,,parenthood ,,and ,,race ,,culture ,,books ,,by ,,the ,,same ,,author 8,,worry3 ,,the ,,disease ,,of ,,the ,,age0 8,,evolution3 ,,the ,,master ,,key0 8,,health1 ,,strength1 ,,and ,,happiness0 ,etc41 ,etc4 ,,parenthood ,,and ,,race ,,culture ,an ,outline of ,eugenics ,,by ,,caleb ,,williams ,,saleeby ,m4,d41 ,ch4,b41 ,f4,z4,s41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,edin4 ,,fellow ,,of ,,the ,,obstetrical ,,society ,,of ,,edinburgh1 ,,member ,,of ,,council ,,of ,,the ,,eugenics ,,education ,,society1 ,,of ,,the ,,sociological ,,society1 ,,and ,,of ,,the ,,national ,,league ,,for ,,physical ,,education ,,and ,,improvement ,,member ,,of ,,the ,,royal ,,institution ,,and ,,of ,,the ,,society ,,for ,,the ,,study ,,of ,,inebriety ,,etc41 ,,etc4 ,illustration3 ,logo ,,cassell ,,and ,,company1 ,,ltd4 ,,london1 ,,new ,,york1 ,,toronto ,,and ,,melbourne #aiji ,,all ,,rights ,,reserved ,dedicated ,,to ,,francis ,,galton ,,the ,,august ,,master ,,of ,,all ,,eugenists ,,preface ,this book1 a first attempt to survey and define the whole field of eugenics1 appears in the year which finds us celebrating the centenary of the birth of ,charles ,darwin and the jubilee of the publication of ,the ,origin of ,species4 ,it is a humble tribute to that immortal name1 for it is based upon the idea of selection for parenthood as determining the nature1 fate and worth of living races1 which is ,darwin's chief contribution to thought1 and which finds in eugenics its supreme application4 ,the book is also a tribute to the august pioneer who initiated the modern study of eugenics in the light of his cousin's principle4 ,a few years ago ,i all but persuaded ,mr4 ,galton himself to write a general introduction to eugenics1 but he felt bound to withdraw from that undertaking1 and has given us instead his ,memories1 which we could ill have spared4 ,the present volume seeks to supply what is undoubtedly a real need at the present day--a general introduction to eugenics which is at least considered and responsible4 ,i am indebted to more than one pair of searching and illustrious eyes1 which ,i may not name1 for reading the proofs of this volume4 ,my best hopes for its utility are based upon this fact4 ,if there be any other reason for hope it is that during the last six years ,i have not only written incessantly on eugenics1 but have spoken upon various aspects of it some hundreds of times to audiences as various as one can well imagine--a mainly clerical assembly at ,lambeth ,palace with the ,primate in the ,chair1 drawing-rooms of title1 working-class audiences from the ,clyde to the ,thames4 ,it has been my rule to invite questions whenever it was possible4 ,such a discipline is invaluable4 ,it gives new ideas and points of view1 discovers the existing forms of prejudice1 sharply corrects the tendency to partial statement4 ,it is my hope that these many hours of cross-examination will be profitable to the present reader4 ,it has been sought to define the scope of eugenics1 and my consistent aim has been1 if possible1 to preserve its natural unity without falling into the error1 which ,i seem to see almost everywhere1 of excluding what is strictly eugenic4 ,our primary idea1 beyond dispute1 is selection for parenthood based upon the facts of heredity4 ,this1 however1 is not an end1 but a means4 ,some eugenists seem to forget the distinction4 ,our end is a better race4 ,if then1 beyond selecting for parenthood1 it be desirable to take care of those selected--as1 for instance1 to protect the expectant mother from alcohol1 lead or syphilis--that is strict eugenics on any definition worth a moment's notice4 ,it then appears1 of course1 that our demands come into contact with those prejudices which political parties call their principles4 ,a given eugenic proposal or argument1 for instance1 may be stamped as 8,socialist0 or as 8,individualist10 and people who have labelled their eyes with these catchwords1 which eugenics will ere long make obsolete1 proceed to judge eugenics by them4 ,but the question is not whether a given proposal is socialistic1 individualistic or anything else1 but whether it is eugenic4 ,if it is eugenic1 that is final4 ,to this all parties will come1 and by this all parties will be judged4 ,the question is not whether eugenics is1 for instance1 socialist1 but whether socialism is eugenic4 ,i claim for eugenics that it is the final and only judge of all proposals and principles1 however labelled1 new or old1 orthodox or heterodox4 ,some years ago ,i ventured to coin the word eugenist1 which is now the accepted term4 ,with that label ,i believe any man or woman may well be content4 ,if this be granted1 the old catchwords and the bias they create forgotten1 we may be prepared to consider what the scope of eugenics really is4 ,eugenics is not1 for instance1 a sub-section of applied mathematics4 ,it is at once a science1 and a religion1 based upon the laws of life1 and recognising in them the foundation of society4 ,we shall some day have a eugenic sociology1 to which the first part of this volume seeks to contribute3 and the sociology and politics which have not yet discovered that man is mortal will go to their own place4 ,only when we begin to think and work continuously at eugenics is its range revealed4 ,the present volume is a mere introduction to the principles of the subject3 the full elucidation of its practice is a problem for generations to come4 ,nor is it easy to set logical limits to our inquiry4 ,we may say that eugenics deals with conceptions3 and that the care of the expectant mother is outside its scope3 but of what use is it to have a eugenic conception if its product is thereafter to be ruined by1 for instance1 the introduction of lead into the mother's organism8 ,again1 the care of the individual is1 in part1 a eugenic concern3 for if we desire his offspring we desire that he shall not contract transmissible disease nor vitiate his tissues with such a racial poison as alcohol4 ,plainly1 everything that affects every possible parent is a matter of eugenic concern3 and not only those factors which affect the choice for parenthood4 ,it follows that the second portion of this volume1 which deals with the practice of eugenics1 cannot be more than merely indicative4 ,in the available space it has been attempted to define certain constituents of practical eugenics1 but in any case the entire ground has not been surveyed4 ,the concept of the racial poisons may be commended to special consideration4 ,whether a poison be so-called 8chemical10 as lead1 or made by a living organism1 as the poison of syphilis1 is of great practical importance1 because of the infection involved in the second case3 but1 in principle1 both cases belong to the same category4 ,sooner or later1 eugenists must face the transmissible infections1 and repudiate as hideous and devilish the so-called morality which discountenances any attempt to save unborn innocence from a nameless fate4 ,he or she who would rather leave this matter is placing 8religion0 or 8morality0 or 8politics0 above the welfare of the life to come1 and therein continuing the daily prostitution of those great names4 ,again1 the practice of eugenics may be commended and accepted as the business of the patriot3 and two chapters have been devoted to the question as seen from the national point of view4 ,i am of nothing more certain than that the choice for ,great ,britain to-day is between national eugenics and the fate of all her ,imperial predecessors from ,babylon to ,spain4 ,the whole book might have been written from this standpoint1 but such a book would have been beneath the true eugenic plane1 which is not national but human4 ,i believe in the patriotism of ,william ,watson1 who desires the continuance of his country because1 as he addresses her1 8,o ,england1 should'st thou one day fall1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,justice were thenceforth weaker throughout all ,the world1 and truth less passionately free1 ,and ,god the poorer for thine overthrow40 ,this is a patriotism as splendid and vital as the patriotism of the music-halls and of the political and journalistic makers of wars is foul and fatal3 and it is only in terms of such patriotism that the appeal to love of country is permissible in the advocacy of eugenics1 which is a concern for all mankind4 ,the prophet of that kind of ,imperialism which has destroyed so many ,empires1 has lately approved the emigration of our best to the ,colonies1 on the ground that 8it is good to give the second eleven a chance40 ,but as students of history know1 it is at the heart that ,empires rot4 ,the case of ,ireland is at present an insoluble one because the emigration of the worthiest has had full sway4 ,so with the agricultural intellect3 the 8first eleven0 having gone to the towns4 ,rome sent her 8first eleven0 to her ,colonies3 if you were not good enough to be a ,roman soldier you could at least remain and be a ,roman father3 and the children of such fathers perished in the downfall of the ,empire which they could no longer sustain4 ,i can imagine no more foolish or disastrous advice than this of ,mr4 ,kipling's1 in commending that transportation of the worthiest which1 thoroughly enough persisted in1 must inevitably mean our ruin4 ,the national aspect of eugenics suggests its international aspect1 and its inter-racial aspect4 ,not having spent six weeks rushing through the ,united ,states1 ,i am unfortunately dubious as to the worth of any opinions ,i may possess regarding the most urgent form of this question to-day4 ,i mistrust not merely the brilliant students who1 unhampered by biological knowledge1 pierce to the bottom of this question in the course of such a tour1 but also the humanitarian bias of those who1 like ,m4 ,finot1 or the distinguished ,american sociologist1 ,mr4 ,graham ,brooks1 would almost have us believe that the negro is mentally and morally the equal of the ,caucasian4 ,least of all does one trust the vulgar opinions of the man in the street4 ,wisdom on this matter waits for the advent of real knowledge4 ,similarly in the matter of ,caucasian-,mongolian unions4 ,i question whether any living man knows enough to warrant the expression of any decided opinion on this subject4 ,merely ,i here recognise miscegenation in general as a problem in eugenics1 to which increasing attention must yearly be devoted4 ,but it would have been ridiculous to attempt to deal with that great subject here4 ,as for the marriage of cousins1 to take the opposite case1 ,i always reply to the question1 8,should cousins marry80 that it depends upon the cousins4 ,the good qualities of a good stock1 the bad qualities of a bad stock1 are naturally accentuated by such unions3 ,i doubt whether there is much more to be said about them4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in the following general study of a subject to which no human affair is wholly alien1 it has been impossible to deal adequately with the great question of eugenic education--that is to say1 education as for parenthood4 ,if only to emphasise its overwhelming importance1 one must here insist upon the argument4 ,there is1 ,i believe1 no greater need for society to-day than to recognise that education must include1 must culminate in1 preparation for the supreme duty of parenthood4 ,this involves instruction regarding those bodily functions which exist not for the body nor for the present at all1 but for the future life of mankind4 ,the exercise of these functions depends upon an instinct which ,i have for some time been in the habit of terming the racial instinct--a name which at once suggests to us that we are to represent this instinct1 to the boy or girl at puberty1 not as something the satisfaction of which is an end in itself--that is the false and degrading assertion which will be made by the teachers whom youth will certainly find1 if we fail in our duty--but as existing for what is immeasurably higher than any selfish end4 ,youth must be taught that it is for man the self-conscious1 8made with such large discourse1 looking before and after10 as ,hamlet says1 to deal with his instincts in terms of their purpose1 as no creature but man can do4 ,the boy and girl must learn that the racial instinct exists for the highest of ends--the continuance and ultimate elevation of the life of mankind4 ,it is a sacred trust for the life of this world to come4 ,we must teach our boys what it is to be really 8manly0--the fine word used by the tempter of youth when he means 8beast-ly40 ,to be manly is to be master of this instinct4 ,and the 8higher education0 of our girls1 as we must teach ourselves1 will be lower1 not higher1 if it does not serve and conserve the future mother1 both by teaching her how to care for and guard her body1 which is the temple of life to come1 and how afterwards to be a right educator of her children4 ,the leading idea upon which one would insist is that the key to any of the right and useful methods of eugenic education is to be found in the conception of the racial instinct as existing for parenthood1 and to be guarded1 reverenced1 educated for that supreme end4 ,it is for the reader who may be responsible for youth of either sex with this key to solve the problem on the lines best suited to his or her particular case4 ,by the application of mathematical methods to statistics we can ascertain their real meaning1 if they have any4 ,if1 as frequently happens1 they have none1 mathematical analysis is worse than useless4 ,mr4 ,galton is the pioneer of this study1 which ,professor ,karl ,pearson has named biometrics4 ,biometrics is not eugenics1 as some have supposed1 but is a branch of scientific enquiry which1 like genetics1 obstetrics and many more1 contributes to the foundations of eugenics4 ,in the ,appendix reference is made to various publications1 mostly inexpensive1 which deal with biometrics4 ,in the text ,i have availed myself of biometric1 genetic and other results impartially4 ,differences of opinion between this school and that of scientific workers are to be regretted by the eugenist2 but it is for him to accept and use knowledge of eugenic significance no matter by what method it has been obtained4 ,directly he fails to do so he ceases to be a eugenist and becomes the ordinary partisan4 ,no reference is made in the following pages1 for instance1 to the law of ancestral inheritance1 formulated by the ,master to whom the volume is dedicated and of whom all eugenists are the followers4 ,i believe that law1 despite its beauty1 to be without basis in fact and incompatible with demonstrated ,mendelian phenomena3 and though the book is dedicated to ,mr4 ,galton1 it is more deeply dedicated to the ,future4 ,this1 indeed1 is the ,credo of the eugenist3 ,expecto resurrectionem mortuorum1 et vitam venturi saeculi4 99 99 99 99 99 ,woman is ,nature's supreme instrument of the future4 ,the eugenist is therefore deeply concerned with her education1 her psychology1 the conditions which permit her to exercise her great natural function of choosing the fathers of the future1 the age at which she should marry1 and the compatibility between the discharge of her incomparable function of motherhood and the lesser functions which some women now assume4 ,obstetrics1 and the modern physiology and psychology of sex1 must thus be harnessed to the service of eugenics1 and ,i hope to employ them for the elucidation1 in a future volume1 of the problems of woman and womanhood1 thus regarded4 ,,contents ,,part ,i ,,the ,,theory ,,of ,,eugenics ,,chapter ,,page #a4 ,introductory #a #b4 ,the ,exchequer of ,life #ag #c4 ,natural ,selection and the ,law of ,love #ce #d4 ,the ,selection of ,mind #eb #e4 ,the ,multiplication of ,man #ga #f4 ,the ,growth of ,individuality #hf #g4 ,heredity and ,race-,culture #ii #h4 ,education and ,race-,culture #abj #i4 ,the ,supremacy of ,motherhood #ade #aj4 ,marriage and ,maternalism #afj ,,part ,,ii ,,the ,,practice ,,of ,,eugenics #aa4 ,negative ,eugenics #aga #ab4 ,selection through ,marriage #ahd #ac4 ,the ,racial ,poisons3 ,alcohol #bje #ad4 ,the ,racial ,poisons3 ,lead1 ,narcotics1 ,syphilis #bdf #ae4 ,national ,eugenics3 ,race-,culture and ,history #bed #af4 ,national ,eugenics3 ,mr4 ,balfour on ,decadence #bgi #ag4 ,the ,promise of ,race-,culture #bhg ,,appendix ,concerning ,books to ,read #cje ,,index #cba ,,parenthood ,,and ,,race ,,culture ,,part ,i4--,,the ,,theory ,,of ,,eugenics ,,chapter ,i ,,introductory 8,a little child shall lead them0 ,this book will be mere foolishness to those who repeat the inhuman and animal cry that we have to take the world as we find it--the motto of the impotent1 the forgotten1 the cowardly and selfish1 or the merely vegetable1 in all ages4 ,the capital fact of man1 as distinguished from the lower animals and from plants1 is that he does not have to take the world as he finds it1 that he does not merely adapt himself to his environment1 but that he himself is a creator of his world4 ,if our ancestors had taken and left the world as they found it1 we should be little more than erected monkeys to-day4 ,for none who accept the hopeless dogma is this book written4 ,they are welcome to take and leave the world as they find it2 they are of no consequence to the world2 and their existence is of interest only in so far as it is another instance of that amazing wastefulness of ,nature in her generations1 with which this book will be so largely concerned4 ,beginning1 perhaps1 some six million years ago1 the fact which we call human life has persisted hitherto1 and shows no signs of exhaustion1 much less impending extinction1 being indeed more abundant numerically and more dominant over other forms of life and over the inanimate world to-day than ever before4 ,it is a continuous phenomenon4 ,the life of every blood corpuscle or skin cell of every human being now alive is absolutely continuous with that of the living cells of the first human beings--if not1 indeed1 as most biologists appear to believe1 of the first life upon the earth4 ,yet this continuous life has been and apparently always must be lived in a tissue of amazing discontinuity--amazing1 at least1 to those who can see the wonderful in the commonplace4 ,for though the world-phenomenon which we call ,man has been so long continuous1 and is at this moment perhaps as much modified by the total past as if it were really a single undying individual1 yet only a few decades ago1 a mere second in the history of the earth1 no human being now alive was in existence4 8,as for man1 his days are as grass3 as a flower of the field1 so he flourisheth4 ,for the wind passeth over it1 and it is gone2 and the place thereof shall know it no more40 ,indeed1 not merely are we individually as grass1 but in a few years the hand that writes these words1 and the tissues of eye and brain whereby they are perceived1 will actually be grass4 ,here1 then1 is the colossal paradox3 absolute and literal continuity of life1 every cell from a preceding cell throughout the ages--omnis cellula e cellula2 yet three times in every century the living and only wealth of nations is reduced to dust1 and is raised up again from helpless infancy4 ,where else is such catastrophic continuity8 ,each individual enters the world in a fashion the dramatic and sensational character of which can be realised by none who have not witnessed it2 and in a few years the individual dies1 scarcely less dramatically as a rule1 and sometimes more so4 ,this continuous and apparently invincible thing1 human life1 which began so humbly and to the sound of no trumpets1 in ,southern ,asia or the neighbourhood of the ,caspian ,sea1 but which has never looked back since its birth1 and is now the dominant fact of what might well be an astonished earth1 depends in every age and from moment to moment upon here a baby1 there a baby and there yet another2 these curious little objects being of all living things1 animal or vegetable1 young or old1 large or small1 the most utterly helpless and incompetent1 incapable even of finding for themselves the breasts that were made for them4 ,if but one of all the 8hungry generations0 that have preceded us had failed to secure the care and love of its predecessor1 the curtain would have come down and a not unpromising though hitherto sufficiently grotesque drama would have been ended for ever4 ,this discontinuity it is which persuades many of us to conceive human life to be not so much a mighty maze without a plan1 as a mere stringing of beads on an endless cord of which one end arose in ,mother ,earth1 whilst the other may come at any time--but goes nowhere4 ,the beads1 which we call generations1 vary in size and colour1 no doubt1 but on no system2 each one makes a fresh start2 the average difference between them is merely one of position2 and the result is merely to make the string longer4 ,or the generations might be conceived as the links of an indeterminate chain1 necessarily held to each other3 but suggesting not at all the idea of a living process such that its every step is fraught with eternal consequence4 ,in a word1 we incline to think that ,history merely goes on repeating itself1 and we have to learn that ,history never repeats itself4 ,every generation is epoch-making4 ,it is thus to the conception of parenthood as the vital and organic link of life that we are forced3 and the whole of this book is really concerned with parenthood4 ,we shall see1 in due course1 that no generation1 whether of men or animals or plants1 determines or provides1 as a whole1 the future of the race4 ,only a percentage1 as a rule a very small percentage indeed1 of any species reach maturity1 and fewer still become parents4 ,amongst ourselves1 one-tenth of any generation gives birth to one-half the next4 ,these it is who1 in the long run1 make ,history3 a ,kant or a ,spencer1 dying childless1 may leave what we call immortal works2 but unless the parents of each new generation are rightly chosen or 8selected0--to use the technical word--a new generation may at any time arise to whom the greatest achievements of the past are nothing4 ,the newcomers will be as swine to these pearls1 the immortality of which is always conditional upon the capacity of those who come after to appreciate them4 ,there is here expressed the distinction between two kinds of progress3 the traditional progress which is dependent upon transmitted achievement1 but in its turn is dependent upon racial progress--this last being the kind of progress of which the history of pre-human life upon the planet is so largely the record and of which mankind is the finest fruit hitherto4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it is possible that a concrete case1 common enough1 and thus the more significant1 may appeal to the reader1 and help us to realise afresh the conditions under which human life actually persists4 ,forced inside a motor-omnibus one evening1 for lack of room outside1 ,i found myself opposite a woman1 poorly-clothed1 with a wedding-ring upon her finger and a baby in her arms4 ,the child was covered with a black shawl and its face could not be seen4 ,it was evidently asleep4 ,it should have been in its cot at that hour4 ,the mother's face roused feelings which a sonnet of ,wordsworth's might have expressed1 or a painting by some artist with a soul1 a ,rembrandt or a ,watts1 such as we may look for in vain amongst the be-lettered to-day4 ,here was the spectacle of mother and child1 which all the great historic religions1 from ,buddhism to ,christianity1 have rightly worshipped2 the spectacle which more nearly symbolises the sublime than any other upon which the eye of a man1 himself once such a child1 can rest2 the spectacle which alone epitomises the life of mankind and the unalterable conditions of all human life and all human societies1 reminding us at once of our individual mortality1 and the immortality of our race-- 8,while we1 the brave1 the mighty and the wise1 ,we ,men1 who in our morn of youth defied ,the ,elements1 must vanish2--be it so6 ,enough1 if something from our hands have power ,to live1 and act1 and serve the future hour30 --the spectacle which alone1 if any can1 may reconcile us to death2 the spectacle of that which alone can sanctify the love of the sexes2 the spectacle of motherhood in being1 the supreme duty and supreme privilege of womanhood--8a mother is a mother still1 the holiest thing alive40 ,this woman1 utterly unconscious of the dignity of her attitude and of the contrast between herself and the imitation of a woman1 elegantly clothed1 who sat next her1 giving her not a thought nor a glance1 nor yet room for the elbow bent in its divine office1 was probably some thirty-two or three years old1 as time is measured by the revolutions of the earth around the sun4 ,measured by some more relevant gauge1 she was evidently aged1 her face grey and drawn1 desperately tired1 yet placid--not with due exultation but with the calm of one who has no hope4 ,she was too weary to draw the child to her bosom1 and her arms lay upon her knees2 but instead she bent her body downwards to her baby4 ,she looked straight out in front of her1 not at me nor at the passing phantasms beyond1 but at nothing4 ,the eyes were open but they were too tired to see4 ,the face had no beauty of feature nor of colour nor of intelligence1 but it was wholly beautiful1 made so by motherhood2 and ,i think she must have held some faith4 ,the tint of her skin and of her eyeballs spoke of the impoverishment of her blood1 her need of sleep and rest and ease of mind4 ,she will probably be killed by consumption within five years and will certainly never hold a grand-child in her arms4 ,the pathologist may lay this crime at the door of the tubercle bacillus2 but a prophet would lay it at the reader's door and mine4 ,while we read and write1 play at politics or ping-pong1 this woman and myriads like her are doing the essential work of the world4 ,the worm waits for us as well as for her and them3 and in a few years her children and theirs will be ,mankind4 ,we need a prophet to cry aloud and spare not2 to tell us that if this is the fate of mothers in the ranks which supply the overwhelming proportion of our children1 our nation may number ,shakespeare and ,newton amongst the glories of its past1 and the lands of ancient empires amongst its present possessions1 but it can have no future2 that if1 worshipping what it is pleased to call success1 it has no tears nor even eyes for such failures as these1 it may walk in the ways of its insensible heart and in the sight of its blind eyes1 yet it is walking not in its sleep but in its death1 is already doomed and damned almost past recall2 and that1 if it is to be saved1 there will avail not 8broadening the basis of taxation10 nor teaching in churches the worship of the ,holy ,mother and ,holy ,child1 whilst ,motherhood is blasphemed at their very doors1 but this and this only--the establishment1 not in statutes but in the consciences of men and women1 of a true religion based upon these perdurable and evident dogmas--that all human life is holy1 all mothers and all children1 that history is made in the nursery1 that the individual dies1 that therefore children determine the destinies of all civilisations1 that the race or society which succeeds with its mammoth ships and its manufactures but fails to produce men and women1 is on the brink of irretrievable doom2 that the body of man is an animal1 endowed with the inherited animal instincts necessary for self-preservation and the perpetuation of the race1 but that1 if the possession of this body by a conscious spirit1 8looking before and after10 is anything more than a 8sport0 of the evolutionary forces1 it demands that1 the blind animal instincts notwithstanding1 the desecration of motherhood1 the perennial slaughter and injury of children1 the casual unconsidered birth of children for whom there is no room or light or air or food1 and of children whose inheritance condemns them to misery1 insanity or crime1 must cease2 and that the recurrent drama of human love and struggle reaches its happy ending not when the protagonists are married1 but when they join hands over a little child that promises to be a worthy heir of all the ages4 ,this religion must teach that the spectacle of a prematurely aged and weary and hopeless mother1 which he who runs or rides may see1 produced by our rude foreshadowings of civilisation1 is an affront to all honest and thoughtful eyes3 that where there are no mothers1 such as mothers should be1 the people will assuredly perish1 though everything they touch should turn to gold1 though science and art and philosophy should flourish as never before4 ,i believe that history1 rightly read1 teaches these tremendous lessons4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in our own day the bounds of imagination are undoubtedly widening4 ,means of communication1 the press1 the camera1 the decadence of obsolete dogmas1 making room for the simple daily truths of morality which have 8the dignity of dateless age0 and are too hard for the teeth of time--these account in large measure for the fact that the happier half of the world is at last beginning to realise how the other half lives4 ,there is perhaps more divine discontent with things as they are than ever heretofore3 this being due1 as has been suggested1 perhaps as much to the modern aids of imagination as to any inherent increase of sympathy4 ,science1 too1 in the form of sociology and economics1 adds warrant to the demand for some radical reform of the conditions of life4 ,it teaches that all forms of life are interdependent2 that society is thus an organism in more than merely loose analogy2 that the classes pay abundantly for the state of the masses3 whilst medicine teaches that the tuberculosis1 for instance1 which slays so many members of the middle and upper classes1 is bred by and in the overcrowding of the lower classes1 this and many other diseases promising to resist all measures less radical than the abolition of half our current social practice4 ,hence it is that we hear so much of social reform2 and the promises of representatives of many political -isms jostle one another at the gates of our ears4 ,the ,anarchist at one extreme1 and the ,collectivist at the other1 with the ,individualist and the ,socialist somewhere between1 offer their panaceas4 ,to me1 ,i confess1 they seem little better than the scholastic metaphysicians of old days1 like them mistaking words for things1 incapable of understanding each other1 evading precise definition and using terms which never mean the same thing twice as missiles and weapons of abuse3 and1 above all1 mistaking means for ends4 ,but the leading error common to them all1 as ,i seem to see it1 is their conception of society as a stable thing--a piece of machinery which must be properly 8assembled10 as the engineers say2 forgetful of the extraordinary discontinuity which inheres in the swift-approaching death of all its parts1 and their replacement by helpless immaturity4 ,the first fact of society really is that all its individuals are mortal4 ,this we all know1 but ,i question whether even ,herbert ,spencer fully reckoned with it2 and certainly the common run of social speculators have not begun to realise what it means4 ,human life is made up of generations1 and the key to all progress lies in the nature of the relation between one generation and another4 ,spencer records the case of an ,oxford graduate1 desirous to be his secretary1 who did not know that the population of ,great ,britain is increasing4 ,here is a capital present fact of the--merely quantitative--relation between successive generations4 ,so far as any influence on their theory or practice is concerned1 it is still unknown to nearly all our advisers4 ,yet this fact of the ceaseless multiplication of man1 which has distinguished him from the first1 and is absolutely peculiar to him of all living species1 animal or vegetable1 as ,sir ,e4 ,ray ,lankester has lately pointed out1 is the source of the major facts of history and the besetting condition of every social problem that can be named at this hour4 ,the professional and dedicated teachers of morality seem to be in little better case4 ,they believe in babies1 perhaps1 as the prime and only really valid source of the weal and wealth and strength of nations1 and as the great moralisers and humanisers of the generation that gives them birth4 ,they are beginning to join in that public outcry against infant mortality which will yet abolish this abominable stain upon our time4 ,but they are lamentably uninformed4 ,they do not know1 for instance1 that a high infant mortality habitually goes with a high birth-rate1 not only in human society but in all living species2 and they have yet to appreciate the proposition which ,i have so often advanced and which1 to me at any rate1 seems absolutely self-evident1 that until we have learnt how to keep alive all the healthy babies now born--that is to say1 not less than ninety per cent4 of all1 the babies in the slums included--it is monstrous to cry for more1 to be similarly slain4 ,these bewailings about our mercifully falling birth-rate1 uncoupled with any attention to the slaughter of the children actually born1 are pitiable in their blindness and would be lamentable if they had any effect--of which there is fortunately no sign whatever1 but indeed the contrary4 ,humanitarian sentiment1 also1 is terribly misguided4 8,why always the benefit of the future1 has the present no claim upon us80 ,i have been asked4 ,assuredly all sentient life1 and therefore pre-eminently all human life1 in which sentiency is so incommensurably intensified by self-consciousness1 the power of 8looking before and after10 has a claim upon us3 but the question could have been asked by no one whose imagination had been worthily employed4 ,our posterity will in due course be as actual and present as we1 their deeds and sufferings and hopes as actual and present as ours4 ,they outnumber us as the ocean outweighs a raindrop2 to avert evil from one of them is as much as to relieve evil in one of us1--how much more to prevent the misery of five in the next generation1 fifty in the next and unnumbered hosts beyond8 ,to serve the future of the race is not to benefit a fiction3 the men and women of a hundred and a thousand years hence will be as real as we4 ,and to serve the future is to put out our talent at compound interest a thousand-fold compounded4 ,the weak imagination would rather build a sanatorium for consumptives and see it filled with grateful patients4 ,this is a palpable1 sensible good1 for which the meanest visual faculty suffices3 but the strong imagination would rather open the closed windows of nurseries or work at the mechanical problems of ventilation1 aye1 or even at the structure of the bacteriological microscope--finding the spectacle1 in the mind's eye1 of healthy men and women fifty years hence as grateful and as real a reward as the sight of a sanatorium in the present4 ,the pace of progress will be incalculably hastened when men1 whether workers or bequeathers or administrators1 enlarge their imaginations so as to perceive that the future will be1 and therefore indeed is1 as real as the present4#a ,i appeal to the reason of the kind-hearted reader4 ,would you rather make one man or child happy now1 or two or a thousand a century hence8 ,it is1 in a word1 the idea of continuous causation or evolution that explains the remarkable contrast between our outlook on the future and our fathers'4 ,in older--that is to say1 younger--days1 men's interest in posterity was most navely and quaintly selfish4 ,if they raised a monument or did any piece of work which obviously would endure beyond the span of their own lives1 their chief motive seems to have been that we should think well of them1 nor forget how well they thought of themselves4 ,they were not concerned with us1 but with our opinion of them4 ,they were anxious about the verdict of posterity2 and the verdict is that they little realised their responsibility for us1 or betrayed it if they did4 ,there is also the frank attitude of ,sir ,boyle ,roche's famous bull1 8,what has posterity done for us80 ,this is a quite familiar and conspicuous sentiment--as familiar as any other form of selfishness3 but it is as if a father should say1 8,what have my children done for me80 and is open to the same condemnation4 ,we are assuredly responsible for posterity as any parent for any child4 ,before the nineteenth century this fact could be realised by very few4 ,to-day1 when the truth of organic evolution is a commonplace1 and when the plasticity of the forces of evolution is slowly becoming realised1 we must face our tremendous responsibility and privilege in a spirit worthy of those to whom such mighty truths have been revealed4 ,parenthood and birth--in these the whole is summed4 ,at the mercy of these are all past discovery1 all past achievement in art or science1 in action or in thought4 ,the human species1 secure though it be1 is only a race after all2 only a sequence of runners who quasi cursores1 vita lampada tradunt--like runners1 hand on the lamp of life1 as ,lucretius said4 ,this it is which1 to the thoughtful observer1 makes each birth such an overwhelming event4 ,it is a great event for the mother and the father1 but how much greater if its consequences be only half realised4 ,education in its full sense1 8the provision of an environment10 as ,i would define it1 is a mighty and necessary force1 for nothing but potentiality is given at birth3 but no education1 no influence of traditional progress1 can avail1 unless the potentialities which these must unfold are worthy4 ,the baby comes tumbling headlong into the world4 ,the fate of all the to-morrows depends upon it4 ,hitherto its happening has depended upon factors animal and casual enough1 utterly improvident1 concerned but rarely with this tremendous consequence4 ,fate may be mistress1 but she works only too often by ,chance1 as ,goethe remarked4 ,fate and ,chance hitherto have never failed to keep up the supply which the death of the individual makes imperative3 and forces have been at work determining for progress1 to some extent1 but most imperfectly1 the parentage of these headlong babies4 ,yet the human intelligence cannot remain satisfied with their working--and much less so when it realises how they can be controlled1 how effectively1 and to what high ends4 ,the physician may and must concern himself1 on these occasions1 with the immediate needs of the mother and the child1 and when these are satisfied he may feel that his duty has been done2 but1 as he journeys homewards1 he must surely reflect--that this astonishing thing1 then1 has happened again1 as indeed it has happened many times this very day2 that whilst this baby is to become an individual man or woman1 an end in himself or herself1 in its young loins and in those of its like are the hosts of all the unborn who are yet to be4 ,if1 then1 these babies differ widely from each other1 as they do2 if these differences are1 on the whole1 capable of prediction in terms of heredity2 if the future state of mankind is involved in these differences1 which will in their turn be transmitted to the children of such as themselves become parents2 and if this business of parenthood will be confined to only a small proportion of these babies1 of whom one-half will never reach puberty2 if these things be so1 as they are1 cannot these babies be chosen in anticipation1 there being thus effected an enormous vital economy1 ,nature being commanded to the highest ends by the only method1 which is to obey her1 as ,bacon said2 and the human intelligence thus making its supreme achievement--the ethical direction and vast acceleration of racial progress8 ,what man can do for animals and plants1 can he not do for himself8 ,give imagination its fleetest and strongest wing1 it can never conceive a task so worth the doing4 ,this1 and this alone1 is what requires to be brought home to the general reader and the reformer alike4 ,says ,mr4 ,h4 ,g4 ,wells3 8,it seemed to me then that to prevent the multiplication of people below a certain standard1 and to encourage the multiplication of exceptionally superior people1 was the only real and permanent way of mending the ills of the world4 ,i think that still40 ,and then1 in a few sketchy pages1 ,mr4 ,wells discredits1 as with one glance of great eyes1 the very proposal which he thinks to be the only real and permanent way of mending the ills of the world4 ,not one man in thousands has got so far as to hold this opinion2 and it is the more lamentable that ,mr4 ,wells1 having reached it1 should hold it in the loose1 formal1 and inoperative fashion in which the man in the street or the woman in the pew holds the dogmas of orthodox theology4 ,we need to educate public opinion--that 8chaos of prejudices0--up to ,mr4 ,wells' standard1 and then we need to accomplish the much harder task of converting a mere intellectual speculation into a living belief4 ,but so surely as this belief1 the crowning and practical conclusion to which all the teachings of modern biology converge1 comes to life in men's minds1 so surely the difficulties will be met1 not only on paper but also in practice4 8,where there's a will there's a way40 ,meanwhile men are content to work at the impermanent1 if not indeed at measures which directly war against the selection of the best for parenthood3 they do not realise the stern necessity of obeying ,nature in this respect--for it is ,her selection of parents that alone has raised us from the beast and the worm--and since necessity alone1 whether inner or outer1 whether of character or circumstance1 is the mother of invention1 they fail to find the methods by which our ideal can be carried out4 ,there is nothing1 either in the character of the individual man and woman1 or in the structure of society1 that makes the ideal of race-culture impossible to-day3 nor must action wait for further knowledge of heredity4 ,little though we surely know so far1 we have abundance of assured knowledge for immediate action in many directions--knowledge which is agreed upon by ,lamarckians and neo-,lamarckians1 ,darwinians and ,weismannians1 ,mendelians and biometricians alike4 ,all of these agree1 for instance1 as to the fact that the insane tendency is transmissible and is transmitted by heredity4 ,we need only public opinion to say1 8,then most surely those who have such a tendency must forgo parenthood40 ,for it is public opinion that governs the world4 ,if it were1 as it will be one day--which may these pages hasten--an elementary and radical truth1 as familiar and as cogent to all1 man in the ,house or man in the public-house1 as the fact of the earth's gravitation--that racial maintenance1 much more racial progress1 depends absolutely upon the selection of parents2 if the establishment of this selective process in the best and widest manner were the admitted goal of all legislation and all social and political speculation--who can question that the thing would be practicable and indeed easy8 ,without the formation of public opinion this is as hopelessly ,utopian and inaccessible an ideal as words ever framed2 public opinion once formed1 nothing could be more palpably feasible4 ,hence ,mr4 ,galton's wisdom in demanding that1 before we dictate courses of procedure1 and even before we can expect profit from scientific investigation1 whether by the biometric method of which he is the founder1 or by any other1 public opinion must be formed2 that the idea of eugenics or good-breeding must be instilled into the conscience of civilisation like a new religion--a religion of the most lofty and austere1 because the most unselfish1 morality1 a religion which sets before it a sublime ideal1 terrestrial indeed in its chosen theatre1 but celestial in its theme1 human in its means1 but literally superhuman in its goal4 ,if the intrinsic ennoblement of mankind does not answer to this eulogy1 where is the ideal that does8 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,the ,,exchequer ,,of ,,life 8,this last lustrum has enabled us to make an astounding discovery1 of which neither ,adam ,smith nor ,cobden nor ,malthus dreamed--that a nation is composed not of property nor of provinces1 but of men40--,tille 7#aijd71 quoted by ,forel4 ,the main thesis which the last chapter was intended to introduce is1 in the words of ,ruskin1 simply this3 8,there is no wealth but life40 ,the assumption throughout this book is that ,ruskin is the real founder of political economy1 he first of moderns having seen this supreme truth4 ,we speak of a nation's possessions1 but possessions imply a possessor or possessors4 ,wealth1 as ,ruskin teaches us1 is 8the possession of the valuable by the valiant40 ,if our national possessions were made over to a race of monkeys1 8they being inherently and eternally incapable of wealth10 what would they be worth8 ,furthermore1 to possess and to be possessed by1 are totally diverse things4 ,says ,ruskin1 8,lately in a wreck of a ,californian ship1 one of the passengers fastened a belt about him with two hundred pounds of gold in it1 with which he was found afterwards at the bottom4 ,now1 as he was sinking--had he the gold or had the gold him80 ,vital economics4--,we have already alluded to the unique property of mankind in virtue of which the radical character of the essential wealth1 which is life1 has only too commonly been forgotten4 ,in the case of any animal or vegetable species we should have no difficulty1 if asked regarding its 8success0 and 8prospects10 in directing our enquiry to essentials4 ,we should examine the individuals of that species1 young and old1 its death-rate and its birth-rate1 and these would supply us with the answer4 ,in the case of man there is the almost incalculable complication involved in the fact that he is capable of making external acquirements1--material possessions and spiritual possessions which1 so long as he remains capable of possessing them1 are of real value1 and1 on account of what they mean for life1 are a true though secondary wealth4 ,amongst civilised mankind1 therefore1 the essential question as to the breed of men and women is obscured by the secondary question as to their traditional or transmitted possessions or external acquirements4 ,but if we remember the case of the drowning man and his gold we shall realise that1 fundamentally1 the case is the same for the human as for any other species4 ,no one can openly question this1 but not one publicist or politician in a thousand believes it in any living sense4 ,the true function of government1 said ,ruskin1 is the production and recognition of human worth4 ,this has only to be said to be admitted2 it is one of the thoughts that shine1 as ,joubert says4 ,no one denies it and no one acts upon it4 ,in this sense such a phrase as the ,national ,exchequer begins to take on a new meaning1 and the ,chancellor of the ,exchequer loses every whit of his importance1 except in so far as his proceedings tend towards1 or away from1 the production and recognition of human worth4 ,he plays with money1 whereas the ,chancellor of the real ,exchequer would work for life4 ,the facts of childhood to-day4--,but since human life is discontinuous1 since three times in a century the essential wealth of nations is reduced to dust1 and raised again from helpless infancy1 our urgent business is with the children of the nation4 ,what1 then1 in general1 are the facts of the ,national ,exchequer thus conceived8 ,we find that1 so far as ordinary physical health is concerned1 the majority of human babies--including1 for instance1 so-called ,anglo-,saxon babies--are physically healthy at birth4 ,on the other hand1 a certain proportion are as definitely and obviously unhealthy at the very start as the more fortunate majority are healthy4 ,if certain influences1 such as alcohol and some few diseases1 have been in operation1 the babies may be already doomed--not national wealth1 but national illth4 ,in the absence of these pernicious factors1 there is1 on the whole1 physical fitness4 ,the ratio is perhaps as ninety to ten per cent4 ,here then1 is1 on the whole1 a ceaseless supply of essential wealth2 physically1 at any rate1 of good enough quality4 ,as every one knows1 or should know1 the greater part of it we immediately proceed to deface and destroy4 ,our mouths are full of argument concerning the principles of what we are pleased to conceive as political economy4 ,the principles of vital economy we do not enquire into but outrage and defy at every turn4 ,so horribly and wastefully are we misguided that in point of fact we actually destroy altogether the greater number1 not of all the children merely1 but even of the fit and healthy children2 and it may forcibly be argued that1 before any one proceeds to attempt any choice amongst the children1 as to which shall in their turn become parents and which shall not1 it would be well1 apart from any question of discrimination1 to revise radically the methods which at present permit this wholesale destruction4 ,whilst we kill outright by hundreds of thousands every year1 we damage for life far more1 including a very large proportion of those who1 as things at present are1 will in their turn become the parents who alone are the makers of the real wealth of nations4 ,if this destructive process had the effect which common notions of heredity would lead us to expect1 then most certainly not merely would ,britain1 for instance1 be doomed1 but the very name would long ago have become 8one with ,nineveh and ,tyre40 ,but though this destructive process 7which it is best to describe as resulting in deterioration rather than degeneration7 has been long continued1 and though1 in consequence of the great economic changes of last century and the rush into the cities with their over-crowding1 it is perhaps more disastrous now than ever before3 yet it remains true that most of the babies born in the slums are splendid little specimens of humanity--so far as physique is concerned--bearing no marks of degeneration to correspond with the deterioration of their parents4 ,in a word1 heredity works--the racial poisons apart1 as we shall see--so that each generation gets a fresh start4 ,if there be no process of selection1 each new generation begins where its predecessor began and is as a whole neither worse nor better1 whether physically or psychically4 ,eugenics and infant mortality4--,in the face of the foregoing1 which merely outlines the appalling indictment that ought to be framed against civilisation for its treatment of its children1 it is evidently incumbent upon us to answer the objector who should say that the whole purpose and argument of our present enquiry is premature1 and that surely our first business should be not to propose any novel and revolutionary doctrine as to the choice of parents and of children1 but rather to stop this child slaughter and child damage--in other words1 that we should devote ourselves rather1 not to providing children with a good heredity1 but to providing them with a good environment1 it being only too demonstrable that the environment we at present provide for the great majority of them is deadly and abominable in the extreme4 ,this argument is all the stronger because most of the children are admittedly fit physically at birth4 ,it would seem as if there were little to complain of in their heredity1 whilst there is certainly almost everything to complain of in their environment4 ,if this objection is to be met at all1 we must be most careful and serious in our going4 ,whatever conclusions we come to we must at any rate be sure that we do not impugn or deny the instant1 immediate and constant law of love which declares that there can be no adequate ideal short of doing our best for all children1 once they are born--nay1 more1 from the very moment1 months before1 at which their individual history starts4 ,whoso suggests that1 as a present and immediate policy1 it is not right to care for all children1 healthy or diseased1 welcome or unwelcome1 nurseried in ,park ,lane or in the slums1 may have plausible and even so-called eugenic arguments on his side1 but his proposal is essentially immoral and therefore essentially false4 ,for all children actually in being--whether they await or have passed the particular moment of birth--it is our duty1 ideal and real1 to do our utmost4 ,the believer in the principle of race-culture or eugenics--whom ,i shall hereafter1 as for some years past1 call the eugenist--may believe that it would have been better had some of these children never been born2 he may believe that1 in the present unorganised state of society1 in the present dethroned state of motherhood1 it were vastly better had many even of the healthy majority never been born4 ,he may be convinced that1 since so many of them will certainly die1 failing our feeble efforts to save childhood1 their birth is a misfortune3 but on no terms and for no objects whatever does1 or can1 the eugenist propose that any of these children1 even though from the moment of birth they be riddled with disease1 should be allowed to die4 ,though some will say that the keeping alive of diseased children1 or even of many children at first healthy1 is a disaster1 ,i maintain that no such question of choice1 selection or discrimination can find any warrant in any form of morality--eugenic or other--from the moment at which the child in question began its individual existence4 ,those of us who advocate the eugenic idea must be perpetually on our guard against the insidious alliance of any who1 agreeing with our premises1 declare that it is a mistake1 for instance1 to prosecute a campaign against infant mortality4 ,i myself have had a share--by a continuous propaganda started in #aijb--;in making this last a publicly recognised question1 whilst1 on the other hand1 ,i have done my best to popularise the idea of eugenics4 ,let me repeat here what ,i have already said elsewhere3 that ,i strenuously repudiate any suggestion that the eugenic end is legitimately or effectively to be served by permitting the infant mortality to continue4 ,the distinguished ,egyptologist1 ,professor ,flinders ,petrie1 in his recent book ,janus in ,modern ,life1 describes as follows the results of the present crusade against infant mortality1 as he conceives them3--8,we must agree that it would be of the lower or lowest type of careless1 thriftless1 dirty1 and incapable families that the increase of surviving children would be obtained4 ,is it worth while to dilute our increase of population by ten per cent4 more of the most inferior kind8 ,will ,england be stronger for having one-thirtieth more1 and that of the worst stock1 added to the population every year8 ,this movement is doing away with one of the few remains of natural weeding out of the unfit that our civilisation has left to us4 ,and it will certainly cause more misery than happiness in the course of a century40 ,here1 plainly1 is a serious argument4 ,we are bound to sympathise with its underlying assumption1 viz41 that not all babies are such as we can desire to carry on the race4 ,still more must we sympathise with any author whatever who has imagination and foresight enough to write anywhere1 on any subject1 wrongly or rightly1 such a sentence as 8and it will certainly cause more misery than happiness in the course of a century40 ,we need more such authors4 ,but without going into the whole argument here--as1 for instance1 regarding the singular use of the word 8natural0--,i do most entirely deny the right of the eugenic idea to any voice or place as to the fate of children once they have come into being4 ,another writer1 arguing on the same lines1 says propos of the abolition of infant mortality3 8,this last change which1 as the ,huddersfield experiment shows1 is easy of accomplishment1 is likely to be completely effected in the next few years1 and we shall then have abolished the one factor which in any important degree at present tends to redress the balance between the rates of reproduction of the superior and the inferior classes40 ,these are the words of ,dr4 ,w4 ,mc,dougall1 the distinguished psychologist4 ,dr4 ,mc,dougall has subsequently shown that he repudiates the apparent deduction from them1 and entirely approves of the present campaign of mercy to childhood4 ,nevertheless1 these arguments1 plainly derived from the principle of natural selection1 do express a most important truth--viz41 that indiscriminate survival must lead to racial decadence1 whether in man1 microbe or moss4 ,i submit that the difficulty can be solved only by the eugenic principle4 ,the fittest must become parents1 and the unfit#b must not2 then kill the unfit1 says ,nature4 ,and this indeed1 in all living species other than man1 is what ,nature does4 ,but 8thou shalt not kill10 says the moral law--not even the unfit4 ,as the foregoing will have shown1 some thinkers to-day propose to avail themselves in this dilemma of the 8,new ,decalogue03-- 8,thou shalt not kill but need'st not strive ,officiously to keep alive40 ,this is no solution of the problem4 ,there is only one solution1 and that is the eugenic solution4 ,nature can preserve a race only by destroying the unfit4 ,we who are intelligent must preserve and elevate the race by preventing the unfit from ever coming into existence at all4 ,we must replace ,nature's selective death-rate by a selective birth-rate4 ,this is merciful and supremely moral2 it means vast economy in life and money and time and suffering2 it is natural at bottom1 but it is ,nature raised to her highest power in that almost supra-natural fact--the moral intelligence of man4 ,the dilemma defined4--,the moral law1 and our natural human sympathy1 insist that we should seek to preserve all the children that come into the world1 to amplify the health of the healthy1 and to neutralise1 as far as possible1 the unfitness of the unfit4 ,a mother brings her malformed baby to the surgeon1 and he does his best to patch up the gaps left by the imperfect processes of development4 ,otherwise the baby will die4 ,who dares look that mother in the face and say 8,ah1 but it is better for the race that your child should die60 ,such a doctrine1 ,i submit1 blasphemes our humanity2 it is intolerable to any decent person who will pause to think what it means3 and yet1 in so saying1 we seem to defy ,nature with her imperative law of the survival of the fittest only4 ,pre-eugenic writers on evolution state the case in all its hardness4 ,dr4 ,archdall ,reid says that 8,if we wish to improve the individual1 we must attend to his acquirements by providing proper shelter1 food1 and training40 ,well1 we do wish to improve the individual1 and to preserve the individual6 ,we do not wish the super-man on the terms of ,nietzsche--the super-man obtained at the cost of love would turn out to be inferior to any brute-beast1 an intellectual fiend4 ,but1 ,dr4 ,reid goes on to say1 8such means will not effect an improvement of the race4444 ,on the contrary1 they will cause deterioration#c by an increased survival of the unfit40 ,the provision of 8proper shelter1 food and training0 will cause racial decadence6 ,is it not evident1 then1 that such provisions must rather be styled improper1 and that we must refrain from doing anything for the defects and needs of the individual1 lest a worse thing befall the race8 ,this is an outrageous proposition1 yet it is offered us as a necessary inference from the principle of natural selection or the survival of the fittest--which no one now dares to dispute4 ,herbert ,spencer1 to whom we owe the phrase 8the survival of the fittest10 expresses this critical difficulty as follows3 8,the law that each creature shall take the benefits and the evils of its own nature has been the law under which life has evolved thus far4 ,any arrangements which1 in a considerable degree1 prevent superiority from profiting by the rewards of superiority1 or shield inferiority from the evils it entails--any arrangements which tend to make it as well to be inferior as to be superior1 are arrangements diametrically opposed to the progress of organisation1 and the reaching of a higher life40 ,this is permanently and necessarily true1 and in our care for childhood we have to reckon with it4 ,yet even ,spencer himself did not pursue this supremely important enquiry to what ,i shall in a moment submit to be its logical and almost incredibly hopeful conclusion4 ,huxley1 writing his well-known ,romanes ,lecture1 8,evolution and ,ethics10 at a time when1 unfortunately1 he had somewhat parted company with ,spencer1 and was too ready to accept any argument that made against ,spencer's political views1 cuts the ,gordian knot in an astonishingly unsatisfactory fashion4 ,he declares that 8the ethical progress of society depends1 not on imitating the cosmic process that is1 the selection of the fittest1 still less in running away from it1 but in combating it40 ,this is shallow thinking and very poor philosophy4 ,one wonders how ,huxley can have forgotten the great dictum of ,bacon that ,nature can be commanded only by obeying her4 ,he declares that moral evolution is the direct contradiction and antithesis of the process of organic evolution hitherto4 ,he says1 8,social progress means a checking of the cosmic process at every step and the substitution for it of another1 which may be called the ethical process20 and he declares it to be a fallacy to suppose 8that because on the whole animals and plants have advanced in perfection of organisation1 by means of the struggle for existence and the consequent survival of the fittest2 therefore men in society1 men as ethical beings1 must look to the same process to help them towards perfection40 ,with all this ,huxley offers us no real solution whatever1 no hint that he has realised in any degree what must be the consequences of indiscriminate survival4 ,it is astonishing how personal bias1 so alien to the whole character of the man as a rule1 blinded him to a solution which1 as it seems to me1 stared him in the face4 ,assuredly we can transmute and elevate and raise to its highest power what he calls the cosmic process1 and can reconcile cosmic with ethical evolution1 by extending to the unfit all our sympathy but forbidding them parenthood4 ,i deny that the provision of a proper environment for the individual entails racial deterioration4 ,cosmic and moral evolution are compatible if1 whilst caring for each individual1 whether maim1 halt1 blind1 or insane1 and whilst admitting the categorical imperative of the law of love which demands our care for him1 we continue to obey the indication of ,nature1 which forbids such an individual to perpetuate his infirmity4 ,nature has no choice2 if she is to avert the coming of the unfit race she must summarily extinguish its potential ancestor1 but we can prohibit the reproduction of his infirmity whilst doing all we can for the success of his individual life4 ,this is the ideal course indicated and approved by biology and morality alike4 ,the eugenic reconciliation4--,i submit1 then1 that there is no inconsistency in fighting simultaneously for the preservation and care of all babies and all children without discrimination of any kind--and1 on the other hand1 in declaring that1 if the degeneration of the race is to be averted1 still more if racial1 which is the only sure1 progress1 is to be attained1 we must have the worthy and only the worthy to be the parents of the future4 ,i submit further that only the eugenist can maintain his position in this matter at the present day4 ,on his one hand is the improvident humanitarian with his feeling heart1 he who1 seeing misery and disease and death1 whether in babyhood1 childhood1 or at any other time of life1 seeks to improve the environment and so relieve these evils4 ,close beside this wholly indiscriminate humanitarianism is that which declares that with childhood is the future and therefore devotes its energies especially to the young1 is grateful for every baby born1 whatever its state1 and when adult years are reached1 assumes that all will be well for the future1 though the principle of natural selection is thus made of none effect4 ,on the other side of the eugenists stand those whom we may for short call the ,nietzscheans4 ,they see one-half of the truth of natural selection2 they see that through struggle and internecine war1 species have hitherto maintained themselves or ascended4 ,they declare that all improvement of the environment1 or at any rate all humanitarian effort1 tends to abrogate the struggle for existence1 and even1 as is only too often true1 to select unworth and let worth go to the wall4 ,this school then declares that infant mortality is a blessing and charity an unmitigated curse4 ,in short1 that we must go back as quickly as possible to the order of the beast4 ,between these two1 surely1 the eugenist stands1 declaring that each has a great truth1 but that his teaching1 and his alone1 involves their co-ordination and reconciliation4 ,he agrees with the humanitarian that no child should cry or starve or work or die--or at any rate this particular eugenist does--and he agrees with the ,nietzschean that to abrogate1 and still more1 to reverse1 the principle of natural selection1 is to set our faces for the goal of racial death4 ,but further1 the eugenist declares that the indiscriminate humanitarian1 blind to the truth which the ,nietzschean sees1 would heap up1 if permitted1 disaster upon disaster2 whilst he repudiates as horrible and ghastly the ,nietzschean doctrine that morality must go by the board if the race is to be raised3--that we must be damned to be saved4 ,our age is now awakening1 at last1 to the cry of the children4 ,the tendency of legislation and opinion in every civilised country is one and the same4 ,for this humanitarianism let only him who thinks of any child as a brat refuse to give thanks4 ,but it is the business of all who1 whilst loving children and still in love with love1 are yet acquainted with the principles of organic evolution--in short1 the business of all humane men of science1 men of science who have not ceased to be human--whilst aiding1 abetting and directing this humanitarian effort by every means in their power1 to teach and preach1 in season and out of season1 that unless meanwhile we make terms with the principle of selection1 the choice of worth for parents1 and the rejection of the unworthy1 not as individuals but as parents1 we shall assuredly breed for posterity1 whose lives and happiness and moral welfare are in our hands1 evils that can adequately neither be named nor numbered4 ,already1 together with much blessed good1 this indiscriminate humanitarianism has done much evil4 ,many of our most instant and1 for this generation1 insoluble problems are the lamentable fruit of this inherently good thing4 ,the eugenist declares that this fruit is not necessary1 that if it were necessary he could see no way out of our morass and would echo the half-wish of ,huxley for some kindly comet that should put a term to human history altogether2 and1 in short1 that only by the eugenic means can the humanitarian end be attained4 ,during the last year or two of the campaign against infant mortality many things have become clear1 and none clearer than the fundamental compatibility between this campaign and the principles of eugenics4 ,as these two efforts wall be predominant in the real politics of all the years to come1 a few more words must here be devoted to the relation between them4 ,granted that the highest of all objects is the making of worthy human beings1 it is quite evident that we must attend equally to the two factors which determine all human life--heredity and environment4 ,eugenics stands for the principle of heredity--the principle that the right children shall be born4 ,the campaign against infant mortality stands for a good environment#d--so that children1 when born1 may survive and thrive4 ,obviously eugenics would be of no use if the children could not survive1 and no human infant can survive unless it be born into a moral environment3 no motherhood1 no man4 ,the two campaigns1 then1 are strictly complementary4 ,we must endeavour to rid ourselves of the popular notion that the whole result of the campaign against infant mortality can be measured by the number of babies whose death is prevented4 ,the infant mortality is merely an index of a widespread social disease--an index and an extreme symptom4 ,but for every baby killed many are damaged2 and to remove the causes of infant mortality is to remove the causes which at present effect the deterioration of millions of human beings4 ,the eugenic campaign1 then1 without the other would be almost futile4 ,the time for eugenics4--,on our principles the eugenic question can be decently raised only before conception4 ,the unyoked germ-cells of any individual1 though alive1 are not entitled to claim protection from the principle that life is sacred4 ,it is permitted to allow them to die2 but from the moment of conception a new individual has been formed--a new living human individual1 even though it only consists of a single cell1 product of the union of the parental germ-cells3 and we shall not be safe unless we regard this being as sacred and its destruction--except in order to save the life of the mother--as murder1 even at this as at any later stage4 ,if the eugenist should raise his voice1 and say that this individual should not be born1 he must be regarded exactly as if he were to recommend infanticide or the lethal chamber for unfit individuals4 ,in such a case he would have entirely mistaken the whole principle of 7negative7 eugenics1 which is not to elevate the race by the destruction of the unfit1 at any stage1 ante-natal or post-natal1 but to do so by prohibiting the conception of the unfit4 ,directly the new human individual is formed the eugenic question is too late in that case4 ,it is now the eugenist's duty1 because it is every one's duty1 to regard the new individual1 whether born or yet unborn1 as an end in himself or herself4 ,but when the question arises whether that individual is to become a parent1 then the eugenic question can and must be raised4 ,circumstances might arise in which 8case-law0 might be applicable4 ,it might be thought better to destroy the syphilitic child rather than allow it to come into the world4 ,but we cannot make these distinctions4 ,the question is simply one of expediency1 and the only expedient thing is that there shall be no paltering with the principle that when a new human life is conceived our duty is to preserve it1 whether it were conceived only twenty-four hours ago or whether it be a decrepit and helpless centenarian4 ,the instant we let this principle go we are proposing to revert to ,nature's method of keeping up the level of a race by murder4 ,it is improper1 then1 for any one on eugenic grounds to protest against proposals for the arrest of infant mortality4 ,he should have spoken sooner2 at this stage he must hold his peace4 ,the two campaigns complementary4--,yet further3 not only is it evident that the campaign against infant mortality 7which is1 in a word1 the campaign for the provision of a proper environment for the young7 is obviously necessary for the fulfilment of the eugenic ideal--since what would be the good of choosing the right parents if their children are then to be slain8--but it can be shown conversely that the object of those who are working against infant mortality can never be fully attained except by means of eugenics4 ,eugenics apart1 we can and shall reduce the infant mortality to a mere fraction of what it is at present1 by preventing the destruction of that great majority of babies who are born healthy4 ,even1 however1 when we have provided an ideal environment for every baby that comes into the world1 we shall not have abolished infant mortality1 since there will always remain a proportion1 say ten per cent41 whom not even an ideal environment can save4 ,they should never have been conceived4 ,at the ,infantile ,mortality ,conference held in ,london in #aijh1 this was clearly recognised by more than one speaker4 ,the maternalist must have the eugenist to help him if his ideal is to be attained4 ,not only is the ideal of the two campaigns one and the same2 not only is each necessary for the other1 but their methods are the same4 ,it is true that at first this was not evident1 since when we began to fight against infant mortality many temporary expedients of no eugenic relevance were adopted1 such as the crche and the infant milk depot4 ,but in the interval between the ,conferences of #aijf and #aijh many things became clear3 so that1 whereas the papers at the first ,conference were only accidentally connected1 the programme of the second proceeded upon a principle--the principle of the supremacy of motherhood4 ,we see now that the one fundamental method by which infantile mortality may be checked is by the elevation of motherhood4 ,in the words of our ,president1 ,mr4 ,john ,burns1 8you must glorify1 dignify1 and purify motherhood by every means in your power40 ,thus the first two papers read at the first morning's meeting of the ,conference--a brief paper by the present writer on 8,the ,human ,mother10 and an admirable paper by ,miss ,alice ,ravenhill on 8,education for ,motherhood0--might equally well have been read at a ,eugenics ,conference4 ,the opponent of infant mortality and the eugenist appeal to the same principle and avow the same creed3 that parenthood is sacred1 that it must not be casually undertaken1 that it demands the most assiduous preparation of body and intellect and emotions4 ,when1 at last1 these principles are believed and acted upon1 infant mortality will be a thing of the past and national eugenics a thing of the present4 ,it is essential in this first general study of the subject to state the true nature of the relation between these two campaigns1 to which every succeeding year of the present century will find more and more attention devoted4 ,between them they succeed in beginning at the beginning1 and it would be a disaster1 indeed1 if they were incompatible4 ,on the contrary1 they are complementary and mutually indispensable4 ,as the years go on they will engage between them the sympathy and the assistance of all serious people4 ,in the year #aijg infant mortality was first named in a speech by a ,prime ,minister1 and in that same year it was first mentioned in the ,christmas-,day sermon at ,st4 ,paul's ,cathedral2 in that year also ,parliament passed the ,early ,notification of ,births ,act1 the first substantial legislative provision which sets our feet on the road towards the goal of a true national estimate of the value of parenthood4 ,we are about to discover that the true politics is domestics1 since there is no wealth but life and life begins at home4 ,we are going to have the right kind of life born1 and we are going to take care of it when it is born4 ,we shall raise a generation which looks upon the ordinary money-changing politician as an impudent public nuisance1 and the brutal1 blood-stained ,imperialist1 shouting about the ,empire which his very existence almost suffices to condemn1 whilst he battens on the cannibal sale of alcoholic poison to babies and the mothers of future babies1 as the very type of those traitors--they of its own household--who have helped to destroy every ,empire in history4 ,we propose to rebuild the living foundations of empire4 ,to this end we shall preach a ,new ,imperialism1 warning ,england to beware lest her veins become choked with yellow dirt1 and demanding that over all her legislative chambers there be carved the more than golden words1 8,there is no ,wealth but ,life40 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,natural ,,selection ,,and ,,the ,,law ,,of ,,love 8,truth justifies herself2 and as she dwells ,with hope1 who would not follow where she leads80 ,wordsworth4 8,la plus haute tche de l'action morale est le travail pour le bien des gnrations futures40--,forel4 ,before looking more closely than we are commonly apt to do at the meaning of the phrases 8natural selection0 and 8survival of the fittest10 let us exercise the right of man the moral being1 as distinguished from man the scientist or observer of ,nature1 to pass ethical judgments upon the facts which it is the business of all the sciences1 except ethics itself1 merely to record and interpret in and for themselves4 ,we are beginning at last1 half a century after the publication of the ,origin of ,species in #ahei1 to realise the power of the law of selection2 what is the moral judgment which is to be passed upon it8 ,in a passage from the last page of ,herbert ,spencer's ,autobiography1 we find words which may be quoted on both sides3 8,when we think of the myriads of years of the ,earth's past1 during which have arisen and passed away low forms of creatures1 small and great1 which1 murdering and being murdered1 have gradually evolved1#e how shall we answer the question--,to what end80 8,murdering and being murdered0 suggests the adverse1 and 8have gradually evolved10 the favourable1 ethical judgment4 ,many thinkers1 finding ,nature 8so careless of the single life10 finding the murderous struggle for existence the dominant fact of the history of the living world1 return an adverse verdict4 ,amongst them are to be found not merely those who are inclined1 by temperament or imperfect education1 to rebellion against any conclusions of science1 but also1 as we saw in the second chapter1 such a great biologist as ,huxley4 ,in another part of the lecture already cited he says that the ,stoics failed to see 8444 that cosmic nature is no school of virtue1 but the headquarters of the enemy of ethical nature4 ,the logic of facts was necessary to convince them that the cosmos works through the lower nature of man1 not for righteousness1 but against it4444 ,the practice of that which is ethically best--what we call goodness or virtue--involves a course of conduct which1 in all respects1 is opposed to that which leads to success in the cosmic struggle for existence40 ,in other words1 honesty is the worst policy3 and to worship natural selection is to deify the devil4 ,the reader will realise that1 if we are to succeed in establishing the claim of natural selection to be the natural model upon which those who desire the progress of society are to base their policy1 it is necessary to controvert the doctrine that natural selection is an anti-moral process4 ,but let us hear the other side4 ,the directly contrary view1 then1 is taken that though1 truly enough1 there has been and is much 8murdering and being murdered10 yet organisms 8have gradually evolved0 towards fitness for their surroundings1 or the milieu environnant of ,lamarck1 which we translate environment2 and that since fitness or adaptation obviously makes for happiness1 and since the moral being man has himself been thus evolved1 the process of natural selection1 8murdering and being murdered0 notwithstanding1 is essentially beneficent4 ,the controversy is embittered and complicated by the fact that ultimate questions of religion and philosophy are involved4 ,is the ,universe moral1 as ,emerson asserted it was1 or is it immoral8 ,a recent opponent of the orthodox creed of a benevolent ,deity teaches that 8,the ,lesson of ,evolution0 is to disprove the idea of benevolence behind or in ,nature3 8,the story of life has been a story of pain and cruelty of the most ghastly description40 ,the age-long fact of 8murdering and being murdered0 is the weapon with which he attacks the theist3 who1 per contra1 points to the beneficent result1 the exquisite adaptation of all species to the circumstances of their life1 and the evolution of love itself4 ,we may remind ourselves of those great lines of ,mr4 ,george ,meredith1 8444 sure reward ,we have whom knowledge crowns2 ,who see in mould the rose unfold1 ,the soul through blood and tears40 ,the one camp points to the 8blood and tears0 and asks for a verdict accordingly4 ,the other points to 8the soul0 as their product1 and asks for a verdict accordingly4 ,but surely we need only to have the case fairly stated1 in order to realise that the 8blood and tears0 are true but only half the truth1 8the soul0 true but only half the truth4 ,natural ,selection is a colossal paradox--the doing evil that good may come4 ,the evil is undoubtedly done1 and the good undoubtedly comes4 ,is not this the only verdict that is in consonance with all the facts8 ,is it not less than philosophic to look at the process alone1 or to look at the result alone8 ,is any real end to be served by the incessant cry that we should keep our eyes fixed on the 8blood and tears0 alone1 or on 8the soul0 alone8 ,is not the poet right when he says that the sure reward of knowledge is not to see either half of the truth as if it were the whole1 but to see unfold 8the soul through blood and tears80 ,any attempt to cast up accounts between the evil of the process and the good of the result--especially any attempt based on the assumption that the process has yet achieved its final result--would be not only premature in the eyes of those who can look forwards1 but would be irrelevant to our present enquiry4 ,i certainly am with those who repudiate as misleading ,mill's description of ,nature as a 8vast slaughter-house10 and will declare that1 apart from self-conscious and supremely sensitive man1 it is easy to exaggerate the misery and to minimise the joy of the sub-human world4 ,but our business here is with the process and its results in man himself1 in whom alone are possible the heights of ecstasy and the depths of agony3 and the thesis--the sublime thesis1 we may avouch--of the present discussion is that1 whatever the balance between the evil of the process of ,natural ,selection and the good of its results in the natural state1 yet when it is transmuted1 as it may be1 by the moral intelligence of man1 according to the principles of race-culture or eugenics1 the good of the result can be attained1 more abundantly and incomparably more rapidly1 than ever heretofore1 whilst the evil of the process can be abolished altogether4 ,true or false1 is this not a sublime thesis8 ,nature must be cruel to be kind4--,if organic fitness or adaptation to the circumstances of life is to be secured1 ,nature must choose for future parents1 out of every new generation1 only those whose inborn characters make for this adaptation1 and who1 in virtue of the fact we call heredity1 will tend to transmit this fitness to their offspring4 ,now it is often convenient to personify ,nature1 but we must not be misled4 ,the process is really an automatic1 not an intelligently directed one4 ,in order that it shall be possible1 certain conditions must obtain4 ,the choice or selection depends not merely upon the provision of a variety from which to choose--this being afforded by what is called variation1 which is the correlative of heredity1 both being obvious facts in any well-filled nursery--but also upon the