f ! ,google ,pr9t project47 ,music files creat$ by ,l9da ,cantoni4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,bold text is surr\nd$ by equal signs & italic text by und]scores4 ,sup]script$ text w be prec$e by a & surr\nd$ by braces4 ,two symbols 7 us$ to %[ /ress$ & un/ress$ syllables4 ,^! h be5 repres5t$ by ,u & --4 ,,! ,,montessori ,,elem5t>y ,,mat]ial ,illu/ration3 ,! fir/ ,montessori ,elem5t>y ,class 9 ,am]ica1 op5$ 9 ,riv+ton ,/reet1 ,new ,york1 ,may1 #aiaf4 ,,! ,,advanc$ ,,montessori ,,me?od ,,! ,,montessori ,,elem5t>y ,,mat]ial ,,by ,,m>ia ,,montessori ,,au?or ,,( ,,! ,,montessori ,,me?od1 ,,p$agogical ,,an?ropology1 ,,etc4 ,,translat$ ,,f ,,! ,,italian ,,by ,,ar?ur ,,liv+/on ,,associate ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,italian ,,at ,,columbia ,,univ]sity ,,) ,,=ty-,,f\r ,,illu/rations ,,f ,,photographs ,,& ,,) ,,num]\s ,,diagrams ,illu/ration ,,new ,,york ,,fr$]ick ,a4 ,,/okes ,,company ,,publi%]s ,copyright1 #aiag1 by ,,fr$]ick ,a4 ,,/okes ,,company ,all rights res]v$1 includ+ t ( translation into =eign languages4 ,,ackn[l$gm5t ,! pat5t rights 9 ! ,montessori app>atus & mat]ial are controll$1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada1 by ,! ,h\se ( ,*ildhood1 ,inc41 #af ,horatio ,/reet1 ,new ,york4 ,! publi%]s are indebt$ to !m = ! photographs %[+ ! ,gramm> ,boxes4 ,,translator',s ,,note ,s f> z ,dr4 ,montessori's exp]im5ts conta9 ! affirmation ( a new doctr9e & ! illu/ration ( a new me?od 9 reg>d to ! tea*+ ( ,gramm>1 ,read+ & ,metrics1 ! foll[+ pages are1 we hope1 a fai?ful r5dition ( h] "w4 ,b x is only 9 ^! respects t ! *apt]s devot$ to ^! subjects are to be consid]$ a translation4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ,dr4 ,montessori's text is n only a !oretical treatise b also an actual text-book = ! tea*+ ( ,italian gramm>1 ,italian read+ & ,italian metrics to "y pupils4 ,h] ex]cises con/itute a rigidly te/$ mat]ial3 h] ,italian ^w li/s are li/s :i*1 9 actual practise1 h accompli%$ _! purpose2 h] grammatical categories ) _! relative illu/ration are ^? actually ma/]$ by h] ,italian /ud5ts2 h] read+ selections & h] metrical analyses are ^? :i*1 f an (f]+ d\btless f> m ext5sive1 actually surviv$ ! exp]im5t ( use 9 class4 ,x is obvi\s t no su* value c be claim$ = any translation ( ! orig9al mat]ial4 ,! categories ( ,italian gramm> are n exactly ! categories ( ,engli% gramm>4 ,! morphology &1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ! syntax ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( spee* diff] 9 ! two languages4 ,! imm$iate result is t ! ,montessori mat]ial (f]s mu* t is inapplicable & fails to t\* on mu* t is ess5tial to ! tea*+ ( ,engli% gramm>4 ,! nature & ext5t ( ! difficulties ?us aris+ are m fully set =? 9 connection ) specific cases 9 our text4 ,suffice x "h to indicate t ! ,engli% mat]ial (f]$ bel[ is b approximately exp]im5tal1 approximately sci5tific4 ,! con/itution ( a def9itive ,montessori mat]ial = ,engli% gramm> & ! def9itive mann] & ord] ( its pres5tm5t mu/ await ! results ( exp]im5ts 9 actual use4 ,= ! cle>] ori5tation ( su* ev5tual exp]im5ts we (f]1 ev5 = ^? p>ts ( ,italian gramm> :i* be> no relation to ,engli%1 a virtually complete translation ( ! orig9al text2 v5tur+ mean:ile ! sugge/ion t su* /udies z ,dr4 ,montessori's treatise on ! tea*+ ( ,italian n\n & adjective inflections--entirely =eign to ,engli%--may prove valuable to all tea*]s ( mod]n languages4 ,:ile x might seem desirable to isolate su* sup]flu\s mat]ial f ! ,engli% gramm> giv5 bel[1 we decid$ to reta9 ! relative p>agraphs 9 _! actual position 9 ! ,italian "w1 9 ord] to pres]ve ! lit]al integrity ( ! orig9al me?od4 ,among our additions to ! text we may cite ! ex]cises on ! possessive pron\ns--id5tifi$ by ,dr4 ,montessori ) ! possessive adjectives--! int]rogatives & ! comp>ison ( adjectives & adv]bs4 ,ev5 :]e1 z reg>ds morphology1 a reasonably close adaptation ( ! ,italian mat]ial to ,engli% uses has be5 possible1 x by no means foll[s t ! p$agogical problems involv$ rema9 ! same4 ,! tea*+ ( ! relative pron\n1 = in/ance1 is f> m complicat$ 9 ,engli% ?an 9 ,italian2 9 ! s5se t ! /eps to be tak5 by ! *ild are = ,engli% m num]\s & ( a high] ord]4 ,likewise = ! v]b1 if ,italian is m difficult z reg>ds v>iety ( =ms1 x is mu* m simple z reg>ds negation1 int]rogation & progressive action4 ,we h made no attempt to be consi/5t 9 adapt+ ! translation to su* difficulties4 ,9 g5]al we h treat$ ! p>ts ( spee* 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y appe> 9 ! ,italian text1 ?\gh actual exp]im5t may prove t "s o!r ord] is desirable = ! tea*+ ( ,engli% gramm>4 ,! ,engli% mat]ial giv5 bel[ is ?us 9 "p a translation ( ! orig9al ex]cises 9 ,italian1 9 "p new4 ,9 cases :]e x prov$ impossible to utilize any ( ! ,italian mat]ial1 an attempt has be5 made to f9d s5t5ces illu/rat+ ! same p$agogical pr9ciple & involv+ ! same numb] & "* ( m5tal processes z are requir$ by ! orig9al text4 ,! special emphasis laid by ,dr4 ,montessori ^u selections f ,manzoni is due simply to ! peculi> conditions surr\nd+ ! tea*+ ( language 9 ,italy1 :]e g5]al concepts ( ! national language are affect$ by ! exi/5ce ( p[]ful dialects & ! un/able nature ( ! gramm>1 vocabul>y & syntax ( ! national lit]ature4 ,we h made no ef=t to f9d a writ] wor?y ( be+ set up z a l au?ority1 s9ce no su* problem exi/s = ! ,am]ican & ,engli% public4 ,our citations are drawn to a l>ge ext5t f ! ,book ( ,k & f a numb] ( classics4 ,occasionally = special reasons we h translat$ ! ,italian orig9al4 ,! *apt] on ,italian metrics has be5 translat$ entire z an illu/ration ( me?od2 :]eas ! portion relat+ to ,engli% is1 z expla9$ bel[1 entirely ( speculative "*4 ,to ,miss ,hel5 ,p>khur/ & ,miss ,emily ,h4 ,gre5man ?anks are due = ! translation ( ! *apt]s on ,ari?metic1 ,geometry1 & ,draw+4 ,,cont5ts ,,"p ,i ,,gramm> ,,translator',s ,,note vii ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,! ,transition f ! ,me*anical to ! ,intellectual ,developm5t ( ,language #c ,,ii4 ,,^w ,,/udy #ab ,suffixes & ,prefixes #ac ,suffixes #ac ,prefixes #ag ,comp\nd ,words #ah ,^w-,families #bj ,,iii4 ,,article ,,& ,,n\n #bb ,s+ul> & ,plural #be ,mascul9e & ,fem99e #bg ,s+ul> & ,plural 9 ,engli% #cc ,,iv4 ,,lessons--,,comm&s #ci ,n\ns #dj ,comm&s on ,n\ns #dh ,v4 ,,adjectives #ea ,analyses #ea ,descriptive ,adjectives #ea ,p]mutations #ee ,inflection ( ,adjectives #ef ,logical & ,grammatical ,agreem5t ( ,n\ns & ,adjectives #ei ,descriptive ,adjectives #fa ,adjectives ( ,quantity #fc ,ord9als #fd ,demon/rative ,adjectives #fd ,possessive ,adjectives #fe ,comp>ison ( ,adjectives #fe ,,vi4 ,,v]bs #ff ,analyses #ff ,p]mutations #fh ,lessons & ,comm&s on ! ,v]b #fi ,lessons ) ,exp]im5ts #gd ,,vii4 ,,prepositions #gg ,analyses #gg ,p]mutations #hj ,lessons & ,comm&s on ,prepositions #ha ,,viii4 ,,adv]bs #he ,analyses #he ,p]mutations #hg ,lessons & ,comm&s on ,adv]bs #ij ,a ,bur/ ( ,activity3 ! ,future ( ! ,writt5 ,language 9 ,popul> ,education #ic ,comm&s ,improvis$ by ! ,*ildr5 #if ,,ix4 ,,pron\ns #ih ,analyses #ih ,p]sonals #ih ,demon/ratives #ii ,relatives & ,int]rogatives #ii ,possessives #aja ,p]mutations #aja ,lessons & ,comm&s on ! ,pron\n #ajb ,p>adyms #ajf ,agreem5t ( ,pron\n & ,v]b #ajh ,conjugation ( ,v]bs #aaj ,x4 ,,conjunctions #aac ,analyses #aac ,coord9ates #aac ,subord9ates #aad ,p]mutations #aae ,lessons & ,comm&s on ! ,conjunction #aae ,comp>ison ( ,adjectives #aag ,,xi4 ,,int]jections #abj ,analyses #abj ,classification #abb ,,xii4 ,,s5t5ce ,,analysis #abd ,simple ,s5t5ces #abd ,! ,ord] ( ,elem5ts 9 ! ,s5t5ce3 ,p]mutations #acb ,comp\nd & ,complex ,s5t5ces #acf ,te/ ,c>ds #adj ,! ,ord] ( ,clauses 9 ! ,s5t5ce3 ,s5t5ce ,=ms 9 ,prose & ,v]se #add ,p]mutations #adg ,te/ ,c>ds #aea ,coord9at+ & ,subord9at+ ,conjunctions #aee ,sequ5ce ( ,t5ses #aeg ,punctuation #afj ,,xiii4 ,,^w ,,classification #afd ,k9ds ( ,words #afd ,classifi$ ,accord+ to ,=mation #afd ,classifi$ ,accord+ to ,inflection #afe ,classifi$ ,accord+ to ,_! ,use #afe ,,"p ,,ii ,,read+ ,i4 ,,expression ,,& ,,int]pretation #aga ,me*anical ,processes #aga ,analysis #agc ,exp]im5tal ,section3 ,read+ ,al\d #agi ,int]pretations #ahb ,audition #aif ,! ,mo/ ,popul> ,books #aih ,,"p ,,iii ,,ari?metic ,i4 ,,ari?metical ,,op]ations #bje ,numb]s #a-aj #bje ,t5s1 ,hundr$s & ,?\s&s #bjh ,c\nt+-frames #baj ,,ii4 ,,! ,,multiplication ,,table #bag ,,iii4 ,,division #bbc ,,iv4 ,,op]ations ,,9 ,,sev]al ,,figures #bbe ,addition #bbe ,subtraction #bbg ,multiplication #bbh ,multiply+ on ,rul$ ,pap] #bce ,long ,division #bcg ,v4 ,,ex]cises ,,) ,,numb]s #bda ,multiples1 ,prime ,numb]s & ,factor+ #bda ,,vi4 ,,squ>e ,,& ,,cube ,,( ,,numb]s #bea ,,"p ,,iv ,,geometry ,i4 ,,plane ,,geometry #bei ,,ii4 ,,didactic ,,mat]ial ,,us$ ,,= ,,geometry #bfe ,squ>es & ,divid$ ,figures #bfe ,fractions #bfg ,r$uction ( ,common ,fractions to ,decimal ,fractions #bgc ,equival5t ,figures #bgg ,"s ,!orems ,bas$ on ,equival5t ,figures #bhb ,division ( a ,triangle #bhi ,inscrib$ & ,conc5tric ,figures #bij ,,iii4 ,,solid ,,geometry #bib ,! ,p[]s ( ,numb]s #bid ,! ,cube ( a ,b9omial #bie ,weights & ,measures #bie ,,"p ,v ,,draw+ ,i4 ,,l9e> ,,geometric ,,design ,,decoration #cja ,arti/ic ,composition ) ! ,insets #cje ,,ii4 ,,free-,,h& ,,draw+3 ,,/udies ,,f ,,life #cjg ,,"p ,,vi ,,music ,i4 ,,! ,,scale #cai ,,ii4 ,,! ,,read+ ,,& ,,writ+ ,,( ,,music #cbf ,treble & ,bass ,clefs #cbh ,,iii4 ,,! ,,major ,,scales #ccc ,,iv4 ,,ex]cises ,,9 ,,rhy?m #cda ,s++ #cfe ,musical ,phrases = ,rhy?mic ,ex]cises #cfg ,v4 ,,musical ,,auditions #cgf ,,"p ,,vii ,,metrics ,i4 ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,metrics ,,9 ,,elem5t>y ,,s*ools #chc ,/anza & l9e #chd ,rhyme #chd ,tonic acc5ts 7/resses7 #che ,p>isyllabic l9es #chf ,imp>isyllabic l9es #chh ,! csura #cia ,metrical analyses #cib ,translator's note on ,engli% metrics #cie ,mat]ial = nom5clature #djd ,,app5dix ,i #dji ,,app5dix ,,ii #dbc ,,illu/rations ,,fac+ ,,page ,! fir/ ,montessori ,elem5t>y ,class 9 ,am]ica ,frontispiece ,"o ( ! fir/ /eps 9 gramm> #bd ,gramm> ,boxes1 %[+ respectively two & ?ree p>ts ( spee* #be ,gramm> ,boxes1 %[+ respectively f\r & five p>ts ( spee* #gh ,gramm> ,boxes1 %[+ respectively six & sev5 p>ts ( spee* #gi ,gramm> ,boxes1 %[+ respectively eight & n9e p>ts ( spee* #aad ,! *ildr5 work+ at _! v>i\s occupations 9 complete fre$om #aae ,int]pret$ read+3 ,smile & clap y\r h&s #agd ,int]pret$ read+3 ,take (f y\r hat & make a l[ b[ #age ,int]pret$ read+3 ,:isp] to him #ahh ,int]pret+ ! pose & expression ( a picture #ahi ,int]pret$ read+3 ,%e 0 sleepy2 %e lean$ h] arms on ! table1 h] head on h] arms1 & w5t to sleep #bjj ,ex]cises 9 int]pret$ read+ & 9 ari?metic #bja ,! bead mat]ial us$ = addition & subtraction #bad ,c\nt+ & calculat+ by means ( ! bead *a9s #bad ,! bead *a91 squ>e1 & cube #bae ,! fir/ bead frame #bae ,! second c\nt+-frame us$ 9 ari?metic #bbf ,work+ out problems 9 sev5 figures #bbg ,solv+ a problem 9 long division #bch ,bead squ>es & cubes2 & ! ari?metic-bo>d = multiplication & division #bci ,! bead numb] cubes built into a t[] #bhb ,! decagon & ! rectangle compos$ ( ! same triangul> insets #bhc ,! triangul> insets fitt$ into _! metal plates #bhc ,%[+ t ! two rhomboids are equal to ! two rectangles #bhh ,%[+ t ! two rhomboids are equal to ! two squ>es #bhi ,holl[ geometric solids #bif ,designs =m$ by arrang+ sections ( ! insets )9 ! frames #big ,mak+ decorative designs ) ! aid ( geometric insets #cab ,wat]-color pa9t+s f nature #cac ,! monocord #ccd ,mat]ial = indicat+ ! int]vals ( ! major scale #ccd ,! music b>s #cce ,! *ildr5 us+ ! music bells & ! wood5 keybo>ds #ceb ,analyz+ ! beat ( a measure :ile walk+ on a l9e #cec ,,"p ,i ,,gramm> ,,montessori ,,elem5t>y ,,mat]ial ,i ,,! ,,transition ,,f ,,! ,,me*anical ,,to ,,! ,,intellectual ,,developm5t ,,( ,,language ,9 ! ,*ildr5's ,h\ses we _h rea*$ a /age ( developm5t :]e ! *ildr5 c\ld write words & ev5 s5t5ces4 ,!y read little slips on :i* 7 writt5 diff]5t actions :i* !y 7 to execute1 ?us demon/rat+ t !y _h und]/ood !m4 ,! mat]ial = ! developm5t ( writ+ & read+ consi/$ ( two alphabets3 a l>g] "o ) v[els & consonants 9 diff]5t colors1 & a small] "o ) all ! lett]s 9 "o color4 7,9 ,engli%1 to dim9i% ! phonetic difficulties ( ! language1 comb9ations ( v[els & consonants1 kn[n z phonograms1 are us$4 ,! phonograms ) few exceptions h con/ant s\nds & little att5tion is paid to ! tea*+ ( ! sep>ate values ( ! diff]5t lett]s3 n until ! *ild has built up 8 rules inductively does he realize ! mean+ ( sep>ate v[el symbols47 ,h[ev]1 ! actual am\nt ( progress made 0 n v precisely asc]ta9$4 ,we c\ld be sure only t ! *ildr5 _h acquir$ ! me*anical te*nique ( writ+ & read+ & 7 on ! way to a great] intellectual developm5t along ^! l9es4 ,_! progress1 h[ev] ext5sive x may h be51 c\ld be call$ little m ?an a f\ndation = _! next /ep 9 advance1 ! elem5t>y s*ool4 ,:at beyond all "q 0 accompli%$ ) ! little *ild 9 ! fir/ /eps ( our me?od 0 to e/abli% ! psy*o-motor me*anism ( ! writt5 ^w by a sl[ process ( maturation su* z takes place 9 ! natural gr[? ( articulate spee*2 9 o!r words1 by me?odically ex]cis+ psy*o-motor pa?s4 ,lat] on ! *ild's m9d is able to make use ( ! successive op]ations p]=m$ ) ! writt5 language :i* has be5 ?us built up by ! *ild z a matt] ( me*anical execution 7writ+7 & to a c]ta9 ext5t ( intellig5t int]pretation 7read+74 ,normally ?is is an e/abli%$ fact at ! age ( five4 ,:5 ! *ild beg9s to ?9k & to make use ( ! writt5 language to express 8 rudim5t>y ?9k+1 he is ready = elem5t>y "w2 & ?is fitness is a "q n ( age or o!r incid5tal circum/ance b ( m5tal maturity4 ,we h said1 ( c\rse1 t ! *ildr5 /ay$ 9 ! ,*ildr5's ,h\se up to ! age ( sev52 nev]!less !y le>n$ to write1 to c\nt1 to read1 & ev5 to d a c]ta9 am\nt ( simple composition4 ,x is cle>1 accord+ly1 t !y _h gone "s di/ance 9 ! elem5t>y grade z reg>ds bo? age & educational developm5t4 ,h[ev]1 :at !y _h actually accompli%$ beyond ! me*anical te*nique ( writ+ 0 m or less difficult to e/imate4 ,we c n[ say t our lat] exp]im5ts h n only cl>ifi$ ?is situation1 b enabl$ u to take ! *ildr5 mu* f>!r along ?an be=e4 ,?is only proves1 h[ev]1 t on beg9n+ elem5t>y grade "w we did n dep>t f ! ,*ildr5's ,h\se idea2 on ! contr>y we return$ to x to give di/9ct realization to ! nebul\s hopes ) :i* our fir/ c\rse conclud$4 ,h5ce ! ,*ildr5's ,h\se & ! l[] grades are n two di/9ct ?+s z is ! case ) ! ,frbel ,k9d]g>t5 & ! ord9>y prim>y s*ool--9 fact1 !y are "o & ! same ?+1 ! cont9uation ( an id5tical process4 ,let u return !n to ! ,*ildr5's ,h\se & consid] ! *ild ( five & "o-half ye>s4 ,to-day 9 ^? ,*ildr5's ,h\ses :i* h kept up ) ! improvem5ts 9 our me?od ! *ild is actually />t$ on 8 elem5t>y education4 ,f ! second alphabet ( ! ,*ildr5's ,h\se we g on to a ?ird alphabet4 ,"h ! movable lett]s are a great deal small] & are execut$ 9 model h&-writ+4 ,!re are tw5ty specim5s ( ea* lett]1 :]eas =m]ly !re 7 b f\r2 fur!rmore1 !re are ?ree complete alphabets1 "o :ite1 "o black1 & "o r$4 ,!re are1 !re=e1 sixty copies ( ea* lett] ( ! alphabet4 ,we include also all ! punctuation m>ks3 p]iod1 comma1 acc5ts 7= ,italian71 apo/rophe1 int]rogation & exclamation po9ts4 ,! lett]s are made ( pla9 glaz$ pap]4 ,! uses ( ?is alphabet are _m2 s be=e we /op to exam9e !m let u look some:at ahead4 ,ev]ybody has recogniz$ ! naturalness ( ! ex]cise1 us$ 9 ! ,*ildr5's ,h\se1 :]e ! *ildr5 plac$ a c>d be>+ ! "n ( an object on ! object ref]r$ to4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ lesson 9 read+4 ,we c\ld see t ! *ild knew h[ to read z soon z he 0 able to id5tify ! object indicat$ on ! c>d4 ,9 s*ools all ov] ! _w a simil> proc$ure w\ld1 ,i imag9e1 be consid]$ logical4 ,i suppose t 9 all ! s*ools :]e ! objective me?od is us$ mu* ! same ?+ is done2 & ?is is f\nd to be n a h9drance b a help to ! *ild 9 le>n+ ! names ( objects4 ,z reg>ds ! tea*+ ( ! n\n1 accord+ly1 we h be5 us+ me?ods already 9 use--! objective me?od1 ) practical ex]cises4 ,b :y %\ld we re/rict su* me?ods to ! n\n8 ,is ! n\n n j z truly a "p ( spee* z ! adjective1 or ! v]b8 ,if !re is a me?od by :i* ! k ( a n\n is made easy1 may !re n be simil> ways ( facilitat+ ! le>n+ ( all ! o!r p>ts ( spee* 7article1 adjective1 v]b1 pron\n1 adv]b1 int]jection1 conjunction1 & preposition78 ,:5 a slip ) ! int]pret$ ^w is plac$ on ! object correspond+ to x1 ! *ildr5 are actually di/+ui%+ ! n\n f all ! o!r p>ts ( spee*4 ,!y are le>n+ intuitively to def9e x4 ,! fir/ /ep has ?us be5 tak5 into ! realm ( gramm>4 ,b if ?is read+ has br\ght ! *ild directly into ^w classification1 ! transition has n be5 = him s abrupt z might at fir/ appe>4 ,! *ild has built all 8 words ) ! movable alphabet1 & he has1 9 addition1 writt5 !m4 ,he has ?us trav]s$ a two-fold prep>atory ex]cise involv+1 fir/1 ! analysis ( ! s\nds &1 second1 ! analysis ( ! words 9 _! mean+4 ,9 fact1 we h se5 t1 z ! *ild reads1 x is 8 discov]y ( ! tonic acc5t t br+s him to recognize ! ^w4 ,! *ild has begun to analyze n only ! s\nds & acc5t b also ! =m ( ! ^w4#a ,h[ absurd x w\ld seem to sugge/ a /udy ( phonology & morphology 9 a nurs]y ) f\r-ye>-old *ildr5 z inve/igators6 ,yet our *ildr5 h accompli%$ ?is v ?