,,philosophy ,,& ,,! ,,social ,,problem ,illu/ration3 colophon ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,,new ,,york ,,bo/on ,,*icago ,,dallas ,,atlanta ,,san ,,francisco ,,macmillan ,,co41 ,,limit$ ,,london ,,bombay ,,calcutta ,,melb\rne ,,! ,,macmillan ,,co4 ,,( ,,canada1 ,,ltd4 ,,toronto ,,philosophy ,,& ,,! ,,social ,,problem ,,by ,,w ,,durant1 ,,ph4,d4 ,,in/ructor ,,9 ,,philosophy1 ,,ext5sion ,,tea*+ ,,columbia ,,univ]sity 1 4 --,,unkn[n ,,dramatic ,,poet4 ,,new ,,york ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company #aiag ,all rights res]v$ ,,copyright1 #aiag1 ,,by ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company4 ,set up & electrotyp$4 ,publi%$ ,septemb]1 #aiag4 ,norwood ,press ,j4 ,s4 ,cu%+ ,co4--,b]wick ,smi? ,co4 ,norwood1 ,mass41 ,u4,s4,a4 ,,to ,,ald5 ,,freeman ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,introduction #a ,,"p ,i ,,hi/orical ,,approa* ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,pres5t ,,significance ,,( ,,! ,,socratic ,,e?ic ,i4 ,hi/ory z reb>b>ization #e ,,ii4 ,philosophy z dis9tegrator #f ,,iii4 ,individualism 9 ,a!ns #g ,,iv4 ,! ,sophi/s #i ,v4 ,intellig5ce z virtue #ab ,,vi4 ,! mean+ ( virtue #ae ,,vii4 8,in/9ct0 & 8reason0 #bc ,,viii4 ,! secul>ization ( morals #bg ,,ix4 8,happ9ess0 & 8virtue0 #ca ,x4 ,! ,socratic *all5ge #cc ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,plato3 ,,philosophy ,,z ,,politics ,i4 ,! man & ! arti/ #cf ,,ii4 ,h[ to solve ! social problem #dj ,,iii4 ,on mak+ philosoph]-k+s #dd ,,iv4 ,di%one/ democracy #eb ,v4 ,culture & slav]y #ee ,,vi4 ,pla/icity & ord] #fj ,,vii4 ,! mean+ ( ju/ice #fb ,,viii4 ,! future ( ,plato #fd ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,francis ,,bacon ,,& ,,! ,,social ,,possibilities ,,( ,,sci5ce ,i4 ,f ,plato to ,bacon #fg ,,ii4 ,"* #fi ,,iii4 ,! expurgation ( ! intellect #gj ,,iv4 ,k is p[] #gd ,v4 ,! socialization ( sci5ce #gf ,,vi4 ,sci5ce & ,utopia #gi ,,vii4 ,s*ola/icism 9 sci5ce #ha ,,viii4 ,! ,asiatics ( ,europe #he ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,sp9oza ,,on ,,! ,,social ,,problem ,i4 ,hobbes #ij ,,ii4 ,! _s ( ,sp9oza #ia ,,iii4 ,political e?ics #ic ,,iv4 ,is man a political animal8 #ie ,v4 ,:at ! social problem is #ih ,,vi4 ,free spee* #aja ,,vii4 ,virtue z p[] #aje ,,viii4 ,fre$om & ord] #ajh ,,ix4 ,democracy & intellig5ce #aab ,x4 ,! legacy ( ,sp9oza #aae ,,*apt] ,v ,,nietzs*e ,i4 ,f ,sp9oza to ,nietzs*e #aag ,,ii4 ,biographical #abj ,,iii4 ,exposition #abf #a4 ,morality z impot5ce #abf #b4 ,democracy #abh #c4 ,fem9ism #aca #d4 ,socialism & an>*ism #acc #e4 ,deg5]ation #ach #f4 ,nihilism #ada #g4 ,! w to p[] #adc #h4 ,! sup]man #aej #i4 ,h[ to make sup]m5 #aee #aj4 ,on ! necessity ( exploitation #aei #aa4 ,ari/ocracy #afb #ab4 ,signs ( asc5t #afe ,,iv4 ,criticism #agb ,v4 ,nietzs*e replies #agg ,,vi4 ,conclusion #agh ,,"p ,,ii ,,sugge/ions ,,*apt] ,i ,,solutions ,,& ,,dissolutions ,i4 ,! problem #ahe ,,ii4 8,solutions0 #aij #a4 ,fem9ism #aij #b4 ,socialism #aid #c4 ,eug5ics #aih #d4 ,an>*ism #bjj #e4 ,individualism #bjb #f4 ,individualism aga9 #bjb ,,iii4 ,dissolutions #bje ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,recon/ructive ,,function ,,( ,,philosophy ,i4 ,epi/emologs #bad ,,ii4 ,philosophy z control #bah ,,iii4 ,philosophy z m$iator betwe5 sci5ce & /atesman%ip #bbb ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,organiz$ ,,intellig5ce ,i4 ,! ne$ #bbg ,,ii4 ,! organization ( intellig5ce #bcj ,,iii4 ,in=mation z panacea #bcd ,,iv4 ,sex1 art1 & play 9 social recon/ruction #bdj ,v4 ,education #bdf ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,read] ,,speaks ,i4 ,! democratization ( ari/ocracy #bea ,,ii4 ,! pr(essor z ,buridan's ass #bee ,,iii4 ,is in=mation want$8 #beg ,,iv4 ,f9d+ ,mc5as #bfa ,v4 ,! *ance ( philosophy #bfd ,,conclusion #bfh ,,"p ,i ,,hi/orical ,,approa* ,,philosophy ,,& ,,! ,,social ,,problem ,,introduction ,! purpose ( ?is essay is to %[3 fir/1 t ! social problem has be5 ! basic conc]n ( _m ( ! great] philosoph]s2 second1 t an approa* to ! social problem ?r\gh philosophy is ! fir/ condition ( ev5 a mod]ately successful treatm5t ( ?is problem2 & ?ird1 t an approa* to philosophy ?r\gh ! social problem is indisp5sable to ! revitalization ( philosophy4 ,by 8philosophy0 we %all und]/& a /udy ( exp]i5ce z a :ole1 or ( a portion ( exp]i5ce 9 relation to ! :ole4 ,by ! 8social problem0 we %all und]/&1 simply & v broadly1 ! problem ( r$uc+ human mis]y by modify+ social in/itutions4 ,x is a problem t1 ev] re%ap+ itself1 eludes %>p] def9ition2 = mis]y is relat$ to desire1 & desire is p]sonal & 9 p]petual flux3 ea* ( u sees ! problem un/eadily 9 t]ms ( 8 own *ang+ aspirations4 ,x is an uncom=tably complicat$ problem1 ( c\rse2 & we mu/ be> 9 m9d t ! limit ( our int5tion "h is to consid] philosophy z an approa* to ! problem1 & ! problem itself z an approa* to philosophy4 ,we are propos+ no solutions4 ,let u1 z a :olesome measure ( ori5tation1 t\* "s ( ! m\nta9-peaks 9 philosophical hi/ory1 ) an eye = ! social int]e/ t lurks 9 e metaphysical maze4 8,ari/otle10 says ,pr(essor ,woodbridge1 8set treatise-writ]s ! fa%ion ( beg9n+ ea* treatise by review+ previ\s op9ions on _! subject1 & prov+ !m all wrong40#a ,! purpose ( ! next five *apt]s w be r ! opposite3 we %all see if "s suppos$ly dead philosophies d n admit ( consid]able resuscitation4 ,in/ead ( try+ to %[ t ,socrates1 ,plato1 ,bacon1 ,sp9oza1 & ,nietzs*e 7 q mi/ak5 9 _! views on ! social problem1 we %all try to see :at !re is 9 ^! views t c help u to und]/& our own situation to-day4 ,we %all n make a collection ( sy/ems ( social philosophy2 we %all n lose ourselves 9 ! pa/ 9 a s*ol>ly ef=t to relate ea* philosophy to its social & political environm5t2 we %all try to relate ^! philosophies r to our own environm5t1 to look at our own problems successively ?r\gh ! eyes ( ^! philosoph]s4 ,o!r int]pretations ( ^! m5 we %all n s mu* contradict z seek to supplem5t4 ,ea* ( our hi/orical *apt]s1 !n1 w be n s mu* a review z a preface & a progression4 ,! aim w be nei!r hi/ory nor criticism1 b a k9d ( con/ruction by proxy4 ,x is a me?od t has its defects3 x w1 = example1 sacrifice ?or\ghness ( s*ol>%ip to pres5t applicability1 & w necessitate "s repetiti\s ga!r+ ( ! ?reads :5 we come lat] to our m p]sonal purpose4 ,b z "p requital = ?is1 we %all save ourselves f consid]+ ! pa/ except z x is really pres5t1 except z x is alive & n\ri%+ly significant to-day4 ,& f ea* /udy we %all p]haps make "s advance t[>ds our f9al endeavor1--! mutual elucidation ( ! social problem & philosophy4 ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,pres5t ,,significance ,,( ,,! ,,socratic ,,e?ic ,i ,hi/ory z ,reb>b>ization ,hi/ory is a process ( reb>b>ization4 ,a p made vigor\s by ardu\s physical conditions ( life1 & driv5 by ! increas+ exig5cies ( survival1 leaves its native habitat1 moves d[n ^u a less vigor\s p1 conqu]s1 displaces1 or absorbs x4 ,habits ( resolution & activity develop$ 9 a less m]ciful environm5t n[ rapidly produce an economic surplus2 & "p ( ! res\rces s accumulat$ s]ve z capital 9 a campaign ( imp]iali/ conque/4 ,! gr[+ surplus g5]ates a leisure class1 scornful ( physical activity & adept 9 ! arts ( luxury4 ,leisure begets speculation2 speculation dissolves dogma & corrodes cu/om1 develops s5sitivity ( p]ception & de/roys decision ( action4 ,?\ght1 adv5tur+ 9 a labyr9? ( analysis1 discov]s beh9d society ! individual2 dive/$ ( its normal social function x turns inw>d & discov]s ! self4 ,! s5se ( common int]e/1 ( commonweal?1 wanes2 !re are no citiz5s n[1 !re are only individuals4 ,f af> ano!r p1 /ruggl+ aga9/ ! =ces ( an obdurate environm5t1 sees "h ! cle>$ =e/s1 ! lib]at+ roads1 ! h>ve/ ( pl5ty1 ! luxury ( leisure4 ,x dreams1 aspires1 d>es1 unites1 invades4 ,! re/ is z be=e4 ,reb>b>ization is rejuv5ation4 ,! great problem ( any civilization is h[ to rejuv5ate itself )\t reb>b>ization4 ,,ii ,philosophy z ,dis9tegrator ,! rise ( philosophy1 !n1 (t5 h]alds ! decay ( a civilization4 ,speculation beg9s ) nature & begets naturalism2 x passes to man--fir/ z a psy*ological my/]y & !n z a memb] ( society--& begets individualism4 ,philosoph]s d n always desire ^! results2 b !y a*ieve !m4 ,!y feel !mselves ! unwill+ enemies ( ! /ate3 !y ?9k ( m5 9 t]ms ( p]sonality :ile ! /ate ?9ks ( m5 9 t]ms ( social me*anism4 ,"s philosoph]s w\ld gladly hold _! peace1 b !re is t 9 !m :i* w out2 & :5 philosoph]s speak1 gods & dyna/ies fall4 ,mo/ /ates h _h _! roots 9 heav51 & h paid ! p5alty = x3 ! twilight ( ! gods is ! aft]noon ( /ates4 ,e civilization comes at la/ to ! po9t :]e ! individual1 made by speculation consci\s ( himself z an end p] se1 dem&s ( ! /ate1 z ! price ( its cont9uance1 t x %all h5ce=? enhance r ?an exploit 8 capacities4 ,philosoph]s sympa?ize ) ?is dem&1 ! /ate almo/ always rejects x3 !re=e civilizations come & civilizations g4 ,! hi/ory ( philosophy is ess5tially an acc\nt ( ! ef=ts great m5 h made to av]t social dis9tegration by build+ up natural moral sanctions to take ! place ( ! sup]natural sanctions :i* !y !mselves h de/roy$4 ,to f9d--)\t resort+ to cele/ial ma*9]y--"s way ( w9n+ = _! p social coh]5ce & p]man5ce )\t sacrific+ pla/icity & individual uniqu5ess to regim5tation1--t has be5 ! task ( philosoph]s1 t is ! task ( philosoph]s4 ,we %\ld be ?ankful t x is4 ,:o kn[s b t )9 our own "t may come at la/ ! =g+ ( an effective natural e?ic8--an a*ievem5t :i* might be ! mo/ mom5t\s ev5t 9 ! hi/ory ( our _w4 ,,iii ,individualism 9 ,a!ns ,! great ages 9 ! hi/ory ( ,european ?\ght h be5 = ! mo/ "p p]iods ( individuali/ic eff]vesc5ce3 ! age ( ,socrates1 ! age ( ,cs> & ,augu/us1 ! ,r5aissance1 ! ,enlight5m5t2--& %all we add ! age :i* is n[ com+ to a close8 ,^! ages h usually be5 prec$$ by p]iods ( imp]iali/ expansion3 imp]ialism requires a tight5+ ( ! bonds :]eby individual allegiance to ! /ate is made secure2 & ?is tight5+1 giv5 a satiety ( imp]ialism1 involves an individuali/ic reaction4 ,& aga91 ! dissolution ( ! political or economic fronti] by conque/ or comm]ce breaks d[n cultural b>ri]s betwe5 peoples1 develops a s5se ( ! relativity ( cu/oms1 & issues 9 ! opposition ( individual 8reason0 to social tradition4 ,a political treatise attribut$ to ! f\r?-c5tury ,b4,c4 reflects ! attitude t _h develop$ 9 ,a!ns 9 ! lat] fif? c5tury4 8,if all m5 7 to ga!r 9 a heap ! cu/oms :i* !y hold to be good & noble1 & if !y 7 next to select f x ! cu/oms :i* !y hold to be base & vile1 no?+ w\ld be left ov]40#b ,once su* a view has f\nd capable def5d]s1 ! cu/om-basis ( social organization beg9s to give way1 & in/itutions v5]able ) age are ru?lessly subpna$ to appe> be=e ! b> ( reason4 ,m5 beg9 to contra/ 8,nature0 ) cu/om1 some:at to ! disadvantage ( ! latt]4 ,ev5 ! mo/ basic ( ,greek in/itutions is que/ion$3 8,! ,deity10 says a f\r?-c5tury ,a!nian ,r\sseau1 8made all m5 free2 ,nature has enslav$ no man40#c ,bots=d speaks ( 8! p[]ful influ5ce ( f\r?-c5tury socialism on ! intellectual class40#d ,euripides & ,ari/ophanes are full ( talk ab\t a movem5t = ! emancipation ( wom54#e ,law & gov]nm5t are exam9$3 ,an>*>sis' comp>ison ( ! law to a spid]'s web1 :i* cat*es small flies & lets ! big ones escape1 n[ f9ds sympa!tic compreh5sion2 & m5 arise1 l ,callicles & ,?rasyma*us1 :o frankly consid] gov]nm5t z a conv5i5t in/rum5t ( mass-exploitation4 ,,iv ,! ,sophi/s ,! cultural repres5tatives ( ?is individuali/ic developm5t 7 ! ,sophi/s4 ,^! m5 7 univ]sity pr(essors )\t a univ]sity & )\t ! pr(essorial title4 ,!y appe>$ 9 response to a dem& = high] in/ruction on ! "p ( ! "y m5 ( ! leisure class2 & )9 a g5]ation !y became ! mo/ p[]ful intellectual =ce 9 ,greece4 ,!re _h be5 philosoph]s1 que/ion]s1 be=e !m2 b ^! e>ly philosoph]s _h que/ion$ nature r ?an man or ! /ate4 ,! ,sophi/s 7 ! fir/ gr\p ( m5 9 ,greece to ov]come ! natural t5d5cy to acquiesce 9 ! giv5 ord] ( ?+s4 ,!y 7 pr\d m51--humility is a vice t nev] f\nd root 9 ,greece1--& !y _h a buoyant confid5ce 9 ! newly discov]$ p[] ( human intellig5ce4 ,!y assum$1 9 h>mony ) ! _s ( all ,greek a*ievem5t1 t 9 ! developm5t & ext5sion ( k lay ! road to a sane & significant life1 individual & communal2 & 9 ! que/ = k !y 7 resolv$ to scrut9ize unaw$ all in/itutions1 prejudices1 cu/oms1 morals4 ,protagoras pr(ess$ to respect conv5tions1#f & pron\nc$ conv5tions & in/itutions ! s\rce ( man's sup]iority to ! bea/2 b 8 fam\s pr9ciple1 t 8man is ! measure ( all ?+s10 0 a quiet h9t t morals are a matt] ( ta/e1 t we call a man 8good0 :5 8 conduct is advantage\s to u1 & 8bad0 :5 8 conduct ?reat5s to make = our own loss4 ,to ! ,sophi/s virtue consi/$1 n 9 ob$i5ce to unjudg$ rules & cu/oms1 b 9 ! effici5t p]=mance ( :atev] "o set out to d4 ,!y w\ld h condemn$ ! bungl] & let ! 8s9n]0 g4 ,t !y 7 flippant sceptics1 putt+ no di/9ction ( wor? betwe5 any belief & its opposite1 & will+ to prove any?+ = a price1 is an old accusation :i* lat] /ud5ts ( ,greek philosophy are almo/ unanim\s 9 reject+4#g ,! great discov]y ( ! ,sophi/s 0 ! individual2 x 0 an a*ievem5t = :i* ,plato & 8 olig>*ical fri5ds c\ld n =give !m1 & because ( :i* !y incurr$ ! contumely :i* x is n[ s h>d to dissociate f _! "n4 ,! purpose ( laws1 said ! ,sophi/s1 0 to wid5 ! possibilities ( individual developm5t2 if laws did n d t1 !y _h bett] be =gott54 ,!re 0 a high] law ?an ! laws ( m51--a natural law1 engrav$ 9 e he>t1 & judge ( e o!r law4 ,! consci5ce ( ! individual 0 above ! dictates ( any /ate4 ,all radicalisms lay compact 9 t pron\ncem5t4 ,plato1 prolific ( innovations ?\gh he 01 yet %rank f su* a leap into ! new4 ,b ! ,sophi/s press$ _! po9t1 m5 li/5$ to !m1 & ! ,greek _w *ang$4 ,:5 ,socrates appe>$1 he f\nd t _w all out ( jo9t1 a w> ( all aga9/ all1 a /rid5cy ( uncord9at$ p]sonalities ru%+ into *aos4 ,& :5 he 0 ask$1 ,:at %\ld m5 d to be sav$1 he answ]$1 simply1 ,let u ?9k4 ,v ,intellig5ce z ,virtue ,intellig5ce z virtue3 x 0 n a new doctr9e2 x 0 m]ely a new emphasis plac$ on an already important elem5t 9 ! ,greek--or r ! ,a!nian--view ( life4 ,b x 0 a ne$$ emphasis4 ,! ,sophi/s 7n ,socrates1 pace ,cic]o7 _h br\ght philosophy d[n f heav5 to e>?1 b !y _h left x grovell+ at ! feet ( bus9ess effici5cy & success1 a sort ( ancilla pecuni1 a brok] kn[+ :]e "o's s\l c\ld be inve/$ at t5 p] c5t4 ,socrates agre$ ) ! ,sophi/s 9 condemn+ any b a v tempor>y devotion to metaphysical ab/ractions1--! "o & ! _m1 motion & re/1 ! indivisibility ( space1 ! puzzles ( pr$ication1 & s =?2 he jo9$ !m 9 ridicul+ ! pursuit ( k = its own sake1 & 9 dem&+ t all ?9k+ %\ld be focuss$ f9ally on ! real conc]ns ( life2 b 8 _s 0 z diff]5t f !irs z ! _s ( ,sp9oza 0 diff]5t f t ( a m$ival money-l5d]4 ,) ! ,sophi/s philosophy 0 a pr(ession2 !y 7 8lov]s ( wisdom0--= a consid]ation4 ,) ,socrates philosophy 0 a que/ ( ! p]man5tly good1 ( ! la/+ly satisfy+ attitude to life4 ,to f9d out j :at are ju/ice1 temp]ance1 c\rage1 piety1--8t is an inquiry :i* ,i %all nev] be we>y ( pursu+ s f> z 9 me lies40 ,x 0 n an easy que/2 & ! results 7 n />tl+ly def9ite3 8,i w&] to & fro :5 ,i attempt ^! problems1 & d n rema9 consi/5t ) myself40 ,8 int]locutors w5t f him app>5tly empty2 b he _h left 9 !m se$ :i* develop$ 9 ! aft]-calm ( ?\ght4 ,he c\ld cl>ify m5's notions1 he c\ld reveal to !m _! assumptions & prejudices2 b he c\ld n & w\ld n manufacture op9ions = !m4 ,he left no writt5 philosophy because he _h only ! mo/ g5]al advice to give1 & knew t no o!r advice is ev] tak54 ,he tru/$ 8 fri5ds to pass on ! good ^w4 ,n[ :at 0 ! good ^w8 ,x 01 fir/ ( all1 ! id5tity ( virtue & wisdom1 morals & intellig5ce2 b m ?an t1 x 0 ! basic id5tity1 9 ! light ( intellig5ce1 ( communal & individual int]e/s4 ,"h at ! ,sophi/'s feet lay ! dbris ( ! old morality4 ,:at 0 to replace x8 ,! "y ,a!nians ( a g5]ation d5ud$ ( sup]natural belief w\ld n li/5 to c\nsels ( 8virtue10 ( self-sacrifice to ! community4 ,:at 0 to be done8 ,%\ld social & political pressure be br\ght to be> ^u ! ,sophi/s to compel !m to modify ! individuali/ic t5or ( _! tea*+s8 ,analysis de/roys morals4 ,:at is ! moral--de/roy analysis8 ,! moral1 answ]$ ,socrates1 is to get bett] morals1 to f9d an e?ic immune to ! attack ( ! mo/ ru?less sceptic4 ,! ,sophi/s 7 "r1 said ,socrates2 morality means m ?an social ob$i5ce4 ,b ! ,sophi/s 7 wrong 9 oppos+ ! good ( ! individual to t ( ! community2 ,socrates propos$ to prove t if a man 7 intellig5t1 he w\ld see t ^? same qualities :i* make a man a good citiz5--ju/ice1 wisdom1 temp]ance1 c\rage--are also ! be/ means to individual advantage & developm5t4 ,all ^! 8virtues0 are simply ! supreme & only virtue--wisdom--diff]5tiat$ by ! context ( circum/ance4 ,no action is virtu\s unless x is an intellig5t adaptation ( means to a criticis$ end4 8,s90 is failure to use en]gy to ! be/ acc\nt2 x is an un9tellig5t wa/e ( /r5g?4 ,a man does n kn[+ly pursue any?+ b ! ,good2 let him b see 8 advantage1 & he w be attract$ t[>ds x irresi/ibly2 let him pursue x1 & he w be happy1 & ! /ate safe4 ,! tr\ble is t m5 lack p]spective1 & _c see _! true ,good2 !y ne$ n 8virtue0 b intellig5ce1 n s]mons b tra9+ 9 p]spective4 ,! man :o has 1 :o rules )91 :o is /rong en\gh to /op & ?9k1 ! man :o has a*iev$ 1--! self-k t br+s self-comm&1--su* a man w n be deceiv$ by ! trag$y ( di/ance1 by ! app>5t smallness ( ! future good alongside ( ! m easily appreciable good t lies invit+ly at h&4 ,h5ce ! moral importance ( dialectic1 ( cross-exam9ation1 ( concept & def9ition3 we mu/ le>n 8h[ to make our ideas cle>02 we mu/ ask ourselves j :at x is t we want1 j h[ real ?is seem+ good is4 ,dialectic is ! h&maid5 ( virtue2 & all cl>ification is morality4 ,,vi ,! ,mean+ ( ,virtue ,?is is frank intellectualism1 ( c\rse2 & ! be/-refut$ doctr9e 9 philosophy4 ,x is amus+ to obs]ve ! ease ) :i* critics & hi/orians despat* ! ,socratic e?ic4 ,x is 8an extravagant p>adox10 says ,sidgwick1#h 8incompatible ) moral fre$om40 8,no?+ is easi]10 says ,gomp]z1#i 8?an to detect ! "o-sid$ness ( ?is po9t ( view40 8,?is doctr9e10 says ,grote1#aj 8omits to notice1 :at is n less ess5tial1 ! prop] conditions ( ! emotions1 desires1 etc40 8,x t5d$ to make all conduct a matt] ( ! intellect & n ( ! "*1 & s 9 a s5se to de/roy moral responsibility10 says ,hobh\se4#aa 8,himself bless$ ) a w s p[]ful t x mov$ almo/ )\t friction10 says ,h5ry ,jackson1#ab 8,socrates fell into ! error ( ignor+ its op]ations1 & 0 ?us l$ to reg>d k z ! sole condition ( well-do+40 8,socrates 0 a misund]/&+10 says ,nietzs*e2#ac 8reason at any price1 life made cle>1 cold1 cauti\s1 consci\s1 )\t in/9cts1 oppos$ to ! in/9cts1 0 9 itself only a disease1 444 & by no means a return to #8virtue1' to #8heal?1' & to happ9ess40 ,& ! worn-out dictum ab\t see+ ! bett] & approv+ x1 yet foll[+ ! worse1 is quot$ z ! deliv]ance ( a pr(\nd psy*ologi/1 ^: v]dict %\ld be accept$ z a f9al solution ( ! problem4 ,be=e refut+ a doctr9e x is useful to try to und]/& x4 ,:at c\ld ,socrates h meant by say+ t all real virtue is intellig5ce8 ,:at is virtue8 ,a civilization may be *>act]iz$ 9 t]ms ( its conception ( virtue4 ,!re is h>dly any?+ m di/9ctive ( ! ,greek attitude1 z comp>$ ) our own1 ?an ! ,greek notion ( virtue z intellig5ce4 ,consid] ! pres5t connotations ( ! ^w virtue3 m5 %r9k at hav+ ! t]m appli$ to !m2 & 8no?+ makes "o s va910 says ,osc> ,wilde1 8z be+ told t "o is a s9n]40 ,dur+ ! ,middle ,ages ! (ficial conception ( virtue 0 c\*$ 9 t]ms ( womanly excell5ce2 & ! /]nly mascul9e ,god ( ! ,hebrews suff]$ consid]ably f ! inroads ( ,m>iolatry4 ,prote/antism 0 9 "p a rebellion ( ! e?ically subjugat$ male2 9 ,lu!r ! man em]ges riot\sly f ! monk4 ,b z p cl+ to ! e?ical implications ( a cre$ long aft] ! cre$ itself has be5 ab&on$1 s our mod]n notion ( virtue is /ill ess5tially m$ival & fem99e4 ,virg9ity1 *a/ity1 conjugal fidelity1 g5tility1 ob$i5ce1 loyalty1 k9dness1 self-sacrifice1 are ! /ock-9-trade ( all respectable morali/s2 to be 8good0 is to be h>mless1 to be n 8bad10 to be a sort ( /]iliz$ citiz51 gu>ante$ n to injure4 ,?is %eepi% innocu\sness comes easily to ! natively un9itiative1 to ^? :o are readily am5able to fe> & prohibitions4 ,x is a /atic virtue2 x contracts r ?an exp&s ! s\l2 x (f]s no h&le = developm5t1 no inc5tive to social /imulation & productivity4 ,x is "t we /opp$ call+ ?is insipidly negative attitude by ! once mighty "n ( virtue4 ,virtue mu/ be def9$ 9 t]ms ( t :i* is vitally significant 9 our lives4 ,& !re=e1 too1 virtue _c be def9$ 9 t]ms ( individual subord9ation to ! gr\p4 ,! vitally significant ?+ 9 a man's life is n ! community1 b himself4 ,to ask him to consid] ! int]e/s ( ! community above 8 own is aga9 to put up = 8 wor%ip an ext]nal1 transc5d5t god2 & ! tr\ble ) a transc5d5t god is t he is sure to be de?ron$4 ,to call 8immoral0 ! refusal ( ! individual to meet su* dem&s is ! dep? ( indec5cy2 x is itself immoral1--t is1 x is nons5se4 ,! notion ( 8duty0 z involv+ self-sacrifice1 z ess5tially duty to o!rs1 is a s\l-cramp+1 fun]eal notion1 & des]ves all t ,ibs5 & 8 prog5y h said ( x4#ad ,ask ! individual to sacrifice himself to ! community1 & x w n be long be=e he sacrifices ! community to himself4 ,grant$ t1 9 ! language ( ,h]aclitus1 !re is always a majority ( fools1 & t self-sacrifice c be procur$ by ! simple hypnotic sugge/ion ( po/-mortem remun]ation3 soon] or lat] come d\bt & disillusionm5t1 & ! society ^: p]man5ce 0 s easily secur$ becomes driftwood on ! tides ( "t4 ,hi/ory means t if x means any?+4 ,no2 ! intellig5t individual w give allegiance to ! gr\p ( :i* he happ5s to f9d himself a memb]1 only s f> z ! policies ( ! gr\p accord ) 8 own criticis$ desires4 ,:atev] allegiance he (f]s w be to ^? =ces1 :]ev] !y may be1 :i* 9 8 judgm5t move 9 ! l9e ( ^! desires4 ,ev5 = su* =ces he w n sacrifice himself1--?\gh !re may be times :5 m>tyrdom is a luxury = :i* life itself is n too great a price4 ,s9ce ^! =ces h be5 def9$ 9 t]ms ( 8 own judgm5t & desire1 conflict betwe5 !m & himself c come only :5 8 behavior div]ges f ! purposes def9$ & resum$ 9 times ( consci\s ?\ght1--i4e41 only :5 he ceases to adapt means to 8 ends1 ceases1 t is1 to be intellig5t4 ,! prime moral conflict is n betwe5 ! individual & 8 gr\p1 b betwe5 ! p>tial self ( fragm5t>y impulse & ! cord9at$ self ( consci\s purpose4 ,!re is a gr\p )9 ea* man z well z )\t3 a gr\p ( p>tial selves is ! reality beh9d ! figm5t ( ! unit>y self4 ,e individual is a society1 e p]son is a cr[d4 ,& ! trag$ies ( ! moral life lie n 9 ! w> ( ea* aga9/ all1 b 9 ! re/less int]play ( ^! p>tial selves beh9d ! /age ( action4 ,z a man's intellig5ce gr[s ?is conflict dim9i%es1 = bo? means & ends1 bo? behavior & purposes1 are be+ cont9ually revis$ & r$irect$ 9 accordance ) intellig5ce1 & !re=e 9 conv]g5ce t[>ds x4 ,progressively ! individual a*ieves unity1 & ?r\gh unity1 p]sonality4 ,fai? 9 himself has made him :ole4 ,! e?ical problem1 s f> z x is ! purely individual problem ( atta9+ to cord9at$ p]sonality1 is solv$4 ,moral responsibility1 !n1--:atev] social responsibility may be1--is ! responsibility ( ! individual to himself4 ,! social is n necess>ily ! moral--let ! sociological fact be :at x w4 ,! un?9k+ con=mity ( ! 8normal social life0 is1 j because x is un?9k+1 bel[ ! level ( morality3 let u call x sociality1 & make morality ! pr]ogative ( ! really ?9k+ animal4 ,9 any society s con/itut$ z to give to ! individual an increase 9 p[]s z recomp5se = ! prun+ ( 8 lib]ties1 ! unsocial w be immoral1--t is1 self-de/ructively unreasonable & un9tellig5t2 b ev5 9 su* a society ! moral w\ld ov]fl[ ! m>g9s ( ! social1 & w\ld take def9ition ultimately f ! congruity ( ! action ) ! criticis$ purposes ( ! individual self4 ,?is does n mean t all e?ics lies compact 9 ! %ibbole?1 8,be y\rself40 ,^? :o make ! lea/ sp>+ use ( ?is phrase are too apt to consid] x an excuse = lives t reek ) ! heat ( passion & smack ( insuffici5t evolution4 ,^! p ne$ to be rem9d$--all ! m =cibly s9ce ! mo/ palatable & up-to-date philosophies exalt in/9ct & d]ide ?\ght--t "o _c be ?or\ghly "o's self except by delib]ation & intellig5ce4 ,to act indelib]ately is n to be1 b 9 great "p to cancel1 "o's self4 ,= example1 ! va/ play ( direct emotional expression is almo/ entirely indelib]ate3 if y are greatly surpris$1 y\r lips "p1 y\r eyes op5 a trifle wid]1 y\r pulse quick5s1 y\r respiration is affect$2 & if ,i am surpris$1 ?\gh y be z diff]5t f me z ,hyp]ion f a satyr1 my respiration w be affect$1 my pulse w quick51 my eyes w op5 a trifle wid]1 & my lips w "p2--my direct reaction w be ess5tially ! same z y\rs4 ,! direct expression ( surprise is practically ! same 9 all ! high] animals4 ,d>w9's classical description ( ! expression ( fe> is ano!r example2 x holds = e normal human be+2 n to speak ( l[] species4 ,s ) egotism1 jeal\sy1 ang]1 & a ?\s& o!r in/9ctive reaction-complexes2 !y are common to ! species1 & :5 we s react1 we are express+ n our individual selves s mu* z ! species to :i* we happ5 to belong4 ,:5 y hit a man because he has 8insult$0 y1 :5 y swagg] a little aft] deliv]+ a successful spee*1 :5 y pu% aside wom5 & *ildr5 9 ord] to take _! place 9 ! rescue boat1 :5 y d any "o ( a million indelib]ate ?+s l ^!1 x is n y t act1 x is y\r species1 x is y\r ance/ors1 act+ ?r\gh y2 y\r acquir$ individual diff]5ce is lo/ 9 ! :irlw9d ( inh]it$ impulse4 ,y\r act1 z ! ,s*ola/ics phras$ x1 is n a 8human0 act2 y y\rself are n really act+ 9 any full measure ( y\rself1 y are b play+ slave & m\?-piece to ! dead4 ,b subject ! inh]it$ t5d5cies to ! scrut9y ( y\r individual exp]i5ce1 ?9k1 & y\r action w !n express y\rself1 n 9 any abbreviat$ s5se1 b up to ! hilt4 ,!re is no m]it1 no 8virtue10 no developm5t 9 play+ ! game ( fragm5t>y impulses1 9 liv+ up to ! pa/2 to be moral1 to gr[1 is to be n "p b all ( "o's self1 to call into op]ation ! acquir$ z well z ! inh]it$ elem5ts ( "o's "*1 to be :ole4 ,s _m ( u invite ru9 by actions :i* d n really express u1 b are ! voice ( ! m]e/ fragm5t ( ourselves1--! rema9d] ( u be+ mean:ile asleep4#ae ,to be :ole1 to be y\r delib]ate self1 to d :at y please b only aft] consid]+ :at y really please1 to foll[ y\r own ideals 7b to foll[ !m671 to *oose y\r own means & n to h !m =c$ ^u y by y\r ance/ors1 to act consci\sly1 to see ! "p sub specie totius1 to see ! pres5t act 9 its relation to y\r vital purposes1 to ?9k1 to be intellig5t1--all ^! are def9itions ( virtue & morality4 ,!re is1 !n1 9 ! old s5se ( ! ^w1 no su* ?+ z morality1 !re is only intellig5ce or /upidity4 ,yes1 virtue is calculus1 horrible z t may s\nd to long & timid e>s3 to calculate prop]ly j :at y mu/ d to atta9 y\r real ends1 to see j :at & :]e y\r good is1 & to make = x1--t is all t c )\t indec5cy be ask$ ( any man1 t is all t is ev] v\*saf$ by any man :o is intellig5t4 ,p]haps y ?9k x is an easy virtue1--?is cleav+ to intellig5ce1--easi] ?an be+ h>mless4 ,try x4 ,,vii 8,in/9ct0 & 8,reason0 ,& n[ to g back to ! refutations4 ,! /ronge/ objection to ! ,socratic doctr9e is t intellig5ce is n a creator1 b only a s]vant1 ( ends4 ,:at we %all consid] to be our good appe>s to be det]m9$ n by reason1 b by desire4 ,reason itself seems b ! valet ( desire1 ready to d = x e mann] ( m5ial s]vice4 ,desire is an adept at m>%all+ be=e intellig5ce su* facts z favor ! wi%1 & turns ! m9d's eye resolutely away f o!r tru?1 z a magician di/racts ! att5tion ( 8 audi5ce :ile 8 h&s p]=m _! wond]s4 ,if morality is entirely a matt] ( intellig5ce1 x is entirely a "q ( means1 x is exclud$ irrevocably f ! realm ( ends4 ,! conclusion may be all[$ 9 sub/ance1 ?\gh x passes beyond ! w>rant ( ! facts4 ,x is true t basic ends are nev] sugge/$ by intellig5ce1 reason1 k2 b x is also true t _m ends sugge/$ by desire are veto$ by intellig5ce4 ,:y are ! desires ( a man m mode/ ?an ^? ( a boy or a *ild1 if n because ! bl[s ( repeat$ failure h dull$ ! edge ( desire8 ,desires lapse1 or lose 9 /ature1 z k gr[s & man takes lessons f reality4 ,!re is an adaptation ( ends to means z well z ( means to ends2 & desire comes at la/ to take c\nsel ( its slave4 ,be x grant$1 none ! less1 t ends are dictat$ by desire1 & t if morality is intellig5ce1 !re c be no "q ( ! morality ( any end p] se4 ,t1 /rangely1 is n a refutation ( ! ,socratic e?ic s mu* z an ess5tial elem5t ( x & its />t+-po9t4 ,e desire has its own initial "r2 morality means n ! suppression ( desires1 b _! cord9ation4 ,:at t implies = society we %all see pres5tly2 = ! individual x implies t he is immoral1 n :5 he seeks 8 own advantage1 b :5 he does n really behave = 8 own advantage1 :5 "s n>r[ tempor>y purpose upsets p]spective & ov]rides a l>g] end4#af ,:at we call 8self-control0 is ! p]man5t pr$om9ance ( ! l>g] end2 :at we call weakness ( w is in/ability ( p]spective4 ,self-control means an intellig5t judgm5t ( values1 an intellig5t cord9ation ( motives1 an intellig5t =eca/+ ( effects4 ,x is f>-sight1 f>-he>+1 an enl>gem5t ( ! s5se2 x he>s ! weak5$ voice ( ! admoni%+ pa/1 x sees results f> d[n ! vi/a ( ! future2 x annihilates space & "t = ! sake ( light4 ,self-control is cord9at$ en]gy1--:i* is ! fir/ & la/ ^w 9 e?ics & politics1 & p]haps 9 logic & metaphysics too4 ,weak w means t desires fall out ( focus1 & tak+ advantage ( ! d>k /eal into action3 x is a d]angem5t ( ! light1 a failure ( intellig5ce4 ,9 ?is s5se a 8good w0 means cord9ation ( desires by ! ultimate desire1 end1 ideal2 x means heal? & :ol5ess ( w2 x means1 lit]ally1 integrity4 ,9 ! old s5se 8good w0 meant1 too (t51 m]e fe> ei!r ( ! prohibitions ( pres5t law or ( ! prohibitions /or$ up 9 consci5ce4 ,su* consci5ce1 we all "k1 is a purely negative & /atic ?+1 a conv5i5t sub/itute = policem51 a deg5]ate desc5dant ( t consci5tia1 or kn[+-toge!r1 :i* meant to ! ,romans a discrim9at+ aw>5ess 9 action1--discrim9at+ aw>5ess ( ! :ole t lurks r\nd ! corn] ( e "p4 ,?is is "o in/ance ( a sort ( pa?ology ( words1--words com+ to function 9 a s5se ali5 to _! normal int5t4 ,"r & wrong1 = example1 once c>ri$ no e?ical connotation1 b m]ely d5ot$ a direct or tortu\s r\te to a goal2 & significantly ! ,hebrew ^w = s9 meant1 9 ! days ( its heal?1 an arr[ t _h miss$ its m>k4 ,b1 x is urg$1 !re is no su* ?+ z intellig5ce 9 ! s5se ( a control ( passion by reason1 desire by ?\ght4 ,grant$2 x is s mu* easi] to admit objections ?an to refute !m6 ,let intellig5ce be int]pret$ z y w1 s be x y recognize 9 x a delay$ response1 a mom5t ( reprieve be=e execution1 giv+ "t = ! appe>ance ( new impulses1 motives1 t5d5cies1 & all[+ ea* elem5t 9 ! situation to fall into its place 9 a cord9at$ :ole4 ,let intellig5ce be a /ruggle ( impulses1 a survival ( ! fitte/ desire2 let u contra/ n reason ) passion1 b response delay$ by ! ri* int]play ( motive =ces1 ) response imm$iately foll[+ ^u ! fir/-appe>+ impulse4 ,let impulse mean = u fruit t falls unripe f ! tree1 because too weak to hang till x is mature4 ,let u und]/& intellig5ce z n a faculty sup]add$ to impulse1 b r t cord9ation ( impulses :i* is wr\ght out by ! bl[s ( h>d exp]i5ce4 ,! ,socratic e?ic fits q com=tably into ?is s*eme2 intellig5ce is delay$ response & morality means1 ,take y\r "t4 ,x is *>g$ t ! ,socratic view involves det]m9ism2 & ?is *>ge1 too1 is be/ met ) op5-arm$ admission4 ,we ne$ n raise ! "q ( ! pragmatic value ( ! problem4 ,b to suppose t det]m9ism de/roys moral responsibility is to betray ! mid-,victorian orig9 ( "o's philosophy4 ,m5 ( insight l ,socrates1 ,plato1 & ,sp9oza1 saw )\t ! necessity ( argum5t t moral responsibility is n a matt] ( fre$om ( w1 b a relation ( means to ends1 a responsibility ( ! ag5t to himself1 an intellig5t cord9ation ( impulses by "o's ultimate purposes4 ,any o!r morality1 :atev] pretty "n x may display1 is ! emasculat$ morality ( slaves4 ,,viii ,! ,secul>ization ( ,morals ,! great problem involv$ 9 ! ,socratic e?ic lies1 app>5tly1 9 ! be>+s ( ! doctr9e on social unity & /ability4 ,app>5tly2 = x is :olesome to rememb] t social organization1 l ! ,sabba?1 0 made = man1 & n ! o!r way ab\t4 ,if social organization dem&s ( ! individual m sacrifices ?an its advantages are wor? to him1 !n ! /ability ( t organization is n a problem1 x is a mis=tune4 ,b if ! /ate does n dem& su* sacrifices1 ! advantage ( ! individual w be 9 social behavior2 & ! "q :e!r he w behave socially becomes a "q ( h[ mu* intellig5ce he has1 h[ cle>-ey$ he is 9 f]ret+ out 8 own advantage4 ,9 a /ate t does n ask m f its memb]s ?an x gives1 morality & intellig5ce & social behavior w n qu>rel4 ,! social problem appe>s "h z ! tw(old problem (1 fir/1 mak+ m5 intellig5t1 &1 second1 mak+ social organization s great an advantage to ! individual z to insure social behavior 9 all intellig5t m54 ,:i* has ! bett] *ance ( survival3--a society ( 8good0 m5 or a society ( intellig5t m58 ,s f> z a man is 8good0 he m]ely obeys1 he does n initiate4 ,a society ( 8good0 m5 is necess>ily /agnant2 = 9 su* a society ! virtue mo/ 9 dem&1 z ,em]son puts x1 is con=mity4 ,if great m5 em]ge ?r\gh ! icy cru/ ( ?is con=mity1 !y are call$ crim9als & s9n]s2 ! lives ( great m5 all rem9d u t we _c make our lives sublime & yet be 8good40 ,b intellig5ce z an e?ical ideal is a progressive norm2 = x implies ! progressive cord9ation ( "o's life 9 ref]5ce to "o's ultimate ideals4 ,! god ( ! 8good0 man is ! /atus quo2 ! intellig5t man obeys r ! call ( ! /atus ad quem4 ,obs]ve h[ ! problem ( man v]sus ! gr\p is cl>ifi$ by ?us relat+ ! individual to a l>g] :ole det]m9$ n by geographical fronti]s1 b by purposes born ( 8 own ne$s & m\ld$ by 8 own intellig5ce4 ,= z ! individual's intellig5ce gr[s1 8 purposes are br\ght m & m )9 ! limits ( p]sonal capacity & social possibility3 he is ev] less incl9$ to make unreasonable dem&s ^u himself1 or m5 9 g5]al1 or ! gr\p 9 :i* he lives4 ,8 ev] broad5+ vision makes app>5t ! inh]5t self-de/ructiv5ess ( anti-social aims2 & ?\gh he *ooses 8 ends )\t ref]5ce to any ext]nal moral code1 ^? ends are increas+ly social4 ,enlight5m5t saves 8 social dispositions f grovell+ con=mity1 & 8 8self-reg>d+ s5tim5ts0 f suicidal n>r[ness4 ,& n[ ! conflict betwe5 himself & 8 gr\p cont9ues = ! mo/ "p only 9 s f> z ! gr\p makes unreasonable dem&s ^u him4 ,b ?is1 too1 dim9i%es z ! individuals con/itut+ or dom9at+ ! gr\p become !mselves m intellig5t1 m ke5ly cognizant ( ! limits )9 :i* ! dem&s ( ! gr\p ^u its memb]s mu/ be re/rict$ if individual allegiance is to be reta9$4 ,s9ce ! r$uction ( ! conflict betwe5 ! individual & ! community )\t detrim5t to ! int]e/s ( ei!r is ! c5tral problem ( political e?ics1 x is obvi\s t ! practical task ( e?ics is n to =mulate a specific moral code1 b to br+ ab\t a spread ( intellig5ce4 ,& s9ce ! r$uction ( ?is conflict br+s ) x a bett] cord9ation ( ! memb]s ( ! gr\p1 ?r\gh _! great] ability to p]ceive ! advantages ( communal action 9 an intellig5tly adm9i/]$ gr\p1 ! problem ( social coh]5ce & p]man5ce itself falls into ! same l>g] problem ( intellectual developm5t4 8,h[ to make our ideas cle>02--:at if t be ! social problem8 ,:at a weal? ( import 9 t little phrase ( ,socrates1-- --8:at is x80 ,:at is my good1 my int]e/8 ,:at d ,i really want8--,to f9d ! answ] to t1 said ,rob]t ,l\is ,/ev5son1 is to a*ieve wisdom & old age4 ,:at is my c\ntry8 ,:at is patriotism8 8,if y wi% to conv]se ) me10 said ,voltaire1 8y mu/ def9e y\r t]ms40 ,if y wi% to be moral1 y mu/ def9e y\r t]ms4 ,if our civilization is to keep its head above ! flux ( "t1 we mu/ def9e our t]ms4 ,= ^! are ! critical days ( ! secul>ization ( moral sanctions2 ! !ological navel-/r+ b9d+ m5 to 8good behavior0 has snapp$4 ,:at are ! lead]s ( m5 go+ to d ab\t x8 ,w !y try aga9 ! old gospel ( self-sacrifice8 ,b a _w f$ on self-sacrifice is a _w ( lies1 a _w *ok+ ) ! /5* ( hypocrisy4 ,to prea* self-sacrifice is n to solve1 x is precisely to %irk1 ! problem ( e?ics1--! problem ( elim9at+ individual self-sacrifice :ile pres]v+ social /ability3 ! problem ( reconcil+ ! individual z su* ) ! individual z citiz54 ,or w our lead]s try to replace sup]/ition ) an ext5d$ physical compulsion1 mak+ ! policeman & ! prison d all ! "w ( social cord9ation8 ,b surely compulsion is a la/ resort2 n because x is 8wrong10 b because x is inexp$i5t1 because x r cuts ?an unties ! knot1 because x produces too mu* friction to all[ ( movem5t4 ,compulsion is w>rant$ :5 !re is "q ( prev5t+ ! int]f]5ce ( "o individual or gr\p ) ano!r2 b x is a poor in/rum5t = ! e/abli%m5t or ma9t5ance ( ideals4 ,suppose we /op moraliz+1 suppose we r$uce regim5tation1 suppose we beg9 to def9e our t]ms4 ,suppose we let p "k q simply 7& n 9 ,academese7 t moral codes are born n 9 heav5 b 9 social ne$s2 & suppose we set ab\t f9d+ a way ( spread+ intellig5ce s t individual trea*]y to real communal int]e/1 & communal exploitation ( individual allegiance1 may bo? appe> on ! surface1 z !y are at bottom1 un9tellig5tly suicidal4 ,is t too mu* to hope =8 ,p]haps4 ,b !n aga91 x may be1 ! wor? & mean+ ( life lie precisely 9 ?is1 t !re is /ill a possibility ( organiz+ t exp]im5t4 ,,ix 8,happ9ess0 & 8,virtue0 ,a ^w n[ ab\t ! la/ "p ( ! ,socratic =mula3 intellig5ce virtue happ9ess4 ,& ?is a ^w ( w>n+3 rememb] t ! 8virtue0 "h spok5 ( is n ! m$ival virtue taught 9 ,sunday s*ools4 ,surely our *ildr5 mu/ wond] are we fools or li>s :5 we tell !m1 8,be good & y w be happy40 ,bett] =get 8virtue0 & read simply3 intellig5cehapp9ess4 ,t appe>s m closely ak9 to ! r\gh realities ( life3 intellig5ce means ability to adapt means to ends1 & happ9ess means success 9 adapt+ means to ends2 happ9ess1 !n1 v>ies ) ability4 ,happ9ess is intellig5ce on ! move2 a p]vasive physiological tonus accompany+ ! =w>d movem5t ( a*ievem5t4 ,x is n ! consci\sness ( virtue3 t is n happ9ess1 b snobb]y4 ,& simil>ly1 remorse is1 9 ! intellig5t man1 n ! consci\sness ( 8s910 b ! consci\sness ( a pa/ /upidity4 ,s f> z y fail to w9 y\r real ends y are unhappy1--& h prov$ un9tellig5t4 ,b ! ,prea*] says1 8,he t increase? k increase? sorr[40 ,true en\gh if ! increm5t ( k is ! correction ( a pa/ error2 ! sorr[ is a p5alty paid = ! error1 n = ! increase ( k4 ,true1 too1 t intellig5ce does n consi/5tly less5 conflicts1 & t x discloses a new want = e want x helps to meet4 ,b ! joy ( life lies n s mu* 9 ! disappe>ance ( difficulties z 9 ! ov]com+ ( !m2 n s mu* 9 ! dim9ution ( conflict z 9 ! gr[? ( a*ievem5t4 ,surely x is "t we _h an e?ic t /ress$ a*ievem5t r ?an quiesc5ce4 ,& fur!r1 intellig5ce mu/ n be ?