates4 ,b z soon z %e meets an ugly object1 %e recoils1 repudiates x1 & rejects x z some?+ =eign1 t[>ds :i* h] real nature feels antipa?y4 ,t is ! reason :y ! s\l1 be+ su* z x is1 namely1 ( an ess5ce sup]ior to all o!r be+s1 :5 %e p]ceives an object k9dr$ to h] own nature1 or :i* reveals only "s traces ( x1 rejoices1 is transport$1 comp>es ?is object ) h] own nature1 ?9ks ( h]self1 & ( h] intimate be+ z x w\ld be impossible to fail to p]ceive ?is resemblance4 ,,beauty ,,consi/s ,,9 ,,p>ticipation ,,9 ,a ,,=m4 ,h[ c bo? s5sible & intelligible objects be beautiful8 ,because1 z we said1 s5sible objects p>ticipate 9 a =m4 ,:ile a %apeless object1 by nature capable ( receiv+ %ape 7physical7 & =m 7intelligible71 rema9s )\t reason or =m1 x is ugly4 ,t :i* rema9s completely =eign to all div9e reason 7a reason proce$+ f ! univ]sal ,s\l71 is absolute ugl9ess4 ,any object %\ld be consid]$ ugly :i* is n entirely mold$ by in=m+ reason1 ! matt]1 n be+ able to receive p]fectly ! =m 7:i* ! ,s\l gives x74 ,on jo9+ matt]1 =m co-ord9ates ! diff]5t p>ts :i* are to compose unity1 comb9es !m1 & by _! h>mony produces some?+ :i* is a unit4 ,s9ce 7=m7 is "o1 t :i* x fa%ions w also h to be "o1 z f> z a composite object c be "o4 ,:5 su* an object has arriv$ at unity1 beauty resides 9 x1 & x communicates itself to ! p>ts z well z to ! :ole4 ,:5 x meets a :ole1 ! p>ts ( :i* are p]fectly simil>1 x int]p5etrates x ev5ly4 ,?us x w\ld %[ itself n[ 9 an entire build+1 !n 9 a s+le /one1 lat] 9 art-products z well z 9 ! works ( nature4 ,?us bodies become beautiful by communion ) 7or1 p>ticipation 97 a reason desc5d+ ^u x f ! div9e 7univ]sal ,s\l74 ,,! ,,s\l ,,appreciates ,,! ,,beautiful ,,by ,,an ,,ae/hetic ,,s5se4 #c4 ,! s\l appreciates beauty by an especially ord]$ faculty1 ^: sole function x is to appreciate all t conc]ns beauty1 ev5 :5 ! o!r faculties take "p 9 ?is judgm5t4 ,(t5 ! s\l makes h] 7ae/hetic7 decisions by comp>ison ) ! =m ( ! beautiful :i* is )9 h]1 us+ ?is =m z a /&>d by :i* to judge4 ,b :at agreem5t c any?+ corporeal h ) :at is incorporeal8 ,= example1 h[ c an ar*itect judge a build+ plac$ be=e him z beautiful1 by comp>+ x ) ! ,idea :i* he has )9 himself8 ,! only explanation c be t1 on ab/ract+ ! /ones1 ! ext]ior object is no?+ b ! int]ior =m1 no d\bt divid$ )9 ! ext5t ( ! matt]1 b /ill "o1 ?\gh manife/$ 9 ! manifold8 ,:5 ! s5ses p]ceive 9 an object ! =m :i* comb9es1 unites & dom9ates a sub/ance :i* lacks %ape1 & !re=e is ( a contr>y nature2 & if !y also p]ceive a %ape :i* di/+ui%es itself f ! o!r %apes by its elegance1 !n ! s\l1 unit+ ^! multiple elem5ts1 fuses !m1 comp>+ !m to ! indivisible =m :i* %e be>s )9 h]self1 !n %e pron\nces _! agreem5t1 k9%ip & h>mony ) t int]ior type4 ,,in/ances ,,( ,,correspond5ce ,,( ,,out] ,,s5se ,,beauty ,,) ,,its ,,idea4 ,?us a wor?y man1 p]ceiv+ 9 a y\? ! "* ( virtue1 is agreeably impress$1 because he obs]ves t ! y\? h>monizes ) ! true type ( virtue :i* he be>s )9 himself4 ,?us also ! beauty ( color1 ?\gh simple 9 =m1 r$uces "u its sway t obscurity ( matt]1 by ! pres5ce ( ! light1 :i* is some?+ incorporeal1 a reason1 & a =m4 ,likewise1 fire surpasses all o!r bodies 9 beauty1 because x /&s to all o!r elem5ts 9 ! relation ( a =m2 x occupies ! highe/ regions2#bi x is ! subtle/ ( bodies because x mo/ approa*es ! incorporeal be+s2 )\t p]mitt+ itself to be p5etrat$ by o!r bodies1 x p5etrates !m all2 )\t itself cool+1 x communicates to !m its heat2 by its own ess5ce x possesses color1 & communicates x to o!rs2 x %9es & coruscates1 because x is a =m4 ,! body 9 :i* x does n dom9ate1 %[s b a discolor$ hue1 & ceases be+ beautiful1 m]ely because x does n p>ticipate 9 ! :ole =m ( color4 ,once m1 ?us d ! hidd5 h>monies ( s\nd produce audible h>monies1 & also yield to ! s\l ! idea ( beauty1 ?\gh %[+ x 9 ano!r ord] ( ?+s4 ,audible h>monies c be express$ 9 numb]s2 n inde$ 9 any k9d ( numb]s1 b only 9 su* z c s]ve to produce =m1 & to make x dom9ate4 ,,transition ,,f ,,s5se ,,beauty ,,to ,,intellectual ,,beauty4 ,s mu* !n = s5se-beauties :i*1 desc5d+ on matt] l images & %ad[s1 beautify x & !reby compel our admiration4 #d4 ,n[ we %all leave ! s5ses 9 _! l[] sph]e1 & we %all rise to ! contemplation ( ! beauties ( a sup]ior ord]1 ( :i* ! s5ses h no intuition1 b :i* ! s\l p]ceives & expresses4 ,,int]ior ,,beauties ,,c\ld ,,n ,,be ,,appreciat$ ,,)\t ,,an ,,int]ior ,,model4 ,j z we c\ld n h spok5 ( s5se-beauties if we _h nev] se5 !m1 nor recogniz$ !m z su*1 if1 9 respect to !m1 we _h be5 simil> to p]sons born bl9d1 likewise we w\ld n "k en\gh to say any?+ ab\t ! beauty ei!r ( ! arts or sci5ces1 or ( any?+ ( ! k9d1 if we 7 n already 9 possession ( ?is k9d ( beauty2 nor ( ! spl5dor ( virtue1 if we _h n contemplat$ ! 7gold57 face ( ,ju/ice1 & ( temp]ance1 be=e ^: spl5dor ! morn+ & ev5+ />s gr[ pale4 ,,moral ,,beauties ,,m ,,delightful ,,?an ,,s5se-,,beauties4 ,to see ^! beauties1 !y mu/ be contemplat$ by ! faculty our s\l has receiv$2 !n1 :ile contemplat+ !m1 we %all exp]i5ce f> m pleasure1 a/oni%m5t & admiration1 ?an 9 contemplation ( ! s5se-beauties1 because we w h ! intuition ( v]itable beauties4 ,! s5tim5ts inspir$ by beauty are admiration1 a g5tle *>m1 desire1 love1 & a pleasurable impulse4 ,,!y ,,:o ,,feel ,,^! ,,s5tim5ts ,,mo/ ,,ke5ly ,,are ,,call$ ,,lov]s4 ,su* are ! s5tim5ts = invisible beauties :i* %\ld be felt1 & inde$ are exp]i5c$ by all s\ls1 b especially by ! mo/ lov+4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( beautiful bodies1 all inde$ see !m2 b n all are equally mov$4 ,^? :o are mo/ mov$ are designat$ lov]s4#cj ,,! ,,cause ,,( ,,^! ,,emotions ,,is ,,! ,,invisible ,,s\l4 #e4 ,let u n[ prop\nd a "q ab\t exp]i5ces to ^! m5 :o feel love = incorporeal beauties4 ,:at d y feel 9 pres5ce ( ! noble occupations1 ! good morals1 ! habits ( temp]ance1 & 9 g5]al ( virtu\s acts & s5tim5ts1 & ( all t con/itutes ! beauty ( s\ls8 ,:at d y feel :5 y contemplate y\r inn] beauty8 ,:at is ! s\rce ( y\r ec/asies1 or y\r en?usiasms8 ,:5ce come y\r desires to unite y\rselves to y\r real selves1 & to refre% y\rselves by retirem5t f y\r bodies8 ,su* inde$ are ! exp]i5ces ( ^? :o love g5u9ely4 ,:at !n is ! object :i* causes ^!1 y\r emotions8 ,x is nei!r a figure1 nor a color1 nor any size2 x is t 7colorless7 invisible s\l1 :i* possesses a wisdom equally invisible2 ?is s\l 9 :i* may be se5 %9+ ! spl5dor ( all ! virtues1 :5 "o discov]s 9 oneself1 or contemplates 9 o!rs1 ! greatness ( "*1 ! ju/ice ( ! he>t1 ! pure temp]ance1 ! impos+ c\nt5ance ( valor1 dignity & mode/y1 proce$+ alone firmly1 calmly1 & imp]turbably2 & above all1 intellig5ce1 resembl+ ! div9ity1 by its brilliant light4 ,:at is ! reason t we decl>e ^! objects to be beautiful1 :5 we are transport$ ) admiration & love = !m8 ,!y exi/1 !y manife/ !mselves1 & :oev] beholds !m w nev] be able to re/ra9 himself f confess+ !m to be v]itable be+s4 ,n[ :at are ^! g5u9e be+s8 ,!y are beautiful4 ,,love ,,( ,,beauty ,,expla9$ ,,by ,,av]sion ,,= ,,opposite4 ,b reason is n yet satisfi$2 reason wond]s :y ^! v]itable be+s give ! s\l :i* exp]i5ces !m ! prop]ty ( excit+ love1 f :i* proce$s ?is halo ( light :i*1 s to speak1 cr[ns all virtues4 ,consid] ! ?+s contr>y to ^! beautiful objects1 & ) !m comp>e :at may be ugly 9 ! s\l4 ,if we c discov] ( :at ugl9ess consi/s1 & :at is its cause1 we %all h a*iev$ an important elem5t ( ! solution we are seek+4 ,let u picture to ourselves an ugly s\l2 %e w be giv5 up to intemp]ance2 & be unju/1 ab&on$ to a ho/ ( passions1 tr\bl$1 full ( fe>s caus$ by h] c[>dl9ess1 & ( envy by h] degradation2 %e w be long+ only = vile & p]i%able ?+s2 %e w be entirely deprav$1 w love no?+ b impure wi%es1 w h no life b ! s5sual1 & w take pleasure 9 h] turpitude4 ,w\ld we n expla9 su* a /ate by say+ t "u ! v mask ( beauty turpitude _h invad$ ?is s\l1 brutaliz$ h]1 soil$ h] ) all k9ds ( vices1 r5d]+ h] incapable ( a pure life1 & pure s5tim5ts1 & _h r$uc$ h] to an exi/5ce obscure1 infect$ ) evil1 poison$ by le?al g]ms2 t x _h h9d]$ h] f contemplat+ any?+ %e %\ld1 =c+ h] to rema9 solit>y1 because x misl$ h] out f h]self t[>ds inf]ior & gloomy regions8 ,! s\l fall5 into ?is /ate ( impurity1 seiz$ ) an irresi/ible incl9ation t[>ds ! ?+s ( s5se1 absorb$ by h] int]c\rse ) ! body1 sunk into matt]1 & hav+ ev5 receiv$ x )9 h]self1 has *ang$ =m by h] admixture ) an inf]ior nature4 ,n o!rwise w\ld be a man fall5 into slimy mud1 :o no long] w\ld pres5t to view 8 primitive beauty1 & w\ld exhibit only ! appe>ance ( ! mud t _h defil$ him2 8 ugl9ess w\ld be d]iv$ f some?+ =eign2 & to recov] 8 pri/9e beauty he w\ld h to wa% (f 8 defilem5t1 & by purification be re/or$ to :at he once 04 ,,ugl9ess ,,is ,,only ,a ,,=eign ,,accretion4 ,we h ! "r to say t ! s\l becomes ugly by m+l+ ) ! body1 confus+ h]self ) x1 by incl9+ h]self t[>ds x4 ,= a s\l1 ugl9ess consi/s 9 be+ impure1 no long] unm+l$1 l gold t>ni%$ by p>ticles ( e>?4 ,z soon z ?is dross is remov$1 & no?+ b gold rema9s1 !n aga9 x is beautiful1 because sep>at$ f e =eign body1 & is re/or$ to its unique nature4 ,likewise ! s\l1 releas$ f ! passions begott5 by h] int]c\rse ) ! body :5 %e yields h]self too mu* to x1 deliv]$ f ext]ior impressions1 purifi$ f ! blemi%es contract$ f h] alliance ) ! body--t is1 r$uc$ to h]self1 %e lays aside t ugl9ess :i* is d]iv$ f a nature =eign to h]4 ,,virtues ,,are ,,only ,,purifications4 #f4 ,?us1 accord+ to ! anci5t 7,platonic or ,emp$oclean7 maxim1 c\rage1 temp]ance1 all ! virtues1 nay1 ev5 prud5ce1 are b purifications4 ,! my/]ies 7 !re=e wise 9 tea*+ t ! man :o has n be5 purifi$ w1 9 hell1 dwell at ! bottom ( a swamp2 = ev]y?+ t is n pure1 because ( its v p]v]sity1 delights 9 mud1 j z we see ! impure sw9e wall[ 9 ! mud ) delight4 ,& inde$1 :at w\ld real temp]ance consi/ (1 if x be n to avoid atta*+ oneself to ! pleasures ( ! body1 & to flee f !m z impure1 & z only prop] = an impure be+8 ,:at else is c\rage1 unless no long] to fe> dea?1 :i* is m]e sep>ation ( ! s\l f ! body8 ,:oev] !re=e is will+ to )draw f ! body c\ld surely n fe> dea?4 ,magnanimity is no?+ b scorn ( ?+s "h bel[4 ,la/1 prud5ce is ! ?\ght :i*1 deta*$ f ! e>?1 raises ! s\l to ! intelligible _w4 ,! purifi$ s\l1 !re=e1 becomes a =m1 a reason1 an incorporeal & intellectual ess5ce2 %e belongs entirely to ! div9ity1 9 :om resides ! s\rce ( ! beautiful1 & ( all ! qualities :i* h aff9ity ) x4 ,,! ,,s\l',s ,,welf>e ,,is ,,to ,,resemble ,,! ,,div9ity4 ,re/or$ to intellig5ce1 ! s\l sees h] own beauty increase2 inde$1 h] own beauty consi/s ( ! intellig5ce ) its ideas2 only :5 unit$ to intellig5ce is ! s\l really isolat$ f all ! rema9d]4 ,t is ! reason t x is "r to say t ! s\l's welf>e & beauty lie 9 assimilat+ h]self to ! div9ity1 because x is ! pr9ciple ( beauty & ( ! ess5ces2 or r1 be+ is beauty1 :ile ! o!r nature 7non-be+1 matt]71 is ugl9ess4 ,?is is ! ,fir/ ,evil1 evil 9 itself1 j z t "o 7! ,fir/ ,pr9ciple7 is ! good & ! beautiful2 = good & beauty are id5tical4 ,consequ5tly1 beauty or good1 & evil or ugl9ess1 are to be /udi$ by ! same me?ods4 ,! fir/ rank is to be assign$ to beauty1 :i* is id5tical ) ! good1 & f :i* is d]iv$ ! intellig5ce :i* is beautiful by itself4 ,! s\l is beautiful by intellig5ce1 !n1 ! o!r ?+s1 l actions1 & /udies1 are beautiful by ! s\l :i* gives !m a =m4 ,x is /ill ! s\l :i* beautifies ! bodies to :i* is ascrib$ ?is p]fection2 be+ a div9e ess5ce1 & p>ticipat+ 9 beauty1 :5 %e seizes an object1 or subjects x to h] dom9ion1 %e gives to x ! beauty t ! nature ( ?is object enables x to receive4 ,,approa* ,,to ,,! ,,good ,,consi/s ,,9 ,,simplification4 ,we mu/ /ill asc5d to ! ,good to :i* e s\l aspires4 ,:oev] has se5 x kn[s :at ,i /ill h to say1 & kn[s ! beauty ( ! ,good4 ,inde$1 ! ,good is desirable = its own sake2 x is ! goal ( our desires4 ,to atta9 x1 we h to asc5d to ! high] regions1 turn t[>ds !m1 & lay aside ! g>m5t :i* we put on :5 desc5d+ "h bel[2 j z1 9 ! 7,eleusynian1 or ,isiac7 my/]ies1 ^? :o are admitt$ to p5etrate into ! recesses ( ! sanctu>y1 aft] hav+ purifi$ !mselves1 lay aside e g>m5t1 & advance />k nak$4 ,,! ,,supreme ,,purpose ,,( ,,life ,,is ,,! ,,ec/atical ,,vision ,,( ,,god4 #g4 ,?us1 9 h] asc5sion t[>ds div9ity1 ! s\l advances until1 hav+ ris5 above ev]y?+ t is =eign to h]1 %e alone ) ,him :o is alone1 beholds1 9 all ,8 simplicity & purity1 ,him f :om all dep5ds1 to :om all aspires1 f :om ev]y?+ draws its exi/5ce1 life & ?\ght4 ,he :o beholds him is ov]:elm$ ) love2 ) ardor desir+ to unite himself ) ,him1 entranc$ ) ec/asy4 ,m5 :o h n yet se5 ,him desire ,him z ! ,good2 ^? :o h1 admire ,him z sov]eign beauty1 /ruck simultane\sly ) /upor & pleasure1 ?rill+ 9 a pa9less orgasm1 lov+ ) a g5u9e emotion1 ) an ardor )\t equal1 scorn+ all o!r affections1 & disda9+ ^? ?+s :i* =m]ly !y *>act]iz$ z beautiful4 ,?is is ! exp]i5ce ( ^? to :om div9ities & gu>dians h appe>$2 !y reck no long] ( ! beauty ( o!r bodies4 ,imag9e1 if y c1 ! exp]i5ces ( ^? :o behold ,beauty itself1 ! pure ,beauty1 :i*1 because ( its v purity1 is fle%less & bodiless1 outside ( e>? & heav54 ,all ^! ?+s1 inde$ are cont+5t & composite1 !y are n pr9ciples1 !y are d]iv$ f ,him4 ,:at beauty c\ld "o /ill wi% to see aft] hav+ arriv$ at vision ( ,him :o gives p]fection to all be+s1 ?\gh himself rema9s unmov$1 )\t receiv+ any?+2 aft] f9d+ re/ 9 ?is contemplation1 & enjoy+ x by becom+ assimilat$ to ,him8 ,be+ supreme beauty1 & ! fir/ beauty1 ,he beautifies ^? :o love ,him1 & !reby !y become wor?y ( love4 ,?is is ! great1 ! supreme goal ( s\ls2 ?is is ! goal :i* ar\ses all _! ef=ts1 if !y d n wi% to be dis9h]it$ ( t sublime contemplation ! enjoym5t ( :i* conf]s bless$ness1 & privation ( :i* is ! greate/ ( e>?ly mis=tunes4 ,real mis=tune is n to lack beautiful colors1 nor beautiful bodies1 nor p[]1 nor dom9ation1 nor royalty4 ,x is q suffici5t to see oneself exclud$ f no m ?an possession ( beauty4 ,?is possession is preci\s en\gh to r5d] wor?less dom9ation ( a k+dom1 if n ( ! :ole e>?1 ( ! sea1 or ev5 ( ! heav5s--if inde$ x 7 possible1 :ile ab&on+ & scorn+ all t 7natural beauty71 to succe$ 9 contemplat+ beauty face to face4 ,,! ,,me?od ,,to ,,a*ieve ,,ec/asy ,,is ,,to ,,close ,,! ,,eyes ,,( ,,! ,,body4 #h4 ,h[ %all we />t1 & lat] arrive at ! contemplation ( ?is ineffable beauty :i*1 l ! div9ity 9 ! my/]ies1 rema9s hidd5 9 ! recesses ( a sanctu>y1 & does n %[ itself outside1 :]e x might be p]ceiv$ by ! pr(ane8 ,we mu/ advance into ?is sanctu>y1 p5etrat+ into x1 if we h ! /r5g? to d s1 clos+ our eyes to ! spectacle ( t]re/rial ?+s1 )\t ?r[+ a backw>d glance on ! bodies ^: graces =m]ly *>m$ u4 ,if we d /ill see corporeal beauties1 we mu/ no long] ru% at !m1 b1 kn[+ t !y are only images1 traces & adumbrations ( a sup]ior pr9ciple1 we w flee f !m1 to approa* ,him ( :om !y are m]ely ! reflections4 ,:oev] w\ld let himself be misl$ by ! pursuit ( ^? va9 %ad[s1 mi/ak+ !m = realities1 w\ld grasp only an image z fugitive z ! fluctuat+ =m reflect$ by ! wat]s1 & w\ld resemble t s5seless 7,n>cissus7 :o1 wi%+ to grasp t image himself1 accord+ to ! fable1 disappe>$1 c>ri$ away by ! curr5t4 ,likewise he w\ld wi% to embrace corporeal beauties1 & n release !m1 w\ld plunge1 n 8 body1 b 8 s\l into ! gloomy abysses1 s repugnant to intellig5ce2 he w\ld be condemn$ to total bl9dness2 & on ?is e>?1 z well z 9 hell1 he w\ld see naught b m5daci\s %ades4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,fly ,,to ,,our ,,fa!rl&4 ,?is inde$ is ! occasion to quote 7f ,hom]7 ) peculi> =ce1 ,let u fly unto our de> fa!rl&6 ,b h[ %all we fly8 ,h[ escape f "h8 is ! "q ,ulysses asks himself 9 t allegory :i* repres5ts him try+ to escape f ! magic sway ( ,circe or ,calypso1 :]e nei!r ! pleasure ( ! eyes1 nor ! view ( fle%ly beauty 7 able to hold him 9 ^? en*ant$ places4 ,our fa!rl& is ! region :5ce we desc5d "h bel[4 ,x is !re t dwells our ,fa!r4 ,b h[ %all we return ?i!r8 ,:at means %all be employ$ to return u ?i!r8 ,n our feet1 inde$2 all !y c\ld d w\ld be to move u f "o place ( ! e>? to ano!r4 ,nei!r is x a *>iot1 nor %ip :i* ne$ be prep>$4 ,all ^! va9 helps mu/ be left aside1 & n ev5 consid]$4 ,we mu/ close ! eyes ( ! body1 to op5 ano!r vision1 :i* inde$ all possess1 b v few employ4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,tra9 ,,?is ,,int]ior ,,vision4 #i4 ,b h[ %all we tra9 ?is int]ior vision8 ,at ! mom5t ( its 7fir/7 awak5+1 x _c contemplate beauties too dazzl+4 ,y\r s\l mu/ !n fir/ be accu/om$ to contemplate ! noble/ occupations ( man1 & !n ! beautiful de$s1 n inde$ ^? p]=m$ by arti/s1 b ^? 7good de$s7 done by virtu\s m54 ,lat] contemplate ! s\ls ( ^? :o p]=m ^! beautiful actions4 ,nev]!less1 h[ w y discov] ! beauty :i* _! excell5t s\l possesses8 ,)draw )9 y\rself1 & exam9e y\rself4 ,if y d n yet !re9 discov] beauty1 d z ! arti/1 :o cuts (f1 poli%es1 purifies until he has adorn$ 8 /atue ) all ! m>ks ( beauty4 ,remove f y\r s\l1 !re=e1 all t is sup]flu\s1 /raight5 out all t is crook$1 purify & illum9ate :at is obscure1 & d n cease p]fect+ y\r /atue until ! div9e respl5d5ce ( virtue %9es =? ^u y\r sight1 until y see temp]ance 9 its holy purity seat$ 9 y\r brea/4 ,:5 y %all h acquir$ ?is p]fection2 :5 y w see x 9 y\rself2 :5 y w purely dwell )9 y\rself2 :5 y w cease to meet )9 y\rself any ob/acle to unity2 :5 no?+ =eign w any m1 by its admixture1 alt] ! simplicity ( y\r int]ior ess5ce2 :5 )9 y\r :ole be+ y w be a v]itable light1 immeasurable 9 size1 uncircumscrib$ by any figure )9 n>r[ b\nd>ies1 un9creasable because rea*+ out to inf9ity1 & entirely incomm5surable because x transc5ds all measure & quantity2 :5 y %all h become su*1 !n1 hav+ become sight itself1 y may h confid5ce 9 y\rself1 = y w no long] ne$ any guide4 ,!n mu/ y obs]ve c>efully1 = x is only by ! eye t !n w op5 itself )9 y t y w be able to p]ceive supreme ,beauty4 ,b if y try to fix on x an eye soil$ by vice1 an eye t is impure1 or weak1 s z n to be able to support ! spl5dor ( s brilliant an object1 t eye w see no?+1 n ev5 if x 7 %[n a sight easy to grasp4 ,! organ ( vision w fir/ h to be r5d]$ analog\s & simil> to ! object x is to contemplate4 ,nev] w\ld ! eye h se5 ! sun unless fir/ x _h assum$ its =m2 likewise1 ! s\l c\ld nev] see beauty1 unless %e h]self fir/ became beautiful4 ,to obta9 ! view ( ! beautiful1 & ( ! div9ity1 e man mu/ beg9 by r5d]+ himself beautiful & div9e4 ,,! ,,l&m>ks ,,( ,,! ,,pa? ,,to ,,ec/asy4 ,?us he w fir/ rise to intellig5ce1 & he w !re contemplate beauty1 & decl>e t all ?is beauty resides 9 ! ,ideas4 ,inde$1 9 !m ev]y?+ is beautiful1 because !y are ! daught]s & ! v ess5ce ( ,intellig5ce4 ,above intellig5ce1 he w meet ,him :om we call ! nature ( ! ,good1 & :o causes beauty to radiate ar\nd ,him2 s t1 to repeat1 ! fir/ ?+ t is met is beauty4 ,if a di/9ction is to be e/abli%$ among ! intelligibles1 we might say t intelligible beauty is ! locus ( ideas1 & t ! ,good1 :i* is locat$ above ! ,beautiful1 is its s\rce & pr9ciple4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we desire to locate ! ,good & ! ,beautiful )9 "o s+le pr9ciple1 we might reg>d ?is "o pr9ciple fir/ z ,good1 & only aft]w>ds1 z ,beauty4 ,,ref]5ces4 ,page #dj1 l9e #d1 ,equally ,beautiful1 ,pha$rus p4 #bej1 ,c>y #fc-fe2 ,hippias ,major1 #bie1 ,c>y #dd2 ,philebus p4 #ag1 ,c>y #bj1 #ba4 ,page #da1 l9e #aa1 ,/oic def9ition1 ,cic]o1 ,tusculans1 iv4 #ac4 ,page #dd1 l9e #cj1 ,obscurity ( ,matt]1 ,timaeus1 p4 #ca1 ,c>y #aa2 ,philebus1 p4 #bi1 ,c>y #eb4 ,page #de1 l9e #bb1 ,sup]ior ,ord]1 ,banquet #baj1 ,c>y #cd2 ,timaeus1 p4 #ca1 ,c>y #aa4 ,page #de1 l9e #ce1 ,gold5 ,face ( ,ju/ice1 ,a!naeus1 ,deipnosophi/ae1 xii4 #edf4 ,page #df1 l9e #aj1 ,pleasurable ,impulse1 ,banquet1 p4 #aia1 ,c>y #ag1 #ah2 ,cratylos1 p4 #dbj1 ,c>y #gh-hj4 ,page #dg1 l9e #e1 ,ju/ice ( ! ,he>t1 ,banquet1 p4 #bji1 ,c>y #cc2 ,republic1 iii4 #djb1 ,c>y #ab4 ,page #dh1 l9e #bc1 ,ugl9ess1 ,banquet1 p4 #bae-bag1 ,c>y #ci1 #dj2 ,philebus1 p4 #ff1 ,c>y #aeh1 #aei4 ,page #di1 l9e #d1 ,purifications1 ,pha$o1 p4 #fi1 ,c>y #cg4 ,page #di1 l9e #cb1 ,assimilat+ to ,div9ity1 ,republic x4 p4 #fac1 ,c>y #ab4 ,page #ej1 l9e #a1 ,good & ,beautiful1 ,timaeus1 p4 #ce1 ,c>y #ab4 ,page #ej1 l9e #e1 ,id5tical ) ,good1 ,philebus1 p4 #fd1 ,c>y #aec-aee2 ,fir/ ,alcibiades1 p4 #aae1 ,c>y #bc1 #bd4 ,page #ea1 l9e #a1 #b1 ,he :o ,beholds1 ,pha$rus1 p4 #bgh1 ,c>y #ade4 ,page #ea1 l9e #h1 ,ardor )\t ,equal2 l9e #ae1 ,v ,purity2 ,banquet1 p4 #baj1 #baa2 ,c>y #cd1 #ce4 ,page #ea1 l9e #bi1 ,conf]s ,bless$ness1 ,pha$rus1 p4 #bej1 ,c>y #fd4 ,page #ec1 l9e #af1 ,int]ior ,vision1 ,republic1 x41 p4 #ecc1 ,c>y #ac4 ,page #ec1 l9e #cd1 ,temp]ance ,seat$1 ,pha$rus1 p4 #bgi1 ,c>y #adg4 ,page #ed1 l9e #ai1 ,organ ( ,vision1 ,timaeus1 p4 #de1 ,c>y #ai4 ,page #ed1 l9e #bc1 ,assum$ its =m1 ,republic1 vi41 p4 #ejh1 ,c>y #ai4 ,page #ed1 l9e #bi1 ,rise to ,intellig5ce1 ,philebus1 p4 #fd1 ,c>y #aec-aee4 ,,f\r? ,,ennead1 ,,book ,,sev54 ,( ! ,immortality ( ! ,s\l3 ,polemic ,aga9/ ,mat]ialism4 ,,is ,,! ,,s\l ,,immortal8 #a4 ,are we immortal1 or does all ( u die8 7,ano!r possibility w\ld be t7 ( ! two p>ts ( :i* we are compos$1 ! "o might be fat$ to be dissolv$ & p]i%1 :ile ! o!r1 t con/itutes our v p]sonality1 might subsi/ p]petually4 ,^! problems mu/ be solv$ by a /udy ( our nature4 ,,! ,,body ,,z ,,! ,,in/rum5t ,,( ,,! ,,s\l4 ,man is n a simple be+2 he conta9s a s\l & a body1 :i* is unit$ to ?is s\l1 ei!r z tool1 or 9 "s o!r mann]4#ca ,?is is h[ we mu/ di/+ui% ! s\l f ! body1 & det]m9e ! nature & mann] ( exi/5ce 7be+7 ( ea* ( !m4 ,,! ,,body ,,is ,,composite1 ,,& ,,!re=e ,,p]i%able4 ,z ! nature ( ! body is composite1 reason conv9ces u t x _c la/ p]petually1 & our s5ses %[ x to u dissolv$1 de/roy$1 & decay$1 because ! elem5ts t compose x return to jo9 ! elem5ts ( ! same nature1 alt]+1 de/roy+ !m & ea* o!r1 especially :5 ?is *aos is ab&on$ to ! s\l1 :i* alone keeps h] p>ts comb9$4 ,ev5 if a body 7 tak5 alone1 x w\ld n be a unity2 x may be analyz$ into =m & matt]1 pr9ciples t are necess>y to ! con/itution ( all bodies1 ev5 ( ^? t are simple4#cb ,besides1 z !y conta9 ext5sion1 ! bodies c be cut1 divid$ into inf9itely small p>ts1 & ?us p]i%4#cc ,!re=e if our body is a "p ( ourselves1#cd n all ( u is immortal2 if ! body is only ! in/rum5t ( ! s\l1 z ! body is giv5 to ! s\l only = a def9ite p]iod1 x /ill is by nature p]i%able4 ,,! ,,s\l ,,is ,,! ,,individuality1 ,,z ,,its ,,=m1 ,,& ,,z ,a ,,skill$ ,,workman4 ,! s\l1 :i* is ! pr9cipal "p ( man1 & :i* con/itutes man himself1#ce %\ld be> to ! body ! relation ( =m to matt]1 or ( a workman to 8 tool2#cf 9 bo? cases ! s\l is ! man himself4 ,,if ,,! ,,s\l ,,is ,,incorporeal1 ,,we ,,mu/ ,,/udy ,,incorporeality4 #b4 ,:at !n is ! nature ( ! s\l8 ,if %e is a body1 %e c be decompos$1 z e body is a composite4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 %e is n a body1 if h]s is a diff]5t nature1 ! latt] mu/ be exam9$2 ei!r 9 ! same way t we h exam9$ ! body1 or 9 "s o!r way4 ,a4--,,! ,,s\l ,,is ,,n ,,corporeal 7,,z ,,! ,,/oics ,,?\ght74 7a47 7,nei!r a mat]ial molecule1 nor a mat]ial aggregation ( mat]ial atoms c\ld possess life & intellig5ce47 ,fir/1 let u consid] ! nature ( ?is alleg$ s\l-body4 ,z e s\l necess>ily possesses life1 & z ! body1 consid]$ z be+ ! s\l1 mu/ obta9 at lea/ two molecules1 if n m 7!re are ?ree possibilities73 ei!r only "o ( !m possesses life1 or all ( !m possess x1 or none ( !m4 ,if "o molecule alone possesses life1 x alone w be ! s\l4 ,( :at nature w be t molecule suppos$ to possess life by itself8 ,w x be wat] 7,hippo71 air 7,anaxim5es1 ,ar*elaus1 & ,diog5es71 e>?1 or fire 7,h]aclitus1 ,/obaeus8#cg7 ,b ^? are elem5ts t are inanimate by !mselves1 & :i*1 ev5 :5 !y are animat$1 possess b a borr[$ life4 ,/ill !re is no o!r k9d ( body4 ,ev5 ^? 7philosoph]s1 l ! ,py?agoreans7 :o posit$ elem5ts o!r 7?an wat]1 air1 e>? & fire7 /ill consid]$ !m to be bodies1 & n s\ls1 n ev5 attribut+ s\ls to !m4 ,! !ory t life results f ! union ( molecules ( :i*1 nev]!less1 none by itself possesses life1 is an absurd hypo!sis4 ,if fur!r any molecule possesses life1 !n a s+le "o w\ld be suffici5t4 ,,nei!r ,,mixture ,,nor ,,its ,,pr9ciple ,,w ,,expla9 ,,life ,,z ,a ,,body4 ,! mo/ irrational !ory ( all is t an aggregation ( molecules %\ld produce life1 t elem5ts )\t intellig5ce %\ld beget intellig5ce4 ,o!rs 7l ,alex&] ( ,aphrodisia7 insi/ t to produce life ^! elem5ts mu/ be m+l$ 9 a c]ta9 mann]4 ,t w\ld1 h[ev]1 imply 7z ?\ght ,gall5 & ,hippocrates#ch7 ! exi/5ce ( a pr9ciple :i* produces ord]1 & :i* %\ld be ! cause ( mixture or1 temp]am5t1#ci & t %\ld alone des]ve be+ consid]$ z s\l4 ,no simple bodies c\ld exi/1 mu* less composite bodies1 unless !re 0 a s\l 9 ! univ]se2 = x is 7sem9al7 reason :i*1 91 add+ itself to matt]1 produces body4#dj ,b surely a 7sem9al7 reason c\ld proce$ f n[h]e except a s\l4 ,,no ,,atomic ,,aggregation ,,c\ld ,,produce ,a ,,self-,,h>moniz+ ,,unity4 #c4 7b47 7,no aggregation ( atoms c\ld =m a :ole t w\ld be "o & sympa!tic ) itself47 ,o!rs1 on ! contr>y1 insi/ t ! s\l is con/itut$ by ! union ( atoms or indivisibles 7z ?\ght ,leucippus1 ,democritus & ,epicurus4#da7 ,to refute ?is error1 we h to exam9e ! nature ( sympa?y 7or community ( affection1 a ,/oic *>act]i/ic ( a liv+ be+1#db7 & juxtaposition4#dc ,on ! "o h& an aggregation ( corporeal molecules :i* are incapable ( be+ unit$1 & :i* d n feel _c =m a s+le sympa!tic :ole su* z is ! s\l1 :i* is sympa!tic ) h]self4 ,on ! o!r h&1 h[ c\ld a body or ext5sion be con/itut$ by 7a juxtaposition (7 atoms8 ,,s\l ,,is ,a ,,simple ,,sub/ance1 ,,:ile ,,e ,,body ,,is ,,compos$ ,,( ,,matt] ,,& ,,=m4 7c47 7,e body is a composite ( matt] & =m1 :ile ! s\l is a simple sub/ance47 ,inasmu* z matt] possesses no quality1#dd ! matt] ( no simple body w be said to possess life 9 itself4 ,t :i* imp>ts life to x mu/ !n be its =m4 ,if =m is a be+1 ! s\l _c simultane\sly be matt] & =m2 x w be only matt] or =m4 ,consequ5tly1 ! s\l w n be ! body1 s9ce ! body is n con/itut$ by matt] exclusively1 z c\ld be prov$ analytically1 if necess>y4 ,,if ,,s\l ,,is ,,only ,,an ,,affection ,,( ,,matt]1 ,,:5ce ,,t ,,affection8 7d47 7,! s\l is n a simple mann] ( be+ ( matt]1 because matt] c\ld n give itself a =m47 ,"s ,/oics might d5y t =m 0 a be+1 ass]t+ ! s\l to be a m]e affection 7or1 mann] ( be+7 ( matt]4#de ,f :5ce !n did matt] acquire ?is affection & animat+ life8 ,surely matt] itself c\ld n end[ itself ) a =m & a s\l4 ,t :i* end[s matt] or any body ) life mu/ !n be "s pr9ciple ali5 & sup]ior to corporeal nature4 ,,no ,,body ,,c\ld ,,subsi/ ,,)\t ,,! ,,p[] ,,( ,,! ,,univ]sal ,,s\l4 7e47 7,no body c\ld subsi/ )\t ! p[] ( ! univ]sal s\l47 ,besides no body c\ld subsi/ )\t ! p[] ( ! univ]sal ,s\l 7f ,num5ius#df74 ,e body1 inde$1 is 9 a p]petual fl[ & movem5t 7z ?\ght ,h]aclitus1 9 ,plato1 ,cratylus#dg71 & ! _w w\ld soon p]i% if x conta9$ no?+ b bodies1 ev5 if "s "o ( !m 7 to be call$ s\l2 = su* a s\l1 be+ compos$ ( ! same matt] z ! o!r bodies1 w\ld und]go ! same fate t !y d2 or r1 !re w\ld n ev5 be any body1 ev]y?+ w\ld rema9 9 ! condition ( %apeless matt]1 s9ce !re w\ld exi/ no pr9ciple to fa%ion x4 ,:y1 !re w\ld n ev5 be any matt]1 & ! univ]se w\ld be annihilat$ to no?+ness1 if ! c>e ( keep+ its p>ts unit$ 7 entru/$ to "s body :i* w\ld h no?+ b ! "n ( s\l1 z = in/ance1 to air1 or a brea? )\t cohesion1#dh :i* c\ld n be "o1 by itself4 ,z all bodies are divisible1 if ! univ]se dep5d$ on a body1 x w\ld be depriv$ ( intellig5ce & giv5 up to *ance4 ,h[1 inde$1 c\ld !re be any ord] 9 a _s :i* itself w\ld ne$ to receive ord] f a s\l8 ,h[ c\ld ?is _s conta9 reason & intellig5ce8 ,on ! hypo!sis ( ! exi/5ce ( ! s\l1 all ^! elem5ts s]ve to con/itute ! body ( ! _w1 & ( e animal1 because all diff]5t bodies toge!r "w = ! end ( all2 b )\t ! s\l1 !re is no ord]1 & ev5 no?+ exi/s any m4 ,,if ,,! ,,s\l ,,is ,,n ,,simple ,,matt]1 ,,%e ,,mu/ ,,be ,a ,,sub/antial ,,=m4 #d4 7f7 7,if ! s\l is any?+ b simple matt]1 %e mu/ be con/itut$ by a sub/antial =m47 ,^? :o claim t ! s\l is a body are1 by ! v =ce ( ! tru?1 =c$ to recognize ! exi/5ce1 be=e & above !m1 ( a =m prop] to ! s\l2 = !y ackn[l$ge ! exi/5ce ( an intellig5t _s1 & an intellectual fire 7z d ! ,/oics1 foll[+ 9 ! foot/eps ( ,h]aclitus1 ,/obaeus#di74 ,accord+ to !m1 x seems t1 )\t _s or fire1 !re _c be any sup]ior nature 9 ! ord] ( be+s1 & t ! s\l ne$s a location :]e %e may be built up4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is bodies alone t ne$ to be built up on some?+1 & inde$1 !y are f\nd$ on ! p[]s ( ! s\l4 ,if really we d believe t ! s\l & life are no m ?an a _s1 :y add ! qualification ( a c]ta9 *>act]i/ic1#ej a mean+less t]m employ$ :5 =c$ to admit an active nature sup]ior to t ( bodies4 ,z !re are ?\s&s ( inanimate spirits1 n e _s is a s\l4 ,if only t _s is a s\l :i* possesses t special *>act]i/ic1 ?is special *>act]i/ic & ?is mann] ( be+ w ei!r be some?+ real1 or w be no?+4 ,if !y are no?+1 !re w be no?+ real b _s1 & ?is alleg$ mann] ( be+ is no?+ m ?an a ^w4 ,9 t sy/em1 !re=e1 no?+ b matt] really exi/s4 ,god1 ! s\l1 & all o!r ?+s are no m ?an a ^w2 ! body alone really subsi/s4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 t mann] ( be+ is some?+ real1 if x is any?+ else ?an sub/rate or matt]1 if x resides 9 matt] )\t be+ mat]ial or compos$ ( matt]1 x mu/ !n be a nature diff]5t f ! body1 namely1 a reason 7by a pun74#ea ,,! ,,body ,,ex]ts ,a ,,uni=m ,,action1 ,,:ile ,,! ,,s\l ,,ex]ts ,a ,,v>i$ ,,"o4 7g47 7,! body ex]ts an uni=m action1 :ile ! s\l ex]ts a v div]se action47 ,! foll[+ consid]ations fur!r demon/rate ! impossibility ( ! s\l be+ a body4 ,a body mu/ be hot or cold1 h>d or s(t1 liquid or solid1 black or :ite1 or qualities diff]+ accord+ to its nature4 ,if x is only hot or cold1 light or heavy1 black or :ite1 x communicates its only quality to :at comes close to x2 = fire c\ld n cool1 nor ice heat4 ,nev]!less1 ! s\l produces n only diff]5t effects 9 diff]5t animals1 b contr>y effects ev5 9 ! same be+2 %e makes c]ta9 ?+s solid1 d5se1 black1 light1 & c]ta9 o!rs liquid1 sp>se1 :ite1 or heavy4 ,accord+ to ! diff]5t quality ( ! body1 & accord+ to its color1 %e %\ld produce b a s+le effect2 nev]!less1 %e ex]ts a v div]se action4 ,,?ree ,,m ,,pro(s ,,( ,,! ,,incorporeity ,,( ,,! ,,s\l4 #e4 7h47 7,! body has b a s+le k9d ( motion :ile ! s\l has diff]5t ones47 ,if ! s\l is a body1 h[ does x happ5 t %e has diff]5t k9ds ( motion in/ead ( a s+le "o1 z is ! case ) ! body8 ,w ^! movem5ts be expla9$ by volunt>y det]m9ations1 & by 7sem9al7 reasons8 ,9 ?is case nei!r ! volunt>y det]m9ations1 nor ^! reasons1 :i* diff] f ea* o!r1 c belong to a s+le & simple body2 su* a body does n p>ticipate 9 any p>ticul> reason except by ! pr9ciple t made x hot or cold4 ,,bodies ,,c ,,lose ,,p>ts1 ,,n ,,s ,,! ,,s\l4 7i47 7,s\ls _c1 z d bodies1 lose or ga9 p>ts1 ev] rema9+ id5tical47 ,! body has ! faculty ( mak+ its organs gr[ )9 a def9ite "t & 9 fix$ proportions4 ,f :]e c\ld ! s\l d]ive !m8 ,its function is to gr[1 n to cause gr[?1 unless ! pr9ciple ( gr[? be compreh5d$ )9 its mat]ial mass4 ,if ! s\l t makes ! body gr[ 0 h]self a body1 %e %\ld1 on unit+ ) molecules ( a nature simil> to h]s1 develop a gr[? proportional to t ( ! organs4 ,9 ?is case1 ! molecules t w come to add !mselves to ! s\l w be ei!r animate or inanimate2 if !y are animate1 h[ c\ld !y h become su*1 & f :om w !y h receiv$ t *>act]i/ic8 ,if !y are n animate1 h[ w !y become su*1 & h[ w agreem5t betwe5 !m & ! fir/ s\l arise8 ,h[ w !y =m b a s+le unity ) h]1 & h[ w !y agree ) h]8 ,w !y n con/itute a s\l t w rema9 =eign to ! =m]1 :o w n possess h] requirem5ts ( k8 ,?is aggregation ( molecules t w\ld ?us be call$ s\l w resemble ! aggregation ( molecules t =m our body4 ,%e w\ld lose p>ts1 %e w\ld acquire new ones2 %e w n be id5tical4 ,b if we _h a s\l t 0 n id5tical1 memory & self-consci\sness ( our own faculties w\ld be impossible4 ,,! ,,s\l ,,is ,,ev]y:]e ,,entire2 ,,t ,,is ,,n ,,! ,,case ,,) ,,! ,,body4 7j47 7,! s\l1 be+ "o & simple1 is ev]y:]e entire1 & has p>ts t are id5tical to ! :ole2 ?is is n ! case ) ! body47 ,if ! s\l is a body1 %e w h p>ts t are n id5tical ) ! :ole1 z e body is by nature divisible4 ,if !n ! s\l has a def9ite magnitude ( :i* %e _c lose any?+ )\t ceas+ to be a s\l1 %e w by los+ h] p>ts1 *ange h] nature1 z happ5s to e quantity4 ,if1 on los+ "s "p ( its magnitude1 a body1 not)/&+1 rema9s id5tical 9 respect to quality1 x does n nev]!less become diff]5t f :at x 01 9 respect to quantity1 & x rema9s id5tical only 9 respect to quality1 :i* diff]s f quantity4 ,:at %all we answ] to ^? :o insi/ t ! s\l is a body8 ,w !y say t1 9 ! same body1 ea* "p possesses ! same quality z ! total s\l1 & t ! case is simil> ) ! "p ( a "p8 ,!n quantity is no long] ess5tial to ! nature ( ! s\l2 :i* contradicts ! hypo!sis t ! s\l ne$$ to possess a def9ite magnitude4 ,besides ! s\l is ev]y:]e entire2 n[ x is impossible = a body to be entire 9 sev]al places simultane\sly1 or h p>ts id5tical to ! :ole4 ,if we refuse ! "n ( s\l to ea* "p1 ! s\l is !n compos$ ( inanimate p>ts4 ,besides1 if ! s\l is a def9ite magnitude1 %e _c increase or dim9i% )\t ceas+ to be a s\l2 b x (t5 happ5s t f a s+le conception or f a s+le g]m are born two or m be+s1 z is se5 9 c]ta9 animals 9 :om ! g]ms divide2#eb 9 ?is case1 ea* "p is equal to ! :ole4 ,h[ev] sup]ficially consid]$1 ?is fact demon/rates t ! pr9ciple 9 :i* ! "p is equal to ! :ole is ess5tially sup]ior to quantity1 & mu/ necess>ily lack any k9d ( quantity4 ,on ?is condition alone c ! s\l rema9 id5tical :5 ! body loses its quantity1 because %e has ne$ ( no mass1 no quantity1 & because h] ess5ce is ( an entirely diff]5t nature4 ,! s\l & ! 7sem9al7 reasons !re=e possess no ext5sion4 ,,! ,,body ,,c\ld ,,n ,,possess ,,s5sation4 #f4 7k47 7,! body c\ld n possess ei!r s5sation1 ?\ght1 or virtue47 ,if ! s\l 7 a body1 %e w\ld n possess ei!r s5sation1 ?\ght1 sci5ce1 virtue1 nor any ( ! p]fections t r5d] h] m beautiful4 ,"h foll[s ! pro(4 ,,impossibility ,,= ,,! ,,body ,,to ,,h ,,s5sation4 ,! subject t p]ceives a s5se-object mu/ itself be s+le1 & grasp ?is object 9 its totality1 by "o & ! same p[]4 ,?is happ5s :5 by sev]al organs we p]ceive sev]al qualities ( a s+le object1 or :51 by a s+le organ1 we embrace a s+le complex object 9 its totality1 z1 = in/ance1 a face4 ,x is n "o pr9ciple t sees ! face1 & ano!r "o t sees ! eyes2 x is ! same pr9ciple :i* embraces ev]y?+ at once4 ,d\btless we d receive a s5se-impression by ! eyes1 & ano!r by ! e>s2 b bo? ( !m mu/ end 9 "s s+le pr9ciple4 ,h[1 inde$1 c\ld any decision be rea*$ ab\t ! diff]5ce ( s5se-impressions unless !y all conv]g$ t[>d ! same pr9ciple8 ,! latt] is l a c5tre1 & ! individual s5sations are l radii :i* f ! circumf]5ce radiate t[>ds ! c5tre ( a circle4 ,?is c5tral pr9ciple is ess5tially s+le4 ,if x 0 divisible1 & if s5se-impressions 7 direct$ t[>ds two po9ts at a di/ance f ea* o!r1 su* z ! extremities ( ! same l9e1 !y w\ld ei!r /ill conv]ge t[>ds "o & ! same po9t1 z1 = in/ance1 ! middle 7( ! l9e71 or "o "p w\ld feel "o ?+1 & ano!r some?+ else4 ,x w\ld be absolutely z if ,i felt "o ?+1 & y felt ano!r1 :5 plac$ 9 ! pres5ce ( "o & ! same ?+ 7z ?\ght ,ari/otle1 de ,anima#ec74 ,facts1 !re=e1 demon/rate t s5sations c5tre 9 "o & ! same pr9ciple2 z visible images are c5tr$ 9 ! pupil ( ! eye2 o!rwise h[ c\ld we1 ?r\gh ! pupil1 see ! greate/ objects8 ,s mu* ! m1 !re=e1 mu/ ! s5sations t c5tre 9 ! 7,/oic7 direct+ pr9ciple#ed resemble indivisible intuitions & be p]ceiv$ by an indivisible pr9ciple4 ,if ! latt] possess$ ext5sion1 x c\ld1 l ! s5se-object1 be divid$2 ea* ( its p>ts w\ld ?us p]ceive "o ( ! p>ts ( ! s5se-object1 & no?+ )9 u w\ld grasp ! object 9 its totality4 ,! subject t p]ceives mu/ !n be entirely "o2 o!rwise1 h[ c\ld x be divid$8 ,9 t case x c\ld n be made to co9cide ) ! s5se-object1 z two equal figures sup]impos$ on ea* o!r1 because ! direct+ pr9ciple does n h an ext5sion equal to t ( ! s5se-object4 ,h[ !n w we c>ry out ! division8 ,mu/ ! subject t feels conta9 z _m p>ts z !re are 9 ! s5se-object8 ,w ea* "p ( ! s\l1 9 its turn1 feel by its own p>ts1 or w 7we decide t7 ! p>ts ( p>ts w n feel8 ,nei!r is t likely4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ea* "p feels ! entire object1 & if ea* magnitude is divisible to inf9ity1 ! result is t1 = a s+le object1 !re w be an inf9ity ( s5sations 9 ea* "p ( ! s\l2 &1 s mu* ! m1 an inf9ity ( images 9 ! pr9ciple t directs u4 7,?is1 h[ev]1 is ! opposite ( ! actual /ate ( affairs47 ,,aga9/ ,,! ,,/oics1 ,,s5sations ,,are ,,n ,,impressions ,,( ,a ,,seal ,,on ,,wax4 ,besides1 if ! pr9ciple t feels 7 corporeal1 x c\ld feel only s long z ext]ior objects produc$ 9 ! blood or 9 ! air "s impression simil> to t ( a seal on wax4#ee ,if !y impress$ _! images on wet sub/ances1 z is no d\bt suppos$1 ^! impressions w\ld become confus$ z images 9 wat]1 & memory w\ld n occur4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ^! impressions p]si/$1 !y w\ld ei!r =m an ob/acle to subsequ5t ones1 & no fur!r s5sation w\ld occur2 or !y w\ld be effac$ by ! new ones1 :i* w\ld de/roy memory4 ,if !n ! s\l is capable ( recall+ e>li] s5sations1 & hav+ new ones1 to :i* ! =m] w\ld =m no ob/acle1 x is because %e is n corporeal4 ,,s5sation ,,_c ,,be ,,relay$ ,,f ,,s5se-,,organ ,,to ,,direct+ ,,pr9ciple4 #g4 ,! same reflections may be made ab\t pa91 & "o's feel+ ( x4 ,:5 a man's f+] is said to give him pa91 ?is1 no d\bt1 is a recognition t ! seat ( ! pa9 is 9 ! f+]1 & t ! feel+ ( pa9 is exp]i5c$ by ! direct+ pr9ciple4 ,consequ5tly1 :5 a "p ( ! _s suff]s1 ?is suff]+ is felt by ! direct+ pr9ciple1 & %>$ by ! :ole s\l4#ef ,h[ c ?is sympa?y be expla9$8 ,by relay transmission1 7! ,/oic7 w answ]2 ! s5se-impression is felt fir/ by ! animal _s t is 9 ! f+]1 & !n transmitt$ to ! neighbor+ "p1 & s on till x rea*es ! direct+ "p4 ,necess>ily1 if ! pa9 is felt by ! fir/ "p t exp]i5ces x1 x w also be felt by ! second "p to :i* x is transmitt$2 !n by ! ?ird1 & s on1 until ! "o pa9 w\ld h caus$ an inf9ite numb] ( s5sations4 ,la/ ! direct+ pr9ciple w p]ceive all ^! s5sations1 add+ !reto its own s5sation4 ,speak+ /rictly1 h[ev]1 ea* ( ^! s5sations w n transmit ! suff]+ ( ! f+]1 b ! suff]+ ( "o ( ! int]m$iate p>ts4 ,= in/ance1 ! second s5sation w relay ! suff]+ ( ! h&4 ,! ?ird1 t ( ! arm1 & s on1 until !re w be an inf9ity ( s5sations4 ,! direct+ pr9ciple1 = its "p1 w n feel ! pa9 ( ! f+]1 b its own2 x w "k none b t1 x w pay no att5tion to ! re/1 because x w ignore ! pa9 suff]$ by ! f+]4 ,!re=e1 relay$ s5sation is an impossibility1 nor c\ld "o "p ( ! body p]ceive ! suff]+ felt by ano!r "p2 = ! body has ext5sion1 &1 9 e ext5sion1 p>ts are =eign to ea* o!r 7! opposite ( ! op9ion ( ,clean!s1 ,nemesius74#eg ,consequ5tly1 ! pr9ciple t feels mu/ ev]y:]e be id5tical ) itself2 & among all be+s1 ! body is t :i* is lea/ suitable to ?is id5tity4 ,,! ,,body ,,_c ,,?9k4 #h4 ,if1 9 any s5se :atev]1 ! s\l 7 a body1 we c\ld n ?9k4 ,"h is ! pro(4 ,if feel+#eh is expla9$ z ! s\l's lay+ hold ( p]ceptible ?+s by mak+ use ( ! body1 ?9k+ _c also ( mak+ use ( ! body4 ,o!rwise1 ?9k+ & feel+ w\ld be id5tical4 ,?us1 ?9k+ mu/ consi/ 9 p]ceiv+ )\t ! help ( ! body 7z ?\ght ,ari/otle#ei74 ,s mu* ! m1 ! ?9k+ pr9ciple _c be corporeal4 ,s9ce x is s5sation t grasps s5se-objects1 x mu/ likewise be ?\ght1 or intellection1 t grasps intelligible objects4 ,?\gh ?is %\ld be d5i$1 x w be admitt$ t we ?9k c]ta9 intelligibles entities1 & t we p]ceive entities t h no ext5sion4 ,h[ c\ld an entity t _h ext5sion ?9k "o t _h no ext5sion8 ,or a divisible entity1 ?9k an indivisible "o8 ,c\ld ?is take place by an indivisible "p8 ,9 ?is case1 ! ?9k+ subject w n be corporeal2 = !re is no ne$ t ! :ole subject be 9 contact ) ! object2 x w\ld suffice if "o ( its p>ts rea*$ ! object 7z ,ari/otle said aga9/ ,plato74#fj ,if !n ?is tru? be grant$1 t ! highe/ ?\ghts mu/ h incorporeal objects1 ! latt] c be cogniz$ only by a ?9k+ pr9ciple t ei!r is1 or becomes indep5d5t ( body4 ,ev5 ! objection t ! object ( ?\ght is con/itut$ by ! =ms inh]5t 9 matt]1 implies t ^! =ces _c be ?\ght unless1 by intellig5ce1 !y are sep>at$ f matt]4 ,x is n by means ( ! c>nal mass ( ! body1 nor g5]ally by matt]1 t we c effect ! ab/raction ( triangle1 circle1 l9e or po9t4 ,to succe$ 9 ?is ab/raction1 ! s\l mu/ sep>ate f ! body1 & consequ5tly1 ! s\l _c be corporeal4 ,,! ,,body ,,_c ,,possess ,,virtue4 ,nei!r d beauty or ju/ice possess ext5sion1 ,i suppose2 & _! conception mu/ be simil>4 ,^! ?+s c be cogniz$ or reta9$ only by ! indivisible "p ( ! s\l4 ,if ! latt] 7 corporeal1 :]e inde$ c\ld virtues1 prud5ce1 ju/ice & c\rage exi/8 ,9 ?is case1 virtues 7z ,critias ?\ght71#fa w\ld be no m ?an a c]ta9 disposition ( ! _s1 or blood 7z ,emp$ocles also ?\ght74#fb ,= in/ance1 c\rage & temp]ance w\ld respectively be no m ?an a c]ta9 irritability1 & a =tunate temp]am5t ( ! _s2 beauty w\ld consi/ 9 ! agreeable %ape ( outl9es1 :i* cause p]sons1 9 :om !y occur1 to be call$ elegant & h&some4 ,"u ?is hypo!sis1 inde$1 ! types ( _s might possess vigor & beauty4 ,b :at ne$ w\ld x h ( temp]ance8 ,on ! contr>y1 ! _s w\ld seek to be agreeably affect$ by ! ?+s x t\*es & embraces1 to enjoy a mod]ate heat1 a g5tle coolness1 & to be 9 contact only ) sweet1 t5d]1 & smoo? entities4 ,:at inc5tive w\ld ! _s h to apportion rew>ds to ^? :o _h des]v$ !m8 ,,if ,,virtue ,,7 ,,corporeal ,,x ,,w\ld ,,be ,,p]i%able4 ,are ! notions ( virtue1 & o!r intelligible entities by ! s\l ?\ght et]nal1 or does virtue arise & p]i%8 ,if s1 by :at be+1 & h[ w x be =m$8 ,x is ! same problem t rema9s to be solv$4 ,intelligible entities mu/ !re=e be et]nal & immutable1 l geometrical notions1 & consequ5tly _c be corporeal4 ,fur!r1 ! subject 9 :om !y exi/ mu/ be ( a nature simil> to !irs1 & !re=e n be corporeal2 = ! nature ( body is n to rema9 immutable1 b to be 9 a p]petual fl[4 ,,bodies ,,are ,,active ,,only ,,by ,,means ,,( ,,incorporeal ,,p[]s4 7#i47 ,!re are m5 :o locate ! s\l 9 ! body1 s z to give h] a f\ndation 9 "s sph]e ( activity1 to acc\nt = ! v>i\s ph5om5a 9 ! body1 su* z gett+ hot or cold1 pu%+ on or /opp+1 7& ! l74 ,!y evid5tly d n realize t bodies produce ^! effects only ?r\gh incorporeal p[]s1 & t ^? are n ! p[]s t we attribute to ! s\l1 :i* are ?\ght1 s5sation1 reason+1 desire1 judici\sness1 propriety & wisdom1 all ( !m entities t _c possible be attributes ( a corporeal entity4 ,consequ5tly1 ^? 7mat]iali/s7 attribute to ! body all ! faculties ( incorporeal ess5ces1 & leave no?+ = ! latt]4 ,,:y ,,bodies ,,are ,,activat$ ,,by ,,incorporeal ,,p[]s4 ,! pro( t bodies are activat$ only by incorporeal faculties may be prov$ z foll[s3 ,quantity & quality are two diff]5t ?+s4 ,e body has a quantity1 b n always a quality1 z 9 ! case ( matt]1 7accord+ to ! ,/oic def9ition1 t x 0 a body )\t quality1 b possess+ magnitude#fc74 ,grant+ ?is1 7y ,/oic7 w also be =c$ to admit t z quality is some?+ diff]5t f quantity1 x mu/ consequ5tly be diff]5t f ! body4 ,s9ce !n e body has a quantity1 h[ c\ld quality1 :i* is no quantity1 be a body8 ,besides1 z we said above1#fd e body & mass is alt]$ by division2 nev]!less1 :5 a body is cut into pieces1 e "p pres]ves ! entire quality )\t und]go+ alt]ation4 ,= in/ance1 e molecule ( honey1 possesses ! quality ( sweetness z mu* z all ! molecules tak5 toge!r2 consequ5tly t sweetness _c be corporeal2 & o!r qualities mu/ be 9 a simil> case4 ,moreov]1 if ! active p[]s 7 corporeal1 !y w\ld h to h a mat]ial mass proportional to _! /r5g? or weakness4 ,n[ !re are great masses t h little =ce1 & small ones t h great =ce2 demon/rat+ t p[] does n dep5d on ext5sion1 & %\ld be attribut$ to "s 7sub/ance7 )\t ext5sion4 ,f9ally1 y may say t matt] is id5tical ) body1 & produces diff]5t be+s only by receiv+ diff]5t qualities 7! ,/oics consid]+ t ev5 ! div9ity 0 no m ?an modifi$ matt]1 _! two pr9ciples be+ matt] & quality2#fe ! latt]1 h[ev]1 0 also consid]$ z body74 ,h[ d y 7,/oics7 n see t qualities ?us add$ to matt] are reasons1 t are prim>y & immat]ial8 ,d n object t :5 ! _s 7brea?7 & blood ab&on animals1 !y cease to live2 = if ^! ?+s are necess>y to life1 !re are = our life _m o!r necessities1 ev5 dur+ ! pres5ce ( ! s\l 7z ?\ght ,nemesius74#ff ,besides1 nei!r _s nor blood are di/ribut$ to e "p ( ! body4 ,,! ,,s\l ,,c ,,p5etrate ,,! ,,body2 ,,b ,,two ,,bodies ,,_c ,,p5etrate ,,ea* ,,o!r4 7#aj74 ,! s\l p5etrates ! :ole body1 :ile an entire body _c p5etrate ano!r entire body4 ,fur!r1 if ! s\l is corporeal1 & p]vades ! :ole body1 %e w1 ) ! body1 =m 7z ,alex&] ( ,aphrodisia po9t$ out7 a mixture1#fg simil> to ! o!r bodies 7t are con/itut$ by a mixture ( matt] & quality1 z ! ,/oics taught74 ,n[ z none ( ! bodies t ent] into a mixture is 9 actualization#fh ! s\l1 in/ead ( be+ 9 actualization 9 ! bodies1 w\ld be 9 !m only pot5tially2 consequ5tly1 %e w\ld cease to be a s\l1 z ! sweet ceases to be sweet :5 m+l$ ) ! bitt]2 we w\ld1 !re=e1 h no s\l left4 ,if1 :5 "o body =ms a mixture ) ano!r body1 total p5etration occurs1 s t ea* molecule conta9s equal p>ts ( two bodies & t ea* body be di/ribut$ equally 9 ! :ole space occupi$ by ! mass ( ! o!r1 )\t any increase ( volume1 no?