+6 ,! analysis 0 ! means ( atta9+ ! ^w4 ,x 0 :at made ! *ild able to write )\t ef=t4 ,:y %\ld su* a proc$ure be useful = s+le words & n s = connect$ disc\rse8 ,proce$+ to ! classification ( words by di/+ui%+ ! n\n f all o!r words1 we h really advanc$ into ! analysis ( connect$ spee*1 j z truly z1 by hav+ ! s&-pap]$ lett]s t\*$ & ! ^w pron\nc$1 we took ! fir/ /ep into ! analysis ( words4 ,we h only to c>ry ! process f>!r & p]haps we %all succe$ 9 gett+ ! analysis ( :ole s5t5ces1 j z we succe$$ 9 gett+ at ! composition ( words--discov]+ mean:ile a me?od :i* w prove efficaci\s 9 lead+ ! *ild to write 8 ?\ghts m p]fectly ?an w\ld seem possible at su* a t5d] age4 ,= "s "t1 !n1 we h be5 actually 9 ! field ( gramm>4 ,x is a "q simply ( cont9u+ along ! same pa?4 ,! und]tak+ may inde$ seem haz>d\s4 ,nev] m9d6 ,t awful gramm>1 t horrible bugaboo1 no less t]rible ?an ! frightful me?od1 once 9 use1 ( le>n+ to read & write1 may p]haps become a delightful ex]cise1 a lov+ guide to lead ! *ild along pleasant pa?ways to ! discov]y ( ?+s he has actually p]=m$4 ,yes1 ! *ild w sudd5ly f9d himself1 "o day1 9 possession ( a little composition1 a little "w ( art1 t has issu$ f 8 own p56 ,& he w be z happy ov] x z he 0 :5 = ! fir/ "t words 7 =m$ by 8 t9y h&s6 ,h[ diff]5t gramm> w seem to ! "y pupil1 if1 in/ead ( be+ ! cruel assass9 t te>s ! s5t5ce to pieces s t no?+ c be und]/ood1 x becomes ! amiable & indisp5sable help to ! con/ruction ( connect$ disc\rse6 ,x us$ to be s easy to say3 ,! s5t5ce is writt56 ,please leave x alone6 ,:y put asund] :at ,god has jo9$8 ,:y take away f a s5t5ce its mean+1 ! v ?+ :i* gave x life8 ,:y make ( x a m]e mass ( s5seless words8 ,:y spoil some?+ already p]fect j = ! annoyance ( plung+ into an analysis :i* has no app>5t purpose8 ,inde$1 to impose ^u p :o c already read ! task ( r$uc+ e ^w to its primal s\nds1 w\ld be to dem& ( !m an ef=t ( w s gigantic t only a pr(essional philologi/ c\ld apply himself to x ) ! necess>y dilig5ce1 & !n only because he has 8 own p>ticul> int]e/s & aims involv$ 9 su* "w4 ,yet ! f\r-ye>-old *ild1 :5 he passes f ^? mean+less s\nds to ! composition ( a :ole1 :i* corresponds to an idea & repres5ts a useful & wond]ful conque/1 is j z att5tive z ! philologi/ & p]haps ev5 m en?usia/ic4 ,he w f9d ! same joy 9 gramm>1 if1 />t+ f analyses1 x ga9s progressively 9 significance1 acquir+1 /ep by /ep1 a great] int]e/1 work+ f9ally up to a climax1 up to ! mom5t1 t is1 :5 ! f9i%$ s5t5ce is be=e him1 its mean+ cle> & felt 9 its subtle/ ess5ces4 ,! *ild has creat$ some?+ beautiful1 full gr[n & p]fect at its bir?1 n n[ to be tamp]$ ) by anybody6 ,! analysis ( s\nds :i*1 9 our me?od1 leads to spontane\s writ+1 is n1 to be sure1 adapt$ to all ages4 ,x is :5 ! *ild is f\r or f\r & a half1 t he %[s ! *>act]i/ically *ildlike passion = su* "w1 :i* keeps him at x long] ?an at any o!r age1 & leads him to develop p]fection 9 ! me*anical aspect ( writ+4 ,simil>ly ! analytical /udy ( p>ts ( spee*1 ! passionate l+]+ ov] words1 is n = *ildr5 ( all ages4 ,x is ! *ildr5 betwe5 five & sev5 :o are ! ^w-lov]s4 ,x is !y :o %[ a pr$isposition t[>d su* /udy4 ,_! undevelop$ m9ds c n yet grasp a complete idea ) di/9ctness4 ,!y d1 h[ev]1 und]/& words4 ,& !y may be entirely c>ri$ away by _! ec/atic1 _! tireless int]e/ 9 ! p>ts ( spee*4 ,x is true t our :ole me?od 0 born ( h]esy4 ,! fir/ dep>ture f or?odoxy 0 9 hold+ t ! *ild c be/ le>n to write betwe5 ! ages ( f\r & five4 ,we are n[ con/ra9$ to advance ano!r h]etical proposition3 *ildr5 %\ld beg9 ! /udy ( gramm> betwe5 ! ages ( five & a half & sev5 & a half1 or eight6 ,! idea t analysis mu/ be prec$$ by con/ruction 0 a matt] ( m]e prejudice4 ,only ?+s produc$ by nature mu/ be analyz$ be=e !y c be und]/ood4 ,! violet1 = in/ance1 is f\nd p]fect 9 nature4 ,we h to te> (f ! petals1 cut ! fl[] into sections to see h[ x grew4 ,b 9 mak+ an artificial violet we d j ! opposite4 ,we prep>e ! /ems piece by piece2 !n we "w out ! petals1 cutt+1 color+1 & iron+ !m "o by "o4 ,! prep>ation ( ! /am5s1 ev5 ( ! glue ) :i* we put ! :ole toge!r1 is a di/9ct process4 ,a few simple-m9d$ p1 ) a gift = light manual labor1 take unb\nd$ delight 9 ^! s+le op]ations1 ^! wond]fully v>i$ /eps :i* all conv]ge to ! creation ( a pretty fl[]2 ! beauty ( :i* dep5ds on ! am\nt ( pati5ce & skill appli$ to ! "w on ! individual p>ts4 ,analysis1 fur!rmore1 is involv$ q z mu* 9 build+ z 9 tak+ to pieces4 ,! build+ ( a h\se is an analytical process4 ,! /ones are treat$ "o by "o f cell> to ro(4 ,! p]son :o puts ! h\se toge!r kn[s x 9 its m9ute/ details & has a f> m accurate idea ( its con/ruction ?an ! man :o te>s x d[n4 ,?is is true1 fir/1 because ! process ( con/ruction la/s mu* long] ?an t ( demolition3 m "t is sp5t on ! /udy ( ! diff]5t p>ts4 ,b besides ?is1 ! build] has a po9t ( view diff]5t f t ( ! man :o is de/roy+4 ,! s5sation ( see+ a h>moni\s :ole fall into mean+less bits has no?+ 9 common ) ! alt]nat+ impulses ( hope1 surprise or satisfaction :i* come to a workman z he sees 8 edifice sl[ly assum+ its de/9$ =m4 ,= ^! & /ill o!r reasons1 ! *ild1 :5 int]e/$ 9 words at a c]ta9 age1 c utilize gramm> to good purpose1 dwell+ analytically ^u ! v>i\s p>ts ( spee* accord+ z ! processes ( 8 inn] spiritual gr[? det]m9e4 ,9 ?is way he comes to own 8 language p]fectly1 & to acquire "s appreciation ( its qualities & p[]4 ,our gramm> is n a book4 ,! n\ns 7names71 :i* ! *ild 0 to place on ! objects !y ref]r$ to z soon z he und]/ood _! mean+1 7 writt5 on c>ds4 ,simil>ly ! words1 belong+ to all ! o!r p>ts ( spee*1 are writt5 on c>ds4 ,^! c>ds are all ( ! same dim5sions3 oblongs 7#e #c-a_/b cmm47 ( diff]5t colors3 black = ! n\n2 tan = ! article2 br[n = ! adjective2 r$ = ! v]b2 p9k = ! adv]b2 violet = ! preposition2 yell[ = ! conjunction2 blue = ! int]jection4 ,^! c>ds g 9 special boxes1 eight 9 numb]4 ,! fir/ box has two comp>tm5ts simply2 ! second1 h[ev]1 ?ree2 ! ?ird1 f\r2 & s on d[n to ! eigh?1 :i* is divid$ into n9e4 ,"o wall 9 ea* section is some:at high] ?an ! o!rs4 ,?is is to provide space = a c>d ) a title describ+ ! cont5ts ( ! section4 ,x be>s1 t is1 ! "n ( ! relative "p ( spee*4 ,! title-c>d1 fur!rmore1 is ( ! same color z t us$ = ! "p ( spee* to :i* x ref]s4 ,! tea*] is expect$ to arrange ^! boxes s z to provide = ! /udy ( two or m p>ts ( spee*4 ,h[ev]1 our exp]im5ts h enabl$ u to make ! ex]cises v specific 9 "*2 s t ! tea*] has at h] disposal n only a ?or\ghly prep>$ mat]ial b also some?+ to facilitate h] "w & to *eck up ! accuracy ( x4 ,,footnote3 #a ,! process ( le>n+ to read has be5 m fully set =? 9 ,! ,montessori ,me?od2 ! *ild at fir/ pron\nces ! s\nds repres5t$ by ! individual lett]s 7phonograms71 )\t und]/&+ :at !y mean4 ,z he repeats ! ^w sev]al times he comes to read m rapidly4 ,ev5tually he discov]s ! tonic acc5t ( ! ^w1 :i* is !n imm$iately id5tifi$4 ,,ii ,,^w ,,/udy ,:5 a little *ild beg9s to read he %[s a ke5 desire to le>n words1 words1 words6 ,inde$ 9 ! ,*ildr5's ,h\se we _h t impressive ph5om5on ( ! *ildr5's tireless read+ ( ! little slips ( pap] ^u :i* 7 writt5 ! names ( objects4 ,! *ild mu/ acquire 8 ^w-/ore = himself4 ,! peculi> *>act]i/ic ( ! *ild's vocabul>y is its meag]ness4 ,b he is ne>+ ! age :5 he w ne$ to express 8 ?\ghts & he mu/ n[ acquire ! mat]ial necess>y = t "t4 ,_m p mu/ h notic$ ! int5se att5tion giv5 by *ildr5 to ! conv]sation ( gr[n-ups :5 !y _c possibly be und]/&+ a ^w ( :at !y he>4 ,!y are try+ to get hold ( words1 & !y (t5 demon/rate ?is fact by repeat+ joy\sly "s ^w :i* !y h be5 able to grasp4 ,we %\ld second ?is t5d5cy 9 ! *ild by giv+ him an abundant mat]ial & by organiz+ = him su* ex]cises z 8 reactions cle>ly %[ u are suitable = him4 ,! mat]ial us$ 9 our sy/em n only is v abundant1 b x has be5 dictat$ to u by rigid exp]im5tation on e detail4 ,h[ev]1 ! same successive *oices ( mat]ial d n appe> among ! *ildr5 z a :ole4 ,inde$ _! individual diff]5ces beg9 to ass]t !mselves progressively at ?is po9t 9 _! education4 ,! ex]cises are easy = "s *ildr5 & v h>d = o!rs1 nor is ! ord] ( selection ! same among all ! *ildr54 ,! tea*] %\ld "k ?is mat]ial ?or\ghly4 ,%e %\ld be able to recognize ! favorable mom5t = pres5t+ ! mat]ial to ! *ild4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 a little exp]i5ce ) ! mat]ial is suffici5t to %[ ! tea*] t ! educational facts develop spontane\sly & 9 su* a way z to simplify ! tea*]'s task 9 a mo/ surpris+ mann]4 ,,suffixes ,,& ,,prefixes ,"h we use *>ts ) pr9t$ li/s ( words :i* may be hung on ! wall4 ,! *ildr5 c look at !m & also take !m 9 _! h&s4 ,,li/ ,i ,,suffixes3 ,,augm5tatives1 ,,dim9utives1 ,,peggioratives1 ,,etc4 buono 7good73 buonuccio1 buon9o1 buonissimo casa 7h\se73 casona1 casetta1 casett9a1 casuccia1 casaccia1 casettaccia =mica 7ant73 =micona1 =micuccia1 =micola1 =mi*etta ragazzo 7boy73 ragazzone1 ragazz9o1 ragazaccio1 ragazzetto lett]a 7lett]73 lett]9a1 lett]ona1 lett]uccia1 lett]accia campana 7bell73 campanone1 campanello1 campanell9o1 campan9o1 campanaccio giovane 7y\?73 giovanetto1 giov9cello1 giov9a/ro fiore 7fl[]73 fioretto1 fiorell9o1 fioraccio1 fiorone tavolo 7bo>d73 tavol9o1 tavoletta1 tavolone1 tavolaccio seggiola 7*air73 seggiolone1 seggiol9a1 seggiolaccia pietra 7/one73 pietruzza1 pietr9a1 pietrone1 pietraccio sasso 7rock73 sassetto1 sassol9o1 sassett9o1 sassone1 sassaccio ce/o 7basket73 ce/9o1 ce/one1 ce/ello1 ce/ell9o piatto 7plate73 piatt9o1 piattello1 piattone pianta 7plant or tree73 piant9a1 pianticella1 piantic9a1 piant]ella1 piantona1 piantaccia fuoco 7fire73 fuo*etto1 fuo*9o1 fuo*]ello1 fuocone1 fuo*ett9o fe/a 7fe/ival73 fe/icciola1 fe/ona1 fe/accia pi$e 7foot73 pi$9o1 pi$one1 pi$uccio1 pi$accio mano 7h&73 man9a1 manona1 manaccia1 manuccia seme 7se$73 sem9o1 semetto1 semone1 semaccio1 semett9o semplice 7simple p]son73 semplic9o1 semplicetto1 sempliciotto1 semplicione ghiotto 7sweet-too?73 ghiottone1 ghiottoncello1 ghiottaccio1 ghiottissimo vec*io 7old man73 vec*ietto1 vec*ione1 vec*iaccio1 vec*issimo cieco 7bl9d73 cie*9o1 cie*etto1 ciecol9o1 ciecone1 ciecaccio ,note3--,! rle ( augm5tative & dim9utive suffixes 9 ,engli% is va/ly less important ?an 9 ,italian4 ,"h are a few specim5s3 lamb--lambk9 duck--duckl+ bird--birdl+ ne/--ne/l+ goose--gosl+ m\se--m\sie girl--girlie book-booklet brook--brooklet /ream--/reamlet poet--poeta/] ,! *ild's ex]cise is z foll[s3 he composes ! fir/ ^w 9 any l9e ) ! alphabet ( a s+le color 7e4g41 black74 ,next und]nea? & us+ ! alphabet ( ! same color1 he repeats ! lett]s 9 ! second ^w :i* he sees also 9 ! fir/4 ,b j z soon z a lett] *anges he uses ! alphabet ( ano!r color 7e4g41 r$74 ,9 ?is way ! root is always %[n by "o color1 ! suffixes by ano!r2 = example3-- buono buonuccio buonino buonissimo ,= ,engli%3 /ream /reamlet lamb lambk9 ,!n ! *ild *ooses ano!r ^w & repeats ! same ex]cise4 ,(t5 he f9ds = himself words n includ$ 9 ! li/ :i* is giv5 him4 ,9 ! foll[+ *>t ! suffixes are con/ant :ile ! root v>ies4 ,"h ! suffix *anges ! mean+ ( ! ^w4 ,f ! orig9al mean+ is d]iv$ ! ^w = a trade1 a place ( bus9ess1 an action1 a collective or an ab/ract idea4 ,naturally1 ! *ild does n realize all ?is at fir/ b limits himself m]ely to build+ ! words me*anically ) ! two alphabets4 ,lat] on1 h[ev]1 z gramm> is develop$1 he may return to ! read+ ( ^! *>ts1 :i* are always at 8 disposal1 & beg9 to realize ! value ( ! diff]5ces4 ,,li/ ,,ii macello 7slaught]7 macellaio 7but*]7 sella 7saddle7 sellaio 7saddl]7 =no 7ov57 =naio 7bak]7 cappello 7hat7 capellaio 7hatt]7 vetro 7glass7 vetr]ia 7glazi]y7 calzolaio 7%oe-mak]7 calzol]ia 7%oe-%op7 libro 7book7 libr]ia 7book-/ore7 o/e 7ho/7 o/]ia 7inn7 pane 7bread7 panett]ia 7bak]y7 c]a 7wax7 c]]ia 7*&l]'s %op7 d5te 7too?7 d5ti/a 7d5ti/7 f>macia 7ph>macy7 f>maci/a 7druggi/7 elettricita 7electricity7 elettrici/a 7electrician7 telefono 7telephone7 telefoni/a 7telephone op]ator7 arte 7art7 arti/a 7arti/7 be/ia 7bea/7 be/iame 7cattle7 osso 7bone7 ossame 7bones1 collective7 corda 7/r+7 cordame 7/r+s1 collective7 foglia 7leaf7 fogliame 7foliage7 pollo 7*ick57 pollame 7p\ltry7 grato 7grateful7 gratitud9e 7gratitude7 beato 7bless$7 beatitud9e 7bless$ness7 inquieto 7uneasy7 inquietud9e 7uneas9ess7 grano 7gra97 granaio 7b>n7 colombo 7dove7 colombaio 7dove-cote7 paglia 7/raw7 pagliaio 7hay-/ack7 frutto 7fruit7 frutteto 7or*>d7 canna 7re$7 canneto 7brake7 oliva 7olive7 oliveto 7olive-grove7 qu]cia 7oak7 qu]ceto 7oak-grove7 ,,engli% ,,examples tea* tea*] s+ s+] "w work] cat] cat]] wr+ wr+] conduct conductor direct director laund] laundry seam seam/ress song song/ress prie/ prie/ess mi/] mi/ress c[ c[h]d piano piani/ art arti/ ph>macy ph>maci/ drug druggi/ physic physician prison prison] h\se h\sehold e>l e>ldom k+ k+dom c\nt c\nty real reality mod]n mod]nness good goodness sad sadness alo( alo(ness ,! *ild's ex]cise ) ! two alphabets w be z foll[s3 frutto frutteto canna canneto oliva oliveto qu]cia qu]ceto ,= ,engli%3 song song/] song/ress art arti/ artless artful ,,li/ ,,iii ,,prefixes nodo 7knot73 annod>e1 snod>e1 risnod>e scriv]e 7write73 riscriv]e1 trascriv]e1 sottoscriv]e1 descriv]e coprire 7cov]73 scoprire1 riscoprire gancio 7hook73 agganci>e1 sganci>e1 riagganci>e leg>e 7b9d73 colleg>e1 rileg>e1 alleg>e1 sleg>e bottone 7button73 abbotton>e1 sbotton>e1 riabbotton>e mac*i>e 7spot73 smac*i>e1 rismac*i>e *iud]e 7close73 soc*iud]e1 s*iud]e1 ri*iud]e1 r9*iud]e gu>d>e 7look at73 rigu>d>e1 tragu>d>e1 soggu>d>e v$]e 7see73 trav$]e1 riv$]e1 intrav$]e p]d]e 7lose73 disp]d]e1 sp]d]e1 rip]d]e mett]e 7put1 place73 smett]e1 emett]e1 rimett]e1 p]mett]e1 commett]e1 promett]e1 sottomett]e v9c]e 7ov]come73 riv9c]e1 avv9c]e1 conv9c]e1 /rav9c]e ,= ,engli%3 cov]3 uncov]1 discov]1 recov] pose3 impose1 compose1 dispose1 repose1 transpose d3 undo1 ov]do place3 displace1 replace1 misplace submit3 remit1 commit1 omit1 p]mit close3 disclose1 =eclose1 reclose arrange3 re>range1 dis>range ,! *ild's ex]cise ) ! two alphabets w be z foll[s3 coprire scoprire ricoprire ,= ,engli%3 place displace replace ,,li/ ,,iv ,,comp\nd ,,words c>tapecora 7p>*m5t7 c>tape/a 7papi] ma*7 fals>iga 7guide7 madrep]la 7"m-(-pe>l7 melagrana 7pomegranate7 mel>ancia 7orange7 biancosp9o 7haw?orn7 ficcanaso 7busybody7 lavamano 7wa%-/&7 mezzogiorno 7noon7 passatempo 7pa/ime7 ragnatela 7cobweb7 madrevite 7v9e7 gu>daportone 7doorkeep]7 capoluogo 7capital7 capomae/ro 7boss7 cap(ila 7pivot-soldi]7 capopopolo 7demagogue7 caposquadra 7commodore7 capogiro 7dizz9ess7 capolavoro 7ma/]piece7 giravolta 7:irl7 mezzaluna 7half-moon7 mezzanotte 7midnight7 palcosc5ico 7/age7 ac*iappacani 7dog-cat*]7 canta/orie 7/ory-tell]7 gu>dabos*i 7=e/]7 lu/rasc>pe 7boot-black7 portalett]e 7lett]-c>ri]7 portamonete 7pocketbook7 portasig>i 7cig>-case7 portalapis 7p5cil-case7 portab&i]a 7/&>d be>]7 gu>d>oba 7w>drobe7 asciugamano 7t[el7 cassapanca 7wood5 b5*7 arcobal5o 7ra9b[7 t]rapi5o 7ramp>t1 t]race7 bassorilievo 7bas-relief7 gr&uca 7gr&-duke7 pian(orte 7piano7 spazzacam9o 7*imney-sweep7 pettorosso 7r$brea/7 ,= ,engli%3 %eepsk9 c>dbo>d %oe/r+ midnight midday noontime r$brea/ appletree aft]noon moonlight />light doorknob b$time daytime spr+time flag/aff ra9b[ workman h\sekeep] pa/ime *imneysweep %eepfold b>ny>d sidewalk sn[%oe %oeblack firefly /eamboat milkman ba?room /reetc> lifelike pocketbook inkwell tableclo? c\rty>d honeycomb beehive fl[]pot buttonhole hallway midway /orekeep] horseman ma/]piece bookcase ,! *ildr5 read "o ^w at a "t & try to reproduce x f memory1 di/+ui%+ ?r\gh ! two alphabets ! two words ( :i* ea* "o is compos$3 c>ta pecora bianco sp9o piano =te spazza cam9o lava mano ,= ,engli%3 moon light "w man ,9 ! foll[+ *>t ! words are gr\p$ 9 families4 ,?is *>t may be us$ by *ildr5 :o are already well advanc$ 9 ! id5tification ( ! p>ts ( spee*4 ,all ! words are d]iv$ f "s o!r m simple ^w :i* is a root & ( :i* ! o!r words1 ei!r by suffix or prefix1 are made up4 ,all ^! roots are primitive words :i* "s day ! *ild may look = 9 a gr\p ( d]ivatives2 & :5 he f9ds !m he w realize t ! primitive ^w is a n\n1 adjective1 or a v]b1 z ! case may be1 t x is ! ^w :i* conta9s ! simple/ idea1 & s ! d]ivatives may be n\ns1 adjectives1 v]bs or adv]bs4 ,on ^! *>ts appe> v>i\s ^w-families4 ,! tea*] is ?us sp>$ ! tr\ble ( look+ !m up4 ,fur!rmore ! *ild w "s day be able to use !m by himself4 ,! ex]cises bas$ on ^! are /ill p]=m$ ) two diff]5t alphabets ( diff]5t color s t ! *ild c tell at a glance :i* is ! root ^w4 ,,^w-,,families t]ra 7e>?73 t]razzo1 t]remoto1 t]rapi5o1 att]r>e1 t]r5o1 t]riccio1 t]ricciola1 t]ritorio1 cont]raneo1 t]reo1 t]roso1 dissott]r>e f]ro 7iron73 f]raio1 f]ri]a1 f]rata1 f]rigno1 f]rugg9oso1 f]r>e1 sf]r>e1 inf]riata soldo 7p5ny73 assold>e1 soldato1 soldatesca1 soldatescam5te gr&e 7great73 +r&ire1 gr&iosit1 gr&ioso1 gr&iosam5te1 gr&eggi>e scriv]e 7write73 scrittura1 scritto1 scrittur>e1 scrittore1 inscrizione1 trascriv]e1 sottoscriv]e1 riscriv]e b5eficio 7b5efit73 b5efic>e1 b5efattore1 b5eficato1 b5efic5za1 b5eficam5te b5$izione 7b5$iction73 b5$ire1 b5$ic5te1 b5$etto1 rib5$ire felicit 7happ9ess73 felice1 felicem5te1 felicit>e1 