\ght ( z ! resignation ( disillusionm5t1 ! consci\sness ( impot5ce2 intellig5ce is to be conceiv$ ( 9 t]ms ( adaptive activity1 ( movem5t t[>ds an end1 ( cord9at$ self-expression & behavior4 ,f9ally1 x is b fair to int]pret ! =mula z mak+ happ9ess & intellig5ce co9cide only s f> z ! individual's happ9ess dep5ds on 8 own conduct4 ,! causes ( unhapp9ess may be an inh]it$ de=mity1 or an accid5t n admitt+ ( provision2 su* cases d n s mu* contradict z lie outside ! =mula4 ,s f> z y\r happ9ess dep5ds on y\r activities1 x w v>y ) ! degree ( intellig5ce y %[4 ,act intellig5tly1 & y w n "k regret2 feel t y are mov+ on t[>d y\r l>g] ends1 & y w be happy4 ,x ,! ,socratic ,*all5ge ,b if individual & social heal? & happ9ess dep5d on intellig5ce r ?an on 8virtue10 & if ! exaltation ( intellig5ce 0 a c>d9al elem5t 9 ! ,a!nian view ( life1 :y did ! ,socratic e?ic fail to save ,a!ns f decay8 ,& :y did ! suppos$ly intellig5t ,a!nians hail ?is g5]\s old ,dr4 ,johnson ( philosophy into c\rt & s5t5ce him to dea?8 ,! answ] is1 ,because ! ,a!nians refus$ to make ! ,socratic exp]im5t4 ,!y 7 intellig5t1 b n intellig5t en\gh4 ,!y c\ld diagnose ! social malady1 c\ld trace x to ! decay ( sup]natural moral norms2 b !y c\ld n f9d a cure1 !y _h n ! vision to see t salvation lay n 9 ! compulsory ret5tion ( old norms1 b 9 ! =g+ ( new & bett] ones1 capable ( )/&+ ! %ock ( que/ion+ & trial4 ,:at !y saw 0 *aos2 & l mo/ /atesm5 !y long$ above all ?+s = ord]4 ,!y 7 n impress$ by ,socrates' allegiance to law1 8 cordial admission ( ! individual's obligations to ! community = ! advantages ( social organization4 ,!y li/5$ to ! disciples3 to ,anti/h5es1 :o laugh$ at patriotism2 to ,ari/ippus1 :o d5\nc$ all gov]nm5t2 to ,plato1 scorn] ( democracy2 & !y attack$ ! ma/] because 7n to speak ( petti] political reasons7 x 0 he1 !y ?\ght1 :o 0 ! root ( ! evil4 ,!y c\ld n see t ?is man 0 _! ally & n _! foe2 t rescue = ,a!ns lay 9 help+ him r ?an 9 s5t5c+ him to die4 ,& h[ well !y c\ld h help$ him6 ,= to prea* intellig5ce is n en\gh2 !re rema9s to provide = e "o ! in/rum5talities ( intellig5ce4 ,:at m5 ne$$1 :at ,a!nian /atesman%ip might h provid$1 0 an organization ( intellig5ce = intellig5ce1 an organization ( all ! =ces ( intellig5ce 9 ! /ate 9 a p]si/5t intellectual campaign4 ,if t c\ld n save ,a!ns1 ,a!ns c\ld n be sav$4 ,b ! myopic lead]s ( ! ,a!nian /ate c\ld n see salvation 9 intellig5ce1 !y c\ld only see x 9 hemlock4 ,& ,socrates _h to die4 ,x w take a wise c\rage to accept ! ,socratic *all5ge1--su* c\rage z battle-fields & s5ate-*amb]s are n wont to %[4 ,b unless t wise c\rage comes to u our civilization w g z o!r civilizations h come & gone1 8k9dl$ & put out l a flame 9 ! night40 ,,note4--,f a book ^: int]e/+ def5ce ( ! ,socratic e?ic f ! /&po9t ( psy*oanalysis 0 br\ght to ! writ]'s att5tion aft] ! completion ( ! =ego+ essay3 8,! ,freudian e?ics is a lit]al & concrete ju/ification ( ! ,socratic tea*+4 ,tru? is ! sole moral sanction1 & discrim9ation ( hi!rto unrealiz$ facts is ! "o way out ( e moral dilemma4444 ,virtue is wisdom40 ,practical morality is 8! e/abli%m5t1 ?r\gh discrim9ation1 ( consi/5t1 & n contradictory 7mutually suppressive71 c\rses ( action t[>d ph5om5a4 ,! moral sanction lies always 9 facts pres5t$ by ! ph5om5a2 morality 9 ! discrim9ation ( ^? facts40 ,moral developm5t is 8! progressive1 lifelong integration ( exp]i5ce40--,! ,freudian ,wi% & ,its ,place 9 ,e?ics1 by ,edw9 ,b4 ,holt1 ,new ,york1 #aiae1 pp4 #ada1 #ade1 #adh4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,plato3 ,,philosophy ,,z ,,politics ,i ,! ,man & ! ,arti/ ,:y d we love ,plato8 ,p]haps because ,plato himself 0 a lov]3 lov] ( comrades1 lov] ( ! sweet intoxication ( dialectical revelry1 full ( passion = ! elusive reality beh9d ?\ghts & ?+s4 ,we love him = 8 un/9t$ en]gy1 = ! wildly nomadic play ( 8 fancy1 = ! joy :i* he f\nd 9 life 9 all its unr$eem$ & adv5tur\s complexity4 ,we love him because he 0 alive e m9ute ( 8 life1 & nev] ceas$ to gr[2 su* a man c be lov$ ev5 = ! errors he has made4 ,b above all we love him because ( 8 high passion = social recon/ruction ?r\gh intellig5t control2 because he reta9$ ?r\gh\t 8 eighty ye>s t zeal = human improvem5t :i* is = mo/ ( u ! pass+ luxury ( y\?2 because he conceiv$ philosophy z an in/rum5t n m]ely = ! int]pretation1 b = ! rem\ld+1 ( ! _w4 ,he speaks ( himself1 ?r\gh ,socrates1 z 8almo/ ! only ,a!nian liv+ :o sets 8 h& to ! true art ( politics2 ,i am ! only politician ( my "t40#ag ,philosophy 0 = him a /udy ( human possibilities 9 ! light ( human realities & limitations2 8 daily food consi/$ ( ! problems ( human relations & endeavors3 problems ( lib]ty v]sus ord]2 ( sex relations & ! family2 ( ideals ( "* & citiz5%ip1 & ! educational approa*es to ^? ideals2 problems ( ! control ( population1 ( h]$ity & environm5t1 ( art & morals4 ,) all 8 lik+ = ! poetry ( my/icism1 philosophy none ! less 0 to him prem95tly an adv5ture 9 ?is _w2 & unlike ourselves1 :o foll[ "o or ano!r ( 8 _m leads1 he sail$ virg9al seas4 ,e read] 9 e age has call$ him mod]n2 b :at age c !re be to :i* ,plato w n /ill be mod]n8 ,plato 0 tw5ty-eight :5 ,socrates di$2#ah & ?\gh he 0 n pres5t at ! dr9k+ ( ! hemlock1 yet ! pass+ ( ! ma/] mu/ h be5 a tragic bl[ to him4 ,x br\ght him face to face ) dea?1 ! "m ( metaphysics4 ,pr\de/ ( all philosoph]s1 he did n hide 8 s5se ( debt to ,socrates3 8,i ?ank ! gods10 he said1 8t ,i 0 born freeman1 n slave2 ,greek1 n b>b>ian2 man1 n woman2 b above all t ,i 0 born 9 ! "t ( ,socrates40 ,! old philosoph] gone1 ,a!ns became = a "t intol]able to ,plato 7"s say1 ,plato to ,a!ns72 & ! "y philosoph] sail$ (f to see =eign %ores & take n\ri%m5t ( o!r cultures4 ,he lik$ ! peaceful ord]l9ess & ag$ dignity ) :i* a long dom9ant prie/hood _h inve/$ ,egypt2 beside ?is mell[ civilization1 he 0 will+ to be told1 ! culture ( 8 native ,a!ns 0 b a prec>i\s e?nological sport4 ,he lik$ ! ,py?agoreans ( s\!rn ,italy1 ) _! ari/ocratic approa* to ! problem ( social con/ruction & _! communal devotion to pla9 liv+ & high ?9k+2 above all he lik$ _! emphasis on h>mony z ! fundam5tal p]vasive relation ( all ?+s & z ! ideal 9 :i* our human discords might be made to resolve !mselves _h m5 arti/ry en\gh4 ,o!r l&s he saw & le>nt f3 /ories tell h[ he risk$ 8 h&some head to build an ideal /ate 9 ,syracuse2 h[ he 0 sold into slav]y & r$eem$ by a fri5d2 & h[ he pass$ d[n ?r\gh ,pale/9e ev5 to ,india1 absorb+ ! culture ( _! peoples ) a k9d ( osmotic g5ius4 ,& at la/1 aft] twelve ye>s ( w&]+1 he he>d aga9 ! call ( ,a!ns1 & w5t home1 /or$ ) exp]i5ce & ripe ) ?\ght4 ,arriv$ n[ at ! mid-po9t ( 8 life1 he turn$ to ! task ( self-expression4 ,%\ld he jo9 "o ( ! political p>ties & try to make ! gov]nm5t ( ,a!ns a picture ( 8 ?\ght8 ,p]haps he felt t 8 ?\ght 0 n yet def9ite en\gh = t2 politics requires answ]s 9 ,yes or ,no1 & philosophy deals only 9 ,yes-&-,no4 ,he hesitat$ to jo9 a p>ty or pl$ge himself to a dogma2 & 0 prep>$ to be hat$ by all p>ties alike = ?is hesitation4#ai ,ari/ocracy 0 9 8 blood1 & he w\ld n /oop to conqu] by a plebiscite4 ,he ?\ght ( turn+ to ! /age1 z ,euripides _h done1 & tea*+ ?r\gh ! mask2 9 8 y\? he _h writt5 plays1 & smil$ n[ to ?9k h[ he _h hop$ to rival ,ari/ophanes4 ,b !re 7 too _m limitations "h1 ( religi\s subject & dramatic =m2 ,plato's philosophy 0 a ?+ ( ev] broad5+ bord]s1 & c\ld n be cramp$ into a c]emony4 ,b nei!r 0 8 philosophy an arid academic affair1 to be writt5 d[n z "o places 9 ord] ! bones ( a skeleton2 x 0 vibrantly alive1 x 0 itself a drama & a religion4 ,:y %\ld !re n be a drama ( idea z well z ( action8--,_h n ! play ( ?\ght its trag$ies & com$ies8--,0 n philosophy1 aft] all1 a matt] ( life & dea?8 ,9 su* a juncture ( desires came t fusion ( drama & philosophy :i* we "k z ,plato's dialogues1--assur$ly ! f9e/ production 9 all ! hi/ory ( philosophy4 ,"h 0 j ! in/rum5t = a man ^: ?\ght _h n congeal$ into dogmas & a sy/em4 ,all g5ius is het]og5e\s2 a great man is a sum ( _m m52--let ! s\l give its selves a voice1 & x w speak 9 dialogue4#bj ,j in/rum5t1 too1 = a man :o wi%$ to play ) ! v>i$ possibilities ( speculation1 :o c>$ to cl>ify 8 own m9d r ?an to give =? f9alities :]e life itself 0 s bl9d & inconclusive4 ,a conclusion is too (t5 b ! po9t at :i* ?\ght has lo/ its w9d2 be+ n s mu* a solution ( ! problem z a dissolution ( ?\ght4 ,h5ce ! riot\s play ( ! imag9ation 9 ,plato2 lively game ( trial & error1 m]ry-g-r\nd ( ?\ght2 "h is imag]y squ&]$ ) lordly ab&on2 "h is humor su* z "o misses 9 our pond]\s mod]n philosoph]s2 "h is no sy/em b all sy/ems2#ba "h is "o ab\nd+ f\nta9-head ( ,european ?\ght2 "h is prose /rong & beautiful z ! great temples :]e ,greek joy disport$ itself 9 m>ble2 "h lit]>y prose is born1--& born adult4 ,,ii ,h[ to ,solve ! ,social ,problem ,to und]/& ,plato "o mu/ rememb] ! ,py?agorean motif3 h>mony is ! he>t ( ,plato's metaphysics1 ( 8 psy*ological & educational !ory1 ( 8 e?ics & 8 politics4 ,to feel su* h>mony z !re is1 & to make su* h>mony z may be1--t to ,plato is ! mean+ ( philosophy4 ,we obs]ve ?is at ! outset 9 ! m-my/ifi$-?an my/ify+ !ory ( ideas4 ,obvi\sly1 ! !ory ( ideas belongs to ,socrates2 ! ,platonic elem5t is a !ory n ( ideas s mu* z ( ideals4 ,socrates wants tru?1 b ,plato wants beauty1 h>mony4 ,socrates is b5t on argum5t1 & po9ts y to a concept2 ,plato is a poet ) a vision1 & po9ts y to ! picture t he sees4 ,und]/&+1 says ,plato1 is ( ! e>? e>?ly2 b poetic vision is div9e4#bb ,h5ce ! maze ( quibbl+ 9 ! dialogues2 x is ,plato & n ,socrates :o is culprit "h4 ,reason+ 0 an ali5 art to ,plato2 try z he might to become a ma!matician he rema9$ always a poet1--& p]haps mo/ s :5 he dealt ) numb]s4 ,dialectic 0 9 ,plato's day a rec5t inv5tion2 he plays ) x l a y\? 9 ! break]s1 lett+ x n[ raise him to heights ( ec/atic vision & n[ bury him 9 ! deadlie/ logic-*opp+4 ,b--let u n d\bt x--he kn[s :5 he is logic-*opp+2 he goes on1 p>tly t he may pa9t 8 picture1 p>tly = ! m]e joy ( p>ry+ pros & cons2 ?is new game1 he feels1 is a sport = ! gods4 ,let u smile at ! heavy s]i\sness ( ^? :o suppose t ?is man meant ev]y?+ he said4 ,no "o does1 b lea/ ( all m5 ,plato1 :o h>dly taught except 9 p>ables4 ,:at is ! 8heav50 ( ! ideas b a poet's way ( say+ t ! con/ancies obs]vable 9 ! relations among ?+s are n id5tical ) ! ?+s !mselves1 b h a reality & p]man5ce ( _! own8 ,s we phrase x 9 our own di/+ui%$ v]biage2 b ,plato pref]s1 z ev]1 to draw a picture4 ,& notice1 9 ?is picture1 ! ev] pres5t ref]5ce to social ne$s4 ,:at is a concept1 aft] all1 b a s*eme = ! cons]vation ( m5tal res\rces1 an in/rum5t ( pr$iction1 a me?od ( control8 ,)\t ! p[] to =m concepts we c\ld nev] turn exp]i5ce to use1 x w\ld slip betwe5 our f+]s2 we %\ld be l ! maid5s condemn$ to c>ry wat] 9 a sieve4 ,! idea ( any?+ is ! sum ( its obs]v$ con/ancies ( behavior2 h5ce ! m$ium ( our adaptation & control4 ,to h ideas ( ?+s is to "k ! map or plan ( ?+s2 x is to see t5d5cies1 directions1 & results2 x is to "k h[ to use ?+s4 ,t is :y k is p[]2 e idea is a tool ) :i* to b5d ! _w to s]ve our w4 ,& t too is :y ! ,ideas are real3 !y h p[]1 & 8any?+ :i* possesses any sort ( p[] is real40#bc ,all ?is1 z 0 said1 is b an embelli%m5t ( ! ,socratic doctr9e t salvation lies 9 bra9s4 ,b ,plato ru%es on4 ,n only may ev]y?+ be br\ght "u a concept1 an ,idea1 b x may be br\ght "u a p]fect ,=m1 an ,ideal4 ,?+s are n :at !y might be4 ,m5 are n su* z m5 might be1 /ates are (t5 sorry /ates1 b$s might be m ideal b$s1 ev5 dirt c\ld be m p]fectly dirt4 ,to all ?+s t are1 !re correspond p]fect ,ideals ( :at !y might be1 9 a ?or\ghly h>moni\s _w4 ,to say t ^! ,ideals are real1 t !y exi/1 is only to claim = !m t !y are op]ative1 & get results4 ,:e!r 8 sup]naturalism 0 only "p ( 8 political !ory1 o!rs may dispute2 let x suffice u at pres5t t ,plato believ$ t ! ,ideals c\ld & did op]ate ?r\gh human ag5cy4 ,! di/9ctive ?+ ab\t man is t p]ceiv+ ! ?+ t is1 he c conceive ! ?+ t might be4 ,he is ! =w>d-look+1 ideal-mak+ animal2 ?r\gh him1 if he b w x1 proce$s creation4 ,! brute may be a ?9k]1 b man may be also an arti/4 ,out ( ! abundance ( ! sexual in/9ct 7z ,plato implies 9 ! ,symposium7 em]ges ?is ideal-seek+ & -mak+ quality2 f :i* come art & e?ics & religion4 ,william ,morris looks at a slum & conceives ,utopia2 & =?) beg9s to make = ,utopia ev5 ?\gh ! road lead him ?r\gh a jail4 ,is x t ,william ,morris loves 8humanity08 ,n at all2 he loves beauty & 8 dream2 he is uncom=table ) all ?is dirt & despair be=e him2 x is 8 =tune or mis=tune t he _c see ^! slums )\t fall+ ?rall to a vision ( bett] ?+s4 ,s ) mo/ ( u 8re=m]s03 we wi% to *ange ?+s1 n because we love our fell[s mu* m ?an 8cons]vatives0 d1 nor because we believe t happ9ess v>ies ) income2 b because we he> ! call ( ! beautiful1 & see 9 ! m9d's eye ano!r =m :]e9 ! _w might come m pleas+ly to sight4 ,:at we h to d1 says ,plato1 is to make p conceive a bett] _w1 s t !y may see ?is _w z ugly1 & may /rive to re%ape x4 ,we mu/ conceive ! p]fect ,=ms ( ?+s1 & batt] ?is poor _w till x re=m itself & take ^! p]fect %apes4 ,to le>n to see--& see+ le>n to make--^! p]fect ,=ms3 t is ! task ( philosoph]s4 ,to make philosoph]s3 t is ! social problem4 ,,iii ,on ,mak+ ,philosoph]-,k+s ,x is simple1 isn't x8 ,give u en\gh philosoph]s1 & ! beautiful city w walk out ( ! picture into ! fact4 ,b h[ make philosoph]s8 ,& p]haps !re is a p]fect ,=m = philosoph]s1 too8 ,h[ %all we 8see--& see+ le>n to make0--! p]fect philosoph]8 ,let u n worry ab\t ?is little matt] ( dialectics1 says ,plato2 we "k q well "s ( ! ?+s we mu/ d 9 ord] t we may h m & great] philosoph]s4 ,x is q cle> t "o ?+ we mu/ d is to give our be/ bra9s to education4 ,is t trite8 ,n at all4 ,d we give our be/ bra9s to education8 ,d we (f] m to our m9i/]s or commission]s ( education ?an to our presid5ts1 or gov]nors1 or mayors1 or bank presid5ts1 or pugili/s8 ,or d we honor !m m8 ,:5 ,plato says t ! (fice ( m9i/] ( education is 8( all ! great (fices ( /ate ! greate/10 & t ! citiz5s %\ld elect _! v be/ man to ?is (fice1#bd he is n pron\nc+ a platitude1 he is mak+ a radical1 a revolution>y proposition4 ,x has nev] be5 done1 & x w n soon be done2 = m51 naturally en\gh1 are m int]e/$ 9 mak+ money ?an 9 mak+ philosoph]s4 ,& yet1 says ,plato1 g5tly b resolutely1 we may z well und]/& t until we give our be/ bra9s to ! problem ( mak+ philosoph]s our mu*-ado ab\t social ills w am\nt to noise & w9d1 & no?+ m4 8,h[ *>m+ p are60 he writes1 draw+ an analogy betwe5 ! individual & ! body politic2 8!y are always doctor+--& !reby increas+ & complicat+--_! disord]s1 fancy+ !y w be cur$ by "s no/rum :i* somebody advises !m to try1--nev] gett+ bett] b always gr[+ worse4444 ,are !y n z good z a play1 try+ _! h& at legislation1 & imag9+ t by re=ms !y w make an end to ! di%one/ies & rascalities ( mank9d1 n kn[+ t !y are 9 reality cutt+ away at ! heads ( a hydra80#be ,notice t ! aim ( ! educational process is1 = ,plato1 n s mu* ! g5]al spread ( intellig5ce z ! discov]y & developm5t ( ! sup]ior man4 7,?is conception ( ! task ( ! educator appe>s aga9 & aga9 9 lat] ?\ght3 we he> x 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 = example1 9 ,c>lyle's 8h]o10 ,s*op5hau]'s 8g5ius10 & ,nietzs*e's 8sup]man407 ,x is v nave1 ?9ks ,plato1 to look to ! masses z ! s\rce & hope ( social improvem5t2 ! prop] function ( ! masses is to toil z *e]fully z may be = ! developm5t & support ( ! g5ius :o w make !m happy--s f> z !y are capable ( happ9ess4 ,to aim directly at ! elevation ( all is to op5 ! door to m$iocrity & futility2 to f9d & nurse ! pot5tial g5ius1--t is an end wor?y ! educator's subtle art4 ,n[ if y are go+ to discov] g5ius 9 ! bud y mu/ above all ?+s h&le y\r mat]ial1 at ! outset at lea/1 ) t5d] c>e4 ,y mu/ n ov]fl[ ) prohibitions1 or indulge y\rself too mu* 9 ! luxury ( puni%m5ts4 8,"m & fa!r & nurse & tutor set to qu>rell+ ab\t ! improvem5t ( ! *ild z soon z ev] he is able to und]/& !m3 he _c say or d any?+ )\t _! sett+ =? to him t ?is is j & t unju/1 ?is honorable & t di%onorable1 ?is holy & t unholy1 d ?is & don't d t4 ,& if he obeys1 well & good2 if n he is /raight5$ by ?reats & bl[s1 l a piece ( w>p$ wood40#bf ,suppress "h1 & y get expression !re2--(t5 en\gh1 abnormal expression4 ,bett] h no h>d m\ld ( uni=mity & con=mity :]e9 to cru% & de=m ea* diff]5tly aspir+ s\l4 ,?9k twice be=e =c+ y\r 'isms & 'ologies ^u ! *ild2 8 own desires w be y\r be/ curriculum4 8,! elem5ts ( in/ruction10 writes ,plato1 9 a too-little-notic$ passage1 8%\ld be pres5t$ to ! m9d 9 *ildhood1 b )\t any notion ( =c+ !m4 ,= a freeman ought to be a freeman 9 ! acquisition ( k4 ,bodily ex]cise1 :5 compulsory1 does no h>m2 b k :i* is acquir$ "u compulsion has no hold on ! m9d4 ,!re=e d n use compulsion1 b let e>ly education be a sort ( amusem5t2 t w bett] enable y to f9d out ! natural b5t40#bg ,!re is a /roke ( ,plato's g5ius "h3 x is a po9t :i* we lagg>ds are com+ to aft] "s two ?\s& ?ree hundr$ ye>s4 8,to f9d out ! natural b5t10 to cat* ! sp>k ( div9e fire be=e con=mity c put x out2 t is ! beg9n+ & yet ! summit ( ! educator's task1--! initium dimidium facti4 ,9 ?is se>* = g5ius all s\ls %all be tri$4 ,education mu/ be univ]sal & compulsory2 *ildr5 belong n to p>5ts b to ! /ate & to ! future4#bh ,& education _c beg9 too e>ly4 ,cle9ias1 ask+ :e!r education %\ld beg9 at bir?1 is a/oni%$ to be answ]$1 8,no1 be=e02 & if ,plato c\ld h 8 way1 no d\bt !re w\ld be a realization ( ,dr4 ,holmes' sugge/ion t a man's education %\ld beg9 two ?\s& ye>s be=e he is born4 ,! *ief conc]n at ! outset w be to develop ! body1 & n to fill ! s\l ) lett]s2 let ! *ild be taught 8 lett]s at t51 b n be=e4#bi ,music w %>e ) gymna/ics ! task ( r\nd$ developm5t4 ,! boy :o tells 8 tea*] t ! a?letic field is z important & necess>y a "p ( education z ! lecture-room is "r4 8,h[ %all we f9d a g5tle nature :i* has also great c\rage80#cj ,music mix$ ) a?letics w d x4 8,i am q aw>e t y\r m]e a?lete becomes too mu* ( a savage1 & t ! musician is melt$ & s(t5$ beyond :at is good = him40#ca ,!re is a det]m9ation "h t ev5 ! g5ius %all be heal?y2 ,plato w n tol]ate ! notion t to be a g5ius "o ne$s to be sick3 let ! g5ius h 8 say1 b let him1 too1 be rem9d$ t he is no disembodi$ _s4 ,& let art take c>e le/ its vaunt$ purgation be a purgation ( our /r5g? & manhood2 poetry & s(t music may make m5 slaves4 ,no man %all bo!r ) music aft] ! age ( sixte54#cb ,at tw5ty a g5]al te/ w we$ out ^? :o give indication t fur!r educative labor w be wa/$ on !m2 ! o!rs w g on = ano!r decade1 & a second te/ w elim9ate ^? :o w 9 ! meantime h rea*$ ! limit ( _! capacities = developm5t4 ,! f9al survivors w !n--& n be=e--be introduc$ to philosophy4 8,!y mu/ n be all[$ to ta/e ! de> delight too e>ly2 t is a ?+ especially to be avoid$2 = "y m51 z y may h obs]v$1 :5 !y fir/ get ! ta/e 9 _! m\?s1 argue = amusem5t1 & are always contradict+ & refut+1 l puppy-dogs t delight to te> & pull at all :o come ne> !m4444 ,& :5 !y h made _m conque/s & receiv$ defeats at ! h&s ( _m1 !y viol5tly & spe$ily get into a way ( n believ+ any?+ t !y believ$ be=e1 & h5ce n only !y1 b philosophy g5]ally1 h a bad "n ) ! re/ ( ! _w40#cc ,five happy ye>s are giv5 to ! /udy ( philosophy4 ,gradually1 ! /ud5t le>ns to see ! univ]sal beh9d ! p>ticul>1 to judge ! "p by relat+ x to ! :ole2 ! fragm5ts ( 8 exp]i5ce fall into a h>moni\s philosophy ( life4 ,! sci5ces :i* he has le>n$ are n[ unit$ z a consi/5t application ( intellig5ce to life2 inde$1 ! faculty ( unit+ ! sci5ces & focuss+ !m on ! c5tral problems ( life1 is precisely ! crit]ion ( ! true philosoph]4#cd ,b involv$ 9 ?is is a c]ta9 practical quality1 a s5se = realities & limitations4 ,"o mu/ /udy books--& m52 "o %\ld read mu*1 b live m4 ,s ,plato legislates t 8 new philosoph]s %all sp5d ! ye>s f ?irty-five to fifty 9 ! busy d9 ( practical life2 !y mu/1 9 8 immortal image1 g back into ! cave4 ,! purpose ( high] education is to deta* u = a "t f ! life ( action1 b only s t we may lat] return to x ) a bett] p]spective4 ,to be put = a goodly "t ^u "o's own res\rces1 to butt] "o's own bread = a :ile1--t is an almo/ indisp5sable pr]equisite to greatness4 ,out ( su* a te/ m5 come ) ! sc>s ( _m w\nds2 b to ^? :o are n fools e sc> is ! m>k ( a lesson le>n$4 ,& n[ "h are our philosoph]s1 ripe & fifty1 h>d5$ by ! te/s ( le>n+ & ( life4 ,:at %all we d ) !m8 ,put !m away 9 a lecture-room & pay no fur!r att5tion to !m8 ,give !m1 z _! life-"w1 ! problem ( f9d+ h[ ,sp9oza d$uces1 or fails to d$uce1 ! ,_m f ! ,"o8 ,h !m fill le>n$ esot]ic j\rnals ) un9telligible j>gon ab\t ! f9ite & ! inf9ite1 or space & "t1 or ! immat]iality ( roa/ beef8 ,no1 says ,plato2 let !m gov]n ! /ate4 ,did ,plato mean x8 ,0 he s enrag$ at ! /ate-murd] ( ! mo/ belov$ ( philosoph]s t he =e>m$ himself aga9/ su* a contretemps 9 8 ,utopia by mak+ ! philosoph]s supreme8--,0 x only 8 magnific5t j\rnali/ic rev5ge8 ,0 x m]ely 8 reaction to ! obs]v$ cramp+ & m$iocritization ( sup]ior intellects 9 a democracy8 ,0 x b ,plato's dramatic way ( emphasiz+ ! ,socratic plea = intellig5ce z ! basis ( morals & social life8 ,p]haps all ?is2 b mu* m4 ,x 0 8 sob] judgm5t2 x 0 ! influ5ce ( ! ,egyptian prie/hood & ! ,py?agorean bro!rhood com+ to ! surface 9 him2 x 0 ! long-accumulat$ deposit ( ! /ream ( 8 p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,we h to rememb] "h t by philosoph] ,plato does n mean ,immanuel ,kant4 ,he means a liv+ be+1 a man l ,s5eca or ,francis ,bacon1 a man 9 :om k is fus$ ) action1 & ke5 p]ception jo9s ) /eady h&2 a man :o has _h n only ! tea*+ ( books b ! discipl9e ( h>d exp]i5ce2 a man :o has le>n$ ) equal read9ess to obey & to comm&2 a man ^: ?\ght is cord9at$ by application to ! vital problems ( human society4 8,inasmu* z philosoph]s alone are able to grasp ! et]nal & un*angeable1 & ^? :o w&] 9 ! region ( ! _m & v>iable are n philosoph]s1 ,i mu/ ask y :i* ( ! two k9ds %\ld be rul]s ( our /ate80#ce ,well1 !n1 8,until philosoph]s are k+s1 or ! k+s & pr9ces ( ?is _w h ! _s & p[] ( philosophy1 444 cities w nev] cease f ill1 nor ! human race40#cf ,t1 ( c\rse1 is ! he>t & s\l ( ,plato4 ,,iv ,di%one/ ,democracy ,let u get back to ! circumf]5ce & approa* ?is same po9t by ano!r r\te4 ,i grant y1 says ,plato1 t to h rul]s at all is v disagreeable4 ,& inde$ we %\ld n ne$ to h !m 7 x n = a regrettable b real porc9e elem5t 9 u4 ,my own ,utopia is n an ari/ocracy nor a democracy1 nor any k9d ( an 'ocracy2 x is :at "s ( y w\ld call an an>*i/ communism4 ,i h describ$ x v cle>ly 9 ! second book ( my ,republic1 b nobody c>es to notice x1 except to repeat my bro!r's gibe ab\t x4#cg ,b in/ead ( ?is ,utopia ( m9e be+ a 8,city ( ,pigs10 x is j because we are pigs t ,i _h to give up pa9t+ ?is picture & turn to describ+ 8n only a /ate1 b a luxuri\s /ate40 ,i am /ill 8( op9ion t ! true /ate1 :i* may be said to be a heal?y con/itution1 is ! "o :i* ,i h describ$10 & n ! 8inflam$ con/itution0 to :i* ,i devot$ ! re/ ( my book1 & :i* 9 my op9ion is mu* m a 8,city ( ,pigs0 ?an ! o!r4 ,x is because p want 8to lie on s(as1 & d9e (f tables1 & h da9ties & dess]t 9 ! mod]n fa%ion1 444 & p]fumes1 & inc5se1 & c\rtesans1 & cakes1 & gold1 & ivory1 444 hunt]s & actors1 444 musicians1 play]s1 danc]s1 444 tutors1 444 s]vants 444 nurses wet & dry1 444 b>b]s1 confection]s & cooks1 444 & ho/s ( animals 7if p are to eat animals71 444 & physicians2 444 !n a slice ( neighbor's l& 444 & !n w>10#ch--;9 %ort1 x is because p are pigs t y mu/ h soldi]s & rul]s & laws4 ,b if y mu/ h !m1 :y n tra9 y\r be/ m5 = ! "w1 j z y tra9 "s to be doctors1 & o!rs to be lawy]s1 & o!rs to be eng9e]s8 ,?9k ( tak+ a man's pills j because he c %[ a c\nt ( noses 9 8 favor6 ,?9k ( lett+ a man build ! _w's greate/ bridge because he is popul>6 ,y accuse me ( plagi>iz+ f ,py?agoras1 b 9 tru?1 y :o believe 9 democracy are ! ,py?agoreans ( politics1--y believe 9 numb] z y\r god4 ,y\r equality is ! equality ( ! unequal1 & is all a matt] ( words & nev] ( reality2 y\r lib]ty is an>*y1 x is ! cong5ital sickness :]e9 y\r democracy 0 conceiv$ & deliv]$1 & :]e( x inevitably dies2 y\r fre$om ( spee* is a lic5se to lie2 y\r elections are a conte/ 9 flatt]y & prev>ication4 ,y\r democracy is a !atrocracy2 & woe to ! g5ius :o falls into y\r h&s4 ,p]haps y l democracy because y are l democracy3 all y\r desires are on a level2 t y %\ld respect "s ( !m & discipl9e o!rs is an idea t nev] ent]s y\r heads4 ,x has nev] occurr$ to y t x takes m "t & tra9+ to make a /atesman ?an x does to make a bootblack4 ,b /atesman%ip is some?+ t c nev] be conf]r$ by plebiscite2 x mu/ be pursu$ ?r\gh ! ye>s1 & mu/ f9d ! privilege ( (fice )\t submitt+ to a vote4 ,wisdom is too subtle a ?+ to be felt by ! co>s5$ s5ses ( ! mob4 ,y\r indu/ry is wond]ful because x is %ot ?r\gh ) specialization & tra9+2 b because y reject specialization & tra9+ 9 fill+ ! (fices ( y\r gov]nm5t ! ^w politics has become di%onor$ 9 y\r m\?s4 ,& j because y w let any "o be y\r lead] no real man ev] submits himself to y\r *oice4 ,v ,culture & ,slav]y ,!re is mu* exagg]ation "h1 ( c\rse1 z might be expect$ ( "o ^: mat]ial & social conc]ns 7 b\nd up ) ! olig>*ical p>ty at ,a!ns1 ^: fri5ds & relatives _h di$ 9 battle aga9/ ! armies ( ! democracy2 ^: e>ly ye>s _h se5 ! democratic mismanagem5t ( ! ,peloponnesian w> & ! gr[? ( a disord]ly individualism 9 ,a!ns4 ,b !re are also lessons "h = ^? :o are /rong en\gh to le>n ev5 f _! enemies4#ci ,to press home ^! lessons at ?is po9t w\ld take u too f> afield2 our plan = ! mom5t is to foll[ ,plato's guidance until he has l$ u out into a cle> view ( 8 position4 ,we %all suppose su* a s*eme ( education z ,plato desires2 we %all suppose t a mod]ate numb] ( ^? :o ent]$ ! li/s at bir? h surviv$ te/ aft] te/1 h 8ta/$ ! de> delight0 ( philosophy = five ye>s1 & h pass$ safely ?r\gh ! ordeal ( practical affairs2 ^! m5 7& wom51 z we %all see7 n[ automatically become ! rul]s ( ! ,platonic /ate3 let u obs]ve !m 9 _! "w & 9 _! lives4 ,to ! gu>dians x is a matt] ( fir/ pr9ciples t ! function ( ! /ate--& !re=e _! function--is a positive function2 !y are to lead ! p1 & n m]ely to s]ve z an umpire ( disputes4 ,!y are ! protagoni/s ( a social evolution t has at la/ become consci\s2 !y are resolv$ t h5ce=? social organization %all be a f>-see+ plan & n a haphaz>d flux ( exp$i5cies ( control4 ,!y "k t !y are ask$ to be exp]ts 9 =esight & cord9ation2 !y w legislate accord+ly1 & w no m ?9k ( ask+ ! p :at laws %\ld be pass$ ?an a physician w\ld ask ! p :at measures %\ld be tak5 to pres]ve ! public heal?4 ,& fir/ ( all !y w control population2 !y w consid] ?is to be ! indisp5sable pr]equisite to a plann$ developm5t4 ,! /ate mu/ n be l>g] ?an is consi/5t ) unity & ) ! efficacy ( c5tral control4 ,p may mate z !y w1--t is _! own conc]n2 b !y mu/ und]/& q cle>ly t procreation is an affair ( ! /ate4 ,*ildr5 mu/ be born n ( love b ( sci5ce2 m>riage w be a tempor>y relation1 all[+ frequ5t remat+ = ! sake ( beautiful (fspr+4 ,m5 %all n h *ildr5 be=e ?irty1 nor aft] =ty4 ,de=m$ or incurably diseas$ *ildr5 w be expos$ to die4 ,*ildr5 mu/ leave _! mo!rs at bir?1 & be br\ght up by ! /ate4 ,wom5 mu/ be fre$ f bondage to _! *ildr51 if wom5 are to be real citiz5s1 int]e/$ 9 ! public weal1 & lov+ n a n>r[ family b ! great community4 ,= wom5 are to be citiz5s2 x w\ld be fooli% to let half ! p be )drawn f int]e/ 9 & s]vice to ! /ate4 ,wom5 w receive all ! educational advantages (f]$ to m52 !y w ev5 wre/le ) !m1 nak$1 9 ! games4 ,if any ( !m--& surely "s ( !m w--pass all ! te/s1 !y %all be gu>dians1 too4 ,p are to be divid$1 = political purposes1 n by diff]5ce ( sex1 b by diff]5ce ( capacity4 ,"s wom5 may be fit n = h\sekeep+ b = rul+1--let !m rule2 "s m5 may be fit n = rul+ b = h\sekeep+1--let !m keep h\se4 ,)\t family1 & )\t cle>ly asc]ta9able relation%ip betwe5 any man & any *ild1 !re c be no individual inh]itance ( prop]ty2 ! gu>dians w h all ?+s 9 common1 & )\t ,t]tullian's exception4#dj ,%ut (f f ! possibility ( p]sonal beque/s or ( 8f\nd+ a family10 ! gu>dians w h no /imulus to lay+ up a ho>d ( mat]ial goods2 nay1 !y w n be mov$ to su* ho>d+ by fe> ( ! morr[1 = a mode/ b suffici5t ma9t5ance w be suppli$ !m by ! work+ classes4 ,!re w be no money 9 use among !m2 !y w live a h>d simple life1 devot$ to ! problems ( communal def5ce & developm5t4 ,fre$ f family ties1 f private prop]ty & luxury1 f viol5ce & litigation1 & all di/9ctions ( ,m9e & ,?9e1 !y w h no reason to oppress ! work]s 9 ord] to lay up /ores = !mselves2 !y w be happy 9 ! ex]cise ( _! high responsibilities & p[]s4 ,!y w n be tempt$ to legislate = ! good ( _! own class r ?an = ! good ( ! community2 _! joy w lie 9 ! creation ( a prosp]\s & h>moni\s /ate4 ,"u _! direction w be ! soldi]s1 also specially select$ & tra9$1 & support$ by ! work]s4 ,b ^! work]s8 ,!y w be ^? :o h be5 elim9at$ 9 ! te/s4 ,! dem&s ( specialization w h condemn$ !m to labor = ^? :o h ! gift ( guidance4 ,!y %all h no voice 9 ! direction ( ! /ate2 t1 z said1 is a rew>d = demon/rat$ capacity1 & n a 8natural "r40#da ,frankly1 !re are "s p :o are n fit to be o!r ?an slaves2 & to v>ni% t fact ) oratory ab\t 8! dignity ( labor0 is m]ely to give an in/ance ( ! indignities to :i* a democratic politician w desc5d4 ,^! work]s are incapable ( a subtl] happ9ess ?an t ( kn[+ t !y are do+ :at !y are fit to d1 & are contribut+ to ! ma9t5ance ( communal prosp]ity4 ,su* z !y are1 ^! work]s1 l ! o!r memb]s ( ! /ate1 w f9d _! highe/ possibilities ( developm5t 9 su* an organiz$ society4 ,& to make sure t !y w n rebel1 !y w h be5 taught by 8royal lies0 t _! position & function 9 ! /ate h be5 orda9$ by ! gods4 ,!re is no s5se 9 %iv]+ at ?is q judici\s juggl+ ) ! facts2 !re are times :5 tru? is a b>ri] to cont5t1 & mu/ be set aside4 ,physicians h be5 kn[n to cure ailm5ts ) a timely lie4 ,labor /imulat$ by su* deception may be slav]y1 if y wi% to call x s2 b x is ! inevitable condition ( ord]1 & ord] is ! inevitable condition ( culture & communal success4 ,,vi ,pla/icity & ,ord] ,b is x j8--"s "o asks4 ,p]haps !re are o!r ?+s ?an ord] to be consid]$4 ,p]haps ?is hung] = ord] is a disease1 l ! moni/ic hung] = unity2 p]haps x is a coroll>y to ! priori type ( m9d2 p]haps x is "p ( ! philosoph]'s g5]al inability to face a possibly irrational reality4 ,"h = ord]'s sake ! great] "p ( ! p mu/ "w 9 sil5ce3 !y %all n utt] _! desires4 ,"h = ord]'s sake are sacrific$ t communal pla/icity1 t fre$om ( v>iety1 t happy loos5ess & *angeability ( /ructure1 9 :i* lie all ! sugge/ion & pot5cy ( social recon/ruction4 ,if !re is any lesson :i* %9es out ?r\gh all ! kaleidoscope ( hi/ory1 x is t a political sy/em is doom$ to e>ly dea? if its *>t] (f] no provision & facility = its own re=m4 ,pla/icity is k+4 ,human ideals *ange1 & leave nations1 in/itutions1 ev5 gods1 9 _! wake4 8,law & ord] 9 a /ate are0 n 8! cause ( e good02#db !y are ! security ( goods atta9$1 b !y may be also ! h9drance ( goods conceiv$4 ,a /ate )\t fre$om ( criticism & v>iation is l a sail-boat 9 a calm2 x /&s b x _c move4 ,su* a /ate is a geometrical diagram1 a p]fect syllogism evolv$ out ( impossible premises2 & its own p]fection is its refutation4 ,9 su* a /ate !re c\ld be no ,plato1 ) a p5*ant = conceiv+ ,utopias2 mu* less a ,socrates1 hold+ t a life uncriticis$ is unwor?y ( a man4 ,x w\ld be a /ate n = philosoph]s b = prie/s3 v truly its basis w\ld n be dialectical cl>ity b royal lies4 ,"h is ! supreme pessimism1 ! ultimate a!ism1 ( ! ari/ocrat1 t he does n believe 9 ! f9al :olesom5ess ( tru?4 ,& surely some?+ c be said = democracy4 ,grant$ t democracy is n a problem solv$ b a problem add$2 x is at lea/ a problem t "t may help to cl>ify4 ,grant$ t m5 us$ to slav]y _c turn & wisely rule !mselves2 :at is bett] ?an t !y %\ld1 by inevitable trial & error1 le>n8 ,err&o discimus4 ,grant$ t physicians d n consult u 9 _! prescriptions2 b nei!r d !y come to u be=e !y are *os5 & call$4 8,t ! gu>dian %\ld require ano!r gu>dian to gu>d him is ridicul\s inde$40#dc ,b he w\ld6 ,p[] corrupts unless x is %>$ by all4 8,cities _c exi/1 if a few only %>e 9 ! virtues1 z 9 ! arts40#dd ,to build y\r culture on ! backs ( slaves is to f\nd y\r city on ,vesuvius4 ,m5 w n be li$ to =ev]1--at lea/ ) ! same lies6 ,& to end ) su* a ,utopia1--:at is x b to yield to ,?rasyma*us1 to arrange all ?+s at la/ 9 ! int]e/ ( ! /rong]8 ,is x j8 ,,vii ,! ,mean+ ( ,ju/ice ,b :at is ju/ice8--asks ,plato4 ,don't y see t our notion ( ju/ice is ! v crux ( ! :ole bus9ess8 ,is ju/ice m]ely a matt] ( tell+ ! tru?8 ,nons5se2 x may be well to h our *ildr5 believe t2 b ^? :o are n *ildr5 "k t if a lie is a bett] in/rum5t ( a*ievem5t ?an ! tru? 9 "s giv5 juncture ( ev5ts1 !n a lie is ju/ifi$4 ,tru? is a social value1 & has its ju/ification only 9 t2 if untru? prove "h & !re ( social value1 !n untru? is j4#de ,! confusion ( ju/ice ) "s absolute et]nal law comes ( a sep>ation ( e?ics f politics1 & an attempt to arrive at a def9ition ( ju/ice f ! /udy ( individuals4 ,b morals gr[ out ( politics2 ju/ice is ess5tially a political relation4 ,& tak+ ! /ate z a :ole1 x is cle> t no?+ is 8good0 unless x works2 t x w\ld be absurd to say t ju/ice dem&s ( a /ate t x %\ld be ord]$ 9 su* a way z to make = its own decay4 ,social organization mu/ be effective1 & lies & class-divisions are ju/ifi$ if !y make = ! effectiv5ess ( a political ord]4 ,surely social effectiv5ess =bids t m5 fit to legislate %\ld live out _! lives z cobbl]s1 or t m5 %\ld rule ^: natural aptitude is = digg+ dit*es4 ,ju/ice means1 = politics at lea/1 t ea* memb] ( society is m9d+ 8 natural bus9ess1 is do+ t = :i* he is fitt$ by 8 own natural capacity4 ,inju/ice is ! encroa*m5t ( "o "p on ano!r2 ju/ice is ! effici5t function+ ( ea* "p4 ,ju/ice1 !n1 is social cord9ation & h>mony4 ,x is n 8! int]e/ ( ! /rong]10 x is ! h>mony ( ! :ole4 ,s 9 ! individual1 ju/ice is ! h>moni\s op]ation ( a unifi$ p]sonality2 ea* elem5t 9 "o's nature do+ t :i* x is fitt$ to d2 aga9 x is n m]e /r5g? or =cefulness1 b h>moni\s1 organiz$ /r5g?2 x is effective ord]4 ,& effective ord] dem&s a class division4 ,y may m\? z y please ! delusive delicacies ( democracy2 b classes y w h1 = m5 w always be "s ( gold & "s ( silv] & "s ( brass4 ,& ! brass mu/ n pass itself (f z silv]1 nor ! silv] z gold4 ,give ! brass all ! "t & opportunity 9 ! _w1 & x w /ill be brass4 ,( c\rse brass w n believe t x is brass1 b we _h bett] make x und]/& once = all t x is s1 ev5 if we h to tell a ?\s& lies to get ! tru? believ$4 ,& z = v>iation & pla/icity1 rememb] t ^! too are valueless except z !y make = a bett] society4 ,!y assur$ly make = *ange2 b *ange is n bett]m5t4 ,hi/ory is a *aos ( v>iations2 )\t "s organ = _! control !y cancel "o ano!r & t]m9ate inevitably 9 futility4 ,our problem is n h[ to *ange1 b h[ to set our be/ bra9s to controll+ *ange = ! sake ( a f9] life4 ,,viii ,! ,future ( ,plato ,!re are ap]u "h1 & a bewild]+ weal? ( sugge/ions1 :i* "o is tempt$ to pursue to _! ultimate pres5t significance4 ,b to d t w\ld be to encroa* too mu* on ! subjects ( lat] *apt]s4 ,! vital ?+ "h is n to accept or refute any special elem5t 9 ,plato's political philosophy2 x is r to see h[ inextricably politics & philosophy 7 b\nd toge!r 9 8 m9d z two sides ( fundam5tally "o endeavor4 ,"h is ! passion to rem\ld ?+s2 "h is ! see+ ( p]fection & ! w to make p]fection2 "h speaks out = ! fir/ "t 9 ,european hi/ory ! c\rage ( ! intellect t n only w p]ceive b w remake4 ,"h is a man2 no dead academic cobweb-weav]1 b a ma/]ful1 k+ly s\l1 mix$ up 9 w>m intimacy ) ! complex fl[ ( ! life ab\t him4 ,he pa9ts ,utopia2 b at ! same "t he takes 8 own c\nsel an5t ! importance ( an educational approa* to ! social problem1 & f\nds ! mo/ fam\s & influ5tial univ]sity ! _w has ev] se54 ,picture him 9 ! g>d5s & lecture-halls ( 8 ,academy1 arrang+ & sup]vis+ & cord9at+1 & turn+ out m5 to :om nations look$--& n 9 va9--= /atesm54 ,n m]ely to lift m5 up to ! beatific vision ( unities & p]fections1 b to tea* !m ! art ( creation1 to fire !m ) ! ardor ( a new arti/ry2 ?is he aim$ to d1 & did4 8,! greate/ works gr[ 9 importance1 z trees d aft] ! dea? ( ! mortal m5 :o plant$ !m40#df ,s grew ! ,republic1 & ! ,academy4 ,to cat* 9 a *apt] ! deep yet subtle _s & mean+ ( ?is 8f9e/ product ( antiquity10#dg--;x is n easy4 ,9 ,plato's ,utopia !re w\ld no d\bt h be5 a law aga9/ writ+ s briefly on s va/ a ph5om5on1--)1 9 ?is case1 ! inevitably consequ5t d]angem5t ( ! ,platonic p]spective1 & ! impossibility1 )9 su* compass1 ( focuss+ ,plato 9 ! political & philosophical mean+ ( 8 "t4 ,"o's feel+ "h is ( hav+ desecrat$ ) small talk ! ,p>!non ( philosophy4 ,p]haps z we g on we %all be able to see m cle>ly ! /ill-liv+ value ( ,plato's ?\ght3 9 almo/ ev]y?+ t we %all h]e9aft] discuss 8 voice w be he>d1 ev5 ?\gh unnam$4 ,to-day1 at la/1 he comes aga9 into 8 own--z 9 ,r5aissance days--aft] c5turies dom9at$ by ! influ5ce ( 8 fir/ mis9t]pret]2 & g5]ations br$ on ! ?ron$ lukew>mness ( ! ,nicoma*ean ,e?ics yield to a g5]ation t is le>n+ to feel ! hot con/ructive passion ( ! ,republic4 ,dead ^! two ?\s& & "s hundr$ ye>s1 ,plato belongs to ! future4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,francis ,,bacon ,,& ,,! ,,social ,,possibilities ,,( ,,sci5ce ,i ,f ,plato to ,bacon 8,z ,i read ,plato10 writes ,pr(essor ,dewey1 8philosophy began ) "s s5se ( its ess5tially political basis & mission--a recognition t its problems 7 ^? ( ! organization ( a j social ord]4 ,b x soon got lo/ 9 dreams ( ano!r _w40#dh ,plato & ,ari/otle are ! crura c]ebri ( ,europe4 ,b 9 ,ari/otle1 along ) a weal? ( acute obs]vation ( m5 & in/itutions1 we f9d a dim9i%+ int]e/ 9 recon/ruction2 ! ,/agirite sp5t too mu* ( 8 "t 9 c>d-catalogu+ ,plato1 & all[$ 8 imag9ation to become suffocat$ ) logic4 ,) ! ,/oics & ,epicureans beg9 t ali5ation ( e?ics f politics1 & t subord9ation ( philosophy to religi\s ne$s1 :i* x is "p ( ! task ( pres5t ?9k+ to undo4 ,alex&] _h conqu]$ ! ,ori5t1 only to h ,ori5talism conqu] ,greece4 ,"u ,s*ola/icism x 0 ! fate ( great m9ds to retrace worn pa?s 9 ! cage ( a sy/em ( conclusions det]m9$ by ext]nal au?ority2 & ! obligation to uphold ! e/abli%$ preclud$ any practical recognition ( ! recon/ructive function ( ?