file which includes the original illustrations4 ,see #dbibe-;h4htm or #dbibe-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/cache_/epu b_/#dbibe_/pg#dbibe-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/files_/#db ibe_/dbibe-;h4zip7 ,images of the original pages are available through ,internet ,archive4 ,see https3_/_/archive4org_/details_/conquest truestor#jj;dyeerich ,transcriber's note3 ,text enclosed by underscores is in italics 7italics74 ,text enclosed by equal signs is in bold face 7bold74 ,,the ,,conquest ,the ,true ,story of ,lewis and ,clark by ,,eva ,,emery ,,dye 99 99 99 99 99 ,,just ,,ready ,illustration3 ,,william ,,clark ,illustration3 ,,meriwether ,,lewis ,,the ,,expedition of ,,lewis ,,and ,,clark ,reprinted from the ,edition of #ahad ,with an ,introduction and ,index ,by ,,james ,k4 ,,hosmer1 ,,ll4,d4 ,notwithstanding that in ,america few names are more familiar upon the tongue than those of ,lewis and ,clark1 it is a singular fact that the ,journals of their expedition have for a long time been practically unattainable4 ,the lack thus existing1 felt now more and more as the centenary of the great exploration draws near1 this new edition has been planned to fill4 ,the text used is that of the #ahad edition1 which must hold its place as the only account approaching adequacy4 ,dr4 ,hosmer1 well-known for his work in ,western history1 has furnished an ,introduction1 giving the events which led up to the great expedition and showing the vast development that has flowed from it1 in a way to make plain the profound significance of the achievement4 ,there has also been added an elaborate analytic ,index1 a feature which the original edition lacked4 ,the publishers offer this work in the belief that it will fill all requirements and become the standard popular edition of this great ,american classic4 ,in two square octavo volumes1 printed from new type of a large clear face1 with new photogravure portraits and fac-simile maps4 ,in box1 #e4jj net2 delivered1 #e4cf4 ,a4 ,c4 ,mc,c,l,u,r,g ,,co41 ,,chicago 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,conquest 99 99 99 99 99 ,,by ,,mrs4 ,,dye ,mc,l,o,u,g,h,l,i,n ,,old ,,oregon ,a ,chronicle ,,fourth ,,edition #abmo4 #a4ej ,a graphic page of the story of the ,american pioneer4--,n4,y4 ,mail and ,express4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,from a ,rare ,painting4 ,judith ,,the ,,conquest ,the ,true ,story of ,lewis and ,clark by ,,eva ,,emery ,,dye ,author of ,mc,loughlin and ,old ,oregon ,chicago ,a4 ,c4 ,mc,clurg ,company #aijb ,copyright ,a4 ,c4 ,mc,clurg ,co #aijb ,entered at ,stationers' ,hall1 ,london ,published ,nov4 #ab1 #aijb ,university ,press ,john ,wilson and ,son ,cambridge1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,note ,,of ,,acknowledgment ,the author hereby acknowledges obligation to the ,lewis and ,clark families1 especially to ,william ,hancock ,clark of ,washington1 ,d4,c41 and ,john ,o',fallon ,clark of ,st4 ,louis1 grandsons of ,governor ,clark1 and to ,c4 ,harper ,anderson of ,ivy ,depot1 ,virginia1 the nephew and heir of ,meriwether ,lewis1 for letters1 documents1 and family traditions2 to ,mrs4 ,meriwether ,lewis ,clark of ,louisville and ,mrs4 ,jefferson ,k4 ,clark of ,new ,york1 widows of ,governor ,clark's sons1 and to more than twenty nieces and nephews2 to ,reuben ,gold ,thwaites of the ,university of ,wisconsin1 for access to the valuable ,draper ,collection of ,clark1 ,boone1 and ,tecumseh manuscripts1 and for use of the original journals of ,lewis and ,clark which ,mr4 ,thwaites is now editing2 to ,george ,w4 ,martin of the ,kansas ,historical ,society at ,topeka1 for access to the ,clark letter-books covering ,william ,clark's correspondence for a period of thirty years2 to ,colonel ,reuben ,t4 ,durrett of ,louisville1 for access to his valuable private library2 to ,mr4 ,horace ,kephart of the ,mercantile ,library1 and ,mr4 ,pierre ,chouteau1 ,st4 ,louis2 to the ,historical ,societies of ,missouri1 at ,st4 ,louis and ,columbia2 to ,mrs4 ,laura ,howie1 for ,montana manuscripts at ,helena2 to ,miss ,kate ,c4 ,mc,beth1 the greatest living authority on ,nez ,perc tradition2 to the descendants of ,dr4 ,saugrain1 and to the families and friends of ,sergeants ,pryor1 ,gass1 ,floyd1 ,ordway1 and privates ,bratton1 ,shannon1 ,drouillard1 of the ,lewis and ,clark ,expedition2 also to the ,librarian of ,congress for copies of ,government ,documents4 ,e4 ,e4 ,d4 ,,oregon ,,city1 ,,oregon1 ,september #a1 #aijb4 ,,contents ,,book ,i ,,when ,,red ,,men ,,ruled ,,page ,i4 ,a ,,child ,,is ,,born #a ,,ii4 ,,the ,,clark ,,home #g ,,iii4 ,,exit ,,dunmore #ab ,,iv4 ,,the ,,wilderness ,,road #ad ,v4 ,a ,,barrel ,,of ,,gunpowder #ag ,,vi4 ,,the ,,feudal ,,age #ai ,,vii4 ,,kaskaskia #bd ,,viii4 ,,the ,,spanish ,,donna #bh ,,ix4 ,,vincennes #cb ,x4 ,,the ,,city ,,of ,,the ,,strait #ch ,,xi4 ,a ,,prisoner ,,of ,,war #da ,,xii4 ,,two ,,wars ,,at ,,once #dc ,,xiii4 ,,the ,,key ,,of ,,the ,,country #dg ,,xiv4 ,,behind ,,the ,,curtain #ej ,,xv4 ,,the ,,attack ,,on ,,st4 ,,louis #ec ,,xvi4 ,,old ,,chillicothe #fj ,,xvii4 ,,detroit ,,must ,,be ,,taken #fc ,,xviii4 ,,on ,,the ,,ramparts #fi ,,xix4 ,,exit ,,cornwallis #gb ,,xx4 ,,the ,,old ,,virginia ,,home #gg ,,xxi4 ,,down ,,the ,,ohio #ha ,,xxii4 ,,mulberry ,,hill #hg ,,xxiii4 ,,mississippi ,,troubles #ia ,,xxiv4 ,,st4 ,,clair #ig ,,xxv4 ,,the ,,sword ,,of ,,mad ,,anthony ,,wayne #ajb ,,xxvi4 ,,the ,,spaniard #ajf ,,xxvii4 ,,the ,,brothers #aac ,,xxviii4 ,,the ,,maid ,,of ,,fincastle #aai ,,xxix4 ,,the ,,president',s ,,secretary #abb ,,xxx4 ,,the ,,president ,,talks ,,with ,,meriwether #aca ,,book ,,ii ,,into ,,the ,,west ,i4 ,,the ,,louisiana ,,purchase #aci ,,ii4 ,,the ,,knight ,,of ,,the ,,white ,,house #add ,,iii4 ,,recruiting ,,for ,,oregon #adi ,,iv4 ,,the ,,feud ,,is ,,ended #aed ,v4 ,,the ,,cession ,,of ,,st4 ,,louis #aeg ,,vi4 ,,sergeant ,,ordway ,,writes ,a ,,letter #aff ,,vii4 ,,into ,,the ,,land ,,of ,,anarchy #afg ,,viii4 ,,the ,,sioux6 ,,the ,,sioux6 #agf ,,ix4 ,,the ,,romance ,,of ,,the ,,mandans #ahe ,x4 ,,the ,,first ,,dakota ,,christmas #aib ,,xi4 ,,the ,,british ,,fur ,,traders #aii ,,xii4 ,,farewell ,,to ,,fort ,,mandan #bjd ,,xiii4 ,,toward ,,the ,,sunset #bjh ,,xiv4 ,,the ,,shining ,,mountains #bad ,,xv4 ,a ,,woman ,,pilot #bba ,,xvi4 ,,idaho #bbh ,,xvii4 ,,down ,,the ,,columbia #bce ,,xviii4 ,,fort ,,clatsop ,,by ,,the ,,sea #bdb ,,xix4 ,a ,,whale ,,ashore #bdi ,,xx4 ,a ,,race ,,for ,,empire #beg ,,xxi4 ,a ,,ship6 ,a ,,ship6 #bei ,,xxii4 ,,back ,,to ,,civilisation #bfe ,,xxiii4 ,,camp ,,chopunnish #bgb ,,xxiv4 ,,over ,,the ,,bitter ,,root ,,range #bgg ,,xxv4 ,,beware ,,the ,,blackfeet #bgi ,,xxvi4 ,,down ,,the ,,yellowstone #bhc ,,xxvii4 ,,the ,,home ,,stretch #bhh ,,xxviii4 ,,the ,,old ,,stone ,,forts ,,of ,,st4 ,,louis #bif ,,xxix4 ,,to ,,washington #cjc ,,xxx4 ,,the ,,plaudits ,,of ,a ,,nation #cjg ,,book ,,iii ,,the ,,red ,,head ,,chief ,i4 ,,the ,,shadow ,,of ,,napoleon #cae ,,ii4 ,,american ,,rule ,,in ,,st4 ,,louis #cai ,,iii4 ,,farewell ,,to ,,fincastle #cbb ,,iv4 ,,the ,,boat ,,horn #cbg ,v4 ,a ,,bride ,,in ,,st4 ,,louis #cca ,,vi4 ,,the ,,first ,,fort ,,in ,,montana #cce ,,vii4 ,a ,,mystery #ccg ,,viii4 ,a ,,lonely ,,grave ,,in ,,tennessee #cdc ,,ix4 ,,trade ,,follows ,,the ,,flag #cdd ,x4 ,,tecumseh #ceb ,,xi4 ,,clark ,,guards ,,the ,,frontier #cfj ,,xii4 ,,the ,,story ,,of ,a ,,sword #cfi ,,xiii4 ,,portage ,,des ,,sioux #cgf ,,xiv4 ,,for ,,our ,,children1 ,,our ,,children #chf ,,xv4 ,,too ,,good ,,to ,,the ,,indians #cij ,,xvi4 ,,the ,,red ,,head ,,chief #cig ,,xvii4 ,,the ,,great ,,council ,,at ,,prairie ,,du ,,chien #djd ,,xviii4 ,,the ,,lords ,,of ,,the ,,rivers #dae ,,xix4 ,,four ,,indian ,,ambassadors #dba ,,xx4 ,,black ,,hawk #dbi ,,xxi4 ,a ,,great ,,life ,,ends #dcd ,,xxii4 ,,the ,,new ,,west #dch ,,the ,,conquest ,book ,i ,,when ,,red ,,men ,,ruled ,i ,a ,,child ,,is ,,born ,the old brick palace at ,williamsburg was in a tumult4 ,the ,governor tore off his wig and stamped it under foot in rage4 ,i'll teach them1 the ingrates1 the rebels6 ,snatching at a worn bell-cord1 but carefully replacing his wig1 he stood with clinched fists and compressed lips1 waiting4 ,they are going to meet in ,williamsburg1 eh8 ,i'll circumvent them4 ,these ,virginia delegates6 ,these rebellious colonists6 ,i'll nip their little game6 ,the land is ripe for insurrection4 ,negroes1 ,indians1 rebels6 ,there are enough rumblings now4 ,let me but play them off against each other1 and then these colonists will know their friends4 ,let but the ,indians rise--like naked chicks they'll fly to mother wings for shelter4 ,i'll show them6 ,i'll thwart their hostile plans6 ,again ,lord ,dunmore violently rang the bell4 ,a servant of the palace entered4 ,here1 sirrah6 take this compass and dispatch a messenger to ,daniel ,boone4 ,bade him be gone at once to summon in the surveyors at the ,falls of the ,ohio4 ,an ,indian war is imminent4 ,tell him to lose no time4 ,the messenger bowed himself out1 and a few minutes later a horse's hoofs rang down the cobblestone path before the ,governor's ,mansion of ,his ,majesty's colony of ,virginia in the year of our ,lord #aggd4 ,lord ,dunmore soliloquised4 ,lewis is an arrant rebel1 but he is powerful as old ,warwick4 ,i'll give him a journey to travel4 ,again he rang the bell and again a servant swept in with low obeisance4 ,you1 sirrah1 dispatch a man as fast as horse or boat can speed to ,bottetourt4 ,tell ,andrew ,lewis to raise at once a thousand men and march from ,lewisburg across ,mt4 ,laurel to the mouth of the ,great ,kanawha4 ,here are his sealed orders4 ,the messenger took the packet and went out4 ,an ,indian war will bring them back4 ,i1 myself1 will lead the right wing1 the pick and flower of the army4 ,i'll make of the best men my own scouts4 ,to myself will ,i bind this ,boone1 this ,kenton1 ,morgan1 and that young surveyor1 ,george ,rogers ,clark1 before these agitators taint their loyalty4 ,i1 myself1 will lead my troops to the ,shawnee towns4 ,let ,lewis rough it down the ,great ,kanawha4 ,it was the sixth of ,june when the messenger drew rein at ,boone's door in ,powell's ,valley4 ,the great frontiersman sat smoking in his porch1 meditating on the death of that beloved son killed on the way to ,kentucky4 ,the frightened emigrants1 the first that ever tried the perilous route1 had fallen back to ,powell's ,valley4 ,boone heard the message and looked at his faithful wife1 ,rebecca1 busy within the door4 ,she nodded assent4 ,the messenger handed him the compass1 as large as a saucer4 ,for a moment ,boone balanced it on his hand1 then slipped it into his bosom4 ,out of a huge wooden bowl on a cross-legged table near he filled his wallet with parched corn1 took his long rifle from its peg over the door1 and strode forth4 ,other messengers were speeding at the hest of ,lord ,dunmore1 hither and yon and over the ,blue ,ridge4 ,andrew ,lewis was an old ,indian fighter from ,dinwiddie's day1--,dinwiddie1 the blustering1 scolding1 letter-writing ,dinwiddie1 who undertook to instruct ,andrew ,lewis and ,george ,washington how to fight ,indians6 ,had not the ,shawnees harried his border for years8 ,had he not led rangers from ,fairfax's lodge to the farthest edge of ,bottetourt8 ,side by side with ,washington he fought at ,long ,meadows and spilled blood with the rest on ,braddock's field4 ,more than forty years before1 his father1 ,john ,lewis1 had led the first settlers up the ,shenandoah4 ,they had sown it to clover1 red clover1 red1 the ,indians said1 from the blood of red men slain by the whites4 ,but what were they to do when peaceful settlers1 fugitives from the old world1 staked their farms on vacant land only to be routed by the scalp halloo8 ,which was preferable1 the tyranny of kings or the ,indian firestake8 ,hunted humanity must choose4 ,the ,shawnees1 too1 were a hunted people4 ,driven from south and from north1 scouted by the ,cherokees1 scalped by the ,iroquois1 night and day they looked for a place of rest and found it not4 ,beside the shining ,shenandoah1 daughter of the stars1 they pitched their wigwams1 only to find a new and stronger foe1 the dreaded white man4 ,do their best1 interests would conflict4 ,civilisation and savagery could not occupy the same territory4 ,and now a party of emigrants were pressing into the ,mingo country on the upper ,ohio4 ,early in ,april the family of ,logan1 the noted ,mingo chief1 was slaughtered by the whites4 ,it was a dastardly deed1 but what arm had yet compassed the lawless frontier8 ,all ,indians immediately held accountable all whites1 and burnings and massacres began in reprisal4 ,here was an ,indian war at the hand of ,lord ,dunmore4 ,few white men had gone down the ,kanawha in those days4 ,washington surveyed there in #aggj1 and two years later ,george ,rogers ,clark carried chain and compass in the same region4 ,that meant settlers1--now1 war4 ,but ,lewis1 blunt1 irascible1 shrank not4 ,of old ,cromwellian stock1 sternly aggressive and fiercely right1 he felt the land was his1 and like the men of ,bible times went out to smite the heathen hip and thigh4 ,buckling on his huge broadsword1 and slipping into his tall boots and heavy spurs1 he was off4 ,at his call they gathered1 defenders of the land beyond the ,blue ,ridge1 ,scotch-,irish1 ,protestants of ,protestants1 long recognised by the ,cavaliers of tidewater ,virginia as a mighty bulwark against the raiding red men4 ,charles ,lewis brought in his troop from ,augusta1 kinsfolk of the ,covenanters1 fundamentally democratic1 ,presbyterian ,irish interpreting their own ,bibles1 believing in schools1 born leaders1 dominating their communities and impressing their character on the nation yet unborn4 ,it was ,august when1 in hunting shirts and leggings1 they marched into rendezvous at ,staunton1 with long knives in their leathern belts and rusty old firelocks above their shoulders4 ,in ,september they camped at ,lewisburg4 ,flour and ammunition were packed on horses4 ,three weeks of toil and travail through wilderness1 swamp1 and morass1 and they were at the mouth of the ,great ,kanawha4 ,but where was ,dunmore8 ,with his thousand men he was to march over the ,braddock ,road to meet them there on the ,ohio4 ,rumour now said he was marching alone on the ,shawnee towns4 ,and so expose himself6 ejaculated ,lewis4 ,but just then a runner brought word from ,lord ,dunmore1 ,join me at the ,shawnee towns4 ,what does it mean8 queried ,lewis of his colonels1 ,charles ,lewis of ,augusta1 ,fleming of ,bottetourt1 ,shelby and ,field of ,culpepper4 ,it looks like a trap4 ,not in vain have ,i grown gray in border forays4 ,there's some mistake4 ,it will leave the whole western portion of ,virginia unprotected4 ,brief was the discussion4 ,before they could cross the ,ohio1 guns sounded a sharp surprise4 ,andrew ,lewis and his men found themselves penned at ,point ,pleasant without a hope of retreat4 ,behind them lay the ,ohio and the ,kanawha1 in front the woods1 thick with ,delawares1 ,iroquois1 ,wyandots1 ,shawnees1 flinging themselves upon the entrapped army4 ,daylight was just quivering in the treetops when the battle of ,point ,pleasant began4 ,at the first savage onset ,fleming1 ,charles ,lewis1 and ,field lay dead4 ,it was surprise1 ambuscade1 slaughter4 ,grim old ,andrew ,lewis lit his pipe and studied the field while his riflemen and sharp-shooters braced themselves behind the white-armed sycamores4 ,there was a crooked run through the brush unoccupied4 ,while the surging foes were beating back and forth1 ,andrew ,lewis sent a party through that run to fall upon the ,indians from behind4 ,a ,hercules himself1 he gathered up his men with a rush1 cohorns roaring4 ,from the rear there came an answering fire4 ,above the din1 the voice of ,cornstalk rose1 encouraging his warriors1 ,be strong6 be strong6 ,but panic seized the ,indians2 they broke and fled4 ,andrew ,lewis looked and the sun was going down4 ,two hundred whites lay stark around him1 some dead1 some yet to rise and fight on other fields4 ,the ground was slippery with gore2 barked1 hacked1 and red with blood1 the white-armed sycamores waved their ghostly hands and sighed1 where all that weary day red men and white had struggled together4 ,and among the heaps of ,indian slain1 there lay the father of a little ,shawnee boy1 ,tecumseh4 ,cornstalk1 chief of the ,shawnees1 ,red ,hawk1 pride of the ,delawares1 and ,logan1 ,logan the great ,mingo1 were carried along in the resistless retreat of their people1 down and over the lurid ,ohio1 crimson with blood and the tint of the setting sun4 ,on that ,october day1 #aggd1 civilisation set a milestone westward4 ,lewis and his backwoodsmen had quieted the ,indians in one of the most hotly contested battles in all the annals of ,indian warfare4 ,let us go on1 they said1 and out of the debris of battle1 ,lewis and his shattered command crossed the ,ohio to join ,lord ,dunmore at the ,shawnee towns4 ,we have defeated them4 ,now let us dictate peace at their very doors1 said ,lewis4 ,but ,dunmore1 amazed at this success of rebel arms1 sent the flying word1 ,go back4 ,retrace your steps4 ,go home4 ,lewis1 astounded1 stopped4 ,go back now8 ,what does the ,governor mean8 ,we must go on1 to save him if nothing else4 ,he is in the very heart of the hostile country4 ,and he pressed on4 ,again the messenger brought the word1 ,retreat4 ,retreat8 roared ,lewis1 scarce believing his ears4 ,we've reached this goal with hardship4 ,we've purchased a victory with blood6 ,there was scorn in the old man's voice4 ,march on6 he said4 ,but when within three miles of the ,governor's camp1 ,lord ,dunmore himself left his command and hastened with an ,indian chief to the camp of ,lewis4 ,dunmore met him almost as an ,indian envoy1 it seemed to ,lewis4 ,why have you disobeyed my orders8 thundered the ,governor1 drawing his sword and reddening with rage4 ,i say go back4 ,retrace your steps4 ,go home4 ,i will negotiate a peace4 ,there need be no further movement of the southern division4 ,his manner1 his tone1 that ,indian6--the exhausted and overwrought borderers snatched their bloody knives and leaped toward the ,governor4 ,andrew ,lewis held them back4 ,this is no time for a quarrel4 ,i will return4 ,and amazed1 enraged1 silenced1 ,andrew ,lewis began his retreat from victory4 ,but suspicious murmurings rolled along the line4 ,he ordered us there to betray us4 ,why is my lord safe in the enemy's country8 ,why did the ,indians fall upon us while the ,governor sat in the ,shawnee towns8 ,that sword-- ,andrew ,lewis seemed not to hear these ebullitions of his men1 but his front was stern and awful4 ,as one long after said1 ,the very earth seemed to tremble under his tread4 ,all ,virginia rang with their praises1 as worn and torn and battered with battle1 ,lewis led his troop into the settlements4 ,leaving them to disperse to their homes with pledge to reassemble at a moment's notice1 he set forth for ,williamsburg where news might be heard of great events4 ,on his way he stopped at ,ivy ,creek near ,charlottesville1 at the house of his kinsman1 ,william ,lewis4 ,an infant lay in the cradle1 born in that very ,august1 while they were marching to battle4 ,and what have you named the young soldier8 asked the grim old borderer1 as he looked upon the sleeping child4 ,meriwether ,lewis1 ,meriwether for his mother's people1 answered the proud and happy father4 ,and will you march with the minute men8 ,i shall be there1 said ,william ,lewis4 ,,ii ,,the ,,clark ,,home ,what do you see1 ,william8 ,a red-headed boy was standing at the door of a farmhouse on the road between ,fredericksburg and ,richmond1 in the valley of the ,rappahannock4 ,the soldiers1 mother1 the soldiers6 ,excitedly the little four-year-old flew down under the mulberry trees to greet his tall and handsome brother1 ,george ,rogers ,clark1 returning from the ,dunmore war4 ,busy1 sewing ruffles on her husband's shirt and darning his long silk stockings1 the mother sat1 when suddenly she heard the voice of her son with his elder brother4 ,i tell you1 ,jonathan1 there is a storm brewing4 ,but ,i cannot take an oath of allegiance to the ,king that my duty to my country may require me to disregard4 ,the ,governor has been good to me1 ,i admit that4 ,i cannot fight him--and ,i will not fight my own people4 ,heigh-ho1 for the ,kentucky country4 ,dropping her work1 ,mrs4 ,clark1 ,ann ,rogers1 a descendant of the martyr of ,smithfield1 and heir through generations of iron in the blood and granite in the backbone1 looked into the approaching1 luminous eyes4 ,i hope my son has been a credit to his country8 ,a credit8 exclaimed ,jonathan4 ,why1 mother1 ,lord ,dunmore has offered him a commission in the ,british army6 ,but ,i cannot take it1 rejoined ,george ,rogers1 bending to press a kiss on the cheek of his brown-eyed little mother4 ,lord ,dunmore means right1 but he is misunderstood4 ,and he swears by the ,king4 ,and do we not all swear by the ,king8 almost wrathfully exclaimed ,john ,clark1 the father1 entering the opposite door at this moment4 ,who has suffered more for the ,king than we self-same ,cavaliers1 we who have given ,virginia her most honourable name--',the ,old ,dominion'8 ,let the ,king but recognise us as ,britons1 entitled to the rights of ,englishmen1 and we will swear by him to the end4 ,it was a long speech for ,john ,clark1 a man of few words and intensely loyal1 the feudal patriarch of this family1 and grandson of a ,cavalier who came to ,virginia after the execution of ,charles ,i4 ,but his soul had been stirred to the centre1 by the same wrongs that had kindled ,patrick ,henry and ,thomas ,jefferson4 ,these were his friends1 his neighbours1 who had the same interests at stake1 and the same high love of liberty4 ,if the ,king would have us loyal1 aye1 then1 let him be loyal to us1 his most loyal subjects4 ,did not ,patrick ,henry's father drink the ,king's health at the head of his regiment8 ,did not ,thomas ,jefferson's grandsires sit in the first ,house of ,burgesses in the old church at ,jamestown1 more than a century before the passage of the ,stamp ,act8 ,and who swore better by the ,king8 ,none of us came over here from choice6 ,we came because we loved our ,king and would not bide his enemies4 ,george ,rogers ,clark looked approvingly at his father1 and yet1 he owed fealty to ,lord ,dunmore4 ,even as a stripling he had been singled out for favours4 ,i see the storm gathering1 he said4 ,if ,i choose1 it must be with my people4 ,but ,i need not choose1--,i will go to ,kentucky4 ,it was the selfsame thought of ,daniel ,boone4 ,but here are the children6 ,nine-year-old ,lucy danced to her brother1 ,william still clung to his hand1 and their bright locks intermingled4 ,three red-headed ,clarks1 laughed the teasing ,jonathan4 ,more than a century since1 the first ,john ,clark settled on the ,james1 a bachelor and tobacco planter4 ,but one day ,mary ,byrd of ,westover tangled his heart in her auburn curls4 ,in every generation since1 that red hair had re-appeared4 ,a strain of heroic benevolence runs through the red-headed ,clarks1 said an old dame who knew the family4 ,they win the world and give it away4 ,but the dark-haired ,clarks1 they were the moneymakers4 ,already ,jonathan1 the eldest1 had served as ,clerk in the ,spottsylvania ,court at ,fredericksburg1 where he often met ,colonel ,george ,washington4 ,three younger brothers1 ,john1 ,richard1 and ,edmund1 lads from twelve to seventeen1 listened not less eagerly than ,ann1 ,elizabeth1 ,lucy1 and ,fanny1 the sisters of this heroic family4 ,but ,george was the adventurer4 ,when he came home friends1 neighbours1 acquaintances1 gathered to listen4 ,the border wars had kindled military ardour with deeds to fire a thousand tales of romance and fireside narrative4 ,moreover1 ,george was a good talker4 ,but he seemed uncommonly depressed this night1--the choice of life lay before him4 ,at sixteen ,george ,rogers ,clark had set out as a land surveyor1 like ,washington and ,boone and ,wayne1 penetrating and mapping the western wilds4 ,to survey meant to command4 ,watched by red men over the hills1 dogged by savages in the brakes1 scalped by demons in the wood1 the frontier surveyor must be ready at any instant to drop chain and compass for the rifle and the knife4 ,like ,wayne and ,washington1 ,clark had drilled boy troops when he and ,madison were pupils together under the old ,scotch dominie1 ,donald ,robertson1 in ,albemarle4 ,while still in his teens ,george and a few others1 resolute young men1 crossed the ,alleghanies1 went over ,braddock's route1 and examined ,fort ,necessity where ,washington had been4 ,they floated down the ,monongahela to ,fort ,pitt4 ,in the angle of the rivers1 overlooking the flood1 mouldered the remains of old ,fort ,du ,quesne1 blown up by the ,french when captured by the ,english4 ,the mound1 the moat1 the angles and bastions yet remained1 but overgrown with grass1 and cattle grazed where once an attempt had been made to plant medival institutions on the sod of ,north ,america4 ,as if born for battles1 ,clark studied the ground plans4 ,two log gates swung on hinges here1 explained the ,colonel from ,fort ,pitt1 one opening on the water and one on the land side with a medival drawbridge4 ,every night they hauled up the ponderous bridge1 leaving only a dim dark pit down deep to the water4 ,with comprehensive glance ,george ,rogers ,clark took in the mechanism of intrenchments1 noted the convenient interior1 with magazine1 bake-house1 and well in the middle4 ,so shall ,i build my forts4 ,pencil in hand the young surveyor had the whole scheme instantly sketched4 ,the surprised ,colonel took a second look4 ,seldom before had he met so intelligent a study of fortifications4 ,are you an officer8 ,i am ,major of ,virginia militia under ,lord ,dunmore4 ,with a missionary to the ,indians1 ,clark slid down the wild ,ohio and took up a claim beyond the farthest4 ,here for a year he lived as did ,boone1 beating his corn on a hominy block and drying his venison before his solitary evening fire4 ,then he journeyed over into the ,scioto4 ,so1 when the ,dunmore war broke out1 here was a scout ready at hand for the ,governor4 ,major ,clark knew every inch of the ,braddock route and every trail to the ,shawnee towns4 ,when a fort was needed1 it was the skilled hand and fertile brain of ,george ,rogers ,clark that planned the bastioned stockade that became the nucleus of the future city of ,wheeling4 ,then ,dunmore came by4 ,like a war-horse1 ,clark scented the battle of ,point ,pleasant afar off4 ,and ,i not there to participate6 he groaned4 ,but ,dunmore held him at his own side1 with ,morgan1 ,boone1 and ,kenton1 picked scouts of the border4 ,when back across the ,ohio the ,mingoes came flying1 ,clark wild1 eager1 restless1 was pacing before ,dunmore's camp4 ,beaten beyond precedent by the mighty valour of ,andrew ,lewis1 ,cornstalk and his warriors came pleading for peace4 ,why did you go to war8 asked ,dunmore4 ,long1 long ago there was a great battle between the red ,indians and the white ones1 said ,cornstalk1 and the red ,indians won4 ,this nerved us to try again against the whites4 ,but ,logan refused to come4 ,go1 said ,lord ,dunmore1 to ,george ,rogers ,clark and another1 go to the camp of the sullen chief and see what he has to say4 ,they went4 ,the great ,mingo gave a vehement talk4 ,they took it down in pencil and1 rolled in a string of wampum1 carried it back to the camp of ,lord ,dunmore4 ,in the council ,clark unrolled and read the message4 ,like the wail of an old ,roman it rang in the woods of ,ohio4 ,i appeal to any white man if ever he entered ,logan's cabin and he gave him not meat2 if he ever came cold and naked and he clothed him not4 ,during the course of the last long and bloody war1 ,logan remained idle in his cabin1 an advocate for peace4 ,such was my love for the whites1 that my countrymen pointed as they passed and said1 ',logan is the friend of the white man4' ,i had even thought to have lived with you but for the injuries of one man4 ,colonel ,cresap1 last ,spring1 in cold blood and unprovoked1 murdered all the relations of ,logan1 not even sparing my women and children4 ,there runs not a drop of my blood in the veins of any living creature4 ,this drove me to revenge4 ,i have sought it2 ,i have killed many2 ,i have fully glutted my vengeance2 for my country ,i rejoice at the beams of peace4 ,but do not harbour a thought that mine is the joy of fear4 ,logan never felt fear4 ,he will not turn on his heel to save his life4 ,who is there to mourn for ,logan8 ,not one4 ,one by one1 half a dozen of ,clark's army comrades had dropped in around the hickory flame1 while the substance of ,logan's tale unfolded4 ,and was ,cresap guilty8 ,no1 answered ,george ,rogers ,clark1 ,i perceived he was angry to hear it read so before the army and ,i rallied him4 ,i told him he must be a very great man since the ,indians shouldered him with everything that happened4 ,little ,william had fallen asleep1 sitting in the lap of his elder brother1 but1 fixed forever1 his earliest memory was of the ,dunmore war4 ,there was a silence as they looked at the sleeping child4 ,a little negro boy crouched on the rug and slumbered1 too4 ,his name was ,york4 ,,iii ,,exit ,,dunmore ,on the last day of that same ,august in which ,meriwether ,lewis was born and ,andrew ,lewis was leading the ,virginia volunteers against the ,shawnees1 ,patrick ,henry and ,george ,washington set out on horseback together for ,philadelphia1 threading the bridle-paths of uncut forests1 and fording wide and bridgeless rivers to the ,continental ,congress4 ,it had been nine years since ,patrick ,henry1 alone and unadvised1 had thrilled the popular heart with his famous first resolutions against the ,stamp ,act4 ,from the lobby of the ,house of ,burgesses1 ,thomas ,jefferson1 a student1 looked that morning at the glowing orator and said in his heart1 ,he speaks as ,homer wrote4 ,it was an alarm bell1 a call to resistance4 ,csar had his ,brutus1 ,charles the ,first his ,cromwell1 and ,george the ,third--how the staid1 bewigged1 beruffled old ,burgesses rose in horror6--and ,george the ,third may profit by their example4 ,most indecent language1 muttered the ,burgesses as they hurried out of the ,capitol1 pounding their canes on the flagstone floor4 ,but the young men lifted him up1 and for a hundred years an aureole has blazed around the name of ,patrick ,henry4 ,the ,congress at ,philadelphia adjourned1 and the delegates plodded their weary way homeward through winter mire4 ,from his ,indian war ,lord ,dunmore came back to ,williamsburg to watch the awakening of ,virginia4 ,then came that breathless day when ,dunmore seized and carried off the colony's gunpowder4 ,the ,virginians promptly demanded its restoration4 ,the minute men flew to arms4 ,by the living ,god6 cried ,dunmore1 if any insult is offered to me or to those who have obeyed my orders1 ,i will declare freedom to the slaves and lay the town in ashes4 ,patrick ,henry called together the horsemen of ,hanover and marched upon ,williamsburg4 ,the terrified ,governor sent his wife and daughters on board a man-of-war and fortified the palace4 ,and on came ,patrick ,henry4 ,word flew beyond the remotest ,blue ,ridge4 ,five thousand men leaped to arms and marched across country to join ,patrick ,henry4 ,but at sunrise on the second day a panting messenger from ,dunmore paid him for the gunpowder4 ,patrick ,henry1 victorious1 turned about and marched home to ,hanover4 ,again ,lord ,dunmore summoned the ,house of ,burgesses4 ,they came1 grim men in hunting shirts and rifles4 ,then his ,lordship set a trap at the door of the old ,powder ,magazine4 ,some young men opened it for arms and were shot4 ,before daylight ,lord ,dunmore evacuated the palace and fled from the wrath of the people4 ,on shipboard he sailed up and down for weeks1 laying waste the shores of the ,chesapeake1 burning ,norfolk and cannonading the fleeing inhabitants4 ,andrew ,lewis hastened down with his minute men4 ,his old ,scotch ire was up as he ran along the shore4 ,he pointed his brass cannon at ,dunmore's flagship1 touched it off1 and ,lord ,dunmore's best china was shattered to pieces4 ,good ,god1 that ,i should ever come to this6 exclaimed the unhappy ,governor4 ,he slipped his cables and sailed away in a raking fire1 and with that tragic exit all the curtains of the past were torn and through the rent the future dimly glimmered4 ,after ,dunmore's flight1 every individual of the nobler sort felt that the responsibility of the country depended upon him1 and straightway grew to that stature4 ,men looked in one another's faces and said1 ,we ourselves are ,kings4 ,around the great fire little ,william ,clark heard his father and brothers discuss these events1 and vividly remembered in after years the lightning flash before the storm4 ,he had seen his own brothers go out to guard ,henry from the wrath of ,dunmore on his way to the second ,continental ,congress4 ,and now ,dunmore had fled1 and as by the irony of fate1 on the day after the signing of the ,declaration of ,independence1 ,patrick ,henry became the first ,american ,governor of ,virginia1 with headquarters at the palace4 ,,iv ,,the ,,wilderness ,,road ,daniel ,boone threw back his head and laughed silently4 ,for a hundred miles in the barrier ridge of the ,alleghanies there is but a single depression1 ,cumberland ,gap1 where the ,cumberland river breaks through1 with just room enough for the stream and a bridle path4 ,through this ,gap as through a door ,boone passed into the beautiful ,kentucky1 and there1 by the dark and rushing water of ,dick's ,river1 ,george ,rogers ,clark and ,john ,floyd were encamped4 ,the young men leaped to their feet and strode toward the tall1 gaunt woodsman1 who1 axe in hand1 had been vigorously hewing right and left a path for the pioneers4 ,they are coming1--,boone's trace must be ready4 ,can you help8 ,boone removed his coonskin cap and wiped his perspiring face with a buckskin handkerchief4 ,his forehead was high1 fine-skinned1 and white4 ,that is our business1--to settle the country1 answered the young surveyors1 and through the timber1 straight as the bird flies over rivers and hills1 they helped ,boone with the ,wilderness ,road4 ,it was in ,april of #agge4 ,kentucky gleamed with the dazzling dogwood as if snows had fallen on the forests4 ,as their axes rang in the primeval stillness1 another rover stepped out of the sycamore shadows4 ,it was ,simon ,kenton1 a fair-haired boy of nineteen1 with laughing blue eyes that fascinated every beholder4 ,any more of ye8 inquired ,boone1 peering into the distance behind him4 ,none4 ,i am alone4 ,i come from my corn-patch on the creek4 ,are you going to build8 ,yes1 when ,i reach a certain spring1 and a bee-tree on the ,kentucky ,river4 ,let us see1 remarked ,floyd4 ,we may meet ,indians4 ,i nominate ,major ,clark generalissimo of the frontier4 ,and ,floyd surveyor-in-chief1 returned ,clark4 ,an' thee1 boy1 shall be my chief guard1 said ,daniel ,boone1 laying his kindly hand on the lad's broad shoulder4 ,an' ,i--am the people4 ,the ,boones were ,quakers1 the father of ,daniel was intimate with ,penn2 his uncle ,james came to ,america as ,penn's private secretary2 sometimes the old hunter dropped into their speech4 ,but people were coming4 ,one ,richard ,henderson1 at a treaty in the hill towns of the ,cherokees1 had just paid ten thousand pounds for the privilege of settling ,kentucky4 ,boone left before the treaty was signed and a kindly old ,cherokee chieftain took him by the hand in farewell4 ,brother1 he said1 we have given you a fine land1 but ,i believe you will have much trouble in settling it4 ,they were at hand4 ,through the ,cumberland ,gap1 as through a rift in a ,holland dyke1 a rivulet of settlers came trickling down the newly cut ,wilderness ,road4 ,under the green old trees a mighty drama was unfolding1 a ,homeric song1 the epic of a nation1 as they piled up the bullet-proof cabins of ,boonsboro4 ,this rude fortification could not have withstood the smallest battery1 but so long as the ,indians had no cannon this wooden fort was as impregnable as the walls of a castle4 ,in a few weeks other forts1 ,harrodsburg and ,logansport1 dotted the canebrakes1 and the startled buffalo stampeded for the salt licks4 ,in ,september ,boone brought out his wife and daughters1 the first white women that ever trod ,kentucky soil4 ,ugh6 ugh6 ugh6 ,a hundred ,shawnees from their summer hunt in the southern hills came trailing home along the ,warrior's ,path1 the ,indian highway north and south1 from ,cumberland ,gap to the ,scioto4 ,ugh6 ugh6 ugh6 ,they pause and point to the innumerable trackings of men and beasts into their beloved hunting grounds4 ,astonishment expands every feature4 ,they creep along and trace the road4 ,they see the settlements4 ,it cannot be mistaken1 the white man has invaded their sacred arcanum4 ,amazement gives place to wrath4 ,every look1 every gesture bespeaks the red man's resolve4 ,we will defend our country to the last2 we will give it up only with our lives4 ,forthwith a runner flies over the hills to ,johnson ,hall on the ,mohawk4 ,sir ,william is dead1 dead endeavouring to unravel the perplexities of the ,dunmore war1 but his son1 ,sir ,guy1 meets the complaining ,shawnees4 ,the ,cherokees sold ,kentucky8 ,that cannot be4 ,kentucky belongs to the ,king4 ,my father bought it for him at ,fort ,stanwix1 of the ,iroquois4 ,the ,cherokees have no right to sell ,kentucky4 ,go in and take the land4 ,and so1 around their campfires1 and at the lake forts of the ,british1 the ,shawnee-,iroquois planned to recover ,kentucky4 ,v ,a ,,barrel ,,of ,,gunpowder ,scarcely was ,jefferson home from signing the ,declaration when back from ,kentucky came little ,william's tall strong brother1 ,george ,rogers ,clark1 elected by those far-away settlers1 in ,june of #aggf1 to represent them in the assembly of ,virginia4 ,cut by a thousand briars1 with ragged clothes and blistered feet1 ,clark looked in at the home in ,caroline and hurried on to ,williamsburg4 ,the ,assembly adjourned8 ,then ,i must to the ,governor4 ,before the ,assembly meets again ,i may effect what ,i wish4 ,patrick ,henry was lying sick at his country-home in ,hanover when the young envoy from ,kentucky was ushered to his bedside4 ,pushing his reading spectacles up into his brown wig1 the ,governor listened keenly as the young man strode up and down his bed-chamber4 ,the scintillant brown eyes flashed4 ,your cause is good4 ,i will give you a letter to the ,council4 ,five hundredweight of gunpowder6 ,the ,council lifted their eyebrows when ,clark brought in his request4 ,virginia is straining every nerve to help ,washington2 how can she be expected to waste gunpowder on ,kentucky8 ,let us move those settlers back to ,virginia at the public expense1 suggested one1 and so save the sum that it would take to defend them in so remote a frontier4 ,move ,boone and ,kenton and ,logan back8 ,clark laughed4 ,too well he knew the tenacity of that border germ4 ,so remote a frontier8 ,it is your own back door4 ,the people of ,kentucky may be exterminated for the want of this gunpowder which ,i at such hazard have sought for their relief4 ,then what bulwark will you have to shield you from the savages8 ,the ,british are employing every means to engage those ,indians in war4 ,clark knew there was powder at ,pittsburg4 ,one hundred and thirty-six kegs had just been brought up by ,lieutenant ,william ,linn with infinite toil from ,new ,orleans1 the first cargo ever conveyed by white men up the ,mississippi and ,ohio4 ,we will lend you the powder as to friends in distress1 but you must be answerable for it and pay for its transportation4 ,clark shook his head1--,i cannot be answerable1 nor can ,i convey it through that great distance swarming with foes4 ,we can go no farther1 responded the ,council1 concluding the interview4 ,god knows we would help you if we could1 but how do we even know that ,kentucky will belong to us8 ,the assistance we have already offered is a stretch of power4 ,very well1 and ,clark turned on his heel4 ,a country that is not worth defending is not worth claiming4 ,since ,virginia will not defend her children1 they must look elsewhere4 ,kentucky will take care of herself4 ,his words1 that manner1 impressed the ,council4 ,what will ,kentucky do8 ,to his surprise1 the next day ,clark was recalled and an order was passed by the ,virginia ,council for five hundred pounds of gunpowder1 for the use of said inhabitants of ,kentucki1 to be delivered to him at ,pittsburg4 ,hardly a month old was the ,declaration of ,independence when the new nation reached out to the west4 ,did you get the powder8 was the first greeting of young ,william ,clark as his brother re-entered the home in ,caroline4 ,yes1 and ,i fancy ,i shall get something more4 ,what is it8 inquired the little diplomat1 eager as his brother for the success of his embassy4 ,recognition of ,kentucky4 ,and he did1 for when he started back ,major ,clark bore the word that the ,assembly of ,virginia had made ,kentucky a county4 ,with that fell ,henderson's proprietary claim and all the land was free4 ,with buoyant heart ,clark and ,jones1 his colleague1 hastened down to ,pittsburg4 ,seven boatmen were engaged and the precious cargo was launched on the ,ohio4 ,but ,indians were lurking in every inlet4 ,scarce were they afloat before a canoe darted out behind1 then another and another4 ,with all the tremendous energy of life and duty in their veins1 ,clark and his boatmen struck away and away4 ,for five hundred miles the chase went down the wild ,ohio4 ,at last1 eluding their pursuers1 almost exhausted1 up ,limestone ,creek they ran1 and on ,kentucky soil1 dumped out the cargo and set the boat adrift4 ,while the ,indians chased the empty canoe far down the shore1 ,clark hid the powder amid rocks and trees1 and struck out overland for help from the settlements4 ,at dead of night he reached ,harrod's ,station4 ,kenton was there1 and with twenty-eight others they set out for the ,creek and returned1 each bearing a keg of gunpowder on his shoulder4 ,,vi ,,the ,,feudal ,,age ,what a summer for the little forts6 ,dressed in hunting shirt and moccasins1 his rifle on his shoulder1 his tomahawk in his belt1 now leading his eager followers on the trail of the red marauders1 now galloping at the head of his horsemen to the relief of some beleaguered station1 ,clark guarded ,kentucky4 ,no life was safe beyond the walls4 ,armed sentinels were ever on the watchtowers1 armed guards were at the gates4 ,and outside1 ,indians lay concealed1 watching as only ,indians can watch1 nights and days1 to cut off the incautious settler who might step beyond the barricades4 ,by instinct the settlers came to know when a foe was near2 the very dogs told it1 the cattle and horses became restless1 the jay in the treetop and the wren in the thorn-hollow chattered it4 ,even the night-owl hooted it from the boughs of the ghostly old sycamore4 ,in this1 the feudal age of ,north ,america1 every man became a captain and fought his own battles4 ,like knights of old1 each borderer1 from ,ticonderoga to ,wheeling and ,boonsboro1 sharpened his knife1 primed his flintlock1 and started4 ,no martial music or gaudy banner1 no drum or bugle1 heralded the border foray4 ,silent as the red man the stark hunter issued from his wooden fort and slid among the leaves4 ,silent as the panther he stole upon his prey4 ,but all at once the hill homes of the ,cherokees emptied themselves to scourge ,kentucky4 ,shawnees of the ,scioto1 ,chippewas of the ,lakes1 ,delawares of the ,muskingum hovered on her shores4 ,march1 ,april1 ,may1 ,june1 ,july1 ,august1--the days grew hot and stifling to the people cooped up in the close uncomfortable forts4 ,there had been no planting1 scarce even a knock at the gate to admit some forest rover1 and still the savages sat before ,boonsboro4 ,clark was walled in at ,harrodsburg1 ,logan at ,logansport4 ,ammunition was failing1 provisions were short2 now and then there was a sally1 a battle1 a retreat1 then the dressing of wounds and the burial of the dead4 ,every eye was watching ,clark1 the leader whose genius consisted largely in producing confidence4 ,in the height of action he brooded over these troubles2 they knew he had plans2 the powder exploit made them ready to rely upon him to any extent4 ,he would meet those ,indians1 somewhere4 ,men bound with families could not leave1--,clark was free4 ,timid men could not act1--,clark was bold4 ,narrow men could not see1--,clark was prescient4 ,more than any other he had the ,napoleonic eye4 ,glancing away to the ,lakes and ,detroit1 the scalp market of the west1 he reasoned in the secrecy of his own heart3 ,these ,indians are instigated by the ,british4 ,through easily influenced red men they hope to annihilate our frontier4 ,never shall we be safe until we can control the ,british posts4 ,unknown to any he had already sent scouts to reconnoitre those very posts4 ,and what have you learned8 he whispered1 when on the darkest night of those tempestuous midsummer days they gave the password at the gate4 ,what have we learned8 ,that the forts are negligently guarded2 that the ,french are secretly not hostile2 that preparations are on foot for an invasion of ,kentucky with ,british1 ,indians1 and artillery4 ,i will give them something to do in their own country1 was ,clark's inward comment4 ,without a word of his secret intent1 ,clark buckled on his sword1 primed his rifle1 and set out for ,virginia4 ,with regret and fear the people saw him depart1 and yet with hope4 ,putting aside their detaining hands1 ,i will surely return1 he said4 ,with almost superhuman daring the leather-armoured knight from the beleaguered castle in the wood ran the gauntlet of the sleeping savages4 ,all the ,wilderness ,road was lit with bonfires1 and woe to the emigrant that passed that way4 ,cumberland ,gap was closed2 fleet-winged he crossed the very mountain tops1 where never foot of man or beast had trod before4 ,scarce noting the hickories yellow with autumn and the oaks crimson with ,indian summer1 the young man passed through ,charlottesville1 his birthplace1 and reached his father's house in ,caroline at ten o'clock at night4 ,in his low trundle-bed little ,william heard that brother's step and sprang to unclose the door4 ,like an apparition ,george ,rogers ,clark appeared before the family1 haggard and worn with the summer's siege4 ,all the news of his brothers gone to the war was quickly heard4 ,and will you join them8 ,no1 my field is ,kentucky4 ,to-morrow ,i must be at ,williamsburg4 ,the old colonial capital was aflame with hope and thanksgiving as ,clark rode into ,duke of ,gloucester ,street4 ,burgoyne had surrendered4 ,men were weeping and shouting4 ,in the mle he met ,jefferson and proposed to him a secret expedition4 ,in the exhilaration of the moment ,jefferson grasped his hand1--,let us to the ,governor4 ,crowds of people were walking under the lindens of the ,governor's ,palace4 ,out of their midst came ,dorothea1 the wife of ,patrick ,henry1 and did the honours of her station as gracefully as1 thirty years later1 ,dolly ,madison1 her niece and namesake1 did the honours of the ,white ,house4 ,again ,patrick ,henry pushed his reading spectacles up into his brown wig and scanned the envoy from ,kentucky4 ,well1 sirrah1 did you get the powder8 ,we got the powder and saved ,kentucky4 ,but for it she would have been wiped out in this summer's siege4 ,all the ,indians of the ,lakes are there4 ,i have a plan4 ,unfold it1 said ,patrick ,henry4 ,in a few words ,clark set forth his scheme of conquest4 ,destroy ,detroit1 ,vincennes1 ,kaskaskia1 and you have quelled the ,indians4 ,there they are fed1 clothed1 armed1 and urged to prey upon us4 ,i have sent spies to reconnoitre1 and have received word that assures me that their capture is feasible4 ,the scintillating blue eyes burned with an inward light1 emitting fire1 as ,patrick ,henry leaned to inquire1 ,what would you do in case of a repulse8 ,cross the ,mississippi and seek protection from the ,spaniards1 answered the ready chief4 ,with his privy council1 ,mason1 ,wythe1 and ,jefferson1 ,patrick ,henry discussed the plan1 and at their instance the ,house of ,delegates empowered ,george ,rogers ,clark to aid any expedition against their western enemies4 ,everything depends upon secrecy1 said the ,governor as he gave ,clark his instructions and twelve hundred pounds in ,continental paper currency4 ,but you must recruit your men west of the ,blue ,ridge2 we can spare none from here4 ,kindred spirits came to ,clark1--,bowman1 ,helm1 ,harrod and their friends1 tall riflemen with long buckhorn-handled hunting-knives1 enlisting for the west1 but no one guessing their destination4 ,despite remonstrances twenty pioneer families on their flat-boats at ,redstone-,old-,fort joined their small fleet to his4 ,we1 too1 are going to ,kentucky4 ,jumping in as the last boat pulled out of ,pittsburg1 ,captain ,william ,linn handed ,clark a letter4 ,he broke the seal4 ,ye gods1 the very stars are for us6 ,the ,french have joined ,america6 ,with strange exhilaration the little band felt themselves borne down the swift-rushing waters to the ,falls of the ,ohio4 ,before them blossomed a virgin world4 ,clark paused while the boats clustered round4 ,do you see that high1 narrow1 rocky island at the head of the rapids8 ,it is safe from the ,indian4 ,while the troops erect a stockade and blockhouse1 let the families clear a field and plant their corn4 ,axes rang4 ,the odour of hawthorn filled the air4 ,startled birds swept over the falls1--eagles1 sea gulls1 and mammoth cranes turning up their snowy wings glittering in the sunlight4 ,on the mainland1 deer1 bear1 and buffalo roamed under the sycamores serene as in ,eden4 ,halloo-oo6 ,it was the well-known call of ,simon ,kenton1 paddling down to ,corn ,island with ,captain ,john ,montgomery and thirty ,kentuckians4 ,what news of the winter8 ,boone and twenty-seven others have been captured by the ,indians4 ,boone8 ,we are laying a trap for those very ,indians1 and then and there ,major ,clark announced the object of the expedition4 ,some cheered the wild adventure1 some trembled and deserted in the night1 but one hundred and eighty men embarked with no baggage beyond a rifle and a wallet of corn for each4 ,the snows of the ,alleghanies were melting4 ,a million rivulets leaped to the blue ,ohio4 ,it was the ,june rise1 the river was booming4 ,poling his little flotilla out into the main channel ,clark and his borderers shot the rapids at the very moment that the sun veiled itself in an all but total eclipse at nine o'clock in the morning4 ,it was a dramatic dash1 as on and on he sped down the river1 bank-full1 running like a millrace4 ,,vii ,,kaskaskia ,double manned1 relays of rowers toiled at the oars by night and by day4 ,do you see those hunters8 ,at the mouth of the ,tennessee1 almost as if prearranged1 two white men emerged from the ,illinois swamps as ,clark shot by4 ,he paused and questioned the strangers4 ,we are just from ,kaskaskia4 ,rocheblave is alone with neither troops nor money4 ,the ,french believe you ,long ,knives to be the most fierce1 cruel1 and bloodthirsty savages that ever scalped a foe4 ,all the better for our success4 ,now pilot us4 ,governor ,rocheblave1 watching ,st4 ,louis and dreaming of conquest1 was to be rudely awakened4 ,all along the ,mississippi he had posted spies and was watching the ,spaniard1 dreaming not of ,kentucky4 ,out upon the open1 for miles across the treeless prairies1 the hostile ,indians might have seen his little handful of one hundred and eighty men1 but ,clark of twenty-six1 like the ,corsican of twenty-six1 with no provisions1 no munitions1 no cannon1 no shoes1 almost without an army1 was about to change the face of three nations4 ,twilight fell as they halted opposite ,kaskaskia on the night of ,july #d1 without a grain of corn left in their wallets4 ,boys1 the town must be taken to-night at all hazards4 ,softly they crossed the river1--the postern gate was open4 ,brigands6 shouted ,governor ,rocheblave1 leaping from his bed at midnight when ,kenton tapped him on the shoulder4 ,it was useless to struggle2 he was bound and secured in the old ,jesuit mansion which did duty as a fort at ,kaskaskia4 ,brigands6 screamed fat ,madame ,rocheblave in a high falsetto1 tumbling out of bed in her frilled nightcap and gown4 ,seizing her husband's papers1 plump down upon them she sat4 ,no gentleman would ever enter a lady's bed-chamber4 ,right about1 face6 laughed ,kenton1 marching away the ,governor4 ,never let it be said that ,american soldiers bothered a lady4 ,in revenge ,madame tore up the papers1 public archives1 causing much trouble in future years4 ,sacred name of ,god6 cried the ,french habitants1 starting from their slumbers4 ,from their windows they saw the streets filled with men taller than any ,indians4 ,what do they say8 ,keep in your houses on pain of instant death6 ,keep close or you will be shot6 ,in a moment arose a dreadful shriek of men1 women1 and children1--,the ,long ,knives6 ,the ,long ,knives6 ,the gay little village became silent as death4 ,before daylight the houses of ,kaskaskia were disarmed4 ,the wild ,virginians whooped and yelled4 ,the timid people quaked and shuddered4 ,grant but our lives and we will be slaves to save our families4 ,it was the pleading of ,father ,gibault1 interceding for his people4 ,let us meet once more in the church for a last farewell4 ,let not our families be separated4 ,permit us to take food and clothing1 the barest necessities for present needs4 ,do you take us for savages8 inquired ,clark in amaze4 ,do you think ,americans would strip women and children and take the bread out of their mouths8 ,my countrymen never make war on the innocent4 ,it was to protect our own wives and children that we have penetrated this wilderness1 to subdue these ,british posts whence the savages are supplied with arms and ammunition to murder us4 ,we do not war against ,frenchmen4 ,the ,king of ,france is our ally4 ,his ships and soldiers fight for us4 ,go1 enjoy your religion and worship when you please4 ,retain your property4 ,dismiss alarm4 ,we are your friends come to deliver you from the ,british4 ,the people trembled2 then shouts arose1 and wild weeping4 ,the bells of old ,kaskaskia rang a joyous peal4 ,your rights shall be respected1 continued ,colonel ,clark1 but you must take the oath of allegiance to ,congress4 ,from that hour ,father ,gibault became an ,american1 and all his people followed4 ,let us tell the good news to ,cahokia1 was their next glad cry4 ,sixty miles to the north lay ,cahokia1 opposite the old ,spanish town of ,st4 ,louis4 ,the ,kaskaskians brought out their stoutest ponies1 and on them ,clark sent off ,bowman and thirty horsemen4 ,the ,big ,knives8 ,cahokia paled4 ,but they come as friends1 explained the ,kaskaskians4 ,without a gun the gates were opened1 and the delighted ,frenchmen joyfully banqueted the ,kentuckians4 ,the ,indians were amazed4 ,the ,great ,chief of the ,long ,knives has come1 the rumour flew4 ,for five hundred miles the chiefs came to see the victorious ,americans4 ,i will not give them presents4 ,i will not court them4 ,never will ,i seem to fear them4 ,let them beg for peace4 ,and with martial front ,clark bore himself as if about to exterminate the entire ,indian population4 ,the ruse was successful2 the ,indians flocked to the ,council of the ,great ,chief as if drawn by a magnet4 ,eagerly they leaned and listened4 ,men and warriors3 ,i am a warrior1 not a counsellor4 ,holding up before them a green belt and another the colour of blood1 ,take your choice1 he cried1 ,peace or ,war4 ,so careless that magnificent figure stood1 so indifferent to their choice1 that the hearts of the red men leaped in admiration4 ,peace1 ,peace1 ,peace1 they cried4 ,from all directions the ,indians flocked2 ,clark became apprehensive of such numbers1--,chippewas1 ,ottawas1 ,pottawattamies1 ,sacs1 ,foxes1 ,maumees4 ,the ,big ,knives are right1 said the chiefs4 ,the ,great ,king of the ,french has come to life4 ,without the firing of a gun or the loss of a life1 the great tactician subjugated red men and white4 ,clark had no presents to give1--he awed the ,indians4 ,he devoted great care to the drilling of his troops1 and the nations sat by to gaze at the spectacle4 ,the ,frenchmen drilled proudly with the rest4 ,while ,clark was holding his councils ,kenton had gone to ,vincennes4 ,three days and three nights he lay reconnoitring4 ,he spoke with the people1 then by special messenger sent word1 ,the ,governor has gone to ,detroit4 ,you can take ,vincennes4 ,clark was ready4 ,do not move against ,vincennes1 pleaded ,father ,gibault1 ,i know my people4 ,let me mediate for you4 ,clark accepted ,gibault's offer1 and the patriot priest hastened away on a lean-backed pony to the ,wabash4 ,with his people gathered in the little log church he told the tale of a new dominion4 ,there under the black rafters1 kissing the crucifix to the ,united ,states1 the priest absolved them from their oath of allegiance to the ,british king4 ,amen1 said ,gibault solemnly1 we are new men4 ,we are ,americans4 ,to the astonishment of the ,indians the ,american flag flew over the ramparts of ,vincennes4 ,what for8 they begged to know4 ,your old father1 the ,king of ,france1 has come to life again4 ,he is mad at you for fighting for the ,english4 ,make peace with the ,long ,knives1 they are friends of the ,great ,king4 ,the alarmed ,indians listened4 ,word went to all the tribes4 ,from the ,wabash to the ,mississippi1 ,clark1 absolute1 ruled the country1 a military dictator4 ,but the terms of the three-months militia had expired4 ,how many of you can stay with me8 he entreated4 ,one hundred re-enlisted2 the rest were dispatched to the ,falls of the ,ohio under ,captain ,william ,linn4 ,tell the people of ,corn ,island to remove to the mainland and erect a stockade fort4 ,thus was the beginning of ,louisville4 ,captain ,john ,montgomery and ,levi ,todd 7the grandfather of the wife of ,abraham ,lincoln7 were dispatched with reports and ,governor ,rocheblave as a prisoner-of-war to ,virginia4 ,on arrival of the news the ,virginia ,assembly immediately created the county of ,illinois1 and ,patrick ,henry appointed ,john ,todd of ,kentucky its first ,american ,governor4 ,,viii ,,the ,,spanish ,,donna ,in the year that ,penn camped at ,philadelphia the ,french reared their first bark huts at ,kaskaskia1 in the ,american bottom below the ,missouri mouth4 ,here for a hundred years around the patriarchal1 mud-walled1 grass-roofed cabins had gathered children and grandchildren1 to the fourth and fifth generation4 ,around the houses were spacious piazzas1 where the genial1 social ,frenchmen reproduced the feudal age of ,europe4 ,gardens were cultivated in the common fields1 cattle fed in the common pastures1 and lovers walked in the long and narrow street4 ,the young men went away to hunt furs2 their frail bark canoes had been to the distant ,platte1 and up the ,missouri1 no one knows how far4 ,sixty miles north of ,kaskaskia lay ,cahokia1 and opposite ,cahokia lay ,st4 ,louis4 ,now and then a rumour of the struggle of the ,american ,revolution came to ,st4 ,louis1 brought by traders over the ,detroit trail from ,canada4 ,but the rebellious colonies seemed very far away4 ,in the midst of his busy days at ,kaskaskia1 ,colonel ,clark was surprised by an invitation from the ,spanish ,governor at ,st4 ,louis1 to dine with him at the ,government ,house4 ,father ,gibault was well acquainted in ,st4 ,louis4 ,he dedicated1 in #aggj1 the first church of ,god west of the ,mississippi1 and often went there to marry and baptise the villagers4 ,so1 with ,father ,gibault1 ,colonel ,clark went over to visit the ,governor4 ,l',americain ,colonel ,clark1 your ,excellency4 ,the long-haired1 bare-headed priest stood chapeau in hand before the heavy oaken door of the ,government ,house1 at ,st4 ,louis4 ,then was shown the splendid hospitality innate to the ,spanish race4 ,the ,governor of ,upper ,louisiana1 ,don ,francisco de ,leyba1 was friendly even to excess4 ,he extended his hand to ,colonel ,clark4 ,i feel myself flattered by this visit of de ,seor le ,colonel1 and honoured1 honoured4 ,de fame of your achievement haf come to my ear and awakened in me emotions of de highest admiration4 ,de best in my house is at your service2 command me to de extent of your wishes1 even to de horses in my stable1 de wines in my basement4 ,my servant shall attend you4 ,colonel ,clark1 a man of plain1 blunt speech1 was abashed by this profusion of compliment4 ,his cheeks reddened4 ,you do me too much honour1 he stammered4 ,all his life1 the truth1 the plain truth1 and nothing but the truth1 had been ,clark's code of conversation4 ,could it be possible that the ,governor meant all these fine phrases8 ,but every succeeding act and word seemed to indicate his sincerity4 ,my wife1 ,madam ,marie1--zis ees de great ,americain ,general who haf taken de ,illinoa1 who haf terrified de sauvages1 and sent de ,briton back to ,canada4 ,and my leetle children1--dees ees de great ,commandante who ees de friend of your father4 ,and1 my sister1--dees ees de young ,americain who haf startled de world with hees deeds of valour4 ,if ever ,clark was off his guard1 it was when he thus met unexpectedly the strange and startling beauty of the ,donna de ,leyba4 ,each to the other seemed suddenly clothed with light1 as if they two of all the world were standing there alone4 ,what the rest said and did1 ,clark never knew1 although he replied rationally enough to their questions1--in fact1 he carried on a long conversation with the garrulous ,governor and his amiable dark-haired wife4 ,but the ,donna1 the ,donna-- ,far beyond the appointed hour ,clark lingered at her side4 ,she laughed1 she sang4 ,she could not speak a word of ,english1 ,clark could not speak ,spanish4 ,nevertheless they fell desperately in love4 ,for the first and only time in his life1 ,george ,rogers ,clark looked at a woman4 ,how they made an appointment to meet again no one could say2 but they did meet1 and often4 ,the ,colonel has a great deal of business in ,st4 ,louis1 the soldiers complained4 ,le great ,americain ,colonel kiss te ,governor's sister1 whispered the ,creoles of ,st4 ,louis4 ,how that was discovered nobody knows1 unless it was that ,sancho1 the servant1 had peeped behind the door4 ,clark even began to think he would like to settle in ,louisiana4 ,and the ,governor favoured his project4 ,de finest land in de world1 ,seor1 and we can make it worth your while4 ,you shall have de whole district of ,new ,madrid4 ,commandants1 bah6 we are lacking de material4 ,his ,majesty1 de ,king of ,spain1 will gladly make you noble4 ,and ,i1 for my part1 ,clark responded1 can testify to all the subjects of ,spain the high regard and sincere friendship of my countrymen toward them4 ,i hope it will soon be manifest that we can be of mutual advantage to one another4 ,indeed1 through ,de ,leyba1 ,clark even dreamed of a possible ,spanish alliance for ,america1 like that with ,france1 and ,de ,leyba encouraged it4 ,boon companion with the ,governor over the wine1 and with the fascinating ,donna smiling upon him1 ,colonel ,clark became not unbalanced as ,mark ,antony did1--although once in a ball-room he kissed the ,donna before all the people4 ,but there was a terrible strain on ,clark's nerves at this time4 ,his resources were exhausted1 they had long been exhausted1 in fact2 like ,napoleon he had lived on the country4 ,and yet no word came from ,virginia4 ,continental paper was the only money in ,clark's military chest4 ,it took twenty dollars of this to buy a dollar's worth of coffee at ,kaskaskia4 ,even then the ,frenchmen hesitated4 ,they had never known any money but piastres and peltries2 they could not even read the ,english on the ragged scrip of the ,revolution4 ,we do not make money1 said the ,creoles1 we use hard silver4 ,but ,francis ,vigo1 a ,spanish trader of ,st4 ,louis1 said1 ,take the money at its full value4 ,it is good4 ,i will take it myself4 ,in matters of credit and finance the word of ,vigo was potential4 ,ah1 yes1 now you can haf supplies1 said the cheerful ,creoles1 ,m'sieur ,vigo will take the money1 you can haf de meat an' moccasin4 ,colonel ,vigo1 a ,st4 ,louis merchant who had large dealings for the supply of the ,spanish troops1 had waited on ,colonel ,clark at ,cahokia and voluntarily tendered to him such aid as he could furnish4 ,i offer you my means and influence to advance the cause of liberty4 ,the offer was gratefully accepted4 ,when the biting winds of winter swept over ,kaskaskia1 ,here1 he said1 come to my store and supply your necessities4 ,his advances were in goods and silver piastres1 for which ,clark gave scrip or a check on the agent of ,virginia at ,new ,orleans4 ,gabriel ,cerr in early youth moved to ,kaskaskia1 where he became a leading merchant and fur trader4 ,i am bitterly opposed to les ,amricains1 he said4 ,then he met ,clark2 that magician melted him into friendship1 sympathy1 and aid4 ,from the hour of my first interview ,i have been the sworn ally of ,george ,rogers ,clark6 exclaimed ,charles ,gratiot1 a ,swiss trader of ,cahokia4 ,my house1 my purse1 my credit are at his command4 ,clark could not be insensible to this profusion of hospitality1 which extended1 not only to himself1 but to his whole little army and to the cause of his country4 ,the ,frenchmen dug their potatoes1 gathered the fruits of their gnarled apple-trees1 and slew the buffalo and bear around for meat4 ,winter came on apace1 and yet the new ,governor had not arrived4 ,colonel ,clark's headquarters at the house of ,michel ,aubrey1 one of the wealthiest fur traders of ,kaskaskia1 became a sort of capitol4 ,in front of it his soldiers constantly drilled with the newly enlisted ,frenchmen4 ,all men came to ,clark about their business2 the piazzas and gardens were seldom empty4 ,in short1 the ,american ,colonel suddenly found himself the father and adviser of everybody in the village4 ,,ix ,,vincennes ,i will dispossess these ,americans1 said ,governor ,hamilton at ,detroit4 ,i will recover ,vincennes4 ,i will punish ,kentucky4 ,i will subdue all ,virginia west of the mountains4 ,and on the seventh of ,october1 #aggh1 he left ,detroit with eight hundred men1--regulars1 volunteers1 and picked ,indians4 ,the ,french habitants of ,vincennes were smoking their pipes in their rude verandas1 when afar they saw the gleam of red coats4 ,vincennes sank without a blow and its people bowed again to the ,british king4 ,i will quarter here for the winter1 said ,governor ,hamilton4 ,then he sent an express to the ,spanish ,governor at ,st4 ,louis with the threat1 ,if any asylum be granted the rebels in your territory1 the ,spanish post will be attacked4 ,in their scarlet tunics1 emblem of ,britain1 to ,chickasaw and ,cherokee his runners flew4 ,at ,mackinac the ,lake ,indians were to wipe out the rebels of ,illinoi'4 ,far over to the ,sioux went presents and messages1 even to the distant ,assiniboine4 ,thousands of red-handled scalping knives were placed in their hands4 ,emissaries watched ,kaskaskia4 ,picked warriors lingered around the ,ohio to intercept any boats that might venture down with supplies for the little ,virginian army4 ,new ,year's dawned for #aggi4 ,danger hovered over ,clark at ,kaskaskia4 ,not for a whole year have ,i received a scrape of a pen1 he wrote to ,patrick ,henry4 ,too small was his force to stand a siege1 too far away to hope for relief4 ,he called his ,kentuckians from ,cahokia1 and day and night toiled at the defences of ,kaskaskia4 ,how could they withstand the onslaught of ,hamilton and his artillery8 ,but hark6 ,there is a knocking at the gate1 and ,francis ,vigo enters4 ,closeted with ,clark he unfolds his errand4 ,i am just from ,vincennes4 ,listen6 ,hamilton has sent his ,indian hordes in every direction4 ,they are guarding the ,ohio1 watching the settlements1 stirring up the most distant tribes to sweep the country4 ,but he has sent out so many that he is weak4 ,at this moment there are not more than eighty soldiers left in garrison1 nor more than three pieces of cannon and some swivels mounted4 ,with inspiration born of genius and desperate courage ,clark made his resolve4 ,if ,i don't take ,hamilton he'll take me2 and1 by ,heaven6 ,i'll take ,hamilton6 ,but it was midwinter on the bleak prairies of ,illinois1 where to this day the unwary traveller may be frozen stark in the icy chill4 ,clark's men were almost entirely without clothing1 ammunition1 provisions4 ,can genius surmount destitution8 ,clark turned to ,vigo4 ,i have not a blanket1 an ounce of bread1 nor a pound of powder4 ,can you fit me out in the name of ,virginia8 ,francis ,vigo1 a ,sardinian by birth but ,republican at heart1 answered1 ,i can fit you out4 ,here is an order for money4 ,down yonder is a swivel and a boatload of powder4 ,i will bid the merchants supply whatever you need4 ,they can look to me for payment4 ,in two days ,clark's men were fitted out and ready4 ,clad in skins1 they stepped out like trappers4 ,on the shore lay a new bateau4 ,vigo's swivel was rolled aboard1 and some of the guns of ,kaskaskia4 ,now1 ,captain ,john ,rogers1 said ,colonel ,clark to his cousin1 with these forty-eight men and these cannon you go down the ,mississippi1 up the ,ohio1 and enter the ,wabash ,river4 ,station yourself a few miles below ,vincennes2 suffer nothing to pass1 and wait for me4 ,on the #dth of ,february the little galley slid out with ,rogers and his men4 ,now who will go with me8 inquired ,clark1 turning to his comrades4 ,it will be a desperate service4 ,i must call for volunteers4 ,stirred by the daring of the deed1 one hundred and thirty young men swore to follow him to the death4 ,all the remaining inhabitants were detailed to garrison ,kaskaskia and ,cahokia4 ,the fickle weather-vanes of old ,kaskaskia veered and whirled1 the winds blew hot and cold1 then came fair weather for the starting4 ,it was ,february #e1 #aggi1 when ,george ,rogers ,clark set out with his one hundred and thirty men to cross the ,illinois4 ,vigo pointed out the fur-trader's trail to ,vincennes and ,detroit4 ,father ,gibault blessed them as they marched away4 ,the ,creole girls put flags in the hands of their sweethearts1 and begged them to stand by le ,colonel4 ,o ,mother of ,god1 sweet ,virgin1 preserve my beloved1 prayed the ,donna de ,leyba in the ,government ,house at ,st4 ,louis4 ,over all the prairies the snows were melting1 the rains were falling1 the rivers were flooding4 ,hamilton sat at ,vincennes planning his murders4 ,next year1 he exulted1 there will be the greatest number of savages on the frontier that has ever been known4 ,the ,six ,nations have received war belts from all their allies4 ,but ,clark and his men were coming in the rain4 ,eleven days after leaving ,kaskaskia they heard the morning guns of the fort4 ,deep and deeper grew the creeks and sloughs as they neared the drowned lands of the ,wabash4 ,still they waded on1 through water three feet deep2 sometimes they were swimming4 ,between the two ,wabashes the water spread1 a solid sheet five miles from shore to shore4 ,the men looked out1 amazed1 as on a rolling sea4 ,but ,clark1 ever ahead1 cheering his men1 grasped a handful of gunpowder1 and with a whoop1 the well-known peal of border war1 blackened his face and dashed into the water4 ,the men's hearts leaped to meet his daring1 and with death or victory humming in their brains1 they plunged in after4 ,on and on they staggered1 buffeting the icy water1 stumbling in the wake of their undaunted leader4 ,seated on the shoulders of a tall ,shenandoah sergeant1 little ,isham ,floyd1 the fourteen-year-old drummer boy1 beat a charge4 ,deep and deeper grew the tide2 waist deep1 breast high1 over their shoulders it played2 and above1 the leaden sky looked down upon this unparalleled feat of human endeavour4 ,never had the world seen such a march4 ,five days they passed in the water1--days of chill and whoops and songs heroic to cheer their flagging strength4 ,the wallets were empty of corn1 the men were fainting with famine1 when lo6 an ,indian canoe of squaws hove in sight going to ,vincennes4 ,they captured the canoe1 and--most welcome of all things in the world to those famished men--it contained a quarter of buffalo and corn and kettles6 ,on a little island they built a fire2 with their sharp knives prepared the meat1 and soon the pots were boiling4 ,so exhausted were they that ,clark would not let them have a full meal at once1 but gave cups of broth to the weaker ones4 ,on the sixteenth day ,clark cheered his men4 ,beyond us lies ,vincennes4 ,cross that plain and you shall see it4 ,on ,february #bb1 ,washington's birthday1 fatigued and weary they slept in a sugar camp4 ,heard the evening and morning guns of the fort4 ,no provisions yet4 ,lord help us6 is the record of ,bowman's journal4 ,still without food1 the #bc;d saw them crossing the ,horseshoe ,plain1--four miles of water breast high4 ,frozen1 starved1 they struggled through1 and on a little hill captured a ,frenchman hunting ducks4 ,no one dreams of your coming at this time of year1 said the duck-hunter4 ,there are six hundred people in ,vincennes1 troops1 ,indians1 and all4 ,this very day ,hamilton completed the walls of his fort4 ,clark pressed his determined lips4 ,the situation is all that ,i can ask4 ,it is death or victory4 ,and there in the mud1 half frozen1 chilled to the marrow1 starved1 ,clark penned on his knee a letter3 ,,to ,,the ,,inhabitants ,,of ,,post ,,vincennes3 ,,gentlemen1--,being now within two miles of your village with my army1 determined to take your fort this night1 and not being willing to surprise you1 ,i take this method to request such as are true citizens to remain still in your houses4 ,those1 if any there be1 that are friends of the ,king1 will instantly repair to the fort1 join the hair-buyer general1 and fight like men4 ,if any such do not go and are found afterwards1 they may depend on severe punishment4 ,on the contrary1 those who are the friends of liberty may depend on being well treated1 and ,i once more request them to keep out of the streets4 ,every one ,i find in arms on my arrival ,i shall treat as an enemy4 ,,george ,,rogers ,,clark4 ,take this4 ,tell the people my quarrel is with the ,british4 ,we shall be in ,vincennes by the rising of the moon4 ,prepare dinner4 ,the messenger flew ahead2 upon the captured horses of other duck-hunters ,clark mounted his officers4 ,it was just at nightfall when they entered the lower gate4 ,silence those drunken ,indians1 roared ,hamilton at the sound of guns4 ,but the ,frenchmen themselves turned their rifles on the fort4 ,under the friendly light of the new moon ,clark and his men threw up an intrenchment1 and from behind its shelter in fifteen minutes the skilled volleys of the border rifle had silenced two of the cannon4 ,surrender6 was ,clark's stentorian summons at daylight4 ,hamilton1 with the blood of many a borderer on his head1--what had he to hope8 ,hot and hotter rained the bullets4 ,give me three days to consider4 ,not an hour6 was ,clark's reply4 ,let me fight with you8 said ,the ,tobacco's son1 the principal chief on the ,wabash4 ,no1 answered ,clark1 you sit back and watch us4 ,americans do not hire ,indians to fight their battles4 ,amazed1 the ,indians fell back and waited4 ,the fort fell1 and with it ,british dominion in the northwest territory4 ,then the galley hove in sight and the flag waved above ,vincennes4 ,a convoy up de rivire on its way with goods1 from le ,detroit1 whispered a ,frenchman4 ,directly ,clark dispatched his boatmen to capture the flotilla4 ,sur la feuille ron--don don don1 the voyageurs were singing4 ,merrily rowing down the river came the ,british1 when suddenly out from a bend swung three boats4 ,surrender6 ,amid the wild huzzas of ,vincennes the ,americans returned1 bringing the captive convoy with fifty thousand dollars' worth of food1 clothing1 and ammunition1 and forty prisoners4 ,with a heart full of thanksgiving ,clark paid and clothed his men out of that prize captured on the ,wabash4 ,let the ,british flag float a few days1 he said4 ,i may entertain some of the hair-buying ,general's friends4 ,very soon painted red men came striding in with bloody scalps dangling at their belts4 ,but as each one entered1 red-handed from murder1 ,clark's ,long ,knives shot him down before the face of the guilty ,hamilton4 ,fifty fell before he lowered the ,british flag4 ,but from that day the red men took a second thought before accepting rewards for the scalps of white men4 ,now what shall you do with me8 demanded ,hamilton4 ,you8 ,i shall dispatch you as a prisoner of war to ,virginia4 ,x ,,the ,,city ,,of ,,the ,,strait ,clark was not an hour too soon4 ,indians were already on the march4 ,hamilton is taken6 ,wabasha1 the ,sioux1 from the ,falls of ,st4 ,anthony1 heard1 and stopped at ,prairie du ,chien4 ,hamilton is taken6 ,matchekewis1 the gray-haired chief of the ,chippewas1 coming down from ,sheboygan1 heard the astounding word and fell back to ,st4 ,joseph's4 ,the great ,hamilton carried away by the rebels6 ,the ,indians were indeed cowed4 ,the capture of ,hamilton completed ,clark's influence4 ,the great ,red-,coat sent away as a prisoner of war was an object-lesson the ,indians could not speedily forget4 ,out of ,hamilton's captured mail1 ,clark discovered that the ,french in the neighbourhood of ,detroit were not well-affected toward the ,british1 and were ready to revolt whenever favourable opportunity offered4 ,very well1 then1 ,detroit next6 ,but ,clark had more prisoners than he knew what to do with4 ,here1 said he1 to the captured ,detroiters1 ,i am anxious to restore you to your families4 ,i know you are unwilling instruments in this war1 but your great ,king of ,france has allied himself with the ,americans4 ,go home1 bear the good news1 bid your friends welcome the coming of their allies1 the ,americans4 ,and tell ,captain ,lernoult ,i am glad to hear that he is constructing new works at ,detroit4 ,it will save us ,americans some expense in building4 ,the ,city of the ,strait was lit with bonfires4 ,we have taken an oath not to fight the ,virginians1 said the paroled ,frenchmen4 ,the people rejoiced when they heard of ,hamilton's capture2 they hated his tyranny1 and1 certain of ,clark's onward progress1 prepared a welcome reception for les ,amricains4 ,see1 said the mistress of a lodging house to ,captain ,lernoult4 ,see what viands ,i haf prepared for le ,colonel ,clark4 ,and the ,captain answered not a word4 ,baptiste ,drouillard handed him a printed proclamation of the ,french alliance4 ,everywhere ,detroiters were drinking1 ,success to the ,thirteen ,united ,states6 ,success to ,congress and the ,american arms6 ,i hope the ,virginians will soon be at ,detroit6 ,now ,colonel ,butler and his scalping crew will meet their deserts4 ,i know the ,colonel for a coward and ,i'll turn hangman for him6 ,don't buy a farm now4 ,when the ,virginians come you can get one for nothing4 ,see how much leather ,i am tanning for the ,virginians4 ,when they come ,i shall make a great deal of money4 ,town and country kept three days in feasting and diversions1 wrote ,clark to ,jefferson1 and we are informed that the merchants and others provided many necessaries for us on our arrival4 ,but this the ,colonel did not learn until long after4 ,left alone in command1 with only eighty men in the garrison1 ,lernoult could do nothing4 ,bitterly he wrote to his commander-in-chief1 ,the ,canadians are rebels to a man4 ,in building the fort they aid only on compulsion4 ,even at ,montreal the ,frenchmen kept saying1 ,a ,french fleet will certainly arrive and retake the country2 and ,haldimand1 ,governor ,general1 was constantly refuting these rumours4 ,now let me help you1 again pleaded ,the ,tobacco's son to ,clark at ,vincennes4 ,i care not whether you side with me or not1 answered the ,american ,colonel4 ,if you keep the peace1 very well4 ,if not you shall suffer for your mischief4 ,such a chief6 ,awed1 the ,indians retired to their camps and became spectators4 ,to divert ,clark1 the ,british officers urged these ,indians to attack ,vincennes4 ,the ,tobacco's son sent back reply1 ,if you want to fight the ,bostons at ,st4 ,vincent's you must cut your way through them1 as we are ,big ,knives1 too6 ,their fame spread to ,superior and the distant ,missouri4 ,in the vicinity of ,chicago the rebels are purchasing horses to mount their cavalry4 ,the ,virginians are building boats to take ,michilimackinac4 ,they are sending belts to the ,chippewas and ,ottawas4 ,the ,virginians are at ,milwaukee4 ,so the rumours flew along the ,lakes1 terrifying every ,briton into strengthening his stronghold4 ,and this1 for the time1 kept them well at home4 ,had ,i but three hundred ,i could take ,detroit1 said ,clark4 ,every day now came the word from the ,french of the city1 ,come1--come to our relief4 ,but ,vincennes must be garrisoned4 ,my men are too few4 ,then a messenger arrived with letters from ,thomas ,jefferson1 now ,governor of ,virginia1 with thanks from the ,assembly for the heroic service you have rendered1 and the promise of troops4 ,now for the first time were the soldiery made aware of the gratitude of their country4 ,tumultuous cheers rent the air4 ,the ,indians heard1 and thought it was news of another victory4 ,let us march this day on ,detroit1 begged the soldiers1 few as they were4 ,half the population of ,vincennes1 and all the ,indians1 would have followed4 ,too many are ill1 ,clark said to himself4 ,bowman is dying1 the lands are flooded1 the rains are falling4 ,an unsustained march might end in disaster4 ,for five hundred troops1 ,i would bind myself a slave for seven years6 ,to the soldiers he explained1 ,montgomery is coming with men and powder4 ,let us rendezvous here in ,june and make a dash at ,detroit4 ,leaving a garrison in the fort1 in answer to imperative call1 ,clark set out with six boatloads of troops and prisoners for a flying trip to ,kaskaskia4 ,but every step of the way1 day and night1 ,detroit must be taken1 ,detroit must be taken1 was the dream of the disturbed commander4 ,i cannot rest4 ,nothing but the fall of ,detroit will bring peace to our frontiers4 ,in case ,i am not disappointed1 ,detroit is already my own4 ,,xi ,a ,,prisoner ,,of ,,war ,a prisoner of war8 ,no1 indeed1 he is a felon1 a murderer6 exclaimed the ,virginians1 as weary1 wet1 and hungry the late ,governor of ,detroit sat on his horse in the rain at the door of the governor's palace at ,williamsburg1 where ,jefferson now resided4 ,the mob gathered to execrate the hair-buyer general and escort him to jail4 ,there were twenty-seven prisoners1 altogether1 brought by a band of borderers1 most of the way on foot4 ,every step of the long journey ,captain ,john ,rogers and his men had guarded the hair-buyer general from the imprecations of an outraged people4 ,it was the first news of ,vincennes1 as the startled cry ran1-- ,governor ,hamilton1 charged with having incited ,indians to scalp1 torture1 and burn1 is at the door1--,hamilton1 who gave standing rewards for scalps but none for prisoners2 and ,dejean1 ,chief ,justice of ,detroit1 the merciless keeper of its jails1 a terror to captives with threats of giving them over to savages to be burnt alive2 ,lamothe1 a captain of volunteer scalping parties2 ,major ,hay1 one of ,hamilton's chief officers1 and others4 ,load them with heavy fetters and immure them in a dungeon1 said ,governor ,jefferson4 ,too many of our boys are rotting in ,british prison ships4 ,this from ,jefferson1 so long the humane friend of ,burgoyne's surrendered troops now quartered at ,charlottesville6 ,the ,british commanders blustered and protested1 but ,jefferson firmly replied1 ,i avow my purpose to repay cruelty1 hangings1 and close confinement4 ,it is my duty to treat ,hamilton and his officers with severity4 ,iron will be retaliated with iron1 prison ships by prison ships1 and like by like in general4 ,washington advised a mitigation of the extreme severity1 but ,jefferson's course had its effect4 ,the ,british were more merciful thereafter4 ,and with the coming of ,hamilton came all the wonderful story of the capture of ,vincennes4 ,and who can tell it8 ,who has told it8 ,historians hesitate4 ,romancers shrink from the task4 ,not one has surpassed ,george ,rogers ,clark's own letters1 which read like fragments of the gospel of liberty4 ,before the home fire at ,caroline1 ,john ,rogers told the tale4 ,a hush fell4 ,the mother softly wept as she thought of her scattered boys1 one in the west1 two with ,washington tracking the snows of ,valley ,forge1 one immured in a prison ship where patriot martyrs groaned their lives away4 ,little ,william heard the tale1 and his young heart swelled with emotion4 ,john ,clark listened1 then spoke but one sentence4 ,if ,i had as many more sons ,i would give them all to my country4 ,all the way from ,kentucky ,daniel ,boone was sent to the ,virginia legislature4 ,he said to ,jefferson3 ,i doubt these charges against ,governor ,hamilton4 ,last ,spring ,i was captured by the ,shawnees and dragged to ,detroit4 ,governor ,hamilton took pity on me and offered the ,indians one hundred dollars for my release4 ,they refused to take it4 ,but he gave me a horse1 and on that horse ,i eventually made my escape4 ,did that prevent ,governor ,hamilton from sending an armed force of ,british and ,indians to besiege ,boonsboro8 inquired ,jefferson4 ,boone had to admit that it did not4 ,but for that timely escape and warning ,boonsboro would have fallen4 ,but ,boone in gratitude went to the dungeon and offered what consolation he could to the imprisoned ,governor4 ,the fact is1 that ,daniel ,boone carried ever on his breast1 wrapped in a piece of buckskin1 that old commission of ,lord ,dunmore's4 ,it saved him from the ,indians2 it won ,hamilton4 ,,xii ,,two ,,wars ,,at ,,once ,the sunbeams glistened on the naked skin of an ,indian runner1 as1 hair flying in the wind1 from miles away he came panting to ,clark at ,kaskaskia4 ,there is to be an attack on ,san ,loui'4 ,wabasha1 the ,sioux1 and ,matchekewis-- ,how do you know8 ,i hear at ,michilimackinac1--,winnebagoe1 ,sauk1 ,fox1 ,menomonie4 ,clark laughed and gave the messenger a drink of taffia4 ,but the moment the painted savage slid away the ,colonel prepared to inform his friends at ,st4 ,louis4 ,pouf6 laughed the careless commandant1 drinking his wine at the ,government ,house4 ,why need we fear8 ,are not our relation wit de ,indian friendly8 ,never haf been attack on ,san ,luis1 never will be4 ,be seat1 haf wine1 tak' wine1 ,seor le ,colonel4 ,pouf6 echoed the guests at the ,governor's table4 ,some trader angry because he lose de peltry stole in de ,spanish country4 ,it never go beyond threat4 ,an attack8 ,the very idea seemed to amuse the ,governor in his cups4 ,but ,father ,gibault looked grave4 ,i1 too1 have heard such a rumour4 ,it may be only a belated report of ,hamilton's scheming1 replied ,clark4 ,now he is boxed up it may blow over4 ,but in case the ,english attempt to seize the west bank of this river ,i pledge you all the assistance in my power4 ,t'anks1 t'anks1 my good friend1 ,i'll not forget4 ,in de middle of de night you get my summon4 ,but1 unknown to them1 that very ,may1 ,spain declared war against ,great ,britain4 ,and ,great ,britain coveted the ,mississippi4 ,madame ,marie and the charming ,donna had been listeners4 ,colonel ,clark handed the maiden a bouquet of wild roses as he came in1 but spoke not a word4 ,all the year had she been busy1 embroidering finery for le ,colonel4 ,such trifles were too dainty for the soldier's life--but he wore them next his heart4 ,while the dinner party overwhelmed the victor with congratulations and drank to his health1 ,clark saw only the ,donna1 child of the convent1 an exotic1 strangely out of place in this wild frontier4 ,i am a soldier1 he whispered1 and cannot tarry4 ,my men are at the boats1 but ,i shall watch ,st4 ,louis4 ,her eyes followed him1 going away so soon1 with ,father ,gibault and ,de ,leyba down to the river4 ,as he looked back a handkerchief fluttered from an upper window1 and he threw her a kiss4 ,i am not clear but the ,spaniards would suffer their settlements to fall with ours for the sake of having the opportunity of retaking them both1 muttered ,clark as he crossed the river1 suspicious of ,de ,leyba's inaction4 ,at ,kaskaskia forty recruits under ,captain ,robert ,george had arrived by way of ,new ,orleans4 ,then ,montgomery1 with another forty1 came down the ,ohio4 ,they must be fed and clothed directly4 ,in the midst of these perplexities appeared ,john ,todd1 the new ,governor4 ,ah1 my friend1 ,clark grasped his hand4 ,now ,i see myself happily rid of a piece of trouble ,i take no delight in4 ,i turn the civil government over to you4 ,but our greatest trouble is the lack of money4 ,money8 ,why1 here are continental bills in abundance4 ,worth two cents on the dollar4 ',dose ,british traders1' say the habitants1 'dey will not take five huntert to one4 ,dey will have nought but skins4' ,this has brought our ,virginia paper into disrepute4 ,they will not even take a coin unless it is stamped with the head of a king4 ,what have you done8 ,done8 ,purchased supplies on my own credit4 ,several merchants of this country have advanced considerable sums and ,i have given them drafts on our ,virginian agent in ,new ,orleans4 ,they come back1 protested for want of funds4 ,francis ,vigo has already loaned me ten thousand dollars in silver piastres4 ,but ,virginia will pay it1--she is bound to pay it4 ,the service must not suffer4 ,thus reassured that his course had been right1 ,colonel ,clark continued3 ,four posts must be garrisoned to hold this country1--,kaskaskia1 ,cahokia1 ,vincennes1 and the ,falls of the ,ohio1--not one has sufficient defence4 ,colonel ,montgomery's force is not half what ,i expected4 ,but if ,i am not deceived in the ,kentuckians ,i shall yet be able to complete my designs on ,detroit4 ,i only want sufficient men to make me appear respectable in passing among the savages4 ,the cautious ,french settlers were a trial to ,clark4 ,father ,gibault tried to persuade them1 parting with his own tithes and horses to set an example to his parishioners to make equal sacrifices to the ,american cause4 ,altogether1 ,father ,gibault advanced seven thousand eight hundred livres1 ,french money1 equal to fifteen hundred and sixty dollars1--his little all4 ,governor ,todd said1 ,if the people will not spare willingly1 you must press it4 ,i cannot press it1 answered ,clark4 ,we must keep the inhabitants attached to us by every means in our power4 ,rather will ,i sign notes right and left on my own responsibility to procure absolute necessities to hold ,illinois1 trusting to ,virginia to make it right4 ,then after a thoughtful pause1--,i cannot think of the consequences of losing possession of the country without resolving to risk every point rather than suffer it4 ,the bad crops of #aggi and the severity of the winter of #aghj made distress in ,illinois4 ,nevertheless the cheerful habitants sold their harvests to ,clark and received in payment his paper on ,new ,orleans4 ,you encourage me to attempt ,detroit1 ,clark wrote to ,jefferson4 ,it has been twice in my power4 ,when ,i first arrived in this country1 or when ,i was at ,vincennes1 could ,i have secured my prisoners and had only three hundred men1 ,i should have attempted it1 and ,i since learn there could have been no doubt of my success4 ,but they are now completing a new fort1 too strong ,i fear for any force that ,i shall ever be able to raise in this country4 ,then he hurried back to ,vincennes4 ,thirty only were there of the three hundred expected4 ,an ,indian army camped ready to march at his call4 ,never depend upon ,injuns1 remarked ,simon ,kenton1 reappearing after an absence of weeks4 ,kenton8 ,well1 where have you been8 ,you look battered4 ,battered ,i am1 but better1 the scars are almost gone4 ,captured by ,shawnees1 made to run the gauntlet twice1 then dragged to ,st4 ,dusky to be burnt at the stake4 ,how did you escape8 ,one of your ,detroit ,frenchmen1 ,pierre ,drouillard1 late interpreter for your captured ,hamilton1 told them the officers at ,detroit wanted to question me about the ,big ,knife4 ,ha6 ,ha6 ,it took a long powwow and plenty of wampum1 and the promise to bring me back4 ,did he intend to do it8 ,lord1 no6 as soon as we were out of sight he told me1 ',never will ,i abandon you to those inhuman wretches1' ,a trader's wife enabled me to escape from ,detroit4 ,do you think ,i can take ,detroit8 ,take it1 man8 ,as easy as you took ,vincennes4 ,only the day of surprise is past4 ,a cloud of red ,injuns watch the approaches4 ,you must have troops4 ,troops6 ,troops6 ,none came4 ,none could come4 ,what had happened8 ,taking with him one of ,hamilton's light brass cannon to fortify the ,falls of the ,ohio1 ,clark discovered that at the very time of his capture1 ,hamilton had appointed a great council of ,indians to meet at the mouth of the ,tennessee4 ,the ,cherokees have risen on the ,tennessee settlements1 and the regiments intended for you have turned south4 ,the sword and belt of ,hamilton had done their work4 ,america was fighting two wars at once4 ,,xiii ,,the ,,key ,,of ,,the ,,country ,the ,falls is the ,key of the ,country4 ,it shall be my depot of supplies4 ,here will ,i build a fort4 ,a great city will one day arise on this spot4 ,and in honour of the ,king who had helped ,america1 ,clark named it ,louisville4 ,axes1 hammers1 and saws made music while ,clark's busy brain was planning parks and squares to make his city the handsomest in ,america4 ,but1 ever disturbing this recreation1 ,detroit was in his soul4 ,public interest requires that ,i reside here until provision can be made for the coming campaign4 ,since ,clark's feat the world is running mad for ,kentucky1 said the neighbours in ,caroline4 ,through all that ,autumn1 emigrants were hurrying down to take advantage of the new land laws of ,virginia4 ,a fleet of flatboats6 shouted the workmen at the ,falls4 ,down with others from ,pittsburg1 when the autumn rains raised the river1 came ,clark's old comrade1 ,john ,floyd1 and his brothers and his bride1 ,jane ,buchanan4 ,one of those brothers was ,isham ,floyd1 the boy drummer of ,vincennes4 ,i1 too1 shall build a fort1 said ,john ,floyd to his friends1 here on ,bear ,grass ,creek1 close to ,louisville4 ,still emigrants were on their way1 when a most terrific winter set in4 ,stock was frozen1 wild beasts and game died4 ,the forests lay deep with snow1 and rivers were solid with ice4 ,the cabins of ,louisville were crowded1 the fort was filled with emigrants4 ,food gave out1 corn went up to one hundred and fifty dollars a bushel in depreciated continental currency4 ,even a cap of native fur cost five hundred dollars4 ,the patient people shivered under their buffalo1 bear1 and elk-skin bedquilts1 penned in the little huts1 living on boiled buffalo beef and venison hams1 with fried bear or a slice of turkey breast for bread1 and dancing on ,christmas night with pineknot torches bracketed on the walls4 ,did you not say the conquerors of ,vincennes waded through the drowned lands in ,february8 asked a fair one of her partner at the dance4 ,yes1 but that was an open winter4 ,this1 thank ,god1 is cold enough to deter our enemies from attempting to recover what they have lost4 ,but ,colonel ,clark said the weather was warm8 ,warm1 did you say8 ,who knows what ,clark would have called warm weather in ,february8 ,the water up to their armpits could not have been warm at that time of year4 ,the spring waters broke2 a thousand emigrants went down the ,ohio to ,louisville4 ,and carcasses of bear1 elk1 deer1 and lesser game floated out of the frozen forests4 ,during the ,june rise more than three hundred flatboats arrived at the ,falls loaded with wagons2 for months long trains were departing from ,louisville with these people bound for the interior4 ,floyd's fort on the ,bear ,grass became a rendezvous2 the little harbour an anchorage for watercraft4 ,we must establish a claim to the ,mississippi1 wrote ,jefferson to ,clark4 ,go down to the mouth of the ,ohio and build a fort on ,chickasaw ,bluff4 ,it will give us a claim to the river4 ,while ,clark was preparing1 an express arrived from ,kaskaskia1-- ,we are threatened with invasion4 ,fly to our relief4 ,without money save land warrants1 without clothing save skins1 depending on their rifles for food1 ,clark's little flotilla with two hundred men set down the ,ohio1 on the very flood that was bringing the emigrants1 to clinch the hold on ,illinois4 ,i have now two thousand warriors on the ,lakes4 ,the ,wabash ,indians have promised to amuse ,mr4 ,clark at the ,falls4 ,de ,peyster1 the new commandant at ,detroit1 was writing to ,general ,haldimand at ,quebec4 ,even as ,clark left1 a few daring savages came up and fired on the fort at ,louisville4 ,she is strong enough now to defend herself1 said ,clark as he pulled away4 ,colonel ,bird1 working hard at ,detroit1 started his ,pottawattamies4 ,they went but a little way4 ,ugh6 ,ugh6 ,ugh6 ,long ,knives coming6 ,pell-mell1 back they fell1 to be fitted out all over again4 ,these unsteady rogues put me out of all patience6 exclaimed the angry ,colonel ,bird4 ,they are always cooking or counciling4 ,indians are most happy when most frequently fitted out4 ,such is the dependence on ,indians without troops to lead them1 sagely remarked ,de ,peyster4 ,but without them we could not hold the country4 ,it is distressing1 wrote ,governor ,haldimand1 to reflect that notwithstanding the vast treasure lavished upon these people1 no dependence can be had on them4 ,amazing sum6 he exclaimed when the bills came in4 ,i observe with great concern the astonishing consumption of rum at ,detroit4 ,this expense cannot be borne4 ,however1 the ,pottawattamies sharpened their hatchets and1 newly outfitted1 set out for the rapids of the ,ohio4 ,bring them in alive if possible1 was the parting admonition of ,de ,peyster1 warned by the obloquy of ,hamilton4 ,vain remonstrance with four hundred and seventy-six dozen scalping knives at ,bird's command6 ,from every unwary emigrant along the ,ohio1 daily the ,delawares and ,shawnees brought their offerings of scalps to ,detroit1 and throwing them down at the feet of the commander said1 ,father1 we have done as you directed us2 we have struck your enemies4 ,the bounty was paid2 the scalps were counted and flung into a cellar under the ,council ,house4 ,and ,de ,peyster1 really a good fellow1 like ,andr1 a bon vivant and lover of books and music1 went on with his cards1 balls1 and assemblies1 little feeling the iron that goes to the making of nations4 ,kentuckians very bad people6 ,ought to be scalped as fast as taken1 said the ,indians4 ,,xiv ,,behind ,,the ,,curtain ,we must dislodge this ,american general from his new conquest1 said the ,british officers1 or tribe after tribe will be gained over and subdued4 ,thus will be destroyed the only barrier which protects the great trading establishments of the ,northwest and ,hudson's ,bay4 ,nothing could then prevent the ,americans from gaining the source of the ,mississippi1 gradually extending themselves by the ,red ,river to ,lake ,winnipeg1 from whence the descent of ,nelson's ,river to ,york ,fort would in time be easy4 ,another strong factor in this decision was the dissatisfaction of the ,british traders with the new movement that was deflecting the fur trade down the ,mississippi4 ,the ,french families of ,cahokia and ,kaskaskia sent their furs down to ,new ,orleans1 greatly to the displeasure of their late ,english rulers1 who wanted them to go to ,canada1 by the ,st4 ,louis trail to ,detroit4 ,why should it not continue over the old ,detroit trail to ,montreal8 they questioned4 ,is our fur trade to be cut off by these beggarly rebels and ,spaniards8 ,it belongs to ,canada1 ,canada shall have it6 ,so all ,north ,america was fought over for the fur trade4 ,i will use my utmost endeavours to send as many ,indians as ,i can to attack the ,spanish settlements1 early in ,february1 said ,pat ,sinclair1 the ,british commander at ,michilimackinac4 ,i have taken steps to engage the ,sioux under their own ,chief1 ,wabasha1 a man of uncommon abilities4 ,wabasha is allowed to be a very extraordinary ,indian and well attached to ,his ,majesty's interest4 ,and ,wabasha1 king of the buffalo plains above the ,falls of ,st4 ,anthony1 was an extraordinary ,indian4 ,in old days he fought for ,pontiac1 but after ,de ,peyster brought the ,sioux1 the proudest of the tribes1 to espouse the ,english cause1 every year ,wabasha made a visit to his ,british father at ,michilimackinac4 ,on such a visit as this he came from ,prairie du ,chien after hearing that ,hamilton was taken1 and was received with songs and cannonading3 ,hail to great ,wabashaw6 ,cannonier--fire away1 ,hoist the fort-standard1 and beat all the drums2 ,ottawa and ,chippewa1 ,whoop6 for great ,wabashaw6 ,he comes--beat drums--the ,sioux chief comes4 ,hail to great ,wabashaw6 ,soldiers your triggers draw1 ,guard1--wave the colours1 and give him the drum6 ,choctaw and ,chickasaw1 ,whoop for great ,wabashaw6 ,raise the port-cullis6--the ,king's friend is come4 ,by such demonstrations and enormous gifts1 the ,indians were held to the ,british standard4 ,it was ,wabasha and his brothers1 ,red ,wing and ,little ,crow1 who in #agfg gave a deed to ,jonathan ,carver of all the land around ,st4 ,anthony's ,falls1 on which now stand the cities of ,st4 ,paul and ,minneapolis1 but no government confirmation of the deed has ever been discovered4 ,the reduction of ,st4 ,louis will be an easy matter1 and of the rebels at ,kaskaskia also1 continued ,sinclair4 ,all the traders who will secure the posts on the ,spanish side of the ,mississippi have my promise for the exclusive trade of the ,missouri4 ,the ,northwest red men were gathering1--,menomonies1 ,sacs1 ,foxes1 ,winnebagoes1--at the portage of the ,wisconsin and ,fox ,rivers1 collecting all the corn and canoes in the country1 to set out on the tenth of ,march4 ,again ,sinclair writes1 ,seven hundred and fifty men set out down the ,mississippi the second of ,may4 ,another party assembled at ,chicago to come by the ,illinois1--,indians1 ,british1 and traders4 ,captain ,hesse will remain at ,st4 ,louis1 continued ,governor ,sinclair4 ,wabasha will attack ,ste4 ,genevieve and the rebels at ,kaskaskia4 ,two vessels leave here on the second of ,june to attend ,matchekewis1 who will return by the ,illinois ,river with prisoners4 ,very well ,de ,peyster knew ,matchekewis1 the puissant chief who ,at foot-ball sport ,with arms concealed1 surprised the fort1 at ,michilimackinac in ,pontiac's war4 ,it was ,matchekewis himself who kicked the ball over the pickets1 and rushing in with his band fell on the unprepared ranks of the ,british garrison4 ,on the reoccupation of ,mackinac1 ,matchekewis had been sent to ,quebec and imprisoned1 but1 released and dismissed with honours and a buffalo barbecue1 now he was leading his ,chippewas for the ,king4 ,all this was part