felicitazione fiamma 7flame73 fiammante1 fiammeggiante1 fiammeggi>e1 fiammelle1 fiammif]i1 infiamm>e bagno 7ba?73 bagnante1 bagn9o1 bagn>ola1 bagnatura1 bagn>e1 ribagn>e fr$do 7cold73 fr$dolose1 infr$datura1 fr$dam5te1 raffr$dore1 raffr$d>e1 sfr$d>e polv]e 7du/73 spolv]>e1 impolv]>e1 polv]9o1 polv]izz>e1 polv]one1 polv]oso1 polv]i]a1 polv]izzatore pesce 7fi%73 pesc>e1 pescatore1 ripesc>e1 pescabile1 ripescabile op]a 7"w73 op]aio1 op]>e1 op]azione1 op]oso1 op]osam5te1 coop]>e1 coop]azione1 inop]>e canto 7song73 cantore1 cantante1 cant>e1 cant>ell>e1 cantio*i>e ricant>e gioco 7game73 gioc>e1 giocattolo1 gioc>ell>e1 giocatore1 giocoso1 giocosam5te dolore 7pa973 doloroso1 dolorosam5te1 dol5te1 addolor>e1 dol]si1 condol]si1 condoglianza1 addolorato pietra 7/one73 pietrific>e1 pietrificazione1 pietroso1 impietrire1 pietraio sole 7sun73 assolato1 soleggiante1 soleggi>e fe/a 7fe/ival73 fe/eggi>e1 fe/9o1 fe/eggiatore1 fe/eggiato1 fe/aiolo1 fe/ante1 fe/evole1 fe/evolm5te1 fe/osam5te allegro 7happy73 allegria1 allegram5te1 rallegr>e1 rallegram5to seme 7se$73 sem9a1 sem5ze1 sem9>e1 sem5zaio1 sem9atore1 risem9>e1 sem9azione1 dissem9>e1 sem9atrice ,= ,engli%3 wood3 wood51 woodwork]1 woody1 woodsman1 woodl& e>?3 e>!n1 e>?y1 e>?ly1 e>?born1 e>?w>d1 e>?quake1 e>?l+ fi%3 fi%+1 fi%]man1 fi%]y1 fi%y1 fi%mong]1 fi%net well3 welcome1 wellmean+1 wellknit w>3 w>rior1 w>like1 w>%ip1 w>horse1 w>-:oop1 w>song1 w>-cry play3 play]1 playful1 playh\se1 playmate politic3 politics1 politician1 political1 polity1 politically h>d3 h>dly1 h>d51 h>dness1 h>d%ip1 h>dy1 h>dihood1 h>dw>e turn3 return1 turn]1 turn/ile close3 disclose1 closet1 unclose1 closure1 =eclose ,! *ild sees t ! "m ^w is always ! %orte/4 ,! root rema9s 9 "o color4 ,,iii ,,article ,,& ,,n\n ,note3--,! ,engli% language pres5ts a f> simpl] situation ?an ! ,italian z reg>ds ! agreem5t ( article & adjectives4 ,g5d] itself be+1 9 ! case ( ,engli% n\ns1 m a matt] ( logical !ory ?an ( ^w-end+1 adjectival agreem5t 9 ! =mal s5se 9 practically unkn[n to ,engli% gramm>4 ,likewise ! =mation ( ! plural is mu* simpl] 9 ,engli% ?an 9 ,italian1 :]e ! s+ul> & plural ^w-end+s are closely associat$ ) g5d]4 ,x is a "q1 9 fact1 :e!r ! :ole subject ( ! g5d] ( ,engli% n\ns %\ld n be tak5 up some:at lat] 9 connection ) ! pron\ns1 :]e ,engli% %[s ?ree s+ul> =ms mascul9e1 fem99e1 neut] 7him1 h]1 x7 z aga9/ ! ,italian two1 mascul9e & fem99e 7lo1 la1 plural li1 le1 etc474 ,signora ,montessori's discussion ( ! situation 9 ,italian /ill rema9s in/ructive to ! tea*] ( ,engli% z an illu/ration ( me?od4 ,we reta9 h] text1 accord+ly1 9 its entirety4--,,tr4 ,z we h already said1 ! words *os5 = grammatical /udy are all pr9t$ on small rectangul> pieces ( c>dbo>d4 ,! little c>ds are held toge!r 9 packages by an ela/ic b& & are kept 9 _! respective boxes4 ,! fir/ box :i* we pres5t has two comp>tm5ts4 ,9 ! hold]s at ! back ( ea* comp>tm5t are plac$ ! c>ds :i* %[ ! "p ( spee* to be /udi$1 9 ?is case article & n\n4 ,! article c>ds are plac$ 9 ! article comp>tm5t & ! n\ns 9 ! n\n comp>tm5t4 ,:5 ! *ildr5 h f9i%$ _! ex]cise !y replace ! c>ds--! n\ns 9 ! place = ! n\ns & ! articles 9 ! place = ! articles4 ,if ! words article & n\n are n a suffici5t guide = ! *ild1 ! color at lea/ w make ! task easy4 ,9 fact ! *ild w place ! black c>ds = ! n\n 9 ! comp>tm5t indicat$ by ! black guide-c>d 7m>k$ n\n72 ! tan c>ds = ! article ) ! tan guide-c>d 7m>k$ article74 ,?is ex]cise recalls ! *ild's exp]i5ce ) ! alphabet boxes1 :]e "o copy ( ea* lett] is pa/$ to ! bottom ( ! box z a guide = ! *ild 9 replac+ ! o!r lett]s4 ,! *ild beg9s to speak ( ! article-section1 ! n\n-section1 & ! article-c>ds & n\n-c>ds4 ,9 s do+ he beg9s to di/+ui% betwe5 ! p>ts ( spee*4 ,! mat]ial mu/ be prep>$ v accurately & 9 a def9itely det]m9$ quantity4 ,= ! fir/ ex]cise1 ! *ildr5 are giv5 boxes ) ! articles & n\ns %uffl$ toge!r 9 _! respective comp>tm5ts4 ,b !re mu/ be j en\gh articles ( ea* g5d] to g ) ! respective n\ns4 ,! *ild's task is to put ! "r article 9 front ( ! "r n\n--a long & pati5t rese>*1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is s+ul>ly fasc9at+ to him4 ,we h prep>$ ! foll[+ words4 ,we %\ld recall1 h[ev]1 t ! c>ds are n f\nd 9 ! boxes 9 ?is ord]1 b are mix$ toge!r--! articles %uffl$ 9 _! box-section & ! n\ns 9 !irs4 il fazzoletto 7! h&k]*ief7 il libro 7! book7 il ve/ito 7! dress7 il tavol9o 7! little table7 lo spec*io 7! mirror7 lo zuc*]o 7! sug>7 lo zio 7! uncle7 lo /ivale 7! boot7 i colori 7! colors7 i fiori 7! fl[]s7 i disegni 7! draw+s7 i compagni 7! companions7 gli zoccoli 7! wood5 %oes7 gli uom9i 7! m57 gli articoli 7! articles7 le s$ie 7! *airs7 la /(fa 7! clo?7 la p]la 7! pe>l7 la piramide 7! pyramid7 la f9e/ra 7! w9d[7 le sc>pe 7! %oes7 le addizioni 7! sums7 le piante 7! plants1 ! trees7 l'oc*io 7! eye7 l'amico 7! fri5d7 l'acqua 7! wat]7 l'alb]o 7! tree7 gl'invitati 7! gue/s7 gl'inca/ri 7! insets7 gl'italiani 7! ,italians7 gl'insetti 7! insects7 7,we sugge/ z a correspond+ ,engli% ex]cise ! introduction ( ! indef9ite article4 ,?is sub/itution involves f\r processes aga9/ ! eight ( ! ,italian ex]cise4 ,! use ( an be=e a v[el is q analog\s to ! problem ( ! ,italian l' & gl'4 ,h[ev] ! !oretical di/9ction betwe5 ! def9ite & indef9ite article1 z reg>ds mean+1 is res]v$ by ,signora ,montessori to a mu* lat] p]iod1 ?\gh ! practical di/9ction appe> 9 ! e>lie/ ,lessons & ,comm&s4--,tr47 ! h&k]*ief ! book ! dress ! table ! mirror ! sug> ! colors ! fl[]s ! draw+s ! *ildr5 ! %oes ! m5 a man a pe>l a prism a c>d a w9d[ a *air a tree an orange an apple an uncle an eye an insect an ,am]ican an aunt ,illu/ration3 ,"o ( ! fir/ /eps 9 gramm>4 ,! *ildr5 are deeply int]e/$ 9 plac+ ! correct articles & n\ns toge!r4 7,a ,montessori ,s*ool 9 ,italy47 ,! *ild tries to comb9e article & n\n & puts !m side by side on 8 little table4 ,9 ?is ex]cise he is guid$ by s\nd j z he 0 9 build+ words ) ! movable alphabet4 ,!re ! *ild's fir/ /ep 0 to f9d relation%ips betwe5 real objects & ! l+ui/ic s\nds correspond+ to !m4 ,n[ he sees sudd5ly reveal$ to him hi!rto unsuspect$ relation%ips betwe5 ^! s\nds1 ^! words4 ,to h an empirical way ( demon/rat+ & te/+ ^! relation%ips1 to practise v ?or\ghly on two k9ds ( words1 sudd5ly br\ght =? into sy/ematic di/9ctness f ! *aos ( words 9 8 m9d1 (f]s ! *ild n only a necess>y ex]cise b ! s5sation ( relief :i* comes f satisfy+ an inn] spiritual ne$4 ,) ! mo/ int5se att5tion he p]si/s to ! v end ( ! ex]cise & takes great pride 9 8 success4 ,! tea*] z %e passes may glance ab\t to see if all ! c>ds are prop]ly plac$1 b ! *ild1 d\btless1 w call h] to admire or v]ify ! "w t he has done1 be=e he beg9s to ga!r toge!r1 fir/1 all ! articles1 !n1 all ! n\ns1 to return !m to _! boxes4 ,illu/ration3 ,gramm> ,boxes4 ,! "o on ! left is = articles & n\ns only2 ! "o on ! "r1 = articles1 n\ns1 & adjectives4 ,?is is ! fir/ /ep2 b he proce$s ) increas+ en?usiasm to set ! words 9 8 m9d 9 ord]1 !reby enri*+ 8 vocabul>y by plac+ new acquisitions 9 an already det]m9$ place4 ,?us he cont9ues to con/ruct1 ) respect to ext]ior objects1 an inn] spiritual sy/em1 :i* _h already be5 begun by 8 s5sory ex]cises4 ,,s+ul> ,,& ,,plural ,! ex]cises on ! numb] & g5d] ( n\ns are done )\t ! help ( ! boxes4 ,! *ild already kn[s t ^? words are articles & n\ns1 s we give him n[ small gr\ps ( =ty c>ds 7n\ns & articles7 held toge!r by an ela/ic b&4 ,9 ea* "o1 ! gr\p 7ti$ sep>ately7 ( ! t5 s+ul> n\ns s]ves z ! guide = ! ex]cise4 ,^! n\ns are arrang$ 9 a column on ! table1 "o b5ea? ! o!r1 & ! o!r c>ds1 :i* are %uffl$1 mu/ be plac$ ar\nd ?is fir/ gr\p 9 ! "r ord]4 ,!re are two m c>ds ( diff]5t colors on :i* ! words s+ul> & plural respectively are writt52 & ^! are plac$ at ! top ( ! respective columns4 ,we h prep>$ f\r s]ies ( t5 n\ns 9 alphabetical ord]4 ,9 ?is way f\r *ildr5 may d ! ex]cise at ! same "t & by ex*ang+ mat]ial !y come 9 contact ) a v consid]able numb] ( words4 ,?is is ! way ! c>ds %\ld f9ally be arrang$ 9 ! f\r diff]5t ex]cises3 ,s+ol>e ,plurale ,s+ul> ,plural il bamb9o i bamb9i ! *ild ! *ildr51 etc4 il b]retto i b]retti ! cap la bocca le boc*e ! m\? il calamaio i calamai ! ink/& la calza le calze ! /ock+ la casa le case ! h\se il cappello i cappelli ! hat ,s+ol>e ,plurale ,s+ul> ,plural la mae/ra le mae/re ! tea*] ! tea*]s1 etc4 la mano le mani ! h& la matita le matite ! p5cil il naso i nasi ! nose il na/ro i na/ri ! ribbon l'oc*io gli oc*i ! eye l'orologio gli orologi ! clock 7wat*7 il pan*etto i pan*etti ! b5* ,s+ol>e ,plurale ,s+ul> ,plural il d5te i d5ti ! too? ! tee?1 etc4 l'ela/ico gli ela/ici ! ela/ic il fagiolo i fagioli ! bean la fava le fave ! bean la gamba le gambe ! leg il gesso i gessi ! pla/] la giacca le giac*e ! coat il grembiale i grembiali ! apron ,s+ol>e ,plurale ,s+ul> ,plural il pi$e i pi$i ! foot ! feet1 etc4 il quad]no i quad]ni ! copy book la rapa i rape ! turnip la sc>pa le sc>pe ! %oe la tasca le tas*e ! pocket il tavol9o i tavol9i ! table la te/a le te/e ! head l'unghia le unghie ! nail 7f+]7 ,l mat]ial has be5 prep>$ = ! mascul9e & fem99e =ms3 ,! mascul9e gr\p is kept by itself1 :ile ! fem99es are %uffl$4 ,mas*ile ,femm9ile ,mascul9e ,fem99e il conte la contessa ! c\nt ! c\ntess1 etc4 l'amico l'amica ! fri5d l'as9o l'as9a ! donkey il babbo la mamma ! fa!r il b5efattore la b5efattrice ! b5efactor il bottegaio la bottegaia ! %op-keep] il cug9o la cug9a ! c\s9 il cuoco la cuoca ! cook il cacciatore la cacciatrice ! hunt] il cavallo la cavalla ! horse ,mas*ile ,femm9ile ,mascul9e ,fem99e il duca la du*essa ! duke ! du*ess1 etc4 il can>9o la can>9a ! can>y il dottore la dottoressa ! doctor il dattilografo la dattilografa ! /5ograph] l'elefante l'elefantessa ! elephant il figlio la figlia ! son il fratello la sorella ! bro!r il gallo la gall9a ! cock il gatto la gatta ! cat ,mas*ile ,femm9ile ,mascul9e ,fem99e il leone la leonessa ! lion ! lioness1 etc4 l'ispettore l'ispettrice ! inspector il lupo la lupa ! wolf il lettore la lettrice ! read] il mae/ro la mae/ra ! s*oolma/] il m>*ese la m>*esa ! m>quis il mulo la mula ! mule il nonno la nonna ! gr&fa!r il nemico la nemica ! enemy l'o/e l'o/essa ! ho/ ! ho/ess1 etc4 l'orologiaio l'orologiaia ! wat*-mak] il poeta la poetessa ! poet il pellicciaio la pellicciaia ! furri] il padre la madre ! fa!r il re la reg9a ! k+ il ranoc*io la ranoc*ia ! frog lo sposo la sposa ! husb& il s]vo la s]va ! man-s]vant il som>o la som>a ! ass ,f9ally !re are ?ree s]ies ( n\ns 9 f\r =ms3 ,s+ul> & ,plural1 ,mascul9e & ,fem99e4 ,ea* gr\p has eighty c>ds c\nt+ bo? n\ns & articles1 & ! t5 s+ul> mascul9es 9 ! guid+ gr\p are kept toge!r1 ap>t f ! o!rs4 ,! title c>ds 7twelve 9 numb]7 are s+ul> & plural & = ea* ( !m is a c>d m>k$ mascul9e & a c>d m>k$ fem99e4 ,! foll[+ is ! ord] ( ! mat]ial :5 prop]ly arrang$ by ! *ild3 ,,s+ol>e ,,s+ul> ,mas*ile ,femm9ile ,mascul9e ,fem99e l'amico l'amica ! fri5d ! fri5d1 etc4 il bamb9o la bamb9a ! *ild il buratt9aio la buratt9aia ! puppet-play] il contad9o la contad9a ! peasant il cavallo la cavalla ! horse il compagno la compagna ! companion il disegnatore la disegnatrice ! design] il dattilografo la dattilografa ! /5ograph] l'ebreo l'ebrea ! ,jew il fanciullo la fanciulla ! boy ,,plurale ,,plural ,mas*ile ,femm9ile ,mascul9e ,fem99e gli amici le ami*e ! fri5ds ! fri5ds1 etc4 i bamb9i le bamb9e ! *ildr5 i buratt9ai le buratt9aie ! puppet-play]s i contad9i le contad9e ! peasants i cavalli le cavalle ! horses i compagni le compagne ! companions ,,plurale ,,plural ,mas*ile ,femm9ile ,mascul9e ,fem99e i disegnatori le disegnatrici ! design]s i dattilografi le dattilografe ! /5ograph]s gli ebrei l'ebree ! ,jews i fanciulli le fanciulle ! boys ,,s+ol>e ,,s+ul> ,mas*ile ,femm9ile ,mascul9e ,fem99e il gatto la gatta ! cat ! cat1 etc4 il gi>d9i]e la gi>d9i]a ! g>d5] il giov9etto la giov9etta ! y\? l'inf]mi]e l'inf]mi]a ! nurse l'italiano l'italiana ! ,italian il lavoratore la lavoratrice ! work] il m$ico la m$i*essa ! physician il mat]assaio la mat]assaia ! mattress-mak] l'op]aio l'op]aia ! workman il pittore la pittrice ! pa9t] ,,plurale ,,plural ,mas*ile ,femm9ile ,mascul9e ,fem99e i gatti le gatte ! cats ! cats1 etc4 i gi>d9i]i le gi>d9i]e ! g>d5]s i giov9etti le giov9ette ! y\?s gl'inf]mi]i le inf]mi]e ! nurses gl'italiani le italiane ! ,italians i lavoratori le lavoratrici ! work]s i m$ici le m$i*esse ! physicians i mat]assai le mat]assaie ! mattress-mak]s gli op]ai le op]aie ! workm5 i pittori le pittrici ! pa9t]s ,,s+ol>e ,,s+ul> ,mas*ile ,femm9ile ,mascul9e ,fem99e il ragazzo la ragazza ! boy ! girl1 etc4 il romano la romana ! ,roman lo scol>e la scol>a ! s*ol> il s>to la s>ta ! tailor il santo la santa ! sa9t il tagliatore la tagliatrice ! cutt] l'uomo la donna ! man il vec*io la vec*ia ! old man il visitatore la visitatrice ! visitor lo zio la zia ! uncle ,,plurale ,,plural ,mas*ile ,femm9ile ,mascul9e ,fem99e i ragazzi le ragazze ! boys ! girls1 etc4 i romani le romane ! ,romans gli scol>i le scol>e ! s*ol>s i s>ti le s>te ! tailors i santi le sante ! sa9ts i tagliatori le tagliatrici ! cutt]s gli uom9i le donne ! m5 i vec*i le vec*ie ! old m5 i visitatori le visitatrici ! visitors gli zii le zie ! uncles ,occasionally class ex]cises are us$ 9 our s*ools = ! f\r =ms ( ! ,italian n\n1 mascul9e & fem99e1 s+ul> & plural4 ,!y take ! =m almo/ ( a game1 :i* ! *ildr5 f9d amus+4 ,a *ild = in/ance di/ributes ar\nd ! class all ! plural n\ns4 ,!n he reads al\d a n\n 9 ! s+ul>4 ,! *ild :o holds ! correspond+ plural answ]s imm$iately4 ,! same ?+ is next done = mascul9e & fem99e1 &1 f9ally1 = all f\r =ms at once4 ,:5 ^! ex]cises h become famili> to ! *ild1 o!rs some:at m difficult may be pres5t$4 ,^! new ones comprise3 n\ns :i* *ange =m completely z !y *ange g5d] & ( :i*1 s f>1 only ! mo/ famili> examples 7babbo1 fa!r1 mamma1 "m1 etc47 h be5 giv5 7,s]ies ,a72 n\ns 9 :i* ! =m is ! same 9 ! s+ul> ( bo? g5d]s 7,s]ies ,b72 ^? 9 :i* bo? g5d]s h a common =m 9 ! s+ul> & a common =m 9 ! plural 7,s]ies ,c72 n\ns :i* h only "o =m = bo? s+ul> & plural 7,s]ies ,d72 n\ns :]e ! same =m appe>s 9 bo? g5d]s b ) a diff]5t mean+ 7,s]ies ,e72 f9ally1 n\ns :i* *ange g5d] z !y pass f ! s+ul> to ! plural 7,s]ies ,f74 ,,s]ies ,a ,,s+ol>e ,,s+ul> ,mas*ile ,femm9ile ,mascul9e ,fem99e il babbo la mamma ! fa!r ! "m il becco la capra ! he-goat ! %e-goat il frate la suora ! fri> ! nun il fratello la sorella ! bro!r ! si/] il g5]o la nuora ! son-9-law ! daught]-9-law il montone la pecora ! ram ! ewe il mas*io la femm9a ! male ! female il m>ito la moglie ! husb& ! wife il padre la madre ! fa!r ! "m il padr9o la madr9a ! godfa!r ! godmo!r il porco la scr(a ! hog ! s[ il toro la vacca ! bull ! c[ l'uomo la donna ! man ! woman il re la reg9a ! k+ ! que5 ,,plurale ,,plural ,mas*ile ,femm9ile ,mascul9e ,fem99e i babbi le mamme ! fa!rs ! mo!rs1 etc4 i bec*i le capre ! he-goats i frati le suore ! fri>s i fratelli le sorelle ! bro!rs i g5]i le nuore ! sons-9-law i montoni le pecore ! rams i mas*i le femm9e ! males i m>iti le mogli ! husb&s i padri le madri ! fa!rs i padr9i le madr9e ! godfa!rs i porci le scr(e ! hogs i tori le vac*e ! bulls gli uom9i le donne ! m5 i re le reg9e ! k+s ,,s]ies ,b ,,s+ol>e ,,s+ul> ,mas*ile ,femm9ile ,mascul9e ,fem99e l'arti/a l'arti/a ! arti/ ! arti/1 etc4 il collega la collega ! colleague il d5ti/a la d5ti/a ! d5ti/ il piani/a la piani/a ! piani/ il telefoni/a la telefoni/a ! telephone op]ator il telegrafi/a la telegrafi/a ! telegraph op]ator il viol9i/a la viol9i/a ! viol9i/ gli arti/i le arti/e ! arti/s ! arti/s1 etc4 i colleghi le colleghe ! colleagues i d5ti/i le d5ti/e ! d5ti/s i piani/i le piani/e ! piani/s i telefoni/i le telefoni/e ! telephone op]ators i telegrafi/i le telegrafi/e ! telegraph op]ators i viol9i/i le viol9i/e ! viol9i/s ,,s]ies ,c ,,s+ol>e ,,s+ul> ,mas*ile ,femm9ile ,mascul9e ,fem99e il consorte la consorte ! husb& ! wife1 etc4 il cu/ode la cu/ode ! keep] il cantante la cantante ! s+] l'er$e l'er$e ! heir il giovane la giovane ! y\? l'+lese l'+lese ! ,engli%man il nipote la nipote ! nephew 7gr&son7 ,,plurale ,,plural ,mas*ile ,femm9ile ,mascul9e ,fem99e i consorti le consorti ! husb&s ! wives1 etc4 i cu/odi le cu/odi ! gu>ds i cantanti le cantanti ! s+]s gli er$i l'er$i ! heirs i giovani le giovani ! y\?s gl'+lesi le +lesi ! ,engli%m5 i nipoti le nipoti ! nephews 7gr&sons7 ,,s]ies ,d ,s+ol>e ,plurale ,s+ul> ,plural il baz> i baz> ! baza> ! baza>s1 etc4 il caff i caff ! c(fee il gas i gas ! gas la gru le gru ! crane il lapis i lapis ! p5cil la lib]t le lib]t ! lib]ty l'omnibus gli omnibus ! omnibus la virt le virt ! virtue ,,s]ies ,e ,,s+ol>e ,,s+ul> ,mas*ile ,femm9ile ,mascul9r ,fem99e il melo la mela ! apple tree ! apple il pesco la pesca ! pea* tree ! pea* l'ulivo l'uliva ! olive tree ! olive il pugno la pugna ! bl[ 7pun*7 ! battle il manico la manica ! h&le ! sleeve il suolo la suola ! floor ! sole ,,plurale ,,plural ,mas*ile ,femm9ile ,mascul9e ,fem99e i meli le mele ! apple tree ! apples i pes*i le pes*e ! pea* tree ! pea*es gli ulivi le ulive ! olive trees ! olives i pugni le pugne ! bl[s 7pun*es7 ! battles i mani*i le mani*e ! h&les ! sleeves i suoli