,illu/ration3 ,,*e%ire4 ,,roads ,,ox=d ,,c\nty ,,hi/ories ,,*e%ire ,,by ,,*>les ,e4 ,,kelsey1 ,m4,a4 ,,) ,,t5 ,,maps ,,& ,,=ty-,,n9e ,,illu/rations ,,ox=d ,,at ,,! ,,cl>5don ,,press #aiaa ,,h5ry ,,fr[de1 ,m4,a4 ,,publi%] ,,to ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,ox=d ,,london1 ,,ed9burgh1 ,,new ,,york ,,toronto ,,& ,,melb\rne ,,preface ,! aim ( ! pres5t volume 9 ! ,ox=d ,s]ies ( ,c\nty ,hi/ories = ,s*ools is to assi/ ! /udy ( ! progress ( ! ,engli% p by an exam9ation ( local antiquities1 visits to anci5t sites & build+s1 & sugge/ions ( big national movem5ts f local incid5t4 ,an attempt is made to fo/] ! p[]s ( obs]vation 9 *ildr5 by %[+ !m h[ to connect v>i\s /yles ( ar*itecture1 = in/ance1 ) successive /ages 9 ! /ory ( _! c\nty1 & to con/ruct f famili> objects ! broad outl9es ( national hi/ory4 ,?us x is hop$ t soon] or lat] ! tea*+ ( hi/ory may become1 to "s ext5t1 an out-(-s*ool subject & take its place side by side ) outdoor ,nature-/udy & ,practical ,geography 9 ! curriculum ( our s*ools4 ,9 rural di/ricts ?is end is obvi\sly m easily atta9able ?an 9 l>ge indu/rial c5tres4 ,9 ! latt] ! exp5se ( mov+ classes ( *ildr5 f _! s*ools to visit a site "s miles di/ant w\ld be no d\bt consid]able2 b is x too vision>y to hope t be=e long a motor-bus1 capable ( c>ry+ a class ( ?irty or =ty boys & girls1 w be deem$ by ,educational ,committees a necess>y "p ( _! 'app>atus'8 ,ap>t f ! educative value ( su* "w !re w\ld1 z ! *ildr5 gr[ up1 arise a body ( public op9ion :i* c\ld give valuable help 9 sav+ hi/oric sites & build+s f loss or de/ruction1 & prev5t+ ! removal ( antiquities f _! natural home4 ,*e%ire has suff]$ p]haps m ?an h] %>e ( bo? ^! evils1 & looks ) sorr[ful eyes at _m ( h] treasures h\s$ 9 ! museums ( t[ns beyond h] bord]s4 ,all /ud5ts ( ,*e%ire hi/ory owe mu* to ,orm]od's great "w4 ,b 8 hi/ory is l>gely g5ealogical1 & p]sonally ,i wi% to ackn[l$ge a great] debt to ! lab\rs & transactions ( local societies1 p>ticul>ly ! ,*e/] ,ar*aeological ,society & ! ,lanca%ire & ,*e%ire ,antiqu>ian ,society4 ,_m le>n$ memb]s ( ^! two bodies h made mo/ important contributions to our k ( anci5t & m$iaeval ,*e%ire )9 ! mo/ rec5t ye>s4 ,among o!r works consult$ ,i may m5tion ! ,palat9e ,note ,book1 ,*e%ire ,notes & ,qu]ies1 & ,morris's ,diocesan ,hi/ory ( ,*e/]4 ,i h receiv$ k9dly assi/ance f sev]al ,*e%ire cl]gym51 & to all :o h giv5 me p]mission to take photographs )9 _! *ur*es ,i express my ?anks4 ,! maps1 draw+s1 & photographs are orig9al1 ) few exceptions4 ,i am indebt$ to ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,*e/] ,ar*aeological ,society1 & ! ,grosv5or ,museum = ! loan ( ! block ( a ,roman tomb/one f a photograph by ,mr4 ,r4 ,new/ead1 & to ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,new/ead1 ,curator ( ! ,museum1 = photographs ( ! ,runic /one & ,roman alt>4 ,! ,rev4 ,j4 ,f4 ,tri/ram1 ( ! ,hulme ,gramm> ,s*ool1 read ! two geological *apt]s & made valuable sugge/ions4 ,to ! ,cl>5don ,press ,i am grateful = mu* k9d help & criticism4 ,,! ,,hulme ,,gramm> ,,s*ool1 ,,man*e/]1 ,july1 #aiaa4 ,,cont5ts ,,*ap4 ,,page ,i4 ,,position ,,& ,,natural ,,features ,,( ,,*e%ire #i ,,ii4 ,,! ,,mak+ ,,( ,,*e%ire 7#a7 #af ,,iii4 ,,! ,,mak+ ,,( ,,*e%ire 7cont9u$7 7#b7 #ba ,,iv4 ,,e>ly ,,inhabitants ,,( ,,*e%ire #be ,v4 ,,! ,,romans ,,9 ,,*e%ire 7#a7 #bi ,,vi4 ,,! ,,romans ,,9 ,,*e%ire 7#b7 #cf ,,vii4 ,,saxons ,,& ,,angles ,,come ,,to ,,*e%ire #dc ,,viii4 ,,! ,,cross ,,9 ,,*e%ire #dg ,,ix4 ,,! ,,com+ ,,( ,,! ,,nor?m5 #ea ,x4 ,,! ,,normans ,,come ,,to ,,*e%ire #eh ,,xi4 ,,! ,,norman ,,abbeys ,,& ,,*ur*es ,,( ,,*e%ire #fd ,,xii4 ,,! ,,e>ls ,,( ,,! ,,c\nty ,,palat9e #gd ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,*ur*es ,,( ,,! ,,?irte5? ,,c5tury #ha ,,xiv4 ,,gr[? ,,( ,,t[ns ,,9 ,,*e%ire #hg ,,xv4 ,,edw>d ,,! ,,fir/ ,,& ,,*e%ire #ib ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,com+ ,,( ,,! ,,fri>s #ii ,,xvii4 ,a ,,depos$ ,,k+ #ajg ,,xviii4 ,,! ,,rival ,,roses #aad ,,xix4 ,,*ur*es ,,( ,,! ,,middle ,,ages #aah ,,xx4 ,,! ,,re=mation ,,& ,,! ,,great ,,awak5+ #abh ,,xxi4 ,,elizabe?an ,,*e%ire 7#a7 #acd ,,xxii4 ,,elizabe?an ,,*e%ire 7#b7 #adc ,,xxiii4 ,,! ,,rule ,,( ,,! ,,/u>ts #aej ,,xxiv4 ,,civil ,,w>3 7#a7 ,,! ,,battles ,,( ,,middlewi* ,,& ,,nantwi* #aec ,,xxv4 ,,civil ,,w>3 7#b7 ,a ,,memorable ,,siege #aeh ,,xxvi4 ,,civil ,,w>3 7#c7 ,,! ,,protectorate ,,& ,,! ,,re/oration #afc ,,xxvii4 ,,! ,,fall ,,( ,,! ,,/u>ts #afg ,,xxviii4 ,,! ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury 7#a7 #agc ,,xxix4 ,,! ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury 7#b7 #ahj ,,xxx4 ,,! ,,indu/rial ,,revolution 7#a7 #ahc ,,xxxi4 ,,! ,,indu/rial ,,revolution 7#b7 #ahh ,,xxxii4 ,,! ,,railways ,,( ,,*e%ire #aib ,,xxxiii4 ,,progress ,,& ,,re=m ,,9 ,,! ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury #aih ,,xxxiv4 ,,! ,,reign ,,( ,a ,,great ,,que5 #bjd ,,xxxv4 ,,fam\s ,,m5 ,,& ,,wom5 ,,( ,,*e%ire #baa ,,xxxvi4 ,,conclusion #baf ,,index #bbj ,,*apt] ,i ,,position ,,& ,,natural ,,features ,,( ,,*e%ire ,few ,engli% c\nties owe m ( _! hi/ory to _! geographical position & surr\nd+s1 & to ! "* ( _! natural features1 ?an ,*e%ire4 ,n only 9 ! pa/ h ! rocks & riv]s ( ,*e%ire help$ to make hi/ory1 b ev5 to-day !y h a v direct be>+ ^u ! =tunes ( ,*e%ire m5 & wom54 ,h[ _m ( u reflect1 z our eyes travel ov] ! pla9 to ! di/ant hills1 t on ! wise & ord]ly arrangem5t ( m\nta9 & valley1 =e/ & w9d+ /ream1 our v exi/5ce & means ( livelihood dep5d8 ,truly ,nature has o!r "w to d ?an m]ely create picturesque l&scapes4 ,*e%ire is situat$ 9 ! nor?-we/ ( ,engl&1 wa%$ p>tly by ! ,iri% ,sea1 & gu>d$ z x 7 on its ea/]n & we/]n sides by two great ramp>ts ( hill c\ntry1 t on ! ea/ =m$ by ! s\!rn spurs ( ! ,p5n9e ,*a91 :ile ! ,wel% hills ( ,fl9t & ,d5bigh are ! natural fronti] on ! we/4 ,! we/]n b\nd>y1 h[ev]1 :i* has be5 frequ5tly *ang$1 n[ foll[s r\ghly ! ,valley ( ! ,dee4 ,a semicircle ( hills ( less] height fr+es ! c\nty on ! s\?1 & ! riv] ,m]sey divides x f its nor!rn neighb\r1 ,lanca%ire4 ,9 ! nor?-we/ ( ! c\nty a rectangul> /ret* ( c\ntry kn[n z ,wirral is wa%$ by two great e/u>ies & by ! ,iri% ,sea1 & a w$ge ( moorl& 9 ! nor?-ea/ p5etrates into ! he>t ( ! ,p5n9es4 ,"h ! hills rea* _! greate/ height1 ,black ,hill ! highe/ po9t 9 ,*e%ire be+ j "u #b1jjj feet above sea-level4 ,! l[-ly+ l&s enclos$ by ?is amphi!atre ( hills =m ! ,*e%ire ,pla91 brok5 only by ridges or t]races ( l[ s&/one hills runn+ nor? & s\?4 ,a glance at a map ( ! ,briti% ,isles w %[ y t ,*e%ire lies 9 ! v he>t ( ! ?ree k+doms4 ,its geographical position has ?us made x a meet+-place ( nations1 & y w see 9 lat] *apt]s t all ! peoples t h help$ to make our national hi/ory h 9 turn realiz$ ! importance ( its position1 & h f\ght desp]ately = its possession4 ,briton & ,roman1 ,angle & ,saxon & ,dane1 ,wel% & ,norman h all left "s m>k ( _! pres5ce 9 ! c\nty1 & f ^! _m elem5ts is d]iv$ ! blood t fl[s 9 ! ve9s ( ne>ly all ,*e%ire boys & girls ( to-day4 ,n[ look at ! map opposite4 ,! %ad$ portions repres5t l& ov] #cjj1 #fjj1 or #a1jjj feet above sea-level4 ,9 ! s\?1 ! ea/]n & we/]n upl&s slope gradually d[n t[>ds ! bit ( :ite :i* t\*es ! c5tre ( ! bottom ( ! map & =ms :at is kn[n z ! ,*e%ire ,gap4 ,?r\gh ?is gap ! ,midl&s lie op5 to ! nor?-we/ & to ! ,*e%ire ,pla91 & ov] ^! l[] heights naturally pass$ ! great highway f ,london to ! ,iri% ,sea4 ,*e/]1 built on a rocky plateau at ! head ( ! tidal wat]s ( ! ,dee & protect$ on its we/]n side by a natural b5d ( ! same riv]1 0 cle>ly a position ( great importance = gu>d+ alike ! coa/ road into ,nor? ,wales & ! roads to ! nor? ( ,engl&2 & !re is no d\bt t x 0 held z a =tifi$ po/ long be=e ! ,romans built ! ,roman city ( ,deva4 ,= _m c5turies ?is /ronghold 0 "o ( ! *ief milit>y outpo/s & fronti] t[ns ( ,engl&1 n (t5 free f w>'s al>ms1 & ! s5t9els on h] walls & wat*-t[]s ev] on ! look-out = ! approa* ( "s new enemy4 ,*e/] became ! 'base' or head-qu>t]s f :i* all milit>y campaigns 9 ! nor?-we/1 9 ,wales or 9 ,irel& 7 c>ri$ out1 unit$ ) ! metropolis by ! great road t pass$ ?r\gh ! he>t ( ,engl&1 along :i* armies c\ld m>* )\t any difficult hills to cross & h>dly a riv] ( any great size to bridge4 ,9 lat] & m peaceful times1 = ! same geographical reasons1 ! ,london & ,nor?-,we/]n ,railway1 ! l9eal desc5dant ( ! anci5t ',watl+ ,/reet'1 laid its l9es on ne>ly ! same gr\nd z ! old highway1 & is ?us ! easie/ z well z ! mo/ direct ( all r\tes f ,london to ! nor?-we/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*e%ire ,,cont\r ,,map ,) ! exception ( ! ,dee1 :i* rises ne> ,lake ,bala 9 ,wales1 ! riv]s ( ,*e%ire h _! s\rces 9 ! ea/]n or s\!rn upl&s4 ,= eight mon?s ( ! ye> moi/ure-lad5 w9ds bl[ f ! sea across ! ,*e%ire ,pla9 & deposit _! ra9s ^u ! hills4 ,9 ! hilly c\ntry ( ! nor?-ea/1 :]e ! ra9fall is greate/1 ! wat] is ga!r$ & /or$ 9 a numb] ( res]voirs 9 ,longd5dale2 & ! moi/ climate is ! *ief reason :y ?is di/rict is ! seat ( ! cotton indu/ry1 = cotton ?reads become brittle 9 a dry atmosph]e4 ,9 ! valleys ( ! ,tame & ,goyt ! abundance ( fre% runn+ wat] f ! hills =m]ly caus$ _m mills = ! blea*+1 dye+ & pr9t+ ( calicoes to be erect$ on or ne> ! /reams4 ,n[adays1 h[ev]1 ow+ to ! great] supply ( wat] br\ght by pipes f a di/ance1 mills are erect$ pr9cipally on ! outskirts ( ! great t[ns & ne>] ! c5tres ( population4 ,h5ce 9 ! villages ( ! ,goyt x is no uncommon sight to see ! tott]+ walls ( mills t h be5 ab&on$ & all[$ to fall into ru9 & decay4 ,! comb9$ wat]s ( ! ,e!r[1 ,tame1 & ,goyt =m ! ,m]sey at ,/ockport4 ,only ! left bank ( ?is riv] is 9 ,*e%ire4 ,moreov]1 = a l>ge "p ( its c\rse x has be5 'canaliz$'1 s t x no long] fl[s betwe5 its natural banks1 b d[n ! artificial *annel ( ! ,man*e/] ,%ip ,canal4 ,! e/u>y ( ! ,m]sey1 :i* is ?ree to f\r miles across at its wide/ po9t1 n>r[s at ,birk5head to a wid? ( b>ely ?ree-qu>t]s ( a mile4 ,at ?is po9t ! riv] is kept op5 to ! l>ge/ vessels afloat by con/ant dr$g+4 ,"h 9 ! docks y may see %ips ( all nations1 & g5]ally "o or m ( our huge ocean greyh\nds rid+ at an*or 9 mid-riv] or await+ b ! turn ( ! tide to take out _! c>goes ( human lives to di/ant l&s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s\rces ,,( ,,riv]s ,,9 ,e4 ,,*e%ire ,! ,weav]1 on ! o!r h&1 is :olly a ,*e%ire riv]1 ris+ 9 ! ,peck=ton ,hills 9 ! s\?-we/ ( ! c\nty4 ,! ,m]sey & ! ,weav] receive a numb] ( tribut>ies1 ( :i* ! ,boll9 & ! ,dane are ! mo/ important1 f ! ea/]n highl&s1 ! high-cr[n$ ,%utl+slawe 444 ) ^? pr\d hills :5ce rove ,! lovely si/] brooks ! silv]y ,dane & ,dove1 ,cle> ,dove t makes to ,tr5t1 ! o!r to ! ,we/4 ,at ,nor?wi* ! ,weav] becomes navigable z f> z ! ,m]sey4 ,! riv]s fl[ ma9ly 9 a we/]ly or nor?-we/]ly direction4 ,spread+ ev5ly ov] ! pla9 9 almo/ p>allel l9es1 !y s]ve to dra9 & f]tilize ! l&1 :i* ?us af=ds ! f9e/ pa/urage = cattle4 ,dairy-f>m+ & /ock-rais+ h !re=e become ! pr9cipal occupation ( ! inhabitants ( ! ,*e%ire midl&s2 & on m>ket days ! piles ( ! fam\s ,*e%ire *eese are g5]ally ! fir/ ?+ we notice 9 ! op5 m>ket-places ( our c\ntry t[ns4 ,! mo/ noticeable feature ( ! c\nty are ! two e/u>ies ( ! ,dee & ! ,m]sey4 ,! tract enclos$ betwe5 !m is = ! mo/ "p flat1 ,heswall ,hill1 ! highe/ po9t1 be+ little m ?an #cjj feet 9 height1 & ! l[e/ p>ts h to be protect$ f ! inroads ( ! sea by long embankm5ts4 ,sev]al portions 7 9 fact1 at "o "t sep>at$ f ! ma9l&1 l ,hilbre ,isle at ! pres5t day1 z is %[n by ! names ,wallasey1 'isle ( ! ,wel% or /rang]s1' & ,ince 'an isl&'4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages1 ow+ to ! importance ( ,*e/]1 ! ,dee 0 ! pr9cipal outlet = ! trade ( ! nor?-we/1 z ,bri/ol 0 = ! s\?-we/ ( ,engl&4 ,9 ^? days ,liv]pool 0 b an insignificant t[n1 & ! ,m]sey 0 kn[n z ! ',creek ( ,*e/]'4 ,b 9 ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies ! %ipp+ trade ( ! ,dee decl9$ ow+ to ! great accumulation ( s& & silt 9 ! *annel4 ,:5 vessels c\ld no long] unload or %ip _! m]*&ise "u ! walls ( ,*e/] a quay 0 =m$ at ,%otwick1 "s six miles along ! nor!rn %ore ( ! e/u>y4 ,9 ?is neighb\rhood ov] two ?\s& acres ( l& h be5 recov]$ f ! sea t once fl[$ ov] !m4 ,navigation 0 p>tially re/or$ z f> z ,*e/] = small vessels by a new artificial *annel1 b s9ce ! rise ( ! cotton & o!r great indu/ries 9 ,s\? ,lanca%ire ,liv]pool & ,birk5head h replac$ ,*e/] & become ! second port 9 ! k+dom4 ,*e%ire also possesses a m9iature ',lake ,di/rict'4 ,betwe5 ! ,boll9 & ! ,weav] are scatt]$ _m lakelets or 'm]es'4 ,!y are p>ticul>ly num]\s 9 ! salt di/ricts1 :]e !y are due to ! pump+ ( br9e :i* has be5 go+ on = ages1 & caus$ ! s9k+ d[n ( ! ov]ly+ rocks4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,nor?wi* ! %eets ( wat] ?us =m$ are call$ 'fla%es'4 ,! c\nty /ill conta9s mu* '=e/'1 t is1 uncultivat$ l&4 ,! hilly c\ntry ( ! ea/ consi/s mo/ly ( bleak & b>r5 moorl&1 af=d+ b poor pa/urage = %eep & us$ ma9ly = ! pres]vation ( game4 ,su* names z ,wildbo>cl\gh1 ,wolf's ,edge1 ,cat's ,tor1 ,eagle's ,crag1 & _m o!rs1 %[ cle>ly ! wild & desolate "* ( ?is di/rict4 ,ext5sive woods are f\nd 9 ! valleys & 'cl\ghs' ( ! ,e!r[ & ,goyt4 ,delam]e 0 once a de] =e/ ext5d+ z f> z ,nantwi*1 b 9 ! la/ hundr$ ye>s ! great] "p ( x has be5 cultivat$4 ,_m t[ns & villages /ill reta9 _! 'common' l&1 (t5 bright ) pat*es ( broom & gorse1 :ile ! num]\s & ext5sive p>ks ( ! great l&[n]s are ju/ly not$ = _! f9e =e/ trees4 ,to _m ( y ! natural features describ$ 9 ?is *apt] mu/ be a famili> sight4 ,"s ( y h p]haps /ood by ! beacon on ,ald]ley ,edge or by ! %am ru9s on ! summit ( ,m[ ,cop1 & view$ wide /ret*es ( ! ,*e%ire ,pla94 ,o!rs h look$ d[n f ! ,frod%am ,hills ^u ! e/u>y ( ! ,m]sey mapp$ out at _! feet1 or f ! walls ( ,*e/] h gaz$ ^u ! purple hills ( ,wales4 ,b ! surface ( ! c\nty suff]$ _m *anges be=e x assum$ its pres5t aspect1 & we mu/ n[ see :at /ory ! /ones h to tell u ( bygone ages :5 ,*e%ire 0 yet 9 ! mak+4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,mak+ ,,( ,,*e%ire4 ,i ,,! ,,new] ,,rocks ,!re rolls ! deep :]e grew ! tree3 ,o e>?1 :at *anges ha/ ?\ se56 ,!re1 :]e ! long /reet ro>s1 ha? be5 ,! /illness ( ! c5tral sea4 ,ne>ly e ,*e%ire boy has visit$ at "s "t or ano!r a qu>ry 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! t[n or village :]e he dwells4 ,he w probably h notic$ t b5ea? ! two or ?ree feet ( soil at ! top ( ! qu>ry ! rocks are arrang$ 9 b$s or '/rata' pil$ "o ^u ano!r 9 horizontal r[s1 or sometimes slop+ 9 p>allel l9es t[>ds ! bottom ( ! qu>ry4 ,:5 & h[ 7 ^! b$s ( rock =m$ & laid d[n8 ,if our qu>ry is 9 ! c5tral or we/]n p>ts ( ,*e%ire we %all f9d t ! rocks are ( a r$di% col\r1 g5]ally h>d & gritty1 b sometimes s s(t t pieces may be cru%$ into fragm5ts ) ! f+]s4 ,^! rocks are kn[n z ! ,new ,r$ s&/ones1 & are l>gely us$ = build+ purposes4 ,*e/] ,ca!dral & a great numb] ( ,*e%ire *ur*es h be5 built ( ?is mat]ial2 & ! hillsides :]e ! rocks crop out above ! soil (t5 gl[ ) a ri* w>m r$ 9 ! ev5+ sunlight4 ,y may see !m be/ p]haps 9 ! railway cutt+s 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,frod%am & ,*e/]1 or 9 ! great qu>ries at ,/oreton-9-,wirral & ,runcorn4 ,illu/ration3 ,,geological ,,map ,^! b$s ( s&/one are really wide /ret*es ( ! s&y %ores ( an anci5t sea1 :i* h be5 press$ into a solid sub/ance by ! weight ( o!r lay]s ( rock deposit$ ov] !m 9 lat] ages4 ,?us !y belong to a gr\p ( :at are call$ 'wat]-laid' rocks4 ,we "k t seas once fl[$ ov] !m because "s ( ! b$s %[ ! ripple-m>ks t we see s (t5 9 ! s&s :5 walk+ by ! sea-%ore4 ,a fe>ful look+ mon/]1 ) ! equally t]rible "n ( labyr9?odont1 9 appe>ance r l a gigantic frog1 has left 8 'footpr9ts 9 ! s&s' 9 ! rocks ne> ,lymm & ,we/on4 ,y w probably n be able to f9d ^! footpr9ts1 b 9 ! museums at ,man*e/] & ,w>r+ton y may see !m on l>ge slabs ( s&/one rock4 ,h[ w\ld y l to meet "o ( ^! reptiles to-day1 wall[+ 9 ! mud on ! %ores ( "s ,*e%ire m]e8 ,on ! same slabs y w see suncracks :i* tell u ( ! bak+ ( s& & mud 9 ! sun's rays :5 ! tide has gone d[n4 ,! l[] lay]s ( ! ,new ,r$ ,s&/one are ( a pal] col\r1 light br[n or almo/ :ite4 ,to ^! ! "n ( ',bunt]' has be5 giv5 to di/+ui% !m f ! upp] & !re=e lat] deposits kn[n z ',keup]' s&/one4 ,! ,bunt] b$s are f\nd *iefly 9 ! we/ ( ! c\nty1 & 9 ,wirral1 :]e y may see ! ,keup] rocks ( ,/oreton ,hill /ick+ up above ! lay]s ( ,bunt] /one t surr\nd & und]lie !m4 ,! great] "p ( ! surface ( ,*e%ire consi/s ( ^! rocks4 ,ald]ley ,edge & ,helsby ,hill1 ! hills ( ,delam]e & ,peck=ton are compos$ ( x1 & x crops out (t5 9 our village /reets4 ,! /eps ( ! village cross at ,lymm are cut out ( a piece ( rock :i* /icks out 9 ! middle ( ! road4 ,9 ! s&/one b$s at ,nor?wi*1 ,w9s=d1 & ,middlewi* are lay]s ( rock salt f :i* we obta9 our salt = food & o!r dome/ic uses4 ,! salt 0 =m$ at a "t :5 ! sea 0 gradually disappe>+ f ! surface ( ,*e%ire leav+ inl& salt lakes1 :i*1 becom+ dri$ up1 deposit$ b$s ( salt cry/als4 ,^!1 l ! s&/one1 became press$ into a solid condition by ! weight ( o!r lay]s4 ,:]e ! salt has be5 tak5 out ( ! e>? ! upp] lay]s h sunk f "t to "t4 ,at ,nor?wi* ! l& is cont9ually s9k+1 & y may see h\ses & *imneys crack$ & twi/$ out ( _! prop] %ape z if !y _h be5 visit$ by an e>?quake4 ,(t5 ! holl[s :]e ! l& has sunk h become fill$ ) wat] & produc$ ! num]\s m]es or small lakes dott$ ab\t ! c\nty4 ,9 ! valley ( ! ,weav] !y are locally kn[n z 'fla%es'4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/riat$ ,,b\ld] 7,,erratic73 ,,high ,,legh ,:51 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 ! r$ s&/one =m$ ! dry l& ( ,*e%ire1 x became cov]$ by a great ice-%eet :i* ext5d$ ov] ,brita9 ev5 z f> s\? z ! ,?ames valley4 ,b5ea? ?is cov]+ ( ice ! rocks 7 cru%$ & gr\nd to atoms by ! movem5t ( ! ice-%eet ov] !m4 ,?is =m$ b$s ( a sub/ance call$ b\ld]-clay1 conta9+ lumps ( rock :i* mu/ h be5 br\ght by ! ice great di/ances1 = !y are ( a k9d f\nd only 9 ! nor? ( ,engl& or 9 ,scotl&4 ,"s ( ^! 'b\ld]s' are ( great size4 ,sev]al h be5 plac$ 9 ,v]non ,p>k1 ,/ockport1 & 9 ! ,we/ ,p>k1 ,macclesfield1 y may see "o t 0 dug up 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! t[n4 ,x weighs ab\t ?irty tons4 ,on ,eddisbury ,hill is a mass ( rock1 t5 feet long1 ( a k9d f\nd only on ,skiddaw 9 ! ,lake ,di/rict1 & 9 ! n>r[ lane beh9d ! ',wiz>d' ,inn on ,ald]ley ,edge is a lump ( granite f ,eskdale1 s t ^! rocks h be5 br\ght by ! ice a di/ance ( a hundr$ miles4 ,su* blocks & b\ld]s are call$ 'erratics'1 because !y h w&]$ s f> f _! orig9al home4 ,ano!r pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ! ice-%eet may be se5 9 ! scrat*+s & m>ks 7call$ '/riae'7 on pebbles & rocks f\nd 9 ^! b$s4 ,9 ! lane outside ! *ur* at ,high ,legh are a numb] ( l>ge b\ld]s :i* /ill %[ ! l9es ( furr[s & scrat*+s made on _! surface by ! movem5t ( ! ice ov] !m4 ,! b\ld]-clay has be5 worn away by ! action ( wat] & wea!r f a great "p ( ,*e%ire1 b 9 ! we/ ( ! c\nty l>ge pat*es may be se5 9 ! l[-ly+ di/ricts4 ,y may obs]ve ! b$s mo/ cle>ly 9 ! cliffs ( b\ld]-clay on ! e/u>y ( ! ,dee betwe5 ,heswall & ,we/ ,kirby4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,*e/]1 _m ( ! villages--,t>v91 ,*ri/leton1 ,ald=d1 ,saighton1 & ,b>r[1 = in/ance--are built on s&/one knolls & ridges :i* /ick up ?r\gh ! b\ld]-clay1 = ! s&/one is dri] & heal?i] ?an ! clay to live ^u1 & ! wells1 especially ^? 9 ! ,bunt] b$s1 provide ! pure/ wat]4 ,z ! ice-%eet melt$ & ! glaci]s or ice-riv]s retreat$ nor?w>ds :5 ! climate became w>m]1 b$s ( s&1 gravel1 & /ones 7 spread ov] ! ,*e%ire pla94 ,^! are call$ drift b$s4 ,! /ones & pebbles are r\nd$ by ! /reams ( melt$ ice & sn[ :i* fl[$ f ! m\?s ( ! ice-riv]s4 ,^u ! b$s ( drift lies ! surface soil 9 :i* gr[ ! crops & grass1 ! h]bage & ! woods ( to-day2 & x is 9 ! drift1 z y w see 9 a lat] *apt]1 t traces ( ! e>lie/ inhabitants ( ,*e%ire are to be f\nd4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,mak+ ,,( ,,*e%ire 7cont474 ,,ii ,,! ,,old] ,,rocks ,let u n[ visit "s qu>ries 9 ,ea/ ,*e%ire4 ,we %all f9d consid]able difficulty 9 rea*+ "s ( !m4 ,x w be necess>y to get p]mission f ! own]s ( ! qu>ries1 put on a special suit ( clo!s1 ent] an iron cage1 & desc5d _m hundr$ feet p]haps into ! dep?s ( ! e>?'s surface until we f9d ourselves--9 a coal-m9e6 ,illu/ration3 ,,section ,,( ,,rocks ,,f ,,knuts=d ,,to ,,buxton ,unlike ! ,new ,r$ ,s&/ones1 :i* are f\nd = ! mo/ "p 9 flat horizontal b$s1 ! coal b$s slope d[nw>ds f ea/ to we/4 ,?is is due to ! uplift+ ( ! ,ea/ ,*e%ire hills1 :i* we %all pres5tly expla94 ,:5 ?is uplift took place1 ! coal b$s1 :i* 7 orig9ally flat1 became rais$ 9 ! ea/ & equally l[]$ 9 ! we/4 ,:5 ! sea fl[$ ov] !m !y became cov]$ by s&y deposits ( su* a ?ickness t 9 ! great] "p ( ,*e%ire ! coal _c be rea*$4 ,! e>lie/ s&s laid d[n =m$ :at are call$ ! ,p]mian rocks1 & ! lat] lay]s ! ,new ,r$ ,s&/one s]ies m5tion$ 9 ! la/ *apt]4 ,! ,p]mian rocks may be well se5 at ,/ockport1 9 ! riv] b$s ( ! ,tame & ! ,goyt :i* h cut _! way ?r\gh !m4 ,9 ! /rip ( c\ntry betwe5 ,/ockport & ,macclesfield1 & aga9 on ! s\?-ea/]n bord]s ( ,*e%ire1 ! upturn$ edges ( ! coal b$s h be5 left expos$ s t ! coal is ne> ! surface & c be easily extract$4 ,coal consi/s ( ! vegetable rema9s ( =e/ trees & _! und]gr[?4 ,if y look at a lump ( coal y w see t x has be5 press$ d[n into ?9 lay]s l ! leaves ( a book4 ,:5 ^! lay]s are split ap>t !re are (t5 f\nd ! fossil rema9s ( leaves & roots ( trees1 fronds ( f]ns1 se$-cones & /ems ( plants :i* grew 9 ! =e/s4 ,"s ( ^!1 p>ticul>ly ! f]ns1 are (t5 ( great beauty4 ,y may see a numb] ( ^! 'coal pictures' 9 ! ,v]non ,p>k ,museum at ,/ockport4 ,"h too y w f9d portions ( ! actual trunks ( trees t h be5 dug up j :]e !y /ood :5 ! seas fl[$ ov] !m4 ,y may le>n ev5 to di/+ui% diff]5t v>ieties ( ^! =e/ trees1 j z y are able to di/+ui% ! oak & ! bee* & ! elm ( to-day4 ,lat9 names su* z ,sigill>ia1 ,lepidod5dron1 & ,salisburia h be5 giv5 to !m4 ,! mo/ beautiful ( all is a ,maid5hair ,tree-f]n4 ,! ,calamites 0 a huge ',horse-tail' plant ( :i* y may f9d small v>ieties to-day on banks & 9 h$g][s4 ,on ! coa/ ( ,wirral1 betwe5 ,meols & ,new ,brighton1 are ! rema9s ( a =e/ :i* has only 9 v rec5t ye>s be5 cov]$ by ! sea4 ,boys :o live 9 ?is neighb\rhood may h he>d _! p>5ts tell ( ! /umps ( tree-trunks /ick+ out ?r\gh ! s&s :5 ! tide 0 l[4 ,?is %[s t ! l& is cont9ually und]go+ *anges1 at "o "t be+ rais$ above ! seas1 at ano!r "t s9k+ b5ea? ! waves4 ,! b$s or 'seams' ( coal v>y 9 ?ickness f a ?9 film to sev]al y>ds1 & are sep>at$ f "o ano!r by lay]s ( h>d clays & flag/ones4 ,f ! flag/one b$s are obta9$ ! squ>e slabs ) :i* ! pavem5ts ( our t[ns & cities are laid4 ,9 _m ( ! qu>ries ne> ! ,*e%ire coal-field y may wat* ! workm5 cutt+ & %ap+ ^! /ones4 ,! b$s ( clays & seams ( coal make up :at are call$ ! ',coal ,measures'4 ,^! 9 _! turn re/ ^u a f\ndation ( h>d rock1 h>d] ?an any we h yet exam9$1 call$ ,mill/one ,grit or ,grit/one4 ,boys :o live 9 ! hilly p>ts ( ,ea/ ,*e%ire are v famili> ) x1 = v probably ! h\ses 9 :i* !y live & ! *ur*es & *apels :]e !y wor%ip h be5 built ( ?is /one4 ,x is compos$ ( co>se s& & grit1 &1 l ! r$ s&/one1 is a wat]laid deposit sev]al ?\s& feet 9 ?ickness4 ,! ,p5n9e ,hills1 on ! bord]l& ( ,*e%ire & ,d]by%ire1 are cov]$ ) ,mill/one ,grit1 :i* has be5 ?ru/ upw>ds by ! crumpl+ & ar*+ ( ! rocks b5ea? x4 ,bel[ ! ,grit/one are /ill old] rocks ( a diff]5t "* call$ ! ,lime/one s]ies4 ,! upp]mo/ b$s conta9 lay]s ( a s&y sub/ance call$ ,yor$ale s&/ones4 ,mix$ ) !m are lay]s ( %ale1 a d>k blui% grey clay t crumbles into ?9 fragm5ts :5 cru%$ ) ! h&1 & ?9 seams ( lime/one &1 occasionally1 ( coal4 ,^! are ! olde/ rocks t are f\nd any:]e 9 ,*e%ire4 ,y may see !m 9 ! hills ea/ ( ,macclesfield & ,congleton & ! high] p>ts ( ,longd5dale4 ,bel[ ^! b$s is a mass ( ,m\nta9 ,lime/one :i* has be5 =c$ upw>ds into an ar* by trem5d\s pressure ( rocks f ei!r side1 & has lift$ up ! ,grit/one above to a height ( ne>ly two ?\s& feet4 ,9 ?is way ! highl&s ( ,ea/ ,*e%ire1 & inde$ ! :ole ( ! ,p5n9e ,*a91 h be5 =m$4 ,! ,m\nta9 ,lime/one1 :i* consi/s almo/ entirely ( animal rema9s1 especially %ells & corals1 ext5ds "r "u ! highe/ hills ( ,*e%ire1 & comes to light 9 ! cliffs ( ! beautiful dales ( ,d]by%ire4 ,only at "o spot1 a qu>ry ne> ,a/bury1 does x appe> at ! surface 9 ,*e%ire4 ,! ,coal ,measures1 ,mill/one ,grit1 ,yor$ale s&/ones1 & ,m\nta9 ,lime/one make up :at geologi/s call ! ,c>bonif]\s or ,coal-be>+ s]ies1 s call$ because 9 ,engl& our *ief supplies ( coal are obta9$ f ?is gr\p ( rocks4 ,b we %\ld h to dig deep] ev5 ?an ! ,m\nta9 ,lime/one be=e we c\ld rea* ! orig9al surface ( ! e>? 9 ,*e%ire4 ,long ages ago1 ages s di/ant t n ev5 ! mo/ le>n$ m5 ( sci5ce c reckon !m1 our e>? 0 a globe ( fi]y molt5 rock4 ,z ! surface gradually cool$ x became wr9kl$1 z a bak$ apple w :5 tak5 f an ov54 ,wat] collect$ 9 ! holl[s into :i* fragm5ts ( rock 7 wa%$ d[n f ! ridges1 & ?us ! wat]s 7 rais$ & =m$ into seas & lakes4 ,b we %all n f9d any ( ^! rocks 9 ,*e%ire1 ?\gh y may see !m 9 great masses 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,cumb]l& & ,wales1 :]e !y h be5 =c$ upw>ds by ! viol5t movem5ts always at "w 9 ! int]ior ( ! e>?4 ,x is ( ^! molt5 rocks t ! mass ( /one :i* 0 br\ght by ! ice f ,cumb]l& & left on ,eddisbury ,hill is compos$4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,e>ly ,,inhabitants ,,( ,,*e%ire ,a few ye>s ago "s workm5 digg+ on ! high gr\nd ( ,ald]ley ,edge came across a numb] ( fl9t /ones1 :i* f _! %ape & ! m>ks ( *ipp+ ^u !m _h cle>ly be5 fa%ion$ by ! h& ( man4 ,"s ( ! fl9ts 7 %ap$ l a knife blade ) a %>p edge on _! entire l5g?1 & o!rs ( a m or less oval %ape _h a ke5 edge on "o ( _! curves4 ,! =m] 7 ! knives ) :i* ! e>lie/ m5 ( ,*e%ire cut ! fle% ( animals = food2 ! latt] 7 ! scrap]s ) :i* !y remov$ ! fle% f ! bones or f ! hides t provid$ !m ) clo?+4 ,fl9ts1 h[ev]1 are n naturally f\nd 9 any ( ! ,*e%ire rocks2 !y mu/ be s\ght = 9 ! di/ricts :]e *alk hills ab\nd4 ,cle>ly !re=e ^! m5 mu/ h br\ght _! tools & weapons ) !m :5 !y fir/ came into ,*e%ire f ! ea/ or f ! s\?4 ,aft]w>ds1 no d\bt1 !y b>ga9$ = !m1 giv+ sk9s & furs 9 ex*ange4 ,m5 fir/ made _! homes 9 ,*e%ire :5 ! glaci]s ( ! ,great ,ice ,age retreat$ nor?w>ds & ! climate became m suitable = human habitation4 ,a fl9t arr[-head f\nd dur+ "s excavations at ,clul[ ,cross ne> ,w9cle1 tells u t m5 liv$ !n by hunt+1 dep5d+ = _! food on ! fle% ( wild bea/s4 ,!y liv$ 9 caves or 9 holes dug 9 ! gr\nd4 ,! r\ghly-*ipp$ /one axe 9 ! ,grosv5or ,museum 0 made by ^! m54 ,! ,fl9t m51 or m5 ( ! ,old ,/one ,age1 probably came orig9ally f ! ma9l& ( ,europe to :i* ,brita9 at t "t 0 jo9$1 ! ,nor? ,sea & ,engli% ,*annel be+ !n dry l&4 ,! re9de]1 ! mammo?1 ! wild ox1 & packs ( hungry wolves & hy5as roam$ ov] ,*e%ire 9 ^? days4 ,^! ,fl9t m5 7 succe$$ by o!r races ( ,new ,/one m5 :o f\nd t !y c\ld manufacture _! necess>y tools out ( ! b\ld]s emb$d$ 9 ! drift & b\ld]-clay4 ,! m5 :o dug up ! knives & scrap]s ( ,ald]ley f\nd ne> ,mottram ,common a heap ( small b\ld]s c>efully plac$ 9 a pit dug 9 ! gr\nd & cle>ly select$ = "s useful purpose4 ,= out ( ^! /ones 7 to be cut & %ap$ /one hamm]-heads ) :i* !y le>n$ to cru% copp] ore & axe-heads to cut d[n trees4 ,"s ( ! hamm]-heads !mselves h be5 f\nd 9 ?is locality1 & !y are made ( a /one simil> to t ( ! unbrok5 b\ld]s4 ,! /one 'celt' or axe-head 9 ,v]non ,p>k ,museum %[s t !y 7 improv+ 9 _! skill & workman%ip1 = _! tools 7 no long] *ipp$ into _! requir$ %ape b gr\nd ) h>d mill-/ones & aft]w>ds smoo!d & poli%$4 ,aft]w>ds1 z y may see f ! specim5 9 ! ,grosv5or ,museum1 :i* has a hole cut ?r\gh x1 ! ,new ,/one m5 le>n$ h[ to fit h&les to _! axe-heads4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t ^! primitive dwell]s le>n$ to tame & tra9 animals = _! s]vice & use4 ,!y 7 protect$ f attack by wild bea/s by circles ( pil$ /ones or rais$ e>? cov]$ ) turf4 ,traces ( ^! circles h 9 rec5t ye>s be5 f\nd at ,ald]ley ,edge1 b !y h be5 mo/ly levell$ = agricultural purposes4 ,!y also taught !mselves ! art ( pott]y1 mak+ r\gh j>s & urns ( sun-dri$ clay & s&1 j>s :]e9 to /ore _! wat]1 & urns 9 :i* to place ! rema9s ( _! dead4 ,"o ( ^! urns1 dug up at ,/retton1 may be se5 9 ! ,w>r+ton ,museum4 ,! ,/one m5 7 succe$$ by tribes ( an entirely diff]5t race call$ ,celts4 ,! ,celts drove out ! e>li] inhabitants f _! ,*e%ire homes1 compell+ !m to seek refuge 9 ,wales & ,irel&4 ,!y came n all at once b 9 successive waves1 ! e>lie/ arrivals be+ ! ,goidelic or ,gaelic ,celts1 :o 9 _! turn 7 ou/$ by ! ,bry?onic ,celts1 f :om ! "n ( ,briton is d]iv$4 ,^! are ! ance/ors ( ! ,wel% nation4 ,! ,bry?ons1 or ,britons z we may n[ call !m1 7 a m intellig5t & civiliz$ race ?an any t _h hi!rto dwelt 9 ! l&4 ,!y 7 a pa/oral p1 & br\ght ) !m great h]ds ( cattle1 z well z horses & dogs4 ,!y c\ld sp9 & sew1 mak+ _! sp9dles & ne$les ( bone or horn1 & grew corn1 :i* !y gr\nd ) h&-mills4 ,b ! ,britons mu/ h be5 cont9ually fight+ aga9/ fre% incom+ tribes1 = on "s ( ! hill-tops ( ,*e%ire y may see ! camps & e>?works :i* !y made = _! def5ce & refuge 9 "t ( w>4 ,suitable positions 7 *os51 ) "o side gu>d$ by precipit\s cliffs if possible1 ! :ole be+ enclos$ except on ! /eep side by a rais$ ramp>t ( e>? & a dit*4 ,^! e>?works are circul> or oval ) gaps on ei!r side = entrances4 ,at ,bucton ,ca/le1 high above ,mossley & ! ,tame ,valley1 at ,kelsborr[ ,ca/le 9 ,delam]e ,=e/1 & ,maid5 ,ca/le 9 ! ,broxton ,hills1 ,briti% encampm5ts may /ill be se54 ,! ,britons 7 v p>ticul> ab\t ! burial ( _! dead4 ,ov] ! graves ( _! *iefs !y erect$ great r\nd 'b>r[s'4 ,_m ( ^! b>r[s1 or1 to give !m _! ,lat9 "n1 'tumuli1' may be se5 to-day1 & sev]al ( !m h be5 op5$ & exam9$4 ,9 a field ne> ,oakm]e1 n f> f ! high-road t passes ?r\gh ,delam]e ,=e/1 is a clu/] ( b>r[s call$ ! ',sev5 ,l[s' :i* cle>ly m>k an e>ly settlem5t ( consid]able importance4 ,!y v>y 9 size f fifte5 to ?irty y>ds 9 diamet]4 ,"o ( !m1 :5 op5$1 0 f\nd to conta9 an urn ) *>r$ human rema9s )9 x4 ,! urn 0 inv]t$1 ! bett] to support ! weight ( soil above x1 & 0 set 9 ! middle ( a floor$ space ov] :i* 0 a ?9 lay] ( *>coal4 ,?is seems to %[ t a fun]al pyre 0 erect$ on :i* ! body 0 fir/ burnt1 ! rema9s be+ !n ga!r$ & plac$ 9 ! urn4 ,! b>r[ 0 erect$ ov] ! urn by pil+ /ones & cov]+ !m ) soil & turf4 ,burial urns h be5 f\nd at ,ca/le ,hill ,cob & ,glead ,hill ,cob 9 ,delam]e ,=e/1 & at ,tweml[ :]e !re is a gr\p ( five tumuli4 ,9 ! hilly di/rict ( ,ea/ ,*e%ire1 :]e rocks are pl5tiful1 ! burial gr\nds 7 m>k$ by circles ( upright /ones4 ,!re are "s rema9s ( su* circles on ! moorl& ne> ,clul[ ,cross4 ,among ! burnt bones 9 a b>r[ at ?is spot 7 f\nd a fl9t#a knife & arr[-head1 = x 0 believ$ t ! dead man w\ld require 8 tools & weapons aft] dea? j z 9 8 lifetime4 ,= ! same reason (t5 ! wives & slaves ( a *ief 7 sacrific$ or cremat$ at 8 dea? to s]ve & wait ^u him 9 ano!r _w4 ,! b>r[s 7 also us$ by ! tribes z a place ( assembly = _! religi\s rites1 :5 pray]s & human victims 7 (f]$ to _! gods & to ! spirits ( _! dead lead]s1 :o1 z !y believ$1 w\ld cont9ue to wat* ov] !m & help !m 9 battle4 #a ,fl9t weapons no d\bt cont9u$ to be us$1 especially 9 remote & hilly di/ricts1 ev5 aft] ! arrival ( ! ,celts4 ,! ,bry?onic ,celts came to ,brita9 betwe5 #a1jjj ,b4,c4 & #ejj ,b4,c41 & 7 acqua9t$ ) ! use & manufacture ( bronze implem5ts4 ,h5ce ! p]iod dur+ :i* !y arriv$ & liv$ 9 ,brita9 is call$ ! ,bronze ,age4 ,! bronze 'celt' 9 ! ,grosv5or ,museum 0 f\nd 9 ! camp at ,kelsborr[1 & :5 ! railway 0 cut at ,wilmsl[ an urn conta9+ bones & a bronze dagg] 0 dug up4 ,! urn & dagg] are n[ 9 ! museum at ,peel ,p>k1 ,sal=d4 ,! riv] valleys & ! l[l&s ( ,*e%ire 7 9 ^? days swampy & unheal?y1 s ! ,britons liv$ z mu* z possible 9 ! high] p>ts1 :i* 7 also m suitable = agricultural pursuits4 ,on ! cre/s or slopes ( hills 7 tracks or ridgeways = pack-horses1 lead+ f "o settlem5t to ano!r4 ,on ,w]ne? ,l[1 ,eddisbury ,hill1 & ,ald]ley ,edge1 ^! anci5t ridgeways may /ill be trac$4 ,:5 m5 w5t d[n to ! riv]s to fi% !y c>ri$ on _! backs light coracles ( plait$ re$s cov]$ ) sk91 su* z ! fi%]m5 /ill use on ! ,dee betwe5 ,f>ndon & ,bangor :]e ! wat] is too rapid or %all[ = boats4 ,roman writ]s h left u descriptions ( ! ,britons :o liv$ 9 ! c5turies imm$iately prec$+ ! bir? ( ,*ri/2 f !m we le>n t1 al?\gh ! ,briti% tribes 7 ma9ly occupi$ 9 fight+ aga9/ "o ano!r1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( trade 0 c>ri$ on ) travell]s & m]*ants f o!r l&s1 & t !y dwelt 9 't[ns' or collections ( wattl$ huts surr\nd$ by a /ockade & dit*4 ,f ! num]\s fragm5ts ( ,briti% pott]y t h be5 une>!d 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,*e/]1 we ga!r t !re 0 a ,briti% t[n ( consid]able importance on ! site ( ! lat] city1 & trad]s f ! ,m$it]ranean1 :o visit$ ?is c\ntry1 may well h moor$ _! vessels 9 ! tidal wat]s ( ! ,dee4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,romans ,,9 ,,*e%ire4 ,i ,9 ! previ\s *apt]s all t we "k ( ,*e%ire & its p has be5 le>n$ f unwritt5 records1 '/ories 9 /ones'1 & f su* scanty rema9s z h be5 br\ght to light by excavation & c>eful exam9ation ( ! soil4 ,f ?is "t onw>ds our k w be mu* m ext5sive & sure1 = we %all h writt5 records left by m5 :o liv$ 9 ! times ( :i* !y wrote4 ,fifty-f\r ye>s be=e ! bir? ( ,*ri/ ! ,briti% inhabitants ( ,*e%ire mu/ h he>d ( ! l&+ on ! s\!rn %ores ( ,brita9 ( ! drill$ & discipl9$ soldi]s ( "o ( ! greate/ g5]als t ev] liv$4 ,julius ,caes>1 :o fir/ l$ ! ,roman eagles into ,brita91 has giv5 u 9 8 ',comm5t>ies' a description ( ! ,brita9 ( 8 day & ( its inhabitants4 ,"s ( ! fi]ce hill-m5 ( ,ea/ ,*e%ire may possibly h f\ght aga9/ him1 = he tells u t ! ,briti% tribes ceas$ mak+ w> on "o ano!r1 & unit$ !mselves "u a s+le lead] call$ ,cassivellaunus to resi/ ! invad]s4 ,aft] a decisive victory--at lea/1 accord+ to 8 own acc\nt--,caes> return$ ) 8 legions to ! ,cont95t1 & n9ety ye>s pass$ by be=e ! ,romans came aga91 ?is "t to make a long /ay ( ne>ly f\r hundr$ ye>s4 ,ab\t ! ye> ,a4,d4 #ej ! ,roman axe might be he>d hew+ a road ?r\gh ! d5se =e/s :i* 9 ^? days almo/ surr\nd$ ! city ( ,*e/]4 ,a ,roman gov]nor1 ,o/orius ,scapula1 0 busy 9 ! neighb\r+ c\nty ( ,%rop%ire mak+ w> on ! /urdy ,wel%-,britons ( ! bord]l& ( ,wales1 & =tify+ ! city :i* he built "u ! %ad[ ( ! ,wrek94 ,f ?is po9t1 sl[ly b surely1 ! ,roman soldi]s made _! way ?r\gh =e/ & foe to ,*e/]1 or ,deva z x 0 !n call$4 ,?is 0 ! *ief t[n ( a tribe call$ ! ,cornavii1 a pa/oral p occupy+ ! pres5t c\nty ( ,*e%ire1 except ! hilly di/ricts ( ! nor?-ea/1 :]e ! ,brigantes1 a m w>like tribe ?an ! ,cornavii1 _h _! homes4 ,! ,romans did n1 h[ev]1 capture ,*e/] )\t a /ruggle4 ,! city 0 well protect$ on its we/]n & s\!rn sides by ! riv] ,dee1 ^: wat]s spread ov] ! ,roodee "r up to :]e ! walls ( ! city n[ /&4 ,only f ! ea/ c\ld ! place be attack$1 & ! highe/ po9ts ( ,delam]e ,=e/ & ! ,peck=ton ,hills are /ill m>k$ by ! ,briti% encampm5ts & e>?works :]e ! ,britons made _! la/ /&1 & by gre5 e>?-m\nds or 'tumuli' :]e ! dead bodies ( _! lead]s 7 buri$4 ,if y take up an ,ordnance ,map y w (t5 f9d a l5g? ( road runn+ q /raight = "s miles4 ,su* roads w ne>ly always prove to h be5 ! "w ( ! ,romans1 = ! ,romans made _! roads direct f po9t to po9t1 l mod]n railways1 _! *ief object be+ to enable troops to m>* rapidly f "o milit>y /ation to ano!r4 ,two /raight pieces ( ,roman road ent] ! city ( ,*e/]1 "o on ! s\? & ! o!r on ! ea/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,roman ,,roads ,,9 ,,*e%ire ,! ,romans 7 skilful eng9e]s & did _! "w v ?or\ghly1 cle>+ ! =e/ l& z !y advanc$1 & dra9+ m>%es or lay+ /one causeways across !m4 ,bridges 7 built1 ?\gh n e bridge n[ call$ ,roman 0 ! "w ( ! ,romans4 ,! ',roman bridge' ne> ,m>ple 0 n built until _m c5turies aft] ! la/ ,romans _h left ,*e%ire1 b x may well m>k ! spot :]e1 accord+ to tradition1 a ,roman bridge _h once /ood4 ,m (t51 :]e ! roads cross$ riv]s1 =ds 7 m>k$ by /akes1 & ! b$ ( ! riv] c>efully laid ) /ones4 ,9 ! ,museum at ,v]non ,p>k is a pav+-/one tak5 f ! ,m]sey at ,/ockport :]e probably ! ,roman road cross$ ! riv]4 ,! ,roman roads 7 pav$ ?r\gh\t1 except :]e !y 7 hewn out ( ! solid rock4 ,! road ?r\gh ,delam]e ,=e/ 0 "p ( ! ',watl+ ,/reet' :i* w5t 9 an almo/ /raight l9e f ,deva to ,man*e/]1 call$ by ! ,romans ,mancunium4 ,/ret=d is ! place :]e ! ,roman '/reet' cross$ ! ,m]sey4 ,! mod]n high-road f ,*e/] to ,man*e/] = ne>ly its entire l5g? keeps v close to ! l9e ( ! anci5t ,watl+ ,/reet1 only dep>t+ f ! old] road to avoid hills4 ,at su* po9ts ! /raight track ( ! ,roman road c /ill be trac$ 9 ! fields & woodl&4 ,(t5 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,t>v9 & ,kelsall has ! pickaxe or ! spade ( ! lab\r] /ruck aga9/ ! ,roman pav+-/ones4 ,:5 an excavation 0 made at ,organsdale1 midway betwe5 ! villages ( ,kelsall & ,delam]e1 a portion ( ! ,roman ,watl+ ,/reet1 cut 9 ! solid s&/one1 0 discov]$1 /ill %[+ ! :eel-ruts worn on ! surface by ,roman & ,briti% c>ts4 ,9 o!r p>ts ( ! =e/1 :5 ! crops are 91 y may see l9es ( rais$ e>? & gravel :]e ! anci5t road 0 laid along an embankm5t4 ,at ,nor?wi*1 :i* ! ,romans call$ ,sal9ae or ! 'saltworks'1 a second road1 :i* ent]$ ,*e%ire at ,wild]spool ne> ,w>r+ton1 cross$ ,watl+ ,/reet at "r angles & ran 9 a p]fectly /raight l9e to ,middlewi* or ',condate'4 ,?is road 0 call$ by ! ,saxons ,k9d or ,k+ ,/reet1 & 0 cont9u$ s\?w>ds to ,nantwi*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tomb/one ,,to ,,caecilius ,,avitus 7,,grosv5or ,,museum7 ,! ,grosv5or ,museum at ,*e/] conta9s a l>ge collection ( /ones ) figures & inscriptions c>v$ ^u !m1 & o!r objects f :i* we may le>n a great deal ab\t ! ,roman conqu]ors4 ,! inscriptions1 :i* are ( c\rse 9 ,lat91 ! language ( ! ,romans1 %[ t ,*e/] 0 an important g>rison t[n1 & ! head-qu>t]s ( ! ,tw5tie? ,legion4 ,a legion1 or division1 ( ! ,roman army conta9$ ab\t five ?\s& m54 ,a numb] ( ^! relics are tomb/ones ( ! legion>y soldi]s :o 7 /ation$ "h4 ,y may di/+ui% !m by ! op5+ words ,,dis ,,manibus1 or %ortly ,d4,m41 :i* practically means 9 ,engli%1 ',to ! memory (4' ,! inscriptions !n give ! "n ( ! soldi] & 8 native place1 8 age1 & ! "n ( ! 