+ t is n divid$ w rema94 ,inde$1 mixture op]ates n only betwe5 ! l>g] p>ts 7:i* w\ld be no m ?an a simple juxtaposition72 b ! two bodies mu/ p5etrate ea* o!r mutually1 ev5 if small]--x w\ld inde$ be impossible = ! small] to equal ! great]2 /ill1 :5 ! small] p5etrates ! l>g] x mu/ divide x entirely4 ,if ! mixture op]ates 9 ?is mann] 9 e "p1 & if no undivid$ "p ( ! mass rema91 ! body mu/ be divid$ into po9ts1 :i* is impossible4 ,inde$1 7 ?is division pu%$ to inf9ity1 s9ce e body is fully divisible1 bodies w h to be inf9ite n only pot5tially1 b also 9 actuality4 ,x is !re=e impossible = "o entire body to p5etrate ano!r 9 its entirety4 ,n[ z ! s\l p5etrates ! entire body1 ! s\l mu/ be incorporeal 7z ?\ght ,nemesius74#fi ,,! ,,/oic ,,developm5t ,,f ,,habit ,,to ,,s\l ,,& ,,intellig5ce ,,w\ld ,,make ,,! ,,p]fect ,,arise ,,f ,,! ,,imp]fect1 ,,an ,,impossibility4 7#aa74 7,if1 z ,/oics claim1 man fir/ 0 a c]ta9 nature call$ habit1#gj !n a s\l1 & la/ an intellig5ce1 ! p]fect w\ld h aris5 f ! imp]fect1 :i* is impossible74 ,to say t ! fir/ nature ( ! s\l is to be a _s1 & t ?is _s became s\l only aft] hav+ be5 expos$ to cold1 & z x 7 became soak$ by its contact1 because ! cold subtiliz$ x2#ga ?is is an absurd hypo!sis4 ,_m animals are born 9 w>m places1 & d n h _! s\l expos$ to action ( cold4 ,"u ?is hypo!sis1 ! prim>y nature ( ! s\l w\ld h be5 made dep5d5t on ! conc\rse ( ext]ior circum/ances4 ,! ,/oics1 !re=e1 posit z pr9ciple t :i* is less p]fect 7! s\l71 & trace x to a /ill less p]fect e>li] ?+ call$ habit 7or =m ( inorganic ?+s74#gb ,intellig5ce1 !re=e1 is posit$ 9 ! la/ rank s9ce x is alleg$ to be born ( ! s\l1 :ile1 on ! contr>y1 ! fir/ rank %\ld be assign$ to intellig5ce1 ! second to ! s\l1 ! ?ird to nature1 &1 foll[+ natural ord]1 consid] t :i* is less p]fect z ! po/]ior elem5t4 ,9 ?is sy/em ! div9ity1 by ! m]e fact ( 8 possess+ intellig5ce1 is po/]ior & begott51 possess+ only an incid5tal intellig5ce4 ,! result w\ld1 !re=e1 be t !re 0 nei!r s\l1 nor intellig5ce1 nor div9ity2 = nev] c t :i* is pot5tial pass to ! condition ( actualization1 )\t ! prior exi/5ce ( "s actualiz$ pr9ciple4 ,if :at is pot5tial 7 to trans=m itself into actualization--:i* is absurd--its passage into actualization w h to involve at ! v lea/ a contemplation ( some?+ :i* is n m]ely pot5tial1 b actualiz$4 ,nev]!less1 on ! hypo!sis t :at is pot5tial c p]man5tly rema9 id5tical1 x w ( itself pass into actualization1 & w be sup]ior to ! be+ :i* is pot5tial only because x w be ! object ( ! aspiration ( su* a be+4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 assign ! fir/ rank to ! be+ t has a p]fect & incorporeal nature1 :i* is always 9 actualization4 ,?us intellig5ce & s\l are prior to nature2 ! s\l1 !re=e1 is n a _s1 & consequ5tly no body4 ,o!r reasons = ! incorporeality ( ! s\l h be5 advanc$2 b ! above suffices 7z ?\ght ,ari/otle74#gc ,,ii4 ,,! ,,s\l ,,is ,,nei!r ,,! ,,h>mony ,,nor ,,entele*y ,,( ,,! ,,body--,,! ,,s\l ,,is ,,! ,,h>mony ,,( ,,! ,,body2 ,,aga9/ ,,! ,,py?agoreans4 7#ab74 a4 ,s9ce ! s\l is n corporeal1 its real nature mu/ be asc]ta9$4 ,%all we ass]t t %e is some?+ di/9ct f ! body1 b dep5d5t !reon1 z1 = in/ance1 a h>mony8 ,py?agoras1 inde$1 us$ ?is ^w 9 a te*nical s5se2 & aft] him ! h>mony ( ! body has be5 ?\ght to be some?+ simil> to ! h>mony ( a lyre4 ,z t5sion produces 9 ! lyre-/r+s an affection 7or1 mann] ( be+1 or /ate7 t is call$ h>mony1 likewise1 z contr>y elem5ts are m+l$ 9 our body1 an individual mixture produces life & s\l1 :i*1 !re=e1 is only an individual affection ( ?is mixture4 ,,:y ,,! ,,s\l ,,is ,,n ,a ,,h>mony4 ,z has already be5 said above#gd ?is hypo!sis is inadmissible = sev]al reasons4 ,to beg9 )1 ! s\l is prior 7to ! body71 & ! h>mony is po/]ior !reto4 ,!n ! s\l dom9ates ! body1 gov]ns x1 & (t5 ev5 resi/s x1 :i* w\ld be impossible if ! s\l 7 only a h>mony4 ,! s\l1 inde$1 is a be+1 :i* h>mony is n4 ,:5 ! corporeal pr9ciples ( :i* we are compos$ are m+l$ 9 j proportions1 _! temp]am5t con/itutes heal? 7b n a be+1 su* z ! s\l74 ,besides1 e "p ( ! body be+ m+l$ 9 a diff]5t mann] %\ld =m 7a diff]5t h>mony1 & consequ5tly7 a diff]5t s\l1 s t !re w\ld be sev]al ( !m4 ,! decisive argum5t1 h[ev]1 is t ?is s\l 7t con/itutes a h>mony7 presupposes ano!r s\l :i* w\ld produce ?is h>mony1 z a lyre ne$s a musician :o w\ld produce h>monic vibrations 9 ! /r+s1 because he possesses )9 himself ! reason accord+ to :i* he produces ! h>mony4 ,! /r+s ( ! lyre d n vibrate ( !mselves1 & ! elem5ts ( our body _c h>monize !mselves4 ,nev]!less1 "u ?is hypo!sis1 animat$ & ord]ly be+ w\ld h be5 made up out ( inanimate & disord]$ entities2 & ^! ord]ly be+s w\ld owe _! ord] & exi/5ce to *ance4 ,t is z impossible = p>ts z = ! :ole4 ,! s\l1 !re=e1 is no h>mony4 ,,! ,,s\l ,,is ,,n ,,! ,,entele*y ,,( ,,! ,,body 7,,polemic ,,aga9/ ,,ari/otle74 ,,ari/otle',s ,,/atem5t ,,( ,,! ,,problem4#ge 7#ac74 b4 ,n[ let u exam9e ! op9ion ( ^? :o call ! s\l an entele*y4 ,!y say t1 9 ! composite1 ! s\l plays ! "p ( =m 9 respect to matt]1 9 ! body ! s\l animates4 ,! s\l1 h[ev]1 is n said to be ! =m ( any body1 nor ( ! body z su*2 b ( ! natural body1 t is organiz$1 & :i* possesses life pot5tially4#gf ,,if ,,! ,,s\l ,,is ,,an ,,entele*y1 ,,%e ,,is ,a ,,diff]5t ,,"o ,,?an ,,ari/otle',s4 ,if ! s\l's relation to ! body is ! same z t ( ! /atue to ! metal1 ! s\l w be divid$ ) ! body1 & on cutt+ a memb] a portion ( ! s\l w\ld be cut along ) x4 ,accord+ to ?is tea*+1 ! s\l sep>ates f ! body only dur+ sleep1 s9ce %e mu/ inh]e 9 ! body ( :i* %e is ! entele*y1 9 :i* case sleep w\ld become entirely inexplicable4 ,if ! s\l be an entele*y1 ! /ruggle ( reason aga9/ ! passions w\ld become entirely impossible4 ,! entire human be+ w exp]i5ce b "o s+le s5tim5t1 & nev] be 9 disagreem5t ) itself4 ,if ! s\l be an entele*y1 !re w p]haps /ill be s5sations1 b m]e s5sations2 pure ?\ghts w h become impossible4 ,consequ5tly ! ,p]ipateticians !mselves are oblig$ to introduce 7into human nature7 ano!r s\l1 namely1 ! pure intellig5ce1 :i* !y consid] immortal4#gg ,! rational s\l1 !re=e1 w\ld h to be an entele*y 9 a mann] diff]5t f _! def9ition !re(1 if inde$ ?is "n is at all to be us$4 ,,if ,,an ,,entele*y ,,be ,,grant$1 ,,x ,,is ,,insep>able ,,f ,,! ,,body4 ,! s5se-s\l1 :i* pres]ves ! =ms ( s5se-objects previ\sly p]ceiv$1 mu/ pres]ve !m )\t ! body4 ,o!rwise1 ^! =ms w\ld inh]e 9 ! body l figures & corporeal %apes4 ,n[1 if ! =ms inh]$ 9 ! s5se-s\l 9 ?is mann]1 !y c\ld n be receiv$ !re9 o!rwise 7?an z corporeal impressions74 ,t is :y1 if we d grant ! exi/5ce ( an entele*y1 x mu/ be insep>able f ! body4 ,ev5 ! faculty ( appetite1 n inde$ t :i* makes u feel ! ne$ ( eat+ & dr9k+1 b t :i* desires ?+s t are indep5d5t ( ! body1 c\ld n ei!r be an entele*y4#gh ,,nei!r ,,c\ld ,,! ,,s\l ,,( ,,gr[? ,,be ,,an ,,entele*y4 ,! s\l's faculty ( gr[? rema9s to be consid]$4 ,?is at lea/ might be ?\ght an insep>able entele*y4 ,b nei!r does t suit h] nature4 ,= if ! pr9ciple ( e plant is 9 its root1 & if gr[? takes place ar\nd & b5ea? x1#gi z occurs 9 _m plants1 x is evid5t t ! s\l's faculty ( gr[?1 ab&on+ all ! o!r p>ts1 has conc5trat$ 9 ! root alone2 x1 !re=e1 0 n di/ribut$ all ar\nd ! s\l1 l an insep>able entele*y4 ,add t ?is s\l1 be=e ! plant gr[s1 is already conta9$ 9 ! small body 7( ! se$74 ,if !n1 aft] hav+ vivifi$ a great plant1 ! s\l's faculty ( gr[? c cond5se into a small space1 & if lat] x c1 f ?is small space1 aga9 spread ov] a :ole plant1 x is evid5tly entirely sep>able f ! 7plant's7 matt]4 ,,! ,,entele*y ,,is ,,n ,a ,,=m ,,( ,,! ,,body1 ,,z ,,! ,,s\l ,,transmigrates4 ,besides1 z ! s\l is indivisible1 ! entele*y ( ! divisible body c\ld n become divisible z is ! body4 ,besides1 ! same s\l passes f ! body ( "o animal into ! body ( "s o!r4 ,h[ c\ld ! s\l ( ! fir/ become t ( ! second1 if %e 7 only ! entele*y ( a s+le "o8 ,! example ( animals t metamorphose demon/rates ! impossibility ( ?is !ory4 ,! s\l1 !re=e1 is n ! simple =m ( a body2 %e is a g5u9e be+1 :i* does n owe its exi/5ce m]ely to h] be+ f\nd$ on ! body1 b :i*1 on ! contr>y1 exi/s be=e hav+ become ! s\l ( "s individual animal4 ,x is1 !re=e1 n ! body t begets ! s\l4 ,,! ,,s\l ,,is ,,an ,,incorporeal ,,& ,,immortal ,,ess5ce4 ,,! ,,s\l ,,be+ ,,none ,,( ,,corporeal ,,possibilities1 ,,mu/ ,,be ,,incorporeal4 c4 ,:at !n c be ! nature ( ! s\l1 if %e is nei!r a body1 nor a corporeal affection1 :ile1 nev]!less1 all ! active =ce1 ! productive p[] & ! o!r faculties reside 9 h]1 or come f h]8 ,:at sort ( a be+1 inde$1 is ?is 7s\l7 t has an exi/5ce indep5d5t ( ! body8 ,%e mu/ evid5tly be a v]itable be+4 ,inde$1 ev]y?+ corporeal mu/ be classifi$ z g5]at$1 & exclud$ f g5u9e be+1 because x is born1 & p]i%es1 nev] really exi/s1 & owes its salvation exclusively to p>ticipation 9 ! g5u9e exi/5ce1 & t only 9 ! measure ( its p>ticipation !re94 ,,! ,,p]si/5ce ,,( ,,! ,,*angeable ,,implies ,,! ,,et]nal ,,9 ,,! ,,backgr\nd4#hj #i4 7#ad74 ,x is absolutely necess>y to po/ulate ! exi/5ce ( a nature diff]5t f bodies1 by itself fully possess+ g5u9e exi/5ce1 :i* c nei!r be born nor p]i%4 ,o!rwise1 all o!r ?+s w\ld hopelessly disappe>1 z a result ( ! de/ruction ( ! exi/5ce :i* pres]ves bo? ! individuals & ! univ]se1 z _! beauty & salvation4 ,! s\l1 inde$1 is ! pr9ciple ( movem5t 7z ,plato ?\ght1 9 ! ,pha$rus72 x is ! s\l t imp>ts movem5t to ev]y?+ else2 ! s\l moves h]self4 ,%e imp>ts life to ! body %e animates2 b alone %e possesses life1 )\t ev] be+ subject to los+ x1 because %e possesses x by h]self4 ,all be+s1 inde$1 live only by a borr[$ life2 o!rwise1 we w\ld h to proce$ f cause to cause unto inf9ity4 ,!re mu/1 !re=e1 exi/ a nature t is prim>ily alive1 necess>ily incorruptible & immortal because x is ! pr9ciple ( life = ev]y?+ else4 ,x is !reon t mu/ be f\nd$ all t is div9e & bless$1 t lives & exi/s by itself1 t lives & exi/s supremely1 :i* is immutable 9 its ess5ce1 & :i* c nei!r be born nor p]i%4 ,h[ inde$ c\ld exi/5ce be born or p]i%8 ,if ! "n ( exi/5ce really suit$ x1 x mu/ exi/ =ev]1 j z :it5ess is n alt]nately black & :ite4 ,if :it5ess 7 exi/5ce itself1 x w\ld1 ) its be+ 7or nature7 7:i* is1 to be :it5ess71 possess an et]nal exi/5ce2 b1 9 reality1 x is no m ?an :it5ess4 ,!re=e1 ! pr9ciple t possesses exi/5ce 9 itself & 9 a supreme degree w always exi/4 ,n[ ?is prim>y & et]nal exi/5ce c n be any?+ dead l a /one1 or a piece ( wood4 ,x mu/ live1 & live ) a pure life1 z long z x exi/s )9 itself4 ,if some?+ ( x m+les ) :at is inf]ior1 ?is "p meets ob/acles 9 its aspiration to ! good2 b x does n lose its nature1 & resumes its =m] condition on return+ to a suitable condition 7z ?\ght ,plato1 9 8 ,pha$o#ha74 ,,! ,,s\l ,,is ,,incorporeal ,,because ,,( ,,h] ,,k9%ip ,,) ,,! ,,div9e4 #aj4 7#ae74 ,! s\l has aff9ities ) ! div9e & et]nal nature4 ,?is is evid5t1 because1 z we h demon/rat$ x1 %e is n a body1 has nei!r figure nor color1 & is impalpable4 ,consid] ! foll[+ demon/ration4 ,x is g5]ally grant$ t ev]y?+ t is div9e & t possesses g5u9e exi/5ce enjoys a happy & wise life4 ,n[ let u consid] ! nature ( our s\l1 9 connection ) t ( ! div9e4 ,let u take a s\l1 n "o inside ( a body1 :i* is und]go+ ! irrational motions ( appetite & ang]1 & ! o!r affections born ( ! body1 b a s\l t has elim9at$ all t1 & :i*1 s f> z possible1 _h no int]c\rse ) ! body4 ,su* a s\l w\ld %[ u t vices are some?+ =eign to ! nature ( ! s\l1 & come to h] f else:]e1 & t1 inasmu* z %e is purifi$1 %e 9 h] own "r possesses ! mo/ em95t qualities1 wisdom1 & ! o!r virtues 7z ?\ght ,plato#hb74 ,if ! s\l1 :5 re-ent]+ into h]self1 is su*1 h[ c\ld %e n p>ticipate 9 ?is nature t we h ackn[l$g$ to be suitable to e ?+ t is et]nal & div9e8 ,z wisdom & real virtue are div9e ?+s1 !y c\ld n dwell 9 a vile & mortal entity2 ! exi/5ce t receives !m is necess>ily div9e1 s9ce x p>ticipates 9 div9e ?+s by _! mutual aff9ity & community4 ,anyone :o ?us possesses wisdom & virtue 9 8 s\l diff]s little f ! sup]ior be+s2 he is inf]ior to !m only by ! fact ( 8 hav+ a body4 ,if all m51 or at lea/1 if _m ( !m held _! s\l 9 ?is disposition1 no "o w\ld be sceptic en\gh to refuse to believe t ! s\l is immortal4 ,b z we consid] ! s\l 9 h] pres5t condition ( be+ soil$ by vices1 no "o imag9es t h] nature is div9e & immortal4 ,,! ,,s\l1 ,,l ,,o!r ,,?+s1 ,,%\ld ,,be ,,judg$ ,,9 ,,h] ,,pure/ ,,condition4 ,n[ :5 we consid] ! nature ( "s be+1 x %\ld be /udi$ 9 its r>e/ condition1 s9ce extrane\s additions h9d] x f be+ rightly judg$4 ,! s\l mu/ be !re=e consid]$ only aft] ab/raction ( =eign ?+s1 or r1 he :o makes ?is ab/raction %\ld obs]ve himself 9 t condition4 ,he !n w n d\bt t he is immortal1 :5 he sees himself 9 ! pure _w ( intellig5ce4 ,he w see 8 intellig5ce occupi$1 n 9 ! obs]vation ( "s s5se-object t is mortal1 b 9 ?9k+ ! et]nal by an equally et]nal faculty4#hc ,he w see all ! entities 9 ! intelligible _w1 & he w see himself become intelligible1 radiant1 & illum9at$ by ! tru? emanat+ f ! ,good1 :i* %$s ! light ( tru? on all intelligible entities4#hd ,!n 7l ,emp$ocles1 9 ,diog4 ,la]tes#he71 he w h ! "r to say3 ,f>ewell1 ,i am n[ an immortal div9ity4 ,= he has asc5d$ to ! div9ity1 & has become assimilat$ !reto4 ,z purification p]mits "o to "k ! bett] ?+s1 s ! notions we h )9 u1 & :i* con/itute real sci5ce1 are made cle>4 ,inde$1 x is n by an excursion among ext]nal objects t ! s\l atta9s ! intuition ( wisdom & virtue1 b by re-ent]+ into h]self1 9 ?9k+ h]self 9 h] primitive condition4 ,!n %e cle>s up & recognizes 9 h]self ! div9e /atues1 soil$ by ! ru/ ( "t4 ,likewise1 if a piece ( gold 7 animat$ & releas$ itself f ! e>? by :i* x 0 cov]$1 aft] fir/ hav+ be5 ignorant ( its real nature because x did n see its own spl5dor1 x w\ld admire itself :5 consid]+ itself 9 its purity2 x w\ld f9d t x _h no ne$ ( a borr[$ beauty1 & w\ld consid] itself happy to rema9 isolat$ f ev]y?+ else4#hf ,,ev5 ,,on ,,! ,,/oic ,,hypo!sis ,,! ,,s\l ,,mu/ ,,be ,,immortal4 #aa4 7#af74 ,:at s5sible man1 aft] hav+ ?us consid]$ ! nature ( ! s\l1 c\ld /ill d\bt ( ! immortality ( a pr9ciple :i* d]ives life f naught b itself1 & :i* _c lose x8 ,h[ c\ld ! s\l lose life1 s9ce %e did n borr[ x f else:]e1 & s9ce %e does n possess x z fire possesses heat8 ,=1 )\t be+ an accid5t ( fire1 ! heat1 nev]!less1 is an accid5t ( its matt]2 = fire c p]i%4 ,b1 9 ! s\l1 life is n an accid5t t comes to add itself to a mat]ial subject to con/itute a s\l4 ,9 fact1 !re is "h an alt]native3 ei!r life is a g5u9e be+1 :i* is alive by itself2 9 :i* case ?is be+ is ! s\l t we are seek+ to discov]1 & immortality _c be refus$ h]2 or ! s\l is a composite1 & %e mu/ be decompos$ until we arrive at some?+ immortal :i* moves by itself2 & su* a pr9ciple c\ld n be subject to dea?4 ,fur!r1 :5 7,/oics7 say t life is only an accid5tal modification ( matt]1 !y are !reby =c$ to ackn[l$ge t ! pr9ciple t imp>t$ ?is modification to matt] is immortal1 & incapable ( admitt+ any?+ contr>y to :at x communicates 7t is1 life1 z said ,plato1 9 8 ,pha$o#hg71 b !re is only a s+le nature t possesses life 9 actualization4 ,,!re ,,is ,,no ,,conceivable ,,way ,,9 ,,:i* ,,s\l ,,c\ld ,,p]i%4 #ab4 7#ag74 7,! ,/oics71 inde$1 claim t e s\l is p]i%able4 ,9 ?is case1 ev]y?+ %\ld long s9ce h be5 de/roy$4 ,o!rs might say t our s\l 7 mortal1 :ile ! univ]sal ,s\l 7 immortal4 ,on !m1 h[ev]1 is ! burd5 ( pro( ( a diff]5ce betwe5 ! individual & univ]sal s\ls4 ,bo? ( !m1 inde$1 are a pr9ciple ( movem5t2 bo? live by !mselves2 bo? grasp ! same object by ! same faculty1 ei!r by ?9k+ ! ?+s conta9$ 9 heav51 or by consid]+ ! nature 7be+7 ( ea* be+1 asc5d+ unto ! fir/ pr9ciple4 ,s9ce our s\l ?9ks absolute ess5ces ei!r by ! notions %e f9ds )9 h]self1 or by rem9isc5ce1 %e evid5tly is prior to ! body4 ,possess+ k ( et]nal entities1 %e h]self mu/ be et]nal4 ,all t dissolves1 exi/+ only by its composit5ess1 c naturally dissolve 9 ! same mann] t x became composite4 ,b ! s\l is a s+le1 simple actualization1 ^: ess5ce is life2 n 9 ?is mann] !re=e c ! s\l p]i%4 ,nei!r c\ld ! s\l p]i% by division into a numb] ( p>ts2 =1 z we h %[n1 ! s\l is nei!r a mass nor a quantity4 ,z little c\ld ! s\l p]i% by alt]ation2 = :5 alt]ation de/roys any?+1 x may remove its =m1 b leaves its matt]2 alt]ation1 !re=e1 is a *>act]i/ic ( some?+ composite4 ,consequ5tly z ! s\l _c p]i% 9 any ( ^! ways1 %e is imp]i%able4 ,,desc5t ,,into ,,! ,,body ,,ne$ ,,n ,,conflict ,,) ,,! ,,et]nity ,,( ,,s\l4 #ac4 7#ah74 ,if intelligible entities are sep>at$ f s5se objects1 h[ does x happ5 t ! s\l desc5ds into a body8#hh ,s long z ! s\l is a pure & impassible intellig5ce1 s long z %e enjoys a purely intellectual life l ! o!r intelligible be+s1 %e dwells among !m2 = %e has nei!r appetite nor desire4 ,b t "p :i* is inf]ior to intellig5ce & :i* is capable ( desires1 foll[s _! impulsion1 proce$s & )draws f ! intelligible _w4 ,wi%+ to ornam5t matt] on ! model ( ! ,ideas %e contemplat$ 9 ,intellig5ce1 9 ha/e to exhibit h] fruitfulness1 & to manife/ ! g]ms %e be>s )9 h] 7z said ,plato1 9 ! ,banquet#hi71 ! s\l applies h]self to produce & create1 &1 z result ( ?is application1 %e is1 z x 71 ori5tat$ 7or1 9 t5sion7 t[>ds s5se-objects4 ,) ! univ]sal ,s\l1 ! human s\l %>es ! adm9i/ration ( ! :ole _w1 )\t1 h[ev]1 ent]+ x2 !n1 desir+ to adm9i/] "s portion ( ! _w on h] own responsibility1 %e sep>ates f ! univ]sal ,s\l1 & passes into a body4 ,b ev5 :5 %e is pres5t ) ! body1 ! s\l does n devote h]self entirely to x1 z "s "p ( h] always rema9s outside ( x2 t is h[ h] intellig5ce rema9s impassible4#ij ,,! ,,s\l ,,z ,,! ,,arti/ ,,( ,,! ,,univ]se4 ,! s\l is pres5t 9 ! body at "s times1 & at o!r times1 is outside ( x4 ,:51 inde$1 foll[+ h] own incl9ation1 %e desc5ds f fir/-rank entities 7t is1 intelligible entities7 to ?ird-rank entities 7t is1 e>?ly entities71 %e proce$s by virtue ( ! actualization ( intellig5ce1 :i*1 rema9+ )9 h]self1 embelli%es ev]y?+ by ! m9i/ration ( ! s\l1 & :i*1 itself be+ immortal1 orda9s ev]y?+ ) immortal p[]2 = intellig5ce exi/s cont9u\sly by a cont9u\s actualization4#ia ,,all ,,s\ls ,,h ,,immortality1 ,,ev5 ,,if ,,sunk ,,into ,,animals ,,or ,,plants4 #ad4 7#ai74 ,:at ab\t ! s\ls ( animals inf]ior to man8 ,! 7rational7 s\ls t h /ray$ s f> z to desc5d into ! bodies ( animals are nev]!less /ill immortal4#ib ,s\ls ( a k9d o!r 7?an rational s\ls71 _c proce$ f any?+ else ?an ! liv+ nature 7( ! univ]sal ,s\l72 & !y necess>ily are ! pr9ciples ( life = all animals4 ,! case is ! same ) ! s\ls t inh]e 9 plants4 ,inde$1 all s\ls h issu$ f ! same pr9ciple 7! univ]sal ,s\l71 all h an individual life1 & are indivisible & incorporeal ess5ces 7be+s74 ,,ev5 ,,if ,,! ,,s\l ,,has ,,diff]5t ,,p>ts1 ,,! ,,orig9al ,,p>ts ,,survive4 ,to ! objection t ! human s\l mu/ decompose because %e conta9s ?ree p>ts1 x may be answ]$ t1 :5 s\ls issue f "h bel[1 ^? t are purifi$ leave :at _h be5 add$ to !m 9 g5]ation 7! irrational s\l1#ic7 :ile ! o!r non-purifi$ s\ls d free !mselves !refrom ) "t4 ,besides1 ?is l[] "p ( ! s\l does n itself p]i%1 = x exi/s z long z ! pr9ciple f :i* x proce$s4 ,inde$1 no?+ t exi/s is annihilat$4 ,,! ,,hi/oric ,,evid5ce ,,= ,,immortality ,,( ,,! ,,s\l4 #ae4 7#bj74 ,?is1 !n1 is our answ] to ^? :o seek a philosophical demon/ration4 ,^? :o are satisfi$ ) ! te/imony ( fai? & s5se1 may be ref]r$ to ^? extracts f hi/ory :i* furni% num]\s pro(s !re(4#id ,we may also ref] to ! oracles giv5 by ! div9ities :o ord] an appeasem5t ( ! s\ls :o 7 victims ( "s inju/ice1 & to honor ! dead1#ie & to ! rites obs]v$ by all t[>ds ^? :o live no m2#if :i* presupposes t _! s\ls are /ill consci\s beyond4 ,ev5 aft] leav+ _! bodies1 _m s\ls :o liv$ on ! e>? h cont9u$ to grant b5efits to m54#ig ,by revelation ( ! future2#ih & r5d]+ o!r s]vices1 !y !mselves prove t ! o!r s\ls _c h p]i%$4 ,z ! fir/ book 0 evid5tly ,platonic1 ! second seems ,num5ian1 rem9d+ u ( ! latt]'s book on ! ,immortality ( ! ,s\l1 "o ( ! argum5ts f :i* we f9d 9 #c ,e4 ,,?ird ,,ennead1 ,,book ,,fir/4 ,conc]n+ ,fate4 ,,possible ,,!ories ,,ab\t ,,fate4 #a4 ,! fir/ possibility is t !re is a cause bo? = ! ?+s t become1 & ^? t are2 ! cause ( ! =m] be+ _! becom+1 & t ( ! latt]1 _! exi/5ce4 ,aga91 nei!r ( !m may h a cause4 ,or1 9 bo? cases1 "s may h a cause1 & "s n4 ,fur!r1 ^? t become might h a cause1 :ile1 ( ^! t exi/1 "s might p>tly h a cause4 ,contr>iwise1 all ?+s t exi/ may h a cause1 :ile ( ^? t become1 p>ts may h a cause1 & "p n4 ,la/1 none ( ! ?+s t become might h any cause4 ,,except ,,! ,,fir/1 ,,all ,,?+s ,,are ,,caus$4 ,speak+ ( et]nal ?+s1 ! fir/ _c be d]iv$ f o!r causes1 j because !y are fir/4 ,?+s dep5d5t f ! fir/1 h[ev]1 may inde$ !nce d]ive _! be+4 ,to ea* ?+ we %\ld also attribute ! resultant action2 = a ?+'s be+ is con/itut$ by its display$ en]gy4 ,,/oic ,,& ,,epicurean ,,causeless ,,orig9 ,,really ,,! ,,utmo/ ,,det]m9ism4 ,n[ among ! ?+s t become1 or among ^? t al?\gh p]petually exi/5t d n always result 9 ! same actions1 x may be boldly ass]t$ t ev]y?+ has a cause4 ,we %\ld n admit 7! ,/oic cont5tion#ii7 t some?+ happ5s )\t a cause1 nor accept ! 7,epicurean#ajj7 arbitr>y conv]g5ce ( ! atoms1 nor believe t any body initiates a movem5t sudd5ly & )\t det]m9+ reason1 nor suppose 7) ,epicurus aga9#aja7 t ! s\l und]takes "s action by a bl9d impulse1 )\t any motive4 ,?us to suppose t a ?+ does n belong to itself1 t x c\ld be c>ri$ away by involunt>y movem5ts1 & act )\t motive1 w\ld be to subject x to ! mo/ cru%+ det]m9ism4 ,! w mu/ be excit$1 or ! desire awak5$ by "s int]ior or ext]ior /imulus4 ,no det]m9ation 7is possible7 )\t motive4 ,,e ,,good ,,?+ ,,has ,,"s ,,cause2 ,,nature ,,be+ ,,! ,,ultimate ,,cause4 ,if ev]y?+ t happ5s has a cause1 x is possible to discov] su* fact's proximate causes1 & to !m ref] ?is fact4 ,p g d[nt[n1 = example1 to see a p]son1 or collect a bill4 ,9 all cases x is a matt] ( *oice1 foll[$ by decision1 & ! det]m9ation to c>ry x out4 ,!re are1 inde$1 c]ta9 facts usually d]iv$ f ! arts2 z = in/ance ! re-e/abli%m5t ( heal? may be ref]r$ to m$ic9e & ! physician4 ,aga91 :5 a man has become ri*1 ?is is due to 8 f9d+ "s treasure1 or receiv+ "s donation1 to work+1 or ex]cis+ "s lucrative pr(ession4 ,! bir? ( a *ild dep5ds on its fa!r1 & ! conc\rse ( ext]ior circum/ances1 :i*1 by ! concat5ation ( causes & effects1 favor$ 8 procreation2 = example1 "r food1 or ev5 a /ill m di/ant cause1 ! f]tility ( ! "m1 or1 /ill m g5]ally1 ( nature 7or1 9 g5]al1 x is usual to assign natural causes74 ,,proximate ,,causes ,,are ,,unsatisfactory2 ,,we ,,mu/ ,,seek ,,! ,,ultimate ,,ones4 #b4 ,to /op1 on arriv+ at ^! causes1 & to refuse fur!r analysis1 is to exhibit sup]ficiality4 ,?is is aga9/ ! advice ( ! sages1 :o advise asc5d+ to ! prim>y causes1 to ! supreme pr9ciples4 ,= example1 :y1 dur+ ! full moon1 %\ld ! "o man /eal1 & ! o!r "o n /eal8 ,or1 :y1 "u ! same influ5ce ( ! heav5s1 has ! "o1 & n ! o!r1 be5 sick8 ,:y1 by use ( ! same means1 has ! "o become ri*1 & ! o!r poor8 ,! diff]5ce ( dispositions1 *>act]s1 & =tunes =ce u to seek ult]ior causes1 z inde$ ! sages h always done4 ,,mat]iali/s ,,support ,,det]m9ism4 ,^? sages :o 7l ,leucippus1 ,democritus & ,epicurus7 assum$ mat]ial pr9ciples su* z ! atoms1 & :o expla9 ev]y?+ by _! motion1 _! %ock & comb9ations1 pret5d t ev]y?+ exi/5t & occurr+ is caus$ by ! ag5cy ( ^! atoms1 _! actions & reactions4 ,?is includes1 accord+ to !m1 our appetites & dispositions4 ,! necessity resid+ 9 ! nature ( ^! pr9ciples1 & 9 _! effects1 is !re=e1 by ^! sages1 ext5d$ to ev]y?+ t exi/s4 ,z to ! 7,ionic ,hylici/s71 :o assume o!r physical 7ultimate7 pr9ciples1 ref]r+ ev]y?+ to !m1 !y ?us also subject all be+s to necessity4 ,,h]aclitus1 ,,?\gh ,,m ,,spiritual1 ,,is ,,also ,,det]m9i/4 ,!re are o!rs 7su* z ,h]aclitus#ajb71 :o1 seek+ ! 7supreme7 pr9ciple ( ! univ]se1 ref] ev]y?+ to x2 say+ t ?is pr9ciple p5etrates1 moves1 & produces ev]y?+4 ,?is !y call ,fate1 & ! ,supreme ,cause4 ,f x !y d]ive ev]y?+2 its motions are said to give rise n only to ! ?+s t are occurr+1 b ev5 our ?\ght4 ,t is h[ ! memb]s ( an animal d n move !mselves1 b receive ! /imulus f ! gov]n+ pr9ciple )9 !m4 ,,! ,,a/rolog]s ,,make ,,cosmic ,,d$uctions ,,f ,,progno/ication4 ,"s 7( ! a/rolog]s7 expla9 ev]y?+ by ! circul> motion ( ! heav5s1 by ! relative positions ( ! planets & />s1 & by _! mutual aspects 7or1 relations74 ,!y base ?is 7pr9ciple7 on ! preval5t habit ( d$uc+ !refrom conjectures ab\t futurity4 ,,! ,,/oic ,,det]m9ism ,,is ,,bas$ ,,on ,,v>i\s ,,!ories4 ,o!rs 7l ! ,/oic ,*rysippus#ajc7 def9e ,fate o!rwise3 x is ! concat5ation ( causes 9 _! connection t[>ds ! inf9ite1 by :i* e po/]ior fact is ! consequ5ce ( an ant]ior "o4 ,?us ! ?+s t foll[ relate to ! ?+s t prec$e1 &1 z _! effects1 necess>ily dep5d !reupon4 ,amid/ ^! 7,/oic7 philosoph]s !re are two conceptions ( ,fate3 "s consid] t ev]y?+ dep5ds f a s+le pr9ciple1 :ile o!rs d n4 ,^! views we %all /udy lat]4 ,we %all fir/ exam9e ! sy/em ) :i* we began2 lat] we %all review ! o!rs4 ,,! ,,physical ,,!ories ,,are ,,absurd4 #c4 ,to ref] ev]y?+ to physical causes1 :e!r y call !m atoms or elem5ts1 & f _! disord]$ motion to d$uce ord]1 reason & ! s\l t directs 7! body71 is absurd & impossible2 nev]!less1 to d$uce ev]y?+ f atoms1 is1 if possible1 /ill m impossible2 & consequ5tly _m valid objections h be5 rais$ aga9/ ?is !ory4 ,,! ,,/oic ,,polemic ,,aga9/ ,,! ,,epicureans4 ,to beg9 )1 ev5 if we d admit su* atomic pr9ciples1 _! exi/5ce does n 9 any way inevitably lead to ei!r ! necessity ( all ?+s1 or fatality4 ,let u1 inde$1 grant ! exi/5ce ( atoms2 n[ "s w move d[nw>ds--t is1 if !re is an up & d[n 9 ! univ]se--o!rs obliquely1 by *ance1 9 v>i\s directions4 ,z !re w be no ord]1 !re w be no?+ det]m9ate4 ,only :at w be born ( ! atoms w be det]m9ate4 ,x w !re=e be impossible to guess or pr$ict ev5ts1 :e!r by art--& inde$1 h[ c\ld !re be any art 9 ! mid/ ( ord]less ?+s8--or by en?usiasm1 or div9e inspiration2 = pr$iction implies t ! future is det]m9$4 ,true1 bodies w obey ! impulses necess>ily communicat$ to !m by ! atoms2 b h[ c\ld y expla9 ! op]ations & affections ( ! s\l by movem5ts ( atoms8 ,h[ c\ld atomic %ock1 :e!r v]tical or oblique1 produce 9 ! s\l ^! our reason+s1 or appetites1 :e!r necess>ily1 or 9 any o!r way8 ,:at explanation c\ld !y give ( ! s\l's resi/ance to ! impulsions ( ! body8 ,by :at conc\rse ( atoms w "o man become a geometrician1 ano!r become a ma!matician & a/ronom]1 & ! o!r a philosoph]8 ,=1 accord+ to t doctr9e we no long] produce any act = :i* we are responsible1 we are ev5 no long] liv+ be+s1 s9ce we und]go ! impulsion ( bodies t affect u j z !y d inanimate ?+s4 ,,application ,,( ,,?is ,,polemic ,,to ,,! ,,physici/s4 ,! same objections apply to ! doctr9e ( ! philosoph]s :o expla9 ev]y?+ by o!r physical causes 7su* z elem5ts74 ,pr9ciples ( inf]ior nature might well w>m u1 cool u1 or ev5 make u p]i%2 b !y c\ld n beget any ( ! op]ations :i* ! s\l produces2 ^! h an entirely diff]5t cause4 ,,re/atem5t ,,( ,,h]aclitus',s ,,position4 #d4 ,b might 7,h]aclitus7 suppose t a s+le ,s\l int]p5etrat+ ! univ]se produces ev]y?+1 & by supply+ ! univ]se ) motion supplies x simultane\sly to all its con/itu5t be+s1 s t f ?is prim>y cause1 w\ld necess>ily fl[ all second>y causes1 ^: sequ5ce & connection w\ld con/itute ,fate8 ,simil>ly1 9 a plant1 = in/ance1 ! plant's fate might be con/itut$ by ! 7gov]n+7 pr9ciple :i*1 f ! root1 adm9i/]s its o!r p>ts1 & :i* organizes into a s+le sy/em _! actions & reactions4#ajd ,,?is ,,w\ld ,,int]f]e ,,) ,,self-,,consci\sness ,,& ,,responsibility4 ,to beg9 )1 ?is ,necessity & ,fate w\ld by _! excess de/roy !mselves1 & r5d] impossible ! sequ5ce & concat5ation ( ! causes4 ,x is1 inde$1 absurd to insi/ t our memb]s are mov$ by ,fate :5 !y are set 9 motion1 or inn]vat$1 by ! gov]n+ pr9ciple4 ,x is a mi/ake to suppose t !re is a "p :i* imp>ts motion1 & on ! o!r h&1 a "p :i* receives x f ! =m]2 x is ! gov]n+ pr9ciple t moves ! leg1 z x w\ld any o!r "p4 ,likewise1 if 9 ! univ]se exi/s b a s+le pr9ciple :i* acts & reacts1 if ?+s d]ive f ea* o!r by a s]ies ( causes ea* ( :i* ref]s to ! prec$+ "o1 x w no long] be possible to say truly t all ?+s arise ?r\gh causes1 = _! totality w con/itute b a s+le be+4 ,9 t case1 we are no long] ourselves2 actions are no long] ours2 x is no long] we :o reason2 x is a =eign pr9ciple :i* reasons1 wills1 & acts 9 u1 j z x is n our feet t walk1 b we :o walk by ! ag5cy ( our feet4 ,on ! contr>y1 common s5se admits t e p]son lives1 ?9ks1 & acts by 8 own individual1 prop] life1 ?\ght & action2 to ea* mu/ be left ! responsibility ( 8 actions1 good or evil1 & n attribute %ameful de$s to ! univ]sal cause4 ,,re/atem5t ,,( ,,! ,,a/rological ,,!ory ,,( ,,fate4 #e4 ,o!rs1 aga91 insi/ t ?is is n ! /ate ( affairs4 ,_! disposition dep5ds on ! circul> movem5t ( ! heav5 :i* gov]ns ev]y?+1 on ! c\rse ( ! />s1 ( _! mutual relative position at ! "t ( _! ris+1 ( _! sett+1 ( _! z5i?1 or ( _! conjunction4 ,inde$1 su* are ! signs on :i* are f\nd$ progno/ications & pr$ictions ( :at is to happ51 n only to ! univ]se1 b also to ea* individual1 bo? z to 8 =tunes & 8 ?\ght4 ,x is notic$ t ! o!r animals & vegetables increase or decrease accord+ to ! k9d ( sympa?y exi/+ betwe5 !m & ! />s1 t all o!r ?+s exp]i5ce _! influ5ce1 t v>i\s regions ( ! e>? diff] accord+ to _! adju/m5t ) ! />s1 & especially ! sun2 t f ! nature ( ^! regions dep5d n only ! "* ( ! plants & animals1 b also human =ms1 size1 color1 affections1 passions1 ta/es1 & cu/oms4 ,9 ?is sy/em1 !re=e1 ! c\rse ( ! />s is ! absolute cause ( ev]y?+4 ,,refutation ,,( ,,! ,,a/rological ,,sy/em4 ,to ?is we answ] t our a/rolog] attributes indirectly to ! />s all our *>act]i/ics3 w1 passions1 vices & appetites2 he all[s u no rle o!r ?an to turn l mills1 in/ead ( responsibility1 z befits m51 produc+ actions t suit our nature4 ,on ! contr>y1 we %\ld be left 9 possession ( :at belongs to u by ! obs]vation t ! univ]se limits itself to ex]cis+ "s influ5ce on :at we possess already ?anks to ourselves1 & :i* is really *>act]i/ic ( u4 ,moreov]1 "o %\ld di/+ui% ! de$s 9 :i* we are active1 f ^? 9 :i* we are necess>ily passive1 & n d$uce ev]y?+ f ! />s4 ,nobody1 inde$1 d\bts t ! diff]5ces ( place & climate ex]t an influ5ce ov] u1 imp>t+ to u1 = in/ance1 a cool or w>m-he>t$ disposition4 ,h]$ity also %\ld be consid]$2 = *ildr5 usually resemble _! p>5ts by _! features1 =m1 & "s affections ( ! irrational s\l4 ,nev]!less1 ev5 ?\gh !y resemble !m by _! facial features1 because !y are born 9 ! same place1 !y may diff] 9 habits & ?\ghts1 because ^! ?+s dep5d on an entirely diff]5t pr9ciple4 ,9 addition1 we c adduce to ! support ( ?is tru? ! resi/ance :i* ! s\l (f]s to ! temp]am5t & to ! appetites4 ,z to ! claim t ! />s are ! causes ( ev]y?+1 because "o c pr$ict :at is to happ5 to ea* man f a consid]ation ( _! positions1 x w\ld be j z reasonable to ass]t t ! birds & ! o!r be+s :i* ! augurs consult z om5s produce ! ev5ts ( :i* !y are ! signs4 ,,horoscopes ,,que/ion$2 ,,!y ,,d ,,n ,,acc\nt ,,= ,,simultane\s ,,diff]5ces4 ,?is leads u to consid]1 m 9 detail1 :at sort ( facts may be pr$ict$ accord+ to ! inspection ( ! positions occupi$ by ! />s presid+ ov] ! bir? ( a man4 ,!y :o1 f ! ass]tion t ! />s indicate a man's future1 draw ! consequ5ce t ! />s produce !m1 are 9 error4 ,9 "s p]son's horoscope :i* indicates bir? f noble p>5ts1 on ei!r mat]nal or pat]nal side1 ?is nobility ( bir? _c be attribut$ to ! />s1 z ?is nobility subsi/$ already 9 ! p>5ts be=e ! />s _h tak5 ! position accord+ to :i* ! horoscope is ca/4 ,besides1 a/rolog]s pret5d !y c discov] ! p>5t's =tune f ! bir? ( _! *ildr51 & f ! condition ( ! p>5ts ! disposition & fate ( ! unborn (fspr+4 ,f a *ild's horoscope1 !y ann\nce 8 bro!r's dea?2 & f a woman's horoscope1 ! =tunes ( h] husb&1 & conv]sely4 ,x is unreasonable to ref] to ! />s ?+s :i* evid5tly are necess>y consequ5ces ( p>5tal conditions4 ,we !n rea* a dilemma3 ! cause lies ei!r 9 ^! antec$5t conditions1 or 9 ! />s4 ,! beauty & ugl9ess ( *ildr51 :5 !y resemble _! p>5ts1 mu/ evid5tly be d]iv$ f !m1 & n f ! c\rse ( ! />s4 ,moreov]1 x is probable t at any "o mom5t are born a cr[d ( human & animal "y2 n[1 inasmu* z !y are born "u ! same />1 !y all ought to h ! same nature4 ,h[ does x !n happ5 t1 9 ! same positions1 />s produce m5 & o!r be+s simultane\sly 7z ,cic]o asks#aje78 ,,h]$ity ,,m ,,important ,,?an ,,/>-,,influ5ce2 ,,cont9uation4 #f4 ,ea* be+ d]ives 8 "* f 8 nature4 ,"o be+ is a horse because he is born f a m>e1 :ile ano!r is human1 because born f a human "m2 & m3 he is t p>ticul> horse1 & t p>ticul> man because he is born f su* & su* a horse1 or woman4 ,d\btless1 ! c\rse ( ! />s may modify ! result1 b ! greate/ "p ( ! influ5ce mu/ be all[$ to h]$ity4 ,,/>s ,,affect ,,! ,,physical1 ,,n ,,! ,,m5tal ,,be+4 ,! />s act on ! body only 9 a physical way1 & ?us imp>t to !m heat1 cold1 & ! v>iety ( temp]am5t :i* results !refrom4 ,b h[ c\ld !y end[ ! man ) habits1 ta/es1 & incl9ations :i* d n seem to dep5d on ! temp]am5t1 su* z ! avocation ( a surveyor1 a gramm>ian1 a gambl]1 or an inv5tor8 ,,irrational ,,claims ,,( ,,a/rolog]s4 ,besides1 nobody w\ld admit t p]v]sity c\ld come f be+s :o are div9ities4 ,h[ c\ld "o believe t !y are ! au?ors ( ! evils attribut$ to !m1 & t !y !mselves become evil because !y set or pass "u ! e>?1 z if !y c\ld possibly be affect$ by ! fact t1 9 reg>d to u1 !y seem to set2 z if !y did n cont9ue to w&] ar\nd ! heav5ly sph]e1 & rema9$ 9 ! same relation to ! e>?8 ,besides x is incr$ible t because a /> is 9 su* or su* a position 9 respect ( ano!r />1 x becomes bett] or worse1 & t x affects u ) goodness :5 x is well dispos$1 & evil 9 ! contr>y case4 ,,/>s ,,s]ve ,,z ,,lett]s ,,9 ,,:i* ,,to ,,read ,,nature4 ,we grant t by _! movem5t ! />s co-op]ate 9 ! cons]vation ( ! univ]se1 & t !y simultane\sly play 9 x ano!r "p4 ,!y s]ve z lett]s = ^? skill$ 9 deciph]+ ?is k9d ( writ+2 & :o1 by ! obs]vation ( ! figures =m$ by ! />s1 read into !m future ev5ts accord+ to ! laws ( analogy1 z = in/ance1 if "o presag$ high de$s f see+ a bird fly high4 ,,re/atem5t ,,( ,,! ,,/oic ,,doctr9e1 ,,& ,,! ,,h]aclitian4 #g4 ,!re rema9s to be consid]$ ! 7,/oic7 doctr9e :i*1 concat5at+ & int]relat+ all ?+s among ea* o!r1 e/abli%es a s+le cause :i* produces ev]y?+ ?r\gh sem9al reasons4 ,?is doctr9e reatta*es itself to 7,h]aclitus's7 :i* d$uces f ! action ( ! univ]sal ,s\l ! con/itution & ! movem5ts ( ! individuals z well z ^? ( ! univ]se4 ,,alex&] ,,( ,,aphrodisia',s ,,polemic ,,aga9/ ,,! ,,/oics4 ,9 ?is case1 ev5 if we possess$ ! p[] ( do+ some?+ by ourselves1 we w\ld n be any ! less ?an ! rema9d] ( ! univ]se subject$ to necessity1 because ,fate1 conta9+ ! :ole s]ies ( causes1 necess>ily det]m9es ea* ev5t4 ,n[ s9ce ,fate includes all causes1 !re is no?+ :i* c\ld h9d] ! occurr5ce ( t ev5t1 or alt] x4 ,if !n ev]y?+ obeys ! impulsion ( a s+le pr9ciple1 no?+ is left to u b to foll[ x4 ,inde$1 9 ?is case1 ! fancies ( our imag9ation w\ld result f ant]ior facts1 & w\ld 9 turn det]m9e our appetites2 our lib]ty w\ld !n h become a m]e ^w2 nor w\ld we ga9 any advantage f obey+ our appetites1 s9ce our appetites !mselves w be det]m9$ by ant]ior facts4 ,we w\ld h no m lib]ty ?an ! o!r animals1 ?an *ildr51 or ! insane1 :o run hi!r & yon1 driv5 by bl9d appetites2 = !y also obey _! appetites1 z fire w\ld d1 & z all ! ?+s :i* fatally foll[ ! dispositions ( _! nature4 ,^! objections w be decisive = ^? capable ( appreh5d+ !m2 & 9 ! se>* = o!r causes ( our appetites !y w n cont5t !mselves ) ! pr9ciples :i* we h exam9$4 ,,! ,,human ,,s\l ,,z ,,an ,,indep5d5t ,,pr9ciple4 #h4 ,:at o!r cause1 besides ! prec$+1 w we h to invoke s z to let no?+ occur )\t a cause1 to ma9ta9 ord] & int]dep5d5ce ( ?+s 9 ! _w1 & 9 ord] to pres]ve ! possibility ( pr$ictions & om5s )\t de/roy+ our p]sonality8 ,we %all h to introduce among ! numb] ( be+s ano!r pr9ciple1 namely3 ! s\l2 & n only ! ,_w-s\l1 b ev5 ! individual s\l ( e p]son4 ,9 ! univ]sal concat5ation ( causes & effects1 ?is s\l is a pr9ciple ( no little importance1 because1 in/ead (1 l all o!r ?+s1 be+ born ( a sem9al reason1 x con/itutes a prim>y cause4 ,outside ( a body1 %e rema9s absolute mi/ress ( h]self1 free & indep5d5t ( ! cause :i* adm9i/]s ! _w4 ,z soon z %e has desc5d$ into a body1 %e is no long] s indep5d5t1 = %e !n =ms "p ( ! ord] to :i* all ?+s are subject$4 ,n[1 inasmu* z ! accid5ts ( =tune1 t is to say1 ! surr\nd+ circum/ances1 det]m9e _m ev5ts1 ! s\l alt]nately yields to ! influ5ce ( ext]nal circum/ances1 & !n aga9 %e dom9ates !m1 & does :at %e pleases4 ,?is %e does m or less1 accord+ z %e is good or evil4 ,:5 %e yields to ! corporeal temp]am5t1 %e is necess>ily subject$ to desire or ang]1 disc\rag$ 9 pov]ty1 or pr\d 9 prosp]ity1 z well z tyrannical 9 ! ex]cise ( p[]4 ,b %e c resi/ all ^! evil t5d5cies if h] disposition is good2 %e modifies h] surr\nd+s m ?an %e is affect$ by !m2 "s ?+s %e *anges1 o!rs %e tol]ates )\t h]self incurr+ guilt4 ,,! ,,s\l ,,is ,,free ,,:5 ,,foll[+ ,,reason4 #i4 ,all ?+s !re=e1 :i* result ei!r f a *oice by ! s\l1 or f ext]ior circum/ances1 are necess>y1 or det]m9$ by a cause4 ,c\ld any?+1 inde$1 be f\nd outside ( ^! causes8 ,if we ga!r into "o glance all ! causes we admit1 we f9d ! pr9ciples t produce ev]y?+1 provid$ we c\nt1 amid/ ext]nal causes1 ! influ5ce ex]cis$ by ! c\rse ( ! />s4 ,:5 a s\l makes a decision1 & c>ries x out because %e is impell$ !reto by ext]nal ?+s1 & yields to a bl9d impulse1 we %\ld n consid] h] det]m9ation & action to be free4 ,! s\l is n free :51 p]v]t+ h]self1 %e does n make decisions :i* direct h] 9 ! /raight pa?4 ,on ! contr>y1 :5 %e foll[s h] own guide1 pure & impassible reason1 h] det]m9ation is really volunt>y1 free & indep5d5t1 & ! de$ %e p]=ms is really h] own "w1 & n ! consequ5ce ( an ext]ior impulse2 %e d]ives x f h] inn] p[]1 h] pure be+1 f ! prim>y & sov]eign pr9ciple :i* directs h]1 be+ deceiv$ by no ignorance1 nor vanqui%$ by ! p[] ( appetites2 = :5 ! appetites invade ! s\l1 & subdue h]1 !y drag h] ) !m by _! viol5ce1 & %e is r passive ?an active 9 :at %e does4 ,,! ,,s\l ,,obeys ,,fate ,,only ,,:5 ,,evil4 #aj4 ,! conclusion ( our discussion is t :ile ev]y?+ is indicat$ & produc$ by causes1 ^! are ( two k9ds3 ,fir/ ! human s\l1 & !n only ext]ior circum/ances4 ,:5 ! s\l acts con=mably to "r reason %e acts freely4 ,o!rwise1 %e is tangl$ up 9 h] de$s1 & %e is r passive ?an active4 ,!re=e1 :5ev] %e lacks prud5ce1 ! ext]ior circum/ances are ! causes ( h] actions2 "o !n has good reason to say t %e obeys ,fate1 especially if ,fate is "h consid]$ z an ext]ior cause4 ,on ! contr>y1 virtu\s actions are d]iv$ f ourselves2 =1 :5 we are indep5d5t1 x is natural = u to produce !m4 ,virtu\s m5 act1 & d good freely4 ,o!rs d good only 9 brea?+-spells left !m 9 betwe5 by _! passions4 ,if1 dur+ ^! int]vals1 !y practice ! precepts ( wisdom1 x is n because !y receive !m f "s o!r be+1 x is m]ely because _! passions d n h9d] !m f li/5+ to ! voice ( reason4 ,z ! fir/ book seem$ ,platonic1 & ! second ,num5ian1 s ?is ?ird "o seems call$ =? by ! practical opposition ( a/rolog]s or ,gno/ics4 ,lat] 9 life1 8 ?irty-?ird book1 ii4 #i1 0 to take up aga9 ?is polemic 9 m ext5d$ =m4 ,?is *ronologic arrangem5t ( ,plot9os's fir/ ?ree books reveals 8 ?ree *ief s\rces ( int]e/--devotion to ,plato1 reliance on ,num5ius1 & opposition to ! ,gno/ics & a/rolog]s4 ,,f\r? ,,ennead1 ,,book ,,fir/4 ,( ! ,be+ ( ! ,s\l4 ,x is 9 ! intelligible _w t dwells v]itable be+4 ,intellig5ce is ! be/ t !re is on high2 b !re are also s\ls2 = x is !nce t !y desc5d$ ?i!r4 ,only1 s\ls h no bodies1 :ile "h bel[ !y inhabit bodies & are divid$ !re4 ,on high1 all ! intellig5ces exi/ toge!r1 )\t sep>ation or division2 all ! s\ls exi/ equally toge!r 9 t _w :i* is "o1 & !re is no local di/ance betwe5 !m4 ,intellig5ce !re=e ev] rema9s insep>able & indivisible2 b ! s\l1 insep>able s long z %e resides on high1 nev]!less possesses a divisible nature4 ,= h] divid+ h]self consi/s 9 dep>t+ f ! intelligible _w1 & unit+ h]self to bodies2 x might !re=e be reasonably said t %e becomes divisible 9 pass+ into bodies1 s9ce %e ?us sep>ates f ! intelligible _w1 & divides h]self some:at4 ,9 :at way is %e also indivisible8 ,9 t %e does n sep>ate h]self entirely f ! intelligible _w1 ev] resid+ !re by h] highe/ "p1 ^: nature x is to be indivisible4 ,to say !n t ! s\l is compos$ ( indivisible 7ess5ce7 & ( 7ess5ce7 divisible 9 bodies means !n no m ?an t ! s\l has an 7ess5ce7 :i* dwells p>tly 9 ! intelligible _w1 & p>tly desc5ds into ! s5se-_w1 :i* is susp5d$ f ! fir/ & ext5ds d[nw>ds to ! second1 z ! ray goes f ! c5tre to ! circumf]5ce4 ,:5 ! s\l desc5d$ "h bel[1 x is by h] sup]ior "p t %e contemplates ! intelligible _w1 z x is !reby t %e pres]ves ! nature ( ! all 7( ! univ]sal ,s\l74 ,= "h bel[ %e is n only divisible1 b also indivisible2 h] divisible "p is divid$ 9 a some:at indivisible mann]2 %e is inde$ entirely pres5t 9 ! :ole body 9 an indivisible mann]1 & nev]!less %e is said to divide h]self because %e spreads out entirely 9 ! :ole body4 ,,fif? ,,ennead1 ,,book ,,n9e4 ,( ,intellig5ce1 ,ideas & ,ess5ce4 ,,! ,,s5sual ,,man1 ,,! ,,moral1 ,,& ,,! ,,spiritual4 #a4 ,f _! bir?1 m5 ex]cise _! s5ses1 e>li] ?an _! intellig5ce1#ajf & !y are by necessity =c$ to direct _! att5tion to s5se-objects4 ,"s /op !re1 & sp5d _! life )\t progress+ fur!r4 ,!y consid] suff]+ z evil1 & pleasure z ! good1 judg+ x to be _! bus9ess to avoid ! "o & encompass ! o!r4 ,t is ! cont5t ( wisdom = ^? ( !m t pride !mselves on be+ reasonable2 l ^? heavy birds :o1 hav+ weight$ !mselves d[n by pick+ up too mu* f ! e>?1 _c take flight1 ?\gh by nature provid$ ) w+s4 ,!re are o!rs :o h rais$ !mselves a little above e>?ly objects because _! s\l1 end[$ ) a bett] nature1 )draws f pleasures to seek some?+ high]2#ajg b z !y are n capable ( arriv+ at contemplation ( ! intelligible1 & z1 aft] hav+ left our l[] region "h1 !y d n "k :]e to lodge1 !y return to a conception ( morality :i* consid]s virtue to consi/ 9 ^! common-place actions & occupations ^: n>r[ sph]e !y _h at fir/ attempt$ to leave beh9d4 ,f9ally a ?ird k9d is t ( ^? div9e m5 :o are end[$ ) a pi]c+ vision1 & ^: p5etrat+ glance contemplates ! spl5dor ( ! intelligible _w1 & rise unto x1 tak+ _! flight above ! cl\ds & d>kness ( ?is _w4 ,!n1 full ( scorn = t]re/rial ?+s1 !y rema9 up !re1 & reside 9 _! true fa!rl& ) ! unspeakable bliss ( ! man :o1 aft] long j\rneys1 is at la/ repatriat$4 ,,! ,,high] ,,region ,,rea*$ ,,only ,,by ,,^? ,,:o ,,are ,,born ,,philosoph]s4 #b4 ,:i* is ?is high] region8 ,:at mu/ be done to rea* x8 ,"o mu/ be naturally dispos$ to love1 & be really a born philosoph]4#ajh ,9 ! pres5ce ( beauty1 ! lov] feels some?+ simil> to ! pa9s ( *ildbir?2 b f> f halt+ at bodily beauty1 he rises to t ar\s$ 9 ! s\l by virtue1 duties1 sci5ce & laws4 ,!n he foll[s !m up to ! cause ( _! beauty1 & 9 ?is asc5d+ progress /ops only :5 he has rea*$ ! ,pr9ciple t occupies ! fir/ rank1 t :i* is beautiful 9 itself4#aji ,!n only does he cease be+ driv5 by ?is torm5t t we comp>e to ! pa9s ( *ildbir?4 ,,love ,,is ,,trans=m$ ,,into ,,progressively ,,high] ,,/ages4 ,b h[ does he rise up ?i!r8 ,h[ does he h ! p[] to d s8 ,h[ does he le>n to love8 ,"h x is4 ,! beauty se5 9 bodies is incid5tal2 x consi/s 9 ! %apes ( :i* ! bodies are ! matt]4#aaj ,consequ5tly ! sub/ance *anges1 & x is se5 *ang+ f beauty to ugl9ess4 ,! body has only a borr[$ beauty4 ,:o imp>t$ t beauty to ! body8 ,on ! "o h&1 ! pres5ce ( beauty2 on ! o!r1 ! actualization ( ! s\l :i* fa%ion$ ! body1 & :i* gave x ! %ape x possesses4 ,b is ! s\l1 by h]self1 absolute beauty8 ,no1 s9ce "s s\ls are wise & beautiful1 :ile "s o!rs are fooli% & ugly4 ,x is !re=e only by wisdom t ! s\l is beautiful4 ,b f :at is h] wisdom d]iv$8 ,necess>ily f intellig5ce2 n f ! intellig5ce t is intellig5t at "s "t1 ?\gh n at o!rs1 b f ! g5u9e ,intellig5ce1 :i* is beautiful on t v acc\nt4#aaa ,%all we /op at ,intellig5ce1 z a fir/ pr9ciple8 ,or %all we on ! contr>y /ill rise above x8 ,surely s1 = ,intellig5ce pres5ts itself to u be=e ! fir/ ,pr9ciple only because x is1 s to speak1 locat$ 9 ! ante*amb] ( ! ,good4#aab ,x be>s all ?+s )9 itself1 & manife/s !m1 s t x displays ! image ( ! ,good 9 manifoldness1 :ile ! ,good itself rema9s 9 an absolute simple unity4 ,,pro(s ,,= ,,! ,,exi/5ce ,,& ,,nature ,,( ,,intellig5ce4 #c4 ,let u n[ consid] ! ,intellig5ce :i* reason tells u is absolute ess5ce & g5u9e be+1 & ^: exi/5ce we h already e/abli%$ 9 a diff]5t mann]4 ,x w\ld seem ridicul\s to inquire :e!r ,intellig5ce =m "p ( ! scale ( be+s2 b !re are m5 :o d\bt x1 or :o at lea/ are dispos$ to ask = a demon/ration t ,intellig5ce possesses ! nature we pr$icate ( x1 t x is sep>at$ 7f matt]71 t x is id5tical ) ! ess5ces1 & t x conta9s ! ideas4 ,?is is our task4 ,,9 ,,! ,,human ,,_w ,,ev]y?