of a wider scheme1 devised in ,london1 for the subjugation of the ,mississippi4 ,,xv ,,the ,,attack ,,on ,,st4 ,,louis ,scarce had ,clark time to set his men to work on ,fort ,jefferson1 on the ,chickasaw ,bluffs overlooking the ,mississippi1 before he received two other expresses1 one from ,montgomery1 one from the ,spanish ,governor himself1--,haste1 haste to our relief4 ,not wishing to alarm his men1 ,clark picked out a strong escort1--,i shall be gone a few days4 ,finish the fort4 ,keep a constant guard4 ,they thought he had gone to ,kentucky4 ,all through the year #aggi the ,frenchmen remembered ,clark's warning4 ,at last1 so great became the general apprehension1 that the people themselves1 directed by ,madame ,rigauche1 the school-mistress1 erected a sort of defence of logs and earth1 five or six feet high1 and posted a cannon in each of the three gates4 ,pouf6 ,pouf6 laughed the ,governor4 ,but he did not interfere4 ,but so many days elapsed1 so little sign of change appeared in the accustomed order of things1 that the reassured ,frenchmen went on as usual digging in their fields1 racing their horses1 and clicking their billiard balls4 ,night after night they played their fiddles and danced till dawn on their footworn puncheon floors4 ,and all the while the ,lake ,indians of the ,north were planning and counselling4 ,all through the ,spring they were gathering at rendezvous1 paddling down ,lake ,michigan's shore into the ,chicago ,river1 and then by portage into the ,illinois1 where they set up the cry1 ,on to ,st4 ,louis6 ,so long had been the fear allayed1 so much the rumour discredited1 that when old man ,quenelle came back across the river1 white with excitement1 the people listened to his tale as of one deranged4 ,what8 ,do you ask8 ,what8 ,his teeth chattered4 ,ducharme1 ,ducharme the absconder1 meet me across te river an' say--',te ,injun comin'6' ,fifteen huntert down te river of te ,illinois6 ,terrified was the old man4 ,hearers gathered round plying him with questions4 ,the incredulous laughed at his incoherence4 ,what8 ,what8 he gasped4 ,you laugh8 ,some believed him4 ,dismay began to creep over the more timid ones4 ,what is it8 inquired the burly ,governor ,de ,leyba1 bustling up4 ,what8 ,that same old yarn to frighten the people8 ,quenelle is an old dotard4 ,take him to prison4 ,thus reassured1 again the people went on with work1 games1 festivity4 ,but now the people of ,cahokia became excited4 ,early in ,march ,colonel ,gratiot sent a boatload of goods for trade to ,prairie du ,chien4 ,it was captured by ,indians on the ,mississippi4 ,breathless half-breed runners reported the apparition upon the waters1--,all te waves black with canoes4 ,a great many sauvages4 ,clark1 was the spoken and unspoken thought of all4 ,clark1 the invincible1 where is he8 ,some said1 ,he is camped with his ,long ,knives in the ,american ,bottom4 ,no1 he is building a fort at the ,chickasaw ,bluffs4 ,hurriedly the villagers prepared an express for ,clark4 ,charles ,gratiot was sent1 the brainiest man in ,cahokia1 one who could speak ,english1 and1 moreover1 a great friend of ,clark4 ,on the swiftest canoe ,charles ,gratiot launched amid the prayers of ,cahokia4 ,down he swept on the ,mississippi with the precious papers calling for succour4 ,safely he passed a thousand snags1 safely reached the bluffs of ,chickasaw1 and saw the fort4 ,toiling up he gave his message4 ,colonel ,clark8 ,he is gone4 ,we think he left for ,louisville4 ,without delay a messenger was dispatched to follow his supposed direction4 ,meanwhile1 ,clark and his soldiers1 joining ,montgomery by land1 had hurried to ,cahokia4 ,immediately he crossed to ,st4 ,louis4 ,it was the feast of ,corpus ,christi1 ,may #be4 ,service in the little log chapel was over4 ,come1 said the people in holiday attire1 ,let us gather strawberries on the flowery mead4 ,from their covert1 peeped the ,indians4 ,to-morrow6 they said1 to-morrow6 ,out of the picnic throng1 with lap full of flowers1 the beautiful ,donna ran to greet her lover4 ,so long--she drew a sigh--,i haf watched and waited6 ,love had taught her ,english4 ,never had the ,donna appeared so fair1 with shining eyes and black hair waving on her snowy shoulders4 ,with tumultuous heart ,colonel ,clark bent and kissed her4 ,vengeance ,i swear on any ,indian that shall ever mar this lovely head6 ,then crushing her hand with the grip of a giant1--,wait a little1 my dear1 ,i must see your brother the ,governor4 ,outside the maiden waited while ,clark entered the ,government ,house4 ,at last ,don ,francisco ,de ,leyba was come to his senses3 ,i fear1 but ,i conceal from de people4 ,i sent for ,lieutenant ,cartabona from de ,ste4 ,genevieve4 ,he haf arrived with twenty-five soldier4 ,will you not command of both side de river8 ,i need you4 ,you promised4 ,de ,leyba wore a long scarf of crape for his lately deceased wife4 ,clark had never seen him look so ill2 he was worn out and trembling4 ,the ruffle at his wrist shook like that of a man with palsy4 ,clark took the nervous hand in his own firm grasp4 ,certainly1 my friend1 ,i will do everything in my power4 ,what are your defences8 ,we haf a stockade1 you note it8 ,de cannon at gates8 ,i assure de people no danger1 de rumour false2 ,i fear dey scarce will believe now4 ,together they went out to review ,cartabona's soldiers and the works of defence4 ,le ,colonel ,clark6 ,le ,colonel ,clark6 the people cheered as he passed4 ,now we are safe6 ,de ,leyba had sent out a hunter to shoot ducks for the ,colonel's dinner4 ,and while the ,governor and ,clark were in discussion1 the hunter met a spy4 ,who commands at ,cahokia8 inquired the stranger4 ,colonel ,clark2 he has arrived with a great force4 ,colonel ,clark6 ,oh1 no1 answered the spy in amazement1 that cannot be6 ,clark is in ,kentucky4 ,we have just killed an express with dispatches to him there4 ,i don't know about that1 answered the hunter1 in his turn surprised4 ,colonel ,clark is at this moment in ,st4 ,louis1 and ,i have been sent to kill some ducks for his dinner4 ,the stranger disappeared4 ,clark was in ,st4 ,louis about two hours4 ,cartabona is here4 ,i shall be ready to answer his slightest signal4 ,be sure ,i shall answer4 ,he turned to go4 ,going8 ,no1 no1 ,seor ,colonel1 ,i cannot permit-- ,the hands of ,governor ,de ,leyba shook still more4 ,i expect you to dine1--haf sent a hunter for ducks4 ,but when did ,george ,rogers ,clark ever stop to eat when there was fighting on hand8 ,hastily recrossing the river1 he put ,cahokia into immediate defence4 ,the next day dawned clear and bright1 but the people1 wearied with all-night dancing1 slumbered late4 ,grandfather ,jean ,marie ,cardinal had not danced4 ,he was uncommonly industrious that morning4 ,hastening away in the dewy dawn1 he went to planting corn in his slightly plowed fields4 ,gradually others strolled out on the ,grand ,prairie4 ,it was high noon when an ,indian down by the spring caught the eye of ,grandfather ,jean ,marie ,cardinal4 ,he must not give the alarm1 thought the savage1 so on the instant he slew and scalped him where he stood4 ,then all was tumult4 ,the people in the village heard the sound of firearms4 ,lieutenant ,cartabona and his garrison fired a gunshot from the tower to warn the scattered villagers in the fields4 ,erelong they came stumbling into the north gate half dead with fright and exhaustion4 ,the ,chippewas6 ,the ,chippewas6 ,they had crossed the river and murdered the family of ,franois ,bellhome4 ,sacre ,dieu6 le ,sauvage6 la ,tour6 la ,tour6 cried the frantic habitants1 but the tower was occupied by ,cartabona and his coward soldiers4 ,every man rushed to the ,place des ,armes1 powder-horn and bullet-pouch in hand4 ,to arms6 ,to arms6 was the terrified cry4 ,where is the garrison8 ,where is the ,governor8 ,but they came not forth4 ,cartabona and his men continued to garrison the tower4 ,the ,governor cowered in the ,government ,house with doors shut and barricaded4 ,women and children hid in the houses1 telling their beads4 ,it was about noon when the quick ear of ,clark1 over in ,cahokia1 heard the cannonading and small arms in ,st4 ,louis4 ,he sent an express4 ,here1 ,murray and ,jaynes1 go over the river and inquire the cause4 ,slipping through the cottonwood trees1 the express met an old negro woman on a keen run for ,cahokia4 ,she screamed1 ,run1 ,boston1 run6 ,a great many salvages6 ,all together ran back1 just in time to meet ,colonel ,clark marching out of the east gate4 ,in the thick woods of ,cahokia ,creek he caught a view of the foe4 ,boom6 rang his brass six-pounder1--tree-tops and ,indians fell together4 ,amazed at this rear fire the ,indians turned in confusion4 ,one terrified look1--,it is the ,long ,knife6 ,we have been deceived4 ,we will not fight the ,long ,knife6 ,with one wild whoop they scurried to their boats4 ,the handful of traders1 deserted1 raised the siege and retired4 ,it was the period of the spring rise of the powerful and turbulent ,mississippi1 which1 undermining its shores1 dumped cottonwood trees into the river4 ,the whole ,british army is coming on rafts6 ,in terror seeing the supposed foe advancing1 ,cartabona's soldiers began firing at the white-glancing trees on the midnight waters4 ,on1 on came the ghostly flotilla4 ,cease firing6 demanded ,de ,leyba emerging from his retreat4 ,de cowardly1 skulking old ,goffner6 hide heself6 abandon de people6 ,in wrath they tore toward him1 sticks and stones flying4 ,the ,governor fled1 and the daft ,spaniards1 watching the river1 spiked the cannon1 preparing to fly the moment the ,british landed4 ,cahokia trembled all night long4 ,there were noises and howls of wolves1 but no ,indians4 ,clark himself in the darkness made the rounds of his sentinels4 ,even through the shadows they guessed who walked at night4 ,pass1 grand round1 keep clear of my arms and all's well1 was the successive cry from post to post in the picket gardens of old ,cahokia4 ,with the first pale streak of dawn the sleepless habitants looked out4 ,all was still4 ,the ,indians were gone1 but over at ,st4 ,louis seven men were found dead1 scalped by the retreating foe4 ,many more were being carried off prisoners1 but ,clark's pursuing party rescued thirty4 ,the prisoners1 dragged away to the north by their captors1 suffered hardships until restored at the end of the war1 in #aghc4 ,when ,clark heard of the incompetence of ,de ,leyba he was furious4 ,on his way to the ,government ,house1 he saw the lovely ,donna at her casement4 ,her hair was dishevelled1 her eyes wet with tears4 ,she extended her hand4 ,clark took one step toward her1 and then pride triumphed4 ,never will ,i become the father of a race of cowards1 and turning on his heel he left ,st4 ,louis forever4 ,in one month ,de ,leyba was dead1 some said by his own hand4 ,he knew that ,auguste ,chouteau had gone to complain of him at ,new ,orleans1--the people believed he had been bribed by ,great ,britain2 he knew that only disgrace awaited him1 and he succumbed to his many disasters and the universal obloquy in which he was held4 ,he was buried in the little log chapel1 beneath the altar1 by the side of his wife1 where his tomb is pointed out to this day4 ,and the beautiful ,donna ,de ,leyba8 ,she waited and wept but ,clark came not4 ,then1 taking with her the two little orphan nieces1 ,rita and ,perdita1 she went down to ,new ,orleans4 ,here for a time she lingered among friends1 and at last1 giving up all hope1 retired to the ,ursuline convent and became a nun4 ,presently ,auguste ,chouteau returned from ,new ,orleans with the new ,governor1 ,don ,francisco de ,cruzat1 who pacified fears and fortified the town with half-a-dozen circular stone turrets1 twenty feet high1 connected by a stout stockade of cedar posts pierced with loopholes for artillery4 ,on the river bank a stone tower called the ,half ,moon1 and west of it a square log tower called the ,bastion1 still stood within the memory of living men4 ,next year a thousand ,sioux will be in the field under ,wabasha1 wrote ,sinclair to ,haldimand1 his chief in ,canada4 ,but the ,sioux had no more desire to go back to the high walled house of thunder1 where the cannon sounded not ,hail to great ,wabashaw6 ,their own losses were considerable1 for ,clark ordered an immediate pursuit4 ,some of the ,spaniards1 grateful for the succour of the ,americans1 crossed the river and joined ,montgomery's troops in his chase after the retreating red men4 ,the ,americans are coming1 was the scare-word at ,prairie du ,chien4 ,better get up your furs4 ,with ,wabasha's help the traders hastily bundled three hundred packs of their best furs into canoes1 and setting fire to the remaining sixty packs1 burned them1 together with the fort1 while they hurried away to ,michilimackinac4 ,matchekewis went by the ,lakes4 ,two hundred ,illinois cavalry arrived at ,chicago five days after the vessels left1 is the record of the ,haldimand papers4 ,the watchfulness and energy of ,clark alone saved ,illinois2 nevertheless1 ,de ,peyster felt satisfied1 for he thought that diversion kept ,clark from ,detroit4 ,after the terror was all over1 long in the annals of the fireside1 the ,french of ,st4 ,louis related the feats of l'anne du coup4 ,auguste ,chouteau1 he led te defence1 he and he brother4 ,no1 ,madame ,rigauche1 te school-meestress1 she herself touch te cannon4 ,well1 at any rate1 we hid in te ,chouteau garden1 behind te stone wall4 ,,xvi ,,old ,,chillicothe ,with a wrench at his hot heart stifled only by wrath and determination1 ,clark strode from ,st4 ,louis4 ,at ,cahokia ,french deserters were talking to ,montgomery4 ,a tousand ,british and ,indians on te march to ,kentucky with cannon4 ,when did they start8 thundered ,clark4 ,the ,frenchman dodged as if shot4 ,dey start same time dis4 ,colonel ,bird to keep ,clark busy in ,kentucky so ,sinclair get ,san ,loui' an' brak up te fur trade4 ,for once in his life ,clark showed alarm4 ,i know the situation of that country4 ,i shall attempt to get there before ,bird does4 ,drawing ,montgomery aside1 he said1 ,and you1 ,colonel1 chase these retreating ,indians4 ,chase them to ,michilimackinac if possible4 ,destroy their towns and crops1 distress them1 convince them that we will retaliate and thus deter them from joining the ,british again4 ,without pausing to breathe after the fatigue of the last few days1 with a small escort ,clark launched a boat and went flying down to ,chickasaw ,bluffs4 ,disguised as ,indians1 feathered and painted1 he and a few others left ,fort ,jefferson4 ,clark's army the year before had carried glowing news of ,illinois4 ,already emigration had set in4 ,on the way now he met forty families actually starving because they could not kill buffaloes4 ,a gun8--it was a part of ,clark4 ,he used his rifle-barrelled firelock as he used his hands1 his feet1 his eyes1 instantly1 surely1 involuntarily4 ,he showed them how to strike the buffalo in a vital part1 killed fourteen1 and hurried on1 thirty miles a day1 fording stream and swamp and tangled forest to save ,kentucky4 ,kentucky was watching for her deliverer4 ,into his ear was poured the startling tale4 ,with ,simon ,girty1 the renegade1 and six hundred ,indians1 down the high waters of the ,miami and up the ,licking1 ,bird came to ,ruddle's station and fired his cannon4 ,down went the wooden palisades like a toy blockhouse before his six-pounders4 ,surrender6 came the summons from ,colonel ,bird4 ,yes1 if we can be prisoners to the ,british and not to the ,indians4 ,bird assented4 ,the gates were thrown open4 ,indians flew like dogs upon the helpless people4 ,you promised security1 cried ,captain ,ruddle4 ,i cannot stop them1 said ,bird4 ,i1 too1 am in their power4 ,madly the ,indians sacked the station and killed the cattle4 ,loading the household goods upon the backs of the unfortunate owners1 they drove them forth and gave their cabins to the flames4 ,the same scenes were enacted at ,martin's ,station4 ,the ,indians were wild for more4 ,but ,bird would not permit further devastation4 ,he could easily have taken every fort in ,kentucky1 not one could have withstood his artillery2 but to his honour be it said1 he led his forces out4 ,loaded with plunder1 the wretched captives1 four hundred and fifty men1 women1 and children1 were driven away to ,detroit4 ,whoever faltered was tomahawked4 ,clark immediately called on the militia of ,kentucky4 ,hastening to ,harrodsburg he found the newcomers wild over land entries4 ,land6 they cried1 you can have all you can hold against the ,indians4 ,it was a grewsome joke4 ,the ,indians would not even let them survey4 ,like a military dictator1 ,clark closed the land office1--,nor will it be opened again until after this expedition4 ,immediately a thousand men enlisted4 ,logan1 ,linn1 ,floyd1 ,harrod1 all followed the banner of ,clark4 ,boone and ,kenton set on ahead as guides1 into the land they knew so well4 ,is it not dangerous to invade the ,shawnee country8 inquired one4 ,i was not born in the woods to be scared by an owl1 was ,clark's sententious reply4 ,all the provisions they had for twenty-five days was six quarts of parched corn each1 except what they got in the ,indian country4 ,canoeing down the ,licking1 on the first day of ,august they crossed the ,ohio4 ,scarce touching shore they heard the scalp halloo4 ,some fell4 ,within fifteen minutes ,clark had his axes in the forest building a blockhouse for his wounded4 ,on that spot now stands ,cincinnati4 ,on pressed ,clark in his retaliatory dash1--before the ,shawnees even suspected1 the ,kentuckians were at ,old ,chillicothe4 ,they flew to arms1 but the ,long ,knives swooped down with such fury that ,simon ,girty drew off4 ,it is folly to fight such madmen4 ,chillicothe went down in flames2 ,piqua followed2 fields1 gardens1 more than five hundred acres of corn were razed to the level of the sod4 ,piqua was ,tecumseh's village2 again he learned to dread and hate the white man4 ,that will keep them at home hunting for a while1 remarked ,clark1 turning back to the future ,cincinnati4 ,,xvii ,,detroit ,,must ,,be ,,taken ,again ,george ,rogers ,clark sped through ,cumberland ,gap1 fair as a ,tyrolean vale1 to ,virginia4 ,and dashing along the same highway1 down the valley of ,virginia1 came the minute men of the border1 in green hunting shirts1 hard-riders and sharp-shooters of ,fincastle4 ,hey and away1 and what news8 ,the restless mountaineers of the ,appalachians1 almost as fierce and warlike as the ,goths and ,vandals of an earlier day1 answered3 ,we have broken the back of ,tarleton's army at ,king's ,mountain1 ,cornwallis is facing this way1 and cruisers are coming up into the ,chesapeake4 ,marse ,gawge6 ,marse ,gawge6 ,this time it was little ,york1 the negro1 who1 peeping from the slave quarters of old ,york and ,rose1 detected the stride of ,george ,rogers ,clark out under the mulberry trees4 ,the long1 low1 ,virginia farmhouse was wrapped in slumber1 an almost funeral pall hung over the darkened porch1 as ,john ,clark stepped out to grasp the hand of his son4 ,three of my boys in ,british prisons1 we looked for nothing less for you1 ,george4 ,william alone is left4 ,girls do not count1 ,i suppose1 laughed the saucy ,lucy1 peeping out in her night-curls with a candle in her hand4 ,over at ,bowling ,green the other day1 when all the gallants were smiling on me1 one jealous girl said1 ',i do not see what there is so interesting about ,lucy ,clark4 ,she is not handsome1 and she has red hair4' ',ah1' ,i replied1 ',i can tell her4 ,they know ,i have five brothers all officers in the ,revolutionary army6' ,what1 ,edmund gone1 too8 exclaimed ,george4 ,he is but a lad6 ,big enough to don the buff and blue1 and shoulder a gun1 answered the father4 ,he would go1--left school1 led all his mates1 and six weeks later was taken prisoner along with ,jonathan and the whole army4 ,that was the fall of ,charleston1 in the very ,may when ,clark was saving ,st4 ,louis4 ,we are all at war1 spoke up ,elizabeth1 the elder sister1 sadly4 ,even the boys drill on mimic battlefields2 all the girls in ,virginia are spinning and weaving clothes for the soldiers2 ,mrs4 ,washington keeps sixteen spinning-wheels busy at ,mount ,vernon2 mother and all the ladies have given their jewels to fit out the army4 ,mrs4 ,jefferson herself led the call for contributions1 and ,mrs4 ,lewis of ,albemarle collected five thousand dollars in ,continental currency4 ,father has given up his best horses1 and ,jefferson impressed his own horses and waggons at ,monticello to carry supplies to ,general ,gates4 ,all the lads in the country are moulding bullets and making gun-powder4 ,we haven't a pewter spoon left4 ,an' we niggers air raisin' fodder1 ventured the ten-year-old ,york4 ,york had his part1 along with his young master1 ,william4 ,daily they rode together down the ,rappahannock1 carrying letters to ,fielding ,lewis at ,fredericksburg4 ,it was there1 at ,kenmore ,house1 that they met ,meriwether ,lewis1 visiting his uncle and aunt ,betty1 the sister of ,washington4 ,and when she puts on his chapeau and great coat1 she looks exactly like the ,general1 said ,william4 ,what has become of my captured ,governors8 ,george asked of his father4 ,i hear that ,hamilton was offered a parole on condition that he would not use his liberty in any way to speak or influence any one against the colonies4 ,he indignantly refused to promise that1 and so was returned to close captivity4 ,but ,i think when ,boone came up to the legislature he used some influence2 at any rate ,hamilton was paroled and went with ,hay to ,england4 ,rocheblave broke his parole and fled to ,new ,york4 ,the five fireplaces of the old ,clark home roared a welcome that day up the great central chimney1 and candles gleamed at evening from dormer window to basement when all the neighbours crowded in to hail the ,washington of the ,west4 ,now1 ,rose1 you and ,nancy bake the seed cakes and have beat biscuit1 said ,mrs4 ,clark to the fat cook in the kitchen4 ,york has gone after the turkeys4 ,events are in desperate straits1 said ,george at bedtime2 ,i must leave at daylight4 ,but earlier yet young ,william was up to gallop a mile beside his brother on the road to ,richmond1 whither the capital had been removed for greater safety4 ,is this the young ,virginian that is sending home all the western ,governors8 exclaimed the people4 ,an ovation followed him all the way4 ,what is your plan8 asked ,governor ,jefferson1 after the fiery cavalier had been received with distinction by the ,virginia ,assembly4 ,my plan is to ascend the ,wabash in early ,spring and strike before reinforcements can reach ,detroit1 or escape be made over the breaking ice of the ,lakes4 ,the rivers open first4 ,george ,rogers ,clark1 born within three miles of ,monticello1 had known ,jefferson all his life1 and save ,patrick ,henry no one better grasped his plans4 ,in fact1 ,jefferson had initiative and was not afraid of untried ventures4 ,my dear ,colonel1 ,i have already written to ,washington that we could furnish the men1 provisions1 and every necessary except powder1 had we the money1 for the reduction of ,detroit4 ,but there is no money1--not even rich men have seen a shilling in a year4 ,washington to the north is begging aid1 ,gates in the south is pleading for men and arms1 and not a shilling is in the treasury of ,virginia4 ,but ,detroit must be taken1 said ,clark with a solemn emphasis4 ,through my aides ,i have this discovery3 a combination is forming to the westward1--a confederacy of ,british and ,indians1--to spread dismay to our frontier this coming ,spring4 ,we cannot hesitate4 ,the fountain head of these irruptions must be cut off1 the grand focus of ,indian hostilities from the ,mohawk to the ,mississippi4 ,even as he spoke1 ,jefferson1 pen in hand1 was noting points in another letter to ,washington4 ,we have determined to undertake it1 wrote ,jefferson1 and commit it to ,clark's direction4 ,whether the expense of the enterprise shall be defrayed by the ,continent or ,state we leave to be decided hereafter by ,congress4 ,in the meantime we only ask the loan of such necessaries as1 being already at ,fort ,pitt1 will save time and expense of transportation4 ,i am1 therefore1 to solicit ,your ,excellency's order to the commandant at ,fort ,pitt for the articles contained in the annexed list4 ,clark had the list in hand4 ,it is our only hope2 there is not a moment to be lost4 ,on fleet horses the chain of expresses bore daily news to the camp of ,washington1 but before his answer could return1 another express reined up at ,richmond4 ,benedict ,arnold1 the traitor1 has entered the ,capes of ,virginia with a force of two thousand men4 ,it was ,new ,year's ,eve and ,richmond was in a tumult4 ,on ,new ,year's day every legislator was moving his family to a place of safety4 ,the very winds were blowing ,arnold's fleet to ,richmond4 ,virginia had laid herself bare of soldiers2 every man that could be spared had been sent south4 ,and ,arnold8 ,with what rage ,george ,rogers ,clark saw him destroy the very stores that might have taken ,detroit1--five brass field-pieces1 arms in the ,capitol loft and in waggons on the road1 five tons of powder1 tools1 quartermaster's supplies4 ,then the very wind that had blown ,arnold up the river turned and blew him back1 and the only blood shed was by a handful of militia under ,george ,rogers ,clark1 who killed and wounded thirty of ,arnold's men4 ,i have an enterprise to propose1 said the ,governor to ,clark on return4 ,i have confidence in your men from the western side of the mountains4 ,i want to capture ,arnold and hang him4 ,you pick the proper characters and engage them to seize this greatest of all traitors4 ,i will undertake1 if they are successful1 that they shall receive five thousand guineas reward among them4 ,i cannot1 ,arnold is gone1 ,i must capture ,detroit4 ,more determined than ever1 ,clark and ,jefferson went on planning4 ,yes1 you must capture ,detroit and secure ,lake ,erie4 ,you shall have two thousand men1 and ammunition and packhorses shall be at the ,falls of the ,ohio1 ,march #ae1 ready for the early break of the ice4 ,washington's consent had come1 and orders for artillery4 ,with ,washington and ,jefferson at his back1 ,clark made indefatigable efforts to raise two thousand men to rendezvous ,march #ae4 ,up the ,blue ,ridge his agents went and over to the ,holston2 he wrote to western ,pennsylvania2 he visited ,redstone-,old-,fort1 and hurried down to ,fort ,pitt4 ,fort ,pitt itself was in danger4 ,the ,wabash broke and ran untrammelled1 but ,clark was not ready4 ,cornwallis was destroying ,gates at ,camden2 ,de ,kalb fell1 covered with wounds2 ,sumter was cut to pieces by ,tarleton4 ,the darkest night had come in a drama that has no counterpart1 save in the ,napoleonic wars that shook ,europe in the cause of human liberty4 ,war1 war1 raged from the ,atlantic to the ,mississippi4 ,the land was covered with forts and blockhouses4 ,every hamlet had its place of refuge4 ,mills were fortified1 and private houses4 ,every outlying settlement was stockaded4 ,every log house had its pickets and portholes4 ,chains of posts followed the river fords and mountain gaps from ,ticonderoga to the ,mohawk1 from the ,susquehanna to the ,delaware1 to the ,cumberland1 to the ,tennessee4 ,anxious sentinels peered from the watchtowers of wooden castles4 ,guns stood on the ramparts4 ,the people slept in barracks4 ,moats and drawbridges1 chained gates and palisades1 guarded the sacred citadels of ,america4 ,and what if ,england wins8 said one to ,washington4 ,we can still retire to the ,ohio and live in freedom1 for1 like the last recesses of the ,swiss ,alps1 it was thought no nation could conquer the ,alleghanies4 ,in desperation and unaware of the ,virginian crisis behind him1 ,george ,rogers ,clark embarked four hundred men1 all he could get of the promised two thousand4 ,only a line he sent to ,jefferson1 ,i have relinquished all hope1 but ,jefferson at that hour was flying from ,tarleton1 ,cornwallis was coming up into ,virginia1 and ,washington with his ragged band of veteran ,continentals was marching down to ,yorktown4 ,there was no time to glance beyond the mountains4 ,all the northwest1 in terror of ,clark1 was watching and fearing4 ,if a blow was struck anywhere1 ,clark did it4 ,shawnees and ,delawares1 ,wyandots at the north1 ,choctaws and ,chickasaws and ,cherokees at the south1 ,british and ,indians everywhere1 were rising against devoted ,kentucky4 ,as ,clark stepped on his boats at ,pittsburg word flew to remotest tribes1-- ,the ,long ,knives are coming6 ,the red man trembled in his wigwam1 ,detroit redoubled its fortifications1 and ,clark's forlorn little garrisons in the prairies of the west hung on to ,illinois4 ,in those boats ,clark bore provisions1 ammunition1 artillery1 quartermaster's stores1 collected as if from the very earth by his undying energy1--everything but men1 men6 ,major ,william ,croghan stood with him on the wharf at ,pittsburg1 burning1 longing to go1 but honour forbade1--he was out on parole from ,charleston4 ,peeping1 spying1 gliding1 ,indians down the ,ohio would have attacked but for fear of ,clark's cannon4 ,the rear guard of the ,continental army little knew the young ,virginian1 the terror of his name4 ,for him1 ,canada staid at home to guard ,detroit when she might have wrested ,yorktown4 ,with shouts of thanksgiving ,louisville greeted ,clark and his four hundred2 the war had come up to their very doors4 ,never had the ,indians so hammered away at the border4 ,across the entire continent the late intermittent cannon shots became a constant volley4 ,every family had its lost ones1--,my father1 my mother1 my wife1 my child1 they slaughtered1 burned1 tortured1--,i will hunt the ,indian till ,i die6 ,detroit1 ,niagara1 ,michilimackinac--the very names meant horror1 for there let loose1 the red bloodhounds of war1 the most savage1 the most awful1 with glittering knives1 pressed close along the ,ohio4 ,the buffalo meat for the expedition rotted while ,clark struggled1 anguished in spirit1 a lion chained1 ,stationed here to repel a few predatory savages when ,i would carry war to the ,lakes4 ,but troops yet behind1 almost naked for want of linen and entirely without shoes1 were trying to join ,clark down the wild ,ohio4 ,joseph ,brandt cut them off1--,lochry and ,shannon and one hundred ,pennsylvanians1--not one escaped to tell the tale4 ,clark never recovered1 never forgot the fate of ,lochry4 ,had ,i tarried but one day ,i might have saved them6 ,in the night-time he seemed to hear those struggling captives dragged away to ,detroit1--,detroit6 lost for the want of a few men6 ,for the first time the over-wrought hero gave way to intoxication to drown his grief1--and so had ,clark then died1 ,detroit might have been found written on his heart4 ,despair swept over ,westmoreland where ,lochry's men were the flower of the frontier4 ,only fourteen or fifteen rifles remained in ,hannastown1--the ,indians swooped and destroyed it utterly4 ,,xviii ,,on ,,the ,,ramparts ,in all his anguish about ,detroit1 with the energy of desperation ,clark now set to work making ,louisville stronger than ever4 ,boys1 we must have defences absolutely impregnable2 we know not at what moment cannon may be booming at our gates4 ,a new stronghold was founded1 and around it a moat eight feet deep and ten feet wide2 surrounding the moat itself1 was built a breastwork of log pens1 filled with earth and picketed ten feet high on top of the breastwork4 ,an acre was thus enclosed1 and in that acre was a spring that bubbles still in the streets of ,louisville4 ,within were mounted a double six-pounder captured at ,vincennes1 four cannon1 and eight swivels1 and heaped around were shells1 balls1 and grapeshot brought for the ,detroit campaign4 ,with bakehouse and blockhouse1 bastion and barrack1 no enemy ever dared attack ,fort ,nelson4 ,general ,clark is too hard on the militia1 the soldier boys complained1 but the hammering and pounding and digging went on until ,louisville was the strongest point beyond the ,alleghanies4 ,back and back came the ,indians1 in battles and forays1 and still in this troublous time settlers were venturing by flatboat and over the ,wilderness ,road into the ,blue ,grass country4 ,they seemed to fancy that ,clark had stilled the ,west1 that here the cannon had ceased to rattle4 ,emigrants on packhorses bound for the land of cane and turkeys saw bodies of scalped white men every day4 ,logan and his forest rangers1 like knights of old1 guarded the ,wilderness ,road4 ,kenton and his scouts patrolled the ,ohio1 crossing and recrossing on the track of marauding savages4 ,boone watched the ,licking2 ,floyd held the ,bear ,grass4 ,fort ,nelson was done1--its walls were cannon-proof4 ,clark's gunboat lay on the water-front when a messenger passed the sentinel with a letter4 ,in the little square room that ,clark called his headquarters1 the envoy waited4 ,the young commandant read and bowed his head1--was it a moment of irresolution8 ,who could have brought this letter8 ,any ,indian would bring it for a pint of rum1 answered a well-known voice4 ,pulling off a mask1 ,connolly stood before him4 ,it was as if ,lord ,dunmore had risen from the floor1--,connolly had been ,lord ,dunmore's captain commandant of all the land west of the ,blue ,ridge4 ,what was he saying8 ,as much boundary of land on the west bank of the ,ohio as you may wish1 and any title under that of a duke1 if you will abandon ,louisville4 ,i am sent to you by ,hamilton4 ,what6 gasped ,clark4 ,shall ,i become an ,arnold and give up my country8 ,never6 ,go1 sir1 before my people discover your identity4 ,resolved to lock the secret in his own heart1 ,clark spoke to no one4 ,but that same night a similar offer was made to ,john ,floyd on the ,bear ,grass4 ,he mentioned it to ,clark4 ,we must never tell the men1 they agreed2 starving and discouraged they might grasp the offer to escape the ,indian tomahawk4 ,but years after ,clark told his sister ,lucy1 and ,floyd told his wife1 ,jane ,buchanan1--and from them the tale came down to us4 ,as if enraged at this refusal1 ,british and ,indians rallied for a final onslaught4 ,the white men are taking the fair ,kain-tuck-ee1 the land of deer and buffalo4 ,if you beat ,clark this time you will certainly recover your hunting-grounds1 said ,de ,peyster at the council fire4 ,in unprecedented numbers the redmen crossed the ,ohio1--station after station was invested2 then followed the frightful battle of ,blue ,licks where sixty white men fell in ten minutes4 ,kentucky was shrouded in mourning4 ,again ,clark followed swift with a thousand mounted riflemen4 ,among the ,indians dividing their spoils and their captives there sounded a sharp alarm1 ,the ,long ,knives6 ,the ,long ,knives6 ,a mighty army on its march6 ,barely had the ,shawnees time to fly when ,clark's famished ,kentuckians entered ,old ,chillicothe4 ,fires were yet burning1 corn was on the roasting sticks1 but the foe was gone4 ,the property destroyed was of great amount1 and the quantity of provisions burned surpassed all idea we had of the ,indian stores1 ,clark said in after years4 ,this second destruction of their villages and cornfields chilled the heart of the ,indians4 ,their power was broken4 ,never again did a great army cross the ,ohio4 ,but standing again on the ruins of ,old ,chillicothe1 ,i swear vengeance6 cried the young ,tecumseh4 ,and ,clark1 the ,long ,knife1 mourned in his heart4 ,this might have been avoided6 this might have been avoided6 ,never shall we have peace on this frontier until ,detroit is taken6 ,,xix ,,exit ,,cornwallis ,the boy cannot escape me6 ,lafayette was all that lay between ,cornwallis and the subjugation of ,virginia4 ,the lithe little ,frenchman1 only twenty-three years old1 danced ever on and on before him1 fatiguing the redcoats far into the heats of ,june4 ,the ,virginia ,legislature adjourned to ,charlottesville4 ,in vain ,cornwallis chased the boy and sent ,tarleton on his raid over the mountains1 to capture the ,governor4 ,like a flash he came1 the handsome1 daring1 dashing ,colonel ,tarleton1 whose name has been execrated for a hundred years4 ,virginia was swept as by a tornado4 ,never a noise in the night1 never a wind could whistle by1 but ,tarleton's troop is coming6 ,tarleton's troop6 ,little ,john ,randolph1 a boy of eight1 his mother then lying in childbed1 was gathered up and hurried away ninety miles up the ,appomattox4 ,tarleton's troop6 ,beside the dead body of her husband sat the mother of four-year-old ,henry ,clay1 with her seven small children shuddering around her4 ,standing on a rock in the ,south ,anna ,river1 the great preacher had addressed his congregation in impassioned oratory for the last time1 and now on a bier he lay lifeless1 while the gay trooper raided the lands of his children4 ,even ,tarleton was moved by the widow's pallor as he tossed a handful of coins on her table4 ,she arose and swept them into the fireplace1--,never will ,i touch the invaders' gold4 ,tarleton's troop6 ,back at ,waxhaw1 ,south ,carolina1 a lad by the name of ,andrew ,jackson bore through life the scars of wounds inflicted by ,tarleton's men4 ,at that very hour1 alone on foot his mother was returning from deeds of mercy to the patriots caged in prison pens by ,tarleton4 ,but the streams were cold1 the forests dark2 losing her way1 overworn and weary1 sank and died the mother of ,andrew ,jackson4 ,tarleton's troop6 ,jack ,jouett at the ,cuckoo ,tavern at ,louisa saw white uniforms faced with green1 and fluttering plumes1 and shining helmets riding by4 ,the fiery ,huguenot blood rose in him4 ,before daylight ,jack's hard-ridden steed reined up at ,monticello4 ,tarleton's troop1 three hours behind me6 ,fly6 ,there was panic and scramble1--some of the legislators were at ,monticello4 ,there was hasty adjournment and flight to ,staunton1 across the ,blue ,ridge4 ,assisting his wife1 the slender1 graceful ,mrs4 ,jefferson1 into a carriage1 the ,governor sent her and the children under the care of ,jupiter1 the coachman1 to a neighbouring farmhouse1 while he gathered up his ,state papers4 ,what next1 massa8 ,martin1 the faithful body-servant1 watching his master's glance and anticipating every want1 followed from room to room4 ,the plate1 ,martin1 with a wave of the hand ,jefferson strode out from his beloved ,monticello4 ,with ,csar's help ,martin pulled up the planks of the portico1 and the last piece of silver went under the floor as a gleaming helmet hove in sight4 ,dropping the plank1 imprisoning poor ,csar1 ,martin faced the intruder4 ,where is your master8 ,name the spot or ,i'll fire6 ,fire away1 then1 answered the slave4 ,the trooper desisted4 ,tarleton and his men took food and drink1 but destroyed nothing4 ,the fame of ,jefferson's kindness to ,burgoyne's captured army had reached even ,tarleton1 for in that mansion books and music had been free to the imprisoned ,british officers4 ,an' now who be ye1 an' whar are ye from8 ,an old woman peered from the door of a hut in a gorge of the hills1 late in the afternoon4 ,we are members of the ,virginia ,legislature fleeing from ,tarleton's raid4 ,ride on1 then1 ye cowardly knaves6 ,here my husband and sons have just gone to ,charlottesville to fight for ye1 an' ye a runnin' awa' wi' all yer might4 ,clar out2 ye get naething here4 ,but1 my good woman1 it would never do to let the ,british capture the ,legislature4 ,if ,patterick ,hennery had been in ,albemarle1 the ,british dragoons would naever ha' passed the ,rivanna4 ,but1 my good woman1 here is ,patrick ,henry4 ,patterick ,hennery8 ,patterick ,hennery8 ,well1 well1 if ,patterick ,hennery is here it must be all right4 ,coom in1 coom in to the best ,i have4 ,but ,daniel ,boone and three or four others were captured1 and carried away to ,cornwallis to be released soon after on parole4 ,tarleton's troop6 cried little ,meriwether ,lewis1 seven years old4 ,sweeping down the ,rivanna came the desperado to the home of ,colonel ,nicholas ,lewis1 away in the ,continental army4 ,what a paradise6 exclaimed ,tarleton1 raising his hands4 ,why1 then1 do you interrupt it8 inquired ,mrs4 ,lewis1 alone at home with her small children and slaves4 ,the trooper slept that night in his horseman's cloak on the kitchen floor4 ,at daylight ,mrs4 ,lewis was awakened by a clatter in her henyard4 ,ducks1 chickens1 turkeys1 the troopers were wringing their necks4 ,one decrepit old drake only escaped by skurrying under the barn4 ,bowing low till his plume swept the horse's mane1 ,tarleton galloped away4 ,the wrath of ,aunt ,molly6 ,here1 ,pompey1 you just catch that drake4 ,ride as fast as you can1 and present it to ,colonel ,tarleton with my compliments4 ,on flying steed1 drake squawking and flouncing on his back1 the darkey flew after the troopers4 ,well1 ,pompey1 did you overtake ,colonel ,tarleton8 was ,aunt ,molly's wrathful inquiry4 ,yes'm4 ,what did he say8 ,he put de drake in his wallet1 and say he much obleeged6 ,little ,meriwether1 sitting on the gate-post1 laughed at his aunt's discomfiture4 ,the roll of a drum broke the stillness of ,sabbath in the ,blue ,ridge4 ,tarleton's troop6 ,by the bed of her sick husband sat a ,spartan mother at ,staunton4 ,her sons were in the army at the north1 but three young lads1 thirteen1 fifteen1 and seventeen were there4 ,placing their father's old firelock in their hands1 ,go forth1 my children1 she said1 repel the foot of the invader or see my face no more4 ,but ,tarleton did not force the mountain pass1--the boys went on down to join ,lafayette4 ,from farm and forest1 children and grandsires hurried to ,lafayette4 ,the proud earl retired to the sea and stopped to rest at the little peninsula of ,yorktown1 waiting for reinforcements4 ,down suddenly from the north came ,washington with his tattered ,continentals and ,rochambeau's gay ,frenchmen1 and the ,french fleet sailed into the ,chesapeake4 ,cornwallis was bottled up at ,yorktown4 ,the boy1 ,lafayette1 had simply put the stopper in the bottle and waited4 ,seventy cannon rolled in on ,yorktown4 ,george ,rogers ,clark1 all the ,west1 was appealing to ,washington1 but the great chief unmoved kept his eye on ,lord ,cornwallis4 ,on the #aith of ,october1 #agha1 the aristocratic marquis1 who had commenced his career as aide-de-camp to a king1 surrendered to the rebels of ,america4 ',wallis has surrendered6 surrendered6 surrendered6 ,meriwether ,lewis and ,william ,clark flung up their caps with other boys and shouted with the best of them1 ',wallis has surrendered6 ,after the surrender of ,cornwallis1 ,washington and ,lafayette and the officers of the ,french and ,american armies went to ,fredericksburg to pay their respects to ,mary1 the mother of ,washington4 ,the entire surrounding country was watching in gala attire1 and among them the old cavalier1 ,john ,clark of ,caroline4 ,on his white horse ,washington passed the mulberry trees4 ,quick as a flash little ,william turned1--,why1 father1 he does look like my brother ,george6 ,is that why people call our ,george the ',washington of the ,west'8 ,a provisional treaty was signed at ,paris1 ,november #cj1 #aghb1 a few days after the return of ,george ,rogers ,clark from that last ,chillicothe raid4 ,slowly1 by pack-horse and flatboat1 the news reached ,kentucky4 ,the last of the ,british army sailed away4 ,washington made his immortal farewell1 and went back to his farm1 arriving on ,christmas ,eve4 ,bonfires and rockets1 speeches1 thanksgiving and turkey1 ended the year #aghb4 ,but with his return from the last scene at ,yorktown1 the father of ,meriwether ,lewis lay down and died1 a martyr of the ,revolution4 ,,xx ,,the ,,old ,,virginia ,,home ,back over ,boone's trace1 the ,wilderness ,road he had travelled so many times1 went ,general ,george ,rogers ,clark sometime in the early ,spring of #aghc1 past the thrifty fields of ,fincastle and the ,shenandoah ,germans1 with their fat cattle and huge red barns4 ,every year the stout ,pennsylvanians were building farther and farther up4 ,year by year the fields increased1 and rosy girls stacked the hay in defiance of all ,virginian customs across the ,ridge4 ,but the man who a thousand miles to the west held ,illinois by the prowess of his arm and the terror of his name1 sprang not with the buoyant step of six years before when he had gone to ,virginia after the gunpowder4 ,his thoughts were at ,kaskaskia1 ,vincennes1 ,louisville1 where his unsustained garrisons were suffering for food and clothing4 ,peace1 peace1 peace6 he muttered4 ',tis but a mockery4 ,must ,kentucky lie still and be scalped8 ,still the savages raided the border1 not in numbers1 but in squads1 persistent and elusive4 ,isham ,floyd1 the boy drummer of ,vincennes1 had been captured by the savages and three days tortured in the woods1 and burnt at the stake4 ,my boy-brother in the hands of those monsters8 exclaimed the great-hearted ,john ,floyd of the ,bear ,grass4 ,a word roused the country1 the savages were dispersed1 but poor ,isham was dead4 ,and beside him lay his last tormentor1 the son of an ,indian chief1 shot by the avenging rifle of ,john ,floyd4 ,riding home with a heavy heart on the #abth of ,april1 a ball struck ,colonel ,floyd1 passed through his arm1 and entered his breast4 ,behind the trees they caught a glimpse of the smoking rifle of ,big ,foot1 that chief whose son was slain4 ,leaping from his own horse to that of his brother1 ,charles ,floyd sustained the drooping form until they reached the ,bear ,grass4 ,charles1 whispered the dying man1 had ,i been riding ,pompey this would not have happened4 ,pompey pricks his ears and almost speaks if a foe is near4 ,at the feet of ,jane ,buchanan her brave young husband was laid1 his black locks already damp with the dew of death4 ,papa6 ,papa6 ,little two-year-old ,george ,rogers ,clark ,floyd screamed with terror4 ,ten days later the stricken wife1 ,jane ,buchanan1 gave birth to another son1 whom they named in honour of his heroic father4 ,with such a grief upon him1 ,general ,george ,rogers ,clark wended his lonesome way through the ,cumberland ,gap to ,virginia4 ,now in the night-time he heard young ,isham cry4 ,not a heart in ,kentucky but bewailed the fate of the drummer boy4 ,and ,john ,floyd1 his loss was a public calamity4 ,john ,floyd1 ,john ,floyd1 murmured ,clark on his lonely way1 the encourager of my earliest adventures1 truest heart of the ,west6 ,lochry's men haunted him while he slept4 ,had ,i not written they would not have come6 ,his debts1 dishonoured1 weighed like a pall1 and deep1 deep1 down in his heart he knew at last how much he loved that girl in the convent at ,new ,orleans4 ,at times an almost ungovernable yearning came over him to go down and force the gates of her voluntary prison-house4 ,in ,may he was at ,richmond4 ,a new ,governor sat in the chair of ,jefferson and ,patrick ,henry4 ,to him ,clark addressed an appeal for the money that was his due4 ,but ,virginia1 bankrupt1 impoverished1 prostrate1 answered only1--,we have given you land warrants1 what more can you ask8 ,with heavy heart ,clark travelled again the road to ,caroline4 ,there was joy in the old ,virginia home1 and sorrow4 ,once more the family were reunited4 ,first came ,colonel ,jonathan1 with his courtly and elegant army comrade ,major ,william ,croghan1 an ,irish gentleman1 nephew of ,sir ,william ,johnson1 late ,governor of ,new ,york1 and of the famous ,george ,croghan1 ,sir ,william's ,indian ,deputy in the ,west4 ,in fact young ,croghan crossed the ocean with ,sir ,william as his private secretary1 on the high road to preferment in the ,british army4 ,but he looked on the struggling colonists1 and mused1-- ,their cause is just6 ,i will raise a regiment for ,washington4 ,while all his relatives fought for the ,king1 he alone froze and starved at ,valley ,forge1 and in that frightful winter of #aghj marched with ,jonathan ,clark's regiment to the relief of ,charleston4 ,and ,charleston fell4 ,restore your loyalty to ,great ,britain and ,i will set you free1 said ,major ,general ,prevost1 another one of ,croghan's uncles4 ,i cannot1 replied the young rebel4 ,i have linked my fate with the colonies4 ,nevertheless ,general ,prevost released him and his ,colonel1 ,jonathan ,clark1 on parole4 ,lieutenant ,edmund was held a year longer4 ,directly to the home in ,caroline1 ,colonel ,jonathan brought his ,irish ,major4 ,and there he met--,lucy4 ,then1 with the exchange of prisoners1 ,edmund came1 damaged it is true1 but whole1 and ,john1 ,john from the prison ships1 ruined4 ,at sight of the emaciated face of her once handsome boy1 the mother turned away and wept4 ,five long years in the prison ship had done its work4 ,five years1 where every day at dawn the dead were brought out in cartloads4 ,stifled in crowded holds and poisoned with loathsome food1 in one prison ship alone in eighteen months eleven thousand died and were buried on the ,brooklyn shore4 ,and then came the ,general1 ,george ,rogers1 and ,captain ,richard1 from the garrison of ,kaskaskia where he had helped to hold the ,illinois4 ,in tattered regimentals and worn old shirts they came1--the army of the ,revolution was disbanded without a dollar4 ,and ,i1 worse than without a dollar1 said ,general ,george ,rogers4 ,my private property has been sacrificed to pay public debts4 ,but from what old treasure stores did those girls bring garments1 homespun and new and woolly and warm1 prepared against this day of reunion8 ,the soldiers were children again around their father's hearth1 with mother's socks upon their feet and sister's arms around their necks4 ,jonathan1 famous for his songs1 broke forth in a favourite refrain from ,robin ,hood3-- ,and mony ane sings o' grass1 o' grass1 ,and mony ane sings o' corn1 ,and mony ane sings o' ,robin ,hood ,kens little where he was born4 ,it wasna in the ha'1 the ha'1 ,nor in the painted bower1 ,but it was in the gude greenwood ,amang the lily flower4 ,and you call us lily flowers8 cried ,fanny1 the beauty and the pet4 ,the lilies of the field1 they toil not1 neither do they spin2 and here have we been spinning for weeks and weeks to dress you boys again4 ,and what has ,william been doing8 ,learning to follow in the footsteps of my brothers1 answered the lad of thirteen4 ,another year and ,i1 too1 could have gone as a drummer boy4 ,thank ,god1 you'll never have to1 ejaculated the ,general solemnly4 ,the old house rang with merriment as it had not in years4 ,the negroes1 ,york and old ,york and ,rose his wife1 ,jane and ,julia and ,cupid and ,harry1 and ,nancy the cook1 were jubilantly preparing a feast for welcome4 ,other guests were there1--,colonel ,anderson1 aide-de-camp of ,lafayette1 who was to wed ,elizabeth1 the sister next older than ,william2 and ,charles ,mynn ,thruston1 son of the ,fighting ,parson1 and ,dennis ,fitzhugh1 daft lovers of the romping ,fanny4 ,since before the ,revolution ,jonathan had been engaged to ,sarah ,hite1 the daughter of ,joist ,hite1 first settler of the ,shenandoah4 ,thousands of acres had her father and hundreds of indentured white servants4 ,joist ,hite's claim overlay that of ,lord ,fairfax2 they fought each other in the courts for fifty years4 ,should ,hite win1 ,sarah would be the greatest heiress in ,virginia4 ,from the sight of happy courtship ,george ,rogers turned and ever and anon talked with his parents1 solemn as the judgment1 said ,fanny4 ,a few blissful days and the time for scattering came4 ,again the old broad-porticoed farmhouse was filled with farewells1--negro slaves held horses saddled4 ,but we shall meet in ,kentucky1 said old ,john ,clark the ,cavalier4 ,george ,rogers bade them good-bye1 waved a last kiss back1 whipped up his horse1 and entered the forest4 ,in ,october ,john died4 ,a vast concourse gathered under the mulberry trees where the young ,lieutenant lay wrapped in the flag of his country1 a victim of the prison ship4 ,great was the indignation of friends as they laid him away4 ,and now preparations were rapidly carried forward for removal to ,kentucky4 ,,xxi ,,down ,,the ,,ohio ,there was truce on the border4 ,the wondering redmen heard that the great ,king had withdrawn across the ,big ,water and that the ,long ,knives were victors in the country4 ,with wondering minds ,shawnee and ,delaware1 ,wyandot and ,miami1 discussed around their council fires the changed situation4 ,very great had the redcoats appeared in the eyes of the savages1 with their dazzling uniforms1 and long1 bright1 flashing swords4 ,but how terrible were the ,virginians of the ,big ,knives6 ,the continental armies had been dispersed1 but now from their old war-ravaged homes of the ,atlantic shore they looked to the new lands beyond the ,alleghanies4 ,congress would pay them in these lands1 and so the scarred veterans of a hundred battles launched on the emigrant trail4 ,in the ,clark home there was busy preparation4 ,out of attic and cellar old cedar chests were brought and packed with the precious linen1 fruit of many a day at the loom4 ,silver and pewter and mahogany bureaus1 high-post bedsteads and carved mirrors1 were carefully piled in the waggons as ,john ,clark1 cavalier1 turned his face from tidewater ,virginia4 ,neighbours called in to bid them farewell4 ,mrs4 ,clark made a last prayer at the grave of her son1 the victim of the prison ship4 ,william1 have you brought the mulberry cuttings8 called the motherly ,lucy4 ,william1 have you the catalpa seeds8 cried ,fanny4 ,leaving the old home with ,jonathan to be sold1 the train started out1--horses1 cattle1 slaves1 ,york riding proudly at the side of his young master ,william1 old ,york and ,rose1 ,nancy1 ,jane1 ,julia1 ,cupid and ,harry and their children1 a patriarchal caravan like that of ,abraham facing an earlier west two thousand years before4 ,before and behind were other caravans4 ,all ,virginia seemed on the move1 some by ,rockfish ,gap and ,staunton1 up the great valley of ,virginia to the ,wilderness ,road1 on packhorses2 others in waggons1 like the ,clarks1 following the ,braddock route down to ,redstone-,old-,fort on the ,monongahela1 where boats must be built4 ,and here at ,redstone was ,george ,rogers ,clark1 come up to meet them from the ,falls4 ,in short order1 under his direction1 boatbuilders were busy4 ,york and old ,york took a hand1 and ,william1 in a first experience that was yet to find play in the far ,idaho4 ,the teasing ,fanny looked out from her piquant sun-bonnet4 ,lucy1 more sedate1 was accompanied by her betrothed1 ,major ,croghan4 ,my uncle1 ,george ,croghan1 has lately died in ,new ,york and left me his heir4 ,i shall locate in ,louisville1 was the ,major's explanation to his friend's inquiry4 ,and what is the news from ,virginia8 ,your old friend ,patrick ,henry is ,governor again4 ,jonathan visited him last week1 was ,william's reply4 ,and ,jonathan's wife1 ,sarah ,hite1 bids fair to secure her fortune1 added ,fanny4 ,you see1 when old ,lord ,fairfax heard of ,cornwallis's surrender he gave up4 ',put me to bed1 ,jo1' he said1 'it is time for me to die1' and die he did4 ,now his lands are in the courts4 ,mrs4 ,jefferson1 who was ill1 died as a result of the excitement of the flight from ,tarleton1 said ,lucy4 ,to get away from his sorrow1 ,mr4 ,jefferson has accepted the appointment of minister to ,france to succeed ,dr4 ,franklin1 and has taken ,martha and ,maria with him4 ,they will go to school in ,paris4 ,george ,rogers ,clark was a silent man4 ,he spoke no word of his recent trip to ,philadelphia1 in which ,dr4 ,franklin had grasped his hand and said1 ,young man1 you have given an empire to the ,republic4 ,general ,washington has just returned from a horseback journey down into this country1 added ,major ,croghan4 ,he has lands on the ,ohio4 ,and have you no word of yourself or of ,kentucky8 ,general ,clark handed his father a notification from the ,assembly of ,virginia4 ,he read it aloud4 ,the conclusion of the war1 and the distressed situation of the ,state with respect to its finances1 call on us to adopt the most prudent economy4 ,you will1 therefore1 consider yourself out of command4 ,and you are no longer in the army8 ,no1 nor even on a footing with the ,continentals4 ,i was simply a soldier of the ,virginia militia1 and1 as such1 have no claim even for the half pay allotted to all ,continental officers4 ,but ,virginia has ceded her western territories to ,congress with the distinct stipulation that expenses incurred in subduing any ,british posts therein1 or in acquiring any part of the territory1 shall be reimbursed by the ,united ,states4 ,is there any hope there8 ,what has ,congress8 ,an empty treasury4 ,and who is to pay the bills incurred in the ,illinois conquest8 ,shall ,i1 a private individual8 ,that would be impossible1 commented the father4 ,but ,i am not disheartened1 continued ,george ,rogers4 ,when the ,indians are quiet1 my men hope to build a city on the land granted us opposite the ,falls4 ,and here is something from ,jefferson1 written before he left for ,europe4 ,william stood attentive while the letter was read4 ,,annapolis1 ,december #d1 #aghc4 ,,dear ,,sir1--,i find they have subscribed a very large sum of money in ,england for exploring the country from the ,mississippi to ,california4 ,they pretend it is only to promote knowledge4 ,i am afraid they have thought of colonising into that quarter4 ,some of us have been talking here in a feeble way of making an attempt to search that country1 but ,i doubt whether we have enough of that kind of spirit to raise the money4 ,how would you like to lead such a party8 ,though ,i am afraid our prospect is not worth the question4 ,your friend and humble servant1 ,,thomas ,,jefferson4 ,does he want you to lead an exploring party to the ,pacific ,ocean8 inquired ,william with intense interest4 ,that is the substance of it4 ,and ,i should want you to accompany me4 ,little did either then dream that ,william ,clark would lead that party1 with another4 ,the boats were ready4 ,surmounted by the ,stars and ,stripes of the old thirteen they started on their journey4 ,suddenly the ,monongahela closed with ice and locked them at ,pittsburg1 where flurries of snow set the sleigh-bells ringing4 ,through deep drifts1 under the guns of ,fort ,pitt1 files of ,philadelphia traders were buying up skins and tallow1 to carry back over the mountains in their packsaddles that had come out loaded with salt and gunpowder4 ,squaws were exchanging peltries for the white man's tea and sugar4 ,a great concourse of emigrants was blocked for the winter4 ,every cabin was crowded4 ,after great exertions ,george had secured quarters quite unlike the roomy old ,virginian home4 ,i must be gone to make peace with those ,indians who have been acting with the ,british1 and take steps toward securing titles beyond the ,ohio4 ,accompanied by two other commissioners1 ,general ,clark set out for ,fort ,mc,intosh4 ,it was ,january before the ,indians gathered with ,pierre ,drouillard1 interpreter now for the ,united ,states4 ,by the treaty of peace with ,england this land belongs to the ,thirteen ,fires1 was the basis of argument4 ,you have been allies of ,england1 and now by the law of nations the land is ours4 ,no6 ,no6 fiercely cried ,buckongahelas4 ,but we will divide with you4 ,you are to release your white captives1 and give up a part of your ,ohio lands4 ,the rest you can keep4 ,detroit and ,michilimackinac belong to the ,thirteen ,fires4 ,then boundaries were drawn4 ,no6 ,no6 cried ,buckongahelas4 ,clark heeded not4 ,after deliberation the chiefs signed1--,wyandot1 ,ottawa1 ,chippewa1--all but ,buckongahelas4 ,i am a friend of ,great ,britain6 roared the ,delaware ,king4 ,then to the surprise of all1 suddenly striding past the other commissioners1 the swarthy chief took the hand of ,general ,clark4 ,i thank the ,great ,spirit for having this day brought together two such warriors as ,buckongahelas and the ,long ,knife4 ,clark smiled and returned the compliment4 ,will the gorge break8 every frontiersman was asking when ,george returned to ,pittsburg4 ,piled back for seventy miles the ,alleghany was a range of ice1 heaped floe on floe4 ,where the muddy ,monongahela blends with the crystal ,alleghany the boats lay locked with a hundred others1 awaiting the deluge4 ,suddenly the melting snows of the ,alleghanies burst2 the ice loosened1 tearing and cutting the branches of trees overhanging the river2 and slowly1 with the ice1 moved the great fleet of flatboats4 ,ever narrower and deeper and swifter1 the ,ohio leaped with tremendous rush down its confined channel4 ,the trees on the uninhabited shores1 never yet cut away1 held the embankment firm1 and racing down on the perilous flood came the ,clarks to the ,falls of the ,ohio1 in ,march of #aghe4 ,fascinated by the rush of waves1 fourteen-year-old ,william poled like a man4 ,could he dream what destruction lay in their course8 ,l'anne des grandes eaux1 #aghe1 is famous in the annals of the ,west as the year of great waters4 ,the floods came down and drowned out old ,ste4 ,genevieve and drove the inhabitants back to the higher terrace on which that village stands to-day4 ,above1 the whole ,american ,bottom was a swift running sea1 ,kaskaskia and ,cahokia were submerged by the simultaneous melting of the snows1 and nothing but its high bold shore of limestone rock saved ,st4 ,louis itself4 ,paddling around in his boat1 ,auguste ,chouteau ate breakfast on the roofs of ,ste4 ,genevieve4 ,at ,louisville barely could boats be pulled in to the ,bear ,grass4 ,below1 waves foamed and whirled among the rocks1 that to-day have been smoothed by the hand of man into a shallow channel4 ,guided by skilful hands1 many a trader's boat that year took the chute of the ,falls like an arrow2 over the ledges that dammed the water back1 down1 down they slid out of sight into that unknown ,west1 where ,william knew not that his brother had paved the way to ,louisiana4 ,have you found us a tract8 inquired the anxious mother4 ,land1 mother8 ,i own a dukedom1 my soldiers and ,i1 one hundred and fifty thousand acres1 on the ,indian side of the river4 ,we have incorporated a town there1 ,clarksville they call it4 ,it will be a great city1--but ,louisville is safer at present4 ,that ,spring they lived at ,fort ,nelson1 with watchmen on the ramparts4 ,but we saw no ,indians in coming down6 ,true enough1 the flood was a surprise so early in the year4 ,wait a little1 and you will hear more of this terrifying river-route1 where in low water it takes seven weeks to run from ,redstone to the ,bear ,grass4 ,then the murderous clutches of the ,indians have free play among the helpless emigrants4 ,let us be thankful for what you escaped4 ,almost while they were speaking a band of ,indians glided out of the woods not far away1 snatched a boy from a fence1 and shot his father in the field4 ,don't kill me1 just take me prisoner1 said little ,tommy1 looking up into the warrior's face4 ,at that instant an elder brother's rifle felled the ,indian1 and the boy was saved to become the father of ,abraham ,lincoln4 ,,xxii ,,mulberry ,,hill ,on a beautiful eminence three miles south of ,louisville1 ,john ,clark built his pioneer ,kentucky home4 ,louisville itself consisted of but a few log cabins around a fortification built by ,george ,rogers ,clark4 ,this family home1 so far from the centre1 was stockaded by itself1 a double log house1 two and a half stories high1 with hall through the middle4 ,every night a negro stood sentinel1 there were portholes in the pickets1 and ,indians hid in the canebrakes4 ,once while the young ladies were out walking an ,indian shot a little negro girl and they carried her back wounded1 behind the pickets at ,mulberry ,hill4 ,the floor of the long dining-room was of wood1 hard as a bone1 and over the seven-foot mantel stag-horns and swords of the ,revolution were lit by the light of the cavernous fireplace4 ,rigid economy and untiring industry had been the rule at the old ,clark home in ,caroline1 and not less was it here4 ,there were no pianos1 but until midnight the hum of the wheel made music4 ,enchanted the young people listened to tale and song and hum of wheel1 while down the great chimney top calmly smiled the pensive stars4 ,little thought they of bare walls1 low rafters1 or small windows4 ,after the boys hauled in the logs on a hand-sled1 and built up a great flame1 the whole world seemed illuminated4 ,the pewter basins shone like mirrors1 and while their fingers flew in the light of the fire1 stories were told of ,kaskaskia1 ,vincennes1 ,st4 ,louis4 ,but the ,donna8 ,clark never spoke of her4 ,it was a hidden grief that made him ever lonely4 ,when he saw the lovelight all around him and sometimes left the room1 the mother wondered why sudden silence came upon the group4 ,at ,mulberry ,hill ,lucy was married to ,major ,croghan1 who1 on a farm five miles out1 built ,locust ,grove1 an ,english mansion of the olden style1 in its day the handsomest in ,louisville4 ,and ,fanny8 ,she was the belle of ,kentucky4 ,in powdered wig and ruffles many a grave ,virginian tripped with her the minuet and contra dances of the ,revolution4 ,more and more young ,william became enamoured of the ,indian dress1 and went about gaily singing the songs of ,robin ,hood and hacking the meat with his hunting knife4 ,out over the game-trails of ,kentucky1 like the beaten streets of ,fredericksburg1 the only city he ever knew1 young ,william went with the ,boones1 ,kenton1 and his own famous brother1 ,george ,rogers ,clark1 in peltry cap and buckskin hunting-shirt girded with a leathern belt4 ,led by them1 with what eagerness he shot his first buffalo1 deep in the woods of ,kentucky4 ,not much longer could bears1 deer1 and buffalo retreat to the cane4 ,with the coming of the ,clarks an emigration set in that was to last for a hundred years4 ,even amusements partook of sportive adventure4 ,now it was the hunter's horn summoning the neighbours to a bear chase in the adjoining hills4 ,william surpassed the ,indian himself in imitating the bark of the wolf1 the hoot of the owl1 the whistle of the whippoorwill4 ,daniel ,boone came often to ,mulberry ,hill in leggings and moccasins1 ever hunting1 hunting1 hunting beaver1 bear and coon1 wolves and wild-cats1 deer and foxes1 and going back to trade their skins in ,maryland for frontier furniture1 knives and buttons1 scissors1 nails1 and tea4 ,upon his shot-pouch strap ,boone fastened his moccasin awl with a buckhorn handle made out of an old clasp-knife1 and carried along with him a roll of buckskin to mend his mocassins4 ,while the grizzled hunter stitched deftly at his moccasins1 ,william and ,york sat by1 engaged in the same pastime1 for wherever ,william went1 ,york was his shadow4 ,since poor ,richard's uncertain fate ,i can never trust the boy alone1 said his mother4 ,york1 it is your business to guard your young master4 ,and he did1 to the ends of the earth4 ,when ,uncle ,daniel1 rolled in a blanket1 threw himself down on a bed of leaves and slept with his feet to the fire to prevent rheumatism1 ,york and ,william lay down too1 sleeping by turns and listening for ,indians4 ,at daylight1 loosely belting their fringed hunting shirts into wallets for carrying bread1 a chunk of jerked beef1 or tow for the gun1 with tomahawk on the right side and scalping knife on the left1 each in a leathern case1 again they set off under the reddening forest4 ,skilled in the lore of woodcraft1 watchful of clouds and stars and sun1 an intimate student of insect life and own brother to the wily beaver1 bear1 and buffalo1 ,william ,clark was becoming a scientist4 ,returning from the chase with the same sort of game that graced the ,saxon board before the ,norman conquest1 he sat down to hear the talk of statesmen4 ,for when ,clark's commission was revoked1 ,kentucky1 unprotected1 called a convention to form a ,state4 ,affairs that in ,european lands are left to kings and their ministers1 were discussed in the firelight of every cabin4 ,public safety demanded action4 ,exposed on three sides to savage inroads1 with their ,virginia capital hundreds of miles beyond forest1 mountains1 and rivers1 no wonder ,kentucky pleaded for statehood4 ,in a despotic country the people sleep4 ,here every nerve was awake4 ,discussion1 discussion1 discussion1 made every fireside a school of politics2 even boys in buckskin considered the nation's welfare4 ,before he was seventeen ,william ,clark was made an ensign and proudly donned the eagle and blue ribbon of the ,cincinnati1 a society of the soldiers of the ,revolution of which ,washington himself was president4 ,educated in the backwoods and by the cabin firelight1 young ,william was already developing the striking bearing and bold unwavering character of his brother4 ,what can have become of ,richard8 ,every day the mother heart glanced down the long avenue of catalpas that were growing in front of ,mulberry ,hill4 ,of the whole family1 the gentle affectionate ,richard was an especial favourite4 ,he was coming from ,kaskaskia to see his mother1 but never arrived4 ,one day his horse and saddlebags were found on the banks of the ,wabash4 ,was he killed by the ,indians1 or was he drowned8 ,no one ever knew4 ,again ,george ,rogers ,clark was out making treaties with the ,indians to close up the ,revolution1 but ,british emissaries had been whispering in their ears1 ,make the ,ohio the boundary4 ,at last1 after long delays1 a few of the tribes came in to the council at the mouth of the ,great ,miami1 some in friendship1 some like the ,shawnees1 rudely suggestive of treachery4 ,the war is over1 explained ,general ,clark as chairman2 we desire to live in peace with our red brethren4 ,if such be the will of the ,shawnees1 let some of their wise men speak4 ,there was silence as they whiffed at the council pipes4 ,then a tall chief arose and glanced at the handful of whites and at his own three hundred along the walls of the council house4 ,we come here to offer you two pieces of wampum4 ,you know what they mean4 ,choose4 ,dropping the beaded emblems upon the table the savage turned to his seat by the wall4 ,pale1 calm as a statue1 but with flashing eye1 ,clark tangled his slender cane into the belts and--flung them at the chiefs4 ,ugh6 ,every ,indian was up with knife unsheathed1 every white stood with hand on his sword4 ,into their very teeth the ,long ,knife had flung back the challenge1 ,peace1 or ,war4 ,like hounds in leash they strained1 ready to leap1 when the lordly ,long ,knife raised his arm and grinding the wampum beneath his heel thundered1-- ,dogs1 you may go6 ,one moment they wavered1 then broke and fled tumultuously from the council house4 ,all night they debated in the woods near the fort4 ,in the morning1 ,let me sign1 said ,buckongahelas4 ,smiling1 ,clark guided the hand of the boastful ,delaware1 and all the rest signed with him4 ,,xxiii ,,mississippi ,,troubles ,for the first time in their stormy history1 the front and rear gates of the ,kentucky forts lay back on their enormous wooden hinges1 and all day long men and teams passed in and out with waggon loads of grain from the harvest fields4 ,so hushed and still was the air1 it seemed the old ,indian days were gone for ever4 ,at night the animals came wandering in from the woods1 making their customary way to the night pens4 ,fields of corn waved undisturbed around the forts4 ,but the truce was brief4 ,already the ,cherokees were slaughtering on the ,wilderness ,road1 and beyond the ,ohio1 ,shawnee and ,delaware1 wild at the sight of the white man's cabin1 rekindled the fires around the stake4 ,thousands of emigrants were coming over the mountains from ,carolina1 and down the ,ohio from ,pittsburg social boats lashed together rode in company1 bark canoes1 pirogues1 flatboats1 keelboats1 scows1 barges1 bateaux and brigades of bateaux1 sweeping down with resistless ,english1 ,scotch1 ,irish1 ,germans1 ,huguenots1 armed for the battle of the races4 ,still the powerful fur traders of ,quebec and ,montreal hung on to ,detroit and ,mackinac1 still ,de ,peyster opposed giving up the peninsulas of ,michigan4 ,pen the young republic east of the ,alleghanies1 said ,france1 ,spain1 ,england1 when the ,peace ,treaty was under consideration4 ,but ,clark's conquest compelled them to grant the ,illinois4 ,before the ink was dry on the documents1 ,kentucky was trading down the great river of ,de ,soto4 ,the ,west must trade over the mountains1 said the merchants of ,philadelphia and ,baltimore4 ,the ,west will follow its rivers1 answered ,kentucky4 ,spain is ,mistress of the ,mississippi1 said the ,spanish ,king to ,john ,jay1 the ,american minister at ,madrid4 ,in vain flatboatmen with wheat and corn said1 ,we are from ,kentucky4 ,what ,kaintucke8 brayed the commandant at ,natchez4 ,i know no ,kaintucke4 ,spain own both side de river4 ,i am ordered to seize all foreign vessel on de way to ,new ,orleong4 ,without the ,spaniard the trip was sufficiently hazardous4 ,indians watched the shores4 ,pirates infested the bayous4 ,head winds made the frail craft unmanageable1--snags leered up like monsters to pierce and swallow4 ,but every new settler enlarged the fields1 and out of the virgin soil the log granaries were bursting4 ,carry away our grain1 bring us merchandise1 was the cry of expanding ,kentucky4 ,but to escape the ,indian was to fall into the hands of the ,spaniard1 and the ,spaniard was little more than a legalised pirate4 ,even the goods of the ,frenchmen were seized with the warning1 ,try it again and we'll send you to ,brazil4 ,the ,frenchmen resented this infringement on their immemorial right4 ,since the days of the daring and courageous ,bienville who founded ,new ,orleans1 no man had said them nay4 ,a tremendous hatred of the ,spaniard grew up in the hearts of the ,frenchmen4 ,in the midst of these confiscations there was distress and anarchy in the ,illinois4 ,the infant republic had not had time to stretch out there the strong arm of law4 ,floods and continental money had ruined the confiding ,frenchmen2 the garrisons were in destitution2 they were writing to ,clark3-- ,our credit is become so weak among the ,french that one dollar's worth of provisions cannot be had without prompt payment1 were it to save the whole country4 ,and why has our ,british ,father made no provision for us1 bewailed the ,indians1 who at his beck and call have made such deadly enemies of the ,long ,knives8 ,our lands have been ravaged by fire and sword1 and now we are left at their mercy4 ,let us drive the red rascals out1 cried the infuriated settlers4 ,no1 said ,washington1 who understood and pitied the red men4 ,forgive the past4 ,dispossess them gradually by purchase as the extension of settlement demands the occupation of their lands4 ,but five thousand impoverished ,indians in the ,ohio country kept thirty thousand settlers in hot water all the time4 ,no lock on a barn door could save the horses1 no precaution save the outlying emigrant from scalping or capture4 ,red banditti haunted the streams and forests1 dragging away their screaming victims like ogres of medival tragedy4 ,clark grew sick and aged over it4 ,no commission1 no money1 no right to do anything for my suffering country6 ,your brother1 the ,general1 is very ill1 said old ,john ,clark1 coming out of the sick chamber at ,mulberry ,hill4 ,in days to come there were generals and generals in the ,clark family1 but ,george ,rogers was always the ,general4 ,into ten years the youthful commander had compressed the exposure of a lifetime4 ,mental anguish and days in the icy ,wabash told now on his robust frame1 and inflammatory rheumatism set in from which he never recovered4 ,the ,americans are your enemies1 emissaries from ,detroit were whispering at ,vincennes4 ,the ,government has forsaken you4 ,they take your property1 they pay nothing4 ,we have nothing to do with the ,united ,states1 said the ,french citizens1 weary of a ,congress that heeded them not4 ,we consider ourselves ,british subjects and shall obey no other power4 ,even ,clark's old friend1 ,the ,tobacco's ,son1 had gone back to his ,british father1 and as always with ,indians1 dug up the red tomahawk4 ,a committee of ,american citizens at ,vincennes sent a flying express to ,clark4 ,this place that once trembled at your victorious arms1 and these savages overawed by your superior power1 is now entirely anarchical and we shudder at the daily expectation of horrid murder4 ,we beg you will write us by the earliest opportunity4 ,knowing you to be a friend of the distressed we look to you for assistance4 ,such a call could not be ignored4 ,kentucky was aroused and summoned her favourite ,general to the head of her army4 ,from a sick bed he arose to lead a thousand undisciplined men1 and with him went his brother ,william4 ,the sultry sun scorched1 the waters were low1 provisions did not arrive until nine days after the soldiers1 and then were spoiled4 ,fatigued1 hungry1 three hundred revolted and left2 nevertheless1 the ,indians had fled and ,vincennes was recovered4 ,just then up the ,wabash came a ,spaniard with a boatload of valuable goods4 ,clark promptly confiscated the cargo1 and out of them paid his destitute troops4 ,it is not alone retaliation1 said ,clark1 ,it is a warning4 ,if ,spain will not let us trade down the river1 she shall not trade up4 ,kentucky applauded4 ,they even talked of sending ,clark against the ,spaniards and of breaking away from a government that refused to aid them4 ,general ,clark seized ,spanish goods8 ,virginia was alarmed and promptly repudiated the seizure4 ,we are not ready to fight ,spain4 ,clark's friends were disturbed4 ,you will be hung4 ,clark laughed4 ,i will flee to the ,indians first4 ,we have as much to fear from the turbulence of our backwoodsmen1 said ,washington1 as from the hostility of the ,spaniards4 ,but at this very time1 unknown to ,washington1 the ,spaniards were arming the savages of the south1 to exterminate these reckless ambitious frontiersmen4 ,louisiana feared these unruly neighbours4 ,intriguers from ,new ,orleans were whispering1 ,break with the ,atlantic ,states and league yourself with ,spain4 ,then came the rumour1 ,jay proposes to shut up the ,mississippi for twenty-five years6 ,never country was in such a tumult4 ,we are sold6 ,we are vassals of ,spain6 cried the men of the ,west4 ,what8 ,close the ,mississippi for twenty-five years as a price of commercial advantage on the ,atlantic coast8 ,twenty-five years when our grain is rotting8 ,twenty-five years must we be cut off when the ,wilderness ,road is thronged with packtrains1 when the ,ohio is black with flatboats8 ,where do they think we are going to pen our people8 ,where do they think we are going to ship our produce8 ,better put twenty thousand men in the field at once and protect our own interests4 ,the bond was brittle2 how easily might it be broken6 ,even ,spain laughed at the weakness of a ,union that could not command ,kentucky to give up its river4 ,and ,kentucky looked to ,clark4 ,we must conquer ,spain or unite with her4 ,we must have the ,mississippi4 ,will you march with us on ,new ,orleans8 ,then1 happily1 ,virginia spoke out for the ,west4 ,we must aid them4 ,the free navigation of the ,mississippi is the gift of nature to the ,united ,states4 ,the very next day ,madison announced in the ,virginia ,assembly1 ,i shall move the election of delegates to a ,constitutional ,convention4 ,the stability of the ,union seemed pivoted upon an open river to the ,gulf4 ,veterans of the ,revolution and of the ,continental ,congress met to frame a constitution in #aghg4 ,after weeks of deliberation with closed doors1 the immortal ,congress adjourned4 ,the ,constitution was second only to the ,declaration of ,independence4 ,without kings or princes a free people had erected a ,continental ,republic4 ,the ,constitution was adopted1 and all the way into ,kentucky wilds were heard the roaring of cannon and ringing of bells that proclaimed the ,father of his ,country the first ,president of the ,united ,states4 ,we must cement the ,east and the ,west1 said ,washington4 ,but that ,west was drifting away--with its ,mississippi4 ,about this time young ,daniel ,boone said1 ,father1 ,i am going west4 ,just eighteen1 one year older than ,william ,clark1 in the summer of #aghg1 he concluded to strike out for the ,mississippi4 ,well1 ,dannie boy1 thee take the compass1 said his father4 ,it was the old guide1 as large as a saucer1 that ,lord ,dunmore gave ,boone when he sent him out to call in the surveyors from the ,falls of the ,ohio thirteen years before4 ,mounted on his pony1 with a wallet of corn and a rifle on his back1 ,boone rode straight on westward thirty days without meeting a single human being4 ,pausing on the river bank opposite ,st4 ,louis he hallooed for an hour before any one heard him4 ,dat some person on de oder shore1 presently said old ,ren ,kiercereaux1 the chorister at the village church4 ,a canoe was sent over and brought back ,boone4 ,as if a man had dropped from the moon1 ,french1 ,spanish1 and ,indian traders gathered4 ,he spoke not a word of ,french1 but ,auguste ,chouteau's slave ,petrie could talk ,english4 ,son of ,boone1 de great hunter8 ,come to my house6 ,come to my house6 ,the hospitable ,creoles strove with one another for the honour of entertaining the son of ,daniel ,boone4 ,for twelve years he spent his summers in ,st4 ,louis and his winters in western ,missouri1 hunting and trapping4 ,the best beaver country on earth1 he wrote to his father4 ,you had better come out4 ,eef your father1 ze great ,colonel ,boone1 will remove to ,louisiana1 said ,seor ,zenon ,trudeau1 the ,lieutenant-,governor1 eef he will become a citizen of ,spain1 de ,king will appreciate de act and reward him handsomely4 ,,xxiv ,,st4 ,,clair ,kentucky6 ,kentucky6 ,i hear nothing else1 exclaimed the ,fighting ,parson of the ,revolution1 who had thrown aside his prayer-book and gown to follow the armies of ,washington4 ,if this western exodus continues ,virginia bids fair to be depopulated4 ,even ,jack ,jouett1 who had ridden to warn ,jefferson of ,tarleton's raid1 had gone to become an honoured member of ,kentucky's first legislature4 ,father1 let me go4 ,charles ,mynn ,thruston1 the son of the ,fighting ,parson1 had long desired to follow ,fanny ,clark1 but his father held him back4 ,smiling now at the ardour of his son1 he said1 ,you may go1 my boy4 ,i am thinking of the western country myself4 ,preparations were immediately made1 business affairs settled1 and a farewell dinner brought friends to historic ,mount ,zion1 the famous ,shenandoah seat of the ,fighting ,parson4 ,a strangah desiahs to know1 sah1 if he can get dinnah1 sah1 announced black ,sambo4 ,certainly1 certainly4 ,parson ,thruston was the soul of hospitality4 ,bring him at once to the table1 ,sambo4 ,the stranger seated himself and ate in silence4 ,i perceive1 remarked the ,parson after the courses had been removed1 ,i perceive that you are a traveller4 ,may ,i inquire whence you come8 ,every ear was intent4 ,from ,kentucky1 sir1 answered the stranger4 ,ah1 that is fortunate4 ,i am about to leave for that country myself1 exclaimed young ,thruston1 and shall be glad to hear such news as you may have to communicate4 ,the stranger smiled and pondered4 ,the only interesting incident that ,i recall before my departure from ,louisville1 was the marriage of the ,kentucky belle1 ,miss ,fanny ,clark1 to ,dr4 ,o',fallon4 ,as if struck by a bolt from heaven1 ,charles ,mynn ,thruston fell unconscious to the floor4 ,dr4 ,o',fallon was a young ,irish gentleman of talent and learning4 ,an intimate friend of the ,governor of ,south ,carolina1 just before the ,revolution he had come to visit ,america1 but espousing the cause of the colonists1 the ,governor promptly clapped him into prison4 ,imprisoned ,o',fallon6 ,the people of ,charleston arose1 liberated him1 and drove the ,governor to the ,british fleet in the harbour4 ,dr4 ,o',fallon enlisted as a private soldier4 ,but surgeons were needed1--he soon proved himself one of skill unexcelled in ,america4 ,general ,washington himself ordered him north1 and made him ,surgeon-,general in his own army4 ,here he remained until the close of the war1 and was thanked by ,congress for his services4 ,and now he had visited ,kentucky to assist in securing the navigation of the ,mississippi1 and met--,fanny4 ,with the charming ,fanny as his wife1 ,dr4 ,o',fallon rode many a mile in the woods1 the first great doctor of ,louisville4 ,other emigrants were bringing other romances1 and other tragedies4 ,ohio6 ,ohio6 ,we hear nothing but ,ohio6 said the people of ,new ,england4 ,one rainy ,april morning the ,mayflower1 a flatboat with a second ,plymouth colony1 turned into the ,muskingum and founded a settlement4 ,marie1 ,marie ,antoinette1--did she not use her influence in behalf of ,franklin's mission to secure the acknowledgment of ,american independence8 ,let us name our settlement ,marietta4 ,so were founded the cities of the ,french king and queen1 ,louisville and ,marietta4 ,a few months later1 ,kentuckians went over and started ,cincinnati on the site of ,george ,rogers ,clark's old block-house4 ,into the ,ohio1 people came suddenly and in swarms1 institutional ,englishmen1 bearing their household gods and shaping a state4 ,these men come wearing hats1 said the ,indians4 ,frenchmen wore handkerchiefs and never tarried4 ,surveyors came4 ,squatting around their fires1 with astonishment and fear the ,indians watched the white man's devil1 squinting over his compass and making marks in his books4 ,wherever the magical instrument turned all the best lands were bound with chains fast to the white man4 ,the ,indians foresaw their approaching destruction and hung nightly along the river shore1 in the thick brush under the sycamores1 stealing horses and sinking boats4 ,with tomahawk in hand1 a leader among them was young ,tecumseh4 ,the ,ohio shall be the boundary4 ,no white man shall plant corn in ,ohio6 cried the ,indian4 ,keep the ,ohio for a fur preserve1 whispered ,detroit at his back4 ,while wedding bells were ringing at ,mulberry ,hill1 ,marietta was suffering4 ,the gardens were destroyed by ,indian marauders1 the game was driven off1 and great was the privation within the walled town4 ,that was the winter when ,governor ,st4 ,clair came with his beautiful daughter ,louisa1 the fleetest rider in the chase1 the swiftest skater on the ice1 and1 like all pioneer girls1 so skilled with the rifle that she could bring down the bird on the wing1 the squirrel from the tree4 ,creeping out over the crusty ,february snow1 every family in the settlement had its kettle in the sugar orchard boiling down the maple sap4 ,corn-meal and sap boiled down together formed for many the daily food4 ,but with all the bravado of their hearts1 men and women passed sleepless vigils while the sentinel stood all night long in the lonely watchtower of the middle blockhouse4 ,at any moment might arise the cry1 ,the ,indians6 ,the ,indians are at the gates6 and with the long roll of the drum beating alarm every gun was ready at a porthole and every white face straining through the dark4 ,when screaming wild geese steering their northern flight gave token of returning spring1 when the partridge drummed in the wood and the turkey gobbled1 when the red bird made vocal the forest and the hawthorn and dogwood flung out their perfume1 then too came the ,indian from his winter lair4 ,ah1 sighed many a mother1 ,i prefer the days of gloom and tempest1 for then the red man hugs his winter fire4 ,always among the first in pursuit of marauding ,indians1 ,william ,clark as a cadet had already crossed the ,ohio with ,general ,scott1 a youth of solid and promising parts and as brave as ,csar1 said ,dr4 ,o',fallon4 ,joseph ,brant1 ,thayendanegea1 presented a memorial to ,congress insisting upon the ,ohio as the ,indian boundary4 ,his son came down to ,marietta4 ,ah1 yes1 was the whispered rumour at ,marietta1 young ,brant1 the educated son of the famous ,mohawk leader1 aspires to the hand of ,louisa ,st4 ,clair4 ,but the ,revolutionary ,general spurned his daughter's dusky suitor4 ,the next day after ,new ,year's1 #agia1 the ,indians swept down on ,marietta with the fiendish threat1 ,before the trees put forth their leaves again no white man's cabin shall smoke beyond the ,ohio4 ,capture ,st4 ,clair alive1 bade the irate ,mohawk chieftain4 ,shoot his horse under him but do not kill him4 ,did he hope yet to win consent to his marriage with ,louisa8 ,the next heard of ,st4 ,clair was when the last shattered remnant of his prostrate army fell back on ,cincinnati1 a defeat darker1 more annihilating1 more ominous than ,braddock's4 ,my ,god1 exclaimed ,washington1 it's all over6 ,st4 ,clair's defeated--routed2 the officers are nearly all killed1 the men by wholesale2 the rout is complete--too shocking to think of--and a surprise into the bargain4 ,no wonder ,secretary ,lear stood appalled as the great man poured forth his wrath in the house at ,philadelphia4 ,fifteen hundred went out from ,cincinnati1--five hundred came back4 ,a thousand scalps had ,thayendanegea4 ,the news came to ,mulberry ,hill like a thunderbolt4 ,kentucky1 even ,pittsburg1 looked for an immediate savage inundation1--for was not all that misty ,west full of warriors8 ,the old fear leaped anew4 ,like an irresistible billow they might roll over the unprotected frontier4 ,from his bed of sickness ,general ,clark started up4 ,ah1 ,detroit6 ,detroit6 ,hadst thou been taken my countrymen need not have been so slaughtered4 ,at ,marietta1 up in the woods and on the side hills1 glittered multitudes of fires1 the camps of savages4 ,hunger added its pangs to fear4 ,the beleaguered citizens sent all the money they could raise by two young men to buy salt1 meat1 and flour at ,redstone-,old-,fort on the ,monongahela4 ,suddenly the river closed with ice2 in destitution ,marietta waited4 ,they have run off with the money1 said some4 ,they have been killed by ,indians1 said others4 ,but again1 as suddenly1 the ice broke1 and early in ,march the young men joyfully moored their precious ,kentucky ark at the upper gate of the garrison at ,marietta4 ,,xxv ,,the ,,sword ,,of ,,mad ,,anthony ,,wayne ,another defeat will ruin the reputation of the government1 said ,washington1 as he sent out ,mad ,anthony ,wayne1 the uproarious ,quaker general1 with ruffles1 queue1 and cocked hat1 the stormer of ,stony ,point in the ,revolution4 ,in vain ,wayne sent commissioners to treat with the ,indians4 ,elated with recent victories1 ,the ,ohio shall be the boundary1 was the defiant answer4 ,an ,indian captured and brought to ,wayne said of the ,british3 ,all their speeches to us are red1 red as blood4 ,all the wampum and feathers are painted red4 ,our war-pipes and hatchets are red4 ,even the tobacco is red for war4 ,my mind and heart are upon that river1 said ,cornplanter1 an ,indian chief1 pointing to the ,ohio4 ,may that water ever continue to be the boundary between the ,americans and the ,indians4 ,commissioned by ,washington ,first ,lieutenant of the ,fourth ,sub-,legion1 on the first of ,september1 #agib1 ,william ,clark crossed the ,ohio and spent the winter at ,legionville where ,wayne was collecting and drilling his army4 ,i will have no six months men1 said ,wayne4 ,two years will it take to organise1 drill1 and harden them before we think of taking the field4 ,we are certain to be scalped1 whispered timorous ones1 remembering ,st4 ,clair's slaughter4 ,hundreds deserted4 ,the very word ,indian inspired terror4 ,but horse1 foot1 and artillery1 he drilled them1 the tremblers took courage1 and the government1 at last awakened1 stood firmly behind with money and supplies4 ,remember1 ,stony ,point was stormed with unloaded muskets4 ,see6 ,you must know the use of the broadsword and of the bayonet1 a weapon before which the savages cannot stand4 ,at work went ,mad ,anthony teaching his men to load and fire upon the run1 to leap to the charge with loud halloos1 anticipating all possible conditions4 ,charge in open order4 ,each man rely on himself1 and expect a personal encounter with the enemy4 ,the men caught his spirit4 ,wayne's ,legion became a great military school4 ,now he was drilling superb ,kentucky cavalry1 as perfectly matched as the armies of ,europe1 sorrel and bay1 chestnut and gray1 bush-whacking and charging1 leaping ravines and broken timber1 outdoing the ,indians themselves in their desperate riding4 ,and with all this drill1 ,wayne was erecting and garrisoning forts4 ,in the fall of #agic1 ,lieutenant ,clark was dispatched to ,vincennes4 ,it appears that all active and laborious commands fall on me1 he wrote to his brother ,jonathan1 in ,virginia4 ,not only labour1 but ,i like to have starved1--was frozen up in the ,wabash twenty days without provisions4 ,in this agreeable situation had once more to depend on my rifle4 ,after several skirmishes with ,indians1 ,lieutenant ,clark returned to ,fort ,washington 7,cincinnati7 in ,may1 to be immediately dispatched with twenty-one dragoons and sixty cavalry to escort seven hundred packhorses laden with provisions and clothing to ,greenville1 a log fort eighty miles north of ,cincinnati4 ,the ,shawnees were watching4 ,upon this rich prize fell an ambuscade of sixty ,indians4 ,eight men were killed1 the train began to retreat1 when ,clark came dashing up from the rear1 put the assailants to flight1 and saved the day4 ,for this he was thanked by ,general ,wayne4 ,washington1 ,jefferson1 the whole country impatiently watched for news of ,wayne on the ,ohio4 ,drill1 drill1 drill1--keeping out a cloud of scouts that no peering ,indian might discover his preparations1 ,wayne exercised daily now with rifle1 sabre1 and bayonet until no grizzly frontiersman surpassed his men at the target1 no fox-hunter could leap more wildly1 no swordsman more surely swing the sharp steel home4 ,at the sight young ,tennesseeans and ,kentuckians1 ,virginians of the border and ,pennsylvanians of lifetime battle1 were eager for the fray4 ,about midsummer1 #agid1 ,wayne moved out with his ,legion1 twenty-six hundred strong1 and halted at ,fort ,greenville for sixteen hundred ,kentucky cavalry4 ,brigades of choppers were opening roads here and there to deceive4 ,this ,general that never sleeps is cutting in every direction1 whispered the watchful ,shawnees4 ,he is the ,black ,snake4 ,for a last time ,wayne offered peace4 ,his messengers were wantonly murdered4 ,the issue at ,fallen ,timbers lasted forty minutes1--the greatest ,indian battle in forty years of battle4 ,two thousand ,indians crouching in the brush looked to see the ,americans dismount and tie their horses as they did in ,st4 ,clair's battle1--but no1 bending low on their horses with gleaming sabres and fixed bayonets1 on like a whirlwind came thundering the ,american cavalry4 ,what was it that defeated us8 ,it was the ,big ,wind1 the ,tornado1 said the ,indians4 ,matchekewis was there from ,sheboygan with his warriors1 the ,black ,partridge from ,illinois1 and ,buckongahelas4 ,the ,shawnees had their fill of fighting that day2 ,tecumseh fell back at the wild onset1 retreating inch by inch4 ,william ,clark led to the charge a column of ,kentuckians and drove the enemy two miles4 ,but why enumerate in this irresistible legion1 where all were heroes on that #bjth of ,august1 #agid4 ,wayne's victory ended the ,revolution4 ,ninety days after1 ,lord ,st4 ,helens gave up ,ohio in his treaty with ,jay1 and ,england bound herself to deliver the northwestern posts that her fur traders had hung on to so vainly4 ,niagara1 ,michilimackinac1 ,detroit1 keys to the ,lakes1 entrepts to all the fur trade of the ,northwest1 were lost to ,britain for ever4 ,it was hardest to give up ,detroit1--it broke up their route and added many a weight to the weary packer's back when the fur trade had to take a more northern outlet along the ,ottawa4 ,it was ten o'clock in the morning of ,july #aa1 #agif1 when the ,detroiters peering through their glasses espied two vessels4 ,the ,yankees are coming6 ,a thrill went through the garrison1 and even through the flag that fluttered above4 ,the last act in the war of independence was at hand4 ,the four gates of ,detroit opened to be closed no more1 as the drawbridge fell over the moat and the ,americans marched into the northern stronghold4 ,it was ,lernoult's old fort built so strenuously in that icy winter of #aggi-hj1 when ,clark is coming was the watchword of the north4 ,scarce a picket in the stockade had been changed since that trying time4 ,blockhouse1 bastion1 and battery could so easily have been taken1 that even at this day we cannot suppress a regret that ,clark had not a chance at ,detroit6 ,barefooted ,frenchmen1 dark-eyed ,french girls1 and ,indians1 ,indians everywhere1 came in to witness the transfer of ,detroit4 ,at noon1 ,july #aa1 #agif1 the ,english flag was lowered and the ,stars and ,stripes went up where ,clark would fain have hung them seventeen years before4 ,and the old cellar of the council house6 ,like a tomb was its revelation1 for there1 mouldered with the must of years1 lay two thousand scalps1 long tresses of women1 children's golden curls1 and the wiry locks of men1 thrown into that official cellar in those awful days that now were ended4 ,the merry ,frenchmen on their pipestem farms1--for every inhabitant owned his pathway down to the river1--the merry ,frenchmen went on grinding their corn by their old ,dutch windmills1 went on pressing their cider in their gnarled old apple orchards4 ,they could not change the situation if they would1 and they would not if they could4 ,the lazy windmills of ,detroit swung round and round as if it had been ever thus4 ,still the ,indians slid in and out and still the ,british traders lingered1 loath to give up the fur trade of the ,lakes4 ,the next year after ,wayne's victory the last buffalo in ,ohio was killed1 and in #agif the first ,american cabins were built at ,cleveland and ,chillicothe4 ,for the first time the ,ohio1 the great highway1 was safe4 ,passenger boats no longer had bullet-proof cabins1 no longer trailed cannon on their gunwales4 ,in that year twenty thousand emigrants passed down the ,ohio4 ,astonished and helpless the red men saw the tide4 ,by #ahjj there were more whites in the ,mississippi valley than there were ,indians in all ,north ,america4 ,,xxvi ,,the ,,spaniard ,early in ,april of #agic a company of ,french merchants sat at a dinner in ,new ,orleans4 ,before them magnolias bloomed in the plaza4 ,out in the harbour their vessels were flying the ,spanish flag4 ,spain has declared war against ,france4 ,a ,french frigate is sailing for the ,gulf4 ,like a bomb the announcement burst in their midst4 ,the fine and handsome face of ,charles ,de ,pauw was lit with determination4 ,he had come over with ,lafayette1 and had invested a fortune in the new world4 ,my ships are in danger4 ,i will haul down the ,spanish colours and float the ,american flag4 ,long enough have the ,frenchmen of ,missouri and ,illinois endured the ,spanish yoke4 ,long enough have our cargoes been confiscated and our trade ruined by unnecessary and tyrannical restrictions4 ,but ,america will not help us4 ,the ,kentuckians will1 answered ,de ,pauw4 ,already they are begging ,george ,rogers ,clark to march on ,new ,orleans4 ,a huzza rang round the table4 ,we shall be here to help him4 ,every settlement that borders the ,mississippi will join with us4 ,spain rules to ,pittsburg1 dictates prices1 opens and closes markets4 ,will ,americans endure that8 ,from ,new ,orleans to ,british ,america1 ,spain stretches an invisible cordon1 'thus far and no farther4' ,all beyond is the private park of ,don ,carlos ,,iv4 ,what will ,congress do8 ,congress8 echoed another4 ,what does it matter to those people beyond the ,alleghanies8 ,they are very far away4 ,europe is not so remote4 ,our interests lie with ,mississippi and the sea4 ,but that would dismember the ,union4 ,will it dismember the ,union for the ,louisianians to break their fetter from ,spain and thereby give us a market clear of duty8 ,the ,kentuckians1 equally with us1 are irritated at the ,spanish ,government4 ,we have a right to strike ,spain4 ,charles ,de ,pauw renamed his schooner the ,maria and sailed out of the ,gulf under the ,stars and ,stripes4 ,on the way to ,new ,york he met the frigate returning that brought the ,french minister1 ,charles ,genet1 to ,charleston4 ,acres of flatboats lay freighted on the dimpling ,ohio4 ,corn1 wheat1 oats1 rye1--the worn-out tobacco lands of ,virginia knew nothing like it4 ,but the ,spaniard stood at the gate and locked up the river4 ,a ,king8 ,americans laughed at the fancy4 ,a ,king to check or hinder us in our rights8 ,who shall refuse us8 ,are we not ,americans8 ,the ,mississippi is ours1 cried ,kentucky4 ,by the law of nature1 by the authority of numbers1 by the right of necessity4 ,if ,congress will not give it to us1 we must take it ourselves4 ,and now ,france-- ,george ,rogers ,clark was profoundly moved by the ,french crusade for liberty4 ,we owe it to ,france to help her4 ,was not ,france our friend in the time of trouble8 ,then he wrote to the ,french minister1 tendering his services to ,france in her arduous struggle3 ,i would begin with ,st4 ,louis1 a rich1 large1 and populous town1 and by placing two or three frigates within the ,mississippi's mouth 7to guard against ,spanish succours7 ,i would engage to subdue ,new ,orleans1 and the rest of ,louisiana4 ,if farther aided ,i would capture ,pensacola2 and if ,santa ,f and the rest of ,new ,mexico were objects--,i know their strength and every avenue leading to them1 for conquest4--,all the routes as well as the defenceless situation of those places are perfectly known to me and ,i possess draughts of all their defences1 and estimates of the greatest force which could oppose me4 ,if ,france will be hearty and secret in this business my success borders on certainty4--,the route from ,st4 ,louis to ,santa ,f is easy1 and the places not very distant4444 ,to save ,congress from a rupture with ,spain on our account1 we must first expatriate ourselves and become ,french citizens4 ,this is our intention4 ,on its errand of good or ill the letter sped to the ,french minister to the ,united ,states1 and lo6 that minister was ,genet1 just landed at ,charleston4 ,genet had come from ,revolutionary ,france1 at this moment fighting all ,europe1 so frightfully had upblazed the tiny spark of liberty borne back by the soldiers of ,rochambeau4 ,andr ,michaux was instructed to hasten to the ,falls of the ,ohio with this message to ,george ,rogers ,clark3 ,the ,french minister has filled out this blank commission from his ,government making you a ,marshal of ,france1 ,major ,general and ,commander-in-,chief of the ,french ,legion on the ,mississippi4 ,thus had ,genet answered the letter4 ,new ,orleans was watching4 ,the ,americans are threatening us with an army assembling on the ,ohio1 wrote ,carondelet in alarm to ,spain4 ,ill-disposed and fanatical citizens in this ,capital1 he added1 restless and turbulent men infatuated with ,liberty and ,equality1 are increased with every vessel that comes from the ports of ,france4 ,he begged ,spain to send him troops from ,cuba4 ,he begged the ,captain ,general of ,cuba to send him troops from ,havana4 ,gayoso put his fort at ,vicksburg