'c5tury' or company to :i* he belong$4 ,wom5 accompani$ ! legion1 z y may see f a tomb/one ( a c5turion & 8 wife4 ,ano!r /one ( :i* a picture is giv51 %[s ! ord9>y dress1 ! tunic & belt ( a ,roman soldi]4 ,9 mo/ ( ! inscriptions on ^! /ones are ! lett]s ,,vv1 :i* are ! initials ( ! words ',val]ia ,victrix'1 ! victori\s ,val]ian1 by :i* "n ! ,tw5tie? ,legion 0 kn[n4 ,! badge ( ! legion 0 a bo>1 & ?is also appe>s on _m ( ! /ones & tiles ( ! build+s put up by ! soldi]s ( ?is legion4 ,^! tomb/ones 7 discov]$ 9 ! ye> #ahhc inside ! base ( ! nor? wall ( ! city ( ,*e/] :ile ! wall 0 be+ repair$4 ,x is probable !re=e t !re _h be5 a cemet]y outside ! city wall at ?is po9t1 f :i* ! /ones 7 tak5 dur+ its con/ruction4 ,! bodies ( ! ,romans 7 burnt aft] dea?1 & ! a%es plac$ 9 urns ( e>!nw>e n unlike ^? ( ! ,britons4 ,roman burial urns h be5 discov]$ on ,w9n+ton ,hill ne> ,nor?wi* & at ,b\ghton4 ,y may see !m 9 ! ,*e/] ,museum4 ,"h also are a numb] ( ,roman alt>s d$icat$1 z _! inscriptions %[1 to ! ,roman gods ,jupit]1 ,m>s1 ,m9]va1 c4 ,on "o ( !m y c easily make out ! words ,,deo ,,m>ti ,,cons]v1 :i* mean ',to ! god ,m>s ! ,pres]v]'4 ,! l[] portion1 :i* has be5 brok5 (f1 conta9$ ! "n ( ! soldi] :o d$icat$ x4 ,ano!r alt> is d$icat$ to ! ',g5ius'1 or gu>dian _s1 ( ! c5tury4 ,on ! sides ( ! alt>s are r\gh c>v+s ( ! axe & ! knife1 ! jug & ! di%1 us$ 9 sacrificial c]emonies4 ,illu/ration3 ,,alt>3 ,,g5io 7,,grosv5or ,,museum7 ,a ?ird gr\p ( /ones are call$ c5turial /ones4 ,^!1 l our mod]n f\ndation or memorial /ones1 7 built into a portion ( wall or build+ & gave ! "n ( ! 'c5tury' ( soldi]s by :om ! "w 0 con/ruct$4 ,at fir/ ! ,romans 7 h>d taskma/]s4 ,heavy tribute 0 dem&$ f ! conqu]$ ,britons1 :o compla9$ l\dly ( ! mis]ies ( bondage1 & ( ! insults & injuries put ^u !m4 ,gangs ( ,briti% slaves 7 =c$ to "w 9 cornfield & qu>ry "u ! :ips ( _! ,roman rul]s1 or compell$ to fight ) "o ano!r or ) wild bea/s 'to make a ,roman holiday'4 ,rebellions 7 frequ5t1 & 7 put d[n by ! ,roman (fic]s ) great cruelty2 & = _m ye>s x 0 only ! sup]ior arms & milit>y sci5ce ( ! ,roman legions t made x possible to keep 9 subjection a discont5t$ p4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,romans ,,9 ,,*e%ire4 ,,ii ,a piece ( lead5 wat]-pip+ discov]$ 9 ,ea/gate ,/reet1 ,*e/]1 be>s ! "n ( ,julius ,agricola4 ,agricola 0 made ,gov]nor ( ,brita9 9 ,a4,d4 #gh4 ,tacitus1 a ,roman hi/orian1 :o m>ri$ ,agricola's daught]1 wrote a life ( 8 fa!r-9-law & a n>rative ( 8 "w 9 ,brita94 ,f 8 writ+s we le>n t ,agricola fir/ turn$ 8 att5tion to ! fi]ce tribe ( ! ,brigantes :o inhabit$ ! hilly di/ricts ( ,york%ire1 ,lanca%ire1 & ,nor?-,ea/ ,*e%ire4 ,agricola made ! prep>ations = 8 exp$ition at ,*e/]1 :i* became 8 head-qu>t]s1 & built ! =tifi$ outpo/s ( ,mancunium on ! ,irwell & ,mel&ra on ! ,d]by%ire bank ( ! ,riv] ,e!r[1 connect+ !m ) "o ano!r ) new roads4 ,bo? ,mancunium & ,mel&ra h be5 excavat$ 9 rec5t ye>s1 & at ! latt] y may see ! f\ndations ( portions ( ! wall laid b>e1 & ! base ( "o ( ! pr9cipal gateways lead+ into ! =t4 ,a ,roman camp 0 usually squ>e1 ) ! corn]s slightly r\nd$1 z has be5 prov$ by ! excavations at ,mel&ra & by ! piece ( ,roman wall lately discov]$ at ,*e/]1 :i* %[s a di/9ct curve t[>ds ! ,pepp] ,gate4 ,roads cross$ ! camp at "r angles4 ,! wall or 'vallum' 0 protect$ :5 necess>y by a fosse or dit*1 b ,agricola *ose 8 positions ) su* c>e t "o side at lea/ 0 usually already gu>d$ by ! wat]s ( "s /ream4 ,wat*-t[]s 7 plac$ at ! corn]s & on ei!r side ( ! gateways4 ,*e/] /ill pres]ves ! %ape & plan ( ! ,roman =tress4 ,its f\r ma9 /reets1 :i* are hewn out ( ! s&/one on :i* ! city is built1 cross ea* o!r at "r angles4 ,! ,wel% call$ x ,ca] ,lleon or ,lleon ,vawr--! ',camp ( ! ,legion'4 ,! pres5t walls are n1 h[ev]1 ! "w ( ! ,romans1 ?\gh "h & !re !y h be5 prov$ to h be5 built on ! f\ndations ( ! ,roman walls4 ,! l[e/ c\rses ( ! ,nor? ,wall ne> ! ,dean]y ,field1 :5 excavat$1 7 f\nd to be fac$ ) massive /ones ( ,roman masonry1 ) a ,roman 'pl9?' runn+ along ! base4 ,! /ones fit v closely toge!r & no mort> 0 us$4 ,! inside ( ! wall 0 fill$ ) rubble4 ,f "t to "t portions ( ,roman wall h be5 f\nd 9 o!r p>ts ( ! city4 ,"o big piece is 9 ! cell>s ( ,dickson's se$ w>eh\se4 ,:5 ! f\ndations ( ! (fices ( ! ,national ,telephone ,company 9 ,john ,/reet 7 be+ excavat$ a ye> or two ago1 a f9e piece ( ,roman wall 0 une>!d4 ,! build]s h left x /&+ :]e !y f\nd x1 & y may n[ see x 9 ! basem5t ( ! build+1 protect$ f future h>m by an iron grid4 ,on ! ,roodee is a portion ( ,roman masonry ( f9ely jo9t$ /ones :i* is ?\ght to h be5 ! quay ( ! ,roman city4 ,9 ! middle ( a ,roman =tress 0 ! ,praetorium or g5]al's qu>t]s4 ,traces ( su* a build+ are to be se5 9 ! camp at ,mel&ra1 & at ,*e/] ! f\ndations ( a l>ge edifice discov]$ 9 ,nor?gate ,/reet may possibly be a portion ( a simil> build+4 ,inscriptions %[ u t ano!r legion1 call$ ! ,legio ,secunda1 0 /ation$ at ,*e/] = sev]al ye>s4 ,:5 ,brita9 0 m or less pacifi$ & requir$ few] troops ?is legion 0 recall$ & s5t to ! ,roman prov9ces on ! ,danube4 ,tacitus tells u t ,agricola spread civilization among ! ,britons1 s5t ! sons ( *iefta9s to ,rome to be educat$1 & ev5 9 "t taught ! ,britons to adopt ,roman habits & dress & to speak ! ,lat9 tongue4 ,b he w\ld n at fir/ let !m jo9 ! ,roman legions 9 ,brita92 ^? :o wi%$ to fight = ! ,roman emp]ors 7 s5t abroad to ! ,roman prov9ces on ! ,rh9e or ! ,danube4 ,! soldi]s ( subject races 7 n = _m ye>s aft] _! conque/ all[$ by ! ,romans to fight 9 _! own c\ntry4 ,! tomb/ones m5tion$ 9 ! previ\s *apt] prove ?is1 = n "o ( !m be>s ! "n ( any ,briti% soldi]4 ,a bronze tablet dug up at ,malpas1 on :i* is engrav$ a decree ( ! ,emp]or ,trajan1 %[s t ! soldi]s :o f\ght 9 ! ,roman army 9 ,brita9 7 n all ,romans1 or ev5 ,italians1 = x speaks ( ,?racians1 ,dalmatians1 ,spani>ds1 & m5 ( o!r nations conqu]$ by ,rome4 ,= sev5 ye>s ,agricola 0 a wise & a humane rul]4 ,he remov$ _m ( ! burd5s put ^u ! ,britons by previ\s gov]nors1 & x 0 *iefly due to him t ! ,romans 7 able to make _! rule acceptable to ! ,britons4 ,9 "t ,britons became pr\d ( ! "n ( ,roman citiz5s4 ,we h se5 f ! "* ( ! rema9s t ,*e/] 0 peculi>ly a milit>y city4 ,?us x diff]$ greatly f _m ( ! ,roman cities ( s\!rn ,brita91 :i* lo/ _! milit>y "* z ! tide ( w> roll$ nor?w>ds & we/w>ds4 ,^! cities soon became busy c5tres ( trade & civic life1 ) all ! conv5i5ces & luxuries ( ,italian t[ns4 ,!y _h _! temples & _! basilica or t[n hall1 !atres & public ba?s1 palaces & colonnades ( %ops1 & h&some villas ( ,roman (ficials4 ,b life at ,*e/]1 ) ! cont9ual arrival & dep>ture ( troops & /ores1 mu/ h be5 h>d & monoton\s1 ) ! d9 ( w>f>e probably nev] f> di/ant4 ,! ,wel% 7 nev] really subdu$ by ! ,romans4 ,yet ev5 at ,*e/] !re 7 build+s ( importance1 z we c see f ! brok5 fragm5ts ( pill>s 9 ! little g>d5 by ! ,wat] ,t[]1 & 9 ! basem5ts ( ,v]non's ,toy ,baza> & o!r %ops 9 ,*e/]4 ,^! pill>s 7 made to support ! por*es & colonnades ) :i* ! fronts & sometimes ! sides also ( ,roman build+s 7 adorn$4 ,no d\bt y h notic$ !m 9 pictures y h se5 ( anci5t ,rome4 ,9 a lat] *apt] y w le>n t ! ,engli%m5 ( ! eighte5? c5tury copi$ ! ,roman or ,italian /yle ( ar*itecture 9 _! *ur*es1 t[n halls1 & o!r public build+s1 & f ! build+s !n made y c get "s idea ( ^? ( a ,roman t[n4 ,! pill>s 7 ( ?ree diff]5t patt]ns or 'ord]s'1 & by obs]v+ c>efully _! diff]5ces y w be able to tell at a glance to :i* p>ticul> ord] a mod]n build+ belongs4 ,! capitals ( ! ,doric & ,ionic pill>s are mu* simpl] 9 design ?an ^? ( ! ,cor9?ian1 :i* 7 (t5 ( a v ornam5tal nature4 ,illu/ration3 ,,roman ,,capitals3 ,,doric1 ,,ionic1 ,,& ,,cor9?ian ,! ,romans felt ! cold & damp ( ! ,briti% climate1 s diff]5t f t ( _! own w>m & sunny l&4 ,_m ( _! h\ses & public build+s 7 w>m$ by 'hypocau/s' or heat+ *amb]s1 & e city _h its public ba?s ) rooms heat$ by hot air4 ,9 ,bridge ,/reet is a hypocau/ rema9+ j :]e ! ,romans left x4 ,! pill>s :i* y see 9 ! illu/ration are ^? ( ano!r hypocau/ f\nd _m ye>s ago 9 ,bridge ,/reet4 ,! pill>s 7 set up 9 r[s on a solid f\ndation1 be+ fix$ 9 _! places by cem5t4 ,on ! top ( ^! a second floor ( cem5t & bricks1 sev]al in*es ?ick1 0 laid4 ,! space betwe5 ! two floors 0 heat$ by hot air1 introduc$ ?r\gh an op5+ 9 ! side wall communicat+ ) a furnace or ov54 ,9 _! own c\ntry ! ba? 0 an important ev5t 9 ! ev]yday life ( ! ,romans4 ,illu/ration3 ,,rema9s ,,( ,,hypocau/1 ,,*e/] ,! floors ( ,roman build+s 7 pav$ ) t9y blocks ( brick call$ 'tess]ae'1 ?ree to f\r in*es long & "o in* wide4 ,a piece ( floor+ 9 ! ,grosv5or ,museum %[s t ! bricks 7 laid on a b$ ( cem5t or concrete 9 'h]r+-bone' patt]n1 t is1 ) ! bricks at "r angles to "o ano!r4 ,a l>ge numb] ( tiles us$ 9 ro(+ h be5 f\nd all ov] ! city2 on _m ( ^! y w see ! /amp ,,leg ,,xx ,,vv ( ! ,tw5tie? ,legion4 ,!re 0 a tile factory at ,holt on ! ,dee :]e also _m ( ^! tiles be>+ ! same /amp h rec5tly be5 f\nd4 ,! ,romans taught ! ,britons _m useful trades4 ',v]at9um' or ,wild]spool became "u ! ,romans q a busy manufactur+ t[n1 ! =]unn] ( a mod]n ,w>r+ton or ,wigan4 ,! site ( ! anci5t ,roman t[n has be5 c>efully dug ov]4 ,traces h be5 f\nd ( _m pits1 he>?s1 furnaces1 & ov5s = ! manufacture ( glass & pott]y1 a bronze f\ndry1 & an iron smelt+ furnace1 & an enamell]'s work%op4 ,9 ! museums at ,w>r+ton & at ,/ockport are _m fragm5ts ( pott]y f\nd "h4 ,mo/ ( x is ( a r\gh br[n-r$ w>e1 call$ 'r\gh-ca/'1 ( :i* ! common] ut5sils1 wat]-jugs & b[ls & fun]al urns1 7 made4 ,a m ornam5tal k9d is call$ ',samian'1 & is ( a d>k] col\r1 highly glaz$ & decorat$ ) emboss$ figures ( m5 & animals4 ,_m articles ( iron1 knives1 padlocks1 keys1 nails1 f\nd on ! same spot %[ t ,v]at9um 0 ! ,birm+ham ( ! ,roman occupation4 ,roman co9s h be5 dug up 9 l>ge numb]s at ,*e/] & o!r sites along ! ,roman roads4 ,_m ( !m are to be se5 9 ,*e/] ,t[n ,hall & 9 our museums4 ,ne>ly all ! emp]ors ( ! fir/ f\r c5turies are repres5t$ ^u !m4 ,sev]al emp]ors came to ,brita91 & we may be sure t 9 _! t\rs ( inspection !y paid visits to ! important g>rison city ( ! 'great legion'4 ,"s ( ^! co9s be> ! "n ( ,con/ant9e1 ! fir/ ,*ri/ian emp]or1 :o 0 born at ,york1 & ^: "m 0 p]haps a lady ( ,briti% bir?4 ,!re is un=tunately no?+ to %[ t !re 0 any ,*ri/ian *ur* 9 ,roman ,*e%ire1 ?\gh _m ( ! ,roman soldi]s mu/ h be5 famili> ) ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,romans :o became ,*ri/ians 7 all[$ to wor%ip 9 ! basilica1 :i* 9 aft] days1 z we %all see1 became ! model ^u :i* ,*ri/ian *ur*es 7 built4 ,on a h\se ne> ! ,ea/ ,gate ( ,*e/] are c>v$ ^! words3 ',! fe> ( ! ,"l is a f\nta9 ( life4' ,?is is ! translation ( an inscription on a ,roman co9 f\nd :5 ! workm5 7 digg+ ! f\ndations ( ! build+4 ,! co9s ( ! ,emp]or ,magn5tius %[ ! monogram ( ! fir/ two lett]s ( ,*ri/4 ,! ,roman rule la/$ = #cgj ye>s4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod !y _h trans=m$ a desolate & b>r5 l&1 inhabit$ by a p t 7 almo/ savages1 into a f]tile & prosp]\s prov9ce2 ,britannia ,felix ! ,romans !mselves call$ x4 ,l>ge tracts ( =e/ l& 7 cle>$ & br\ght "u cultivation4 ,brita9 became "o ( ! *ief gran>ies ( ,rome4 ,9 ! museums y may see ! ,roman qu]ns or h&mills ) :i* !y gr\nd _! corn4 ,! ,romans work$ ! copp] m9es on ,ald]ley ,edge2 /one hamm]-heads ) :i* ! ,britons cru%$ ! ore = _! ,roman ma/]s h be5 f\nd !re4 ,a 'pig' ( lead weigh+ ov] a hundr$weight1 dug up 9 ! ,roodee1 %[s t lead m9es 7 ext5sively work$4 ,! lead 0 br\ght to ,*e/] f ! m9es ( ,d5bigh%ire & 0 "p ( ! tribute paid by ! ,britons to ! ,roman emp]ors4 ,salt1 a sc>ce commodity 9 _m c\ntries1 0 obta9$1 z at ! pres5t day1 f ! salt b$s ( ,nor?wi*4 ,at ! end ( ! f\r? c5tury ! ,roman empire 0 ov]run by hordes ( b>b>ians f ,nor!rn ,europe4 ,! ,romans1 weak5$ by luxury & weal?1 7 unable to beat back ! ru?less invad]s4 ,legion aft] legion 0 summon$ f ! di/ant p>ts ( ! empire = ! def5ce ( ! imp]ial city itself4 ,ab\t ! ye> ,a4,d4 #chj ! ',conqu]+ ,legion' m>*$ out = ! la/ "t ?r\gh ! city gates ( ,*e/]1 & by #daj no ,roman soldi]s 7 left 9 ,brita94 ,) sorr[ & despair ! ,britons wat*$ ! la/ soldi]s dep>t4 ,_! own fight+-m5 7 f> away 9 di/ant l&s1 & !y knew t )\t ! protection ( ! ,roman legions on :om !y _h s long reli$1 !y 7 left a def5celess prey ( ! foes t 7 ?reat5+ !m on all sides4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,saxons ,,& ,,angles ,,come ,,to ,,*e%ire ,z ! ,romans retreat$ s\?w>ds1 tribes ( ,picts1 a fi]ce race inhabit+ ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,brita9 foll[$ 9 _! wake plund]+ & de/roy+ ! cities built by ! ,romans1 & ev]y:]e fall+ ^u ! def5celess ,britons4 ,we "k little ( ! do+s ( ?is t]rible "t1 = ) ! dep>ture ( ! ,romans !re desc5d$ ^u ,brita9 a veil ( d>kness t 0 n to be lift$ = #aej ye>s4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ! fif? c5tury ! tide ( ,picti% invasion 0 roll$ back by o!r races :o l&$ on our s\!rn & ea/]n coa/s4 ,^! 7 ! ,saxons1 ,jutes1 & ,angles1 ! rude =efa!rs ( ! ,engli% p1 :o left _! homes 9 ,nor!rn ,g]many to make new settlem5ts & f\nd k+doms 9 our c\ntry4 ,y w read else:]e ( ! long & gradual conque/ ( ,engl& by ^! b>b>ian invad]s4 ',field by field1 t[n by t[n1 =e/ by =e/1 ! l& 0 won' f ! ,briti% inhabitants4 ,accord+ to ! /ory usually told1 ?\gh ,i am oblig$ to admit t we h v /rong evid5ce = x1 x 0 n until ! ye> #ehd ,a4,d4 t any ( !m rea*$ ! "p ( ! c\ntry t is n[ ,*e%ire4 ,by t "t ! ,we/ ,saxons1 "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful ( ^! tribes1 _h f\ght _! way f ! ,engli% ,*annel to ! ,riv] ,sev]n & ,%rop%ire1 :]e !y de/roy$ ! great ,roman city ( ,uriconium4 ,"u _! lead] ,ceawl9 !y appe> to h made an attempt to rea* ,*e/]1 b 7 met ne> ,nantwi* at a spot call$ ,fe?anleagh1 n[ probably ! mod]n village ( ,faddiley1 by ,brocmael1 ,pr9ce ( ,p[ys or mid-,wales4 ,! ,saxons 7 r\t$ & retir$ quickly to ! ,s\?4 ,*e/] 0 sav$ = a "t & became ! capital ( ! ,wel% k+dom ( ,gwyn$d4 ,?irty ye>s lat]1 h[ev]1 a great] ?an ,ceawl9 appe>$ be=e ! walls ( ! ,roman city4 ,! ,angles1 :o _h f\nd$ on our nor?-ea/]n %ores ! p[]ful k+dom ( ,nor?umbria1 cross$ ! ,p5n9e ,hills "u _! lead] & k+ ,ae!lfri?1 & desc5d$ ^u ,*e%ire4 ,once m ,brocmael put himself at ! head ( ! ,britons & ,wel%4 ,we are told by ,b$e1 ! e>lie/ ( our ,engli% hi/orians1 :o wrote 9 ! succe$+ c5tury1 t #a1bjj monks f a great mona/]y at ,bangor-,isco$ on ! ,dee accompani$ ,brocmael aft] a fa/ ( ?ree days to ! battlefield to (f] up pray]s = victory4 ,ae!lfri? wat*$ ! wild ge/ures ( ! monks & bade 8 foll[]s slay !m fir/ ( all4 ',be> !y arms or no1' he said1 '!y fight aga9/ u :5 !y cry aga9/ u to _! ,god4' ,brocmael left !m to _! fate & fl$ f ! battle1 :i* end$ 9 ! utt] defeat ( ! ,britons4 ,! victory ( ,ae!lfri? 0 foll[$ by ! capture ( ,*e/]1 & ,*e%ire became a portion ( a k+dom t /ret*$ f ! ,twe$ to ! ,dee4 ,b ! mo/ important result ( ! ',battle ( ,*e/]' 0 t ! nor!rn ,wel% ,britons or ',cumbrian' ,wel% 7 n[ completely cut (f f _! k9sm5 9 ,wales4 ,ev]y:]e ! conqu]$ ,britons 7 driv5 nor?w>ds & we/w>ds to ! m\nta9s ( ,cumb]l& or ,wales1 & ! ,britons z a unit$ nation ceas$ to exi/4 ,= =ty ye>s ,*e%ire 0 rul$ by ,nor?umbrian k+s1 b dur+ ! latt] "p ( ?is p]iod ano!r k+dom 0 ga!r+ /r5g? 9 ! ,midl&s ( ,engl&4 ,?is 0 ! k+dom ( ,m]cia or ! ,m>*l&4 ,! ,m]cian ,p5da defeat$ ! ,nor?umbrian k+ & add$ ,*e%ire to ! l&s ov] :i* he rul$4 ,m]cia & ,*e%ire 7 frequ5tly raid$ by ! ,wel%1 & x 0 to keep !m out t ,(fa1 greate/ ( ! ,m]cian k+s1 built 8 fam\s ',dyke' f ,*e/] to ,s\? ,wales1 _m portions ( :i* y may trace to ?is day4 ,m]cia 9 turn 0 conqu]$ by ! k+s ( ,wessex1 "o ( :om1 ,ecb]ght1 is usually /yl$ ! fir/ k+ ( all ,engl&4 ,ecb]ght & 8 ,we/ ,saxons ov]ran ,*e%ire & captur$ ! city ( ,*e/] 9 ! ye> #hbh4 ,?us did ?ree k+doms /rive = ! possession ( ,*e%ire1 :i* f its c5tral position mu/ h be5 ! sc5e ( _m an unrecord$ fight4 ,numb]s ( ,*e%ire villages %[ by _! names _! ,anglo-,saxon orig94 ,dav5ham1 ,frod%am1 & ,w>m+ham speak to u ( ! 'hams' or home/eads t ! ,saxons made = !mselves 9 _! newly won l&s4 ,beb+ton1 ,boll+ton1 & ,congleton take _! names f ! 'tun'1 ! enclosure or h$ge ( a f>m or village2 ,pre/bury1 ,m>bury1 & ,a/bury f ! 'burh' or =tifi$ h\se ( ! headman ( a tribe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,runic ,,/one1 ,,upton ,goo/ree is p]haps ! ',god's tree' :]e ! l& 0 p>cell$ out among ! villag]s & puni%m5t met$ to wrong-do]s2 ,?ur/a/on1 or ! tun ( ,?or's /one1 ! place ( sacrifice to _! hea!n god ,?or4 ,! a% tree gives its "n to sev]al ,*e%ire villages1 ,a%ton1 ,a%ley1 ,a/bury1 = in/ance4 ,?is fact tells u t ! tree 0 held 9 great v5]ation by ! ,angles & ,saxons4 ,ev5 to ?is day ! tree is ?\ght to possess ! p[] ( br++ good or evil4 ,a sup]/iti\s ,*e%ire lab\r] w n1 if he c help x1 cut d[n an a% tree = fe> x %\ld br+ him mis=tune1 & *urn /aves made ( a% are us$ by f>m]s' wives to prev5t ! butt] f be+ bewit*$4 ,x is 9 fact f ! ,angles & ,saxons t we h inh]it$ ! priceless possession ( our ,engli% tongue4 ,! olde/ traces ( our language 9 a writt5 =m 9 ,*e%ire may be se5 9 ! ,grosv5or ,museum at ,*e/]4 ,"h on a pla/] ca/ is an inscription writt5 9 /range lett]s1 ',runes' or 'my/]ies' z !y are call$4 ,?is ca/ is a copy ( an inscrib$ /one discov]$ at ,upton-9-,wirral :5 ! old *ur* 0 pull$ d[n4 ,! /ones ( ?is build+ _h previ\sly be5 tak5 f ! anci5t ru9$ *ur* at ,ov]*ur*4 ,le>n$ s*ol>s exam9$ ! /one c>efully & made out ^! words3 ,,folcae ,,are>don ,,bec,,un4 ,,gi,,bidda? ,,= ,,a!lmund4 ,! mean+ is ',folk re>$ tomb1 bid 7i4e4 pray7 = ,a!lmund'4 ,y c see t ! words are ,engli%1 ?\gh _! =m has *ang$ consid]ably dur+ ! #a1bjj ye>s or m t h gone by s9ce ! runes 7 c>v$4 ,fi]ce & blood?ir/y 7 ^! e>ly ance/ors ( ours1 'hateful alike to ,god & m51' z ,gildas1 a ,wel% monk1 describ$ !m4 ,yet ev5 !y 7 taught 9 "t to ab&on _! /range gods & turn to ! wor%ip ( ,*ri/1 & ?r\gh ! l& 9 t[n & village uprose a cross ( wood or /one1 ! outw>d symbol ( a new & bett] fai?4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,cross ,,9 ,,*e%ire ,dur+ ! latt] ye>s ( ! ,roman occupation !re mu/ h be5 _m among ! ,roman soldi]s /ation$ 9 ,*e%ire :o _h he>d ! message ( ! ,gospel1 &1 foll[+ ! example ( _! emp]ors1 pr(ess$ ! fai? ( ,*ri/4 ,b1 z we h be=e /at$1 !re is no pro( t a ,*ri/ian *ur* exi/$ 9 ,*e%ire 9 ^? days1 ?\gh tradition says t :]e ! ca!dral *ur* ( ,*e/] n[ /&s !re 0 a *ur* d$icat$ to ,s4 ,pet] & ,s4 ,paul1 :i* _h previ\sly be5 a temple ( ,apollo4 ,9 ,wales & ,irel& ! ,*ur* fl\ri%$ greatly ?r\gh ! tr\bl\s p]iod ( ! ,anglo-,saxon invasions4 ,we are told t ,k5tig]n1 ! fir/ bi%op ( ,glasg[1 on 8 return to ,wales l&$ 9 ,wirral & f\nd$ a *ur* !re4 ,9 ! previ\s *apt] we h se5 t at ,bangor-,isco$ on ! ,dee !re 0 a mona/]y ( great importance1 :i* aft] ! victory ( ,ae!lfri? ( ,nor?umbria 0 raz$ to ! gr\nd4 ,yet x 0 f ,nor?umbria t ,*ri/ianity 0 de/9$ to be br\ght & prea*$ to ! ,angles & ,saxons ( ,*e%ire4 ,oswald1 ! son ( ! hea!n ,ae!lfri?1 _h dur+ 8 exile 9 ,scotl& be5 conv]t$ by ,celtic mission>ies4 ,dur+ ! reign ( ?is 'mo/ ,*ri/ian k+1 a man de>ly belov$ ( ,god1 & f5c$ ) ! fai? ( ,*ri/'1 mission>ies f ,scotl& 'began ) great & f]v5t devotion to prea* ! ^w ( fai? to ^? prov9ces :i* ,k+ ,oswald gov]n$1 baptis+ all su* z believ$4 ,!re=e *ur*es 7 build$ 9 places conv5i5t3 ! p rejoic+ assembl$ toge!r to he> ! ^w ( ,god1' ,! anci5t *ur*es d$icat$ to ,s4 ,oswald at ,*e/]1 ,malpas1 ,br]eton1 ,peov]1 ,bid/on1 & ,worle/on1 are pro( ( ! great "p play$ by ,k+ ,oswald 9 ! conv]sion ( ,*e%ire & ( ! high repute 9 :i* he 0 held z a *ampion ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! t9y hamlet ( ,*adkirk ne> ,m>ple sugge/s to u a fam\s mission>y :o liv$ at a "t :5 ,*e%ire _h become "p ( ! k+dom ( ,m]cia4 ,?is 0 ,ceadda or ,*ad1 :o 0 s5t by ! ,iri% sa9t ,colomba to prea* ! gospel to ! p ( ,m]cia1 & became 9 lat] times ! patron sa9t ( ! bi%opric ( ,m]cia1 f\nd$ by ,k+ ,(fa4 ,*ad1 :o l ,oswald _h receiv$ ,*ri/ianity f ! ,celtic mission>ies ( ,nor? ,brita91 cont9u$ ! good "w ( ! ,nor?umbrian mission>ies4 ,at ! village ( ,ov] 7 =m]ly two /one crosses :i* may well m>k ! spots :]e ,*ad prea*$ to ! ,saxons ( ,*e%ire1 baptiz+ ! conv]ts 9 ! riv] ,weav] t fl[s h>d by4 ,! old *ur* ( ,ov] is d$icat$ to him1 z are also ! *ur*es ( ,f>ndon & ,wybunbury4 ,x is wor?y ( note t all ! ,*e%ire *ur*es nam$ aft] him 7 built on ! banks ( /reams1 :i* leads u to suppose t ,s4 ,*ad1 l ,s4 ,john ! ,bapti/ by ! banks ( ,jordan1 *ose places :]e 8 prea*+ might be imm$iately foll[$ by ! c]emony ( baptism4 ,at ,s&ba* are two /one crosses :i* are ?\ght to be closely connect$ ) ! conv]sion ( ,*e%ire4 ,! /ory goes t ,peada1 son ( ,p5da ! hea!n k+ ( ,m]cia1 wi%$ to m>ry ! ,*ri/ian daught] ( ,oswiu ( ,nor?umbria4 ,to w9 ! maid5 ! "y man cons5t$ to =sake 8 old religion & become a ,*ri/ian2 :]eupon ! crosses 7 set up to commemorate 8 conv]sion & m>riage4 ,if y look c>efully at ! ,s&ba* crosses y w see t ! ,angles ( ,m]cia _h rea*$ a v high level ( art 9 sculptur$ /ones4 ,c>v$ ^u !m are sev]al sc5es 9 ! life ( our ,"l1 ! ,nativity 9 ! /able at ,be?lehem ) ! ox & ! ass kneel+ be=e ! infant ,*ri/1 ! ,crucifixion ) ,s4 ,m>y & ,apo/les bel[1 ,*ri/ c>ry+ ! ,cross1 & ,*ri/ 9 glory ) ,s4 ,pet] on ,8 "r h& be>+ ! keys ( heav54 ,few crosses 71 h[ev]1 c>v$ s elaborately z ^! ,s&ba* crosses4 ,! majority 7 d\btless ( wood1 set up 9 ! middle ( ! op5 space r\nd :i* clu/]$ ! huts & wattl$ dwell+s ( ! inhabitants4 ,o!rs consi/$ ( a pla9 /one %aft set upright 9 ! gr\nd or on a base ( /one /eps1 sometimes rudely adorn$ ) scroll-"w su* z y may see on ! fragm5ts ( a cross pres]v$ 9 ! *ur*y>d ( ,pre/bury4 ,mo/ ( !m h p]i%$1 brok5 into fragm5ts :]e !y fell1 or h be5 us$ = repairs to damag$ build+s4 ,_m 7 wantonly de/roy$ 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury dur+ ! ,civil ,w>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,anglian ,,crosses ,,at ,,s&ba* ,crosses 7 set up by ! wayside at ! junction ( important highways or 9 t[ns at ! cross+ ( ! pr9cipal /reets1 z at ,*e/]4 ,"h 9 ! op5 air ! monks w\ld ga!r r\nd !m b&s ( li/5]s1 & prea* ! ,^w ( ,god4 ,aft]w>ds close to ! cross 0 erect$ an edifice ( wood or wattles 9 :i* ! s]vices ( ! ,*ur* 7 held1 & 9 /ill lat] times ^! wood5 *ur*es w\ld be replac$ by /one build+s4 ,n[h]e1 h[ev]1 9 ,*e%ire are !re any *ur*es or ev5 portions ( *ur*es rema9+ :i* c be said to h be5 built by our e>ly ,saxon =efa!rs4 ,! *ur* ( ,s4 ,john's1 ,*e/]1 is said to h be5 f\nd$ by ,k+ ,ae!lr$ ( ,m]cia 9 ! ye> #fhi4 ,an anci5t leg5d /ates t ,ae!lr$ '0 admoni%$ to erect a *ur* on ! spot :]e he %\ld f9d a :ite h9d'4 ,9 ! *ur* y may see fragm5ts ( an anci5t wall-pa9t+ or 'fresco' on "o ( ! pill>s ( ! nave :i* illu/rates ?is /ory4 ,a *ur* c]ta9ly did exi/ "h 9 v e>ly times1 = we read t 9 lat] days ,le(ric1 ,e>l ( ,m]cia1 repair$ & enri*$ ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,john's1 :i* may mean t ! e>li] wood5 *ur* _h fall5 into decay1 & a m sub/antial build+ ( /one 0 erect$ 9 its place4 ,! h\se ( ! ,m]cian ,p5da produc$ yet ano!r "n closely connect$ ) ! /ory ( ! ,cross 9 ,*e%ire4 ,w]burga1 a great-gr&daught] ( ,p5da1 succe$$ h] "m z head ( sev]al great abbeys4 ,%e di$ at ,tr5?am 9 ,/af=d%ire t[>ds ! end ( ! sev5? c5tury1 & two hundr$ ye>s lat]1 :5 ! ,danes 7( :om y w read m 9 ! next *apt]7 7 h>ry+ ! l&1 h] body 0 remov$ to ,*e/] = safe keep+1 & plac$ 9 ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,pet] & ,s4 ,paul :i* _h be5 re-d$icat$ to ,s4 ,w]burga & ,s4 ,oswald4 ,= _m c5turies cr[ds ( dev\t pilgrims made _! way to ,*e/] to (f] pray]s & gifts at ,s4 ,w]burga's %r9e4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,com+ ,,( ,,! ,,nor?m5 ,) ! capture ( ,*e/] 7,*ap4 ,,vii7 ,ecb]ght's conque/ ( ,m]cia 0 complete4 ,nor?umbria1 ,k5t1 & ,ea/ ,anglia also submitt$ to him4 ,b nei!r ,ecb]ght nor ! k+s t came aft] him 7 to be all[$ to enjoy ! bless+s ( peace1 = a new & t]rible enemy n[ appe>$ on our %ores4 ,9 ! n9? c5tury1 ! coa/s ( ,brita9 7 ravag$ by ! ,nor?m5 or ,vik+s1 ^? ,wild sea-w&]+ lords ,:o sail$ 9 a snake-pr[$ galley ) a t]ror ( tw5ty swords4 ,! ^w ,vik+s or 'wick+s' means creek-m51 f a ,sc&9avian ^w 'wick'1 'a creek'4 ,^! ,sc&9avian & ,dani% sea-pirates left _! homes 9 ! bays & fiords ( ,nor?-,we/ ,europe1 & made raids ^u ,brita9 & ! neighb\r+ l&s m at fir/ f gre$ ( plund] ?an ) any idea ( conque/4 ,l>ge numb]s ( ,danes l&$ on our ea/]n coa/s & ravag$ ! midl&s4 ,"u _! lead] ,ha/+ or ,ha/e91 !y seiz$ & occupi$ ! city ( ,*e/]4 ,we c imag9e ! ha/y flight ( ! monks1 = ! abbeys & *ur*es 7 always ! fir/ objects ( attack by ^! hea!n invad]s4 ,y w read else:]e h[ ,k+ ,alfr$ f9ally sav$ ! great] "p ( ,engl& f ! ,danes & conv]t$ _! lead]s to ,*ri/ianity4 ,! little village ( ,plem/all 7or ,plegmund/all71 ne> ,*e/]1 rem9ds u ( ,plegmund1 a ,saxon h]mit1 :o took refuge "h to escape ! ,danes4 ,plegmund _h be5 a fri5d & tutor ( ,k+ ,alfr$4 ,:5 ,alfr$'s "w 0 done1 & peace made ) ! ,danes1 he call$ ,plegmund f 8 lonely retreat 9 ! m>%es ( ! ,g[y to be ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury4 ,mean:ile1 ! ,sc&9avians _h sail$ r\nd ! nor? & we/ coa/s ( ,scotl&1 plund]+ ! ri* mona/]ies t _h be5 built by ,s4 ,patrick & 8 foll[]s1 & mak+ new homes = !mselves 9 ! ,isle ( ,man & 9 ,irel&4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! n9? c5tury !y cross$ into ,wales & sail$ up ! ,dee to ! walls ( ,*e/]1 drawn ?i!r p]haps by ! report ( ! weal? ( ! great *ur* t _h be5 built on ! banks ( ! riv]4 ,b !y f\nd only a des]t$ city 9 ru9s1 & retir$ to ! %ores ( ,wirral1 :]e !y settl$ & till$ ! l&1 & devot$ !mselves to ! m peaceful pursuits ( agriculture4 ,9 ! ,wirral p59sula _m ( ! names ( ! villages /ill %[ _! ,sc&9avian orig94 ,?us ,%otwick means ! s\? wick or creek4 ,?is village /&s at ! edge ( a /rip ( l& t has be5 recov]$ f ! sea4 ,9 e>ly times1 boats c\ld run along ! creek "r up to ! ris+ gr\nd :]e n[ /&s ! village *ur*4 ,an int]e/+ "n survives 9 ! little hamlet ( ,?+wall1 situat$ almo/ 9 ! c5tre ( ! ,wirral4 ,?+wall is ! field :]e ! '?+'1 t is ! tribe1 assembl$ to divide ! l& & to disp5se ju/ice4 ,y w recognize ! same ^w 9 ! t[n ( ,d+wall 9 ! ,nor? ( ,scotl&1 & at ! pres5t day '?+' is ! ,norwegian & ,dani% "n = ,p>liam5t4 ,! end+ '-by' 9 ! villages ,kirby1 ,irby1 ,raby1 ,frankby1 & ,helsby1 is ! ,dani% "n = a t[n%ip1 & we see ! ^w 9 our mod]n ^w 'by-laws'1 t is t[n laws4 ,y w n f9d ?is end+ 9 ! names ( villages 9 any o!r p>ts ( ,*e%ire4 ,illu/ration3 ,,norse ,,hog-,,back1 ,,we/ ,,kirby ,9 ! museum 9 ! old s*ool-h\se by ! *ur*y>d at ,we/ ,kirby y may see a /one1 :i*1 f its %ape1 antiqu>ies call a 'hog-back'4 ,! hog-back 0 a tomb/one or grave-slab t m>k$ ! burial-place ( "s ,sc&9avian *ief4 ,! c>v$ ornam5tation z well z its %ape is l t ( o!r simil> /ones t h be5 f\nd 9 ! p>ts ( ,brita9 :]e ! ,nor?m5 settl$4 ,! /one gives y "s idea ( ! homes f :i* ^! pirates came1 = ! c>v$ oval %apes repres5t little wood5 tiles2 & ! int]lac$ l9es are ! wattles or osi]s ( :i* _! huts 7 made4 ,! hea!n ,sc&9avian lik$ 8 place ( burial to be z mu* l home z possible1 :i* may be tak5 z a pro( t he did n ?9k t 8 s\l w\ld p]i% along ) 8 body4 ,9 ! same museum is ano!r /one ) a head %ap$ l a :eel1 :i* is also ! "w ( ! ,vik+s4 ,we are1 =tunately1 able to tell almo/ ! exact "t at :i* ! settlem5ts 9 ! ,wirral 7 made4 ,we read 9 an old *ronicle t 9 ! ye> #ijj ,a4,d4 ,alfr$'s daught] ,e!lfl$a1 ,lady ( ! ,m]cians1 grant$ l&s 9 ,wirral to "o ,+imund :o _h be5 driv5 out ( ,irel&4 ,?is lady1 ,e!lfl$a1 =tifi$ ,*e/] & rebuilt ! walls :i* _h la9 9 ru9s s9ce ! dep>ture ( ! ,romans4 ,p]haps ,+imund & 8 foll[]s _h already become ,*ri/ians dur+ _! /ay 9 ,irel&4 ,if !y _h n1 we may be sure t ,e!lfl$a did z h] fa!r _h done 9 8 treaty ) ! ,danes1 & insi/$ on _! becom+ ,*ri/ians 9 return = be+ all[$ to settle 9 ,*e%ire4 ,x 0 9 ! reign ( ,alfr$ t _m ,engli% c\nties or %ires fir/ receiv$ _! mod]n names4 ,*e%ire or ,*e/]-%ire1 l ,/af=d%ire & ,w>wick%ire1 took its "n f ! *ief city or =tress :i* dom9at$ ! di/rict & protect$ x f ! ravages ( ! ,danes4 ,alfr$ also ord]$ an ,engli% hi/ory to be writt51 9 :i* ! *ief ev5ts ( ea* ye> 7 record$4 ,?is ,old ,engli% ,*ronicle1 z x is call$1 0 kept up 9 ! reigns ( ! successors ( ,alfr$1 & is ! pr9cipal s\rce ( our k ( ,engl& "u ! ,anglo-,saxon k+s4 ,! ,*ronicle tells u t1 9 ord] to prev5t any fre% l&+ ( ,danes1 ,e!lfl$a built a ca/le or 'burh' at ,runcorn at ! head ( ! e/u>y ( ! ,m]sey4 ,! v site ( h] ca/le has n[ disappe>$1 = ',ca/le ,rock'1 ^u :i* x 0 built1 0 de/roy$ :5 ! ,%ip ,canal 0 made4 ,ano!r =tress 0 erect$ by ,e!lfl$a on ,eddisbury ,hill1 ! highe/ po9t ( ,delam]e ,=e/1 :]e1 probably1 !re 0 a l>ge camp 9 ,briti% times4 ,h] bro!r ,edw>d1 :o succe$$ ,alfr$ z ,k+ ( ,engl&1 also =tifi$ ,!lwall on ! ,m]sey1 z an inscription on ! gable ( an inn at ,!lwall tells u4 ,= ! next tw5ty ye>s he c>ri$ on a vigor\s w> aga9/ ! ,danes ( ! ',five ,bor\ghs'1 ,nott+ham1 ,leice/]1 ,d]by1 ,/am=d1 & ,l9coln4 ,b 9 _m p>ts ,saxon & ,dane _h already settl$ d[n side by side1 ! ,danes ab&on$ ! wor%ip ( _! hea!n gods ,od9 & ,?or1 & receiv$ ! ,gospel ( ,*ri/1 & 9 ! next c5tury a ,dani% k+ 0 de/9$ to rule ov] all ! l& & to advance greatly ! cause ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,edw>d's "w 0 done :5 he receiv$ ! homage ( ! *ief k+s ( ,brita91 & made ! royal h\se ( ,wessex supreme4 ,9 ! ye> #ibd1 z y may read 9 ! ,engli% ,*ronicle1 '!n *ose him = fa!r & "l ! ,k+ ( ,scots 444 & all ^? :o dwell 9 ,nor?umbria :e!r ,engli% or ,danes1 & also ! ,k+ ( ! ,/ra?clyde ,wel%4' ,*e/] appe>s to h rapidly ris5 9 importance1 l>gely no d\bt ow+ to its c5tral position1 & to h become a great & popul\s city4 ,! walls 7 ext5d$ beyond ! limits ( ! anci5t ,roman city1 & a new =tress built :]e ! pres5t ',ca/le' ( ,*e/] n[ /&s1 to gu>d ! road ov] ! riv]4 ,h5ce=?1 ! city 0 kept 9 a /ate ( def5ce by a cu/om :i* b\nd e 'hide' 9 ! %ire to provide a man at ! t[n-reeve's call to keep its walls & bridge 9 repair4 ,a consid]able trade ) ! seaports ( ,irel& foll[$1 l>gely x is to be fe>$ 9 connexion ) ! slave traffic1 & ! city became a fav\rite resort ( ! ,engli% k+s4 ,co9s 7 m9t$ "h 9 ! reign ( ,a!l/an4 ,a!l/an mu/ (t5 h be5 9 ,*e%ire1 = ?is fav\rite gr&son ( ,k+ ,alfr$ 0 br\ght up by ! ,lady ( ,m]cia1 & no d\bt le>n$ f h] ! ways ( a /rong & wise rul]4 ,:5 ,a!l/an became k+ he 0 attack$ by ! ,k+ ( ! ,scots & ! ,danes ( ,irel&4 ,a great battle 0 f\ght1 p]haps on ,*e%ire soil1 & ! ,engli% ,*ronicle breaks out into a wond]ful song ( victory4 ,a!l/an ,k+ ,"l among ,e>ls1 ,he ) 8 bro!r1 ,ga9$ a lifelong ,glory 9 battle1 ,slew ) ! sword-edge1 ,!re by ,brunanburh 444 99 99 99 99 99 ,b['d ! spoil]1 ,b5t ! ,scotsman1 ,fell ! %ip-crews ,doom'd to ! dea?4 ,all ! field ) blood ( ! fight]s ,fl['d1 f :5 fir/ ! great ,sun-/> ( morn+tide1 ,lamp ( ! ,"l ,god ,"l ,ev]la/+ ,glode ov] e>? till ! glori\s creature ,sank to 8 sett+4 ,brunanburh has be5 ?\ght by "s writ]s ( hi/ory to be ! village ( ,brombor\gh 9 ,wirral4 ,we _c be sure ( ?is1 b "s day p]haps ! l& w give up its secret1 :5 "s lab\r]'s spade %all dig up ! javel9s & ! w>-knives ( ! defeat$ ,nor?m54 ',edg>'s field' is suppos$ to m>k ! site ( ! palace ( "o ( ! greate/ ( ! ,anglo-,saxon ,k+s ( ,engl&4 ,x is relat$ t 9 ! ye> #igc1 ,edg> ! ',peacew9n]' visit$ ,*e/]1 & receiv$ !re ! submission ( _m tribut>y k+s4 ,he assembl$ an impos+ fleet ( %ips on ! ,dee1 & 0 r[$ f 8 palace to ! m9/] ( ,s4 ,john's by six "u-k+s1 ! ,k+ ( ,scots1 ! ,k+ ( ,cumb]l&1 ! ,k+ ( ,man1 & ?ree ,wel% pr9ces1 he himself tak+ ! helm z be+ _! head-k+4 ',^? :o come aft] me'1 he said1 'may inde$ call !mselves k+s1 s9ce ,i h _h su* hon\r4' ,guid$ by 8 *ief advis]1 ! good ,ar*bi%op ,dun/an1 ,edg> also did mu* to increase ! p[] & influ5ce ( ! ,*ur*4 ,he gave a *>t] 9 #ieh to ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,w]burga1 & end[$ x ri*ly ) l&s4 ,! ,engli% ,*ronicle ?us speaks ( him3 ,he upre>$ ,god's glory & lov$ ,god's law & bett]$ ! public peace m ?an ! k+s :o 7 be=e him )9 man's memory4 ,god also him help$ t k+s & e>ls gladly to him b[$ & 7 submissive to all t he will$4 ,9 ,edg>'s reign we fir/ he> ( ! division ( ! %ire into 'hundr$s' = ! trial & puni%m5t ( evildo]s4 ,:y ?is "n 0 *os5 is n q cle>1 b ! ,hundr$ probably d5ot$ a collection ( a hundr$ home/eads or hamlets4 ,! ,hundr$ _h its 'moot' or assembly ( freem51 held ne> "s sacr$ spot or conspicu\s l&m>k4 ,9 ,*e%ire "s ( !m1 ,buckl[ = in/ance1 took _! names f ! anci5t 'l[s' or burial-places4 ,e>ly 9 ! elev5? c5tury fre% invasions ( ,danes took place1 & 9 #ajaf ,cnut ,dane became ,k+ ( ,engl&4 ,*e%ire =m$ a portion ( a great e>ldom1 embrac+ ! :ole ( ,m]cia & gov]n$ by ,e>l ,le(ric4 ,cnut1 :o dur+ 8 reign visit$ ,rome & _h !re le>nt mu* ab\t *ur* build+1 0 a g5]\s fri5d to ! *ur*es1 rebuild+ ^? t _h suff]$ 9 ! w>s & erect+ _m new ones4 ,! *ur* ( ,s4 ,olave or ,olaf1 9 ! s\?-ea/]n "p ( ! city ( ,*e/]1 probably owes its f\ndation to him1 = ! "n %[s t !re 0 a ,dani% settlem5t 9 ! city4 ,! city itself 0 gov]n$ at ?is "t1 l o!r ,dani% cities1 by twelve 'lagm5' or lawm5 :o presid$ ov] its law-c\rts4 ,le(ric1 n to be outdone by 8 ma/] ,cnut1 almo/ entirely rebuilt ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,w]burga 9 #ajeg1 & if we may judge f ! memorials ( 8 "w :i* he has left 9 o!r cities ( 8 e>ldom1 mu* ( ! new *ur* 0 probably built ( /one4 ,x is d\btful :e!r he liv$ to see ! completion ( 8 "w4 ,9 any case1 be=e _m ye>s _h pass$1 ! *ur* 0 aga9 enl>g$ on a /ill gr&] scale & by a great] race ( *ur* build]s ?an any t _h gone be=e !m4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,normans ,,come ,,to ,,*e%ire ,9 ! e>ly mon?s ( ! ye> ,a4,d4 #ajgj ! ,saxons ( ,*e%ire fl$ be=e ! approa* ( an army ( discont5t$ & almo/ mut9\s troops :o _h cut _! way ?r\gh ! deep sn[drifts ( ! ,p5n9e ,hills4 ,b nei!r ! sev]ity ( ! wea!r nor ! h>d%ips ( ! m>* seem$ to h any effect ^u ! /]n & indomitable ,norman w>rior at _! head1 :o1 l ! ,vik+s ^: blood fl[$ 9 8 ve9s1 set an example ( en]gy & endurance to 8 half-/>v$ fa9t+ foll[]s4 ,william ! ,conqu]or1 ,duke ( ,norm&y1 _h l&$ 9 ,engl& ?ree & a half ye>s previ\sly1 & defeat$ ! ,engli% ,k+ ,h>old at ! battle ( ,s5lac4 ,b ! real 'conque/' 0 yet to come2 & aft] swift visits to ! we/ & nor? ( ,engl& ,william cross$ ! hills t lay betwe5 ,york & ,*e%ire & made a da% ^u ,*e/]1 ! "o great city ( free ,engl& t _h n yet b[$ to ! might ( ! ,norman invad]4 ,!re 7 at ?is "t 9 ,*e/] _m ,engli%1 ! wife ( ,h>old among !m1 :o _h fl$ ?i!r aft] ! defeat ( ,s5lac1 prep>$ on ,william's approa* to cross ! seas to ,irel&4 ,9 ! next c5tury ,g]ald '! ,wel%man' relat$ ! leg5d t ,h>old himself 0 n kill$ at ! battle ( ,s5lac1 b escap$1 &1 aft] _m w&]+s1 took refuge 9 a h]mit's cell ne> ! m9/] ( ,s4 ,john's1 :]e he rema9$ until 8 dea?4 ,! /ory 0 no d\bt inv5t$ by ^? :o 7 unwill+ to believe t an ,engli% k+ _h be5 defeat$ by a =eign]4 ,william captur$ ! city & receiv$ ! submission ( ,edric ! ,=e/] & o!r ,saxon lead]s4 ,*e/] 0 put 9 *>ge ( a ,flemi% noble call$ ,gh]bod1 :o1 h[ev]1 9 ! foll[+ ye> return$ to 8 native l&4 ,!n1 leav+ a trail ( fire & sword ?r\gh mid-,*e%ire1 ,william m>*$ s\?w>ds to ,salisbury ,pla91 :]e he held a gr& review ( all 8 foll[]s & di/ribut$ to !m _! rew>ds4 ,y w n see him aga9 9 ,*e%ire4 ,no "p ( ! c\ntry ev] ne$$ a second visit f ! ',conqu]or'4 ,! ,engli% :o _h borne arms aga9/ ,william 7 treat$ z rebels & depriv$ ( _! l&s & possessions1 :i* 7 p>cell$ out among ! ,normans4 ,a p>cel ( l& ?us grant$ 0 call$ a manor4 ,all ! l&[n]s1 includ+ ^? ,engli% :o 7 all[$ to keep _! e/ates1 7 compell$ to take ! oa? ( fealty to ,k+ ,william 9 p]son4 ,9 ?is way ,william broke up ! great e>ldoms :i* _h be5 creat$ by ! ,dani% k+ ,cnut4 ,*e%ire1 h[ev]1 9 :i* ! ,saxon ,e>l ,edw91 ,h>old's bro!r-9-law1 own$ va/ e/ates1 0 f ! fir/ treat$ 9 a v special mann]4 ,ow+ to its position on ! bord] ( ,wales1 ,william saw t x 0 v necess>y to place a /rong milit>y p[] 9 ?is "p ( ,engl& to protect 8 newly-won k+dom f invasion f ! we/4 ,s he be/[$ ! c\nty ^u 8 own fav\rite nephew ,hugh d',avran*es1 surnam$ ,lupus or '! ,wolf'1 & 8 heirs1 giv+ him ! title ( ,e>l ( ,*e/]4 ,! e>l's duty 0 to repel any attacks t might be made by ! ,wel%1 & p]mission 0 giv5 him ev5 to ext5d 8 e>ldom1 if possible1 beyond ! ,wel% bord]4 ,royal rights 7 grant$ to him ov] all l& )9 ! e>ldom1 :i* 0 held by him 'z freely by ! sword z ! k+ held ,engl& by ! ,cr[n'4 ,= ?is reason ,*e%ire 0 call$ a ,c\nty ,palat9e1 t is1 a c\nty ^: rul] ex]cises all ! p[]s ( an indep5d5t pr9ce1 save only t he owns allegiance to 8 ov]lord ! k+4 ,& ! sword1 ! 'sword ( dignity'1 z x 0 call$1 0 no light "o4 ,y may see x if ev] y visit ! ,briti% ,museum1 a mighty two-edg$ weapon f\r feet long1 ) its inscription 9 ,lat9 engrav$ b5ea? ! hilt1 ',hugo comes ,ce/riae1' ,hugh ,c\nt ( ,*e/]4 ,9 ! quadrangle ( ,eaton ,hall is an eque/rian /atue ( ,hugh ,lupus1 an ance/or ( ! ,dukes ( ,we/m9/]1 ^: family d]ives its "n ( ,grosv5or f ,rob]t ! 'gros v5eur' or great huntsman ( ! ,conqu]or & nephew ( '! ,wolf'4 ,an old engrav+ gives u a picture ( ! royal /ate ) :i* ,e>l ,hugh 0 surr\nd$4 ,he is repres5t$ sitt+ on a rais$ ?rone & presid+ ov] 8 c\ncil or p>liam5t1 :i* consi/$ ( ! f\r *ief abbots & ! f\r greate/ b>ons ( ,*e%ire4 ,beh9d a b>ri] at ! l[] end ( ! c\ncil-*amb] a cr[d ( humble p are ga!r$1 be>+ petitions or grievances = ! e>l's he>+ & consid]ation4 ,= ! e>l possess$ p[] ( life or dea? ov] all (f5d]s1 c\ld p>don treason & murd] )9 8 own doma91 & give protection or 'sanctu>y' to crim9als1 :o1 h[ev]1 paid heavy f9es = ?is privilege4 ,he also rais$ taxes1 appo9t$ all ! judges & ju/ices ( ! peace 9 ! e>ldom1 & creat$ 8 own b>ons1 :o 7 !mselves p]mitt$ to hold b>onial c\rts = ! trial & puni%m5t ( evildo]s4 ,gilb]t de ,v5ables1 ! ,b>on ( ,k9d]ton1 & 8 successors held c\rts at _! ca/le ne> ,middlewi* until late 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 :5 all ^! c\rts 7 swept away4 ,ord]icus ,vitalis1 a ,norman monk :o wrote 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! twelf? c5tury1 says t ,e>l ,hugh '0 v prodigal1 & c>ri$ n s mu* a family z an army along ) him4 ,he daily wa/$ 8 e/ate1 & delight$ m 9 falcons & huntsm5 ?an 9 till]s ( ! soil4 ,he 0 mu* giv5 to 8 appetite1 :]eby 9 "t he grew s fat t he c\ld sc>cely crawl4' ,he 0 also a lov] ( m9/relsy & romance1 & invit$ ! be/ n>rators ( great de$s to live ) him & spur on to rivalry ! "y nobles :om he delight$ to ga!r r\nd him at 8 c\rt4 ,! mass ( ! ,engli% p became dep5d5t on _! ,norman ma/]s4 ,! latt] _h le>n$ ! use ( ! lance & ! longb[1 & ! fame ( _! mailclad m\nt$ knights _h spread ?r\gh all ,europe4 ,!y kept ! ,engli% d[n by build+ /rong ca/les 9 _! mid/4 ,at ,ald=d1 ,%ockla*1 ,doddle/on1 & ,malpas on ! ,wel% bord]l&1 :]e ca/les 7 naturally m num]\s1 little rema9s to be se5 at ! pres5t day b ! gre5 m\nds on :i* 7 erect$ ! keeps or donjons ( ! ,norman lords4 ,r\nd ! tree-clad hummock at ,ald=d--',blob's ,hill' ! village folk call x--! moat t surr\nd$ ! ,norman ca/le yet rema9s1 n[ dry & c>pet$ 9 spr+time ) primroses1 ^: wat]s mu/ (t5 h be5 dy$ ) ! blood ( ,norman1 ,saxon1 & ,wel%man4 ,! ,norman ca/les 7 ( great /r5g?1 ?