+ ,,is ,a ,,composite ,,( ,,=m ,,& ,,matt]4 ,all ?+s t we consid] to be ess5ces are composites2 no?+ is simple or s+le1 ei!r 9 works ( art1 or 9 ! products ( nature4#aac ,works ( art1 inde$1 conta9 metal1 wood1 /one1 & are d]iv$ f ^! sub/ances only by ! labor ( ! arti/1 :o1 by giv+ matt] its =m makes ( x a /atue1 or b$1 or h\se4 ,among ! products ( nature1 ^? t are comp\nds or mixtures may be analyz$ into ! =m impress$ on ! elem5ts ( ! comp\nd2 s1 = in/ance1 we may 9 a man1 di/+ui% a s\l & body1 & 9 ! body f\r elem5ts4 ,s9ce ! v matt] ( ! elem5ts1 tak5 9 itself1 has no =m1 e object seems compos$ ( matt] & ( "s pr9ciple t supplies x ) =m4#aad ,s we are l$ to ask :5ce matt] d]ives its =m1 & to seek :e!r ! s\l is simple1 or :e!r x conta9s two p>ts1 "o ( :i* plays ! p>ts ( matt]1 & ! o!r ( =m1#aae s t ! fir/ "p w\ld be simil> to ! =m receiv$ by ! metal ( a /atue1 & ! latt] to ! pr9ciple :i* produces ! =m itself4 ,,! ,,_w-,,s\l ,,also ,,is ,a ,,comp\nd ,,( ,,=m ,,& ,,matt]4 ,apply+ ?is conception to ! univ]se1 we rise to ,intellig5ce1 recogniz+ !re9 ! demiurgic creator ( ! _w4 ,x 0 9 receiv+ f x its %apes by ! int]m$iation ( ano!r pr9ciple1 ! univ]sal ,s\l1 t ! 7mat]ial7 sub/ances became wat]1 air1 e>? & fire4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! ,s\l %apes ! f\r elem5ts ( ! _w2#aaf on ! o!r1 %e receives f ,intellig5ce ! 7sem9al7 reasons1#aag z ! s\ls ( ! arti/s !mselves receive f ! arts ! reasons :i* !y "w out4#aah ,9 ,intellig5ce1 !re=e1 !re is a "p :i* is ! =m ( ! s\l2 x is intellig5ce consid]$1 z %ape4 ,!re is ano!r :i* imp>ts %ape1 l ! sculptor :o gives ! metal ! %ape ( ! /atue1 & :i* 9 itself possesses all x gives4#aai ,n[ ! 7%apes7 :i* ! ,intellig5ce imp>ts to ! s\l connect ) ! tru? z closely z possible1 :ile ^? :i* ! s\l imp>ts to ! body are only images & appe>ances4#abj ,,:y ,,our ,,asc5t ,,_c ,,/op ,,) ,,! ,,s\l4 #d4 ,:y %\ld we n1 on arriv+ at ! ,s\l1 /op !re1 & consid] h] ! fir/ pr9ciple8 ,because ,intellig5ce is a p[] diff]5t f ! ,s\l1 & bett] ?an ! ,s\l2 & :at is bett] mu/1 by its v nature1 prec$e 7! wor/74 ,! ,/oics#aba are wrong 9 ?9k+ t x is ! ,s\l :i*1 on rea*+ h] p]fection1 begets ,intellig5ce4 ,h[ c\ld t :i* is pot5tial pass into actualization unless !re 7 "s pr9ciple t effect$ t transition8 ,if ?is transition 7 due to *ance1 x c\ld n h occurr$ at all4 ,! fir/ rank mu/ !re=e be assign$ to t :i* is 9 actualization1 :i* ne$s no?+1 :i* is p]fect1 :ile imp]fect ?+s mu/ be assign$ to ! second rank4 ,^! may be p]fect$ by ! pr9ciples t begat !m1 :i*1 9 respect to !m1 play a pat]nal "p1 p]fect+ :at !y _h orig9ally produc$ t 0 imp]fect4 ,:at is ?us produc$ is matt]1 z reg>ds ! creat+ pr9ciple1 & !n becomes p]fect1 on receiv+ its =m f x4 ,besides1 ! ,s\l is 7(t57 affect$2 & we ne$ to discov] "s ?+ t is impassible1 )\t :i* ev]y?+ is dissolv$ by "t2 !re=e !re is ne$ ( "s pr9ciple prior to ! s\l4 ,fur!r1 ! ,s\l is 9 ! _w2 n[ !re mu/ be some?+ t resides outside ( ! _w1 & :i* consequ5tly w\ld be sup]ior to ! ,s\l2 = s9ce t :i* inh]es 9 ! _w resides )9 ! body1 or matt]1 if no?+ exi/$ outside ( ! _w1 no?+ w\ld rema9 p]man5t4 ,9 ?is case1 ! 7sem9al7 reason ( man1 & all ! o!r reasons c\ld be nei!r p]man5t nor et]nal4 ,! result ( all ^! consid]ations1 z well z ( _m o!rs t we c\ld add !reto1 is ! necess>y ass]tion ( ! exi/5ce ( ,intellig5ce beyond ! ,s\l4 ,,intellig5ce ,,is ,,9 ,,actualization ,,because ,,its ,,?\ght ,,is ,,id5tical ,,) ,,its ,,ess5ce ,,or ,,exi/5ce4 #e4 ,tak+ x 9 its g5u9e s5se1 ,intellig5ce is n only pot5tial1 arriv+ at be+ intellig5t aft] hav+ be5 un9tellig5t--= o!rwise1 we w\ld be =c$ to seek out "s /ill high] pr9ciple--b is 9 actualization1 & is et]nal4 ,z x is intellig5t by itself1 x is by itself t x ?9ks :at x ?9ks1 & t x possesses :at is possesses4 ,n[ s9ce x ?9ks ( itself & by itself1 x itself is :at x ?9ks4 ,if we c\ld di/+ui% betwe5 its exi/5ce & its ?\ght1 its be+ w\ld be un9tellig5t2 x w\ld be pot5tial1 n 9 actualization4 ,?\ght1 !re=e1 mu/ n be sep>at$ f its object1 al?\gh1 f s5se-objects1 we h become accu/om$ to conceive ( intelligible entities z di/9ct f ea* o!r4 ,,reasons1 ,,z ,,ar*etypes1 ,,mu/ ,,h ,,exi/$ ,,be=e ,,/oic ,,habit1 ,,nature ,,or ,,s\l4 ,:i* !n is ! pr9ciple t acts1 t ?9ks1 & :at is ! actualization & ?\ght ( ,intellig5ce1 necess>y to ju/ify ! ass]tion t x is :at x ?9ks8 ,evid5tly ,intellig5ce1 by its m]e real exi/5ce1 ?9ks be+s1 & makes !m exi/2 x !re=e is ! be+s4 ,inde$1 ! be+s w ei!r exi/ outside ( x1 or )9 x2 & 9 ! latt] case !y w\ld h to be id5tical ) x4 ,t !y %\ld exi/ outside ( ,intellig5ce1 is un?9kable2 = :]e w\ld !y be locat$8 ,!y mu/ !re=e exi/ )9 x1 & be id5tical ) x4 ,!y c\ld n be 9 s5se-objects1 z common p ?9k1 because s5se-objects c\ld n be ! fir/ 9 any g5us4 ,! =m :i* inh]es 9 _! matt] is only ! repres5tation ( exi/5ce2 n[ a =m :i* exi/s 9 any?+ o!r ?an itself is put 9 x by a sup]ior pr9ciple1 & is its image4 ,fur!r1 if ,intellig5ce mu/ be ! creative p[] ( ! univ]se1 x c\ld n1 :ile creat+ ! univ]se1 ?9k be+s z exi/5t 9 :at does n yet exi/4 ,intelligible entities1 !re=e1 mu/ exi/ be=e ! _w1 & _c be images ( s5se-objects1 be+ on ! contr>y1 _! ar*etypes1 & con/itut+ ! be+ ( ,intellig5ce4 ,x might be object$ t ! 7sem9al7 reasons might suffice4 ,^! reasons are1 no d\bt1 et]nal2 &1 if !y be et]nal & impassible1 !y mu/ exi/ )9 ! ,intellig5ce ^: *>act]i/ics we h describ$1 ! ,intellig5ce :i* prec$es ! habit1#abb nature1#abc & ! s\l1#abd because "h ^! entities are pot5tial4#abe ,,intellig5ce ,,is ,,po/ulat$ ,,by ,,! ,,g5]al ,,necessities ,,( ,,! ,,_w4 ,intellig5ce1 !re=e1 ess5tially con/itutes all be+s2 & :5 ,intellig5ce ?9ks !m1 !y are n outside ( ,intellig5ce1 & nei!r prec$e nor foll[ x4 ,intellig5ce is ! fir/ legislator1 or r1 x is ! v law ( exi/5ce4 ,p>m5ides#abf !re=e 0 "r 9 say+1 ,?\ght is id5tical ) exi/5ce4 ,! k ( immat]ial ?+s is !re=e id5tical ) ^? ?+s !mselves4 ,t is :y ,i recognize myself z a be+1 & :y ,i h rem9isc5ces ( intelligible entities4 ,inde$1 none ( ^? be+s is outside ( ,intellig5ce1 nor is conta9$ 9 any location2 all ( !m subsi/ 9 !mselves z immutable & inde/ructible4 ,t is :y !y really are be+s4 ,if !y 7 born1 or p]i%$1 !y w\ld possess exi/5ce only 9 an incid5tal mann]1 !y w\ld no long] be be+s2 x w\ld be ! exi/5ce !y possess$ :i* w\ld be ess5ce4 ,x is only by p>ticipation t s5se-?+s are :at !y are said to be2 ! nature t con/itutes _! sub/ance d]ives its %ape f else:]e1 z ! metal receives its %ape f ! sculptor1 & wood f ! c>p5t]2 :ile ! image ( art p5etrates into ! matt]1 ! art itself rema9s 9 its id5tity1 & )9 itself possesses ! g5u9e exi/5ce ( ! /atue or ( ! b$4 ,t is h[ ! bodies' g5]al necessity ( p>ticipat+ 9 images %[s t !y are diff]5t f ! be+s2 = !y *ange1 :ile ! entities are immutable1 possess )9 !mselves _! own f\ndation1 & h no ne$ ( exi/+ 9 any location1 s9ce !y h no ext5sion1 & s9ce !y subsi/ 9 an intellectual & absolute exi/5ce4 ,aga91#abg ! exi/5ce ( ! bodies ne$s to be gu>d$#abh by "s o!r pr9ciple1 :ile intellig5ce1 :i* furni%es ! exi/5ce = objects 9 !mselves p]i%able1 has ne$ ( no?+ to make itself subsi/4 ,,intellig5ce ,,conta9s ,,all ,,be+s ,,g5]atively4 #f4 ,?us ,intellig5ce actually con/itutes all be+s2 x conta9s !m all1 b n locally2 x conta9s !m z x possesses itself2 x is id5tical ) !m4 ,all entities are simultane\sly conta9$ )9 x1 & 9 x rema9 di/9ct1 z _m k9ds ( k may exi/ )9 ! s\l )\t _! numb] caus+ any confusion2 ea* ( !m appe>s :5 ne$$1 )\t involv+ ! o!rs4 ,if 9 ! s\l ea* ?\ght be an actualization indep5d5t ( o!r ?\ghts1 s mu* ! m mu/ ,intellig5ce be all ?+s simultane\sly1 ) ?is re/riction1 h[ev]1 t ea* ( !m is a special p[]4 ,consid]$ 9 its univ]sality1 ,intellig5ce conta9s all entities z ! g5us conta9s all species1 z ! :ole conta9s all p>ts4 ,ev5 ! sem9al p[]s be> ! impress ( ?is univ]sality4 ,ea* "o1 consid]$ 9 its totality1 is a c5tre :i* conta9s all ! p>ts ( ! organism 9 an undivid$ condition2 nev]!less 9 x ! reason ( ! eyes diff]s f t ( ! h&s1 & ?is div]sity is manife/$ by t ( ! organs begott5 7!refrom74#abi ,ea* ( ! p[]s ( ! se$1 !re=e1 is ! total unity ( ! sem9al reason :5 ?is p[] is unit$ to ! o!rs :i* are impli$ !re94 ,:at 9 ! se$ is corporeal conta9s matt]1 z1 = in/ance1 humidity2 b ! sem9al reason is ! entire =m2 x is id5tical ) ! g5]ative p[]1 a p[] :i* itself is ! image ( a sup]ior p[] ( ! s\l4 ,?is g5]ative p[] conta9$ 9 se$s is#acj usually call$ nature4 ,proce$+ f ! sup]ior p[]s z light radiates f ! fire1 x tames & fa%ions matt]1 imp>t+ !reto ! sem9al reason#aca )\t pu%+ x1 or mov+ x z by lev]s4 ,,!re ,,are ,,sci5tific ,,notions ,,t ,,are ,,po/]ior1 ,,b ,,"s ,,t ,,are ,,prior4 #g4 ,! sci5tific notions t ! s\l =ms ( s5se-objects1 by discursive reason1 & :i* %\ld r be call$ op9ions1#acb are po/]ior to ! objects 7!y deal )72 & consequ5tly1 are no m ?an images ( !m4 ,b true sci5tific notions receiv$ f intellig5ce by discursive reasons d n conta9 any s5se-conceptions4 ,s f> z !y are sci5tific notions1 !y are ! v ?+s ( :i* !y are ! conceptions2 !y reveal ! intimate union ( intellig5ce & ?\ght4 ,int]ior ,intellig5ce1 :i* consi/s ( ! prim>y 7natures7 possesses itself intimately1 resides )9 itself s9ce all et]nity1 & is an actualization4 ,x does n direct its glances outside ( itself1 because x possesses ev]y?+ )9 itself2 x does n acquire1 & does n reason to discov] ?+s t may n be pres5t to !m4 ,^? are op]ations *>act]i/ic ( ! s\l4 ,intellig5ce1 rema9+ fix$ )9 itself1 is all ?+s simultane\sly4 ,nev]!less1 x is n ?\ght :i* makes ea* ( !m subsi/2 x is only because intellig5ce ?\ght ! div9ity or movem5t1 = in/ance1 t ! div9ity or movem5t exi/s4#acc ,:5 we say t ?\ghts are =ms1 we are mi/ak5 if !reby we mean t ! intelligible exi/s only because ,intellig5ce ?9ks x4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is only because ! intelligible exi/s1 t ,intellig5ce c ?9k4 ,o!rwise1 h[ w\ld ,intellig5ce come to ?9k ! intelligible8 ,x _c meet ! intelligible by *ance1 nor wa/e itself 9 fruitless ef=ts4 ,,?\ght ,,is ,,! ,,=m1 ,,%ape ,,! ,,actualization ,,( ,,! ,,be+4 #h4 ,s9ce ! ?\ght is some?+ ess5tially "o 7871 ! =m1 :i* is ! object ( ?\ght1 & ! idea#acd1 #acd;a are "o & ! same ?+4 ,:i* is ?is ?+8 ,intellig5ce & ! intellectual be+1 = no idea is =eign to intellig5ce2 ea* =m is intellig5ce1 & ! :ole intellig5ce is all ! =ms2 e p>ticul> =m is a p>ticul> intellig5ce4 ,likewise sci5ce1 tak5 9 its totality1 is all ! notions x embraces2 e notion is a "p ( ! total sci5ce2 x is n sep>at$ f ! sci5ce locally1 & exi/s pot5tially 9 ! :ole sci5ce4#ace ,intellig5ce resides )9 itself1 & by possess+ itself calmly1 is ! et]nal fulness ( all ?+s4 ,if we conceiv$ x z be+ prior to ess5ce1 we w\ld h to say t x 0 ! action & ?\ght ( ,intellig5ce :i* produc$ & begat all be+s4 ,b z1 on ! contr>y1 x is c]ta9 t ess5ce is prior to ,intellig5ce1 we %\ld1 )9 ! ?9k+ pr9ciple1 fir/ conceive ! be+s1 !n actualization & ?\ght1 j z 7! nature7 ( fire is jo9$ by ! actualization ( ! fire1 s t be+s h innate intellig5ce 78#adh7 z _! actualization4 ,n[ ess5ce is an actualization2 !re=e ess5ce & intellig5ce are b a s+le actualization1 or r bo? ( !m fuse4#acf ,consequ5tly1 !y =m b a s+le nature1 z be+s1 ! actualization ( ess5ce1 & intellig5ce4 ,9 ?is case ! ?\ght is ! =m1 & ! %ape is ! actualization ( ! be+4 ,:51 h[ev]1 9 ?\ght we sep>ate ess5ce f ,intellig5ce1 we mu/ conceive "o ( ^! pr9ciples z prior to ! o!r4 ,! ,intellig5ce :i* op]ates ?is sep>ation is inde$ diff]5t f ! ess5ce f :i* x sep>ates2#acg b ! ,intellig5ce :i* is insep>able f ess5ce & :i* does n sep>ate ?\ght f ess5ce is itself ess5ce & all ?+s4 ,,intellig5ce ,,conta9s ,,! ,,univ]sal ,,ar*etype4 #i4 ,:at !n are ! ?+s conta9$ )9 ! unity ( ,intellig5ce :i* we sep>ate 9 ?9k+ ( !m8 ,!y mu/ be express$ )\t di/urb+ _! re/1 & we mu/ contemplate ! cont5ts ( ,intellig5ce by a sci5ce t someh[ rema9s )9 unity4 ,s9ce ?is s5se-_w is an animal :i* embraces all animals1 s9ce x d]ives bo? its g5]al & special exi/5ce f a pr9ciple diff]5t f itself1#ach a pr9ciple :i*1 9 turn1 is d]iv$ f intellig5ce1 !re=e intellig5ce mu/ itself conta9 ! univ]sal ar*etype1 & mu/ be t intelligible _w ( :i* ,plato#aci 7well7 says2 ,intellig5ce sees ! ideas conta9$ )9 ! exi/+ animal4#adj ,s9ce an animal1 ^: 7sem9al7 reason exi/s ) ! matt] fit to receive x1 mu/ ( c\rse be begott51 s ! m]e exi/5ce ( a nature t is intellectual1 all-p[]ful1 & unh9d]$ by any ob/acle--s9ce no?+ c int]pose betwe5 x & ! 7sub/ance7 capable ( receiv+ ! =m--mu/ necess>ily be adorn$ 7or1 creat$7 by intellig5ce1 b only 9 a divid$ condition does x reveal ! =m x receives1 s t1 = in/ance1 x %[s u on "o h& a man1 & on ! o!r ! sun1 :ile intellig5ce possesses ev]y?+ 9 unity4 ,,9 ,,! ,,s5se-,,_w ,,only ,,^? ,,?+s ,,t ,,are ,,=ms ,,proce$ ,,f ,,intellig5ce4 #aj4 ,!re=e1 9 ! s5se-_w1 all ! ?+s t are =ms proce$ f intellig5ce2 ^? :i* are n =ms d n proce$ !refrom4 ,t is1 9 ! intelligible _w we d n f9d any ( ! ?+s t are contr>y to nature1 any m ?an we f9d :at is contr>y to ! arts 9 ! arts !mselves4 ,?us ! sem9al reason does n conta9 ! defects1 su* z limp+ w\ld be 9 a body4 ,cong5ital lam5ess is due to ! reason's failure to dom9ate matt]1 :ile accid5tal lam5ess is due to det]ioration ( ! =m 7idea874 ,,natural ,,*>act]i/ics ,,are ,,d]iv$ ,,f ,,! ,,categories ,,9 ,,! ,,intelligible4 ,! qualities t are natural1 quantities1 numb]s1 magnitudes1 /ates1 actions & natural exp]i5ces1 movem5ts & recup]ations1 ei!r g5]al or p>ticul>1 are among ! cont5ts ( ! intelligible _w1 :]e "t is replac$ by et]nity1#ada & space is replac$ by ! telescop+ ( intelligible entities 7t are )9 ea* o!r74 ,z all entities are toge!r 9 ! intelligible _w1 :atev] entity y select 7by itself7 is intellectual & liv+ be+1 id5tity & diff]5ce1 movem5t & re/2#adb x is :at moves1 & :at is at re/2 x is be+1 & quality2 t is1 x is all4 ,!re e ess5ce is 9 actualization1 in/ead ( m]ely be+ 9 pot5tiality2 consequ5tly x is n sep>at$ f quality4 ,,! ,,intelligible ,,_w ,,fails ,,to ,,conta9 ,,e>?ly ,,imp]fections4 ,does ! intelligible _w conta9 only :at is f\nd 9 ! s5se-_w1 or does x conta9 any?+ additional8444 ,let u consid] ! arts1 9 ?is respect4 ,to beg9 )1 ! intelligible _w does n conta9 any imp]fection4 ,evils "h bel[ come f lack1 privation1 omission2 x is a /ate ( matt]1 or ( any?+ simil> to matt]1 :i* fail$ to be completely assimilat$4#adc ,,"s ,,arts ,,are ,,purely ,,e>?ly2 ,,o!rs1 ,,l ,,music1 ,,intelligible4 #aa4 ,let u !re=e consid] ! arts & _! products4 ,unless z repres5t$ )9 human reason1 we _c ref] to ! intelligible _w arts ( imitation su* z pa9t+1 sculpture1 danc+1 or act+1 because !y are born "h bel[1 take s5se-objects z models1 repres5t+ _! =ms1 motions1 & visible proportions4#add ,if1 h[ev]1 we possess a faculty :i*1 by /udy+ ! beauties (f]$ by ! symmetry ( animals1 consid]s ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( ?is symmetry1 x mu/ =m "p ( ! intellectual p[] :i*1 on high1 contemplates univ]sal symmetry4 ,music1 h[ev]1 :i* /udies rhy?m & h>mony1 is1 s f> z x /udies :at is intelligible 9 ^! ?+s1 ! image ( ! music t deals ) intelligible rhy?m4 ,,!re ,,are ,,_m ,,auxili>y ,,arts ,,:i* ,,help ,,! ,,progress ,,( ,,nature4 ,! arts :i* produce s5se-objects1 su* z ar*itecture & c>p5try1 h _! pr9ciples 9 ! intelligible _w1 & p>ticipate 9 wisdom1 s f> z !y make use ( c]ta9 proportions4 ,b z !y apply ^! proportions to s5se-objects1 !y _c :olly be ref]r$ to ! intelligible _w1 unless 9 s f> z !y are conta9$ )9 human reason4 ,! case is simil> ) agriculture1 :i* assi/s ! gr[? ( plants2 m$ic9e1 :i* increases heal?1 & 7gymna/ics7 :i* supplies ! body ) /r5g? z well z vigor1#ade = on high !re is ano!r ,p[]1 ano!r ,heal?1 f :i* all liv+ organisms d]ive _! ne$$ vigor4 ,,o!r ,,arts ,,are ,,intelligible ,,:5 ,,appli$ ,,to ,,! ,,intelligible4 ,la/1 :5ev] rhetoric1 /rategy1 private & public f9ance & politics weave beauty 9 _! de$s1 & !y glance above1 !y 7discov]7 t !y h add$ to _! sci5ce a contribution f ! intelligible sci5ce4 ,! sci5ce ( geometry1 h[ev]1 :i* deals 7:olly7 ) intelligible entities1 mu/ be ref]r$ to ! intelligible _w4 ,s also ) philosophy1 :i* occupies ! fir/ rank among sci5ces because x /udies ess5ce4 ,?is is all we h to say ab\t arts & _! products4 ,,! ,,intelligible ,,_w ,,conta9s ,,only ,,univ]sal ,,ideas2 ,,p>ticul>ities ,,are ,,d]iv$ ,,f ,,matt]4 #ab4 ,if ! intelligible _w conta9s ! idea ( ,man1 x mu/ also conta9 t ( ! reasonable man1 & ( ! arti/2 & consequ5tly ! idea ( ! arts t are begott5 by ,intellig5ce4 ,we mu/ !re=e insi/ t ! intelligible _w conta9s ! ideas ( ! univ]sals1 ! idea ( ,man z su*1 & n1 = in/ance1 t ( ,socrates4 ,/ill we %all h to decide :e!r ! intelligible _w does n also conta9 ! idea ( ! individual man1 t is1 ( ! man consid]$ ) ! ?+s t diff] 9 ea* individual2 = "o may h a ,roman nose & ! o!r a pug nose4 ,^! diff]5ces are inde$ impli$ )9 ! idea ( man1 j z !re are diff]5ces )9 ! idea ( animal4 ,b ! diff]5ces betwe5 a ,roman or a snub nose are d]iv$ f matt]4 ,likewise1 amid/ ! v>ieties ( colors1 "s are conta9$ )9 ! sem9al reason1 :ile o!rs are d]iv$ f matt] & space4 ,,besides ,,ideas ,,( ,,individual ,,s\ls ,,& ,,intellig5ce1 ,,! ,,intelligible ,,_w ,,conta9s ,,! ,,s\l ,,itself ,,& ,,intellig5ce ,,itself4 #ac4 ,x rema9s = u to /udy :e!r ! intelligible _w conta9s only :at is 9 ! s5se-_w1 or :e!r we %\ld di/+ui% f ! individual s\l ! ,s\l itself1 f ! p>ticul> intellig5ce1 ,intellig5ce itself1 z we h above di/+ui%$ ! p>ticul> man f ,man himself4 ,we %\ld n consid] all ?+s "h bel[ z images ( ar*etypes1 = in/ance1 ! s\l ( a man z ! image ( ! ,s\l h]self4 ,only degrees ( dignity diff]5tiate s\ls2 b ^! s\ls are n ! ,s\l itself4 ,z ! ,s\l itself exi/s really1 x mu/ also conta9 a c]ta9 wisdom1 ju/ice & sci5ce1 :i* are n images ( wisdom1 ju/ice1 & intelligible sci5ce1 z s5se-objects are images ( intelligible entities1 b :i* are ^! v entities locat$ "h bel[ 9 entirely diff]5t conditions ( exi/5ce2 = !y are n locally circumscrib$4 ,!re=e :5 ! s\l issues f ! body1 %e pres]ves ^! ?+s )9 h]self2 = ! s5se-_w exi/s only 9 a det]m9ate place1 :ile ! intelligible _w exi/s ev]y:]e2 !re=e all t ! s\l conta9s "h bel[ is also 9 ! intelligible _w4 ,consequ5tly if1 by s5se-objects we really mean visible ?+s1 !n inde$ ! intelligible _w conta9s entities n pres5t 9 ?is s5se-_w4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 we include )9 ! s5se-_w ! s\l & all %e implies1 !n all ?+s t are above are pres5t "h bel[ also4 ,,! ,,supreme ,,be+ ,,entirely ,,"o ,,does ,,n ,,expla9 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,manifold4 #ad4 ,c we id5tify ! nature t conta9s all ! intelligibles 7,intellig5ce7 ) ! supreme ,pr9ciple8 ,impossible1 because ! supreme ,pr9ciple mu/ be ess5tially "o1 & simple1 :ile ess5ces =m a multitude4 ,b z ^! ess5ces =m a multitude1 we are =c$ to expla9 h[ ?is multitude1 & all ^! ess5ces c exi/4 ,h[ c 7! s+le7 ,intellig5ce be all ^! ?+s8 ,:5ce does x proce$8 ,?is we %all h to /udy else:]e4#adf ,,! ,,s\l ,,receives ,,accid5ts ,,f ,,matt]1 ,,b ,,defects ,,are ,,n ,,9 ,,! ,,intelligible4 ,x may fur!r be ask$ :e!r ! intelligible _w conta9s ! ideas ( objects :i* are d]iv$ f decay1 :i* are h>mful or disagreeable1 su* z1 = in/ance1 mud or excreta4 ,we answ] t all ! ?+s t univ]sal ,intellig5ce receives f ! ,fir/ are excell5t4 ,among !m are n f\nd ideas ( ^? dirty & vile objects m5tion$ above2 ,intellig5ce does n conta9 !m4 ,b ?\gh receiv+ f ,intellig5ce ideas1 ! s\l receives f matt] o!r ?+s1 among :i* may be f\nd ! above-m5tion$ accid5ts4 ,besides1 a m ?or\gh answ] to ?is "q mu/ be s\ght = 9 our book :]e we expla9 ,h[ ! ,multitude ( ,ideas ,proce$s f ! ,"o4#adg ,,n ,,all ,,e>?ly ,,entities ,,h ,,correspond+ ,,ideas4 ,9 conclusion1 ! accid5tal composites 9 :i* ,intellig5ce does n %>e & :i* are =m$ by a =tuit\s complex ( s5se-objects1 h no ideas correspond+ to !m 9 ! intelligible _w4 ,?+s t proce$ f decay are produc$ only because ! ,s\l is unable to produce any?+ bett] 9 ?is case2 o!rwise %e w\ld h r produc$ "s object m agree+ ) nature2 %e !re=e produces :at %e c4 ,,ev5 ,,! ,,arts ,,are ,,dep5d5t ,,on ,,! ,,s\l4 ,all ! arts conc]n$ ) ?+s natural to man are conta9$ )9 ! ideas ( ,man himself4 ,! ,art t is univ]sal is prior to ! o!r arts2 b ,art is po/]ior to ! ,s\l h]self1 or r1 to ! life t is 9 ,intellig5ce be=e becom+ s\l1 & :i*1 on becom+ s\l1 des]ves to be call$ ! ,s\l h]self4 ,,difficult ,,passages4 7,transcrib]'s note3 see footnotes #acd;a & #adh47 ,,f\r? ,,ennead1 ,,book ,,eigh?4 ,( ! ,desc5t ( ! ,s\l ,into ! ,body4#adi ,,! ,,exp]i5ce ,,( ,,ec/asy ,,leads ,,to ,,que/ions4 #a4 ,on wak+ f ! slumb] ( ! body to return to myself1 & on turn+ my att5tion f ext]ior ?+s s z to conc5trate x on myself1 ,i (t5 obs]ve an allur+ beauty1 & ,i become consci\s ( an innate nobility4 ,!n ,i live out a high] life1 & ,i exp]i5ce atonem5t ) ! div9ity4 ,=tify+ myself )9 x1 ,i arrive at t actualization :i* raises me above ! intelligible4 ,b if1 aft] ?is soj\rn ) ! div9ity1 ,i desc5d once m f ,intellig5ce to ! ex]cise ( my reason+ p[]s1 ,i am wont to ask myself h[ ,i ev] c\ld actually aga9 desc5d1 & h[ my s\l ev] c\ld h ent]$ into a body1 s9ce1 al?\gh %e actually abides 9 ! body1 %e /ill possesses )9 h]self all ! p]fection ,i discov] 9 h]4 ,,h]aclitus1 ,,! ,,orig9ator ,,( ,,^! ,,que/ions1 ,,answ]s ,,!m ,,obscurely4 ,h]aclitus1 :o recomm5ds ?is rese>*1 ass]ts t !re are necess>y *anges ( contr>ies into ea* o!r2 he speaks ( asc5scions & ( a desc5t1 says t x is a re/ to *ange1 a fatigue to cont9ue unremitt+ly 9 ! same k9ds ( "w1 & to be ov]wr\ght4 ,he ?us r$uces u to conjectures because he does n expla9 himself def9itely2 & he w\ld ev5 =ce u to ask h[ he himself came to discov] :at he prop\nds4 ,,emp$ocles1 ,,z ,a ,,poet1 ,,tells ,,( ,,py?agorean ,,my?s4 ,emp$ocles tea*es t x is a law = s\ls t h s9n$ to fall d[n "h bel[2 & t he himself1 hav+ )drawn f ! div9ity1 came d[n to ! e>? to become ! slave ( furi\s discord4 ,x w\ld seem t he limit$ himself to advanc+ ! ideas t ,py?agoras & 8 foll[]s g5]ally express$ by symbols1 bo? on ?is & o!r subjects4 ,besides ,emp$ocles is obscure because he uses ! language ( poetry4 ,,plato ,,says ,,_m ,,contradictory ,,?+s ,,t ,,are ,,beautiful ,,& ,,true4 ,la/1 we h ! div9e ,plato1 :o has said s _m beautiful ?+s ab\t ! s\l4 ,9 8 dialogues he (t5 spoke ( ! desc5t ( ! s\l into ! body1 s t we h ! "r to expect f him some?+ cle>]4 ,un=tunately1 he is n always suffici5tly 9 agreem5t ) himself to enable "o to foll[ 8 ?\ght4 ,9 g5]al1 he depreciates corporeal ?+s2 he deplores ! deal+s betwe5 ! s\l & ! body2 insi/s#aej t ! s\l is *a9$ d[n to x1 & t %e is buri$ 9 x z 9 a tomb4 ,he atta*es mu* importance to ! maxim taught 9 ! my/]ies t ! s\l "h bel[ is z 9 a prison4#aea ,:at ,plato calls ! cav]n#aeb & ,emp$ocles calls ! grotto1 means no d\bt ! s5se-_w4#aec ,to break h] *a9s1 & to issue f ! cav]n1 means ! s\l's#aed ris+ to ! intelligible _w4 ,9 ! ,pha$rus1#aee ,plato ass]ts t ! cause ( ! fall ( ! s\l is ! loss ( h] w+s2 t aft] hav+ once m asc5d$ on high1 %e is br\ght back "h bel[ by ! p]iods2#aef t !re are s\ls s5t d[n into ?is _w by judgm5ts1 fates1 conditions1 & necessity2 /ill1 at ! same "t1 he f9ds fault ) ! desc5t ( ! s\l into ! body4 ,b1 speak+ ( ! univ]se 9 ! ,timaeus1#aeg he praises ! _w1 & calls x a blissful div9ity4 ,he /ates t ! demiurgic creator1 be+ good1 gave x a s\l to make x intellig5t1 because )\t ! s\l1 ! univ]se c\ld n h be5 z intellig5t z x ought to h be54#aeh ,consequ5tly1 ! purpose ( ! introduction ( ! univ]sal ,s\l into ! _w1 & simil>ly ( ea* ( our s\ls 0 only to a*ieve ! p]fection ( ! _w2 = x 0 necess>y = ! s5se-_w to conta9 animals equal 9 k9d & numb]s to ^? conta9$ 9 ! intelligible _w4 ,,que/ions ,,rais$ ,,by ,,plato',s ,,!ories4 #b4 ,plato's !ories ab\t ! s\l lead u to ask h[1 9 g5]al1 ! s\l has1 by h] nature1 be5 l$ to ent] into relations ) ! body4 ,o!r que/ions arise3 ,:at is ! nature ( ! _w :]e ! s\l lives ?us1 ei!r volunt>ily or necess>ily1 or 9 any o!r way8 ,does ! ,demiurge#aei act )\t meet+ any ob/acle1 or is x ) him z ) our s\ls8 ,,human ,,bodies ,,are ,,m ,,difficult ,,to ,,manage ,,?an ,,! ,,_w-,,body4 ,to beg9 )1 our s\ls1 *>g$ ) ! adm9i/ration ( bodies less p]fect ?an ! _w1 _h to p5etrate )9 !m pr(\ndly 9 ord] to manage !m2 = ! elem5ts ( ^! bodies t5d to scatt]1 & to return to _! orig9al location1 :ile1 9 ! univ]se1 all ?+s are naturally di/ribut$ 9 _! prop] places4#afj ,besides1 our bodies dem& an active & vigilant =esight1 because1 by ! surr\nd+ objects !y are expos$ to _m accid5ts2 = !y always h a cr[d ( ne$s1 z !y dem& cont9ual protection aga9/ ! dang]s t ?reat5 !m4#afa ,b ! body ( ! _w is complete & p]fect4 ,x is self-suffici5t2 x has no?+ to suff] contr>y to its nature2 & consequ5tly1 x 7acts7 on a m]e ord] ( ! univ]sal ,s\l4 ,t is :y ! univ]sal ,s\l c rema9 impassible1 feel+ no ne$1 rema9+ 9 ! disposition desir$ by h] own nature4 ,t is :y ,plato says t1 :5 our s\l dwells ) ?is p]fect ,s\l1 %e h]self becomes p]fect1 so>+ 9 ! e!real region1 & gov]n+ ! :ole _w4#afb ,s long z a human s\l does n )draw f ! 7univ]sal7 ,s\l to ent] into a body1 & to belong to "s individual1 %e easily adm9i/]s ! _w1 9 ! same mann]1 & toge!r ) ! univ]sal ,s\l4 ,communicat+ to ! body ess5ce & p]fection is !re=e1 = ! s\l1 n an unmix$ evil2 because ! provid5tial c>e grant$ to an inf]ior nature does n h9d] him :o grants x f himself rema9+ 9 a /ate ( p]fection4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,two-,,fold ,,s\l ,,ex]ts ,a ,,two-,,fold ,,provid5ce4 ,9 ! univ]se !re are1 inde$1 two k9ds ( provid5ces4#afc ,! fir/ ,provid5ce regulates ev]y?+ 9 a royal mann]1 )\t p]=m+ any actions1 or obs]v+ ! details4 ,! second1 op]at+ some:at l an artisan1 adju/s its creative p[] to ! inf]ior nature ( creatures by gett+ 9 contact ) !m4#afd ,n[ z ! div9e ,s\l 7or1 ! pr9cipal p[]1#afe always adm9i/]s ! :ole _w 9 ! fir/ or regal way1 dom9at+ ! _w by h] sup]iority1 & by inject+ into ! _w h] l[e/ p[] 7nature71 we c\ld n accuse ! div9ity ( hav+ giv5 a bad place to ! univ]sal ,s\l4 ,inde$1 ?is univ]sal ,s\l 0 nev] depriv$ ( h] natural p[]1 possess+ x always1 because ?is p[] is n contr>y to h] be+1 possess+ x un9t]rupt$ly f all et]nity4 ,,/>-,,s\ls1 ,,l ,,un9c>nate ,,s\ls1 ,,gov]n ,,! ,,_w ,,untr\bl$ly4 7,plato7 fur!r /ates t ! relation ( ! s\ls ( ! />s to _! bodies is ! same z t ( ! univ]sal ,s\l to ! univ]se1#aff :]e he makes ! />s p>ticipate 9 ! movem5ts ( ! univ]sal ,s\l4 ,he ?us grants to ^? s\ls ! bless$ness :i* is suitable to !m4 ,! int]c\rse ( ! s\l ) ! body is usually blam$ = two ?+s3 because x h9d]s ! s\l f busy+ h]self ) ! conceptions ( intellig5ce1 & !n because x exposes h] to agreeable or pa9ful s5sations :i* fill h] ) desires4 ,n[ nei!r ( ^! two results affect ! s\l t has n ent]$ into a body1 & :i* does n dep5d !reon by belong+ to "s p>ticul> individual4 ,!n1 on ! contr>y1 %e possesses ! body ( ! univ]se1 :i* has no fault1 no ne$1 :i* c cause h] nei!r fe>s nor desires1 because %e has no?+ to fe>4 ,?us no anxiety ev] =ces h] to desc5d to t]re/rial objects1 or to di/ract h]self f h] happy & sublime contemplation4 ,entirely devot$ to div9e ?+s1 %e gov]ns ! _w by a s+le p[]1 ^: ex]cise involves no anxiety4 ,,diff]5ces ,,betwe5 ,,human ,,& ,,cosmic ,,inc>nation4 #c4 ,consid] n[ ! human s\l :i*#afg und]goes numb]less ills :ile 9 ! body1 ek+ out a mis]able exi/5ce1 a prey to griefs1 desires1 fe>s1 suff]+s ( all k9ds1 = :om ! body is a tomb1 & ! s5se-_w a cave or grotto4 ,?is diff]5ce ( op9ions ab\t ! condition ( ! univ]sal ,s\l & ! human s\l is n contradictory1 because ^! two s\ls d n h ! same reasons = desc5t into a body4 ,to beg9 )1 ! location ( ?\ght1 t we call ! intelligible _w1#afh conta9s n only ! entire univ]sal ,intellig5ce1 b also ! intellectual p[]s1 & ! p>ticul> intellig5ces compris$ )9 ! univ]sal ,intellig5ce2 s9ce !re is n only a s+le intellig5ce1 b a simultane\sly s+le & plural intellig5ce4 ,consequ5tly1 x mu/ also h conta9$ a s+le ,s\l1 & a plurality ( s\ls2 & x 0 f ! s+le ,s\l1 t ! multiple p>ticul> & diff]5t s\ls _h to be born1 z f "o & ! same g5us are d]iv$ species t are bo? sup]ior & inf]ior1 & m or less intellectual4 ,inde$1 9 ! intelligible _w1 !re is1 on "o h&1 ! 7univ]sal7 ,intellig5ce :i*1 l "s great animal1 pot5tially conta9s ! o!r intellig5ces4 ,on ! o!r h&1 are ! individual intellig5ces1 ea* ( :i* possess 9 actualization :at ! =m] conta9s pot5tially4 ,we may illu/rate by a liv+ city t w\ld conta9 o!r liv+ cities4 ,! s\l ( ! univ]sal ,city w\ld be m p]fect & p[]ful2 b no?+ w\ld h9d] ! s\ls ( ! o!r cities f be+ ( ! same k9d4 ,simil>ly1 9 ! univ]sal ,fire1 !re is on "o h& a great fire1 & on ! o!r small fires1 :ile ! univ]sal ,be+ is ! be+ ( ! univ]sal ,fire1 or r1 is ! s\rce f :i* ! be+ ( ! univ]sal ,fire proce$s4 ,,! ,,rational ,,s\l ,,possesses ,,also ,,an ,,individuality4 ,! function ( ! rational s\l is to ?9k1 b %e does n limit h]self to ?9k+4 ,o!rwise !re w\ld be no diff]5ce betwe5 h] & intellig5ce4 ,besides h] intellectual *>act]i/ics1 ! s\l's *>act]i/ic nature1 by virtue ( :i* %e does n rema9 m]e intellig5ce1 has a fur!r individual function1 su* z is possess$ by e o!r be+4 ,by rais+ h] glance to :at is sup]ior to h]1 %e ?9ks2 by br++ !m d[n to h]self1 %e pres]ves h]self2 by l[]+ !m to :at is inf]ior to h]1 %e adorns x1 adm9i/]s x1 & gov]ns x4 ,all ^! ?+s 7 n to rema9 immovable 9 ! intelligible _w1 to p]mit ( a successive issue ( v>i$ be+s1 :i* no d\bt are less p]fect ?an t :i* prec$$ !m1 b :i*1 nev]!less1 exi/ necess>ily dur+ ! p]si/5ce ( ! ,pr9ciple f :i* !y proce$4 ,,inc>nate ,,s\ls ,,weak5 ,,because ,,!y ,,contemplate ,,! ,,individual4 #d4 ,!re are individual s\ls :i*1 9 _! conv]sion#afi t[>ds ! pr9ciple f :i* !y proce$1 aspire to ! intelligible _w1 & :i* also ex]cise _! p[] on inf]ior ?+s1 j z light1 :i* does n disda9 to ?r[ its rays d[n to u ?\gh rema9+ susp5d$ to ! sun on high4 ,^! s\ls mu/ rema9 %elt]$ f all suff]+ s long z 9 ! intelligible _w !y rema9 toge!r ) ! univ]sal ,s\l4 ,!y mu/ besides1 9 heav51 %>e ) x ! adm9i/ration ( ! _w2 l k+s :o1 be+ colleagues ( ! great ,k+ ( ! univ]se1 %>e ! gov]nm5t ) ,him1 )\t !mselves desc5d+ f _! ?rones1 )\t ceas+ to occupy a place z elevat$ z ,he4 ,b :5 !y pass f ?is /ate 9 :i* !y live ) ! univ]sal ,s\l to a p>ticul> & indep5d5t exi/5ce1 :5 !y seem we>y ( dwell+ ) ano!r1 !n ea* ( !m returns to :at belongs to h] individually4 ,n[ :5 a s\l has done t = a long :ile1 :5 %e )draws f ! univ]sal ,s\l1 & di/+ui%es h]self !refrom1 :5 %e ceases to keep h] glances direct$ t[>ds ! intelligible _w2 !n1 isolat+ h]self 9 h] individual exi/5ce1 %e weak5s1 & f9ds h]self ov]:elm$ ) a cr[d ( c>es1 because %e directs h] glance at some?+ individual4 ,hav+ !re=e sep>at$ h]self f ! univ]sal ,s\l z well z f ! o!r s\ls t rema9 unit$ !reto1 & hav+ atta*$ h]self to an individual body1 & conc5trat+ h]self exclusively on ?is object1 :i* is subject$ to ! de/ructive action ( all o!r be+s1 %e ceases to gov]n ! :ole to adm9i/] m c>efully a "p1 ! c>e ( :i* =ces h] to busy h]self1 & m+le ) ext]nal ?+s1 to be n only pres5t 9 ! body1 b also to int]p5etrate x4 ,,?is ,,process ,,expla9s ,,! ,,classic ,,expressions ,,ab\t ,,h] ,,condition4 ,?us1 9 ! common expression1 %e has lo/ h] w+s1 & is *a9$ by ! bonds ( ! body1 because %e gave up ! calm exi/5ce %e enjoy$ :5 ) ! univ]sal ,s\l %e %>$ ! adm9i/ration ( ! _w2 = :5 %e 0 above %e sp5t a mu* happi] life4 ,! fall5 s\l is !re=e *a9$ or imprison$1 oblig$ to h rec\rse to ! s5ses because %e _c fir/ make use ( intellig5ce4 ,%e is1 z x is said1 buri$ 9 a tomb1 or cav]n4 ,b by h] conv]sion t[>ds ?\ght1 %e breaks h] bonds1 %e returns upw>ds t[>ds high] regions1 :51 />t+ f ! indications ( rem9isc5ce %e rises to ! contemplation ( ! ess5ces2#agj = ev5 aft] h] fall %e always pres]ves some?+ sup]ior to ! body4 ,,s\ls ,,z ,,amphibians4 ,s\ls !re=e are necess>ily amphibians2#aga s9ce !y alt]nately live 9 ! intelligible _w1 & 9 ! s5se-_w2 /ay+ long] 9 ! intelligible _w :5 !y c rema9 unit$ to supreme ,intellig5ce m p]man5tly1 or /ay+ long] or prepond]at+ly "h bel[ :5 nature or de/9y imposes on !m a contr>y fate4 ,t is ! secret mean+ ( ,plato's words#agb to ! effect t ! div9ity divides ! se$s ( ! s\ls =m$ by a second mixture 9 ! cup1 & t ,he sep>ates !m into 7two7 p>ts4 ,he also adds t !y mu/ necess>ily fall into g5]ation aft] hav+ be5 divid$ into a def9ite numb]4 ,plato's /atem5t t ! div9ity s[$ ! s\ls1#agc z well z ! div9ity's address to ! o!r deities1 mu/ be tak5 figuratively4 ,=1 9 ref]5ce to ! ?+s conta9$ 9 ! univ]se1 ?is implies t !y are begott5 or produc$2 = successive enum]ation & description implies an et]nal begett+1 & t ^? objects exi/ et]nally 9 _! pres5t /ate4 ,,s\ls ,,desc5d+ ,,to ,,help ,,are ,,s5t ,,by ,,god4 #e4 ,)\t any inh]5t contradiction x may !re=e be ass]t$ ei!r1#agd t ! s\ls are s[$ into g5]ation1 t !y desc5d "h bel[ = ! p]fection ( ! univ]se1 or t !y are %ut up 9 a cav]n z ! result ( a div9e puni%m5t1 t _! fall is simultane\sly an effect ( _! w & ( necessity--z necessity does n exclude volunt>9ess--& t !y are 9 evil s long z !y are inc>nate 9 bodies4 ,aga91 z ,emp$ocles says1 !y may h )drawn f ! div9ity1 & h lo/ _! way1 & h committ$ "s fault t !y are expiat+2 or1 z says ,h]aclitus1 t re/ consi/s 9 flight 7f heav51 & desc5t "h bel[71 & t ! desc5t ( s\ls is nei!r entirely volunt>y1 nor involunt>y4 ,inde$1 no be+ ev] falls volunt>ily2 b z x is by 8 own motion t he desc5ds to l[] ?+s1 & rea*es a less happy condition1 x may be said t he be>s ! puni%m5t ( 8 conduct4 ,besides1 z x is by an et]nal law ( nature t ?is be+ acts & suff]s 9 t mann]1 we may1 )\t contradiction or viol5ce to ! tru?1 ass]t t ! be+ :o desc5ds f 8 rank to assi/ "s l[] ?+ is s5t by ! div9ity4#age ,9 spite ( any numb] ( int]m$iate p>ts 7:i* sep>ate7 a pr9ciple f its l[] "p1 ! latt] may /ill be ascrib$ to ! =m]4#agf ,,! ,,two ,,possible ,,faults ,,( ,,! ,,s\l4 ,"h !re are two possible faults = ! s\l4 ,! fir/ consi/s 9 ! motive t det]m9es h] to desc5d4 ,! second is ! evil %e commits aft] hav+ desc5d$ "h bel[4 ,! fir/ fault is expiat$ by ! v condition ( ! s\l aft] %e has desc5d$ "h bel[4 ,! puni%m5t ( ! latt] fault1 if n too s]i\s1 is to pass into o!r bodies m or less promptly accord+ to ! judgm5t deliv]$ ab\t h] des]ts--& we speak ( a judgm5t to %[ t x is ! consequ5ce ( ! div9e law4 ,if h[ev] ! p]v]sity ( ! s\l passes all measure1 %e und]goes1 "u ! *>ge ( gu>dians 9 *>ge ( h] *a/isem5t1 ! sev]e puni%m5ts %e has incurr$4 ,,prompt ,,flight ,,"h ,,bel[ ,,leaves ,,! ,,s\l ,,unh>m$ ,,by ,,h] ,,/ay ,,"h4 ,?us1 al?\gh ! s\l h a div9e nature 7or be+71 ?\gh %e orig9ate 9 ! intelligible _w1 %e ent]s into a body4 ,be+ a l[] div9ity1 %e desc5ds "h bel[ by a volunt>y incl9ation1 = ! purpose ( develop+ h] p[]1 & to adorn :at is bel[ h]4 ,if %e flee promptly f "h bel[1 %e does n ne$ to regret hav+ become acqua9t$ ) evil1 & kn[+ ! nature ( vice1#agg nor hav+ _h ! opportunity ( manife/+ h] faculties1 & to manife/ h] activities & de$s4 ,inde$1 ! faculties ( ! s\l w\ld be useless if !y slumb]$ cont9u\sly 9 incorporeal be+ )\t ev] becom+ actualiz$4 ,! s\l h]self w\ld ignore :at %e possesses if h] faculties did n manife/ by procession1 = ev]y:]e x is ! actualization t manife/s ! pot5tiality4 ,o!rwise1 ! latt] w\ld be completely hidd5 & obscur$2 or r1 x w\ld n really exi/1 & w\ld n possess any reality4 ,x is ! v>iety ( s5se-effects :i* illu/rates ! greatness ( ! intelligible pr9ciple1 ^: nature publi%es itself by ! beauty ( its works4 ,,cont9u\s ,,procession ,,necess>y ,,to ,,! ,,supreme4 #f4 ,unity 0 n to exi/ alone2 = if unity rema9$ self-enclos$1 all ?+s w\ld rema9 hidd5 9 unity )\t hav+ any =m1 & no be+s w\ld a*ieve exi/5ce4 ,consequ5tly1 ev5 if con/itut$ by be+s born ( unity1 plurality w\ld n exi/1 unless ! inf]ior natures1 by _! rank de/9$ to be s\ls1 issu$ f ^? be+s by ! way ( procession4 ,likewise1 x 0 n suffici5t = s\ls to exi/1 !y also _h to reveal :at !y 7 capable ( begett+4 ,x is likewise natural = ea* ess5ce to produce some?+ b5ea? x1 to draw x out f itself by a developm5t simil> to t ( a se$1 a developm5t 9 :i* an indivisible pr9ciple proce$s to ! production ( a s5se-object1 & :]e t :i* prec$es rema9s 9 its own place at ! same "t z x begets t :i* foll[s by an inexpressible p[]1 :i* is ess5tial to intelligible natures4 ,n[ z ?is p[] 0 n to be /opp$ or circumscrib$ 9 its actions by jeal\sy1 !re 0 ne$ ( a cont9u\s procession until1 f degree to degree1 all ?+s _h desc5d$ to ! extreme limits ( :at 0 possible2#agh = x is ! *>act]i/ic ( an inexhau/ible p[] to communicate all its gifts to ev]y?+1 & n to p]mit any ( !m to be dis9h]it$1 s9ce !re is no?+ :i* h9d]s any ( !m f p>ticipat+ 9 ! nature ( ! ,good 9 ! measure t x is capable ( do+ s4 ,s9ce matt] has exi/$ f all et]nity1 x 0 impossible t f ! "t s9ce x exi/$1 x %\ld n p>ticipate 9 t :i* communicates goodness to all ?+s accord+ to _! receptivity !re(4#agi ,if ! g5]ation ( matt] 7 ! necess>y consequ5ce ( ant]ior pr9ciples1 /ill x mu/ n be entirely depriv$ ( ! good by its primitive impot5ce1 :5 ! cause :i* gratuit\sly communicat$ be+ to x rema9$ self-enclos$4 ,,s5se-,,objects ,,are ,,necess>y ,,z ,,reveal]s ,,( ,,! ,,et]nal4 ,! excell5ce1 p[] & goodness ( intelligible 7ess5ces7 are !re=e reveal$ by s5se-objects2 & !re is an et]nal connection betwe5 intelligible 7entities7 t are self-exi/5t1 & s5se-objects1 :i* et]nally d]ive _! exi/5ce !refrom by p>ticipation1 & :i* imitate intelligible nature to ! ext5t ( _! ability4 ,,! ,,s\l',s ,,nature ,,is ,,( ,,an ,,int]m$iate ,,k9d4 #g4 ,z !re are two k9ds ( be+ 7or1 exi/5ce71 "o ( s5sation1 & ! o!r intelligible1 x is pref]able = ! s\l to live 9 ! intelligible _w2 nev]!less1 z a result ( h] nature1 x is necess>y = h] also to p>ticipate 9 s5se-affairs4#ahj ,s9ce %e occupies only an int]m$iate rank1 %e mu/ n feel wrong$ at n be+ ! be/ ( be+s4#aha ,?\gh on "o h& h] condition be div9e1 on ! o!r %e is locat$ on ! limits ( ! intelligible _w1 because ( h] aff9ity = s5se-nature4 ,%e causes ?is nature to p>ticipate 9 h] p[]s1 & %e ev5 receives some?+ !refrom1 :51 in/ead ( manag+ ! body )\t compromis+ h] own security1 %e p]mits h]self to be c>ri$ away by h] own incl9ation to p5etrate pr(\ndly )9 x1 ceas+ h] complete union ) ! univ]sal ,s\l4 ,besides1 ! s\l c rise above ! body aft] hav+ le>n$ to feel h[ happy "o is to dwell on high1 by ! exp]i5ce ( ?+s se5 & suff]$ "h bel[1 & aft] hav+ appreciat$ ! true ,good by ! comp>ison ( contr>ies4 ,inde$ ! k ( ! good becomes cle>] by ! exp]i5ce ( evil1 especially among s\ls :i* are n /rong en\gh to "k evil be=e hav+ exp]i5c$ x4#ahb ,,! ,,procession ,,( ,,intellig5ce ,,is ,,an ,,excursion ,,d[nw>ds ,,& ,,upw>ds4 ,! procession ( intellig5ce consi/s 9 desc5d+ to ?+s t occupy ! l[e/ rank1 & :i* h an inf]ior nature1#ahc = ,intellig5ce c\ld n rise to ! sup]ior ,nature4 ,oblig$ to act outside ( itself1 & n be+ able to rema9 self-enclos$1 by a necessity & by a law ( its nature1 intellig5ce mu/ advance unto ! s\l :]e x /ops2 !n1 aft] hav+ communicat$ ( itself to t :i* imm$iately foll[s x1 intellig5ce mu/ return to ! intelligible _w4 ,likewise1 ! s\l has a d\ble action 9 h] d\ble relation ) :at is bel[ & above h]4 ,by h] fir/ action1 ! s\l manages ! body to :i* %e is unit$2 by ! second1 %e contemplates ! intelligible entities4 ,^! alt]natives "w out1 = individual s\ls1 ) ! c\rse ( "t2 & f9ally !re occurs a conv]sion :i* br+s !m back f ! l[] to ! high] natures4 ,,! ,,univ]sal ,,s\l1 ,,h[ev]1 ,,is ,,n ,,di/urb$ ,,by ,,! ,,urg5cies ,,bel[ ,,h]4 ,! univ]sal ,s\l1 h[ev]1 does n ne$ to busy h]self ) tr\blesome functions1 & rema9s out ( ! rea* ( evils4 ,%e consid]s :at is bel[ h] 9 a purely contemplative mann]1 :ile at ! same "t rema9+ relat$ to :at is above h]4 ,%e is !re=e enabl$ simultane\sly on "o side to receive1 & on ! o!r to give1 s9ce h] nature compels h] to relate h]self closely ) ! objects ( s5se4#ahd ,,! ,,s\l ,,does ,,n ,,entirely ,,ent] ,,into ,,! ,,body4 #h4 ,?\gh ,i %\ld set myself 9 opposition to popul> views1 ,i %all set d[n cle>ly :at seems to me ! true /ate ( affairs4 ,n ! :ole s\l ent]s into ! body4 ,by h] high] "p1 %e ev] rema9s unit$ to ! intelligible _w2 z1 by h] l[] "p1 %e rema9s unit$ to ! s5se-_w4 ,if ?is l[] "p dom9ates1 or r1 if x be dom9at$ 7by s5sation7 & tr\bl$1 x h9d]s u f be+ consci\s ( :at ! high] "p ( ! s\l contemplates4 ,inde$ t :i* is ?\ght imp+es on our consci\sness only 9 case x desc5ds to u1 & is felt4 ,9 g5]al1 we are consci\s ( :at goes on 9 e "p ( ! s\l only :5 x is felt by ! entire s\l4 ,= in/ance1 appetite1 :i* is ! actualization ( lu/ful desire1 is by u cogniz$ only :5 we p]ceive x by ! int]ior s5se or by discursive reason1 or by bo? simultane\sly4 ,e s\l has a l[] "p turn$ t[>ds ! body1 & a high] "p turn$ t[>ds div9e ,intellig5ce4 ,! univ]sal ,s\l manages ! univ]se by h] l[] "p )\t any k9d ( tr\ble1 because %e gov]ns h] body n z we d by any reason+1 b by intellig5ce1 & consequ5tly 9 a mann] entirely diff]5t f t adopt$ by art4 ,! individual s\ls1 ea* ( :om adm9i/]s a "p ( ! univ]se1#ahe also h a "p t rises above _! body2 b !y are di/ract$ f ?\ght by s5sation1 & by a p]ception ( a numb] ( ?+s :i* are contr>y to nature1 & :i* come to tr\ble !m1 & afflict !m4 ,inde$1 ! body t !y take c>e ( con/itutes b a "p ( ! univ]se1 is incomplete1 & is surr\nd$ by ext]ior objects4 ,t is :y x has s _m ne$s1 :y x desires luxuri\sness1 & :y x is deceiv$ !reby4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! high] "p ( ! s\l is ins5sible to ! attraction ( ^! transitory pleasures1 & leads an undi/urb$ life4 ,,fif? ,,ennead1 ,,book ,,f\r4 ,h[ ,:at is ,aft] ! ,fir/ ,proce$s ,!refrom2 ( ! ,"o4 ,,necessity ,,( ,,! ,,exi/5ce ,,( ,,! ,,fir/4 #a4 ,ev]y?+ t exi/s aft] ! ,fir/ is d]iv$ !refrom1 ei!r directly or m$iately1 & con/itutes a s]ies ( diff]5t ord]s su* t ! second c be trac$ back to ! ,fir/1 ! ?ird to ! second1 & s =?4 ,above all be+s !re mu/ be ,some?+ simple & diff]5t f all ! re/ :i* w\ld exi/ 9 itself1 & :i*1 )\t ev] m+l+ ) any?+ else1 might nev]!less preside ov] ev]y?+1 :i* might really be ! ,"o1 & n t deceptive unity :i* is only ! attribute ( ess5ce1 & :i* w\ld be a pr9ciple sup]ior ev5 to be+1 unrea*able by spee*1 reason1 or sci5ce4 ,= if x be n completely simple1 =eign to all complexity & composition1 & be n really "o1 x c\ld n be a pr9ciple4 ,x is sov]eignly absolute only because x is simple & fir/4 ,= :at is n fir/1 is 9 ne$ ( sup]ior ?+s2 :at is n simple has ne$ ( be+ con/itut$ by simple ?+s4 ,! ,pr9ciple ( ev]y?+ mu/ !re=e be "o & only4 ,if x 7 admitt$ t !re 0 a second pr9ciple ( t k9d1 bo? w\ld con/itute b a s+le "o4 ,= we d n say t !y are bodies1 nor t ! ,"o & ,fir/ is a body2 = e body is composite & begott51 & consequ5tly is n a pr9ciple2 = a pr9ciple _c be begott54#ahf ,!re=e1 s9ce ! pr9ciple ( ev]y?+ _c be corporeal1 because x mu/ be ess5tially "o1 x mu/ be ! ,fir/4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,necess>ily ,,begets ,a ,,second1 ,,:i* ,,mu/ ,,be ,,p]fect4 ,if some?+ aft] ! ,"o exi/1 x is no m ! simple ,"o1 b ! multiple ,"o4 ,:5ce is ?is d]iv$8 ,evid5tly f ! ,fir/1 = x c\ld n be suppos$ t x came f *ance2 t w\ld be to admit t ! ,fir/ is n ! pr9ciple ( ev]y?+4 ,h[ !n is ! multiple ,"o d]iv$ f ! ,fir/8 ,if ! ,fir/ be n only p]fect1 b ! mo/ p]fect1 if x be ! fir/ ,p[]1 x mu/ surely1 9 respect to p[]1 be sup]ior to all ! re/1 & ! o!r p[]s mu/ m]ely imitate x to ! limit ( _! ability4 ,n[ we see t all t arrives to p]fection _c unfruitfully rema9 9 itself1 b begets & produces4 ,n only d be+s capable ( *oice1 b ev5 ^? lack+ reflection or s\l h a t5d5cy to imp>t to o!r be+s1 :at is 9 !m2 z1 = in/ance1 fire emits heat1 sn[ emits cold2 & plant-juices 7dye & soak7 into :atev] !y happ5 to t\*4 ,all ?+s 9 nature imitate ! ,fir/ pr9ciple by seek+ to a*ieve immortality by procreation1 & by manife/ation ( _! qualities4 ,h[ !n w\ld ,he :o is sov]eignly p]fect1 :o is ! supreme ,good1 rema9 absorb$ 9 ,himself1 z if a s5tim5t ( jeal\sy h9d]$ ,him f communicat+ ,himself1 or z if ,he 7 p[]less1 ?\gh ,he is ! p[] ( ev]y?+8 ,h[ !n w\ld ,he rema9 pr9ciple ( ev]y?+8 ,he mu/ !re=e beget some?+1 j z :at ,he begets mu/ 9 turn beget4 ,!re mu/ !re=e be some?+ b5ea? ! ,fir/4 ,n[ ?is ?+ 7:i* is imm$iately b5ea? ! ,fir/71 mu/ be v v5]able1 fir/ because x begets ev]y?+ else1 !n because x is begott5 by ! ,fir/1 & because x mu/1 z be+ ! ,second1 rank & surpass ev]y?+ else4 ,,intellig5ce ,,_c ,,be ,,! ,,fir/1 ,,& ,,ranks ,,all ,,else4 #b4 ,if ! g5]at+ pr9ciple 7 intellig5ce1 :at x begot w\ld h to be inf]ior to intellig5ce1 & nev]!less approximate x1 & resemble x m ?an any?+ else4 ,n[ z ! g5]at+ pr9ciple is sup]ior to intellig5ce1 ! fir/ begott5 ?+ is necess>ily intellig5ce4 ,:y1 h[ev]1 is ! g5]at+ pr9ciple n intellig5ce8 ,because ! act ( intellig5ce is ?\ght1 & ?