le suole ! floors ! soles ,,s]ies ,f ,s+ol>e ,plurale ,s+ul> ,plural il c5t9alo le c5t9ala ! hundr$ ! hundr$s1 etc4 il dito le dita ! f+] la eco gli e*i ! e*o il paio le paia ! pair il riso le risa ! smile 7laugh7 l'uovo le uova ! egg ,,! ,,s+ul> ,,& ,,plural ,,9 ,,engli% ,,translator',s ,,note3--,:ile ! =mation ( ! ,engli% plural does n pres5t ! complications ( g5d] t appe> 9 ,italian1 ! phonetic adaptations requir$ by ! plural end+ -s along ) c]ta9 or?ographical caprices & hi/orical survivals ( ! language1 result 9 a situation some:at m complex ?an treat$ by ,signora ,montessori4 ,9 fact1 h] analysis ( ! ,italian plural requires eight ^w-li/s1 :ile ,engli% requires at lea/ f\rte51 n includ+ ! "q ( =eign n\ns4 ,! special /ress on ! article is h>dly necess>y 9 ,engli%4 ,an analog\s treatm5t = ,engli% w\ld be some:at z foll[s3 ,,s]ies ,i 7,simple plurals 9 -s7 ,s+ul> ,plural book books b$ b$s desk desks /reet /reets tree trees c>d c>ds prism prisms lamp lamps c[ c[s cat cats tra9 tra9s ticket tickets c> c>s floor floors *airs *airs p9 p9s %oe %oes wagon wagons bean beans c\nt] c\nt]s ,,s]ies ,,ii 7,plurals 9 -es1 includ+ -s pron\nc$ l -es7 ,,li/ ,a ,s+ul> ,plural h\se h\ses horse horses prize prizes judge judges cage cages case cases sausage sausages w$ge w$ges edge edges l$ge l$ges ,,li/ ,b ,s+ul> ,plural bu% bu%es *ur* *ur*es box boxes fox foxes glass glasses wat* wat*es topaz topazes class classes wret* wret*es ,,s]ies ,,iii 7,plurals ( ,n\ns 9 -o7 ,,li/ ,a ,s+ul> ,plural potato potatoes negro negroes volcano volcanoes tomato tomatoes ,,s]ies ,,iii 7,plurals ( ,n\ns 9 -o7 ,,li/ ,a h]o h]oes mosquito mosquitoes motto mottoes dom9o dom9oes ,,li/ ,b ,s+ul> ,plural piano pianos soprano sopranos z]o z]os banjo banjos halo halos dynamo dynamos canto cantos solo solos mem5to mem5tos *romo *romos ,,s]ies ,,iv 7,n\ns 9 -f or -fe7 ,,li/ ,a ,s+ul> ,plural calf calves elf elves half halves loaf loaves wolf wolves %elf %elves ?ief ?ieves leaf loaves self selves ,,li/ ,b ,s+ul> ,plural knife knives wife wives life lives ,,li/ ,c ,s+ul> ,plural /aff /affs :>f :>fs puff puffs cliff cliffs sc>f sc>fs *ief *iefs fife fifes ,,s]ies ,v 7,n\ns 9 -y7 ,,li/ ,a ,s+ul> ,plural body bodies sky skies gipsy gipsies b]ry b]ries p5ny p5nies soliloquy soliloquies /y /ies ,m>y ,m>ies f]ry f]ries c\ntry c\ntries ,,li/ ,b ,s+ul> ,plural boy boys valley valleys day days d]by d]bys ,,s]ies ,,vi 7,plurals 9 -en7 ,s+ul> ,plural *ild *ildr5 ox ox5 bro!r bre?r5 7bro!rs7 ,,s]ies ,,vii 7,plurals ) int]nal *ange 7umlaut77 ,s+ul> ,plural foot feet too? tee? goose geese l\se lice m\se mice man m5 woman wom5 ,,s]ies ,,viii 7,s+ul> & ,plural id5tical7 ,s+ul> ,plural %eep %eep fi% fi% de] de] sw9e sw9e ,,s]ies ,,ix 7,comp\nd words7 ,,li/ ,a ,s+ul> ,plural black-bird black-birds /eamboat /eamboats r$coat r$coats r$brea/ r$brea/s =get-me-n =get-me-nots spoonful spoonfuls m\?ful m\?fuls ,,li/ ,b ,s+ul> ,plural bro!r-9-law bro!rs-9-law "m-9-law mo!rs-9-law c\rt-m>tial c\rts-m>tial attorney-g5]al attorneys-g5]als g5]al-9-*ief g5]als-9-*ief ,knight-,templ> ,knights-,templ> ,all ^! gr\ps ( words 9 _! ord] are reproduc$ 9 special booklets :i* ! *ildr5 may take home & read4 ,9 actual practise su* books h prov$ bo? conv5i5t & necess>y4 ,! *ildr5 g5]ally sp5d mu* "t on !m & delight 9 read+ ! words ov] & ov] 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y !mselves h discov]$ !m 9 ! c>d ex]cise4 ,?is recalls & fixes _! own ideas1 induc+ a sort ( inn] maturation :i* is (t5 foll[$ by ! spontane\s discov]y ( grammatical laws on ! relations ( n\ns1 or by a lively int]e/ :i* ?r[s ! *ildr5 into exclamations or laught] z !y obs]ve :at great diff]5ces ( mean+ are sometimes caus$ by a v slight *ange 9 ! ^w4 ,at ! same "t ^! simple ex]cises1 s fruitful 9 results1 may be us$ = "w at home & well meet ! dem&s = some?+ to d ) :i* *ildr5 are cont9ually assail+ _! p>5ts4 ,= homework we h prep>$ alphabets :]e ! lett]s are pr9t$ 9 type-writ+ ord]4 ,) !m ! *ild c compose words1 or lat]1 s5t5ces1 at ! same "t becom+ famili> ) ! alphabet arrangem5t ( /&>d typewrit]s4 ,,iv ,,lessons--,,comm&s ,! fir/ lessons 9 gramm> :i* ,i gave to *ildr5 g back fully sixte5 ye>s4 ,i fir/ attempt$ ! education ( defectives 9 ! ,scuola ,magi/rale ,ort(r5ica 9 ,rome 9 ! ye> #ahii foll[+ a c\rse ( lectures ,i _h giv5 to tea*]s 9 ! normal s*ool ( our capital4 ,9 ?is exp]im5t ,i w5t f> en\gh ) prim>y "w to prep>e "s ( ! defective *ildr5 = successful exam9ations 9 ! public s*ools4 ,a v brief & incomplete summ>y ( my p$agogical /udies deliv]$ 9 ! tea*]'s c\rses is giv5 9 ! app5dix to ?is volume4 ,! tea*+ ( gramm> 0 n at t "t s complete z x has s9ce be5 made 9 my "w ) normal *ildr52 ev5 s x 0 a m>k$ success4 ,gramm> 0 actually liv$ by ! *ildr51 :o became deeply int]e/$ 9 x4 ,ev5 ^? wret*$ *ildr5 :o came1 l rubbi% ?r[n out ( ! public s*ools1 directly (f ! /reet or f ! insane asylums1 pass$ delightful half h\rs ( joy\s laught] ov] _! ex]cises 9 gramm>4 ,"h are "s exc]pts f ! old pamphlet ( #aijj giv+ an idea ( ! didactic mat]ial :i* 0 !n us$ & "s notion ( a lesson on n\ns4 ,z ea* ^w is read or writt5 = e object-lesson1 = e action1 pr9t$ c>ds are be+ assembl$ :i* w lat] be us$ to make clauses & s5t5ces ) words t may be mov$ ab\t j z ! individual lett]s 7 mov$ ab\t 9 mak+ ! words !mselves4 ,! simple clauses or s5t5ces %\ld ref] to actions p]=m$ by ! *ildr54 ,! fir/ /ep %\ld be to br+ two or m words toge!r3 e4g41 r$-wool1 sweet-c&y1 f\r-foot$ dog1 etc4 ,!n we may g on to ! s5t5ce itself3 ,! wool is r$2 ! s\p is hot2 ! dog has f\r feet2 ,m>y eats ! c&y1 etc4 ,! *ildr5 fir/ compose ! s5t5ces ) _! c>ds2 !n !y copy !m 9 _! writ+ books4 ,to facilitate ! *oice ( ! c>ds1 !y may be arrang$ 9 special boxes3 = in/ance1 "o box may be label$ n\n2 or ! boxes may be di/+ui%$ ?us3 food1 clo?+1 animals1 p1 etc4 ,!re %\ld be a box = adjectives ) comp>tm5ts = colors1 %apes1 qualities1 etc4 ,!re %\ld be ano!r = p>ticles1 ) comp>tm5ts = articles1 conjunctions1 prepositions1 etc4 ,a box %\ld be res]v$ = actions1 ) ! label v]bs above x1 conta9+ comp>tm5ts = ! inf9itive1 pres5t1 pa/ & future4 ,! *ildr5 gradually le>n by practise to take _! c>ds f ! boxes & put !m back 9 _! prop] places4 ,!y soon le>n to "k _! ^w boxes & !y readily f9d ! c>ds !y want among ! colors1 %apes1 qualities1 etc41 or among animals1 foods1 etc4 ,ultimately ! tea*] w f9d occasion to expla9 ! mean+ ( ! big words writt5 at ! top ( ! draw]s1 n\n1 adjective1 v]b1 etc41 & ?is w be ! fir/ /ep into ! subject ( gramm>4 ,,n\ns ,we may call p]sons & objects by _! "n1 _! n\n4 ,p answ] if we call !m1 s d animals4 ,inanimate objects1 h[ev]1 nev] answ]1 because !y _c2 b if !y c\ld !y w\ld4 ,= example1 if ,i say ,m>y1 ,m>y answ]s2 if ,i say peas1 ! peas d n answ]1 because !y _c4 ,y *ildr5 d und]/& :5 ,i call an object & y br+ x to me4 ,i say1 = example1 book1 beans1 peas4 ,if ,i don't tell y ! "n ( ! object1 y don't und]/& :at ,i am talk+ ab\t2 because e object has a diff]5t "n4 ,?is "n is ! ^w t /&s = ! object4 ,?is "n is a n\n4 ,:5ev] ,i m5tion a n\n to y1 y und]/& imm$iately ! object :i* ! n\n repres5ts3 tree1 *air1 p51 book1 lamb1 etc4 ,if ,i d n give ?is n\n1 y don't "k :at ,i am talk+ ab\t2 =1 if ,i say simply br+ me 444 at once1 ,i want x1 y d n "k :at ,i want1 unless ,i tell y ! "n ( ! object4 ,unless ,i give y ! n\n1 y d n und]/&4 ,?us e object is repres5t$ by a ^w :i* is its "n2 & ?is "n is a n\n4 ,to und]/& :e!r a ^w is a n\n or n1 y simply ask3 ,is x a ?+8 ,w\ld x answ] if ,i spoke to x8 or ,c\ld ,i c>ry x to ! tea*]8 ,= in/ance1 bread3 yes1 bread is an object2 table3 yes1 x is an object2 conductor3 yes1 ! conductor w\ld answ]1 if ,i 7 to speak to him4 ,let u look ?r\gh our c>ds n[4 ,i take sev]al c>ds f diff]5t boxes & %uffle !m4 ,"h is ! ^w sweet4 ,br+ me sweet6 ,is !re any?+ to answ] :5 ,i call sweet8 ,b y are br++ me a piece ( c&y6 ,i didn't say c&y3 ,i said sweet4 ,& n[ y h giv5 me sug>6 ,i said sweet6 ,sweet1 y see1 is n an object ,y _c guess :at ,i h 9 m9d :5 ,i say sweet4 ,if ,i say c&y1 sug>1 !n y und]/& :at ,i want1 :at object ,i am ?9k+ ab\t1 because ! words c&y1 sug>1 /& = objects4 ,^? words are n\ns4#b ,?is summ>y1 h[ev]1 fails to give a real idea ( ! success ( ^! lessons4 ,:5 ,i said ) a tone ( decision1 z if ,i c\ld n ?9k ( ! necess>y ^w1 ,br+ me--br+ me--br+ me--1 ! *ildr5 w\ld ga!r r\nd me1 look+ fix$ly at my lips1 l s _m little dogs1 wait+ = me to ?r[ some?+ = !m to fet*4 ,!y 7 9 fact ready to run & get :at ,i want$4 ,b ! ^w refus$ to come4 ,br+ me--1 br+ me--4 ,f9ally 9 great impati5ce ,i cri$1 ,b br+ x to me quick--,i want x4 ,!n _! faces lit up & !y w\ld laugh+ly cry1 ,b br+ y :at8 ,:at is x y want8 ,:at %all we br+ y8 ,?is 0 ! real lesson on ! n\n1 & :51 aft] great difficulty1 ! ^w sweet came out1 ! *ildr5 w\ld run & br+ me e possible object t 0 sweet4 ,i w\ld refuse ea* "o 9 turn4 ,no1 ,i didn't ask = c&y6 ,no1 ,i didn't ask = sug>6 ,! *ildr5 w\ld look at ! object !y _h 9 _! h&s1 half laugh+1 half puzzl$ & beg9n+ to realize t sweet 0 n a "n1 t x 0 n a n\n4 ,^! fir/ lessons1 :i* seem$ some?+ l comm&s t ne$$ ! help ( ! *ildr5 to express !mselves1 br\ght ! *ildr5 to und]/& "s "p ( spee*1 :ile evok+1 at ! same "t1 vivid & int]e/+ sc5es4 ,!y furni%$ ! orig9al impulse to ! developm5t we h rea*$ to-day 9 our lessons on gramm>4 ,= su* lessons we h adopt$ ! t]m comm&s4 ,b ) normal *ildr5 ^! comm&s 7 gradually multipli$ & evolv$4 ,!y are no long] entru/$ to ! tea*]'s +5uity2 nor are !y dep5d5t solely ^u h] dramatic s5se--some?+ ess5tial if %e is to /imulate ! weak n]v\s reactions ( little defectives & s ga9 & hold _! att5tion4 ,! comm&s to-day are writt5 & may be read4 ,!y are comb9$ ) ! c>d-ex]cises :]e ! c>ds are read 9 sil5ce & int]pret$ ?r\gh actions--a me?od :i* grew spontane\sly & ) su* great success f ! "w 9 ! ,*ildr5's ,h\se4 ,t is :y1 to-day1 we speak 9 ! elem5t>y c\rses ( read+ comm&s or ev5 ( writ+ comm&s4 ,! /udy ( gramm> has f9ally be5 arrang$ 9 a me?odical s]ies ( ex]cises & ! mat]ial has be5 prep>$ aft] c>eful & rigid exp]im5t4 ,^? :o read ?is me?od w get a cle> idea ( ! tea*]'s task4 ,%e has a mat]ial ready = use4 ,%e ne$ n bo!r to compose a s+le s5t5ce nor to consult a s+le program4 ,! objects at h] disposal conta9 all t is necess>y4 ,%e ne$ "k simply :at !y are & h[ !y are to be us$4 ,! lessons :i* %e mu/ give are s simple1 & require s few words1 t !y become lessons r ( ge/ure & action ?an ( words4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d1 fur!r1 t ! "w is n z un9t]e/+ z w\ld appe> f ?is arid summ>y4 ,! actual s*ool is a real intellectual laboratory1 :]e ! *ildr5 "w all ! "t & by !mselves4 ,aft] ! mat]ial has be5 pres5t$ to !m1 !y recognize x & l to hunt = x4 ,!y "k h[ to f9d = !mselves ! preci\s objects :i* !y want to use4 ,!y (t5 ex*ange mat]ials & ev5 lessons ) o!r *ildr54 ,! few lessons ! tea*] gives connect1 z x 71 a sy/em ( live wires1 :i* set 9 motion activities q disproportionate to ! en]gy exp5d$ 9 ! simple act %e p]=ms4 ,%e pu%es1 s to speak1 a button & "h a bell r+s1 !re a light goes on1 !re a ma*9e beg9s to buzz4 ,v (t5 ! tea*] sees a :ole week g by )\t any ne$ ( int]v5tion on h] "p4 ,& yet :at delicacy & tact are necess>y prop]ly to (f] ?is mat]ial1 to give 9 an int]e/+ way a lesson calculat$ to ex]t a direct action ^u ! *ild's spiritual activity6 ,h[ skilful we mu/ be to leave all ! *ild's spontane\s impulses free to develop !mselves1 to keep c>eful wat* ov] s _m diff]5t individual impulses6 ,?is we mu/ d if we are to keep ! lamp burn+6 ,:51 = example1 on pass+ a table :]e ! *ild has analyz$ a s5t5ce ) ! color$ c>ds1 ! tea*] %ifts ab\t1 z if 9 play1 "o ( ! little slips1 n only mu/ %e be possess$ ( ! psy*ological insight necess>y = int]v5+ 9 ?is *ild's "w at ! prop] "t1 b %e mu/ also h 9 m9d ! grammatical rule ( :i* %e wi%es to give ! *ild 8 fir/ intuition4 ,x foll[s t e s+le act ( ! tea*]1 h[ev] insignificant app>5tly1 is1 l ! acts ( ! prie/ 9 ! s]vice1 ( ! greate/ importance1 & %\ld come f a consci\sness ?or\ghly awake1 & full ( pot5tiality4 ,in/ead ( giv+ out :at %e has 9 h]self1 ! tea*] mu/ br+ out ! full possibilities ( ! *ildr54 ,! tea*]'s extr9sic prep>ation is a matt] ( ?or\gh acqua9tance ) ! mat]ial4 ,x %\ld be s mu* a "p ( h] t %e kn[s at once :at is ne$$ = ea* individual case z soon z x arises4 ,actual practise soon develops ?is skill4 ,! ex]cises are p]=m$ ) ^! little packages ( specially prep>$ c>ds4 ,! mo/ important problem 7= ,italian gramm>7 is 9 ! agreem5ts2 ! agreem5t ( article & n\n1 z we h already %[n1 ! agreem5t ( n\n & adjective1 & lat] on ( pron\n & v]b1 & pron\n & n\n4 ,!re are two k9ds ( ex]cises1 :i* we h t]m$ respectively analyses & comm&s4 ,! comm&s involve bo? "w done by ! tea*] & ex]cises p]=m$ by ! *ildr54 ,! purpose "h is to cl>ify ! mean+s ( words & (t5 to sugge/ a practical int]pretation ( !m4 ,?is explanation is foll[$ by an ex]cise ( ! *ildr5 !mselves1 :o 9 turn practically int]pret ! mean+ ( "o or m s5t5ces writt5 on a c>d :i* !y read j z !y did 9 ! fir/ ex]cises ( read+ 9 ! ,*ildr5's ,h\se4 ,on ?is c>d are ! words :i* ! tea*] has j expla9$4 ,9 our exp]im5ts we gave ^! lessons imm$iately aft] sil5ce j z we did = read+ 9 ! ,*ildr5's ,h\se4 ,all ! *ildr51 h[ev]1 d n necess>ily take "p 9 ^! executions--(t5e/ x is only a gr\p ( *ildr51 sometimes "o *ild alone1 aga91 at o!r times1 almo/ all ( !m4 ,if possible ! comm&s are giv5 9 ano!r room1 :ile ! o!r *ildr5 cont9ue _! "w 9 ! l>ge hall4 ,if ?is is n possible x takes place 9 ! same room4 ,^! comm&s might be call$ an introduction to dramatic art1 = "r !re little dramatic sc5es full ( vivacity & int]e/ are act$ out4 ,! *ildr5 are s+ul>ly delight$ 9 work+ = ! "o exact int]pretation :i* a giv5 ^w requires4 ,! analyses1 on ! o!r h&1 are ( q diff]5t "*4 ,analysis is done at ! table4 ,x is "w :i* requires quiet & conc5tration4 ,:ile ! comm& gives ! intuition1 ! analysis provides = ! maturation ( ! idea4 ,! gramm> boxes are us$ 9 ^! ex]cises4 ,9 a l>g] comp>tm5t :i* ea* box conta9s1 are plac$ sev]al slips be>+ a pr9t$ s5t5ce2 = example1 ,?r[ d[n y\r h&k]*ief4 ,! *ild draws a slip & places x to "o side on ! table4 ,!n he takes f ! diff]5t boxes ! color$ slips correspond+ to ! diff]5t words 9 ! s5t5ce & places !m side by side "o aft] ! o!r4 ,9 ?is way he composes ! entire s5t5ce3 ,?r[ d[n y\r h&k]*ief4 ,! *ild is actually do+ "h a v simple ?+3 he is m]ely translat+ into color$ c>ds ! s5t5ce :i* is pr9t$ on 8 slip4 ,he composes ?is s5t5ce 9 ! same way 9 :i* he has already compos$ words ) ! moveable alphabet4 ,b "h ! ex]cise is ev5 m simple because ! *ild ne$ n rememb] ! s5t5ce1 = x is !re "r be=e 8 eyes4 ,8 att5tion mu/ be conc5trat$ on o!r facts1 s t all intellectual ef=t 9 ! composition ( ! s5t5ce itself is elim9at$4 ,! *ild has to note ! colors & ! position ( ! c>ds 9 ! diff]5t boxes1 s9ce he mu/ take ! c>ds n[ f ! n\n box1 n[ f ! adv]b box1 n[ f t ( ! preposition1 etc42 & ! colors toge!r ) ! position 7ea* section has a title1 z we h already se57 /r5g!n 8 consci\sness ( a classification ( words accord+ to gramm>4 ,b :at really makes ?is ex]cise 9 analysis s int]e/+ is ! tea*]'s repeat$ p]mutation ( ! diff]5t c>ds4 ,z %e goes by a table %e *anges1 z ?\gh 9 fun1 ! position ( a c>d1 & 9 ?is way provokes ! intuition ( grammatical rules & def9itions4 ,inde$1 :5 %e takes out ! c>d1 :i* ref]s to "s new "p ( ! ex]cise1 ! rema9+ s5t5ce ) its *ang$ mean+ emphasizes ! function ( ! "p ( spee* :i* has be5 mov$4 ,! effect %[s a di/ant analogy to ! light t pa?ology & vivisection ?r[ on physiology4 ,an organ :i* fails 9 its function illu/rates exactly t function1 = nev] does "o realize ! precise use ( an organ m cle>ly ?an :5 x has lo/ its p[] ( function+4 ,fur!rmore ! removal ( ! words demon/rates t ! mean+ ( ! s5t5ce is n giv5 by ! ^w alone b by ! ord] ( ! ^w 9 ! s5t5ce1 & ?is makes a great impression on ! *ild4 ,he sees ! same c>ds fir/ 9 a *aotic mass & !n 9 an ord]ly arrangem5t4 ,:at 0 fir/ a collection ( mean+less words has sudd5ly become ! expression ( a ?\ght4 ,f n[ on ! *ild beg9s to exp]i5ce a ke5 int]e/ 9 ! ord] ( words4 ,! mean+1 ! only ?+ ! *ild is aft]1 is no long] hidd5 9 confusion4 ,he beg9s to enjoy subtle p]mutations1 *anges :i*1 )\t de/roy+ ! expression ( a ?\ght1 obscure its cl>ity1 complicate x1 or make x s\nd wrong4 ,x is "h t ! tea*] mu/ h at h] f+]tips ! rules gov]n+ ! position ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( spee*4 ,?is w give h] ! necess>y lightness ( t\*1 p]haps ev5 ! opportunity ( mak+ "s brilliant little explanation1 "s casual obs]vation1 :i* may sudd5ly develop 9 ! *ild a pr(\nd grammatical insight4 ,:5 ! *ild has und]/ood ?is he w become a deep /rategi/ 9 mobiliz+1 dispos+ & mov+ ab\t ^! c>ds :i* express ?