production of more young creatures than there is or will be room for4 7,if there be room for all1 so that all survive1 there can be no selection1 and instead of survival of the fittest there will be indiscriminate survival47 ,the choice is effected amongst this superfluity by an internecine 8struggle for existence03 hence the 8murdering and being murdered10 hence the 8blood and tears40 ,the motor force of the whole process may be symbolised as the 8will to life10 ever seeking to realise itself in more abundance and with more success--with more and more approximation to perfect adaptation4 ,the will to death is no ingredient of the will to life4 ,nature is1 so to say1 by no means desirous of the process of 8murdering and being murdered03 very much on the contrary4 ,it is life1 more life1 and fitter life1 that is her desire3 the 8murdering and being murdered10 the 8blood and tears0 are no part of her aim4 ,but they are inevitable1 though lamentable1 if her aim is to be realised4 ,she must be cruel to be kind--a little cruel to be very kind4#f ,it is imaginable1 though no more1 that natural selection1 in certain circumstances1 might have worked otherwise3 the penalty for less as against greater fitness might imaginably have been not death but merely sterility--the denial of future parenthood4 ,this is the ideal of race-culture4 ,had this been possible1 ,nature could have effected her end1 which is fitter and fuller life1 without having incidentally to mete out premature death to such an overwhelming majority of all her creatures4 ,but1 actually1 this was not possible3 and1 unless the end was to be sacrificed1 ,nature was compelled--to keep up the figure--summarily to kill right and left4 ,permitted to reach maturity1 the unfit as well as the fit would multiply2 and since1 in general1 the lower the form of life the greater its fertility1 the species could not possibly advance1 or even maintain itself at the level already gained4 ,to drop the figure1 the process is a mechanical and automatic one1 and its appalling wastefulness and indisputable cruelty are inevitably involved1 whilst it so remains4 ,intelligence may be kind to be kinder4--,but--and here is the great event--this mechanical1 automatic1 non-intelligent process has latterly given birth to intelligence1 the moral intelligence of man3 and the question now to be answered is1 what modification can intelligence effect in the moral-immoral process that has created it8 ,must intelligence abrogate that process altogether1 as ,huxley declares1 on the grounds of its murderous methods8 ,must intelligence simply look on1 recognise1 but not reconstruct8 ,must intelligence reverse the process--as indeed it is now doing in many cases--so that in the new environment of which itself is a factor1 that which formerly was unfitness shall become fitness1 and vice vers8 ,or is it conceivable that intelligence can transmute the process1 so that1 whilst hitherto mechanical1 automatic1 and therefore inevitably murderous1 it shall become intelligent1 pressing towards the sublime end1 and reforming the murderous means8 ,hear ,mr4 ,galton himself 7,sociological ,papers1 #aije1 p4 #eb73-- 8,purely passive1 or what may be styled mechanical evolution1 displays the awe-inspiring spectacle of a vast eddy of organic turmoil 444 it is moulded by blind and wasteful processes1 namely1 by an extravagant production of raw material and the ruthless rejection of all that is superfluous1 through the blundering steps of trial and error4444 ,evolution is in any case a grand phantasmagoria1 but it assumes an infinitely more interesting aspect under the knowledge that the intelligent action of the human will is1 in some small measure1 capable of directing its course4 ,man has the power of doing this largely so far as the evolution of humanity is concerned2 he has already affected the quality and distribution of organic life so widely that the changes on the surface of the earth1 merely through his disforestings and agriculture1 would be recognisable from a distance as great as that of the moon40 ,hear also ,sir ,e4 ,ray ,lankester1 in the ,romanes ,lecture#g for #aije3 8,man is 444 a product of the definite and orderly evolution which is universal1 a being resulting from and driven by the one great nexus of mechanism which we call ,nature4 ,he stands alone1 face to face with that relentless mechanism4 ,it is his destiny to understand and to control it40 8,nature's insurgent son10 ,professor ,lankester calls man in this lecture3 and yet again there recurs that mighty aphorism of ,bacon1 which might well be printed on every page of these chapters1 8,nature is to be commanded only by obeying her40 ,the struggle for existence is the terrible fact of ,nature1 but is only a means to an end4 ,it is our destiny to command the end whilst humanising the means4 ,the struggle for existence4--,the ideal of eugenics or race-culture is to abolish the brutal elements of the struggle for existence whilst gaining its great end4 ,the nature of this struggle is commonly misapprehended and1 as ,i cannot improve upon the words of ,professor ,lankester1 ,i shall freely use them in the attempt to show what it really is4 ,he says3-- 8,the world1 the earth's surface1 is practically full1 that is to say1 fully occupied4 ,only one pair of young can grow up to take the place of the pair--male and female--which have launched a dozen1 or it may be as many as a hundred thousand1 young individuals on the world4444 ,the #8struggle for existence' of ,darwin is the struggle amongst all the superabundant young of a given species1 in a given area1 to gain the necessary food1 to escape voracious enemies1 and gain protection from excesses of heat1 cold1 moisture1 and dryness4 ,one pair in the new generation--only one pair--survive for every parental pair4 ,animal population does not increase3 #8,increase and multiply' has never been said by ,nature to her lower creatures4 ,locally1 and from time to time1 owing to exceptional changes1 a species may multiply here and decrease there2 but it is important to realise that the #8struggle for existence' in ,nature--that is to say1 among the animals and plants of this earth untouched by man--is a desperate one1 however tranquil and peaceful the battlefield may appear to us4 ,the struggle for existence takes place1 not as a clever ,french writer glibly informs his readers1 between different species1 but between individuals of the same species1 brothers and sisters and cousins4444 ,in ,nature's struggle for existence1 death1 immediate obliteration1 is the fate of the vanquished1 whilst the only reward to the victors--few1 very few1 but rare and beautiful in the fitness which has carried them to victory--is the permission to reproduce their kind--to carry on by heredity to another generation the specific qualities by which they triumphed4 8,it is not generally realised how severe is the pressure and competition in ,nature--not between different species1 but between the immature population of one and the same species1 precisely because they are of the same species and have exactly the same needs4444 ,a distinctive quality in the beauty of natural productions 7in which man delights7 is due to the unobtrusive yet tremendous slaughter of the unfit which is incessantly going on and the absolute restriction of the privilege of parentage to the happy few who attain to the standard described as #8the fittest4'0 ,the survival of the fittest4--,now let us look closely at this most famous of all ,spencer's phrases1 8the survival of the fittest10 and try to understand its full and exact meaning4 ,there is no phrase in any language so frequently misinterpreted4 ,even a writer who should know better makes this mistake4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,g4 ,wells speaks#h of 8that same lack of a fine appreciation of facts that enabled ,herbert ,spencer to coin those two most unfortunate terms ,evolution and the ,survival of the ,fittest4 ,the implication is that the best reproduces and survives4 ,now really it is the better that survives and not the best40 ,what the correction is supposed to signify ,i do not know1 but the whole passage is nonsense4 ,the implication is neither that the best nor the better survive1 but the fittest--or if ,mr4 ,wells prefers1 for it matters not one whit--the fitter4 ,this lack of a fine appreciation of words is not1 unfortunately1 peculiar to ,mr4 ,wells4 ,there is no word in the language that more exactly expresses the fact than the word fittest3 as ,darwin recognised when he promptly incorporated ,spencer's phrase in the second edition of the ,origin of ,species as the best interpretation of his own phrase 8natural selection06#i ,fitness is the capacity to fit3 a thing that is fit is a thing that fits4 ,a living creature survives in proportion as it fits its environment--the physical environment in the case of vegetables and the lower animals1 the physical1 social1 intellectual and moral environment in the case of man4 ,the kind of glove that most perfectly fits the hand is the fittest glove and will survive in the struggle for existence between gloves4 ,if1 instead of a glove1 we take a living creature1 say a microbe1 the kind of microbe that best fits into the environment provided by1 say1 human blood1 is the fittest and will survive and be the cause of our commonest disease4 ,thus the tubercle bacillus is at once the fittest microbe and1 not the best1 but the worst4 ,among ourselves1 the newspaper devoted to yesterday's murder is the fittest and survives1 ousting the newspaper which reckons with the crucifixion1 or the murder of ,socrates or ,bruno4 ,in a society of blackguardism1 the biggest blackguard is the fittest man and will survive3 he is also the worst4 ,in another society the best man is the fittest and survives4 ,the capacity to fit into the environment is the capacity that determines survival3 it has no moral connotation whatever4 ,if ,herbert ,spencer had written the survival of the better1 as ,mr4 ,wells desires1 he would have written palpable nonsense3 as it was he used the fittest word--in this case also the best1 because the truest4 ,referring to the queen-bee1 who destroys her own daughters1 ,darwin says1 8undoubtedly this is for the good of the community2 maternal love or maternal hatred1 though the latter fortunately is most rare1 is all the same to the inexorable principle of natural selection40 ,if natural selection were the survival of the better1 as ,mr4 ,wells would have us believe1 there would be nothing for eugenics or race-culture to do3 and heaven would long ago have come to earth4 ,if in all ages the better men and women had survived and become parents1 earth would long ago have become a demi-paradise indeed1 there would have been no arrests1 no reversals in the history of human progress1 and life would be already what1 some day1 it will be1 when there is achieved the eugenic ideal--which is precisely that the best or better members of our race shall be the selected for the supreme profession of parenthood4 ,in other words1 the eugenic ideal1 the ideal of race-culture1 is to ensure that the fittest shall be the best4 ,always1 everywhere1 without a solitary exception1 human1 animal or vegetable1 the fittest have ultimately survived and must survive4 ,once realise what is the meaning of the word fit--best seen in the verb 8to fit0--and we shall see that1 as ,herbert ,spencer pointed out in his overwhelming reply to the late ,lord ,salisbury's attack on evolution1 the idea of the survival of the fittest is a necessity of thought4#aj ,but1 alas1 the idea of the survival of the best or the better is not a necessity of thought6 ,the fittest microbes are the worst from our point of view1 because they are most inimical to the highest forms of life2 the fittest newspaper may be the worst1 because it panders to the worst but most widespread and irresponsible elements in human nature2 everything and every one that succeeds1 succeeds because it or he fits the conditions3 but to succeed is not necessarily to be good4 ,indeed everything that exists at all1 living or lifeless1 an atom or an animal1 a molecule or a moon1 exists because it can exist1 because it fits the conditions of existence3 there is no moral question involved1 but only a mechanical one4 ,the business of eugenics or race-culture is to make an environment1 conditions of law and public opinion1 such that the fittest shall be the best and the best the fittest therein4 ,if memory may be trusted1 the primary meaning of the word fit has not hitherto been called in by any one to elucidate the meaning of ,spencer's phrase3 perhaps it may be hoped that we shall at last begin to understand it1 if we remember that a thing is fit because it fits4 ,it is best not to be too sanguine1 however1 and therefore we may attempt to illustrate the case from another aspect4 ,survival-value4--,every living thing and nearly every character or feature of a living thing that survives1 survives because it has value or capacity for life--which may be called1 in ,professor ,lloyd ,morgan's phrase1 survival-value4 ,the character that gives an organism survival-value1 or value for life1 the character that enables it to fit its environment1 may be of any order4 ,the atom1 as ,i have said elsewhere1 is an organism writ small4 ,the kinds of atoms that have survived in the age-long struggle for existence between atoms are those that have survival-value on account of their internal stability3 as ,empedocles argued ages ago4 ,in the case of living things1 which individually die1 it is evident that the capacity to reproduce themselves is one of supreme survival-value4 ,if mankind lost this capacity1 all its other characters of survival-value1 such as intelligence1 would obviously avail it nought4 ,certain valuable members of society may fall short in this cardinal respect1 and therefore become extinct4 ,indeed1 other forms of survival-value1 as we shall see1 seem to be in large measure inimical to fertility3 and this is perhaps the chief obstacle to eugenics4#aa ,fertility apart1 the character having survival-value may take a thousand forms4 ,in the case of the parasitic microbe it is an evil character1 the power to produce toxins or poisons4 ,in the case of the tiger it is the possession of large and powerful bones and claws and muscles and teeth4 ,in the case of the ox it is a complicated and efficient digestive apparatus1 enabling it to fit into a food-environment which is too innutritious to sustain the life of creatures not so endowed4 ,nature seeks only the fittest2 not the best but the best-adapted2 she asks no moral questions4 ,a ,keats1 a ,spinoza1 or a ,schubert must go under if his factors of survival-value do not enable him to resist those of the tubercle bacillus1 its toxins or poisons4 ,she welcomes the parasitic tapeworm1 all hooks and mouth or stomach1 because these give it survival-value2 and so on4 ,the business of eugenics or race-culture1 then1 is to create an environment such that those characters which we desire as moral and intelligent beings shall be endowed with the highest possible survival-value1 as against those which ally so many men with the microbe and the tapeworm4 ,there are those who live in society to-day1 and reproduce their like1 in virtue of the poisons they produce1 in virtue of their tenacious hooks and voracious stomachs4 ,if society be organised so that these are factors of more survival-value than the disinterested search for truth1 or mother-love1 or the power to create great poetry or music--then1 according to the inevitable and universal law of the survival of the fittest1 our parasites will oust our poets and our poisoners our philosophers4 ,these things have happened and may happen again at any time4 ,it does not matter that the good thing1 in virtue of survival-value then superior1 has been evolved4 ,nature never gives a final verdict in favour of good or bad but only and always in favour of the fit4 ,let the conditions change1 so that rapacity fits them better than righteousness1 or--as in a completely 8collectivist0 state--vegetableness rather than virility1 and the thing we call high will go under before the thing we call low4 ,nature recognises neither high nor low but only fitness or value for life in the conditions that actually obtain4 ,these laws enthroned and dethroned the civilisations of the past3 they have enthroned and may dethrone us4 ,but this end is not inevitable1 since man--and this is his great character--not merely reacts to his environment1 as all creatures must1 but can create and recreate it4 ,the business of eugenics or race-culture is to create an environment such that the human characters of which the human spirit approves shall in it outweigh those of which we disapprove4 ,make it fittest to be best and the best will win--not because it is the best1 but because it is the fittest3 had the worst been the fittest it would have won4 ,in society to-day both forms of the process may be observed4 ,the balance between them determines its destiny4 ,it is the business of eugenics to throw the whole weight of human purpose into the scale of the good4 ,evolution not necessarily progress4--,no excessive space has been devoted to this distinction between the fittest and the best and to the real meaning of ,spencer's famous phrase1 if perchance it should avail in any degree to dispel one of the commonest of the many common delusions regarding the nature of organic evolution and its outcome4 ,this delusion is that progress is an inevitable law of nature4#ab ,the great process of history1 as revealed by biology1 displays as its supreme fact the occurrence of progress4 ,the principles of evolution teach that this progress--as1 for instance1 in the evolution of man--is a product of the survival of the fittest2 whilst we are also reminded that the survival of the fittest is a necessary truth3 but it does not follow that progress is inevitable4 ,in the first place1 natural selection involves selection4 ,where all the young members of a new generation of any species survive1 and parenthood becomes not a privilege but a common and universal function1 plainly the process is in abeyance3 and1 in the second place1 since the survival of the fittest is not the survival of the best1 but only the survival of the best adapted1 the process may at any time take the form of retrogression rather than that of progress4 ,the assumption that1 because progress has been effected through natural selection1 we need do no more than fold our hands1 or unfold them merely to applaud1 involves the denial of one of the most familiar facts of natural history--the fact of racial degeneration4 ,the parasitic microbes1 the parasitic worms1 the barnacles1 innumerable living creatures both animal and vegetable1 individuals and races of mankind1 to-day as in all ages--these prove only too clearly that the process of the survival of the fittest may make as definitely for retrogression in one case as for progress in another4 ,by all means let us infer from the facts of organic evolution the conclusion that further progress must surely be possible1 so much progress having already been achieved as is represented by the difference between inorganic matter or the amba or microbe on the one hand1 and man on the other hand4 ,but let us most earnestly beware of the false and disastrous optimism which should suppose that because the survival of the fittest has often1 and indeed most often1 meant the survival of the best1 it means always that and nothing else4 ,on the contrary1 we must learn that1 even in natural circumstances1 apart from any interference by man1 the survival of the fittest often means racial degeneration--a tapeworm kept in spirits should stand upon the study mantelpiece of all who think with ,mr4 ,wells that the survival of the fittest means the survival of the better2 and still more notably we must learn that the interference of man in the case of his own species1 sometimes of evil intent1 sometimes for the highest ends1 with the process of natural selection1 has repeatedly led1 and is now in large part leading1 to nothing other than that process of racial degeneration of which the tapeworm and the barnacle should be our perpetual reminders4 ,the case becomes serious enough when man interferes with the process of selection merely with the effect of suspending it1 wholly or in part3 but it becomes far more serious when his interference constitutes a reversal of the process4 ,this most supremely disastrous of all conceivable consequences of man's intelligence and moral sense is known as reversed selection1 and must be carefully studied hereafter4 ,meanwhile1 we must devote some space to a most important consideration--namely1 that though ,nature is impartial in her choice1 and will1 for instance1 allow the poisons of a microbe such as the tubercle bacillus to destroy the life of a ,spinoza or a ,keats or a ,schubert1 yet1 on the whole1 the survival-value of the mental1 spiritual1 or psychical in all its forms does persistently tend to outweigh that of the physical or material--of this great truth the evolution and dominance of man himself being the supreme example4 ,the very fact of progress1 which ,i would define as the emergence and increasing dominance of mind1 demonstrates--it being remembered that natural selection has no moral prejudices--that even in a world of claws and toxins the psychical must have possessed sufficient survival-value to survive4 ,it is quite evident that even the lowliest psychical characters1 such as sharpness of sensation1 discrimination1 and memory1 must be of value in the struggle for life4 ,more and more we might expect to find1 and do actually find in the course of evolution1 that creatures live by their wits1 rather than by force of bone or muscle4 ,the psychical was certainly given no unfair start--on the contrary4 ,it has had to struggle for its emergence2 it has emerged only where there has been struggle and has done so because it could--because of its superior survival-value4 ,it has the right which belongs to might--in the world of life there is no other4#ac ,by no means less evident is the inherently superior survival-value of the psychical1 if we turn from its aspects of sensation and intelligence to those which are all summed up under the word love4 ,notwithstanding ,nietzsche's mad misconception of the ,darwinian theory1 no one who has studied the facts of reproduction and its conditions in the world of life can question the incalculable survival-value of love in animal history4 ,the success of those most ancient of all societies1 of which the ant-heap and the bee-hive are the types1 depends absolutely upon the self-sacrifice of the individual4 ,if we pass upwards from the insects to the lowest vertebrates1 we find the survival-value of love proved by the comparison between various species of fish1 and its increasing importance may be traced upwards through amphibia1 reptiles1 birds and mammals in succession1 up to man4 ,natural selection thus actually selects morality4 ,without love no baby could live for twenty-four hours4 ,every human being that exists or ever has existed or ever will exist is a product of mother-love or foster-mother-love1 and ,i am well entitled to say1 as ,i have so often said1 no morals1 no man4 ,the creature in whom organic morality is at its height has become the lord of the earth in virtue of that morality which natural selection has selected1 not from any moral bias1 but because of its superior survival-value4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,the ,,selection ,,of ,,mind 8,many are the mighty things1 but none is mightier than man4444 ,he conquers by his devices the tenant of the fields40--,sophocles4 8,l'homme n'est qu'un roseau1 le plus faible de la ,nature2 mais c'est un roseau pensant40--,pascal4 8,the soul of all improvement is the improvement of the soul40--,burchell4 ,whereas1 in its beginning1 mind1 or the psychical in all its aspects1 was merely a useful property of body1 all organic progress may be conceived in terms of a change in this original relation between them4 ,in man1 the mental or psychical has become the essential thing1 and the body its servant4 ,we are well prepared1 then1 to accept the proposition that in our own day and for our own species1 the plane upon which natural selection works has largely been transferred1 and1 indeed1 if any further progress is to be effected1 must be transferred1 from the bodily or physical to the mental or psychical4 ,a certain most remarkable fact in the anatomy of man may be cited1 as we shall see1 in support of this proposition4 ,we need not venture upon the controversial ground of the relation or ultimate unity of mind and body2 nor need we set up any suggestion of antagonism between them4 ,all1 however1 are absolutely agreed that the psychical in all its forms1 whatever it really be1 has a consistent relation of the most intimate kind with that part of the body which we call the nervous system4 ,for our present purposes the nature of this relation matters nothing at all1 and in place of the phrase1 the 8selection of mind10 ,i should be quite content1 if the reader so prefers1 to speak of the selection of nerve or nervous selection4 ,and if ,i may for a moment anticipate the conclusion1 we may say that1 in and for the future1 the process of selection for life and parenthood1 as it occurs in mankind1 must be based1 if the highest results are to be obtained1 upon the principle that the selection of bodily qualities other than those of the nervous system is of value only in so far as these serve the nervous or psychical qualities4 ,for practical and for theoretical purposes we must accept the dictum of ,professor ,forel that 8the brain is the man0--or1 to be more accurate and less epigrammatic1 the nervous system is the man4 ,if1 then1 we counsel or approve of any selection of bone or muscle or digestion1 or any other bodily organ or function2 if we select for physical health1 physical energy1 longevity1 or immunity from disease--our estimate of these things1 one and all1 must be wholly determined by the services which they can perform for the nervous system1 whether as its instruments1 its guarantors of health and persistence1 or otherwise4 ,but we are not to regard any of these things as ends in themselves--notwithstanding the fact that this temptation will constantly beset us4 ,so to do is implicitly to deny and renounce the supreme character of man--which is that1 in him1 mind or nervous system is the master1 and the rest of the body1 with all its attributes1 the servant4 ,the body still necessary4--,should anyone suppose that the principles here laid down would speedily involve us1 if executed1 in a host of disasters1 let him reconsider that conclusion4 ,utterly ignorant or jocose persons have hinted1 more or less definitely1 that if a race of mankind were to be bred for brains1 the product would be a most misbegotten creature approaching as near as possible--and that imperfectly enough--to the ideal of disembodied thought1 a creature monstrous as to head1 impotent and puny as to limbs1 and1 in effect1 the least effective of living creatures4 ,this supposition may be commended as the last word in the way of nonsense4 ,it depends upon an abysmal ignorance of the necessary and permanent relations which subsist between mind and body4 ,it assumes that the healthy mind can be obtained without the healthy body2 it is totally unaware that the nervous system cannot work properly unless the blood be well aerated by active lungs and distributed by a healthy heart2 that unless certain glands1 of which these people have never heard1 are acting properly1 the nervous system falls into decadence1 and the man becomes an imbecile4 ,to breed for brains is most assuredly to breed for body too3 only that the end in view will guide us as to what points of body to breed for4 ,for instance1 it would prevent us from having any foolish ambitions as to increasing the stature of the race1 or the average weight of its muscular apparatus4 ,stature may be a point to breed for in the race-culture of giraffes and muscle in the race-culture of the hippopotamus3 but such bodily characters are of no moment for man1 who is above all things a mind4 ,whilst we shall pay little attention to these1 we or our descendants will be abundantly concerned with the preservation and culture of those many bodily characters upon which the health and vigour and sanity and durability of the nervous system depend4 ,further1 notwithstanding all the nonsense that has been written concerning the man of the future1 with bald and swollen head1 be-goggled eyes1 toothless gums1 and wicker-work skeleton1 those who know the alphabet of physiology and psychology are warranted in believing that wisely to breed for brains will be to breed for beauty too--not of the skin-deep but of the mind-deep variety--and also for grace and energy and versatility of physique4 ,those who worship brawn as brawn may be commended to the ox2 those who respect brawn as the instrument of brain1 and value it not by its horse-power but by its capacity as the agent of purpose1 will find nothing to complain of in the kinds of men and women whom a wise eugenics has for its ideal4 ,the erect attitude4--,and now we must briefly consider that 8most remarkable fact in the anatomy of man0 to which allusion was made in the first paragraph4 ,it is that1 as the most philosophic anatomists are now coming to believe1 the body of man actually represents the goal of physical evolution4 ,of course the common opinion is1 quite apart from science1 that man is the highest of creatures1 and that there is no more to be expected4 ,but the doctrine of evolution regards man as the latest1 not necessarily the last1 term in an age-long process which is by no means completed1 and from the evolutionary point of view it is thus a daring and1 at first hearing1 a preposterous thing to say that1 so far as the physical aspects of organic evolution are concerned1 the body of man apparently represents the logical and final conclusion of the age-long process which has produced it4 ,let us attempt very briefly to outline the argument4 ,we may say that a great step was taken when from the chaos of the invertebrate or backbone-less animals there emerged the first vertebrates4 ,this unquestionably occurred in the sea1 the first backbone being evolved in a fish-like creature which1 in the course of time1 developed two lateral fins4 ,these became modified into two pairs of limbs1 the sole function of which was locomotion4 ,in the next group of vertebrates1 the amphibia--such as the frog--we see these limbs terminating each in five digits4 7,the frog1 so to say1 decided that we should count in tens47 ,now some creatures have specialised their limbs at the cost of certain fingers4 ,the horse1 for instance1 walks on the nails 7the hoofs7 of its middle fingers and its middle toes4 ,in the main line of ascent1 however1 none of these precious fingers 7and toes7--how precious let the typist or the pianist say--have been sacrificed4 ,there has been1 however1 in later ages a tendency towards the specialisation of the front limbs4 ,used for locomotion at times1 they are also used for grasping and tearing and holding1 as in the case of the tiger1 a member of the carnivora1 a relatively late and high group of mammals4 ,but the carnivore does not carry its food to its mouth1 and the cat carries her kittens in her mouth and not with her paws4 ,in the apes and monkeys1 however1 this specialisation goes further1 and things are actually carried by the hands to the mouth--a very great advance on the tiger1 who fixes his food with his 8hands10 and then carries his mouth to it4 ,food to mouth instead of mouth to food is a much later stage in evolution1 a fact which may be recalled when we watch the table manners of certain people4 ,finally1 in man the specialisation reaches its natural limit by the complete liberation of the fore-limbs from the purposes of locomotion--though the crawling gait of a child recalls the base degrees by which we did ascend4 ,this great change depends upon an alteration in the axis of the body4 ,the first fishes1 like present fishes1 were horizontal animals1 but gradually the axis has become altered1 in the main line of progress1 until the semi-erect apes yield to man the erect1 or 8man the erected10 as ,stevenson called him4 ,the son of horizontal animals1 he is himself vertical3 the 8pronograde0 has become 8orthograde40 ,thus the phrase1 8the ascent of man10 may be read in two senses4 ,this capital fact has depended upon a shifting of the centre of gravity of the body1 which in adult man lies behind the hip-joints1 whereas in his ancestors and in the small baby 7still in the four-footed stage7 it lies in front of the hip-joints4 ,thus1 whilst other creatures tend naturally to fall forwards1 so that they must use their fore-limbs for support and locomotion1 the whole body of man above the hip-joints tends naturally to fall backwards1 being prevented from doing so by two great ligaments which lie in front of the hip-joints and have a unique development in man4 ,the complete erection of the spine means that the skull1 instead of being suspended in front1 is now poised upon the top of the spinal column4 ,the field of vision is enormously enlarged1 and it is possible to sweep a great extent of horizon at a moment's notice4 ,but the complete discharge of the fore-limbs from the function of locomotion has far vaster consequences1 especially as they now assume the function of educating their master1 the brain1 and enabling him to employ them for higher and higher purposes4 ,thus1 when we ask ourselves whether there is any further goal for physical evolution1 the answer is that none can be seen4 ,so far as physical evolution is concerned the goal has been attained with the erect attitude4 ,future changes in the anatomy of man will not be positive but negative4 ,there doubtless will be a certain lightening of the ship1 the casting overboard of inherited superfluities1 but that is all3 except that we may hope for certain modifications in the way of increasing the adaptation of the body to the erect attitude1 which at present bears very hardly in many ways upon the body of man1 and much more so upon the body of woman4 ,thus race-culture will certainly not aim at the breeding of physical freaks of any kind1 nor yet at such things as stature4 ,it must begin by clearly recognising what are the factors which in man possess supreme survival-value1 and it must aim at their reinforcement rather than at the maintenance of those factors which1 of dominant value in lower forms of life1 have been superseded in him4 ,a few words will suffice to show in what fashion man has already shed vital characters which1 superfluous and burdensome for him1 have in former times been of the utmost survival-value4 ,the denudation of man4--,as contrasted with the whole mass of his predecessors1 man comes into the world denuded of defensive armour1 destitute of offensive weapons1 possessed alone of the potentialities of the psychical4 ,so far as defence is concerned1 he has neither fur nor feathers nor scales1 but is the most naked and thinnest skinned of animals4 ,in his ,autobiography1 ,spencer tells us how he and ,huxley1 sitting on the cliff at ,st4 ,andrews and watching some boys bathing1 8marvelled over the fact1 seeming especially strange when they are no longer disguised by clothes1 that human beings should dominate over all other creatures and play the wonderful part they do on the earth40#ad ,but man is not only without armour against either living enemies or cold2 he is also without weapons of attack4 ,his teeth are practically worthless in this respect1 not only on account of their small size but also because his chin1 a unique possession1 and the shape of his jaws1 make them singularly unfit for catching or grasping4 ,for claws he has merely nails1 capable only of the feeblest scratching2 he can discharge no poisons from his mouth2 he cannot envelop himself in darkness in order to hide himself2 his speediest and most enduring runner is a breathless laggard4 ,and1 lastly1 he is at first almost bereft of instinct1 has to be burnt in order to dread the fire1 and cannot find his own way to the breast4 ,his sole instrument of dominance is his mind in all its attributes4 ,on the grounds thus indicated1 we must be wholly opposed to all proposals for race education and race-culture1 and to all social practices1 which assume more or less consciously that1 for all his boasting1 man is after all only an animal3 whilst we must applaud the selection and culture of the physical exactly in so far as1 but no further than1 it makes for health and strength of the psychical--or1 if the reader dislikes these expressions1 the health and strength of that particular part of the physical which we call the nervous system4 ,it used to be generally asserted that whilst1 in a civilised community1 we do not expect to find the biggest or most muscular man ,king or ,prime ,minister1 yet amongst savage tribes it is the physical1 muscle and bone and brutality1 that determines leadership4 ,this1 however1 we now know to be untrue even for the earliest stages of society that anthropologists can recognise4 ,the leader of the savage tribe is not the biggest man but the cleverest4 ,the suggestion is therefore that1 even in the earliest stages of human society1 the plane of selection has already been largely transferred from brawn to brain or from physique to psyche4 ,it has always been so1 we may be well sure4 ,the ,drift men of ,taubach1 living in the inter-glacial period1 could kill the full-grown elephant and rhinoceros4 ,says ,professor ,ranke3 8,it is the mind of man that shows itself superior to the most powerful brute force1 even where we meet him for the first time40 ,this remains true whether the brute force be displayed in brutes or in other men4 ,the great fact of intelligence1 as against material apparatus of any kind and even as against rigid instinct1 is its limitless applicability4 ,with this one instrument man achieves what without it could be achieved only by a creature who combined in his own person every kind of material apparatus1 offensive and defensive1 locomotor or what not1 which animal life1 and vegetable life too1 have invented in the past--and not even by such a creature4 ,man is a poor pedestrian1 but his mind makes locomotives which rival or surpass the fish of the sea1 the antelope on land1 if not yet the bird of the air2 his teeth are of poor quality1 but his mind supplies him with artificial ones and enables him to cook and otherwise to prepare his food4 ,all the physical methods are self-limited1 but the method of mind has no limits2 it is even more than cumulative1 and multiplies its capacities by geometrical progression4 ,the cult of muscle4--,a word must really be said here1 in accordance with all the foregoing argument1 against the recent revival of what may be called the ,cult of ,muscle4 ,this cult of muscle1 or belief in physical culture1 so called1 as the true means of race-culture1 undoubtedly requires to have its absurd pretensions censured4 ,we now have many flourishing schools of physical culture which desire to persuade us to a belief in the monstrous anachronism that1 even in man1 muscle and bone are still pre-eminent4 ,they want as many people as possible to believe that the only thing really worth aiming at is what they understand by physical culture4 ,they pride themselves upon knowing the names and positions of all the muscles in the body1 and on being able to provide us with instruments to develop all these muscles3 they are there and they ought to be developed1 and you are a mere parody of what a man ought to be unless they are developed--none of them must be neglected4 ,many people have been persuaded of these doctrines1 and there is no doubt that the physical culture schools do thus develop a large number of muscles which have no present service for man and would otherwise have been allowed to rest in a decent obscurity4 ,in order to prove this point1 let us instance a few muscles which it is utterly absurd to regard as still possessing any survival-value for man4 ,in the sole of the foot there are four distinct layers of muscles1 by means of which it is theoretically possible to turn each individual toe to the left or the right1 independently of its neighbours1 and to move the various parts of each toe upon themselves1 just as in the case of the fingers4 ,all this muscular apparatus is a mere survival1 worth nothing at all for the special purposes of the human foot4 ,in point of fact the human foot is now decadent1 and probably not more than two or three specimens of feet in a hundred contain the complete normal equipment of muscles1 bones and joints--as ,sir ,william ,turner showed many years ago4 ,thus many feet are possessed of muscles designed to act upon joints which have not been developed at all in the feet in question and which1 if they were there1 would not be of the smallest use4 ,to take another instance1 we do not now use our external ears for the purpose of catching sound1 though we still possess muscles which1 if thrown into action1 would move the external ear in various directions4 ,again1 there is a flat1 thin stratum of muscle on the front of the neck1 corresponding to a muscle which in the dog and the horse is quite important1 but which is of no use to us4 ,all would be agreed as to the absurdity of devoting continued conscious effort to the development of these particular muscles2 but in point of fact we have a whole host of muscles which are in a similar case1 and which are nevertheless objects of the most tender solicitude on the part of the physical culturist4 ,in general1 this modern craze1 whilst highly profitable to those who foster it1 is most misguided and reactionary4 ,modern knowledge of heredity teaches us that our descendants will not profit muscularly in the slightest degree because of our devotion to these relics3 the blacksmith's baby has promise of no bigger biceps than any one else's4 ,further1 the over-doing of muscular culture is responsible for the consumption of a large amount of energy4 ,a muscle is a highly vital and active organ1 requiring a large amount of nourishment1 which its possessor has to obtain1 consume1 digest and distribute4 ,the more time and energy spent in sustaining useless muscles1 the less is available for immeasurably more important concerns4 ,man does not live by brawn alone3 he does live by brain alone4 ,strength versus skill4--,so far as true race-culture is concerned1 we should regard our muscles merely as servants or instruments of the will4 ,since we have learnt to employ external forces for our purposes1 the mere bulk of a muscle is now a matter of little importance4 ,of the utmost importance1 on the other hand1 is the power to co-ordinate and graduate the activity of our muscles1 so that they may become highly trained servants4 ,this is a matter1 however1 not of muscle at all but of nervous education4 ,its foundation cannot be laid by mechanical things like dumb-bells and exercises1 but by games1 in which will and purpose and co-ordination are incessantly employed4 ,in other words1 the only physical culture worth talking about is nervous culture4 ,the principles here laid down are daily defied in very large measure in our nurseries1 our schools1 and our barrack yards4 ,the play of a child1 spontaneous and purposeful1 is supremely human and characteristic4 ,although1 when considered from the outside1 it is simply a means of muscular development1 properly considered it is really the means of nervous development4 ,here we see muscles used as human muscles should alone be used--as instruments of mind4 ,in schools the same principles should be recognised4 ,from the biological and psychological point of view the playing-field is immeasurably superior to the gymnasium4 ,but it is in the barrack yard that the pitiable confusion between the survival-value of mind and muscle respectively in man is most ludicrously and disastrously exemplified4 ,the glorious truth upon which we appear to act is that man is an animated machine2 that the business of the soldier is not to think1 not to be an individual1 but to be an assemblage of muscles4 ,we see the marks of this idea even in a fine poem3 8,their's not to reason why1 their's but to do or die0--which1 of course1 might just as well be said of a stud of horses or motor-cars4 ,further1 our worship of the machine is1 consistently enough1 an unintelligent worship4 ,we do not even recognise the best conditions for its action4 ,every year hundreds of young soldiers1 originally healthy1 have their hearts and lungs and other vital organs permanently injured by the imbecile attitude of chest--that of abnormal expansion--which they are required to adopt during hard work4 ,army doctors are now protesting against this1 but it is in accordance with the fitness of things that the cult of muscle as against intelligence should be unintelligent4 ,i repeat that whilst in the study of race-culture the physical cannot be ignored1 since the psychical is so largely dependent upon it1 yet the physical is of worth to us only in so far as it serves the psychical4 ,the race the culture of which we propose to undertake has long ago determined to abandon the physical in itself as an instrument of success4 ,we are not attempting the culture of the cretaceous reptiles1 which staked their all upon muscle1 and finally1 having become as large as houses--and as agile--suffered extinction4 ,we are attempting the culture of a species which1 so far as the physical is concerned1 has long ago crossed the ,rubicon or burnt its boats4 ,even if ,mr4 ,sandow and the drill-sergeant had their way to the utmost1 and1 having finally eliminated all traces of mind1 succeeded in producing the strongest and most perfect physical machine that could be made from the human body1 the species so produced would go down in a generation before the elements or before any living species that may be named4 ,man has staked his all upon mind4 ,the only physical development that is really worth anything to such a race is that which educates intelligence and morality1 on the one hand1 and serves for their expression1 on the other4 ,if there is any salient and irresistible tendency in our civilisation to-day1 it is the persistent decadence of muscle and of all of which muscle is the type1 as an instrument of survival-value4 ,the development of machinery1 much deplored by the short-sighted1 is in the direct line of progress1 because it reduces the importance of muscle and throws all its weight into the scale of mind4 ,hewers of wood and drawers of water are becoming less and less necessary1 not because mechanical force is not needed but because the human intelligence is learning how to supersede the human machine as its source4 ,every development of machinery makes the man who can merely offer his muscles of less value to the community4 ,long ago--not so very long ago in some cases--it was quite sufficient for a man to be able to say 8,i am a good machine30 he was worth his keep and had his chance of becoming a parent2 but the man whom society wants now-a-days is not the man who is a good machine but the man who can make one4 ,these elementary truths are hidden1 however1 from the political quacks who discourse to us upon unemployment4 ,herbert ,spencer's remark that it is necessary to be a good animal has an element of truth in it which was utterly ignored and needed proclamation at that time2 but it is necessary to be a good animal only in so far as that state makes for being a good man--and not an iota further4 ,the present interest in many most important aspects of physical education1 such as may be summed up under the phrase 8school hygiene10 must not blind us to the great principle that physical education is a means and not an end4 ,our present educational system1 which permits schooling to end just when it should begin1 or rather sooner1 and which1 even through our ,government ,departments1 permits boys to be used as little more than animated machines1 such as telegraph boys--is very largely responsible for the great national evil of unemployment1 which we treat with soup-kitchens4 ,we shall revise a large proportion of our educational1 political and social methods just so soon as--but not before--we get into our heads the idea that in human society1 and pre-eminently in society to-day1 the survival-value of mind and consequently the selection of mind must predominate over the survival-value and consequent selection of muscle4 ,further1 whatever factors tend to enhance the survival-value of the physical are ipso facto making for retrogression and a return to the order of the beast4 ,whatever tend to enhance the survival-value of the psychical--by which ,i most assuredly include not only intelligence but1 for instance1 motherhood--are ipso facto forces of progress4 ,the products of progress are not machinery but men1 and the well-drilled-machine idea of a man ought to be as obsolete as more than one recent war has proved it disastrous4 ,there is here to be read no pessimistic suggestion that the psychical is in any permanent danger4 ,no one can think so who knows its strength and the relative impotence of the physical1 but it is certainly possible that the course of progress may be greatly delayed in any given nation or race by worship of the physical1 or even1 as ,sparta shows1 by worship of what may be called the physical virtues as against the moral and intellectual virtues4 ,but those who are interested in the survival of any particular race or nation have to remember that arrest or retardation of progress therein1 relatively to its wiser neighbours1 must1 before long1 result in its utter downfall4 ,what are we to choose8--,the argument that the selection of mind has been dominant throughout human history is reinforced by such knowledge of that history as we possess4 ,there is no record of any race that established itself in virtue of great stature or exceptional muscular strength4 ,even in cases of the most purely military dominance1 it was not force as such1 but discipline and method1 that determined success2 whilst some of the greatest soldiers in history have been physically the smallest4 ,the statement of the anthropologists1 already alluded to1 regarding the selection of the leading men in primitive tribes1 may safely be taken as always true3 selection in human society has always been1 in the main1 selection of that which1 for survival-value1 is the dominant character of man1 mind in its widest sense4 ,we shall see1 later1 that physical eugenics can by no means be ignored3 but our guiding principle must be that the physical is of worth only in so far as it serves the psychical1 and is worse than worthless in so far as it does not4 ,it would surely be well1 for instance1 that we should breed for 8energy10 to use ,mr4 ,galton's term3 but the energy we desire1 and the energy he commends1 is nervous1 not muscular4 ,the confusion between two radically different things1 vitality and muscularity1 is1 however1 almost universal1 though it will not stand a moment's examination4 ,in a volume devoted to personal hygiene ,i have discussed this point1 which is of real moment both for the individual and for the theory of eugenics4#ae ,it is of interest to note1 in passing from this question1 that inherent facts of the human constitution would interdict us if we thought it a fit ideal to breed for stature or bulk4 ,giants are essentially morbid--not favourable but unfavourable variations4 ,they are very frequently childless and almost constantly slow-witted4 ,their condition is really a mild form of a well-marked and highly characteristic disease known as acromegaly1 and distinguished by great enlargement of the face and extremities4 ,the malady depends upon peculiarities in the glandular activities of the body3 and the state of these which makes for great stature and bulk makes against intelligence4 ,it is suggested1 then1 that any considerable increase of human bulk and stature could only be obtained at the cost of intelligence4 ,it would be very dear at the price4 ,when we come to the subject of selection for parenthood in man through the preferences exhibited by individuals for members of the opposite sex1 we shall see that what ,darwin called 8sexual selection0 is certainly a reality in the case of man1 whether or not it be so in the case of the lower animals4 ,we shall see that this most potent factor in human evolution acts even now very favourably1 and is capable of having its value enormously enhanced4 ,in the selection of husbands1 nervous or psychical factors are notably of high survival-value in civilised communities4 ,in the selection of wives the survival-value of the physical is still very high3 but it may be hoped and believed that the present tendency is to attach relatively less importance to them and more to the psychical elements of the chosen4 ,this tendency must be furthered to the utmost point beyond which the physical requisites for motherhood would suffer weakening--but no further4 ,how are we to estimate civic worth8--,we have already observed that it is incorrect to use the word 8fit0 as if it were synonymous with 8worthy40 ,if we insist on using this term1 which means only 8adapted to conditions10 we must define those conditions4 ,we must say that we desire to further the production of those who are fit for citizenship1 and to disfavour the production of those who are unfit for citizenship4 ,we shall thereby dispose at least of those vexatious objectors who tell us that many eminent criminals are individually superior to many eminent judges4 ,the statement is doubtless untrue1 but if it were true it would still be irrelevant4 ,a criminal may be individually a remarkable personality1 but in so far as he is a criminal he is unfit for citizenship4 ,it is far better to use consistently ,mr4 ,galton's phrase1 8civic worth10 or1 for short1 8worth40 ,we may here note ,mr4 ,galton's most recent remarks on what he means by worth3-- 8,by this ,i mean the civic worthiness1 or the ,value to the ,state of a person1 as it would probably be assessed by experts or1 say1 by such of his fellow-workers as have earned the respect of the community in the midst of which they live4 ,thus the worth of soldiers would be such as it would be rated by respected soldiers1 students by students1 business men by business men1 artists by artists1 and so on4 ,the ,state is a vastly complex organism1 and the hope of obtaining a ,proportional ,representation of its best parts should be an avowed object of issuing invitations to these gatherings4 8,speaking only for myself1 if ,i had to classify persons according to ,worth1 ,i should consider each of them under the three heads of ,physique1 ,ability1 and ,character1 subject to the provision that inferiority in any one of the three should outweigh superiority in the other two4 ,i rank ,physique first1 because it is not only very valuable in itself and allied to many other good qualities1 but has the additional merit of being easily rated4 ,ability ,i should place second on similar grounds1 and ,character third1 though in real importance it stands first of all40#af ,we shall certainly misunderstand this quotation unless we clearly realise that ,mr4 ,galton is speaking of eugenic worth--that is to say1 of worth in relation to parenthood and heredity4 ,no one1 of course1 would assert for a moment that inferiority in the matter of physique outweighed superiority in ability and character1 so far as our estimate of an individual as an individual is concerned1 nor yet so far as our estimate of him as a citizen is concerned4 ,but from the eugenic standpoint1 as a parent of citizens to come1 such a person1 though he may have himself saved the ,state1 is on the average rightly to be regarded as unworthy on the eugenic scale--it being assumed1 of course1 that the inferiority of physique in the person in question is either native and therefore transmissible1 or else due to forms of disease1 or poisoning1 such as1 according to our knowledge of ante-natal pathology1 will probably involve degeneracy on the part of his children4 ,i would add that love is as precious as ability1 if not more so1 and that we should aim at its increase by making parenthood the most responsible act in life1 so that children are born only to those who love children and who will transmit their high measure of the parental instinct and the tender emotion which is its correlate4#ag ,,chapter ,v ,,the ,,multiplication ,,of ,,man 8,increase and multiply0 ,the ceaseless multiplication of man is one of the facts which distinguish him from all other living species1 animal or vegetable4#ah ,we must not be misled by such a case as that of the multiplication of rabbits in ,australia4 ,apart from such circumstances as human interference1 the earth is already crammed with life of a kind1 not the highest life nor the most intense life1 but at any rate fully extended life4 ,man alone multiplies persistently1 irresistibly1 and has done so from the very first1 so that1 arising locally1 he is now diffused over the whole surface of the earth4 ,to quote from ,professor ,lankester again3 8,man is ,nature's rebel4 ,where ,nature says ,die6 ,man says ,i will live6 ,according to the law previously in universal operation man should have been limited in geographical area1 killed by extremes of cold or of heat1 subject to starvation if one kind of diet were unobtainable1 and should have been unable to increase and multiply1 just as are his animal relatives1 without losing his specific structure4444 ,but man's wits and his will have enabled him 444 to #8increase and multiply1' as no other animal1 without change of form40 ,not only has man made himself the only animal which constantly increases in numbers1 but this increase1 as ,professor ,lankester points out in another part of his lecture1 already threatening certain difficulties1 will be much more rapid than at present1 assuming the birth-rate to remain where it is1 when disease is controlled4 ,it is within our power1 as ,pasteur declared long ago1 to abolish all parasitic1 infectious or epidemic disease4 ,this must be and will be done--within a century1 ,i have little doubt4 ,the problem of the increase of human population will become more pressing than ever4 ,professor ,lankester suggests that in one or five centuries the difficulty raised by our multiplication 8would1 if let alone1 force itself upon a desperate humanity1 brutalised by over-crowding and the struggle for food4 ,a return to ,nature's terrible selection of the fittest may1 it is conceivable1 be in this way in store for us4 ,but it is more probable that humanity will submit to a restriction by the community in respect of the right to multiply40 ,the lecturer added that we must therefore perfect our knowledge of heredity in man1 as to which 8there is absolutely no provision in any civilised community1 and no conception among the people or their leaders1 that it is a matter which concerns anyone but farmers40 ,the secret of multiplication4--,professor ,lankester1 however1 omits to point out the astonishing paradox involved in the fact that--as ,i pointed out at the ,royal ,institution in #aijg--man1 the only ceaselessly multiplying animal1 has the lowest birth-rate of any living creature4#ai ,from the purely arithmetical point of view1 what does it mean8 ,we may defer at present any deeper interpretation4 ,it means necessarily and obviously that the effective means of multiplication is not a high birth-rate but a low death-rate4 ,it is a necessary inference from the paradox in question that the infant death-rate and the general death-rate in man are the lowest anywhere to be found4 ,producing fewer young he alone multiplies4#bj ,it follows that a smaller proportion of those young must die4 ,unless it is supposed by bishops and others1 then1 that a peculiar value attaches to the production of a baby shortly to be buried1 the suggestion evidently is the same as that to which every humanitarian and social and patriotic impulse guides us1 namely1 the reduction of the death-rate and especially the infant mortality4 ,this is the true way in which to insure the more rapid multiplication of man1 if that be desired4 ,i believe it is not to be desired1 but in any case the reduction of the death-rate and especially of the infant mortality is a worthy and necessary end in itself1 and need not inevitably lead to our undue multiplication provided that the birth-rate falls4 ,hence the eugenists and the ,episcopal ,bench may join hands so far as the reduction of the death-rate is concerned1 and the only persons with whom a practical quarrel remains are those who--in effect--applaud the mother who boasts that she has buried twelve4 ,the facts of human multiplication4--,human population continues to increase notwithstanding any changes in the birth-rate4 ,this fact remains true1 as shown by the latest obtainable figures4 ,it should be one of the dogmas never absent from the foreground of the statesman's mind4 ,apparently nothing1 however1 will induce us to take this little forethought4 ,when we build a bridge across the ,thames1 we ignore it2 when we widen a bridge we ignore it likewise4 ,when we make a new street we ignore it2 when we build railways and railway stations we ignore it--excusably1 perhaps1 in this case2 when we build hospitals we ignore it3 four times out of five there is no room for the addition of a single ward in time to come4 ,we have not yet even learnt1 as they are learning in ,america and ,germany1 how to acquire the outlying lands of cities for the public possession1 so that they may be properly employed as the city grows4 ,the man who builds himself a villa on the outskirts of a city1 ignores it1 and is staggered by it in ten years4 ,the lover of nature and the country ignores it3 8,just look at this10 he says1 8this was in the country when first ,i knew it1 look at these horrible rows of villas60 ,the only possible reply to such a person is simply1 8,well1 my dear sir1 what do you propose8 ,general infanticide80 ,most important of all1 this fact1 that1 to take the case of ,great ,britain1 some half million babies are born every year in excess over the number of all who die at all ages1 is forgotten by our statesmen--or rather by our politicians4 ,it could1 of course1 not be forgotten by a statesman4 ,quite apart from remoter consequences1 especially in relation to the wheat supply1 this persistent multiplication--which one has actually heard denied on the ground that the birth-rate is falling--is of urgent moment to all of us4 ,in #aijg the ,census ,bureau of ,washington published some figures on the mortality statistics of nations1 a summary of which may be quoted3 8,in all parts of the civilised world both the birth-rates and the death-rates tend to decrease1 and1 as a rule1 those countries having the lowest death-rates have also the lowest birth-rates4 ,in ,europe the lowest birth-rate is that of ,france1 the highest those of ,servia and ,roumania4 ,the lowest death-rates are in ,sweden and ,norway2 the highest in ,russia and ,spain4 ,the downward tendency of the birth- and death-rates is best shown by diagrams prepared by the ,french ,government1 and it is probable that the downward tendency is actually steeper than the diagrams show1 because both births and deaths are more accurately registered than formerly40 ,but these statements are by no means necessarily incompatible with steady increase of population1 which1 of course1 increases so long as the birth-rate exceeds the death-rate4 ,i quote a few figures from the ,science ,year ,book of #aijh3 ,in #ahij the total population of the world was estimated at #a1dhg1ijj1jjj4 ,aryan 7,europe1 ,persia1 ,india1 etc47 #ede1jjj1jjj ,mongolian 7,n4 and ,e4 ,asia7 #fcj1jjj1jjj ,semitic 7,n4 ,africa7 #fe1jjj1jjj ,negro 7,c4 ,africa7 #aej1jjj1jjj ,malay and ,polynesian #ce1jjj1jjj ,american ,indian #ae1jjj1jjj ,the total figure now must be something like sixteen hundred millions at least4 ,density of population1 in so far as it means what is commonly called over-crowding1 is an important factor in the death-rate1 and has a most inimical influence upon race-culture--in virtue of the opportunity afforded to the racial poisons--syphilis1 alcohol1 etc4 ,thus ,sweden has the lowest death-rate in ,europe1 and has much the least density of population--only #bi per square mile as compared with our own #cda4 ,if now the fact of the increase of population1 with all that it means and will mean1 may be taken as dealt with and accepted1 there will be no danger of leading the reader to false conclusions if we insist upon the fall of the birth-rate1 which in ,great ,britain in #aijh was the lowest on record4 ,the death-rate1 however1 persistently falls also4 ,the reader who thinks that the birth-rate alone determines the increase of population1 and those who believe in polygamy on the ground that it necessarily makes for the rapid multiplication and therefore strength of a nation1 should compare the death-rate of ,london1 which is under #af1 with that of ,bombay1 which is just under #gi4 ,it is asserted that in many large ,indian cities the infant mortality approaches one-half of all the children born4 ,what it amounts to in such cities as ,canton and ,pekin we can only surmise with horror4 ,notwithstanding the persistent fall in the birth-rate of ,london the rate of increase in population remains stupendous1 according to the calculations of ,mr4 ,cottrell1 which may be quoted from the ,science ,year ,book of #aijh4 ,he estimates the population of ,greater ,london in #aiaj at about #g millions1 and in #aibj at well over #h millions--the falling birth-rate notwithstanding4 ,the increase of population of five great countries may be briefly noted here4 ,in all1 with the possible exception of ,russia1 the birth-rate is rapidly falling4 ,in the course of the nineteenth century the population of ,russia 7in ,europe7 rose from #ch to #aje1jjj1jjj ,france #bf #ch1jjj1jjj ,germany #bc #ee1jjj1jjj ,great ,britain #ae #dj1jjj1jjj ,united ,states #e #ge1jjj1jjj ,these are merely approximate figures1 but accurate enough to be of value4 ,it need hardly be pointed out that immigration accounts for the disproportionate increase of population in the ,united ,states4 ,but it may be added that the imminent arrest or control of this immigration will assuredly have the most serious and pressing consequences for ,europe4 ,plainly it must hasten the coming of national eugenics4 ,the case of ,germany4--,especial interest and importance attach for many reasons to the case of ,germany in this connection1 and1 as might be expected1 many precise facts are available4 ,here ,i shall avail myself freely of the paper contributed by ,dr4 ,sombart to the ,international for ,december1 #aijg4 ,in the first seven years of this century the population of ,germany increased almost ten per cent4 ,the figure in #ahgj was #dj4h millions and in #aijg #fa millions4 ,the population is increasing yearly at the rate of about #hjj1jjj1 as compared with about half a million in the case of ,great ,britain4 ,in ,france in #aijg the population actually declined by a few thousands4 ,in regard to the growth of population ,germany is now at the head of all civilised countries1 excepting those cases in which immigration has augmented the number of inhabitants4 ,does this expansion of population depend upon an increasing birth-rate or a diminishing death-rate8 ,the fact1 in strict parallel with the biological generalisation already made1 is that 8,germany's population is increasing so swiftly because the death-rate has been falling steadily4 ,at the beginning of the period1 #ahgj-ahhj1 there were nearly #cj deaths per thousand inhabitants1 while in recent years only about #bj deaths in every thousand inhabitants have taken place each year4444 ,notwithstanding1 the birth-rate during the last ten years1 during which the principal growth of population occurs1 has not in anywise increased in ,germany4 ,indeed1 by careful investigation it becomes apparent that it has declined almost unintermittently for a generation40 ,the average birth-rate for the ten years #ahga-ahhj was #dj4g1 for #ahia-aijj the average was #cg4d4 ,since then it has fallen further1 and in #aije the figure was #cd1 the lowest on record4 ,as ,dr4 ,sombart observes1 we shall only appreciate these figures if we regard them as an expression of a tendency which will continue1 and that this is so he proves4 ,he observes that 8the more highly advanced the country1 the lower its birth-rate4444 ,from this we may already draw the conclusion that a diminution of births is a concomitant of our progress in civilisation4 ,secondly1 this is confirmed by the fact that the falling-off in the birth-rate must be attributed largely to the big cities4444 ,as a third statistical argument that the birth-rate declines with the advance of civilisation1 the fact may be cited that in the quarters of the well-to-do still fewer children are born than in those of the poor40 7,in ,london1 as we have seen1 the birth-rate is highest in ,stepney and lowest in ,hampstead74 ,dr4 ,sombart finally points out what must never be forgotten--that an increase in population1 dependent upon a fall in the death-rate1 whilst the birth-rate also falls1 is necessarily self-limited4 ,the decrease of the death-rate is limited by definite natural age-limits1 and 8this indicates that the increase of population in ,germany is gradually entering upon a period of less activity1 and will perhaps quite cease within a conceivable period unless other causes operate in the opposite direction40 ,the yellow peril4--,the facts regarding the yellow races are extremely difficult to ascertain4 ,it appears1 however1 that the birth-rate in ,japan has almost doubled in #bg years--rising from #ag4a to #ca4 7,i doubt the accuracy of the earlier figure47 ,in ,china the population is largely controlled by infanticide1 but there is little doubt that the main contention of ,pearson was correct1 and that the yellow races are multiplying much more rapidly than the white races4 ,it does not necessarily follow1 however1 as we shall see1 that this means yellow ascendancy1 any more than a similar comparison would mean microbic ascendancy4 ,it is not quantity but quality of life that gives survival-value and dominance4 ,this disparity between white and yellow rates of increase is by far the most pregnant of contemporary phenomena4 ,in the present introductory volume it can merely be named4 ,but since we shall not survive in virtue of quantity1 ,i1 for one1 am well assured that the choice for ,western civilisation will ere long be the final one between eugenics or extinction4 ,the wheat problem4--,meanwhile1 we must consider briefly the question evidently raised by this fact of human multiplication4 ,as an expert has lately said1 the rise in the price of wheat 8is not the transitory result of market manipulation and #8corners1' forcing prices up to an unnatural level1 but of perfectly natural and irresistible causes which1 for all that1 are the more anxious and disquieting4 ,the truth is we are for the first time beginning to feel individually the effect of a great natural process--the race which started long ago between the population of the world and the growth of the world's wheat supply4 ,in this race the growth of the world's population has been outstripping the growth of its wheat-food production1 and the consequence has been a total growing shortage1 in spite of the opening of vast new areas in ,canada and the ,argentina40 ,in this connection one of the best papers in ,great ,britain--the ,westminster ,gazette--cheerfully remarked in a leading article that1 after all1 we need not be alarmed as to the difficulty in increasing the supply of wheat1 since population would1 in any case1 adapt itself to the food-supply4 ,this is true1 indeed3 there will never be more human beings than there is food to feed4 ,but the question is1 how will the population be kept down8 ,in a word1 is it to be by the awful and bloody processes of ,nature or by the conscious1 provident and humane methods of man8 ,we are reminded of the argument advanced by ,sir ,william ,crookes in his ,presidential ,address to the ,british ,association in #ahih4 ,the distinguished author has himself written an invaluable book on the subject which has been carefully revised and supplemented1 and must be read by the serious student4#ba ,we may note from the point of view of the student of dietetics that wheat is and remains1 on physiological examination1 what the proverb suggests4 ,bread is the staff of life1 wheat being1 in proportion to its price1 by far the best and cheapest of all foods4 ,the argument of ,sir ,william ,crookes was advanced exactly a century after the publication of the great essay of ,malthus which we must soon consider4 ,in the whole intervening century no one1 capable of being heard1 had considered the question4 ,the relation of ,crookes to the earlier thinker remains1 though it is curious that ,malthus was not mentioned by his successor4 ,writing now1 a decade later1 ,i wish merely to point out that ,sir ,william's argument is found valid4 ,he observed that 8the actual and potential wheat-producing capacity of the ,united ,states is--and will be1 for years to come--the dominant factor in the world's bread-supply40 ,now the recent expert from whom we have already quoted declares that 8former great wheat exporting countries like the ,united ,states1 as well as ,russia and ,india1 while their production remains as high1 are sending far less abroad under the pressure of their own increasing needs4 ,in this connection it may be recorded that a great ,american corn expert declares that in twenty-five years the ,united ,states will want all1 or very nearly all1 of her wheat production for herself1 and will have very little indeed to send us40 ,in #ahih ,sir ,william said1 8,a permanently higher price for wheat is1 ,i fear1 a calamity that ere long must be faced40 ,as everyone knows1 this prophecy is now being fulfilled4 ,sir ,william declared that 8the augmentation of the world's eating population in a geometrical ratio0 is a proved fact4 ,the phrase means1 of course1 simply that the yearly increase increases4 ,on the other hand1 the wheat supply is subject to a yearly increase which does not itself increase--in other words the increase is in an arithmetical ratio4 ,this1 a century later1 precisely illustrates the principle of ,malthus4 ,sir ,william also declared that exports of wheat from the ,united ,states are only of present interest1 and that 8within a generation the ever-increasing population of the ,united ,states will consume all the wheat grown within its borders1 and will be driven to import1 and1 like ourselves1 will scramble for the lion's share of the wheat crop of the world40 ,next to the ,united ,states ,russia is the greatest wheat exporter1 but the ,russian peasant population increases more rapidly than any other in ,europe1 even though it is inadequately fed1 and this source of supply must fail ere very long4 ,as ,sir ,william points out1 the ,caucasian civilisation is indeed founded upon bread4 8,other races vastly superior to us in numbers1 but differing widely in material and intellectual progress1 are eaters of ,indian corn1 rice1 millet and other grains2 but none of these grains have the food-value1 concentrated health-sustaining power of wheat40 ,sir ,william's argument was1 and is1 that we must learn how to fix the nitrogen of the atmosphere--that is to say1 how to combine it in forms on which the plant can feed4 8,the fixation of nitrogen is a question of the not far distant future4 ,unless we can class it among certainties to come1 the great ,caucasian race will cease to be foremost in the world1 and will be squeezed out of existence by races to whom wheat and bread is not the staff of life40 ,sir ,william ,crookes was himself the pioneer in the discovery of the electric method of fixing the atmospheric nitrogen1 and now1 a decade after the delivery of his address1 this method is in successful commercial employment in ,scandinavia4 ,there is also a method of sowing the bacteria which are capable of fixing nitrogen and this1 according to some1 has been already proved practicable4 ,further1 the ,mendelians offer us the possibility of new varieties of wheat having more grains to the stalk than we obtain at present4 ,by these methods the output of the land devoted to wheat may be doubled or trebled1 but it is evident that even then there will be an impassable limit4 ,we have to face1 indeed1 the evident but unconsidered fact that there must be a maximum possible human population for this finite earth1 whether a bread-eating population or any other4 ,i do not propose to speculate regarding this evident truth4 ,if human life is worth living and is the highest life we know1 we may desire to obtain that maximum population1 but it must be obtained1 and its limits observed1 by the humane and decent processes which man is capable of putting into practice1 and not by the check of starvation4 ,it is of great interest to the ,british reader to look at the question briefly from his point of view4 ,at the present time our wheat production is no more than one-eighth of our needs1 and in twenty-five years1 when the supply from the ,united ,states will probably have ceased1 we shall require #dj1jjj1jjj quarters of wheat per annum4 ,yet already1 in time of peace1 careful observers such as the ,rt4 ,hon4 ,charles ,booth and ,mr4 ,seebohm ,rowntree declare that thirty per cent4 of our own population are living on the verge of starvation4 ,our available supply of food of all kinds at any moment would last us about three weeks4 ,how many of us realise what a war would mean for this country8 ,yet in the face of facts such as these1 the majority of those who attempt to guide public opinion are urging us to increase our birth-rate and still pin their faith to quantity rather than quality of population as our great need4 ,the theory of ,malthus4--,the reader who is interested in general biology will realise1 of course1 that we are here back to the great argument of ,malthus1 advanced in #agih in his ,essay on the ,principle of ,population4 ,malthus was a great and sincere thinker1 a high and true moralist1 and the people who have a vague notion that his name has some connection with immoral principles of any kind have no acquaintance with the subject4 ,it is of the deepest interest for the history of thought to know that it was the work of ,malthus which suggested1 independently1 both to ,charles ,darwin and to ,dr4 ,alfred ,russel ,wallace1 that principle of natural selection1 the survival of the fittest and their choice for parenthood1 the discovery of which constituted one of the great epochs in the history of human knowledge1 and which is the cardinal principle underlying the whole modern conception of eugenics or race-culture4 ,malthus found in all life the constant tendency to increase beyond the nourishment available4 ,in a given area1 not even the utmost imaginable improvement in developing the resources of the soil can or could keep pace with the unchecked increase of population4#bb ,this applies alike to ,great ,britain and to the whole world4 ,at bottom1 then1 the check to population--and this is true of microbes or men--is want of food1 notwithstanding that this is never the immediate and obvious check except in cases of actual famine4 ,there must therefore be a 8struggle for existence10 and as ,darwin and ,wallace saw1 it follows as a necessary truth that1 to use ,spencer's term1 the fittest must survive4 ,the question is whether we are to accept starvation as1 at bottom1 the factor controlling population 7which1 in any case1 must be and is controlled7 or whether we can substitute something better--as for instance1 the moral self-control which ,malthus recommended4 ,the single precept of this much maligned thinker was 8,do not marry till you have a fair prospect of supporting a family0--a fairly decent and respectable doctrine4 ,in the words of ,mr4 ,kirkup1 8the greatest and highest moral result of his principle is that it clearly and emphatically teaches the responsibility of parentage1 and it declares the sin of those who bring human beings into the world for whose physical1 intellectual1 and moral well-being no satisfactory provision is made40 ,who1 alas1 will declare that even after a century and a decade this great lesson is yet learnt8 ,it is to be added1 first1 that though improvement in agriculture is to be commended on every conceivable ground1 and though it may in some degree relieve and postpone the difficulty1 it is infinitely incapable of abolishing it4 ,nothing but necessity can check the prolificness of life4 ,to this doctrine1 however1 there is1 as we shall shortly see1 a great excepting principle1 unrecognised by ,malthus1 discovered by ,herbert ,spencer1 and of vast and universal importance4 ,secondly1 it is to be noted that emigration--a real remedy for over-population--is so only for a time4 ,it cannot possibly abolish the problem--short of the development of interplanetary communication1 if then2 and the observer of contemporary politics must be well aware1 as ,germany1 for instance1 is well aware already1 that its effectiveness as a practical remedy for over-population in some ,european countries is already being arrested by the invaded states4 ,the references already made to the work of ,sir ,william ,crookes will suffice to show that the teaching of ,malthus is of practical importance to us to-day1 and not least to the population of ,great ,britain4 ,i am tempted to quote the actual case in this connection of a young student of biology who applied for ,malthus's book at one of the greatest official libraries in this country4 ,he was looked at as a shameless young rascal1 and the librarian curtly said1 8,we have no books of that kind here40 ,i commend this exquisite instance of misapplied and perfectly ignorant ,british prudery to ,mr4 ,bernard ,shaw3 not even he could imagine anything to surpass it4 ,no more impeccably decent book than this of 8,parson ,malthus0 has ever been written1 and ,i have no adequate comment for the fact that its nature and contents were not merely wholly unknown but grossly misimagined by this responsible official1 and that it could not be obtained in the great library of science in question4 ,we pass in the following chapter to the momentous discovery of ,herbert ,spencer that the great truth seen by ,malthus was not a whole but a half-truth1 and that there is a compensating principle1 which is at once a source of inspiration and of difficulty to the eugenist4 ,it is in general the principle that as life ascends it becomes less prolific1 and its consequences are infinitely more vast than the phrase at first suggests4 ,had this principle been discovered by a ,continental thinker or by a member of a ,british ,university instead of by a man who never passed an examination1 it would not now need the