in defence and ,carondelet sent up a division of galleys to ,new ,madrid and ,st4 ,louis4 ,but ,carondelet1 the ,governor of ,louisiana1 had his hands full4 ,frenchmen of his own city were signing papers to strike a blow for ,france4 ,he would build defences1--they opposed and complained of his measures4 ,merchants and others whose business suffered by the uncertainties of commerce took no responsibility as the domineering little ,baron endeavoured to fortify ,new ,orleans with palisaded wall1 towers1 and a moat seven feet deep and forty feet wide4 ,it may happen that the enemy will try to surprise the plaza on a dark night1 said the ,baron4 ,all the artillery was mounted4 ,haughty ,spanish cavaliers with swords and helmets paced the parapets of the grim pentagonal bastions4 ,watchmen with spears and lanterns guarded the gates below4 ,the city was in terror of assault4 ,at every rise of the river ,carondelet looked for a filibustering army out of the north4 ,by every ship runners were sent to ,spain4 ,news of the intended raid penetrated even the ,ursuline ,convent4 ,sister ,infelice paled when she heard it1 gave a little gasp1 and fainted4 ,clearly she fears1 the gentle sister fears these northern barbarians1 remarked the ,mother ,superior4 ,take her to her chamber4 ,and ,st4 ,louis1--not since #aghj had she been so alarmed4 ,the ,governor constructed a square redoubt flanked by bastions1 dug a shallow moat1 and raised a fort on the hill4 ,seventeen grenadiers with drawn sabres stood at the drawbridge4 ,immediately on the approach of the enemy1 retreat to ,new ,madrid1 was the order of this puissant ,governor4 ,george ,rogers ,clark1 who had planned and executed the conquest of ,illinois1 burned now for the conquest of ,louisiana4 ,and the ,west looked to him2 she despised and defied the ,spaniard as she despised and defied the ,indian4 ,they blocked the way1 they must depart4 ,clark's old veteran officers ,christy1 ,logan1 ,montgomery1 sent word they would serve under his command4 ,the ,french squadron at ,philadelphia was to set sail for the ,gulf4 ,major ,fulton and ,michaux1 ,clark's right-hand men1 travelled all over the ,west enlisting men1 provisions1 and money4 ,de ,pauw engaged to furnish four hundred barrels of flour and a thousand-weight of bacon1 and to send brass cannon over the mountains4 ,in ,december ,clark's men were already cutting timber to build boats on the ,bear ,grass4 ,five thousand men were to start in the ,spring1 provided ,congress did not oppose and ,genet could raise a million dollars4 ,in despair ,carondelet wrote home1 saying that if the project planned was carried into effect1 he would have no other alternative but to surrender4 ,having no reinforcements to hope for from ,havana1 ,i have no further hope than in the faults the enemy may commit and in accidents which may perhaps favour us4 ,carondelet gave up4 ,in ,march he wrote again1 ,the commandant at ,post ,vincennes has offered cannon for the use of the expedition4 ,early in ,january ,clark was writing to ,de ,pauw1 ,have your stores at the ,falls by the #bjth of ,february1 as in all probability we shall descend the river at that time4 ,montgomery reported1 arms and ammunition1 five hundred bushels of corn and ten thousand pounds of pork1 also twenty thousand weight of buffalo beef1 eleven hundred weight of bear meat1 seventy-four pair venison hams1 and some beef tongues4 ,with two hundred men ,montgomery lay at the mouth of the ,ohio ready to cross over4 ,not ninety ,spaniards of regular troops were there to defend ,st4 ,louis1 and two hundred militia1 and the ,governor had only too much reason to fear that ,st4 ,louis would open her gates and join the invader4 ,all that was lacking was money4 ,hundreds of ,kentuckians waited the signal to take down their guns and march on ,new ,orleans4 ,but the ministers of ,spain and of ,great ,britain had not been quiet4 ,they both warned ,washington4 ,could he hold the lawless ,west8 ,it was a problem for statesmen4 ,jefferson wrote to ,governor ,shelby of ,kentucky to restrain the expedition4 ,i have grave doubts1 ,governor ,shelby answered1 whether there is any legal authority to restrain or to punish them4 ,for1 if it is lawful for any one citizen of the state to leave it1 it is equally so for any number of them to do it4 ,it is also lawful for them to carry any quantity of provisions1 arms1 and ammunition4--,i shall also feel but little inclination to take an active part in punishing or retaining any of my fellow citizens for a supposed intention only1 to gratify the fears of the ministers of a prince who openly withholds from us an invaluable right1 and who secretly instigates against us a most savage and cruel enemy4 ,washington promptly issued a proclamation of neutrality and requested the recall of ,genet4 ,from the new ,minister of ,france ,clark received formal notice that the conquest of ,louisiana was abandoned4 ,but ,spain had had her fright4 ,she at once opened the river1 and the mass of collected produce found its way unimpeded to the sea4 ,in ,june ,congress passed a law for ever forbidding such expeditions4 ,i have learned that the ,spaniards have built a fort at ,chickasaw ,bluff1 on this side of the river1 said ,general ,wayne1 one night in ,september1 #agie1 summoning ,william ,clark to his headquarters4 ,i desire you to go down to the commanding officer on the west side and inquire his intentions4 ,why1 of all that army1 had ,wayne chosen the young lieutenant of the ,fourth ,sub-,legion for this errand8 ,was it because he bore the name of ,clark8 ,very well2 both knew why ,spain had advanced to the ,chickasaw ,bluff4 ,as ,washington went forty years before to inquire of the ,french1 ,why are you building forts on the ,ohio8 so now ,william ,clark1 on board the galiot1 ,la ,vigilante1 dropped down to ,new ,madrid and asked the ,spaniard1 ,why are you building forts on the ,mississippi8 ,down came ,charles ,de ,hault ,de ,lassus1 the ,commandant himself4 ,i assure you we have been very far from attempting to usurp the territory of a nation with whom we desire to remain in friendship1 protested the courtly ,commandant with a wave of his sword and a flutter of his plume4 ,but the threats of the ,french republicans living in the ,united ,states1--he paused for a reply4 ,calm yourself1 replied ,lieutenant ,clark4 ,read here the pacific intentions of my country4 ,none better than ,william ,clark understood the virtues of conciliation and persuasion4 ,i assure you that the ,united ,states is disposed to preserve peace with all the powers of ,europe1 and with ,spain especially4 ,with mutual expressions of esteem and cordial parting salvos1 ,lieutenant ,clark left his ,spanish friends with a mollified feeling toward those turbulent ,americans4 ,nevertheless ,george ,rogers ,clark had opened the river1 to be closed again at peril4 ,among the soldiers at ,wayne's camp that winter was ,lieutenant ,meriwether ,lewis1 just from the ,whiskey ,rebellion1 he said4 ,between him and ,william ,clark1 now ,captain ,clark1 there sprang up the most intimate friendship4 ,the nature of the ,insurrection8 remarked ,lewis in his camp talks with ,clark4 ,why1 the ,pennsylvania mountaineers about ,redstone-,old-,fort refused to pay the whiskey tax1 stripped1 tarred1 and feathered the collectors6 ',the people must be taught obedience1' said ,general ,washington1 and1 after all peaceable means failed1 he marched fifteen thousand militia into the district4 ,the thought that ,washington was coming at the head of troops made them reconsider4 ,they sent deputations to make terms about the time of ,wayne's battle4 ,we built log huts and forted for the winter on the ,monongahela about fifteen miles above ,pittsburg4 ,and so the ,spaniards have come to terms8 queried ,lewis as ,clark still remained silent4 ,yes1 they have opened the river4 ,i came near being in the midst of that1 continued ,lewis4 ,michaux came to ,charlottesville4 ,i was eighteen1 just out of school and eager for adventure4 ,michaux was to explore the ,west4 ,mr4 ,jefferson had a plan for sending two people across the ,rocky ,mountains4 ,i begged to go1 and probably should1 had not ,michaux been recalled when the new ,french minister came in4 ,rest assured1 replied ,clark solemnly1 no exploration of the ,west can ever be made while ,spain holds ,louisiana4 ,,xxvii ,,the ,,brothers ,my claim is as just as the book we swear by4 ,the hero of the heroic age of the ,middle ,west was discussing his debts for the conquest of ,illinois4 ,i have given the ,united ,states half the territory they possess1 and for them to suffer me to remain in poverty in consequence of it will not redound to their honour4 ,i engaged in the ,revolution with all the ardour that youth could possess4 ,my zeal and ambition rose with my success1 determined to save those countries which had been the seat of my toil1 at the hazard of my life and fortune4 ,at the most gloomy period of the war when a ration could not be purchased on public credit1 ,i risked my own credit1 gave my bonds1 mortgaged my lands for supplies1 paid strict attention to every department1 flattered the friendly and confused the hostile tribes of ,indians1 by my emissaries baffled my internal enemies 7the most dangerous of all to public interest71 and carried my point4 ,thus at the end of the war ,i had the pleasure of seeing my country secure1 but with the loss of my manual activity4 ,demands of very great amount were not paid1 others with depreciated paper4 ,now suits are commenced against me1 for those sums in specie4 ,my military and other lands1 earned by my services1 are appropriated for the payment of these debts1 and demands yet are remaining1 to a considerable amount more than the remains of a shattered fortune will pay4 ,this is truly my situation4 ,i see no other recourse remaining but to make application to my country for redress4 ,brooding over his troubles1 ,george ,rogers ,clark had built himself a little cabin at the ,point of ,rock1 overlooking the ,falls of the ,ohio1 and gone into a self-chosen ,st4 ,helena4 ,the waves dashed and roared below and the mist arose1 as he looked out on ,corn ,island1 scene of his earliest exploit4 ,a library of handsome books was the principal ornament the house contained4 ,reading1 hunting1 fishing1 he passed his days1 while the old negro servants attended to the kitchen and the garden4 ,i have come1 answered his brother ,william1 ,i have retired from the army1 to devote myself to you4 ,now what can be done8 ,done8 ,look at these bills4 ,gratiot's is paid1 thank ,god1 or he would have been a ruined man4 ,monroe helped him through with that4 ,and ,menard's8 ,that is shelved at ,richmond for fifty years4 ,general ,clark turned the leaves of his note-book4 ,and ,vigo8 ,but for him ,i could never have surprised ,vincennes4 ,he was the best friend ,i had1 and the best still1 except you1 ,william4 ,a singular affection bound these two brothers4 ,it seemed almost as if ,william took up the life of ,george ,rogers where it was broken off1 and carried it on to a glorious conclusion4 ,virginia acknowledges ,vigo's debt1 certifies that it has never been paid but she has ceded those lands to the ,government4 ,who then shall pay it but ,congress8 ,the debt was necessary and lawful in contracting for supplies for the conquest of ,illinois4 ,could ,i have done with less8 ,god knows we went with parched corn only in our wallets and depended on our rifles for the rest4 ,tell him to keep the draft1 ,virginia will pay it1 or ,congress1 some time or other1 with interest4 ,again1 at ,william's persuasion1 the ,general came home to ,mulberry ,hill4 ,an expert horseman1 everybody in ,louisville knew ,captain ,clark1 who1 wrapped in his cloak1 came spurring home night after night on his blooded bay1 with ,york at his side1 darkness nor swollen fords nor wildly beating storms stopping his journey as he came bearing news to his brother4 ,i have ridden for brother ,george in the course of this year upwards of three thousand miles1 wrote the ,captain to his brother ,edmund1 in ,december1 #agig1 continually in the saddle1 attempting to save him1 and have been serviceable to him in several instances4 ,i have but a few days returned from ,vincennes attending a suit for twenty-four thousand dollars against him4 ,these long journeys included tours to ,st4 ,louis1 ,vincennes1 ,kaskaskia1 among the ,general's old debtors1 proving that the articles for which he was sued were for his troops1 powder and military stores4 ,the ,general is very ill again1 said father ,clark1 walking up and down the entry before the chamber door4 ,the old man's severe countenance always relaxed when he spoke of the ,general4 ,of all his children1 ,george ,rogers was the one least expected to fall into dissipation1 but now in rheumatic distress1 old before his time1 ,george ,rogers sometimes drank4 ,cover him1 shield him1 let not the world witness my brother's weakness1 ,william would say at such times1 affectionately detaining him at ,mulberry ,hill4 ,glancing into the dining-room1 the white-haired cavalier noticed ,fanny and her children and others sitting around the table4 ,preoccupied1 the old man approached1 and leaning over a chair delivered an impressive grace4 ,now1 my children1 you can eat your dinner4 ,do not wait for me1 and again he took up his walk in the entry outside the chamber door4 ,a smile wreathed the faces of all2 there was no dinner2 they were simply visiting near the table4 ,with children and grandchildren around him1 the house at ,mulberry ,hill was always full4 ,at ,christmas or ,thanksgiving1 when ,lucy came with her boys from ,locust ,grove1 ,well1 my children1 father ,clark would say1 if ,i thought we would live1 mother and ,i1 five years longer1 ,i would build a new house4 ,but the day before ,christmas1 #agih1 the silky white hair of ,ann ,rogers ,clark was brushed back for the last time1 in the home that her taste had beautified with the groves and flowers of ,mulberry ,hill4 ,more and more frequently the old cavalier retired to his rustic arbour in the garden4 ,i must hunt up father1 he will take cold1 ,william would say2 and there on a moonlight night1 on his knees in prayer1 the old man would be found1 among the cedars and honeysuckles of ,mulberry ,hill4 ,why do you dislike old ,john ,clark1 some one asked of a neighbour when the venerable man lay on his death-bed4 ,what8 ,i dislike old ,john ,clark8 ,i revere and venerate him4 ,his piety and virtues may have been a reproach1 but ,i reverence and honour old ,john ,clark4 ,by will the property was divided1 and the home at ,mulberry ,hill went to ,william4 ,in case ,jonathan comes to ,kentucky he may be willing to buy the place1 said ,william4 ,if he does ,i shall take the cash to pay off these creditors of yours4 ,will you do that8 exclaimed ,george ,rogers ,clark gratefully4 ,i can make it good to you when these lands of mine come into value4 ,never mind that1 brother1 never mind that4 ,the honour of the family demands it4 ,and those poor ,frenchmen are ruined4 ,indians are at the ,falls6 ,startled1 even now the citizens of ,louisville were ready to fly out with shotguns in memory of old animosities4 ,nothing chills the kindlier impulses like an ,indian war4 ,children age1 young men frost and wrinkle1 women turn into maniacs4 ,every log hut had its bedridden invalid victim of successive frights and nervous prostration4 ,only the stout and sturdy few survived in after days to tell of those fierce times when ,george ,rogers ,clark was the hope and safety of the border4 ,to these1 the ,indian was a serpent in the path1 a panther to be hunted4 ,hist6 go slow4 ',tis the ,delaware chiefs come down to visit ,george ,rogers ,clark1 said ,simon ,kenton4 ,in these days of peace1 remembering still their old terror of the ,long ,knife1 a deputation of chiefs had come to visit ,clark4 ,in paint and blankets1 with lank locks flapping in the breeze1 they strode up the catalpa avenue1 sniffing the odours of ,mulberry ,hill4 ,general ,clark looked from the window4 ,buckongahelas led the train1 with ,pierre ,drouillard1 the interpreter4 ,drouillard had become1 for a time1 a resident of ,kentucky4 ,simon ,kenton1 hearing that the preserver of his life had fallen into misfortune since the surrender of ,detroit1 sent for him1 gave him a piece of his farm1 and built him a cabin4 ,george ,drouillard1 a son1 named for ,george ,,iii41 was becoming a famous hunter on the ,mississippi4 ,we have come1 said ,buckongahelas1 to touch the ,long ,knife4 ,before ,clark realised what they were doing1 the ,indians had snipped off the tail of his blue military coat with their hunting knives4 ,this talisman will make us great warriors1 said ,buckongahelas1 carefully depositing a fragment in his bosom4 ,clark laughed1 but from that time the ,delaware ,king and his braves were frequent visitors to the ,long ,knife1 who longed to live in the past1 forgetting misfortune4 ,but ,george ,rogers ,clark was not alone in financial disaster4 ,st4 ,clair had expended a fortune in the cause of his country and at last1 accompanied by his devoted daughter1 retired to an old age of penury4 ,boone1 too1 had his troubles4 ,never having satisfied the requirements of law concerning his claim1 he was left landless in the ,kentucky he had pioneered for civilisation4 ,late one ,november day in #agih he was seen wending his way through the streets of ,cincinnati1 with ,rebecca and all his worldly possessions mounted on packhorses4 ,where are you going8 queried an old-time acquaintance4 ,too much crowded1 too many people4 ,i am going west where there is more elbow room4 ,ze celebrated ,colonel ,boone ees come to live een ,louisiana1 said the ,spanish officers of ,st4 ,louis4 ,the ,stars and ,stripes and the yellow flag of ,spain were hung out side by side1 and the garrison came down out of the stone fort on the hill to parade in honour of ,daniel ,boone4 ,no such attentions had ever been paid to ,daniel ,boone at home4 ,he dined with the ,governor at ,government ,house and was presented with a thousand arpents of land1 to be located wherever he pleased1 in the district of the ,femme ,osage4 ,beside a spring on a creek flowing into the ,missouri ,boone built his pioneer cabin1 beyond the farthest border settlement4 ,bring a hundred more ,american families and we will give you ten thousand arpents of land1 said the ,governor4 ,back to his old ,kentucky stamping ground went ,boone1 and successfully piloted out a settlement of neighbours and comrades4 ,directly1 ,colonel ,daniel ,boone was made ,commandant of the ,femme ,osage ,district4 ,his word became law in the settlement1 and here he held his court under a spreading elm that stands to-day1 the ,judgment ,tree of ,daniel ,boone4 ,,xxviii ,,the ,,maid ,,of ,,fincastle ,in the autumn days as the century was closing1 ,william ,clark set out for ,virginia1 as his brother had done in other years4 ,kentucky was filled with old forts1 neglected bastions1 moats1 and blockhouses1 their origin forgotten4 ,already the builders had passed on westward4 ,the ,boone trace was lined now with settlements1 a beaten bridle-path thronged with emigrant trains kicking up the dust4 ,through the frowning portals of ,cumberland ,gap1 ,captain ,clark and his man ,york galloped into ,virginia4 ,from the southern border of ,virginia to the ,potomac passes the old highway1 between the ,alleghanies and the ,blue ,ridge4 ,cantering thoughtfully along under the broad-leaved locusts and laurels1 a melody like the laugh of wood-nymphs rippled from the forest4 ,why don't he go8 cried a musical feminine voice4 ,oh1 ,harriet1 ,harriet6 ,with more laughter came a rustling of green leaves4 ,parting the forest curtain to discover the source of this unusual commotion1 ,captain ,clark descried two girls seated on a small pony1 switching with all their slender energy4 ,his feet are set4 ,he will not move1 ,judy4 ,leaping at once from his saddle1 the ,captain bowed low to the maidens in distress4 ,can ,i be of any assistance8 ,the sudden apparition of a handsome soldier in tri-cornered hat and long silk hose quite took their breath away4 ,thank you1 sir knight1 answered the blonde with a flush of bewitching colour4 ,firefly1 my pony1 seems to object to carrying two1 but we cannot walk across that ford4 ,my cousin and ,i have on our satin slippers4 ,the ,captain laughed1 and taking the horse's bridle easily led them beyond the mountain rill that dashed across their pathway4 ,and will you not come to my father's house8 inquired the maiden4 ,it is here among the trees4 ,clark looked1--the roof and gables of a comfortable ,virginian mansion shone amid the greenery4 ,i fear not4 ,i must reach ,colonel ,hancock's to-night4 ,this is ,colonel ,hancock's1 the girls replied with a smothered laugh4 ,at a signal1 ,york lifted the five-barred gate and all passed in to the long green avenue4 ,the brother of my old friend1 ,general ,george ,rogers ,clark6 exclaimed ,colonel ,hancock4 ,glad to see you1 glad to see you4 ,many a time has he stopped on this road4 ,the ,hancocks were among the founders of ,virginia4 ,with ,john ,smith the first one came over in search of ,forrest for his building of ,ships1 and was massacred by ye salvages at ,thorp's ,house1 ,berkeley ,hundred4 ,general ,hancock1 the father of the present ,colonel1 equipped a regiment for his son at the breaking out of the ,revolution4 ,on ,pulaski's staff1 the young ,colonel received the body of the illustrious ,pole as he fell at the siege of ,savannah4 ,from his ,sea ,island plantations and the sound of war in ,south ,carolina1 ,general ,hancock1 old and in gout1 set out for ,virginia4 ,but ,pulaski had fallen and his son was a prisoner under ,cornwallis4 ,attended only by his daughter ,mary and a faithful slave1 the ,general died on the way and was buried by ,uncle ,primus on the top of ,king's ,mountain some weeks before the famous battle4 ,released on parole and finding his fortune depleted1 ,colonel ,george ,hancock read ,blackstone and the ,virginia laws1 took out a license1 married1 and settled at ,fincastle4 ,here his children were born1 of whom ,judy was the youngest daughter4 ,later1 by the death of that heroic sister ,mary1 a niece had come into the family1 ,harriet ,kennerly4 ,these were the girls that ,captain ,clark had encountered in his morning ride among the mountains of ,fincastle4 ,your brother1 the ,general1 and ,i journeyed together to ,philadelphia1 when he was ,commissioner of ,indian affairs4 ,is he well and enjoying the fruits of his valour8 continued the ,colonel4 ,my brother is disabled1 the result of exposure in his campaigns4 ,he will never recover4 ,i am now visiting ,virginia in behalf of his accounts with the ,assembly1--they have never been adjusted4 ,he even thought you1 his old friend1 might be able to lend assistance1 either in ,virginia or in ,congress4 ,i am honoured by the request4 ,you may depend upon me4 ,colonel ,george ,hancock had been a member of the ,fourth ,congress in ,washington's administration1 and with a four-horse family coach travelled to and from ,philadelphia attending the sessions4 ,here the little ,judy's earliest recollections had been of the beautiful ,dolly ,todd who was about to wed ,mr4 ,madison4 ,jefferson was ,secretary of ,state then1 and his daughters1 ,maria and ,martha1 came often to visit ,judy's older sisters1 ,mary and ,caroline4 ,judy's hair was a fluff of gold then2 shading to brown1 it was a fluff of gold still1 that ,granny ,molly found hard to keep within bounds4 ,harriet1 her cousin1 of dark and splendid beauty1 a year or two older1 was ever the inseparable companion of ,judy ,hancock4 ,just fixing up the place again1 explained ,colonel ,hancock4 ,it has suffered from my absence at ,philadelphia4 ,a tedious journey1 a tedious journey from ,fincastle4 ,but to the children that journey had been a liberal education4 ,the long bell-trains of packhorses1 the rumbling ,conestogas1 the bateaux and barges1 the great rivers and dense forests1 the lofty mountains and wide farmlands1 the towns and villages1 ,philadelphia itself1 were indelibly fixed in their memory and their fancy4 ,several times in the course of the next few years1 ,william ,clark had occasion to visit ,virginia in behalf of his brother1 and each time more and more he noted the budding graces of the maids of ,fincastle4 ,,xxix ,,the ,,president',s ,,secretary ,the funeral bells of ,washington tolled in #ahjj4 ,president ,washington was dead4 ,napoleon was first ,consul of ,france4 ,the old social systems of ,europe were tottering4 ,the new social system of ,america was building4 ,the experiment of self-government had triumphed1 and out of the storm-tossed seas still grandly rode the ,constitution4 ,out of the birth of parties and political excitement1 ,thomas ,jefferson came to the ,presidency4 ,the stately mansion of ,monticello was ablaze with light4 ,candles lit up every window4 ,not only ,monticello1 but all ,charlottesville was illuminated1 with torches1 bonfires1 tar-barrels4 ,friends gathered with congratulations and greeting4 ,as ,washington had turned with regret from the banks of the ,potomac to fill the first presidency1 and as ,patrick ,henry1 the gifted1 chafed in ,congressional halls1 so now ,jefferson with equal regret left the shades of ,monticello4 ,no pageant shall give the lie to my democratic principles1 he said1 as in plain citizen clothes with a few of his friends he repaired to the ,capital and took the oath of office4 ,and by his side1 with luminous eyes and powdered hair1 sat ,aaron ,burr1 the ,vice-,president4 ,jefferson1 in the simplicity of his past1 had penned everything for himself4 ,now he began to feel the need of a secretary4 ,there were many applicants1 but the ,president's eye turned toward the lad who nine years before had begged to go with ,michaux to the ,west4 ,the appointment to the ,presidency of the ,united ,states has rendered it necessary for me to have a private secretary1 he wrote to ,meriwether ,lewis4 ,your knowledge of the western country1 of the army and of all its interests1 has rendered it desirable that you should be engaged in that office4 ,in point of profit it has little to offer1 the salary being only five hundred dollars1 but it would make you know and be known to characters of influence in the affairs of our country4 ,meriwether was down on the ,ohio4 ,in two weeks his reply came back from ,pittsburg4 ,i most cordially acquiesce1 and with pleasure accept the office1 nor were further motives necessary to induce my compliance than that you1 sir1 should conceive that in the discharge of the duties1 ,i could be serviceable to my country as well as useful to yourself4 ,as soon as he could wind up his affairs1 ,captain ,lewis1 one of the handsomest men in the army1 appeared in queue and cocked hat1 silk stockings and knee buckles1 at the ,president's house in wide and windy ,washington to take up his duties as private secretary4 ,from his earliest recollection1 ,meriwether ,lewis had known ,thomas ,jefferson1 as ,governor in the days of ,tarleton's raid1 and as a private farmer and neighbour at ,monticello4 ,after ,meriwether's mother married ,captain ,marks and moved to ,georgia1 ,jefferson went to ,france1 and his uncle1 ,colonel ,nicholas ,lewis1 looked after the finances of the great estate at ,monticello4 ,under the guardianship of that uncle1 ,meriwether attended the school of ,parson ,maury1 the same school where ,jefferson had been fitted for college4 ,he remembered1 too1 that day when ,jefferson came back from ,france and all the slaves at ,monticello rushed out and drew the carriage up by hand1 crowding around1 kissing his hands and feet1 blubbering1 laughing1 crying4 ,how the slaves fell back to admire the young ladies that had left as mere children6 ,martha1 a stately girl of seventeen1 and little ,maria1 in her eleventh year1 a dazzling vision of beauty4 ,ahead of everybody ran the gay and sunny ,jack ,eppes to escort his little sweetheart4 ,both daughters were married now1 and with families of their own1 so more than ever ,jefferson depended on ,meriwether ,lewis4 ,they occupied the same chamber and lived in a degree of intimacy that perhaps has subsisted between no other president and his private secretary4 ,with his favourite ,chickasaw horses1 ,arcturus and ,wildair1 the ,president rode two hours every day1 ,meriwether often with him1 directing the workmen on the new ,capitol1 unfinished still amid stone and masonry tools4 ,washington himself chose the site1 within an amphitheatre of hills overlooking the lordly ,potomac where he camped as a youth on ,braddock's expedition4 ,washington1 ,jefferson1 ,madison1 riding ever to and from ,mount ,vernon1 ,monticello1 and ,montpelier1 discussed the plans and set the architects to work4 ,now it fell to ,jefferson to carry on what ,washington had so well begun4 ,thomas ,jefferson was a social man1 and loved a throng about him4 ,the vast and vacant halls of the ,white ,house would have been dreary but for the retinue of guests4 ,eleven servants had been brought from ,monticello1 and half-a-dozen from ,paris1--,petit1 the butler1 ,m4 ,julien1 the cook1 a ,french chef1 ,noel1 the kitchen boy1 and ,joseph ,rapin1 the steward4 ,every morning ,rapin went to the ,georgetown market1 and ,meriwether ,lewis gave him his orders4 ,for ,i need you1 ,meriwether1 not only for the public1 but as well for the private concerns of the household1 said the ,president affectionately4 ,and ,i depend on you to assist in entertaining4 ,at the head of the table1 please1 said the ,president1 handing in ,mrs4 ,madison4 ,i shall have to request you to act as mistress of the ,white ,house4 ,in his own youth ,jefferson had cherished an affection for ,dolly ,madison's mother1 the beautiful ,mary ,coles1 so it became not difficult to place her daughter in the seat of honour4 ,there were old-style ,virginia dinners1 with the art of ,paris1 for ever after his foreign experience ,jefferson insisted on training his own servants in the ,french fashion4 ,at four they dined1 and sat and talked till night1 ,congressmen1 foreigners1 and all sorts of people1 with the ever-present cabinet4 ,james ,madison1 ,secretary of ,state1 was a small man1 easy1 dignified1 and fond of conversation1 with pale student face like a young theologian just out of the cloister4 ,dolly herself powdered his hair1 tied up his queue1 and fastened his stock2 very likely1 too1 prescribed his elegant knee breeches and buckles and black silk stockings1 swans' down buff vest1 long coat1 and lace ruffles4 ,a very tasty old-school gentleman1 said the guests of the ,white ,house4 ,albert ,gallatin1 ,secretary of the ,treasury1 born and bred a scholar1 was younger than either ,madison or ,jefferson1 well read1 with a slightly ,genevan accent1 and a prominent nose that marked him a man of affairs4 ,but everything revolved about ,jefferson1 in the village of ,washington and in the country at large4 ,next to ,general ,washington he filled the largest space in public esteem4 ,slim1 tall1 and bony1 in blue coat faced with yellow1 green velveteen breeches1 red plush waist-coat and elaborate shirt frill1 long stockings and slippers with silver buckles1--just so had he been ever since his ,parisian days1 picturesquely brilliant in dress and speech1 talking1 talking1 ever genially at the ,white ,house4 ,before the ,mayflower brought the first ,puritans to ,new ,england the ,jeffersons had settled in ,virginia4 ,the ,president's mother was a ,randolph of patrician blood4 ,a hundred servants attended in ,isham ,randolph's1 her father's house4 ,peter ,jefferson1 his father1 was a democrat of democrats1 a man of the people4 ,perhaps ,thomas had felt the sting of ,randolph pride that a daughter had married a homely rawboned ,jefferson1 but all the man in him rose up for that ,jefferson from whom he was sprung4 ,thomas ,jefferson1 the son1 was just such a thin homely rawboned youth as his father had been4 ,middle age brought him good looks1 old age made him venerable1 an object of adoration to a people4 ,always up before sunrise1 he routed out ,meriwether4 ,there were messages to send1 or letters to write1 or orders for ,rapin before the round disk of day reddened the ,potomac4 ,no woman ever brushed his gray neglected hair tied so loosely in a club behind2 it was ,jeffersonian to have it neglected and tumbled all over his head4 ,everybody went to the ,white ,house for instruction1 entertainment2 and ,jefferson--was ,jefferson4 ,of course he had his enemies1 even there4 ,twice a month ,colonel ,burr1 the ,vice-,president1 the great anti-,virginian1 dined at the ,white ,house4 ,attractive in person1 distinguished in manner1 all looked upon ,colonel ,burr as next in the line of ,presidential succession4 ,he came riding back and forth between ,washington and his ,new ,york residence at ,richmond ,hill1 and with him the lovely ,theodosia1 the intimate friend of ,dolly ,madison and ,mrs4 ,gallatin4 ,lewis understood some of the bitter and deadly political controversies that were smothered now under the ever genial conversation of the ,president1 for ,jefferson1 the great apostle of popular sovereignty1 could no more conceal his principles than he could conceal his personality4 ,everything he discussed1--science1 politics1 philosophy1 art1 music4 ,none there were more widely read1 none more travelled than the ,president4 ,but he dearly loved politics4 ,greater1 perhaps1 was ,jefferson in theory than in execution4 ,his eye would light with genius1 as he propounded his views4 ,science1 did you say8 ,the main object of all science is the freedom and happiness of man1 and these are the sole objects of all legitimate government4 ,why1 ,washington himself hardly believed that so liberal a government as this could succeed1 but he was resolved to give the experiment a trial4 ,and now1 our people are throwing aside the monarchical and taking up the republican form1 with as much ease as would have attended their throwing off an old and putting on a new suit of clothes4 ,i am persuaded that no ,constitution was ever before so well calculated as ours for extensive empire4 ,to ,jefferson it had fallen to overthrow church establishment and entail and primogeniture in ,virginia1 innovations that were followed by all the rest of the ,states4 ,at least1 pleaded an opponent1 if the eldest may no longer inherit all the lands and all the slaves of his father1 let him take a double share4 ,no1 said ,jefferson1 not until he can eat a double allowance of food and do a double allowance of work4 ,instead of an aristocracy of wealth1 ,i would make an opening for an aristocracy of virtue and talent4 ,but see to what ,mr4 ,jefferson and his levelling system has brought us1 cried even ,john ,randolph of ,roanoke1 as one after another of the estates of thousands of acres slid into the hands of the people4 ,he prohibited the importation of slaves1 and1 if he could have done it1 would have abolished slavery itself before it became the despair of a people4 ,franklin a great orator8 ,why1 no1 he never spoke in ,congress more than five minutes at a time1 and then he related some anecdote which applied to the subject before the ,house4 ,i have heard all the celebrated orators of the ,national ,assembly of ,france1 but there was not one equal to ,patrick ,henry4 ,and then1 confidentially1 sometimes he told a tale of the ,declaration of ,independence4 ,i shall never cease to be grateful to ,john ,adams1 the colossus of that debate4 ,while the discussion was going on1 fatherly old ,ben ,franklin1 seventy years old1 leaning on his cane1 sat by my side1 and comforted me with his jokes whenever the criticisms were unusually bitter4 ,the ,congress held its meetings near a livery stable4 ,the members wore short breeches and thin silk stockings1 and with handkerchief in hand they were diligently employed in lashing the flies from their legs4 ,so very vexatious was the annoyance1 and to so great impatience did it arouse the sufferers1 that they were only too glad to sign the ,declaration and fly from the scene4 ,two visits every year ,jefferson made to his little principality of two hundred inhabitants at ,monticello1 a short one early in the ,spring and a longer one in the latter part of ,summer1 when he always took his daughter ,martha and family from ,edge ,hill with him1 for it would not seem home without ,martha to superintend4 ,here ,jefferson had organised his slaves into a great industrial school1 had his own carpenters1 cabinet-makers1 shoe-makers1 tailors1 weavers1 had a nail forge and made nails for his own and neighbouring estates1--his black mechanics were the best in ,virginia4 ,even the family coach was made at ,monticello1 and the painting and the masonry of the mansion were all executed by slaves on the place4 ,on the ,rivanna ,jefferson had a mill1 where his wheat was manufactured into flour and sent down to ,richmond on bateaux to be sold for a good price1 and cotton brought home to be made into cloth on the plantation4 ,no wonder1 when the master was gone1 so extensive an industrial plant ceased to be remunerative4 ,jefferson was always sending home shrubbery and trees from ,washington1--he knew every green thing on every spot of his farm2 and ,bacon1 the manager1 seldom failed to send the cart back laden with fruit from ,monticello for the ,white ,house4 ,while the ,president at ,monticello was giving orders to ,goliah1 the gardener1 to ,jupiter1 the hostler1 to ,bacon and all the head men of the shops1 ,lewis would gallop home to visit his mother at ,locust ,hill just out of ,charlottesville4 ,before the ,revolution1 ,meriwether's father1 ,william ,lewis1 had received from ,george ,,iii4 a patent for three thousand acres of choice ,ivy ,creek land in ,albemarle1 commanding an uninterrupted view of the ,blue ,ridge for one hundred and fifty miles4 ,here ,meriwether was born1 and ,reuben and ,jane4 ,if ,captain ,john ,marks courts you ,i advise you to marry him1 said ,colonel ,william ,lewis to his wife1 on his death-bed after the surrender of ,cornwallis4 ,in a few years she did marry ,captain ,marks1 and in ,georgia were born ,meriwether's half brother and sister1 ,john and ,mary ,marks4 ,another spot almost as dear to ,meriwether ,lewis was the plantation of his uncle ,nicholas ,lewis1 ,the ,farm1 adjoining ,monticello4 ,it was here he saw ,hamilton borne by1 a prisoner of war1 on the way to ,williamsburg1 and here it was that ,tarleton made his raid and stole the ducks from ,aunt ,molly's chicken yard4 ,a strict disciplinarian1 rather severe in her methods1 and very industrious was ,aunt ,molly1 ,captain ,molly they called her4 ,even ,colonel ',nick1' although he can whip the ,british1 stands in wholesome awe of ,captain ,molly1 his superior in the home guards1 said the gossiping neighbours of ,charlottesville4 ,as a boy on this place1 ,meriwether visited the negro cabins1 followed the overseer1 or darted on inquiry bent through stables1 coach-house1 hen-house1 smoke-house1 dove cote1 and milk-room1 the ever-attending lesser satellites of every mansion-house of old ,virginia4 ,bless your heart1 my boy1 was ,aunt ,molly's habitual greeting1 to be a good boy is the surest way to be a great man4 ,a tender heart had ,aunt ,molly1 doctress of half the countryside1 who came to her for remedies and advice4 ,her home was ever open to charity4 ,as friends she nursed and cared for ,burgoyne's men1 the ,saratoga prisoners4 ,bury me under the tulip tree on top of the hill overlooking the ,rivanna1 begged one of the sick ,british officers4 ,true to her word1 ,aunt ,molly had him laid under the tulip tree4 ,many generations of ,lewises and ,meriwethers lie now on that hill overlooking the red ,rivanna1 but the first grave ever made there was that of the ,british prisoner so kindly cared for by ,meriwether ,lewis's ,aunt ,molly4 ,meriwether and ,lewis are old and honoured names in ,virginia4 ,i really believe the boy will be a credit to the family1 said ,aunt ,molly when the ,president's secretary reined up on ,wildair at the gate4 ,the ,captain's light hair rippled into a graceful queue tied with a ribbon1 and his laughing blue eyes flashed as ,maria ,wood ran out to greet her old playfellow4 ,aunt ,molly was ,maria's grandmother4 ,very grand is my cousin ,meriwether now1 began the mischievous ,maria4 ,long past are those days when as a ,virginia ranger he prided himself on rifle shirts faced with fringe1 wild-cat's paws for epaulettes1 and leathern belts heavy as a horse's surcingle4 ,lifting her hands in mock admiration ,maria smiled entrancingly1 ,indeed1 gay as ,jefferson himself is our sublime dandy1 in blue coat1 red velvet waistcoat1 buff knee breeches1 and brilliant buckles6 and ,meriwether answered with a kiss4 ,maria ,wood was1 perhaps1 the dearest of ,meriwether's friends1 although rumour said he had been engaged to ,milly ,maury1 the daughter of the learned ,parson4 ,but how could that be when ,milly married while ,meriwether was away soldiering on the ,ohio8 ,at any rate1 now he rode with ,maria ,wood1 danced with her1 and took her out to see his mother at ,locust ,hill4 ,the whole family relied on ,meriwether at ,locust ,hill4 ,while only a boy he took charge of the farm1 and of his own motion built a carriage and drove to ,georgia after his mother and the children upon the death of ,captain ,marks4 ,back through the ,cherokee-haunted woods they came1 with other travellers journeying the ,georgia route4 ,one night campfires were blazing for the evening meal1 when ,whoop6 came the hostile message and a discharge of arms4 ,indians6 ,indians6 ,all was confusion4 ,paralysed mothers hugged their infants and children screamed1 when a boy in the crowd threw a bucket of water on the fire extinguishing the light4 ,in a moment all was still1 as the men rushed to arms repelling the attack4 ,that boy was ,meriwether ,lewis4 ,no brother like mine1 said little ,mary ,marks4 ,every noble trait is his1--he is a father to us children1 a counsellor to our mother1 and more anxious about our education than even for his own6 ,charles de ,st4 ,memin1 a ,french artist1 was in ,washington1 engraving on copper4 ,may ,i have your portrait as a typical handsome ,american8 he said to the ,president's secretary4 ,meriwether laughed and gave him a sitting4 ,the same hand that had so lately limned ,paul ,revere1 ,theodosia ,burr1 and the last profile of ,washington himself1 sketched the typical youth of #ahja4 ,lewis sent the drawing to his mother1 the head done in fired chalk and crayon1 with that curious pink background so peculiar to the ,st4 ,memin pictures4 ,,xxx ,,the ,,president ,,talks ,,with ,,meriwether ,hours by themselves ,jefferson sat talking to ,lewis4 ,with face sunny1 lit with enthusiasm1 he spoke rapidly1 even brilliantly1 a dreamer1 a seer1 a prophet1 believing in the future of ,america4 ,i have never given it up1 ,meriwether4 ,before the peace treaty was signed1 after the ,revolution1 ,i was scheming for a western exploration4 ,we discussed it at ,annapolis2 ,i even went so far as to write to ,george ,rogers ,clark on the subject4 ,then ,congress sent me to ,france4 ,in ,france a frequent guest at my table was ,john ,ledyard1 of ,connecticut4 ,he had accompanied ,captain ,cook on his voyage to the ,pacific ,ocean1 and now panted for some new enterprise4 ,he had endeavoured to engage the merchants of ,boston in the ,northwest fur trade1 but the times were too unsettled4 ',why1 ,mr4 ,jefferson1' he was wont to say1 'that northwest land belongs to us4 ,i felt ,i breathed the air of home the day we touched at ,nootka ,sound4 ,the very ,indians are just like ours4 ,and furs1--that coast is rich in beaver1 bear1 and otter4 ,depend upon it1' he used to say1 'untold fortunes lie untouched at the back of the ,united ,states4' ,i then proposed to him to go by land to ,kamtchatka1 cross in some ,russian vessel to ,nootka ,sound1 fall down into the latitude of the ,missouri1 and penetrate to and through that to the ,united ,states4 ,ledyard eagerly seized the idea4 ,i obtained him a permit from the ,empress ,catherine1 and he set out2 went to ,st4 ,petersburg1 crossed the ,russian possessions to within two hundred miles of ,kamtchatka4 ,here he was arrested by order of the ,empress1 who by this time had changed her mind1 and forbidden his proceeding4 ,he was put in a close carriage1 and conveyed day and night1 without ever stopping1 till they reached ,poland2 where he was set down and left to himself4 ,the fatigue of this journey broke down his constitution1 and when he returned to me at ,paris his bodily strength was much impaired4 ,his mind1 however1 remained firm and he set out for ,egypt to find the sources of the ,nile1 but died suddenly at ,cairo4 ,thus failed the first attempt to explore the western part of our northern continent4 ,imagine my interest1 later1 to learn that after reading of ,captain ,cook's voyages the ,boston merchants had taken up ,ledyard's idea and in #aghg sent two little ships1 the ',columbia ,rediviva' and the ',lady ,washington' into the ,pacific ,ocean4 ,barely was ,i back and seated in ,washington's cabinet as ,secretary of ,state1 before those ,boston merchants begged my intercession with the ,court of ,spain1 for one ,don ,blas ,gonzalez1 ,governor of ,juan ,fernandez4 ,passing near that island1 one of the ships was damaged by a storm1 her rudder broken1 her masts disabled1 and herself separated from her companion4 ,she put into the island to refit1 and at the same time to wood and water4 ,don ,blas ,gonzalez1 after examining her1 and finding she had nothing on board but provisions and charts1 and that her distress was real1 permitted her to stay a few days1 to refit and take in fresh supplies of wood and water4 ,for this act of common hospitality1 he was immediately deprived of his government1 unheard1 by superior order1 and placed under disgrace4 ,nor was ,i ever able to obtain a hearing at the ,court of ,spain1 and the reinstatement of this benevolent ,governor4 ,the little ships went on1 however1 and on ,may #aa1 #agib1 ,captain ,robert ,gray1 a tar of the ,revolution1 discovered the great river of the west and named it for his gallant ship1 the ',columbia4' ,in that very year1 #agib1 not yet having news of this discovery1 ,i proposed to the ,american ,philosophical ,society that we should set on foot a subscription to engage some competent person to explore that region1 by ascending the ,missouri and crossing the ,stony ,mountains1 and descending the nearest river to the ,pacific4 ,the sum of five thousand dollars was raised for that purpose1 and ,andr ,michaux1 a ,french botanist1 was engaged as scientist1 but when about to start he was sent by the ,french minister on political business to ,kentucky4 ,meriwether ,lewis laughed4 ,i remember4 ,i was then at ,charlottesville on the recruiting service1 and warmly solicited you to obtain for me the appointment to execute that adventure4 ,but ,mr4 ,andr ,michaux offering his services1 they were accepted4 ,both were silent for a time4 ,michaux had gone on his journey as far as ,kentucky1 become the confidential agent between ,genet and ,george ,rogers ,clark for the ,french expedition1 and been recalled by request of ,washington4 ,meriwether1 continued the ,president1 ,i see now some chance of accomplishing that northwest expedition4 ,the act establishing trading posts among the ,indians is about to expire4 ,my plan is to induce the ,indians to abandon hunting and become agriculturists4 ,as this may deprive our traders of a source of profit1 ,i would direct their attention to the fur trade of the ,missouri4 ,in a few weeks ,i shall make a confidential communication to ,congress requesting an appropriation for the exploration of the northwest4 ,we shall undertake it as a literary and commercial pursuit4 ,and1 sir1 may ,i lead that exploration8 ,you certainly shall1 answered the ,president4 ,how much money do you think it would take8 ,secretary ,lewis spent the next few days in making an estimate4 ,mathematical instruments1 arms and accoutrements1 camp equipage1 medicine and packing1 means for transportation1 ,indian presents1 provisions1 pay for hunters1 guides1 interpreters1 and contingencies1-- twenty-five hundred dollars will cover it all1 ,i think4 ,then followed that secret message of ,january #ah1 #ahjc1 dictated by ,jefferson1 penned by ,lewis1 in which the ,president requested an appropriation of twenty-five hundred dollars1 for the purpose of extending the external commerce of the ,united ,states4 ,congress granted the request1 and busy days of preparation followed4 ,the cabinet were in the secret1 and the ladies1 particularly ,mrs4 ,madison and ,mrs4 ,gallatin1 were most interested and sympathetic1 providing everything that could possibly be needed in such a perilous journey1 fearing that ,lewis might never return from that distant land of savages4 ,the ,president's daughters1 ,mrs4 ,randolph and ,mrs4 ,eppes1 were there1 handsome1 accomplished1 delicate women1 who rode about in silk pelisses purchasing at the shops the necessaries for housewives1 pins1 needles1 darning yarn1 and the thousand and one little items that women always give to soldier boys4 ,dolly ,madison1 in mulberry-coloured satin1 a tulle kerchief on her neck and dainty cap on her head1 stitched1 stitched2 and in the streets1 almost impassable for mud1 she and ,martha1 the ,president's daughter1 were often mistaken for each other as they went to and fro guided by ,dolly's cousin1 ,edward ,coles1 a youth destined to win renown himself one day1 as the anti-slavery governor of ,illinois4 ,in his green knee pants and red waistcoat1 long stockings and slippers1 the genial ,president looked in on the busy ladies at the ,white ,house1 but his anxiety was on matters of far more moment than the stitchery of the cabinet ladies4 ,alexander ,mackenzie's journal of his wonderful transcontinental journey in #agic was just out1 the book of the day4 ,it thrilled ,lewis1--he devoured it4 ,before starting on his tour ,alexander ,mackenzie went to ,london and studied mathematics and astronomy4 ,it is my own dream1 exclaimed ,lewis1 as the ,president came upon him with the volumes in hand4 ,but the scientific features1 to take observations1 to be sure of my botany1 to map longitude-- ,that must come by study1 said ,jefferson4 ,i would have you go to ,philadelphia to prosecute your studies in the sciences4 ,i think you had better go at once to ,dr4 ,barton1--,i will write to him to-day4 ,and again in the letter to ,dr4 ,barton1 ,meriwether's hand penned the prosecution of his fortune4 ,i must ask the favour of you to prepare for him a note of those lines of botany1 zology1 or of ,indian history which you think most worthy of study or observation4 ,he will be with you in ,philadelphia in two or three weeks and will wait on you and receive thankfully on paper any communications you may make to him4 ,jefferson had ever been a father to ,meriwether ,lewis1 had himself watched and taught him4 ,and ,lewis in his soul revered the great man's learning1 as never before he regretted the wasted hours at ,parson ,maury's when often he left his books to go hunting on ,peter's ,mount4 ,but proudly lifting his head from these meditations3 ,i am a born woodsman1 ,mr4 ,jefferson4 ,you know that4 ,know it6 ,jefferson laughed4 ,does not the fame of your youthful achievements linger yet around the woods of ,monticello8 ,i have not forgotten1 ,meriwether1 that when you were not more than eight years old you were accustomed to go out into the forest at night alone in the depth of winter with your dogs and gun to hunt the raccoon and opossum4 ,nor have ,i forgotten when the ,cherokees attacked your camp in ,georgia4 ,the young man flushed4 ,your mother has often told it4 ,it was when you were bringing them home to ,albemarle4 ,how old were you then8 ,about eighteen8 ,the ,indians whooped and you put out the fire1 the only cool head among them4 ,a boy that could do that can as a man lead a great exploration like this4 ,nor need you fret about your lack of science1--the very study of ,latin you did with ,parson ,maury fits you to prepare for me those ,indian vocabularies4 ,i am fortunate to have one so trained4 ,latin gives an insight into the structure of all languages4 ,for years1 now1 ,i have been collecting and studying the ,indian tongues4 ,fortune now permits you to become my most valued coadjutor4 ,and so ,lewis noted in his book of memorandum1 ,vocabularies of ,indian languages4 ,you ought to have a companion1 a military man like ,george ,rogers ,clark4 ,i have always wished to bring him forward in ,indian affairs2 no man better understands the savage4 ,but ,clark has a brother1 quickly spoke ,lewis1 a brave fellow1 absolutely unflinching in the face of danger4 ,if ,i could have my choice1 ,captain ,william ,clark should be my companion and the sharer of my command4 ,two years ,lewis had been ,jefferson's private secretary1 when1 appointed to this work1 he went to ,philadelphia to study natural science and make astronomical observations for the geography of the route4 ,this youth1 who had inherited a fortune and every inducement to a life of ease1 now spent three months in severest toil1 under the instruction of able professors1 learning scientific terms and calculating latitude and longitude4 ,early in ,june he was back at ,washington4 ,already the ,president had secured letters of passport from the ,british1 ,french1 and ,spanish ministers1 for this expedition through foreign territory4 ,the object of your mission is to explore the ,missouri ,river1 and such principal streams of it1 as1 by its course and communication with the waters of the ,pacific ,ocean1 whether the ,columbia1 ,oregon1 ,colorado1 or any other river1 may offer the most direct and practicable water-communication across the continent1 for the purpose of commerce4 ,far into the ,june night ,jefferson discussed his instructions1 and signed the historic document4 ,i have no doubt you will use every possible exertion to get off1 as the delay of a month now may lose a year in the end4 ,lewis felt the pressure2 he was packing his instruments1 writing to military posts for men to be ready when he came down the river1 and hurrying up orders at ,harper's ,ferry1 when a strange and startling event occurred1 beyond the vision of dreamers4 ,book ,,ii ,,into ,,the ,,west ,book ,,ii ,,into ,,the ,,west ,i ,,the ,,louisiana ,,purchase ,spain1 knowing she cannot hold ,louisiana1 has ceded it to ,france6 ,the winds of ocean bore the message to ,america4 ,napoleon8 ,is he to control us also8 ,never so vast a shadow overawed the world4 ,afar they had read of his battles1 had dreaded his name4 ,instantly colossal ,napoleon loomed across the prairies of the ,west4 ,napoleon had fifty-four ships and fifty thousand troops1 the flower of his army1 sailing to re-establish slavery in ,hayti4 ,but a step and he would be at the ,mississippi4 ,he was sending ,laussat1 a ,french prefect1 to take over ,new ,orleans and wait for the army4 ,shall we submit8 ,and is this to be the end of all our fought-for liberty1 that ,napoleon should rule ,america8 ,the fear of ,france was now as great as had been the admiration4 ,gaily the flatboats were floating down1 laden with flour and bacon1 hams and tobacco1 seeking egress to ,cuba and ,atlantic seaports1 when suddenly1 in ,october1 #ahjb1 the ,spanish ,intendant at ,new ,orleans closed the ,mississippi4 ,crowding back1 for twenty thousand miles inland1 were the products of the ,autumn4 ,the western country blazed2 only by strenuous effort could ,congress keep a backwoods army from marching on ,new ,orleans4 ,a powerful minority at ,washington contended for instant seizure4 ,pittsburg1 with shore lined with shipping1 roared all the way to the gulf1 ,no grain can be sold down the river on account of those piratical ,spaniards6 ,appeal after appeal went up to ,jefferson1 ,let us sweep them into the sea6 ,what hope with a foreign nation at our gates8 ,spain might be got rid of1 but ,france--,monroe was dispatched to ,france to interview ,napoleon4 ,the ,french must not have ,new ,orleans1 was the lightning thought of ,jefferson4 ,no one but ourselves must own our own front door4 ,and ,jefferson penned a letter to ,livingstone1 the ,american minister at ,paris3 ,there is on the globe but one single spot1 the possessor of which is our natural and habitual enemy4 ,it is ,new ,orleans1 through which the produce of three-eighths of our territory must pass to market4 ,france placing herself in that door assumes to us the attitude of defiance4 ,spain might have retained it quietly for years4 ,not so ,france4 ,the impetuosity of her temper1 the energy and restlessness of her character1 render it impossible that ,france and the ,united ,states can continue friends when they meet in so irritating a position4 ,the day that ,france takes possession of ,new ,orleans--from that moment we must marry ourselves to the ,british fleet and nation4 ,as ,jefferson placed that letter in the hands of ,monroe he added3 ,in ,europe nothing but ,europe is seen4 ,but this little event1 of ,france's possessing herself of ,louisiana1--this speck which now appears an invisible point on the horizon1--is the embryo of a tornado4 ,i must secure the port of ,new ,orleans and the mastery of the navigation of the ,mississippi4 ,we must have peace4 ,the use of the ,mississippi is indispensable4 ,we must purchase ,new ,orleans4 ,you are aware of the sensibility of our ,western citizens1 ,madison was writing to ,madrid4 ,to them the ,mississippi is everything4 ,it is the ,hudson1 the ,delaware1 the ,potomac1 and all the navigable rivers of the ,atlantic ,states1 formed into one4 ,but ,napoleon's soldiers were dying at ,san ,domingo1 the men with whom he would have colonised ,louisiana4 ,at that moment the flint and steel of ,france and ,england struck1 and the spark meant--war4 ,england stood ready to seize the mouth of the ,mississippi4 ,after the solemnities of ,easter ,sunday at ,st4 ,cloud1 ,april #aj1 #ahjc1 ,napoleon summoned two of his ministers4 ,i know the full value of ,louisiana6 he began with vehement passion1 walking up and down the marble parlour4 ,a few lines of treaty have restored it to me1 and ,i have scarcely recovered it when ,i must expect to lose it4 ,but if it escapes from me1 the ,first ,consul shook his finger menacingly1 it shall one day cost dearer to those who oblige me to strip myself of it1 than to those to whom ,i wish to deliver it4 ,the ,english have successively taken from ,france1 ,canada1 ,cape ,breton1 ,newfoundland1 ,nova ,scotia1 and the richest portions of ,asia4 ,they shall not have the ,mississippi which they covet4 ,they have twenty ships of war in the ,gulf of ,mexico1 they sail over those seas as sovereigns4 ,the conquest of ,louisiana would be easy4 ,i have not a moment to lose in putting it out of their reach4 ,i know not whether they are not already there4 ,i think of ceding it to the ,united ,states4 ,they only ask one town of me in ,louisiana but ,i already consider the colony as entirely lost1 and it appears to me that in the hands of this growing power it will be more useful to the policy and even to the commerce of ,france1 than if ,i should attempt to keep it4 ,he turned to ,barb-,marbois1 who had served as ,secretary of the ,french ,legation at ,philadelphia during the whole war of the ,american ,revolution4 ,we should not hesitate to make a sacrifice of that which is about slipping from us1 said ,barb-,marbois4 ,war with ,england is inevitable2 shall we be able to defend ,louisiana8 ,can we restore fortifications that are in ruins8 ,if1 ,citizen ,consul1 you1 who have by one of the first acts of your government made sufficiently apparent your intention of giving this country to ,france1 now abandon the idea of keeping it1 there is no person that will not admit that you yield to necessity4 ,far into the night they talked1 so late that the ministers slept at ,st4 ,cloud4 ,at daybreak ,napoleon summoned ,barb-,marbois4 ,read me the dispatches from ,london4 ,sire1 returned the ,secretary1 looking over the papers1 naval and military preparations of every kind are making with extraordinary rapidity4 ,napoleon leaped to his feet and strode again the marble floor4 ,irresolution and deliberation are no longer in season4 ,i renounce ,louisiana4 ,it is not only ,new ,orleans that ,i will cede1 but the whole colony without reservation4 ,i know the price of what ,i abandon4 ,i renounce it with regret4 ,to attempt to retain it would be folly4 ,i direct you to negotiate this affair with the ,united ,states4 ,do not even await the arrival of ,mr4 ,monroe2 have an interview this very day with ,mr4 ,livingstone2 but ,i require a great deal of money for this war1 and ,i would not like to commence it with new contributions4 ,i want fifty millions1 and for less than that sum ,i will not treat4 ,to-morrow you shall have your full powers4 ,the minister waited4 ,mr4 ,monroe is on the point of arriving1 continued ,napoleon4 ,neither this minister1 nor his colleague1 is prepared for a decision which goes infinitely beyond anything they are about to ask of us4 ,begin by making them overtures1 without any subterfuge4 ,acquaint me1 hour by hour1 of your progress4 ,what will you pay for all ,louisiana8 bluntly asked ,barb-,marbois that day of the astonished ,livingstone4 ,all ,louisiana6 ,new ,orleans is all ,i ask for1 answered ,livingstone4 ,so long had ,talleyrand trifled and deceived1 the ,american found himself distrustful of these ,french diplomatists4 ,but ,i offer the province1 said ,barb-,marbois4 ,surprised1 doubtful1 ,livingstone listened4 ,i have not the necessary powers4 ,the next day ,monroe arrived4 ,there must be haste or the ,english will be at ,new ,orleans1 said ,barb-,marbois4 ,how much will you pay for the whole province8 ,the ,english8 ,fifteen millions1 answered the ,americans4 ,incorporate ,louisiana as soon as possible into your ,union1 said ,napoleon1 give to its inhabitants the same rights1 privileges1 and immunities as to other citizens of the ,united ,states4 ,and let them know that we separate ourselves from them with regret2 let them retain for us sentiments of affection2 and may their common origin1 descent1 language1 and customs perpetuate the friendship4 ,the papers were drawn up and signed in ,french and in ,english4 ,we have lived long1 but this is the noblest work of our lives6 exclaimed ,livingstone1 as he and ,barb-,marbois and ,monroe arose and shook hands across the document4 ,this accession of territory strengthens for ever the power of the ,united ,states1 said ,napoleon1 coming in to look at the treaty4 ,and as he affixed that signature1 ,,napoleon1 he smiled1--,i have just given to ,england a maritime rival1 that sooner or later will humble her pride4 ,and on that day the ,mississippi was opened1 to be closed by a foreign power no more for ever4 ,but no sooner had ,napoleon parted with ,louisiana than he began to repent4 ,hasten1 the ministers warned ,jefferson1 the slightest delay may lose us the country4 ,the word reached ,america4 ,jefferson--bought ,new ,orleans8 bought the ,mississippi8 bought the entire boundless ,west8 ,men gasped1 then cheered4 ,tumultuous excitement swept the land4 ,on ,july #c1 #ahjc1 an infant ,republic hugging the ,atlantic1 on ,july #d1 a world power grasping the ,pacific6 ,a bargain6 cried the ,republicans4 ,unconstitutional6 answered the ,federalists4 ,the ,east will become depopulated4 ,fifteen millions6 ,fifteen millions for that wilderness6 ,why1 that would be tons of money6 ,waggon loads of silver five miles long4 ,we have not so much coin in the whole country6 ,,ii ,,the ,,knight ,,of ,,the ,,white ,,house ,and ,meriwether ,lewis was ready to start4 ,the night before the ,fourth of ,july he wrote his mother3 ,the day after to-morrow ,i shall set out for the western country4 ,i had calculated on the pleasure of visiting you1 but circumstances have rendered it impossible4 ,my absence will probably be equal to fifteen or eighteen months4 ,the nature of this expedition is by no means dangerous4 ,my route will be altogether through tribes of ,indians friendly to the ,united ,states1 therefore ,i consider the chances of life just as much in my favour as ,i should conceive them were ,i to remain at home4 ,the charge of this expedition is honourable to myself1 as it is important to my country4 ,for its fatigues ,i feel myself perfectly prepared1 nor do ,i doubt my health and strength of constitution to bear me through it4 ,i go with the most perfect pre-conviction in my own mind of returning safe1 and hope therefore that you will not suffer yourself to indulge any anxiety for my safety1--,i will write again on my arrival at ,pittsburg4 ,adieu1 and believe me your affectionate son1 ,,meriwether ,,lewis4 ,the ,jefferson girls had returned to their homes4 ,dolly ,madison and ,mrs4 ,gallatin supervised the needle department1 having made housewives enough to fit out a regiment4 ,joseph ,rapin1 the steward1 helped ,lewis pack his belongings1 ,secretary ,gallatin contributed a map of ,vancouver's sketch of the ,columbia mouth1 and ,madison rendered his parting benediction4 ,out of the iron gate in the high rock wall in front of the ,white ,house ,meriwether went1--fit emblem of the young ,republic1 slim and lithe1 immaculate in new uniform and three-cornered chapeau1 his sunny thick-braided queue falling over the high-collared coat1--to meet the ,potomac packet for ,harper's ,ferry4 ,all around were uncut forests1 save the little clearing of ,washington1 and up the umbrageous hills stretched an endless ocean of tree-tops4 ,the wind blew up the ,potomac1 fluttering the ,president's gray locks4 ,if a superior force should be arrayed against your passage1 return1 ,meriwether1 was the anxious parting word4 ,to your own discretion must be left the degree of danger you may risk4 ,but ,meriwether had no fears4 ,should you reach the ,pacific ,ocean1--endeavour to learn if there be any port within your reach frequented by sea-vessels of any nation1 and to send two of your trusted people back by sea1 with a copy of your notes4 ,should you be of opinion that the return of your party by the way they went will be dangerous1 then ship the whole1 and return by way of ,cape ,horn or the ,cape of ,good ,hope4 ,as you will be without money1 clothes or provisions1 ,i give you this open letter of credit authorising you to draw on the ,executive of the ,united ,states or any of its officers in any part of the world4 ,our consuls at ,batavia in ,java1 at the ,isles of ,france and ,bourbon1 and at the ,cape of ,good ,hope will be able to supply you necessities by drafts on us4 ,for where in the world the ,missouri led1 no man then knew6 ,i have sometimes thought of sending a ship around to you1 said ,jefferson1 but the ,spaniards would be certain to gobble it1 and we are in trouble enough with them already over this ,louisiana ,purchase4 ,too well ,lewis knew the delicacy of the situation4 ,spain was on fire over the treachery of ,napoleon4 ,france has no right to alienate ,louisiana6 was the cry from ,madrid4 ,but what could she do8 ,nothing but fume1 delay1 threaten1--,napoleon was master4 ,under present circumstances1 continued the ,president1 ,i consider futile all effort to get a ship to your succour on those shores4 ,spain would be only too glad to strike a blow4 ,but there must be trade1 there is trade1--all through ,adams's administration the ,russians were complaining of ,yankee skippers on that northwest coast4 ,russia has aided us1 ,i may call the ,emperor my personal friend4 ,with pardonable pride the ,president thought of the bust of ,alexander over his study door at ,monticello4 ,though ,catherine did send poor ,ledyard back1 ,alexander has proved himself true1 and in case any ,russian ship touches those shores you are safe1 or ,english1 or ,american4 ,this letter of credit will carry you through4 ,and above all1 express my philanthropic regard for the ,indians4 ,humanity enjoins us to teach them agriculture and the domestic arts4 ,and after ,lewis was fairly started1 the ,president sent on as a great secret1 ,i have received word from ,paris that ,mr4 ,broughton1 one of the companions of ,captain ,vancouver1 went up ,columbia ,river one hundred miles in ,december1 #agib4 ,he stopped at a point he named ,vancouver4 ,here the river ,columbia is still a quarter of a mile wide4 ,from this point ,mt4 ,hood is seen twenty leagues distant1 which is probably a dependency of the ,stony ,mountains4 ,accept my affectionate salutations4 ,on the ,fourth of ,july the same hand that drew up the ,declaration of ,independence had drawn for ,meriwether ,lewis a ,letter of ,credit1 authorising him to purchase anything he needed on the credit of the ,united ,states in any part of the world4 ,was ,jefferson thinking of those days when ,george ,rogers ,clark gave drafts on ,new ,orleans for the conquest of ,illinois8 ,this again was another venture into a dark unwritten ,west4 ,the next day ,lewis shot all his guns at ,harper's ,ferry1 examined extra locks1 knives1 tomahawks1 accoutrements that had been manufactured at his special direction4 ,the waggoner from ,philadelphia came jolting by with ,indian presents1 astronomical apparatus1 and tents on the way to ,pittsburg4 ,pittsburg8 ,a cloud of smoke hung even then over the embryotic city4 ,two thousand miles inland1 it already had a flourishing ship-yard4 ,several large vessels lay on the stocks and builders were hammering day and night4 ,the ',louisiana1' three hundred tons1 is waiting for the next rise of the river1 said a strapping tar4 ,in ,may a fleet of schooners went out to the ,caribbees4 ,you are too late for this summer's freshet4 ,come1 gentlemen1 gentlemen all1 ,ginral ,sincleer shall remem-ber-ed be1 ,for he lost thirteen hundred me-en all ,in the ,western ,tari-to-ree4 ,captain ,lewis took a second look at the singer1--it was ,george ,shannon standing on the dock4 ,why1 ,captain ,lewis6 ,where are you going8 ,george was an old friend of ,meriwether's1 and yet but a lad of seventeen4 ,his father1 one of those ragged ,continentals that marched on ,yorktown1 had emigrated to the far ,ohio4 ,jane ,shannon was a typical pioneer mother4 ,she spun1 wove1 knit1 made leggings of skins1 and caps and moccasins1 but through multitudinous duties found time to teach her children4 ,to prepare them for college1 she said1 that is my dream4 ,i'd live on hoe-cake for ever to give them a chance4 ,every one of her six boys inherited that mother's spirit1 every one attained distinction4 ,at fourteen ,george was sent to his mother's relatives on the ,monongahela to school4 ,here he met ,lewis1 forted in that winter camp4 ,the gallant ,virginian captured the boy's fancy1--he became his model1 his ideal4 ,and can you go8 asked ,captain ,lewis4 ,go8 ,i will accompany you to the end of the world1 ,captain ,lewis1 answered ,george ,shannon4 ,there is no time for mails1--,i know ,i have my parent's consent4 ,and the pay1 that will take me to college6 ,shannon enlisted on the spot1 and was ,lewis's greatest comfort in those trying days at ,pittsburg4 ,the boat-builders were drunkards4 ,i spent most of my time with the workmen1 wrote ,lewis to the ,president1 but neither threats nor persuasion were sufficient to procure the completion before the #cast of ,august4 ,loading the boat the instant it was done1 they set out at four o'clock in the morning1 with ,john ,collins of ,maryland1 and ,george ,gibson1 ,hugh ,mc,neal1 ,john ,potts1 and ,peter ,wiser1 of ,pennsylvania1 recruits that had been ordered from ,carlisle4 ,peter ,wiser is believed to have been a descendant of that famous ,conrad ,weiser who gave his life to pacifying the ,indian4 ,by this time the water was low4 ,on board my boat opposite ,marietta1 ,sept4 #ac1 ,lewis writes1--horses or oxen--,i find the most efficient sailors in the present state of navigation1 dragging the bateaux over shallows of drift and sandbars4 ,and yet that same ,spring1 when the water was high1 ,marietta had sent out the schooners ,dorcas and ,sally1 and the ,mary ,avery1 one hundred and thirty tons1 with cheers and firing of cannon4 ,when ,lewis passed1 a three-mast brig of two hundred and fifty tons and a smaller one of ninety tons were on the point of being finished to launch the following ,spring1 with produce for ,philadelphia4 ,george ,shannon was a handsome boy1 already full grown but with the beardless pink and white of youth4 ,his cap would not fit down over his curls1 but lifted like his own hopes4 ,nothing would start the boats at daylight like his jolly1 rollicking ,blow1 ye winds of morning1 ,blow1 blow1 blow1 rolling across the tints of sunrise4 ,his cheeks glowed1 his blue eyes shone to meet the wishes of his captain4 ,past the fairy isle of ,blennerhassett with its stately mansion half-hid behind avenues of ,lombardy poplar and tasteful shrubbery1 ,captain ,lewis came on down to ,fort ,washington1 ,cincinnati1 where brigs had lately taken on cargoes and sailed to the ,west ,indies4 ,bones8 ,of course ,lewis wanted to look at bones and send some to the learned ,president4 ,dr4 ,goforth of ,cincinnati was sinking a pit at the ,big ,bone ,lick for remains of the mammoth1 and might not mammoths be stalking abroad in all that great land of the ,west8 ,mystery1 mystery1--the very air was filled with mystery4 ,,iii ,,recruiting ,,for ,,oregon ,now that ,i have accepted ,president ,jefferson's proposal to be associated with ,captain ,lewis in this expedition1 it will oblige me to accept brother ,jonathan's offer of ten thousand dollars cash for ,mulberry ,hill1 ,william ,clark was saying at ,louisville4 ,that will help out brother ,george on his military debts1 satisfy his claimants1 and save him from ruin4 ,at the time of sale the old home was occupied by ,general ,clark and ,william ,clark1 and their sister ,fanny and her children4 ,the departure of ,william for the ,pacific broke up and dispersed the happy family4 ,the ,general went back to the ,point of ,rock1 fifty feet above the dashing ,ohio4 ,that water was the lowest ever known now1 men could walk across on the rocks4 ,three or four locust trees shaded the cabin1 now painted white1 and an orchard of peach and cherry blossomed below4 ,negro ,ben and his wife ,venus1 and ,carson and ,cupid1 lived back of the house and cultivated a few acres of grain and garden4 ,all of ,clark's old soldiers remained loyal and visited the ,point of ,rock1 and every year an encampment of braves1 ,indian chiefs whom he had subdued1 came for advice and to partake of his hospitality4 ,grand and lonely1 prematurely aged at fifty-one when he should have been in his prime1 ,general ,clark sat overlooking the ,falls when ,captain ,lewis pulled his bateaux into the ,bear ,grass4 ,captain ,clark and nine young men of ,kentucky were waiting for the boat1--,william ,bratton1 a blacksmith1 formerly of ,virginia1 and ,john ,shields1 gunsmith1 the ,tubal ,cain of the expedition1 ,john ,coalter1 who had been a ranger with ,kenton1 the famous ,shields brothers1 ,reuben and ,james1 ,william ,warner and ,joseph ,whitehouse1 all experts with the rifle1 ,charles ,floyd1 son of that ,charles ,floyd that rode with his brother from the death-stroke of ,big ,foot1 and ,nathaniel ,pryor1 his cousin4 ,twenty years had passed since that fatal ,april morning when ,john ,floyd was laid a corpse at the feet of ,jane ,buchanan4 ,that posthumous child1 ushered so sadly into the world1 ,john ,floyd the younger1 now a handsome youth1 was eager to go with his cousins--but an unexpected illness held him back--to become a member of ,congress and ,governor of ,virginia4 ,and ,york1 of course ,york4 ,had he not from childhood obeyed ,john ,clark's command1 ,look after your young master8 ,with highest elation ,york assisted in the preparation1 furbished up his gun1 and prepared to slay dem buffaloes4 ,an interpreter is my problem now1 said ,captain ,lewis1 a man familiar with ,indians1 trustworthy1 and skilled in tongues4 ,i think my brother will know the man1--he has had wide experience in that line1 said ,william2 and so down to the ,point of ,rock the ,captains betook themselves to visit ,george ,rogers ,clark4 ,dignity sat still upon his countenance and the commanding look of ,washington1 wrote a chronicler of that day4 ,an interpreter8 mused ,general ,clark4 ,then turning to his brother1 ,do you remember ,pierre ,drouillard1 the ,frenchman that saved ,kenton8 ,he was a man of tact and influence with the ,indians1 and1 although he wore the red coat1 a man of humanity4 ,he interpreted for me at ,fort ,mc,intosh and at the ,great ,miami4 ,he comes with ,buckongahelas4 ,william ,clark remembered4 ,that old ,frenchman has a son1 ,george1 chip of the old block1 brought up with the ,indians and educated at a mission4 ,he is your man1--at ,st4 ,louis1 ,i think4 ,always demand of the ,indians what you want1 ,william1 that is the secret4 ,never let them think you fear them4 ,great things have been effected by a few men well conducted4 ,who knows what fortune may do for you8 ,it was the self-same saying with which twenty-four years before he had started to ,vincennes4 ,here are letters to some of my old friends at ,st4 ,louis and ,kaskaskia1 added the ,general4 ,all the negroes were out to weep over ,york1 whom they feared to see no more1--old ,york and ,rose1 ,nancy and ,julia1 ,jane1 ,cupid and ,harry1 from the scattered home at ,mulberry ,hill4 ,general ,jonathan ,clark and ,major ,croghan were there1 the richest men in ,kentucky1 and ,general ,jonathan's daughters who stitched their samplers now at ,mulberry ,hill2 and ,lucy1 from ,locust ,grove1 the image of ,william1 with face almost too strong for a woman1 some said4 ,all the city knew her1 a miracle of benevolence and duty1 and by her side the little son1 ,george ,croghan1 destined to hand on the renown of his fathers4 ,william ,clark's last word was for ,fanny1 a widow with children4 ,it is my desire that she should stay with ,lucy at ,locust ,grove until my return1 said the paternal brother1 kissing her pale cheek4 ,and ,i want ,johnny with me at the ,point of ,rock1 added the lonely ,general1 who1 if he loved any one1 it was little ,john ,o',fallon1 the son of his sister ,fanny4 ,bring on your plunder6 ,the ,kentuckians could be recognised by their call as they helped the bateaux over the rapids and launched them below4 ,george ,rogers ,clark stood on the ,point of ,rock1 waving a last farewell1 watching them down the river4 ,while ,captain ,clark went on down the ,ohio1 and engaged a few men at ,fort ,massac1 ,captain ,lewis followed the old ,vincennes trace to ,kaskaskia4 ,in that very ,september1 ,sergeant ,john ,ordway1 in ,russell ,bissell's company1 was writing home to ,new ,hampshire3 ,kaskaskia is a very old town of about two hundred houses and ruins of many more4 ,we lie on the hill in sight of the town1 and have built a garrison here4--,if ,betty ,crosby will wait for my return ,i may perhaps join hands with her yet4 ,we have a company of troops from ,portsmouth1 ,new ,hampshire1 here4 ,captain ,lewis came up to the garrison4 ,out of twenty volunteers only three possessed the requisite qualifications4 ,but ,sergeant ,ordway was one1 ,robert ,frazer of ,vermont1 another1 and ,thomas ,p4 ,howard1 of ,massachusetts1 the third4 ,oppressed and anxious in mind over the difficulty of finding suitable men1 ,captain ,lewis was one morning riding along when into the high road there ran out a short1 strong1 compact1 broad-chested and heavy-limbed man1 lean1 sprightly1 and quick of motion1 in the dress of a soldier4 ,his lively eye instantly caught that of ,captain ,lewis4 ,perceiving that the soldier was evidently bent on seeing him1 ,lewis checked his horse and paused4 ,with military salute the man began3 ,me name is ,patrick ,gass1 sorr1 and ,i want to go with you to the ,stony ,mountings1 but my ,commander1 sorr1 here at the barracks1 will not consint4 ,he siz1 siz he1 ',you are too good a carpenter1 ,pat1 and ,i need you here4' ,his build1 his manner1 and the fact that ,pat was a soldier and a carpenter1 was enough4 ,men must be had1 and here was a droll one1 the predestined wit of the expedition4 ,i knew you1 sorr1 when ,i saw your horse ferninst the trees4 ,i recognised a gintleman and an officer4 ,i saw you whin ,i met ,gineral ,washington at ,carlisle out with throops to suppriss the ,whiskey ,rebillion4 ,i met ,gineral ,washington that day1 and ,i sid1 siz ,i1 ',gineral1 ,i'm a pathriot mesilf and ,i'll niver risist me gover'm'nt1 but ,i love ould ,bourbon too well to inlist agin the whiskey byes4' ,and have you never served in the field8 roared ,lewis1 almost impatient4 ,ah1 yis2 whin ,adams was ,prisident1 ,i threw down me jackplane and inlisted under ,gineral ,alexander ,hamilton1 but there was no war1 so thin ,i inlisted under ,major ,cass4 ,patrick glanced back and saw his ,captain4 ,hist ye6 shoulder-sthraps are comin'6 ,lewis laughed4 ,go and get ready1 ,patrick2 ,i'll settle with your ,captain4 ,and ,patrick1 bent on a new inlistment and new adventures1 hied him away to pack his belongings4 ,for days in dreams he was already navigating the ,missouri1 already he saw the blue ,pacific4 ,as he told the boys afterward1 ,and ,i1 siz ,i to mesilf1 ',patrick1 let us to the ,pecific6' ,me ,captain objicted1 but ,i found out where ,captain ,lewis was sthopping and sthole away and inlisted annyhow4 ,captain ,lewis had made no mistake4 ,patrick ,gass1 cheerful1 ever brave1 was a typical frontiersman4 ,his had been a life of constant roving4 ,starting from ,chambersburg1 ,pennsylvania1 when he was five years old1 the family crossed the ,alleghanies on packhorses4 ,on the first horse was the mother1 with the baby and all the table furniture and cooking utensils2 on another were packed the provisions1 the plough-irons and farming utensils2 the third was rigged with a packsaddle and two large cradles of hickory withes4 ,in the centre of these sat little ,pat on one side and his sister on the other1 well laced in with bed-clothes so that only their heads stuck out4 ,along the edges of precipices they went1--if a horse stumbled he would have thrown them hundreds of feet below4 ,on these horses they forded mountain streams1 swollen with melting snows and spring rains4 ,daily were hairbreadth escapes1 the horses falling1 or carried down with the current and the family barely snatched from drowning4 ,the journey was made in ,april when the nights were cold and the mother could not sleep4 ,there was so much to do for the children4 ,as the tireless father kept guard under the glow of the campfire1 little ,patrick's unfailing good-night was1 ,hist1 child6 the ,injuns will come and take you to ,detroit6 ,there were several of these moves in his childhood4 ,here and there he caught glimpses of well-housed1 well-fed hirelings of the ,british army watching like eagles the land of the patriot army4 ,at last they turned up at what is now ,wellsburg in ,west ,virginia4 ,while yet a boy ,gass was apprenticed to a carpenter and worked on a house for a man by the name of ,buchanan1 while around him played little ,jimmy1 the president-to-be4 ,little ,jimmy was like his mother1 said ,gass4 ,in ,december ,lewis and ,clark dropped down before the white-washed walls and gray stone parapets of the old ,french town of ,st4 ,louis4 ,with fierce consequential air a ,spanish soldier flourished his sword indicating the place to land4 ,we will spend the winter at ,charette1 the farthest point of settlement4 ,that was the town of ,daniel ,boone4 ,but the ,governor1 ,don ,carlos ,de ,hault ,de ,lassus1 barred the way4 ,by the general policy of my government ,i am obliged to prevent strangers from passing through ,spanish territory until ,i have received official notice of its transfer4 ,nothing could be done but to go into winter camp opposite the mouth of the ,missouri1 just outside of his jurisdiction1 and discipline the men1 making ready for an early spring start4 ,beyond the big river was foreign land4 ,did the ,spaniard still hope to stay8 ,,iv ,,the ,,feud ,,is ,,ended ,hark6 ,is that the boom of distant cannon8 ,the ,american troops are falling into line outside the walls of ,new ,orleans on this #bjth day of ,december1 #ahjc4 ,the tri-colour of ,france floats on the flagstaff2 the sky shines irradiant1 like the suns of ,napoleon4 ,it is high noon2 another salute shakes the city4 ,ho1 warder1 lower the drawbridge6 ,with chain-pulleys rattling down goes the bridge1 never to be lifted again4 ,the fortress bell strikes its last peal under the flag of ,france1 or ,spain4 ,with thundering tread ,american dragoons file under the portcullis of the ,tchoupitoulas gate1 followed by cannoneers and infantry in coonskin caps and leathern hunting shirts4 ,curiously these sons of the forest look upon the old world forts and donjons of masonry4 ,the moat is filled with stagnant water4 ,the ramparts of ,new ,orleans are filled with soldiers from ,havre and ,madrid4 ,the windows and balconies are filled with beautiful women weeping1 weeping to see the barbarians4 ,laussat was looking for ,napoleon's soldiers1 not a sale4 ,pale as death he hands over the keys4 ,slowly the tri-coloured flag of ,france at the summit of the flagstaff in the plaza descends4 ,slowly the star-spangled banner uplifts2 half-way the two linger in one another's folds4 ,as the flags embrace1 another boom1 and answering guns reply from ship and fort and battery around the crescent of ,new ,orleans4 ,the flags are parting1--it is a thrilling moment2 up1 up1 steadily mounts the emblem of ,america and bursts on the breeze4 ,the band breaks into ,hail1 ,columbia1 amid the roar of artillery and shouting of backwoodsmen4 ,the map of ,france in the new world has become the map of the ,united ,states4 ,the flag6 the flag6 ,veterans of the ,french army receive the descending tri-colour1 and followed by a procession of uncovered heads bear it with funereal tread to ,laussat4 ,we have wished to give to ,france a last proof of the affection which we will always retain for her1 with trembling lip speaks the flag-bearer4 ,into your hands we deposit this symbol of the tie which has again transiently connected us with her4 ,and ,laussat with answering tears replies1 ,may the prosperity of ,louisiana be eternal4 ,but of all in ,new ,orleans on this historic day1 none fear1 none tremble like ,sister ,infelice1 in the cloister of the ,ursulines4 ,she seems to hear the very sabres beat on the convent wall4 ,when a tropic hurricane sweeps up the gulf at night she falls on the cold stone floor and covers her head1 as if the very lightning might reveal that form she loved so well1 the great ,virginia colonel4 ,to ,infelice he was ever young1 ever the heroic saviour of ,st4 ,louis4 ,that time could have changed him had never occurred to her1--he was a type of immortal youth4 ,infelice never speaks of these things1 not even to her father confessor2 it is something too deep1 too sacred1 a last touch of the world hid closer even than her heart4 ,and yet she believes he is coming1--that is the cause of all this tumult and cannonading4 ,her hero1 her warrior wants her1 and none can stay him4 ,and when the cession is fairly over and he comes not1 the disappointment prostrates her utterly4 ,he cares1 he cares no more6 ,the ,virginians8 ,did you say the ,virginians had come8 ,from that bed of delirium the ,mother ,superior of the ,ursuline house sent for the ,mayor4 ,i beg to be allowed to retire with my sisterhood to some point under the protection of ,his ,catholic ,majesty of ,spain4 ,going6 exclaimed ,monsieur le ,mayor of ,new ,orleans4 ,for why8 ,you shall not be disturbed1 you shall have full protection4 ,do you stand for ,france1 revolution and infidelity8 gasped the aged mother1 denouncing the ,mayor4 ,the people pled1 the ,mayor went down on his knees4 ,do not abandon our schools and our children6 ,but the ,mother ,superior was firm4 ,twenty-two years had the ,donna ,de ,leyba been a nun4 ,the old official records are lost1 but out of twenty-five nuns in the establishment we know the sixteen of ,spain went away4 ,all ,new ,orleans gathered to see them depart4 ,when the gun sounded on ,whitsunday ,eve1 sixteen women in black came forth1 heavily veiled4 ,the convent gardens were thronged with pupils1 slaves knelt by the wayside1 the ,mayor and populace followed until they embarked on the ship and sailed to ,havana4 ,the old ,ursuline convent of ,new ,orleans is now the archbishop's palace4 ,sister ,infelice is gone1 but near some old cloister of ,cuba we know her ashes must now be reposing4 ,henceforth the gates were open4 ,the wall decayed1 the moat was filled1 and over it to-day winds the handsomest boulevard in ,america4 ,the flatboatmen came home with romantic tales of the land of the palmetto and orange1 luxuries unknown in the rigorous north4 ,the tide of emigration so long held in check burst its bounds and deluged ,louisiana4 ,among other ,americans that settled at ,new ,orleans was the ,fighting ,parson4 ,his son ,charles ,mynn ,thruston had married ,fanny4 ,v ,,the ,,cession ,,of ,,st4 ,,louis ,glass we must have1 and quicksilver4 ,wife1 let me have the mirror4 ,the ,madame threw up her hands4 ,the precious pier glass my dead mother brought over from ,france8 ,what shall we have left8 ,but ,rosalie1 this is an emergency for the government4 ,the men must have thermometers1 and barometers1 and ,i have no glass4 ,the ,president will pay for the glass1 ,madame2 he would consider it the highest use to which it could be put1 said ,captain ,lewis4 ,and you shall have a better one by the next ship that sails around from ,france4 ,so as usual to everything the ,doctor wished1 the good woman consented4 ,none had more unbounded faith in ,dr4 ,saugrain's gift of miracles than his own wife4 ,the huge glass1 that had reflected ,parisian scenes for a generation before coming to the wilds of ,america1 was now lifted from its gilt frame and every particle of quicksilver carefully scraped from the back4 ,then the pier plate was shattered and the fragments gathered1 bit by bit1 into the ,doctor's mysterious crucible1 making the country people watch and wonder4 ,so long had ,meriwether ,lewis been with ,jefferson1 that he had imbibed the same eager desire to know1 to understand4 ,when he met with ,doctor ,saugrain it was like a union of kindred spirits4 ,saugrain1 the pupil1 friend1 and disciple of the great ,franklin1 was often with the ,american scientist when he experimented with his kites1 and drew down lightning to charge his ,leyden jars4 ,three times ,dr4 ,saugrain came to ,america1 twice as guest of ,dr4 ,franklin1 before he settled down as physician to the ,spanish garrison at ,st4 ,louis in #ahjj4 ,with him he brought all his scientific lore1 the latest of the most advanced city in the world4 ,when all the world depended on flint and steel1 ,paris and ,dr4 ,saugrain made matches4 ,he made matches for ,lewis and ,clark that were struck on the ,columbia a generation before ,boston or ,london made use of the secret4 ,bitterly the cheerful1 sprightly little ,royalist in curls lamented the ,french ,revolution4 ,oh1 the guillotine6 the guillotine6 ,my own uncle1 ,dr4 ,guillotine1 invented that instrument to save pain1 not to waste life4 ,but when he saw his own friends led up to the knife1 distressed at its abuse he died in despair6 ,sufficient reason had ,dr4 ,saugrain to be loyal to ,louis ,,xvi4 ,for more than two hundred years his people had been librarians1 book-binders1 and printers for the ,king4 ,litterateurs and authors were the ,saugrains for six continuous generations1 and out of their scientific and historical publications came the bent of ,dr4 ,antoine ,franois ,saugrain of ,st4 ,louis4 ,but when the ,bastile was stormed1 ,saugrain left ,france for ever4 ,an emigr1 a royalist1 with others of the ,king's friends he came to the land that honoured ,louis ,,xvi4 ,between the ,rue de l'glise and the ,rue des ,granges1 at the extreme southwestern limit of the old village of ,st4 ,louis1 stood ,dr4 ,saugrain's modest residence of cement with a six-foot stone wall around it and extensive gardens4 ,in his arboretum ,dr4 ,saugrain was making a collection of the most attractive native trees he found around ,st4 ,louis1 and some there1 imported from ,paris1 cast their green shadows on the swans of his swimming pond1 an old ,french fancy for his park4 ,in this happy home with its great library1 ,captain ,lewis became a welcome guest in that winter of #ahjc-d while waiting for the cession4 ,under the ,doctor he pursued his scientific studies1 medicine1 surgery1 electricity1 for not even ,dr4 ,barton in ,philadelphia could surpass the bright little ,frenchman so strangely transplanted here in this uttermost border4 ,the ,doctor's taper fingers were always stained with acids and sulphur2 busy ever with blowpipe and crucible1 he fashioned tubes1 filled in quicksilver1 graduated cases1 and handed out barometers and thermometers that amazed the frontier4 ,great ,medicine6 cried the ,indians when he gave them a shock of electricity4 ,how ,dr4 ,saugrain loved to turn his battery and electrify the door-knobs when those bothersome ,indians tried to enter6 ,or1 ,here1 ,white ,hair1 is a shilling4 ,you can have it if you will take it out4 ,the ,osage chieftain plunges his arm into a crock of electrified water to dash off howling with affright4 ,with intense interest ,captain ,lewis stood by while the chemist-physician dipped sulphur-tipped splints of wood into phosphorus1 and lo6 his little matches glowed like ,lucifer's own4 ,you can make the sticks yourself1 he said4 ,i will seal the phosphorus in these small tin boxes for safety4 ,and have you any kine-pox8 ,you must surely carry kine-pox1 for ,i hear those ,omahas have died like cattle in a plague4 ,president ,jefferson particularly directed me to carry some kine-pox virus1 replied ,captain ,lewis1 but really1 what he gave me seems to have lost its virtue4 ,i wrote him so from ,cincinnati1 but fear it will be too late to supply the deficiency4 ,out of his medicine chest in the corner1 the little ,doctor brought the tiny vials4 ,sent me from ,paris4 ,carry it1 explain it to the ,indians1 use it whenever you can1--it will save the life of hundreds4 ,and other medicines1 simple remedies1 the good savant prescribed1 making up a chest that became invaluable in after days4 ,other friends were ,gratiot and the ,chouteaus1 ,auguste and ,pierre4 ,it was ,auguste that had planned the fortifications of ,st4 ,louis1 towers and bastions1 palisades1 demilunes1 scarps1 counter-scarps1 and sally ports1 only finished in part when the city was handed over4 ,long since had ,carondelet offered rewards to the traders of ,st4 ,louis to penetrate to the ,pacific4 ,already the ,chouteau boats had reached the ,mandan towns1 but freely they gave every information to the ,american ,captain4 ,i send you herewith enclosed1 wrote ,lewis to the ,president1 some slips of the ,osage plum and apple4 ,mr4 ,charles ,gratiot1 a gentleman of this place1 has promised that he would with pleasure attend to the orders of yourself1 or any of my acquaintances who may think proper to write him on the subject4 ,i obtained the cuttings now sent you from the gardens of ,mr4 ,peter ,chouteau1 who resided the greater portion of his time for many years with the ,osage nation4 ,the ,osage might with a little attention be made to form an ornamental and useful hedge4 ,the fruit is a large oval plum1 of a pale yellow colour and exquisite flavour4 ,an opinion prevails among the ,osages that the fruit is poisonous1 though they acknowledge they have never tasted it4 ,the leaders of all the ,french colonies on the ,mississippi were gentlemen of education and talent4 ,they saw what the cession meant1 and hailed it with welcome4 ,but the masses1 peaceable1 illiterate1 with little property and less enterprise1 contented1 unambitious1 saw not the future of that great valley where their fathers had camped in the days of ,la ,salle4 ,frank1 open1 joyous1 unsuspecting1 wrapped in the pleasures of the passing hour1 they cared little for wealth and less for government provided they were not worried with its cares4 ,their children1 their fruits and flowers1 the dance--happy always were the ,creole habitants provided only they heard the fiddle string4 ,retaining all the suavity of his race1 the roughest hunter could grace a ballroom with the carriage and manners of a gentleman4 ,meanwhile ,captain ,clark was drilling the men at camp after the fashion of ,wayne4 ,other soldiers had been engaged at ,fort ,massac and elsewhere1--,silas ,goodrich1 ,richard ,windsor1 ,hugh ,hall1 ,alexander ,willard1 and ,john ,b4 ,thompson1 a surveyor of ,vincennes4 ,never had ,st4 ,louis such days6 ,hurry1 hurry and bustle in the staid and quiet town that had never before known any greater excitement than a church festival or a wedding1--never1 that is1 since those days of war when ,george ,rogers ,clark saved and when he threatened4 ,but now ,lewis and ,clark made a deep impression on the villagers of the power and dignity of the ,united ,states ,government4 ,out of their purchases every merchant hoped to make a fortune2 the eager ,frenchmen displayed their wares1--coffee1 gunpowder1 and blankets1 tea at prices fabulous in deerskin currency and sugar two dollars a pound4 ,but ,lewis already had made up his outfit1--richly laced coats1 medals and flags from ,jefferson himself1 knives1 tomahawks1 and ornaments for chiefs1 barrels of beads1 paints and looking-glasses1 bright-coloured three-point ,mackinaw blankets1 a vision to dazzle a child or an ,indian1 who is also a child4 ,george ,drouillard was found1 the skilled hunter4 ,there was a trace of ,indian in ,drouillard2 his ,french fathers and grandfathers had trapped along the streams of ,ohio and ,canada since before the days of ,pontiac1 in fact1 with ,cadillac they had helped to build ,detroit4 ,every part of ,america was represented in that first exploring expedition1--,lewis1 the kinsman of ,washington1 and ,clark from the tidewater cavaliers of old ,virginia1 foremost of the fighting stock that won ,kentucky and ,illinois1 ,puritan ,yankees from ,new ,england1 ,quaker ,pennsylvanians from ,carlisle1 descendants of landholders in the days of ,penn1 ,french interpreters and adventurers whose barkentines had flashed along our inland lakes and streams for a hundred years1 and finally1 ,york1 the negro1 forerunner of his people4 ,cruzatte and ,labiche1 canoemen1 were of old ,kaskaskia4 ,pierre ,cruzatte was near-sighted and one-eyed1 but what of that8 ,a trusted trader of the ,chouteaus1 he had camped with the ,omahas1 and knew their tongue and their country4 ,could such a prize be foregone for any defect of eyesight8 ,accustomed to roving with their long rifles and well-filled bullet pouches1 nowhere in the world could more suitable heroes have been found for this ,homeric journey4 ,news of the sale had reached ,st4 ,louis while ,captain ,lewis was struggling with those builders at ,pittsburg4 ,sacre6 ,diable6 exclaimed the ,french4 ,some loved ,france1 some clung to ,spain1 some shook their heads4 ,de country8 ,we never discuss its affaires4 ,dat ees de business of de ,commandante4 ,the winter of #ahjc-d was very severe4 ,in ,november the ice began running and no one could cross until ,february4 ,then ,captain ,amos ,stoddard1 at ,kaskaskia with his troops1 sent a letter to ,don ,carlos ,de ,hault ,de ,lassus by a sergeant going on business to ,captain ,lewis4 ,on top of the hill a double stockade of logs set vertically1 the space between filled with dirt1 a two-story log building with small windows and a round stone tower with a pointed cap of stone1--that was the fort where the ,spanish soldiers waited4 ,down below1 inhabitants in blue blanket capotes and blue kerchiefs on their heads1 now and then in red toque or a red scarf to tie up their trousers1 wandered in the three narrow lanes that were the streets of ,st4 ,louis1 waiting4 ,before them flowed the yellow-stained1 eddy-spotted ,mississippi1 behind waved a sea of prairie grass uninterrupted by farm or village to the ,rockies4 ,spring blossomed4 ,thickets of wild plum1 cherry1 wild crab-apples1 covered the prairie4 ,vanilla-scented locust blooms were shaking honey-dew on the wide verandas of the old ,st4 ,louis houses1 when early in the morning of ,may #i1 ,american troops crossed the river from ,cahokia1 and ,clark's men from the camp formed in line with fife and drum1 and colours flying4 ,at their head ,major ,amos ,stoddard of ,boston and ,captain ,meriwether ,lewis of ,virginia led up to the ,government ,house4 ,black ,hawk was there to see his ,spanish ,father4 ,he looked out4 ,here comes your ,american ,father1 said the ,commandant ,de ,lassus4 ,i do not want two ,fathers6 responded ,black ,hawk4 ,dubiously shaking his head as the ,americans approached1 ,black ,hawk and his retinue flapped their blankets out of one door as ,stoddard and ,captain ,lewis entered the other4 ,away to his boats ,black ,hawk sped1 pulling for dear life up stream to his village at ,rock ,island4 ,and with him went ,singing ,bird1 the bride of ,black ,hawk4 ,strange people have taken ,st4 ,louis1 said the ,hawk to his ,sacs4 ,we shall never see our ,spanish ,father again4 ,a flotilla of ,frenchmen came up from ,kaskaskia1--,menard1 ,edgar1 ,francis ,vigo1 and their friends4 ,villagers left their work in the fields2 all ,st4 ,louis flocked to ,la ,place d',armes in front of the ,government ,house to see the transfer4 ,in splendid1 showy uniforms1 every officer of the ,spanish garrison stood at arms1 intently watching the parade winding up the limestone footway from the boats below4 ,with its public archives and the property of a vast demesne1 ,don ,carlos ,de ,hault ,de ,lassus handed over to ,major ,stoddard the keys of the ,government ,house in behalf of ,france4 ,a salvo of cannonry shook ,st4 ,louis4 ,people of ,upper ,louisiana1 began ,de ,lassus in a choked and broken voice1 by order of the ,king1 ,i am now about to surrender this post and its dependencies4 ,the flag which has protected you during nearly thirty-six years will no longer be seen4 ,the oath you took now ceases to bind4 ,your faithfulness and courage in upholding it will be remembered for ever4 ,from the bottom of my heart ,i wish you all prosperity4 ,de ,lassus1 ,stoddard1 ,lewis1 ,clark1 and the soldiers filed up the yellow path1 past the log church1 to the fort on the hill4 ,the ,spanish flag was lowered2 ,de ,lassus wept as he took the fallen banner in his hand1 but as the ,lilies of ,france flashed in the sun the ,creoles burst into tumultuous cheers4 ,not for forty years had they seen that flag1 the emblem of their native land4 ,cannon roared1 swords waved1 and shouts were heard1 but not in combat4 ,the gates were thrown open2 out came the ,spanish troops with knapsacks on their backs1 ready to sail away to ,new ,orleans4 ,the old brass cannon and munitions of war were transported down the hill1 while the ,american soldiers in sombre uniforms filed into the dingy old fort of ,spain4 ,major ,stoddard sent for the ,french flag to be taken down at sunset4 ,no1 no1 let it fly6 ,let it fly all night6 begged the ,creoles1 and a guard of honour went up to watch the flickering emblem of their country's brief possession4 ,all night long that ,french flag kissed the sky1 all