\gh n always built ( /one4 ,_m 7 built on ! sites ( ,briti% encampm5ts or ,saxon 'burhs'1 9 :i* case ! old wood5 /ockade 0 d\btless all[$ to rema94 ,! c5tral =tress or keep1 a squ>e1 or sometimes circul>1 build+ ) walls ( imm5se ?ickness1 0 surr\nd$ by an inn] w>d or c\rty>d 9 :i* cattle & provisions c\ld be ga!r$ 9 case ( attack1 & :]e1 on a rais$ m\nd 9 ! c5tre1 ! b>on held 8 c\rt4 ,r\nd ?is w>d 7 gr\p$ ! dome/ic ap>tm5ts1 ! /ables1 & ! qu>t]s ( s]vants & reta9]s4 ,beyond ^! build+s 0 a second or out] w>d1 ! :ole be+ enclos$ by walls ) project+ t[]s at int]vals4 ,! ca/les ( ! pla9 7 fur!r protect$1 z at ,ald=d1 by a deep dit* or moat cross$ by a drawbridge lead+ to ! pr9cipal entrance4 ,! keep 0 ! la/ place ( refuge :5 ! def5d]s 7 driv5 f ! walls1 & frequ5tly conta9$ a well ( wat]4 ,9 ! keep at ,bee/on ,ca/le is a well ov] ?ree hundr$ feet deep1 to :i* wat] 0 p]haps at "o "t drawn f ,bee/on ,brook or "s o!r neighb\r+ /ream4 ,on ! summit ( ,halton ,hill y may /ill see a portion ( ! out] wall ( ! ca/le built by ,nigel1 ,b>on ( ,halton & c\s9 ( ,e>l ,hugh4 ,he 0 ! *ief ( all ! ,*e%ire b>ons1 0 con/able ( ! city ( ,*e/]1 & l$ ! ,*e%ire army1 :5 requir$1 aga9/ ! ,wel%4 ,?irty-sev5 manors1 among !m ^? ( ,congleton1 ,great ,b>r[1 ,raby & ,sale 9 ! c\nty ( ,*e%ire1 7 includ$ 9 8 possessions4 ,o!r b>ons creat$ by ! ,e>l ( ,*e/] 7 ,william ( ,nantwi*1 ,v]non ( ,%ipbroke1 ,fitzhugh ( ,malpas1 ,v5ables ( ,k9d]ton1 ,hamon ,massi ( ,dunham1 ,ni*olas ( ,/ockport1 & ,rob]t ( ,montalt or ,mold4 ,! la/-nam$ %[s t ! c\nty ( ,fl9t 0 at t "t "p ( ! e>ldom4 ,! "n ( ! ,norman b>on 0 (t5 add$ to t ( ! ,saxon village :]e he dwelt1 z 9 ! case ( ,dunham ,massey1 ,m9%ull ,v]non4 ,! e>l himself resid$ at ,*e/]1 :]e l>ge additions 7 made to ! /ronghold ( ,e!lfl$a1 b probably 8 ca/le 0 built l>gely ( timb]1 = no /one ( x rema9s1 & a hundr$ & fifty ye>s lat] ,h5ry ! ,?ird ord]$ ! /ockade ) :i* ! ca/le w>d 0 enclos$ to be remov$ & replac$ by a wall ( /one4 ,on ! ea/]n side ( ! ca/le 0 erect$ a great %ire hall :]e ! e>l held 8 p>liam5t1 & an ex*equ] c\rt :]e ! dues & taxes 7 paid to him4 ,:at ^! dues & taxes 7 we may le>n f ! ,great ,survey call$ ,domesday ,book1 :i* 0 made by ,k+ ,william's ord]s1 & complet$ ab\t ! ye> #ajhg4 ,! *ief object ( ! ,survey 0 to f9d out :at ! c\ntry 0 wor?1 & h[ mu* ! p c\ld af=d to pay 9 taxes4 ,! book1 :i* is c>efully pres]v$ at ! ,briti% ,museum1 is ! mo/ valuable record we possess ( ! /ate ( ,engl& "u its fir/ ,norman k+4 ,domesday ,book 0 writt5 9 ,lat91 b translations h be5 made by s*ol>s1 & may be se5 9 _m ( our free libr>ies4 ,9 ! ',cu/oms ( ,*e/]' we are told t ! city paid 9 r5t =ty-five p\nds & ?ree bundles ( m>t5 sk9s1 a ?ird ( :i* w5t to ! e>l & two-?irds to ! k+4 ,! sk9s 7 import$ f ,irel&1 & %[ t ! ,iri% pirates ( =m] days _h giv5 place to peaceful trad]s4 ,! k+ also claim$ two-?irds ( ! produce ( ! br9e pits at ,nantwi*1 ,nor?wi*1 & ,middlewi*1 ! la/-nam$ be+ f>m$ '= tw5ty-five %ill+s & two c>tloads ( salt'4 ,! value ( e manor1 ) ! numb] ( 'hides' ( arable l&1 ! ext5t ( mead[ l& & ( woodl&1 0 fai?fully record$4 ',!re 0 n "o s+le y>d ( l&1 nor ev5 "o ox1 "o c[1 "o sw9e t 0 left out4' ,"s ,saxon villages _h little left to record aft] ! ,conqu]or's visit1 s t y may le>n f ,domesday some?+ ( ! sev]ity ) :i* ,william's conque/ _h be5 accompli%$4 ,pre/bury & _m o!r ,saxon villages are n ev5 m5tion$4 ,:5 ,e>l ,hugh receiv$ ! city ( ,*e/] x 0 wor? only ?irty p\nds1 '= x _h be5 greatly wa/$2 !re 7 two hundr$ & five h\ses less !re ?an !re _h be5 9 ! "t ( ,k+ ,edw>d' 7! ,confessor74 ,f ,domesday we c le>n ! names ( ! ,saxon freem5 :o 7 all[$ to keep _! l&s4 ,m>ton 0 held by ! ,saxon ,godfric1 probably 9 return = "s s]vice r5d]$ to ! invad]s1 or because he _h at lea/ n tak5 arms aga9/ !m2 ,butley 0 divid$ betwe5 ! ,saxon ,ulric & ,rob]t1 son ( ,hugh ,lupus4 ,! manor ( ,br]eton 0 reta9$ by ! ,br]etons1 ^: desc5dants play a great "p 9 ! lat] hi/ory ( ,*e%ire4 ,b su* cases are few & f> betwe51 & by f> ! great] "p ( ! c\nty pass$ into new h&s4 ,! /ory ( ,mobb]ley may be tak5 z a good example ( :at happ5$ 9 mo/ cases to ! old ,engli% l&[n]s4 ,! v "n ( ! village br+s to our eyes sc5es ( old ,engli% life z ! ,normans f\nd x1 = ,motburlege1 z ! "n is writt5 9 ,domesday1 is ! op5 space 7lege7 by ! =tifi$ h\se 7burh7 :]e ! assembly ( ! p 0 held 7mote74 ',! same ,bigot' 7?us ,domesday runs7' holds ,motburlege4 ,dot held x & 0 a freeman4444 ,! value 9 ,k+ ,edw>d's "t 0 twelve %ill+s1 n[ only five %ill+s4' ,su* is ! simple /ory1 repeat$ aga9 & aga9 9 ! great survey4 ,dot 0 a ,saxon "l ( sixte5 villages1 includ+ ,*olmondeley1 ,bick]ton1 ,%ockla*1 ,grapp5hall1 ,peov]1 & ,dodcot1 to ! la/ ( :i* he gave 8 own "n4 ,?us1 ev5 z ,dot's own =efa!rs _h driv5 out ! ,celtic tribesm5 :o pa/ur$ _! flocks on ! neighb\r+ commons1 s n[ x 0 ,dot's turn to be ?ru/ f 8 ance/ral home at ,mobb]ley & seek a refuge p]haps among ! v p :om he _h displac$4 ,bigot receiv$ m ?an "o manor4 ,domesday tells u t he held ,s&ba* also4 ,ov] ! entrance ( ,s&ba* ,t[n ,hall y may see 8 /atuette1 plac$ !re to rem9d y ( ! days :5 ,*e%ire l&s pass$ f ! h&s ( ! ,engli% to _! ,norman conqu]ors4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,! ,,norman ,,abbeys ,,& ,,*ur*es ,,( ,,*e%ire ,among ! fri5ds ( ,e>l ,hugh :o visit$ him at 8 ca/le at ,*e/] 0 ,anselm ! great *ur*man1 :o aft]w>ds became ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury4 ,anselm 0 at ! "t prior ( ! ,abbey ( ,bec1 :i* 0 close to ,avran*es1 ! e>l's own ,norman home4 ,n[ if !re 0 "o ?+ on :i* ! ,normans ju/ly prid$ !mselves1 x 0 ! f\nd+ & build+ ( *ur*es1 & ! he>t ( ,e>l ,hugh 0 set on build+ 9 8 own city ( ,*e/] a mona/]y t %\ld rival 9 spl5d\r ^? ( 8 native c\ntry4 ,p]haps1 too1 ! ,norman lords ?\ght t by devot+ a portion ( _! weal? to ! s]vice ( ,god !y c\ld w9 salvation = _! s\ls & atone = ! %ortcom+s & misde$s ( _! /ormy lives4 ,s ! ,*e%ire e>l s5t = 8 =m] fri5d ,anselm to come & aid him 9 8 s*eme1 & ! result ( 8 visit 0 t 9 #ajic ! cl]gy ( ,s4 ,w]burgh's 7 turn$ out ( _! homes1 & ! *ur* itself pull$ d[n1 & 9 its place 0 erect$ a mona/]y ( ,b5$ict9e monks :o 7 br\ght ov] f ,bee1 ,anselm's *apla91 ,ri*>d1 be+ made ! fir/ abbot4 ,! monks 7 m5 :o liv$ a life ( pray]1 fa/+1 & /udy ap>t f ! _w4 ,none might ev] leave ! prec9cts ( ! mona/]y )\t p]mission4 ,! ,b5$ict9es receiv$ _! "n f ,sa9t ,b5$ict1 :o liv$ 9 ! six? c5tury1 & drew up rules = ! daily life & conduct ( ! monks ( ! ,ord]4 ,!y all slept 9 ! same dormitory1 & all took _! meals toge!r 9 a common room call$ a refectory4 ,9 ! refectory at ,*e/] y may see a lector's pulpit f :i* portions ( ! ,scriptures 7 read al\d to ! monks z !y sat at _! meals4 ,!y gave all _! private possessions to ! mona/]y1 & _h to obey _! sup]ior 9 all matt]s4 ,e h\r ( ! day & night _h its allott$ duties ( "w1 /udy1 or religi\s s]vices4 ,high up 9 ! wall 9 "o ( ! olde/ p>ts ( ,*e/] ,ca!dral is a r[ ( t9y ar*es1 & beh9d !m a n>r[ passage1 along :i* ! monks w5t f _! sleep+-*amb] to ! e>ly morn+ s]vices 9 ! abbey *ur*4 ,to "s ( ! monks 0 giv5 ! "w ( g>d5+1 agriculture1 & ev5 build+4 ,! "n ( ,caley>ds at ,*e/] /ill speaks to u ( ! kit*5-g>d5 :i* ! monks t5d$4 ,o!rs made copies ( illum9at$ 'missals' or books ( ,*ur* s]vices1 or wrote hi/ories & ! annals ( ! abbey to :i* !y 7 atta*$4 ,! ,*ronicles ( ,s4 ,w]burgh 7 kept & add$ to ye>ly by ! monks ( ,*e/]2 ?\gh ! orig9al has be5 lo/1 a copy ( x1 made by a lat] scribe1 has happily be5 pres]v$4 ,! mo/ important "p ( ! mona/]y 0 ( c\rse ! *ur*4 ,! ,norman *ur*es 7 built ( /one1 &1 z !y took _m ye>s to build1 v few ( ! f\nd]s liv$ to see ! completion ( _! "w4 ,probably only ! f\ndations & portions ( ! walls ( ! *ur* ( ,e>l ,hugh ,lupus 7 f9i%$ dur+ 8 lifetime4 ,! "w ( ! ,norman build]s may be recogniz$ by ! r\nd-head$ ar*es1 doorways & w9d[s :i* !y copi$ f ! ,roman build+s4 ,! ,roman basilica or hall ( ju/ice1 9 :i* ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ians 7 p]mitt$ to wor%ip1 0 tak5 z a model = ,*ri/ian *ur*es4 ,! capital ( a ,norman pill> 9 ,frod%am ,*ur* proves t !y _h /udi$ ! ar*itecture ( ! ,romans1 = x has ! ,ionic 'volute' or spiral scroll on ea* ( its f\r faces4 ,if y look = ! r\nd ar*es 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,*e/] y w be able to make out ! portions :i* rema9 ( ! *ur* built by ,e>l ,hugh & by ! abbots :o complet$ 8 plans aft] 8 dea?4 ,y w see f ! ,norman *ur* ( ,s4 ,john's at ,*e/] t ! *ur*es 7 built 9 ! =m ( a cross ) f\r great semicircul> ar*es to support a c5tral t[]4 ,simil> ar*es on massive circul> columns sep>ate ! nave f ! two aisles4 ,an exam9ation ( ^! columns reveals ! fact t ! build+ ( ! nave 0 comm5c$ f bo? ends at once 9 ord] to make m rapid progress ) ! "w1 = ! m\ld+s ( ! capitals ( ! out] columns is ! same1 b diff] f ^? ( ! inn] ones4 ,moreov]1 ! masonry ( ! latt] is m f9ely jo9t$ ?an t ( ! e>li] end columns4 ,?is %[s t ! ,normans improv$ 9 ! quality ( _! "w z !y w5t on4 ,9 ! nor? transept ( ,*e/] ,ca!dral1 :i* is "p ( ! fir/ ,norman *ur*1 ! /ones 9 ! l[] p>ts h wid] jo9ts & are less c>efully fitt$ ?an ^? above !m4 ,! *oir & aisles g5]ally end$ 9 a semicircul> 'apse'4 ,a semicircle ( d>k blue /ones set 9 ! floor ( ! nor? aisle 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,*e/] m>ks ! apse ( an aisle ( ,e>l ,hugh's *ur*4 ,! village *ur*es 7 ( c\rse n built on ! same scale ( gr&eur z ! *ur*es ( ,s4 ,john & ,s4 ,w]burgh4 ,ne>ly ev]y:]e ! ,norman 'lords ( ! manor' rebuilt ! rude & humble *ur*es ( wood & /one t _h s]v$ ! ne$s ( ! ,saxons be=e !m4 ,b little rema9s 9 ,*e%ire ( ^! ,norman *ur*es1 save "h & !re a doorway or a w9d[ or a capital1 t has escap$ de/ruction or ! ravages ( "t4 ,! ,norman ar*itects & build]s 7 few 9 numb]1 & mu/ h employ$ _m ,saxon workm5 9 ! task ( rebuild+4 ,! latt]1 z y h already le>n$1 7 no mean masons & sculptors1 & ! c>v+ ( ! m\ld+s & capitals ( ! doorways ( ! village *ur*es 0 d\btless 9 _m cases done by !m4 ,! '*evron' or zigzag m\ld+1 & ! spirals c>v$ on ! face ( capitals c\ld easily be cut ) an axe1 = ! ,saxons 7 n yet acqua9t$ ) ! use ( ! ,norman *isel4 ,at ,%otwick & ,%ockla* y may see doorways1 :i*1 f ! simplicity ( _! m\ld+s1 are probably ! "w ( ,saxons1 p]=m$ "u ! eye ( _! ,norman ma/]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,norman ,,ar*es1 ,s4 ,,john',s4 ,,*e/] ,t[>ds ! end ( ! elev5? c5tury ! clev] ,norman masons1 :o lov$ to inv5t new patt]ns & v>y _! "w1 introduc$ o!r =ms ( ornam5tation su* z ! 'billet' & 'loz5ge' & 'scollop' 9 _! m\ld+s1 & adorn$ ! capitals & ev5 ! pill>s ) ri* c>v+4 ,c>v$ pill>s may be se5 9 ! ,norman arcade 9 ! cloi/]s at ,*e/]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cloi/]s1 ,,*e/]3 ,,portion ,,( ,,fir/ ,,norman ,,abbey ,,( ,s4 ,,w]burgh ,! head ( a ,norman doorway is sometimes fill$ ) a semicircul> /one call$ a tympanum1 usually cov]$ ) a c>v$ picture ( "s scriptural subject4 ,! tympanum ov] ! door ( ! ,norman *apel at ,pre/bury repres5ts ,*ri/ seat$ 9 glory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,norman ,,doorway ,,) ,,tympanum1 ,,pre/bury ,! ,norman w9d[s1 l ! doorways1 7 r\nd-head$4 ,! t9y w9d[ 9 ! *ancel at ,wood*ur* %[s u t !y 7 (t5 m]e slits on ! out] face ( ! wall1 wid5+ consid]ably t[>ds ! inn] face 9 ord] t ! light ent]+ ?r\gh ! n>r[ op5+ might be diffus$ z mu* z possible4 ,v few ,norman w9d[s h be5 all[$ to rema9 9 ,*e%ire1 = ne>ly all h be5 replac$ by l>g] ones ( a diff]5t /yle at a lat] date :5 m light 0 ne$$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,norman ,,w9d[1 ,,wood*ur*1 ,,%[+ ,,wide ,,splay ,,inside ,! font is sometimes ! sole rema9+ portion ( ! old] ,norman *ur* 9 :i* x once /ood4 ,9 ! mod]n *ur* ( ,wallasey is an anci5t font1 :i* by ! arcade ( semicircul> ar*es c>v$ ^u x is evid5tly ! "w ( ! ,norman build]s1 & belong$ to ! ,norman *ur* t =m]ly /ood on ! site ( ! pres5t build+4 ,! font ( simil> patt]n at ,grapp5hall 0 dug up dur+ a re/oration ?ree feet bel[ ! floor ( ! pres5t *ur*1 :]e x _h la9 = c5turies1 & !re are ,norman fonts at ,ea/ham1 ,beb+ton1 & ,burton4 ,9 addition to ^? already spok5 (1 ! *ur*es ( ,beb+ton1 ,bru]a1 ,frod%am1 ,*ur* ,lawton1 & ,b>?omley conta9 portions ( ,norman "w 9 "s %ape or =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,norman ,,font ,,at ,,wallasey ,! ,norman /yle ( ar*itecture is r>ely copi$ n[adays 9 ! build+ ( *ur*es1 be+ consid]$ too massive & sombre z well z co/ly4 ,boys :o live 9 ,wirral %\ld1 h[ev]1 walk to ! village ( ,?ornton ,hea?1 :]e !y may see a new *ur* built entirely 9 ?is /yle1 ) e detail copi$ fai?fully f fam\s old ,norman *ur*es4 ,o!r ,norman b>ons 7 n sl[ to foll[ ! example ( _! ov]lord ! ,e>l ( ,*e/]4 ,9 #aaej ,hamon de ,massey1 ,b>on ( ,dunham ,massey1 built a priory at ,birk5head = sixte5 ,b5$ict9e monks4 ,! tolls f a f]ry across ! ,m]sey 7 grant$ to !m = _! support1 ! *>ges be+ '= a horseman two-p5ce1 = a man on foot "o f>?+1 a halfp5ny = a footman on m>ket days1 & a p5ny :5 he _h goods or produce ) him'4 ,! "n ( ',monks ,br[' /ill m>ks ! l&+-place ( ! f]ry on ! ,*e%ire side ( ! e/u>y4 ,! monks 7 also fre$ f att5dance at ! ',hundr$' ,c\rt ( ! ,wirral4 ,! manors ( ,tranm]e1 ,beb+ton1 ,saughall ,massey1 & ,claughton 7 also giv5 to ! priory1 & ! priors sat 9 ! c\ncil or p>liam5t ( ! ,e>ls ( ,*e/]4 ,! ru9$ refectory is ! only portion ( ! priory n[ rema9+4 ,! ,abbey ( ,s4 ,w]burgh receiv$ grants ( l& f ,e>l ,hugh's b>ons z well z a l>ge numb] ( *ur*es & manors f ! e>l himself4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t "o-f\r? ( ! entire city ( ,*e/] became ! prop]ty ( ! abbey4 ,! abbot also _h ! "r ( tak+ ! tolls at ! annual fair held at ,*e/] at ! ,fea/ ( ,s4 ,w]burgh4 ,! fair la/$ = ?ree days1 dur+ :i* "t ev5 crim9als might visit ! city to make _! pur*ases )\t dang] ( arre/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,arms ,,( ,,! ,,see ,,( ,,*e/] ,*e/] _h 9 fact rapidly become ! *ief seat ( trade 9 ! nor?-we/ ( ,engl&1 & :5 ! ,conqu]or ord]$ ! sees ( ! bi%oprics to be remov$ f ?9ly populat$ c5tres to ! l>ge t[ns1 ,pet]1 ! fir/ ,norman bi%op ( ,li*field1 left ,li*field 'a sordid & des]t place' & came to ,*e/]1 'a city ( r5[n1' mak+ ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,john 8 ca!dral4 ,*e/] did n1 h[ev]1 keep ?is hon\r long1 = ,pet]'s successor remov$ to ! ri* mona/]y ( ,cov5try4 ,h5ce x is t y f9d ?ree mitres on ! arms ( ! bi%opric ( ,*e/]4 ,e>l ,hugh ,lupus di$ 9 ! second ye> ( ! reign ( ,h5ry ! ,fir/4 ,?ree days be=e 8 dea? he _h put on ! c[l & robe ( a ,b5$ict9e monk & ent]$ 8 own mona/]y at ,*e/]4 ,he 0 buri$ 9 ! abbey cemet]y1 & 8 only son ,ri*>d1 a boy ( sev5 ye>s ( age1 inh]it$ ! e>ldom4 ,! ,abbey ( ,comb]m]e 0 f\nd$ = ano!r bro!rhood ( monks call$ ,ci/]cians4 ,_! 'rule' 0 ev5 m /rict ?an t ( ! ,b5$ict9es4 ,!y wore nei!r boots nor c[l1 & = a portion ( ! ye> 7 all[$ b "o meal a day2 nor 7 !y p]mitt$ ev5 to speak to "o ano!r4 ,9 #aagh1 ,john1 ,b>on ( ,halton1 to secure ! safety ( body & s\l previ\s to mak+ a pilgrimage to ,pale/9e1 built a ,ci/]cian abbey at ,/anlaw1 a dre>y spot on ! %ore ( ! ,m]sey e/u>y1 & a ?ird h\se ( ! same ,ord] 0 f\nd$ at ,pulton on ! ,dee by ,rob]t ,p9c]na1 butl] to ,e>l ,r&le ,,ii4 ,/anlaw 0 almo/ :olly de/roy$ by a huge tidal wave :i* swept up ! ,m]sey1 & ! monks 7 remov$ to ,:alley on ! banks ( ! ,lanca%ire ,cald]4 ,! monks1 d\btless1 7 n sorry = ! *ange1 = by ! end ( ! twelf? c5tury ! majority ( !m _h gr[n tir$ ( ! simple life1 &1 becom+ m luxuri\s 9 _! way ( liv+1 pref]r$ to build _! homes 9 delectable riv] valleys1 :]e !y c\ld fi% ! /reams to _! he>ts' cont5t4 ,pulton ,abbey 0 n m =tunate1 & 0 mu* too ne> to ! ,wel% to be a com=table place to live 94 ,! ,wel% visits 7 s frequ5t & unpleasant t ! mona/]y 0 ab&on$ & ! monks plac$ 9 a f9e new abbey at ,dieulacresse 9 ,/af=d%ire4 ,! monks :o kept ! abbey records 7 n always v p>ticul> ab\t ! tru? ( ! ev5ts !y relate4 ,!y 7 v sup]/iti\s1 & ready to believe any /ory t w\ld increase ! fame ( _! f\nd]s1 or ( _! patron sa9ts1 to :om !y ascrib$ ! p[] ( p]=m+ miracles4 ,! /ory is told t :5 ,e>l ,ri*>d 0 mak+ a pilgrimage to ! holy well ( ,s4 ,w9ifr$ 9 ,fl9t%ire he 0 attack$ by a b& ( ,wel% insurg5ts & compell$ to take refuge 9 a neighb\r+ mona/]y4 ,he pray$ = aid to ,s4 ,w]burgh1 :o is said to h in/antly p>t$ ! wat]s ( ! ,dee by mak+ new s&banks1 ov] :i* ! ,con/able ( ,*e/] m>*$ troops to ! relief ( 8 "l4 ,^! banks 7 long aft] kn[n z ! ,con/able's s&s4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,! ,,e>ls ,,( ,,! ,,c\nty ,,palat9e ,9 ! we/]n por* b5ea? ! t[] ( ,pre/bury ,*ur* are a numb] ( fragm5ts ( brok5 grave-slabs ( ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies4 ,on ne>ly all is c>v$ a cross1 ! head ( :i* is usually enclos$ )9 a circle1 ! ends ( ! limbs ( ! cross consi/+ ( a triple lily1 ! fav\rite emblem ( ! ,norman sculptors4 ,"o only ( ^! fragm5ts tells u ov] ^: rema9s ! slab 0 plac$4 ,an inscription1 9 :i* ! lett]s ,,vivyn ,d are cle>ly se51 tells u t ?is fragm5t =m$ "p ( ! tomb/one ( ,vivian ,dav5port1 ,*ief ,=e/] ( ! ,=e/ ( ,macclesfield4 ,hunt+ 0 ! fav\rite sport ( ! ,normans1 & 9 ,*e%ire1 z else:]e1 l>ge tracts ( =e/ l& 7 enclos$ = ! protection ( de] & game1 & ! amusem5t ( ! ,norman knights4 ,! ,conqu]or himself set ! example by mak+ ! ,new ,=e/ 9 ! s\? ( ,engl&1 & %ortly aft]w>ds ! ,e>l ( ,*e%ire enclos$ ! ,=e/s ( ,m>a or ,delam]e 9 ! we/ & ,macclesfield 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ! c\nty4 ,! =e/ laws 7 v /rict4 ,william ! ,conqu]or did n inde$ puni% (f5d]s ) dea?1 b he orda9$ t ':oso slew h>t or h9d man %\ld bl9d him1 t none %\ld t\* ! h>ts or ! wild-bo>s1 & he made ! h>e g free4 ,s mightily did he love ! high de] z ?\gh he 7 _! fa!r4 ,8 ri* m5 bewail$ x & ! poor murmur$ at x1 b he 0 s />k he reck$ n ( !m all4' ,! =e/ laws ( ,rufus 7 f> m sev]e1 & caus$ fi]ce hatr$ among 8 poor] subjects4 ,! =e/s became ! haunt ( robb]s & outlaws1 :o clo!d !mselves 9 suits ( ',l9coln gre5'1 ! bett] to escape be+ se5 9 ! gre5wood4 ,=e/]s 7 appo9t$1 ^: duty x 0 to hunt out ^! lawless & rebelli\s m51 z well z to pres]ve ! game ( ! =e/4 ,illu/ration3 ,lat9 ,cross1 prob4 c4 #aahj ,norman ,floriat$ ,cross1 c4 #abjj ,d\ble ,floriat$ ,cross on ,grave-slab ( ,vivian ,dav5port1 c4 #abdj ,,grave-,,slabs ,,at ,,pre/bury ,hugh ,lupus made ,john ,done ( ,utk9ton & 8 heirs ,*ief ,b[be>] & ,=e/] ( 8 ,=e/ ( ,delam]e4 ,! ,dones _h ! "r to kill de] & game1 take sw>ms ( wild bees1 ! fall5 trees1 & su* small game z 'foxes1 h>es1 weasels1 & o!r l v]m9'2 _! badge ( (fice 0 a black bugle horn tipp$ ) gold4 ,_! hunt+-seat or ',*amb] 9 ! ,=e/' 0 s]v$ by t5 keep]s & two woodsm54 ,"s ( _! desc5dants 7 buri$ at ,t>porley1 & on "o ( ! tombs y may see ! badge ( ! bugle c>v$4 ,e>l ,ri*>d1 ! successor ( '! ,wolf'1 m>ri$ ,matilda1 niece ( ,k+ ,h5ry ,i & a daught] ( ,/eph5 ( ,blois4 ,he 0 dr[n$ ) 8 wife on 8 return f ,france :5 ! ill-fat$ ,:ite ,%ip w5t d[n 9 #aaai4 ,! next e>l 0 ,r&le ( ,mes*9es4 ,he 0 "o ( ,k+ ,h5ry ! ,fir/'s *ief fight+-m51 & l$ ! van at ! ,battle ( ,t9*ebrai aga9/ ! k+'s eld] bro!r ,rob]t4 ,8 son1 ,r&le ! ,second1 play$ a great "p 9 ! civil w> ( ,k+ ,/eph5's reign4 ,/eph5 0 q unable to curb 8 b>ons z 8 pr$ecessors _h done1 & ! ,e>l ( ,*e/] 0 unruly & ambiti\s4 ,9 addition to 8 ,e>ldom ( ,*e%ire1 he _h succe$$ to va/ e/ates 9 ,l9coln & ! ,midl&s4 ,8 p[] & influ5ce 0 s great t he rul$ ov] an ext5t ( c\ntry h>dly small] ?an ! anci5t ,e>ldom ( ,m]cia4 ,/eph5 refus$ to add ! city ( ,c>lisle to ! already num]\s possessions ( ! e>l1 :o 9 ang] decl>$ himself on ! side ( ,/eph5's rival ,matilda :5 %e took up arms1 & became "o ( ,/eph5's mo/ bitt] & active enemies4 ,! k+ took ,r&le prison] by a /ratagem1 & ! monks ( ,pulton ,abbey 7 comm&$ to pray = ! e>l's safety4 ,:5 at l5g? he 0 set free1 ! e>l 9 a mom5t ( gratitude gave ! monks p]mission to fi% ! wat]s ( ! ,dee1 & fre$ !m f ! toll :i* !y 7 accu/om$ to pay = gr9d+ _! corn 9 ! ,dee ,mills at ,*e/]4 ,"u ! ,norman rule ! use ( h&mills1 su* z ! ,saxons _h us$1 0 /rictly =bidd51 & ev]ybody _h to s5d 8 corn to be gr\nd 9 ! mill belong+ to 8 "l4 ,:5 ! ,wel% he>d ( ! e>l's captivity !y took advantage ( 8 abs5ce & ravag$ ! c\nty ( ,*e%ire1 b 7 defeat$ 9 a battle at ,nantwi* 9 #aadf by ,rob]t ( ,montalt4 ,r&le di$ 9 ! same ye> z ,k+ ,/eph51 & 0 succe$$ by ,hugh ,kyvelioc4 ,?is second ,e>l ,hugh enclos$ l>ge /ret*es ( =e/-l& 9 ,ea/ ,*e%ire1 & gave ! *ief =e/]%ip to ,ri*>d ,dav5port4 ,x is ,ri*>d's gr&son ,vivian ^: grave-slab we h se5 9 ! *ur* at ,pre/bury4 ,to ,vivian ,dav5port's (fice 0 also jo9$ ! (fice ( ,h]$it>y ,gr& ,s]jeant ( ! ,hundr$ ( ,macclesfield4 ,! ,gr& ,s]jeant receiv$ twelve p\nds six %ill+s & eightp5ce a ye>1 & a fee ( two %ill+s & a salmon = ! capture ( a ma/]-robb]1 & "o %ill+ = a common ?ief4 ,human life 0 held *eap 9 ^? days4 ,! robb]s :5 caught 7 behead$1 & _! heads s5t to ,*e/]1 :]e !y 7 publicly %[n z a w>n+ to o!rs4 ,desc5dants ( ! ,dav5ports live n[ at ,cape/horne1 & _! peculi> cre/1 a robb]'s head ) a rope r\nd ! neck1 recalls ! gruesome duties ( _! ance/ors4 ,a portion ( ! ,=e/ 0 held by ! ,v5ables 9 return = provid+ ?irty-?ree huntsm5 on hunt+ days4 ,! ,d[nes ( ,taxal held _! l& m *eaply on ! nor!rn limits ( ! ,=e/1 :i* is n[ ,lyme ,p>k1 'by ! bla/ ( a horn on ,midsumm] ,day & "o pepp]-corn ye>ly4' ,ne> ,ov]ton is a spot /ill call$ ,gall[s ,y>d1 :]e ! ,d[nes _h p[] to execute robb]s & crim9als4 ,9 ,lyme ,p>k y may see to ?is day ! r$ de] t are desc5d$ f _! wild ance/ors ( ,macclesfield ,=e/4 ,:5 ,hugh ,kyvelioc 0 ,e>l ( ,*e/]1 ,h5ry ! ,second rul$ ,engl& & ! great] "p ( ,france4 ,he also receiv$ at ,*e/] ! homage ( ! ,k+ ( ,scotl&4 ,b 9 ! lat] ye>s ( 8 reign he f\nd x h>d to keep toge!r ! widely scatt]$ p>ts ( 8 empire4 ,rebellions 7 frequ5t1 & 8 wife1 8 sons1 & 8 b>ons all took up arms aga9/ him4 ,among 8 discont5t$ b>ons none 0 m unruly ?an ,hugh ,kyvelioc1 :o /irr$ up ,brittany aga9/ ,h5ry1 b he 0 captur$ 9 battle & br\ght to ,engl&4 ,9 ! great ris+ ( #aagc ,ge(frey ( ,co/ant91 "o ( ,h5ry's sons1 held ! ca/le ( ,/ockport aga9/ ! k+4 ,n a /one ( ?is ca/le is to be se5 n[1 b x /ood 9 ! highe/ "p ( ! t[n ne> ! ,p>i% ,*ur*4 ,aft] ,hugh ,lupus1 ! greate/ ( ! ,e>ls ( ,*e/] 0 ,r&le ! ,?ird1 or ,r&le ,blundeville4 ,l 8 pr$ecessors1 he 0 con/antly engag$ 9 fight+ aga9/ ! ,wel%1 on "o occasion be+ besieg$ 9 ,rhuddlan ,ca/le until he 0 reliev$ by a rabble ( vagabonds ha/ily ga!r$ f ,*e/] ,fair4 ,?is ,r&le 0 e>l = ov] fifty ye>s1 & 0 high 9 fav\r ) ?ree successive k+s ( ,engl& :om he /eadfa/ly support$4 ,h5ry ! ,second gave him 9 m>riage 8 own daught]-9-law1 ,con/ance1 ! wid[ ( 8 son ,ge(frey4 ,! ,engli% hi/orian1 ,mat!w ,p>is1 says t ! e>l c>ri$ ! cr[n at ! coronation ( ,ri*>d ! ,fir/1 & he 0 pres5t at ! sign+ ( ! ,great ,*>t] by ,k+ ,john1 ^: side he took 9 ! qu>rel ) ! b>ons4 ,! e>l rul$ ,*e%ire wisely1 fav\r+ especially ! t[ns 9 8 e>ldom4 ,to ,*e/]1 ,macclesfield1 & ,/ockport he gave *>t]s by :i* ^! t[ns 7 fre$ f c]ta9 paym5ts & duties1 & 7 p]mitt$ to gov]n !mselves "u a mayor ( _! own *oos+4 ,9 ! new ,t[n ,hall ( ,/ockport is a /a9$ glass w9d[ commemorat+ ! e>l's grant to 8 b>on ,sir ,rob]t de ,/okeport ( ! t[n's fir/ *>t] ( fre$om4 ,8 gifts to ! ,*ur* & ! f\nd+ ( abbeys won = him ! title ( ! ',good' e>l4 ,he did n neglect ! poor1 = he built & end[$ ! hospital ( ,s4 ,john1 ne> ! ,nor? ,gate ( ,*e/]1 = ! support ( ?irte5 poor p1 ) ?ree *apla9s to m9i/] to _! religi\s ne$s4 ,at ,b\ghton1 outside ! city walls1 he f\nd$ a hospital = lep]s1 ^: t]rible disease 0 br\ght to ?is c\ntry by travell]s return+ f ,ea/]n l&s4 ,9 ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies m5's m9ds 7 deeply /irr$ by ! h>d%ips & cruelties put ^u pilgrims to ! ,holy ,l&4 ,m5 ( e ,*ri/ian l& & race jo9$ 9 ! ,crusades or ,holy ,w>s to w9 back ,j]usalem1 :i* _h fall5 into ! h&s ( ! ,s>ac5s1 enemies ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,baldw91 ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 came to ,*e/] & prea*$ f ! ,high ,cross ! duty ( all ,*ri/ian m5 to rescue ! ,holy ,city & ! ,holy ,sepul*re f ! p[] ( ! unbeliev]s4 ,cr[ds flock$ to he> him1 & he did n prea* 9 va94 ,m5 ( all classes d$icat$ _! lives or _! weal? to ! s]vice ( ! ,cross4 ,k+ & b>on1 soldi] & prie/1 ri* & poor alike put on ! sign ( ! ,cross1 & sail$ to ! ,holy ,l&1 :]e !y vi$ ) "o ano!r 9 de$s ( *ivalry & val\r4 ,r&le ,blundeville jo9$ ! ,crusades 9 #abai1 & set out ) a numb] ( o!r ,engli% knights = ,j]usalem4 ,he di/+ui%$ himself greatly 9 ,egypt1 & :5 he return$ ! fame ( 8 brave de$s made him a popul> h]o1 & 8 adv5tures 7 recit$ or sung 9 _m a /irr+ ballad4 ,! /one effigy ( ,sir ,william ,boydell 9 ,grapp5hall ,*ur* w give y "s idea ( a crusad+ w>rior4 ,he is clad 9 *a9 arm\r ) a pla9 surcoat4 ,8 legs are cross$1 a sign p]haps t he _h tak5 ! v[s ( ! ,cross1 & 8 head re/s on 8 helmet4 ,a %ield is on 8 left %\ld]1 by 8 left side a sword4 ,_m ,crusad]s b\nd !mselves by sacr$ v[s & jo9$ diff]5t ',ord]s' or companies to :i* ! names ,knights ,templ>s1 ,knights ,hospitall]s1 or ,knights ( ,sa9t ,john1 & s on1 7 giv54 ,! la/-nam$ f\nd$ a h\se :]e ! bre?r5 ( ! ,ord] might live 9 _! old age at ,ful%aw1 ne> ,wilmsl[4 ,:5 ,r&le return$ to ,*e%ire he built 9 ! he>t ( 8 e>ldom ! /rong ca/le ( ,bee/on1 on ! summit ( ,bee/on ,rock1 f ^: walls he c\ld survey ne>ly e portion ( ! c\nty ov] :i* he rul$4 ,he ent]ta9$ ,h5ry ! ,second at ,*e/] ,ca/le :5 ,h5ry made an exp$ition aga9/ ! ,wel%1 ! troops encamp+ on ,saltney m>%es4 ,h5ry ! ,second _h high views ( ! duties ( k+%ip1 & 0 always busily occupi$ at home or 9 8 cont95tal dom9ions4 ,b ,*e%ire saw little or no?+ ( 8 son ,ri*>d1 greate/ ( all ,crusad]s1 = he sp5t ! great] "p ( 8 reign seek+ adv5tures abroad1 & left 8 p to take c>e ( !mselves4 ,illu/ration3 ,,effigy ,,( ,,crusad]3 ,,grapp5hall ,e>l ,r&le liv$ long en\gh to see ! boy k+ ,h5ry ! ,?ird dismiss 8 gu>dians & rule on 8 own acc\nt4 ,almo/ 8 la/ act 0 to refuse to all[ ! cl]gy ( ,*e%ire to pay ! t5? "p ( _! incomes to ! pope to aid him 9 8 private w>s4 ,9 #abcb he di$1 & 0 buri$ ) 8 =efa!rs 9 ! ,abbey ,*ur* ( ,*e/]4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,! ,,*ur*es ,,( ,,! ,,?irte5? ,,c5tury ,! greate/ *ur*es :i* ! ,normans plann$ 7 on su* a scale t !y c\ld n be f9i%$ 9 ! lives ( _! design]s4 ,! "w 0 c>ri$ on m or less cont9u\sly by ! build]s & ar*itects :o came aft] !m4 ,b1 z "t w5t on1 v>i\s improvem5ts 7 made 9 ! art ( build+1 & new fa%ions came into be+1 & ! orig9al plans _h (t5 to be alt]$ to meet ! gr[+ ne$s ( ! day1 or to all[ ! newe/ features ( /yle to be introduc$4 ,! int]ior ( ,s4 ,john's ,*ur*1 ,*e/]1 w %[ y "s ( ! *anges ( /yle :i* 7 tak+ place 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,! two r[s ( po9t$ ar*es ov] ! circul> head$ ar*es ( ! nave tell u t by ! "t ! massive ,norman pi]s & ar*es 7 f9i%$1 an entirely diff]5t =m ( ar* 0 com+ into fa%ion4 ,! po9t$ ar* 0 fir/ us$ :5 ,norman & ,saxon _h settl$ d[n peaceably side by side4 ,f ! fus+ ( ! two nations1 ! ,engli% p grew 9 /r5g? & p[]4 ,norman b>on & ,saxon peasant _h comb9$ to wre/ f a wick$ k+ ! ,great ,*>t] ( fre$om = ! ,engli% p4 ,h5ce ! new /yle is appropriately call$ ,e>ly ,engli%4 ,! "w ( *ur* build+ _h (t5 be5 int]rupt$4 ,dur+ ! civil w> ( ,/eph5's reign1 ! build+ ( *ur*es 0 almo/ at a /&/ill2 ! ,crusades1 by draw+ l>ge numb]s ( p f ! c\ntry1 also *eck$ ! progress ( ! "w4 ,! raids ( ! ,wel% (t5 de/roy$ a half-built ,*e%ire *ur*4 ,b f ! "t ( ,magna ,*>ta ! erection ( sacr$ build+s w5t =w>d apace1 & 0 cont9u$ ) ev5 great] zeal & activity ?r\gh ! long reign ( ,h5ry ! ,?ird4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ru9s ,,( ,s4 ,,john',s1 ,,*e/] ,*ange f ,norman r\nd ar* to po9t$ ar* ,! po9t$ ar* 0 ! pr9cipal feature ( ! new /yle1 :i* is1 !re=e1 sometimes call$ ! ,po9t$ /yle4 ,b we mu/ look c>efully at ! %ape & details be=e we c be q sure t an ar* belongs to ?is p]iod ( build+4 ,! ar* mu/ be tall & n>r[1 ! columns on :i* !y re/1 r\nd & sl5d]1 (t5 gr\p$ toge!r 9 clu/]s ( ?ree or m4 ,(t5 ! columns consi/ ( sl5d] %afts unit$ on "o base & "u "o capital4 ,! m\ld+s ( ! ar*1 base & capital mu/ be deeply cut & groov$4 ,! po9t$ ar*es ( ,s4 ,john's h all ^! *>act]i/ic features4 ,! l[] ( ! two r[s ( po9t$ ar*es is call$ ! tri=ium or bl9d /ory1 t is1 )\t w9d[s1 = x is built )9 ! slope ( ! ro( ov] ! side aisles ( ! *ur*4 ,! upp] r[ is ! cl]e/ory1 conta9+ _m w9d[ lights4 ,a tri=ium is only to be se5 9 ! v l>ge/ *ur*es4 ,9 ! ru9$ portion ( ,s4 ,john's y may see r\nd & po9t$ ar*es side by side4 ,! ar*es ( ! nave at ,pre/bury belong to ?is p]iod4 ,! columns are v mu* m sl5d] ?an ! massive columns ( ,s4 ,john's4 ,y w notice t ! capital ( "o ( ! columns is cov]$ ) c>v$ foliage :i* c\ld only h be5 done ) a *isel4 ,deep "u-cutt+ is a feature ( ! ,e>ly ,engli% /yle1 & %[s t ! ,engli% masons _h improv$ greatly 9 _! skill4 ,e>ly ,engli% w9d[s1 l ! ar*es1 are long1 n>r[1 & po9t$4 ,f _! %ape !y are call$ lancets4 ,sometimes two or m lancets are gr\p$ toge!r side by side "u a s+le 'drip/one' or hood4 ,at ! ea/ end ( ! ,*apt]-h\se at ,*e/] is a w9d[ consi/+ ( five lancets4 ,sev]al portions ( ,*e/] ,ca!dral1 or r ! ,abbey ( ,s4 ,w]burgh z x 0 /ill call$1 7 built dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,9 ! nor? aisle ( ! *oir y may see ! po9t :]e we pass f ! massive ,norman masonry to ! light] & m graceful ,e>ly ,engli%4 ,! pisc9a or bas9 built 9 ! wall is ! place :]e y mu/ look = ! *ange4 ,at ! end ( ! twelf? c5tury ! *ur* ( ,hugh ,lupus 0 already 9 ru9s4 ,e>l ,r&le 0 9 ! ,holy ,l&1 &1 dur+ 8 abs5ce1 ! ,wel% 7 m ?an usually tr\blesome4 ,9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! ?irte5? c5tury l>ge sums ( money 7 giv5 to ! abbey1 & ! abbots began build+ 9 ! new /yle4 ,:5 ,hugh ,grylle 0 abbot1 ! ,*apt]-h\se1 9 :i* ! bus9ess ( ! abbey 0 transact$1 0 built4 ,! numb] ( monks also increas$ to su* an ext5t t a new & l>g] refectory 0 ne$$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,boss ,,f ,,ru9s ,,( ,s4 ,,john',s ,,*ur*1 ,,*e/] ,left ( ! boss is a /rip ( dog-too? m\ld+ ,?is refectory & ! ve/ibule or entrance hall lead+ to x conta9 ! mo/ beautiful examples ( ,e>ly ,engli% "w to be f\nd 9 ,*e%ire1 & boys & girls :o live 9 or ne> ,*e/] %\ld /udy !m c>efully4 ,9 ! refectory is ! /one pulpit ref]r$ to 9 a previ\s *apt]1 ) a /aircase & arcade ( ,e>ly ,engli% ar*es lead+ to x4 ,! wall above ! ar*es is pi]c$ ) a r[ ( 'quatrefoil' op5+s1 ) deeply cut m\ld+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,e>ly ,,engli% ,,doorway1 ,,*e/] ,9 ! holl[s ( ! ,e>ly ,engli% m\ld+s we sometimes see an ornam5t po9t$ l a dog's too?4 ,y w see x 9 ! m\ld+ r\nd a circul> op5+ ov] ! doorway ( ! ve/ibule 9 ! cloi/]s ( ! ,ca!dral4 ,ano!r ornam5t :i* ! ?irte5?-c5tury masons inv5t$ & put into _! "w 0 ! 'cusp'1 a projection made by ! meet+ ( two curves plac$ end to end4 ,if y put two cusps into ! head ( a po9t$ ar* y w f9d t y h made a trefoil-head$ ar*4 ,! tri=ium ar*es 9 ! *oir ( ! ca!dral are all ( ?is description4 ,quatrefoils are made by arrang+ f\r cusps )9 a circle4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ,abbot ,simon ( ,:it*ur* built ! ,lady ,*apel ea/ ( ! *oir4 ,! w9d[s ( ?is *apel are all lancets1 ^? at ! side be+ arrang$ 9 gr\ps ( ?ree1 :ile ! ea/ w9d[ conta9s five lights4 ,! ,lady ,*apel looks v new n[4 ,x has1 9 fact1 be5 almo/ entirely rebuilt s9ce ,abbot ,simon's day4 ,! m$iaeval build]s ( ,*e%ire did n select _! build+-/one v c>efully4 ,y w see f ! cloi/]s h[ ! r$ s&/one has wea!r$ & crumbl$ to ru94 ,! walls ( ,e>ly ,engli% build+s 7 n s ?ick z ^? built by ! ,normans1 & requir$ to be support$ on ! ext]ior by buttresses :i* project$ fur!r f ! walls ?an ! flat ,norman buttresses4 ,y w f9d ,e>ly ,engli% buttresses at ,audlem & ,pre/bury4 ,_m h\ses 9 ,*e/] are built ov] crypts or und]gr\nd cell>s1 :i* 7 made dur+ ! reign ( ,h5ry ! ,?ird1 & consequ5tly %[ "s ( ! features we h be5 describ+4 ,! olde/ ( ^! crypts is "u a %op 9 ,bridge ,/reet4 ,x is light$ by a triple lancet w9d[ hav+ deep splays4 ,! door ( ! /aircase lead+ to x has a trefoil$ head1 & ! vault$ /one ro( is gro9$ & ribb$ l ! ro( ( ! cloi/]s ( ! ca!dral4 ,! ro(s ( ,e>ly ,engli% *ur*es 7 gro9$ 9 ! same way1 b ) wood in/ead ( /one4 ,_m ,*e%ire *ur*es 71 no d\bt1 rebuilt or repair$ 9 ! new /yle4 ,at ,bru]a !re is a po9t$ doorway "u a semicircul> ar*4 ,bru]a 0 "o ( ! _m *ur*es be/[$ on ! ,abbey ( ,s4 ,w]burgh by ,norman lords4 ,a grant ( a manor or a *ur* 0 (t5 made :5 a b>on or "s memb] ( 8 family ent]$ ! abbey z a monk ( ! bro!rhood4 ,_! desc5dants did n always approve ( ^! gifts4 ,9 ! ,*ronicle ( ,s4 ,w]burgh1 we read t 9 #abeh ,rog] de ,montalt1 ,*ief ,ju/ice ( ,*e/]1 tri$ to recov] ! *ur*es ( ,bru]a1 ,codd+ton1 & ,ne/on1 :i* ! "l ( ,montalt _h giv5 to ! abbey 9 ! days ( ,e>l ,hugh4 ,rog] ent]$ ,ne/on ,*ur* ) a body ( arm$ m51 & turn$ out ! monks :o _h be5 s5t f ! abbey to p]=m ! s]vices1 & gave ! liv+ to 8 nephew ,ralph4 ,! ,*ronicle speaks ( ! mis=tunes t befell ,rog] z a w>n+ to o!r w\ld-be robb]s ( ! ,*ur*4 ,8 elde/ son di$ )9 fifte5 days1 & ,rog] himself 'di$ 9 pov]ty )9 two ye>s1 ! common p be+ ignorant ( ! place ( 8 burial'4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,gr[? ,,( ,,t[ns ,,9 ,,*e%ire ,e>l ,r&le '! ,good' _h no son to succe$ him1 & :5 he di$ ! e>ldom pass$ to 8 nephew ,john ! ,scot1 ! son ( ,r&le's elde/ si/]4 ,john m>ri$ ! daught] ( ,llewellyn ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 s t peace 0 secur$ = a "t betwe5 ! ,wel% & ! e>l's subjects4 ,he did n live to enjoy 8 e>ldom long1 h[ev]1 & he too di$ )\t an heir4 ,8 wife 0 suspect$ ( caus+ 8 dea? by poison4 ,h5ry ! ,?ird 0 at ?is "t ,k+ ( ,engl&4 ,he _h look$ ) anxi\s eyes ^u ! gr[+ p[] ( ! ,e>ls ( ,*e/]4 ,n[ t a suitable opportunity pres5t$ itself1 ! k+ decid$ to take ! e>ldom into 8 own h&s1 8 excuse be+ t he 0 unwill+ t s fair an inh]itance %\ld be divid$ 'among di/affs'1 mean+ ! si/]s ( ,john ! ,scot4 ,s he gave !m ea* a portion ( l& & a husb&1 & appo9t$ ,john de ,lacy1 ! ,e>l ( ,l9coln1 z cu/odian ( ,*e%ire4 ,a few ye>s lat] ,h5ry be/[$ ! e>ldom on 8 son ,edw>d1 & f t "t d[n to ! pres5t day ! title ( ,e>l ( ,*e/] has belong$ to ! son & heir ( ! reign+ mon>*4 ,! pres5t ,pr9ce ( ,wales is also ,e>l ( ,*e/]4 ,"o ( ,edw>d's fir/ acts 0 to confirm to ! b>ons & ! p ( ,*e%ire all ! lib]ties & privileges :i* ,r&le _h =m]ly grant$ !m4 ,"s ( ^! 'lib]ties' are set =? 9 ! ,*>t] :i* ,john ! ,scot gave to ! p ( ,*e/]3 ',"k t ,i h conc$$ & by ?is my pres5t *>t] confirm$ to all my citiz5s ( ,*e/] t no m]*ant %\ld buy or sell any k9d ( m]*&ise :i* has come to ! city ( ,*e/] by sea or by l&1 except ^! my citiz5s ( ,*e/] !mselves & _! heirs1 or 9 accordance ) _! w1 & except 9 ! e/abli%$ fairs1 t is on ,s4 ,john ! ,bapti/'s day & at ! fea/ ( ,s4 ,mi*ael4 ,likewise ,i h conc$$ & by ?is my pres5t *>t] confirm$ to my citiz5s ( ,*e/]1 to h & to hold _! guild m]*ant1 z freely z !y held x 9 ! "t ( my uncle1 ,"l ,r&le1 ,e>l ( ,*e/]4' ,simil> *>t]s 7 giv5 to o!r ,*e%ire t[ns4 ,e>l ,r&le1 :o 0 "o ( ^? :o saw ,k+ ,john sign ! ,great ,*>t]1 gave to 8 b>on1 ,sir ,rob]t de ,/okeport1 a *>t] = 8 t[n ( ,/ockport1 ) p]mission to hold m>kets & fairs1 receiv+ 9 return ! m>ket dues & tolls4 ,hamon de ,massey gave a *>t] = a weekly m>ket to ! inhabitants ( ,altr9*am4 ,congleton receiv$ its *>t] 9 ! reign ( ,edw>d ! ,fir/ f ,h5ry de ,lacy1 ^: /atue y may see on ! front ( ,congleton ,t[n ,hall4 ,macclesfield boa/s ( *>t]s receiv$ f ,r&le ,blundeville & f ,edw>d ! ,fir/1 ?\gh by ! latt] ! citiz5s 7 compell$ to gr9d _! corn at ! k+'s mill & bake _! bread 9 ! k+'s ov51 pay+ a toll ( "o %ill+ ea* = ?is privilege4 ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury ! m]*ants & trad]s ( a t[n =m$ !mselves into guilds1 :i* drew up sets ( rules = ! regulation & protection ( _! trade & indu/ries4 ,! m]*ants met at fix$ times 9 _! guild-hall1 :]e !y elect$ ! (fic]s ( ! guild1 an ald]man1 a /ew>d1 a *apla91 & an u%]1 & :]e !y transact$ ! bus9ess ( ! guild4 ,by ^! laws no m]*ant c\ld buy or sell goods 9 ! t[n unless he 0 a memb] ( ! guild4 ,all ! memb]s subscrib$ to ! guild1 & if "o ( _! numb] fell into pov]ty1 or 0 unable to "w & provide = himself1 he receiv$ a sum ( money e ye> f ! common *e/4 ,! little s*oolroom 9 ! *ur*y>d ( ,nantwi* 0 ! old ,guild ,hall4 ,! guilds became v ri* 9 "t1 & b\ght prop]ty & built homes = poor p :o _h belong$ to ! guild1 & s*ools :]e _! *ildr5 might be taught4 ,! workm5 also :o work$ = ! m]*ants want$ _! own guilds1 & craft guilds 7 =m$ by ! diff]5t trades ( a city1 ea* ( ! guilds receiv+ a *>t] ( its own4 ,sev]al *>t]s ( ?is k9d may be se5 9 ! munim5t room ( ! ,*e/] ,t[n ,hall4 ,9 m$iaeval t[ns ^? :o 7 engag$ 9 a p>ticul> trade liv$ ne> to "o ano!r 9 ! same /reet1 to :i* !y (t5 gave ! "n ( _! indu/ry4 ,! "n ( ,%oemak]s' ,r[ /ill survives at ,*e/] to tell u :]e ! %oemak]s' %ops 7 to be f\nd4 ,newgate ,/reet 0 =m]ly ,fle%mong] ,lane1 & 0 ! *ief place ( bus9ess ( ! but*]s4 ,! ,sk9n]s liv$ 9 ',ca/le ,drive'1 & a portion ( ,bridge ,/reet kn[n z ,m]c]s' ,r[ 0 giv5 ov] to ! m]c]s1 drap]s1 & hab]da%]s4 ,! trade guilds 7 =m$ 9 ! same way z ! m]*ant guilds4 ,ea* _h its own (fic]s & meet+-place4 ,! ,pho5ix ,t[] takes its "n f ! cre/ ( "o ( ! city guilds1 :i* us$ ! t[] z its c\ncil-*amb]4 ,:ile ! m]*ant guild look$ aft] ! int]e/s ( ! trades1 ! t[n itself 0 gov]n$ by a mayor & ald]m51 :o 7 responsible = ! good behavi\r ( ! inhabitants4 ,!y also fix$ ! prices at :i* food & o!r necess>ies ( life 7 to be sold1 & _h ! control ( all m>kets & fairs4 ,commonhall ,/reet takes its "n f ! old ,common ,hall 9 :i* ! mayor & ald]m5 ( ! city met = _! delib]ations4 ,! old hall has long s9ce disappe>$4 ,! mayor & ! magi/rates adm9i/]$ ju/ice 9 ! ,p5?\se or ,p5tice1 :i* us$ to /& close to ,s4 ,pet]'s ,*ur* 9 ! c5tre ( ! city4 ,dur+ ! two great fairs ( ! city ( ,*e/] a l>ge :ite glove 0 susp5d$ f ! t[] ( ,s4 ,pet]'s z ! symbol ( welcome to all /rang]s to br+ _! w>es into ! city = sale4 ,9 ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,john's is an anci5t grave-slab ) glove & scissors c>v$ ^u x4 ,! slab once cov]$ ! rema9s ( a glov]2 glove-mak+ has always be5 "o ( ! *ief indu/ries ( ,*e/]4 ,ano!r slab %[s by ! hamm] & horse%oe engrav$ ^u x t x belong$ to ! tomb ( a smi?