discussion which we shall have to give it4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,the ,,growth ,,of ,,individuality ,the laws of multiplication4--,implicit or explicit approval of a falling birth-rate involves opposition to the opinion of the man in the street1 the general opinion of the medical profession1#bc the bench of bishops and the social prophet and publicist in general4 ,nevertheless a fall in the birth-rate is a factor in organic progress1 and1 in general1 the level of any species is in inverse proportion to its birth-rate1 from bacteria to the most civilised classes of men in the most civilised countries of to-day4 ,but in truth the uninformed opinion1 totally contrary to the whole history of life and to the most obvious comparative facts of the birth-rate amongst and within present day human societies1 was utterly disposed of forty years ago in the closing chapter of the greatest contribution yet made to philosophic biology--,herbert ,spencer's ,principles of ,biology4 ,the last chapter of that masterpiece is entitled 8,the ,laws of ,multiplication40 ,unfortunately it has not been read by one in ten thousand of those who think themselves entitled to hold1 and even to express1 opinions about the birth-rate4 ,spencer's discovery is the complementary half-truth to the discovery of ,malthus1 and just as the law of ,malthus is pessimistic1 so the law of ,spencer is optimistic4 ,in a word1 ,malthus assumed--indeed1 formally declared--that there was no natural factor of an internal kind tending to limit the rate of vital fertility4 ,spencer discovered that there is such a factor1 which can and does limit and has been limiting vegetable1 animal1 and human fertility since the dawn of life4 ,all reproduction involves an expenditure of energy in some degree on the part of the parent4 ,now the energy available by any individual is finite4 ,if he expends it all upon reproduction1 he himself1 or she herself1 must cease to exist4 ,this happens in all the lowest forms of life1 which multiply by fission or simple splitting4 ,the young bacteria are their sub-divided parent4 ,at the other extreme is the case of the individual who retains the whole of his energy for his own development and life1 and has no offspring at all4 ,such consummate bachelor philosophers as ,kant and ,spencer may be quoted1 and the list of childless men of genius might be extended quite indefinitely4 ,this is not to declare this last state to be the ideal1 but merely to point out the logical extremes4 ,spencer's principle is that there is an 8,antagonism10 or1 as we may rather say1 an inverse ratio1 between 8,individuation0 and 8,genesis0--between the proportion of energy expended upon the individual and the proportion expended upon the continuance of the race4 ,thus 8,individuation10 meaning all those processes which maintain and expand the life of the individual1 and 8,genesis10 meaning all those processes which involve the formation of new individuals--are necessarily antagonistic4 ,every higher degree of individual evolution is followed by a lower degree of race multiplication1 and vice vers4 ,increase in bulk 7cf4 the elephant71 complexity or activity involves diminution in fertility1 and vice vers4 ,this is an obvious priori principle4 ,should the reader declare that there must be something the matter with an asserted principle of progress which leads in theory or in practice to the production of a childless generation1 and therefore the end of all progress1 and that this principle suggests that the most completely developed man and woman cannot be parents--then ,i would join in the chorus of fathers and mothers generally1 who would say that1 in human parenthood1 if not1 indeed1 in sub-human parenthood1 the antagonism is reconciled in a higher unity2 that the best and most complete development of the individual is effected only through parenthood1 in due degree--as ,spencer1 himself childless1 formally declared4 ,it is impossible here to show how complete is the evidence for ,spencer's law1 both from the side of logical necessity and from the side of observation4 ,in order to indicate the overwhelming character of the evidence1 one would have to transcribe the whole of his long chapter1 and to add to it all our modern knowledge of human birth-rates4 ,this cannot be done1 but even without it we may venture to say that people who regard a falling birth-rate as in itself1 and obviously1 a sign of racial degeneration or immorality1 or approaching weakness or failure of any kind1 can have made no substantial additions to their knowledge of the subject since they themselves formed items in the birth-rate4 ,spencer goes on to show1 with profound insight1 that1 in general1 greater individuality1 or1 to put it in other words1 the more highly evolved organism1 8though less fertile absolutely1 is the more fertile relatively40 ,the supreme instance of this truth is1 of course1 the case of man1 in whom individuation has reached its unprecedented height1 who is absolutely the least fertile of creatures1#bd and yet who is relatively the most fertile--unique in his actual and persistent multiplication4 ,their action in man4--,within the human species the laws of multiplication hold4 ,it is still worth while1 after half a century1 to quote ,spencer's remark as to infertility in women due to mental labour carried to excess--8most of the flat-chested girls who survive their high-pressure education are incompetent to bear a well-developed infant and to supply it with the natural food for the natural period40 ,on all hands people with opened eyes are rightly urging this truth upon us to-day4 ,in the ,united ,states the so-called higher education of girls has been proved in effect to sterilise them--and these the flower of the nation's girlhood1 and therefore1 rightly1 the very elect for motherhood4 ,here is simply an instance of the ,spencerian principle in its most unfortunate misdirection by man4 ,before leaving ,spencer1 we must refer briefly to the predictions1 based upon the foregoing principles1 with which he concluded his great work4 ,the further evolution of man1 he declares1 must take mainly the direction of a higher intellectual and emotional development4 ,hitherto1 and even to-day1 pressure of population is the original cause of human competition1 application1 discipline1 expenditure of energy--and one may add1 the possibility of continued selection4 ,excess of fertility1 then1 says ,spencer1 is the cause of man's evolution1 but 8man's further evolution itself necessitates a decline in his fertility40 ,the future progress of civilisation will be accompanied by increased development of individuality1 emotional and intellectual4 ,as ,spencer observes1 this does not necessarily mean a mentally laborious life1 for as mental activity 8gradually becomes organic1 it will become spontaneous and pleasurable40 ,finally1 the necessary antagonism between individuality and parenthood ensures the ultimate attainment of the highest form of the maintenance of the race--8444 a form in which the amount of life shall be the greatest possible1 and the births and deaths the fewest possible40 99 99 99 99 99 ,if now we look back at the law of ,malthus we shall realise the enormous significance of the law of ,spencer4 ,in this respect we have the advantage over ,malthus that we are aware1 as he was not1 of the great fact of organic evolution4 ,we discover1 then1 that an actual consequence of the pressure of population1 leading as it does to the struggle for existence1 and1 in the main1 the survival of higher types1 is that the rate of fertility falls4 ,this conception of the fall in the birth-rate--which1 it is maintained1 has been a great factor in all organic progress--was entirely absent from the mind of ,malthus4 ,in a word1 the unlimited multiplication which ,malthus observed leads to its own correction4 ,it provides abundance of material for natural selection to work upon1 and then the survival-value of individuation1 wherever it appears1 asserts itself1 with the consequence that the rate of multiplication declines4 ,this is actually to be observed to-day4 ,malthus desired that we should postpone marriage to later ages so as to lower the birth-rate4 ,the increasing necessity and demand for individuation is effecting that which ,malthus desired4 ,the average age at marriage has been rising in our own country in both sexes during the last thirty years3 and the evidence shows that as civilisation advances the age of marriage becomes later and later4 ,professor ,metchnikoff has discussed some aspects of this question in his book ,the ,nature of ,man4 ,the intensive culture of life4--,for every student of progress1 and not least for the eugenist1 ,spencer's law is a warrant of hope and a promise of better things to come4 ,it teaches that in the development of higher--that is to say1 more specialised--that is to say1 more individualised--organic types1 ,nature is working already1 and has been working for ages1 towards the elimination of the brutal elements in the struggle for existence4 ,this is1 of course1 what every worker for progress1 and every eugenist in especial1 desires4 ,spencer's discovery teaches also that individuality compensates a species for loss of high fertility4 ,the survival-value of individuation is greater than the survival-value of rapid multiplication4 ,the very fact of progress is the replacement of lower by higher life1 the supersession of the quantitative by the qualitative criterion of survival-value1 the increasing dominance of mind over matter1 the substitution of the intensive for the merely extensive cultivation of life4 ,these various phrases express1 ,i believe1 various aspects of one and the same great fact1 and ,i only wish it were possible to include here an exhaustive study of the conception which may be expressed by the phrase 8the intensity of life0--as distinguished from its mere extension4 ,there is1 ,i believe1 a real and significant analogy between the introduction of what is called intensive cultivation in agriculture1 and the eugenic principle which seeks to replace the extensive by the intensive cultivation of human life4 ,the eugenic difficulty4--,but it will be already evident to the reader that1 though ,spencer's law offers hope and warrant to the eugenist1 it also poses him with a permanent and ineradicable difficulty which is inherent in natural necessity--viz41 the difficulty that1 in consequence of the operation of this law1 those very classes or members of a society whose parenthood he most desires must be1 in general1 the least fertile4 ,throughout the animal world the lesser fertility of higher species is no real handicap to them1 as we know2 but where the conditions of selection are so profoundly modified as in human society1 the case is very different4 ,furthermore1 amongst mankind individuality has often grown1 and does grow1 to such an extent that parenthood disappears altogether4 ,indeed1 ,spencer's law expresses itself--and the eugenist must qualify his hopes by the fact--in the practical infertility of many#be of the most highly individualised and even unique personalities1 that is to say1 in the ranks of what we call genius4 ,to this subject we must return4 ,a notable section in ,mr4 ,galton's great work1 ,inquiries into ,human ,faculty1 states very plainly the difficulty for the eugenist involved in ,spencer's law1 under its more statistical aspect4 ,what are the relative effects of early and late marriages8 ,mr4 ,galton proves1 mathematically1 that in a very few generations a group of persons who marry late will be simply bred down and more than supplanted by those who marry early4 ,now no one will dispute that the less individualised1 the lower types1 the more nearly animal1 do in general marry earlier1 and are more fertile4 ,here1 then1 is an anti-eugenic tendency in human society1 depending really upon ,spencer's law and requiring us to recognise and counteract it by throwing all the weight we can upon the side of progress1 which means increasing to our utmost the survival-value and the effective fertility of the higher types4 ,much more space might be spent upon this gravest of problems for the eugenist--the fact that the very persons from whom he desires to recruit the future on account of their greater individuality are also on that very account the persons who1 by natural necessity1 tend to be less fertile4 ,the difficulty shows itself in the male sex1 but it shows itself still more conspicuously in the female sex1 where the proportion of the individual energy devoted to the race1 as compared with that devoted to individuation1 is necessarily far higher1 and must so remain if the race is to persist4 ,primarily1 the body of woman is the temple of life to come--and therefore1 as we shall some day teach our girls1 the holy of holies4 ,without going further into this matter now1 it may be suggested that a cardinal principle of practical importance is involved4 ,it is that the individual development of women1 their higher education1 their self-expression in works of art and thought and practice1 cannot safely be carried to the point at which motherhood is compromised2 else the race in question will necessarily disappear and be replaced by any race whatsoever1 the women of which continue to be mothers4 ,there are women of the worker bee type whom this argument annoys intensely4 ,no one wants them to be mothers4 ,the proposition that all progress in the psychical world depends upon individuality1 just as all organic progress1 and indeed1 all organic evolution1 depends upon the physical individuality which biologists call variation1 may suggest to the reader the importance which must attach to our study of talent and genius1 and the possibility of aiding their production4 ,meanwhile1 we must look a little further at the general question of individuality or quality versus quantity from the international point of view4 ,quantity versus quality4--,the reader will understand how it is that anyone writing from the biological standpoint must view with something like contempt the common assumption that1 in international competition1 mere statistics of population furnish1 as such1 final and adequate data for prophecy4 ,let us remind ourselves once more that1 according to these crude criteria1 which were really superseded untold ons ago1 the dominance of the world must belong in the near future not to ,russia1 with its balance of more than two million births per annum1 rather than to ,france1 with its approximately stationary population1 but to the bacteria1 the growth of population amongst which1 if it be not controlled by the less fertile creature we call man1 may be of simply inexpressible magnitude4 ,but the world is not1 and will not be1 ruled by bacteria1 their fertility notwithstanding4 ,indeed1 the disease-producing bacteria have already had sentence of death pronounced upon them by the higher intelligence of man1 and that sentence will be carried out within a century4 ,similarly within the bounds of humanity we must recognise the limitations of mere statistics4 ,the population of ,france1 some forty years ago1 consisted of so many millions of units4 ,the figure does not matter1--let us put it at #cj1jjj1jja4 ,now that #a1 so to say1 was called ,louis ,pasteur1 and from the point of view of statistics or those who think they can predict history by counting heads1 he was only an almost infinitesimal fraction1 about one-thirty-millionth part1 of the ,french people4 ,yet1 as ,huxley pointed out long ago1 his mind sufficed to pay the entire indemnity exacted from ,france after the ,franco-,prussian war4 ,this single unit was worth more than a host of soldiers of the merely mechanical kind4 ,or take ,athens1 with its population of #cj1jjj people1 mostly slaves1 and consider its influence upon the world4 ,or1 indeed1 go where you please1 whether to the history of nations or the history of religion or science or art1 and ask whether the counting of heads1 the ordinary census taking which indeed amounts merely to weighing nations by the ton1 is an adequate one4 ,in estimating national capital by the methods of vital statistics alone1 we are in a far worse case than he would be who estimated monetary wealth by numbers of coins1 without considering whether they were pounds1 shillings or pence1 whether they were genuine or counterfeit4 ,the illustration is ludicrously inadequate1 as every illustration must be1 simply because the human case is unique4 ,in the units of a population1 which many prophets treat as if they were all of equal value1 there are not merely differences to which the difference between a sovereign and a penny offers no parallel2 there is not merely an enormous quantity of bogus or counterfeit units1 but there is a very large number of units in every population which1 so far from adding to the value of the rest1 subtract from it1 are parasitic upon it4 ,students of money will find no parallel to this4 ,yet in the face of facts which ought to be common intellectual property amongst school-children1 we find many writers1 bishops1 socialist economists1 moralists1 schoolboy ,imperialists1 and the rest1 pointing merely to the quantitative question of population as if it were everything1 though they must surely know that1 if international competition were the highest state of mankind1 and if the work of ,kelvin and ,lister had been sold at its real worth by us to the rest of the world1 those two men alone1 in their services to life1 and in the power which they give us over life1 would be equal in value to1 shall we say1 the lower four-fifths of the whole birth-rate during the last generation4 ,all human history teaches1 as all animal history teaches in lesser degree1 that quality and individuality is everything1 that quantity is nothing or far worse than nothing except in so far as it is quantity of quality3 yet though this lesson is written upon every page of the past1 the greater number of our publicists and our public advisers still implicitly deny it4 ,as ,mr4 ,crackanthorpe put it1 speaking of the figures for #aijg1 it is not the defective numbers1 but the numbers of defectives1 that should give us concern4 ,mass versus mind4--,john ,ruskin called ,darwin 8a dim comet1 wagging its tail of phosphorescent nothing against the steadfast stars0--a description as delightful as it is foolish4 ,yet the conception of eugenics1 which is indeed a necessary deduction from ,darwin's great discovery1 finds abundant warrant and support in ,ruskin's own wonderful writings1 and here ,i quote1 from ,time and ,tide1 some sentences which still require to be read and remembered by the majority of our present advisers4 ,he says3-- 8,and the question of numbers is wholly immaterial1 compared with that of character2 or rather1 its own materialness depends on the prior determination of character4 ,make your nation consist of knaves1 and1 as ,emerson said long ago1 it is but the case of any other vermin--the more1 the worse4 ,or1 to put the matter in narrower limits1 it is a matter of no final concern to any parent whether he shall have two children1 or four2 but matter of quite final concern whether those he has shall1 or shall not1 deserve to be hanged4444 ,you have to consider first1 by what methods of land distribution you can maintain the greatest number of healthy persons2 and secondly whether1 if1 by any other mode of distribution and relative ethical laws1 you can raise their character1 while you diminish their numbers1 such sacrifices should be made1 and to what extent8444 ,the ,french and ,british public may and will1 with many other publics1 be at last brought 444 to see farther that a nation's real strength and happiness do not depend upon properties and territories1 nor on machinery for their defence1 but on their getting such territory as they have1 well filled with none but respectable persons1 which is a way of infinitely enlarging one's territory1 feasible to every potentate40 ,surely it is not necessary1 one feels1 and yet one knows it is necessary1 again to lay down propositions of such shining truth1 and one wonders whether they shine so brightly as to blind those who should see them3 or what can conceivably be the explanation of such arguments as those of the ,bishop of ,london and others who1 in the face of our monstrous infant and child mortality1 the awful pressure of population and over-crowding in our great cities1 where every year a larger and larger proportion of the population lives1 and is born and dies--plead for a higher birth-rate on moral grounds1 of all amazing grounds conceivable2 and those also who1 from the military or so-called ,imperial point of view1 regarding men primarily as 8food for powder10 in ,shakespeare's phrase1 read and quote statistics of population in order to promulgate the same advice8 ,to the moralist we need make no reply except simply to name the infant mortality which is at last coming to be recognised everywhere as1 perhaps1 the most abominable of all our scandals4 ,to the militarist ,i would quote the case of our ally1 ,japan4 ,he recalls the war between ,china and ,japan1 and its issue1 and has some idea1 perhaps1 of the population ratio of those two ,empires4 ,how was it that ,providence was on the side of the small battalions8 ,he recalls also the ,russo-,japanese war and its issue2 and the population ratio of the two ,empires in that case4 ,how many other instances does not military history afford of the truth that in the human species mind is the master of matter8 ,one would suppose that a critical historical enquiry had been made1 proving that the results of all past wars could have been predicted by the simple method of estimating the total aggregate weight of the combatant nations in flesh and blood and bone6 ,more than this1 if the development of the art of warfare means anything1 if there has been any such development since the days of fists and stones1 it means1 as all human development in every sphere means1 the increasing dominance of mind over matter1 character and initiative over machinery1 dead or alive4 ,meanwhile1 the estimate of warriors in terms of the scale and the foot rule are still accepted just as if they had not been rendered obsolete for ever with the passing of the 8dragons of the prime40 ,as regards the psychical worth of the soldier1 is it not recognised1 though too commonly forgotten1 when we applaud the value of the veteran or of seasoned troops8 ,physically the veteran is1 on the average1 inferior to the younger man4 ,it is the psychical that gives him his worth1 just as it was patriotism and sobriety that enabled the few sober ,japanese to beat the many drunken ,russians4 ,it is safe to prophesy that1 in all future war1 the numerical criterion1 which in effect weighs armies by the ton1 as if war were merely a tug-of-war1 will become less and less important--if1 indeed1 it is not already negligible2 whilst the purely psychical qualities1 from generalship and strategy and hygiene to initiative1 judgment1 accuracy1 memory1 and down finally to mere brutal red-blooded courage1 will determine the issue4 ,platitude1 of course1 but if true1 why ignored8 ,why cannot our military advisers learn1 in this respect1 from the ,navy8 ,owing to the very nature of the sea as compared with the land1 in relation to the merely physical capacities of man1 a ,navy must be more intelligent than an ,army1 just as it requires more intelligence to make a boat than to walk2 and it is in the ,navy that the mechanical factor has been most completely transferred1 so that the human machinery is at a discount and the steel machinery made by the human mind is much1 whilst the value of the psychical in all its aspects dominates and controls the whole4 ,great ,britain1 as the foremost naval power in the world1 should long ago have left to its ultimate fate amongst other nations the idea that quantity--so many tons of soldiers and so many tons of sailors--affords an estimate of the warring force of a nation3 even if the whole history of this little isle and the possession of our present ,empire did not teach1 as the history of ,rome taught and as the history of ,athens teaches in another sphere1 that not mass but mind makes a nation great4 ,,chapter ,,vii ,,heredity ,,and ,,race-,,culture 8,we cannot but feel that the application of biological results is only beginning1 and beginning with a tardiness which is a reproach to human foresight4 ,there can be no doubt that it would pay the ,british nation to put aside a million a year for research on eugenics1 or the improvement of the human breed40 7,prof4 ,j4 ,a4 ,thomson1 ,heredity1 #aijh47 ,it is evident that the facts and principles of heredity lie at the very basis of eugenics or race-culture in any of its forms1 practical or impractical1 scientific or unscientific4 ,our continual assumption throughout is that like tends to beget like1 and it is on this ground that we desire to make parenthood the privilege of those whom we regard as inherently the best4 ,if there were no such thing as heredity there could be no possibility of race-culture--nor indeed should we be here to discuss it4 ,if a man's children were equally likely to be acorns or babies or tadpoles1 the living world would not be the living world we know4 ,the potency of heredity is obscured to uncritical examination by the fact that that which is inheritable is that which was innate1 inherent or germinal in the parent1 as we shall shortly see4 ,we1 however1 are apt to compare the child with the parent1 who has perhaps been much modified by circumstances1 so that the resemblance between father and child may seem to be slight4 ,yet if we could bring back before us that father1 as he was1 say at the age of two1 and compare him with his two-year-old child1 we should perhaps be astonished by the resemblance4 ,but we see the acquirements or acquired characters of the parent2 make no distinction between them and his inherent characters2 fail to discover these acquired characters in his child2--and discount the importance of heredity4 ,then1 again1 the eugenist may be utterly confounded if he estimates the parental value of an individual without reference to this limitation of heredity4 ,here is a man of culture and accomplishment2 his children1 then1 will presumably tend to be cultured and accomplished4 ,but every kind of advantage that forethought and love and money can afford may have been showered upon that man4 ,so far as native endowment was concerned1 he may have indeed been far below mediocrity4 ,now it is native endowment alone that he can transmit1 and our eugenic estimate of him is therefore erroneous and will lead to disappointment4 ,it is impossible to lay too great stress upon the truth that in all eugenic plans or demands or practices we are assuming the fact of inheritance1 and that therefore it is our first business to distinguish absolutely between that which tends to be inherited and that which1 on the other hand1 is never inherited4 ,yet again1 this distinction is of almost incalculable social moment in so far as it affects the process of selection actually occurring in society4 ,this1 perhaps1 has not been adequately recognised4 ,one may repeat a former statement of this point1 which is cardinal for the eugenist3-- 8,even supposing that we were all identical at birth1 yet1 since we would come to differ from one another in virtue of different acquirements1 due to our adaptation to differing environments1 natural selection would ultimately have different individuals from which to select4 ,those who had made the most advantageous acquirements1 such as industry or great knowledge1 would tend to survive and prosper1 whilst those who had made disadvantageous acquirements1 such as laziness or the loss of sight or limbs1 would be pushed to the wall4 ,that process1 of course1 occurs in society at the present day to a greater or less degree1 but it has only immediate and temporary or contemporary consequences4 ,for if we recall the assertion that acquirements cannot be transmitted1 we shall see that the selection of those who have made advantageous acquirements cannot benefit the next generation1 since these acquirements die with their makers4 ,the only process of natural selection which can result in progress is one which consists in the selection of favourable 444 inborn and therefore transmissible characters1 such as good digestion1 the musical sense1 exceptional intelligence1 the sympathetic temperament or what not 7in so far as these are inborn7--the reason being that such are transmissible and that the children of persons so selected will tend to inherit their parents' good fortune4 ,there is a fictitious way in which we speak of a child inheriting his father's acquirements1 as when his father has acquired a fortune2 but the child does much better to inherit his father's good sense or good health1 which were characters inborn in him4 ,acquirements1 then1 are all very well for the day1 but it is inborn characters that alone count for the morrow40#bf ,it may be added that the time is coming when there will be a radical 8transvaluation10 as ,nietzsche would say1 of the two fashions in which a father 8leaves0 something to his children4 ,when a question is asked on this head now-a-days1 we mean1 foolishly enough1 to enquire how much money the father left his child1 and we say of a man that he has 8inherited0 a fortune4 ,we can see plainly enough1 as ,theognis did two thousand five hundred years ago1 that such an 8inheritance0 may and often does work in an anti-eugenic fashion4 ,the gilded fool is swallowed by the maiden whose native sense would have rejected such a pill without its coat1 and so the most pitiable degenerate becomes the father of his like4 ,this point will be alluded to later4 ,the present argument is that when we ask what a father 8left0 his children1 we should really desire to learn what he gave them when he was still alive and begot them4 ,these vital1 or mortal1 characters which they inherit--shall we say good health or insanity--are of incalculably more moment to them as individuals than any monetary fortune1 and of incalculably more moment for the future4 ,yet again is it true that there is no wealth but life1 and the best 8fortune0 or wealth that you can leave your children is sane and vigorous life4 ,the case of slum childhood4--,we have already seen that even in the slums the children make a fresh start in a wonderful way1 that their stunted growth1 their proneness to disease1 are mainly due to their environment1 which it is therefore our duty to improve4 ,this is in general true1 and depends evidently upon the fact that the acquired deterioration of the parents--e4g41 dental decay--is not transmitted to their children--poisonings apart--so that the children make a fresh start where their parents did4 ,it is necessary to point this out again and again1 as the present writer for one has long been weary of doing1 because it indicates our immediate duty in this respect1 and forbids us to shirk it with any too-comprehensive phrases about 8national degeneration40 ,now who could have predicted that this plain and simple truth would be regarded by some people as constituting a denial--on strict scientific grounds1 and as the very latest scientific pronouncement--of the principle of heredity8 8,the bubble of heredity has been pricked10 says ,mr4 ,bernard ,shaw4 ,but popular muddleheadedness does not affect the palpable and universal truth that the inherent characters of parents do tend to be inherited by their children2 nor yet that these inherent characters differ profoundly in different individuals2 nor yet the eugenic argument1 which is that for purposes of parenthood1 which means for the entire future1 some of these should be taken and others left4 8,ye shall know them by their fruits4 ,do men gather grapes of thorns1 or figs of thistles8444 ,wherefore by their fruits ye shall know them40 ,these classical words surely have a special value for the eugenist4 ,as we have said1 it is his particular necessity1 alike in theory and in practice1 to 8know0 the real nature1 the innate1 inherent1 germinal characters1 of the individuals who may or may not be parents3 and these1 as we have seen1 are frequently obscured by the action of the environment--as1 for instance1 in the population of the slums on the one hand1 or the man of factitious culture on the other hand4 ,but 8by their fruits ye shall know them40 ,in general1 the children inherit what was innate in their parents1 and in many an instance the surest way in which you could ascertain what the parent really was by nature--what1 as we say1 ,nature 8meant0 him to be--is by a study of his children4 ,only1 of course1 we must take the children very young indeed1 before environment has made its mark upon them also1 for better or for worse4 ,thus1 when we find the new-born baby of some pallid1 half-starved1 stunted mother in the slums1 to be healthy and vigorous and beautiful1#bg by this fruit we shall know what the mother might and should have been4 ,a healthy baby goes far to demonstrate that the stock is healthy4 ,this is one of the cardinal truths which emerge from the study of infant mortality1 and it may be perhaps permitted to warn some students of race-culture of the errors into which they are bound to fall if they do not reckon with what the student of infant mortality is constantly asserting3 viz41 that the babies of the slums1 seen early1 before ignorance and neglect have had their way with them1 are physically vigorous and promising in certainly not less than ninety per cent4 of cases4 ,this primarily demonstrates1 of course1 the murderous nature of our infant mortality2 but it also demonstrates to the eugenist that these classes are perhaps not so unworthy as he may fancy4 ,by their new-born babies ye shall know them4 ,it is under the influence of such considerations that the present writer1 for one1 is somewhat chary of predictions and proposals based upon the relative fertility of different classes of the community or of the masses as compared with the classes4 ,directly the eugenist begins to talk in terms of social classes 7as ,mr4 ,galton has never done71 he is skating on thin ice1 and if it lets him through1 he will find the remains of many of his rash predecessors beneath it4#bh ,in fine1 then1 if we observe the distinction between the innate and the acquired1 which is the distinction between the transmissible and the intransmissible1 this is so far from denying the fact of heredity at all as in reality to emphasise its potency whilst undoubtedly diminishing its range4 ,a criticism of terms4--,in order that this distinction may be clear and never forgotten1 it is well to look to our vocabulary--words being good servants but bad masters4 ,we should certainly have this vocabulary purged altogether of a certain word in common and uncritical employment1 especially by the medical profession4 ,this is the thoroughly misleading1 indeterminate and useless word 8congenital40 ,not on one occasion in a hundred of its use does any examined meaning attach to it4 ,the word is commonly used as the equivalent of innate1 inherent1 inborn or germinal4 ,now nothing is truly innate or inborn save what was present in the germ4 ,but with childish confusion of thought1 we persist in attaching quite undeserved importance to the birth of those animals which are brought forth 8alive0--as if a bird's egg were not alive4 ,hence we speak of any character present at birth as congenital1 and then we assume that congenital is synonymous with inherent or germinal4 ,but it is an irrelevant detail that a young mammal happens to leave its mother at the ninth week or month4 ,during the whole period that it spends within its mother1 it is to be regarded as an individual organism with its own environment4 ,if that environment so affects it as to strangle a limb1 the result is an acquirement1 though it may be present at birth4 ,an acquirement is an acquirement1 whether it be acquired five minutes or months before1 or five minutes or months after1 the change of environment which we call birth4 ,thus a character may be congenital--that is1 present at birth--but not inherent or germinal1 not inborn at the real birth1 which was the union of the maternal and paternal germ-cells at conception4 ,such congenital characters are really acquirements1 and--poisonings apart--are not transmissible4 ,in common discussion this distinction is wholly ignored2 and two distinct things1 fundamentally different in origin and in potency1 are lumped together under the blessed word 8congenital40 ,this word is equally foolish and useless in an opposite direction4 ,it constantly leads those who use it to suppose that the inherent characters of an individual are conterminous with his congenital characters or his characters at birth1 and that thus any characters which he displays at a later age are acquired4 ,all this comes of the absurdly delusive significance attached to the change of environment called birth1 and may doubtless be traced historically to the remotest superstitions which imagined that a baby is not alive until it is born and breathes1 or that the soul or breath or pneuma or 8vital principle0 is breathed into it at the moment of birth4 ,we know1 however1 that a man may display for the first time at the age of twenty or sixty a character which was as truly inherent in his constitution as his nose or his spinal column--perhaps a beard1 perhaps a mental character1 perhaps a disease1 or what not4 ,now this was not congenital though it was inherent4 ,but as long as the stupid#bi word 8congenital0 is used as it is1 we shall fail to realise that inherent characters may display themselves in an individual at any time after birth as at any time before birth4 ,thus1 to sum up1 a character may be congenital or rather pre-congenital1 yet not inherent but acquired3 a character may be post-congenital1 yet not acquired but inherent4 ,now the all-important question as regards heredity is not at what date in the history of an individual a character appears--as1 for instance1 before birth or after birth2 but1 whether that character is inherent and therefore transmissible and therefore a possible architect of the future of mankind2 or merely an acquirement1 with which--the racial poisons apart--heredity has no concern4 ,it is suggested1 then1 that the word congenital be expunged from the vocabulary of science1 or that1 if it be retained1 some meaning or other--any will do--be attached to it4 ,if the word is to be retained1 and if it be agreed to attach a meaning to it1 probably 8at birth0 would be the most convenient4 ,if this were agreed upon1 then the phrase 8congenital blindness10 now in common use1 could be retained1 as it would then accurately indicate the nature of the blindness in question1 which is due almost invariably1 if not invariably1 to an infection acquired at the moment of birth4 ,yet further4 ,when we say that a man's intelligence or length of limb or whatever it be is hereditary1 we mean in ordinary speech that this character can be traced in one or more of his ancestors2 and that is1 of course1 an accurate use of the term4 ,but ,shakespeare1 for instance1 had unremarkable ancestors1 so that no one would say that his genius was hereditary2 are we1 then1 to say that it was acquired8 ,every one would protest at once that a poet is born and not made--than which there is certainly no truer popular saying4 ,what1 then1 is to be said of it if it was neither hereditary nor acquired8 ,the truth is that language is again at fault4 ,shakespeare's genius was of inherent or germinal origin--the poet is born and not made3 or1 more accurately1 the poet is conceived and not made1 either before birth or after it4 ,therefore1 though ,shakespeare did not inherit his mother's genius or his father's genius1 neither of them having such a gift to transmit1 yet his genius was certainly potential either in the maternal or paternal germ-cell which united to form him1 or in both2 or at the least arose in consequence of that compromise or rearrangement or settlement1 shall we say1 which is in effect always agreed upon by the two germ-cells in bi-parental reproduction4 ,now the two germ-cells are the hereditary material4 ,they were given to ,shakespeare by his parents2 nay more1 they made him4 ,his genius1 then1 was hereditary in an absolutely correct sense of the word1 yet not in the sense of ordinary speech1 nor even in the sense in which it is employed by ,mr4 ,galton in his book on ,hereditary ,genius4 ,this confusion of terms is responsible for much confusion of thought4 ,it must the more urgently be cleared up because of the discoveries in heredity initiated by the ,abbot ,mendel1 forty years ago1 and now included in the department of the science of heredity which is called ,mendelism4 ,we learn from this that highly definite characters may appear in offspring though there was no sign of them in either parent4 ,these1 then1 are not hereditary in the sense of ordinary speech4 ,yet1 in a more accurate sense of the word they can be proved to be hereditary--nay more1 the manner and proportion of their transmission can be predicted in the most exact mathematical terms4 ,these characters were not present in the parent's body2 they did not lie open to view in the parent2 they were not patent in the parent4 ,they were latent1 however1 they lay hid1 in the parent1 or rather in the germ-plasm of which that parent was the host4 ,in many such cases1 if we go back a generation further we find that the character in question was patent in a grand-parent4 ,a mother's son may suffer from hmophilia or the bleeding disease1 yet she is not a 8bleeder10 nor is the boy's father2 but her father was a bleeder1 and the disease is1 of course1 hereditary in her son1 though neither of his parents displayed a trace of it4 ,thus an individual may inherit or may have inherent in the germ-cells from which he was formed characters which were not present in either parent4 ,they were1 however1 potentially present in the germ-cells of which those parents were the trustees4 ,but1 the reader will say1 do we find in the case of every 8sport0 or 8transilient variation10 such as ,shakespeare1 that the new character was1 after all1 present in some one or other of his ancestors though absent in his immediate parents8 ,the answer is negative1 certainly4 ,but genius1 to take this case1 is a combination of qualities4 ,and the ,mendelians are now able to call into existence organisms of new kinds by combination of qualities derived from one parent1 or rather from one parental line1 with other qualities1 formerly apparently incompatible with them derived from the other parental line4 ,thus ,professor ,biffen of ,cambridge has called into existence a new kind of wheat such as never existed before--a wheat combining the quality technically called 8strength10 hitherto lacking in all kinds of wheat capable of being profitably grown in ,great ,britain1 with the power of yielding a large crop and other good qualities found in home-grown wheat4 ,he has also produced a wheat which1 together with other desirable qualities1 is immune from the disease known as 8rust10 this immunity having never been found before associated with the other good qualities in question4 ,these advances will not long be limited to the vegetable world merely4 ,perhaps it requires no very great imagination1 after all1 to suppose that even something like that combination of qualities which we call genius may some day be produced at will in mankind4 ,such a new wheat1 then1--,i will not say such a ,shakespeare--owes its unique and unprecedented properties to heredity1 and yet there was never anything like it before4 ,its 8genius0 is not 8hereditary40 ,the words innate and inborn are harmless and may be employed1 though the apparent emphasis on birth is rather unfortunate4 ,we mean1 however1 by innate or inborn qualities1 qualities which were potential in the germ4 ,the genius of ,shakespeare was innate or inborn4 ,it was present potentially at his real birth1 the union of the parental cells4 ,it preceded his 8birth0 in the ordinary sense of the word3 ,shakespeare1 when only in embryo1 was a ,shakespeare in embryo4 ,better still is the word inherent1 which1 of course1 literally means 8sticking in40 ,by anything inherent we mean that which was there from the first as part and parcel of1 as indeed essential to1 the entity to which we refer4 ,now inherent characters are always inherited in the accurate sense that they inhere in the germ-cells1 which are the inherited material4 ,as these germ-cells make us or as we are made out of them1 it follows1 of course1 that all our potentialities whatsoever1 our ultimate fates in every particular1 partly depend upon inheritance4#cj ,nature and nurture are antithetic terms of ,shakespearean origin which are in frequent use and much favoured by ,mr4 ,galton4 ,that which comes by nature is the inborn1 inherent1 or germinal2 and that is due to nurture which is the result of the converse of the germinal with the environment--a man's accent1 for instance4 ,perhaps1 in some ways1 germinal is the most useful word of all1 though inherent is so convenient and familiar1 as well as being accurate etymologically1 that it has been employed throughout this book4 ,not only is the word germinal strictly accurate1 but also it suggests the idea of the germ-plasm1 and has the particular virtue of avoiding all reference to the change of environment to which young mammals are subjected and which is called birth4 ,there remains the terminological difficulty that1 as ,i have tried to show1 the individual may display characters which were potential in the germ1 inherent and necessarily inherited1 though they did not appear in the parent nor yet in any ancestor4 ,we have to face the paradox1 then1 that in natural inheritance a parent can transmit what he has not got1 though this does not apply to the unnatural inheritance of property in human society4 ,now what word is there which shall indicate the origin or at least the time and conditions of origin1 of such characters as these8 ,they are germinal1 yet they are--in some cases--not wholly present in either of the germ-cells which united to form the new individual in question4 ,they are present1 however1 in the new single cell from which this individual1 like every living organism1 takes its origin4#ca ,the terms 8congerminal0 or 8conceptional0 might be employed4 8,acquired character10 even1 is a bad term4 ,it replaced 8functionally-produced modification10 which was long employed by ,spencer4 ,the blacksmith's biceps answers to this phrase4 ,it is this and other such modifications that are non-transmissible4 ,alcoholic degeneration is not a 8functionally-produced modification10 but it is an 8acquired character10 as is lead poisoning4 ,these do produce results in offspring--naturally enough4 ,if the older phrase were still the one employed1 we should see that the ,weismannian argument as to non-transmission does not apply to such 8acquired characters40 ,the word 8reversion10 also1 not to say 8atavism10 may well be dropped4 ,the attempted justification of its older meaning by ,professor ,thomson has led to severe and conclusive ,mendelian criticism4 ,the 8reversion0 of fancy pigeons to the blue ancestor is simply due to the coming together of ,mendelian units long separated4 ,the 8reversion0 of the feeble-minded is not reversion but the result of poisoning--diversion1 or perversion1 if you like4 ,primitive man was not feeble-minded1 nor is the ape4 ,science has no further use for the word as it is at present employed4 ,maternal impressions4--,we are now1 at last1 after our attempt to clear up the vocabulary of heredity1 in a position to consider certain doctrines and popular beliefs which bear very directly upon race-culture4 ,realising1 for instance1 that 8congenital0 means nothing2 realising as perhaps some of us have not so clearly realised before1 when exactly it is that the new human being comes into existence1 we shall be prepared to understand how definite and indisputable are the denials which science offers to certain popular ideas4 ,thus1 for instance1 in the interests of race-culture1 or1 to be more particular1 in the interests of her unborn baby1 the expectant mother may faithfully follow the example of ,lucy in ,the ,ordeal of ,richard ,feverel4#cb ,does this have its intended effect8 ,the answer is an unqualified negative4 ,consider the case4 ,the baby is at this time already a baby1 though rather small and uncanny1 floating in a fluid of its own manufacture4 ,its sole connection with its mother is by means of its umbilical cord--that is to say1 blood vessels1 arterial and venous4 ,there is no nervous connection whatever3 absolutely nothing but the blood-stream1 carried along a system of tubes4 ,this blood is the child's blood1 which it sends forth from itself along the umbilical cord to a special organ1 the placenta or after-birth1 half made by itself and half made by the mother1 in which the child's blood travels in thin vessels so close to the mother's blood that their contents can be interchanged4 ,yet the two streams never actually mix4 ,the child's blood1 having disposed of its carbonic acid and waste-products to the mother's blood1 and having received therefrom oxygen and food1 returns so laden to the child4 ,pray how is the mother's reading of history to make the child a historian8 ,if1 after birth1 a small operation were performed1 so that some of the mother's blood should run along an artificial tube into one of her baby's veins1 the effective connection between the two organisms would in a sense be actually closer than it was before birth1 when1 as has been said1 the two streams are always kept apart4 ,should we expect such an operation to serve the child for education8 ,if the mother then acquired a scar should we expect it to give the child a similar scar8 ,we see now why the learning of geometry on the part of the mother before its birth will not set her baby upon that royal road to geometry of which ,euclid rightly denied the existence--any more than after its birth4 ,such a thing does not happen1 and there is no conceivable means by which it could happen--unless we are to call in telepathy4 ,all maternal hopes and efforts of this kind are utterly misguided3 as misguided as if the father entertained similar hopes4 ,let the devoted mother acquaint herself not with what historians are pleased to call history1 but with the history of the developing human mind and body1 so that she may be a fit educator of her child when it is born4 ,let her also realise that her blood is everything to her child4 ,it is food and air and organ of excretion4 ,if she introduces alcohol into her blood in any considerable quantity she is feeding her child on poisoned food4 ,surely the reader must see the distinction between a case like this and the supposed transmission of historical knowledge or even historical aptitude from mother to baby by the diligent perusal of histories4 ,yet though the distinction is so palpable and evident1 there are extremists who believe and even print their beliefs that the denial of the one 7supposed7 possibility1 which is palpably inconceivable1 logically carries with it a denial of the other possibility1 which is indeed a palpable necessity4 ,or1 to state the criticism in another way1 there are those who1 if we protest that the introduction of poisons into the mother's organism must surely involve risk to the child who is nourished by her blood1 will retort1 8,oh1 well1 ,i suppose you believe that if you learn a number of languages before your next child is born1 he or she will be a linguist60#cc ,hereditary genius4--,mr4 ,galton's world-famous work on ,hereditary ,genius was published in #ahfi and reprinted with a most valuable additional chapter in #ahib4 ,it has long been out of print1 however1 and for the definite purpose of attempting to arouse the reader's interest in it so that he may somehow or other obtain a copy to read1 ,i may here go over one or two points1 chosen to that end4 ,the argument1 of course1 is that ability is hereditary4#cd ,this1 in the judgment of most unbiassed people1 ,mr4 ,galton conclusively proved3 and we do not at all realise to-day how repugnant and revolutionary this doctrine appeared to popular opinion some forty years ago4 ,mr4 ,galton has1 however1 followed up his citation of facts on more than one occasion since1#ce and those who now deny his view belong to that very large majority of any population which finds itself able to pronounce confidently upon the value of an author's work without the labour1 found necessary by less fortunate people1 of reading it4 ,the following quotation states the question of national eugenics in final form3-- 8,as an example of what could be sought with advantage1 let us suppose that we take a number1 sufficient for statistical purposes1 of persons occupying different social classes1 those who are the least efficient in physical1 intellectual1 and moral grounds forming our lowest class1 and those who are the most efficient forming our highest class4 ,the question to be solved relates to the hereditary permanence of the several classes4 ,what proportion of each class is descended from parents who belong to the same class1 and what proportion is descended from parents who belong to each of the other classes8 ,do those persons who have honourably succeeded in life1 and who are presumably1 on the whole1 the most valuable portion of our human stock1 contribute on the aggregate their fair share of posterity to the next generation8 ,if not1 do they contribute more or less than their fair share1 and in what degree8 ,in other words1 is the evolution of man in each particular country favourably or injuriously affected by its special form of civilisation8 8,enough is already known to make it certain that the productiveness of both the extreme classes1 the best and the worst1 falls short of the average of the nation as a whole4 ,therefore1 the most prolific class necessarily lies between the two extremes1 but at what intermediate point does it lie8 ,taken altogether1 on any reasonable principle1 are the natural gifts of the most prolific class1 bodily1 intellectual1 and moral1 above or below the line of national mediocrity8 ,if above that line1 then the existing conditions are favourable to the improvement of the race4 ,if they are below that line1 they must work towards its degradation40 ,the main body of the book deals with enquiries in special cases--the judges of ,england between #affj and #ahfe1 statesmen1 commanders1 authors1 men of science1 poets1 musicians1 painters1 divines1 senior classics of ,cambridge1 oarsmen and wrestlers4 ,the concluding chapters should be printed in gold4 ,only one or two notes can here be made4 ,mr4 ,galton believes that the dark ages were largely due to the celibacy enjoined by religious orders on their votaries3-- 8,whenever a man or woman was possessed of a gentle nature that fitted him or her to deeds of charity1 to meditation1 to literature or to art1 the social condition of the time was such that they had no refuge elsewhere than in the bosom of the ,church4 ,but the ,church chose to preach and exact celibacy1 and the consequence was that these gentle natures had no continuance1 and thus1 by a policy so singularly unwise and suicidal that ,i am hardly able to speak of it without impatience1 the ,church brutalised the breed of our forefathers4 ,she acted precisely as if she had aimed at selecting the rudest portion of the community to be1 alone1 parents of future generations4 ,she practised the arts which breeders would use1 who aimed at creating ferocious1 currish1 and stupid natures4 ,no wonder that club law prevailed for centuries over ,europe2 the wonder rather is that enough good remained in the veins of ,europeans to enable their race to rise to its present very moderate level of natural morality40 ,yet further3-- 8,the policy of the religious world in ,europe was exerted in another direction1 with hardly less cruel effect on the nature of future generations1 by means of persecutions which brought thousands of the foremost thinkers and men of political aptitudes to the scaffold1 or imprisoned them during a large part of their manhood1 or drove them as emigrants into other lands4 ,in every one of these cases the check upon their leaving issue was very considerable4 ,hence the ,church1 having first captured all the gentle natures and condemned them to celibacy1 made another sweep of her huge nets1 this time fishing in stirring waters1 to catch those who were the most fearless1 truth-seeking1 and intelligent1 in their modes of thought1 and therefore the most suitable parents of a high civilisation1 and put a strong check1 if not a direct stop1 to their progeny4 ,those she reserved on these occasions1 to breed the generations of the future1 were the servile1 the indifferent1 and1 again1 the stupid4 ,thus1 as she--to repeat my expression--brutalised human nature by her system of celibacy applied to the gentle1 she demoralised it by her system of persecution of the intelligent1 the sincere1 and the free4 ,it is enough to make the blood boil to think of the blind folly that has caused the foremost nations of struggling humanity to be the heirs of such hateful ancestry1 and that has so bred our instincts as to keep them in an unnecessarily long-continued antagonism with the essential requirements of a steadily advancing civilisation40 ,for this final quotation no apology is needed3-- 8,the best form of civilisation in respect to the improvement of the race1 would be one in which society was not costly2 where incomes were chiefly derived from professional sources1 and not much through inheritance2 where every lad had a chance of showing his abilities1 and1 if highly gifted1 was enabled to achieve a first-class education and entrance into professional life1 by the liberal help of the exhibitions and scholarships which he had gained in his early youth2 where marriage was held in as high honour as in ancient ,jewish times2 where the pride of race was encouraged 7of course ,i do not refer to the nonsensical sentiment of the present day1 that goes under that name72 where the weak could find a welcome and a refuge in celibate monasteries or sisterhoods1 and lastly1 where the better sort of emigrants and refugees from other lands were invited and welcomed1 and their descendants naturalised40 ,the study of psychical inheritance4--,this early work of ,mr4 ,galton has been followed by much more on the same lines4 ,contemporary psychology1 however1 is just beginning to indicate the lines on which new enquiry is needed4 ,the nave assertions of the actuary as to the inheritance of1 say1 8conscientiousness0 are not useful to the psychologist1 who has some idea of the structure and history of that most complex social product we call conscience4 ,the psychologists must analyse out for us those elementary units of the mind upon which experience and the social state1 education and suggestion act1 to make human nature as we know it4 ,the reader may be directed to ,dr4 ,mc,dougall's recent work on ,social ,psychology--written at the present writer's suggestion--for an outline analysis of what is really inherent1 and therefore alone transmissible1 in the human mind--certain instincts and impulses1 together with native varieties in capacity of memory1 and so on4 ,recently the ,mendelians have entered this field1 and they have the advantage of realising the importance of dealing with real primary units4 ,their law seems to apply to the musical sense in man and to the brooding instinct in the hen4#cf ,the line of study here suggested is earnestly commended to the psychologists for their indispensable help4 ,eugenics and parties4--,let us once again consider the fashion in which men and women are classified to the eugenic eye4 ,we have already realised that the most essential division of fact is that between those who will and those who will not be parents4 ,the most essential division of ideal is of those who are worthy and those who are not worthy to be parents4 ,it is the object of eugenics to make the real and the ideal divisions coincide4 ,and let us here say with all possible force that before such classifications as these all others are trivial and nearly all others impudent4 ,the eugenist has nothing to do with the low game called party politics3 terms like socialism and so forth mean very little for him4 ,he may or may not be a socialist1 but if he be1 at least he does not subscribe to what1 so far as ,i can judge1 is the first article in the creed of socialism--that all evil is of economic origin2 he knows that there is much evil of germinal origin4 ,as for conservatism and liberalism1 he might have some use for these terms if the creed of conservatism were that there is no wealth but life1 which must be conserved2 and the creed of liberalism that life has not yet reached its zenith1 and there must be liberty for all progressive variations of body and mind and thought and practice4 ,as it is1 all these things are somewhat nauseating4 ,if and when there is a thinking party1 and that party will have the eugenist1 he will doubtless join it4 ,meanwhile he appeals to that great and growing section of the community which knows party-politics for the humbug and sham that it is1 and the ,house of ,commons as a lethal chamber for souls4 ,similarly1 the eugenic classification of mankind cuts right across the ordinary social classification4 ,the parasite and the parent of parasites must be branded1 whether he be at the top or the bottom of the social scale4 ,the quality of the germ-plasm which men and women carry is the supremely important thing4 ,its architecture is the architect of all empires4 ,year by year we shall more surely be able to infer the nature and the worth of the germ-plasm in particular cases1 though its host may have been veneered or1 on the other hand1 repressed2 and year by year the basal facts of heredity will furnish ever surer criteria for the theory and practice of a ,new ,imperialism which knows1 for instance1 what militarism did for ,rome and ,napoleon for ,france1 and which will some day sweep all the money changers out of the ,temple of ,life4#cg ,,chapter ,,viii ,,education ,,and ,,race-,,culture 8,education is but the giving or withholding of opportunity40--,bateson4 ,it is true that education can seem to accomplish miracles2 that in a single generation the results of an ideal education would be amazing4 ,it is true1 also1 that in certain epochs of history1 when wise counsels have prevailed1 great results have been attained4 ,it is true that at present scarcely a man or woman amongst us1 if any1 has reached the full stature which would have been attained under an ideal system of education4 ,it is true1 finally1 that no system of race-culture can ignore education or be effective without it4 ,though the general question of education is not the specific question of the present volume1 yet there is only too good reason for some brief allusion to the subject here1 especially since it bears on the question of the measure of importance which we ascribe to heredity4 ,modern education--the destruction of mind4--,when we observe in such contrasted cases as those of ,herbert ,spencer and ,wordsworth1 for instance1 that absence of early education1 especially in the first septennium1 has co-existed with the subsequent efflorescence of the mightiest genius1 we may almost be inclined to enquire whether genius could not in effect be made to order even in the very next generation by the simple device of suspending the process which we are pleased to call education4 ,doubtless that is scarcely so1 though every one who has any knowledge of the subject is well assured that mere suspension of the present destructive process might suffice to produce a population that would wonder at its ancestors4 ,a simple analogy will show the disastrous character of the present process1 which may be briefly described as 8education0 by cram and emetic4 ,it is as if you filled a child's stomach to repletion with marbles1 pieces of coal and similar material incapable of digestion--the more worthless the material the more accurate the analogy3 then applied an emetic and estimated your success by the completeness with which everything was returned1 more especially if it was returned 8unchanged10 as the doctors say4 ,just so do we cram the child's mental stomach1 its memory1 with a selection of dead facts of history and the like 7at least when they are not fictions7 and then apply a violent emetic called an examination 7which like most other emetics causes much depression7 and estimate our success by the number of statements which the child vomits on to the examination paper--if the reader will excuse me4 ,further1 if we are what we usually are1 we prefer that the statements shall come back 8unchanged0--showing no signs of mental digestion4 ,we call this 8training the memory40 ,such a process as one has imagined in the physical case would assuredly ruin the physical digestion for life4 ,in the mental case1 which is not imaginary but actual1 a similar result ensues4 ,it is thus unfair to the ,anglo-,saxon germ-plasm to credit it with the abundant stupidity of its products4 ,much of this stupidity is factitious and artificial4 ,we shall continue to produce it so long as by education or drawing forth we understand intrusion or thrusting in1 and so long as the only drawing forth which we practise is by means of the emetics we call examinations4 ,the present type of education is a curse to modern childhood and a menace to the future4 ,the teacher who cannot tell whether a child is doing well without formally examining it1 should be heaving bricks2 but such a teacher does not exist4 ,in ,berlin they are now learning that the depression caused by these emetics1 for which the best physical parallel is antimony1 often leads to child suicide--a steadily-increasing phenomenon mainly due to educational over-pressure and worry about examinations4 ,short of such appalling disasters1 however1 we have to reckon with the existence of this enormous amount of stupidity1 which those who fortunately escaped such education in childhood have to drag along with them in the long struggle towards the stars4 ,this dead weight of inertia lamentably retards progress4 ,our factitious stupidity is injurious both in the governing and the governed4 ,as ,professor ,patrick ,geddes once remarked to the present writer1 there are three kinds of governments3 the government of the future--as yet only ideal1 which believes that there are ideas and that they may be worth acting upon3 the second is instanced by the ,russian government1 which believes that there are ideas1 but fears and suppresses them3 the third by the ,british government1 which denies that there are ideas at all1 and prefers the method of 8muddling through0--to use a ,cabinet ,minister's contented phrase--though truth is one and error infinite1 though there are a million ways of going wrong for one of going right4 ,this characteristic is not to be attributed to any germinal stupidity of the ruling classes in ,england4 ,if it were we should of course look upon the decadence of their birth-rate with the utmost gratitude4 ,it is a factitious product of their education4 ,if you have been treated with marbles and emetics long enough1 you may begin to question whether there is such a thing as nourishing food2 if you have been crammed with dead facts1 and then compelled to disgorge them1 you may well question whether there are such things as nourishing facts or ideas4 ,not less disastrous is this factitious stupidity amongst the governed4 ,it produces1 of course1 the kind of man with whom we are all familiar4 ,having at great labour been taught to read1 he is incapable of reading anything but rubbish4 ,he never thinks for himself1 and if he does you wish he had not1 so inadequate is his machinery and so deplorable the result4 ,he believes in politicians4 ,he is1 as we have said1 so much dead weight for the reformer1 whose energy is diverted from the discovery of new truth by the need of directing the eyes of stupidity to the old1 though it shines as the sun in his strength4 ,therefore1 let not the reader suppose that in the advocacy of eugenics or race-culture we have become blinded to the possibilities offered us by reasonable education even of the very heterogeneous material offered us by heredity4 ,the limits of education--individual and racial4--,yet it must be maintained that1 though we cannot do without education1 and though something infinitely better than we practise at present will be necessary if the ideal of race-culture is ever to be realised1 yet education alone1 however good1 can never enable us to achieve our end4 ,it must be maintained1 in the first place1 that education is limited in its powers by the inherent nature of the educated material--it is a process of drawing out1 and you cannot draw out what is not there3 and secondly1 that its value1 so far as the nature of individuals is concerned1 is confined to the individuals in question and is not reproduced or maintained in their children4 ,thus education alone would have similar material to act upon from age to age1 would have to make a fresh beginning in each generation1 and its results1 however good1 relatively1 would still be limited and finite4 ,we shall do well1 perhaps1 to obtain and retain an adequate definition of education4 ,no true conception of education was possible1 notwithstanding the derivation of the word1 so long as the child's mind was likened to a piece of 8pure white paper0 for us to write upon3 or an empty box waiting to be filled4 ,the tabula rasa of ,locke is1 we now know1 the last thing in the world to resemble a child's mind4 ,indeed1 if any such figure be demanded1 the child's mind is a piece of mosaic--made of ancestral pieces--and education is the process of realising what is so given4 ,or1 if a child's mind is a portmanteau1 to educate is not to pack but to unpack it4 ,we understand1 at least1 that education never can begin at the beginning1 nor anywhere near it--that1 as ,professor ,mac,cunn says in his admirable book1 ,the ,making of ,character1 8the page of the youngest life is so far from being blank that it bears upon it characters in comparison with which the faded ink of palography is as recent history40 ,we are learning1 too1 though none but the very few know this1 that the process by which the 8faded ink0 is made visible must not be credited with having done the writing3 any more than the fire to which you hold a paper written upon with ink that fire makes visible4 ,still less do we realise that what really seems to be the product of education is often the result of an inherent mechanism now developed1 which was not yet formed when we began the educational process4 ,one reason why the baby cannot walk is that it has not the nervous apparatus4 ,a child may walk at the first attempt1 if that attempt be delayed until the machinery is developed4 ,a child may similarly speak sentences at the first attempt4 ,very commonly we start teaching a child something1 which1 after some years1 it learns4 ,we have done nothing but interfere4 ,the learning is none of our doing3 merely the mental apparatus is now evolved--and lo6 the result4 ,at birth the sucking apparatus is perfect4 ,if we could1 doubtless we should start teaching the unborn infant to suck long before the machinery was ready--and should applaud ourselves for its facility at birth2 only that probably this facility would be impaired by our efforts1 as many capacities of later development are damaged by our interference4 ,what we understand1 or misunderstand1 by education should begin approximately when a child is seven4 ,the first seven years of life should really have the term of childhood confined to them1 for there is a natural term so indicated4 ,the growth of the brain is a matter of the first seven years almost wholly4 ,it grows relatively little after that period2 and until that is completed the physical apparatus of mind is not ready for educational interference4 ,without any such interference1 and with merely the provision of conditions1 physical and mental1 for its spontaneous development1 the brain of the seven year old will suffice for surprising things--so surprising that if their evolution were possible under any system of schooling practised before that date1 we should applaud it as ideal4 ,probably there is no such system--much less any that will improve on the spontaneous process4 ,education the provision of an environment4--,we are prepared1 then1 to realise the limits to the action of education upon the individual4 ,we shall not confuse this great and many-sided thing with such of its factors as instruction or schooling4 ,it is not intrusion but education3 8the guidance of growth10 to use ,sir ,james ,crichton-,browne's phrase4 ,this guidance1 this process of unpacking1 educing or realising1 is accomplished by the action of circumstances or the environment4 ,environment is a large word and is invariably abused when it is used in less than the large sense4 ,here it includes1 for instance1 air and food1 mother-love and the schoolmaster4 ,i therefore define education as the provision of an environment4 ,this definition prepares us to understand the limitations of the process4 ,if we think of education as a packing or cramming process1 we shall err in this respect2 we shall expect limitless results from education provided that one packs early and tightly and carefully enough4 ,it is this erroneous conception which rules us and daily betrays us in practice4 ,if1 however1 we think of education as the provision of an environment1 capable of creating nothing1 but merely of causing the expression or the repression of potential characters inherent in the individual educated1 then we shall begin to recast our methods on the lines determined by this truth4 ,yet1 further1 we shall begin to understand the cardinal truth1 one of the many platitudes which we have yet to appreciate1 that 8you cannot make a silk purse out of a sow's ear40 ,heredity and environment4--,let us consider the question in general terms4 ,the characters of any living thing are determined by two factors--heredity and environment4 ,the old phrases were character and circumstances1 but they were less than useful1 since character is modified by circumstances4 ,now one of the most important questions in the world1 and not least for the eugenist1 is as to the relative importance of these two factors4 ,the technical terms may not be in our mouths1 but we discuss this instance or that of the question in point almost every day of our lives4 ,one part of the business of philosophy and of science is not only to answer questions but to ask them correctly4 ,this question is always wrongly asked1 and therefore cannot be answered1 or is incorrectly answered4 ,we persist in using the mathematical idea of addition1 and we seek to show that1 say1 seventy per cent4 of the result is due to the innate factor and thirty per cent4 to the acquired4 ,but the truth is that so long as we begin with this idea we may prove what we please4 ,if we keep our attention fixed upon the environmental or educational factor we can easily and correctly demonstrate that in certain circumstances ,mozart would have been tone-deaf and ,shakespeare a gibbering idiot--hence1 but incorrectly1 we argue that environment is practically everything4 ,per contra1 we can easily and correctly demonstrate that no education in the world could enable a door-mat or a cabbage or ourselves to write ,don ,giovanni or ,hamlet--hence1 but incorrectly1 we argue that the material to be operated upon is everything4 ,we have to learn1 however1 that the analogy is one not of addition but of multiplication4 ,neither inheritance nor environment1 as such1 gives anything4 ,the environmental factor may be potentially one hundred--an ideal education--but the innate or inherited factor may be nothing1 as when the pupil is a door-mat or a fool4 ,the result then is nothing4 ,darwin had the trombone played to a plant1 but he did not make a ,palestrina4 ,no academy of music will make a beetroot into a ,beethoven1 though ,i dare say a well-trained beetroot might write a musical comedy4 ,the point is that one hundred multiplied by nothing equals nothing4 ,similarly1 the innate factor may be one hundred1 as in the case of a potential genius1 but he may be brought up upon alcohol and curses amongst savages1 and the result again is nothing4 ,keep the idea of multiplication in the mind1 and the facts are seen rightly4 ,no matter how big either factor be1 if it be multiplied by nothing it yields nothing1 or if it be multiplied by a fraction1 as in the ordinary education of a genius1 it yields less than it should4 ,but in this controversy people persist in assuming that inheritance or education gives definitely so much which is there anyhow1 whereas1 really1 it only supplies a potential figure1 which may realise infinity or nothing1 according to what it is multiplied by4 ,with all deference1 ,i submit this as a real answer to these endless disputes4 ,but further1 granted that neither factor in itself produces any actuality1 which is normally the weightier of the two factors8 ,we must make the qualification1 8normally10 because such a thing as disease or poison1 included in the environmental factor1 will dominate the result1 completely overshadowing the importance of whatever heredity gave4 ,such things apart1 however1 we may be thoroughly assured that heredity is the weightier of the two factors4 ,the more we study education1 the more we recognise its true nature4 ,indeed1 the more we realise its ideal1 the more do we realise its limitations4 ,the more we study education the more important does heredity appear4 ,if the reader has not had opportunities of observing children for himself let him refer to such a book as ,mr4 ,galton's ,inquiries into ,human ,faculty1 and he will begin to realise how large is the factor given by inheritance and how relatively small is the factor given by education4 ,education can educate only what heredity gives4--,heredity1 as the eugenist must never forget1 gives not actualities but only potentialities4 ,it depends upon circumstances whether they shall become actualities4 ,that1 however1 we all know4 ,no one supposes that education is superfluous or impotent4 ,we do1 however1 persistently forget the converse truth that education1 on the other hand1 makes no definite contribution1 but merely multiplies--or alas1 divides--the potentialities given by inheritance4 ,these potentialities constitute a limiting condition which no education can transcend4 ,education can educate only what heredity gives4 ,long ago ,helvetius thought1 as did ,kant1 that the differences between men were due to differences in education4 ,but it is not so4 ,we make1 of course1 the most ridiculous claims for education4 ,the remark wrongly attributed to the ,duke of ,wellington1 that 8the battle of ,waterloo was won on the playing-fields of ,eton10 is an instance in point4 ,recently1 when ,francis ,thompson1 the poet1 died1 the local newspaper of his birthplace said that it should be proud to have produced him4 ,we may laugh at this conception of the genesis of genius1 but we all talk in this fashion4 ,a genius was educated at ,eton1 and we say that ,eton produced him4 ,the truth is1 of course1 that ,eton failed to destroy him4 7,one says ,eton for convenience1 but the name of any accepted school will do47 ,if ,eton produced him1 why does not it produce thousands like him8 ,there is plenty of material3 but it is not the right material4 ,we should cease to speak1 in our pride for our own ,alma ,mater or our own methods1 as if education created genius or anything else4 ,men are born unequal4 ,to realise the nature of education is not only to avoid the popular assumption that an ideal education will do everything for us1 forgetting that no amount of polishing will make pewter shine like silver2 it is not only to send us back to the principle of selection in recognition of the power of inheritance2 it is not merely to dispose of the idea that men are born inherently equal2 but it is also to combat the idea that education is a levelling process4 ,on the contrary1 it accentuates the differences between men4 ,you may confuse the unpolished pebble and the diamond1 but not when education has done its utmost for both4 ,if education were a process of addition to what inheritance gives1 it would almost level men3 the addition of a large sum to figures such as1 say1 #a1 #b1 and #c1 would almost obliterate their original disproportion4 ,but the analogy is with multiplication1 as ,i have suggested3 and the larger the sum by which #a1 #b and #c are multiplied1 the greater is the disparity between the products4 ,this is1 perhaps1 one of the truths of vast importance which the common rim of contemporary ,socialism implicitly denies3 though it is of course abundantly recognised by such a socialist as that master-thinker ,professor ,forel4 ,the socialist's panacea1 ideal education for all1 is much to be desired1 and will accomplish much1 as we began by admitting2 but it is not a panacea4 ,those who believe it to be such do not understand the nature of education nor its limitations4 ,they should remember the remark of ,epictetus1 8the condition and characteristic of a fool is this3 he never expects from himself profit nor harm1 but from externals40 ,the dogma of the unthinking socialist--who exists1 though he is doubtless rarer than the unthinking individualist--is that all evil is of economic origin3 correct your economics and your education and you obliterate evil4 ,but it is not so4 ,as ,lowell said1 8,a great part of human suffering has its root in the nature of man1 and not in that of his institutions40 ,when by means of eugenics we can give education the right material to work upon1 we shall have a ,utopia1 and as for forms of government they may be left for fools to contest4 ,forel1 incomparably the greatest socialist thinker of the day1 sees this4 ,he makes his ,utopian predictions not so much as to mere externals1 like clothing and language1 but as regards the kind of man and woman3 and1 unlike some writers1 he entitles himself to paint these pictures1 for in that great eugenic treatise ,die ,sexuel ,frage1 he tells us how to realise them by pedagogic reform working upon the materials provided by human selection4 ,a paragraph may be quoted from ,forel3-- 8,malgr tout l'enthousiasme qu'on doit montrer pour une pdagogie rationelle1 il ne faut jamais oublier qu'elle est incapable de remplacer la slection4 ,elle sert au but immdiat et rapproch1 qui est d'utiliser le mieux possible le matrial humain tel qu'il existe maintenant4 ,mais1 par elle-mme1 elle n'amliore en rien la qualit des germes venir4 ,elle peut1 nanmoins1 grce l'instruction donne la jeunesse sur la valeur sociale de la slection1 la prparer mettre cette dernire en uvre40 _/ and another from ,spencer3-- 8,we are not among those who believe in ,lord ,palmerston's dogma1 that all children are born good4 ,on the whole1 the