night the guard of honour watched1 and the little log church of ,st4 ,louis was filled with worshippers4 ,all the romance of ,brittany and ,normandy rose to memory4 ,ren ,kiercereau the singer led in ballads of ,la ,belle ,france1 and the glories of fields where their fathers fought were rehearsed with swelling hearts4 ,not the real ,france but an ideal was in their hearts1 the tradition of ,louis ,,xiv4 ,that was the last day of ,france in ,north ,america4 ,as the beloved banner sank the drums gave a long funeral roll1 but when1 instead1 the red1 white1 and blue burst on the breeze1 the fifes struck into lively music and the drums rained a cataract4 ,three cheers for the ,american flag6 cried ,charles ,gratiot in the spirit of the ,swiss republic1 but there were no cheers4 ,the ,creoles were weeping4 ,sobs1 lamentations arose1 but the grief was mostly from old ,frenchmen and their wives who so long had prayed that the ,fleur de ,lis might wave above ,san ,loui'4 ,their sons and daughters1 truly1 as ,lucien ,bonaparte had warned ,napoleon1 went to bed good ,frenchmen1 to awake and find themselves ,americans4 ,the huge iron cock in the belfry of the old log church spun round and round1 as if it knew not which way the wind was blowing4 ,in three days three flags over ,st4 ,louis6 ,no wonder the iron cock lost its head and spun and spun like any fickle weather vane4 ,in the same square with the ,government ,house stood one of the ,chouteau mansions4 ,auguste ,chouteau had been there from the beginning1 when as a fearless youth with ,laclede he had penetrated to the site of the future ,san ,loui' in #agfd4 ,he was a diplomat who met ,indians and made alliances4 ,he had seen the territory pass under ,spain's flag1 and in spite of that had made it more and more a place of ,gallic refuge for his scattered countrymen4 ,he had welcomed ,saugrain1 ,cerr1 ,gratiot1 in fact1--he and his brother ,pierre remembered the day when there was no ,san ,loui'4 ,a band of ,osage chiefs had come in to see their great ,spanish father4 ,with wondering eyes they watched the cession1 and were handed over to ,captain ,lewis to deal with in behalf of the ,united ,states4 ,a ,french messenger was sent ahead with a letter to the tribe4 ,the ,americans taken ,san ,loui'8 ,manuel ,lisa1 the ,spaniard1 was disgusted1--it broke up his monopoly of the ,osage trade4 ,we will not haf the ,americans6 ,the ,osages burnt the letter4 ,,vi ,,sergeant ,,ordway ,,writes ,a ,,letter ,the winter of #ahjb-c had been uncommonly severe4 ,unknown to ,george ,shannon1 that winter his father hunting in the dense woods of ,ohio lost his way in a snow-storm and was frozen to death4 ,unaware of the tragedy at home1 unaware also of his own inherited facility for getting lost1 the boy set out up the winding staircase of the wild ,missouri4 ,an older brother1 ,john1 nineteen years of age1 became the stay of that widowed mother with her seven small children1 the least a baby1 ,wilson ,shannon1 twice the future ,governor of ,ohio and once the ,governor of ,kansas4 ,with a pad on his knee every soldier boy wrote home from the camp on ,river ,dubois opposite the mouth of the ,missouri4 ,down through the years ,sergeant ,ordway's letter has come to us4 ,,camp ,,river ,,dubois1 ,april the #hth1 #ahjd4 ,,honoured ,,parents1--,i now embrace this opportunity of writeing to you once more to let you know where ,i am and where ,i am going4 ,i am well thank ,god and in high ,spirits4 ,i am now on an expedition to the westward1 with ,capt4 ,lewis and ,capt4 ,clark1 who are appointed by the ,president of the ,united ,states to go on an ,expedition through the interior parts of ,north ,america4 ,we are to ascend the ,missouri ,river with a boat as far as it is navigable and then to go by land to the western ocean1 if nothing prevents4 ,this party consists of twenty-five picked men of the armey and country likewise and ,i am so happy as to be one of them picked from the armey and ,i and all the party are if we live to return to receive our discharge whenever we return again to the ,united ,states if we choose it4 ,this place is on the ,mississippi ,river opposite to the mouth of the ,missouri ,river and we are to start in ten days up the ,missouri ,river1 this has been our winterquarters4 ,we expect to be gone #ah months or two years1 we are to receive a great reward for this expedition when we return4 ,i am to receive #ae dollars a month and at least #djj ackers of first rate land and if we make great discoveries as we expect the ,united ,states has promised to make us great rewards1 more than we are promised1 for fear of accidents ,i wish to inform you that personal matters4 ,i have received no letters since ,betseys yet but will write next winter if ,i have a chance4 ,yours1 etc41 ,,john ,,ordway1 ,segt4 ,,to ,,stephen ,,ordway1 ,dumbarton1 ,n4,h4 ,,vii ,,into ,,the ,,land ,,of ,,anarchy ,the boats were ready1 the red pirogue and the white1 from ,st4 ,louis1 fresh painted1 trim and slim upon the water1 and the big bateau1 fifty-five feet from stem to stern1 with setting poles1 sweeps1 a square sail to catch the breeze1 and twenty-two oars at the rowlocks4 ,down under the decks and in the cabins1 had been packed the precious freightage1 government arms1 rifles made at ,harper's ,ferry under ,lewis's own superintendence1 tents1 ammunition1 bales and boxes of ,indian presents1 provisions1 tools4 ,into the securest lockers went ,lewis's astronomical instruments for ascertaining the geography of the country1 and the surgical instruments that did good service in the hands of ,clark4 ,nothing was forgotten1 even small conveniences1 candles1 ink1 mosquito bars4 ,it took half a million to send ,stanley to ,africa4 ,for twenty-five hundred dollars ,lewis and ,clark made as great a journey4 ,to assist in carrying stores and repelling ,indian attacks1 ,corporal ,warfington and six soldiers had been engaged at ,st4 ,louis and nine ,french boys of ,cahokia1 inured to the paddle and the camp4 ,feather-decked and beaded they came1 singing the songs of old ,cahokia to start the little squadron4 ,the ,americans had knives in their belts1 pistols in their holsters1 knapsacks on their backs1 powder horns and pouches of ammunition1 ink horns and quills1 ready to face the wilderness and report4 ,lewis encouraged every one to keep a journal4 ,i niver wint to school but nineteen days in me boyhood and that was whin ,i was a man1 said ,patrick ,gass4 ,but what ,pat lacked in books he made up in observation and shrewd reasoning2 hence it fell out that ,patrick ,gass's journal was the first published account of the ,lewis and ,clark expedition4 ,all honour to ,patrick ,gass4 ,of such are our heroes4 ,the cession was on ,wednesday1 ,may #i1 #ahjd1 and all the men were there but a few who guarded camp4 ,at three o'clock the following ,monday1 ,may #ad1 ,captain ,clark announced1 ,all aboard6 ,the heavy-laden bateau and two pirogues swung out1 to the voyageurs' chanson1 thrilling like a brass band as their bright new paddles cut the water3 ,a frigate went a-sailing1 ,mon joli coeur de rose1 ,far o'er the seas away1 ,joli coeur d'un rosier1 ,joli coeur d'un rosier4 ,and hill and hollow echoed1 ,mon joli coeur de rose ,san ,chawle6 cried ,cruzatte the bowsman at two o'clock1 ,wednesday1 when the first ,creole village hove in sight4 ,at a gun1 the signal of traders1 all ,st4 ,charles rushed to see the first ,americans that had ever come up the ,missouri4 ,and straggling behind the ,frenchmen came their friends1 the ,kickapoos of ,kaskaskia1 now on a hunt in the ,missouri4 ,meet us up the river with a good fat deer1 said ,captain ,clark4 ,the delighted ,kickapoos scattered for the hunt4 ,five days the boats lay at ,st4 ,charles1 waiting for ,captain ,lewis who was detained fixing off the ,osage chiefs at ,st4 ,louis4 ,patrick ,gass wrote in his journal1 ,it rained4 ,sergeant ,floyd adds1 ,verry much ,rain4 ,captain ,clark chronicles1 ,rain1 thunder1 and lightning for several days4 ,but never on account of a flurry of rain did the sociable ,french of ,st4 ,charles fail in polite attentions to their guests on the river bank4 ,on ,sunday1 boats were descried toiling up from ,st4 ,louis with a dozen gentlemen1 who had come to escort ,captain ,lewis and bid ,god speed6 to the expedition4 ,captain ,stoddard was there1 and ,auguste ,chouteau1 availing himself of every opportunity to forward the enterprise4 ,monsieur ,labbadie had advice and ,gratiot and ,dr4 ,saugrain1 little and learned1 with the medicine chest4 ,with throbbing hearts the captains stole a moment for a last home letter to be sent by the returning guests4 ,my route is uncertain1 wrote ,clark to ,major ,croghan at ,locust ,grove4 ,i think it more than probable that ,captain ,lewis or myself will return by sea4 ,bon voyage6 bon voyage1 mes voyageurs6 cried all the ,french habitants of ,st4 ,charles1 waving caps and kerchiefs to answering cheers from the crew and the guns4 ,bonsoir et bon voyage--tak' care for you--prenez garde pour les sauvages4 ,with a laugh the voyageurs struck up a boat song4 ,the boats slid away into the west1 that ,west where ,france had stretched her shadowy hand1 and ,spain1 and ,england4 ,the reign of ,france fell with ,montcalm on the ,heights of ,abraham1 flickering up again only in that last act when ,napoleon gave us ,louisiana4 ,the ,kickapoos6 ,the ,kickapoos6 ,through bush and brier above ,st4 ,charles1 the bedraggled ,indians came tugging down to the shore four fine fat deer4 ,bacon fare and hardtack were relegated to the hold4 ,from that hour ,lewis and ,clark threaded the gameland of the world4 ,joost wait onteel dey get ento de boofalo6 commented those wise young voyageurs1 ,cruzatte and ,drouillard1 nodding at one another as the cooks served out the savoury meat on the grass1 and every man drew forth his long hunting-knife and little sack of salt4 ,where is my old friend1 ,daniel ,boone8 inquired ,captain ,clark1 three days later at ,charette1 the last settlement on the ,missouri border4 ,this1 but for ,spanish interference1 would have been their camping station the previous winter4 ,colonel ,boone1 six miles from the ,missouri1 was holding court beneath his ,judgment ,tree4 ,the ,june rise of the ,missouri was at hand4 ,days of rain and melting snows had set the mad streams whirling4 ,the muddy ,missouri1 frothing1 foaming1 tore at its ragged banks that1 yawning1 heavily undermined1 leaped suddenly into the water4 ,safety lay alone in mid-stream1 where the swift current1 bank-full and running like a millrace1 bore down toward the ,mississippi4 ,to stem it was terrific4 ,in spite of oars and sails and busy poling1 the bateau would turn1 raked ever and anon with drifts of fallen trees4 ,and free a moment1 some new danger arose4 ,down out of sight1 water-soaked logs scraped the keel with vicious grating4 ,and above1 formidable battering-rams of snags sawed their black heads up and down defiantly1 as if ,nature herself had blockaded the way with a chevaux de frise4 ,poles broke1 oars splintered1 masts went headlong1 the boat itself careened almost into the depths4 ,it was a desperate undertaking to stem the mad ,missouri in the midst of her wild ,june rise4 ,but that very rise1 so difficult to oppose upstream1 was a sliding incline the other way4 ,may #bg1 two canoes loaded with furs came plunging full tilt out of the north4 ,where from8 ,what news8 ,two months from the ,omaha nation1 seven hundred miles up the river1 sang out the swiftly passing ,frenchmen bound for ,st4 ,louis4 ,behind them a huge raft1-- ,from the ,pawnees on the ,platte6 ,and yet behind three other rafts1 piled1 heaped1 and laden to the water's edge1-- ,from the ,grand ,osage6 ,such alone was greeting and farewell1 as the barks1 unable to be checked1 went spinning down the water4 ,what a gala for the winter-bound trapper6 ,home again6 home again6 flying down the wild ,missouri in the mad ,june rise6 ,they stopped not to camp or to hunt1 but skimming the wave1 fairly flew to ,st4 ,louis4 ,they came1 those swift-gliding boats1 like visions of another world1 the world ,lewis and ,clark were about to enter4 ,june #e1 two more canoes flashed by with beaver1-- ,from eighty leagues up the ,kansas river6 ,june #h1 boats with beaver and otter slid by1 and rafts of furs and buffalo tallow1-- ,from the ,sioux nation6 ,dorion1 an old ,frenchman on a ,sioux raft1 engaged to go back with ,lewis and ,clark to interpret for them the language of his wife's relations4 ,a thousand miles against the current6 ,now and then a southwest wind would fill out the big square-cut sail and send the heavy barge ploughing steadily up4 ,again1 contrary winds kept them on the walking boards all day long1 with heads bent low over the setting-pole4 ,warm and warmer grew the days4 ,some of the men were sunstruck4 ,the glitter of sun on the water inflamed their eyes4 ,some broke out with painful boils1 and mosquitoes made night a torture4 ,now and then they struck a sand-bar1 and leaping into the water the voyageurs ran along shore with the cordelle on their shoulders1 literally dragging the great boat into safety4 ,mon cher ,captinne6 de win' she blow lak' hurricane6 cried the voyageurs4 ,down came the prairie gale1 almost a tornado1 snapping the timber on the river-banks1 and lashing the water to waves that surged up1 over1 and into the boats4 ,the sky bent black above them1 the fierce wind howled1 and the almost exhausted men strained every nerve to hold the rocking craft4 ,i strong lak' moose1 not 'fraid no t'ing1 remarked ,cruzatte1 clambering back into the boat wet as a drowned kitten4 ,hot and tired1 ,june #bf they tied up at the mouth of ,kansas ,river4 ,eat somet'ing1 tak' leetle drink also1 said the voyageurs4 ,on the present site of ,kansas ,city they pitched their tents1 and stretched their limbs from the weariness of canoe cramp4 ,the most signs of game ,i iver saw1 said ,patrick ,gass1 wandering out with his gun to find a bear4 ,imince ,hurds of ,deer1 bears in the bottoms1 beaver1 turkeys1 geese1 and a ,grat nomber of ,goslins1 say the journals1 but not an ,indian4 ,alas6 sighed the old voyageurs with friendly pity4 ,de ,kansas were plaintee brave people1 but de ,sac and de ,sioux1 dey drive 'em up de ,kansas ,river4 ,csar conquered ,gaul1 but the mercatores were there before him4 ,lewis and ,clark ascended the ,missouri1 but everywhere the adventurous ,frenchmen had gone before them1 peddlers of the prairie1 out with ,indian goods buying skins4 ,but now ,americans had come4 ,the whippoorwill sang them to sleep1 the wolf howled them awake4 ,the owl inquired1 ,who8 ,who8 ,who8 in the dark treetops at the mouth of the ,kansas ,river4 ,on1 on crept the boats1 past grand old groves of oak and hickory1 of walnut1 ash1 and buckeye1 that had stood undisturbed for ages4 ,swift fawn flitted by1 and strange and splendid birds that the great ,audubon should come one day to study4 ,on1 on past the ,river-which-,cries1 the ,weeping ,water1 the home of the elk4 ,tall cottonwoods arose like ,corinthian columns wreathed with ivy1 and festoons of wild grape dipped over and into the wave4 ,the ,river-which-,cries marked the boundary of two nations1 the ,otoes and ,omahas4 ,almost annually its waters were reddened with slaughter4 ,then came the old men and women and children from the ,otoe villages on the south and from the ,omahas on the north and wept and wept there1 until it came to be known as ,nehawka1 the ,weeping ,water4 ,july came and the waters were falling4 ,with a fair wind1 on the #bast they sailed past the mouth of the great river ,platte4 ,in the summer evening ,lewis and ,clark in their pirogue paddled up the ,platte4 ,here ,i spen' two winter wit' de ,otoe1 said ,drouillard the hunter4 ,de ,otoe were great nation1 but de ,sioux an' de ',maha drove dem back on de ,pawnee4 ,and the ,pawnees8 ,dey built villages an' plant corn an' wage war wid de ,osage4 ,ten days later preparations were made to meet the ,otoes at ,council ,bluffs4 ,on a cottonwood pole the flag was flying4 ,a great feast was ready1 when afar off1 ,drouillard and ,cruzatte were seen approaching with their friends4 ,boom1 went the blunderbuss1 and the council smoke arose under an awning made of the mainsail of the bateau4 ,every man of the expedition1 forty-five in all1 paraded in his best uniform4 ,lewis talked4 ,clark talked4 ,all the six chiefs expressed satisfaction in the change of government4 ,they begged to be remembered to their ,great ,father1 the ,president1 and asked for mediation between them and the ,omahas4 ,what is the cause of your war8 ,we have no horses1 answered the childlike ,otoes4 ,we borrow their horses4 ,then they scalp us4 ,we fear the ,pawnees also4 ,we very hungry1 come to their village when they are hunting1 take a little corn6 ,the ,captains could scarce repress a smile1 nor yet a tear4 ,thefts1 reprisals1 midnight burnings and slaughter1 this was the reign immemorial in this land of anarchy4 ,in vain the tribes might plant1--never could they reap4 ,we poor ,indian1 was the universal lament4 ,severely solemn1 ,lewis and ,clark hung medals on the neck of each chief1 and gave him a paper with greetings from ,thomas ,jefferson with the seals of ,lewis and ,clark impressed with red wax and attached with a blue ribbon4 ,when you look at these1 remember your ,great ,father4 ,you are his children4 ,he bids you stop war and make peace with one another4 ,in #ahfj1 the ,otoe ,indians exhibited at ,nebraska ,city those identical papers1 borne for more than half a century in all their homeless wanderings1 between flat pieces of bark and tied with buckskin thongs4 ,then gifts were distributed and chiefs' dresses4 ,with more handshakings and booming of cannon1 the flotilla sailed away that sultry afternoon one hundred years ago4 ,the chiefs stood still on the shore and wonderingly gazed at one another4 ,these are the peacemakers6 ,a week later ,lewis and ,clark entered the ,omaha country and raised a flag on the grave of ,blackbird4 ,encamping on a sandbar opposite the village1 ,sergeant ,ordway and ,cruzatte were dispatched to summon the chiefs4 ,here ,cruzatte had traded two winters4 ,up from the river he found the old trails overgrown4 ,breaking through sunflowers1 grass1 and thistles high above their heads1 they came upon the spot where once had stood a village4 ,naught remained but graves4 ,the ,omahas had been a military people1 feared even by the ,sioux1 the ,kansas1 and the far-away ,crows4 ,strange mystery clung to ,blackbird4 ,never had one so powerful ruled the ,missouri4 ,at his word his enemy perished4 ,stricken by sudden illness1 whoever crossed the will of ,blackbird died1 immediately1 mysteriously4 ,then came the smallpox in #ahjj4 ,blackbird himself died and half his people4 ,in frenzy the agonised ,omahas burnt their village1 slew their wives and children1 and fled the fatal spot1--but not until they had buried ,blackbird4 ,in accord with his last wish1 they took the corpse of the ,omaha ,king to the top of the highest hill and there entombed him1 sitting upright on his horse that he might watch the traders come and go4 ,and one of those traders bore in his guilty heart the secret of ,blackbird's power4 ,he had given to him a package of arsenic4 ,blackbird and ,big ,elk's father went to ,st4 ,louis in the days of the ,french and made a treaty4 ,a portrait of the chief was then painted that is said to hang now in the ,louvre at ,paris4 ,a delegation of ,otoes had been persuaded to come up and smoke the peace-pipe with the ,omahas4 ,but not an ,omaha appeared4 ,and the ,otoes1 released from overwhelming fear1 ,big ,horse and ,little ,thief1 ,big ,ox and ,iron ,eyes1 smoked and danced on the old council ground of their enemies1 whose scalps they had vowed to hang at their saddle bow4 ,sergeant ,floyd danced with the rest that hot ,august night1 and became overheated4 ,he went on guard duty immediately afterward1 and lay down on a sandbar to cool4 ,in a few moments he was seized with frightful pains4 ,nathaniel ,pryor awakened the ,captains4 ,my cousin is very ill4 ,all night ,lewis and ,clark used every endeavour to relieve the suffering soldier4 ,at sunrise the boats set sail1 bearing poor ,floyd1 pale and scarce breathing4 ,there was a movement of the sick boy's lips1-- ,i am going away4 ,i want you to write me a letter4 ,and there1 on the borders of ,iowa1 he dispatched his last message to the old ,kentucky home4 ,when they landed for dinner ,floyd died4 ,with streaming tears ,patrick ,gass1 the warm-hearted1 made a strong coffin of oak slabs4 ,a detail of brother soldiers bore the body to the top of the bluff and laid it there with the honours of war1 the first ,united ,states soldier to be buried beyond the ,mississippi1 and on a cedar post they carved his name4 ,with measured tread and slow the soldiers came down and camped on ,floyd's ,river below1 in the light of the setting sun4 ,years passed4 ,around that lovely height1 ,floyd's ,bluff1 ,sioux ,city grew4 ,travellers passed that way and said1 ,yonder lies ,charles ,floyd on the bluff4 ,relic hunters chipped away the cedar post4 ,finally1 the ,missouri undermined the height1 and the oakwood coffin came near falling into the river1 but it was rescued and buried farther back in #aheg4 ,recently a magnificent monument was dedicated there1 to commemorate his name and his mission for ever1--the first light-bearer to perish in the ,west4 ,a few days later a vote was cast for a new sergeant in the place of ,floyd1 and ,patrick ,gass received the honour4 ,every day ,floyd had written in his journal1 and now it was given into the hand of ,captain ,clark to be forwarded1 on the first opportunity1 to his people4 ,,viii ,,the ,,sioux6 ,,the ,,sioux6 ,what river is this1 ,dorion8 ,captain ,lewis had thrown open his infantry uniform to catch the cooling gust down a silver rift in the shore4 ,petite ,rivire des ,sioux4 ,go to ,des ,moines country4 ,pass tro te ,lake of te ,spirit1 full of islands4 ,lead to ,dog ,plain1 ,prairie du ,chien1 four days from te ,omaha country4 ,des ,sioux-- ,dorion drew his forefinger across his throat and lapsed into silence4 ,they were his people1 he would not traduce them4 ,but his listeners understood1--the ,sioux were cut-throats1 this was their name among the tribes4 ,the voyageurs trembled1 ,bon ,dieu6 le ,sioux sauvage1 he keel de voyageur an' steal deir hair6 ,the ,sioux1 the terrible ,sioux1 were dog ,indians1 ever on the move1 raiding back and forth1 restless and unsleeping4 ,almost to ,athabasca their travoises kicked up the summer dust1 their dog trains dragged across the plains of ,manitoba4 ,on the ,saskatchewan they pitched their leather tents and chased the buffalo2 around ,lake ,winnipeg they scalped the ,chippeways4 ,at the ,falls of ,st4 ,anthony they spread their fishing nets1 and at ,niagara ,falls the old ,french ,jesuits found them4 ,now they were stealing horses4 ,for horses1 down the ,mississippi they murdered the ,illinois4 ,for horses1 the ,mandan on the upper ,missouri heard and trembled4 ,the ,sioux6 the ,sioux6 ,the ,ponca paled in his mud hut on the ,niobrara1 the ,omaha retreated up the ,platte1 the ,cheyenne hid in the cedar-curtained recesses of the ,black ,hills4 ,more puissant than the ,six ,nations of the ,iroquois1 the ,sioux ,confederacy dominated from the ,red ,river of the ,north to the ,red ,river of ,texas4 ,wilder than the ,comanches they rode1 more cunning in theft than the ,crows1 more bloodthirsty than the ,blackfeet4 ,on the red man's triple plea for war1--horses1 scalps1 and wives1--the ,sioux were pirates of the streams and despots of the prairie4 ,mettlesome with the bow1 fiery in battle1 strong1 brave1 wild1 kings of the hills and monarchs of the trails1 they ruled the earth in splendid savagery4 ,the buffalo was theirs1 the beaver and the deer1 and woe betide the rival that poached on their preserves4 ,did the poor ,shoshone venture beyond the ,rockies1 he was flayed and burned alive4 ,no lake1 no stream1 no river between the ,mississippi and the ,rockies remained unstained by their red hatchet4 ,and what a chapter when the traders came6 ,unwritten yet are those days of fierce and constant battle4 ,even ,dorion himself dreaded the daring freebooters into whose tribe he had married4 ,his own offspring partook of the wild fierce spirit of their people4 ,like eaglets or young panthers1 they clutched at him with claws and talons1--with difficulty the little ,frenchman held them back as the lion-tamer holds the whelps4 ,of ,dorion's possessions the ,sioux took what they pleased4 ,for the privilege of trading he smiled and gave them all1 then in generosity he was heaped with skins4 ,dorion knew the ,sioux1 knew their best and worst4 ,somewhere in this ,sioux country his faithful spouse was waiting2 he was looking for her now1--a model squaw1 a tireless slave who dug his roots and made his garments1 brought his wood and water1 and1 neglected1 bore his children4 ,pilicans6 pilicans6 ,it was the voice of ,patrick ,gass1 beyond the ,little ,sioux4 ,a low sand island was covered with huge1 white1 web-footed beauties fishing in the chocolate ,missouri4 ,when the scrimmage was over two handsome birds lay in the bateau1 one1 the queen of the flock1 brought down by ,lewis himself4 ,she was a splendid specimen1 six feet from tip to tip1 pure white with a tinge of rose1 and an enormous pouch full of fish under her bill4 ,out with the fish4 ,let us measure that pouch4 ,lewis's enthusiasm was contagious4 ,all hands gathered while he poured in water1 five gallons4 ,the average capacity is but two1 said ,captain ,clark4 ,we must preserve this trophy4 ,to-day that beautiful bird1 of strong maternal instincts1 is the emblem of the ,state of ,louisiana4 ,again ,lewis put the question1 ,what stream1 ,dorion8 ,te ,great ,sioux6 ,two hundret mile to te ,sioux ,fall1 an' beyont--almost to ,st4 ,peters4 ,a smile relaxed old ,dorion's leathern face1-- ,below te ,fall1 a creek from te cliffs of red rock4 ,all ,indian get te peace-pipe4 ,no battle dere1 no war4 ,of the famous red pipestone quarry old ,dorion spoke1 the beautiful variegated rock out of which resplendent ,dakota cities should be built in the future4 ,te rock ees soft1 cut it wit te knife1 then hard and shining4 ,all tribes1 even those at war1 could claim asylum at the red pipestone4 ,the ,sioux came1 and the ,pawnee1 to camp on its banks and fashion their calumets4 ,the soft clay pipes1 hardened into things of beauty1 were traded from tribe to tribe1 emblems and signals of peace4 ,captain ,lewis himself had one1 bought in ,st4 ,louis1 brought down from that quarry by some enterprising ,french trader4 ,buffalo6 buffalo6 buffalo6 ,a grand shout arose at sight of the surging herds4 ,plaintee boofalo now1 said the voyageurs4 ,upon the led horses along shore1 ,clark and ,joseph ,fields dashed away for a first shot4 ,again rejoicing cooks went hunting up the kettles1 and the whole expedition paused a day for a grand hunt4 ,te ,yankton ,sioux6 joyfully announced old ,dorion1 as they neared the familiar chalk bluffs of des rivire ,jaques1 tat go almost to te ,red ,rivire of te ,winnipeg4 ,all over these streams old ,dorion had trapped the beaver4 ,with ,sergeant ,pryor and another1 ,dorion set out for the ,indian camp4 ,the ,yankton ,sioux saw the white men approaching and ran with robes to carry them in state to camp4 ,no1 answered the ,sergeant1 we are not the commanders4 ,they are at the boats4 ,dorion led the way to his wigwam4 ,his polite old squaw immediately spread a bearskin for them to sit on4 ,another woman killed a dog1 cut it up1 and boiled it and gave it to them to eat1 a token of friendship4 ,forty clean and well-kept lodges were in this ,yankton village1 of dressed buffalo and elk skin1 painted red and white and very handsome4 ,and each lodge had a cooking apartment attached4 ,under the ,calumet bluffs the flag was flying when the ,yankton ,sioux came down in state and crossed the river to the council4 ,the ,yankton ,sioux were reputed to be the best of their nation1 and brave as any1 with their necklaces of bear's claws1 paints1 and feathers4 ,they were kingly savages1 dignified and solemn1 with heads shaved to the eagle plume1 and arrayed in robes wrought with porcupine quills4 ,with ,dorion as interpreter ,captain ,lewis delivered the usual speech1 and presented flags1 medals1 and a chief's dress1 a richly laced coat1 cocked hat1 and red feather4 ,the ceremonious ,indians withdrew to consider a suitable answer4 ,the next morning again the chiefs assembled1 solemnly seated in a row with enormous peace-pipes of red stone and stems a yard long1 all pointing toward the seats intended for ,lewis and ,clark4 ,but the great ,indian diplomats did not hasten4 ,ha6 ,even the stoic ,sioux could not refrain from an ejaculation of admiration as they half rose1 pipe in hand1 to gaze in awe and wonder as the white chiefs entered the council4 ,no such traders ever came up the ,missouri1 no such splendid apparitions as the ,red ,head ,chief and his brother1 pink and white as the roses on the river ,jaques4 ,captain ,lewis habitually wore his sunny hair in a queue2 to-day it was loosened into a waving cataract1 and ,clark1 slipping off his eelskin bag1 let his red locks fall1 a strange and wondrous symbol4 ,no such red and gold had ever been seen in the ,indian country4 ,with pale berries they stained their porcupine quills1 with ochre painted the buffalo lodges1 with vermilion rouged their faces1 but none like these growing on the heads of men6 ,seating themselves with all due dignity1 ,lewis and ,clark scarce lifted their eyes from the ground as the ,grand ,chief1 ,weucha1 extended his decorated pipe in silence4 ,a full hour elapsed before ,weucha1 slipping his robe to give full play to his arm1 arose before them4 ,i see before me my ,great ,father's two sons4 ,we very poor4 ,we no powder1 ball1 knives4 ,our women and children at the village no clothes4 ,i wish my brothers would give something to those poor people4 ,i went to the ,english1 they gave me a medal and clothes4 ,i went to the ,spanish1 they gave me a medal4 ,now you give me a medal and clothes4 ,still we are poor4 ,i wish you would give something for our squaws4 ,then other chiefs spoke4 ,very poor4 ,have pity on us4 ,send us traders4 ,we want powder and ball4 ,deadly as were the ,sioux arrows1--one twang of their bowstring could pierce a buffalo1--yet a better weapon had crossed their vision4 ,firearms1 powder1 ball1 fabulous prices1 these problems changed ,indian history4 ,congratulating themselves on this favourable encounter with the dreaded ,sioux1 and promising everything1 ,lewis and ,clark went forward with renewed courage4 ,more and more buffaloes dotted the hills1 and herds of antelope1 strange and new to science4 ,i must have an antelope1 said ,lewis4 ,at that moment he saw seven on a hilltop4 ,creeping carefully near1 they scented him on the wind4 ,the wild beauties were gone1 and a similar flock of seven appeared on a neighbouring height4 ,can they have spanned the ravine in this brief time8 ,he looked1 and lo6 on a third height and then a fourth they skimmed the hills like cloud shadows1 or winged griffins of the fabled time1 half quadruped and half bird4 ,a cur'ous lill animal here1 ,captain1 said one of the hunters1 handing him a limp little body4 ,its head was like a squirrel's4 ,lewis stroked the long fine hair4 ,what is it8 ,cruzatte1 the bowman1 paddle in hand1 leaned over1 peering with his one near-sighted but intelligent eye4 ,ha6 ha6 ha6 le petit chien6 he laughed4 ,live in te hole een te prairie4 ,leetle dog4 ,bark1 yelp1 yelp1 yelp1 like te squirrel4 ,all over te countree1 whole towns1 spreading his brown hands expressively4 ,after this lucid explanation the ,captains1 ,lewis and ,clark1 set out for a prairie-dog town4 ,a few yelps1 heels in air1 the town was deserted save for the tiny mounds that told where each had hidden4 ,let us drown one out4 ,forthwith1 every man came puffing up with big brass kettles full of water4 ,five barrels1 says ,clark in his journal1 were poured into the holes but not a dog came out1 and ,patrick ,gass adds1 ,though they worked at the business until night they only caught one of them4 ,more and more the hills were thronged with buffalo4 ,even ,york1 ,captain ,clark's black servant1 went out and killed two at one ride4 ,on the top of a high bluff the men had found the skeleton of a huge fish1 forty-five feet long and petrified4 ,blow1 ye winds of morning1 ,blow1 blow1 blow-- ,george ,shannon1 the boy of the expedition1 had enlivened many a sunrise with his jolly1 rollicking ,irish songs4 ,but ,shannon was lost6 ,on the #bhth of ,august he had gone out to look for the strayed horses4 ,it was now ,september4 ,captain ,lewis was wild1 for at his request ,george had joined the expedition and at his order he had gone after the horses4 ,hunters had sought in every direction1 guns had been fired and the blunderbuss1 and smokes had been kindled from point to point4 ,shannon6 ,a great shout went up as the forlorn boy1 emaciated and weary1 came dragging into camp on the #aath of ,september4 ,it was a short story1 soon told4 ,he found the horses and followed by mistake the trail of recent ,indians1 which he mistook for footprints of the party4 ,for days he followed the trail1 exhausted his bullets1 and lived on wild grapes and a rabbit he killed with a stick4 ,but he heard no guns1 saw no smoke4 ,in despair at last he came down to the river1 to discover that all this time he had been travelling ahead of the boats6 ,the fatted buffalo-calf was killed and great was the rejoicing1 and at daylight next morning1 ,shannon's ,blow1 ye winds of morning1 ,blow1 blow1 blow1 rang again joyously over the ,missouri4 ,danger6 ,quick6 ,the bank is caving6 ,at one o'clock in the night the guard gave the startled cry4 ,barely was there time to loosen the boats and push into midstream before the whole escarpment dropped like an avalanche over the recent anchorage4 ,thus in one instant might have been blotted out the entire expedition1 to remain for all time a mystery and conjecture4 ,on the evening of ,september #bd the cooks and a guard went ashore to get supper at the mouth of the river ,teton1 the present site of ,pierre1 ,south ,dakota4 ,five ,indians1 who had followed for some time1 slept with the guard on shore4 ,early next morning sixty ,indians came down from a ,sioux camp and the ,captains prepared for a council4 ,under the flag and an awning1 at twelve o'clock the company paraded under arms4 ,dorion had remained behind at the ,yankton village1 so with difficulty1 by the aid of ,drouillard and much sign language1 a brief speech was delivered4 ,black ,buffalo1 head chief1 was decorated with a medal1 flag1 laced coat1 cocked hat1 and red feather1 nor were the rest forgotten with smaller gifts1 medals1 and tobacco4 ,the ,captains would have gone on1 but1 ,no6 ,no6 insisted ,black ,buffalo1 seizing the cable of ,clark's departing pirogue4 ,finally ,clark and several of the men rowed them ashore4 ,but no sooner had they landed than one seized the cable and held the boat fast4 ,another flung his arms around the mast and stood immovable4 ,release me1 demanded ,clark1 reddening at evidence of so much treachery4 ,black ,buffalo advanced to seize ,clark4 ,the ,captain drew his sword4 ,at this motion ,captain ,lewis1 watching from the bateau1 instantly prepared for action4 ,the ,indians had drawn their arrows and were bending their great bows1 when the black mouth of the blunderbuss wheeled toward them4 ,at this ,black ,buffalo ordered his men to desist1 and they sullenly fell away1 but never was forgotten that time when the ,teton ,sioux attempted to carry off ,captain ,clark4 ,we wished to see the boat more1 said the ,indians1 by way of excuse4 ,we wished to show it to our wives and children4 ,to conciliate and to depart without irritation1 ,captain ,clark offered his hand4 ,the chiefs refused to take it4 ,turning1 ,clark stepped into the boat and shoved off4 ,immediately three warriors waded in after him1 and he brought them on board4 ,that night the whole expedition slept under arms1 with the ,indians as guests4 ,at daylight crowds of ,indian men1 women1 and children waited on shore in the most friendly manner4 ,ten well-dressed young men took ,lewis and ,clark up on a highly decorated robe and carried them up to the council tent4 ,dressed like dandies1 seventy ,indians sat in this roomy council hall1 the tail feathers of the golden eagle scarce quivering in their topknots4 ,impressively in the centre on two forked sticks lay the long peace-pipe above a bed of swan's down4 ,outside1 the redmen were roasting a barbecue4 ,all day they sat and smoked1 and ate of buffalo beef and pemmican4 ,after sunset a huge council fire illuminated the interior of the great lodge1 and the dance began4 ,wild ,indian girls came shuffling with the reeking scalps of ,omahas1 from a recent raid4 ,outside twenty-five ,omaha women prisoners and their children moaned in the chill of an icy autumn night4 ,it was their trail that ,shannon had followed for sixteen days4 ,about midnight1 fatigued by the constant strain of watchful anxiety1 the ,captains returned to the boats4 ,but not yet were they safely away4 ,to oars6 to oars6 the cable's parted6 ,the ,indians heard the call4 ,the ,omahas6 the ,omahas6 rang the cry up from the ,teton camp1 that on every wind anticipated the whoop of retaliating ,omahas in search of their stolen wives and children4 ,then followed pandemonium of rushing ,indians and frightened calls4 ,all night1 with strained eyes1 every man held his rifle ready as they lay unanchored on the water4 ,at daylight the wily ,indians held the ropes and still detained the boats4 ,resort to force seemed inevitable4 ,flinging a carat of tobacco1 ,black ,buffalo1 said ,lewis1 you say you are a great chief4 ,prove it by handing me that rope4 ,flattered1 ,black ,buffalo gave the rope1 and thankfully the boats pulled out with no more desire to cultivate the ,sioux4 ,,ix ,,the ,,romance ,,of ,,the ,,mandans ,what will they find8 asked the people of the ,united ,states1 discussing the journey of ,lewis and ,clark4 ,numerous powerful and warlike nations of savages1 of gigantic stature1 fierce1 treacherous1 and cruel1 and particularly hostile to white men4 ,the mammoth of prehistoric time feeding from the loftiest forests1 shaking the earth with its tread of thunder4 ,they will find a mountain of solid salt glistening in the sun with streams of brine issuing from its caverns4 ,they will find blue-eyed ,indians1 white-haired1 fairer than other tribes1 planting gardens1 making pottery1 and dwelling in houses4 ,oh1 yes1 said the ,federalists1 ,jefferson has invented these stories to aggrandise the merit of his purchase4 ,they never can cross the mountains4 ,human enterprise and exertion will attempt them in vain4 ,it was folly6 folly to send those men to perish miserably in the wilderness6 ,it was a bold and wicked scheme of ,jefferson4 ,they will never return alive to this country4 ,had not ,jefferson himself in his anxiety directed ,lewis and ,clark to have recourse to our consuls in ,java1 the ,isles of ,france and ,bourbon1 and the ,cape of ,good ,hope8 ,heaven alone knew whither the ,missouri--,columbia might lead them6 ,but the white ,indians-- ,in the history of ,wales there is a story that on account of wars in ,wales a ,welsh ,prince in #aagj prepared certain shipps1 with men and munition1 and sought adventures by seas1 sailing west1 and leaving the coast of ,ireland so farre north1 that he came to land unknowne1 where he saw many strange things4444 ,this ,madoc arriving in the countrey1 in the which he came in the year #aagj1 left most of his people there1 and returning back for more of his nation1 went thither again with ten sails1 and was never again heard of4 ,six hundred years later ,welshmen in ,america imagined that they could talk with some tribes1 who said they came from white people but were now ,indians1 and the legend was related that white people had once lived on the ,atlantic coast1 but had so many wars they crossed the mountains and made boats and went down the ,ohio and up the ,missouri1 where to this day live the fair-haired1 blue-eyed ,mandans4 ,our grandfathers believed this story1 believed these whites might have been cut off at the ,falls of the ,ohio and some escaped4 ,this is the excuse that ,cornstalk gave to ,lord ,dunmore for the attack at ,point ,pleasant3 ,long ago our fathers destroyed the whites in a great battle at the ,falls of the ,ohio4 ,we thought it might be done again4 ,as if in proof of this statement1 ,george ,rogers ,clark and other first explorers at the ,falls found ,sand ,island at low water a mass of hacked and mutilated human bones1 whether of ,indians or whites1 no man could tell4 ,and here now were ,lewis and ,clark1 in the ,autumn of #ahjd1 among the fabled ,mandans1 and here before them was a ,mr4 ,hugh ,mc,cracken1 an ,irishman1 and ,ren ,jussaume1 a ,frenchman1 independent traders1 who for a dozen winters had drawn their goods on dog sleds over from the ,british fort on the ,assiniboine to trade with the ,mandans for buffalo robes and horses4 ,thirty dogs they owned between them1 great ,huskies of the ,eskimo breed4 ,jussaume was immediately engaged as interpreter1 and the first ,sunday was spent in conversation with ,black ,cat1 head chief of the ,mandans4 ,all day the hospitable blue-eyed1 brown-haired ,mandan women1 fairer than other ,indians1 kept coming in with gifts of corn1 boiled hominy1 and garden stuffs1 raised by their own rude implements4 ,girls of ten years old with silver-gray hair hanging down to their knees stood around and listened4 ,yes1 they had earthen pots and gardens1 even extensive fields of corn1 beans1 squashes1 and sunflowers1 and houses--mud huts4 ,they lived in little forted towns that had been moved successively up1 up1 up the ,missouri4 ,i believe what you have told us1 said one of the chiefs in the great council on ,monday4 ,we shall now have peace with the ,ricaras4 ,my people will be glad4 ,then our women may lie down at night without their moccasins on4 ,they can work in the fields without looking every moment for the enemy4 ,we have killed the ,ricaras like birds1 said another1 until we are tired of killing them4 ,now we will send a chief and some warriors to smoke with them4 ,thus was the first effort for peace in the ,mandan country4 ,the high chill wind almost blew down the awning over the great council4 ,the men paraded up from the boats1 the blunderbuss was fired from the bow of the big bateau1 the long reed-stemmed stone-bowled pipes were smoked in amity4 ,here are suits of clothes for your chiefs1 said ,lewis1 handing out of a wooden chest the handsome laced uniforms1 cocked hats1 and feathers4 ,to your women ,i present this iron corn-mill to grind their hominy4 ,the solemn1 sad-faced chiefs took the clothes and put them on4 ,the women flew at the corn-mill4 ,all day long they ground and ground and wondered at the great medicine that could make meal with so little trouble4 ,mortars and pestles were thrown behind the lodges1 discarded4 ,the next day ,mr4 ,mc,cracken set out on his return to ,fort ,assiniboine1 one hundred and fifty miles away1 with a friendly letter to the ,chief ,factor1 ,chaboillez1 enclosing the passport of ,lewis and ,clark from the ,british minister at ,washington4 ,yes1 a passport1--so uncertain was that boundary--never yet defined4 ,where lay that line8 ,to the sources of the ,mississippi8 ,but those sources were as hidden as the fountain of the ,nile4 ,no white man yet had seen ,itasca4 ,since before the ,revolution the ,chaboillez family had traded at ,michilimackinac4 ,they were there in the days when ,wabasha descended on ,st4 ,louis1 and had a hand in all the border story4 ,while ,lewis was negotiating with the ,indians1 ,captain ,clark set out with ,black ,cat to select a point where timber was plenty to build a winter camp4 ,hey1 there6 are ye going to run aff and leave me all to mesilf8 exclaimed ,patrick ,gass1 head carpenter1 busy selecting his tools and equipments4 ,niver moind1 ,i can outwalk the bist o' thim4 ,strong1 compact1 broad-chested1 heavy-limbed1 but lean1 sprightly1 and quick of motion1 ,pat was soon at the side of his ,captain4 ,i can show ye a pint or two about cabins1 ,i'm thinkin'4 ,clark smiled4 ,he knew something about cabins himself4 ,the day was fine and crowds of ,indians came to watch proceedings as ,clark's men began to cut the tall cottonwoods and roll up the cabins4 ,every day the ,indians came in crowds to watch the wonderful building of the white men's fort1 the deer-skin windows and mud-plastered chimneys4 ,turning loose their horses1 all day long the red men lay on the grass watching the details of this curious architecture4 ,at night1 gathering an armful of cottonwood boughs stripped from the fort timber1 each fed his horse and meandered thoughtfully homeward in the red sunset4 ,one day two squaws came1 a leathery old dame and a captive ,indian girl from the ,rocky ,mountains1--the handsome young ,sacajawea1 the ,bird-,woman4 ,she my slave1 said ,charboneau1 a ,frenchman in blanket capote and kerchief around his head4 ,i buy her from de ,rock ,mountain4 ,i make her my wife4 ,charboneau lived with the ,minnetarees1 friends and neighbours of the ,mandans4 ,shahaka1 the ,big ,white ,head ,chief1 came1 too1 with his squaw packing on her back one hundred pounds of very fine meat4 ,whenever ,shahaka crossed the river his squaw picked up the buffalo-skin canoe and carried it off on her back4 ,those canoes were made exactly like a ,welsh coracle4 ,the days grew colder1 the frost harder4 ,ice began to run in the river and the last boats in from the hunt brought thirty-two deer1 eleven elk1 and buffalo that were jerked and hung in the winter smoke-house4 ,by ,november #bj the triangular fort was ready1--two rows of cabins of four rooms each1 with lofts above where1 snug and warm under the roof next to the chimneys1 the men slept through the long cold winter nights on beds of grass1 rolled up in their blankets and fuzzy robes of buffalo4 ,in the frosty weather there came over the prairies from ,fort ,assiniboine seven ,northwest traders1 led by ,franois ,antoine ,larocque and ,charles ,mackenzie1 with stores of merchandise to trade among the ,mandans4 ,they immediately waited upon ,lewis and ,clark4 ,we are not traders1 said the ,americans1 but explorers on our way to the ,pacific4 ,through ,larocque's mind flashed the journey of ,sir ,alexander ,mackenzie and its outcome4 ,that might mean more than a rival trader4 ,he is distributing flags and medals among the ,mandans1 came the rumour4 ,in the name of the ,united ,states ,i forbid you from giving flags and medals to the ,indians1 as our ,government looks upon those things as sacred emblems of the attachment of the ,indians to our country1 said ,captain ,lewis to ,monsieur ,larocque when next he called at ,fort ,mandan4 ,as ,i have neither flags nor medals1 ,i run no risk of disobeying those orders1 ,i assure you1 answered the easy ,frenchman4 ,you and all persons are at liberty to come into our territories to trade or for any other purpose1 and will never be molested unless your behaviour is such as would subject an ,american citizen himself to punishment1 continued ,lewis4 ,and will the ,americans not trade8 ,we may and shall probably have a public store well assorted of all kinds of ,indian goods4 ,no liquors are to be sold4 ,a very grand plan they have schemed1 muttered ,larocque1 as he went away1 but its being realised is more than ,i can tell4 ,while talking with the ,captains1 ,larocque had an eye on a ,hudson's ,bay trader who had appeared on the scene4 ,beg pardon4 ,i must be off1 said ,larocque1 slipping out with ,charboneau to outwit if possible the ,hudson's ,bay man and reach the ,indians first4 ,but before he got off a letter arrived from ,chaboillez that altered all plans4 ,unknown to ,lewis and ,clark1 though they gradually came to discover it1 hot war was waging in the north4 ,for the sake of furs1 rival traders cut and carved and shot and imprisoned each other4 ,for the sake of furs those same traders had held ,detroit thirteen years beyond the ,revolution4 ,furs came near changing the balance of power in ,north ,america4 ,the old established ,hudson's ,bay ,company claimed ,british ,america4 ,the ambitious1 energetic ,northwesters of ,montreal disputed the right4 ,and now that ,sir ,alexander ,mackenzie1 a ,canadian bourgeois1 had become a famous explorer1 knighted by the ,king1 jealousies broke out in the ,northwest company itself4 ,simon ,mc,tavish1 lord of the ,northwesters1 who had done all he could to hold the ,lakes for ,britain1 would rule or ruin4 ,but the ,northwesters swore by ,mackenzie4 ,so the two factions fought each other1 and both fought the ,hudson's ,bay ,company4 ,the ,northwesters are no better than they ought to be1 said the men of ,hudson's ,bay4 ,they sent an embassy to ,congress in #aggf4 ,in fact a little change in the balance might have thrown the ,northwesters over to the ,american side and altered the history of a continent4 ,the quarrelling traders of the ,north are almost as bad as the ,indians1 said ,lewis1--they demoralise and inflame the ,indians4 ,trade with me1 said ,hudson's ,bay4 ,the ,northwesters will cheat you4 ,trade with me1 said the ,northwester4 ,hudson's ,bay are bad men4 ,with troubled eyes the ,indians listened1 then scalped them both4 ,some bloody tales that ,north could tell1 around the plains of lovely ,winnipeg1 out on the lone ,saskatchewan1 and over to ,athabasca4 ,but now the ,americans1--this was a new force in the ,west4 ,december #a1 the ,americans began to cut and carry pickets to complete the high stockade and gate across the front of ,fort ,mandan4 ,december #f it was too cold to work1 and that night the river froze over in front of the fort with solid ice an inch and a half thick4 ,at nine o'clock next morning ,chief ,shahaka1 ,big ,white1 came puffing in with news4 ,de boofalo6 de boofalo6 interpreted ,jussaume1 listening intently to the long harangue of the chief who was making all sorts of sign language and excitedly pointing up the river4 ,de boofalo1 on de prairie1 comin' eento de bottom4 ,in short order ,lewis1 ,clark1 and fifteen men were out with the ,indians mounted on horseback4 ,then came the din and chase of battle1 a sight to fire the blood and thrill the calmest heart4 ,riding among the herd1 each ,indian chose his victim1 then1 drawing his arrow to the last notch of the bowstring1 let it fly4 ,another and another whizzed from the same string until the quiver was exhausted4 ,the wounded beast1 blinded by its mane1 sometimes charged the hunter4 ,but the swift steed1 trained for the contest1 wheeled and was gone4 ,the buffalo staggered for a little1 then1 struck in a mortal part1 fell headlong1 pawing up the dust and snow in frantic efforts to rise and fly4 ,into the midst came the ,captains and their men1 and every man brought down his buffalo4 ,at twelve degrees below zero and in a northwest wind1 ,lewis and his men started out again the next morning to chase the herds that darkened the prairie4 ,the air was filled with frosty flakes1 the snow was deep and clinging1 but all day and until after dark the exciting hunt held them to the saddle1 and only when they came to the fire did the participants realise that their hands and feet were frostbitten4 ,cold and colder grew the days4 ,two suns shone in the sky1 prognosticator of still deeper frost4 ,brilliant northern lights glowed along the ,arctic1 but still they chased the buffalo until the morning of ,december #ac1 when ,dr4 ,saugrain's thermometer stood twenty degrees below zero at sunrise4 ,in fur caps1 coats1 mittens1 and double moccasins they brought home horseload after horseload of juicy beef to hang in the winter storehouse4 ,and fortunately1 too1 for one day they awoke to find the buffalo gone4 ,some winters there was great suffering for food among the ,mandans1 but this was destined to be a year of plenty4 ,out of their abundance the chiefs1 also1 came to the fort with their dog sleds loaded with meat for their friends at the garrison4 ,x ,,the ,,first ,,dakota ,,christmas ,on ,christmas eve the stockade was finished and the gate was shut4 ,with forty-five men and a blunderbuss ,fort ,mandan stood impregnable to any force the northern savages could bring against it4 ,but there was no hostility1--far from it4 ,from curiosity or for trade the ,indians came in throngs1 until on ,christmas eve ,captain ,lewis sent out the announcement3 ,let no one visit us to-morrow4 ,it is our great medicine day4 ,before daylight the wondering redmen were aroused from their buffalo couches by three volleys fired from the fort4 ,awe-struck they sat up and whispered3 ,white men making medicine4 ,at sunrise a flag was floating above the palisade1 but no ,indian ventured to approach the mysterious newly closed walls of ,fort ,mandan4 ,for his ,christmas stocking every man received an allowance of flour1 dried apples1 and pepper1 which together with corn1 beans1 squash1 and unlimited buffalo meat and marrow bones made out a ,christmas feast4 ,at one o'clock the gun was fired for dinner4 ,at two came the signal for the dance4 ,play up ole fashion reel4 ,everybody he mus' dance1 said ,cruzatte1 tuning his fiddle4 ,we'll do our possible4 ,cruzatte and ,gibson played1 ,gass and ,shannon led1 ,clark called the changes2 and with crackling fires1 and a stamping like horses1 away up there under the ,northern stars the first ,american ,christmas was celebrated on the upper ,missouri4 ,three wide-eyed spectators sat ranged around the walls4 ,these were the squaws of the interpreters1 ,madame ,ren ,jussaume1 and the two wives of ,charboneau1 ,madame the old dame1 and ,sacajawea1 the beautiful ,indian captive stolen beyond the ,rockies4 ,the ,indians1 in their cheerless winter villages1 found much to attract them at the fort of the white men4 ,soon after ,christmas1 ,william ,bratton and ,john ,shields set up their forge as blacksmiths1 gunsmiths1 and armourers4 ,day after day1 with the thermometer forty degrees below zero1 a constant procession of ,indians came wending in on the well-beaten snow-track1 with axes to grind and kettles to mend4 ,it seemed as if all the broken old kettles that had ever drifted into the country1 from ,hudson's ,bay or ,fort ,william or up from ,st4 ,louis1 were carried to ,fort ,mandan filled with corn to pay for mending4 ,especially the ,indians wanted battle-axes1 with long thin blades like the halberds of ancient warfare4 ,some wanted pikes and spears fixed on the pointed ends of their long dog-poles4 ,a burnt-out old sheet-iron cooking stove became worth its weight in gold4 ,for every scrap of it1 four inches square1 the ,indians would give seven or eight gallons of corn1 and were delighted with the exchange4 ,these bits of square sheet iron were invaluable for scrapers for hides1 and every shred of cutting that fell to the ground was eagerly bought up to fashion into arrow tips4 ,metal1 metal1 metal1--the sine qua non of civilisation had come at last to the ,mandans4 ,while ,bratton was busy over his forge1 and ,shields at the guns1 some of the men were out hunting1 some were cutting wood to keep the great fires roaring1 and some were making charcoal for the smithy4 ,so the days went on4 ,new ,year's1 #ahje1 was ushered in with the blunderbuss4 ,by way of recreation the captains permitted the men to visit the ,indian villages where crowds gathered to see the white men dance1 heeling it and toeing it to the music of the fiddles4 ,the white men in turn were equally diverted by the grotesque figures of the ,indians leaping in the buffalo dances4 ,captain ,clark noted an old man in one of the ,mandan villages and gave him a knife4 ,how old are you8 ,more than one hundred winters1 was the answer4 ,give me something for the pain in my back4 ,but a grandson rebuked the old man4 ,it isn't worth while4 ,you have lived long enough4 ,it is time for you to go to your relations who can take better care of you than we can4 ,the old man settled back in his robes by the fire and said no more4 ,what accident has happened to your hand8 inquired ,lewis of a chief's son4 ,grief for my relatives1 answered the boy4 ,it was a ,mandan custom to mutilate the body1 as a mark of sorrow for the dead1 until some had lost not only all their fingers1 but their ears and hair4 ,sacred ceremonies of flagellations1 knife thrusts into the flesh1 piercing with thorns and barbaric crucifixions1--thirty years later ,george ,catlin found these still among the ,mandans1 and ascribed them to an effort to perpetuate some ,christian ceremonial of a remote ancestry4 ,could it have been a corrupted tradition of the crucifixion of ,christ8 ,who can tell8 ,the ,welsh of #aagj were ,catholic ,christians who believed in self-inflicted penance to save the soul4 ,degraded1 misguided1 interblent with ,indian superstition through generations1 it might have come to this4 ,but everywhere1 at feast or council1 one walked as conqueror1--,clark's negro servant1 ,york4 ,of fine physical presence and remarkable stature1 very black and very woolly1 ,york was viewed as superhuman4 ,where you come from8 whispered the awe-struck savages4 ,grinning until every ivory tooth glistened1 and rolling up the whites of his eyes1 he would answer1 ,i was running wild in the wood1 and was caught and tamed by my mastah4 ,then assuming an air of ferocity1 ,york would exhibit feats of strength that to the ,indians seemed really terrible4 ,if you kill white men we make you chief1 the ,arikaras whispered in his ear4 ,york withstood great temptation1--he fought more battles than ,clark4 ,delay6 delay6 delay6 was the ,indian plea at every village4 ,let our wives see you4 ,let our children see1 especially the black man4 ,from ,council ,bluffs to ,clatsop1 children followed ,york constantly4 ,if he chanced to turn1 with piercing shrieks they ran in terror4 ,mighty warrior4 ,born black4 ,great medicine6 sagely commented the wise old men1 watching him narrowly and shaking their heads at the unheard-of phenomenon4 ,even his jerks1 contortions1 and grimaces seemed a natural part of such a monstrosity4 ,york was a perpetual exhibit1 a menagerie in himself4 ,in these holiday visits to the ,mandan towns a glimpse was caught of domestic life4 ,wasteful profusion when the buffalo came1 when the buffalo left1 days of famine4 ,then they opened their cellar-holes of corn and vegetables1 hidden away as a last resource in protracted siege when the ,sioux drove off the game and shut them up in their picketed villages4 ,so often were the horses of the ,mandans stolen1 that it had become a habitual custom every night to take them into the family lodge where they were fed on boughs and bark of the cottonwood4 ,all day long in the iciest weather1 the wrinkled1 prematurely aged squaws were busy in the hollows1 cutting the horse-feed with their dull and almost useless knives4 ,on ,new ,year's day ,black ,cat came down with a load of meat on his wife's back4 ,a happy woman was she to receive a sharp new knife to cut her meat and cottonwood4 ,it was easy to buy a ,mandan wife4 ,a horse1 a gun1 powder and ball for a year1 five or six pounds of beads1 a handful of awls1 the trade was made1 and the new spouse was set to digging laboriously with the shoulder-blade of an elk or buffalo1 preparing to plant her corn4 ,the ,indian woman followed up the hunt1 skinned and dressed the buffalo1 and carried home the meat4 ,indian women built the lodges and took them down again1 dragging the poles whenever there were not horses enough for a summer ramble4 ,when not at the hunt or the council1 the warrior sat cross-legged at his door1 carving a bow1 pointing an arrow1 or smoking1 waited upon by his squaw1 who never ate until the braves were done1 and then came in at the last with the children and the dogs4 ,wrinkled and old at thirty1 such was the fate of the ,indian girl4 ,sunday1 ,january #ac1 ,charboneau came back from a visit to the ,minnetarees at ,turtle ,mountain with his face frozen4 ,it was fortunate he returned with his life4 ,many a ,frenchman was slain on that road1 many an imprecation went up against the ,assiniboine ,sioux1--,les ,gens des ,grands ,diables du ,nord1 said ,charboneau4 ,touissant ,charboneau1 one of the old ,canadian ,french ,charboneaus1 with his brothers had tramped with ,alexander ,henry far to the north under sub-arctic forests1 wintered on the ,assiniboine1 and paddled to ,winnipeg4 ,seven years now he had lived among the ,minnetarees1 an independent trader like ,mc,cracken and ,jussaume1 and interpreter for other traders4 ,moreover1 ,charboneau was a polygamist with several wives to cook his food and carry his wood and water4 ,but he had been kind to the captive ,indian girl1 and her heart clung to the easy-going ,frenchman as her best friend4 ,the worst white man was better than an ,indian husband4 ,captured in battle as a child five years before1 ,sacajawea had been brought to the land of the ,dakotas and sold to ,charboneau4 ,now barely sixteen1 in that ,february at the ,mandan fort she became a mother4 ,most of the men were away on a great hunting trip2 when they came back a lusty little red-faced pappoose was screaming beside the kitchen fire4 ,the men had walked thirty miles that day on the ice and in snow to their knees1 but utterly fatigued as they were1 the sight of that little ,indian baby cuddled in a deerskin robe brought back memories of home4 ,clark came in with frosty beard1 and moccasins all worn out4 ,sacajawea has a fine boy1 said ,lewis4 ,no wonder the ,captains watched her recovery with interest4 ,all winter they had sought an interpreter for those far-away tongues beyond the mountains1 and no one could be found but ,sacajawea1 the wife of ,charboneau4 ,clark directed ,york to wait on her1 stew her fruit1 and serve her tea1 to the great jealousy of ,jussaume's wife1 who packed up her pappooses in high dudgeon and left the fort4 ,sacajawea was only a slave4 ,she1 ,madame ,jussaume1 was the daughter of a chief6 ,poor little ,sacajawea6 ,she was really very ill4 ,if she died who would unlock the ,gates of the ,mountains8 ,charboneau was a cook4 ,he set himself to preparing the daintiest soups and steaks1 and soon the ,bird ,woman was herself again1 packing and planning for the journey4 ,busy every day now were ,lewis and ,clark making up their reports and drawing a map of the country4 ,shahaka1 ,big ,white1 came and helped them4 ,kagohami of the ,minnetarees came1 and with a coal on a robe made a sketch of the ,missouri that ,clark re-drew4 ,but in the midst of the map-making all the ,indian talk was of war1 war1 war4 ,i am going to war against the ,snakes in the ,spring1 said ,kagohami4 ,no1 said ,lewis1 that will displease the ,president4 ,he wants you to live at peace4 ,suffer me to go to war against the ,sioux1 begged another chief4 ,no1 answered ,lewis4 ,these wars are the cause of all your troubles4 ,if you do not stop it the ,great ,father will withdraw his protection from you4 ,he will come over here and make you stop it4 ,look on the many nations whom war has destroyed1 continued ,lewis4 ,think of your poverty and misfortunes4 ,if you wish to be happy1 cultivate peace and friendship4 ,then you will have horses4 ,then you will grow strong4 ,have you spoken thus to all the tribes8 inquired ,kagohami4 ,we have4 ,and did they open their ears8 ,they did4 ,i have horses enough1 reflected ,kagohami1 ,i will not go to war4 ,i will advise my nation to remain at home until we see whether the ,snake ,indians desire peace4 ,one night the hunters came in with the report1 ,a troop of whooping ,sioux have captured our horses and taken our knives4 ,it was midnight1 but ,lewis immediately routed up the men and set out with twenty volunteers on the track of the marauding ,sioux4 ,in vain4 ,the boasting freebooters had escaped with the horses beyond recovery4 ,we are sorry we did not kill the white men1 was the word sent back by an ,arikara4 ,they are bad medicine4 ,we shall scalp the whole camp in the ,spring4 ,,xi ,,the ,,british ,,fur ,,traders ,the movements of ,lewis and ,clark were watched by the ,northwest ,company1 who already had planned a house at the ,mandans4 ,jefferson was not an hour too soon4 ,yes1 said ,larocque1 ,i will pass the winter there and watch those ,americans4 ,in the midst of the frightful cold1 twenty-two degrees below zero1 on ,december #af1 #ahjd1 ,larocque and ,mackenzie came over again from ,fort ,assiniboine and with them came ,alexander ,henry4 ,strangers are among us1 said the ,indians1 ,big ,knives from below4 ,had they been kind they would have loaded their ,great ,boat with goods4 ,as it is they prefer throwing away their ammunition to sparing a shot to the poor ,mandans4 ,there are only two sensible men among them1 the worker of iron and the mender of guns4 ,amazing long pickets1 remarked ,larocque1 as they came in sight of the new stockade of ,fort ,mandan4 ,the triangular fort1 two sides formed of houses and the front of pickets1 presented a formidable appearance in the wild4 ,cannon-ball proof1 remarked ,larocque1 taking a good squint at the high round bastion in the corner between the houses1 defending two sides of the fort4 ,on the top was a sentry all night1 and below a sentry walked all day within the fort4 ,well guarded against surprise1 remarked ,alexander ,henry1 as he tapped at the gate with the ramrod of his gun4 ,as the party knocked at the gates of ,fort ,mandan1 in their winter coats of leather lined with flannel1 edged with fur1 and double-breasted1 the lively eye of ,patrick ,gass peeped out4 ,some more av thim ,britishers to ascertain our motives fur visitin' this countery1 and to gain infurmation with rispict to th' change o' gov'm't1 was the shrewd guess of ,pat4 ,the hospitable ,captains were more than glad to entertain visitors4 ,they were there to cultivate international amity4 ,in their hearts ,lewis and ,clark never dreamed what a commotion that friendly letter to ,chaboillez had stirred up4 ,it had gone far and awakened many4 ,immediately upon its receipt ,chaboillez sent out a runner4 ,lewis and ,clark with one hundred and eighty soldiers have arrived at the ,mandan village1 so the story flew4 ,on their arrival they hoisted the ,american flag and informed the natives that their object was not to trade1 but merely to explore the country2 and that as soon as navigation shall open they design to continue their route across the ,rocky ,mountains to the ,pacific4 ,they have made the natives a few small presents and repaired their guns and axes free4 ,they have behaved honourably toward my people1 who are there to trade with the natives4 ,such a message as this was enough to bring ,alexander ,henry down to investigate4 ,the cottonwood fires at ,fort ,mandan roared up the chimneys with unwonted splendour that winter night4 ,the thermometer suddenly fell to forty-five degrees below zero2 but warm and comfortable beside the blaze they talked1 ,american and ,british1 in this border of the nations4 ,charles ,mackenzie had been a clerk of the ,northwest ,company for a year4 ,of the same rank as himself was ,larocque1 and both were popular with the redmen4 ,in fact1 ,mackenzie1 a ,scot from the ,highlands1 was already married to an ,indian girl1 and ,larocque was a ,frenchman4 ,that was enough4 ,no nation fraternized with the redmen as the ,frenchmen did4 ,alexander ,henry1 fur trader among the ,american ,indians and one of the famous ,northwesters1 bore a great name in the north4 ,there were two ,alexander ,henrys2 the younger was a nephew of the other1 and he it was that had now come to visit ,lewis and ,clark4 ,he knew more of the country than1 perhaps1 any other man in the northwest4 ,in fact1 his uncle1 the elder ,henry1 was at ,michilimackinac in the days of ,pontiac1 and had penetrated to the ,saskatchewan before ever there was a ,northwest ,company4 ,henry1 ,jr41 wintered on the ,red ,river the very year that ,alexander ,mackenzie crossed the continent1--#agic4 ,as a bourgeois of the ,northwesters1 with a fleet of canoes and twenty-one men he had led the ,red ,river brigade of #ahjj up into the ,winnipeg country4 ,the scarlet belts1 breeches of smoked buckskin1 and blue cloth leggings of ,alexander ,henry's old coureur des bois were known for hundreds of miles4 ,yes1 he knew the ,sioux4 ,their pillaging bands sometimes plundered his traders4 ,they are not to be trusted1 he declared in positive tone4 ,a very sensible1 intelligent man1 said ,lewis and ,clark to themselves as the great ,northwester talked of the country and the tribes4 ,but time seemed pressing4 ,questions of cold or of comfort weighed not with these dauntless ,northwesters when the interests of their company were at stake4 ,they had come on horseback4 ,to return that way was out of the question2 and so sleds were fitted up with ,jussaume's ,eskimo dogs1 the ,huskies of the fur traders4 ,they seem happy to see us1 remarked ,mackenzie from under his muffler1 as they rode away4 ,they treat us with civility and kindness1 but ,captain ,lewis cannot make himself agreeable4 ,he speaks fluently1 even learnedly1 but to me his inveterate prejudice against the ,british stains all his eloquence4 ,captain ,clark is more cordial1 rejoined ,larocque4 ,he seems to dislike giving offence unnecessarily4 ,do you recall his thoughtfulness in sending for our horses when we feared they might be stolen8 ,he let his men guard them with his own4 ,with the thermometer thirty-two degrees below zero1 the dogsleds flew swift across the snow1 bearing news not alone to ,assiniboine1 but to ,fort ,william on the northern shore of ,lake ,superior where the ,northwesters had built their trading centre4 ,fort ,william1 built in #ahjc and named in honour of ,william ,mc,gillivray1 was the great distributing point1 where the lords of the lakes and the forests came to hold their rendezvous4 ,in front rolled ,superior1 the great ,canadian ,sea4 ,schooners1 laden with merchandise1 peltries1 and provisions1 plied between ,fort ,william and ,sault ,ste4 ,marie4 ,one of the honoured names of the ,northwest ,company was ,philip de ,rocheblave4 ,captured by ,george ,rogers ,clark at ,kaskaskia1 sent to ,virginia and there let out on parole1 he broke faith and fled to ,new ,york1 to turn up at ,montreal in the winter of #aghc-d along with ,mc,tavish1 ,mc,gillivray1 the ,frobishers and ,frasers1 founders of the ,northwest ,fur ,company4 ,pierre de ,rocheblave had now succeeded to his uncle's honours4 ,would he be apt to let the ,united ,states get ahead of him8 ,and by means of a ,clark at that8 ,i must go down to the ,american fort to get my compass put in order1 said ,larocque again1 in ,january4 ,the glass is broken and the needle does not point due north4 ,he found ,captain ,clark sketching charts of the country1 ,lewis making vocabularies2 ,jussaume and ,charboneau1 the ,frenchmen1 interpreting and disputing on the meaning of words4 ,they write down our words1 whispered the suspicious ,indians4 ,what wicked design have they on our country8 ,captain ,lewis spent a whole day fixing ,larocque's compass4 ,i hardly get a skin when the ,hudson's ,bay trader is with me1 said ,larocque4 ,he is known by all the ,indians1 and understands and talks their language4 ,i must get ,charboneau4 ,and the two went away together4 ,of what use are beaver8 inquired the ,indians4 ,do you make gunpowder of them8 ,do they preserve you from sickness8 ,do they serve you beyond the grave8 ,alexander ,henry went to ,fort ,william4 ,a new rival has arisen1 said the ,northwest traders at their hurried conference4 ,we must anticipate these ,united ,states explorers and traders4 ,they may advance northward and establish a claim to ownership by prior right of discovery or occupation4 ,we must build a chain of posts and hold the country4 ,but whom can we send on such a monumental enterprise8 ,there seemed but one man1--,simon ,fraser4 ,simon ,fraser was the son of a ,scottish ,tory who had been captured by the ,americans at ,burgoyne's surrender and had died in prison4 ,his wife1 with ,simon a babe in arms1 removed to ,canada1 to rear her son beneath the banner of her ,king4 ,at sixteen1 young ,fraser became a clerk of the ,northwest ,company and a bourgeois4 ,but the ,frasers were great-brained people2 young ,simon was soon promoted2 and now at the age of twenty-nine he was put in charge of the greatest enterprise since the incomparable feat of ,alexander ,mackenzie4 ,you1 ,simon ,fraser1 are to establish trading-posts in the unknown territory1 and in this way take possession for ,great ,britain4 ,over at ,sault ,ste4 ,marie a young doctor by the name of ,john ,mc,loughlin would gladly have accompanied his uncle ,simon on that perilous undertaking4 ,but his day was to come later4 ,both of their names are now linked with the ,old ,oregon4 ,young men of the two most progressive modern nations were to be pitted in this race for ,empire1--,lewis and ,clark1 and ,simon ,fraser4 ,,xii ,,farewell ,,to ,,fort ,,mandan ,on the first day of ,march preparations began on the building of new boats4 ,the old ones were pried out of the ice1 and the whole party was busy making elk-skin ropes and pirogues1 in burning coal1 and in making battle-axes to trade for corn4 ,ducks began to pass up the river2 swans and wild geese were flying north4 ,old ,chief ,le ,borgne of the ,minnetarees1 a giant in stature1 a brute at heart1 had held aloof all winter in his tepee4 ,foolish people6 ,stay at home6 he cried4 ,but strange rumours crept within the walls of the sulky ,cyclops4 ,overcome at last by curiosity ,le ,borgne came down to the fort4 ,some foolish young men of my nation tell me there is a man among you who is black4 ,is that true8 ,it is1 answered ,clark4 ,york1 come here4 ,with his one fierce eye1 ,le ,borgne examined ,york closely4 ,he wet his finger and rubbed the skin to see if the black would come off4 ,not until the negro uncovered his head and showed his woolly hair could the chief be persuaded that ,york was not a painted white man4 ,convinced against his will1 and amazed1 ,le ,borgne arose with a snort1 his black hair flying over his brawny shoulders1 and stalked out4 ,as he passed along1 the ,indians shrank back4 ,over the hill came the wail of a demented mother4 ,many a fair ,indian girl had left her scalp at the door of this ,indian ,blue-,beard because she preferred some other lover4 ,the ice was already honeycombed4 ,larocque came over for a farewell4 ,mc,tavish is dead1 he said4 ,lewis and ,clark scarcely comprehended the full import of that announcement4 ,at the foot of the mountain in ,montreal the great ,northwester was building a palace1 fit abode for the lord of the lakes and the forest1 when the summons came in #ahjd4 ,up the rivers and lakes the word was carried into the uttermost wilds1--,mc,tavish is dead4 ,thus it came to ,lewis and ,clark1 this last news from the outer world4 ,the meeting at ,fort ,william had been held without him1--,mc,tavish was dead4 ,he was the head and front of the ,northwest ,company4 ,under the ,king1 ,simon ,mc,tavish ruled ,canada1 ruled half of ,british ,america1 making ,hudson's ,bay tremble on her northern sea4 ,the quick wit of the ,american born of ,irish parents belonged to ,patrick ,gass4 ,while others were struggling toward an idea1 ,pat had already seized it4 ,brave1 observant1 of good sense1 and hating the ,british1 he kept an eye on ,larocque4 ,do not trust that ,frinchman4 ,larocque had a stock of goods to trade4 ,he lingered around ,fort ,mandan1 and offered to go over the mountains with ,lewis and ,clark1 but they politely declined4 ,already ,larocque knew of the order at ,fort ,william4 ,his own brother-in-law1 ,quesnel1 was to be the companion of ,fraser's voyage1 and was to leave1 like ,fraser1 his name on the rivers of ,british ,columbia4 ,then there was trouble with ,charboneau4 ,he became independent and impudent and demanded higher wages4 ,somebody was tampering with ,charboneau4 ,suddenly flaming with new raiment1 gay vests1 and yards of blue and scarlet cloth1 he announced3 ,i weel not work4 ,i weel not stand guard4 ,i eenterpreteur1--do as ,i pleese1 return wheen ,i pleese4 ,we can dispense with your services1 coolly answered the ,captains4 ,charboneau stepped back1 surprised4 ,ignoring his presence1 preparations were hurried on4 ,the boats1 the troublesome1 cracking1 warping cottonwood boats1 were hauled to the fort and pitched and calked and tinned1 until at last they were ready to try the water4 ,no one spoke to the ,frenchman1 no one noticed him as he lingered expectantly by4 ,all the ,indian goods were brought out and hung in the open air4 ,even at the busiest moments1 with every man on the jump1 no one asked ,charboneau to help4 ,finding he was about to lose his position1 the ,frenchman came to ,captain ,lewis1 apologised1 and was restored to service4 ,in a trice ,charboneau was back at the skillets1 dishing up the dinner4 ,the occupants of ,fort ,mandan had been snow-bound five months when ice began running in the river4 ,all day long now the busy ,indians were catching buffalo floating by on the high water4 ,the foolish animals1 trying to cross the thin ice1 broke through4 ,others floated away on big cakes that were certain1 sooner or later1 to launch them into eternity4 ,the patient1 devoted women1 too1 were in evidence4 ,slipping out of their leather smocks1 they plunged naked into the icy current to secure the floating driftwood for fuel4 ,across the snow long lines of squaws came dragging home the drift4 ,the hammers of ,shields and ,bratton rang merrily at the anvils4 ,boxes were made and hooped and ironed1 to go down in the big bateau that was too unwieldy to carry further4 ,in those stout boxes were horns of the mountain ram1 unknown as yet to science1 horns of elk and deer1 rare skins1 robes and ,indian dresses2 bow1 arrows1 and a shield for the ,president1 on which ,old ,black ,cat had spent months of patient carving2 samples of the red ,arikara corn2 sixty-seven specimens of earths1 salts1 and minerals1 and sixty specimens of plants1 all carefully labelled2 seeds1 insects1 the skeleton of the big fish from the hilltop1 stuffed antelopes and ,lewis's pelican1 a live prairie dog in a wicker cage1 a live prairie hen and four magpies4 ,a new geography was there1 a map of the ,missouri extending out to the mystic mountains1 drawn from ,indian description1 to be presented by ,jefferson to ,congress4 ,in these boxes1 too1 went letters4 ,there was one of several thousand words from ,lewis to his mother4 ,captain ,clark's first and best letter was to his brother at the ,point of ,rock2 with it he enclosed a map and sketches of ,indians4 ,another was to ,major ,croghan at ,locust ,grove1 with seeds of several kinds of grapes for his sister ,lucy4 ,with the bateau went also the famous ,mandan report of ,lewis to ,jefferson1 and ,clark's letter to his soldier friend1 ,william ,henry ,harrison1 then ,governor of the ,indian ,territory at ,vincennes4 ,other missives went to ,ohio1 ,vermont1 ,new ,hampshire1 ,massachusetts1 ,pennsylvania1--wherever a man had a mother at the hearthstone waiting to hear of her distant boy4 ,saddest of all was the news to ,mill ,creek1 the home of ,sergeant ,floyd4 ,part of ,clark's journal was transmitted by letter to the ,president and part was enclosed in a separate tin box1 to multiply the chances of saving something4 ,the ,mandan treasures1 with dispatches and presents from the ,indians1 went down by water to the ,gulf and thence by sea to ,washington4 ,i have little doubt but they will be fired on by the ,sioux1 says ,lewis in his letter1 but they have pledged themselves to us that they will not yield while there is one of them living4 ,at five o'clock on ,sunday afternoon1 ,april #g1 #ahje1 the barge left ,fort ,mandan for ,st4 ,louis with ten men4 ,with it went also ,brave ,raven of the ,arikaras1 to visit his ,great ,father1 the ,president4 ,at the same moment that the barge left the fort1 six small canoes and the two pirogues shot up river1 carrying thirty-one men and ,sacajawea with her child4 ,this little fleet1 although not quite so respectable as those of ,columbus or ,captain ,cook1 is still viewed by us with as much pleasure as those famed adventurers ever beheld theirs1 said ,lewis1 and ,i dare say with quite as much anxiety for their safety and preservation4 ,we are now about to penetrate a country at least two thousand miles in width1 on which the foot of civilised man has never trodden4 ,entertaining as ,i do the most confident hope of succeeding in a voyage which has formed a darling project of mine for ten years1 ,i can but esteem this moment of our departure as among the happiest of my life4 ,,xiii ,,toward ,,the ,,sunset ,the ,spring days were squally and chill4 ,the air was sharp1 and the water froze on the oars as the little party rowed along4 ,now and then a flurry of snow whitened the ,april green4 ,sometimes the sails were spread1 and the boats scurried before the wind4 ,often1 however1 the sails proved too large1 and over the boats lurched1 wetting the baggage and powder4 ,most of the powder had been sealed in leaden canisters4 ,when the powder was emptied the canister itself was melted into bullets4 ,that was a nightly task1--the moulding of bullets4 ,hio6 hio6 ,the hunters ahead picked a camping spot1 beside a spring or by a clump of trees4 ,in short order brass kettles were swung across the gipsy poles4 ,twisting a bunch of buffalo grass into a nest1 in a moment ,dr4 ,saugrain's magical matches had kindled a roaring flame4 ,swinging axes made music where axes had never swung before4 ,baby ,touissant rolled his big eyes and kicked and crowed in his mother's lap1 while ,charboneau1 head cook1 stuffed his trapper's sausage with strips of tenderloin and hung it in links around the blaze4 ,stacks of buffalo meat lay near by1 where they had been piled by the industrious hunters4 ,odours of boiling meat issued from the kettles4 ,juicy brown ribs snapped and crackled over the flames4 ,captain ,lewis1 accustomed to the cuisine of ,jefferson at the ,white ,house1 laughed4 ,how did you dress this sausage so quick1 ,charboneau8 ,two bobs and a flirt in the dirty ,missouri8 ,sometimes ,lewis himself turned cook1 and made a suet dumpling for every man4 ,more frequently he was off to the hills with ,clark1 taking a look at the country4 ,nor was ,sacajawea idle4 ,with her baby on her back1 she opened the nests of prairie mice1 and brought home artichokes4 ,sometimes she brought sprouts of wild onion for the broth1 or the pomme blanche1--the peppery ,indian turnip4 ,york1 too1 at his master's direction often gathered cresses and greens for the dinner4 ,but ,york was becoming a hunter4 ,as well as the best1 he slew dem buffaloes4 ,lewis had bought ,charboneau's big family tent4 ,under its leather shelter slept the ,captains1 with ,drouillard and ,charboneau and his little family4 ,around the twilight fires the men wrote their journals1--,lewis1 ,clark1 ,pryor1 ,ordway1 ,gass1 ,fraser1 all busy with their stub quill pens and inkhorns1 recording the day's adventure4 ,they were not scholars1 any of them1 but men of action1 pioneers and explorers1 heralds of the nation4 ,in their strenuous boyhood they had defended the frontier4 ,men at sixteen1 they took up a man's employment4 ,lewis1 more favoured1 prolonged his schooldays until the age of eighteen1 then broke away to march with armies4 ,at last these first civilised sounds that ever broke the silence primeval were hushed4 ,rolled up like cocoons in their mackinaw blankets1 the men were soon snoring in rows with feet to the fires1 while a solitary sergeant peered into the lonely night4 ,the high ,dakota wind roared among the cottonwoods4 ,mother ,nature1 too1 kept guard1 lighting her distant beacons in the blue above the soldier boys4 ,in a land of wolves1 no wolves molested1 though they yelped and barked in the prairie grass4 ,on all sides lay deserted camps of ,assiniboine ,sioux4 ,once the expedition crossed the trail of a war party only twenty-four hours old4 ,a dog left behind came to the camp of the explorers and became the pet of ,captain ,lewis4 ,kip so quiet lak' one leetle mouse1 whispered ,cruzatte1 cautioning silence4 ,no one cared to meet the ,assiniboine ,sioux1 the ,gens des ,grands ,diables4 ,once the smoke of their campfires clouded the north2 but the boats sped on undiscovered4 ,the river reminds me of the ,ohio at this time of year1 said ,clark4 ,the drumming of that sharp-tailed grouse is like that of the pheasants of old ,virginia1 responded ,lewis4 ,and the croaking of the frogs exactly resimbles that of frogs in th' ,yaunited ,states1 added ,patrick ,gass4 ,for days they noted veins of coal burning along the river banks1 kindled perhaps by ,indian fires4 ,alkali dust began to rise1 blown into clouds1 and sifting into their tight double-cased watches until the wheels refused to move more than a few minutes at a time4 ,toward the last of ,april ,lewis went ahead to the mouth of the ,rochejaune1 the ,yellow ,rock1 or ,yellowstone ,river1 passing through herds of elk1 antelope1 and buffalo1 so tame they would scarce move out of his way4 ,beautiful dun deer snorted and pawed the leaves1 then half trusting1 half timorous1 slipped into the thicket4 ,no one but ,sacajawea had ever before been over this road4 ,in ,may they reached the land where even the beaver were gentle1 for they had never been hunted4 ,no white man1 so far as they knew1 had ever trodden these wilds4 ,they had not heard of the gallant ,sieur ,verendrye1 two of whose intrepid sons reached the ,shining ,mountains on ,new ,year's ,day1 #agdc4 ,washington was a boy then2 ,george ,rogers ,clark was not born4 ,but the ,snakes and the ,sioux were at war1 fierce battles were raging1 and they were forced to turn back4 ,the noble ,verendrye spent all his fortune1 and forty thousand livres besides1 in trying to find the ,river of the ,west4 ,then ,jonathan ,carver of ,connecticut set out about the time ,boone went to ,kentucky4 ,at the ,falls of ,st4 ,anthony1 he1 too1 heard of the ,shining ,mountains4 ,the four most capital rivers of ,north ,america take their rise about the centre of this continent1 said ,carver4 ,the ,river ,bourbon1 which empties into ,hudson's ,bay2 the ,waters of ,st4 ,lawrence2 the ,mississippi2 and the ,river ,oregon1 or the ,river of the ,west1 that falls into the ,pacific ,ocean at the ,straits of ,anian4 ,what little bird whispered ,oregon in ,carver's ear8 ,no such word is known in any ,indian tongue4 ,had some ,spanish sailor told of a shore like his own green ,arragon8 ,and now ,lewis and ,clark are on the sunset path4 ,will they find the ,shining ,mountains and the ,river of the ,west8 ,at the first large branch beyond the ,yellowstone1 ,captain ,lewis went on shore with ,drouillard the hunter4 ,out of a copse suddenly appeared two grizzlies4 ,lewis remembered well the awe and absolute terror with which the ,mandans had described this king of ,western beasts4 ,never did they go out to meet him without war-paint and all the solemn rites of battle4 ,as with the cave bear of ancient song and saga1 no weapon of theirs was adequate to meet this dreaded monster4 ,in parties of six or eight they went1 with bows and arrows1 or1 in recent years1 the bad guns of the trader4 ,with these things in mind1 ,lewis and the hunter faced the bears4 ,each fired1 and each wounded his beast4 ,one of the bears ran away2 the other turned and pursued ,captain ,lewis1 but a lucky third shot from ,drouillard laid him low4 ,and what a brute was he6 ,only a cub and yet larger than any bear of the ,atlantic ,states1 the grizzly1 known now to be identical with the awful cave bear of prehistoric time4 ,no wonder the ,indian that slew him was a brave and in the line of chieftainship6 ,no wonder the claws became a badge of honour6 ,no man1 no foe so fierce to meet as one enraged and famished grizzly4 ,his skin was a king's robe1 his tusk an emblem of unflinching valour4 ,a wind from the east now filled the sails and blew them west6 west6 ,more and more tame grew the elk and buffalo1 until the men were obliged to drive them out of their way with sticks and stones4 ,before them unrolled the great wild garden of ,eden4 ,abounding everywhere were meadows1--beaver meadows and clover meadows1 wild rice and rye and timothy1 and buffalo grazing on a thousand hills4 ,prairie fowl scurried in the under-brush1 beautiful white geese gazed calmly at them1 ducks quacked around ponds and streams alive with trout4 ,wild gardens were radiant with roses and honeysuckles1 morning-glories and wild hops4 ,whole fields of lilies perfumed the sunrise1 strawberries carpeted the uplands1 and tangles of blackberries and raspberries interwove a verdant wall along the buffalo trails1 the highways of the wilderness4 ,mountain sheep sported on the cliffs1 the wild cat purred in her forest lair4 ,the yellow cougar1 the mountain lion1 growled and slunk away4 ,the coyote1 the ,indian dog1 snapped and snarled4 ,but man1 man was not there4 ,for four months no ,indian appeared through all the ,great ,lone ,land of the ,tay-a-be-shock-up1 the country of the mountains4 ,william ,bratton1 who had been walking along the shore1 presently came running to the boats with cries of terror4 ,take me on board1 quick6 ,it was some moments before ,bratton could speak4 ,a bear6 a bear6 he gasped at last4 ,a mile and a half back ,bratton had wounded a grizzly that turned and chased him4 ,captain ,lewis and seven men immediately started4 ,for a mile they tracked the trail of blood to a hole where the enraged animal was frantically tearing up the earth with teeth and claws4 ,two shots through the skull finished the grizzly1 whose fleece and skin made a load which two men could scarcely carry back to camp4 ,more bear-butter to fry me sassage1 remarked unsentimental ,charboneau4 ,but now had begun in earnest the days of wild adventure4 ,one evening after another grizzly battle1 the men came triumphantly into camp to find disaster there4 ,charboneau had been steersman that night1 and ,cruzatte was at the bow4 ,a sudden squall struck the foremost pirogue1 ,charboneau let go the tiller1 the wind bellied the sail1 and over they turned4 ,de rudder6 de rudder6 shouted ,cruzatte4 ,charboneau1 the most timid waterman in the party1 clinging to the gunwales1 heard only his own voice in the wind1 crying aloud to heaven1 ,mon ,dieu6 ,mon ,dieu6 ,de rudder6 roared ,cruzatte4 ,seize de rudder instanter and do de duty1 or ,i shoot you6 ,fear of ,cruzatte's gun overcame fear of drowning4 ,charboneau1 pallid and trembling1 reached for the flying rope4 ,half a minute the boat lay on the wave1 then turned up full of water4 ,at last1 holding the brace of the square sail1 ,charboneau pulled the boat round1 while all hands fell to bailing out the water4 ,but all the papers1 medicine1 and instruments were wet4 ,cruzatte alone was calm1 and ,sacajawea1 who1 with her baby and herself to save1 still managed to catch and preserve most of the light articles that were floating overboard4 ,captain ,lewis1 watching the disaster from afar1 had almost leaped into the water to save his precious papers1 but was restrained by the reflection that by such rashness he might forfeit his life4 ,two days were lost in unpacking and drying the stores4 ,at midnight a buffalo ran into the sleeping camp4 ,hey6 hey6 hey6 shouted the guard1 firing on the run and waving his arms4 ,but the distracted beast1 plunging close to the heads of the sleeping men1 headed directly toward the leather tent4 ,suddenly up before his nose danced the little ,indian dog1 and the buffalo was turned back into the night just as the whole camp jumped to arms in expectation of an attack of the ,sioux4 ,fire6 ,fire6 was the next alarm4 ,in the high wind of the night one of the fires had communicated itself to a dead cottonwood overhanging the camp4 ,fanned by the gale the flames shot up the trunk1 and burning limbs and twigs flew in a shower upon the leather tent4 ,fire6 fire6 fire6 again came the quick1 sharp cry4 ,every man rolled out of his mackinaw4 ,the occupants of the lodge were soon aroused4 ,strong hands had scarcely removed the lodge and quenched the burning leather before the tree itself fell directly over the spot where a moment before the ,captains were sleeping soundly4 ,and so that stream was named the ,burnt ,lodge ,creek4 ,,xiv ,,the ,,shining ,,mountains ,ascending the highest summit of the hills on the north side of the river1 on ,sunday1 the #bfth of ,may1 ,captain ,lewis first caught a distant view of the ,rock mountains--the object of all our hopes1 and the reward of all our ambition4 ,when ,i viewed--,i felt a secret pleasure1--but when ,i reflected on the difficulties which this snowy barrier would most probably throw in my way to the ,pacific1 and the sufferings and hardships of myself and party in them1 it in some measure counterbalanced the joy4 ,bold and bolder grew the river shores4 ,the current now became too rapid for oars1 too deep for poles4 ,nothing but the tow-line could draw the boats against the swift flow of the mountain torrent4 ,struggling along shore with the rope on their shoulders1 the men lost their moccasins in the clinging clay and went barefoot4 ,sometimes knee-deep1 they waded1 sometimes waist-deep1 shoulders-deep1 in the icy water1 or rising on higher benches walked on flinty rocks that cut their naked feet4 ,leaping out of the mountains1 came down a laughing sparkling river1 the clearest they had yet seen4 ,its valley seemed a paradise of ash and willow1 honeysuckles and wild roses4 ,standing on its bank ,clark mused1 ,i know but one other spot so beautiful4 ,i will name this river for my little mountain maid of ,fincastle1 the ,judith4 ,could he then foresee that ,judith would become his wife1 or that the verdant ,judith ,basin would be the last retreat of the buffalo8 ,big horned mountain sheep were sporting on the cliffs1 beaver built their dams along its shores1 and up the ,judith ,gap the buffalo had his mountain home4 ,the ,indian1 too1 had left there the scattered embers of a hundred fires4 ,lewis picked up a moccasin4 ,here1 ,sacajawea1 does this belong to your people8 ,the ,bird ,woman shook her head4 ,no ,shoshone4 ,she pointed to the north where the terrible ,blackfeet came swooping down to shoot and scalp4 ,it was time to hasten on4 ,valley succeeded valley for miles on miles1 and between valleys arose hills of sandstone1 worn by suns and storms into temples of desolated magnificence2 ruins of columns and towers1 pedestals and capitals1 parapets of statuary1 sculptured alcoves and mysterious galleries4 ,sheer up from the river's side they lifted their heads like old ,venetian palaces abandoned to the bats4 ,june #c the river forked4 ,which is the true ,missouri8 ,de nort'ern branch4 ,see it boil and roll8 said ,cruzatte4 ,see de colour8 ,dat de true ,meessouri4 ,de ot'er ees but one leetle stream from de mountain4 ,but the ,captains remembered the advice of the ,minnetarees4 ,the ,ah-mateah-za becomes clear1 and has a navigable current into the mountains4 ,parties were sent up both branches to reconnoitre4 ,lewis and ,clark ascended the high ground in the fork and looked toward the sunset4 ,innumerable herds of buffalo1 elk1 and antelope were browsing as far as the eye could reach1 until the rivers were lost in the plain4 ,back came the canoes undecided4 ,then the ,captains set out4 ,clark took the crystal pebbly southern route4 ,lewis went up the turbid northern branch fifty-nine miles4 ,this leads too far north1 almost to the ,saskatchewan1 he concluded1 and turned back4 ,in the summer sunshine robins sang1 turtle doves1 linnets1 the brown thrush1 the goldfinch1 and the wren1 filled the air with melody4 ,i will call it ,maria's ,river1 for my beautiful and amiable cousin1 ,maria ,wood of ,charlottesville1 thought ,lewis1 with a memory of other ,junes in old ,virginia4 ,when ,lewis drew up at camp1 ,clark was already there1 anxious for his safety4 ,the main party1 occupied in dressing skins and resting their lame and swollen feet1 looked eagerly for the decision4 ,to their surprise both ,captains agreed on the southern route4 ,but ,cruzatte1 exclaimed the men1 he thinks the north stream is the true river1 and ,cruzatte is an experienced waterman4 ,we may be lost in the mountains far from the ,columbia4 ,true4 ,everything depends on a right decision4 ,captain ,clark1 if you will stay here and direct the deposit of whatever we can spare1 ,i will go ahead until ,i know absolutely4 ,at dawn ,lewis set out with ,drouillard1 ,gibson1 ,goodrich1 and ,joe ,fields4 ,under ,captain ,clark's direction1 ,bratton1 the blacksmith1 set up his forge at the mouth of ,maria's ,river and ,shields mended all the broken guns4 ,the rest dug a cache1 a kettle-shaped cellar1 on a dry spot safe from water4 ,the floor was covered with dry sticks and a robe4 ,then in went the blacksmith's heavy tools1 canisters of powder1 bags of flour and baggage1--whatever could be spared4 ,on top was thrown another robe1 and then the earth packed in tight and the sod refitted so that no eye could detect the spot4 ,the red pirogue was drawn up into the middle of a small island at the mouth of ,maria's ,river and secured in a copse4 ,boys1 ,i am very ill1 said ,captain ,lewis1 when they camped for dinner on the first day out4 ,attacked with violent pains and a high fever1 unable to proceed1 he lay under some willow boughs4 ,no medicine had been brought4 ,drouillard was much concerned4 ,i well remember1 he said1 when a flux was epidemic at ,chillicothe among de white settlers1 my fader1 ,pierre ,drouillard1 administer on de sick wit' great success4 ,what did he use8 ,a tea of de choke-cherry4 ,prepare me some1 said the rapidly sinking ,captain4 ,with deft fingers ,drouillard stripped off the leaves of a choke-cherry bough1 and cut up the twigs4 ,black and bitter1 the tea was brought to ,lewis at sunset4 ,he drank a pint1 and another pint an hour afterward4 ,by ten o'clock the pain was gone1 a gentle perspiration ensued1 the fever abated1 and by morning he was able to proceed4 ,the next day1 ,june #ab1 the mountains loomed as never before1 rising range on range until the distant peaks commingled with the clouds4 ,twenty-four hours later ,lewis heard the roaring of a cataract1 seven miles away1 and saw its spray1 a column of cloud lifted by the southwest wind4 ,like ,hiawatha he had-- ,journeyed westward1 westward1 ,left the fleetest deer behind him1 ,left the antelope and bison1 ,passed the mountains of the ,prairie1 ,passed the land of ,crows and ,foxes1 ,passed the dwellings of the ,blackfeet1 ,came unto the ,rocky ,mountains1 ,to the kingdom of the ,west-,wind4 ,hastening on with impatient step he came upon the stupendous waterfall1 one of the glories of our continent1 that hidden here in the wilderness had for ages leaped adown the rocky way4 ,overwhelmed with the spectacle ,lewis sat down to gaze and wonder and adore4 ,oh1 for the pencil of ,salvator ,rosa or the pen of ,thompson1 that ,i might give to the world some idea of this magnificent object1 which from the commencement of time has been concealed from the view of civilised man4 ,joe ,fields was immediately dispatched to notify ,clark of the discovery of the ,falls4 ,lewis and the other men went on up ten miles1 gazing at cataract after cataract where the mighty ,missouri bent and paused1 and gathering its full volume leaped from rock to rock1 sometimes wild and irregularly sublime1 again smooth and elegant as a painter's dream4 ,lewis1 impatient to see and know1 hurried on past the rest until night overtook him alone near the head of the series of cataracts4 ,on the high plain along the bank a thousand buffalo were feeding on the short curly grass4 ,lewis shot one for supper1 and leaning upon his unloaded rifle watched to see it fall4 ,a slight rustle attracted his attention4 ,he turned4 ,a bear was stealing upon him1 not twenty steps away4 ,there was no time for reloading1 flight alone remained4 ,not a bush1 not a tree1 not a rock was near1 nothing but the water4 ,with a wild bound ,lewis cleared the intervening space and leaped into the river4 ,turning1 he presented his espontoon4 ,the bear1 already at the bank1 was about to spring1 but that defiant espontoon in his face filled him with terror4 ,he turned and ran1 looking back now and then as if fearing pursuit1 and disappeared4 ,clambering out of the water1 ,lewis started for camp1 when1 sixty paces in front of him1 a strange animal crouched as if to spring4 ,lewis fired and a mountain lion fled4 ,within three hundred yards of the spot1 three enraged buffalo bulls left the herd1 and shaking their shaggy manes1 ran pawing and bellowing1 full speed upon him4 ,eluding the bulls1 ,lewis hurried to camp4 ,worn out1 he fell asleep1 only to awaken and find a huge rattlesnake coiled around the tree above his head6 ,such was earth primeval6 ,the ,great ,falls of the ,missouri was the rendezvous for all wild life in the country4 ,thousands of impatient buffaloes pushed each other along the steep rocky paths to the water4 ,hundreds went over the cataract to feed the bears and wolves below4 ,captain ,clark soon arrived with the main body and went into camp at a sulphur spring1 a favourite resort of buffaloes4 ,this is precisely like ,bowyer's sulphur spring of ,virginia1--it will be good for ,sacajawea1 said ,lewis1 bringing her a cup of the transparent water that tumbled in a cascade into the ,missouri4 ,sacajawea was sick1 very sick1 delirious at times as she lay on her couch of skins4 ,the journey had been difficult4 ,the hungry little baby was a great burden1 and ,sacajawea was only sixteen1 younger even than ,shannon1 the boy of the party4 ,clark directed his negro servant1 ,york1 to be her constant attendant4 ,charboneau was cautioned on no account to leave her4 ,several other semi-invalids guarded the tent to keep the buffaloes away4 ,every day1 and twice a day1 the ,captains came to see her and prescribe as best they could4 ,now came the tedious days of portaging the boats and baggage around the ,falls4 ,a cottonwood tree1 nearly two feet in diameter1 was sawed into wheels4 ,the white pirogue was hidden in a copse and its mast was taken for an axletree4 ,opposite the spot where the waggons were made was an island full of bears of enormous size4 ,their growling and stealthy movements went on day and night4 ,all night the watchful little dog kept up incessant barking4 ,the men1 disturbed in their slumbers1 lay half-awake with their arms in hand1 while the guard patrolled with an eye on the island4 ,bolder and bolder grew the bears4 ,one night they came to the very edge of the camp and ran off with the meat hung out for breakfast4 ,at last the rude waggons were done4 ,the canoes were mounted and filled with baggage4 ,slowly they creaked away1 tugged and pushed and pulled up hills that were rocky and rough with hummocks where the buffaloes trod4 ,prickly-pears1 like little scythes1 cut and lacerated1 even through double-soled moccasins4 ,at every halt1 over-wearied and worn out by night watching1 the toilers dropped to the ground and fell asleep instantly4 ,a whole month was spent in making the carriages and transporting the baggage the eighteen