\ght consi/s 9 see+ ! intelligible2 = x is only by its conv]sion t[>ds x t intellig5ce a*ieves a complete & p]fect exi/5ce4 ,9 itself1 intellig5ce is only an indet]m9ate p[] to see2 only by contemplation ( ! intelligible does x a*ieve ! /ate ( be+ det]m9$4 ,?is is ! reason ( ! say+1 ,! ideas & numb]s1 t is1 intellig5ce1 are born f ! indef9ite d\bl5ess1 & ! ,"o4 ,consequ5tly1 in/ead ( be+ simple1 intellig5ce is multiple4 ,x is compos$ ( sev]al elem5ts2 ^! are d\btless intelligible1 b :at intellig5ce sees is none ! less multiple4 ,9 any case1 intellig5ce is simultane\sly ! object ?\ght1 & ! ?9k+ subject2 x is !re=e already d\ble4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,& ,,second ,,z ,,high] ,,& ,,l[] ,,intelligible ,,entities4 ,b besides ?is intelligible 7entity1 namely1 intellig5ce71 !re is ano!r 7high]7 intelligible 7! supreme ,intelligible1 ! ,fir/74 ,9 :at way does ! intellig5ce1 ?us det]m9$1 proce$ f ! 7,fir/7 ,intelligible8 ,! ,intelligible abides 9 itself1 & has ne$ ( no?+ else1 :ile !re is a ne$ ( some?+ else 9 t :i* sees & ?9ks 7t is1 t :i* ?9ks has ne$ ( contemplat+ ! supreme ,intelligible74 ,b ev5 :ile rema9+ )9 ,himself1 ! ,intelligible 7,"o7 is n devoid ( s5tim5t2 all ?+s belong to ,him1 are 9 ,him1 & ) ,him4 ,consequ5tly1 ,he has ! conception ( ,himself1 a conception :i* implies consci\sness1 & :i* consi/s 9 et]nal repose1 & 9 a ?\ght1 b 9 a ?\ght diff]5t f t ( intellig5ce4 ,if ,he begets some?+ :ile rema9+ )9 ,himself1 ,he begets x precisely :5 ,he is at ! highe/ po9t ( individuality4 ,x is !re=e by rema9+ 9 ,8 own /ate t ,he begets :at ,he begets2 ,he procreates by individualiz+4 ,n[ z ,he rema9s intelligible1 :at ,he begets _c be any?+ else ?an ?\ght2 !re=e ?\ght1 by exi/+1 & by ?9k+ ! ,pr9ciple :5ce x is d]iv$ 7= x c\ld n ?9k any o!r object71 becomes simultane\sly intellig5ce & intelligible2 b ?is second intelligible diff]s f ! fir/ ,intelligible f :i* x proce$s1 & ( :i* x is b ! image & ! reflection4 ,,! ,,second ,,is ,,! ,,actualization ,,( ,,! ,,pot5tiality ,,( ,,! ,,fir/4 ,b h[ is an actualization begott5 f t self-limit$ 7intelligible78 ,we %all h to draw a di/9ction betwe5 an actualization ( be+1 & an actualization out ( ! be+ ( ea* ?+ 7actualiz$ be+1 & actualization emanat+ f be+74 ,actualiz$ be+ _c diff] f be+1 = x is be+ itself4 ,b ! actualization emanat+ f be+--& ev]y?+ necess>ily has an actualization ( ?is k9d--diff]s f :at produces x4 ,x is z if ) fire3 !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 ! heat :i* con/itutes its be+1 & ! heat :i* radiates ext]iorly1 :ile ! fire int]iorly realizes ! actualization :i* con/itutes its be+1 & :i* makes x pres]ve its nature4 ,"h also1 & f> m s1 ! ,fir/ rema9s 9 ,8 prop] /ate1 & yet simultane\sly1 by ,8 inh]5t p]fection1 by ! actualization :i* resides 9 ,him1 has be5 begott5 ! actualization :i*1 d]iv+ its exi/5ce f s great a p[]1 nay1 f supreme ,p[]1 has arriv$ at1 or a*iev$ ess5ce & be+4 ,z to ! ,fir/1 ,he 0 above be+2 = ,he 0 ! pot5tiality ( all ?+s1 already be+ all ?+s4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,fir/ ,,is ,,above ,,all ,,be+4 ,if ?is 7actualization begott5 by ! ,fir/1 ?is ext]nal actualization7 be all ?+s1 !n t 7,"o7 is above all ?+s1 & consequ5tly above be+4 ,if !n 7?is ext]nal actualization7 be all ?+s1 & be be=e all ?+s1 x does n occupy ! same rank z ! rema9d] 7( all o!r ?+s72 & mu/1 9 ?is respect also1 be sup]ior to be+1 & consequ5tly also to intellig5ce2 = !re is ,some?+ sup]ior to intellig5ce4 ,ess5ce is n1 z y might say1 dead2 x is n devoid ( life or ?\ght2 = intellig5ce & ess5ce are id5tical4 ,intelligible entities d n exi/ be=e ! intellig5ce t ?9ks !m1 z s5se-objects exi/ be=e ! s5sation :i* p]ceives !m4 ,intellig5ce itself is ! ?+s t x ?9ks1 s9ce _! =ms are n introduc$ to !m f )\t4 ,f :]e inde$ w\ld intellig5ce receive ^! =ms8 ,intellig5ce exi/s ) ! intelligible ?+s2 intellig5ce is id5tical ) !m1 is "o ) !m4 ,reciprocally1 intelligible entities d n exi/ )\t _! matt] 7t is1 ,intellig5ce74 ,,f\r? ,,ennead1 ,,book ,,n9e4 ,:e!r ,all ,s\ls ,=m a ,s+le ,"o8 ,,if ,,all ,,s\ls ,,be ,,"o ,,9 ,,! ,,_w-,,s\l1 ,,:y ,,%\ld ,,!y ,,n ,,toge!r ,,=m ,,"o8 #a4 ,j z ! s\l ( ea* animal is "o1 because %e is entirely pres5t 9 ! :ole body1 & because %e is ?us really "o1 because %e does n h "o "p 9 "o organ1 & "s o!r "p 9 ano!r2 & j z ! s5se-s\l is equally "o 9 all ! be+s :i* feel1 & j z ! vegetative s\l is ev]y:]e entirely "o 9 ea* "p ( ! gr[+ plants2 :y !n %\ld y\r s\l & m9e n =m a s+le unity8 ,:y %\ld n all s\ls =m b a s+le "o8 ,:y %\ld n ! univ]sal 7,s\l7 :i* is pres5t 9 all be+s1 be "o because %e is n divid$ 9 ! mann] ( a body1 be+ ev]y:]e ! same8 ,:y inde$ %\ld ! s\l 9 myself =m b "o1 & ! univ]sal 7,s\l7 likewise n be "o1 simil>ly1 s9ce no m ?an my own is ?is univ]sal 7,s\l7 ei!r mat]ial ext5sion1 or a body8 ,if bo? my s\l & y\rs proce$ f ! univ]sal 7,s\l71 & if ! latt] be "o1 !n %\ld my s\l & y\rs toge!r =m b a s+le "o4 ,or aga91 on ! supposition t ! univ]sal 7,s\l7 & m9e proce$ f a s+le s\l1 ev5 on ?is hypo!sis w\ld all s\ls =m b a s+le "o4 ,we %all h to exam9e 9 :at 7?is ,s\l :i* is b7 "o consi/s4 ,,s\ls ,,may ,,n ,,=m ,a ,,num]ic ,,unity1 ,,b ,,may ,,=m ,a ,,g5]ic ,,unity4 ,let u fir/ consid] if x may be affirm$ t all s\ls =m b "o 9 ! s5se 9 :i* x is said t ! s\l ( ea* individual is "o4 ,x seems absurd to pret5d t my s\l & y\rs =m b "o 9 ?is 7num]ical7 s5se2 = !n y w\ld be feel+ simultane\sly ) my feel+1 & y w\ld be virtu\s :5 ,i 01 & y w\ld h ! same desires z ,i1 & n only w\ld we bo? h ! same s5tim5ts1 b ev5 ! id5tical s5tim5ts ( ! univ]sal 7,s\l71 s t e s5sation felt by me w\ld h be5 felt by ! entire univ]se4 ,if 9 ?is mann] all ! s\ls =m b "o1 :y is "o s\l reasonable1 & ! o!r unreasonable1 :y is ! "o 9 an animal1 & ! o!r 9 a plant8 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we d n admit t !re is a s+le ,s\l1 we w n be able to expla9 ! unity ( ! univ]se1 nor f9d a s+le pr9ciple = 7human7 s\ls4 ,,! ,,unity ,,( ,,! ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,sev]al ,,s\ls ,,ne$ ,,n ,,imply ,,_! ,,be+ ,,id5tical4 #b4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 if ! s\ls ( myself & ( ano!r man =m b "o s\l1 ?is does n necess>ily imply _! be+ id5tical ) _! pr9ciple4 ,grant+ ! exi/5ce ( diff]5t be+s1 ! same pr9ciple ne$ n exp]i5ce 9 ea* ! same affections4 ,?us1 humanity may equally reside 9 me1 :o am 9 motion1 z 9 y1 :o may be at re/1 al?\gh 9 me x moves1 & x re/s 9 y4 ,nev]!less1 x is nei!r absurd nor p>adoxical to insi/ t ! same pr9ciple is bo? 9 y & 9 me2 & ?is does n necess>ily make u feel ! id5tical affections4 ,consid] a s+le body3 x is n ! left h& :i* feels :at ! "r "o does1 b ! s\l :i* is pres5t 9 ! :ole body4 ,to make y feel ! same z ,i d1 our two bodies w\ld h to con/itute b a s+le "o2 !n1 be+ ?us unit$1 our s\ls w\ld p]ceive ! same affections4 ,consid] also t ! ,all rema9s deaf to a multitude ( impressions exp]i5c$ by ! p>ts ( a s+le & same organism1 & t s mu* ! m z ! body is l>g]4 ,?is is ! /ate ( affairs1 = in/ance1 ) ! l>ge :ales :i* d n feel ! impression receiv$ 9 "s "o "p ( _! body1 because ( ! smallness ( ! movem5t4 ,,sympa?y ,,does ,,n ,,=ce ,,id5tity ,,( ,,s5sation4 ,x is !re=e by no means necess>y t :5 "o memb] ( ! univ]se exp]i5ces an affection1 ! latt] be cle>ly felt by ! ,all4 ,! exi/5ce ( sympa?y is natural en\gh1 & x c\ld n be d5i$2 b ?is does n imply id5tity ( s5sation4 ,nor is x absurd t our s\ls1 :ile =m+ a s+le "o %\ld be virtu\s & vici\s1 j z x w\ld be possible t ! same ess5ce be at motion 9 me1 b at re/ 9 y4 ,inde$1 ! unity t we attribute to ! univ]sal 7,s\l7 does n exclude all multiplicity1 su* a unity z befits intellig5ce4 ,we may h[ev] say t 7! s\l7 is simultane\sly unity & plurality1 because %e p>ticipates n only 9 divisible ess5ce 9 ! bodies1 b also 9 ! indivisible1 :i* consequ5tly is "o4 ,n[1 j z ! impression p]ceiv$ by "o ( my p>ts is n necess>ily felt all ov] my body1 :ile t :i* happ5s to ! pr9cipal organ is felt by all ! o!r p>ts1 likewise1 ! impressions t ! univ]se communicates to ! individual are cle>]1 because usually ! p>ts p]ceive ! same affections z ! ,all1 :ile x is n evid5t t ! p>ticul> affections t we feel w\ld be also exp]i5c$ by ! ,:ole4 ,,unity ,,( ,,all ,,be+s ,,impli$ ,,by ,,sympa?y1 ,,love1 ,,& ,,magic ,,en*antm5t4 #c4 ,on ! o!r h&1 obs]vation tea*es u t we sympa?ize ) ea* o!r1 t we _c see ! suff]+ ( ano!r man )\t %>+ x1 t we are naturally incl9$ to confide 9 ea* o!r1 & to love2 = love is a fact ^: orig9 is connect$ ) ! "q t occupies u4 ,fur!r1 if en*antm5ts & magic *>ms mutually attract individuals1 lead+ di/ant p]sons to sympa?ize1 ^! effects c only be expla9$ by ! unity ( s\l4 7,x is well kn[n t7 words pron\nc$ 9 a l[ tone ( voice 7telepa?ically87 affect a di/ant p]son1 & make him he> :at is go+ on at a great di/ance4 ,h5ce appe>s ! unity ( all be+s1 :i* dem&s ! unity ( ! ,s\l4 ,,:at ,,( ,,! ,,diff]5ces ,,( ,,rationality1 ,,if ,,! ,,s\l ,,be ,,"o8 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! ,s\l be "o1 :y is "s "o s\l reasonable1 ano!r irrational1 or "s o!r "o m]ely vegetative8 ,! indivisible "p ( ! s\l consi/s 9 reason1 :i* is n divid$ 9 ! bodies1 :ile ! "p ( ! divisible s\l 9 ! bodies 7:i*1 ?\gh be+ "o 9 h]self1 nev]!less divides h]self 9 ! bodies1 because %e %$s s5tim5t ev]y:]e71 mu/ be reg>d$ z ano!r p[] ( ! s\l 7! s5sitive p[]72 likewise1 ! "p :i* fa%ions & produces ! bodies is /ill ano!r p[] 7! vegetative p[]72 nev]!less1 ?is plurality ( p[]s does n de/roy ! unity ( ! s\l4 ,= in/ance1 9 a gra9 ( se$ !re are also sev]al p[]s2 nev]!less ?is gra9 ( se$ is "o1 & f ?is unity is born a multiplicity :i* =ms a unity4 ,,! ,,p[]s ,,( ,,! ,,s\l ,,are ,,n ,,ex]cis$ ,,ev]y:]e ,,because ,,!y ,,diff]4 ,b :y d n all ! p[]s ( ! s\l act ev]y:]e8 ,n[ if we consid] ! ,s\l :i* is "o ev]y:]e1 we f9d t s5sation is n simil> 9 all its p>ts 7t is1 9 all ! individual s\ls72 t reason is n 9 all 7b 9 c]ta9 s\ls exclusively72 & t ! vegetative p[] is grant$ to ^? be+s :o d n possess s5sation1 & t all ^! p[]s return to unity :5 !y sep>ate f ! body4 ,,! ,,body',s ,,p[] ,,( ,,gr[? ,,is ,,d]iv$ ,,f ,,! ,,:ole1 ,,& ,,! ,,s\l2 ,,b ,,n ,,f ,,our ,,s\l4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! body d]ive its vegetative p[] f ! ,:ole & f ?is 7univ]sal7 ,s\l :i* is "o1 :y %\ld x n d]ive x also f our s\l8 ,because t :i* is n\ri%$ by ?is p[] =ms a "p ( ! univ]se1 :i* possesses s5sation only at ! price ( suff]+4 ,z to ! s5se-p[] :i* rises z f> z ! judgm5t1 & :i* is unit$ to e intellig5ce1 !re 0 no ne$ = x to =m :at _h already be5 =m$ by ! ,:ole1 b x c\ld h giv5 its =ms if ^! =ms 7 n p>ts ( ! ,:ole :i* produces !m4 ,,! ,,unity ,,( ,,! ,,s\ls ,,is ,a ,,condition ,,( ,,_! ,,multiplicity4 #d4 ,su* ju/ifications w preclude surprise at our d]iv+ all s\ls f unity4 ,b complet5ess ( treatm5t dem&s explanation h[ all s\ls are b a s+le "o4 ,is ?is due to _! proce$+ f a s+le ,s\l1 or because !y all =m a s+le "o8 ,if all proce$ f a s+le "o1 did ?is "o divide h]self1 or did %e rema9 :ole1 :ile begett+ ! multitude ( s\ls8 ,9 ?is case1 h[ c\ld an ess5ce beget a multitude l h]1 :ile h]self rema9+ undim9i%$8 ,we %all invoke ! help ( ! div9ity 79 solv+ ?is problem72 & say t ! exi/5ce ( ! "o s+le ,s\l is ! condition ( ! exi/5ce ( ! multitude ( s\ls1 & t ?is multitude mu/ proce$ f ! ,s\l t is "o4 ,,! ,,s\l ,,c ,,beget ,,_m ,,because ,,%e ,,is ,,an ,,incorporeal ,,ess5ce4 ,if ! ,s\l 7 a body1 !n w\ld ! division ( ?is body necess>ily produce ! multitude ( s\ls1 & ?is ess5ce w\ld be diff]5t 9 its diff]5t p>ts4 ,nev]!less1 z ?is ess5ce w\ld be homog5e\s1 ! s\ls 7betwe5 :i* x w\ld divide itself7 w\ld be simil> to ea* o!r1 because !y w\ld possess a s+le id5tical =m 9 its totality1 b !y w\ld diff] by _! body4 ,if ! ess5ce ( ^! s\ls consi/$ 9 ! bodies :i* w\ld s]ve !m z subjects1 !y w\ld be diff]5t f ea* o!r4 ,if ! ess5ce ( ^! s\ls consi/$ 9 _! =m1 !y w\ld1 9 =m1 be b "o s+le =m2 9 o!r t]ms1 !re w\ld be b "o same s+le s\l 9 a multitude ( bodies4 ,besides1 above ?is s\l :i* w\ld be "o1 b :i* w\ld be spread abroad 9 ! multitude ( bodies1 !re w\ld be ano!r ,s\l :i* w\ld n be spread abroad 9 ! multitude ( bodies2 x w\ld be f h] t w\ld proce$ ! s\l :i* w\ld be ! unity 9 plurality1 ! multiple image ( ! s+le ,s\l 9 a s+le body1 l a s+le seal1 by impress+ ! same figure to a multitude ( pieces ( wax1 w\ld be di/ribut+ ?is figure 9 a multitude ( impressions4 ,9 ?is case 7if ! ess5ce ( ! s\l consi/$ 9 h] =m7 ! s\l w\ld be some?+ incorporeal1 & z %e w\ld consi/ 9 an affection ( ! body1 !re w\ld be no?+ a/oni%+ 9 t a s+le quality1 emanat+ f a s+le pr9ciple1 might be 9 a multitude ( subjects simultane\sly4 ,la/1 if ! ess5ce ( ! s\l consi/$ 9 be+ bo? ?+s 7be+ simultane\sly a "p ( a homog5e\s body & an affection ( ! body71 !re w\ld be no?+ surpris+ 7if !re 7 a unity ( ess5ce 9 a multitude ( subjects74 ,we h ?us %[n t ! s\l is incorporeal1 & an ess5ce2 we mu/ n[ consid] ! results ( ?is view4 ,,h[ ,,an ,,ess5ce ,,c ,,be ,,"o ,,9 ,a ,,multitude ,,( ,,s\ls ,,is ,,illu/rat$ ,,by ,,se$4 #e4 ,h[ c an ess5ce be s+le 9 a multitude ( s\ls8 ,ei!r ?is "o ess5ce is entire 9 all s\ls1 or ?is "o & entire ess5ce begets all s\ls :ile rema9+ 7undim9i%$7 9 itself4 ,9 ei!r case1 ! ess5ce is s+le4 ,x is ! unity to :i* ! individual s\ls are relat$2 ! ess5ce gives itself to ?is multitude1 & yet simultane\sly ! ess5ce does n give itself2 x c give ( itself to all individual s\ls1 & nev]!less rema9 s+le2 x is p[]ful en\gh to pass into all simultane\sly1 & to be sep>at$ f none2 ?us its ess5ce rema9s id5tical1 :ile be+ pres5t 9 a multitude ( s\ls4 ,?is is no?+ a/oni%+2 all ( sci5ce is entirely 9 ea* ( its p>ts1 & x begets !m )\t itself ceas+ to rema9 entire )9 itself4 ,likewise1 a gra9 ( se$ is entire 9 ea* ( its p>ts 9 :i* x naturally divides itself2 ea* ( its p>ts has ! same prop]ties z ! :ole se$2 nev]!less ! se$ rema9s entire1 )\t dim9ution2 & if ! matt] 79 :i* ! se$ resides7 (f] x any cause ( division1 all ! p>ts w n any ! less =m a s+le unity4 ,,?is ,,miracle ,,is ,,expla9$ ,,by ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,conception ,,( ,,pot5tiality4 ,x may be object$ t 9 sci5ce a "p is n ! total sci5ce4 ,d\btless1 ! notion :i* is actualiz$1 & :i* is /udi$ to ! exclusion ( o!rs1 because !re is special ne$ ( x1 is only p>tially an actualization4 ,nev]!less1 9 a lat5t mann] x pot5tially comprises all ! o!r notions x implies4 ,?us1 all ! notions are conta9$ 9 ea* "p ( ! sci5ce1 & 9 ?is respect ea* "p is ! total sci5ce2 = :at is only p>tially actualiz$ 7pot5tially7 comprises all ! notions ( sci5ce4 ,ea* notion t "o wi%es to r5d] explicit is at "o's disposition2 & ?is 9 e "p ( ! sci5ce t is consid]$2 b if x be comp>$ ) ! :ole sci5ce1 x seems to be !re only pot5tially4 ,x mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be ?\ght t ! p>ticul> notion does n conta9 any?+ ( ! o!r notions2 9 ?is case1 !re w\ld be no?+ sy/ematic or sci5tific ab\t x2 x w\ld be no?+ m ?an a /]ile conception4 ,be+ a really sci5tific notion1 x pot5tially conta9s all ! notions ( ! sci5ce2 & ! g5u9e sci5ti/ kn[s h[ to discov] all its notions 9 a s+le "o1 & h[ to develop its consequ5ces4 ,! geometrical exp]t %[s 9 8 demon/rations h[ ea* !orem conta9s all ! prec$+ ones1 to :i* he h>ks back by analysis1 & h[ ea* !orem leads to all ! foll[+ ones1 by d$uction4 ,,difficult ,,z ,,^! ,,explanations ,,are1 ,,!y ,,are ,,cle> ,,intelligibly4 ,^! tru?s excite our incr$ulity1 because "h bel[ our reason is weak1 & x is confus$ by ! body4 ,9 ! intelligible _w1 h[ev]1 all ! v]ities are cle>1 & ea* is evid5t1 by itself4 ,,six? ,,ennead1 ,,book ,,n9e4 ,( ! ,good & ! ,"o4 ,,unity ,,necess>y ,,to ,,exi/5ce ,,( ,,all ,,be+s4 #a4 ,all be+s1 bo? prim>y1 z well z ^? :o are s call$ on any pretext soev]1 are be+s only because ( _! unity4 ,:at1 inde$ w\ld !y be )\t x8 ,depriv$ ( _! unity1 !y w\ld cease to be :at !y are said to be4 ,no army c exi/ unless x be "o4 ,s ) a *oric ballet or a flock4 ,nei!r a h\se nor a %ip c exi/ )\t unity2 by los+ x !y w\ld cease to be :at !y are4#ahg ,s also ) cont9u\s quantities :i* w\ld n exi/ )\t unity4 ,on be+ divid$ by los+ _! unity1 !y simultane\sly lose _! nature4 ,consid] f>!r ! bodies ( plants & animals1 ( :i* ea* is a unity4 ,on los+ _! unity by be+ brok5 up into sev]al p>ts1 !y simultane\sly lose _! nature4 ,!y are no m :at !y 71 !y h become new be+s1 :i* !mselves exi/ only s long z !y are "o4 ,:at effects heal? 9 u1 is t ! p>ts ( our bodies are co-ord9at$ 9 unity4 ,beauty is =m$ by ! unity ( our memb]s4 ,virtue is our s\l's t5d5cy to unity1 & becom+ "o ?r\gh ! h>mony ( h] faculties4 ,,! ,,s\l ,,may ,,imp>t ,,unity1 ,,b ,,is ,,n ,,unity4 ,! s\l imp>ts unity to all ?+s :5 produc+ !m1 fa%ion+ !m1 & =m+ !m4 ,%\ld we1 !re=e1 aft] ris+ to ! ,s\l1 say t %e n only imp>ts unity1 b h]self is unity 9 itself8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,! s\l t imp>ts =m & figure to bodies is n id5tical ) =m1 & figure4 ,!re=e ! s\l imp>ts unity )\t be+ unity4 ,%e unifies ea* ( h] productions only by contemplation ( ! ,"o1 j z %e produces man only by contemplat+ ,man-9-himself1 al?\gh add+ to t idea ! impli$ unity4 ,ea* ( ! ?+s t are call$ "o h a unity proportionate to _! nature 7be+72 s t !y p>ticipate 9 unity m or less accord+ z !y %>e ess5ce#ahh 7be+74 ,?us ! s\l is some?+ diff]5t f unity2 nev]!less1 z %e exi/s 9 a degree high] 7?an ! body71 %e p>ticipates m 9 unity1 )\t be+ unity itself2 inde$ %e is "o1 b ! unity 9 h] is no m ?an cont+5t4 ,!re is a diff]5ce betwe5 ! s\l & unity1 j z betwe5 ! body & unity4 ,a discrete quantity su* z a company ( danc]s1 or *oric ballet1 is v f> f be+ unity2 a cont9u\s quantity approximates t fur!r2 ! s\l gets /ill ne>] to x1 & p>ticipates !re9 /ill m4 ,?us f ! fact t ! s\l c\ld n exi/ )\t be+ "o1 ! id5tity betwe5 ! s\l & unity is sugge/$4 ,b ?is may be answ]$ 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 o!r ?+s also possess individual exi/5ce because !y possess unity1 & nev]!less are n unity itself2 z1 ?\gh ! body is n id5tical ) unity1 x also p>ticipates 9 unity4 ,fur!r1 ! s\l is manifold z well z "o1 ?\gh %e be n compos$ ( p>ts4 ,%e possesses sev]al faculties1 discursive reason1 desire1 & p]ception--all ( !m faculties jo9$ toge!r by unity z a bond4 ,d\btless ! s\l imp>ts unity to some?+ else 7! body71 because %e h]self possesses unity2 b ?is unity is by h] receiv$ f "s o!r pr9ciple 7namely1 f unity itself74 ,,be+ ,,& ,,ess5ce ,,id5tical ,,) ,,unity4 #b4 7,ari/otle#ahi7 sugge/s t 9 ea* ( ! individual be+s :i* are "o1 be+ is id5tical ) unity4 ,are n be+ & ess5ce id5tical ) unity1 9 e be+ & 9 e ess5ce1 9 a mann] su* t on discov]+ ess5ce1 unity also is discov]$8 ,is n be+ 9 itself unity 9 itself1 s t if be+ be intellig5ce1 unity also mu/ be intellig5ce1 z intellig5ce :i*1 be+ ess5ce 9 ! highe/ degree1 is also unity 9 ! fir/ degree1 & :i*1 imp>t+ ess5ce to o!r ?+s1 also imp>ts unity to !m8 ,:at inde$ c\ld unity be1 ap>t f ess5ce & be+8 ,z man1 & a man are equival5t1#aij ess5ce mu/ be id5tical ) unity2 or1 unity is ! numb] ( ev]y?+ consid]$ individually2 & z "o object jo9$ to ano!r is spok5 ( z two1 s an object alone is ref]r$ to z "o4 ,,unity ,,is ,,n ,a ,,numb]+ ,,device1 ,,b ,,is ,,id5tical ,,) ,,exi/5ce4 ,if numb] belongs to ! class ( be+s1 evid5tly ! latt] mu/ include unity also2 & we %all h to discov] :at k9d ( a be+ x is4 ,if unity be no m ?an a numb]+ device inv5t$ by ! s\l1 !n unity w\ld possess no real exi/5ce4 ,b we h above obs]v$ t ea* object1 on los+ unity1 loses exi/5ce also4 ,we are !re=e compell$ to inve/igate :e!r ess5ce & unity be id5tical ei!r :5 consid]$ 9 !mselves1 or 9 ea* individual object4 ,,ev5 ,,univ]sal ,,ess5ce ,,conta9s ,,manifoldness4 ,if ! ess5ce ( ea* ?+ be manifoldness1 & z unity _c be manifoldness1 unity mu/ diff] f ess5ce4 ,n[ man1 be+ bo? animal & rational1 conta9s a manifoldness ( elem5ts ( :i* unity is ! bond4 ,!re is !re=e a diff]5ce betwe5 man & unity2 man is divisible1 :ile unity is indivisible4 ,besides1 univ]sal ,ess5ce1 conta9+ all ess5ces1 is /ill m manifold4 ,!re=e x diff]s f unity2 ?\gh x does possess unity by p>ticipation4 ,ess5ce possesses life & intellig5ce1 = x _c be consid]$ lifeless2 x mu/ !re=e be manifold4 ,besides1 if ess5ce be intellig5ce1 x mu/ 9 ?is respect also be manifold1 & mu/ be mu* m s if x conta9 =ms2 = ! idea#aia is n g5u9ely "o4 ,bo? z individual & g5]al x is r a numb]2 x is "o only z ! _w is "o4 ,,besides1 ,,absolute ,,unity ,,is ,,! ,,fir/1 ,,:i* ,,intellig5ce ,,is ,,n4 ,besides1 ,unity 9 itself is ! fir/ ( all2 b intellig5ce1 =ms & ess5ce are n prim>y4 ,e =m is manifold & composite1 & consequ5tly mu/ be some?+ po/]ior2 = p>ts are prior to ! composite !y con/itute4 ,nor is intellig5ce prim>y1 z appe>s f ! foll[+ consid]ations4 ,= intellig5ce exi/5ce is necess>ily ?\ght & ! be/ intellig5ce :i* does n contemplate ext]ior objects1 mu/ ?9k :at is above x2 =1 on turn+ t[>ds itself1 x turns t[>ds its pr9ciple4 ,on ! "o h&1 if intellig5ce be bo? ?9k] & ?\ght1 x implies duality1 & is n simple or unit>y4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if intellig5ce contemplate "s object o!r ?an itself1 ?is might be no?+ m ?an "s object bett] ?an itself1 plac$ above x4 ,ev5 if intellig5ce contemplate itself simultane\sly ) :at is bett] ?an x1 ev5 s intellig5ce is only ( second>y rank4 ,we may inde$ admit t ! intellig5ce :i* has su* a nature enjoys ! pres5ce ( ! ,good1 ( ! ,fir/1 & t intellig5ce contemplates ! ,fir/2 b nev]!less at ! same "t intellig5ce is pres5t to itself1 & ?9ks itself z be+ all ?+s4 ,conta9+ su* a div]sity1 intellig5ce is f> f unity4 ,,unity ,,z ,,above ,,all ,,?+s1 ,,intellig5ce ,,& ,,ess5ce4 ,?us ,unity is n all ?+s1 = if s1 x w\ld no long] be unity4 ,nor is x ,intellig5ce1 = s9ce intellig5ce is all ?+s1 unity too w\ld be all ?+s4 ,nor is x ess5ce1 s9ce ess5ce also is all ?+s4 ,,unity ,,is ,,difficult ,,to ,,asc]ta9 ,,because ,,! ,,s\l ,,is ,,fe>ful ,,( ,,su* ,,ab/ruse ,,rese>*es4 #c4 ,:at !n is unity8 ,:at is its nature8 ,x is n surpris+ t x is s difficult to say s1 :5 x is difficult to expla9 ( :at ev5 ess5ce or =m consi/4 ,b1 nev]!less1 =ms are ! basis ( our k4 ,ev]y?+ t ! s\l advances t[>ds :at is =mless1 n be+ able to und]/& x because x is indet]m9ate1 & s to speak has n receiv$ ! impression ( a di/9ctive type1 ! s\l )draws !refrom1 fe>+ %e w meet non5tity4 ,t is :y1 9 ! pres5ce ( su* ?+s %e gr[s tr\bl$1 & desc5ds ) pleasure4 ,!n1 )draw+ !refrom1 %e1 s to speak1 lets h]self fall till %e meets "s s5se-object1 on :i* %e pauses1 & recov]s2 j z ! eye :i*1 fatigu$ by ! contemplation ( small objects1 gladly turns back to l>ge ones4 ,:5 ! s\l wi%es to see by h]self1 !n see+ only because %e is ! object t %e sees1 &1 fur!r1 be+ "o because %e =ms b "o ) ?is object1 %e imag9es t :at %e s\ght has escap$1 because %e h]self is n di/9ct f ! object t %e ?9ks4 ,,! ,,pa? ,,( ,,simplification ,,to ,,unity4 ,nev]!less a philosophical /udy ( unity w foll[ ! foll[+ c\rse4 ,s9ce x is ,unity t we seek1 s9ce x is ! pr9ciple ( all ?+s1 ! ,good1 ! ,fir/ t we consid]1 ^? :o w wi% to rea* x mu/ n )draw f t :i* is ( prim>y rank to decl9e to :at occupies ! la/1 b !y mu/ )draw _! s\ls f s5se-objects1 :i* occupy ! la/ degree 9 ! scale ( exi/5ce1 to ^? entities t occupy ! fir/ rank4 ,su* a man w h to free himself f all evil1 s9ce he aspires to rise to ! ,good4 ,he w rise to ! pr9ciple t he possesses )9 himself4 ,f ! manifold t he 0 he w aga9 become "o4 ,only "u ^! conditions w he contemplate ! supreme pr9ciple1 ,unity4 ,?us hav+ become intellig5ce1 hav+ tru/$ 8 s\l to intellig5ce1 educat+ & e/abli%+ h] !re91 s t ) vigilant att5tion %e may grasp all t intellig5ce sees1 he w1 by intellig5ce1 contemplate unity1 )\t ! use ( any s5ses1 )\t m+l+ any ( _! p]ceptions ) ! fla%es ( intellig5ce4 ,he w contemplate ! pure/ ,pr9ciple1 ?r\gh ! highe/ degree ( ! pure/ ,intellig5ce4 ,s :5 a man applies himself to ! contemplation ( su* a pr9ciple & repres5ts x to himself z a magnitude1 or a figure1 or ev5 a =m1 x is n 8 intellig5ce t guides him 9 ?is contemplation = intellig5ce is n de/9$ to see su* ?+s2 x is s5sation1 or op9ion1 ! associate ( s5sation1 :i* is active 9 him4 ,intellig5ce is only capable ( in=m+ u ab\t ?+s )9 its sph]e4 ,,unity ,,z ,,! ,,uni=m ,,9 ,,itself ,,& ,,=mless ,,sup]=m4 ,intellig5ce c see bo? ! ?+s t are above x1 ^? :i* belong to x1 & ! ?+s t proce$ f x4 ,! ?+s t belong to intellig5ce are pure2 b !y are /ill less pure & less simple ?an ! ?+s t are above ,intellig5ce1 or r ?an :at is above x2 ?is is n ,intellig5ce1 & is sup]ior to ,intellig5ce4 ,intellig5ce inde$ is ess5ce1 :ile ! pr9ciple above x is n ess5ce1 b is sup]ior to all be+s4 ,nor is x ess5ce1 = ess5ce has a special =m1 t ( ess5ce1 & ! ,"o is %apeless ev5 intelligible4 ,z ,unity is ! nature t begets all ?+s1 ,unity _c be any ( !m4 ,x is !re=e nei!r any p>ticul> ?+1 nor quantity1 nor quality1 nor intellig5ce1 nor s\l1 nor :at is movable1 nor :at is /able2 x is nei!r 9 place nor "t2 b x is ! uni=m 9 itself1 or r x is =mless1 z x is above all =m1 above movem5t & /ability4 ,^! are my views ab\t ess5ce & :at makes x manifold4#aib ,,:y ,,x ,,is ,,n ,,/able1 ,,?\gh ,,x ,,does ,,n ,,move4 ,b if x does n move1 :y does x n possess /ability8 ,because ei!r ( ^! ?+s1 or bo? toge!r1 are suitable to no?+ b ess5ce4 ,besides1 t :i* possesses /ability is /able ?r\gh /ability1 & is n id5tical ) /ability itself2 consequ5tly x possesses /ability only by accid5t1 & w\ld no long] rema9 simple4 ,,be+ ,a ,,prim>y ,,cause1 ,,unity ,,is ,,no?+ ,,cont+5t4 ,nor let anybody object t some?+ cont+5t is attribut$ to ,unity :5 we call x ! prim>y cause4 ,x is to ourselves t we are !n attribut+ cont+5cy1 s9ce x is we :o are receiv+ some?+ f ,unity1 :ile ,unity rema9s )9 itself4 ,,unity ,,_c ,,be ,,def9$2 ,,we ,,c ,,only ,,ref] ,,to ,,x ,,by ,,our ,,feel+s ,,( ,,x4 ,speak+ /rictly1 we %\ld say t ! ,"o is ?is or t 7t is1 we %\ld n apply any "n to x74 ,we c d no m ?an turn ar\nd x1 s to speak1 try+ to express :at we feel 79 reg>d to x72 = at times we approa* ,unity1 & at times )draw f x z a result ( our unc]ta9ty ab\t x4 ,,we ,,_c ,,compreh5d ,,unity1 ,,:i* ,,we ,,approa* ,,only ,,by ,a ,,pres5ce4 #d4 ,! pr9cipal cause ( our unc]ta9ty is t our compreh5sion ( ! ,"o comes to u nei!r by sci5tific k1 nor by ?\ght1 z ! k ( o!r intelligible ?+s1 b by a pres5ce :i* is sup]ior to sci5ce4 ,:5 ! s\l acquires ! sci5tific k ( some?+1 %e )draws f unity & ceases be+ entirely "o2 = sci5ce implies discursive reason & discursive reason implies manifoldness4 7,to atta9 ,unity7 we mu/ !re=e rise above sci5ce1 & nev] )draw f :at is ess5tially ,"o2 we mu/ !re=e r5\nce sci5ce1 ! objects ( sci5ce1 & e o!r "r 7except t ( ! ,"o72 ev5 to t ( beauty2 = beauty is po/]ior to unity1 & is d]iv$ !refrom1 z ! day-light comes f ! sun4 ,t is :y ,plato#aic says ( 7,unity7 t x is unspeakable & undescribable4 ,nev]!less we speak ( x1 we write ab\t x1 b only to excite our s\ls by our discussions1 & to direct !m t[>ds ?is div9e spectacle1 j z "o might po9t out ! road to somebody :o desir$ to see "s object4 ,in/ruction1 inde$1 goes z f> z %[+ ! road1 & guid+ u 9 ! way2 b to obta9 ! vision 7( ! div9ity71 is ! "w suitable to him :o has desir$ to obta9 x4 ,,^? ,,:o ,,see ,,god ,,)\t ,,emotion ,,h ,,fail$ ,,to ,,rid ,,!mselves ,,( ,,physical ,,h9drances1 ,,& ,,h ,,n ,,become ,,unifi$4 ,if y\r s\l does n succe$ 9 enjoy+ ?is spectacle1 if %e does n h ! intuition ( ! div9e light1 if %e rema9s cold & does n1 )9 h]self1 feel a rapture su* z t ( a lov] :o sees ! belov$ object1 & :o re/s )9 x1 a rapture felt by him :o has se5 ! true light1 & ^: s\l has be5 ov]:elm$ ) brilliance on approa*+ ?is light1 !n y h tri$ to rise to ! div9ity )\t hav+ fre$ y\rself f ! h9drances :i* arre/ y\r progress1 & h9d] y\r contemplation4 ,y did n rise alone1 & y reta9$ )9 y\rself some?+ t sep>at$ y f ,him2 or r1 y 7 n yet unifi$4 ,?\gh ,he be abs5t f all be+s1 ,he is abs5t f none1 s t ,he is pres5t 7to all7 )\t be+ pres5t 7to !m74 ,he is pres5t only = ^? :o are able to receive ,him1 & :o are prep>$ = ,him1 & :o are capable ( h>moniz+ !mselves ) ,him1 to rea* ,him1 & z x 7 to t\* ,him by virtue ( ! con=mity !y h ) ,him1 & also by virtue ( an innate p[] analog\s to t :i* fl[s f ,him1 :5 at la/ _! s\ls f9d !mselves 9 ! /ate :]e !y 7 aft] hav+ communicat$ ) ,him2 !n !y c see ,him s f> z 8 nature is visible4 ,i repeat3 if y h n yet ris5 s f>1 ! conclusion mu/ be t y are /ill at a di/ance f ,him1 ei!r by ! ob/acles ( :i* we spoke above1 or by ! lack ( su* in/ruction z w\ld h taught y ! road to foll[1 & :i* w\ld h imbu$ y ) fai? 9 ?+s div9e4 ,9 any case1 y h no fault to f9d ) any b y\rself2 =1 to be alone1 all y ne$ to d is to deta* y\rself f ev]y?+4 ,lack ( fai? 9 argum5ts ab\t x may be rem$i$ by ! foll[+ consid]ations4 ,,h[ ,,su* ,,z ,,rise ,,z ,,f> ,,z ,,! ,,s\l ,,may ,,a*ieve ,,fai? ,,9 ,,! ,,intelligible4 #e4 ,su* z imag9e t be+s are gov]n$ by luck or *ance1 & t !y dep5d on mat]ial causes are f> remov$ f ! div9ity1 & f ! conception ( unity4 ,x is n su* m5 t we are address+1 b su* z admit ! exi/5ce ( a nature diff]5t f ! corporeal "o1 & :o at lea/ rise 7to an ackn[l$gm5t ( ! exi/5ce (7 ! ,s\l4 ,^! %\ld apply !mselves to ! /udy ( ! nature ( ! s\l1 le>n+1 among o!r tru?s1 t %e proce$s f ,intellig5ce1 & t %e c a*ieve virtue by p>ticipat+ 9 ,intellig5ce ?r\gh reason4 ,!y mu/ !n ackn[l$ge ! exi/5ce ( an ,intellig5ce sup]ior to ! intellig5ce t reasons1 namely1 to discursive reason4 ,!y mu/ 7also realize7 t reason+s imply an int]val 7betwe5 notions71 & a movem5t 7by :i* ! s\l bridges ?is int]val74 ,!y mu/ be br\ght to see t sci5tific k consi/s also ( reasons ( ! same nature 7namely1 rational notions71 reasons suitable to ! s\l1 b :i* h become cle>1 because ! s\l has receiv$ ! succession ( intellig5ce :i* is ! s\rce ( sci5tific k4 ,by intellig5ce 7:i* belongs to h]71 ! s\l sees ! div9e ,intellect1 :i* to x seems s5sual1 9 ?is s5se t x is p]ceptible by intellig5ce1 :i* dom9ates ! s\l1 & is h] fa!r2#aid t is1 ! intelligible _w1 a calm intellect :i* vibrates )\t issu+ f its tranquility1 :i* conta9s ev]y?+1 & :i* is all4 ,x is bo? def9ite & indef9ite manifoldness1 = ! ideas x conta9s are n di/9ct l ! reasons 7! rational notions71 :i* are conceiv$ "o by "o4 ,nev]!less1 !y d n become confus$4 ,ea* ( !m becomes di/9ct f ! o!rs1 j z 9 a sci5ce all ! notions1 ?\gh =m+ an indivisible :ole1 yet ea* has its own sep>ate individual exi/5ce4#aie ,?is multitude ( ideas tak5 toge!r con/itutes ! intelligible _w4 ,?is is ! 7entity7 ne>e/ to ! ,fir/4 ,its exi/5ce is inevitably demon/rat$ by reason1 z mu* z ! necessity ( ! exi/5ce ( ! ,s\l h]self2 b ?\gh ! intelligible _w is some?+ sup]ior to ! ,s\l1 x is nev]!less n yet ! ,fir/1 because x is nei!r "o1 nor simple1 :ile ! "o1 ! pr9ciple ( all be+s1 is p]fectly simple4 ,,! ,,supreme ,,is ,,"o ,,only ,,9 ,a ,,figurative ,,s5se4 ,! pr9ciple t is sup]ior to :at is highe/ among be+s1 to ,intellig5ce 7or intellect1 or intelligible _w7 7may well be s\ght aft]74 ,!re mu/ inde$ be "s pr9ciple above ,intellig5ce2 = intellig5ce does inde$ aspire to become "o1 b x is n "o1 possess+ only ! =m ( unity4 ,consid]$ 9 itself1 ,intellig5ce is n divid$1 b is g5u9ely pres5t to itself4 ,x does n dismemb] itself because x is next to ! ,"o1 ?\gh x d>$ to )draw !refrom4 ,:at is above ,intellig5ce is ,unity itself1 an incompreh5sible miracle1 ( :i* x _c ev5 be said t x is ess5ce1 le/ we make ( x ! attribute ( some?+ else1 & to :om no "n is really suitable4 ,if h[ev] ,he mu/ be nam$1 we may inde$ call ,him 9 g5]al ,unity1 b only on ! prelim9>y und]/&+ t ,he 0 n fir/ some?+ else1 & !n only lat] became unity4 ,t is :y ! ,"o is s difficult to und]/& 9 ,himself2 ,he is r kn[n by ,8 (fspr+2 t is1 by ,be+1 because ,intellig5ce leads up to ,be+4 ,! nature ( ! ,"o1 inde$1 is ! s\rce ( excell5t ?+s1 ! p[] :i* begets be+s1 :ile rema9+ )9 ,himself1 )\t und]go+ any dim9ution1 )\t pass+ into ! be+s to :i* ,he gives bir?4#aif ,if we call ?is pr9ciple ,unity1 x is only = ! mutual conv5i5ce ( ris+ to "s indivisible conception1 & 9 unify+ our s\l4 ,b :5 we say t ?is pr9ciple is "o & indivisible1 x is n 9 ! same s5se t we say x ( ! 7geometric7 po9t1 & ( ! 7ari?metical unity call$ !7 monad4 ,:at is "o 9 ! s5se ( ! unity ( ! po9t or ! monad1 is a pr9ciple ( quantity1 & w\ld n exi/ unless prec$$ by be+ & ! pr9ciple :i* prec$es ev5 t be+4 ,x is n ( ?is k9d ( unity t we mu/ ?9k2 /ill we believe t ! po9t & ! monad h analogy ) ! ,"o by _! simplicity z well z by ! abs5ce ( all manifoldness & ( all division4 ,,! ,,"o ,,may ,,be ,,conceiv$ ,,( ,,z ,,indivisible ,,& ,,inf9ite4 #f4 ,9 :at s5se d we use ! "n ( unity1 & h[ c we conceive ( x8 ,we %all h to insi/ t ! ,"o is a unity mu* m p]fect ?an ! po9t ( ! monad2 = 9 ^!1 ab/ract+ 7geometric7 magnitude1 & num]ical plurality1 we d inde$ /op at t :i* is mo/ m9ute1 & we come to re/ 9 some?+ indivisible2 b ?is exi/$ already 9 a divisible be+1 9 a subject o!r ?an itself1 :ile ! ,"o is nei!r 9 a subject o!r ?an itself1 nor 9 any?+ divisible4 ,if x be indivisible1 nei!r is x ( ! same k9d z t :i* is mo/ m9ute4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is t :i* is greate/1 n by 7geometric7 magnitude1 b by p[]2 possess+ no 7geometric7 magnitude1 x is indivisible 9 its p[]2 = ! be+s b5ea? x are indivisible 9 _! p[]s1 & n 9 _! mass 7s9ce !y are incorporeal74 ,we mu/ also insi/ t ! ,"o is inf9ite1 n z w\ld be a mass ( a magnitude :i* c\ld be exam9$ s]ially1 b by ! incomm5surability ( its p[]4 ,ev5 ?\gh y %\ld conceive ( x z ( intellig5ce or div9ity1 x is /ill high]4 ,:5 by ?\ght y consid] x z ! mo/ p]fect unity1 x is /ill high]4 ,y try to =m = y\rself an idea ( a div9ity by ris+ to :at 9 y\r intellig5ce is mo/ unit>y 7& yet ,he is /ill simpl]72 = ,he dwells )9 ,himself1 & conta9s no?+ t is cont+5t4 ,,! ,,"o ,,is ,,self-,,suffici5t ,,& ,,ne$s ,,no?+ ,,= ,,e/abli%m5t4 ,8 sov]eign unity may be/ be und]/ood by ,8 be+ self-suffici5t2 = ! mo/ p]fect pr9ciple is necess>ily t :i* be/ suffices ,himself1 & :i* lea/ ne$s any?+ else4 ,n[ any?+ t is n "o1 b manifold1 ne$s some?+ else4 ,n be+ "o1 b be+ compos$ ( multiple elem5ts1 its be+ dem&s unification2 b z ! ,"o is already "o1 ,he does n ev5 ne$ ,himself4 ,s mu* ! m1 ! be+ t is manifold ne$s z _m ?+s z x conta9s2 = ea* ( ! conta9$ ?+s exi/s only by its union ) ! o!rs1 & n 9 itself1 & f9ds t x ne$s ! o!rs4 ,!re=e su* a be+ ne$s o!rs1 bo? = ! ?+s x conta9s1 z = _! totality4 ,if !n !re mu/ be some?+ t fully suffices itself1 x mu/ surely be ! ,"o1 :i* alone ne$s no?+ ei!r relatively to ,himself1 or to ! o!r ?+s4 ,x ne$s no?+ ei!r to exi/1 or to be happy1 or to be compos$4 ,to beg9 )1 z ,he is ! cause ( ! o!r be+s1 ,he does n owe ,8 exi/5ce to !m4 ,fur!r1 h[ c\ld ,he d]ive ,8 happ9ess f outside ,himself8 ,)9 ,him1 happ9ess is n some?+ cont+5t1 b is ,8 v nature4 ,aga91 z ,he does n occupy any space1 ,he does n ne$ any f\ndation on :i* to be edifi$1 z if ,he c\ld n su/a9 ,himself4 ,all t ne$s comp\nd+ is inanimate2 )\t support x is no m ?an a mass ready to fall4 7,f> f ne$+ any support7 ! ,"o is ! f\ndation ( ! edification ( all o!r ?+s2 by giv+ !m exi/5ce1 ,he has at ! same "t giv5 !m a location4 ,h[ev]1 t :i* ne$s a location is n 7necess>ily7 self-suffici5t4 ,,! ,,supreme1 ,,z ,,sup]goodness1 ,,c\ld ,,n ,,aspire ,,to ,,any?+ ,,else4 ,a pr9ciple has no ne$ ( any?+ b5ea? x4 ,! ,pr9ciple ( all ?+s has no ne$ ( any ( !m4 ,e non-self-suffici5t be+ is n self-suffici5t *iefly because x aspires to its pr9ciple4 ,if ! ,"o aspir$ to any?+1 ,8 aspiration w\ld evid5tly t5d to de/roy ,8 unity1 t is1 to annihilate ,himself4 ,any?+ t aspires evid5tly aspires to happ9ess & pres]vation4 ,?us1 s9ce = ! ,"o !re is no good outside ( ,himself1 !re is no?+ t ,he c\ld wi%4 ,he is ! sup]-good2 ,he is ! good1 n = ,himself1 b = o!r be+s1 = ^? t c p>ticipate !re94 ,,! ,,"o ,,is ,,n ,,?9k] ,,b ,,?\ght ,,itself4 ,)9 ! ,"o1 !re=e1 is no ?\ght1 because !re c be no diff]5ce )9 ,him2 nor c\ld ,he conta9 any motion1 because ! ,"o is prior to motion1 z mu* z to ?\ght4 ,besides1 :at w\ld ,he ?9k8 ,w\ld ,he ?9k ,himself8 ,9 ?is case1 ,he w\ld be ignorant be=e ?9k+1 & ?\ght w\ld be necess>y to ,him1 :o fully suffices to ,himself4 ,nei!r %\ld ,he be ?\ght to conta9 ignorance1 because ,he does n "k ,himself1 & does n ?9k ,himself4 ,ignorance presupposes a relation1 & consi/s 9 t "o ?+ does n "k ano!r4 ,b ! ,"o1 be+ alone1 c nei!r "k nor be ignorant ( any?+4 ,be+ ) ,himself1 ,he has no ne$ ( self-k4 ,we %\ld n ev5 pr$icate ( ,him pres5ce ) ,himself1 if we are to conceive ( ,him ,unity 9 %e] purity4 ,on ! contr>y1 we %\ld h to leave aside intellig5ce1 consci\sness1 & k ( self & ( o!r be+s4 ,we %\ld n conceive ( ,him z be+ t :i* ?9ks1 b r z ( ?\ght4 ,?\ght does n ?9k2 b is ! cause :i* makes "s o!r be+ ?9k2 n[ ! cause _c be id5tical ) t :i* is caus$4 ,s mu* ! m reason is !re !n to say t t :i* is ! cause ( all ^! exi/+ ?+s _c be any "o ( !m4 ,?is ,cause1 !re=e1 mu/ n be consid]$ id5tical ) ! good ,he disp5ses1 b mu/ be conceiv$ z ! ,good 9 a high] s5se1 ! ,good :i* is above all o!r goods4 ,,! ,,s\l ,,mu/ ,,be ,,/ripp$ ,,( ,,=m ,,to ,,be ,,illum9at$ ,,by ,,prim>y ,,nature4 #g4 ,y\r m9d rema9s 9 unc]ta9ty because ! div9ity is none ( ^! ?+s 7t y "k74 ,apply x fir/ to ^! ?+s1 & lat] fix x on ! div9ity4 ,:ile do+ s1 d n let y\rself be di/ract$ by any?+ ext]ior = ! div9ity is n 9 any def9ite place1 depriv+ ! rema9d] ( its pres5ce1 b x is pres5t :]ev] !re is any p]son :o is capable ( ent]+ into contact !re)4 ,x is abs5t only = ^? :o _c succe$ !re94 ,j z1 = o!r objects1 "o c\ld n discov] :at "o seeks by ?9k+ ( some?+ else1 & z "o %\ld n add any ali5 ?+ to ! object t is ?\ght if "o wi%es to id5tify oneself !re)2 likewise "h "o mu/ be ?or\ghly conv9c$ t x is impossible = any "o ^: s\l conta9s any ali5 image to conceive ( ! div9ity s long z su* an image di/racts ! s\l's att5tion4 ,x is equally impossible t ! s\l1 at ! mom5t t %e is att5tive1 & atta*$ to o!r ?+s1 %\ld assume ! =m ( :at is contr>y to !m4 ,j z x is said ( matt] t x mu/ be absolutely depriv$ ( all qualities to be susceptible ( receiv+ all =ms2 likewise1 & = a /rong] reason1 ! s\l mu/ be /ripp$ ( all =m1 if %e desire to be fill$ ) & illum9at$ by ! prim>y nature )\t any int]ior h9drance4 ,?us1 hav+ lib]at$ h]self f all ext]ior ?+s1 ! s\l w entirely turn to :at is mo/ intimate 9 h]2 %e w n all[ h]self to be turn$ away by any ( ! surr\nd+ objects & %e w put aside all ?+s1 fir/ by ! v effect ( ! /ate 9 :i* %e w f9d h]self1 & lat] by ! abs5ce ( any conception ( =m4 ,%e w n ev5 "k t %e is apply+ h]self to ! contemplation ( ! ,"o1 or t %e is unit$ !reto4 ,!n1 aft] hav+ suffici5tly dwelt ) x1 %e w1 if %e c1 come to reveal to o!rs ?is heav5ly communion4 ,d\btless x 0 enjoym5t ( ?is communion t 0 ! basis ( ! traditional conv]sation ( ,m9os ) ,jupit]4#aig ,inspir$ ) ! memories ( ?is int]view1 he made laws :i* repres5t$ x1 because1 :ile he 0 draw+ !m up1 he 0 /ill "u ! influ5ce ( 8 union ) ! div9ity4 ,p]haps ev51 9 ?is /ate1 ! s\l may look d[n on civil virtues z h>dly wor?y ( h]1#aih inasmu* z %e desires to dwell on high2 & ?is does inde$ happ5 to su* z h long contemplat$ ! div9ity4 ,,on ,,self-,,k ,,dep5ds ,,recognition ,,( ,,div9e ,,k9%ip4 7,9 %ort71 ! div9ity is n outside ( any be+4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,he is pres5t to all be+s1 ?\gh ^! may be ignorant !re(4 ,?is happ5s because !y are fugitives1 w&]+ outside ( ,him or r1 outside ( !mselves4 ,!y _c rea* ,him f :om !y are flee+1 nor1 hav+ lo/ !mselves1 c !y f9d ano!r be+4 ,a son1 if angry1 & beside himself1 is n likely to recognize 8 fa!r4 ,b he :o w h le>nt to "k himself w at ! same "t discov] f :]e he hails4#aii ,,to ,,be ,,atta*$ ,,to ,,! ,,c5tre ,,con/itutes ,,div9ity4 #h4 ,self-k reveals ! fact t ! s\l's natural movem5t is n 9 a /raight l9e1 unless inde$ x h und]gone "s deviation4 ,on ! contr>y1 x circles ar\nd some?+ int]ior1 ar\nd a c5tre4 ,n[ ! c5tre is t f :i* proce$s ! circle1 t is1 ! s\l4#bjj ,! s\l w !re=e move ar\nd ! c5tre1 t is1 ar\nd ! pr9ciple f :i* %e proce$s2 &1 tr5d+ t[>ds x1 %e w atta* h]self to x1 z inde$ all s\ls %\ld d4 ,! s\ls ( ! div9ities ev] direct !mselves t[>ds x2 & t is ! secret ( _! div9ity2 = div9ity consi/s 9 be+ atta*$ to ! ,c5tre 7( all s\ls74 ,anyone :o )draws mu* !refrom is a man :o has rema9$ manifold 7t is1 :o has nev] become unifi$71 or :o is a brute4#bja ,,! ,,celebrat$ ,,simile ,,( ,,! ,,man ,,^: ,,feet ,,are ,,9 ,a ,,ba?-,,tub4 ,is ! c5tre ( ! s\l !n ! pr9ciple t we are seek+8 ,or mu/ we conceive "s o!r pr9ciple t[>ds :i* all c5tres radiate8 ,to beg9 )1 x is only by analogy t ! words c5tre & circle are us$4 ,by say+ t ! s\l is a circle1 we d n mean t %e is a geometrical figure1 b t 9 h] & ar\nd h] subsi/s primordial nature4#bjb 7,by say+ t %e has a c5tre1 we mean t7 ! s\l is susp5d$ f ! prim>y ,pr9ciple 7by ! highe/ "p ( h] be+71 especially :5 %e is entirely sep>at$ 7f ! body74 ,n[1 h[ev]1 z we h a "p ( our be+ conta9$ 9 ! ! body1 we resemble a man ^: feet are plung$ 9 wat]1 ) ! re/ ( 8 body rema9+ above x4 ,rais+ ourselves above ! body by ! :ole "p :i* is n imm]g$1 we are by our own c5tre reatta*+ ourselves to ! ,c5tre common to all be+s1 j 9 ! same way z we make ! c5tres ( ! great circles co9cide ) t ( ! sph]e t surr\nds !m4 ,if ! circles ( ! s\l 7 corporeal1 ! common c5tre w\ld h to occupy a c]ta9 place = !m to co9cide ) x1 & = !m to turn ar\nd x4 ,b s9ce ! s\ls are ( ! ord] ( intelligible 7ess5ces71 & z ! ,"o is /ill above ,intellig5ce1 we %all h to ass]t t ! int]c\rse ( ! s\l ) ! ,"o op]ates by means diff]5t f ^? by :i* ,intellig5ce unites ) ! intelligible4 ,?is union1 inde$1 is mu* clos] ?an t :i* is realiz$ betwe5 ,intellig5ce & ! intelligible by resemblance or id5tity2 x takes place by ! intimate relation%ip t unites ! s\l ) unity1 )\t any?+ to sep>ate !m4 ,bodies _c unite mutually2#bjc b !y c\ld n h9d] ! mutual union ( incorporeal 7ess5ces7 because t :i* sep>ates !m f ea* o!r is n a local di/ance1 b _! di/9ction & diff]5ce4 ,:5 !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 !m1 !y are pres5t 9 ea* o!r4 ,,! ,,fam\s ,,illu/ration ,,( ,,! ,,cosmic ,,*oral ,,ballet4 ,z ! ,"o does n conta9 any diff]5ce1 ,he is always pres5t2 & we are ev] pres5t to ,him z soon z we conta9 no m diff]5ce4 ,x is n ,he :o is aspir+ to u1 or :o is mov+ ar\nd u2 on ! contr>y1 x is we :o are aspir+ to ,him4 ,?\gh we always move ar\nd ,him1 we d n always keep our glance fix$ on ,him4 ,we resemble a *orus :i* always surr\nds its lead]1 b 7! memb]s (7 :i* d n always s+ 9 "t because !y all[ _! att5tion to be di/ract$ to "s ext]ior object2 :ile1 if !y turn$ t[>ds ! lead]1 !y w\ld s+ well1 & really be ) him4 ,likewise1 we always turn ar\nd ! ,"o1 ev5 :5 we deta* ourselves f ,him1 & cease kn[+ ,him4 ,our glance is n always fix$ on ! ,"o2 b :5 we contemplate ,him1 we atta9 ! purpose ( our desires1 & enjoy ! re/ taught by ,h]aclitus4#bjd ,!n we disagree no m1 & really =m a div9e *oric ballet ar\nd ,him4 ,,foll[+ ,,num5ius1 ,,plot9os ,,describes ,,! ,,supreme ,,z ,,giv]4 #i4 ,9 ?is *oric ballet1 ! s\l sees ! s\rce ( life1 ! s\rce ( intellig5ce1 ! pr9ciple ( be+1 ! cause ( ! good1 & ! root ( love4 ,all ^! entities are d]iv$ f ! ,"o )\t dim9i%+ ,him4 ,he is inde$ no corporeal mass2 o!rwise ! ?+s t are born ( ,him w\ld be p]i%able4 ,h[ev]1 !y are et]nal1 because _! pr9ciple ev] rema9s ! same1 because#bje ,he does n divide ,himself to produce !m1 b rema9s entire4 ,!y p]si/1 j z ! light p]si/s s long z ! sun rema9s4#bjf ,nor are we sep>at$ f ! ,"o2 we are n di/ant f ,him1 ?