\ght4 ,) ! ,r5aissance--t ,indian summ] ( ,greek culture--! dream ( a rem\ld$ _w f\nd voice aga94 ,campanella1 ?r\gh ! d>kness ( 8 prison cell1 a*iev$ ! vision ( a communi/ utopia2 & o!r /ud5ts ( ! r$iscov]$ ,plato pa9t$ simil> pictures4 ,inde$ ?is reawak5+ ( ,plato's influ5ce gave to ! m5 ( ! ,r5aissance an inspirit+ s5se ( ! wond]s t lay pot5tial 9 organiz$ intellig5ce4 ,aga9 m5 fac$ ! task ( replac+ ) a natural e?ic ! fall+ au?orit>ian sanctions ( sup]natural religion2 & = a "t "o might h hop$ t ! ?\ght ( ,socrates 0 to f9d at la/ its due fruition4 ,b aga9 m5 lo/ !mselves 9 ! notion ( a cultur$ class mov+ leisurely ov] ! backs ( slaves2 & p]haps x 0 well t ! :ole movem5t 0 halt$ by ! m ,puritan b also m democratic outbur/ ( ! ,re=mation4 ,:at ! _w ne$$ 0 a me?od :i* (f]$ hope = ! r$emption n ( a class1 b ( all4 ,galileo & ,rog] ,bacon op5$ ! way to meet+ ?is ne$ by _! emphasis on ! value ( hypo!sis & exp]im5t1 & ! necessity ( comb9+ induction ) d$uction2 x rema9$ = ,francis ,bacon to lay out ! road = ! organiz$ employm5t ( ^! new me?ods1 & to inspire all ,europe ) 8 w>m vision ( _! social possibilities4 ,,ii ,"* ,if y w\ld und]/& ,bacon1 y mu/ see him z n s mu* a philosoph] z an adm9i/rator4 ,y f9d him a man ( great practical ability3 he rem\lds philosophy ) "o h& & rules "p ( ,engl& ) ! o!r2 n to speak ( writ+ ,%akespe>e's plays betwe5 times6 ,he rises brilliantly f y\?ful p5ury to ! political p9nacle2 & mean:ile he runs ov] ! :ole realm ( human k1 scatt]+ praise & c5sure ) lordly h&4 ,did we n "k ! fact z "p ( ! hi/ory ( ,engl& we %\ld nev] suspect t ! detail$ & v>i$ le>n+ ( ?is man 0 ! incid5tal accompli%m5t ( a life busi$ ) political intrigue4 ,b5e vixit qui b5e latuit3 surely "h is a man :o has liv$ widely1 & 9 no m]ely physical s5se has made ! _w 8 home4 ,life is no 8brief c&le0 to him1 nor m5 8su* /uff z dreams are made (02 life is a glori\s gift1 big ) bless+ = him :o w b assi/ at ! deliv]y4 ,!re is no?+ ( ! timid ascetic ab\t him2 l ,socrates1 he kn[s t !re is a sort ( c[>dice 9 %unn+ pleasure2#di be/ ( all1 !re is s mu* "w to be done1 s _m opportunities = ! man ( unn>r[$ s\l4 ,he feels ! exhil>ation ( "o :o has bur/ free f ! %ackles ( intellectual au?ority3 he sees be=e him an un*>t$ future1 raw mat]ial = h&s t d>e to m\ld x2 & he d>es4 ,all 8 life long he is mix$ up ) ! he>t ( ?+s2 e day is an adv5ture4 ,exil$ f politics he plunges gladly into ! field ( sci5tific recon/ruction2 he does n =get t he is an adm9i/rator1 any m ?an ,plato c\ld =get t he 0 a dramati/2 he f9ds ! _w ( ?\ght a *aos1 & bequea?s x a planful process = ! cord9ation ( human life2 all ,europe responds to 8 call = ! 8enl>g+ ( ! b\nds ( human empire40 ,he works joyfully & buoyantly to ! v la/1 & dies z he has wi%$1 89 an e>ne/ pursuit1 :i* is l "o t is w\nd$ 9 hot blood1 :o1 = ! "t1 sc>ce feels ! hurt40 ,,iii ,! ,expurgation ( ! ,intellect ,consid] ! reaction ( an exp]i5c$ /atesman :o leaves ! s]vice ( a k+ to ent] ! s]vice ( tru?4 ,he has left a field :]e9 all work]s mov$ 9 subord9ation to "o head & "o focal purpose2 he ent]s a field 9 :i* ea* work] is work+ by himself1 ) no division ( labor1 no organization ( endeavor1 no correlation ( ends4 ,!re he has f\nd adm9i/ration1 "h he f9ds a nave laissez-faire2 !re ord]1 "h an>*y2 !re "s s5se ( common end & ef=t1 "h none4 ,he und]/&s at once ! l[ repute ( philosophy among m5 ( affairs4 8,= ! p are v apt to contemn tru?1 ^u acc\nt ( ! controv]sies rais$ ab\t x2 & s ?9k ^? all 9 a wrong way1 :o nev] meet40#ej ,he und]/&s at once :y x is t ! _w has be5 s little *ang$ by speculation & rese>*4 ,he is a man ^: consci\sness ( p]vasive human mis]y is too %>p = com=t2#ea & he sees no hope ( rem$y = ?is 9 isolat$ gu]illa attacks wag$ ^u ! m]e/ outpo/s ( tru?1 ea* attack ) its jeal\sly peculi> /rategy1 its own dislocat$1 almo/ irrelevant end4 ,& yet if !re is no rem$y = m5's ills 9 ?is nasc5t sci5ce & r5asc5t philosophy1 9 :at o!r qu>t]1 !n1 %all m5 look = hope & cure8 ,!re is no o!r1 ,bacon feels2 unless victory is fir/ won 9 ! laboratory & ! /udy x w nev] be won 9 political assemblies2 no plebiscite or royal edict1 b only tru?1 c make m5 free4 ,man's hope lies 9 ! reorganization ( ! processes ( discov]y & int]pretation4 ,unless philosophy & sci5ce be born aga9 ( social aims & social ne$s !y _c h life 9 !m4 ,a new _s mu/ ent]4 ,b fir/ old spirits mu/ be exorcis$4 ,speculation & rese>* mu/ br+ out a decl>ation ( indep5d5ce aga9/ !ology4 8,! corruption ( philosophy by sup]/ition & an admixture ( !ology is 444 widely spread1 & does ! greate/ h>m40#eb ,! se>* = f9al causes1 = design 9 nature1 mu/ be left to !ologians2 ! function ( sci5ce is n to int]pret ! purposes ( nature1 b to discov] ! connections ( cause & effect 9 nature4 ,dogma mu/ be set aside3 8if a man w beg9 ) c]ta9ties he %all end 9 d\bts2 b if he w be cont5t to beg9 9 d\bts he %all end 9 c]ta9ties40#ec ,dogma mu/ be set aside1 too1 because x necessitates d$uction z a basic me?od2 & d$uction z a basic me?od is disa/r\s4 ,b t is n all2 !re is mu* m 9 ! way ( prelim9>ies3 !re mu/ be a g5]al 8expurgation ( ! intellect40 ,! m9d is full 7"s w\ld say made up7 ( prejudices1 wild fancies1 8idols10 or imag9+s ( ?+s t are n s3 if y are to ?9k correctly1 usefully1 all ^! mu/ g4 ,try1 !n1 to get z little ( y\rself z possible 9 ! way ( ! ?+ y wi% to see4 ,bew>e ( ! v g5]al t5d5cy to put ord] & regul>ity 9 ! _w & !n to suppose t !y are native to ! /ructure ( ?+s2 or to =ce all facts into ! unyield+ m\ld ( a preconceiv$ op9ion1 c>efully neglect+ all contr>y in/ances2 or to give too cr$ul\s an e> to t :i* flatt]s ! wi%4 ,look into y\rself & see ! =e/ ( prejudices t has gr[n up )9 y3 ?r\gh y\r temp]am5tal attitudes2 ?r\gh y\r education2 ?r\gh y\r fri5ds 7fri5d%ip is s (t5 an agreem5t 9 prejudices72 ?r\gh y\r favorite au?ors & au?orities4 ,if y f9d y\rself seiz+ & dwell+ on any?+ ) p>ticul> satisfaction1 hold x 9 suspicion4 ,bew>e ( words1 = !y are impos$ accord+ to ! appreh5sion ( ! cr[d2 make sure t y d n take ab/ractions = ?+s4 ,& rem9d y\rself occasionally t y are n ! measure ( all ?+s1 b _! di/ort+ mirror4 ,s mu* by way ( cle>+ ! =e/4 ,comes !n induction z ! f\nt & orig9 ( all tru?3 pati5t induction1 ob$i5t to ! call ( fact1 & ) wat*ful eye =1 above all ?+s1 ! little unwelcome in/ance t contradicts4 ,n t induction is ev]y?+2 x includes exp]im5t1 ( c\rse1 & is punctuat$ by hypo!sis4#ed 7,m1 x is cle>ly b ! s]vant ( d$uction1 s9ce ! aim ( all sci5ce is to pr$ict by d$uction f g5]alizations =m$ by induction2 b j z cle> is x t ! efficacy ( ! :ole bus9ess lies gr\nd$ 9 ! fai?fulness ( ! induction3 induction is s]vant1 b x has all m5 at its m]cy47 ,& to =mulate me?ods ( induction1 to surr\nd ! process by me*anical gu>ds1 to protect x f ! premature flights ( "y g5]alizations1--t is a matt] ( life & dea? to sci5ce4 ,,iv ,k is ,p[] ,& n[1 arm$ ) ^! me?ods ( proc$ure1 we /& face to face ) nature4 ,:at %all we ask h]8 ,prud5s que/io dimidium sci5ti3 to "k :at to ask is half ( e sci5ce4 ,y mu/ ask = laws1--or1 to use a ,platonic t]m1 =ms4 ,9 e process !re is matt] & !re is =m3 ! matt] be+ ! seat ( ! process or op]ation1 & ! =m its me?od or law4 8,?\gh 9 nature no?+ really exi/s besides individual bodies1 p]=m+ pure individual acts1 accord+ to a fix$ law1 yet 9 philosophy ! v law1 & ! inve/igation1 discov]y1 & explanation ( x1 is ! f\ndation z well ( k z ( op]ation4 ,& x is ?is law1 ) its clauses1 t ,i mean :5 ,i speak ( ,=ms40#ee ,n s mu* :at a 8?+0 is1 b h[ x behaves2--t is ! "q4 ,& :at is m1 if y w exam9e y\r conception ( a 8?+10 y w see t x is really a conception ( h[ ! 8?+0 behaves2 e ,:at is at la/ a ,h[4 ,e 8?+0 is a ma*9e1 ^: ess5ce or mean+ is to be f\nd n by a m]e description ( its p>ts1 b by an acc\nt ( h[ x op]ates4 8,h[ does x "w80 asks ! boy be=e a ma*9e2 see to x t y ask ! same "q ( nature4 ,= obs]ve1 if y "k h[ a ?+ works1 y are on ! way to manag+ & controll+ x4 ,inde$1 a ,=m c be def9$ z ^? elem5ts 9 a process :i* mu/ be kn[n be=e ! process c be controll$4 ,"h we see ! mean+ ( sci5ce2 x is an ef=t to discov] ! laws :i* mu/ be kn[n 9 ord] 8t ! m9d may ex]cise h] p[] ov] ! nature ( ?+s40#ef ,sci5ce is ! =mulation ( control2 k is p[]4 ,! object ( sci5ce is n m]ely to "k1 b to rebuild2 e sci5ce longs to be an art4 ,! que/ = k1 !n1 is n a matt] ( curiosity1 x is a fight = p[]4 ,we 8put nature on ! rack & compel h] to be> witness0 aga9/ h]self4 ,:]e ?is conception reigns1 logic-*opp+ is out ( c\rt4 8,! end ( our new logic is to f9d n argum5ts b arts2 444 n probable reasons b plans & designs ( works2 444 to ov]come n an adv]s>y 9 argum5t b nature 9 action40#eg ,b !re is logic-*opp+ 9 o!r ?+s ?an logic4 ,all /rife ( m5 ) m51 ( gr\p ) gr\p1 if x leaves no result beyond ! victory & pass+ supremacy ( ! individual or gr\p1 is logic-*opp+4 ,su* victories pass f side to side1 & cancel !mselves into f9al nullity4 ,real a*ievem5t is victory1 n ov] o!r m5 b ) !m4 8,x w n be amiss to di/+ui% ! ?ree k9ds1 & z x 7 grades1 ( ambition 9 mank9d4 ,! fir/ is ( ^? :o desire to ext5d _! own p[] 9 _! native c\ntry2 :i* k9d is vulg> & deg5]ate4 ,! second is ( ^? :o labor to ext5d ! p[] ( _! c\ntry & its dom9ion among m54 ,?is c]ta9ly has m dignity1 ?\gh n less covet\sness4 ,b if a man endeavor to e/abli% & ext5d ! p[] & dom9ion ( ! human race ov] ! univ]se1 8 ambition is )\t d\bt bo? a m :olesome ?+ & a m noble ?an ! o!r two4 ,! empire ( man ov] ?+s dep5ds :olly on ! arts & sci5ces4 ,= we _c comm& nature except by obey+ h]40#eh ,v ,! ,socialization ( ,sci5ce ,natura non v9citur nisi p>5do4 8,i accept ! univ]se10 says ,m>g>et ,full]4 8,gad6 y'd bett]60 says ,c>lyle4 ,i accept x1 says ,bacon1 b only z raw mat]ial4 ,we w li/5 to nature1 b only t we may le>n :at language %e und]/&s4 ,we /oop to conqu]4 ,!re is no?+ impossible b ?9k+ makes x s4 8,by f> ! greate/ ob/acle to ! progress ( sci5ce & ! und]tak+ ( new tasks 444 is f\nd 9 ?is1 t m5 despair & ?9k ?+s impossible4444 ,if !re=e any "o believes or promises m1 !y ?9k ?is comes ( an ungov]n$ & unrip5$ m9d40#ei ,!re is no?+ t we may n d1 if we w1 b we mu/ w2 & mu/ w ! means z well z ! end4 ,w\ld we h an empire ( man ov] nature8 ,v well3 organize ! arts & sci5ces4 8,consid] :at may be expect$ f m5 ab\nd+ 9 leisure1 & f association ( labors1 & f successions ( ages2 ! r because x is n a way ov] :i* only "o man c pass at a "t 7z is ! case ) t ( reason+71 b )9 :i* ! labors & indu/ries ( m5 7especially z reg>ds ! collect+ ( exp]i5ce7 may ) ! be/ ef=t be di/ribut$ & !n comb9$4 ,= !n only w m5 beg9 to "k _! /r5g? :5 in/ead ( great numb]s do+ all ! same ?+s1 "o %all take *>ge ( "o ?+ & ano!r ( ano!r40#fj ,!re %\ld be m cop]ation1 less *aotic rivalry1 9 rese>*4 ,& ! cop]ation %\ld be int]national2 ! v>i\s univ]sities ( ! _w1 s f> z !y engage 9 rese>*1 %\ld be l ! diff]5t build+s ( a great manufactur+ plant1 ea* ) its own p>ticul> specialty & que/4 ,is x n rem>kable h[ 8little sympa?y & correspond5ce exi/s betwe5 colleges & univ]sities1 z well ?r\gh\t ,europe z 9 ! same /ate & k+dom80#fa ,:y _c all ! rese>* 9 ! _w be cord9at$ into "o unifi$ advance8 ,p]haps ! tru?-seek]s w\ld be unwill+2 b has t be5 %[n8 ,& is ! numb] ( will+ cop]ators too small to w>rant fur!r ef=t8 ,h[ c we "k )\t ! trial8 ,grant t ! g5ius w\ld balk at "s ext]nal c5tral direction2 b rese>* aft] all is seldom a matt] ( g5ius4 8,! c\rse ,i propose 444 is su* z leaves b little to ! acut5ess & /r5g? ( wits1 b places all wits & und]/&+s ne>ly on ! level40#fb ,let scope & fre$om be amply provid$ = ! g5ius2 x is ! "w ( foll[+ up ! ap]u ( g5ius t mo/ sorely ne$s cord9ation4 ,organization ( rese>* means really ! lib]ation ( g5ius3 lib]ation f ! halt+ necessities ( me*anical repetition 9 exp]im5t4 ,nor is cord9ation regim5tation2 let ea* man foll[ 8 hobby to :atev] univ]sity has be5 assign$ to ! inve/igation ( t p>ticul> item4 ,lib]ty is futility unless x is organiz$4 ,x is a plan1 y see1 = ! socialization ( sci5ce4 ,x is a l>ge & royal vision2 to make x real involves 8inde$ op]a basilica10 x is ! bus9ess ( a k+1 8t[>ds :i* ! endeavors ( "o man c be b z ! sign on a cross-road1 :i* po9ts out ! way b _c tread x40#fc ,x w ne$ su* legislative appropriations z are n[ grant$ only to ! bus9ess ( competitive de/ruction on l& & sea4 8,z ! secret>ies & spies ( pr9ces & /ates br+ 9 bills = intellig5ce1 s y mu/ all[ ! spies & intellig5c]s ( nature to br+ 9 _! bills if y w\ld n be ignorant ( _m ?+s wor?y to be kn[n4 ,& if ,alex&] plac$ s l>ge a treasure at ,ari/otle's comm& = ! support ( hunt]s1 f[l]s1 fi%]s & ! l1 9 mu* m ne$ d !y /& ( ?is b5efic5ce :o unfold ! labyr9?s ( nature40#fd ,,vi ,sci5ce & ,utopia ,su* an organization ( sci5ce is ,bacon's notion ( ,utopia4 ,he gives u 9 ,! ,new ,atlantis1 9 pla9 /rong prose1 a picture ( a /ate 9 :i* ?is organization has rea*$ ! national /age4 ,x is a /ate nom9ally rul$ by a k+ 7,bacon nev] =gets t he is a loyal subject & c\nsellor ( ,james ,i72 b 8prem95t among/ ! excell5t acts ( ! k+ 444 0 ! erection & in/itution ( an ,ord] or ,society :i* we call ,solomon's ,h\se2 ! noble/ f\ndation1 z we ?9k1 t ev] 0 ^u ! e>?1 & ! lant]n ( ?is k+dom4 ,x is d$icat$ to ! /udy ( ! nature ( all ?+s40#fe ,e twelve ye>s ?is ,ord] s5ds out to all p>ts ( ! _w 8m]*ants ( light02 m5 :o rema9 abroad = twelve ye>s1 ga!r in=mation & sugge/ions 9 e field ( art & sci5ce1 & !n 7! next exp$ition hav+ br\ght m5 to replace !m7 return home lad5 ) books1 in/rum5ts1 inv5tions1 & ideas4 8,?us1 y see1 we ma9ta9 a trade n = gold1 silv] or jewels2 nor = silk2 nor = spices2 nor = any o!r commodity or matt]2 b only = ,god's fir/ creation1 :i* 0 ,light40#ff ,mean:ile at home !re is a busy army fill+ _m laboratories1 exp]im5t+ 9 zology1 m$ic9e1 dietetics1 *emi/ry1 botany1 physics1 & o!r fields2 !re are1 9 addition to ^! m51 8?ree t collect ! exp]im5ts 9 all ! books2 444 ?ree t try new exp]im5ts02 ?ree t tabulate ! results ( ! exp]im5t]s2 8?ree t look into ! exp]im5ts ( _! fell[s1 & ca/ ab\t h[ to draw out ( !m ?+s ( use 444 = man's life2 444 ?ree t direct new exp]im5ts02 ?ree t f ! results draw up 8obs]vations1 axioms1 & aphorisms40#fg 8,we imitate also ! flights ( birds2 we h "s degree ( fly+ 9 ! air2 we h %ips & boats = go+ "u wat]40#fh ,& ! purpose ( x all1 he says1 ) f9e ,baconian r+1 is 8! enl>g+ ( ! b\nds ( human empire1 to ! effect+ ( all ?+s possible40#fi ,,vii ,s*ola/icism 9 ,sci5ce ,?is is ! voice ( ! ,r5aissance1 speak+ ) "s me?od to its music4 ,x is ! voice ( ,erasmus r ?an t ( ,lu!r2 b x is ! voice ( a l>g] & less class-b\nd vision ?an t :i* mov$ ! polite encomia/ ( folly4 ,su* m9ds z 7 n lo/ 9 ! religi\s turmoil ( ! "t respond$ to ,bacon's call = a new beg9n+2 a 8s5se ( lib]ation1 444 ( new de/9ies1 pulsates 9 t g5]ation at ,bacon's t\*40#gj ,bacon says1 & ) ju/ice1 t he 8rang ! bell :i* call$ ! wits toge!r40#ga ,:51 9 #affj1 a gr\p ( ,london savants =m$ ! ,royal ,society1 x 0 f ,bacon t !y took _! inspiration1 & f ! 8,h\se ( ,solomon0 "p ( _! plan ( organization4 ,did]ot & ,d',alemb]t ackn[l$g$ ! impetus giv5 by _! read+ ( ,bacon to ! adv5tur\s ent]prise :i* complet$ & di/ribut$ ! ,encyclopdie despite ! prohibition ( ! k+4 ,to-day1 aft] two hundr$ ye>s ( ,c>tesian futility ab\t m9d & body & ! problem ( k1 ! ,baconian emphasis on ! socially-recon/ructive function ( ?\ght r5ews its p[] & appeal4 ,! _w returns to ,socrates1 to ,plato1 & to ,bacon4 ,b ) "s measure ( :olesome disillusionm5t4 ,^! la/ two c5turies h told u t sci5ce1 unaid$1 _c solve our social problem4 ,we h inv5t$1 inv5t$1 inv5t$1 inv5t$2 & ) :at result8 ,! gap betwe5 class & class has s wid5$ dur+ ^! inv5tive ye>s t !re are n[ n classes b ca/es4 ,social h>mony is a matt] ( brief int]ludes 9 a drama m viol5t ?an any ev] mimick$ on ! /age4 ,m5 tra9$ & accompli%$ 9 sci5ce1 l ,pr9ce ,kropotk91 ab&on x on ! score t x has turn$ its back on ! purpose t gave x vitality & wor?4#gb ,:at is ! purpose ( sci5ce8 ,:at d sci5ti/s consid] to be ! purpose ( sci5ce8 ,! laboratories are cr[d$ ) m5 :o h no inkl+ ( any o!r ?an a purely mat]ial recon/ruction z ! function ( _! gr[+ k4 ,specialization has s divid$ sci5ce t h>dly any s5se ( ! :ole survives4 ,! gho/s ( s*ola/icism--( a pursuit ( k divorc$ f its social end--hov] ab\t ! microscopes & te/-tubes ( ! sci5tific _w2 & ! up%ot ( x all is t to !m :o h1 m is giv54 ,let ,bacon speak "h3 8,!re is ano!r great & p[]ful cause :y ! sci5ces h made b little progress1 :i* is ?is4 ,x is n possible to run a c\rse aright1 :5 ! goal itself has n be5 rightly plac$40#gc ,sci5ces ) obvi\s social functions h langui%$ ?r\gh lapse ( all s5se ( direction1 all feel+ ( focus2 psy*ology1 = example1 is b n[ reviv+ "u ! /imulus ( m5 :o d>$ to 8/ir ! e>? a little ab\t ! roots ( ?is sci5ce10#gd because !y _h p]ceiv$ its purpose & mean+ 9 ! drama ( recon/ruction4 ,! blunt tru? is t unless a sci5ti/ is also a philosoph]1 ) "s capacity to see ?+s sub specie totius1--unless he c come out ( 8 hole into ! op51--he is n fit to direct 8 own rese>*4 8,z no p]fect discov]y c be made ^u a flat or level1 nei!r is x possible to discov] ! m remote & deep] p>ts ( any sci5ce1 if y /& b ^u ! level ( ! same sci5ce1 & asc5d n to a high] sci5ce40#ge ,be=e x c be ( real s]vice to life1 sci5ce mu/ be enlight5$ by "s discrim9ation ( values1 "s consid]ation & fitt+ toge!r ( human ends3 )\t philosophy z its eye piece1 sci5ce is b ! traditional *ild :o has tak5 ap>t ! traditional wat*1 ) none b ! traditional results4 ,!re is m to ?is indictm5t4 ,sci5ce has be5 organiz$1 ?\gh v imp]fectly1 = rese>*2 x has be5 organiz$ h>dly at all = social application & control4 ,! notion t sci5ce c be us$ 9 cons]v+ ! vital elem5ts ( ord] & at ! same "t facilitat+ exp]im5tal & progressive *ange1 is b beg9n+ to walk ab\t4 ,inde$1 ! employm5t & direction ( sci5tific ability 9 ! bus9ess ( gov]nm5t is /ill look$ ^u z a d\btful proc$ure2 to say t ! adm9i/ration ( municipal affairs1 = example1 is to be giv5 ov] to m5 tra9$ 9 ! social sci5ces r ?an to m5 artful 9 trapp+ votes ) oratorical molasses1 is /ill a v5ture into ! lonel9ess ( h]esy4 ,aga9 let ,bacon speak1 :o 0 adm9i/rator & philosoph] 9 "o4 8,x is wrong to tru/ ! natural body to empirics :o commonly h a few receipts :]eon !y rely1 b :o "k nei!r ! causes ( ! disease1 nor ! con/itution ( pati5ts1 nor ! dang] ( accid5ts1 nor ! true me?ods ( cure4 ,& s x mu/ ne$s be dang]\s to h ! civil body ( /ates manag$ by empirical /atesm51 unless well mix$ ) o!rs :o are gr\nd$ 9 le>n+4 ,on ! contr>y x is almo/ )\t in/ance t any gov]nm5t 0 unprosp]\s "u le>n$ gov]nors40#gf ,plato ov] aga91 y say4 ,yes2 j z 8,greek philosophy is ! d\gh ) :i* mod]n philosoph]s h bak$ _! bread1 knead+ x ov] & ov] aga910#gg s ?is vital doctr9e ( ! application ( ! be/ available intellig5ce to ! problem ( social ord] & developm5t mu/ be re/at$ 9 e g5]ation until at la/ ! _w may see its tru? & m]it exemption f its repetition4 ,,viii ,! ,asiatics ( ,europe ,b ! place ( ,bacon 9 ! cont9uum ( hi/ory is h>dly /at$ by connect+ him ) ,plato4 ,conceive ( him r z a new protagoni/ 9 ! long epic ( intellig5ce2 ano!r bl[ /ruck 9 ! seem+ly endless w> betwe5 magic & sci5ce1 betwe5 sup]naturalism & naturalism1 betwe5 ! _s ( wor%ip & ! _s ( control4 ,primitive man--& he lives ev]y:]e "u ! "n ( legion--looks out ^u nature z some?+ to be fe>$ & obey$1 some?+ to be cajol$ by ritual & sacrifice & pray]4 ,9 ages ( great social disord]1 su* z ! mill5nium inaugurat$ 9 ,we/]n ,europe by ! b>b>ian invasions1 ! primitive elem5ts 9 ! m5tal make-up ( m5 em]ge ?r\gh ! fall+ cultural surface2 & cults ri* 9 ritual & /eep$ 9 emotional luxury gr[ 9 rank abundance4 ,x is 9 ! "* ( man to wor%ip p[]3 if he feels ! p[] )\t him m int5sely ?an ! p[] )91 he wor%ips nature ) a humble fe>1 & leans on magic & sup]natural rew>ds2 if he feels ! p[] )9 him m int5sely ?an ! p[] )\t1 he sees div9ity 9 himself & o!r c5tres ( rem\ld+ activity1 & ?9ks n ( wor%ipp+ & obey+ nature1 b ( controll+ & comm&+ h]4 ,! second attitude comes1 ( c\rse1 ) k1 & action t expresses k2 x is q human t nature %\ld n be wor%ipp$ once %e has be5 kn[n4 ,a man is primitive1 !n1 :5 he wor%ips nature & makes no ef=t to control h]2 he is mature :5 he /ops wor%ipp+ & beg9s to control1--:5 he und]/&s t 8,nature is n a temple b a work%op10#gh n a b>ri] to div9ity1 b ! raw mat]ial ( ,utopia4 ,n[ ! ess5ce ( ,bacon is n ! replacem5t ( d$uction by induction1 b ! *ange ( emphasis f wor%ip to control4 ,?is emphasis1 once vivid 9 ,plato b soon obscur$ by ,ori5tal influ5ce1 is "o ( ! two dom9ant elem5ts 9 mod]n ?\ght 7! o!r be+ ! puzzl+ ov] an artificial problem ( k72 & unless ! ,baconian elem5t f9ally subord9ates ! ,c>tesian1 ! ^w mod]n mu/ no long] arrogate to itself a eulogi/ic connotation4 ,h5ce ,bacon1 & n ,desc>tes1 is ! initiator ( mod]n philosophy2 "p initiator1 at lea/1 ( t curr5t ( ?\ght :i* f9ds rebelli\s expression 9 ! enlight5m5t ( ! eighte5?-c5tury1 & comes to supremacy 9 ! sci5tific victories ( ! n9ete5?4 ,! vital sequ5ce 9 mod]n philosophy is n ,desc>tes1 ,b]keley1 ,kant1 ,hegel1 & ,b]gson 7= ^! are ! ,asiatics ( ,europe71 b ,bacon1 ,hobbes1 ,condorcet1 ,comte1 ,d>w91 & ,james4#gi ,! hope ( ! _w is 9 ?is resolute _s ( control1--control ( ! mat]ial )\t u1 & ( ! passions )94 ,bit by bit1 "o is n afraid to say1 we %all make = ourselves a bett] _w4 ,%all we n f9d a way to elim9ate disease1 to control ! increase ( population1 to f9d 9 pla/ic organization a sub/itute = revolution8 ,%all we p]haps ev5 succe$ 9 transmut+ ! lu/ = p[] ov] man into ambition to conqu] ! =ces t imp$e man8 ,%all we make m5 und]/& t !re is m pot5cy ( joy 9 ! s5se ( hav+ contribut$ to ! p[] ( m5 ov] nature ?an 9 any p]sonal triumph ( "o ov] ano!r man8--m glory 9 a conque/ ( bact]ia ?an 9 all ! m>tial victories t h ev] spill$ human blood8 ,"h is ! beg9n+ ( real civilization1 & ! m>k ( man4 8,! environm5t trans=ms ! animal2 man trans=ms ! environm5t40#hj 8,look+ at ! hi/ory ( ! _w z a :ole1 ! t5d5cy has be5 9 ,europe to subord9ate nature to man2 out ( ,europe1 to subord9ate man to nature4 ,=m]ly ! ri*e/ c\ntries 7 ^? 9 :i* nature 0 mo/ b\ntiful2 n[ ! ri*e/ c\ntries are ^? 9 :i* man is mo/ active40#ha ,control is ! sign ( maturity1 ! a*ievem5t ( ,europe1 ! future ( ,am]ica4 ,x is1 "o argues aga91 ! drama ( hi/ory1 ?is w> betwe5 ,asia & ,europe1 betwe5 nature & man1 betwe5 wor%ip & control4 ,fundam5tally x is ! upw>d /ruggle ( intellig5ce3 ,plato is its voice1 ,z5o its pass+ exhau/ion1 ,bacon its resurrection4 ,x 0 n an unoppos$ rebir?3 !re is /ill no tell+ :e!r ,ea/ or ,we/ w w94 ,surr\nd$ by ! backwa% ( ,ori5tal curr5ts ev]y:]e1 ! lov] ( ! ,baconian _s ne$s con/antly to refre% himself at ! f\nt ( ,bacon's inexhau/ible inspiration & confid5ce4 8,i /ake all10 he says1 8on ! victory ( art ov] nature 9 ! race40 ,& "o ne$s to hold ev] be=e oneself ,bacon's favorite device3 ,a %ip pass+ ?r\gh ! ,pill>s ( ,h]cules out into ! unkn[n sea1 & ov] x ! words1 ,,plus ,,ultra4 ,m beyond6 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,sp9oza ,,on ,,! ,,social ,,problem#hb ,i ,hobbes ,pass+ f ,bacon to ,sp9oza we meet ) ,?omas ,hobbes1 a man f :om ,sp9oza drew _m ( 8 ideas1 ?\gh v little ( 8 inspiration4 ,! social incid5ce ( ! great] "p ( ,hobbes's ?9k+ has long be5 recogniz$2 he is n a figure ov] :om ! biograph] ( social ?\ght f9ds mu* cause to qu>rel4 ,he is at once ! mat]iali/ p> excell5ce ( mod]n philosophy1 & ! mo/ uncompromis+ protagoni/ ( ! absoluti/ !ory ( ! /ate4 ,! individual1 all compact ( pugnacity1 0 to ,hobbes ! bogey :i* ! /ate1 voraci\s ( all lib]ties1 became two c5turies lat] to ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,he _h 9 acute degree ! philosoph]'s natural appetite = ord]2 & trembl$ at ! ?\ght ( initiatives n =ese5 by 8 political geometry4 ,he liv$ 9 ! mid/ ( al>ms3 w> /epp$ on ! heels ( w> 9 :at 0 v ne>ly a real bellum omnium contra omnes4 ,he liv$ 9 ! mid/ ( political reaction3 m5 7 we>y ( ,r5aissance exub]ance & ,re=mation /rife1 & sank gladly into ! op5 arms ( ! pa/4 ,!re c\ld be no end1 ?\ght ,hobbes1 to ?is turmoil ( conflict+ egos1 individual & national1 until all gr\ps & individuals knelt 9 absolute ob$i5ce to "o sov]eign p[]4 ,b all ?is has be5 said be=e2 we ne$ b rem9d ourselves ( x "h s t we may ! bett] appreciate ! vibrant sympa?y = ! individual man1 ! g5]\s def5ce ( popul> lib]ties1 t fill ) ! gl[ ( subdu$ passion ! pages ( ! g5tle ,sp9oza4 ,,ii ,! ,_s ( ,sp9oza ,yet ,sp9oza 0 n want+ 9 t timidity & t fe> ( unbridl$ in/9ct :i* /ood dictator ov] ! social philosophy ( ,hobbes4 ,he knew z well z ,hobbes ! dang]s ( a democracy t c\ld n discipl9e itself4 8,^? :o h _h exp]i5ce ( h[ *angeful ! temp] ( ! p is1 are almo/ 9 despair4 ,= ! populace is gov]n$ n by reason b by emotion2 x is headlong 9 ev]y?+1 & easily corrupt$ by av>ice & luxury40#hc ,& ev5 m ?an ,hobbes he )drew f ! affairs ( m5 & s\ght 9 ! protection ( a suburban attic ! peace & solitude :i* 7 ! vital m$ium ( 8 ?\ght4 ,he f\nd t sometimes at lea/1 8tru? ha? a quiet brea/40 8,se tu s>ai solo10 wrote ,leon>do1 8tu s>ai tutto tuo40 ,& surely ,goe! ?\ght ( ,sp9oza :5 he said3 8,no "o c produce any?+ important unless he isolate himself40 ,b ?is dread ( ! cr[d 0 only a "p ( ,sp9oza's nature1 & n ! dom9ant "p4 ,8 fe> ( m5 0 lo/ 9 8 b\ndless capacity = affection2 he tri$ s h>d to und]/& m5 t he c\ld n help b love !m4 8,i h labor$ c>efully n to mock1 lam5t1 or execrate1 b to und]/&1 human actions2 & to ?is end ,i h look$ ^u passions 444 n z vices ( human nature1 b z prop]ties j z p]t95t to x z are heat1 cold1 /orm1 ?und]1 & ! l to ! nature ( ! atmosph]e40#hd ,ev5 ! accid5ts ( "t & space 7 s9less to 8 view1 & all ! _w f\nd room 9 ! abundance ( 8 he>t4 8,sp9oza deifi$ ! ,all 9 ord] to f9d peace 9 ! face ( x10 says ,nietzs*e3#he b p]haps1 too1 because all love is deification4 ,all 9 all1 hi/ory %[s no man m hone/ & indep5d5t2 & ! hi/ory ( philosophy %[s no man s s9c]e1 s f> above quibbl+ & dispute & ! pick+ ( petty flaws1 s eag] to receive ! tru? ev5 :5 br\ght by ! enemy1 s ready to =give ev5 p]secution 9 ! dep? & bread? ( 8 tol]ance4 ,no man :o suff]$ s mu* inju/ice made s few compla9ts4 ,he became great because he c\ld m]ge 8 own suff]+ 9 ! suff]+ ( all1--a m>k ( all deep m54 8,!y :o h n suff]$10 says ,ibs51--&1 "o might add1 suff]$ ) ^? !y saw suff]1--8nev] create2 !y only write books40 ,sp9oza did n write mu*2 ! long-suff]+ are seldom long-w9d$4 ,a fragm5t ,on ! ,improvem5t ( ! ,und]/&+2 a brief volume on religion & ! /ate2 ! ,e?ics2 & z he began to write ! *apt] on democracy 9 ! ,political ,treatise consumption conqu]$ him4 ,bact]ia take no bribes4 ,,iii ,political ,e?ics ,_h he liv$ long] x w\ld h dawn$ p]haps ev5 on ! ,g]man hi/orians t ,sp9oza's basic int]e/ 0 n 9 metaphysics s mu* z 9 political e?ics4 ,! ,e?ics1 because x is ! mo/ su/a9$ flight ( reason+ 9 philosophy1 has ga!r$ r\nd x all ! associations t ?rong ab\t ! "n ( ,sp9oza1 s t "o is apt to ?9k ( him 9 t]ms ( a my/ical 8pan!ism0 r ?an ( cord9ative intellig5ce1 democracy1 & free ?\ght4#hf ,hffd+ consid]s x a defect 9 ,sp9oza's philosophy t x takes s little notice ( epi/emology3 b %\ld we n be grateful = t8 ,"h are m5 suff]+1 said ,sp9oza1 "h are m5 enslav$ by passions & prelates & k+s2 surely till ^! ?+s are dealt ) we h no "t = epi/emological delicacies4 ,in/ead ( increas+ ! _w's /ore ( le>n$ ignorance by writ+ tomes on ! possibility ( a subject kn[+ an object1 ,sp9oza ?\ght x bett] to give himself to ! task ( help+ to keep alive 9 an age ( tyrannical reaction ! ,r5aissance doctr9e ( popul> sov]eignty4 ,in/ead ( puzzl+ himself & o!rs ab\t epi/emology he pond]$ ! problem ( /imulat+ ! gr[? ( intellig5ce & evolv+ a rational e?ic4 ,he ?\ght t philosophy 0 some?+ m ?an a *ess-game = pr(essors4 ,!re is no ne$ to sp5d "t & space "h on :at = ,sp9oza1 z = ,socrates & ,plato1 0 ! problem ( problems1--h[ human reason c\ld be develop$ to a po9t :]e x might replace sup]natural sanctions = social conduct & provide ! m$ium ( social recon/ruction4 ,"o po9t1 h[ev]1 may be pr(itably emphasiz$4 ,a c>eless read+ ( ! ,e?ics may lead to ! belief t ,sp9oza bases 8 philosophy on a nave opposition ( reason to passion4 ,x is n s4 8,a desire _c be re/ra9$ or remov$10 says ,sp9oza1 8except by an opposite & /rong] desire40#hg ,reason is n dictator to desire1 x is a relation among desires1--t relation :i* arises :5 exp]i5ce has hamm]$ impulses into cord9ation4 ,an impulse1 passion or emotion is by itself 8a confus$ idea10 a blurr$ picture ( ! ?+ t is inde$ desir$4 ,?\ght & impulse are n two k9ds ( m5tal process3 ?\ght is impulse cl>ifi$ by exp]i5ce1 impulse is ?\ght 9 *aos4 ,,iv ,is ,man a ,political ,animal8 ,:y is !re a social problem8 ,is x because m5 are 8bad08 ,nons5se1 answ]s ,sp9oza3 ! t]ms 8good0 & 8bad10 z convey+ moral approval & disapproval1 are philosophically out ( c\rt2 !y mean no?+ except t 8ea* ( u wi%es all m5 to live accord+ to 8 desire10 & consoles himself = _! non-complaisance by mak+ moral phrases4 ,!re is a social problem1 says ,sp9oza1 because m5 are n naturally social4 ,?is does n mean t !re are no social t5d5cies 9 ! native human con/itution2 x does mean t ^! t5d5cies are b a sorry fraction ( man's orig9al nature1 & d n avail to *a9 ! 8ape & tig]0 hid+ "u 8 extremely civiliz$ %irt4 ,man is a 8political animal02 b he is also an animal4 ,we mu/ approa* ! social problem ?r\gh a v respectful consid]ation ( ! ape & tig]2 we mu/ foll[ ,hobbes & inquire into 8! natural condition ( man40 8,9 ! /ate ( nature e man lives z he wi%es10#hh--;he is n pe/]$ ) police regulations & ald]manic ord9ances4 ,he 8may d :atev] he c3 8 rights ext5d to ! utmo/ limits ( 8 p[]s40#hi ,he may fight1 hate1 deceive1 exploit1 to 8 he>t's desire2 & he does4 ,we mod]ns smile at ! 8natural man0 z a my?1 & ?9k our =be>s 7 social ab initio4 ,b be x rememb]$ t by 8social0 ,sp9oza implies no m]e pref]5ce ( society to solitude1 b a subord9ation ( individual caprice to m or less tacit communal regulation4 ,& ,sp9oza consid]s x useful1 if we are go+ to talk ab\t 8human nature 9 politics10 to ask :e!r man naturally submits to regulation or naturally rebels aga9/ x4 ,:5 he wrote ( a primitive non-social human condition he wrote z a psy*ologi/ inf]r+ ! pa/ r ?an z an hi/orian reveal+ x4 ,he obs]v$ man1 k9dly yet ke5ly2 he saw t 8ev]yone desires to keep d[n 8 fell[-m5 by all possible means1 & :5 he prevails1 boa/s m ( ! injuries he has done to o!rs ?an ( ! advantage he has won = himself02#ij & he conclud$ t if we c\ld trace human hi/ory to its s\rces we %\ld f9d a creature--call him human or pre-human--will+1 p]haps glad1 to h ! company ( 8 l1 b /ill unattract$ & unhamp]$ by social organization4 ,we l to laugh at ! simple an?ropology ( ,sp9oza & ,r\sseau2 b ! laugh %\ld be turn$ ^u u :5 we suppose t ! hi/orical motif play$ any b a v m9or "p 9 ! discussion ( ! natural /ate ( man4 ,hi/ory 0 n ! po9t at all3 ^! m5 7 n int]e/$ 9 ! pa/ s mu* z 9 ! possibilities ( ! future4 ,t is :y ! eighte5? c5tury 0 s l>gely _! creation4 ,:5 a man is int]e/$ 9 ! pa/ he writes hi/ory2 :5 he is int]e/$ 9 ! future he makes x4 ,! po9t to be borne 9 m9d1 ,sp9oza urges1 is t we are /ill ess5tially unsocializ$2 ! in/9ct to acquire possession & p[]1 if necess>y by oppression & exploitation1 is /ill /rong] ?an ! disposition to %>e1 to be tol]ant ( disagreem5t1 & to "w 9 mutual aid4 ,! 8natural man0 is n a my?1 he is ! solid reality t /ruts ab\t dress$ 9 a little brief civilization4 8,religion tea*es t ea* man %\ld love 8 neighbor z himself1 & def5d ! rights ( o!rs z e>ne/ly z he w\ld 8 own4 ,yet ?is conviction has v little influ5ce ov] man's emotions4 ,x is no d\bt ( "s acc\nt 9 ! h\r ( dea?1 = !n disease has weak5$ ! emotions1 & ! man lies helpless4 ,& ! pr9ciple is ass5t$ to 9 *ur*1 = !re m5 h no deal+s ) "o ano!r4 ,b 9 ! m>t or ! c\rt x has little or no effect1 ?\gh t is j :]e ! ne$ = x is greate/40#ia ,he /ill 8does ev]y?+ = ! sake ( 8 own pr(it02#ib nor w ev5 ! unlimit$ future *ange him 9 t1 = x is 8 v ess5ce4 ,8 happ9ess is 9 ! pursuit ( 8 pr(it1 8 supreme joy is 9 ! increase ( 8 p[]4 ,& a social ord] built ^u any o!r basis ?an ?is exub]ant egoism ( man w be z la/+1 9 ! eye ( hi/ory1 z a "n t is writ 9 wat]4 ,v ,:at ! ,social ,problem ,is ,b :at if x is a good basis8 ,:at if 8! f\ndation ( virtue is ! endeavor to pres]ve "o's own be+0 to ! utt]mo/8#ic ,:at if !re is a way 9 :i*1 )\t any hypocritical my/ification1 ?is self-seek+1 :ile /ill rema9+ self-seek+1 may become cop]ation8 ,sp9oza's answ] is n />tl+3 x is ! ,socratic answ]1 issu+ f a pr(\nd psy*ological analysis4 ,giv5 ! lib]ation & developm5t ( intellig5ce1 & ! discordant /rife ( egos w yield undream$-( h>monies4 ,m5 are s made1 !y are s compact ( passion & obscurity1 t !y w n let "o ano!r be free2 h[ c t be *ang$8 ,deception has be5 tri$1 & has succe$$ only tempor>ily if at all4 ,compulsion has be5 tri$2 b compulsion is a negative =ce1 x makes = inhibition r ?an inspiration4 ,x is a necess>y evil2 b h>dly ! la/ ^w ( con/ructive social ?9k+4 ,!re is some?+ m 9 a man ?an 8 capacity = fe>1 !re is "s o!r way ( appeal+ to him ?an ! way ( ?reats2 !re is 8 hung] & ?ir/ to "k & und]/& & develop4 ,?9k ( ! unt\*$ res\rces ( ?is human desire = m5tal enl>gem5t2 ?9k ( ! millions :o almo/ />ve t !y may le>n4 ,is t ! =ce t is to build ! future & fa%ion ! city ( our dreams8 ,"h are m5 torn ) impulses1 %ak5 by mutual int]f]5ce2 is x conceivable t !y w\ld be s deeply torn & %ak5 if t hung] ( !irs = k--k ( !mselves1 too1--7 met ) g5]\s opportunity8 ,m5 long to be reasonable2 !y "k1 ev5 ! lea/ ( !m1 t "u ! tyranny ( impulse !re is no ultimately fruitful life2 :at is !re t !y w\ld n give = ! p[] to see ?+s cle>ly & be capta9s ( _! s\ls8 ,"h if any:]e is an opportunity = su* /atesman%ip z does n (t5 grace ! c\rts ( emp]ors & k+s6 ,h[ we c come to "k ourselves1 our inmo/ nature1 h[ we c ?r\gh ?is k a*ieve cord9ation & our real desires1--t is = ,sp9oza ! he>t ( ! social problem4 ,! s\rce ( man's /r5g? is t he c "k 8 weakness4 ,if he c b f9d himself out1 !n he c *ange himself4 8,a passion ceases to be a passion z soon z we =m a cle> & di/9ct idea ( x40#id ,:5 a passion is track$ to its lair & confront$ ) its futile p>tiality1 its /+ is drawn1 x c hurt u no m2 x may cop]ate b x may no long] rule4 ,x is se5 to be 8inadequate10 to express b a fragm5t ( u1 & s se5 x s9ks into its place 9 ! hi]>*y ( desires4 8,& 9 proportion z we "k our emotions bett]1 ! m are !y susceptible to control40#ie ,passion is passivity2 control is p[]4 ,k br+s control1 & control br+s fre$om2 fre$om is n a gift1 x is a victory4 ,k1 control1 fre$om1 p[]1 virtue3 ^! are all "o ?+4 ,be=e ! 8empire ( man ov] nature0 mu/ come ! empire ( man ov] himself1 mu/ come cord9ation4 ,a*ievem5t is born ( cle> vision & unifi$ int5t1 n ( actions t are b bubbles on ! muddy rapids ( desire4 ,,vi ,free ,spee* 8,be=e all ?+s1 a means mu/ be devis$ = improv+ & cl>ify+ ! und]/&+40#if 8,s9ce !re is no s+le ?+ we "k :i* is m excell5t ?an a man :o is guid$ by reason1 x foll[s t !re is no?+ by :i* a p]son c bett] %[ h[ mu* skill & tal5t he possesses ?an by s educat+ m5 t at la/ !y w live "u ! direct au?ority ( reason40#ig ,b h[8 ,fir/ ( all1 says ,sp9oza1 ?\ght mu/ be absolutely free3 we mu/ h ! possible pr(it ( ev5 ! mo/ dang]\s h]esies4 ,if t proposition appe> a trifle trite1 let x be rememb]$ t ,sp9oza wrote at a "t :5 ,galileo's brok5-he>t$ retraction 0 /ill fre% 9 m5's memories1 & :5 ,desc>tes 0 modify+ 8 philosophy to soo! ! ,jesuits4 ,! *apt] on fre$om ( ?\ght is really ! pivotal po9t & raison d'tre ( ! ,tractatus ,!ologico-politicus2 & x is /ill ri* 9 enc\ragem5t & inspiration4 ,p]haps !re is no?+ else 9 ,sp9oza's writ+s t is s typical at once ( 8 g5tl5ess & ( 8 /r5g?4 ,free spee* %\ld be grant$1 ,sp9oza argues1 because x mu/ be grant$4 ,m5 may conceal real beliefs1 b ^! same beliefs w inevitably influ5ce _! behavior2 a belief is n t :i* is spok51 x is t :i* is done4 ,a law aga9/ free spee* is subv]sive ( law itself1 = x invites d]ision f ! consci5ti\s4 8,all laws :i* c be brok5 )\t any injury to ano!r are c\nt$ b a laugh+-/ock40#ih ,x is useless = ! /ate to comm& 8su* ?+s z are abhorr5t to human nature40 8,m5 9 g5]al are s con/itut$ t !re is no?+ !y w endure ) s little pati5ce z t views :i* !y believe to be true %\ld be c\nt$ crimes aga9/ ! law4444 ,"u su* circum/ances m5 d n ?9k x disgraceful1 b mo/ honorable1 to hold ! laws 9 abhorr5ce1 & to refra9 f no action aga9/ ! gov]nm5t40#ii ,:]e m5 are n p]mitt$ to criticise _! rul]s 9 public1 !y w plot aga9/ !m 9 private4 ,!re is no religi\s en?usiasm /rong] ?an t ) :i* laws are brok5 by ^? ^: lib]ty has be5 suppress$4 ,sp9oza goes fur!r4 ,?\ght mu/ be lib]at$ n only f legal re/rictions b f indirect & ev5 un9t5tional compulsion z well4 ,sp9oza feels v /rongly ! dang] to fre$om1 t is involv$ 9 ! organization ( education by ! /ate4 8,academies t are f\nd$ at ! public exp5se are in/itut$ n s mu* to cultivate m5's natural abilities z to re/ra9 !m4 ,b 9 a free commonweal? arts & sci5ces w be be/ cultivat$ to ! full if ev]yone t asks leave is all[$ to tea* 9 public1 at 8 own co/ & risk40#ajj ,he w\ld h pref]r$ su* 8free lances0 z ! ,sophi/s to ! /ate univ]sities ( ! ,am]ican ,middle ,we/4 ,he did n sugge/ means ( avoid+ ! app>5t alt]native ( univ]sities subsidiz$ by ! ri*4 ,x is a problem t has /ill to be solv$4 ,9 dem&+ absolute fre$om ( spee* ,sp9oza t\*es ! bases ( /ate organization4 ,no?+ is s dang]\s & yet s necess>y2 = ignorance is ! "m ( au?ority4 ,! def5d]s ( free spee* h nev] yet met ! cont5tion ( su* m5 z ,hobbes1 t fre$om ( ?