opposite dogma1 untenable as it is1 seems to us less wide of the truth4 ,nor do we agree with those who think that1 by skilful discipline1 children may be made altogether what they should be4 ,contrariwise1 we are satisfied that though imperfections of nature may be diminished by wise management1 they cannot be removed by it4 ,the notion that an ideal humanity might be forthwith produced by a perfect system of education1 is near akin to that implied in the poems of ,shelley1 that would make mankind give up their old institutions and prejudices1 all the evils in the world would at once disappear2 neither notion being acceptable to such as have dispassionately studied human affairs40 ,ruskin on education and inequality4--,three great paragraphs may be quoted from ,ruskin's ,time and ,tide3-- 8444 ,education was desired by the lower orders because they thought it would make them upper orders1 and be a leveller and effacer of distinctions4 ,they will be mightily astonished1 when they really get it1 to find that it is1 on the contrary1 the fatallest of all discerners and enforcers of distinctions2 piercing1 even to the division of the joints and marrow1 to find out wherein your body and soul are less1 or greater1 than other bodies and souls1 and to sign deed of separation with unequivocal seal4 8#aga4 ,education is1 indeed1 of all differences not divinely appointed1 an instant effacer and reconciler4 ,whatever is undivinely poor1 it will make rich2 whatever is undivinely maimed1 and halt1 and blind1 it will make whole1 and equal1 and seeing4 ,the blind and the lame are to it as to ,david at the siege of the ,tower of the ,kings1 #8hated of ,david's soul4' ,but there are other divinely-appointed differences1 eternal as the ranks of the everlasting hills1 and as the strength of their ceaseless waters4 ,and these1 education does not do away with2 but measures1 manifests1 and employs4 8,in the handful of shingle which you gather from the sea-beach1 which the indiscriminate sea1 with equality of fraternal foam1 has only educated to be1 every one1 round1 you will see little difference between the noble and the mean stones4 ,but the jeweller's trenchant education of them will tell you another story4 ,even the meanest will be the better for it1 but the noblest so much better that you can class the two together no more4 ,the fair veins and colours are all clear now1 and so stern is nature's intent regarding this1 that not only will the polish show which is best1 but the best will take most polish4 ,you shall not merely see they have more virtue than the others1 but see that more of virtue more clearly2 and the less virtue there is1 the more dimly you shall see what there is of it4 8#agb4 ,and the law about education1 which is sorrowfullest to vulgar pride1 is this--that all its gains are at compound interest2 so that1 as our work proceeds1 every hour throws us farther behind the greater men with whom we began on equal terms4 ,two children go to school hand in hand1 and spell for half an hour over the same page4 ,through all their lives1 never shall they spell from the same page more4 ,one is presently a page a-head1 two pages1 ten pages--and evermore1 though each toils equally1 the interval enlarges--at birth nothing1 at death infinite40 ,so much for one relation of this question to ,socialism4 ,quite lately 7,the ,new ,age1 ,april #aath1 #aijh7 ,mr4 ,havelock ,ellis has summed the matter up as follows3-- 8,education has been put at the beginning1 when it ought to have been put at the end4 ,it matters comparatively little what sort of education we give children2 the primary matter is what sort of children we have got to educate4 ,that is the most fundamental of questions4 ,it lies deeper even than the great question of ,socialism versus ,individualism1 and indeed touches a foundation that is common to both4 ,the best organised social system is only a house of cards if it cannot be constructed with sound individuals2 and no individualism worth the name is possible1 unless a sound social organisation permits the breeding of individuals who count4 ,on this plane ,socialism and ,individualism move in the same circle40 ,we cannot agree with ,socialism when1 as we think1 it assumes that all evil is of economic or of educational origin4 ,the student of heredity finds elements of evil abundant in poisoned germ-plasm and not absent from the best4 ,surely1 surely1 the products of progress are not mechanisms but men2 and surely no economic system as such can be the only mechanism worth naming--which would be one that made men4 ,the germ-plasm is such a mechanism1 indeed2 and hence its quality is all important4 ,but if ,socialism1 sooner than any other party1 is going to identify itself with the economic principle of ,ruskin that 8there is no wealth but life02 and if in its discussion of the conditions of industry it will concern itself primarily with the culture of the racial life1 which is the vital industry of any people 7and basis enough for a ,new ,imperialism1 or at least a ,new ,patriotism1 that might be quite decent72 if so1 then it seems to me that we must look to the socialists for salvation4 ,but books which describe future externals1 books which assume that education is a panacea1 forgetting that education can educate only what heredity gives1 turn us away again when we are almost persuaded4 ,the economic panacea must fail 7at least as a panacea72 the educational panacea must fail2 the eugenic panacea may not fail4 99 99 99 99 99 ,education1 then1 cannot achieve our ideal of race-culture4 ,no matter how good our polishing1 we must have silver and diamonds to work upon1 not pewter and pebbles4 ,when we have the right material to work upon1 our labour will not be wasted1 or far worse than wasted1 as it now too often is4 ,education a ,sisyphean task4--,but the belief in education as in itself an adequate instrument of race-culture chiefly depends upon the popular doctrine as to its influence upon the race4 ,it is supposed1 in a word1 that if we educate the parents1 the child will begin where the parents left off4 ,this is the doctrine of ,lamarck1 who said that if the necks of the parent giraffe were educated or drawn out1 the baby giraffe would have this anatomical acquirement transmitted to it1 and1 so to speak1 when it grew up1 would be able to begin feeding on the leaves of trees at the level where its parents had to leave off4 ,in the course of its life its own neck would become elongated or educated1 and its children would outstretch both itself and their grand-parents4 ,this doctrine of the transmission of acquired characters by heredity1 as we have seen1 is1 at the present day1 repudiated by biologists4 ,it is generally believed by the medical profession and by the public1 notwithstanding the fact that1 for instance1 the skin of the heel of every new baby is almost as thin and delicate as it is anywhere else1 though for unthinkable generations all the ancestors of that baby on both sides have greatly thickened the skin of both heels by the act of walking4 ,it is quite evident that1 if the ,lamarckian theory were true1 education would be a completely adequate instrument of race-culture1 incomparable in its rapidity and certainty4 ,it would not reform the world in a single generation because1 as we have seen1 its results would be limited by the inherent nature of its material2 but since those results would involve the vast amelioration of the material upon which it worked in the second generation1 mankind would be little lower than the angels in a century4 ,the good habits acquired by one generation would be innate in the next4 ,if the father learnt one language in addition to his own1 the child would start with the knowledge of two1 waiting only for opportunity1 and could accumulate more and hand them on to its child4 8,my father's environment would be my heredity40 ,if we desired muscular strength we could in two generations produce a race amongst whom ,sandow would be a puny weakling4 ,we should not need to discuss any question of selection for parenthood4 ,without any such process we could answer ,browning's prayer and 8elevate the race at once0--physically1 mentally and morally4 ,but the ,lamarckian theory does not correspond with facts4 ,the results of education1 physical1 mental1 or moral1 are limited to the individuals educated4 ,the children do not begin where the parents left off1 but they make a fresh start where the parents did4 ,thus even though we had and employed an ideal method of education1 we should make no permanent improvement by its means alone in the breed of mankind1 any more than the breeder of race-horses could attain his end by the same means4 ,in each generation the same problem1 the same difficulties1 the same limitations inherent in the nature of the new material1 would have to be faced4 ,we must learn from the horse-breeder1 who knows that the blood of a single horse1 ,eclipse1 runs in the veins of the great majority of winners since his time4 ,it is exceedingly difficult to dispossess the popular mind of the ,lamarckian idea1 the more especially as members of the medical profession1 who are regarded as authorities on heredity1 contentedly accept this idea themselves4 ,yet the advocates of eugenics or race-culture have to recognise that1 so long as the ,lamarckian idea obtains1 their crusade will fail to find a hearing4 ,we believe that nothing can really be accomplished in the way of race-culture until public opinion--that 8chaos of prejudices10 as ,huxley called it--is marshalled on our side4 ,but the popular notion of heredity is a most formidable obstacle4 ,the ,lamarckian idea seems to provide a method for the improvement of a species which cannot be surpassed for simplicity1 rapidity and certainty4 ,it even excludes the possibility of mistakes4 ,you cannot go wrong if you simply educate every one to the utmost4 ,doubtless some persons are more suited for parenthood than others1 but only let education be wise and universal1 and any question of selection by marriage or otherwise will be superfluous4 ,a thousand difficulties offered by public sentiment1 by convention1 by the churches1 by the large measure of uncertainty which attends the working of heredity1 could be ignored1 if race-culture were simply a matter of education4 ,nevertheless1 these difficulties have to be faced by the eugenist4 ,the popular misconception of heredity--instanced by ,sir ,james ,simpson's belief1 not inexcusable sixty years ago1 that the education of a future mother will enlarge her child's brain--must be removed4 ,it can scarcely be doubted that the sway of the ,lamarckian idea will soon be diminished1 and then1 at last1 those who are interested in the future will discover that only by the process of selection for parenthood1 which has brought mankind thus far1 can further progress be assured4 ,real functions of education for race-culture4--,nevertheless education has a true function for race-culture in addition to the obvious fact of its necessity in order to realise the inherent potentialities of the individual4 ,one of its functions is to provide a level of public opinion and public taste such that the finer specimens of each generation shall receive their due reward and shall not be crushed out of existence or perverted4 ,there is a passage in ,goethe which suggests the true function of education1 and makes us suspect that1 so far as many kinds of genius and talent are concerned1 our immediate business is perhaps less to endeavour to produce them by breeding--if that be possible--than to make the most of them when they are vouchsafed us4 ,says ,goethe3-- 8,we admire the ,tragedies of the ancient ,greeks2 but to take a correct view of the case1 we ought to admire the period and the nation in which their production was possible rather than the individual authors2 for though these pieces differ in some points from each other1 and though one of these poets appears somewhat greater and more finished than the other1 still1 taking all things together1 only one decided character runs through the whole4 8,this is the character of grandeur1 fitness1 soundness1 human perfection1 elevated wisdom1 sublime thought1 pure1 strong intuition1 and whatever other qualities one might enumerate4 ,but when we find all these qualities1 not only in the dramatic works which have come down to us1 but also in lyrical and epic works--in the philosophers1 orators1 and historians1 and in an equally high degree in the works of plastic art that have come down to us--we must feel convinced that such qualities did not merely belong to individuals1 but were the current property of the nation and the whole period40 ,education as to the principle of selection4--,further1 the hope may be warranted that1 though education1 as such1 will not achieve the ideal of true race-culture1 and though it has never hitherto averted the ultimate failure of all civilisations1 yet the case may be different to-day1 in that our acquired or traditional progress1 transmitted by the process of education accumulating from age to age--not in our blood and bone and brain1 but mainly in books1 whereby the non-transmission of the results of education is circumvented in a sense--has reached the point at which the laws of racial or inherent progress have been revealed to us1 as to none of our predecessors4#ch ,having the knowledge of these laws it is possible that we may avert our predecessors' fate by putting them into force4 ,if we do not1 we must ultimately become 8one with ,nineveh and ,tyre40 ,fifty years have now elapsed since the principle of natural selection was demonstrated for all time by the genius of ,darwin4 ,we must not be guilty of starting to tell the story of organic evolution and leaving out the point4 ,so long as we supposed that man was created as he is1 the idea of racial progress was an absurdity4 ,it is the correct thing now-a-days to decry the possibility of human perfection4 ,this possibility is rightly to be decried if it be assumed that ideal education of the present material or anything like it would realise perfection4 ,we have seen that it would not4 ,it is the principle of selection1 in which ,darwin has educated us1 that must be taught to all mankind1 and thus education may indeed become the factor of an effective race-culture4 ,the power of individual opinion4--,since ultimately opinion rules the world1 it is for us to create sound opinion4 ,that is the purpose of this book4 ,but every individual may be a centre of eugenic opinion1 and the time has assuredly come for attempting to realise this ideal1 though a thousand years should pass before the facts of heredity are completely ascertained and understood4 ,the main principles are of the simplest character1 and can be readily imparted to a child4 ,especially does the responsibility fall upon parents and those who are in charge of childhood4 ,the young people of the next and all succeeding generations must be taught the supreme sanctity of parenthood4 ,the little boy who asks what he is to become when he grows up1 must be taught that the highest profession and privilege he can aspire to is responsible fatherhood2 the little girl may less frequently ask these questions1 the answer to which has been imparted to her by her own ,mother-,nature--as the doll instinct1 so little appreciated or utilised1 sufficiently demonstrates2 but she likewise must be taught reverence for ,motherhood4 ,as childhood gives place to youth1 what may be called the eugenic sense must be cultivated as a cardinal aspect of the moral sense itself2 so that even personal inclination--at the controllable and self-controllable stage which precedes 8head over ears0 affection--will wither when it is directed to some one who1 on any ground1 offends the educated eugenic sense4 ,there is here a field for moral education of the highest and most valuable kind1 both for the individual and for the race4 ,is there any other aspect of duty which can claim a higher warrant8 ,is there any hitherto so wholly ignored8 ,the preceding paragraph is re-printed from a brief account of its objects written for the ,eugenics ,education ,society1 as a ,society which amongst other purposes exists 8to further eugenic teaching at home and in the schools and elsewhere40 ,the difficulties of teaching this subject to children are more apparent than real4 ,i may freely confess that though ,i have been speaking1 writing1 and thinking about eugenics for six years1 ,i did not realise the importance of eugenic education until ,i heard the views of some of the women who belong to this ,society1 and even then ,i was at first sceptical as to its practicability4 ,the subject has been entirely ignored by the pioneers of this matter4 ,but if we turn to such a work as ,forel's masterpiece we begin to realise that the eugenic education of children is the real beginning at the beginning1 that it is in fact indispensable1 and must be antecedent to all legislation in the direction of positive eugenics1 though not to certain forms of legislation in the direction of negative eugenics4#ci ,in the earlier chapters of his great work ,professor ,forel offers the parent and the guardian abundant1 detailed and accurate guidance as to the lines and methods of this teaching4 ,it is urgently necessary for both sexes1 but more especially for girls1 who may suffer incredibly from the cruel prudery ordained by ,mrs4 ,grundy1 the only old woman to whom the word 8hag0 should be applied4 ,we must remove the reproach of ,herbert ,spencer1 made nearly fifty years ago in words which may well be quoted3-- 8,the greatest defect in our programmes of education is entirely overlooked4 ,while much is being done in the detailed improvement of our systems in respect both of matter and manner1 the most pressing desideratum1 to prepare the young for the duties of life1 is tacitly admitted to be the end which parents and schoolmasters should have in view2 and happily1 the value of the things taught1 and the goodness of the methods followed in teaching them1 are now ostensibly judged by their fitness to this end4 ,the propriety of substituting for an exclusively classical training1 a training in which the modern languages shall have a share1 is argued on this ground4 ,the necessity of increasing the amount of science is urged for like reasons4 ,but though some care is taken to fit youth of both sexes for society and citizenship1 no care whatever is taken to fit them for the position of parents4 ,while it is seen that for the purpose of gaining a livelihood1 an elaborate preparation is needed1 it appears to be thought that for the bringing up of children1 no preparation whatever is needed4 ,while many years are spent by a boy in gaining knowledge of which the chief value is that it constitutes #8the education of a gentleman'2 and while many years are spent by a girl in those decorative acquirements which fit her for evening parties2 not an hour is spent by either in preparation for that gravest of all responsibilities--the management of a family4 ,is it that this responsibility is but a remote contingency8 ,on the contrary1 it is sure to devolve on nine out of ten4 ,is it that the discharge of it is easy8 ,certainly not2 of all functions which the adult has to fulfil1 this is the most difficult4 ,is it that each may be trusted by self-instruction to fit himself1 or herself1 for the office of parent8 ,no2 not only is the need for such self-instruction unrecognised1 but the complexity of the subject renders it the one of all others in which self-instruction is least likely to succeed40 ,the lines of eugenic education4--,the teaching of the main facts of heredity must come first in order to the end of eugenic education4 ,the vegetable world is at our service in this regard1 the products of horticulture with their beauty and grace and novelty are illustrations one and all of what heredity means and what the due choice of parents will effect4 ,there need be no personal allusions at this stage2 the thing can be presented in an impersonal biological setting4 ,and as heredity produces these wonderful results in plants1 so also does it in the animal world4 ,numberless domestic forms are at our service4 ,you take your children and your dog to the ,zoological gardens1 and show the resemblance between wolf and dog4 ,what easier1 then1 than to point out that by consistent choosing for many generations of the least ferocious wolves1 you may make a domesticated race8#dj ,the mind of any child that has fortunately escaped 8education0 will make the transition for itself from sub-human races to mankind1 and instances will occur1 say1 where extreme short-sightedness or deafness appears in children whose parents were similarly afflicted1 and were perhaps closely related4 ,at yet a later age a boy or girl may learn the doom which often falls upon the children of drunkards4 ,and then may it not be possible1 when a little boy asks what he is to be when he grows up1 to suggest that the highest profession to which he can be called1 for which he may strive to make himself worthy1 is fatherhood8 ,and when the racial instinct awakes1 would it be wrong1 improper1 indecent1 to teach that it has a purpose1 that no attribute of mind or body has a higher purpose1 that this is holy ground8 ,or is it better that by silence1 both as to the fact and as to its meaning1 we should make it unmentionable1 indecent1 dishonourable8 ,the ,bible is used now-a-days as an instrument of political immorality1 but if and when it should be employed for the function of other great literature1 there is a passage sufficiently relevant to our present argument4#da ,perhaps we are wrong in regarding and treating the racial instinct as if it were animal and low1 a thing as far as possible to be ignored1 repressed1 treated with silent contempt in education and elsewhere4 ,we may be wrong in practice because the method is not successful1 because the development of this instinct is inevitable and little short of imperious in every normal child if that child is ever to become a man or a woman1 and because our silence does not involve the silence of less responsible persons who are less likely even than we ourselves to teach the young enquirer that this thing exists for parenthood1 and is therefore holy and to be treated as such4 ,perhaps we are wrong in principle also1 since that which exists for parenthood1 and without which the continuance and future terrestrial hope of mankind is impossible1 cannot be animal and low1 unless human life1 even at its best attained or attainable1 be animal and low4 ,our business rather is to treat this great fact in a spirit worthy of the purpose for which it exists2 and therefore1 as part of that process of education by which we desire to make the young into reasonable1 moral and fully human beings1 to teach explicitly1 without unworthy shame1 that this thing exists for the highest of purposes that nothing which the future holds for boy or girl can conceivably be higher or happier than worthy parenthood1 however commonplace that may appear to common eyes1 and that accordingly this instinct is to be guarded1 treated1 used1 honoured as for parenthood1 a fact which immediately raises it from the egoistic to the altruistic plane4 ,we have to learn and to teach that worthy parenthood is the highest end which education can achieve--highest alike on the ground of its services to the individual and its services to the future1 and the relation of the racial instinct to parenthood being what it is1 we have to look upon it in that light1 at once austere and splendid4 ,in the teaching of girls1 only a false and disastrous prudery offers any great obstacle4 ,the idea of motherhood is essentially natural to the normal girl4 ,it is the eugenic education of boys that is more difficult1 and the possibility of which will be questioned in some quarters1 especially by those who regard the type of boy evolved in semi-monastic institutions1 devoid of feminine influence1 as a normal and unchangeable being4 ,co-educationists1 however1 are teaching us to revise that opinion1 and will yet demonstrate1 perhaps1 that the inculcation of the idea of fatherhood is not so impossible nor so alien to the boy nature as some would suppose4 ,if such a duty devolved upon the present writer1 he would feel inclined1 perhaps1 to present his teaching in terms of patriotism4 ,he would urge that 8there is no wealth but life02 that nations are made not of provinces nor property but of people2 that modern biology is teaching historians to explain such phenomena as the fall of ,rome in terms of the quality of the national life2 that therefore1 individuals being mortal1 parenthood necessarily takes its place as the supreme factor of national destiny2 that the true patriotism must therefore concern itself with the conditions and the quality of parenthood--much less with its quantity2 that the patriotism which ignores these truths is ignorant and must be disastrous2 that we must turn our attention therefore from flag waving to questions of individual conduct2 that if alcohol and syphilis1 for instance1 can be demonstrated to be what ,i would call racial poisons1 the young patriot must make himself aware of their relation to parenthood1 and must act upon his knowledge of that relation4 ,it can thus be demonstrated that righteousness exalteth a nation not only in the spiritual but also in the most concrete sense4 ,to this we shall come4 ,we may even recognise eugenic education as the most urgent need of the day1 as the most radical and rational1 perhaps even the most hopeful1 of the methods by which the cleansing of the city1 and much more1 is to be achieved4 ,we must create a eugenic aspect for the moral sense4 ,we can associate this alike with individual and civic duty1 and with those very ideals to which1 as we all know1 the young most readily respond4 ,thus ,i believe it shall be said of us in the after time that we have raised up the foundations of many generations4 ,and so1 finally1 the unselfish significance of marriage might conceivably be taught1 alike to boys and girls1 and especially in the case of undoubtedly good stocks might we inculcate1 as ,mr4 ,galton has pointed out1 a rational pride in ancestry--that is to say1 a rational pride in the quality of the germ-plasm which has been entrusted to us4 ,and so may be cultivated a eugenic aspect of the moral sense--which is immeasurably more plastic than any but the student of moral ideas knows--and1 thus endowed1 the young man or woman will be prepared for the possibility of marriage4 ,it is perfectly conceivable that in days to come the argument--in any case false--that affection never brooks control1 may become wholly irrelevant1 when there arises a generation in whose members there has been cultivated or created the eugenic sense4 ,it is conceivable that1 just as to-day the mere possibility of falling in love is arrested by any of a thousand trivial considerations1 so misplaced affection may be incapable of arising because its possible object affronts the educated eugenic sense4 ,the natural basis for such education already exists4 ,but the natural eugenic sense still works mainly on the physical plane1 and although we owe to it the maintenance of our present modest standard of physical beauty1 we aim at higher ideals--and will one day thus attain them4 ,,chapter ,,ix ,,the ,,supremacy ,,of ,,motherhood 8,the dregs of the human species--the blind1 the deaf mute1 the degenerate1 the imbecile1 the epileptic--are better protected than pregnant women40--,bouchacourt4 8,i hold that the two crowning and most accursed sins of the society of this present day are the carelessness with which it regards the betrayal of women1 and the brutality with which it suffers the neglect of children40--,ruskin4 ,a chapter must be included here concerning a question which can never safely be ignored in any consideration of race-culture1 but the importance of which1 as ,i think ,i see it1 is recognised by no one who has concerned himself at all with this subject1 from ,mr4 ,francis ,galton himself downwards4 ,we must all be agreed1 ,mr4 ,galton declares1 as to the propriety of breeding1 if it be possible1 for health1 energy and ability1 whatever else may be doubtful4 ,to this ,i would add that1 whether we are agreed or not1 we must breed for motherhood1 and that1 even if we do not1 we shall have to reckon with it4 ,the general eugenic position1 ,i fancy1 is that the requirements which we should make of both sexes1 the mothers of the future as well as the fathers1 are essentially identical3 but it seems to me that we have not yet reckoned with the vast importance of motherhood as a factor in the evolution of all the higher species of animals1 and its absolute supremacy1 inevitable and persistent whether recognised or ignored1 in the case of man4 ,any system of eugenics or race-culture1 any system of government1 any proposal for social reform--as1 for instance1 the reduction of infant mortality--which fails to reckon with motherhood or falls short of adequately appraising it1 is foredoomed to failure and will continue to fail so long as the basal facts of human nature and the development of the human individual retain even approximately their present character4 ,whatever proposals for eugenics or race-culture be made or carried out1 the fact will remain that the race is made up of mortal individuals2 that every one of these begins its visible life as a helpless baby1 and that the system which does not permit the babies to survive1 they will not permit to survive4 ,this is a general and universal proposition1 admitting of no exceptions1 past1 present or to come4 ,it applies equally to conscious systems of race-culture1 to forms of marriage1 to forms of government1 to any other social institution or practice or character that can be named or conceived4 ,upon every one of these the babies pronounce a judgment from which there is no appeal4 ,the baby may be a potential ,newton1 ,shakespeare1 ,beethoven or ,buddha1 but it is at its birth the most helpless thing alive1 the potentialities of which avail it not one whit4 ,it is in more need of care1 immediate and continuous1 than a baby microbe or a baby cat1 whatever the unpublished glories of which its brain contains the promise2 and in the total absence of any apparatus1 mechanical1 legal1 or scientific1 which can provide the mother's breast and the mother's love1 individual motherhood1 in its exquisitely complementary aspects1 physical and psychical1 will remain the dominant factor of history so long as the final judgments upon every present and the final determinations for every future lie in the hands of helpless babyhood--which will be the case so long as man is mortal4 ,when1 if ever1 science1 having previously conquered disease1 identifies the causes of natural death and removes them1 then motherhood and babyhood may be thrown upon the rubbish heap2 but until that hour they are enthroned by decree of ,nature1 and can be dethroned only at the cost of ,her certain and annihilative vengeance4 ,it is the master paradox that at his first appearance the lord of the earth should be the most helpless of living things4 ,consider a new-born baby4 8,unable to stand1 much less to wander in search of food2 very nearly deaf2 all but blind2 well-nigh indiscriminating as to the nature of what is presented to its mouth2 utterly unable to keep itself clean1 yet highly susceptible to the effects of dirt2 able to indicate its needs only by alternately turning its head1 open-mouthed1 from side to side and then crying2 possessed of an almost ludicrously hypersensitive interior2 unable to fast for more than two or three hours1 yet having the most precise and complicated dietetic requirements2 needing the most carefully maintained warmth2 easily injured by draughts2 the prey of bacteria 7which take up a permanent abode in its alimentary canal by the eleventh day7--where is to be found a more complete picture of helpless dependence80#db ,how comes it that this creature is to be lord of the earth1 and a member of the only species which succeeds in continually multiplying itself8 ,motherhood and intelligence4--,we have maintained that the vital character which is of supreme survival-value for man is his intelligence1 and this1 as we know1 is his unique possession4 ,it is very largely for intelligence1 therefore1 that race-culture or eugenics proposes1 if possible1 to work4 ,but if there be certain conditions which must be complied with before intelligence can possibly be evolved1 eugenics will come to disaster should it ignore them4 ,these conditions do exist1 and have hitherto been entirely ignored by all students of this question4 ,let certain great facts be observed4 ,why is the human baby the most helpless of all creatures8 ,since it is to become the most capable1 should it not1 even in its infant state1 show signs of its coming superiority8 ,what is the meaning of this paradox8 ,the answer is that1 so far as physical weapons of offence and defence are concerned1 these have disappeared because intelligence makes them superfluous or even burdensome4 ,but the peculiar helplessness of the human infant depends not upon its nakedness in the physical sense but upon its lack of very nearly all instinctive capacities4 ,it is this absence of effective instincts which distinguishes the baby from the young of all other creatures4 ,why should its endowment in this respect be so inferior8 ,it is because of the fact that1 if instinct is to give rise to intelligence1 it must be plastic4 ,a purely instinctive creature reacts to certain sets of circumstances in certain effortless1 perfect and fixed ways4 ,the reactions are the whole of its psychical life4 ,they need no education1 being as perfectly performed on the first occasion as on the last1 and in many instances being performed only once in the whole history of the creature in question4 ,but1 on the other hand1 they are almost incapable of education1 and even in the cases where they lack absolute perfection at first1 they only require the merest modicum of opportunity in order to acquire it4 ,perfect within their limits1 they are yet most definitely limited4 ,they never achieve the new1 they are utterly at fault in novel circumstances1 and they are wholly incapable of creating circumstances4 ,a creature cannot be at once purely instinctive and intelligent4 ,an instinctive action is simply a compound reflex action1 a highly adapted automatism3 now automatism and intelligence are necessarily inversely proportional4 ,it is possible for an intelligent creature to acquire automatisms1 which are popularly described as instinctive4 ,they are not instincts1 however1 but the acquired equivalents of instincts3 8secondary automatisms40 ,if they are used to replace intelligence1 the individual1 in so far1 sinks from the human to the sub-human level4 ,their proper function is to leave the intelligence free for higher purposes more worthy of it than1 say1 the act of dressing oneself4 ,in order that an intelligent creature should be evolved it was necessary that instinct should become plastic4 ,intelligence could not be superposed upon a complete and final instinctive equipment4 ,you cannot determine your own acts if they are already determined for you by your nervous organisation4 ,the incomparable superiority of intelligence depends upon its limitless and creative character1 in virtue of which1 as ,disraeli puts it1 8men are not the creatures of circumstances3 circumstances are the creatures of men40 ,but whilst intelligence can learn everything1 it has everything to learn1 and the most nearly intelligent creature whom the earth affords thus begins his independent life almost wholly bereft of all the instruments which have served the lower creatures so well1 whilst1 on the other hand1 he is provided with an utterly undeveloped1 and indeed1 at that time non-existent1 weapon which1 even if it did exist1 he could not use4 ,hence the unique helplessness of the human baby3 one of the most wonderful and little appreciated facts in the whole of nature--effectively hidden from the glass eyes of the kind of man who calls a baby a 8brat10 but1 to eyes that can see1 not only the master paradox from the philosophical point of view but also a fact of the utmost moment from the practical point of view4 ,the evolution of motherhood4--,it directly follows that motherhood is supremely important in the case of man4 ,it is the historical fact that its importance in the history of the animal world has been steadily increasing throughout onian time4 ,the most successful and ancient societies we know1 those of the social insects1 which antedate by incalculable ages even the first vertebrates1 could not survive for a single generation without the motherhood or foster-motherhood to which the worker females sacrifice their lives and their own chances of physical maternity4 ,the development of maternal care may be steadily traced throughout the vertebrate series--pari passu with the evolution of sexual relations towards the ideal of monogamy1 which is ideal just because of its incomparable services to motherhood4 ,but whilst motherhood is of the utmost service for lower creatures1 tending always to lessen infant mortality--if it may be so called--and to increase the proportion of life to death and birth1 it is of supreme service in the case of man because of the absolute dependence upon it of intelligence1 the solitary but unexampled weapon with which he has won the earth4 ,hence in breeding for intelligence we cannot afford to ignore that upon which intelligence depends4 ,even if we could produce genius at will1 we should find our young geniuses just as dependent upon motherhood as the common run of mankind4 ,newton himself was a seven months' baby1 and the potentialities of gravitation and the calculus and the laws of motion in his brain could not save him3 motherhood could and did4 ,even our least biological reformers must admit that purely physical motherhood1 up to the point of birth1 can scarcely be omitted in any schemes for social reform or race-culture4 ,some of them will even admit that purely physical motherhood1 so far as the mother's breasts are concerned1 cannot wisely be dispensed with4 ,the psychical aspects of motherhood1 however1 many of these writers--,i do not call them thinkers--ignore4 ,in relation to infant mortality--which is the most obvious symptom of causes productive of vast and widespread physical deterioration amongst the survivors1 and which must be abolished before any really effective race-culture is possible--it is worth noting that motherhood cannot safely be superseded4 ,i do not believe in the crche or the municipal milk dept except as stop-gaps1 or as object-lessons for those who imagine that the slaughtered babies are not slaughtered but die of inherent defect1 and that therefore infant mortality is a beneficent process4 ,in working for the reduction of this evil we must work through and by motherhood4 ,in some future age1 boasting the elements of sanity1 our girls will be instructed in these matters4 ,at present the most important profession in the world is almost entirely carried on by unskilled labour1 and until this state of things is put an end to1 it is almost idle to talk of race-culture at all4 ,but under our present system of education1 false and rotten as it is in principles and details alike1 it is necessary for us to send visitors to the homes of the classes which1 in effect1 supply almost the whole of the future population of the country1 and to establish schools for mothers on every hand4 ,psychical motherhood4--,i confess myself opposed to the principle of bribing a woman to become a mother1 whether overtly or covertly1 whether in the guise of ,state-aid or in the form of eugenic premiums for maternity4 ,it may sound very well to offer a bonus for the production of babies by mothers whom the ,state or any eugenic power considers fit and worthy4 ,but though the bonus may help motherhood in its physical aspects1 the importance of which no one questions1 ,i do not see what service it renders to motherhood in its psychical aspects--which are at least equally important4 ,what is the outlook for the baby when the bonus is spent8 ,in fact1 with all deference to ,mr4 ,galton1 and with such deference as may be due to the literary triflers who have discussed this matter1 ,i am inclined to think that a cardinal requisite for a mother is love of children4 ,ignorant this may be1 and indeed at first always is1 but if it is there it can be instructed4 ,the woman who does not think the possession of a baby a sufficient prize is no fit object1 ,i should say1 for any other kind of bribe or lure4 ,the woman who 8would rather have a spare bedroom than a baby0 is the woman whom ,i do not want to have a baby4 ,thus ,i look with suspicion on any proposals which assume that the psychical elements of motherhood are of little moment in eugenics4 ,i see no sign or prospect that they can be dispensed with1 and ,i think eugenics is going to work on wrong lines if it proposes to ignore them4 ,even if you turn out ,nature with a fork she will yet return--tamen usque recurret4 ,in this question we should be able to derive great assistance from biography4 ,real guidance1 ,i believe1 is obtained from this source1 but only a pitiable fraction of that which should be obtained4 ,scientific biography is yet to seek1 and it is the ironical fact that when ,herbert ,spencer1 in his ,autobiography1 devoted a large amount of space to the discussion of both his parents and their relatives1 the literary critics were bored to death4 ,nevertheless1 we cannot know too much about the ancestry1 on both sides1 and the early environment1 of great men4 ,at present it is always tacitly assumed that a great man is the son of his father alone4 ,the biographer would probably admit1 if pressed1 that doubtless some woman or other was involved in the matter1 and that her name was so and so--if any one thinks it worth mentioning4 ,on the score of heredity alone1 however1 we derive1 men and women alike1 with absolute equality from both parents2 and we cannot know too much about the mothers of men of genius4 ,such knowledge would often avail us materially in cases where the paternal ancestry offers little explanation of the child's destiny4 ,we do owe1 however1 to great men themselves many warm and unqualified tributes to their mothers1 not on the score of heredity1 but on the score of the psychical aspects of motherhood4 ,this1 indeed1 is one of the great lessons of biography which some eugenists have forgotten4 ,it is all very well to breed for intelligence1 but intelligence needs nurture and guidance1 and that need is the more urgent1 the more powerful and original the intelligence in question4 ,the physical functions of motherhood from the moment of birth onwards can be effected1 no doubt1 though at very great cost1 by means of incubators and milk laboratories1 and so forth4 ,but there is no counterfeiting or replacing the psychical component of complete maternity1 and a generation of the highest intelligence borne by unmaternal women would probably succeed only in writing the blackest and maddest page in history4 ,the eugenic demand for love4--,mr4 ,galton desires that we breed for physique1 ability1 and energy4 ,but we also need more love1 and we must breed for that4 ,nothing is easier or more inevitable once we make human parenthood conscious and deliberate4 ,when children are born only to those who love children1 and who will tend to transmit their high measure of that parental instinct from which all love is derived1 we shall bring to earth a heaven compared with which the theologian's is but a fool's paradise4 ,the first requisite1 then1 for the mothers of the future1 the elements of physical health being assumed1 is that they should be motherly4 ,they may or may not1 in addition1 be worthy of such exquisite titles as 8the female ,shakespeare of ,america10 but they must have motherliness to begin with4 ,for this indispensable thing there is no substitute4 ,it must certainly be granted1 and the fact should not be ignored1 that the hidden spring of motherliness in a girl may be revealed only by actual maternity1 and the frivolous damsel who used to think babies 8silly squalling things0 may be mightily transformed when the silly squalling thing is her own--and the ,fifth ,symphony sound and fury signifying nothing compared with its slightest whimper4 ,i will grant even that the maternal instinct is so deeply rooted and universal that its absence must be regarded as either a rare abnormality or else as the product of the grossest mal-education in the wide sense4 ,but the reader will not blame me for insisting at such length upon what1 as he would think1 no one could deny1 when he discovers that these salient truths are denied1 and that in what should be the sacred name of eugenics1 they are openly flouted and defied4 ,before we go on to consider these perversions of a great idea1 it may briefly be observed that1 though fatherhood is historically a mushroom growth compared with motherhood1 and though its importance is vastly less1 yet as a complementary principle1 aiding and abetting motherhood1 and making for its most perfect expression1 fatherhood played a great part in animal evolution1 in the right line of progress1 ages before man appeared upon the earth at all1 and that its work is not yet done4 ,to this subject we must return4 ,meanwhile it is well to note the dangers with which eugenics is at present threatened in the form of certain proposals which1 if for a time they became popular--and they have elements making for popularity--would inevitably throw the gravest discredit upon the whole subject4 ,eugenics and the family4--,certain remarkable tendencies invoking the name of eugenics are now to be observed in ,germany4 ,these have considerable funds1 much enthusiasm1 journalistic support1 and even a large measure of assistance in academic circles4 ,in pursuance of the idea of eugenics there is a movement the nature of which is indicated by the following quotation from a private letter3-- 8,i wonder if your attention was drawn to the ,german projects of the reform of the ,family4 ,they all aim at improving the ,german race and rendering decisive its superiority over all others4 ,the means seem to be too revolutionary4 ,the more modern wish the establishment of the matriarchal family 7ein nach ,mutterrecht71 the more logical require universal polygamy and polyandry1 an individualisation of ,society4 ,others hope to increase the production of ,german geniuses by the #8hellenic friendship4'6 ,the three movements are strongly organised1 command large pecuniary means1 a phalanx of original and prolific writers1 and enthusiastic devotion to their cause4 ,more even than the support of ,courts and aristocracy is1 in my eyes1 that of the ,universities4 ,it is there that the destinies of ,germany have always been shaped1 and if they are determined to reform the ,family in that way1 it will be done4444 ,the ,herren ,professoren are terribly in earnest1 yet they say things which even to the least prejudiced minds appear ridiculous and even vulgar4 ,still1 their projects have some relation to ,eugenics1 and to ,sociology in general40 ,this sufficiently indicates the dangers run by the eugenic principle at the hands of those who see in it an instrument of protest and rebellion against established things4 ,we dare not repudiate the sacred principles of protest and rebellion1 which have been the conditions of all progress1 but believing in motherhood as we must1 believing it to be authorised by nature herself and not by any human conventions1 we must deplore any tendencies such as the two last cited4 ,for us in this country1 however1 a more immediate interest attaches to the views of a much admired and discussed writer who claims to be a social philosopher of the first order1 and whose claims must now be examined4 ,the opinions of ,mr4 ,bernard ,shaw on the question of eugenics may be quoted from his contribution to the subject published in ,sociological ,papers #aijd1 pp4 #gd1 #ge1 in discussion of ,mr4 ,galton's great paper4 ,mr4 ,shaw begins by saying3 8,i agree with the paper and go so far as to say that there is now no reasonable excuse for refusing to face the fact that nothing but a eugenic religion can save our civilisation from the fate that has overtaken all previous civilisations40 ,and further3-- 8,i am afraid we must make up our minds either to face a considerable shock to vulgar opinion in this matter or to let eugenics alone4444 ,what we must fight for is freedom to breed the race without being hampered by the mass of irrelevant conditions implied in the institution of marriage4 ,if our morality is attacked1 we can carry the war into the enemy's country by reminding the public that the real objection to breeding by marriage is that marriage places no restraint on debauchery1 so long as it is monogamic4444 ,what we need is freedom for people who have never seen each other before and never intend to see one another again1 to produce children under certain definite public conditions1 without loss of honour40 ,the conception of individual fatherhood here stated involves a deliberate reversion to the order of the beast3 it excludes individual fatherhood from any function in aiding motherhood or in serving the future4 ,it involves1 of course1 the total abolition of the family4 ,it denies and flouts the very best elements in human nature4 ,it assumes that the best women will find motherhood worth while without the interest and sympathy and help and protection of the father4 ,it does not1 however1 condemn or exclude the psychical functions of motherhood1 since so far as this quotation goes it might be assumed that the mother would be permitted to live with her own child4 ,on this point1 however1 ,mr4 ,shaw offered us further guidance in his controversy with myself in the ,pall ,mall ,gazette1 in ,december1 #aijg4 ,one or two of his dicta must here be quoted--they followed upon my remark1 8,anything less like a mother than the ,state ,i find it hard to imagine03-- 8,when the ,state left the children to the mothers1 they got no schooling2 they were sent out to work under inhuman conditions1 under-ground and over-ground for atrociously long hours1 as soon as they were able to walk2 they died of typhus fever in heaps2 they grew up to be as wicked to their own children as their parents had been to them4 ,state socialism rescued them from the worst of that1 and means to rescue them from all of it4 ,i now publicly challenge ,dr4 ,saleeby to propose1 if he dares1 to withdraw the hand of the ,state and abandon the children to their mothers as they fall4444 ,all ,i need say is that before ,dr4 ,saleeby can persuade me to sacrifice the future of human society to his maternalism1 he will have to tackle me with harder weapons than the indignant enthusiasm of a young man's mother worship40 ,mr4 ,shaw's teaching constitutes a brutal and deliberate libel upon the highest aspects of womanhood4 ,for his own purposes he attributes to the mothers all the abominations which1 as every one knows1 have lain and in some measure still lie1 at the door of the ,state4 ,the man who has this opinion of motherhood is complacently ignorant of the elements of the subject4 ,his charge is denied by every one who has worked as doctor or nurse or visitor or missionary amongst the poorer classes1 and knows that the mothers there met are of the very salt of the earth4 ,it is well to state plainly here that these utterly irresponsible dicta have absolutely no relation or resemblance whatever to the opinions or proposals of ,mr4 ,francis ,galton himself1 who desires to effect race-culture through marriage1 and whose whole propaganda is based upon this assumption4 ,this we shall afterwards see4 ,meanwhile we may note ,mr4 ,galton's own words3 8,the aim of eugenics is to bring as many influences as can be reasonably employed1 to cause the useful classes in the community to contribute more than their proportion to the next generation40 ,mr4 ,galton would be the first to assert that influences designed to supersede motherhood and to abolish everything but the physical aspect of fatherhood1 would not be reasonable1 but insane in the highest degree4 ,the ideal of race-culture without fatherhood or motherhood1 except in the mere physiological sense1 constitutes a denial of the greatest facts in evolution1 as we have seen4 ,it ignores everything that is known and daily witnessed regarding the development of the individual1 and the formation of character1 without which intelligence is a curse4 ,there is not the slightest fear that any such reversion to the order of the beast is possible1 absolutely forbidden as it is by the laws of human nature4 ,there is1 however1 reasonable ground for apprehension1 especially when the recent developments in ,germany are remembered1 that the public may obtain its notions of eugenics in a highly-garbled form4#dc ,it must be asserted as fervently and plainly as possible that1 if the idea of race-culture is even in the smallest degree to be realised1 it must work through motherhood and fatherhood not less in their psychical than in their physical aspects4 ,it is time to have done with the gross delusions of ,nietzsche regarding the nature and course of organic evolution4 ,morality is not an invention of man but man the child of morality1 and it is not by the abolition of motherhood1 in which morality originated1 nor of fatherhood1 its first ally1 that the super-man is to be evolved3 but by the attainment of those lofty conceptions of the function1 the responsibility and the privilege of parenthood which it is the first business of eugenics to inculcate4 ,as for marriage1 invaluable though at its best it be for the completion and ennoblement of the individual life1 its great function for society and for the race is in relation to childhood4 ,thus considered1 the dictum of ,professor ,westermarck may be understood1 that children are not the result of marriage but marriage the result of children4 ,this1 in other words1 is to say that marriage has become evolved and established as a social institution because of its services to race-culture4 ,it is1 in short1 the supreme eugenic institution4 ,this great subject must next occupy our attention4 ,,chapter ,x ,,marriage ,,and ,,maternalism ,our present concern is the relation of marriage to race-culture1 and for this purpose we must investigate an epoch ages before the institution of human marriage1 ages before mankind itself4 ,we must first remind ourselves of what may be called the trend of progress from the first in respect of that reproduction upon which all species depend1 all living individuals being mortal4 ,at first1 in the effort for survival and increase1 life tried the quantitative method4 ,if we take the present day bacteria as representatives of the primitive method1 we see that not quality nor individuality but quantity and numbers are the means by which1 in their case1 life seeks to establish itself more abundantly4 ,we express our own birth-rate in its proportion per year to one thousand living3 but twenty thousand bacteria injected into a rabbit have been found to multiply into twelve thousand million in one day4 8,one bacterium has been actually observed to rear a small family of eighty thousand within a period of twenty-four hours40 8,the cholera bacillus can duplicate every twenty minutes1 and might thus in one day become #e1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj1 with the weight1 according to the calculations of ,cohn1 of about #g1cff tons4 ,in a few days1 at this rate1 there would be a mass of bacteria as big as the moon1 huge enough to fill the whole ocean40 ,if now we trace the history of life up to man1 we find in him--as we have seen--the lowest birth-rate of any animal and the longest ante-natal period in proportion to his body weight1 the longest period of maternal feeding1 and by far the lowest infant mortality and general death-rate4 ,a chief fact of progress has been1 in a word1 the supersession of the quantitative by the qualitative criterion of survival-value4 ,immeasurably vast vital economy and efficiency have thus been effected4 ,the tendency of progress1 in short--a tendency coincident with the evolution of ever higher and higher species--is to pass from the horrible ,gargantuan wastefulness of the older methods towards the evident but yet lamentably unrealised ideal--that every child born shall reach maturity4 ,this great historical tendency1 which will ultimately involve the restriction of parenthood to the fit1 fine and relatively few1 has occurred under the impartial rule of natural selection simply and solely because it has endowed with survival-value the successive species in which it has been demonstrated4 ,the rise of parenthood4--,consistently with this fact and with the argument of the previous chapter is the tendency towards the lengthening of infancy1 a very characteristic condition of the evolution of the higher forms of life4 ,this lengthening and accentuation of infancy makes for variety of development1 and1 as we have seen1 is supremely instanced in man1 where it depends upon1 and makes possible1 the transmutation of fixed instincts into the plastic thing we call intelligence4 ,thus1 to quote the words of ,dr4 ,parsons1#dd 8we find that as infancy is prolonged in the progress of species1 the care given to offspring by parents is increased4 ,it extends over a longer period and it is directed more and more towards the total welfare of offspring4 ,the need of a potentially many-sided and enduring kind of parental care is filled through the social group we call the family40 ,apart from those immensely significant creatures1 the social insects1 we find well-marked though primitive signs of motherhood amongst the fishes1 and in a few cases1 such as the stickleback1 the beginnings of fatherhood4 ,but it is not until we reach the mammals1 and especially the monkeys and apes1 that we find a great development of motherhood1 far more prolonged and far more important than the more frequently extolled parental care found amongst the birds4 ,very interesting1 however1 in the case of the fishes is the fact observed by ,sutherland that 8as soon as the slightest trace of parental care is discovered the chance of survival is increased and the birth-rate is lowered40 ,as a general summary these words of ,dr4 ,parsons will serve3--8,diminution of offspring is a threefold gain to a species4 7#a7 ,it lessens the vital drain upon the parent4 7#b7 ,it enables the size and capacity of the limited number of offspring to be increased4 7#c7 ,in the case of the higher developments of parental care after birth1 it concentrates the advantage of that care upon a few instead of scattering it1 and thereby weakening its influence1 upon many40 ,now how are these facts connected with that relation between the parents which we call marriage1 temporary or permanent1 foreshadowed or perfected8 ,it may be submitted that the racial function or survival-value of marriage in all its forms1 low or high1 animal or human1 consists in its services to the principle of motherhood1 these services depending upon the help and strength which are afforded to motherhood by fatherhood4 ,animal marriage4--,let us now look very briefly at the facts of animal marriage from this point of view4 ,the phrase1 animal marriage1 may possibly offend the reader1 but is there any reason to be offended at the suggestion that the principle of marriage actually has a warrant older even than mankind8 ,it has lately been pointed out by a distinguished naturalist1 ,mr4 ,ernest ,thompson ,seton1 that animals1 like men1 have long been groping1 so to say1 for an ideal form of marriage4 ,we now know1 as will be shown1 that1 contrary to popular opinion1 promiscuity does not prevail amongst the lowest races of men4 ,equally false is the popular notion that promiscuity prevails amongst most of the lower animals4 ,promiscuity1 it is true1 does occur1 but so also does strict monogamy1 8and promiscuous animals1 such as rabbits and voles1 while high in the scale of fecundity1 are low in the scale of general development40 ,says ,mr4 ,seton3 8,it is commonly remarked that while the ,mosaic law did not expressly forbid polygamy1 it surrounded marriage with so many restrictions that by living up to the spirit of them the ,hebrew ultimately was forced into pure monogamy4 ,it is extremely interesting to note that the animals1 in their blind groping for an ideal form of union1 have gone through the same stages1 and have arrived at exactly the same conclusion4 ,monogamy is their best solution of the marriage question1 and is the rule among all the higher and most successful animals40 ,the moose1 ,mr4 ,seton tells us1 has several wives in one season but only one at a time4 ,the hawks practise monogamy lasting for one season1 8the male staying with the family1 and sharing the care of the young till they are well-grown40 ,the wolves consort for life1 but the death of one leaves the other free to mate again4 ,there is a fourth method 8in which they pair for life1 and1 in case of death1 the survivor remains disconsolate and alone to the end4 ,this seems absurd4 ,it is the way of the geese40 ,the point especially to be insisted upon as regards animal marriage is its evident service to their race-culture1 in accordance with the principle here laid down that marriage is of value because it supports motherhood by fatherhood1 and that its different forms are of value in proportion as they do so more or less effectively4 ,we may note also1 as a corollary to this1 that marriage must be more important in proportion as the young of a species are helpless and in proportion as their helplessness is long continued4 ,the importance of marriage for man1 therefore1 must necessarily be higher than for any of the lower animals4 ,human marriage4--,we must turn now to human marriage1 and the principle which we must remember is that of survival-value4 ,we are discussing a natural phenomenon exhibited by living creatures4 ,this is what so few people realise when they speak of marriage4 ,they cannot disabuse themselves of the idea that it is a human invention1 and especially an ecclesiastical invention4 ,thus1 on the one hand1 it is supported by persons who base its claims on mystical or dogmatic grounds2 whilst1 on the other hand1 it is attacked by those who are opposed to ecclesiasticism or religion of any kind1 and attacked in the name of science--in which1 if the fact could only be recognised1 is found every possible warrant and sanction1 and indeed imperative demand1 for this most precious of all institutions4 ,here we must endeavour to look upon it as an exceedingly ancient fact of life1 vastly more ancient than mankind2 and in judging it and explaining it we must apply ,nature's universal criterion1 which is that of its survival-value or service to race-culture4 ,let us then glance very briefly at the actual facts of human marriage--conceived as an institution by which the survival-value of fatherhood is added to that of motherhood4 ,the pioneer student of marriage from the standpoint of science was ,herbert ,spencer1 who with great labour supported the conclusion that monogamy is the highest1 best and latest form of marriage4 ,but in the absence of the great mass of evidence which is now before us1 ,spencer too readily assumed the truth of the popular notion that promiscuity was the primitive state1 and taught that human marriage has developed from this through polygamy towards the ideal of monogamy4 ,the work of ,professor ,westermarck1 however--,spencer's chief follower in this path--has shown1 and later writers have abundantly confirmed it1 that this primitive promiscuity never existed4 ,there is no nation or race or clan of man now extant1 however primitive or barbaric1 that has not definite marriage laws2 there is no society on earth1 however rude1 that does not punish the unfaithful wife4 ,furthermore1 polygamy1 the only historical rival of monogamy1 is now known to have played a quite trivial part in history1 not merely compared with monogamy1 but as compared with that which it was supposed to have played4 ,even in countries which we call polygamous to-day1 polygamy is the relatively rare exception and monogamy the rule4 ,on this most important question it is well1 however1 to quote the words of ,professor ,westermarck himself3-- 8,the great majority of peoples are1 as a rule1 monogamous1 and the other forms of marriage are usually modified in a monogamous direction40 8,as to the history of the forms of human marriage1 two inferences regarding monogamy and polygyny may be made with absolute certainty2 monogamy1 always the predominant form of marriage1 has been more prevalent at the lowest stages of civilisation than at somewhat higher stages2 whilst1 at a still higher stage1 polygyny has again1 to a great extent1 yielded to monogamy40 8,we may thus take it for granted that civilisation1 up to a certain point1 is favourable to polygyny2 but it is equally certain that in its highest forms it leads to monogamy40 8,but1 though civilisation up to a certain point is favourable to polygyny1 its higher forms invariably and necessarily lead to monogamy40 ,it is the principle of survival-value that explains the dominance of monogamy at all stages of human society--with the single exception of continuously and wholly militant societies1 in which polygamy obtained in consequence of the great numerical excess of women4 ,it is the fate of the children1 in which everything is involved1 that has determined the history of human marriage4 ,furthermore1 we may see here one more illustration of the truth that quality is ousting quantity in the course of progress1 and that a low birth-rate represents a more advanced stage than a high birth-rate4 ,the birth-rate under polygamy is undoubtedly high1 but polygamy does not make for the survival and health of the children1 and the infant mortality is gigantic4 ,as ,i have said elsewhere1 8the form of marriage which does not permit the babies to survive1 they do not permit to survive4 ,there is the beginning and the end of the whole matter in a nutshell4 ,it is not a question of the father's taste and fancy1 but of what he leaves above ground when the worms are eating him below4444 ,no system yet conceived can compare for a moment with monogamy in respect of the one criterion which time and death recognise1 the fate of the children40 ,in a word1 the wholly adequate and only possible explanation of the historical fact of the dominance of monogamy is its supreme survival-value4 ,it has competed with every other kind of sex relation and has been selected by natural selection because of its supreme service for race-culture--the most perfect conceivable addition of fatherhood to motherhood4 ,plato and motherhood4--,thus eugenics must repudiate not only the ideas of ,mr4 ,shaw on this subject1 but the teaching of ,plato1 from whom ,mr4 ,shaw's ideas on this particular subject are apparently derived4 ,it is in the fifth book of his ,republic that the pioneer eugenist lays down his ideas for race-culture4 ,he realised1 indeed1 the importance1 after birth1 of the nurture of children--8it is of considerable1 nay1 of the utmost importance to the ,state1 when this is rightly performed or otherwise20 and he refers also to their nurture while very young1 8in the period between their generation and their education1 which seems to be the most troublesome of all40 ,his method involved a complete community of wives and children amongst the guardians of the ,state1 and on no account were the parents to know their own children nor the children their parents4 ,the best were to be chosen for parents1 on the analogy of animal race-culture by man4 ,the children of inferior parents were to be killed4 ,the others were to be conveyed to the common nursery of the city1 but every precaution was to be taken that no mother should know her own child4 ,this practice was to be the cardinal point of the ,republic and 8the cause of the greatest good to the city40 ,we see here1 then1 that the very first proposals for race-culture involved the destruction of marriage and the family1 and a total denial of the value of the psychical aspects of motherhood and fatherhood alike4 ,plato's first critic1 however1 his own great pupil ,aristotle1 devoted the best part of his work1 the ,politics1 to showing that the suggestions of ,plato were not only wrong in themselves1 but would not secure his end4 ,aristotle showed1 in the words of ,mr4 ,barker1 that 8the destruction of the family1 and the substitution in its place of one vast clan1 would lead but to the destruction of warm feelings1 and the substitution of a sentiment which is to them as water is to wine4444 ,so with the system of common marriage1 as opposed to monogamy4 ,the one encourages at best a poor and shadowy sentiment1 while it denies to man the satisfaction of natural instinct and the education of family life2 the other is natural and right1 both because it is based on those instincts1 and because it satisfies the moral nature of man1 in giving him objects of permanent yet vivid interest above and beyond himself40 ,the truth of this matter is that the rest may reason and welcome--but we fathers know4 ,marriage a eugenic instrument4--,it has definitely to be stated1 then1 that the abolition of marriage and the family is in no degree whatever a part of the eugenic proposal4 ,we desire to achieve race-culture by and through marriage1 on the lines which indeed many lower races of men successfully practise at the present day4 ,we must make parenthood more responsible1 not less so4 ,it will afterwards be shown that the suggested incompatibility between marriage and the family1 on the one hand1 and race-culture or eugenics on the other1 does not exist4 ,it will be shown that we have in marriage not only the greatest instrument of race-culture that has yet been employed--half-consciously--by man1 but also an instrument supremely fitted1 and indeed without a rival1 for the conscious1 deliberate1 and scientific intentions of modern eugenists4 ,the applicability of marriage for this purpose will be shown by reference to actual facts4 ,mr4 ,galton himself has shown how effectively an educated public opinion can employ marriage for the purposes of race-culture1 its services to which have indeed led to its evolution4 ,it has furthermore to be added that only the formation of public opinion can ever lead to the ideal which we desire4 ,this opinion already exists in some degree as regards one or two transmissible diseases1 and1 though without adequate scientific warrant1 as regards the marriage of first cousins4 ,in these respects it is not without some measure of effectiveness1 and the fact is of the utmost promise4 8,marriage10 said ,goethe1 8is the origin and the summit of all civilisation40 ,perhaps it would be more accurate to say the family rather than marriage4 ,the childless marriage may be and often is a thing of the utmost beauty and value to the individuals concerned1 but it is certainly not the origin of civilisation1 and if it be its summit it is also its grave4 ,the eugenic support of marriage1 therefore1 depends upon a belief in the family1 and that form of marriage will commend itself which provides the best form of family4 ,from the point of view of certain eugenists1 polygamy would be desirable in many cases1 as extending the parental opportunities of the man of fine physique or intellectual distinction4 ,the problem remains1 however1 as to the nurture of the children so obtained1 and historical study returns us a very clear answer as to the relative merits of the polygamous family and the monogamous family4 ,it is this last that pre-eminently justifies itself on the score of its services to childhood and therefore to the race4 ,its survival is a matter of absolute certainty1 because of its survival-value4 ,neither ,plato nor ,mr4 ,shaw1 nor any kind of collectivist legislation will permanently abolish it4 ,the principle of maternalism4--,the merits of monogamy can be defined in terms of the principle which ,i would venture to call maternalism--the principle of the permanent and radical importance of motherhood and whatever institutions afford it the greatest aid4 ,maternalism would point1 ,i think1 to the supreme paradox that the dominant creature of the earth is born of woman1 and born the most absolutely helpless of all living creatures whatsoever1 animal or vegetable2 it would note that this utter dependence upon others1 mother or foster-mother1 is not only the most unqualified known1 but the longest maintained2 it would observe that of all the human beings now alive1 all that have lived1 all that are to be1 not one could survive its birth for twenty-four hours but for motherhood2 it would note that only motherhood has rendered possible the development of instinct into that intelligence which1 itself dependent upon motherhood for the possibility of its development1 has dependent upon it the fact that the earth is now man's and the fulness thereof2 and to the advocates of all the political -isms that can be named1 and the small proportion of them that can be defined1 it would apply its specific criterion3 ,do you regard the safeguarding and the ennoblement of motherhood as the proximate end of all political action1 the end through which the ultimate ends1 the production and recognition of human worth1 can alone be attained2 do you realise that marriage is invaluable because it makes for the enthronement of motherhood as nothing else ever did or can2 do you realise that1 metaphors about ,state maternity notwithstanding1 the ,state has neither womb nor breasts1 these most reverend and divine of all vital organs being the appanage of the individual mother alone8 ,the maternalist principle being assumed1 and the value of monogamy on the ground that it supports motherhood by fatherhood1 the forthcoming discussion as to the possibilities of race-culture will assume the persistence of monogamy and will centre upon the possibility of selecting or rejecting1 for the purposes of race-culture1 those who are available for entrance into the marriage state4 ,the reader who has not studied social anthropology--and this is true of nearly all the critics of eugenics1 very few of whom have studied anything--will be astounded1 ,i believe1 to discover the practically unlimited extent to which public opinion1 whether or not formulated as law1 has always been capable of controlling marriage1 and therefore1 race-culture4 ,proposed definition of marriage4--,recognising the existence of subhuman marriage1 we may be at a loss to define marriage as distinguished from sex-relations in general4 ,it is that form of sex-relation which involves or is adapted to common parental care of the offspring--the support of motherhood by fatherhood4 ,,part ,,ii--,,the ,,practice ,,of ,,eugenics ,,chapter ,,xi ,,negative ,,eugenics ,n'abandonnons pas l'avenir de notre race la fatalit d',allah2 crons-le nous-mmes4--,forel4 8,it is surprising how soon a want of care1 or care wrongly directed1 leads to the degeneration of a domestic race2 but except in the case of man himself1 hardly anyone is so ignorant as to allow his worst animals to breed4 8,with savages1 the weak in body or mind are soon eliminated1 and those that survive commonly exhibit a vigorous state of health4 ,we civilised men1 on the other hand1 do our utmost to check the process of elimination2 we build asylums for the imbecile1 the maim and the sick2 we institute poor laws2 and our medical men exert their utmost skill to save the life of everyone to the last moment4444 ,thus the weak members of civilised societies propagate their kind4 ,no one who has attended to the breeding of domestic animals will doubt that this must be highly injurious to the race of man40--,darwin1 ,the ,descent of ,man1 #ahga4 ,pt4 i41 chap4 v4 ,hitherto we have mainly concerned ourselves with broad aspects of theory1 endeavouring to prove that conscious race-culture is a necessity for any civilisation which is to endure1 and to show how alone it can be effected4 ,but evidently for a great many of the practical proposals that might be1 and for not a few that have been1 based upon these views1 public opinion is not ripe4 ,we may be thankful to believe that for some it will never be ripe3 it would be rotten first4 ,marriage1 for instance1 we hold sacred and essential3 we find intolerable the idea of the human stud-farm2 we are very dubious as to the help of surgery2 we are much more than dubious as to the lethal chamber4 ,it is necessary to be reasonable1 and1 in seeking the superman1 to remain at least human4 ,now if we are to achieve any immediate success we must clearly divide our proposals1 as the present writer did some years ago1 with ,mr4 ,galton's approval1 into two classes3 positive eugenics and negative eugenics4 ,the one would seek to encourage the parenthood of the worthy1 the other to discourage the parenthood of the unworthy4 ,positive eugenics is the original eugenics1 but1 as the writer endeavoured to show at the time1 negative eugenics is one with it in principle4 ,the two are complementary1 and are both practised by ,nature3 natural selection is one with natural rejection4 ,to choose is to refuse4 ,in regard to positive eugenics ,i1 for one1 must ever make the criticism that ,i cannot believe in the propriety of attempting to bribe into parenthood people who have no love of children3 we have to consider the parental environment of the children we desire1 as well as their innate quality4 ,thus1 positive eugenics must largely take the form1 at present1 of removing such disabilities as now weigh upon the desirable members of the community1 especially of the more prudent sort4 ,for instance1 it was recently pointed out by a correspondent of the ,morning ,post that in ,great ,britain1 despite the alarm caused by the decreasing marriage-rate1 no one has protested against-- 8444 the tax which the propertied middle classes have to pay on marriage4444 ,to take a few instances4 ,two persons each having #afj a year marry4 ,previous to marriage they were exempt from income tax2 after marriage they pay #f per annum4 ,two persons each having #djj a year pay #ah before and #cj after marriage4 ,similarly the additional income tax payable on marriage by people each having #fjj a year is #i1 by those having #a1bjj a year #cj1 and by those having #b1jjj a year #ej4 ,it is difficult to see how our legislators arrived at this result unless they started to average the incomes of married people and then forgot to divide by two4444 ,if1 as ,i contend1 a man and his wife should be counted as two people1 not one1 should not children also be counted in any scheme of graduated taxation1 and an income be divided by the number of persons it has to support in order to fix the rate at which the tax is to be charged8 ,it is ridiculous to suppose that a man with a wife and six children is as well off on #a1jjj a year as a bachelor with the same income4 ,it is1 ,i believe1 acknowledged that the moderately well-off professional classes marry later and have fewer children than the wage-earners1 and ,i think there can be no doubt that the special burthens they have to bear is a material influence contributing to this result4 ,thus1 while we are deploring the decadence of the race1 the ,state is doing what it can to discourage marriage in a class whose children would in all probability prove its most valued citizens40 ,but it is in negative eugenics that we can accomplish most at this stage1 and in so doing can steadily educate public opinion1 the professional jesters notwithstanding4 ,there is here a field for action which does not demand a great revolution in the popular point of view2 and1 further1 does not require us to wait for certainty until the facts and laws of heredity have been much further elucidated4 ,the services which a conscious race-culture1 thus directed1 may even now accomplish1 can scarcely be over-estimated2 and even if we cannot reach the public heart at once we can reach the public head by means of the public pocket--which will benefit obviously and greatly when these proposals are carried out4 ,as ,thoreau observes1 for a thousand who are lopping off the branches of an evil there is but one striking at its roots4 ,if we strike at the roots of certain grave and costly evils of the present day1 we shall abundantly demonstrate that this is a matter of the most vital economy4 ,the deaf and dumb4--,we might begin with the case of the deaf and dumb1 since the facts here are utterly beyond dispute4 ,the condition known as deaf-mutism is congenital or due to innate defect in about one-half of all the cases in ,great ,britain4 ,says ,dr4 ,love1#de 8,in every institution examples may be found of deaf-mute children who have one or two deaf parents or grand-parents1 and of two or more deaf-mute children belonging to one family40 ,a recent report from ,japan is of a similar order1 and the evidence might be multiplied indefinitely4 ,the obvious conclusion that the inherently deaf should not marry 8is generally conceded by those who work amongst the deaf1 but the present arrangements for the education of the deaf1 and their management in missions and institutes for the deaf during the period of adolescence1 is eminently fitted to encourage union between the congenitally deaf4 ,if not during the school period1 at least during the period of adolescence1 everything should be done to discourage the association of the deaf and dumb with each other1 and the danger of their meeting with those similarly afflicted should be constantly kept before the congenitally deaf by those in charge of them40 ,dr4 ,love quotes the following newspaper report3 8,at an inquest yesterday1 on ,william ,earnshaw1 #ei1 a ,st4 ,pancras saddler1 it was stated that the relatives could not identify the body1 as the wife and sister were blind1 deaf and dumb1 and that the four children were deaf and dumb4 ,the deceased was deaf and dumb1 and was so when he was married40 ,the feeble-minded4--,the case of the feeble-minded is of course parallel4 ,the problem would be at once reduced to negligible proportions if all cases of feeble-mindedness were dealt with as they should be4 ,these unfortunate people might lead quite happy lives1 the utmost be done for their feeble capacities1 the supreme demands of the law of love be completely but providently complied with4 ,the feeble-minded girl might be protected from herself and from others--her fate otherwise is often too deplorable for definition--and the interests of the future be not compromised4 ,these words were written whilst awaiting the long overdue ,report of the ,royal ,commission on this subject--which abundantly confirms them4 ,the proportion of the mentally defective in ,great ,britain is now #j4hc per cent41 and it is doubtless rising yearly4 ,only by the recognition and application of negative eugenics can this evil be cured4 ,i have elsewhere#df discussed the supposed objection which will be raised in the name of 8liberty0 by persons who