\ght2 & if he really succe$s 9 ma/]+ ?is secret1 he w n be easily satiat$ ) s fasc9at+ an ex]cise4 ,no "o b a *ild w\ld ev] h ! pati5ce to /udy gramm> s pr(\ndly & at su* l5g?4 ,?is subtle "w is1 aft] all1 n s easy = ! tea*]4 ,t is :y ! mat]ial mu/ be su* z to sugge/ ea* /ep 9 detail4 ,! tea*] %\ld be reliev$ z mu* z possible ( ! labor ( prep>ation & rese>*3 = h] delicate "w ( int]v5tion is a task h>d en\gh 9 itself4 ,9 prep>+ ?is mat]ial we h work$ = h]3 we h act$ z ! workm5 :o produce ! v>i\s objects necess>y to life2 %e has b to live & make live4 ,?is w %[ /ill m cle>ly h[ f> f tru? is ! mod]n conception ( p$agogy :i* attempts to realize its desire = fre$om 9 ! s*ool by say+ to ! tea*]1 ,try to respond to ! ne$s ( ! pupils )\t be+ consci\s ( y\r au?ority ov] !m4 ,:5 we ask a tea*] to respond to ! ne$s ( ! inn] life ( man1 we are ask+ a great deal ( h]4 ,%e w nev] be able to accompli% x1 unless we h fir/ done some?+ = h] by giv+ h] all t is necess>y to t end4 ,"h is our mat]ial3-- ,,comm&s ,,on ,,n\ns ,,call+ ,call l\dly3 ,m>y6 ,lucy6 ,e!l6 ,lat] call aga93 ,blonde6 ,beautiful6 ,good6 ,call3 ,pet]6 br+ a *air4 ,george6 br+ a cube4 ,l\is6 get a frame4 ,*>les6 ,*>les6 quick6 br+ me ! 444 br+ x to me1 quick1 quick4 ,call sl[ly ?is way3 ,come6 ,come6 give me a kiss--please1 come6 ,!n say3 ,m>y6 come6 give me a kiss6 ,^! comm&s l5d !mselves to a little dramatic sc5e4 ,x is really a sort ( play1 :i* ! *ildr5 recite4 ,! t5d5cy to recitation & to imitation is v /rong & (t5 well develop$ at ! age ( five ye>s4 ,little *ildr5 exp]i5ce a s+ul> fasc9ation 9 pron\nc+ ! words ) s5tim5t & 9 accompany+ !m ) ge/ures4 ,"o c h>dly imag9e ! simplicity ( ! little dramatic acts :i* int]e/ ! five ye> old *ild4 ,no?+ b actual exp]im5t c\ld possibly h reveal$ x to u4 ,"o day1 9 fact1 our little *ildr5 7 invit$ to be pres5t at a dramatic ent]ta9m5t giv5 by ! old] *ildr5 ( ! ,public ,s*ools4 ,!y foll[$ x ) really surpris+ int]e/4 ,h[ev]1 !y rememb]$ only ?ree words ( ! play !y _h he>d2 b ) ^! ?ree words !y made up a little dramatic action ( _! own1 :i* !y repeat$ ov] & ov] aga9 ! foll[+ day4 ,! comm&s ( ^! call c>ds are1 accord+ly1 real plays = our little ones4 ,! *ild calls1 pron\nc+ ! "n ) a sort ( su/a9$ drawl2 ! *ild :o is call$ comes =w>d2 !n ! same ?+ is done ) ! o!r names1 & ea* *ild obeys z he is call$4 ,!n ! incomplete calls beg93 blonde6 blonde6 beautiful6 ,& no "o moves6 ,?is makes a great impression on ! *ildr54 ,imp]ative comm&s1 l reque/s1 l5d !mselves to active dramatic action4 ,pet] has be5 call$ & has br\ght 8 *air2 ,george has br\ght ! cube2 ,l\is has tak5 out a frame2 b ,*>les sits !re int5t1 expectant1 :ile ! *ild calls out1--,b br+ x to me1 br+ x to me quickly6 ,& h[ expressive we f\nd ! va9 reque/1--,come1 come6 please give me a kiss1--come1 come6 ,at la/ ! cry1--,m>y6 come6 br+s ! result+ action & ,m>y runs to give ! kiss :i* has be5 s long invok$6 ,^! little plays require a real /udy ( ! p>ts1 & ! *ildr5 rehe>se _! diff]5t rles ov] & ov] aga94 ,,footnote3 #b ,see pp4 #ddf-ddh4 ,v ,,adjectives ,,analyses ,,mat]ial3 ,gramm> box4 ,v>i\s objects already famili> to ! *ildr54 ,new objects4 ,! mat]ial = ^w analysis consi/s ( small c>ds = articles 7tan71 n\ns 7black7 & adjectives 7br[n74 ,!re is "o box ) ?ree comp>tm5ts1 ea* section m>k$ ) a c>d be>+ ! respective title3 article1 n\n1 adjective4 ,at ! front ( ! box is a space = o!r c>ds conta9+ pr9t$ s5t5ces to be analyz$4 ,,descriptive ,,adjectives ,! *ild is to read ! s5t5ces1 f9d ! objects describ$ 9 !m1 & f9ally build ! s5t5ces ) 8 c>ds z foll[s3 suppose ! c>d reads3 il colore v]de ! gre5 color il colore tur*9o ! blue color il colore rosso ! r$ color ,! *ild f9ds ! ?ree color$ tablets us$ 9 ! famili> ex]cise ( ! ,*ildr5's ,h\se = ! education ( ! s5se ( color4 ,he places ^! tablets on 8 table4 ,!n he builds ! phrases out ( 8 ^w c>ds3 ---- -------- ------- ----- ------- ------- il colore v]de ! gre5 color ---- -------- ------- ----- ------- ------- ,beside ! complet$ expression he places ! gre5 color-tablet4 ,pass+ to ! next phrase1 he does n di/urb ! words ! & color4 ,he removes only ! ^w gre5 & sub/itutes = x ! adjective blue1 at ! same "t remov+ ! gre5 tablet & sub/itut+ = x ! blue4 ,simil>ly1 = ! ?ird phrase1 he *anges ! adjective1 putt+ ! r$ tablet at ! end4 ,?us ! ?ree diff]5t objects 7 di/+ui%$ only by ! adjective3 v]de gre5 il colore tur*9o ! blue color rosso r$ ,all ! phrases & s5t5ces ref] to objects us$ 9 ! previ\s educational mat]ial4 ,occasionally ! tea*] w h to prep>e some?+ h]self 7e4g41 hot1 cold1 w>m1 or ic$ wat]2 cle> wat]2 color$ wat]74 ,= ?is ex]cise on wat]1 ! box conta9s six slips ) ! six pr9t$ phrases4 ,9 ! box-sections1 ! *ild f9ds ! correspond+ ^w-c>ds :i* are exactly 9 ! numb] ne$$ = ! ex]cise 7n correspond+1 t is1 to ! numb] ( words 9 ! phrases1 s9ce ! articles & n\ns are n repeat$74 ,!re are five gr\ps ( su* ex]cises1 deal+ ) v>i\s k9ds ( s5sation4 ,a4 ,,s5so ,,cromatico ,,s5se ,,( ,,color il colore rosa ! p9k color il colore rosa scuro ! d>k p9k color il colore rosa *i>o ! light p9k color il prisma azzurro ! blue prism il prisma m>rone ! br[n prism il colore v]de ! gre5 color il colore tur*9o ! blue color il colore rosso ! r$ color i lapis n]i ! black p5cils i lapis colorati ! color$ p5cils l'acqua colorata ! color$ wat] l'acqua incolora ! cle> wat] il colore giallo ! yell[ color il colore arancione ! orange color ,b4 ,,s5so ,,visivo3 ,,dim5sioni ,,s5se ,,( ,,sight3 ,,size l'a/a lunga ! long /aff l'a/a corta ! %ort /aff il cubo gr&e ! l>ge cube il cubo piccolo ! small cube il cil9dro alto ! tall cyl9d] il cil9dro basso ! %ort cyl9d] il prisma m>rone grosso ! ?ick br[n prism il prisma m>rone f9o ! ?9 br[n prism il rettangolo l>go ! broad rectangle il rettangolo /retto ! n>r[ rectangle l'inca/ro solido ! solid inset l'inca/ro piano ! plane inset ,c4 ,,s5so ,,visivo3 ,,=ma ,,s5se ,,( ,,sight3 ,,%ape il triangolo equilat]o ! equilat]al triangle il triangolo isocele ! isoceles triangle il triangolo scal5o ! scal5e triangle il triangolo acutangolo ! acute-angl$ triangle il triangolo ottusangolo ! obtuse-angl$ triangle il triangolo rettangolo ! "r-angl$ triangle l'inca/ro circol>e ! circul> inset l'inca/ro quadrato ! squ>e inset l'inca/ro rettangol>e ! rectangul> inset la piramide quadrangol>e ! quadrangul> pyramid la piramide triangol>e ! triangul> pyramid il prisma azzurro rettangol>e ! blue rectangul> prism il prisma azzurro quadrangol>e ! blue quadrangul> prism la scatola cil9drica ! cyl9drical box la scatola prismatica ! prismatic box ,d4 ,,s5so ,,tattile3 ,,muscol>e ,,s5se ,,( ,,t\*3 ,,muscul> ,,s5se la sup]fice piana ! flat surface la sup]fice curva ! curv$ surface la /(fa ruvida ! r\gh clo? la /(fa liscia ! smoo? clo? l'acqua calda ! hot wat] l'acqua fr$da ! cold wat] l'acqua tiepida ! w>m wat] l'acqua fr$da ! cold wat] l'acqua ghiacciata ! ic$ wat] la tavoletta pesante ! heavy black-bo>d la tavoletta legg]a ! light black-bo>d la /(fa morbida ! s(t clo? la /(fa dura ! h>d clo? ,e4 ,,s5so ,,uditivo2 ,,s5ses ,,( ,,he>+2 ,,olfattivo2 ,,gu/ativo ,,smell2 ,,ta/e il rumore =te ! l\d noise il rumore legg]o ! fa9t noise il suono acuto ! %>p s\nd il suono basso ! deep s\nd l'acqua odorosa ! fragrant wat] l'acqua inodora ! odorless wat] l'odore buono ! good smell l'odore cattivo ! bad smell il sapore am>o ! bitt] ta/e il sapore dolce ! sweet ta/e il sapore acido ! s\r ta/e il sapore salso ! salty ta/e ,! tea*] :o is obs]v+ notices :e!r ! *ild has tak5 ! "r objects2 if s1 %e proce$s to ! p]mutations4 ,,p]mutations ,at ?is po9t1 ! tea*] %\ld recall 79 deal+ ) ,italian7 ! grammatical rules = ! position ( adjectives1 "s ( :i* 7! fundam5tal ones7 w c]ta9ly be v useful to h] 9 execut+ ^! fir/ p]mutations3-- ,i4 ,9 g5]al1 ! adjective foll[s ! n\n4 ,if plac$ be=e ! n\n1 x is less conspicu\s2 if plac$ aft]1 x assumes m importance & has a diff]5t =ce4 ,,ii4 ,:5 ! adjective is us$ to signify ! exclusive sup]lative ( a quality1 x is n only plac$ aft] ! n\n1 b is prec$$ by ! article4 7,umb]to il buono1 ,humb]t ! ,good47 ,example3--,! *ild has compos$ ! foll[+ phrase ) 8 c>ds3 il triangolo rettangolo ! "r-angl$ triangle4 ,! tea*] c int]*ange ! words ?us3 il rettangolo triangolo1 ! triangle "r-angl$4 ,simil>ly also1 = o!r phrases3-- il prisma rettangol>e azzurro ! rectangul> blue prism il rettangol>e azzurro prisma ! prism1 rectangul>1 blue i lapis n]i ! black p5cils i n]i lapis ! p5cils black il colore rosso ! r$ color il rosso colore ! color r$ ,bo? ! mean+ & ! *ild's habits %[ him ! normal position ( ! adjective4 ,9 "s phrases1 su* z1 il rumore legg]o ! fa9t s\nd il sapore dolce ! sweet ta/e ! plac+ ( ! adjective be=e ! n\n r5d]s ! mean+ vague1 figurative1 emotional1 or g5]ic1 :]eas x w\ld be cle>ly descriptive & precise 7 ! adjective 9 its normal position3 il dolce sapore ! ta/e sweet il legg]o rumore ! noise fa9t 7,9 ,engli% ! normal position ( ! adjective is be=e ! n\n4 ,! p]mutation develops a /rong rhetorical flavor1 ( :i* ! *ild w become consci\s lat] 9 8 /udies on poetic inv]sions4--,tr47 ,aft] ! tea*] has made ^! *anges1 if !y h int]e/$ ! *ild1 %e may say = example3 ,! adjective comes aft] its n\n 7= ,italian72 ,! adjective comes be=e its n\n 7= ,engli%74 ,9 ?is way %e w h giv5 a lesson 9 !oretical gramm>4 ,,inflection ,,( ,,adjectives 7,exclusively = ! ,italian language7 ,ano!r ex]cise to be done at ! table deals ) ! =mation ( ! s+ul> & plural ( adjectives 9 ! two g5d]s4 ,?is ex]cise br+s ! *ild 9 contact ) a great _m adjectives ( quality4 ,two s]ies1 "o ( tw5ty mascul9e1 ! o!r ( tw5ty fem99e adjectives 79 ! two numb]s7 & two o!r s]ies1 tw5ty s+ul>s & tw5ty plurals 79 ! two g5d]s71 =m f\r gr\ps ( c>ds1 "o-half ( :i* 7ti$ sep>ately7 s]ves to direct ! plac+ ( ! o!r half4 ,"h are ! words 9 _! gr\ps3 ,s+ol>e ,plurale acuto acuti %>p allegro allegri joy\s att5ta att5te c>eful1 att5tive basso bassi l[ buona buone good caldo caldi hot cattiva cattive bad dolce dolci sweet duro duri h>d educata educate educat$1 well mann]$ felice felici happy fr$da fr$de cold gr&e gr&i l>ge grazioso graziosi graceful1 pretty gioiosa gioiose m]ry g5tile g5tili k9d italiano italiani ,italian rabbioso rabbiosi angry l>go l>ghi broad l5to l5ti sl[ malata malate ill odorosa odorose fragrant arioso ariose airy prezioso preziosi preci\s pi5a pi5e full pesante pesanti heavy pulito puliti clean rozza rozze r\gh1 unc\? rosso rossi r$ robu/a robu/e robu/ s9c]o s9c]i s9c]e /udioso /udiosi /udi\s /retto /retti n>r[ /upida /upide /upid vec*ia vec*ie old morbido morbide s(t leggi]a leggi]e light 7weight7 lunga lunghe long grosso grossi ?ick colorita colorite color$ ,mas*ile ,femm9ile alti alte tall bello bella beautiful brevi brevi %ort1 brief biondo bionda blonde *i>o *i>a cle>1 light 7( color7 corto corta %ort coraggiosi coraggiose c\rage\s disord9ato disord9ata disord]ly dolce dolce sweet debole debole feeble esatto esatta accurate fr$do fr$da cold grazioso graziosa graceful gr&e gr&e l>ge g>bati g>bate polite g5tili g5tili k9d italiani italiane ,italian +lese +lese ,engli% l5to l5ta sl[ svelto svelta li! ottimo ottima be/1 excell5t ord9ato ord9ata ord]ly pigri pigre lazy pallido pallida pale piccolo piccola small ruvidi ruvide r\gh s]io s]ia s]i\s1 hone/ suo sua 81 h]1 y\r sg>bato sg>bata rude tuo tua ?y timido timida timid ultimo ultima la/ vo/ro vo/ra y\rs zoppi zoppe lame zitto zitta sil5t c>9o c>9a de> liscio liscia smoo? obb$i5te obb$i5te ob$i5t cont5ti cont5te cont5t1 happy allegro allegra joy\s ,"h1 j z ) ! f\r n\n =ms 7mascul9e1 fem99e1 s+ul> & plural71 class games may be f\nd useful4 ,! plural =ms may be dealt out to ! class1 :ile "o *ild reads al\d ! s+ul>s1 "o aft] ! o!r4 ,! *ild1 :o1 9 a giv5 case1 has ! prop] plural1 reads 8 c>d 9 answ]4 ,simil>ly1 = mascul9e & fem99e4 ,,logical ,,& ,,grammatical ,,agreem5t ,,( ,,n\ns ,,& ,,adjectives 7,= ,italian ,exclusively7 ,ano!r table ex]cise consi/s 9 arrang+ two gr\ps ( fifty c>ds1 ( :i* tw5ty-five are n\ns 7con/itut+ ! direct+ gr\p71 :ile ! o!r tw5ty-five are adjectives4 ,! n\ns are put 9 a r[ & ! *ild looks among ! adjectives 7:i* h be5 ?or\ghly %uffl$7 = ^? :i* are be/ suit$ to ! diff]5t n\ns4 ,z he f9ds !m he places !m by ! n\ns ) :i* !y belong4 ,sometimes ! n\ns & adjectives plac$ toge!r cause a great deal ( m]rim5t by ! amus+ contra/s t arise4 ,! *ildr5 try to put z _m adjectives z possible ) ! same n\n & develop 9 ?is way ! mo/ int]e/+ comb9ations4 ,"h are two gr\ps :i* come prep>$ ) ! mat]ial3 ,nome ,aggettivo ,adjective ,n\n contad9a allegra happy peasant-girl casa bella beautiful h\se zia brava good aunt mamma c>a de> "m pr(essore alto tall pr(essor mea/ra magra ?9 7lean7 tea*] lav&aia pulita neat wa%]woman m>9aio robu/o /rong sailor c>retti]e abbronzato sunburnt wagon-driv] bamb9o buono good *ild lavagnetta rettangol>e squ>e slate foglio bianco :ite pap] 7%eet (7 pan*etto basso l[ b5* prisma grosso ?ick prism vaso l>go broad vase foglia v]de gre5 leaf circolo p]fetto p]fect circle pizzicagnolo grosso fat but*] te/a unta oily 7dirty7 head gomma d5sa h>d1 d5se rubb] fanciullo /izzito cross1 angry *ild figlio obb$i5te ob$i5t son pietra n]a black rock1 /one latte bianco :ite milk =maggio t5]o s(t1 t5d] *eese c>ne fresca fre% meat v9o rosso r$ w9e disegno grazioso pretty draw+ p]la luc5te %9+ pe>l vetro trasp>5te transp>5t glass ragazz9a imp]t95te imp]t95t lass as9o pazi5te pati5t donkey gall9a grassa fat h5 topo agile quick1 nimble m\se acqua limpida cle> wat] saponetta odorosa p]fum$1 fragrant soap m$ico bravo good doctor gi>d9i]e bizz>ro surly g>d5] cane arrabbiato mad dog manicotto morbido s(t muff gatto arruffato ruffl$ cat colombo viaggiatore travell+ 7c>ri]7 pigeon uomo brontolone grumbl+ man ragno p]icoloso dang]\s spid] s]p5te vel5oso poison\s snake m$ic9a am>a bitt] m$ic9e nonna indulg5te indulg5t1 k9d gr&mo!r babbo sev]o /rict fa!r vespa maligna cruel wasp cassetto ord9ato ord]ly box ,= a class game ) ^! li/s1 ! n\ns may be plac$ on "o table & ! adjectives on ano!r4 ,mov+ z dur+ ! sil5ce lesson1 ea* *ild selects fir/ a n\n1 & !n an adjective4 ,:5 ! selections h all be5 made1 ! pairs are read "o aft] ! o!r amid g5]al en?usiasm4 ,,descriptive ,,adjectives ,,comm&s 7,individual ,lessons7 ,! /udy ( ! adjective may furni% occasion = giv+ ! *ild a k ( physical prop]ties 7( sub/ances7 s f> unkn[n to him4 ,= example1 ! tea*] may pres5t a piece ( transp>5t glass2 a piece ( black glass 7or any opaque scre572 a %eet ( :ite pap] ) an oil /a94 ,! *ild w see t ?r\gh ! transp>5t glass objects may be se5 di/9ctly2 t ?r\gh ! oil /a9 only ! light is visible2 t no?+ at all c be se5 ?r\gh ! opaque scre54 ,or %e may take a small glass funnel & put into x a piece ( filt] pap]1 !n a sponge1 !n a piece ( wat]pro( clo?4 ,! *ild obs]ves t ! wat] passes ?r\gh ! filt] pap]1 t ! sponge absorbs wat]1 & t ! wat] cl+s to ! surface ( ! wat]pro(4 ,or take two glass graduators & fill !m ) wat] to diff]5t heights4 ,9 ! case ( ! graduator fill$ to ! v top1 ! surface ( ! wat] is convex2 9 ! o!r1 x is concave4 ,! comm&s are pr9t$ on little slips ( pap] :i* are fold$ & all held toge!r by an ela/ic b& ) a s]ies ( br[n c>ds conta9+ ! adjectives us$ 9 ! comm&s4 ,"h is ! mat]ial prep>$3 --,fill "o graduator ) wat] to ! po9t ( ov]-fl[+1 & ano!r n s full4 ,notice ! =m assum$ by ! surface ( ! wat] 9 ea* case & apply ! prop] adjective3 convex1 concave4 --,take v>i\s objects su* z filt] pap]1 clo?1 a sponge1 & see :e!r wat] c pass ?r\gh !m1 apply+ ! adjectives3 p]meable1 imp]meable1 por\s4 --,take a piece ( cle> glass1 a %eet ( black pap]1 a %eet ( oil$ pap]2 look at ! light ?r\gh !m1 apply+ ! adjectives3 transp>5t1 opaque1 transluc5t4 ,object less5s demon/rat+ comp>ative weights may also be giv5 by putt+ successively into a glass ( wat]1 oil1 alcohol color$ ) anil9e1 a piece ( cork1 a little lead5 ball 7to be dropp$74 ,!n ! comm& w\ld be3 --,comp>e ! weights ( wat] & ( color$ alcohol2 wat] & oil2 wat] & cork2 & wat] & lead4 ,!n tell :i* is heavi] & :i* is light] ?an ! o!r4 ,z an answ] ! *ild %\ld give a little writt5 ex]cise some?+ l ! foll[+3 ,wat] is heavi] ?an oil1 etc4 ,! *ildr5 actually p]=m ^! little exp]im5ts1 le>n+ to h&le graduators1 funnels1 filt]s1 etc41 & to p\r ! la/ drops ( wat] v c>efully s z to obta9 ! concave & convex surfaces4 ,!y acquire a v delicate t\* 9 p\r+ ! color$ alcohol & oil on ! wat]4 ,?us !y take ! fir/ /ep into ! field ( practical sci5ce4 ,to cont9ue ! /udy ( adjectives ( quality1 !re is a s]ies ( comm&s relat+ to ! comp>ative & sup]lative4 ,an example ( ! comp>ative crept into ^! exp]im5ts on weight4 ,"h are additional comm&s :]e ! little slip & ! br[n c>ds are kept toge!r4 --,take ! blue /airs or any o!r objects & put ) ea* object ! prop] adjectives f ! foll[+ li/3 ?ick1 ?91 ?icke/ 7,ital4 grossissimo71 ?9ne/ 7,ital4 f9issimo74 --,take ! eight tablets ( ! color y l be/1 arrange !m accord+ to %ades & apply ! prop] adjectives ( quality f ! foll[+3 light1 lighte/1 d>k1 d>ke/4 --,take ! s]ies ( circles 9 ! plane insets1 & pick out ! circles :i* correspond to ^! adjectives3 l>ge1 small1 int]m$iate4 --,take ! clo?s or o!r objects adapt$ to ^! adjectives3 smoo?1 smoo!