\ght is subv]sive ( e/abli%$ gov]nm5t4 ,! reason is only ?is1 t ! cont5tion is probably true1 s f> z mo/ e/abli%$ gov]nm5ts g4 ,absolute lib]ty ( spee* is assur$ly de/ructive ( despotism1 no matt] h[ con/itutional ! despotism may be2 & ^? :o h at he>t ! int]e/s ( any su* gov]nm5t may be =giv5 = hesitat+ to applaud ,sp9oza4 ,fre$om ( spee* makes = social vitality1 c]ta9ly2 )\t x1 inde$1 ! av5ues ( m5tal & social developm5t w\ld be block$1 & life h>dly wor? liv+4 ,b fre$om ( spee* _c be said to make = social /ability & p]man5ce1 unless ! social organization 9 "q invites criticism & includes "s me*anism = pr(it+ by x4 ,:]e democracy is real1 or is on ! way to becom+ real1 free spee* w help1 n h>m1 ! /ate2 = !re is no man s loyal z ! man :o kn[s t he may criticise 8 gov]nm5t freely & to "s acc\nt4 ,b :]e !re is ! autocracy ( a p]son or a class1 fre$om ( spee* makes = dissolution1--dissolution1 h[ev]1 n ( ! society s mu* z ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,! ,b\rbons are gone1 b ,france rema9s4 ,nay1 if ! ,b\rbons _h rema9$1 ,france might be gone4 ,b to argue to-day = fre$om ( spee* is to invite ! *>ge ( emphasiz+ ! obvi\s4 ,x may be :olesome to rem9d ourselves1 by a few examples1 t h[ev] univ]sal ! !ory ( free spee* may be1 ! practice is /ill r sporadic4 ,an ,am]ican pr(essor is dismiss$ because he ?9ks !re is a ple?ora ( une>n$ income 9 8 c\ntry2 an ,engli% publici/ is report$ to h be5 refus$ 8p]mission0 to fill lecture engagem5ts 9 ,am]ica because he _h n be5 suffici5tly patriotic2 & "o ( ! mo/ prom95t ( liv+ philosoph]s loses 8 *air because he supposes t consci5ce has rights aga9/ cab9ets4 ,b inde$ our gov]n+ bodies are h>mless (f5d]s "h 9 comp>ison ) ! p !mselves4 ,! la/ lesson :i* m5 & wom5 w le>n is ! lesson ( free ?\ght & free spee*4 ,! mo/ fam\s ( liv+ dramati/s f9ds himself unsafe 9 ,london /reets1 because he has d>$ to criticise 8 gov]nm5t2 ! mo/ able ( liv+ noveli/s f9ds x conv5i5t to leave ,p>is because !re are /ill "s ,g]mans :om he does n hate2 & an ,am]ican community full ( con/itutional lawy]s %[s its love ( 8law & ord]0 by /on+ a gr\p ( boys b5t on exp\nd+ ! desirability ( syndicalism4 ,p]haps ! _w has ne$ ( _m ,sp9ozas /ill4 ,,vii ,virtue z ,p[] ,fre$om ( expression is ! corn]-/one ( ,sp9oza's politics2 ! po/ulate )\t :i* he refuses to proce$4 ,b ,sp9oza does n h to be told t ?is "q ( free spee* precipitates him into ! l>g] problems ( 8! individual vs4 ! /ate02 he kn[s t t problem is ! v raison d'tre ( political philosophy2 he kn[s t inde$ ! problem goes to ! core ( philosophy1 & f9ds its s\rce & crux 9 ! complex socio-egoi/ical make-up ( ! individual man4 ,! 8,god-intoxicat$0 ,sp9oza is q sob] & disillusion$ ab\t ! social possibilities ( altruism4 8,x is a univ]sal law ( human nature t no "o ev] neglects any?+ :i* he judges to be good1 except ) ! hope ( ga9+ a great] good40#aja 8,?is is z necess>ily true z t ! :ole is great] ?an its "p40#ajb ,?is confid5t r$uction ( human conduct to self-ref]5ce does n = ,sp9oza involve any condemnation3 8reason1 s9ce x asks = no?+ t is oppos$ to nature1 dem&s t e p]son %\ld 444 seek 8 own pr(it40#ajc ,obs]ve1 reason dem&s ?is2 ?is same self-seek+ is ! mo/ valuable & necess>y item 9 ! composition ( man4 ,sp9oza1 z said1 goes s f> z to id5tify ?is self-seek+ ) virtue3 8to act absolutely 9 con=mity ) virtue is1 9 u1 no?+ b to act1 live1 & pres]ve our be+ 7^! ?ree h ! same mean+7 z reason directs1 f ! gr\nd ( seek+ our own pr(it40#ajd ,?is is a brave rejection ( self-r5unciation & asceticism by "o ^: nature1 s f> z we c judge x n[1 incl9$ him v /rongly 9 ! direction ( ^! 8virtues40 ,:at we h to d1 says ,sp9oza1 is n to d5y ! self1 b to broad5 x2 "h aga91 ( c\rse1 intellig5ce is ! "m ( morals4 ,progress lies n 9 self-r$uction b 9 self-expansion4 ,progress is increase 9 virtue1 b 8by virtue & p[] ,i und]/& ! same ?+02#aje progress is an increase 9 ! ability ( m5 to a*ieve _! ends4 ,x is "p ( our m5tal confection]y to def9e progress 9 t]ms ( our own ends2 a nation is 8backw>d0 or 8=w>d0 accord+ z x moves t[>ds or away f our own ideals4 ,b t1 says ,sp9oza1 is nave nons5se2 a nation is progressive or backw>d accord+ z its citiz5s are or are n develop+ great] p[] to realize _! own purposes4 ,t is a doctr9e t may h 8dang]\s0 implications1 b intellig5ce w face ! implications & ! facts1 ready n to suppress !m b to turn !m to acc\nt4 ,x 0 ! passion = p[] t l$ to ! fir/ social gr\p+s & develop$ ! social in/9cts4 ,our v>i$ sympa?ies1 our p>5tal & filial impulses1 our h]oisms & g5]osities1 all g back to social habits born ( individual ne$s4 8,s9ce fe> ( solitude exi/s 9 all m51 because no "o 9 solitude is /rong en\gh to def5d himself & procure ! necess>ies ( life1 x foll[s t m5 by nature t5d t[>ds social organization40#ajf 8,let satiri/s sc(f at human affairs z mu* z !y please1 let !ologians d5\nce !m1 & let ! melan*oly1 despis+ m5 & admir+ brutes1 praise z mu* z !y c a life rude & )\t ref9em5t1--m5 w nev]!less f9d out t by mutual help !y c mu* m easily procure ! ?+s !y ne$1 & t x is only by _! unit$ /r5g? t !y c avoid ! dang]s :i* ev]y:]e ?reat5 !m40#ajg ,nihil hom9e hom9i utilius4 ,m5 discov] t !y are useful to "o ano!r1 & t mutual pr(it f social organization increases z intellig5ce gr[s4 ,9 a 8/ate ( nature0--t is1 be=e social organization--ea* man has a 8natural "r0 to d all t he is /rong en\gh to d2 9 society he yields "p ( ?is sov]eignty to ! communal organization1 because he f9ds t ?is concession1 univ]saliz$1 increases 8 /r5g?4 ,! fe> ( solitude1 & n any positive love ( fell[%ip1 is ! prime =ce 9 ! orig9 ( society4 ,man does n jo9 9 social organization because he has social in/9cts2 he develops su* in/9cts z ! result ( jo9+ 9 su* organization4 ,,viii ,fre$om & ,ord] ,ev5 to-day ! social in/9cts are n /rong en\gh to prev5t unsocial behavior4 8,m5 are n born fit = citiz5%ip1 b mu/ be made s40#ajh ,h5ce cu/om & law4 ,ea* man1 9 8 sob] mom5ts1 desires su* social arrangem5ts z w protect him f aggression & int]f]5ce4 8,!re is no "o :o does n wi% to live1 s f> z possible1 9 security & )\t fe>2 & ?is _c possibly happ5 s long z ea* man is all[$ to d z he pleases40#aji 8,t m5 :o are necess>ily subject to passions1 & are incon/ant & *angeable1 may be able to live toge!r 9 security1 & to tru/ "o ano!r's fidelity10--t is ! purpose ( law4#aaj ,ideally1 ! /ate is to ! individual :at reason is to passion4#aaa ,law protects a man n only f ! passions ( o!rs1 b f 8 own2 x is a help to delay$ response4 ,h[ to frame laws s t ! greate/ possible numb] ( m5 may f9d _! own security & fulfilm5t 9 allegiance to ! law1--t is ! problem ( ! /atesman4 ,law implies =ce1 b s does life1 s does nature2 inde$1 ! puni%m5ts decre$ by 8man-made0 /ates are usually mild] ?an ^? :i* 9 a 8/ate ( nature0 w\ld be ! natural consequ5ts ( mo/ int]f]5ces2 n seldom ! law--z :5 x prev5ts lyn*+--protects an aggressor f ! natural results ( 8 act4 ,=ce is ! ess5ce ( law2 h5ce int]national law w n really be law until nations are cord9at$ into a l>g] gr\p possess$ ( ! in/rum5talities ( compulsion4#aab ,x is cle> t ,sp9oza has ! philosophic love ( ord]4 8,:atev] conduces to human h>mony & fell[%ip is good2 :atev] br+s discord into ! /ate is evil40#aac ,b discord1 "o mu/ repeat1 is (t5 ! prelude to a great] h>mony2 developm5t implies v>iation1 & all v>iation is a discord except to e>s t he> ! future4 ,! social sanction ( lib]ty lies ( c\rse 9 ! pot5tial value ( v>iations2 )\t t vision ( new social possibilities :i* is sugge/$ by v>iations f ! norm a p p]i%es4 ,sp9oza does n see ?is2 b !re is a f9e passage 9 ! ,tractatus ,politicus#aad :i* %[s him responsive to ! ideal ( lib]ty z well z to t ( ord]3 8,! la/ end ( ! /ate is n to dom9ate m51 nor to re/ra9 !m by fe>2 r x is s to free ea* man f fe> t he may live & act ) full security & )\t injury to himself or 8 neighbor4 ,! end ( ! /ate is1 ,i repeat1 n to make rational be+s into brute bea/s or ma*9es4 ,x is to enable _! bodies & _! m9ds to function safely4 ,x is to lead m5 to live by1 & to ex]cise1 a free reason1 t !y may n wa/e _! /r5g? 9 hatr$1 ang]1 & guile1 n act unfairly t[>d "o ano!r4 ,?us ! end ( ! /ate is really lib]ty40 ,s x is t ,sp9oza takes %>p issue ) ,hobbes & exalts fre$om1 dec5tralization1 & democracy1 :]e ,hobbes1 />t+ ) almo/ id5tical premises1 concludes to a c5traliz$ despotism ( body & s\l4 ,?is does n mean t ,sp9oza _h no eye = ! defects ( democracy4 8,exp]i5ce is suppos$ to tea* t x makes = peace & concord :5 all au?ority is conf]r$ ^u "o man4 ,= no political ord] has /ood s long )\t notable *ange z t ( ! ,turks1 :ile none h be5 s %ort-liv$1 nay1 s vex$ by s$itions1 z popul> or democratic /ates4 ,b if slav]y1 b>b>ism1 & desolation are to be call$ peace1 !n peace is ! wor/ mis=tune t c befall a /ate4 ,x is true t qu>rels are wont to be %>p] & m frequ5t betwe5 p>5ts & *ildr5 ?an betwe5 ma/]s & slaves2 yet x advances n ! art ( home life to *ange a fa!r's "r into a "r ( prop]ty1 & c\nt 8 *ildr5 z only 8 slaves4 ,slav]y1 !n1 & n peace1 comes f ! giv+ ( all p[] to "o man4 ,= peace consi/s n 9 ! abs5ce ( w>1 b 9 a union & h>mony ( m5's s\ls40#aae ,no2 bett] ! insecurity ( fre$om ?an ! security ( bondage4 ,bett] ! dang]s t come ( ! ignorance ( majorities ?an ^? t fl[ f ! conc5tration ( p[] 9 ! h&s ( an inevitably self-seek+ m9ority4 ,ev5 secret diplomacy is worse ?an ! risks ( publicity4 8,x has be5 ! "o song ( ^? :o ?ir/ aft] absolute p[] t ! int]e/ ( ! /ate requires t its affairs be conduct$ 9 secret4444 ,b ! m su* argum5ts disguise !mselves "u ! mask ( public welf>e ! m oppressive is ! slav]y to :i* !y w lead4444 ,bett] t "r c\nsels be kn[n to enemies1 ?an t ! evil secrets ( tyrants %\ld be conceal$ f ! citiz5s4 ,!y :o c treat secretly ( ! affairs ( a nation h x absolutely "u _! au?ority2 & z !y plot aga9/ ! enemy 9 "t ( w>1 s d !y aga9/ ! citiz5s 9 "t ( peace4444 ,x is folly to *oose to avoid a small loss by means ( ! greate/ ( evils40#aaf ,?is is b "o ( _m passages 9 ,sp9oza t />tle ! read] ) _! pres5t applicability & value4 ,!re is 9 ! same treatise a plan = an unpaid citiz5 soldi]y1 mu* l ! s*eme adopt$ 9 ,switz]l&2 !re is a plea aga9/ c5tralization & = ! developm5t ( municipal pride by home rule & responsibility2 !re is a w>n+ aga9/ ! dang] to democracy involv$ 9 ! t]ritorial expansion ( /ates2 & !re is a plan = ! /ate own]%ip ( all l&1 ! r5tal f ?is to supply all rev5ue 9 "t ( peace4 ,b let u pass to a m *>act]i/ic feature ( ,sp9oza's political !ory1 & consid] ) him ! function ( intellig5ce 9 ! /ate4 ,,ix ,democracy & ,intellig5ce 8,!re is no s+le ?+ 9 nature :i* is m pr(itable to man ?an a man :o lives accord+ to ! guidance ( reason40#aag ,su* a man1 to beg9 )1 has made 8 peace ) ! inevitable1 & accepts ) good *e] ! necess>y limitations ( social life4 ,he has a g5ial s5se ( human imp]fections1 & does n cu%ion himself ^u ,utopia4 ,he pursues 8 own ends b ) "s p]spective ( _! social be>+s2 & he is confid5t t 8:5 ea* man seeks t :i* is really pr(itable to himself1 !n are m5 mo/ pr(itable to "o ano!r40#aah ,he kn[s t ! ends ( o!r m5 w (t5 conflict ) 82 b he w n = t cause make moral phrases at !m4 ,he feels ! trag$y ( isolat$ purposes1 & kn[s ! wor? ( cop]ation4 ,z he comes to und]/& ! intricate bonds betwe5 himself & 8 fell[s he f9ds ev] m satisfaction 9 purposes t ov]fl[ ! n>r[ m>g9s ( 8 own mat]ial advantage2 until at la/ he le>ns to desire no?+ = himself )\t desir+ an equival5t = o!rs4#aai ,giv5 su* m51 democracy foll[s2 su* democracy1 too1 z w be a fulfilm5t & n a sn>e4 ,giv5 su* m51 p5al codes w int]e/ only ! antiqu>ian4 ,giv5 su* m51 a society w "k ! full measure ( civic allegiance & communal /ability & developm5t4 ,h[ make su* m58 ,by revivals8 ,by ! g5tle an/hesia ( heav5 & ! *eap p5ology ( hell8 ,by memoriz+ cate*isms & comm&m5ts8 ,by appeal+ l ,comte1 to ! he>t1 & tru/+ to ! et]nal fem99e to lead u ev] onw>d8 7,onw>d :i!r87 ,or by spread+ ! means ( intellig5ce8 ,x is at ?is po9t t ! social philosophy ( ,sp9oza1 l t ( ,socrates1 betrays its weak] side4 ,h[ is intellig5ce to be spread8 ,p]haps x is too mu* to ask ! philosoph] ?is "q2 he may feel t he has done en\gh if he has made cle> :at x is :i* w mo/ help u to a*ieve our ends4 ,sp9oza1 aft] all1 0 n ! k9d ( man :o c\ld be expect$ to ent] into practical problems2 8 s\l 0 fill$ ) ! vision ( ! et]nal laws & _h no room = ! pass+ exp$i5cies ( action4 ,8 devotional geometry 0 a typical ,jewi% p]=mance2 !re is some?+ 9 ! emotional make-up ( ! ,jew :i* makes him slide v easily into ! attitude ( wor%ip1 z contra/$ ) ! ,grco-,roman emphasis on intellect & control4 ,all pan!ism t5ds to quietism2 to see ?+s sub specie et]nitatis may v well pass f ! attitude ( ! sci5ti/ to ! attitude ( ! my/ic :o has no int]e/ 9 temporal affairs4 ,x is ! task ( philosophy to /udy ! et]nal & univ]sal n = its own sake b = its wor? 9 direct+ u ?r\gh ! maze ( temporal p>ticul>s2 ! philosoph] mu/ be l ! m>9] :o guides himself ?r\gh space & "t by gaz+ at ! ev]la/+ />s4 ,x is :olesome t ! hi/ory ( philosophy %\ld beg9 ) ,?ales2 s t all :o come to ! hi/ory ( philosophy may le>n1 at ! door ( _! subject1 t ?\gh />s are beautiful1 wells are deep4 ,x ,! ,legacy ( ,sp9oza ,b to leave ! matt] ?us w\ld be to lose a "p ( ! tru? 9 ! gl>e ( "o's brilliance4 ,we h to recognize t ?\gh ,sp9oza /opp$ %ort 7or r 0 cut %ort7 at m]ely a /atem5t ( ! prime ne$ ( all democracies1--intellig5ce1--he 0 nev]!less ! inspiration ( m5 :o c>ri$ 8 beg9n+ m ne>ly to a practical issue4 ,to ,sp9oza1 ?r\gh ,voltaire & ! ,engli% dei/s1 "o may trace n a few ( ! ?\ght-curr5ts :i* c>ri$ away ! f\ndations ( ecclesia/ical p[]1 civil & intellectual1 9 eighte5?-c5tury ,france1 & left ! middle class consci5ce-free to eng9e] a revolution4 ,x 0 f ,sp9oza *iefly t ,r\sseau d]iv$ 8 ideas ( popul> sov]eignty1 ( ! g5]al w1 ( ! "r ( revolution1 ( ! legitimacy ( ! =ce t makes m5 free1 & ( ! ideal /ate z t 9 :i* all ! citiz5s =m an assembly ) f9al p[]4#abj ,! ,fr5* ,decl>ation ( ,rights & ! ,am]ican ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce g back 9 "p to ! =gott5 treatises ( ! quiet philosoph] ( ,am/]dam4 ,to h initiat$ or accel]at$ su* curr5ts ( ?\ght--!oretical 9 _! orig9 b extremely practical 9 _! issue--is !reby once = all to h put "o's self above ! rea* ( m]e fault-f9d+4 ,"o wond]s aga91 z s _m h wond]$1 :at w\ld h be5 ! ext5t ( ?is man's a*ievem5t _h he n di$ at ! age ( =ty-f\r4 ,:5 ,sp9oza's pi\s l&lady return$ f *ur* on ! morn+ ( ,febru>y #ba1 #afgg1 & f\nd h] g5tle philosoph] dead1 %e /ood 9 ! pres5ce ( "o ( ! great sil5t trag$ies ( human hi/ory4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,nietzs*e ,i ,f ,sp9oza to ,nietzs*e ,let u d>e to compress )9 a page or two ! social aspect ( philosophical ?\ght f ,sp9oza to ,nietzs*e4 ,)\t =gett+ t our purpose is to %[ ! social problem z ! dom9ant int]e/ ( only _m1 n all1 ( ! great] philosoph]s1 we may yet risk ! ass]tion t ! majority ( ! m5 :o =m$ ! epi/emological tradition f ,desc>tes to ,kant 7 at he>t conc]n$ less ) ! problem ( k ?an ) t ( social relations4 ,desc>tes slips ?r\gh ?is g5]alization2 he is a man ( leisure lo/ 9 ! maze ( a puzzle :i* he has n discov]$ s mu* z he has unconsci\sly con/ruct$ x4 ,9 ,locke's h&s ! puzzle is di/ort$ into ! "q ( 8innate ideas10 9 ord] t "u cov] ( an innoc5t epi/emological excursion a bl[ may be /ruck at h]$it>y prejudices & au?orit>ian tea*+1 & ! way made /raight = ! advance ( popul> sov]eignty 7z aga9/ ! absolutism ( ,hobbes71 free spee*1 reasonable religion1 & social amelioration4 ,! dom9ance ( ! social int]e/ is n s easily %[n 9 ! case ( ,leibniz2 b let x be rememb]$ none ! less t epi/emology 0 b an aside 9 ! v>i$ drama ( ,leibniz' life1 & t 8 head 0 dizzy ) s*emes = ! bett]m5t ( ?is 8be/ ( all possible worlds40 ,bi%op ,b]keley beg9s ) esse e/ p]cipi & ends ) t>-wat] z ! solution ( all problems4 ,david ,hume1 9 ! mid/ ( a life busi$ ) politics & ! discussion ( social1 political1 & economic problems1 sp>es a ye> or two = epi/emology1 only to use x z a h&le :]eby to deal a bl[ to dogma2 he 80 m damag+ to religion ?an ,voltaire1 b 0 +5i\s en\gh n to get ! cr$it = x40#aba ,! social incid5ce ( philosophy 9 eighte5?-c5tury ,france 0 s decid$ t "o might describe t philosophy z "p ( ! explosive ) :i* ! middle class und]m9$ ! /atus quo4 ,?is social emphasis cont9ues 9 ,comte1 :o _c =get t he 0 once ! secret>y ( ,/4 ,simon1 & w n let u =get t ! function ( ! philosoph] is to cord9ate exp]i5ce ) a view to ! rem\ld+ ( human life4 ,john ,/u>t ,mill is radical fir/ & logician aft]w>d2 & ! m la/+ z well z ! m int]e/+ elem5t 9 ,sp5c] is ! sociological1 educational1 & political !ory4 ,9 ,kant ! basic social int]e/ is buri$ "u epi/emological cobwebs2 yet n s *ok$ b t x f9ds v resolute voice at la/4 ,! ess5ce ( ! matt] "h is ! return ( ! prodigal1 ! relapse ( a once adv5tur\s s\l into ! com=t ( religi\s & political absolutes1 categorical--& ,potsdam--imp]atives4 ,"h is 8dogmatic slumb]0 ov]come only to yield to ! torpor & abtisem5t ( 8practical reason02 "h is no 8,cop]nican revolution0 b a /eal?y attempt to recov] an an?ropoc5tricism lo/ 9 ! gl>e ( ! ,enlight5m5t4 ,x dawns on u t ! importance ( ,g]man philosophy is n metaphysical1 nor epi/emological1 b political2 ! vital remnant ( ,kant to-day is to be f\nd n 9 our ov]fl[+ ,mississippi ( ,kantiana1 b 9 ! ,g]man notion ( ob$i5ce4#abb ,fi*te ren=ces ?is notion ( unque/ion+ ob$i5ce ) ! doctr9e ( /ate socialism3 he beg9s by t5d+ geese1 & ends by writ+ philosophy = !m4 ,s ) ,hegel3 he />ts out buoyantly ) ! proposition t revolution is ! he>t ( hi/ory1 & ends by discov]+ t ! ,k+ ( ,prussia is ,god 9 disguise4 ,9 ,s*op5hau] ! bubble bur/s2 a mill5nium ( self-deception ends at la/ 9 exhau/ion & despair4 ,e ,hildebr& has 8 ,voltaire1 & e ,voltaire 8 ,s*op5hau]4 ,,ii ,biographical 8,9 future10 ,nietzs*e once wrote1 8let no "o conc]n himself ab\t me1 b only ab\t ! ?+s = :i* ,i liv$40 ,we mu/ make ?is biographical note brief4 ,nietzs*e 0 born 9 ,rck51 ,g]many1 #ahdd1 ! son ( a 8noble "y p>son40 ,he 0 br\ght up 9 /rict piety1 & prep>$ himself to ent] ! m9i/ry2 ev5 at bo>d+-s*ool he 0 call$ 8! little m9i/]10 & made p cry by 8 recitations f ! ,bible4 ,we h pictures ( him :i* %[ him 9 all 8 boyi% s]i\sness2 x is evid5t t he is ( a deeply religi\s nature1 & !re=e doom$ to h]esy4 ,at eighte5 he discov]s t he has begun to d\bt ! traditional cre$4 8,:5 ,i exam9e my own ?\ghts10 he writes1 8& he>k5 into my own s\l1 ,i (t5 feel z if ,i he>d ! buzz+ & ro>+ ( wild-cont5d+ p>ties40#abc ,at tw5ty-"o1 :ile /udy+ 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,leipzig1 he discov]s ! philosophy ( ,s*op5hau]2 he reads all hungrily1 feel+ "h a k9dr$ y\?2 8! ne$ ( kn[+ myself1 ev5 ( gnaw+ at myself1 =cibly seiz$ ^u me40#abd ,he is ripe = pessimism1 hav+ bo? religion & a bad /oma*4 ,because ( 8 defective eyesight he is b>r$ f milit>y s]vice2 9 #ahgj he burns ) patriotic fev]1 & at la/ is all[$ to jo9 ! army z a nurse2 b he is almo/ ov]come at sight ( ! sick & w\nd$1 & himself falls ill ) dys5t]y & dyspepsia4 ,9 ?is same ye> he sees a troop ( cavalry pass ?r\gh a t[n 9 /ately gallop & array2 8 weak5$ frame ?rills ) ! sight ( ?is /r5g?3 8,i felt = ! fir/ "t t ! /ronge/ & highe/ ,w to ,life does n f9d expression 9 a mis]able /ruggle = exi/5ce1 b 9 a ,w to ,w>1 a ,w to ,p[]1 a ,w to ,ov]p[]60#abe ,nev]!less1 he settles d[n to a quietly ascetic life z pr(essor ( philology at ! ,univ]sity ( ,basle4 ,b !re is adv5ture 9 him2 & 9 8 fir/ book#abf he slips f ! prose ( philology into an almo/ lyrical philosophy4 ,illness f9ds voice "h 9 ! eulogy ( heal?2 weakness 9 ! deification ( /r5g?2 melan*oly 9 ! praise ( 8,dionysian joy02 lonel9ess 9 ! exaltation ( fri5d%ip4 ,he has a fri5d--,wagn]--! once romantic rebel ( revolution's b>ricades2 b ?is fri5d too is tak5 f him1 ) sl[ly pa9ful break+ ( bond aft] bond4 ,= ,wagn]1 ! /rong1 ! ov]be>+1 ! ru?less1 is com+ to a philosophy ( ,*ri/ian sympa?y & g5tl5ess2 qualities t _c seem div9e to ,nietzs*e1 because !y are long-famili> elem5ts 9 8 own "*4 8,:at ,i am n10 he says1 mo/ tru?fully1 8t = me is ,god & virtue40#abg ,& s he /&s at la/ alone1 borne up solely by ! exhil>ation ( creative ?\ght4 ,he has acqua9tances1 b he puts up ) !m 8simply1 l a pati5t animal02 8n "o has ! fa9te/ inkl+ ( my task40 ,& he suff]s t]ribly 8?r\gh ?is abs5ce ( sympa?y & und]/&+40#abh ,he leaves ev5 ^! acqua9tances1 & ab&ons 8 "w at ,basle2 brok5 9 heal? he f9ds 8 way hopefully to ! k9dli] climate ( ,italy4 ,doctor aft] doctor prescribes = him1 "o prescription read+1 8a nice ,italian swee!>t40 ,he longs = ! comrade%ip1 b dreads ! friction1 ( m>riage4 8,x seems to me absurd10 he writes1 8t "o :o has *os5 = 8 sph]e 444 ! assessm5t ( exi/5ce z a :ole1 %\ld burd5 himself ) ! c>es ( a family1 ) w9n+ bread1 security1 & social position = wife & *ildr540 ,he does n hesitate to conclude t 8:]e ! highe/ philosophical ?9k+ is conc]n$ all m>ri$ m5 are suspect40#abi ,nev]!less he w&]s humanly into some?+ v l a love-affair2 he is almo/ %att]$ ) rapid disillusionm5t1 & takes refuge 9 philosophy4 8,e misund]/&+10 he tells himself1 8has made me fre]4 ,i want less & less f humanity1 & c give x m & m4 ,! sev]ance ( e individual tie is h>d to be>2 b 9 ea* case a w+ gr[s 9 its place40#acj ,& yet ! ne$ ( comrade%ip is /ill !re1 l a gnaw+ hung]3 _m ye>s lat] he cat*es a pass+ smile f a beautiful "y woman1 :om he has nev] se5 be=e2 & 8sudd5ly my lonely philosoph]'s he>t grew w>m )9 me40#aca ,b %e walks (f )\t see+ him1 & !y nev] meet aga94 ,! simple ,italians :o r5t him 8 attic room 9 ,g5oa und]/& him bett] p]haps ?an he c be und]/ood by m pret5ti\s folk4 ,!y "k 8 greatness1 ?\gh !y _c classify x4 ,! *ildr5 ( 8 l&lady call him 8,il ,santo02 & ! m>ket-wom5 keep _! *oice/ grapes = ! b5t philosoph] :o1 x is :isp]$1 writes bitt]ly ab\t wom5 & 8! sup]flu\s40 ,b :at !y "k = c]ta9 is t he is a man ( exce$+ g5tl5ess & purity1 t he is ! v s\l ( *ivalry2 8/ories are /ill told ( 8 polit5ess t[>ds wom5 to :om no "o else %[$ any k9dness40#acb ,let him write :at he pleases1 s long z he is :at he is4 ,he lives simply1 almo/ 9 pov]ty4 8,8 little room10 writes a visitor1 8is b>e & *e]less4 ,x has evid5tly be5 select$ = *eapness r ?an = com=t4 ,no c>pet1 n ev5 a /ove4 ,i f\nd x fe>fully cold40#acc ,8 publi%] has made no pr(it on 8 books2 !y are too %>ply oppos$ to ! 8_s ( ! age02 h5ce ! title he gives to two ( 8 volumes3 ,unzeitgemsse ,betra*tung51--,?\ghts ,out ( ,season4 ,!re is no money1 he is n[ in=m$1 9 su* untimely volumes2 h]eaft] he mu/ publi% 8 books at 8 own co/4 ,he does1 /9t+ himself sev]ely to meet ! new exp5se2 8 greate/ books see ! light 9 ?is way4#acd ,he works h>d1 kn[+ t 8 %ak5 frame has b %ort lease ( life2 & he comes to love 8 pa9ful solitude z a gift4 8,i c't help see+ an enemy 9 any "o :o breaks 9 ^u my work+ summ]4444 ,! idea t any p]son %\ld intrude ^u ! web ( ?\ght :i* ,i am sp9n+ ar\nd me1 is simply appall+4 ,i h no m "t to lose--unless ,i am /+y ) my preci\s half-h\rs ,i %all h a bad consci5ce40#ace ,half-h\rs2 8 eyes w n "w = m ?an ?irty m9utes at a "t4 ,he feels t only to him to :om "t is holy does "t br+ rew>d4 8,he is fully conv9c$10 an acqua9tance writes ( him1 8ab\t 8 mission & 8 p]man5t importance4 ,9 ?is belief he is /rong & great2 x elevates him above all mis=tune40#acf ,he speaks ( 8 ,?us ,spake ,z>a?u/ra 9 t]ms ( almo/ consci\s exagg]ation3 8,x is a book10 he says1 8t /&s alone4 ,d n let u m5tion ! poets 9 ! same brea?2 no?+ p]haps has ev] be5 produc$ out ( su* a sup]abundance ( /r5g?40#acg ,he does n "k t x is 8 illness & 8 hung] = appreciation t h dem&$ ?is self-laudation z re/orative & n\ri%m5t4 ,he pr$icts1 rightly en\gh1 t he w n beg9 to get 8 due me$ ( appreciation till #aija4ach ,8 8unmask+ ( ,*ri/ian morality10 he says1 8is an ev5t unequall$ 9 hi/ory40#aci ,all ?is man's en]gy is 9 8 bra92 he oozes ideas at e pore4 ,he cr[ds into a s5t5ce ! mat]ial ( a *apt]2 & e aphorism is a m\nta9-peak4 ,he d>es to say t :i* o!rs d>e only to ?9k3 & we call him witty because tru? taboo$ is ! s\l ( wit4 ,e page be>s ! impr9t ( ! passion & ! pa9 t gave x bir?4 8,i am n a man10 he says1 8,i am dynamite02 he writes l a man :o feels error aft] error explod+ at 8 t\*2 & he def9es a philosoph] z 8a t]rible explosive 9 ! pres5ce ( :i* ev]y?+ is 9 dang]40#adj 8,!re are m idols ?an realities 9 ! _w2 & ,i h an #8evil eye' = idols40#ada ,:at is ?is philosophy :i* seem$ to its creator m important ?an ev5 ! mightie/ ev5ts ( ! pa/8 ,h[ %all we compress x )\t di/ort+ x1 z x has be5 di/ort$ by s _m ( its lov]s & its hat]s8 ,let u ask ! man himself to speak to u2 let u see if we _c put ! matt] 9 8 own words1 ourselves b supply+1 s to speak1 connective tissue4 ,t done1 we %all und]/& ! man bett]1 & ourselves1 & p]haps our social problem4 ,,iii ,exposition #a ,morality z ,impot5ce ,f a biological /&po9t ! ph5om5on morality is ( a highly suspici\s nature4#adb ,cui bono8--,:om %all we suspect ( pr(it+ by ?is in/itution8 ,is x a mode ( enhanc+ life8--,does x make m5 /rong] & m p]fect8--or does x make = det]ioration & decay8 ,x is obvi\s t up to ! pres5t1 morality has n be5 a problem at all2 x has r be5 ! v gr\nd on :i* p h met aft] all di/ru/1 diss5sion1 & contradiction1 ! hall[$ place ( peace1 :]e ?9k]s c\ld obta9 re/ ev5 f !mselves4#adc ,b :at if morality be ! greate/ ( all ! /umbl+-blocks 9 ! way ( human self-bett]m5t8 ,is x possible t morality itself is ! social problem1 & t ! solution ( t problem lies 9 ! judici\s abolition ( morality8 ,x is a view = :i* some?+ c be said4 ,y h he>d t morality is a means us$ by ! /rong to control ! weak4 ,& x is true3 j consid] ! conv]sion ( ,con/ant9e4 ,b to /op "h is to let half ! tru? be pass$ (f on y z ! :ole2 & half a tru? is half a lie4 ,mu* m true is x t morality is a means us$ by ! weak to control ! /rong1 ! *a9 :i* weakness s(tly lays ^u ! feet ( /r5g?4 ,! :ole ( ! morality ( ,europe is bas$ ^u ! values :i* are useful to ! h]d4#add ,e "o's desire is t !re %\ld be no o!r tea*+ & valuation ( ?+s ?an ^? by means ( :i* he himself succe$s4 ,?us ! fundam5tal t5d5cy ( ! weak & m$iocre ( all times has be5 to enfeeble ! /rong & to r$uce !m to ! level ( ! weak2 _! *ief weapon 9 ?is process 0 ! moral pr9ciple4#ade ,good is e "o :o does n oppress1 :o hurts no "o1 attacks no "o1 does n take v5geance b h&s ov] v5geance to ,god2 :o goes out ( ! way ( evil1 & dem&s little f life2 l ourselves1 pati5t1 meek1 j4 ,good is to d no?+ = :i* we are n /rong en\gh4#adf ,z>a?u/ra laugh$ _m times ov] ! weakl+s :o ?\ght !mselves good because !y _h lame paws6#adg ,ob$i5ce1 subord9ation1 submission1 devotion1 love1 ! pride ( duty2 fatalism1 resignation1 objectivity1 /oicism1 asceticism1 self-d5ial2 9 %ort1 anemia3 ^! are ! virtues :i* ! h]d w\ld h all m5 cultivate1--p>ticul>ly ! /rong m54#adh ,& ! deification ( ,jesus1--t is to say ( meekness1--:at 0 x b ano!r attempt to lull ! /rong to sleep8 #b ,democracy ,see1 n[1 h[ ne>ly t attempt has succe$$4 ,= is n democracy1 if n victori\s1 at lea/ on ! road to victory to-day8 ,& :at is ! democratic movem5t b ! inh]itor ( ,*ri/ianity8#adi ,n ! ,*ri/ianity ( ! great popes2 !y knew bett]1 & 7 build+ a spl5did ari/ocracy :5 ,lu!r spoil$ x all by lett+ loose ! levell+ in/9cts ( ! h]d4#aej ,! in/9ct ( ! h]d is 9 favor ( ! levell] 7,*ri/74#aea ,i v mu* fe> t ! fir/ ,*ri/ian is 9 8 deepe/ in/9cts a rebel aga9/ ev]y?+ privileg$2 he lives & /ruggles unremitt+ly = 8equal rights40#aeb ,x is by ,*ri/ianity1 m ?an by any?+ else1 t ! poison ( ?is doctr9e ( 8equal rights0 has be5 spread abroad4 ,& d n let u und]e/imate ! fatal influ5ce6 ,n[adays no "o has ! c\rage ( special rights1 ( rights ( dom9ion4 ,! ari/ocratic attitude ( m9d has be5 mo/ ?or\ghly und]m9$ by ! lie ( ! equality ( s\ls4#aec ,b is n ?is ! greate/ ( all lies--! 8equality ( m508 ,t is to say1 ! dom9ion ( ! inf]ior4 ,is x n ! mo/ ?readb>e & discr$it$ ( ideas8 ,democracy repres5ts ! disbelief 9 all great m5 & select classes2 ev]ybody equals ev]ybody else2 8at bottom we are all h]d40 ,!re is no welcome = ! g5ius "h2 ! m promis+ = ! future ! mod]n individual happ5s to be1 ! m suff]+ falls to 8 lot4#aed ,if ! rise ( great & r>e m5 _h be5 made dep5d5t ^u ! voices ( ! multitude1 !re nev] w\ld h be5 any su* ?+ z a great man4 ,! h]d reg>ds ! exception1 :e!r x be above or b5ea? its g5]al level1 z some?+ antagoni/ic & dang]\s4 ,_! trick 9 deal+ ) ! exceptions above !m--! /rong1 ! mighty1 ! wise1 ! fruitful--is to p]suade !m to become _! head-s]vants4#aee ,b ! torture ( ! exceptional s\l is only "p ( ! villa9y ( democracies4 ,! o!r "p is *aos4 ,voltaire 0 "r3 8,qu& la populace se mle de raisonn]1 t\t e/ p]du40 ,democracy is an ari/ocracy ( orators1 a competition 9 headl9es1 a mael/rom ( ev] new majorities1 a torr5t ( petty factions sweep+ on to ru94 ,"u democracy ! /ate w decay1 = ! in/ability ( legislation w leave little respect = law1 until f9ally ev5 ! policeman w h to be replac$ by private ent]prise4#aef ,democracy has always be5 ! dea?-agony ( ! p[] ( organization3#aeg rememb] ,a!ns1 & look at ,engl&4 ,)9 fifty ye>s ^! ,babel gov]nm5ts w cla% 9 a gigantic w> = ! control ( ! m>kets ( ! _w2 & :5 t w> comes1 ,engl& w pay ! p5alty = ! democratic ineffici5cy ( its dom9ant muddle-class4#aeh ,?is wave ( democracy w rec$e1 & rec$e quickly1 if m5 ( ability w only oppose x op5ly4 ,x is necess>y = high] m5 to decl>e w> on ! masses4 ,9 all directions m$iocre p are jo9+ h&s 9 ord] to make !mselves ma/]4 ,! middle classes mu/ be dissolv$1 & _! influ5ce decreas$2#aei !re mu/ be no m int]m>ry+ ( ari/ocracy ) plutocracy2 ?is democratic folly w\ld nev] h come at all _h n ! ma/]-classes all[$ _! blood to be m+l$ ) t ( slaves4#afj ,let u fight p>liam5t>y gov]nm5t & ! p[] ( ! press2 !y are ! means :]eby cattle become rul]s4#afa ,f9ally1 x is s5seless & dang]\s to let ! c\nt+-mania 7! cu/om ( univ]sal suffrage7--:i* is /ill b a %ort "t "u cultivation1 & c\ld easily be uproot$--take deep] root2 its introduction 0 m]ely an exp$i5t to /e] cle> ( tempor>y difficulties2 ! "t is ripe = a demon/ration ( democratic incompet5ce & a re/oration ( p[] to m5 :o are born to rule4#afb #c ,fem9ism ,democracy1 aft] all1 is a disease2 an attempt on ! "p ( ! bot*$ to lay d[n = all ! laws ( social heal?4 ,y may obs]ve ! disease 9 its gr[?-process by /udy+ ! woman movem5t4 ,woman's fir/ & la/ function is t ( be>+ robu/ *ildr54#afc ,! emancipat$ ones are ! abortions among wom51 ^? :o lack ! :]e)al to h *ildr5 7,i g no f>!r1 le/ ,i %\ld become m$icynical74#afd ,all intellect 9 wom5 is a pret5sion2 :5 a woman has s*ol>ly incl9ations !re is g5]ally some?+ wrong ) h] sex4 ,^! wom5 ?9k to make !mselves *>m+ to free spirits by we>+ advanc$ views2 z ?\gh a woman )\t piety w\ld n be some?+ p]fectly obnoxi\s & ludicr\s to a pr(\nd & godless man6#afe ,if !re is any?+ wor?y ( laught] x is ! man :o takes "p 9 ?is fem9i/ agitation4 ,let x be und]/ood cle>ly t ! relations betwe5 m5 & wom5 make equality impossible4 ,x is 9 ! nature ( woman to take color & comm&m5t f a man1--unless %e happ5s to be a man4 ,man's happ9ess is 8,i w10 woman's happ9ess is 8,he w40#aff ,woman gives h]self1 man takes h]3 ,i d n ?9k "o w get ov] ?is natural contra/ by any social contract4#afg ,inde$1 wom5 w lose p[] ) e /ep t[>ds emancipation4 ,s9ce ! ,fr5* ,revolution ! influ5ce ( woman has decl9$ 9 proportion z %e has increas$ h] rights & claims4 ,let h] fir/ d h] prop] "w prop]ly 7consid] h[ mu* man has suff]$ f /upidity 9 ! kit*571 & !n x may be "t to consid] an ext5sion ( h] activities4 ,to be mi/ak5 9 ?is fundam5tal problem ( 8man & woman10 to d5y "h ! pr(\nde/ antagonism1 & ! necessity = an et]nally ho/ile t5sion1 to dream "h ( equal rights1 equal tra9+1 equal claims & obligations3 t is a typical sign ( %all[-m9d$ness4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a man :o has dep? ( _s z well z ( desires1 & has also ! dep? ( b5evol5ce :i* is capable ( sev]ity & h>%ness1 & easily conf\nd$ ) !m1 c only ?9k ( woman z ,ori5tals d3 he mu/ conceive ( h] z a possession1 z conf9able prop]ty1 z a be+ pr$e/9$ = s]vice & accompli%+ h] mission !re9--he mu/ take 8 /& 9 ?is matt] ^u ! imm5se rationality ( ,asia1 ^u ! sup]iority ( ! in/9cts ( ,asia4#afh #d ,socialism & ,an>*ism ,all ?is upris+ ( h\sekeep]s is1 ( c\rse1 "p ( ! g5]al sickness ) :i* ,*ri/ianity has inoculat$ & weak5$ ! /rong races ( ,europe4 ,consid] n[ ! m virul5t =ms ( ! disease3 socialism & an>*ism4 ,! com+ ( ! 8k+dom ( ,god0 has "h be5 plac$ 9 ! future1 & be5 giv5 an e>?ly1 a human1 mean+2 b on ! :ole ! fai? 9 ! old ideal is /ill ma9ta9$4 ,!re is /ill ! com=t+ delusion ab\t equal rights1 ) all ! envy t lurks 9 t delusion4 ,"o speaks ( 8equal rights03 t is to say1 s long z "o is n a dom9ant p]sonality1 "o wi%es to prev5t "o's competitors f gr[+ 9 p[]4#afi ,x is a pleasure = all poor devils to grumble--x gives !m a little intoxicat+ s5sation ( p[]4 ,!re is a small dose ( rev5ge 9 e lam5tation4#agj ,:5 y he> "o ( ^? re=m]s talk ( humanity1 y mu/ n take him s]i\sly2 x is only 8 way ( gett+ fools to believe t he is an altrui/2 b5ea? ! cov] ( ?is buncombe a man /rong 9 ! greg>i\s in/9cts makes 8 bid = fame & foll[]s & p[]4 ,?is pret5se to altruism is only a r\ndab\t way ( ask+ = altruism1 x is ! result ( a consci\sness ( ! fact t "o is bot*$ & bungl$4#aga ,9 %ort1 socialism is n ju/ice b covet\sness4#agb ,no d\bt we %\ld look ^u its expon5ts & foll[]s ) ironic compassion3 !y want some?+ :i* we h4#agc ,f ! /&po9t ( natural sci5ce ! highe/ conception ( society accord+ to sociali/s is ! l[e/ 9 ! ord] ( rank among societies4 ,a sociali/ community w\ld be ano!r ,*9a1 a va/ & /ifl+ m$iocracy2 x w\ld be ! tyranny ( ! l[e/ & mo/ bra9less br\ght to its z5i?4#agd ,a nation 9 :i* !re w\ld be no exploitation w\ld be dead4 ,life itself is ess5tially appropriation1 conque/ ( ! /range & weak2 to put x at its milde/1 exploitation4#age ,! abs5ce ( exploitation w\ld mean ! end ( organic function+4 ,surely x is z legitimate & valuable = sup]ior m5 to comm& & use inf]ior m5 z x is = sup]ior species to comm& & use inf]ior species1 z man comm&s & uses animals4#agf ,x is n surpris+ t ! lamb %\ld be> a grudge aga9/ ! great birds ( prey1 b t is no reason = blam+ ! great birds ( prey4#agg ,:at %\ld be done ) muscle except to supply x ) directive bra9s8 ,h[1 o!rwise1 c any?+ wor?y ev] be built by m58 ,9 fact1 man has value & significance only 9 s f> z he is a /one 9 a great build+2 = :i* purpose he has fir/ ( all to be solid2 he has to be a 8/one40#agh ,n[ ! common p und]/& ?is q well1 & are z happy z any ( ! well-to-d1 s long z a silly propag&a does n di/urb !m ) dreams t c nev] be fulfill$4#agi ,pov]ty1 *e]fulness1 & indep5d5ce--x is possible to f9d ^! ?ree qualities comb9$ 9 "o individual2 pov]ty1 *e]fulness1 & slav]y--?is is likewise a possible comb9ation3 & ,i c say no?+ bett] to ! workm5 :o s]ve z factory-slaves4#ahj ,z = ! upp] classes1 !y ne$ be at no loss = weapons ) :i* to fight ?is pe/il5ce4 ,an occasional op5+ ( ! trap-door betwe5 ! ,haves & ! ,h-nots1 increas+ ! numb] ( prop]ty-own]s1 w s]ve be/ ( all4 ,if ?is policy is pursu$1 !re w always be too _m p ( prop]ty = socialism ev] to signify any?+ m ?an an attack ( illness4#aha ,a little pati5ce ) inh]itance & income taxes1 & ! noise ( ! cattle w subside4#ahb ,notice1 mean:ile1 t socialism & despotism are b$fell[s4 ,give ! sociali/ 8 way1 & he w put ev]y?+ into ! h&s ( ! /ate1--t is to say1 into ! h&s ( demagogue politicians4#ahc ,& !n1 all 9 ! tw9kl+ ( an eye1 socialism begets its opposite 9 good ,hegelian fa%ion1 & ! dogs ( an>*ism are let loose to fill ! _w ) _! h[l+4 ,& n )\t excuse or b5efit2 = politicians mu/ be kept 9 _! place1 & ! /ate rigidly re/rict$ to its necess>y functions1 ev5 if an>*i/ agitation helps "o to d x4#ahd ,& ! an>*i/s are "r3 ! /ate is ! colde/ ( all mon/]s1 & ?is lie creeps out ( its m\?1 8,i1 ! ,/ate1 am ! p40#ahe ,s ! wise man w turn an>*ism1 z well z socialism1 to acc\nt2 & he w n fret ev5 :5 a k+ or two is hurri$ into heav5 ) nitroglyc]9e4 ,only s9ce !y h be5 %ot at h pr9ces once m sat securely on _! ?rones4#ahf ,an>*ism ju/ifies itself 9 ! ari/ocrat1 :o feels law z 8 in/rum5t1 n z 8 ma/]2 b ! rebellion aga9/ law z su* is b "o m outbur/ ( physiological misfits b5t on levell+ & rev5ge4#ahg ,x is *ildi% to desire a society 9 :i* e individual w\ld h z mu* fre$om z ano!r4#ahh ,decad5ce speaks 9 ! democratic idiosyncrasy aga9/ ev]y?+ :i* rules & wi%es to rule1 ! mod]n mis>*ism 7to co9 a bad ^w = a bad ?+74#ahi ,:5 all m5 are /rong en\gh to comm&1 !n law w be sup]flu\s2 weakness ne$s ! v]tebr ( law4 ,he is comm&$ :o _c obey 8 own self4 ,let ! an>*i/ be ?ankful t he has laws to obey4 ,to comm& is m difficult2 :5ev] liv+ ?+s comm& !y risk !mselves2 !y take ! h>d responsibilities = ! result4#aij ,fre$om is ! w to be responsible = ourselves2#aia :5 ! mob is capable ( t1 x w be "t to ?9k ( disp5s+ ) law4 ,! tru? is1 ( c\rse1 t ! an>*i/ is lull$ into nons5se by ,r\sseau's notion ( ! naturally good man4 ,he does n und]/& t revolution m]ely unla%es ! dogs 9 man1 till !y once m cry = ! :ip4#aib ,ca/ out ! ,b\rbons1 & 9 t5 ye>s y w welcome ,napoleon4 ,t is ! end ( an>*ism2 & x is ! end ( democracy1 too4 ,! tru? is t m5 are will+ & anxi\s to be rul$ by rul]s wor?y ( ! "n4 ,b ! corrupt$ rul+ classes h br\ght rul+ into evil odor4 ,! deg5]ation ( ! rul] & ( ! rul+ classes has be5 ! cause ( all ! disord]s 9 hi/ory4 ,democracy is n rul+1 b drift+2 x is a political relaxation1 z if an organism 7 to all[ ea* ( its p>ts to d j z x pleas$4 ,precisely ^! disorganiz+ pr9ciples give our age its specific "*4 ,our society has lo/ ! p[] to function prop]ly2 x no long] rids itself naturally ( its rott5 elem5ts2 x no long] has ! /r5g? ev5 to excrete4#aic #e ,deg5]ation ,:at k9d ( m5 is to be f\nd 9 su* a society8 ,m$iocre m52 m5 /upid to ! po9t ( sanctity2 fragile1 useless s\ls-de-luxe2 m5 suff]+ f a sort ( hemiplegia ( virtue1--t is to say1 p>alyz$ 9 ! self-ass]tive in/9cts2 m5 tam$1 almo/ emasculat$ by a morality ^: ess5ce is ! abdication ( ! w4#aid ,n[1 z a rule1 ! tam+ ( a bea/ is a*iev$ only by det]iorat+ x2 s too ! moral man is n a bett] man1 he is r a weak] memb] ( 8 species4 ,he is altrui/ic1 ( c\rse2 t is1 he feels t he ne$s help4 ,!re is no place = really great m5 9 ?is m>* t[>ds non5tity2 if a great man appe>s he is call$ a crim9al4#aie ,a ,p]iclean ,greek1 a ,r5aissance ,flor5t9e1 w\ld brea! l "o asphyxiat$ 9 ?is moralic acid atmosph]e2 ! fir/ condition ( life = su* a man is t he free himself f ?is ,*9adom ( ! _s4#aif ,b ! numb] ( ^? :o are capable ( ris+ into ! pure air ( unmoralism is v small2 & ^? :o h made timid sallies into !ological h]esy are ! mo/ addict$ to ! com=t & security ( e?ical or?odoxy4 ,9 %ort1 m5 are com+ to look ^u l[]$ vitality z ! he>t ( virtue2 & morality w be saddl$ ) ! guilt if ! maximum pot5tiality ( ! p[] & spl5dor ( ! human species %\ld nev] be atta9$4#aig ,m5 ( ?is /amp require a good deal ( religi\s peps9 to ov]come ! indige/ibility ( life2 if !y leave "o fai? 9 ! pass+ brav]y ( _! y\? !y soon s9k back into ano!r4#aih ,god1 previ\sly dilut$ f tribal deity into sub/antia & d+-an-si*1#aii n[ recov]s a respectable degree ( reality2 ! imag9>y pill> on :i* m5 lean is made /rong] & m concrete z _! weakness increases4 ,h[ mu* fai? a p]son requires 9 ord] to fl\ri%1 h[ mu* fix$ op9ion he ne$s :i* he does n wi% to h %ak51 because he holds himself !reby1--is a measure ( 8 p[] 7or m pla9ly speak+1 ( 8 weakness74#bjj ,! same crit]ion classifies our fri5ds ! metaphysicians1--^? alb9os ( ?