think in words instead of realities4 ,the right care of the feeble-minded involves the greatest happiness and liberty and self-development possible for them4 ,the interests of the individual and the race are one4 ,what liberty has the feeble-minded prostitute1 such as our streets are filled with8 ,the insane4--,as regards obvious insanity1 the same principles of negative eugenics must be enforced4 ,it is probably fair to say that the whole trend of modern research has been to accentuate the importance1 if not indeed the indispensableness1 of the inherent or inherited factor in the production of insanity4 ,yet1 on the other hand1 the trend of treatment of the insane has undoubtedly been towards permitting them more liberty1 sometimes of the kind which the principles of race-culture must condemn4 ,it is well1 of course1 that we should be humane in our treatment of the insane4 ,it is well that curative medicine should do its utmost for them1 and it seems well1 at first sight1 that the proportion of discharges from asylums on the score of recovery should be as high as it is4 ,but at this point the possibility of the gravest criticism evidently arises4 ,i have no intention whatever of exposing the question of race-culture to legitimate criticism by laying down dogmatically any doctrines as to the perpetual incarceration of insane persons1 including those who have been1 but are not now1 insane4 ,pope was1 of course1 right when he hinted at the nearness of the relation between certain forms of genius and certain forms of insanity4 ,it may well be that if we could provide a fit environment we might welcome the children of some of those1 highly and perhaps uniquely gifted in brain1 who1 under the stress of the ordinary environment of modern life1 have broken down for shorter or longer periods4 ,on the other hand1 there are forms of insanity which1 beyond all dispute1 should utterly preclude their victims from parenthood4 ,as a result of recent controversies it seems on the whole probable1 if not certain1 that the apparent persistent increase in the proportion of the insane in civilised countries generally during many years past1 is a real increase1 and not due simply to such factors as more stringent certification or increase of public confidence in lunatic asylums4 ,if1 then1 there be in process a real increase in the proportion of the insane1 who will question that no time should be lost in ascertaining the extent--undoubtedly most considerable--to which the principles of negative eugenics can be invoked in order to arrest it8 ,as regards epilepsy and epileptic insanity there can be no question4 ,there is1 of course1 such a thing as acquired epilepsy1 and we may even assume for the sake of the argument that no inherent and therefore transmissible factor of predisposition is involved in such cases4 ,yet1 wholly excluding them1 there remains the vast majority of cases in which epilepsy and epileptic insanity are unquestionably germinal in origin1 and therefore transmissible4 ,the principle of negative eugenics cannot too soon be applied here4 ,the criminal4--,when we come to consider the question of crime the cautious and responsible eugenist is bound to be wary--chiefly1 perhaps1 because such a vast amount of sheer nonsense has been written on this subject4 ,the whole question1 of course1 is the old one1 ,is it heredity or environment that produces the criminal8 ,if and when it is the environment1 race-culture has nothing to do with the question1 since the merely acquired criminality is1 as we know1 not in any degree transmissible4 ,if the criminal1 however1 is always or ever a 8born criminal10 then the eugenist is intimately concerned4 ,at the one extreme are those who tell us that the idea of crime is a purely conventional one1 that the criminal is the product of circumstances or environment1 and that we1 in his case1 would have done likewise4 ,the remedy for crime1 then1 is education4 ,it is pointed out1 however1 that education merely modifies the variety of crime4 ,there is less murder but more swindling1 and so forth4 ,then1 on the other hand1 there are those who declare that criminality is innate1 and that if we are to make an end of crime we must attach surgeons to our gaols2 or at any rate must extend the principle of the life-sentence4 ,doubtless1 the truth lies between these two extremes4 ,in the face of the work of ,lombroso and his school1 exaggerated though their conclusions often be1 we cannot dispute the existence of the born criminal1 and the criminal type4 ,there are undoubtedly many such persons in modern society4 ,there is an abundance of crime which no education1 practised or imaginable1 would eliminate4 ,present-day psychology and medicine1 and1 for the matter of that1 ordinary common-sense1 can readily distinguish cases at both extremes--the mattoid or semi-insane criminal at one end1 and the decent citizen who yields to exceptional temptation at the other end4 ,thus1 even though there remain a vast number of cases where our knowledge is insufficient1 we could accomplish great things already if the born criminal1 the habitual criminal and his like were rationally treated by society1 on the lines of the reformatory1 the labour colony1 indeterminate sentences1 and such other methods as aim1 successfully or unsuccessfully1 at the reform of the individual1 whilst incidentally protecting the race4 ,here1 as in some other cases1 the nature of the environment provided for their children by certain sections of the community may be taken into account when we decide whether they are to be prohibited from parenthood4 ,heredity or no heredity1 we cannot desire to have children born into the alcoholic home2 heredity or no heredity1 we cannot desire to have children born into the criminal environment4 ,in ,great ,britain we are no longer to manufacture criminals in hundreds by sending children to prison4 ,it remains to be seen1 after the practical disappearance of the made criminal1 what proportion of crime is really due to the born criminal4 ,he1 when found1 must certainly be dealt with on the lines indicated by our principles4#dg ,other cases4--,so far we have considered exclusively diseases and disorders of the brain1 the question of alcoholism being deferred to a special chapter4 ,when we come to other forms of defect or disease we find a long gradation of instances3 at the one extreme being cases where the fact of disastrous inheritance is palpable and inevitable1 whilst at the other extreme are kinds of disease and defect as to which the share of heredity is still very uncertain4 ,in some instances1 then1 the eugenist is bound to lay down the most emphatic propositions1 as1 for instance1 that parenthood on the part of men suffering from certain diseases is and should and must be regarded and treated as a crime of the most heinous order3 whilst in other instances all we can say is that here is a direction in which more knowledge is needed4 ,some particular cases may be referred to4 ,the diseases known as ,daltonism or colour-blindness1 and hmophilia or the 8bleeding disease10 are certainly hereditary4 ,the sufferers are usually male1 but the disease is commonly transmitted by their daughters 7who do not themselves suffer7 to their male descendants4 ,as regards colour-blindness1 the defect is evidently insufficient to concern the eugenist1 but hmophilia is a serious disease1 the transmission of which should not be excused4 ,it may seem hard to assert that the daughter of a hmophilic father should not become a mother1 she herself being free from all disease4 ,but it has to be remembered that the possibility of this hardship depends upon the fact that a hmophilic man has become a father1 as he should not have done4 ,this point1 as to the amount of hardship involved in the observance of negative race-culture1 has always to be kept in mind4 ,if negative eugenics were generally enforced upon a given generation some persons would1 of course1 suffer in greater or less degree from the disabilities imposed upon them4 ,but their number would depend upon the neglect of eugenics by previous generations1 and thereafter the number of those upon whom our principles pressed hardly would be relatively minute4 ,eugenics and tuberculosis4--,it would not be correct to say that the old view of consumption regarded it as hereditary4 ,in this and a hundred other matters1 medical1 astronomical1 or what we please1 if we go back to the ,arabic students1 or further1 to the ,greeks1 we are lucky enough to find sound observation and reasoning4 ,many quotations might be made to show that the infectious nature of tuberculosis was recognised long ago1 just as the revolution of the earth round the sun was recognised a millennium and a half before ,copernicus4 ,but the view of our more immediate fathers was that tuberculosis is a hereditary degeneration1 and the medical profession proclaimed with no uncertain sound the hopeless and paralysing doctrine that an almost certain doom hung over the children of the consumptive4 ,then1 in memorable succession1 came ,villemin1 ,pasteur1 and lastly ,koch1 with his discovery of the bacillus in #ahhb4 ,the doctrine was then altered in its statement4 ,there was1 of course1 no choice in the matter1 since it was easy to show that not one new-born baby in millions harbours a tubercle bacillus2 so all-but-miraculous and1 rightly considered1 beautiful are the ante-natal defences4 ,it was taught1 then1 that we inherit a predisposition from consumptive parents1 that the bacillus is ubiquitous1 and that variations in susceptibility determine the incidence of the disease in one and not in another4 ,it was lightly assumed 7simply through what may be called the inertia of belief7 that these variations in susceptibility were hereditary2 but we are wholly without evidence that the hereditary factor counts for anything substantial1 even assuming that it appreciably exists at all4 ,these differences1 so far from being inherent1 may be most palpably acquired4 ,under-feeding1 alcohol1 and influenza1 let us say1 will adequately prepare any human soil4 ,furthermore1 we are learning that the bacillus is nothing like so ubiquitous as used to be supposed4 ,tuberculosis is now sometimes described as a dwelling disease4 ,it might probably be described with still more accuracy as a bed-room disease1 or a bed-room and public-house disease4 ,it has been evident for many years past that the more we learnt about tuberculosis the less did we talk about heredity2 and in one of the most recent authoritative pronouncements#dh upon the subject1 the lecturer did not even allude to heredity at all4 ,many readers will be up in arms at once with apparently contrary instances2 and much labour may be spent in the mathematical analysis of statistical data--as that of cases where a father and a child have tuberculosis4 ,but suppose the father kissed the child8 ,what have you proved regarding heredity8 ,no mathematics can get more out of the data than is in them4 ,the statistics designed to measure the degree of inheritance in this disease labour under the cardinal fallacy of assuming that where father and son suffer1 the case is one of inheritance1 and then proceed to measure the average extent of this inheritance4 ,these statistics are so much waste paper and ink--assuming what they claim to prove4 ,they do not allow for the fact that the child is very frequently exposed in grave measure to infection by the parent2 they ignore wholly1 indeed1 the entire question of exposure to infection1 both as regards its extent in time and the virulence of the infection in question4 ,at the present day1 discussions as to the inheritance of consumption and tuberculosis in general are not fit for practical application3 and a practical disservice is rendered by those who seek to divert public attention from the removable environmental causes upon which the disease mainly depends4 ,we know1 for instance1 that the incidence of tuberculosis is directly proportional to over-crowding3 this being universally true1 we must work to abolish over-crowding and to provide fresh air for every one by day and by night4 ,when that is done1 alcoholism disposed of1 and our milk-supply purified1 we may turn to the question of heredity3 but the incidence of the disease will then present merely trivial instead of the present appalling proportions4 ,it is not asserted that inherent variations in susceptibility to this disease are not existent4 ,the case would be unique if it were so4 ,but it is asserted that the more we learn of the disease the less importance we attach to this factor1 and the more surely do we see that the three syllables constituting the word 8infection0 substantially suffice to dispose of all the confident dogmas with which we are too familiar4 ,one is almost tempted to quote a forcible phrase of ,mill's1 and say that1 given this point of view1 8once questioned1 they are doomed40 ,the only method of accurately studying the question of inherited predisposition would be by comparative study of the resistance of new-born infants as measured by their 8opsonic index0--which may be 7very roughly7 described as the measure of the power of the white cells of the blood to eat up tubercle bacilli4#di ,nor will even this method be free from fallacy4 ,the present writer believes that eugenics is going to save the world2 that there is no study of such urgent and practical importance as that of heredity2 that if we get the right people born and the wrong people not born1 forms of government and such questions will be left even without fools to contest regarding them4 ,thus he has every bias in favour of emphasising the hereditary factor in tuberculosis4 ,the fact will at least not discredit the foregoing views1 which are in absolute accord with those of ,dr4 ,newsholme1 our leading authority1 in his recent work upon the subject4 ,nothing need here be said about cancer1 the best and most recent evidence tending to show that the disease is not hereditary4 ,the foregoing may briefly suffice to illustrate the general proposition that negative eugenics will seek to define the diseases and defects which are really hereditary1 to name those the transmission of which is already certainly known to occur1 and to raise the average of the race by interfering as far as may be with the parenthood of persons suffering from these transmissible disorders4 ,only thus can certain of the gravest evils of society1 as1 for instance1 feeble-mindedness1 insanity1 and crime due to inherited degeneracy1 be suppressed3 and if race-culture were absolutely incapable of effecting anything whatever in the way of increasing the fertility of the worthiest classes and individuals1 its services in the negative direction here briefly outlined would still be of incalculable value4 ,no other proposal will save so much life1 present and to come3 and save so much gold in doing so--as one would insist if one were writing a eugenic primer for politicians4 ,to this policy we shall most certainly come3 but here1 as in other cases1 ,i trust far more in the influence of an educated public opinion than in legislation2 though there are certain forms of transmissible disease1 interfering in no way with the responsibility of the individual1 the transmission of which should be visited with the utmost rigour of the law and regarded as utterly criminal no less than sheer murder4 ,in the next chapter1 recognising marriage as the human mode of selection1 we must consider it in its relation to eugenics1 both positive and negative4 ,,chapter ,,xii ,,selection ,,through ,,marriage ,historical evidence of control of marriage3 ,westermarck's evidence4--,to begin with the most recent refutation of the doctrine that marriage selection is uncontrollable1 one may quote from the inaugural lecture delivered by ,dr4 ,westermarck in ,december1 #aijg1 on his appointment as ,professor of ,sociology in the ,university of ,london4 ,he said3-- 8,for instance1 when the suggestion has been made that the law should step in and prevent unfit individuals from contracting marriage1 the objection has at once been raised that any such measure would be impracticable4 ,now we find that many savages have tried the experiment and succeeded4 ,mr4 ,im ,thurn tells us that among the wild ,indians of ,guiana1 a man1 before he is allowed to choose a wife1 must prove that he can do a man's work and is able to support himself and his family4 ,in various ,bechuana and ,kaffir tribes1 according to ,livingstone1 a youth is prohibited from marrying until he has killed a rhinoceros4 ,among the ,dyaks of ,borneo no one can marry until he has in his possession a certain number of human skulls4 ,among the ,arabs of ,upper ,egypt a man must undergo an ordeal of whipping by the relatives of his bride1 in order to test his courage2 and if he wishes to be considered worth having1 he must receive the chastisement1 which is sometimes exceedingly severe1 with an expression of enjoyment4 8,i do not say that these particular methods are worthy of slavish imitation1 but the principle underlying them is certainly excellent1 and especially the fact that they are recognised and enforced by custom shows that it has been quite possible among many people to prohibit certain unfit individuals from marrying4 ,the question naturally arises whether1 after all1 something of the same kind may not be possible among ourselves40 ,mr4 ,galton's evidence4--,but ,mr4 ,galton himself1 with his characteristic thoroughness1 and in full recognition of the fact that this young science must meet ignorant as well as other objections1 read before the ,sociological ,society#ej a paper entitled 8,restrictions in ,marriage10 with special reference to the objection 8that human nature would never brook interference with the freedom of marriage4444 ,how far have marriage restrictions proved effective1 when sanctified by the religion of the time1 by custom and by law8 ,i appeal from armchair criticism to historical facts40 ,mr4 ,galton then proceeds to quote seven forms of restriction in marriage which have actually been practised--monogamy1 endogamy1 exogamy1 ,australian marriages1 taboo1 prohibited degrees and celibacy4 ,he shows how powerful under each of these heads is the influence of 8immaterial motives0 upon marriage selection1 how they may all become hallowed by religion1 accepted as custom and enforced by law4 8,persons who are born under their various rules1 live under them without any objection4 ,they are unconscious of their restrictions as we are unaware of the tension of the atmosphere40 ,in many cases the establishment of monogamy and the prohibition of polygamy 8has been due not to any natural instinct against the practice1 but to consideration of social well-being40 8,it was penal for a ,greek to marry a barbarian1 for a ,roman patrician to marry a plebeian1 for a ,hindoo of one caste to marry one of another caste1 and so forth4 ,similar restrictions have been enforced in multitudes of communities1 even under the penalty of death40 ,cases from ancient ,jewish law are quoted2 and1 to take a very different case1 that of the marriage rule amongst the ,australian bushmen1 it is shown that 8the cogency of this rule is due to custom1 religion and law1 and is so strong that nearly all ,australians would be horrified at the idea of breaking it40 ,passing further on1 one need offer no excuse for quoting1 regarding marriage in general1 the following words of the founder of eugenics3--8,the institution of marriage as now sanctified by religion and safeguarded by law in the more highly civilised nations1 may not be ideally perfect1 nor may it be universally accepted in future times1 but it is the best that has hitherto been devised for the parties primarily concerned1 for their children1 for home life1 and for society40 ,mr4 ,galton then proceeds to show how extensive are the restrictions in marriage already recognised and practised amongst ourselves and quite contentedly accepted4 ,he proves also that our objection to marriage within prohibited degrees depends mainly upon what he calls immaterial considerations1 and adds 8it is quite conceivable that a non-eugenic marriage should hereafter excite no less loathing than that of a brother and sister would do now40 ,then1 in allusion to the possibility 8of a whole-hearted acceptance of eugenics as a national religion 444 the thorough conviction by a nation that no worthier object exists for man than the improvement of his own race10 ,mr4 ,galton shows from the history of conventual life what abundant evidence there is 8of the power of religious authority in directing and withstanding the tendencies of human nature towards freedom in marriage40 ,this paper was discussed by no less than twenty-six authorities1 ,british and ,continental1 and in his reply ,mr4 ,galton observes that not one of them impugns his main conclusion 8that history tells how restrictions in marriage1 even of an excessive kind1 have been contentedly accepted very widely1 under the guidance of what ,i called immaterial motives40 ,lastly1 we may note ,mr4 ,galton's admirable distinction between the two stages of love1 8that of slight inclination and that of falling thoroughly into love1 for it is the first of these rather than the second that ,i hope the popular feeling of the future will successfully resist4 ,every match-making mother appreciates the difference4 ,if a girl is taught to look upon a class of men as tabooed1 whether owing to rank1 creed1 connections or other causes1 she does not regard them as possible husbands and turns her thoughts elsewhere4 ,the proverbial #8,mrs4 ,grundy' has enormous influence in checking the marriages she considers indiscreet40 ,surely all the foregoing suffices to show1 first1 that eugenics or race-culture is compatible with marriage1 and secondly1 that it is compatible with the love of the sexes--two conclusions of the most cardinal and fundamental importance4 ,this importance it is1 and the obstinate stupidity of critics of a kind1 which must excuse me for having devoted so much space to propositions which the thoughtful reader would naturally have arrived at for himself4 ,the present influence of marriage on race-culture4--,we must turn now from the past to the present aspect of the question1 viz41 the actual relation of marriage to eugenics at the present day4 ,its nature is very much disputed4 ,on the one hand1 there are those who see in our present methods what has elsewhere been called reversed selection--that is to say1 an anti-eugenic process1 involving the mating of the least desirable4 ,on the other hand1 there are many conservative critics who1 starting from a general opposition to any new thing1 such as eugenics1 maintain that we are doing very well as we are1 and that1 without any conscious interference1 as they call it--as if there were no such interference--selection by marriage is actually working for the eugenic end4 ,dr4 ,maudsley1 for instance1 is 8not sure but that nature in its own blind impulsive way does not manage things better than we can by any light of reason03 an astounding opinion from the veteran pioneer who has devoted so many decades to successfully modifying natural processes by the light of his own splendid reason6 ,this most important question1 as to what is actually happening within the limits of marriage1 may legitimately be regarded as substantially equivalent to the question of the extent and nature of selection1 for good or for evil1 as it occurs in society to-day4 ,if we remember that an overwhelming proportion of children are born in wedlock1 that the death-rate of illegitimate children is gigantic1 whilst the illegitimate birth-rate is generally falling1 we shall be fully entitled to assume that the answer to the one question is the answer to the other2 in a word1 if under the present conditions of selection for marriage we find a eugenic tendency or an anti-eugenic tendency or a mere neutrality1 the answer will be1 on the whole1 the approximate answer to the larger question as to the present state of selection for parenthood and therefore of our racial prospects1 marriage or no marriage4 ,the conclusion which we shall maintain is that both forms of selection occur in society to-day--the selection of the desirable and the selection of the undesirable4 ,we shall go ludicrously wrong if we agree1 with one party1 that society in general to-day exhibits reversed selection2 or1 with the second party1 that everything is going on admirably on the whole2 or1 with the third party1 which jumbles the whole mass of facts and tendencies1 and declares that there is no process of selection of any kind occurring in society to-day--an opinion which1 in the face of disease1 the enormous premature death-rate1 and the fact that whilst vast numbers of women are unmarried1 the choice of women for marriage does not occur by lot1 beggars comment2 is a girl with a birth-mark covering half her face1 or a nose destroyed by transmissible disease1 as likely to marry as a 8beauty08 ,if not1 surely we actually select to-day for beauty and therefore for whatever beauty depends upon--for instance1 health4 ,but really it cannot be necessary to deal seriously with the proposition that no selection occurs in society to-day4 ,let us attempt to state clearly the point at issue4 ,there is granted1 in the first place1 that by far the greater part of all parenthood1 in civilised and uncivilised communities alike1 occurs within the limits of marriage2 to which may be added that1 owing to the excessive death-rate of illegitimate children1 the proportion of effective parenthood1 so to say1 that occurs within the limits of marriage is even larger2 and this intervention of marriage1 and any selection that may be involved in it1 steadily recur from generation to generation4 ,thus even those born outside wedlock will nevertheless be selected for parenthood1 on their own part1 mainly by the selective factors in marriage4 ,selection by marriage has the last word4--,it follows1 then1 though the fact is almost constantly ignored by eugenic writers1 that selection by marriage in effect has the last word4 ,thus supposing that all other forms of selection1 depending upon1 for instance1 the various causes of death amongst the immature1 were what we call reversed selection2 or supposing that1 as is actually the case1 society permitted large numbers of the so-called unfit to survive1--even so1 marriage selection 7if it meant that many or most of these were rejected by it7 would control and correct the dangerous tendency4 ,on all hands1 scientific and unscientific1 we have writers telling us of the disastrous multiplication of the unfit4 ,such multiplication does occur and is disastrous4 ,yet hitherto they have failed to recognise that if--to take an extreme case--all these unfit are rejected by marriage selection--that is to say1 do not themselves become parents--this alarming multiplication is1 after all1 not a persistent factor in racial change1 but merely the throwing up or throwing aside in each generation of a certain number of undesirables whose breed gets no further4 ,of course there would be much less urgent need for eugenics if this last were wholly and happily the case4 ,our object1 indeed1 is to make it the case3 but so long as selection by marriage exists1--and its occurrence is palpably indisputable--it is a serious flaw in the common argument to assume that the production and preservation of undesirables necessarily involves their own parenthood in due course4 ,it is necessary that strict statistical enquiry be made on this point4 ,it would show1 ,i believe1 that the marriage-rate and the birth-rate amongst the grossly unfit is much lower than that of the general community1 or1 in other words1 that the influence and value of selection by marriage 7which1 as we have shown1 is in effect selection for parenthood1 the only selection that ultimately matters7 has not yet been fully appreciated4 ,i very strongly incline to the view that if this protective factor were not constantly at work1 the 8multiplication of the unfit0 would long ago have led to the destruction of every civilised nation on the earth3 they would have swamped us long ago4 ,indeed1 the proposition may be laid down that1 supreme and indispensable as are the services of marriage to race-culture1 in its protection of motherhood1 and the support of motherhood by fatherhood1 probably the services of marriage as in effect the working of sexual selection are worthy of being rated almost1 if not quite1 as high4 ,sexual selection is certainly true of mankind4--,before adducing the outlines of the evidence in favour of marriage as an instrument of selection1 it may be well to point out that here we are really discussing what ,darwin called 8sexual selection10 modified by the psychology and peculiar characters of mankind4 ,we must protect ourselves from the critics who will remind us that sexual selection is very largely discredited to-day1 rather more than a generation after ,darwin's enunciation of it in ,the ,descent of ,man 7#ahga74 ,the controversy regarding sexual selection as the producer of feathers and markings and song1 and so forth1 amongst the lower animals1 is fortunately quite irrelevant to our present discussion1 which is concerned with mankind4 ,we can afford to note with equanimity the observation that1 in lower species1 no mature female goes unmated1 for instance2 the fact remains that in the case of mankind a very considerable percentage of women remain unmarried4 ,the case is similar as regards the male sex4 ,in short1 one may declare that1 whether or not sexual selection is possible1 or occurs1 or accomplishes anything1 in the case of the lower animals1 it palpably and patently is possible1 and does occur1 amongst mankind1 and especially amongst civilised peoples1 in the form of selection by or for marriage--which1 as we have seen1 is in effect selection for parenthood4 ,let us first note the statistical evidence regarding marriage-selection of health and energy4 ,spencer on marital longevity4--,we are all aware that married people live longer1 on the average1 than unmarried people1 the conclusion being1 8of course10 that marriage is good for the health4 ,but some are taken and others left in this respect1 and if1 for any conceivable reason1 health is a factor making for selection by marriage1 that may be a real explanation1 in whole or in part1 of the longer life of married people4 ,considering the risks to life involved in motherhood1 the superior longevity of married as compared with unmarried women would be incomprehensible except on some such assumption4 ,yet it is the fact1 so imperfect still is the entry of the idea of selection into the popular and even the expert mind1 that the superior longevity of married people is still constantly asserted to mean that marriage makes for long life2 every year1 when the statistics are printed1 this argument may be seen in the newspapers1 and ,i remember encountering it in the ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 to my utter astonishment4 ,this uncritical conclusion was disposed of by the author of the phrase 8the survival of the fittest0--appropriately enough--more than thirty years ago4 ,if the reader will turn to ,herbert ,spencer's ,study of ,sociology 7a masterpiece which may be commended to the publishers for the purpose of indexing--twenty editions without an index are too many7 he will find in ,chapter ,v4 a discussion of this question4 ,it is an astonishing thing that though ,spencer conclusively exposed it a generation ago1 the childish fallacy is still apparently as flourishing as ever4 ,he shows how the greater healthfulness of married life was supposed to be proved by ,dr4 ,stark from comparison of the rates of mortality among the married and among the celibate4 ,then no less an authority than ,m4 ,bertillon went into the matter and contributed a paper called 8,the ,influence of ,marriage0--thus begging the question in its very title--to the ,brussels ,academy of ,medicine4 ,he showed that1 from twenty-five to thirty years of age1 several ,continental countries being taken into the reckoning1 8the mortality per thousand is #d in married men1 #aj4d in bachelors1 and #bb in widows4 ,this beneficial influence of marriage is manifested at all ages1 being always more strongly marked in men than in women40 ,the absurdity of the apparent conclusion regarding widows is surely1 as ,spencer says1 too obvious for discussion4 ,but1 for the rest1 ,spencer goes on to show that1 in reality1 8marriage and longevity are concomitant results of the same cause0--in other words1 8that superior quality of organisation which conduces to long life also conduces to marriage4 ,it is normally accompanied by a predominance of the instincts and emotions prompting marriage2 there goes along with it that power#ea which can secure the means of making marriage practicable2 and it increases the probability of success in courtship40 ,spencer shows how 8of men whose marriages depend upon getting the needful income10 those who will succeed are in general 8the best1 physically and mentally--the strong1 the intellectually capable1 the morally well-balanced40 ,he shows also how 8women are attracted towards men of power--physical1 emotional1 intellectual2 and obviously their freedom of choice leads them1 in many cases1 to refuse inferior samples of men2 especially the malformed1 the diseased1 and those who are ill-developed1 physically and mentally4 ,so that1 in so far as marriage is determined by female selection1 the average result on men is that while the best easily get wives1 a certain proportion of the worst are left without wives40 ,very likely the stupid conclusion into which so many distinguished men have been betrayed will survive for many years yet amongst less distinguished people1 but at any rate we may free our minds from it here1 and may recognise in the figures to which ,i have referred1 and which are of the same order to-day1 the statistical proof of what any observer1 however casual1 might have inferred from what he sees even amongst his own friends only--that marriage is1 as it probably always has been1 a selective agent of much value in preserving and augmenting the desirable inherent qualities of the race4 ,it is1 of course1 the object of race-culture or eugenics to strengthen the hands of marriage in this respect to the utmost possible degree4 ,woman as practical eugenist4--,we must especially note one most important matter1 radically affecting race-culture1 which is referred to by ,herbert ,spencer in the passage cited1 and has been greatly insisted upon by ,dr4 ,alfred ,russel ,wallace1 the co-discoverer with ,darwin of the principle of natural selection4 ,the matter in question is the possibility of race-culture through the choice of their husbands by women4 ,not long ago ,dr4 ,wallace#eb described selection through marriage as the 8more permanently effective agency through which the improvement of human character may be achieved40 ,this1 in his opinion1 can only be perfectly achieved 8when a greatly improved social system renders all our women economically and socially free to choose2 while a rational and complete education will have taught them the importance of their choice both to themselves and to humanity4444 ,it will act through the agency of well-known facts and principles of human nature1 leading to a continuous reduction of the lower types in each successive generation1 and it is the only mode yet suggested which will automatically and naturally effect this40 ,thus 8for the first time in the history of mankind his ,character--his very ,human ,nature itself--will be improved by the slow but certain action of a pure and beautiful form of selection--a selection which will act1 not through struggle and death1 but through brotherhood and love40 ,dr4 ,wallace is a socialist1 and he believes that only through socialism can we achieve 8that perfect freedom of choice in marriage which will only be possible when all are economically equal1 and no question of social rank or material advantage can have the slightest influence in determining that choice40 ,as ,i have said elsewhere1 ,i would call myself neither a socialist nor an anti-socialist1 but if labels are necessary1 a eugenist and maternalist4 ,as such1 ,i can only say that this argument for socialism--that it is the necessary condition of eugenics or race-culture--is1 for me1 incomparably the best argument for that creed2 and if it were proved that only through socialism could the utmost be made of women's choice of husbands1 then no argument against socialism could have any appreciable weight at all4 ,the fundamental and permanent argument against certain of the highly various and incompatible doctrines which1 for our confusion1 are commonly lumped together as socialism1 is that they would arrest the process by which ,nature rewards worth and permits it to perpetuate itself4 ,if1 then1 it can be shown1 as may or may not be the case1 that only through socialism can male worth be most effectively chosen and male unworth be rejected for fatherhood1 the supreme--that is1 the eugenic--argument against socialism becomes the conclusive argument in its favour4 ,the field of choice4--,but1 however this may be1 there can be no question that the eugenic purpose1 as well as the happiness and elevation of individuals in the present1 will be greatly served by whatever measures increase1 to the utmost extent possible1 the opportunities for choice in marriage afforded to women and also to men4 ,one of the most amazing and satisfactory facts about marriage as at present practised is1 ,i think1 the large proportion--often estimated at seventy-five per cent4--of unions which1 apart from any eugenic question1 turn out happily1 in ,great ,britain1 at any rate4 ,what makes this fact more amazing is the almost incredible limitation of the field of choice within which both sexes are still confined as a whole4 ,if the reader will consider the cases most familiar to him or her1 it will surely be admitted that the considerable success of marriage takes on an astonishing aspect when the present strait conditions of choice are taken into account4 ,i am convinced that few more radical and far-reaching1 because eugenic1 reforms can be conceived than any which1 in accordance with ,dr4 ,wallace's argument1 tend to widen the field of choice1 and that not for one sex only but for both4 ,he would be a rash man who ventured to allot superior value to the selection of man by woman rather than of woman by man1 or vice vers4 ,quite apart from any deeper and more difficult reforms1 such as ,dr4 ,wallace alludes to1 ,i am sure that even the mere widening of the field of choice1 as such1 is most desirable4 ,to take an instance1 which the reader may very likely think trivial and absurd1 ,i have witnessed in my brief career as a hockey player two unions most happy and eugenic in every way1 which entirely depended upon the existence of the amusement called mixed hockey--whereat the contracting parties met one another6 ,it is not asserted that these two cases suffice for world-wide generalisation4 ,they are merely cited as instances which set at least one hockey player thinking1 even on the field--the field of choice4 ,it is a great argument1 because it is a eugenic argument1 in favour of community of sports and amusements amongst young people of both sexes1 that it does widen the field of choice in marriage1 and that in doing so it also tends to favour those factors of selection which the eugenist would desire to see selected3 and this especially as compared with the ball-room4 ,i think that the reader will agree that the conditions1 the 8atmosphere10 the costume1 and the other features of what young people call a 8dance10 whilst undoubtedly serving the purpose of marriage and widening somewhat a field of choice which might otherwise be ludicrously and impracticably restricted1 compare most unfavourably with the conditions of even the mixed hockey field1 which1 decried though they often be1 are to my mind immeasurably healthier on every conceivable ground than those of the ball-room1 and not least of all on the eugenic ground of the prominence gained by most desirable qualities1 of which mere strength and energy and neuro-muscular skill are quite the least1 whilst unselfishness1 capacity for self-control1 patience1 real gallantry--as when a male 8full back0 refrains from hitting the ball with all his might against the toes of a girl 8forward0--the sporting spirit and other true and radical virtues1 are the greatest4 ,it is undoubtedly the case that the personal factors1 physical and psychical1 which determine the mutual attraction of young people1 have dependent upon them the whole of human destiny4 ,in society to-day1 what one may call the incidence of parenthood1 upon which all the future necessarily depends1 is determined by nothing other than the humanised form of what ,darwin called 8sexual selection40 ,therefore1 it is not trivial but supremely important to discuss the conditions under which the selection obtains4#ec ,it has already been suggested that in order to enhance the eugenic value of marriage we should endeavour to widen the field of choice1 at present ludicrously restricted by custom1 class1 religion1 economic position1 and so forth4 ,the increased locomotion of to-day will be of real eugenic service to the race in this respect1 ,i believe4 ,then it has been hinted that young people should meet one another under conditions which make prominent the psychical and put the merely physical or animal into the background--e4g4 on the hockey field or the ice or in the 8literary circle10 rather than in the ball-room4 ,this proposition accords1 of course1 with what has been said elsewhere as to that great factor of progress which ,i define as the enhancement of the survival-value of the psychical as against that of the physical4 7,note the obvious sequence--survival-value1 selection-value1 marriage-value1 parenthood-value1 progress-value47 ,this proposition and the last might both be worked out1 ,i believe1 in considerable detail and not without profit4 ,arguing on the same lines1 we may agree that even such a small matter1 usually considered wholly domestic1 as the length of engagements1 is of eugenic or racial importance4 ,the eugenist1 ,i think1 must welcome long engagements simply because1 though they may involve a reduced marriage-rate and a reduced birth-rate--the latter partly in consequence of the reduced marriage-rate1 and partly because of the later age at marriage--they tend by the mere operation of time1 as we say1 to enhance the importance of the psychical and to reduce the importance of the physical factors which determine sexual attraction4 ,to these three points a fourth1 of great importance1 must be added4 ,it is that we should favour1 as far as possible1 those factors of choice for marriage which are inherent1 and therefore transmissible1 as against those which are acquired1 accidental1 and therefore not transmissible1 and therefore of no racial or eugenic importance4 ,this1 of course1 is the point made by ,dr4 ,wallace in the article quoted above--or at any rate it is involved in the point he makes4 ,i simply mean that every time a marriage is brought about by1 for instance1 money1 the eugenic value of marriage is at least nullified and may become actually anti-eugenic4 ,again ,i say1 if ,socialism1 or the abolition of 7un-natural7 inheritance1 be necessary in order that selection for marriage shall be determined by the possession of personal qualities of racial value rather than the power of the purse1 which has always been a racial curse1 then the sooner socialism is established the better4 ,the eugenic value of contemporary marriage4--,the first purpose of this chapter has been to show that in marriage1 wherever1 and in so far as1 it is determined by the mutual attractiveness of young people1 there exists a eugenic factor in society to-day2 and since the race is in effect recruited by the married people1 this aspect of marriage deserves the closest study and attention4 ,i commend this subject1 the eugenic value of contemporary marriage1 to the small but rapidly increasing number of students who realise that eugenics or race-culture will be the supreme science of the future1 and who are now devoting themselves to its foundations4 ,no more important and urgent enquiry can be undertaken at this stage4 ,which1 for instance1 is the more eugenic1 the ,english system or the ,french8 ,the second purpose has been to show that one may believe in and work for eugenics or race-culture without proposing to overthrow all human institutions1 or to adopt the methods of the stud-farm1 or to initiate a vast campaign of surgery1 or sensational and drastic legislation1 or even1 yet1 the employment of marriage certificates4 ,one or all of these things may have their place1 now or hereafter2 or may1 on the other hand1 be far worse than futile4 ,but most assuredly it is possible now for the individual parent of marriageable children1 for the clergyman1 the leader of fashion1 the doctor1 not to start but to strengthen such by no means impotent eugenic forces as already exist in society1 without outraging sentiment or custom--indeed1 without attracting public attention to their action at all4 ,eugenics has already suffered much at the hands of its so-called friends4 ,it is to be hoped that a real service may be discharged by this attempt to show that on the highest1 most accurate and scientific eugenic grounds1 we may recognise1 claim and welcome every father and mother who desire that the son or daughter whom they care for shall marry for psychical and not for physical love4 ,every such parent is a eugenist1 in effect1 though his sole motive may be the welfare of his individual child4 ,at present we interfere with marriage on every imaginable ground1 many utterly trivial1 many worse4 ,we encourage or discourage on economic grounds2 we recognize many taboos1 of caste1 creed1 colour4 ,it is not for us1 certainly1 acting as we do1 to be offended at the suggestion that we should use our influence to affect marriage on the highest conceivable ground--the life of mankind to come4 ,what we really need is not so much the abolition of ,mrs4 ,grundy as her conversion to the eugenic idea4 ,it is the business of those who believe that eugenics is the greatest ideal in the world to make a eugenist of ,mrs4 ,grundy1 as we shall some day3 and then it will be realised how potent for good public opinion may become1 once it is rightly educated4 ,says ,mr4 ,galton1 in his latest contribution to the subject3-- 8,the power of social opinion is apt to be rather under-rated than over-rated4 ,like the atmosphere which we breathe and by which we live1 social opinion operates powerfully without our being conscious of its existence4 ,everyone knows that governments1 manners1 and beliefs which were thought to be right1 decorous1 and true at one period have been judged wrong1 indecorous1 and false at another2 and that views which we have heard expressed by those in authority over us in our childhood and early manhood tend to become axiomatic and unchangeable in mature life4 8,speaking for myself only1 ,i look forward to local eugenic action in numerous directions1 including the accumulation of considerable funds to start young couples of #8worthy' qualities in their married life1 and to assist them and their families at critical times4 ,the gifts to those who are the reverse of #8worthy' are enormous in amount2 it is stated that the charitable donations in the year #aijg amounted to #d1hfh1jej4 ,i am not prepared to say how much of this was judiciously spent1 or in what ways1 but merely quote the figures to justify the inference that many of the thousands of persons who are willing to give freely at the prompting of a sentiment based upon compassion1 might be persuaded to give largely also in response to a more virile sentiment1 based on the desire of promoting the natural gifts and the ,national ,efficiency of future generations4 8,in circumscribed communities especially1 social approval and disapproval exert a potent force4 ,its presence is only too easily read by every one who is the object of either1 in the countenances1 bearing1 and manner of those with whom they daily meet and converse4 ,is it then1 ,i ask1 too much to expect that when a public opinion in favour of ,eugenics has once taken sure hold of such communities and has been accepted by them as a quasi-religion1 the result will be manifested in sundry and very effective modes of action which are as yet untried and many of them even unforeseen80 8,breach of promise0 and race-culture4--,it may be added that perhaps we shall have to learn to reconsider our ill-judged and stupid censoriousness1 directed against young people who get engaged but then become tired of one another--as they accurately say1 discover that they are not suited for one another4 ,not only is it obvious that we are fools in denouncing this discovery of impermanence in their attraction1 happily made before marriage1 whilst we ignore the disasters of its lamentably postmature discovery1 after marriage3 but also it should be obvious that the eugenic end is negatively served whenever what would have been an unfortunate union is broken off in time4 ,our imbecile standard of honour1 and the law of breach of promise1 which is outrageously abused1 at present condemn the man1 for instance1 who finds that he has made a mistake1 whilst passively applauding him who1 finding his mistake1 thinks it his duty to make it irreparable4 ,far better would it be that the man incapable of forming an attachment made of the non-material ties which last1 should not marry at all4 ,the man who cannot see1 or seeing1 cannot find it in his heart to love1 the spiritual beauties of womanhood1 is just the man who can be safely omitted in the eugenist's scheme for fatherhood4 ,the plea of insanity is1 in ,english law1 no protection against a claim for damages for breach of promise to marry1 unless it be proved insanity at date of contract in the defendant4 ,a valid contract once made1 it is no excuse for non-performance that insanity has been discovered in the family of the other party4 ,this wicked law must be altered4 ,the need for further study4--,in his study of this subject the student will naturally turn to ,mr4 ,havelock ,ellis's volume entitled ,sexual ,selection in ,man4#ed ,this1 of course1 has its own scientific value as a statement of facts1 notwithstanding its intensely nauseating character4 ,but anything less relevant to what most of us understand by psychology it would be difficult to imagine4 ,the book considers seriatim1 touch1 smell1 hearing1 and vision as the bases of so-called love4 ,it thus deals with 8sensology10 not psychology4 ,indeed1 to the best of one's recollection1 after very close and careful reading1 there is no allusion to the human mind in it anywhere4 ,if men and women were simply animals1 this book would doubtless cover the ground1 and perhaps the word 8psychology0 would even be justified in connection with it4 ,from end to end men and women are consistently treated as animals and no more4 ,since1 however1 the human species is possessed of psychical characters which distinguish it from the lower animals1 it is not unreasonable to suppose that a volume which really dealt with sexual selection in man would1 to say the least of it1 recognise the existence of those characters--even if only to reject them as irrelevant to the subject under discussion4 ,the foregoing remarks do not imply that the purely anatomical and sensory factors are irrelevant to the selection of parents in any generation1 and for methodological purposes it might be of value to abstract from the factors of sexual selection in human society such things as odour and contour4 ,but it would be urgently necessary in the course of such a study1 if it were to be other than extremely misleading1 to observe that this selection of factors was made for purposes of convenience and that the relation of their importance to that of other factors was a matter for further and by no means casual consideration4 ,we may certainly agree with ,mr4 ,havelock ,ellis that sexual selection occurs in human society1 and may welcome his volume as supporting that assertion4 ,there follows the extremely interesting and indeed urgent necessity of ascertaining what the factors of this selection really are1 what is their relative potency1 and what is their capacity for modification4 ,we may further enquire whether they tend to be eugenic4 ,a contribution to this subject is furnished by ,mr4 ,ellis when he shows that width of 8hips0 is a female character commonly admired by men4 ,since a wide pelvis is one which can accommodate and safely give birth to a large ftal head1 there is here1 as a practically solitary case1 a bearing on the eugenic issue3 large heads mean1 in general1 large brains1 and it would be ill for the white races if men admired hips as narrow as those of1 for instance1 the negress1 whose pelvis could not find room for the average head of a purely white baby1 and who suffers terribly in many cases where the father is white1 especially if the child be a boy4 ,meanwhile we must wait for studies of this great question from various points of view3 notably for a study of the economics of sexual selection as it obtains in human society4 ,yet further1 we require a detailed study of the influence of legislation1 custom and public opinion upon sexual selection--on the lines of ,mr4 ,galton's paper on 8,restrictions in ,marriage40 ,mr4 ,havelock ,ellis has more than adequately dealt with the nervous physiology of sexual selection2 there remain the psychology and sociology of it--these latter comprehending1 one may suppose1 ninety-nine per cent4 of the whole subject4 ,in the preceding pages allusion has been made to one or two of the more salient aspects of this matter4 ,,chapter ,,xiii ,,the ,,racial ,,poisons3 ,,alcohol#ee ,in the first chapter of our second ,part1 which deals with the practice of eugenics1 there were introduced1 defined1 and briefly illustrated1 the terms positive eugenics and negative eugenics4 ,of these the latter1 as the more urgent and the more completely and immediately practicable1 claims our special attention2 though the present writer1 notwithstanding that he has devoted to it the greater part of his eugenic work1 is bound to protest that the positive increase of ability and worth is never to be regarded as of secondary importance4 ,the two methods are1 of course1 complementary in practice1 as they are one in principle--to select is to reject1 to choose is to refuse4 ,the preceding chapter1 on selection 7and rejection7 through marriage1 has dealt with the conditions under which both aims are to be pursued4 ,in the following pages we must discuss a specially urgent and practicable and indisputable portion of negative eugenic practice3 none the less urgent because of the contemporary emergence and future world-importance of sober nations1 such as ,japan and ,turkey4 ,the term racial poisons1 introduced by the present writer in the year #aijg1 is self-explanatory4 ,after dealing with the most important of these poisons1 we shall proceed1 in the next chapter1 to discuss some others4 ,the racial poisons constitute a special department of eugenics which has not hitherto been considered by the pioneers of this subject1 but for which ,i press the claim of the utmost gravity and moment1 and which ,i conceive to be certainly a part1 and a most important part1 of our manifold yet single subject4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the argument of this chapter is that parenthood must be forbidden to the dipsomaniac1 the chronic inebriate or the drunkard1 whether male or female2 and this whether ,lamarck or ,galton and ,weismann be right1 or whether1 as we may believe with ,galton and ,weismann themselves1 the controversy between the two parties is wholly irrelevant to the question in hand4 ,this conclusion1 that on no grounds whatever1 theoretical or practical1 can we continue to permit parenthood on the part of the drunkard1 is one temperance reform1 perhaps the only one1 on which disagreement is absolutely impossible4 ,it is1 further1 the most radical that can be named within the sphere of practical politics1 and it is conspicuously practicable4 ,it has hitherto been lamentably neglected by workers and reformers of all schools4 ,indeed1 at the time of writing1 the ,london ,county ,council1 governing the greatest city in the world1 is pursuing a course of action in this regard1 which will be detailed later1 and which1 as will appear1 is misguided and deplorable in the last degree4 ,alcohol and heredity4--,according to ,dr4 ,archdall ,reid1 8alcohol1 year after year1 eliminates from the race a great number of people so constituted that intoxication affords them keen delight1 leaving the perpetuation of the race in great measure to those on whom intoxication confers little or no delight4444 ,now since alcohol weeds out enormous numbers of people of a particular type1 it is a stringent agent of selection--an agent of selection more stringent than any one disease40 ,the factor that really makes the drunkard 8is certainly inborn1 and therefore as certainly transmissible to offspring4 ,the man who has it is cursed with the #8alcohol diathesis1' with the #8predisposition to drunkenness4' ,thus most savages are keenly capable of enjoying drink1 and their offspring inherit the capacity40 ,fr has shown that 8it is one of the characteristics of the degenerate that they are prone to have recourse to the poisons1 like alcohol and morphia1 which hasten their decadence and elimination40 ,thus1 as ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,sullivan points out1 alcohol 8might certainly be adjudged a salutary evil if its incidence were limited to individuals whose extreme inferiority of organisation renders them wholly undesirable and useless to the community4 ,but this is very far from being the case40#ef ,the whole crux of the question lies in this last sentence4 ,alcohol certainly destroys many degenerate stocks1 and that is good1 though it would be better to do what we shall do some day--hasten and ameliorate the process by forbidding parenthood to the degenerate4 ,but does alcohol also make degenerates2 does it even make more degenerates than it destroys8 ,a somewhat similar difficulty arises in the case of infant mortality4 ,the causes of infant mortality destroy many children inherently unfit1 diseased or weakly4 ,but we are not justified in keeping up our infant mortality1 if we find1 as we do1 that for every diseased child whom they destroy they kill many who were healthy at birth and damage for life many more4 ,a man is born sober--in most cases1 but not always1#eg as we shall see--and any changes produced in his body by alcohol are 8acquired40 ,therefore1 rejecting ,lamarck1 are we to reject the doctrine that the effects produced by alcohol on parents are transmitted to offspring8 ,the controversy between ,lamarck and ,weismann has absolutely nothing to do with the question4 ,let us consider what would be a case of ,lamarckian transmission in the sense which the modern student of heredity denies4 ,the birth of a child with a scar on its scalp1 to a father who had acquired a similar scar before the child was conceived1 would be such a case3 and this does not happen4 ,or suppose that instead of a scar on the scalp the father has an inflammatory change1 not so dissimilar to a scar1 produced by alcohol in the membranes covering his brain4 ,then it would be a case of ,lamarckian transmission if the membranes of his baby's brain were similarly affected2 and this does not happen4 ,such is the kind of transmission of which exhaustive experiment and observation fail to find a conclusive instance anywhere4 ,but what has such a supposition to do with the theory1 as definitely supported by observation and experiment as the other is not1 that if a man saturates his body with alcohol carried by his blood1 he injures all the tissues which are nourished by that blood1 including the racial elements of his body with the rest3 and therefore that his child may be degenerate8 ,what says ,weismann himself8 ,in ,the ,germ-,plasm1 p4 #chf1 under the heading 8,the influence of temporary abnormal conditions of the parents on the child10 he writes as follows3-- 8,although ,i do not consider that the cases which come under the above heading have anything to do with heredity1 ,i should not like to leave them entirely on one side4 8,it has often been supposed that drunkenness of the parents at the time of conception may have a harmful effect on the nature of the offspring4 ,the child is said to be born in a weak bodily and mental condition1 and inclined to idiocy1 or even to madness1 etc41 although the parents may be quite normal both physically and mentally4 8,cases certainly exist in which drunken parents have given rise to a completely normal child1 although this is not a convincing proof against the above-named view2 and in spite of the fact that most1 or perhaps even all1 the statements with regard to the injurious effects on the offspring will not bear a very close criticism1#eh ,i am unwilling to entirely deny the possibility that a harmful influence may be exerted in such cases4 ,these1 however1 have nothing to do with heredity1 but are concerned with an affection of the germ by means of an external influence40 ,weismann goes on to quote cases showing how germ-cells may be injured by various agents1 and continues3-- 8,it does not appear to me impossible that an intermixture of alcohol with the blood of the parents may produce similar effects on the ovum and sperm cell4 ,according to the relative quantity of alcohol either an exciting or a depressing influence might be exerted1 either of which would lead to abnormal development4444 8,new predispositions can certainly never arise owing to such deviations from the normal course of development1 and therefore a modification of the process of heredity itself is out of the question4 ,it is1 however1 conceivable that more or less considerable abnormalities may affect the course of development1 and either cause the death of the embryo1 or else produce more or less marked deformities4 ,the question as to whether such deformities really result in consequence of the drunken condition of the parents can only be decided by observation40#ei ,this is all that ,weismann has to say on the subject1 since1 not referring to functionally-produced modifications1#fj it does not concern his theory of heredity at all3 yet it is upon this theory that the most palpable facts of the racial influence of alcohol are denied4 ,weismann's own remarks are quite open to criticism1 as1 for instance1 where he denies that new predispositions can arise in the manner indicated4 ,this is possibly only a question of words1 and ,weismann is perhaps merely denying that alcohol can produce progressive variations4 ,also his remarkably brief discussion of the subject seems to concern itself mainly with the influence of alcohol on the germ-cells just before their union4 ,he has not a word to say regarding the influence on the germinal tissues of years of soaking in alcohol4 ,it suffices1 however1 to make the point which is quite clearly made1 that the ,weismannians are going absurdly beyond their book in denying what1 indeed1 the book of ,nature demonstrates4 ,let us turn now to the experimental side of this question4 ,an ,american botanist1 ,dr4 ,t4 ,d4 ,mac,dougal1 read an address on 8,heredity and ,environic ,forces0 at the ,chicago ,meeting of the ,american ,association for the ,advancement of ,science in #aijg4 ,his experiments require confirmation1 but may be provisionally accepted4 ,he has permanently modified the germ-plasm of plants under the influence of various chemicals4 ,there is here a vast field for experiment with alcohol4 ,i quote one paragraph indicating the remarkable results of these experiments4 ,the reader will see their bearing on our present question1 and will also see that they do not for a moment affect ,weismann's denial of the doctrine that by cutting off rats' tails you can produce a race of tailless rats1 or that by learning a language you can save your future children the trouble of doing so for themselves3-- 8,it was found that the injection of various solutions into ovaries of ,raimannia was followed by the production of seeds bearing qualities not exhibited by the parent1 wholly irreversible1 and fully transmissible in successive generations4 ,one of the seeds produced by a plant of nothera biennis which had been treated with zinc sulphate differed so widely from the parental form that it could be distinguished from it by a novice4 ,this new form has been tested to the third generation1 and transmits all its characteristics fully40 ,alcohol a proved racial poison4--,but the reader will rightly desire some kind of experimental proof that alcohol itself can act as a cause of racial degeneration4 ,we may first refer to the chapter on alcoholism and human degeneration in ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,sullivan's ,alcoholism1 a ,chapter in ,social ,pathology1#fa for a recent rsum of the subject4 ,without actually quoting ,weismann1 ,dr4 ,sullivan begins by showing that1 as we have seen1 the doctrinal objection of ,dr4 ,reid and others to the theory of alcoholic degeneration is quite irrelevant--8the effects attributed to parental alcoholism are not in the category of transmitted acquirements at all2 they are the results1 expressed in defect and deviation of development1 of a deleterious influence exerted on the germ-cells1 either directly through the alcohol circulating in the blood1 or indirectly1 through the deterioration of the parental organism in which these cells are lodged1 and from which they draw their nutriment40 ,later ,dr4 ,sullivan points out that the racial effects of alcoholism in man are similar to those obtained by experimental intoxication in the lower animals4 ,combemale1 for instance1 found that pups begotten of a healthy bitch by an alcoholised dog were congenitally feeble and showed a marked degree of asymmetry of the brain4 ,recent experiments have shown the same thing as regards other poisons1 and it is especially to be noted that in the experiments cited the mother was healthy4 ,they prove that paternal alcoholism alone 7all questions of the nourishment of the growing child before birth1 for instance1 thus being excluded7 can determine degeneration4 ,mr4 ,galton#fb himself long ago quoted the case 8of a man who1 after begetting several normal children1 became a drunkard and had imbecile offspring02 and another case has been recorded 8of a healthy woman who1 when married to a drunken husband1 had five sickly children1 dying in infancy1 but in subsequent union with a healthy man1 bore normal and vigorous children40 ,other intoxications show similar results though they are not yet of grave racial importance4 ,for instance1 8a man who had had two healthy children acquired the cocaine habit1 and while suffering from the symptoms of chronic poisoning engendered two idiots40 ,brouardel and others have observed that the expectant mother who is a morphinomaniac may give birth to a child who shows all the phenomena of the morphia habit4 ,demme has traced the appalling contrast between the offspring in ten sober families1 and in ten families where one or both parents suffered from chronic alcoholism4 ,dr4 ,sullivan himself1 realising the obviously greater importance of maternal alcoholism1 since here we have the action of poisoned food--the maternal blood--upon the child before birth1 made an enquiry of his own4 ,he found that 8444 of #fjj children born of #abj drunken mothers #cce 7#ee4h per cent47 died in infancy or were still-born1 and that several of the survivors were mentally defective1 and as many as #d4a per cent4 were epileptic4 ,many of these women had female relatives1 sisters or daughters1 of sober habits and married to sober husbands2 on comparing the death-rate amongst the children of the sober mothers with that amongst the children of the drunken women of the same stock1 the former was found to be #bc4i per cent41 the latter #ee4b per cent41 or nearly two and a half times as much4 ,it was further observed that in the drunken families there was a progressive rise in the death-rate from the earlier to the later born children40 ,dr4 ,sullivan cites as a typical alcoholic family one in which 8the first three children were healthy1 the fourth was of defective intelligence1 the fifth was an epileptic idiot1 the sixth was dead-born1 and finally the productive career ended with an abortion40 ,dr4 ,claye ,shaw told the ,interdepartmental ,committee on ,physical ,deterioration1 8we have inebriate mothers1 and either abortions or degenerate children4 ,the teleological#fc relationship between the two seems to be as certain as any other conditions of cause and effect40 ,the general rule is that any narcotic substance affects highly developed tissues sooner and more markedly than simpler tissues1 and so it is in the case of alcohol and the infant4 ,it is the developing nervous system that is most markedly affected4 ,this leads1 of course1 to an increased child mortality1 especially by way of convulsions4 ,this was the cause of sixty per cent4 of all the deaths that occurred amongst the six hundred children in ,dr4 ,sullivan's series4 ,but it has especially to be remembered that a large number of children whose nervous systems are injured for life by parental and more especially by maternal alcoholism do not die either as infants or children4 ,instead of dying of convulsions they live as epileptics4 ,of the children in ,dr4 ,sullivan's series 8#bai lived beyond infancy1 and of these #i1 or #d4a per cent41 became epileptic1 as compared with #j4a per cent4 of the whole population40 ,other observers have found epilepsy in #ab per cent4 and even #ae per cent4 of the children of alcoholic parents4 ,of course these data1 as such1 do not demonstrate ,dr4 ,sullivan's conclusion that 8this action of alcoholism on the health and vitality of the stock is the most serious of the evils that intemperance brings on the community40 ,dr4 ,sullivan's enquiries show a very high rate of still-births and abortions amongst the children of drunken mothers--quite sufficient to prove that 8the detrimental effect of maternal alcoholism must be in a large measure due to a direct influence on the germ-cells and on the developing embryo1 and cannot be explained as merely a result of the neglect and malnutrition from which the children of a drunken mother are naturally apt to suffer40 ,the point is of some theoretical importance4 ,practically it matters little2 in either case the drunken woman must not become a mother4 ,the same conclusion is reached even though we accord unlimited weight to the unquestionably valid argument that the drunkard is himself or herself usually degenerate from the first1 and that the children are therefore degenerate1 and would indeed be degenerate even if the parents had taken no alcohol4 ,let us1 then1 erroneously enough1 but for the sake of the argument1 assume that solely and always alcoholism is a symptom of degeneracy4 ,it is1 then1 an indication of unfitness for parenthood no less1 and the practical issue is the same3 one radical cure for alcoholism1 at any rate1 is the prohibition of parenthood on the part of the alcoholic4#fd ,the most recent evidence4--,the most thorough and comprehensive enquiry into this matter yet made is also the most recent4 ,we owe it to ,dr4 ,w4 ,a4 ,potts1 of the ,university of ,birmingham1 who did valuable work as ,medical ,investigator to the ,royal ,commission on the ,care and ,control of the ,feeble-minded4 ,his paper1 entitled 8,the ,relation of ,alcohol to ,feeble-mindedness10 is printed in the ,british ,journal of ,inebriety for ,january1 #aiji1 together with communications from many authorities4 ,it is quite impossible to summarise here the enormous mass of evidence which ,dr4 ,potts has accumulated from the literature of the subject1 and to which he has added his own work4 ,i believe that nothing could be more moderate and assured than the following conclusions1 to which he commits himself after a study of the subject the quality and range of which can only be appreciated at first hand3-- 8444 the evidence is not clear that alcoholism1 by itself1 in the father will produce amentia2 but it is quite plain that in combination with other bad factors it is a most unfavourable element1 while maternal drinking1 and drinking continued through more than one generation1 are potent influences in mental degeneracy40 ,it is impossible1 within the scope of the present volume1 to analyse in detail the ,report of the ,royal ,commission on the ,care and ,control of the ,feeble-minded4 ,in this present outline of eugenics it is our business1 however1 to show main principles1 and as the principle expressed in the phrase 8racial poisons0 is to my mind absolutely cardinal for eugenics1 it is necessary here to comment1 as ,i have already done in the ,journal above quoted1 upon the following most unfortunate deliverance of the ,commissioners3 8,that both on the grounds of fact and of theory1 there is the highest degree of probability that feeble-mindedness is usually spontaneous in origin--that is1 not due to influences acting on the parent44440 ,the word spontaneous has1 of course1 no meaning for science1 or rather is a denial of the fundamental axiom of science that causation is universal4 ,what the ,commissioners mean when they say spontaneous is 8sportaneous10 like the occasional production of a nectarine by a peach tree4 ,apart from this highly suspicious phraseology1 there is the still more unfortunate fact that the ,commissioners have lent their authority to the view that feeble-mindedness is not due to influences acting on the parent4 ,the modern student of syphilis will be astonished at this pronouncement1 and also the student of lead-poisoning1 as we shall see in the following chapter4 ,every reader of ,dr4 ,potts's admirable paper will realise that this conclusion of the ,commissioners--8not due to influences acting on the parent0--is directly opposed to an extraordinary mass of evidence and to the opinion of1 ,i suppose1 every authority on the subject1 ,british1 ,continental or ,american4 ,the ,commissioners' reference to 8theory10 coupled with portions of the evidence given before them by witnesses who suppose that the alleged influence of alcohol as a cause of feeble-mindedness controverts the doctrine of the non-transmission of 8acquired characters10 makes it necessary to point out for the hundredth time that1 for lack of analysis and criticism of terms1 the most prominent followers of ,galton and ,weismann persistently misunderstand their masters' teaching4 ,the modern doctrine of the individual as the trustee of the germ-cells and of the non-transmission of acquired characters is ,mr4 ,galton's4 ,mr4 ,galton himself does not question and never has questioned the possibility that alcohol may cause feeble-mindedness4 ,there is no reason why he should4 ,if we take the somewhat unusual course of consulting the words of the masters before we swear by them1 we find--as has been shown--that ,weismann1 who subsequently stated and has so greatly supported ,mr4 ,galton's view1 has expressly repudiated the ,commissioners' idea of his 8theory40 ,the ,galton-,weismann doctrine is a doctrine of heredity proper1--the organic relation of living generations4 ,it does not assert that there are two unconnected universes--the one made of germ-plasm and the other of the rest of nature4 ,the 8grounds of theory10 or rather1 our elementary physiological knowledge of the nutrition of the germ-plasm by the blood of its host1 are in reality precisely the grounds which would lead us to expect those consequences of parental alcoholism which in fact we find4 ,alcoholism as a symptom of degeneracy4--,we have seen that alcohol may be a cause of degeneracy3 we now have to recognize the converse relation4 ,for an authoritative and radical discussion of the problem1 the reader may be referred to the second ,norman ,kerr ,memorial ,lecture1 delivered by ,dr4 ,welsh ,branthwaite1 ,h4,m4 ,inspector under the ,inebriates' ,act1 in #aijg4fe ,he speaks as 8the only man in close touch with all inebriates under legal detention in ,england40 ,he reaches most important conclusions which are generally accepted1 as the discussion shows4 ,he says1 8the more ,i see of habitual drunkards1 the more ,i am convinced that the real condition we have to study1 the trouble we have to fight1 and the source of all the mischief1 is 444 defect#ff in mental mechanism1 generally congenital1 sometimes more or less acquired4444 ,in the absence of alcohol1 the same persons1 instead of meriting the term inebriate would have proved unreliable in many ways2 they would have been called ne'er-do-weels1 profligates1 persons of lax morality1 excitably or abnormally passionate individuals1 persons of melancholic tendency or eccentric4444 ,it seems to me exceedingly doubtful whether habitual inebriety 444 is ever really acquired in the strictest sense of the word--i4e4 in the absence of some measure of pre-existing defect40 ,having studied #b1bgg inebriates1 committed under the ,inebriates ,acts1 up to ,december #cast1 #aijf1 ,dr4 ,branthwaite finds #fb4f per cent4 of these mentally defective4 ,the remainder he regards as of average mental capacity1 using1 however1 an exceedingly low standard of what that capacity is4 ,he concludes that in a large majority of police-court cases1 8mental disease was the condition for which they were repeatedly imprisoned--mental disease merely masked by alcoholic indulgence4444 ,the majority of our insane inebriates have become alcoholic because of their tendency to insanity4444 ,certain peculiarities in cranial conformation1 general physique1 and conduct1 have long been recognised as evidences of congenital defect4 ,nearly all the #a1cge cases included in the two defective sections of our table have given evidence of possessing some of these characteristic peculiarities1 and it is morally certain that the large majority of them started life handicapped by imperfect brain development40#fg ,the lecture is accompanied with many photographs clearly showing the physical marks of congenital defect1 and ,dr4 ,branthwaite remarks that 8even the untrained eye should meet with no difficulty in recognising #8something wrong' with all of them40 ,of the proportion of mentally defective inebriates 7#fb4f per cent4 of the whole7 mentioned by ,dr4 ,branthwaite1 all are 8practically hopeless from a reformation standpoint40 ,this is a sufficient comment1 if any were needed1 upon repeated imprisonment for habitual drunkenness--which1 as ,dr4 ,branthwaite says1 8is indefensible and inhumane40 ,he adds in closing that1 in his judgment1 habitual drunkenness1 so far as women are concerned1 has materially increased1 during the last twenty-five years1 8which ,i have spent entirely amongst drunkards and drunkenness40 ,the unfortunate people whom he studies 8are not in the least affected by orthodox temperance efforts2 they continue to propagate drunkenness1 and thereby nullify the good results of temperance energy4 ,their children1 born of defective parents1 and educated by their surroundings1 grow up without a chance of decent life1 and constitute the reserve from which the strength of our present army of habituals is maintained4 ,truly we have neglected in the past1 and are still neglecting1 the main source of drunkard supply--the drunkard himself2 cripple that1 and we should soon see some good result from our work40 ,a foremost authority1 ,dr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,mott1 ,f4,r4,s41 has independently reached the same conclusion as ,dr4 ,branthwaite--that the chronic inebriate comes as a rule of an inherently tainted stock4 7,dr4 ,mott1 however1 reminds us that 8if alcohol is a weed killer1 preventing the perpetuation of poor types1 it is probably even more effective as a weed producer407 ,professor ,david ,ferrier1 ,f4,r4,s41 the great pioneer of brain localisation1 in reference to these people1 speaks of 8the risk of propagation of a race of drunkards and imbeciles40 ,dr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,dunlop1 ,h4,m4 ,inspector under the ,inebriates ,act1 ,scotland1 states that his experience leads him to precisely the same conclusion as that of ,dr4 ,branthwaite4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,r4 ,urquhart1 an asylum authority1 affirms that chronic inebriety 8is largely an affair of heredity 444 is a symptom of mental defect1 disorder1 or disease40 ,dr4 ,fleck1 another authority1 says3 8,it is my strong conviction that a large percentage of our mentally defective children1 including idiots1 imbeciles and epileptics1 are the descendants of drunkards40 ,mr4 ,mc,adam ,eccles1 the distinguished surgeon1 agrees2 so does ,dr4 ,langdon ,down1 ,physician to the ,national ,association for the ,welfare of the ,feeble-minded2 so does ,mr4 ,thomas ,holmes1 the ,secretary of the ,howard ,association1 who remarks that 8our habitual criminals1 equally with our mental inebriates1 are not responsible beings1 but victims of mental disease40 ,finally ,miss ,kirby1 ,secretary of the ,national ,association for the ,feeble-minded1 insists upon the obvious conclusion that these people must be detained permanently4 ,she says1 8,when one case of a dissolute feeble-minded woman in ,america is quoted as the mother of nine feeble-minded children1 we see the cause why inebriate homes1 and also reformatories1 penitentiaries1 and workhouses are full to overflowing1 and society taxed beyond bearing to keep them there4 ,such institutions outnumber homes for the feeble-minded40#fh ,speaking of the #fb4f per cent4 noted by ,dr4 ,branthwaite1 she says1 8,would it not have been the more logical course to have dealt with them in earlier years80 ,now what would that have accomplished8 ,it would have saved the future4 ,the inebriate as parent4--,is it a mere supposition that these women become mothers8 ,amongst those committed as criminal inebriates 7under the ,london ,county ,council7 in #aije-f1 three hundred and sixty-five of those admitted to reformatories had two thousand two hundred children4 ,these are the official figures4 ,as to the quality of these children there is unfortunately no possibility of question4 ,we may quote from ,dr4 ,sullivan a notable enquiry3-- 8,even more striking results with regard to the several forms of degeneracy were obtained by ,legrain1 who investigated the question from a somewhat different point of view4 ,selecting from the material at his disposal all those cases in which ancestral intemperance had appeared to exercise a causal influence1 and working out their family history1 he collected #bae observations of heredo-alcoholism referring to one generation1 #ih referring to two generations1 and #g referring to three generations4 ,of the children of the first generation1 #ejh in number1 #aif were