\gh corporeal nature1 by approa*+ u1 has attract$ u to x 7?us draw+ u away f ! ,"o74#bjg ,b x is 9 ! ,"o t we brea! & h our be+4#bjh ,he gave u life n m]ely at a giv5 mom5t1 only to leave u lat]2 b ,8 giv+ is p]petual1 s long z ,he rema9s :at ,he is1 or r1 s long z we turn t[>ds ,him4 ,!re x is t we f9d happ9ess1 :ile to )draw f ,him is to fall4 ,x is 9 ,him t our s\l re/s2 x is by ris+ to t place free f all evil t %e is deliv]$ f evils2 !re %e really ?9ks1 !re %e is impassible1 !re %e really lives4 ,our pres5t life1 9 :i* we are n unit$ ) ! div9ity1 is only a trace or adumbration ( real life4 ,real life 7:i* is pres5ce ) ! div9ity7 is ! actualization ( intellig5ce4 ,x is ?is actualization ( intellig5ce :i* begets ! div9ities by a sort ( sil5t int]c\rse ) ! ,"o2 !reby begett+ beauty1 ju/ice & virtue4 ,^! are begott5 by ! s\l t is fill$ ) div9ity4 ,9 ,him is h] pr9ciple & goal2 h] pr9ciple1 because x is f !re t %e proce$s2 h] goal1 because !re is ! good to :i* %e aspires1 s t by return+ ?i!r %e aga9 becomes :at %e 04 ,life "h bel[1 9 ! mid/ ( s5se-objects1 is = ! s\l a degradation1 an exile1 a loss ( h] w+s4#bji ,,! ,,p>able ,,( ,,cupid ,,& ,,psy*e1 ,,lead+ ,,up ,,to ,,div9ization4 ,ano!r pro( t our welf>e resides up !re is ! love t is innate 9 our s\ls1 z is taught 9 ! descriptions & my?s :i* repres5t love z ! husb& ( ! s\l4#baj ,9 fact1 s9ce ! s\l1 :i* is diff]5t f ! div9ity1 proce$s f ,him1 %e mu/ necess>ily love ,him2 b :5 %e is on high#baa h] love is cele/ial2 "h bel[1 h] love is only commonplace2 = x is on high t dwells ! cele/ial ,v5us 7,urania72 :ile "h bel[ resides ! vulg> & adult]\s ,v5us4#bab ,n[ e s\l is a ,v5us1 z is indicat$ by ! my? ( ! bir? ( ,v5us & ,cupid1 :o is suppos$ to be born simultane\sly ) h]4#bac ,s long z %e rema9s fai?ful to h] nature1 ! s\l !re=e loves ! div9ity1 & desires to unite h]self to ,him1 :o seems l ! noble fa!r ( a bride :o has fall5 9 love ) "s h&some lov]4 ,:5 h[ev] ! s\l has desc5d$ into g5]ation1 deceiv$ by ! false promises ( an adult]\s lov]1 %e has ex*ang$ h] div9e love = a mortal "o4 ,!n1 at a di/ance f h] fa!r1 %e yields to all k9ds ( excesses4 ,ultimately1 h[ev]1 %e gr[s a%am$ ( ^! disord]s2 %e purifies h]self1 %e returns to h] fa!r1 & f9ds true happ9ess ) ,him4 ,h[ great h] bliss !n is c be conceiv$ by su* z h n ta/$ x only by comp>+ x some:at to e>?ly love-unions1 obs]v+ ! joy felt by ! lov] :o succe$s 9 obta9+ h] :om he loves4 ,b su* mortal & deceptive love is direct$ only to phantoms2 x soon disappe>s because ! real object ( our love is n ^! s5se-pres5tations1 :i* are n ! good we are really seek+4 ,on high only is ! real object ( our love2 ! only "o ) :i* we c\ld unite or id5tify ourselves1 :i* we c\ld intimately possess1 because x is n sep>at$ f our s\l by ! cov]+ ( our fle%4 ,?is t ,i say w be ackn[l$g$ by any "o :o has exp]i5c$ x2 he w "k t ! s\l !n lives ano!r life1 t %e advances t[>ds ! ,div9ity1 t %e rea*es ,him1 possesses ,him1 & 9 8 condition recognizes ! pres5ce ( ! ,disp5s] ( ! true life4 ,!n %e ne$s no?+ m4 ,on ! contr>y1 %e has to r5\nce ev]y?+ else to fix h]self 9 ! ,div9ity alone1 to id5tify h]self ) ,him1 & to cut (f all t surr\nds ,him4 ,we mu/ !re=e ha/5 to issue f "h bel[1 deta*+ ourselves s f> z possible f ! body to :i* we /ill h ! regret ( be+ *a9$1 mak+ ! ef=t to embrace ! ,div9ity by our :ole be+1 )\t leav+ 9 u any "p t is n 9 contact ) ,him4 ,!n ! s\l c see ! ,div9ity & h]self1 s f> z is possible to h] nature4 ,%e sees h]self %9+ brilliantly1 fill$ ) intelligible light2 or r1 %e sees h]self z a pure light1 t is subtle & weightless4 ,%e becomes div9ity1 or1 r1 %e is div9ity4 ,9 ?is condition1 ! s\l is a %9+ light4 ,if lat] %e falls back into ! s5se-_w1 %e is plung$ into d>kness4 ,,:y ,,does ,,! ,,s\l ,,aft] ,,rea*+ ,,yond] ,,n ,,/ay ,,!re8 #aj4 ,:y does ! s\l :i* has ris5 on high n /ay !re8 ,because %e has n yet entirely deta*$ h]self f ?+s "h bel[4 ,b a "t w come :5 %e w un9t]rupt$ly enjoy ! vision ( ! div9ity1 t is1 :5 %e w no long] be tr\bl$ by ! passions ( ! body4 ,! "p ( ! s\l t sees ! div9ity is n ! "o t is tr\bl$ 7! irrational s\l71 b ! o!r "p 7! rational s\l74 ,n[ %e loses ! sight ( ! div9ity :5 %e does n lose ?is k :i* consi/s 9 demon/rat+s1 conjectures & reason+s4 ,9 ! vision ( ! div9ity1 inde$1 t :i* sees is n ! reason1 b some?+ prior & sup]ior to reason2 if t :i* sees be /ill unit$ to reason1 x !n is z t :i* is se54 ,:5 he :o sees himself sees1 he w see himself z simple1 be+ unit$ to himself z simple1 & w feel himself z simple4 ,we %\ld n ev5 say t he w see1 b only t he w be :at he sees1 9 case t x w\ld /ill "h be possible to di/+ui% t :i* sees f t :i* is se51 or to ass]t t ^! two ?+s d n =m a s+le "o4 ,?is ass]tion1 h[ev]1 w\ld be ra%1 = 9 ?is condition he :o sees does n1 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w1 see2 nor does he imag9e two ?+s4 ,he becomes o!r1 he ceases to be himself1 he reta9s no?+ ( himself4 ,absorb$ 9 ! div9ity1 he is "o ) x1 l a c5tre t co9cides ) ano!r c5tre4 ,:ile !y co9cide1 !y =m b "o1 ?\gh !y =m two 9 s f> z !y rema9 di/9ct4 ,9 ?is s5se only d we "h say t ! s\l is o!r ?an ! div9ity4 ,consequ5tly ?is mann] ( vision is v difficult to describe4 ,h[ inde$ c\ld we depict z diff]5t f u ,him :o1 :ile we 7 contemplat+ ,him1 did n seem o!r ?an ourselves1 hav+ come into p]fect at-"o-m5t ) u8 ,,illu/ration ,,f ,,! ,,secrecy ,,( ,,! ,,my/]y-,,rites4 #aa4 ,t1 no d\bt1 is ! mean+ ( ! my/]y-rites' injunction n to reveal _! secrets to ! un9itiat$4 ,z t :i* is div9e is unspeakable1 x is ord]$ t ! initiate %\ld n talk !re( to any 7un9itiat$ p]son7 :o h n _h ! happ9ess ( behold+ x 7! vision74 ,,! ,,trance ,,or ,,en!asm ,,( ,,ec/asy4 ,z 7?is vision ( ! div9ity7 did n imply 7! exi/5ce (7 two ?+s1 & z he :o 0 id5tical to ,him :om he saw1 s t he did n see ,him1 b 0 unit$ !reto1 if anyone c\ld pres]ve ! memory ( :at he 0 :ile ?us absorb$ into ! ,div9ity1 he w\ld )9 himself h a fai?ful image ( ! ,div9ity4 ,!n inde$ _h he atta9$ at-"o-m5t1 conta9+ no diff]5ce1 nei!r 9 reg>d to himself1 nor to o!r be+s4 ,:ile he 0 ?us transport$ into ! cele/ial region1 !re 0 )9 him no activity1 no ang]1 nor appetite1 nor reason1 nor ev5 ?\ght4 ,s mu* ! m1 if we d>e say s1 0 he no long] himself1 b sunk 9 trance or en?usiasm1 tranquil & solit>y ) ! div9ity1 he enjoy$ an ! calm4 ,conta9$ )9 8 own be+1 7or1 ess5ce71 he did n incl9e to ei!r side1 he did n ev5 turn t[>ds himself1 he 0 inde$ 9 a /ate ( p]fect /ability1 hav+ ?us1 s to speak1 become /ability itself4 ,,above ,,beauty ,,& ,,above ,,virtue ,,?is ,,ec/atic ,,simplification ,,is ,a ,,communion4 ,9 ?is condition1 inde$1 ! s\l busies h]self n ev5 ) ! beautiful ?+s1 = %e rises above beauty1 & passes beyond ev5 ! 7,/oic7 *oir ( virtues4 ,?us he :o p5etrates into ! int]ior ( a sanctu>y leaves beh9d him ! /atues plac$ 7at ! entrance7 ( ! temple4 ,^! inde$ are ! fir/ objects t w /rike 8 view on 8 exit f ! sanctu>y1 aft] he %all h enjoy$ ! int]ior spectacle1 aft] hav+ ent]$ into intimate communion1 n inde$ ) an image or /atue1 :i* w\ld be consid]$ only :5 he comes out1 b ) ! div9ity4 ,! v ^w div9e spectacle does n1 "h1 seem suffici5t 7to express ! contemplation ( ! s\l72 x is r an ec/asy1 a simplification1 a self-ab&onm5t1 a desire = int]c\rse1 a p]fect quietude1 & la/1 a wi% to become indi/+ui%able f :at 0 contemplat$ 9 ! sanctu>y4#bad ,any "o :o w\ld seek to see ! ,div9ity 9 any o!r way w\ld be incapable ( enjoy+ ,8 pres5ce4 ,,! ,,spiritual ,,tru? ,,( ,,! ,,anci5t ,,my/]ies4 ,by mak+ use ( ^! my/]i\s figures1 wise int]pret]s wi%$ to indicate h[ ! div9ity might be se54 ,b ! wise hi]ophant1 p5etrat+ ! my/]y1 may1 :5 he has arriv$ ?i!r1 enjoy ! v]itable vision ( :at is 9 ! sanctu>y4 ,if he h n yet arriv$ ?i!r1 he c at lea/ conceive ! invisibility 7= physical sight7 ( ,t :i* is 9 ! sanctu>y2 he c conceive ! s\rce & pr9ciple ( ev]y?+1 & he recognizes x z ! "o p>ticul> pr9ciple wor?y ( ! "n4 7,b :5 he has succe$$ 9 ent]+ into ! sanctu>y7 he sees ! ,pr9ciple1 ent]s into communication ) x1 unites l to l1 leav+ aside no div9e ?+ ! s\l is capable ( acquir+4 ,,subsequ5t ,,ec/atic ,,exp]i5ces ,,( ,,! ,,s\l4 ,be=e obta9+ ! vision ( ! div9ity1 ! s\l desires :at yet rema9s to be se54 ,= him1 h[ev]1 :o has ris5 above all ?+s1 :at rema9s to be se5 is ,he :o is above all o!r ?+s4 ,inde$1 ! nature ( ! s\l w nev] rea* absolute non5tity4 ,consequ5tly1 :5 %e desc5ds1 %e w fall into evil1 t is1 non5tity1 b n into absolute non5tity4 ,foll[+ ! contr>y pa?1 %e w arrive at some?+ diff]5t1 namely1 h]self4 ,f ! fact t %e !n is n 9 any?+ diff]5t f h]self1 x does n result t %e is )9 any?+1 = %e rema9s 9 h]self4 ,t :i*1 )\t be+ 9 ess5ce1 rema9s )9 itself1 necess>ily resides 9 ! div9ity4 ,!n x ceases to be be+1 & s f> z x comes into communion ) ! ,div9ity x gr[s sup]ior to be+ 7x becomes supra-be+74 ,n[ he :o sees himself z hav+ become div9ity1 possesses )9 himself an image ( ! div9ity4 ,if he rise above himself1 he w a*ieve ! limit ( 8 asc5sion1 becom+ z x 7 an image t becomes indi/+ui%able f its model4 ,!n1 :5 he %all h lo/ sight ( ! div9ity1 he may /ill1 by ar\s+ ! virtue pres]v$ )9 himself1 & by consid]+ ! p]fections t adorn 8 s\l1 reasc5d to ! cele/ial region1 by virtue ris+ to ,intellig5ce1 & by wisdom to ! ,div9ity ,himself4 ,,! ,,s\l',s ,,ultimate ,,fate ,,is ,,deta*m5t ,,& ,,flight4 ,su* is ! life ( ! div9ities2 su* is also t ( div9e & bless$ m52 deta*m5t f all ?+s "h bel[1 scorn ( all e>?ly pleasures1 & flight ( ! s\l t[>ds ! ,div9ity t %e %all see face to face 7t is1 alone ) ! alone1 z ?\ght ,num5ius74#bae ,,fif? ,,ennead1 ,,book ,,"o4 ,! ,?ree ,pr9cipal ,hypo/ases1 or ,=ms ( ,exi/5ce4 ,,audacity ,,! ,,cause ,,( ,,human ,,apo/asy ,,f ,,! ,,div9ity4 #a4 ,h[ does x happ5 t s\ls =get _! pat]nal div9ity8 ,hav+ a div9e nature1 & hav+ orig9at$ f ! div9ity1 h[ c\ld !y ev] misconceive ! div9ity or !mselves8 ,! orig9 ( _! evil is audacity1#baf g5]ation1 ! prim>y div]sity1 & ! desire to belong to none b !mselves4#bag ,z soon z !y h enjoy$ ! pleasure ( an indep5d5t life1 & by l>gely mak+ use ( _! p[] ( self-direction1 !y advanc$ on ! road t l$ !m a/ray f _! pr9ciple1 & n[ !y h arriv$ at su* an apo/asy 7di/ance7 f ! ,div9ity1 t !y are ev5 ignorant t !y d]ive _! life f ,him4 ,l *ildr5 t 7 sep>at$ f _! family s9ce bir?1 & t 7 long educat$ away f home f9ally lose k ( _! p>5ts & ( !mselves1 s our s\ls1 no long] see+ ei!r ! div9ity or !mselves1 h become degrad$ by =getfulness ( _! orig91 h atta*$ !mselves to o!r objects1 h admir$ any?+ r ?an !mselves1 h l prodigals scatt]$ _! e/eem & love on ext]ior objects1 & h1 by break+ ! bond t unit$ !m to ! div9ities1 disda9fully w&]$ away f x4 ,_! ignorance ( ! div9ity is !re=e caus$ by excessive valuation ( ext]nal objects1 & _! scorn ( !mselves4 ,! m]e admiration & que/ aft] :at is =eign implies1 on ! s\l's "p1 an ackn[l$gm5t ( self-depreciation4 ,z soon z a s\l ?9ks t %e is wor? less ?an t :i* is born & :i* p]i%es1 & consid]s h]self z m despicable & p]i%able ?an ! object %e admires1 %e c\ld no long] ev5 conceive ( ! nature & p[] ( ! div9ity4 ,,conv]sion ,,is ,,effect$ ,,by ,,depreciation ,,( ,,ext]nalities1 ,,& ,,appreciation ,,( ,,! ,,s\l ,,h]self4 ,s\ls 9 su* conditions may be conv]t$ to ! ,div9ity1 & rais$ to ! supreme ,pr9ciple1 to ! ,"o1 to ! ,fir/1 by be+ reason$ ) 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 !y may be l$ to see ! wor?lessness ( ! objects !y at pres5t e/eem2#bah !n !y mu/ be rem9d$ ( ! orig9 & dignity ( ! s\l4 ,! demon/ration ( ! latt] po9t logically prec$es t ( ! =m]2 & if cle>ly done1 %\ld support x4 ,,k9%ip ,,( ,,! ,,human ,,s\l ,,) ,,! ,,div9e4 ,x is ! second po9t1 !re=e1 t we %all "h discuss4 ,x is relat$ to ! /udy ( ! object we desire to "k2 = x is ! s\l t desires to "k t object4 ,n[ ! s\l mu/ fir/ exam9e h] own nature 9 ord] to "k :e!r %e possess ! faculty ( contemplat+ ! div9ity1 if ?is /udy be suit$ to h]1 & if %e may hope = success !re94 ,= inde$ if ! s\l be =eign to div9e ?+s1 ! s\l has no bus9ess to f]ret out _! nature4 ,if h[ev] a close k9%ip obta9s betwe5 !m1 %e bo? c & %\ld seek to "k !m4 ,,s\ls ,,are ,,div9e ,,because ,,! ,,_w ,,0 ,,creat$ ,,by ,,! ,,univ]sal ,,s\l4 #b4 ,?is is ! fir/ reflection ( e s\l4#bai ,by an influx ( ! _s ( life1 ! univ]sal ,s\l produc$ all ! animals ^u e>?1 9 ! air & 9 ! sea1 z well z ! div9e />s1 ! sun1 & ! imm5se heav54 ,x 0 ! univ]sal ,s\l t gave =m to ! heav5s1 & :i* presides ov] _! regul> revolutions2 & %e effects all t )\t m+l+ ) ! be+ to :om %e communicates =m1 movem5t & life4 ,! univ]sal ,s\l is f> sup]ior to all creat$ ?+s4 ,:ile ! latt] are born or die 9 ! measure t %e imp>ts to !m1 or )draws f !m _! life1 %e h]self is be+ & et]nal life1 because %e c\ld n cease be+ h]self4 ,to und]/& h[ life c simultane\sly be imp>t$ to ! univ]se & to ea* individual1 we mu/ contemplate ! univ]sal ,s\l4 ,to rise to ?is contemplation1 ! s\l mu/ be wor?y ( x by nobility1 mu/ h lib]at$ h]self f error1 & mu/ h )drawn f ! objects t fasc9ate ! glances ( worldly s\ls1 mu/ h imm]s$ h]self 9 a pr(\nd m$itation1 & %e mu/ h succe$$ 9 effect+ ! sil5ce n only ( ! agitations ( ! body t enfolds h]1 & ! tumult ( s5sations1 b also ( all t surr\nds h]4 ,!re=e let sil5ce be kept by all--namely1 e>?1 air1 sea1 & ev5 heav54 ,!n let ! s\l repres5t to h]self ! great ,s\l :i*1 f all sides1 ov]fl[s into ?is immovable mass1 spread+ )9 x1 p5etrat+ into x intimately1 illum9at+ x z ! rays ( ! sun light & gild a d>k cl\d4 ,?us ! univ]sal ,s\l1 by desc5d+ into ?is _w r$eem$ ?is great body f ! in]tia 9 :i* x lay1 imp>t+ to x movem5t1 life & immortality4 ,et]nally mov$ by an intellig5t p[]1 heav5 became a be+ full ( life & felicity4 ,! pres5ce ( ! ,s\l made an admirable :ole f :at be=e 0 no m ?an 9 in]t corpse1 wat] & e>?1 or r1 d>kness ( matt]1 :i*1 z ,hom]#bbj says1 0 an object ( horror = ! div9ities4 ,,s\l-,,p[] ,,reveal$ ,,9 ,,! ,,simultaneity ,,( ,,control ,,ov] ,,! ,,_w4 ,! nature & p[] ( ! ,s\l reveal !mselves /ill m glori\sly 9 ! way %e embraces & gov]ns ! _w at w4 ,%e is pres5t 9 e po9t ( ?is imm5se body1 %e animates all its p>ts1 great & small4 ,?\gh ^! may be locat$ 9 diff]5t p>ts1 %e does n divide z !y d1 %e does n split up to vivify ea* individual4 ,%e vivifies all ?+s simultane\sly1 ev] rema9+ :ole & indivisible1 resembl+ ! intellig5ce f :i* %e 0 begott5 by h] unity & univ]sality4#bba ,x is h] p[] :i* conta9s ?is _w ( inf9ite magnitude & v>iety )9 ! bonds ( unity4 ,only because ( ! pres5ce ( ! ,s\l are heav51 sun1 & />s div9ities2 only because ( h] are we any?+2 = a corpse is vil] ?an ! vile/ dung-hill4#bbb ,,z ,,life ,,transfigures ,,matt]1 ,,s ,,! ,,univ]sal ,,s\l ,,glorifies ,,u4 ,b if ! deities owe _! div9ity to ! univ]sal ,s\l1 %e h]self mu/ be a div9ity /ill m v5]able4 ,n[ our s\l is simil> to ! univ]sal ,s\l4 ,/rip h] ( all cov]+s1 consid] h] 9 h] pri/9e purity1 & y w see h[ preci\s is ! nature ( ! s\l1 h[ sup]ior %e is to ev]y?+ t is body4#bbc ,)\t ! s\l1 no body is any?+ b e>?4 ,ev5 if y add to e>? fire1 wat] & air1 /ill !re is no?+ t ne$ claim y\r v5]ation4 ,if x be ! ,s\l t imp>ts beauty to ! body1 :y %\ld we =get ! s\ls )9 ourselves1 :ile pro/itut+ our admiration on o!r objects8 ,if x be ! s\l t y admire 9 !m1 :y d y n admire h] )9 y\rselves8 ,,! ,,s\l ,,z ,,! ,,hypo/atic ,,actualization ,,( ,,intellig5ce4 #c4 ,s9ce ! nature ( ! ,s\l is s div9e & preci\s1 y may be assur$ ( be+ able to rea* ! div9ity ?r\gh h]2 ) h] y c asc5d to ,him4 ,y w n ne$ to se>* = ,him f> f y\rself2 nor w !re be sev]al int]m$i>ies betwe5 y\rself & ,him4 ,to rea* ,him1 take z guide ! div9e/ & highe/ "p ( ! ,s\l1 ! p[] f :i* %e proce$s1 & by :i* %e imp+es on ! intelligible _w4 ,inde$1 9 spite ( ! div9ity :i* we h attribut$ to h]1 ! ,s\l is no m ?an an image ( ,intellig5ce4 ,z ! ext]ior ^w 7spee*7 is ! image ( ! 7int]ior7 ^w 7( ?\ght87 ( ! s\l1 ! ,s\l h]self is ! ^w & actualization ( ,intellig5ce4#bbd ,%e is ! life :i* escapes f ,intellig5ce to =m ano!r hypo/atic =m ( exi/5ce1 j z ! fire conta9s ! lat5t heat :i* con/itutes its ess5ce 7be+71 & also ! heat t radiates f x outside4 ,nev]!less1 ! ,s\l does n entirely issue f )9 ,intellig5ce2 %e does p>tly reside !re91 b also =ms 7a nature7 di/9ct !refrom4 ,z ! ,s\l proce$s f ,intellig5ce1 %e is intelligible2 & ! manife/ation ( h] intellectual p[] is discursive reason4 ,f ,intellig5ce ! ,s\l d]ives h] p]fection1 z well z h] exi/5ce2 only 9 comp>ison ) ,intellig5ce does ! ,s\l seem imp]fect4 ,! ,s\l1 !re=e1 is ! hypo/atic sub/ance t proce$s f ,intellig5ce1 & :5 ! ,s\l contemplates ,intellig5ce ! s\l is reason actualiz$4 ,inde$1 :ile ! s\l contemplates ,intellig5ce1 ! ,s\l intimately possesses ! ?+s %e ?9ks2 f h] own res\rces %e draws ! actualizations %e produces2 ^! intellectual & pure actualizations are inde$ ! ,s\l's only *>act]i/ic activities4 ,^? ( an inf]ior nature really proce$ f a =eign pr9ciple2 !y are passions4 ,,! ,,s\l',s ,,relation ,,to ,,intellig5ce ,,is ,,t ,,( ,,matt] ,,to ,,=m4 ,intellig5ce !re=e1 makes ! ,s\l div9]1 because ,intellig5ce 7z a fa!r7 begets ! ,s\l1 & grants its 7helpful7 pres5ce to ! ,s\l4 ,no?+ int]v5es betwe5 !m b ! di/9ction betwe5 _! natures4 ,! ,s\l is to ,intellig5ce 9 ! same relation z t obta9+ betwe5 =m & matt]4#bbe ,n[ ! v matt] ( ,intellig5ce is beautiful1 because x has an intellectual =m1 & is simple4 ,h[ great !n1 mu/ ,intellig5ce be1 if x be /ill great] ?an ! ,s\l4 ,,! ,,intelligible ,,_w ,,is ,,! ,,ar*etype ,,( ,,ours4 #d4 ,! dignity ( ,intellig5ce may be appreciat$ 9 /ill ano!r way4 ,aft] hav+ admir$ ! magnitude & beauty ( ! s5se-_w1 ! et]nal regul>ity ( its movem5t1 ! visible or hidd5 div9ities1 ! animals & plants x conta9s1 we may 7tak+ our direction f all ?is71 rise to ?is _w's ar*etype1 a m real ,_w4 ,!re we may contemplate all ! intelligible entities :i* are z et]nal z ! intelligible _w1 & :i* !re subsi/ )9 p]fect k & life4 ,!re preside pure intellig5ce & ineffable wisdom2 !re is locat$ ! real ,saturnian realm1#bbf :i* is no?+ else ?an pure intellig5ce4 ,?is inde$ embraces e immortal ess5ce1 e intellig5ce1 e div9ity1 e s\l2 ev]y?+ !re is et]nal & immutable4 ,s9ce its condition is blissful1 :y %\ld ,intellig5ce *ange8 ,s9ce x conta9s ev]y?+1 :y %\ld x aspire to any?+8 ,s9ce x is sov]eignly p]fect1 :at ne$ ( developm5t w\ld x h8 ,its p]fection is s mu* complet]1 s9ce x conta9s no?+ b p]fect ?+s1 & s9ce x ?9ks !m2 x ?9ks !m1 n because x seeks to "k !m1 b because x possesses !m4#bbg ,its felicity is n 9 any way cont+5t on any?+ else2 itself is true et]nity1 ( :i* "t furni%es a mov+ image ( ! sph]e ( ! s\l4 ,inde$1 ! s\l's action is successive1 & divid$ by ! diff]5t objects t attract its att5tion4 ,n[ x ?9ks ,socrates1 & !n x ?9ks a horse2 nev] does x grasp b "o "p ( reality1 :ile intellig5ce always embraces all ?+s simultane\sly4 ,intellig5ce1 !re=e1 possesses all ?+s immovable 9 id5tity4 ,x is2 x nev] has any?+ b ! pres5t2#bbh x has no future1 = x already is all x c\ld ev] lat] become2 x has no pa/1 = no intelligible entity ev] passes away2 all ( !m subsi/ 9 an et]nal pres5t1 all rema9 id5tical1 satisfi$ ) _! pres5t condition4 ,ea* "o is bo? intellig5ce & exi/5ce2 all toge!r1 !y are univ]sal ,intellig5ce1 univ]sal ,exi/5ce4 ,,above ,,intellig5ce ,,& ,,exi/5ce ,,is ,,_! ,,simultane\s ,,pr9ciple4 ,intellig5ce exi/s 7z intellig5ce7 because x ?9ks exi/5ce4 ,exi/5ce exi/s 7z exi/5ce7 because1 on be+ ?\ght1 x makes intellig5ce exi/ & ?9ks4#bbi ,!re mu/ !re=e exi/ some?+ else :i* makes intellig5ce ?9k1 & exi/5ce exi/1 & :i* consequ5tly is _! common pr9ciple4 ,9 exi/5ce !y are contemporane\s & sub/antial1 & c nev] fail ea* o!r4 ,z intellig5ce & exi/5ce con/itute a duality1 _! common pr9ciple 9 ?is consub/antial unity t !y =m1 & :i* is simultane\sly exi/5ce & intellig5ce1 ! ?9k+ subject & ! object ?\ght2 intellig5ce z ?9k+ subject1 & exi/5ce z object ?\ght2 = ?\ght simultane\sly implies diff]5ce & id5tity4 ,,! ,,six ,,categories ,,f ,,:i* ,,all ,,?+s ,,are ,,d]iv$4 ,! fir/ pr9ciples1 !re=e1 are exi/5ce & intellig5ce1 id5tity & diff]5ce1 movem5t & re/4#bcj ,re/ is ! condition ( id5tity2 movem5t is ! condition ( ?\ght1 s9ce ! latt] presupposes ! diff]5ces ( ! ?9k+ subject & ( ! object ?\ght1 & because x is sil5t if r$uc$ to unity4 ,! elem5ts ( ?\ght 7subject & object7 mu/ ?us /& 9 ! relation ( diff]5ces1 b also 9 t ( unity1 because !y =m a consub/antial unity1 & because !re is a common elem5t 9 all t is d]iv$ !refrom4 ,besides1 "h diff]5ce is no?+ else ?an di/9ction4 ,! plurality =m$ by elem5ts ( ?\ght con/itutes quantity & numb]2#bca & ! *>act]i/ic ( e elem5t1 quality4#bcb ,f ^! fir/ pr9ciples 7! categories1 t are ! g5]a ( be+7 all ?+s are d]iv$4 ,,! ,,s\l ,,z ,,numb] ,,connect$ ,,) ,,intellig5ce4 #e4 ,?us ! human s\l is full ( ?is div9ity 7( ,intellig5ce72 %e is connect$ !re) by ^! 7categories71 unless ! s\l 7purposely7 )draws f 7t intellig5ce74 ,! ,s\l approa*es ,intellig5ce1 & ?us hav+ be5 unifi$1 ! ,s\l wond]s1 ',:o has begott5 ?is unity8' ,x mu/ be ,he :o is simple1 :o is prior to all multiplicity1 :o imp>ts to ,intellig5ce its exi/5ce & manifoldness1 & :o consequ5tly produces numb]4 ,numb]1 inde$1 is n some?+ primitive2 = ! ,"o is prior to ! pair4 ,! latt] ranks only second1 be+ begott5 & def9$ by unity1 by itself be+ indef9ite4 ,z soon z x is def9$1 x is a numb] 9 s f> z x is a be+2 = ^! are ! gr\nds on :i* ! ,s\l also is a numb]4#bcc ,,?\ght ,,is ,,actualization ,,( ,,sight1 ,,& ,,bo? ,,=m ,,b ,,"o ,,?+4 ,besides ev]y?+ t is a mass or a magnitude c\ld n occupy ! fir/ rank 9 nature2 ^? gross objects :i* are by s5sation consid]$ be+s mu/ be rank$ z inf]ior4 ,9 se$s1 x is n ! moi/ elem5t t %\ld be valu$1 b ! invisible pr9ciple1 numb]1 & ! 7sem9al7 reason4 ,numb] & pair are only names = ! reasons 7ideas7 & intellig5ce4 ,! pair is indet]m9ate s f> z x plays ! "p ( sub/rate 79 respect to unity74 ,! numb] t is d]iv$ f ! pair1 & ! "o1 con/itute e k9d ( =m1 s t ,intellig5ce has a %ape :i* is det]m9$ by ! ideas#bcd begott5 )9 x4 ,its %ape is d]iv$ 9 "o respect f ! "o1 & 9 ano!r respect1 f itself1 j l actualiz$ sight4 ,?\ght1 inde$1 is actualiz$ sight1 & bo? ^! entities 7! faculty & ! actualization7 =m b "o4 ,,my/]y ,,or ,,d]ivation ,,( ,,second ,,f ,,fir/4 #f4 ,h[ does ,intellig5ce see1 & :at does x see8 ,h[ did ! ,second issue f ! ,fir/1 h[ 0 x born f ! ,fir/1 s z t ! ,second might see ! ,fir/8 ,= ! s\l n[ und]/&s t ^! pr9ciples mu/ necess>ily exi/4 ,%e seeks to solve ! problem (t5 moot$ by anci5t philosoph]s4 ,if ! nature ( ! ,"o be su* z we h outl9$1 h[ does ev]y?+ d]ive its hypo/atic sub/ance 7or1 =m ( exi/5ce71 manifoldness1 duality1 & numb] f ! ,fir/8 ,:y did ! ,fir/ n rema9 )9 ,himself1 :y did ,he all[ ! leakage ( manifoldness se5 9 all be+s1 & :i* we are seek+ to trace back to ! ,fir/8 ,we %all tell x4 ,b we mu/1 to beg9 )1 invoke ! ,div9ity1 n by ! utt]ance ( words1 b by rais+ our s\ls to ,him 9 pray]4 ,n[ ! only way to pray is 7= a p]son71 :5 alone1 to advance t[>ds ! ,"o1 :o is entirely alone4 ,to contemplate ,unity1 we mu/ retire to our inn] sanctu>y1 & !re rema9 tranquil above all ?+s 79 ec/asy72 !n we mu/ obs]ve ! /atues :i* z x 7 are situat$ outside ( 7s\l & intellig5ce71 & 9 front ( ev]y?+1 ! /atue t %9es 9 ! front rank 7,unity71 contemplat+ x 9 a mann] suitable to its nature 79 ! my/]ies74#bce ,,g5]ation ,,is ,,! ,,radiation ,,( ,,an ,,image4 ,all t is mov$ mu/ h a direction t[>ds :i* x is mov$2 we mu/ !re=e conclude t t :i* has no direction t[>ds :i* x is mov$ mu/ be at a /&-/ill1 & t any?+ born ( ?is pr9ciple mu/ be born )\t caus+ ?is pr9ciple to cease be+ turn$ t[>ds itself4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 remove f our m9d ! idea ( a g5]ation op]at$ )9 "t1 = we are "h treat+ ( et]nal ?+s4 ,:5 we apply to !m ! conception ( g5]ation1 we mean only a relation ( causality & effect4 ,:at is begott5 by ! ,"o mu/ be begott5 by ,him )\t any motion on ! "p ( ! ,"o2 if ,he 7 mov$1 t :i* 0 begott5 f ,him w\ld1 because ( ?is movem5t1 be rank$ ?ird1 in/ead ( second4#bcf ,!re=e1 s9ce ! ,"o is immovable1 ,he produces ! hypo/atic 7=m ( exi/5ce7 :i* is rank$ second1 )\t volition1 cons5t1 or any k9d ( movem5t4 ,:at conception are we !n to =m ( ?is g5]ation ( ,intellig5ce by ?is immovable ,cause8 ,x is a radiation ( light :i* escapes )\t di/urb+ its quietness1 l ! spl5dor :i* emanates p]petually f ! sun1 )\t affect+ its quietness1 :i* surr\nds x )\t leav+ x4 ,?us all ?+s1 9 s f> z !y rema9 )9 exi/5ce1 necess>ily draw f _! own ess5ce 7be+7 & produce ext]nally a c]ta9 nature t dep5ds on _! p[]1 & t is ! image ( ! ar*etype f :i* x is d]iv$4#bcg ,?us does fire radiate heat2 ?us sn[ spreads cold4 ,p]fumes also furni% a /rik+ example ( ?is process2 s long z !y la/1 !y emit exhalations 9 :i* ev]y?+ t surr\nds !m p>ticipates4 ,ev]y?+ t has arriv$ to its po9t ( p]fection begets some?+4 ,t :i* is et]nally p]fect begets et]nally2 & t :i* x begets is et]nal ?\gh inf]ior to ! g5]at+ pr9ciple4 ,:at !n %\ld we ?9k ( ,him :o is supremely p]fect8 ,does ,he n beget8 ,on ! contr>y1 ,he begets t :i*1 aft] ,him1 is ! greate/4 ,n[ t :i*1 aft] ,him1 is ! mo/ p]fect1 is ! second rank pr9ciple1 ,intellig5ce4 ,intellig5ce contemplates ,unity1 & ne$s none b ,him2 b ! ,unity has no ne$ ( ,intellig5ce4 ,t :i* is begott5 by ! ,pr9ciple sup]ior to ,intellig5ce c be no?+ if n ,intellig5ce2 = x is ! be/ aft] ! ,"o1 s9ce x is sup]ior to all o!r be+s4 ,! ,s\l1 inde$1 is ! ^w & actualization ( ,intellig5ce1 j z ,intellig5ce is ^w & actualization ( ! ,"o4 ,b ! ,s\l is an obscure ^w4 ,be+ an image ( ,intellig5ce1 %e mu/ contemplate ,intellig5ce1 j z ! latt]1 to subsi/1 mu/ contemplate ! ,"o4 ,intellig5ce contemplates ! ,"o1 n because ( any sep>ation !refrom1 b only because x is aft] ! ,"o4 ,!re is no int]m$i>y betwe5 ! ,"o & ,intellig5ce1 any m ?an betwe5 ,intellig5ce & ! ,s\l4 ,e begott5 be+ desires to unite ) ! pr9ciple t begets x1 & loves x1 especially :5 ! begett] & ! begott5 are alone4 ,n[ :5 ! begett] is supremely p]fect1 ! begott5 mu/ be s intimately unit$ to ,him z to be sep>at$ f ,him only 9 t x is di/9ct f ,him4 ,,intelligible ,,re/ ,,is ,,! ,,det]m9ation ,,& ,,=m ,,by ,,:i* ,,!y ,,subsi/4 #g4 ,we call ,intellig5ce ! image ( ! ,"o4 ,let u expla9 ?is4 ,x is ,8 image because ,intellig5ce is1 9 a c]ta9 respect1 begott5 by ,unity1 because ,intellig5ce possesses mu* ( ! nature ( its fa!r1 & because ,intellig5ce resembles ,him z light resembles ! sun4 ,b ! ,"o is n ,intellig5ce2 h[ !n c ! hypo/atic 7=m ( exi/5ce7 begott5 by ! ,"o be ,intellig5ce8 ,by its conv]sion t[>ds ! ,"o1 ,intellig5ce sees ,him2 n[ x is ?is vision#bch :i* con/itutes ,intellig5ce4 ,e faculty t p]ceives ano!r be+ is s5sation or intellig5ce2 b s5sation is simil> to a /raight l9e1 :ile intellig5ce resembles a circle4#bci ,nev]!less1 ! circle is divisible1 :ile ,intellig5ce is indivisible2 x is "o1 b1 :ile be+ "o1 x also is ! p[] ( all ?+s4 ,n[ ?\ght consid]s all ^! ?+s 7( :i* ,intellig5ce is ! p[]71 by sep>at+ itself1 s to speak1 f ?is p[]2 o!rwise1 ,intellig5ce w\ld n exi/4 ,inde$1 ,intellig5ce has a consci\sness ( ! rea* ( its p[]1 & ?is consci\sness con/itutes its nature4 ,consequ5tly1 ,intellig5ce det]m9es its own nature by ! means ( ! p[] x d]iv$ f ! ,"o2 & at ! same "t ,intellig5ce sees t its nature 7be+7 is a "p ( ! entities :i* belong to ! ,"o1 & t proce$ f ,him4 ,intellig5ce sees t x owes all its =ce to ! ,"o1 & t x is due to ,him t ,intellig5ce has ! privilege ( be+ a be+ 7or1 ess5ce74 ,intellig5ce sees t1 z x itself is divisible1 x d]ives f ! ,"o1 :i* is indivisible1 all ! entities x possesses1 life & ?\ght2 because ! ,"o is n any ( ^! ?+s4 ,ev]y?+ inde$ is d]iv$ f ! ,"o1 because x is n conta9$ 9 a det]m9ate =m2 x simply is ! ,"o1 :ile 9 ! ord] ( be+s ,intellig5ce is all ?+s4 ,consequ5tly ! ,"o is n any ( ! ?+s t ,intellig5ce conta9s2 x is only ! pr9ciple f :i* all ( !m are d]iv$4 ,t is :y !y are be+1 = !y are already det]m9$1 & ea* has a k9d ( %ape4 ,exi/5ce %\ld be contemplat$1 n 9 indet]m9ation1 b on ! contr>y 9 det]m9ation & re/4 ,n[1 = ,intelligible entities1 re/ consi/s 9 det]m9ation1 & %ape by :i* !y subsi/4 ,,my?s ,,( ,,saturn1 ,,jupit] ,,& ,,rhea4 ,! ,intellig5ce t des]ves to be call$ ! pure/ intellig5ce1 !re=e1 _c h be5 born f any s\rce1 o!r ?an ! fir/ ,pr9ciple4 ,x mu/1 f its bir?1 h begott5 all be+s1 all ! beauty ( ideas1 all ! intelligible deities2 = x is full ( ! ?+s x has begott52 x dev\rs !m 9 ! s5se t x itself reta9s all ( !m1 t x does n all[ !m to fall into matt]1 nor be born ( ,rhea4#bdj ,t is ! mean+ ( ! my/]ies & my?s2 ,saturn1 ! wise/ ( ! div9ities1 0 born be=e ,jupit]1 & dev\r$ 8 *ildr54 ,"h ,saturn repres5ts intellig5ce1 big ) its conceptions1 & p]fectly pure4#bda ,!y add1 ,jupit]1 z soon z he 0 gr[n1 9 8 turn begat4 ,z soon z ,intellig5ce is p]fect1 x begets ! ,s\l1 by ! m]e fact ( its be+ p]fect1 & because s great a p[] _c rema9 /]ile4 ,"h aga9 ! begott5 be+ _h to be inf]ior to its pr9ciple1 _h to repres5t its image1 _h1 by itself1 to be indet]m9ate1 & _h lat] to be det]m9$ & =m$ by ! pr9ciple t begat x4 ,:at ,intellig5ce begets is a reason1 a hypo/atic =m ( exi/5ce ^: nature x is to reason4 ,! latt] moves ar\nd ,intellig5ce2 is ! light t surr\nds x1 ! ray t spr+s f x4 ,on ! "o h& x is b\nd to ,intellig5ce1 fills itself ) x2 enjoys x1 p>ticipates 9 x1 d]iv+ its intellectual op]ations f x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is 9 contact ) inf]ior ?+s1 or r1 begets !m4 ,be+ ?us begott5 by ! ,s\l1 ^! ?+s are necess>ily less good ?an ! ,s\l1 z we %all fur!r expla94 ,! sph]e ( div9e ?+s ends ) ! ,s\l4 ,,plato ,,tea*es ,,?ree ,,sph]es ,,( ,,exi/5ce4#bdb #h4 ,?is is h[ ,plato e/abli%es ?ree degrees 9 ! hi]>*y ( be+#bdc3 ,ev]y?+ is ar\nd ! k+ ( all4 ,he is "h speak+ ( fir/ rank entities4 ,he adds1 ,:at is ( ! second ord] is ar\nd ! second pr9ciple2 & :at is ( ! ?ird ord] is ar\nd ! ?ird pr9ciple4 ,plato#bdd fur!r says t ,god is ! fa!r ( ! cause4 ,by cause1 he means ,intellig5ce2 =1 9 ! sy/em ( ,plato1 x is ,intellig5ce :i* plays ! "p ( demiurgic creator4 ,plato adds t x is ?is p[] t =ms ! ,s\l 9 ! cup4#bde ,z ! cause is intellig5ce1 ,plato applies ! "n ( fa!r to ! absolute ,good1 ! pr9ciple sup]ior to ,intellig5ce & sup]ior to ,be+4 ,9 sev]al passages he calls ! ,idea exi/5ce & intellig5ce4 ,he !re=e really tea*es t ,intellig5ce is begott5 f ! ,good1 & ! ,s\l f ,intellig5ce4 ,?is tea*+1 inde$1 is n new2 x has be5 taught f ! mo/ anci5t times1 b )\t be+ br\ght out 9 te*nical t]ms4 ,we claim to be no m ?an ! int]pret]s ( ! e>li] philosoph]s1 & to %[ by ! v te/imony ( ,plato t !y held ! same views z we d4 ,,?is ,,doctr9e ,,taught ,,by ,,p>m5ides4 ,! fir/ philosoph] :o taught ?is 0 ,p>m5ides1 :o id5tifi$ ,exi/5ce & ,intellig5ce1 & :o does n place exi/5ce among s5se-objects1 =1 ?\ght is ! same ?+ z exi/5ce4#bdf ,he adds#bdg t exi/5ce is immovable1 al?\gh be+ ?\ght4 ,p>m5ides ?us d5ies all corporeal movem5t 9 exi/5ce1 s z t x might always rema9 ! same4 ,fur!r1 ,p>m5ides#bdh comp>es exi/5ce to a sph]e1 because x conta9s ev]y?+1 draw+ ?\ght n f )\t1 b f )9 itself4 ,:5 ,p>m5ides1 9 8 writ+s1 m5tions ! ,"o1 he means ! cause1 z if he recogniz$ t ?is unity 7( ! intelligible be+7 impli$ manifoldness4 ,9 ! dialogue ( ,plato he speaks ) great] accuracy1 & di/+ui%es ?ree pr9ciples3 ! ,fir/1 ! absolute ,"o2 ! second1 ! manifold "o2 ! ?ird1 ! "o & ! manifold4 ,he !re=e1 z we d1 rea*es ?ree natures4 ,,anaxagoras ,,tea*es ,,! ,,same ,,?+4 #i4 ,anaxagoras1 :o tea*es a pure & unm+l$ ,intellig5ce#bdi also insi/s t ! fir/ ,pr9ciple is simple1 & t ! ,"o is sep>at$ f s5se-objects4 ,b1 z he liv$ 9 times too anci5t1 he has n treat$ ?is matt] 9 suffici5t detail4 ,,h]aclitus ,,also ,,taught ,,! ,,same ,,?+4 ,h]aclitus also taught ! et]nal & intelligible ,"o2 = ,h]aclitus holds t bodies are ceaselessly becom+ 7t is1 develop+71 & t !y are 9 a p]petual /ate ( flux4#bej ,,emp$ocles ,,taught ,,! ,,same ,,?+4 ,9 ! sy/em ( ,emp$ocles1 discord divides1 & concord unites2 n[ ?is second pr9ciple is posit$ z incorporeal1 & ! elem5ts play ! "p ( matt]4#bea ,,ari/otle ,,taught ,,! ,,same ,,?+4 ,ari/otle1 :o liv$ at a lat] p]iod1 says t ! ,fir/ ,pr9ciple is sep>at$ f 7s5se-objects71 & t x is intelligible4#beb ,b :5 ,ari/otle says t ,he ?9ks himself1 ,ari/otle degrades ,him f ! fir/ rank4 ,ari/otle also ass]ts ! exi/5ce ( o!r intelligible entities 9 a numb] equal to ! cele/ial sph]es1 s t ea* "o ( !m might h a pr9ciple ( motion4 ,ab\t ! intelligible entities1 !re=e1 ,ari/otle advances a tea*+ diff]5t f t ( ,plato1 & z he has no plausible reason = ?is *ange1 he alleges necessity4 ,a well-gr\nd$ objection might "h be tak5 aga9/ him4 ,x seems m reasonable to suppose t all ! sph]es co-ord9at$ 9 a s+le sy/em %\ld1 all ( !m1 /& 9 relation to ! ,"o & ! ,fir/4 ,ab\t ,ari/otle's views ?is "q also might be rais$3 d ! intelligible entities dep5d on ! ,"o & ,fir/1 or are !re sev]al pr9ciples = ! intelligible entities8 ,if ! intelligible entities dep5d on ! ,"o1 !y w no d\bt be arrang$ symmetrically1 z1 9 ! s5se-sph]e1 are ! sph]es1 ea* ( :i* conta9s ano!r1 & ( :i* a s+le ,"o1 ext]ior to ! o!rs1 conta9s !m1 & dom9ates !m all4 ,?us1 9 ?is case1 ! fir/ intelligible entity w conta9 all entities up !re1 & w be ! intelligible _w4 ,j z ! sph]es are n empty1 z ! fir/ is full ( />s1 & z ea* ( ! o!rs also is full ( !m1 s above _! motors w conta9 _m entities1 & ev]y?+ w h a m real exi/5ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ea* ( ! intelligible entities is a pr9ciple1 all w be cont+5t4 ,h[ !n w !y unite _! action1 & w !y1 by agreem5t1 contribute 9 produc+ a s+le effect1 :i* is ! h>mony ( heav58 ,:y %\ld s5se-objects1 9 heav51 equal 9 numb] _! intelligible motors8 ,aga91 :y are !re sev]al ( ^!1 s9ce !y are incorporeal1 & s9ce no matt] sep>ates !m f ea* o!r8 ,,:at ,,! ,,py?agoreans ,,taught ,,on ,,! ,,subject4 ,among anci5t philosoph]s1 ^? :o mo/ fai?fully foll[$ ! doctr9e ( ,py?agoras1 ( 8 disciples1 & ( ,ph]ecydes1 h specially dealt ) ! intelligible4#bec ,"s ( !m h committ$ _! op9ions to _! writt5 works2 o!rs h set !m =? only 9 discussions t h n be5 pres]v$ 9 writ+4 ,!re are o!rs ( !m1 also1 :o h left u no?+ on ! subject4 ,,to ,,! ,,?ree ,,pr9ciples ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]se ,,mu/ ,,correspond ,,?ree ,,pr9ciples ,,9 ,,u4 #aj4 ,above exi/5ce1 !re=e1 is ! ,"o4 ,?is has by u be5 prov$ z f> z c\ld reasonably be expect$1 & z f> z su* subjects admit ( demon/ration4 ,9 ! second rank are ,exi/5ce & ,intellig5ce2 9 ! ?ird1 ! ,s\l4 ,b if ^! ?ree pr9ciples1 ! ,"o1 ,intellig5ce1 & ! ,s\l1 z we h said1 obta9 9 nature1 ?ree pr9ciples mu/ also obta9 )9 u4 ,i d n mean t ^! ?ree pr9ciples are 9 s5se-objects1 = !y are sep>ate !refrom2 !y are outside ( ! s5se-_w1 z ! ?ree div9e pr9ciples are outside ( ! cele/ial sph]e1 &1 accord+ to ,plato's expression1#bed !y con/itute ! ! int]ior man4 ,our s\l1 !re=e1 is some?+ div9e2 x has a nature diff]5t 7f s5se-nature71 :i* con=ms to t ( ! univ]sal ,s\l4 ,n[ ! p]fect ,s\l possesses intellig5ce2 b we mu/ di/+ui% betwe5 ! intellig5ce t reasons 7! discursive reason71 & ! ,intellig5ce t furni%es ! pr9ciples ( reason+ 7pure intellig5ce74 ,! discursive reason ( ! s\l has no ne$1 = op]ation1 ( any bodily organ2#bee 9 its op]ations1 x pres]ves all its purity1 s t x is capable ( reason+ purely4 ,:5 sep>at$ f ! body1 x mu/1 )\t any hesitation1 be rank$ ) highe/ intellectual entities4 ,!re is no ne$ ( locat+ x 9 space2 =1 if x exi/ )9 itself1 outside ( body1 9 an immat]ial condition1 x is evid5tly n m+l$ ) ! body1 & has none ( its nature4 ,consequ5tly ,plato#bef says1 ,! div9ity has spread ! ,s\l ar\nd ! _w4 ,:at he "h means is t a "p ( ! ,s\l rema9s 9 ! intelligible _w4 ,speak+ ( our s\l he also says1 %e hides h] head 9 heav54#beg ,he also advises u to wean ! s\l f ! body2 & he does n ref] to any local sep>ation1 :i* nature alone c\ld e/abli%4 ,he means t ! s\l mu/ n incl9e t[>ds ! body1 mu/ n ab&on h]self to ! phantoms ( imag9ation1 & mu/ n1 ?us1 become ali5at$ f reason4 ,he means t ! s\l %\ld try to elevate to ! intelligible _w h] l[] "p :i* is e/abli%$ 9 ! s5se-_w1 & :i* is occupi$ 9 fa%ion+ ! body4#beh ,,!re ,,mu/ ,,be ,,an ,,objective ,,ju/ice ,,& ,,beauty ,,to ,,:i* ,,we ,,are ,,intimately ,,unit$4 #aa4 ,s9ce ! rational s\l makes judgm5ts ab\t :at is j or beautiful1 & decides :e!r "s object is beautiful1 :e!r su* an action be j1 !re mu/ exi/ an immutable ju/ice & beauty f :i* discursive reason draws its pr9ciples4#bei ,o!rwise1 h[ c\ld su* reason+s take place8 ,if ! s\l at times reasons ab\t ju/ice & beauty1 b at times does n reason ab\t !m1 we mu/ possess )9 ourselves ! intellig5ce :i*1 in/ead ( reason+1 ev] possesses ju/ice & beauty2 fur!r1 we mu/ )9 u possess ! cause & ,pr9ciple ( ,intellig5ce1 ! ,div9ity1 :i* is n divisible1 :i* subsi/s1 n 9 any place1 b 9 ,himself2 :o is contemplat$ by a multitude ( be+s1 by ea* ( ! be+s fitt$ to receive ,him1 b :i* rema9s di/9ct f ^! be+s1 j z ! c5tre subsi/s )9 itself1 :ile all ! radii come f ! circumf]5ce to c5tre !mselves 9 x4#bfj ,?us we ourselves1 by "o ( ! p>ts ( ourselves1 t\* ! div9ity1 unite ourselves ) ,him & are1 s to speak1 susp5d$ f ,him2 & we are f\nd$ ^u ,him 7we are edifi$ by ,him7 :5 we turn t[>ds ,him4 ,,^! ,,pr9ciples ,,la/ ,,ev]2 ,,ev5 ,,?\gh ,,we ,,are ,,di/ract$ ,,f ,,!m4 #ab4 ,h[ does x happ5 t we possess pr9ciples t are s elevat$1 almo/ 9 spite ( ourselves1 & = ! mo/ "p )\t busy+ ourselves ab\t !m8 ,= !re are ev5 m5 :o nev] notice !m4 ,nev]!less ^! pr9ciples1 t is1 intellig5ce1 & ! pr9ciple sup]ior to intellig5ce1 :i* ev] rema9s )9 itself 7t is1 ! ,"o71 ^! two pr9ciples are ev] active4 ,! case is simil> ) ! s\l4 ,%e is always 9 motion2 b ! op]ations t g on )9 h] are n always p]ceiv$2 !y rea* u only :5 !y succe$ 9 mak+ !mselves felt4 ,:5 ! faculty t is active )9 u does n transmit its action to ! p[] t feels1 ?is action is n communicat$ to ! entire s\l2 h[ev]1 we may n be consci\s !re( because1 al?\gh we possess s5sibility1 x is n ?is p[]1 b ! :ole s\l t con/itutes ! man4#bfa ,s long z life la/s1 ea* p[] ( ! s\l ex]cises its prop] function by itself2 b we "k x only :5 communication & p]ception occur4 ,9 ord] to p]ceive ! ?+s )9 u1 we h to turn our p]ceptive faculties t[>ds !m1 s t 7our s\l7 may apply h] :ole att5tion !reto4#bfb ,! p]son t desires to he> "o s\nd mu/ neglect all o!rs1 & li/5 c>efully on its approa*4 ,?us we mu/ "h close our s5ses to all ! noises t besiege u1 unless necessity =ce u to he> !m1 & to pres]ve our p]ceptive faculty pure & ready to li/5 to ! voices t come f above4 ,,fif? ,,ennead1 ,,book ,,two4 ,( ,g5]ation1 & ( ! ,ord] ( ?+s t ,rank ,next ,aft] ! ,fir/4 ,,:y ,,f ,,unity ,,?is ,,manifold ,,_w ,,0 ,,able ,,to ,,come ,,=?4 #a4 ,! ,"o is all ?+s1 & is none ( ^! ?+s4 ,! ,pr9ciple ( all ?+s _c be all ?+s4#bfc ,x is all ?+s only 9 ! s5se t all ?+s coexi/ )9 x4 ,b 9 x1 !y are n yet1 b only w be4#bfd ,h[ !n c\ld ! manifoldness ( all be+s issue f ! ,"o1 :i* is simple & id5tical1 :i* conta9s no div]sity or duality8 ,x is j because no?+ is conta9$ )9 x1 t ev]y?+ c issue f x4#bfe ,9 ord] t ess5ce might exi/1 ! ,"o c\ld n be 7m]ely7 ess5ce1 b _h to be ! 'fa!r' ( ess5ce1 & ess5ce _h to be its fir/-begott54 ,z ! ,"o is p]fect1 & acquires no?+1 & has no ne$ or desire1 ,he has1 s to speak1 sup]ab\nd$1 & ?is sup]abundance has produc$ a diff]5t nature4#bff ,?is diff]5t nature ( ! ,"o turn$ t[>ds ,him1 & by its conv]sion1 arriv$ at ! fulness 7( ess5ce74 ,!n x _h ! pot5tiality ( contemplat+ itself1 & ?us det]m9$ itself z ,intellig5ce4 ,!re=e1 by re/+ ne> ! ,"o1 x became ,ess5ce2 & by contemplat+ itself1 became ,intellig5ce4 ,!n by fix+ itself )9 itself to contemplate itself1 x simultane\sly became ,ess5ce-&-,intellig5ce4 ,,by ,,simil> ,,effusion ,,( ,,sup]abundance ,,intellig5ce ,,creat$ ,,! ,,s\l4 ,j l ! ,"o1 x 0 by effusion ( its p[] t ,intellig5ce begat some?+ simil> to itself4 ,?us f ,intellig5ce emanat$ an image1 j z ,intellig5ce emanat$ f ! ,"o4 ,! actualization t proce$s f ,ess5ce 7& ,intellig5ce7 is ! univ]sal ,s\l4 ,%e is born ( ,intellig5ce1 & det]m9es h]self )\t ,intellig5ce issu+ f itself1 j z ,intellig5ce itself proce$$ f ! ,"o )\t ! ,"o ceas+ f ,8 repose4 ,,simil>ly ,,! ,,univ]sal ,,s\l1 ,,by ,,procession1 ,,begets ,,nature4 ,nor does ! univ]sal ,s\l rema9 at re/1 b ent]s 9 motion to beget an image ( h]self4 ,on ! "o h&1 x is by contemplation ( ! pr9ciple f :i* %e proce$s t %e a*ieves fulness2 on ! o!r h&1 x is by advanc+ on a pa? diff]5t f1 & oppos$ to 7! contemplation ( ,intellig5ce71 t %e begets an image ( h]self1 s5sation1 & ! nature ( gr[?4#bfh ,nev]!less1 no?+ is deta*$ or sep>at$ f ! sup]ior pr9ciple :i* begets h]4 ,?us ! human s\l seems to rea* d[n to )9 t ( 7plant7 gr[?4#bfi ,%e desc5ds !re9 inasmu* z ! plant d]ives gr[? f h]4 ,nev]!less x is n ! :ole s\l t passes into ! plant4 ,h] pres5ce !re is limit$ to h] desc5t t[>ds ! l[] region1 & 9 s f> z %e produces ano!r hypo/atic sub/ance1 by virtue ( h] procession1 :i* occurs by h] condesc5sion to c>e = ! ?+s bel[ h]4 ,b ! high] "p ( ! ,s\l1 t :i* dep5ds on ,intellig5ce1 all[s ! ,intellig5ce to rema9 )9 itself4444 ,:at#bgj !n does ! s\l :i* is 9 ! plant d8 ,does %e n beget any?+8 ,%e begets ! plant 9 :i* %e resides4 ,?is we %all h to /udy f ano!r /&po9t4 ,,procession ,,is ,,univ]sal ,,f ,,highe/ ,,to ,,l[e/4 #b4 ,we may say t !re is a procession f ! ,fir/ to ! la/2 & 9 ?is procession ea* occupies its prop] place4 ,! begott5 7be+7 is subord9at$ to ! begett+ 7be+74 ,on ! o!r h&1 x becomes simil> to ! ?+ to :i* x atta*es1 s long z x rema9s atta*$ !reto4 ,:5 ! s\l passes into ! plant1 !re is "o ( h] p>ts t unites !reto 7! p[] ( gr[?72 b besides1 x is only ! mo/ audaci\s#bga & ! mo/ s5seless "p ( h] t desc5ds s l[4 ,:5 ! s\l passes into ! brute1 x is because %e is drawn !reto by ! pr$om9ance ( ! p[] ( s5sation4#bgb ,:5 %e passes into man1 x is because %e is l$ to d s by ! ex]cise ( discursive reason1 ei!r by ! movem5t by :i* %e proce$s f ,intellig5ce1 because ! s\l has a *>act]i/ic intellectual p[]1 & consequ5tly has ! p[] to det]m9e h]self to ?9k1 & 9 g5]al1 to act4 ,,! ,,s\l ,,is ,,n[h]e ,,b ,,9 ,a ,,pr9ciple ,,t ,,is ,,ev]y:]e ,,& ,,n[h]e4 ,n[1 let u retrace our /eps4 ,:5 we cut ! twigs or ! bran*es ( a tree1 :]e goes ! plant-s\l t 0 9 !m8 ,%e returns to h] pr9ciple1#bgc = no local diff]5ce sep>ates h] !refrom4 ,if we cut or burn ! root1 :i!r goes ! p[] ( gr[? pres5t !re98 ,x returns to ! plant-p[] ( ! univ]sal ,s\l1 :i* does n *ange place1 & does n cease be+ :]e x 04 ,x ceases to be :]e x 0 only :5 return+ to its pr9ciple2 o!rwise1 x passes into ano!r plant2 = x is n oblig$ to contract1 or to retire )9 itself4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 x retire1 x retires )9 ! sup]ior p[]4#bgd ,:]e1 9 h] turn1 does ! latt] reside8 ,)9 ,intellig5ce1 & )\t *ang+1 location2 = ! ,s\l is n )9 any location1 & ,intellig5ce /ill less4 ,?us ! ,s\l is n[h]e2 %e is 9 a pr9ciple :i*1 be+ n[h]e1 is ev]y:]e4#bge ,,! ,,s\l ,,may ,,rema9 ,,9 ,,an ,,int]m$iate ,,life4 ,if1 :ile return+ to sup]ior regions1 ! s\l /ops be=e rea*+ ! highe/1 %e leads a life ( int]m$i>y nature4#bgf ,,all ,,^! ,,?+s ,,are ,,9 ,,intellig5ce1 ,,)\t ,,con/itut+ ,,x4 ,all ^! entities 7! univ]sal ,s\l & h] images7 are ,intellig5ce1 ?\gh none ( !m con/itutes ,intellig5ce4 ,!y are ,intellig5ce 9 ?is respect1 t !y proce$ !refrom4 ,!y are n ,intellig5ce 9 ?is respect t only by dwell+ )9 itself ,intellig5ce has giv5 bir? to !m4#bgg ,,! ,,:ole ,,univ]se ,,is ,,"o ,,imm5se ,,concat5ation ,,( ,,all ,,?+s4 ,?us1 9 ! univ]se1 life resembles an imm5se *a9 9 :i* e be+ occupies a po9t1 begett+ ! foll[+ be+1 & begott5 by ! prec$+ "o1 & ev] di/9ct1 b n sep>ate f ! 7upp]7 g5]at+ ,be+1 & ! 7l[]7 begott5 be+ into :i* x passes )\t be+ absorb$4 ,,second ,,ennead1 ,,book ,,f\r4 ,( ,matt]4 ,,matt] ,,z ,,sub/rate ,,& ,,resid5ce ,,( ,,=ms4 #a4 ,matt] is a sub/rate 7or subject7 und]ly+ nature1 z ?\ght ,ari/otle1#bgh & a resid5ce = =ms4 ,?us mu* is agre$ ^u by all au?ors :o h /udi$ matt]1 & :o h succe$$ 9 =m+ a cle> idea ( ?is k9d ( nature2 b fur!r ?an ?is1 !re is no agreem5t4 ,op9ions diff] z to :e!r matt] is an und]ly+ nature 7z ?\ght ,ari/otle71#bgi z to its receptivity1 & to :at x is receptive4 ,,! ,,/oic ,,conception ,,( ,,matt]4 7,! ,/oics1 :o cond5s$ ,ari/otle's categories to f\r1 sub/rate1 quality-mode & relation71#bhj :o admit ! exi/5ce ( no?+ else ?an bodies1 ackn[l$ge no exi/5ce o!r ?an t conta9$ by bodies4 ,!y insi/ t !re is b "o k9d ( matt]1 :i* s]ves z sub/rate to ! elem5ts1 & t x con/itutes be+2 t all o!r ?+s are only affections 7passions7 ( matt]1 or modifi$ matt]3 z are ! elem5ts4 ,! tea*]s ( ?is doctr9e d n hesitate to introduce ?is matt] into ! 7v nature ( !7 div9ities1 s t _! supreme div9ity is no m ?an modifi$ matt]4#bha ,besides1 ( matt] !y make a body1 call+ x a quantityless body1 /ill attribut+ to x magnitude4 ,,matt] ,,accord+ ,,to ,,! ,,py?agoreans1 ,,platoni/s ,,& ,,ari/otelians4 ,o!rs 7,py?agoreans1 ,platoni/s & ,ari/otelians7 insi/ t matt] is incorporeal4 ,"s ev5 di/+ui% two k9ds ( matt]1 fir/1 ! 7,/oic7 sub/rate ( bodies1 m5tion$ above2 ! o!r matt] be+ ( a sup]ior nature1 ! sub/rate ( =ms & incorporeal be+s4 ,,! ,,ari/otelian ,,intelligible ,,matt]4 #b4 ,let u fir/ exam9e :e!r ?is 7latt] intelligible7 matt] exi/s1 h[ x exi/s1 & :at x is4 ,if 7! nature7 ( matt] be some?+ indet]m9ate1 & %apeless1 & if 9 ! p]fect 7intelligible be+s7 !re mu/ n be any?+ indet]m9ate or %apeless1 x seems z if !re c\ld n be any matt] 9 ! intelligible _w4 ,z e 7be+7 is simple1 x c\ld n h any ne$ ( matt] :i*1 by unit+ ) some?+ else1 con/itutes some?+ composite4 ,matt] is necess>y 9 begott5 be+s1 :i* make "o ?+ arise out ( ano!r2 = x is su* be+s t h l$ to ! conception ( matt] 7z ?