\ght1--:o are1 ( c\rse1 prie/s 9 disguise4#bja ,! degree ( a man's w-p[] may be measur$ by ! ext5t to :i* he c disp5se ) ! mean+ 9 ?+s2 by ! ext5t to :i* he is able to endure a _w )\t mean+2 because he himself arranges a small portion ( x4#bjb ,! _w has no mean+3 all ! bett]2 put "s mean+ into x1 says ! man ) a man's he>t4 ,! _w has no mean+3 b x is only a _w ( appe>ance1 says ! weak-kne$ philosoph]2 beh9d ?is ph5om5al _w is ! real _w1 :i* has mean+1 & means good4 ,( ! real _w 8!re is no k2 consequ5tly !re is a ,god0--:at novel elegance ( syllogism6#bjc ,?is belief t ! _w :i* ought to be is real is a belief prop] to ! unfruitful :o d n wi% to create a _w4 ,! 8w to tru?0 is ! impot5ce ( ! 8w to create40#bjd ,ev5 monism is be+ turn$ into m$ic9e = sick s\ls2 cle>ly ^! lov]s ( wisdom seek n tru?1 b rem$ies = _! illnesses4#bje ,!re is too mu* be] & midnight oil 9 mod]n philosophy1 & n en\gh fre% air4#bjf ,philosoph]s condemn ?is _w because !y h avoid$ x2 ^? :o are contemplative naturally belittle activity4#bjg ,9 tru?1 ! hi/ory ( philosophy is ! /ory ( a secret & mad hatr$ ( ! pr]equisites ( life1 ( ! feel+s :i* make = ! real values ( life4#bjh ,no wond] t philosophy is fall5 to su* l[ e/ate4 ,sci5ce fl\ri%es n[adays1 & has ! good consci5ce cle>ly visible on its c\nt5ance2 :ile ! remnant to :i* mod]n philosophy has gradually sunk excites di/ru/ & displeasure1 if n scorn & pity4 ,philosophy r$uc$ to a 8!ory ( k10 a philosophy t nev] gets beyond ! ?re%old1 & rigor\sly d5ies itself ! "r to ent]--t is philosophy 9 its la/ ?roes1 an end1 an agony2 some?+ t awak5s pity4 ,h[ c\ld su* a philosophy rule6#bji #f ,nihilism ,all ^! ?+s1 democracy1 fem9ism1 socialism1 an>*ism1 & mod]n philosophy1 are heads ( ! ,*ri/ian hydra1 ea* a sore 9 ! total disease4 ,giv5 su* illness1 affect+ all p>ts ( ! social body1 & :at result %all we expect & f9d8 ,pessimism1 despair1 nihilism1--t is1 disbelief 9 all values ( life4#baj ,confid5ce 9 life is gone2 life itself has become a problem4 ,love ( life is /ill possible1--only x is ! love ( a woman ( :om "o is d\btful4#baa ,! 8good man0 sees himself surr\nd$ by evil1 discov]s traces ( evil 9 e "o ( 8 acts4 ,& ?us he ultimately arrives at ! conclusion1 :i* to him is q logical1 t nature is evil1 t man is corrupt$1 & t be+ good is an act ( grace 7t is to say1 x is impossible to man :5 he /&s alone74 ,9 %ort1 he d5ies life4#bab ,! man :o frees himself f ! !ology ( ! ,*ur* b adh]es to ,*ri/ian e?ics necess>ily falls into pessimism4 ,he p]ceives t man is no long] an assi/ant 91 let alone ! culm9ation (1 ! evolution>y process2 he p]ceives t ,becom+ has be5 aim+ at ,no?+1 & has a*iev$ x2 & t is some?+ :i* he _c be>4#bac ,suff]+1 :i* 01 be=e1 a trial ) promis$ rew>d1 is n[ an intol]able my/]y2 if he is mat]ially com=table himself1 he f9ds s\rce = s5tim5t & te>s 9 ! pa9 & mis]y ( o!rs2 he concocts a 8social problem10 & nev] dreams t ! social problem is itself a result ( decad5ce4#bad ,he does n feel at home 9 ?is _w 9 :i* ! ,*ri/ian ,god is dead1 & to :i*1 nev]!less1 he br+s no?+ m appreciative ?an ! old ,*ri/ian moral attitude4 ,he despairs because he is a *aos1 & kn[s x2 8,i d n "k :]e ,i am1 or :at ,i am to d2 ,i am ev]y?+ t kn[s n :]e x is or :at to d10 he sighs4#bae ,life1 he says at la/1 is n wor? liv+4 ,let u n try to answ] su* a man2 he ne$s n logic b a sanit>ium4 ,b see1 ?r\gh him1 & 9 him1 ! de/ructiv5ess ( ,*ri/ian morals4 ,?is despicable civilization1 says ,r\sseau1 is to blame = our bad morality4 ,:at if our good morality is to blame = ?is despicable civilization8#baf ,see h[ ! old e?ic depreciates ! joy ( liv+1 & ! gratitude felt t[>ds life2 h[ x *ecks ! k & unfold+ ( life2 h[ x *okes ! impulse to beautify & ennoble life4#bag ,& at :at a "t6 ,?9k :at a race ) mascul9e w c\ld accompli% n[6 ,precisely n[1 :5 w 9 its fulle/ /r5g? 7 necess>y1 x is 9 ! weake/ & mo/ pusillanim\s condition4 ,absolute mi/ru/ conc]n+ ! organiz+ p[] ( ! w3 to t we h come4#bah ,! _w is d>k ) despair at ! mom5t ( greate/ light4 ,:at if man c\ld be made to love ! light & use x8 #g ,! ,w to ,p[] ,is x possible t ?is despair is n ! f9al /ate 9 ! exhau/ion ( a race1 b only a transition f belief 9 a p]fect & e?ical _w to an attitude ( transvaluation & control8#bai ,p]haps we are at ! bottom ( our spiritual toboggan1 & an asc5d+ movem5t is ar\nd ! corn] ( ! ye>s4 ,n[ t our ,*ri/ian bubble has bur/ into ,s*op5hau]1 we are left free to recov] "s "p ( ! joy\s /r5g? ( ! anci5ts4 ,let u become aga9 z little *ildr51 unspoil$ by religion & morality2 let u =get :at x is to feel s9ful2 let ! ?\s&fold laught] ( *ildr5 cle> ! air ( ! odor ( decay4 ,let u beg9 anew2 & ! s\l w rise & ov]fl[ all its m>g9s ) ! joy ( r$iscov]$ life4#bbj ,life has n deceiv$ u6 ,on ! contr>y1 f ye> to ye> x appe>s ri*]1 m desirable1 & m my/]i\s2 ! old fett]s are brok5 by ! ?\ght t life may be an exp]im5t & n a duty1 n a fatality1 n a deceit6#bba ,life--t means = u to trans=m con/antly into light & flame all t we are1 & also all t we meet )2 we _c possibly d o!rwise4#bbb ,to be natural aga91 to d>e to be z immoral z nature is2 to be su* pagans z 7 ! ,greeks ( ! ,hom]ic age1 to say ,yea to life1 ev5 to its suff]+2 to w9 back "s ( t m\nta9-air ,dionysian _s :i* took pleasure 9 ! tragic1 nay1 :i* inv5t$ trag$y z ! expression ( its sup]-abundant vitality1 z ! expression ( its welcome ( ev5 ! cruele/ & mo/ t]rible elem5ts ( life6#bbc ,to be heal?y once m6 ,= !re is no o!r virtue ?an heal?1 vigor1 en]gy4 ,all virtues %\ld be look$ ^u z physiological conditions1 & moral judgm5ts are symptoms ( physiological prosp]ity or ! rev]se4 ,inde$1 x might be wor? :ile to try to see :e!r a sci5tific ord] ( values might n be con/ruct$ accord+ to a scale ( numb]s & measures repres5t+ en]gy4 ,all o!r values are matt]s ( prejudice1 simplicity1 & misund]/&+4#bbd ,in/ead ( moral values let u use naturali/ic values1 physiological values2 let u say frankly ) ,sp9oza t virtue & p[] are "o & ! same4 ,:at is good8 ,all t enhances ! feel+ ( p[]1 ! w to p[]1 & p[] itself1 9 man4 ,:at is bad8 ,all t proce$s f weakness4 ,:at is happ9ess8 ,! feel+ t p[] is increas+1 t resi/ance is be+ ov]come4#bbe ,?is is n or?odox e?ics2 & p]haps x w n d = long e>s1--?\gh an unspoil$ y\? w\ld und]/& x4 ,a heal?y & vigor\s boy w look up s>ca/ically if y ask him1 8,d y wi% to become virtu\s80--b ask him1 8,d y wi% to become /rong] ?an y\r comrades80 & he is all eag]ness at once4#bbf ,y\? kn[s t ability is virtue2 wat* ! a?letic field4 ,y\? is n at home 9 ! class room1 because !re k is e/rang$ f action2 & y\? measures ! height ( :at a man kn[s by ! dep? ( 8 p[] to d4#bbg ,!re is a bett] gospel 9 ! boy on ! field ?an 9 ! man 9 ! pulpit4 ,:i* ( ! boys :om we "k d we love be/ 9 our secret he>ts--! pray]ful ,aloysius1 or ! ma/]ful lead] ( ! ur*9s 9 ! /reet8 ,we moralize & s]monize 9 mean ef=ts to br+ ! "y tyrant d[n to our virtu\s anmia2 b we "k t we are wrong1 & respect him mo/ :5 he /&s 8 gr\nd mo/ firmly4 ,to require ( /r5g? t x %\ld express itself z weakness is j z absurd z to require ( weakness t x %\ld express itself z /r5g?4#bbh ,let u g to s*ool to our *ildr51 & we %all und]/& t all native prop5sities are b5efic5t1 t ! evil impulses are to a f> view z necess>y & pres]vative z ! good4#bbi ,9 tru? we wor%ip y\? because at its f9e/ x is a free dis*>ge ( in/9ctive /r5g?2 & we "k t happ9ess is no?+ else ?an t4 ,to ab&on in/9ct1 to delib]ate1 to clog action ) consci\s ?\ght1--t is to a*ieve old age4 ,aft] all1 no?+ c be done p]fectly s long z x is done consci\sly2 consci\sness is a defect to be ov]come4#bcj ,in/9ct is ! mo/ intellig5t ( all k9ds ( intellig5ce :i* h hi!rto be5 discov]$4#bca ,g5ius lies 9 ! in/9cts2 goodness too2 all consci\sness is !atricality4#bcb ,:5 a p beg9s to wor%ip reason1 x beg9s to die4#bcc ,y\? kn[s bett]3 x foll[s in/9ct tru/fully1 & wor%ips p[]4 ,& we wor%ip p[] too1 & %\ld say s 7 we z hone/ z our *ildr54 ,our g5tle/ virtues are b =ms ( p[]3 out ( ! abundance ( ! p[] ( sex come k9dness & pity2 out ( rev5ge1 ju/ice2 out ( ! love ( resi/ance1 brav]y4 ,love is a secret pa? to ! he>t ( ! p[]ful1 9 ord] to become 8 ma/]2 gratitude is rev5ge ( a l(ty k9d2 self-sacrifice is an attempt to %>e 9 ! p[] ( him to :om ! sacrifice is made4 ,honor is ! ackn[l$gm5t ( an equal p[]2 praise is ! pride ( ! judge2 all conf]r+ ( b5efits is an ex]cise ( p[]4#bcd ,behold a man 9 di/ress3 /raightway ! compassionate ones come to him1 depict 8 mis=tune to him1 at la/ g away1 satisfi$ & elevat$2 !y h gloat$ ov] ! unhappy man's mis=tune & _! own2 !y h sp5t a pleasant ,sunday aft]noon4#bce ,s ) ! sci5ti/ & ! philosoph]3 9 _! ?ir/ = k lurks ! lu/ ( ga9 & conque/4 ,& ! cry ( ! oppress$ = fre$om is aga9 a cry = p[]4#bcf ,y _c und]/& man1 y _c und]/& society1 until y le>n to see 9 all ?+s ?is w to p[]4 ,physiologi/s %\ld be?9k !mselves be=e putt+ d[n ! in/9ct ( self-pres]vation z ! c>d9al in/9ct ( an organic be+4 ,a liv+ ?+ seeks above all to dis*>ge its /r5g?3 self-pres]vation is only "o ( ! results ( ?is4 ,& psy*ologi/s %\ld ?9k twice be=e say+ t happ9ess or pleasure is ! motive ( all action4 ,pleasure is b an incid5t ( ! re/less se>* = p[]2 happ9ess is an accompany+1 n an actuat+1 factor4 ,! feel+ ( happ9ess lies precisely 9 ! discont5t$ness ( ! w1 9 ! fact t )\t oppon5ts & ob/acles x is nev] satisfi$4 ,man is n[ ma/] ( ! =ces ( nature1 & ma/] too ( 8 own wild & unbridl$ feel+s2 9 comp>ison ) primitive man ! man ( to-day repres5ts an enorm\s quantum ( p[]1 b n an increase ( happ9ess4 ,h[ c "o ma9ta91 !n1 t man has /riv5 aft] happ9ess8 ,no2 n happ9ess1 b m p[]2 n peace at any price1 b w>2 n virtue1 b capacity2 t is ! secret ( man's long+ & man's seek+4#bcg ,let biologi/s1 too1 rexam9e ! /ock-9-trade ( _! !ory4 ,life is n ! cont9u\s adju/m5t ( int]nal to ext]nal relations1 b w to p[]1 :i*1 proce$+ f )91 subjugates & incorporates an ev]-increas+ quantity ( 8ext]nal ph5om5a40 ,all motive =ce1 all 8causation0 :atev]1 is ?is w to p[]2 !re is no o!r =ce1 physical1 dynamical1 or psy*ical4#bch ,z to ! fam\s 8/ruggle = exi/5ce10 x seems at pres5t to be m ( an assumption ?an a fact4 ,x does occur1 b z an exception2 & x is due n to a desire = food b t]go to a sur*>ge ( en]gy dem&+ dis*>ge4 ,! g5]al condition ( life is n "o ( want or fam9e1 b r ( ri*es1 ( lavi% luxuriance1 & ev5 ( absurd prodigality2 :]e !re is a /ruggle x is a /ruggle = p[]4 ,we mu/ n conf\nd ,mal?us ) ,nature4#bci ,"o does inde$ f9d ! 8cruelty ( ,nature0 :i* is s (t5 ref]r$ to1 b 9 a diff]5t place3 ,nature is cruel1 b aga9/ h] lucky & well-con/itut$ *ildr52 %e protects & %elt]s & loves ! l[ly4 ,d>w9 sees selection 9 favor ( ! /rong]1 ! bett]-con/itut$4 ,precisely ! rev]se />es "o 9 ! face3 ! suppression ( ! lucky cases1 ! rev]sion to av]age1 ! uselessness ( ! m highly con/itut$ types1 ! inevitable ma/]y ( ! m$iocre4 ,if we drew our morals f reality1 !y w\ld read ?us3 ! m$iocre are m valuable ?an ! exceptional creatures2 ! w to non5tity prevails ov] ! w to life4 ,we h to bew>e ( ?is =mulation ( reality into a moral4#bdj ,no2 morality is n m$iocrity1 x is sup]iority2 x does n mean be+ l mo/ p1 b be+ bett]1 /rong]1 m capable ?an mo/ p4 ,x does n mean timidity3 if any?+ is virtue x is to /& unafraid 9 ! pres5ce ( any prohibition4#bda ,x does n mean ! pursuit ( ends sanctifi$ by society2 x means ! w to y\r own ends1 & to ! means to !m4 ,x means behav+ z /ates behave1--) frank ab&onm5t ( all altrui/ic pret5ce4 ,corporate bodies are int5d$ to d t :i* individuals h n ! c\rage to d3 = ?is reason all communities are va/ly m upright & in/ructive z reg>ds ! nature ( man ?an individuals1 :o are too c[>dly to h ! c\rage ( _! desires4 ,all altruism is ! prud5ce ( ! private man2 societies are n mutually altrui/ic4 ,altruism & life are incompatible3 all ! =ces & in/9cts :i* are ! s\rce ( life lie /agnant b5ea? ! ban ( ! old morality4 ,b real morality is c]ta9ty ( in/9ct1 effectiv5ess ( action2 x is any action :i* increases ! p[] ( a man or ( m52 x is an expression ( asc5d5t & exp&+ life2 x is a*ievem5t2 x is p[]4#bdb #h ,! ,sup]man ,) su* a morality y bre$ m5 :o are m52 & to bre$ m5 :o are m5 is all t y\r 8social problem0 comes to4 ,?is does n mean t ! :ole race is to be improv$3 ! v la/ ?+ a s5sible man w\ld promise to accompli% w\ld be to improve mank9d4 ,mank9d does n improve1 x does n ev5 exi/4 ,! aspect ( ! :ole is mu* m l t ( a huge exp]im5t+ work%op :]e "s ?+s 9 all ages succe$1 :ile an incalculable numb] ( ?+s fail4 ,to say t ! social problem consi/s 9 a g5]al rais+ ( ! av]age /&>d ( com=t & ability am\nts to ab&on+ ! problem2 !re is z little prospect ( mank9d's atta9+ to a high] ord] z !re is = ! ant & ! e>-wig to ent] into k9%ip ) ,god & et]nity4 ,! mo/ fundam5tal ( all errors "h lies 9 reg>d+ ! _m1 ! h]d1 z an aim in/ead ( ! individual3 ! h]d is only a means4 ,! road to p]fection lies 9 ! br++ =? ( ! mo/ p[]ful individuals1 = ^: use ! great masses w\ld be conv]t$ into m]e tools1 into ! mo/ intellig5t & flexible tools possible4 ,e human be+1 ) 8 total activity1 has dignity & significance only s f> z he is1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 a tool 9 ! s]vice ( a sup]ior individual4 ,all t c be done is to produce "h & !re1 n[ & !n1 su* a sup]ior individual1 l'uomo s+ul>e1 ! high] man1 ! sup]man4 ,! problem does n conc]n :at humanity z a :ole or z a species is to accompli%1 b :at k9d ( man is to be desir$ z highe/ 9 value1 :at k9d ( man is to be work$ = & br$4 ,to produce ! sup]man3 t is ! social problem4 ,if ?is is n und]/ood1 no?+ is und]/ood4#bdc ,n[ :at w\ld su* a man be l8 ,%all we try to picture him8 ,we see him z above all a lov] ( life3 /rong en\gh1 too1 to love life )\t deceiv+ himself ab\t x4 ,!re is no mem5to mori "h2 r a mem5to viv]e2 ri* in/9cts call = mu* liv+4 ,a h>d man1 lov+ dang] & difficulty3 :at does n kill him1 he feels1 leaves him /rong]4 ,pleasure--pleasure z x is und]/ood by ! ri*--is repugnant to him3 he seeks n pleasure b "w1 n happ9ess b responsibility & a*ievem5t4 ,he does n make philosophy an excuse = liv+ prud5tly & ap>t1 an artifice = )draw+ successfully f ! game ( life2 he does n /& aside & m]ely look on2 he puts 8 %\ld] to ! :eel2 = him x is ! ess5ce ( philosophy to feel ! obligation & burd5 ( a hundr$ attempts & temptations1 ! joy ( a hundr$ adv5tures2 he risks himself con/antly2 he plays out to ! end ?is bad game4#bdd ,to risk & to create1 ?is is ! mean+ ( life to ! sup]man4 ,he c\ld n be> to be a man1 if man c\ld n be a poet1 a mak]4 ,to *ange e 8,x 00 into a 8,?us ,i w\ld h x60--9 ?is he f9ds t life may r$eem itself4 ,he is mov$ n by ambition b by a mighty ov]fl[+ sp5d?rift _s t drives him on2 he mu/ remake2 = ?is he compels all ?+s to come to him & into him1 9 ord] t !y may fl[ back f him z gifts ( 8 love & 8 abundance2 9 ?is refa%ion+ ( ?+s by ?\ght he sees ! hol9ess ( life2 ! greate/ ev5ts1 he kn[s1 are ^! /ill creative h\rs4#bde ,he is a man ( contra/s1 or contradictions2 he does n desire to be always ! same man2 he is a multitude ( elem5ts & ( m52 8 value lies precisely 9 8 compreh5siv5ess & multif>i\sness1 9 ! v>iety ( burd5s :i* he c be>1 9 ! ext5t to :i* he c /ret* 8 responsibility2 9 him ! antagoni/ic "* ( exi/5ce is repres5t$ & ju/ifi$4 ,he loves in/9ct1 kn[s t x is ! f\nta9 ( all 8 en]gies2 b he kn[s1 too1 ! natural delight ( /hetic natures 9 measure1 ! pleasure ( self-re/ra9t1 ! exhil>ation ( ! rid] on a fi]y /e$4 ,he is a selective pr9ciple1 he rejects mu*2 he reacts sl[ly to all k9ds ( /imuli1 ) t t>d9ess :i* long caution & delib]ate pride h br$ 9 him2 he te/s ! approa*+ /imulus4 ,he decides sl[ly2 b he holds firmly to a decision made4#bdf ,he loves & has ! qualities :i* ! folk call virtues1 b he loves too & %[s ! qualities :i* ! folk call vices2 x is aga9 9 ?is union ( opposites t he rises above m$iocrity2 he is a broad ar* t spans two banks ly+ f> ap>t4 ,! folk on ei!r side fe> him2 = !y _c calculate on him1 or classify him4 ,he is a free _s1 an enemy ( all fett]s & labels2 he belongs to no p>ty1 kn[+ t ! man :o belongs to a p>ty p]=ce becomes a li>4 ,he is a sceptic 7n t he mu/ appe> to be "o72 fre$om f any k9d ( conviction is a necess>y factor 9 8 /r5g? ( w4 ,he does n make propag&a or proselytes2 he keeps 8 ideals to himself z di/9ctions2 8 op9ion is 8 op9ion3 ano!r p]son has n easily a "r to x2 he has r5\nc$ ! bad ta/e ( wi%+ to agree ) _m p4 ,he kn[s t he _c reveal himself to anybody2 l ev]y?+ pr(\nd1 he loves ! mask2 he does n desc5d to famili>ity2 & is n famili> :5 p ?9k he is4 ,if he _c lead1 he walks alone4#bdg ,he has n only intellect2 if t 7 all x w\ld n be en\gh2 he has blood4 ,beh9d him is a l9eage ( culture & ability2 lives ( dang] & di/9ction2 8 ance/ors h paid ! price = :at he is1 j z mo/ m5 pay ! price = :at _! ance/ors h be54 ,naturally1 !n1 he has a /rong feel+ ( di/ance2 he sees inequality & gradation1 ord] & rank1 ev]y:]e among m54 ,he has ! mo/ ari/ocratic ( virtues3 intellectual hone/y4 ,he does n readily become a fri5d or an enemy2 he honors only 8 equals1 & !re=e _c be ! enemy ( _m2 :]e "o despises "o _c wage w>4 ,he lacks ! p[] ( easy reconciliation2 b 8retaliation0 is z incompreh5sible to him z 8equal rights40 ,he rema9s j ev5 z reg>ds 8 injur]2 despite ! /rong provocation ( p]sonal insult ! cle> & l(ty objectivity ( ! j & judg+ eye 7^: glance is z pr(\nd z x is g5tle7 is untr\bl$4 ,he recognizes duties only to 8 equals2 to o!rs he does :at he ?9ks be/2 he kn[s t ju/ice is f\nd only among equals4 ,he has t di/9ctively ari/ocratic trait1 ! ability to comm& & ) equal read9ess to obey2 t is indisp5sable to 8 pride4 ,he w n p]mit himself to be prais$2 he does :at s]ves 8 purpose4 ,! ess5ce ( him is t he has a purpose1 = :i* he w n hesitate to run all risks1 ev5 to sacrifice m51 to b5d _! backs to ! wor/4 ,t some?+ may exi/ :i* is a hundr$ times m important ?an ! "q :e!r he feels well or unwell1 & !re=e too :e!r ! o!rs feel well or unwell3 ?is is a fundam5tal in/9ct ( 8 nature4 ,to h a purpose1 & to cleave to x ?r\gh all dang]s till x be a*iev$1--t is 8 great passion1 t is himself4#bdh #i ,h[ to ,make ,sup]m5 ,x is our task1 !n1 to procreate ?is syn!tic man1 :o embodies ev]y?+ & ju/ifies x1 & = :om ! re/ ( mank9d is b soil2 to br+ ! philosoph]1 ! arti/1 & ! sa9t1 )9 & )\t u1 to ! light1 & to /rive !reby = ! completion ( nature4 ,9 ?is cultivation lies ! mean+ ( culture3 ! direction ( all life to ! end ( produc+ ! f9e/ possible individuals4 ,:at is great 9 man is t he is a bridge & n a goal2 8 v ess5ce is to create a be+ high] ?an himself2 t is ! in/9ct ( procreation1 ! in/9ct ( action & ( "w4 ,ev5 ! high] man himself feels ?is ne$ ( begett+2 & = less] m5 all virtue & morals lie 9 prep>+ ! way t ! sup]man may come4 ,!re is no great] horror ?an ! deg5]at+ s\l :i* says1 8,all = myself40 ,9 ?is great purpose1 too1 is ! ess5ce ( a bett] religion1 & a surpass+ ( ! b\nds ( n>r[ individualism2 ) ?is purpose !re come mom5ts1 sp>ks f ! cle> fire ( love1 9 ^: light we und]/& ! ^w 8,i0 no long]2 we feel t we are creat+1 & !re=e 9 a s5se becom+1 some?+ great] ?an ourselves4#bdi ,h[ to make /raight ! way = ! sup]man8 ,fir/ by re=m+ m>riage4 ,let x be und]/ood at once t love is a h9drance r ?an a help to su* m>riages z are calculat$ to bre$ high] m54 ,to reg>d a ?+ z beautiful is necess>ily to reg>d x falsely2 t is :y love-m>riages are f ! social po9t ( view ! mo/ unreasonable =m ( matrimony4 ,7 !re a b5evol5t ,god1 ! m>riages ( m5 w\ld cause him m displeasure ?an any?+ else2 he w\ld obs]ve t all buy]s are c>eful1 b t ev5 ! mo/ cunn+ "o buys 8 wife 9 a sack2 & surely he w\ld cause ! e>? to tremble 9 convulsions :5 a sa9t & a goose c\ple4 ,:5 a man is 9 love1 he %\ld n be all[$ to come to a decision ab\t 8 life1 & to det]m9e once = all ! "* ( 8 lifelong society on acc\nt ( a :im4 ,if we treat$ m>riage s]i\sly1 we w\ld publicly decl>e invalid ! v[s ( lov]s1 & refuse !m p]mission to m>ry4 ,we w\ld remake public op9ion1 s t x w\ld enc\rage trial m>riage2 we w\ld exact c]tificates ( heal? & good ance/ry2 we w\ld puni% ba*elorhood by long] milit>y s]vice1 & w\ld rew>d ) all sorts ( privileges ^? fa!rs :o %\ld lavi% sons ^u ! _w4 ,& above all we w\ld make p und]/& t ! purpose ( m>riage is n t !y %\ld duplicate1 b t !y %\ld surpass1 !mselves4 ,p]haps we w\ld read to !m f ,z>a?u/ra1 ) fitt+ c]emonies & solemnities3 8,?\ art "y1 & wi%e/ = *ild & m>riage4 ,b ,i ask !e1 art ?\ a man :o d>e? to wi% = a *ild8 ,art ?\ ! victori\s "o1 ! self-subdu]1 ! comm&] ( ?y s5ses1 ! ma/] ( ?y virtues8--or 9 ?y wi% do? !re speak ! animal1 or necessity8 ,or solitude8 ,or discord ) ?yself8 ,i w\ld t ?y victory & fre$om 7 long+ = a *ild4 ,?\ %alt build liv+ monum5ts unto ?y victory & ?y lib]ation4 ,?\ %alt build beyond ?yself4 ,b fir/ ?\ mu/ build ?yself squ>e 9 body & s\l4 ,?\ %alt n only propagate ?yself1 b propagate ?yself upw>d6 ,m>riage3 ?us ,i call ! w ( two to create t "o :i* is m ?an !y :o creat$ x4 ,i call m>riage rev]5ce unto ea* o!r z unto ^? :o w su* a w40#bej ,9 a ^w1 eug5ic m>riage2 & aft] eug5ic m>riage1 rigor\s education4 ,b int]e/ 9 education w become p[]ful only :5 belief 9 a ,god & 8 c>e h be5 ab&on$1 j z m$ic9e began to fl\ri% only :5 ! belief 9 miracul\s cures _h laps$4 ,:5 m5 beg9 at la/ to believe 9 education1 !y w endure mu* r ?an h _! sons miss go+ to a good & h>d s*ool at ! prop] "t4 ,:at is x t "o le>ns 9 a h>d s*ool8 ,to obey & to comm&4 ,= ?is is :at di/+ui%es h>d s*ool+1 z good s*ool+1 f e o!r s*ool+1 namely t a good deal is dem&$1 sev]ely exact$2 t excell5ce is requir$ z if x 7 normal2 t praise is scanty1 t l5i5cy is non-exi/5t2 t blame is %>p1 practical1 & )\t reprieve1 & has no reg>d to tal5t & antec$5ts4 ,to pref] dang] to com=t2 n to weigh 9 a tradesman's balance :at is p]mitt$ & :at is =bidd52 to be m ho/ile to pett9ess1 slyness1 & p>asitism ?an to wick$ness2--we are 9 e ne$ ( a s*ool :]e ^! ?+s w\ld be taught4 ,su* a s*ool w\ld all[ its pupils to le>n productively1 by liv+ & do+2 x w\ld n subject !m to ! tyranny ( books & ! weight ( ! pa/2 x w\ld tea* !m less ab\t ! pa/ & m ab\t ! future2 x w\ld tea* !m ! future ( humanity z dep5d+ on human w1 on _! w2 x w\ld prep>e ! way = & be a "p ( a va/ ent]prise 9 bre$+ & education4#bea ,b ev5 su* a s*ool w\ld n provide all t is necess>y 9 education4 ,n all %\ld receive ! same tra9+ & ! same c>e2 select gr\ps mu/ be *os51 & special in/ruction lavi%$ on !m2 ! greate/ success1 h[ev]1 w rema9 = ! man :o does n seek to educate ei!r ev]ybody or c]ta9 limit$ circles1 b only "o s+le individual4 ,! la/ c5tury 0 sup]ior to ours precisely because x possess$ s _m individually educat$ m54 #aj ,on ! ,necessity ( ,exploitation ,& next slav]y4 ,?is is "o ( ^? ugly words :i* are ! v]ba non grata ( mod]n discussion1 because !y j> u s ru?lessly out ( ! grooves ( our ?9k+4 ,nev]!less x is cle> to all b ^? to :om self-deception is ! /aff ( life1 t z ! hone/ ,greeks _h x1 "s are born to be slaves4 ,try to educate all m5 equally1 & y become ! laugh+-/ock ( y\r own maturity4 ,! masses seem to be wor? notice 9 ?ree aspects only3 fir/ z ! copies ( great m51 pr9t$ on bad pap] f worn-out plates2 next z a contra/ to ! great m52 & la/ly z _! tools4 ,liv+ consi/s 9 liv+ at ! co/ ( o!rs3 ! man :o has n grasp$ ?is fact has n tak5 ! fir/ /ep t[>ds tru? to himself4 ,& to consid] di/ress ( all k9ds z an objection1 z some?+ :i* mu/ be done away )1 is ! greate/ nons5se on e>?2 almo/ z mad z ! w to aboli% bad wea!r1 out ( pity to ! poor1 s to speak4 ,! masses mu/ be us$1 :e!r t means or does n mean t !y mu/ suff]2--x requires great /r5g? to live & =get h[ f> life & inju/ice are "o4 ,:at is ! suff]+ ( :ole peoples comp>$ to ! creative agonies ( great individuals8#beb ,!re are _m :o ?rew away ev]y?+ !y 7 wor? :5 !y ?rew away _! slav]y4 ,9 all respects slaves live m securely & m happily ?an mod]n labor]s2 ! labor] *ooses 8 h>d] lot to satisfy ! vanity ( tell+ himself t he is n a slave4 ,^! m5 are dang]\s2 n because !y are /rong1 b because !y are sick2 x is ! sick :o are ! greate/ dang] to ! heal?y2 x is ! weak ones1 !y :o m\? s mu* ab\t _! sickness1 :o vomit bile & call x newspap]1--x is !y :o in/il ! mo/ dang]\s v5om & scepticism into our tru/ 9 life1 9 man1 & 9 ourselves2 x is !y :o mo/ und]m9e ! life b5ea? our feet4 ,x is = su* z ^! t ,*ri/ianity may s]ve a good purpose 7s s]v+ our purpose too74 ,^? qualities :i* are )9 ! grasp only ( ! /ronge/ & mo/ t]rible natures1 & :i* make _! exi/5ce possible--leisure1 adv5ture1 disbelief1 & ev5 dissipation--w\ld necess>ily ru9 m$iocre natures--& does d s :5 !y possess !m4 ,9 ! case ( ! latt]1 indu/ry1 regul>ity1 mod]ation1 & /rong 8conviction0 are 9 _! prop] place--9 %ort1 all 8greg>i\s virtues02 "u _! influ5ce ^! m$iocre m5 become p]fect4 ,we good ,europeans1 !n1 ?\gh a!i/s & immorali/s1 w take c>e to support ! religions & ! morality :i* are associat$ ) ! greg>i\s in/9ct2 = by means ( !m an ord] ( m5 is1 s to speak1 prep>$1 :i* mu/ at "s "t or o!r fall into our h&s1 :i* mu/ actually crave = our h&s4#bec ,slav]y1 let u und]/& x well1 is ! necess>y price ( culture2 ! free "w1 or art1 ( "s involves ! compulsory labor ( o!rs4 ,z 9 ! organism s 9 society3 ! high] function is possible only ?r\gh ! subjection ( ! l[] functions4 ,a high civilization is a pyramid2 x c /& only on a broad base1 its fir/ pr]equisite is a /rongly & s\ndly consolidat$ m$iocrity4 ,9 ord] t !re may be a broad1 deep1 & fruitful soil = ! developm5t ( art1 ! enorm\s majority mu/1 9 ! s]vice ( a m9ority1 be slavi%ly subject$4 ,at _! co/1 ?r\gh ! surplus ( _! labor1 t privileg$ class is to be reliev$ f ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 9 ord] to create & to satisfy a new _w ( want4 ,! mis]y ( ! toil]s mu/ /ill increase 9 ord] to make ! production ( a _w ( art possible to a small numb] ( ,olympian m54#bed #aa ,ari/ocracy ,! greate/ folly ( ! /rong is to let ! weak make !m a%am$ to exploit1 to let ! weak sugge/ to !m1 8,x is a %ame to be happy--!re is too mu* mis]y60 ,let u !re=e reaffirm ! "r ( ! happy to exi/5ce1 ! "r ( bells ) a full tone ov] bells t are crack$ & discordant4 ,n t exploitation z su* is desirable2 x is good only :]e x supports & develops an ari/ocracy ( high] m5 :o are !mselves develop+ /ill high] m54 ,?is philosophy aims n at an individuali/ic morality b at a new ord] ( rank4 ,9 ?is age ( univ]sal suffrage1 9 ?is age 9 :i* ev]ybody is all[$ to sit 9 judgm5t ^u ev]y?+ & ev]ybody1 "o feels compell$ to re/abli% ! ord] ( rank4 ,! high] m5 mu/ be protect$ f contam9ation & suffocation by ! l[]4 ,! ri*e/ & mo/ complex =ms p]i% s easily6 ,only ! l[e/ succe$ 9 ma9ta9+ _! app>5t imp]i%abl5ess4#bee ,! fir/ "q z to ! ord] ( rank3 h[ f> is a man dispos$ to be solit>y or greg>i\s8 ,if he is dispos$ to be greg>i\s1 8 value consi/s 9 ^? qualities :i* secure ! survival ( 8 tribe or type2 if he is dispos$ to be solit>y1 8 qualities are ^? :i* di/+ui% him f o!rs2 h5ce ! important consequ5ce3 ! solit>y type %\ld n be valu$ f ! /&po9t ( ! greg>i\s type1 or vice v]sa4 ,view$ f above1 bo? types are necess>y2 & s is _! antagonism4 ,deg5]ation lies 9 ! approximation ( ! qualities ( ! h]d to ^? ( ! solit>y creature1 & vice v]sa2 9 %ort1 9 _! beg9n+ to resemble ea* o!r4 ,h5ce ! diff]5ce 9 _! virtues1 _! rights & _! obligations2 9 ! light ( ?is diff]5ce "o comes to abhor ! vulg>ity ( ,/u>t ,mill :5 he says1 8,:at is "r = "o man is "r = ano!r40 ,x is n2 :at is "r = ! h]d is precisely :at is wrong = _! lead]s2 & :at is "r = ! lead]s is wrong = ! h]d4 ,! lead]s use1 ! h]d is us$2 ! virtues ( ei!r lie 9 ! effici5cy "h ( lead]%ip1 !re ( s]vice4 ,slave-morality is "o ?+1 & ma/]-morality ano!r4#bef ,& lead]%ip ( c\rse requires an ari/ocracy4 ,let u repeat x3 democracy has always be5 ! dea?-agony ( ! p[] ( organization & direction2 ^! require great ari/ocratic families1 ) long traditions ( adm9i/ration & lead]%ip2 old ance/ral l9es t gu>antee = _m g5]ations ! duration ( ! necess>y w & ! necess>y in/9cts4 ,n only ari/ocracy1 !n1 b ca/e2 = if a man h plebeian ance/ors1 8 s\l w be a plebeian s\l2 education1 discipl9e1 culture w be wa/$ on him1 m]ely enabl+ him to become a great li>4 ,!re=e int]m>riage1 ev5 social int]c\rse ( lead]s ) h]d1 is to be avoid$ ) all precaution & intol]ance2 too mu* int]c\rse ) b>b>ians ru9$ ! ,romans1 & w ru9 any noble race4#beg ,9 :at direction may "o turn ) any hope ( f9d+ ev5 ! aspiration = su* an ari/ocracy8 ,only !re :]e a noble attitude ( m9d prevails1 an attitude ( m9d :i* believes 9 slav]y & 9 manifold ord]s ( rank1 z ! pr]equisites ( any high] degree ( culture4 ,m5 ) ?is attitude ( m9d w insi/5tly call =1 & w at la/ produce1 philosophical m5 ( p[]1 arti/-tyrants1--a high] k9d ( m5 :i*1 ?anks to _! prepond]ance ( w1 k1 ri*es1 & influ5ce1 w avail !mselves ( democratic ,europe z ! mo/ suitable & subtle in/rum5t = tak+ ! fate ( ,europe into _! h&s1 & work+ z arti/s ^u man himself4 ,! fundam5tal belief ( ^! great desir]s w be t society mu/ n be all[$ to exi/ = its own sake1 b only z ! f\ndation & scaffold+ by means ( :i* a select class ( be+s may be able to elevate !mselves to _! highe/ duties1 & 9 g5]al to a high] exi/5ce3 l ^? sun-climb+ plants 9 ,java :i* encircle an oak s long & s (t5 ) _! arms t at la/1 high above x1 b support$ by x1 !y c unfold _! tops 9 ! op5 light1 & exhibit _! happ9ess4#beh #ab ,signs ( ,asc5t ,are we mov+ t[>d su* a consummation8 ,c we detect ab\t u any signs ( ?is asc5d+ movem5t ( life8 ,n signs ( 8progress02 t is ano!r n>cotic1 l ,*ri/ianity1--good = slaves1 b to be avoid$ by ^? :o rule4 ,man z a species is n progress+2 ! g5]al level ( ! species is n rais$4 ,b humanity z mass sacrific$ to ! prosp]ity ( ! "o /rong] type ( ,man1--t w\ld be a progress4#bei ,progress ( ?is k9d1 to "s degree1 !re has always be54 ,! rul+ class 9 ,greece1 z se5 9 ,hom] & ev5 9 ,?ucydides 7?\gh ) ,socrates deg5]ation beg9s71 is an example ( ?is k9d ( progress or atta9m5t4 ,imag9e ?is culture1 :i* has its poet 9 ,sophocles1 its /atesman 9 ,p]icles1 its physician 9 ,hippocrates1 its natural philosoph] 9 ,democritus2 "h is a yea-say+1 a gratitude1 to life 9 all its manife/ations2 "h life is und]/ood1 & cov]$ ) art t x may be borne2 "h m5 are frivol\s s t !y may =get = a mom5t ! ardu\sness & p]il\sness ( _! task2 !y are sup]ficial1 b f pr(undity2 !y exalt philosoph]s :o prea* mod]ation1 because !y !mselves are s immod]ate1 s in/9ctive1 s hil>i\sly wild2 !y are great1 !y are elevat$ above any rul+ class be=e or aft] !m because "h ! morals ( ! gov]n+ ca/e h gr[n up among ! gov]n+ ca/e1 & n among ! h]d4#bfj ,we cat* "s ( ! glory ( ^! ,greeks 9 ! m5 ( ! ,r5aissance3 m5 p]fect 9 _! immorality1 t]rible 9 _! dem&s2 we %\ld n d>e to /& amid ! conditions :i* produc$ ^! m5 & :i* ^! m5 produc$2 we %\ld n ev5 d>e to imag9e ourselves 9 ^? conditions3 our n]ves w\ld n endure t reality1--n to speak ( our muscles4 ,"o man ( _! type1 cont9uator & developm5t ( _! type1 bro!r 7z ,ta9e mo/ rightly says7 ( ,dante & ,mi*elangelo1--"o su* man we h kn[n ) less ( ! protection ( di/ance2 & he 0 too h>d to be>4 ,t ,ens ,realissimum1 syn!sis ( mon/] & sup]man1 surnam$ ,napoleon6 ,! fir/ man1 & ! man ( greate/ initiative & develop$ views1 ( mod]n times2 a man ( tol]ance1 n out ( weakness1 b out ( /r5g?1 able to risk ! full enjoym5t ( naturalness & be /rong en\gh = ?is fre$om4 ,9 su* a man we see some?+ 9 ! nature ( 8dis9t]e/$ness0 9 8 "w on 8 m>ble1 :atev] be ! numb] ( m5 t are sacrific$ 9 ! process4 ,m5 7 glad to s]ve him2 z mo/ normal m5 are glad to s]ve ! great man2 ! cr[d 0 tir$ ( 8equal rights10 tir$ ( be+ ma/]less2 x long$ to wor%ip g5ius aga94 ,:at 0 ! excuse = t t]rible f>ce1 ! ,fr5* ,revolution8 ,x made m5 ready = ,napoleon4#bfa ,:5 %all we produce ano!r sup]man8 ,let u g back to our "q3 ,c we detect ab\t u any signs ( /r5g?8 ,yes4 ,we are le>n+ to get along )\t ,god4 ,we are recov]+ f ! noble s5tim5ts ( ,r\sseau4 ,we are giv+ ! body its due2 physiology is ov]com+ !ology4 ,we are less hungry = lies1--we are fac+ squ>ely "s ( ! ugl9ess ( life1--pro/itution1 = example4 ,we speak less ( 8duty0 & 8pr9ciples02 we are n s enamor$ ( b\rgeois conv5tions4 ,we are less a%am$ ( our in/9cts2 we no long] believe 9 a "r :i* proce$s f a p[] t is unable to uphold x4 ,!re is an advance t[>ds 8naturalness03 9 all political que/ions1 ev5 9 ! relations betwe5 p>ties1 ev5 9 m]*ants'1 workm5's circles only que/ions ( p[] come into play2 :at "o c d is ! fir/ "q1 :at "o ought to d is a second>y consid]ation4 ,!re is a c]ta9 degree ( lib]al-m9d$ness reg>d+ morality2 :]e ?is is mo/ di/9ctly want+ we reg>d its abs5ce z a sign ( a morbid condition 7,c>lyle1 ,ibs51 ,s*op5hau]72 if !re is any?+ :i* c reconcile u to our age x is precisely ! am\nt ( immorality :i* x all[s itself )\t fall+ 9 its own e/imation4#bfb ,mod]n sci5ce1 despite its n>r[+ specialization1 is a sign ( asc5t4 ,"h is /rictness 9 s]vice1 inexorability 9 small matt]s z well z great1 rapidity 9 weigh+1 judg+1 & condemn+2 ! h>de/ is dem&$ "h1 ! be/ is done )\t rew>d ( praise or di/9ction2 x is r z among soldi]s1--almo/ no?+ b blame & %>p reprim& is he>d2 = do+ well prevails "h z ! rule1 & ! rule has1 z ev]y:]e1 a sil5t tongue4 ,x is ! same ) ?is 8sev]ity ( sci5ce0 z ) ! mann]s & polit5ess ( ! be/ society3 x fright5s ! un9itiat$4 ,he1 h[ev]1 :o is accu/om$ to x1 does n l to live any:]e b 9 ?is cle>1 transp>5t1 p[]ful1 & highly electrifi$ atmosph]e1 ?is manly atmosph]e4#bfc ,9 ?is a*ievem5t ( sci5ce lies su* an opportunity z philosophy has nev] _h be=e4 ,sci5ce traces ! c\rse ( ?+s b po9ts to no goal3 :at x does give consi/s ( ! fundam5tal facts ^u :i* ! new goal mu/ be bas$4 ,all ! sci5ces h n[ to pave ! way = ! future task ( ! philosoph]2 ?is task be+ und]/ood to mean t he mu/ solve ! problem ( value1 t he has to fix ! hi]>*y ( values4 ,he mu/ become lawgiv]1 comm&]2 he mu/ det]m9e ! 8:i!r0 & 8:y0 = mank9d4 ,all k mu/ be at 8 disposal1 & mu/ s]ve him z a tool = creation4#bfd ,mo/ c]ta9 ( ! signs ( a reasc5d+ movem5t ( life is ! developm5t ( milit>ism4 ,! milit>y developm5t ( ,europe is a delightful surprise4 ,?is f9e discipl9e is tea*+ u to d our duty )\t expect+ praise4 ,univ]sal milit>y s]vice is ! curi\s antidote :i* we possess = ! effem9acy ( democratic ideas4 ,m5 are le>n+ aga9 ! joy ( liv+ 9 dang]4 ,"s ( !m are ev5 le>n+ ! old tru? t w> is good 9 itself1 aside f any ga9 9 l& or o!r weal?2 in/ead ( say+ 8,a good cause w hall[ e w>10 !y le>n to say 8,a good w> hall[s e cause40 ,:5 ! in/9cts ( a society ultimately make x give up w> & conque/1 x is decad5t3 x is ripe = democracy & ! rule ( %opkeep]s4 ,a /ate :i* %\ld prev5t w> w\ld n only be committ+ suicide 7= w> is j z necess>y to ! /ate z ! slave is to society72 x w\ld be ho/ile to life1 x w\ld be an outrage on ! future ( man4 ,! ma9t5ance ( ! milit>y /ate is ! la/ means ( adh]+ to ! great traditions ( ! pa/2 or :]e x has be5 lo/1 ( reviv+ x4 ,only 9 ?is c ! sup]ior or /rong type ( man be pres]v$4#bfe ,a nation is a det\r ( nature to arrive at six or sev5 great m51 & !n to get ar\nd !m4 ,! /ate is ! organization ( immorality = ! atta9m5t ( ?is purpose4 ,b z exi/+ to-day ! /ate is a v imp]fect in/rum5t1 subject at any mom5t to democratic f\nd]+4 ,:at conc]ns ! ?9k] "h is ! sl[ & hesitant =mation ( a unit$ ,europe4 ,?is 0 ! ?\ght1 & ! sole real "w & impulse1 ( ! only broad-m9d$ & deep-?9k+ m5 ( ?is c5tury1--! t5tative ef=t to anticipate ! future ( 8! ,european40 ,only 9 _! weak] mom5ts1 or :5 !y grew old1 did !y fall back aga9 into ! national n>r[ness ( ! 8,fa!rl&]s0--!n !y 7 once m 8patriots40 ,"o ?9ks "h ( m5 l ,napoleon1 ,he9e1 ,goe!1 ,bee?ov51 ,/5dhal1 ,s*op5hau]4 ,& aft] all1 is !re a s+le idea beh9d ?is bov9e nationalism8 ,:at possible value c !re be 9 enc\rag+ ?is arrogant self-conceit :5 ev]y?+ to-day po9ts to great] & m common int]e/s8--at a mom5t :5 ! spiritual dep5d5ce & d5ationalization :i* are obvi\s to all are pav+ ! way = ! rappro*em5ts & f]tilizations :i* make up ! real value & s5se ( pres5t-day culture8#bff ,:at an in/rum5t su* a unit$ ,europe w\ld be = ! developm5t & protection & expression ( sup]ior individuals6 ,:at a buoyant asc5t ( life aft] ?is long desc5t into democracy6 ,see n[1 9 review1 ! two movem5ts :i* we h /udi$ & on :i* we h /rung our philosophy3 on ! "o h& ,*ri/ian my?ology & morality1 ! cult ( weakness1 ! fe> ( life1 ! det]ioration ( ! species1 ev] increas+ suppression ( ! privileg$ & ! /rong1 ! lapse into democracy1 fem9ism1 socialism1 & at la/ into an>*y1--all t]m9at+ 9 pessimism1 despair1 total loss ( ! love ( life2 on ! o!r h& ! reaffirmation ( ! wor? ( life1 ! resolute di/9ction betwe5 slave-morality & ma/]-morality1 ! recognition ( ! ari/ocratic valuation ( heal?1 vigor1 en]gy1 z moral 9 all _! =ms1 & ( ! w to p[] z ! s\rce & significance ( all action & all liv+2 ! conception ( ! high] man1 ( ! exceptional individual1 z ! goal ( human endeavor2 ! r$irection ( m>riage1 ( education1 ( social /ructure1 to ! fo/]+ & *]i%+ ( ^! high] types2--culm9at+ 9 ! sup]national organization ( ,europe z ! in/rum5tality & arti/ic expression ( ! sup]ior man4#bfg ,is ?is philosophy too h>d to be>8 ,v well4 ,b ^? races t _c be> x are doom$2 & ^? :i* reg>d x z ! greate/ bless+ are de/9$ to be ma/]s ( ! _w4#bfh ,,iv ,criticism ,:at %all "o say to ?is8 ,:at w\ld a democrat say1--su* a democrat z w\ld be a fri5d to socialism & fem9ism1 & ev5 to an>*ism1--& a lov] ( ,jesus8 ,"o pictures su* a man li/5+ ) irritat$ pati5ce to ! =ego+1 & respond+ v readily to an invitation to take ! floor4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re are lessons "h1 he beg9s1 z if bru%+ away an initial encumbrance4 ,!re is some?