mentally degenerate1 the affection of the brain being shown more particularly by moral and emotional abnormality1 while intellectual defects were less pronounced2 #ajf were insane1 #eb were epileptic1 #af suffered from hystero-epilepsy1 and #c from chorea2 and #ci had convulsions in infancy4 ,amongst the children of the second generation1 who numbered #bid1 the intellectual defects were more marked1 idiocy1 imbecility1 or debility1 being noted in the offspring of #ed out of the #ih families investigated4 ,in #bc out of the #cc families in which the children of the second generation had reached adult age1 one or more of them were insane4 ,epilepsy was found in #dj families1 infantile convulsions in #db1 and meningitis in #ad4 ,the third generation in #g families was represented by #ag children1 all of whom were weak-minded1 imbecile1 or idiotic2 #b suffered1 moreover1 from moral insanity1 #b from hysteria1 and #b from epilepsy2 #c were scrofulous1 and #d had convulsions in childhood4 ,in the three generations taken together there were1 in addition to the children referred to above1 #agd infants who were dead-born or died shortly after birth40 ,therefore1 the chronic inebriate must not become a parent4 ,let it be said that these people are wicked or have no self-control1 drink for fun or love of degradation1 then become drunkards1 and prejudicially affect their children4 ,the conclusion is the same4 ,have any theory of heredity you please--,lamarckianism1 ,darwin's pangenesis1 ,weismannism1 ,mendelism2 it matters not a straw4 ,look at the thing from the uncharitable religious point of view1 or from the charitable scientific view which realizes1 in the case of these women1 that to know all is to pardon all--the conclusion is still the same4 ,the present scandal of ,london's inebriates4--,this1 then1 being so1 abundance of official evidence having been gathered in addition to all the unofficial evidence1 let us consider the shameful facts which are in process as ,i write1 and are still so1 on revision of these pages a year later4 ,they are outlined in the reply of ,mr4 ,herbert ,gladstone1 the ,home ,secretary1 to a question in the ,house of ,commons4 ,the reply is printed in full in ,the ,times1 ,feb4 #aith1 #aijh4 ,there was a paltry squabble between the ,government and the ,london ,county ,council as to the exact number of shillings that each was to contribute per week for the maintenance of inebriates4 ,the ,london ,county ,council was plainly in the wrong1 its ignorance being sufficiently indicated by the letter to ,the ,times1 which ,i will quote4 ,the result of the squabble is that1 as ,mr4 ,g4 ,r4 ,sims said1 8,we shall have something like five hundred women1 all habitual drunkards1 passing in and out of the prisons1 a peril to publicans1 a pest to the police1 an evil example to the women with whom they mix1 and free to bring children into the world1 their little lives poisoned at the source40 ,we have therefore reverted to the shameful1 brutal1 and disastrous system sufficiently indicated by the history of ,jane ,cakebread1 at whom1 when one was a schoolboy as ignorant as those who now govern us1 one used to laugh because she had been convicted so many hundreds of times4#fi ,as the present writer said in raising the matter at a meeting of the ,eugenics ,education ,society1 the future children of these women are not only doomed by the very nature of their germ-plasm1 but they will actually be many times intoxicated not merely in their cradles but before their birth4 ,there is no wealth but life1 and this future wealth of ,england is to be fed on poisoned food and many times made drunken before it sees the light4 ,the meeting of the ,society passed a unanimous resolution--8,that this society enters a protest against the present administration of the ,inebriates ,act1 whereby through the closing of inebriate homes some hundreds of chronic inebriate women will be set adrift in ,london1 with an inevitably deteriorating result to the race40#gj ,for this particular scandal the ,london ,county ,council was the more to blame4 ,let not the reader suppose that a ,liberal ,government1 however1 was likely to remedy the immoderate ignorance of a 8,moderate0 ,county ,council on this matter4 ,mr4 ,gladstone's reply in ,parliament was an exceptionally long one1 but it did not contain a syllable to suggest that any question of the future is involved1 or that a woman may become a mother4 ,further1 the ,licensing ,bill introduced just when we were drawing public attention to this scandal contained nowhere any hint of the principle that you must attack drunkenness by attacking 8the main source of drunkard supply--the drunkard himself40 ,these1 the reader will remember1 are the words of ,his ,majesty's ,inspector4 ,there is no question of party-feeling1 then1 the reader will understand1 in what has here been said4 ,whether labelled ,liberal1 ,conservative1 ,progressive or ,moderate1 ignorance is still ignorance1 and when in action is still what ,goethe called it1 the most dangerous thing in the world4 ,pure ignorance1 of course1 is one of the things against which the advocate of race-culture must fight4 ,the lack of imagination1 however1 is another4 ,at present we have few homes for the feeble-minded1 and many for what the feeble-minded become3 few for prevention1 which is possible and cheap1 many for cure1 which is impossible and dear4 ,the average county councillor or politician1 of course1 is rather more short-sighted than the average man1 simply because you cannot be far-sighted and a partisan4 ,what his defect of vision requires is impossible1 but it would be effective4 ,it is that the consequences of unworthy parenthood should be immediate1 instead of taking months or years to develop4 ,any one1 even a politician1 can see cause and effect when they are close enough together4 ,it is the little interval that the political eye cannot pierce4 ,nevertheless1 we shall one day learn to think of the next generation1 and then there will be an end of the politician who thinks only of the next election4 ,ignorance on its defence4--,the state of what has no excuse for being uninformed opinion was only too well illustrated in a letter from the ,chairman of the ,public ,control ,committee of the ,london ,county ,council which appeared in ,the ,times for ,feb4 #bgth1 #aijh4 ,in defending the ,london ,county ,council the writer used the following words3 8,reformation1 not mere detention1 was its object when it instituted its reformatory under the ,inebriates ,acts4444 ,the case of the ,public ,control ,committee is that the removal and detention of the hopeless habituals is a matter for the police40 ,the explanation aggravates the offence4 ,in the face of reiterated expert opinion1 which has no dissentient1 as to the practical impossibility of reformation--you cannot reform what has never been formed1 viz41 a normally developed brain--here we find a man in this responsible position1 a man who has the power to put his ignorance into action1 telling us that the ,london ,county ,council aims at the impossible in this respect2 whilst1 in utter defiance of the future and of the useless brutality of the police-court method1 he tells us that these 8hopeless habituals0 are a matter for the police4 ,then1 by way of making the thing complete1 he speaks of 8mere detention40 ,what he calls 8mere detention0 is everything1 for it saves the future by preventing parenthood on the part of members of the community who1 more certainly than any others that can be named1 are unworthy of it4 ,the adjective 8mere0 is only too adequate a measure of the state of opinion which1 by such retrograde courses as that under discussion1 promises to destroy the ,british people ere long--and therefore1 of course1 the ,empire of which that people is the living and necessary foundation4 ,it may be noted in passing that the word 8reformatory10 employed in the ,inebriates ,act of #ahih1 is a highly unfortunate one4 ,it suggests a practically impossible hope1 and it ignores what1 ,i submit1 must and will ere long be regarded as the essential purpose1 function and value of the detention of inebriates--the prohibition of parenthood on their part4 ,in the case of women beyond the child-bearing age1 the whole case is radically altered4 ,if it amuses the legislature to cherish fantastic hopes1 let it speak about the reformation of these women4 ,if it prefers the futile and disgusting cruelty of the ,jane ,cakebread method for such women1 when the plan for reformation is found to fail1 that is no affair of ours in the present volume4 ,such women have been in effect sterilised by natural processes1 and the advocate of race-culture can afford to ignore them1 for they do not concern him4 ,let me note1 however1 that1 of #bid female inebriates admitted to reformatories in the year #aijf1 #agj were under forty years of age1 #ib1 of whom a considerable proportion would be possible mothers1 were between forty and fifty1 and only #cb of the total were over fifty years of age4#ga ,it may be said that the lives of these unhappy women tend to be terminated early4 ,the only pity is that our present blindness and ignorance in dealing with them are not neutralised1 so far as the future is concerned1 by death at much earlier ages4 ,if such a reflection strikes the reader as cruel1 how much more cruel are those who are responsible for the present case of the women inebriates of ,london8 ,the ,pall ,mall ,gazette1 on ,march #dth1 #aijh1 gave the utmost prominence to an article of mine on this subject1 entitled 8,an ,urgent ,public ,scandal1 ,the ,case of ,london's ,inebriates40 ,in this article ,i quoted ,the ,times letter referred to above1 and levelled the most vigorous indictment ,i could against the authors of the outrage under discussion4 ,none of them ventured to reply4 ,in the ,referee for ,march #hth1 #aijh1 however1 a member of the ,public ,control ,committee of the ,london ,county ,council made an attempt to defend its action4 ,the curious reader may refer to that letter as one more instance of that absolute blindness to the nature of the problem and to any question of the future which had already been indicated in ,the ,times letter from the ,chairman of the ,committee4 ,taking these two letters together1 we may say that never has a public outrage committed by men in authority been more lamely or ignorantly defended4 ,ignorance in action--the present facts4--,since the beginning of ,january1 #aijh1 the brutal course decreed by the ,london ,county ,council has been pursued4 ,the wretched and deeply-to-be-pitied women have been and are being discharged at the rate of some twenty to twenty-five per month as their terms expire4 ,the wiser sort of magistrates and the police-court missionaries are at their wits' ends1 and no wonder4 ,this country offers these women at the moment no refuge whatever2 nothing but the degrading and destructive round--police-court1 prison1 public-house1 pavement2 da capo4 ,writing to ,the ,times in relation to the correspondence there published 7,april #ahth1 #aijh7 between the ,london ,county ,council and the ,eugenics ,education ,society1 ,sir ,alfred ,reynolds1 ,chairman of the ,state ,inebriate ,reformatory ,visiting ,board and a ,visiting ,justice of ,holloway ,prison1 said 7,april #bast1 #aijh73-- 8,the correspondence published in ,the ,times of ,april #ah1 between the ,london ,county ,council and the ,president of the ,eugenics ,education ,society convinces me more than ever that the dispute between the ,london ,county ,council and the ,treasury is a scandal and folly of the worst description4 ,for the sake of #f;d4 per case per day1 the ,london ,county ,council 7the same body which receives half a million sterling from the sale of intoxicating liquor7 has made it impossible for the metropolitan magistrates to carry out the ,act of #ahih1 and the result is that #ejj of the worst female inebriates are alternately on the streets or in prison again1 and the former scenes of horror and drunken violence reappear4 ,holloway ,prison will soon fill up again1 and all the good which has been done during the last few years will be lost4444 ,i will not trouble you further1 except by emphasising what ,i have said by adding that since ,january last year #a1ejj women have been notified to ,scotland ,yard as always in and out of prison from the ,county of ,london1 are qualified for inebriate homes1 and at the present moment there are over #ej of this number in ,holloway ,prison serving absolutely useless short terms of imprisonment40 ,the ,london ,county ,council performs a service for philosophy4--,as we have seen1 there exists or seems to exist a radical antagonism in certain groups of cases between the interests of the individual and the interests of the race4 ,you may preserve the quality of the race1 as the ,spartans did1 by exposing defective infants2 you may be kind to feeble-minded children1 as we are1 but you will injure the race in the long run4 ,darwin saw this more than a generation ago1 but instead of suggesting the prohibition of parenthood to the unfit1 he said that we must bear the ill effects of their multiplication rather than sacrifice the law of love4 ,huxley similarly said that moral evolution consisted in opposing natural evolution4 ,now it has for some time been evident that this antagonism need not be radical if1 whilst devoting hospitals and charity and medical science to the care of the unfit1 we deny them the privilege of parenthood4 ,on the other hand1 the ,london ,county ,council by its present action has performed a service to biological philosophy by showing that it is possible to combine the maximum of brutality to the individual and to the present with the maximum of injury to the race and to the future4 ,in his report for #aijf ,dr4 ,branthwaite cites the history of a girl who1 at the age of fifteen years and nine months1 was convicted in #ahha for being drunk and disorderly4 ,during the next quarter of a century she was sentenced #aae times1 and in ,january1 #aijf1 was sent to a reformatory4 ,she has twice attempted to commit suicide4 ,her case is1 of course1 now hopeless1 and ,dr4 ,branthwaite predicts that her life will end by suicide4 ,let any one read ,dr4 ,branthwaite's ,report or ,dr4 ,robert ,jones's account of ,jane ,cakebread1 or let him acquaint himself with instances as they are to be daily seen1 and he will agree that the maximum of brutality is no excessive phrase to describe the policy of shame at present pursued in ,london3 if1 indeed1 seeing that we now have knowledge1 it should not be described as something still worse4 ,as for the injury to the future1 we already know what the present policy effects4 ,we may grant1 then1 to the ,london ,county ,council that it has performed a service for philosophy in showing that it is possible to combine both kinds of evil in one harmonious policy4 ,nor let the reader suppose that any partisan feeling infects this protest4 ,the ,government is also to blame4 ,even had the ,l4,c4,c4 declined to contribute anything at all to the cost of the proper policy1 no really educated and honourable ,government had any choice but to undertake all the cost itself--even at the cost of office6 ,better were--in ,mr4 ,balfour's words1 the wisest he ever uttered--8the barren exchange of one set of tyrants1 or jobbers1 for another10 than the horrible birth of thousands of feeble-minded babies4 ,the argument from economy4--,it would be easy to show that the present policy is not economical even as regards the cost of these women themselves1 and even if it be assumed that gold is wealth4 ,but consider the remoter cost4 ,during the period when the present writer was making public protests very nearly every day on this matter without any immediate effect1 and only one month after the ,london ,county ,council had attempted to defend itself on the ground of economy when challenged by the ,eugenics ,education ,society1 there was formally opened1 with a flourish of trumpets1 the eighty-seventh school for feeble-minded children established by the ,london ,county ,council4 ,it accommodates sixty such children 7besides sixty physically defective74 ,this school cost #f1jjj to build alone4 ,the sixty feeble-minded children whom it accommodates are not a very large proportion of the #g1jjj admittedly feeble-minded school children in ,london--a number which is probably not more than a third or a fourth of the real number4 ,it has been exhaustively proved that feeble-minded children are mainly1 at any given time1 the progeny of feeble-minded persons such as constitute the majority of chronic inebriates4 ,ignorance is again in action4 ,on the one hand1 the ,london ,county ,council1 quarrelling over pence1 effectively suspends the working of the ,inebriates ,acts1 and thus ensures that the supply of feeble-minded children shall be kept up4 ,on the other hand1 it takes these children1 cares for them until they are capable of becoming parents1 and then turns them upon the world4 ,the ,chairman at the opening ceremony of the school referred to said that 8at the special schools work was being done which would advance the intelligence of the pupils1 and thus benefit the entire race40 ,it would be difficult to concentrate more ignorance in fewer words or in ten times as many4 ,a ,home ,office ,committee appointed4--,the almost continuous protest of two months did1 however1 bear fruit1 the ,home ,secretary appointing a ,committee to consider the question of the amendment of the ,inebriates ,acts4 ,but the legal brutalities described are still being perpetrated1 and the future is being compromised4 ,the ,london ,county ,council may be advised to make arrangements for building a few score more schools for defective children in anticipation of the growing need which it is assuring4 ,never again1 when it is past1 must we permit the present abominable policy4 ,it is for public opinion to effect this1 and public opinion has only to be directed to the case in order to realise its nature4 ,if the reader pleases he may discount altogether the eugenic argument1 though ,i believe that in the long run that is more important than any other4 ,but if he confines his attention solely to the cruelties perpetrated upon these helpless women1 infinitely more sinned against than sinning1 and especially if he considers the testimony of ,sir ,alfred ,reynolds above quoted1 he will surely lend his aid to put an end to a state of affairs which is a disgrace to our civilisation4 ,we talk of progress1 and we are indeed incalculably indebted to our ancestors1 but let any one consider the case of the poor child1 now a wrecked woman1 quoted above1 and let him consider what it may be to be an heir of all the ages in the greatest city of the world to-day4 ,it will be sufficiently evident that if any warrant were needed for the formation of the ,eugenics ,education ,society or for the publication of the present volume1 it would be found only too abundantly in the outrage upon decency and morality and science and the future which is at present in perpetration4 ,further1 if any warrant were required for the incessant reiteration of the principle that there is no wealth but life1 it would be found in the fact that this outrage is being committed in the name of economy4 ,yet even if the sane and sober ,london ratepayer were saved a few shillings now1 as he will not be1 his children will have to pay pounds in the future for the support of these women's children4 ,economy1 forsooth1 when the rates of ,london benefited to the extent of #eei1jjj out of the sale of intoxicating liquors in #aije1 and spent #h1jjj in the maintenance of committed inebriates6 ,need one apologise for declaring again1 that we require a new political economy which teaches that gold is for the purchase of life1 and not life for the purchase of gold4 ,for the public outrage under discussion1 whereby an untold measure of life1 present and to come1 8breathing and to be10 is to be destroyed and defiled for a squabble over shillings1 one can adequately quote only the words of ,romeo to the apothecary3 8,there is thy gold2 worse poison to men's souls1 doing more murders in this loathsome world1 than those poor compounds that thou may'st not sell40 ,the last touches of art4--,if this protest hurts any one's feelings1 that cannot be helped4 ,when the production of thousands of feeble-minded children is involved1 the self-esteem of what ,mr4 ,george ,meredith calls the 8accepted imbecile0 does not matter4 ,the question is1 ,how soon do we propose to rectify our present course in this respect8--a course which is a shame and a disgrace to our age and nation1 and which shall in any case be placed on record in printed words1 as well as in young children stamped with degeneracy--in order to point for future ages the question 8,an nescis1 mi fili1 quantilla prudentia regitur orbis80 8,with how little wisdom0--and1 whilst perpetrating this shame1 ignoring the one indisputable means by which legislation can and must check drunkenness1 nearly all other measures having failed since ,babylon was an ,empire1 they were quarrelling about a temperance measure1 so-called1 which regarded the question of transference of money from one pocket to another as vital1 and ignored the one vital question1 which is the question of life3 a measure showing scarcely a sign1 either in its text or in the words of its supporters or in the words of its opponents1 that the question of the future race had ever entered into the head of a public man2 a measure which left the protection of children from the public-house to the discretion of local magistrates2 a measure which certainly1 whatever else it might effect1 could not have been more carefully drawn if its object were to promote that secret drinking amongst women#gb which means the poisoning of the racial life even before it sees the light4 ,this1 then1 8mi fili10 was what was called practical statesmanship in the year #aijh of the ,christian ,era3 and in order that no last touch might be wanted from the hand of ignorance and the blasphemous idolatry which worships gold to the neglect of the only true god1 which is life1 they announced just at this time the issue of a ,royal ,commission to enquire and report upon the manufacture and variations in the composition of whiskey4 ,it has been a public joke for years past that no one can answer the question1 8,what is whiskey80 ,well1 then1 ,i will answer the question1 and we may save the labour of such commissions hereafter4 ,whiskey is a racial poison1 and there is nothing else to know about it worth knowing for the future4 ,those who will never become1 or can no longer become1 fathers or mothers1 may do as they please about whiskey1 so far as the ideal of eugenics or race-culture is concerned4 ,they may say1 if they like1 that their personal habits are their affair and concern no one else4 ,under the influence of whiskey they may1 perhaps1 even believe this4 ,but for those who are to be the fathers and mothers of the future1 such a plea is idle4 ,the question is not solely their affair2 it is the affair of the unborn1 and we who champion the unborn are bound to say so4 ,the time will come when it is recognised that there are two classes of active mind in society3 those who worship and uphold the past1 and will always sacrifice the living to the dead1 nay more1 the unborn to the dead4 ,the ultimate fate of these is the fate of her who looked backwards to the shame and destruction from which she had escaped4 ,she was turned into a pillar of salt4 ,and there are those who worship and work for the future1 who will1 without hesitation1 sacrifice the interests of the dead 7who are no longer interested7 to those of the living and the coming race--nay1 more1 who will even sacrifice the interests of a few worthless living to those of many yet unborn1 that they may be worthy4 ,let the dead bury their dead2 let the worshippers of the dead and the dying ask themselves whether the life that is and the life that is to be do not demand their homage and service4 ,not until some such principles as these are recognised shall we rightly deal with the drink problem1 amongst many others1 and bring to it the mental and moral enlightenment which makes for life on the higher plane1 just as surely and just as indispensably as the light of the sun creates all life whatsoever4 ,mr4 ,balfour on legislation4--,surely the moral of this argument is clear4 ,the most important1 the most radical1 the most practicable of all temperance measures is that which attacks the main source of supply of the drunkard4 ,when a ,licensing ,bill is brought before the ,house of ,commons1 ,mr4 ,balfour repeats the ancient piece of nonsense that you cannot make people moral by ,act of ,parliament--an assertion that any child can see to be a muddle4 ,we may let that pass for the moment1 but ,mr4 ,balfour is a thinker1 a student of biology1 and heredity in especial1 and he has lately been lecturing on 8,decadence40 ,might it not have been expected that such a man would take an opportunity to say what the humblest serious student of the subject would have said1 and thereby to bring far more damaging criticism against the opposing party's bill than any he hinted at8 ,he might have said1 8,your bill1 even if passed1 will accomplish little1 or relatively little1 at great cost1 because you have no grasp of the principles of the subject4 ,you have no idea of what drunkenness really is4 ,if your bill were worth a straw it would seek as a primary principle to safeguard the race by arresting the supply of potential drunkards4 ,your endless financial clauses deal merely with the re-distribution of money1 but your bill has no clause that deals with the only business of governments1 the creation and the economy of the only real wealth1 which is human life40 ,that is what the ex-,premier did not say4 ,he had plenty of passion1 plenty of party-feeling to give fire to his words1 but so far as knowledge is concerned or any conception of what alone is the wealth of nations1 there was nothing to choose between ,mr4 ,balfour and ,mr4 ,asquith4 ,passion you must have if you are to do anything1 but not party-passion3 whereas if you have passion for life and for children1 not only will it be effective1 but1 notwithstanding all that the psychologists tell us as to the vitiation of judgment by emotion1 it will actually teach you the supreme and eternal truths4 ,in this book hitherto little has been said as to formal eugenic legislation4 ,i believe with ,etienne that it is opinion which governs the world3 legislation in front of public opinion brings all law into contempt4 ,but in his first speech opposing the ,licensing ,bill of #aijh1 ,mr4 ,balfour1 the author of the ,licensing ,bill of #aijd1 decried legislation4 8,intemperance10 he said1 8is a vice03 and legislation can do practically nothing in dealing with a vice4 ,plainly ,mr4 ,balfour is ignorant of the nature of intemperance1 which largely depends upon transmitted and inherent brain defect4 ,he therefore lost his opportunity of pointing out in what fashion you can actually1 notwithstanding the parrots1 make people sober by ,act of ,parliament--viz41 by forbidding parenthood to those whose children would almost certainly become drunkards4 ,we who are not politicians1 much less ex-,premiers1 must make our own proposals then4 ,last year's criticism of the ,london ,county ,council began1 ,i believe1 to educate public opinion to the necessary point4 ,in the name of race-culture and the ,new ,patriotism1 in the name of morality and charity and science1 we must demand1 obtain and carry into effect the most stringent and comprehensive legislation1 such as effectively to forbid parenthood on the part of the chronic inebriate4 ,ere long1 the person who would have become a chronic inebriate will be cared for and protected during childhood and thereafter1--with the same result4 ,this solution of the problem is denounced1 says ,dr4 ,archdall ,reid1 8444 as horrible1 as ,malthusian1 as immoral1 as impracticable4444 ,the alternative is more horrible and more immoral still4 ,if by any means we save the inebriates of this generation1 but permit them to have offspring1 future generations must deal with an increased number of inebriates4444 ,the experience of many centuries has rendered it sufficiently plain1 that while there is drink1 there will be drunkards till the race be purged of them4 ,we have therefore no real choice between ,temperance ,reform by the abolition of drink1 and ,temperance ,reform by the elimination of the drunkard4444 ,which is the worse2 that miserable drunkards shall bear wretched children to a fate of starvation and neglect and early death1 or of subsequent drunkenness and crime1 or that1 by our deliberate act1 the procreation of children shall be forbidden them8 ,we are on the horns of a dilemma from which there is no escape4444 ,but our time has seen the labours of ,darwin4 ,we know now the great secret4 ,science has given us knowledge and with it power4 ,we have learnt that if we labour for the individual alone1 we shall surely fail2 but that if we make our sacrifice greater1 if we labour for the race as well1 we must succeed4 ,let us then by all means seek to save the individual drunkard2 with all our power let us endeavour to make and keep him sober2 but let us strive also to eradicate the type2 for1 as ,i have said1 if we do it not quickly and with mercy1 ,nature will do it slowly and with infinite cruelty40 ,women and children first4--,the noble cry on a sinking ship is 8women and children first40 ,this perhaps is a plea for the service of helplessness as such1 though it might be equally warranted as a demand for the sacrifice of the present to the future4 ,and assuredly the cry for a sinking society must also be 8women and children first40 ,it is well if the cry be raised when the ship of state is not yet sinking1 but only water-logged or alcohol-logged4 ,temperance legislation and the agitation for temperance reform are themselves in need of reform4 ,their appalling record of failure--for it is such a record--should help even the fanatic1 one thinks1 to accept the introduction of the eugenic idea as a new principle of life for the temperance cause4 ,in the present state of custom and opinion1 the teetotaler cannot force his own wise habits upon the vast majority who do not agree with him4 ,if he has an infinite amount of energy and resources1 let him spend as much of both as he pleases upon the sort of propaganda with which we are familiar3 he will1 by the hypothesis1 still have an infinite amount of both available for the cause to which the principle of race-culture would direct him4 ,if1 however1 his energy and resources are finite1--if1 indeed1 they are by no means excessive in proportion to the urgent task which the ideal of race-culture asks of him1 then let him not fritter away a moment or a penny or a breath until he has achieved the process of salvage or salvation which is expressed in the phrase 8women and children first40 ,more accurately1 perhaps1 our cry must be 8parents and possible parents first10 and this for present practical purposes is equivalent to 8women and children first40 ,it would have been well if the temperance propaganda from the first1 say two generations ago in ,great ,britain1 had adopted this motto4 ,but its adoption is far more urgent to-day in consequence of the fact1 unfortunately no longer to be questioned1 that drinking amongst women1 the mothers of the future1 is1 and has been for some time1 steadily increasing4 ,children yet unborn must be protected from the injury which may be inflicted upon them by those who will be their mothers4 ,yet though there is more need for action in this regard than ever before1 and though ,mr4 ,g4 ,r4 ,sims in his books ,the ,cry of the ,children and ,the ,black ,stain has lately drawn wide attention to the subject1 we have seen that the principle of women and children first1 a principle derived from the ideal of race-culture1 and directly serving that ideal1 was almost wholly ignored in the ,licensing ,bill of #aijh4 ,the motto 8,money1 not motherhood10 is a bad one for the framers of a temperance measure4 ,if ever we have a temperance measure worthy the name the motto of its framers will be 8,motherhood1 not money40 ,such a measure will most certainly have to introduce the principle of indeterminate sentences--or rather1 indeterminate care--in the treatment of the chronic inebriate4 ,there is no possibility of two opinions as to the urgent and indispensable necessity of such treatment1 nor yet as to its scrupulous humanity both for the unfortunate victim himself or herself and for the unborn4 ,the word 8reformatory0 had better be abolished from official language1 since it leads accredited people to write to ,the ,times such foolishness as 8reformation1 not mere detention40 ,further1 the expense of dealing with the chronic inebriate in this1 the only humane and economical way1 had better fall entirely and directly upon the state4 ,it must not be possible again for a local authority1 even the ,london ,county ,council1 however ignorant or criminally careless1 to commit a public indecency like that already recorded--but the full record of which none of us will live to see4 ,an unpunished magistrate4--,yet again1 in this measure there must be some means of compelling such magistrates as cannot be educated4 ,at present1 even when accommodation is provided1 the unfortunate creature of the ,jane ,cakebread type1 when she is only just beginning to enter into competition with that horrible record1 and when she is therefore most dangerous as regards the possibility of motherhood1 can be detained only by the magistrate's order4 ,now it is very much less trouble for all concerned to say 8five shillings or a week0 than to make the necessary enquiries in such cases4 ,further1 in putting this measure of one's dreams upon the statute book1 we shall have to remember that the idea of protective care and the eugenic idea are1 to say the least1 not native in the mind of every magistrate4 ,in ,dr4 ,welsh ,branthwaite's report for #aijf1 there is quoted a case where a woman had been habitually drunken for at least thirteen years previous to her committal to a reformatory4 ,her known sentences included #bg fines1 and #ach terms of imprisonment4 ,she was feeble-minded4 ,on the termination of her reformatory sentence the discharge certificate described her as 8quite unfit to control her own actions10 and 8certain to succumb to the first temptation to drink40 ,the woman was found drunk a few hours after discharge4 ,said the magistrate1 8this case clearly proves that it is almost useless trying to reform such women as this4444 ,i think1 after all1 the old way is best and therefore ,i sentence her to one month with hard labour40 ,i refrain from suggesting a suitable sentence for the magistrate3 doubtless he got off scot-free4 ,surely we might agree1 as regards this racial poison1 that at least parenthood and the future must be kept out of its clutches4 ,it may be1 it assuredly is1 a deplorable thing that the woman of fifty1 to take an instance1 should become alcoholic1 but at the worst this is only the fate of an individual--in the main at any rate4 ,such principles as these will some day be the cardinal principles of legislation1 and not only in regard to alcohol4 ,the time will and must come when public opinion will urge1 whether in the name of a ,new ,imperialism or of common morality or of self-protection1 that in our attempts to deal with alcohol we shall begin by removing its fingers from the throat of the race3 8,women and children first40 ,the ,report of the ,inebriates ,committee4--,in ,january1 #aiji1 the ,committee which was at last appointed to consider this matter made its ,report4#gc ,i have not the literary capacity to comment adequately upon the political wisdom which brings in a ,licensing ,bill1 devotes vast labour and much time to it and has it rejected by the ,house of ,lords1 while such a ,committee as this is at work4 ,the spirit of the politician who spoke of 8those damned professors0 still reigns over us1 and will certainly ruin us unless speedily deposed4 ,however1 here is the ,report1 and its recommendations are earnestly to be commended to the study of all students4 ,new legislation1 as it shows1 is urgently required1 and it is pre-eminently the duty of every eugenist to hasten its coming4 ,this is not a party question1 but merely a national one1 and will therefore be dealt with by politicians only under external pressure1 such as produced the ,committee itself4 ,the finger of public opinion must apply that pressure forthwith4 ,the recommendations of the ,committee are so admirable and thorough and eugenic in effect as to temper one's disappointment that the ,report contains no definite1 overt recognition of the eugenic idea4 ,i had hoped that the evidence prepared and submitted to the ,committee for the ,eugenics ,education ,society would suffice to ensure the recognition of the eugenic idea in the ,report1 for the first time1 we may suppose1 in official history4 ,for the present we may merely note that the suggestions made in preceding pages are confirmed by the ,committee's ,report1 and that the next legislation bearing on the question of temperance will undoubtedly have to attack the subject in this radical manner--by what will be in effect the sterilisation of the habitual drinker of either sex and any social status4 ,the ,committee do not recognise that that is what their ,report involves1 much less that that gives it its real value2 but so it is1 as the year #aiej will be late enough to show4 ,much time and trouble were spent in preparing for the ,eugenics ,education ,society answers to many of the questions submitted to it by the ,committee1 and the ,society may fairly claim1 ,i think1 that its original services to this matter were well-continued4 ,the present writer also prepared for the ,society a ,memorandum 7,minutes of ,evidence1 p4 #ahi71 which perhaps fairly sums up1 in the briefest possible space1 the indisputable relations between alcohol and parenthood1 and which may therefore be reprinted here4 ,the reader will notice an omission in that nothing is said as to the effects of alcohol in injuring the germ-cells of healthy stock of either sex4 ,the omission was made in order that nothing possibly disputable might be included4 ,it has already been argued that on grounds both of fact and of theory there is every reason to recognise in alcohol1 as in syphilis and in lead1 a racial poison1 originating racial degeneration which1 in accordance with generally recognised principles1 shows itself in the latest1 highest and therefore most delicate portions of the organism4 ,the ,memorandum is as follows3-- 8,it may be pointed out that the children of the drunkard are on the average less capable of citizenship on account of 87a7 ,the inheritance of nervous defect inherent in the parent4 87b7 ,intra-uterine alcoholic poisoning in cases where the mother is an inebriate4 87c7 ,neglect1 ill-feeding1 accidents1 blows1 etc41 which are responsible on the one hand for much infant mortality1 and combined with the possible causes before mentioned1 for the ultimate production of adults defective both in body and mind4 8,it would appear1 then1 that the drunkard1 if not effectively restrained1 conduces to the production of a defective race1 involving a grave financial burden upon the sober portion of the community1 to say nothing of higher considerations4 ,it therefore seems to the ,eugenics ,education ,society of extreme importance that some substantial effort should be made for the reform of existing drunkards1 or the permanent control of the irreformable4 8,scientific warrant for the foregoing propositions is now to be found in no small abundance4 ,reference may be made1 for instance1 to the chapter on #8,alcoholism and ,human ,degeneration1' in ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,sullivan's recent work ,alcoholism 7,nisbet1 #aijf74 ,dr4 ,sullivan quotes the results of more than a dozen observers in this and other countries1 and special attention may be drawn to his own well-known study of the history of #fjj children born of #abj drunken mothers4 ,the works of ,professor ,forel of ,zurich are widely known in this connection1 notably ,die ,sexuel ,frage1 and ,the ,hygiene of ,nerves and ,mind 7,translation1 ,murray1 #aijg74 ,parental alcoholism as a true cause of epilepsy in the offspring is now generally recognised4 ,for numerous and detailed proofs from many sources reference may be made to page #baj of the last work named4 8,it is not necessary1 however1 to go over the ground which has doubtless been covered by the ,royal ,commission on the ,care and ,control of the ,feeble-minded4 8,the existing laws comply to only a very small and almost negligible extent with the eugenic requirement4 ,they only deal with 7a7 the very minute proportion of inebriates who can be induced to voluntarily sign away their liberty1 and 7b7 those who are also criminal or all but hopeless and who have done harm already1 either as individuals or in becoming parents4 ,the third group of inebriates 7c7 not included in 7a7 or 7b7 constitutes the overwhelming majority of the whole4 ,they are absolutely untouched by the present law1 and further powers are urgently required to deal with them4 8,such legislation would be by no means without precedent1 and may avail itself of the experience of several of our own colonies and various foreign countries4 ,such methods as compulsory control on petition1 guardianship and so forth are in employment1 for instance1 in the ,australian ,commonwealth and ,new ,zealand1 ,california1 ,connecticut1 ,massachusetts1 various cantons in ,switzerland1 ,nova ,scotia1 etc4 8,to sum up1 the ,society advocates the retention of the present law so far as classes 7a7 and 7b7 are concerned1 but would most strongly urge the addition of powers to deal with that great majority of inebriates whom the present law does not touch40 ,the friends of alcohol4--,those who defend the alcoholic poisoning of the race may be easily classified4 ,some few honestly stand for liberty4 ,like ,archbishop ,magee1 they would rather see ,england free than ,england sober1 not asking in what sense ,england drunken could be called free4 ,some are merely irritated by the temperance fanatic4 ,many fear that their personal comfort may be interfered with4 ,but probably the overwhelming majority are concerned with their pockets4 ,they live by this cannibal trade2 by selling death and the slaughter of babies1 feeble-mindedness and insanity1 consumption and worse diseases1 crime and pauperism1 degradation of body and mind in a thousand forms1 to the present generation and therefore to the future1 the unconsulted party to the bargain4 ,their motto is 8,your money and your life40 ,so powerful are they that most of them are frank4 ,they form associations for their defence1 and hold mass meetings at which they condemn any temperance measure that is before the country1 8whilst ready to welcome any real temperance reform40 ,they demand adequate compensation3 though1 if they disgorged every farthing they possess1 and devoted themselves body and soul for the rest of their lives to the human cause1 they could never compensate us who are alive1 let alone the dead or the unborn1 for the human ruin on which they build their success4 ,they build their palaces before our eyes2 one of the largest and newest1 not far from ,piccadilly ,circus1 ,i often pass2 but where most see only fine stone1 the student of infant mortality1 the lover of children1 he who works and looks for the life of this world to come1 sees the bodies of the children of men and is tempted to recall the curse of ,joshua1 8,he shall lay the foundation thereof in his firstborn1 and in his youngest son shall he set up the gates of it40 ,alcoholic ,imperialism4--,at least let the alcoholic party refrain from calling themselves ,imperialists4 ,amongst them1 for instance1 is the 8,imperial bard10 the 8poet of empire10 he who has appealed to the 8god of our fathers10 and who warns us lest it shall be said that 8all our pomp of yesterday is one with ,nineveh and ,tyre03 and appeals to deity-- 8,judge of the ,nations1 spare us yet1 ,lest we forget1 lest we forget60 ,this prophet of what some may think a blasphemous ,imperialism gives his name to the association which frankly in this matter of alcohol stands for gold as against life4 ,we are to beware lest 8drunk with sight of power0 we boast as do the 8lesser breeds0 to whom the 8awful ,hand0 of ,god has not granted dominion3 nor are we to put our trust in reeking tube and iron shard4 ,we may freely call ourselves ,imperialists1 however1 even though we should be numbered amongst those whom ,ruskin1 himself the son of a wine merchant1 called the 8vendors of death40 ,one wonders whether the 8,lord ,god0 exists that he can withhold his 8awful ,hand0 at such a spectacle as this4 ,if some amongst us are to win gold by the sale of this racial poison1 and if it must be so1 let them at least be consistent1 and label themselves the very littlest of little ,englanders1 which they are4 ,an alcoholic ,imperialism is of the kind which no ,empire can long survive4 ,those of us whom such things as these make sick1 and who yet1 with true poets like ,wordsworth1 are proud of 8the tongue that ,shakespeare spake10 and who with him declare3-- 8,it is not to be thought of that the ,flood ,of ,british freedom1 which1 to the open sea ,of the world's praise1 from dark antiquity ,hath flowed1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,that this most famous ,stream in bogs and sands ,should perish2 and to evil and to good ,be lost for ever0 --those of us who know that the foundations of any empire are living men and women1 and that1 to quote ,mr4 ,kipling1 8when breeds are in the making everything is worth while10 may wonder what process has been afoot that in three generations ,english poetry should pass from the sonnets of ,wordsworth to 8,duke's son1 cook's son10 etc42 and may even at times1 especially those of us who know what alcohol costs in life1 feel a momentary recession of our faith that ,great ,britain need not now be writing the last page of her great history4 ,meanwhile1 we read the controversy in ,parliament and the press concerning alcohol4 ,we see the cannibal cause of beer and spirits1 which makes many widows and orphans every day1#gd represented1 with an effrontery to which no parallel can ever be imagined1 as the cause of widows and children1 and we recall the lines which ,wordsworth wrote rather more than a century ago3-- 8,how piteous1 then1 that there should be such dearth ,of knowledge2 that whole myriads should unite ,to work against themselves such fell despite2 ,should come in frenzy and in drunken mirth1 ,impatient to put out the only light ,of liberty that yet remains on earth60 ,,chapter ,,xiv ,,the ,,racial ,,poisons3 ,,lead1 ,,narcotics1 ,,syphilis ,the term racial poisons teaches us to distinguish1 amongst substances known to be poisonous to the individual1 those which injure the germ-plasm3 and amongst substances poisonous to the expectant mother herself1 we must distinguish those which may also poison her unborn child4 ,alcohol is pre-eminently the racial poison1 thus defined1 and ,i plead for its recognition as primarily a racial poison1 this being immeasurably the most important aspect of the whole alcohol question4 ,readers of ,professor ,forel will not lightly question this assertion4 ,the total number of racial poisons is1 of course1 very large4 ,amongst them must theoretically be included all abortifacient drugs4 ,there are also various poisons of disease to be included in this category4 ,later pages must be devoted to what is by far the most important of these4 ,but we may observe in passing that such a disease as rheumatic fever or acute rheumatism has especial significance for the student of race-culture since1 as he knows1 its poisons circulating in the blood of an expectant mother may not only injure her own heart for life but may pass through the placenta and deform the valves of the child's heart1 with the subsequent result loosely described as 8congenital heart disease40 ,the conditions giving rise to rheumatic fever1 then1 are conditions from which the expectant mother1 even more than the ordinary individual1 is entitled to be protected4 ,but this is of minor importance4 ,we may here refer1 however1 to one or two striking cases1 especially since they bear in some degree upon social and individual duty4 ,the racial influence of lead4--,in the first place1 it is necessary to draw attention to a really notable racial poison1 viz41 lead4 ,says ,sir ,thomas ,oliver1#ge 8,lead destroys the reproductive powers of both men and women1 but its special influence upon women during pregnancy is the cause of a great destruction of human life40 ,it may be said that in a sense the production of miscarriages and still-births1 and also of infant mortality by lead1 does not concern the student of race-culture4 ,nevertheless some of these children survive4 ,says ,sir ,thomas ,oliver3 8,i have seen both cretinism and imbecility in infants in whom1 as there could have been no possible influence of alcohol1 and presumably none of syphilis1 the occupation of one or other parent as a lead worker must have determined the imperfectly developed nervous system of the child40 ,later he says 7page #bjb73 8,salptrire and ,bictre are large hospitals in ,paris set aside for the reception and treatment of nervous diseases4 ,the experience of the physicians of these institutions is unrivalled4 ,one of the physicians1 ,m4 ,roques1 speaking of the degenerates found in these hospitals1 says that slowly induced lead poisoning on the part of both parents or in one or other of them is not only a cause of repeated abortions1 high percentage of still-births and high death-rate of infants1 but is the cause of convulsions1 imbecility1 and idiocy in many of the children who survive the first year of existence4 ,of nineteen children born to parents who were lead workers1 ,rennert found that one child was still-born and that seventeen were macrocephalic4 ,in his studies upon hereditary degeneration and idiocy1 ,bourneville places house-painters in the unenviable first rank of the occupations followed by parents of mentally weak children4 ,out of eighty-seven cases relating to unhealthy trades1 fifty-one were connected with white lead in some form or another1 while syphilis was only responsible for nineteen40 ,this racial influence of lead is by no means generally recognised--even by ,royal ,commissioners4 ,its parallelism with the case of alcohol is striking4 ,we may note1 for instance1 that paternal lead-poisoning1 like paternal alcoholism1 can cause degeneration in the offspring1 if not indeed death before or shortly after birth4 ,to quote ,oliver again3 8,taking seven healthy women who were married to lead workers1 and in whom there was a total of thirty-two pregnancies1 ,lewin tells us that the results were as follows3 eleven miscarriages1 one still-birth1 eight children died within the first year after birth1 four in the second year1 five in the third1 and one subsequent to this1 leaving only two children out of thirty-two pregnancies1 as likely to live to manhood4 ,in cases where women have a series of miscarriages so long as their husbands worked in lead1 a change of industrial occupation on the part of the husbands restores to the wives normal child-bearing powers40 ,according to the statistical enquiry of ,rennert1 the malign influence of lead is exerted upon the next generation1 ninety-four times out of one hundred when both parents have been working in lead1 ninety-two times when the mother alone is affected1 and sixty-three times when it is the father alone who has worked in lead4 ,here1 then1 as in the case of alcohol1 the racial poison may act either through the father or through the mother1 but especially through the mother4 ,the importance of the demonstration as regards the father in the case of both poisons is that it means a poisoning of the paternal germ-cell4 ,the facts may be commended to those extremists1 so much more ,weismannian than ,weismann1 who regard the germ-cells as existing in a universe of their own1 wholly unrelated to the rest of existence4 ,another extremely interesting parallel between these two racial poisons may be noted4 ,it is found1 according to ,professor ,oliver1 that 8while following a healthy occupation these women1 after having frequently miscarried when working in lead factories1 would have two or three living healthy children1 but circumstances necessitating the return of these women to town1 and resumption of work in the lead factory1 they in each successive pregnancy again miscarried40 ,he then quotes the following most remarkable case3 8,mrs4 ,k41 aged thirty-four1 had four children before going into the factory and two children after4 ,she then had six miscarriages in succession1 when she came under my care in the ,royal ,infirmary1 having become the victim of plumbism and having lost the power in her arms and legs4 ,she made a slow but good recovery and did not return to the lead works4 ,in her next pregnancy she went to full term and gave birth to a living child40 ,we see here that1 as is also true in the case of alcoholism1 the germinal tissue itself may escape or at any rate may recover from the effects of chronic poisoning of the individual who is its host4 ,the race is more resistant than the individual4 ,if1 however1 the poisoning continues whilst a new individual is being formed--that is to say1 during pregnancy--that new individual succumbs1 and indeed is far more gravely affected than its mother4 ,such a pregnant woman presents three distinct living objects for our study4 ,her own body is one3 and this is already developed4 ,it has some measure of resistance to the poison but is gravely affected4 ,the embryo is the second2 it is developing and because developing is susceptible4 ,it is usually killed before birth4 ,the third is the germ-plasm or the race1 and this1 as we have seen1 may withstand the poison so well that when the poisoning is discontinued healthy children may be produced from it4 ,undoubtedly the case is the same as regards alcohol4 ,the race or germ-plasm is most resistant1 the developing individual is least resistant1 and the adult individual--that is to say1 the mother--occupies an intermediate position in this respect4 ,this parallelism1 which has escaped previous observers1 may be pointed out and its remarkable interest and significance suggested as a definite advance upon the absurd view that the germ-plasm is incapable of being poisoned4 ,on the contrary1 we know that many poisons will kill it outright1 so that sterility results4 ,but its high degree of resistance is a fact of great interest4 ,doubtless ,dr4 ,archdall ,reid's acute explanation of it is correct3 namely1 that natural selection would tend to evolve a resistant germ-plasm4 ,dr4 ,reid will1 ,i think1 be interested to notice in these remarkable observations on lead-poisoning a conspicuous illustration of this resistance4 ,our business here1 however1 is with the practical issue4 ,this fortunately is plain1 nor are there the same difficulties of vested interests which arise in the case of alcohol4 ,lead-poisoning must be ended in the interests of race-culture and the essential wealth of the nation1 or1 if it is to be continued1 it must at least have its clutches kept clear of parenthood4 ,the possible racial influence of narcotics4--,alcohol is of course a narcotic poison1 or1 more precisely still1 a narcotic-irritant poison1 but here we may briefly refer to the possible racial influence of certain other poisons4 ,there is1 for instance1 the case1 noted on p4 #bab1 of the disastrous racial consequences of the cocaine habit4 ,the matter demands only a paragraph1 since for the present1 at least1 it is of small general importance1 and since we must beware of going beyond the facts2 but when once the idea of race-culture has reached the popular and professional mind--the latter at present frequently feeding the pregnant woman with alcohol1 as we all know--the whole question of narcomania will have to be looked at from this aspect1 and the measure of danger in particular cases will then be ascertained4 ,it is probably safe to assume1 however1 that1 on the whole1 alcohol will be found to stand somewhat apart from other narcotics1 and for the reason that it is not a pure narcotic but also an irritant4 ,thus1 to take the case of opium1 it will probably be very difficult and1 one may hope1 impossible to show that1 shall we say1 opium smoking or eating has an injurious racial influence where it is practised4 ,here we have a narcotic which is not an irritant4 ,the individual may recover perfectly from its abuse1 as he may often fail to recover from the abuse of alcohol1 since this poison leaves permanent changes in the brain1 and elsewhere1 dependent upon the fact that it is not merely a narcotic but also a local irritant4 ,the action of a pure narcotic on the germ-plasm as compared with the action of a narcotic which is also an irritant may afford a parallel4 ,the abuse of opium by the expectant mother 7see p4 #bab7 is not of the same order3 it means simply dosing a very small baby with opium4 ,tobacco and the race4--,the poisonous compounds absorbed from tobacco smoke are of interest in this connection4 ,the question as to the proportion of nicotine included amongst them is immaterial here4 ,it suffices to know1 as we do1 that certain substances1 doubtless including some proportion of nicotine1 rapidly absorbed into the blood by the smoker1 are poisons to the individual body4 ,the familiar fact of the acquirement of immunity affects in no degree the statement as to the toxic character of these substances4 ,no one but the fanatic would venture to say that any racial degeneration can be traced to tobacco-smoking4 ,it would be hard to prove the existence of any injury thus inflicted upon the children of the father who is a smoker1 though the question of the acquirement of immunity is not without relevance here4 ,the immunising substances or anti-toxins which are doubtless produced in the smoker's blood may protect the germ-plasm which he bears as well as his own body4 ,but in the case of the expectant mother there is more warrant for offering an opinion even in the absence hitherto of definite evidence4 ,apart from any opinion as to the propriety of smoking by women in general1 there is a definite issue in the case of the expectant mother4 ,a very young child is now being exposed to the poisons of tobacco smoke1 and if we are right in passing laws to prevent this poisoning in the case of the urchin of eight years 7who is really1 of course1 eight years and nine months old71 what shall we say regarding the unborn child who is only eight months old8 ,i have observed that the expectant mother may have her liking for tobacco replaced by violent dislike during pregnancy4 ,the poison of syphilis4--,brief mention must here be made of syphilis as a racial poison4 ,sooner or later the eugenic campaign must and will face this question1 about which a murderous silence is now maintained4 ,no other disease can rival syphilis in its hideous influence upon parenthood and the future4 ,but it is no crime for a man to marry1 infect his innocent bride and their children3 no crime against the laws of our little lawgivers1 but a heinous outrage against ,nature's decrees4 ,when1 at last1 our laws are based on ,nature's laws1 criminal marriages of this kind may be put an end to4 ,the lay reader should acquaint himself with the play of ,brieux1 ,les ,avaris4 ,the student may be referred to ,forel's ,sexual ,question1 ,dr4 ,c4 ,f4 ,marshall's ,syphilology and ,venereal ,diseases1 and his article1 8,alcohol and ,syphilis0 in the ,british ,journal of ,inebriety1 ,january1 #aijh4 99 99 99 99 99 ,this chapter and the last do not profess to do more than indicate the field of eugenics which the term racial poisons suggests4 ,our business in the present volume is1 if possible1 to see eugenics whole3 to treat of this new science adequately is not for one author or one generation4 ,it is earnestly to be hoped that the medical profession will speedily take up this question of the racial poisons4 ,already the profession is beginning to become the great instrument of individual hygiene3 and every year will enhance the importance of this work1 as compared with the cure of disease4 ,now negative eugenics is substantially racial hygiene3 and the next great epoch in the evolution of medicine and the medical profession will be the enrolment of its knowledge and influence in the cause of racial hygiene4 ,may this book do a little to hasten that day4 ,the two next chapters are designed to introduce that aspect of our subject which may be called ,national ,eugenics1 and especially with reference to decadence4 ,here is a matter which appeals to minds of type and training often very different from the typical medical mind4 ,but it is part of one's purpose to show1 if possible1 that the historian must become a eugenist1 just as the physician must1 for eugenics needs and claims the work and help of both4 ,,chapter ,,xv ,,national ,,eugenics3 ,,race-,,culture ,,and ,,history#gf ,the reader will not expect to be insulted here with any discussion of the garbage and gossip1 records of scoundrels1 courts and courtesans1 battles1 murder and theft1 which we were taught at school1 under the great name of history4#gg ,if history be1 as nearly all historians have conceived it1 and as ,gibbon defined it1 8little more than the register of the crimes1 follies1 and misfortunes of mankind10 it is an empty and contemptible study1 save for the social pathologist4 ,but if history1 without by any means ignoring great men or underrating their influence1 is1 or should be1 the record of the past life of mankind1 of progress and decadence1 the rise and fall of ,empires and civilisations1 and their mutual reactions2 if it be the record of the intermittent ascent of man1 8sagging but pertinacious02 if this record be subject to the law of causation1 and therefore susceptible1 in theory1 at least1 of explanation as well as description2 if its factors are at work to-day and will shape the destiny of all the to-morrows2 if it be neither phantasmagoria nor panorama nor pageant nor procession but process1 in short1 an organic drama1--then1 indeed1 it is more than worthy of all the study and thought of all who ever study or ever think4 ,especially must it appeal to us1 who boast a tradition greater than the world has ever yet seen1 and kinship with men who represent the utmost of which the human spirit has yet shown itself capable1--to us who speak the tongue that ,shakespeare spake1 but to whom the names of all our ,imperial predecessors1 from ,babylon to ,spain1 serve as a perpetual memento mori4 ,our special question here is whether there are inherent and necessary reasons why our predecessors' fate must sooner or later be ours4 ,must races die8--or1 if we are sceptical about races and more especially about the so-called ,anglo-,saxon race1 must civilisations1 states1 or nations die8 ,what comment does modern biology1 or the theory of organic evolution1 make upon the familiar words of ,byron in his address to the ocean8-- 8,thy shores are empires1 changed in all save thee-- ,assyria1 ,greece1 ,rome1 ,carthage1 what are they8 ,thy waters wasted them while they were free ,and many a tyrant since3 their shores obey ,the stranger1 slave1 or savage40 ,and these1 a few pages earlier in the same poem3-- 8,there is the moral of all human tales2 ',tis but the same rehearsal of the past1 ,first ,freedom and then ,glory--when that fails1 ,wealth1 vice1 corruption--barbarism at last4 ,and ,history1 with all her volumes vast1 ,hath but one page04444 ,nations1 races1 civilisations rise1 we shall all agree1 because to inherent virtue of breed they add sound customs and laws1 acquirements of discipline and knowledge4 ,but1 these acquirements made1 power established1 and crescent from year to year--why do they then fall8 ,if they can make a place for themselves1 how much easier should it not be to maintain it8 ,two explanations1 each falsely asserting itself to be rooted in biological fact1 have long been cited and are still cited in order to account for these supreme tragedies of history4 ,the fallacy of racial senility4--,the first may claim ,plato and ,aristotle as its founders1 and consists of an argument from analogy4 ,races may be conceived in similar terms to individuals4 ,there are many resemblances between a society--a 8social organism10 to use ,herbert ,spencer's phrase--and an individual organism4 ,just1 then1 as the individual is mortal1 so is the race4 ,each has its birth1 its period of youth and growth1 its maturity1 and1 finally1 its decadence1 senility and death4 ,so runs the common argument4 ,we must reply1 however1 that biology1 so far from confirming it1 declares as the capital fact which contrasts the individual and the race that1 whilst the individual is doomed to die from inherent causes1 the race is naturally immortal4 ,the tendency of life is not to die but to live4 ,if individuals die1 that is doubtless because1 as ,i believe1 more life and fuller is thus attained than if life bodied itself in immortal forms3 but the germ-plasm is immortal2 it has no inherent tendency either to degenerate or to die4 ,species exist and flourish now which are millions of years older than mankind4 8,the individual withers1 the race is more and more40 ,it may be added that1 in historical instances1 civilisations have1 on the one hand1 persisted1 and1 on the other1 fallen1 despite change1 and even substitution1 in the races which created them3 and1 on the other hand1 the most conspicuously persistent of all races in the historic epoch1 the ,jews1 have survived one ,empire after another of their oppressors1 but have never had an ,empire of their own4 ,thus1 so far as the historian is concerned1 it is not races at all that die1 but civilisations and ,empires4 ,plato's argument from the individual to the race is therefore irrelevant1 as well as untrue4 ,the fatalistic conception to which it tempts us1 saying that races must die1 just as individuals must1 and that therefore it is idle to repine or oppose1 is utterly unwarrantable and extremely unhealthy4 ,to take our own case1 despite the talk about our own racial decadence1 nearly all our babies still come into the world fit and strong and healthy--the racial poisons apart4 ,we kill them in scores of thousands every year1 but this infant mortality is not a sign that the race is dying1 but a sign that even the most splendid living material can be killed or damaged if you try hard enough4 ,the babies do not die because races are mortal1 but because individuals are and we kill them4 ,the babies drink poison1 eat poison1 and breathe poison1 and in due course die4 ,the theory of racial senility1 inapplicable everywhere because untrue1 is most of all inapplicable here4 ,if a race became sterile1 ,plato and ,aristotle would be right4 ,there is no such instance in history1 apart from well-defined external1 not inherent1 causes1 as in the case of the ,tasmanians4 ,dismissing this analogy1 we may also dismiss1 as based upon nothing better1 the idea that the great tragedies of history were necessary events at all4 ,we must look elsewhere than amongst the inherent and necessary factors of racial life for the causes which determine these tragedies2 and we shall be entitled to assume as conceivable the proposition that1 notwithstanding the consistent fall of all our predecessors1 the causes are not inevitable1 but1 being external and environmental1 may possibly be controlled3 man being not only creature but creator also4 ,the ,lamarckian explanation of decadence4--,the second of the two false interpretations of history in terms of biology is still1 and always has been1 widely credited4 ,when historians have paid any attention to the breed of a people as determining its destiny1 they have invariably added to the fallacy of racial senility this no less fecund error4 ,it is that1 in consequence of success1 a people become idle1 thoughtless1 unenterprising1 luxurious1 and that these acquired characters are transmitted to succeeding generations so that1 finally1 there is produced a degenerate people unable to bear the burden of ,empire--and then the crash comes4 ,the historian usually introduces the idea already dismissed by saying that a 8young and vigorous race0 invaded the ,imperial territories--and so forth4 ,the terms 8young0 and 8old10 applied to human races1 usually mean nothing at all4 ,the reader will recognise1 of course1 in this doctrine of the transmission to children of characters acquired by their parents1 the explanation of organic evolution advanced by ,lamarck rather more than a century ago4 ,it is employed by historians for the explanation of both the processes they record1 progress and retrogression4 ,thus they suppose that for many generations a race is disciplined1 and so at last there is produced a race with discipline in its very bone2 or for many generations a nation finds it necessary to make adventure upon the sea1 and so at last there is produced a generation of predestined sailors with blue water in its blood4 ,and in similar terms moral and physical retrogression or degeneration are explained4 ,let us consider the contrast between the interpretation which accepts the ,lamarckian theory of the transmission of acquired characters and that which does not4 ,consider the babies of a new generation4 ,according to ,lamarck1 these have in their blood and brain the consequences of the habits of their ancestors4 ,if these have been idle and luxurious1 the new babies are predestined to be idle and luxurious too4 ,this1 in short1 is a 8dying nation40 ,but1 if acquired characters are not transmitted1 the new generation is1 on the whole1 not much better1 not much worse1 than its predecessors--so far as this supposed factor of change is concerned4 ,each generation makes a fresh start1 as we see in the babies of our slums to-day4 ,it does not begin where the last left off--whether that means beginning at a higher or at a lower level than that at which the last started3 but it makes a fresh start where the last did4 ,now1 in general1 we have seen that ,lamarck's theory is discredited4 ,the view of ,mr4 ,galton is accepted1 that acquired characters are not transmitted1 either for good or for evil4 ,if there are no other factors of racial degeneration or racial advance1 then races do not degenerate or advance1 but make a fresh start every generation3 and ,empires rise and fall without any relation to the breed of the ,imperial people--an incredible proposition4 ,the racial poisons and decadence4--,certain apparent1 though not real1 exceptions exist to the denial of the ,lamarckian theory of the transmission of acquired characters4 ,these exceptions are furnished by what ,i have called the racial poisons4 ,alcohol1 for instance1 is a substance1 certainly poisonous in all but very small doses1 if not in them1 which is carried by the blood to every part of the body and may and does injure its racial elements4 ,thus a true racial degeneration may be caused by its means3 and the possibility of this is not to be ignored4 ,other poisons1 such as those of certain diseases1 act similarly4 ,we must therefore note in passing a biological factor of historical importance1 though hitherto entirely unrecognised by historians1 and that is disease4 ,certain of our diseases1 and especially consumption or tuberculosis1 are at present making history by their extermination of aboriginal races4 ,minute living creatures1 which we call microbes1 are introduced into the new and favourable environment constituted by the blood and tissues of human races hitherto unacquainted with them3 and the consequences are known to all4 ,but further1 it has lately been suggested as highly probable1 by ,professor ,ross and others1 that the fall of ,greece1 that incalculable disaster for mankind1 was due to the invasion not of human foes but of the humble living species which are responsible for the disease miscalled malaria4 ,the evidence for this view is by no means slight1 and the most recent explanation of an event so abrupt and so disastrous is in all likelihood the correct one4 ,malaria1 like alcohol1 produces true racial degeneration1 its poisons affecting those racial elements of which the individual body1 biologically conceived1 is merely the ephemeral host3 recalling the great line of ,lucretius1 8et quasi cursores1 vita lampada tradunt40 ,to lame the runner is not to injure the torch he bears--acquired characters are not transmitted2 but the racial poison makes dim the lamp ere the runner passes it on4 ,selection and racial change4--,but1 leaving poisons out of the question1 races of men and animals do undergo change1 progressive and retrogressive1 in consequence of the action of another factor than that advanced by ,lamarck3 and this is the factor of 8natural selection0 or 8survival of the fittest40 ,if1 of any generation1 individuals of a certain kind are chosen by the environment for survival and parenthood1 the character of the species will change accordingly4 ,if what we call the best are chosen1 their goodness will be transmitted in some degree1 and the race will advance3 if what we call the worst are chosen1 their badness will be transmitted in some degree1 and the race will degenerate4 ,the two kinds of progress4--,now in the case of all species other than man1 the only possible progress is this racial or inherent progress1 dependent upon a choice or selection of parents1 and comparable in some measure1 as ,darwin showed1 with the change similarly produced in the selective breeding or 8artificial selection0 of the lower animals by man4 ,but in the case of man himself1 there is a wholly different kind of progress also attainable1 which is not inherent or racial progress at all1 but yet is real progress3 and which has the most important relations to the inherent or racial progress that might be achieved by the process of natural selection1 or the choice of parents4 ,it has been laid down that acquired characters are not transmissible by heredity3 but man has learnt--and it is well for him--to circumvent the laws of heredity by transmitting his spiritual acquirements through language and art4 ,even before writing there was tradition1 passed on from mouth to mouth4 ,as long as man was without writing he advanced little faster than other creatures1 we may surmise3 we know that he has an undistinguished past of probably at least six million years3 but with speech and writing came the transmission of acquirements in this special sense2 not that the past education of a mother will enlarge her baby's brain1 but that she can teach her daughter what she has learnt1 and so the child can begin where the parent left off1 just as ,lamarck wrongly imagined to be the case with the young giraffe1 that he supposed to profit by the stretching of the parental necks4 ,it is this transmission of spiritual acquirements--outside the germ-plasm and in defiance of its laws--that explains the amazing advance of man in the last ten or twenty thousand years as compared with the almost speechless ages before them4 ,this kind of progress is peculiar to man1#gh it is the gift of intelligence1 and we may call it traditional or acquired progress4 ,it is an utterly different thing from inherent or racial progress1 an improvement in the breed dependent upon the happy choice of parents4 ,and it is surely evident1 on a moment's consideration1 that acquired progress is compatible with inherent decadence4 ,to use ,coleridge's image1 a dwarf may see further than a giant if he sits on the giant's shoulders3 yet he is a dwarf and the other a giant4 ,any schoolboy now knows more than ,aristotle1 and that is true progress of a kind1 but the schoolboy may well be a dwarf compared with ,aristotle1 and may belong to a race degenerate when compared with his2 and that is inherent or racial decadence subsisting with acquired or traditional progress4 ,now whilst the accumulation of knowledge and art and power from age to age is real progress1 it evidently depends for its stability and persistence upon the quality of the race4#gi ,if the race degenerates--through1 say1 the selection of the worst for parenthood--the time will come when its heritage is too much for it4 ,the pearls of the ancestral art are now cast before swine1 and are trampled on3 statues1 temples1 books are destroyed or burnt or lost4 ,if an ,empire has been built1 the degenerate race cannot sustain it4 ,there is no wealth but life3 and if the quality of the life fails1 neither battleships nor libraries nor symphonies nor anything else will save a nation4 ,this we all know1 though no one who observed our legislation or read our ,parliamentary debates would suspect that it had ever entered into our minds4 ,empires and civilisations1 then1 have fallen1 despite the strength and magnitude of the superstructure1 because the foundations decayed3 and the bigger and heavier the superstructure the less could it survive their failure4 ,if the ,fiji islanders degenerate1 there is little consequence3 if the breed of ,romans degenerate1 all their vast mass of acquired progress and power crushes them into dramatic ruin4 ,this image1 ,i believe1 truly expresses the relation between the two wholly distinct kinds of progress1 which we have yet to learn to distinguish4 ,acquired progress will not compensate for racial or inherent decadence4 ,if the race is going down1 it will not compensate to add another colony to your ,empire3 on the contrary1 the bigger the ,empire the stronger must be the race3 the bigger the superstructure the stronger the foundations4 ,acquired progress is real progress1 but it is always dependent for its maintenance upon racial or inherent progress--or1 at least1 upon racial maintenance4 ,nothing fails like success4--,i believe1 then1 that civilisations and ,empires have succumbed because they represented only acquired or traditional or educational progress and this availed not at all when the races that built them up began to degenerate4 ,now the only explanation of racial degeneration yet offered by the historians--apart from the foolish one of racial senility--is the ,lamarckian one of the transmission of habits of luxury and idleness from parent to child3 an explanation which the modern study of heredity empowers us to repudiate4 ,what theory of this alleged degeneration is there to offer in its place3 and especially what theory which explains racial degeneration amongst not the conquered but the conquerors3 amongst the successful1 the ,imperial1 the cultured1 the leisured1 the well-catered for in all respects1 bodily and mental8 ,why is it that not enslaved but ,imperial peoples degenerate8 ,why is it that nothing fails like success8 ,what ,i believe to be the true and sufficient answer has been given by no historian3 but the key to it is only fifty years old4 ,the reason is that no race or species1 vegetable or animal or human1 can maintain--much less raise--its organic level unless its best be selected for parenthood4 ,it is true of a race as of an individual that it must work for its living--so to speak--if it is not to degenerate4 ,when the terms are too easy1 down you go4 ,the tape-worm has given up even digesting for its living1 and we know its degeneracy--all hooks and mouth4 ,society works and hands over its predigested food to such social parasites amongst ourselves4 ,you must struggle or you will degenerate--even if only with rhyme or counterpoint1 not necessarily for bread4 8,effort is the law10 as ,ruskin said3 whether for a livelihood or for enjoyment4 ,living things are the product of the struggle for existence3 we are thus evolved strugglers by constitution3 and directly we cease to struggle we forfeit the possibilities of our birthright4 8,thou1 ,o ,god10 said ,leonardo1 8hast given all good things to man at the price of labour40 ,the case is the same with races4 ,directly the conditions become too easy1 selection ceases1 and it is as successful to be incompetent or lazy or vicious as to be worthy4 ,the hard conditions that kept weeding out the unworthy are now relaxed and the fine race they made goes back again4 ,finally there occurs the phenomenon of reversed selection1 when it is fitter to be bad than good1 cowardly than brave--as when religious persecution murders all who are true to themselves and spares hypocrites and apostates3 or when healthy children are killed in factories whilst feeble-minded children or deaf-mutes are carefully tended until maturity and then sent into the world to reproduce their maladies4 ,under reversed selection such results are obtained as a breeder of race-horses or plants would obtain if he went to work on similar lines3 the race degenerates rapidly3 and if it be an ,imperial race its ,empire comes crashing down about its ears4 ,all ,empires and civilisations hitherto have involved the partial or complete arrest or reversal of the process of natural selection3 and the racial degeneration which necessarily ensued has been the cause of their invariable doom4 ,when a primitive race is making its way by force1 selection is stringent4 ,the weak1 cowardly1 diseased1 stupid are expunged from generation to generation4 ,as civilisation advances1 a higher ethical level is reached3 all true civilisation tending to abrogate and ameliorate the struggle for existence4 ,the diseased and weakly and feeble-minded are no longer left to pay the penalty sternly exacted by ,nature for unfitness3 they are allowed to survive and multiply4 ,a successful race can apparently afford to permit this1 as a race that is fighting for its existence cannot4 ,but in reality no race can afford this absolutely fatal process4 ,there is thus a real risk involved in the accumulation of acquired1 traditional or educational progress4 ,not only does it tend to abrogate or even to reverse selection1 but it serves to disguise the consequences of this abrogation4 ,if a subhuman race degenerates the fact is evident3 but such a nation as our own may quite well degenerate whilst the accumulation of acquired progress1 transmitted by education1 almost completely cloaks the fact for a time4 ,we may be congratulating ourselves upon our progress1 upon our knowledge1 our science and art1 our institutions1 legal and charitable1 whilst all the time the breed is undergoing retrogression4 ,we see now1 ,i think1 the explanation of the truth expressed by ,gibbon1--8all that is human must retrograde if it do not advance40 ,why should this be so8 ,why should it not be possible merely to maintain a position gained8 ,the answer is that the civilisation which merely maintains its position is one in which selection has ceased3 if selection had not ceased1 the position would be more than maintained1 there would be advance4 ,but without selection the breed will certainly degenerate1 the lower individuals multiplying