miles around the ,falls4 ,in another cache at the sulphur spring1 they buried ,lewis's writing desk1 specimens of plants and minerals1 provisions1 the grindstone brought from ,harper's ,ferry1 books and a map of the ,missouri ,river4 ,the blunderbuss was hid under rocks at the foot of the ,falls4 ,sacajawea1 recovered from her illness1 began to look for familiar landmarks4 ,one day ,clark took her1 together with ,charboneau and ,york1 to look at the ,falls4 ,he had surveyed and measured the ,black ,eagle1 ,crooked ,rainbow1 and ,great ,falls4 ,come1 he said1 ,charboneau1 bring ,sacajawea4 ,let us go up and look at the ,black ,eagle4 ,high above the cataract the bird had built its nest in the top of a cottonwood tree4 ,a dark cloud was rising4 ,under a shelving rock they took refuge in a ravine1 ,captain ,clark still figuring at his notes4 ,a few drops of rain fell1--in an instant a torrent1 a cloud-burst1 rolled down the ravine4 ,clark saw it coming4 ,snatching his gun and shot-pouch1 he pushed ,sacajawea and the baby up the cliff1 while ,charboneau above was pulling her by the hand4 ,up to ,clark's waist the water came4 ,fifteen feet it rose behind him as he climbed to safety4 ,compass and umbrella were lost in the scramble4 ,charboneau had left his gun1 tomahawk1 and shot-pouch4 ,sacajawea had just snatched her baby before its cradle went into the flood4 ,after the storm they came down into the plain1 to find ,york in affright lest they had been swept into the river4 ,on account of the great heat1 the men at the waggons had laid aside their leather hunting shirts1 when down upon their bare backs came a shower of huge hailstones4 ,bruised1 battered1 and bleeding as from a battle1 they straggled into camp4 ,kind-hearted ,lewis set to work with linens and medicine1 bandaging up their wounds4 ,the next morning ,captain ,clark sent two men to look for the articles lost at the ,falls4 ,they found the ravine filled with rock1 but happily1 half-hid in mud and sand1 the precious compass was recovered4 ,within view of the camp that day ,clark estimated not less than ten thousand buffalo4 ,and beyond1 rimmed on the far horizon1 ran the white line of the mountain crest that is to-day the western boundary of ,montana4 ,the #dth of ,july dawned1 the second since they had left the ,states4 ,in the hills they heard strange booming1 as of a distant cannonade4 ,it almost seemed as if the ,rocky ,mountains were reverberating back the joyous guns of ,baltimore and ,boston4 ,the men listened in amaze4 ,what can it be8 ,een de mountain1 answered ,cruzatte4 ,de vein of silver burst4 ,de ,pawnee and de ,rickara hear eet een de ,black ,hill4 ,ah1 yes1 the ,minnetarees talked of a noise in the mountains4 ,we thought it was superstition4 ,again through long silence came the great cannonade4 ,unconsciously ,lewis and ,clark trod on closed treasure houses1 future mines of unwashed tons of gold and silver4 ,had they brought back gold then what might have been the effect upon the restless1 heaving ,east8 ,but1 no1 the land must wait and grow4 ,other wars must be fought with the ,englishman and the ,indian1 armies of trappers must decimate the bears and wolves1 and easier methods of transportation must aid in opening up the great ,montana-land4 ,,xv ,a ,,woman ,,pilot ,monday1 ,july #ae1 #ahje1 the boats were launched above the ,great ,falls of the ,missouri4 ,clark followed by land along an old ,indian trail1 worn deep by the lodge-poles of ages4 ,little did he realise that nuggets lay scattered all over that land1 where yet the gold hunters should dot the hills with shafts and mounds2 that near here a beautiful city1 named for ,helen of ,troy1 should arise to become a golden capital4 ,my people6 ,my people6 ,sacajawea excitedly pointed to deserted wickiups and traces of fires4 ,she read their story at a glance4 ,it was winter4 ,they were hungry4 ,there were no buffalo4 ,see6 ,she pointed to the pines stripped of bark and the tender inner wood1 the last resort of famishing ,shoshones4 ,with flags hoisted to notify the ,indians that they were friends1 the canoes passed within the ,gates of the ,mountains1 where the mighty ,missouri breaks through the ,belt ,range of western ,montana4 ,nothing in ,alleghany lands compares with this tremendous water-gap4 ,through the dark cavern the river ran narrow and rapid and clear4 ,down through tributary canyons on either side came rifts of light1 odours of pine1 and the roar of waterfalls4 ,with unmoved countenance ,sacajawea looked upon the weird overhanging grayish granite walls through which she had been hurried in terror by her ,minnetaree captors1 five years ago4 ,we are coming to a country where the river has three forks1 said ,sacajawea4 ,exhilaration seized the men1 as they sent the boats up the heavy current that rolled well-deep below4 ,that night they camped in a canyon that is to-day a pleasure resort for the people of ,helena4 ,again following the ,indian trail1 on the #beth of ,july ,clark arrived at the three forks of the ,missouri1 near the present site of ,gallatin4 ,from the forks of the far eastern rivers where ,pittsburg rises1 they had come to the forks of the great river of the ,west4 ,for days the swift current had required the utmost exertion4 ,the men complained of fatigue and excessive heat4 ,you push a tolerable good pole1 said the ,kentuckians1 when ,lewis took a hand4 ,captain ,clark was worn out4 ,with the thermometer at ninety1 for days he had pushed ahead1 determined to find the ,shoshones4 ,let us rest a day or two1 said ,captain ,lewis4 ,here1 boys1 build a bower for ,captain ,clark4 ,i'll take a tramp myself in a few days to find these yellow gentlemen if possible4 ,camping at the three forks1 every man became a leather dresser and tailor1 fixing up his buckskin clothes4 ,leggings and moccasins had been sliced to pieces by the prickly pear4 ,what a spot for a trading post6 the ,captains agreed4 ,look1 said ,lewis1 see the rushes in the bottom1 high as a man's breast and thick as wheat4 ,this will be much in favour of an establishment here1--the cane is one of the best winter pastures for cows and horses4 ,from the heights at the three forks1 ,lewis and ,clark looked out upon valleys of perennial green4 ,birds of beautiful plumage and thrilling song appeared on every hand4 ,beaver1 otter1 muskrat1 sported in this trapper's paradise4 ,buffalo-clover1 sunflowers and wild rye1 buffalo-peas and buffalo-beans blossomed everywhere4 ,all the ,indian trails in the country seemed to converge at this point4 ,here passed the deadly ,blackfoot on his raids against the ,shoshones1 the ,bannocks1 and the ,crows4 ,here stole back and forth the timid ,shoshone to his annual hunt on the ,yellowstone and the ,snake ,river plains4 ,hither from time immemorial had the ,flatheads and ,nez ,percs resorted for their supplies of robes and meat4 ,even from the far ,saskatchewan came the ,piegans and ,gros ,ventres to this favoured and disputed spot4 ,the ,blackfeet claimed the three forks of the ,missouri1 no tribe dwelt there permanently4 ,the roads were deep1 like trenches1 worn by the trailing lodgepoles of many tribes upon this common hunting ground4 ,the naming of the rivers1--that was an epic by itself4 ,the gay ,cabinet ladies who had fitted him out at ,washington flitted through the mind of ,meriwether ,lewis1--,maria ,jefferson1 companion of his earliest recollection1 ,dolly ,madison1 whose interest never failed in his adventures1 ,mrs4 ,gallatin1 the queenly dark-haired wife of the scholarly ,secretary of the ,treasury4 ,with what pleasure had they gathered at the ,white ,house to fashion housewives1 full of pins and needles and skeins of thread1 for these wanderers of the ,west4 ,not a man in the party but bore some souvenir of their thoughtful handiwork4 ,clark's earliest memory was of ,jefferson1 the friend of his father1 of his older brothers1 and then of himself4 ,jimmy ,madison and ,george ,rogers ,clark had been schoolmates in the old field school of ,donald ,robertson4 ,so then and there the ,captains agreed that three great statesmen and their wives should be commemorated here by the ,madison1 the ,jefferson1 and the ,gallatin forks of the ,missouri4 ,on this very spot my people camped five years ago4 ,here were their tents1 said ,sacajawea1 pointing out the embers of blackened fires4 ,the ,minnetarees peered over the hills4 ,we ran up this fork and hid in the thick woods4 ,the boats were reloaded and the party began to ascend the ,jefferson on ,july #cj1 to its head in the ,bitter ,root ,mountains4 ,at noon they camped for dinner4 ,and here was ,i captured6 cried ,sacajawea4 ,i was made a prisoner4 ,we were too few to fight the ,minnetarees4 ,they pursued us4 ,our men mounted their horses and fled to the mountains4 ,the women and children hid4 ,i ran4 ,i was crossing this river4 ,they caught me and carried me away4 ,what a realistic glimpse of daily terror6 ,fighting1 hunting1 wandering1 famishing1 in the land of anarchy4 ,formerly the ,shoshones were ,indians of the plains4 ,now they had been driven by their enemies into almost inaccessible fastnesses4 ,the ,beaver ,head6 ,the ,beaver ,head6 ,sacajawea pointed to a steep1 rocky cliff shaped like a beaver's head1 one hundred and fifty feet above the water1 an ,indian landmark from time immemorial4 ,this is not far from the summer retreat of my countrymen4 ,we shall meet them soon1 on a river beyond the mountains running to the west4 ,we must meet those ,indians1 said ,lewis1 it is our only hope for horses to cross the mountains4 ,lewis and ,clark camped ,august #g1 #ahje1 at ,beaverhead ,rock4 ,there1 fifty-seven years later1 chased by bears1 robbed by ,indians1 unsheltered1 unshod1 and almost starving1 the gold hunter stumbled upon the auriferous bed of an ancient river that made ,montana4 ,gold was discovered at ,alder ,gulch in #ahfc1 ten miles south of ,beaverhead ,rock1 and the next year mining began in the streets of the present city of ,helena4 ,the pick and the shovel in the miner's hand became the lamp and the ring in the grasp of ,aladdin4 ,the next morning after passing ,beaverhead ,rock1 ,captain ,lewis and three of the men slung their knapsacks over their shoulders and set out for the mountains1 determined not to return until they met some nation of ,indians4 ,two days later1 ,august #aa1 ,lewis with his spyglass espied a lone horseman on the hills4 ,the wild-eyed ,shoshone1 accustomed to scan the horizon1 saw him also4 ,he is of a different nation from any we have met1 remarked ,lewis1 watching intently through his glass4 ,he has a bow and a quiver of arrows1 and an elegant horse without a saddle4 ,like a lookout on the hills1 the ,indian stood and waited4 ,he is undoubtedly a ,shoshone4 ,much of our success depends on the friendly offices of that nation4 ,slowly ,lewis advanced4 ,slowly the ,indian came forward1 until1 within a mile of each other the ,indian suddenly stopped4 ,captain ,lewis also stopped1 and drawing a three-point blanket from his knapsack held it by the corners above his head1 and unfolding brought it to the ground as in the act of spreading4 ,three times he repeated the ,indian signal of hospitality--,come and sit on the robe with me4 ,still the ,indian kept his position1 viewing with an air of suspicion the hunters with ,lewis4 ,tabba bone1 tabba bone1 said ,lewis1 stripping up the sleeve of his shirt to show the colour of his skin1--white man1 white man1 a term learned of ,sacajawea4 ,paralysed the ,indian looked1 then fled like a frightened deer4 ,no calls could bring him back4 ,he said to his people1 ,i have seen men with faces pale as ashes1 who are makers of thunder and lightning4 ,he is a dreamer6 exclaimed the incredulous ,shoshones4 ,he makes up tales4 ,he must show us these white men or be put to death1 and trembling he started back with a body of warriors4 ,lewis1 disappointed at the flight of the ,shoshone1 pressed on4 ,narrower and narrower grew the river4 ,thank ,god1 ,i have lived to bestride the ,missouri6 exclaimed ,hugh ,mc,neil1 planting a foot on either side of the mountain rivulet4 ,two miles farther up they drank from the ice-cold spring at the river's source1 and stood on the summit of the ,great ,divide4 ,a little creek flowed down the ridge toward the west4 ,stooping1 they drank1--of the waters of the ,columbia1 and slept that night in ,idaho4 ,the next morning1 following a well-worn ,indian trail1 ,lewis came upon two women and a child4 ,one fled1 the other1 an old dame encumbered by the child1 sat down and bowed her head as if expecting instant death4 ,captain ,lewis advanced1 lifted her1 loaded her with gifts4 ,tabba bone1 tabba bone4 ,stripping up his sleeve he showed to the amazed woman the first white skin she had ever seen4 ,call your companion1 motioned ,lewis toward the fleeing woman4 ,the old dame raised her voice4 ,as fast as she ran away the young woman came running back1 almost out of breath4 ,she1 too1 was loaded with trinkets1 and the cheeks of all were painted with vermilion1 the ,shoshone emblem of peace4 ,without fear now she led him toward sixty mounted warriors1 who were advancing at a gallop as to battle4 ,tabba bone6 tabba bone6 explained the women1 introducing the stranger and exhibiting their gifts4 ,ah hi e6 ,ah hi e6--,i am much pleased6 ,i am much pleased6 exclaimed the warriors1 leaping from their horses and embracing ,lewis with great cordiality4 ,lewis drew forth his imposing calumet of red pipestone and lighted it4 ,this was a sign language of all tribes4 ,putting off their moccasins as if to say1 ,may ,i walk the forest barefoot forever if ,i break this pledge of friendship1 they sat down and smoked4 ,the chief1 too1 brought out a pipe1 of the dense transparent green stone of the ,bannock ,mountains1 highly polished4 ,another led him to a lodge and presented a piece of salmon1--then ,lewis no longer doubted that he was on waters flowing to the ,pacific4 ,slowly1 ,clark1 ill with chills and fever1 had been coming forward1 urging the canoes up the difficult and narrowing stream4 ,sacajawea1 the little ,bird-woman1 could not wait4 ,in her anxiety she begged to walk ahead along shore1 and with her husband went dancing up the rivulet of her childhood4 ,she flew ahead4 ,she turned1 pirouetting lightly on her beaded moccasins1 waving her arms and kissing her fingers4 ,her long hair flew in the wind and her beaded necklace sparkled4 ,yes1 there were the ,indians1 and ,lewis among them1 dressed like an ,indian too4 ,the white men had given everything they had to the ,indians1 even their cocked hats and red feathers1 and taken ,indian clothes in exchange1 robes of the mountain sheep and goat4 ,an ,indian girl leaned to look at ,sacajawea4 ,they flew into each other's arms4 ,they had been children together1 had been captured in the same battle1 had shared the same captivity4 ,one had escaped to her own people2 the other had been sold as a slave in the ,land of the ,dakotahs4 ,as girls will1 with arms around each other they wandered off and talked and talked of the wonderful fortune that had come to ,sacajawea1 the wife of a white man4 ,a council was immediately called4 ,the ,shoshones spread white robes and hung wampum shells of pearl in the hair of the white men4 ,sacajawea4 ,bring her hither1 called ,lewis4 ,tripping lightly into the willow lodge1 ,sacajawea was beginning to interpret1 when lifting her eyes to the chief1 she recognised her own brother1 ,cameahwait4 ,she ran to his side1 threw her blanket over his head1 and wept upon his bosom4 ,sacajawea1 too1 was a ,princess1 come home now to her ,mountain ,kingdom4 ,,xvi ,,idaho ,we are going through your country to the far ocean1 said ,captain ,lewis4 ,we are making a trail for the traders who will bring you guns4 ,this delights me1 answered ,cameahwait1 with his fierce eyes1 and his lank jaws grown meagre for want of food4 ,we are driven into the mountains1 when if we had guns we could meet our enemies in the plains4 ,all the ,shoshone talk was of war1 war1 war4 ,their great terror was the roving ,indians of the ,saskatchewan1 who1 with guns from the ,british traders1 came down like wolves on the fold4 ,only flight and wonderful skill with the bow and arrow saved the ,shoshones from destruction4 ,horses were their wealth4 ,most of them would make a figure on the south side of ,james ,river1 said ,lewis1 in the land of fine horses4 ,i saw several with ,spanish brands upon them4 ,brother to the ,comanche1 the ,shoshone rode his horse over rocks and ravines1 up declivitous ways and almost impossible passes4 ,every warrior had one or two tied to a stake near his willow hut1 night and day1 ready for action4 ,my horse is my friend4 ,he knows my voice4 ,he hears me speak4 ,he warns me of the enemy4 ,little children played with them1 squaws fed them1 braves painted them and decorated their manes and tails with eagle-plumes1 insignia of the ,rocky ,mountain ,indian4 ,such horses were a boon to ,lewis and ,clark1 for they were tractable1 sure-footed1 inured to the saddle and the pack4 ,a ,shoshone found a tomahawk that ,lewis had lost in the grass1 and returned it1--now a tomahawk was worth a hundred dollars to a ,shoshone4 ,they had no knives or hatchets1--all their wood was split with a wedge of elkhorn and a mallet of stone4 ,they started their fires by twirling two dry sticks together4 ,through all the valleys the ,shoshones sent for their best horses1 to trade for knives and tomahawks4 ,delighted they watched the fall of deer before the guns of white men4 ,the age of stone had met the age of steel4 ,how to get over the mountains was the daily consultation4 ,cameahwait pointed out an old man that knew the rivers4 ,clark engaged him for a guide3 ,you shall be called ,toby4 ,be ready to-morrow morning4 ,proud of his new name1 old ,toby packed up his moccasins4 ,the ,indians drew maps3 ,seven days over sheer mountains4 ,no game1 no fish1 nothing but roots4 ,captain ,clark set out to reconnoitre the ,salmon ,river route4 ,a river of high rocks1 said ,cameahwait1 all a river of foam4 ,no man or horse can cross4 ,no man can walk along the shore4 ,we never travel that way4 ,nevertheless ,clark went on4 ,for seventy miles1 through mountains almost inaccessible1 and subsisting on berries the greater part of the route1 as ,clark afterward told his brother1 they pushed their way1 then--troubles just begun1 remarked old ,toby4 ,checking their horses on the edge of a precipice1 ,clark and his companions looked down on the foaming ,snake1 roaring and fretting and lashing the walls of its inky canyon a hundred feet below1 savage1 tremendous1 frightful4 ,as ,cameahwait had said1 the way was utterly impracticable4 ,i name this great branch of the ,columbia for my comrade1 ,captain ,lewis1 said ,clark4 ,back from the ,snake ,river1 ,clark found ,lewis buying horses4 ,the ,shoshone women were mending the men's moccasins4 ,the explorers were making pack-saddles of rawhide4 ,for boards they broke up boxes and used the handles of their oars4 ,i have ever held this expedition in equal estimation with my own existence1 said ,lewis1 urging on the preparations4 ,if ,indians can pass these mountains1 we can4 ,haunched around the fires1 the forlorn ,indians looked and listened and shook their unkempt heads4 ,me know better route1 said the friendly old ,shoshone guide4 ,to the north1 another great water to the ,columbia4 ,no6 no6 no6 shouted all the ,shoshones4 ,no trail that way4 ,but ,clark believed the faithful old ,toby4 ,evidently the ,shoshones wished to detain them all winter4 ,unseen by the ,indians1 at night a cache was dug at the head of the ,jefferson1 for the last of the heavy luggage1 leaving out only ,indian gifts and absolute necessities to carry on the pack-horses4 ,the canoes were filled with rocks and sunk to the bottom of the river4 ,august #cj1 the expedition was ready4 ,before setting out the violins were brought and the men danced1 to the great diversion of the ,indians4 ,then1 when they turned their faces to the ,bitter ,root1 with the old guide and his four sons1 the ,shoshones set out east for their annual hunt on the ,missouri4 ,from ,may to ,september the ,shoshones lived on salmon that came up the mountain streams4 ,now that the salmon were gone1 necessity compelled them forth4 ,with swift dashes down the ,missouri they were wont to kill and dry what buffalo they could1 and retreat to consume it in their mountain fastnesses4 ,the whites had surprised them in their very citadel--led by ,sacajawea4 ,along the difficult ,bitter ,root ,mountains ,lewis and ,clark journeyed1 meeting now and then ,indian women digging yamp and pounding sunflower seeds into meal4 ,food grew scarce and scarcer1 now and then a deer1 a grouse1 or a belated salmon stranded in some mountain pool4 ,sometimes they had but a bit of parched corn in their wallets1 like the ,immortals that marched to the conquest of ,illinois4 ,but those snowy peaks that from a distance seemed so vast1--that like the ,alps defied approach to any but a ,hannibal or a ,napoleon--now1 as if to meet their conquerors1 bent low in many a grassy glade4 ,in a pocket of the mountains now called ,ross ,hole1 they came upon a camp of ,flatheads1 with five hundred horses1 on their way to the ,missouri for the ,fall hunt of buffalo4 ,unknown to them the ,flatheads had been watching from the timber and had reported3 ,strangers4 ,two chiefs riding ahead1 looking at the country4 ,one warrior painted black4 ,the rest leading packhorses4 ,keep quiet4 ,wait4 ,they are coming4 ,york's feet had become lame and he was riding with the ,captains4 ,when the white men came in view the ,flatheads looked on their faces4 ,they were shocked at the whiteness4 ,compassion was in every ,indian heart4 ,these men have no blankets4 ,they have been robbed4 ,see how cold their cheeks are4 ,they are chilled4 ,bring robes4 ,build fires4 ,all the ,indians ran for their beautiful white robes1 and wrapped them around the shoulders of the white men4 ,before the blazing fires the white men's cheeks grew red4 ,perspiration burst from every pore4 ,the robes slipped off1 but the solicitous red men kept putting them back and stirring up the fire4 ,then the ,captains1 touched to the heart1 spoke to the kind-hearted ,flatheads of a great people toward the rising sun1 strong and brave and rich4 ,have they wigwams and much buffalo8 inquired the ,flatheads4 ,yes4 ,we have been sent by the ,great ,father1 the ,president1 to bring these presents to his children the ,flatheads4 ,the childlike ,flatheads were much impressed4 ,never did they forget the visit of those first white men4 ,traditions enough to fill a book have been handed down1 and to this day they boast1 the ,flathead never killed a white man4 ,the whites listened in amaze to the low guttural clucking of the ,flatheads1 resembling that of a chicken or parrot4 ,voice there was none1 only a soft crooning to their gentle chatter1 interpreted by ,sacajawea and the old ,shoshone guide4 ,the women crowded around ,sacajawea and untied her baby from its elkskin cradle4 ,they fed it and gave it little garments4 ,that baby was an open sesame touching the hearts of all4 ,sacajawea1 riding on her horse to the ,columbia1 found friends with every tribe4 ,others might pay2 she1 never4 ,the ,indian mother-heart opened to ,sacajawea4 ,her very presence was an assurance of pacific intention4 ,the women brought food1 roots1 and berries4 ,to a late hour the white men continued smoking and conversing with the chiefs1 when more robes were brought1 and the weary ones slept with their feet to the fire4 ,those hongry ,injin dorgs ate up me moccasins lasht noight1 complained ,pat in the morning4 ,but they're the whoitest ,injins ,i iver saw4 ,more horses were brought and the lame ones exchanged1 so now with forty horses and three colts the ,captains and their devoted followers struggled on1 ,over the warst road ,i iver saw1 said ,pat4 ,faith6 'tis warse nor the ,alleghanies where ,i rid whin a bye4 ,one horse loaded with a desk and small trunk rolled down a steep declivity until it was stopped by a tree4 ,the desk was broken4 ,that night they camped at the snow line and more snow began to fall4 ,wet1 cold1 hungry1 they killed a colt for supper and slept under the stars4 ,the horses were failing4 ,some had to be abandoned4 ,one rolled down a mountain into a creek at the bottom4 ,some strayed or lost their packs1 and the worn-out men1 ever on the jump1 came toiling through the brush1 bearing on their own backs the unwieldy pack-saddles4 ,up here in the ,bitter ,root ,mountains1 the last of ,dr4 ,saugrain's thermometers was broken1 which accounts for the fact that from this point on they kept no record of temperature4 ,september #i the expedition journeyed down the main ,bitter ,root valley1 named ,clark's ,river1 and crossing it came to a large creek and camped a day to rest their horses4 ,traveller's ,rist1 is it8 said ,pat4 ,me fa-a-ther's inn at ,wellsburg was the fir-r-st ',traveller's ,rist' in all ,wistern ,varginny1 and ,traveller's ,rest it remained until some later explorer renamed it the ,lolo fork of the ,bitter ,root ,river4 ,here the boys mended their garments torn and tattered in the mountains1 and the hunters went out for game4 ,they returned with three ,flatheads4 ,ay6 ,ay6 clucked the gentle ,flatheads1 the river goes to the great lake4 ,our relations were there and bought handkerchiefs like these of an old white man that lives by himself4 ,lame and weary1 straight across ,idaho they struggled1 over seams and streaks of precious metal that they saw not1 the gold of ,ophir concealed in the rocky chambers of the ,idaho ,alps1--struggled into the ,lolo trail used by the ,indians for ages before any whites ever came into the country4 ,over the ,lolo trail went the ,nez ,percs to battle and to hunt buffalo in the ,montana country4 ,down over this trail once came a war party and captured ,wat-ku-ese1 a ,nez ,perc girl1 and carried her away to the distant land of white men1--so-yap-po1 the crowned ones1 she called them1 because they wore hats4 ,still ever ,wat-ku-ese dreamed of her ,nez ,perc home and one day escaped with her infant on her back4 ,along the way white traders were kind to her4 ,on and on1 footsore and weary she journeyed alone4 ,in the ,flathead country her baby died and was buried there4 ,one day some ,nez ,percs came down over the ,lolo trail bringing home ,wat-ku-ese1 weak1 sick1 dying4 ,she was with her people at their camas ground1 ,weippe1 when ,lewis and ,clark came down over the ,lolo trail4 ,let us kill them1 whispered the frightened ,nez ,percs4 ,wat-ku-ese lay dying in her tent when she heard it4 ,white men1 did you say8 ,no1 no1 do not harm them4 ,they are the crowned ones who were so good to me4 ,do not be afraid of them4 ,go near to them4 ,cautiously the ,nez ,percs approached4 ,the explorers shook their hands4 ,this was to the ,indians a new form of greeting4 ,everywhere ,indian women were digging the camas root1 round like an onion1 and little heaps lay piled here and there4 ,they paused in their work to watch the strangers4 ,some screamed and ran and hid4 ,little girls hid their baby brothers in the brush4 ,others brought food4 ,so starved and famished were the men that they ate inordinately of the sweet camas and the kouse1 the biscuit root4 ,the sudden change to a warmer climate and laxative roots resulted in sickness1 when the expedition might have been easily attacked but for those words of ,wat-ku-ese1 who now lay dead in her tent4 ,to this day the ,nez ,percs rehearse the story of ,wat-ku-ese4 ,it was the beginning of a lifelong friendship with the whites1 broken only when ,chief ,joseph fled over the ,lolo trail4 ,but even ,chief ,joseph found he must give up the vast areas over which he was wont to roam1 and come under the laws of civilised life4 ,as fast as their weakness permitted councils were held1 when the ,captains told the ,nez ,percs of the ,great ,father at ,washington1 who had sent them to visit his children4 ,twisted ,hair1 the ,nez ,perc ,tewat1 a great medicine man1 dreamer and wizard and wise one1 drew on a white elkskin a chart of the rivers4 ,admiring redmen put their hands over their mouths in amazement4 ,no one but ,twisted ,hair could do such things4 ,he was a learned ,indian1 knew all the trails1 even to the ,falls of the ,columbia4 ,white men1 said he1 live at the ,tim-tim falls4 ,thus into ,idaho had penetrated the story of ,ko-na-pe1 the wrecked ,spaniard1 who with his son ,soto had set out up the great river to find white people and tarried there until he died4 ,seven years later ,astor's people met ,soto1 an old man dark as his ,indian mother1 but still the ,indians called him white4 ,twenty years later ,soto's daughter was still living on the ,columbia in the days of the ,hudson's ,bay ,company4 ,to save time and trouble1 canoes were burnt out of logs4 ,leaving their horses with the ,nez ,percs1 on ,october #d the explorers were glad to get into their boats with their baggage and float down the clear ,kooskooske1 into the yellow-green ,snake1 and on into the blue ,columbia4 ,at the confluence of the rivers medals were given and councils held on the present site of ,lewiston4 ,day by day through wild1 romantic scenes where white man's foot had never trod1 the exultant young men were gliding to the sea4 ,ahead of the boats on horseback galloped ,we-ark-koompt1 an ,indian express4 ,word flew4 ,the tribes were watching4 ,at the dinner camp1 ,october #af1 five ,indians came up the river on foot in great haste1 took a look and started back1 running as fast as they could4 ,that night ,lewis and ,clark were met at the ,columbia by a procession of two hundred ,indians with drums1 singing1 ,ke-hai1 ke-hai1 the redmen's signal of friendship4 ,,xvii ,,down ,,the ,,columbia ,the arrival at the ,columbia was followed by days of councils1 with gifts and speeches and smoking4 ,two ,nez ,perc chiefs1 ,twisted ,hair the ,tewat and ,tetoh1 introduced the explorers from tribe to tribe1 bearing on and on the good words of ,wat-ku-ese3 ,they are crowned ones4 ,do not be afraid4 ,go near to them4 ,all the ,indian world seemed camped on the ,columbia4 ,everywhere and everywhere were inconceivable multitudes of salmon4 ,they could be seen twenty feet deep in the water1 they lay on the surface1 and floated ashore4 ,hundreds of ,indians were splitting and spreading them on scaffolds to dry4 ,the inhabitants ate salmon1 slept on salmon1 burnt dried salmon to cook salmon4 ,with a coal a ,yakima chief drew on a robe a map of the river so valuable that ,clark afterwards transferred it to paper4 ,that map on the robe was carried home to ,jefferson and hung up by him in ,monticello4 ,every trail was marked by moccasin tracks1 every village by a cluster of teepees4 ,in the high countrey of the ,walla ,walla they caught sight of the ,mt4 ,hood of ,vancouver1 and were eager to reach it4 ,tarry with us1 begged ,yellept1 the ,walla ,walla chief4 ,when we return1 replied the eager men4 ,then ,clark climbed a cliff two hundred feet above the water and spied ,st4 ,helens4 ,very well ,clark remembered ,lord ,st4 ,helens from whom this peak was named4 ,the very name to him was linked with those old days when ,detroit must be taken1 for ,lord ,st4 ,helens and ,john ,jay drew up the treaty that evacuated ,detroit4 ,captain ,clark and a few of the men still continued in advance walking along the shore4 ,near the beautiful ,umatilla a white crane rose over the ,columbia4 ,clark fired4 ,a village of ,indians heard the report and marvelled at the sudden descent of the bird4 ,as with outspread1 fluttering wings it touched the ground the white men came into view4 ,one moment of transfixed horror1 and the ,indians fled4 ,captain ,clark promptly followed1 opened the mat doors of their huts and entered4 ,with bowed heads1 weeping and wringing their hands1 a crowd of men1 women1 and children awaited the blow of death4 ,lifting their chins1 ,clark smiled upon them and offered gifts4 ,evidently they had not met the ,indian express4 ,all tribes know the peace-pipe1 he remarked1 and drawing forth his pipestone calumet lit it1 as was his wont1 with a sunglass4 ,as the fire kindled from the rays through the open roof1 again the people shrieked4 ,in vain ,drouillard tried to pacify them4 ,not one would touch the pipe lit by the sun4 ,clark went out and sat on a rock and smoked until the boats arrived4 ,do not be afraid4 ,go to them1 began the ,nez ,perc chiefs4 ,they are not men1 hurriedly whispered the frightened ,indians4 ,we saw them fall from heaven with great thunder4 ,they bring fire from the sky4 ,not until ,sacajawea landed with her baby was tranquillity restored4 ,no squaw travels with a war party1 that must be admitted1 and soon they were smoking with great unanimity4 ,tim-m-m-m2--tim-m-m-m6 hummed the ,indians at the ,falls1 at ,celilo1 poetically imitating the sound of falling waters4 ,there was salmon at the ,falls of the ,columbia1 stacks of salmon dried1 pounded1 packed in baskets1 salmon heaped in bales1 stored in huts and cached in cellars in the sand4 ,making a portage around the ,falls1 the boats slid down4 ,de rapide6 de rapide6 before we spik some prayer we come on de beeg rock6 screamed ,cruzatte1 the bowman4 ,apparently a black wall stretched across the river1 but as they neared1 a rift appeared where the mighty channel of the ,columbia narrows to forty-five yards at the ,dalles4 ,crowds of ,indians gathered as ,clark and ,cruzatte stopped to examine the pass4 ,by good steering6 said ,cruzatte4 ,shaping up his canoe1 it darted through the hissing and curling waters like a racehorse4 ,close behind1 the other boats shot the boiling caldron1 to the great astonishment of ,indian villagers watching from above4 ,at the ,warm ,springs ,reservation there are ,indians yet who remember the old dip-net fishing days and the stories of ,billy ,chinook1 who then saw ,york1 the black man4 ,i was a boy of twelve4 ,when the black man turned and looked at us1 we children fled behind the rocks4 ,here at the ,dalles were wooden houses1 the first that ,lewis and ,clark had seen since leaving the ,illinois country1 with roofs1 doors1 and gables like frontier cabins1--and still more stacks of salmon4 ,ten thousand pounds1 said ,clark1 dried1 baled1 and bound for traffic down the river4 ,the ancient ,indian village of ,wishram stands on that spot still1 with the same strong smell of salmon4 ,the houses are much the same1 and among their treasures may be found a coin of #ahja1 bartered1 no doubt1 by ,lewis and ,clark for a bale of salmon4 ,on sped the boats1 through mighty mountains1 past ancient burial places of the savage dead1 to the wild-rushing ,cascades4 ,past these ,cascades1 five miles of continuous rapids1 white with sheets of foam4 ,we mak' portage1 said ,cruzatte1 his bow grating on the narrow shelf of shore4 ,on either side1 rocky palisades1 green-mossed and dripping1 reached the skies4 ,tiny waterfalls1 leaping from the clouds1 fell in rainbow mist a thousand feet below4 ,mt4 ,hood stood white and vast4 ,below the ,cascades great numbers of hair-seals slept on the rocks4 ,swarms of swans1 geese1 ducks1 cranes1 storks1 white gulls1 cormorants1 plover swept screaming by4 ,the hills were green1 the soft west wind was warm with rain4 ,what a wild delight ,of space6 of room6 ,what a sense of seas6 ,they had come into a new world1--the valley of the lower ,columbia1 the home of the ,chinook wind4 ,at ,hood ,river alarmed ,indians1 dressed in skins of the mountain goat1 the ,oregon mazama1 peered after the passing white men4 ,at every house1 and among mouldering remains of ancient tombs1 lay scattered innumerable images of wood and stone or of burnt clay1 household gods of the ,columbian ,indian4 ,flat and flatter grew the heads4 ,up in the ,bitter ,root1 women alone wore this badge of distinction4 ,here1 every infant lay strapped like a mummy with a padded board across its forehead4 ,a new sort of boats now glided alongside the flotilla1 great sea canoes manned with ,chinook paddles4 ,they were long and light1 tapering at the ends1 wide in the middle and lifting stern and prow into beaks like a ,roman galley4 ,and every canoe was laden with salmon1 going down river to trade for beads and wapato4 ,traces of white men began to appear1--blue and scarlet blankets1 brass tea-kettles1 and beads4 ,one ,indian1 with a round hat and a sailor-jacket1 wore his hair in a queue in imitation of the ,bostons4 ,i trade with ,mr4 ,haley1 said one in good ,english1 showing the bow of iron and other goods that ,mr4 ,haley had given him4 ,and this is his squaw in the canoe4 ,more and more fertile and delightful grew the country1 shaded by thick groves of tall timber and watered by streams1 fair as lay unpeopled ,kentucky thirty years before4 ,scarce could ,clark repress the recollection of the tales his brother brought home of that first trip to ,boonsboro in #agge4 ,nothing surprised them more than the tropic luxuriance of vegetation4 ,the moist ,japan wind nurtured the trees to mammoths1 six1 eight1 and ten feet through4 ,shrubbery like the hazel grew to be trees4 ,the maple spread its leaves like palm fans2 dogwood of magnolian beauty1 wild cherry1 crab-apple1 interlaced with ,oregon grape1 blackberries1 wild roses1 vines of every sort and description1 and ferns1 ferns1 ferns filled the canyons like the jungles of ,orinoco4 ,on ,november #d1 nearly opposite the present ,vancouver1 they landed at a village on the left side of the river where a fleet of over fifty canoes was drawn up on shore1 gathering wapato4 ,wapato8 ,wapato8 ,an ,indian treated them to the queen root of the ,columbia1 round and white1 about the size of a small ,irish potato4 ,this1 baked1 was the bread of the ,chinook ,indian4 ,in two days1 said ,indians in sailor jackets and trousers1 shirts1 and hats1 in two days1 two ships1 white people in them4 ,village there1 said an ,indian in a magnificent canoe1 pointing beyond some islands at the mouth of the ,willamette4 ,he was finely dressed and wore a round hat4 ,yes1 it might be1 villages1 villages everywhere1 but ships--ships below6 ,they had no time for villages now4 ,long into the darkness of night the boats sped on1 on1 past dim forests bending to the wave1 past shadowy heights receding into sunset1 past campfires on the hills where naked ,indians walked between them and the light4 ,at a late hour they camped4 ,november rains were setting in1 the night was noisy with wild fowl coming up the ,columbia to escape the storms of ocean4 ,trumpeter swans blew their shrill clarions1 and whistling swans1 geese1 and other birds in flights of hundreds swept past in noisy serenade1 dropping from their wings the spray of the sea4 ,none slept4 ,toward morning the rain began4 ,in a wet morning and a rushing wind they bent to the oar1 past ,st4 ,helens1 past ,mt4 ,coffin1 past ,cathlamet where ,queen ,sally in scant garments watched from a rock and told the tale in after years4 ,we had been watching for days1 she said4 ,news had come by ,indian post of the strangers from the east4 ,they came in the afternoon and were met by our canoes and brought to the village4 ,there1 ,clark says in his journals1 we dined on ,november #bf4 ,but ,lewis and ,clark were tired of ,indians by this time1 and moreover1 ships were waiting below6 ,it was a moment of intense excitement4 ,even at ,cathlamet they heard the surge of ocean rolling on the rocks forty miles away4 ,before night the fog lifted and they beheld the ocean6--that ocean1 the object of all our labours1 the reward of all our anxieties4 ,ocean in view6 ,o6 the joy4 ,struggling with their unwieldy canoes the landsmen grew seasick in the rising swells of the up-river tide4 ,for miles they could not find a place to camp1 so wild and rocky were the shores4 ,at last1 exhausted1 they threw their mats on the beautiful pebbly beach and slept in the rain4 ,everything was wet1 soaked through1 bedding1 stores1 clothing4 ,and all the salt was spoiled4 ,there was nothing to eat but raw dried salmon1 wet with sea water1 and many of the men began to be ill from exposure and improper food4 ',t is the divil's own weather1 said ,pat1 coming in from a reconnoitre with his wet hunting shirt glued fast to his skin4 ,pat could see the waves loike small mountains rolling out in the ocean1 but just now he1 like all the rest1 preferred a dry corner by a chimney fire4 ,une ,grande ,piqnique6 exclaimed ,cruzatte4 ,lak' tonder de ocean roar6 ,blow lak' not'ing ,i never see1 ,blow lak' le diable makin' grande tour6 ,hear de win' on de beeg pine tree6 ,and all were hungry4 ,even ,clark1 who claimed to be indifferent as to what he ate1 caught himself pondering on bread and buns4 ,with the peculiar half laugh of the squaw1 ,sacajawea brought a morsel that she had saved for the child all the way from the ,mandan towns1 but now it was wet and beginning to sour4 ,clark took it and remarked in his journal1 ,this bread ,i ate with great satisfaction1 it being the only mouthful ,i had tasted for several months4 ,chinook ,indians pilfered around the camp4 ,if any one of your nation steals anything from us1 ,i will have you shot1 said ,captain ,clark1--which they understand very well1 he remarked to the camp as the troublers slunk away4 ,a sentinel stood on constant watch4 ,captain ,lewis and eleven of the men went around the bay and found where white people had been camped all summer1 but naught remained save the cold white beach and the ,indians camping there4 ,the ships had sailed4 ,down there near the ,chinook town1 facing the ocean1 ,captain ,lewis branded a tree with his name and the date1 and a few days later ,captain ,clark says1 ,i marked my name on a large pine tree immediately on the isthmus1 at ,clatsop4 ,it was two hundred years since ,captain ,john ,smith sailed up the ,chickahominy in ,virginia in search of the ,south ,sea4 ,at last1 far beyond the ,chickahominy1 ,lewis and ,clark sailed up the ,missouri and down the ,columbia in search of the same ,south ,sea4 ,and here at the mouth of the ,oregon they found it1 stretching away to ,china4 ,balboa1 ,magellan1 ,cortez1 ,mackenzie1--,lewis and ,clark had joined the immortals4 ,,xviii ,,fort ,,clatsop ,,by ,,the ,,sea ,december had now arrived1 and southwest storms broke upon the coast with tremendous force4 ,off ,cape ,disappointment1 the surges dashed to the height of the masthead of a ship1 with most terrific roaring4 ,a winter encampment could no longer be delayed4 ,deer1 elk1 good skin1 good meat1 said the ,chinook ,indians1 in pantomime1 pointing across the bay to the south4 ,accordingly1 thither the eggshell boats were guided1 across the tempestuous ,columbia1 to the little river ,netul1 now the ,lewis and ,clark1 ten miles from the ocean4 ,beside a spring branch1 in a thick grove of lofty firs about two hundred yards from the water1 the leather tent was set up and big fires built1 while all hands fell to clearing a space for the winter cabins4 ,in four days the logs were rolled up1 ,boonsboro fashion1 into shelters for the winter4 ,the foinest puncheons ,i iver saw1 said ,patrick ,gass1 head carpenter1 as he set to splitting boards out of the surrounding firs4 ,by ,christmas seven cabins were covered and the floors laid4 ,the chinks were filled with clay1 and fir-log fires were set roaring in the capacious chimneys that filled an entire end of each cabin4 ,on ,christmas day they moved in1 wet blankets and all1 with rounds of firearms and ,christmas salutes4 ,the leather tent1 soaked for days1 fell to pieces4 ,the heavy canisters of powder1 every one of which had been under the water in many a recent capsize1 were consigned in safety to the powder-house4 ,on ,new ,year's ,eve the palisades were done1 and the gates were closed at sunset4 ,the first winter-home of civilised people on the ,columbia has an abiding charm1 not unlike that of ,plymouth or ,jamestown4 ,back through the mists of one hundred years we see gangs of elk1 chased by hunters through cranberry bogs1 that shook for the space of half an acre4 ,their soundless footfalls were lost in beds of brown pine needles and cushions of moss4 ,the firing of guns reverberated through the dim gloom like a piece of ordnance4 ,it was from such a trip as this that the hunters returned on the #afth of ,december1 reporting elk4 ,all hands set to work carrying up the meat from the loaded boats1 skinning and cutting and hanging it up in small pieces in the meathouse1 to be smoked by a slow bark fire4 ,but in spite of every precaution1 the meat began to spoil4 ,we must have salt1 said ,captain ,lewis4 ,in a few days1 five men were dispatched with five kettles to build a cairn for the manufacture of salt from seawater4 ,already ,clark had examined the coast with this in view1 and the salt-makers' camp was established near ,tillamook ,head1 about fifteen miles southwest of the fort where the old cairn stands to this day4 ,here the men built a neat1 close camp1 convenient to wood1 salt water and the fresh waters of the ,clatsop ,river1 within a hundred paces of the ocean1 and kept the kettles boiling day and night4 ,on that trip to the coast1 while the cabins were building1 ,captain ,clark visited the ,clatsops1 and purchased some rude household furniture1 cranberries1 mats1 and the skin of a panther1 seven feet from tip to tip1 to cover their puncheon floor4 ,other utensils were easily fashioned4 ,seated on puncheon stools1 before the log-fire of the winter night1 the men carved cedar cups1 spoons1 plates1 and dreamed of homes across the continent4 ,in just such a little log cabin as this1 ,shannon saw his mother in ,ohio woods2 ,patrick ,gass pictured his father1 with his pipe1 at ,wellsburg1 ,west ,virginia2 ,sergeant ,ordway crossed again the familiar threshold at ,hebron1 ,new ,hampshire4 ,clark recalled ,mulberry ,hill1 and ,lewis1--his mind was fixed on ,charlottesville1 or the walls expanded into ,monticello and the ,white ,house4 ,mak' some pleasurement now1 begged the ,frenchmen1 w'en ,bonhomme ,cruzatte tune up hees fidelle for de dance4 ,tales were told and plans were made4 ,toward midnight these ,sinbads of the forest fell asleep1 on their beds of fir boughs1 lulled by the brook1 the whispering of the pines1 and the falling of the winter rain4 ,this was not like winter rain in eastern climates1 but soft and warm as ,april4 ,the grass grew green1 ,spring flowers opened in ,december4 ,the moist ,japan wind gives ,oregon the temperature of ,england4 ,i most sincerely regret the loss of my thermometer1 said ,lewis4 ,i am confident this climate is much milder than the same latitude on the ,atlantic4 ,i never experienced so warm a winter4 ,but about the last of ,january there came a snow at ,clatsop1 four inches thick1 and icicles hung from the houses during the day4 ,a real touch of winter1 said ,lewis4 ,the breath is perceptible in our room by the fire4 ,like all ,oregon snow it disappeared in a week--and then it was ,spring4 ,in the centre of the officer's cabin1 a fir stump1 sawed off smooth and flat for a table1 was covered with maps and papers4 ,books were written in that winter of #ahje-f1 voluminous records of ,oregon plants and trees1 birds1 beasts1 and fishes4 ,they had named rivers and measured mountains1 and after wandering more than ,homer's heroes1 the explorers were ready now to carry a new geography to the ,states4 ,and here1 as everywhere1 ,lewis was busy with his vocabularies1 learning the ,chinook jargon4 ,as never before1 all the men became scientists4 ,even ,captain ,clark's black man took an interest and reported some fabulous finds4 ,the houses were dry and comfortable1 and within1 they had a plentiful supply of elk and salt1 excellent1 white1 and fine1 but not so strong as the rock salt1 or that made in ,kentucky4 ,meal time was always interesting4 ,very often the ,captains caught themselves asking3 ,charboneau1 when will dinner be ready8 ,all day the firelight flickered on ,sacajawea's hair1 as she sat making moccasins1 crooning a song in her soft ,indian monotone4 ,this was1 perhaps1 the happiest winter ,sacajawea ever knew1 with baby ,touissant toddling around her on the puncheon floor1 pulling her shawl around his chubby face1 or tumbling over his own cradle4 ,the modest ,shoshone princess never dreamed how the presence of her child and herself gave a touch of domesticity to that ,oregon winter4 ,now and then ,indian women came to see ,sacajawea1 sitting all day without a word1 watching her every motion4 ,sometimes ,sacajawea helped ,charboneau1 with his spits1 turning slowly before the fire1 or with his elk's tongues or sausage or beaver's tails4 ,sometimes she made trapper's butter1 boiling up the marrow of the shank bones with a sprinkle of salt4 ,in the short days darkness came on at four o'clock1 and the last of the candles were soon exhausted4 ,then the moulds were brought and candles were made of elk tallow1 until a heap1 shining and white1 were ready for the winter evenings4 ,we have had trouble enough with those thieving ,chinooks1 said ,captain ,lewis4 ,without a special permit1 they are to be excluded from the fort4 ,the ,indians heard it4 ,did a knock resound at the gate1 ,no ,chinook6 was the quick accompaniment4 ,who1 then8 demanded the sentinel1 gun in hand4 ,clatsop1 answered ,coboway's people entering with roots and cranberries4 ,or1 ,cathlamets1 answered an up-river tribe with rush bags of wapato on their backs4 ,roots of the edible thistle--white and crisp as a carrot1 sweet as sugar1 the roasted root of the fern1 resembling the dough of wheat1 and roots of licorice1 varied the monotonous fare4 ,these supplies were very welcome1 but the purchase money1 that was the problem4 ,president ,jefferson had given to ,captain ,lewis an unlimited letter of credit on the ,united ,states1 but such a letter would not buy from these ,indians even a bushel of wapato4 ,the ,cathlamets would trade for fishhooks4 ,the ,clatsops preferred beads1 knives1 or an old file4 ,no wonder they valued an old file3 the finest work of their beautiful canoes was often done with a chisel fashioned from an old file4 ,lewis and ,clark had frequent occasion to admire their skill in managing these little boats1 often out-riding the waves in the most tumultuous seas4 ,ashore1 these canoe-,indians waddled and rolled like tipsy sailors4 ,afloat1 straight and trim as horse-,indians of the prairie1 each deft ,chinook glided to his seat along the unrocking boats1 and striking up the paddlers' ,ho-ha-ho-ha-ho-ha- went rowing all their lives1 until their arms grew long and strong1 their legs shrunk short and crooked1 and their heads became abnormally intelligent4 ,nor were these coast ,indians lacking in courage1--they sometimes ventured into the sea in their wonderful canoes1 and harpooned the great whale and towed him in4 ,when it came to prices for their beautiful skins of sea-otter1 almost nothing would do4 ,clark offered a watch1 a handkerchief1 an ,american dollar1 and a bunch of red beads for a single skin4 ,no6 ,no6 in stentorian tone--,tyee ka-mo-suck1--chief beads1--the most common sort of large blue glass beads1 the precious money of that country4 ,chiefs hung them on their bosoms1 squaws bound them on their ankles1 pretty maidens hung them in their hair4 ,but ,lewis and ,clark had only a few and must reserve them for most pressing necessity4 ,since that ,may morning when ,captain ,robert ,gray discovered the ,columbia ,river1 fourteen years before1 the ,chinook ,indians had learned the value of furs4 ,once they handed over their skins1 and took without a murmur what the ,boston skippers chose to give4 ,now1 a hundred ships upon that shore had taught them craft4 ,one of old ,king ,comcomly's people had a robe of sea-otter1 the fur of which was the most beautiful we had ever seen4 ,in vain ,lewis offered everything he had1 nothing would purchase the treasured cloak but the belt of blue beads worn by ,sacajawea4 ,on every hand among these coast tribes were blankets1 sailor-clothes1 guns1--old ,revolutionary muskets mended for this trade1--powder and ball1 the powder in little japanned tin flasks in which the traders sold it4 ,in what ,clark calls a guggling kind of language spoken mostly through the throat1 with much pantomime and some ,english1 conversation was carried on4 ,who are these traders8 asked ,captain ,lewis4 ,old ,comcomly1 ,king of the ,chinooks1 on the north side1 and ,tyee ,coboway1 ,chief of the ,clatsops1 on the south bank of the ,columbia1 tried to remember1 and counted on their fingers1-- ,haley1 three masts1 stays some time1 ,tallamon not a trader1 ,callalamet has a wooden leg1 ,davidson1 no trader1 hunts elk1 ,skelley1 long time ago1 only one eye4 ,and then there were ,youens1 ,swipton1 ,mackey1 ,washington1 ,mesship1 ,jackson1 ,balch1 all traders with three-masted ships whose names are not identified by any ,atlantic list4 ,the one translated ,washington by ,lewis and ,clark may have been ,ockington of the ,belle ,savage1 #ahja1 or ,tawnington1 both of whom are known to have been on the coast in those years4 ,in fact1 no complete record was ever kept of the ships that swarmed around the ,horn and up the ,pacific1 in those infant years of our republic1 #aghg to #ahbj4 ,while ,europe clustered around the theatre of ,napoleonic wars1 every harbour of ,new ,england had its fur ships and whalers out1 flying the ,stars and ,stripes around the world4 ,what do they say8 inquired ,lewis1 still pressing investigation4 ,proud of their acquirements1 every ,chinook and ,clatsop in the nation could recall some word or phrase4 ,musket1 powder1 shot1 knife1 file1 heave the lead1 damned rascal6 ,no wonder ,lewis and ,clark laughed1 these mother words on the savage tongue were like voices out of the very deep1 calling from the ships4 ,one hyas tyee ship--great chief ship--,moore1 four masts1 three cows on board4 ,which way did he go8 ,the ,indians pantomimed along the northwest coast4 ,from which1 says ,lewis1 ,i infer there must be settlements in that direction4 ,the great desire1 almost necessity1 now1 seemed to be to wait until some ship appeared upon the shore from which to replenish their almost exhausted stores4 ,whenever the boats went in and out of ,meriwether ,bay they passed the ,memeloose ,illahee1 the dead country of the ,clatsops4 ,before #ahjj1 as near as ,lewis and ,clark could ascertain1 several hundred of the ,clatsops died suddenly of a disease that appeared to be smallpox1 the same undoubtedly that cut down ,black ,bird and his ,omahas1 rolling on west and north where the ,hudson's ,bay traders traced it to the borders of the ,arctic4 ,in ,haley's ,bay one hundred canoes in one place bespoke the decimation of the ,chinooks1 all slumbering now in that almost priceless carved coffin1 the ,chinook canoe1 with gifts around them and feet to the sunset1 ready to drift on an unknown voyage4 ,there was a time when ,indian campfires stretched from ,walla ,walla to the sea1 when fortifications were erected1 and when ,indian flint factories supplied the weapons of countless warriors4 ,but they are gone4 ,the first settlers found sloughs and bayous lined with burial canoes1 until the dead were more than the living4 ,no ,indians knew whose bones they were1 those old1 old1 old people4 ,red children and white tumbled them out of the cedar coffins and carried away the dead men's treasures4 ,there was mourning along the rivers4 ,a quietness came over the land4 ,stone hammers1 flint chips1 and arrows lie under the forests1 and embers of fires two centuries old4 ,the native tribes were disappearing before the white man came1 and the destruction of property with the dead kept the survivors always impoverished4 ,,xix ,a ,,whale ,,ashore ,a whale6 a whale ashore6 ,when ,chief ,coboway brought word there was great excitement at ,fort ,clatsop4 ,everybody wanted to see the whale1 but few could go4 ,captain ,clark appointed twelve men to be ready at daylight4 ,sacajawea1 in the privacy of her own room that ,sunday evening1 spoke to ,charboneau4 ,now ,charboneau wanted her to stay and attend to the l',apalois--roasting meats on a stick1--and knowing that the child would have to be looked after1 slipped over to the ,captains1 discussing by the fire4 ,sacajawea t'ink she want to see de whale4 ,she ought not go4 ,very well1 answered the ,captains1 scarce heeding4 ,she better stay at the fort4 ,it would be a hard jaunt for a woman to go over ,tillamook ,head4 ,charboneau went back4 ,de ,captinne say you cannot go6 ,this was a staggering blow to ,sacajawea1 but her woman's determination had become aroused and she took the rostrum1 so to speak4 ,leaving the baby ,touissant with his father1 she in turn slipped over to the ,captains4 ,sacajawea was a born linguist4 ,captinne1 you remember w'en we reach de rivers and you knew not which to follow8 ,i show de country an' point de stream4 ,again w'en my husband could not spik1 ,i spik for you4 ,now1 ,captinne1 ,i travel great way to see de ,beeg ,water4 ,i climb de mountain an' help de boat on de rapide4 ,an' now dis monstous fish haf come--,sacajawea could scarce restrain her tears4 ,sacajawea was only a woman1 and a brave little woman at that4 ,captain ,lewis was moved4 ,sacajawea1 you are one of those who are born not to die4 ,of course you can go4 ,go and be getting ready1 and1 he added1 if ,charboneau wants to go too1 he will have to carry the baby6 ,they breakfasted by candle-light4 ,everybody was ready next morning1 but ,sacajawea was ahead of them all4 ,charboneau looked at her out of the corner of his eye1 but said nothing4 ,more than once the ,captains had reminded him of his duty4 ,the sun rose clear and cloudless on a land of springtime1 and yet it was only ,january4 ,robins sang around the stockade1 bluebirds whizzed by1 silver in the sunlight4 ,two canoes proceeded down the ,netul into ,meriwether ,bay1 on the way to the ,clatsop town4 ,after a day's adventure1 they camped near a herd of elk in the beautiful moonlight4 ,at noon1 next day1 they reached the salt-makers4 ,here ,jo ,fields1 ,bratton1 and ,gibson had their brass kettles under a rock arch1 boiling and boiling seawater into a gallon of salt a day4 ,hiring ,twiltch1 a young ,indian1 for guide1 they climbed ,tillamook ,head1 about thirty miles south of ,cape ,disappointment4 ,upon this promontory1 ,clark's ,point of ,view1 they paused before the boisterous ,pacific1 breaking with fury and flinging its waves above the ,rock of ,tillamook4 ,on one side the blue ,columbia widened into bays studded with ,chinook and ,clatsop villages2 on the other stretched rich prairies1 enlivened by beautiful streams and lakes at the foot of the hills4 ,behind1 in serried rank1 the ,douglas spruce--the tree of ,turner's dreams1 the king of conifers1--stood monarch of the hills4 ,two hundred1 three hundred feet in air they towered1 a hundred feet without a limb1 so dense that not a ray of sun could reach the ground beneath4 ,sacajawea1 save ,pocahontas the most travelled ,indian ,princess in our history1 spoke not a word1 but looked with calm and shining eye upon the fruition of her hopes4 ,now she could go back to the ,mandan towns and speak of things that ,madame ,jussaume had never seen1 and of the ,big ,water beyond the ,shining ,mountains4 ,down the steep and ragged rocks that overhung the sea1 they clambered to a ,tillamook village1 where lay the great whale1 stranded on the shore4 ,nothing was left but a skeleton1 for from every ,indian village within travelling distance1 men and women were working like bees upon the huge carcass4 ,then home they went1 trailing over the mountains1 every squaw with a load of whale blubber on her back1 to be for many a month the dainty of an ,indian lodge4 ,these ,indian lodges or houses were a source of great interest to ,lewis and ,clark4 ,sunk four feet into the ground and rising well above1 like an out-door cellar1 they were covered with ridgepoles and low sloping roofs4 ,the sides were boarded with puncheons of cedar1 laboriously split with elkhorn wedges and stone hammers4 ,a door in the gable admitted to this half-underground home by means of a ladder4 ,around the inner walls1 beds of mats were raised on scaffolds two or three feet high1 and under the beds were deposited winter stores of dried berries1 roots1 nuts1 and fish4 ,in the centre of each house a fireplace1 six or eight feet long1 was sunk in the floor1 and surrounded by a cedar fender and mats for the family to sit on4 ,the walls1 lined with mats and cedar bark1 formed a very effective shelter4 ,did some poor stranded mariner teach the savage this semi-civilised architecture1 or was it evolved by his own genius8 ,however this may be1 these houses were found from ,yaquina ,bay to ,yakutat4 ,in such a house as this ,captain ,clark visited ,coboway1 chief of the ,clatsops1 in his village on the sunny side of a hill4 ,as soon as he entered1 clean mats were spread4 ,coboway's wife1 ,tse-salks1 a ,tillamook ,princess1 brought berries and roots and fish on neat platters of rushes4 ,syrup of sallal berries was served in bowls of horn and meat in wooden trenchers4 ,naturally1 ,sacajawea was interested in domestic utensils1 wooden bowls1 spoons of horn1 skewers and spits for roasting meat1 and beautifully woven water-tight baskets4 ,every squaw habitually carried a knife1 fastened to the thumb by a loop of twine1 to be hid under the robe when visitors came4 ,these knives1 bought of the traders1 were invaluable to the ,indian mother4 ,with it she dug roots1 cut wood1 meat1 or fish1 split rushes for her flag mats and baskets1 and fashioned skins for dresses and moccasins4 ,ever busy they were1 the most patient1 devoted women in the world4 ,sacajawea1 with her beautiful dress and a husband who sometimes carried the baby1 was a new sort of mortal on this ,pacific coast4 ,while they were conversing1 a flock of ducks lit on the water4 ,clark took his rifle and shot the head off one4 ,the astonished ,indians brought the bird and marvelled4 ,their own poor flintlocks1 loaded with bits of gravel when shot failed1 often would not go off in cold weather1 but here was very great medicine4 ,they examined the duck1 the musket1 and the small bullets1 a hundred to the pound4 ,kloshe musquet6 wake6 kum-tux musquet6 ,a very good musquet6 ,no6 do not understand this kind of musquet6 ,thus early is it a historical fact that the ,chinook jargon was already established on the ,pacific coast4 ,this jargon1 a polyglot of traders' tongues1 like the old ,lingua ,franca of the ,mediterranean1 is used by the coast ,indians to this day from the ,columbia ,river to ,point ,barrow on the ,arctic4 ,and for its birth we may thank the ,boston traders4 ,chinooks1 ,clatsops1 ,tillamooks faced that stormy beach and lived on winter stores of roots1 berries1 fish1 and dried meat4 ,their beautiful elastic bows of white cedar were seldom adequate to kill the great elk1 so when the rush bags under the beds were empty1 they watched for fish thrown up by the waves4 ,sturgeon is very good1 said a ,clatsop in ,english1 peering and prying along the hollows of the beach4 ,but the great whale1 ,ecola1 that was a godsend to the poor people4 ,upon it now they might live until the salmon came1 flooding the country with plenty4 ,old ,chief ,coboway of the ,clatsops watched those shores for sixty years4 ,he did not tell this story to ,lewis and ,clark1 but he told it to his children1 and so it belongs here4 ,an old woman came crying to the ,clatsop village3 ',something on the shore6 ,behold1 it is no whale6 ,two spruce trees stand upright on it4 ,ropes are tied to those spruce trees4 ,behold bears came out of it6' ,then all the people ran4 ,behold the bears had built a fire of driftwood on the shore4 ,they were popping corn4 ,they held copper kettles in their hands4 ,they had lids4 ,the bears pointed inland and asked for water4 ,then two people took the kettles and ran inland4 ,they hid4 ,some climbed up into the thing4 ,they went down into the ship4 ,it was full of boxes4 ,they found brass buttons in a string half a fathom long4 ,they went out4 ,they set fire4 ,the ship burned4 ,it burned like fat4 ,then the ,clatsops gathered the iron1 the copper1 and the brass4 ,then were the ,clatsops rich4 ,one of these men was ,ko-na-pe4 ,he and his companion were held as slaves4 ,ko-na-pe was a worker in iron and could fashion knives and hatchets4 ,from that time the ,clatsops had knives4 ,he was too great to be held as a slave1 so the ,clatsops gave him and his friend their liberty4 ,they built a cabin at a place now known as ,new ,astoria1 but the ,indians called it ,ko-na-pe1 and it was known by that name long after the country was settled by the whites4 ,february had now arrived4 ,for weeks every man not a hunter stood over the kettles with his deer-skin sleeves rolled up1 working away at elkskins1 rubbing1 dipping1 and wringing4 ,then again they went back into the suds for another rubbing and working1 and then the beautiful skin1 hung up to smoke and dry1 came out soft and pliable4 ,shields1 the skilful1 cut out the garments with a butcher knife1 and all set to work with awls for needles and deer sinews for thread4 ,for weeks this leather-dressing and sewing had been going on1 some using the handy little housewives given by ,dolly ,madison and the ladies of the ,white ,house1 until ,captain ,lewis records1 the men are better fitted with clothing and moccasins than they have been since starting on this voyage4 ,captain ,lewis and ,captain ,clark had each a large coat finished of the skin of the tiger cat1 of which it took seven robes to make a coat4 ,with beads and old razors1 ,captain ,lewis bought high-crowned ,chinook hats1 of white cedar-bark and bear-grass1 woven ,european fashion by the nimble fingers of the ,clatsop girls1 fine as ,leghorn and water-tight4 ,patrick ,gass counted up the moccasins and found three hundred and fifty-eight pairs1 besides a good stock of dressed elkskins for tents and bedding4 ,and ,i compute #aca elk and #bj deer shot in this neighbourhood during the winter1 he added4 ,but now the elk were going to the mountains1 game was practically unobtainable4 ,now and then ,drouillard snared a fine fat beaver or an otter in his traps2 sometimes the ,indians came over with sturgeon1 fresh anchovies1 or a bag of wapato1 but even this supply was precarious and uncertain4 ,february #aa1 ,captain ,clark completed a map of the country1 including rivers and mountains from ,fort ,mandan to ,clatsop1 dotting in cross-cuts for the home journey1 the feat of a born geographer4 ,february #ba the saltmakers returned1 with twelve gallons of salt sealed up to last to the cache on the ,jefferson4 ,while ,shields refitted the guns1 others opened and examined the precious powder4 ,thirty-five canisters remained1 and yet1 banged as they had been over many a mountain pass1 and sunk in many a stream1 all but five were found intact as when they were sealed at ,pittsburg4 ,three were bruised and cracked1 one had been pierced by a nail1 one had not been properly sealed1 but by care the men could dry them out and save the whole4 ,the greatest necessity now was a boat4 ,a long1 slim ,chinook canoe made out of a single tree of fir or cedar was beyond price4 ,preliminary dickers were tried with ,chinooks and ,clatsops4 ,finally ,drouillard went up to ,cathlamet4 ,of all the trinkets that ,drouillard could muster1 nothing short of ,captain ,lewis's laced uniform coat could induce ,queen ,sally's people to part with a treasured canoe4 ,and here it was4 ,misfortune had become a joke4 ,well1 now1 the ,united ,states owes me a coat1 laughed ,lewis1 as he found his last civilised garment gone to the savages4 ,six blue robes1 one of scarlet1 five made out of the old ,united ,states' flag that had floated over many a council1 a few old clothes1 ,clark's uniform coat and hat and a few little trinkets that might be tied in a couple of handkerchiefs1 this was the reserve fund to carry them two thousand miles to ,st4 ,louis4 ,but each stout-hearted explorer had his gun and plenty of powder--that was wealth4 ,now1 in case we never reach the ,united ,states1 said ,lewis1 what then8 ,we must leave a ,memorial1 answered ,clark4 ,and so the ,captains prepared this document3 ,the object of this list is1 that through the medium of some civilised person1 who may see the same1 it may be made known to the world1 that the party consisting of the persons whose names are hereunto annexed1 and who were sent out by the ,government of the ,united ,states to explore the interior of the continent of ,north ,america1 did penetrate the same by the way of the ,missouri and ,columbia rivers1 to the discharge of the latter into the ,pacific ocean1 where they arrived on the #adth day of ,november1 #ahje1 and departed the #bc;d day of ,march1 #ahjf1 on their return to the ,united ,states by the same route by which they had come out4 ,to this document every man signed his name1 and copies were given to the various chiefs4 ,one was posted at ,fort ,clatsop to be given to any trader that might arrive in the river1 and thus1 in case of their death1 some account of their exploration might be saved to the world4 ,on the back of some of the papers ,clark sketched the route4 ,at last only one day's food remained4 ,necessity compelled removal4 ,in vain their eyes were strained toward the sea4 ,never were ,lewis and ,clark destined to see a summer day on the ,columbia1 when sails of ships flapped listlessly against the masts1 and vessels heaved reluctantly on the sluggish waters1 rolling in long swells on ,clatsop beach4 ,on ,sunday1 ,march #bc1 #ahjf1 the boats were loaded and all was ready4 ,chief ,coboway came over at noon to bid them good bye4 ,in gratitude for many favours during the past winter1 ,lewis and ,clark presented their houses and furniture to the kind-hearted old chief4 ,chief ,coboway made ,fort ,clatsop his winter home during the remainder of his life4 ,years passed4 ,the stockade fell down1 young trees grew up through the cabins1 but the spring is there still1 gushing forth its waters1 cool as in the adventurous days of one hundred years ago4 ,,xx ,a ,,race ,,for ,,empire ,in this very ,december of #ahje while ,lewis and ,clark were struggling with the storms of ocean at the mouth of the ,columbia1 a thousand miles to the north of them the indefatigable and indomitable ,simon ,fraser was also building a fort1 among the lochs and bens of ,new ,caledonia1 the ,british ,columbia of to-day4 ,on the very day that ,lewis and ,clark left ,fort ,mandan1 ,simon ,fraser and his men had faced toward the ,rockies4 ,while ,lewis and ,clark were exploring the ,missouri1 ,fraser and his voyageurs were pulling for dear life up the ,saskatchewan and over to ,athabasca4 ,on the very day that ,lewis and ,clark moved into ,fort ,clatsop1 ,simon ,fraser1 at the ,rocky ,mountain ,portage1 had men busily gathering stones to get a chimney built for his bedroom4 ,the icy northern winter came down1 but in ,january mortar was made to plaster his trading fort1 the ,rocky ,mountain ,portage at the ,peace ,river ,pass4 ,all that ,arctic winter he traded with the natives1 killed deer and moose1 and made pemmican for an expedition still farther to the west4 ,all through the stormy1 icy ,april1 building his boats and pounding his pemmican1 ,fraser stamped and stormed and swore because the snows refused to melt--because the rivers yet were blocked with ice4 ,the boats were at the door1 the bales of goods were tied1 when the ice began to break in ,may4 ,the moment the river was clear all hands were roused at daybreak4 ,simon ,fraser turned the ,rocky ,mountain ,portage over to ,mc,gillivray1 who had arrived on snow shoes1 and pressed on west1 discovering ,mc,leod ,lake and building ,fort ,mc,leod upon its shores4 ,then he portaged over to the ,fraser1 which he believed to be the ,columbia1 and going up the ,stuart branch built ,fort ,st4 ,james on ,stuart ,lake4 ,during the winter and summer1 after ,lewis and ,clark reached home1 he built ,fort ,fraser on ,fraser ,lake1 and ,fort ,george upon the ,fraser ,river1 still thinking it was the ,columbia4 ,now will ,i reach the mouth of this ,columbia1 said ,fraser in the ,spring of #ahjh1 launching his boat1 the ,perseverance1 upon the wildest water of the ,north4 ,you cannot pass1 said the ,indians1 and they waved and whirled their arms to indicate the mad tumultuous swirling of the waters4 ,whatever the obstacle1 said ,simon ,fraser1 ,i shall follow this river to the end1 and down he went for days and days through turbulent gulfs and whirlpools1 past rocks and rapids and eddies1 under frowning1 overhanging precipices in the high water of ,may4 ,the ,indians spoke of white people4 ,it must be ,lewis and ,clark1 groaned ,fraser1 redoubling his effort to win another empire for his king4 ,daily1 hourly1 risking their lives1 at every step in the ,mountains the ,indians said1 ,you can go no further4 ,but the sturdy ,scotchmen gripped their oars and set their teeth1 turning1 doubling1 twisting1 shooting past rocky points that menaced death1 portaging1 lifting canoes by sheer grit and resolution up almost impassable rockways1 over cliffs almost without a foothold and down into the wave again4 ,so ran the ,northwesters down the wild river to the sea1 and camped near the present site of ,new ,westminster4 ,and lo6 it was not the ,columbia4 ,back came ,simon ,fraser to ,fort ,william on ,lake ,superior to report what he had done1 and they crowned his brow with the name of his own great river1 the ,fraser4 ,travellers look down the frowning ,fraser gorge to-day1 and little realise why ,simon ,fraser made that daring journey4 ,,xxi ,a ,,ship6 ,a ,,ship6 ,while ,lewis and ,clark were making preparations to leave ,fort ,clatsop1 all unknown to them a ship was trying to cross the bar into the ,columbia ,river4 ,and what a tale had she to tell1--of hunger1 misery1 despair1 and death at ,sitka4 ,since #aghg the ,boston ships had been trading along these shores4 ,in that year #agib1 when ,captain ,robert ,gray discovered the ,columbia ,river1 there were already twenty-one ,american ships in the ,pacific northwest4 ,in ,may1 #agii1 the ,boston brig ,caroline1 ,captain ,cleveland1 was buying furs in ,sitka ,sound1 when coasting along over from the north came the greatest of all the ,russians1 ,alexander von ,baranof1 with two ships and a fleet of bidarkas4 ,what now will you have8 demanded the ,sitka chief1 as the expedition entered the basin of ,sitka ,sound4 ,a place to build a fort and establish a settlement for trade1 answered ,baranof4 ,a ,boston ship is anchored below and buying many skins1 answered the chief4 ,but presents were distributed1 a trade was made1 and ,russian axes began felling the virgin forest on the sides of ,verstova4 ,the next day ,captain ,cleveland visited ,baranof at his fort building4 ,savages6 echoed ,captain ,cleveland to ,baranof's comment on the natives4 ,i should say so4 ,i have but ten men before the mast1 but on account of the fierce character of these ,indians ,i have placed a screen of hides around the ship1 that they may not see the deck nor know how few men ,i have4 ,two pieces of cannon are in position and a pair of blunderbusses on the taffrail4 ,but the land was rich in furs4 ,it was this that brought ,baranof over from ,kadiak4 ,in three years ,sitka was a strong fort1 but in ,june1 #ahjb1 in the absence of ,baranof1 it was attacked one day by a thousand ,indians armed with muskets bought of the ,boston traders4 ,in a few hours the fort1 a new ship in the harbour1 warehouses1 cattle sheds1 and a bathhouse were burnt to ashes4 ,the poor dumb cattle were stuck full of lances4 ,a terrible massacre accompanied the burning4 ,to escape suffocation the ,russians leaped from the flaming windows only to be caught on the uplifted lances of the savage ,sitkas4 ,some escaped to the woods1 when an ,english vessel providentially appeared and carried the few remaining survivors to ,kadiak4 ,that autumn two new ships arrived from ,russia with hunters1 labourers1 provisions1 and news of ,baranof's promotion by the czar4 ,tears coursed down the great man's weather-beaten cheeks4 ,i am a nobleman2 but ,sitka is lost6 ,i do not care to live2 ,i will go and either die or restore the possessions of my august benefactor4 ,then back came ,baranof to ,sitka on his errand of vengeance1 with three hundred bidarkas and six small ,russian ships1 to be almost wrecked in ,sitka ,sound4 ,here he was joined by the ,neva just out from ,kronstadt1 the first to carry the ,russian flag around the world4 ,upon the hill where ,sitka stands to-day1 the ,indians had built a fort of logs piled around with tangled brush4 ,on this the ,russians opened fire4 ,but no reply came4 ,with one hundred and fifty men and several guns1 ,baranof landed in the dense woods to take the fort by storm4 ,then burst the sheeted flame4 ,ten ,russians were killed and twenty-six wounded4 ,but for the fleet1 ,baranof's career would have ended on that day4 ,but in time ships with cannon were more than a match for savages armed with ,boston muskets4 ,far into the night a savage chant was wafted into the air--the ,alaskans had surrendered4 ,at daylight all was still4 ,no sound came from the shore1 and when the ,russians visited the ,indian hill1 the fort was filled with slaughtered bodies of infant children1 slain by their own parents who felt themselves unable to carry them and escape4 ,the ,indian fort was immediately burned to the ground and on its site arose the ,russian stronghold of ,sitka ,castle4 ,that new fort at ,sitka was just finished and mounted with cannon the summer that ,lewis and ,clark came down the ,columbia4 ,kitchen gardens were under cultivation and live stock thriving4 ,at ,sitka that same autumn the ,elizaveta arrived1 with the ,russian ,imperial ,inspector of ,alaska on board1 the ,baron von ,rezanof1 ,chamberlain of the ,russian ,court and ,commander of all ,america1 he called himself4 ,what is this ,i hear of those ,bostonians8 inquired the great ,baron1 unrolling long portraits of the ,imperial family to be hung in ,sitka ,castle4 ,those ,bostonians1 are they undermining our trade in furs with ,china8 ,ah1 yes1 answered ,count ,baranof1 the ,american republic is greatly in need of ,chinese goods1 ,chinese teas and silks1 which formerly had to be purchased in coin4 ,but since these shores have been discovered with their abundance of furs1 they are no longer obliged to take coin with them1 but load their vessels with products of their own country4 ,all too numerous have become these ,boston skippers on this northwest coast1 continued ,von ,rezanof in a decisive tone4 ,frequent complaints have been made to the ,american ,president that his people are selling firearms to our ,indians1 but all to no purpose4 ,it is an outrage4 ,we are justified in using force4 ,i recommend an armed brig to patrol these waters4 ,food supplies were low at ,sitka that winter4 ,no ship came4 ,the ,elizaveta dispatched to ,kadiak for supplies returned no more4 ,no flour1 no fish1 not even seal blubber for the garrisons1 could be caught or purchased4 ,they were eating crows and eagles and devil-fish4 ,just then1 when a hundred cannon were loaded to sweep the ,yankee skippers from the sea1 a little ,rhode ,island ship came sailing into ,sitka harbour4 ,shall we expel these ,american traders from the ,north ,pacific8 demanded ,von ,rezanof4 ,for the love of ,god1 no6 cried ,baranof4 ,that little ship is our saviour6 ,into the starving garrison the ,yankee ,captain ,de ,wolf brought bread and beef1 and raised the famine siege of ,sitka ,castle4 ,baranof bought the little ship1 the ,juno1 with all her cargo1 for eight thousand dollars in furs and drafts on ,st4 ,petersburg4 ,in addition ,rezanof gave ,de ,wolf a sloop1 the ,ermak1 to carry his men and furs to the ,hawaiian ,islands4 ,god grant that they may not have paid dear for their rashness in trusting their lives to such a craft6 exclaimed ,von ,rezanof1 as the gallant ,yankee ,captain spread sail and disappeared from ,sitka harbour4 ,the ,juno1 a staunch1 copper-bottomed fast vessel of two hundred six tons1 built at ,bristol1 ,rhode ,island1 in #agii1 was now fitted out for the ,russian trade and dispatched to ,kadiak4 ,the storms that ,lewis and ,clark heard booming on the ,oregon coast that winter1 devastated ,alaskan shores as well4 ,when the breakers came thundering up the rocks and the winds shook ,sitka ,castle1 ,count ,baranof in his stronghold could not sleep for thinking1 ,oh1 the ships6--the ships out on this stormy deep1 laden with what ,i need so much6 ,the little ,juno returned from ,kadiak with dried fish and oil1 and news of disaster3 ,the ,elizaveta has been wrecked in a heavy gale4 ,six large bidarkas laden with furs on the way to you went down4 ,two hundred hunters have perished at sea4 ,our settlement at ,yakutat has been destroyed by an ,indian massacre4 ,my ,god6 ,my ,god6 ,baranof cried1 how can we repair all these disasters6 ,but ever and ever the gray sea boomed upon the shore where the wretched inmates of ,sitka ,castle were dying4 ,the relief from the ,juno was only temporary4 ,by ,february not a pound of bread a day dared they distribute to the men4 ,long since ,rezanof had declared they must have an agricultural settlement4 ,now he fixed his eye on the ,columbia ,river4 ,sitting there in the dreary castle he was writing to the czar1 little dreaming that in a hundred years his very inmost thought would be read in ,america4 ,starvation at ,sitka was imminent1--it was impossible to delay longer4 ,into the stormy sea ,rezanof himself set the ,juno's sail on his way to the ,columbia4 ,while ,lewis and ,clark were writing out the muster roll to nail to the wall at ,fort ,clatsop for any passing ship1 ,rezanof was striving to cross the ,columbia bar4 ,none could see beyond the mists4 ,contrary winds blew1 it rained1 it hailed4 ,rezanof sighted the ,columbia ,march #ad1 #ahjf1 but the current drove him back4 ,again on the #bjth he tried to enter1 and on the #bast1 but the stormy river1 like a thing of life1 beat him back and beat him back1 until the ,russian gave it up1 and four days later ran into the harbour of ,san ,francisco4 ,in ,june he returned with wheat1 oats1 pease1 beans1 flour1 tallow1 and salt to the famished traders at ,sitka4 ,but notwithstanding all these troubles1 in #ahje-f ,baranof dispatched to ,st4 ,petersburg furs valued at more than five hundred thousand roubles4 ,more and more the ,boston traders came back to ,alaskan waters4 ,baranof often found it easier to buy supplies from ,boston than from ,okhotsk4 ,furnish me with ,aleutian hunters and bidarkas and ,i will hunt on shares for you1 proposed a ,boston ,captain4 ,agreed1 said ,baranof1 and for years fleets of bidarkas under ,boston ,captains hunted and trapped and traded for sea otter southward along ,pacific shores4 ,these ,boston smugglers and robbers6 muttered the ,spaniards of ,california4 ,where do they hide themselves all winter8 ,we know they are on our shores but never a glimpse can we get of their fleet4 ,meanwhile the ,boston traders on the coasts of ,california raked in the skins and furs1 and sailing around by ,hawaii reached ,sitka in time for ,spring sealing in the north4 ,some hints of this reached the ,russian ,directory at ,st4 ,petersburg1 but no one dared to interfere with ,baranof4 ,shipload after shipload of furs he sent home that sold for fabulous sums in the markets of ,russia4 ,the czar himself took shares and the ,imperial navy guarded the ,russias of ,north ,america4 ,all honour to ,baranof1 ,viking of ,sitka1 and builder of ships6 ,for forty years he ruled the ,northwest1 the greatest man in the ,north ,pacific4 ,his name was known on the coast of ,mexico1 even to ,brazil and ,havana4 ,the ,boston merchants consulted him in making up their cargoes4 ,in #ahaj he went into partnership with ,john ,jacob ,astor to exchange supplies for furs4 ,above all disaster he rose1 though ship after ship was lost4 ,but it must be admitted the ,russians were not such seamen as the gallant ,boston skippers4 ,never again will this land see more hardy sailors than the ,american tars that travelled the seas at the close of our ,revolution4 ,our little ,yankee brigs were creeping down and down the coast and around the ,horn1 until every village had its skippers in the far ,pacific4 ,some went for furs and some for whales1 and all for bold adventure4 ,in ,july1 #ahjf1 the ,lydia1 having just rescued two ,american sailors from the savages at ,vancouver ,island1 came into the ,columbia ,river for a load of spars1 the beginning of a mighty commerce4 ,here they heard of ,lewis and ,clark1 and ten miles up1 faithful old ,chief ,coboway gave ,captain ,hill the muster roll left at ,fort ,clatsop4 ,this1 sent by way of ,china1 reached the ,united ,states in #ahjg1 to find the great explorers safe at home4 ,with the death of ,baranof in #ahai ended the vast plan of ,russia to make the northern half of the ,pacific its own4 ,baranof was small and wrinkled and bald1 but his eye had life4 ,he would have made a czar like ,peter the ,great4 ,to him and him alone was due the ,russia of ,america1 that for seven million dollars was sold to us in #ahgj1 an empire in itself4 ,,xxii ,,back ,,to ,,civilisation ,the canoes were loaded1 and at one o'clock in the afternoon of ,sunday1 the #bc;d day of ,march1 #ahjf1 ,lewis and ,clark took final leave of ,fort ,clatsop4 ,back past ,cathlamet they came1 where ,queen ,sally still watched by her totem posts2 past ,oak ,point on ,fanny's ,island1 named by ,clark1 where two ,springs later a ,boston ship made the first white settlement in ,oregon4 ,slowly the little flotilla paddled up1 past ,coffin ,rock1 immemorial deposit of ,indian dead1 past snowy ,st4 ,helens1 a landmark at sea for the ship that would enter the harbour4 ,flowers were everywhere1 the hillsides aglow with red flowering currants that made ,march as gay as the roses of ,june4 ,the grass was high1 and the robins were singing4 ,at sunset1 ,march #cj1 they camped on a beautiful prairie1 the future site of historic ,vancouver4 ,before them the ,columbia was a shimmer of silver4 ,behind1 rose the dim1 dark ,oregon forest4 ,the sharp cry of the sea-gull rang over the waters1 and the dusky pelican and the splendid brown albatross were sailing back to the sea4 ,herds of elk and deer roamed on the uplands and in woody green islands below1 where flocks of ducks1 geese1 and swans were digging up the lily-like wapato with their bills4 ,with laboured breath1 still bending to the oar1 on the first of ,april they encountered a throng of ,indians crowding down from above1 gaunt1 hollow-eyed1 almost starved1 greedily tarrying to pick up the bones and refuse meat thrown from the camp of the whites4 ,katah mesika chaco8 inquired ,captain ,lewis4 ,halo muck-a-muck1 answered the forlorn ,indians4 ,dried fish all gone4 ,no deer4 ,no elk4 ,no antelope to the ,nez ,perc country4 ,hundreds were coming down for food at ,wapato4 ,elip salmon chaco4 ,until the salmon come6 ,that had been the cry of the ,clatsops4 ,the ,chinooks were practising incantations to bring the longed-for salmon4 ,the ,cathlamets were spreading their nets4 ,the ,wahkiakums kept their boats afloat4 ,even the ,multnomahs were wistfully waiting4 ,and now here came plunging down all the upper country for wapato1--,until the salmon come4 ,and pray1 when will that be8 ,not until the next full moon1--at least the second of ,may1 and in ,may the ,americans had hoped to cross the mountains4 ,all the camp deliberated1--and still the ,cascade ,indians came flocking down into the lower valley4 ,we must remain here until we can collect meat enough to last us to the ,nez ,perc nation1 said the ,captains1 and so1 running the gauntlet of starvation1 it happened that ,lewis and ,clark camped for ten days near the base of ,mt4 ,hood at the river ,sandy4 ,in order to collect as much meat as possible a dozen hunters were sent out2 the rest were employed in cutting and hanging the meat to dry4 ,two young ,indians came into the camp at the ,sandy4 ,kah mesika ,illahee8--,where is your country8 was asked them1 in the ,chinook jargon caught at ,clatsop4 ,at the ,falls of a great river that flows into the ,columbia from the south4 ,from the south8 ,we saw no such river4 ,with a coal on a mat one of the ,indians drew it4 ,the ,captains looked4 ,ah6 behind those islands6 ,it was where the ,multnomah chieftain in his war canoe had said1 ,village there6 on their downward journey to the sea4 ,clark gave one of the men a burning glass to conduct him to the spot1 and set out with seven men in a canoe4 ,along the south side of the ,columbia1 back they paddled to the mysterious inlet hidden behind that emerald curtain4 ,and along with them paddled canoe-loads of men1 women1 and children in search of food4 ,clark now perceived that what they had called ,imagecanoe ,island consisted of three islands1 the one in the middle concealing the opening between the other two4 ,here great numbers of canoes were drawn up4 ,lifting their long1 slim boats to their backs1 the ,indian women crossed inland to the sloughs and ponds1 where1 frightening up the ducks1 they plunged to the breast into the icy cold water4 ,there they stood for hours1 loosening wapato with their feet4 ,the bulbs1 rising to the surface1 were picked up and tossed into the boats to feed the hungry children4 ,clark entered an ,indian house to buy wapato4 ,not1 not6 with sullen look they shook their heads4 ,no gift of his could buy the precious wapato4 ,deliberately then the captain took out one of ,dr4 ,saugrain's phosphorus matches and tossed it in the fire4 ,instantly it spit and flamed4 ,me-sah-chie6 ,me-sah-chie6--the ,indians shrieked1 and piled the cherished wapato at his feet4 ,the screaming children fled behind the beds and hid behind the men4 ,an old man began to speak with great vehemence1 imploring his god for protection4 ,the match burned out and quiet was restored4 ,clark paid for the wapato1 smoked1 and went on1 behind the islands4 ,as if lifting a veil the boat swept around the willows and the ,indian waved his hand4 ,multnomah6 ,before them1 vast and deep1 a river rolled its smooth volume into the ,columbia4 ,at the same moment five snow peaks burst into view1--,rainier1 ,hood1 ,st4 ,helens1 ,adams1 and to the southeast another snowy cone which ,clark at once saluted1 ,mount ,jefferson6 ,for the first recorded time a white man gazed on the river ,willamette4 ,this sudden vision of emerald hills1 blue waters1 and snowy peaks forced the involuntary exclamation1 ,the only spot west of the ,rocky ,mountains suitable for a settlement6 ,the very air of domestic occupation gleamed on the meadows flecked with deer and waterfall4 ,amid the scattered groves of oak and dogwood1 bursting now into magnolian bloom1 ,clark half expected to see some stately mansion rise1 as in the park of some old ,english nobleman4 ,the ever-prevailing flowering currant lit the landscape with a hue of roses4 ,a dozen miles or more ,clark pressed on1 up the great inland river1 and slept one night near the site of the present ,portland4 ,he examined the soil1 looked at the timber1 and measured a fallen fir three hundred and eighteen feet as it lay4 ,watching the current rolling its uniform flow from some unknown distant source1 the ,captain began taking soundings4 ,this river appears to possess water enough for the largest ship4 ,nor is it rash to believe that it may water the country as far as ,california4 ,for at least two-thirds of the width he could find no bottom with his five-fathom line4 ,along that wide deep estuary1 the grainships of the world to-day ride up to the wharves of ,portland4 ,the same snow peaks are there1 the same emerald hills1 and the bounteous smile of ,nature blushing in a thousand orchards4 ,all along the shores were deserted solitary houses of broad boards roofed with cedar bark1 with household furniture1 stone mortars1 pestles1 canoes1 mats1 bladders of train oil1 baskets1 bowls1 trenchers--all left4 ,the fireplaces were filled with dead embers1 the bunk-line tiers of beds were empty4 ,all had just gone or were going to the fisheries4 ,and where8 ,to ,clackamas nation4 ,hyas tyee ,tumwater4 ,great ,falls4 ,salmon4 ,had ,clark but passed a few miles further up1 he would have found hundreds of ,indians at the fishing rendezvous1 ,clackamas ,rapids and ,willamette ,falls4 ,how many of the ,clackamas nation8 ,eleven villages1 to the snow peak4 ,and beyond8 ,forty villages1 the ,callapooias4 ,with outstretched hand the ,indian closed his eyes and shook his head1--evidently he had never been so far to the south4 ,back around ,warrior's ,point ,clark came1 whence the ,multnomahs were wont to issue to battle in their huge war canoes4 ,an old ,indian trail led up into the interior1 where for ages the lordly ,multnomahs had held their councils4 ,many houses had fallen entirely to ruin4 ,clark inquired the cause of decay4 ,an aged ,indian pointed to a woman deeply pitted with the smallpox4 ,all died of that4 ,ahn-cutty6 ,long time ago6 ,the ,multnomahs lived on ,wapato ,island4 ,a dozen nations gave fealty to ,multnomah4 ,all had symbolic totems1 carved and painted on door and bedstead1 and at every bedhead hung a war club and a ,moorish scimitar of iron1 thin and sharp1 rude relic of ,ko-na-pe's workshop4 ,having now dried sufficient meat to last to the ,nez ,percs1 ,lewis and ,clark set out for the ,dalles1 that tragical valley1 racked and battered1 where the devils held their tourneys when the world was shaped by flood and flame4 ,through the sheeny brown basaltic rock1 three rifts let through the river1 where1 in fishing time1 salmon leaped in prodigious numbers1 filling the ,indians' baskets1 tons and tons a day4 ,but the salmon had not yet come4 ,at this season the upper tribes came down to the ,dalles to traffic robes and silk grass for sea-shells and wapato4 ,fish was money4 ,after the traders came1 beads1 beads1 became the ,indian's one ambition4 ,for beads he would sacrifice his only garment and his last morsel of food4 ,in this annual traffic of east and west1 the ,dalles ,indians had become traders1 robbers1 pirates4 ,no canoe passed that way without toll4 ,dressed in deerskin1 elk1 bighorn1 wolf1 and buffalo1 these savages lay now in wait for ,lewis and ,clark1 portaging up the long narrows4 ,tugging1 sweating1 paddling1 poling1 pulling by cords1 it was difficult work hauling canoes up the narrow way4 ,crowds of ,indians pressed in4 ,six tomahawks and a knife are gone6 ,another tomahawk gone6 ,out of the road1 commanded ,lewis4 ,whoever steals shall be shot instantly4 ,the crowds fell back4 ,every man toiled on with gun in hand4 ,but from village to village1 dishes1 blankets1 and whatever the ,indians could get their hands on1 disappeared4 ,soon there would be no baggage4 ,it seemed impossible to detect a thief4 ,nothing but numbers protects us1 said the white men4 ,worse even than the pirates of the ,sioux1 it came almost to pitched battle4 ,again and again ,lewis harangued the chiefs for the restoration of stolen property4 ,once he struck an ,indian4 ,finally he set out to burn a village1 but the missing property came to light1 hidden in an ,indian hut4 ,so long did it take to make these portages that food supplies failed4 ,in the heart of a thickly populated and savage country the expedition was bankrupt4 ,with what gratitude1 then1 they met ,yellept1 chief of the ,walla ,wallas1 waiting upon his hills4 ,come to my village4 ,you shall have food4 ,you shall have horses4 ,gladly they accompanied him to his village at the mouth of the ,walla ,walla river4 ,immediately he called in not only his own but the neighbouring nations1 urging them to hospitality4 ,then ,chief ,yellept1 the most notable man in all that country1 himself brought an armful of wood for their fires and a platter of roasted mullets4 ,at once all the ,walla ,wallas followed with armloads of fuel2 the campfires blazed and crackled4 ,footsore1 weary1 half-starved1 ,lewis and ,clark and their men supped and then slept4 ,fortunately there was among the ,walla ,wallas a captive ,shoshone boy who spoke the tongue of ,sacajawea4 ,in council the ,captains explained themselves and the object of their journey4 ,opposite our village a shorter route leads to the ,kooskooskee1 said ,yellept4 ,a road of grass and water1 with deer and antelope4 ,clark computed that this cut-off would save eighty miles4 ,in vain the ,captains desired to press on4 ,wait1 begged ,yellept4 ,wait4 ,already he had sent invitations to the ,eyakimas1 his friends the ,black ,bears1 and to the ,cayuses4 ,possibly ,sacajawea had hinted something2 at any rate with a cry of ,very ,great ,medicine1 the lame1 the halt1 the blind pressed around the camp4 ,the number of unfortunates1 products of ,indian battle1 neglect1 and exposure1 was prodigious4 ,opening the medicine chest1 while ,lewis bought horses1 ,clark turned physician1 distributing eye-water1 splinting broken bones1 dealing out pills and sulphur4 ,one ,indian with a contracted knee came limping in4 ,my own father1 ,walla ,walla chief1 says old ,se-cho-wa1 an aged ,indian woman on the ,umatilla to-day4 ,lots of children1 lots of horses4 ,i1 very little girl1 follow them4 ,with volatile liniments and rubbing the chief was relieved4 ,in gratitude ,yellept presented ,clark with a beautiful white horse2 ,clark in turn gave all he had--his sword4 ,bidding the chief adieu1 the ,captains recorded3 ,we may1 indeed1 justly affirm1 that of all the ,indians whom we have met since leaving the ,united ,states the ,walla ,wallas were the most hospitable and sincere4 ,poor old ,yellept6 ,one hundred years later his medal was found in the sand at the mouth of the ,walla ,walla4 ,all his sons were slain in battle or died of disease4 ,when the last one lay stretched in the grave1 the old chief stepped in upon the corpse and commanded his people to bury them in one grave together4 ,on account of his great sorrow1 says old ,se-cho-wa4 ,and so he was buried4 ,,xxiii ,,camp ,,chopunnish ,as ,lewis and ,clark with twenty-three horses set out over the camas meadows that ,april morning a hundred years ago1 the world seemed brighter for the kindness of the ,walla ,wallas4 ,at the ,dalles the forest had ended4 ,now they were on the great ,columbian plains that stretch to the ,rockies1 the northwest granary of to-day4 ,the dry exhilarating air billowed the verdure like a sea4 ,meadow larks sang and flitted4 ,dove-coloured sage hens1 the cock of the plains1 two-thirds the size of a turkey1 cackled like domestic fowl before the advancing cavalcade4 ,spotted black-and-white pheasants pecked in the grass like the little topknot ,dominicks the men had known around their boyhood homes4 ,and everywhere were horses4 ,more hor-r-ses between th' ,gr-reat ,falls av th' ,columby and th' ,nez ,percs than ,i iver saw in th' same space uv countery in me loife before1 said ,patrick ,gass4 ,they are not th' lar-r-gest soize but very good an' active4 ,of an excellent race1 lofty1 elegantly formed1 and durable1 those ,cayuse horses are described by ,lewis and ,clark4 ,many of them appear like fine ,english coursers1 and resemble in fleetness and bottom1 as well as in form and colour1 the best blooded horses of ,virginia4 ,a hundred years ago1 the ,cayuse of the ,columbian plains was a recent importation from the bluest blooded ,arabian stock of ,spain4 ,white-starred1 white-footed1 he was of noble pedigree4 ,traded or stolen from tribe to tribe1 these ,spanish horses found a home on the ,columbia4 ,all winter these wild horses fattened on the plain2 madly their ,indian owners rode them2 and when they grew old1 stiff1 and blind1 they went1 so the ,indians said1 to ,horse ,heaven on the ,des ,chutes to die4 ,following the old ,nez ,percs trail1 that became a stage road in the days of gold1 and then a railroad1 ,lewis and ,clark came to the land of the ,nez ,percs1--,chopunnish4 ,thirty-one years later the missionary ,spalding planted an apple-tree where ,lewis and ,clark reached the ,snake at the mouth of ,alpowa creek1 ,may #d1 #ahjf4 ,we-ark-koompt1 the ,indian express1 came out to meet them4 ,over the camp of ,black ,eagle the ,american flag was flying4 ,chiefs vied with one another to do them honour4 ,tunnachemootoolt1 ,black ,eagle1 spread his leather tent and laid a parcel of wood at the door4 ,make this your lodge while you remain with me4 ,hohastilpilp1 ,red ,wolf1 came riding over the hills with fifty people4 ,the ,captains had a fire lighted1 and all night in the leather tent on the banks of the ,kooskooske the chiefs smoked and pondered on the journey of the white men4 ,lewis and ,clark drew maps and pointed out the far-away land of the ,president4 ,sacajawea and the ,shoshone boy interpreted until worn out1 and then fell asleep4 ,and ever within ,black ,eagle's village was heard the dull thud1 thud1 thud1 of ,nez ,perc women pounding the camas and the kouse1 with noise like a nail-factory1 said ,lewis4 ,all night long their outdoor ovens were baking the bread of kouse1 and the kettles of camas mush1 flavoured with yamp1 simmered and sweetened over the dull red ,indian fires4 ,the hungry men were not disposed to criticise the cuisine of the savage1 not even when they were offered the dainty flesh of dried rattlesnake6 ,labiche killed a bear4 ,in amazement the redmen gathered round4 ,these bears are tremendous animals to the ,indians1--kill all you can1 said ,captain ,lewis4 ,elated1 every hunter went bear-hunting4 ,wonderful men that live on bears6 exclaimed the ,indians4 ,again the council was renewed1 and they talked of wars4 ,bloody ,chief1 fond of war1 showed wounds received in battle with the ,snakes4 ,it is not good1 said ,clark4 ,it is better to be at peace4 ,here is a white flag4 ,when you hold it up it means peace4 ,we have given such flags to your enemies1 the ,shoshones4 ,they will not fight you now4 ,fifty years later1 that chief1 tottering to his grave1 said1 ,i held that flag4 ,i held it up high4 ,we met and talked1 but never fought again4 ,we have confided in the white men4 ,we shall follow their advice1 ,black ,eagle went proclaiming through the village4 ,all the kettles of soup were boiling4 ,from kettle to kettle ,black ,eagle sprinkled in the flour of kouse4 ,we have confided in the white men4 ,those who are to ratify this council1 come and eat4 ,all others stay away4 ,the mush was done1 the feast was served2 a new dawn had arisen on the ,nez ,percs4 ,finding it impossible to cross the mountains1 a camp was established at ,kamiah ,creek1 on a part of the present ,nez ,perc reservation in ,idaho county1 ,idaho1 where for a month they studied this amiable and gentle people4 ,games were played and races run1 ,coalter outspeeding all4 ,frazer1 who had been a fencing master in ,rutland1 back in ,vermont1 taught tricks1 and the music of the fiddles delighted them4 ,stout1 portly1 good-looking men were the ,nez ,percs1 and better dressed than most savages1 in their whitened tunics and leggings of deerskin and buffalo1 moccasins and robes and breastplates of otter1 and bandeaus of fox-skins like a turban on the brow4 ,the women were small1 of good features and generally handsome1 in neatly woven tight-fitting grass caps and long buckskin skirts whitened with clay4 ,upon the ,missouri the eagle was domesticated4 ,here1 too1 the ,nez ,perc had his wicker coop of young eaglets to raise for their tail feathers4 ,any ,rocky ,mountain ,indian would give a good horse for the black-and-white tail feather of a golden eagle4 ,they fluttered from the calumet and hung in cascades from head to foot on the sacred war bonnet4 ,a ,may snowstorm whitened the camas meadows and melted again4 ,thick black loam invited the plough1 but thirty ,springs should pass before ,spalding established his mission and gave ploughs to the redmen4 ,twisted ,hair saw the advent of civilisation4 ,red ,wolf planted an orchard4 ,black ,eagle went to see ,clark at ,st4 ,louis and died there4 ,captain ,lewis held councils1 instructing1 educating1 enlightening the ,kamiahs1 so that to this day they are among the most advanced of ,indian tribes4 ,captain ,clark1 with simple remedies and some knowledge of medicine1 became a mighty tomanowos among the ailing4 ,with basilicons of pitch and oil1 wax and resins1 a sovereign remedy for skin eruptions1 with horse-mint teas and doses of sulphur and cream-of-tartar1 with eye-water1 laudanum1 and liniment1 he treated all sorts of ills4 ,fifty patients a day crowded to the tent of the ,red ,head4 ,women suffering from rheumatism1 the result of toil and exposure in the damp camas fields1 came dejected and hysterical4 ,they went back shouting1 ,the ,red ,head chief has made me well4 ,the wife of a chief had an abscess4 ,clark lanced it1 and she slept for the first time in days4 ,the grateful chief brought him a horse that was immediately slaughtered for supper4 ,a father gave a horse in exchange for remedies for his little crippled daughter4 ,with exposure to winds1 alkali sand1 and the smoke of chimneyless fires1 few ,indians survived to old age without blindness4 ,eye-water6 ,eye-water6 ,they reached for it as for a gift from the gods4 ,clark understood such eyes1 for the smoke of the pioneer cabin had made affections of the eye a curse of the frontier4 ,but affairs were now at their lowest4 ,even the medicines were exhausted1 and the last awl1 needle1 and skein of thread had gone4 ,off their shabby old ,united ,states uniforms the soldiers cut the last buttons to trade for bread4 ,but instead of trinkets the sensible ,nez ,percs desired knives1 buttons1 awls for making moccasins1 blankets1 kettles4 ,shields the gunsmith ingeniously hammered links of ,drouillard's trap into awls to exchange for bread4 ,the tireless hunters scoured the country4 ,farther and farther had scattered the game4 ,even the bears had departed4 ,thirty-three people ate a deer and an elk1 or four deer a day4 ,there was no commissariat for this little army but its own rifles4 ,and yet1 supplies must be laid in for crossing the mountains4 ,every day ,captain ,lewis looked at the rising river and the melting snows of the ,idaho ,alps4 ,that icy barrier1 which separates me from my friends and my country1 from all which makes life estimable--patience--patience-- ,the snow is yet deep on the mountains4 ,you will not be able to pass them until the next full moon1 or about the first of ,june1 said the ,indians4 ,unwelcome intelligence to men confined to a diet of horse meat and roots6 exclaimed ,captain ,lewis4 ,finally even horse-flesh failed4 ,suspecting the situation1 ,chief ,red ,wolf came and said1 ,the horses on these hills are ours4 ,take what you need4 ,he wore a tippet of human scalps1 but1 says ,lewis1 we have1 indeed1 on more than one occasion1 had to admire the generosity of this ,indian1 whose conduct presents a model of what is due to strangers in distress4 ,gradually the snows melted1 and the high water subsided4 ,the doves are cooing4 ,the salmon will come1 said the ,indians4 ,blue flowers of the blooming camas covered the prairies like a lake of silver4 ,with sixty-five horses and all the dried horse meat they could carry1 on ,june #af1 #ahjf1 ,lewis and ,clark started back over the ,bitter ,root ,range on the ,lolo trail by which they had entered4 ,,xxiv ,,over ,,the ,,bitter ,,root ,,range ,dog-tooth violets1 roses1 and strawberry blossoms covered the plain of ,weippe without end1 but the ,lolo trail was deep with snow4 ,deep and deeper grew the drifts1 twelve and fifteen feet4 ,the air was keen and cold with winter rigours4 ,to go on in those grassless valleys meant certain death to all their horses1 and so1 for the first time1 they fell back to wait yet other days for the snows to melt upon the mountains4 ,we must have experienced guides4 ,drouillard and ,shannon were dispatched once more to the old camp1 and lo6 the salmon had come1 in schools and shoals1 reddening the ,kooskooskee with their flickering fins4 ,again they faced the snowy barrier with guides who traversed the trackless region with instinctive sureness4 ,they never hesitate1 said ,lewis4 ,they are never embarrassed4 ,so undeviating is their step that whenever the snow has disappeared1 even for a hundred paces1 we find the summer road4 ,up in the ,bitter ,root peaks1 like the chamois of the ,alps1 the ,oregon mazama1 the mountain goat1 frolicked amid inaccessible rocks4 ,and there1 in the snows of the mountain pass1 most significant of all1 were found the tracks of barefooted ,indians1 supposed to have been ,flatheads1 fleeing in distress from pursuing ,blackfeet4 ,such was the battle of primitive man4 ,the ,indians regarded the journey of the white men into the country of their hereditary foes as a venture to certain death4 ,danger6 whispered the guides1 significantly rapping on their heads1 drawing their knives across their throats1 and pointing far ahead4 ,every year the ,nez ,percs followed the ,lolo trail1 stony and steep and ridgy with rocks and crossed with fallen trees1 into the ,buffalo ,illahee1 the buffalo country of the ,missouri4 ,and for this the ,blackfeet fought them4 ,the ,blackfeet1 too1 had been from time immemorial the deadly foe of the ,flatheads1 their bone of contention for ever the buffalo4 ,the ,blackfeet claimed as their own all the country lying east of the main range1 and looked upon the ,flatheads who went there to hunt as intruders4 ,the ,flathead country was west and at the base of the main ,rockies1 along the ,missoula and ,clark's ,fork and northward to the ,fraser4 ,with their sole weapon1 the arrow1 and their own undaunted audacity1 twice a year occurred the buffalo chase1 once in ,summer and once in ,winter4 ,but the ungodly ,blackfeet1 scourge of the mountains1 lay in wait to trap and destroy the ,flatheads as they would a herd of buffalo4 ,and so it had been war1 bitter war1 for ages4 ,but a new force had given to the ,blackfeet at the west and the ,sioux at the east supremacy over the rest of the tribes1--that was the white man's gun from the ,british forts on the ,saskatchewan4 ,for spoils and scalps the ,blackfeet1 ,arabs of the ,north1 raided from the ,saskatchewan to ,mexico4 ,they besieged ,fort ,edmonton at the north1 and left their tomahawk mark on the ,digger ,indian's grave at the south4 ,the ,shoshone-,snakes1 too1 were immemorial and implacable enemies of both the ,blackfeet and the ,columbia tribes4 ,they fought to the ,dalles and ,walla ,walla and up through the ,nez ,percs to ,spokane4 ,their mad raiders threw up the dust of the ,utah desert1 and chased the lone ,aztec to his last refuge in ,arizona cliffs4 ,the ,blackfeet fought the ,shoshones1 the ,crows1 by superior cunning1 fought the ,blackfeet1 the ,assiniboines fought the ,crows1 and the ,sioux1 the lordly ,sioux1 fought all4 ,it was time for the white man's hand to stay the diabolical dance of death4 ,,xxv ,,beware ,,the ,,blackfeet6 ,on the third of ,july1 at the mouth of ,lolo creek1 the expedition separated1 ,lewis to cross to the ,falls of the ,missouri and explore ,marias ,river1 ,clark to come to the three forks and cross to the ,yellowstone4 ,with nine men and five ,indians ,captain ,lewis crossed the ,missoula on a raft1 and following the ,nez ,perc trail along the ,river-of-the-,road -to-,buffalo1 the ,big ,blackfoot of to-day1 came out ,july #g1 the first of white men1 on the opening through the main range of the ,rockies now known as the ,lewis and ,clark ,pass4 ,a ,blackfoot road led down to the churning waters of the ,great ,falls4 ,pawing1 fighting1 ten thousand buffaloes were bellowing in one continuous roar that terrified the horses4 ,the plain was black with a vast and angry army1 bearing away to the southwest1 flinging the dust like a simoom1 through which deep-mouthed clangor rolled like thunder far away4 ,and at their immediate feet1 ,drouillard noted fresh tracks of ,indians dotting the soil2 grizzly bears1 grim guardians of the cataract1 emitted hollow growls1 and great gray wolves hung in packs and droves along the skirts of the buffalo herds1 glancing now and then toward the little group of horsemen4 ,in very defiance of danger1 again ,lewis pitched his camp beside the ,falls1 green and foamy as ,niagara4 ,again buffalo meat1 marrow bones1 ribs1 steaks1 juicy and rich1 sizzled around the blaze1 and the hungry men ate1 ate1 ate4 ,they had found the two extremes--want on one side of the mountains and abundance on the other4 ,while ,lewis tried to write in his journal1 huge brown mosquitoes1 savage as the bears1 bit and buzzed4 ,lewis's dog howled with the torture1 the same little ,assiniboine dog that had followed all their footsteps1 had guarded and hunted as well as the best1 had slept by the fire at ,clatsop and been stolen at the ,dalles4 ,hurrying to their cache at the ,bear ,islands1 it was discovered that high water had flooded their skins and the precious specimens of plants were soaked and ruined4 ,a bottle of laudanum had spoiled a chestful of medicine4 ,but the charts of the ,missouri remained uninjured1 and trunks1 boxes1 carriage wheels1 and blunderbuss were all right4 ,transport the baggage around the ,falls and wait for me at the mouth of ,maria's ,river to the first of ,september1 said ,captain ,lewis1 setting out with ,drouillard and the ,fields boys4 ,if by that time ,i am not there1 go on and join ,captain ,clark and return home4 ,but if my life and health are spared1 ,i shall meet you on the #eth of ,august4 ,it was not without misgivings that ,sergeant ,gass and his comrades saw the gallant ,captain depart into the hostile ,blackfoot country4 ,with only three men at his back it was a daring venture4 ,already the five ,nez ,percs1 fearful of their foes1 had dropped off to seek their friends the ,flatheads4 ,in vain ,lewis had promised to intercede and make peace between the tribes4 ,their terror of the ,blackfeet surpassed their confidence in white men4 ,look6 ,on the second day out ,drouillard suddenly pointed1 and leaning far over on his horse1 examined a trail that would have escaped an eye less keen than his4 ,blackfeet6 the vicious and profligate rovers that of all it was most desirable not to meet6 ,hastily crossing the ,teton into a thick wood1 the party camped that night unmolested4 ,on the eighth day ,captain ,lewis suddenly spied several ,indians on a hilltop intently watching ,drouillard in the valley4 ,thirty horses1 some led1 some saddled1 stood like silhouettes against the sky4 ,kneeling they scanned the movements of the unconscious hunter below4 ,escape is impossible4 ,we must make the most of our situation4 ,if they attempt to rob us1 we will resist to the last extremity4 ,i would rather die than lose my papers and instruments4 ,boldly advancing with a flag in his hand1 followed by the two ,fields brothers1 ,lewis drew quite near before the ,indians perceived these other white men4 ,terrified1 they ran about in confusion4 ,evidently with them a stranger meant a foe4 ,captain ,lewis dismounted1 and held out his hand4 ,slowly the chief ,blackfoot approached1 then wheeled in flight4 ,at last1 with extreme caution1 the two parties met and shook hands4 ,lewis gave to one a flag1 to another a medal1 to a third a handkerchief4 ,the tumultuous beating of the ,indians' hearts could almost be heard4 ,there proved to be but eight of them1 armed with two guns1 bows1 arrows1 and eye-daggs1 a sort of war-hatchet4 ,i am glad to see you1 said ,lewis4 ,i have much to say4 ,let us camp together4 ,the ,indians assented and set up their semi-circular tent by the willows of the river4 ,here ,drouillard1 the hunter1 skilled in the sign language of redmen1 drew out their story4 ,yes1 they knew white men4 ,they traded on the ,saskatchewan six days' march away4 ,yes1 there were more of them1 two large bands1 on the forks of this river1 a day above4 ,what did they trade at the ,saskatchewan8 ,skins1 wolves1 and beaver1 for guns and ammunition4 ,then ,lewis talked4 ,he came from the rising sun4 ,he had been to the great lake at the west4 ,he had seen many nations at war and had made peace4 ,he had stopped to make peace between the ,blackfeet and the ,flatheads4 ,we are anxious for peace with the ,flatheads4 ,but those people have lately killed a number of our relatives and we are in mourning4 ,yes1 they would come down and trade with ,lewis if he built a fort at ,maria's ,river4 ,until a late hour they smoked1 then slept4 ,lewis and ,drouillard lay down and slept with the ,indians1 while the two ,fields boys kept guard by the fire at the door of the tent4 ,let go my gun4 ,it was the voice of ,drouillard in the half-light of the tent at sunrise struggling with a ,blackfoot4 ,with a start ,lewis awoke and reached for his gun4 ,it was gone4 ,the deft thieves had all but disarmed the entire party4 ,chase followed4 ,in the scuffle for his gun1 ,reuben ,fields stabbed a ,blackfoot to the heart4 ,no sooner were the guns recovered than the horses were gone4 ,leave the horses or ,i will shoot1 shouted ,lewis1 chasing out of breath to a steep notch in the river bluffs4 ,madly the ,indians were tearing away with the horses4 ,lewis fired and killed a ,blackfoot4 ,bareheaded1 the ,captain felt a returning bullet whistle through his hair1 but the ,indians dropped the horses1 and away went swimming across the ,marias4 ,delay meant death4 ,quickly saddling their horses1 ,lewis and his men made for the ,missouri as fast as possible1 hearing at every step in imagination the pursuing hoo-oh6 whoop-ah-hooh6 that was destined to make ,marias ,river the scene of many a bloody massacre by the vengeful ,blackfeet4 ,expecting interception at the mouth of ,marias ,river1 the white men rode with desperation to form a junction with their friends4 ,all day1 all night they galloped1 until1 exhausted1 they halted at two o'clock in the morning to rest their flagging horses4 ,that forenoon1 having ridden one hundred and twenty miles since the skirmish1 they reached the mouth of ,marias ,river1 just in time to see ,sergeant ,gass1 the fleet of canoes1 and all1 descending from above4 ,leaping from their horses1 they took to the boats1 and soon left the spot1 seventy1 eighty1 a hundred miles a day1 down the swift ,missouri4 ,,xxvi ,,down ,,the ,,yellowstone ,as ,lewis turned north toward ,marias ,river1 ,clark with the rest of the party and fifty horses set his face along the ,bitter ,root ,valley toward the south4 ,every step he trod became historic ground in the romance of settlement1 wars1 and gold4 ,into this ,bitter ,root ,valley were to come the first white settlers of ,montana1 and upon them1 through the ,hell ,gate ,pass of the ,rockies1 above the present ,missoula1 were to sweep again and again the bloodthirsty ,blackfeet4 ,it is as safe to enter the gates of hell as to enter that pass1 said the old trappers and traders4 ,more and more beautiful became the valley1 pink as a rose with the delicate bloom of the bitter-root1 the ,mayflower of ,montana4 ,here for ages the patient ,flatheads had dug and dried their favourite root until the whole valley was a garden4 ,as ,clark's cavalcade wound through this vale1 deer flitted before the riders1 multitudinous mountain streams leaped across their way1 herds of bighorns played around the snowbanks on the heights4 ,across an intervening ridge the train descended into ,ross ,hole1 where first they met the ,flatheads4 ,there were signs of recent occupation2 a fire was still burning2 but the ,flatheads were gone4 ,out of ,ross ,hole ,sacajawea pointed the way by ,clark's ,pass1 over the ,continental ,divide1 to the ,big ,hole ,river where the trail disappeared or scattered4 ,but ,sacajawea knew the spot4 ,here my people gather the kouse and the camas2 here we take the beaver2 and yonder1 see1 a door in the mountains4 ,on her little pony1 with her baby on her back1 the placid ,indian girl led the way into the labyrinthine ,rockies4 ,clark followed1 descending into the beautiful ,big ,hole prairie1 where in #ahgg a great battle was to be fought with ,chief ,joseph1 exactly one hundred years after the #aggg troubles1 when ,george ,rogers ,clark laid before ,patrick ,henry his plan for the capture of ,illinois4 ,out of the ,big ,hole1 ,chief ,joseph was to escape with his women1 his children1 and his dead1 to be chased a thousand miles over the very summit of the ,rockies6 ,standing there on the field of future battle1 ,onward6 still urged ,sacajawea1 the gap there leads to your canoes6 ,the ,bird ,woman knew these highlands1--they were her native hills4 ,as ,sacajawea fell back1 the men turned their horses at a gallop4 ,almost could they count the milestones now1 down ,willard creek1 where first paying gold was discovered in ,montana1 past ,shoshone cove1 over the future site of ,bannock to the ,jefferson4 ,scarcely taking the saddles from their steeds1 the eager men ran to open the cache hid from the ,shoshones4 ,to those who so long had practised self-denial it meant food1 clothing1 merchandise--an ,indian ship in the wild4 ,everything was safe1 goods1 canoes1 tobacco4 ,in a trice the long-unused pipes were smoking with the weed of old ,virginia4 ,better than any ,injun red-willer k'nick-er-k'nick6 said ,coalter1 the hunter4 ,leaving ,sergeant ,pryor with six men to bring on the horses1 ,captain ,clark and the rest embarked in the canoes1 and were soon gliding down the emerald ,jefferson1 along whose banks for sixty years no change should come4 ,impetuous mountain streams1 calmed to the placid pool of the beaver dam1 widened into lakes and marshes4 ,beaver1 otter1 musk-rats innumerable basked along the shore4 ,around the boats all night the disturbed denizens flapped the water with their tails1--angry at the invasion of their solitude4 ,at the ,three ,forks1 ,clark's pony train remounted for the ,yellowstone1 prancing and curveting along the beaver-populated dells of the ,gallatin4 ,before them arose1 bewildering1 peak on peak1 but again the ,bird ,woman1 ,sacajawea1 pointed out the ,yellowstone ,gap1 the ,bozeman ,pass of to-day1 on the great ,shoshone highway4 ,many a summer had ,sacajawea1 child of elfin locks1 ridden on the trailing travoises through this familiar gateway into the buffalo haunts of ,yellowstone ,park4 ,slowly ,clark and his expectant cavalcade mounted the ,pass1 where for ages the buffalo and the ,indian alone had trod4 ,as they reached the summit1 the glorious ,yellowstone ,alps burst on their view4 ,at their feet a rivulet1 born on the mountain top1 leaped away1 bright and clear1 over its gravelly bed to the ,yellowstone in the plains below4 ,it was the brother of ,george ,rogers ,clark that stood there1 one to the manner born of riding great rivers or breaking through mountain chains4 ,but thirty years had elapsed since that elder brother and ,daniel ,boone had threaded the ,cumberland ,gap of the ,alleghanies4 ,the highways of the buffalo became the highways of the nation4 ,it is no more than eighteen miles1 said ,clark1 glancing back from the high snowy gap1 half piercing1 half surmounting the dividing ridge between the ,missouri and the ,yellowstone1 so nearly do their headwaters interlock4 ,in coming up this pass1 ,clark's party went through the present city limits of ,bozeman1 the county seat of ,gallatin1 and over the route of future ,indians1 trappers1 miners1 road builders1 and last and greatest of all1 armies of permanent occupation that are marching still to the valleys of fertile ,montana4 ,up the shining ,yellowstone1 over the ,belt range1 through the tunnel to ,bozeman1 the iron horse flits to-day1 on1 westerly one hundred miles to ,helena1 almost in the exact footsteps trodden by the heroic youth of one hundred years ago4 ,among the cottonwood groves of the ,yellowstone1 ,clark's men quickly fashioned a pair of dugouts1 lashed together with rawhide2 and in these frail barks1 twenty-eight feet long1 the ,captain and party embarked1 leaving ,sergeant ,pryor1 ,shannon1 ,windsor1 and ,hall to bring on the horses4 ,all manner of trouble ,pryor had with those horses4 ,lame from continual travel1 he made moccasins for their feet4 ,they were buffalo runners1 trained for the hunt4 ,at sight of the ,yellowstone herds away they flew1 to chase in the old wild ,indian fashion of their red masters4 ,no sooner had ,pryor rounded them up and brought them back than they disappeared utterly1--stolen by the ,crows4 ,not one of the entire fifty horses was ever recovered4 ,here was a serious predicament4 ,down the impetuous ,yellowstone ,clark's boats had already gone4 ,alone in the heart of the buffalo country these four men were left1 thousands of miles from the haunts of civilised man4 ,we must join ,captain ,clark at all hazards4 ,we must improvise boats1 said ,shannon4 ,sergeant ,pryor recalled the ,welsh coracles of the ,mandans4 ,can we make one8 ,long slim saplings were bent to form a hoop for the rim1 another hoop held by cross-sticks served for the bottom4 ,over this rude basket green buffalo hides were tightly drawn1 and in these frail craft they took to the water1 close in the wake of their unconscious ,captain4 ,and meanwhile ,clark was gliding down the ,yellowstone4 ,on either bank buffaloes dotted the landscape1 under the shade of trees and standing in the water like cattle1 or browsing on a thousand hills4 ,gangs of stately elk1 light troops of sprightly antelopes1 fleet and graceful as the gazelle of ,oriental song1 deer of slim elastic beauty1 and even bighorns that could be shot from the boat4 ,sometimes were heard the booming subterranean geysers hidden in the hollows of the mountains1 but none in the party yet conceived of the wonders of ,yellowstone ,park that ,coalter came back to discover that same ,autumn4 ,one day ,clark landed to examine a remarkable rock4 ,its sides were carved with ,indian figures1 and a cairn was heaped upon the summit4 ,stirred by he knew not what impulse1 ,clark named it ,pompey's ,pillar1 and carved his name upon the yielding sandstone1 where his bold lettering is visible yet to-day4 ,more and more distant each day grew the ,rockies1 etched fainter each night on the dim horizon of the west4 ,more and more numerous grew the buffaloes1 delaying the boats with their countless herds stampeding across the ,yellowstone4 ,for an hour one day the boats waited1 the wide river blackened by their backs1 and before night two other herds1 as numerous as the first1 came beating across the yellow-brown tide4 ,but more than buffaloes held sway on the magic ,yellowstone4 ,wrapped in their worn-out blankets the men could not sleep for the scourge of mosquitoes2 they could not sight their rifles for the clouds of moving1 whizzing1 buzzing1 biting insects4 ,even the buffalo were stifled by them in their nostrils4 ,nine hundred miles now had they come down the ,yellowstone1 to its junction with the ,missouri half a mile east of the ,montana border1 but no sign yet had they found of ,lewis4 ,clark wrote on the sand1 ,w4 ,c4 ,a few miles further down on the right hand side4 ,august #h1 ,sergeant ,pryor and his companions appeared in their little skin tubs4 ,four days later1 there was a shout and waving of caps1--the boats of ,captain ,lewis came in sight at noon4 ,but a moment later every cheek blanched with alarm4 ,where is ,captain ,lewis8 demanded ,clark1 running forward4 ,there in the bottom of a canoe1 ,lewis lay as one dead1 pale but smiling4 ,he had been shot4 ,with the gentleness of a brother ,clark lifted him up1 and they carried him to camp4 ,a mistake1--an accident1--'tis nothing1 he whispered4 ,and then the story leaked out4 ,cruzatte1 one-eyed1 near-sighted1 mistaking ,lewis in his dress of brown leather for an elk1 had shot him through the thigh4 ,with the assistance of ,patrick ,gass1 ,lewis had dressed the wound himself4 ,on account of great pain and high fever he slept that night in the boat4 ,and now the party were happily reunited4 ,,xxvii ,,the ,,home ,,stretch ,in the distance there was a gleam of coloured blankets where the beehive huts of the ,mandan village lay4 ,a firing of guns and the blunderbuss brought ,black ,cat to the boats4 ,come and eat4 ,and with the dignity of an old ,roman1 the chief extended his hand4 ,come and eat1 was the watchword of every chieftain on the ,missouri4 ,even the ,sioux said1 ,come and eat6 ,hospitable as ,arabs1 they spread the buffalo robe and brought the pipe4 ,while the officers talked with the master of the lodge1 the silent painstaking squaws put the kettles on the fire1 and slaughtered the fatted dog for the honoured guests4 ,how many chiefs will accompany us to ,washington8 ,that was the first inquiry of the business-pushing white men4 ,through ,jussaume the ,indians answered4 ,i would go1 said the ,black ,cat1 but de ,sioux-- ,de ,sioux will certainly kill us1 said ,le ,borgne of the ,minnetarees4 ,dey are waiting now to intercept you on de river4 ,dey will cut you off4 ,we stay at home4 ,we listen to your counsel1 piped up ,little ,cherry4 ,but dey haf stolen our horses4 ,dey haf scalp our people4 ,we must fight to protect ourselves1 added the ,black ,cat4 ,we live in peace wit' all nation--'cept de ,sioux6 ,in vain ,captain ,clark endeavoured to quiet their apprehensions4 ,we shall not suffer the ,sioux to injure one of our red children4 ,i pledge my government that a company of armed men shall guard you on your return1 added ,lewis4 ,at this point ,jussaume reported that ,shahaka1 or ,big ,white1 in his wish to see the ,president1 had overcome his fears4 ,he would go to ,washington4 ,six feet tall1 of magnificent presence1 with hair white and coarse as a horse's mane1 ,shahaka1 of all the chiefs1 was the one to carry to the ,states the tradition of a white admixture in the ,mandan blood4 ,the handsomest ,injun ,i iver saw1 said ,patrick ,gass4 ,arrangements for departure were now made as rapidly as possible4 ,presents of corn1 beans1 and squashes1 more than all the boats could carry1 were piled around the white men's camp4 ,the blacksmith's tools were intrusted to ,charboneau for the use of the ,mandans4 ,the blunderbuss1 given to the ,minnetarees1 was rolled away to their village with great exultation4 ,now let the ,sioux come6 ,it was a challenge and a refuge4 ,the iron corn mill was nowhere to be seen4 ,for scarcely had ,lewis and ,clark turned their backs for the upper ,missouri before it had been broken into bits to barb the ,indian arrows4 ,sacajawea looked wistfully4 ,she1 too1 would like to visit the white man's country4 ,we will take you and your wife down if you choose to go1 said ,captain ,clark to ,charboneau4 ,i haf no acquaintance1 no prospect to mak' a leeving dere1 answered the interpreter4 ,i mus' leeve as ,i haf done4 ,i will take your son and have him educated as a white child should be1 continued the ,captain4 ,charboneau and ,sacajawea looked at one another and at their beautiful boy now nineteen months old1 prattling in their midst4 ,we would be weeling eef de child were weaned1 slowly spake ,charboneau4 ,een wan year1 he be ole enough to leaf he moder4 ,i den tak' eem to you eef you be so friendly to raise eem as you t'ink proper4 ,bring him to me in one year4 ,i will take the child1 said ,captain ,clark4 ,captain ,lewis paid ,charboneau five hundred dollars1 loaded ,sacajawea with what gifts he could1 and left them in the ,mandan country4 ,all was now ready for the descent to ,st4 ,louis4 ,the boats1 lashed together in pairs1 were at the shore4 ,big ,white was surrounded by his friends1 seated in a circle1 solemnly smoking4 ,the women wept aloud2 the little children trembled and hid behind their mothers4 ,more courageous than any1 ,shahaka immediately sent his wife and son with their baggage on board4 ,the interpreter1 ,jussaume1 with his wife and two children1 accompanied them4 ,yes1 ,madame ,jussaume was going to ,washington6 ,sacajawea1 modest princess of the ,shoshones1 heroine of the great expedition1 stood with her babe in arms and smiled upon them from the shore4 ,so had she stood in the ,rocky ,mountains pointing out the gates4 ,so had she followed the great rivers1 navigating the continent4 ,sacajawea's hair was neatly braided1 her nose was fine and straight1 and her skin pure copper like the statue in some old ,florentine gallery4 ,madonna of her race1 she had led the way to a new time4 ,to the hands of this girl1 not yet eighteen1 had been intrusted the key that unlocked the road to ,asia4 ,some day upon the ,bozeman ,pass1 ,sacajawea's statue will stand beside that of ,clark4 ,some day1 where the rivers part1 her laurels will vie with those of ,lewis4 ,across ,north ,america a ,shoshone ,indian ,princess touched hands with ,jefferson1 opening her country4 ,all the chiefs had gathered to see the boats start4 ,stay but one moment1 they said4 ,clark stepped back4 ,black ,cat handed him a pipe1 as if for benediction4 ,the solemn smoke-wreaths soon rolled upward4 ,tell our ,great ,fader de young men will remain at home and not mak' war on any people1 except in self-defence4 ,tell de ,rickara to come and visit4 ,we mean no harm4 ,tak' good care dis chief4 ,he will bring word from de ,great ,fader4 ,it was a promise and a prayer4 ,strong chiefs turned away with misgiving and trepidation as they saw ,shahaka depart with the white men4 ,dropping below their old winter quarters at ,fort ,mandan1 ,lewis and ,clark saw but a row of pickets left4 ,the houses lay in ashes1 destroyed by an accidental fire4 ,all were there for the homeward pull but ,coalter4 ,he had gone back with ,hancock and ,dickson1 two adventurers from ,boone's settlement1 to discover the ,yellowstone ,park4 ,on the fourth day out three ,frenchmen were met approaching the ,mandan nation with the message1-- ,seven hundert ,sioux haf pass de ,rickara to mak' war on de ,mandan an' ,minnetaree4 ,fortunately1 ,shahaka did not understand1 and no one told him4 ,the ,arikara village greeted the passing boats4 ,lewis1 still lame1 requested ,clark to go up to the village4 ,like children confessing their misdeeds the ,arikaras began3 ,we cannot keep the peace6 ,our young men follow the ,sioux6 ,the wild ,cheyennes1 with their dogs and horses and handsome leathern lodges1 were here on a trading visit1 to exchange with the ,arikaras meat and robes for corn and beans4 ,they were a noble race1 of straight limbs and ,roman noses1 unaccustomed to the whites1 shy and cautious4 ,we war against none but the ,sioux1 with whom we have battled for ever1 they said4 ,everywhere there was weeping and mourning4 ,my son1 my son1 he has been slain by the ,sioux6 ,between the lands of the warring nations surged seas of buffalo1 where to-day are the waving bonanza wheat fields of ,north ,dakota4 ,from an eminence ,clark looked over the prairies4 ,more buffalo than ever ,i have seen before at one time1--and he had seen many4 ,if it be not impossible to calculate the moving multitude that darkens the plains1 twenty thousand would be no exaggerated estimate4 ,they were now well into the country of the great ,sioux ,indian ,confederacy4 ,arms and ammunition were inspected4 ,the sharp air thrilled and filled them with new vigour4 ,no wonder the ,sioux were never still4 ,the ozone of the ,arctic was in their veins1 the sweeping winds drove them1 the balsamic prairie was their bed1 the sky their canopy4 ,they never shut themselves up in stuffy mud huts1 as did the ,mandans2 they lived in tents4 ,unrestrained1 unregenerate1 there was in them the fire of the ,six ,nations1 of ,king ,philip and of ,pontiac4 ,tall1 handsome1 finely formed1 agile1 revengeful1 intelligent1 capable1--they loved their country and they hated strangers4 ,so did the ,greeks4 ,an effeminate nation would have fallen before them as did the ,roman before the ,goth1 but in the ,anglo-,saxon they met their master4 ,whoop-ah-ho-o-oh6 ,as anticipated1 ,black ,buffalo and his pirate band were on the hills4 ,whether that fierce cry meant defiance or greeting no man could tell4 ,whoop-ah-ho-o-oh6 ,the whole band rushed down to the shore1 and even out into the water1 shouting invitations to land1 and waving from the sand-banks4 ,but too fresh in memory was the attempt to carry off ,captain ,clark4 ,jubilant1 hopeful1 and full of the fire of battle as the white men were1 yet no one wished to test the prowess of the ,sioux4 ,unwilling to venture an interview1 the boats continued on their way4 ,black ,buffalo shook his war bonnet defiantly1 and returning to the hill smote the earth three times with the butt of his rifle1 the registration of a mighty oath against the whites4 ,leaving behind them a wild brandishing of bows1 arrows1 and tomahawks1 and an atmosphere filled with taunts1 insults1 and imprecations1 the boats passed out of sight4 ,wafted on the wind followed that direful ,whoop-ah-ho-o-oh6 ending with the piercing shrill ,indian yell that for sixty years froze the earliest life blood of ,minnesota and ,dakota4 ,here in the land of the ,teton ,sioux was to be planted the future ,fort ,rice1 where exactly sixty years after ,lewis and ,clark1 there crossed the ,missouri one of the most powerful1 costly1 and best equipped expeditions ever sent out against hostile ,indians1--four thousand cavalry1 eight hundred mounted infantry1 twelve pieces of artillery1 three hundred government teams1 three hundred beef steers1 and fifteen steamboats to carry supplies1--to be joined here on the ,fourth of ,july1 #ahfd1 by an emigrant train of one hundred and sixty teams and two hundred and fifty people1--the van guard of ,montana settlement4 ,the ,sioux were defeated in the ,bad ,lands1 and the emigrants were carried safely through to ,helena1 where they and their descendants live to-day4 ,already sweeping up the ,missouri1 ,lewis and ,clark met advancing empire4 ,near ,vermilion ,river1 ,james ,aird was camping with a license to trade among the ,sioux4 ,what is the news from ,st4 ,louis8 ,there on the borders of a future great ,state1 ,lewis and ,clark first heard that ,burr and ,hamilton had fought a duel and ,hamilton was killed2 that three hundred ,american troops were cantoned at ,bellefontaine1 a new log fort on the ,missouri2 that ,spain had taken a ,united ,states frigate on the ,mediterranean2 that two ,british ships of war had fired on an ,american ship in the port of ,new ,york1 killing the ,captain's brother4 ,great was the indignation in the ,united ,states against ,jefferson and the impressment of ,american seamen4 ,the money spent for ,louisiana would have been much better used in building fighting ships4 ,the ,president had much better be protecting our rights than cutting up animals and stuffing the skins of dead raccoons4 ,where is our national honour8 ,gone1 abandoned on the ,mississippi4 ,and these coureurs on the ,mississippi heard that the conflict foreseen by ,napoleon1 when he gave us ,louisiana1 was raging now in all its fury1 interdicting the commerce of the world4 ,to their excited ears the river rushed and rocked1 the earth rumbled1 with the roar of cannon4 ,to themselves ,lewis and ,clark seemed a very small part of the forces that make and unmake nations1--and yet that expedition meant more to the world than the field of ,waterloo6 ,the next noon1 on ascending the hill of ,floyd's ,bluff they found the ,indians had opened the grave of their comrade4 ,reverently it was filled again4 ,home from the buffalo hunt in the plains of the ,nebraska1 the ,omahas were firing guns to signal their return to gather in their harvest of corn1 beans1 and pumpkins4 ,keel boats1 barges1 and bateaux came glistening into view1--,auguste ,chouteau with merchandise to trade with the ,yanktons1 another ,chouteau to the ,platte1 a trader with two men to the ,pawnee ,loupes1 and ,joseph ,la ,croix with seven men bound for the ,omahas4 ,through the lessening distance ,clark recognised on one of the barges his old comrade1 ,robert ,mc,clellan1 the wonderful scout of ,wayne's army1 who had ridden on many an errand of death4 ,since ,wayne's victory ,mc,clellan had been a ranger still1 but now the ,indians were quieting down1--all except ,tecumseh4 ,the country has long since given you up1 he told the ,captain4 ,we have word from ,jefferson to seek for news of ,lewis and ,clark4 ,the general opinion in the ,united ,states is that you are lost in the unfathomable depths of the continent4 ,but ,president ,jefferson has hopes4 ,the last heard of you was at the ,mandan villages4 ,with a laugh they listened to their own obituaries4 ,on the same barge with ,mc,clellan was ,gravelines with orders from ,jefferson to instruct the ,arikaras in agriculture1 and ,dorion to help make way through the ,sioux4 ,brave ,raven1 the ,arikara chief1 died in ,washington1 said ,gravelines4 ,i am on my way to them with a speech from the ,president and the presents which have been made to the chief4 ,how home now tugged at their heart strings6 ,eager to be on the way1 they bade farewell to ,mc,clellan4 ,down1 down they shot along1 wind1 current1 and paddle in their favour1 past shores where the freebooting ,kansas ,indians robbed the traders1 past increasing forests of walnut1 elm1 oak1 hickory4 ,the men were now reduced to a biscuit apiece4 ,wild turkeys gobbled on shore1 but the party paused not a moment to hunt4 ,on the twentieth a mighty shout went up4 ,they heard the clank of cow bells1 and saw tame cattle feeding on the hills of ,charette1 the home of ,daniel ,boone4 ,with cheers and firing of guns they landed at the village4 ,we are indeet astonished1 exclaimed the joyful habitants1 grasping their hands4 ,you haf been given up for det long tam since4 ,the men were scattered among the families for the night1 honoured guests of ,charette4 ,plaintee tam we wish ourself back on ole ,san ,loui'1 said ,cruzatte to his admiring countrymen4 ,to their surprise ,lewis and ,clark found new settlements all the way down from ,charette4 ,september #ba1 firing a tremendous salute from the old stone tower behind the huts1 all ,st4 ,charles paid tribute to the ,homeric heroes who had wandered farther than ,ulysses and slain more monsters than ,hercules4 ,just above the junction of the ,missouri and ,mississippi ,rivers loomed the fresh mud chimneys of the new log ,fort ,bellefontaine1 ,colonel ,thomas ,hunt in command1 and ,dr4 ,saugrain1 surgeon1 appointed by ,jefferson4 ,the ,colonel's pretty little daughter1 ,abby ,hunt1 looked up in admiration at ,lewis and ,clark1 and followed all day these ,indian white men from the north4 ,forty years after she told the story of that arrival4 ,they wore dresses of deerskin1 fringed and worked with porcupine quills1 something between a military undress frock coat and an ,indian shirt1 with leggings and moccasins1 three-cornered cocked hats and long beards4 ,standing between the centuries in that log fort on the ,missouri1 pretty little ,abby ,hunt herself was destined to become historic1 as the wife of ,colonel ,snelling and the mother of the first white child born in ,minnesota4 ,after an early breakfast with ,colonel ,hunt1 the expedition set out for the last stretch homeward4 ,they rounded out of the ,missouri into the ,mississippi1 and pulled up to ,st4 ,louis at noon1 ,tuesday1 ,september #bc1 #ahjf1 after an absence of nearly two years and a half4 ,,xxviii ,,the ,,old ,,stone ,,forts ,,of ,,st4 ,,louis ,it was noon when ,lewis and ,clark sighted the old stone forts of the ,spanish time4 ,never had that frontier site appeared so noble1 rising on a vast terrace from the rock-bound river4 ,as the white walls burst on their view1 with simultaneous movement every man levelled his rifle4 ,the ,captains smiled and gave the signal1--the roar of thirty rifles awoke the echoes from the rocks4 ,running down the stony path to the river came the whole of ,st4 ,louis1--eager1 meagre1 little ,frenchmen1 tanned and sallow and quick of gait1 smaller than the ,americans1 but graceful and gay1 with a heartfelt welcome2 black-eyed ,french women in camasaks and kerchiefs1 dropping their trowels in their neat little gardens where they had been delving among the hollyhocks2 gay little ,french children in red petticoats2 and here and there a ,kentuckian1 lank and lean1 eager1--all tripping and skipping down to the water's edge4 ,elbowing his way among them came ,monsieur ,auguste ,chouteau1 the most noted man in ,st4 ,louis4 ,pierre1 his brother1 courtly1 well-dressed1 eminently social1 came also2 and even ,madame1 their mother1 did not disdain to come down to welcome her friends1 ,les ,amricains4 ,it was like the return of a fur brigade1 with shouts of laughter and genuine rejoicing4 ,mon ,dieu6 ,mon ,dieu6 eet ees ,leewes an' ,clark whom ve haf mournt as det in dose ,rock ,mountain4 ,what good word mought dey bring from te fur countree4 ,with characteristic abandon the emotional little ,frenchmen flung their arms around the stately forms of ,lewis and ,clark1 and more than one pretty girl that day printed a kiss on their bearded lips4 ,major ,christy1--well1 ,i declare6 ,an old ,wayne's army comrade grasped ,captain ,clark by the hand4 ,what memories that grasp aroused6 ,william ,christy1 one of his brother officers1 ready not more than a dozen years ago to aid in capturing this same ,san ,luis de ,ilinoa6 ,i have moved to this town4 ,i have a tavern4 ,send your baggage right up6 ,and forthwith a creaking charette came lumbering down the rocky way4 ,take a room at my house4 ,pierre ,chouteau grasped the hands of both ,captains at once4 ,and to ,chouteau's they went4 ,but first we must send word of our safe arrival to the ,president1 said ,lewis1 feeling unconsciously for certain papers that had slept next his heart for many a day4 ,te post haf departed from ,san ,loui'1 remarked a bystander4 ,departed8 ,it must be delayed4 ,here1 ,drouillard1 hurry with this note to ,mr4 ,hay at ,cahokia and bid him hold the mail until to-morrow noon4 ,drouillard1 with his old friend ,pascal ,cerr1 the son of ,gabriel1 set off at once across the ,mississippi4 ,the wharf was lined with flatboats loaded with salt for ',kasky and furs for ,new ,orleans4 ,once a month a one-horse mail arrived at ,cahokia4 ,formerly ,st4 ,louis went over there for mail1--,st4 ,louis was only a village near ,cahokia then2 but already ,les ,amricains were turning things upside down4 ,we haf a post office now4 ,san ,loui' haf grown4 ,every one said that4 ,to eyes that had seen nothing more stately than ,fort ,mandan or ,clatsop1 ,st4 ,louis had taken on metropolitan airs4 ,in the old fort where lately lounged the ,spanish governor1 peering anxiously across the dividing waters1 and whence had lately marched the ,spanish garrison1 ,american courts of justice were in session4 ,out of the old ,spanish martello tower on the hill1 a few ,indian prisoners looked down on the animated street below4 ,with the post office and the court house had come the ,american school1 and already vivacious ,french children were claiming as their own1 ,patrick ,henry1 ,thomas ,jefferson1 and ,george ,washington4 ,just opposite the ,chouteau mansion was the old ,spanish ,government ,house1 the house where ,george ,rogers ,clark had met and loved the dazzling ,donna4 ,aaron ,burr had lately been there1 feted by the people1 plotting treason with ,wilkinson in the ,government ,house itself2 and now his disorganised followers1 young men of birth and education from ,atlantic cities1 stranded in ,st4 ,louis1 were to become the pioneer schoolmasters of ,upper ,louisiana4 ,new houses were rising on every hand4 ,in the good old ,french days1 goods at fabulous prices were kept in boxes4 ,did ,madame or ,mademoiselle wish anything1 it must be unpacked as from a trunk4 ,once a year goods arrived4 ,sugar1 gunpowder1 blankets1 spices1 knives1 hatchets1 and kitchen-ware1 pell-mell1 all together1 were coming out now onto shelves erected by the thrifty ,americans4 ,already new stores stood side by side with the old ,french mansions4 ,alas6 te good old quiet times are gone1 sighed the ,french habitants1 wiping a tear with the blue bandana4 ,and while they looked askance at the tall ,americans1 elephantine horses1 and ,conestoga waggons1 that kept crossing the river1 the prices of the little two-acre farms of the ,frenchmen went up1 until in a few years the old ,french settlers were the nabobs of the land4 ,already two ferry lines were transporting a never-ending line through this new gateway to the wider ,west4 ,land-mad settlers were flocking into ,jefferson's ,purchase1 grubbing out hazel roots1 splitting rails1 making fences1 building barns and bridges4 ,men whose sole wealth consisted in an auger1 a handsaw1 and a gun1 were pushing into the prairies and the forests4 ,long-bearded1 dressed in buckskin1 with a knife at his belt and a rifle at his back1 the forest-ranging backwoodsman was over-running ,louisiana4 ,why do you live so isolated8 the stranger would ask4 ,i never wish to hear the bark of a neighbour's dog4 ,when you hear the sound of a neighbour's gun it is time to move away4 ,thus1 solitary and apart1 the ,american frontiersman took up ,missouri4 ,strolling along the ,rue ,royale1 followed by admiring crowds1 ,lewis and ,clark found themselves already at the ,pierre ,chouteau mansion1 rising like an old-world chateau amid the lesser ,st4 ,louis4 ,up the stone steps1 within the demi-fortress1 there were glimpses of fur warehouses1 stables1 slaves' quarters1 occupying a block1--practically a fort within the city4 ,other guests were there before them1--,charles ,gratiot1 who had visited the ,clarks in ,virginia1 and ,john ,p4 ,cabann1 who was to wed ,gratiot's daughter1 ,julia4 ,on one of those flatboats crowding the wharf that morning came happy ,pierre ,menard1 the most illustrious citizen of ,kaskaskia1 with his bride of a day1 ,angelique ,saucier4 ,pierre ,menard's nephew1 ,michel ,menard1 was shortly to leave for ,texas1 to become an ,indian trader and founder of the city of ,galveston4 ,at the board1 too1 sat ,pierre ,chouteau1 the younger1 just returned from a trip up the ,mississippi with ,julien ,dubuque1 where he had helped to start ,dubuque and open the lead mines4 ,out of the wild summer grape the old inhabitants of ,st4 ,louis had long fabricated their choicest ,burgundy4 ,but of late the ,chouteaus had begun to import their wine from ,france1 along with ebony chairs1 claw-footed tables1 and other luxuries1 the first in this ,mississippi wild4 ,for never had the fur-trade been so prosperous4 ,there was laughter and clinking of glasses1 and questions of lands beyond the ,yellowstone4 ,out of that hour arose schemes for a trapper's conquest along the trail on which ten future ,states were strung4 ,the mouth of the ,yellowstone commands the rich fur-trade of the ,rocky mountains1 said ,captain ,clark4 ,captain ,lewis dwelt on the ,three ,forks as a strategic point for a fort4 ,no one there listened with more breathless intent than the dark-haired boy1 the young ,chouteau1 who was destined to become the greatest financier of the ,west1 a king of the fur trade1 first rival and then partner of ,john ,jacob ,astor4 ,no wonder the home-coming of ,lewis and ,clark was the signal for enterprises such as this country had never yet seen4 ,they had penetrated a realm whose monarch was the grizzly bear1 whose queen was the beaver1 whose armies were ,indian tribes and the buffalo4 ,gallic love of gaiety and amusement found in this return ample opportunity for the indulgence of hospitable dancing and feasting4 ,every door was open4 ,every house1 from ,chouteau's down1 had its guest out of the gallant thirty-one4 ,hero-worship was at its height4 ,hero-worship is characteristic of youthful1 progressive peoples4 ,whole nations strive to emulate ideals4 ,the moment that ceases1 ossification begins4 ,here the ideals were ,lewis and ,clark4 ,they had been west2 their men had been west4 ,they1 who had traced the ,missouri to its cradle in the mountains1 who had smoked the calumet with remotest tribes1 who had carried the flag to the distant ,pacific1 became the lions of ,st4 ,louis4 ,such spontaneous welcome made a delightful impression upon the hearts of the young ,captains1 and they felt a strong inclination to make the city their permanent home4 ,the galleries of the little inns of ,st4 ,louis were filled with ,frenchmen1 smoking and telling stories all day long4 ,nothing hurried1 nothing worried them2 the rise of the river1 the return of a brigade1 alone broke the long summer day of content4 ,but here was something new4 ,even ,york1 addicted to romance1 told ,munchausen tales of thrilling incidents that never failed of an appreciative audience4 ,trappers1 flat-boatmen1 frontiersmen1 and ,frenchmen loved to spin long yarns at the ,green ,tree ,inn1 but ,york could outdo them all4 ,he had been to the ocean1 had seen the great whale and sturgeon that put all inland fish stories far into the shade4 ,petrie1 ,auguste ,chouteau's old negro1 who came with him as a boy and grew old and thought he owned ,auguste ,chouteau1--,petrie1 who always said1 ,me and the ,colonel1 met in ,york for the first time one greater than himself4 ,immediately upon their return ,lewis and ,clark had repaired to the barber and tailor1 and soon bore little resemblance to the tawny frontiersmen in fringed hunting-shirts and beards that had so lately issued from the wilderness4 ,in the upper story of the ,chouteau mansion1 the ,captains regarded with awe the high four-poster with its cushiony1 billowy feather-bed4 ,this is too luxurious6 ,york1 bring my robe and bear-skin4 ,lewis and ,clark could not sleep in beds that night4 ,they heard the watch call and saw the glimmer of campfires in their dreams4 ,the grandeur of the mountains was upon them1 cold and white and crowned with stars1 the vastness of the prairie and the dashing of ocean1 the roar of waterfalls1 the hum of insects1 and the bellowing of buffalo4 ,they knew now the ,missouri like the face of a friend2 they had stemmed its muddy mouth1 had evaded its shifting sandbanks1 had watched its impetuous falls that should one day whirl a thousand wheels4 ,up windings green as paradise they had drunk of its crystal sources in the mountains4 ,they had seen it when the mountains cast their shadows around the campfires1 and in the blaze of noon when the quick tempest beat it into ink4 ,they had seen it white in ,mandan winter1 the icy trail of brave and buffalo2 and they had seen it crimson1 when far-off peaks were tipped with amethystine gold4 ,in the vast and populous solitude of nature they had followed the same ,missouri spreading away into the beaver-meadows of the ,madison1 the ,jefferson1 and the ,gallatin1 and had written their journals on hillsides where the windflower and the larkspur grew wild on ,montana hills4 ,an instinct1 a relic1 an inheritance of long ago was upon them1 when their ancestors roved the earth untrammelled by cities and civilisation1 when the rock was man's pillow and the cave his home1 when the arrow in his strong hand brought the fruits of the chase1 when garments of skin clad his limbs1 and ,god spoke to the white savage under the old ,phoenician stars4 ,in their dreams they felt the rain and wind beat on their leather tent4 ,sacajawea's baby cried1 ,spring nodded with the rosy clarkia1 screamed with ,clark's crow1 and tapped with ,lewis's woodpecker4 ,rat-tat-tat6 ,was that the woodpecker8 ,no1 some one was knocking at the door of their bed chamber4 ,and no one else than ,pierre ,chouteau himself4 ,drouillard is back from ,cahokia ready to carry your post4 ,the rider waits4 ,this was the world again4 ,it was morning4 ,throwing off robes and bear-skins1 and rising from the hardwood floor where they had voluntarily camped that night1 both ,captains looked at the tables strewn with letters1 where until past midnight they had sat the night before4 ,there lay ,clark's letter to his brother1 ,george ,rogers1 and there1 also1 was the first rough draft of ,lewis's letter to the ,president1 in a hand as fine and even as copperplate1 but interlined1 and blotted with erasures4 ,in the soft1 warm ,st4 ,louis morning1 with ,mississippi breezes rustling the curtain1 after a hurried breakfast both set to work to complete the letters4 ,for a time nothing was heard but the scratching of quill pens1 as each made clean copies of their letters for transmission to the far-off centuries4 ,but no centuries troubled then2 to-day1--to-day1 was uppermost4 ,york stuck in his head1 hat in hand4 ,massah ,clahk1 ,drewyer say he hab jus' time1 sah4 ,well1 sir1 tell ,drouillard the whole ,united ,states mail service can wait on us to-day4 ,we are writing to the ,president4 ,before ten o'clock ,drouillard was off to ,cahokia with messages that gave to the nation at large its first intimation that the ,pacific expedition was a consummated fact4 ,,xxix ,,to ,,washington ,there were hurried days at ,st4 ,louis1 a village that knew not haste before4 ,the skins were sunned and stored in the rooms of ,cadet ,chouteau4 ,boxes of specimens were packed for the ,government4 ,captain ,lewis opened his trunk and found his papers all wet4 ,the hermetically sealed tin cases that held the precious journals alone had saved these from destruction4 ,the ,captains had their hands full4 ,the restless men must be paid and discharged4 ,nine of the adventurers within a week after the return to ,st4 ,louis sold their prospective land claims for a pittance4 ,seven of these claims were bought by their fellow soldiers2 ,sergeant ,john ,ordway took several of the men and settled on the site of the present city of ,new ,madrid4 ,robert ,frazer received two hundred and fifty dollars for his claim1 and prepared to publish his travels1--a volume that never saw the light4 ,in addition to land grants1 the men received double pay amounting altogether to eleven thousand dollars4 ,a grand dinner1 given by ,st4 ,louis1 a ball and farewell1 and the ,captains were on the way with their ,mandan chief1 ,big ,white1 and his ,indians1 and ,gass1 ,shannon1 ,ordway1 ,pryor1 and ,bratton4 ,the route by which ,i propose travelling to ,washington is by way of ,cahokia1 ,vincennes1 ,louisville1 the ,crab ,orchard1 ,fincastle1 ,staunton1 and ,charlottesville1 ,captain ,lewis had written in that letter to ,jefferson4 ,any letters directed to me at ,louisville will most probably meet me at that place4 ,with well-filled saddle-bags1 the returning heroes crossed to ,cahokia and set out across ,illinois in the ,indian summer of #ahjf4 ,governor ,harrison was at ,vincennes1 and ,vigo1 and a hundred others to welcome4 ,hurrah for old ,kentucky6 cried ,clark1 as he caught sight of its limestone shores4 ,on many a smiling hilltop1 the log cabin had expanded into a baronial country seat1 with waxed floors and pianos4 ,already the stables were full of horses1 the halls were full of music4 ,clark1 ,lewis1 and ,big ,white climbed the cliff to the ,point of ,rock4 ,who but chiefs should visit there8 ,with newspapers around him1 sat ,george ,rogers ,clark1 following the career of ,napoleon4 ,that calm and splendid eye kindled at sight of his brother4 ,his locks had grown longer1 his eye a deeper black under the shaggy brows1 but the ,revolutionary hero shone in every lineament as he took the hands of the two explorers4 ,with the dashing waters at their feet1 upon the lonely ,point of ,rock1 above the ,falls of the ,ohio1 ,william ,clark stopped first to greet his brother from the great expedition4 ,painters may find a theme here1 and future romancers a page in drama4 ,without delay1 taking his rusty three-cornered chapeau from its peg1 and donning his faded uniform1 the conqueror of ,illinois accompanied the explorers to ,locust ,grove1 ablaze that night with welcome4 ,lucy1 ,fanny1 ,edmund were there2 and ,jonathan from ,mulberry ,hill2 ,major ,croghan1 the courtly host of old2 and the lad1 ,george ,croghan1 now in his fifteenth year4 ,all too quickly fled the hours2 the hickory flamed and the brass andirons shone not brighter than the happy faces4 ,spread around for exhibition were ,mandan robes1 fleeces of the mountain goat1 ,clatsop hats1 buffalo horns1 and ,indian baskets1 ,captain ,clark's tiger-cat coat1 ,indian curios1 and skins of grizzly bears1--each article suggestive of adventure surpassing ,marco ,polo or the ,arabian nights4 ,another huge box1 filled with bones for the ,president1 had been left with ,george ,rogers ,clark at the ,point of ,rock4 ,louisville received the explorers with bonfires and cannonry4 ,a grand ball was given in their honour1 in which the ,indians1 especially1 shone in medals and plumage4 ,the next day there was a sad visit to ,mill ,creek1 where lamenting parents received the last token and listened to the final word concerning their beloved son1 ,sergeant ,charles ,floyd4 ,a cold wind and a light fall of snow warned them no time must be lost in crossing the ,kentucky mountains2 but encumbered with the ,indian retinue they made slow progress along that atrocious road1 on which the followers of ,boone had sometimes paused to pray and sometimes stopped to swear4 ,a few days beyond ,cumberland ,gap1 ,clark's heart beat a tattoo2 they had come to ,fincastle6 ,among its overhanging vines and trees1 the ,hancock mansion was in holiday attire1--,harriet ,kennerly had just been married to ,dr4 ,radford of ,fincastle4 ,colonel ,hancock had been proud to entertain ,george ,rogers ,clark1 still more was he now delighted with the visit of the famous explorers4 ,la6 exclaimed ,black ,granny at the announcement of ,captain ,clark4 ,miss ,judy8 ,black ,granny had nursed ,miss ,judy from the cradle4 ,sedately ,miss ,judy came down the long staircase1--not the child that ,clark remembered1 but a woman1 petite1 serious4 ,the chestnut brown curls with a glint of gold were caught with a high back comb1 and a sweeping gown had replaced the short petticoats that lately tripped over the foothills of the ,blue ,ridge4 ,my pretty cousin going to marry that ugly man8 exclaimed ,harriet1 when she heard of the early engagement4 ,there was nothing effeminate about ,clark1 nor artificial4 ,his features were rugged almost to plainness2 his head was high from the ear to the top1 a large brain chamber4 ,absolutely beautiful1 said ,judy to herself1 associating those bronzed features with endless winds that blew on far-off mountains4 ,behind the respectable old ,hancock silver1 ,judy's mother turned the tea and talked4 ,turning up his laced sleeves to carve the mutton1 ,colonel ,hancock asked a thousand questions regarding that wonderful journey4 ,we passed the winter on the ,pacific1 then crossed the mountains1 and my division came down the ,yellowstone1 ,clark was saying4 ,by the way1 ,judy1 ,i have named a river for you1--the ,judith4 ,a peal of laughter rang through the dining-room4 ,judith6 ,judith1 did you say8 ,why1 ,captain ,clark1 my name is ,julia4 ,clark was confounded4 ,he almost feared ,judy was making fun of him4 ,is it1 really1 now8 ,i always supposed ,judy stood for ,judith4 ,again rang out the infectious peal1 in which ,clark himself joined2 but to this day rolls the river ,judith in ,montana1 named for ,clark's mountain maid of ,fincastle4 ,that ,i should live to see you back from the ,pacific6 was ,aunt ,molly's greeting at ,the ,farm1 at ,charlottesville4 ,i reckoned the cannibal savages would eat you4 ,we looked for nothing less than the fate of ,captain ,cook4 ,but ,maria1 whose eyes had haunted ,lewis in many a long ,montana day1 seemed strangely shy and silent4 ,in fact1 she had another lover1 perhaps a dearer one4 ,uncle ,nicholas was sick4 ,he was growing old1 but still directed the negroes of a plantation that extended from ,charlottesville to the ,fluvanna4 ,it was sunset when ,captain ,lewis reached the home at ,locust ,hill1 and was folded to his mother's bosom4 ,with daily prayer had ,lucy ,meriwether followed her boy across the ,rocky ,mountains4 ,meriwether's little pet sister1 ,mary ,marks1 had blossomed into a bewitching rose4 ,here is a letter from the ,president4 ,captain ,lewis read his first message from ,jefferson in more than two years and a half4 ,turning to ,big ,white1 the chief1 who at every step had gazed with amazement at the white man's country1-- ,the ,president says ',tell my friend of ,mandan that ,i have already opened my arms to receive him4 ,ugh6 ,ugh6 commented ,big ,white1 with visions of barbaric splendour in his untutored brain4 ,that afternoon the entire party rode over to ,monticello to show the chief the ,president's ,indian hall1 where all their gifts and tokens had been arranged for display4 ,the next day1 by ,richmond1 ,fredericksburg1 and ,alexandria1 the party set out for the national capital4 ,every step of the way was a triumphal progress4 ,,xxx ,,the ,,plaudits ,,of ,a ,,nation ,it was well into ,january before both ,captains reached ,washington4 ,workmen were still building at the ,capitol1 rearing a home for ,congress4 ,tools of carpentry and masonry covered the windy lawn where ,jefferson rode daily1 superintending as on his own ,virginia plantation4 ,never had ,captain ,lewis seen his old friend1 the ,president1 so moved as when black ,ben1 the valet1 with stentorian call announced1 ,captains ,mehwether ,lewis and ,william ,clahk6 ,in silk stockings and pumps they stood in the ,blue ,room4 ,at sight of that well-known figure in blue coat faced with yellow1 red plush waistcoat1 and green velveteen breeches1 ,meriwether ,lewis bounded as a boy toward his old friend4 ,the gray-haired president visibly trembled as he strained the two sons of his country to his heart4 ,tears gushed from his eyes1 ,the suspense has been awful4 ,then pausing1 with difficulty he controlled his emotion4 ,but the hopes1 the dreams1 the ambitions of twenty years are now vindicated1 and you are safe1 boys1 you are safe4 ,i felt that if you were lost the country would hold me responsible4 ,if others had asked questions about the route1 ,jefferson now overwhelmed them with an avalanche1 put with the keenness of a scholar and the penetration of a scientist4 ,for with the possible exception of ,franklin1 ,thomas ,jefferson was the most learned man of his time4 ,into the ,president's hands ,lewis placed the precious journals1 obtained at such a cost in toil and travel4 ,each pocket volume1 morocco-bound1 had as soon as filled been cemented in a separate tin case to prevent injury by wetting4 ,but now ,lewis had slipped the cases off and displayed them neat and fresh as on the day of writing4 ,on rocking boats1 on saddle pommels1 and after dark by the flickering campfire1 had the writing been done4 ,t's were not always crossed1 nor i's dotted1 as hurriedly each event was jotted down to be read and criticised after a hundred years4 ,written under such circumstances1 and in such haste1 it is not remarkable that words are misspelled and some omitted4 ,a considerable collection of later letters gives ample evidence that both the ,captains were graceful correspondents4 ,and the vocabularies1 the precious vocabularies gathered from ,council ,bluffs to ,clatsop1 were taken by ,jefferson and carefully laid away for future study4 ,big ,white and his ,indians were entertained by ,jefferson and the cabinet4 ,dolly ,madison1 ,mrs4 ,gallatin1 and other ladies of the ,white ,house1 manifested the liveliest interest as the tall ,shahaka1 six feet and ten inches1 stood up before them in his best necklace of bear's claws1 admiring the pretty squaws that talked to them4 ,and was your father a chief1 and your father's father8 ,mrs4 ,madison inquired of ,shahaka4 ,she was always interested in families and lineage4 ,and what makes your hair so white8 ,but ,shahaka had never heard of ,prince ,madoc4 ,never had the village-capital been so gay4 ,dinners and balls followed in rapid succession1 eulogies and poems were recited in honour of the explorers4 ,there was even talk of changing the name of the ,columbia to ,lewis ,river4 ,in those days everybody went to the ,capitol to hear the debates4 ,the report of ,lewis and ,clark created a lively sensation4 ,complaints of the ,louisiana ,purchase ceased4 ,from the ,mississippi to the sea1 the ,united ,states had virtually taken possession of the continent4 ,members of ,congress looked at one another with dilated eyes4 ,with lifted brow and prophetic vision the young republic pierced the future4 ,the ,mississippi1 once her utmost border1 was now but an inland river4 ,beyond it1 the ,great ,west hove in sight1 with peaks of snow and the blue ,south ,sea4 ,the problem of the ages had been solved2 ,lewis and ,clark had found the road to ,asia4 ,the news fell upon ,europe and ,america as not less than a revelation4 ,congress immediately gave sixteen hundred acres of land each to the ,captains1 and double pay in gold and three hundred and twenty acres to each of their men1 to be laid out on the west side of the ,mississippi4 ,on the third day of ,march1 #ahjg1 ,captain ,lewis was appointed ,governor of ,louisiana2 and on ,march #ab1 ,captain ,clark was made ,brigadier ,general1 and ,indian ,agent for ,louisiana4 ,tall1 slender1 but twenty-nine1 ,henry ,clay was in the ,senate1 advocating roads1--roads and canals to the ,west4 ,he was planning1 pleading1 persuading for a canal around the ,falls of the ,ohio1 he was appealing for the improvement of the ,wilderness ,road through which ,boone had broken a bridle trace4 ,his prolific imagination grasped the ,chesapeake and ,ohio canal and an interior connection with the ,lakes4 ,henry ,clay--,harry ,clay as ,kentucky fondly called him--had a faculty for remembering names1 faces1 places4 ,as yesterday1 he recalled ,william ,clark at ,lexington4 ,and ,clark remembered ,clay1 standing in an ox-waggon1 with flashing eyes1 hair wildly waving1 and features aglow1 addressing an entranced throng4 ,the same look flashed over him now as he stepped toward the heroes of the ,pacific4 ,congratulations1 ,governor4 ,congratulations1 ,general4 ,the young men smiled at their new titles4 ,another was there1 not to be forgotten1 strong featured1 cordial1 cheerful1 of manly beauty and large dark eyes1 endeavouring to interest ,congress in his inventions1--,robert ,fulton of the steamboat4 ,wherever they went1 a certain halo seemed to hang around these men of adventure4 ,they were soldiers and hunters1 and more4 ,through heat and cold1 and mount and plain1 four thousand miles by canoe1 on foot and horseback1 through forests of gigantic pines and along the banks of unknown rivers1 among unheard-of tribes who had never seen a white man1 they had carried the message of the ,president and brought back a report on the new land that is authority to this day4 ,what did you find8 ,eager inquirers crowded on every side to hear the traveller's tale4 ,at ,louisville1 men drove in from distant plantations2 at ,fincastle their steps were thronged along the village walks2 in ,washington they were never alone4 ,what did we find8 ,gigantic sycamores for canoes1 the maple for sugar1 the wild cherry and walnut for joiner's work1 red and white elm for cartwrights1 the osage orange for hedges impenetrable1 white and black oak for ship and carpenter work1 pine for countless uses1 and durable cedar4 ,what did we find8 ,all sorts of plants and herbs for foods1 dyes1 and medicines1 and pasturage unending4 ,boone's settlers on the ,missouri frontier have farms of wheat1 maize1 potatoes1 and little cotton fields1 two acres sufficient for a family4 ,hemp is indigenous to the soil4 ,even in the ,mandan land1 the ,indians1 with implements that barely scratch the earth1 have immense gardens of corn1 beans1 pumpkins1 and squashes4 ,what did we find8 ,oceans of beaver and seas of buffalo1 clay fit for bricks and white clay for pottery1 salt springs1 saltpetre1 and plaster1 pipestone1 and quarries of marble red and white1 mines of iron1 lead and coal1 horses to be bought for a song1 cedar1 and fir trees six and eight feet in diameter1 enormous salmon that block the streams4 ,no wonder the land was excited at the report of ,lewis and ,clark4 ,all at once the unknown mysterious ,west stood revealed as the home of natural resources4 ,their travels became the ,robinson ,crusoe of many a boy who lived to see for himself the marvels of that trans-,mississippi4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sergeant ,gass received his pay in gold and went home to ,wellsburg1 ,west ,virginia1 to find his old father smoking still beside the fire4 ,with the help of a ,scotch schoolmaster ,patrick published his book the next year1 immortalising the name of the gallant ,irish ,sergeant4 ,then he inlisted again1 and fought the ,creeks1 and in #ahab lost an eye at ,lundy's ,lane4 ,presently he married the daughter of a ,judge1 and lived to become a great student in his old age1 and an authority on ,indians and early times4 ,john ,ordway went home to ,new ,hampshire and married1 and returned to live on his farm near ,new ,madrid4 ,william ,bratton tarried for a time in ,kentucky1 served in the ,war of #ahab under ,harrison1 and was at ,tippecanoe and the ,thames4 ,he married and lived at ,terre ,haute1 ,indiana1 and is buried at ,waynetown4 ,george ,gibson settled at ,st4 ,louis1 and lived and died there4 ,nathaniel ,pryor and ,william ,werner became ,indian agents under ,william ,clark2 ,pryor died in #ahca among the ,osages4 ,george ,drouillard went into the fur trade and was killed by the ,blackfeet at the ,three ,forks of the ,missouri4 ,john ,coalter1 after adventures that will be related1 settled at the town of ,daniel ,boone1 married a squaw and died there4 ,john ,potts was killed by the ,blackfeet on the river ,jefferson4 ,sacajawea and ,charboneau lived for many years among the ,mandans1 and their descendants are found in ,dakota to this day4 ,of the voyageurs who went as far as the ,mandan town1 ,lajaunnesse accompanied ,fremont across the mountains2 and two others1 ,francis ,rivet and ,philip ,degie1 were the earliest settlers of ,oregon1 where they lived to a great old age1 proud of the fact that they had belonged to ,lewis and ,clark4 ,book ,,iii ,,the ,,red ,,head ,,chief ,book ,,iii ,,the ,,red ,,head ,,chief ,i ,,the ,,shadow ,,of ,,napoleon ,thank ,god for the safety of our country6 ejaculated ,jefferson1 in one of his long talks with ,lewis regarding the upheaval across the sea4 ,in #ahjb ,napoleon had been declared ,consul for life2 ,may #ah1 #ahjd1 four days after ,lewis and ,clark started1 he had been saluted ,emperor of ,france4 ,then came ,jena4 ,when ,lewis and ,clark reached the ,mandan towns1 ,napoleon was entering ,berlin with the ,prussian monarchy at his feet4 ,while they camped at ,clatsop in those ,december days of #ahje1 and while ,baranof prayed for ships in his lonely ,sitkan outpost1 across seas the sun of ,austerlitz had risen4 ,against ,russian and ,austrian1 ,napoleon had closed a war with a clap of thunder4 ,every breeze bore news that overawed the world4 ,napoleon has taken ,italy4 ,napoleon has conquered ,austria4 ,napoleon has defeated ,russia4 ,napoleon has ruined ,prussia4 ,napoleon has taken ,spain4 ,while ,lewis and ,clark were at ,washington came the battles of ,eylau and ,dantzic4 ,in ,december ,napoleon annexed ,portugal1 and the ,court of ,lisbon fled to ,brazil1 to escape his arms and to rear anew the ,house of ,braganza4 ,how much more remained to conquer8 ,how soon might the theatre of action come over the sea8 ,still there was ,england4 ,for a time the ,napoleonic wars had thrown the carrying trade of the ocean into ,american hands4 ,american farmers could not reach the coast fast enough with their fleets of grain1 the food for armies4 ,cotton went up to a fabulous price4 ,enterprise fired the young republic4 ,ships were building two thousand miles inland to carry her products to the ocean4 ,she grew1 she throve1 and an ever-increasing inland fleet carried to and fro the red life of a growing nation4 ,on the other hand1 the torch of liberty1 lit in ,america and burning there still with calm and splendid lustre1 carried by ,french soldiers to ,france had kindled a continent1 sweeping like a firebrand through a conflagration of abuses4 ,all tradition was overturning4 ,america alone was quiet1 the refuge of the world4 ,every ship that touched our shores brought fugitives fleeing from battle-scarred fields where ,europe groaned in sobs and blood4 ,napoleon was now master of almost the entire coast of ,europe4 ,did he cast regretful eyes this way8 ,america feared it4 ,nothing but fear of ,england ever made ,napoleon give us ,louisiana4 ,in ,may1 #ahjf1 ,england blockaded the ,french coast4 ,napoleon retaliated by the ,berlin ,decrees1 shutting up all ,england1 interdicting the commerce of the world4 ,and so1 when ,lewis and ,clark returned1 the giants were locked in struggle1 like ,titans of old1 tearing up kingdoms1 palatinates1 and whole empires to hurl at each other4 ,and we had ,louisiana4 ,when ,captain ,lewis went to ,washington he was the bearer of a mass of papers on land claims sent by ,auguste ,chouteau4 ,i have had some disturbing news from ,louisiana1 said ,jefferson4 ,in the first place1 ,monsieur ,auguste ,chouteau writes requesting self-government1 and that ,louisiana remain for ever undivided4 ,now the day may come when we shall desire to cut ,louisiana up into sovereign states1--not now1 ,i grant1 but in time1 in time4 ,then the ,french people of ,new ,orleans protest against ,american rule4 ,such is the dissatisfaction1 it is said1 that the people of ,louisiana are only waiting for ,bonaparte's victory in his war with the allies to return to their allegiance with ,france4 ,st4 ,louis asks for a ,governor 'who must reside in the territory1' hence ,i propose to put you there4 ,so it came about that ,meriwether ,lewis wrote back in ,february1 ,i shall probably come on to ,st4 ,louis for the purpose of residing among you4 ,there was trouble with ,spain4 ,in ,july1 #ahjf1 everybody thought there would be a war with her4 ,but ,napoleon was ,spain's protector4 ,it would never do to declare war against ,napoleon4 ,napoleon6--the very word meant subjugation4 ,why are we safe from ,bonaparte8 exclaimed ,jefferson4 ,only because he has not the ,british fleet at his command4 ,even while ,congress was at its busiest1 devising a government for ,new ,orleans1 not at all was ,jefferson sure of the loyalty of the ,french of ,louisiana4 ,if they are not making overtures to ,napoleon1 they are implicated in the treason of ,aaron ,burr4 ,all ,washington was aflame over ,aaron ,burr4 ,only two years before ,captain ,lewis had left him in the seat of honour at ,washington4 ,the greatest lawyers in the country now were prosecuting his trial at ,richmond1 ,randolph of ,roanoke foreman of the jury and ,john ,marshall presiding4 ,borne with the throng1 ,lewis went over to ,richmond4 ,washington ,irving was there1 ,winfield ,scott1 and ,andrew ,jackson1 stamping up and down1 damning ,jefferson and extolling ,burr4 ,burr's friends1 outcrying against ,jefferson1 caught sight of ,meriwether ,lewis2 his popularity in a degree counteracted their vituperation4 ,william ,wirt of ,maryland came down after making his great speech1 to present a gold watch to his friend ,meriwether ,lewis4 ,with saddened heart ,captain ,lewis left ,richmond4 ,the beautiful ,theodosia had come to stay with her father at the penitentiary4 ,lewis always liked ,aaron ,burr4 ,what was he trying to do8 ,the ,mississippi was ours and ,louisiana4 ,but even the ,ursuline nuns welcomed ,burr to ,new ,orleans1 and the ,creoles quite lost their heads over his winning address4 ,all seemed to confirm the suspicions of ,jefferson1 who nightly tossed on his couch of worry4 ,it was necessary for ,captain1 now ,governor1 ,lewis1 to go to ,philadelphia1 to place his zological and botanical collections in the hands of ,dr4 ,barton4 ,scarce had the now famous explorer reached the city before he was beset by artists4 ,charles ,willson ,peale1 who had painted the portraits of the most prominent officers of the ,revolution1 who had followed ,washington and painted him as a ,virginia colonel1 as commander-in-chief1 and as president1 who had sat with him at ,valley ,forge and limned his features1 cocked hat and all1 on a piece of bed-ticking1--,peale now wanted to paint ,lewis and ,clark4 ,of course such a flattering invitation was not to be resisted1 and so1 while ,peale's assistants were mounting ,lewis's antelopes1 the first known to naturalists1 and preparing for ,jefferson the head and horns of a ,rocky ,mountain ram1 ,governor ,lewis was sitting daily for his portrait4 ,this detained him in ,philadelphia1 when suddenly1 on the #bgth of ,june1 the great upheaval of ,europe cast breakers on our shores that made the country rock4 ,it seemed as if in spite of herself the ,united ,states would be drawn into the ,napoleonic wars4 ,england needed sailors1 she must have sailors1 she claimed and demanded them from ,american ships on the high seas4 ,you shall not search my ship1 said the ,captain of the ,american frigate ,chesapeake off the ,virginian capes4 ,instantly and unexpectedly1 the ,british frigate ,leopard rounded to and poured broadsides into the unprepared ,chesapeake4 ,never1 said ,jefferson1 has this country been in such a state of excitement since ,lexington4 ,fired on our ship6 ,the land was aflame4 ,by such white heat are nations welded4 ,it was a bold thing for ,england to disavow4 ,but no apologies could now conceal the fact1 that not ,napoleon1 but ,england1 was destined to be our foe1 ,england1 who claimed the commerce of the world4 ,meriwether ,lewis came home to hear ,virginia ringing for war2 not yet had she forgotten ,yorktown4 ,the mountains of ,albemarle were clothed in all the brilliancy of summer beauty when ,lewis kissed his mother good-bye1 and set out to assume the governorship of ,louisiana4 ,,ii ,,american ,,rule ,,in ,,st4 ,,louis ,immediately after his appointment in charge of ,indian affairs1 ,clark left ,washington1 with ,pryor and ,shannon1 ,big ,white and ,jussaume and their ,indian families4 ,the ,ohio1 swollen to the highest notch1 bore them racing into the ,mississippi4 ,manuel ,lisa haf gone up de ,meessouri1 was the news at ,st4 ,louis4 ,all winter ,manuel ,lisa had been flying around ,st4 ,louis with ,pierre ,menard and ,george ,drouillard1 preparing for an early ascent into the fur country4 ,so also had been the ,chouteaus1 intending to escort ,big ,white back to the ,mandans4 ,at any time an ,indian trader was a great man in ,st4 ,louis4 ,he could command fabulous prices for his skill1 and still more now could ,drouillard1 fresh from the unexploited land beyond the ,mandans4 ,all his money ,drouillard put into the business1 and with the earliest opening of #ahjg1 ,lisa1 ,menard and ,drouillard set out for the upper ,missouri with an outfit of sixteen thousand dollars4 ,wait for the ,mandan chief1 said ,frederick ,bates1 the new ,territorial ,secretary4 ,manuel ,lisa was not a man to wait4 ,while others consider whether they will start1 ,i am on my way1 he answered4 ,dark1 secret1 unfathomable1 restless1 enterprising1 a very ,spaniard for pride1 distrusted and trusted1 a judge of men1 ,manuel ,lisa had in him the spirit of ,de ,soto and ,coronado4 ,for twenty years ,lisa had traded with ,indians4 ,of late the ,spanish government had given him exclusive rights on the ,osage1 a privilege once held by the ,chouteaus1 but alas for ,lisa6 a right now tumbled by the cession4 ,for the ,united ,states gave no exclusive privileges4 ,he reached the ear of ,drouillard2 they went away together4 ,no one better than ,lisa saw the meaning of that great exploration4 ,coincidently with the arrival of ,clark and ,big ,white out of the ,ohio1 came down a deputation of ,yankton ,sioux with old ,dorion from the ,missouri4 ,with that encampment of ,indians1 around1 behind1 before the ,government ,house1 began the reign of the ,red ,head chief over the nations of the ,west that was to last for thirty years4 ,st4 ,louis became the ,red ,head's town1 and the ,red ,head's signature came to be known to the utmost border of ,louisiana4 ,we want arms and traders1 said the ,yankton ,sioux4 ,both were granted1 and laden with presents1 before the close of ,may they were dispatched again to their own country4 ,and with them went ,big ,white in charge of ,ensign ,pryor1 ,sergeant ,george ,shannon1 and ,pierre ,chouteau1 with thirty-two men for the ,mandan trade4 ,even the ,kansas knew that ,big ,white had gone down the river1 and were waiting to see him go by4 ,the whites are as the grasses of the prairie1 said ,big ,white4 ,in ,july the new ,governor1 ,meriwether ,lewis1 arrived and assumed the ,government4 ,with difficulty the officers had endeavoured to harmonise the old and the new4 ,all was in feud1 faction1 disorder4 ,st4 ,louis was a foreign village before the cession4 ,nor was this changed in a day4 ,deed not de great ,napoleon guarantee our leebertee8 said the ,french4 ,we want self-government4 ,but ,lewis and ,clark1 these two had met the ,french ideal of chivalry in facing the ,shining ,mountains and the ,ocean4 ,pretty girls sat in the verandas to see them pass4 ,fur magnates set out their choicest viands4 ,the conquest of ,st4 ,louis was largely social4 ,with less tact and less winning personalities we might have had discord4 ,whatever ,lewis wanted1 ,clark seconded as a sort of ,lieutenant ,governor4 ,it seemed as if the two might go on forever as they had done in the great expedition4 ,ever busy1 carving districts that became future ,states1 laying out roads1 dispensing justice and treating with ,indians1 all went well until the #afth of ,october1 when a wave of sensation swept over ,st4 ,louis4 ,big ,white1 the ,mandan chief1 is back4 ,the ,american flag at the bow of his boat has been fired on and he is compelled to fall back on ,st4 ,louis4 ,all summer the vengeful ,arikaras had been watching4 ,they killed our chief1 the ,brave ,raven4 ,the ,teton ,sioux plotted4 ,they will give the ,mandans arms and make our enemies stronger than we are4 ,so in great bands1 ,sioux and ,arikaras had camped along the river to intercept the returning brave4 ,these are the machinations of the ,british1 said ,americans in ,st4 ,louis4 ,this is a trick of ,manuel ,lisa1 said the fur traders4 ,his boats passed in safety1 why not ours8 ,in fact1 there had been a battle4 ,not with impunity should trade be carried into the land of anarchy4 ,three men were killed and several wounded1 including ,shannon and ,ren ,jussaume4 ,and they in turn had killed ,black ,buffalo1 the ,teton chief that led the onslaught4 ,all the way down the ,missouri ,george ,shannon had writhed with his wounded knee4 ,blood poisoning set in4 ,they left him at ,bellefontaine4 ,dees leg must come off1 said ,dr4 ,saugrain1 the army surgeon4 ,he sent for ,dr4 ,farrar1 a young ,american physician who had lately located in ,st4 ,louis4 ,together1 without anesthetics1 they performed the first operation in thigh amputation ever known in that region4 ,woonderful6 woonderful6 exclaimed the ,creoles4 ,dees ,dogtors can cut une man all up4 ,great already was the reputation of ,dr4 ,saugrain2 to young ,farrar it gave a prestige that made him the ,father of ,st4 ,louis surgery4 ,shannon lay at the point of death for eighteen months1 but youth rallied1 and he regained sufficient strength to journey to ,lexington1 where he took up the study of law4 ,he lived to become an eminent jurist and judge1 and the honoured progenitor of many distinguished bearers of his name4 ,,iii ,,farewell ,,to ,,fincastle ,general ,clark had had a busy summer1 travelling up and down the river1 assisting the ,governor at ,st4 ,louis in reducing his tumultuous domain to order1 treating with ,indians1 conferring with ,governor ,harrison in his brick palace at ,old ,vincennes1 consulting with his brothers1 ,general ,jonathan and ,general ,george ,rogers ,clark at the ,point of ,rock4 ,now1 in mid-autumn1 he was again on his way to ,fincastle4 ,never through the tropic summer had ,julia been absent from his thoughts4 ,a little house in ,st4 ,louis had been selected that should shelter his bride2 and now1 as fast as hoof and horse could speed him1 he was hastening back to fix the day for his wedding4 ,october shed glory on the burnished forests4 ,here and there along the way shone primitive farmhouses1 the homes of people4 ,the explorer's heart beat high4 ,he had come to that time in his life when he1 too1 should have a home4 ,those old ,virginia farmhouses1 steep of roof and sloping at the eaves1 four rooms below and two in the attic1 with great chimneys smoking at either end1 seemed to speak of other fond and happy hearts4 ,the valley of ,virginia extends from the ,potomac to the ,carolina line4 ,the ,blue ,ridge bounds it on one side1 the ,kittatinnys on the other1 and in the trough-like valley between flows the historic ,shenandoah4 ,from the north1 by ,winchester1 scene of many a border fray and destined for action more heroic yet1 ,clark sped on his way to ,fincastle4 ,some changes had taken place since that eventful morning when ,governor ,spotswood looked over the ,blue ,ridge4 ,a dozen miles from ,winchester stood ,lord ,fairfax's ,greenway ,court1 overshadowed by ancient locusts1 slowly mouldering to its fall4 ,here ,george ,washington came in his boyhood1 surveying for the gaunt1 raw-boned1 near-sighted old nobleman who led him hard chases at the fox hunt4 ,from the head spring of the ,rappahannock to the head spring of the ,potomac1 twenty-one counties of old ,virginia once belonged to the ,fairfax manor1 now broken and subdivided into a thousand homes4 ,hither had come tides of ,quakers1 and ,scotch-,presbyterians1 penetrating farther and farther its green recesses1 cutting up the fruitful acres into colonial plantations4 ,the ,shenandoah1 it is the very centre of the ,united ,states1 said the emigrants4 ,the valley was said to be greener than any other1 its waters were more transparent1 its soil more fruitful4 ,at any rate ,german-,pennsylvanians pushed up here1 rearing barns as big as fortresses1 flanked round with haystacks and granaries4 ,now and then ,clark met them1 in loose leather galligaskins and pointed hats1 sunning in wide porches1 smoking pipes three feet long1 while their stout little children tumbled among the white clover4 ,here and there negroes were whistling with notes as clear as a fife1 and huge ,conestoga waggons loaded with produce rumbled along to ,philadelphia1 ,baltimore1 ,richmond4 ,every year thousands of waggons went to market1 camping at night and making the morning ring with ,robin ,hood songs and jingling bells4 ,yonder lived ,patrick ,henry in his last years1 at picturesque ,red ,hill on the ,staunton4 ,here in his old age he might have been seen under the trees in his lawn1 buried in revery1 or on the floor1 with grandchildren clambering over him or dancing to his violin4 ,but ,clark was not thinking of ,patrick ,henry1 or ,fairfax1--in fact he scarcely remembered their existence1 so intent was his thought on his maid of the mountains1 ,julia ,hancock4 ,the leaves were falling from elm and maple1 strewing the path with gold and crimson4 ,the pines grew taller in the twilight1 until he could scarcely see the bypaths chipped and blazed by settlers' tomahawks4 ,sunset was gilding the ,peaks of ,otter as ,clark drew rein at the little tavern near ,fincastle4 ,i was rented to the ,king of ,england by my ,prince of ,hesse ,cassel1 the ,hessian proprietor was saying4 ,i was rented out to cut the throats of people who had never done me any harm4 ,four pence three farthings a day ,i got1 and one penny farthing went to ,his ,royal ,highness1 the ,prince4 ,i fought you1 then ,i fell in love with you1 and when the war was over ,i stayed in ,america4 ,clark listened4 ,it was a voice out of the ,revolution4 ,after a hurried luncheon the tireless traveller was again in his saddle2 and late that night in the moonlight he opened the gate at ,colonel ,hancock's4 ,york had followed silently through all the journey1--,york1 no longer a slave1 for in consideration of his services on the expedition the ,general had given him his freedom4 ,but as a voluntary body-guard he would not be parted from his master4 ,for sho'6 who cud tek cah o' ,mars ,clahk so well as old ,yawk8 ,what if love-lorn swains from a dozen plantations have tried to woo and win my pretty cousin6 ,the bronzed face of ,lochinvar is bleaching1 said the teasing ,harriet when she heard that the wedding date was really set4 ,one day1 who knows1 his skin may be white as yours4 ,sudden as a flood in the ,roanoke came ,julia's tears4 ,relenting1 the lively1 light-hearted ,harriet covered her cousin's curls with kisses4 ,the carriage and horses are at your service4 ,hunt1 fish1 lounge as you please1 said ,colonel ,hancock1 for ,i must be at the courthouse to try an important case4 ,with thousands of acres and hundreds of negroes1 it was the dream of ,colonel ,hancock to one day drop these official cares and retire altogether into the privacy of his plantation4 ,already1 forty miles away1 at the very head spring of the ,roanoke river1 he was building a country seat to be called ,fotheringay1 after ,fotheringay ,castle4 ,back and forth in the gorgeous ,october weather rode ,clark and ,julia1 watching the workmen at ,fotheringay4 ,now and then the carriage stopped at an orchard4 ,passers were always at liberty to help themselves to the fruit4 ,peaches so abundant that they fed the hogs with them1 apples rosy and mellow1 grapes for the vintage1 were in the first flush of abundance4 ,what a contrast to that autumn in the ,bitter ,root ,mountains6 ,then late in ,november to ,fincastle came ,governor ,lewis and his brother ,reuben1 on their way to the west4 ,he1 too1 had been to ,washington on business concerning ,st4 ,louis4 ,the great success of ,york among the ,mandans has decided ,reuben to take ,tom along1 laughed ,lewis1 as ,reuben's black driver dismounted from the carriage--the same family chariot in which ,meriwether had brought his mother from ,georgia1 now on the way to become the state coach of ,louisiana4 ,black ,tom beamed1 expansively happy1 on ,york who had been tuh th' ,injun country where black men were ,great ,medicine4 ,ha1 ,your ,excellency1 laughed the teasing ,harriet1 the beauty of ,fincastle dines with us to-night1--,miss ,letitia ,breckenridge4 ,wait and the ,governor will court you1 some one whispered to the charming ,letitia4 ,i have contemplated accompanying my father to ,richmond for some time1 replied ,letitia4 ,if ,i stay now it will look like a challenge1 therefore ,i determine to go4 ,governor ,lewis underwent not a little chafing when two days after his arrival the lovely ,letitia was gone1--to become the wife of the ,secretary of ,war in ,john ,quincy ,adams's cabinet4 ,miss ,breckenridge is a very sweet-looking girl1 wrote ,reuben to his sister1 and ,i should like to have her for a sister4 ,general ,clark's intended is a charming woman4 ,when ,i tell you that she is much like my sweetheart you will believe ,i think so4 ,what are you doing8 ,clark asked of ,julia1 as she sat industriously stitching beside the hickory fire in the great parlour at ,fincastle4 ,working a little screen to keep the fire from burning my face1 answered the maiden1 rosy as the glow itself4 ,much more beautiful than the little ,sacajawea1 stitching moccasins beside the fire at ,clatsop1 she seemed to ,clark2 and yet the feminine intuition was the same1 to sew1 to stitch1 to be an artist with the needle4 ,the mistletoe hung in ,fincastle hall1 ,the holly branch shone on the old oak wall1 ,and the planter's retainers were blithe and gay1 ,a-keeping their ,christmas holiday4 ,there was sleighing at ,fincastle when the wedding day came1 just after ,new ,year's1 #ahjh4 ,the guests came in sleighs from as far away as ,greenway ,court1 for all the country-side knew and loved ,judy ,hancock4 ,weeping1 soft-hearted ,black ,granny tied again the sunny curls and looped the satin ribbons of her beloved ,miss ,judy4 ,the slaves vied with one another1 strewing the snow with winter greens that no foot might touch the chill4 ,the wainscoted and panelled walls glowed with greenery4 ,holly hung over the carved oaken chimneys1 and around the fowling pieces and antlers of the chase that betokened the hunting habits of ,colonel ,hancock4 ,silver tankards marked with the family arms sparkled on the damask table cloth1 and silver candlesticks and snuffers and silver plate4 ,myrtleberry wax candles gave out an incense that mingled with the odour of hickory snapping in the fireplace4 ,exactly as her mother looked1 whispered the grandmother when ,judy came down1--grandmother1 a brisk little white-capped old lady in quilted satin1 who remembered very well the mother of ,washington4 ,the stars hung blazing on the rim of the ,blue ,ridge and the snow glistened1 when out of the great house came the sound of music and dancing4 ,there were wedding gifts after the old ,virginia fashion1 and when all had been inspected ,clark handed his bride a small jewel case marked with her name4 ,the cover flew open1 revealing a set of topaz and pearls1 ,a gift from the ,president4 ,out into the snow went these wedding guests of a hundred years ago1 to scatter and be forgotten4 ,,iv ,,the ,,boat ,,horn ,all the romance of the old boating time was in ,clark's wedding trip down the ,ohio4 ,it was on a ,may morning when1 stepping on board a flatboat at ,louisville1 he contrasted the daintiness of ,julia with that of any other travelling companion he had ever known4 ,the river1 foaming over its rocky bed1 the boatmen blowing their long conical bugles from shore to shore1 the keelboats1 flat-bottoms1 and arks loaded with emigrants all intent on picking guineas from gooseberry bushes1 spoke of youth1 life1 action4 ,again the boatman blew his bugle1 echoes of other trumpets answered1 ,farewell1 farewell1 fare--we-ll4 ,soon they were into the full sweep of the pellucid ,ohio1 mirroring skies and shores dressed in the livery of ,robin ,hood4 ,frowning precipices and green islets arose1 and projecting headlands indenting the ,ohio with promontories like a chain of shining lakes4 ,hills clothed in ancient timber1 hoary whitened sycamores draped in green clusters of mistletoe1 and magnificent groves of the dark green sugar tree reflected from the water below4 ,shut in to the water's edge1 a woody wilderness still1 the river glided between its umbrageous shores4 ,now and then the crowing of cocks announced a clearing where the axe of the settler had made headway1 or some old ,indian mound blossomed with a peach orchard4 ,flocks of screaming paroquets alighted in the treetops1 humming birds whizzed into the honeysuckle vines and flashed away with dewdrops on their jewelled throats4 ,on the water with them1 now near1 now far1 were other boats1--ferry flats and ,alleghany skiffs1 pirogues hollowed from prodigious sycamores1 dug-outs and canoes1 stately barges with masts and sails and lifted decks like schooners1 keel boats1 slim and trim for low waters1 ,kentucky arks1 broadhorns1 roomy and comfortable1 filled up with chairs1 beds1 stoves1 tables1 bound for the ,sangamon1 ,cape ,girardeau1 ,arkansas4 ,floating caravans of men1 women1 children1 servants1 cattle1 hogs1 horses1 sheep1 and fowl were travelling down the great river4 ,some boats fitted up for stores dropped off at the settlements1 blowing the bugle1 calling the inhabitants down to trade4 ,here a tinner with his tinshop1 with tools and iron1 a floating factory1 there a blacksmith shop with bellows and anvil1 dry-goods boats with shelves for cutlery and cottons1 produce boats with ,kentucky flour and hemp1 ,ohio apples1 cider1 maple sugar1 nuts1 cheese1 and fruit1 and farther down1 ,tennessee cotton1 ,illinois corn1 and cattle1 ,missouri lead and furs1 all bound for ,new ,orleans1 a panorama of endless interest to ,julia4 ,here white-winged schooners were laden entirely with turkeys1 tobacco1 hogs1 horses1 potatoes1 or lumber4 ,nature pouring forth perennial produce from a hundred tributary streams4 ,a bateau could descend from the mouth of the ,ohio to ,new ,orleans in three weeks2 three months of toil could barely bring it back4 ,how could boats be made to go against the current8 ,everywhere and everywhere inventive minds were puzzling over motors1 paddles--duck-foot1 goose-foot1 and elliptical1--wings and sails1 side-wheels1 stern-wheels1 and screws1--and steam was in the air4 ,as the sun went down in lengthening shadows a purple haze suffused the waters4 ,adown ,la ,belle ,rivire1 the loveliest stream that ever glistened to the moon1 arose the evening cadence of the boatmen1-- ,some row up1 but we row down1 ,all the way to ,shawnee ,town1 ,pull away6 ,pull away6 ,pull away to ,shawnee ,town4 ,the crescent moon shone brightly on crag and stream and floating forest1 the air was mild and moist1 the boat glided as in a dream1 and the mocking bird enchanted the listening silence4 ,to ,clark no ,spring had ever seemed so beautiful4 ,sitting on deck with ,julia he could not forget that turbulent time when as a boy he first plunged down these waters4 ,symbolic of his whole life it seemed1 until now the storm and stress of youth had calmed into the placid current of to-day4 ,the past1--the rough toil-hardened past of ,william ,clark1--fell away1 and as under a lifted silken curtain he floated into repose4 ,the rough old life of camps and forts was gone forever4 ,and to ,julia1 everything was new and strange1--,la ,belle ,rivire itself whispered of ,louisiana4 ,like an ,alpine horn the bugle echoed the dreamlife of the waters4 ,the fiddles scraping1 boatmen dancing1 the smooth stream rolling calmly through the forest1 the girls who gathered on shore to see the pageant pass1 the river itself1 momentarily lost to view1 then leaping again in ,hogarth's line of beauty1--all murmured perpetual music4 ,then slumber fell upon the dancers1 but still ,clark and ,julia sat watching4 ,from clouds of owls arose voices of the night1 cries of wolves reverberated on shore1 the plaintive whippoorwill in the foliage lamented to the moon1 meteors rose from the horizon to sweep majestically aloft and burst in a showering spray of gems below4 ,the very heavens were unfamiliar4 ,awed1 impressed1 by the mysteries around them1 they slept4 ,before sun-up the mocking-bird called from the highest treetop and continued singing until after breakfast1 imitating the jay1 the cardinal1 and the lapwing1 then sailing away into a strain of his own wild music4 ,at the mouth of the ,wabash arks were turning in to old ,vincennes4 ,below1 broader grew the ,ohio1 unbroken forests still and twinkling stars4 ,here and there arose the graceful catalpa in full flower1 and groves of cottonwoods so tall that at a distance one could fancy some planter's mansion hidden in their depths4 ,amid these ,eden scenes appeared here and there the deserted cabin of some murdered woodman whose secret only the ,shawnee knew4 ,wild deer1 crossing the ,ohio1 heard the bugle call1 and throwing their long branching antlers on their shoulders sank out of sight1 swimming under the water until the shore opened into the sheltering forest4 ,at times the heavens were darkened with the flights of pigeons2 there was a song of the thrush and the echoing bellow of the big horned owl4 ,wild turkeys crossed their path and wild geese screamed on their journey to the lakes4 ,one day the boats stopped1 and before her ,julia beheld the ,mississippi sweeping with irresistible pomp and wrath1 tearing at the shores1 bearing upon its tawny bosom the huge drift of mount and meadow1 whole herds of drowned buffalo1 trunks of forest trees and caved-in banks of silt1 leaping1 sweeping seaward in the sun4 ,without a pause the bridegroom river reached forth his brawny arm1 and gathered in the starry-eyed ,ohio4 ,over his ,herculean shoulders waved her silver tresses1 deep into his bosom passed her gentle transparency as the twain made one swept to the honeymoon4 ,all night ,clark's bateau lay in a bend while ,york and the men kept off the drift that seemed to set toward them in their little cove as toward a magnet4 ,on the #bfth of ,may ,governor ,lewis received a letter from ,clark asking for help up the river4 ,without delay the ,governor engaged a barge to take their things to ,bellefontaine and another barge to accommodate the ,general1 his family and baggage4 ,dispatching a courier over the ,bellefontaine road1 ,governor ,lewis sent to ,colonel ,hunt a message1 asking him to send ,ensign ,pryor to meet the party4 ,with what delight ,clark and his bride saw the barges with ,ensign ,pryor in charge1 coming down from ,st4 ,louis4 ,then came the struggle up the turbulent river4 ,clark was used to such things1 but never before had he looked on them with a bride at his side4 ,with sails and oars and cordelles all at once1 skilled hands paddled and poled and stemmed the torrent1 up1 up to the rock of the new levee4 ,thus the great explorer brought home his bride to ,st4 ,louis in that never-to-be-forgotten ,may-time one hundred years ago4 ,v ,a ,,bride ,,in ,,st4 ,,louis ,an ,amricaine bride1 ,general ,clark haf brought6 ,she haf beeutiful eyes6 ,she haf golden hair6 ,the ,creole ladies were in a flutter4 ,merci6 ,she haf a carriage6 they cried1 peeping from their lattices4 ,governor ,lewis himself had met the party at the shore1 and now in the first state coach ,st4 ,louis had ever seen1 was driving along the ,rue de l'glise to ,auguste ,chouteau's4 ,merci6 ,she haf maids enough6 whispered the gazers1 as ,rachel1 ,rhody1 ,chloe1 ,sarah1 brought up the rear with their mistress's belongings4 ,then followed ,york1 looking neither to the right nor the left4 ,he knew ,st4 ,louis was watching1 and he delighted in the stir4 ,the fame of the beauty of ,general ,clark's ,american bride spread like wild-fire4 ,for months wherever she rode or walked admiring crowds followed1 eager to catch a glimpse of her face4 ,thickly swathed in veils1 ,julia concealed her features from the public gaze1 but that only increased the interest4 ,she shall haf a party1 une grande rception1 said ,pierre ,chouteau1 and the demi-fortress was opened to a greater banquet than even at the return of ,lewis and ,clark4 ,social ,st4 ,louis abandoned itself to gaiety4 ,dancing slippers were at a premium1 and all the gay silks that ever came up from ,new ,orleans were refurbished with lace and jewels4 ,they are beautiful women1 said ,julia that night4 ,i thought you told me there were only ,indians here4 ,clark laughed4 ,wait until you walk in the streets4 ,and sure enough1 with the arrival of the beautiful ,julia came also certain ,sacs and ,iowas who had been scalping settlers within their borders4 ,with bolted handcuffs and leg shackles they were shut up in the old ,spanish martello tower4 ,from the ,chouteau house ,julia could see their cell windows covered with iron gratings and the guard pacing to and fro4 ,at the trial in the old ,spanish garrison house on the hill the streets swarmed with red warriors4 ,how far away ,st4 ,louis is from civilisation1 