+ ( ,nietzs*e 9 all ( u1 j z !re is some?+ ( ,jesus 7almo/ z !re is some?+ ( man & ( woman 9 all ( u1 z ,we9+] argu$72 & "p ( t cr[d call$ myself is flatt]$ by ?is doctr9e ( ru?less p[]4 ,nietzs*e /ood outside our social & moral /ructure1 he 0 a sort ( h]mit 9 ! _w ( ?\ght2 & s he c\ld see ?+s 9 t /ructure :i* are too ne> to our noses = easy vision4 ,& z y li/5 to him y see hi/ory anew z a long succession ( ma/]+s & enslav+s & deceiv+s1 & y become almo/ reconcil$ to ! future be+ no?+ b a fur!r succession ( ! same4 ,& !n y beg9 to see t if ! future is to be diff]5t1 "o ( ! ?+s we mu/ d is to p9* ourselves out ( ?is ,nietzs*ean dream4 ,& a good way to beg9 is ) ,nietzs*e's own pr9ciple1 t e philosophy is a physiology4#bfi ,he asks u to believe t !re is no su* ?+ z a morbid trait 9 him1#bgj b we mu/ n take him at 8 ^w4 ,! mo/ important po9t ab\t ?is philosophy is t x 0 writt5 by a sick man1 a man sick to ! v roots--if y w let me say x1 abnormal 9 sexual con/itution2 a man n suffici5tly attract$ to ! o!r sex1 because he has s mu* ( ! o!r sex 9 him4 8,%e is a woman10 he writes 9 ,z>a?u/ra1 8& nev] loves anyone b a w>rior02 t is1 if ,nietzs*e b knew x1 ! diagnosis ( 8 own disease4 ,?is hatr$ ( wom51 ?is long+ = p[]1 ?is admiration = /r5g?1 = successful ly+1#bga ?is inability to see a t]tium quid betwe5 tyranny & slav]y1#bgb--;all ^! are fem99e traits4 ,a /rong] man w\ld n h be5 s %rewi%ly %rill ab\t woman & ,*ri/ianity2 a /rong] man w\ld h ne$$ less repetition1 less emphasis & und]l9+1 less ( italics & exclamation po9ts2 a /rong] man w\ld h be5 m g5tle1 & w\ld h smil$ :]e ,nietzs*e scolds4 ,x is ! philosophy1 y see1 ( a man abnormally weak 9 ! social in/9cts1 & at ! same "t lack+ 9 prop] outlet = su* social in/9cts z nature has left him4 ,consequ5tly1 he nev] gets beyond ! individual4 ,he ?9ks society is made up ( individuals1 :5 x is really made up ( gr\ps4 ,he supposes t ! only virtues a man c h are ^? :i* help him z an isolat$ unit2 ! idea t a man may f9d self-expression 9 social expression1 9 cop]ation1 t !re are virtues :i* are virtues because !y enable "o to "w ) o!rs aga9/ a common evil1--?is notion nev] occurs to him4 ,he does n see t sympa?y & mutual aid1 = example1 ?\gh !y pres]ve "s inf]ior individuals1 yet secure t gr\p-solid>ity1 & !re=e gr\p-survival1 )\t :i* ev5 ! /rong ones w\ld p]i%4#bgc ,he does n imag9e t p]haps ! b>b>ians :o invad$ ,rome ne$$ ! gospel ( a 8g5tle ,jesus meek & mild0 if any?+ at all 0 to rema9 ( t same classical culture :i* he pa9ts s lov+ly4#bgd ,he laughs at self-d5ial2 & !n invites y to devote y\rself =ev] to "s self-elect$ sup]man4 ,?is philosophy ( ari/ocracy1 ( ! necessity ( slav]y1 ( ! absurdity ( democracy1--( c\rse x is excit+ to all weak p :o w\ld l to h p[]1--& :o h n read x all be=e 9 ,plato4 ,9 ?is p>ticul> case ! humor ( ! situation lies 9 ! v p[]ful attack :i* ,nietzs*e makes on ! irreligi\s religi\s humbug :i* has prov$ "o ( ! *ief in/rum5ts ( ma/]y 9 ! h&s ( ! class ^: p[] he is try+ to /r5g!n4 8,i hope to be =giv510 says ,nietzs*e1 8= discov]+ t all moral philosophy hi!rto has belong$ to ! soporific appliances40#bge 8,discov]+0--z if ! ari/ocracy _h n kn[n t all along6 8,"h is a nave bookworm10 ^! 8/rong m50 w say among !mselves1 8:o has discov]$ :at e "o ( u kn[s4 ,he presumes to tell u h[ to increase our p[]1 & he c f9d no bett] way ( help+ u ?an to expose 9 pr9t ! be/ secrets ( our trade40 ,j 9 ?is lies ! value ( ,nietzs*e1 z ,r\sseau said ( ,ma*iavelli3 he lets u 9 beh9d ! sc5es ( ! drama ( exploitation4 ,we "k bett] n[ ! m5 ) :om democracy mu/ deal4 ,we see ! gre$ = p[] t hides beh9d ! cont5tion t culture _c exi/ )\t slav]y4 ,grant t cont5tion3 s mu* ! worse = culture6 ,if culture means ! increas+ conc5tration ( ! satisfactions ( life 9 ! h&s ( a few 8sup]ior0 pigs1 _! culture may be disp5s$ )2 if x is to /ay1 x w h to mean ! direction ( k & ability to ! spread ( ! satisfactions ( life4 ,:i* is f9]1--! relation%ip ( ma/] & slave1 or t ( fri5d & fri5d8 ,surely a _w ( p lik+ & help+ "o ano!r is a f9] _w to live 9 ?an "o 9 :i* ! in/9cts ( aggression are supreme4 ,& su* a cop]ative civilization ne$ n fe> ! te/s ( survival2 selection puts an ev] high] premium on solid>ity1 an ev] l[] value on pugnacity4 ,intellig5ce1 n ready ang]1 w w9 ! great conte/s ( ! future4 ,fri5d%ip w pay4 ,! hi/ory ( ! _w is a record ( ! pati5t & planful attempt to replace hatr$ by und]/&+1 n>r[ness by l>ge vision1 opposition by cop]ation1 slav]y by fri5d%ip4 ,fri5d%ip3 a ^w to be avoid$ by ^? :o w\ld appe> blas4 ,b let u repeat x2 words h be5 kn[n to n\ri% de$s :i* )\t !m might nev] h gr[n into reality4 ,"s f9d heav5 9 mak+ z _m m5 z possible _! slaves2 o!rs f9d heav5 9 mak+ z _m m5 z possible _! fri5ds4 ,:i* type ( man w we h8 ,:i* type ( man1 if abundant1 w\ld make ?is _w a spl5dor & a delight8 ,! hope = :i* ,jesus liv$ 0 t man might "s day come to mean fri5d4 ,x is ! only hope wor? liv+ =4 ,v ,nietzs*e ,replies 8,x is c]ta9ly n ! lea/ *>m ( a !ory10 says ,nietzs*e1 8t x is refutable40#bgf ,b 8:at h ,i to d ) m]e refutations80#bgg 8,a prelude ,i am ( bett] play]s40#bgh 8,v]ily1 ,i c\nsel y10 said ,z>a?u/ra1 8dep>t f me & def5d y\rselves aga9/ ,z>a?u/ra6 ,& bett] /ill1 be a%am$ ( him4 ,p]haps he ha? deceiv$ y4 ,! man ( p]ception mu/ n only be able to love 8 enemies1 b also to hate 8 fri5ds4 ,"o ill requite? "o's tea*] by always rema9+ only 8 s*ol>4 ,:y w ye n pluck at my wrea?8 ,ye rev]e me2 b h[ if y\r rev]5ce "o day falle? d[n8 ,bew>e ( be+ cru%$ to dea? ) a /atue6 ,ye say ye believe 9 ,z>a?u/ra8 ,b :at is ,z>a?u/ra wor?8 ,ye are my fai?ful ones2 b :at are all fai?ful ones wor?8 ,:5 ye _h n yet s\ght y\rselves ye f\nd me4 ,?us d all fai?ful ones2 h5ce all belief is wor? s little4 ,n[ ,i ask y to lose me & f9d y\rselves2 n until all ( y h dis[n$ me %all ,i return unto y40#bgi ,,vi ,conclusion 8,look10 says ,rud91 9 ,turg5ev's /ory1 8y see t apple tree8 ,x has brok5 d[n ) ! weight & multitude ( its own fruit4 ,x is ! emblem ( g5ius40 8,to p]i% b5ea? a load "o c nei!r be> nor ?r[ (f10 wrote ,nietzs*e1--8t is a philosoph]40#bhj ,i %all ann\nce ! song ( ! lightn+1 said ,z>a?u/ra1 & p]i% 9 ! ann\nc+4#bha ,insanity ) su* a man is b a matt] ( "t2 he feels x com+ ^u him2 he values 8 h\rs l a man condemn$ to execution4 ,9 tw5ty days he writes ! ,g5ealogy ( ,morals2 9 "o ye> 7#ahhh7 he produces ,! ,twilight ( ! ,idols1 ,anti*ri/1 ,! ,case ( ,wagn]1 ,ecce ,homo1 & 8 longe/ & greate/ book1 ,! ,w to ,p[]4 ,he n only writes ^! books2 he reads ! pro(-%eets1 /ra9+ 8 eyes beyond repair4 ,he is almo/ bl9d n[2 he is deceiv$1 tak5 advantage (1 because he c h>dly see f>!r ?an 8 t\*4 8,if ,i 7 bl9d10 he writes pitifully1 8,i %\ld be heal?y40#bhb ,yet 8 body is rack$ ) pa93 8on #aah days ?is ye> ,i h _h sev]e attacks40#bhc 8,i h giv5 a "n to my pa91 & call x #8a dog'--x is j z pitiful1 j z importunate & %ameless2 & ,i c dom9e] ov] x1 v5t my bad humor on x1 z o!rs d ) _! dogs1 s]vants1 & wives40#bhd ,mean:ile ! _w lives on unnotic+1 or notic+ only to misund]/&4 8,my foes h become mighty1 & h s di/ort$ my tea*+1 t my be/ belov$ mu/ be a%am$ ( ! gifts t ,i gave !m40#bhe ,he le>ns t ! lib]t9es ( ,europe are us+ 8 philosophy z a cloak = _! s9s3 8,i c read 9 _! faces t !y totally misund]/& me1 & t x is only ! animal 9 !m :i* rejoices at be+ able to ca/ (f its fett]s40#bhf ,he f9ds "o :om he ?9ks to make 8 disciple2 he is buoy$ up = a few days by ! hope2 ! hope is %att]$1 & lonel9ess closes 9 once m ^u him4 8,a k+dom = a k9d ^w60 he cries out 9 ! dep? ( 8 long+2 & aga9 he writes1 8,= ye>s no milk ( human k9dness1 no brea? ( love40#bhg ,9 ,decemb]1 #ahhh1 "o :om he has ?\ght fri5dly writes t 8 bro!r-9-law is s5d+ to a magaz9e an attack on him4 ,x is ! la/ bl[2 x means t 8 si/] has jo9$ ! o!rs 9 des]t+ him4 8,i take "o sleep+-draught aft] ano!r to dead5 ! pa91 b = all t ,i _c sleep4 ,to-day ,i w take su* a dose t ,i w lose my wits40#bhh ,he has be5 tak+ *loral1 & worse drugs1 to pay = ! boon ( sleep2 ! poison tips ! scale already made heavy by 8 bl9dness & eye-/ra91 by 8 lonel9ess1 by ! trea*]y ( 8 fri5ds1 by 8 g5]al bodily ailm5ts2 he wakes up f ?is f9al draught 9 a /upor f :i* he nev] recov]s2 he writes to ,br&es & signs himself 8,! ,crucifi$02 he w&]s into ! /reet1 is torm5t$ by *ildr51 falls 9 a fit2 8 good l&lord helps him back to 8 room1 s5ds = ! simple1 ignorant doctor ( ! neighborhood2 b x is too late2 ! man is insane4 ,age1 =ty-f\r2 ano!r--! only "n great] ?an 8 among mod]n philosoph]s--_h di$ at t pitifully e>ly age4 ,! body l+]$ elev5 ye>s beh9d ! m9d4 ,dea? came 9 #aijj4 ,he 0 buri$ z he _h wi%$3 8,promise me10 he _h ask$ 8 si/]1 _m ye>s be=e1 8t :5 ,i die only my fri5ds %all /& ab\t my c(f91 & no inquisitive cr[d4 ,see t no prie/ or anyone else utt]s falsehoods at my graveside1 :5 ,i c no long] def5d myself2 & let me desc5d into my tomb z an hone/ pagan40#bhi ,aft] 8 dea? ! _w began to read him4 ,z 9 s _m cases ! life _h to be giv5 t ! doctr9e might be he>d4 8,only :]e !re are graves10 he _h writt5 9 ,z>a?u/ra1 8are !re resurrections40#bij ,,"p ,,ii ,,sugge/ions ,,*apt] ,i ,,solutions ,,& ,,dissolutions ,i ,! ,problem ,& s we come ?r\gh our five episodes 9 ! hi/ory ( ! recon/ructive m9d1 & f9d ourselves 9 ! bewild]+ pres5t1 com=tably seat$1 let u say1 9 ! great read+ room ( our ,columbia ,libr>y4 ,an att5dant lib]ates u f ! maze ( 8,nietzs*e's ,works0 ly+ ab\t u1 & returns pres5tly ) a /ack ( ?irty books purport+ to give ! late/ developm5ts 9 ! field ( social /udy & rese>*4 ,we are soon lo/ 9 _! graphs & /ati/ics1 _! records & results2 gradually we come to feel b5ea? ^! dead facts ! lives !y w\ld reveal2 & z we read we see a picture4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is ! picture ( "o life4 ,we see x beg9n+ helplessly 9 ! arms ( ! factory physician2 x is only aft] "s viol5ce t x cons5ts to brea!1--z if x hesitates to ent] ^u its adv5ture4 ,x has a t\* ( consumption b is o!rwise a fair en\gh baby1 says ! factory physician4 ,x w d1--n say+ = :at or :om4 ,luckily1 x is a boy1 & w be able to "w soon4 ,he does2 at ! age ( n9e he becomes a newsboy2 he is up at five 9 ! morn+ & p$dles news till eight2 at n9e he gets to s*ool1 fagg$ out b re/less2 he gives tr\ble2 _c memorize quickly en\gh1 nor sit /ill long en\gh2 plays truant1 lov+ ! h>d lessons ( ! /reet2 s*ool ov]1 he has a half-h\r ( play1 b mu/ !n travel 8 news r\te till six2 aft] supp] he has no ta/e = /udy2 if he _c g d[n into ! /reet1 he w g to b$4 ,at f\rte51 hat+ ! s*ool :]e he is beat5 or scold$ daily1 he connives ) 8 p>5ts at c]ta9 falsehoods :i* secure 8 premature entrance into ! factory4 ,he works h>d1 & = a "t happily en\gh2 !re is m fre$om "h ?an 9 ! s*ool4 ,he discov]s sex1 passes ?r\gh ! usual *apt] ( accid5ts1 & f9ally a*ieves manhood 9 ! =m ( a sexual disease4 ,he falls 9 love sev]al times1 & out z _m times b "o2 he m>ries1 %>es 8 disease ) 8 wife1 & begets t5 *ildr51--ne>ly all ( !m feeble1 & two ( !m bl9d2 he does n want s _m *ildr51 b ! prie/ has told him t religion comm&s x4 ,he works h>d] to support !m1 b 8 heal? is giv+ way1 & life becomes a heavy burd5 to him4 ,! factory in/alls sci5tific managem5t1 & he f9ds himself p]=m+ ! same op]ation e t5 seconds f sev5 to twelve & f "o to six2--"s ?ree ?\s& times a day2 he prote/s1 b is told t sci5ce comm&s x4 ,he jo9s a union1 & goes out on /rike2 8 family suff] sev]ely1 "o ( ! *ildr5 dy+ ( malnutrition2 he w9s a wage-increase ( five p] c5t2 8 l&lord raises 8 r5t1 & a mon? lat] 8 wife in=ms him t ! prices ( food & clo?+ h gone up six p] c5t4 ,8 c\ntry goes to w> ab\t a piece ( t]ritory he has nev] he>d (2 8 "o fairly /rong boy ru%es (f to ! def5ce ( ! colors1 returns 7age tw5ty7 ) "o leg & almo/ an arm1 & sits 9 ! h\se smok+1 dr9k+1 & dribbl+ 9 repetiti\s semi-torpor 8 memories ( battle4 ,!n comes /reet-corn] talk ( socialism1 capitalism1 & o!r ?+s new & !re=e h>d to und]/&2 a glimm] ( hope1 a cl\d ( d\bt1 !n resignation4 ,f\r ( ! *ildr5 die be=e !y are tw5ty2 two o!rs become consumptive weakl+s4 ,! fa!r is s5t away f ! factory because he is too old & feeble2 he f9ds "w 9 a saloon2 dr9k helps him to slip d[n2 he /eals a bracelet f ! factory-own]'s kept woman1 is arre/$1 tries to hang himself1 b is discov]$ :5 half dead1 & is re/or$ to life aga9/ 8 w4 ,he s]ves 8 s5t5ce1 returns to 8 family1 & becomes a begg>4 ,he dies ( exposure & disease1 & 8 wid[ is support$ by two ( 8 daught]s1 :o h become successful pro/itutes4 ,x is ! picture ( "o life4 ,& z y look at x y see beyond x ! hundr$ ?\s& lives ( :i* x is "o2 y see ?is suff]+ & mean+lessness z b "o hundr$? "p ( a ?\s&? "p ( ! mean+less suff]+ ( m52 y he> ! angry cries ( ! rebelli\s "y1 ! drunk5 laught] ( ! old] ones :o h no m rebellion 9 !m1 ! quiet weep+ ( ! mo!rs ( _m *ildr54 ,ar\nd y "h y see ! happy faces ( "y /ud5ts1 eloqu5t ( com=table homes2 at y\r elb[ a g5tleman ( family is writ+ a book on ! optimism ( ,rob]t ,br[n+4 ,& !n sudd5ly1 b5ea? ?is _w ( leisure & le>n+1 y feel ! support+ brawn ( ! we>i$ work]s2 y vision ! v pill>s ( ?is va/ edifice held up pa9fully1 h\r aft] h\r1 on ! backs ( a million sweat+ m52 y\r leisure is _! labor1 y\r le>n+ is paid = by _! ignorance1 y\r luxury is _! toil4 ,= a mom5t ! great build+ seems to tremble1 z if rebellion /irr$ b5ea? & upheaval 0 ^u ! _w4 ,!n x is /ill once m1 & y & ,i are "h ) our ?irty books4 ,"o feels guilty ( s5tim5t "h 7aft] read+ ,nietzs*e671 & hurries back to ! sob] features ( ^? cr[d$ volumes4 ,"h1 9 cold sci5tific /atem5t1 is our social problem3 "h are volumes biological on h]$ity1 eug5ics1 dietetics1 & disease2 volumes sociological on m>riage1 pro/itution1 ! family1 ! position ( woman1 contraception & ! control ( population2 volumes psy*ological on education1 crim9ology1 & ! replacem5t ( sup]natural by social religion2 volumes economic on private prop]ty1 pov]ty1 *ild labor1 indu/rial me?ods1 arbitration1 m9imum wage1 tru/s1 free trade1 immigration1 prohibition1 w>2 volumes political on individualism & communism1 an>*ism & socialism1 s+le tax1 ,d>w9ism & politics1 democracy & ari/ocracy1 patriotism1 imp]ialism1 electoral & adm9i/rative me?ods2 me?odological volumes on trade-unions & craft-unions1 8direct action0 & 8political action10 viol5ce & non-resi/ance1 revolution & re=m4 ,x is a disc\rag+ maze2 we plunge into x almo/ hopelessly4 ,sev]al ( ^! au?ors h s*emes = tak+ ! social ma*9e ap>t1 & a few ev5 h s*emes = putt+ x toge!r aga92 h>dly "o ( !m rememb]s ! old w>n+ t ?is ma*9e mu/ be kept go+ :ile x is be+ repair$4 ,& ea* ( ^! solutions1 z its au?or nev] suspects1 is b an add$ problem4 ,let u li/5 to ^! m5 = a :ile1 let u foll[ !m = a space1 & see :]e !y br+ u out4 ,!y may n br+ u out at all2 b p]haps t is j :at we ne$ to see4 ,,ii 8,solutions0 #a ,fem9ism ,& fir/1 ) due propriety1 let u li/5 to ! case ( woman vs4 ! /atus quo4 ,we imag9e ! argum5t z put by a /udi\s & app>5tly h>mless "y lady4 ,%e beg9s g5tly & proce$s cresc5do4 8,! case = woman is q simple2 z simple z ! case = democracy4 ,we are human be+s1 we are gov]n$1 we are tax$2 & we believe t j gov]nm5t implies ! cons5t ( ! gov]n$4 8,we might h be5 cont5t ) ! old life1 _h y ma/]s ( ! _w be5 cont5t to leave u ! old life4 ,b y w\ld n4 ,y\r sy/em ( indu/ry has made ! position ( mo/ "y m5 s hopeless & insecure t !y are ye> by ye> putt+ back ! age ( m>riage4 ,y h =c$ u out ( our homes into y\r factories2 & y h us$ u z a means ( mak+ /ill h>d] ! competition = employm5t among ! m54 ,y\r advocates speak ( ! sacr$ness ( ! home2 & mean:ile y h dragg$ #e1jjj1jjj ,engli% wom5 out ( _! homes to be ! slaves ( y\r dead5+ ma*9es4#bia ,y exalt m>riage2 & 9 ?is c\ntry "o woman out ( e t5 is unm>ri$1 & "o out ( e tw5ty m>ri$ wom5 works 9 y\r unclean %ops4 ,! vile cities born ( y\r factory-sy/em h made life s h>d = u1 temptations s frequ5t1 vice s attractive & conv5i5t1 t we _c gr[ up among y )\t suff]+ "s indelible ta9t4 8,"s ( u g into y\r factories because we dread m>riage1 & "s ( u m>ry because we dread y\r factories4 ,b !re is n mu* to *oose betwe5 !m4 ,if we m>ry we become ma*9es = supply+ ano!r g5]ation ( work]s & soldi]s2 & if we talk ( bir?-control y arre/ u4 ,z if we _h no "r to all t sci5ce has discov]$6 ,& ! horror ( x is t :ile y =bid u to le>n h[ to protect ourselves & our *ildr5 f ! evils ( l>ge families1 y y\rselves buy ?is k f y\r physicians & use x2 & "o ( y\r societies = ! prev5tion ( bir?-control has be5 %[n to consi/ ( memb]s ) an av]age ( #a4e *ildr5 p] family4#bib ,y\r physicians meet 9 le>n$ assemblies & vote 9 favor ( ma9ta9+ ! law :i* =bids ! spread ( ?is in=mation2 & !n we f9d t physicians h ! smalle/ av]age family 9 ! community4#bic ,"o mu/ be a li> & a ?ief to fit com=tably into ?is civilization :i* y ask u to def5d4 8,b we are resolv$ to get ?is in=mation2 & all y\r laws to prev5t u w only less5 our respect = law4 ,we w n any long] br+ *ildr5 into ! _w unless we h "s reasonable hope ( giv+ !m a dec5t life4 ,& n only t4 ,we %all end1 too1 ! hypocrisies ( m>riage4 ,if y w h monogamy y may h x2 b if y cont9ue m]ely to pret5d monogamy we %all f9d a way ( rega9+ our indep5d5ce4 ,we %all n re/ until we h fre$ ourselves f ! /+ ( y\r g5]osity2 until our bread comes n f y\r h& 9 k9dness b f ! /ate or our employ]s 9 recognition ( our "w4 ,!n we %all be free to leave y1 & y free to leave u1 z we 7 free to take "o ano!r at ! beg9n+1--s f>1 alas6 z ! categorical imp]ative ( love left u free4 ,& our *ildr5 w n suff]2 bett] = !m t !y see u "p ?an t !y live ) u 9 ! mid/ ( hypocrisy & secret w>4 8,because we want ?is fre$om--to /ay or to g--?is fre$om to "k & control ! vital factors ( our lives1 !re=e we dem& equal suffrage4 ,x is b a little ?+1 a m]e beg9n+2 & bew>e h[ y betray y\r secrets 9 y\r ef=ts to b> u f ?is beg9n+4 ,are y afraid to %>e ) u ! p[] ( ! ballot8 ,d y confess s op5ly t y wi% to comm& u )\t our cons5t1 t y wi% to use u = y\r secret ends8 ,y d>e n fight fair & 9 ! op58 ,is ! ballot a weapon :i* y use on u & w n let u use on y8 ,x is s y conceive citiz5%ip6 ,or w y ask u to believe t y are ?9k+ n ( y\r own int]e/s b ( po/]ity8 8,b we %all get ?is f y1 j z we get o!r ?+s f y1--by repetition4 ,& !n we %all g on to make ! _w m fit = wom5 to live 93 we %all =ce op5 all ! av5ues ( life t h be5 clos$ to u be=e1 mak+ u n>r[ & petty & dull4 ,we %all compel y\r univ]sities to admit u to _! classes2 we %all ent] y\r pr(essions1 we %all compete ) y = (fice1 we %all w9 ! exp]i5ces & d>e ! adv5tures :i* we ne$ to make u y\r rivals 9 lit]ature & philosophy & art4 ,y say we _c be y\r comrades1 y\r fri5ds2 t we c be only tyrants or slaves2 b :at else c we be1 ) all ! in/ructive weal? ( life kept f u8 ,y hide f u ! great books t are be+ writt5 to-day1 & !n y are surpris$ at our gossip1 our silly sc&al-mong]+1 our inability to conv]se ) y on bus9ess & politics1 on sci5ce & religion & philosophy2 y w n let u gr[1 & !n y compla9 because we are s small4 ,b we want to gr[ n[1 we want to gr[6 ,we _c long] be mo!rs only4 ,! _w does n ne$ s _m *ildr52 & ev5 to br+ up bett] *ildr5 we mu/ h a wid] & heal?i] life4 ,we mu/ h our intellects /imulat$ m & our feel+s less4 ,we h bur/ ! bonds ( our old n>r[ _w2 we mu/ explore ev]y?+ n[4 ,x is too late to /op u2 & if y try y w only make life a mess ( hatr$ & conflict = u bo?4 ,& aft] all1 d y "k :y we want to gr[8 ,x is because we long = ! day :5 we %all be no long] m]ely y\r mi/resses1 b also y\r fri5ds40 #b ,socialism ,ano!r compla9ant3 a "y ,sociali/3 su* a man z works f> into almo/ e night 9 ! d+y (fice ( 8 p>ty bran*1 & devotes 8 ,sundays to ,das ,kapital2 bright-ey$1 unt\*$ by disillusionm5t2 fir$ by ! vision ( a l& ( happy comrades4 8,i agree ) ! "y lady10 he says2 8! s\rce ( all our ills is ! capitali/ sy/em4 ,x 0 born ( /eam-driv5 ma*9]y & conceiv$ 9 laissez-faire4 ,x saw ! light 9 ,adam ,smi?'s ,engl&1 ru9$ ! heal? ( ! m5 ( t c\ntry1 & !n came to ,am]ica1 :]e x grew fat on #8lib]ty' & #8! "r to d z "o pleases ) "o's own4' ,x believ$ 9 competition--t is to say w>--z its ,god1 9 :om all ?+s liv$ & mov$ & sweat$ divid5ds2 x made ! acquisition ( money1 by no matt] :at means1 ! te/ ( virtue & success1 s t hone/ m5 became a%am$ ( !mselves if !y did n fail2 x made all life a matt] ( #8pu%' & #8pull1' l ! two sides ( a door 9 "o ( ^? bus9ess palaces :i* make its cities great mazes ( brick & /one ris+ l new ,babels 9 ! face ( heav54 ,its motto 01 ,bew>e ( small pr(its2 its aim 0 ! greate/ possible happ9ess ( ! smalle/ possible numb]4 ,out ( competition x begot ! tru/1 ! rebate1 & ! #8g5tleman's agreem5t'2 out ( #8fre$om ( contract' x begot wage-slav]y2 out ( #8lib]ty1 equality & frat]nity' x begot an indu/rial feudalism worse ?an ! old feudalism1 bas$ on ! inh]itance n ( l&1 b ( ! liv+ bodies & s\ls ( ?\s&s ( m51 wom5 & *ildr54 ,:5 x came 79 #aggj7 ! annual income ( ,engl& 0 #fjj1jjj1jjj2 9 #aija ! annual income ( ,engl& 0 #h1jjj1jjj1jjj2 ! sy/em has made a ?\s& millionaires1 b x has left ! p />v+ z be=e4#bid ,x has increas$ wages1 & has increas$ prices a trifle m4 ,x has improv$ ! condition ( ! upp] t5? ( ! work]s1 & has ?r[n ! great rema9+ mass ( ! work]s into a hell ( torpor & despair4 ,x has cr[n$ all by inv5t+ ! myopic sci5ce ( sci5tific managem5t1 :]eby m5 are made to "w at su* spe$1 & ) su* rigid uni=mity1 t ! m9d is craz$1 & ! body is worn out tw5ty ye>s be=e its "t4 ,x has made ! _w reek ) pov]ty1 & ugl9ess1 & meanness1 & ! vulg>ity ( conspicu\s weal?4 ,x has made life intol]able & disgraceful to all b %eep & pigs4 8,!re is only "o way ( sav+ our civilization--su* z !re is ( x--f wa/+ away ?r\gh ! p>asitic deg5]ation ( a few ( its p>ts & ! malnutrition ( ! re/2 & t is by frankly ab&on+ ?is laissez-faire madness1 & *ang+ ! /ate into a me*anism = ! managem5t ( ! nation's bus9ess4 ,we work]s mu/ get hold ( ! (fices1 & turn gov]nm5t into adm9i/ration4 ,)\t t our /rikes & boycotts1 our #8direct action' & economic organization1 arrive at little result2 e /rike we #8w9' means t prices w g up1 & our "t & en]gy--& dues--h gone to no?+ b self-discipl9e 9 solid>ity4 ,we c control prices only by controll+ monopolies2 & we c control monopolies only by controll+ gov]nm5t4 ,t means politics1 & x's a s*eme t won't "w until ! prolet>iat get bra9s en\gh to elect hone/ & s5sible m5 to (fice2 b if !y hav5't ! bra9s to d t !y won't h ! bra9s to d any?+ effective on ! economic or any o!r field4 ,we "k h[ h>d x is to get p to ?9k2 b we flatt] ourselves t our propag&a is an educative =ce t gr[s /rong] e ye>1 & has already a*iev$ su* p[] z to decide ! mo/ important election held 9 ?is c\ntry s9ce ! ,civil ,w>4 8,already a l>ge numb] ( p h be5 educat$--*iefly by our propag&a--to und]/&1 = example1 ! economic gre$ t lies beh9d all w>s4 ,!y p]ceive t s long z capital f9ds its highe/ rate ( pr(it 9 ! home m>ket1 capitali/s see to x t peace rema9s secure2 b t :5 capital has exp&$ to ! po9t at :i* ! rate ( int]e/ beg9s to fall1 or :5 labor has ceas$ to be docile1 because x has ceas$ to be unorganiz$ & un9=m$1 capitali/s !n seek =eign m>kets & =eign inve/m5ts1 & soon require ! help ( w>--t is1 ! lives ( ! work]s at home--to help !m en=ce _! t]ms on =eign gov]nm5ts & peoples4 ,only ! national own]%ip ( capital c *ange t4 ,we ?\ght once t we 7 too civiliz$ ev] to g to w> aga92 we beg9 to see t our indu/rial feudalism leads inevitably to w> & armam5ts1 & ! intellectual /agnation t comes f a milit>i/ic mode ( national life4 ,we beg9 to see all hi/ory z a ,d>k ,age 7) fitful int]vals ( light71--a long s]ies ( w>s 9 :i* m5 h kill$ & di$ = delusions1 fight+ to protect ! prop]ty ( _! exploit]s4 ,& x becomes a little cle>] to u ?an be=e t ?is awful succession ( kill+s & robb]ies is no civilization at all1 & t we %all nev] h a civilization wor?y ( ! "n until we trans=m our indu/rial w> into ! cop]ative commonweal?1 & all #8=eign]s' into fri5ds40 #c ,eug5ics 8,my de> "y man10 says ! ,eug5i/ at ?is po9t1 8y mu/ /udy biology4 ,y\r plan = ! improvem5t ( mank9d is all %ot ?r\gh ) *ildi% ignorance ( nature's way ( do+ ?+s4 ,come into my laboratory = a few ye>s2 & y w le>n h[ little y c d by m]ely *ang+ ! environm5t4 ,x's nature t c\nts1 n nurture4 ,improvem5t dep5ds on ! elim9ation ( ! inf]ior1 n on _! re=mation by ,sociali/ leaflets or settlem5t "w4 ,:at y h to d is to f9d "s sub/itute = t natural selection--! automatic & ru?less kill+ (f ( ! unfit--:i* we are m & m fru/rat+ ) our %ort-sight$ *>ity4 ,humanit>ianism mu/ get in=m$4 ,our squeami%ness ab\t int]f]+ ) ! holy #8lib]ty ( ! individual' w h to be mod]at$ by "s s5se ( ! "r ( society to protect itself f int]f]5ce by ! individual4 ,"h are ! feeble-m9d$1 = example2 !y bre$ m rapidly ?an heal?y p d1 & !y almo/ always transmit _! defect4 ,if y don't int]f]e ) ^! p1 if y don't tea* !m or =ce !m to be *ildless1 y w h an increase 9 insanity along ) ! developm5t ( humanity4 ,?9k ( mak+ a woman suff] to deliv] into ! _w a cripple or an idiot4 ,& fur!r1 consid] t ! l[e/ eigh? ( ! p produce "o-half ( ! next g5]ation4 ,! bett] p1 ! m vigor\s & heal?y p1 are refus+ to h *ildr52 e ye> ! situation is becom+ m critical4 ,city-life & factory-life make ?+s /ill worse2 "y m5 com+ f ! c\ntry plunge into ! mael/rom ( ! city1 !n into its female/rom2 !y em]ge ) brok5 heal?1 m>ry de=mities dress$ up 9 ! late/ fa%ion1 & produce *ildr5 inf]ior 9 vigor & ability to !mselves4 ,giv5 a hundr$ ye>s m ( ?is1 & we/]n ,europe & ,am]ica w be 9 a condition to be ov]come easily by ! f]tile & vigor\s races ( ! ,ea/4 ,t is :at y h to ?9k (4 ,! problem is l>g] ?an t ( mak+ poor p less poor2 x is ! problem ( pres]v+ our civilization4 ,y\r socialism w help1 b x w be ! m]e/ beg9n+2 x w be b an introduction to ! socialization ( selection1--:i* is eug5ics4 ,we w prev5t procreation by p :o h a transmissible defect or disease2 we w require c]tificates ( heal? & clean ance/ry be=e p]mitt+ m>riage2 we w enc\rage ! mat+1 ) or )\t love1 ( m5 & wom5 possess$ ( en]gy & good physique4 ,we w tea* p1 9 ,mr4 ,m>ett's phrase1 to m>ry less ) _! eyes & m ) _! heads4 ,x w take u a long :ile to put all ?is into effect2 b we w put x4 ,"t is on our side2 e ye> w make our case /rong]4 ,)9 half a c5tury ! educat$ _w w come & beg u to guide !m 9 a eug5ic revolution40 #d ,an>*ism ,a g5tle an>*i/3 8,y d well to talk ( revolution2 b y d wrong to =get ! individual 9 ! race4 ,y\r eug5ic revolution w n /op ! exploitation ( ! work]s by ! manufactur]s ?r\gh ! /ate4 ,give m5 ju/ice & !y w soon be heal?y2 give !m ! dec5t life :i* is ! only j rew>d = _! "w1 & y w n ne$ eug5ics4 ,in/ead ( bo!r+ ab\t p>asitic g]ms y %\ld att5d to p>asitic exploit]s2 x is 9 ?is social p>asitism t ! real dang] ( deg5]ation lies4 ,cont9u$ inju/ice ( employ]s to employees is splitt+ e we/]n nation into factions2 class-loyalty w soon be /rong] ?an loyalty to ! community2 & ! "t w come :5 nations 9 :i* ?is civil w> has n be5 sup]s$$ by volunt>y mutual aid w crumble into oblivion4 8,& yet m5 are will+ to be loyal to ! community1 if ! community is organiz$ to give !m ju/ice4 ,if exploitation 7 to cease !re w\ld be su* bonds ( bro!rhood among m5 z w\ld make ! community practically ev]la/+4 ,all y ne$ d is to let m5 coop]ate 9 fre$om4 ,!y long to cop]ate2 all evolution %[s a gr[? 9 ! ability to coop]ate2 man surpass$ ! brute j because ( ?is4 ,nor is law or /ate ne$$2 co]cive gov]nm5t is necess>y only 9 societies f\nd$ on inju/ice4 ,! /ate has always be5 an in/rum5t ( exploitation2 & law is m]ely ! organiz$ viol5ce ( ! rul+ class4 ,x is a subtle s*eme2 x enables indu/rial lords to d )\t any pangs ( consci5ce :at b = _! /atute-books might give !m a qualm or two4 ,notice1 = example1 h[ p]fectly ,*ri/ian su* slaught]s z ^? 9 ,colorado or ,virg9ia c be made to appe>--ev5 to ! slaught]]s--by ! delightful exp$i5t ( ! /atute-book4 ,!y kill & call x law1 s t !y may sleep4 8,& !n we are told t "o mu/ nev] use viol5ce 9 labor disputes4 ,b obvi\sly x is precisely viol5ce t is us$ aga9/ labor1 & aga9/ ! free _s4 ,z a matt] ( hi/ory1 rebels did n beg9 to use viol5ce on ! au?orities until ! au?orities _h us$ viol5ce on !m4 ,we feel ourselves q ju/ifi$ 9 us+ any means ( attack on a sy/em s f\nd$ 9 co]cion4 ,! :ole "q ) u is "o n ( morals b ( exp$i5cy4 ,we h be5 moral a little too long40 #e ,individualism 8,precisely10 says ! ,/irn]ite an>*i/2 8x is all a "q ( might1 n ( "r2 & we exploit$ ones may be z "r z rectitude & nev] get any:]e unless we c rhyme a little might to our "r4 ,ea* ( u has a "r to d :atev] he is /rong en\gh to d4 #8,"o gets f>!r ) a h&ful ( might ?an ) a bagful ( "r4' ,he :o wants mu*1 & kn[s h[ to get x1 has 9 all times tak5 x1 z ,napoleon did ! cont95t1 & ! ,fr5* ,alg]ia4 ,!re=e ! only po9t is t ! respectful #8l[] classes' %\ld at l5g? le>n to take = !mselves :at !y want40 #f ,individualism ,aga9 ,& la/ly1 ,advocatus ,diaboli1 ,mr4 ,/atus ,quo3 8,i agree ) y "r he>tily1 ,sir ,/irn]ite an>*i/2 x is "t y *ildr5 came to und]/& t ev]y?+ is a "q ( p[]4 ,let ! fitte/ survive & let u all use :atev] means we f9d exp$i5t4 ,i am frank ) y n[2 b y mu/ n be surpris$ if to-morr[ ,i write out a few *ecks = ! sal>ies ( ! li>s :om ,i h 9 my employ4 ,:y %\ld we tell ! tru? & g "u8 ,surely y w und]/& t n all k is good = all m54 ,if x gives y satisfaction1 = example1 to spread in=mation ab\t bir?-control1 y w n feel hurt if x gives u satisfaction to oppose y1 = ! sake ( ! future armies ( unemploy$ )\t :i* our great s*eme ( indu/ry w\ld be s]i\sly hamp]$4 8,& ,i agree ) y\r fell[-an>*i/1 t ! /ate is (t5 a nuisance4 ,i c make use ( a little gov]nm5t2 b :5 ! /ate beg9s to tell me h[ to run my bus9ess !n ,i feel z if y\r criticism ( ! /ate is v j--& conv5i5t4 ,i am an individuali/1--a good old ,am]ican individuali/1--l ,jeff]son & ,em]son4 ,! /ate c't manage indu/ry half z well z we c4 ,y "k--z our ,sociali/s d n--t gov]nm5t own]%ip is only own]%ip by politicians1 by ,h9ky-,d9ks & ,ba?-h\se ,johns2 & ,i c tell y f intimate k ( ^! p t !y w d any?+ = money except effici5t adm9i/rative "w4 8,y\r s*eme ( hav+ ! work]s take ov] ! indu/ries is a good s*eme--= ! mill5nium4 ,:]e w\ld y get m5 to direct y8 ,!y come to u because we pay !m well2 if y\r syndicali/ %ops w\ld pay !m z well z we d1 !y w\ld be ! beg9n+ ( a new ari/ocracy2 if y ?9k ^! clev] m5 w "w = #8honor' y are lean+ on an airy dream4 ,de/roy private prop]ty & y w h a nation ( hoboes & ,h9dus4 8,z to exploitation1 :at w\ld y h8 ,we are /rong1 & y are weak2 x is ! law ( nature t we %\ld use y1 j z x is ! law ( nature t "o species %\ld use ! weak] species z its prey4 ,! weak] w always suff]1 ) or )\t law4 ,ev5 if all bellies are full1 ! majority w envy ! intellectual p[] ( _! bett]s1 & w suff] j z ke5ly on ! intellectual plane z !y d n[ on ! physical4 ,! alt]native ( ! "u-dog is to get intellig5ce & p[]1 or #8/ay put4' 8,my advice1 !n1 is to let ?+s be4 ,y c *ange ! sup]ficial conditions ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce & = p[]1 b ! fundam5tal facts ( x w rema94 ,mon>*y1 ari/ocracy1 democracy1--x's all ! same4 ,! mo/ p[]ful w rule1 :e!r by armies or by newspap]s2 x makes no diff]5ce if ,god is on ! side ( ! bigge/ battalions1 or ! side ( ! bigge/ type4 ,we b\ght ! battalions2 we buy ! type4 8,come1 let u get back to our bus9ess40 ,,iii ,dissolutions ,"h is a r$uctio ad absurdum ( our social 'isms2 & "h is ! hi/ory ( _m a social rebel4 ,f dissatisfaction to socialism1 f socialism to an>*ism1 f an>*ism to ,/irn]ism1 f ,/irn]ism & ! cult ( ! ego to ,nietzs*e & ! "r to exploit2--s has _m a man made ! m]ry-g-r\nd ( ?\ght & come back we>ily at la/ to ! t]ra firma ( ! ?+ t is4 ,we sail into ! sea ( social controv]sy )\t *>t or compass or rudd]2 & ?\gh we enc\nt] mu* w9d1 we nev] make ! port ( our desire4 ,we ne$ maps1 & in/rum5ts1 & k2 we ne$ to make inquiries1 to face our d\bts1 to def9e our purposes2 we %all h to exam9e m ru?lessly our preconceptions & hidd5 premises1 to =ce into ! light ! wi%es t secretly fa!r our illegitimate ?\ghts4 ,we mu/ ask ourselves que/ions t w rea* d[n to ! t5d]e/ roots ( our philosophies4 ,y are a fem9i/1 let u say4 ,v well4 ,h y ev] consid]$ ! sociological consequ5ces ( t v real dis9tegration ( ! 8home0 :i* an advanc+ fem9ism implies8 ,grant$ t ?is dis9tegration has be5 begun by ! indu/rial revolution4 ,d y want x to g on m rapidly8 ,d y want wom5 to become m l m58 ,d y ?9k t ! 8new woman0 w c>e to h *ildr58 ,x is surely bett] = ! pres5t com=t ( our society t !re %\ld be a consid]able fall 9 ! bir? rate2 b w t expose ! p ( ,europe & ,am]ica to absorption by ! races ( ! ,ea/8 ,y argue t ! case = fem9ism is z simple z ! case = democracy2 b is ! case = democracy simple8 ,is democracy compet5t8 ,is x br++ u :]e we want to g8 ,or is x a sort ( collective det]m9ation to drift ) ! tide1--a sort ( magnifi$ laissez-faire8 ,& z to 8rights0 & 8ju/ice10 h[ d y answ] ,nietzs*e's cont5tion t ! m highly organiz$ species1 sex1 or class1 mu/ by its v nature use1 comm&1 & exploit ! less highly organiz$ species1 sex1 or class8 ,y are a ,sociali/2 & y ye>n = a ,utopia ( fri5ds & equals2 b w y1 to make m5 equal1 be compell$ to *a9 ! /r5g? ( ! /rong ) _m laws & omnipres5t =ce8--w y sacrifice ! sup]iority ( ! *os5 few to ! m$iocrity ( ! _m8 ,w y1 to control ! exploit]1 be oblig$ to control all m51 ev5 9 detail8--w y\r socialism really br+ ! slav]y & s]vile /ate t ,sp5c] & ,*e/]ton & ,belloc fe>8 ,is fur!r c5tralization ( gov]nm5t desirable8 ,h y consid]$ suffici5tly ! old difficulty ab\t ! /imulus to endeavor 9 a society t %\ld re/rict private prop]ty to a m9imum & prohibit inh]itance8 ,h y arrang$ to protect y\r cop]ative commonweal? by limit+ immigration--f ,europe & f heav58#bie ,are y n1 9 g5]al1 exagg]at+ ! =ce ( ! aggregative z aga9/ ! segregative t5d5cies 9 human nature8 ,& d y ?9k t a *ange ( laws c make ! weak elude ! exploit+ arm ( ! /rong8 ,w n ! /ronge/ m5 always make :atev] laws are made1 & rule :]ev] m5 are rul$8 ,c any gov]nm5t /& t is n ! expression ( ! /ronge/ =ces 9 ! community8 ,& if ! /ronge/ =ce be organiz$ labor1 are y sure t organiz$ labor w n exploit & tyrannize8 ,w ! bett] organiz$ & skill$ work]s be 8j0 to ! unskill$ & imp]fectly organiz$ work]s8 ,& :at d y mean by 8ju/ice08 ,& z to ! eug5i/1 surely x is unnecess>y to expose 8 unprep>$ness to meet ! que/ions :i* 8 programme raises4 ,que/ions1 = example1 z to :at 8units0 ( "* to bre$ =1 if !re are su* 8units02 :e!r def9ite bre$+ = c]ta9 results w\ld =feit adaptive pla/icity2 :e!r compulsory /]ilization is w>rant$ by our k ( h]$ity2 :e!r s]i\s disease is n (t5 associat$ ) g5ius2 :e!r ! native m5tal end[m5ts ( ri* & poor are appreciably diff]5t1 & :e!r ! 8comp>ative inf]tility ( ! upp] classes0 is really mak+ = ! det]ioration ( ! race2 :e!r progress dep5ds on racial *anges s mu* z on *anges 9 social in/itutions & traditions4 ,& s on4 ,& ! an>*i/1 :om "o loves if only = ! f]vor ( 8 hope & ! beauty ( 8 dream1--! an>*i/ falt]s mis]ably 9 ! face ( int]rogation4 ,if all laws 7 to be susp5d$ to-morr[1 all co]cion ( citiz5 by /ate1 h[ long w\ld x be be=e new laws w\ld arise8 ,w\ld ! a=em5tion$ /rong cease to be /rong & ! weak cease to be weak8 ,w\ld p be will+ to =ego private prop]ty8 ,are n belief & disbelief 9 private prop]ty det]m9$ less by logic & 8ju/ice0 ?an by "o's own success or failure 9 ! acquisition ( private prop]ty8 ,d only ! weak & uncontroll$ advocate absolute lack ( re/ra9t8 ,d mo/ m5 want lib]ty s mu* t !y w tol]ate *aos & a devil-take-!-h9d-mo/ individualism = ! sake ( x8 ,c x be1 aft] all1 t fre$om is a negative ?+1--t :at m5 want is1 = "s1 a*ievem5t1 = o!rs1 peace1--& t = ^! !y w give ev5 fre$om8 ,:at if a great numb] ( p dread lib]ty1 & are n at all s s5sitive to re/ra9t & comm&m5t z ! an>*i/8 ,p]haps only *ildr5 & g5iuses c be truly an>*i/ic8 ,p]haps fre$om itself is a problem & n a solution8 ,does ! me*anization1 ?r\gh law & cu/om1 ( c]ta9 elem5ts 9 our social behavior1 l ! me*anization1 ?r\gh habit & in/9ct1 ( c]ta9 elem5ts 9 individual behavior1 result 9 great] fre$om = ! high] p[]s & functions8 ,aga91 to h fre$om = all1 all mu/ be equal2 b does n developm5t make = diff]5tiation & inequality8 ,consid] ! ,am]ica ( ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago2 a nation ( adv5tur\s settl]s1 h>dly any ( !m bett] (f ?an any o!r1--all ( a class1 all on a level2 & see :at inequalities & ca/es a few g5]ations h produc$6 ,is !re a necess>y anti!sis betwe5 lib]ty & ord]1 fre$om & control8--or are ord] & control ! fir/ condition ( fre$om8 ,does n law s]ve _m spl5did purposes1--c\ld x n s]ve m8 ,is ! /ate necess>y s long z !re are long-e>$ & long-f+]$ g5try8 ,z = y\r revolutions1 :o pr(its by !m8 ,! p :o h suff]$1 or ! p :o h ?\ght8 ,is a revolution1 s f> z ! poor are conc]n$1 m]ely ! de?ronem5t ( "o set ( rul]s or exploit]s s t ano!r set may h a turn8 ,d n mo/ revolutions1 l t :i* wi%$ to /orm heav5 by a t[]1 end 9 a confusion ( tongues8 ,& aft] ea* outbreak d n ! work]s readapt !mselves to _! new slav]y ) t ease & torpid pati5ce :i* are ! despair ( e lead]1 until !y are awak5$ by ano!r qu>rel among _! ma/]s8 99 99 99 99 99 ,"o c\ld fl+ ab\t su* que/ions almo/ endlessly1 till e 'ism %\ld disappe> "u int]rogation po9ts4 ,e su* 'ism1 cle>ly1 is b a half-tru?1 an arre/$ developm5t1 suff]+ f mal9=mation4 ,"o is rem9d$ ( ! exp]im5t 9 :i* a psy*ologi/ gave a r+-puzzle to a monkey1 &--9 ano!r room--a l puzzle to a univ]sity pr(essor3 ! monkey fell ^u ! puzzle at once ) tee? & feet & e mann] ( ha/y & haphaz>d reaction1--until at la/ ! puzzle1 dropp$ ^u ! floor1 came ap>t by *ance2 ! pr(essor sat sil5t & motionless be=e ! puzzle1 work+ out 9 ?