more rapidly than higher ones1 in accordance with ,spencer's law that the higher the type of the individual the less rapidly does he multiply2 and thus the race which is not advancing is retrograding1 as ,gibbon declared4 ,natural selection is the sole factor of efficient and permanent progress1 but the traditional or acquired progress which we call civilisation tends to thwart or abrogate or even invert this process4 ,i thus believe that the conditions necessary for the secure ascent of any race1 an ascent secured in its very blood1 made stable in its very bone1 have not yet been achieved in history3 and ,i advance this as the reason why history records no enduring ,empire4 ,some historical instances4--,in the face of certain facts of contemporary history ,i do not for a moment assert that there are no other causes of ,imperial failure than the arrest or reversal of selection4 ,but ,i do assert that if this is not the cause1 then1 in the absence of the transmission of acquired characters1 the race has not degenerated1 and is capable of reasserting itself4 ,only by the arrest or reversal of selection can a race degenerate--apart from the racial poisons4 ,if1 then1 a civilisation or ,empire has fallen through causes altogether non-biological--through carelessness1 or neglect of motherhood or alteration of ideals--the changes in character so produced are not transmitted to the children1 and the race is not degenerate but merely deteriorated in each generation4 ,for instance1 we have been brought up to believe that there is no possible future for ,spain2 it is a dying nation1 a senile individual1 a people of degenerates2 it has had its day1 which can never return4 ,the historian explains this by the false analogy between a race and an individual1 and by the false ,lamarckian theory of heredity4 ,to these the biologist retorts with comments upon their falsity1 and with the conviction that since ,spain1 even allowing for the anti-eugenic labours of the ,inquisition1 has not been subjected to the only process which can ensure real degeneration--viz41 the consistent and stringent selection of the worst--she is yet capable of regeneration4 ,regeneration is not really the word1 because there has been little real degeneration1 but only the successive deterioration of successive and undegenerate generations4 ,if we took an animal species that has degenerated1 such as the intestinal parasites1 and endeavoured to regenerate them1 we should begin to realise the magnitude of our task4 ,that is not the task for ,spain1 the biologist asserts4 ,merely the environment must be altered1--not the mountain ranges and the rivers1 ,buckle notwithstanding1 but the really potent factors in the environment1 the spiritual and psychical and social factors--and the deterioration of each new generation1 inherently undegenerate1 will cease4 ,i am using these opposed terms with great care and of set purpose4 ,and the biologist is right4 ,the facts concerning which so many historians have shaken their heads1 and upon which they have based so many moralisings and theories of history1 the facts which they have cited in support of their false analogies and misconceptions of heredity--due1 of course1 to the errors of former biology--turn out to be not facts at all1 or1 at any rate1 only facts of the moment4 ,the 8dying nation10 as ,lord ,salisbury called it1 has occasion to alter its psychical environment4 ,it introduces the practice of education2 it begins to shake off the yoke of ecclesiasticism2 and what are the consequences8 ,the new generation is found to be potentially little worse and little better than its predecessors of the sixteenth century4 ,there has been no national or racial degeneration4 ,the environment is modified for the better1 i4e41 so as to choose the better1 and ,spain1 as they say in misleading phrase1 8takes on a new lease of life40 ,the historian of the present day1 knowing as a historian what qualities of blood have been in the ,spanish people1 and basing his theories upon sound biology1 must confidently assert that that blood1 incapable1 as he knows1 of degeneration by any ,lamarckian process1 may still retain its ancient quality and will yet make history4 ,but the historian might well write a volume upon the same thesis as applied to ,china and ,japan4 ,we know historically what were the immediate effects in one generation of a total change of environment in ,japan4 ,that change has not yet occurred in ,china1 but must inevitably occur4 ,consider for a moment how the historian1 made far-sighted and clear-sighted by biology1 must contemplate the history of this astounding people4 ,the popular belief used to be that ,china illustrated the so-called law of nations4 ,it was the decadent1 though monstrous1 relic of an ancient civilisation2 it had had its day4 ,inevitable degeneration1 which must befall all peoples1 had come upon it4 ,behold it in the paralysis which precedes death6 ,but in the light of the facts of ,japan1 the man in the street and the historian alike have in this case found modern biology superfluous in enabling them to arrive at sound conclusions4 ,they now believe what the ,darwinian has been compelled to believe for half a century1 and more strongly than ever during the latter part of that period1 when the doctrine of the transmission of modifications was finally discredited4 ,a clever writer invents the phrase 8the yellow peril10 and people discard their old theories4 ,the metaphor must be changed4 ,this is not paralysis1 but merely slumber4 ,doubtless1 it is an unnatural slumber2 doubtless1 it is not the slumber which brings renewed strength4 ,it is suspense or stupor1 not recuperation2 but assuredly it is not paralysis4 ,who now would dare to say that ,china has had its day1 even if he still clings to the old fictions about ,spain8 ,motherhood and history4--,here1 also1 reference must again be made to another factor of history to which1 as ,i think1 the biologist must attach enormous importance1 but which no historian yet has adequately reckoned with4 ,our prime assumption from beginning to end is that 8there is no wealth but life10 or1 if one may venture to improve upon ,ruskin1 there is no wealth but mind2 and in the attempt to suggest interpretations of history based upon this truth1 so little recked of by the historian1 we have considered the life in question from the point of view of its determination by heredity1 and its varying value according to the inherent and transmissible characters selected in each generation4 ,but a word must be said as to the other factor which1 with heredity1 determines the character of the individual--and that factor is the environment4 ,i wish merely to note the most important aspect of the environment of human beings1 and to observe that historians hitherto have wholly ignored it2 yet its influence is incalculable4 ,i refer to motherhood4 ,one might have the most perfect system of selection of the finest and highest individuals for parenthood2 but the babies whose potentialities--heredity gives no more--are so splendid1 are always1 will be always1 dependent upon motherhood4 ,what was the state of motherhood during the decline and fall of the ,roman ,empire8 ,this factor counts in history2 and always will count so long as1 three times in every century1 the only wealth of nations is reduced to dust1 and is raised again from helpless infancy4 ,as to ,rome we know little1 whatever may be suspected3 but we know that here in the heart of the greatest ,empire in history--and it is at the heart that ,empires rot--thousands of mothers go out every day to tend dead machines1 whilst their own flesh and blood1 with whom lies the ,imperial destiny1 are tended anyhow or not at all4 ,it may yet be said by some enlightened historian of the future that the living wealth of this people1 in the twentieth century1 began to be eaten away by the cancer which we call 8married women's labour10 and that1 as will be evident to that historian's readers1 its damnation was sure4 ,to-day our historians and politicians think in terms of regiments and tariffs and 8,dreadnoughts03 the time will come when they must think in terms of babies and motherhood4 ,we must think in such terms too if we wish ,great ,britain to be much longer great4 ,meanwhile some of us see the perennial slaughter of babies in this land1 and the deterioration of many for every one killed outright1 the waste of mothers' travail and tears3 and we recall ,ruskin's words3-- 8,nevertheless1 it is open1 ,i repeat1 to serious question1 which ,i leave to the reader's pondering1 whether1 among national manufactures1 that of ,souls of a good quality may not at last turn out a quite leadingly lucrative one8 ,nay1 in some far-away and yet undreamt-of hour1 ,i can even imagine that ,england may cast all thoughts of possessive wealth back to the barbaric nations among whom they first arose2 and that1 while the sands of the ,indus and adamant of ,golconda may yet stiffen the housings of the charger1 and flash from the turban of the slave1 she1 as a ,christian mother1 may at last attain to the virtues and the treasures of a ,heathen one1 and be able to lead forth her ,sons1 saying3-- 8,these are ,,my ,jewels40 ,had all ,roman mothers been ,cornelias1 would ,rome have fallen8#hj ,consider the imitation mothers--no longer mammalia--to be found in certain classes to-day--mothers who should be ashamed to look any tabby-cat in the face2 consider the ignorant and downtrodden mothers amongst our lower classes2 and ask whether these things are not making history4 ,the survival of the ,jews4--,the principles the discussion of which has here been attempted had all been set down before it suddenly seemed clear that they found their warrant and application in the unexampled riddle of the persistence and success1 throughout more than two thousand years and a thousand vicissitudes1 of the ,jewish people4 ,it is true that we have here no exception to the apparent law that ,empires are mortal1 for within this period there never was a ,jewish ,empire3 the ,jews were never subject to the risk involved for racial or inherent progress by the possession of great acquired powers4 ,but just as the fall of ,empires has often not been the fall of races--various races having at various times carried on the same ,imperial tradition--so the persistence of the ,jews1 as contrasted with the impermanence of ,empires1 has been the persistence of a race4 ,i believe that the principles already laid down offer us an adequate explanation of this unique case3 and further1 that if we had begun with the case of the ,jews1 endeavouring1 by the investigation of their case1 to explain the contrasted case of other races and of all ,empires hitherto1 we should have arrived at the same principles4 ,it has been asserted that that race or people decays in which selection ceases or is reversed2 that in the absence of selection of the worthy for parenthood1 no species1 vegetable1 animal or human1 can prosper--much less progress4 ,now the ,jews1 the one human race of which we know assuredly that it has persisted unimpaired1 have been the most continuously and stringently selected of any race1 ,i suppose1 that can be named4 ,every measure of persecution and repression practised against them by the people amongst whom they have lived1 has directly tended towards the very end which those people least desired to compass4 ,other peoples found themselves prosperous through the efforts of their fathers2 the struggle for existence abated2 it was1 so to say1 as fit to be unfit as to be fit--with the inevitable result4 ,but this has never been the case of the ,jews4 ,they have always had to struggle for life intensely3 and their unexampled struggle has been a great source of their unexampled strength4 ,the ,jew who was a weakling or a fool had no chance at all2 the weaklings and the fools being weeded out1 intensity and strength of mind became the common heritage of this amazing people4 ,secondly1 there was everything to favour motherhood4 ,here religious precept and ethical tradition joined with stem necessity to the same end--the end which always meant a new and strong beginning for the next generation4 ,even to-day all observers are agreed that infant mortality is at a minimum amongst the ,jews2 their children are superior in height and weight and chest measurement to ,gentile children brought up amidst poverty far less intense in our own great cities2 in a better material environment1 but a far inferior maternal environment4 ,the ,jewish mother is the mother of children innately superior1 on the average1 since they are the fruit of such long ages of stringent parental selection1 and she makes more of them because she fails to nurse them only in the rarest cases1 when she has no choice1 and because in every detail her maternal care is incomparably superior to that of her ,gentile sister4 ,given a high standard of motherhood in a highly selected race1 what other result than that we daily witness and envy can we expect8 ,thirdly1 the ,jews do not abuse alcohol1 and thus avoid one of the few causes of true racial degeneration apart from selection of the worst for parenthood4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if these principles are valid1 it is evident that our redemption from the fate of all our predecessors is to be found only in ,eugenics--the selection of the best for parenthood4 ,in his address to the ,sociological ,society in #aijd1 in which he defined this term1 ,mr4 ,galton named as one of the duties before the ,society1 8historical enquiry into the rates with which the various classes of society 7classified according to civic usefulness7 have contributed to the population at various times1 in ancient and modern nations40 8,there is strong reason for believing10 he continued1 8that national rise and decline is closely connected with this influence40#ha ,what is a good environment8--,using the word environment in its widest sense1 including1 for instance1 public opinion--and its use in any sense less wide is always erroneous and misleading--we may say that it is our business to provide the environment which selects the best for parenthood and discourages the parenthood of the worst--say the deaf and dumb1 the feeble-minded1 the insane1 the epileptic1 the inebriate1 those afflicted with hereditary disease of other kinds1 and so forth4 ,our principles should enable us1 also1 ,i think1 to define what we mean by a good environment4 ,comprehensive and indiscriminate charity means a good environment for many in a sense1 but it may also mean the selection of the worst for parenthood--e4g41 the feeble-minded4 ,this 8good0 environment then means the degeneration of the race4 ,we must therefore appraise environment in terms of its selective action4 ,a good environment is that which selects the good1 and the best environment is that which selects the best2 discovers them1 makes the utmost of them1 and confers upon them the supreme privilege and duty of parenthood4 ,that and that alone is the best environment1 and all other moral judgments upon environment are fallacious and will be disastrous4 ,the necessary conclusion4--,national ,eugenics teaches that the first duty of all governments and patriots and good citizens is1 to quote ,ruskin again1 8the production and recognition of human worth1 the detection and extinction of human unworthiness40 ,the idea is not new-fangled1 but was clearly laid down by ,plato1 and by ,theognis two centuries before him4 ,eugenics is a project of the most elevated and provident morality1 aiming at no object less sublime than the ennoblement of mankind2 and if one may suggest its motto it would be1 ,the products of progress are not mechanisms but men4 ,it is based upon the principle of the selection or choice of the superior for parenthood1 which has been the essential factor of all progress in the world of life1 but which all civilisations have tended in some degree to abrogate--or even to reverse1 as when the feeble-minded child is cared for till maturity and sent out into the world to produce its like1 whilst healthy children are daily destroyed by ignorance and neglect4 8,through ,nature only can we ascend0--and the merit of the eugenic proposal is that it is built upon 8the solid ground of nature40 ,to the economist1 it declares that the culture of the racial life is the vital industry of any people4 ,it is to work through marriage1 an institution more ancient than mankind1 and supremely valuable in its services to childhood--with which lies all human destiny4 ,eugenics appeals to the individual1 asking for a little imagination1 which will make us realise that the future will one day be the present and that to serve it is to serve no fiction or phantom1 but a reality as real as the present generation4 ,it teaches the responsibility of the noblest and most sacred of all professions1 which is parenthood1 and it makes a sober and dignified claim to be regarded as a constituent of the religion of the future4 ,it goes to the root of the matter2 where the well-meaning1 but short-sighted1 pin their faith on the hospitals1 the eugenist seeks to brand the transmission of hereditary disease as a crime1 and thus literally to extirpate it altogether4 ,that its methods are practicable is proved by the fact that it is practised--as by the northern society for the 8permanent care of the feeble-minded10 which serves the present and the future simultaneously and reconciles the law of love with the earlier law of nature--which asserts that parenthood must be denied to the unworthy--without blame or malice1 but without exception4 ,it suggests the principles of a ,new ,imperialism1 and offers1 ,i submit1 our sole chance of escape from the fate which has overtaken all previous civilisations4 ,it honours men and women by declaring that human parenthood is crowned with responsibility to the unborn1 and to all time coming1 and that man1 the animal in body1 is also a self-conscious being1 8looking before and after10 who is human because he is responsible1 and to whom the laws of nature have been revealed1 not to satisfy an intellectual curiosity1 but for the highest end conceivable--the elevation of his race4 ,let me quote a fine passage from ,wordsworth's 8,prelude03-- 8,with settling judgments now of what would last ,and what would disappear2 prepared to find ,presumption1 folly1 madness1 in the men ,who thrust themselves upon the passive world ,as ,rulers of the world2 to see in these1 ,even when the public welfare is their aim1 ,plans without thought1 or built on theories ,vague and unsound2 and having brought the books ,of modern statists to their proper test1 ,life1 human life1 with all its sacred claims ,of sex and age1 and heaven-descended rights1 ,mortal1 or those beyond the reach of death2 ,and having thus discerned how dire a thing ,is worshipped in that idol proudly named #8,the ,wealth of ,nations'2 where alone that wealth ,is lodged1 and how increased2 and having gained ,a more judicious knowledge of the worth ,and dignity of individual man1 ,no composition of the brain1 but man ,of whom we read1 the man whom we behold ,with our own eyes--,i could not but enquire-- ,not with less interest than heretofore1 ,but greater1 though in spirit more subdued-- ,why is this glorious creature to be found ,one only in ten thousand8 ,what one is1 ,why may not millions be8 ,what bars are thrown ,by ,nature in the way of such a hope80 ,consider how far we have come1 the base degrees by which we did ascend1 and answer with ,shakespeare1 8,there are many events in the womb of time which will be delivered40 ,,chapter ,,xvi ,,national ,,eugenics3 ,,mr4 ,,balfour ,,on ,,decadence 7#a7 8,if the various checks specified in the two last paragraphs1 and perhaps others as yet unknown1 do not prevent the reckless1 the vicious1 and otherwise inferior members of society from increasing at a quicker rate than the better class of men1 the nation will retrograde1 as has too often occurred in the history of the world4 ,we must remember that progress is no invariable rule4 ,it is very difficult to say why one civilised nation rises1 becomes more powerful1 and spreads more widely1 than another2 or why the same nation progresses more quickly at one time than at another4 ,we can only say that it depends on an increase in the actual number of the population1 on the number of the men endowed with high intellectual and moral faculties1 as well as on their standard of excellence4 ,corporeal structure appears to have little influence1 except so far as vigour of body leads to vigour of mind40--,darwin1 ,the ,descent of ,man1 #ahga4 7#b7 ,referring to 8the rates with which the various classes of society 7classified according to civic usefulness7 have contributed to the population at various times1 in ancient and modern nations10 ,mr4 ,francis ,galton said 8there is strong reason for believing that national rise and decline is closely connected with this influence40--,galton1 ,sociological ,papers1 #aijd1 p4 #dg4 7#c7 8,the inexplicable decline and fall of nations following from no apparent external cause receives instant light from the relative fertility of the fitter and unfitter elements combined with what we now know of the laws of inheritance40#hb--,pearson1 #aijd4 7#d7 ,to the question1 ,what were the causes of the fall of ,rome8 ,mr4 ,balfour replies1 8,i feel disposed to answer1 ,decadence40#hc--;,balfour1 #aijh4 ,the lecture of which the previous chapter is the written form was prepared and delivered before ,i had an opportunity of seeing ,mr4 ,a4 ,j4 ,balfour's lecture on 8,decadence0 delivered a few days before4 ,that has since been printed1 and is well worthy of our attention4 ,in ,mr4 ,balfour we have a representative political thinker1 an experimental statesman and1 furthermore1 a former ,president of the ,british ,association1 deeply interested in1 and favourably disposed towards1 scientific enquiry and the scientific method4 ,further1 this lecture has been widely noticed1 though all the criticisms ,i have seen seem to me to miss the point4 ,no apology1 then1 is necessary for a special discussion of this most suggestive lecture in direct relation with the foregoing theory of its subject4 ,political and national decadence is ,mr4 ,balfour's theme1 and we note first that here is a contemporary thinker1 not unread in recent biology1 including the work of ,weismann1 who is prepared to make use of the idea that societies are inherently mortal1 as individuals are4 ,one wonders when we shall be rid of this pernicious instance of the argument from analogy1 which is already much more than two thousand years old4 ,next it may be noticed that1 though ,mr4 ,balfour has deliberately discussed the idea of natural selection1 he has been led wholly astray from its true relation to the question under discussion by reason of falling into the common error which ,sir ,e4 ,ray ,lankester has recently exposed1 as ,huxley did several decades ago4 ,mr4 ,balfour conceives natural selection to issue from the struggle for existence between species or societies4 ,it has already been pointed out that the all-important natural selection is not between species or societies but within them4 ,the struggle for existence is fought out mainly between the immature individuals of any species or society4 ,its issue determines the survivors for parenthood and the future4 ,mr4 ,balfour must have read ,professor ,ray ,lankester's recent ,romanes ,lecture in which all this is so clearly shown1 but he has unfortunately retained the popular conception of natural selection as acting between species or societies1 and has in consequence failed1 ,i will not say to find1 but even to discuss in any adequate measure1 the theory of racial and national decadence1 defined in the preceding chapter4 ,he merely discusses 8competition between groups of communities10 and rightly finds it inadequate to account for the great tragedies of history4 ,there follows a passage which may be heartily assented to1 on the very grounds on which the entire lecture may be welcomed1 namely1 that it suggests the inadequacy of the common explanations of national decadence advanced by historians4 ,says ,mr4 ,balfour3-- 8,it is in vain that historians enumerate the public calamities which preceded1 and no doubt contributed to1 the final catastrophe4 ,civil dissensions1 military disasters1 pestilences1 famines1 tyrants1 tax-gatherers1 growing burdens1 and waning wealth--the gloomy catalogue is unrolled before our eyes1 yet somehow it does not in all cases wholly satisfy us3 we feel that some of these diseases are of a kind which a vigorous body politic should easily be able to survive1 that others are secondary symptoms of some obscurer malady1 and that in neither case do they supply us with the full explanation of which we are in search40 ,one must heartily thank the author for the abundant demonstration which follows1 well warranting our feeling that these explanations do not suffice--nor yet1 in the case of ,rome1 diminution of population1 nor the 8brutalities of the gladiatorial shows10 nor 8the gratuitous distribution of bread to the urban mobs10 nor yet slavery1 lately declared1 by ,mr4 ,w4 ,r4 ,paterson1 in his ,nemesis of ,nations1 to be the cause of the fall of empires4 ,as ,mr4 ,balfour says1 8,who can believe that this immemorial custom could1 in its decline1 destroy the civilisation which1 in its vigour1 it had helped to create80 ,it would have been more important1 perhaps1 to consider1 as ,mr4 ,balfour does not1 the latest view1 advanced by ,professor ,ronald ,ross1 that the incursion of malaria may have had something to do with the fall of ,rome4 ,mr4 ,balfour's theory--decadence the cause of decadence4--,mr4 ,balfour then falls back upon 8decadence as the explanation1 and to the critic of this elegant hypothesis that decadence is due to decadence1 replies that it is something to recognise the possibility of subtle changes in the social tissues of old communities40 ,one regrets all the more that he should not have considered anti-eugenic practices as possibly accounting for these subtle changes4 ,one must1 however1 quote the excellent passage in which ,mr4 ,balfour supports his use of the word decadence1 though one utterly disagrees with the suggestion that the term 8old age0 might be its equivalent4 ,he says3 8,the facile generalisations with which we so often season the study of dry historic fact2 the habits of political discussion which induce us to catalogue for purposes of debate the outward signs that distinguish 7as we are prone to think7 the standing from the falling state1 hide the obscurer1 but more potent1 forces which silently prepare the fate of empires40 ,we may note with interest 7and surely with surprise when we consider ,japan and ,spain and the ,china of to-morrow71 ,mr4 ,balfour's rejection of the doctrine that 8arrested progress1 and even decadence1 may be but the prelude to a new period of vigorous growth4 ,so that even those races or nations which seem frozen into eternal immobility may base upon experience their hopes of an awakening spring40 ,it is1 ,i fancy1 ,mr4 ,balfour's fondness for the ,platonic idea of senility in the race as in the individual1 that leads him to question what can surely be no longer denied4 ,thus a little later we find him saying1 8,if civilisations wear out1 and races become effete1 why should we expect to progress indefinitely1 why for us alone is the doom of man to be reversed80 ,nowhere in this lecture is there any recognition of what1 ,i confess1 seems to me to be an obvious and necessary truth1 the distinction between the two kinds of progress--racial progress due to the choice of the best for parenthood1 and acquired or traditional progress4 ,it may be suggested that no one can usefully discuss decadence or progress until he has seen and perceived this absolutely cardinal distinction1 suggested in my ,royal ,institution lectures in ,february1 #aijg1 as one of the great lessons taught by the study of biology to the student of progress4 ,mr4 ,balfour does indeed avoid all those false solutions which depend upon a ,lamarckian belief in the transmission of acquired characters4 ,this1 however1 instead of leading him to insist upon the ,darwinian contribution to the study of decadence--the idea of selection--causes him to regard the racial question as unimportant4 ,he notes one or two of the fashions in which the quality of a race may be modified1 thus influencing national character1 and then dismisses this question 7wherein1 as ,i cannot doubt1 everything material lies7 with the remark1 8,but such changes are not likely1 ,i suppose1 to be considerable1 except perhaps those due to the mixture of races--and that only in new countries40--,reaching page #de1 the reader finds himself confident that now at length the writer has put his finger on the crux of the problem4 ,yet that is how he dismisses it2 adding1 indeed1 to make it quite clear1 the following words3 8,the flexible element in any society1 that which is susceptible of progress or decadence1 must therefore be looked for rather in the physical and psychical conditions affecting the life of its component units1 than in their inherited constitution40 ,not a word as to cessation of selection6 ,this omission1 which is1 indeed1 the omission of the fact of decadence1 mainly depends1 one fancies1 upon that erroneous conception of natural selection as acting between species and societies rather than within them1 which for so many decades the biologist has been at pains to correct4 ,one would indeed have thought that1 for a scholar and student like ,mr4 ,balfour1 ,wordsworth's great sonnet would have sufficed to set up a train of thought which1 fusing with ordinary biological principles1 would have led him to what ,i believe to be the truth4 ,let us for a moment turn to its consideration3-- 8,when ,i have borne in memory what has tamed ,great ,nations1 how ennobling thoughts depart ,when men change swords for ledgers44440 ,should not this be enough to suggest to us the real meaning of the consequence which has followed when men changed swords for ledgers1 and which even those who hate war as a vile blasphemy against life must recognise8 ,it is that1 as we have seen1 when a nation is making its way there is selection of the fittest by the stern arbitrament of war1 in which the battle is to the individually strong and fleet and brave and quick-witted4 ,later1 8when men change swords for ledgers10 selection ceases2 and that is why nothing fails like success4 ,yet later still1 as ,france should know1 selection by war must take the form of reversed selection1 the flower of a nation's youth being immolated on the battle-field1 whilst its future is determined by the weak and small and diseased1 whom the recruiting sergeant rejects4 8,you are not good enough to be a soldier10 he says2 8stay at home and be a father40 ,that was what ,napoleon did for ,france4 ,but to return--for the relations of war to eugenics would really demand a volume--it may be noted that1 though rejecting the ,lamarckian theory--the theory on which nothing should succeed like success--,mr4 ,balfour nowhere emphasises the amazing paradox of history that nothing fails like success4 ,if we consider this fact with the idea of natural selection in our minds 7not between societies but within them71 we cannot fail to perceive that success involves failure because it involves failure of selection1 and therefore indiscriminate survival2 or indeed1 survival of the worst4 ,politics and domestics4--,it is1 perhaps1 a noteworthy comment upon what may be called the political state of mind1 that even when the idea of natural selection has entered it1 the bias is towards associating it with international and not with intra-national or domestic politics4 ,the time will come1 however1 when the politician--or shall we say the statesman8--realises that it is the domestic policy1 it is the internal struggle for survival within a society1 that conditions and fore-ordains all international politics4 ,the history of nations is determined not on the battlefield but in the nursery1 and the battalions which give lasting victory are battalions of babies4 ,the politics of the future will be domestics4 ,having rejected so many solutions of his problem1 and having ignored the solution which is advanced in this volume1 ,mr4 ,balfour is reduced to such desperate resorts as phrases like this3 8,the point at which the energy of advance is exhausted0--a mere meaningless phrase2 and even such an explanation as that through 8mere weariness of spirit the community resigns itself to 444 stagnation40 ,one is inclined to throw up one's hands and ask--,do you1 then1 who deny the ,lamarckian theory1 suppose that the fresh children come into the world with this 8mere weariness of spirit08 ,has this been observed in children8 ,is there anything conceivable that has been less observed in children1 in all times and all places8 ,and if that be so1 what kind of explanation of decadence is this8 ,science and industry4--,lastly1 in a series of fine passages1 ,mr4 ,balfour offers us some hope in the help of science4 ,politics1 says our ex-,premier1 too often means 8the barren exchange of one set of tyrants or jobbers1 for another03 a ,daniel come to judgment4 ,we owe the modern spirit and modern progress1 he tells us1 neither to politicians nor to political institutions1 nor to theologians nor to philosophers1 but to science1 which1 he well says1 8is the great instrument of social change1 all the greater because its object is not change but knowledge2 and its silent appropriation of this dominant function1 amid the din of political and religious strife1 is the most vital of all the revolutions which have marked the development of modern civilisation40 ,and our cause of hope is 8a social force1 new in magnitude if not in kind 444 the modern alliance between pure science and industry40 ,to this ,i answer a thousand times yes1 but ,i must define the kind of industry4 ,it is the culture of the racial life which is the vital industry of any nation1 and which ,mr4 ,balfour has not even distantly alluded to4 ,i agree that our hope for the future is to be found in science3 that1 as has been said already1 perchance our acquired or traditional progress in knowledge has now reached the point at which we have sufficient to reveal to us the necessity of racial progress and the means by which that may be effected4 8,science and industry10--yes1 indeed6 ,but the industry is to be the making not of machines but men4 ,the products of progress are not mechanisms but men1 and one may now ask1 ,what is the industry whose products can be named in the same breath with the men and women who shall yet be produced by the supreme industry of race-culture8 ,,chapter ,,xvii ,,the ,,promise ,,of ,,race-,,culture 8,the best is yet to be40 ,in its form of what we have called negative eugenics1 the practice of our principle would assuredly reduce to an incalculable extent the amount of human defect1 mental and physical1 which each generation now exhibits4 ,this alone1 as has been said1 would be far more than sufficient to justify us4 ,a world without hereditary disease of mind and body1 and its grave social consequences1 would alone warrant the hint of ,ruskin that posterity may some day look back upon us with 8incredulous disdain40 ,yet1 assuming that this could be accomplished1 as it will be accomplished1 what more is to be hoped for8 ,must race-culture cease merely when it has raised the average of the community by reducing to a minimum the proportion of those who are thus grossly defective in mind or body8 ,such disease apart1 are we to be content1 must we be content1 with the present level of mediocrity in respect of intelligence and temper and moral sentiment8 ,can we anticipate a ,london in which the present ratio of musical comedy to great opera will be reversed1 in which the works of ,mr4 ,george ,meredith will sell in hundreds of thousands1 whilst some of our popular novelists will have to find other means of earning a living8 ,can we make for a critical democracy which no political party can fool1 and which will choose its best to govern it8 ,yet more1 can we undertake1 now or hereafter1 to provide every generation with its own ,shakespeare and ,beethoven and ,tintoretto and ,newton8 ,what1 in a word1 is the promise of positive eugenics8 ,it is to this aspect of the question that ,mr4 ,galton has mainly directed himself4 ,indeed he was led to formulate the principles and ideals of the new science by his study of hereditary genius some four decades ago4 ,let us now attempt to answer some of these questions4 ,the production of genius4--,and first as to the production of genius4 ,it is this1 perhaps1 that has been the main butt of the jesters who pass for philosophers with some of us to-day4 ,it may be said at once that neither ,mr4 ,galton nor any other responsible person has ever asserted that we can produce genius at will4 ,the difficulties in the way of such a project--at present--are almost innumerable4 ,one or two may be cited4 ,in the first place1 there is the cardinal--but by no means universal--difficulty that the genius is too commonly so occupied with the development and expansion of his own individuality that he has little time or energy for the purposes of the race4 ,this1 of course1 is an example of ,spencer's great generalisation as to the antagonism or inverse ratio between individuation and genesis4 ,again1 there is the generalisation of heredity formulated by ,mr4 ,galton1 and named by him the law of regression towards mediocrity4 ,it asserts that the children of those who are above or below the mean of a race1 tend to return towards that mean4 ,the children of the born criminal will be probably somewhat less criminal in tendency than he1 though more criminal than the average citizen4 ,the children of the man of genius1 if he has any1 will probably be nearer mediocrity than he1 though on the average possessing greater talent than the average citizen4 ,it is thus not in the nature of sheer genius to reproduce on its own level4 ,it is only the critics who are wholly ignorant of the elementary facts of heredity that attribute to the eugenist an expectation of which no one knows the absurdity so well as he does4 ,on the other hand1 it is impossible to question that the hereditary transmission of genius or great talent does occur4 ,one may cite at random such cases as that of the ,bach family1 ,thomas and ,matthew ,arnold1 ,james and ,john ,stuart ,mill3 and the reader who is inclined to believe that there is no law or likelihood in this matter1 must certainly make himself acquainted with ,mr4 ,galton's ,hereditary ,genius1 and with such a paper as that which he printed in ,sociological ,papers1 #aijd1 furnishing an 8index to achievements of near kinsfolk of some of the ,fellows of the ,royal ,society40 ,there is1 of course1 the obvious fallacy involved in the possibility that not heredity but environment was really responsible for many of these cases4 ,it must have been a great thing to have such a father as ,james ,mill4 ,but it would be equally idle to imagine that the evidence can be dismissed with this criticism4 ,a ,matthew ,arnold1 a ,john ,stuart ,mill1 could not be manufactured out of any chance material by an ideal education continued for a thousand years4 ,the transmission of genius4--,one single instance of the transmission of genius or great talent in a family may be cited4 ,we shall take the family which produced ,charles ,darwin1 the discoverer of the fundamental principle of eugenics1 and his first cousin1 ,francis ,galton4 ,darwin's grandfather was ,erasmus ,darwin1 physician1 poet and philosopher1 and independent expounder of the doctrine of organic evolution4 ,darwin's father was a distinguished physician1 described by his son as 8the wisest man ,i ever knew40 ,darwin's maternal grandfather was ,josiah ,wedgwood1 the famous founder of the pottery works4 ,amongst his first cousins is ,mr4 ,francis ,galton4 ,he has five living sons1 each a man of great distinction1 including ,mr4 ,francis ,darwin and ,sir ,george ,darwin1 both of them original thinkers1 honoured by the presidency of the ,british ,association4 ,no one will put such a case as this down to pure chance or to the influence of environment alone4 ,this is evidently1 like many others1 a greatly distinguished stock4 ,the worth of such families to a nation is wholly beyond any one's powers of estimation4 ,what if ,erasmus ,darwin had never married6 ,no student of human heredity can doubt that1 however limited our immediate hopes1 facts such as those alluded to furnish promise of great things for the future4 ,but let us turn now from genius to what we usually call talent4 ,the production of talent4--,there can be no question that amongst the promises of race-culture is the possibility of breeding such things as talent and the mental energy upon which talent so largely depends4 ,in his ,inquiries into ,human ,faculty1 ,mr4 ,galton shows the remarkable extent to which energy or the capacity for labour underlies intellectual achievement4 ,he says1 of energy-- 8,it is consistent with all the robust virtues1 and makes a large practice of them possible4 ,it is the measure of fulness of life2 the more energy the more abundance of it2 no energy at all is death2 idiots are feeble and listless4 ,in the enquiries ,i made on the antecedents of men of science no points came out more strongly than that the leaders of scientific thought were generally gifted with remarkable energy1 and that they had inherited the gift of it from their parents and grandparents4 ,i have since found the same to be the case in other careers4444 ,it may be objected that if the race were too healthy and energetic there would be insufficient call for the exercise of the pitying and self-denying virtues1 and the character of men would grow harder in consequence4 ,but it does not seem reasonable to preserve sickly breeds for the sole purpose of tending them1 as the breed of foxes is preserved solely for sport and its attendant advantages4 ,there is little fear that misery will ever cease from the land1 or that the compassionate will fail to find objects for their compassion2 but at present the supply vastly exceeds the demand3 the land is over-stocked and over-burdened with the listless and the incapable4 ,in any scheme of eugenics1 energy is the most important quality to favour2 it is1 as we have seen1 the basis of living action1 and it is eminently transmissible by descent40 ,need it be pointed out that any political system which ceases to favour or actively disfavours energy1 making it as profitable to be lazy as to be active1 is anti-eugenic1 and must inevitably lead to disaster8 ,that1 however1 by the way4 ,our present point is that eugenics can reasonably promise1 when its principles are recognised1 to multiply the human#hd and diminish the vegetable type in the community4 ,in so doing1 it will greatly further the production of talent1 and therefore of that traditional or acquired progress which men of talent and genius create4 ,such a result will also further1 though indirectly1 the production of genius itself4 ,for1 as ,mr4 ,galton points out1 8men of an order of ability which is now very rare1 would become more frequent1 because the level out of which they rose would itself have risen40 ,this is by no means the only fashion in which an effective and practicable race-culture would serve genius1 and ,i shall not be blamed for considering this matter further by any reader who realises1 however faintly1 what the man of genius is worth to the world4 ,if it were shown possible to establish such social conditions that genius could never flower in them1 we should realise that their establishment would mean the putting of an end to progress and the blasting of all the highest hopes of the highest of all ages4 ,the immediate need of this age1 as of all ages1 is perhaps not so much the birth of babies capable of developing into men and women of genius1 as the full exploitation of the possibilities of genius with which1 as ,i fancy1 every generation on the average is about as well endowed as any other4 ,there is1 of course1 the popular doctrine that there are no mute inglorious ,miltons1 that 8genius will out10 and that therefore if it does not appear1 it is not there to appear4 ,in expressing the compelling power of genius in many cases1 this doctrine is not without truth4 ,yet history abounds in instances where genius has been destroyed by environment--and we can only guess how many more instances there are of which history has no record4 ,to take the single case of musical genius1 it is a lamentable thought that there may be those now living whose natural endowments1 in a favourable environment1 would have enabled them to write symphonies fit to place beside ,beethoven's1 but whom some environmental factors--conventional1 economic1 educational1 or what not--have silenced2 or worse1 have persuaded to write such sterile nullities as need not here be instanced4 ,there is surely no waste in all this wasteful world so lamentable as this waste of genius4 ,if1 then1 anyone could devise for us a means by which the genius1 potentially existing at any time1 were realised1 he would have performed in effect a service equivalent to that of which eugenics repudiates the present possibility--the actual creation of genius4 ,but if we consider what the conditions are which cause the waste of genius1 we realise at once that they mainly inhere in the level of the human environment of the priceless potentiality in question4 ,as we noted elsewhere1 in an age like that of ,pericles genius springs up on all hands4 ,it is encouraged and welcomed because the average level of the human environment in which it finds itself is so high4 ,but if eugenics can raise the average level of intelligence1 in so doing not merely does it render more likely1 as ,mr4 ,galton points out1 the production of men of the highest ability1 but it provides those conditions in which men of genius1 now swamped1 can swim4 ,we could not undertake to produce a ,shakespeare1 but we might reasonably hope to produce a generation which would not damage or destroy its ,shakespeares4 ,and even if men of genius still found it necessary1 as men of genius have found it necessary1 to 8play to the gallery10 they would play1 as ,mr4 ,galton says of the demagogue in a eugenic age1 8to a more sensible gallery than at present40 ,darwin somewhere points out that it is not the scientific1 but the unscientific man who denies future possibilities4 ,thus though an advocate of eugenics may be applauded for his judgment if he declares that the creation of genius will for ever be impossible1 yet ,i should not care to assert that the ultimate limitations of eugenics can thus be defined4 ,we have yet to hear the last of ,mendelism4 ,eugenics and unemployment4--,let us look now at another aspect of the promise of race-culture4 ,when the time comes that quality rather than quantity is the ideal of those who concern themselves with the population question1 it is quite evident that not a few of the social problems which we now find utterly insoluble will disappear4 ,in this brief outline1 we can only allude to one or two points4 ,take1 for instance1 the question of unemployment4 ,we know that some by no means small proportion of the unemployed were really destined to be unemployable from the first1 as for instance by reason of hereditary disease4 ,it were better for them and for us had they never been born4 ,many more of the unemployed have been made unemployable by the influence of over-crowding1 to which they were subjected in their years of development4 ,is there1 can there be1 any real and permanent remedy for over-crowding1 but the erection of parenthood into an act of personal and provident responsibility8 ,eugenics and woman4--,take1 again1 the woman question4 ,no one will deny that in many of its gravest forms1 especially in its economic form1 and the question of the employment of women1 wisely or horribly1 this depends 7to a degree which few1 ,i think1 realise7 upon the fact that there are now1 for instance1 #a1cjj1jjj women in excess in this country4 ,is it then proposed1 the reader will say1 by means of race-culture to exterminate the superfluous woman8 ,indeed1 no4 ,but is the reader aware that ,nature is not responsible for the existence of the superfluous woman8 ,there are more boys than girls born in the ratio of about #ajc or #ajd to #ajj3 and ,nature means them all to live1 boys and girls alike4 ,if they did so live1 we should have merely the problem of the superfluous man1 which would not be an economic problem at all4 ,but we destroy hosts of all the children that are born1 and since male organisms are in general less resistant than female organisms1 we destroy a disproportionate number of boys1 so that the natural balance of the sexes is inverted4 ,unlike ancient societies1 we largely practise male infanticide4 ,can the reader believe that there is any permanent and final means of arresting this wastage of child-life1 with its singular and far-reaching consequences1--other than the elevation of parenthood1 on the principles which race-culture enjoins1 even wholly apart from the question of the selection of parents8 ,we shall not succeed in keeping all the children alive 7with a trivial number of exceptions71 thereby abolishing the superfluous woman by keeping alive the boy who should have grown up to be her partner1 until we greatly reduce the birth-rate2 as it must and will be reduced when the ideal of race-culture is realised1 and no child comes into the world that is not already loved and desired in anticipation4 ,eugenics and cruelty to children4--,this ideal1 also1 offers us in its realisation the only complete remedy for the present ghastly cruelty under which so many children suffer even in ,great ,britain1 even in the twentieth century4 ,is the reader aware that the ,national ,society for the ,prevention of ,cruelty to ,children enquired into the ill-treatment or cruel neglect of #aae1jjj children in the year beginning ,april #ast1 #aijf8 ,it has been reasonably and carefully estimated that 8over half a million children are involved in the total of the wastage of child-life and the torture and neglect of child-life in a single year40 ,surely ,mr4 ,g4 ,r4 ,sims1 to whom ,i would offer a hearty tribute for his recent services to childhood1 is justified in saying1 8,against the guilt of race-suicide our men of science are everywhere preaching their sermons to-day4 ,it is against the guilt of race-murder that the cry of the children should ring through the land40 ,as regards race suicide and the men of science1 ,i am not so sure as to the assertion4 ,but the truth of the second sentence quoted is as indisputable as it is horrible4 ,now no legislation conceivable will wholly cure this evil nor avert its consequences4 ,at bottom it depends upon human nature1 and you can cure it only by curing the defect of human nature4 ,this1 in general1 is of course beyond the immediate powers of man1 but evidently we should gain the same end if only we could confine the advent of children to those parents who desired them--that is to say1 those in whom human nature displayed the first1 if not indeed almost the only1 requisite for the happiness of childhood4 ,to this most beneficent and wholly moral end we shall come1 notwithstanding the blind and pitiable guidance of most of our accredited moral teachers to-day4 ,by no other means than the realisation of the ideal defined1 that every new baby shall be loved and desired in anticipation--an ideal which is perfectly practicable--can the black stain of child murder and child torture and child neglect be removed from our civilisation4 ,ruskin and race-culture4--,the name of ,ruskin1 perhaps1 would not occur to the reader as likely to afford support to the fair hopes of the eugenist4 ,consider then1 these words from ,time and ,tide3-- 8,you leave your marriages to be settled by supply and demand1 instead of wholesome law4 ,and thus1 among your youths and maidens1 the improvident1 incontinent1 selfish1 and foolish ones marry1 whether you will or not2 and beget families of children necessarily inheritors in a great degree of these parental dispositions2 and for whom1 supposing they had the best dispositions in the world1 you have thus provided1 by way of educators1 the foolishest fathers and mothers you could find2 7the only rational sentence in their letters1 usually1 is the invariable one1 in which they declare themselves #8incapable of providing for their children's education'74 ,on the other hand1 whosoever is wise1 patient1 unselfish1 and pure among your youth1 you keep maid or bachelor2 wasting their best days of natural life in painful sacrifice1 forbidding them their best help and best reward1 and carefully excluding their prudence and tenderness from any offices of parental duty4 ,is not this a beatific and beautifully sagacious system for a ,celestial ,empire1 such as that of these ,british ,isles80 ,apart from the point as to wholesome law rather than the education of opinion as the eugenic means1 the foregoing passage must win the assent and respect of every eugenist4 ,it indicates the promise of race-culture as it appeared to ,john ,ruskin4 ,the passage has been quoted in full not for the benefit of the ordinary thoughtful reader but for that of the professional literary man who1 in this remarkable age1 so far as ,i can judge1 reads nothing but what he writes1 and thus qualifies himself for dismissing ,spencer or ,darwin or ,galton in any casual phrase--meanwhile condemning ,ruskin1 whom he probably professes to adore4 ,race-culture and human variety4--,now let us turn to another question4 ,let it be asserted most emphatically that1 if there is anything in the world which eugenics or race-culture does not promise or desire1 it is the production of a uniform type of man4 ,this delusion1 for which there has never been any warrant at all1 possesses many of the critics of eugenics1 and they have made pretty play with it1 just as they do with their other delusions4 ,let us note one or two facts which bear upon this most undesirable ideal4 ,in the first place1 it is unattainable because of the existence of what we call variation4 ,no apparatus conceivable would suffice to eliminate from every generation those who varied from the accepted type4 ,in the second place1 this uniformity is supremely undesirable from the purely evolutionary point of view1 because its attainment would mean the arrest of all progress4 ,all organic evolution1 as we know1 depends upon the struggle between creatures possessing variations and the consequent selection of those variations which constitute their possessors best adapted or fitted to the particular environment4 ,if there is no variation there can be no evolution4 ,to aim at the suppression of variation1 therefore1 on supposed eugenic grounds 7which would be involved in aiming at any uniform type of mankind7 would be to aim at destroying the necessary condition of all racial progress4 ,the mere fact that the critics of race-culture attribute to evolutionists1 of all people1 the desire to suppress variation1 is a pathognomic symptom of their critical quality4 ,and1 of course1 quite independently of the evolutionary function of variation--though this is cardinal and must never be forgotten by the politician of any school1 since what we call individuality is variation on the human plane--the value of variation in ordinary life is wholly incalculable4 ,it is not merely that1 as ,mr4 ,galton says1 8,there are a vast number of conflicting ideals1 of alternative characters1 of incompatible civilisations2 but they are wanted to give fulness and interest to life4 ,society would be very dull if every man resembled the highly estimable ,marcus ,aurelius or ,adam ,bede40 ,the question is not merely as to the interest of life4 ,much more important is the fact that it takes all sorts to make a world4 ,what is the development of society but the result of the psychological division of labour in the social organism8 ,and how could such division of labour be carried out if we had not various types of labourers8 ,what would be the good of science if there were no poetry or music to live for8 ,how would poetry and music help us if we had not men of science to protect our shores from plague8 ,obviously the existence of men of most various types is a necessity for any highly organised society4 ,even if eugenics were capable--as it is not--of producing a complete and balanced type1 fit up to a point to turn out a satisfactory poem1 a satisfactory symphony or a satisfactory sofa1 the utmost could not be expected of such a man in any of these directions4 ,in a word1 as long as their activities are not anti-social1 men cannot be of too various types4 ,we require mystic and mathematician1 poet and pathologist4 ,only1 we want good specimens of each4 8,the aim of eugenics10 says ,mr4 ,galton1 8is to represent each class or sect by its best specimens2 that done1 to leave them to work out their common civilisation in their own way4444 ,special aptitudes would be assessed highly by those who possessed them1 as the artistic faculties by artists1 fearlessness of enquiry and veracity by scientists1 religious absorption by mystics1 and so on4 ,there would be self-sacrificers1 self-tormentors1 and other exceptional idealists40 ,but at least it is better to have good rather than bad specimens of any kind1 whatever that kind may be4 ,mr4 ,galton thinks that all except cranks would agree as to including health1 energy1 ability1 manliness and courteous disposition amongst qualities uniformly desirable--alike in poet and pathologist4 ,we should desire also uniformity as to the absence of the anti-social proclivities of the born criminal4 ,so much uniformity being granted1 let us have with it the utmost conceivable variety1--more1 indeed1 than most of us can conceive4 ,this point1 of course1 is cardinal from the point of view of practice4 ,no progress could be made with eugenics1 it would be impossible even to form a ,eugenics ,education ,society1 if each of us were to regard the particular type he belongs to as the ideal1 and were to seek merely to obtain the best specimens of that type4 ,the doctrine that it takes all sorts to make a world--a doctrine very hard for youth to learn1 yet unconsciously learnt by all who are capable of learning at all--must be regarded as a cardinal truth for the eugenist4 ,but he wisely seeks good specimens rather than bad4 ,poets certainly1 but not poetasters2 jesters certainly1 but not clever fools1 who stand ,truth on her head and then make street-boy gestures at her4 ,time and its treasure4--,taking the modern estimates of the physicists1 we are assured that the total period of past human existence is very brief compared with what may reasonably be predicted4 ,granted1 then1 practically unlimited time1 what inherent limits are there to the upward development of man as a moral and intellectual being8 ,shall we answer this question by a study of the nature of matter8 ,plainly not4 ,shall we answer it by a study of the nature of mind8 ,surely not1 for the study of existing mind cannot inform us as to what mind might be4 ,one source of guidance alone we have1 and this is the amazing contrast which exists between the mind of man at its highest1 and mind in its humblest animal forms3 or shall we say even between the highest and lowest manifestations of mind within the human species8 ,the measureless height of the ascent thus indicated offers us no warrant for the conclusion that1 as we stand on the heights of our life1 our 8glimpse of a height that is higher0 is only an hallucination4 ,on the contrary4 ,there is no warrant whatever for supposing that the forces which have brought us thus far are yet exhausted3 they have their origin in the inexhaustible4 ,who1 gazing on the earth of a hundred million years ago1 could have predicted life--could have recognised1 in the forces then at work and the matter in which they were displayed1 the promise and potency of all terrestrial life8 ,who1 contemplating life at a much later stage1 even later mammalian1 could have seen in the simian the prophecy of man8 ,who1 examining the earliest nervous ganglia1 could have foreseen the human cerebrum8 ,the fact that we can imagine nothing higher than ourselves1 that we make even our gods in our own image1 offers no warrant for supposing that nothing higher will ever be1 ,what ape could have predicted man1 what reptile the bird1 what amba the bee8 8,there are many events in the womb of time which will be delivered10 and the fairest of her sons and daughters are yet to be4 ,but even grant1 for the sake of the argument1 that the intelligence of a ,newton1 the musical faculty of a ,bach1 the moral nature of any good mother anywhere1 represent the utmost limits of which the evolution of the psychical is capable4 ,there is every reason to deny this1 but let us for the moment assume it true4 ,there still remains the thought of ,wordsworth1 8,what one is1 why may not millions be80--a thought to which ,spencer has also given utterance4 ,what is shown possible for human nature here and there1 he says1 is conceivable for human nature at large4 ,it is possible for a human being1 whilst still remaining human1 to be a ,shakespeare or a ,st4 ,francis3 these things are thus demonstrably within the possibilities of human nature4 ,it is therefore at the least conceivable that1 in the course of almost infinite time 7even assuming1 say1 that intelligence must ever be limited1 as even ,newton's intelligence was limited71 some such capacities as his may be common property amongst men of the scientific type2 and so with other types4 ,we may answer ,wordsworth that there is no bar thrown by ,nature in the way of such a hope4 ,what is possible8--,this1 of course1 is speculation and of no immediate value4 ,i would merely remind the reader that the doctrine of optimism1 as regards the future of mankind1 which the principles of race-culture assume and which they desire to justify1 was definitely shared by the great pioneers to whom we owe our understanding of those principles4 ,notwithstanding grave nervous disorder1 such as makes pessimists of most men1 both ,darwin and ,spencer were compelled by their study of ,nature to this rational optimism as regards man's future4 ,the doctrine of organic evolution1 and of the age-long ascent of man through the selection of the fittest 7who have1 on the whole1 been the best7 for parenthood1 is one not of despair but of hope4 ,exactly half a century ago it struck horror into the minds of our predecessors4 ,man1 then1 is only an erected ape1 they thought--as if any historical doctrine1 however true1 could shorten the dizzy distance to which man has climbed since he was simian3 and man being an ape1 they thought his high dreams palpably vain4 ,but the measure of the accomplished hints at the measure of the possible1 and the value of the historical facts lies not in themselves1 all facts as such being as dead as are the individual atoms of the living body1 but in the principles which grow out of them4 ,it is of no importance as such that man has simian ancestors2 it is of immeasurable importance that he should learn by what processes he has become human1 and by what1 indeed1 they became simian--which would have been a proud adjective for its own day4 ,the principles of organic progress matter for us because they are the principles of race-culture1 the only sure means of human progress4 ,our looking backwards does not turn us into pillars of salt1 but teaches us that the best is yet to be1 and how alone it is to be attained4 ,elsewhere the optimistic argument of ,wordsworth is quoted4 ,hear also ,john ,ruskin3-- 8,there is as yet no ascertained limit to the nobleness of person and mind which the human creature may attain1 by persevering observance of the laws of ,god respecting its birth and training40#he and ,herbert ,spencer3-- 8,what now characterises the exceptionally high may be expected eventually to characterise all4 ,for that which the best human nature is capable of1 is within the reach of human nature at large40#hf and ,francis ,galton3-- 8,there is nothing either in the history of domestic animals or in that of evolution to make us doubt that a race of sane men may be formed1 who shall be as much superior1 mentally and morally1 to the modern ,european1 as the modern ,european is to the lowest of the ,negro races4 8,it is earnestly to be hoped that enquiries will be increasingly directed into historical facts1 with the view of estimating the possible effects of reasonable political action in the future1 in gradually raising the present miserably low standard of the human race to one in which the ,utopias in the dreamland of philanthropists may become practical possibilities40#hg ,conclusion--,eugenics and ,religion4--,in an early chapter it was attempted to show that eugenics is not merely moral1 but is of the very heart of morality4 ,we saw that it involves taking no life1 that1 rather1 it desires to make philanthropy more philanthropic1 that1 at any rate so far as this eugenist is concerned1 it recognises and bows to the supreme law of love3 and claims to serve that law1 and the ideal of social morality1 which is the making of human worth4 ,eugenics may or may not be practicable1 it may or may not be based upon natural truth1 but it is assuredly moral3 though ,i1 for one1 would proclaim eternal war between this real morality and the damnable sham which approves the unbridled transmission of the most hideous diseases1 rotting body and soul1 in the interests of good4 ,and if religion1 whatever its origin and the more questionable chapters in its past1 be now 8morality touched with emotion10 ,i claim that eugenics is religious1 is and will ever be a religion4 ,elsewhere#hh ,i have attempted to show that religion has survived and will survive because of its survival-value--its services to the life of the societies wherein it flourishes4 ,the religion of the future1 it was sought to argue1 will be that which 8best serves ,nature's unswerving desire--fulness of life40 ,the ,founder of the ,christian religion said1 8,i am come that ye might have life1 and that ye might have it more abundantly40 ,it is higher and more abundant life that is the eugenic ideal4 ,progress ,i define as the emergence and increasing dominance of mind4 ,of progress1 thus conceived1 man is the highest fruit hitherto4 ,he is also its appointed agent1 and eugenics is his instrument4 ,to this end he must use all the powers which have blossomed in him from the dust4 ,he must claim ,art3 and indeed in ,wagner's great music-drama1 at the moment when the prophetic ,brnnhilde tells ,sieglinde who has just lost her mate that she1 the expectant mother1 may look for the resurrection of the dead and the life of the world to come in the child ,siegfried2 and when the heroic theme is pronounced for the first time and followed by that which signifies redemption by love--then1 ,i think1 the eugenist may thrill not merely to the music1 or to the humanity of the story1 but to the spiritual and scientific truth which it symbolises4 ,if the struggle towards individual perfection be religious1 so1 assuredly1 is the struggle1 less egoistic1 indeed1 towards racial perfection4 ,if the historic meaning and purport of religion are as ,i conceive them1 and if its future evolution may thence be inferred1 there can be no doubt in the prophecy that in ages to come those high aspirations and spiritual visions which astronomy has dishoused from amongst the stars1 and which1 at their best1 were ever selfish1 will find a place on this human earth of ours4 ,if we have transferred our hopes from heaven to earth and from ourselves to our children1 they are not less religious4 ,and they that shall be of us shall build the old waste places2 for we shall raise up the foundations of many generations3 8,we feed the high tradition of the world1 ,and leave our spirits in our children's breasts40 ,,appendix ,,concerning ,,books ,,to ,,read ,the preceding pages are of course only tentative1 preliminary and introductory4 ,i have merely tried to make a beginning4 ,no better purpose can be achieved than that the reader should proceed to study the subject for himself4 ,a few pages may therefore be devoted to the names of some of the books which will be found useful4 ,this is in no sense a complete bibliography1 nor even a tithe of such a bibliography4 ,but the reader who makes a beginning with the books here named1 or even with a well-chosen half dozen of them1 will thereafter need no one to tell him that the culture of the human race on scientific principles will be the supreme science of all the future1 the supreme goal of all statesmen1 the object and the final judge of all legislation4 ,where it is thought that useful remarks can be made they will be made1 but neither their presence nor absence nor their length is to be taken as any index to the writer's opinion of the relative value of the works in question4 ,heredity4 7,the ,progressive ,science ,series1 #aijh47 ,by ,professor ,j4 ,a4 ,thomson1 ,m4,a4 ,this is the most recent and most valuable for general purposes of all books on the subject of heredity4 ,no layman should express opinions on heredity or eugenics until he has read it1 for it is extremely improbable that they will be valuable4 ,professor ,thomson covers the whole ground with extreme lucidity and care and impartiality4 ,the book is readable1 nay more1 fascinating from end to end1 and it is liberally and usefully illustrated4 ,it is the first general treatise on heredity which leads consciously1 yet as of necessity1 towards eugenics as the crown and goal of the whole study1 and in this respect it undoubtedly marks an epoch4 ,the ,methods and ,scope of ,genetics4 7#aijh47 ,by ,w4 ,bateson1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,this is the inaugural lecture1 destined1 ,i have little doubt1 to become historic1 which was delivered by ,professor ,bateson on his appointment to the new ,darwin ,chair of ,biology at ,cambridge4 ,it is purposely included here for very good reasons4 ,the reader who begins his serious study of heredity with ,professor ,thomson's work must be informed that though the author gives an interesting account of ,mendelism1 he is not a ,mendelian1 and neither his account of ,mendelism nor his estimate of it is at all adequate for the present day4 ,in truth there is the study of heredity before ,mendelism and after1 and though eugenics owes its modern origin to the founder of the school of biometrics1 and though among his followers there are to be found many who decry and oppose the ,mendelians1 it is for the eugenist of single purpose to take the truth wherever it is to be found4 ,it is now idle to deny either the general truth or the stupendous promise of ,mendelism4 ,many vital phenomena besides heredity are studied by the statistical method1 and are put down by it to heredity4 ,the ,mendelians take seeds of known origin1 and plant them and note the result4 ,they carry out experimental breeding not only amongst plants but amongst the higher animals1 including mammals who1 in all essentials of structure and function1 are one with ourselves4 ,it is not possible1 ,i believe1 to over-estimate the supreme importance of ,mendelian enquiry for eugenics4 ,eugenics is founded upon heredity1 and genetics1 which is ,professor ,bateson's name for the physiology of heredity and variation1 is now working at the very heart of those natural phenomena upon which eugenics depends4 ,this lecture of ,professor ,bateson's is by the far the best introduction to ,mendelism that exists1 besides being the most recent and the most authoritative possible4 ,with the lucidity of the born teacher 7whose faculty1 ,i have no doubt1 is a ,mendelian unit1 not always inherited by the born observer7 the author explains the essence of ,mendelism4 ,the usual expositor has not proceeded far upon his way before he is encumbering himself and the learner with the phenomena of dominance and recessiveness1 which are not cardinal and are highly involved4 ,professor ,bateson makes no allusion to them4 ,but he gives an account of ,mendelism which it is impossible to put down without finishing1 and which is elementary in the highest sense of the word4 ,in the later pages the author preaches eugenics with a vigour and conviction not unworthy of notice as coming from the leader of a school which is utterly opposed in principle and in methods1 if not in results1 to the school of biometrics founded by the founder of eugenics4 ,i insist upon this because there is a half-instructed ignorance abroad which has heard the name of ,mendel1 and seeks thereby to discredit ,darwin and natural selection1 ,mr4 ,galton and eugenics4 ,hear ,professor ,bateson3-- 8,if there are societies which refuse to apply the new knowledge1 the fault will not lie with ,genetics4 ,i think it needs but little observation of the newer civilisations to foresee that they will apply every scrap of scientific knowledge which can help them1 or seems to help them in the struggle1 and ,i am good enough selectionist to know that in that day the fate of the recalcitrant communities is sealed40 ,hereditary ,genius1 ,an ,inquiry into its ,laws and ,consequences4 ,by ,francis ,galton4 ,this is the classical and pioneer enquiry1 far beyond my praise or appraisement4 ,the main text is not long1 is easily read and is extremely interesting4 ,the reader should acquaint himself also with ,mr4 ,constable's recent criticism1 ,poverty and ,hereditary ,genius4 ,a ,study of ,british ,genius4 7#aijd47 ,by ,havelock ,ellis4 ,this is an extremely interesting book1 which should be read in association with the foregoing1 to which it is a criticism and supplement4 ,the greater part of the volume is concerned with the study of genius from the point of view of heredity--in terms of nationality and race1 and of individual parentage4 ,very great labour and scholarship have been expended to very high purpose in this work4 ,inquiries into ,human ,faculty4 7#ahhc47 ,by ,francis ,galton4 ,this is the next in order of ,mr4 ,galton's works1 ,hereditary ,genius dating from #ahfi4 ,it has recently been reprinted in ,dent's 8,everyman's ,library10 and can thus be purchased for one shilling4 ,natural ,inheritance4 7#ahhi47 ,by ,francis ,galton4 ,memories of my ,life4 7#aijh47 ,by ,francis ,galton4 ,this is ,mr4 ,galton's latest book1 and apart from its personal fascination must be read by the serious eugenist if only on account of its last five chapters1 and especially the last two1 which deal with ,heredity and ,race ,improvement4 ,what could be more interesting and significant1 for instance1 than to find ,mr4 ,galton in #aijh saying of himself in #ahfe1 8,i was too much disposed to think of marriage under some regulation1 and not enough of the effects of self-interest and of social and religious sentiment40 ,mr4 ,galton comments on the wrongheadedness of objectors to eugenics4 ,i fancy1 however1 that the familiar misrepresentations will soon cease to be possible4 ,the whole of this brief last chapter must be carefully read and studied4 ,at least ,i must quote the following paragraph3-- 8,what ,i desire is that the importance of eugenic marriages should be reckoned at its just value1 neither too high nor too low1 and that eugenics should form one of the many considerations by which marriages are promoted or hindered1 as they are by social position1 adequate fortune1 and similarity of creed4 ,i can believe hereafter that it will be felt as derogatory to a person of exceptionally good stock to marry into an inferior one as it is for a person of high ,austrian rank to marry one who has not sixteen heraldic quarterings4 ,i also hope that social recognition of an appropriate kind will be given to healthy1 capable1 and large families1 and that social influence will be exerted towards the encouragement of eugenic marriages40 ,this volume1 a model for all future autobiographers1 ends with the following splendid statement of the eugenic creed3-- 8,a true philanthropist concerns himself not only with society as a whole1 but also with as many of the individuals who compose it as the range of his affections can include4 ,if a man devotes himself solely to the good of a nation as a whole1 his tastes must be impersonal and his conclusions so far heartless1 deserving the ill title of #8dismal' with which ,carlyle labelled statistics4 ,if1 on the other hand1 he attends only to certain individuals in whom he happens to take an interest1 he becomes guided by favouritism and is oblivious of the rights of others and of the futurity of the race4 ,charity refers to the individual2 ,statesmanship to the nation2 ,eugenics cares for both4 8,it is known that a considerable part of the huge stream of ,british charity furthers by indirect and unsuspected ways the production of the ,unfit2 it is most desirable that money and other attention bestowed on harmful forms of charity should be diverted to the production and well-being of the ,fit4 ,for clearness of explanation we may divide newly married couples into three classes1 with respect to the probable civic worth of their offspring4 ,there would be a small class of #8desirables1' a large class of #8passables1' of whom nothing more will be said here1 and a small class of #8undesirables4' ,it would clearly be advantageous to the country if social and moral support as well as timely material help were extended to the desirables1 and not monopolised as it is now apt to be by the undesirables4 8,i take eugenics very seriously1 feeling that its principles ought to become one of the dominant motives in a civilised nation1 much as if they were one of its religious tenets4 ,i have often expressed myself in this sense1 and will conclude this book by briefly reiterating my views4 8,individuals appear to me as partial detachments from the infinite ocean of ,being1 and this world as a stage on which ,evolution takes place1 principally hitherto by means of ,natural ,selection1 which achieves the good of the whole with scant regard to that of the individual4 8,man is gifted with pity and other kindly feelings2 he has also the power of preventing many kinds of suffering4 ,i conceive it to fall well within his province to replace ,natural ,selection by other processes that are more merciful and not less effective4 8,this is precisely the aim of eugenics4 ,its first object is to check the birth-rate of the ,unfit1 instead of allowing them to come into being1 though doomed in large numbers to perish prematurely4 ,the second object is the improvement of the race by furthering the productivity of the ,fit by early marriages and healthful rearing of their children4 ,natural ,selection rests upon excessive production and wholesale destruction2 ,eugenics on bringing no more individuals into the world than can be properly cared for1 and those only of the best stock40 ,heredity and ,selection in ,sociology4 7#aijg47 ,by ,george ,chatterton-,hill4 ,this is a useful and interesting work1 the nature of which is well indicated by its title4 ,it contains many purely eugenic chapters1 and cannot be ignored by the student4 ,the ,germ-plasm1 ,a ,theory of ,heredity4 7,the ,contemporary ,science ,series4 #ahic47 ,by ,august ,weismann4 ,this is ,weismann's great work4 ,it should be studied by politicians and others who still interpret all social phenomena in terms of ,lamarckian theory1 and also by modern writers who are so much more ,weismannian than ,weismann4 ,the ,evolution ,theory4 7#aijd47 ,translated by ,j4 ,arthur ,thomson and ,m4 ,r4 ,thomson4 ,by ,august ,weismann4 ,the ,principles of ,heredity4 7#aije47 ,by ,g4 ,archdall ,reid4 ,this is a very interesting and extremely ,weismannian book which contains the most recent statement of the author's remarkable enquiries into the influence of disease as a factor of human selection4 ,variation in ,animals and ,plants4 7,the ,international ,scientific ,series4 #aijc47 ,by ,h4 ,m4 ,vernon4 ,variation1 ,heredity and ,evolution4 7#aijf47 ,by ,r4 ,h4 ,lock4 ,the ,origin of ,species4 7#ahfi4 ,last 7sixth7 edition4 ,reprinted #aija47 ,by ,charles ,darwin4 ,the ,descent of ,man4 7#ahga4 ,second edition1 #ahgd4 ,reprinted #aijf47 ,by ,charles ,darwin4 ,these classics now cost only half-a-crown apiece4 ,the beginner should read ,the ,descent of ,man first1 ,i think4 ,some of the earlier chapters are of the utmost eugenic value1 and would be found immensely interesting by modern lecturers on decadence1 and the like4 ,darwinism ,to-day4 7#aijg47 ,by ,vernon ,l4 ,kellogg4 ,an interesting and scholarly recent criticism1 containing much matter strictly relevant to eugenics4 ,the ,evolution of ,sex4 7,the ,contemporary ,science ,series4 ,revised edition1 #aija4 ,originally published in #ahii47 ,by ,patrick ,geddes and ,j4 ,arthur ,thomson4 ,a famous book1 yet to be discovered by most 8authorities0 on the ,woman ,question4 ,a ,history of ,matrimonial ,institutions4 7#aijd47 ,by ,g4 ,e4 ,howard4 ,this is a three-volume treatise1 extremely comprehensive1 and especially valuable as a guide to the literature of the subject4 ,only the professional student can be expected to read it from cover to cover1 but it is invaluable for purposes of reference4 ,the ,history of ,human ,marriage4 ,by ,e4 ,westermarck4 ,this rightly celebrated and epoch-making work demonstrates in especial the survival-value of monogamy1 and its historical dominance as a marriage form4 ,the ,evolution of ,marriage4 7,the ,contemporary ,science ,series47 ,by ,professor ,letourneau4 ,the ,principles of ,population4 ,by ,t4 ,r4 ,malthus4 ,the substance of this may be conveniently read in the extracts published in the ,economic ,classics by ,macmillan 7#aije74 ,the ,principles of ,biology4 ,by ,herbert ,spencer4 ,the last section1 8,the ,laws of ,multiplication10 must be read as the expression of the missing half of the truth discovered by ,malthus4 ,it is tiresome1 nearly half a century after ,spencer's enunciation of his law1 to have to read the remarks of some modern writers who continue to assume that ,malthus expressed not merely the truth but the whole truth4 ,the ,republic of ,plato4 ,apart from the lines of ,theognis quoted by ,darwin in ,the ,descent of ,man1 which are some two centuries older than ,plato1 the fifth book of the ,republic is the earliest discussion in literature of the idea of eugenics1 and utterly wild though we may consider most of the proposals of ,plato--or ,socrates--to be1 these early thinkers are yet more modern and more scientific and more fundamental than all their successors1 even including our modern ,utopia makers who have come after ,darwin1 in recognising that it is the quality of the citizen which will make a ,utopia possible4 ,the following will suffice to show that after more than two thousand years we can still learn from the fundamental idea of ,plato's fifth chapter3-- 8,it is plain1 then1 that after this we must make marriages as much as possible sacred2 but the most advantageous should be most sacred4 ,by all