\ght ,ari/otle74#bhb ,x may h[ev] be object$ t 9 unbegott5 be+s matt] w\ld seem useless4 ,:5ce c\ld x h orig9at$ to ent] 9 7among intelligible be+s71 & rema9 !re8 ,if x 7 begott51 x mu/ h be5 s by "s pr9ciple2 if x be et]nal1 x mu/ h _h sev]al pr9ciples2 9 :i* case ! be+s t occupy ! fir/ rank w\ld seem to be cont+5t4 ,fur!r1 if 79 ^? be+s7 =m come to jo9 matt]1 _! union w con/itute a body1 s t ! intelligible 7entities7 w be corporeal4 ,,intelligible ,,matt] ,,is ,,n ,,%apeless4 #c4 ,to ?is x may fir/ be answ]$ t ! indet]m9ate %\ld n be scorn$ ev]y:]e1 nor t :i* is conceiv$ ( z %apeless1 ev5 if ?is be ! sub/rate ( ! high] & bett] entities2 = we might call ev5 ! s\l indet]m9ate1 9 respect to intellig5ce & reason1 :i* give x a bett] %ape & nature4 ,besides1 :5 we say t intelligible ?+s are composite 7( matt] & =m71 ?is is n 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ! ^w is us$ ( bodies4 ,ev5 reasons w\ld ?us be call$ composite1 & by _! actualization =m ano!r alleg$ composite1 nature1 :i* aspires to =m4 ,if1 9 ! intelligible _w1 ! composite t5d t[>d "s o!r pr9ciple1 or dep5d !reon1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is composite & bodies is /ill bett] m>k$4 ,besides1 ! matt] ( begott5 ?+s ceaselessly *anges =m1 :ile ! matt] ( ! intelligible entities ev] rema9s id5tical4 ,fur!r1 matt] "h bel[ is subject to o!r conditions 7?an 9 ! intelligible _w74 ,"h bel[1 inde$1 matt] is all ?+s only p>tly1 & is all ?+s only successively2 consequ5tly1 amid/ ^! p]petual *anges no?+ is id5tical1 no?+ is p]man5t4 ,above1 on ! contr>y1 matt] is all ?+s simultane\sly1 & possess+ all ?+s1 c\ld n trans=m itself4 ,consequ5tly1 matt] is nev] %apeless above2 = x is n ev5 %apeless "h bel[4 ,only ! "o 7intelligible matt]7 is situat$ diff]5tly f ! o!r 7s5se-matt]74 ,:e!r1 h[ev]1 7intelligible matt]7 be begott51 or be et]nal1 is a "q t _c be det]m9$ until we "k :at x is4 ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,ideas ,,implies ,,an ,,individual ,,=m1 ,,:i* ,,aga9 ,,implies ,a ,,sub/rate4 #d4 ,grant+ n[ ! exi/5ce ( ideas1 ^: reality has be5 demon/rat$ else:]e1#bhc we mu/ draw _! legitimate consequ5ces4 ,necess>ily ideas h some?+ 9 common1 inasmu* z !y are manifold2 & s9ce !y diff] f ea* o!r1 !y mu/ also h some?+ individual4 ,n[ ! individuality ( any idea1 ! diff]5ce t di/+ui%es x f any o!r1 consi/s ( its p>ticul> %ape4 ,b =m1 to be receiv$1 implies a sub/rate1 t might be det]m9$ by ! diff]5ce4 ,!re is !re=e always a matt] t receives =m1 & !re is always a sub/rate 7ev5 9 ideas1 ^: matt] is g5us1 & ^: =m is its diff]5ce74 ,,rely+ ,,on ,,! ,,pun ,,betwe5 ,,_w ,,& ,,adornm5t1 ,,plot9os ,,concludes ,,t ,,if ,,! ,,intelligible ,,_w ,,be ,,! ,,image ,,( ,,?is1 ,,x ,,mu/ ,,also ,,be ,a ,,composite ,,( ,,=m ,,& ,,matt]4 ,besides1 our _w is an image ( ! intelligible _w4 ,n[ z our _w is a composite ( matt] 7& =m71 !re mu/ be matt] also on high 7t is1 9 ! intelligible _w74 ,o!rwise1 h[ c\ld we call ! intelligible _w kosmos 7t is1 ei!r _w1 or adornm5t71 unless we see matt] 7receiv+7 =m !re98 ,h[ c\ld we f9d =m !re1 )\t 7a resid5ce7 t %\ld receive x8 ,t _w is indivisible1 tak5 9 an absolute s5se2 b 9 a relative s5se1 is x divisible8 ,n[ if its p>ts be di/9ct f ea* o!r1 _! division or di/9ction is a passive modification ( matt]2 = :at c be divid$1 mu/ be matt]4 ,if ! multitude ( ideals con/itute an indivisible be+1 ?is multitude1 :i* resides 9 a s+le be+1 has ?is s+le be+ z sub/rate1 t is1 z matt] & is its %apes4 ,?is s+le1 yet v>i$ sub/rate conceives ( itself z %apeless1 be=e conceiv+ ( itself z v>i$4 ,if !n by ?\ght y ab/ract f x v>iety1 =ms1 reasons1 & intelligible *>act]i/ics1 t :i* is prior is indet]m9ate & %apeless2 !n !re w rema9 9 ?is 7subject7 none ( ! ?+s t are 9 x & ) x4 ,,! ,,bottom ,,( ,,ev]y?+ ,,is ,,matt]1 ,,:i* ,,is ,,relative ,,d>kness4 #e4 ,if1 we 7 to conclude t !re 7 no matt] 9 intelligible entities1 because !y 7 immutable1 & because1 9 !m1 matt] is always comb9$ ) 7%ape71 we w\ld be logically compell$ to d5y ! exi/5ce ( matt] 9 bodies2 = ! matt] ( bodies always has a =m1 & e body is always complete 7conta9+ a =m & a matt]74 ,ea* body1 h[ev]1 is none ! less composite1 & intellig5ce obs]ves its d\bl5ess2 = x splits until x arrives to simplicity1 namely1 to t :i* c no long] be decompos$2 x does n /op until x rea*es ! bottom ?+s4 ,n[ ! bottom ( ea* ?+ is matt]4 ,e matt] is d>k1 because ! reason 7! =m7 is ! light1 & because intellig5ce is ! reason4#bhd ,:51 9 an object1 intellig5ce consid]s ! reason1 x consid]s z d>k t :i* is bel[ reason1 or light4 ,likewise1 ! eye1 be+ lum9\s1 & direct+ its gaze on light & on ! colors :i* are k9ds ( light1 consid]s :at is b5ea?1 & hidd5 by ! colors1 z d>k & mat]ial4 ,,intelligible ,,matt] ,,consi/s ,,( ,,real ,,be+1 ,,especially ,,z ,,%ap$4 ,besides1 !re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 ! d>k bottom ( intelligible ?+s & t ( s5se-objects2 !re is z mu* diff]5ce betwe5 ! matt] ( ! =m] & ( ! latt] z !re is betwe5 _! =m4 ,! div9e matt]1 on receiv+ ! =m t det]m9es x1 possesses an intellectual & det]m9ate life4 ,on ! contr>y1 ev5 :5 ! matt] ( ! bodies becomes some?+ det]m9ate1 x is nei!r alive nor ?9k+2 x is dead1 9 spite ( its borr[$ beauty4#bhe ,z ! %ape 7( s5se-objects7 is only an image1 _! sub/rate also is only an image4 ,b z ! %ape 7( intelligible entities7 possesses v]itable 7reality71 _! sub/rate is ( ! same nature4 ,we h1 !re=e1 full ju/ification = call+ matt] be+1 t is1 :5 ref]r+ to intelligible matt]2 = ! sub/rate ( intelligible entities really is be+1 especially if conceiv$ ( toge!r ) its inh]5t 7=m74 ,= be+ is ! lum9\s totality 7or complex ( matt] & =m74 ,to "q ! et]nity ( intelligible matt] is tantam\nt to que/ion+ t ( ideas2 inde$1 intelligible entities are begott5 9 ! s5se t !y h a pr9ciple2 b !y are non-begott5 9 ! s5se t _! exi/5ce _h no beg9n+1 & t1 f all et]nity1 !y d]ive _! exi/5ce f _! pr9ciple4 ,!re=e !y d n resemble ! ?+s t are always becom+1 z our _w2 b1 l ! intelligible _w1 !y ev] exi/4 ,,! ,,categories ,,( ,,movem5t ,,& ,,diff]5ce ,,appli$ ,,to ,,intelligibles4 ,! diff]5ce t is 9 ! intelligible _w ev] produces matt]2 =1 9 t _w1 x is ! diff]5ce t is ! pr9ciple ( matt]1 z well z ( prim>y motion4 ,t is :y ! latt] is also call$ diff]5ce1 because diff]5ce & prim>y motion 7 born simultane\sly4#bhf ,! movem5t & diff]5ce1 t proce$ f ! ,fir/ 7! ,good71 are indet]m9ate1 & ne$ x1 to be det]m9ate4 ,n[ !y det]m9e ea* o!r :5 !y turn t[>ds x4 ,=m]ly1 matt] 0 z indet]m9ate z diff]5ce2 x 0 n good because x 0 n yet illum9at$ by ! radiance ( ! ,fir/4 ,s9ce ! ,fir/ is ! s\rce ( all light1 ! object t receives light f ! ,fir/ does n always possess light2 ?is object diff]s f light1 & possesses light z some?+ ali51 because x d]ives light f "s o!r s\rce4 ,t is ! nature ( matt] z conta9$ 9 intelligible 7entities74 ,p]haps ?is treatm5t ( ! subject is long] ?an necess>y4 ,,sub/rate ,,is ,,dem&$ ,,by ,,trans=mation ,,( ,,elem5ts1 ,,by ,,_! ,,de/ruction ,,& ,,dissolution4 #f4 ,n[ let u speak ( bodies4 ,! mutual trans=mation ( elem5ts demon/rates t !y mu/ h a sub/rate4 ,_! trans=mation is n a complete de/ruction2 o!rwise 7a g5]al7 be+#bhg w\ld p]i% 9 non5tity4 ,:]eas1 :at is begott5 w\ld h pass$ f absolute non5tity to ess5ce2 & all *ange is no m ?an ! pass+ ( "o =m into ano!r 7z ?\ght ,ari/otle74#bhh ,x presupposes ! exi/5ce ( p]man5t 7subject7 :i* w\ld receive ! =m ( begott5 ?+s only aft] hav+ lo/ ! e>li] =m4 ,?is is demon/rat$ by de/ruction1 :i* affects only some?+ composite2 !re=e e dissolv$ object mu/ h be5 a composite4 ,dissolution proves x also4 ,= in/ance1 :]e a vase is dissolv$1 ! result is gold2 on be+ dissolv$1 gold leaves wat]2 & s analogy w\ld sugge/ t ! dissolution ( wat] w\ld result 9 some?+ else1 t is analog\s to its nature4 ,f9ally1 elem5ts necess>ily are ei!r =m1 or prim>y matt]1 or ! composites ( =m & matt]4 ,h[ev]1 !y _c be =m1 because1 )\t matt]1 !y c\ld n possess ei!r mass nor magnitude4 ,nor c !y be prim>y matt]1 because !y are subject to de/ruction4 ,!y mu/ !re=e be composites ( =m & matt]2 =m con/itut+ _! %ape & quality1 & matt] a sub/rate t is indet]m9ate1 because x is n a =m4 ,,! ,,views ,,( ,,emp$ocles ,,& ,,anaxagoras ,,on ,,matt]4 #g4 7,accord+ to ,ari/otle71#bhi ,emp$ocles ?9ks matt] consi/s ( elem5ts2 b ?is op9ion is refut$ by ! decay to :i* !y are expos$4 7,accord+ to ,ari/otle71#bij ,anaxagoras supposes t matt] is a mixture &1 in/ead ( say+ t ?is 7mixture7 is capable ( becom+ all ?+s1 he insi/s t x conta9s all ?+s 9 actualization4 ,?us he annihilates ! intellig5ce t he _h introduc$ into ! _w2 =1 accord+ to him1 x is n intellig5ce t end[s all ! re/ ) %ape & =m2 x is contemporane\s ) matt]1 in/ead ( prec$+ x4#bia ,n[ x is impossible = intellig5ce to be ! contempor>y ( matt]1 = if mixture p>ticipate 9 ess5ce1 !n mu/ ess5ce prec$e x2 if1 h[ev]1 ess5ce itself be ! mixture1 !y w ne$ "s ?ird pr9ciple4 ,!re=e if ! demiurgic creator necess>ily prec$e1 :at ne$ 0 !re = ! =ms 9 m9iature to exi/ 9 matt]1 = intellig5ce to unravel _! inextricable confusion1 :5 x is possible to pr$icate qualities ( matt]1 because matt] _h none ( its own1 & ?us to subject matt] entirely to %ape8 ,besides1 h[ c\ld 7! demiurgic creator7 !n be 9 all8 ,,refutation ,,( ,,anaxim&]',s ,,views ,,ab\t ,,matt]4 7,anaxim&]7#bib _h bett] expla9 ! consi/5ce ( ! inf9ity by :i* he expla9s matt]4 ,does he1 by inf9ity1 mean imm5sity8 ,9 reality ?is w\ld be impossible4 ,inf9ity exi/s nei!r by itself1 nor 9 any o!r nature1 z1 = in/ance1 ! accid5t ( a body4 ,! inf9ite does n exi/ by itself1 because ea* ( its p>ts w\ld necess>ily be inf9ite4 ,nor does ! inf9ite exi/ z an accid5t1 because t ( :i* x w\ld be an accid5t w\ld1 by itself1 be nei!r inf9ite1 nor simple2 & consequ5tly1 w\ld n be matt]4 ,,refutation ,,( ,,democritus',s ,,atoms ,,z ,,explanations ,,( ,,matt]4 7,accord+ to ,ari/otle's acc\nt ( ,democritus71#bic nei!r c\ld ! atoms fulfil ! "p ( matt] because !y are no?+ 7z be=e ?\ght ,cic]o74#bid ,e body is divisible to inf9ity4 7,aga9/ ! sy/em ( ! atoms7 might fur!r be alleg$ ! cont9uity & humidity ( bodies4 ,besides no?+ c exi/ )\t intellig5ce & s\l1 :i* c\ld n be compos$ ( atoms4 ,no?+ ) a nature diff]5t f ! atoms c\ld produce any?+ ) ! atoms1 because no demiurgic creator c\ld produce some?+ ) a matt] t lack$ cont9uity4 ,_m o!r objections aga9/ ?is sy/em h & c be made2 b fur!r discussion is unnecess>y4 ,,matt] ,,is ,,no?+ ,,composite1 ,,b ,,by ,,nature ,,simple ,,& ,,"o4 #h4 ,:at !n is ?is matt] :i* is "o1 cont9u\s1 & )\t qualities8 ,evid5tly1 x c\ld n be a body1 s9ce x has no quality2 if x 7 a body1 x w\ld h a quality4 ,we say t x is ! matt] ( all s5se-objects1 & n ! matt] ( "s1 & ! =m ( o!rs1 j z clay is matt]1 9 respect to ! pott]1 )\t be+ matt] absolutely 7z ?\ght ,ari/otle74#bie ,z we are n consid]+ ! matt] ( any p>ticul> object1 b ! matt] ( all ?+s1 we w\ld n attribute to its nature any?+ ( :at falls "u our s5ses--no quality1 color1 heat1 cold1 lightness1 weight1 d5sity1 sp>s5ess1 figure or magnitude2 = magnitude is some?+ entirely diff]5t f be+ l>ge1 & figure f ! figur$ object4 ,matt] !re=e is n any?+ composite1 b some?+ simple1 & by nature "o 7accord+ to ! views ( ,plato & ,ari/otle comb9$74#bif ,only ?us c\ld matt] be depriv$ ( all prop]ties 7z x is74 ,,matt] ,,& ,,! ,,in=m+ ,,pr9ciple ,,mu/ ,,be ,,contempor>ies ,,to ,,acc\nt ,,= ,,_! ,,mutual ,,relations4 ,! pr9ciple :i* in=ms matt] w give x =m z some?+ =eign to its nature2 x w also introduce magnitude & all ! real prop]ties4 ,o!rwise1 x w\ld be enslav$ to ! magnitude ( matt]1 & c\ld n decide ( ! magnitude ( matt]1 & magnitude w\ld be dep5d5t on ! disposition ( matt]4 ,a !ory ( a consultation betwe5 x & ! magnitude ( matt] w\ld be an absurd fiction4 ,on ! contr>y1 if ! effici5t cause prec$e matt]1 matt] w be exactly z desir$ by ! effici5t cause1 & be capable ( docilely receiv+ any k9d ( =m1 includ+ magnitude4 ,if matt] possess$ magnitude1 x w\ld also possess figure1 & w\ld ?us be r difficult to fa%ion4 ,=m !re=e ent]s into matt] by import+ into x 7:at con/itutes corporeal be+72 n[ e =m conta9s a magnitude & a quantity :i* are det]m9$ by reason 7be+71 & ) reason4 ,t is :y 9 all k9ds ( be+s1 quantity is det]m9$ only along ) =m2 = ! quantity 7! magnitude7 ( man is n ! quantity ( ! bird4 ,x w\ld be absurd to insi/ on ! diff]5ce betwe5 giv+ to matt] ! quantity ( a bird1 & impress+ its quality on x1 t quality is a reason1 :ile quantity is n a =m2 = quantity is bo? measure & numb]4 ,,anti-,,/oic ,,polemic1 ,,aga9/ ,,! ,,corporeity ,,( ,,matt] ,,& ,,quantity4 #i4 ,x may be object$ t x w\ld be impossible to conceive ( some?+ )\t magnitude4 ,! fact is t n ev]y?+ is id5tical ) quantity4 ,ess5ce is di/9ct f quantity2 = _m o!r ?+s beside x exi/4 ,consequ5tly no incorporeal nature has any quantity4 ,matt]1 !re=e1 is incorporeal4 ,besides1 ev5 quantity itself is n quantative1 :i* *>act]izes only :at p>ticipates 9 quantity 79 g5]al72 a fur!r pro( t quantity is a =m1 z an object becomes :ite by ! pres5ce ( :it5ess2 & z t :i*1 9 ! animal1 produces :it5ess & ! diff]5t colors1 is n a v>i$ color1 b a v>i$ reason2 likewise t :i* produces a quantity is n a def9ite quantity1 b ei!r quantity 9 itself1 or quantity z su*1 or ! reason ( quantity4 ,does quantity1 on ent]+ into matt] ext5d matt]1 s z to give x magnitude8 ,by no means1 = matt] _h n be5 cond5s$4 ,=m !re=e imp>ts to matt] ! magnitude :i* x did n possess1 j z =m impresses on matt] ! quality x lack$4#big ,,by ,,ab/raction1 ,,! ,,s\l ,,c ,,f9d ,,& ,,descry ,,! ,,quality-,,less ,,?+-,,9-,,itself3 ,,?is ,,process ,,is ,,call$ ,,ba/>d ,,reason+4 #aj4 7,"s objector7 might ask h[ "o c\ld conceive ( matt] )\t quantity8 ,?is might be answ]$ by a retort4 ,h[ !n d y 7z y d7 manage to conceive ( x )\t quality8 ,d y aga9 object1 by :at conception or intellig5ce c\ld x be rea*$8 ,by ! v indet]m9ation ( ! s\l4 ,s9ce t :i* kn[s mu/ be simil> to t :i* is kn[n 7z ,ari/otle#bih quotes f ,emp$ocles71 ! indet]m9ate mu/ be grasp$ by ! indet]m9ate4 ,reason1 inde$1 may be det]m9$ 9 respect to ! indet]m9ate2 b ! glance :i* reason directs on ! indet]m9ate itself is indet]m9ate4 ,if ev]y?+ 7 kn[n by reason & by intellig5ce1 reason "h tells u ab\t matt] :at reason rightly %\ld tell u ab\t x4 ,by wi%+ to conceive ( matt] 9 an intellectual mann]1 intellig5ce arrives at a /ate :i* is ! abs5ce ( intellig5ce1 or r1 reason =ms ( matt] a ba/>d or illegitimate image1 :i* is d]iv$ f ! o!r1 :i* is n true1 & :i* is compos$ ( ! o!r 7deceptive mat]ial call$7 reason4 ,t is :y ,plato#bii said t matt] is p]ceiv$ by a ba/>d reason+4 ,9 :at does ! indet]m9ation ( ! s\l consi/8 ,9 an absolute ignorance1 or 9 a complete abs5ce ( all k8 ,no3 ! indet]m9ate condition ( ! s\l implies some?+ positive 7besides some?+ negative74 ,z = ! eye1 d>kness is ! matt] ( all invisible color1 s ! s\l1 by mak+ ab/raction 9 s5se-objects ( all ?+s t someh[ are lum9\s1 _c det]m9e :at !n rema9s2 & likewise1 z ! eye1 9 d>kness 7becomes assimilat$ to d>kness71 ! s\l becomes assimilat$ to :at %e sees4 ,does %e !n see any?+ else8 ,d\btless1 %e sees some?+ )\t figure1 )\t color1 )\t light1 or ev5 )\t magnitude4#cjj ,if ?is ?+ _h any magnitude1 ! s\l w\ld l5d x a =m4 ,,diff]5ce ,,betwe5 ,,m5tal ,,blank ,,& ,,impression ,,( ,,! ,,%apeless4 7,an objector might ask7 :e!r !re be id5tity ( conditions betwe5 ! s\l's n ?9k+1 & h] exp]i5ce :ile ?9k+ ( matt]8 ,by no means2 :5 ! s\l is n ?9k+ ( any?+1 %e nei!r ass]ts any?+1 nor exp]i5ces any?+4 ,:5 %e ?9ks ( matt]1 %e exp]i5ces some?+1 %e receives ! impression ( ! %apeless4 ,:5 %e pres5ts to h]self objects t possess %ape & magnitude1 %e conceives ( !m z composite2 = %e sees !m z di/9ct 7or1 color$87 & det]m9$ by qualities !y conta94 ,%e conceives ( bo? ! totality & its two con/itu5t elem5ts4 ,%e also has a cle> p]ception1 a vivid s5sation ( prop]ties inh]5t 79 matt]74 ,on ! contr>y1 ! s\l receives only an obscure p]ception ( ! %apeless subject1 = !re is no =m !re4 ,!re=e1 :5 ! s\l consid]s matt] 9 g5]al1 9 ! composite1 ) ! qualities inh]5t 9 ?is composite1 %e sep>ates !m1 analyzes !m1 & :at is left 7aft] ?is analysis71 ! s\l p]ceives x vaguely1 & obscurely1 because x is some?+ vague & obscure2 %e ?9ks x1 )\t really ?9k+ x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z matt] does n rema9 %apeless1 z x is always %ap$1 )9 objects1 ! s\l always imposes on matt] ! =m ( ?+s1 because only ) difficulty does %e support ! indet]m9ate1 s9ce %e seems to fe> to fall out ( ! ord] ( be+s1 & to rema9 long 9 non5tity4 ,,! ,,composition ,,( ,a ,,body ,,ne$s ,a ,,sub/rate4 #aa4 7,foll[+ ! ideas ( ,ari/otle1#cja ,plot9os wond]s :e!r "s objector7 w ask :e!r ! composition ( a body requires any?+ beyond ext5sion & all ! o!r qualities8 ,yes3 x dem&s a sub/rate to receive !m 7z a resid5ce74 ,?is sub/rate is n a mass2 = 9 ?is case1 x w\ld be an ext5sion4 ,b if ?is sub/rate h no ext5sion1 h[ c x be a resid5ce 7= =m78 ,)\t ext5sion1 x c\ld be ( no s]vice1 contribut+ nei!r to =m nor qualities1 to magnitude nor ext5sion4 ,x seems t ext5sion1 :]ev] x be1 is giv5 to bodies by matt]4 ,j z actions1 effects1 times & movem5ts1 ?\gh !y d n imply any matt]1 nev]!less are be+s1 x w\ld seem t ! elem5t>y bodies d n necess>ily imply matt] 7)\t ext5sion71 be+ individual be+s1 ^: div]se sub/ance is con/itut$ by ! m+l+ ( sev]al =ms4 ,matt] )\t ext5sion1 !re=e1 seems to be no m ?an a mean+less "n4 ,,matt] ,,z ,,! ,,image ,,( ,,ext5sion1 ,,c ,,yet ,,be ,,resid5ce ,,( ,,=m4 7,our answ] to ! above objection is ?is37 ,to beg9 )1 n e resid5ce is necess>ily a mass1 unless x h already receiv$ ext5sion4 ,! s\l1 :i* possesses all ?+s1 conta9s !m all simultane\sly4 ,if x possess$ ext5sion1 x w\ld possess all ?+s 9 ext5sion4 ,consequ5tly matt] receives all x conta9s 9 ext5sion1 because x is capable !re(4 ,likewise 9 animals & plants !re is a correspond5ce betwe5 ! gr[? & dim9ution ( _! magnitude1 ) t ( _! quality4 ,x w\ld be wrong to claim t magnitude is necess>y to matt] because1 9 s5se-objects1 !re exi/s a previ\s magnitude1 on :i* is ex]t$ ! action ( ! =m+ pr9ciple2 = ! matt] ( ^! objects is n pure matt]1 b individual matt] 7z said ,ari/otle74#cjb ,matt] pure & simple mu/ receive its ext5sion f "s o!r pr9ciple4 ,!re=e ! resid5ce ( =m c\ld n be a mass2 = 9 receiv+ ext5sion1 x w\ld also receive ! o!r qualities4 ,matt] !re=e1 is ! image ( ext5sion1 because z x is prim>y matt]1 x possesses ! ability to become ext5d$4 ,p (t5 imag9e matt] z empty ext5sion2 consequ5tly sev]al philosoph]s h claim$ t matt] is id5tical ) empt9ess4 ,i repeat3 matt] is ! image ( ext5sion because ! s\l1 :5 consid]+ matt]1 is unable to det]m9e any?+1 spreads into indet]m9ation1 )\t be+ able to circumscribe or m>k any?+2 o!rwise1 matt] w\ld det]m9e some?+4 ,?is sub/rate c\ld n prop]ly be call$ big or little2 x is simultane\sly big & little 7z said ,ari/otle74#cjc ,x is simultane\sly ext5d$ & non-ext5d$1 because x is ! matt] ( ext5sion4 ,if x 7 enl>g$ or made small]1 x w\ld someh[ move 9 ext5sion4 ,its indet]m9ation is an ext5sion :i* consi/s 9 be+ ! v resid5ce ( ext5sion1 b really 9 be+ only imag9>y ext5sion1 z has be5 expla9$ above4 ,o!r be+s1 t h no ext5sion1 b :i* are =ms1 are ea* ( !m det]m9ate1 & consequ5tly imply no o!r idea ( ext5sion4 ,on ! contr>y1 matt]1 be+ indet]m9ate1 & incapable ( rema9+ )9 itself1 be+ mov$ to receive all =ms ev]y:]e1 ev] be+ docile1 by ?is v docility1 & by ! g5]ation 7to :i* x adapts itself71 becomes manifold4 ,x is 9 ?is way its nature seems to be ext5sion4 ,,polemic ,,aga9/ ,,mod]atus ,,( ,,gades1 ,,=ms ,,dem& ,a ,,resid5ce1 ,,vase1 or ,,location4 #ab4 ,ext5sions !re=e contribute to ! con/itutions ( bodies2 = ! =ms ( bodies are 9 ext5sions4 ,^! =ms produce !mselves n 9 ext5sion 7:i* is a =m71 b 9 ! sub/rate t has receiv$ ext5sion4 ,if !y occurr$ 9 ext5sion1 in/ead ( occurr+ 9 matt]1 !y w\ld nev]!less h nei!r ext5sion nor 7hypo/atic7 sub/ance2 = !y w\ld be no m ?an reasons4 ,n[ z reasons reside 9 ! s\l1 !re w\ld be no body4 ,!re=e1 9 ! s5se-_w1 ! multiplicity ( =ms mu/ h a s+le sub/rate :i* has receiv$ ext5sion1 & !re=e mu/ be o!r ?an ext5sion4 ,all ?+s t m+le =m a mixture1 because !y conta9 matt]2 !y h no ne$ ( any o!r sub/rate1 because ea* ( !m br+s its matt] along ) x4 ,b 7=ms7 ne$ a receptacle 7a resid5ce71 a vase 7or /&71 a location 7?is 9 answ] to ! objection at ! beg9n+ ( ! =m] section74 ,n[ location is po/]ior to matt] & to bodies4 ,bodies1 !re=e1 presuppose matt]4 ,bodies are n necess>ily immat]ial1 m]ely because actions & op]ations are4 ,9 ! occurr5ce ( an action1 matt] s]ves z sub/rate to ! ag5t2 x rema9s )9 him )\t itself ent]+ into action2 = t is n t :i* is s\ght by ! ag5t4 ,"o action does n *ange into ano!r1 & consequ5tly has no ne$ ( conta9+ matt]2 x is ! ag5t :o passes f "o action to ano!r1 & :o1 consequ5tly1 s]ves z matt] to ! actions 7z ?\ght ,ari/otle74#cjd ,,n ,,ev5 ,,corporeity ,,inh]es ,,9 ,,matt] ,,:i* ,,is ,,rea*$ ,,by ,,ba/>d ,,reason+4 ,matt]1 !re=e1 is necess>y to quality z well z to quantity1 & consequ5tly1 to bodies4 ,9 ?is s5se1 matt] is n an empty "n1 b a sub/rate1 ?\gh x be nei!r visible nor ext5d$4 ,o!rwise1 = ! same reason1 we w\ld be oblig$ also to d5y qualities & ext5sion2 = y might say t ea* ( ^! ?+s1 tak5 9 itself1 is no?+ real4 ,if ^! ?+s possess exi/5ce1 ?\gh _! exi/5ce be obscure1 s mu* ! m mu/ matt] possess exi/5ce1 ?\gh its exi/5ce be nei!r cle> nor evid5t to ! s5ses4 ,inde$1 matt] _c be p]ceiv$ by sight1 s9ce x is colorless2 nor by he>+1 = x is s\ndless2 nor by smell or ta/e1 because x is nei!r volatile nor wet4 ,x is n ev5 p]ceiv$ by t\*1 = x is n a body4 ,t\* cognizes only body1 recognizes t x is d5se or sp>se1 h>d or s(t1 wet or dry2 n[ none ( ^! attributes is *>act]i/ic ( matt]4 ,! latt] !re=e c be p]ceiv$ only by a reason+ :i* does n imply ! pres5ce ( intellig5ce1 :i*1 on ! contr>y1 implies ! complete abs5ce ( matt]2 :i* 7un9tellig5t reason+ !re=e7 des]ves ! "n ( ba/>d 7or1 illegitimate7 reason+4#cje ,corporeity itself1#cjf is n *>act]i/ic ( matt]4 ,if corporeity be a reason 7t is1 by a pun1 a '=m'71 x c]ta9ly diff]s f matt]1 bo? be+ entirely di/9ct4 ,if corporeity be consid]$ :5 x has already modifi$ matt] & m+l$ ) x1 x is a body2 x is no long] matt] pure & simple4 ,,! ,,sub/rate ,,is ,,n ,a ,,quality ,,common ,,to ,,all ,,elem5ts2 ,,= ,,?us ,,x ,,w\ld ,,n ,,be ,,indet]m9ate4 #ac4 ,^? :o insi/ t ! sub/rate ( ?+s is a quality common to all elem5ts are b\nd to expla9 fir/ ! nature ( ?is quality2 !n1 h[ a quality c\ld s]ve z sub/rate2 h[ an unext5d$1 immat]ial 787 quality c\ld be p]ceiv$ 9 some?+ t lack$ ext5sion2 fur!r1 h[1 if ?is quality be det]m9ate1 x c be matt]2 = if x be some?+ indet]m9ate1 x is no long] a quality1 b matt] itself t we seek4 ,,ev5 ,,?is ,,privation ,,might ,,be ,,consid]$ ,a ,,quality2 ,,b ,,su* ,a ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,t]m ,,w\ld ,,de/roy ,,all ,,coh]5t ,,reason+4 ,let u grant t matt] has no quality1 because1 by virtue ( its nature1 x does n p>ticipate 9 a quality ( any o!r ?+4 ,:at1 h[ev]1 w\ld h9d] ?is prop]ty1 because x is a qualification 9 matt]1 f p>ticipat+ 9 "s quality8 ,?is w\ld be a p>ticul> & di/9ctive *>act]i/ic1 :i* consi/s ( ! privation ( all o!r ?+s 7ref]r+ to ,ari/otle78#cjg ,9 man1 ! privation ( some?+ may be consid]$ a quality2 z1 = in/ance1 ! privation ( sight is bl9dness4 ,if ! privation ( c]ta9 ?+s inh]e 9 matt]1 ?is privation is also a qualification = matt]4 ,if fur!r ! privation 9 matt] ext5d to all ?+s1 absolutely1 our objection is /ill bett] gr\nd$1 = privation is a qualification4 ,su* an objection1 h[ev]1 am\nts to mak+ qualities & qualifi$ ?+s ( ev]y?+4 ,9 ?is case quantity1 z well z be+1 w\ld be a quality4 ,e qualifi$ ?+ mu/ possess "s quality4 ,x is ridicul\s to suppose t some?+ qualifi$ is qualifi$ by :at itself has no quality1 be+ o!r ?an quality4 ,,by ,a ,,pun ,,betwe5 ,,diff]5ce ,,& ,,o!rness1 ,,plot9os ,,def9es ,,! ,,*>act]i/ic ,,( ,,matt] ,,z ,,be+ ,a ,,disposition ,,to ,,become ,,some?+ ,,else4 ,"s "o may object t t is possible1 because be+ some?+ else is a quality4 ,we w\ld !n h to ask :e!r ! ?+ t is o!r be o!rness-9-itself8 ,if x be o!rness-9-itself1 x is s n because x is some?+ qualifi$1 because quality is n some?+ qualifi$4 ,if ?is ?+ be only o!r1 x is n su* by itself1 x is s only by o!rness1 z a ?+ t is id5tical by id5tity4 ,privation1 !re=e1 is n a quality1 nor any?+ qualifi$1 b ! abs5ce ( quality or ( some?+ else1 z sil5ce is ! abs5ce ( s\nd4 ,privation is some?+ negative2 qualification is some?+ positive4 ,! prop]ty ( matt] is n a =m2 = its prop]ty consi/s precisely 9 hav+ nei!r qualification nor =m4 ,x is absurd to insi/ t x is qualifi$1 j because x has no quality2 ?is w\ld be tantam\nt to say+ t x possess$ ext5sion by ! v fact ( its possess+ no ext5sion4 ,! individuality 7or1 prop]ty7 ( matt] is to be :at x is4 ,its *>act]i/ic is n an attribute2 x consi/s 9 a disposition to become o!r ?+s4 ,n only are ^! o!r ?+s o!r ?an matt]1 b besides ea* ( !m possesses an individual =m4 ,! only "n t suits matt] is o!r1 or r1 o!rs1 because ! s+ul> is too det]m9ative1 & ! plural bett] expresses indet]m9ation4 ,,privation ,,is ,a ,,=m ,,( ,,matt]4 #ad4 ,let u n[ exam9e if matt] be privation1 or if privation be an attribute ( matt]4 ,if y insi/ t privation & matt] are ?\gh logically di/9ct1 sub/antially "o & ! same ?+1 y w h to expla9 ! nature ( ^! two ?+s1 = in/ance1 def9+ matt] )\t def9+ privation1 & conv]sely4 ,ei!r1 nei!r ( ^! two ?+s implies ! o!r1 or !y imply ea* o!r reciprocally1 or only "o ( !m implies ! o!r4 ,if ea* ( !m c be def9$ sep>ately1 & if nei!r ( !m imply ! o!r1 bo? w =m two di/9ct ?+s1 & matt] w be diff]5t f privation1 ?\gh privation be an accid5t ( matt]4 ,b nei!r ( ! two mu/ ev5 pot5tially be pres5t 9 ! def9ition ( ! o!r4 ,is _! mutual relation ! same z t ( a /ub nose1 & ! man ) ! /ub nose 7z sugge/$ by ,ari/otle78#cjh ,!n ea* ( ^! is d\ble1 & !re are two ?+s4 ,is _! relation t betwe5 fire & heat8 ,heat is 9 fire1 b fire is n necess>ily conta9$ 9 heat2 ?us matt]1 hav+ privation 7z a quality71 z fire has heat 7z a quality71 privation w be a =m ( matt]1 & has a sub/rate diff]5t f itself1 :i* is matt]4#cji ,n 9 ?is s5se1 !re=e1 is !re a unity 7betwe5 !m74 ,,privation ,,is ,,non5tity1 ,,& ,,adds ,,no ,,new ,,concept4 ,are matt] & privation sub/antially id5tical1 yet logically di/9ct1 9 ?is s5se t privation does n signify ! pres5ce ( any?+1 b r its abs5ce8 ,t x is ! negation ( be+s1 & is synonym\s ) non5tity8 ,negation adds no attribute2 x limits itself to ! ass]tion t some?+ is n4 ,9 a c]ta9 s5se1 !re=e1 privation is non5tity4 ,,be+ ,,sub/antially ,,id5tical1 ,,b ,,logically ,,di/9ct ,,is ,,nons5se4 ,if matt] be call$ non5tity 9 ?is s5se t x is n ess5ce1 b some?+ else ?an ess5ce1 !re is /ill room to draw up two def9itions1 ( :i* "o w\ld apply to ! sub/rate1 & ! o!r to ! privation1 m]ely to expla9 t x is a disposition to become some?+ else8 ,x w\ld be bett] to ackn[l$ge t matt]1 l ! sub/rate1 %\ld be def9$ a disposition to become o!r ?+s4 ,if ! def9ition ( privation %[s ! indet]m9ation ( matt]1 x c at lea/ indicate its nature4 ,b we c\ld n admit t matt] & privation are "o ?+ 9 respect to _! sub/rate1 ?\gh logically di/9ct2 = h[ c\ld !re be a logical di/9ction into two ?+s1 if a ?+ be id5tical ) matt] z soon z x is indet]m9ate1 indef9ite1 & lack+ quality8 ,,matt] ,,z ,,! ,,inf9ite ,,9 ,,itself4 #ae4 ,let u fur!r exam9e if ! indet]m9ate1 or inf9ite1 be an accid5t1 or an attribute ( "s o!r nature2 h[ x comes to be an accid5t1 & :e!r privation ev] c become an accid5t4 ,! ?+s t are numb]s & reasons are exempt f all indet]m9ation1 because !y are det]m9ations1 ord]s1 & pr9ciples ( ord] = ! re/4 ,n[ ^! pr9ciples d n ord] objects already ord]$1 nor d !y ord] ord]s4 ,! ?+ t receives an ord] is diff]5t f t :i* gives an ord]1 & ! pr9ciples f :i* ! ord] is d]iv$ are det]m9ation1 limitation & reason4 ,9 ?is case1 t :i* receives ! ord] & ! det]m9ation mu/ necess>ily be ! inf9ite 7z ?\ght ,plato74#caj ,n[ t :i* receives ! ord] is matt]1 ) all ! ?+s :i*1 )\t be+ matt]1 p>ticipate !re91 & play ! "p ( matt]4 ,!re=e matt] is ! inf9ite itself4#caa ,n accid5tally is x ! inf9ite2 = ! inf9ite is no accid5t4 ,inde$1 e accid5t mu/ be a reason2 n[ ( :at be+ c ! inf9ite be an accid5t8 ,( det]m9ation1 or ( t :i* is det]m9$8 ,n[ matt] is nei!r ( ^! two4 ,fur!r1 ! inf9ite c\ld n unite ) ! det]m9ate )\t de/roy+ its nature4 ,! inf9ite1 !re=e1 is no accid5t ( matt] 7b is its nature1 or be+74 ,matt] is ! inf9ite itself4 ,ev5 9 ! intelligible _w1 matt] is ! inf9ite4 ,,! ,,inf9ite ,,may ,,be ,,ei!r ,,ideal ,,or ,,real1 ,,inf9ite ,,or ,,indef9ite4 ,! inf9ite seems born ( ! inf9ity ( ! ,"o1 ei!r ( its p[]1 or et]nity2 !re is no inf9ity 9 ! ,"o1 b ! ,"o is creator ( ! inf9ite4 ,h[ c !re be inf9ity simultane\sly above & bel[ 79 ! ,"o & 9 matt]78 ,because !re are two inf9ities 7! inf9ite & ! indef9ite2 ! inf9ite 9 ! ,"o1 ! indef9ite 9 matt]74 ,betwe5 !m obta9s ! same diff]5ce z ! ar*etype & its image4#cab ,is ! inf9ite "h bel[ less inf9ite8 ,on ! contr>y1 x is m s4 ,by ! m]e fact t ! image is f> f v]itable be+1 x is m inf9ite4 ,inf9ity is great] 9 t :i* is less det]m9ate 7z ?\ght ,ari/otle74#cac ,n[ t :i* is m di/ant f good is fur!r 9 evil4 ,!re=e ! inf9ite on high1 possess+ ! m ess5ce1 is ! ideal inf9ite2 "h bel[1 z ! inf9ite possesses less ess5ce1 because x is f> f ess5ce & tru?1 x deg5]ates into ! image ( ess5ce1 & is ! tru] 7indef9ite7 inf9ite4 ,,matt] ,,z ,,! ,,inf9ite ,,9 ,,itself4 ,is ! inf9ite id5tical ) ! ess5ce ( ! inf9ite8 ,!re is a di/9ction betwe5 !m :]e !re is reason & matt]2 :]e h[ev] matt] is alone1 !y mu/ be consid]$ id5tical2 or1 bett]1 we may say absolutely t "h bel[ ! inf9ite does n occur2 o!rwise x w\ld be a reason1 :i* is contr>y to ! nature ( ! inf9ite4 ,!re=e matt] 9 itself is ! inf9ite1 9 opposition to reason4 ,j z reason1 consid]$ 9 itself1 is call$ reason1 s matt]1 :i* is oppos$ to reason by its inf9ity1 & :i* is no?+ else 7?an matt]71 mu/ be call$ inf9ite4 ,,matt] ,,is ,,noness5tial ,,o!rness4 #af4 ,is !re any id5tity betwe5 matt] & o!rness8 ,matt] is n id5tical ) o!rness itself1 b ) t "p ( o!rness :i* is oppos$ to real be+s1 & to reasons4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t "o c say ( non5tity t x is some?+1 t x is id5tical ) privation1 if only privation be ! opposition to ?+s t exi/ 9 reason4 ,w privation be de/roy$ by its union ) ! ?+ ( :i* x is an attribute8 ,by no means4 ,t 9 :i* a 7,/oic7 habit occurs is n itself a habit1 b a privation4 ,t 9 :i* det]m9ation occurs is nei!r det]m9ation1 nor t :i* is det]m9$1 b ! inf9ite1 s f> z x is inf9ite4 ,h[ c\ld det]m9ation unite ) ! inf9ite )\t de/roy+ its nature1 s9ce ?is inf9ite is n su* by accid5t8 ,x w\ld de/roy ?is inf9ite1 if x 7 inf9ite 9 quantity2 b t is n ! case4 ,on ! contr>y1 x pres]ves its be+ = x1 realizes & completes its nature2 z ! e>? :i* did n conta9 se$s 7pres]ves its nature7 :5 x receives "s ( !m2 or ! female1 :5 %e is made pregnant by ! male4 ,! female1 !n1 does n cease be+ a female2 on ! contr>y %e is s f> m1 = %e realizes h] nature 7be+74 ,,indig5ce ,,is ,,necess>ily ,,evil4 ,does matt] cont9ue to be evil :5 x happ5s to p>ticipate 9 ! good8 ,yes1 because x 0 =m]ly depriv$ ( good1 & did n possess x4 ,t :i* lacks some?+1 & obta9s x1 holds ! middle betwe5 good & evil1 if x be 9 ! middle betwe5 ! two4 ,b t :i* possesses no?+1 t :i* is 9 indig5ce1 or r t :i* is indig5ce itself1 mu/ necess>ily be evil2 = x is n indig5ce ( weal?1 b indig5ce ( wisdom1 ( virtue1 ( beauty1 ( vigor1 ( %ape1 ( =m1 ( quality4 ,h[1 inde$1 c\ld su* a ?+ n be %apeless1 absolutely ugly & evil8 ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,bo? ,,k9ds ,,( ,,matt] ,,to ,,ess5ce4 ,9 ! intelligible _w1 matt] is ess5ce2 = :at is above x 7! ,"o71 is consid]$ z sup]ior to ess5ce4 ,9 ! s5se-_w1 on ! contr>y1 ess5ce is above matt]2 !re=e matt] is non5tity1 & !reby is ! only ?+ =eign to ! beauty ( ess5ce4 ,,?ird ,,ennead1 ,,book ,,n9e4 ,fragm5ts ,ab\t ! ,s\l1 ! ,intellig5ce1 & ! ,good4 ,,diff]5ce ,,betwe5 ,,intellig5ce ,,& ,,! ,,exi/+ ,,animal4 #a4 ,plato says1 ,! intellig5ce sees ! ideas compris$ )9 ! exi/+ animal4 ,he adds1 ,! demiurge conceiv$ t ?is produc$ animal 0 to comprise be+s simil> & equally num]\s to ^? t ! intellig5ce sees 9 ! exi/+ animal4 ,does ,plato mean t ! ideas are ant]ior to intellig5ce1 & t !y already exi/ :5 intellig5ce ?9ks !m8 ,we %all fir/ h to exam9e :e!r ! animal is id5tical ) intellig5ce1 or is some?+ diff]5t4 ,n[ t :i* obs]ves is intellig5ce2 s ! ,animal himself %\ld !n be call$1 n intellig5ce1 b ! intelligible4 ,%all we !refrom conclude t ! ?+s contemplat$ by intellig5ce are outside ( x8 ,if s1 intellig5ce possesses only images1 in/ead ( ! realities !mselves--t is1 if we admit t ! realities exi/ up !re2 =1 accord+ to ,plato1 ! v]itable reality is up !re )9 ! ess5ce1 9 :i* ev]y?+ exi/s 9 itself4 ,,relation ,,betwe5 ,,intellig5ce ,,& ,,! ,,intelligible4 7,?is consequ5ce is n necess>y74 ,d\btless ,intellig5ce & ! intelligible are diff]5t2 !y are nev]!less n sep>at$4 ,no?+ h9d]s u f say+ t bo? =m b "o1 & t !y are sep>at$ only by ?\ght2 = ess5ce is "o1 b x is p>tly t :i* is ?\ght1 & p>tly t :i* ?9ks4 ,:5 ,plato says t intellig5ce sees ! ideas1 he means t x contemplates ! ideas1 n 9 ano!r pr9ciple1 b 9 itself1 because x possesses ! intelligible )9 itself4 ,! intelligible may also be ! intellig5ce1 b intellig5ce 9 ! /ate ( repose1 ( unity1 ( calm1 :ile ,intellig5ce1 :i* p]ceives ?is ,intellig5ce :i* has rema9$ )9 itself1 is ! actuality born !refrom1 & :i* contemplates x4 ,by contemplat+ ! intelligible1 intellig5ce is assimilat$ !reto & is its intellig5ce1 because ,intellig5ce ?9ks ! intelligible x itself becomes intelligible by becom+ assimilat$ !reto1 & on ! o!r h& also some?+ ?\ght4 ,x is 7intellig5ce71 !re=e1 :i* conceiv$ ! design 9 produc+ 9 ! univ]se ! f\r k9ds ( liv+ be+s 7or elem5ts71 :i* x beholds up !re4 ,my/]i\sly1 h[ev]1 ,plato "h seems to pres5t ! conceiv+-pr9ciple z diff]5t f ! o!r two pr9ciples1 :ile o!rs ?9k t ^! ?ree pr9ciples1 ! animal itself 7! univ]sal ,s\l71 ,intellig5ce & ! conceiv+ pr9ciple =m b a s+le ?+4 ,%all we "h1 z else:]e1 admit t op9ions diff]1 & t ev]ybody conceives ! ?ree pr9ciples 9 8 own mann]8 ,,! ,,_w-,,s\l ,,is ,,! ,,conceiv+-,,pr9ciple4 ,we h already notic$ two ( ^! pr9ciples 7namely1 intellig5ce1 & ! intelligible1 :i* is call$ ! ,animal-9-itself1 or univ]sal ,s\l74 ,:at is ! ?ird8 ,x is he :o has resolv$ to produce1 to =m1 to divide ! ideas t intellig5ce sees 9 ! ,animal4 ,is x possible t 9 "o s5se intellig5ce is ! divid+ pr9ciple1 & t 9 ano!r ! divid+ pr9ciple is n intellig5ce8 ,z f> z divid$ ?+s proce$ f intellig5ce1 intellig5ce is ! divid+ pr9ciple4 ,z f> z intellig5ce itself rema9s undivid$1 & t ! ?+s proce$+ f x 7t is1 ! s\ls7 are divid$1 ! univ]sal ,s\l is ! pr9ciple ( ?is division into sev]al s\ls4 ,t is :y ,plato says t division is ! "w ( a ?ird pr9ciple1 & t x resides 9 a ?ird pr9ciple t has conceiv$2 n[1 to conceive is n ! prop] function ( intellig5ce2 x is t ( ! ,s\l :i* has a divid+ action 9 a divisible nature4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,s\l ,,asc5ds ,,to ,,! ,,intelligible ,,_w4 ,,! ,,intelligible ,,is ,,possess$ ,,by ,,t\*+ ,,x ,,) ,,! ,,be/ ,,"p ,,( ,,oneself4 #b4 7,z ,ni*olas ( ,damascus us$ to say7 ! totality ( a sci5ce is divid$ into p>ticul> propositions1 )\t1 h[ev]1 !reby be+ brok5 up into fragm5ts1 inasmu* z ea* proposition conta9s pot5tially ! :ole sci5ce1 ^: pr9ciple & goal co9cide4 ,likewise1 we %\ld s manage ourselves t ea* ( ! faculties we possess )9 ourselves %\ld also become a goal & a totality2 & !n s arrange all ! faculties t !y w be consummat$ 9 :at is be/ 9 our nature 7t is1 intellig5ce74 ,success 9 ?is con/itutes dwell+ on high 7liv+ spiritually72 =1 :5 "o possesses ! intelligible1 "o t\*es x by :at is be/ 9 oneself4 ,,( ,,! ,,desc5t ,,( ,,! ,,s\l ,,into ,,! ,,body4 ,,! ,,s\l ,,is ,,n ,,9 ,,! ,,body2 ,,b ,,! ,,body ,,is ,,9 ,,! ,,s\l4 #c4 ,! univ]sal ,s\l has n come into any place1 nor gone into any2 = no su* place c\ld h exi/$4 ,h[ev]1 ! body1 :i* 0 9 its neighborhood1 p>ticipat$ 9 h]1 consequ5tly1 %e is n inside a body4 ,plato1 inde$1 does n say t ! s\l is 9 a body2 on ! contr>y1 he locates ! body 9 ! s\l4 ,,individual ,,s\ls1 ,,h[ev]1 ,,may ,,be ,,said ,,to ,,come ,,& ,,g4 ,z to individual s\ls1 !y come f some:]e1 = !y proce$ f ! univ]sal ,s\l2 !y also h a place :i!r !y may desc5d1 or :]e !y may pass f "o body into ano!r2 !y c likewise reasc5d !nce to ! intelligible _w4 ,,! ,,univ]sal ,,s\l ,,ev] ,,rema9s ,,9 ,,! ,,intelligible4 ,! univ]sal ,s\l1 on ! contr>y1 ev] resides 9 ! elevat$ region :]e h] nature reta9s h]2 & ! univ]se locat$ bel[ h] p>ticipates 9 h] j z ! object :i* receives ! sun's rays p>ticipates !re94 ,,h[ ,,! ,,s\l ,,inc>nates4 ,! individual s\l is !re=e illum9at$ :5 %e turns t[>ds :at is above h]2 = !n %e meets ! ess5ce2 on ! contr>y1 :5 %e turns t[>ds :at is bel[ h]1 %e meets non-be+4 ,?is is :at happ5s :5 %e turns t[>ds h]self2 on wi%+ to belong to h]self1 %e someh[ falls into empt9ess1 becomes indet]m9ate1 & produces :at is bel[ h]1 namely1 an image ( h]self :i* is non-be+ 7! body74 ,n[ ! image ( ?is image 7matt]71 is indet]m9ate1 & q obscure2 = x is entirely unreasonable1 un9telligible1 & z f> z possible f ess5ce itself4 7,betwe5 intellig5ce & ! body7 ! s\l occupies an int]m$i>y region1 :i* is h] own prop] doma92 :5 %e looks at ! inf]ior region1 ?r[+ a second glance ?i!r1 %e gives a =m to h] image 7h] body72 &1 *>m$ by ?is image1 %e ent]s !re94 ,,by ,,its ,,p[]1 ,,! ,,"o ,,is ,,ev]y:]e4 #d4 ,h[ does manifoldness issue f ,unity8 ,unity is ev]y:]e2 = !re is no place :]e x is n2 !re=e x fills ev]y?+4 ,by ,him exi/s manifoldness2 or r1 x is by ,him t all ?+s exi/4 ,if ! ,"o 7 only ev]y:]e1 ,he w\ld simply be all ?+s2 b1 z1 besides1 ,he is n[h]e1 all ?+s exi/ by ,him1 because ,he is ev]y:]e2 b simultane\sly all ?+s are di/9ct f ,him1 because ,he is n[h]e4 ,:y !n is ,unity n only ev]y:]e1 b also n[h]e8 ,! reason is1 t ,unity mu/ be above all ?+s1 ,he mu/ fill ev]y?+1 & produce ev]y?+1 )\t be+ all t ,he produces4 ,,! ,,s\l ,,receives ,,h] ,,=m ,,f ,,intellig5ce4 #e4 ,! s\l's relation to intellig5ce is ! same z t ( sight to ! visible object2 b x is ! indet]m9ate sight :i*1 be=e see+1 is nev]!less dispos$ to see & ?9k2 t is :y ! s\l be>s to intellig5ce ! relation ( matt] to =m4 ,,we ,,?9k ,,an ,,intellectual ,,nature ,,by ,,?9k+ ,,ourselves4 #f4 ,:5 we ?9k1 & ?9k ourselves1 we see a ?9k+ nature2 o!rwise1 we w\ld be dupes ( an illusion 9 believ+ we 7 ?9k+4 ,consequ5tly1 if we ?9k ourselves1 we are1 by ?9k+ ourselves1 ?9k+ an intellectual nature4 ,?is ?\ght presupposes an ant]ior ?\ght :i* implies no movem5t4 ,n[1 z ! objects ( ?\ght are be+ & life1 !re mu/ be1 ant]ior to ?is be+1 ano!r be+2 & ant]ior to ?is life1 ano!r life4 ,?is is well-kn[n to all :o are actualiz$ intellig5ces4 ,if ! intellig5ces be actualizations :i* consi/ 9 ?9k+ !mselves1 we ourselves are ! intelligible by ! real f\ndation ( our ess5ce1 & ! ?\ght t we h ( ourselves gives u its image4 ,,! ,,"o ,,is ,,sup]ior ,,to ,,re/ ,,& ,,motion4 #g4 ,! ,fir/ 7or ,"o7 is ! pot5tiality ( movem5t & ( re/2 consequ5tly1 ,he is sup]ior to bo? ?+s4 ,! ,second pr9ciple relates to ! ,fir/ by its motion & its re/2 x is ,intellig5ce1 because1 diff]+ f ! ,fir/1 x directs its ?\ght t[>ds ,him1 :ile ! ,fir/ does n ?9k 7because ,he comprises bo? ! ?9k+ ?+1 & ! ?+ ?\ght72 ,he ?9ks himself1 &1 by t v ?+1 ,he is defective1 because ,8 good consi/s 9 ?9k+1 n 9 its hypo/asis 7or exi/5ce74 ,,( ,,actuality ,,& ,,pot5tiality4 #h4 ,:at passes f pot5tiality to actuality1 & always rema9s ! same s long z x exi/s1 approa*es actuality4 ,x is ?us t ! bodies su* z fire may possess p]fection4 ,b :at passes f pot5tiality to actuality _c exi/ always1 because x conta9s matt]4 ,on ! contr>y1 :at exi/s actually1 & :at is simple1 exi/s always4 ,besides1 :at is actual may also 9 c]ta9 respects exi/ pot5tially4 ,,! ,,good ,,is ,,sup]ior ,,to ,,?\ght2 ,,! ,,highe/ ,,div9ities ,,are ,,n ,,! ,,supreme4 #i4 ,! div9ities :i* occupy ! highe/ rank are nev]!less n ! ,fir/2 = ,intellig5ce 7f :i* proce$ ! div9ities ( ! highe/ rank1 t is1 ! p]fect intellig5ces7 is 7or1 is con/itut$ by7 all ! intelligible ess5ces1 &1 consequ5tly1 comprises bo? motion & re/4 ,no?+ l ?is is 9 ! ,fir/4 ,he is relat$ to no?+ else1 :ile ! o!r ?+s subsi/ 9 ,him 9 _! re/1 & direct _! motion t[>ds ,him4 ,motion is an aspiration1 & ! ,fir/ aspires to no?+4 ,t[>ds :at w\ld ,he1 9 any case1 aspire8 ,he does n ?9k himself2 & !y :o say t ,he ?9ks ,himself mean by x only t ,he possesses ,himself4 ,b :5 "o says t a ?+ ?9ks1 x is n because x possesses itself1 x is because x contemplates ! ,fir/2 t is ! fir/ actuality1 ?\ght itself1 ! fir/ ?\ght1 to :i* none o!r c be ant]ior2 only1 x is inf]ior to ! pr9ciple f :i* x d]ives its exi/5ce1 & occupies ! second rank aft] x4 ,?\ght is !re=e n ! mo/ sacr$ ?+2 consequ5tly1 n all ?\ght is sacr$2 ! only sacr$ ?\ght is t ( ! ,good1 & ?is 7,good7 is sup]ior to ?\ght4 ,,! ,,good ,,is ,,sup]ior ,,ev5 ,,to ,,self-,,consci\sness ,,& ,,life4 ,w ! ,good n be self-consci\s8 ,x is claim$ by "s t ! ,good w\ld be good only if x possess$ self-consci\sness4 ,b if x be ,goodness1 x is goodness be=e hav+ self-consci\sness4 ,if ! ,good be good only because x has self-consci\sness1 x 0 n good be=e hav+ self-consci\sness2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 if !re be no goodness1 no possible consci\sness c !re=e exi/4 7,likewise1 someone may ask7 does n ! ,fir/ live8 ,he _c be said to live1 because ,he ,himself gives life4 ,,! ,,supreme ,,is ,,!re=e ,,above ,,?\ght4 ,?us ! pr9ciple :i* is self-consci\s1 :i* ?9ks itself 7t is1 ,intellig5ce71 occupies only ! second rank4 ,inde$1 if ?is pr9ciple be self-consci\s1 x is only to unite itself to itself by ?is act ( consci\sness2 b if x /udy itself1 x is ! result ( ignor+ itself1 because its nature is defective1 & x becomes p]fect only by ?\ght4 ,?\ght %\ld !re=e n be attribut$ to ! ,fir/2 =1 to attribute some?+ to ,him w\ld be to imply t ,he _h be5 depriv$ !re(1 & ne$$ x4 ,,second ,,ennead1 ,,book ,,two4 ,ab\t ! ,movem5t ( ! ,heav5s4 ,,que/ions ,,ab\t ,,! ,,movem5ts ,,( ,,! ,,heav5s4 #a4 ,:y d ! heav5s move 9 a circle8 ,because !y imitate ,intellig5ce4 ,b to :at does ?is movem5t belong8 ,to ! ,s\l1 or to ! body8 ,does x occur because ! ,s\l is )9 ! cele/ial sph]e1 :i* t5ds to revolve ab\t h]8 ,is ! ,s\l )9 ?is sph]e )\t be+ t\*$ !reby8 ,does %e cause ?is sph]e to move by h] own motion8 ,p]haps ! ,s\l :i* moves ?is sph]e %\ld n move x 9 ! future1 al?\gh %e did s 9 ! pa/2 t is1 ! s\l made x rema9 immovable1 in/ead ( ceaselessly imp>t+ to x a circul> movem5t4 ,p]haps ! ,s\l h]self might rema9 immovable2 or1 if %e move at all1 x w at lea/ n be a local movem5t4 ,,?ree ,,k9ds ,,( ,,movem5t4 ,h[ c ! ,s\l imp>t to ! heav5s a local movem5t1 h]self possess+ a diff]5t k9d ( motion8 ,p]haps ! circul> movem5t1 :5 consid]$ by itself1 may n seem a local movem5t4 ,if !n x be a local movem5t only by accid5t1 :at is its own nature1 by itself8 ,x is ! reflection ^u itself1 ! movem5t ( consci\sness1 ( reflection1 ( life2 x )draws no?+ f ! _w1 x *anges ! location ( no?+1 :ile embrac+ all4 ,inde$1 ! p[] :i* gov]ns ! univ]sal ,animal 7or _w7 embraces ev]y?+1 & unifies ev]y?+4 ,if !n x rema9$ immovable1 x w\ld n embrace ev]y?+ ei!r vitally or locally2 x w\ld n pres]ve ! life ( ! int]ior p>ts ( ! body x possesses1 because ! bodily life implies movem5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 if x be a local movem5t1 ! ,s\l w possess a movem5t only su* z x admits (4 ,%e w move1 n only z s\l1 b z an animat$ body1 & z an animal2 h] movem5t w p>take bo? ( ! movem5t prop] to ! s\l1 & prop] to ! body4 ,n[ ! movem5t prop] to ! body is to mobilize 9 a /raight l9e2 ! movem5t prop] to ! ,s\l1 is to conta92 :ile bo? ( ^! movem5ts result 9 a ?ird1 ! circul> movem5t :i* includes bo? transportation & p]man5ce4 ,,fire ,,moves ,,/raight ,,only ,,prelim9>ily4 ,to ! ass]tion t ! circul> movem5t is a corporeal movem5t1 x might be object$ t "o c see t e body1 ev5 fire1 moves 9 a /raight l9e4 ,h[ev]1 ! fire moves 9 a /raight l9e only till x rea*es ! place assign$ to x by ! univ]sal ord] 7x con/itutes ! heav5s1 :i* are its prop] place74 ,by virtue ( ?is ord] its nature is p]man5t1 & x moves t[>ds its assign$ location4 ,:y !n does ! fire z soon z x has arriv$ !re1 n abide !re quiesc5tly8 ,because its v nature is con/ant movem5t2 if x w5t 9 a /raight l9e1 x w\ld dissipate2 consequ5tly1 x necess>ily possesses a circul> motion4 ,t is surely a provid5tial arrangem5t4 ,provid5ce plac$ fire )9 itself 7because x con/itutes ! heav5s1 :i* are its location72 s t1 z soon z x f9ds itself 9 ! sky x mu/ spontane\sly move 9 a circle4 ,,:y ,,s\l ,,assumes ,a ,,circul> ,,motion4 ,we might fur!r say t1 if ! fire t5d$ to move 9 a /raight l9e1 x mu/ effect a return ^u itself 9 ! only place :]e x is possible 79 ! heav5s71 inasmu* z !re is no place outside ( ! _w :]e x c\ld g4 ,9 fact !re is no fur!r place1 beyond ! cele/ial fire1 = itself con/itutes ! la/ place 9 ! univ]se2 x !re=e moves 9 a circle 9 ! place at its disposal2 x is its own place1 b n to rema9 immovable1 b to move4 ,9 a circle1 ! c5tre is naturally immovable2 & 7 ! circumf]5ce ! same1 x w\ld be only an imm5se c5tre4 ,x is !re=e bett] t ! fire %\ld turn ar\nd ! c5tre 9 ?is liv+ & naturally organiz$ body4 ,?us ! fire w t5d t[>ds ! c5tre1 n 9 /opp+1 = x w\ld lose its circul> =m1 b 9 mov+ itself ar\nd x2 ?us only w x be able to satisfy its t5d5cy 7t[>ds ! univ]sal ,s\l74 ,h[ev]1 if ?is p[] effect ! movem5t ( ! body ( ! univ]se1 x does n drag x l a burd51 nor give x an impulsion contr>y to its nature4 ,= nature is con/itut$ by no?