/1 r\gh1 r\ghe/1 s(t1 s(te/4 --,take ! cubes ( ! p9k t[] or any o!r objects adapt$ to ^! adjectives3 l>ge1 l>ge/1 small1 smalle/4 --,grade a numb] ( objects accord+ to weight s z to fit ^! adjectives to !m3 heavy1 heavie/1 light1 lighte/4 ,,adjectives ,,( ,,quantity ,,comm&s 7,individual ,lessons7 ,j z above1 ! slip is ti$ ) ! s]ies ( br[n c>ds by an ela/ic b&4 ,?us a gr\p is =m$4 ,9 our mat]ial ! foll[+ ?ree gr\ps are available3 --,take ! c\nt]s & make little piles :i* correspond 9 quantity to ^! adjectives3 "o1 two1 ?ree1 f\r1 five1 six1 etc4 --,take ! beads & make little piles ( !m to fit ^! adjectives3 few1 none1 _m1 "s4 --,decide fir/ ( all on "s def9ite numb] ( beads 7two7 & !n make o!r little piles to fit ^! adjectives3 d\ble1 triple1 quadruple1 qu9tuple1 sextuple1 t5fold1 half1 equal4 ,,ord9als 7,individual ,comm&s7 --,build ! blue /air & on ea* /ep place ! prop] adjective f ! foll[+3 fir/1 second1 ?ird1 f\r?1 fif?1 six?1 sev5?1 eigh?1 n9?1 t5?4 --,place ! foll[+ adjectives on ! diff]5t draw]s ( ! cab9et1 beg9n+ ) ! top draw]3 fir/1 second1 ?ird1 f\r?1 fif?4 --,diff]5tiate betwe5 ! draw]s ( ! cab9et by ! foll[+ adjectives1 beg9n+ ) ! l[e/3 fir/1 second1 ?ird1 f\r?1 fif?4 ,,demon/rative ,,adjectives 7,class ,lessons7 ,z occasion may (f]1 ! tea*] may assemble a gr\p ( *ildr5 & give !m a few simple explanations on ! mean+ ( c]ta9 words3 que/o1 ?is 7ne> u72 cote/o1 t 7ne> y72 quello1 t 7ov] !re away f bo? ( u74 7,note3 ,engli% lacks ! demon/rative ( ! second p]son47 ,!n %e c di/ribute ^! comm&s :i* require collective actions ( ! class3-- --,ga!r 9 t 7code/o7 corn] ( ! room ne> y2 !n all ( y come ov] to ?is 7que/o7 corn] ne> me2 !n all ( y run ov] to t 7quello7 corn] ov] !re4 --,*oose "o ( y\r s*ool-mates & tell him to put a box on ?is 7que/o7 table2 a small plate on t 7quello7 table ov] !re4 --,tell "o ( y\r companions1 po9t+ at ! place1 to put a gre5 bead 9 ?is 7que/o7 vase2 a blue "o 9 t 7code/o7 vase2 a :ite "o 9 t 7quello7 vase ov] !re4 ,arrange ! *ildr5 9 gr\ps 9 ?ree diff]5t places 9 ! room1 & !n give ?is comm&3 --,let t 7quello7 gr\p ov] !re take ! place ( ?is 7que/o7 gr\p4 ,let t 7code/o7 gr\p break up1 ! *ildr5 go+ back to _! tables4 ,,possessive ,,adjectives 7,class ,lessons7 ,9 l mann] ! tea*] expla9s ! mean+ ( ! words my1 y\r1 81 h]1 etc4 ,%e may d ?is ) a simple ge/ure4 ,"h are ! comm&s3 --,po9t out v>i\s objects say+3 ,?is is my slate2 t is y\r slate2 t 7ov] !re7 is h] slate4 --,po9t at ! diff]5t seats1 say+3 ,t 7ov] !re7 is 8 place1 t is y\r place1 & ?is is my place4 --,pass ar\nd ! little baskets1 say+3 ,?is is my basket4 ,^: is t o!r basket8 ,is x y\r basket8 ,& ?is "o8 ,ah1 ?is "o is 8 basket4 --,let u take a turn ar\nd ! room & !n return to our seats4 ,y g to y\r seat & !y w g to _! seats4 ,!n we w divide up our ?+s4 ,let u put our ?+s "h & _! ?+s !re4 ,we w g to y\r seats & y g to _! seats4 ,mean:ile !y w get up & !n come ov] "h to take our places4 ,signora ,montessori does n diff]5tiate betwe5 ! possessive adjective & ! possessive pron\n2 p]haps because !re is 9 ,italian no *>act]i/ic pronom9al =m4 ,/rictly speak+ ! ,italian pr$icate =m mio 7e4g41 ,que/o libra mio7 is adjectival1 :ile ! =m il mio 7i4e41 ) ! def9ite article7 is pronom9al 7e4g41 ,que/o il mio74 ,engli% has1 h[ev]1 ! pronom9al possessives3 m9e1 y\rs 7?9e71 81 h]s1 ours1 y\rs1 !irs1 us$ also z pr$icate adjectives4 ,! above ex]cise %\ld !re=e he repeat$ lat] "u ! subject ( pron\ns 9 a slightly diff]5t =m4--,,tr4 ,,vi ,,v]bs ,:5 ,i gave ! fir/ gramm> lessons to defective *ildr5 ,i put special emphasis on n\ns & v]bs4 ,! n\n 7 object71 & ! v]b 7 action7 7 di/+ui%$ ) ! greate/ cle>ness1 mu* z we di/+ui% matt] f en]gy1 *emi/ry f physics4 ,condition & motion1 z pot5tial & k9etic en]gy1 are bo? express$ by v]bs4 ,:]eas =m]ly ! *ild took ! objects 9 8 h&s & /udi$ _! "n & attributes1 "h he mu/ p]=m actions4 ,9 ! execution ( actions he mu/ necess>ily receive "s help1 = he is n always capable ( int]pret+ ! ^w ) ! precise action :i* corresponds to x4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! /udy ( ! v]b is necess>y to initiate him into a s]ies ( object lessons ^u ! diff]5t actions he mu/ p]=m4 ,! tea*] !re=e mu/ give individual lessons tea*+ ! *ild to int]pret ! v]b4 ,,analyses ,9 ! usual mann] we pres5t a box :i* has f\r comp>tm5ts1 = ! article1 ! n\n1 ! adjective1 & ! v]b4 ,! sections are designat$ by ! usual title c>ds3 tan1 black1 br[n1 & r$4 ,9 ! comp>tm5t at ! back ( ! box !re are six slips = ea* ex]cise1 & = e writt5 ^w !re is a c>d1 except = su* words z are repeat$ 9 successive s5t5ces4 ,= example3 if ! foll[+ s5t5ces are writt5 on ! c>ds3 ,close ! door6 ,lock ! door6 on ! correspond+ c>ds w be f\nd ! words3 ,lock ,close ! door4 ,& s ! *ild aft] he has compos$ 8 fir/ s5t5ce ne$s to *ange only "o c>d 7lock = close7 = ! second s5t5ce4 ,?is br+s out ! =ce ( ! v]b1 %[+ t "o s5t5ce may be *ang$ into ano!r by indicat+ an entirely diff]5t action4 ,! *ild p]=ms ! action & !n on 8 table he builds ! s5t5ces ) ! c>ds4 ,9 ! s]ies we h prep>$1 ! v]bs are ei!r synonyms or antonyms4 ,"h is ! mat]ial3 ,,s]ies ,a --,close ! door ,lock ! door --,tie a knot ,untie a knot --,spread y\r beads ,collect y\r beads --,fold ! pap] ,unfold ! pap] --,op5 ! book ,%ut ! book --,speak a ^w ,:isp] a ^w ,,s]ies ,b --,raise y\r h&s ,l[] y\r h&s --,toss ! ball ,?r[ ! ball --,%[ y\r "r h& ,hide y\r "r h& --,t\* ! velvet ,feel ! velvet --,write a %ort ^w ,erase a %ort ^w --,draw a circle ,fill a circle ,,s]ies ,c --,br+ a *air ,drag a *air --,lace a frame ,unlace a frame --,raise y\r head ,b[ y\r head --,fill a glass ,empty a glass --,arrange ! br[n c>ds ,mix ! br[n c>ds --,roll ! :ite h&k]*ief ,twi/ ! :ite h&k]*ief ,,s]ies ,d --,embrace y\r ne>e/ s*oolmate ,kiss y\r ne>e/ s*oolmate --,ga!r y\r prisms ,sep>ate y\r prisms --,borr[ a black p5cil ,l5d a black p5cil --,cov] y\r face ,uncov] y\r face --,lift ! r$ c\nt] ,drop ! r$ c\nt] --,smoo? ! :ite pap] ,crumple ! :ite pap] ,,s]ies ,e --,cl5* y\r two h&s ,op5 y\r two h&s --,spread ! l>ge c>pet ,fold ! l>ge c>pet --,b5d y\r left arm ,/raight5 y\r left arm --,rub ! table ,scrat* ! table --,p\r ! wat] ,spill ! wat] --,comb y\r hair ,"p y\r hair ,,p]mutations ,! tea*] %\ld h 9 m9d ! grammatical rules = ! position ( ! v]b 9 ! s5t5ce1 to give ! *ild a cle> idea ( its normal location be=e ! direct object3 fir/ ! v]b1 !n ! object ^u :i* x acts4 ,example3 ,smoo? ! :ite pap]4 ,! v]b %\ld1 = ! fir/ p]mutation1 be transf]r$ to ! end3 ! :ite pap] smoo?4 ,or1 if y wi%1 ,arrange ! br[n c>ds4 ! br[n c>ds arrange4 ,:5 ! v]b is tak5 away entirely ! action vani%es3 ,lift ! r$ c\nt]4 ,drop ! r$ c\nt]4 ,mak+ all possible p]mutations1 ! *ild sees t only "o ord] ( words is capable ( br++ a mean+ out ( ! confusion3 ,roll ! :ite h&k]*ief4 ! :ite h&k]*ief roll4 :ite ! h&k]*ief roll4 :ite roll h&k]*ief !4 ,,lessons ,,& ,,comm&s ,,on ,,! ,,v]b ,! *ildr5 take consid]able delight 9 our v]b lessons :i* develop ?r\gh int]pretations ( actions4 ,we use packs ( r$ c>ds1 ti$ ) an ela/ic1 ea* pack conta9+ t5 c>ds4 ,! *ild executes ! actions indicat$ on ea* c>d1 "o aft] ! o!r4 ,he may aft]w>d copy ! c>ds--an ex]cise specially attractive to v "y *ildr54 ,examples3 --walk1 s+1 jump1 dance1 b[1 sit1 sleep1 wake1 pray1 sigh4 --write1 erase1 weep1 laugh1 hide1 draw1 read1 speak1 li/51 run4 --arrange1 clean1 du/1 sweep1 button1 lace1 tie1 hook1 greet1 bru%4 --comb1 wa%1 wipe1 embrace1 kiss1 smile1 yawn1 sc[l1 />e1 brea!4 ,^! are fairly common words1 repres5t+ actions m or less famili> to ! pupils4 ,b ?is ex]cise is only an introduction to ! real v]b-lessons4 ,= ^! ! tea*] selects1 z subject = a lesson1 a s]ies ( synonym\s v]bs4 ,_! %ades ( mean+ are taught to ! *ildr5 by translat+ !m into action1 ! tea*] execut+ ! action h]self4 ,%e !n di/ributes ar\nd ! class comm&s mak+ use ( ! v]bs 9 "q4 ,!re may be sev]al copies ( a giv5 comm& if ! pupils are v num]\s4 ,! *ild reads by himself ! c>d he has receiv$1 execut+ ! action f memory ( :at he has se5 ! tea*] d4 ,we h te/$ exp]im5tally ! ,italian mat]ial 7i4e41 ! v]bs 9 p>5!ses71 z foll[s3 ,subject3 lay1 ?r[1 toss1 hurl 7pos>e1 gett>e1 lanci>e1 scagli>e74 ,comm&s3-- --,take a c\nt] & lay x on ! floor4 ,pick x up aga9 & ?r[ x on ! floor4 --,roll y\r h&k]*ief into a ball4 ,toss x into ! air4 ,pick x up aga9 & hurl x aga9/ ! wall4 --,lay y\r h&k]*ief c>efully1 v c>efully1 on ! floor4 ,pick x up aga9 & ?r[ x on ! floor4 ,make a ball ( x & hurl x across ! room4 ,pick x up & toss x into ! air4 ,subject3 lie1 cr\*1 sit1 rise 7sollev>e1 alz>e1 lev>e74 ,comm&s3-- --,g to ! s(a & lie ) y\r face to ! wall4 ,n[ rise1 g to y\r table & sit ) head erect4 --,rise f y\r *air & cr\* beh9d ! table1 z ?\gh y 7 play+ hide-&-seek4 ,rise & g back to ! s(a4 ,subject3 op51 close1 lock1 unlock 7aprire1 spalanc>e1 *iud]e1 soc*iud]e1 s]r>e1 diss]r>e74 ,comm&s3-- --,g to a w9d[ & op5 x a little2 wait a mom5t & !n close x aga94 ,op5 ! w9d[ z wide z y c & close x imm$iately4 --,g to ! door & op5 x wide4 ,!n close ! door g5tly4 ,if ! key is 9 ! key-hole lock ! door2 b be=e y g away1 unlock x aga91 s t ev]y?+ is left j z y f\nd x4 ,subject3 brea!1 inhale1 exhale 7respir>e1 sospir>e1 inspir>e1 espir>e74 ,comm&s3-- --,g to ! w9d[1 op5 x1 & inhale & exhale ! fre% air five times4 ,!n aft] a mom5t inhale once & hold y\r brea? z long z y c4 ,:5 y c hold y\r brea? no long]1 exhale z sl[ly z y c4 --,take a h& mirror & brea! ^u ! glass4 ,:at happ5s8 ,subject3 hang1 atta* 7app5d]e1 affigg]e1 sosp5d]e74 ,comm&s3-- --,hang "o ( y\r be/ draw+s on a hook 9 ! room4 --,atta* ! draw+ y l be/ ) two p9s to ! wall ne> ! door4 ,subject3 cov]1 wrap1 tie1 undo 7avvolg]e1 involg]e1 svolg]e74 ,comm&s3-- --,take a book1 a /r+ & a l>ge piece ( clo?4 ,lay ! book on y\r table & cov] x ) ! clo?4 --,take ! clo? & wrap x ar\nd ! book s t ! book _c be se54 --,tie a /r+ ar\nd ! clo? s t ! book w n fall out4 --,undo ! bundle1 & return ea* object to ! place :]e y f\nd x4 ,subject3 turn1 inv]t1 revolve1 :irl1 rev]se 7volg]e1 capovolg]e1 rovesci>e74 ,comm&s3-- --,turn a picture t[>d "o ( y\r s*ool-mates s t he c see x cle>ly4 --,inv]t ! picture1 s t x w be upside d[n4 --,rev]se ! picture s t ! back only c be se5 by y\r s*ool-mate4 --,revolve ! seat ( ! piano-/ool z rapidly z y c4 --,/& ) y\r back to ! w9d[ & turn sl[ly on y\r heel till y face ! w9d[4 ,:irl on y\r heel completely ar\nd till y aga9 face ! w9d[4 ,subject3 brea!1 bl[1 puff1 pant 7sbuff>e1 s(fi>e1 alit>e74 ,comm&s3-- --,te> a l>ge piece ( pap] into t9y bits on y\r table4 ,bl[ /eadily ^u ! table till ! pieces ( pap] are all on ! floor4 --,pick up ! pieces ( pap] & place !m on ! table4 ,puff ?ree times ^u !m & see if !y all fall to ! floor4 ,ga!r up ! pieces & ?r[ !m into ! wa/e-basket4 --,brea! s(tly ^u ! back ( y\r h&4 ,:at d y feel8 --,bl[ ^u ! back ( y\r h&4 ,:at d y feel8 --,puff ^u ! back ( y\r b&4 ,:at d y feel8 --,pant noisily z ?\gh y _h be5 runn+ a long way4 ,subject3 murmur1 mutt]1 :isp]1 speak1 grumble 7mormor>e1 sussurr>e1 brontol>e74 ,comm&s3-- --,ask "o ( y\r s*ool-mates to li/5 c>efully to :at y say2 !n murmur a %ort s5t5ce z ?\gh y 7 speak+ to y\rself4 --,mutt] ! same words 9 a l\d] voice & see :e!r he und]/&s4 --,:isp] ! same words 9 ! e> ( "o ( two *ildr54 ,!n ask ! o!r :e!r he has he>d4 --,grumble ! same words & wat* h[ ! two *ildr5 look at y4 --,speak ! same words al\d & z di/9ctly z y c4 ,d ! *ildr5 und]/&8 ,subject3 t\*1 rub1 graze 7tocc>e1 ta/>e1 palp>e1 sfior>e74 ,comm&s3-- --,g to y\r table & ) y\r eyes %ut t\* x z ?\gh to recognize x4 --,rub ! table ) ! tips ( y\r f+]s1 be>+ d[n z h>d z y c4 ,:at d y feel8 --,graze ! table ) ! tips ( y\r f+]s1 try+ n to t\* x4 ,subject3 spread1 spr9kle1 collect1 scatt] 7sp>g]e1 spruzz>e1 asp]g]e74 ,comm&s3-- --,take a box full ( beads & spread !m ev5ly ar\nd ! c5t] ( y\r table4 ,!n collect !m 9 a pile 9 ! c5t] ( ! table4 --,take a h&ful ( ! beads & scatt] !m ov] ! table4 ,return all ! beads to ! box4 --,take a glass ( wat] & spr9kle two or ?ree h&fuls on a plant 9 ! room4 ,subject3 walk1 /agg]1 m>* 7b>coll>e1 dondol>e1 erig]si74 ,comm&s3-- --,walk naturally to ! end ( ! room f>!/ f y\r table4 --,m>* back to y\r seat z ?\gh y 7 keep+ "t to music4 --,/agg] across ! room z ?\gh y 7 v dizzy4 ,subject3 take1 seize1 cat* 7ac*iapp>e1 acciuff>e1 aff]r>e74 ,comm&s3-- --,walk to ! cab9et & take a box ( c\nt]s 9 y\r h&s4 --,run to ! s(a1 seize ! s(a-pill[1 & run ar\nd ! room ) x1 hold+ x 9 y\r arms4 --,roll y\r h&k]*ief into a ball1 toss x into ! air & try to cat* x be=e x falls to ! floor4 ,,lessons ,,) ,,exp]im5ts ,! function ( ! v]b c be /ill m int]e/+ly emphasiz$ by sugge/+ actions design$ to increase ! *ild's k 9 ! direction ( elem5t>y sci5ce4 ,"h ! tea*]1 in/ead ( execut+ simple movem5ts1 p]=ms exp]im5ts1 :i* on ! same day or on succe$+ days ! *ild c imitate guid$ by ! directions 9 ! comm&s4 ,subject3 /ir1 mix1 beat1 flavor 7mescol>e1 emulsion>e1 /emp]>e74 ,comm&s3-- --,take a b[l half full ( wat] & drop into x a half cup ( fl\r2 /ir ) a spoon until ! mixture is ?ick4 --,place a table-spoonful ( v9eg> & a table-spoonful ( olive-oil 9 a clean b[l2 beat !m toge!r until an emulsion is =m$4 --,place a tea-spoonful ( *ocolate & a tea-spoonful ( sug> 9 a cup & mix !m ?or\ghly4 ,:at color 0 ! *ocolate8 ,:at color 0 ! sug>8 ,:at color is ! mixture8 --,take a little milk 9 a cup & ta/e ( x2 add a drop ( vanilla extract4 ,!n ta/e ( ! milk aga94 ,d y ta/e ! vanilla8 ,9 ! same way flavor a glass ( wat] ) ! vanilla4 ,flavor ano!r glass ( wat] ) v9eg>4 ,subject3 dissolve1 saturate1 be 9 susp5sion 7sciogli]e1 f>e la sosp5siona1 satur>e74 ,comm&s3-- --,place a spoonful ( sug> 9 a glass ( w>m wat] & dissolve ! sug> by /irr+ ) a spoon4 ,is ! wat] /ill cle>8 --,saturate ! wat] ) sug> by cont9u+ to add sug> & /irr+ till y c see ! sug> at ! bottom ( ! glass4 ,all[ ! wat] to re/ a mom5t4 ,is ! wat] /ill cle>8 --,mix a spoonful ( />* 9 ! wat]4 ,! wat] becomes :ite1 s9ce ! />* does n dissolve b rema9s 9 susp5sion 9 ! wat]4 ,subject3 /ra91 filt] 7decant>e1 filtr>e74 ,comm&s3-- --,take ! glass conta9+ ! wat] saturat$ ) sug> & ! "o ) ! />* 9 susp5sion1 & all[ ! />* & sug> to settle = "s "t1 until ! wat] is cle>4 ,ta/e ! wat] 9 ea* glass1 & !n /ra9 ea* glass ( wat] sep>ately4 --,filt] ! wat] saturat$ ) sug> & ! wat] ) ! susp5d$ />*4 ,!n ta/e ( ea*4 ,by ! "t all ^! comm&s h be5 execut$1 ! *ild w h develop$ a ke5 desire to g on1 becom+ s int]e/$ 9 ! mean+ ( v]bs z n to require fur!r comm&s to /imulate 8 /udy ( ^! words4 ,! mo/ frequ5t "q n[ is ,h[ _m v]bs are !re 9 ! language8 ,are !re m 9 o!r languages8 etc4 ,to satisfy ?is new curiosity ( ! *ildr5 we h diction>ies ( synonyms & antonyms1 & ^w-*>ts4 ,b meantime !y h be5 build+ _! own diction>ies4 ,"o by "o !y beg9 to own copy books 7rubrics7 ) illum9at$ lett]s ( ! alphabet4 ,"u ! prop] lett] ! *ild copies 8 words z fa/ z he le>ns !m4 ,we are /ill exp]im5t+ on ! "q ( ! exact am\nt ( in=mation t may successfully be (f]$ to elem5t>y s*ool *ildr5 ( v>i\s ages & /ages ( developm5t1 ) ! ^w mat]ial requir$ = ! notions ( natural hi/ory1 physics & *emi/ry !y may be expect$ to acquire4 ,we c say1 at ?is mom5t1 simply t ea* exp]im5t involves ! use ( a c]ta9 numb] ( new words 7n\ns1 adjectives & v]bs71 :i* are copi$ into ! ^w-books 7rubrics7 z fa/ z !y occur4 ,,vii ,,prepositions ,,analyses ,"h also ! fir/ ex]cise is to compose s5t5ces analyz$ ) ! color$ c>ds4 ,?is gramm> box has five comp>tm5ts1 ea* ) a small title c>d ( ! color correspond+ to ! diff]5t p>ts ( spee*1 r$ = ! v]b1 black = ! n\n1 br[n = ! adjective1 tan = ! article & violet = ! preposition4 ,9 ! comp>tm5t at ! re> ( ! box are six c>ds ) pr9t$ s5t5ces4 ,! color$ c>ds d n correspond exactly to ! numb] ( words us$ 9 ! s5t5ces because ! words ( "o s5t5ce :i* are repeat$ 9 ! next are n duplicat$ 9 ! c>ds4 ,9 ?is case x is ! *ange 9 preposition only :i* alt]s ! mean+ ( ! s5t5ce4 ,"h are ! s]ies ( s5t5ces1 "s ( :i* ! tea*] may h us$ already 9 previ\s lessons 7comm&s74 ,,s]ies ,a 7,prepositions ( space relations7 --,take ! box ) ! color$ beads4 7con1 s5za1 insieme con74 ,take ! box )\t ! color$ beads4 ,take ! box toge!r ) ! color$ beads4 --,place ! prism "u ! cyl9d]4 7sotto a1 sopra a74 ,place ! prism ^u ! cyl9d]4 --,lay ! p5 9 front ( ! ink-well4 7avanti a1 dietro a1 a lato di74 ,lay ! p5 beh9d ! ink-well4 ,lay ! p5 beside ! ink-well4 --,put ! gre5 bead into ! box4 791 d5tro74 ,put ! gre5 bead inside ! box4 --,arrange a few beads betwe5 ! r$ c\nt]s4 79 mezzo a1 tra74 ,arrange a few beads among ! r$ c\nt]s4 --,set "o *air opposite ano!r *air4 7dirimpetto a1 accanto a74 ,set "o *air next to ano!r *air4 ,illu/ration3 ,gramm> ,boxes1 %[+ respectively f\r & five p>ts ( spee*4 7,note3 ,! c>ds =m+ ! s5t5ce1 ,place ! blue cone aga9/ ! p9k cube1 %\ld h be5 arrang$ 9 "o cont9u\s l9e1 n 9 two l9es47 ,,s]ies ,b 7,space relations cont9u$7 --,lay ! c\nt] inside ! box4 7d5tro1 fuori1 di74 ,lay ! c\nt] outside ! box4 --,place a *air on ?is side ( ! door4 7di l da1 di qua da1 oltre74 ,place a *air on t side ( ! door4 ,place a *air beyond ! door4 --,/& 9 front ( ! blackbo>d4 7di fronte a1 di fianco a74 ,/& to "o side ( ! blackbo>d4 ,/& to ! o!r side ( ! blackbo>d4 --,arrange ! *airs along ! wall4 7lungo1 contro74 ,arrange ! *airs aga9/ ! wall4 --,place ! blue cone ne> ! p9k cube4 7vic9o a1 acco/o a74 ,place ! blue cone aga9/ ! p9k cube4 ,,s]ies ,c 7,possession1 mat]ial1 use1 purpose7 ,,note3--,su* relation%ips are express$ 9 ,engli% pref]ably by adjectives3 clo? ( cotton cotton clo?2 or by ! possessive inflection ) -s3 ! draw+ ( ,george ,george's draw+4 ,9 ,italian !y are express$ by ! prepositions di1 p]1 da1 etc43 /(fa di cotone cotton clo?1 piatt9o di vetro glass sauc]4 ,= ,signora ,montessori's simple ex]cise we sugge/ = ,engli% ! foll[+ def9itions 7,,tr474 ,illu/ration3 ,gramm> ,boxes1 conta9+ respectively six & sev5 p>ts ( spee*4 7,note3 ,9 ! s5t5ce on ! "r1 ! c>ds %\ld be 9 "o l9e1 n two47 --,cotton clo? is clo? ( cotton4 ,wooll5 clo? is clo? ( wool4 ,silk clo? is clo? ( silk4 --,! iron triangle is a triangle ( iron4 ,! wood5 triangle is a triangle ( wood4 --,! glass sauc] is a sauc] ( glass4 ,! *9a sauc] is a sauc] ( *9a4 --,a %oe-bru% is a bru% = %oes4 ,a clo!s-bru% is a bru% = clo!s4 --,george's hat is ! hat ( ,george2 ,george's hat belongs to ,george4 ,m>y's hat is ! hat ( ,m>y2 ,m>y's hat belongs to ,m>y4 --,a dr9k+-cup is a cup = dr9k+4 ,a copy-book is a book = copy+4 ,,s]ies ,d 7,direction & s\rce ( motion7 --,turn f ! "r to ! left4 7da 444 a1 a 444 da7 ,turn f ! left to ! "r4 --,draw a l9e f ! bottom ( ! pap] to ! top4 ,draw a l9e f ! top ( ! pap] to ! bottom4 --,g f y\r seat to ! cab9et4 ,g f ! cab9et to y\r seat4 --,*ange ! p5 f y\r "r h& to y\r left h&4 ,*ange ! p5 f y\r left h& to y\r "r h&4 ,,p]mutations ,! *ild has built ! fir/ s5t5ces on ea* ( ! slips ) 8 c>ds1 & he has reproduc$ ! o!rs by *ang+ simply ! preposition c>ds4 ,9 ?is way he has se5 h[ ! position ( objects relative to ea* o!r is det]m9$ :olly & only by ! use ( ! preposition4 ,! preposition1 !re=e1 det]m9es ! relation ( words1 ! relation ( a n\n to "s o!r ^w1 "h to ano!r n\n or to a v]b4 ,9 ! phrase1 ,set "o *air opposite ano!r *air1 if we take away ! preposition1 leav+1 ,set "o *air ano!r *air1 ! relation t =m]ly exi/$ betwe5 ! words *air & ano!r *air is lo/4 ,! tea*] mu/ n =get ! rules = ! position ( ! preposition4 ,! preposition mu/ always prec$e its object & no o!r ^w c come betwe5 x & ! ^w or words x controls4 ,"h are "s examples ( s5t5ces 9 ! above ex]cises f :i* ! preposition has be5 tak5 away by ! tea*]3 ,g f y\r seat ! cab9et4 ,place a *air ! door4 ,lay ! c\nt] ! box4 ,place ! prism ! cyl9d]4 ,! *9a sauc] is made *9a4 ,to give ! *ild an idea ( ! normal position ( prepositions a s]ies ( p]mutations may be made leav+ ! preposition & its object 9 _! normal positions4 ,9 ?is case "s mean+ is /ill left to ! s5t5ce3 ,/ret* a /r+ f ! door to ! w9d[4 ,f ! door to ! w9d[ /ret* a /r+4 ,/ret* f ! door a /r+ to ! w9d[4 ,f ! door to ! w9d[ a /r+ /ret*4 ,f ! door /ret* to ! w9d[ a /r+4 ,b ! *ild w recognize t ! "r s5t5ce is ! simple/ & ! cle>e/3 ,/ret* a /r+ f ! door to ! w9d[4 ,on ! o!r h& if we sep>ate ! preposition f its object or inv]t _! normal position1 ! mean+ is entirely lo/3 ,/ret* a /r+ ! door f ! w9d[ to4 ,/ret* a /r+ f ! door w9d[ to !4 ,/r+ f ! /ret* door to ! a w9d[4 ,& likewise ) ^! o!r s5t5ces3 ,run f ! wa%-/& to ! table4 ,run wa%-/& table 7def9ition ( motion lack+74 ,run wa%-/& f ! table to !4 ,f ! run wa%-/& to ! table4 ,wa%-/& f ! to ! run table4 ,,lessons ,,& ,,comm&s ,,on ,,prepositions ,! tea*] may also take gr\ps ( *ildr5 & give !m %ort lessons on ! preposition to expla9 ! mean+1 select+ if possible two or ?ree synonyms or antonyms ea* "t4 ,! lessons %\ld always he practical & full ( action4 ,! *ild %\ld come to und]/& 9 ?is case ! relation%ip e/abli%$ by ?is or t preposition betwe5 ! object 7n\n7 & ! action 7v]b7 to be p]=m$4 ,z soon z ?is has be5 made cle> by ! tea*] ! comm&s are di/ribut$ to ! *ildr5 :o put !m into execution4 ,"h is ! mat]ial t we use3 ,subject3 ,( 7di74 ,comm&3-- --,g & get a boxful ( c\nt]s4 ,g & get a glass ( wat]4 ,br+ me a piece ( clo?4 ,subject3 ne> 7to71 next 7to71 beside1 f> away f 7vic9o1 acco/o1 lontano74 ,comm&3-- --,"o ( y boys /& 9 ! middle ( ! room4 ,n[ y o!rs g & /& ne> him4 ,"o ( y /& next to him on ! "r1 ano!r beside him on ! left4 ,n[ all g f> away f him4 ,subject3 91 into1 inside1 out ( 791 d5tro1 fuori74 ,comm&3-- --,rise f y\r *airs & g into ! next room4 ,/ay 9 t room a mom5t & !n come back into ?is "o4 ,g back on tip-toe & lock y\rselves inside ! next room4 ,come out ( ! next room into ?is "o4 ,subject3 ,on ?is side (1 on t side (1 beyond 7di l da1 di qua da1 oltre74 ,comm&3-- --,leave y\r places & =m a circle on t side ( ! door2 =m a circle !n on ?is side ( ! door4 ,all ( y g & /& some:]e beyond ! door4 ,subject3 except1 save 7tranne1 eccetto74 ,comm&3-- --,all ! *ildr51 except ,george & ,m>y1 walk on tip-toe ar\nd ! room4 --,all ! *ildr51 save ,george & ,m>y1 walk on tip-toe ar\nd ! room4 ,subject3 side by side )1 opposite1 9 front (1 along 7di fianco1 di fronte1 avanti74 ,comm&3-- --,=m a l9e side by side ) ea* o!r4 --,=m a l9e along ! wall opposite ! door4 --,=m two l9es 9 front ( ! piano4 ,subject3 be=e1 beh9d 7dirimpetto1 dietro74 ,comm&3-- --,two ( y come & /& be=e me4 --,! re/ ( y g & /& beh9d me4 ,subject3 on1 ab\t1 along 7su1 secondo1 lungo74 ,comm&3-- --,ea* ( y place "o c\nt] on ! table4 ,n[ arrange ! same c\nt]s along ! f> edge ( ! table4 ,n[ scatt] ! same c\nt]s ab\t ! c5t] ( ! table4 ,subject3 betwe51 among 7fra1 9 mezzo a74 ,comm&3-- --,"o ( y g & /& betwe5 ! door & ! piano4 --,place t5 :ite c\nt]s on ! table4 ,n[ g & scatt] two or ?ree r$ c\nt]s among ! :ite ones4 ,subject3 f1 to1 z f> z 7da1 a1 f9o a74 ,comm&3-- --,rise & walk f y\r places to ! piano2 wait a mom5t & !n cont9ue z f> z ! door ( ! next room4 ,subject3 ar\nd1 ab\t 7attorno1 intorno74 ,comm&3-- --,walk 9 c\ples1 arm 9 arm1 ar\nd ! room twice2 :5 y rea* ! piano on ! second r\nd1 =m a circle ab\t ! piano4 ,subject3 t[>d1 aga9/ 7v]so1 contro74 ,comm&3-- --,take y\r *airs & move !m ?ree /eps t[>d ! wall 9 front ( y4 ,next1 arrange y\r *airs 9 a r[ ) _! backs aga9/ ! wall beh9d y4 ,subject3 across1 ?r\gh 7attrav]so1 p]74 ,comm&3-- --,roll y\r h&k]*iefs into balls & ?r[ !m across ! room4 --,pick !m up z !y lie & try to ?r[ !m ?r\gh ! door into ! hall4 ,subject3 ,)1 )\t 7con1 s5za74 ,comm&3-- --,walk ar\nd ! room ) y\r *airs 9 y\r h&s4 --,walk ar\nd ! room )\t y\r *airs4 ,subject3 to1 9 ord] to1 s z to 7p]74 ,comm&3-- --,wa% y\r h&s 9 ord] n to soil ! clo?4 ,!n close y\r eyes & feel ?is clo? s z to recognize x4 ,,viii ,,adv]bs ,,analyses ,aga9 ! ex]cise consi/s ( s5t5ces analyz$ by means ( color$ c>ds & comm&s4 ,! gramm> box conta9s six comp>tm5ts hav+1 l ! o!rs1 ! names ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( spee* on title c>ds ( prop] color4 ,! c>d = ! adv]b is p9k4 ,9 ! re> comp>tm5t are six slips = ea* ex]cise1 & 9 ! sections ! usual numb] ( correspond+ color$ c>ds = ! necess>y words4 ,,gr\p ,a 7,adv]bs ( ,mann]7 --,walk sl[ly to ! w9d[4 ,walk rapidly to ! w9d[4 --,rise sil5tly f y\r seat4 ,rise noisily f y\r seat4 --,speak s(tly into ! e> ( y\r ne>e/ comrade4 ,speak l\dly into ! e> ( y\r ne>e/ comrade4 --,take five /eps t[>d ! door2 turn abruptly to ! left4 ,take five /eps t[>d ! door2 turn gradually to ! left4 --,take y\r ne>e/ comrade lightly by ! arm4 ,take y\r ne>e/ comrade r\ghly by ! arm4 --,look smil+ly into ! mirror4 ,look sc[l+ly into ! mirror4 ,,gr\p ,b 7,adv]bs ( place & "t7 --,place y\r p5cil !re4 ,place y\r p5cil "h4 --,lay y\r book some:]e on ! table4 ,lay y\r book else:]e on ! table4 --,walk to ! w9d[ con/antly clapp+ y\r h&s4 ,walk to ! w9d[ occasionally clapp+ y\r h&s4 --,dr9k ! wat] 9 ! glass n[4 ,dr9k ! wat] 9 ! glass by & by4 --,c>ry ! p9k t[] up/airs4 ,c>ry ! p9k t[] d[n/airs4 --,write a ^w on ! blackbo>d imm$iately4 ,write a ^w on ! blackbo>d soon4 ,,gr\p ,c 7,adv]bs ( quantity1 comp>ison7 --,walk along ! hall sw++ y\r arms some:at4 ,walk along ! hall sw++ y\r arms a great deal4 --,b5d y\r head a little4 ,b5d y\r head mu*4 --,walk sl[ly to ! w9d[4 ,walk less sl[ly to ! w9d[4 ,walk m sl[ly to ! w9d[4 --,place on ! table y\r mo/ beautiful draw+4 --,place on ! table y\r beautiful draw+4 --,make a broad m>k on ! blackbo>d4 ,make a v broad m>k on ! blackbo>d4 ,,gr\p ,d 7,adv]bs ( comp>ison1 correlative adv]bs7 --,look = a piece ( clo? s(t] ?an velvet4 --,look = a piece ( clo? z s(t z velvet4 --,f9d among y\r colors a %ade z black z ! blackbo>d4 --,f9d a piece ( clo? n s %9y z sat94 --,f9d among ! plane insets a rectangle z broad z half ! squ>e4 --,br+ a rod long] ?an y\r copy-book4 --,br+ a rod z long z y\r copy-book4 --,br+ a rod n s long z y\r copy-book4 --,f9d a piece ( clo? less r\gh ?an ! canvas4 ,,p]mutations ,! s5t5ces to be analyz$ are reproduc$ z usual by build+ ! fir/ s5t5ce on ea* slip2 & !n1 by *ang+ ! adv]b1 ! *ild gets ! second or ?ird s5t5ce4 ,"o ( ! fir/ p]mutations is to remove ! adv]b f ^? s5t5ces :]e x p]=ms ! function ( an adjective to ! v]b1 !reby caus+ "o action to be *ang$ into ano!r4 ,= example take ! two s5t5ces3 ,walk sl[ly to ! w9d[4 ,walk rapidly to ! w9d[4 ,tak+ away ! adv]b we h3 ,walk to ! w9d[4 ,! *ild c p]=m ! action :i*1 n[1 is a simple "o4 ,! adv]b1 h[ev]1 *anges1 modifies1 ! action4 ,if ! tea*] 9 play puts ! two adv]bs toge!r 9 ! same s5t5ce ! *ild has ! problem ( int]pret+ two contr>y movem5ts4 ,t is1 he is to g to ! w9d[ sl[ly & rapidly at ! same "t4 ,tak+ away ! adv]b c>ds ! s5t5ce left is ,g to ! w9d[4 ,?is action ! *ild c p]=m4 ,b h[ %all he p]=m x1 9 :at way8 ,) ! help ( adv]bs6 ,simil>ly 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces3 ,b5d y\r head a little4 ,b5d y\r head mu*4 ,writt5 )\t ! adv]b !y indicate "o action4 ,:at slight *anges 9 ! position ( ! head c be br\ght ab\t by ^! adv]bs6 ,x is ! adv]b :i* really %[s f9e diff]5tiations 9 movem5t6 ,9 o!r s5t5ces also :]e ! adv]b is1 s to speak1 an adjective to an adjective & !re=e really affects ! object 7n\n71 simil> p]mutations may be made4 ,make a broad m>k on ! blackbo>d4 ,make a v broad m>k on ! blackbo>d4 ,"h by ! use ( an adv]b two diff]5t objects 7n\ns7 are di/+ui%$ :i*1 ?\gh !y h ! same quality 7bread?7 diff] 9 degree 7broad1 v broad74 ,take1 = in/ance1 two objects belong+ to ! same s]ies3 ,place on y\r table ! prism :i* is mo/ ?ick4 ,place on y\r table ! prism :i* is lea/ ?ick4 ,if ! adv]bs are tak5 away ! factor det]m9+ ! degree ( quality 7?ickness7 disappe>s & we h s5t5ces :i* are f> less precise 9 _! mean+3 ,place on y\r table ! prism :i* is ?ick4 ,z ! tea*] proce$s to make p]mutations 9 ! diff]5t s5t5ces %e %\ld rememb] 7= ,italian7 t ! normal position ( ! adv]b is aft] ! v]b 79 ! comp\nd t5ses x comes betwe5 ! auxili>y & ! p>ticiple74 7,note3 ,9 ,engli% ! position ( ! adv]b is mu* fre] ?an 9 ,italian2 x (t5 /&s at ! end ( ! s5t5ce & ev5 betwe5 subject & v]b1--some?+ q =eign to normal ,italian usage4 ,we reta9 ! text entire47 ,9 ! s5t5ces analyz$ by ! *ild x is suffici5t to recall t ! adv]b modifies ! v]b & foll[s ! v]b x modifies4 ,take ! s5t5ce3 ,b5d y\r head a little z y write4 ,if ! adv]b is plac$ aft] ! second v]b ! mean+ *anges3 ,b5d y\r head z y write a little4 ,! same is true 9 ! foll[+3 ,walk along ! hall sw++ y\r arms some:at4 ,walk some:at along ! hall sw++ y\r arms4 ,g5]al %ift+ ( position w\ld give results z foll[s3 ,b5d a little y\r head z y write4 ,a little b5d y\r head z y write1 etc41 etc4 ,some:at walk along ! hall sw++ y\r arms4 ,walk along some:at ! hall sw++ y\r arms1 etc41 etc4 ,! *ild is quick to recognize by e> ! accurate1 ! normal position ( ! adv]b4 ,on ! o!r h&1 adv]bs ( quantity & comp>ison prec$e ! adjective3 ,make a v broad m>k on ! blackbo>d4 ,place on y\r table ! prism t is lea/ ?ick4 ,p]mutation gives ! foll[+ results3 ,make a broad v m>k on ! blackbo>d4 ,place on y\r table ! prism :i* ?ick lea/ is1 etc41 etc4 ,adv]bs ( "t & place (t5 r+ l trumpet calls to att5tion at ! beg9n+ ( ! s5t5ce3 ,dr9k ! wat] 9 ! glass n[4 ,n[ dr9k ! wat] 9 ! glass4 7,note3 ,9 ,engli% ! adv]b ( "t1 plac$ at ! end ( ! s5t5ce1 ga9s q z mu* emphasis4 ,s = adv]bs ( place47 ,,lessons ,,& ,,comm&s ,,on ,,adv]bs ,subject3 /raight1 zig-zag 7diritto1 a zig-zag74 ,comm&3-- --,run /raight into ! o!r room2 return to y\r place walk+ zig-zag4 ,subject3 lightly1 heavily1 s$ately 7legg]m5te1 gravem5te1 pesantem5te74 ,comm&3-- --,walk lightly into ! o!r room2 return to y\r place walk+ s$ately z ?\gh y 7 a v important p]son2 walk across ! room & back aga9 re/+ heavily on ea* /ep z ?\gh x 7 hurt+ y to walk4 ,subject3 sudd5ly1 gradually 7ad un tratto1 gradatam5te74 ,comm&3-- --,=m 9 l9e & walk =w>d beg9n+ sudd5ly to /amp ) y\r left foot4 ,return to y\r places lett+ ! /amp+ gradually cease4 ,subject3 mean:ile1 frequ5tly1 occasionally 7sempre1 spesso1 r>am5te74 ,comm&3-- --,=m 9 l9e & m>* sl[ly into ! next room1 /opp+ frequ5tly4 ,return to y\r places /opp+ occasionally4 --,walk into ! next room & back aga91 mean:ile keep+ y\r eyes clos$4 ,subject3 back1 =w>d1 to & fro 7avanti1 indietro1 su e gi74 ,comm&3-- --,=m 9 l9e & walk =w>d to ! o!r side ( ! room2 !n come back to y\r places4 --,walk to & fro across ! room ) y\r heads l[]$ & y\r h&s beh9d y\r back4 ,subject3 =w>ds1 backw>ds4 ,comm&3-- --,/& 9 ! middle ( ! room2 !n walk backw>ds to ! w9d[1 be+ c>eful to walk 9 a /raight l9e4 ,return to y\r places walk+ =w>ds4 ,subject3 sl[ly1 abruptly 7l5tam5te1 bruscam5te74 ,comm&3-- --,rise sl[ly f y\r seats4 --,rise abruptly f y\r seats4 ,subject3 politely1 cordially 7g5tilm5te1 g>batam5te74 ,comm&3-- --,(f] y\r *air politely to y\r ne>e/ neighbor4 --,%ake h&s cordially ) y\r ne>e/ neighbor4 ,subject3 alt]nately1 9 succession1 simultane\sly 7successivam5te1 alt]nativam5te1 simultaneam5te74 ,comm&3-- --,raise y\r two h&s alt]nately above y\r heads4 --,raise y\r two h&s simultane\sly above y\r heads4 --,"o ( y *ildr5 walk ar\nd ! room b[+ to ea* pupil 9 succession4 ,subject3 ,well1 badly1 fairly1 be/1 wor/ 7b5e1 male1 meglio1 peggio1 cos cos1 b59o1 maluccio1 b5issimo1 malissimo74 ,comm&3-- --,"o ( y call ! *ildr5 to ! end ( ! room1 c>efully obs]v+ h[ !y walk2 judge _! c>riage )\t speak+ & di/ribute ! foll[+ c>ds :]e !y belong3 well1 badly1 fairly1 be/1 wor/4 ,subject3 away1 back 7via74 ,comm&3-- --,"o ( y /& 9 ! c5t] ( ! room2 ! o!rs ga!r r\nd him4 ,sudd5ly all ( y run away f him4 ,!n come back to him aga94 ,subject3 "h1 !re1 some:]e1 else:]e 7qui1 qua1 co/1 co/1 l1 l1 altrove74 ,comm&3-- --,=m 9 l9e & ! fir/ f\r *ildr5 come to me "h2 ! re/ g & /& !re by ! w9d[4 ,n[ g & /& some:]e 9 ! o!r room4 ,rema9 :]e y are a mom5t1 !n g & /& else:]e4 ,f9ally all come back "h to me4 ,subject3 ?us1 likewise 7cos74 ,comm&3-- --,"o ( y walk ar\nd ! room hold+ 8 arms 9 a c]ta9 position4 ,! re/ ( y d likewise4 --,all ( y hold y\r h&s ?us1 z ,i am do+4 ,subject3 up1 d[n1 upw>d1 d[nw>d4 ,comm&3-- --,roll y\r h&k]*iefs into balls & ?r[ !m up to ! ceil+4 --,pick !m up & ?r[ !m d[n aga9 to ! floor4 --,look upw>d to ! ceil+4 ,n[ look d[nw>d to ! floor4 ,subject3 crosswise1 l5g?wise4 ,comm&3-- --,lay two rods crosswise on ! table4 ,!n lay !m l5g?wise on ! table4 ,subject3 %>ply1 sull5ly1 g5tly1 k9dly4 ,comm&3-- --,%>ply ord] y\r ne>e/ neighbor to rise f 8 seat4 --,ask him g5tly to sit d[n aga94 --,sit sull5ly 9 y\r *air ) y\r eyes l[]$4 --,smile k9dly at y\r ne>e/ neighbor4 ,a ,,bur/ ,,( ,,activity3 ,,! ,,future ,,( ,,! ,,writt5 ,,language ,,9 ,,popul> ,,education ,9 our own private exp]im5ts :5 we rea*$ ! adv]b !re occurr$ among ! *ildr5 a v]itable explosion into a new k9d ( activity4 ,!y insi/$ on mak+ up comm&s !mselves4 ,!y inv5t$ !m & !n read !m al\d to _! companions or _h _! companions int]pret ! slips :i* !y _h writt54 ,all 7 mo/ en?usia/ic 9 p]=m+ ^! comm&s & !y 7 rigor\sly scrupul\s 9 act+ !m out d[n to ! m9ute/ detail4 ,! executions came to be a lit]al1 int5sely real dramatisation3 if a ^w 0 inexact or incorrect1 ! int]pretation ( ! comm& ?rew ! error into noisy relief1 & ! *ild :o has writt5 x saw be=e him an action q diff]5t f :at he _h 9 m9d4 ,!n he realiz$ t he _h express$ 8 ?\ght wrongly or inadequately & imm$iately set to "w to correct 8 mi/ake4 ,! revelation seem$ to r$\ble 8 en]gy4 ,he w\ld hunt among 8 num]\s words = ! "o necess>y to translate 8 idea into a liv+ sc5e be=e 8 eyes4 ,suppose a *ild _h writt5 ! foll[+ s5t5ce involv+ ! use ( ! adv]b sempre always3 ,walk ab\t ! room 7sempre7 always on tip-toe4 mean+ t ! *ild %\ld all ! :ile g on tip-toe2 if ! *ild began to walk on tip-toe & cont9u$ to d s = a long "t1 try+ to express sempre 7always--=ev]7 he w\ld f9d himself fac+ a s]i\s problem4 ,h5ce ! spontane\s qu]y3 ,:at mu/ ,i d to express myself correctly8 ,a little girl once wrote ,walk ar\nd ! tables1 mean+ t ! *ildr5 %\ld =m a l9e & walk 9 & out ar\nd ea* table4 ,in/ead %e saw h] companions =m a l9e & walk r\nd ! entire gr\p ( tables4 ,r$ 9 ! face & out ( brea? %e kept call+3 ,/op1 /op4 ,t isn't ! way1 j z if ?is diff]5ce betwe5 ! ?\ght %e actually _h 9 m9d & ! way x 0 be+ execut$ 7 hurt+ h] intol]ably4 ,?is is only a pass+ sugge/ion ( some?+ :i*1 ,i ?9k1 w m]it mu* fur!r developm5t lat] on1 aft] m ?or\gh exp]im5t4 ,x w suffice1 h[ev]1 to br+ to ! tea*] a notion ( a mo/ f]tile field = ! developm5t ( ! writt5 language 9 its mo/ rigor\s purity4 ,x is evid5t t ! exp]im5t %[s ! possibility n only ( hav+ spontane\s compositions )\t grammatical errors 7j z ! me*anical writ+ 0 spontane\s & )\t errors71 b ( develop+ a love = cle>ness & purity ( spee* :i* w be a pot5t factor 9 improv+ ! lit]>y appreciation ( ! masses1 & popul> culture g5]ally4 ,:5 ! *ildr5 are seiz$ ) ?is passion = accurate expression ( _! ?