remarked ,julia4 ,we seem in the very heart of the ,indian country4 ,the ,governor has organised the militia1 and our good friend ,auguste ,chouteau is their colonel1 answered her husband1 reassuringly4 ,why these fortifications1 these bastions and stone towers8 inquired ,julia1 as they walked along the ,rue4 ,they were built a long time ago for defences against the ,indians4 ,in fact my brother defended ,st4 ,louis once against an ,indian raid4 ,tell me the story1 cried ,julia4 ,and walking along the narrow streets under the honey-scented locusts1 ,clark told ,julia of the fight and fright of #aghj4 ,and was that when the ,spanish lady was here8 ,yes4 ,and what became of her finally8 ,she fled with the nuns to ,cuba at the cession of ,new ,orleans4 ,trilliums red and white1 anemones holding up their shell-pink cups1 and in damp spots adder's tongues and delicate ,dutchman's breeches1 were thick around them as they walked down by the old ,chouteau ,pond4 ,primeval forests surrounded it1 white-armed sycamores and thickets of crab-apple4 ,this is the mill that makes bread for ,st4 ,louis4 ,everybody comes down to ,chouteau's mill for flour4 ,it is so small ,i am not surprised that they call ,st4 ,louis ',pain ,court'--'short of bread4' ,to-morrow the washerwomen will be at the pond1 boiling clothes in iron pots and drying them on the hazel bushes4 ,as they came back in the flush of evening all ,st4 ,louis had moved out of doors4 ,the wide galleries were filled with settees and tables and chairs1 and the neighbourly ,creoles were visiting one another1 and greeting the passers-by4 ,sometimes the walk led over the hill to the ,grand ,prairie west of town4 ,the greensward waved in the breezes like a wheatfield in ,may4 ,cabann's wind-mill could be seen in the distance across the prairie near the timber with its great wings fifty and sixty feet long flying in the air like things of life4 ,cabann the ,swiss had married ,gratiot's daughter4 ,st4 ,louis weddings generally took place at ,easter1 so other brides and grooms were walking there in those ,may days a hundred years ago4 ,night and morning1 as in ,acadia1 the rural population still went to and from the fields with their cattle and carts and old-style wheel ploughs4 ,in ,november ,clark and his bride moved into the ,ren ,kiersereau cottage on the ,rue ,royale4 ,the old ,french ,house of ,ren ,kiersereau dated back to the beginning of ,st4 ,louis4 ,built of heavy timbers and plastered with rubble and mortar1 it bade fair still to withstand the wear and tear of generations4 ,with a long low porch in front and rear1 and a fence of cedar pickets like a miniature stockade1 it differed in no respect from the other modest cottages of ,st4 ,louis4 ,back of the house rushed the river2 before it1 locusts and lightning bugs flitted in the summer garden4 ,beside the ,kiersereau house ,clark had his ,indian office in the small stone store of ,alexis ,marie4 ,into this little house almost daily came ,meriwether ,lewis1 and every moment that could be spared from pressing duties was engrossed in work on the journals of the expedition4 ,sometimes ,julia brought her harp and sang4 ,but into this home quiet were coming constant echoes of the ,indian world4 ,settlers are encroaching on the ,osage lands4 ,we shall have trouble1 said ,governor ,lewis4 ,under an escort of a troop of cavalry ,clark rode out into the ,indian country to make a treaty with the ,osages4 ,the ,shawnees and ,delawares had been invited to settle near ,st4 ,louis to act as a shield against the barbarous ,osages4 ,the ,shawnees and ,delawares were opening little farms and gardens near ,cape ,girardeau1 building houses and trying to become civilised4 ,but settlers had gone on around them into the ,osage wilderness4 ,i will establish a fort to regulate these difficulties1 said the ,general1 and on his return ,fort ,osage was built4 ,settlers are encroaching on our lands1 came the cry from ,sacs1 ,foxes1 and ,iowas4 ,governor ,lewis himself held a council with the discontented tribes and established ,fort ,madison1 the first ,united ,states post up the ,mississippi4 ,but there were still ,big ,white and his people not yet returned to the ,mandan country1 and this was the most perplexing problem of all4 ,,vi ,,the ,,first ,,fort ,,in ,,montana ,manuel ,lisa had enemies and ambition4 ,these always go together4 ,scarcely had ,clark and his bride settled at ,st4 ,louis before down from the north came ,manuel ,lisa's boats1 piled1 heaped1 and laden to the gunwale edge with furs out of the ,yellowstone4 ,his triumphant guns saluted ,charette1 ,st4 ,charles1 ,st4 ,louis4 ,he had run the gauntlet of ,sioux1 ,arikara1 and ,assiniboine4 ,he had penetrated the ,yellowstone and established ,fort ,lisa at the mouth of the ,bighorn in the very heart of the ,crow-land1--the first building in what is now ,montana4 ,dey say you cause de attack on ,big ,white1 buzzed a ,frenchman in his ear4 ,angry at such an imputation1 the ,spaniard hastened to ,governor ,lewis4 ,i disclaim all responsibility for that disaster4 ,the ,arikaras fired across my bow4 ,i stopped4 ,but ,i had my men-at-arms1 my swivels ready4 ,i understood presents4 ,i smoked the pipe of peace1 with a musket in my hand4 ,of course ,i passed4 ,even the ,mandans fired on me1 and the ,assiniboines4 ,should that dismay a trader8 ,manuel ,lisa1 the successful1 was now monarch of the fur trade4 ,even his enemies capitulated4 ,if he is stern in discipline1 the service demands it4 ,he has gone farther1 dared more1 accomplished more1 and brought home more1 than any other4 ,what a future for ,st4 ,louis6 ,we must unite our forces4 ,and so the city on the border reached out toward her destiny4 ,pierre and ,auguste ,chouteau1 ,william ,clark and ,reuben ,lewis1 locked fortunes with the daring1 indomitable ,manuel ,lisa4 ,pierre ,menard1 ,andrew ,henry1 and others1 a dozen altogether1 put in forty thousand dollars1 incorporating the ,missouri ,fur ,company4 ,into the very heart of the ,rocky ,mountains it was resolved to push1 into those primeval beaver meadows whither ,lewis and ,clark had led the way4 ,abandon the timid methods of former trade1--plunge at once deep into the wilderness1 said ,lisa2 ascend the ,missouri to its utmost navigable waters1 and by establishing posts monopolise the trade of the entire region4 ,already had ,lisa dreamed of the ,santa ,f1--now he looked toward the ,pacific4 ,and now1 too1 was the time to send ,big ,white back to the ,mandans4 ,under the convoy of two hundred and fifty people1--enlisted soldiers and engags1 ,american hunters1 ,creoles1 and ,canadian voyageurs1--the fur flotilla set sail with tons of traps and merchandise4 ,as the flotilla pulled out1 a tall gaunt frontiersman with two white men and an ,indian came pulling into ,st4 ,louis4 ,clark turned a second time1--,why1 ,daniel ,boone6 ,first rate6 first rate6 ,furrowed as a sage and tanned as a hunter1 with a firm hand-grasp1 the old man stepped ashore4 ,two summers now had ,daniel ,boone and his two sons brought down to ,st4 ,louis a cargo of salt1 manufactured by themselves at ,boone's ,lick1 a discovery of the old pioneer4 ,any settlers comin'8 ,we air prepared to tote 'em up4 ,ever a welcome guest to the home of ,general ,clark1 ,daniel ,boone strode along to the cottage on the ,rue4 ,at sight of ,julia he closed his eyes1 dazzled4 ',pears to me she looks like ,rebecca4 ,never1 since that day when young ,boone went hunting deer in the ,yadkin forest and found ,rebecca ,bryan1 a ruddy1 flax-haired girl1 had he ceased to be her lover4 ,and though years had passed and ,rebecca had faded1 to him she was ever the gold-haired girl of the ,yadkin4 ,poor ,rebecca6 ,hers had been a hard life in camp and cabin1 with pigs and chickens in the front yard and rain dripping through the roof4 ,daniel6 she sometimes said1 severely4 ,wa-al1 now ,rebecca1 thee knows ,i didn't have time to mend that air leak in the ruff last summer2 ,i war gone too long at the beaver4 ,but thee shall have a new house4 ,and again the faithful ,rebecca stuffed a rag in the ceiling with her mop-handle and meekly went on baking hoe-cake before the blazing forelog4 ,daniel had long promised a new house1 but now1 at last1 he was really going to build4 ,for this he was studying ,st4 ,louis4 ,a day looking at houses and disposing of his salt and beaver-skins1 and back he went1 with a boatload of emigrants and a cargo of school-books4 ,mere trappers came and went1--,boone brought settlers4 ,pathfinder1 judge1 statesman1 physician to the border1 he now carried equipments for the first school up the ,missouri4 ,,vii ,a ,,mystery ,furs were piled everywhere1 the furs that had been wont to go to ,europe1--otter1 beaver1 deer1 and bear and buffalo4 ,american ships1 that had sped like eagles on every sea1 were threatened now by ,england if they sailed to ,france1 by ,france if they sailed to ,england4 ,if our ships1 our sailors1 our goods are to be seized1 it is better to keep them at home1 said ,jefferson4 ,war itself would be better than that1 pled ,gallatin4 ,the whole world was taking sides in the cataclysm over the sea4 ,napoleon recognised no neutrals4 ,england recognised none4 ,denmark tried it1 and the ,british fleet burned ,copenhagen4 ,ominously the conflagration glimmered1--such might be the fate of any ,american seaport4 ,if we must fight let us go with ,france1 said some4 ,napoleon will guarantee us the cession of ,canada and ,nova ,scotia4 ,but ,jefferson1 carrying all before him1 on ,tuesday1 ,december #bb1 #ahjg1 signed an embargo act1 shutting up our ships in our own harbours4 ,in six months commercial life-blood ceased to flow4 ,ships rotted at the wharfs4 ,grass grew in the streets of ,baltimore and ,boston4 ,st4 ,louis traders tried to go over to ,canada1 but were stopped at ,detroit--by that evil embargo4 ,st4 ,louis withered4 ,de ,meeseppi ees closed4 ,tees worse dan de ,spaniard6 ,this unpopularity of ,jefferson cast ,governor ,lewis into deepest gloom4 ,the benevolent ,president's system of peaceable coercion was bringing the country to the verge of rebellion4 ,england cared not nor ,france1 and ,america was stifling with wheat1 corn1 and cattle1 without a market4 ,fur1 fur1--the currency and standard of value in ,st4 ,louis was valueless4 ,taxes even could no longer be paid in shaved deerskins4 ,peltry bonds1 once worth their weight in gold1 had dropped to nothing4 ,moths and mildew crept into the ,chouteau warehouses4 ,a few weeks more and the fruits of ,lisa's adventure would perish4 ,into the ,clark home there had come an infant boy1 named ,meriwether ,lewis1 said the ,general1 when the ,governor came to look at the child4 ,every day now he came to the cradle1 for1 weary with cares1 the quiet domestic atmosphere rested him4 ,he moved his books and clothes1 and the modest little home on the ,rue became the home of the ,governor4 ,beside the fire ,julia stitched1 stitched at dainty garments while the ,general and the ,governor worked on their journals4 ,now and then their eyes strayed toward the sleeping infant4 ,this child is fairer than ,sacajawea's at ,clatsop1 remarked ,lewis4 ,but it cries the same1 and is liable to the same ills4 ,and did you name a river for ,sacajawea1 too8 laughed ,julia4 ,certainly1 certainly1 but the ,governor's favourite river was named ,maria1 slyly interposed ,clark4 ,a quick flush passed over the ,governor's cheek4 ,he had lately purchased a three-and-a-half arpent piece of land north of ,st4 ,louis for a home for his mother1--or was it for ,maria8 ,however1 in ,june ,clark took ,julia and the baby with him on a trip to ,louisville1 and the same month ,maria was married to somebody else4 ,but on the ,ohio the joyous activity had ceased4 ,no longer the boatman's horn rang over cliff and scar4 ,jefferson's embargo had stagnated the waters4 ,when ,general ,clark returned to ,st4 ,louis in ,july he found his friend still more embarrassed and depressed4 ,my bills are protested1 said the ,governor4 ,here is one for eighteen dollars rejected by the ,secretary of the ,treasury4 ,this has given me infinite concern1 as the fate of others drawn for similar purposes cannot be in doubt4 ,their rejection cannot fail to impress the public mind unfavourably with respect to me4 ,and what are these bills for8 inquired ,clark4 ,expenses incurred in governing the territory1 answered ,lewis4 ,general ,clark did not have to look back many years to recall the wreck of his brother on this same snag of protested bills1 and exactly as with ,george ,rogers ,clark the proud and sensitive heart of ,meriwether ,lewis was cut to the core4 ,more painful than the rejection1 is the displeasure which must arise in the mind of the executive from my having drawn for public moneys without authority4 ,a third and not less embarrassing circumstance is that my private funds are entirely incompetent to meet these bills if protested4 ,with the generosity of his nature ,clark gave ,lewis one hundred dollars1 and ,lewis arranged as soon as possible to go to ,washington with his vouchers to see the ,president4 ,with the courage of upright convictions1 ,governor ,lewis contended with the difficulties of his office1 and in due course received the rest of his protested bills4 ,if he raged at heart he said little4 ,if he spent sleepless nights tossing1 and communing with himself1 he spoke no word to those around him4 ,though the dagger pierced he made no sign4 ,borrowing money of his friends as ,george ,rogers ,clark had done1 he met his bills as best he might4 ,but his haggard face and evident illness alarmed his friends4 ,you had better take a trip to the east1 they urged4 ,you have malarial fever4 ,he decided to act on this suggestion1 and with the journals of the western expedition and his vouchers the ,governor bade his friends farewell and dropped down the river1 intending to take a coasting vessel to ,new ,orleans and pass around to ,washington by sea4 ,but at the ,chickasaw ,bluffs1 now ,memphis1 ,lewis was ill4 ,moreover1 rumours of war were in the air4 ,these precious manuscripts that ,i have carried now for so many miles1 must not be lost1 thought ,lewis1 nor the vouchers of my public accounts on which my honour rests4 ,i will go by land through the ,chickasaw country4 ,the ,united ,states agent with the ,chickasaw ,indians1 ,major ,neely1 arriving there two days later1 found ,lewis still detained by illness4 ,i must accompany and watch over him1 he said1 when he found that the ,governor was resolved to press on at all hazards4 ,he is very ill4 ,one hundred years ago the ,natchez trace was a new military road that had been cut through the wilderness of ,tennessee to the ,spanish country4 ,over this road the pony express galloped day and night and pioneer caravans paused at nightfall at lonely wayside inns4 ,brigands infested the forest1 hard on the trail of the trader returning from ,new ,orleans with a pouch of ,spanish silver in his saddlebags4 ,over that road ,aaron ,burr had travelled on his visit to ,andrew ,jackson at ,nashville1 and on it ,tecumseh was even now journeying to the tribes of the south4 ,two of the horses have strayed1 was the servant's report at the end of one day's journey4 ,but even that could not delay the ,governor4 ,i will wait for you at the house of the first white inhabitant on the road1 said ,lewis1 as ,neely turned back for the lost roadsters4 ,it was evening when the ,governor arrived at ,grinder's stand1 the last cabin on the borders of the ,chickasaw country4 ,may ,i stay for the night8 he inquired of the woman at the door4 ,come you alone8 she asked4 ,my servants are behind4 ,bring me some wine4 ,alighting and bringing in his saddle1 the ,governor touched the wine and turned away4 ,pulling off his loose white blue-striped travelling gown1 he waited for his servants4 ,the woman scanned her guest1--of elegant manners and courtly bearing1 he was evidently a gentleman4 ,but a troubled look on his face1 an impatient walk to and fro1 denoted something wrong4 ,she listened1--he was talking to himself4 ,his sudden wheels and turns and strides startled her4 ,where is my powder8 ,i am sure there was some powder in my canister1 he said to the servants at the door4 ,after a mouthful of supper1 he suddenly started up1 speaking in a violent manner1 flushed and excited4 ,then1 lighting his pipe1 he sat down by the cabin door4 ,madame1 this is a very pleasant evening4 ,mrs4 ,grinder noted the kindly tone1 the handsome1 haggard face1 the air of abstraction4 ,quietly he smoked for a time1 then again he flushed1 arose excitedly1 and stepped into the yard4 ,there he began pacing angrily to and fro4 ,but again he sat down to his pipe1 and again seemed composed4 ,he cast his eyes toward the west1 that ,west1 the scene of his toils and triumphs4 ,what a sweet evening it is6 ,he had seen that same sun silvering the northern rivers1 gilding the peaks of the ,rockies1 and sinking into the ,pacific4 ,it all came over him now1 like a soothing dream1 calming the fevered soul and stilling its tumult4 ,the woman was preparing the usual feather-bed for her guest4 ,i beg you1 ,madame1 do not trouble yourself4 ,pernia1 bring my bearskins and buffalo robe4 ,the skins and robe were spread on the floor and the woman went away to her kitchen4 ,the house was a double log cabin with a covered way between4 ,such houses abound still in the ,cumberland ,mountains4 ,i am afraid of that man1 said the woman in the kitchen1 putting her children in their beds4 ,something is wrong4 ,i cannot sleep4 ,the servants slept in the barn4 ,neely had not come4 ,night came down with its mysterious veil upon the frontier cabin4 ,but still that heavy pace was heard in the other cabin4 ,now and then a voice spoke rapidly and incoherently4 ,he must be a lawyer1 said the woman in the kitchen4 ,suddenly she heard the report of a pistol1 and something dropped heavily to the floor4 ,there was a voice1--,o ,lord6 ,excited1 peering into the night1 the trembling woman listened4 ,another pistol1 and then a voice at her door1--,oh1 madame1 give me some water and heal my wounds6 ,peering into the moonlight between the open unplastered logs1 she saw her guest stagger and fall4 ,presently he crawled back into the room4 ,then again he came to the kitchen door1 but did not speak4 ,an empty pail stood there with a gourd1--he was searching for water4 ,cowering1 terrified1 there in the kitchen with her children the woman waited for the light4 ,at the first break of day she sent two of the children to the barn to arouse the servants4 ,and there1 on his bearskins on the cabin floor1 they found the shattered frame of ,meriwether ,lewis1 a bullet in his side1 a shot under his chin1 and a ghastly wound in his forehead4 ,take my rifle and kill me6 he begged4 ,i will give you all the money in my trunk4 ,i am no coward1 but ,i am so strong1--so hard to die6 ,do not be afraid of me1 ,pernia1 ,i will not hurt you4 ,and as the sun rose over the ,tennessee trees1 ,meriwether ,lewis was dead1 on the #aath of ,october1 #ahji4 ,,viii ,a ,,lonely ,,grave ,,in ,,tennessee ,a hero of his country was dead1 the ,governor of its largest ,territory1--dead1 on his way to ,washington1 where fresh honours awaited him1--dead1 far from friends and kindred in a wild and boundless forest4 ,did he commit suicide in a moment of aberration1 or was he foully murdered by an unknown hand on that #aath of ,october1 #ahji8 ,president ,jefferson1 who had observed signs of melancholy in him in early life1 favoured the idea of suicide1 but in the immediate neighbourhood the theory of murder took instant shape4 ,where was ,joshua ,grinder8 ,where were those servants8 ,where was ,neely himself8 ,i never for a moment entertained the thought of suicide1 said his mother1 when she heard the news4 ,his last letter was full of hope4 ,i was to live with him in ,st4 ,louis4 ,of all men in the world why should ,meriwether ,lewis commit suicide8 ,the question has been argued for a hundred years and is to-day no nearer solution than ever4 ,old ,grinder killed him and got his money1 said the neighbours4 ,he saw he was well dressed and evidently a person of distinction and wealth4 ,grinder was arrested and tried but no proof could be secured4 ,alarmed by his groans the robbers hid his pouch of gold coins in the earth1 with the intention of securing it later1 said others4 ,they never ventured to return1--it lies there1 buried1 to this day4 ,and the superstitions of the neighbourhood have invested the spot with the weird fascination of ,captain ,kidd's treasure1 or the buried box of gold on ,neacarney4 ,he was killed by his ,french servant1 said the ,lewis family4 ,later1 when ,pernia visited ,charlottesville and sent word to ,locust ,hill1 ,meriwether's mother refused to see him4 ,john ,marks1 half-brother of ,meriwether ,lewis1 went immediately to the scene of tragedy1 but nothing more could be done or learned4 ,proceeding to ,st4 ,louis1 the estate was settled4 ,when at last the trunks arrived at ,washington they were found to contain the journals1 papers on the protested bills1 and the well-known spy-glass used by ,lewis on the expedition4 ,but there were no valuables or money4 ,years after1 ,meriwether's sister and her husband unexpectedly met ,pernia on the streets of ,mobile1 and ,mary recognised in his possession the ,william ,wirt watch and the gun of her brother4 ,on demand they were promptly surrendered4 ,in the lonely heart of ,lewis county1 ,tennessee1 stands to-day a crumbling gray stone monument with a broken shaft of limestone erected by the ,state on the spot where1 in the thirty-fifth year of his age1 ,meriwether ,lewis met his death4 ,in solitude and desolation1 moss overlies his tomb1 but his name lives on1 brightening with the years4 ,,ix ,,trade ,,follows ,,the ,,flag ,bon jour1 ,ms'ieu1 you want to know where dat ,captinne8 ,the polite ,creole lifted his cap4 ',pears now1 maybe ,i heerd he wuz ,guv'ner1 said the keen-eyed trapper thoughtfully4 ,guff'ner ,lewees ees det1--kilt heeself4 ,generale ,clark leeves on de ,rue ,royale1 next de ,injun office4 ,in unkempt beard1 hair shaggy as a horse's mane1 and clothing all of leather1 the stranger climbed the rocky path1 using the stock of his gun for a staff4 ,it did not take long to find the ,indian office4 ,with a dozen lounging braves outside and a council within1 sat ,william ,clark1 the ,red ,head ,chief4 ,general ,clark noted the shadow in the door that bright ,may morning4 ,not in vain had these men faced the ,west together4 ,bless me1 it's ,coalter6 ,where have you been8 ,how did you come8 ,from the mountains1 three thousand miles in thirty days1 in a small canoe1 ,coalter had come flying down the melting head-snows of the ,rockies4 ,he was haggard with hunger and loss of sleep4 ,leading his old companion to the cottage1 ,clark soon had him surrounded with the comforts of a civilised meal4 ,refreshed1 gradually the trapper unfolded his tale4 ,when ,john ,coalter left ,lewis and ,clark at the ,mandan towns and went back with ,hancock and ,dickson1 in that ,summer of #ahjf1 they1 the first of white men1 entered the ,yellowstone ,park of to-day4 ,in the ,spring1 separating from his companions1 ,coalter set out for ,st4 ,louis in a solitary canoe4 ,at the mouth of the ,platte he met ,manuel ,lisa and ,drouillard coming up4 ,and with them1 ,john ,potts1 another of the ,lewis and ,clark soldiers4 ,on the spot ,coalter re-enlisted and returned a third time to the wilderness4 ,such a man was invaluable to that first venture in the north4 ,after ,lisa had stockaded his fort at the mouth of the ,bighorn1 he sent ,coalter to bring the ,indians4 ,alone he set out with gun and knapsack1 travelled five hundred miles1 and brought in his friends the ,crows4 ,that laid the foundation of ,lisa's fortune4 ,when ,lisa came down with his furs in the ,spring1 ,coalter and ,potts with traps on their backs set out for the beaver-meadows of the ,three ,forks1 the ,madison1 the ,jefferson1 and the ,gallatin4 ,we knew those ,blackfoot sarpints would spare no chance to skelp us1 said ,coalter1 so we sot our traps by night an' tuk 'em afore daylight4 ,goin' up a creek six miles from the ,jefferson1 examinin' our traps one mornin'1 on a suddent we heerd a great noise4 ,but the banks wuz high an' we cudn't see4 ',blackfeet1 ,potts4 ,let's retreat1' sez ,i4 ',blackfut nuthin'4 ,ye must be a coward4 ,thet's buffaloes1' sez ,potts4 ,an' we kep' on4 ,in a few minutes five or six hunderd ,injuns appeared on both sides uv the creek1 beckonin' us ashore4 ,i saw 't warnt no use an' turned the canoe head in4 ,ez we touched1 an ,injun seized ,potts' rifle4 ,i jumped an' grabbed an' handed it back to ,potts in the canoe4 ,he tuk it an' pushed off4 ,an' ,injun let fly an arrer4 ,jest ez ,i heard it whizz1 ,potts cried1 ',coalter1 ,i'm wounded4' ',don't try to get off1 ,potts1 come ashore1' ,i urged4 ,but no1 he levelled his rifle and shot a ,blackfoot dead on the spot4 ,instanter they riddled ,potts1--dead1 he floated down stream4 ,then they seized and stripped me4 ,i seed 'em consultin'4 ',set 'im up fer a target1' said some4 ,i knew ther lingo1 lernt it 'mongst the ,crows1 raound ,lisa's fort1 at the ,bighorn4 ,but the chief asked me1 ',can ye run fast8' ',no1 very bad runner1' ,i answered4 ,clark smiled4 ,well he remembered ,coalter as the winner in many a racing bout4 ,the chief led me aout on the prairie1 ',save yerself ef ye can4' ,et thet instant ,i heerd1 ',whoop-ahahahahah-hooh6' like ten thousand divils1 an' ,i flew4 ,it wuz six miles to the ,jefferson2 the graound wuz stuck like a pinquishen with prickly-pear an' sand burrs1 cuttin' my bare feet1 but ,i wuz half acrosst before ,i ventured to look over the shoulder4 ,the sarpints ware pantin' an' fallin' behind an' scatterin'4 ,but one with a spear not more'n a hunderd yeards behind was gainin'4 ,i made another bound1--blood gushed from my nostrils4 ,nearer1 nearer ,i heerd his breath and steps1 expectin' every minute to feel thet spear in my back4 ,agin ,i looked4 ,not twenty yeards behind he ran4 ,on a suddint ,i stopped1 turned1 and spread my arms4 ,the ,blackfoot1 astonished at the blood all over my front1 perhaps1 tried to stop but stumbled an' fell and broke his spear4 ,i ran back1 snatched the point1 and pinned him to the earth4 ,the rest set up a hidjus yell4 ,while they stopped beside ther fallen comrade1 almost faintin' ,i ran inter the cottonwoods on the borders uv the shore an' plunged ento the river4 ,diving under a raft of drift-timber agin the upper point of a little island1 ,i held my head up in a little opening amongst the trunks of trees covered with limbs and brushwood4 ,screechin'1 yellin' like so many divils1 they come onto the island4 ,thro' the chinks ,i seed 'em huntin'1 huntin'1 huntin'1 all day long4 ,i only feared they might set the raft on fire4 ,but at night they gave it up2 the voices grew faint and fer away2 ,i swam cautiously daown an' acrost1 an' landin' travelled all night4 ,but ,i wuz naked4 ,the broilin' sun scorched my skin1 my feet were filled with prickly-pears1 an' ,i wuz hungry4 ,game1 game plenty on the hills1 but ,i hed no gun4 ,it was seven days to ,lisa's fort on the ,bighorn4 ,i remembered the ,injun turnip that ,sacajawea found in there1 an' lived on it an' sheep sorrel until ,i reached ,lisa's fort1 blistered from head to heel4 ,as in a vision the ,general saw it all4 ,judy's eyes were filled with tears4 ,through the ,gallatin1 the ,indian ,valley of ,flowers1 where ,bozeman stands to-day1 the lonely trapper had toiled in the ,july sun and over the ,bozeman ,pass1 whither ,clark's cavalcade had ridden two summers before4 ,six years now had ,coalter been gone from civilisation1 but he had discovered the ,yellowstone ,park4 ,no one in ,st4 ,louis would believe his stories of hot water spouting in fountains1 ,coalter's ,hell1 but ,william ,clark traced his route on the map that he sent for publication4 ,john ,coalter now received his delayed reward for the expedition1--double pay and three hundred acres of land1--and went up to find ,boone at ,charette4 ,what6 ,pierre ,menard6 ,another boat had come out of the north4 ,general ,clark grasped the horny hand of the fur trader4 ,what luck8 ,bad1 bad1 gloomily answered the trader with a shake of his flowing mane4 ,drouillard is dead1 and the rest are likely soon to be4 ,what do you mean8 ,blackfeet6 ,clark guessed all1 even before he heard the full details behind locked doors of the ,missouri ,fur ,company at the warehouse of ,pierre ,chouteau4 ,as you knew1 began ,menard1 we spent last winter at ,fort ,lisa on the ,bighorn4 ,when ,lisa started down here in ,march we packed our traps on horses1 crossed to the ,three ,forks1 and built a double stockade of logs at the confluence of the rivers4 ,every night the men came in with beaver1 beaver1 beaver4 ,we confidently expected to bring down not less than three hundred packs this fall but that hope is shattered4 ,on the #abth of ,april our men were ambuscaded by ,blackfeet4 ,five were killed4 ,all their furs1 traps1 horses1 guns1 and equipments are without doubt by this time at ,fort ,edmonton on the ,saskatchewan4 ,but you expected to visit the ,snakes and ,flatheads1 suggested one to rouse the despondent trader from his revery4 ,i did4 ,and the object was to obtain a ,blackfoot prisoner if possible in order to open communication with his tribe4 ,they are the most unapproachable ,indians we have known4 ,they refuse all overtures4 ,just outside the fort ,drouillard was killed4 ,a high wind was blowing at the time1 so he was not heard1 but the scene of the conflict indicated a desperate defence4 ,despair seized our hunters4 ,they refused to go out4 ,indeed1 it was impossible to go except in numbers1 so ,henry and ,i concluded it was best to report4 ,i set out by night1 and here ,i am1 with these men and thirty packs of beaver4 ,god pity poor ,henry at the ,three ,forks6 ,thus at one blow were shattered the high hopes of the ,missouri ,fur ,company4 ,all thought of ,andrew ,henry1 tall1 slender1 blue-eyed1 dark-haired1 a man that spoke seldom1 but of great deeds4 ,would he survive a winter among the ,blackfeet8 ,but there was another cause of disquiet to the ,missouri ,fur ,company4 ,have you heard of ,john ,jacob ,astor8 ,what8 ,he has gone with ,wilson ,price ,hunt to ,montreal to engage men for an expedition to the ,columbia4 ,what1 ,hunt who kept an ,indian shop here on the ,rue8 ,they all knew him4 ,he had come to ,st4 ,louis in #ahjd and become an adept in outfitting4 ,two or three times ,astor had offered to buy stock in the ,missouri ,fur ,company but had been refused4 ,jefferson himself had recommended him to ,lewis4 ,now he was carrying trade into the fur country over their heads4 ,already he had a great trade on the lakes1 and to the headwaters of the ,mississippi4 ,he had profited by the surrender of ,detroit and ,mackinaw4 ,another stride took him to the ,falls of ,st4 ,anthony2 and now1 along the trail of ,lewis and ,clark he planned to be first on the ,pacific4 ,with ships by sea and caravans by land1 he could at last accomplish the wished-for trade to ,china4 ,but ,i1 too1 planned the ,pacific trade1 said ,manuel ,lisa1 coming down in the ,autumn4 ,there was some jealousy that a ,new ,york man should be first to follow the trail to the sea4 ,the winter was one of anxiety1 for ,astor's men had arrived in ,st4 ,louis and had gone up the ,missouri to camp until ,spring4 ,anxiety1 too1 for ,andrew ,henry1 out there alone in the ,blackfoot country4 ,could they have been gifted with sufficient sight1 the partners in ,st4 ,louis might even then have seen the brave ,andrew ,henry fighting for his life on that little tongue of land between the ,madison and the ,jefferson4 ,no trapping could be done4 ,it was dangerous to go any distance from the fort except in large parties4 ,fearing the entire destruction of his little band1 ,henry moved across the mountains into the ,oregon country1 and wintered on what is now ,henry's ,fork of the river ,snake1 the first ,american stronghold on the ,columbia4 ,we must exterminate ,hunt's party1 said ,manuel ,lisa4 ,no1 said ,pierre ,chouteau4 ,next year he will send again and again1 and in time will exterminate us4 ,your duty will be to protect his men on the water1 and may ,god ,almighty have mercy on them in the mountains1 for they will never reach their destination4 ,from his new home at ,charette ,john ,coalter saw ,astor's people going by1 bound for the ,columbia4 ,to his surprise they inquired for him4 ,general ,clark told us you were the best informed man in the country4 ,coalter told them of the hostility of the ,blackfeet and the story of his escape4 ,he longed to return with them to the mountains1 but he had just married a squaw and he decided to stay4 ,moreover1 a twinge in his limbs warned him that that plunge in the ,jefferson had given him rheumatism for life4 ,daniel ,boone1 standing on the bank at ,charette when ,hunt went by1 came down and examined their outfit4 ,jist returned from my traps on the ,creek1 he said1 pointing to sixty beaver skins4 ,tame beavers and otters1 caught on an island opposite ,charette ,creek1 were playing around his cabin4 ,and his neighbours had elk and deer and buffalo1 broken to the yoke4 ,several seasons had ,boone with his old friend ,calloway trapped on the ,kansas2 now he longed for the mountains4 ,another year and ,i1 too1 will go to the ,yellowstone1 said ,daniel ,boone4 ,andrew ,henry must be rescued4 ,his situation is desperate4 ,he may be dead1 said ,general ,clark1 ,president of the ,missouri ,fur ,company at ,st4 ,louis4 ,three weeks behind ,hunt1 ,lisa set out in a swift barge propelled by twenty oars1 with a swivel on the bow and two blunderbusses in the cabin4 ,lisa had been a sea-captain1--he rigged his boat with a good mast1 mainsail and topsail1 and led his men with a ringing boat-song4 ,then followed a keelboat race of a thousand miles up the ,missouri4 ,june #b ,lisa caught up with ,hunt near the present ,bismarck1 and met ,andrew ,henry coming down with forty packs of beaver4 ,to avoid the hostile ,blackfeet1 ,hunt bought horses and crossed through the ,yellowstone-,crow country to the abandoned fort of ,henry on the ,snake1 and on to the ,columbia4 ,aboard that barge with ,lisa went ,sacajawea4 ,true to her word1 she had brought the little ,touissant down to ,st4 ,louis1 where ,clark placed him with the ,catholic sisters to be trained for an interpreter4 ,sacajawea was dressed as a white woman2 she had quickly adopted their manners and language2 but1 in the words of a chronicler who saw her there1 she had become sickly1 and longed to revisit her native country4 ,her husband also had become wearied of civilised life4 ,so back they went to the ,minnetarees1 bearing pipes from ,clark to the chiefs4 ,five hundred dollars a year ,charboneau now received as ,indian agent for the ,united ,states4 ,for more than thirty years he held his post1 and to this day his name may be traced in the land of ,dakota4 ,we can see ,sacajawea now1 startled and expectant1 her heart beating like a trip-hammer under her bodice1 looking at ,julia6 ,no dreams of her mountains had ever shown such sunny hair1 such fluffs of curls1 like moonrise on the water4 ,and that diaphanous cloud1--was it a dress8 ,no ,shoshone girl ever saw such buckskin1 finer than blossom of the bitter-root4 ,i am come1 said ,sacajawea4 ,a whole year she had tarried among the whites1 quickly accommodating herself to their ways4 ,but in the level ,st4 ,louis she dreamed of her northland1 and now she was going home6 ,x ,,tecumseh ,it is madness to contend against the whites1 said ,black ,hoof1 chief of the ,shawnees4 ,the more we fight the more they come4 ,he had led raids against ,boonsboro1 watched the ,ohio1 and sold scalps at ,detroit4 ,three times his town was burnt behind him1 twice by ,clark and once by ,wayne4 ,then he gave up1 signed the treaty at ,greenville1 and for ever after kept the peace4 ,now he was living with a band of ,shawnees at ,cape ,girardeau1 and made frequent visits to his old friend1 ,daniel ,boone4 ,indian ,phillips was with those who besieged ,boonsboro4 ,phillips was a white man stolen as a child who had always lived with the ,shawnees4 ,to him ,daniel ,boone was the closest of friends4 ,they hunted together and slept together4 ,boone took ,phillips' bearskins and sold them with his own in ,st4 ,louis4 ,if ,i should die while ,i am out with you1 ,phillips1 you must mark my grave and tell the folks so they can carry me home4 ,long after those ,indians in the ,west had welcomed ,boone's sons1 an old squaw said1 ,i was an adopted sister during his captivity with the ,ohio ,indians4 ,sometimes ,boone went over to ,cape ,girardeau1 and sat with his friends talking over old times4 ,do you remember1 ,dan1 ,phillips would say1 when we had you prisoner at ,detroit8 ,you remember the ,british traders gave you a horse and saddle and ,black ,fish adopted you1 and you and he made an agreement you would lead him to ,boonsboro and make them surrender and bury the tomahawk1 and live like brothers and sisters8 ,yes1 ,i remember1 said ,boone1 smiling at the recollection of those arts of subterfuge4 ,do you remember one warm day when ,black ,fish said1 ',dan1 the corn is in good roasting ears4 ,i would like to have your horse and mine in good condition before we start to ,boonsboro4 ,we need a trough to feed them in4 ,i will show you a big log that you can dig out4' ,black ,fish led you to a big walnut log4 ,you worked a while and then lay down4 ,black ,fish came and said1 ',well1 ,dan1 you haven't done much4' ',no1' you answered1 'you and your squaw call me your son1 but you don't love me much4 ,when ,i am at home ,i don't work this way1--,i have negroes to work for me4' ',well1' said ,black ,fish1 'come to camp and stay with your brothers4' ,quietly the two old men chuckled together4 ,boone always called ,black ,fish1 father1 and when he went hunting brought the choicest bit to the chief4 ,but now ,boone's visits to ,girardeau were made with a purpose4 ,what is ,tecumseh doing8 ,tecumseh8 ,he says no tribe can sell our lands4 ,he refuses to move out of ,ohio4 ,old ,black ,hoof had pulled away from ,tecumseh4 ,the ,shooting ,star refused to attend ,wayne's treaty at ,greenville4 ,in #ahje he styled himself a chief1 and organised the young blood of the ,shawnees into a personal band4 ,about this time ,tecumseh met ,rebecca ,galloway1 whose father1 ,james ,galloway1 had moved over from ,kentucky to settle near ,old ,chillicothe4 ,at the ,galloway hearth ,tecumseh was ever a welcome guest4 ,teach me to read the white man's book1 said ,tecumseh to the fair ,rebecca4 ,with wonderful speed the young chief picked up the ,english alphabet4 ,hungry for knowledge1 he read and read and ,rebecca read to him4 ,thereafter in his wonderful war and peace orations1 ,tecumseh used the language of his beloved ,rebecca4 ,for1 human-like1 the young chief lost his heart to the white girl4 ,days went by1 dangerous days1 while ,rebecca was correcting ,tecumseh's speech1 enlarging his ,english vocabulary1 and reading to him from the ,bible4 ,promise me1 ,tecumseh1 never1 never will you permit the massacre of helpless women and children after capture4 ,tecumseh promised4 ,and be kind to the poor surrendered prisoner4 ,i will be kind1 said ,tecumseh4 ,but time was fleeting1--game was disappearing1--,tecumseh was an ,indian4 ,his lands were slipping from under his feet4 ,it was useless to speak to the fair ,rebecca4 ,terrified at the fire she had kindled1 she saw him no more4 ,enraged1 wrathful1 he returned to his band4 ,tecumseh never loved any ,indian woman4 ,a wife or two he tried1 then bade them ,begone6 ,when ,lewis and ,clark returned from the ,west1 ,tecumseh and his brother1 the ,prophet1 were already planning a vast confederation to wipe out the whites4 ,jefferson heard of these things4 ,he is visionary1 said the ,president1 and let him go on unmolested4 ,the ,seventeen ,fires are cheating us6 exclaimed ,tecumseh4 ,the ,delawares1 ,miamis1 and ,pottawattamies have sold their lands6 ,the ,great ,spirit gave the land to all the ,indians4 ,no tribe can sell without the consent of all4 ,the whites have driven us from the sea-coast1--they will shortly push us into the ,lakes4 ,the ,governor-,general of ,canada encouraged him4 ,then came rumours of ,indian activity4 ,like the ,hermit of old1 ,tecumseh went out to rouse the redmen in a crusade against the whites4 ,still ,jefferson paid no heed4 ,about the time that ,clark and his bride came down the ,ohio1 the distracted ,indians were swarming on ,tippecanoe ,creek1 a hundred miles from ,fort ,dearborn1 the future ,chicago4 ,all ,summer1 whisperings came into ,st4 ,louis1 ,tecumseh is persuading the ,sacs1 ,foxes1 and ,osages to war4 ,i will meet the ,sacs and ,foxes1 said ,lewis4 ,clark went out and quieted the ,osages4 ,boone's son and ,auguste ,chouteau went with him4 ,the ,great ,spirit bids you destroy ,vincennes and sweep the ,ohio to the mouth1 was the ,prophet's reported advice to the ,chippewas4 ,give up our land and buy no more1 and ,i will ally with the ,united ,states1 said ,tecumseh to ,general ,harrison at ,vincennes1 in ,august of #ahji4 ,it cannot be1 said ,harrison4 ,then ,i will make war and ally with ,england1 retorted the defiant chieftain4 ,the frontier had much to fear from an ,indian war4 ,more and more vagrant red men hovered around ,st4 ,louis1--,sacs1 ,foxes1 ,osages1 who had seen ,tecumseh4 ,the ,illinois country opposite swarmed with them1 making raids on the farmers1 killing stock1 stealing horses4 ,massacres and depredations began4 ',tis time to fortify1 said ,daniel ,boone to his sons and neighbours4 ,in a little while nine forts had been erected in ,st4 ,charles county alone1 and every cabin was stockaded4 ,the five stockades at ,boone's ,lick met frequent assaults4 ,black ,hawk was there1 the trusted lieutenant of ,tecumseh4 ,the whole frontier became alarmed4 ,then ,manuel ,lisa came down the river4 ,the ,british are sending wampum to the ,sioux4 ,all the ,missouri nations are urged to join the confederacy4 ,in fact1 the ,prophet with his mystery fire was visiting all the northwest tribes1 even the ,blackfeet4 ,ten thousand ,indians promised to follow him back4 ,dressed in white buckskin1 with eagle feathers in his hair1 ,tecumseh1 on a spirited black pony1 came to ,gomo and ,black ,partridge on ,peoria ,lake in the summer of #ahaj4 ,i cannot join you1 said ,black ,partridge1 the ,pottawattamie1 holding up a silver medal4 ,this token was given to me at ,greenville by the great chief ,wayne4 ,on it you see the face of our father at ,washington4 ,as long as this hangs on my neck ,i can never raise my tomahawk against the whites4 ,gomo refused4 ,long ago the ,big ,knife ,george ,rogers ,clark came to ,kaskaskia and sent for the chiefs of this river4 ,we went4 ,he desired us to remain still in our own villages1 saying that the ,americans were able1 of themselves1 to fight the ,british4 ,will anything short of the complete conquest of the ,canadas enable us to prevent their influence on our ,indians8 asked ,governor ,edwards of ,illinois4 ,edwards and ,clark planned together for the protection of the frontier4 ,in ,july1 #ahaa1 ,tecumseh went to ,vincennes and held a last stormy interview with ,harrison without avail4 ,immediately he turned south to the ,creeks1 ,choctaws1 ,chickasaws1 and ,seminoles4 ,they watched him with kindling eyes4 ,brothers1 you do not mean to fight6 thundered ,tecumseh to the hesitating ,creeks4 ,you do not believe the ,great ,spirit has sent me4 ,you shall know4 ,from here ,i go straight to ,detroit4 ,when ,i arrive there ,i shall stamp on the ground1 and shake down every house in this village4 ,as ,tecumseh strode into the forest the terrified ,creeks watched4 ,they counted the days4 ,then came the awful quaking and shaking of the ,new ,madrid earthquake4 ,tecumseh has reached ,detroit6 ,tecumseh has reached ,detroit6 cried the frantic ,creeks1 as their wigwams tumbled about them4 ,tecumseh was coming leisurely up among the tribes of ,missouri1 haranguing ,black ,hoof at ,cape ,girardeau1 ,osages1 and ,kickapoos1 and ,iowas at ,des ,moines4 ,but ,tippecanoe had been fought and lost4 ,there is to be an attack1 said ,george ,rogers ,clark ,floyd1 tapping at the door of ,harrison's tent at three o'clock in the morning of ,november #g1 #ahaa4 ,harrison sprang to his horse and with him ,george ,croghan and ,john ,o',fallon4 ,it was a battle for possession4 ,every ,indian trained by ,tecumseh knew his country depended upon it4 ,every white knew he must win or the log cabin must go4 ,in the darkness and rain the combatants locked in the death struggle of savagery against civilisation4 ,tecumseh reached the ,wabash to find the wreck of ,tippecanoe4 ,wretch6 he cried to his brother1 you have ruined all6 ,seizing the ,prophet by the hair1 ,tecumseh shook him and beat him and cuffed him and almost killed him1 then dashed away to ,canada and offered his tomahawk to ,great ,britain4 ,the danger is not over1 said ,clark after ,harrison's battle4 ,to save as many ,indians as possible from the machinations of ,tecumseh1 immediately after ,tippecanoe ,clark summoned the neighbouring tribes to a council at ,st4 ,louis4 ,over the winter snows the runners sped1 calling them in for a trip to ,washington4 ,it was ,may of #ahab when ,clark got together his chiefs of the ,great and ,little ,osages1 ,sacs1 ,foxes1 ,shawnees1 and ,delawares4 ,ahaha6 ,great ,medicine6 whispered the ,indians1 when ,general ,clark discovered their wily plans4 ,nothing could be hid from the ,red ,head ,chief4 ,feared and beloved1 none other could better have handled the inflammable tribes at that moment4 ,old chiefs among them remembered his brother of the ,long ,knives1 and looked upon this ,clark as his natural successor4 ,and the ,general took care not to dispel this fancy1 but on every occasion strengthened and deepened it4 ,never before in ,st4 ,louis had ,indians been watched so strenuously4 ,moody1 taciturn1 repelling familiarity1 they bore the faces of men who knew secrets4 ,tecumseh had whispered in their ear4 ,shall we listen to ,tecumseh8 ,they were wavering4 ,cold1 impassively stoic1 they heeded no question when citizens impelled by curiosity or friendly feeling endeavoured to draw them into conversation4 ,if pressed too closely1 the straight forms lifted still more loftily1 and wrapping their blankets closer about them the council chiefs strode contemptuously away4 ,but if ,clark spoke1 every eye was attention4 ,before we go1 said ,clark1 ,i advise you to make peace with one another and bury the hatchet4 ,they did1 and for the most part kept it for ever4 ,it was ,may #e when ,clark started with his embassy of ninety chiefs to see their ,great ,god1 the ,president1 as they called ,madison1 following the old trail to ,vincennes1 ,louisville1 and ,pittsburg4 ,along with them went a body-guard of soldiers1 and also ,mrs4 ,clark1 her maids1 and the two little boys1 on the way to ,fincastle4 ,mrs4 ,clark's especial escort was ,john ,o',fallon1 nineteen years of age1 aide to ,harrison at ,tippecanoe1 who had come to his uncle at ,st4 ,louis immediately after the battle4 ,in their best necklaces of bears' claws the chiefs arrived at ,washington4 ,war had been declared against ,great ,britain4 ,there was a consultation with the ,president4 ,we1 too1 have declared war1 announced the redmen1 as they strode with ,clark from the ,white ,house4 ,but ,black ,hawk of the ,rock ,river ,sacs was not there4 ,he had followed ,tecumseh4 ,about the same time1 on the eastern bank of the ,detroit river ,tecumseh was met by anxious ,ohio chiefs who remembered ,wayne4 ,let us remain neutral1 they pleaded4 ,this is the white man's war4 ,tecumseh shook his tomahawk above the ,detroit4 ,my bones shall bleach on this shore before ,i will join in any council of neutrality4 ,the ,great ,father over the ,big ,water will never bury his war-club until he quiets these troublers of the earth1 said ,general ,brock to ,tecumseh's redmen4 ,then came larger gifts than ever from their ,british ,father4 ,war is declared6 ,go1 said ,tecumseh1 cut off ,fort ,dearborn before they hear the news6 ,two emissaries from ,tecumseh came flying into the ,illinois4 ,that night the ,indians started for ,chicago on her lonely lake4 ,black ,partridge mounted his pony and tried to dissuade them4 ,he could not4 ,then spurring he reached ,fort ,dearborn first4 ,with tears he threw down his medal before the astonished commander4 ,my young men have gone on the warpath4 ,here is your medal4 ,i will not wear an emblem of friendship when ,i am compelled to act as an enemy4 ,before the sun went down the shores of ,lake ,michigan were red with the blood of men1 women1 and children4 ,like the ,rhine of old ,france1 the lakes were still the fighting border4 ,president ,madison felt grateful to ,clark for the step he had taken with the ,indians4 ,will you command the army at ,detroit8 ,i can do more for my country by attending to the ,indians1 was the ,general's modest reply4 ,the country waited to hear that ,hull had taken ,upper ,canada4 ,instead the shocked nation heard1 ,hull has surrendered6 ,hull has surrendered6 ,runners flew among the ,indians to the remotest border1--the ,creeks heard it before their white neighbours4 ,little ,crow and his ,sioux snatched up the war hatchet4 ,detroit had fallen with ,tecumseh and ,brock at the head of the ,anglo-,indian army4 ,we shall drive these ,americans back across the ,ohio1 said ,general ,brock4 ,at this1 the old and popular wish of the ,lake ,indians1 large numbers threw aside their scruples and joined in the war that followed4 ,in ,december ,general ,clark was appointed ,governor of the newly organised territory of ,missouri4 ,meanwhile in the buff and blue stage coach1 a huge box mounted on springs1 ,julia and her children were swinging toward ,fotheringay4 ,the air was hot and dusty1 the leather curtains were rolled up to catch the slightest breeze1 and the happy though weary occupants looked out on the ,valley of ,virginia4 ,forty miles a day the coach horses travelled1 leaving them each evening a little nearer their destination4 ,the small wayside inns lacked comforts1 but such as they were our travellers accepted thankfully4 ,now and then the post-rider blew his horn and dashed by them1 or in the heat of the day rode leisurely in the shade of poplars along the road1 furtively reading the letters of his pack as he paced in the dust4 ,and still over the mountains were pouring white-topped ,conestoga waggons1 careening down like boats at sea1 laden with cargoes of colonial ware1 pewter1 and mahogany4 ,the golden age of coaching times had come1 and magnificent horses1 dappled grays and bays in scarlet-fringed housings and jingling bells1 seemed bearing away the world on wheels4 ,to the new home ,julia was coming1 at ,fotheringay4 ,before the coach stopped ,julia perceived through enshrining trees ,black ,granny standing in the wide hallway4 ,throwing up her apron over her woolly head to hide the tears of joy1-- ,laws a-honey6 ,miss ,judy done come hum6 ,fotheringay6 sang out the dusty driver with an unusual flourish of whip-lash and echo-waking blast of the postillion's horn4 ,in a trice the steps were down1 and surrounded by babies and bandboxes1 brass nail-studded hair trunks and portmanteaus of pigskin1 ,miss ,judy was greeted by the entire sable population of ,fotheringay4 ,light-footed as a girl she ran forward to greet her father1 ,colonel ,hancock4 ,the ,colonel hastened to his daughter1-- ,hull has surrendered1 he said4 ,,xi ,,clark ,,guards ,,the ,,frontier ,the ,indian hunt was over2 they were done making their sugar2 the women were planting corn4 ,the warriors hid in the thick foliage of the river borders1 preparing for war4 ,madison has declared war against ,england6 ,the news was hailed with delight4 ,now would end this frightful suspense4 ,in ,illinois alone1 fifteen hundred savages under foreign machinations held in terror forty thousand white people1--officers and soldiers of ,george ,rogers ,clark and others who had settled on the undefended prairies4 ,detroit has fallen6 ,mackinac is gone6 ,the savages have massacred the garrison at ,fort ,dearborn6 ,they are planning to attack the settlements on the ,mississippi4 ,if the ,sioux join the confederacy-- cheeks paled at the possibility4 ,the greatest body of ,indians in ,america resided on the ,mississippi4 ,who could say at what hour the waters would resound with their whoops8 ,thousands of them could reach ,st4 ,louis or ,cahokia from their homes in five or six days4 ,immense quantities of ,british gifts were coming from the ,lakes to the ,indians at ,peoria1 ,rock ,island1 ,des ,moines4 ,yes1 we shall attack when the corn is ripe1 said the ,indians at ,fort ,madison4 ,unless ,i hear shortly of more assistance than a few rangers ,i shall bury my papers in the ground1 send my family off1 and fight as long as possible1 said ,edwards1 the ,governor of ,illinois4 ,in ,missouri1 surrounded by ,pottawattamies1 champion horsethieves of the frontier1 and warlike ,foxes1 ,iowas1 and ,kickapoos1 the settlers ploughed their fields with sentinels on guard4 ,horns hung at their belts to blow as a signal of danger4 ,in the quiet hour by the fireside1 an ,indian would steal into the postern gate and shoot the father at the hearth1 the mother at her evening task4 ,presently the settlers withdrew into the forts1 unable to raise crops4 ,with corn in the cabin loft1 the bear hunt in the fall1 the turkey hunt at ,christmas1 and venison hams kept over from last year1 still there was plenty4 ,daniel ,boone1 the patriarch of about forty families1 ever on the lookout with his long thin eagle face1 ruled by advice and example4 ,the once light flaxen hair was gray1 but even yet ,boone's step was springy as the ,indian's1 as gun in hand he watched around the forts4 ,maine1 ,montana1 each has known it all1 the same running fights of ,kentucky and ,oregon4 ,woe to the little children playing outside the forted village1--woe to the lad driving home the cows1--woe to the maid at milking time4 ,the alarm was swelled by ,quas-qua-ma1 a chief of the ,sacs1 a very pacific ,indian and friend of the whites1 who came by night to bring warning and consult ,clark4 ,in his search ,quas-qua-ma tip-toed from porch to porch4 ,frightened habitants peered through the shutters4 ,what ees wanted8 ,the ,red ,head ,chief4 ,but ,clark had not arrived4 ,we must take this matter into our own hands1 said the people4 ,british and ,indians came once from ,mackinac4 ,they may again4 ,mackinac8 ,they are at ,fort ,madison now1 murdering our regulars and rangers4 ,how long since they burned our boats and cargoes at ,fort ,bellevue8 ,any day they may drop down on ,st4 ,louis4 ,we must fortify4 ,the old bastions may be made available for service4 ,the old ,spanish garrison tower must be refitted for the women and children4 ,such were the universal conclusions4 ,men went up the river to the islands to bring down logs4 ,another party set to work to dig a wide1 deep ditch for a regular stockade4 ,when ,clark arrived to begin his duties as ,territorial ,governor he found ,st4 ,louis bordering on a state of panic4 ,there was the cloud-shadow of the north4 ,below1 one thousand ,indians1 ,cherokees1 ,chickasaws1 ,choctaws1 ,creeks1 and ,catawbas on a branch of the ,arkansas within three days' journey of ,saint ,genevieve were crossing the river at ,chickasaw ,bluffs4 ,tecumseh's belts of wampum were flying everywhere4 ,in their best necklaces of bears' claws ,clark's ninety chiefs came home1 laden with tokens of esteem4 ,civilised military dress had succeeded the blanket2 the wild fierce air was gone4 ,we have declared war against ,kinchotch ,king ,george1 said the proud chiefs1 taking boat to keep their tribes quiet along the west4 ,a sense of security returned to ,st4 ,louis4 ,would they not act as a barrier to tribes more remote8 ,the plan for local fortification was abandoned1 but a cordon of family blockhouses was built from ,bellefontaine to ,kaskaskia1 a line seventy-five miles in length1 along which the rangers rode daily1 watching the red marauders of ,illinois4 ,the ,mississippi was picketed with gunboats4 ,whoever holds ,prairie du ,chien holds the ,upper ,mississippi1 said ,governor ,clark4 ,i will go there and break up that rendezvous of ,british and ,indians4 ,who better than ,clark knew the border and the ,indian8 ,he could ply the oar1 or level the rifle1 or sleep at night on gravel stones4 ,it requires time and a little smoking with ,indians if you wish to have peace with them4 ,as soon as possible a gunboat1 the ,governor ,clark1 and several smaller boats1 manned with one hundred and fifty volunteers and sixty regular troops1 went up into the hostile country4 ,fierce ,sacs glared from ,rock ,island1 ,foxes paused in their lead digging at ,dubuque's mines1--lead for ,british cannon4 ,although on ,missouri territory1 ,prairie du ,chien was still occupied by ,indians and traders to the exclusion of ,americans4 ,six hundred1 seven hundred miles above ,st4 ,louis1 a little red bird whispered up the ,mississippi1 ,long ,knives coming6 ,the traders retired4 ,whoever enjoys the trade of the ,indians will have control of their affections and power1 said ,clark4 ,too long have we left this point unfortified4 ,a great impression had been made on the savages by the liberality of the ,british traders4 ,their brilliant red coats--,eenah6 eenah6 eenamah6 exclaimed the ,sioux4 ,but now the ,long ,knives6 ,wabasha1 son of ,wabasha of the ,revolution1 remembered the ,long ,knives4 ,when ,clark arrived at ,prairie du ,chien ,wabasha refused to fight him4 ,red ,wing came down to the council4 ,upon his bosom ,rising ,moose proudly exhibited a medal given him by ,captain ,pike in #ahje4 ,the ,indians nicknamed him ,tammaha1 the ,pike4 ,twenty-five leagues above ,tammaha's village lived ,wabasha1 and twenty-five above ,wabasha1 the ,red ,wing1 all great chiefs of the ,sioux1 all very friendly now to the ,long ,knife who had come up in his gunboat4 ,since time immemorial ,wabasha had been a friend of the ,british1 twice had he1 the son of ,wabasha ,i41 been to ,quebec and received flags and medals4 ,but now he remembered ,captain ,pike who visited their northern waters while ,lewis and ,clark were away at the west4 ,grasping the hand of ,clark1-- ,we have the greatest friendship for the ,united ,states1 said the chiefs1--all except ,little ,crow4 ,he was leading a war party to the ,lakes4 ,leaving troops to erect a fort and maintain a garrison at the old ,french ,prairie du ,chien1 ,governor ,clark returned to his necessary duties at ,st4 ,louis4 ,behind on the river remained the gunboat to guard the builders4 ,a fort at the ,prairie8 cried the ,british traders at ,mackinac4 ,that cuts off our ,dakota trade4 ,and forthwith an expedition was raised to capture the garrison4 ,barely was the rude fortification completed before a force of ,british and ,chippewas were marching upon it4 ,i will not fight the ,big ,knives any more1 said ,red ,wing4 ,why8 asked the traders4 ,the lion and the eagle fight4 ,then the lion will go home and leave us to the eagle4 ,red ,wing was famed for foretelling events at ,prairie du ,chien4 ,in ,june ,manuel ,lisa came down the ,missouri4 ,de ,arrapahoe1 ,arikara1 ,gros ,ventre1 and ,crow are at war wit' de ,american4 ,de ,british ,nort'west traders embroil our people wit' de sauvages to cut dem off6 ,we must extend the posts of ,st4 ,louis to the ,british border1 cautioned ,clark to ,lisa4 ,and if necessary arm the ,yanktons and ,omahas against the ,sacs and ,iowas4 ,i herewith commission you1 ,lisa1 my especial sub-agent among the nations of the ,missouri to keep them at peace4 ,very well ,clark knew whom he was trusting4 ,now that war had crippled the ,missouri ,fur ,company1 ,lisa alone represented them in the field4 ,familiar with the fashions of ,indians1 the size and colour of the favourite blanket1 the shape and length of tomahawks1 no trader was more a favourite than ,manuel ,lisa4 ,besides1 he still maintained the company's posts1--,council ,bluffs with the ,omahas1 six hundred miles up the ,missouri1 and another at the ,sioux1 six hundred miles further still1 with two hundred hunters in his employ4 ,here was a force not to be despised4 ,ten months in the year ,lisa was buried in the wilderness1 hid in the forest and the prairie1 far from his wife in ,st4 ,louis4 ,wily1 winning1 and strategic1 no trader knew ,indians better4 ,and1 continued the ,governor1 ,i offer you five hundred dollars for sub-agent's salary4 ,a poor five hundred tollar6 laughed ,lisa4 ,eet will not buy te tobacco which ,i give annually to dose who call me ,fader4 ,but ,lisa will go4 ,his interests and dose of de ,government are one4 ,then after a moment's frowning reflection1--,i haf suffered enough1 almost wailed ,lisa1 ,i haf suffered enough in person and in property under a different government1 to know how to appreciate de one under w'ich ,i now live4 ,even while they were consulting1 ,here is your friend1 de ,rising ,moose6 announced old ,antoine ,le ,claire4 ,rising ,moose8 ,governor ,clark started to his feet as one of the ,prairie du ,chien chiefs came striding through the door4 ,the fort is taken1 but ,i will not fight the ,long ,knife4 ,tammaha is an ,american4 ,all the way down on the gunboat riddled with bullets1 ,tammaha had come with the fleeing soldiers to offer his tomahawk to ,governor ,clark4 ,the guns were not yet in when the enemy swept down on the fort at ,prairie du ,chien4 ,prairie du ,chien lost8 ,it shall be recovered4 ,wait until ,spring4 ,and the ,british1 too1 said1 ,wait until ,spring and we will take ,st4 ,louis4 ,but they feared the gunboats4 ,governor ,clark accepted ,tammaha's service1 commissioning him a chief of the ,red ,wing band of ,sioux4 ,wait and go up with ,lisa4 ,tell your people the ,long ,knife counsels them to remain quiet4 ,when ,lisa set out for the north as agent of both the fur business and that of the ,government1 he carried with him mementoes and friendly reminders to all the principal chiefs of the northern tribes4 ,big ,elk of the ,omahas1 ,black ,cat and ,big ,white of the ,mandans1 ,le ,borgne of the ,minnetarees1 even the chiefs of the dreaded ,teton ,sioux were not forgotten4 ,the ,red ,head had been there1 had visited their country4 ,he was the son of their ,great ,father1--they would listen to the ,red ,head ,chief4 ,at this particular juncture of our national history1 ,clark the ,red ,head and ,manuel ,lisa the trader formed a fortunate combination for the interests of the ,united ,states4 ,their words to the northern chiefs were weighty4 ,their gifts were continued pledges of sacred friendship4 ,while the eyes of the nation were rivetted on the conflict in the ,east and on the ocean1 ,clark held the trans-,mississippi with even a stronger grip than his illustrious brother had held the trans-,alleghany thirty years before4 ,along with ,lisa up the ,missouri to the ,dakotas went ,tammaha1 the ,rising ,moose1 and crossed to ,prairie du ,chien4 ,where do you come from and what business have you here8 cried the ,british commander1 rudely jerking ,tammaha's bundle from his back and examining it for letters4 ,i come from ,st4 ,louis1 answered the ,moose4 ,i promised the ,long ,knife ,i would come to ,prairie du ,chien and here ,i am4 ,lock him in the guard house4 ,he ought to be shot6 roared the officer4 ,i am ready for death if you choose to kill me1 answered ,rising ,moose4 ,at last in the depth of winter they sent him away4 ,determined now1 the old chief set out in the snows to turn all his energy against the ,british4 ,the ,old ,priest1 said some of the ,indians1 ,tammaha talks too much6 ,all along the ,missouri1 from ,st4 ,louis to the ,mandans1 ,lisa held councils with the ,indians with wonderful success4 ,but the ,mississippi tribes1 nearer to ,canada1 were for the most part won over to ,great ,britain4 ,in other directions ,governor ,clark sent out for reports from the tribes4 ,the answer was appalling4 ,as if all were at war1 a cordon of foes stretched from the ,st4 ,lawrence to the ,arkansas and ,alabama4 ,even ,black ,partridge1--at the ,fort ,dearborn massacre he had snatched ,mrs4 ,helm from the tomahawk and held her in the lake to save her life4 ,late that night at an ,indian camp a friendly squaw-mother dressed her wounds4 ,black ,partridge loved that girl4 ,lieutenant ,helm is a prisoner among the ,indians1 said agent ,forsythe at ,peoria4 ,here are presents1 ,black ,partridge4 ,go ransom him4 ,here is a written order on ,general ,clark for one hundred dollars when you bring him to the ,red ,head ,chief4 ,black ,partridge rode to the ,kankakee village and spread out his presents4 ,and you shall have one huntret tollars when you bring him to te ,red ,head ,chief4 ,not enough6 ,not enough6 cried the ,indians4 ,here1 then1 take my pony1 my rifle1 my ring1 said the ,partridge1 unhooking the hoop of gold from his nose4 ,the bargain was made4 ,the man was ransomed1 and mounted on ponies all started for ,st4 ,louis4 ,lieutenant ,helm was saved4 ,late at night1 tired and hungry1 the rain falling in torrents1 without pony or gun1 ,black ,partridge arrived at his village on ,peoria ,lake4 ,his village8 ,it was gone4 ,black embers smouldered there4 ,wrapped in his blanket1 ,black ,partridge sat on the ground to await the revelation of dawn4 ,wolves howled a mournful wail in his superstitious ear4 ,day dawned4 ,there lay the carnage of slaughter1--his daughter1 his grandchild1 his neighbours1 dead4 ,the rangers had burnt his town4 ,breathing vengeance1 ,i will go on the war path1 said ,black ,partridge1 the ,pottawattamie4 ,two hundred warriors went from the wigwams of ,illinois under ,black ,partridge1 ,shequenebec sent a hundred from his stronghold at the head of ,peoria ,lake1 ,mittitass led a hundred from his village at the portage on the ,rivire des ,plaines4 ,painted black they came1 inveterate since ,tippecanoe4 ,look out for squalls1 wrote ,john ,o',fallon from ,st4 ,louis to his mother at ,louisville4 ,an express arrived from ,fort ,madison yesterday informing that the sentinels had been obliged to fire upon the ,indians almost every night to keep them at their distance4 ,indians are discovered some nights within several feet of the pickets4 ,black ,hawk was there4 ,very angry was ,black ,hawk at the building of ,fort ,madison at the foot of ,des ,moines rapids4 ,while ,lewis and ,clark were gone in #ahjd1 ,william ,henry ,harrison1 directed by ,jefferson1 made a treaty with the ,sacs and ,foxes by which they gave up fifty millions of acres4 ,gratiot1 ,vigo1 the ,chouteaus1 and officers of the state and army1 ,quasquama and four other chiefs1 attached their names to that treaty in the presence of ,major ,stoddard4 ,i deny its validity6 cried ,black ,hawk4 ,i never gave up my land4 ,now ,black ,hawk was plotting and planning and attacking ,fort ,madison1 until early in ,september a panting express arrived at ,st4 ,louis4 ,fort ,madison is burned1 ,your ,excellency4 ,how did it happen8 inquired the ,governor4 ,besieged until the garrison was reduced to potatoes alone1 we decided to evacuate4 ,digging a tunnel from the southeast blockhouse to the river1 boats were made ready4 ,slipping out at night1 crowding through the tunnel on hands and knees1 our last man set fire to ,fort ,madison4 ,like tinder the stockade blazed1 kissing the heavens4 ,indians leaped and yelled with tomahawks1 expecting our exit4 ,at their backs1 under cover of darkness1 we escaped down the ,mississippi4 ,,xii ,,the ,,story ,,of ,a ,,sword ,show me what kind of country we have to march through1 said the ,british ,general to ,tecumseh1 after ,detroit had fallen4 ,taking a roll of elm-bark ,tecumseh drew his scalping knife and etched upon it the rivers1 hills1 and woods he knew so well4 ,and the march began1--to be checked at ,fort ,stephenson by a boy of twenty-one4 ,it was the dream and hope of the ,british ,fur ,companies to extend their territory as far within the ,american border as possible4 ,the whole ,war of #ahab was a traders' war4 ,commerce1 commerce1 for which the world is battling still1 was the motive power on land and sea4 ,at the ,lakes now1 the ,british fur traders waved their flags again above the ramparts of ,detroit4 ,we must hold this post1--its loss too seriously deranges our plans4 ,smouldering1 the old ,revolutionary fires had burst anew4 ,did ,george ,,iii4 still hope to conquer ,america8 ,hull surrendered8 ,america groaned at the stain1 the stigma1 the national disgrace6 ,in a day regiments leaped to fill the breach4 ,detroit must be re-taken6 ,along the ,lakes battle succeeded battle in swift succession4 ,at ,louisville two mothers1 ,lucy and ,fanny1 were anxious for their boys4 ,both ,george ,croghan and ,john ,o',fallon had been with ,harrison at ,tippecanoe4 ,both had been promoted4 ,then came the call for swords4 ,get me a sword in ,philadelphia1 wrote ,o',fallon to his mother4 ,send me a sword to ,cincinnati1 begged ,croghan4 ,sitting under the trees at ,locust ,grove the sisters were discussing the fall of ,detroit4 ,fanny had ,john ,o',fallon's letter announcing the burning of ,fort ,madison4 ,lucy was devouring the last impatient scrawl from her fiery1 ambitious son1 ,george ,croghan1 now caged in an obscure fort on ,sandusky ,river near ,lake ,erie4 ,the ,general little knows me1 wrote ,croghan4 ,to assist his cause1 to promote in any way his welfare1 ,i would bravely sacrifice my best and fondest hopes4 ,i am resolved on quitting the army as soon as ,i am relieved of the command of this post4 ,scarcely had the two mothers finished reading when a shout rang through the streets of ,louisville4 ,hurrah for ,croghan6 ,croghan6 ,croghan6 ,why1 what is the matter8 ,pale with anxiety ,lucy ran to the gate4 ,the whole street was filled with people coming that way4 ,in a few hurried words she heard the story from several lips at once4 ,why1 you see1 ,madam1 ,general ,harrison was afraid ,tecumseh would make a flank attack on ,fort ,stephenson1 in charge of ,george ,croghan1 and so ordered him to abandon and burn it4 ,but no1--he sent the ,general word1 ',we are determined to hold this place1 and by heaven we will6' ,that night ,george hastily cut a ditch and raised a stockade4 ,then along came ,proctor and ,tecumseh with a thousand ,british and ,indians1 and summoned him to surrender4 ,the boy had only one hundred and sixty inexperienced men and a single six-pounder1 but he sent back answer3 ',the fort will be defended to the last extremity4 ,no force1 however great1 can induce us to surrender4 ,we are resolved to hold this post or bury ourselves in its ruins4' ,tears ran down ,lucy's cheeks as she listened1--she caught at the gate to keep from falling4 ,before her arose the picture of that son with red hair flying1 and fine thin face like a blooded warhorse1--she knew that look4 ,again ,proctor sent his flag demanding surrender to avoid a terrible massacre4 ',when this fort is taken there will be none to massacre1' answered the boy1 'for it will not be given up while a man is left to resist6' ,the enemy advanced1 and when close at hand1 ,croghan unmasked his solitary cannon and swept them down4 ,again ,proctor advanced1 and again the rifle of every man and the masked cannon met them4 ,falling back1 ,proctor and ,tecumseh retreated1 abandoning a boatload of military stores on the bank4 ,hurrah for ,croghan6 ,croghan6 ,croghan6 again rang down the streets of ,louisville4 ,the bells rang out a peal as the ,stars and ,stripes ran up the flag-staff4 ,the little game cock1 he shall have my sword1 said ,george ,rogers ,clark1 living again his own great days4 ,and with that sword there was a story4 ,when ,tippecanoe was won and the world was ringing with ,harrison6 men recalled another hero who with no provisions1 no munitions1 no cannon1 no shoes1 almost without an army1 had held these same redmen at bay4 ,and does he yet live8 ,he lives1 an exile and a hermit on a ,point of ,rock on the ,indiana shore above the ,falls of the ,ohio4 ,has he no recognition8 ,men whispered the story of the sword4 ,when ,john ,rogers went back from victorious ,vincennes with ,hamilton a prisoner-of-war1 the grateful ,virginian ,assembly voted ,george ,rogers ,clark a sword4 ,and you1 ,captain ,rogers1 may present it4 ,the sword was ready1 time passed1 difficulties multiplied4 ,clark presented his bill to the ,virginia ,legislature4 ,to his amazement and mortification the ,house of ,delegates refused to allow his claim4 ,clark went home1 sold his bounty lands1 and ruined himself to pay for the bread and meat of his army4 ,and then it was rumoured1 ,to-day a sword will be presented to ,george ,rogers ,clark4 ,all the countryside gathered1 pioneers and veterans1 with the civic and military display of that rude age to see their hero honoured4 ,the commissioner for ,virginia appeared1 and in formal and complimentary address delivered the sword4 ,the ,general received it2 then drawing the long blade from its scabbard1 plunged it into the earth and broke it off at the hilt4 ,turning to the commissioner1 he said1 ,captain ,rogers1 return to your ,state and tell her for me first to be just before she is generous4 ,for years those old veterans had related to their children and grandchildren the story of that tragic day when ,clark1 the hero1 broke the sword ,virginia gave him4 ,but a new time had come and new appreciation4 ,while the smoke of ,tippecanoe was rolling away a member of the ,virginia ,legislature related anew the story of that earlier ,vincennes and of the sword that ,clark1 with haughty sense of wounded pride and feeling had broken and cast away4 ,with unanimous voice ,virginia voted a new sword and the half-pay of a colonel for the remainder of his life4 ,the commissioners found the old hero partially paralysed4 ,lucy had gone to him at the ,point of ,rock4 ,brother1 you are failing1 you need care1 ,i will look after you1 and tenderly she bore him to her home at ,locust ,grove1 where now1 all day long1 in his invalid chair1 ,george ,rogers ,clark studied the long reach of the blue ,ohio or followed ,napoleon and the boys of #ahab4 ,nothing had touched him like this deed of his nephew1--,yes1 yes1 he shall have my sword6 ,the next morning after the battle ,general ,harrison wrote to the ,secretary of ,war3 ,i am sorry ,i cannot submit to you ,major ,croghan's official report4 ,he was to have sent it to me this morning1 but ,i have just heard that he was so much exhausted by thirty-six hours of constant exertion as to be unable to make it4 ,it will not be among the least of ,general ,proctor's mortifications to find that he has been baffled by a youth who has just passed his twenty-first year4 ,he is1 however1 a hero worthy of his gallant uncle1 ,general ,george ,rogers ,clark4 ,the cannon1 ,old ,betsy1 stands yet in ,fort ,stephenson at ,fremont1 ,ohio1 where every passing year they celebrate the victory of that second day of ,august1 #ahac1--the first check to the ,british advance in the ,war of #ahab4 ,a few days later1 ,perry's victory on ,lake ,erie opened the road to ,canada and ,detroit was re-taken4 ,britannia1 ,columbia1 both had set their heels upon ,detroit1 and young ,columbia threw ,britannia back across the ,lakes1 says the chronicler4 ,then followed the battle of the ,thames and the death of ,tecumseh4 ,a ,canadian historian says1 ,but for ,tecumseh1 it is probable we should not now have a ,canada4 ,what if he had won ,rebecca8 ,would ,canada now be a peaceful sister of the ,states8 ,tecumseh fought with the fur traders1--their interests were his1--to keep the land a wild1 a game preserve for wild beasts and wilder men4 ,civilisation had no part or place in ,tecumseh's plan4 ,with the medal of ,george ,,iii4 upon his breast1 ,tecumseh fell1 on ,canadian soil1 battle-axe in hand1 hero and patriot of his race1 the last of the great ,shawnees4 ,tecumseh's belt and shot pouch were sent to ,jefferson and hung on the walls of ,monticello4 ,tecumseh's son passed with his people beyond the ,mississippi4 ,from his invalid chair at ,locust ,grove ,george ,rogers ,clark was writing to his brother3 ,your embarkation from ,st4 ,louis on your late hazardous expedition to ,prairie du ,chien was a considerable source of anxiety to your friends and relatives4 ,they were pleased to hear of your safe return4444 ,as to ,napoleon 444 the news of his having abdicated the throne-- ,napoleon abdicated8 ,governor ,clark scarce finished the letter4 ,having crushed him1 what armies might not ,england hurl hitherward6 ,new danger menaced ,america4 ,napoleon abdicated6 ,new ,orleans wept4 ,then followed the word1 ,england is sailing into the ,gulf1--,sir ,edward ,pakenham1 brother-in-law of the ,duke of ,wellington1 with a part of ,wellington's victorious army1 fifty ships1 a thousand guns and twenty thousand men6 ,never had ,great ,britain lost sight of the ,mississippi4 ,this was a part of the fleet that burned ,washington and had driven ,dolly ,madison and the ,president into ignominious flight4 ,terrified1 ,new ,orleans1 the beautiful ,creole maiden1 beset in her orange bower1 flung out her arms appealing to the ,west6 ,and that ,west answered1 ,never1 while the ,mississippi rolls to the ,gulf1 will we leave you unprotected4 ,and out of that ,west came ,andrew ,jackson and tall ,tennesseeans1 ,kentuckians1 ,mississippians1 in coonskin caps and leathern hunting shirts1 to seal for ever our right to ,louisiana4 ,the hottest part of the battle was fought at ,chalmette1 above the grave of the ,fighting ,parson4 ,immortal ,eighth of ,january1 #ahae6 ,discontented ,creoles of #ahjf proved loyal ,americans1 vindicating their right to honour4 ,napoleon laughed when he heard it at ,elba1--,i told them ,i had given ,england a rival that one day would humble her pride4 ,even the ,ursuline nuns greeted their deliverers with joy1 and the dim old cloistered halls were thrown open for a hospital4 ,i expect at this moment1 said ,lord ,castlereagh in ,europe1 that most of the large seaport towns of ,america are laid in ashes1 that we are in possession of ,new ,orleans1 and have command of all the rivers of the ,mississippi ,valley and the ,lakes4 ,but he counted without our ships at sea4 ,the ,war of #ahab was fought upon the ocean1 the golden age of naval fighting4 ,bone of her bone1 flesh of her flesh1 under the ,gridiron ,flag1 tars of the ,american ,revolution1 sailor boys who under impressment had fought at ,trafalgar1 led in a splendid spectacular drama1 the like of which ,england or the world had never seen4 ,she had trained up her own child4 ,a thousand sail had ,britain--,america a dozen sloops and frigates altogether1--but the little tubs had learned from their mother4 ,the territory between the ,lakes and the ,ohio shall be for ever set apart as an ,indian territory1 said ,england at the opening of the peace negotiations4 ,the ,united ,states shall remove her armed vessels from the lakes and give ,england the right of navigating the ,mississippi4 ,clay1 ,gallatin1 ,adams packed up their grips preparatory to starting home1 when ,england bethought herself and came to better terms4 ,the next year ,america passed a law excluding foreigners from our trade1 and the ,british fur traders reluctantly crossed the border4 ,but they held ,oregon by ,joint ,occupation4 ,all posts captured by either power shall be restored1 said the treaty4 ,there shall be joint occupancy of the ,oregon ,country for ten years4 ,a great mistake6 a great mistake6 cried out ,thomas ,hart ,benton1 a young lawyer who had settled in ,st4 ,louis4 ,in ten years that little nest egg of ',joint ,occupation' will hatch out a lively fighting chicken4 ,benton was a ,western man to the core1--he felt a responsibility for all that sunset country4 ,and why should he not8 ,missouri and ,oregon touched borders on the summit of the ,rockies4 ,were they not next-door neighbours1 hobnobbing over the fence as it were8 ,every day at ,governor ,clark's at ,st4 ,louis1 he and ,benton discussed that ,oregon ,joint ,occupancy clause4 ,as if two nations ever peacefully occupied the same territory6 ,i tell you it is a physical impossibility1 exclaimed ,benton1 jamming down his wine-glass with a crash4 ,the ,war of #ahab1--;how ,astor hated it6 ,but for that war1 he used to say1 ,i should have been the richest man that ever lived4 ,as it was1 the ,british fur companies came in and gained a foothold from which they were not ousted until ,american ox-teams crossed the plains and ,american frontiersmen took the country4 ,a million a year ,england trapped from ,oregon waters4 ,,xiii ,,portage ,,des ,,sioux ,come and make treaties of friendship4 ,as his brother had done at the close of the ,revolution1 so now ,william ,clark sent to the tribes to make peace after the ,war of #ahab4 ,no person ought to be lazy to be de bearer of such good news1 said old ,antoine ,le ,claire1 the interpreter4 ,up the rivers and toward the ,lakes1 runners carried the word of the ,red ,head ,chief1 ,come1 come to ,st4 ,louis6 ,to the clay huts of the sable ,pawnees of the ,platte1 to the reed wigwams of the giant ,osages1 to the painted lodges of the ,omahas1 and to the bark tents of the ,chippewas1 went peace talks and gifts and invitations4 ,de ,iowas are haughty an' insolent6 ,st4 ,vrain1 first back1 laid their answer on the table4 ,de ,kickapoo are glad of de peace1 but de ,sauk an' ,winnebago insist on war6 ,de ,sauk haf murdered deir messenger6 ,that was ,black ,hawk4 ,with a war party from ,prairie du ,chien he was met by the news of peace4 ,peace8 ,black ,hawk wept when he heard it4 ,he had been at the battle of the ,thames4 ,de messenger to de ,sioux are held at ,rock ,river6 ,one by one came runners into the ,council ,hall1 and1 cap in hand1 stood waiting4 ,outside1 their horses pawed on the ,rue1 their boats were tied at the river4 ,some one must pass ,rock ,river1 to the ,sioux1 ,chippewas1 and ,menomonees1 said ,clark4 ,not an interpreter stirred4 ,we dare not go into dose hostile countrie1 said ,antoine ,le ,claire1 spokesman for the rest4 ,what8 ,with an armed boat8 ,the silence was painful as the ,governor looked over the council room4 ,i will go4 ,every eye was turned toward the speaker1 ,james ,kennerly1 the ,governor's private secretary1 the cousin of ,julia and brother of ,harriet of ,fincastle4 ,the same spirit was there that led a whole generation of his people to perish in the ,revolution4 ,his father had been dragged from the field of ,cowpens wrapped in the flag he had rescued4 ,at the risk of his life1 when no one else would venture1 the faithful secretary went up the ,mississippi to bring in the absent tribes4 ,black-eyed ,elise1 the daughter of ,dr4 ,saugrain1 wept all night to think of it4 ,governor ,clark himself had introduced ,elise to his secretary4 ,how she counted the days6 ,the ,chippewas would have murdered me but for the timely arrival of the ,sioux1 said ,kennerly1 on his safe return with the band of ,rising ,moose4 ,the ,red ,coats are gone6 said ,rising ,moose4 ,i rush in4 ,i put out the fire4 ,i save the fort4 ,without waiting for troops from ,st4 ,louis1 forty-eight hours after the news of peace the ,british had evacuated ,prairie du ,chien4 ,a day or two later they returned1 took the cannon1 and set fire to the fort with the ,american flag flying4 ,into the burning fort went ,rising ,moose1 secured the flag and an ,american medal1 and brought them down to ,st4 ,louis4 ,while interpreters were speeding by horse and boat over half a hundred trails1 ,manuel ,lisa1 sleepless warden of the plains1 arrived with forty-three chiefs and head men of the ,missouri ,sioux4 ,wild ,indians who never before had tasted bread1 brought down in barges camped on the margin of the ,mississippi1 the great council chiefs of their tribes1 moody1 unjoyous1 from the ,stony ,mountains4 ,for weeks other deputations followed1 to the number of two thousand1 to make treaties and settle troubles arising out of the ,war of #ahab4 ,whether even yet a council could be held was a query in ,governor ,clark's mind4 ,across the neighbouring ,mississippi1 ,sacs1 ,foxes1 ,iowas were raiding still1 capturing horses and attacking people4 ,that was ,black ,hawk4 ,the eyes of the ,missouri ,sioux flashed4 ,let us go and fight those ,sacs and ,iowas4 ,they shall trouble us no more4 ,with difficulty were they held to the council4 ,there was a steady and unalterable gloom of countenance1 a melancholy1 sullen musing among the gathered tribes1 as they camped on the council ground at ,portage des ,sioux on the neck of land between the two rivers at ,st4 ,charles4 ,over this neck crossed ,sioux war parties in times past1 avoiding a long detour1 bringing home their scalps4 ,resplendent with oriental colour were the bluffs and the prairies4 ,chiefs and warriors had brought their squaws and children1--,sioux from the ,lakes and the high points of the ,mississippi in canoes of white birch1 light and bounding as cork upon the water2 ,sioux of the ,missouri in clumsy pirogues2 ,mandans in skin coracles1 barges1 dug-outs1 and cinnamon-brown fleets of last year's bark4 ,the panorama of forest and prairie was there1--,sioux of the ,leaf1 ,sioux of the ,broad ,leaf1 and ,sioux ,who ,shoot in the ,pine ,tops1 in hoods of feathers1 ,chinese featured ,sioux1 of smooth skins and ,roman noses1 the ideal ,indian stalking to and fro with forehead banded in green and scarlet and eagle plumes4 ,for ,wabasha1 ,little ,crow1 and ,red ,wing had come1 great sachems of the ,sioux nation4 ,the ,british officers at ,drummond's ,island in ,lake ,huron had sent for ,little ,crow and ,wabasha4 ,i would thank you in the name of ,george ,,iii4 for your services in the war4 ,my father1 said ,wabasha1 what is this ,i see on the floor before me8 ,a few knives and blankets6 ,is this all you promised at the beginning of the war8 ,where are those promises you made8 ,you told us you would never let fall the hatchet until the ,americans were driven beyond the mountains4 ,will these presents pay for the men we lost8 ,i have always been able to make a living and can do so still4 ,after we have fought for you1 cried ,little ,crow1 endured many hardships1 lost some of our people1 and awakened the vengeance of our powerful neighbours1 you make a peace and leave us to obtain such terms as we can6 ,you no longer need us and offer these goods for having deserted us4 ,we will not take them4 ,kicking the presents contemptuously with his foot1 ,little ,crow turned away4 ,arise1 let us go down to the ,red ,head ,parshasha6 ,in handsome bark canoes propelled by sails alone1 the ,sioux came down to ,st4 ,louis4 ,walking among their elliptical tents1 lounging on panther skins at their wigwam doors1 waited the redmen1 watching1 lynx-eyed1 losing nothing of the scene before them4 ,beaded buckskin glittered in the sun1 tiny bells tinkled from elbow to ankle1 and sashes outrivalled ,louisiana sunsets4 ,half-naked ,osages with helmet-crests and eagle-quills1 full-dressed in breech-clouts and leggings fringed with scalp-locks1 the tallest men in ,north ,america1 from their warm south hills1 mingled with ,pottawattamies of the ,illinois1 makers of fire1 ,shawnees with vermilion around their eyes1 ,sacs1 of the red badge1 and ,foxes1 adroitest of thieves1 all drumming on their tambourines4 ,winnebagoes1 fish eaters1 had left their nets on the northern lakes1 ,omahas their gardens on the ,platte1 and ,ojibway arrow makers sat chipping1 chipping as the curious crowds walked by4 ,for all the neighbouring country had gathered to view the ,indian camp of #ahae4 ,oblivious1 contemptuous perhaps1 of staring crowds1 the industrious women skinned and roasted dogs on sticks1 the warriors gambled with one another1 staking their tents1 skins1 rifles1 dogs1 and squaws4 ,here and there sachems were mending rifles1 princesses carrying water1 children playing ball4 ,about the first of ,july1 ,governor ,clark of ,missouri1 ,governor ,ninian ,edwards of ,illinois1 and ,auguste ,chouteau of ,st4 ,louis1 opened the council1--one of the greatest ever held in the ,mississippi ,valley4 ,auguste ,chouteau1 prime vizier of all the old ,spanish commandants1 now naturally slipped into the same office with ,clark1 and ,governor ,edwards of ,illinois1 who as a father had guarded the frontier against the wiles of ,tecumseh1 and had risked his entire fortune to arm the militia1--all in queues1 high collared coats1 and ruffled shirts1 faced each other and the chiefs4 ,in front of their neatly arranged tents sat the tawny warriors in imposing array1 with dignified attention to the interpretation of each sentence4 ,the long and bloody war is over4 ,the ,british have gone back over the ,big ,water1 said ,governor ,clark1 and now we have sent for you1 my brothers1 to conclude a treaty of peace4 ,heigh6 cried all the ,indians in deep-toned resonance that rolled like a ,greek chorus to the bluffs beyond4 ,the sky smiled down as on the old ,areopagus1 the leaves of the forest rustled1 the river swept laughing by4 ,every injury or act of hostility by one or either of us against the other1 shall be mutually forgiven and forgot4 ,heigh6 heigh6 heig-h6 ,there shall be perpetual peace and friendship between us4 ,heigh6 ,you will acknowledge yourselves under the protection of the ,united ,states1 and of no other nation1 power1 or sovereign whatsoever4 ,heigh6 ,a ,teton ,sioux who had come down with ,lisa struggled to his feet1 approached1 shook hands with the commissioners1 then retreated and fixed his keen eye on the ,governor4 ,his voice rang clear over the assembled thousands1-- ,we have come down expressly to notify you1 our father1 that we will assist in chastising those nations hostile to our government4 ,the two factions faced each other4 ,scowls of lightning hate flashed over the council4 ,but the wisdom and tact of ,clark were equal to regiments4 ,the fighting has ended1 he said4 ,the peace has come4 ,heigh6 shouted all the ,indians4 ,heig-h6 ,partisan was there1 the ,teton chief1 who with ,black ,buffalo had made an attempt to capture ,clark on the way to the ,pacific4 ,and now ,partisan was bristling to fight for ,clark4 ,wabasha arose1 like a figure out of one of ,catlin's pictures1 in a chief's costume1 with bullock horns and eagle feathers4 ,there was a stir4 ,with a profile like the great ,cond1 followed by his pipe bearers with much ceremony1 the hereditary chief from the ,falls of ,st4 ,anthony walked up to ,governor ,clark4 ,i shake hands1 he said4 ,every neck was craned4 ,when before had ,wabasha stood8 ,in their northern councils he spoke sitting4 ,i am called upon to stand only in the presence of my ,great ,father at ,washington or ,governor ,clark at ,st4 ,louis4 ,but ,i am not a warrior1 said ,wabasha4 ,my people can prosper only at peace with one another and the whites4 ,against my advice some of my young men went into the war4 ,the fiery eyes of ,little ,crow flashed1 the aquiline curve of his nose lifted1 like the beak of an eagle4 ,he had come down from his bark-covered cabin near ,st4 ,paul4 ,i am a war chief6 said ,little ,crow4 ,but ,i am willing to conclude a peace4 ,i alone was an ,american1 said ,rising ,moose1 when all my people fought with the ,british4 ,all the rest of his life ,tammaha1 ,rising ,moose1 wore a tall silk hat and carried ,governor ,clark's commission in his bosom4 ,big ,elk1 the ,omaha1 successor of ,blackbird1 spoke with action energetic and graceful4 ,last ,winter when you sent your word by ,captain ,manuel ,lisa1 in the night one of the whites wanted my young men to rise4 ,he told them if they wanted good presents1 to cross to the ,british4 ,this man was ,baptiste ,dorion4 ,when ,i was at the ,pawnees ,i wanted to bring some of them down1 but the whites who live among them told them not to go1 that no good came from the ,americans1 that good only came from the ,british4 ,i have told ,captain ,manuel to keep those men away from us4 ,take care of the ,sioux4 ,take care4 ,they will fly from under your wing4 ,sacs who had been hostile engaged in the debate4 ,noble looking chiefs1 with blanket thrown around the body in graceful folds1 the right arm1 muscular and brawny1 bare to the shoulder1 spoke as ,cato might have spoken to the ,roman ,senate4 ,my father1 it is the request of my people to keep the ,british traders among us4 ,as he went on eloquently enumerating their advantages in pleading tone and voice and glance and gesture1--hah6 the wild rhetoric of the savage6 how it thrilled the assembled concourse of ,indians and ,americans6 ,clark shook his head4 ,it cannot be4 ,we can administer law1 order1 and justice ourselves4 ,come to us for goods1--the ,british traders belong beyond the border4 ,the ,indians gave a grunt of anger4 ,it has been promised already1 cried another chief4 ,the ,americans have double tongues6 ,heigh6 ran among the ,indians4 ,many a one touched his tongue and held up two fingers1 ,you lie6 ,with stern and awful look ,clark immediately dismissed the council4 ,the astonished chiefs covered their mouths with their hands as they saw the commissioners turn their backs to go out4 ,that afternoon a detachment of ,united ,states artillery arrived and camped in full view of the ,indians4 ,they had been ordered to the ,sac country4 ,colonel ,dodge's regiment of dragoons1 each company of a solid colour1 blacks and bays1 whites1 sorrels1 grays and creams1 went through the manoeuvres of battle1 charge and repulse1 in splendid precision4 ,it was enough4 ,the ,sac chiefs1 cowed1 requested the renewal of the council4 ,my father1 observed the offending chief of the day before1 you misunderstood me4 ,i only meant to say we have always understood from our fathers that the ,americans used two languages1 the ,french and the ,english6 ,clark smiled and the council proceeded4 ,but by night1 ,july #aa1 the ,sacs1 ,foxes1 and ,kickapoos secretly left the council4 ,at the same time came reports of great commotion at ,prairie du ,chien where the northern tribes were divided by the ,british traders4 ,head bent1 linked arm in arm with ,paul ,louise1 his little interpreter1 the giant ,osage chief1 ,white ,hair1 gave strict attention4 ,white ,hair had been in ,st4 ,clair's defeat1 and in seeking to scalp a victim had grasped--his wig6 ,this he ever after wore upon his own head1 a crown of white hair4 ,he said1 ,i felt a fire within me1--it drove me to the fight of ,st4 ,clair4 ,his army scattered4 ,i returned to my own people4 ,but the fire still burned1 and ,i went over the mountains toward the western sea4 ,every morning the ,osages set up their matutinal wail1 dolefully lamenting1 weeping as if their hearts would break4 ,what is the matter8 inquired ,governor ,clark1 riding out in concern4 ,we are mourning for our ancestors1 answered the chief1 shedding copious tears and sobbing anew1 for ages the custom of his people4 ,they are dead long ago1--let them rest6 said the ,governor4 ,brightening up1 ,white ,hair slipped on his wig and followed him to the council4 ,houseless now and impoverished ,black ,partridge and his people clung to ,colonel ,george ,davenport as to a father4 ,poor helpless ,pottawattamies6 ,come with me1 said ,davenport1 ,i will take you to ,st4 ,louis4 ,so down in a flotilla of canoes had come ,davenport with thirteen chiefs1 all wreathed in turkey feathers1 emblems of the ,pottawattamies4 ,no more they narrated their heroic exploits in fighting with ,tecumseh4 ,grave1 morose1 brooding over his wrongs1 ,black ,partridge was seventy now1 his long coarse unkempt hair in matted clusters on his shoulders1 but figure still erect and firm4 ,i would be a friend to the whites1 he said4 ,i was compelled to go with my tribe4 ,the silver medallion of ,george ,washington was gone from his breast4 ,many and sad had been the vicissitudes since that day1 when1 in a flood of tears1 he had thrown it down at the feet of the commander at ,fort ,dearborn4 ,tall1 slim1 with a high forehead1 large nose and piercing black eyes1 with hoops of gold in his ears1 ,black ,partridge was a typical savage1--asking for civilisation4 ,but it rolled over him4 ,here and there a missionary tarried to talk1 but commerce1 commerce1 the great civiliser1 arose like a flood1 drowning the redmen4 ,the settlements are crowding our border1 ,black ,partridge spoke for his people on their fairy lake1 ,peoria4 ,and whom shall we call ,father1 the ,british at ,malden or the ,americans at ,st4 ,louis8 ,who shall relieve our distresses8 ,put it in your mind1 said ,auguste ,chouteau1 the shrewd old ,french founder of ,st4 ,louis1 put it in your mind1 that when de ,british made peace with us1 dey left you in de middle of de prairie without a shade against sun or rain4 ,left you in de middle of de prairie1 a sight to pity4 ,we ,americans have a large umbrella2 keeps off de sun and rain4 ,you come under our umbrella4 ,and they did4 ,the ,indian has a fine sense of justice4 ,the situation was evident4 ,abandoned by the ,british who had led him into the war1 he stood ready at last to return to the friends on whom he was most dependent4 ,one by one the chiefs came forward and put their mark to the treaty of peace and friendship4 ,clark brought the peace pipes1--every neck was craned to scan them4 ,sioux pipes sometimes cost as much as forty horses1--finely wrought pipes of variegated red and white from the ,minnesota quarries1 ,shoshone pipes of green1 and pipes of purple from ,queen ,charlottes1 were sold for skins and slaves1--but these1 ,clark's pipes of silver bowls and decorated stems1 these were worth a hundred horses6 ,puffing its fragrant aroma1 the fierce wild eye of the savage softened4 ,twenty thousand dollars' worth of goods was distributed in presents1 flags1 blankets1 and rifles1 ornaments and clothing4 ,ah1 ha6 ,great ,medicine6 whispered the ,indians as the beautiful gifts came one by one into their hands4 ,we need traders1 said ,red ,wing1 sliding his hand along the soft nap of the blankets4 ,that made us go into the war4 ,without traders we have to clothe ourselves in grass and eat the earth4 ,you shall have traders1 answered ,clark4 ,i shall not let you travel five or six hundred miles to a ,british post4 ,every ,september thereafter he sent them up a few presents to begin their fall hunting1 and counselled his agents to listen to their complaints and render them justice4 ,we must depend on policy rather than arms1 said the ,governor4 ,for they are our children1 the wards of the nation4 ,the ,indians were dined in ,st4 ,louis and entertained with music and dancing4 ,by their dignity1 moderation1 and untiring forbearance1 the ,commissioners of ,portage des ,sioux exemplified the paternal benevolence of the ,government4 ,at the end of the council ,lisa started back with his chiefs1 on a three months' voyage to their northern home1 and on the last day of ,september ,clark dismissed the rest4 ,thus making history1 the summer had stolen away4 ,all next summer and the next were spent in making treaties1 until at last there was peace along the border4 ,did you sign8 finally asked some one of ,black ,hawk of the ,british band4 ,i touched the goose quill1 answered the haughty chief4 ,so ended the ,war of #ahab4 ,,xiv ,,for ,,our ,,children1 ,,our ,,children6 ,as soon as the ,indian scare was silenced1 all the world seemed rushing to ,missouri4 ,ferries ran by day and night4 ,patriarchal planters of ,virginia1 the ,carolinas1 and ,georgia passed ever west in long1 unending caravans of flocks1 servants1 herds1 into the new land of the ,louisianas4 ,new ,englanders and ,pennsylvanians1 six1 eight1 and ten horses to a waggon1 and cattle with their hundred bells1 tinkled through the streets of ,st4 ,louis4 ,where are you going1 now8 inquired the citizens4 ,to ,boone's ,lick1 to be sure4 ,go no further1 said ,clark1 ever enthusiastic about ,st4 ,louis4 ,buy here4 ,this will be the city4 ,but ah6 exclaimed the emigrant4 ,if land is so good here what must ,boone's ,lick be6 ,perennial childhood of the human heart1 ever looking for ,canaan just beyond6 ,the ,frenchmen shrugged their shoulders at the strange energy of these progressive ,bostonnais4 ,it annoyed them to have their land titles looked into4 ,a process6 a lawsuit6 they clasped their hands in despair4 ,but ever the people of ,st4 ,louis put up their lands to a better figure1 and watched out of their little square lattices for the coming of les ,amricains4 ,all the talk was of land1 land1 land6 ,the very wealth of ancient estates lay unclaimed for the first heir to enter1 the gift of ,god4 ,in waggons1 on foot and horseback1 with packhorses1 handcarts1 and wheelbarrows1 with blankets on their backs and children by the hand1 the oppressed of the old world fled across the new4 ,why do you go into the wilderness8 ,for my children1 my children1 answered the pioneer4 ,more and more came people in a mighty flood1 peasants1 artisans1 sons of the old crusaders1 children of feudal knights of chivalry and romance1 descendants of the hardy ,norsemen who captured ,europe five hundred years before1 scions of ,europe's most titled names1 thronging to our ,west4 ,frosts and crop failures in the ,atlantic ,states and a financial panic uprooted old ,revolutionary centres4 ,a better country1 a better country6 was the watchword of the mobile nation4 ,let's go over to the ,territory1 said the soldiers of #ahab4 ,let us go to ,arkansas1 where corn can be had for sixpence a bushel and pork for a penny a pound4 ,two days' work in ,texas is equal to the labour of a week in the ,north4 ,and on they pressed into ,no ,man's ,land1 a land of undeveloped orchards1 maple syrup and honey1 fields of cotton and wool and corn4 ,conestoga waggons crowded on the ,alleghanies1 teams fell down precipices and perished1 but the tide pushed madly on4 ,colonies of hundreds were pouring into ,michigan1 ,wisconsin1 ,illinois4 ,new towns were named for their founders1 new counties1 lakes1 rivers1 streams1 and hills1--the settlers wrote their names upon the geography of the nation4 ,in the midst of the war ,daniel ,boone had come down to ,clark at ,st4 ,louis4 ,i have spoken to ,henry ,clay about your claim1 said the ,governor4 ,he says ,congress will do something for you4 ,now ,rebecca1 thee shall hev a house6 ,that house1 the joint product of ,nathan1 the ,colonel1 and his slaves1 was a work of years4 ,not far from the old cabin by the spring it stood1 convenient to the ,judgment ,tree4 ,for ,boone still held his court beneath the spreading elm4 ,the stones were quarried and chiselled1 two feet thick1 and laid so solidly that to-day the walls of the old ,boone mansion are as good as new4 ,the plaster was mixed and buried in the ground over winter to ripen4 ,roomy and comfortable1 two stories and an attic it was built1 with double verandas and chimneys at either end1 the finest mansion on the border4 ,but in ,march ,rebecca died4 ,boone buried her where he could watch the mound4 ,the house was finished4 ,the ,colonel bought a coffin and put it under the bed to be ready4 ,sometimes he tried his coffin1 to see how it would seem when he slept beside ,rebecca4 ,in ,december came the land1 a thousand arpents in his ,spanish grant4 ,if ,i only cud hev told ,rebecca1 sobbed ,daniel1 kneeling at her grave4 ,she war a good woman1 and the faithful companion of all my