+ else ?an ! ord] e/abli%$ by ! univ]sal ,s\l4 ,besides1 z ! :ole ,s\l is ev]y:]e1 & is n divid$ into p>ts1 x end[s ! sky ) all ! ubiquity x c assimilate1 :i* c occur only by trav]s+ all ( x4 ,if ! ,s\l rema9$ immovable 9 "o place1 %e w\ld rema9 immovable z soon z ! heav5s rea*$ ?is place2 b z ! ,s\l is ev]y:]e1 !y w\ld seek to rea* h] ev]y:]e4 ,c ! heav5s nev] rea* ! ,s\l8 ,on ! contr>y1 !y rea* h] ceaselessly2 = ! ,s\l1 9 ceaselessly attract+ !m to h]self1 endues !m ) a cont9ual motion by :i* %e c>ries !m1 n t[>ds "s o!r place1 b t[>ds h]self1 & 9 ! same place1 n 9 a /raight l9e1 b 9 a circle1 & ?us p]mits !m to possess h] 9 all ! places :i* %e trav]ses4 ,,:y ,,! ,,heav5s ,,d ,,n ,,rema9 ,,/ill4 ,! heav5s w\ld be immovable if ! ,s\l re/$1 t is1 if %e rema9$ only 9 ! intelligible _w1 :]e ev]y?+ rema9s immovable4 ,b because ! ,s\l is 9 no "o det]m9ate place1 & because ! :ole ( h] is ev]y:]e1 ! heav5s move ?r\gh ! :ole ( space2 & z !y _c g out ( !mselves1 !y mu/ move 9 a circle4 ,,h[ ,,o!r ,,be+s ,,move4#cad #b4 ,h[ d ! o!r be+s move8 ,z none ( !m is ! :ole1 b only a "p1 consequ5tly1 ea* f9ds itself situat$ 9 a p>ticul> place4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! heav5s are ! :ole2 !y con/itute ! place :i* excludes no?+1 because x is ! univ]se4 ,z to ! law accord+ to :i* m5 move1 ea* ( !m1 consid]$ 9 8 dep5d5ce t[>ds ! univ]se1 is a "p ( all2 consid]$ 9 himself1 he is a :ole4 ,,:y ,,! ,,heav5s ,,move ,,9 ,a ,,circle4 ,n[1 if ! heav5s possess ! ,s\l1 :]ev] !y are1 :at urges !m to move 9 a circle8 ,surely because ! ,s\l is n exclusively 9 a det]m9ate place 7& ! _w does n exclusively 9 "o place desire to possess h]74 ,besides1 if ! p[] ( ! ,s\l revolve ar\nd ! c5tre1 x is once m evid5t t ! heav5s w\ld move 9 a circle4 ,,diff]5ce ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,c5tre ,,( ,,! ,,s\l ,,& ,,! ,,body4 ,besides1 :5 we speak ( ! ,s\l1 we mu/ n und]/& ! t]m c5tre 9 ! same s5se z :5 x is us$ ( ! body4 ,= ! ,s\l1 ! c5tre is ! focus ( 7! intellig5ce7 :5ce radiates a second life 7t is1 ! ,s\l72 z to ! body1 x is a locality 7! c5tre ( ! _w74 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 bo? s\l & body ne$ a c5tre1 we are =c$ to use ?is ^w 9 an analog\s mean+ :i* may suit bo? ( !m4 ,speak+ /rictly1 h[ev]1 a c5tre c exi/ only = a sph]ical body1 & ! analogy consi/s 9 ?is1 t ! latt]1 l ! ,s\l1 effects a reflection ^u itself4 ,9 ?is case1 ! ,s\l moves ar\nd ! div9ity1 embraces ,him1 & cl+s to ,him ) all h] might2 = ev]y?+ dep5ds f ,him4 ,b1 z %e _c unite h]self to ,him1 %e moves ar\nd ,him4 ,,! ,,addition ,,( ,,our ,,bodies ,,introduces ,,conflict+ ,,motions4 ,:y d n all s\ls act l ! univ]sal ,s\l8 ,!y d act l h]1 b d s only 9 ! place :]e !y are4 ,:y d our bodies n move 9 a circle1 l ! heav5s8 ,because !y include an elem5t ^: natural motion is rectil9e>2 because !y tr5d t[>ds o!r objects1 because ! sph]ical elem5t#cae 9 u c no long] easily move 9 a circle1 because x has become t]re/rial1 :ile 9 ! cele/ial region is 0 light & movable en\gh4 ,h[ inde$ c\ld x rema9 at re/1 :ile ! ,s\l 0 9 motion1 :atev] ?is movem5t 08 ,?is _s7ual body7 :i*1 )9 u1 is spread ar\nd ! s\l1 does ! same ?+ z d ! heav5s4 ,inde$1 if ! div9ity be 9 ev]y?+1 ! ,s\l1 :i* desires to unite h]self to ,him1 mu/ move ar\nd ,him1 s9ce ,he resides 9 no det]m9ate place4 ,consequ5tly1 ,plato attributes to ! />s1 besides ! revolution :i* !y p]=m 9 common ) ! univ]se1 a p>ticul> movem5t ( rotation ar\nd _! own c5tre4 ,inde$1 e />1 9 :atev] place x may be1 is transport$ ) joy :ile embrac+ ! div9ity2 & ?is occurs n by reason1 b by a natural necessity4 ,,h[ ,,motion ,,is ,,imp>t$ ,,to ,,l[] ,,exi/5ces4 #c4 ,"o m subject rema9s to be consid]$4 ,! l[e/ p[] ( ! univ]sal ,s\l 7! inf]ior s\l71#caf re/s on ! e>?1 & !nce radiates abroad ?r\gh\t ! univ]se4 ,! 7high]1 or cele/ial7 p[] 7( ! _w-,s\l7 :i*1 by nature1 possesses s5sation1 op9ion1 & reason+1 resides 9 ! cele/ial sph]es1 :5ce x dom9ates ! inf]ior p[]1 & communicates life to x4 ,x !reby moves ! inf]ior p[]1 embrac+ x 9 a circle2 & x presides ov] ! univ]se z x returns 7f ! e>?7 to ! cele/ial sph]es4 ,! inf]ior p[]1 be+ circul>ly embrac$ by ! sup]ior p[]1 reflects ^u itself1 & ?us op]ates on itself a conv]sion by :i* x imp>ts a movem5t ( rotation to ! body )9 :i* x reacts4 7,?is is h[ motion />ts7 9 a sph]e t is at re/3 z soon z a "p moves1 ! movem5t spreads to ! re/ ( x1 & ! sph]e beg9s to revolve4 ,n o!rwise is our body2 :5 our s\l beg9s to move1 z 9 joy1 or 9 ! expectation ( welf>e1 al?\gh ?is movem5t be ( a k9d v diff]5t f t natural to a body1 ?is s\l-movem5t produces local motion 9 ! body4 ,likewise ! univ]sal ,s\l1 on high1 :ile approa*+ ! ,good1 & becom+ m s5sitive 7to its proximity71 !reby impresses ! body ) ! motion prop] to x1 namely1 ! local movem5t4 7,our own human7 s5se-7faculty71 :ile receiv+ its good f above1 & :ile enjoy+ ! pleasures prop] to its nature1 pursues ! ,good1 &1 inasmu* z ! ,good is ev]y:]e pres5t1 x is borne ev]y:]e4 ,! intellig5ce is mov$ likewise2 x is simultane\sly at re/ & 9 motion1 reflect+ ^u itself4 ,simil>ly ! univ]se moves 9 a circle1 ?\gh simultane\sly /&+ /ill4 ,,?ird ,,ennead1 ,,book ,,f\r4 ,( ,our ,individual ,gu>dian4 ,,outl9e ,,( ,,natures ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]se4 ,o!r pr9ciples rema9 unmov$ :ile produc+ & exhibit+ _! 7hypo/ases1 sub/antial acts1 or7 =ms ( exi/5ce4 ,! 7univ]sal7 ,s\l1 h[ev]1 is 9 motion :ile produc+ & exhibit+ h] 7sub/antial act1 or7 =ms ( exi/5ce1 namely1 ! functions ( s5sation & gr[?1 rea*+ d[n z f> z 7! sph]e ( !7 plants4 ,9 u also does ! ,s\l function1 b %e does n dom9ate u1 con/itut+ only a "p ( our nature4 ,%e does1 h[ev]1 dom9ate 9 plants1 hav+ z x 7 rema9$ alone !re4 ,beyond t sph]e1 h[ev]1 nature begets no?+2 = beyond x exi/s no life1 begott5 7matt]7 be+ lifeless4 ,all t 0 begott5 prior to ?is 0 %apeless1 & a*iev$ =m only by tr5d+ t[>ds its begett+ pr9ciple1 z to its s\rce ( life4 ,consequ5tly1 t :i* is begott5 _c be a =m ( ! ,s\l1 be+ lifeless1 b mu/ be absolute 9 det]m9ation4 ,! ?+s ant]ior 7to matt]1 namely1 ! s5se-p[] & nature71 are d\btless indet]m9ate1 b only s )9 _! =m2 ! are n absolutely indet]m9ate2 !y are indet]m9ate only 9 respect ( _! p]fection4 ,on ! contr>y1 t :i* exi/s at pres5t1 namely1 7matt]71 is absolutely indet]m9ate4 ,:5 x a*ieves p]fection1 x becomes body1 on receiv+ ! =m suit$ to its p[]4 ,?is 7=m7 is ! receptacle ( ! pr9ciple :i* has begott5 x1 & :i* n\ri%es x4 ,x is ! only trace ( ! high] ?+s 9 ! body1 :i* occupies ! la/ rank amid/ ! ?+s bel[4 ,,aft] ,,dea?1 ,,man ,,becomes ,,:at ,,he ,,has ,,liv$4 #b4 ,x is to ?is 7univ]sal7 ,s\l especially t may be appli$ ^! words ( ,plato3#cag ,! g5]al ,s\l c>es = all t is inanimate4 ,! o!r 7individual7 s\ls are 9 diff]5t conditions4 ,! ,s\l 7adds ,plato71 circulates ar\nd ! heav5s successively assum+ div]s =ms2 t is1 ! =ms ( ?\ght1 s5se or gr[?4 ,! "p :i* dom9ates 9 ! s\l fulfills its prop] individual function2 ! o!rs rema9 inactive1 & someh[ seem ext]ior to !m4 ,9 man1 x is n ! l[] p[]s ( ! s\l t dom9ate4 ,!y d inde$ co-exi/ ) ! o!rs4 ,nei!r is x always ! be/ p[] 7reason71 :i* always dom9ates2 = ! inf]ior p[]s equally h _! place4 ,consequ5tly1 man 7besides be+ a reasonable be+7 is also a s5sitive be+1 because he possesses s5se-organs4 ,9 _m respects1 he is also a vegetative be+2 = 8 body fe$s & gr[s j l a plant4 ,all ^! p[]s 7reason1 s5sibility1 gr[?71 !re=e act toge!r 9 ! man2 b x is ! be/ ( !m t *>act]izes ! totality ( ! man 7s t he is call$ a reasonable be+74 ,on leav+ ! body ! s\l becomes ! p[] %e _h prepond]at+ly develop$4 ,let u !re=e flee f "h bel[1 & let u raise ourselves to ! intelligible _w1 s z n to fall into ! pure s5se-life1 by all[+ ourselves to foll[ s5se-images1 or into ! life ( gr[?1 by ab&on+ ourselves to ! pleasures ( physical love1 & to gorm&iz+2 r1 let u rise to ! intelligible _w1 to ! intellig5ce1 to ! div9ity6 ,,laws ,,( ,,transmigration4 ,^? :o h ex]cis$ _! human faculties are re-born z m54 ,^? :o h made use ( _! s5ses only1 pass into ! bodies ( brutes1 & p>ticul>ly into ! bodies ( wild animals1 if !y h yield$ !mselves to ! transports ( ang]2 s t1 ev5 9 ?is case1 ! diff]5ce ( ! bodies !y animate is proportion$ to ! diff]5ce ( _! incl9ations4 ,^? ^: only ef=t x 0 to satisfy _! desires & appetites pass into ! bodies ( lascivi\s & glutton\s animals4#cah ,la/1 ^? :o in/ead ( foll[+ _! desires or _! ang]1 h r degrad$ _! s5ses by _! in]tia1 are r$uc$ to vegetate 9 plants2 = 9 _! =m] exi/5ce !y ex]cis$ no?+ b _! vegetative p[]1 & !y work$ at no?+ b to make trees ( !mselves4#cai ,^? :o h lov$ too mu* ! enjoym5ts ( music1 & :o o!rwise liv$ purely1 pass into ! bodies ( melodi\s birds4 ,^? :o h reign$ tyrannically1 become eagles1 if !y h no o!r vice4#cbj ,la/1 ^? :o spoke lightly ( cele/ial ?+s1 hav+ kept _! glance direct$ upw>ds1 are *ang$ into birds :i* usually fly t[>ds ! high regions ( ! air4#cba ,he :o has acquir$ civil virtues aga9 becomes a man2 b if he does n possess !m to a suffici5t degree1 he is trans=m$ into a sociable animal1 su* z ! bee1 or o!r animal ( ! k9d4 ,,our ,,gu>dian ,,is ,,! ,,next ,,high] ,,faculty ,,( ,,our ,,be+4 #c4 ,:at !n is our gu>dian8 ,x is "o ( ! p[]s ( our s\l4 ,:at is our div9ity8 ,x is also "o ( ! p[]s ( our s\l4 7,is x ! p[] :i* acts pr9cipally 9 u z "s p ?9k87 ,= ! p[] :i* acts 9 u seems to be t :i* leads u1 s9ce x is ! pr9ciple :i* dom9ates 9 u4 ,is t ! gu>dian to :i* we h be5 allott$ dur+ ! c\rse ( our life8#cbc ,no3 our gu>dian is ! p[] imm$iately sup]ior to ! "o t we ex]cise1 = x presides ov] our life )\t itself be+ active4 ,! p[] :i* is active 9 u is inf]ior to ! "o t presides ov] our life1 & x is ! "o :i* ess5tially con/itutes u4 ,if !n we live on ! plane ( ! s5se-life1 our gu>dian is reason2 if we live on ! rational plane1 our gu>dian w be ! pr9cipal sup]ior to reason 7namely1 intellig5ce72 x w preside ov] our life1 b x itself does n act1 leav+ t to ! inf]ior p[]4 ,plato truly said t we *oose our gu>dian2 =1 by ! k9d ( life t we pref]1 we *oose ! gu>dian t presides ov] our life4 ,:y !n does ,he direct u8 ,he directs u dur+ ! c\rse ( our mortal life 7because he is giv5 to u to help u to accompli% our 7de/9y72 b he c no long] direct u :5 our de/9y is accompli%$1 because ! p[] ov] ! ex]cise ( :i* he presid$ all[s ano!r p[] to act 9 8 place 7:i* h[ev] is dead1 s9ce ! life 9 :i* x act$ is t]m9at$74 ,?is o!r p[] wi%es to act 9 its turn1 &1 aft] hav+ e/abli%$ its prepond]ance1 x ex]cises itself dur+ ! c\rse ( a new life1 itself hav+ ano!r gu>dian4 ,if !n we %\ld *ance to degrade ourselves by lett+ an inf]ior p[] prevail 9 u1 we are puni%$ = x4 ,inde$1 ! evil man deg5]ates because ! p[] :i* he has develop$ 9 8 life makes him desc5d to ! exi/5ce ( ! brute1 by assimilat+ him to x by 8 morals4 ,if we c\ld foll[ ! gu>dian :o is sup]ior to him1 he himself w\ld become sup]ior by %>+ 8 life4 ,he w\ld !n take z guide a "p ( himself sup]ior to ! "o t gov]ns him1 !n ano!r "p1 /ill m elevat$ until he _h arriv$ at ! highe/4 ,inde$1 ! s\l is sev]al ?+s1 or r1 ! s\l is all ?+s2 %e is ?+s bo? inf]ior & sup]ior2 %e conta9s all ! degrees ( life4 ,ea* ( u1 9 a c]ta9 degree1 is ! intelligible _w2 by our inf]ior "p we are relat$ to ! s5se-_w1 & by our sup]ior "p1 to ! intelligible _w2 we rema9 !re on high by :at con/itutes our intelligible ess5ce2 we are atta*$ "h bel[ by ! p[]s :i* occupy ! l[e/ rank 9 ! s\l4 ,?us we cause an emanation1 or r an actualization :i* implies no loss to ! intelligible1 to pass f ! intelligible into ! s5se-_w4 ,,! ,,intelligible ,,does ,,n ,,desc5d2 ,,x ,,is ,,! ,,s5se-,,_w ,,t ,,rises4 #d4 ,is ! p[] :i* is ! act ( ! s\l always unit$ to a body8 ,no2 = :5 ! s\l turns t[>ds ! sup]ior regions1 %e raises ?is p[] ) h]4 ,does ! univ]sal 7,s\l7 also raise ) h]self to ! intelligible _w ! inf]ior p[] :i* is h] actualization 7nature78 ,no3 = %e does n incl9e t[>ds h] l[ inf]ior portion1 because %e nei!r came nor desc5d$ into ! _w2 b1 :ile %e rema9s 9 h]self1 ! body ( ! _w comes to unite ) h]1 & to (f] itself to receive h] light's radiation2 besides1 h] body does n cause h] any anxiety1 because x is n expos$ to any p]il4 ,does n ! _w1 !n1 possess any s5ses8 ,x has no sight 7says ,plato#cbd7 = x has no eyes4 ,nei!r has x e>s1 no/rils1 nor tongue4 ,does x1 !n1 z we1 possess ! consci\sness ( :at is go+ on )9 x8 ,z1 )9 ! _w1 all ?+s g on uni=mly accord+ to nature1 x is1 9 ?is respect1 9 a k9d ( repose2 consequ5tly1 x does n feel any pleasure4 ,! p[] ( gr[? exi/s )9 x )\t be+ pres5t !re92 & s also ) ! s5se-p[]4 ,besides1 we %all return to a /udy ( ! "q4 ,= ! pres5t1 we h said all t relates to ! "q 9 h&4 ,,! ,,guidance ,,( ,,! ,,gu>dian ,,does ,,n ,,int]f]e ,,) ,,moral ,,responsibility4 #e4 ,b if 7be=e com+ on to ! e>?7 ! s\l *ooses h] life & h] gu>dian1 h[ d we /ill pres]ve our lib]ty8 ,because :at is call$ *oice designates 9 an allegorical mann] ! "* ( ! s\l1 & h] g5]al disposition ev]y:]e4 ,aga91 x is object$ t if ! "* ( ! s\l prepond]ate1 if ! s\l be dom9at$ by t "p :i* h] =m] life r5d]$ pr$om9antly active1 x is no long] ! body :i* is h] cause ( evil2 = if ! "* ( ! s\l be ant]ior to h] union ) ! body2 if %e h ! "* %e has *os52 if1 z said 7,plato71 %e d n *ange h] gu>dian1 x is n "h bel[ t a man may become good or evil4 ,! answ] to ?is is1 t pot5tially man is equally good or evil4 7,by 8 *oices7 h[ev] he may actualize "o or ! o!r4 ,,! ,,s\l ,,has ,,! ,,p[] ,,to ,,con=m ,,to ,,h] ,,"* ,,! ,,de/9y ,,allott$ ,,to ,,h]4 ,:at !n w\ld happ5 if a virtu\s man %\ld h a body ( evil nature1 or a vici\s man a body ( a good nature8 ,! goodness ( ! s\l has m or less influ5ce on ! goodness ( ! body4 ,ext]ior circum/ances _c ?us alt] ! "* *os5 by ! s\l4 ,:5 7,plato7 says t ! lots are spread out be=e ! s\ls1 & t lat] ! diff]5t k9ds ( conditions are display$ be=e !m1 & t ! =tune ( ea* results f ! *oice made amid/ ! diff]5t k9ds ( lives pres5t--a *oice evid5tly made accord+ to h] "*--7,plato7 evid5tly attributes to ! s\l ! p[] ( con=m+ to h] "* ! condition allott$ to h]4 ,,our ,,gu>dian ,,is ,,bo? ,,relat$ ,,to ,,u1 ,,& ,,indep5d5t ,,( ,,u4 ,besides1 our gu>dian is n entirely ext]ior to u2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 he is n b\nd to u1 & is n active 9 u2 he is ours1 9 ! s5se t he has a c]ta9 relation ) our s\l2 he is n ours1 9 ! s5se t we are su* m51 liv+ su* a life "u 8 sup]vision4 ,?is is ! mean+ ( ! t]ms us$ 7by ,plato7 9 ! ,timaeus4#cbe ,if ^! be tak5 9 ! above s5se1 all expla9s itself2 if n1 ,plato contradicts himself4 ,,our ,,gu>dian ,,helps ,,u ,,to ,,c>ry ,,out ,,! ,,de/9y ,,we ,,h ,,*os54 ,"o c /ill und]/& ?us :y he says t our gu>dian helps u to fulfil ! de/9y we h *os54 ,9 fact1 presid+ ov] our life1 he does n p]mit u to desc5d v f> bel[ ! condition we h *os54 ,b t :i* !n is active is ! pr9ciple bel[ ! gu>dian & :i* c nei!r transc5d him1 nor equal him2 = he c\ld n become diff]5t f :at he is4 ,,t ,,man ,,is ,,virtu\s ,,^: ,,highe/ ,,pr9ciple ,,is ,,active ,,)9 ,,him4 #f4 ,:o !n is ! virtu\s man8 ,he 9 :om is active ! highe/ "p ( ! s\l4 ,if 8 gu>dian contribut$ to 8 actions1 he w\ld n des]ve be+ call$ virtu\s4 ,n[ x is ! ,intellig5ce :i* is active 9 ! virtu\s man4 ,x is ! latt]1 !n1 :o is a gu>dian1 or lives accord+ to "o2 besides1 8 gu>dian is ! div9ity4 ,is ?is gu>dian above ,intellig5ce8 ,yes1 if ! gu>dian h1 z gu>dian1 ! pr9ciple sup]ior to ,intellig5ce 7! ,good74 ,b :y does ! virtu\s man n enjoy ?is privilege s9ce ! beg9n+8 ,because ( ! tr\ble he felt 9 fall+ into g5]ation4 ,ev5 be=e ! ex]cise ( reason1 he has )9 him a desire :i* leads him to ! ?+s :i* are suitable to him4 ,b does ?is desire direct ) sov]eign influ5ce8 ,no1 n ) sov]eignty2 = ! s\l is s dispos$ t1 9 su* circum/ances becom+ su*1 %e adopts su* a life1 & foll[s su* an incl9ation4 ,,betwe5 ,,inc>nations ,,is ,,! ,,"t ,,( ,,judgm5t ,,& ,,expiation4 7,plato7 says t ! gu>dian leads ! s\l to ! hells1#cbf & t he does n rema9 atta*$ to ! same s\l1 unless ?is s\l %\ld aga9 *oose ! same condition4 ,:at does ! gu>dian d be=e ?is *oice8 ,plato tea*es u t he leads ! s\l to judgm5t1 t aft] ! g5]ation he assumes aga9 ! same =m z be=e2 & !n z if ano!r exi/5ce 7 !n beg9n+1 dur+ ! "t betwe5 g5]ations1 ! gu>dian presides ov] ! *a/isem5ts ( ! s\ls1 & ?is p]iod is = !m n s mu* a p]iod ( life1 z a p]iod ( expiation4 ,,ev5 ,,! ,,s\ls ,,ent]+ ,,into ,,animal ,,bodies ,,h ,a ,,gu>dian4 ,d ! s\ls t ent] into ! bodies ( brutes also h a gu>dian8 ,yes1 d\btless1 b an evil or /upid "o4 ,,condition ,,( ,,s\ls ,,9 ,,! ,,high] ,,regions4 ,:at is ! condition ( ! s\ls t h rais$ !mselves on high8 ,"s are 9 ! s5sible _w1 o!rs are outside ( x4 ,! s\ls t are 9 ! s5se-_w dwell 9 ! sun1 or 9 "s o!r planet1 or 9 ! firmam5t1 accord+ z !y h m or less develop$ _! reason4 ,we mu/1 inde$1 rememb] t our s\l conta9s 9 h]self n only ! intelligible _w1 b also a disposition con=mable to ! ,s\l ( ! _w4 ,n[ z ! latt] is spread out 9 ! movable sph]es & 9 ! immovable sph]e by h] v>i\s p[]s1 our s\l mu/ possess p[]s con=mable to ^!1 ea* ( :i* ex]cise _! prop] function4 ,! s\ls :i* rise f "h bel[ into ! heav5s g to inhabit ! /> :i* h>monizes ) _! moral life1 & ) ! p[] :i* !y h develop$2 ) _! div9ity1 or _! gu>dian4 ,!n !y w h ei!r ! same gu>dian1 or ! gu>dian :i* is sup]ior to ! p[] :i* !y ex]t4 ,?is matt] w h to be consid]$ m m9utely4 ,,fate ,,( ,,! ,,divisible ,,human ,,s\l4 ,z to ! s\ls :i* h left ! s5se-_w1 s long z !y rema9 9 ! intelligible _w1 !y are above ! gu>dian condition1 & ! fatality ( g5]ation4 ,s\ls br+ ) !m ?i!r t "p ( _! nature :i* is desir\s ( begett+1 & :i* may reasonably be reg>d$ z ! ess5ce :i* is divisible 9 ! body1 & :i* multiplies by divid+ along ) ! bodies4 ,moreov]1 if a s\l divide h]self1 x is n 9 respect to ext5sion2 because %e is entirely 9 all ! bodies4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,s\l is "o2 & f a s+le animal are ceaselessly born _m "y4 ,?is g5]ative elem5t splits up l ! vegetative nature 9 plants2 = ?is nature is divisible 9 ! bodies4 ,:5 ?is divisible ess5ce dwells 9 ! same body1 x vivifies ! body1 j z ! vegetative p[] does = plants4 ,:5 x retires1 x has already communicat$ life1 z is se5 9 cut trees1 or 9 corpses :]e putrefaction has caus$ ! bir? ( sev]al animals f a s+le "o4 ,besides1 ! vegetative p[] ( ! human s\l is assi/$ by ! vegetative p[] t is d]iv$ f ! univ]sal 7,s\l71 & :i* "h bel[ is ! same 7z on high74 ,,fate ,,consi/s ,,9 ,,! ,,unpr$ictable ,,circum/ances ,,:i* ,,alt] ,,! ,,life-,,curr5ts4 ,if ! s\l return "h bel[1 %e possesses1 accord+ to ! life :i* %e is to lead1 ei!r ! same gu>dian1 or ano!r4 ,) h] gu>dian %e ent]s into ?is _w z if 9 a skiff4 ,!n %e is subject$ to ! p[] 7by ,plato7 call$ ! ,sp9dle ( ,necessity2#cbg &1 emb>k+ 9 ?is _w1 %e takes ! place assign$ to h] by =tune4 ,!n %e is caught by ! circul> movem5t ( ! heav5s1 ^: action1 z if x 7 ! w9d1 agitates ! skiff 9 :i* ! s\l is seat$2 or r1 is borne along4 ,!nce are born v>i$ spectacles1 trans=mations & div]s incid5ts = ! s\l :i* is emb>k$ 9 ?is skiff2 :e!r because ( ! agitation ( ! sea :i* be>s x1 or because ( ! conduct ( ! pass5g] :o is sail+ 9 ! b>k1 & :o pres]ves h] fre$om ( action !re94 ,inde$1 n e s\l plac$ 9 ! same circum/ances makes ! same movem5ts1 wills ! same volitions1 or p]=ms ! same actions4 ,= diff]5t be+s1 !re=e1 ! diff]5ces arise f circum/ances ei!r simil> or diff]5t1 or ev5 ! same ev5ts may occur to !m "u diff]5t circum/ances4 ,x is ?is 7unc]ta9ty7 t con/itutes ,provid5ce4 ,,fir/ ,,ennead1 ,,book ,,n9e4 ,( ,suicide4 ,,evil ,,effects ,,( ,,suicide ,,on ,,! ,,s\l ,,h]self4 #a4 7,z says pseudo-,zoroa/]1 9 8 ,magic ,oracles71 ,! s\l %\ld n be expell$ f ! body by viol5ce1 le/ %e g out 7dragg+ along ) h] some?+ =eign1 t is1 corporeal74 ,9 ?is case1 %e w be burd5$ ) ?is =eign elem5t :i!rsoev] %e may emigrate4 ,by emigrat+1 ,i mean pass+ into ! ,beyond4 ,on ! contr>y1 "o %\ld wait until ! entire body naturally deta*es itself f ! s\l2 9 :i* case %e no long] ne$s to pass into any o!r resid5ce1 be+ completely unburd5$ ( ! body4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,deta* ,,! ,,s\l ,,f ,,! ,,body ,,naturally4 ,h[ w ! body naturally deta* itself f ! s\l8 ,by ! complete rupture ( ! bonds :i* keep ! s\l atta*$ to ! body1 by ! body's impot5ce to fett] ! s\l1 on acc\nt ( ! complete de/ruction ( ! h>mony :i* conf]r$ ?is p[] on x4 ,,volunt>y ,,s\l-,,deta*m5t ,,is ,,=bidd54 ,"o may n volunt>ily dis5gage oneself f ! fett]s ( ! body4 ,:5 viol5ce is employ$1 x is n ! body :i* dis5gages itself f ! s\l1 x is ! s\l :i* makes an ef=t to snat* h]self f ! body1 & t by an action :i* accompli%es itself n 9 ! /ate ( impassibility 7:i* suits a sage71 b z ! result ( grief1 or suff]+1 or ( ang]4 ,n[ su* an action is =bidd51 or unwor?y4 ,,suicide ,,unavailable ,,ev5 ,,to ,,avoid ,,insanity4 ,may "o n =e/all delirium or insanity1 if "o become aw>e ( _! approa*8 ,to beg9 )1 insanity does n happ5 to a sage1 & if x does1 ?is accid5t %\ld be consid]$ "o ( ^? inevitable ?+s :i* dep5d f fatality1 & 9 :i* case "o %\ld direct "o's pa? less accord+ to 8 intr9sic quality ?an accord+ to circum/ances2 = p]haps ! poison "o might select to eject ! s\l f ! body might d no?+ b injure ! s\l4 ,,suicide ,,is ,,unadvisable1 ,,= ,,two ,,reasons4 ,if !re be an appo9t$ "t = ! life ( ea* ( u1 x is n well to =e/all ! decree ( ,provid5ce1 unless1 z we h said1#cbh "u absolute compulsion4 ,la/1 if rank obta9$ above dep5d on ! /ate obta9+ at ! "t ( exit f ! body1 no man %\ld sep>ate himself f x s long z he might /ill a*ieve progress4#cbi ,,second ,,ennead1 ,,book ,,six4 ,( ,ess5ce & ,be+4 ,,di/9ction ,,betwe5 ,,ess5ce ,,& ,,be+4 #a4 ,is ess5ce some?+ diff]5t f be+8 ,does ess5ce indicate an ab/raction ( ! o!r 7f\r categories71 & is be+1 on ! contr>y1 ess5ce ) ! o!r 7f\r categories71 motion & re/1 id5tity & diff]5ce8 ,are ^! ! elem5ts ( be+8 ,yes3 be+ is ! totality ( ^! ?+s1 ( :i* "o is ess5ce1 ! o!r is motion1 & s =?4 ,motion1 !re=e1 is accid5tal ess5ce4 ,is x also accid5tal be+8 ,or is x be+ completely8 ,motion is be+1 because all intelligible ?+s are be+s4 ,b :y is n ea* ( ! s5se-?+s a be+8 ,! reason is1 t on high all ?+s =m only a s+le gr\p ( totality1 :ile "h bel[ !y are di/9ct "o f ano!r because !y are images t h be5 di/+ui%$4 ,likewise1 9 a sem9al 7reason71 all ?+s are toge!r1 & ea* ( !m is all ! o!rs2 ! h& is n di/9ct f ! head2 :ile1 on ! contr>y1 9 a body all ! organs are sep>ate1 because !y are images in/ead ( be+ g5u9e be+s4 ,,di/9ction ,,betwe5 ,,complem5ts ,,( ,,be+1 ,,& ,,qualities4 ,we may n[ say t1 9 ! intelligible _w1 qualities are ! *>act]i/ic diff]5ces 9 be+ or ess5ce4 ,^! diff]5ces effect di/9ction betwe5 ! be+s2 9 %ort1 !y cause !m to be be+s4 ,?is def9ition seems reasonable4 ,b x does n suit ! qualities bel[ 79 ! s5se-_w72 "s are diff]5ces ( be+1 z bip$1 or quadrup$ 7z ?\ght ,ari/otle72#ccj o!rs are n diff]5ces1 & on t v acc\nt are call$ qualities4 ,/ill1 ! same ?+ may appe> a diff]5ce :5 x is a complem5t ( ! be+1 & aga9 x may n seem a diff]5ce :5 x is n a complem5t ( ! be+1 b an accid5t3 z1 = in/ance1 :it5ess is a complem5t ( be+ 9 a swan1 or 9 :ite lead2 b 9 a human be+ l y1 x is only an accid5t 7z ?\ght ,ari/otle74#cca ,s long z ! :it5ess is 9 ! 7sem9al7 reason1 x is a complem5t ( be+1 & n a quality2 if x be on ! surface ( a be+1 x is a quality4 ,,di/9ction ,,betwe5 ,,ess5tial ,,& ,,modal ,,qualities4 ,two k9ds ( qualities mu/ be di/+ui%$2 ! ess5tial quality1 :i* is a peculi>ity ( its be+1 & ! m]e quality1 :i* affects ! be+'s classification4 ,! m]e quality introduces no *ange 9 ! ess5ce1 & causes none ( its *>act]i/ics to disappe>2 b1 :5 ! be+ exi/s already1 & is complete1 ?is quality gives x a c]ta9 ext]ior disposition2 &1 :e!r 9 ! case ( a s\l or body1 adds some?+ to x4 ,?us visible :it5ess1 :i* is ( ! v be+ ( :ite lead1 is n ( ! be+ ( ! swan1 because a swan may be ( "s color o!r ?an :ite4 ,:it5ess !n completes ! be+ ( :ite lead1 j z heat completes ! be+ ( fire4 ,if igne\sness is said to be ! be+ ( fire1 :it5ess is also ! be+ ( :ite lead4 ,nev]!less1 ! igne\sness ( ! visible fire is heat1 :i* con/itutes ! complem5t ( its be+2 & :it5ess plays ! same "p ) respect to :ite lead4 ,!re=e 7diff]+ accord+ to ! diff]5ce ( v>i\s be+s7 ! same ?+s w be complem5ts ( be+1 & w n be qualities1 or !y w n be complem5ts ( be+1 & w be qualities2 b x w\ld n be reasonable to ass]t t ^! qualities are diff]5t accord+ to :e!r or n !y are complem5ts ( be+1 s9ce _! nature is ! same4 ,,di/9ction ,,betwe5 ,,:atness ,,& ,,affections ,,( ,,be+4 ,we mu/ ackn[l$ge t ! reasons :i* produce ^! ?+s 7z heat1 & :it5ess7 are be+s1 if tak5 9 _! totality2 b on consid]+ _! production1 we see t :at con/itutes a :atness or quiddity 7! ,ari/otelian :at x 7 to be7 9 ! intelligible _w1 becomes a quality 9 ! s5se-_w4 ,consequ5tly1 we always err on ! subject ( ! quiddity1 :5 we try to det]m9e x1 mi/ak+ ! simple quality = x 7z ?\ght ,plato71#ccb =1 :5 we p]ceive a quality1 ! fire is n :at we call fire1 b a be+4 ,z to ! ?+s :i* arre/ our gaze1 we %\ld di/+ui% !m f ! quiddity1 & def9e !m by ! qualities ( s5se 7objects72 = !y d n con/itute ! be+1 b ! affections ( be+4 ,,actualiz$ ,,be+ ,,less ,,p]fect ,,?an ,,ess5ce4 ,we are ?us l$ to ask h[ a be+ c be compos$ ( non-be+s8 ,x has already be5 po9t$ out t ! ?+s subject to g5]ation c\ld n be id5tical ) ! pr9ciples f :i* !y proce$4 ,let u n[ add t !y c\ld n be be+s4 ,b /ill1 h[ c "o say t ! intelligible be+ is con/itut$ by a non-be+8 ,! reason is t 9 ! intelligible _w s9ce be+ =ms a pur] & m ref9$ ess5ce1 be+ really is someh[ con/itut$ by ! diff]5ces ( ess5ce2 or r1 we feel x ought to be call$ be+ f consid]+ x toge!r ) its en]gies 7or1 actualizations74 ,?is be+ seems to be a p]fect+ ( ess5ce2 b p]haps be+ is less p]fect :5 x is ?us consid]$ toge!r ) its actualizations2 =1 be+ less simple1 x ve]s away f ess5ce4 ,,su*ness ,,is ,,lat] ,,?an ,,be+ ,,& ,,quiddity4 #b4 ,let u n[ consid] :at quality 9 g5]al is2 = :5 we %all "k ?is1 our d\bts w cease4 ,fir/1 mu/ x be admitt$ t "o & ! same ?+ is n[ a quality1 & !n a complem5t ( be+8 ,c "o say t quality is ! complem5t ( be+1 or r ( su* a be+8 ,! su*ness ( be+ implies a previ\sly exi/+ be+ & quiddity4 ,,be+ ,,_c ,,prec$e ,,su* ,,be+4 ,tak+ ! illu/ration ( fire1 is x m]e be+ be=e x is su* be+8 ,9 ?is case1 x w\ld be a body4 ,consequ5tly1 ! body w be a be+2 fire w be a hot body4 ,body & heat comb9$ w n con/itute be+2 b heat w exi/ 9 ! body z 9 y exi/s ! prop]ty ( hav+ a /ub nose 7z said ,ari/otle74#ccc ,consequ5tly1 if we ab/ract heat1 %9e & lightness1 :i* seem to be qualities1 & also imp5etrability1 no?+ w rema9 b tridim5sional ext5sion1 & matt] w be be+4 ,b ?is hypo!sis does n seem likely2 x is r =m :i* w be be+4 ,,=m ,,is ,,n ,a ,,quality2 ,,b ,a ,,reason4 ,is =m a quality8 ,no3 =m is a reason4 ,n[ :at is con/itut$ by 7mat]ial7 sub/ance1 & reason8 7,9 ! w>m body7 x is nei!r :at burns1 nor :at is visible2 x is quality4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x be said t combu/ion is an act emanat+ f reason1 t be+ hot & :ite are actualities1 we c\ld n f9d any?+ to expla9 quality4 ,,qualities ,,are ,,acts ,,( ,,be+1 ,,proce$+ ,,f ,,reasons ,,& ,,ess5tial ,,pot5tialities4 ,:at we call a complem5t ( be+ %\ld n be t]m$ a quality1 because !y are actualizations ( be+1 actualizations :i* proce$ f ! reasons & ! ess5tial pot5tialities4 ,qualities are !re=e some?+ outside ( be+2 some?+ :i* does n at times seem to be1 & at o!r times does n seem n to be qualities2 some?+ :i* adds to be+ some?+ t is n necess>y2 = example1 virtues & vices1 ugl9ess & beauty1 heal?1 & individual resemblance4 ,?\gh triangle1 & tetragon1 ea* consid]$ by itself1 are n qualities2 yet be+ trans=m$ into triangul> appe>ance is a quality2 x is n !re=e triangul>ity1 b triangul> =mation1 :i* is a quality4 ,! same c\ld be said ( ! arts & pr(essions4 ,consequ5tly1 quality is a disposition1 ei!r adv5titi\s or orig9al1 9 already exi/+ be+s4 ,)\t x1 h[ev]1 be+ w\ld exi/ j z mu*4 ,x might be said t quality is ei!r mutable or immutable2 = x =ms two k9ds1 accord+ to :e!r x be p]man5t or *angeable4 ,,diff]5ce ,,betwe5 ,,intelligible ,,& ,,s5se-,,quality4 #c4 ,! :it5ess t ,i see 9 y is n a quality1 b an actualization ( ! pot5tiality ( :it5+4 ,9 ! intelligible _w all ! ?+s t we call qualities are actualizations4 ,!y are call$ qualities because !y are prop]ties1 because !y diff]5tiate ! be+s f ea* o!r1 because 9 respect to !mselves !y be> a p>ticul> "*4 ,b s9ce quality 9 ! s5se-_w is also an actualization1 9 :at does x diff] f ! intelligible quality8 ,! s5se-quality does n %[ ! ess5tial quality ( e be+1 nor ! diff]5ce or "* ( sub/ances1 b simply ! ?+ t we prop]ly call quality1 & :i* is an actualization 9 ! intelligible _w4 ,:5 ! prop]ty ( some?+ is to be a be+1 ?is ?+ is n a quality4 ,b :5 reason sep>ates be+s f _! prop]ties1 :5 x removes no?+ f !m1 :5 x limits itself to conceiv+ & begett+ diff]5t f ^! be+s1 x begets quality1 :i* x conceives ( z ! sup]ficial "p ( be+4 ,9 ?is case1 no?+ h9d]s ! heat ( ! fire1 s f> z x is natural to x1 f con/itut+ a =m1 an actualization1 & n a quality ( ! fire2 x is a quality :5 x exi/s 9 a sub/ance :]e x no long] con/itutes ! =m ( be+1 b only a trace1 an adumbration1 an image ( be+1 because x f9ds itself sep>at$ f ! be+ ^: actualization x is4 ,,qualities ,,are ,,accid5tal ,,%apes ,,( ,,be+4 ,qualities1 !re=e1 are ev]y?+ t1 in/ead ( be+ actualizations & =ms ( be+s1 are only its accid5ts1 & only reveal its %apes4 ,we w !re=e call qualities ! habituations & ! dispositions :i* are n ess5tial to sub/ances4 ,! ar*etypes 7or models7 ( qualities are ! actualizations ( ! be+s1 :i* are ! pr9ciples ( ^! qualities4 ,x is impossible = ! same ?+ at "o "t to be1 & at ano!r n to be a quality4 ,:at c be sep>at$ f be+ is quality2 :at rema9s unit$ to be+ is be+1 =m1 & actualization4 ,9 fact1 no?+ c be ! same 9 itself1 & 9 "s o!r condition :]e x has ceas$ to be =m & an actualization4 ,:at1 in/ead ( be+ ! =m ( a be+1 is always its accid5t1 is purely & exclusively a quality4 ,,fif? ,,ennead1 ,,book ,,sev54 ,d ,ideas ( ,individuals ,exi/8 ,,two ,,possible ,,hypo!ses ,,( ,,ideas ,,( ,,individuals4 #a4 ,d ideas ( individuals 7z well z ( classes ( individuals71 exi/8 ,?is means t if ,i1 9 company ) "s o!r man1 7 to trace ourselves back to ! intelligible _w1 we w\ld !re f9d sep>ate individual pr9ciples correspond+ to ea* ( u4 7,?is might imply ei!r ( two !ories47 ,ei!r1 if ! individual nam$ ,socrates be et]nal1 & if ! s\l ( ,socrates be ,socrates himself1 !n ! s\l ( ea* individual is conta9$ 9 ! intelligible _w4 ,or if1 on ! contr>y1 ! individual nam$ ,socrates be n et]nal1 if ! same s\l c belong successively to sev]al individuals1 su* z ,socrates or ,py?agoras1 !n 7z ,alc9o\s1 e4 g41 & o!r ,platoni/s insi/71 ea* individual does n h 8 idea 9 ! intelligible _w4 ,,! ,,fir/ 7,,non-,,platonic7 ,,hypo!sis ,,alone ,,"r4 ,if ! p>ticul> s\l ( ea* man conta9s 7sem9al7 reasons ( all ! ?+s %e does1 !n ea* individual corresponds to 8 idea 9 ! intelligible _w1 = we admit t ea* s\l conta9s z _m 7sem9al7 reasons z ! entire _w4 ,9 ?is case1 ! s\l w\ld conta9 n only ! 7sem9al7 reasons ( m5 b also ^? ( all animals1 ! numb] ( ^! reasons w be inf9ite1 unless 7z ! ,/oics tea*7 ! _w does n re-comm5ce ! id5tical s]ies ( exi/5ces 9 fix$ p]iods2 = ! only means ( limit+ ! inf9ity ( reasons1 is t ! same ?+s %\ld reproduce !mselves4 ,,diff]5ce ,,( ,,?+s ,,dep5d ,,on ,,_! ,,sem9al ,,reasons4 ,b1 if produc$ ?+s may be m num]\s ?an _! specim5s1 :at w\ld be ! necessity = ! reasons & specim5s ( all individuals begott5 dur+ "s "o p]iod8 ,x w\ld seem t ! 7idea (7 ! man himself to expla9 ! exi/5ce ( all m51 & t ! s\ls ( a f9ite numb] ( !m c\ld successively animate m5 ( an inf9ite numb]4 7,to ?is cont5tion we demur3 =7 x is impossible = diff]5t ?+s to h an id5tical 7sem9al7 reason4 ,! 7idea (7 ! man himself w\ld n1 z model1 suffice 7to acc\nt7 = m5 :o diff] f ea* o!r n only by matt]1 b also by specific diff]5ces4 ,!y _c be comp>$ to ! images ( ,socrates :i* reproduce _! model4 ,only ! diff]5ce ( ! 7sem9al7 reasons c\ld give rise to individual diff]5ces4 7,z ,plato said71#ccd ! entire p]iod conta9s all ! 7sem9al7 reasons4 ,:5 x recomm5ces1 ! same ?+s re>ise ?r\gh ! same reasons4 ,we ne$ n fe> t1 z a consequ5ce1 !re w\ld be an inf9ite 7numb] or v>iety7 ( !m 9 ! intelligible _w2 = ! multitude 7( ! sem9al reasons7 con/itutes an indivisible pr9ciple f :i* ea* issues =? :5ev] active4 ,,sex ,,alone ,,w\ld ,,n ,,acc\nt ,,= ,,?is ,,div]sity4 #b4 7,fir/ objection73 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! 7sem9al7 reasons ( ! male & female unite1 9 ! act ( g5]ation1 suffices to acc\nt = ! div]sity ( individuals1 )\t imply+ t ea* ( !m possesses its own 7sem9al7 reason4 ,! g5]at+ pr9ciple1 ! male1 = example1 w n propagate accord+ to diff]5t 7sem9al7 reasons1 s9ce x possesses all ( !m1 b only accord+ to its own1 or ^? ( its fa!r4 ,s9ce x possesses all ( ! 7sem9al7 reasons1 no?+ w\ld h9d] x f begett+ accord+ to diff]5t reasons1 only1 !re are always "s :i* are m dispos$ to act ?an are o!rs4 ,,explanation ,,( ,,! ,,div]sity ,,f ,,same ,,p>5ts 7,second objection73 ,please expla9 h[ diff]+ individuals are born f ! same p>5ts4 ,?is div]sity1 if x be any?+ m ?an m]ely app>5t1 dep5ds on ! mann] 9 :i* ! two g5]at+ pr9ciples concur 9 ! act ( g5]ation2 at "o "t ! male pr$om9ates1 at o!r times1 ! female2 aga91 !y may bo? act equally4 ,9 ei!r case1 ! 7sem9al7 reason is giv5 9 its entirety1 & dom9ates ! matt] furni%$ by ei!r ( ! g5]at+ pr9ciples4 ,,v>iety ,,may ,,dep5d ,,on ,,! ,,lat5cy ,,( ,,"p ,,( ,,sem9al ,,reasons4 7,?ird objection73 ,:at !n is ! cause ( ! diff]5ce ( ! individuals conceiv$ 9 "s o!r place 7?an ! womb1 z 9 ! m\?71 7z ,ari/otle#cce & ,sextus ,empiricus#ccf ask$78 ,w\ld x arise f matt] be+ p5etrat$ by ! 7sem9al7 reason 9 diff]+ degrees8 ,9 ?is case1 all ! individuals1 except "o1 w\ld be be+s aga9/ nature 7:i*1 ( c\rse1 is absurd74 ,! v>ieties ( ! individuals are a pr9ciple ( beauty2 consequ5tly1 =m _c be "o ( !m2 ugl9ess alone %\ld be attribut$ to ! pr$om9ance ( matt]4 ,9 ! intelligible _w1 ! 7sem9al7 reasons are p]fect1 & !y are n giv5 any less entirely = be+ hidd54 ,,leibnitz',s ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,! ,,indisc]nibles4 7,f\r? objection73 ,grant+ t ! 7sem9al7 reasons ( ! individuals are diff]5t1 :y %\ld !re be z _m z !re are individuals :i* a*ieve exi/5ce 9 any "o p]iod8 ,x is possible t id5tical reasons might produce individuals diff]+ 9 ext]nal appe>ance2 & we h ev5 grant$ t ?is may occur :5 ! 7sem9al7 reasons are giv5 entirely4 ,x is ask$1 is ?is possible :5 ! same reasons are develop$8 ,we tea* t absolutely simil> ?+s might be reproduc$ 9 diff]5t p]iods2 b1 )9 ! same p]iod1 !re is no?+ absolutely id5tical4 ,,!re ,,are ,,diff]5t ,,ideas ,,= ,,tw9s1 ,,bre?r51 ,,or ,,works ,,( ,,art4 #c4 7,fif? objection73 ,b h[ c\ld 7sem9al7 reasons be diff]5t 9 ! conception ( tw9s1 & 9 ! act ( g5]ation 9 ! case ( animals :o procreate multiple (fspr+8 ,"h x w\ld seem t :5 ! individuals are simil>1 !re c\ld be b "o s+le reason4 ,no s2 = 9 t case !re w\ld n be s _m reasons z !re are individuals2 &1 on ! contr>y1 x w h to be grant$ t !re are z _m z !re are individuals t diff] by specific diff]5ces1 & n by a m]e lack ( =m4 ,no?+ !re=e h9d]s u f admitt+ t !re are diff]5t reasons1 ev5 = animal (fspr+ :i* %[ no diff]5ce1 if !re 7 su*4 ,an arti/ :o produces simil> works _c produce ?is resemblance )\t introduc+ 9 x "s diff]5ce :i* dep5ds on reason+2 s t e "w he produces diff]s f ! o!rs1 because he adds "s diff]5ce to ! simil>ity4 ,9 nature1 :]e ! diff]5ce does n d]ive f reason+1 b only f diff]+ 7sem9al7 reasons ! 7individual7 diff]5ce w h to be add$ to ! specific =m1 ev5 ?\gh we may n be able to disc]n x4 ,! 7sem9al7 reason w\ld be diff]5t if g5]ation admitt$ *ance z to quantity 7! numb] ( (fspr+ begott574 ,b if ! numb] ( ?+s to be born is det]m9ate1 ! quantity w be limit$ by ! evolution & developm5t ( all ! reasons1 s t1 :5 ! s]ies ( all ?+s w be f9i%$1 ano!r p]iod may recomm5ce4 ,! quantity suitable to ! _w1 & ! numb] ( be+s :o are to exi/ !re91 are ?+s regulat$ & conta9$ 9 ! pr9ciple :i* conta9s all ! reasons 7t is1 ! univ]sal ,s\l71 f ! v beg9n+4 ,,fir/ ,,ennead1 ,,book ,,two4 ,conc]n+ ,virtue4 ,,virtue ,,! ,,road ,,to ,,escape ,,evils4 #a4 ,man mu/ flee f 7?is _w7 "h bel[ 7= two reasons73 because x is ! nature ( ! s\l to flee f evil1 & because inevitable evil prevails & dom9ates ?is _w "h bel[4 ,:at is ?is flight 7& h[ c we accompli% x78 7,plato71#ccg tells u x consi/s 9 be+ assimilat$ to div9ity4 ,?is !n c be accompli%$ by judici\sly con=m+ to ju/ice1 & hol9ess2 9 %ort1 by virtue4 ,,c ,,^! ,,virtues ,,be ,,ascrib$ ,,to ,,! ,,div9ity8 ,if !n x be by virtue t we are assimilat$ 7to div9ity71 does ?is div9ity to :om we are try+ to a*ieve assimilation1 ,himself possess virtue8 ,besides1 :at div9ity is ?is8 ,surely x mu/ be ,he :o mu/ mo/ seem to possess virtue1 ! _w-,s\l1 toge!r ) ! pr9ciple pr$om9at+ 9 h]1 ^: wisdom is mo/ admirable 7supreme ,intellig5ce7--= x is q reasonable t we %\ld be assimilat$ to ,him4 ,nev]!less1 "o might1 unreflect+ly1 "q :e!r all virtues might suit ?is div9ity2 :e!r1 = in/ance1 mod]ation 9 8 desires1 or c\rage c\ld be pr$icat$ ( ,him2 =1 z to c\rage1 no?+ c really h>m ,him1 & ,he !re=e has no?+ to fe>2 & z to mod]ation1 no pleasant object ^: pres5ce w\ld excite ,8 desires1 or ^: abs5ce w\ld 9 ,him awak5 regrets1 c\ld possibly exi/4 ,b inasmu* z ! div9ity1 j z we ourselves1 aspires to intelligible ?+s1 ,he is evid5tly ! s\rce ( our graci\s sanity & virtues4 ,s we are =c$ to ask ourselves1 ,does ! div9ity possess ^! virtues8 ,,homely ,,virtues ,,assimilate ,,u ,,to ,,div9ity ,,only ,,p>tially4 ,x w\ld n be prop] to attribute to ,him ! homely 7or1 civil7 virtues1 su* z prud5ce1 :i* relates to ! rational "p ( our nature2 c\rage1 :i* relates to our irascible "p2 temp]ance1 :i* consi/s ( ! h>moni\s consonance ( our desires & our reason2 la/1 ( ju/ice1 :i* consi/s 9 ! accompli%m5t by all ^! faculties ( ! function prop] to ea* ( !m1 :e!r to comm&1 or to obey1 7z said ,plato#cch74 ,b if we _c become assimilat$ to ! div9ity by ^! homely virtues1 t process mu/ dem& simil>ly nam$ virtues ( a sup]ior ord]4 ,h[ev]1 ^! homely virtues w\ld n be entirely useless to a*ieve t result1 = "o _c say t :ile practis+ !m "o does n at all resemble ! div9ity z !y :o practise !m are reput$ to be godlike4 ,^! l[] virtues d !re=e yield "s resemblance to ! div9ity1 b complete assimilation c result only f virtues ( a high] ord]4 ,,! ,,div9e ,,ne$ ,,n ,,possess ,,! ,,l[] ,,virtues ,,by ,,:i* ,,we ,,are ,,assimilat$ ,,to ,,him4 ,virtues1 ev5 if !y be n homely1 are !re=e ultimately ascrib$ 7to ! div9ity74 ,grant+ t ! div9ity does n possess ! homely virtues1 we may /ill become assimilat$ to ,him by o!r virtues = ) virtues ( ano!r ord] ! case might diff]4 ,!re=e1 )\t assimilat+ ourselves to ! div9ity by homely virtues we might nev]!less by means ( virtues :i* /ill are ours1 become assimilat$ to ! ,be+ :i* does n possess virtue4 ,?is may be expla9$ by an illu/ration4 ,:5 a body is w>m$ by ! pres5ce ( fire1 ! fire itself ne$ n be heat$ by ! pres5ce ( ano!r fire4 ,x might be argu$ t !re 0 heat 9 ! fire1 b a heat t is innate4 ,reason+ by analogy1 ! virtue1 :i* 9 ! s\l is only adv5titi\s1 is innate 9 ,him f :om ! s\l d]ives x by imitation2 79 o!r words1 ! cause ne$ n necess>ily possess ! same qualities z ! effect74 ,our argum5t f heat might h[ev] be que/ion$1 inasmu* z ! div9ity really does possess virtue1 ?\gh x be ( a high] nature4 ,?is obs]vation w\ld be correct1 if ! virtue 9 :i* ! s\l p>ticipates 7 id5tical ) ! pr9ciple f :i* %e d]ives x4 ,b !re is a complete opposition2 = :5 we see a h\se1 ! s5se-h\se is n id5tical ) ! intelligible ,h\se1 ?\gh possess+ resemblance !reto4 ,inde$1 ! s5se-h\se p>ticipates 9 ord] & proportion1 ?\gh nei!r ord]1 proportion1 nor symmetry c\ld be attribut$ to ! idea ( ! ,h\se4 ,likewise1 we d]iv$ f ! div9ity ord]1 proportion & h>mony1 :i*1 "h bel[1 are conditions ( virtue1 )\t !reby imply+ t ! div9ity ,himself ne$ possess ord]1 proportion1 or h>mony4 ,simil>ly1 x is n necess>y t ,he possess virtue1 al?\gh we become assimilat$ to ,him !reby4 ,su* is our demon/ration t human assimilation to ! div9e ,intellig5ce by virtue does n 7necess>ily imply7 79 ! div9e ,intellig5ce itself7 possession ( virtue4 ,m]e logical demon/ration !re( is n1 h[ev]1 suffici5t2 we mu/ also conv9ce4 ,,!re ,,are ,,two ,,k9ds ,,( ,,resemblance4 #b4 ,let u fir/ exam9e ! virtues by :i* we are assimilat$ to ! div9ity1 & let u /udy ! id5tity betwe5 our s\l-image :i* con/itutes virtue1 & supreme ,intellig5ce's pr9ciple :i*1 )\t be+ virtue1 is its ar*etype4 ,!re are two k9ds ( resemblance3 ! fir/ entails su* id5tity ( nature z exi/s :5 bo? simil> ?+s proce$ f a same pr9ciple2 ! second is t ( "o ?+ to ano!r :i* prec$es x1 z its pr9ciple4 ,9 ! latt] case1 !re is no reciprocity1 & ! pr9ciple does n resemble t :i* is inf]ior to x2 or r1 ! resemblance mu/ be conceiv$ entirely diff]5tly4 ,x does n necessitate t ! simil> objects be ( ! same k9d2 x r implies t !y are ( diff]5t k9ds1 inasmu* z !y resemble ea* o!r diff]5tly4 ,,h[ ,,homely ,,virtues ,,may ,,assimilate ,,man ,,to ,,! ,,supreme4 7,x is difficult to def9e7 :at is virtue1 9 g5]al or 9 p>ticul>4 ,to cle> up ! matt]1 let u consid] "o p>ticul> k9d ( virtue3 !n x w be easy to det]m9e ! common ess5ce und]ly+ !m all4 ,! above-m5tion$ homely virtues really r5d] our s\ls graci\s1 & improve !m1 regulat+ & mod]at+ our appetites1 temp]+ our passions1 deliv]+ u f false op9ions1 limit+ u )9 j b\nds1 & !y !mselves mu/ be det]m9$ by "s k9d ( measure4 ,?is measure giv5 to our s\ls resembles ! =m giv5 to matt]1 & ! proportion ( intelligible ?+s2 x is z x 7 a trace ( :at is mo/ p]fect above4 ,:at is unmeasur$1 be+ no m ?an =mless matt]1 _c 9 any way resemble div9ity4 ,! great] ! p>ticipation 9 =m1 ! great] ! assimilation to ! =mless2 & ! clos] we get to =m1 ! great] ! p>ticipation !re94 ,?us our s\l1 ^: nature is ne>] to div9ity & m k9dr$ to x ?an ! body is1 !reby p>ticipates ! m 9 ! div9e1 & increases t resemblance en\gh to make x seem t ! div9ity is all t %e h]self is4 ,?us arises ! deception1 :i* repres5ts h] z ! div9e div9ity1 z if h] quality con/itut$ t ( ! div9ity4 ,?us are m5 ( homely virtues assimilat$ to ! div9ity4 ,,plato ,,di/+ui%es ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,homely ,,& ,,! ,,high] ,,virtues4 #c4 ,we w n[1 foll[+ 7,plato71#cci speak ( ano!r k9d ( assimilation z ! privilege ( a high] virtue4 ,we w ?us bett] und]/& ! nature ( homely virtues1 & ! high] virtues1 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m4 ,plato is evid5tly di/+ui%+ two k9ds ( virtues :5 he says t assimilation to ! div9ity consi/s 9 flee+ f 7! _w7 "h bel[2 :5 he adds ! qualification homely to ! virtues relat+ to social life2 & :5 9 ano!r place he ass]ts#cdj t all virtues are processes ( purification2 & x is n to ! homely virtues t he attributes ! p[] ( assimilat+ u to ! div9ity4 ,,h[ ,,virtues ,,purify4 ,h[ !n d ! virtues purify8 ,h[ does ?is process ( purification br+ u z ne> z possible to ! div9ity8 ,s long z ! s\l is m+l$ ) ! body1 %>+ its passions & op9ions1 %e is evil4 ,%e becomes bett]1 t is1 %e acquires virtues1 only :51 in/ead ( agree+ ) ! body1 %e ?9ks by h]self 7?is is true ?\ght1 & con/itutes prud5ce72 :5 %e ceases to %>e its passions 79 o!r words1 temp]ance72 :5 %e no long] fe>s sep>ation f ! body 7a /ate call$ c\rage72 & la/1 :5 reason & intellig5ce c en=ce _! comm& 7or ju/ice74 ,,self-,,control ,,is ,,assimilation ,,to ,,! ,,div9ity4 ,we may !re=e unhesitat+ly /ate t ! resemblance to ! div9ity lies 9 su* regulation1 9 rema9+ impassible :ile ?9k+ intelligible ?+s2 = :at is pure is div9e & ! nature ( ! div9e action is su* t :atev] imitates x !reby possesses wisdom4 ,b x is n ! div9ity t possesses su* a disposition1 = dispositions are ! prop]ty ( s\ls only4 ,besides1 ! s\l does n ?9k intelligible objects 9 ! same mann] z ! div9ity2 :at is conta9$ 9 ! div9ity is conta9$ )9 u 9 a mann] entirely diff]5t1 or ev5 p]haps is n at all conta9$4 ,= in/ance1 ! div9ity's ?