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tomb/one ,,( ,a ,,glov]1 ,s4 ,,john',s ,,*ur*1 ,,*e/] ,"o ( ! privileges ( ! ,%oemak]s' ,guild 0 t ( provid+ ! ball = ! annual game ( football play$ on ! ,roodee on ,ea/] ,monday4 ,! mayor & all ! city guilds came to wat* ! game1 :i* un=tunately did n always end happily1 = we read t 'great /rife did arise'1 & _m ( ! play]s 7 hal$ away to be dealt ) by ! ,mayor at ! ,p5tice c\rt4 ,! saddl]s provid$ a silv] bell z a prize = ! w9n] ( a horse-race on ! ,roodee4 ,b ! greate/ ev5t ( ! ye> 9 m$iaeval ,*e/] 0 ! p]=mance ( sc5es f ! ,scriptures--my/]y plays1 z !y 7 call$--at ! ,fe/ival ( ,:itsuntide4 ,! city guilds bore ! :ole ( ! exp5se & *ose ! play]s to p]=m !m1 ea* guild be+ responsible = "o sc5e4 ,?us ! pa9t]s & glazi]s p]=m$ ! ,%eph]ds' ,wat* & ! ,angels' ,hymn2 ! v9tn]s act$ ! "p ( ! ,wise ,m5 ( ! ,ea/2 ! but*]s ! ,/ory ( ! ,temptation2 ! glov]s ! ,rais+ ( ,laz>us4 ,sc5es f ! ,old ,te/am5t 7 includ$1 ! l95 drap]s p]=m+ ! /ory ( ,balaam & ! ,ass1 & ! wat]m5 ( ! ,dee1 appropriately en\gh1 ! /ory ( ! ,flood4 ,! plays 7 put into ,engli% v]se by ,r&al ,hignet1 a monk ( ,s4 ,w]burgh's1 & no d\bt 7 orig9ally p]=m$ by ! monks z a means ( in/ruct+ ! p 9 ! outl9es ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,z ! abbey *ur* 0 f\nd to be unsuitable !y 7 p]=m$ publicly 9 ! /reets1 9 ord] 'to exhort'1 z a cl]k ( ! ,p5tice said1 '! m9ds ( ! common p to good devotion z well z = ! common weal & prosp]ity ( ! city4' ,tw5ty-five sc5es 9 all 7 play$1 & ! p]=mance la/$ = ?ree days4 ,on ! fir/ day ! p saw sc5es repres5t+ ! ,creation ( ! ,_w1 ! ,bani%m5t f ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed51 ! ,bir? ( ,*ri/ & ! ,vision ( ! ,%eph]ds & ! ,adoration ( ! ,wise ,m52 on ! second day ! ,passion & ,resurrection ( ,*ri/2 & on ! ?ird day /ories illu/rat+ ! f\nd+ ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 ! ,lives ( ! ,sa9ts1 & ! f9al ,adv5t ( ,*ri/ & ! ,day ( ,judgem5t4 ,! plays 7 p]=m$ on movable /ages fitt$ ) :eels4 ,! /ages consi/$ ( two /ories1 ! upp] "o be+ left op5 = ! plays1 ! l[] "o cov]$ ) curta9s t x might s]ve z a dress+-room4 ,! fir/ p]=mance took place at ! ,abbey ,gate4 ,! /ages !n pass$ "o by "o to ! ,wat] ,gate1 :]e a second p]=mance 0 giv54 ,! plays 7 act$ = ! ?ird & la/ "t 9 ,bridge ,/reet4 ,p cr[d$ into ,*e/] f all ! c\ntry r\nd on ^! occasions1 = ! pope grant$ "o ?\s& days ( p>don to all :o witness$ ! plays4 ,! abbey also grew 9 weal?1 = e "o 0 expect$ to visit ! ,abbey ,*ur* & lay "s (f]+ at ,s4 ,w]burgh's %r9e4 ,to provide a passage = ! cr[ds ( pilgrims1 side aisles 7 built r\nd ! *oirs ( fam\s *ur*es1 & beh9d ! high alt> a vacant space left :]e ! %r9es ( sa9ts 7 plac$4 ,! ,*e%ire t[ns :i* grew 9 importance dur+ ! ?irte5? c5tury z a result ( ! great increase 9 trade 7 situat$ on or ne> ! great roads ( ,*e%ire1 :i* 7 /ill1 9 ! ma91 ! old roads laid by ! ,romans4 ,_! position 0 g5]ally "o ( great /r5g?1 hav+ be5 *os5 9 e>ly times 9 ord] t m5 might be able to beat (f ! attacks ( enemies4 ,*e/] 01 z y h already se51 gu>d$ on two sides by a b5d ( ! riv] ,dee1 & 0 ! meet+-place ( ,roman roads4 ,nor?wi* on ! ,watl+ ,/reet1 ,middlewi* on ,k9d ,/reet1 & ,/ockport 7 all built at a po9t :]e two riv]s meet4 ,runcorn1 ,lymm1 & ,altr9*am are on s&/one heights protect$ on ! nor? by ! ,m]sey2 ,macclesfield is a/ride ! ma9 road 9 ,ea/ ,*e%ire1 & ,nantwi* on ! highway into ,wales4 ,x 0 only by means ( ! roads t comm]ce betwe5 ! t[ns c\ld be kept op54 ,! ',wel% ,r[' ( ,nantwi* recalls ! days :5 ! pr9cipal trade ( ! t[n 0 ) ! wool-weav]s ( ,wales1 a trade t 0 too (t5 int]rupt$ by ! fi]ce outbreaks on ! bord]4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,edw>d ,,! ,,fir/ ,,& ,,*e%ire ,simon ( ,:it*ur* receiv$ ! ,abbey ( ,s4 ,w]burgh f ! h&s ( ano!r & a great] ,simon1 ! p[]ful ,e>l ( ,leice/]1 :o 0 engag$ 9 a grim /ruggle ) ! k+ on acc\nt ( ! k+'s extravagance & misgov]nm5t1 & ! rule ( =eign fav\rites4 ,bo? ,h5ry & 8 son ,edw>d 71 9 fact1 at ?is v "t prison]s ( ! e>l1 = ! battle ( ,lewes1 :i* end$ s disa/r\sly = ! k+1 _h j be5 f\ght4 ,9 ! same ye> ,e>l ,simon summon$ ! fam\s ,p>liam5t 9 :i* knights f ! %ires1 & citiz5s f ! bor\ghs1 sat side by side ) ! nobles & bi%ops4 ,edw>d _h n long receiv$ ! ,e>ldom ( ,*e/] f 8 fa!r :5 ! ,b>ons' ,w> broke out4 ,simon de ,mont=t made an alliance ) ,llewellyn ! ,wel% pr9ce1 & ,*e/]1 expect+ an attack1 0 put into a /ate ( def5ce4 ,abbot ,simon c\ld h>dly h comm5c$ build+ 8 beautiful ,lady ,*apel :5 he saw 8 *ur* desecrat$ & turn$ into b>racks by ,sir ,william de la ,z\*e1 ! ,*ief ,ju/ice ( ,*e/]4 ,aft] ! defeat ( ,h5ry & ,edw>d at ,lewes !y 7 compell$ to h& ov] to ,e>l ,simon ! ,e>ldom ( ,*e/]1 & ,h5ry de ,mont=t1 ,simon's elde/ son1 came to ,*e/] & receiv$ 9 8 fa!r's "n ! homage & oa? ( fealty ( ! citiz5s4 ,lucas de ,taney 0 left 9 *>ge ( ! city4 ,edw>d aft]w>ds escap$ f ! cu/ody ( ,e>l ,simon1 & ,james de ,audley seiz$ ! ca/le ( ,bee/on on 8 behalf4 ,he also besieg$ ,lucas de ,taney 9 ! ca/le ( ,*e/] = t5 weeks1 b did n succe$ 9 tak+ x on acc\nt ( ! excell5t def5ce made by ! g>rison4 ,de ,taney surr5d]$ :5 he he>d ( ! dea? ( ,simon de ,mont=t at ,eve%am1 :]e ,edw>d won a great victory4 ,! *ief ( ! surviv+ b>ons 7 br\ght z prison]s to ,bee/on ,ca/le4 ,b ! great prize = :i* de ,mont=t f\ght & laid d[n 8 life 0 won4 ,:5 ,edw>d came to ! ?rone he le>n$ f ! mi/akes made by 8 fa!r1 *ose 8 m9i/]s wisely1 & gave 8 p good laws4 ,8 reign saw ! gr[? ( a full & free p>liam5t1 9 :i* all classes ( free m5 7 repres5t$4 ,*e%ire did n1 h[ev]1 s5d any memb]s1 b be+ "u ! p]sonal eye ( ! k+ _h /ill a sep>ate gov]nm5t ( its own z well z its own judges & law-c\rts4 ,vale ,royal rem9ds u ( ! great ,plantag5et k+1 ^: motto 0 ',keep ,tro?' & :o = ?irty-five ye>s did all he c\ld to w9 ! love ( 8 p4 ,be=e ,edw>d became k+ he w5t on ,crusade to ! ,holy ,l&1 :]e he di/+ui%$ himself by recov]+ ! holy city ( ,naz>e? f ! ,s>ac5s4 ,on 8 return he n>r[ly escap$ %ipwreck4 ,9 8 p]il he invok$ ! aid ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 & v[$ t if he 7 sav$ he w\ld build a mona/]y 9 h] hon\r on 8 return to 8 own c\ntry4 ,! ,*ronicle tells u t '! vessel /raightway right$ itself & 0 miracul\sly br\ght safe into port2 ! sailors disemb>k$1 ! ,pr9ce l&+ la/ ( all1 & imm$iately ! vessel broke 9 pieces1 & e fragm5t ( ! wreck vani%$ "u ! wat]'4 ,edw>d 'kept 8 tro?' & built a home = "o hundr$ monks ( ! ,ci/]cian ,ord] at ,d>nhall4 ,f\r ye>s lat] he laid ! f\ndation /one ( a /ately ,abbey at ,vale ,royal1 9 ! v he>t ( ,*e%ire4 ,que5 ,eleanor & a great company ( nobles accompani$ him4 ,we may n n[ he> ! ,angelus toll+ its summons to ev5+ pray]1 nor see jolly monks fi%+ ! /reams ( ! ,weav]1 b 9 ! la/ few mon?s ! f\ndations ( ! ,abbey *ur* :]e !y *ant$ ! mass h be5 discov]$4 ,! abbey took m ?an fifty ye>s to build1 & x 0 n until ! reign ( ! ?ird ,edw>d t ! monks 7 able to move f _! tempor>y lodg+s to ! new & spaci\s build+4 ,! abbey receiv$ valuable l&s 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,ov]1 ,d>nhall1 & ,weav]ham1 ( :i* villages ! abbot became "l4 ,by ! anci5t 'cu/oms' ( ! manor ( ,d>nhall ! villag]s 7 requir$ to att5d at ! manorial1 n[ ! abbot's c\rt2 ! abbot _h p[] ( life & dea? ov] all 8 t5ants1 :o _h also to gr9d all _! corn at ! abbot's mill2 at ! dea? ( any native ! abbot took all 8 horses1 cattle1 & pigs1 & half ( 8 /&+ & ga!r$ corn4 ,*e%ire saw a good deal ( ,edw>d ! ,fir/ 9 ! e>li] half ( 8 reign4 ,9 ! ye> aft] ! c]emonies at ,vale ,royal we f9d him at ,macclesfield1 :5 he began to build ! p>i% *ur* ( ,s4 ,mi*ael4 ,he 0 ! fir/ ,engli% k+ to take 9 h& ! conque/ ( ,wales s]i\sly4 ,9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ! ,?ird ! ,wel% _h tak5 advantage ( ! k+'s tr\bles ) 8 b>ons1 & wag$ a murd]\s w>f>e on ! ,*e%ire bord]4 ,!y advanc$ z f> z ,nantwi*1 & ,james de ,audley1 :o own$ a l>ge "p ( ! b>ony ( ,nantwi*1 saw 8 ca/les burnt1 woods fell$1 & cattle de/roy$4 ,prep>ations 7 made = a big exp$ition into ,wales1 & ,pr9ce ,edw>d summon$ ! knights & b>ons ( ,*e%ire to ,%otwick ,ca/le on ! banks ( ! ,dee4 ,a grassy knoll1 :]e once /ood ! ca/le keep1 is all t is left ( ! sc5e ( ! ga!r+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*e/] ,,wall4 ,roman bel[2 ,edw>dian above ,*e/]1 f its position at ! v gates ( ,nor? ,wales1 0 ! natural meet+-place = ! troops1 & ! />t+-po9t ( ,edw>d's exp$ition aga9/ ,llewellyn4 ,soon aft] 8 accession he summon$ ! ,wel% pr9ces to d homage to him4 ,?is !y refus$ to d1 & ! k+ prep>$ = w>4 ,llewellyn's bro!r ,david = a long "t f\ght on ! side ( ! ,engli%1 & receiv$ ! manor ( ,frod%am z 8 rew>d4 ,edw>d's fir/ task1 h[ev]1 0 to /r5g!n ! def5ces ( ,*e/] s t x might resi/ all attacks4 ,! enemy frequ5tly came close up to ! walls ( ! city1 & raid$ especially ! suburb ( ,h&bridge on ! opposite %ore ( ! ,dee1 nam+ x ,treboe? or ',burnt ,t[n'1 a "n t tells its own tale4 ,edw>d 0 a great ca/le-build]1 z _m ( y h le>nt f pictures y h se5 ( 8 ,wel% ca/les4 ,! ,norman ca/le ( ,*e/] _h be5 con/ruct$ l>gely ( wood4 ,edw>d n[ rebuilt x ( /one1 & greatly enl>g$ x by add+ an out] w>d or 'bailey'4 ,he surr\nd$ ! :ole =tress ) 'curta9' walls flank$ ) t[]s & protect$ ) a deep dit*4 ,he also set to "w to rebuild ! walls ( ! city4 ,! anci5t ,roman walls _h long s9ce crumbl$ to _! f\ndations1 ?\gh "h & !re a mass ( masonry rema9$ /&+1 & ! ,roman ea/ gate 0 /ill 9 its place4 ,! /ones ( :i* ! walls _h be5 built _h provid$ build+-mat]ial = _m c5turies4 ,on ! ea/ side f ! ,pepp] ,gate to ! ,pho5ix ,t[] ,edw>d built 8 wall on or ne> ! f\ndations ( ! ,roman wall1 portions ( :i* y may /ill see on ?is side ( ! city4 ,= ! mo/ "p1 h[ev]1 ! new walls 7 built outside ! old] ones1 & ! area enclos$ 0 mu* great] ?an t ( ! ,roman t[n4 ,! walls 7 /r5g!n$ by a numb] ( wat* t[]s1 "s ( :i* 7 n complet$ until ! "t ( 8 gr&son ,edw>d ! ,?ird1 :5 ,bonewalde/on's ,t[] & ! ,wat] ,t[] 7 built4 ,a wall-tax call$ 'murage' 0 levi$ on ! inhabitants ( ,*e%ire = keep+ ! walls 9 repair4 ,! citiz5s ( ,*e/] 7 also made to build a bridge ov] ! ,dee4 ,edw>d's *ief eng9e] 0 nam$ ,ri*>d1 & 9 return = 8 s]vices he receiv$ = a numb] ( ye>s ! ,dee ,mills1 s t = ! "t be+ he 0 ! ',mill] ( ! ,dee'4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wat] ,,t[] ,,& ,,curta9 ,,wall1 ,,*e/] ,aft] "s ye>s ( h>d fight+ ! conque/ ( ! ,wel% 0 complete4 ,at ,rhuddlan ,ca/le1 on ! bord]s ( ! anci5t palat9e e>ldom1 ,edw>d gave to ! conqu]$ ,wel% a settl$ gov]nm5t & a sy/em ( law-c\rts simil> to t :i* he _h already set up = ! ,engli%4 ,he return$ to ,*e/] to celebrate ! peace t he _h made1 & accompani$ by 8 que51 ) great pomp & c]emony att5d$ mass & a s]vice ( ?anksgiv+ 9 ! ,abbey ( ,s4 ,w]burgh4 ,! riv] ,dee wa%$ ! walls ( ! ,wat] ,t[]1 & great iron r+s1 to :i* ! b>ges 7 moor$1 7 fix$ 9 ! ,t[] walls4 ,! %ips br\ght w9es f ,gascony & clo? f ,fl&]s1 :i!r ! monks ( ,vale ,royal & ,comb]m]e s5t ! wool ( ! flocks t pa/ur$ on _! mead[s4 ,"s ( ! ,flemi% weav]s left _! own c\ntry & settl$ on ! %ores ( ! ,m]sey ne> ,birk5head4 ,9 ne>ly e field 9 ! pa/oral p>ts ( ,*e%ire are to be f\nd "o or m small r\nd pools1 (t5 fr+$ ) will[s & re$s4 ,y "k !m well1 = y h be5 to !m (t5 to wat* ! tadpoles & ! m9n[s4 ,b y h n wond]$ :y !y are !re1 & :y !re are s _m ( !m4 ,yet !y h some?+ to tell ( ! wool-rais+ 9 ! days ( ! ?ree ,edw>ds4 ,= !y are m>l-pits1 & _m ( !m 7 dug fir/ :5 ! fir/ ,edw>d 0 k+2 ! m>l1 :i* is a great f]tiliz]1 be+ tak5 out ( ! e>? & spread ov] ! grass-l&s on :i* ! flocks 7 pa/ur$4 ,! f>m]s d n use x n[1 = new & easi] ways ( enri*+ ! soil h be5 f\nd4 ,! m>l-digg]s1 or 'm>l]s' z !y 7 call$1 _h _! own p>ticul> fea/-day once a ye>1 :5 !y claim$ toll ( e pass]-by1 & 9 ! ev5+ sang _! m>l+ songs 9 ! village ale-h\se4 ,:5 %ut ! pit1 ! lab\r o'er1 ,he :om we "w = opes 8 door ,& gies to u ( dr9k galore1 ,= ?is 0 always ,m>l]'s law4 ,:o-:oop :o-:oop wo-o-o-o-o4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,! ,,com+ ,,( ,,! ,,fri>s ,?ree /reets 9 ,*e/] 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,*ur* ( ,s4 ,m>t9 be> ! names ( ,grey ,fri>s1 ,black ,fri>s1 & ,:ite ,fri>s respectively4 ,dur+ ! ?irte5? c5tury numb]s ( begg+ fri>s1 clad 9 simple grey or black or :ite tunics1 came to ,*e/] & settl$ 9 ! poore/ qu>t]s ( ! city4 ,l ! e>ly disciples ( ,*ri/1 ^: lives ( pov]ty !y s\ght to imitate1 !y c>ri$ ) !m nei!r gold nor silv]1 & walk$ un%od1 begg+ _! food & %elt] z !y j\rney$ f t[n to t[n4 ,_! simple tea*+ appeal$ to ! poor1 :o soon began to look ^u !m z _! be/ fri5ds4 ,= !y br\ght ! ,gospel ( ,*ri/ to !m 9 _! /reets1 & t5d$ ! sick & ! ag$ amid _! squalid homes4 ,!y 7 =bidd5 by ! rules ( _! ,ord]s to receive ei!r money or l&s4 ,! fir/ to arrive 9 ,*e/] 7 ! ,dom9icans or ,black ,fri>s1 :o settl$ ne> ! ,wat]gate :5 ,r&le ,blundeville 0 e>l4 ,! old palace ( ! ,/anleys =m$ "p ( ! home ( ! ,black ,fri>s4 ,!y 7 foll[$ a few ye>s lat] by ! ,franciscans or ,grey ,fri>s :o also liv$ by ! ,wat]gate1 ne> ! spot on :i* ! ,l95 ,hall 0 aft]w>ds erect$1 & 9 ! reign ( ,edw>d ! ,fir/ ! ,:ite ,fri>s or ,c>melites took up _! abode 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,:ite ,fri>s ,/reet4 ,unlike ! monks1 ! fri>s _h at fir/ no fix$ homes ( _! own1 & prea*$ at wood5 crosses set up at ! /reet corn]s4 ,aft]w>ds1 ) ! alms !y receiv$ f ! p & ! legacies f ri* m5 :o admir$ _! dev\t lives1 ea* ( ! diff]5t ,ord]s ( fri>s built = !mselves a p]man5t dwell+-place or fri>y1 to :i* a *ur* 9 "t 0 add$4 ,! ,*ur* ( ! ,c>melites mu/ h be5 "o ( great beauty4 ,"s ( ! glaz$ col\r$ tiles :i* =m$ ! pavem5t ( ! build+ may be se5 9 ! ,grosv5or ,museum4 ,excavations h be5 made at ! spot :]e ! tiles 7 f\nd1 & ?ree feet l[] d[n ! workm5 came across brok5 columns & bases ( a l>ge ,roman build+4 ,m$iaeval ,*e/] 0 built on ! ru9s ( ! anci5t ,roman city4 ,a doorway 9 an old h\se call$ ',! ,fri>s' 0 "p ( ! ,c>melite ,fri>y4 ,! fri>s /udi$ m$ic9e & devot$ !mselves p>ticul>ly to ! c>e ( lep]s4 ,!y also built s*ools = ! *ildr5 ( ! poor4 ,! ,dom9icans 7 also skilful eng9e]s1 & ,edw>d ! ,fir/ employ$ !m 9 mak+ wells & lay+ wat]-pipes 9 ! city4 ,un=tunately "s ( ! fri>s did n live up to _! e>ly v[s ( pov]ty1 & ! rules :i* ,s4 ,francis & ,s4 ,dom9ic _h drawn up = !m4 ,:5 weal? p\r$ 9 ^u !m !y became jeal\s ( "o ano!r1 & qu>rels & di/urbances frequ5tly arose betwe5 !m4 ,! ,records ( ,*e/] tell ( _m viol5t acts on ! "p ( ! ,dom9icans & ,c>melites1 ! latt] ( :om1 arm$ ) cudgels1 7 wont to roam 9 ! night "t ?r\gh ! city to ! t]ror ( ! inhabitants4 ,! monks ( ! ?irte5? c5tury _h also become idle & luxuri\s4 ,!y _h1 z y h already read1 become great l&[n]s1 & receiv$ ! manorial dues f ! manors :i* belong$ to !m4 ,! ,abbots ( ,vale ,royal rul$ ) a rod ( iron4 ,! poor p rebell$1 & fights betwe5 !m & ! monks 7 frequ5t4 ,!y laid _! compla9ts be=e ! k+1 & good ,que5 ,philippa int]c$$ = !m z %e did = ! burgh]s ( ,calais1 b ! abbot 0 g5]ally able to prove 8 'rights'1 & ! p obta9$ little satisfaction4 ,! weal? ( ! mona/]ies 0 also greatly increas$ by ! cultivation ( crops & ! sale ( _! wool4 ,b ! ri*] !y became1 ! m !y neglect$ _! spiritual duties4 ,! poor c\ld no long] look to !m = _! spiritual tea*+ or = *>ity & good works1 & s gladly turn$ to ! fri>s :o = a "t m9i/]$ to _! ne$s s well4 ,monks & fri>s alike 7 bitt]ly attack$ 9 ,edw>d ! ,?ird's reign 9 a poem writt5 by ,william ,langl&4 ,9 ?is poem1 :i* is call$ ',! ,vision ( ,pi]s ,pl[man'1 ! poet speaks ( ! ignorance & slo? ( ! monks1 "o ( :om is made to confess t he _c ev5 *ant ! ,"l's ,pray]4 ,i _c ! ,pat] ,no/] z ! prie/ x synge!1 ,b ,i c ,rimes ( ,rob9 ,hood & ( ,r&all ( ,*e/re4 ,a few exceptions !re 7 to ! g5]al rule4 ,9 8 quiet retreat 9 ! ,abbey ( ,s4 ,w]burgh1 ,ranulf ,higd5 wrote a "w call$ ',poly*ronicon'1 :i* conta9$ a hi/ory ( ! _w f ! ,creation to 8 own day1 ) geographical descriptions ( ! diff]5t c\ntries ( ! _w1 & ! fav\rite m$iaeval leg5ds ( ,babylon & ,rome4 ,! book is valuable because x is "o ( ! e>lie/ pieces ( lit]ature writt5 9 ! language ( mix$ ,norman & ,saxon :i* is our "m tongue to-day4 ,:5 pr9t+ 0 inv5t$ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 ! ,poly*ronicon 0 "o ( ! books pr9t$ by ,caxton ! fir/ ,engli% pr9t]4 ,_m ( ! *ur*es 9 ,*e%ire %[ u t ! masons & build]s ( ,edw>d ! ,?ird's long reign made great progress 9 _! art4 ,we h se5 h[ ! ?irte5?-c5tury workm5 le>n$ to gr\p a numb] ( lancets toge!r "u "o hood1 & to %ape ! lancet heads l a clov] leaf by ! addition ( cusps4 ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury ! space above a r[ ( lancet or trefoil-head$ lights 0 fill$ 9 ) a numb] ( geometrical figures su* z circles & foils4 ,h5ce ! "n ( ,geometrical or ,decorat$ has be5 giv5 to ! "w ( ?is p]iod4 ,! l>ge ea/ w9d[s ( _m ( our ,*e%ire *ur*es are made up 9 ?is way4 ,! patt]ns ( fl[+ l9es ?us produc$ are call$ 'b> trac]y'4 ,!re are ,decorat$ w9d[s 9 ! aisles ( ! *oir & s\? transept ( ,*e/] ,ca!dral4 ,illu/ration3 ,,nor?-,,we/ ,,view ,,( ,,nantwi* ,,*ur* ,w9d[s & ar*es 7 n[ made wid] ?an 9 ! previ\s c5tury4 ,! build]s ( ! ,po9t$ p]iod s\ght aft] height2 ^? ( ! ,decorat$ p]iod aim$ r at bread? & op5ness4 ,illu/ration3 ,,geometrical ,,w9d[1 ,,s\? ,,transept1 ,,*e/] ,,ca!dral ,! f\rte5?-c5tury masons /udi$ nature c>efully1 & put masses ( c>v$ fruit or fl[]s or leaves 9 ! capitals ( _! columns4 ,! ar*es ( ! nave ( ,*e/] ,ca!dral prove ?is fact4 ,a fav\rite ornam5t ( ! ,decorat$ p]iod is ! crocket1 a project+ bun* ( foliage add$ to p9nacles1 ! hoods ( ar*es1 & ! canopies ( ni*es & tombs4 ,ano!r device is ! ball-fl[] c>v$ 9 ! m\ld+s4 ,! ball-fl[] is z sure a sign ( ,decorat$ m\ld+s z ! dog-too? 0 9 ^? ( ! ,e>ly ,engli% p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,,alt> ,,tombs1 ,,macclesfield ,! *oir ( ,/ockport ,p>i% ,*ur* is a beautiful example ( ! ,decorat$ /yle1 & ! great] portions ( ,macclesfield1 ,nantwi*1 & ,pre/bury ,p>i% ,*ur*es belong to ! same p]iod4 ,9 _m o!r *ur*es y w f9d "s detail1 g5]ally a w9d[ or a doorway or an alt> tomb1 :i* w %[ y "s ( ! features ( ?is /yle4 ,9 ! ,e>ly ,engli% & ,decorat$ p]iods a spire 0 sometimes add$ to ! t[]1 z at ,a/bury & ,beb+ton4 ,! spire grew out ( ! pyramid-%ap$ ro( ) :i* ! t[]s ( ,norman *ur*es 7 cov]$4 ,9 ! l[-ly+ portions ( ! ,*e%ire pla91 :]e /one 0 sc>ce b timb] pl5tiful1 ! framework ( a *ur* 0 (t5 built ( wood4 ,9 ! village ( ,w>burton1 on ! banks ( ! ,m]sey1 is a f\rte5?-c5tury wood5 *ur*1 :i* s]v$ z ! *apel ( a priory t 0 e/abli%$ "h by ! ,normans4 ,! "n itself 7',w]burgh-ton'7 speaks to u ( ,s4 ,w]burgh1 ! patron sa9t ( ! ,abbey ( ,*e/]1 & a field by ! riv] is /ill call$ ! ,abbey ,cr(t2 ! /one c(f9s )9 ! *ur* once conta9$ ! bones ( monks :o liv$ "h4 ,illu/ration3 ,,int]ior ,,( ,,w>burton ,,timb] ,,*ur*4 ,,f\rte5? ,,c5tury ,! ar*es )9 are made ( r\gh-hewn timb]1 rudely %ap$ ) ! axe4 ,lant]n pegs ( buck-horn f ! de] t once roam$ ! woodl&s ( ,dunham ,massey are fix$ on ! oak pill>s2 ! ro( is support$ by /\t cross-beams4 ,! brick t[] has be5 add$ at a lat] day1 & ! s\? wall built :5 ! timb]s on t side ( ! *ur* collaps$4 ,! timb] *ur*es ( ,l[] ,peov] & ,m>ton belong to ! end ( ! ?irte5? or beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,m>ton ,*ur* 0 ! burial-place ( ! ,dav5ports1 :o liv$ at ,m>ton ,hall4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,old ,,prie/',s ,,h\se1 ,,pre/bury ,! ,dav5ports _h a m spl5did home at ,bramhall1 ! olde/ portions ( :i* 7 built :5 ,edw>d ! ,?ird 0 k+4 ,! great hall at ,baguley 0 built ab\t ! same "t4 ,! massive upright po/s are cut f timb] m ?an two feet squ>e1 & ! spaces betwe5 !m fill$ ) wick]work & pla/]4 ,! op5 ro( is support$ by a mighty 'tie-beam' & two uprights call$ 'que5-po/s'#b4 ,! w9d[s are tall & ! lights n>r[1 & sep>at$ f "o ano!r by oak mullions4 #b ,sometimes ! ro( 0 held up by a s+le 'k+-po/' 9 place ( two que5-po/s4 ,! 'k+-po/' rea*$ f ! c5tre ( ! tie-beam to ! po9t ( ! ro(4 ,surely ! m5 :o built x _h he>ts ( oak4 ,! build+ reflects ! rugg$ "* ( ! m5 ( ! days :5 'knights 7 bold' & 'might 0 "r'4 ,9 ?is hall we c picture old ,sir ,william ,baggiley fea/+ ) 8 family & 8 reta9]s1 :5 ! summons came f 8 k+ to foll[ him to ! ,fr5* w>s4 ,8 effigy /ill re/s 9 ! hall t he himself p]haps built4 ,x is brok5 & batt]$1 b en\gh rema9s to %[ u t ! knights :o f\ght = ,edw>d & ! ,black ,pr9ce _h *ang$ ! fa%ion ( _! w> dress s9ce ! ,crusades4 ,a hood ( mail /ill protects ! head & neck1 b ! suit ( mail has giv5 way to plates ( /eel rivet$ or hook$ toge!r1 s t ! :ole body is cas$ 9 arm\r4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,a ,,depos$ ,,k+ ,:5 ,edw>d ! ,fir/ complet$ 8 conque/ ( ,nor? ,wales1 & ! ,wel% *iefs swore fealty at ,*e/] to ! fir/ ,engli% ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 ! fight+ squires ( ,*e%ire f\nd !mselves )\t any occupation4 ,edw>d ! ,?ird1 ambiti\s ( recov]+ ! ,fr5* dom9ions ( ! ,norman & ,angev9 ,k+s ( ,engl&1 provid$ ! ,*e%ire m5 ) a fre% field ( adv5tures1 ) f> great] opportunities ( p]=m+ de$s ( val\r & satisfy+ _! ?ir/ = w>f>e4 ,a numb] ( ,*e%ire knights foll[$ ! k+ & ! ,black ,pr9ce to ,france4 ,! ,fr5* ,*ronicl]1 ,froiss>t1 tells u t ,sir ,james ,audley & 8 f\r ,*e%ire squires 'f\ght always 9 ! *ief ( ! battle' at ,poiti]s4 ,"o ( ! f\r squires 0 ,sir ,john ,delves1 :o built ! old t[] ( ,dodd+ton ,ca/le1 ne> ,audlem4 ,9 ,b>?omley ,*ur* is a monum5t to ,sir ,rob]t ,fulle%ur/1 :o also 0 "o ( ! dauntless f\r4 ,9 ! *ancel ( ,bunbury ,*ur* is ! tomb ( ,sir ,hugh ,calveley1 :o1 by 8 bold de$s1 won = himself ! title ( ! ',*e%ire ,h]o'4 ,ov] ! doorway ( ! inn at ,h&ley y may see ! sign ( ! ?ree calves1 ! anci5t coat ( arms ( ! ,calveleys4 ,sir ,hugh 0 ! lead] ( a fam\s b& ( soldi]s call$ ! ',companions'1 :o gave _! s]vices = pay to any lead] :o requir$ !m1 & 7 ! t]ror ( ! c\ntry p ( ,france = _m ye>s4 ,edw>d made him ! ,gov]nor ( ,calais1 f :5ce he sack$ ! seaport ( ,b\logne1 & treat$ ! inhabitants ) great cruelty4 ,inde$1 _m ( 8 exploits are any?+ b de$s ( glory4 ,:5 ,sir ,hugh ,calveley return$ 9 8 old age to 8 home 9 ,*e%ire1 wi%+ to atone1 p]haps1 = 8 ru?less acts1 he f\nd$ a college at ,bunbury = a ma/]1 two *apla9s1 & two *ori/]s4 ,_! *ief duty1 no d\bt1 0 to pray = ! repose ( ! s\l ( _! b5efactor4 ,*e%ire knights & ,wel%m5 f\ght side by side at ,poiti]s4 ,:5 ! ,black ,pr9ce return$ to ,engl& he gave ! ,dee ,mills = life to ,sir ,h[ell y ,fwyall4 ,an inscription on ! wall ( ! ,p>i% ,*ur* ( ,macclesfield tells u t ,p]k9 a ,legh 's]v'd ,k+ ,edw>d ! ,?ird & ! ,black ,pr9ce 8 sonne 9 all _! w>res 9 ,france1 & 0 at ! ,battell ( ,cressie1 & hadd ,lyme giv5 him = t s]vice'4 ,! desc5dants ( ! ,leghs /ill live at ,lyme ,hall1 ne> ,disley1 :]e a life-size portrait ( ! ,black ,pr9ce hangs 9 ! entrance hall4 ,sir ,p]k9 m>ri$ ! daught] ( ,sir ,?omas d',any]s1 :o receiv$ a h&some rew>d = rescu+ ! ,royal ,/&>d at ,crecy f ! ,fr5*4 ,8 body lies b5ea? ! d',any]s monum5t 9 ,grapp5hall ,*ur*4 ,! same inscription at ,macclesfield tells u t ,p]k9 a ,legh 's]v'd ,k+ ,ri*>d ! ,second1 & left him n 9 8 tr\bles1 b 0 tak5 ) him & behead$ at ,*e/]'4 ,*e%ire 0 v loyal to ! un=tunate ,ri*>d1 :o /yl$ himself ,pr9ce ( ,*e%ire1 & %[$ great fav\r to ! anci5t e>ldom4 ,! victory ( ,crecy 0 due to ! ,engli% ar*]s1 & among !m none 7 m fam\s ?an ^? ( ,*e%ire4 ,on _! return f ! w>s1 ,ri*>d's fai?ful b[m5 became 8 body-gu>d1 & c\ld always be reli$ ^u :5ev] he wi%$ to /rike a bl[ at 8 enemies4 ',sleep 9 peace1 ,dickon1' !y w\ld say to him1 'we w take c>e ( !e1 & if ?\ had/ m>ri$ ! daught] ( ,sir ,p]k9 ( ,legh1 ?\ mighte/ h defi$ all ! lords 9 ,engl&4' ,*e%ire m5 got a v bad "n1 = !y 7 cruel & blood?ir/y1 giv5 to lawless de$s & inspir+ t]ror :]ev] !y appe>$4 ,!y 7 safe 9 ,*e%ire1 = ! c\nty 0 gov]n$ directly by ! k+1 & did n yet s5d repres5tatives to ,p>liam5t4 ,! ,h\se ( ,commons itself 0 ov]aw$ by a =ce ( #b1jjj ,*e%ire ar*]s1 comm&$ by sev5 ,*e%ire esquires4 ,:5 ! ,commons rose aga9/ ! misgov]nm5t ( ! k+1 ! unpuni%$ robb]ies & evil de$s ( ! ,*e%ire m5 7 "o ( ! causes ( compla9t4 ,! b[m5 all wore ! badge ( ! ,:ite ,h>t1 ,ri*>d's own device4 ,!re are at ! pres5t day _m inns 9 ! villages ( ,*e%ire t be> ! sign ( ! ,:ite ,h>t1 a rem9isc5ce ( ! days ( ,ri*>d & 8 ,*e%ire gu>ds4 ,! enemies ( ,ri*>d 7 det]m9$ to depose him1 & put 9 8 place ,h5ry ( ,lanca/]1 son ( ,john ( ,gaunt4 ,ri*>d bani%$ ,h5ry1 & depriv$ him ( 8 e/ates & possessions4 ,:5 ,h5ry l&$ ) a small =ce at ,rav5spur 9 ,york%ire1 9 ! ye> #acii1 he 0 jo9$ by _m ( ! nor!rn lords1 *ief among :om 0 ! p[]ful ,e>l ( ,nor?umb]l& & 8 son1 ,h>ry ',hotspur'4 ,ri*>d surr5d]$ to 8 c\s9 at ,fl9t1 & 0 br\ght to ,*e/] 'on a sorry hack n wor? a c\ple ( p\nds'4 ,he 0 conf9$ 9 ! t[] ov] ! gateway ( ! ,ca/le at ,*e/] be=e be+ remov$ to ,pontefract1 :]e he probably met a viol5t dea?1 ?\gh x 0 giv5 out t he di$ ( />vation4 ,p]k9 a ,legh 0 execut$ = 8 loyalty to ,ri*>d1 & 8 head fix$ on a pole on ! highe/ t[] ( ,*e/] ,ca/le4 ,! ,*e%ire ar*]s /ruck "o m bl[ 9 ,ri*>d's def5ce4 ,hotspur _h be5 made ,ju/ice ( ,*e%ire & ,nor? ,wales by ,h5ry ! ,f\r?1 to keep d[n ! turbul5t ,*e%ire m5 & ! ,wel% insurg5ts4 ,he sudd5ly *ang$ sides1 & jo9$ ,e>l ,mortim] & ,ow5 ,gl5d[] ( ,wales 9 _! revolt aga9/ ! new k+4 ,hotspur gave out t ,ri*>d 0 yet alive at ,s&iway1 & ! *ief b>ons ( ,*e%ire1 ! ,v5ables & ! ,v]nons1 & ! ar*]s ( ,macclesfield & ,delam]e flock$ to 8 /&>d4 ,! ,mayor ( ,*e/] w5t too1 & ! p>sons ( ,pul=d1 ,dav5ham1 ,ro/h]ne & o!r villages1 ea* ) 8 own foll[+4 ,?\gh !y 7 aft]w>ds told t ,ri*>d 0 really dead1 !y 7 q cont5t to av5ge him1 & ! army deck$ ) ! badge ( ! ,:ite ,h>t m>*$ f ,*e%ire to jo9 ! ,wel% lead]4 ,k+ ,h5ry met !m ne> ,%rewsbury1 :]e a fi]ce battle took place4 ,! ,*e%ire ar*]s f\ght ) great brav]y1 & ev5 r\t$ a portion ( ! k+'s army4 ,b !y 7 gradually ov]come by ! m num]\s royal =ces1 & ,h5ry's victory 0 complete4 ,hotspur himself 0 kill$1 & among ! sla9 7 '! mo/ "p ( ! knights & squires ( ! c\nty ( ,*e/]'4 ,aft] ! battle1 ! b>on ( ,k9d]ton1 ,sir ,ri*>d ,v5ables1 0 execut$1 & 8 e/ates giv5 to 8 bro!r1 a support] ( ! k+4 ,! anci5t yew-trees 9 _m ( ! *ur*y>ds ( ,*e%ire w rem9d y ( ! /urdy b[m5 :o ov]?rew ! mail-clad m\nt$ m5 ( ,france at ! battles ( ,crecy & ,poiti]s4 ,! big yew 9 ! *ur*y>d ( ,f>ndon mu/ h be5 ( great age1 ev5 9 ! days :5 ,ri*>d's ar*]s cut _! b[s f its t\gh & pliant b\ghs4 ,! b[ 0 made 9 ,engl&1 9 ,engl&1 ,( true wood1 ( yew wood1 ! wood ( ,engli% b[s3 ,s m5 :o are free ,love ! old yew tree ,& ! l& :]e ! yew tree gr[s4 ,9 ord] to enc\rage ar*]y among workm5 & lab\r]s1 ,ri*>d =bade ! play+ ( football1 t5nis1 & ! l1 "u p5alty ( f9e or imprisonm5t4 ,among ! t[n-laws ( ,*e/] 0 "o :i* compell$ all *ildr5 ( six ye>s old & upw>ds to be taught ! use ( ! b[ & arr[1 bo? '= ! avoid+ ( idl5ess' & = s]vice '9 ! anci5t def5ce ( ! k+dom'4 ,e ,ea/] ,monday ! two %]iffs *ose teams ( ar*]s1 & %ot a mat* on ! ,roodee1 ! prize be+ a breakfa/ or d9n] ( calves' heads & bacon1 9 :i* ! ,mayor & ,ald]m5 also took "p4 ,:5 a man ( any well-to-d family m>ri$ 9 ,*e/]1 he 0 expect$ to give a silv] arr[ 9 ! foll[+ ye> z a prize = ar*]y4 ,"s ( ! knights :o return$ f ! ,fr5* w>s f\nd _! old homes burnt or de/roy$ by m>aud+ ,wel%m5 dur+ _! abs5ce4 ,! ca/les :i* !y built = _! protection 7 built ( /one1 & portions /rongly =tifi$4 ,! massive t[] or keep ( ,dodd+ton is cr[n$ ) a battlem5t & f\r squ>e corn] turrets2 ! w9d[s are m]e slits 9 ! walls4 ,brim/age ,t[] 9 ,wirral 0 built 9 #acih by ,sir ,hugh de ,hulse4 ,! p>apet or gall]y is 'ma*icolat$'1 t is to say x projects beyond ! walls ( ! t[]1 s t molt5 metal might be p\r$ ?r\gh holes 9 ! p>apet ^u an attack+ =ce bel[4 ,! m fam\s ,/oreton ,hall 0 built ab\t ! same "t1 ?\gh little rema9s n[ to %[ its =m] spl5d\r4 ,f ,/oreton came ! p[]ful ,*e%ire ,h\se ( ,/anley4 ,9 ! reign ( ,edw>d ! ,?ird1 ,sir ,philip de ,bamville 0 ma/]-=e/] ( ,wirral1 :i* at ! "t 0 cov]$ ) an ext5sive =e/1 s t an old rime said ,f ,blacon ,po9t to ,hilbre ,squirrels 9 se>* ( food ,might jump /raight f tree to tree1 ,s ?ick ! =e/ /ood4 ,sir ,philip 0 be+ ent]ta9$ by ,john ,/anley4 ,9 ! ev5+1 :5 ! fe/ivities 7 at _! height1 "y ,william ,/anley ran away ) ,joan de ,bamville1 ,sir ,philip's only *ild4 ,?r\gh =e/ & ov] moorl& !y spurr$ _! horses1 & /ay$ n till ! wide ,*e%ire pla9 lay betwe5 !m & _! homes4 ,at ,a/bury ,*ur* !y 7 w$d$1 & aft] ! old knight's dea?1 ! ,/anleys succe$$ to ! =e/]%ip & ! e/ates t w5t ) x4 ,sc>cely any *ur*es 7 built 9 ,*e%ire 9 ! latt] "p ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 ?\gh ! *ancel ( ,we/ ,kirby 0 put up 9 ! reign ( ,ri*>d ! ,second4 ,! c>v$ heads on "o ( ! w9d[-hoods are ^? ( ,ri*>d & 8 que54 ,lab\r]s 7 v sc>ce1 ow+ to ! ravages ( ! t]rible calamity kn[n z ! ,black ,dea?1 & ! m5 :o return$ f ! w>s _h no fancy = do+ ! "w ( ! mason & ! build]4 ,m5 refus$ to "w2 wages & ! price ( bread rose s high t a limit _h to be set to !m by law4 ,ev5 s great a p]son z ! ,abbot ( ,s4 ,w]burgh 0 f9$ because 8 /ew>d *>g$ too big a price = ! abbey corn4 ,:5 ! next c5tury dawn$ & ! l& _h re/ = a :ile "u ! ,lanca/rian k+1 *ur*es 7 no long] built 9 ! ,decorat$ /yle ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,ano!r /yle ( *ur*-build+ prevail$4 ,! curi\s ,*e/] ',r[s' 7 orig9ally built dur+ ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies1 ?\gh !y h be5 alt]$ & rebuilt _m times s9ce !n4 ,!re is no?+ q l !m 9 any o!r ,engli% city4 ,! ',r[s'1 or gall]ies1 run cont9u\sly = mo/ ( ! l5g? ( ! f\r pr9cipal /reets ov] ! %ops on ! /reet level1 z if ! front rooms on ! fir/ floor ( all ! h\ses _h be5 tak5 out & a ?or\ghf>e made ?r\gh !m4 ,at ! ends ( ! ,r[s1 & at /reet corn]s1 y may desc5d by a /aircase to ! pavem5t bel[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*e/] ,,r[s1 ,,wat]gate ,,/reet ,no "o c be q sure h[ ! ,r[s came to be built on ?is plan4 ,"s p h ?\ght t !y 7 copi$ f ! porticoes or colonnades ( %ops 9 ,roman t[ns4 ,o!rs1 aga91 say t !y 7 int5d$ to s]ve z b>ricades 9 ! /reet fight+ :i* (t5 took place :5 ! ,wel% attack$ ! city4 ,probably1 h[ev]1 nei!r ( ^! explanations is correct4 ,_m old h\ses 9 ,*e/] %[ t !y 7 at fir/ built ) outside flights ( /one /eps lead+ f ! /reet to ! fir/ floor4 ,"u ! /eps 0 an entrance to a cell> or /or]oom4 ,at "s "t or o!r ! /eps 7 remov$1 except at ! ends ( ! /reets1 & a footway laid along ! tops ( ! cell>s4 ,! upp] /ories 7 !n br\ght =w>d1 &1 re/+ on columns ( wood1 made level ) ! /reet fronts ( ! basem5t4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,! ,,rival ,,roses ,h5ry ! ,f\r? belongs p>tly to ,*e%ire1 = a ,duke ( ,lanca/] _h m>ri$ ! heiress ( ! ,lacys1 :o 7 desc5d$ f ,nigel1 ,b>on ( ,halton & ,con/able ( ,*e/]4 ,john ( ,gaunt1 ! k+'s fa!r1 0 a frequ5t visitor at ,halton ,ca/le1 :i* he us$ z a hunt+-lodge4 ,! ,fr5* w>s broke out aga9 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ! ,fif?4 ,once m ! loyal ,leghs & o!r ,*e%ire knights foll[$ _! k+4 ,9 fact ! k+'s body-gu>d 0 compos$ ( ,*e%ire m51 among !m be+ ,ri*>d de ,mobb]ley1 ,ranulf de ,*el=d1 & ,william de ,m]e4 ,pi]s ,legh1 ! gr&son ( ,p]k9 ,legh1 fell at ,ag9c\rt1 z y may read on ! brass plate 9 ,macclesfield ,*ur*4 ,9 ! same *ur* is ! alt>-tomb ( ano!r h]o ( ,ag9c\rt1 ,sir ,john ,savage1 :o 0 knight$ aft] ! battle4 ,h5ry 0 /rick5 d[n at ! v mom5t ( 8 triumph1 & a baby k+ succe$$ to ! ?rone ( ,engl&4 ,! royal uncles1 :o act$ z gu>dians1 qu>rell$ ) "o ano!r1 & 9 a few ye>s ! ,engli% 7 compell$ to leave ,france4 ,=eign w>s 7 foll[$ by /rife 9 our own c\ntry4 ,! ,w>s ( ! ,roses la/$ = ! great] "p ( ! second half ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,que5 ,m>g>et1 ! 'outl&i% woman' z h] ,yorki/ enemies call$ h]1 0 9 ,*e/] 9 ! ye> #adei4 ,! k+ 0 ill1 & ! que5 conduct$ ! w>s h]self1 & summon$ ! fight+-m5 ( ,*e%ire to rally to h] side4 ,! p ( ,*e%ire 7 n greatly excit$ ov] ! w>s1 :i* 7 ma9ly blood-feuds ( p[]ful nobles4 ,! trad+ classes & ! artisans ( ! t[ns took little "p 9 ! fight+1 b ! /urdy ,*e%ire yeom5 foll[$ ! squires1 :o rang$ !mselves on ! "o side or ! o!r4 ,memb]s ( ! same family (t5 f\nd !mselves oppos$ to "o ano!r4 ,a sixte5?-c5tury poet1 describ+ ! battle ( ,blore ,hea?1 :i* took place j ov] ! s\!rn bord] ( ,*e%ire1 says3 ,!re ,dutton ,dutton kills1 a ,done do? kill a ,done1 ,a ,boo? a ,boo?1 & ,legh by ,legh is ov]?r[n2 ,a ,v5ables aga9/ a ,v5ables do? /&1 ,a ,tr\tbeck fighte? ) a ,tr\tbeck h& to h&4 ,! ,r$ ,rose 0 badly beat5 9 ?is battle1 9 :i* ,"l ,audley & two ?\s& ,*e%ire m5 7 kill$4 ,"o ( ! ,boo?s :o f\ght 9 ! ,w>s ( ! ,roses is buri$ b5ea? ! *ancel floor ( ,wilmsl[ ,*ur*4 ,set 9 a m>ble slab :i* cov]s ! grave is a brass plate ) figures ( ,sir ,rob]t de ,bo! & ,d\ce ,v5ables 8 wife4 ,simil> 'brasses' 7 common en\gh 9 ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies on ! monum5ts ( ^? families :o c\ld af=d !m4 ,!y repres5t1 = ! mo/ "p1 knights & prie/s4 ,few are left n[1 = numb]s 7 /ripp$ f _! places dur+ ! ,great ,rebellion4 ,portions ( ! brass at ,wilmsl[ h be5 de/roy$ or lo/1 = ! figures 7 at "o "t set 9 a h&some canopy ( brass1 & ! :ole surr\nd$ by an inscription1 only a fragm5t ( :i* rema9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,brass ,,( ,,rob]t ,,de ,,bo! ,,& ,,d\ce ,,v5ables ,! brass %[s u ! co/ume ( a knight & lady ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! knight is 9 plate arm\r1 :i*1 s9ce its fir/ appe>ance 9 ! ,edw>dian w>s1 _h become m & m elaborate & highly ornam5tal4 ,if y /udy ?is brass & ! effigies on ! ,savage monum5ts at ,macclesfield y w be able to recognize 9 o!r *ur*es ! w>riors :o f\ght 9 ! battles ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,d\ce ,v5ables 0 only n9e ye>s ( age :5 %e 0 m>ri$ by h] p>5ts to ! twelve-ye>-old husb& :om !y *ose = h]4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,middle ,ages *ild-m>riages 7 frequ5tly arrang$ 9 ord] to make secure ! e/ates :i* ! *ildr5 7 to inh]it1 & save !m f ! gre$9ess ( ! k+s4 ,! sov]eign claim$ ! "r ( w>d%ip ov] all heirs & heiresses :o 7 left orphans 9 e>ly life1 & took a l>ge sum ( money out ( _! e/ates :5 he gave !m away 9 m>riage4 ,if !y did n !n m>ry accord+ to 8 wi%es !y _h to pay a fur!r sum4 ,we may be sure ! k+s made all !y c\ld f ?is s\rce1 = w>s 7 exp5sive & ! k+s 7 always %ort ( ready money4 ,! p ( ,*e%ire 7 glad :5 ! ,w>s ( ! ,roses 7 ov]4 ,! ,roses 7 unit$ :5 ,h5ry ,tudor1 ,e>l ( ,ri*mond1 m>ri$ ,elizabe? ! heiress ( ,edw>d ! ,f\r? & ( ! ,h\se ( ,york4 ,on ! por* ( ,gawswor? ,*ur* is a c>v$ corbel consi/+ ( a rose1 )9 ^: petals appe> two faces4 ,?is is ! ,tudor ,rose1 a symbol ( ! union ( ! ,h\ses ( ,lanca/] & ,york4 ,! por* 0 !re=e built %ortly aft] ! w>s 7 end$4 ,! ,*e%ire ,/anleys help$ ,h5ry ,tudor to w9 ! cr[n ( ,ri*>d ! ,?ird on ! field ( ,boswor?1 ! la/ battle ( ! rival ,roses4 ,:5 ,ri*>d saw ! r$coats & ! h>ts' heads ( ! ,/anley foll[]s rang$ on ! side ( 8 enemies1 he knew t he 0 doom$4 ,! ,/anley /rokes !y are s /rong1 !re may no man _! bl[s abide4 ,x 0 ,sir ,william ,/anley :o pick$ up ! cr[n :i* _h fall5 f ,k+ ,ri*>d's head :5 he 0 /ruck d[n1 & tak+ ,h5ry aside1 set x on 8 head4 ,macclesfield suff]$ sev]ely 9 ?is battle4 ,among ! corporation records ( ,macclesfield is pres]v$ a lett] to ,k+ ,h5ry ! ,sev5?1 pray+ t ! t[n might n lose its *>t] because x c\ld n make up ! necess>y numb] ( ald]m51 ow+ to ! heavy slaught] ( ! t[nsm5 at ,boswor?4 ,"l ,d]by1 ! head ( ! ,h\se ( ,/anley1 arrang$ ! new k+'s m>riage ) ! ,lady ,elizabe?1 & ,sir ,william ,/anley 0 = a "t high 9 fav\r ) ! k+4 ,b "o day he ask$ = too great a rew>d--no?+ less ?an ! ,e>ldom ( ,*e/]1 & ! suspici\s k+ *opp$ (f 8 head4 ,?us 7 m5 (t5 requit$ = _! s]vices4 ,not)/&+ ! squabbles & jeal\sies ( rival k+s & pr9ces1 ! p z a :ole 7 progress+ along m peaceful ways4 ,trade 0 fl\ri%+1 & ! class ( well-to-d m]*ants becom+ ye>ly m num]\s & important4 ,weal?y ald]m5 imitat$ ! good example ( ,k+ ,h5ry ! ,six?1 f\nd] ( _m s*ools & colleges4 ,edmund ,%aw1 ( ,/ockport1 f\nd$ 9 #adhg a ,free ,s*ool at ,/ockport = ! *ildr5 ( ! burgesses4 ,! ma/] ( ! s*ool 0 to be a prie/1 'a discrete man1 & conn+ 9 gramm] & able ( connyng to te*e gram]4' ,! art ( pr9t+ _h j be5 discov]$1 & n[ t books 7 likely to be )9 ! rea* ( all1 x 0 necess>y fir/ ( all to tea* ,*e%ire boys h[ to read & und]/& _! own language4 ,! c5tury1 t op5$ ) w> & blood%$1 clos$ 9 peace su* z ,*e%ire _h h>dly ev] be=e exp]i5c$4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,*ur*es ,,( ,,! ,,middle ,,ages ,_m ( ! l>ge/ & f9e/ *ur*es 9 ,*e%ire 7 built dur+ ! ,w>s ( ! ,roses1 & 9 ! reigns ( ! e>ly ,tudors4 ,?is fact %[s u m ?an any?+ else p]haps t ! w>s did n greatly int]f]e ) ! progress & prosp]ity ( ! inhabitants ( ,*e%ire4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ! *ur*es ( ,mottram1 ,malpas1 ,great ,budwor?1 ,nantwi*1 ,a/bury1 ,grapp5hall1 ,t>v91 ,bunbury1 ,wilmsl[1 ,witton1 ,gawswor?1 & _m o!rs 7 built or complet$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,a/bury1 ,,we/ ,,front4 ,,p]p5dicul> ,if y /udy any ( ^! *ur*es c>efully y w see t ! /yle 0 once aga9 *ang+4 ,probably ! fir/ ?+ y w note w be ! *ange 9 ! patt]ns ( ! w9d[s4 ,! mullions :i* divide ! lights are c>ri$ "r up to ! cr[n ( ! w9d[s in/ead ( bran*+ (f to "r or left 9 fl[+ curves4 ,?is is ! *ief feature f :i* ! new /yle has receiv$ ! "n ( ,p]p5dicul>4 ,! ,p]p5dicul> build]s ( ! latt] half ( ! fifte5? & ! fir/ half ( ! sixte5? c5turies f\nd _! w9d[s gr[+ to su* a size t !y _h to /r5g!n !m ) cross-b>s call$ transoms4 ,?us ! w9d[s1 z 9 ! we/ front ( ,a/bury & ! s\? transept ( ,*e/] ,ca!dral1 = in/ance1 pres5t ! appe>ance ( a numb] ( rectangles plac$ side by side & pil$ "o above ano!r4 ,! cr[n ( ! w9d[s are also n[ flatt5$ until !y h>dly appe> to be po9t$ at all4 ,! cl]e/ories ( ! ,p]p5dicul> *ur*es 7 fill$ ) r[s ( w9d[s until ! :ole l5g? ( ! wall 0 almo/ cont9u\s glass1 z at ,malpas & ,a/bury4 ,:5 ,bibles & ,*ur* s]vices began to be pr9t$ m light 0 ne$$1 = p w5t to *ur* to read z well z to li/54 ,! doorways1 l ! w9d[s1 h *ang$ ) ! times4 ,! heads are flatt5$ & cov]$ ) a squ>e m\ld$ hood4 ,! corn] spaces betwe5 ! ar* & ! hood are call$ sp&rels1 & are g5]ally fill$ 9 ) c>v$ foliage or %ields4 ,at ! sides are (t5 ni*es = ! images ( sa9ts1 or m\ld$ panels4 ,! door ( ! ,riv]s ,*apel at ,macclesfield is a beautiful specim5 ( ,p]p5dicul> ar*itecture4 ,! walls ( ,p]p5dicul> *ur*es are g5]ally surm\nt$ by a p>apet :i* runs r\nd ! :ole l5g? ( a *ur*1 z at ,malpas4 ,sometimes ! /one "w ( ! p>apet is pi]c$ ) panel-%ap$ slits or ornam5t$ ) r[s ( quatrefoils4 ,panels appe> on ! buttresses ( ,gawswor? ,*ur*4 ,b ! great glory ( ! fifte5?- & sixte5?-c5tury *ur*es are ! tall & massive squ>e t[]s4 ,^! are built 9 /ages sep>at$ f "o ano!r by a n>r[ project+ c\rse ( /ones or by b&s ( quatrefoils4 ,! "n ( ! build] (t5 appe>s on ! t[]4 ,r\nd ! t[] ( ,mobb]ley ,*ur* runs a ,lat9 inscription be>+ ! names ( ,john ,talbot & ,m>g>et 8 wife1 ! patrons ( ! *ur*1 & ,ri*>d ,plat ! ma/]-mason4 ,on ! t[]s ( ,macclesfield & ,gawswor? ,*ur*es are c>v$ r[s ( %ields be>+ ! arms ( diff]5t lords ( ! manor4 ,l ! body ( ! *ur*1 ! t[] is g5]ally cr[n$ ) an embattl$ p>apet ) p9nacles at ! f\r corn]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,p]p5dicul> ,,t[]1 ,,h&ley4 ,,fifte5? ,,c5tury ,9 ! c>v$ foliage ( "o ( ! capitals 9 ! nave ( ,*e/] ,ca!dral are ! lett]s ,s4 ,r4 ,!y are ! initials ( ,abbot ,simon ,ripley1 "o ( ! greate/ ( fifte5?