\ght ! issue ( _m sugge/$ solutions1 & f9ally1 aft] =ty m9utes1 t\*$ x to undo x at a /roke4 ,our 'isms are simian reactions to ! social puzzle4 ,we jump at conclusions1 we are imp+$ ^u extremes1 we b\nd f opposite to opposite1 we move ) bl9d]s to a passion-color$ goal4 ,"s ( u are ideali/s1 & see only ! beautiful desire2 "s ( u are reali/s1 & see only ! dun & dre>y fact2 h>dly any ( u c look fact 9 ! face & see ?r\gh x to t :i* x might be4 ,we 8b&y half-tru?s0 = a decade & !n relapse into ! peaceful insignificance ( con=mity4#bif ,x dawns on /ud5ts ( social problems1 z x dawn$ long s9ce on philosoph]s1 t ! beg9n+ ( _! wisdom is a confession ( _! ignorance4 ,we "k n[ t ! ?+ we ne$1 & = lack ( :i* we blund] valiantly into futility1 is n good int5tions b in=m$ intellig5ce4 ,all problems are problems ( education2 all ! m s 9 a democracy4 ,n because education c *ange ! orig9al nature ( man1 b because intellig5t cop]ation c control ! /imuli :i* det]m9e ! injuri\sness or b5efic5ce ( orig9al dispositions4 ,impulse is n ! enemy ( intellig5ce2 x is its raw mat]ial4 ,we desire k--& p>ticul>ly k ( ourselves--s t we may "k :at ext]nal conditions evoke de/ructive1 & :at conditions evoke con/ructive1 responses4 ,we d n1 = example1 expect intellig5ce to eradicate pugnacity2 we d n want x to d s2 b we want to eradicate ! environm5tal conditions :i* turn ?is impulse to :olesale suicide4 ,m5 %\ld fight2 x is ! ess5ce ( _! value t !y are will+ to fight2 ! problem ( intellig5ce is to discuss & to create means = ! div]sion ( pugnacity to socially helpful ends4 ,"* is p] se nei!r good nor bad1 b becomes "o or ! o!r accord+ to ! nature ( ! /imuli pres5t$4 ,:at we call moral re=m1 !n1 waits on in=mation & consequ5t rem\ld+ ( ! factors det]m9+ ! direction ( our orig9al dispositions4 ,we become 8bett]0 m5 & wom5 only s f> z we become m intellig5t4 ,j z psy*oanalysis c1 9 "s measure1 recon/ruct ! p]sonal life1 s social analysis c recon/ruct social life & turn into productive *annels ! innoc5t b too (t5 de/ructive =ces ( orig9al nature4#big ,our problem1 !n1 to repeat once m our c5tral !me1 is to facilitate ! gr[? & spread ( intellig5ce4 ,) ?is def9ition ( ! issue we come clos] to our !sis1--t ! social problem mu/ be approa*$ ?r\gh philosophy1 & philosophy ?r\gh ! social problem4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,recon/ructive ,,function ,,( ,,philosophy ,i ,epi/emologs ,n[ !re are a great _m p :o w feel no ?rill at all at ! m5tion ( philosophy1--:o w r consid] !mselves excus$ by ! v occurr5ce ( ! ^w f cont9u+ on ! road :i* ?is discussion proposes to travel4 ,no man d>es to talk ( philosophy 9 ^! busy days except aft] an apologetic preface2 philosoph]s !mselves h come to feel t _! ?9k+ is s remote f practical endeavor t !y h = ! mo/ "p ab&on$ ! ef=t to relate _! "w to ! concrete issues ( life4 ,9 ! eyes ( ! man :o does ?+s philosophy is b an arial voyag+ among ! mi/s ( transc5d5tal dialectic1 or an ineffective moraliz+ sub/itute = sup]natural religion4 ,philosophy 0 once mi/ress ( all ! discipl9es ( ?\ght & se>*2 n[ none s poor to d h] rev]5ce4 ,!re is no way ( meet+ ?is indictm5t o!r ?an to conc$e x4 ,x is true4 ,x is mild4 ,only a lov] ( philosophy c "k--) ! intimacy ( a p>ticeps crim9is--h[ deeply philosophy has fall5 f h] anci5t heights4 ,look+ back to ,greece we f9d t philosophy !re 0 a real pursuit ( wisdom1 a v e>ne/ ef=t to arrive by discussion & self-criticism at a way ( life1 a philosophia vit magi/ra1 a k ( ! individual & social good & ( ! means !reto1 a consci\s direction ( social in/itutions to e?ical ends2 philosophy & life 9 ^? days 7 b\nd up ) "o ano!r z me*anics is n[ b\nd up ) effici5t con/ruction4 ,ev5 9 ! ,middle ,ages philosophy meant cord9ate liv+1 syn!tic behavior2 ) all _! reputation = cobweb-sp9n+1 ! ,s*ola/ics 7 mu* clos] to life 9 _! ?9k+ ?an mo/ mod]n philosoph]s h be5 9 !irs4 ,! lapse ( philosophy f h] =m] significance & vitality is ! result ( ! exagg]at$ emphasis plac$ on ! epi/emological problem by mod]n ?9k]s2 & ?is 9 turn is 9 great "p due to ! difficulties on :i* ,desc>tes /umbl$ 9 8 ef=t to reconcile 8 belief 9 me*anism ) 8 desire to placate ! ,jesuits4 ,h[ m9or a rle is play$ by ! problems ( ! relation betwe5 subject & object1 ! validity ( k1 epi/emological realism & idealism1 9 a frankly me*ani/ philosophy1 appe>s 9 ,bacon1 ,hobbes1 & ,sp9oza2#bih ^! m5--d$uct+ ,bacon's a/ute obeisance to !ology--"k :at !y want & say :at !y mean2 !y presume1 ) a maturity s natural z to be mi/ak5 = navet1 t ! validity ( ?\ght is a matt] to be decid$ by action r ?an by !ory2 !y take x = grant$ t ! supreme & ultimate purpose ( philosophy is n analysis b syn!sis1 n ! intellectual categoriz+ ( exp]i5ce b ! intellig5t recon/ruction ( life4 ,inde$1 z "o pursues ?is clew ?r\gh ! devi\s--almo/ /eal?y--c\rse ( mod]n speculation x appe>s t no small "p ( ! epi/emological developm5t has be5 made up ( ! oscillations1 compromises1 & obscurities natural 9 m5 :o 7 ! expon5ts & ! victims ( a pa9ful transition4 ,civilization 0 pass+ f "o intellectual basis to ano!r2 & 9 ^! weird epi/emologs ! va/ process came uncom=tably to semiconsci\sness4 ,!y 7 old bottles bur/+ ) new w9e2 & _! trag$y 0 t !y knew x4 ,!y clung to ! old _w ev5 :ile ! new "o 0 swimm+ p]il\sly into _! k52 !y f\nd a pitiful solace 9 ! old phrases1 ! old p>aph]nalia ( a dead philosophy2 & 9 ! suff]+ ( _! readju/m5t !re 01 q inevitably1 "s measure ( self-deception4 ,& t is :y !y are s h>d to und]/&4 ,ev5 s subtle a ?9k] z ,santayana f9ds !m too difficult1 & ab&ons !m 9 righte\s indignation4 ,!re is no worse conf\nd+ ( confusion ?an self-deception3 let a man be hone/ ) himself1 & he may lie ) tol]able intelligibility & success2 b let him be 8 own dupe & he may write a ?\s& critiques & nev] get himself und]/ood4 ,inde$1 "s ( !m d n want to be und]/ood1 !y only want to be believ$4 ,hegel1 = example1 0 n at all surpris$ to f9d t no "o und]/ood him2 he w\ld h be5 surpris$ & *agr9$ to f9d t "s "o _h4 ,obscurity c cov] a multitude ( s9s4 ,add to ?is self-befogg]y ! appall+ hi/orismus 7z ,euck5 calls x71 ! /range lifeless int]e/ 9 ! pa/ = its own sake1 ! petty por+ ov] problems ( text & m9uti ( !ory 9 ! classics ( speculation2--& ! indictm5t ( philosophy z a useless appanage ( ! idle ri* ga9s fur!r gr\nd4 ,we d n seem to und]/& h[ mu* ( ! pa/ is dead1 h[ mu* ( x is b a drag on ! imag9ative c\rage t d>es to ?9k ( a future diff]5t f ! pa/1 & bett]4 ,philosophy is too mu* a /udy ( ! details ( sup]s$$ sy/ems2 x is too little ! /udy ( ! miracul\s liv+ mom5t 9 :i* ! pa/ melts into ! pres5t & ! future f9ds creation4 ,mo/ p h an inv9cible habit ( turn+ _! backs to ! future2 !y l ! pa/ because ! future is an adv5ture4 ,s ) mo/ philosoph]s to-day2 !y l to write analyses ( ,kant1 comm5t>ies on ,b]keley1 discussions ( ,plato's my?s2 !y are /ud5ts rememb]+1 !y h n yet become m5 ?9k+4 ,!y d n "k t ! "w ( philosophy is 9 ! /reet z well z 9 ! libr>y1 !y d n feel & und]/& t ! f9al problem ( philosophy is n ! relation ( subject & object b ! mis]y ( m54 ,& s x is well t philosophy1 su* z x *iefly is 9 ^! days1 %\ld be scorn$ z a busy idl] 9 a _w :]e s mu* "w is ask+ to be done4 ,philosophy 0 vital 9 ,plato's day2 s vital t "s philosoph]s 7 exil$ & o!rs put to dea?4 ,no "o w\ld ?9k ( putt+ a philosoph] to dea? to-day4 ,n because m5 are m delicate ab\t kill+2 b because !re is no ne$ to kill t :i* is already dead4#bii ,,ii ,philosophy z ,control ,b aft] all1 ?is is n a subject = rhetoric s mu* z = resolution4 ,"h we are aga9 9 our spl5did libr>y2 "h we sit1 f9ancially secure1 releas$ f ! mat]ial necessities ( life1 to /& ap>t & /udy1 to report & help & /ate & solve2 "u u ^? millions hold+ u al(t s t we may see = !m1 dy+ by ! ?\s& s t we may f9d ! tru? t w make ! o!rs free2 & :at d we d8 ,we make phrases l 8esse e/ p]cipi10 8syn!tic judgm5ts priori10 & 8be+ is no?+02 we fill ! philosophic _w ) great ,sah>as ( ,kantiana2 we write epi/emology = two hundr$ ye>s4 ,surely !re is b "o dec5t ?+ = u to d3 ei!r philosophy is ( vital use to ! community1 or x is n4 ,if x is n1 we w ab&on x2 if x is1 !n we mu/ seek t vital use & %[ x4 ,we h be5 privileg$ to /udy & ?9k & travel & le>n ! _w2 & n[ we /& gap+ be=e x z if !re 7 no?+ wrong1 z if no?+ c\ld be done1 z if no?+ %\ld be done4 ,we are exp]t eyes1 ask$ to po9t ! way2 & all t we report is t !re is no?+ to see1 & n[h]e to g4 ,we are )\t ev5 a p>tial s5se ( ! awful responsibility ( intellig5ce4 ,x is "t we put ?is problem ( k1 ev5 ! problem ( ! validity ( k1 into ! h&s ( sci5ce4 ,h[ we come to "k1 :at ! process ( k is1 :at 8tru?0 is1--all ^! are que/ions ( fact2 !y are problems = ! sci5ce ( psy*ology1 !y are n problems = philosophy4 ,?is cont9ual %>p5+ ( ! knife1 z ,lotze put x1 becomes tiresome--almo/ pa!tic--if1 aft] all1 !re is no cutt+ done4 ,l ,fau/1 :o f\nd himself :51 bl9d$ by ! sun1 he turn$ 8 face to ! e>?1 s we %all h to =get our epi/emological heav5 & rememb] "m e>?2 we %all h to give up our delightful ,g]man puzzles & play our liv+ "p 9 ! fl[ ( social purpose4 ,philosoph]s mu/ once m le>n to live4 ,to make su* a dem& = a new direction ( philosophy to life is aft] all only a developm5t ( pragmatism1 turn+ t doctr9e ( action z ! te/ & significance ( ?\ght to uses n s individual z ^? 9 :i* ,william ,james f\nd its readie/ application4 ,if philosophy has mean+1 x mu/ be z life become aw>e ( its purposes & possibilities1 x mu/ be z life cross-exam9+ life = ! sake ( life2 x mu/ be z specializ$ =esight = ! direction ( social movem5t1 z recon/ructive intellig5ce 9 consci\s evolution4 ,man f9ds himself caught 9 a flux ( *ange2 he /udies ! laws op]at+ 9 ! flux2 /udy+1 he comes to und]/&2 und]/&+1 he comes to control2 controll+1 he comes face to face ) ! "q ( all que/ions1 ,= :at8 ,:]e does he wi% to g1 :at does he want to be8 ,x is !n t man puts 8 :ole exp]i5ce be=e him 9 syn!tic te/2 !n t he gropes = mean+s1 se>*es = values1 /ruggles to see & def9e 8 c\rse & goal2 !n t he becomes philosoph]4 ,consid] ^! que/ions ( goal & c\rse z que/ions ask$ by a society1 & ! social function ( philosophy appe>s4 ,sci5ce enlight5s means1 philosophy mu/ enlight5 ends4 ,sci5ce in=ms1 philosophy mu/ =m4 ,a philosoph] is a man :o remakes himself2 ! social function ( philosophy is to remake society4 ,h we yet felt ! full ze/ ( t brave discov]y ( ! la/ c5tury1--t purpose is n 9 ?+s b 9 u8 ,:at a decl>ation ( indep5d5ce !re is 9 t simple phrase1 :at lib]ation ( a fett]$ ?\ght to d>e all v5tures ( creative endeavor6 ,"h at la/ is man's com+-(-age6 ,well3 n[ t we h won ?is fre$om1 :at %all we d ) x8 ,t is ! "q :i* fre$om begets1 (t5 z its ,frank5/e92 = unless fre$om makes = life1 fre$om dies4 ,once our slo? & c[>dice might h plead$ ! uselessness ( ef=t 9 a _w :]e omnipot5t purpose lay outside ( u1 sup]impos$ & un*angeable2 n[ t we c believe t div9ity is 9 ourselves1 t purpose & guidance are ?r\gh u1 we c no long] %irk ! "q ( recon/ruction4 ,! _w is ours to d ) :at we c & w4 ,once we believ$ 9 ! un*angeable environm5t--t new ogre t succe$$ to ! ,absolute--& 7z became an age ( laissez-faire7 we ?\ght t wisdom lay 9 meet+ all its dem&s2 n[ we "k t environm5ts c be remade2 & we face ! "q1 ,h[ %all we remake ours8 ,?is is prem95tly a problem 9 philosophy2 x is a "q ( values4 ,if ! _w is to be remade1 x w h to be "u ! guidance ( philosophy4 ,,iii ,philosophy z ,m$iator betwe5 ,sci5ce & ,/atesman%ip ,b :y philosophy8--"s "o asks4 ,:y w n sci5ce d8 ,philosophy dreams1 :ile "o by "o ! sci5ces :i* %e nurs$ /eal away f h] & g d[n into ! _w ( fact & a*ievem5t4 ,:y %\ld n sci5ce be call$ ^u to guide u into a bett] _w8 ,because sci5ce becomes m & m a fragm5tat$ ?+1 ) ev] less cord9ation1 ev] less s5se ( ! :ole4 ,our indu/rial sy/em has =c$ division ( labor "h1 z 9 ! manual trades1 almo/ to ! po9t ( idiocy3 let a man seek to "k ev]y?+ ab\t some?+1 & he w soon "k no?+ ab\t any?+ else2 effici5cy w swall[ up ! man4 ,because ( ?is %r$d$ sci5ce we h great zologi/s talk+ infantile patriotism ab\t ! w>1 & great electricians :o fill s5sational %eets ) details ( _! trips to heav54 ,we live 9 a _w :]e ?\ght breaks into pieces1 & cord9ation ebbs2 we fl\nd] into a *aos ( hatr$ & de/ruction because syn!tic ?9k+ is n 9 fa%ion4 ,consid]1 = example1 ! problem ( monopoly3 we ask sci5ce :at we are to d "h2 :y is x t aft] we h li/5$ to ! economi/1 & ! hi/orian1 & ! lawy]1 & ! psy*ologi/1 we are h>dly bett] (f ?an be=e8 ,because ea* ( ^! m5 speaks 9 ignorance ( :at ! o!rs h discov]$4 ,we mu/ f9d "s way ( mak+ ^! m5 acqua9t$ ) "o ano!r be=e !y c become really useful to l>ge social purposes2 we mu/ knock _! heads toge!r4 ,we want m unit]s & cord9ators1 less analyz]s & accumulators4 ,specialization is mak+ ! philosoph] a social necessity ( ! v fir/ importance4 ,?is does n mean t we mu/ put ! /ate into ! h&s ( ! epi/emologi/s4 ,h>dly4 ,! type ( philosoph] :o mu/ be produc$ w be a man too close to life to sp5d mu* "t on m]ely analytical problems4 ,he w feel ! call ( action1 & w automatically reject all k t does n po9t to de$s4 ,! ess5tial feature ( him w be grasp3 he w h 8 net fix$ = ! f9d+s ( ^? sci5ces :i* h to d1 n ) mat]ial recon/ructions1 b ) ! discov]y ( ! secrets ( human nature4 ,he w "k ! ess5tials ( biology & psy*ology1 ( sociology & hi/ory1 ( economics & politics2 9 him ^! long-divorc$ sci5ces w meet aga9 & make "o ano!r f]tile once m4 ,he w busy himself ) ,m5del & ,freud1 ,sumn] & ,vebl51 & w sc&al\sly neglect ! ,absolute4 ,he w /udy ! ne$s & exig5cies ( 8 "t1 he w consid] ! ,utopias m5 make1 he w see 9 !m ! sugge/ive pseudopodia ( political !ory1 & w le>n f !m :at m5 at la/ desire4 ,he w sob] ! vision ) fact1 & f9d a focus = imm$iate /riv+4 ,) ?is focus he w be able to cord9ate 8 own ?9k+1 to po9t ! nose ( sci5ce to a goal2 sci5ce becom+ !reby no long] inv5tive & in/ructive m]ely1 b prev5tive & con/ructive4 ,& s =tifi$ & unifi$ he w prea* 8 gospel1 talk+ n to /ud5ts ab\t ,god1 b to /atesm5 ab\t m54 ,= we come aga9--ev] & ev] aga9--to ,plato3 unless wisdom & practical ability1 philosophy & /atesman%ip1 c be m closely b\nd toge!r ?an !y are1 !re w be no less5+ ( human mis]y4 ,?9k ( ! le>n+ ( sci5ti/s & ! ignorance ( politicians6 ,y see all ^! agitat$1 pomp\s m51 mak+ laws at ! rate ( "s t5 ?\s& a ye>2 y see ^? quiet1 unhe>d (1 und]paid seek]s 9 ! laboratories ( ! _w2 unless y c br+ ^! two gr\ps toge!r ?r\gh cord9ation & direction1 y\r society w /& /ill =ev]1 h[ev] mu* x moves4 ,philosophy mu/ take hold2 x mu/ become ! social direction ( sci5ce1 x mu/ become1 /range to say1 appli$ sci5ce4 ,we /& to-day 9 social sci5ce :]e ,bacon /ood 9 natural sci5ce3 we seek a me?od fir/ = ! elucidation ( causes1 & second = ! trans=mation1 9 ! light ( ?is k1 ( man's environm5t & man4 8,we live 9 ! /one age ( political sci5ce10 says ,le/] ,w>d2 89 politics we are /ill savages40#cjj ,our political movem5ts are conceiv$ 9 impulse & develop$ 9 emotion2 !y end 9 fission & fragm5tation because !re is no ?\ght beh9d !m4 ,:o w supply ?9k+ to ^! in/9cts1 direction to ?is en]gy1 light to ?is wa/$ heat8 ,our "y m5 talk only ( ideals1 our politicians only ( fact2 :o w int]pret to ! "o ! language ( ! o!r8 ,:at is x1 too1 t /atesm5 ne$ if n t sav+ s5se ( ! :ole :i* makes philosophy1 & :i* philosophy makes8 ,j z philosophy )\t /atesman%ip is--let u say--epi/emology1 s /atesman%ip )\t philosophy is--,am]ican politics4 ,! function ( ! philosoph]1 !n1 is to d ! li/5+ to to-day's sci5ce1 & !n to d ! ?9k+ = to-morr['s /atesman%ip4 ,! philosophy ( an age %\ld be ! organiz$ =esight ( t age1 ! int]pret] ( ! future to ! pres5t4 8,selection adapts man to ye/]day's conditions1 n to to-day's02#cja ! organiz$ =esight ( consci\s evolution w adapt man to ! conditions ( to-morr[4 ,& an ounce ( =esight is wor? a ton ( morals4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,organiz$ ,,intellig5ce ,i ,! ,ne$ ,intellig5ce is organiz$ exp]i5ce2 b intellig5ce itself mu/ be organiz$4 ,consid] ! res\rces ( ! unus$ intellig5ce ( ! _w2 intellig5ce pot5tial b undevelop$2 intellig5ce develop$ b isolat$2 intellig5ce all[$ to wa/e itself 9 purely p]sonal pursuits1 unask$ to ent] into cop]ation = l>g] ends4 ,consid] ! ,platos frett+ 9 exile :ile petty politicians rule ! _w2 consid] ,montaigne1 & ,hobbes1 & ,hume1 & ,c>lyle1 & ! ?\s& o!r m5 ^: g5ius 0 left to gr[--or die--9 solitude or />vation2 consid] ! va/ numb] ( univ]sity-tra9$ m9ds :o are p]mitt$1 = lack ( invitation & organiz$ facilities1 to slip into ! _w ( pr(it & loss & de/ructively n>r[ int5t2 consid] ! exp]t ability 9 all l9es :i* c be f\nd 9 ! faculties ( ! _w1 & :i* goes to tra9+ an inf9itesimal fraction ( ! community4 ,! ?\ght ( univ]sity graduates1 ( univ]sity faculties1 ( univ]sity-tra9$ inve/igators1 has _h a rapidly gr[+ influ5ce 9 ! la/ t5 ye>s 9 ,am]ica2 & because x is an influ5ce due to enlight5m5t x is fundam5tally an influ5ce = 8good40 ,x 0 ?is influ5ce t %[$ :5 ,presid5t ,wilson said t ! eight-h\r day 0 dem&$ by ! in=m$ op9ion ( ! "t4 ,! s\rces ( su* influ5ce h m]ely be5 t\*$2 !y are deep2 we mu/ f9d a way to make in=m$ op9ion m articulate & p[]ful4 8,! mo/ valuable k consi/s ( me?ods10 said ,nietzs*e2#cjb & ! mo/ valuable me?ods are me?ods ( organization1 :e!r ( data or ( m54 ,organization's ! ?+4 ,economic =ces are organiz$2 ! =ces ( intellig5ce are n4 ,to organize intellig5ce2 t is surely "o me?od ( approa* to ! social problem2 & :at if1 inde$1 x be ! v he>t & sub/ance ( ! social problem8 ,n[ a v easy way ( mak+ ! prop\nd] ( su* an organization feel unusually mode/ is to ask him t little tr\ble-mak+ "q1 ,h[8 ,to answ] t w\ld be to answ] almo/ ev]y?+ t c be answ]$4 ,"h are op]a basilica aga96--= :at are we do+1 aft] all1 b try+ to take ,francis ,bacon s]i\sly8 ,( c\rse ! difficulty 9 organiz+ intellig5ce is h[ to "k :o are intellig5t1 & h[ to get en\gh p to agree ) y t y "k4 ,if ea* man's self-valuation 7 accept$1 our organization w\ld be r bulky4 ,are !re any m5 v widely recogniz$ z intellig5t1 :o c\ld be us$ z ! nucleus ( an organization8 ,!re are individual m5 s recogniz$1--,edison1 = example1 &1 /range to say1 "o or two m5 :o by accid5t are hold+ political (fice4 ,b ^! are /ray individuals2 are !re any gr\ps ^: av]age ( intellig5ce is highly rat$ by a l>ge portion ( ! community8 ,!re are4 ,physicians are s rat$2 s mu* s t by popul> usage !y h won almo/ a monopoly on ! once m widely us$ t]m doctor4 ,univ]sity pr(essors are highly rat$4 ,let u take ! physicians & ! pr(essors2 "h is a nucleus ( recogniz$ intellig5ce4 ,!re are objections1 "h1 ( c\rse2 "s "o urges t _m physicians are quacks1 ano!r t pr(essors are rat$ z intellig5t1 b only 9 an unpractical sort ( way4 ,p]haps we %all f9d "s s*eme = elim9at+ ! quacks2 b ! pr(essors pres5t a difficult problem4 ,x is true t !y suff] f intellectualism1 academitis1 ov]fondness = !ories1 & o!r occupational diseases2 x is true t ! same p :o /& 9 awe ( ! v ^w pr(essor w\ld picture ! article indicat$ by ! ^w z a ?91 r\nd-%\ld]$1 be-spectacl$ n9ny1 incapable ( f9d+ 8 way alone ?r\gh city /reets1 & s imm]s$ 9 ! />s t he is soon] or lat] subm]g$ 9 a well4 ,b :at if ?is quality ( deta*m5t1 ( pr(essorial calm1 be j "o ( ! qualities ne$$ = ! illum9ation ( our social problem8 ,p]haps we h too mu* emotion 9 ^! que/ions1 & ne$ ! cold] light ( ! man :o is tra9$ to use 8 8head0 & n 8 8he>t40 ,p]haps ! mo/ useful ?+ 9 ! _w = our purpose is ?is t]ribly dispassionate1 coldly scrut9iz+ pr(essor4 ,we ne$ m5 z imp>tial & cle>-ey$ z m5 come2 & :atev] a pr(essor may say1 yet he sees 8 field m cle>ly & imp>tially ?an any o!r gr\p ( m5 :atev]4 ,let ! pr(essors /ay4 ,& s we h our physicians & our pr(essors1--say all physicians & pr(essors :o h taught or practis$ ?ree ye>s 9 in/itutions1 or z ! graduates ( in/itutions1 ( recogniz$ /&+4 ,& n[ let u dream our dream4 ,,ii ,! ,organization ( ,intellig5ce ,^! m51 ?r\gh meet+s & correspond5ce1 organize !mselves into a 8,society = ,social ,rese>*02 !y beg9 at once to look = an 8inspir$ millionaire0 to f9ance ! movem5t = six mon?s or s2 !y adv]tise !mselves dilig5tly 9 ! press1 & make kn[n _! int5tion to get toge!r ! be/ bra9s ( ! c\ntry to /udy ! facts & possibilities ( ! social problem4 ,& !n--a difficult po9t--!y face ! task ( arrang+ "s m or less imp]sonal me?od ( decid+ :o are ! intellig5t p & :o n4 ,!y ask !mselves j :at k9d ( in=mation a man %\ld be expect$ to h1 to fit him = compet5t h&l+ ( social que/ions2 & aft] long discussions !y conclude t su* a man %\ld be well tra9$ 9 "o--& acqua9t$ ) ! g5]al f9d+s ( ! o!rs--( :at we may call ! social discipl9es3 biology1 psy*ology1 sociology1 hi/ory1 economics1 law1 politics1 philosophy1 & p]haps m4 ,!y =mulate a long & v>i$ te/ = ! discov]y ( fitness 9 ^! fields2 & !y arrange t e univ]sity 9 ! c\ntry %all aft] pl5tiful adv]tisem5t & invitation to all & sundry1 give ^! te/s1 & pay ! exp5ses incurr$ by any ne$y c&idate :o %all em]ge successful f ! trial4 ,9 ?is way m5 ^: /udies h be5 private1 & unadorn$ ) academic degree1 are to f9d entrance to ! ,society4 ,x is recogniz$ t ! dang] ( su* a te/ lies 9 ! premium :i* x sets on ! booki% z aga9/ ! practical man3 on ! man ^: k has come to him 9 ! classroom or ! /udy1 z aga9/ ! man :o has won 8 k j by liv+ face to face ) life4 ,!re are philosoph]s :o h nev] he>d ( ,kant1 & psy*ologi/s :o h be5 ,freudians = decades )\t hav+ ev] read a book4 ,a society recruit$ by su* a te/ w be devoid ( arti/s & poets1 may f9ally elim9ate all b fact-ga!r+ dryasdu/s1 & s end des]v$ly 9 no?+4 ,& yet "s te/ !re mu/ be1 to indicate1 h[ev] crudely1 "o's fitness or unfitness to take "p 9 ?is "w2 ! alt]native w\ld be ! p]sonal *oice ( ! initial few1 ^: prejudices & limitations w\ld s become ! con/itution & by-laws ( ! society4 ,p]haps1 too1 "s way may appe> ( us+ ! arti/s & poets1 & ! g5ius :o kn[s no books4 ,well3 ! te/s are giv52 ! orig9al nucleus ( physicians & pr(essors submit !mselves to ^! te/s1 & "s1 fail+1 are elim9at$2 o!r m5 come1 f all fields ( "w1 & f !m a numb] survive ! ordeal & pass into ! ,society4 ,s arises a body ( say #ejjj m51 divid$ into local gr\ps b work+ 9 unison s f> z geographical sep>at5ess w p]mit2 & to !m n[ come1 impress$ ) _! e>ne/ness1 a weal?y man1 :o agrees to f9ance ! ,society = su* "t z may be ne$$ to te/ its usefulness4 ,n[ :at does our ,society d8 ,x seeks in=mation4 ,t1 & n a programme1 is ! fruitful beg9n+ ( re=m4 8,m5 are will+ to inve/igate only ! small ?+s ( life10 says ,samuel ,butl]2 ?is ,society = ,social ,rese>* is prep>$ & resolv$ to inve/igate any?+ t has vital be>+ on ! social problem2 x /&s ready to make enemies1 ready to soil its h&s4 ,x appo9ts committees to ga!r & =mulate all t biologi/s c tell ( human orig9 & ! innate impulses ( m52 all t psy*ology 9 its v>i$ bran*es c tell ( human behavior2 all t sociology kn[s ( h[ & :y human societies & in/itutions rise & fall2 all t m$ic9e c tell ( social ills & heal?2 x appo9ts committees to g ?r\gh all sci5ce ) ! load/one ( ! social purpose1 pick+ up ?is fact "h & t "o !re2 committees to /udy actual & propos$ =ms ( gov]nm5t1 adm9i/rative & electoral me?ods2 committees to inve/igate m>riage1 eug5ics1 pro/itution1 pov]ty1 & ! ?\s& o!r aspects & items ( ! social problem2 committees to call = & li/5 to responsible expressions ( e k9d ( op9ion2 committees to exam9e & analyze social exp]im5ts1 pr(it-%>+ plans1 ,oneida communities2 ev5 a committee on ,utopia1 be=e :i* p]sons ) s*emes & 'isms & p]fect cities 9 _! heads may freely prea* _! gospel4 ,9 %ort ?is ,society becomes ! organiz$ eye & e> ( ! community1 ready & eag] to seek out all ! facts ( human life & bus9ess t may enlight5 human w4 ,& hav+ f\nd ! facts x publi%es !m4 ,its op]ations %[ real e>ne/ness1 s9c]ity1 & ability2 & 9 consequ5ce x w9s su* pre/ige t its reports f9d mu* h]ald+1 synopsis1 & comm5t 9 ! press4 ,b 9 addition to t x buys1 = ! fir/ day ( e mon?1 a half-page ( space 9 sev]al ( ! m widely circulat$ p]iodicals & j\rnals ( ! c\ntry1 & publi%es its f9d+s succ9ctly & intelligibly4 ,x gives full ref]5ces = all its /atem5ts ( fact2 x makes v]ification possible = all d\bt]s & d5i]s4 ,x includes 9 ea* mon?'s report a reliable /atem5t ( ! ye>'s advances 9 "s "o ( ! social discipl9es1 s t its twelve reports 9 any ye> con/itute a record ( ! socially vital sci5tific f9d+s ( ! ye>4 ,x limits itself /rictly to v]ifiable in=mation1 & *all5ges demon/ration ( humanly avoidable p>tiality4 ,& x takes great c>e t its reports are c\*$ n 9 le>n$ & te*nical language b 9 su* phraseology z w be intelligible to ! graduates ( an av]age gramm> s*ool4 ,t is c5tral4 ,,iii ,in=mation ( ,panacea ,)\t "s su* means ( gett+ & spread+ in=mation !re is no hope = fundam5tal social advance4 ,we h agre$1 h we n1 t to make m5 happi] & m capable we mu/ div]t _! socially injuri\s impulses into b5efic5t *annels2 t we c d ?is only by /udy+ ^? impulses & controll+ ! /imuli :i* ar\se !m2 t we c control ^? /imuli only by /udy+ ! v>i$ factors ( ! environm5t & ! means ( *ang+ !m2 9 %ort1 t at ! bottom ( ! direction ( impulse lies ! necessity ( k1 ( in=mation spread to all :o c>e to receive x4 ,autocracy may improve ! _w )\t spread+ enlight5m5t2 b democracy _c4 ,del5da e/ ignorantia4#cjc ,?is1 aft] all1 is a plan = ! democratization ( ari/ocracy2 x is ,plato translat$ into ,am]ica4 ,x utilizes sup]ior intellig5ce & gives x voice1 b sanctions no *ange t has n receiv$ ! free cons5t ( ! community4 ,x gives ! ari/ocracy ( intellect ! influ5ce & initiative :i* crude democracy fru/rates2 b x avoids ! corruption t usually goes ) p[]1 by mak+ ?is influ5ce "w ?r\gh ! *annels ( p]suasion r ?an compulsion4 ,x c\nt]acts ! p[] ( weal? to dissem9ate p>tisan views ?r\gh news-items & editorials1 & relies on fact to get ! bett] at la/ ( d\ble-lead$ prejudice4 ,x re/s on ! fai? t lies w out4 ,w\ld ! mass ( ! p li/5 to su* reports8 ,consid]1 fir/1 ! repute t atta*es to ! pr(essorial title4 ,let a man write ev5 ! sorrie/ nons5se b sign himself z "o ( ! faculty ( "s responsible in/itution1 & he w f9d a he>+2 ! read]1 p]haps1 ne$ n g f> to f9d an example4 ,9 rec5t indu/rial & political issues ! pron\ncem5ts ( a few pr(essors c>ri$ v great weight2 & !re are "s mode/ purveyors ( s suppos$ly h>mless a ?+ z philosophy ^: voice is fe>$ by all int]e/s t prosp] 9 ! d>k4 ,w ! comb9$ reputation ( ! mo/ enlight5$ m5 9 ! c\ntry mean less8 ,a report publi%$ by ?is ,society = ,social ,rese>* w mean t a l>ge body ( intellig5t m5 h f _! numb] appo9t$ ?ree or five or t5 to f9d ! facts ( a c]ta9 situation or dispute2 ^! appo9t$ m5 w1 if !y report ha/ily1 or c>elessly1 or di%one/ly1 impair ! repute ( all _! fell[s 9 ! ,society2 !y w take c>e1 !n1 & w probably f9d hone/y z good a policy z "s ( u pret5d x to be4 ,) e additional report s gu>d$ f defect ! repute ( ! society w gr[ until x becomes ! mo/ p[]ful intellectual =ce 9 ! _w4 ,:5 "o reflects h[ _m pages ( misrepres5tation 7 pr9t$ 9 ! pap]s ( only "o city 9 ! presid5tial campaign ( #aiaf1 & !n imag9es :at w\ld h be5 ! effect ( a m]e /atem5t ( facts on bo? sides1--! records ( ! c&idates & ! p>ties1 _! ackn[l$g$ connections1 fri5ds & enemies1 _! express$ pr9ciples & programmes1 ! facts ab\t ! t>iff1 ! ,g]man issue1 int]national law1 ! railway-bro!rhood dispute1 & s =?--"o beg9s to appreciate ! importance ( in=mation4 ,aft] ! initial & irrevocable diff]5ces ( orig9al nature no?+ is s vital z ! spread ( enlight5m5t2 & no?+ (f]s itself s well to organiz$ ef=t4 ,eug5ics is weak because x has no ?\ght-out programme2 'isms rise & fall because p are n in=m$4 ,let :o c1 improve ! native qualities ( m52 b t aside1 ! mo/ promis+ plan is ! dissem9ation ( fact4 ,su* a society = rese>* w\ld be a sort ( social consci\sness1 a 8m9d ( ! race40 ,x w\ld make social plann+ possible = ! fir/ "t2 x w\ld make hi/ory consci\s4 ,x w\ld look ahead & w>n2 x w\ld po9t ! nose ( ! community to unwelcome b important facts2 x w\ld exam9e into su* /atem5ts z t ( ,sir ,william ,ramsay1 t ,engl&'s coal fields w be exhau/$ 9 "o hundr$ & sev5ty-five ye>s2 & its w>n+s1 back$ by ! pre/ige ( its exp]t in=mation1 w\ld p]haps av]t ! ravages ( social wa/e & private gre$4 ,nature1 said ,le/] ,w>d1 is a sp5d?rift1 man an economiz]4 ,b economy means prevision1 & social economy means organiz$ provision4 ,"h w\ld be n agitation1 n propag&a1 n moraliz+1 b only cl>ification2 ^! m5 w\ld be 8m]*ants ( light10 simply giv+ in=mation s t :at m5 %\ld d !y might d kn[+ly & n 9 ! d>k4 ,inde$1 if "o c cl>ify "o ne$ n agitate4 ,j to /ate facts is ! mo/ t]rible ?+ t c be done to an inju/ice4 ,s]mons & /ump-spee*es /amp$e ! judgm5t = a mom5t1 b ! s\nd ( _! p]orations /ill l+]s 9 ! air :5 reaction comes4 ,fact has ?is advantage ov] rhetoric1 t "t /r5g!ns ! "o & weak5s ! o!r4 ,tell ! tru? & "t w be y\r eloqu5ce4 ,let u suppose t our ,society has exi/$ "s ?ree ye>s2 let u suppose t on ! fir/ day ( e mon? x has spread ?r\gh ! press simple reports ( its inve/igations1 simple acc\nts ( socially significant "w 9 sci5ce1 & simple /atem5ts ( fact ab\t ! economic & political issues ( ! day2 let u suppose t by f> ! great] "p ( ^! reports h be5 consci5ti\s & accurate & cle>4 ,v well3 9 ! c\rse ( ^! ?ree ye>s a l>ge numb] ( m5tally al]t p all ov] ! c\ntry w h develop$ ! habit ( read+ ^! mon?ly reports2 !y w look =w>d to !m1 !y w atta* significance to !m1 !y w h]ald !m z ev5ts1 almo/ z decisions4 ,9 any "q ( national policy its /atem5ts w influ5ce ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( ! m indep5d5t m9ds4 ,let u calculate ! numb] ( p :o1 9 ^! ,unit$ ,/ates1 w\ld be rea*$ by su* reports2 let u say ! reports are pr9t$ 9 ?ree or f\r ,new ,york dailies1 hav+ a total circulation ( "o million2 9 o!r dailies ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry totall+ "s five million circulation2 & 9 "o or m weeklies or mon?lies ) a l>ge or a select circulation4 ,"o may p]haps say t out ( ! sev5 or eight million p s rea*$ 7mo/ly adult males71 five p] c5t w be s influ5c$ by ! increas+ pre/ige ( ! ,society t !y w read ! reports4 ,( ^! f\r hundr$ ?\s& read]s x is reasonable to suppose t ?ree hundr$ ?\s& w be vot]s1 & n only vot]s b m5 ( influ5ce among _! fell[s4 ,^! m5 w ea* ( !m be a m$ium ?r\gh :i* ! facts report$ w be spread2 x is n too mu* to say t ! numb] ( ,am]ican vot]s influ5c$ directly or indirectly by ^! reports w rea* to a million4#cjd ,n[ imag9e ! influ5ce ( ?is million ( vot]s on a presid5tial election4 ,_! v exi/5ce w\ld be a *all5ge2 c&idates w\ld h !m 9 m9d :5 mak+ promises & criticisms2 p>ties w\ld ?9k ( !m :5 =mulat+ policies & draw+ up plat=ms2 editors w\ld bew>e ( fall+ into claptrap & deceit = fe> ( ^! million m5 arm$ ) combu/ible fact4 ,x w\ld mean su* an elevation ( political discussion & political p]=mance z democracy has nev] yet produc$2 su* an elevation z democracy mu/ produce or die4 ,,iv ,sex1 ,art1 & ,play 9 ,social ,recon/ruction ,s f> our imag9$ ,society has done no m ?an to seek & give in=mation4 ,x has1 x is true1 li/5$ to propag&i/s & ,utopians1 & has publi%$ extracts f _! te/imony2 b ev5 ?is has be5 n to agitate b to in=m2 t su* & su* op9ions are held by su* & su* m51 & by su* & su* a numb] ( m51 is also a po9t ( in=mation4 ,m]ely to /ate facts is ! ess5tial ?+1 & ! extremely effective ?+4 ,b n[ !re are c]ta9 functions :i* su* a ,society might p]=m beyond ! giv+ ( facts--functions t involve p]sonal attitudes & int]pretations4 ,x may be possible = our ,society to take on ^! functions )\t detract+ f ! tru/ repos$ 9 its /atem5ts ( fact4 ,:at are ^! functions8 ,fir/ ( all1 ! /imulation ( arti/ic production1 & ! ext5sion ( arti/ic appreciation4 ,our ,society1 :i* is compos$ ( r /aid m51 !mselves n peculi>ly fitt$ to pass judgm5t outside ! field ( sci5ce1 w invite1 let u say1 tw5ty ( ! mo/ g5]ally & highly valu$ ( ,engli% & ,am]ican au?ors to =m !mselves into a ,committee on ,lit]>y ,aw>ds1 z a bran* ( ! ,society = ,social ,rese>*4 ,imag9e ,?omas ,h>dy & ,george ,b]n>d ,%aw & ,h4 ,g4 ,wells & ,john ,galswor?y & ,rudy>d ,kipl+ & ,john ,masefield & ,george ,moore & ,joseph ,conrad & ,w4 ,d4 ,h[ells & ,!odore ,dreis] & _m m1 tell+ ! _w e mon?1 9 individual in/alm5ts1 _! judgm5t on curr5t fiction1 drama1 poetry1 ,engli% lit]ature 9 g5]al2 imag9e ! v>i$ judgm5ts pr9t$ ) synoptic cord9ation ( ! results z a way ( fix+ ! /&+ ( a book 9 ! ,engli% lit]>y _w2 & judge ( ! /imulus t w\ld reside 9 li/s sign$ by su* names4 ,imag9e ano!r gr\p ( m51 ! lit]>y lite ( ,france1 mak+ brief] reports on ,fr5* lit]ature2 & o!r gr\ps 9 ,g]many1 ,russia1 ,italy1 ,spa91 ,sc&9avia2 imag9e ! _w gett+ e mon? ! judgm5t ( ,anatole ,france & ,rema9 ,roll& & ,g]h>dt ,hauptmann & ,anton ,t*ekov & ,georg ,br&es on ! curr5t lit]ature ( _! peoples2 imag9e !m mak+ li/s1 too1 ( ! be/ books 9 all _! lit]atures2 imag9e eag] "y m5 & wom5 por+ ov] ^! conflict+ li/s1 discuss+ !m1 mak+ li/s ( _! own1 & gett+ guidance s4 ,& to ! lit]>y li/s add mon?ly reports1 by a committee ( ! ,society itself1 on ! be/ books 9 ! v>i\s fields ( sci5ce4 ,f9ally1 let ! arti/s speak1--pa9t]s & sculptors & all2 let !m say :]e excell5ce has dwelt ?is mon? 9 _! respective fields4 ,!re are hundr$s ( ?\s&s :o hung] = su* guidance z ?is plan w\ld give4 ,!re are "y p :o fl\nd] ab\t hopelessly because !y f9d no guidance2 "y p :o are easily turn$ to f9e "w by ! /imulus ( responsible judgm5t1 & z easily lapse into ! banalities ( popul> fiction & popul> magaz9es :5 ?is guid+ /imulus fails to come4 ,!re are ?\s&s ( p :o w\ld be glad to pay _! mode/ contribution to ! support ( any organization t w\ld manage to get su* direction = !m4 ,half ! value ( a univ]sity c\rse lies 9 ?is1 t ! tea*] w sugge/ read+s1 judge books1 & provide g5]al guidance = individual "w4 ,p]haps ! mo/ valuable k9d ( in=mation 9 ! _w is t :i* guides "o 9 ! se>* = in=mation4 ,su* guidance1 giv5 to all :o ask = x1 w\ld g f> to save u f ! m$iocrity t almo/ /ifles our national life4#cje ,& m2 :y %\ld n ! /imulation be = ! produc]s z well z = ! consum]s8 ,:y %\ld n "s k9d ( aw>d be made1 say e six mon?s1 to ! au?ors adjudg$ be/ 9 _! l9es by _! qualifi$ contempor>ies8 ,:y %\ld su* a book z ,jean ,*ri/ophe or ,! ,bro!rs ,k>amazov g unh]ald$ except 9 fragm5t>y individual ways8 ,:y n rew>d su* productions ) a sub/antial prize8--or1 if t be impossible1 by "s pres5tation ( c]tificate8 ,ev5 a 8scrap ( pap]0 w\ld g a long way to /imulate ! writ] & guide ! read]4 ,b :y %\ld n a money rew>d be possible8 ,if ri* m5 w pay ?\s&s ^u ?\s&s = ! 7p]haps7 orig9al works ( dead arti/s1 :y %\ld !y n turn _! weal? into spiritual gold by help+ ! (t5 impecuni\s writ]s ( ! liv+ day8 ,x is a conv5i5t error to believe t f9ancial aid w\ld detract f ! indep5d5ce ( ! creator3 x w\ld1 did x come f m5 rew>d+ on ! basis ( _! own judgm5t2 x w\ld n if ! judgm5t ( ! _w's m5 ( lett]s %\ld be tak5 z crit]ion4 ,& p]haps few] ,*att]tons & ,davidsons w\ld m> ! hi/ory ( lit]ature & art4 ,?is direction ( att5tion to :at is be/ & greate/ 9 ! "w ( our age is a matt] ( deep] mom5t ?an sup]ficial ?\ght c grasp4 ,if1 by "s su* me?od1 ! mean+ ( 8success0 c\ld be fre$ f monet>y implication & atta*$ r to excell5ce 9 art & sci5ce1 ! *ange w\ld h almo/ ine/imably f>-rea*+ results4 ,m5 wor%ip money1 z has (t5 be5 po9t$ out1#cjf n = its own sake1 nor = ! mat]ial good x br+s1 b = ! pre/ige ( success t goes ) its 8conspicu\s consumption02 let ! arti/ f9d m appreciation = 8 ability ?an ! capta9 ( indu/ry f9ds = 81 & !re w be a great release ( en]gy f economic exploitation to creative "w 9 sci5ce1 lit]ature1 & art4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! /imuli t prompt m5 to exploit _! fell[s w be gone2 & t ri*e/ ( all inc5tives--social e/eem--w g to produce m5 eag] to contribute to ! g5]al p[] & happ9ess ( ! community4#cjg ,! art impulse1 z is g5]ally believ$1 is a div]sion ( sex en]gy4 ,an organism is ess5tially n a food-gett+ b a reproductive me*anism2 ! food-gett+ is a contributory incid5t 9 ! reproduction4 ,z developm5t proce$s ! p]iod ( pregnancy & adolesc5ce increases1 m ( ! (fspr+ survive to maturity1 l>ge broods1 litt]s1 or families become unnecess>y1 & m & m ( ! en]gy t 0 sexual slides ov] into orig9ally second>y pursuits1 l play & art4 ,at ! same "t !re is a gradual dim9ution 9 pugnacity 7:i* 0 ano!r factor 9 ! drama ( reproduction71 & rivalry 9 games & arts encroa*es m & m on ! emotional field once monopoliz$ by /rife = mates & food4 ,! game--a sort ( ,hegelian syn!sis ( ho/ility & sociability--takes m & m ! place ( w>1 & arti/ic creation increas+ly replaces reproduction4 ,if all ?is is any?+ m ?an !oretic skat+ ov] ?9 %eets ( fact1 x means t "o 8way out0 f our social p]plexities lies 9 ! provision ( /rong] /imulus to creation & recreation1 art & games4 ,x is a s]i\s "p ( ! social plann]'s "w to f9d "s way ( n\ri%+ ! art impulse :]ev] x appe>s1 & draw+ x on by arrang+ rew>ds = its productions4 ,& aga9 we %all h to und]/& t play is an important matt] 9 a nation's life2 t "o ( ! be/ signs = ! future ( ,am]ica is ! preval5ce ( heal?y a?leticism2 & t an attempt to wid5 ^! sport activities to great] int]sectional & int]national scope ?an !y h yet atta9$ w get at "s ( ! roots ( int]national pugnacity4 ,a wise gov]nm5t w\ld be almo/ z int]e/$ 9 ! p's games z 9 _! s*ools1 & w\ld sp5d millions 9 mak+ rivalry absorb ! dang]\s en]gy ( pugnacity4 ,olympic games %\ld n be ,olympic games1 occurr+ only ) ,olympiads2 n a mon? %\ld pass b great a?letes1 select$ by elim9ative te/s f e "p ( e c\ntry1 %\ld meet1 n[ "h1 n[ !re1 to mat* brawn & wits 9 ! fri5dly enmity ( games4 ,let m5 "k "o ano!r ?r\gh games1 & !y w n = slight reasons pass f sportsman%ip to t competitive de/ruction & deceit :i* our political ,b>nums call 8! def5ce ( our national honor40 ,v ,education ,?is div]sion ( ! sexual in/9ct into art & games 7a prophylactic :i* has long s9ce be5 appli$ to individuals1 & awaits application to gr\ps7 mu/ beg9 9 ! e>ly days ( p]sonal developm5t2 s t our ,society = ,social ,rese>* w\ld1 if x 7 to take on ?is task1 f9d itself inextricably mix$ up ) ! va/ problem ( educational me?od & aim4 ,"h m ?an any:]e "o he>s ! call = enlight5m5t & sees ! ne$ = cl>ification4 ,"h is an abundance ( 'isms & a de>? ( k4 ,mo/ tea*]s use me?ods :i* !y !mselves consid] antiquat$1 & tea* subjects :i* !y w admit n "o 9 a hundr$ ( _! pupils w ev] ne$ to "k4 ,curi\s lessons 9 e?ics are adm9i/]$1 :i* are seldom practis$ 9 ! classroom1 & make initiative *ildr5 come to believe t comm&m5t-break+ is h]oic4 ,boys & girls bur/+ ) vitality & ! spl5did exub]ance ( y\? are cramp$ = h\rs into set positions1 :ile by a sort ( wat]-cure process k is pump$ into !m f books dull] ?an a doctor's diss]tation 9 philosophy4 ,& s =?3 ! indictm5t aga9/ our s*ools has be5 drawn up a ?