wanderings4 ,in the ,spring ,boone sold his land1 and set out for ,kentucky4 ,daniel ,boone has come6 ,daniel ,boone has come6 ,old hunters1 ,revolutionary heroes1 came for miles to see their leader who had opened ,kentucky4 ,there was a reception at ,maysville4 ,parties were given in his honour wherever he went4 ,once more he embraced his old friend1 ,simon ,kenton4 ,how much do ,i owe ye8 he said to one and another4 ,whatever amount they named1 that he paid1 and departed4 ,one day the dusty old hunter re-entered his son's house on the ,femme ,osage with fifty cents in his pocket4 ,now ,i am ready and willing to die4 ,i have paid all my debts and nobody can say1 ',boone was a dishonest man4' ,then came the climax of his life4 ,nate1 ,i am goin' to the ,yellowstone4 ,while ,clark was holding his peace treaties1 ,daniel ,boone1 eighty-two years old1 with a dozen others set out in boats for the ,upper ,missouri4 ,autumn came4 ,somewhere in the present ,montana1 they threw up a winter camp and were besieged by ,indians4 ,a heavy snow-storm drove the ,indians off4 ,in early ,spring1 coming down the ,missouri on the return1 again they were attacked by ,indians and landed in a thicket of the opposite shore4 ,under cover of a storm in the night ,boone ordered them into the boat1 and silently in the pelting rain they escaped4 ,boone himself brought the furs to ,st4 ,louis1 and went back with a bag full of money and a boat full of emigrants4 ,farther and farther into his district emigrants began setting up their four-post sassafras bedsteads and scouring their pewter platters4 ,women walked thirty miles to hear the first piano that came into the ,boone settlement4 ,in the last year of the war ,boone's favourite grandson was killed at ,charette4 ,the history of the settlement of the western country is my history1 said the old ,colonel in his grief4 ,two darling sons1 a grandson1 and a brother have ,i lost by savage hands1 besides valuable horses and abundance of cattle4 ,many sleepless nights have ,i spent1 separated from the society of men1 an instrument ordained of ,god to settle the wilderness4 ,you must paint ,daniel ,boone1 said ,governor ,clark to ,chester ,harding1 a young ,american artist fresh from ,paris in the summer of #ahai4 ,the ,governor was ,harding's first sitter4 ,he invited the ,indians into his studio4 ,ugh6 ugh6 ugh6 grunted the ,osage chiefs1 putting their noses close and rubbing their fingers across the ,governor's portrait4 ,in ,june ,harding set out up the ,missouri to paint ,boone4 ,in an old blockhouse of the ,war of #ahab1 he found him lying on a bunk1 roasting a strip of venison wound around his ramrod1 turning it before the fire4 ,what8 ,paint my pictur'8 ,yes1 on canvas4 ,make a portrait1 you know4 ,the old man consented4 ,with amazement the frontiersman saw the picture grow1--still more amazed1 his grandchildren watched the likeness of granddad growing on the canvas4 ,ruddy and fair1 with silvered locks1 always humming a tune1 he sat in his buckskin hunting-shirt trimmed with otter's fur1 and the knife in his belt he had carried on his first expedition to ,kentucky4 ,every day now1 in his leisure hours1 the old pioneer was busily scraping with a piece of glass4 ,making a powder-horn1 he said4 ,goin' to hunt on the ,fork in the ,fall4 ,a hundred miles up the ,kansas he had often set his traps1 but ,boone's legs were getting shaky1 his eyes were growing dim4 ,every day now he tried his coffin1--it was shining and polished and fair1 of the wood he loved best1 the cherry4 ,people came for miles to look at ,boone's coffin4 ,,xv ,,too ,,good ,,to ,,the ,,indians ,manuel ,lisa had out-distanced all his competitors in the fur trade4 ,but the voice of envy whispered1 ,manuel must cheat the ,government1 and ,manuel must cheat the ,indians1 otherwise ,manuel could not bring down every summer so many boats loaded with rich furs4 ,good6 exclaimed ,lisa to ,governor ,clark1 when the fleets were tying up at ,st4 ,louis in #ahag4 ,my accounts with the ,government will show whether ,i receive anything out of which to cheat it4 ,i have not blamed you1 ,manuel1 explained the ,governor4 ,on the contrary ,i have conveyed to the ,government my high appreciation of your very great services in quieting the ,indians of the ,missouri4 ,it is not necessary to worry yourself with the talk of babblers who do not understand4 ,cheat the ,indians6 ,the ,spaniard stamped the floor4 ,the respect and friendship which they have for me1 the security of my possessions in the heart of their country1 respond to this charge1 and declare with voices louder than the tongues of men that it cannot be true4 ',but ,manuel gets so much rich fur4' ,lisa ground out the words with scorn4 ,well1 ,i will explain how ,i get it4 ,first ,i put into my operations great activity1--,i go a great distance1 while some are considering whether they will start to-day or to-morrow4 ,i impose upon myself great privations1--ten months in a year ,i am buried in the forest1 at a vast distance from my own house4 ,i appear as the benefactor1 and not as the pillager1 of the ,indians4 ,i carried among them the seed of the large pumpkin1 from which ,i have seen in their possession the fruit weighing one hundred and sixty pounds4 ,also the large bean1 the potato1 the turnip1 and these vegetables now make a great part of their subsistence4 ,this year ,i have promised to carry the plough4 ,besides1 my blacksmiths work incessantly for them1 charging nothing4 ,i lend them traps1 only demanding preference in their trade4 ,my establishments are the refuge of the weak and of the old men no longer able to follow their lodges2 and by these means ,i have acquired the confidence and friendship of these nations1 and the consequent choice of their trade4 ,these things ,i have done1 and ,i propose to do more4 ,in short1 ,manuel ,lisa laid down his commission as sub-agent to embark yet more deeply in the fur trade4 ,what is that noise at the river8 ,ten thousand shrieking eagles and puffs of smoke arose from the yellow-brown ,mississippi below4 ,the entire population of ,st4 ,louis was flocking to the river brink to greet the ,general ,pike1 the first steamboat that ever came up to ,st4 ,louis4 ,people rushed to the landing but the ,indians drew back in terror lest the monster should climb the bank and pursue them inland4 ,pell-mell into ,clark's ,council ,house they tumbled imploring protection4 ,never had ,st4 ,louis appeared so beautiful as when ,julia and the children came into their new home in #ahai4 ,clark1 the ,governor1 had built a mansion1 one of the finest in ,st4 ,louis4 ,wide verandas gave a view of the river1 gardens of fruit and flowers bloomed4 ,but ,julia was ill4 ,take her back to the ,virginia mountains1 said ,dr4 ,farrar1 the family physician4 ,st4 ,louis heats are too much for her4 ,in dress suit1 silk hat1 and sword cane1 ,farrar was a notable figure in old ,st4 ,louis1 riding night and day as far out as ,boone's ,lick1 establishing a reputation that remains proverbial yet4 ,he had married ,anne ,thruston1 the daughter of ,fanny4 ,let her try a trip on the new steamboat1 said the ,doctor4 ,so after her picture was painted by ,chester ,harding in that ,spring of #ahai1 ,clark and ,julia and the little boys1 ,meriwether ,lewis1 ,william ,preston1 and ,george ,rogers ,hancock1 set out for ,new ,orleans in the new-fangled steamboat4 ,it was a long and dangerous trip2 the river was encumbered with snags2 every night they tied up to a tree4 ,travel by night8 ,couldn't think of it6 ,we'd be aground before morning6 said the ,captain4 ,around by sea the ,governor and his wife sailed by ship to ,washington4 ,i will join you at the ,sweet ,springs1 said ,president ,monroe to the ,governor and his wife in ,washington4 ,the ,sweet ,springs cure all my ills1 said ,dolly ,madison at ,montpelier4 ,she will recover at the ,sweet ,springs1 said ,jefferson at ,monticello4 ,but at the ,sweet ,springs ,julia grew so ill they had to carry her on a bed to ,fotheringay4 ,miss ,judy done come home sick6 ,the servants wept4 ,something of a physician himself1 ,clark began the use of fumes of tar through a tube1 and to the surprise of all ,miss ,judy rallied again4 ,as soon as ,i can leave her in safety ,i shall return to ,st4 ,louis1 wrote the ,governor to friends at the ,missouri capital4 ,if ,i should die1 said ,julia sweetly one day1 and you ever think of marrying again1 consider my cousin ,harriet4 ,ah1 but you will be well1 my darling1 when ,spring comes4 ,and she was better in the ,spring1 thinking of the new house at ,st4 ,louis4 ,julia was a very neat and careful housekeeper4 ,everything was kept under lock and key1 she directed the servants herself1 and was the light of a houseful of company4 ,for the ,governor's house was the centre of hospitality1--never a noted man came that way1 but1 ,i must pay my respects to the ,governor4 ,savants from over the sea came to look at his ,indian museum4 ,general ,clark had made the greatest collection in the world1 and had become an authority on ,indian archology4 ,governor ,clark1 too1 was worried about affairs in ,st4 ,louis4 ,missouri was just coming in as a ,state1 and a new executive must be elected under the ,constitution4 ,go1 said ,julia1 ,i shall be recovered soon now4 ,indeed1 deceptive roses were blooming in her cheeks4 ,with many regrets and promises of a speedy return1 ,clark hastened back to his official duties4 ,he found ,missouri in the midst of a heated campaign1 coming in as a ,state and electing a ,governor4 ,for seven years he had held the territorial office with honour4 ,but a new candidate was before the people4 ,governor ,clark is too good to the ,indians6 ,that was the chief argument of the opposing faction4 ,he looks after their interests to the disadvantage of the whites4 ,to the disadvantage of the whites8 ,how can that be8 inquired his friends4 ,did he not in the late war deal severely with the hostile tribes8 ,and what do you say of the ,osage lands8 ,when hostilities began ,president ,madison ordered the settlers out of the ,boone's ,lick country as invaders of ,indian lands4 ,what did the ,governor do8 ,he remonstrated1 he delayed the execution of those orders until they were rescinded1 and the settlers were allowed to remain4 ,how could he do that8 ,how8 ,why1 he simply told the ,indians those lands were included in the ,osage treaty of #ahjh4 ,he made that treaty1 and he knew4 ,no ,indian objected4 ,they trusted ,clark2 his explanation was sufficient4 ,and his maps proved it4 ,too good to the ,indians6 ,too good to the ,indians6 ,what ,governor before ever lost his head on such a charge8 ,at that moment1 flying down the ,ohio1 came a swift messenger1--,mrs4 ,clark is dead at ,fotheringay4 ,with the shock upon him1 ,general ,clark sent a card to the papers1 notifying his fellow citizens of his loss1 and of his necessary absence until the election was over4 ,and with mingled dignity and sorrow he went back to ,fotheringay to bury the beloved dead4 ,granny ,molly1 ,black ,granny1 who had laced ,miss ,judy's shoes and tied up her curls with a ribbon in the old ,philadelphia days1 never left her beloved mistress4 ,a few days before ,miss ,judy went away1 little ,meriwether ,lewis1 then eleven years of age1 came to her bedside with his curly hair dishevelled and his broad shirt collar tumbled4 ,aunt ,molly1 said the mother1 watch my boy and keep him neat4 ,he is so beautiful1 ,granny6 ,after her body was placed on two of the parlour chairs1 ,granny ,molly noticed a little dust on the waxed floor4 ,miss ,judy would be 'stressed if she could see it4 ,away she ran1 brought a mop1 and had it all right by the time the coffin came4 ,down on her knees scrubbing1 scrubbing for the last time the floor for ,miss ,judy1 tears trickled down the ebony cheeks4 ,po'1 po' ,miss ,judy4 ,you's done gwine wid de angels4 ,they laid her in the family tomb1 overlooking the green valley of the ,roanoke4 ,two weeks after her death1 ,colonel ,hancock himself also succumbed4 ,to a double funeral the ,governor came back4 ,high on the hillside they laid them1 in a mausoleum excavated out of the solid rock4 ,de ,cunnel1 he done watch us out ob dat iron window up dah1 said the darkies4 ,he sits up dah in a stone chair so he can look down de valley and see his slaves at deir work4 ,to this day the superstitious darkies will not pass his tomb4 ,on his way to ,washington1 ,governor ,clark stopped again at ,monticello4 ,ah1 the joyous activity of my grandfather6 exclaimed ,thomas ,jefferson ,randolph4 ,he mounts his horse early in the morning1 canters down the mountain and across country to the site of the university4 ,all day long he assists at the work4 ,he has planned it1 engaged workmen1 selected timber1 bought bricks4 ,he has sent to ,italy for carvers of stone4 ,out of those students flocking to consult ,jefferson had grown the ,university of ,virginia4 ,books and professors were brought from ,england1 and the institution opened in #ahbe4 ,martha ,jefferson's husband1 ,thomas ,mann ,randolph1 was ,governor of ,virginia now1 but the sage of ,monticello paid little attention4 ,all his talk was of schools1--schools and colleges for ,virginia4 ,slavery in ,missouri8 ,clark broached the discussion that was raging at the ,west4 ,instantly the sage of ,monticello was attentive4 ,this momentous question1 like a firebell in the night1 awakened and filled me with terror4 ,it is the knell of the ,union4 ,since ,bunker ,hill we have never had so ominous a question4 ,he who had said1 ,pensacola and ,florida will come in good time1 and1 ,i have ever looked on ,cuba as the most interesting addition which could be made to our system of ,states1 had corresponded with the ,spanish minister concerning a canal through the isthmus1 and sent ,lewis and ,clark to open up a road to ,asia1--,jefferson1 more than any other1 had the vision of to-day4 ,governor ,clark went on to ,washington4 ,ramsay ,crooks and ,russell ,farnham of the ,astor expedition were quartered at the same hotel with ,floyd of ,virginia and ,benton of ,missouri4 ,beside their whale-oil lamps they talked of ,oregon4 ,benton was writing for ,oregon1--he made a noise in all the papers4 ,john ,floyd framed a bill1 the first for ,oregon occupancy4 ,missouri was just coming in as a ,state4 ,the moment ,benton1 her first ,senator1 was seated1 he flew to ,floyd's support4 ,we must occupy the ,columbia1 said ,benton4 ,mere adventurers may enter upon it as neas entered upon the ,tiber1 and as our forefathers came upon the ,potomac1 the ,delaware1 and the ,hudson1 and renew the phenomenon of individuals laying the foundation of future empire4 ,upon the people of eastern ,asia the establishment of a civilised power upon the opposite coast of ,america cannot fail to produce great and wonderful results4 ,science1 liberal principles1 government1 and the true religion1 may cast their lights across the intervening sea4 ,the valley of the ,columbia may become the granary of ,china and ,japan1 and an outlet for their imprisoned and exuberant population4 ,staid ,senators smiled and called ,benton a dreamer1 but he and ,floyd were the prophets of to-day4 ,for thirty years after ,astor had been driven out1 ,england and her fur companies enriched themselves in ,oregon waters4 ,for thirty years ,benton stood in his place and fought to save us ,oregon4 ,from the bedside of the dying ,jefferson1 and from the lips of the living ,clark1 he took up the great enterprise of an overland highway to ,india4 ,when ,governor ,clark came sorrowing back to ,st4 ,louis with the little boys1 ,missouri was a ,state and a new ,governor sat in the chair1 but though governors came and governors went1 the officer that had held the position through all the territorial days was always called ,governor ,clark4 ,as ,united ,states superintendent of ,indian affairs for the ,west1 ,governor ,clark now became practically autocrat of the redmen for life4 ,if you ever think of marrying again1 consider my cousin ,harriet4 ,more than a year ,governor ,clark considered1 and then the most noted citizen of ,st4 ,louis married the handsome widow ,radford4 ,from ,philadelphia she haf a wedding trousseau1 said the vivacious ,creole girls1 drinking tea in their wide verandas4 ,she haf de majesty look1 like one queen4 ,from the home of her brother1 ,james ,kennerly1 the fun-loving ,harriet of other years went to become the grave and dignified hostess in the home of the ex-governor4 ,,xvi ,,the ,,red ,,head ,,chief ,hasten1 ,ruskosky1 rebraid my queue4 ,kings and half kings are in there as plenty as blackberries in the woods1 and ,i must see what is the matter4 ,hurriedly the ,polish valet1 who dressed ,clark in his later years1 knelt to button the knees of his small clothes and fasten on a big silk bow in place of a buckle4 ,directly the tall figure wrapped in a cloak entered the council chamber connected with his study4 ,the walls of the council chamber were covered with portraits of distinguished chiefs1 and with ,indian arms and dresses1 the handsomest the ,west afforded4 ,nothing pleased the redmen better than to be honoured by the acceptance of some treasure for this museum4 ,against this wall the ,indians sat1 and the little gray-haired interpreter1 ,antony ,le ,claire1 lit the tomahawk pipe4 ,as the fumes rolled upward the ,red ,head ,chief took his seat at the table before him4 ,the ,indians lifted their heads4 ,justice would now be done4 ,it was a sultry day and the council doors were open4 ,but sultrier still was the debate within4 ,our ,father1 said the ,great and ,little ,osages1 we have come to meet our enemies1 the ,delawares and ,shawnees and ,kickapoos and ,peorias1 in your ,council ,hall4 ,we ourselves can effect a peace4 ,and so the ,red ,head listened4 ,make your peace4 ,six days they argued1 ,paul ,louise interpreter4 ,hot and hotter grew the debate1 and mutual recriminations4 ,white ,hair's warriors shot at one of my young men4 ,but you1 ,delawares1 robbed our relations1 cried the ,osage chiefs4 ,you stole our otter-skins1 retorted the ,delawares4 ,and you hunted on our lands4 ,last ,summer when we were absent1 you bad-hearted ,osages destroyed our fields of corn and cut up our gardens1 cried the angry ,shawnees1 who always sided with the ,delawares4 ,you speak with double tongues-- ,clark stepped in and hushed the controversy4 ,who gave you leave to hunt on ,osage lands8 ,white ,hair and his principal braves1 answered the ,delawares4 ,when did they shoot at your man8 ,at the ,big ,bend of the ,arkansas4 ,who owned the peltries the ,osages took8 ,all of us4 ,very well then1 restitution must be made4 ,soothing as a summer breeze was his gentle voice1 ,my children1 ,i cannot have you injured4 ,the ,delawares are my children1 and the ,osages1 the ,shawnees1 the ,kickapoos1 and the ,peorias4 ,i cannot permit any one to injure my children4 ,whoever does that is no longer child of mine4 ,you must bury the sharp hatchet underground4 ,he calmed the heated tribes and effected peace4 ,like little children they gave each other strings of beads1 pipes1 and tobacco1 and departed reconciled4 ,bring all your difficulties to me or to ,paul ,louise and we will judge for you1 said the ,red ,head ,chief1 as one by one they filed in plumed array down the steps of the ,council ,house4 ,scarce had the reconciled tribes departed before officers of the law brought in seven chiefs1 hostages of the ,iowas1--,accused by the ,sacs1 ,your ,honour1 of killing cattle2 accused by the whites of killing settlers4 ,my father4 ,the mournful appealing tone of the ,indian speaker always affected ,clark4 ,he was singularly fitted to be their judge and friend4 ,my son4 ,there was an air of sympathy and paternal kindness as the ,red ,head ,chief listened4 ,his heart was stirred by their wrongs1 and his face would redden with indignation as he listened to the pitiful tales of his children4 ,with bodies uncovered to the waist1 with blanket on the left arm and the right arm and breast bare1 a chief stepped forth to be examined concerning a border fray with the backwoodsmen4 ,drawing himself to his full height1 and extending his arm toward ,clark1 the ,iowa began3 ,red ,head1 if ,i had done that of which my white brother accuses me1 ,i would not stand here now4 ,the words of my red head father have passed through both my ears and ,i have remembered them4 ,i am accused4 ,i am not guilty4 ,i thought ,i would come down to see my red head father to hold a talk with him4 ,i come across the line4 ,i see the cattle of my white brother dead4 ,i see the ,sauk kill them in great numbers4 ,i said there would be trouble4 ,i thought to go to my village4 ,i find ,i have no provisions4 ,i say1 ',let us go down to our white brother and trade for a little4' ,i do not turn on my track to my village4 ,then turning to the ,sacs and pointing1-- ,the ,sauk who tells lies of me goes to my white brother and says1 ',the ,ioway has killed your cattle4' ,when the lie has talked thus to my white brother1 he comes up to my village4 ,we hear our white brother coming4 ,we are glad and leave our cabins to tell him he is welcome4 ,while ,i shake hands with my white brother1 my white brother shoots my best chief through the head1--shoots three my young men1 a squaw1 and her children4 ,my young men hear1 they rush out1 they fire1--four of my white brothers fall4 ,my people fly to the woods1 and die of cold and hunger4 ,dropping his head and his arm1 in tragic attitude he stands1 the picture of despair4 ,the lip of the savage quivers4 ,he lifts his eyes1-- ,while ,i shake hands my white brother shoots my chief1 my son1 my only son4 ,only by consummate tact can ,clark handle these distressing conflicts of the border4 ,who is right and who is wrong8 ,the settlers hate the ,indians1 the ,indians dread and fear the settlers4 ,governor ,clark1 said the ,shawnees and ,delawares1 since three or four years we are crowded by the whites who steal our horses4 ,we moved4 ,you recommended us to raise stock and cultivate our ground4 ,that advice we have followed1 but again white men have come4 ,the ,cherokees complained1 ,white people settle without our consent4 ,they destroy our game and produce discord and confusion4 ,clark could see the heaving of their naked breasts and their lithe bodies1 the tigers of their kind1 shaken by irrepressible emotion4 ,and again in the ,autumn1-- ,what is it8 inquired the stranger as pennons came glittering down the ,missouri4 ,oh1 nothing1 only another lot of ,indians coming down to see their red-headed daddy1 was the irreverent response1 as the solemn1 calm-featured braves glided into view1 gazing as only savages can gaze at the wonders of civilisation4 ,what6 going to war8 cried ,clark1 in a tone of thunder1 as they made known their errand at the ,council ,house4 ,your ,great ,father1 the ,president1 forbids it4 ,he counsels his children to live in peace4 ,if you insist on listening to bad men ,i shall come out there and make you desist4 ,the stormy excitement subsided4 ,they shrank from his reproofs1 and felt and feared his power4 ,go home4 ,take these gifts to my children1 and tell them they were sent by the ,red ,head ,chief4 ,viewed with admiration1 the presents were carefully wrapped in skins to be laid away and treasured on many a weary march and through many a sad vicissitude4 ,a few days in ,st4 ,louis1 then away go the willowy copper-skin paddlers to dissuade their braves from incurring the awful displeasure of the ,red ,head ,chief4 ,the ,west of that day was sown with his medals that disappeared only with the tribes4 ,in time they came to know ,clark's signature1 and preserved it as a sacred talisman4 ,could the influence of one man have availed against armies of westward pressing trappers1 traders1 and pioneers1 the tribes would have been civilised4 ,shall we accept the missionaries8 ,shall we hearken to their teaching8 ,yes1 he said to the ,osages4 ,yes1 to the ,pawnees1 to the ,shawnees1 and ,yes1 to a delegation that came from the far-off ,nez ,percs beyond the ,rocky ,mountains4 ,in days of friction and excitement ,clark did more than regiments to preserve peace on the frontier4 ,he was a buffer1 a perpetual break-water between the conflicting races4 ,as ,united ,states superintendent of ,indian affairs the ,red ,head ,chief grew venerable4 ,the stately old officer lived in style in ,st4 ,louis1 and as in the colonial time ,sir ,william ,johnson ruled from the ,atlantic to the ,mississippi1 so now ,clark's word was ,indian law from the ,mississippi to the ,pacific4 ,his voice was raised in continual advantage to the ,indian4 ,while civilisation was pushing west and west1 and crowding them out of their old domains1 he was softening as much as possible the rigour of their contact with whites4 ,our position with regard to the ,indians has entirely changed1 he used to say4 ,before ,wayne's campaigns in #agid and events of #ahah1 the tribes nearest our settlements were a formidable and terrible enemy4 ,since then their power has been broken1 their warlike spirit subdued1 and themselves sunk into objects of pity and commiseration4 ,while strong and hostile1 it has been our obvious duty to weaken them2 now that they are weak and harmless1 and most of their lands fallen into our hands1 justice and humanity require us to cherish and befriend them4 ,to teach them to live in houses1 to raise grain and stock1 to plant orchards1 to set up landmarks1 to divide their possessions1 to establish laws for their government1 to get the rudiments of common learning1 such as reading1 writing1 and ciphering1 are the first steps toward improving their condition4 ,this was the policy of ,jefferson1 reaffirmed by ,clark4 ,it was the key to all ,clark's endeavours4 ,at ,washington ,city he discussed the question with ,president ,monroe4 ,but to take these steps with effect the ,indians should be removed west of the ,mississippi and north of the ,missouri4 ,let them move singly or in families as they please1 said ,clark4 ,place agents where the ,indians cross the ,mississippi1 to supply them with provisions and ammunition4 ,a constant tide is now going on from ,ohio1 ,indiana1 ,illinois4 ,they cross at ,st4 ,louis and ,st4 ,genevieve1 and my accounts show the aid which is given them4 ,many leading chiefs are zealous in this work1 and are labouring hard to collect their dispersed and broken tribes at their new and permanent homes4 ,and the land8 inquired the ,president4 ,it is well watered with numerous streams and some large rivers1 abounds with grass1 contains prairies1 land for farms1 and affords a temporary supply of game4 ,it is in vain for us to talk about learning and religion2 these ,indians want food4 ,the ,sioux1 the ,osages1 are powerful tribes1--they are near our border1 and my official station enables me to know the exact truth4 ,they are distressed by famine2 many die for want of food2 the living child is buried with the dead mother because no one can spare it food through its helpless infancy4 ,grain1 stock1 fences are the first things4 ,property alone can keep up the pride of the ,indian and make him ashamed of drunkenness1 lying1 and stealing4 ,the period of danger with an ,indian is when he ceases to be a hunter and before he gets the means of living from flocks and agriculture4 ,in the transit from a hunter to a farmer1 he degenerates from a proud and independent savage to a beggar1 drunkard1 thief4 ,to counteract the danger1 property in horses1 hogs1 and cattle is indispensable4 ,they should be assisted in making fences and planting orchards1 and be instructed in raising cotton and making cloth4 ,small mills should be erected to save the women the labour of pounding corn1 and mechanics should be employed to teach the young ,indians how to make ploughs1 carts1 wheels1 hoes1 and axes4 ,benton and other great men argued in the ,senate4 ,in contact with the white race the ,indians degenerate4 ,they are a dangerous neighbour within our borders4 ,they prevent the expansion of the white race1 and the ,states will not be satisfied until all their soil is open to settlement4 ,and so1 to remove the ,indians to a home of their own became the great work of ,clark's life4 ,a home where the whites shall never come6 the ,indians were delighted4 ,we will look at these lands4 ,i recommend that the government send special agents to collect the scattered bands and families and pay their expenses to the lands assigned them1 said ,clark1 estimating the cost at one hundred thousand dollars4 ,but not all of the tribes would listen4 ,in ,november1 #ahbf1 ,clark drove from ,st4 ,louis in his carriage to the ,choctaw nation in ,alabama1 to persuade them to move west of the ,mississippi4 ,after many years spent in reflection1 said the ,commissioners1 your ,great ,father1 the ,president1 has determined upon a plan for your happiness4 ,the ,united ,states has a large unsettled country on the west side of the great river ,mississippi into which they do not intend their white settlements shall enter4 ,this is the country in which our ,great ,father intends to settle his red children4 ,many of the tribes are now preparing to remove and are making application for land4 ,the ,cherokees and ,muscogees have procured lands1 and your people can have five times as much land in that fine country as they are now living on in this4 ,never before in the conquest of nations had the weaker race been offered such advantageous terms4 ,two days passed while the ,indians considered and argued among themselves4 ,what shall we give to you8 asked the ,commissioners4 ,these lands and titles to them1 provisions and clothing1 a cow and corn and farming implements to each family1 and blacksmiths and ploughmakers and annuities4 ,friends and brothers of the ,choctaw nation1 said ,clark in the council1 ,i have spent half the period of an accustomed life among you4 ,thirty-six years ago ,i passed through your country and saw your distressed condition4 ,now ,i see part of your nation much improved in prosperity and civilisation4 ,this affords me much happiness4 ,but ,i am informed that a very large majority of the ,choctaw nation are seeking food among the swamps by picking cotton for white planters4 ,cannot provision be made to better their condition8 ,let me recommend that the poorer and less enlightened be moved without delay to their lands west of the ,mississippi4 ,there will ,i take pleasure in advancing their interests4 ,in my declining years it would be a great consolation to me to see them prosper in agriculture4 ,come to my country where ,i can have it in my power to act as your father and your friend4 ,you shall be protected and peaceful and happy4 ,the ,choctaws were touched1 but they answered1-- ,we cannot part with our country4 ,it is the land of our birth1--the hills and streams of our youth4 ,,xvii ,,the ,,great ,,council ,,at ,,prairie ,,du ,,chien ,st4 ,louis was a cold place in those prairie years2 a great deal of snow fell1 and sleighbells rang beside the ,great ,river4 ,no ,indians came during the cold weather1 but with the springing grass and blossoming trees1 each year the ,indians camped around the twin lakes at ,maracasta1 ,clark's farm west of ,st4 ,louis4 ,there were wigwams all over ,maracasta4 ,james ,kennerly1 ,clark's ,indian deputy1 busy ever with the ruddy aborigines1 dealing out annuities1 arranging for treaties and instructing the tribes1 kept open house for the chiefs at ,cte ,plaquemine1 the ,persimmon ,hill4 ,clark's boys shot bows and arrows with the little ,indians1 ,kennerly's little girls made them presents of kinnikinick1 dried leaves of the sumac and red osier dogwood1 to smoke in their long pipes4 ,every delegation came down laden with gifts for the ,red ,head1--costly furs1 buffalo robes1 bows1 arrows1 pipes1 moccasins4 ,tragedies of the plains came daily to the ears of ,general ,clark1 far1 far beyond the reach of government in the wild battle-ground of the ,west4 ,in #ahbb the ,sioux and ,cheyennes combined against the ,crows and fell upon their villages4 ,in the slaughter of that day five thousand defenceless men1 women1 and children were butchered on the prairie4 ,all their lodges and herds of horses and hundreds of captive girls were carried away4 ,as a people the ,crows never recovered4 ,drunk with victory the triumphant ,sioux rolled back on the ,chippewas1 ,sacs1 ,foxes1 and ,iowas4 ,if continued1 these wars will embroil all the tribes of the ,west1 said ,clark4 ,we must do something more to promote peace4 ,they must become civilised4 ,president ,monroe was working up a new ,indian policy1 with ,clark as a chief adviser4 ,go1 ,paul ,louise1 take this talk to my ,osages4 ,i am coming up to their country4 ,tell them to meet me on the first of ,june4 ,in his canoe1 with his squaw and his babies1 the wizened little ,frenchman set out4 ,he could not read1 he could not write1 he could only make his mark1 but the ,indians loved and trusted ,paul ,louise4 ,and you1 ,baronet ,vasquez1 take this to the ,kansas nation4 ,vasquez belonged to the old ,spanish rgime4 ,as a youth he had gone out with the ,spanish garrison at the cession of ,st4 ,louis1 to return a fur trader4 ,then came ,lafayette from the memories of ,monticello4 ,escorted by a troop of horse1 he had ascended that historic mountain4 ,the alert lithe figure of the little ,marquis leaped from the carriage2 at the same moment the door opened1 revealing the tall1 bent1 wasted figure of ,jefferson in the pillared portico4 ,the music ceased1 and every head uncovered4 ,slowly the aged ,jefferson descended the steps1 slowly the little ,marquis approached his friend1 then crying1 with outstretched arms1 ,ah1 ,jefferson6 ,ah1 ,lafayette6 each fell upon the other's bosom4 ,the gentlemen of the cavalcade turned away with tears1 and the two were left to solitude and recollection4 ,long and often had ,jefferson and ,lafayette laboured together in anxious and critical periods of the past4 ,it was in chasing the boy ,lafayette that the ,british came to ,charlottesville4 ,when ,jefferson was minister in ,paris1 the young and popular nobleman assisted the unaccustomed ,american at the ,court of ,france4 ,together they had seen the opening of the ,french ,revolution4 ,what memories came back as they sat in the parlour at ,monticello1 discussing the momentous events of two continents in which they had been actors6 ,what would ,i have done with the ,queen8 asked the aged ,jefferson4 ,i should have shut her up in a convent1 putting harm out of her power4 ,i have ever believed if there had been no ,queen there would have been no ,french ,revolution4 ,lafayette went to ,montpelier to see ,madison1 and then to ,yorktown1 over the same road which he himself had opened in #agha in the retreat before ,cornwallis4 ,one long ovation followed his route4 ,even old ladies who had seen him in their youth pressed forward with the plea1 ,let me see the young ,marquis again6 forgetful of the flight of years4 ,echoes of his triumphal tour had reached the border4 ,st4 ,louis1 a city and a ,state not dreamed of in ,revolutionary days1 begged the honour of entertaining ,lafayette4 ,far down the river they saw the smoke of his steamer1 coming up from ,new ,orleans4 ,welcome6 the hills echoed4 ,vive ,lafayette6 ,the ,marquis lifted his eyes1--white stone houses gay with gardens and clusters of verdure arose before him in a town of five thousand inhabitants4 ,below stood the massive stone forts of the ,spanish time1 and on the brow of the bluff frowned the old round tower1 the last fading relic of feudalism in ,north ,america4 ,every eye was fixed upon the honoured guest4 ,a few were there who could recall the pride of ,lafayette in his ,american troops1 with their helmets and flowing crests and the sabres he himself had brought from ,france4 ,the banquet1 the toasts1 the ball1 all these have passed into tradition4 ,the ,marquis visited ,clark's cabinet of ,indian curios4 ,i present you this historic cloak of an ,indian chief1 said the ,general1 offering a robe like a ,russian great coat4 ,in turn1 ,lafayette presented his mess chest1 carried through the ,revolution1 and placed on the ,governor's finger a ring of his hair4 ,later ,clark sent him the live cub of a grizzly bear1 that grew to be a wonder in the ,jardin des ,plantes of ,paris4 ,and your great brother1 ,george ,rogers ,clark8 inquired the ,marquis4 ,he died seven years ago at ,louisville1 answered the ,governor4 ,in securing the liberties of this country ,i esteem him second only to ,washington1 said ,lafayette4 ,those thieving ,osages have taken six more of my horses1 complained ,chouteau the next morning at the office of ,governor ,clark4 ,and four blankets and three axes of me1 added ,baptiste ,dardenne4 ,worse yet1 they have stolen my great-coat and razor case1 said ,manuel ,roderique4 ,two thousand dollars' worth of claims were paid in that summer of #ahbe4 ,we must get them out of the way1 persisted the exasperated whites4 ,acts and acts of ,congress regulating trade and intercourse with the tribes are of no avail4 ,they must be removed1 and as far as possible4 ,they are banditti1 robbers6 said ,benton4 ,in spite of all proclamations clothes disappeared from the line1 silk stockings and bed-quilts and ladies' hats mysteriously went into the wigwams of the vagrants4 ,this state of affairs is intolerable6 exclaimed ,benton4 ,governor ,clark1 if you will conclude a treaty removing those tribes to the ,west ,i will stake my honour on putting a ratification through ,congress4 ,i'll present the case6 ,again the great senator ground out the words between his teeth1 ,i'll present the case4 ,it will be a kindness to both parties4 ,the poor ,indians have lost all1--we must reimburse them1 we must take care of them1 they must have a home1--but far away1 far away6 shaking his fingers and closing his eyes with the significant shrug so well known to the friends of ,colonel ,benton4 ,not so bad as eet once was1 urged the kind-hearted ,creoles4 ,not so bad by far4 ,in de old ,spanish days dey once left ,st4 ,genevieve wit'out a horse to turn a mill4 ,dey came in to de village in de night and carried away everyt'ing dey could find4 ,nobody ever pursue dem4 ,but les ,amricains1 dey chase dem4 ,but den1 commented the tolerant ,creoles1 de ,osage do not kill1 like de ,kickapoo and de ,cherokee4 ,dey take de goods1 steal de furs1 beat with ramrods1 drive him off1--but dey don't kill6 ,so in ,may1 after the departure of ,lafayette1 ,governor ,clark steamed up the ,missouri1 met the ,kansas and ,osage ,indians1 and made treaties for the cession of all their lands within the present boundary of ,missouri4 ,you shall have lands1 hogs1 fowls1 cattle1 carts1 and farming tools to settle farther west4 ,this was wealth to the poor ,osages1 whose hunting fields had become exhausted4 ,go to the earth and till it1 it will give you bread and meat and clothes and comfort and happiness4 ,you may talk about your poverty always1 and it will never make you better off4 ,you must be industrious1 said ,clark4 ,and your old friend1 ,boone1 shall be your farmer4 ,for almost forty years now they had known ,daniel ,m4 ,boone1 the son of the great pioneer1--since1 indeed1 those days when as a boy of eighteen he trapped on the ,kansas4 ,two springs later the removal was made1 and ,boone1 as farmer for the ,kansas ,indians1 took up his residence in the ,kaw ,valley where his chimney stacks may yet be seen near the present ,lecompton4 ,the next year was born ,napoleon ,boone1 the first white child in ,kansas4 ,all this time the northern clans were gathering at ,prairie du ,chien1 a work of months4 ,june #cj ,governor ,clark's barge started north from ,st4 ,louis1 laden with presents1 provisions1 interpreters4 ,we are afraid to come1 said the ,omahas4 ,we are afraid to cross the hostile territory4 ,william ,preston ,clark1 in looks and dress the blonde double of the poet ,byron1 said1 ,let me bring them1 father4 ,so young ,clark1 intimate with ,indians1 went after the ,omahas and brought them safely in4 ,but ,big ,elk left his medal with his son1 ,i never expect to reach home alive1 he said4 ,we cross the country of the ,sacs6 ,the ,yanktons refused4 ,shall we be butchered by the ,sacs8 ,but later they came to ,st4 ,louis1 smoked with the ,sacs and shook hands4 ,even the ,sioux feared the ,sacs1 the warriors of the central valley4 ,mahaska1 head chief of the ,iowas1 with his braves went up with ,clark1 and ,rant-che-wai-me1 the ,flying ,pigeon4 ,rant-che-wai-me had been to ,washington4 ,a year ago1 when her husband left her alone at the wigwam on the ,des ,moines1 she set out for ,st4 ,louis4 ,the steamer was at the shore1 the chief was about to embark1 when he felt a blow upon his back4 ,shaking his plumes in wrath1 ,mahaska turned1--to behold the ,flying ,pigeon1 with uplifted tomahawk in her hand4 ,am ,i your wife8 she cried4 ,you are my wife1 answered the surprised chief4 ,are you my husband8 ,i am your husband4 ,then will ,i1 too1 go with you to shake the ,great ,father by the hand4 ,mahaska smiled1--,you are my pretty wife1 ,flying ,pigeon2 you shall go to ,washington4 ,clark1 too1 smiled1--,yes1 she can go4 ,the pretty ,rant-che-wai-me was feted at the ,white ,house1 and had her picture painted by a great artist as a typical ,iowa ,princess4 ,and now she was going to ,prairie du ,chien4 ,not for ten years had ,clark visited his northern territory4 ,few changes had come on the ,mississippi4 ,twice a year ,colonel ,george ,davenport brought a hundred thousand dollars' worth of goods to his trading post at ,rock ,island4 ,beyond1 ,julien ,dubuque lay in perpetual state on his hills1 wrapped only in a winding sheet in his tomb1 exposed to the view of every traveller that cared to climb the grassy height to gaze through the grated windows of his lonely mausoleum4 ,the ,great ,chief1 the ,red ,head is coming1 whispered all the ,indians1 as ,clark's barges hove in sight4 ,prairie du ,chien was alive with excitement4 ,governor ,cass of ,michigan was already there4 ,not only the village1 but the entire banks of the river for miles above and below were covered with high-pointed buffalo tents4 ,horses browsed upon the bluffs in ,arabian abandon4 ,below1 tall and warlike1 ,chippewas and ,winnebagoes from ,superior and the valley of ,st4 ,croix jostled ,menomonees1 ,pottawattamies1 and ,ottawas from ,lake ,michigan and ,green ,bay4 ,whoop-oh-hoo-oh6 ,major ,taliferro from the ,falls of ,st4 ,anthony made the grand entry with his ,sioux and ,chippewas1 four hundred strong1 drums beating1 flags flying4 ,taliferro was very popular with the ,sioux1--even the squaws said he was ,weechashtah ,washtay1--a handsome man4 ,over from ,sault ,ste4 ,marie the learned agent ,schoolcraft had brought one hundred and fifty ,chippewas1 brothers of ,hiawatha4 ,keokuk1 the ,watchful ,fox1 with his ,sacs and ,iowas1 was the last to arrive4 ,leagued against the ,sioux1 they had camped on an island below to paint and dress1 and came up the ,mississippi attired in full war costume singing their battle-song4 ,it was a thrilling sight when they came upon the scene with spears1 battle-lances1 and crested locks like ,roman helmets1 casting bitter glances at their ancient foe1 the ,sioux4 ,nearly nude1 with feather war-flags flying1 and beating tambourines1 the ,sacs landed in compact ranks1 breathing defiance4 ,from his earliest youth ,keokuk had fought the ,sioux4 ,bold1 martial1 flushed with success1 ,keokuk landed1 majestic and frowning1 said ,schoolcraft1 and as another ,coriolanus spoke in the council and shook his war lance at the ,sioux4 ,at the signal of a gun1 every day at ten o'clock1 the chiefs assembled4 ,children1 said ,governor ,clark to the assembled savages1 your ,great ,father has not sent us here to ask anything from you--we want nothing--not the smallest piece of your land4 ,we have come a great way to meet for your own good4 ,your ,great ,father the ,president has been informed that war is carried on among his red children1--the ,sacs1 ,foxes1 and ,chippewas on one side and the ,sioux on the other1--and that the wars of some of you began before any of you were born4 ,heigh6 heigh6 broke forth the silent smokers4 ,heigh6 heigh6 exclaimed the warriors4 ,heigh6 heigh6 echoed the vast and impatient concourse around the council4 ,your father thinks there is no cause for continuation of war between you4 ,there is land enough for you to live and hunt on and animals enough4 ,why1 instead of peaceably following the game and providing for your families1 do you send out war parties to destroy each other8 ,the ,great ,spirit made you all of one colour and placed you upon the land4 ,you ought to live in peace as brothers of one great family4 ,your ,great ,father has heard of your war songs and war parties1--they do not please him4 ,he desires that his red children should bury the tomahawk4 ,heigh6 heigh6 ,children6 look around you4 ,see the result of wars between nations who were once powerful and are now reduced to a few wandering families4 ,you have examples enough before you4 ,children1 your wars have resulted from your having no definite boundaries4 ,you do not know what belongs to you1 and your people follow the game into lands claimed by other tribes4 ,heigh6 heigh6 ,children1 you have all assembled under your ,father's flag4 ,you are under his protection4 ,blood must not be spilt here4 ,whoever injures one of you injures us1 and we will punish him as we would punish one of our own people4 ,heigh6 heigh6 heigh6 cried all the ,indians4 ,children1 said ,general ,cass1 your ,great ,father does not want your land4 ,he wants to establish boundaries and peace among you4 ,your ,great ,father has strong limbs and a piercing eye1 and an arm that extends from the sea to ,red ,river4 ,children1 you are hungry4 ,we will adjourn for two hours4 ,heigh6 heigh6 heigh-h6 rolled the chorus across the ,prairie4 ,as to an army1 rations were distributed1 beef1 bread1 corn1 salt1 sugar1 tobacco4 ,each ate1 ate1 ate1--till not a scrap was left to feed a humming-bird4 ,revered of his people1 ,wabasha and his pipe-bearers were the observed of all4 ,i never yet was present at so great a council as this1 said ,wabasha4 ,three thousand were at ,prairie du ,chien4 ,the ,sioux8 ,far from the northwest they said their fathers came1--the ,tartar cheek was theirs4 ,wabasha and his chiefs alone had the ,caucasian countenance4 ,three mighty brothers ruled the ,sioux in the days of ,pontiac1--,wabasha1 ,red ,wing1 and ,little ,crow4 ,their sons1 ,wabasha1 ,red ,wing1 and ,little ,crow ruled still4 ,boundaries8 they knew not the meaning of the word4 ,restless1 anxious1 sharp-featured ,little ,crow fixed his piercing hazel eye upon the ,red ,head1-- ,taku-wakan6--that is incomprehensible6 ,heigh6 ,what does this mean8 exclaimed the ,chippewas4 ,we are all one people1 sagely observed ,mahaska1 the ,iowa4 ,my father1 ,i claim no lands in particular4 ,i never yet heard that any one had any exclusive right to the soil1 said ,chambler1 the ,ottawa4 ,i have a tract of country4 ,it is where ,i was born and now live1 said ,red ,bird1 the ,winnebago4 ,but the ,foxes claim it and the ,sacs1 the ,menomonees1 and ,omahas4 ,we use it in common4 ,red ,bird was a handsome ,indian1 dressed ,yankton fashion in white unsoiled deerskin and scarlet1 and glove-fitting moccasins1--the dandy of his tribe4 ,the debate grew animated4 ,our tract is so small1 cried the ,menomonees1 that we cannot turn around without touching our neighbours4 ,then every ,indian began to describe his boundaries1 crossing and recrossing each other4 ,these are the causes of all your troubles1 said ,clark4 ,it is better for each of you to give up some disputed claim than to be fighting for ever about it4 ,that night the parties two by two discussed their lines1 the first step towards civilisation4 ,they drew maps on the ground1--my hunting ground1 and mine1 and mine4 ,after days of study the boundary rivers were acknowledged1 the belt of wampum was passed1 and the pipe of peace4 ,wabasha1 acknowledged by every chief to be first of the ,seven ,fires of the ,sioux1 was treated by all with marked distinction and deference4 ,and yet ,wabasha1 dignified and of superior understanding1 when asked1 ,wabasha8 ,what arrangement did you make with the ,foxes about boundaries8 replied1 ,i never made any arrangement about the line4 ,the only arrangement ,i made was about peace6 ,when ,i heard the voice of my ,great ,father1 said ,mongazid1 the ,loon's ,foot1 from ,fond du ,lac1 when ,i heard the voice of my ,father coming up the ,mississippi1 calling to this treaty1 it seemed as a murmuring wind4 ,i got up from my mat where ,i sat musing1 and hastened to obey4 ,my pathway has been clear and bright4 ,truly it is a pleasant sky above our heads this day4 ,there is not a cloud to darken it4 ,i hear nothing but pleasant words4 ,the raven is not waiting for his prey4 ,i hear no eagle cry1 ',come1 let us go1--the feast is ready1--the ,indian has killed his brother4' ,shingaba ,wassin of ,sault ,ste4 ,marie1 head chief of the ,chippewas1 had fought with ,britain in the ,war of #ahab and lost a brother at the battle of the ,thames4 ,he and a hundred other chiefs with their pipe bearers signed the treaty4 ,everybody signed4 ,and all sang1 even the girls1 the ,witcheannas of the ,sioux4 ,we have buried our bad thoughts in the ashes of the pipe1 said ,little ,crow4 ,i always had good counsel from ,governor ,clark1 observed ,red ,wing4 ,you put this medal on my neck in #ahab1 said ,decorah1 the ,winnebago1 and when ,i returned ,i gave good advice to the young men of our village4 ,after a fierce controversy and the rankling of a hundred wrongs1 the warring tribes laid down their lances and buried the tomahawk4 ,sacs and ,sioux shook hands2 the dividing lines were fixed2 all the chiefs signed1 and the tribes were at peace for the first time in a thousand years4 ,pray ,god it may last1 said ,clark1 as his boat went away homeward along with the ,sacs down the ,mississippi4 ,the great ,council at ,prairie du ,chien was over4 ,,xviii ,,the ,,lords ,,of ,,the ,,rivers ,for thirty years after the cession1 ,st4 ,louis was a great military centre4 ,sixty thousand dollars a year went into the village from ,bellefontaine1 and still more after the opening of ,jefferson ,barracks in #ahbf4 ,nor can it be denied that the expenditure of large sums of money in ,indian annuities through the office of ,governor ,clark did much for the prosperity of the frontier city4 ,and ever the centre of hospitality was the home of ,governor ,clark4 ,both the ,governor and his wife enjoyed life1 took things leisurely1 both had the magnetic faculty of winning people1 and they set a splendid table4 ,i like to see my house full1 said the ,governor4 ,there were no modern hotels in those days1 and his house became a stopping place for all noted visitors to ,st4 ,louis4 ,their old-fashioned coach1 with the footman up behind in a tall silk hat1 met at the levee many a distinguished stranger1--travellers1 generals1 dukes1 and lords from ,europe who came with letters to the ,indian autocrat of the ,west4 ,all had to get a pass from ,clark1 and all agents and sub-agents were under and answerable to him4 ,but unspoiled in the midst of it passed the plain1 unaristocratic ,red ,head ,chief and friend of the oppressed4 ,for years he corresponded with ,lafayette1 and yet ,clark was not a scholar4 ,he was a man of affairs1 of which this country has abounded in rich examples4 ,prince ,paul of ,wurtemberg came1 the ,duke of ,saxe-,weimar1 and ,maximilian1 ,prince of ,wied1 all seeking passports for the ,indian country1 all coming back with curios for their palaces and castles4 ,very politely ,mrs4 ,clark listened to their broken ,english and patiently conversed with them when the ,governor was away4 ,one of the first pianos came to the ,clark parlours1 and on special occasions the ,indian council room was cleared and decorated for grand balls4 ,many a young milletoer1 as the ,creoles called them1 dashed up from ,jefferson ,barracks to win a bride among the girls of ,st4 ,louis4 ,for the preservation of peace and the facilitation of ,indian removals1 ,fort ,des ,moines was built among the ,iowas1 ,fort ,atkinson near the present ,omaha1 ,fort ,snelling at the ,falls of ,st4 ,anthony1 and ,fort ,leavenworth on the borders of ,kansas4 ,half the area of the ,united ,states lay out there1 with no law1 no courts1 but those of battle4 ,as quietly as possible1 step by step1 the savage land was taken into custody4 ,and the pretty girls of ,st4 ,louis did their share to reconcile the milletoers to life at the frontier posts4 ,ho for ,santa ,f6 ,one ,may morning in #ahbd a caravan of waggons passed through the streets of ,st4 ,louis4 ,penned in the far-off ,mexican mountains a little colony of white people were shut from the world4 ,twice before a few adventurous pack-trains had penetrated their mountain solitudes1 as ,phoenicians of old went over to ,egypt1 ,india1 ,arabia4 ,los ,americanos6 ,los ,americanos6 shouted the eager mountain dwellers1 rushing out to embrace the traders and welcome them to their lonely settlement4 ,silks1 cottons1 velvets1 hardware1 were bought up in a trice1 and the fortunate traders returned to ,st4 ,louis with horseload after horseload of gold and silver bullion4 ,those people want us4 ,but the ,spanish authorities are angry and tax us as they used to tax the traders at ,new ,orleans4 ,the people beg us to disregard their tyrannous rulers1--they must have goods4 ,in #ahag young ,auguste ,chouteau tried it1 and was cast into prison and his goods confiscated4 ,what wish you8 demanded the ,spanish ,governor1 in answer to repeated solicitations from the captive4 ,mi libertad ,gobernador4 ,wrathfully they locked him closer than ever in the old donjon of ,santa ,f4 ,my neighbour's son imprisoned there without cause6 exclaimed ,governor ,clark4 ,all the old ,spanish animosity roiled in his veins4 ,he appealed to ,congress4 ,there was a rattling among the dry bones1 and ,chouteau and his friends were released4 ,and now1 on the #aeth of ,may1 #ahbd1 eighty men set out in the first waggon train1 with twenty thousand dollars' worth of merchandise for the isolated ,mexican capital4 ,in ,september the caravan returned with their capital increased a hundred-fold in sacks of gold and silver and ten thousand dollars' worth of furs4 ,the ,santa ,f trade was established never to be shaken1 though ,indian battles1 like conflicts with ,arab sheiks of the desert1 grew wilder than any ,crusader's tale4 ,young men of the ,mississippi dreamed of that farther west of ,santa ,f and ,los ,angeles4 ,we must have a safe road1 said the traders4 ,we may wander off into the desert and perish4 ,in the same year ,senator ,benton secured an appropriation of ten thousand dollars for staking the plains to ,santa ,f4 ,we must have protection1 said the traders to ,governor ,clark at the ,council ,house4 ,at ,council ,grove1 a buffalo haunt in a thickly wooded bottom at the headwaters of the ,neosho in the present ,kansas1 ,clark's agents met the ,osage ,indians and secured permission for the caravans to pass through their country4 ,but the dreaded ,pawnees and ,comanches were as yet unapproachable4 ,in spite of the inhumanity of ,spaniards1 in spite of murderous ,pawnees1 in spite of desert dust and red-brown grass and cacti1 year by year the caravans grew1 the people became more friendly and solicitous of each other's trade1 until one day ,new ,mexico was ready to step over into the ranks of the ,states4 ,and one day ,kit ,carson1 whose mother was a ,boone1 only sixteen and small of his age1 ran away from a hard task-master to join the ,santa ,f caravan and grow up on the plains4 ,daniel ,boone was dead1 at eighty-six1 just as ,missouri came in as a ,state4 ,jesse1 the youngest of the ,boone boys to come out from ,kentucky1 was in the ,constitutional ,convention that adjourned in his honour1 and ,jesse's son1 ,albert ,gallatin ,boone1 in #ahbe1 joined as private secretary that wonderful ,ashley expedition that keel-boated up the ,platte1 crossed from its head-waters over to ,green ,river1 kept on west1 discovered the ,great ,south ,pass of the ,rockies1 the overland route of future emigration1 and set up its tents on the borders of ,utah ,lake4 ,overwhelmed with debt ,ashley set out1--he came back a millionaire with the greatest collection of furs ever known up to that time4 ,everything was ,ashley then1 ,ashley boats and ,ashley beaver1--he was the greatest man in ,st4 ,louis1 and was sent to ,congress4 ,sixty years ago the ,lords of the ,rivers ruled ,st4 ,louis4 ,the ,rocky ,mountain ,fur ,company went out and camped on the site of a dozen future capitals4 ,from the ,green ,river ,valley under the ,wind ,river ,mountains of ,wyoming1 from the ,tetons of ,colorado1 the ,uintahs of ,utah1 and the ,bitter ,roots of ,idaho1 from the shining ,absarokas and the ,bighorn ,alps1 they came home with mink and otter1 beaver1 bear1 and buffalo4 ,the ,american ,fur ,company came to ,st4 ,louis1 and the ,chouteaus1 at first the rivals1 became the partners of ,john ,jacob ,astor4 ,born in the atmosphere of furs1 for forty years ,pierre ,chouteau the younger had no rival in the ,valley except ,clark4 ,the two stood side by side1 one representing commerce1 the other the ,government4 ,pierre ,chouteau1 the largest fur trader west of the ,alleghanies1 sent his boats to ,itasca1 the headwaters of the ,mississippi1 the ,missouri1 the ,yellowstone1 the ,osage1 the ,kansas1 and the ,platte1 employing a thousand men and paying skilled pilots five thousand dollars for a single expedition4 ,with ,chouteau's convoys came down ,clark's chiefs1 going back in the same vessels4 ,to their untutored minds the trader's capital and the ,red ,head ,town were synonymous4 ,if there was a necessary conflict between the policy of the government and that of the fur trade1 no one could have softened it more than the ,red ,head diplomat4 ,with infinite tact and unfailing good sense1 he harmonised1 reconciled1 and pushed for the best interest of the ,indian4 ,give up the chase and settle into agricultural life1 said ,clark's agents to the ,indians4 ,go to the chase1 said the trader4 ,clark sent up hoes to supersede the shoulder-blade of the buffalo4 ,the trader sent up fusils and ammunition4 ,the two combined in the evolution of the savage4 ,the squaw took the hoe1 the brave the gun4 ,winter expresses came down to ,st4 ,louis from the far-off ,powder and the ,wind ,river ,mountains4 ,send us merchandise4 ,with the first breaking ice of ,spring the boats were launched1 the caravans ready4 ,deck-piled1 swan-like upon the water the ,missouri steamboat started4 ,pierre ,chouteau was there to see her off1 ,governor ,clark was there to bid farewell to his chiefs4 ,engags of the ,company1 fiercely picturesque1 with leg knives in their garters1 jumped to store away the cargo4 ,up as far as ,st4 ,charles ,clark and the ,chouteaus sometimes went with the ladies of their families to escort the up-bound steamer1 and with a last departing1 ,bon voyage6 bon voyage1 mes voyageurs6 disembarked to return to ,st4 ,louis4 ,on1 on steamed the messenger of commerce and civilisation1 touching later at ,fort ,pierre ,chouteau in the centre of the great ,sioux country1 the capital of ,south ,dakota to-day1 at ,fort ,union at the ,yellowstone1 where ,mc,kenzie lived in state like the ,hudson's ,bay magnates at the north1 at ,fort ,benton at the foot of the ,great ,falls of the ,missouri4 ,traders from ,st4 ,louis laid the foundations of ,kansas ,city and ,topeka1 built the first forts at ,council ,bluffs and ,omaha1 pre-empted the future sites of ,yankton and ,bismarck4 ,a boat6 a boat6 ,for a hundred miles ,indian runners brought word4 ,barely had the steamer touched the wharf before the solitude became populous with colour and with sound4 ,night and day went on the loading and unloading of furs and merchandise4 ,a touch of the hand1 a farewell1--before the ,june rise falls1 back a hundred miles a day she snorts to ,st4 ,louis with tens of thousands of buffalo robes1 buffalo tongues1 and buffalo hides1 and carefully wrapped bales of the choicest furs4 ,the cargoes opened1 weighed1 recounted1 repacked1 down the river the smokestacks go in endless procession on the way to ,new ,york4 ,overland on horseback rode ,pierre ,chouteau to ,philadelphia or ,new ,york1 to arrange shipments to ,france and ,england1 and to confer with ,john ,jacob ,astor4 ,back up from ,new ,orleans came boatloads of furniture to beautify the homes of ,st4 ,louis1 bales on bales of copper and sheet-iron kettles1 axes and beaver traps1 finger rings1 beads1 blankets1 bracelets1 steel wire and ribbons1 the indispensables of the frontier fur trade4 ,sometimes fierce battles were fought up the river1 and troops were dispatched1--for commerce1 the civiliser1 stops not4 ,the sight of troops paraded in uniforms1 the glare of skyrockets at night1 the explosion of shells and the colours of bunting and banners1 the blare of brass bands and the thunder of artillery1 won many a bloodless victory along the prairies of the ,west4 ,but blood flowed1 fast and faster1 when trapping gave way to ,days of ,gold and the pressure of advancing settlement4 ,the trapper saw no gold4 ,otter1 beaver1 mink1 and fox filled his horizon4 ,into every lonely glen where the beaver built his house1 the trapper came4 ,a million dollars a year was the annual ,st4 ,louis trade4 ,rival fur companies kept bubbling a tempest in a teapot4 ,they fought each other1 fought the ,hudson's ,bay ,company4 ,west and west passed the fighting border1--,st4 ,lawrence1 ,detroit1 ,mackinaw1 ,mandan1 ,montana1 ,oregon4 ,astor1 driven out by the ,war of #ahab1 had been superseded on the ,columbia by ,dr4 ,john ,mc,loughlin1 a ,hudson's ,bay magnate who combined in himself the functions of a ,chouteau and a ,clark4 ,but the story of ,mc,loughlin is a story by itself4 ,,xix ,,four ,,indian ,,ambassadors ,as the years went by ,clark's plant of the ,indian ,department extended4 ,in his back row were found the office and ,council ,house1 rooms for visiting ,indians1 an armory for repairs of ,indian guns and blacksmiths' shops for ,indian work1 extending from ,main ,street to the river4 ,daily he sat in his office reading reports from his agents of ,indian occurrences4 ,four muskrats or two raccoon skins the ,indians paid for a quart of whiskey4 ,whiskey6 ,clark stamped his foot4 ,a drunken ,indian is more to be dreaded than a tiger in the jungle6 ,an ,indian cannot be found among a thousand who would not1 after a first drink1 sell his horse1 his gun1 or his last blanket for another drink1 or even commit a murder to gratify his passion for spirits4 ,there should be total prohibition4 ,and the ,government made that the law4 ,i hear that you have sent liquor into the ,indian country1 he said to the officers of the ,american ,fur ,company4 ,can you refute the charge8 ,and the great ,company1 with ,chouteau and ,astor at its head1 hastened to explain and extenuate4 ,there was trouble with ,indian agents who insisted on leaving their posts and coming to ,st4 ,louis1 troubles with ,indians who wanted to see the ,president1 enough of them to have kept the ,president for ever busy with ,indian affairs4 ,the ,sacs and the ,sioux were fighting again4 ,why not let us fight8 said ,black ,hawk4 ,white men fight1--they are fighting now4 ,twice in the month of ,may1 #ahcj1 ,sacs and ,foxes came down to tell of their war with the ,sioux4 ,we might sell our ,illinois lands and move west1 hinted the ,sacs and ,foxes4 ,instantly ,clark approved and wrote to ,washington4 ,i shall have to go up there and quiet those tribes1 said ,clark4 ,in ,july1 #ahcj1 again he set out for ,prairie du ,chien4 ,indian runners went ahead announcing1 ,the ,red ,head ,chief6 the ,red ,head ,chief6 ,seventy-eight ,sacs and ,foxes crowded into his boats and went up4 ,this time in earnest1 ,clark began buying lands1 giving thousands of dollars in annuities1 provisions1 clothing1 lands1 stock1 agricultural implements4 ,many of these ,indians came on with him down to ,st4 ,louis to get their presents and pay4 ,there came a wailing from the ,indians of ,illinois4 ,the game is gone4 ,naked and hungry1 we need help4 ,poor1 misguided1 and unreflecting savages6 exclaimed the ,governor4 ,the selfish policy of the traders would keep them in the hunter's state4 ,the ,government would have them settled and self-supporting4 ,funds ran out1 but ,clark on his own credit again and again went ahead with his work of humanity1 moving families1 tribes1 nations4 ,assistance in provisions and stock was constantly called for4 ,the great western migration of tribes from ,ohio1 ,indiana1 ,illinois1 was sweeping on1 the movement of a race4 ,the ,peorias were crossing1 the ,weas1 ,piankeshaws1 and others forgotten to-day4 ,those miserable bands of ,illinois rovers1 those wretched nations in want of clothes and blankets6 ,clark wrote to ,washington1 begging the ,department for help4 ,their annuities1 a thousand dollars a year for twelve years1 had expired4 ,exchange your lands for those in the ,west1 he urged the ,indians4 ,to the ,government he recommended an additional annuity to be used in breaking up1 fencing1 and preparing those lands for cultivation4 ,horses were stolen from the settlers by tens and twenties and fifties1 and cattle killed4 ,the farmers were exasperated4 ,banditti1 robbers1 thieves1 they must get out6 ,the ,indians hunt on our lands1 and kill our tame stock4 ,they are a great annoyance4 ,for two years ,governor ,edwards had been asking for help4 ,the ,general ,government has been applied to long enough to have freed us from so serious a grievance4 ,if it declines acting with effect1 it will soon learn that these ,indians will be removed1 and that very promptly4 ,clark himself was personally using every exertion to prevail on the ,indians to move as the best means of preserving tranquillity1 and did all he could without actual coercion4 ,the ,indians continued to promise to go1 but they still remained4 ,more time1 said the ,indians4 ,another year4 ,the combustible train was laid1--only a spark was needed1 only a move of hostility1 to fire the country4 ,will ,black ,hawk apply that spark8 ,we cannot go1 said the ,pottawattamies4 ,the sale of our lands was made by a few young men without our consent4 ,five hundred ,indians determined to hold all the northern part of ,illinois for ever4 ,sacs1 ,foxes1 ,pottawattamies1 sent daily letters and complaints4 ,our ,father6 our ,father6 our ,father6--it was a plea and a prayer1 and trouble1 trouble1 trouble4 ,black ,partridge's letters make one weep4 ,some of my people will be dead before ,spring4 ,meanwhile agents were ahead surveying lands in that magic ,west4 ,the ,indians were becoming as interested in migration as the whites had been2 the same causes were pushing them on4 ,clark was busily making contracts for saw-mills and corn-mills on the ,platte and ,kansas1 arranging for means of transportation1 for provisions for use on the way and after they settled1 for oxen and carts and stock1--when one day four strange ,indians1 worn and bewildered1 arrived at ,st4 ,louis1 out of that ,west4 ,some kind hand guided them to the ,indian office4 ,that tunic1 that bandeau of fox skins1--,clark recalled it as the tribal dress of a nation beyond the ,rocky ,mountains4 ,with an expression of exquisite joy1 old ,tunnachemootoolt1 for it was he1 the ,black ,eagle1 recognised the ,red ,head of a quarter of a century before4 ,clark could scarcely believe that those ,indians had travelled on foot nearly two thousand miles to see him at ,st4 ,louis4 ,as but yesterday came back the memory of ,camp ,chopunnish among the ,nez ,percs of ,oregon4 ,over ,tunnachemootoolt's camp the ,american flag was flying when they arrived from the ,walla ,walla4 ,it did not take long to discover their story4 ,some winters before an ,american trapper 7in ,oregon tradition reputed to have been ,jedediah ,smith71 watched the ,nez ,percs dance around the sun-pole on the present site of ,walla ,walla4 ,it is not good1 said the trapper1 such worship is not acceptable to the ,great ,spirit4 ,you should get the white man's ,book of ,heaven4 ,voyageurs and ,iroquois trappers from the ,jesuit schools of ,canada said the same4 ,then ,ellice1 a chief's son1 came back from the ,red ,river country whither the ,hudson's ,bay ,company had sent him to be educated4 ,from several sources at once they learned that the white men had a ,book that taught of ,god4 ,if this be true it is certainly high time that we had the ,book4 ,the chiefs called a national council4 ,if our mode of worship is wrong we must lay it aside4 ,we must know about this4 ,it cannot be put off4 ,if we could only find the trail of ,lewis and ,clark they would tell us the truth4 ,yes1 ,lewis and ,clark always pointed upward4 ,they must have been trying to tell us4 ,so1 benighted1 bewildered1 the ,nez ,percs talked around their council fires4 ,over in the buffalo country ,black ,eagle's band met the white traders4 ,they come from the land of ,lewis and ,clark1 said the ,eagle4 ,let us follow them4 ,and so1 four chiefs were deputed for that wonderful journey1 two old men who had known ,lewis and ,clark1--,black ,eagle and the ,man-of-the-,morning1 whose mother was a ,flathead1--and two young men1--,rabbit-,skin-,leggings of the ,white ,bird band on ,salmon ,river1 ,black ,eagle's brother's son1 and ,no-,horns-,on-,his-,head1 a young brave of twenty1 who was a doubter of the old beliefs4 ,they went out by the ,lolo trail into the buffalo country of ,montana1 say their descendants still living in ,idaho4 ,one day they reached ,st4 ,louis and inquired for the ,red ,head ,chief4 ,very well ,governor ,clark remembered his ,nez ,perc-,flathead friends4 ,his silver locks were shaken by roars of laughter at their reminders of his youth1 the bear hunts1 the sale of buttons for camas and for kouse4 ,the hospitality of those chiefs who said1 ,the horses on these hills are ours1 take what you need1 should now be rewarded4 ,with gratitude and with the winsomeness for which he was noted1 he invited them into his own house and to his own table4 ,mrs4 ,clark devoted herself to their entertainment4 ,black ,eagle insisted on an early council4 ,we have heard of the ,book4 ,we have come for the ,book4 ,what you have heard is true1 answered ,clark1 puzzled and sensible of his responsibility4 ,then in simple language1 that they might understand1 he related the ,bible stories of the ,creation1 of the commandments1 of the advent of ,christ and his crucifixion4 ,yes1 answered ,clark to their interrogatories1 a teacher shall be sent with the ,book4 ,just as change of diet and climate had prostrated ,lewis and ,clark with sickness among the ,nez ,percs twenty-five years before1 so now the ,nez ,percs fell sick in ,st4 ,louis4 ,the ,summer was hotter than any they had known in their cool northland4 ,dr4 ,farrar was called4 ,mrs4 ,clark herself brought them water and medicine as they lay burning with fever in the ,council ,house4 ,they were very grateful for her attentions1--the beautiful squaw of the ,red ,head ,chief4 ,but neither medicine nor nursing could save the aged ,black ,eagle4 ,the most mournful procession ,i ever saw1 said a young woman of that day1 was when those three ,indians followed their dead companion to the grave4 ,his name is recorded at the ,st4 ,louis cathedral as ,keepeelele1 buried ,october #ca1 #ahca1 a ne ,perc de la tribu des ,choponeek1 nation appelle ,tte ,plate4 ,keepeelele1 the ,nez ,percs of to-day say was the old man1 the ,black ,eagle4 ,sometimes they called him the ,speaking ,eagle1 as the orator on occasions4 ,still the other ,indians remained ill4 ,i have been sent by my nation to examine lands for removal to the ,west1 said ,william ,walker1 chief of the ,wyandots4 ,william ,walker was the son of a white man1 stolen as a child from ,kentucky and brought up by the ,indians4 ,his mother was also the descendant of a stolen white girl4 ,young ,william1 educated at the ,upper ,sandusky mission1 became a chief4 ,the semi-,christian ,wyandots desired to follow their friends to the ,west4 ,sitting there in the office1 transacting business1 ,governor ,clark spoke of the ,flathead ,nez ,percs4 ,i have never seen a ,flathead1 but have often heard of them1 answered ,william ,walker4 ,curiosity prompted him to step into the next room4 ,small in size1 delicately formed1 and of exact symmetry except the flattened head1 they lay there parched with fever4 ,their diet at home consists chiefly of vegetables and fish1 said the ,governor4 ,as a nation they have the fewest vices of any tribe on the continent of ,america4 ,november #aj1 ten days after the burial of ,black ,eagle1 ,colonel ,audrain of ,st4 ,charles1 a member of the ,legislature1 died also at ,governor ,clark's house4 ,his body was conveyed to ,st4 ,charles in the first hearse ever seen there4 ,on ,december #be1 ,christmas ,day1 #ahca1 ,mrs4 ,clark herself died after a brief illness4 ,there was sickness all over ,st4 ,louis4 ,was it a beginning of that strange new malady that by the next ,spring had grown into a devouring plague1--the dreaded ,asiatic cholera8 ,at the bedside of his dead wife1 ,governor ,clark sat1 holding her waxen hand1 with their little six-year-old son1 ,jefferson1 in his lap4 ,my child1 you have no mother now1 said the father with streaming tears4 ,after the funeral1 nothing was recorded in ,clark's letter-books for some days1 and when he began again1 the handwriting was that of an aged man4 ,none mourned this sad event more than the tender-hearted ,nez ,percs1 who remained until ,spring4 ,when the new steamer ,yellowstone of the ,american ,fur ,company1 set out for its first great trip up the ,missouri1 ,governor ,clark made arrangements to send the chiefs home to their country4 ,a day later1 the other old ,indian1 ,the-,man-of-the-,morning1 died and was buried near ,st4 ,charles4 ,among other passengers on that steamer were ,pierre ,chouteau the younger and ,george ,catlin1 the ,indian artist1 who was setting out to visit the ,mandans4 ,you will find the ,mandans a strange people and half white1 said ,governor ,clark to his friend the artist1 as he gave him his passport into the ,indian country4 ,on the way up the river ,catlin noticed the two young ,nez ,percs1 and painted their pictures4 ,as if pursued by a strange fatality1 at the mouth of the ,yellowstone ,no-,horns-,on-,his-,head died1--,rabbit-,skin-,leggings alone was left to carry the word from ,st4 ,louis4 ,earlier than ever that year the ,nez ,percs had crossed the snowy trails of the ,bitter ,root to the buffalo country in the ,yellowstone and ,judith ,basin4 ,for are not our messengers coming8 ,and there1 camped with their horses and their lodges1 watching1 ,rabbit-,skin-,leggings met them and shouted afar off1--,a man shall be sent with the ,book4 ,back over the hills and the mountains the message flew1--,a man shall be sent with the ,book4 ,every year after that the ,nez ,percs went over to the east1 looking for the man with the ,book4 ,nearly a year elapsed before ,william ,walker got back from his explorations and wrote a public letter giving an account of the ,nez ,percs in their search for the ,book4 ,his account of meeting them in ,general ,clark's office1 and of the object of their errand1 created a tremendous sensation4 ,religious committees called upon ,general ,clark1 letters were written1 and to one and all he said1 ,that was the sole object of their journey1--to obtain the white man's ,book of ,heaven4 ,the call rang like a trumpet summons through the churches4 ,the next year1 #ahcd1 the ,methodists sent ,jason ,lee and three others to ,oregon4 ,two years later followed ,whitman and ,spalding and their brides1 the first white women to cross the ,rocky ,mountains4 ,a famine threatens the ,upper ,missouri1 was the news brought back by that steamer ,yellowstone in #ahcb4 ,the buffaloes have disappeared6 ,the herds1 chased so relentlessly on the ,missouri1 were struggling through the ,bitter ,root ,mountains1 to appear in vast throngs on the plains of ,idaho4 ,even ,europe read and commented on that wonderful first journey of a steamer up the ,missouri1 as later the world hailed the ascent of the ,nile and the ,yukon4 ,it was a great journey4 ,amazed ,indians everywhere had watched the monster1 puffing and snorting1 with steam and whistles1 and a continued roar of cannon for half an hour at every fur fort and every ,indian village4 ,the thunder canoe6 ,redmen fell on the ground and cried to the ,great ,spirit4 ,some shot their dogs and horses as sacrifices4 ,at last1 even the ,blackfeet were reached4 ,the ,british tried to woo them back to the ,saskatchewan at ,fort ,edmonton1 but eventually they tumbled over one another to trade with the ,fire ,boat that annually climbed the ,missouri staircase4 ,,xx ,,black ,,hawk ,the ,roman faces of ,black ,hawk and ,keokuk were often seen in ,st4 ,louis1 where the chiefs came to consult ,clark in regard to their country4 ,keokuk signed away my lands1 said ,black ,hawk4 ,he had never been satisfied with that earliest treaty made while ,lewis and ,clark were absent beyond the mountains4 ,for thirty years ,black ,hawk had paid friendly visits to ,chouteau and sold him furs4 ,more often he was at ,malden consulting his ,british ,father4 ,schooled by ,tecumseh1 the disloyal ,black ,hawk was wholly ,british4 ,fort ,armstrong had been built at ,rock ,island for the protection of the border4 ,those whitewashed walls and that tower perched on a high cliff over the ,mississippi reminded the traveller up the ,father of ,waters seventy years ago of some romantic castle on the ,rhine4 ,and it was erected for the same reason that were the castles of the ,rhine4 ,not safe were the traders who went up and down the great river1 not safe were the emigrants seeking entrance to ,rock ,river1--for ,black ,hawk watched the land4 ,the white settlements had already come up to the edge of ,black ,hawk's field4 ,no power is vested in me to stop the progress of settlements on ceded lands1 and ,i have no means of inducing the ,indians to move but persuasion1 which has little weight with those chiefs who have always been under ,british influence1 said ,clark in #ahbi4 ,again and again ,clark wrote to the ,secretary of ,war on this subject4 ,the policy of moving the tribes westward stirred the wrath of ,black ,hawk4 ,the ,sacs never sold their country6 ,but the leader of the ,british band had lost his voice in the council4 ,who is ,black ,hawk8 asked ,general ,gaines at ,rock ,island4 ,is he a chief8 ,by what right does he speak8 ,my father1 you ask who is ,black ,hawk4 ,i will tell you who ,i am4 ,i am a ,sac4 ,my father was a ,sac4 ,i am a warrior4 ,so was my father4 ,ask those young men who have followed me to battle and they will tell you who ,black ,hawk is4 ,provoke our people to war and you will learn who ,black ,hawk is4 ,haughtily gathering up his robes1 the chief and his followers stalked over to ,canada for advice4 ,in his absence ,keokuk made the final cession to the ,united ,states and prepared to move beyond the ,mississippi4 ,back like a whirlwind came the ,hawk1-- ,sold the ,sac village1 sold your country6 ,keokuk1 he whispered fiercely in his ear1 give mines1 give everything1 but keep our cornfields and our dead4 ,cross the ,mississippi1 begged ,keokuk4 ,i will stay by the graves of my fathers1 reiterated the stubborn and romantic ,black ,hawk4 ,the ,indians left the silver rivers of ,illinois1 their sugar groves1 and bee trees with regret4 ,no wonder the chief's heart clung to his native village1 among dim old woods of oak and walnut1 and orchards of plum and crab4 ,for generations there had they tilled their ,indian gardens4 ,from his watchtower on ,rock ,river the old chief scanned the country4 ,early in the ,spring of #ahcb he discovered a scattering train of whites moving into the beloved retreat4 ,quick1 let us plant once more our cornfields4 ,in a body ,black ,hawk and his ,british band with their women and children came pulling up ,rock ,river in their canoes4 ,the whites were terrified4 ,black ,hawk has invaded ,illinois1 was the word sent by ,governor ,reynolds to ,clark at ,st4 ,louis4 ,troops moved out from ,jefferson ,barracks4 ,go1 said ,governor ,clark to ,felix ,st4 ,vrain1 his ,sac interpreter4 ,warn ,black ,hawk to withdraw across the ,mississippi4 ,st4 ,vrain sped away1--to be shot delivering his message4 ,then followed the war1 the flight and chase and battle of ,bad ,axe1 and the capture of ,black ,hawk4 ,wabasha's ,sioux fell upon the last fleeing remnant1 so that few of ,black ,hawk's band were left to tell the tale4 ,farewell1 my nation6 the old chief cried4 ,black ,hawk tried to save you and avenge your wrongs4 ,he drank the blood of some of the whites4 ,he has been taken prisoner and his plans are stopped4 ,he can do no more4 ,he is near his end4 ,his sun is setting and he will rise no more4 ,farewell to ,black ,hawk4 ,in chains ,black ,hawk and his prophet1 ,wabokeskiek1 were brought by ,jefferson ,davis to ,st4 ,louis4 ,as his steamboat passed ,rock ,island1 his old home1 ,black ,hawk wept like a child4 ,it was our garden1 he said1 such as the white people have near their villages4 ,i spent many happy days on this island4 ,a good spirit dwelt in a cave of rocks where your fort now stands4 ,the noise of the guns has driven him away4 ,it hurt ,clark to see his old friend dragging a ball and chain at ,jefferson ,barracks4 ,he seldom went there4 ,but the little ,kennerly children carried him presents and kinnikinick for his pipe4 ,there were guests at the house of ,clark1--,maximilian1 ,prince of ,wied1 and his artist1--when early in ,april of #ahcc a deputation of ,sacs and ,foxes headed by ,keokuk came down in long double canoes to intercede for ,black ,hawk1 and with them1 haggard and worn from long wanderings1 came ,singing ,bird1 the wife of ,black ,hawk4 ,with scientific interest ,maximilian looked at them1 dressed in red1 white1 and green blankets1 with shaven heads except a tuft behind1 long and straight and black with a braided deer's tail at the end4 ,they were typical savages with prominent noses and eagle plumes1 wampum shells like tassels in their ears1 and lances of sword-blades fastened to poles in their hands4 ,this is a great ,chief from over the ,big ,water1 come to see you1 said ,clark introducing the ,prince4 ,hah6 said the ,indians1 giving the ,prince the right hand of friendship and scanning him steadily4 ,bodmer1 the artist1 brought out his palette4 ,keokuk in green blanket1 with a medal on his heart and a long calumet ornamented with eagle feathers in his hand1 was ready to pose4 ,hah6 laughed the ,indians as stroke by stroke they saw their chief stand forth on canvas1 even to the brass necklace and bracelets on throat and wrists4 ,great ,medicine6 ,i have chartered the ,warrior to go down to ,jefferson ,barracks1 said ,clark4 ,striking their hands to their mouths1 the ,indians gave the war whoop1 and stepped on board the big fire canoe4 ,intent1 each animated1 fiery1 dark-brown eye watched the engine hissing and roaring down to the ,barracks4 ,if you will keep a watchful eye on ,black ,hawk ,i will intercede for him1 said ,clark4 ,i will watch him1 promised ,keokuk4 ,clark left them for a moment1 and then led in a little old man of seventy years1 with gray hair1 light yellow face1 and a curved ,roman nose4 ,it was an affecting sight when ,keokuk stepped forward to embrace ,black ,hawk4 ,keokuk1 subtle1 dignified1 in splendid array of deer-skin and bear-claws1 grasped the hand of his fallen rival4 ,poor dethroned old ,black ,hawk6 ,in a plain suit of buckskin and a string of wampum in his ears1 he stood alone1 fanning himself with the tail of a black hawk4 ,keokuk tried to get him released4 ,often had he visited ,clark on that errand1 but no1--,black ,hawk was summoned to ,washington and went4 ,antoine ,le ,claire1 son of old ,antoine1 was his interpreter4 ,released1 presently1 he made a triumphal tour home1 applauded by thousands along the route1 even as ,lafayette had been a few years before4 ,not so the ,roman conquerors treated their captives6 ,but ,black ,hawk came home to ,keokuk to die4 ,the defeat of ,black ,hawk opened ,iowa to settlement1 and a day later prairie schooners overran the ,black ,hawk ,purchase4 ,on the staff of ,general ,atkinson when he marched out of ,jefferson ,barracks for the ,black ,hawk ,war1 was ,meriwether ,lewis ,clark1 now a graduate of ,west ,point1 and his cousin ,robert ,anderson1 grandson of ,clark's sister ,eliza4 ,in the hurry and the heat of the march one day1 ,lieutenant ,clark1 riding from the rear back to the ,general1 became enclosed by the troops of cavalry and had to ride slowly4 ,by his side on a small horse he noticed a long-legged1 dark-skinned soldier1 with black hair hanging in clusters around his neck1 a volunteer private4 ,admiringly the private gazed at ,clark's fine new uniform and splendidly accoutred horse1 a noble animal provided by his father at ,st4 ,louis4 ,young ,clark spoke to the soldier of awkward and unprepossessing appearance1 whose witticisms and gift for stories kept his comrades in a state of merriment4 ,he proved very inquisitive4 ,the son of ,governor ,clark of the ,lewis and ,clark expedition1 did you say8 ,yes4 ,and related to all those great people8 ,yes1 with a laugh4 ,they chatted until the ranks began to thin4 ,i must ride on1 but feeling an interest in the lank1 long-haired soldier1 ,lieutenant ,clark turned again1-- ,where are you from and to what troop do you belong8 ,i am an ,illinois volunteer4 ,well1 now1 tell me your name1 and ,i will bid you good bye4 ,my name is ,abraham ,lincoln1 and ,i have not a relation in the world4 ,the next time they met1 ,meriwether ,lewis ,clark was marching through the streets of ,washington ,city with other prisoners in ,lee's surrendered army4 ,and the ,president on the ,white ,house steps was ,abraham ,lincoln4 ,the cousin of ,meriwether ,lewis ,clark1 ,robert ,anderson1 hero of ,fort ,sumter1 stood by ,lincoln's side1 with tears in his eyes4 ,weeks before1 when the land was ringing with his valour1 the ,president had congratulated him and asked1 ,do you remember me8 ,no1 ,i never met you before4 ,yes1 answered the ,president1 you are the officer that swore me in as a volunteer private in the ,black ,hawk ,war4 ,the next day the assassin's bullet laid low the martyred ,lincoln2 none mourned him more than ,meriwether ,lewis ,clark1 for in that ,president he had known a friend4 ,,xxi ,a ,,great ,,life ,,ends ,ruskosky1 man1 you tie my queue so tight ,i cannot shut my eyes6 ,with both hands up to his head ,governor ,clark rallied his ,polish attendant1 who of all things was particular about his friend's appearance4 ,for ,ruskosky never considered himself a servant1 nor did ,clark4 ,ruskosky was an old soldier of ,pulaski1 a great swordsman1 a gentleman1 of courtly address and well educated1 the constant companion of ,governor ,clark after the death of ,york4 ,come1 let us walk1 ,ruskosky4 ,a narrow black ribbon was tied to the queue1 the long black cloth cloak was brushed and the high broad-brim hat adjusted1 the sword cane with buckhorn handle and rapier blade was grasped1 and out they started4 ,children stared at the ancient queue and small clothes4 ,the oldest ,american in ,st4 ,louis1 ,governor ,clark had come to be regarded as a gentleman of the old school4 ,a sort of halo hung around his adventures4 ,beloved1 honoured1 trusted1 revered1 his prominent nose and firm-set lips1 his thin complexion in which the colour came and went1 seemed somehow to belong to the ,revolution4 ,he was locally regarded as a great literary man1 for had not the journals of his expedition been given to the world8 ,and now1 too1 delvers in historic lore began to realise what ,george ,rogers ,clark had done4 ,eighteen different authors desired to write his life1 among them ,madison1 ,chief ,justice ,marshall1 and ,washington ,irving4 ,but the facts could not be found4 ,irving sent his nephew to inquire of ,governor ,clark at ,st4 ,louis4 ,but the papers were scattered1 to be collected only by the industry of historical students later4 ,governor ,clark is a fine soldier-like looking man1 tall and thin1 ,irving's nephew reported to his uncle4 ,his hair is white1 but he seems to be as hardy and vigorous as ever1 and speaks of his exposures and hardships with a zest that shows that the spirit of the old explorer is not quenched4 ,children danced on an old carriage in the orchard4 ,uncle ,clark1 when did you first have this carriage8 ,when was it new8 ,the chivalrous and romantic friendship of his youth came back to the ,governor1 and his eyes filled with tears4 ,children1 that carriage belonged to ,meriwether ,lewis4 ,in the settlement of his estate1 ,i bought it4 ,many a time have we ridden in it together4 ,that is the carriage that met ,judy ,hancock when she landed at ,st4 ,louis1 the first ,american bride1 a quarter of a century ago4 ,many a vicissitude has it encountered since1 in journeyings through woods and prairies4 ,it is old now1 but it has a history4 ,in his later years ,governor ,clark travelled1 made a tour of the ,lakes1 and visited ,new ,york1 ,boston1 ,buffalo1 ,cleveland1 ,sandusky1 and ,detroit4 ,hull8 said ,clark at ,detroit4 ,he was not a coward1 but afraid for the people's sake of the cruelty of the ,indians4 ,one day ,governor ,clark came ashore from a steamer on the ,ohio and stood at the mouth of the ,hockhocking where ,dunmore had his camp in #aggd4 ,the battle of ,point ,pleasant8 that was ancient history4 ,most of the residents in that region had never heard of it1 and looked upon the old gentleman in a queue as a relic of the mound-builders4 ,with wide-eyed wonder they listened again to the story of that day when civilisation set its first milestone beyond the ,alleghanies4 ,when the thundering cannon in #ahcg announced the return of a fur convoy from the ,yellowstone1 ,governor ,clark expected a messenger4 ,they haf put the sand over him1 explained a ,frenchman4 ,yes1 he is dead and buried4 ,and my ,mandan8 ,there are no more ,mandans4 ,clark looked at the trader in surprise4 ,small-pox4 ,the cheek of the ,red ,head paled4 ,small-pox6 ,in #ahjj it swept from ,omaha to ,clatsop leaving a trail of bones4 ,thirty years later ten thousand ,pawnees1 ,otoes1 and ,missouris perished4 ,and now1 despite all precautions1 it had broken out on the upper ,missouri4 ,in six weeks the wigwams of the ,mandans were desolate4 ,out of sixteen hundred souls but thirty-one remained4 ,arikara1 ,minnetaree1 ,ponca1 ,assiniboine1 sank before the contagion4 ,the ,sioux survived only because they lived not in fixed villages and were roaming uncontaminated4 ,blackfeet along the ,marias left their lodges standing with the dead in them1 and never returned4 ,the ,crows abandoned their stricken ones1 and fled to the mountains4 ,across the border beseeching ,indians carried the havoc to ,hudson's ,bay1 to ,athabasca1 and the ,yukon4 ,over half a continent terrified tribes burnt their towns1 slaughtered their families1 pierced their own hearts or flung themselves from precipices4 ,redmen yet unstricken poured into ,st4 ,louis imploring the white man's magic4 ,clark engaged physicians4 ,day after day vaccinating1 vaccinating1 they sat in their offices1 saving the life of hundreds4 ,he sent out agents with vaccine to visit the tribes1 but the superstitious savages gathered up their baggage and scattered1---- ,white men have come with small-pox in a bottle4 ,with this last great shock1 the decimation of the tribes1 upon him1 ,clark visibly declined4 ,my children1 he said to his sons1 ,i want to sleep in sight and sound of the ,mississippi4 ,when the summons came1 ,september #a1 #ahch1 in the sixty-eighth year of his age1 ,meriwether ,lewis ,clark and his wife were with him1 the deputy1 ,james ,kennerly and his wife1 ,elise1 and old ,ruskosky1 inconsolable4 ,with great pomp and solemnity his funeral was celebrated1 as had been that of his brother at ,louisville twenty years before4 ,both were buried as soldiers1 with minute guns and honours of war4 ,in sight of the ,ohio1 ,george ,rogers ,clark sleeps1 and below the grave of ,william ,clark sweeps the ,mississippi1 roaring1 swirling1 bearing the life-blood of the land they were the first to explore4 ,the ,sacs1 with ,keokuk at their head1 marched in the long funeral train of their ,red ,head ,father and wept genuine tears of desolation4 ,no more1 dressed in their best1 did the ,indians sing and dance through the streets of ,st4 ,louis1 receiving gifts from door to door4 ,the friend of the redmen was dead4 ,st4 ,louis ceased to be the ,mecca of their pilgrimages2 no more their gala costumes enlivened the market2 they disappeared4 ,for more than forty years ,william ,clark had been identified with ,st4 ,louis1--had become a part of its history and of the ,west4 ,october #c1 #ahch1 a few days after ,clark1 ,black ,hawk1 too1 breathed his last in his lodge1 and was buried like the ,sac chieftains of old1 sitting upright1 in the uniform given him by ,president ,jackson1 with his hand resting on the cane presented by ,henry ,clay4 ,he1 too1 said1 ,i like to look upon the ,mississippi4 ,i have looked upon it from a child4 ,i love that beautiful river4 ,my home has always been upon its banks4 ,and there they buried him4 ,every day at sunset travellers along that road heard the weird heart-broken wail of ,singing ,bird1 the widow of ,black ,hawk4 ,,xxii ,,the ,,new ,,west ,four years after the death of ,governor ,clark began the rush to ,oregon4 ,dr4 ,lewis ,f4 ,linn1 ,senator from ,missouri1 and grandson of ,william ,linn1 the trusted lieutenant of ,george ,rogers ,clark1 introduced a bill in ,congress offering six hundred and forty acres of land to every family that would emigrate to ,oregon4 ,the ,linns came to ,missouri with ,daniel ,boone1 and with the ,boones they looked ever west6 west6 ,six hundred and forty acres of land6 ,a solid square mile of ,god's earth1 clear down to the centre6 men exclaimed in amaze4 ,while ,ohio was still new1 and the ,mississippi ,valley billowed her carpets of untrodden bloom1 an eagle's flight beyond1 civilisation leaped to ,oregon4 ,from ferries where ,kansas ,city and ,omaha now stand they started1 crossing the ,platte by fords1 by waggon-beds lashed together1 and on rafts1 darkening the stream for days4 ,before their buffalo hunters1 innumerable herds made the earth tremble where ,kansas-,nebraska cities are to-day4 ,in #ahdc ,marcus ,whitman piloted the first waggon train through to the ,columbia4 ,a thousand people8 ,starving did you say8 ,lord6 ,lord6 ,they must have help to-night1 exclaimed ,dr4 ,mc,loughlin1 the old white-haired ,hudson's ,bay trader at ,fort ,vancouver4 ,man the boats6 ,people are starving at the ,dalles6 and the noble-hearted representative of a rival government sent out his provision-laden bateaux to rescue the perishing ,americans1 who in spite of storms and tempests were gliding down the great ,columbia as sixty years before their fathers floated down the ,indian-haunted ,ohio4 ,and ,indians were here1 with tomahawks ready4 ,let us kill these ,bostons6 ,mc,loughlin heard the word1 and shook the speaker as a terrier shakes a rat4 ,dogs1 you shall be punished6 ,in his anxiety lest harm should come to the approaching ,americans1 all night long1 his white hair wet in the rain1 ,dr4 ,mc,loughlin stood watching the boats coming down the ,columbia1 and building great bonfires where ,lewis and ,clark had camped in #ahjf4 ,women and little children and new-born babes slept in the ,british fur-trader's fort4 ,anglo-,saxon greeted ,anglo-,saxon in the conquest of the world1 to march henceforward hand in hand for ever4 ,among the emigrants on the plains in #ahdf1 was ,alphonso ,boone1 the son of ,jesse1 the son of ,daniel4 ,several grown-up ,boone boys were there1 and the beautiful ,chloe and her younger sisters4 ,chloe ,boone rode a thorough-bred mare1 a descendant of the choicest ,boone stock1 from the old ,kentucky blue-grass region4 ,mounted upon her high-stepping mare1 ,chloe and her sisters and other young people of the train rode on ahead of the slow-going line of waggons and oxen4 ,gay was the laughter1 and merry the songs1 that rang out on the bright morning air4 ,francis ,parkman1 the great historian1 then a young man just out of college1 was on the plains that year1 collecting material for his books4 ,now and then they met parties of soldiers going to the ,mexican ,war1 and many a boy in blue turned to catch a glimpse of the sweet girl faces in ,chloe's train4 ,happily they rode in the ,spring on the plains2 more slowly when the heats of ,summer came and the sides of the ,rocky ,mountains grew steep and rough2 and slower still in the parched lands beyond1 when the woodwork of the waggons began to shrink1 and the worn-out animals to faint and fall4 ,so long a journey6 said ,chloe4 ,six months it took4 ,clothes wore out1 babes were born1 and people died4 ,they came into ,oregon by the southern route1 guided by ,daniel ,boone's old compass1 the one given him by ,dunmore to bring in the surveyors from the ,falls of the ,ohio seventy-two years before4 ,the ,fall rains had set in4 ,the ,umpqua ,river was swollen1--eighteen times from bank to bank ,chloe forded1 in getting down ,umpqua canyon4 ,we shall have to leave the waggons and heavy baggage with a guard1 said ,colonel ,boone1 and hurry on to the settlements4 ,they reached the ,willamette ,valley1 pitched their tents where ,corvallis now stands1 and that ,winter1 in a little log cabin1 ,chloe ,boone taught the first school ever conducted by a woman outside of the missions in ,oregon4 ,leaving the girls1 ,colonel ,boone went back after the waggons4 ,alas6 the guard was killed1 the camp was looted1 and ,daniel ,boone's old compass was gone for ever4 ,its work was done4 ,alphonso ,boone built a mansion near the present capital city of ,salem and here ,chloe married the ,governor1 ,george ,l4 ,curry1 and for years beside the old ,boone fireside the ,governor's wife extended the hospitalities of the rising ,state4 ,albert ,gallatin ,boone camped on the site of ,denver twenty years before ,denver was1 and negotiated the sale of ,colorado from the ,indians to the ,united ,states4 ,john ,c4 ,boone1 son of ,nathan ,boone1 explored a new cut-off and became a pioneer of ,california4 ,james ,madison ,boone drove stakes in ,texas4 ,what years had passed since the expedition of ,lewis and ,clark6 ,it seemed like a bygone event1 but one who had shared its fortunes still lived on and on1--our old friend1 ,patrick ,gass4 ,in the ,war of #ahab1 above the roaring ,falls of ,niagara1 ,sergeant ,gass spiked the enemy's cannon at the battle of ,lundy's ,lane4 ,years went on4 ,a plain unpretentious citizen1 ,patrick worked at his trade in ,wellsburg and raised his family4 ,in #ahef ,patrick ,gass headed a delegation of gray-haired veterans of the ,war of #ahab to ,washington1 and was everywhere lionised as the last of the men of ,lewis and ,clark4 ,on ,july #d1 #ahfa1 the land was aflame over the firing on ,fort ,sumter4 ,all ,wellsburg with her newly enlisted regiments for the war was gathered at ,apple ,pie ,ridge to celebrate the day4 ,where is ,patrick ,gass8 ,a grand carriage was sent for him1 and on the shoulders of the boys in blue he was brought in triumph to the platform4 ,speech6 speech6 ,and the speech of his life ,patrick ,gass made that day1 for his country and the ,union4 ,the simple1 honest old hero brought tears to every eye1 with a glimpse of the splendid drama of ,lewis and ,clark4 ,again they saw those early soldier-boys bearing the flag across the ,rockies1 suffering starvation and danger and almost death1 to carry their country to the sea4 ,but me byes1 it's not a picnic ye're goin' to1--oh1 far from it6 ,no6 no6 ',t will be hard fur ye when ye come marchin' back lavin' yer comrades lyin' far from home and friends1 but there is ,one to look to1 who has made and kept our country4 ,it seemed the applause would never cease1 with cheering and firing of cannon4 ,stay6 stay6 cried the people4 ,sit up on the table and let us have our banquet around you with the big flag floating over your head4 ,in an instant ,pat was down4 ,far enough is far enough6 he cried1 and be the divil1 will yez try to make sport of mesilf8 ,excitedly the modest old soldier slipped away4 ,the war ended4 ,a railroad crossed the plains4 ,oregon and ,california were ,states4 ,alaska was bought4 ,still ,pat lived on1 until #ahgj1 when he fell asleep1 at the age of ninety-nine1 the last of the heroic band of ,lewis and ,clark4 ,william ,walker1 who gave to the world the story of the ,nez ,percs1 led his ,wyandots into ,kansas1 and1 with the first white settlers1 organising a ,provisional ,government after the plan of ,oregon1 became himself the first ,governor of ,kansas-,nebraska4 ,oh1 ,little ,crow6 ,little ,crow6 what crimes were committed in thy name6 ,in the midst of the war1 #ahfb1 ,little ,crow the third arose against the white settlers of ,minnesota in one of the most frightful massacres recorded in history4 ,then came ,sibley's expedition sweeping on west1 opening the ,dakotas and ,montana4 ,the ,indian8 ,he fought and was vanquished4 ,how we are beginning to love our ,indians1 now that we fear them no longer6 ,no wild man ever so captured the imagination of the world4 ,with inherent nobility1 courage to the border of destruction1 patriotism to the death1 absolutely refusing to be enslaved1 he stands out the most perfect picture of primeval man4 ,we might have tamed him but we had not time4 ,the movement was too swift1 the pressure behind made the white men drivers as the ,indians had driven before4 ,civilisation demands repose1 safety4 ,and until repose and safety came we could do no effective work for the ,indian4 ,we of to-day have lived the longest lives1 for we have seen a continent transformed4 ,we have forgotten that a hundred years ago ,briton and ,spaniard and ,frenchman were hammering at our gates2 forgotten that the ,indian beleaguered our wooden castles2 forgotten that wolves drummed with their paws on our cabin doors1 snapping their teeth like steel traps1 while the mother hushed the wheel within and children crouched beneath the floor4 ,o mothers of a mighty past1 thy sons are with us yet1 fighting new battles1 planning new conquests1 for law1 order1 and justice4 ,where rolls the ,columbia and where the snow-peaks of ,hood1 ,adams1 ,jefferson1 ,rainier1 and ,st4 ,helens look down1 a metropolis has arisen in the very ,multnomah where ,clark took his last soundings4 ,northward1 ,seattle sits on her ,puget sea1 southward ,san ,francisco smiles from her golden gate1 ,spanish no more4 ,over the route where ,lewis and ,clark toiled slowly a hundred years ago1 lo6 in three days the traveller sits beside the sunset4 ,five transcontinental lines bear the rushing armies westward1 ever westward into the sea4 ,bewildered a moment they pause1 then turn--to the ,conquest of the ,poles and the ,tropics4 ,the frontiersman8 ,he is building ,nome ,city under the ,arctic3 he is hewing the forests of the ,philippines4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's note3 ,inconsistent hyphenation and spelling in the original document have been preserved4 ,obvious typographical errors have been corrected4