-c5tury build]s 9 ,*e%ire4 ,he rebuilt ! upp] p>ts ( ! nave & s\? transept ( ! ,abbey ,*ur*1 & plann$ ! c5tral t[]1 :i* 0 f9i%$ by ! next abbot4 ,simon ,ripley also built ! old t[] & gateway at ,saighton ,grange1 :i* _h be5 ! resid5ce ( ! ,abbots ( ,s4 ,w]burgh ev] s9ce ! "t ( ,hugh ,lupus4 ,_m ( ! village *ur*es ( ,*e%ire 7 built on ! sites ( =m] *ur*es1 & (t5 a portion ( ! old] build+ rema9s to prove ?is4 ,! ,norman font at ,grapp5hall & ! little ,norman w9d[ at ,wood*ur* are all t is left to prove t *ur*es exi/$ "h be=e ! pres5t build+s 7 erect$4 ,9 su* *ur*es y c (t5 trace ! successive build+s & rebuild+s1 alt]ations & additions t h be5 made f "t to "t4 ,a s+le *ur* may inde$ %[ ! *ief features ( all ! /yles f ! "t ( ! ,conqu]or to ! ,civil ,w>4 ,at ,pre/bury y may see a ,norman doorway 9 ! little *apel 9 ! *ur*y>d2 9 ! *ancel ( ! *ur* is a w9d[ ( pure ,e>ly ,engli%1 & 9 ! nave a pill> ( ! same p]iod4 ,!re are ,decorat$ w9d[s 9 ! aisles1 & a ,p]p5dicul> w9d[ at ! ea/ end4 ,! ,*e%ire *ur*es are beautiful /ill2 !y mu/ h be5 ev5 m beautiful 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 be=e ! ,puritans ( ! ,re=mation & ! ,civil ,w> 9 _! mi/ak5 zeal de/roy$ almo/ ev]y?+ ( beauty )9 & )\t t c\ld be de/roy$4 ,on ! walls ( ! int]ior 7 (t5 pa9t$ pictures ( ,bible /ories su* z ! ,creation1 ! ,crucifixion1 or ! ,resurrection ( our ,"l4 ,:5 ! pla/] 0 /ripp$ f ! walls ( ,gawswor? ,*ur* "s ( ^! wall-pa9t+s 7 discov]$4 ,draw+s 7 made f !m1 :i* y may see 9 ! ,free ,libr>y ( ,macclesfield4 ,on ! wall ( ! nave ( ,mobb]ley ,*ur* "s ( ^! pa9t+s /ill rema91 b _! mean+ is n v cle>4 ,! *ancel 0 divid$ f ! nave by a scre5 ( c>v$ oak1 ) a long n>r[ gall]y above x call$ a rood-l(t1 f ! rood or cross :i* 0 plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! gall]y4 ,! crosses h gone1 b at ,mobb]ley y may see ! anci5t scre51 ) an inscription1 & ! date #aejj c>v$ ^u x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,%ockla*3 ,,cross ,,& ,,norman ,,door ,?r\gh\t ! ,middle ,ages x 0 ! cu/om = ! "l ( ! manor to res]ve "s portion ( ! *ur* = 8 own use1 or to add to ! build+ a *antry or *apel :]e 8 own *antry prie/ might pray daily = ! salvation ( 8 s\l4 ,^! *apels are g5]ally at ! ea/]n ends ( ! aisles4 ,y w "k !m by ! h&some monum5ts :i* 7 rais$ ov] ! graves ( ! f\nd]s1 = ^! *apels 7 us$ z ! burial-place ( ! f\nd]s & _! families4 ,! ,calveleys _h a private *apel at ,bunbury1 ! ,ma9w>+s at ,ov] ,peov]1 ! ,dones at ,t>porley1 ! ,tr\tbecks 9 ,s4 ,m>y's1 ,*e/]1 & ! ,*olmondeleys at ,malpas4 ,! *ur* por*es are on ! s\? side ( ! *ur*4 ,!y are g5]ally l>ge1 = portions ( ! baptismal s]vice 7 read !re1 & ! font is !re=e close to ! door )9 ! *ur*4 ,9 ! corn] ( ! por* at ,wood*ur* y w see a little /one bas9 or '/\p' 9 :i* holy wat] 0 plac$ = ! use ( ^? ent]+ ! *ur*4 ,at ,malpas !re is a little room above ! por* call$ a 'p>vise'2 ?is 0 us$ z a prie/'s room4 ,ov] ! door ( ! por* are ni*es = ! images ( ! sa9ts to :om ! *ur* is d$icat$4 ,9 ! *ur*y>d ne> ! s\? por*1 :i* 0 ne>ly always ! pr9cipal entrance to ! *ur*1 y w g5]ally see a cross or /ump ( a cross & /eps repres5t+ a ,calv>y4 ,f ^! /eps ! fri>s us$ to prea* to ! p :5 !y travell$ ?r\gh ! ,*e%ire t[ns & villages4 ,9 _m ( ! old *ur*es ( ,*e%ire y w see a /\t oak *e/1 (t5 black ) age1 & /rongly b\nd ) b&s & clasps ( iron4 ,^! *e/s 7 made to hold ! de$s ( gift ( l& & money made by ri* patrons4 ,b5ea? ! t[] ( ,wilmsl[ ,*ur* is an anci5t *e/ t 0 c>v$ out ( a solid block ( wood4 ,"s ( y h p]haps tri$ to raise ! heavy lid ( ! *e/ at ,little ,peov]1 b x is z mu* z a /rong man may d4 ,an old leg5d says t ! maid :o c lift x is inde$ wor?y to become a ,*e%ire f>m]'s wife4 ,9 ! museum at ,w>r+ton is pres]v$ ! old p>i% *e/ ( ,grapp5hall4 ,x is ! olde/ *e/ 9 ! c\nty4 ,x is ( ! rude/ description1 consi/+ m]ely ( a tree trunk1 sev5 feet long1 *opp$ smoo? ) an axe1 sawn into two portions & holl[$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,por* ,,) ,,p>vise3 ,,malpas ,9 ^! *e/s 7 also plac$ ! *ur*w>d5s' acc\nts ( exp5ses1 z well z ! regi/]s ( bir?s1 dea?s1 & m>riages :i* ,h5ry ! ,eigh? 9 #aech comm&$ to be kept 9 e p>i%4 ,^! anci5t records are valuable n[1 & pres]v$ ) great c>e = f !m we c glean mu* in=mation ab\t ! lives ( our =efa!rs4 ,_m ( !m h be5 copi$ & publi%$ by s*ol>s1 & may be read by y 9 y\r libr>ies4 ,_m ,*e%ire p>i% regi/]s date f ! times ( ! ,tudors1 b a l>ge numb] 7 lo/ or de/roy$ dur+ ! ,civil ,w>s4 ,*ur*w>d5s' acc\nts help u to picture 9 our m9ds ! int]ior ( a m$iaeval *ur*4 ,we read ( paym5ts made '= timb] b\ght to make ! pulpit'1 '= m5d+ ( ! ,bible book & = ! cov]+ ( ! same'1 = /rew+ ru%es on ! floor ( ! *ur* to keep x w>m1 & '= a *a9 to ! ,bible'4 ,!re are *a9$ ,bibles /ill at ,bunbury1 ,back=d1 & ,burton4 ,a pr9t$ ,bible co/ a lot ( money1 & *a9s 7 necess>y to prev5t x be+ /ol54 ,!re 7 no com=table cu%ion$ seats = ^? :o wor%ipp$ 9 m$iaeval *ur*es4 ,wood5 or /one b5*es 7 rang$ along ! walls1 & 'kneel+ places' 7 made = ^? :o c\ld af=d to pay = !m4 ,9 ,acton ,*ur* ! old /one b5* runn+ all r\nd ! walls ( ! nave & *ancel /ill rema9s4 ,9 ! *oir !re 7 /one seats1 call$ 's$ilia'1 = ! prie/s4 ,!y are set 9 ! wall on ! s\? side ( ! *ancel1 & are g5]ally cov]$1 z at ,/ockport & ,mobb]ley1 ) a canopy ( ,e>ly ,engli% or ,decorat$ trac]y4 ,9 ! *ur*es :i* 7 closely connect$ ) an abbey or mona/]y1 wood5 /alls 7 made = ! monks4 ,^! are (t5 beautifully c>v$1 & cov]$ ) h&some canopies ( wood5 trac]y & p9nacles4 ,! *oir /alls ( ,nantwi* are said to h be5 br\ght f ! ,abbey ( ,vale ,royal4 ,! c>v$ oak /alls 9 ,*e/] ,ca!dral are ?\ght by _m p to be ! h&some/ 9 ,engl&4 ,_m ( !m /ill rema9 z !y 7 9 ,k+ ,h5ry ! ,eigh?'s days1 fre$ n[ f ! coat ( :ite pa9t ) :i* /upid workm5 cov]$ !m at a lat] "t4 ,! heavy seats are fitt$ ) h+es1 s t !y may be rais$4 ,on ! "u side are qua9t c>v+s ( birds & dragons & unicorns1 k+s1 knights & s]aphs1 illu/rat+ anci5t leg5ds su* z ,ri*>d ,cur de ,lion pull+ ! he>t out ( a lion1 or ,scriptural subjects & /ories f ! lives ( ! sa9ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,s$ilia at ,mobb]ley ,all ,*e%ire boys & girls %\ld le>n to read & und]/& ! /ories ( ! ,*e%ire *ur*es1 = 9 !m is b\nd up ! /ory ( ,*e%ire m5 & wom5 ( _m ages4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,! ,,re=mation ,,& ,,! ,,great ,,awak5+ ,on "o ( ! walls ( ! ,p>i% ,*ur* ( ,macclesfield is a small brass plate1 a few in*es squ>e4 ,x is call$ a ',p>don brass'1 & repres5ts ! ,pope b[+ be=e ,*ri/1 :ile ,rog] ,legh & 8 six sons are 9 ! act ( pray]4 ,b5ea? ! figures is ! inscription3 ',! p>don = say+ ( five pat]no/]s1 five aves & a cre$1 is tw5ty-six ?\s& ye>s & tw5ty-six days ( p>don4' ,we are n told h[ mu* money ,rog] ,legh paid ! ,pope = obta9+ p>don = 8 misde$s1 b x 0 a good r\nd sum1 ,i imag9e4 ,dur+ ! ,middle ,ages ! doctr9e grew up t s9s committ$ by "o man might be aton$ = by ! pray]s or p5ance p]=m$ by o!rs1 toge!r ) a sum ( money1 :i* v>i$ accord+ to ! crime4 ,! price ( p>don = robb]y 0 twelve %ill+s1 = murd] only sev5 %ill+s & sixp5ce1 & = p]jury n9e %ill+s4 ,by ! sixte5? c5tury p began to h an uneasy feel+ t ! sale ( 'indulg5ces'1 z ^! p>dons 7 call$1 0 wrong1 & prea*]s rose up ev]y:]e to d5\nce ! sy/em4 ,?is 0 only "o ( _m evils :i* 0 br++ ! ,*ur* into ill repute4 ,re=m]s1 l ,m>t9 ,lu!r1 %[$ t ! ,*ur* believ$ _m ?+s :i* did n agree ) ! tea*+ ( ! ,bible4 ,moreov]1 *ur*m5 fill$ all ! pr9cipal (fices ( /ate1 & us$ _! position z a means ( amass+ great weal?1 a portion ( :i* pass$ into ! h&s ( ! ,pope1 :o 0 ! recogniz$ head ( ! ,*ur* & :om ! cl]gy 7 b\nd to obey4 ,z ! cl]gy w\ld n re=m ! ,*ur* !mselves1 ! k+ & 8 lay m9i/]s decid$ to d x = !m by ,act ( ,p>liam5t4 ,k+ ,h5ry ! ,eigh? decl>$ himself head ( ! ,engli% ,*ur*1 :i*1 f ?is "t1 became sep>at$ f ! ,*ur* ( ,rome4 ,! k+ !n turn$ 8 att5tion to ! mona/]ies1 :i* _h gr[n weal?y at ! exp5se ( ! p4 ,! monks !mselves _h gr[n lazy & c>eless ( _! duties1 & _m ( !m 7 liv+ evil lives4 ,! k+ decid$ to turn out ! monks & d away ) ! mona/]ies altoge!r4 ,9 ! ye> #aecf ! k+'s (fic]s appe>$ 9 ,*e%ire4 ,! fir/ to suff] 0 ! ,abbot ( ,norton ,priory1 :o resi/$ /\tly & summon$ all 8 t5ants to 8 assi/ance4 ,! k+'s m5 7 compell$ to take refuge 9 a t[]1 b manag$ to s5d a message to ,sir ,pi]s ,dutton1 ,%]iff ( ,*e/]1 by ^: aid ! abbot 0 captur$ & convey$ to ,halton ,ca/le4 ,! priory 0 sold1 & ! rev5ues1 plate1 & jewels confiscat$ to ! k+4 ,vale ,royal f>$ no bett]4 ,9 ?is case1 at any rate1 ! monks des]v$ _! fate4 ,!y _h long be5 ! t]ror ( ! neighb\rhood1 & 7 ! fri5ds ( ! robb]s & cut-?roats ( ,delam]e ,=e/4 ,abbot & monks 7 expell$ f ! abbey1 :i* 0 h&$ ov] to ,sir ,?omas ,holcr(t4 ,! ,holcr(t cre/ 0 a rav51 & sup]/iti\s p saw 9 ! fall ( ,vale ,royal ! fulfilm5t ( a prophecy ( a ,*e%ire 'wise man' nam$ ,nixon1 :o said t ! abbey w\ld "o day be de/roy$ & become a rav5's ne/4 ,! ,ci/]cian ,abbeys ( ,comb]m]e & ,d>nhall1 & ! ,priories at ,mobb]ley & ,birk5head1 7 treat$ 9 simil> fa%ion1 & _! weal? & e/ates divid$ betwe5 ! neighb\r+ g5try & ! k+4 ,! ,abbot ( ,s4 ,w]burgh 0 ! mo/ p[]ful man 9 ,*e%ire1 b he c\ld n save 8 abbey f ! gre$y h&s ( ! k+'s (ficials4 ,! weal? ( ?is abbey 0 reckon$ at m ?an a ?\s& p\nds1 a l>ge sum 9 ^? days1 equal to a sum at lea/ t5 times z great at ! pres5t "t4 ,! abbots liv$ 9 _! =tifi$ manor-h\ses at ,saighton & ,ince1 :]e !y kept great /ate1 & support$ l>ge numb]s ( reta9]s & dep5dants4 ,!y held a c\rt at ,*e/]1 & frequ5t qu>rels arose betwe5 !m & ! ,mayor ( ,*e/] z to ! ext5t ( _! p[]s & jurisdiction4 ,! p ( ,*e/] 7 probably n sorry to see ! abbot /ripp$ ( 8 p[]4 ,he did n1 l ! ,abbot ( ,norton1 %[ viol5ce to ! royal (fic]s1 b fell 9 quietly ) _! wi%es4 ,= ?is he receiv$ 8 rew>d1 & return$ to ,*e/] )9 two ye>s1 no long] z abbot1 b z dean ( a new ca!dral4 ,_m ( ! bi%oprics ( ,engl& cov]$ su* a va/ ext5t ( c\ntry t ,h5ry decid$ to sp5d a portion ( ! weal? :i* he _h tak5 f ! mona/]ies1 9 creat+ six new bi%oprics4 ,*e/] 0 "o ( !m1 & ! ,abbey ( ,s4 ,w]burgh became ! ca!dral *ur* ( ! new bi%opric1 a portion ( ! new build+s be+ set ap>t z a palace = ! newly made ,bi%ops ( ,*e/]4 ,! fir/ bi%op 0 ,john ,bird1 a ,c>melite fri>4 ,h5ry did n g z f> 9 8 re=mation ( ! ,engli% ,*ur* z _m p wi%$4 ,!re 7 _m :o 'prote/$' aga9/ practices 9 ! ,roman ,*ur* :i* !y ?\ght wrong1 su* z ! wor%ip ( images or ( ! relics ( sa9ts1 to :i* ! p 7 enc\rag$ by ! cl]gy to pray = help4 ,! ,prote/ants1 z ! extreme re=m]s 7 call$1 increas$ 9 numb] daily1 & 9 ! reign ( ,edw>d ! ,six? got ! upp] h&4 ,!y did away ) ! old ,lat9 s]vices ( ! ,*ur*1 :i* ! great] "p ( ! poor] classes did n und]/&1 & wrote a ,book ( ,common ,pray] 9 ! ,engli% tongue4 ,by an ,act ( ,uni=mity1 all ! cl]gy 7 call$ ^u to use ?is ,pray] ,book 9 _! *ur*es4 ,dur+ ,edw>d's reign1 ! ri* jewell$ ve/m5ts ( ! prie/s1 ! *ur* plate & crucifixes1 & ev5 ! *ur* bells1 7 swept away & sold = ! b5efit ( ! k+4 ,_m ( our village crosses 7 wantonly de/roy$ dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,! beautiful ,s&ba* crosses 7 ?r[n d[n & brok5 9 fragm5ts4 ,mo/ ( ! pieces 7 recov]$ at a lat] day1 & ! crosses set up aga91 b !y w = ev] rema9 a pro( ( ! c>eless de/ruction ( works ( art by :i* ! p]iod ( ! ,re=mation 0 m>k$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*e/] ,,ca!dral 7be=e ,re/oration7 ,:5 ,que5 ,m>y came to ! ?rone %e re/or$ ! old religion ( ,rome4 ,a memorial obelisk on ,gall[s ,hill1 ,b\ghton1 rem9ds u ( ! d>k days :5 ,prote/ants 7 p]secut$ ) bl9d & bitt] hatr$ by _! ,ca?olic enemies1 & ev5 suff]$ dea? = _! beliefs4 ,on ,gall[s ,hill1 ,george ,m>% 0 burnt at ! /ake = tea*+ ! doctr9es ( ! re=m$ fai?4 ,he 0 tri$ 9 ! ,lady ,*apel ( ! ca!dral1 & condemn$ to dea?4 ,! citiz5s ( ,*e/]1 :o _h %[n !mselves sympa!tic to ! re=m]s1 7 fill$ ) horror1 &1 l$ by "o ( ! %]iffs1 tri$ to rescue him1 b fail$ 9 ! attempt4 ,! bones ( ! m>tyr 7 collect$ & laid 9 ! burial-gr\nd ( ,s4 ,giles4 ,! %]iff 0 =c$ to flee to ! cont95t until bett] times4 ,he return$ 9 ! m tol]ant days ( ,que5 ,elizabe?1 & became mayor ( ! city4 ,a settlem5t 0 br\ght ab\t 9 ,que5 ,elizabe?'s reign1 :i* satisfi$ all b ! extreme m5 on ei!r side4 ,%e 0 ! m incl9$ to ! ,prote/ant cause inasmu* z %e hat$ ! ,ca?olic ,k+ ,philip ( ,spa91 :o call$ h] '! h]etic que5'1 & ^: spies 7 to be f\nd all ov] ,engl&4 ,:5 ! /ruggle ) ,spa9 0 ne> at h&1 ,prote/ants & ,ca?olics =got _! qu>rels 9 face ( a common dang]1 & ! que5 _h no m loyal subjects ?an ! great ,ca?olic families ( ,*e%ire4 ,r[l& ,/anley1 ( ,hooton-9-,wirral1 gave a l>ge sum ( money = improv+ ! def5ce ( ! sea-coa/1 = x 0 ?\ght t ,philip might l& troops 9 ,wirral4 ,! ,re=mation 0 only "p ( a great awak5+ ( peoples all ov] ,we/]n & ,c5tral ,europe4 ,s*ol>s /udi$ & br\ght f ,italy copies ( ! books ( ! anci5t ,greek & ,roman writ]s4 ,! inv5tion ( pr9t+ help$ ! spread ( le>n+1 & ! ,tudor mon>*s enc\rag$ ! build+ ( s*ools & colleges 9 ord] t all classes might h ! b5efit ( a bett] education4 ,ov] ! por* ( ! ,k+'s ,s*ool1 ,*e/]1 is a /atue ( ,k+ ,h5ry ! ,eigh?4 ,he 0 ! f\nd] ( ! s*ool1 :i* = a long "t 0 c>ri$ on 9 ! anci5t refectory ( ! abbey4 ,"s ( ! weal? tak5 f ! abbeys & mona/]ies 0 devot$ to ! f\ndation ( s*ools4 ,! ,gramm> ,s*ool at ,macclesfield 0 end[$ 9 ! reign ( ,edw>d ! ,six?4 ,at ,bunbury1 ,?omas ,ald]sey1 a hab]da%] ( ,london1 f\nd$ a s*ool1 ! *antry & college ( ,sir ,hugh ,calveley hav+ be5 dissolv$ at ! same "t z ! abbeys4 ,sir ,john ,deane1 son ( ,laur5ce ,deane1 ( ,dav5ham1 gave "s prop]ty :i* _h be5 9 ! possession ( monks = ! build+ ( a free ,gramm> ,s*ool at ,nor?wi*1 '=asmu* z ,god's glory1 ,8 hon\r & ! public weal is advanc$ & ma9ta9$ by no means m ?an by virtu\s education & br++ up ( y\? "u su* z be le>n$ & virtu\s s*ool-ma/]s4' ',god's glory' 0 inde$ n ! lea/ ( ! ?+s t ,*e%ire boys ( ! sixte5? c5tury 7 taught to obs]ve4 ,9 ! /atutes ( ! f\nd] ( ,witton ,gramm> ,s*ool x is laid d[n 't ! s*ol>s %all ?rice a day s]ve ,god )9 ! s*ool1 r5d]+ ,him ?anks = ,8 goodness done to !m1 crav+ ,8 special grace t !y may pr(it 9 le>n+ to ,8 hon\r & glory'4 ,9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ! ,eigh? ! voice ( ! p ( ,*e%ire 0 he>d = ! fir/ "t 9 ! ,p>liam5t ( ! ,engli% p at ,we/m9/]4 ,hi!rto1 ! m9iature ,p>liam5t ( ! ,norman & royal ,e>ls ( ,*e/] _h be5 consid]$ suffici5t = !m4 ,h5ry n[ summon$ two knights ( ! c\nty & two burgesses f ! city ( ,*e/] to take _! place side by side ) ! *os5 repres5tatives ( ! o!r ,engli% %ires & bor\ghs 9 ! national assembly4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,elizabe?an ,,*e%ire4 ,i ,! *ief ev5t ) :i* all boys1 ,i imag9e1 connect ! "n ( ,que5 ,elizabe? is ! defeat ( ! ,great ,armada s5t aga9/ ^! %ores by ! ,k+ ( ,spa94 ,d\btless on t summ] night 9 ! ye> #aehh !re 7 wat*]s by ! beacon on ,ald]ley ,edge :o saw ! ',wrek9's cre/ ( fire' fla%+ its message nor?w>ds4 ,!re 0 no telegraph 9 ^? days1 & yet 9 an h\r or two at mo/ ! news ( ! approa* ( an enemy 0 c>ri$ by beacon fires f ! ,*annel to ! ,*eviots4 ,*e%ire inde$ produc$ no ,drake or ,hawk9s2 b ,sir ,george ,bee/on1 ^: tomb y may see 9 ,bunbury ,*ur*1 comm&$ ! %ip ,dreadn\ght1 "o ( ! f\r %ips t broke ?r\gh ! ,spani% l9e & took an active "p 9 ! pursuit & de/ruction ( ! ,spani% vessels4 ,a few ye>s lat] ,sir ,uryan ,legh ( ,adl+ton ,hall accompani$ ,"l ,h[>d & ,raleigh & ! ,e>l ( ,essex on an exp$ition to ,cadiz1 :5 !y de/roy$ ! %ips 9 ! h>b\r & = a second "t 's+$ ! ,k+ ( ,spa9's be>d'4 ,! t[n itself 0 tak5 by /orm1 & = 8 brav]y on ?is occasion ,sir ,uryan ,legh 0 knight$4 ,! ,leghs 7 always to ! =e :5 !re 0 any fight+ to be done4 ,a canopi$ ar* 9 ,pre/bury ,*ur* m>ks 8 la/ re/+-place1 b ! tomb itself has long s9ce disappe>$4 ,"o result ( ! exp$itions ( ,drake & ,raleigh 0 t ,engli%m5 7 inspir$ ) a passion = travel1 :e!r abroad or at home1 p>tly = ! sake ( adv5ture & ! pursuit ( weal?1 p>tly out ( curiosity & a ?ir/ = k4 ,! voyages ( ! great navigators1 'it9]>ies' or di>ies ( travel1 & hi/ories ( our own c\ntry & its p 7 writt5 at ?is p]iod4 ,^! books %[ cle>ly 9 _! pages h[ int5sely pr\d ! ,engli%m5 ( ,elizabe?'s day 7 ( _! c\ntry & _! que5 & h] brave seam51 :o by _! victories ov] ,spa9 rais$ ,engl& to ! fir/ position among ! nations ( ! _w4 ,mi*ael ,drayton wrote a long poem call$ ',polyolbion'1 9 :i* f\r hundr$ l9es are tak5 up ) a description ( ,*e%ire1 :i* he calls ! ?rice happy ,%ire1 conf9$ s to be twixt two s fam\s ,floods1 z ,m]sey is1 & ,dee4 ,he speaks ( ,*e/] z ?' imag9>y "w ( "s huge ,giant's h&3 :i* if su* ev] 71 ,tradition tells n :o4 ,! book 0 illu/rat$ by a numb] ( curi\s maps1 adorn$ ) qua9t figures ( m5 & wom5 repres5t+ ! riv]s1 hills1 =e/s1 & ca/l$ t[ns4 ,john ,spe$ 0 born at ,f>ndon on ! ,dee1 & wrote a book call$ ! ,!atre ( ! ,empire ( ,great ,brita91 :i* conta9$ ! e>lie/ set ( maps publi%$ 9 ,engl&4 ,cophur/1 an old h\se ne> ,sutton ,d[nes 9 ! ,=e/ ( ,macclesfield1 is ?\ght to h be5 ! bir?place ( ! *ronicl] ,raphael ,hol9%$1 :o wrote a ,hi/ory ( ,engl& & d$icat$ x to ,william ,cecil1 ,"l ,burghley1 ! great m9i/] ( ,que5 ,elizabe?4 ,%akespe>e us$ ?is book = ! plots ( "s ( 8 plays4 ,! triumphs ( ,francis ,drake 7 celebrat$ 9 a long ,lat9 poem by ,?omas ,newton ( ,butley1 :o plac$ ! small brass tablet on ! wall ne> ! pulpit 9 ,pre/bury ,*ur* to ! memory ( 8 p>5ts4 ,newton 0 = "s "t ! head ma/] ( ,macclesfield ,gramm> ,s*ool4 ,ano!r ,elizabe?an poet 0 ,ge(frey ,:itney1 :o 0 born at ,nantwi*4 ,an inscription on an old h\se at ,nantwi*1 be>+ ! date #aehd1 %[s t ,elizabe? return$ ! affections ( h] p & did all %e c\ld = !m4 ,! v]se reads ?us3-- ,god grant our royal ,que5 ,9 ,engl& long to reign2 ,= %e ha? put h] help+ h& ,to build ?is t[n aga94 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,( ,,*e%ire4 ,f ,drayton's ',polyolbion' ,nantwi* _h be5 almo/ totally de/roy$ by fire 9 ! previ\s ye>4 ,! risk ( fire 0 always v great1 ow+ to ! fact t ne>ly all ! h\ses ( ! ,middle ,ages 7 built ( timb] & ?at*$ ) /raw4 ,! black & :ite timb]$ halls are ! glory ( ,*e%ire4 ,let u pay a visit to-day to ,little ,moreton ,hall1 ne> ,congleton1 p]haps ! mo/ beautiful ( !m all4 ,! p :o live "h are pr\d ( _! home1 & on c]ta9 days ( ! week all[ y to exam9e at y\r leisure _m ( ! rooms 9 ! old h\se1 :i* rema9s 9 almo/ ! same condition z :5 ! ,moretons remov$ to a new & m spaci\s h\se ( brick h>d by4 ,! framework ( ! h\se is all ( wood1 good solid ,engli% oak1 & black ) age4 ,! spaces betwe5 ! beams & props are fill$ ) pla/] & pa9t$ :ite4 ,! pr9cipal beams :i* support ! build+ are ( c\rse upright1 firmly laid on a f\ndation ( /one4 ,)9 ! squ>es ( ?is framework o!r beams are set 9 slop+ p>allel l9es1 =m+ patt]ns ( *evron or diamond1 or arrang$ 9 r[s ( quatrefoils & arcades ( trefoil-head$ ar*es4 ,! upp] /ories & ! gables ( ! ro( project beyond ! gr\nd floor ( ! build+1 :i* is ?us kept dry4 ,we cross ! moat by a sub/antial /one bridge1 & ent] ?r\gh a gateway ^: massive oak5 l9tel & side-po/s are cov]$ ) ri* c>v+1 & f9d ourselves 9 a squ>e pav$ c\rty>d4 ,)9 ! gateway is a /one horse-block4 ,fac+ u are two deep bay-w9d[s =m$ ( five sides ( an octagon4 ,ov] !m y may read ! c>v$ inscription3 ',god is al 9 al ?+s4 ,?is w9d[ :ire made by ,william ,moreton 9 ! ye>e ( oure ,lorde ,,mdlix4' ,! build+ ( ! home 0 reg>d$ by our ,elizabe?an =efa!rs z an almo/ sacr$ "w1 to be c>ri$ out ) h>dly less rev]5ce ?an ! build+ ( a *ur*4 ,a second gateway =ms ! entrance to ! d9+-hall on ! "o h& & ! kit*5 on ! o!r4 ,! walls ( ! d9+-room are l9$ ) wa9scot+ ( panell$ oak2 ! op5 timb]$ ro( is held up by a /rong c5tral beam2 ! w9d[s are fill$ ) c\ntless t9y panes ( glass1 ) bright pat*es ( r$ & orange & blue :]e ! coat-(-arms & cre/ ( ! ,moretons are pa9t$ ^u !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,little ,,moreton ,,hall ,9 ! kit*5 are m>ks ( ! gr[+ com=t & luxuries ( ,elizabe?an days--! r[s ( pewt] plates be>+ ! ,moreton arms1 & a great spice-*e/ :]e ! fragrant spices ( ! ,ea/1 br\ght home by travell]s1 7 /or$1 z well z ! sweet h]bs1 ! sage & rosem>y1 lav5d] & ?yme1 f ! h]b-g>d5 ( ! ,hall4 ,9 ! op5 fireplace1 t5 feet wide1 an ox might well be roa/$2 ! smoke f ! log-fire 0 c>ri$ upw>ds f ! ro( by a *imney-/ack ( brick4 ,ov] ! 'scre5' or passage t divides ! d9+-hall & ! kit*5 is a musicians' gall]y1 :]e ! play]s ( ! viol & ! h>p made music :ile ! squire & 8 lady supp$ 9 ! e>ly ev5+4 ,to ! left ( ! gateh\se ?r\gh :i* we fir/ ent]$ is ! *apel1 :]e ! *apla9 read ! daily pray]s to ! assembl$ family4 ,a n>r[ spiral /aircase fix$ ^u a c5tral newel po/ leads to a long gall]y at ! v top ( ! h\se1 runn+ ! :ole l5g? ( "o side ( ! c\rty>d4 ,?is 0 ! ballroom1 :]e ,elizabe? h]self may p]haps h danc$1 z tradition says %e did1 = we "k t %e 0 fond ( visit+ h] p 9 _! own homes4 ,few sixte5?-c5tury h\ses 7 )\t a secret *amb]4 ,little ,moreton ,hall conta9s two su* rooms1 cunn+ly conceal$ 9 a corn] ( ! h\se4 ,!y are ent]$ by slid+ panels f an ap>tm5t ov] ! kit*51 & ! fugitive c\ld escape 8 pursu]s by an und]gr\nd passage lead+ und]nea? ! moat to ! op5 field beyond4 ,at opposite corn]s ( ! moat are two gre5 circul> m\nds1 on :i* probably once /ood two wat*-t[]s to gu>d ! h\se aga9/ attack4 ,a l>ge numb] ( ! old halls ( ,*e%ire 7 at "o "t moat$ = _! protection1 ?\gh 9 _m cases ! moats h be5 fill$ up1 n[ t !y are no long] necess>y4 ,peel ,hall 9 ,et*ells1 ,irby1 ,sw9y>d ,hall1 ,tweml[1 ,m>?all1 & ,allo/ock ,hall /ill reta9 portions ( _! orig9al moats4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,gall]y1 ,,little ,,moreton ,,hall ,h&=? ,hall 0 built1 z ! inscription ov] ! entrance door tells u1 '9 ! ye> ( our ,"l ,god ,,mccccclxii by ,uryan ,br]eton ,knight4' ,! ,tudor build]s 7 n a%am$ to put _! names to _! "w4 ,)9 ! ,hall is a wide oak /aircase ) a wond]fully c>v$ balu/rade1 "o ( ! mo/ beautiful pieces ( ,tudor woodwork 9 ,*e%ire4 ,sir ,uryan's daught] m>ri$ ,?omas ,legh ( ,adl+ton1 :o built ! timb] portions ( ,adl+ton ,hall 9 #aeha4 ,z y h already se5 9 a previ\s *apt]1 "s ( ! timb] h\ses ( ,*e%ire belong to a p]iod mu* e>li] ?an ! reign ( ,que5 ,elizabe?4 ,j z !y rea*$ _! highe/ pit* ( beauty & ri*ness "u ! ,tudors a new /yle ( dome/ic ar*itecture 0 com+ 94 ,bricks1 :i* _h be5 v seldom us$ s9ce ! days ( ! ,romans1 7 aga9 employ$4 ,! bricks 7 mu* l>g] ?an ^? us$ by ! ,romans2 9 fact !y 7 precisely simil> to ^? ( ! pres5t day4 ,!y 7 n1 h[ev]1 laid z !y are n[1 b 9 ! /yle call$ ',engli% bond'1 9 :i* "o 'c\rse' or r[ %[s all ! long faces & ! next "o all ! %ort ends4 ,^! brick mansions 7 l>g] & m spaci\s ?an ! old wood5 ones1 & built = com=t r ?an def5ce4 ,!y 7 set 9 ! mid/ ( broad p>ks1 & surr\nd$ by t]rac$ lawns & g>d5s enclos$ by walls ( clipp$ yew-trees4 ,sometimes ornam5tal fi%-ponds1 su* z y may see at ,gawswor?1 7 laid out 9 front ( ! h\se2 av5ues ( limes & ,spani% *e/nuts import$ f abroad 7 plant$ along ! roadway lead+ to ! pr9cipal entrance4 ,_! g5]al %ape1 out ( complim5t to ,que5 ,elizabe?1 0 t ( ! lett] ,e4 ,br]eton ,hall is a good example ( ?is ',tudor' /yle4 ,x 0 built 9 #aehf1 ! fir/ /one be+ laid1 s x is said1 by ! que5 h]self4 ,9 ! ea/]n p>ts ( ,*e%ire1 :]e /one is abundant1 h\ses simil> 9 design 7 built ( ?is mat]ial in/ead ( brick4 ,ard5 ,hall1 ne> ,/ockport1 is n[ 9 ru9s1 b en\gh rema9s to %[ ! *ief *>act]i/ics ( an ,elizabe?an mansion2 ! turret ) circul> /one /aircase1 ! w+s ) gabl$ ends1 & ! bay w9d[s c>ri$ up to ! ro(4 ,o!r ,elizabe?an h\ses are ,m>ple ,hall1 ,poole ,hall1 ,c>d5 ,hall 9 ! ,broxton ,hills1 ,dorfold ,hall1 & ,burton ,hall 9 ,wirral4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tudor ,,monum5ts ,,9 ,,gawswor? ,,*ur* ,! c5tral figure is t ( ,m>y ,fitton ,9 ,gawswor? ,*ur* are a numb] ( monum5ts ( memb]s ( ! ,fitton family1 :o liv$ at ! ,old ,hall at ,gawswor?4 ,m>y ,fitton 0 "o ( ,elizabe?'s maids-(-hon\r1 & us$ to take "p 9 plays = ! amusem5t ( ! que52 & x is n at all unlikely t %e 0 a fri5d ( ,%akespe>e4 ,x is inde$ suppos$ t %e is ! 'd>k lady' ( :om ! poet speaks 9 8 sonnets4 ,f an exam9ation ( ^! ,fitton monum5ts y c le>n :at ! co/ume at ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury 0 l4 ,lady ,alice ,fitton is surr\nd$ by ! kneel+ figures ( h] two sons & two daught]s1 ! =m] 9 plate arm\r1 ! latt] we>+ ! famili> head-dress & ruff :i* are su* di/9ctive features 9 ! dress ( ,tudor ladies4 ,! figures are c>v$ 9 alaba/]1 & h cle>ly at "o "t be5 pa9t$ 9 bright col\rs4 ,! picture ( ,m>y ,fitton w help y to recognize ! ,tudor monum5ts :i* are to be se5 9 _m ,*e%ire *ur*es4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,,elizabe?an ,,*e%ire4 ,,ii ,_m attempts 7 made by ! ,tudor sov]eigns to conqu] ! ,iri%4 ,f "t to "t exp$itions 7 s5t across ! sea1 & ! troops emb>k$ at v>i\s po9ts on ! ,*e%ire coa/4 ,! fight+ ,leghs ( ,adl+ton rais$ a troop ( ,*e%ire soldi]s1 & ,?omas & ,ralph ,legh fell 9 battle aga9/ ! ,iri% *iefta9 ,%ane ,o',neill4 ,a ,*e%ire knight1 ,sir ,edw>d ,fitton1 ( ,gawswor?1 0 made ,gov]nor ( ,connaught4 ,9 ! lat] ye>s ( ,elizabe?'s reign a con/ant /ream ( ill-clad & ill-paid soldi]s m>*$ ?r\gh ,*e%ire on _! way to ! w>s4 ,! soldi]s _h to be suppli$ ) food & qu>t]s by ! t[ns & villages ?r\gh :i* !y pass$1 & ! co/ ( billet+ ! m5 9 ! h\ses on _! arrival at ,*e/] fell v h>d on ! city m]*ants1 :o 7 soon br\ght to great di/ress4 ,! soldi]s 7 g5]ally put on bo>d %ip at ,p>kgate1 = ! *annel ( ! ,dee _h become s *ok$ up ) s& t only ! smalle/ vessels c\ld rea* ,*e/]4 ,! lead] ( "o ( ! exp$itions 0 ! ,e>l ( ,essex1 :o 0 a frequ5t visitor at ,lyme ,p>k1 :]e he hunt$ ! /ag ) 8 ho/1 ,sir ,pi]s ,legh4 ,! w>s ) ,spa9 ru9$ ! ov]sea trade ( ,*e/]1 consi/+ at ?is "t l>gely 9 ! export ( tann$ lea!r to ! ,fr5* ports ( ,ro*elle & ,bordeaux4 ,9 ! ye> #aeih1 ,?omas ,flet*]1 ! ,mayor ( ,*e/]1 wrote to ,"l ,burghley t he '_h f\nd ! poor city to be g5]ally v weak & mu* decay$1 especially 9 ! *iefe/ p>ts !re( 7! m]*ants7 :o h be5 h]et(ore ! mo/ able to d h] ,maje/y s]vice'4 ,= eight mon?s !re _h n be5 '"o %ip nor small b>k lad5 into any =eign place'4 ,! que5 _h1 "s ye>s previ\sly1 giv5 ! m]*ants lic5se to export #aj1jjj 'dick]s' 7t is1 bundles ( t57 ( tann$ calf-sk9s )9 a c]ta9 "t1 b ow+ to ! w>s !y 7 unable to get !m away )9 ! giv5 p]iod1 & ! m]*ants ask$ = ! "t to be ext5d$4 ,an old gabl$ h\se 9 ,wat]gate ,/reet1 ) its pi\s sup]scription ',god's ,provid5ce is m9e inh]itance'1 rem9ds u ( a m dreadful sc\rge ?an w> :i* visit$ ,*e/]1 & inde$ ! :ole ( ,*e%ire1 9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies4 ,?is 0 ! t]rible plague1 :i* attack$ ri* & poor alike1 & /opp$ ! trade ( ! city s mu* t1 z "o writ] says1 'grass did gr[ a foot high at ! ,cross'4 ,h\ses t 7 infect$ ) ! disease 7 m>k$ ) a cross1 t none might g ne>2 no m]*&ise 0 all[$ to ent] ! city until x _h be5 unpack$ & air$ outside ! walls4 ,dea? came sudd5ly1 or )9 a few h\rs at mo/2 & (t5 'to ^? t m]rily d9$ x gave a sorr[ful supp]'4 ,god's ,provid5ce ,h\se receiv$ its "n f ! fact t its inmates alone ( all ! neighb\rhood escap$ ! disease4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/anley ,,palace1 ,,*e/] 7%[+ influ5ce ( ,r5aissance7 ,! ,c\rts c\ld n be held 9 ! plague-/rick5 city2 ! ,ex*equ] ,c\rt 0 remov$ to ,t>v91 & ! ,assizes 7 held at ,nantwi*4 ,! annual fairs 7 ab&on$ to prev5t ! spread ( ! disease4 ,numb]s ( victims 7 c>ri$ out f ! city & ha/ily buri$ 9 ! ',b>r[ ,field'4 ,o!r ,*e%ire t[ns suff]$ sev]ely4 ,on ! hills1 ne> ,macclesfield1 are _m grave/ones ( ! victims ( ! plague2 two grave/ones ne> ! ,b[/ones on ,disley ,moor tell ! same tale4 ,"s ( ! ,engli% nobles _h resid5ces 9 ,*e/]4 ,! city gates 7 confid$ to noble families = safe keep+4 ,! ,ea/ ,gate 0 gu>d$ by ! ance/ors ( ,"l ,crewe4 ,! ',be> & ,billet' ,inn 9 ,bridge ,/reet belong$ to ! ,e>ls ( ,%rewsbury1 :o 7 ,s]geants ( ! ,bridge ,gate4 ,! ,e>ls ( ,d]by _h *>ge ( ! ,wat]gate4 ,! ,nor? ,gate1 h[ev]1 ! mo/ important entrance to ! city1 0 entru/$ to ! mayor & ! citiz5s4 ,a n>r[ c\rt 9 ,wat]gate ,/reet leads to ! ,/anley ,palace ( ! ,e>ls ( ,d]by2 ! g>d5s ext5d$ d[n to ! riv]-side4 ,! ar*itecture is v simil> to t ( ! old timb] halls describ$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 b ! r[ ( r\nd-head$ panels tells u t p 7 beg9n+ to imitate 9 _! timb] decorations ! r\nd-head$ ar*es ( ! ,italian /yle4 ,z e>ly z ! reign ( ,h5ry ! ,sev5?1 ,engli% ar*itects 7 beg9n+ to /udy ! rema9s ( anci5t build+s 9 ,rome1 & ,italian ar*itects 7 br\ght ov] to ,engl&4 ,h5ry ! ,eigh? invit$ a build] nam$ ,john ( ,padua1 :o design$ ! nor? side ( ,lyme ,hall4 ,! ,italians despis$ ! ,po9t$ /yles ( ,engli% ar*itecture1 call+ x contemptu\sly ',go?ic'1 f ! "n ( ! b>b>ian ,go?s1 :o ov]ran ! ,roman ,empire 9 ! ?ird & f\r? c5turies4 ,_m ( ! ,*e%ire g5try left _! homes 9 ! t[ns to live 9 new h\ses 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! old hall ( ! ,s&ba* family is n[ ! pr9cipal inn ( ! t[n ( ,s&ba*2 ! anci5t home ( ! ,ard]nes 9 ,great ,und]bank1 ,/ockport1 is n[ a bank2 & ! h\se built at ,nantwi* by ',ri*>de & ,m>j]y ,*ur*e' has be5 turn$ into a ladies' s*ool4 ,! ,ma9w>+s liv$ 9 a f9e h\se 9 ,wat]gate ,/reet1 ,*e/]1 until a numb] ( little %ops 7 all[$ to block up ! front ( _! home4 ,! ,wilbrahams mov$ f ,nantwi* to ! spaci\s ,elizabe?an hall at ,dorfold4 ,:5 ! mona/]ies 7 de/roy$1 a l>ge numb] ( p 7 ?r[n out ( "w1 especially 9 ! c\ntry di/ricts4 ,! di/ress 0 s great 9 ,que5 ,elizabe?'s reign t ,p>liam5t pass$ a 'poor law'1 by :i* ! inhabitants ( e p>i% 7 compell$ to pay taxes = ! support ( _! own poor4 ,?is did n1 h[ev]1 prev5t ri* & *>itable m5 f devot+ a portion ( _! weal? to ! build+ ( hospitals & alm%\ses1 :]e ! ag$ poor c\ld live 9 com=t4 ,9 ,commonhall ,/reet1 ,*e/]1 are ! old alm%\ses f\nd$ by ,sir ,?omas ,smi? 9 #aecb1 & !re are alm%\ses at ,acton1 ,little ,budwor?1 ,macclesfield1 ,nantwi*1 ,t>porley1 ,s&ba*1 & ,/ockport1 ?\gh "s ( ^! 7 built 9 lat] reigns4 ,nantwi* 0 p>ticul>ly fav\r$ by b5efactors1 & possesses f\r sep>ate sets ( alm%\ses4 ,sometimes sums ( money 7 left to be sp5t on provid+ bread = ^? :o 7 unable to "w4 ,9 ! *ur*es at ,little ,peov]1 ,mottram1 & ,wood*ur*1 y w see "s wood5 %elves fix$ on ! wall ne> ! por*4 ,on ^! 7 plac$ ! loaves :i* 7 di/ribut$ aft] ! ,sunday s]vices4 ,at ,beb+ton & ,wood*ur* sums ( money 7 giv5 by a family ( ! "n ( ,goodacre = ! pur*ase ( bullocks to draw ! pl\ghs ( ! poor peasants ( ,wirral4 ,c]ta9 days ( ! ye> 7 set ap>t z public holidays4 ,e p>i% _h its 'wakes' or fe/ival ( ! d$ication ( ! p>i% *ur*4 ,^! 7 held on ! fea/-day ( ! sa9t aft] :om ! *ur* 0 nam$4 ,ano!r fe/ival 0 t ( ! 'ru%-be>+'4 ,9 a =m] *apt] y h read ( ! ru%es t 7 spread on ! floors ( *ur*es4 ,!y 7 ga!r$ f ! fr+e ( a /ream or m]e1 & ti$ into bundles & plac$ on ! ru%-c>t1 :i* 0 gaily deck$ ) ribbons & fl[]s4 ,a procession 0 !n =m$ ( ! villag]s1 :o accompani$ ! c>t to ! *ur*1 :]e a special s]vice 0 held4 ,!re are /ill ru%-be>+ s]vices at ,f>ndon1 ,ald=d1 & ,=e/ ,*apel1 b 9 _m villages ! m]ry-mak+ too (t5 end$ 9 disord] & drunk5ness1 & ! cu/om has be5 all[$ to die out4 ,an ,elizabe?an writ] tells u t ! p ( ,nantwi* visit$ ! br9e pits on ,asc5sion ,day & deck$ !m ) fl[]s & g>l&s4 ,!n !y (f]$ hymns & pray]s ( ?anksgiv+ = ! bless+ ( ! br9e1 on :i* ! prosp]ity ( _! t[n dep5d$4 ,may-day 0 ! fav\rite holiday ( ! p4 ,! maypole 0 set up on ! village gre51 :]e ! ,que5 ( ! ,may 0 cr[n$1 & morris-danc]s danc$ to ! fiddle & horn-pipe1 z !y d to ?is day at ,lymm1 ,knuts=d1 ,holmes ,*apel1 & _m o!r ,*e%ire villages4 ,sometimes !re 7 wre/l+ mat*es1 & combat ) sword & qu>t]/aff4 ,at ,gawswor? are ! rema9s ( a tilt+-gr\nd :]e su* enc\nt]s took place4 ,! long t]rac$ banks ( e>? on :i* ! spectators sat may /ill be se54 ,! good p ( ,*e/] 7 p>ticul>ly fond ( %[s & pageants1 & processions4 ,on ,midsumm] ,day ! mayor & ald]m5 ( ! city m>*$ ) bann]s ?r\gh ! /reets to ,s4 ,oswald's ,*ur*4 ,) !m w5t 'f\r giants1 "o unicorn1 "o drom$>y1 an ass & a dragon1 & six hobby horses'4 ,! giants 7 made ( pa/ebo>d & repa9t$ e ye>1 & 'dos$ ) ars5ic to keep ! rats f eat+ !m'4 ,"s ( _! amusem5ts 71 h[ev]1 ( a m degrad+ k9d4 ,! ,high ,cross ( ,*e/]1 f :i* ! fri>s & ,wyclif's 'poor prie/s' _h prea*$ 9 =m] days1 n[ became ! sc5e ( brutal pa/imes4 ,= at ?is spot bulls 7 bait$ 9 ! bull-r+ :5 a mayor f9i%$ 8 ye> ( (fice1 ! mayor himself pay+ ! exp5ses4 ,! ,be>'s ,head & ,:ite ,be> ,inn at ,congleton rem9d u t ! natives ( ,congleton 7 s fond ( be>-bait+1 t a local prov]b says t !y 'sold _! ,*ur* ,bible to buy a new be>'4 ,few t[ns or villages 7 )\t a cock-pit1 = cock-fight+ 0 a fav\rite amusem5t ( all classes4 ,happily1 ^! degrad+ sports are n[ =bidd5 by law1 & we d n regret _! disappe>ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,cross & ,/ocks1 ,w>burton ,little m]cy 0 %[n to ^? :o 7 guilty ( brawl+ or brea*es ( ! peace4 ,(t5 by ! li*gate ( a ,*e%ire *ur*y>d1 or ne> ! village cross1 y w see ! rema9s ( ! wood5 /ocks 9 :i* drunk>ds 7 plac$ & expos$ to ! je]s & gibes ( ! pass]s-by4 ,9 ! museums at ,*e/]1 ,/ockport1 & ,macclesfield1 y w see a /ill m b>b>\s =m ( puni%m5t4 ,! scold+ or brawl+ woman 0 compell$ to h h] head encas$ 9 a 'brank' or skeleton helmet ( iron1 ) a spik$ iron piece press+ on ! tongue4 ,a *a9 0 atta*$ to ! woman's wai/1 & %e 0 l$ ?r\gh ! t[n4 ,ano!r in/rum5t ( puni%m5t is to be se5 9 ! ,museum at ,we/ ,p>k1 ,macclesfield4 ,x is a girdle or cage1 consi/+ ( a numb] ( iron hoops fa/5$ toge!r by *a9s :i* 7 plac$ r\nd ! body ( a woman1 :o 0 !n ti$ to a plank call$ a 'duck+-/ool'1 & dipp$ 9 a pond4 ,!re 0 also an iron /rait-jacket at ,macclesfield = drunk>ds & lunatics4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii ,,! ,,rule ,,( ,,! ,,/u>ts ,9 ! ',/ag ,p>l\r' ( ,lyme ,hall is a fram$ piece ( ne$lework done by ,m>y ,/u>t1 ,que5 ( ,scots1 :5 %e /ay$ at ,lyme4 ,:5 %e 0 depos$ by h] ,scotti% subjects %e ?rew h]self on ! m]cy ( ,que5 ,elizabe?1 :o p]mitt$ h] to live 9 ,engl&4 ,b plots 7 made aga9/ ! life ( ,elizabe?1 & ,m>y 0 suspect$ ( hav+ a h& 9 !m1 & 9 ! end ,m>y _h to pay ! p5alty ( dea?4 ,m>y 0 a ,ca?olic1 b h] son ,james1 :o succe$$ to ! ,engli% ?rone on ! dea? ( ,elizabe?1 _h be5 br\ght up among ! ,scotti% re=m]s4 ,! extreme ,engli% re=m]s1 or ,puritans z !y 7 n[ call$1 hop$ !re=e t ! k+ w\ld be fri5dly to _! wi%es4 ,! ,puritans 7 disappo9t$1 b ,james agre$ to "o ( _! dem&s1 & said t he w\ld h a new translation ( ! ,bible made4 ,! ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion ( ! ,bible :i* is read 9 all ,*e%ire *ur*es & *apels to-day is ! "o noble "w due to ! fir/ ,/u>t k+4 ,! ,puritans 7 s nam$ because !y wi%$ to 'purify' ! ,*ur* ( c]ta9 =ms & c]emonies1 su* z ! use ( ! surplice1 & ! sign ( ! cross at baptism1 & ev5 ! r+ 9 ! m>riage s]vice4 ,!y also object$ to ! rule ( bi%ops1 & wi%$ ! ,*ur* to be gov]n$ by c\ncils ( eld]s or 'presbyt]s' aft] ! mann] ( ! ,presbyt]ian ,*ur* ( ,scotl&4 ,dur+ ! reign ( ,elizabe? _m ,puritan cl]gym5 _h refus$ to p]=m ! s]vices ( ! ,*ur* 9 ! way ord]$ by ! ,pray] ,book4 ,!y 7 driv5 out ( ! ,*ur*1 & =m$ sep>ate congregations ( _! own4 ,h5ce !y receiv$ ! "n ( ,indep5d5ts1 & !y 7 ! e>lie/ ( ! ,noncon=mi/ diss5t]s4 ,_m ,indep5d5ts suff]$ s sev]ely at ! h&s ( ,k+ ,james & 8 ar*bi%op1 t !y det]m9$ to leave ! c\ntry & settle 9 new homes across ! sea4 ,!y gave ! "n ( ,new ,engl& to _! colony 9 ,am]ica1 & ?us became ! f\nd]s ( our ,am]ican possessions4 ,among ! exiles 0 ,samuel ,eaton1 a ,wirral cl]gyman4 ,he return$ 9 ! reign ( ,*>les ! ,fir/1 & became a m9i/] 9 ! *apel atta*$ to ,duk9field ,hall1 :i* ?us became "o ( ! e>lie/ places ( wor%ip = ! ,indep5d5ts 9 ,*e%ire4 ,! anci5t *apel n[ =ms a portion ( ! mod]n ,noncon=mi/ *ur* ( ,duk9field4 ,! ,ca?olics 7 n m pleas$ ) ,james ?an ! ,puritans 74 ,!y 7 compell$ to att5d ! new s]vices ( ! ,prote/ant ,*ur*4 ,^? :o refus$ to d s 7 call$ 'recusants'4 ,! ,bi%op ( ,*e/] 0 ord]$ by ,james to hunt out all ! ,popi% recusants 9 ,*e%ire & br+ !m to trial4 ,! secret hid+-places built 9 ! walls ( _m ,*e%ire halls mu/ (t5 h %elt]$ ^! fugitive prie/s1 = _m great families 9 ,*e%ire1 su* z ! ,/anleys ( ,hooton & ! ,masseys ( ,pudd+ton1 7 /rongly ,ca?olic4 ,*e/] 0 ,prote/ant1 & a ,puritan ,mayor ( ,*e/] /opp$ ! ,midsumm] %[1 & broke up ! pa/ebo>d giants1 & aboli%$ ! bull-r+2 = ! ,puritans dislik$ %[s & processions & sports ( all k9ds1 & ev5 su* h>mless pa/imes z ! ,may-day dances4 ,! ,midsumm] revels 71 h[ev]1 reviv$1 & held ) great pomp :5 ,k+ ,james paid a visit to ,*e/] 9 #afag4 ,8 arms are c>v$ 9 a panel "u "o ( ! front w9d[s ( ,bi%op ,lloyd's h\se4 ,"o ( ! ,fitton family 0 mayor on ?is occasion1 & ! k+'s sword 0 borne by a ,/anley4 ,james rode to ! m9/]1 :]e he he>d "o ( ! s*ol>s ( ! ,k+'s ,s*ool read a ,lat9 address ( welcome4 ',aft] ! said oration he w5t into ! *oir1 & !re1 9 a seat made = ! k+ at ! high] end ( ! *oir1 he he>d an an!m sung4 ,& aft] c]ta9 pray]s ! k+ w5t f !nce to ! ,p5tice1 :]e a sumptu\s banquet 0 prep>$ at ! city's co/3 :i* be+ end$1 ! k+ dep>t$ to ! ,vale ,royal3 & at 8 dep>ture ! ord] ( knigh?ood 0 (f]$ to ! mayor1 b he refus$ ! same4' ,! sale ( knigh?oods & b>onetcies 0 "o ( ,k+ ,james's ways ( rais+ money1 & ! ,mayor ( ,*e/] 0 n ! only "o :o decl9$ ! hon\r4 ,a zeal\s ,puritan nam$ ,william ,prynne wrote aga9/ ! p]=mance ( /age plays1 danc+1 & o!r amusem5ts4 ,"s ?+s t he said 7 ?\ght to ref] to ! ,que5 ( ,*>les ! ,fir/1 & he 0 tri$ by ! ,/> ,*amb] & ord]$ to pay a f9e ( #e1jjj & to h 8 e>s slit4 ,!re 0 a bran* ( ! ,c\rt ( ,/> ,*amb] at ,*e/]1 b x 0 aboli%$ 9 ,*>les ! ,fir/'s reign4 ,9 "o ( ! rooms ( ,leas[e ,ca/le are "s oak panels br\ght f ! ,/> ,*amb] at ,we/m9/]4 ,william ,prynne pass$ ?r\gh ,*e/] on 8 way to 8 prison 9 ,c>n>von ,ca/le4 ,! ,puritans turn$ out to welcome & *e] him 9 ! /reets1 b _! lead]s 7 puni%$ by f9es & imprisonm5t = s do+4 ,nei!r ,james nor ,*>les got on well ) _! ,p>liam5ts4 ,! ,tudor mon>*s _h = ! mo/ "p und]/ood ! p1 & ! p 9 _! turn all[$ !m to h _! own way4 ,b ! ,/u>ts began to claim p[]s :i* ! p w\ld n p]mit4 ,:5 ,p>liam5t refus$ to grant money !y ask$ =1 ! ,/u>t k+s tri$ to raise money by means :i* ! p ?\ght illegal4 ,*>les borr[$ l>ge sums ( money )\t ! cons5t ( ,p>liam5t4 ,sir ,r&olph ,crewe1 ( ,crewe ,hall1 0 "o ( ! judges :o ?