\ght is n at all id5tical ) ours2 ! div9ity's ?\ght is a prim>y pr9ciple f :i* our ?\ght is d]iv$ & diff]s4 ,z ! vocal ^w is only ! image ( ! int]ior reason#cda ( ! s\l1 s also is ! ^w ( ! s\l only ! image ( ! ,^w ( a sup]ior pr9ciple2 & z ! ext]ior ^w1 :5 comp>$ to ! int]ior reason ( ! s\l1 seems discrete1 or divid$1 s ! reason ( ! s\l1 :i* is no m ?an ! int]pret] ( ! intelligible ^w1 is discrete1 9 comp>ison ) ! latt]4 ,?us does virtue belong to ! s\l )\t belong+ ei!r to absolute ,intellig5ce1 nor to ! ,pr9ciple sup]ior to ,intellig5ce4 ,,purification ,,produces ,,conv]sion2 ,,& ,,virtue ,,makes ,,use ,,( ,,?is4 #d4 ,purification may be ei!r id5tical ) ! above-def9$ virtue1 or virtue may be ! result ( purification4 ,9 ?is case1 does virtue consi/ ( ! actual process ( purification1 or 9 ! already purifi$ condition8 ,?is is our problem "h4 ,! process ( purification is inf]ior to ! already purifi$ condition2 = purity is ! s\l's de/9$ goal4 7,negative7 purity is m]e sep>ation f extrane\s ?+s2 x is n yet 7positive7 possession ( its prize4 ,if ! s\l _h possess$ goodness be=e los+ h] purity1 m]e purification w\ld be suffici5t2 & ev5 9 ?is case ! residuum ( ! purification w\ld be ! goodness1 & n ! purification4 ,:at is ! residuum8 ,n goodness2 o!rwise1 ! s\l w\ld n h fall5 into evil4 ,! s\l !re=e possesses ! =m ( goodness1 )\t h[ev] be+ able to rema9 solidly atta*$ !reto1 because h] nature p]mits h] to turn ei!r to ! good1 or ! evil4 ,! good ( ! s\l is to rema9 unit$ to h] si/] intellig5ce2 h] evil1 is to ab&on h]self to ! contr>y ?+s4 ,aft] purify+ ! s\l1 !re=e1 %e mu/ be unit$ to ! div9ity2 b ?is implies turn+ h] t[>ds ,him4 ,n[ ?is conv]sion does n beg9 to occur aft] ! purification1 b is its v result4 ,! virtue ( ! s\l1 !re=e1 does n consi/ 9 h] conv]sion1 b 9 t :i* %e !reby obta9s4 ,?is is ! intuition ( h] intelligible object2 its image produc$ & realiz$ )9 h]self2 an image simil> to t 9 ! eye1 an image :i* repres5ts ! ?+s se54 ,x is n necess>y to conclude t ! s\l did n possess ?is image1 nor _h any rem9isc5ce !re(2 %e no d\bt possess$ x1 b inactively1 lat5tly1 obscurely4 ,to cl>ify x1 to discov] h] possessions1 ! s\l ne$s to approa* ! s\rce ( all cle>ness4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ! s\l possesses only ! images ( ! intelligibles1 )\t possess+ ! intelligibles !mselves1 %e w be compell$ to comp>e ) !m h] own image ( !m4 ,easily does ! s\l contemplate ! intelligibles1 because ! intellig5ce is n =eign to h]2 :5 ! s\l wi%es to ent] 9 relations ) !m1 all ! s\l ne$s to d is to turn h] glance t[>ds !m4 ,o!rwise1 ! intellig5ce1 ?\gh pres5t 9 ! s\l1 w rema9 =eign to h]4 ,?is expla9s h[ all our acquisitions ( k are =eign to u 7z if non-exi/5t71 :ile we fail to recall !m4 ,,! ,,limit ,,( ,,purification ,,is ,,t ,,( ,,! ,,s\l',s ,,self-,,control4 #e4 ,! limit ( purification decides to :i* 7( ! ?ree hypo/ases (7 div9ity ! s\l may hope to assimilate & id5tify h]self2 !re=e we %all h to consid] t limit4 ,to decide t w\ld be to exam9e ! limit ( ! s\l's ability to repress ang]1 appetites1 & passions ( all k9ds1 to triumph ov] pa9 & simil> feel+s--9 %ort1 to sep>ate h] f ! body4 ,?is occurs :51 recollect+ h]self f ! v>i\s localities ov] :i* %e _h1 z x 71 spread h]self1 %e retires )9 h]self2 :5 %e e/ranges h]self entirely f ! passions1 :5 %e all[s ! body only su* pleasures z are necess>y or suitable to cure h] pa9s1 to recup]ate f its fatigues1 & 9 avoid+ its becom+ importunate2 :5 %e becomes ins5sible to suff]+s2 or1 if t be beyond h] p[]1 9 support+ !m pati5tly1 & 9 dim9i%+ !m by refus+ to %>e !m2 :5 %e appeases ang] z f> z possible1 ev5 suppress+ x entirely1 if possible2 or at lea/1 if t be impossible1 n p>ticipat+ !re92 ab&on+ to ! animal nature all un?9k+ impulses1 & ev5 s r$uc+ to a m9imum all reflex movem5ts2 :5 %e is absolutely inaccessible to fe>1 hav+ no?+ left to risk2 & :5 %e represses all sudd5 movem5ts1 except nature's w>n+ ( dang]s4 ,evid5tly1 ! purifi$ s\l w h to desire no?+ %ameful4 ,9 eat+ & dr9k+1 %e w seek only ! satisfaction ( a ne$1 :ile rema9+ =eign to x2 nor w %e seek ! pleasures ( love2 or1 if %e does1 %e w n g beyond ! exactions ( nature1 resi/+ e unconsid]$ t5d5cy1 or ev5 9 rema9+ )9 ! involunt>y flights ( fancy4 ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,reason ,,is ,,sugge/ive4 ,9 %ort1 ! s\l w be pure f all ^! passions1 & w ev5 desire to purify our be+'s irrational "p s z to pres]ve x f emotions1 or at lea/ to mod]ate _! numb] & int5sity1 & to appease !m promptly by h] pres5ce4 ,s w\ld a man1 9 ! neighborhood ( "s sage1 pr(it !reby1 ei!r by gr[+ simil> to him1 or 9 refra9+ f do+ any?+ ( :i* ! sage might disapprove4 ,?is 7sugge/ive7 influ5ce ( reason w ex]t itself )\t any /ruggle2 its m]e pres5ce w suffice4 ,! inf]ior pr9ciple w respect x to ! po9t ( gr[+ res5tful aga9/ itself1 & reproa*+ itself = its weakness1 if x feel any agitation :i* might di/urb its ma/]'s repose4 ,,! ,,goal ,,( ,,purification ,,is ,,second ,,div9ity1 ,,intellig5ce4 #f4 ,a man :o has a*iev$ su* a /ate no long] commits su* faults2 = he has become correct$4 ,b 8 desir$ goal is n to cease fail+1 b to be div9e4 ,9 case he /ill all[s )9 himself ! occurr5ce ( "s ( ! above-m5tion$ unreflect+ impulses1 he w be simultane\sly div9ity & gu>dian1 a d\ble be+2 or r1 he w conta9 a pr9ciple ( ano!r nature 7,intellig5ce71 ^: virtue w likewise diff] f 84 ,if1 h[ev]1 he be n tr\bl$ by any ( ^? motions1 he w be :olly div9e2 he w be "o ( ^? div9ities :o 7z ,plato said7#cdb =m ! att5d+ escort ( ! ,fir/4 ,x is a div9ity ( su* a nature t has come d[n f above to dwell 9 u4 ,to become aga9 :at "o 0 orig9ally1 is to live 9 ?is sup]ior _w4 ,he :o has a*iev$ t height dwells ) pure ,intellig5ce1 & assimilates himself !reto z f> z possible4 ,consequ5tly1 he feels none ( ^? emotions1 nor does he any m commit any actions1 :i* w\ld be disapprov$ ( by ! sup]ior pr9ciple :o h5ce=? is 8 only ma/]4 ,,! ,,high] ,,virtues ,,m]ge ,,into ,,wisdom4 ,= su* a be+ ! sep>ate virtues m]ge4 ,= him1 wisdom consi/s 9 contemplat+ ! 7ess5ces7 possess$ by ,intellig5ce1 & ) :i* ,intellig5ce is 9 contact4 ,!re are two k9ds ( wisdom1 "o be+ prop] to intellig5ce1 ! o!r to ! s\l2 only 9 ! latt] may we speak ( virtue4 ,9 ! ,intellig5ce exi/s only ! en]gy 7( ?\ght71 & its ess5ce4 ,! image ( ?is ess5ce1 se5 "h bel[ 9 a be+ ( ano!r nature1 is ! virtue :i* emanates f x4 ,9 ,intellig5ce1 inde$1 resides nei!r absolute ju/ice1 nor any ( ^? g5u9ely s-call$ virtues2 no?+ is left b _! type4 ,its d]ivative 9 ! s\l is virtue2 = virtue is ! attribute ( an individual be+4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! intelligible belongs to itself only1 & is ! attribute ( no p>ticul> be+4 ,,inc>nate ,,ju/ice ,,is ,,individual2 ,,if ,,absolute1 ,,x ,,is ,,indivisible4 ,mu/ ju/ice ev] imply multiplicity if x consi/ 9 fulfill+ its prop] function8 ,surely1 z long z x inh]es 9 a pr9ciple ) sev]al p>ts 7su* z a human s\l1 9 :i* sev]al functions may be di/+ui%$72 b its ess5ce lies 9 ! accompli%m5t ( ! function prop] to e be+1 ev5 :5 inh]+ 9 a unit>y pr9ciple 7su* z ,intellig5ce74 ,absolute & v]itable ,ju/ice consi/s 9 ! self-direct$ action ( an unit>y ,pr9ciple1 9 :i* no p>ts c be di/+ui%$4 ,,! ,,high] ,,=ms ,,( ,,! ,,virtues4 ,9 ?is high] realm1 ju/ice consi/s 9 direct+ ! action ( ! s\l t[>ds intellig5ce2 temp]ance is ! intimate conv]sion ( ! s\l t[>ds intellig5ce2 c\rage is ! 7sugge/ive fasc9ation7 or impassibility1 by :i* ! s\l becomes simil> to t :i* x contemplates2 s9ce x is natural = intellig5ce to be impassible4 ,n[ ! s\l d]ives ?is impassibility f ! virtue :i* h9d]s h] f %>+ ! passions ( ! l[] pr9ciple ) :i* %e is associat$4 ,,ev5 ,,! ,,l[] ,,virtues ,,are ,,mutually ,,relat$4 #g4 ,)9 ! s\l ! virtues h ! same int]connection obta9+ )9 ,intellig5ce betwe5 ! types sup]ior to virtue4 ,= ,intellig5ce1 x is ?\ght t con/itutes wisdom & prud5ce2 conv]sion t[>ds oneself is temp]ance2 ! fulfillm5t ( "o's prop] function is ju/ice1 & ! intellig5ce's p]sev]ance 9 rema9+ )9 itself1 9 ma9ta9+ itself pure & sep>at$ f matt]1 is analog\s to c\rage4 ,to contemplate intellig5ce w !re=e1 = ! s\l1 con/itute wisdom & prud5ce1 :i* !n become virtues1 & no long] rema9 m]e intellectual types4 ,= ! s\l is n id5tical ) ! ess5ces %e ?9ks1 z is intellig5ce4 ,simil>ly1 ! o!r s\l-virtues w correspond to ! sup]ior types4 ,x is n o!rwise ) purification1 = s9ce e virtue is a purification1 virtue exacts prelim9>y purification2 o!rwise1 x w\ld n be p]fect4 ,,! ,,high] ,,virtues ,,imply ,,! ,,l[]2 ,,b ,,n ,,conv]sely4 ,! possessor ( ! high] virtues necess>ily possesses ! pot5tiality = ! inf]ior virtues2 b ! possessor ( ! l[] does n1 conv]sely1 possess ! high]4 ,su* are ! *>act]i/ics ( ! virtu\s man4 ,,prud5ce ,,to ,,decide ,,:e!r ,,x ,,is ,,possible ,,to ,,possess ,,virtues ,,unsymmetrically8 7,_m int]e/+ que/ions rema974 ,is x possible = a man to possess ! high] or l[] virtues 9 accompli%$ reality1 or o!rwise 7m]ely !oretically78 ,to decide t1 we w\ld h individually to exam9e ea*1 z1 = example1 prud5ce4 ,h[ c\ld su* a virtue exi/ m]ely pot5tially1 borr[+ its pr9ciples f else:]e8 ,:at w\ld happ5 if "o virtue advanc$ naturally to a c]ta9 degree1 & ano!r virtue to ano!r8 ,:at w\ld y ?9k ( a temp]ance :i* w\ld mod]ate c]ta9 7impulses71 :ile entirely suppress+ o!rs8 ,simil> que/ions might be rais$ ab\t o!r virtues1 & ! arbit] ( ! degree to :i* ! virtues h atta9$ w\ld h to be prud5ce4 ,,! ,,homely ,,virtues ,,mu/ ,,be ,,supplem5t$ ,,by ,,div9e ,,discont5t4 ,no d\bt1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 ! virtu\s man1 9 8 actions1 w make use ( "s ( ! l[]1 or homely virtues2 b ev5 s he w supplem5t !m by /&>ds or ideas d]iv$ f high] virtues4 ,= in/ance1 he w n be satisfi$ ) a temp]ance :i* w\ld consi/ 9 m]e mod]ation1 b he w gradually seek to sep>ate himself m & m f matt]4 ,aga91 he w supplem5t ! life ( a respectable man1 exact$ by common-s5se homely virtues2 he w be cont9ually aspir+ high]1 to ! life ( ! div9ities2 = our ef=t at assimilation %\ld be direct$ n at m]e respectability1 b to ! gods !mselves4 ,to seek no m ?an to become assimilat$ to respectable individuals w\ld be l try+ to make an image by limit+ oneself to copy+ ano!r image1 itself modell$ aft] ano!r image 7b n copy+ ! orig9al74 ,! assimilation "h recomm5d$ results f tak+ z model a sup]ior be+4 ,,fir/ ,,ennead1 ,,book ,,?ree4 ,( ,dialectic1 or ! ,means ( ,rais+ ! ,s\l to ! ,intelligible ,_w4 ,,se>* ,,= ,a ,,demon/ration ,,( ,,div9ity ,,su* ,,t ,,! ,,demon/ration ,,itself ,,w ,,deify4 #a4 ,:at me?od1 art or /udy w lead u to ! goal we are to atta91 namely1 ! ,good1 ! fir/ ,pr9ciple1 ! ,div9ity1#cdc by a demon/ration :i* itself c s]ve to raise ! s\l to ! sup]ior _w8 ,,me?ods ,,diff] ,,accord+ ,,to ,,individuals2 ,,b ,,!re ,,are ,,*iefly ,,two4 ,he :o is to be promot$ to t _w %\ld "k ev]y?+1 or at lea/1 z says 7,plato71#cdd he %\ld be z le>n$ z possible4 ,9 8 fir/ g5]ation he %\ld h desc5d$ "h bel[ to =m a philosoph]1 a musician1 a lov]4 ,t is ! k9d ( m5 ^: nature makes !m mo/ suitable to be rais$ to ! intelligible _w4 ,b h[ are we go+ to raise !m8 ,does a s+le me?od suffice = all8 ,does n ea* ( !m ne$ a special me?od8 ,d\btless4 ,!re are two me?ods to foll[3 ! "o = ^? :o rise to ! intelligible _w f "h bel[1 & ! o!r = ^? :o h already rea*$ !re4 ,we %all />t by ! fir/ ( ^! two me?ods2 !n comes t ( ! m5 :o h already a*iev$ access to ! intelligible _w1 & :o h1 s to speak1 already tak5 root !re4 ,ev5 ^! mu/ ceaselessly progress till !y h rea*$ ! summit2 = "o mu/ /op only :5 "o has rea*$ ! supreme t]m4 ,,return ,,( ,,! ,,s\l ,,( ,,! ,,philosoph]1 ,,musician ,,& ,,lov]4 ,! latt] road ( progress mu/ "h be left aside 7to be tak5 up lat]71#cde to discuss "h fully ! fir/1 expla9+ ! op]ation ( ! return ( ! s\l to ! intelligible _w4 ,?ree k9ds ( m5 (f] !mselves to our exam9ation3 ! philosoph]1 ! musician1 & ! lov]4 ,^! ?ree mu/ cle>ly be di/+ui%$1 beg9n+ by det]m9+ ! nature & "* ( ! musician4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,musician ,,rises ,,to ,,! ,,intelligible ,,_w4 ,! musician all[s himself to be easily mov$ by beauty1 & admires x greatly2 b he is n able by himself to a*ieve ! intuition ( ! beautiful4 ,he ne$s ! /imulation ( ext]nal impressions4 ,j z "s timor\s be+ is awak5$ by ! lea/ noise1 ! musician is s5sitive to ! beauty ( ! voice & ( h>monies4 ,he avoids all t seems contr>y to ! laws ( h>mony & ( unity1 & enjoys rhy?m & melodies 9 in/rum5tal & vocal music4 ,aft] ^! purely s5sual intonations1 rhy?m & tunes1 he w surely 9 !m come to di/+ui% =m f matt]1 & to contemplate ! beauty exi/+ 9 _! proportions & relations4 ,he w h to be taught t :at excites 8 admiration 9 ^! ?+s1 is _! intelligible h>mony1 ! beauty x conta9s1 &1 9 %ort1 beauty absolute1 & n p>ticul>4 ,he w h to be introduc$ to philosophy by argum5ts t w lead him to recognize tru?s t he ignor$1 ?\gh he possess$ !m in/9ctively4 ,su* argum5ts w be specifi$ else:]e4#cdf ,,h[ ,,! ,,lov] ,,rises ,,to ,,! ,,intelligible4 #b4 ,! musician c rise to ! rank ( ! lov]1 & ei!r rema9 !re1 or rise /ill high]4 ,b ! lov] has "s rem9isc5ce ( ! beautiful2 b z "h bel[ he is sep>at$ 7f x1 he is incapable ( cle>ly kn[+ :at x is74 ,*>m$ ) ! beautiful objects t meet 8 views1 he falls into an ec/asy4 ,he mu/ !re=e be taught n to cont5t himself ) ?us admir+ a s+le body1 b1 by reason1 to embrace all bodies t reveal beauty2 %[+ him :at is id5tical 9 all1 in=m+ him t x is some?+ ali5 to ! bodies1 :i* comes f else:]e1 & :i* exi/s ev5 9 a high] degree 9 ! objects ( ano!r nature2 cit+1 z examples1 noble occupations1 & beautiful laws4 ,he w be %[n t beauty is f\nd 9 ! arts1 ! sci5ces1 ! virtues1 all ( :i* are suitable means ( famili>iz+ ! lov] ) ! ta/e ( incorporeal ?+s4 ,he w !n be made to see t beauty is "o1 & he w be %[n ! elem5t :i*1 9 e object1 con/itutes beauty4 ,f virtues he w be l$ to progress to intellig5ce & ess5ce1 :ile f !re he w h no?+ else to d b to progress t[>ds ! supreme goal4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,philosoph] ,,rises ,,to ,,! ,,intelligible ,,_w4 #c4 ,! philosoph] is naturally dispos$ to rise to ! intelligible _w4 ,borne on by light w+s1 he ru%es ?i!r )\t ne$+ to le>n to dis5gage himself f s5se-objects1 z d ! prec$+ m54 ,8 only unc]ta9ty w conc]n ! road to be foll[$1 all he w ne$ w be a guide4 ,he mu/ !re=e be %[n ! road2 he mu/ be help$ to deta* himself entirely f s5se-objects1 himself already possess+1 z he does1 ! desire1 be+ s9ce a long :ile already deta*$ !refrom by 8 nature4 ,= ?is purpose he w be invit$ to apply himself to ma!matics1 s z to accu/om him to ?9k ( incorporeal ?+s1 to believe 9 _! exi/5ce4 ,be+ desir\s ( in/ruction1 he w le>n !m easily2 z1 by 8 nature1 he is already virtu\s1 he w ne$ no m ?an promotion to ! p]fection ( virtue4 ,aft] ma!matics1 he w be taught dialectics1 :i* w p]fect him4 ,,:at ,,dialectics ,,is4 #d4 ,:at !n is ?is dialectics1 k ( :i* mu/ be add$ to ma!matics8 ,x is a sci5ce :i* makes u capable ( reason+ ab\t ea* ?+1 to say :at x is1 9 :at x diff]s f ! o!rs1 9 :at x resembles !m1 :]e x is1 :e!r x be "o ( ! be+s1 to det]m9e h[ _m v]itable be+s !re are1 & :i* are ! objects t conta9 non5tity in/ead ( v]itable ess5ce4 ,?is sci5ce treats also ( good & evil2 ( ev]y?+ t is subord9at$ to 7be+71 ! ,good1 & to its contr>y2 ( ! nature ( :at is et]nal1 & transitory4 ,x treats ( ea* matt] sci5tifically1 & n accord+ to m]e op9ion4 ,in/ead ( w&]+ ar\nd ! s5se-_w1 x e/abli%es itself 9 ! intelligible _w2 x conc5trates its :ole att5tion on ?is _w1 & aft] hav+ sav$ our s\l f deceit1 dialectics pa/ures our s\l 9 ! mead[ ( tru?1#cdg 7z ?\ght ,plato74 ,!n x makes use ( ! ,platonic me?od ( division to disc]n ideas1 to def9e ea* object1 to rise to ! sev]al k9ds ( ess5ces#cdh 7z ?\ght ,plato72 !n1 by ?\ght concat5at+ all t is !nce d]iv$1 dialectics cont9ues its d$uctions until x has gone ?r\gh ! :ole doma9 ( ! intelligible4 ,!n1 by rev]s+1 dialectics returns to ! v ,pr9ciple f :i* fir/ x _h />t$ out4#cdi ,re/+ !re1 because x is only 9 ! intelligible _w t x c f9d re/1 no long] ne$+ to busy itself ) a multitude ( objects1 because x has arriv$ at unity1 dialectics consid]s its logic1 :i* treats ( propositions & argum5ts4 ,?is logic is an art subord9ate to dialectics j z writ+ is subord9ate to ?\ght4 ,9 logic1 dialectics recognizes "s pr9ciples z necess>y1 & o!rs z con/itut+ prep>atory ex]cises4 ,!n1 along ) ev]y?+ else1 subject+ ^! pr9ciples to its criticism1 x decl>es "s ( !m useful1 & o!rs sup]flu\s1 or m]ely te*nical4 ,,dialectics ,,is ,,! ,,highe/ ,,"p ,,( ,,philosophy4 #e4 ,:5ce does ?is sci5ce d]ive its prop] pr9ciples8 ,intellig5ce furni%es ! s\l ) ! cle> pr9ciples %e is capable ( receiv+4 ,hav+ discov]$ & a*iev$ ^! pr9ciples1 dialectics puts _! consequ5ces 9 ord]4 ,dialectics composes1 & divides1 till x has arriv$ at a p]fect intellig5ce ( ?+s2 = accord+ to 7,plato71#cej dialectics is ! pure/ application ( intellig5ce & wisdom4 ,9 ?is case1 if dialectics be ! noble/ ex]cise ( our faculties1 x mu/ ex]cise itself ) ess5ce & ! highe/ objects4 ,wisdom /udies exi/5ce1 z intellig5ce /udies t :i* is /ill beyond exi/5ce 7! ,"o1 or ! ,good74 ,b is n philosophy also t :i* is mo/ em95t8 ,surely4 ,b !re is no confusion betwe5 philosophy & dialectics1 because dialectics is ! highe/ "p ( philosophy4 ,x is n 7z ,ari/otle ?\ght7 m]ely an in/rum5t = philosophy1 nor 7z ,epicurus ?\ght7 made up ( pure speculations & ab/ract rules4 ,x /udies ?+s !mselves1 & its matt] is ! 7real7 be+s4 ,x rea*es !m by foll[+ a me?od :i* yields reality z well z ! idea4 ,only accid5tally does dialectics busy itself ) error & sophisms4 ,dialectics consid]s !m ali5 to its mission1 & z produc$ by a =eign pr9ciple4 ,:5ev] any?+ contr>y to ! rule ( tru? is advanc$1 dialectics recognizes ! error by ! light ( ! tru?s x conta9s4 ,dialectics1 h[ev]1 does n c>e = propositions1 :i*1 to x1 seem only m]e gr\p+s ( lett]s4 ,nev]!less1 because x kn[s ! tru?1 dialectics also und]/&s propositions1 &1 9 g5]al1 ! op]ations ( ! s\l4 ,dialectics kn[s :at x is to affirm1 to d5y1 & h[ to make contr>y or contradictory ass]tions4 ,fur!r1 dialectics di/+ui%es diff]5ces f id5tities1 grasp+ ! tru? by an intuition t is z in/antane\s z is t ( ! s5ses2 b dialectics leaves to ano!r sci5ce1 t enjoys ^? details1 ! c>e ( treat+ !m ) exactness4 ,,! ,,v>i\s ,,bran*es ,,( ,,philosophy ,,cr[n$ ,,by ,,dialectics4 #f4 ,dialectics1 !re=e1 is only "o "p ( philosophy1 b ! mo/ important4 ,inde$1 philosophy has o!r bran*es4 ,fir/1 x /udies nature 79 physics71 !re9 employ+ dialectics1 z ! o!r arts employ ari?metic1 ?\gh philosophy owes f> m to dialectics4 ,!n philosophy treats ( morals1 & "h aga9 x is dialectics t asc]ta9s ! pr9ciples2 e?ics limits itself to build+ good habits !reon1 & to propose ! ex]cises t %all produce ^? good habits4 ,! 7,ari/otelian7 rational virtues also owe to dialectics ! pr9ciples :i* seem to be _! *>act]i/ics2 = !y *iefly deal ) mat]ial ?+s 7because !y mod]ate ! passions74 ,! o!r virtues#cea also imply ! application ( reason to ! passions & actions :i* are *>act]i/ic ( ea* ( !m4 ,h[ev]1 prud5ce applies reason to !m 9 a sup]ior mann]4 ,prud5ce deals r ) ! univ]sal1 consid]+ :e!r ! virtues concat5ate1 & :e!r an action %\ld be done n[1 or be def]r$1 or be sup]s$$ by ano!r#ceb 7z ?\ght ,ari/otle74 ,n[ x is dialectics1 or its resultant sci5ce ( wisdom :i*1 "u a g5]al & immat]ial =m1 furni%es prud5ce ) all ! pr9ciples x ne$s4 ,,)\t ,,dialectics ,,l[] ,,k ,,w\ld ,,be ,,imp]fect4 ,c\ld ! l[] k n be possess$ )\t dialectics or wisdom8 ,!y w\ld1 at lea/1 be imp]fect & mutilat$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?\gh ! dialectician1 t is1 ! true sage1 no long] ne$ ^! inf]ior ?+s1 he nev] w\ld h become su* )\t !m2 !y mu/ prec$e1 & !y increase ) ! progress made 9 dialectics4 ,virtues are 9 ! same case4 ,! possessor ( natural virtues may1 ) ! assi/ance ( wisdom1 rise to p]fect virtues4 ,wisdom1 !re=e1 only foll[s natural virtues4 ,!n wisdom p]fects ! morals4 ,r1 ! already exi/+ natural virtues increase & gr[ p]fect along ) wisdom4 ,:i*ev] ( ^! two ?+s prec$es1 complem5ts ! o!r4 ,natural virtues1 h[ev]1 yield only imp]fect views & morals2 & ! be/ way to p]fect !m1 is philosophic k ( ! pr9ciples f :i* !y dep5d4 ,,f\r? ,,ennead1 ,,book ,,two4 ,h[ ! ,s\l ,m$iates ,betwe5 ,indivisible & ,divisible ,ess5ce4 ,,outl9e ,,( ,,! ,,psy*ological ,,/udy ,,( ,,iv4 #g4 #a4 ,:ile /udy+ ! nature 7be+7 ( ! s\l1 we h %[n 7aga9/ ! ,/oics7 t %e is n a body2 t1 among incorporeal entities1 %e is n a h>mony 7aga9/ ! ,py?agoreans72 we h also %[n t %e is n an entele*y 7aga9/ ,ari/otle71 because ?is t]m1 z its v etymology implies1 does n express a true idea1 & reveals no?+ ab\t ! s\l's 7nature itself72 la/1 we said t ! s\l has an intelligible nature1 & is ( div9e condition2 ! be+ or nature ( ! s\l we h also1 x w\ld seem1 cle>ly en\gh set =?4 ,/ill1 we h to g fur!r4 ,we h =m]ly e/abli%$ a di/9ction betwe5 intelligible & s5se nature1 assign+ ! s\l to ! intelligible _w4 ,grant+ ?is1 t ! s\l =ms "p ( ! intelligible _w1 we mu/1 9 ano!r mann]1 /udy :at is suitable to h] nature4 ,,exi/5ce ,,( ,,divisible ,,be+s4 ,to beg9 )1 !re are 7be+s7 :i* are q divisible & naturally sep>able4 ,no "o "p ( any "o ( !m is id5tical ) any o!r "p1 nor ) ! :ole1 ( :i* ea* "p necess>ily is small] ?an ! :ole4 ,su* are s5se-magnitudes1 or physical masses1 ( :i* ea* occupies a place ap>t1 )\t be+ able to be 9 sev]al places simultane\sly4 ,,description ,,( ,,indivisible ,,ess5ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re exi/s ano!r k9d ( ess5ce 7be+71 ^: nature diff]s f ! prec$+ 7entirely divisible be+s71 :i* admits ( no division1 & is nei!r divid$ nor divisible4 ,?is has no ext5sion1 n ev5 9 ?\ght4 ,x does n ne$ to be 9 any place1 & is n ei!r p>tially or :olly conta9$ 9 any o!r be+4 ,if we d>e say s1 x hov]s simultane\sly ov] all be+s1 n t x ne$s to be built up on !m1#cec b because x is indisp5sable to ! exi/5ce ( all4 ,x is ev] id5tical ) itself1 & is ! common support ( all t is bel[ x4 ,x is z 9 ! circle1 :]e ! c5tre1 rema9+ immovable 9 itself1 nev]!less is ! orig9 ( all ! radii orig9at+ !re1 & draw+ _! exi/5ce !nce4 ,! radii by ?us p>ticipat+ 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! c5tre1 ! radii's pr9ciple1 dep5d on :at is indivisible1 rema9+ atta*$ !reto1 ?\gh sep>at+ 9 e direction4#ced ,,betwe5 ,,!m ,,is ,,an ,,indivisible ,,ess5ce ,,:i* ,,becomes ,,divisible ,,)9 ,,bodies4 ,n[ betwe5 entirely indivisible 7,be+7 :i* occupies ! fir/ rank amid/ intelligible be+s1 & ! 7ess5ce7 :i* is entirely divisible 9 its s5se-objects1 !re is1 above ! s5se-_w1 ne> x1 & )9 x1 a be+ ( ano!r nature1 :i* is n1 l bodies1 completely divisible1 b :i*1 nev]!less1 becomes divisible )9 bodies4 ,consequ5tly1 :5 y sep>ate bodies1 ! =m )9 !m also divides1 b 9 su* a way t x rema9s entire 9 ea* "p4 ,?is id5tical 7ess5ce71 ?us becom+ manifold1 has p>ts t are completely sep>at$ f ea* o!r2 = x !n is a divisible =m1 su* z colors1 & all ! qualities1 l any =m :i* c simultane\sly rema9 entire 9 sev]al ?+s entirely sep>ate1 at a di/ance1 & =eign to ea* o!r because ( ! diff]5t ways 9 :i* !y are affect$4 ,we mu/ !re=e admit t ?is =m 7t resides 9 bodies7 is also divisible4 ,,by ,,procession ,,! ,,s\l ,,connects ,,! ,,two4 ,?us ! absolutely divisible 7ess5ce7 does n exi/ alone2 !re is ano!r "o locat$ imm$iately b5ea? x1 & d]iv$ f x4 ,on "o h&1 ?is inf]ior 7ess5ce7 p>ticipates 9 ! indivisibility ( its pr9ciple2 on ! o!r1 x desc5ds t[>ds ano!r nature by its procession4 ,!reby x occupies a position int]m$i>y betwe5 indivisible & prim>y 7ess5ce71 7t is1 intellig5ce71 & ! divisible 7ess5ce7 :i* is 9 ! bodies4 ,besides x is n 9 ! same condition ( exi/5ce z color & ! o!r qualities2 = ?\gh ! latt] be ! same 9 all corporeal masses1 nev]!less ! quality 9 "o body is completely sep>ate f t 9 ano!r1 j z physical masses !mselves are sep>ate f ea* o!r4 ,al?\gh 7by its ess5ce7 ! magnitude ( ^! bodies be "o1 nev]!less t :i* ?us is id5tical 9 ea* "p does n ex]t t community ( affection :i* con/itutes sympa?y1#cee because to id5tity is add$ diff]5ce4 ,?is is ! case because id5tity is only a simple modification ( bodies1 & n a be+4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! nature t approa*es ! absolutely indivisible ,be+ is a g5u9e be+ 7su* z is ! s\l74 ,x is true t %e unites ) ! bodies & consequ5tly divides ) !m2 b t happ5s to h] only :5 %e communicates h]self to ! bodies4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 %e unites ) ! bodies1 ev5 ) ! greate/ & mo/ ext5d$ ( all 7! _w71 %e does n cease to be "o1 al?\gh %e yield h]self up to x entirely4 ,,division ,,z ,,! ,,prop]ty ,,( ,,bodies1 ,,b ,,n ,,! ,,*>act]i/ic ,,( ,,s\l4 ,9 no way does ! unity ( ?is ess5ce resemble t ( ! body2 = ! unity ( ! body consi/s 9 ! unity ( p>ts1 ( :i* ea* is diff]5t f ! o!rs1 & occupies a diff]5t place4 ,nor does ! unity ( ! s\l be> any clos] resemblance to ! unity ( ! qualities4 ,?us ?is nature t is simultane\sly divisible & indivisible1 & t we call s\l is n "o 9 ! s5se ( be+ cont9u\s 7( :i* ea* "p is ext]nal to e o!r72 x is divisible1 because x animates all ! p>ts ( ! body x occupies1 b is indivisible because x entirely inh]es 9 ! :ole body1 & 9 ea* ( its p>ts4#cef ,:5 we ?us consid] ! nature ( ! s\l1 we see h] magnitude & p[]1 & we und]/& h[ admirable & div9e are ^! & sup]ior natures4 ,)\t any ext5sion1 ! s\l is pres5t ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ext5sion2 %e is pres5t 9 a location1 ?\gh %e be n pres5t !re94#ceg ,%e is simultane\sly divid$ & undivid$1 or r1 %e is nev] really divid$1 & %e nev] really divides2 = %e rema9s entire )9 h]self4 ,if %e seem to divide1 x is n 9 relation ) ! bodies1 :i*1 by virtue ( _! own divisibility1 _c receive h] 9 an indivisible mann]4 ,?us division is ! prop]ty ( ! body1 b n ! *>act]i/ic ( ! s\l4 ,,s\l ,,z ,,bo? ,,ess5tially ,,divisible ,,& ,,indivisible4 #b4 ,su* !n ! nature ( ! s\l _h to be4 ,%e c\ld n be ei!r purely indivisible1 nor purely divisible1 b %e necess>ily _h to be bo? indivisible & divisible1 z has j be5 set =?4 ,?is is fur!r prov$ by ! foll[+ consid]ations4 ,if ! s\l1 l ! body1 h sev]al p>ts diff]+ f ea* o!r1 ! s5sation ( "o "p w\ld n involve a simil> s5sation 9 ano!r "p4 ,ea* "p ( ! s\l1 = in/ance1 t :i* inh]es 9 ! f+]1 w\ld feel its individual affections1 rema9+ =eign to all ! re/1 :ile rema9+ )9 itself4 ,9 %ort1 9 ea* "o ( u w\ld inh]e sev]al manag+ s\ls 7z said ! ,/oics74#ceh ,likewise1 9 ?is univ]se1 !re w\ld be n "o s+le s\l 7! univ]sal ,s\l71 b an inf9ite numb] ( s\ls1 sep>at$ f ea* o!r4 ,,polemic ,,aga9/ ,,! ,,/oic ,,pr$om9at+ ,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,s\l4 ,%all we h rec\rse to ! 7,/oic7 cont9uity ( p>ts#cei to expla9 ! sympa?y :i* int]relates all ! organs8 ,?is hypo!sis1 h[ev]1 is useless1 unless ?is cont9uity ev5tuate 9 unity4 ,= we _c admit1 z d c]ta9 7,/oic7 philosoph]s1 :o deceive !mselves1 t s5sations focus 9 ! pr$om9at+ pr9ciple by relay$ transmission4#cfj ,to beg9 )1 x is a wild v5ture to pr$icate a pr$om9at+ pr9ciple ( ! s\l4 ,h[ inde$ c\ld we divide ! s\l & di/+ui% sev]al p>ts !re98 ,by :at sup]iority1 quantity or quality are we go+ to di/+ui% ! pr$om9at+ "p 9 a s+le cont9u\s mass8 ,fur!r1 "u ?is hypo!sis1 we may ask1 ,:o is go+ to feel8 ,w x be ! pr$om9at+ "p exclusively1 or ! o!r p>ts ) x8 ,if t "p exclusively1 x w feel only s long z ! receiv$ impression w h be5 transmitt$ to itself1 9 its p>ticul> resid5ce2 b if ! impression imp+e on "s o!r "p ( ! s\l1 :i* happ5s to be incapable ( s5sation1 ?is "p w n be able to transmit ! impression to ! 7pr$om9at+7 "p t directs1 & s5sation w n occur4 ,grant+ fur!r t ! impression does rea* ! pr$om9at+ "p itself1 x might be receiv$ 9 a tw(old mann]2 ei!r by "o ( its 7subdivid$7 p>ts1 :i*1 hav+ p]ceiv$ ! s5sation1 w n tr\ble ! o!r p>ts to feel x1 :i* w\ld be useless2 or1 by sev]al p>ts simultane\sly1 & !n we w h manifold1 or ev5 inf9ite s5sations :i* w all diff] f ea* o!r4 ,= in/ance1 ! "o might say1 ,x is ,i :o fir/ receiv$ ! impression2 ! o!r "o might say1 ,i receiv$ ! impression fir/ receiv$ by ano!r2 :ile ea*1 except ! fir/1 w be 9 ignorance ( ! location ( ! impression2 or aga91 ea* "p w make a mi/ake1 ?9k+ t ! impression occurr$ :]e itself is4 ,besides1 if e "p ( ! s\l c feel z well z ! pr$om9at+ "p1 :y at all speak ( a pr$om9at+ "p8 ,:at ne$ is !re = ! s5sation to rea* ?r\gh to x8 ,h[ inde$ w\ld ! s\l recognize z an unity ! result ( multiple s5sations2 = in/ance1 ( su* z come f ! e>s or eyes8 ,,! ,,s\l ,,has ,,to ,,be ,,bo? ,,"o ,,& ,,manifold1 ,,ev5 ,,on ,,! ,,/oic ,,hypo!ses4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! s\l 7 absolutely "o1 ess5tially indivisible & "o )9 h]self1 if h] nature 7 incompatible ) manifoldness & division1 %e c\ld n1 :5 p5etrat+ into ! body1 animate x 9 its entirety2 %e w\ld place h]self 9 its c5tre1 leav+ ! re/ ( ! mass ( ! animal lifeless4 ,! s\l1 !re=e1 mu/ be simultane\sly "o & manifold1 divid$ & undivid$1 & we mu/ n d5y1 z some?+ impossible1 t ! s\l1 ?\gh "o & id5tical1 c be 9 sev]al p>ts ( ! body simultane\sly4 ,if ?is tru? be d5i$1 ?is w de/roy ! nature t conta9s & adm9i/]s ! univ]se 7z said ! ,/oics72 :i* embraces ev]y?+ at once1 & directs ev]y?+ ) wisdom2 a nature t is bo? manifold1 because all be+s are manifold2 & s+le1 because ! pr9ciple t conta9s ev]y?+ mu/ be "o4 ,x is by h] manifold unity t %e vivifies all p>ts ( ! univ]se1 :ile x is h] indivisible unity t directs ev]y?+ ) wisdom4 ,9 ! v ?+s t h no wisdom1 ! unity t 9 x plays ! pr$om9at+ "p1 imitates ! unity ( ! univ]sal ,s\l4 ,t is :at ,plato wi%$ to indicate allegorically by ^! div9e words#cfa3 ,f ! ,be+ t is indivisible & ev] un*ang+2 & f ! be+ :i* becomes divisible 9 ! bodies1 ! div9ity =m$ a mixture1 a ?ird k9d ( be+4 ,! 7univ]sal7 ,s\l1 !re=e1 is 7z we h j said7 simultane\sly "o & manifold2 ! =ms ( ! bodies are bo? manifold & "o2 ! bodies are only manifold2 :ile ! supreme ,pr9ciple 7! ,"o71 is exclusively an unity4 ,p>agraph #c ( ?is book 7iv4 #b1--ba7 w be f\nd 9 its logical position--judg+ by ! subject matt]1--on pages #ge to #gh1 9 ! middle ( iv4 #g1--b4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,see #g4 #b ,see vi4 #g1 #h4 #c ,a4,d4 #bfb4 #d ,see vi4 #e1 #a4 #e ,see #bj4 #f iii4 #d4 #g ,see above1 #f4 #h ,see iv4 #b4 #i ,(t5 quot$ by ,porphyry 9 8 ,cave ( ! ,nymphs4 #aj ,see #c4 #aa ,euseb4 ,prep4 ,ev4 xi4 #b2 xv4 #d-i1 #ab-ac4 #ab ,see #c4 #ac ,see ii4 #c2 iii4 #a1 #b1 #d4 #ad ,see v4 #e4 #ae ,?is sugge/s t ,suidas 0 "r 9 claim+ t ,amelius 0 ! tea*] ( ,porphyry4 #af ,see #aa4 #ag ,see #g4 #ah ,see #c4 #ai ,see #c4 #bj ,m5tion$ 9 ,porphyry's ,life ( ,py?agoras1 #dh1 liv+ "u ,n]o4 #ba ,liv+ "u ,tib]ius1 see ,suetonius1 ,life ( ,tib]ius1 #ad4 #bb ,see vi4 #e4 #bc ,see #ag4 #bd ,see #ah4 #be ,see #ag4 #bf ,see ii4 #c4 #ag4 #bg ,see #bc4 #bh ,! fragm5ts ( all ?is are probably ! ,pr9ciples ( ! ,!ory ( ! ,intelligibles1 by ,porphyry4 #bi ,see ii4 #a4 #cj ,see i4 #c4 #ca ,z pilot1 p]haps1 iv4 #c4 #ba4 #cb ,see ii41 #d4 #f4 #cc ,see ii4 #g4 #a4 #cd ,see i4 #a4 #aj4 #ce ,see i4 #i4 #h4 #aj4 #cf ,see iv4 #c4 #bj1 #ba4 #cg ,ecl4 ,phys41 p4 #gig1 ,he]5 & ,ari/otle1 de ,anima1 i4 #b4 #ch ,see ,nemesius1 de ,nat4 ,hom4 #b4 #ci ,see ii4 #g1 #a4 #dj ,see ii4 #g1 #c4 #da ,/ob4 ,ecl4 ,phys4 #gig4 #db ,see ii4 #c1 #e4 #dc ,see ii4 #g1 #a4 #dd ii4 #d1 #g4 #de ,see iv4 #g1 #h4 #df ,euseb41 ,prep4 ,ev4 xv4 #ag4 #dg p4 #ed1 ,c\s94 #dh ,cic]o1 ,tusculans1 i4 #i4 #di ,ecl4 ,phys4 #gig1 ,cic]o1 de ,nat4 ,deor4 iii4 #ad4 #ej ,see ii4 #d1 #a4 'ps e*on4' ( ,dike>*us & ,ari/ox5us4 #ea ,see ii4 #f1 on 'logos4' #eb ,see v4 #g1 #c4 #ec iii4 #b4 #ed ,see iv4 #b1 #b4 #ee iv4 #b1 #a4 #ef ,plut>*1 de ,placitis ,philosoph1 iii4 #h4 ,! ,/oic def9ition ( s5sation be+ t s5ses are spirits /ret*$ 7by relays ) t5sion7 f ! direct+ pr9ciple to ! organs4 #eg de ,nat4 ,hom4 #b4 #eh ,see iv4 #d1 #bc4 ,9 ! words ( ,z5o1 z1 = ! ,/oics1 ! pr9cipal act ( ! intellig5ce 0 compreh5sive vision1 phantasia kataleptike4 #ei de ,anima1 iii4 #d1 #e4 #fj de ,anima1 i4 #c4 #fa de ,anim4 ,ari/4 i4 #b4 #fb ,cic]o1 ,tusculans1 i4 #i4 #fc ,see ii4 #d1 #a4 #fd ,see iv4 #g1 #e4 #fe ,see ii4 #d1 #a4 #ff de ,nat4 ,hom4 #b4 #fg ,see ii4 #g4 #fh ,see ii4 #g1 #a4 #fi ,nat4 ,hom4 #b4 #gj ,see ii4 #d1 #af4 #ga ,z ?\ght ,*rysippus1 9 ,plut>*1 de ,/oic4 ,repugnant4 #gb ,see ii4 #d1 #af4 #gc ,met4 xii4 #f2 see ii4 #e1 #c4 #gd iv4 #g1 #c4 #ge ,f end ( iv4 #b1 #c4 #gf ,ari/otle1 de ,anima1 ii4 #a4 #gg ,ari/4 de ,anima1 ii4 #b2 iii4 #e4 #gh ,see ,ari/otle1 de ,anima1 i4 #e4 #gi ,see ,ari/otle1 de ,anima1 ii4 #b4 #hj ,"h we resume ,ennead ,,iv4 ,book #g4 ,! bracket$ numb]s are ^? ( ! ,teubn] text2 ! unbracket$ ^? ( ! ,didot edition4 #ha ,page #bii1 ,c\s94 #hb ,quot$ 9 i4 #a1 #ab1 9 ,republic x4 #hc ,see i4 #a1 #aa4 #hd ,see i4 #f1 #i4 #he ,see viii4 #fb4 #hf ,see i4 #f1 #e4 #hg ,page #big1 ,c\s94 #hh ,see iv4 #h1 #e4 #hi ,pages #bjf1 #cab1 #cac1 ,c\s94 #ij ,see iv4 #h1 #h4 #ia ,see iv4 #h1 #f1 #g4 #ib ,see i4 #a1 #aa4 #ic ,see iv4 #e1 #g4 #id ,cic]o1 ,tusculans1 i4 #ab-af4 #ie ,su* z ,porphyry's ,philosophy d]iv$ f ,oracles4 #if ,plato1 9 ,diog4 ,la]t41 iii4 #hc4 #ig ,cic]o1 ,tusculans1 i4 #ah1 #cg4 #ih ,cic]o1 ,tusculans1 i4 #ab1 #ah2 de ,div9at1 i4 #eh4 #ii ,*rysippus1 9 ,cic]o1 de ,fato1 #aj4 #ajj ,cic]o1 de ,f9ibus1 i4 #f4 #aja ,cic]o1 de ,natura ,deorum1 i4 #be4 #ajb ,/obeus1 ,ecl4 ,phys4 i4 #f1 p4 #agh4 #ajc ,aulus ,gellius1 ,noctes ,attic1 vi4 #b4 #ajd ,z ?\ght ! ,/oics1 ,cic]o1 de ,nat4 ,deor4 ii4 #aa4 #aje ,cic]o1 de ,div9atione1 ii4 #dd4 #ajf ,z ?\ght ,plato1 9 ! ,pha$o1 ,c#ha4 #ajg ,see i4 #f4h4 #ajh ,see i4 #c4a4 #aji ,see i4 #c4 #aaj ,see i4 #f4b4 #aaa ,see i4 #f4f4 #aab ,see i4 #f4i1 & ! ,philebus ( ,plato1 ,c#fd4 #aac ,z sugge/$ 9 ! ,pha$o ( ,plato4 #aad ,see ii4 #d4f4 #aae ,! rational s\l & intellig5ce1 see iii4 #i4e4 #aaf ,see ii4 #i4ab2 iv4 #d4ad4 #aag ,see ii4 #c4ag4 #ah2 ii4 #i4b1 #c2 vi4 #d4i4 #aah ,a pun on reason1 or logos1 i4 #f4b2 ii4 #c4af2 ii4 #d4c2 ii4 #f4b2 ii4 #g4c4 #aai ,see iv4 #d4ajab4 #abj ,f> f ! tru?2 see iii4 #h4c4 #g4 #aba ,/oics1 see iv4 #g4h4 #abb ,or ,/oic =m ( inorganic objects4 #abc ,! =m ( l[] liv+ be+s4 #abd ,! =m ( human nature4 #abe ,see iv4 #g4ad4 #abf ,p>m5ides1 see v4 #a4h4 #abg ,z ,plato h9ts 9 8 ,cratylos1 ,c#ej1 by a pun betwe5 soma & soze/hai4 #abh ,! lat] !ological sav$4 #abi ,see ,ari/otle1 de ,g54 i4 #ah4 #acj ,by ,/oics4 #aca ,see iii4 #h4a-c4 #acb ,see v4 #e4a4 #acc ,see v4 #a4d4 #acd ,9 ,greek a pun on eidos & idea4 #acd;a ,?is s5t5ce might well be translat$ z foll[s3 ,:5 !re=e ?\ght 7meets7 ! ess5tially "o1 ! latt] is ! =m1 & ! =m] ! idea4 ,:ile ?is v]sion seems m lit]al1 x makes no connect$ s5se ) :at foll[s4 #ace ,see iv4 #i4e4 #acf ,see iii4 #i4a4 #acg ,see iii4 #i4a4 #ach ,! univ]sal ,s\l4 #aci ,timaeus1 ,c#ci4 #adj ,see iii4 #i4a4 #ada ,see iii4 #g4aj4 #adb ,see ii4 #g4b4 #adc ,to =m1 see i4 #f4b4 #add ,z ?\ght ,plato1 9 8 ,republic1 x4 #ade ,z ?\ght ,plato 9 ,gorgias1 ,c#dfd4 #adf vi4 #g4 #adg vi4 #g4 #adh ,or1 s t x may conta9 ! intellig5ce :i* is "o1 z its own actualization4 #adi ,see iv4 #c4i-ag4 #aej ,9 ! ,cratylus1 ,c#djj4 #aea ,z 9 ! ,pha$o1 ,c#fb4 #aeb ,republic1 vii1 ,c#ead4 #aec ,see ,jambli*us1 ,cave ( ! ,nymphs1 #h4 #aed ,procession1 or ris+4 #aee ,c#bdf4 #aef ,( ! univ]se4 #aeg ,c#cd4 #aeh ,timaeus1 ,c#cj4 #aei ,! ,creator1 :o is ! univ]sal ,s\l4 #afj ,see iv4 #c4i-aa4 #afa ,see iv4 #c4ag4 #afb ,z ?\ght ,plato 9 8 ,pha$rus1 ,c#bdf4 #afc ,! ,fir/ belongs to ! pr9cipal p[] ( ! univ]sal ,s\l1 ! second to its natural & plant p[]1 see iii1 #h4a & iv4 #d4ac4 #afd ,see iv4 #d4ac4 #afe ,see ii4 #c4ah4 #aff ,z 9 ! ,timaeus1 ,c#db4 #afg iv4 #h4a4 #afh ,see iv4 #b4b4 #afi ,see iv4 #c4f4g4 #agj ,z ?\ght ,plato 9 8 ,pha$rus1 ,c#bdi & ,pha$o1 ,c#gb4 #aga ,t lead an alt]nate or d\ble life4 #agb ,9 8 ,timaeus1 ,c#db1 #fi4 #agc ,9 ! />s4 #agd ,z does ,plato1 see iv4 #h4a4 #age ,z a mess5g]1 see iv4 #c4ab4ac4 #agf ,see ii4 #i4b4 #agg ,)\t hav+ giv5 h]self up to x4 #agh ,see i4 #h4g4 #agi ,t is1 ( =m1 ii4 #d4d4 #ahj ,see iv4 #f4c4 #aha ,see iii4 #b4h4 #ahb ,see iv4 #h4e4 #ahc ,see iv4 #c4ah4 #ahd ,see ii4 #i4b4 #ahe ,t is1 ! body to :i* %e is unit$4 #ahf ,z ?\ght ,plato 9 8 ,p>m5ides1 ,c#aed4 #ahg ,see vi4 #f4ac4 #ahh ,be+4 ,x has be5 f\nd impossible1 9 ord] to pres]ve good ,engli% idiom1 to translate ousia by be+1 & to on by ess5ce1 ) uni=mity4 ,:]e ! *ange has be5 made1 ! prop] ^w has be5 add$ 9 p>5!ses1 z "h4 #ahi ,9 8 ,metaphysics1 iv4 #b4 #aij ,ari/otle1 ,met4 iv4 #b4 #aia ,evid5tly a pun on =ms & ideas4 #aib ,see vi4 #b4g4 #aic ,9 ! ,timaeus n accurately quot$4 #aid ,z ,plato said 9 ! ,timaeus1 #cg4 #aie ,see iv4 #i4e4 #aif ,see vi4 #h4aa4 #aig ,odyss4 xix4 #agh4 #aih ,see i4 #b4b4 #aii ,see iv4 #c4a4 #bjj ,see ii4 #b4b4 #bja ,see ! beg9n+ ( ,plato's ,republic1 ix4 #bjb ,see i4 #h4g4 #bjc ,because !y d n all[ ( mutual p5etration4 #bjd ,see iv4 #h4e4 #bje ,z ?\ght ,num5ius #bi4 #bjf ,see ii4 #c4 #bjg ,see i4 #h4ad4 #bjh ,see ,acts1 xvii4 #be1 #bg1 #bh4 #bji ,see iv4 #c4g1 foll[+ ! ,pha$rus ( ,plato4 #baj ,cupid & ,psy*e1 z int]pret$ by ,apuleius4 #baa ,see iii4 #e4b4 #bab ,see iii4 #e4d4 #bac ,see iii4 #e4g-i4 #bad ,see v4 #e4aa2 i4 #f4g1 #h2 v4 #h4d2 vi4 #i4aa4 ,x has be5 cont5d$ t ?is 0 a description ( ! ,isiac temple 9 ,rome4 #bae ,num4 #aj4 #baf ,by virtue ( :i*1 accord+ to ! ,py?agoreans1 ! dyad d>$ to issue f ! unity4 #bag ,t is ! desire :i* leads s\ls to sep>ate !mselves primitively f ! div9ity1 & to unite !mselves to bodies4 #bah ,we h se5 ?is else:]e1 i4 #c4a4 #bai ,see ii4 #b4c4 #bbj ,iliad xx4 #fe4 #bba ,see vi4 #d4d4 #bbb ,z said ,h]aclitus1 ,plut>*1 ,banquet1 iv4 #d4 #bbc ,see iv4 #g4aj4 #bbd ,see i4 #b4c2 iv4 #c4aa4 #bbe ,see iii4 #i4e4 #bbf ,z ?\ght ,plato 9 8 ,cratylus1 ,c4 xi4 #ci1 & ,macrob9s1 9 8 ,comm5t>y on ! ,dream ( ,scipio1 i4 #aa4 #bbg ,see i4 #h4b2 ii4 #i4b4 #bbh ,see iii4 #g4b-d4 #bbi ,see v4 #i4b1 #g4 #bcj ,see vi4 #b4 #bca ,see vi4 #h4 #bcb ,see vi4 #c4 #bcc ,see iii4 #f4a4 #bcd ,pun on ideas & =ms4 #bce vi4 #i4 #aa4 ,?is seems to ref] to ! ,roman temple ( ,isis 9 front ( :i* /ood ! /atues ( ! div9ities1 vi4 #i4aa4 #bcf ,w\ld be s\l1 in/ead ( intellig5ce4 #bcg ,see v4 #d4a4 #bch ,see iii4 #h4aj4 #bci ,z ?\ght ,plato1 ,laws1 x42 see ii4 #b4c4 #bdj ,see iii4 #f4ai4 #bda ,z ?\ght ,plato1 9 ! ,cratylos1 ,c4 xi4 #ci4 #bdb ,?is p>agraph is f\nd$ on ,num5ius #cf1 #ci4 #bdc ,see ,plato's ,second ,lett]1 #cab2 9 ,engli%1 ,burges1 p4 #dhb2 i4 #h4b4 #bdd ,9 ,timaeus1 #cd4 #bde ,9 8 ,timaeus1 ,c#dc4 #bdf ,z quot$ by ,clem5s ,al4 ,/rom4 vi4 p4 #fbg4 #bdg ,9 ,simplicius1 ,comm4 9 ,phys4 ,ari/41 #i4 #bdh ,see ,plato's ,sophi/s1 ,c#bdd4 #bdi ,see ii4 #g4g4 #bej ,see ii4 #a4b4 #bea ,see ii4 #d4g4 #beb ,see ,metaph4 xii4 #g4h4 #bec ,ref]r+ to ,num5ius's "w on ,! ,good1 & on ! ,immat]iality ( ! ,s\l4 #bed ,9 ! ,acibiades1 ,c#cf4 #bee ,see i4 #a4i4 #bef ,9 8 ,timaeus1 ,c#cj4 #beg ,9 ! ,pha$rus4 #beh ,see iii4 #f4e4 #bei ,see v4 #c4c4 #bfj ,f ! circumf]5ce1 see iii4 #h4g4 #bfa ,cic]o1 ,tusculans1 i4 #bb4 #bfb ,see i4 #d4i4 #bfc ,see iii4 #i4i4 #bfd ,see iii4 #h4i4 #bfe iii4 #i4d4 #bff iii4 #h4i4 #bfg ,see v4 #a4g4 #bfh ,see i4 #a4h2 iv4 #i4c4 #bfi ,see iii4 #d4a1 #b4 #bgj ,fragm5t belong+ "h1 app>5tly1 b misplac$ at end ( next p>agraph4 #bga ,see v4 #a4a4 #bgb ,see iii4 #d4b4 #bgc ,see iv4 #d4bi2 iv4 #e4g4 #bgd ,t is1 9 ! pr9cipal p[] ( ! univ]sal s\l1 see ii4 #c4ah4 #bge ,see vi4 #e2 t is1 )9 intellig5ce4 #bgf ,betwe5 cele/ial & t]re/rial life2 see iii4 #d4f4 #bgg ,see iii4 #h4g4 #bgh ,met4 vii4 #c4 #bgi ,met4 v4 #h4 #bhj ,diog4 ,la]tes vii4 #fa4 #bha ,see ,cic]o1 de ,nat4 ,deor4 i4 #ae4 #bhb ,met4 viii4 #a4 #bhc ,see vi4 #g4 #bhd ,see i4 #h4d4 #bhe ,see i4 #h4ae4 #bhf ,plot9os's six categories are id5tity1 diff]5ce1 be+1 life1 motion & re/4 ,see v4 #a2 v4 #b2 vi4 #b4 #bhg ,n ! absolute et]nal exi/5ce1 nor ! totality ( ! con/itutive qualities ( a ?+1 z 9 ii4 #f4 #bhh ,met4 xii4 #b4 #bhi ,met4 i4 #c4 #bij ,met4 xi4 #f4 #bia ,see v4 #a4i4 #bib ,z report$ by ,diog4 ,la]t4 ii4 #b4 #bic ,met4 i4 #d2 vii4 #ac4 #bid de ,nat4 ,deor4 i4 #bd4 #bie ,met4 viii4 #d4 #bif ,9 ! ,timaeus1 ,c#di-eb1 ,met4 vii4 #c4 #big ,see ii4 #g4c4 #bih ,9 ,met4 iii4 #d & de ,anima i4 #b4e2 ii4 #e4 #bii ,9 ! ,timaeus4 #cjj ,see i4 #h4i2 ii4 #d4ab4 #cja ,met4 vii4 #c1 see iii4 #f4g-ai4 #cjb ,met4 viii4 #d4 #cjc ,met4 i4 #f4 #cjd ,met4 vii4 #g4 #cje ,see ii4 #d4aj4 #cjf ,see ii4 #g4c4 #cjg ,met4 xii4 #b4 #cjh ,met4 vi4 #a2 vii4 #e4 #cji ,see i4 #b4a4 #caj ,9 ! ,philebus1 #beb4 #caa ,! same def9ition is giv5 ( evil 9 i4 #h4aj-ad4 #cab ,see i4 #h4h4 #cac ,physics4 iii4 #g4 #cad ,?is p>agraph int]rupts ! argum5t4 #cae ,plato's _s 9 ! ,timaeus1 ,c#gi4 #caf ,! inf]ior s\l1 see ii4 #c4ah4 #cag ,9 8 ,pha$rus1 ,c#bdf4 #cah ,plato1 ,pha$o1 ,c4 i4 #bdb4 #cai ,plato1 ,tim4 ,c#gg4 #cbj ,plato1 ,rep4 x4 p4 #bia4 #cba ,plato1 ,tim4 #ia4 #cbb ,! text is v difficult4 #cbc ,plato1 ,rep4 x4 p4 #fag-fbj4 #cbd ,9 ! ,timaeus4 #cbe ,c#ij4 #cbf ,pha$o1 p4 #ajg1 c4 i4 p4 #cjj4 #cbg ,rep4 x4 #faf1 p4 #bcd4 #cbh ,9 i4 #b4h1 #af4 #cbi ,see ii4 #i4ah4 #ccj ,z ?\ght ,ari/otle1 ,met4 v4 #ad4 #cca ,z ?\ght ,ari/otle1 ,met4 v4 #cj4 #ccb ,z ?\ght ,plato1 ,lett] #g1 #cdc4 #ccc ,z said ,ari/otle1 ,met4 vii4 #e4 #ccd ,pha$ros ,c#a1bag4 #cce de ,g54 ,an4 #d4b4 #ccf ,adv4 ,ma?4 #e4ajb p4 #cee4 #ccg ,!ataetus1 ,c#b1acb4 #cch ,rep4 iv4 ,e#c1dcd4 #cci ,!ataetus1 #agf4 #cdj ,plato1 ,pha$o1 #fi4 #cda ,pun on ! ^w logos1 :i* means bo? reason & ^w4 #cdb ,plato1 ,pha$rus1 #bdf4 #cdc v4 #a4a4 #cdd ,9 8 ,pha$rus1 ,et4 #bff4 #cde ,9 v4 #a4a4 #cdf i4 #c4 #d1 #e1 #f2 i4 #f4 #cdg ,9 8 ,pha$rus1 p4 #bdh4 #cdh ,9 8 ,politician1 p4 #bfb4 #cdi v4 #a4 #cej ,9 8 ,sophi/41 p4 #bec4 #cea ,see i4 #b4c-f4 #ceb ,morals i4 #cd1 #ce2 ,nicom4 ,e?41 vi4 #h1 #aa4 #cec ,see iv4 #a4bb4 #ced ,see iii4 #h4g4 #cee ,see iv4 #b4b4 #cef ,see iv4 #c4ai1 #bb1 #bc2 iv4 #d4bh4 #ceg ,see iv4 #c4bj-bb4 #ceh ,cic]o1 de ,nat4 ,deor4 ii4 #ca-cc4 #cei ,see #d4g4f1 #g4 #cfj ,plut>*1 de ,plac4 ,phil4 v4 #ba2 ,cic]o1 de ,nat4 ,deor4 ii4 #aa4 ,! pr$om9at+ pr9ciple _h appe>$ 9 ,plato's ,timaeus1 p4 #da4 #cfa ,( ! ,timaeus1 p4 #ce4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,punctuation & spell+ 7 made consi/5t :5 a pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0 f\nd 9 ?is f\r-volume set2 o!rwise !y 7 n *ang$4 ,simple typographical errors 7 correct$4 ,inconsi/5t capitalization has n be5 *ang$4 ,ambigu\s hyph5s at ! ends ( l9es 7 reta9$4 ,infrequ5t spell+ ( ,plot9us *ang$ to ! pr$om9ant ,plot9os4 ,sev]al op5+ or clos+ p>5!ses & quotation m>ks are unmat*$2 ,transcrib] has n attempt$ to rem$y !m4 ,! ,index ne> ! beg9n+ ( ! book actually is a ,table ( ,cont5ts = ! f\r-volume set4 ,page #aa3 ! la/ p>agraph seems to end abruptly3 to prove t ,page #id3 p>5t's probably %\ld be p>5ts'1 b is un*ang$ "h4 ,page #bcf3 ! clos+ p>5!sis = 7de/9y7 also seems to be ! clos+ p>5!sis = ! phrase beg9n+ 7because he is giv5 4444 ,!re are sev]al in/ances 9 ?is text :]e a clos+ quotation m>k is %>$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,footnote ,issues3 ,9 ^! notes1 an*or means ! ref]5ce to a footnote1 & footnote means ! in=mation to :i* ! an*or ref]s4 ,an*ors occur )9 ! ma9 text1 :ile footnotes are gr\p$ 9 sequ5ce at ! end ( ?is e,book4 ,! /ructure ( ! orig9al book requir$ two exceptions to ?is1 z expla9$ bel[4 ,! orig9al text us$ a comb9ation ( footnotes 7indicat$ by symbols7 & endnotes 7indicat$ by numb]s74 ,9 ?is e,book1 !y h be5 comb9$ into a s+le1 asc5d+ sequ5ce bas$ on ! sequ5ce 9 :i* ! footnotes occurr$ 9 ! orig9al book1 & plac$ at ! end ( ! e,book4 ,sev]al irregul>ities are expla9$ bel[4 ,footnotes sometimes 7 pr9t$ 9 a diff]5t sequ5ce ?an _! an*ors 7z on page #fj3 ?ird & f\r? footnotes 7 pr9t$ 9 incorrect sequ5ce74 & ! symbols us$ = ! an*ors sometimes 7 9 a diff]5t sequ5ce ?an ! footnotes 7z on page #gb1 second & ?ird symbols74 ,except z not$ bel[1 all footnotes h be5 resequ5c$ to mat* ! sequ5ce ( _! an*ors4 ,page #he3 ,! la/ footnote is pr9t$ out ( sequ5ce & foll[$ by a p>agraph t appe>s to be a f9al comm5t4 ,9 ?is e,book1 t footnote has be5 reposition$ to be 9 ! sequ5ce ( its an*or4 ,pages #aaa & #aah3 ,an*or #acd 7orig9ally #bi7 orig9ally ref]r$ to two footnotes4 ,9 ?is e,book1 !y are footnotes #acd & #acd;a4 ,pages #ahf & #aib3 section ,,plato ,,tea*es ,,?ree ,,sph]es ,,( ,,exi/5ce4#bdb 7orig9ally #dg7 us$ an out-(-sequ5ce endnote numb] t mat*$ ! la/ endnote 9 ! *apt]2 t endnote has be5 reposition$ to be 9 ! ov]all footnote sequ5ce4 ,page #aif3 ,footnote #bfg 7orig9ally #e7 has no an*or2 ! miss+ an*or w\ld be on page #aic or #aid4 ,page #bdb3 ,footnote #cbb 7orig9ally #f7 has no an*or2 ! miss+ an*or w\ld be on page #bce4