means4 ,how then shall they be most advantageous8 ,tell me that1 ,glauco1 for ,i see in your houses dogs of chace1 and a great many excellent birds4 ,have you then indeed ever attended at all1 in any respect1 to their marriages1 and the propagation of their species8 ,how8 said he4 ,first of all1 that among these1 although they be excellent themselves1 are there not some who are most excellent8 ,there are4 ,whether then do you breed from all of them alike8 or are you careful to breed chiefly from the best8 ,from the best4 ,but how8 ,from the youngest or from the oldest1 or from those who are most in their prime8 ,from those in their prime4 ,and if the breed be not of this kind1 you reckon that the race of birds and dogs greatly degenerates4 ,i reckon so1 replied he4 ,and what think you as to horses1 said ,i1 and other animals8 is the case any otherwise with respect to these8 ,that1 said he1 were absurd40 ,plato proposed to destroy the family1 and to 8practise every art that no mother should know her own child40 ,he also approved of infanticide4 ,nevertheless1 this fifth book of the ,republic is interesting and valuable reading1 and it is especially well to note that this pioneer of ,utopianism and ,socialism possessed the idea which almost all living ,socialists1 except ,dr4 ,a4 ,r4 ,wallace and ,professors ,forel and ,pearson1 lack1 that we must first make the ,utopian and ,utopia will follow4 ,the ,family4 7#aijf47 ,by ,elsie ,clews ,parsons4 ,this recent1 scholarly and lucid book1 of which any living man might well be proud1 may follow the reading of the utterly unconcerned and taken-for-granted fashion in which ,socrates and ,plato proposed to destroy the family4 ,lecture ,,viii41 on 8,sexual ,choice10 is brief1 but the references following it are extremely valuable and complete4 ,it is evident that one of the books which will have to be written on eugenics in the near future must deal with the whole question of marriage and human selection both in its historical and in its contemporary aspects4 8,the ,possible ,improvement of the ,human ,breed under ,existing ,conditions of ,law and ,sentiment40 ,nature1 #aija1 p4 #fei2 ,smithsonian ,report1 ,washington1 #aija1 p4 #ebc4 ,by ,francis ,galton4 ,this was the ,huxley ,lecture of the ,anthropological ,institute in #aija1 and the contemporary interest in eugenics may be said to date from it4 8,eugenics1 its ,definition1 ,scope and ,aims40 7,sociological ,papers4 #aijd47 ,by ,francis ,galton4 ,this remarkable lecture constituted a further introduction of the subject1 and it is somewhat of the nature of an impertinence for the professional jester1 who is not acquainted with a line of it1 to dismiss eugenics with a phrase as if this lecture had never been written or were unobtainable4 ,mr4 ,galton there defined eugenics as 8the science which deals with all influences that improve the inborn qualities of a race44440 ,the definition given in the ,century ,dictionary is unauthoritative1 incorrect1 and misses the entire point4 ,an extremely valuable discussion follows this lecture1 and it is absolutely necessary for the student to acquaint himself with the whole of these pages 7#de-ii74 ,restrictions in ,marriage3 ,studies in ,national ,eugenics3 ,eugenics as a ,factor in ,religion4 ,by ,francis ,galton4 ,these are memoirs communicated to the ,sociological ,society in #aije1 and published together with the subsequent discussions in ,sociological ,papers 7#aije74 ,the three memoirs are also published separately under one cover4 ,probability1 the ,foundation of ,eugenics4 ,the ,herbert ,spencer ,lecture of #aijg4 ,by ,francis ,galton4 ,this lecture contains a very brief historical outline of the recent progress of eugenic enquiry and a simple discussion of the mathematical method of studying heredity4 ,it must1 of course1 be read by every serious student4 ,national ,life from the ,standpoint of ,science4 7#aije47 ,by ,karl ,pearson4 ,this is a reprint of a lecture delivered by ,professor ,pearson in #aijj1 together with some other valuable contributions of his to the subject4 ,there is scarcely a better introduction to eugenics4 ,the ,scope and ,importance to the ,state of the ,science of ,national ,eugenics4 ,the ,robert ,boyle ,lecture1 #aijg4 7,second edition1 #aiji47 ,by ,karl ,pearson4 ,this fine lecture should be carefully read4 ,it gives some index to the quantity and quality of the work done by ,professor ,pearson and his followers since the ,francis ,galton ,eugenics ,laboratory was founded4 ,population and ,progress4 7#aijg47 ,by ,montague ,crackanthorpe1 ,k4,c4 ,though only published recently1 part of this book goes back far4 ,the first chapter is indeed a reprint of a eugenic article published in the ,fortnightly ,review as far back as #ahgb4 ,some of us may perhaps be inclined to forget that more than a generation ago ,mr4 ,crackanthorpe had grasped the great truths which we are now trying to spread1 and had courageously expressed them in the face of ignorance and prejudice even greater than those of to-day4 ,this is unquestionably a book which every student must read1 but the press generally1 with some notable exceptions1 have fought rather shy of it4 ,it was sent to the present writer at his request from a leading morning paper which trusts him1 and he wrote a column on it1 most careful in diction and moderate in opinion1 which was1 nevertheless1 not printed4 ,one of the leading medical papers devoted a long article to the book1 written on the general principle that it is right for a medical paper to differ from any non-medical person who approaches the closed neighbourhood of medical enquiry4 ,another leading medical paper considered ,mr4 ,crackanthorpe's 8ideal0 to be 8beyond present accomplishment10 and feared it must have 8many generations of probation before it could hope to enter the sphere of practical politics40 ,i venture to say that ,population and ,progress1 dealing1 as it does1 with a subject that really matters1 contains more fundamental practical politics--in the true sense of that word--than has been discussed in most of our current newspapers since they were first established4 ,race-,culture or ,race-,suicide4 7#aijf47 ,by ,r4 ,r4 ,rentoul4 ,this is a second and enlarged edition of a remarkable pamphlet published by ,dr4 ,rentoul in #aijc under the title ,proposed ,sterilisation of ,certain ,mental and ,physical ,degenerates4 ,an ,appeal to ,asylum ,managers and ,others4 ,dr4 ,rentoul's own description of this pamphlet is as follows3--8,in it ,i called attention to the large and increasing number of the insane in the ,united ,kingdom2 to our disgraceful system of child-marriages2 to the growing suicide rate2 to our disgusting system of inducing certain mentally and physically diseased persons to marry2 and to a slight operation which ,i was the first to propose as a means of checking the increase in the number of the insane1 and in preventing innocent offspring from being cursed by some parental blemish40 ,education4 7,originally published in #ahfa4 ,new edition1 with the author's latest corrections1 #aijf47 ,by ,herbert ,spencer4 ,this is the classic which marks an epoch in the personal development of every one who reads it1 and which made an epoch in the history of education3 the book was probably of more service to woman1 owing to its liberation of girlhood1 than any other of its century4 ,the ,study of ,sociology4 7,international ,scientific ,series4 ,originally published in #ahgc4 ,twentieth edition1 #aijc47 ,by ,herbert ,spencer4 ,this is1 of course1 the introduction to sociology1 written for that purpose by a master1 and in every respect a masterpiece4 ,it contains many eugenic references and arguments4 ,as far as the eugenic education of the adult is concerned1 this is rightly the preliminary work4 ,besides ,the ,evolution of ,sex and ,mrs4 ,parson's book on ,the ,family1 there are many others relevant to the question of woman and eugenics1 of which one or two may be noted here4 ,sex and ,society1 ,studies in the ,social ,psychology of ,sex4 7#aijg47 ,by ,w4 ,i4 ,thomas4 ,this is a very readable and recent work1 and for the general reader much the most suitable of any that ,i know4 ,man and ,woman4 7,contemporary ,science ,series47 ,by ,havelock ,ellis4 ,a very clear and readable book4 ,youth--its ,education1 ,regimen and ,hygiene4 7#aijg47 ,by ,stanley ,hall4 ,this is a new and abbreviated version of ,professor ,stanley ,hall's two well-known volumes on ,adolescence1 published in #aijd4 ,for the general reader this much smaller work is very suitable1 and especial attention may be directed to ,chapter ,,xi41 8,the ,education of ,girls40 ,it would have been presumptuous and absurd to attempt1 in the course of a merely introductory volume1 to deal1 by anything more than allusion to its existence1 with the great question of human parenthood in relation to race4 ,most urgently this question1 of course1 concerns the negro problem in ,america4 ,the student who has to trust entirely to second-hand knowledge had best be silent4 ,lest1 however1 the reader should imagine that the older doctrines of race can be accepted without reserve1 he will do well to study very carefully the latter part of ,dr4 ,archdall ,reid's book1 already referred to1 and1 with extreme caution1 the following3-- ,race ,prejudice4 7#aijf47 ,by ,jean ,finot4 ,this book most of us must believe to be extreme1 but it should be read3 it bears on what may be called international eugenics1 and the whole question of inter-racial marriage4 99 99 99 99 99 ,on matters of transmissible disease and racial poisons there is much literature4 ,only one or two books can be referred to here4 ,the ,diseases of ,society3 ,the ,vice and ,crime ,problem4 7#aijd47 ,by ,g4 ,f4 ,lydston4 ,this1 of course1 is not a pleasant book1 and it is open to much criticism in many respects1 but it is well worth reading1 especially in association with ,dr4 ,rentoul's work4 ,malaria--,a ,neglected ,factor in the ,history of ,greece and ,rome4 7#aijg47 ,by ,w4 ,h4 ,s4 ,jones1 with an introduction by ,ronald ,ross4 ,this is a recent historical study and may be a very substantial contribution to the study of decadence4 ,alcoholism4 7#aijf47 ,by ,w4 ,c4 ,sullivan4 ,this little book of ,dr4 ,sullivan's contains a useful and scrupulously moderate chapter on the relation of alcohol to human degeneration4 ,the ,drink ,problem4 7#aijg47 ,by ,fourteen ,medical ,authorities4 ,the ,children of the ,nation4 7#aijf47 ,by ,sir ,john ,gorst4 ,infant ,mortality4 7#aijf47 ,by ,george ,newman4 ,the ,hygiene of ,mind4 7#aijf47 ,by ,t4 ,s4 ,clouston4 ,diseases of ,occupation4 7#aijh47 ,by ,sir ,t4 ,oliver4 ,the ,prevention of ,tuberculosis4 7#aijh47 ,by ,a4 ,newsholme4 ,these volumes all deal in part with questions of racial poisoning and racial hygiene4 ,alcoholism--,a ,study in ,heredity4 7#aija47 ,by ,archdall ,reid4 ,alcohol and the ,human ,body4 7#aijg47 ,by ,sir ,victor ,horsley and ,mary ,d4 ,sturge4 ,hygiene of ,nerves and ,mind4 7,the ,progressive ,science ,series4 #aijg47 ,by ,august ,forel4 ,inebriety--,its ,causation and ,control4 7,the second ,norman ,kerr ,memorial ,lecture1 published in the ,british ,journal of ,inebriety1 ,january1 #aijh47 ,by ,r4 ,welsh ,branthwaite4 ,reports of the ,inspector under the ,inebriates ,acts4 ,especially those for the years #aijd1 #aije1 #aijf4 ,the ,cry of the ,children3 ,the ,black ,stain4 7#aijg47 ,by ,g4 ,r4 ,sims4 ,the above are especially recommended to politicians4 ,sooner or later1 as never yet1 knowledge will have to be applied to the drink question as it bears upon the quality of the race4 ,the knowledge exists1 and is not difficult to acquire or understand4 ,the references given are quite sufficient to enable any one of mediocre intelligence to frame a bill dealing with alcohol which would be worth all its predecessors put together1 and would arouse far less opposition than any one of them4 ,reports of the ,national ,conference on ,infantile ,mortality #aijf and #aijh 7,p4 ,s4 ,king ,co474 ,in the #aijf ,report note especially ,dr4 ,ballantyne's paper on the unborn infant1 and in the #aijh ,report1 ,miss ,alice ,ravenhill's paper on the education of girls4 ,it must be repeated that the foregoing names are merely noted as including1 perhaps1 the greater number of the books with which the serious beginner would do well to make a start4 ,that is all4 ,it would be both unfair and unwise1 however1 to omit any mention of at least three wonderful little books of ,john ,ruskin's3 ,unto this ,last1 ,munera ,pulveris and ,time and ,tide1 which add to their great qualities of soul and style some of the most forcible and wisest things that have ever been written on race-culture and its absolutely fundamental relation to morality1 patriotism and true economics4 ,if the reader desires the name of only one book1 that is certainly ,the ,sexual ,question 7#aijh71 by ,professor ,august ,forel4 ,this has no rival anywhere1 and cannot be overpraised4 ,footnotes3 #a ,a tribute is due to the anonymous pioneer of sane and provident philanthropy who lately gave #bj1jjj to the ,london ,hospital for research4 ,such a thing is a commonplace in ,new ,york1 it is unprecedented in ,london4 #b ,the word is used in the ordinary loose sense1 to which there is no objection provided that there be no misunderstanding of its exact scientific meaning1 as in ,spencer's phrase 8survival of the fittest0--i4e4 not the best1 but the best adapted4 ,see p4 #dc4 #c 8,degeneration10 ,i think1 is the best word for the racial1 8deterioration0 for the individual1 change4 #d ,that is in the ordinary sense of the words1 not in the more exact sense--as ,i think--in which a good environment would be defined as that which selects the good for parenthood4 #e ,italics mine4 #f ,we have seen that ,huxley's assertion of the fundamental opposition between moral and cosmic evolution is unwarrantable4 ,we do recognise1 however1 that in our present practice this opposition exists4 ,our ancestors were cruel to the insane1 but at least they prevented them from multiplying4 ,we are blindly kind to them1 and therefore in the long run cruel4 ,but the dilemma1 kind to be cruel1 or cruel to be kind1 is not necessary4 ,it is quite possible1 as we have asserted1 to be at once kind to the individual and protective of the future4 ,on the other hand1 it is also possible to be cruel to both4 ,the ,london ,county ,council offers us1 at the time of writing1 a demonstration of this4 ,sending wretched inebriates on the round of police-court1 prison and street1 with intermittent gestations1 rather than expend a shilling a day1 per individual1 in decently detaining them1 it serves at least the philosophic purpose of demonstrating that it is possible to combine the maximum of brutality to the individual and the present with the maximum of injury to the race and the future4 #g ,reprinted in ,the ,kingdom of ,man 7,constable74 #h ,sociological ,papers1 #aije1 p4 #ei4 #i ,whilst allowing due weight to ,mr4 ,wells' opinion1 we may also note that of ,charles ,darwin who1 referring to his own phrase1 natural selection1 says1 8,but the expression often used by ,mr4 ,herbert ,spencer of the ,survival of the ,fittest is more accurate40 7,origin of ,species1 popular edition1 p4 #gf47 #aj ,collected ,essays1 vol4 i4 p4 #dic4 ,a valuable controversy but poor sport4 ,thinker versus politician is scarcely a match4 #aa ,this is discussed at length in the writer's paper1 8,the ,obstacles to ,eugenics10 read before the ,sociological ,society1 ,march #h1 #aiji4 #ab ,spencer introduced the non-moral word evolution in #aheg1 in order to avoid the moral connotation of the word progress1 which he had formerly employed4 #ac ,in his recent work1 ,the ,origin of ,vertebrates1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,gaskell1 ,f4,r4,s41 has adduced much evidence in support of this thesis4 ,he says1 8,the law of progress is this3 ,the race is not to the swift nor to the strong1 but to the wise40 ,and again2 8,as for the individual1 so for the nation2 as for the nation1 so for the race2 the law of evolution teaches that in all cases brain-power wins4 ,throughout1 from the dawn of animal life up to the present day1 the evidence given in this book suggests that the same law has always held4 ,in all cases1 upward progress is associated with the development of the central nervous system4 ,the law for the whole animal kingdom is the same as for the individual4 #8,success in this world depends upon brains4'0 #ad ,we may recall the words of ,lear3-- 8,is man no more than this8 ,consider him well3 ,thou owest the worm no silk1 the beast no hide1 the sheep no wool1 the cat no perfume34444 ,thou art the thing itself3 unaccommodated man is no more but such a poor1 bare1 forked animal as thou art40 #ae ,says ,darwin1 8,so little is this subject understood1 that ,i have heard surprise repeatedly expressed at such great monsters as the ,mastodon 444 having become extinct2 as if mere bodily strength gave victory in the battle of life4 ,mere size1 on the contrary1 would in some cases determine 444 quicker extermination from the greater amount of requisite food40 ,in the ,russo-,japanese ,war1 one of the effective factors was the greater area of the ,russian soldier as a target1 and the disparity between the food requirements of the little victors and the big losers4 #af ,quoted from a ,paper read by ,mr4 ,galton before the ,eugenics ,education ,society1 ,october #ad1 #aijh1 and published in ,nature1 ,october #bb1 #aijh4 #ag ,see the author's paper1 8,the ,psychology of ,parenthood10 ,eugenics ,review1 ,april1 #aiji4 #ah ,an authoritative statement on this point has already been quoted from ,sir ,e4 ,ray ,lankester's ,romanes ,lecture of #aije1 p4 #db4 #ai ,the exception of one or two large animals1 like the elephant1 is not important4 ,in proportion to body weight man's birth-rate is lower than theirs4 ,and it is to be noted that the 8infant0 mortality is very low in this case1 where the birth-rate is so low4 ,says ,darwin1 of the young elephant4 8,none are destroyed by beasts of prey2 for even the tiger in ,india most rarely dares to attack a young elephant protected by its dam40 ,the dam has no factory to go to1 and no beast of prey to sell her alcohol4 #bj 8,the fulmar petrel lays but one egg1 yet it is believed to be the most numerous bird in the world40 7,origin of ,species1 popular edition1 p4 #ha74 #ba ,the ,wheat ,problem1 by ,sir ,wm4 ,crookes1 ,f4,r4,s41 #bnd edition1 #aije4 ,the ,chemical ,news ,office1 #ae1 ,newcastle ,st41 ,farringdon ,st41 ,e4,c4 #bb ,see ,chap4 iii4 of the ,origin of ,species4 #bc ,including even such an exceptional student as ,dr4 ,george ,newman1 who1 in his book on ,infant ,mortality1 regards a falling birth-rate as an essential evil1 and actually declares without qualification that the factors 8which lower the birth-rate tend to raise the infant death-rate40 #bd ,it is not necessary to point out again the exception of the elephant1 nor to explain it4 #be ,mr4 ,galton believes their number has been exaggerated4 #bf ,quoted from the author's lectures on ,individualism and ,collectivism 7,williams and ,norgate1 #aijf74 #bg ,as is usually the case1 except when the mother or the father is alcoholic or syphilitic4 #bh ,if we make a diagram of society1 with the social strata labelled1 and then proceed to make a eugenic comment upon it1 certainly the line dividing the sheep from the goats1 as for parenthood1 would not be horizontal1 at any level4 ,nor would it be vertical--as if the proportions of worth and unworth were the same in all classes4 ,some would draw it diagonally1 counting most of the aristocracy good and most of the lowest strata bad3 others would slope it the other way4 ,i should not venture to draw it at all3 there are individuals good and bad in all classes and races1 and their relative proportions are unknown1 at least to me4 #bi 8,for words are wise men's counters1 they do but reckon by them2 but they are the money of fools0 7,hobbes1 ,leviathan1 ,pt4 ,i4 chap iv474 #cj ,it might be supposed that the words 8inherent0 and 8inherited0 were allied etymologically4 ,this is not so4 8,inherit0 is derived from 8heir10 and this from a verb meaning 8to take40 ,in natural inheritance the heir inherits what is inherent in the germ-cells which make him4 ,says ,professor ,thomson3 8,the organisation of the fertilised ovum is the inheritance0--and the heir1 we may add4 #ca ,unless indeed it be an organism so lowly as only to consist of one cell throughout4 #cb ,the reader will remember the chapter1 8,a ,berry to the ,rescue40 8,says ,lucy demurely3 #8,now you know why ,i read history1 and that sort of books4444 ,i only read sensible books and talk of serious things 444 because ,i have heard say 444 dear ,mrs4 ,berry6 don't you understand now8'0 #cc ,contrast ,mr4 ,galton1 the propounder of the now accepted view3-- 8,as a general rule1 with scarcely any exception that cannot be ascribed to other influences1 such as bad nutrition or transmitted microbes1 the injuries or habits of the parents are found to have no effect on the natural form or faculties of the child40 7,hereditary ,genius1 ,prefatory ,chapter to the ,edition of #ahib1 p4 xv47 #cd ,in the later edition ,mr4 ,galton discusses the question of the title1 and says that if it could now be altered1 it should appear as ,hereditary ,ability4 ,we may note that1 as the author says himself1 8,the reader will find a studious abstinence throughout the work from speaking of genius as a special quality40 #ce ,the reader may note 8,a ,eugenic ,investigation3 ,index to ,achievements of ,near ,kinsfolk of some of the ,fellows of the ,royal ,society10 ,sociological ,papers1 #aijd1 pp4 #he-ii 7,macmillan72 also ,noteworthy ,families 7,john ,murray1 #aijf74 #cf ,these researches have not yet been published4 #cg ,in the later chapters of a former book1 8,health1 ,strength1 and ,happiness0 7,grant ,richards1 ,london2 ,mitchell ,kennerley1 ,new ,york1 #aijh71 ,i have discussed various aspects of heredity from the eugenic point of view more fully than has been possible here4 #ch ,see the last sentence of the quotation from ,forel on p4 #acj4 #ci ,for definition of these terms see ,chap4 xi4 #dj ,by some such means we may hope that man too may some day become domesticated without losing his fertility6 #da #a ,corinthians xii4 #bb1 #bc1 #bd4 #db ,quoted from the ,author's ,evolution the ,master ,key4 #dc ,mr4 ,g4 ,k4 ,chesterton1 one of the most amusing of contemporary phenomena1 has lately said3 8,the most serious sociologists1 the most stately professors of eugenics1 calmly propose that1 #8for the good of the race1' people should be forcibly married to each other by the police40 ,readers unacquainted with ,mr4 ,chesterton's standard of accuracy and methods of criticism might be misled by this gay invention4 #dd ,the ,family1 p4 #bj4 #de ,encyclopdia ,medica1 vol4 ii41 ,article 8,deaf-,mutism40 #df ,in a lecture1 8,the ,obstacles to ,eugenics10 delivered before the ,sociological ,society1 ,march #h1 #aiji4 #dg ,since these words were written there has been passed the 8,prevention of ,crimes ,act10 which is the first attempt in this country to apply the elementary truths of the subject in legislation4 ,as an essentially eugenic proposal it is to be heartily welcomed4 #dh ,dr4 ,bulstrode's ,lecture to the ,royal ,institution1 ,may #ae1 #aijh4 #di ,this suggestion1 first made by the present writer in ,march1 #aijh1 and in the paper referred to on p4 #bje1 is1 ,i believe1 to be the subject of an official enquiry4 #ej ,sociological ,papers 7,macmillan1 #aije71 p4 #c4 #ea 8,in any scheme of eugenics1 energy is the most important quality to favour2 it is1 as we have seen1 the basis of every action1 and it is eminently transmissible by descent40--,galton4 #eb ,fortnightly ,review1 ,january1 #aijh4 #ec 8,as the ,german philosopher ,schopenhauer remarks1 the final aim of all love intrigues1 be they comic or tragic1 is really of more importance than all other ends in human life4 ,what it all turns upon is nothing less than the composition of the next generation4444 ,it is not the weal or woe of any one individual1 but that of the human race to come1 which is at stake40--,darwin1 ,descent of ,man1 p4 #hic4 #ed ,studies in the ,psychology of ,sex1 vol4 iv4 7,f4 ,a4 ,davis ,co41 ,philadelphia1 #aije74 #ee ,part of the matter of this chapter was included in papers entitled 8,racial ,hygiene or ,negative ,eugenics1 with special reference to the ,extirpation of ,alcoholism10 read before the ,congress of the ,royal ,institute of ,public ,health1 at ,buxton1 #aijh1 and 8,alcoholism and ,eugenics10 read before the ,society for the ,study of ,inebriety1 ,april1 #aiji4 #ef ,italics mine4 #eg ,to-day many of the children who make our destiny are born drunk1 owing to maternal intoxication during labour3 ,i have myself attended the birth of such children1 both in ,edinburgh and in ,york4 #eh ,this was written in #ahib1 before the accumulation of the modern evidence on the subject4 #ei 8,alcohol taken into the stomach can be demonstrated in the testicle or ovary within a few minutes1 and1 like any other poison1 may injure the sperm or the germ element therein contained4 ,as a result of this intoxication of the primary elements1 children may be conceived and born who become idiots1 epileptics1 or feeble-minded4 ,therefore it comes about that even before conception a fault may be present40--,mc,adam ,eccles1 ,f4,r4,c4,s41 in the ,british ,journal of ,inebriety1 ,april1 #aijh4 #fj ,see p4 #aaa4 #fa ,london3 ,james ,nisbet and ,co41 #aijf4 #fb ,will our modern extremists be good enough to remember that ,mr4 ,galton is the prime author of the doctrine that functionally-produced modifications are not inherited8 #fc ,the use of this word thus is unusual1 to say the least of it4 ,dr4 ,claye ,shaw simply means causal relation4 #fd ,the subject of alcoholism and race-culture really demands a large volume4 ,there is no space here to detail the fashion in which the drunken mother poisons her child after birth1 when she nurses it1 since1 as has been chemically proved1 alcohol is excreted in her milk4 ,says a most distinguished authority1 ,mrs4 ,scharlieb1 8the child1 then1 absolutely receives alcohol as part of his diet1 with the worst effect upon his organs1 for alcohol has a greater effect upon cells in proportion to their immaturity0 78,the ,drink ,problem10 in the ,new ,library of ,medicine71 and ,dr4 ,sullivan refers to 8numerous cases on record of convulsions and other disorders occurring in infants when the nurse has taken liquor1 and ceasing when she has been put on a non-alcoholic diet40 ,the reader may be referred to my brief paper1 8,alcohol and ,infancy10 published in the form of a tract by the ,church of ,england ,temperance ,society4 #fe ,this is printed in the ,british ,journal of ,inebriety1 ,january1 #aijh1 under the title 8,inebriety1 its ,causation and ,control0--with comments by numerous authorities4 #ff ,the author says 8inherent defect40 ,i have omitted the adjective1 as it is obviously misused4 ,antecedent would have been the better word1 surely4 #fg ,italics mine4 #fh ,italics mine4 ,a thousand pounds for cure--which does not cure--and twopence for prevention is1 of course1 the rule with a half-educated nation always4 #fi ,she died in a lunatic asylum4 ,i have not heard that society ever offered her a public apology for its brutality to her4 #gj ,see ,times report1 ,february #bh1 #aijh4 #ga ,report of the ,inspector under the ,inebriates ,acts for the year #aijf4 #gb ,this drinking by women1 which means drinking by mothers present1 expectant or possible1 is rapidly increasing in ,great ,britain1 though almost unknown in our ,colonies4 ,it is at the heart that ,empires rot4 #gc ,cd4 #ddch4 ,price #d;d4 ,volume of evidence ,cd4 #ddci4 ,price #bs4 #gd ,a careful and detailed enquiry by the present writer1 published in the ,westminster ,gazette 7,nov4 #ba1 #aijh71 ,daily ,chronicle1 and ,manchester ,guardian1 and hitherto unchallenged1 showed that1 on the most moderate reckoning1 alcohol makes #abd widows and orphans in ,england and ,wales every day1 or more than #de1jjj per annum4 #ge ,diseases of ,occupation1 by ,sir ,thomas ,oliver4 7,the ,new ,library of ,medicine1 #aijh47 #gf ,this chapter contains the substance of the author's ,friday evening discourse1 entitled 8,biology and ,history10 delivered before the ,royal ,institution of ,great ,britain and ,ireland1 ,february #ad1 #aijh4 ,the substance of two lectures to the ,royal ,institution1 entitled 8,biology and ,progress10 and delivered in ,february1 #aijg1 is also included in the present volume4 #gg 8,it is thus everywhere that foolish ,rumour babbles not of what was done1 but of what was misdone or undone2 and foolish ,history 7ever1 more or less1 the written epitomised synopsis of ,rumour7 knows so little that were not as well unknown4 ,attila invasions1 ,walter-the-,penniless ,crusades1 ,sicilian ,vespers1 ,thirty-,years' ,wars3 mere sin and misery2 not work1 but hindrance of work6 ,for the ,earth1 all this while1 was yearly green and yellow with her kind harvests2 the hand of the craftsman1 the mind of the thinker rested not3 and so1 after all1 and in spite of all1 we have this so glorious high-domed blossoming ,world2 concerning which1 poor ,history may well ask1 with wonder1 ,whence it came8 ,she knows so little of it1 knows so much of what obstructed it1 what would have rendered it impossible4 ,such1 nevertheless1 by necessity or foolish choice1 is her rule and practice2 whereby that paradox1 #8,happy the people whose annals are vacant1' is not without its true side40--,carlyle1 ,french ,revolution4 8,in a little while it would come to be felt that the true history of a nation was indeed not of its wars but of its households40--,ruskin1 ,time and ,tide4 #gh 8,literature1 taken in all its bearings1 forms the grand line of demarcation between the human and the animal kingdoms40--,william ,godwin4 #gi ,see the ,author's paper1 8,the ,essential ,factor of ,progress10 published in the ,monthly ,review1 ,april1 #aijf4 #hj ,gibbon does not enlighten us much on such vital matters3 but my attention has been called to the following passage1 not irrelevant here4 ,it is from the ,attic ,nights of ,aulus ,gellius1 ,book xii41 chap4 i41 written about ,a4,d4 #aej--;,gibbon's critical epoch4 ,i use the free translation of ,mr4 ,quintin ,waddington3-- 8,once when ,i was with the philosopher ,favorinus1 word was brought to him that the wife of one of his disciples had just given birth to a son4 8#8,let us go1' said he1 #8to enquire after the mother1 and to congratulate the father4' ,the latter was a noble of ,senatorial rank4 8,all of us who were present accompanied him to the house and went in with him4 ,meeting the father in the hall1 he embraced and congratulated him1 and1 sitting down1 enquired how his wife had come through the ordeal4 ,and when he heard that the young mother1 overcome with fatigue1 was now sleeping1 he began to speak more freely4 8#8,of course1' said he1 #8she will suckle the child herself4' ,and when the girl's mother said that her daughter must be spared1 and nurses obtained in order that the heavy strain of nursing the child should not be added to what she had already gone through1 #8,i beg of you1 dear lady1' said he1 #8to allow her to be a whole mother to her child4 ,is it not against nature1 and being only half a mother1 to give birth to a child1 and then at once to send him away8 ,to have nourished with her own blood and in her own body a something that she had never seen1 and then to refuse it her own milk1 now that she sees it living1 a human being1 demanding a mother's care8 ,or are you one of those who think that nature gave a woman breasts1 not that she might feed her children1 but as pretty little hillocks to give her bust a pleasing contour8 ,many indeed of our present-day ladies--whom you are far from resembling--do try to dry up and repress that sacred fount of the body1 the nourisher of the human race1 even at the risk they run from turning back and corrupting their milk1 lest it should take off from the charm of their beauty4 ,in doing this they act with the same folly as those1 who1 by the use of drugs and so forth1 endeavour to destroy the very embryo in their bodies1 lest a furrow should mar the smoothness of their skin1 and they should spoil their figures in becoming mothers4 ,if the destruction of a human being in its first inception1 whilst it is being formed1 whilst it is yet coming to life1 and is still in the hands of its artificer1 ,nature1 be deserving of public detestation and horror1 is it not nearly as bad to deprive the child of his proper and congenial nutriment to which he is accustomed1 now that he is perfected1 is born into the world1 is a child8 8,but it makes no difference--for as they say--so long as the child is nourished and lives1 with whose milk it is done4 8,why does he who says this1 since he is so dull in understanding nature1 think it also of no consequence in whose womb and from whose blood the child is formed and fashioned8 ,for is there not now in the breasts the same blood--whitened1 it is true1 by agration and heat--which was before in the womb8 ,and is not the wisdom of ,nature to be seen in this1 that as soon as the blood has done its work of forming the body down below1 and the time of birth has come1 it betakes itself to the upper parts of the body1 and is ready to cherish the spark of life and light by furnishing to the new-born babe his known and accustomed food8 ,and so it is not an idle belief1 that1 just as the strength and character of the seed have their influence in determining the likeness of the body and mind1 so do the nature and properties of the milk do their part in effecting the same results4 ,and this has been noticed1 not in man alone1 but in cattle as well4 ,for if kids are brought up on the milk of ewes1 or lambs on that of goats1 it is agreed that the latter have stiffer wool1 the former softer hair4 ,in the case of timber and fruit trees1 too1 the qualities of the water and soil from which they draw their nourishment have more influence in stunting or augmenting their growth than those of the seed which is sewn1 and often you may see a vigorous and healthy tree when transplanted into another place perish owing to the poverty of the soil4 8,is it then a reasonable thing to corrupt the fine qualities of the new-born man1 well endowed as to both body and mind so far as parentage is concerned1 with the unsuitable nourishment of degenerate and foreign milk8 ,especially is this the case1 if she whom you get to supply the milk is a slave or of servile estate1 and--as is very often the case--of a foreign and barbarous race1 if she is dishonest1 ugly1 unchaste1 or addicted to drink4 ,for generally any woman who happens to have milk is called in1 without further enquiry as to her suitability in other respects4 ,shall we allow this babe of ours to be tainted by pernicious contagion1 and to draw life into his body and mind from a body and mind debased8 ,this is the reason why we are so often surprised that the children of chaste mothers resemble their parents neither in body nor character4 8444 ,and besides these considerations1 who can afford to ignore or belittle the fact that those who desert their offspring and send them away from themselves1 and make them over to others to nurse1 cut1 or at least loosen and weaken that chain and connection of mind and affection by which ,nature attaches children to their parents4 ,for when the child1 sent elsewhere1 is away from sight1 the vigour of maternal solicitude little by little dies away1 and the call of motherly instinct grows silent1 and forgetfulness of a child sent away to nurse is not much less complete than that of one lost by death4 8,a child's thoughts and the love he is ever ready to give1 are occupied1 moreover1 with her alone from whom he derives his food1 and soon he has neither feeling nor affection for the mother who bore him4 ,the foundations of the filial feelings with which we are born being thus sapped and undermined1 whatever affection children thus brought up may seem to have for father and mother1 for the most part is not natural love1 but the result of social convention4'0 #ha ,cf4 the similar dicta of ,darwin and ,pearson 7p4 #bgi74 #hb ,national ,life from the ,standpoint of ,science1 p4 #ii4 #hc 8,decadence10 ,henry ,sidgwick ,memorial ,lecture1 by the ,rt4 ,hon4 ,a4 ,j4 ,balfour1 ,m4,p41 delivered at ,newnham ,college1 ,january #be1 #aijh4 7,cambridge ,university ,press47 #hd 8,restless activity proves the man10 as ,goethe says4 #he ,munera ,pulveris1 par4 #f4 #hf ,the ,data of ,ethics1 par4 #ig4 #hg ,hereditary ,genius1 ,prefatory ,chapter to ,edition of #aijb1 pp4 x4 and xxvii4 #hh 8,the ,survival-,value of ,religion10 ,fortnightly ,review1 ,april1 #aijf4 ,,index ,,of ,,subjects ,ability1 inheritance of1 #aad 8,acquired characters10 defined1 #aaa ,acquired characters1 ,lamarckian theory of the transmission of1 #bhc ---- progress1 #bfb ---- ----1 dangers of1 #bfe ---- ---- versus natural selection1 #bff ,acquirements1 transmission of1 by the art of writing1 #bfa ---- versus inborn characters1 #aja ,acromegaly1 #fg 8,adam ,bede01 #bih 8,adolescence10 by ,prof4 ,stanley ,hall1 #cah ,alcohol1 a racial poison1 #baa1 #bei ----1 an agent of selection1 #bjf ---- and eugenics1 #bjf ----1 and heredity1 #bjf ---- and human degeneration1 #bdb ---- and parenthood1 #bda ----1 effects of1 on the racial organs1 #bjh1 #bji 7note7 ----1 elimination by1 #bjf ----1 the friends of1 #bdc ---- trade1 the1 and widows and orphans1 #bde 8,alcohol and ,infancy10 by ,dr4 ,saleeby1 #bad 8,alcohol and the ,human ,body10 by ,sir ,victor ,horsley and ,mary ,d4 ,sturge1 #cai ,alcoholic ,imperialism1 #bdd ,alcoholism and the ,london ,county ,council1 #bjf ----1 both a cause and a symptom of degeneracy1 #bag ----1 parental1 its influence on the offspring1 #baa 8,alcoholism1 a ,chapter in ,social ,pathology10 by ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,sullivan1 #baa1 #bdb1 #cai 8,alcoholism1 a ,study in ,heredity10 by ,g4 ,archdall ,reid1 #cai ,ancestral inheritance1 the law of1 xiv ,ancestry of men of genius1 #aeb ----1 paternal and maternal1 of equal importance1 #aeb ,animal life and monogamy1 #afc ---- marriage1 #afb ,animals and promiscuity1 #afc ----1 the higher1 and monogamy1 #afc ,army1 inferior intelligence of the1 to that of the ,navy1 #ih 8,atavism10 defined1 #aaa 8,attic ,nights1 ,the10 of ,aulus ,gellius1 #bga 7note7 ,australia1 control of drunkards in1 #bdb 8,autobiography0 of ,herbert ,spencer1 #eh1 #aeb 8,avaris1 ,les10 by ,brieux1 #beb ,bacteria1 domination of1 #ic ----1 rate of increase of1 #afj ,bibliography of eugenics1 #cje ---- of racial poisons1 #cah ---- of transmissible diseases1 #cah ,biography1 as a guide to heredity1 #aeb ----1 neglect of ancestral data in1 #aeb 8,biology and ,history10 by ,dr4 ,saleeby1 #bed 7note7 8,biology1 ,the ,principles of10 by ,herbert ,spencer1 #cab ,biometrics1 the study of1 xiii ,birth-rate1 falling1 eugenic aspect of the1 #aj ---- in ,china1 #gh ---- in ,japan1 #gh ---- of man1 #gb ----1 statistics of1 #gd ,births1 ratio of1 of the sexes1 #bid 8,black ,stain1 ,the10 by ,g4 ,r4 ,sims1 #bcg1 #cai ,body1 the necessity of the1 #ec ----1 relation of the1 to the mind1 #eb ,brains1 breeding for1 #ed ,breeding for brains1 #ed ---- for energy1 #ff ---- for intelligence1 #adg1 #aej1 #aec ---- for motherhood1 #ade1 #adf ,celibacy1 non-eugenic results of1 #aaf ,census1 the uselessness of the1 #f1 #id 8,century ,dictionary1 ,the10 on eugenics1 #cad ,characters1 inborn1 versus acquirements1 #aja ,child-birth1 superstition about1 #ajf ,children1 eugenics and cruelty to1 #bie ----1 ,society for the ,prevention of ,cruelty to1 #bie 8,children of the ,nation1 ,the10 by ,sir ,john ,gorst1 #cai ,china1 the birth-rate in1 #gh ----1 racial state of1 #bgd ,church1 non-eugenic action of the1 #aaf ,civic worth1 #fh ,civilisation1 ideal1 #aag ,civilisations1 the decay of1 #bee ,cocaine1 the racial influence of1 #bej 8,collectivism1 ,individualism and10 by ,dr4 ,saleeby1 #aja 7note7 ,colour-blindness1 see ,daltonism ,conception1 attitude of eugenics before and after1 #cj 8,congenital0 defined1 #aje1 #aab 8,conscientiousness01 #aag ,crime1 eugenics and1 #agg ----1 theories of1 #agg ----1 treatment of1 #agh ,criminality and civic worth1 #fh 8,cry of the ,children1 ,the10 by ,g4 ,r4 ,sims1 #bcg1 #cai ,daltonism and heredity1 #agi 8,dark ages10 caused by the celibacy of the fittest1 #aaf 8,darwinism ,to-day10 by ,vernon ,l4 ,kellogg1 #cab 8,data of ,ethics1 ,the10 by ,spencer1 #cjb 7note7 ,deaf-mutism and heredity1 #agc ,death-rate1 a low1 the cause of the multiplication of man1 #gc ----1 influence of density of population on the1 #ge ----1 limitation of the1 #gh ----1 statistics of the1 #gd ,decadence1 ,national1 #bgi 8,decadence10 by ,a4 ,j4 ,balfour1 #bgi 8,degeneration10 defined1 #be 7note7 ,degeneration1 human1 and alcohol1 #bag1 #bdb ----1 racial1 #di 8,descent of ,man1 ,the10 by ,charles ,darwin1 #aga1 #aia1 #aig1 #bgi1 #caa 8,deterioration10 defined1 #be 7note7 ,diminution of offspring1 the eugenic value of1 #afb ,disease1 latency of1 #ajh ,diseases1 transmissible1 bibliography of1 #cah 8,diseases of ,occupation10 by ,sir ,thomas ,oliver1 #bdg 7note71 #cai 8,diseases of ,society3 ,the ,vice and ,crime ,problem10 by ,g4 ,k4 ,lydston1 #cah ,domestics1 the politics of the future1 #cc1 #bhe 8,drink ,problem1 ,the10 by ,fourteen ,medical ,authorities1 #cai 8,drink ,problem1 ,the10 by ,mrs4 ,scharlieb1 #bad ,drunkard1 influence of the1 on the race1 #bda ----1 marriage and parentage of the1 #bbj1 #bce ----1 the habitual1 control of1 in various countries1 #bdb ----1 ----1 treatment of1 by the ,london ,county ,council1 #ci 7note71 #bbj-bch ,drunkenness1 habitual1 imprisonment as a treatment for1 #bah ----1 increase of1 #bah ,early ,notification of ,births ,act1 #cc 8,economic ,classics01 #cab ,education1 age at which to begin1 #abe ---- and heredity1 #abh ---- and inequality1 #aca ---- and race culture1 #abj ----1 eugenic1 #aci ---- for parenthood1 xii1 #ach ----1 higher1 of woman1 non-eugenic effects of1 xiii1 #hi ---- in the principle of selection1 #acg ----1 modern1 the destruction of mind1 #abj ----1 sexual1 of children1 #aci ----1 ----1 of girls1 #cah ----1 the limits of1 #abc ----1 the provision of an environment1 #ab1 #abe ----1 the real functions of1 #acf 8,education10 by ,herbert ,spencer1 #cag ,elephant1 birth-rate of the1 #gb 7note7 ,emigration1 the eugenic evils of1 xi ----1 a remedy for over-population1 #hd ,energetic cost of reproduction1 the1 #hg ,energy1 breeding for1 #ff ----1 eugenic value of1 #bia ,environment1 education the provision of1 #ab1 #abe ----1 effects of1 #ajc ----1 good1 defined1 #bge ---- and heredity1 #abf ----1 of motherhood1 the1 #bgj ,epilepsy1 eugenics and1 #agf ,erect attitude1 the1 #ee 8,essential ,factor of ,progress1 ,the10 by ,dr4 ,saleeby1 #bfb ,eugenic sense1 the creation of a1 #add ,eugenics and alcohol1 #bjf ----1 bibliography of1 #cje ---- and conception1 #cj ---- and crime1 #agg ---- and cruelty to children1 #bie ---- and ,daltonism1 #agi ---- and hmophilia1 #agi ---- and insanity1 #age ----1 defined1 viii1 #cae ----1 epilepsy and1 #agf ----1 feeble-minded1 the1 and1 #agd ----1 higher education of woman1 and1 #hi ---- in ,germany1 #aed ----1 infant mortality1 and1 #bj ----1 international1 xi ----1 ,nietzscheanism and1 #bh ----1 politics and1 #aah ----1 positive and negative1 #agb ----1 present influence of1 on marriage1 #ahg ----1 religion and1 #cjc ----1 the aims of1 summarized1 #bgf1 #cji ----1 the classes of society and1 #aai ----1 the length of marriage engagements and1 #aih ----1 the morality of1 #cjc ----1 tuberculosis and1 #agh ----1 unemployment and1 #bic ----1 woman and1 #bid ,eugenics ,education ,society1 the1 #bbb1 #bbi1 #bcj1 #bii ---- ---- ----1 the history and objects of1 #aci ---- ---- ----1 the ,inebriates ,committee and1 #bdj ---- ---- ----1 the reform of drunkards and1 #bda 8,eugenics as a ,factor in ,religion10 by ,f4 ,galton1 #cae 8,eugenics1 ,its ,definition1 ,scope1 and ,aims10 by ,f4 ,galton1 #cad 8,eugenics1 ,national1 ,studies in10 by ,f4 ,galton1 #cae 8,eugenics1 ,national1 ,the ,scope and ,importance to the ,state of the ,science of10 by ,karl ,pearson1 #cae 8,eugenics1 ,probability the ,foundation of10 by ,f4 ,galton1 #cae 8,eugenics1 ,the ,obstacles to10 by ,dr4 ,saleeby1 #age 7note7 ,evolution and progress1 #dh ----1 introduction of the term1 #dh 7note7 8,evolution of ,marriage1 ,the10 by ,prof4 ,letourneau1 #cab 8,evolution of ,sex1 ,the10 by ,patrick ,geddes and ,j4 ,arthur ,thomson1 #cab 8,evolution1 the ,master ,key10 by ,dr4 ,saleeby1 #adg 8,evolution ,theory1 ,the10 by ,august ,weismann1 #caa ,examinations1 mental emetics1 #aba 8,family1 ,the10 by ,mrs4 ,elsie ,clews ,parsons1 #afa1 #cad ,fatherhood1 eugenic1 importance of1 #aed ----1 individual1 #aef ,feeble-minded1 eugenics and the1 #agd ----1 the ,london ,county ,council and the1 #bbi ----1 the ,royal ,commission on the1 #bae1 #bdb 8,fittest10 defined1 #dc ,france1 effect of ,napoleonic wars on1 #bhd ----1 increase of population in1 #gf ,francis ,galton ,eugenics ,laboratory1 the1 #cae 8,french ,revolution1 ,the10 by ,carlyle1 #bed 7note7 ,fulmar petrel1 the multiplication of the1 #gc 7note7 ,generation1 the independence of every1 #c ,genesis1 individuation and1 #hg 8,genetics1 the ,methods and ,scope of10 by ,prof4 ,w4 ,bateson1 #cjf ,genius1 infertility of1 #bhg1 #ib ----1 the production of1 #bhi ----1 the transmission of1 #bhi ----1 the value of1 to the world1 #bia 8,genius1 ,british1 ,a ,study of10 by ,havelock ,ellis1 #cjh 8,genius1 ,hereditary10 by ,f4 ,galton1 see ,hereditary ,genius ,germany1 eugenics in1 #aeh ----1 increase of population in1 #gf1 #gg 8,germinal10 defined1 #aaj ,germ-plasm1 immortality of the1 #bef 8,germ-plasm1 ,a ,theory of ,heredity1 ,the10 by ,august ,weismann1 #bjh1 #caa ,girls1 the sexual education of1 #cah ,great ,britain1 increase of population in1 #gf ,greece1 the fall of1 #bfj ,gymnasium versus playing fields1 #fc ,hmophilia and heredity1 #agi ,hampstead1 birth-rate of1 the lowest in ,london1 #gh 8,health1 ,strength and ,happiness10 by ,dr4 ,saleeby1 #aai 7note7 8,hereditary ,genius10 by ,f4 ,galton1 #ajg1 #aad1 #bhi1 #cjb 7note71 #cjg1 #cjh ,heredity1 alcohol and1 #bjf ----1 biography a guide to1 #aeb ----1 ,daltonism and1 #agi ----1 deaf-mutism and1 #agc ----1 education and1 #abh ----1 environment and1 #abf1 #bfi ----1 hmophilia and1 #agi ----1 obscured by acquired characters1 #ii ----1 race culture and1 #ii ----1 tuberculosis and1 #agi 8,heredity10 by ,prof4 ,j4 ,a4 ,thomson1 #ii1 #cje 8,heredity and ,environic ,forces10 ,dr4 ,t4 ,d4 ,mac,dougal on1 #bab 8,heredity and ,selection in ,sociology10 by ,george ,chatterton-,hill1 #caa 8,heredity1 ,alcoholism1 ,a ,study in10 by ,g4 ,archdall ,reid1 #cai 8,heredity1 ,the ,germ-,plasm1 ,a ,theory of10 by ,august ,weismann1 #caa 8,heredity1 ,the ,principles of10 by ,g4 ,archdall ,reid1 #caa 8,history10 defined1 #bed 8,history of ,human ,marriage1 ,the10 by ,e41 ,westermarck1 #cab 8,history of ,matrimonial ,institutions1 ,a10 by ,g4 ,e4 ,howard1 #cab 8,human ,breed1 ,the ,possible ,improvement of the1 etc410 by ,f4 ,galton1 #cad 8,human ,faculty1 ,inquiries into10 by ,f4 ,galton1 #cjh ,humanitarianism1 indiscriminate1 #bg ,hygiene1 individual and racial1 #bec ----1 school1 #fe 8,hygiene of ,mind1 ,the10 by ,t4 ,s4 ,clouston1 #cai 8,hygiene of ,nerves and ,mind10 by ,august ,forel1 #bdb1 #cai ,imperialism1 alcoholic1 #bdd ----1 the old and the new1 #cc1 #cd ,india as a wheat-producing country1 #hj ,individual versus race1 #bef 8,individualism and ,collectivism10 by ,dr4 ,saleeby1 #aja 7note7 ,individuation and genesis1 #hg ,inebriates1 see ,drunkards ---- ,act1 the1 #bbb1 #bbd1 #bbe1 #bcj ---- ----1 reports of the inspector under1 #cai ---- ,committee1 the ,report of the1 #bci ,inebriety1 see ,drunkenness 8,inebriety1 ,its ,causation and ,control10 by ,r4 ,welsh ,branthwaite1 #cai ,infancy1 helplessness of1 #c1 #adg1 #adh ----1 the mind of1 #abd ----1 the1 of slum children1 #ajb 8,infancy1 ,alcohol and10 by ,dr4 ,saleeby1 #bad ,infant mortality1 #ai1 #ig1 #ajd1 #aej1 #bjg1 #beg1 #bid ---- ---- among the ,jews1 #bgd ---- ----1 eugenics and1 #bj1 #bi1 #ca ---- ----1 first public mention of1 #cc ---- ---- in the east1 #gf ---- ----1 polygamy and1 #aff ---- ----1 reports of the #aijh conference on1 #cbj ---- ----1 the war against1 #ba 8,infant ,mortality10 by ,dr4 ,george ,newman1 #hf1 #cai 8,inherent10 defined1 #aji ,inheritance1 pecuniary1 non-eugenic influence of1 #aja ----1 see ,heredity 8,inquiries into ,human ,faculty10 by ,f4 ,galton1 #ib1 #abh1 #bij1 #cjh ,inquisition1 anti-eugenic effects of the1 #bfg ,insanity1 8breach of promise0 and1 #bjb ----1 eugenics and1 #age ----1 increase of1 #agf ,instinct1 plasticity of1 #adh1 #adi ,intelligence1 breeding for1 #adg1 #aej1 #aec ----1 the creation of1 #adi ----1 nature and1 #dj 8,intensity of life10 the1 #ia 8,janus in ,modern ,life10 by ,prof4 ,flinders ,petrie1 #bb ,japan1 birth-rate in1 #gh ----1 the racial development of1 #bfh ,jews1 the1 alcohol and1 #bge ---- motherhood and1 #bgd ----1 the survival of1 #bgb 8,kingdom of ,man1 ,the10 by ,sir ,e4 ,ray ,lankester1 #da 7note7 ,lamarckian theory of heredity1 the1 #acd1 #ace1 #bjh1 #bhc ---- ---- of racial degeneration1 #beh1 #bfa ,lead1 a racial poison1 #bdg 8,leviathan10 by ,hobbes1 #ajf 7note7 ,licensing ,bill of #aijh1 the1 #bbc1 #bcb-bcg ,life1 the continuity of1 #b ,london ,county ,council1 alcoholism and1 #bjf ---- ---- ----1 feeble-minded children and1 #bbi ---- ---- ----1 the treatment of inebriates by1 #ci 7note71 #bbj-bch ---- ,hospital1 gift to1 #aa 7note7 ,longevity1 marriage and1 #aia ,love1 eugenic value of1 #gj ----1 motherhood and1 #aeb ----1 survival value of1 #ea ----1 the two stages of1 #ahf 8,making of ,character1 ,the10 by ,prof4 ,mac,cunn1 #abd ,malaria1 a racial poison1 #bfj 8,malaria1 ,a ,neglected ,factor in the ,history of ,greece and ,rome10 by ,w4 ,h4 ,s4 ,jones1 #bfj1 #bhb1 #cai ,man1 the denudation and defencelessness of1 #eh ----1 the foundation of ,empire1 #bfb ----1 the future of1 #bii ----1 the latest product of evolution1 #ee ----1 the multiplication of1 #ga 8,man and ,woman10 by ,havelock ,ellis1 #cah ,marriage1 animal1 #afb ----1 average age at1 #ij ----1 breach of promise of1 and race culture1 #bja ----1 ---- ----1 the law of1 #bjb ----1 childless1 #afh ----1 contemporary1 eugenic value of1 #aih ----1 control of1 #ahd1 #ahf ----1 defined1 #agj ----1 engagement of1 eugenics and the length of1 #aih ----1 eugenic1 #cji ----1 ----1 preparation for1 #add ----1 ----1 utility of1 #afb1 #afc1 #afh ----1 happiness in1 extent of1 #aie ----1 human1 #afd ----1 inter-racial1 xi ----1 longevity and1 #aia ----1 8mixed0 games and1 #aif1 #aig ---- of cousins1 xii1 #afh ---- of the deaf and dumb1 #agc ----1 present influence of1 on eugenics1 #ahg ----1 procreation1 the paramount function of1 #aeh ----1 selection for1 #ahi ----1 ----1 by woman1 #aid ----1 socialism and1 #aih ----1 survival-value of1 #afd ---- systems1 ,english and ,french1 #aii ----1 the ball-room and1 #aif1 #aig ----1 the field of choice in1 #aie ----1 the ,income ,tax and1 #agd ----1 the1 of inebriates1 #bce ----1 the sanctity of1 #cac ----1 unselfish1 #add 8,marriage1 ,human1 ,the ,history of10 by ,e41 ,westermarck1 #cab 8,marriage1 ,restrictions in10 by ,f4 ,galton1 #ahe1 #bjd1 #cae 8,marriage1 ,the ,evolution of10 by ,prof4 ,letourneau1 #cab ,married women's labour1 #bgj 8,mass versus mind01 #ie ,maternal care1 development of1 #aej ---- impressions1 #aaa ,maternalism1 the principle of1 #afi ,maternity1 see ,motherhood 8,matrimonial ,institutions1 ,a ,history of10 by ,g4 ,e4 ,howard1 #cab 8,memories of my ,life10 by ,f4 ,galton1 vii1 #cjh ,mendelism1 #ajh1 #aah1 #bic 8,methods and ,scope of ,genetics1 ,the10 by ,prof4 ,w4 ,bateson1 #cjf ,mind1 selection of1 #eb ----1 the ascent of1 #cjj ----1 the determinator of leadership1 #ei ----1 the master in war1 #ig ----1 the relation of1 to the body1 #eb ---- versus mass1 #ie ---- ---- muscle1 #fe 8,mind1 ,the ,hygiene of10 by ,t4 ,s4 ,clouston1 #cai 8,mind1 ,hygiene of ,nerves and10 by ,august ,forel1 #cai ,monogamy1 eugenic value of1 #afe1 #agj ----1 survival-value of1 #aff ---- the ideal condition1 #aej ---- the rule among higher animals1 #afc ,morality1 survival-value of1 #ea ,morphinomania1 parental1 its influence on the offspring1 #bab ,motherhood1 #afi ---- and love1 #aeb ----1 breeding for1 #ade1 #adf ---- carried on by unskilled labour1 #aea ---- during the decline of ,rome1 #bgj1 #bga 7note7 ----1 education for1 #aea ----1 history and1 #bfi ----1 ,jewish1 #bgd ----1 psychical1 #aea1 #aec ----1 the elevation of1 #cb ----1 the environment provided by1 #bfi ----1 the evolution of1 #adi ----1 the safeguarding of1 #agj ----1 the subsidisation of1 #aea ,mothers1 school for1 #aea ,multiplication of man1 a low death-rate the cause of1 #gc ---- ----1 the laws of1 #hf ---- ----1 the rate of1 #ij ---- of the unfit1 #ahi1 #bgi 8,munera ,pulveris10 by ,john ,ruskin1 #cjb 7note71 #cbj ,muscle1 right training of1 #fb ----1 the cult of1 #fj ---- versus ,mind1 #fe ,muscles1 useless1 #fa ,narcotics1 irritant and non-irritant1 #bea ----1 possible racial influence of1 #bej 8,national ,life from the ,standpoint of ,science10 by ,karl ,pearson1 #bgi1 #cae 8,natural ,inheritance10 by ,f4 ,galton1 #cjh ,natural selection1 #ce et seq4 ---- ---- and racial degeneration1 #bfj ---- ---- versus acquired progress1 #bff ,nature1 the cruelty of1 #ch 8,nature10 defined1 #aaj 8,nature of ,man1 ,the10 by ,metchinkoff1 #ij ,navy1 superior intelligence of the1 to that of the ,army1 #ih 8,nemesis of ,nations1 ,the10 by ,w4 ,r4 ,paterson1 #bha ,new ,zealand1 control of drunkards in1 #bdb ,nicotine1 racial influence of1 #bea ,nietzscheanism1 eugenics and1 #bh ,nitrogen1 the fixation of1 #ha 8,noteworthy ,families01 #aad 7note7 8,nurture10 defined1 #aaj 8,obstacles to ,eugenics1 ,the10 by ,dr4 ,saleeby1 #age 7note7 ,opinion1 individual1 power of1 #ach ----1 public1 the education of1 #ad1 #ae ----1 the creation of1 #ach ,opium1 possible racial influence of1 #bea 8,ordeal of ,richard ,feverel1 ,the10 by ,george ,meredith1 #aab 7note7 8,origin of ,species1 ,the10 by ,charles ,darwin1 vii1 #gc 7note71 #caa 8,origin of ,vertebrates1 ,the10 by ,dr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,gaskell1 #ej 7note7 ,overcrowding1 #bj ---- and tuberculosis1 #aha ---- and unemployment1 #bic ,parenthood1 alcohol and1 #bda ----1 classification of society for1 #ajd 7note7 ----1 education for1 xii1 #ach ----1 eugenic power of1 #aii ---- of inebriates1 #bbj ----1 selection for1 vii1 viii ----1 the elevation of1 #bic1 #bid ----1 the link of life1 #c ----1 the most desirable1 #ia ----1 the rise of1 #afa ----1 the sanctity of1 #ach ,parents1 selection of1 #d ----1 proportion of1 to population1 #d ,paris1 hospitals in1 #bdg ,physique1 eugenic1 importance of1 #fi ,playing fields versus gymnasia1 #fc ,politics1 defined1 #bhf ----1 domestics the future1 #cc1 #bhe ----1 eugenics and1 #aah 8,politics10 ,aristotle's1 #afg ,polygamy and infant mortality1 #aff ----1 significance of1 #afe ,population1 density of1 influence of the1 on the death rate1 #ge ----1 increase of1 and the food supply1 #gi ----1 ----1 emigration a remedy for1 #hd ----1 ----1 safe extent of1 #ic ----1 ----1 statistics of1 #ge1 #gf ----1 quantity versus quality of1 #ic ----1 starvation a controller of1 #hd ----1 statistics of1 as data for prophecy1 #ic ----1 survival-value of1 #ij1 #ia ----1 the test of1 #ie 8,population and ,progress10 by ,montague ,crackanthorpe1 #cae 8,population1 ,the ,principles of10 by ,t4 ,r4 ,malthus1 #hc1 #he1 #cab 8,possible ,improvement of the ,human ,breed1 etc410 by ,f4 ,galton1 #cad ,posterity1 our duty to1 #aj 8,poverty and ,hereditary ,genius10 by ,constable1 #cjh ,prevention of ,crimes ,act1 ,the1 #agi 7note7 8,prevention of ,tuberculosis1 ,the10 by ,dr4 ,a4 ,newsholme1 #cai 8,principles of ,biology1 ,the10 by ,herbert ,spencer1 #hf1 #cab 8,principles of ,heredity1 ,the10 by ,g4 ,archdall ,reid1 #caa 8,principles of ,population1 ,the10 by ,t4 ,r4 ,malthus1 see 8,population1 ,the ,principles of0 8,probability1 the ,foundation of ,eugenics10 by ,f4 ,galton1 #cae ,progress1 acquired1 see ,acquired progress ---- defined1 #ej1 #cjc ----1 evolution and1 #dh ---- of achievement1 and of the race1 #d ----1 racial and acquired1 #bfb 8,progress1 ,population and10 by ,montague ,crackanthorpe1 #cae ,promiscuity among animals1 #afc ,public opinion1 education of1 #ad1 #ae ,quality versus quantity1 #bic ,race1 immortality of1 #bef ---- versus individual1 #bef ,race-culture and human variety1 #big ----1 education and1 #abj ----1 socialism and1 #acc ----1 the promise of1 #bhg 8,race-,culture or ,race ,suicide10 by ,r4 ,r4 ,rentoul1 #caf 8,race ,prejudice10 by ,jean ,finot1 #cah ,racial degeneration and natural selection1 #bfj ---- ----1 cause of1 #bfc ---- ----1 the ,lamarckian theory of1 #beh1 #bfc ---- instinct1 education of the1 xii ---- poisons1 the1 x1 #bdf ---- ---- and decadence1 #bei ---- ----1 bibliography of1 #cah 8,racial poisons10 introduction of the term1 #bje 8,racial ,hygiene or ,negative ,eugenics10 by ,dr4 ,saleeby1 #bje ,racial senility1 the fallacy of1 #bef 8,reformatory10 the word1 #bch ,regression towards mediocrity1 the law of1 #bhh ,religion1 eugenics and1 #cjc ----1 the survival-value of1 #cjc 8,religion1 ,eugenics as a ,factor in10 by ,f4 ,galton1 #cae ,religious persecution1 non-eugenic results of1 #aaf1 #bfd ,reproduction1 the cost of1 in energy1 #hg 8,republic1 ,the10 of ,plato1 #aff1 #cac 8,restrictions in ,marriage10 by ,f4 ,galton1 #ahe1 #bjd1 #cae ,reversed selection1 #bfe ---- ----1 the final cause of racial decay1 #bfd1 #bff ---- ----1 war a cause of1 #bhd 8,reversion10 defined1 #aaa ,rome1 the decline of1 #bha ----1 motherhood during the decline of1 #bgj ,russia1 increase of population in1 #gf ---- as a wheat-producing country1 #hj1 #ha 8,school hygiene01 #fe 8,scope and ,importance to the ,state of the ,science of ,national ,eugenics1 ,the10 by ,karl ,pearson1 #cae ,selection1 alcohol an agent in1 #bjf ---- and racial change1 #bfj ---- by marriage1 #ahi ---- for parentage1 vii1 viii ----1 natural1 see ,natural ,selection ---- of mind1 #eb ---- of woman1 for marriage1 #ahi ----1 reversed1 see ,reversed ,selection ----1 sexual1 #fg1 #aij1 #aig1 #bjb ----1 the principle of1 education in1 #acg 8,sex and ,society10 by ,w4 ,i4 ,thomas1 #cag 8,sex1 ,the ,evolution of10 by ,patrick ,geddes and ,j4 ,arthur ,thomson1 #cab 8,sexual ,choice01 #cad ,sexual education of children1 #aci ---- ---- of girls1 #cah ---- selection1 #fg1 #aij1 #aig1 #bjb 8,sexual ,selection in ,man10 by ,havelock ,ellis1 #bjb 8,sexuel ,frage1 ,die0 7,the ,sexual ,question71 by ,august ,forel1 #acj1 #bdb1 #bec1 #cbj ,siegfried1 the story of1 #cjd 8,social ,psychology10 by ,dr4 ,mc,dougall1 #aag ,socialism and education1 #abi1 #acj1 #acb ---- and marriage1 #aih ---- and race-culture1 #acc ---- and selection for marriage1 #aid ,society1 the classification of1 and eugenics1 #aai ----1 classification of1 for parenthood1 #ajd 7note7 8,society1 ,the ,diseases of10 by ,g4 ,f4 ,lydston1 #cah 8,society1 ,sex and10 by ,w4 ,i4 ,thomas1 #cag 8,sociological ,papers01 #da1 #aad 7note71 #ahe 7note71 #bgi1 #bhi1 #cad1 #cae ,sociological ,society1 the1 #bge 8,sociology1 ,heredity and ,selection in10 by ,g4 ,chatterton-,hill1 #caa 8,sociology1 ,the ,study of10 by ,herbert ,spencer1 #cag ,soldiers1 mistaken muscular training of1 #fc ,spain1 the racial condition of1 #bfg1 #bfh 8,spontaneous10 defined1 #bae ,starvation as a controller of population1 #hd ----1 extent of1 in ,england1 #hb ,stepney1 birth-rate of1 the highest in ,london1 #gh ,sterilization of mental and physical degenerates1 #caf ,strength versus skill1 #fb 8,struggle for existence10 the1 #db1 #hc1 #bhj 8,studies in ,national ,eugenics10 by ,f4 ,galton1 #cae 8,studies in the ,psychology of ,sex01 #bjb 8,study of ,british ,genius1 ,a10 by ,havelock ,ellis1 #cjh 8,study of ,sociology1 ,the10 by ,herbert ,spencer1 #aib1 #cag 8,survival of the fittest10 the1 #dc1 #di ,survival-value1 #df ---- of love1 #ea ---- of monogamy1 #ea ---- of population1 #ij1 #ia ---- of religion1 the1 #cjc ---- of the tape-worm1 #dg ----1 physical versus psychical1 #ej 8,survival-,value of ,religion1 ,the10 by ,dr4 ,saleeby1 #cjc ,syphilis1 a racial poison1 #beb 8,syphilology and ,venereal ,diseases10 by ,dr4 ,c4 ,f4 ,marshall1 #bec ,talent1 the production of1 #bij ,tape-worm1 survival value of the1 #dg ,tasmanians1 racial disappearance of the1 #beg ,taubach1 the ,driftmen of1 #ei ,temperance legislation1 the failure of1 #bcf 8,time and ,tide10 by ,john ,ruskin1 #if1 #aca1 #bed 7note71 #bif1 #cbj ,tobacco and the race1 #beg ----1 influence of1 on pregnancy1 #beb ,tuberculosis1 eugenics and1 #agi ----1 heredity and1 #ahj ----1 overcrowding and1 #aha ----1 racial extermination by1 #bfj 8,tuberculosis1 ,the ,prevention of10 by ,a4 ,newsholme1 #cai ,unemployment1 eugenics and1 #bic ----1 overcrowding and1 #bic ,united ,states1 control of drunkards in the1 #bdb ---- ----1 higher education of woman in the1 #hi ---- ----1 increase of population in the1 #gf ---- ----1 the1 a wheat-producing country1 #hj1 #ha 8,unto this ,last10 by ,john ,ruskin1 #cbj ,variation1 #big 8,variation1 ,heredity and ,evolution10 by ,r4 ,h4 ,lock1 #caa 8,variations in ,animals and ,plants10 by ,h4 ,m4 ,vernon1 #caa ,vertebrates1 evolution of the1 #ee ,vital economy1 the principle of1 #ag1 #ai ,war1 a cause of reversed selection1 #bhd ----1 mind the master in1 #ig ,wealth1 ,ruskin's definition of1 #ag 8,westminster ,gazette1 ,the10 on the population and the food supply1 #gi ,wheat1 improvement in1 #hb ---- problem1 the1 #gi 8,wheat ,problem1 ,the10 by ,sir ,william ,crookes1 #hj ,wheat1 ,prof4 ,biffen's1 #aji ,whiskey1 defined1 #bcb 8,widows and ,orphans10 and the alcohol trade1 #bde ,woman and eugenics1 #aic1 #bid ----1 employment of1 #bid ----1 the higher education of1 non-eugenic effects of1 #hi ,women1 married1 and labour1 #bgj ----1 secret drinking by1 #bcb ----1 selection for marriage by1 #aid ,work1 the eugenic necessity of1 #bfd ,writing1 the art of1 as a means of transmission1 #bfa 8,yellow ,peril10 the1 #gh1 #bfi 8,youth1 its ,education1 ,regimen and ,hygiene10 by ,stanley ,hall1 #cah ,,index ,,of ,,names ,aristotle1 #bfb ---- on motherhood1 #afg ---- on racial decay1 #bef1 #beg ----1 8,politics10 by1 #afg ,arnold1 ,matthew1 #bhi ----1 ,thomas1 #bhi ,asquith1 ,h4 ,h41 #bcd ,bach1 #cjj ---- family1 the1 #bhi ,bacon on the command of ,nature1 #ac1 #bf1 #da ,balfour1 ,a4 ,j41 #bbh ----1 ----1 on decadence1 #bcd1 #bgi1 #bhj ----1 ----1 on intemperance1 #bce ----1 ----1 on legislation1 #bcc ----1 ----1 on ,licensing ,bill of #aijh1 #bcc ----1 ----1 on politics1 #bhf ,ballantyne1 ,dr41 on the unborn infant1 #cbj ,barker1 ,ernest1 on the destruction of marriage1 #afg ,bateson1 ,prof4 ,w41 8,methods and ,scope of ,genetics10 by1 #cjf ,bateson1 ,prof4 ,w41 on education1 #abj ----1 ----1 on ,mendelism1 #cjf ,beethoven1 #abg1 #adf1 #bhi1 #bib ,bertillon1 ,m41 on marital longevity1 #aib ,biffen1 ,prof41 and his experiments on wheat1 #aji ,booth1 the ,rt4 ,hon4 ,charles1 on the extent of starvation1 #hb ,bouchacourt on the care of motherhood1 #ade ,bourneville1 on lead poisoning1 #bdg ,branthwaite1 ,dr4 ,r4 ,welsh1 #bbh1 #bch ----1 ----1 8,inebriety1 ,its ,causation and ,control10 by1 #bag 7note71 #cai ----1 ----1 on alcoholism as a symptom of degeneracy1 #bag ,brieux1 8,les ,avaris01 #beb ,brooks1 ,graham1 on the ,negro race1 xi ,brouardel1 parental morphinomania1 #bab ,browning1 ,robert1 #ace ,buckle1 #bfg ,buddha1 #adf ,bulstrode1 ,dr41 on tuberculosis1 #aha 7note7 ,burchell1 #eb ,burns1 the ,rt4 ,hon4 ,john1 on motherhood1 #cb ,byron on the decay of nations1 #bee ,cakebread1 ,jane1 the case of1 #bbb1 #bbe1 #bbh1 #bch ,carlyle1 ,thomas1 #cji ----1 ----1 on history1 #bed 7note7 ----1 ----1 8,the ,french ,revolution10 by1 #bed 7note7 ,chatterton-,hill1 ,george1 8,heredity and ,selection in ,sociology10 by1 #caa ,chesterton1 ,g4 ,k41 on eugenics1 #aeh 7note7 ,clouston1 ,t4 ,s41 8,the ,hygiene of ,mind10 by1 #cai ,cobden1 ,richard1 #ag ,cohn on the multiplication of bacteria1 #afj ,coleridge1 #bfb ,combemale1 experiments of1 in alcoholism1 #baa ,constable1 8,poverty and ,hereditary ,genius10 by1 #cjh ,copernicus1 #ahj ,cottrell1 ,mr41 on the population of ,london1 #gf ,crackanthorpe1 ,mr4 ,montague1 on the birth rate1 #ie ----1 ----1 8,population and ,progress10 by1 #cae ,crichton-,browne1 ,sir ,james1 on education1 #abe ,crookes1 ,sir ,william1 #he ----1 ----1 on the wheat supply1 #hj ----1 ----1 8,the ,wheat ,problem10 by1 #hj ,darwin1 ,charles1 #db1 #bcf1 #bif1 #cja1 #cjg1 #cac ----1 ----1 and the effect of music on plants1 #abg ----1 ----1 centenary of the birth of1 vii ----1 ----1 his talented ancestry and kindred1 #bhi ----1 ----1 on degeneration1 #aga ----1 ----1 on national rise and decline1 #bge 7note7 ----1 ----1 on natural selection1 #hc1 #acg1 #bfj1 #bfa ----1 ----1 on sexual selection1 #fg1 #aij1 #aig ----1 ----1 on the elephant1 #gb 7note7 ----1 ----1 on the future1 #bic ----1 ----1 on the multiplication of the unfit1 #bbg1 #bgi ----1 ----1 on the queen bee1 #dd ----1 ----1 on vitality and muscularity1 #fg 7note7 ----1 ----1 ,ruskin on1 #ie ----1 ----1 8,the ,descent of ,man10 by1 #aga1 #aia1 #aig1 #bgi1 #caa ----1 ----1 8,the ,origin of ,species10 by1 #dc1 #gc 7note71 #caa ,darwin1 ,erasmus1 the grandfather of ,charles ,darwin1 #bhi1 #bij ----1 ,francis1 #bij ----1 ,sir ,george1 #bij ,demme and parental alcoholism1 #bab ,disraeli on circumstances1 #adi ,down1 ,dr4 ,langdon1 on drunkenness and the feeble-minded1 #bai ,dunlop1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,r41 on habitual drunkenness1 #bai ,eccles1 ,mc,adam1 on alcohol and the racial organs1 #bji ----1 ----1 on drunkenness1 #bba ,ellis1 ,havelock1 8,a ,study of ,british ,genius10 by1 #cjh ----1 ----1 8,man and ,woman10 by1 #cah ----1 ----1 on drunkenness1 #bai ----1 ----1 on sexual selection1 #bjb1 #bjd ----1 ----1 on socialism and education1 #acb ----1 ----1 8,sexual ,selection in ,man10 by1 #bjb ,emerson on mass versus mind1 #if ---- on the morality of the universe1 #cg ,empedocles on survival value1 #df ,epictetus on fools1 #acj ,etienne on opinion as ruler1 #bcd ,fr on alcohol1 #bjg ,ferrier1 ,prof4 ,david1 on habitual drunkenness1 #bai ,finot1 ,jean1 on the ,negro race1 xi ----1 ----1 8,race ,prejudice10 by1 #cah ,fleck1 ,dr41 on drunkenness and the feeble-minded1 #bai ,forel1 ,prof4 ,august1 #ag1 #acg ----1 ----1 8,die ,sexuel ,frage10 by #acj1 #bdb1 #bec1 #cbj ----1 ----1 8,hygiene of ,nerves and ,mind10 by1 #bdb1 #cai ----1 ----1 on alcohol as a racial poison1 #bdd ----1 ----1 on alcoholism and heredity1 #bdb ----1 ----1 on education1 #abi1 #acj ----1 ----1 on our duty to posterity1 #ce ----1 ----1 on the future of the race1 #aga ----1 ----1 on the nervous system1 #ec ----1 ----1 on the sexual education of children1 #aci ,galton1 ,francis1 vii1 #aaj1 #bjf1 #bic1 #cjg ----1 ----1 and acquired characters1 the non-transmission of1 #aad 7note71 #baf1 #bei ----1 ----1 and biometrics1 xiii ----1 ----1 and eugenics1 positive and negative1 #agb ----1 ----1 and ,g4 ,b4 ,shaw1 #aee ----1 ----1 and the law of regression towards mediocrity1 #bhi ----1 ----1 8,eugenics as a ,factor in ,religion10 by1 #cae ----1 ----1 8,eugenics1 its ,definition1 ,scope1 and ,aims10 by1 #cad ----1 ----1 8,hereditary ,genius10 by #ajg1 #aad1 #bhi1 #cjb 7note71 #cjg1 #cjh ----1 ----1 his kinship to ,darwin1 #bhi ----1 ----1 8,inquiries into ,human ,faculty10 by1 #ib1 #abh1 #bij1 #cjh ----1 ----1 8,memories of my ,life10 by1 vii1 #cjh ----1 ----1 8,natural ,inheritance10 by1 #cjh ----1 ----1 on ancestry1 a rational pride in1 #add ----1 ----1 on breeding for ability1 #aec ----1 ----1 ---- energy1 #fg1 #aec ----1 ----1 ---- health1 #ade1 #aec ----1 ----1 on civic worth1 #fh ----1 ----1 on civilisation1 #aag ----1 ----1 on energy1 #aic 7note71 #bij ----1 ----1 on eugenics1 the meaning and the aims of1 #aeg1 #bih1 #cae ----1 ----1 on functionally produced modifications1 the non-inheritance of1 #baa ----1 ----1 on genius1 hereditary1 #ajg1 #aad ----1 ----1 ----1 the quality of1 #aad 7note7 ----1 ----1 on human intelligence1 #da ----1 ----1 on human variety1 #bih ----1 ----1 on marriage1 eugenic1 #afh ----1 ----1 ----1 late1 #ib ----1 ----1 ----1 the subsidisation of1 #bjj ----1 ----1 on motherhood1 the subsidisation of1 #aeg ----1 ----1 on national eugenics1 #aae ----1 ----1 on national rise and decline1 #bgi ----1 ----1 on public opinion1 the formation of1 #ae ----1 ----1 on society1 the eugenic value of the various classes of1 #ajd ----1 ----1 on sociology1 the duties of1 #bge ----1 ----1 on the desirable qualities1 #bii ----1 ----1 on the future of man1 #cjb ----1 ----1 on the production of genius1 #bhh ----1 ----1 on the production of talent1 #bib ----1 ----1 8,probability the ,foundation of ,eugenics10 by1 #cae ----1 ----1 8,restrictions in ,marriage10 by1 #ahe1 #bjd1 #cae ----1 ----1 8,studies in ,national ,eugenics10 by1 #cae ----1 ----1 8,the ,possible ,improvement of the ,human ,breed1 under existing ,conditions of ,law and ,sentiment10 by1 #cad ,gaskell1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,h41 8,the ,origin of ,vertebrates10 by1 #ej 7note7 ,geddes1 ,prof4 ,patrick1 on ,government1 #abb ----1 ----1 8,the ,evolution of ,sex10 by1 and ,prof4 ,j4 ,a4 ,thomson1 #cab ,gibbon1 #bga 7note7 ---- on history1 #bed ---- on the necessity for advance or retrogression1 #bff ,gladstone1 ,herbert1 and the treatment of chronic inebriates by the ,london ,county ,council1 #bbb1 #bbc ,godwin1 ,william1 on literature1 #bfb 7note7 ,goethe on activity1 #bia 7note7 ---- on fate and chance1 #ab ---- on ignorance1 #bbc ---- on marriage1 #afh ---- on the education of race1 #acf ,gorst1 ,sir ,john1 8,the ,children of the ,nation10 by1 #cai ,hall1 ,prof4 ,stanley1 8,adolescence10 by1 #cah ----1 ----1 8,youth1 its ,education1 ,regimen and ,hygiene10 by1 #cah ,helvetius on the influence of education1 #abh ,hobbes1 ,thomas1 on 8,words01 #ajf ----1 ----1 8,leviathan10 by1 #ajf 7note7 ,holmes1 ,mr4 ,thomas1 on habitual drunkenness1 #bbj ,horsley1 ,sir ,victor1 and ,mary ,d4 ,sturge1 8,alcohol and the ,human ,body10 by1 #cai ,howard1 ,g4 ,e41 8,a ,history of ,matrimonial ,institutions10 by1 #cab ,huxley1 #bi1 #dj1 #eh1 #bhj1 #bha ----1 8,evolution and ,ethics10 by1 #bf ---- on cosmic nature1 #bf1 #cf1 #ci 7note7 ---- on ,pasteur1 #id ---- on public opinion1 #ace ---- on the multiplication of the unfit1 #bbg ,im ,thurn1 ,mr41 on marriage customs of ,guiana1 #ahd ,jones1 ,dr4 ,robert1 on the case of ,jane ,cakebread1 #cbh ,jones1 ,w4 ,h4 ,s41 8,malaria3 a ,neglected ,factor in the ,history of ,greece and ,rome10 by1 #cai ,joubert1 #ah ,kant1 #d1 #hg ---- on the influence of education1 #abh ,keats1 #df1 #ej ,kellogg1 ,vernon ,l41 8,darwinism ,to-day10 by1 #cab ,kelvin1 ,lord1 his services to life1 #ie ,kipling1 ,rudyard1 and imperialism1 #bdd1 #bde ----1 ----1 on breeds in the making1 #bde ----1 ----1 on emigration1 #i ,kirby1 ,miss1 on the feeble-minded1 #bbj ,kirkup1 ,thomas1 on ,malthusianism1 #hd ,koch and tuberculosis1 #ahj ,lamarck1 #cf ---- on inheritance of acquired characters1 #acd1 #beh1 #bei1 #bfa ---- versus ,weismann1 #bjf1 #bjg1 #bjh ,lankester1 ,sir ,e4 ,ray1 on man1 the controller of nature1 #da ----1 ----1 on the multiplication of man1 #i1 #ga1 #gb ----1 ----1 on the struggle for existence1 #db1 #bhj ----1 ----1 8,the ,kingdom of ,man10 by1 #da 7note7 ,legrain on alcoholism and heredity1 #bbj ,leonardo da ,vinci1 #bfd ,letourneau1 ,prof41 8,the ,evolution of ,marriage10 by1 #cab ,lewin on lead poisoning1 #bdh ,lister1 ,lord1 his services to life1 #ie ,livingstone1 ,dr41 on ,african marriage customs1 #ahd ,lock1 ,r4 ,h41 8,variation1 ,heredity and ,evolution10 by1 #caa ,lombroso1 criminological work of1 #agg ,london1 ,bishop of1 on the falling birth-rate1 #if ,love1 ,dr41 on deaf-mutism1 #agd ,lowell1 ,j4 ,r41 on human suffering1 #acj ,lucretius1 #ab1 #bfj ,lydston1 ,g4 ,f41 8,the ,diseases of ,society3 the ,vice and ,crime ,problem10 by1 #cah ,mac,cunn1 ,prof41 on the infant mind1 #abd ----1 ----1 8,the ,making of ,character10 by1 #abd ,mac,dougal1 ,dr4 ,t4 ,d41 on 8,heredity and ,environic ,forces01 #baj ,mc,dougall1 ,dr4 ,w41 on infant mortality1 #bc ----1 ----1 on transmissible characters1 #aag ----1 ----1 8,social ,psychology10 by1 #aag ,magee1 ,archbishop1 #bdc ,malthus1 ,t4 ,r41 #ag1 #cac ----1 ----1 his theory1 #hj1 #hc ----1 ----1 ignorance as to his essay1 #he ----1 ----1 importance of his doctrine to-day1 #he ----1 ----1 8,the ,principles of ,population10 by1 #hc1 #he1 #cab ,marcus ,aurelius1 #bih ,marshall1 ,dr4 ,c4 ,f41 on alcohol and syphilis1 #bec ----1 ----1 8,syphilology0 by1 #bec ,maudsley1 ,dr41 on eugenics1 #ahg ,mendel1 the theory of1 #ajh1 #cjg ,meredith1 ,george1 #cg1 #bca1 #bhg ----1 ----1 8,the ,ordeal of ,richard ,feverel10 by1 #aab 7note7 ,metchnikoff1 on age at marriage1 #ij ----1 8,the ,nature of ,man10 by1 #ij ,mill1 ,james1 #bhi ----1 ,john ,stuart1 #ahb1 #bhi ----1 ----1 on nature1 #ch ,milton1 #bib ,morgan1 ,prof4 ,lloyd1 8,survival ,value01 #df ,mott1 ,dr4 ,f4 ,w41 on habitual drunkenness1 #bai ,mozart1 #abf ,napoleon1 the wars of1 cause of reversed selection in ,france1 #bhd ,newman1 ,dr4 ,george1 on the falling birth-rate1 #hf 7note7 ----1 ----1 8,infant ,mortality10 by1 #hf1 #cai ,newsholme1 ,dr4 ,a41 on tuberculosis1 #ahb ----1 ----1 8,the ,prevention of ,tuberculosis10 by1 #cai ,newton1 ,sir ,isaac1 #f1 #adf1 #bhh1 #cjj1 #cja ----1 saved by motherhood1 #aej ,nietzsche and the ,darwinian theory1 #ea ---- and the super-man theory1 #be ---- and 8transvaluation10 #aja ---- on organic evolution1 #aeh ,oliver1 ,sir ,thomas1 on lead poisoning1 #bdg1 #bdh1 #bdi ----1 ----1 8,diseases of ,occupation10 by1 #bdg 7note71 #cai ,palestrina1 #abg ,palmerston1 ,lord1 #aca ,parsons1 ,dr4 ,elsie ,clews1 on diminution of offspring1 #afb ----1 ----1 on parentage1 #afa1 #afb ----1 ----1 8,the ,family10 by1 #cad ,pascal1 #eb ,pasteur and tuberculosis1 #ahj ----1 his value to the ,french nation1 #id ---- on the abolition of disease1 #gb ,paterson1 ,w4 ,r41 on slavery1 the cause of the fall of empires1 #bha ----1 ----1 8,the ,nemesis of ,nations10 by1 #bha ,pearson1 ,prof4 ,karl1 #cad ----1 ----1 and biometrics1 xiii ----1 ----1 8,national ,life from the ,standpoint of ,science10 by1 #bgi1 #cae ----1 ----1 on national rise and decline1 #bge 7note71 #bgi ----1 ----1 on the multiplication of the yellow races1 #gh ----1 ----1 8,the ,scope and ,importance to the ,state of the ,science of ,national ,eugenics10 by1 #cae ,pericles1 #bib ,petrie1 ,prof4 ,flinders1 8,janus in ,modern ,life10 by1 #bb ----1 ----1 on infantile mortality1 #bb ,plato and motherhood1 #aff ---- and the destruction of the family1 #afi1 #cac ---- on the duty of ,governments1 #bgf ---- on racial decay1 #bef1 #beg ---- on the sanctity of marriage1 #cac ---- on the ,state as mother1 #cac ----1 8,the ,republic10 of1 #aff1 #cac1 #cad ,pope1 on genius and insanity1 #agf ,potts1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,a41 on 8,the ,relation of ,alcohol to ,feeble-mindedness01 #bad1 #baf ,ranke1 ,prof41 on the mind of man1 #ei ,ravenhill1 ,miss ,alice1 on 8,education for ,motherhood01 #cb ----1 ----1 on the education of girls1 #cbj ,reid1 ,dr4 ,archdall1 on alcohol1 #bjf1 #baa ----1 ----1 on humanitarianism and deterioration1 #bd1 #be ----1 ----1 on the marriage of drunkards1 #bce ----1 ----1 on the resistance of the germ-plasm1 #bej ----1 ----1 8,alcoholism1 ,a ,study in ,heredity10 by1 #cai ----1 ----1 8,the ,principles of ,heredity10 by1 #caa ,rembrandt1 #d ,rennert on lead poisoning1 #bdg1 #bdh ,rentoul1 ,dr4 ,r4 ,r41 on the sterilisation of mental and physical degenerates1 #caf ----1 ----1 8,race ,culture or ,race ,suicide10 by1 #caf ,reynolds1 ,sir ,alfred1 on the treatment of inebriates1 #bbf1 #bcj ,roche1 ,sir ,boyle1 on posterity1 #aa ,roques on lead poisoning1 #bdg ,ross1 ,prof4 ,ronald1 8,malaria1 ,a ,neglected ,factor in the ,history of ,greece and ,rome10 introduced by1 #cai ----1 ----1 on malaria as a cause of national decay1 #bfj1 #bhb ,rowntree1 ,b4 ,seebohm1 on the extent of starvation1 #hb ,ruskin1 ,john1 8,munera ,pulveris10 by1 #cjb 7note71 #cbj ----1 8,time and ,tide10 by1 #if1 #aca1 #bed 7note71 #bif1 #cbj ----1 8,unto this ,last10 by1 #cbj ---- on ,darwin1 #ie ---- on education and inequality1 #aca ---- on life the only wealth1 #ag1 #acc1 #bfi ---- on marriage1 #bif ---- on mass versus mind1 #if ---- on posterity1 #bhg ---- on the duty of ,governments1 #ah1 #bgf ---- on the future of man1 #cjb ---- on the manufacture of souls1 #bgj ---- on the neglect of children1 #ade ---- on the neglect of woman1 #ade ---- on true history1 #bed 7note7 ---- on work1 #bfd ,st4 ,francis1 #cja ,saleeby1 ,dr41 8,alcohol and ,infancy10 by1 #bad ----1 ----1 and ,g4 ,b4 ,shaw1 his controversy on marriage with1 #aeg ----1 ----1 8,evolution1 the ,master ,key10 by1 #adg ----1 ----1 8,health1 ,strength and ,happiness10 by1 #aai 7note7 ----1 ----1 8,individualism and ,collectivism10 by1 #aja 7note7 ----1 ----1 8,obstacles to ,eugenics10 by1 #age 7note7 ----1 ----1 on biology and history1 #bed 7note7 ----1 ----1 on ,london's inebriates1 the case of1 #bbf ----1 ----1 on progress1 #bfb ----1 ----1 on the survival-value of religion1 #cjc ----1 ----1 on widows and orphans made by alcohol1 #bde ----1 ----1 8,the ,essential ,factor of ,progress10 by1 #bfb ,salisbury1 ,lord1 his attack on evolution1 #de ----1 ----1 on ,spain a dying nation1 #bfh ,sandow1 #ace ---- and the development of physique1 #fd ,scharlieb1 ,mrs41 on maternal alcoholism1 #bad 7note7 ----1 ----1 8,the ,drink ,problem10 by1 #bad 7note7 ,schopenhauer on love intrigue1 #aig 7note7 ,schubert1 #df1 #ej ,seton1 ,ernest ,thompson1 on animal marriage1 #afc ,shakespeare1 #f1 #abf1 #adf1 #bde1 #bee1 #bhg1 #bic1 #cja ----1 ancestry of1 #ajg-aji ----1 quoted1 xii1 #eh 7note71 #ig1 #bca1 #bgh ,shaw1 ,dr4 ,claye1 on maternal alcoholism1 #bac ----1 ,george ,bernard1 #he1 #afi ----1 ----1 on eugenics1 #aee1 #aef ----1 ----1 on heredity1 #ajb ----1 ----1 on marriage1 his controversy with ,dr4 ,saleeby1 #aeg ----1 ----1 on motherhood1 #aff ,shaw1 ,dr4 ,claye1 on the ,state as mother1 #aef ,shelley1 #aca ,simpson1 ,sir ,james1 on the inheritance of acquired characters1 #acf ,sims1 ,g4 ,r41 on children1 the protection of1 #bcg ----1 ----1 on habitual drunkards1 the treatment of1 #bbb ----1 ----1 8on the cry of the children01 #bie ----1 ----1 8,the ,black ,stain10 by1 #bcg1 #cai ----1 ----1 8,the ,cry of the ,children10 by1 #bcg1 #cai ,smith1 ,adam1 #ag ,socrates1 #cac1 #cad ,sombart1 ,dr41 on the population of ,germany1 #gg ,sophocles1 quoted1 #eb ,spencer1 ,herbert1 #d1 #i1 #he1 #bif1 #cjj ----1 absence of early education of1 #abj ---- and evolution1 #dc1 #dh ---- and functionally produced modifications1 #aaa ---- and his reply to ,lord ,salisbury's attack on evolution1 #de ---- and ,huxley1 #bf ---- and 8social organisms01 #bef ---- on the cosmic process1 #be ---- on the defencelessness of man1 #eh ---- on education1 #aca ---- on education for parenthood1 #adj ---- on human fertility1 #hi1 #ij1 #ia1 #ib ---- on individuation and genesis1 #bhh ---- on marital longevity1 #aia1 #aib ---- on marriage1 #afd ---- on natural selection1 #ce ---- on parenthood1 #hh ---- on the future of man1 #cja1 #cjb ---- on the laws of multiplication1 #hf1 #hg1 #bff ---- on woman and selection for marriage1 #aic ----1 the ancestry of1 #aeb ----1 the 8,autobiography0 of1 #ce1 #eh1 #fe1 #aeb ----1 8,the ,data of ,ethics10 by1 #cjb 7note7 ----1 8the survival of the fittest01 #bc 7note71 #dc1 #dd1 #hd1 #bfj ----1 8,education10 by1 #cag ----1 8,the ,principles of ,biology10 by1 #hf1 #cab ----1 8,the ,study of ,sociology10 by1 #aib1 #cag ,spinoza1 #df1 #ej ,stark1 ,dr41 on marital longevity1 #aib ,sturge1 ,mary ,d41 and ,sir ,victor ,horsley1 8,alcohol and the ,human ,body10 by1 #cai ,sullivan1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,c41 8,alcoholism10 by1 #baa1 #bdb1 #cai ----1 ----1 on alcohol and alcoholism1 #bjg1 #baa-bac1 #bbj ,sutherland on parental care1 #afb ,theognis on pecuniary inheritance1 #aja ---- on the duty of ,governments1 #bgf ,thomas1 ,w4 ,i41 8,sex and ,society10 by1 #cag ,thompson1 ,francis1 #abh ,thomson1 ,prof4 ,j4 ,a41 8,heredity10 by1 #ii1 #cje ----1 ----1 on 8inheritance01 #aaj 7note7 ----1 ----1 on race culture1 #ii ----1 ----1 on reversion1 #aaa ----1 ----1 8,the ,evolution of ,sex10 by1 and ,patrick ,geddes1 #cab ----1 ----1 translator of ,weismann1 #caa ----1 ,m4 ,r41 translator of ,weismann1 #caa ,thoreau1 quoted1 #agc ,tille on man the wealth of nations1 #ag ,tintoretto1 #bhh ,turner1 ,sir ,william1 on the human foot1 #fa ,urquhart1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,r41 on habitual drunkenness1 #bai ,vernon1 ,h4 ,m41 8,variations in ,animals and ,plants10 by1 #caa ,villemin and tuberculosis1 #ahj ,waddington1 ,mr4 ,quintin1 his translation of ,aulus ,gellius1 #bga 7note7 ,wagner1 8,siegfried01 #cjc ,wallace1 ,alfred ,russel1 #cad ----1 ----1 on matrimonial choice by women1 #aid ----1 ----1 on natural selection1 #hc ,watson1 ,william1 the patriotism of1 x ,watts1 ,g4 ,f41 #d ,wedgwood1 ,josiah1 maternal grandfather of ,charles ,darwin1 #bhi ,weismann1 ,august1 #bjf1 #baa1 #baf1 #bdh1 #bhj ----1 his controversy with ,lamarck1 #bjh ----1 on parental alcoholism1 #bjh-baj ----1 8,the ,germ-,plasm3 a ,theory in ,heredity10 by1 #bjh1 #caa ----1 8,the ,evolution ,theory10 by1 #caa ,wellington1 ,duke of1 #abh ,wells1 ,h4 ,g41 on the multiplication of the unfit1 #ad ---- on ,spencer's terminology1 #dc1 #dd1 #di ,westermarck1 ,dr4 ,e41 on marriage1 #aeh1 #afe ----1 ----1 on the control of marriage1 #ahd ----1 ----1 8,the ,history of ,human ,marriage10 by1 #cab ,wordsworth1 #d1 #bdd1 #cja1 #cjb ----1 absence of early education of1 #abj ---- on the decay of nations1 #bhd ----1 quoted1 #ce1 #bgg1 #cjj ,printed by ,the ,east of ,england ,printing ,works1 ,london and ,norwich 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's notes3 ,this text was produced using page images of the book available from the ,internet ,archive 7 http3_/_/archive4org_/details_/parenthoo dracec#jjsale 74 ,every effort has been made to convey accurately the original work4 ,three typographical corrections have been made3 in 8millenium01 8symptons01 and 8be becomes guided by04 ,quotation marks have been added to balance quotes when missing1 and when supported by other sources2 similarly with other cases of obviously missing punctuation4 ,inconsistent hyphenation has been retained 7e4g4 8overcrowding0 vs4 8over-crowding074 ,italic text is surrounded by underscores4 ,bold text is surrounded by equal signs4 ,text in small capitals1 such as quote attributions and the table of contents detail1 has been rendered in regular case4 ,index entries that use ,roman numerals 7referring to the ,preface7 have each had two pages added due to obvious errors in the original4 ,footnotes have been numbered and collected at the end of the text but before the indices4