\ght t ?is 0 wrong1 & he 0 dismiss$ f 8 (fice by ! k+4 ,*>les also tri$ to impose a tax call$ ,%ip ,money1 a tax :i* _h 9 =m] times be5 levi$ on ! c\nties on ! seabo>d = ! support ( ! navy4 ,n[ ! k+ propos$ t inl& c\nties also %\ld contribute = ?is purpose4 ,sir ,william ,br]eton1 a ,*e%ire knight1 object$ /rongly to ! hateful tax1 & 0 v angry ) ! p ( ,*e/] = rat+ "s l& ( 8 ne> ,*e/]1 call$ ! ,nunn]y ,fields1 = ! paym5t ( ! money4 ,x is n surpris+ t tr\ble %\ld arise betwe5 ,p>liam5t & a k+ :o refus$ to obey ! wi%es ( ! p ov] :om he rul$4 ,! ,/u>ts believ$ 9 ! !ory kn[n z ! ,div9e "r ( k+s1 t is1 t k+s are made by ,god alone1 & t f ,him alone !y receive _! p[]4 ,b f ! "t ( ! great awak5+ ! p _h begun to ?9k = !mselves1 & ! result ( ?is 0 t !y 7 n[ det]m9$ t ! k+ %\ld c>ry out ! w ( ! nation ?r\gh ! m\? ( its ,p>liam5t4 ,moreov]1 ,*>les 0 suspect$ ( be+ a ,ca?olic2 at any rate he _h m>ri$ a ,ca?olic wife1 & ,p>liam5t 0 n 9 a mood to p]mit a return to ! unhappy /ate ( affairs ( ,que5 ,m>y's reign4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv ,,civil ,,w> ,,9 ,,*e%ire4 ,i ,,! ,,battles ,,( ,,middlewi* ,,& ,,nantwi* ,*>les proclaim$ w> on ,p>liam5t 9 ! ye> #afdb1 & bo? sides prep>$ at once = ! /ruggle4 ,r\ghly speak+1 ,london & ! s\?-ea/]n c\nties 7 on ! side ( ,p>liam5t1 = !y 7 ! *ief c5tres ( trade 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & felt mo/ ke5ly ! evils ( bad gov]nm5t4 ,! great mod]n indu/rial t[ns ( ! nor!rn c\nties ( ,engl& 7 9 mo/ cases z yet m]e villages4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,civil ,,w> ,,9 ,,*e%ire ,! k+'s support]s 7 drawn *iefly f ! nor? & we/4 ,!y 7 call$ ,royali/s or ,cavali]s1 :ile ! ,p>liam5t>ians 7 nicknam$ ,r\ndheads because !y wore _! hair cut %ort1 aft] ! mann] ( ! ,puritans1 & disda9$ ! fl[+ curls :i* 7 fa%ionable at ! "t4 ,b al?\gh ! c\ntry 0 ?us r\ghly divid$ into two oppos+ factions1 support]s bo? ( k+ & ( p>liam5t 7 to be f\nd 9 ne>ly e t[n & village4 ,inde$ x sometimes happ5$ t memb]s ( a s+le family f\nd !mselves on diff]5t sides 9 ! w>4 ,! ,br]etons ( ,br]eton ,hall 7 /\t royali/s1 b _! c\s9s ( ,h&=? 71 z y w see1 ! mo/ det]m9$ oppon5ts ( ! k+4 ,! t[ns ( ,*e%ire1 ) ! exception ( ,*e/]1 7 l>gely on ! side ( ,p>liam5t1 :ile mo/1 b n all1 ( ! great l&[n]s & _! num]\s reta9]s f\ght = ! k+4 ,! c\nty 0 repres5t$ 9 ! ,long ,p>liam5t by ,sir ,william ,br]eton1 ! son ( ,william ,br]eton ( ,h&=? ,hall4 ,br]eton 0 an ard5t ,puritan1 & at ! fir/ signs ( approa*+ w> he put himself at ! head ( ! ,p>liam5t>y p>ty 9 ,*e%ire1 call+ ^u all able-bodi$ m5 betwe5 ! ages ( sixte5 & sixty to jo9 him at ,t>porley1 & soon aft] 0 appo9t$ by ,p>liam5t itself z comm&] ( ! ,*e%ire =ces4 ,8 c>e] 0 v ne>ly cut %ort at ! v beg9n+ ( ! /ruggle1 = he br\ght ab\t a riot 9 ,*e/] by caus+ ! drum to be beat5 publicly 9 ! /reets = ,p>liam5t4 ,he 0 br\ght to ! ,p5tice b releas$1 & ) difficulty sav$ f ! fury ( ! citiz5s1 :o 9 lat] days compla9$ bitt]ly t ! mayor _h pres]v$ ! life ( "o :o 0 to be ! au?or ( s mu* disa/] to !mselves4 ,9 ,t>porley ,*ur* y may see a helmet & brea/plate t 7 dug up 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,!y 7 probably worn by "s soldi] :o f\ght 9 "o ( ! e>lie/ battles ( ! civil w> 9 ,*e%ire4 ,! fir/ fight+ took place 9 ! s\!rn p>ts ( ! c\nty4 ,9 ,febru>y1 #afdb1 ,br]eton 0 attack$ at ,t>porley by ! k+'s troops :o _h m>*$ out f ,*e/]4 ,entr5*m5ts 7 ?r[n up ne> ! *ur*1 b ! sev]e/ fight+ 0 at ! neighb\r+ hamlet ( ,tiv]ton1 :]e bo? sides lo/ heavily4 ,! ,royali/ troops retir$ to ,*e/] & ! ,p>liam5t>ians to ,nantwi*1 :i* ,br]eton made 8 head-qu>t]s4 ,f ^! two places ! two p>ties 'cont5d$ :i* %\ld mo/ prevail ^u ! affections ( ! c\nty to decl>e = !m & jo9 !m'4 ,br]eton's task 0 ! capture ( ! important city ( ,*e/]1 9 ord] to prev5t assi/ance rea*+ ! k+ f ,irel&4 ,to ?is end he plac$ troops on ! pr9cipal roads lead+ to ! city4 ,! roads f ! s\? 7 wat*$ by ! ,nantwi* =ces1 :o captur$ & occupi$ ,bee/on ,ca/le4 ,on ! nor? ,w>r+ton ,bridge 0 seiz$ to prev5t help com+ f ,lanca%ire or f ,scotl&1 :i* rema9$ loyal to ,*>les4 ,norton ,priory & ! ,norman ca/le ( ,halton1 already 9 ru9s1 7 =tifi$ & held by ! ,r\ndheads4 ,a /rong =ce 0 po/$ at ,nor?wi* :i* comm&$ ! ma9 road ?r\gh ! =e/ ( ,delam]e1 ?us complet+ a *a9 ( g>risons along ! valley ( ! ,weav] f ,nantwi* to ! ,m]sey4 ,on ! ,wel% side ! bord] ca/les ( ,holt on ! ,dee & ,haw>d5 9 ! c\nty ( ,fl9t 7 attack$ & occupi$ by ! ,p>liam5t>ians1 :o ?us prev5t$ ! arrival ( re9=cem5ts f ! we/4 ,9 #afdc ,br]eton won 8 fir/ great victory by defeat+ ,sir ,?omas ,a/on1 ! ,royali/ lead]1 at ,middlewi*1 captur+ two cannon1 f\r b>rels ( p[d]1 f\r hundr$ soldi]s1 & arms = five hundr$ m54 ,sir ,?omas ,a/on m>*$ out f ,*e/] ) a /rong =ce ( ,royali/s "o ,sunday morn+ 9 ,m>*4 ,br]eton 0 at ,nor?wi* at ! "t1 & ^w 0 s5t to him t ! k+'s =ces 7 at ,middlewi* & tak+ up a /rong position !re4 ,! ,r\ndheads hurri$ s\?w>ds1 b _h n suffici5t ammunition to take ! t[n4 ,a fre% supply 0 s5t =1 & on ,monday aft]noon ,sir ,?omas ,a/on f\nd himself betwe5 two fires1 = troops f ,nantwi* also arriv$ on ! sc5e4 ,! ,royali/s 7 driv5 into ! n>r[ /reets ( ! t[n1 :]e ! cavalry 7 p5n$ l %eep & q useless4 ,! foot-soldi]s fl$ into ! *ur*1 :]e !y laid d[n _! arms or 7 sla94 ,! *ur* /eeples1 l ! keeps ( ! ,norman ca/les1 7 usually ! la/ places ( refuge = ! def5d]s ( a t[n1 & _m ( !m suff]$ great damage 9 consequ5ce dur+ ! w>4 ,a/on escap$ ) a remnant ( 8 cavalry1 leav+ ! infantry to _! fate4 ,he laid ! blame = 8 defeat ^u 8 ,wel% allies1 :o 7 s5t to l9e ! h$ges ( ! roads by :i* ! ,r\ndheads advanc$1 b :o ?rew away _! arms & fl$ at ! fir/ approa* ( ! enemy4 ,br]eton's victory at ,middlewi* 0 complete1 b "s mon?s aft]w>ds ,sir ,?omas ,a/on _h 8 rev5ge & turn$ ! tables on 8 enemy4 ,he 0 re9=c$ by troops f ,irel&1 by ^: aid he 0 able to drive ! ,p>liam5t>ian g5]al out ( ,middlewi*4 ,! ,royali/s n[ appe>$ to be gett+ ! upp] h&1 & !y actually laid siege to ,nantwi*1 :i* 0 def5d$ by ,sir ,george ,boo? dur+ ! tempor>y abs5ce ( ,br]eton4 ,! besieg]s 7 comm&$ by ,sir ,ni*olas ,byron1 ! gov]nor ( ,*e/]1 & an ance/or ( ! poet ,byron4 ,br]eton return$ ) ,sir ,?omas ,fairfax1 "o ( ! greate/ ( ,cromwell's lieut5ants1 & compell$ ! ,royali/s to raise ! siege4 ,?us ! =tunes ( w> incl9$ n[ to "o side1 n[ to ! o!r1 & ! t[ns cont9ually *ang$ h&s4 ,! /rong ,p>liam5t>y g>rison at ,nor?wi* 0 attack$ by ,a/on1 at fir/ )\t success1 b lat] 9 ! ye> ,br]eton 0 badly defeat$ "h by 8 det]m9$ enemy1 & ! t[n held by ! ,royali/ troops4 ,! ev5t :i* _h mo/ effect on ! w> 9 ,*e%ire 0 ,br]eton's victory 9 ,augu/1 #afdd1 at ,t>v9 on ! road f ,*e/] to ,nor?wi*4 ,pr9ce ,rup]t & ,pr9ce ,maurice1 nephews ( ! k+1 7 attempt+ to rea* ,*e/] ) a reliev+ column4 ,br]eton attack$ & r\t$ !m & po/$ himself a/ride ! ma9 road4 ,t>v9 ,*ur* /ill %[s traces ( ! fight+ "h1 = a bullet is buri$ deep 9 a brass plate 9 ! *ancel4 ,aft] ?is success ,br]eton advanc$ 8 head-qu>t]s to ,*ri/leton1 only two miles f ! gates ( ,*e/]4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv ,,civil ,,w> ,,9 ,,*e%ire4 ,,ii ,a ,,memorable ,,siege ,9 #afde ^w 0 br\ght to ,*e/] t ! k+ himself 0 com+1 & ! droop+ spirits ( ! ,royali/s reviv$4 ,*>les ent]$ ! city ) ab\t ?ree hundr$ foll[]s :o _h escap$ f ! battle ( ,naseby1 :]e ! ma9 ,royali/ army _h be5 cut to pieces by ,cromwell's ,ironsides4 ,dur+ 8 %ort visit to ,*e/] ! k+ 0 ! gue/ ( ,sir ,francis ,gamull at 8 home1 /ill call$ ,gamull ,h\se1 9 ,bridge ,/reet4 ,_m ( y h read ! inscription on ! ,pho5ix ,t[] on ! walls ( ,*e/]-- ',k+ ,*>les /ood on ?is t[] ,septemb] #bg?1 #afde1 & saw ,8 ,army defeat$ on ,r[ton ,moor4' ,r[ton ,moor is no long] moorl&4 ,a village n[ /&s on ! battlefield :]e ! la/ hopes ( ! loyal inhabitants ( ,*e/] 7 de/roy$4 ,! defeat$ army consi/$ ( ! remnants ( ! ,royali/ cavalry "u ,sir ,m>maduke ,langdale1 :o 0 try+ to cut 8 way ?r\gh ! enemy to re9=ce ! g>rison ( ,*e/]4 ,! ,royali/s 7 almo/ successful1 & a sortie 0 made by ! troops )9 ! city to jo9 h&s ) ,langdale1 b ! ,puritan ,g5]al ,poyntz1 foll[+ closely on ! heels ( ! ,royali/ horse1 ?rew !m into hopeless confusion & drove !m helt]-skelt] 9 all directions4 ,dur+ ! battle ,sir ,ge(frey ,%ak]ley1 ^: tomb is 9 ! ,%ak]ley ,*apel at ,little ,peov]1 c>ri$ dispat*es to ! k+1 f]ry+ himself across ! riv] ,dee 9 a tub4 ,"s mat*locks & firelocks us$ 9 ?is battle h be5 f\nd on ! ,hea?1 & are n[ 9 ! ,*e/] ,museum4 ,?is defeat 0 almo/ ! f9al bl[ receiv$ by ! k+ 9 8 /ruggle ) ,p>liam5t4 ,on ! foll[+ day ,*>les fl$ into ,wales by an undef5d$ road1 ask+ only t ! city might hold out = eight days long] to enable him to make good 8 escape4 ,9 a t9y w9d[ 9 ,f>ndon ,*ur* are "s pieces ( anci5t pa9t$ glass1 ) portraits ( sev]al ( ! ,*e%ire esquires :o att5d$ ,*>les dur+ 8 /ay 9 ,*e/]4 ,! cordon 0 n[ drawn tight] r\nd ! doom$ city1 & a regul> blockade foll[$ to />ve ! citiz5s into surr5d]4 ,:5 ! ,cromwellian troops :o _h be5 batt]+ ,la?om ,h\se 9 ,lanca%ire arriv$ & took up a position on ! nor? side ( ! walls1 ! city 0 completely surr\nd$4 ,dodle/on ,hall1 to ! s\?-we/ ( ! city1 0 occupi$ by ,br]eton to prev5t any fur!r escapes into ,wales4 ,! ,r\ndheads made a float+ bridge across ! riv] ,dee1 :i* 01 h[ev]1 de/roy$ by fire%ips :i* 7 turn$ adrift & 7 c>ri$ up ! riv] by a /rong spr+ tide4 ,scal+-ladd]s 7 fix$ on ! walls1 b ! ,royali/s dragg$ !m up into ! city 9 ! night-"t4 ,! inhabitants 7 det]m9$ n to give 9 )\t a /ruggle4 ,ev5 wom5 took a %>e 9 ! "w ( def5ce1 c>ry+ baskets ( e>? to fill up ! brea*es made by a night attack ^u ! city walls4 ,! city 0 well protect$ by ! riv] ,dee on its we/]n & s\!rn sides2 a semicircle ( mud e>?works 0 made r\nd ! nor? & ea/ ( ! city4 ,_m l>ge h\ses 9 ! neighb\rhood 7 burnt by ! ,royali/s to prev5t _! be+ us$ by ! enemy4 ,! suburb ( ,b\ghton1 ) its hall1 0 entirely de/roy$1 fight+ tak+ place almo/ daily 9 ?is qu>t]4 ,! ,royali/s also made brea*es 9 ! ,dee ,bridge4 ,:5 ! outworks 7 c>ri$ by ! ,p>liam5t>ian troops1 all ,s4 ,john's p>i% lay at _! m]cy4 ,! ,r\ndheads turn$ ! *ur* into a =tress1 & plant$ a batt]y ( guns on ! t[]1 f :i* !y batt]$ ! city walls4 ,9 a glass case at ! we/ end ( ! *ur* y may see a cannon ball t 0 fir$ f ! walls & long aft]w>ds f\nd emb$d$ 9 ! *ur* t[]4 ,! walls 7 also fi]cely bomb>d$ f ,brew]s ,hall on ! opposite side ( ! ,dee1 ?\gh a batt]y ( guns plac$ on ! summit ( ,morgan's ,m\nt kept ! besieg]s at bay on ! nor?4 ,! ,wat] ,t[] at ! nor?-we/ corn] ( ! city be>s ! m>ks ( "s well-aim$ %ots f ! guns ( ,cromwell's m54 ,)9 ! city ! h>d%ips 7 v sev]e4 ,fires 7 frequ5t1 especially 9 ! night-"t4 ,cold & bleak ,decemb] days increas$ ! suff]+1 &1 wor/ ( all1 food 0 gett+ sc>ce1 & ! p9* ( hung] began to be felt4 ,at l5g? ! inhabitants 7 r$uc$ to eat+ ! fle% ( horses & dogs1 & /ill ,sir ,ni*olas ,byron held out1 wait+ daily = ! help t nev] came4 ,fam9e did its "w at la/1 & aft] a siege ( eighte5 weeks ! city surr5d]$ to ,br]eton on ,febru>y #c1 #afdf4 ,"o ( ! conditions ( surr5d] 0 t ! victori\s troops %\ld n d any damage to ! city4 ,! fragm5t ( ! ,high ,cross1 n[ 9 ! ,grosv5or ,museum1 %[s t 9 ?is respect ! soldi]s ( ,cromwell did n keep _! ^w4 ,sir ,francis ,gamull1 ! mayor1 b>ga9$ ) ! ,r\ndheads t ! tombs ( 8 family %\ld n be h>m$1 & ?is expla9s ! fact t ! ,gamull monum5ts 9 ,s4 ,m>y's-on-!-,hill are almo/ ! only relics ( ! k9d 9 ,*e/] t escap$ de/ruction4 ,! ev5ts ( ! w> 7 publi%$ e week 9 ! ,m]curius ,aulicus or ',c\rt ,m]cury1' a =]unn] ( ! mod]n newspap]4 ,9 ! ,free ,libr>y at ,birk5head are pres]v$ "s %eets ( ?is pap]1 on "o ( :i* is relat$ ! /ory ( ! capture & recapture ( ,bee/on ,ca/le4 ,aft] its occupation by ! ,p>liam5t>y troops a d>+ assault 0 made ^u ! ca/le by ,capta9 ,s&=d & a p>ty ( eight ,royali/s1 :o scal$ ! /eep rock on :i* ! ca/le is built & call$ ^u ! def5d]s to surr5d]4 ,capta9 ,/eel1 ! ,puritan comm&]1 0 tri$ = c[>dice 9 yield+ to s small a =ce1 & condemn$ to be %ot4 ,aft] ! battle ( ,r[ton ,moor ! ca/le endur$ a sev5 weeks' siege1 & surr5d]$ 9 ,novemb]1 #afde4 ,%ortly aft]w>ds ,p>liam5t ord]$ ! ca/le to be dismantl$1 & x has be5 9 ru9s ev] s9ce4 ,sev]al ( ! (fic]s :o 7 kill$ at ,bee/on are buri$ at ,t>porley4 ,_m ( ! ,*e%ire halls1 :i* 7 held ma9ly by ,royali/s1 suff]$ sev]ely = _! loyalty to ! k+4 ,crewe ,hall 0 tak5 by ! ,r\ndheads1 retak5 by ,byron1 & f9ally g>rison$ by ! soldi]s ( ,br]eton4 ,huxley ,hall 0 occupi$ by ,colonel ,croxton dur+ ! siege ( ,*e/]4 ,pudd+ton ,hall1 9 ,wirral1 ! anci5t home ( ! ,masseys1 ^: own]1 ,sir ,william ,massey1 rema9$ 9 ,*e/] till its fall1 0 de/roy$ by fire4 ,adl+ton ,hall1 ! home ( ! loyal ,leghs1 endur$ a =tnight's siege1 at ! end ( :i* "t its gallant g>rison ( "o hundr$ & fifty m5 0 compell$ to surr5d] & p]mitt$ to dep>t4 ,! m>ks ( cannon %ot us$ 9 ! bomb>dm5t may /ill be se5 ^u ! massive oak doors ( ! c\rty>d4 ,wy!n%aw ,hall 0 held by ,royali/s1 b ,colonel ,duk9field1 a fri5d & neighb\r ( ,sir ,william ,br]eton1 compell$ a surr5d] aft] a %ort siege4 ,cannon balls h be5 f\nd 9 ! gr\nds ( ! hall4 ,vale ,royal1 ! private resid5ce ( ! ,*olmondeleys s9ce ,h5ry ! ,eigh? turn$ out its abbot & monks1 0 plund]$ & p>tly burnt by ! soldi]s ( ,g5]al ,lamb]t's army4 ,sir ,pet] ,leyce/]1 ( ,tabley ,hall1 fell into ! h&s ( ! ,p>liam5t>ians & 0 s5t to prison4 ,dur+ 8 captivity he fir/ plann$ 8 fam\s book ( ! ,hi/ory & ,antiquities ( ,*e%ire4 ,! lot ( ! unhappy ,*e%ire squire 0 inde$ pitiable4 ,royali/s & ,r\ndheads 7 equally unwelcome gue/s1 treat+ _! ho/ ) scant c]emony1 ransack+ 8 h\se & help+ !mselves freely to ev]y?+ t might be ( any s]vice to !m4 ,let ,pet] ,dav5port1 ! squire ( ,bramhall1 tell 9 8 own words ! /ory ( 8 woes3 ',on ,new ,ye>'s ,day1 #afdc1 came ,capta9 ,sankey 7a ,p>liam5t>y (fic]7 ) two or ?ree troop]s to ,bramhall1 & w5t into my /able & took out my horses1 above tw5ty 9 all1 & aft]w>ds se>*$ my h\se = arms aga9 & took my f[l+-piece1 /ock+-piece1 & drum1 ) div]s o!r ?+s4 ,next day1 aft] !y 7 gone1 came ,pr9ce ,rup]t's army1 by :om ,i lo/ bett] ?an a hundr$ p\nds 9 l95 & o!r goods1 besides ! rifl+ & pull+ to pieces ( my h\se4 ,by :om ,i lo/ eight horses1 & !y ate me ?reescore bu%els ( oats4' ,poor ,pet] 0 n yet at ! end ( 8 tr\bles1 = :5 ! w> 0 ov] he _h to pay five hundr$ p\nds 9 ord] to buy back 8 own prop]ty1 = ! e/ates ( ! ,royali/s 7 confiscat$ by ,p>liam5t & sold back to _! own]s = l>ge sums ( money4 ,! empty ni*es ov] ! por*es ( _m ,*e%ire *ur*es tell _! own tale ( ! damage done by ! ,cromwellian troops4 ,sculptur$ images 7 ev]y:]e brok5 9 fragm5ts1 lead 0 /ripp$ f ! fonts & ro(s to be turn$ into bullets4 ,! pipes 7 tak5 f ! organ ( ,budwor? ,*ur*1 & ! /a9$ glass w9d[s ( ,t>v9 de/roy$ by ! ,puritan fanatic1 ,john ,bru54 ,! sacr$ build+s !mselves 7 us$ ?r\gh\t ! w> z b>racks1 =tresses1 /ables1 or prisons4 ,! de/ruction ( prop]ty & ( works ( art t c nev] be replac$ 0 inde$ l>gely ! "w ( ! ,r\ndheads2 b x 0 ! ,royali/s :o p]petrat$ ! blacke/ de$ 9 ?is long tale ( civil /rife4 ,9 ! w9t] ( #afdc ,"l ,byron's troop]s 7 plund]+ ! villages ( ,s\? ,*e%ire1 burn+ f>ms & home/eads1 & driv+ ! c\ntry p be=e !m4 ,"o ( 8 (fic]s1 ,major ,conn\ght1 ent]$ ! village ( ,b>?omley1 & _m ( ! panic-/rick5 inhabitants took refuge 9 ! t[] ( ! *ur*4 ,conn\ght & 8 brutal foll[]s broke up ! pews1 ga!r$ toge!r ! mats & ru%es /rewn ^u ! floor1 & made a bonfire at ! entrance to ! t[]4 ,=c$ f _! place ( refuge by fire & smoke1 ! un=tunate villag]s 7 /abb$ & hack$ to dea? z !y came out "o by "o4 ,?is 0 _! ,*ri/ma/ide1 ! season ( peace & good fell[%ip & bro!rly love1 & m51 bl9d ) ! lu/ ( blood1 7 cutt+ ! ?roats ( _! bro!rs z if !y 7 %eep 9 ! %ambles4 ,happily1 su* sc5es z ?is 7 r>e1 ev5 9 ^? d>k ye>s4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi ,,civil ,,w> ,,9 ,,*e%ire4 ,,iii ,,! ,,protectorate ,,& ,,! ,,re/oration ,! /ory is told t a s*oolboy1 w&]+ among ! tomb/ones 9 ! *ur*y>d ( ,macclesfield1 scrat*$ ^! /range l9es on "o ( ! grave-slabs3 ,my bro!r ,h>ry mu/ heir ! l&2 ,my bro!r ,frank mu/ be at 8 comm&2 ,:ile ,i1 poor ,jack1 %all d t ,:i* all ! _w w wond] at4 ',poor ,jack' 0 ,john ,brad%aw1 ^: "n is ! fir/ on ! li/ ( ^? :o sign$ ! w>rant = ! execution ( ! k+4 ,on ,janu>y #a1 #afdi1 ,p>liam5t decid$ t ,*>les %\ld be tri$ be=e a ,high ,c\rt ( ,ju/ice1 & on ! tw5ty-sev5? ( ! same mon?1 ,brad%aw1 ! presid5t ( ! ,c\rt1 pron\nc$ ! dea? s5t5ce 9 ,we/m9/] ,hall4 ,john ,brad%aw1 ! 'regicide'1 0 born at ,wibb]sley ,hall1 ne> ,disley4 ,9 ! regi/] ( ! ,p>i% ,*ur* ( ,/ockport is ! record ( 8 baptism3 ',decemb]1 #afjb1 ,john1 ! son ( ,h5ry ,brad%aw1 ( ,m>ple1 baptis$ ! t5?4 ,traitor4' ,! ^w ',traitor' has be5 add$ by ano!r h&1 no d\bt t ( "s ard5t ,royali/4 ,he 0 educat$ at ,bunbury ,s*ool by ,edw>d ,burghall1 a notable ,*e%ire ,puritan1 :o 0 aft]w>ds made vic> ( ,acton1 & wrote a ,di>y 7or copi$ someone else's ,di>y7 ( ! ,civil ,w> 9 ,*e%ire4 ,brad%aw also probably sp5t a %ort "t at ! ,gramm> ,s*ool at ,macclesfield4 ,he became ,mayor ( ,congleton & ,*ief ,ju/ice ( ,*e%ire4 ,! "n ( ,major-,g5]al ,?omas ,h>rison1 a native ( ,nantwi*1 also appe>s on ! li/ ( ^? :o sign$ ! dea?-w>rant ( ! k+4 ,memorials ( ! ill-fat$ mon>* 7 eag]ly s\ght = by ! mo/ devot$ ( 8 foll[]s4 ,9 ! ,/ag ,p>l\r at ,lyme ,hall are "s *airs1 said to be cov]$ ) portions ( ! cloak t ,*>les wore at ! "t ( 8 dea?4 ,"h also are a pair ( embroid]$ gloves t belong$ to ! k+1 & a dagg] ) 8 "n ',c>olus' engrav$ ^u x4 ,! w> 0 cont9u$ by 8 son1 ,*>les ! ,second4 ,james ,/anley1 ,e>l ( ,d]by1 0 made comm&] ( ! ,royali/ =ces 9 ,*e%ire4 ,9 ! ye> #afea ,knuts=d ,hea? 0 a sc5e ( bu/l+ activity4 ,"h 7 encamp$ ! =ces ( ,g5]al ,lamb]t1 "o ( ,cromwell's mo/ tru/$ lieut5ants1 consi/+ ( #i1jjj horse & #d1jjj foot4 ,he 0 wait+ = ! ,royali/ army1 :i* 0 m>*+ s\?w>ds f ,scotl& "u ! comm& ( ,*>les himself & ,g5]al ,leslie4 ,lamb]t 0 ord]$ to cut d[n ! bridge at ,w>r+ton to prev5t ! passage ( ! k+'s army1 b arriv$ too late4 ,skirmi%es took place at ,budwor? & ,high ,legh1 & ,lamb]t 0 compell$ to retreat to ,knuts=d1 :ile ! ,royali/ army pass$ on its way to ! fatal field ( ,worce/]4 ,a few days lat]1 ! p ( ,s&ba* 7 sett+ up ! /alls & spread+ _! w>es 9 ! m>ket-place = ! ,septemb] ,fair4 ,a cry 0 sudd5ly rais$ t soldi]s 7 ent]+ ! t[n4 ,!y 7 all t 0 left ( ,leslie's ,scotti% ,cavali]s4 ,we>y ( w>1 _! horses jad$ & lame1 !y 7 anxi\s only to be all[$ to rea* _! homes aga9 9 safety4 ,b ! t[nspeople1 rememb]+ p]haps ! massacre ( ,b>?omley1 7 n m9d$ to let !m (f easily4 ,! =emo/ troop]s1 :o alone 7 arm$1 7 all[$ to pass ?r\gh ! t[n4 ,!n ) /icks & /aves !y fell ^u ! re>gu>d & cudgell$ !m4 ,_m 7 w\nd$ & captur$1 & plac$ 9 ! t[n prison1 :]e p]haps !y 7 n sorry to re/4 ,o!rs escap$ into ! op5 fields4 ',scot* ,commons'1 z ! sc5e ( ! enc\nt] is /ill call$1 rem9ds u ( ?is la/ ev5t ( ! ,civil ,w> 9 ,*e%ire4 ,! /ruggle 0 end$4 ,*>les 0 an exile1 & ,cromwell rul$ ov] ! l&4 ,"o ( ,cromwell's ,acts decre$ t all :o _h any communication ) ,*>les ! ,second %\ld be held guilty ( conspiracy aga9/ ! ,/ate4 ,! ,e>l ( ,d]by1 :o escap$ f ! r\t at ,worce/]1 b 0 captur$ at ,nantwi*1 0 tri$ "u ?is ,act & condemn$ to dea?4 ,he escap$ f 8 prison 9 ! ca/le at ,*e/]1 & lay conceal$ = a "t1 x is said1 9 a secret *amb] 9 ! ,/anley ,palace ne> ! ,wat] ,gate4 ,! ',m>tyr ,e>l' 01 h[ev]1 recaptur$ on ! banks ( ! ,dee1 & behead$ at ,bolton4 ,br]eton 0 rew>d$ = 8 devotion to ! ,p>liam5t>y cause ) ! *ief =e/]%ip ( ,macclesfield =e/4 ,soon aft]w>ds1 h[ev]1 he left ! c\nty ( 8 bir? & liv$ 9 ,london until 8 dea? 9 #affa4 ,8 body 0 br\ght to ,*eadle = burial 9 ! ,h&=? ,*apel4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no note ( 8 burial 9 ! p>i% regi/]s1 & tradition says t dur+ ! j\rney ! c(f9 9 :i* 8 body 0 plac$ 0 swept away by ! swoll5 wat]s ( a riv] ov] :i* x 0 be+ c>ri$4 ,! ,puritans det]m9$ to put an end to ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,*ur* by bi%ops1 & aboli%$ ! ,book ( ,common ,pray] f ! ,*ur* s]vices1 putt+ 9 its place a new =m ( public wor%ip4 ,ab\t ?irty ( ! cl]gy 9 ,*e%ire :o refus$ to p]=m ! new s]vices ( ! ,*ur* 7 turn$ out ( _! liv+s4 ,*ildr5 7 no long] to be baptiz$ 9 fonts b f a bas94 ,h\r-glasses 7 set up 9 ! pulpits1 f :i* long political s]mons 7 prea*$ to ! p4 ,! ,puritan mayor ( ,*e/] w\ld n p]mit ,*ri/mas & o!r "t-hon\r$ fe/ivals ( ! ,*ur* to be kept1 & music1 danc+1 & games 7 rigidly put d[n4 ,9 #afei an attempt 0 made by a numb] ( ,*e%ire g5try to re/ore ,*>les to ! ?rone4 ,oliv] ,cromwell 0 n[ dead1 & _h be5 succe$$ by 8 son ,ri*>d4 ,b ! real p[] 0 9 ! h&s ( ! soldi]s1 & _m p soon became disgu/$ ) milit>y rule4 ,! lead] ( ! revolt 9 ,*e%ire 0 ,sir ,george ,boo?1 ( ,dunham ,massey4 ,he _h f\ght on ! side ( ,p>liam5t 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! w>1 & 0 "o ( ! ,presbyt]ian memb]s ( ,p>liam5t :o 7 turn$ out ( ! ,h\se by ',pride's ,purge1' j be=e ! execution ( ! k+4 ,sir ,george ,boo? collect$ a ,royali/ =ce on ,r[ton ,moor1 & prep>$ to attack ,*e/]4 ,he captur$ ! city & ! walls1 b fail$ to take ! ca/le1 ^: gov]nor 0 ,colonel ,croxton1 ( ,rav5scr(t ,hall ne> ,middlewi*4 ,colonel ,lamb]t1 h[ev]1 0 summon$ ) two regim5ts f ,irel&1 & he compell$ ,boo? to retire t[>ds ,nor?wi*4 ,! ,royali/ =ce 0 ov]tak5 at ,h>t=d1 & 9 ! battle :i* took place ne> ,w9n+ton ,bridge on ! riv] ,weav]1 0 completely r\t$4 ,b ! return ( ! exil$ k+ 0 n long delay$4 ,among ! ,royali/s captur$ at ,nantwi* 9 #afdd 0 ,george ,monk4 ,aft] 8 release he ent]$ ! s]vice ( ,p>liam5t1 & won ! e/eem ( ,cromwell4 ,g5]al ,monk n[ succe$$ 9 p]suad+ ,p>liam5t to recall ,*>les4 ,n[h]e 0 ! ev5t welcom$ m gladly ?an 9 ,*e%ire4 ,*ur* bells rang m]rily1 maypoles 7 set up aga9 ^u ! village gre5s1 & bonfires light$ on ! hill-tops4 ,! long qu>rel t _h sep>at$ fa!r f son & bro!r f bro!r 0 at an end1 & _m a ,*e%ire home 0 gladd5$ by ! return ( we>i$ soldi]s4 ,! k+ _h come into 8 own aga94 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii ,,! ,,fall ,,( ,,! ,,/u>ts ,:5 ,*>les 0 re/or$ to ! ?rone ! bi%ops also came back to _! bi%oprics4 ,! records ( ! *ur*es ( ,*e/] tell ( ! paym5ts made to ! r+]s = ! r++ ( ! bells :5 ! citiz5s joy\sly welcom$ ,bi%op ,walton to ! city4 ,a l>ge numb] ( citiz5s & m\nt$ soldi]s w5t z f> z ,nantwi* to meet him & escort$ him to ! city gates ( ,*e/]1 :]e ! mayor & corporation z well z ! cl]gy & g5try ( ,*e%ire receiv$ him4 ,once m a ,*ri/mas 0 kept 9 ! old "t way1 & ! *ur*es 7 deck$ ) holly & ev]gre5s = "o ( ! greate/ fe/ivals ( ! ,*ur*4 ,& truly ! b>e walls1 /ripp$ ( ev]y?+ t 0 beautiful1 ne$$ "s adornm5t aft] ! ravages & desecrations ( ! ,civil ,w>4 ,b ,*>les 0 a fooli% k+1 & sp5t mo/ ( 8 days 9 idle & frivol\s pleasures4 ,! p 7 disappo9t$ ) him1 = he _h pl5ty ( bra9s4 ,"o ( 8 fav\rite hobbies 0 ! /udy ( sci5ce4 ,john ,wilk9s1 ano!r ,bi%op ( ,*e/]1 0 "o ( a little b& ( clev] m5 :o help$ ! k+ to f\nd ! ,royal ,society = ! spread ( k & ! /udy ( sci5ce4 ,to be a ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society is to ?is day "o ( ! highe/ hon\rs t m5 ( sci5ce c obta94 ,! fav\rite /udy ( ,john ,wilk9s 0 a/ronomy1 & he wrote a book call$ ! ,discov]y ( a ,new ,_w1 to prove t !re may be ano!r habitable _w 9 ! moon4 ,ano!r book ( 8 0 call$ ,m]cury2 or ! secret & swift ,mess5g]1 %ew+ h[ a man may privately & ) spe$ tell 8 ?\ghts to fri5ds at any di/ance4 ,?us1 _h he liv$ 9 a lat] age1 he might p]haps h be5 ! inv5tor ( ! telegraph & telephone4 ,*>les secretly fav\r$ ! old ,ca?olic religion1 & on 8 dea?-b$ 0 receiv$ into ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,dur+ 8 reign ano!r ,act ( ,uni=mity 0 pass$1 mu* m sev]e ?an ! =m] "o4 ,sixty m9i/]s ( ,*e%ire *ur*es1 :o refus$ to obey ! ,act1 7 turn$ out ( _! liv+s4 ,among !m 0 ,adam ,m>t9dale1 a not$ ,puritan1 :o 0 driv5 f 8 *ur* at ,ro/h]ne4 ,adam ,m>t9dale wrote ! /ory ( 8 life1 ) all 8 trials & mis=tunes1 9 a book :i* y may read 9 _m ( y\r public libr>ies4 ,! ,noncon=mi/s 7 prev5t$ by ano!r ,act f hold+ pray] meet+s )9 five miles ( ! t[n or village :]e !y _h held a liv+4 ,! gaol at ,*e/] 0 soon fill$ ) ^? :o 7 ready to suff] = ! crime ( prea*+ ! ,gospel 9 _! homes & to _! fri5ds4 ,sir ,ge(frey ,%ak]ley1 :o _h be5 made ,gov]nor ( ,*e/] ,ca/le = 8 s]vices 9 ! ,civil ,w>1 s\ght !m out & p]secut$ !m ) great cruelty4 ,/ill !re 7 _m :o cont9u$ to wor%ip 9 _! own way4 ,= a long "t !y held _! s]vices secretly 9 private h\ses1 b1 9 #afij1 ! ,tol]ation ,act all[$ !m to build *apels4 ,^! !y erect$ *iefly on ! outskirts ( t[ns or 9 remote villages4 ,dur+ ! lat] ye>s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ^! *apels increas$ greatly 9 numb]4 ,! ,unit>ian *apel at ,knuts=d & ! t9y brick *apel at ,dean ,r[1 betwe5 ! ,boll9 & ! ,dean1 are among ! e>lie/ ( su* places ( wor%ip 9 ,*e%ire4 ,mat!w ,h5ry1 a le>n$ comm5tator ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ^: fa!r _h be5 turn$ out ( 8 *ur* at ,wor!nbury1 prea*$ 9 ! *apel 9 ,tr9ity ,/reet1 ,*e/]4 ,y may /ill see ! sev5te5?-c5tury pulpit f :i* he address$ 8 congregation4 ,dur+ ! ,civil ,w> ! pulpit _h become ! mo/ important feature ( ! *ur*es4 ,! ,puritans 7 9 ! habit ( prea*+ long political s]mons :i* !y tim$ ) an h\r-glass fix$ on ! wall ne> ! pulpit4 ,at ,%otwick is a pulpit ( ! k9d call$ a '?ree-deck]'1 ) a squ>e box-pew b5ea? x = ! p>i% cl]k4 ,z soon z p 7 p]mitt$ to *oose _! own =m ( wor%ip sev]al o!r religi\s bodies came into be+1 ea* ) its own peculi> tea*+ & belief1 (t5 diff]+ b slightly f ea* o!r1 all b5t on practis+ _! religion precisely 9 _! own p>ticul> way4 ,_m e>ne/ soldi]s 9 ! ,p>liam5t>y army ( ,sir ,george ,boo?1 :5 encamp$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,knuts=d & ,ald]ley1 _h held _! s]vices 9 ! b>n ( a f>mh\se at ,w>=d4 ,_! *ildr5 9 aft] days built ! t9y ,bapti/ *apel :i* /ill rema9s 9 ! village4 ,! ,quak]s 7 v num]\s 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,/ockport & ,wilmsl[1 & ,george ,fox ! f\nd] ( _! sect1 or ',society ( ,fri5ds' z x 0 call$1 us$ (t5 to visit !m4 ,"s cottages on ,l9d[ ,moss 7 once a ,quak] *apel1 & !re is a ,quak] burial-gr\nd 9 a clump ( trees ne> ,mobb]ley4 ,_m ( ! grave/ones h sev5te5?-c5tury dates ^u !m4 ,(t5 ! ,quak]s 7 refus$ burial 9 ! *ur*y>ds1 & mo/ out-(-!-way places 7 *os5 = _! la/ re/+-place4 ,!re are "s ,quak]s' graves 9 ! woods at ,burton 9 ,wirral4 ,james ! ,second1 :o succe$$ 8 bro!r ,*>les1 did n try to hide ! fact t he 0 a ,papi/4 ,_m p w\ld h pref]r$ ! ,duke ( ,monm\?1 a ba/>d son ( ,*>les ! ,second1 z k+4 ,he 0 kn[n to be a ,prote/ant1 & ! p ( ,*e%ire1 :o 7 /rongly ,prote/ant1 w\ld h welcom$ him z !y _h already welcom$ him once 9 ,*>les ! ,second's reign4 ,?ree ye>s be=e ,james became k+1 ! duke _h visit$ ,*e%ire & rais$ ! cry ( ',no ,pop]y6' ,he /ay$ at ,ma9w>+ ,h\se 9 ,bridge ,/reet1 ,*e/]1 & supp$ at ! ,plume ( ,fea!rs ,inn4 ,on ! foll[+ day ! little daught] ( ! mayor 0 *ri/5$1 & ! duke /ood godfa!r1 nam+ h] ,h5rietta4 ,! duke !n made a triumphal progress ?r\gh ! villages ( ,wirral4 ,he /ay$ at ,peel ,hall1 ,brombor\gh1 9 ord] to att5d ! races at ,wallasey1 :]e he won a prize1 :i* he s5t to 8 little goddaught] at ,*e/]4 ,sev]al ( ! ,wirral g5try met 9 a summ]-h\se at ,bid/on1 & talk$ ( a ris+ 9 8 fav\r4 ,b ! c\ntry p did n %[ s mu* read9ess z _h be5 expect$1 & all ! duke's do+s 7 secretly report$ to ! k+ by ,sir ,pet] ,%ak]ley1 ! gov]nor ( ,*e/] ,ca/le4 ,monm\? also /ay$ at ,rock ,savage & ,dunham ,massey1 & witness$ ! sports at ,gawswor?4 ,%ortly aft]w>ds1 h[ev]1 he 0 captur$ by ! k+'s m5 at ,/af=d1 & ! plot came to no?+4 ,he 0 lucky n to lose 8 head4 ,*>les 0 k9d] to him ?an ,james 0 :5 ! duke rais$ ! ,we/ ( ,engl& 9 #afhe4 ,james 0 ?or\ghly hat$ by ! bulk ( ! p1 :o grew tir$ ( ! mis*iev\s rule ( ! ,/u>ts1 & made up _! m9ds to depose him4 ,!y 7 also det]m9$ t nev] aga9 %\ld a ,ca?olic k+ reign ov] !m4 ,james fl$ to ,france1 & ,?omas ,c>twright1 ! ,bi%op ( ,*e/]1 :o _h made ! citiz5s angry by br++ 9 aga9 ! old ,ca?olic s]vices ( ! ,*ur*1 foll[$ him into exile4 ,9 ! g>d5s ( ,gayton ,hall are two anci5t trees :i* h be5 call$ ,william & ,m>y4 ,william ( ,orange 0 ! new k+ :o 0 invit$ by ! ,engli% to succe$ ,james4 ,all :o held (fice 9 ,*ur* or ,/ate 7 requir$ to take ! oa? ( allegiance to him4 ,"s refus$ to d ?is4 ,!y 7 call$ non-jurors1 & among !m 7 sev]al ( ! cl]gy ( ,*e%ire :o _h to give up _! *ur*es4 ,james made an ef=t to rega9 8 lo/ k+dom1 & sail$ f ,france to ,irel&1 :]e he hop$ to w9 _m adh]5ts4 ,william assembl$ 8 =ces 9 ,wirral1 /ay+ at ,gayton ,hall1 ! home ( ,william ,clegg1 :om he knight$ aft] 8 visit4 ,! ',k+'s ,gap'1 ne> ,hoylake1 rem9ds u ( ,k+ ,william's pres5ce 9 ,*e%ire4 ,on ! ,l[l&s1 betwe5 ,hoylake & ,meols1 8 army lay encamp$1 & 9 ! riv] ,dee ,sir ,cl\desley ,%ovel1 ! brave sailor :o rose f 'p[d]-monkey' to admiral1 0 wait+ ) ! fleet to take ! troops across to ,irel&4 ,cl\desley ,%ovel is said to h receiv$ "p ( 8 education at ! ,gramm> ,s*ool ( ,/ockport4 ,on ! *ancel wall ( ,we/ ,kirby ,*ur* is a tablet be>+ ! "n ( ,b>on ,johannes ,van ,zoel51 :o di$ "h 9 #afij4 ,! =eign-look+ "n is t ( an (fic] ( ! ,dut* troops ( ! ,duke ( ,s*omb]g1 = ,william employ$ ,dut* & ,g]man soldi]s to put d[n ,james's ris+ 9 ,irel&4 ,! soldi]s emb>k$ at ,hoylake1 & a few weeks lat] ! f>m]s ( ,wirral1 :o _h _h to fe$ ! army1 & :o1 no d\bt1 7 glad to see x dep>t1 he>d ( ,william's great victory at ! battle ( ! ,boyne4 ,james took refuge aga9 9 ,france4 ,_m ,*e%ire m5 took "p 9 ,william's ,iri% campaign4 ,a regim5t 0 rais$ 9 ,*e%ire by ,sir ,george ,boo?1 ! old ,p>liam5t>y lead] :o _h1 aft] ! ,civil ,w>1 become "o ( ,*>les ! ,second's mo/ devot$ foll[]s & receiv$ ! title ( ,"l ,delam]e = 8 s]vices4 ,! regim5t 0 also accompani$ by a troop ( horse f ,wilmsl[ & ! neighb\rhood4 ,william 0 nev] popul> ) 8 subjects4 ,!y dislik$ him because he 0 n ,engli%4 ,he 0 cold & sil5t1 & 8 mann]s ungraci\s2 he spoke ,engli% ) difficulty1 & (t5 he seem$ anxi\s to get back to 8 own c\ntry4 ,b he 0 devot$ to duty & a great soldi]1 & he did mu* = ,engl& 9 *eck+ ! p[] ( ! ,fr5* k+ :o fav\r$ ! exil$ ,/u>t4 ,william di$ *ildless1 & 0 succe$$ by ,anne1 ! la/ ,/u>t :o sat on ! ,engli% ?rone4 ,%e _h ,*e%ire blood 9 h] ve9s1 = %e 0 ! daught] ( ,james ! ,second's wife1 ,anne ,hyde1 ^: gr&fa!r1 ! ,e>l ( ,cl>5don1 0 a ,hyde ( ,hyde ,hall4 ,que5 ,anne's *ildr5 all di$ "y4 ,be=e %e came to ! ?rone ,p>liam5t _h pass$ an ,act ( ,settlem5t1 by :i* ! cr[n 0 settl$ on a ,prote/ant1 ,pr9cess ,sophia1 gr&daught] ( ,james ! ,fir/1 & h] heirs4 ,:5 ,que5 ,anne di$1 ,george1 ! elde/ son ( ,sophia1 became k+4 ,! fall5 ,/u>ts made m ?an "o attempt to recov] ! ,briti% cr[n4 ,9 #agae1 :5 ,george ! ,fir/ 0 k+1 a numb] ( ,*e%ire g5tlem51 among :om 7 ! ,leghs ( ,legh & ,lymm1 ! ,grosv5ors ( ,eaton1 ,w>r5s & ,as%etons1 & ,*olmondeleys met 9 ! hall ( ! ,as%etons at ,a%ley to decide :e!r !y %\ld give any help to ,james ,edw>d1 ! ',old ,pret5d]'1 ,james's elde/ son1 :o 0 rais+ a revolt 9 ,scotl&4 ,!y decid$ by a majority ( "o only to rema9 loyal to ! ,prote/ant ,k+ ,george4 ,?irty ye>s lat] ! inhabitants ( ,ea/ ,*e%ire saw an army ( rugg$ ,highl&]s 9 bonnets & kilts pass s\?w>ds f ,/ockport ,pr9ce ,*>les ,edw>d1 ! ',"y ,pret5d]'1 _h rais$ 8 flag 9 ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl& & ga!r$ toge!r an army ( ',jacobites'1 z ! foll[]s ( ! ,/u>ts 7 call$4 ,at ,man*e/] ! ,scots _h be5 jo9$ by ab\t #bjj ,lanca%ire ,ca?olics4 ,b ! villag]s :o *e]$ ! rebels on ! ,macclesfield high-road saw !m return+ )9 a week1 = !y _h h>dly cross$ ! hills at ,bosley & desc5d$ into ! valleys ( ,d]by%ire :5 ! ,duke ( ,cumb]l&1 comm&+ an army 9 ! ,midl&s1 scatt]$ !m & drove !m pell-mell nor?w>ds aga94 ,9 ,lyme ,hall are "s ,jacobite w9e-glasses1 ) ! ,:ite ,rose ( ! ,/u>ts /amp$ on "o side1 & on ! o!r ! ,lat9 ^w 'fiat'1 :i* express$ ! ?\ght t 0 9 ! m9ds ( ^? :o us$ !m3 ',may ! k+ come to 8 own aga96' ,:5 m5 7 =bidd5 to dr9k ! heal? ( ! ,pret5d] 9 public1 ^! 'fiat' glasses 7 made by ! ,jacobites & ! toa/ drunk 9 sil5ce4 ',bonnie ,pr9ce ,*>lie' /ay$ at ! h\se ( ,sir ,pet] ,dav5port 9 ,macclesfield1 & 8 (fic]s at a h\se 9 ,jordangate :i* is n[ ! ,george ,hotel4 ,/u>t ',pret5d]s' 7 nev] se5 9 ,*e%ire aga94 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii ,,! ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury4 ,i ,dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ! p ( ,*e%ire began to repair ! damage done to ! *ur*es1 mansions1 & public build+s dur+ ! ,civil ,w>s4 ,x 0 h>dly to be expect$ t ! art ( ! build] c\ld fl\ri% dur+ t /ormy p]iod4 ,go?ic ar*itecture _h rea*$ its greate/ glory "u ! ,plantag5et & ,tudor k+s1 & :5 ! build]s ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies took up _! "w aga9 !y ca/ aside ! aims & ideals ( ! ,go?ic craftsm5 & turn$ to new models & new s\rces = _! inspiration4 ,! *anges :i* 7 n[ made 7 "o ( ! results ( ! ,r5aissance or ,great ,awak5+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! m5 :o visit$ ,italy & br\ght back ) !m copies ( ! works ( ! old ,greek & ,roman writ]s1 :i* !y pr9t$ & gave to ! _w1 br\ght also ! ideas ( ,italian ar*itects & plans ( ,italian build+s1 :i* _h be5 copi$ f ^? ( anci5t ,a!ns & ,rome4 ,engli%m5 ( ! eighte5? c5tury took ^! z _! models4 ,l ! ,roman workm51 !y f\nd x easi] to copy ?an to inv5t4 ,if y turn back to ,*apt] ,,vi y w f9d t ! *ief feature ( ! ,roman1 :i* we w n[ call ! ,italian or ,classic /yle1 are ! r[s ( pill>s rang$ along ! front & sides ( a build+4 ,! ,t[n ,hall ( ,macclesfield1 & ! gr\p ( build+s :i* n[ =m ! ,ca/le ( ,*e/]1 are good examples ( ! /yle ( ar*itecture :i* prevail$ dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! w9d[s are sometimes r\nd-head$1 b m (t5 !y are rectangul>1 ) l[ triangles above !m4 ,un=tunately _m anci5t build+s1 :i* we w\ld gladly h ) u n[1 disappe>$ at ?is "t4 ,"s ( !m1 no d\bt1 7 9 su* a ru9\s /ate t x 0 impossible to repair !m1 b1 g5]ally speak+1 little or no pa9s 7 tak5 to re/ore !m to _! =m] appe>ance4 ,! p pref]r$ to pull d[n & de/roy & rebuild 9 ! new ,classic /yle1 :i* rapidly became a craze4 ,! greate/ loss 0 t ( ! m$iaeval ca/le ( ,*e/]1 :i*1 ) ! exception ( ',caes>'s ,t[]'1 0 pull$ d[n 9 #aghh4 ,! front entrance to ! new ca/le is 9 ! ,doric /yle4 ,r\nd ! c\rty>d are b>racks & an arm\ry1 ! c\nty gaol & ! %ire hall ) colonnades ( ,ionic pill>s4 ,_m f9e ,elizabe?an halls 7 de/roy$ to make way = mansions 9 ! ,classic /yle4 ,hooton ,hall 0 built on ! site ( an old 'black & :ite' timb] h\se4 ,poynton1 ,tabley1 ,tatton1 ,ince1 & ,dodd+ton ,halls 7 built ab\t ! same "t4 ,o!r h\ses 7 alt]$ or enl>g$4 ,! beauty ( ,adl+ton ,hall 0 spoilt by ! /one front ) its ,cor9?ian columns1 :i* ,*>les & ,he/] ,legh built4 ,! appe>ance ( ,lyme ,hall 0 completely *ang$ by an ,italian ar*itect nam$ ,giacomo ,leoni4 ,8 "w is adorn$ ) figures ( ! gods ( hea!n ,rome1 ,neptune & ,v5us & ,pan4 ,! ,leghs ( ,lyme br\ght _m treasures f ,italy4 ,! /a9$ glass 9 ! ea/ w9d[ ( ,disley ,*ur* 0 br\ght by !m4 ,! r\ndhead$ ',italian' w9d[s 9 ! t[] ( ,ro/h]ne ,*ur* tell u t !y are ! "w ( eighte5?-c5tury build]s & 're/or]s'4 ,! ugly t[] cuts a sorry figure :5 comp>$ ) ! beautiful p]p5dicul> t[]s ( ,mobb]ley1 ,*eadle1 ,budwor?1 ,witton1 ,ald]ley1 ,middlewi*1 & o!rs 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,! t[] ( ,great ,b>r[ ,*ur*1 ) urns 9 ! place ( p9nacles1 & ! por* ( ,frod%am1 are out ( keep+ ) ! ,go?ic "* ( ! re/ ( ! build+s4 ,! eighte5?-c5tury re/or]s _h little ta/e or s5se ( beauty4 ,)9 ! *ur*es ugly wood5 gall]ies 7 plac$ ov] ! aisles1 & ! walls1 pill>s1 & pews coat$ ) lay]s ( pa9t or :itewa%4 ,ev5 ! c>v$ woodwork ( ! *oir /alls ( ,*e/] ,ca!dral 0 pa9t$4 ,! op5 timb] ro( ( ,ald]ley ,old ,*ur* 0 hidd5 by a flat ceil+ ( la? & pla/]4 ,a portion ( ! old timb] *ur* at ,w>burton 0 repair$ ) common bricks1 & sometimes :ole *ur*es 7 rebuilt ) ! same mat]ial4 ,illu/ration3 ,,entrance ,,to ,,*e/] ,,ca/le ,9 place ( ! h&some ,decorat$ alt> tombs1 ) _! effigies ( knights & dames1 great tablets ( m>ble br\ght f ,italy 7 fix$ on ! walls4 ,on !m 7 c>v$ skulls & cross-bones1 sometimes an entire skeleton1 ) fun]al urns l ^? 9 :i* ! ,romans plac$ ! a%es ( _! dead4 ,scrolls ) long rambl+ inscriptions told ( ! virtues ( ! dead4 ,^! 7 (t5 writt5 9 ,lat91 z if ! homely ,engli% ( ! "m tongue 0 n good en\gh = ! purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ro/h]ne4 ,,eighte5?-,,c5tury ,,t[] ,! poets ( ! eighte5? c5tury imitat$ ! /yle ( ! poets ( anci5t ,rome4 ,_! poems are full ( ! wit & satire f\nd 9 ,horace & ,juv5al4 ,man1 n ,nature1 0 ne>ly always ! subject ( _! poems4 ,two l9es ( ,alex&] ,pope1 ! greate/ ( ! eighte5?-c5tury poets1 are c>v$ on ! tomb/one ( ,sir ,john ,*es%yre 9 ,runcorn ,*ur*3-- ,a wit's a fea!r & a *ief's a rod3 ,an hone/ man's ! noble/ "w ( ,god4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*ancel3 ,,frod%am 7,eighte5? ,c5tury7 ,sir ,john ,*es%yre 0 a lawy]1 & built ! little libr>y ne> ,halton ,ca/le 9 #agcc = ! books :i* he left = ! use ( ,*e%ire s*ol>s & /ud5ts4 ,clubs 7 =m$ by ! poets & wits & 'm5 ( fa%ion' ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,!y met 9 ! tav]ns & c(fee-h\ses ( ! t[ns1 & scrat*$ _! sm>t say+s on ! w9d[-panes ) _! diamond r+s4 ,!y r prid$ !mselves on _! ecc5tric habits & _! sup]iority ov] o!r m51 :o _h nei!r ! "t nor ! money to wa/e on frivol\s amusem5ts4 ,9 a little wood ne> ,gawswor? is a lonely grave ) a pla9 flat /one1 b5ea? :i*1 ,undi/urb$1 & hid f ,vulg> ,eyes1 ,a ,wit1 ,musician1 ,poet1 ,play]1 lies4 ,! grave is t ( ,samuel ,johnson1 a danc+ ma/]1 'aft]w>ds ennobl$ ) ! gr&] title ( ,"l ,flame1' z ! inscription tells u1 :o 0 buri$ "h at 8 own desire4 ,ne/on & ,p>kgate1 tw9 t[ns on ! s\!rn %ore ( ,wirral1 7 visit$ by _m fa%ionable p 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,!y sp5t ! summ] "h = ! ba?+ & ! fre% breezes t bl[ f ! ,iri% ,sea & ! hills ( ,wales4 ,x is to be fe>$ t ,p>kgate 0 also ! resort ( less respectable folk1 = 9 "s ( ! old h\ses y may /ill see ! huge holes 9 :i* smuggl]s /or$ _! unlawful c>goes4 ,x 0 dang]\s "w1 = ! ',k+'s ,ya*t'1 z ! rev5ue cutt] 0 call$1 patroll$ ! wat]s ( ! ,dee1 & ! (fic]s _h ord]s to %oot d[n all :om !y caught 9 ?is illegal traffic4 ,x is f ?is boat t ! ',ya*t ,inn' at ,*e/] takes its "n4 ,ne/on & ,p>kgate 7 ! />t+-po9ts = ! ,iri% mails4 ,! coa*es f ,london & ,liv]pool put d[n _! pass5g]s "h = ,dubl94 ,"o ( ! mo/ beautiful poems 9 ! ,engli% language1 ! ',lycidas' ( ,john ,milton1 0 writt5 9 memory ( ,edw>d ,k+1 a fri5d ( ! poet1 :o 0 %ipwreck$ on 8 way f ,irel& to ,p>kgate4 ,! ,london coa*es t br\ght travell]s to ,*e/] & ,p>kgate frequ5tly got into difficulties 9 ! l[-ly+ p>ts ne> ! ,riv] ,dee4 ,! roads 7 v bad1 & ! coa* (t5 _h to be haul$ out ( ! mud by a team ( horses borr[$ f "s neighb\r+ f>m4 ,! pass5g]s sometimes f\nd !mselves )\t _! purses & _! jewels at ! end ( _! j\rney4 ,! roads 7 frequ5t$ by highwaym5--'g5tlem5 ( ! road'1 !y call$ !mselves--:o held up ! coa* & dem&$ money4 ,) pi/ols levell$ at _! heads1 ! travell]s 7 g5]ally glad to escape ) _! lives4 ,"o ( ! mo/ fam\s ( ^! highwaym5 0 ,dick ,turp91 ^: escapades1 ,i imag9e1 are kn[n to mo/ ,*e%ire boys1 ?