\s& times & 9 a ?\s& ways1 & ne$s no ren=cem5t "h4 ,b ?\gh we h indict$ we h n made any sy/ematic attempt to f9d j :at is wrong1 & h[1 & :]e2 & :at may be done to rem$y ! evil4 ,exp]im5ts h be5 made1 b _! be>+s & results h be5 v imp]fectly record$4 ,suppose n[ t our ,society = ,social ,rese>* %\ld appo9t a great ,committee on ,education to hire exp]t inve/igators & make a ?or\gh attempt to cl>ify ! issues 9 education4 ,"h ! function ( philosophy %\ld be cle>2 = ! educator t\*es at almo/ e po9t ^? problems ( values1 individual & social1 :i* are ! special hunt+-gr\nd ( ! philosoph]4 ,! importance ( psy*ology "h is recogniz$1 b ! importance ( biology & pa?ology has n be5 se5 9 fit p]spective4 ,:y %\ld n a special gr\p ( m5 be set aside = ye>s1 if necess>y1 to /udy ! applicability ( ! sev]al sci5ces to education8 ,:y %\ld n all sci5tific k1 s f> z x t\*es human nature1 be focus$ on ! semi-d>kness 9 :i* ! educator works8 ,two special problems 9 ?is field invite rese>*4 ,"o conc]ns ! effect1 on national "* & capacity1 ( a sy/em ( education controll$ by ! gov]nm5t4 ,! po9t 0 made by ,sp9oza1 z may be rememb]$1 t a gov]nm5t w1 if x controls ! s*ools1 aim to re/ra9 r ?an to develop ! en]gies ( m54 ,kant rem>k$ ! same difficulty4 ,! function ( education 9 ! eyes ( a dom9ant class is to make m5 able to d skill$ "w b unable to d orig9al ?9k+ 7= all orig9al ?9k+ beg9s ) de/ruction72 ! function ( education 9 ! eyes ( a gov]nm5t is to tea* m5 t elev5? comm&m5t :i* ,god =got to give to ,moses3 ?\ %alt love ?y c\ntry "r or wrong4 ,all ?is1 ( c\rse1 requires "s m>vell\s pre/idigitation ( ! tru?1 z s*ool text-books ( national hi/ory %[4 ,! ignorant1 x seems1 are ! necess>y balla/ 9 ! %ip ( /ate4 ,! alt]native to su* s*ools seems to be a return to private education1 ) ! ri* man's son gett+ ev5 m ( a />t on ! poor boy ?an he gets n[4 ,is !re a t]tium quid "h8 ,p]haps ?is is "o po9t :i* a resolute ef=t to get ! facts w\ld cl>ify4 ,:at does su* gov]nm5tally-regulat$ education d to ! =ces ( p]sonal diff]5ce & initiative8 ,w m5 & wom5 educat$ 9 su* a way produce _! maximum 9 art & ?\ght & indu/ry8 ,or w !y be automata1 always wait+ = a pu%8 ,:at diff]5t results w\ld come if ! nationally-own$ s*ools 7 to conf9e _! "w absolutely to /atem5ts ( fact1 pres5tations ( sci5ce1 & 7 to leave 8"*-m\ld+0 & lessons 9 e?ics to private p]sons or in/itutions8 ,!n at lea/ ea* p>5t might corrupt 8 own *ild 9 8 own pet way2 & !re might be a great] numb] ( *ildr5 :o w\ld n be corrupt$ at all4 ,ano!r problem :i* might be advanc$ t[>ds a solution by a little light is t ( giv+ high] education to ^? :o want x b are too poor to pay4 ,!re are c]ta9 /udies1 call$ above ! social discipl9es1 :i* help a man n s mu* to raise himself out ( 8 class & become a snob1 z to get a bett] und]/&+ ( himself & 8 fell[-m54 ,s9ce mutual und]/&+ is a h>dly exagg]able social good1 :y %\ld n a way be f\nd to provide = all :o wi% x ev5+ in/ruction 9 hi/ory1 sociology1 economics1 psy*ology1 biology1 philosophy1 & simil> fields ( k8 ,e add$ citiz5 :o has receiv$ in/ruction 9 ^! matt]s is a new asset to ! community2 he w vote ) m intellig5ce1 he w "w bett] 9 cop]ation1 he w be less subject to undulations ( social mania1 he w be a h9t to all (fice-seek]s to put _! usual nons5se on ! %elf4 ,p]haps by ?is m$ium too our ,society w\ld spread its reports & wid5 its influ5ce4 ,imag9e a nation ( p in/ruct$ 9 ^! sci5ces3 ) su* a p civilization w\ld beg94 ,& !n aga91 our busy-body ,society w\ld turn its rese>* light on ! univ]sities1 & tell !m a ?+ or two ( :at ! light w\ld %[4 ,x w\ld betray ! lack ( cord9ation among ! v>i\s sci5ces1--! dep>tm5t ( psy*ology1 = example1 nev] com+ to s mu* z speak+ t]ms ) ! dep>tm5t ( economics2 x w\ld call = an ext5sion1 p]haps1 ( ! n[ infrequ5t sem9>s & conf]5ces betwe5 dep>tm5ts ^: edges ov]lap1 or :i* %$ light on a common field4 ,x w\ld invite ! univ]sity to give less ( its "t to rak+ ov] ! pa/1 & help x to ori5t itself t[>d ! future2 x w\ld sugge/ to e univ]sity t x provide an op5 =um = ! responsible expression ( all %ades ( op9ion2 x w\ld1 9 g5]al1 call = a bett] organization ( sci5ce z "p ( ! organization ( intellig5ce2 x w\ld rem9d ! univ]sities t !y are m vital ev5 ?an gov]nm5ts2 & x might p]haps succe$ 9 gett+ engrav$ on ! gates ( e in/itution ( le>n+ ! words ( ,?omas ,hobbes3 8,see+ ! univ]sities are ! f\ndation ( civil & moral doctr9e1 f :5ce ! prea*]s & ! g5try1 draw+ su* wat] z !y f9d1 use to spr9kle ! same ^u ! p1 !re ought c]ta9ly to be great c>e tak5 to h x pure40 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,read] ,,speaks ,i ,! ,democratization ( ,ari/ocracy ,& n[ we /op = objections4 8,?is plan is a h>e-bra9$ s*eme = a new prie/hood & a new ari/ocracy4 ,x w\ld put a gr\p ( college pr(essors & graduates into a position :]e !y c\ld d almo/ z !y please4 ,y ?9k y avoid ?is by tell+ ! g5tlem5 t !y mu/ limit !mselves to ! /atem5t ( fact2 b if y knew ! arts ( j\rnalism y w\ld n make s nave a di/9ction betwe5 air+ op9ions & /at+ facts4 ,:5 a man buys up a newspap] :at he wants to d is n s mu* to control ! editorials z to #8edit' ! news1--t is1 to select ! facts :i* %all get into pr9t4 ,x's wond]ful :at lies y c spread )\t tell+ lies4 ,= example1 if y want to hurt a public man1 y quote all 8 fooli% spee*es & ignore 8 wise ones2 y put 8 mi/akes into head-l9es & hide 8 a*ievem5ts 9 a corn]4 ,i w gu>antee to prove any?+ ,i l1 or any?+ ,i don't l1 j by /at+ facts4 ,s ) y\r ,society = ,social ,rese>*2 x w\ld become a great political1 r ?an an educational1 organization2 x w\ld almo/ unconsci\sly select its in=mation to suit its hobbies4 ,:y1 ! ?+ is psy*ologically impossible4 ,if y want some?+ to be true y w be half bl9d & half deaf to any?+ t ob/ructs y\r desire2 t is ! way we're made4 ,& ev5 if nature did n att5d to ?is1 money w\ld3 z soon z y\r society ex]cis$ real p[] on public op9ion x w\ld be b\ght up1 9 a g5tle1 sleight-o'h& way1 by "s economic gr\p2 a few ( ! m influ5tial memb]s ( ! ,society w\ld be #8approa*$1' "s #8pres5t' w\ld be made1 & ju/ice w\ld h ano!r =ce to cont5d )4 ,no2 y\r ,society won't d40 99 99 99 99 99 ,well1 let u see4 ,"h y h a body ( #ejjj m52 r a goodly numb] = ev5 an ,am]ican millionaire to pur*ase4 ,!y wi% to inve/igate1 say1 ! problem ( bir?-control2 :at d !y d8 ,!y vote1 )\t nom9ations1 = six ( _! numb] to manage ! inve/igation2 ! six m5 receiv+ ! highe/ vote inve/igate & write out a report4 ,n[ if any report 7 publi%$ :i* mis/at$ facts1 or omitt$ important items1 ! fault w\ld at once dim9i% ! repute & influ5ce ( ! ,society4 ,let m]ely ! suspicion get ab\t t ^! reports are unfair1 & ! ,society w\ld beg9 to decay4 ,t is1 ! p[] ( ! ,society w\ld gr[ ) its fairness & fall ) its unfairness1--a v happy arrangem5t4 ,! fe> ( ?is fall 9 influ5ce w\ld be ! be/ inc5tive to imp>tial reports4 ,e committee w\ld feel t ! future ( ! ,society dep5d$ on ! fairness ( its own report2 & e man on e committee w\ld hesitate be=e mak+ himself responsible = ! disrepute ( ! ,society2 he w\ld feel himself on trial be=e 8 fell[-memb]s1 & w\ld halt himself 9 ! natural slide into p>tiality4 ,n t he w\ld always succe$2 m5 are m54 ,b x is reasonable to expect t m5 work+ "u ^! conditions w\ld be consid]ably m imp>tial ?an ! av]age newspap]4 ,aga91 :o is z imp>tial z ! sci5ti/8 ,"o _c d mu* 9 sci5ce )\t a /]n control ( ! p]sonal equation2 to describe protozoa1 = example1 z "o w\ld l !m to be1 is no v clev] way ( atta9+ repute 9 protozology4 ,?is is n s true 9 ! social z 9 ! physical sci5ces1 ?\gh ev5 9 ?is new field sci5tific fairness & accuracy are rapidly increas+4 ,"o c get m reliable & imp>tial reports ( an indu/rial situation1--e4g41 ( ! ,colorado tr\bles1--f ! sci5tific inve/igators ?an f ei!r side to ! controv]sy4 ,! v defici5cies ( ! /ud5t type--incapacity = decisions or = effective me?ods 9 action--involve a comp5satory grasp ( und]/&+ & imp>tiality ( attitude4 ,our be/ gu>antee aga9/ di%one/y is n virtue b intellig5ce1 & our ,society is suppos$ to be a sort ( di/ill$ intellig5ce4 ,t ! s*eme savors ( ari/ocracy is n to its discr$it4 ,we ne$ ari/ocracy1 9 ! s5se ( bett] me?ods = giv+ weight to sup]ior bra9s2 we ne$ a t\* ( ,plato 9 our democracy4 ,aft] all1 ! ess5ce ( ! plan1 z we h said1 is ! democratization ( ,plato & ,nietzs*e & ,c>lyle2 ! intellig5t man gets m political p[]1 b only ?r\gh ! me*anism ( democracy4 ,8 great] p[] comes n by 8 great] fre$om to d :at he pleases despite ! majority1 b by improv$ facilities = enlight5+ & conv]t+ ! majority4 ,democracy1 ideally1 means only t ! ari/ocracy is p]iodically elect$ & r5ew$2 & ?is is a plan :]eby ! ari/ocrats--! really be/--%all be m cle>ly se5 to be s4 ,fur!rmore1 ! plan avoids ! great defect ( ,plato's s*eme1--t philosoph]s are n fitt$ = executive & adm9i/rative "w1 t ^? skill$ to see are v seldom also able to d4 ,"h ! philosoph]1 ! man :o gets at ! tru?1 rules1 b only indirectly1 & )\t ! burd5s ( (fice & execution4 ,& inde$ x is n ! philosoph] :o rules1 b tru?4 ,! lib]ator is made k+4 ,,ii ,! ,pr(essor z ,buridan's ,ass 8,y h anticipat$ my objection1 & clev]ly twi/$ x into an argum5t4 ,b t w\ld be too facile an escape2 y mu/ face m squ>ely ! fact t y\r pr(essors are m]e intellectuali/ highbr[s1 incapable ( und]/&+ ! real issues involv$ 9 our social w>1 & ev5 m incapable ( sugge/+ practical ways out4 ,! m y look ! m y see2 ! m y see1 ! less y d4 ,y ?9k t reflection leaves y peace ( m9d2 x doesn't1 x leaves y\r m9d 9 pieces4 ,! intellectual is l ,dr4 ,buridan's ass3 he is s c>eful to /& 9 ! middle t he nev] gives a ^w ( practical advice1 = fe> t he w compromise himself & fracture a syllogism4 ,! tr\ble is t we ?9k too mu*1 n too little2 we make ?9k+ a sub/itute = action4 ,really1 z ,r\sseau argu$1 ?9k+ is unnatural2 :at ! _w ne$s is m5 :o c make up _! m9ds & !n m>* on1 almo/ 9 bl9d]s1 to a goal4 ,we "k en\gh1 we "k too mu*2 & surely we h a ple?ora ( inve/igat+ committees4 ,a committee is j a sci5tific way ( do+ no?+4 ,y\r plan w\ld flood ! c\ntry ) committees & leave c\rage buri$ "u facts4 ,y %\ld call y\r organization a ,society = ,talky-talk40 ,! only flaw 9 ?is argum5t is t x does n t\* ! proposal4 ,:at is sugge/$ is n t ! ,society take action or make programmes1 mu* less execute !m2 we ask our pr(essors m]ely to d = a l>g] public1 & m ?or\ghly & sy/ematically1 :at we are glad to h !m d = a small numb] ( u 9 college & univ]sity4 ,action is ex hypo!si left to o!rs2 ! function ( ! rese>*] is q simply to look & tell u :at he sees4 ,t he is a highbr[1 an intellectual1 & ev5 a ,buridan's ass1 does n int]f]e ) 8 see+2 nobody ev] argu$ t ,buridan's ass 0 bl9d4 ,we =get t see+ is itself an art4 ,"s ( u h specializ$ 9 ! art1 & h naturally fail$ to develop clev]ness 9 practical affairs4 ,b t does n mean t our special tal5t _c be us$ by ! community1 any m ?an ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge's fondness = cele/ial exploration makes u reject 8 "w on electricity4 ,?9k+ is itself a =m ( action1 & n ! easie/ nor ! lea/ effective4 ,x is true t 8if y reflect too mu* y w nev] accompli% any?+10 b if y reflect too little y w accompli% ab\t z mu*4 ,we make headway only by ! head way4 ,action )\t =e?\ght t5ds to foll[ a /raight l9e2 b 9 life ! /raight l9e is (t5 ! longe/ di/ance betwe5 two po9ts1 because1 z ,leon>do said1 ! /raighte/ l9e (f]s ! greate/ resi/ance4 ,?\ght is r\ndab\t1 & loves flank attacks4 ,! man ( action ru%es into play c\rage\sly1 succe$s n[1 fails !n2 & soon] or lat] wi%es--if he lives to wi%--t he c\ld ?9k m4 ,! increas+ dep5d5ce ( indu/ry on sci5tific rese>*1 & ( politics on exp]t inve/igators1 %[s h[ ! _w is com+ to value ! man ^: specialty is see+4 ,fai? 9 intellect1 z ,santayana says1 8is ! only fai? yet sanction$ by its fruit40#cjh ,! two mo/ important m5 9 ,am]ica j n[ are1 or h be51 college pr(essors4 ,to speak /ill m boldly3 ! greate/ s+le human s\rce ( good 9 our g5]ation is ! 8intellectual0 rese>*] & pr(essor4 ,! man to be fe>$ above all o!rs is ! man :o c see4 ,,iii ,is ,in=mation ,want$8 8,b y\r :ole s*eme %[s a v amateur k ( human nature4 ,y seem to ?9k y c get p int]e/$ 9 fact4 ,y c't2 fact is too mu* aga9/ _! int]e/4 ,if ! facts favor _! wi%1 !y are int]e/$2 if n1 !y =get !m4 ,! h>de/ ?+ 9 ! _w is to li/5 to tru? t ?reat5s to fru/rate desire4 ,t is :y p won't li/5 to y\r reports1 unless y tell !m :at !y want to he>4 ,!y w--& p]haps excusably--pref] ! bioscope to y\r embalm$ /ati/ics2 j z !y w pref] to read ,! ,family ,h]ald r ?an ! subtleties recomm5d$ by ! ,mutual ,admiration ,society :i* y w\ld make out ( our m5 ( lett]s4 ,y c inve/igate till y are blue 9 ! face1 & all y w get out ( x won't be wor? ! po/age /amps y use4 ,public op9ion doesn't foll[ fact1 x foll[s desire2 p don't vote = a man because he is support$ by #8tru?' b because he promises to d some?+ !y l4 ,& ! man :o makes ! bigge/ promises to ! bigge/ m5 w get (fice n9ety-n9e times out ( a hundr$1 no matt] :at ! facts are4 ,:at c\nts is n tru? b money40 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is is ! basic difficulty4 ,is x wor? :ile to spread in=mation8 ,?9k h[ mu* in=mation is spread e week 9 ,europe & ,am]ica2--! _w rema9+ ! :ile z 8wick$0 z x probably ev] 04 ,public op9ion is /ill1 x seems1 z ,sir ,rob]t ,peel describ$ x to be3 8a comp\nd ( folly1 weakness1 prejudice1 wrong feel+1 "r feel+1 ob/9acy1 & newspap] p>agraphs10#cji--p>ticul>ly ! p>agraphs4 ,once we ?\ght t ! pr9t+-press 0 ! beg9n+ ( democracy1 t ,gut5b]g _h enfran*is$ ! _w4 ,n[ x appe>s t pr9t & plutocracy get along v well toge!r4 ,nev]!less ! hope ( ! weak lies 9 numb]s & 9 in=mation2 9 democracy & 9 pr9t4 8,! rem$y = ! abuses ( public op9ion is n to discr$it x b to in/ruct x40#caj ,! cure = mis/atem5ts is bett] /atem5ts4 ,if ! newspap]s are us$ to spread falsehood t is no reason :y newspap]s %\ld n be us$ to spread tru?4 ,aft] all1 ! spread ( in=mation has done _m ?+s1--kill$ dogma1 /]iliz$ _m m>riages1 & ev5 prev5t$ w>s2 & !re is no reason :y a fur!r spread may n d m valuable ?+s ?an any yet done4 ,x has be5 said1 s (t5 t we are apt to admit x j to avoid its repetition1 t discussion effects no?+4 ,b inde$ no?+ else effects any?+4 ,:atev] is done )\t in=mation & discussion is soon undone1 mu/ be soon undone2 all t be>s "t is t :i* survives ! te/ ( ?\ght4 ,all problems are at la/ problems 9 in=mation3 to f9d out j h[ ?+s /& is ! only f9ally effective way ( gett+ at any?+4 ,z to ! limit$ numb] ( p]sons :o w\ld be rea*$ by ! reports1 let u n ask too mu*4 ,!re is no pret5ce "h t ! great mass ( ! p w\ld be rea*$2 no d\bt ^! w\ld g on liv+ :at ,wells calls ! 8normal social life40 ,b ^! p d n c\nt = con/ructive purposes2 !y divide ab\t ev5ly 9 e election4 ,! m5 :o d c\nt--! local lead]s1 ! cl]gym51 ! lectur]s1 ! tea*]s1 ! union (ficials1 ! newspap] m51 ! 8agitators10 ! ar*-rebels & ! ar*-,tories1--all ^! m5 w be rea*$2 & ! in=mation giv5 w /r5g!n "s & weak5 o!rs1 & s play its effective "p 9 ! drama ( social *ange4 ,ea* "o ( ^! m5 w be a c5t] = ! fur!r di/ribution ( in=mation4 ,imag9e a new mon?ly ) a c\ntry-wide circulation ( "o million vot]s 7t is1 a g5]al circulation ( five million72 w\ld su* a p]iodical h p[]8--w\ld n millions be giv5 to control x8 ,well1 "h we h m p[]1 because n s conc5trat$ 9 a few editorial h&s1 n s easily pur*aseable1 & bas$ on bett] intellect & repute4 ,! money t w\ld be paid at any "t = ! control ( a p]iodical ( su* influ5ce w\ld f9ance our ,society = _m ye>s4 ,x is impossible to believe t su* a spread ( k z is "h sugge/$ w\ld d no?+ to elevate ! moral & political life ( ! c\ntry4 ,consid] ! increas$ scrupul\sness ) :i* a ,congressman w\ld vote if he knew t at ! next election 8 record w\ld be publi%$ 9 cold pr9t 9 a hundr$ newspap]s1 ov] ! "n ( ! ,society = ,social ,rese>*4 ,consid] ! effect1 on ,congressional appropriations = public build+s1 ( a pla9 /atem5t ( ! population & size ( ! t[ns :i* require su* colossal edifices = _! mail4 ,publicity1 x has be5 said1 is ! only cure = bad motives4 ,consid] ! /imulus :i* su* reports w\ld give to political discussion ev]y:]e4 ,h>dly a dispute occurs :i* is n bas$ ^u insuffici5t acqua9tance ) ! facts2 "h w\ld be in=mation up to date1 ready to give ! light :i* dispels ! heat4 ,m5 w\ld turn to ^! reports all ! m will+ly because ! reports 7 pl$g$ to conf9e !mselves to fact4 ,m5 w\ld f9d "h no attacks1 no argum5t1 no !ory or cre$2 x w\ld be refre%+1 9 "s ways1 to ba! ! m9d1 hot ) cont5tion1 9 ^! cool /reams ( fact1 & to em]ge cleans$ ( error & fill$ ) ! vitality ( tru?4 ,we h sp5t s mu* "t attack+ :at we hate t we h n /opp$ to tell p :at we l2 if we w\ld only affirm m & d5y less !re w\ld be less ( cross-purpose 9 ! _w4 ,& in=mation is affirmation4 ,x w\ld n op5 ! w\nds ( controv]sy s mu* z (f] po9ts ( contact2 & 9 ! light ( fact1 enemies might see t _! good lay = ! mo/ "p on a common road4 ,if y want to *ange a foe into a fri5d 7or1 "s cynic w say1 a fri5d into a foe71 give him in=mation4 ,,iv ,f9d+ ,mc5as 8,well2 suppose y are "r4 ,suppose in=mation1 z y say1 is k+4 ,h[ are y go+ to d x8 ,d y really ?9k y w get "s b5evol5t millionaire to f9ance y8 ,& w y1 l ,f\ri]1 wait 9 y\r room e day at noon = ! man :o w turn y\r dream into a fact80 99 99 99 99 99 ,:at we t5d to =get ab\t ri* m5 is t besides be+ ri* !y are m54 ,!re are a surpris+ numb] ( !m--p>ticul>ly ^? :o h inh]it$ money--:o are eag] to return to ! community ! l>g] "p ( _! weal?1 if only !y c\ld be %[n a way ( do+ x :i* w\ld mean m ?an a *ange ( pockets4 ,m]ely to give to *>ity is1 9 ,ari/otle's phrase1 to p\r wat] into a leak+ cask4 ,:at su* m5 want is a way ( increas+ intellig5ce2 !y "k f h>d exp]i5ce t 9 ! end intellig5ce is ! quality to be desir$ & produc$4 ,!y h sp5t millions1 p]haps billions1 on education2 & ?is plan ( ours is a plan = education4 ,if x is :at x purports to be1 "s "o ( ^! m5 w (f] to f9ance x4 ,& n only "o4 ,let ! beg9n+s ( our ,society be sob] & effici5t1 let its fir/ inve/igations be ?or\gh & intellig5t1 let its initial reports be imp>tial1 succ9ct1 illum9at+ & simple1 & fur!r help w come almo/ unask$4 ,aft] a ye> ( hone/ & capable "w our ,society w\ld f9d itself support$ by r a gr\p ( m5 ?an by "o man2 x might conceivably f9d itself help$ by ! /ate1 at ! behe/ ( ! citiz5s4 ,:at w\ld prev5t a c&idate = gov]nor f decl>+ 8 int5tion t %\ld he be elect$ he w\ld secure an annual appropriation = our ,society8--& :y %\ld n ! vot]s be attract$ by su* a decl>ation8 ,:y %\ld n ! vot]s dem& su* a decl>ation8 ,nor ne$ we fe> t a ,society s help$ by ! ri* man & ! /ate w\ld turn into b "o m in/rum5tality ( ob/ructionism4 ,n t su* an organization ( intellig5ce w\ld be 8radical03 ! words 8radical0 & 8cons]vative0 h become b in/rum5ts ( calumny1 & tru? slips betwe5 !m4 ,b 9 ! basic s5se ( ! ^w our ,society w\ld be extremely radical2 = !re is no?+ s radical1 s revolution>y1 z j to tell ! tru?1 to say :at x is y see4 ,t surely is to g to ! radix ( ! ?+4 ,& tru? has ?is advantage1 t x is discrim9ately revolution>y3 !re are "s ?+s old to :i* tru? is no enemy1 j z !re are "s ?+s new :i* w melt 9 ! gl>e ( fact4 ,let ! fact say4 ,?is is ! f9al fai?3 t tru? w make u free1 s f> z we c ev] be free4 ,let ! tru? be publi%$ to ! _w1 & m5 sep>at$ 9 ! d>k w see "o ano!r1 & "o ano!r's purposes1 m cle>ly1 & ) san] und]/&+ ?an be=e4 ,! mo/ disa/r\s ?+ y c d to an evil is to describe x4 ,let tru? be told1 & ! p>asite w lose 8 /r5g? ?r\gh %ame1 & meanness w hide its face4 ,only let in=mation be giv5 to all & freely1 & x w be a cleans+ ( our national blood2 enmity w yield to op5 & hone/ opposition1 :]e x w n inde$ become cop]ation4 ,all we ne$ is to see bett]4 ,let !re be light4 ,v ,! ,*ance ( ,philosophy 8,"o m objection be=e y take ! money4 ,& t is3 ,:at on e>? has all ?is to d ) philosophy8 ,i c und]/& t to h economi/s on y\r inve/igat+ committees1 & biologi/s1 & psy*ologi/s1 & hi/orians1 w\ld be s5sible2 b :at c\ld a philosoph] d8 ,^! are matt]s = social sci5ce1 n = metaphysics4 ,leave ! philosoph]s out & "s ( u may take y\r s*eme s]i\sly40 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is a good objection1 if only because x %[s aga9 ! necessity = a new k9d ( philosoph]4 ,m]ely to make su* an objection is to ren=ce ! indictm5t br\ght above aga9/ ! philosoph] z he is4 ,b :at ( ! philosoph] z he might be8 ,:at might ! philosoph] be8 ,well1 fir/ ( all1 he w\ld be a liv+ man1 & n an annotator ( ! pa/4 ,he w\ld h gr[n freely1 8 initial sp>k ( div9e fire unqu5*$ by s*ola/ic inflexibilities ( discipl9e & /udy4 ,he w\ld h imbib$ no s]mons1 b 8 spl5did curiosity w\ld h f\nd food & enc\ragem5t f 8 tea*]s4 ,he w\ld h liv$ 9 & le>n$ to love ! c\ntry & ! city2 he w\ld be at home 9 ! pl\gh$ fields z well z 9 ! c5tres ( le>n+2 he w\ld l ! cleans+ solitude ( ! woods & yet too ! invigorat+ bu/le ( ! city /reets4 ,he w\ld be br\ght up on ,plato & ,?ucydides1 ,leon>do & ,mi*elangelo1 ,bacon & ,montaigne2 he w\ld /udy ! civilization ( ,greece & t ( ! ,r5aissance on all sides1 jo9+ ! hi/ory ( politics1 economics1 & in/itutions ) t ( sci5ce1 lit]ature1 & philosophy2 & yet he w\ld f9d "t to /udy 8 own age ?or\ghly4 ,he w\ld be int]e/$ 9 life1 & full ( x2 he w\ld jump into campaigns1 add 8 influ5ce c>efully to movem5ts he ?\ght good1 & help make ! times live up m ne>ly to _! possibilities4 ,he w\ld n %ut himself up =ev] 9 laboratories1 libr>ies1 & lecture rooms2 he w\ld live m widely ?an t4 ,he w\ld be ( ! e>? e>?ly1 ( ! _w worldly4 ,he w\ld n talk ( ideals 9 ! ab/ract & d no?+ = !m 9 ! concrete2 above all else 9 ! _w he w\ld abhor ! k9d ( talk t is a refuge f ! v5ture & responsibility ( action4 ,he w\ld n only love wisdom1 he w\ld live x4 ,b we mu/ n make our ideal philosoph] too repulsively p]fect4 ,let u agree at lea/ to ?is1 t a man :o %\ld "k ! social discipl9es1 & n m]ely "o sci5ce1 w\ld be ( help 9 "s su* bus9ess z we h be5 propos+2 & if we suppose t he has n only k b wisdom1 t 8 acqua9tance ) ! facts ( sci5ce is mat*$ by 8 k ( life1 t ?r\gh fell[%ip ) g5ius 9 ,greece & ,flor5ce he has acquir$ a fund ( wisdom :i* ne$s b ! n\ri%m5t ( liv+ to gr[ ri*] f day to day1--!n we are on ! way to see+ t ?is is ! sort ( man our ,society w\ld ne$ above all o!r sorts ( m54 ,su* philosoph]s w\ld be wor?y to guide rese>* & direct ! enlight5m5t ( ! _w2 su* philosoph]s might be to _! g5]ation :at ,socrates & ,plato 7 to _! g5]ations & ,francis ,bacon to 82 su* a philosophy1 9 ,nietzs*e's words1 might rule6 ,?is is ! *ance ( philosophy4 ,x may l+] fur!r 9 t calm dea? ( social ineffectiv5ess 9 :i* we see x s9k+2 or x may cat* ! h&s ( ! few philosoph]s :o insi/ on focus+ ?\ght on life1 & s rega9 ! position :i* x alone is fitt$ to fill4 ,unless t position is fill$1 & prop]ly1 all ! life ( ! _w is zigzag & fruitless1--:at we h call$ ! logic-*opp+ life2 & unless t position is fill$ philosophy too is logic-*opp+1 zigzag1 & fruitless1 & turns away f life m5 :om life mo/ sorely ne$s4 ,!re are "s among u1 ev5 "s philosoph]s among u1 :o are eag] to lead ! way out ( bick]+ into discussion1 out ( criticism into con/ruction1 out ( books into life4 ,we mu/ keep a ke5 eye = su* m51 & _! beg9n+s2 & we mu/ /r5g!n !m ) our little help4 ,philosophy is too div9ely spl5did a ?+ to be kept f ! mo/ div9e ( ?+s1--creation4 ,"s ( u love x z ! v brea? ( our lives2 x is our vital m$ium1 )\t :i* life w\ld be less ?an vegetation2 & we w n re/ s long z ! "n philosoph] means any?+ less aspir+ & inspir+ ?an x did ) ,plato4 ,sci5ce fl\ri%es & philosophy langui%es1 because sci5ce is hone/ & philosophy sycophantic1 because sci5ce t\*es life & helps x1 :ile philosophy %r9ks fe>fully & helplessly away4 ,if philosophy is to live aga91 x mu/ r$iscov] life1 x mu/ come back into ! cave1 x mu/ come d[n f ! 8real0 & transc5d5tal _w & play its v5turesome "p 9 ! h>d & happy _w ( ef=ts & ev5ts4 ,x is ! *ance ( philosophy4 ,,conclusion ,see n[1 9 summ>y1 h[ mode/ a sugge/ion x is1 gr&iloqu5t ?\gh x may h seem$4 ,we propose no 'ism1 we make no programme2 we sugge/1 t5tatively1 a me?od4 ,we propose a new />t1 a new tack1 a new approa*1--n to ! exclusion ( o!r approa*es1 b to _! assi/ance4 ,if ?is ?+ %\ld be done1 x w\ld n mean t o!r grop]s t[>d a bett] _w w\ld h to /& idle2 x w\ld b give light to !m t walk 9 d>kness4 ,& x w\ld make possible a m g5]\s cop]ation among ! diff]5t curr5ts 9 ! /ream ( recon/ructive ?\ght4 ,we are a little disc\rag$ to-day2 we lov]s ( ! new h become d\btful ( ! object ( our love4 ,p]haps--we sometimes feel--all ?is ef=t is a va9 circl+ 9 ! mi/2 p]haps we d n advance1 b only move4 ,our fai? 9 progress is dimm$4 ,we ev5 tire ( ! 8social problem02 we h tri$ s _m ways1 knock$ at s _m doors1 & f\nd s little ( t :i* we s\ght4 ,sometimes1 9 ! lassitude ( mi/ak5 ef=t & dre> defeat1 we almo/ ?9k t ! social problem is nev] to f9d ev5 p>tial solution1 t x is n a problem b a limitation1 a limitation =ev]4 ,we ne$ a new beg9n+1 a new impetus1--p]haps a new delusion8 ,see1 too1 h[ ! ?\ght ( our five tea*]s lies conc5trat$ & connect$ 9 ?is new approa*3 :at h we done b r5ew concretely ! ,socratic plea = intellig5ce1 ! ,platonic hope = philosoph]-k+s1 ,bacon's dream ( k organiz$ & rul+ ! _w1 ,sp9oza's g5tle insi/5ce on democracy z ! av5ue ( developm5t1 & ,nietzs*e's passionate def5ce ( ari/ocracy & p[]8 ,!re 0 some?+ 9 u t ?rill$ at ,plato's conception ( a philosophy t c\ld guide z well z dissect our social life2 b !re 0 ano!r some?+ 9 u t hesitat$ be=e 8 plan ( slav]y z ! basis ( x all4 ,we felt t we w\ld r be free & mis]able ?an b\nd & fill$4 ,:y %\ld a man fe$ himself if 8 feet are *a9$1 & he mu/ nev] move8 ,& we 7 inspir$1 too1 by ! dem& t ! be/ %\ld rule1 t !y %\ld h p[] fitt$ to _! wor?2 we %\ld be glad to f9d "s way :]eby ! be/ c\ld h p[]1 c\ld rule1 & yet ) ! cons5t ( all1--we want$ an ari/ocracy sanction$ by democracy1 a social ord] /&+ on ! broad base ( free citiz5%ip & wide cop]ation4 ,socrates %[s u h[ to use ,bacon to reconcile ,plato & ,nietzs*e ) ,sp9oza3 intellig5ce w organize intellig5ce s t sup]ior wor? may h sup]ior influ5ce & yet "w ) & ?r\gh ! w ( all4 99 99 99 99 99 ,& "h at ! end comes a ?\ght t "s ( u p]haps h _h m ?an once z ?is discussion advanc$3 ,:at c\ld ! ,*ur* d = ! organization ( intellig5ce8 ,x c\ld d wond]ful ?+s4 ,x has p[]1 organization1 facilities1 ?r\gh :i* ! gospel ( 8! moral obligation to be intellig5t0 c\ld be prea*$ to a wid] audi5ce ?an any newspap] c\ld rea*4 ,& among ! cl]gy are hundr$s ( "y m5 :o h f\nd new inspiration 9 ! figure ( ,jesus se5 ?r\gh ! aspirations ( democracy2 hundr$s eag] to d _! "p 9 any "w t w less5 ! mis]y ( m54 ,:at if !y 7 to f9d 9 ?is organization ( intellig5ce a focus = _! labor8--:at if !y %\ld n only !mselves und]take ! /udies :i* w\ld fit !m = memb]%ip 9 ! ,society1 b %\ld also make x _! bus9ess to /ir up 9 all :o might come to !m ! _s ( ! seek]1 to incite !m to read religi\sly ! reports ( ! ,society1 to call on !m to spread abroad ! good news ( tru? to be _h = ! ask+8 ,:at if ^! m5 %\ld make _! *ur*es ext5sion c5t]s = ! educational "w ( ! ,society1--giv+ freely ! use ( _! halls & ev5 contribut+ to ! exp5se ( organiz+ classes & pay+ = skill$ in/ruction8 ,:at if !y %\ld see 9 ! spread ( intellig5ce ! be/ av5ue to t wide fri5d%ip :i* ,jesus s passionately prea*$8 ,:at bett] way is !re to make m5 love "o ano!r ?an to make m5 und]/& "o ano!r8 ,true *>ity comes only ) cl>ity1--j z 8m]cy0 is b ju/ice t und]/&s4 ,surely ! root ( all evil is ! inability to see cle>ly t :i* is2 h[ bett] c religion combat evil ?an to prea* cl>ity z ! beg9n+ ( social r$emption8 99 99 99 99 99 ,"o ( ! _m burd5s t drag on ! s\l is a k ( ! pa/4 ,x is a /rong man :o c "k hi/ory & keep 8 c\rage2 a great dream t c face ! fact & live4 ,we look at ^? flitt+ exp]im5ts call$ civilizations3 we see !m rise "o aft] ano!r1 we see !m produce & produce & produce1 we feel ! weight ( _! accumulat+ weal?2 /ill visionable to u ! busyness ( g5iuses & slaves pil+ /one ^u /one & mak+ pyramids to greet ! />s1 /ill audible ! voices ( ,socrates 9 ! agora & ( old ,plato pass+ quietly among ! /ud5ts 9 ! grove1 /ill haunt+ u ! :ite faces ( m>tyrs 9 ! amphi!atres ( ,rome3 & !n ! pyramids /& b>e & lonely1 ! voices ( ,greek g5ius are hu%$1 ! ,colosseum is a ru9 & a memory2 "o aft] ano!r ^! peoples pass1 ^! wond]ful peoples1 great] p]haps1 wis] & nobl] p]haps1 ?an ! peoples ( our "t2 & we almo/ *oke ) ! heavy s5se ( a va/ futility encompass+ ! _w4 ,"s ( u turn away !n f ! d9 ( ef=t1 & seek 9 resignation ! com=t ( a liv+ dea?2 "s o!rs f9d 9 ! d\bt & difficulty ! ze/ & rew>d ( ! "w4 ,aft] all1 ! pa/ is n dead1 x has n fail$2 only ! vil5ess ( x is dead1 gone ) ! w9n[+ ( "t2 t :i* 0 great & wor?y lives & works & is real4 ,plato speaks to u /ill1 speaks to millions & millions ( u2 & ! blood ( m>tyrs is ! se$ ( sa9ts4 ,we speak & pass1 b ! ^w rema9s4 ,ef=t is n lo/4 ,n to h tri$ is ! only failure1 ! only mis]y2 all ef=t is happ9ess1 all ef=t is success4 ,& s aga9 we write ourselves 9 books & /one & color1 & smile 9 ! face ( "t2 aga9 we he> ! call ( ! "w1 t x be done3 ,ed5s t wait ! wiz>dry ( ?\ght1 ,beauty t craves ! t\* ( arti/ h&s1 ,tru? t b hung]s to be felt or se52 & aga9 we are hot ) ! passion = p]fection4 ,we w remake4 ,we w wond] & desire & dream & plan & try4 ,we are su* be+s z dream & plan & try2 & ! glory ( our defeats dims ! spl5dor ( ! sun4 ,we w take ?\ght & add a cubit to our /ature2 we w br+ intellig5ce to ! te/ & call x toge!r f all corn]s ( ! e>?2 we w h>ness ! g5ius ( ! race & r5ew creation4 ,we w remake4 ,pr9t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! foll[+ pages conta9 adv]tisem5ts ( a few ( ! ,macmillan books on k9dr$ subjects4 ,pov]ty & ,social ,progress ,,by ,,maurice ,,p>melee1 ,,ph4,d4 ,clo?1 cr[n #hvo1 #dgg pp41 #a4ij 8,suitable = college classes z well z = ! g5]al read]1 & conta9s a great mass ( mat]ial ( value to ! citiz5 :o really wants to "k40--,indep5d5t4 8,a v compet5t pres5tation ( ! v>i\s social factors t g to make up ! problem ( pov]ty40--,*ur*man4 8,a mo/ useful & educative book4 ,x w\ld be well if e s]i\s-m9d$ p]son int]e/$ 9 social welf>e w\ld read ?is calm1 imp>tial survey ( ! problems ( pov]ty1 & le>n f x t pov]ty is n a spontane\s ph5om5on1 & t x c\ld be practically wip$ out by ! reorganization ( society4 ,! book is (f]$ = use z a text = college c\rses on *>ities1 pov]ty1 paup]ism1 dep5d5cy1 & ! l1 b its mo/ useful place is 9 ! h&s ( ! work]1 ! produc]1 ! bus9ess man & woman1 ! s]i\s %ap]s & mak]s ( ! pres5t economic /ate ( society40--,am]ican ,review ( ,reviews4 8,promot]s ( ! democratic & humanit>ian movem5t ( our "t w f9d ?is volume replete ) valuable data & /imulat+ to close & c>eful ?9k+4 ,dr4 ,p>melee def9es social progress z advancem5t t[>d realization ( a normal human life = all mank9d4 ,he %[s ?is ob/ruct$ by pov]ty 9 s _m ways t !re is no panacea = x1 & a v>iety ( rem$ies are requisite4 ,! *ief ob/ructions be+ 9 ! production & di/ribution ( weal?1 8 discussion c5t]s ma9ly 9 ! problems ( ^!40--,outlook4 ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,publi%]s #fd-ff ,fif? ,av5ue ,new ,york ,! ,great ,society ,a ,psy*ological ,analysis ,,by ,,graham ,,wallas ,au?or ( 8,human ,nature 9 ,politics0 ,clo?1 cr[n #hvo1 #chc pp41 #b4jj ,graham ,wallas's new book1 8,! ,great ,society10 w be equally int]e/+ to ! psy*ologi/s1 /ud5ts ( sociology1 politics & ! g5]al read]4 ,mr4 ,wallas is a man ( wide connections 9 ,engl&1 a man ^: exp]i5ce has well fitt$ him = ! task :i* he has essay$4 ,he has be5 = _m ye>s a univ]sity ext5sion lectur]2 he 0 at "o "t a memb] ( ! s*ool-bo>d ( ,london1 *airman ( ! ,s*ool ,managem5t ,committee1 a memb] ( ! ,te*nical ,education ,bo>d1 ( ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil & ( ! ,education ,committee ( t c\ncil4 ,he has be51 s9ce #ahif1 a lectur] at ! ,london ,s*ool ( ,economics4 ,he has s]v$ on ! ,s5ate ( ,london ,univ]sity1 z univ]sity read] 9 political sci5ce & on ! ,royal ,commission on ,civil ,s]vice4 ,he has writt5 m or less widely1 8 mo/ popul> publication be+1 p]haps1 8,human ,nature 9 ,politics40 ,! pres5t "w1 a portion ( :i* 0 deliv]$ la/ w9t] z ! ,l[ell ,lecture 9 ,bo/on1 beg9s ) an exposition ( :at ! au?or means by ! t]m 8,! ,great ,society40 ,x !n proce$s to a consid]ation ( ! foll[+ topics3 ,disposition1 ,social ,psy*ology1 ,in/9ct & ,intellig5ce1 ,disposition & ,environm5t1 ,habit1 ,fe>1 ,pleasure1 ,pa91 ,happ9ess1 ,! ,psy*ology ( ! ,cr[d1 ,love & ,hatr$1 ,?\ght1 ,! ,organization ( ,?\ght1 ,! ,organization ( ,w1 & ! ,organization ( ,happ9ess4 8,8 deft & almo/ subtle grasp ( ! viewpo9ts ( ! philosophic factors 9 hi/ory2 8 focus+ ( a !ory into ! t9y sunspot ( an illum9ant s5t5ce1 & adopt+ a /yle t is z invit+ & p5etrat+ z ,havelock ,ellis1 make ! book "o ( su/a9$ int]e/0--,galve/on ,daily ,news4 ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,publi%]s #fd-ff ,fif? ,av5ue ,new ,york ,! ,social ,problem ,a ,,con/ructive ,,analysis ,,by ,,*>les ,a4 ,,ellwood1 ,,ph4,d4 ,pr(essor ( ,sociology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,miss\ri1 ,au?or ( 8,sociology 9 ,its ,psy*ological ,aspects10 8,sociology & ,mod]n ,social ,problems10 etc4 ,clo?1 #abmo1 #bee pp41 #a4be ,?is "w is a brief analysis ( ! social problem 9 ,we/]n civilization4 ,x outl9es a sci5tific social philosophy :i* c s]ve z a basis = a well-balanc$ progress4 ,! au?or po9ts out t ! pres5t crisis 9 our civilization calls = a recon/ruction ( our social philosophy2 = we _c build anew ! /ructure ( ,we/]n society ^u ! inadequate bases ( eighte5? & n9ete5? c5tury ?\ght4 ,! book indicates ! direction :i* our social ?9k+ mu/ take if we are to avoid revolution1 on ! "o h&1 & reaction1 on ! o!r4 ,x aims to furni% a sci5tific basis = ! progressive social movem5t2 & x is comm5d$ to progressives 9 :atev] class1 p>ty1 or sect !y may happ5 to f9d !mselves4 ,! attitude ( ! book is ?or\ghly positive & con/ructive t[>d all ! ess5tial values ( our civilization4 8#8,! ,social ,problem' by ,pr(essor ,*>les ,a4 ,ellwood is "o ( ! be/ books ( ! k9d ,i h ev] se54 ,! subject is h&l$ 9 a ma/]ful way4 ,! be/ books ,i read 9 my field ord9>ily d n ga9 m ?an eighty-five or n9ety p] c5t ( my ass5t4 ,?is book1 h[ev]1 ,i w\ld endorse to n9ety-eight or n9ety-n9e p] c5t4 8,x is n only s\nd 9 its g5]al positions1 b s\nd 9 details4 ,e /atem5t is gu>d$ & weighty4 ,!re is a f9e s5se ( ! value ( words1 !re is no duplication1 & ! au?or rea*es 8 goal ) ! fewe/ possible s5t5ces4 ,i "k ( no book ^u ! social problem1 :i* c comm& s completely ! endorsem5t ( social ?9k]s ev]y:]e40--,pr(essor ,edw>d ,a4 ,ross ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,wiscons91 ,au?or ( 8,! ,*ang+ ,*9ese10 8,social ,psy*ology10 etc4 ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,publi%]s #fd-ff ,fif? ,av5ue ,new ,york ,,am]ican ,,social ,,progress ,,s]ies ,! ,city ,work]'s ,_w 9 ,am]ica ,,by ,,m>y ,,k+sbury ,,simkhovit* ,director ( ,gre5wi* ,h\se ,clo?1 #abmo1 #a4be ,a new volume 9 ! ,am]ican ,social ,progress ,s]ies edit$ by ,,samuel ,,mccune ,,l9dsay4 ,,ll4 ,d4 ,a pla9 description ( ! facts ( ! city dwell]'s life1 ) "s indications ( ! evolution>y process go+ on at ! city's he>t4 ,social ,re=m & ! ,con/itution ,,by ,,frank ,j4 ,,goodn[ #abmo1 #a4ej 8,! "w is well wor? n only read+ b /udy & is a decid$ contribution to ! lit]ature ( ! subject40--,bo/on ,transcript4 ,! ,new ,basis ( ,civilization ,,by ,,simon ,n4 ,,patt5 #abmo1 #a4jj 8,! book is valuable & inspir+ 9 its g5]al conception & guid+ pr9ciples4 ,social work]s w welcome x1 & morali/s %\ld greatly pr(it by its tea*+s40 --,*icago ,ev5+ ,po/4 ,/&>ds ( ,public ,morality ,,by ,,ar?ur ,,tw9+ ,,hadley #abmo1 #a4jj 8,! book is wor? read+ n only once1 b twice40--,new ,york ,times4 ,mis]y & ,its ,causes ,,by ,,edw>d ,t4 ,,dev9e #abmo4 #a4be 8,"o ( ! mo/ vital & helpful books on social problems ev] publi%$40 --,congregationali/ & ,*ri/ian ,_w4 ,gov]nm5tal ,action = ,social ,welf>e ,,by ,,j]emiah ,w4 ,,j5ks #abmo1 #a4jj 8,pr(essor ,j5ks' little book ought to be 9 ! h&s ( e memb] ( e legislature 9 ! c\ntry40--,review ( ,reviews4 ,! ,social ,basis ( ,religion ,,by ,,simon ,n4 ,,patt5 #abmo1 #a4be 8,x is a "w ( deep ?\ght & abundant rese>*4 ,^? :o read x w f9d _! ideas & ?\ghts quick5$ & w be sure t _! 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"q has ceas$ to be :i* "o ( two rival claimants has a "r to ! field4 ,x has become a "q ( cle>+ up a confus$ subject matt] by attack+ x bit by bit4 ,i d n "k a case :]e ! f9al result 0 any?+ l victory = "o or ano!r among ! prexp]im5tal notions4 ,all ( !m disappe>$ because !y became increas+ly irrelevant to ! situation discov]$1 & ) _! detect$ irrelevance !y became unmean+ & un9t]e/+40--,pr(essor ,john ,dewey1 ,new ,republic1 ,feb4 #c1 #aiag4 #big ,all ?is has be5 indicat$--)1 h[ev]1 too little emphasis on ! recon/ructive function ( intellig5ce--by ,b]tr& ,russell 9 ,pr9ciples ( ,social ,recon/ruction 7,london1 #aiaf72 & m popul>ly by ,max ,ea/man 9 ,und]/&+ ,g]many 7,new ,york1 #aiaf72 x has be5 put v briefly aga9 & aga9 by ,pr(essor ,dewey1--e4g41 9 an essay on 8,progress0 9 ! ,int]national ,j\rnal ( ,e?ics1 ,april1 #aiaf4 #bih ,?is is n a def5ce ( me*anism or mat]ialism2 x is a plea = a bett] p]spective 9 philosophy4 #bii ,x w\ld be invidi\s to "n ! exceptions :i* "o is glad to rememb] "h2 b x is 9 place to say t ! practical arre/ ( ,b]tr& ,russell is a sign ( resuscitation on ! 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