\gh ,i hope !y h no wi% to foll[ ! c>e] ( ?is rascally ?ief4 ,once x happ5$ 9 ,*e%ire1 ne> ,dunham ,i popp$ ,on a horseman alone1 :om ,i spe$ily /opp$2 ,t ,i light5$ 8 pockets y'll readily guess-- ,quick "w makes ,dick ,turp9 :5 m\nt$ on ,bess4 ,! robb]y spok5 ( 9 ^! l9es 0 committ$ on ! high-road betwe5 ,altr9*am & ,knuts=d1 & ,turp9 rode s fa/ to ! inn at ,hoo ,gre51 :]e he %[$ 8 wat* to "s ,*e%ire squires1 t he 0 nev] suspect$ ( ! crime4 ,?is & _m o!r /ories ( ,turp9 are told by ,h>rison ,a9swor?1 ! noveli/1 ^: fa!r liv$ at ,ro/h]ne4 ,knuts=d claim$ a highwayman ( its own1 "o ,higg9s1 :o liv$ on ,knuts=d ,hea? z an ord9>y g5tleman ( means1 & 0 v fri5dly ) ! sport+ squires ( ! neighb\rhood4 ,8 fav\rite amusem5t 0 to waylay ! ladies :o w5t to ! c\nty balls & 'assemblies' at ! ,george ,hotel1 & rob !m ( _! diamonds4 ,b he1 l mo/ o!rs ( 8 pr(ession1 0 f\nd out at la/1 & paid ) 8 life ! p5alty ( 8 crimes4 ,,*apt] ,,xxix ,,! ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury4 ,,ii ,! p ( ,*e%ire 7 n all ?ieves & robb]s 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,if ! ri* & ! idle 7 giv5 to folly & extravagance1 & poor] m5 also too (t5 lo/ ! little !y possess$ ?r\gh gambl+ & cock-fight+1 ! he>t ( ! p 0 s\nd1 & only wait+ to be /irr$ to new] life & bett] ideals4 ,9 ! latt] half ( ! c5tury a great prea*] came to ,*e%ire1 & /irr$ deeply ! he>ts ( m5 by d5\nc+ ! follies ( ! age1 & ! lack ( religi\s feel+ :i* _h spread ov] all classes ( society4 ,8 "n 0 ,john ,wesley1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,wesleyan & ,me?odi/ bodies4 ,at fir/ he met ) mu* opposition1 & 8 meet+s 7 brok5 up by ! mob1 b 9 "t ! p 7 /ruck by 8 e>ne/ness & flock$ to he> him4 ,! *apel at ,*e/] :]e he prea*$ 0 s cr[d$ t x c\ld n hold all :o wi%$ to li/5 to him4 ,9 8 ,di>y he tells u ( 8 visits to ,knuts=d1 ,/ockport1 & o!r ,*e%ire t[ns4 ,b ,wesley & 8 foll[]s (t5 f\nd !mselves unable to prea* 9 ! *ur*es1 s !y built = !mselves *apels1 little squ>e brick build+s1 all ov] ! c\nty4 ,ano!r f]v5t prea*] ( ! "t 0 ,capta9 ,scott1 :o left ! army to be a mission>y among 8 own c\ntrym51 :om he ga!r$ r\nd him 9 ! /reets or ! inn-y>ds ( ! villages :]e he /ay$4 ,! ,mill ,/reet ,*apel at ,congleton is "o ( ! _m *apels f\nd$ by him 9 ,s\!rn ,*e%ire4 ,_m ,*e%ire m5 7 fight+ 9 ! w>s into :i* ,engl& 0 drawn 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,9 ! reigns ( ,anne & ! ?ree ,georges w> succe$$ w>1 & ! int]vals ( peace 7 few & %ort4 ,france & ,spa9 7 our enemies1 ea* ( :om look$ ) jeal\s eyes ^u ! gr[+ p[] ( ,engl&1 &1 /ill m1 h] va/ colonial empire4 ,f ,canada 9 ! ,we/ to ,india 9 ! ,ea/ battles 7 f\ght on l& & on sea to ma9ta9 = ,engl& ! supremacy ( ! sea & h] colonies4 ,_m *ur*es 9 ,*e%ire tell ! /ory ( ,*e%ire soldi]s & sailors :o di/+ui%$ !mselves 9 ^! w>s4 ,9 ! *ur* ( ,pott ,%rigley y may see a memorial tablet ( ,pet] ,d[nes1 ^: ance/ors 7 =e/]s ( ! =e/ ( ,macclesfield4 ,pet] ,d[nes ent]$ ! navy & 0 kill$ 9 a fight betwe5 ! ,le&]1 an ,engli% man-(-w>1 & ! ,fr5* %ip ,gnreux4 ,pet] ,d5nis1 :o 0 born at ,*e/] & 0 a s*ol> at ! ,k+'s ,s*ool1 became an ,admiral ( ! ,fleet4 ,he 0 9 comm& ( ! battle%ip ,c5turion 9 a battle f\ght (f ,cape ,f9i/]re4 ,aft]w>ds he 0 knight$ & made comm&]-9-*ief ( ! ,m$it]ranean fleet4 ,! battle%ips 9 :i* ^! sailors f\ght 7 v diff]5t to ! mon/] ironclads ( ! pres5t day ) :i* y are famili>4 ,! eighte5?-c5tury vessels 7 ! old 'wood5 walls' ( ,engl&1 big sail+ %ips call$ '?ree deck]s'1 ) ?ree r[s ( guns po9t+ outw>ds f _! sides4 ,!re is a model ( "o ( !m1 ! ,royal ,george1 ov] ! inn] door ( ,v]non ,p>k ,museum4 ,rob]t ,clive 0 ! son ( a ,%rop%ire squire1 & 0 educat$ at ! little s*ool 9 ! ,*e%ire village ( ,allo/ock4 ,clive w5t to ,india & became a soldi]4 ,! ,engli% & ,fr5* 7 fight+ = ! ma/]y ( ,india1 & x is to ,clive's victories t we owe 9 a great measure our ,indian ,empire4 ,9 ! la/ few ye>s ( ! eighte5? c5tury ! dang]s :i* ?reat5$ ,engl& f ,france 7 mu* ne>] home4 ,9 #agid ,k+ ,george ! ,?ird 0 oblig$ to ask ,p>liam5t = a l>ge increase 9 our home army4 ,*e%ire rais$ a regim5t ( six troops1 ) ,colonel ,leice/]1 ( ,tabley ,hall1 z its comm&]4 ,%ortly aft]w>ds a call = ,volunte]s 0 made 9 ,*e%ire1 z 9 o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 to def5d ! %ores ( our own l& f attack4 ,! armies ( ,napoleon 7 conqu]+ ev]y:]e1 & an invasion ( ,engl& 0 expect$4 ,knuts=d ,hea? pres5t$ ! same busy sc5e t x _h done #aej ye>s be=e1 :5 ,lamb]t's troops 7 encamp$ ^u x4 ,= ,knuts=d 0 ! appo9t$ meet+-place ( all ! ,*e%ire =ces--,militia1 ,yeomanry1 & ,volunte]s--& ! beacon t 0 kept 9 read9ess on ,ald]ley ,edge 0 to give ! signal4 ,! dang] 0 n ov] = _m ye>s1 = ! w> la/$ well into ! n9ete5? c5tury1 end+ only :5 ,napoleon & ! ,fr5* 7 defeat$ by ,well+ton at ! battle ( ,wat]loo4 ,duke ,/reet & ,well+ton ,/reet 9 ,/ockport keep alive ! memory ( ! ',iron ,duke'1 ,napoleon's conqu]or4 ,a fri5d ( ! ,duke ( ,well+ton 0 ,/apleton ,cotton1 ,visc\nt ,comb]m]e1 ^: /atue /&s 9 front ( ! gates ( ,*e/] ,ca/le4 ,he 0 a desc5dant ( ! ,cotton to :om ! ,abbey ( ,comb]m]e 0 giv5 :5 ,h5ry ! ,eigh? plund]$ ! ,*e%ire mona/]ies4 ,! ,duke ( ,well+ton frequ5tly /ay$ at ,comb]m]e2 on "o ( 8 visits he plant$ an oak tree :i* y may /ill see 9 ! ,p>k4 ,on ! tomb ( ,/apleton ,cotton 9 ,wr5bury ,*ur* y may read ! names ( ! _m battles 9 :i* ?is gallant soldi] took "p4 ,! w>s ( ! eighte5? c5tury & ! f9al /ruggle ) ,napoleon w\ld h ru9$ ?is c\ntry b = a great increase 9 ! weal? ( ! p1 :i* made !m able to be> ! co/4 ,to und]/& ! s\rces ( ?is weal?1 & ! way 9 :i* x 0 made1 we %all h to g back aga9 to ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & tell ! /ory ( a great ,indu/rial ,revolution1 a revolution )\t w> & blood%$ inde$1 b "o t br\ght ) x ! greate/ *anges p]haps t ,*e%ire _h yet se54 ,:at ^! *anges 71 & h[ !y affect$ ! lives ( ,*e%ire m5 & wom51 y w read 9 ! succe$+ *apt]s4 ,,*apt] ,,xxx ,,! ,,indu/rial ,,revolution4 ,i ,! ,indu/rial ,revolution ( ! eighte5? c5tury laid ! f\ndation ( mod]n manufactur+ ,engl&4 ,) rem>kable rapidity great indu/ries came into be+1 & new me?ods ( mak+ all k9ds ( manufactur$ goods4 ,& ! fir/ cause ( ?is revolution 0 ! discov]y ( coal1 or r ! discov]y ( :at y c\ld d ) coal4 ,= coal 0 all at once 9 great dem& to provide ! p[] ( /eam1 & 9 #agfi ,james ,watt1 ! discov]] ( ! p[] ( /eam1 %[$ t ! /eam eng9e c\ld be us$ to drive ma*9]y hi!rto work$ by h&4 ,coal 0 fir/ f\nd 9 ,*e%ire ab\t ! ye> #agej4 ,a colli]y 0 op5$ at ,d5hall 9 ,wirral1 :]e coal is work$ to ?is day4 ,9 ,ea/ ,*e%ire coal 0 f\nd by an accid5t4 ,a f>m] ne> ,poynton _h to fet* 8 wat] f a consid]able di/ance1 & ask$ 8 l&lord1 ,sir ,george ,w>r5 ( ,poynton ,hall1 to s9k him a well on 8 l&4 ,:ile ! workm5 7 bor+ ! well !y came across a seam ( f9e coal q ne> to ! surface4 ,_m o!r colli]ies h s9ce t "t be5 />t$ 9 ! same neighb\rhood1 & n[ coal is tak5 out ( ! e>? ne>ly all ! way f ,/ockport to ,macclesfield4 ,!re are pits at ,norbury1 ,middlewood1 & ,bake/on$ale4 ,! coal-field ext5ds nor?w>ds also1 & all along ! ,tame valley !re are pits1 & especially 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,duk9field1 :]e "s ( ! work+s rea* a dep? ( ov] two ?\s& feet bel[ ! surface ( ! l&4 ,! e>li] ,*e%ire canals 7 made z a result ( ! discov]y ( coal4 ,! ,duke ( ,bridgwat]1 :o own$ ri* coal-m9es at ,worsley ne> ,man*e/]1 made v little pr(it out ( !m on acc\nt ( ! exp5se ( c>ry+ ! coal by c>riage to ! %ipp+ ports4 ,a clev] eng9e] nam$ ,james ,br9dley 0 ! fir/ to sugge/ to him ! mak+ ( a canal by :i* b>ges might take ! coal to ! riv] ,irwell4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ canal made 9 ,engl&1 & 0 f9i%$ 9 ! ye> #agfa4 ,! ,bridgwat] ,canal 0 aft]w>ds ext5d$ & c>ri$ ov] ! ,irwell by an aqu$uct4 ,x ent]s ,*e%ire at ,/ret=d1 & pass+ ?r\gh ,altr9*am & ,lymm ext5ds a di/ance ( tw5ty-f\r miles to ,runcorn1 :]e x desc5ds by a s]ies ( locks to ! tidal wat]s ( ! ,m]sey4 ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,old ,,canal3 ,,m>ple ,! canal turn$ out s successful t ! manufactur]s 9 ! ,pott]ies ( ,/af=d%ire ask$ ,br9dley to make a canal across ! ,*e%ire pla9 to unite ! riv]s ,tr5t & ,m]sey4 ,?is 0 ! beg9n+ ( ! ,gr& ,trunk ,canal1 :i* n[ w9ds ?r\gh ! he>t ( ,engl& & connects ! great indu/rial t[ns ( ,lanca%ire & ,*e%ire ) ! metropolis4 ,at ,h>eca/le ! canal is c>ri$ "u ! hills t sep>ate ,*e%ire f ,/af=d%ire by a tunnel ne>ly ?ree ?\s& y>ds long4 ,at fir/ ! boatm5 pu%$ _! b>ges ?r\gh ! tunnel by 'legg+' along ! ro(4 ,?is 0 su* a labori\s & tr\blesome way t ano!r eng9e] nam$ ,tel=d1 ! great road-mak]1 aft]w>ds built a second tunnel l>ge en\gh = horses to t[ ! b>ges ?r\gh x4 ,! ,ellesm]e ,canal connects ! e/u>ies ( ! ,dee & ! ,m]sey1 & ?us cuts (f ! ,wirral p59sula f ! re/ ( ! c\nty4 ,:5 ?is canal 0 be+ made1 lay]s ( f9e s& & sea %ells 7 f\nd1 prov+ t at "s n v remote p]iod ! e/u>ies ( ! ,m]sey & ! ,dee 7 connect$ ) "o ano!r4 ,9 ! ea/ ( ,*e%ire ! ,peak ,=e/ & ,macclesfield ,canal ent]s ! c\nty at ,duk9field4 ,"o portion goes s\?w>d to ,macclesfield & ! o!r crosses ! riv] ,goyt at ,m>ple by an aqu$uct a hundr$ feet above ! riv]4 ,! ,%rop%ire ,union ,canal connects ! ,dee & ! ,sev]n2 & ?us all ! great riv]s ( ! nor? midl&s1 ! ,m]sey1 ,dee1 ,sev]n1 & ,tr5t1 are unit$ ) "o ano!r by ?is network ( ,*e%ire canals4 ,! canals prov$ a bless+ n only to ! coal own]s & manufactur]s1 b 7 also us$ by ! p ( ! c\ntry villages 9 ord] to travel f "o "p to ano!r4 ,pass5g] b>ges call$ 'fly-boats' enabl$ ! c\ntry wom5 to take _! butt] & *eese to ! m>ket t[ns4 ,james ,br9dley 0 a man ( humble bir?1 & = sev]al ye>s work$ z a lab\r] on a f>m1 amus+ himself 9 8 sp>e mom5ts ) mak+ wood5 models ( ma*9]y ) a pocket-knife4 ,he 0 s clev] t he 0 (t5 call$ 9 by ! mill-own]s ( ,macclesfield & ,congleton to repair _! ma*9]y4 ,:5 he 0 fir/ employ$ by ! ,duke ( ,bridgwat] he 0 paid only half a cr[n a day4 ,he 0 a v practical man1 & ga9$ 8 k n f books b f 8 own exp]im5ts4 ,:5 he 0 call$ to ! ,h\se ( ,commons to expla9 8 s*eme = c>ry+ a canal ov] ! ,m]sey1 :i* _m p laugh$ at z absurd1 he took ) him a ,*e%ire *eese :i* he cut 9 halves to repres5t ! ar*es ( ! bridge1 & made a complete model ( 8 propos$ "w :i* greatly amus$ 8 audi5ce1 & at ! same "t prov$ t he 0 well able to ov]come 8 difficulties4 ,! riv]s also 7 dr$g$ & made suitable = navigation :]ev] possible4 ,an artificial *annel 0 made = ! wat]s ( ! ,dee :i* _h become *ok$ ) silt & s&1 & small %ips c\ld once m be t[$ z f> z ,*e/]4 ,! ,weav] 0 made navigable f ,w9s=d to ! ,m]sey1 s t salt1 :i* 0 tak5 out ( ! e>? 9 ev] increas+ quantities1 c\ld be tak5 to ,runcorn 9 b>ges at a mu* small] co/ ?an on wagons4 ,salt is necess>y 9 e home = cook+ & o!r h\sehold ne$s4 ,b /ill great] quantities are requir$ = alkalis & o!r *emicals1 ! mak+ ( :i* is ! *ief occupation ( ! workpeople ( ,runcorn & ,we/on ,po9t4 ,?\s&s ( tons are also export$ e ye> to o!r c\ntries :]e salt is sc>ce4 ,salt has be5 work$ 9 ! t[ns on or ne> ! ,weav] f ,roman days4 ,! e>li] way 0 simply to m9e x z we d coal n[4 ,"s ( ! m9es at ,nor?wi* cov] _m acres1 & :5 lit up by electric col\r$ lights are v beautiful4 ,! ro( ( a m9e is held up by columns ( salt :i* are left 9 position = t purpose1 b !y frequ5tly give way & ! build+s above !m are wreck$4 ,! co>s] k9ds ( rock-salt are /ill tak5 out 9 lumps4 ,y may (t5 see pieces 9 ! ,*e%ire fields :i* f>m]s h put !re = cattle to lick4 ,= salt conta9s heal?-giv+ prop]ties1 & salt-m9+ is n injuri\s to heal? z coal-m9+ is4 ,br9e ba?s h be5 made at ,nantwi* = p suff]+ f c]ta9 diseases4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages1 wells or br9e-pits 7 sunk & ! wat] c>ri$ 9 lea!r buckets to ! salt-h\ses4 ,edw>d ,k+1 a ,*e%ire hi/orian1 :o 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury wrote a book call$ ,vale ,royal1 says t 'at ,nor?wi* !re 0 a salt spr+ on ! bank ( ! ,riv] ,dane1 f :i* ! br9e runne? on ! gr\nd 9 tr\ghs ( wood until x comes to ! wi*-h\ses1 :]e !y made salt4 ,"s old lead5 salt-pans may /ill be se5 at ,nor?wi*1 pieces ( *>coal /ill /ick+ to !m on ! "u side1 %[+ t ! br9e _h be5 heat$ ov] wood fires4' ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,mill ,,t[ns ,,( ,n4,e4 ,,*e%ire ,mod]n sci5ce has f\nd bett] & easi] ways ( mak+ salt4 ,! :ite salt :i* y use daily is /ill obta9$ by evaporation4 ,! br9e is fir/ pump$ into a res]voir & tak5 by pipes to l>ge %all[ salt-pans heat$ by furnaces b5ea? !m4 ,z ! wat] evaporates ! cry/als are =m$ & scrap$ f ! sides & ! bottoms ( ! pans4 ,y may see specim5s ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( salt 9 ! ,salt ,museum at ,nor?wi*4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxi ,,! ,,indu/rial ,,revolution4 ,,ii ,9 ! ye> #aghe cotton 0 br\ght into ! ,m]sey f ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,long be=e t "t s-call$ 'cotton' /uffs _h be5 made 9 ,*e%ire villages4 ,b ^! fabrics 7 n really cotton at all1 b a mixture ( wool & flax4 ,! flax 0 br\ght f ,irel&1 & wooll5 manufactur]s tri$ = a long "t to keep x out4 ,9 ! p>i% records ( ,pre/bury y may read ( an ,act pass$ 9 ,*>les ! ,second's reign =bidd+ any "o to be buri$ 9 any?+ b a wooll5 %r\d4 ,at fir/ !re 7 no cotton-mills1 su* z y see n[ 9 ! popul\s t[ns ( ,ea/ ,*e%ire4 ,! raw cotton 0 giv5 out to poor p1 :o spun x & wove x 9 _! own cottage homes4 ,ne>ly e cottage became a small factory1 ! fa!rs1 mo!rs1 & *ildr5 all tak+ "p 9 ! "w4 ,! ma*9]y 0 simple & made ( wood4 ,! sp9n+ 0 done by ! wom5 & *ildr5 9 ! h\se1 ! weav+ by ! m5 9 a weav+-%$ ( "o /ory built 9 ! y>d4 ,z "t w5t on1 ! ma*9]y 0 improv$ by ! inv5tions ( clev] m51 s t "o loom w\ld d z mu* "w z sev]al _h done previ\sly4 ,! workpeople did n l ! new ma*9es1 = (t5 a numb] ( p 7 ?r[n out ( "w by !m1 & frequ5tly ! new sp9n+ & weav+-frames ( ! inv5tors 7 wreck$ by a furi\s mob4 ,! e>li] & simpl] ma*9es1 su* z ! sp9n+-:eel & ! h&-loom1 7 work$ by h&4 ,b ! new discov]ies made x possible = "o :eel to turn eighty or a hundr$ sp9dles at once by means ( horse-p[] or a wat]-:eel1 & ! h&-loom simil>ly gave place to a p[]-loom4 ,b 9 remote villages ! old-fa%ion$ me?ods surviv$1 & ev5 to ?is day y may /ill occasionally see a h&-loom at "w 9 cottages 9 ! highl&s ( ,ea/ ,*e%ire4 ,!n great factories began to be built1 huge build+s ( brick & ( _m /ories1 *iefly on ! banks ( ,*e%ire /reams1 or on ! canals1 by :i* ! raw cotton c\ld be br\ght 9 b>ges to ! v doors4 ,y may look d[n f ! *ur*y>d ( ,mottram into ! valley b5ea? & c\nt a score ( !m4 ,/eam 0 appli$1 & ! :ole ( ! ma*9]y ( ! factories 0 driv5 by ?is new =ce4 ,great t[ns sprang up l mu%rooms4 ,hyde & ,/alybridge & ,duk9field1 f be+ t9y villages1 soon became great busy hives ( ! cotton indu/ry4 ,! cotton _h also to be blea*$ & ! calicoes pr9t$1 & mills = ! purpose 7 built along ! /reams1 ^: wat]s provid$ ! /eam-p[] :i* work$ ! ma*9]y ( ! mills4 ,f ,taxal to ,/ockport1 along ! banks ( ! n[ pollut$ ,goyt1 is an almo/ cont9u\s l9e ( great mills1 ! blea*-works ( ,:aley ,bridge1 ! pr9t-works ( ,furness ,vale & ,/r9es1 ! cotton-mills ( ,disley1 ,m>ple1 & ,mellor4 ,! ,mellor mills 7 built z e>ly z #agij by ,samuel ,oldkn[1 & 7 at "o "t 9 ! h&s ( ,pet] ,arkwright1 :o 0 "o ( a fam\s family ( inv5tors1 & :o made _m *anges 9 ! ma*9]y ( 8 works4 ,?us ! positions ( mod]n manufactur+ t[ns h n be5 *os51 z 7 ^? ( ! t[ns ( ! ,middle ,ages1 by _! ability to beat (f ! attacks ( enemies4 ,= w> is no long] ! pr9cipal bus9ess ( ! inhabitants ( ,*e%ire4 ,! 'cotton' t[ns h come into be+ j 9 ^? p>ts :]e ! conditions are fav\rable to ! cotton indu/ry4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! climate is damp1 ow+ to ! ne>ness ( ! ,p5n9e hills1 on :i* ! wet w9ds f ! s\?-we/ drop _! moi/ure2 & cotton c only be spun & wov5 9 su* a climate1 = a dry climate w\ld make ! ?reads break4 ,secondly1 !re is a pl5tiful wat]-supply f ! num]\s /reams t fl[ f ! hills1 & la/ly1 ! t[ns are close to big coal-fields f :i* !y may obta9 ! fuel = ! eng9es t "w ! ma*9]y ( ! mills4 ,9 ! pretty model village ( ,/yal1 on ! banks ( ! ,boll91 is a h\se :i* is /ill call$ by ! "n ( ',pr5tice ,h\se4 ,"h once liv$ a numb] ( "y girls & boys1 orphans _m ( !m1 :o work$ 9 ! picturesque ivy-clad build+1 /rangely unlike a mill1 at ,qu>ry ,bank4 ,!y 7 'appr5tic$'1 t is1 b\nd to _! ma/] = sev5 ye>s4 ,dur+ t "t !y 7 well f$ & clo!d by _! employ]1 & c]ta9 times 7 set ap>t = le>n+ to read & write & sew4 ,on ,sunday morn+s !y walk$ toge!r to ! *ur* at ,wilmsl[4 ,! girls 7 dress$ 9 /raw bonnets & pla9 grey dresses1 ! boys 9 fu/ian coats & bree*es ( corduroy4 ,!y 7 k9dly treat$1 b ! h\rs 9 ! mill 7 long4 ,!y rose at five1 & _! breakfa/ ( porridge & milk 0 eat5 9 ! mill4 ,half an h\r 0 all[$ = d9n]1 & n until half-pa/ eight did _! long day ( toil come to an end4 ,at ,*ri/mas prizes 7 giv5 to ^? :o _h be5 mo/ ob$i5t & indu/ri\s dur+ ! ye>4 ,! "y p ( ,qu>ry ,bank 7 on ! :ole happy 9 ! s]vice ( ,samuel ,greg _! ma/]1 b ! lot ( ! appr5tices 9 o!r mills 0 (t5 v diff]5t4 ,! h>%ness & cruelty ( "s employ]s l$ to ! pass+ ( ,acts ( ,p>liam5t :i* %ort5$ ! h\rs ( lab\r & fix$ sev]e p5alties = ill-treatm5t4 ,a lat] ,act =bade altoge!r ! employm5t ( *ildr5 "u a c]ta9 age4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/yal ,,mill ,9 ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury ! silk indu/ry took root 9 ,*e%ire4 ,we fir/ he> ( x 9 ,/ockport1 :]e a mill 0 />t$ = ! w9d+ & ?r[+#c ( silk4 ,john ,clayton1 ( ,/ockport1 built a mill at ,congleton1 & ! indu/ry spread rapidly to ! neighb\r+ villages ( ,sutton1 ,ra9[1 & ,boll+ton4 #c i4e4 twi/+ ! f9e ?reads into y>n4 ,^? :o 7 engag$ 9 ?is p>ticul> process 7 call$ '?r[/]s'1 j z sp9/] meant orig9ally "o engag$ 9 sp9n+4 ,! fir/ silk-mill 9 ,macclesfield1 :i* is n[ ! *ief seat ( ! silk indu/ry 9 ,*e%ire1 0 op5$ by ,*>les ,roe 9 #agef4 ,roe ,/reet is nam$ aft] him4 ,he made a =tune & built ,*ri/ ,*ur*4 ,ov] ! alt> y may see 8 bu/ 9 m>ble1 & ov] x a figure ( ,g5ius ) a cog:eel 9 h] h&4 ,9 ! museum at ,we/ ,p>k are "s models ( silk-looms4 ,!re 0 a silk-mill at ,knuts=d1 z ! "n ,silk ,mill ,/reet tells u4 ,9 ,mobb]ley also ne>ly e cottage _h its sp9n+-:eel4 ,! cottag]s fet*$ ! raw silk f ,macclesfield & took back ! spun y>n to be wov5 into pieces at ! ,macclesfield looms4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxii ,,! ,,railways ,,( ,,*e%ire ,aft] ! mak+ ( canals came ! railways1 & ! mighty p[] ( /eam1 t _h wr\ght su* a va/ *ange 9 ! cotton indu/ry1 0 to be ! mov+ =ce ( ! new inv5tion4 ,late 9 ! summ] ( #ahcj ! p :o l9$ ! riv] banks f ,runcorn to ,lat*=d saw a trail ( smoke travell+ sl[ly across ! n9e ar*es ( ,sankey ,viaduct & ! peaty pla9s ( ! ,m]sey4 ,! smoke 0 t ( ,/eph5son's ',rocket'1 ! /eam locomotive t 0 draw+ "o ( ! fir/ pass5g] tra9s 9 ,engl&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*e%ire4 ,,railways ,*e%ire _h its ',rocket' too 9 ^? days1 ! /age coa* t left ! ',black ,boy' ,inn at ,/ockport & pass$ ?r\gh ,*eadle1 ,lymm1 & ,w>r+ton to ,liv]pool4 ,& ! old ',rocket' 0 v jeal\s ( its new namesake1 = x 0 ?\ght t ) ! com+ ( ! railways ! coa*es w\ld be driv5 (f ! road4 ,! canal companies also saw !mselves ?reat5$1 & did all !y c\ld to h9d] ! spread ( ! new way ( travell+4 ,"s ye>s 7 to pass be=e ! inhabitants ( ,*e%ire saw railways laid ?r\gh _! own t[ns & villages4 ,! f>m]s ( ,wirral rubb$ _! eyes :5 ! fir/ tra9 se5 9 ,*e%ire c>ri$ its human freight along ! s\!rn %ore ( ! ,m]sey4 ,_m ( !m _h d\btless nev] se5 "o be=e1 & n a few ( ! m ignorant fl$ 9 t]ror f ! puff+1 pant+ ?+1 :i* !y look$ ^u z ! inv5tion ( ! evil "o4 ,x is h>d inde$ to ?9k ( ,*e%ire )\t its railways4 ,be=e _! com+1 almo/ ! only way ( mov+ f "o place to ano!r 0 by means ( ! /age coa*es t rattl$ along ! pr9cipal highways1 putt+ d[n at ! ne>e/ wayside inn ! pass5g]s :o liv$ 9 villages (f ! ma9 roads4 ,goods & m]*&ise 7 c>ri$ on pack-horses or sl[ lumb]+ wagons4 ,"s ( ! mo/ important ma9 l9es ( ,engli% railways n[ pass ?r\gh ,*e%ire1 = ! ,*e%ire pla9 is ! broad gateway t leads to ! busy & popul\s t[ns ( ,s\? ,lanca%ire4 ,)9 ! space ( half a c5tury ! c\nty 0 cov]$ ) a network ( l9es1 & to-day x is impossible to f9d a spot t has n a railway pass+ )9 a v few miles ( x4 ,! e>lie/ railways avoid$ ! hilly di/ricts1 & = _m ye>s !re 7 no l9es 9 ,ea/ ,*e%ire4 ,! ma9 l9e ( ! ,london & ,nor? ,we/]n ,railway crosses ! s\!rn bord] ( ,*e%ire :]e ! hills are l[1 & picks its way ?r\gh ! ,*e%ire pla91 keep+ closely to ! level valley ( ! ,weav]1 & leav+ ! hills ( ,delam]e & ,frod%am on ! we/4 ,x crosses ! ,m]sey into ,lanca%ire at ,w>r+ton4 ,! cotton sp9n]s ( ,/ockport want$ a quick r\te to ,london1 & s a bran* l9e 0 made ?r\gh ,ald]ley1 :i* jo9$ ! ma9 l9e at ,crewe4 ,"s ( ! old c\ntry t[ns w\ld n h ! railway too ne>1 s we f9d ,s&ba* ne>ly two miles away f its /ation4 ,ano!r bran* we/w>ds left ! ma9 l9e at ,crewe = ,*e/] & ,holyhead1 to c>ry ! ,iri% mails2 & a ?ird bran*$ (f at ,pre/on ,brook = ,liv]pool1 be+ c>ri$ ov] ! ,m]sey by a big iron bridge at ,runcorn4 ,!re 7 only a few h\ses at ,crewe :5 ! railways 7 made4 ,! /ation 0 9 ! village ( ,*ur* ,copp5hall1 b ! %ort] & m conv5i5t "n ( ,crewe 0 *os5 f ,crewe ,hall4 ,! little village rapidly became a big t[n1 = x 0 *os5 to be ! head-qu>t]s ( ! ,london & ,nor? ,we/]n ,company4 ,big eng9e & c>riage works 7 built1 & iron f\ndries = ! mak+ ( boil]s & /eel rails4 ,x is n[ "o ( ! mo/ important railway c5tres 9 ,engl&1 giv+ employm5t to _m ?\s& workm54 ,b "o l9e 0 n en\gh to c>ry all ! traffic f ! great manufactur+ t[ns to ! ,midl&s & ! s\? ( ,engl&4 ,o!r railway companies accompli%$ ! difficult task ( cross+ ! ,p5n9e ,hills1 & ,*e%ire 0 ?us br\ght into t\* ) ,york%ire & ! nor?-midl& %ires4 ,! ,midl& ,railway tunnell$ "u ! hills at a height ( eight hundr$ feet above sea-level1 & desc5d$ rapidly to ,/ockport by ! ,goyt valley4 ,! ,great ,nor!rn ent]s ,*e%ire by ! tunnel ne> ,p5i/one1 & foll[s ! ,e!r[ d[n ,longd5dale till x also rea*es ,/ockport4 ,! ,/af=d%ire ,railway f ! ,pott]ies burr[s ?r\gh ! hills at ,h>eca/le on its way to ,congleton & ,macclesfield4 ,all ^! railways vi$ ) "o ano!r 9 quick5+ ! spe$ ( _! tra9s1 & _! rivalry soon caus$ ! f>es = pass5g]s & rates = goods to become *eap]4 ,!re is "o railway :i*1 m ?an any o!r1 ,*e%ire boys & girls may call _! own4 ,! ,*e%ire ,l9e is n "o ( ! great 'trunk' l9es to ,london1 b is conf9$ to ,s\? ,lanca%ire & ! c\nty f :i* x takes its "n4 ,?is railway crosses ! c\nty f ,altr9*am to ,*e/]1 nev] m ?an a few hundr$ y>ds f its great ance/or1 ! ,watl+ ,/reet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,railway ,,viaduct ,,ov] ,,goyt ,,valley ,! popul\s t[ns ( ,nor?-ea/ ,*e%ire are also s]v$ by bran*es ( ! ,great ,c5tral & ! ,lanca%ire & ,york%ire ,railways4 ,! coa/ t[ns ( ! ,dee h _! ',wirral ,railway'1 & ?r\gh ! he>t ( ,wirral ,great ,we/]n expresses ru% to _! t]m9us at ,birk5head4 ,! railways tea* u t "t is money1 & ?is fact is con/antly br\ght home to u by see+ new l9es made to %ort5 ! di/ance betwe5 two po9ts1 s t m5 may get to _! places ( bus9ess m rapidly4 ,! ,midl& ,railway h 9 ! la/ few ye>s /raight5$ _! l9e by a %ort cut ?r\gh ,*eadle ,hea?1 t _! express tra9s to ,man*e/] may avoid delay at ,/ockport2 & ! new ,london & ,nor? ,we/]n l9e f ,wilmsl[ to ,man*e/]1 ?\gh x sav$ less ?an ?ree miles1 0 yet ?\ght wor? ! co/4 ,! railways h br\ght t[n & c\ntry into clos] t\* ) "o ano!r1 & bo? h ga9$4 ,f>m]s & m>ket g>d5]s c s5d _! produce quickly & *eaply to ! great m>kets ( ,/ockport & ,birk5head4 ,coals & salt1 ma*9]y & manufactur$ goods1 c be di/ribut$ easily f ! great t[ns t produce !m4 ,moreov]1 _m p ^: daily life is sp5t 9 ! cr[d$ cities are able to live away f _! places ( bus9ess &1 = a portion ( ! day at lea/1 brea! ! pur] air ( ! c\ntry4 ,two resid5tial di/ricts ( ,*e%ire are support$ ma9ly by ! m]*ants & manufactur]s ( ,man*e/] & ,liv]pool4 ,9 ,ea/ ,*e%ire1 ,altr9*am & ,b[don1 ,knuts=d1 ,ald]ley1 ,*eadle1 & ,lymm are practically suburbs ( ,man*e/]4 ,9 ! ,wirral1 ,hoylake1 ,we/ ,kirby1 & ,new ,brighton owe _! pres5t prosp]ity to ! bus9ess m5 ( ,birk5head & ,liv]pool :o h built _! homes on ! ,*e%ire seabo>d4 ,9 all ^! places y may see ! m+l+ ( ! old & ! new1 ! old] portions clu/]+ r\nd ! p>i% *ur*1 ! br& new villas & mansions ( ! ri* spread+ on all sides into ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,new t[ns spr+ up r\nd ! railway /ations1 z at ,ald]ley ,edge1 :i* is two miles f ! old] village ( ,ne!r ,ald]ley4 ,) ! railways came also ! 'p5ny po/'1 = lett]s c\ld n[ be c>ri$ *eaply & quickly to & f all p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiii ,,progress ,,& ,,re=m ,,9 ,,! ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury ,tw5ty ye>s be=e /eam locomotives 7 us$ to draw pass5g] tra9s ov] ! e>lie/ railways 9 ,*e%ire1 a /eam packet boat _h be5 built to ply betwe5 ,liv]pool & ! ,*e%ire port ( ,runcorn4 ,?is boat 0 call$ simply ',! ,/eam ,boat'1 & 0 ! fir/ /eam] ev] se5 9 ! ,riv] ,m]sey4 ,! sail+ packets 7 frequ5tly becalm$1 b ! new %ip c\ld make h] voyage 9 all wea!rs4 ,a numb] ( /eam-tugs 7 built soon aft]w>ds to t[ ! big sail+-%ips t ent]$ ! ,m]sey to ! ports to :i* !y 7 b\nd1 & ! fir/ /eam f]ry-boat cross$ ! ,m]sey f ,liv]pool to ,tranm]e4 ,9 a few ye>s ! ,*e%ire %ore ( ! ,m]sey 0 l9$ ) docks & quays at ,birk5head1 ,seacombe1 ,woodside1 ,tranm]e1 & ,ea/ham4 ,at ! la/-nam$ port ,liv]pool pass5g]s c\ld get on ! coa* = ,*e/] & ! midl& t[ns4 ,9 #ahai1 ! ye> 9 :i* ,que5 ,victoria 0 born1 ! ,savannah1 ! fir/ /eam%ip t cross$ ! ,atlantic1 0 se5 9 ! ,riv] ,m]sey4 ,! ,savannah took tw5ty-eight days ov] ! passage1 l[]+ by _m days ! record ( ! fa/e/ sail+-vessels hi!rto4 ,?is 0 ?\ght a great feat 9 ^? days1 b ! huge 'ocean greyh\nds' t ! boys & girls ( ,wirral see rid+ at an*or (f ,birk5head1 n[ make f\r or five cross+s 9 ! same p]iod ( "t4 ,j z ,crewe owes its rapid rise to ! com+ ( ! railways1 s ,birk5head's prosp]ity dates f ! beg9n+s ( /eam navigation4 ,bo? ( ^! t[ns are gr[?s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury ,birk5head 0 a small village ( less ?an a hundr$ inhabitants4 ,x is n[ ,*e%ire's greate/ t[n1 & conta9s a population ( m ?an #ajj1jjj1 or1 if we include ! popul\s suburbs :i* h sprung up on ei!r side ( x1 ne>ly twice ?is numb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,birk5head ,,! ,,m]sey ,! old village clu/]$ r\nd its ru9$ priory1 :i* is /ill 9 ! he>t ( ! mod]n t[n4 ,a triangul> piece ( l&1 n[ cov]$ by ! /reets ( ,new ,brighton1 ,lisc>d1 ,wallasey1 & ,seacombe1 0 cut (f f ,birk5head & ! re/ ( ,wirral by a broad & swampy riv] call$ ,wallasey ,pool4 ,mr4 ,laird1 ! f\nd] ( ! fam\s %ipbuild+ company ( t "n1 b\ght "s l& on ! edge ( ! ,pool4 ,he saw t "h 0 a fir/rate place = docky>ds & :>ves1 :i* w\ld be protect$ f s\?-we/]ly gales by ! natural ramp>t ( ,bid/on ,hill & ! high gr\nd ( ,oxton4 ,9 a few ye>s ,wallasey ,pool 0 turn$ into a huge bas9 capable ( hold+ hundr$s ( big ocean-go+ %ips4 ,9 ! ',great ,float'1 z ?is bas9 is n[ call$1 y may see %ips ( e nation4 ,tw5ty pairs ( lockgates connect x ) ! ,m]sey1 & !re are t5 miles ( quays ) a network ( quay railways laid along !m4 ,! big %ip-build+ y>ds ( ,messrs4 ,cammell & ,laird give employm5t to _m hundr$s ( ! work+-m5 ( ,birk5head4 ,"h are built "s ( our l>ge/ m]*ant vessels1 z well z %ips = ! ,briti% ,navy1 *iefly gunboats & torp$o boat de/roy]s4 ,"o ( ! ,lairds 0 ,birk5head's fir/ memb] ( ,p>liam5t4 ,y may see 8 /atue 9 front ( ! ,birk5head ,t[n ,hall4 ,two o!r m5 ^: names are closely l9k$ ) ! %ipp+ ( ! ,m]sey w always be rememb]$ by ! p ( ,wirral4 ,william ,inman & ,?omas ,ismay 7 ! f\nd]s ( fleets ( ocean l9]s4 ,) a portion ( ! weal? t he d]iv$ f 8 bus9ess1 ,inman built *ur*es = ! villages ( ,upton & ,moreton4 ,ismay liv$ at ,dawpool ,hall1 & is buri$ 9 ! *ur*y>d ( ,?ur/a/on4 ,! fir/ /reet-tramway 9 ,europe 0 laid along ! /reets ( ,birk5head1 f ,woodside ,f]ry to ! ,p>k1 by an ,am]ican call$ ,tra94 ,! c>s 7 built at ,birk5head1 & drawn by horses2 ! l5g? ( ! l9e 0 less ?an two miles4 ,n[ tram r\tes are spread all ov] ,ea/]n ,wirral1 & are to be f\nd 9 ! /reets ( all l>ge t[ns4 ,b ! horses are gone1 & ! c>s are n[ driv5 by ! *eap] & m s]viceable me?od ( electricity4 ,our tram-c>s are "o ( ! greate/ conv5i5ces 9 ! busy life ( a t[n4 ,prior to ! ye> #ahcb ,*e/] 0 ! only ,*e%ire t[n :i* _h its own memb]s ( ,p>liam5t4 ,! c\nty return$ two memb]s1 "o = ! nor? division & ! o!r = ! s\?4 ,! big manufactur+ t[ns :i* _h increas$ s rapidly 9 size & population _h no repres5tatives1 :ile numb]s ( small t[ns & villages 9 o!r p>ts ( ,engl& return$ "o & sometimes ev5 two memb]s to ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,! work]s ( ! busy indu/rial di/ricts felt t ?is 0 v unfair1 & dem&$ to be all[$ to be repres5t$4 ,aft] a long /ruggle ,re=m ,bills 7 pass$1 & n[ ,/ockport is all[$ to *oose two memb]s1 & ,/alybridge & ,birk5head "o ea*4 ,! numb] ( c\nty memb]s has also be5 increas$ f two to eight1 "o f ea* ( eight divisions1 to :i* ! names ,hyde1 ,macclesfield1 ,altr9*am1 ,knuts=d1 ,crewe1 ,eddisbury1 ,nor?wi*1 & ,wirral h be5 giv54 ,until ! pass+ ( ! ',re=m ,bills' only ^? :o possess$ prop]ty 7 all[$ to vote1 ! great majority ( ! p ( ,*e%ire _h no say 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! c\ntry at all4 ,! ,re=m ,bill ( #ahcb gave ! vote to _m m p1 to e man 9 fact :o paid a r5t ( t5 p\nds or m a ye> = 8 h\se4 ,?us mu* ( ! p[] :i* _h previ\sly belong$ to ! ri* pass$ into ! h&s ( ! poor] classes4 ,"o ( ! fir/ results ( ! ,re=m$ ,p>liam5t 0 ! pass+ ( a numb] ( ,factory ,acts4 ,! cry ( ! *ildr5 at "w 9 ! mills _h long be5 he>d ?r\gh ! l&1 & ! p 7 indignant at ! cruelties put ^u !m by "s mill-own]s4 ,z e>ly z ! ye> #ahjb ,sir ,rob]t ,peel1 a ,lanca%ire manufactur]1 _h p]suad$ ,p>liam5t to pass an ,act to improve ! condition ( ! factories4 ,! ,re=m$ ,p>liam5t n[ made x illegal to employ *ildr5 "u n9e ye>s ( age1 or to make boys & girls "u ?irte5 "w = m ?an twelve h\rs a day4 ,lat] ,acts h /ill fur!r %ort5$ ! h\rs ( "w = wom5 & *ildr51 & 9 _m o!r respects h made ! lot ( all ! work+ classes m tol]able4 ,manufactur]s are n[ compell$ to keep _! factories clean & :olesome1 & fit to "w 94 ,factory inspectors are appo9t$ to see t ! laws are c>ri$ out1 & ^? ^: lives are sp5t 9 dang]\s occupations1 su* z coal-m9+ or ! mak+ ( *emicals1 are protect$ by /rict rules :i* less5 ! dang] to life & limb4 ,! greate/ evil f :i* ! poor] classes suff]$ 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 0 ! high price ( bread4 ,?is 0 due to ! heavy duty put on corn import$ f =eign c\ntries4 ,9 ,s4 ,pet]'s ,squ>e1 ,/ockport1 is a /atue ( ,ri*>d ,cobd51 :o = six ye>s 0 ,/ockport's memb] ( ,p>liam5t4 ,cobd5 saw t ! pov]ty ( ! work+ classes c\ld n be less5$ until ?is corn-tax 0 remov$4 ,he plead$ eloqu5tly on _! behalf1 & 9 ! end he 0 successful4 ,! gr[]s ( corn grumbl$1 b z ,*e%ire is n s mu* a corn-gr[+ z a pa/oral c\nty1 ! f>m]s ( ,*e%ire 7 n greatly hurt4 ,cobd5 also p]suad$ ,p>liam5t to take away or to less5 ! duties on import$ raw mat]ials1 su* z cotton1 wool1 & silk1 on :i* ! prosp]ity ( ! ,*e%ire work]s s mu* dep5d$4 ,! result 0 t ! manufactur]s 7 able to pay ! p :o work$ 9 _! mills bett] wages4 ,?us1 ) *eap] bread & wages high]1 ! lot ( ! indu/rial classes became bright]4 ,soon also ! duties on manufactur$ goods br\ght to ,*e%ire f abroad 7 remov$1 & ! sy/em ( ,free ,trade1 "u :i* ,*e%ire has become ri* & prosp]\s1 came into be+4 ,among ! lead]s ( ! work+ classes 7 "s :o want$ f> great] *anges4 ,9 ! museum at ,v]non ,p>k are "s iron pike-heads tak5 f ^! m5 :5 !y tri$ to arm ! p & urge !m to fight = _! 'rights'4 ,! aims ( ! ,*>ti/s1 z ^! re=m]s 7 nam$1 7 set =? 9 a docum5t :i* !y call$ ! ,p's ,*>t]4 ,among o!r ?+s1 !y dem&$ votes = all m51 ye>ly ,p>liam5ts1 vote by ballot1 & paym5t ( memb]s ( ,p>liam5t4 ,b ! bulk ( ! p took al>m1 = x 0 ?\ght t if e man _h a vote1 too mu* p[] w\ld be put into ! h&s ( ! work+ classes4 ,! ,*>ti/s 7 tri$ = caus+ riots1 & _m 7 put 9 prison4 ,"o ( ! ,*>ti/ lead]s 0 ,james ,/eph5s1 :o is buri$ 9 ,duk9field *ur*y>d4 ,9 #ahfa a great disa/] befell ! cotton trade4 ,9 t ye> civil w> broke out 9 ,am]ica betwe5 ! ,nor!rn & ! ,s\!rn ,/ates ( ! ,union4 ,! ,s\!rn ,/ates 7 ! seat ( ! cotton-gr[+ plantations1 :i* 7 work$ by millions ( negro slaves4 ,! ,engli% p _h put an end to slav]y 9 _! own colonies1 & ! ,nor!rn ,/ates ( ,am]ica wi%$ to d ! same4 ,:5 ! ,s\!rn]s desir$ to ext5d ! cotton indu/ry to o!r new ,/ates1 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates refus$ to all[ x1 & w> broke out4 ,! w> br\ght mu* di/ress to ! cotton work]s ( ,*e%ire1 = ! ports ( ! ,s\!rn]s 7 blockad$ by ! w>%ips ( _! enemies1 & ! %ips :i* _h br\ght _! c>goes ( raw cotton to ! ,m]sey c\ld d s no long]4 ,! result 0 a cotton fam9e4 ,! looms 7 idle1 & ?\s&s ( workpeople 7 ?r[n out ( employm5t 9 ,/ockport1 ,/alybridge1 & ! o!r t[ns & villages :i* dep5d$ = _! daily bread on a con/ant supply ( ! raw mat]ial4 ,attempts 7 made by %ips s5t f ,engl& to run ! blockade ( ! ports ( ! ,s\!rn ,/ates4 ,at ,birk5head a %ip call$ ! ,alabama 0 built 9 ! docky>d ( ,messrs4 ,laird = ! use ( ! cotton plant]s4 ,! %ip ent]$ ! h>b\rs 9 ! night-"t or dur+ fogs1 & succe$$ sev]al times 9 br++ small supplies ( cotton4 ,%e 0 caught at la/1 b n be=e %e _h de/roy$ sixty or sev5ty vessels ( ! ,nor!rn fleet1 & %e v ne>ly br\ght ab\t a w> betwe5 ,engl& & ,am]ica4 ,! w> la/$ f\r ye>s4 ,!n peace 0 re/or$1 & ! cotton 0 once m br\ght to ! />v+ sp9n]s & weav]s ( ,ea/ ,*e%ire4 ,dur+ ! fam9e ! poor _h be5 support$ by sums ( money rais$ 9 ! l>ge t[ns ( ,engl&1 & _m ye>s pass$ be=e ! cotton indu/ry rea*$ its =m] prosp]ity4 ,! memory ( ! h>d days ( ! cotton fam9e has be5 h&$ d[n to ! gr&*ildr5 ( ^? :o suff]$4 ,)9 ! la/ few ye>s ! cotton m]*ants & manufactur]s h />t$ an association = gr[+ cotton 9 our own ,engli% colonies1 s t ! work]s may n dep5d entirely on ! cotton produc$ by =eign ,/ates4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiv ,,! ,,reign ,,( ,a ,,great ,,que5 ,_m ( ! *anges describ$ 9 ! la/ ?ree *apt]s 7 b p>tially accompli%$ 9 ,*e%ire1 :5 a "y pr9cess ( eighte5 ye>s became ,que5 ( ,engl&4 ,! p[] ( /eam 0 kn[n1 b ! ,*e%ire railways 7 n yet laid1 & ^? :o wi%$ to att5d ! coronation ( ,que5 ,victoria _h to use ! /age or ! family coa* & take a day & a half ov] ! j\rney4 ,telegraph & telephone 7 also q unkn[n1 & ! p5ny po/ _h n yet come into be+4 ,t 0 to foll[ 9 ! wake ( ! railways4 ,dur+ h] reign all our ma9 roads 7 l9$ ) telegraph wires1 & cables laid at ! bottom ( ! seas s5t our messages to ! utt]mo/ p>ts ( ! e>?4 ,! news ( di/ant ev5ts1 :i* =m]ly took weeks or ev5 mon?s to rea* u1 may n[ be read 9 our newspap]s )9 a few h\rs at mo/4 ,inv5tions )\t numb] foll[$ ! discov]y ( electricity4 ,! %ops & w>eh\ses ( l>ge t[ns1 railway c>riages & ocean l9]s1 & ! homes ( ! well-to-d are light$ ) x4 ,electric laun*es flit along ! %ores ( ! ,m]sey4 ,tram-c>s are work$ by electricity1 :i* also sets 9 motion ! dynamos t "w ! ma*9]y ( mills & work%ops4 ,! press+ ( an electric button sets free ! big %ips :5 !y take ! wat] = ! fir/ "t 9 ! docky>ds ( ,birk5head4 ,! wond]ful progress made by ! eng9e]s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury is se5 9 ! mak+ ( ! ,man*e/] ,%ip ,canal1 ! great] "p ( :i* lies )9 ! c\nty ( ,*e%ire4 ,= _m ye>s ,man*e/]'s great ambition 0 to become a port4 ,! w9d+ & %all[ b$ ( ! inl& wat]s ( ! ,m]sey c\ld n be navigat$ by ocean-go+ vessels1 & a %ip canal 0 want$ 9 ord] t ! bales ( cotton might be br\ght direct f ! ,unit$ ,/ates & o!r cotton-gr[+ c\ntries to ! place :]e ! raw mat]ial is di/ribut$4 ,?us "t w\ld be sav$1 z well z ! exp5se ( unload+ at ,liv]pool & putt+ ! c>goes on ! railways1 ^: rates 7 v high4 ,x 0 !re=e decid$ to ask ,p>liam5t = p[]s to make a wide & deep canal1 capable ( c>ry+ %ips ( sev]al ?\s& tons burd54 ,! railway & canal companies & ! ,liv]pool m]*ants :o controll$ ! navigation ( ! ,m]sey 7 afraid t ! trade ( ,liv]pool w\ld be injur$1 & oppos$ ! s*eme vigor\sly4 ,b ,p>liam5t 0 wise en\gh to see :at a boon ! canal w\ld be to ! cotton t[ns & ! di/rict ?r\gh :i* x 0 to be laid1 & pass$ ! bill = its mak+4 ,9 ! ,jubilee ye> ( ,que5 ,victoria ! "w 0 begun4 ,_m millions ( money 7 requir$ = su* a va/ und]tak+1 & m millions 7 ask$ = z ! "w w5t on4 ,aft] sev5 ye>s ( p]sev]ance 9 ! face ( trem5d\s difficulties1 ! canal 0 op5$ by ! que54 ,! canal is ?irty-five & a half miles long1 &1 r\ghly speak+1 two-?irds ( x are 9 ,*e%ire4 ,! entrance to ! canal is at ,ea/ham1 :]e great locks 7 built4 ,f ,ea/ham to ,runcorn1 a di/ance ( ?irte5 miles1 ! canal is tidal & laid along ! =e%ore ( ! ,m]sey e/u>y1 & protect$ by an embankm5t4 ,at ,runcorn ',gap' ! canal & ! ,m]sey1 :i* "h becomes v n>r[1 are sep>at$ by a concrete wall ne>ly "o mile 9 l5g?4 ,! re/ ( ! wat]way lies inl&4 ,lat*=d s]ves z a port = ,w>r+ton1 & ! locks "h always pres5t a busy sc5e4 ,at ,irlam locks ! canal ent]s ,lanca%ire1 & its wat]s are at ?is po9t =ty feet above sea-level4 ,! canal is f$ by ! ,riv] ,irwell1 ^: wat]s fl[ d[n ! canal f ,sal=d to ,irlam4 ,! railways are c>ri$ ov] ! canal by l(ty bridges1 :i* _h to be made v high to all[ ! ma/s ( ocean %ips to pass "u !m4 ,bays or sid+s1 :]e %ips may pass ea* o!r1 occur at int]vals4 ,:>ves & docks h be5 built at _m po9ts along ! canal1 :i* "s day may be expect$ to appe> "o long seaport4 ,ellesm]e ,port1 :]e ! ,ellesm]e ,canal & ,%ip ,canal unite1 has become a ?riv+ place 9 rec5t ye>s1 & ! trade ( ,runcorn has also be5 greatly increas$ by ! canal4 ,l>ge alkali works h be5 built at ,we/on ,po9t1 ! mo/ suitable place t c\ld h be5 f\nd = !m1 because !y are equally ne> to ! ,lanca%ire coal-field on ! "o h& & to ! salt b$s ( ,*e%ire on ! o!r4 ,! salt is br\ght 9 ! =m ( br9e direct f ,nor?wi* to ! works by pipes laid und]gr\nd1 a great sav+ ( money1 = salt is heavy & co/ly to c>ry4 ,?\gh ! cotton indu/ry 0 ! "o t 0 expect$ to ga9 mo/ f ! canal1 ! traffic is by no means conf9$ to ?is commodity4 ,gra9 & cattle are br\ght f ! ,unit$ ,/ates & f ,s\? ,am]ica1 timb] f ,canada1 & hides f ! ,arg5t9e1 & big c>goes ( bananas1 oranges1 & apples1 pass up ! canal4 ,9 addition to ?is ov]sea traffic1 ! canal also has a great %>e ( ! coa/+ trade ( ! ,we/ ( ,engl&1 ( :i* slates f ,c>n>von1 & *9a clay f ,cornwall may be tak5 z ! be/ examples4 ,! triumphs ( eng9e]+ & me*anical skill h improv$ our means ( travell+ f "o place to ano!r4 ,! great eng9es t are n[ turn$ out f ! locomotive %$s at ,crewe are z va/ly sup]ior to ! ,rocket 7models ( :i* are n[ b a curiosity 9 our museums7 z ! tw5tie?-c5tury motor-cycle is to ! velocip$e or wood5 'bone-%ak]' t y\r fa!rs rode4 ,horse c>riages are fa/ disappe>+ & giv+ place to ! motor-c>1 & hansoms to ! taxicab4 ,! sci5ce ( aviation is turn+ ! inv5tive p[]s ( m5 into new *annels1 & 'fly+ m5' are %[+ to ! _w t ! conque/ ( ! air is b a matt] ( "t4 ,be=e ! reign ( ,que5 ,victoria1 few ( ! *ildr5 ( ! poore/ classes 7 able ei!r to read or write4 ,su* education z ^! c\ld receive 0 giv5 9 ! ,sunday ,s*ools1 :i* ,rob]t ,raikes _h />t$ 9 #agha4 ,! *ildr5 7 h>d at "w 9 ! mills all ! week4 ,tea*]s volunte]$ = ! "w1 :i* 0 c>ri$ on 9 cottages or disus$ factories4 ,9 #ahje1 ,/ockport built ! big ,sunday ,s*ool :i* /ill rema9s1 & a hundr$ ?\s& *ildr5 h be5 grateful = ! simple tea*+ giv5 to !m4 ,! ,education ,bills ( ,que5 ,victoria's reign br\ght k )9 ! rea* ( all4 ,education is *eap = ! middle classes1 free = ! poor4 ,s*ools h be5 built :]e none exi/$ be=e4 ,money has be5 f\nd to help any ,*e%ire boy or girl to receive ! v highe/ education1 & to op5 up ! way f village s*ool to univ]sity4 ,! municipalities h built _! own municipal s*ools 9 ! *ief t[ns ( ,*e%ire1 & te*nical s*ools :]e y may le>n a trade4 ,at ! ,agricultural ,s*ool at ,holmes ,*apel y may be in/ruct$ 9 ! newe/ & mo/ sci5tific ways ( f>m+4 ,! p h le>nt to /udy ! laws ( heal?1 & to und]/& ! value ( light & fre% air4 ,t[ns are clean] & y\r homes heal?i]4 ,op5 spaces1 p>ks & play+-fields1 bright5 ! lives ( ! *ildr5 9 ! t[ns1 & by mak+ !m /rong]1 fit !m ! bett] = ! h>d "w t lies be=e !m4 ,port ,sunlight %[s h[ mu* c be done by ^? :o /udy ! ne$s ( ! work+ classes4 ,?is 'g>d5 city'1 ) its av5ues ( da9ty cottage villas1 is ! home ( ^? :o "w 9 ! big soap-works on ! ,m]sey4 ,"h ev]y?+ is done t c make = ! com=t & well-be+ ( ! inhabitants4 ,!re are s*ools = ! *ildr51 & 'in/itutes' = ! "y m5 & wom51 libr>ies & read+-rooms1 sav+s banks to enc\rage ?rift1 games1 clubs1 swimm+-ba?s & gymnasium = ! /rong1 a hospital = ! sick & infirm1 ambulance & fire brigade & a life-sav+ society1 & societies = ! /udy ( lit]ature & sci5ce4 ,y are n all z =tunate z ! dwell]s ( ,port ,sunlight4 ,b "s day _m ( y w p]haps see ! slums ( great t[ns cle>$ away1 & y w take c>e t sunlight is let into d>k places4 ,y w h le>n$ h[ fooli% x is to ov]cr[d ! t[ns & h]d toge!r 9 close & mean /reets1 & y w h ! p[] to say t ^! ?+s ought n to be4 ,! ,*e%ire ,c\nty ,c\ncil 0 creat$ by ,que5 ,victoria4 ,its memb]s are elect$1 & ! ,c\ncil all[s l>ge p>i%es to elect a ,p>i% or ,di/rict ,c\ncil to manage _! own local affairs4 ,b ,/ockport1 ,*e/]1 & ,birk5head d n s5d memb]s to ?is ,c\ncil1 = _! populations are s big t !y are consid]$ z c\nties 9 !mselves4 ,! ,c\nty ,c\ncil also controls ! education ( ! c\nty1 keeps roads & bridges 9 repair1 directs ! cleans+ ( ! small t[ns & villages1 & provides a pure wat]-supply4 ,new bor\ghs 7 made at ,crewe1 ,hyde1 & ,/alybridge 9 ,que5 ,victoria's reign1 ) a mayor & corporation to direct _! affairs4 ,macclesfield1 y w rememb]1 0 a bor\gh 9 v e>ly times4 ,altr9*am & ,ov] too1 once _h _! mayors1 ?\gh !y h !m no long]4 ,_! mayors seem to h be5 m5 ( v humble position1 & to h be5 look$ d[n ^u by _! neighb\rs4 ,y h p]haps he>d ( ! ,*e%ire say+3 ,! ,mayor ( ,altr9*am1 ,& ! ,mayor ( ,ov]-- ,! "o is a ?at*]1 ,! o!r a daub]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mod]n ,,go?ic3 ,s4 ,,m>g>et',s1 ,,altr9*am ,! "w ( ! bor\gh c\ncils has become v heavy dur+ ! la/ fifty ye>s4 ,gas1 wat]1 electricity1 libr>ies1 education1 public heal?1 ba?s1 m>kets1 & police1 h _! own special committees to look aft] !m4 ,! h&some ,t[n ,halls ( ,*e/] & ,/ockport1 ! latt] op5$ only a few ye>s s9ce by ! pres5t ,k+ ,george ! ,fif?1 _h to be built to accommodate ! small army ( cl]ks :o assi/ 9 ! gov]nm5t ( a great city4 ,! reign ( ,que5 ,victoria 0 n all "o ( peace4 ,! w> ) ,russia1 & ! t]rible mut9y ( h] ,indian subjects ) its tale ( horrors & its glori\s h]oism1 br\ght woe to _m a home 9 ,*e%ire4 ,! obelisk by ! roadside betwe5 ,ald=d & ,f>ndon rem9ds u t ! soldi]s ( ,*e%ire 7 (t5 call$ ^u to fight our battles & too (t5 f9d a grave 9 di/ant l&s4 ,colonel ,b>n/on1 ( ,crewe ,hill1 to ^: memory ?is monum5t 0 set up1 f\ght at ! siege ( ,seba/opol4 ,9 ! ,indian ,mut9y he 0 w\nd$ :ile gallantly lead+ an assault at ! relief ( ,luckn[1 & di$ ( 8 w\nds at ,cawnpore4 ,numb]s ( memorial tablets 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,*e/] speak ( ! lives t 7 *e]fully laid d[n by ,*e%ire m5 9 ! s]vice ( _! que5 & c\ntry4 ,y\r fa!rs w tell y h[ bonfires 7 light$ on ! beacons & hill-tops ( ,*e%ire to celebrate ! ,jubilee or fiftie? ye> ( ! reign ( ,que5 ,victoria4 ,/ill great] 0 ! rejoic+ "s t5 ye>s lat]1 :5 %e surpass$ 9 l5g? ( reign all previ\s sov]eigns ( ,engl&4 ,ne>ly e t[n & village has "s memorial ( h]3 a cross 9 ! village /reet1 a dr9k+-f\nta9 by ! wayside1 new bells = ! p>i% *ur* or a li*-gate = ! *ur*y>d1 a village 'hall' or a public recreation gr\nd1 ^! are b a few examples t prove ! love & rev]5ce t ,*e%ire m5 & wom5 felt = ! great que5 ^: only ?\ght 0 ev] = ! welf>e ( h] p4 ,yet h] la/ ye>s 7 sadd5$ by ! long & co/ly w> 9 ,s\? ,africa1 /ill unf9i%$ :5 %e di$4 ,! call to arms 0 once m he>d f ea/ to we/ ( ,*e%ire2 f t[n & c\ntry1 'res]vi/s' :o _h ?\ght to end _! days 9 peace 7 s5t ov]sea to def5d ! ,s\? ,african dom9ions ( ! que54 ,! brave ',*e%ires'--! fa!rs ( "s ( y 7 among !m--s]v$ ?r\gh\t ! w>4 ,a gallant ,*e%ire (fic] 0 "o ( ! fir/ to w9 di/9ction4 ,lieut5ant ,congreve1 ( ,burton ,hall1 0 "o ( ?ree :o volunte]$ to rescue ! guns at ! battle ( ,col5so4 ,he 0 %ot d[n 9 ! attempt1 b 0 able to crawl to a %elt]$ place1 & liv$ to receive ! rew>d t all soldi]s /rive to m]it--! ,victoria ,cross4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxv ,,fam\s ,,m5 ,,& ,,wom5 ,,( ,,*e%ire ,?r\gh\t ! ,middle ,ages1 until ! end ( ! ,w>s ( ! ,roses1 w> 0 ! *ief1 almo/ ! only occupation ( ! lead+ m5 ( ,*e%ire4 ,a few ent]$ ! ,*ur*1 ,ri*>d de ,v]non1 = in/ance1 :o 0 ,rector ( ',/okeport' e>ly 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury 78 tomb is 9 ! *ancel ( ,/ockport71 & ,william de ,montalt1 ,rector ( ,ne/on4 ,"o ( ! ,beb+tons1 ,william de ,bebyngton1 ev5 became ,abbot ( ,s4 ,w]burgh's ,abbey4 ,! desc5dants ( ! b>ons :o settl$ 9 ,*e%ire 9 ! days ( ! ,conqu]or foll[$ ! ,norman & ,plantag5et k+s to ! ,crusades or ! ,fr5* w>s4 ,few ( !m /ay$ at home = any l5g? ( "t1 & :5 !y return$1 !y g5]ally f\nd t "s score _h to be settl$ ) ! ,wel%m51 :o _h be5 mak+ havoc ( _! l&s dur+ _! abs5ce4 ,s t :e!r at home or abroad1 fight+ 0 always _! *ief bus9ess4 ,*e%ire has be5 call$ ! 'se$-plot ( g5tility'4 ,! ,*e%ire g5try prid$ !mselves on m>ry+ )9 _! own c\nty4 ,a ,*e%ire prov]b says3 '',tis bett] to w$ ov] ! mix5 ?an ov] ! moor1' mean+ ! moorl& t sep>ates ,*e%ire f h] neighb\rs4 ,! result ( ?is int]m>riage 0 t ! numb] ( great ,*e%ire names did n greatly increase1 & soon !re became ,z _m ,masseys z asses1 ,leghs z fleas1 ,& ,dav5ports z dogs' tails2 to quote ano!r ,*e%ire say+4 ,"o ( ! olde/ ,*e%ire families is t ( ! ,wooley-,dods ( ,edge ,hill1 :o trace _! desc5t f ! ,saxon ,dot1 :o 0 a great man 9 ,*e%ire be=e ! ,normans came4 ,! ,grosv5ors1 ^: ance/ors came ov] ) ! ,conqu]or1 live at ,eaton ,hall1 & own va/ e/ates 9 ,we/]n ,*e%ire4 ,! pres5t head ( ! family is ! ,duke ( ,we/m9/]4 ,! ,ma9w>+s1 ^: =efa!rs f\ght 9 ! ,crusades1 are at ,peov]1 & ! cre/ ( ! felon's head ( ! ,dav5ports /ill survives at ,cape/horne1 ?\gh ! ,dav5ports ( ,m>ton & ,bramhall are no m4 ,_m old families ( ,*e%ire h long s9ce di$ out4 ,! la/ ( ! ,masseys ( ,pudd+ton 7!y _h liv$ !re s9ce ! days ( ,rufus7 di$ 9 ! ,/u>t ris+ ( #agae4 ,!re are no ,pooles at ,poole ,hall nor ,v5ables at ,k9d]ton4 ,! la/ ( ! ,savages ( ,rock ,savage1 ^: tomb is 9 ! ,riv]s ,*apel at ,macclesfield1 di$ 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,dutton village & ,dutton ,hall be> ! "n ( a fam\s family t 0 alli$ by m>riage ) mo/ ( ! great families ( ,*e%ire4 ,duttons live no long] at ! ,hall1 = ! la/ male heir di$ 9 ! reign ( ,james ! ,fir/4 ,!y 7 desc5d$ f a squire ( ,rob]t ,lacy1 ,con/able ( ,*e/]4 ,:5 ,e>l ,r&al 0 besieg$ 9 ,rhuddlan ,ca/le by ! ,wel%1 ! ,con/able & ,dutton1 8 h5*man1 ha/ily ga!r$ toge!r a motley rabble ( fiddl]s & m\ntebanks f ,*e/] ,fair & w5t to 8 assi/ance4 ,! ,e>l 0 rescu$1 & f t "t =w>d to ! ,duttons 0 giv5 ! *>ge ( all m9/rels & fiddl]s 9 ! c\nty4 ,!re are ,duttons 9 ,*e/] n[2 "o 0 a mayor ( ! city q rec5tly4 ,neighb\rs & k9sm5 ( ! ,duttons 7 ! ,dones or ,donnes ( ,utk9ton1 h]$it>y =e/]s ( ! ,=e/ ( ,delam]e4 ,_m ( !m are buri$ at ,t>porley4 ,! "n ( ! la/ ,lady ,done is /ill call$ to m9d 9 ! neighb\rhood :]e !y liv$4 ,! ,*e%ire prov]b is ! highe/ praise t c be giv5 to a "y ,*e%ire h\sewife1 & ',lady ,done' is a pet "n = mode/ & ?rifty girls1 z ',little ,"l ,d]by' is = brave & hon\rable boys4 ,lanca%ire claims ! ,e>ls ( ,d]by n[1 b !y are desc5d$ f ! ,/anleys1 p]haps ! mo/ fam\s ( all ,*e%ire families1 by ! m>riage ( ,sir ,john ,/anley & ,isabella1 heiress ( ! ,lanca%ire ,la?oms4 ,! ,/anleys settl$ at ,/oreton 9 ,wirral 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,_m m5 ( m>k1 *ur*m5 & s*ol>s1 /atesm5 & soldi]s1 belong$ to ?is family4 ,a ,/anley help$ to w9 ! battle ( ,boswor? = ,h5ry ,tudor1 & a ,/anley l$ ! ,*e%ire troops 9 ! fam\s *>ge at ,flodd5 ,field1 ,:5 %iv]$ 0 fair ,scotl&'s spe> ,& brok5 0 h] %ield4 ,"o bran* ( ! family settl$ at ,hooton1 b ! la/ ( ?is l9e lo/ 8 e/ates by gambl+ & extravagance4 ,! ,/anleys ( ,ald]ley receiv$ knigh?ood f ,james ! ,fir/2 !y are ,b>ons ( ,ald]ley n[4 ,?is family has giv5 a bi%op to ,norwi* & a /ill m fam\s dean to ,we/m9/]4 ,! bi%op 0 educat$ at ! ,gramm> ,s*ool ( ,macclesfield4 ,! ,eg]tons are desc5d$ f ! /&>d-be>] ( ,h5ry ! ,eigh?1 :o made him a knight aft] ! ',battle ( ! ,spurs'4 ,"o ( !m rose to be ,"l ,*ancellor 9 ! reigns ( ,elizabe? & ,james ! ,fir/1 & 0 made ,b>on ,ellesm]e4 ,! fir/ ,e>l ,eg]ton ( ,tatton 0 made a pe] by ,que5 ,victoria l>gely = ! help he gave 9 ! mak+ ( ! ,%ip ,canal4 ,! ,jodrells1 buri$ 9 ,taxal ,*ur*1 7 desc5d$ f an ar*] :o s]v$ "u ! ,black ,pr9ce4 ,p]haps he cut 8 b[ f ! v yew tree t /ill /&s 9 ! *ur*y>d4 ,"o ( !m f\ght 9 ! ,p59sul> ,w>1 b ! "n has disappe>$ f ?is "p ( ,*e%ire n[4 ,sev]al ,*e%ire noblem5 sit 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords to-day1 _! family "n disguis$ "u ! m %[y title ( a pe]age4 ,a ,boo? became ,"l ,delam]e at ! ,re/oration1 & ! ,visc\nts ( ,comb]m]e are ! desc5dants ( ! ,cottons1 :o help$ ,h5ry ! ,eigh? to plund] ! ,*e%ire mona/]ies4 ,! ,ard]nes are repres5t$ by ! ,e>l ( ,hadd+ton2 ,"l ,newton lives at ,lyme ,p>k1 ! anci5t home ( ! ,leghs1 & ! ,e>l ( ,crewe at ,crewe ,hall4 ,"l ,a%ton ( ,hyde has only rec5tly tak5 a seat 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords4 ,he 0 made a b>on at ! coronation ( ,k+ ,george ! ,fif?4 ,:5 great indu/ries took root 9 ,*e%ire new names appe>$1 & "s ( ! mo/ hon\r$ families 9 ,*e%ire n[ are ^? t h be5 closely associat$ ) ! work]s ( ! c\nty4 ,we he> a great deal n[adays ( '! dignity ( lab\r'1 & we ?9k x no disgrace to rise to position & p[] by a life ( toil4 ,! ,gregs ( ,/yal & ! ,brunn]s ( ,nor?wi*1 ! ,lev]s ( ,wirral1 & _m o!rs1 h ende>$ !mselves to ! p ( ,*e%ire by ! example ( _! own lab\rs & ! pa9s !y h tak5 to make ! lives ( ^? :o live ab\t !m & "w = !m bright] & happi]4 ,a simple cross 9 ! gravey>d ( ! ,unit>ian ,*apel at ,knuts=d be>s ! "n ( ,elizabe? ,cleghorn ,gaskell4 ,! p ( ,knuts=d h a w>m corn] 9 _! he>ts = h]1 = 9 a way %e has made _! t[n fam\s = all "t4 ,"o ( ! books %e wrote--,cran=d %e call$ x--speaks ( ! p ( ,knuts=d z %e knew !m 9 ! e>li] days ( ,que5 ,victoria4 ,! book tells y mu* ( ! quiet life ( a c\ntry t[n be=e ! com+ ( ! railways & ! busy hubbub ( ! lat] n9ete5? c5tury1 & all ,*e%ire *ildr5 %\ld read x4 ,mrs4 ,gaskell wrote sev]al o!r books1 all ( :i* %[ h] sweet sympa?y & k9dl9ess t[>ds ^? ^: lives are ca/ 9 l[ly surr\nd+s4 ,if y h n he>d ( ,cran=d y h probably read a book ^: title y "k bett] ?an ! "n ( ! writ]4 ,alice 9 ,wond]l& 0 writt5 by a man :o sp5t mu* ( 8 e>ly life 9 ,*e%ire4 ',lewis ,c>roll'1 ?\gh t is n 8 real "n1 is ! "n "u :i* he wrote ! humor\s /ories t h delight$ "y p & old alike4 ,john ,crit*ley ,pr9ce1 ! workman poet ( ,hyde1 liv$ 9 ! days :5 ! poorly-paid work]s ( ,*e%ire 7 /ruggl+ = a bett] exi/5ce4 ,:ile work+ 9 a factory at ,hyde he f\nd "t to write poems :i* speak ( ! *>ms ( home1 ! bro!rhood ( all mank9d1 & ! hopes & ambitions ( 8 fell[ m54 ,pr9ce 0 ?riftless & intemp]ate1 & mu* ( 8 life 0 sp5t 9 mis]y1 b 8 tal5ts 7 great1 & ! p ( ,hyde h done him hon\r4 ,he is buri$ 9 ,hyde *ur*y>d4 ,9 ! *ancel ( ,/ockport ,p>i% ,*ur* is a tablet to ! memory ( ,john ,wa9wright1 ! organi/ :o compos$ ! tune = ',*ri/ians1 awake'1 ! beautiful ,*ri/mas hymn '^: s\nd is gone out into all l&s :]e ! praise ( our ,"l is sung'1 z ! inscription runs4 ,! words ( ! hymn 7 writt5 by ,byrom1 a ,man*e/] man4 ,*e%ire produc$ a fam\s hymn-writ] 9 ,bi%op ,heb]4 ,reg9ald ,heb] 0 born 9 ! rectory ( ,malpas 9 #aghc4 ,he gave himself up to mission>y "w 9 =eign l&s1 & 0 made ,bi%op ( ,calcutta4 ',f ,gre5l&'s icy m\nta9s' & ',brighte/ & be/ ( ! sons ( ! morn+' are two ( ! hymns t came f 8 p54 ,*>les ,k+sley mu/ h lov$ ,*e%ire4 ,?\gh he 0 n a ,*e%ire man by bir?1 he claim$ desc5t f ! ,k+sleys ( ,vale ,royal4 ,he 0 a great lov] ( nature1 &1 :ile he 0 ,canon ( ,*e/]1 f\nd$ ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,society 9 ,*e/]1 ^: home is 9 ! ,grosv5or ,museum1 & enc\rag$ ! p ( ,*e%ire to take an int]e/ 9 ! /ory ( _! c\nty1 & to /udy ! ways ( plants & ( ! wild creatures ( ! fields & ! =e/s4 ,8 pa!tic ballad ( ! ,s&s ( ,dee1 ',o ,m>y1 g & call ! cattle home1' w always be a fav\rite ) ! village p ( ,wirral4 ,tabley ,hall 0 ! home ( ano!r celebrat$ naturali/4 ,"h liv$ ,"l de ,tabley1 "o ( ! greate/ /ud5ts ( ,*e%ire fl[]s1 & a lov] ( all wild liv+ ?+s4 ,8 grave is 9 ! *ur*y>d ( ,little ,peov]1 & ov] x trails a bramble1 :i* 0 8 fav\rite plant & "o ( :i* he made a special /udy4 ,9 ! g>d5s ( ,tabley ,hall is a bramble-b$1 /ill t5d$ c>efully1 :i* he laid out f ! *oice/ bri>s he c\ld f9d4 ,"l de ,tabley 0 a poet z well z a lov] ( fl[]s & birds4 ,p]haps y w "s day read 8 poems1 & be *>m$ by 8 descriptive pictures ( ! ways ( 8 fea!r$ fri5ds1 ! '/>l+s mu/]+ on _! ev5+ tree'1 ! 'swall[s beat+ l[ be=e a h9t ( ra9'1 ! 'pla9tive plov]s'1 & ! 'wide-w+$ scream+ swift'4 ,"l de ,tabley's example is "o :i* all ,*e%ire boys & girls %\ld le>n to copy4 ,^? :o are pr\d ( _! c\nty w n d any?+ to make x less beautiful4 ,l him1 !y w *]i% & protect ! plants & birds & all ! wild creatures t h be5 put into _! keep+2 = su* ?+s are ! common h]itage ( ! p ( ,*e%ire1 &1 once de/roy$1 c nev] be replac$4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvi ,,conclusion ,we h trac$ ! /ory ( ,*e%ire f prehi/oric times4 ,= long ages ! /ory 0 "o ( w> & blood%$1 ( conque/ & defeat1 ( ! com+ & ! pass+ ( _m nations1 ea* 9 turn yield+ to a m p[]ful foe4 ,*e%ire has se5 m ( ! /rife ( nations ?an mo/ c\nties ( ,engl&4 ,h] position on ! map ( ! ,briti% ,isles has will$ t ?is %\ld be4 ,:5 ! late/ /ruggle = ! possession ( our c\ntry 0 end$1 & ! ,normans lord$ x ov] ! conqu]$ ,saxons1 we saw ,*e%ire made into a bulw>k to keep 9 *eck ! nations t surr\nd$ h] on nor? & we/4 ,= #bjj ye>s ?is 0 h] mission4 ,%e 0 a k+dom )9 a k+dom1 ) an e>l or vic]oy to rule ov] h]1 & a ,p>liam5t & laws ( h] own4 ,m c5turies pass$ by be=e a ,tudor k+ p]mitt$ h] to take h] place 9 t great] ,engli% ,p>liam5t & to help to frame laws "u :i* %e1 along ) ! re/ ( ,engl&1 %\ld be gov]n$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dee ,,bridge ,,& ,,mills3 ,,*e/] ,b ,*e%ire 0 n d5i$ ! greate/ ( all good gifts4 ,we saw ! lamp ( ,*ri/ianity burn brightly f ,hildeburgh's ,isle to ,*adkirk1 & "s ( ! e>lie/ ,gospel tea*]s 7 s5t by ! v ,wel% & ,iri% nations ov] :i* ,*e%ire 0 aft]w>ds set z s5t9el & wat*-dog4 ,feebly ! light sometimes glimm]$ 9 days ( /ress & /orm1 b x nev] w5t out2 & aft] ! ,tudor mon>* _h %ak5 (f ! %ackles ( ,rome1 & ! m9ds ( m5 _h be5 /irr$ by a great awak5+1 its e>ly brightness 0 re/or$ 9 a purifi$ religion t gave fre$om ( consci5ce to all m54 ,!n came ! horrors ( civil w>1 :5 ,*e%ire m5 f\ght = ! lib]ty to believe :at !y ?\ght to be "r1 & rose 9 _! wra? at ! unlawful misde$s ( ! ,/u>t k+s1 :5 patriots rose 9 def5ce ( ! anci5t lib]ties t are ! inh]itance ( all ,engli%m54 ,?is 0 ! la/ blood %$ 9 ,*e%ire4 ,9 ! la/ hundr$ ye>s ! p ( ,*e%ire h se5 ! face ( ,*e%ire greatly *ang$4 ,!y h help$ to create great indu/ries1 & !y h witness$ ! wond]ful discov]ies ( ! p[] ( /eam & electricity1 & all ! conv5i5ces & com=ts ( mod]n life t h foll[$ 9 _! tra94 ,9 ways too num]\s to speak (1 _! lives h be5 made bright] & happi]4 ,! ,pr9ces ( ,wales are ! ,e>ls ( ,*e/] /ill4 ,k+ ,edw>d ! ,sev5?1 :5 he 0 ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 came to ,*e/] & op5$ ! new ,t[n ,hall4 ,! citiz5s ( ,*e/] knew him well1 = he 0 (t5 a gue/ at ,eaton ,hall1 ! home ( ! ,grosv5ors1 ! desc5dants ( ! ,conqu]or's 'mighty huntsman'4 ,william ! ,norman h>ri$ ,*e%ire ) ! sword1 & ! p ( ,*e%ire fl$ be=e him4 ,k+ ,edw>d br\ght n a sword b peace 9 8 h&1 & ! p lov$ him1 = he 0 "o ( ! _w's great peace-mak]s4 ,9 "o ( ! e>lie/ *apt]s ( ?is book y h read ( ! 'mak+ ( ,*e%ire'4 ,we h br\ght ! /ory ( ,*e%ire d[n to ! pres5t day1 b ,*e%ire is n yet 'made'4 ,_m & wond]ful *anges !re h be5 s9ce our ance/ors %ot wild bea/s ) _! fl9ty arr[-heads1 & dev\r$ raw fle% 9 ! pits & cav]ns ( ,ald]ley ,edge4 ,! p ( ,*e%ire1 :o h /ruggl$ ?r\gh long c5turies to w9 = !mselves light & lib]ty1 h nev] turn$ _! faces backw>ds4 ,) /eadfa/ purpose & unfalt]+ /eps !y m>* =w>d on ! way ( progress4 ,! 'mak+' /ill goes on2 & !re is pl5ty ( "w to d = ! ,*e%ire boys & girls ( to-day1 t !y may help to make _! c\nty a bett] place to live 9 ?an !y f\nd x4 ,en\gh1 if some?+ f our h&s h p[] ,to live1 & act1 & s]ve ! future h\r4 ,! great families ( ,*e%ire ^: names recur s (t5 9 ^! pages 7 pr\d ( ! mottoes writt5 b5ea? _! cre/s & coats ( arms4 ,! words inscrib$ on ! village cross :i* ! boys & girls ( ,ea/ham pass on _! way to s*ool1 are ! be/ mottoes t all ,*e%ire s*ool-*ildr5 c take = _! own3 ',fe> ,god4 ,hon\r ! ,k+4 ,"w :ile x is yet day4' ,& ! day is v %ort4 ,z ! l9es on a tomb/one 9 ,little ,peov] *ur*y>d rem9d u3 ,a little rule1 a little sway1 ,a sunbeam 9 a w9t]'s day1 ,is all ! greate/ ( u h ,betwe5 ! cradle & ! grave4 ,,index ,acton1 #abf4 ,adl+ton1 #ada1 #afa4 ,ae!lfri?1 #dd4 ,ae!lr$1 #ej4 ,agricola1 #cf-h4 ,alabama1 !1 #bjc4 ,ald]ley ,edge1 #ae1 #ah1 #be1 #db4 ,ald=d1 #bj1 #fa4 ,alfr$ ! ,great1 #ea4 ,alm%\ses1 #adg4 ,altr9*am1 #hh1 #bjh4 ,anne1 ,que51 #aga4 ,anselm1 #fd4 ,ar*]y1 #aaj4 ,ar*itecture1 ,saxon1 #ej2 ,norman1 #fe-ga2 ,e>ly ,engli%1 #ha-f2 ,decorat$1 #aja-d2 ,p]p5dicul>1 #abj-b2 ,elizabe?an1 #acg-db2 ,eighte5?-,c5tury1 #agc-f4 ,ard5 ,hall1 #adb4 ,armada1 ,spani%1 #acd4 ,a/bury1 #de1 #ajd4 ,a/on1 ,sir ,?omas1 #aef4 ,a!l/an1 #ee4 ,baguley1 #ajf4 ,baldw91 ,ar*bi%op1 #gi4 ,b>n/on1 ,colonel1 #baj4 ,b>r[s1 #bg4 ,b>?omley1 #afb4 ,beb+ton1 #ga1 #ajd1 #adg4 ,bee/on ,ca/le1 #fa1 #afj4 ,bee/on1 ,sir ,george1 #acd4 ,b5$ict9es1 #fd4 ,birk5head1 #ab1 #aih-bjj4 ,birk5head1 ,priory1 #ga2 ,%ipp+1 #bjj4 ,black ,dea?1 #aab4 ,boo?1 ,sir ,george1 #aeg1 #aff1 #aga4 ,b\ld] clay1 #bj4 ,brad%aw1 ,john1 #afc4 ,bramhall1 #ajf4 ,branks1 #adi4 ,brasses1 #aae4 ,br]eton ,hall1 #ada4 ,br]eton1 ,sir ,william1 #aec1 #aee-fj1 #afe4 ,bridgwat] ,canal1 #ahd4 ,bridgwat]1 ,duke (1 #ahc4 ,br9dley1 ,james1 #ahc1 #ahe4 ,briti% rema9s1 #bg4 ,brocmael1 #dc4 ,brombor\gh1 #ef4 ,bronze ,age1 #bh4 ,broxton ,hills1 #bg4 ,bru]a1 #hf4 ,bucton ,ca/le1 #bg4 ,budwor?1 ,great1 #aai1 #afb1 #afd4 ,bunbury1 #ajh1 #acd4 ,bunt] ,s&/one1 #ah4 ,burial urns1 #bg1 #cd4 ,byron1 ,sir ,ni*olas1 #aeg4 ,caes>1 ,julius1 #bi4 ,calveley1 ,sir ,hugh1 #ajh4 ,canals ( ,*e%ire1 #ahc-e1 #bje4 ,c>bonif]\s ,rocks1 #bd4 ,c>roll1 ,lewis1 #bae4 ,ceawl91 #dc4 ,celts1 #bf-h4 ,*ad1 #dh4 ,*adkirk1 #dh4 ,*>les ,i1 #aec1 #aeh4 ,*>les ,,ii1 #afd-f4 ,*>t]s1 #gh1 #hh4 ,*>ti/s1 #bjb4 ,*e%ire1 ,canals1 #ahc-e1 #bje2 ,m]es1 #ae2 ,pla91 #aj2 ,riv]s1 #ab-ad2 ,railways1 #aib-g4 ,*es%yre1 ,sir ,john1 #agg4 ,*e/]1 ,battle (1 #dd2 ,ca/le1 #ee1 #fb1 #if1 #agd2 ,caley>ds1 #fe2 ,ca!dral1 #acj2 ,cu/oms (1 #fb2 ,k+'s ,s*ool1 #acc1 #aeb2 ,plays1 #ij-a2 ,pho5ix ,t[]1 #hi1 #aeh2 ,roman city (1 #cf-h2 ,r[s1 #aab2 ,s4 ,john's ,*ur*1 #ej1 #ff1 #ha1 #afj2 ,s4 ,m>y's on ! ,hill1 #afj2 ,s4 ,olaf1 #eg2 ,s4 ,oswald1 #dg2 ,s4 ,w]burgh's ,abbey1 #fd1 #gb1 #hc2 ,siege (1 #aeh-fj2 ,situation (1 #aj2 ,trade1 #ee1 #add2 ,walls1 #cg1 #if2 ,wat] ,t[]1 #ih4 ,*e/s1 ,*ur*1 #abd4 ,*ri/ianity1 ,introduction (1 #dg-ea4 ,*ri/leton1 #bj4 ,*ronicle1 ,old ,engli%1 #ed4 ,circles1 ,/one1 #bh4 ,ci/]cians1 #gc4 ,civil ,w>1 #aec-ff4 ,clive1 ,rob]t1 #aha4 ,clul[ ,cross1 #be1 #bh4 ,cnut1 #eg4 ,coa*es1 #agh4 ,coal measures1 #bb4 ,coal-fields1 #ahc4 ,cobd51 ,ri*>d1 #bjb4 ,comb]m]e1 ,abbey (1 #gc4 ,comb]m]e1 ,visc\nt1 #ahb4 ,congleton1 #hh1 #adh4 ,congreve1 ,lieut5ant1 #baa4 ,conn\ght1 ,major1 #afb4 ,con/able's ,s&s1 #gd4 ,conv]sion ( ! ,engli%1 #dg-h4 ,cotton fam9e1 #bjc2 manufacture1 #ahh4 ,cotton1 ,/apleton1 #ahb4 ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 #bjh4 ,crewe1 #aie1 #bjh4 ,crewe1 ,sir ,r&olph1 #aeb4 ,crosses1 #dh4 ,crusades1 #gi4 ,danes1 ,invasion (1 #eg4 ,dav5port1 ,pet]1 #afb4 ,dav5port1 ,vivian1 #gd4 ,dean ,r[1 #afh4 ,decorat$ ,ar*itecture1 #aja-d4 ,dee ,mills1 #gg1 #ih4 ,dee1 ,riv]1 #ab4 ,delam]e1 ,=e/ (1 #ae1 #bg1 #gd4 ,d5nis1 ,pet]1 #aha4 ,d]by1 ,e>ls (1 #bac4 de ,tabley1 ,"l1 #baf4 ,deva1 #cj4 ,dissolution ( ! ,mona/]ies1 #abi-cc4 ,domesday ,book1 #fb-d4 ,done1 ,john1 #gf4 ,d[nes1 ,pet]1 #aha4 ,drayton1 ,mi*ael1 #ace4 ,duk9field1 #aea1 #ahc4 ,dunham ,massey1 #fb4 ,duttons1 #bab4 ,e>ls ( ,*e/]1 #ei1 #gd-ha4 ,e>ly ,engli% ,ar*itecture1 #ha-g4 ,ea/ham1 #bje4 ,eaton ,hall1 #ei4 ,eaton1 ,samuel1 #aea4 ,ecb]ght1 #dd4 ,eddisbury1 #bj1 #ed4 ,edg>1 #ef4 ,edw>d ! ,eld]1 #ed4 ,edw>d ,i1 #ic-h4 ,edw>d ,,iii1 #if4 ,edw>d ,,vi1 #acj4 ,edw>d ,,vii1 #bah4 ,edw91 ,e>l1 #ei4 ,eleanor1 ,que51 #id4 ,elizabe?1 ,que51 #acd-ej4 ,elizabe?an ,h\ses1 #acg4 ,ellesm]e ,canal1 #bjf4 ,erratics1 #bj4 ,e/u>ies1 #ad4 ,e!lfl$a1 #ec-e4 ,e!r[1 ,riv]1 #ab4 ,factory ,acts1 #bja4 ,faddiley1 #dc4 ,f>ndon1 #dh1 #aei4 ,fitton1 ,m>y1 #adc4 ,flag/ones1 #bc4 ,fla%es1 #ae4 ,fl9t implem5ts1 #be4 ,=e/1 subm]g$1 #bc4 ,=e/s ( ,*e%ire1 #gd4 ,fri>s1 ,com+ ( !1 #ii4 ,frod%am1 #fe1 #if1 #agd4 ,gaskell1 ,mrs41 #bac4 ,gawswor?1 #abj1 #adc1 #agh4 ,george ,i1 #agb4 ,george ,v1 #baj4 ,gh]bod1 #eh4 ,gilds1 #hh-ia4 ,glacial ,drift1 #bj4 ,goyt1 ,riv]1 #ab1 #bb1 #ahi4 ,grapp5hall1 #gi4 ,greg1 ,samuel1 #aij4 ,grosv5ors1 !1 #fj1 #bah4 ,halton ,ca/le1 #fa4 ,h&=? ,hall1 #ada4 ,h&ley1 #aba4 ,h>eca/le1 #ahe4 ,h>old1 ,k+1 #eh4 ,h>rison1 ,?omas1 #afd4 ,ha/e91 #ea4 ,heb]1 ,bi%op1 #bae4 ,h5ry ,i1 #gf4 ,h5ry ,,ii1 #hj4 ,h5ry ,,iii1 #hg4 ,h5ry ,,iv1 #aji1 #aad4 ,h5ry ,v1 #aad4 ,h5ry ,,vii1 #aag4 ,h5ry ,,viii1 #abe-cj1 #adf4 ,h5ry1 ,mat!w1 #afh4 ,high ,legh1 #bj4 ,hotspur1 #aaj4 ,hoylake1 #agj4 ,hugh1 ,e>l1 #ei-gc4 ,hugh ,kyvelioc1 #gg4 ,hyde1 #bjh4 ,hyde1 ,anne1 #aga4 ,indu/rial ,revolution1 #ahc-ib4 ,+emund1 #ec4 ,inman1 ,william1 #bjj4 ,iri% ,w>s1 #adc4 ,ismay1 ,?omas1 #bjj4 ,italian ar*itecture1 #adf1 #agc-f4 ,jacobites1 #agb4 ,james ,i1 #aej1 #aeb4 ,james ,,ii1 #afi-gj4 ,john ! ,scot1 #hg4 ,johnson1 ,samuel1 #agh4 ,kelsborr[1 #bg4 ,k5tig]n1 #dg4 ,keup] ,s&/one1 #ah4 ,k+1 ,edw>d1 #ahf4 ,k+sley1 ,*>les1 #bae4 ,kirby1 ,we/1 #ec4 ,knights ,hospitall]s1 #gi4 ,knights ,templ>s1 #gi4 ,knuts=d1 #afd1 #ahb1 #aib4 ,labyr9?odont1 #ah4 ,laird1 ,?omas1 #bjj4 ,lamb]t1 ,g5]al1 #afd4 ,lat*=d1 #bjf4 ,leghs1 !1 #ajh1 #adc1 #afa1 #agd4 ,leice/]1 ,sir ,pet]1 #afa4 ,le(ric1 #eg4 ,lime/one rocks1 #bc4 ,llewellyn1 #ie4 ,longd5dale1 #ab4 ,lyme1 #gg1 #adf1 #agb4 ,lymm1 #ah4 ,macclesfield1 ,*ur*1 #id1 #ajh1 #abj2 ,=e/1 #gd2 ,s*ool1 #acc4 ,maid5 ,ca/le1 #bg4 ,malpas1 #abd4 ,mancunium1 #cf4 ,m>g>et1 ,que51 #aae4 ,m>ian p]secution1 #acb4 ,m>l+1 #ih4 ,m>%1 ,william1 #acb4 ,m>t9dale1 ,adam1 #afh4 ,m>y1 ,que51 #acb4 ,m>y1 ,que5 ( ,scots1 #aej4 ,massey1 ,hamon de1 #ga4 ,mel&ra ,ca/le1 #cf4 ,m]*ant ,guilds1 #hh4 ,m]es1 #ae4 ,m]sey1 ,riv]1 #ab4 ,middlewi*1 ,roman /ation (1 #cd2 ,battle (1 #aef4 ,midsumm] ,games1 #aea4 ,mill/one ,grit1 #bc4 ,mobb]ley1 #fc1 #abg4 ,monk1 ,george1 #aff4 ,monm\?1 ,duke (1 #afi4 ,moreton ,hall1 ,little1 #acg4 ,m\nta9 ,lime/one1 #bc1 #bd4 ,murage1 #if4 ,mural pa9t+s1 #abb4 ,nantwi*1 #hi1 #ib4 ,nantwi*1 ,battle (1 #aeg4 ,neoli?ic ,age1 #bf4 ,ne/on1 #hg1 #agh4 ,nigel ( ,halton1 #fa4 ,norman abbeys1 #fd1 #ga-c2 ar*itecture1 #fe-ga2 ca/les1 #fa2 *ur*es1 #fe2 conque/1 #eh4 ,normans1 ,com+ ( !1 #eh4 ,norse settlem5ts1 #eb4 ,nor?wi*1 #ai1 #cb1 #aeg1 #ahh4 ,norton ,priory1 #abi4 ,ord]icus ,vitalis1 #fj4 ,oswald1 #dg4 ,ov]1 #dh4 ,palaeoli?ic ,age1 #be4 ,palat9e1 ,c\nty1 #ei4 ,p>i% regi/]s1 #abe4 ,p>kgate1 #agh4 ,peada1 #dh4 ,p5da1 #dh4 ,peov]1 ,little1 #ajf4 ,p]mian rocks1 #bb4 ,p]p5dicul> ,ar*itecture1 #abj-b4 ,picts1 #dc4 ,plac5ames1 #de1 #eb4 ,plegmund1 ,ar*bi%op1 #eb4 ,plem/all1 #eb4 ,port ,sunlight1 #bjg4 ,pre/bury1 #fi1 #ge4 ,pret5d]s1 ,/u>t1 #agb4 ,pr9ce1 ,john ,crit*ley1 #bae4 ,prynne1 ,william1 #aeb4 ,pulton ,abbey1 #gc4 ,puritans1 #aej1 #afe4 ,quak]s1 #afi4 ,qu>ry ,bank1 #aij4 ,railways1 #aib-g4 ,r&al ,hignet1 #ia4 ,r&le ,blundeville1 ,e>l1 #gh-ha4 ,r&le ,,ii1 ,e>l1 #gf4 ,r&le ,mes*9es1 ,e>l1 #gf4 ,ranulf ,higd51 #aja4 ,re=mation1 #abh-cc4 ,r5aissance1 #agc4 ,re/oration1 #aff4 ,ri*>d1 ,e>l1 #gf4 ,ri*>d ,i1 #hj4 ,ri*>d ,,ii1 #aji4 ,ri*>d ,,iii1 #aag4 ,riv]s ( ,*e%ire1 #ab-ad4 ,roe1 ,*>les1 #aib4 ,rog] de ,montalt1 #hg4 ,roman alt>s1 #ce2 bricks1 #dj2 build+s1 #ch2 capitals1 #ci2 co9s1 #da2 =ts1 #cf2 hypocau/s1 #ci2 pott]y1 #da2 roads1 #cj2 tomb/ones1 #cd4 ,romans1 ,com+ ( !1 #bi4 ,roses1 ,w>s ( !1 #aae4 ,ro/h]ne1 #agd4 ,r[ton ,moor1 #aeh1 #aff4 ,runcorn1 #ah1 #ed1 #ahf4 ,runes1 #de4 ,rup]t1 ,pr9ce1 #aeg4 ,ru%be>+1 #adg4 ,salt1 #ah1 #ahf4 ,samian w>e1 #da4 ,s&ba*1 #fd2 battle (1 #afd2 crosses1 #dh4 ,s&/one1 ,new ,r$1 #af-ah4 ,saxons1 ,com+ ( !1 #dc4 ,sc&9avians1 #ea-c4 ,scott1 ,capta91 #ahj4 ,sev5 ,l[s1 #bg4 ,%ak]ley1 ,sir ,ge(frey1 #aei4 ,%ip ,canal1 #ab1 #bje-f4 ,%ip money1 #aec4 ,%ockla*1 #fh1 #abc4 ,%otwick1 #ae1 #fh1 #ie4 ,silk manufacture1 #aib4 ,simon de ,mont=t1 #ib4 ,simon ( ,:it*ur*1 #ib4 ,simon ,ripley1 #abb4 ,spe$1 ,john1 #ace4 ,/alybridge1 #bjh4 ,/anlaw1 #gc4 ,/anley ,palace1 #adf4 ,/anleys ( ,*e%ire1 #ii1 #aab1aag1 #afd1 #bac4 ,/eam1 ,introduction (1 #ahi4 ,/eph51 ,k+1 #gf4 ,/ockport1 #ab1 #cb1 #hh1 #ajd1 #bjb1 #baj4 ,/ocks1 #adi4 ,/one ,age1 #be4 ,/oreton1 #ah4 ,/ret=d1 #cb4 ,/yal1 #aij4 ,sunday ,s*ools1 #bjg4 ,tame1 ,riv]1 #ab4 ,t>porley1 #aee4 ,t>v91 #bj1 #aeg4 ,!lwall1 #ed4 ,?+wall1 #eb4 ,?ornton ,hea?1 #ga4 ,timb] ,h\ses1 #acg-da4 ,tramways1 #bjj4 ,turp91 ,dick1 #agi4 ,vale ,royal1 #ic1 #abi4 van ,zoel51 ,b>on1 #aga4 ,v]at9um1 #da4 ,victoria1 ,que51 #bjd-aa4 ,wa9wright1 ,john1 #bae4 ,wakes1 #adg4 ,wales1 ,conque/ (1 #id4 ,wallasey1 #ad1 #gj1 #afi4 ,walton1 ,bi%op1 #afg4 ,w>burton1 #aje4 ,w>=d1 #afi4 ,w>r51 ,sir ,george1 #ahc4 ,watl+ ,/reet1 #ab1 #cb4 ,weav]1 ,riv]1 #ad1 #ai1 #ahf4 ,well+ton1 ,duke (1 #ahb4 ,w]burga1 ,sa9t1 #ej4 ,wesley1 ,john1 #ahj4 ,we/ ,kirby1 #ec1 #aga4 ,wild]spool1 #cb4 ,wilk9s1 ,john1 #afg4 ,william ! ,conqu]or1 #eh4 ,william ,rufus1 #ge4 ,william ,,iii1 #agj4 ,wilmsl[1 #aae4 ,wirral1 #i1 #bb1 #eb1 #aig4 ,witton1 #acc4 ,wood*ur*1 #fi1 #adg4 ,yor$ale rocks1 #bc4 ,ox=d3 ,pr9t$ at ! ,cl>5don ,press by ,horace ,h>t1 ,m4,a4 ,"s ,ox=d ,books on ,,hi/ory ,g5]al4 ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,( ,,hi/ory1 by ,c4 ,h4 ,,j>vis4 ,pp4 #bdj4 #es4 #f;d4 net4 ',my aim has be5 to deal simply & cle>ly ) ! problems :i* (t5 p]plex ^? tea*]s :o h _h no def9ite hi/orical tra9+ & d n specialize 9 ,hi/ory tea*+4'--,f ! ,preface4 ,,hi/ory ,,z ,a ,,s*ool ,,( ,,citiz5%ip1 by ,,hel5 ,m4 ,,madeley4 ,) a ,=eword by ! ,ma/] ( ,balliol4 ,pp4 #ajf1 ) #ae illu/rations4 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 ,civilization4 ,,! ,,liv+ ,,pa/4 ,a ,sket* ( ,we/]n ,progress4 ,by ,f4 ,s4 ,,m>v94 ,pp4 #cab4 #es4 #f;d4 net2 & ,,! ,,c5tury ,,( ,,hope4 ,a ,sket* ( ,we/]n ,progress f #ahae to ! ,great ,w>4 ,by ,f4 ,s4 ,,m>v94 ,pp4 #cff4 ,second edition4 #fs4 net4 ,a ,,brief ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,civilization1 by ,,john ,s4 ,,hoyl&4 ,pp4 #bhh1 ) _m illu/rations4 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,anci5t4 ,,an ,,outl9e ,,( ,,anci5t ,,hi/ory1 by ,m4 ,a4 ,,hamilton & ,a4 ,w4 ,f4 ,,blunt4 ,pp4 #aid1 ) _m illu/rations4 #cs4 ,,outl9es ,,( ,,roman ,,hi/ory1 by ,m4 ,a4 ,,hamilton4 ,pp4 #bjj1 ) #g maps & illu/rations4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,outl9es ,,( ,,greek ,,hi/ory1 by ,m4 ,a4 ,,hamilton4 ,%ortly4 ,,anci5t ,,rome4 ,! ,lives ( ,great ,m5 told by ,m4 ,a4 ,,hamilton4 ,) ,translat$ ,passages by ,c4 ,e4 ,,freeman4 ,pp4 #afj1 ) #ec illu/rations4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,an ,,introduction ,,to ,,roman ,,hi/ory1 ,lit]ature1 & ,antiquities1 by ,a4 ,,petrie4 ,pp4 #abf1 ) #bg illu/rations4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,anci5t ,,greece4 ,a ,/udy1 by ,,/anley ,,casson4 ,pp4 #if1 ) #ab illu/rations & #b maps4 #bs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,,rome1 by ,p4 ,e4 ,,ma!son4 ,pp4 #if1 ) #aj illu/rations & #c maps4 #bs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,! ,,writ]s ,,( ,,rome1 by ,j4 ,,wight ,,duff4 ,pp4 #aab1 ) #ag illu/rations & a map4 #bs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,! ,,pageant ,,( ,,greece4 ,selections 9 translation f ,hom]1 ,h]odotus1 ,?ucydides1 ,x5ophon1 ,plato1 ,ari/otle1 ,demo/h5es1 ,plut>*1 c4 ,edit$ by ,r4 ,w4 ,,liv+/one4 ,pp4 #ddh1 ) #ab illu/rations4 #fs4 #f;d4 net4 ,briti% ,hi/ory4 ,textbooks4 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,engl&1 by ,,muriel ,o4 ,,davis4 ,pp4 #beh1 ) #fj illu/rations & #ai maps4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,also 9 two p>ts1 #bs4 ea*4 ,a ,,s*ool ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,engl&1 by ,c4,r4,l4 ,,flet*] & ,,rudy>d ,,kipl+4 ,pp4 #bej1 ) #aa half-tone & #ab o!r illu/rations by ,h4 ,j4 ,,=d1 & #g maps4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,tea*]s' ,,companion to ! above1 giv+ au?orities1 s\rces1 c4 ,pp4 #fd4 #as4 net4 ,a ,,new ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,great ,,brita91 by ,r4 ,b4 ,,m[at4 ,"p ,i1 ,to ! ,dea? ( ,que5 ,elizabe?4 ,pp4 #cbj1 ) #aaf illu/rations & maps4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,"p ,,ii1 ,to ! ,treaty ( ,vi5na4 ,pp4 #chg1 ) #acc illu/rations4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,"p ,,iii1 ,to ! ,outbreak ( ! ,great ,w>4 ,pp4 #cfg1 ) #agg illu/rations4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,complete1 ,pp4 #ajfh1 ) ov] #djj illu/rations & index4 #ajs4 ,also 9 six ,sections3 7#a7 #ee ,b4,c4-,a4,d4 #adhe1 #bs4 #f;d42 7#a;a7 #ee ,b4,c4-,a4,d4 #agad1 #ds4 #f;d42 7#b7 ,a4,d4 #adhe-agad1 #cs42 7#b;a7 #adhe-ahae1 #es42 7#c7 #afhh-ahae1 #cs42 7#c;a7 #afhh-aiad1 #es4 #f;d4 ,special ,edition = ! ,dom9ions1 p>ticul>s on application4 ,a ,,s*ool ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,engl&1 by ,o4 ,m4 ,,edw>ds1 ,r4 ,s4 ,,rait1 ,h4 ,w4 ,c4 ,,davis1 ,g4 ,n4 ,,ri*>dson1 ,a4 ,j4 ,,c>lyle1 & ,w4 ,g4 ,,pogson ,,smi?4 ,second edition4 ,pp4 #dad4 ,two vols4 #cs4 ea*4 ,also 9 "o vol41 #es4 ,,an ,,analytical ,,outl9e ,,( ,,engli% ,,hi/ory1 by ,w4 ,e4 ,,haigh4 ,pp4 #cdh4 #ds4 n4 ,,lessons ,,9 ,,engli% ,,hi/ory1 by ,h4 ,w4 ,,c>t]4 ,pp4 #bjh1 ) #fg maps1 plans1 & illu/rations1 bibliography1 extracts f contempor>y writ]s1 & *ronological *>t4 #ds4 net4 ,a ,,%ort ,,economic ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,engl&4 ,"p ,i1 #ajff-agej1 by ,,*>lotte ,m4 ,,wat]s4 ,pp4 #cbh1 ) #aag illu/rations4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,s\rces4 ,,pages ,,( ,,brita9',s ,,/ory1 #eig-ahih4 ,f h] ,hi/orians & ,*ronicl]s1 edit$ by ,j4 ,,turral4 ,pp4 #cbf4 #bs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,illu/rations ,,to ,,briti% ,,hi/ory1 #ee ,b4,c4-,a4,d4 #ahed1 be+ extracts f contempor>y docum5ts & lit]ature1 edit$ by ,j4 ,,turral4 ,pp4 #cad4 #cs4 net4 ,,poems ,,( ,,briti% ,,hi/ory1 ,a4,d4 #fa-aiaj1 select$ by ,m4 ,e4 ,,w9dsor & ,j4 ,,turral1 ,preface by ,j4 ,c4 ,,smi?4 ,introd41 c41 pp4 #a-f1 ,text1 ,notes1 & ,gloss>y1 pp4 #g-bbd4 #cs4 net4 ,also sep>ately3 ,"p ,i 7,a4,d4 #fa-acha7 #as4 #c;d4 net2 ,"p ,,ii 7#achh-afda71 #as4 #c;d4 net2 ,"p ,,iii 7#afdd-aiaj71 #as4 #f;d4 net4 ,civics4 ,,citiz5s ,,( ,,! ,,empire4 ,an introduction to ,civics1 by ,i4 ,l4 ,,plunket4 #bs4 #d;d4 ,,citiz5%ip1 by ,w4 ,h4 ,,had[4 ,a c\rse ( t5 lectures on ,citiz5%ip deliv]$ to ! ,univ]sity & ,city ( ,glasg[4 ,pp4 #beb4 #fs4 net4 ,,! ,,common ,,weal4 ,writt5 by ! ,"r ,hon4 ,,h]b]t ,,fi%]4 ,a c\rse ( lectures on ,citiz5%ip deliv]$ to ! ,univ]sity & ,city ( ,glasg[4 ,pp4 #bif4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,european4 ,,outl9es ,,( ,,european ,,hi/ory1 by ,m4 ,o4 ,,davis4 ,illu/rat$ edition4 ,pp4 #aib1 ) #hj illu/rations & maps4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,europe ,,9 ,,! ,,middle ,,ages1 by ,i4 ,l4 ,,plunket4 ,f ! #a/ c5tury ,a4,d4 to #adid4 ,pp4 #djj4 #ds4 #f;d4 net4 ,,outl9es ,,( ,,mod]n ,,hi/ory1 by ,j4 ,d4 ,,rog]s4 ,a brief hi/ory ( ,europe & ,european ,expansion f #adib to #aijj4 ,pp4 #baf1 ) #de illu/rations & maps4 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,movem5ts ,,9 ,,european ,,hi/ory1 by ,d4 ,h4 ,,lawr5ce4 ,a picturesque acc\nt ( ! g5]al c\rse ( ,european hi/ory f ! "t ( ! ,romans to ! pres5t day4 ,pp4 #caf1 ) #ad maps & _m illu/rations1 #es4 net4 ,,ox=d ,,text-,,books ,,( ,,european ,,hi/ory4 ,sev5 volumes 9 p]iods by ,,k5ne? ,,bell1 ,r4 ,b4 ,,m[at1 ,e4 ,m4 ,,tann]1 ,j4 ,h4 ,,sacret1 ,p4 ,,gu$alla1 ,i4 ,l4 ,,plunket1 ,l4 ,,cecil ,,jane4 #ds4 #f;d4 net ea*4 ,li/ on application4 ,,sa9ts ,,& ,,h]oes ,,( ,,! ,,we/]n ,,_w4 ,f ,con/ant9e ! ,great to ,ignatius ,loyola1 by ,m4 ,o4 ,,davis4 ,pp4 #add1 ) #cf illu/rations4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,a ,,note-,,book ,,( ,,m$iaeval ,,hi/ory1 by ,c4 ,,raymond ,,beazley4 ,a4,d4 #cbc-adec4 ,! *ief ev5ts1 social z well z political1 *ronologically arrang$ 9 #bg p]iods4 #ds4 net4 ,,! ,,crusades4 ,by ,,erne/ ,,b>k]4 7,_w's ,manuals47 ,pp4 #aab1 ) map1 bibliography1 c4 #bs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,europe ,,ov]seas4 ,by ,j4 ,a4 ,,williamson4 7,_w's ,manuals47 #bs4 #f;d4 net4 ,%ortly4 ,,hi/ories ,,( ,,! ,,nations4 ,f\rte5 volumes by ,j4 ,a4 ,r4 ,,m>riott1 ,r4 ,b4 ,,m[at1 ,,nevill ,,=bes1 ,,rob]t ,,dunlop1 ,d4 ,p4 ,,heatley1 ,,rob]t ,p4 ,,port]1 ,r4 ,g4 ,d4 ,,laffan1 ,a4 ,,hassall1 & o!rs4 ,li/ on application4 ,empire4 ,,! ,,engli%-,,speak+ ,,nations1 by ,g4 ,w4 ,,morris & ,l4 ,s4 ,,wood4 ,an acc\nt ( ! developm5t ( ! ,commonweal? ideal4 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,! ,,briti% ,,empire1 by ,j4 ,p4 ,,bulkeley4 ,a ,%ort ,hi/ory1 ) an ,introduction ,by ,sir ,,*>les ,,lucas4 ,pp4 #bdj4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,orig9 ,,& ,,gr[? ,,( ,,great] ,,brita91 by ,h4 ,e4 ,,eg]ton4 ,pp4 #bdb1 ) #h maps4 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,products ,,( ,,! ,,empire1 by ,j4 ,,cl9ton ,,cunn+ham4 ,pp4 #cjj1 ) #gh illu/rations4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,a ,,%ort ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,au/ralia1 by ,,erne/ ,,scott4 ,pp4 #chd1 ) #bd maps4 #ds4 net4 ,a ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,s\? ,,africa1 by ,,doro!a ,,fairbridge4 ,pp4 #ccf1 ) #ec illu/rations & maps4 #es4 net4 ,,! ,,ox=d ,,/ud5t',s ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,india1 by ,,v9c5t ,a4 ,,smi?4 ,n9? edition revis$ by ,h4 ,g4 ,,rawl9son4 ,pp4 #cfd1 ) #ae maps & #cb illu/rations4 #ds4 net4 ,a ,,brief ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,indian ,,peoples1 by ,sir ,w4 ,w4 ,,hunt]4 ,revis$ by ,w4 ,h4 ,,hutton4 ,pp4 #bfj4 #ds4 ,= ,g5]al ,read+ & ,ref]5ce4 ,,! ,,legacy ,,( ,,rome4 ,essays by ,c4 ,,foligno1 ,e4 ,,b>k]1 ,h4 ,,/u>t ,,jones1 ,g4 ,h4 ,,/ev5son1 ,f4 ,,de ,,zulueta1 ,h4 ,,la/1 ,c4 ,,bailey1 ,,*>les ,,s+]1 ,j4 ,w4 ,,mackail1 ! late ,,h5ry ,,bradley1 ,g4 ,,mcn4 ,,ru%=?1 ,g4 ,,giovannoni1 ,w4 ,e4 ,,heitl&4 ,edit$ by ,,cyril ,,bailey1 ) an ,introduction by ! ,"r ,hon4 ,h4 ,h4 ,,asqui?4 ,pp4 #ebd1 ) #gf illu/rations4 #hs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,! ,,legacy ,,( ,,greece4 ,essays by ,g4 ,,murray1 ,w4 ,r4 ,,+e1 ,j4 ,,burnet1 ,sir ,t4 ,l4 ,,hea?1 ,d',,arcy ,w4 ,,?ompson1 ,,*>les ,,s+]1 ,r4 ,w4 ,,liv+/one1 ,a4 ,,toynbee1 ,a4 ,e4 ,,zimm]n1 ,,p]cy ,,g>dn]1 ,sir ,r4 ,,blomfield4 ,pp4 #dcf1 ) #cf illu/rations4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,companion ,,to ,,roman ,,hi/ory1 by ,h4 ,,/u>t ,,jones4 ,pp4 #dhd1 ) #hj plates1 #fe o!r illu/rations1 & #g maps4 #ags4 #f;d4 n4 ,a ,,companion ,,to ,,classical ,,texts1 by ,f4 ,w4 ,,hall4 ,pp4 #cgb1 ) #g plates4 #is4 #f;d4 net4 ,,hi/orical ,,portraits4 ,*os5 by ,,em]y ,,walk]4 ,! ,lives1 by ,c4 ,r4 ,l4 ,,flet*]1 & 79 "p ( ,vol4 ,,ii7 ,h4 ,b4 ,,butl]4 ,introductions on ! arti/s by ,c4 ,f4 ,,bell4 ,9 f\r volumes1 ea* #abs4 #f;d4 net1 ! complete set #des4 net2 ! ,portraits sep>ately 9 envelope #gs4 #f;d4 net ea* ( f\r sets4 ,vol4 ,i1 #adjj-afjj2 ,vol4 ,,ii1 #afjj-agjj2 ,vol4 ,,iii1 #agjj-ahjj2 ,vol4 ,,iv1 #ahjj-ahej4 ,! f\r volumes conta9 #dhj portraits4 ,,m$iaeval ,,engl&4 ,a new edition ( ,b>n>d's ,companion to ,engli% ,hi/ory4 ,edit$ by ,h4 ,w4 ,c4 ,,davis4 ,pp4 #fed1 ) photogravure frontispiece & #cei o!r illu/rations1 #bas4 net4 ,,%akespe>e',s ,,engl&4 ,be+ an ,acc\nt ( ! ,life & ,mann]s ( 8 ,age4 ,=ty-?ree sections ( contributors ( au?ority1 ) an ,ode on ! ,t]c5t5>y ,commemoration by ! ,poet ,laureate4 ,two vols4 ,pp4 #aaib1 ) #b photogravure frontispieces & #aie illu/rations4 #dbs4 net4 ,,engli% ,,indu/ries ,,( ,,! ,,middle ,,ages1 by ,l4 ,f4 ,,salzman4 ,pp4 #chj1 ) #ajc illu/rations4 #ajs4 net4 ,,ox=d ,,c\nty ,,hi/ories1 by ,e4 ,a4 ,g4 ,,lamborn1 ,c4 ,e4 ,,kelsey1 ,f4 ,s4 ,,ed51 ,w4 ,h4 ,,we/on1 ,f4 ,,cl>ke1 ,e4 ,g4 ,w4 ,,hewlett1 ,h4 ,a4 ,,liddell1 ,t4 ,,aud51 & ,j4 ,l4 ,,brockbank4 ,) maps1 photographs1 & illu/rations ( prehi/oric rema9s1 co9s1 m$als1 & ar*itecture1 ea* #cs4 net4 ,li/ on application4 ,,an ,,hi/orical ,,atlas ,,( ,,mod]n ,,europe ,,f #aghi to #aibb4 ,) an hi/orical & explanatory text by ,c4 ,,grant ,,rob]tson & ,j4 ,g4 ,,b>?olomew4 ,pp4 #cb1 ) #db pp4 ( maps4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,hi/orical ,,atlas ,,( ,,mod]n ,,europe4 ,f ! decl9e ( ! ,roman ,empire1 compris+ also maps ( p>ts ( ,asia1 ,africa1 & ! ,new ,_w connect$ ) ,european ,hi/ory4 ,edit$ by ,r4 ,l4 ,,poole4 ,) #ij col\r$ maps & #ahb pages ( d\ble column lett]press4 ,prices on application4 ,,ox=d ,,univ]sity ,,press ,am5 ,h\se1 ,w>wick ,squ>e1 ,e4,c4 #d