\ghts 9 writ+1 :51 spontane\sly1 cle>ness becomes ! goal ( _! ef=ts1 !y foll[ ! hunt = words ) ! ke5e/ en?usiasm4 ,!y feel t !re are nev] too _m words to build ) exactness ! delicate edifice ( ?\ght4 ,problems ( language come to !m z a revelation4 ,h[ _m words are !re8 !y ask4 ,h[ _m n\ns1 h[ _m v]bs1 h[ _m adjectives8 ,is !re any way = u to le>n !m all8 ,!y are no long] cont5t ) _! little copy-books ( words4 ,!y ask = a weal? ( ^w mat]ial :i* !y n[ enjoy ) all ! delight ( attractive & ord]ly int]pretation4 ,!y nev] get tir$ ( x4 ,^! developm5ts 9 our "w sugge/$ to u ! idea ( giv+ ! *ildr5 a l>ge vocabul>y compris+ a suffici5t numb] ( n\ns1 v]bs1 & adjectives & conta9+ all ! words ( ! o!r p>ts ( spee*4 ,! diff]5ce 9 bulk betwe5 ! real cont5t ( language 7sub/ance & modification1 t is1 n\ns ) _! adjectives1 & v]bs ) _! adv]bs7 & ! o!r words :i* s]ve to e/abli% relations & consolidate ?is cont5t1 is some?+ v impressive to *ildr5 ( eight4 ,x is = !m t we tri$ to prep>e our ^w *>ts & ! diction>ies ( synonyms = n\ns1 v]bs1 & adjectives4 ,"h1 mean:ile1 are "s ( ! comm&s :i* ! *ildr5 wrote !mselves--?+s :i* !y improvis$ all ( a sudd51 by an explosion ( en]gy1 z x 71 develop$ z ! result ( inn] maturity4 ,comp>e ! aridity & uni=mity ( ! comm&s we inv5t$ ourselves ) ! v>iety & ri*ness ( ideas appe>+ 9 ! *ildr5's comm&s6 ,we v evid5tly %[ ! we>9ess ! prep>ation ( ! mat]ial caus$ u4 ,!y1 on ! contr>y1 reveal an ard5t1 vivaci\s _s1 a life full ( exub]ance4 ,,comm&s ,,improvis$ ,,by ,,! ,,*ildr5 --,build ! p9k t[] v badly4 --,make accurately a pose = ea* ( ! pictures 9 ! room4 --,pret5d y 7 two old m53 speak s(tly z if y 7 v sad2 & "o ( y say ?is3 ,too bad poor ,pancrazio is dead6 ,& ! o!r say3 ,%all we h to we> our black clo!s to-morr[8 ,!n walk along sil5tly4 --,walk along limp+ heavily2 !n sudd5ly fall pro/rate on y\r faces z ?\gh y 7 exhau/$4 ,return tripp+ lightly to y\r places1 )\t fall+ & )\t limp+4 --,walk sl[ly ) l[]$ heads z ?\gh y 7 v sad2 return !n joyfully & walk+ lightly4 --,take a fl[] & run eag]ly & give x to ! lady4 --,g half way r\nd ! room limp+2 ! re/ ( ! way on all f\rs4 --,sil5ce imm$iately2 sil5tly act out poses = ! pictures 9 ! room4 --,g f y\r seats to ! door on all f\rs2 !n rise & limp lightly half way r\nd ! room2 d ! o!r half back to ! door on all f\rs2 !re rise & run lightly back to y\r seats4 --,walk sil5tly into ! next room2 walk ?ree times ar\nd ! big table & !n return to y\r places4 --,g into ! next room runn+ q fa/2 come back gradually r$uc+ spe$ until y rea* y\r places4 --,g to ! cab9et imm$iately2 take a lett]-*>t1 & walk twice ar\nd ! room ) ! *>t on y\r head1 try+ nev] to let x fall2 g back to y\r places 9 ! same way4 --,walk ar\nd ! l>ge hall1 walk+ we>ily2 sit d[n1 z ?\gh y 7 tir$1 & fall asleep2 wake up %ortly aft] & g back to y\r places4 --,=m 9 l9e & m>* =w>d till y rea* a cle> space2 !re =m a circle2 next a rhombus2 !n a squ>e2 f9ally a trapezium4 ,g into ! big hall conv]s+ s(tly2 sudd5ly fall to ! floor lightly & g to sleep2 !n wake up & look ar\nd1 say+1 ,:]e are we8 ,!n g back to y\r seats4 ,,ix ,,pron\ns ,,analyses ,mat]ial3--,! box has sev5 comp>tm5ts m>k$ ) ! color$ title slips2 tan = ! article1 black = ! n\n1 br[n = ! adjective1 r$ = ! v]b1 violet = ! preposition1 p9k = ! adv]b1 & gre5 = ! pron\n4 ,9 ! re> space are ! slips = ! s5t5ces to be analyz$4 ,!re are1 z usual1 few] c>ds ?an words4 ,! ex]cise is to sub/itute ! pron\ns = n\ns4 ,,gr\p ,a 7,p]sonal ,pron\ns7 --,george's si/] 0 weep+4 ,george soo!d 8 si/] ) a kiss4 ,george's si/] 0 weep+4 ,he soo!d h] ) a kiss4 --,! book fell to ! floor4 ,emma replac$ ! book on ! table4 ,! book fell to ! floor4 ,%e replac$ x on ! table4 --,! *ildr5 gave _! "m a surprise4 ,! *ildr5 wrote a lett] to _! "m4 ,! *ildr5 gave _! "m a surprise4 ,!y wrote h] a lett]4 --,! tea*] said3 ,! draw+ is beautiful6 ,w y give ! draw+ to ! tea*]8 ,! tea*] said3 ,x is beautiful6 ,w y give x to me8 --,*>les has gone into ! o!r room4 ,c y f9d ,*>les8 ,*>les has gone into ! o!r room4 ,c y f9d him8 ,,gr\p ,b 7,demon/ratives 7que/o1 cote/o1 quello7 ?is1 t1 ^!1 ^?1 ?is "o1 t "o7 7,z already not$ = ! adjective ,engli% lacks ! demon/rative ( ! second p]son3 t ne> y47 --,%[ a *ild ! prisms ( ! br[n /air2 ?is prism is ?ick] ?an t prism2 t prism is ?9n] ?an ^! prisms4 ,%[ a *ild ! prisms ( ! br[n /air2 ?is is ?ick] ?an t2 t is ?9n] ?an ^!4 --,let u look at ! *ildr53 ?is *ild is tall] ?an t *ild2 t *ild is %ort] ?an ?is *ild4 ,let u look at ! *ildr53 ?is "o is tall] ?an t "o2 t "o is %ort] ?an ?is "o4 --,"h is a cone on top ( a cyl9d]3 try to put ! cyl9d] on top ( ! cone4 ,"h is a cone on top ( a cyl9d]3 try to put ?is on top ( t4 --,let u %[ ! cubes ( ! p9k t[] to a little girl3 ?is cube is ! l>ge/2 ^? cubes are ! smalle/ ( ! s]ies4 ,let u %[ ! cubes ( ! p9k t[] to a little girl3 ?is "o is ! l>ge/2 ^? are ! smalle/ ( ! s]ies4 ,,gr\p ,c 7,relatives & ,int]rogatives3 7*e1 il quale1 cui1 *i8 quale87 :o1 :om1 ^:1 :i*1 t1 :o8 ^:8 :om8 :at8 :i*8 :]e1 :587 ,note3 ,! situation ) ! relatives is diff]5t 9 ,engli%3 :o ref]s to p]sons2 :i* to ?+s2 t to ei!r p]sons or ?+s2 :]eas *e & il quale are int]*angeable ref]r+ to bo? p]sons & ?+s1 il quale hav+ special rhetorical advantages ov] *e1 9 addition to %[+ g5d] & numb]4 ,cui is us$ aft] prepositions2 &1 = ! possessive ,italian has il cui1 la cui1 etc41 ^:4 --,ask ! *ildr53 ,:i* *ild wants to see my draw+8 ,ask ! *ildr53 ,:o wants to see my draw+8 --,ask ,*>les = ! p5cil2 ,*>les put ! p5cil into ! draw]4 ,ask ,*>les = ! p5cil :i* ,*>les put into ! draw]4 ,ask ,*>les = ! p5cil t he put into ! draw]4 --,?ank ,*>les4 ,*>les gave y ! p5cil4 ,?ank ,*>les :o gave y ! p5cil4 --,look at ! *ildr54 ,y he> ! *ildr5 9 ! next room4 ,look at ! *ildr5 :om y he> 9 ! next room4 --,ye/]day y put ! fl[]s into a vase3 *ange ! wat] 9 ! vase4 ,*ange ! wat] 9 ! vase into :i* y put ! fl[]s ye/]day4 ,*ange ! wat] 9 ! vase :]e y put ! fl[]s ye/]day4 ,*ange ! wat] 9 ! vase t y put ! fl[]s into ye/]day4 --,*oose among ! pieces ( clo? ! clo? mo/ l y\r dress4 ,*oose among ! pieces ( clo? ! "o :i* is mo/ l y\r dress4 ,*oose among ! pieces ( clo? ! "o t is mo/ l y\r dress4 --,"h is ! little girl4 ,we f\nd h] pocketbook4 ,"h is ! little girl ^: pocketbook we f\nd4 --,"h is ! boy4 ,we saw him ye/]day4 ,"h is ! boy :om we saw ye/]day4 --,select an inset f ! insets us$ = draw+4 ,select an inset f ^? :i* are us$ = draw+4 ,select an inset f ^? t are us$ = draw+4 ,,gr\p ,d 7,possessives3 m9e1 y\rs1 81 h]s1 ours1 y\rs1 !irs7 --,?is book is my book ,?is book is m9e --,?is book is y\r book ,?is book is y\rs --,^? p5cils are 8 p5cils ,^? p5cils are 8 --,^? p5cils are h] p5cils ,^? p5cils are h]s --,t h\se is our h\se ,t h\se is ours --,?is money is y\r money ,?is money is y\rs --,^? seats are _! seats ,^? seats are !irs --,?is place is its place ,?is place is its ,,p]mutations ,! function ( ! pron\n z a sub/itute = a n\n has be5 made cle> 9 ! analysis ( ! above s5t5ces4 ,aft] ! *ildr5 !mselves h compos$ ! fir/ s5t5ce ) ! color$ c>ds !y =m ! second s5t5ce by tak+ away ! n\n c>d & sub/itut+ ! correspond+ pron\n4 ,9 ! "w done by ! tea*] to give ! *ild an idea ( ! normal position ( ! pron\n1 let h] rememb] t 9 ,italian p]sonal pron\ns prec$e ! v]b except 9 int]rogation 7:]e ! subject may foll[7 & 9 cases :]e ! subject is specially emphasiz$ & :]e ! pron\ns appe> z a suffix 7inf9itive1 p>ticiple & imp]ative74 ,he soo!d h] ) a kiss4 ,he h] soo!d ) a kiss1 etc41 etc4 ,x w become app>5t t 9 ,engli% ! p]sonal pron\n takes ! position ( ! n\n1 :]eas = ,italian ! pron\n %ifts to a position 9 front ( ! v]b4 ,consid]able v>iety develops 9 ,engli% :5 ! n\n is replac$ by a relative pron\n4 ,h[ev]1 ! diff]5t problems aris+ 9 connection ) pron\ns g5]ally are s complex t we return to ?is subject1 especially to ! "q ( subject & object =ms1 9 deal+ ) s5t5ce-analysis lat]4 ,,lessons ,,& ,,comm&s ,,on ,,! ,,pron\n ,subject3 ,subjective ,p]sonal ,pron\ns3 ,i1 y1 he1 %e1 we1 y1 !y 7io1 tu1 egli1 essa1 noi1 voi1 loro1 etc474 ,expla9 ^! pron\ns z briefly & practically z possible f ! po9t ( view ( speak] & li/5]1 etc41 "o *ild comm&+ ! o!rs :ile !y execute ! comm& along ) him4 ,example3 ,! tea*]1 nam$ = in/ance ,anna ,f$eli1 expla9s 9 ?is way3 ,i don't say ,anna ,f$eli2 ,i say ,i4 ,to ,c>l9o "h ,i don't say ,c>l9o2 ,i say1 y4 ,( ,gig9o1 ov] !re1 ,i don't say ,gig9o2 ,i say he1 etc41 etc4 ,comm&3-- ,! comm& is giv5 by a *ild2 b he himself executes ! fir/ p]sonal =m along ) ! o!r *ildr53 --,i walk ar\nd ! table --,y walk ar\nd ! table --,%e walks ar\nd ! table --,he walks ar\nd ! table --,we walk ar\nd ! table --,y walk ar\nd ! table --,!y walk ar\nd ! table --,i raise my arms --,y raise y\r arms --,%e raises h] arms --,he raises 8 arms --,we raise our arms --,y raise y\r arms --,!y raise _! arms --,i lift ! *air --,y lift ! *air --,he lifts ! *air1 etc41 etc4 --,i take ! ink-/& --,y take ! ink-/& --,he takes ! ink-/&1 etc41 etc4 --,i wave my h&k]*ief --,y wave y\r h&k]*ief1 etc41 etc4 ,f ^! ex]cises ! notion gradually develops t3 ! fir/ p]son is ! "o :o speaks2 ! second p]son is ! "o :o li/5s2 ! ?ird p]son is ! "o spok5 (4 ,o!r comm&s may be dramatiz$ by small gr\ps z foll[s3 --,! fir/ p]son mu/ put a "q ! second mu/ answ]1 & ! ?ird f a di/ance mu/ try to he> bo? ( !m4 --,let ! fir/ "o write1 ! second "o wat*1 & ! ?ird "o say ,t is n "r4 ,! foll[+ comm&s may be read al\d by ! *ild3 --,i ask y a "q v s(tly4 ,y answ] me2 & he1 ov] !re1 mu/ try to he> bo? ( u4 --,i %all write2 y mu/ act z if y 7 try+ to read :at ,i am writ+2 & !n he1 ov] !re1 w call out3 ,t is n "r4 ,subject3 ,direct ,objective ,p]sonal ,pron\ns3 me1 y1 him1 h]1 u1 y1 !m 7mi1 ti1 si1 lo1 la1 ci1 vi1 si1 li1 le74 ,reflexives & reciprocals3 myself1 y\rself1 etc41 ea* o!r4 ,comm&3-- 7,"h too "o *ild comm&s execut+ ! fir/ p]sonal =ms1 :ile ! o!rs act out ! second & ?ird73 --,i t\* ! oil-clo? on ! table2 ,i t\* myself2 ,i t\* y2 y t\* y\rself2 ,i t\* him2 y t\* h]2 let u t\* ea* o!r2 y t\* me4 --,*>les1 take ! :isk-broom & bru% ! table2 ,*>les1 bru% me2 ,*>les1 bru% him2 ,*>les1 bru% h]2 ,*>les1 bru% y\rself4 --,m>y & ,i b[ to ! tea*]2 n[ we b[ to y2 n[ we b[ to him2 n[ we b[ to h]2 n[ we b[ to ea* o!r4 --,i lead ,george by ! h& to ! w9d[2 ,i lead y by ! h& to ! w9d[2 ,i lead him by ! h& to ! w9d[2 he leads u by ! h& to ! w9d[2 we lead h] by ! h& to ! w9d[4 ,subject3 ,indirect object p]sonal pron\ns3 me1 te1 se1 mi1 ti1 si1 le1 gli1 lui1 lei1 noi1 voi1 ci1 vi1 loro 7! disjunctive pron\ns1 us$ aft] prepositions1 etc41 d n diff] 9 ,engli% f ! simple direct object =ms74 7,! comm&s are /ill execut$ z above73 ,comm&s3-- --,i am go+ to di/ribute ^! p5cils3 "o to y1 "o to him1 "o to h]2 "o to myself4 --,l\is1 give me a comm&2 give him a comm&2 give h] a comm&2 give y\rself a comm&4 --,att5tion6 ,*>les1 give h] a blue bead6 ,m>y1 give him a r$ bead6 --,alfr$1 give a :ite bead to me2 give me also a yell[ bead6 ,subject3 ,demon/ratives = p]sons 7que/i1 co/ui1 colui2 ! second p]son1 t "o ne> y1 is lack+ 9 ,engli%1 :i* also fails to di/+ui% betwe5 p]sons & ?+s & betwe5 g5d]s74 ,:5 ! di/9ctions 9 space repres5t$ by ^! pron\ns h be5 taught z above ! *ildr5 read & execute z foll[s3 ,comm&s3-- ,di/ribute ! pron\ns to diff]5t *ildr5 9 ! class2 que/i1 ?is "o 7ne> me71 co/ei 7fem99e72 co/ui1 t "o 7ne> y71 co/ei 7fem472 colui1 t "o 7ov] !re71 colei 7fem472 :5 ! *ildr5 are 9 _! prop] places1 give to ea* *ild a diff]5t comm&4 --,call to y a boy & a girl1 & !n comm&3 t "o 7co/ui7 g & get a case2 t "o 7co/ei7 g & get a c\nt]2 ^? 7co/oro7 keep f> away & pres]ve complete sil5ce4 --,po9t to two *ildr51 "o /&+ ne> y & "o f> away2 !n comm&3 t "o 7colui7 g & fet* an arm*air = t "o 7fem4 co/ei7 & a *air = ?is "o 7que/o72 !n h him return to 8 place4 ,!n h all ! *ildr5 execute ! comm&s :i* ^? 7co/oro7 w n[ give4 ,9 case ! class is made up entirely ( girls or entirely ( boys1 ! *ildr5 f9d consid]able amusem5t 9 try+ to imitate ! mann]s ( :i*ev] opposite sex is miss+4 ,subject3 ,demon/ratives ( ?+s 7que/o1 cote/o1 quello1 ci1 ne72 "h also ,engli% has no pron\n ( ! second p]son 7t ne> y71 nor does x possess ! g5]al indef9ite ci 7ref]r+ to a g5]al idea3 t 7ci7 is true74 ,:5 ! mean+ ( ^! words1 9 t]ms ( space location1 has be5 taught1 ! *ildr5 execute z foll[s3 ,comm&s3-- --,y *ildr5 divide into ?ree gr\ps2 !n g & occupy ?ree diff]5t places2 *ange places z foll[s3 y leave t 7cote/o7 & occupy t ov] !re2 ! o!rs leave t 7quello7 & occupy ?is 7que/o74 ,subject3 ,possessives3 m9e1 y\rs 7?9e71 81 h]s1 its1 ours1 y\rs1 !irs4 ,comm&s3-- --,po9t out v>i\s objects1 say+3 ,?is is my slate2 t "o is y\rs1 t is h]s1 & ?is "o is 84 --,po9t at ! diff]5t seats1 say+3 ,"h are our places1 t is m9e & ?is is y\rs4 ,^? ov] !re are !irs4 --,pass ar\nd little baskets1 say+3 ,?is is my basket4 ,^: is t8 ,is t y\rs8 ,is ?is h]s8 ,are ^! ours8 ,is ?is "o 88 ,we dealt ) ! relatives only incid5tally 9 ! analyses 7,gr\p ,c above72 we d n treat !m "h1 po/pon+ ! /udy ( !m 9 detail to ! *apt] on s5t5ce-analysis4 ,,p>adyms ,9 tea*+ ! decl5sion ( ! pron\ns we use ! me?od employ$ by u 9 tea*+ all inflections3 bundles ( c>ds1 ( :i* "o gr\p is ti$ sep>ately & s]ves z a guide4 ,! *ild arranges ! c>ds on ! table1 work+ fir/ on ! guid+ gr\p & putt+ ! pron\ns 9 ord] ( p]sons3 fir/1 second1 ?ird4 ,,gr\p ,a 7,p]sonal ,pron\ns7 ,mascul9e ,fem99e ,i we io noi io noi y1 ?\ y tu voi tu voi he !y egli loro ella loro %e !y esso essi essa esse x !y lo li la le me u lui lei y1 !e y gli le him !m h] !m x !m ,,gr\p ,b 7,demon/ratives ( ,p]son7 ,mascul9e ,fem99e ?is ^! que/i co/ei t ^? co/ui co/ei ?is "o ^! colui colei t "o ^? co/oro co/oro coloro coloro ,,gr\p ,c 7,demon/ratives ( ,?+s7 ,mascul9e ,fem99e ?is ^! que/o que/i que/a que/e t ^? cote/o cote/i cote/a cote/e ?is "o ^! quel7lo7 quegli1 quei quella quelle t "o ^? ci ci ne ne ,,gr\p ,d 7,relatives7 ,p]sons ,p]sons & ,?+s ,mascul9e ,fem99e :o il quale i quali la quale le quali ^: *e *e :om *i *i t cui cui ,?+s :i* *i 7comp\nd he :o7 t :at 7comp\nd t :i*7 ,,gr\p ,e 7,possessives7 m9e its y\rs 7?9e7 ours 8 y\rs h]s !irs ,,gr\p ,f 7,int]rogatives7 ,p]sons ,p]sons :o8 *i8 ^:8 :om8 quale8 :i*8 ,?+s ,?+s *e8 :at8 cosa8 *e cosa8 :i*8 quale8 ,,agreem5t ,,( ,,pron\n ,,& ,,v]b ,! c>ds giv5 to ! *ild = ?is "w are gre5 = ! p]sonal pron\n subjects1 & r$ = ! v]b =ms ( ! ?ree simple t5ses1 pres5t1 pa/1 & future4 ,!re are1 = ,italian1 ?ree gr\ps correspond+ to ! ?ree conjugations3 am>e1 tem]e1 s5tire4 ,! *ild's "w is to place ! pron\ns 9 ! prop] ord] ( p]son 7fir/1 second1 ?ird1 s+ul> & plural7 & to put aft] ea* pron\n ! correspond+ v]b =m4 ,ea* *ild corrects 8 "w by 8 own s5se ( ! language2 h[ev]1 ! tea*] looks x ov] to v]ify x4 ,! result+ ex]cises :5 correctly p]=m$ are z foll[s3 ,,gr\p ,a io amo 7,i love ,io amavo 7,i 0 io am] 7,i %all etc47 lov+7 love7 tu ami tu amavi tu am]ai egli ama egli amava egli am] noi amiamo noi amavamo noi am]emo voi amate voi amavate voi am]ete essi amano essi amavano essi am]anno ,,gr\p ,b io temo 7,i fe>7 io temevo 7,i 0 io tem] 7,i %all fe>+7 fe>7 tu temi tu temevi tu tem]ai egli teme egli temeva egli tem] noi temiamo noi temevamo noi tem]emo voi temete voi temevate voi tem]ete essi temono essi temevano essi tem]anno ,,gr\p ,c io s5to 7,i he>7 io s5tivo 7,i 0 io s5tir 7,i %all he>+7 he>7 tu s5ti tu s5tivi tu s5tirai egli s5te egli s5tiva egli s5tir noi s5tiamo noi s5tivamo noi s5tiremo voi s5tite voi s5tivate voi s5tirete essi s5tono essi s5tivano essi s5tiranno ,,= ,,engli% ,,gr\p ,a 7,simple ,t5ses7 ,i love ,i lov$ ,i %all love y love y lov$ y w love he loves he lov$ he w love we love we lov$ we %all love y love y lov$ y w love !y love !y lov$ !y w love ,,gr\p ,b 7,progressive ,=ms7 ,i am lov+ ,i 0 lov+ ,i %all be lov+ y are lov+ y 7 lov+ y w be lov+ he is lov+ he 0 lov+ he w be lov+ we are lov+ we 7 lov+ we %all be lov+ y are lov+ y 7 lov+ y w be lov+ !y are lov+ !y 7 lov+ !y w be lov+ ,,gr\p ,c 7,int]rogative ,=ms7 d ,i love8 did ,i love8 w ,i love8 d y love8 did y love8 %all y love8 does he love8 did he love8 w he love8 d we love8 did we love8 w we love8 d y love8 did y love8 %all y love8 d !y love8 did !y love8 w !y love8 ,,gr\p ,d 7,int5sive & ,negative ,=ms7 ,i d 7n7 love ,i did 7n7 love ,i %all 7n7 love etc4 etc4 etc4 ,! *ild c %uffle 8 c>ds 9 v>i\s ways1 mix+ ! v]b =ms ( ! ?ree diff]5t ,italian v]bs1 or ! f\r t5se =ms ( ! ,engli% v]b2 pass+ !n to a recon/ruction ( ! diff]5t t5ses accord+ to ! pron\ns1 ! ord] ( :i* has by ?is "t become famili> to him4 ,! next /ep is to conjugate prop]ly4 ,,conjugations ,,( ,,v]bs ,,mat]ial ,9 our mat]ial we (f] 7= ,italian7 ! conjugation ( ! two auxili>y v]bs 7ess]e to be1 av]e to h7 & ! model v]bs ( ! fir/1 second & ?ird conjugations4 ,! colors us$ = ! five v]bs are all diff]5t1 yell[ = ess]e to be1 black = av]e to h1 p9k = am>e to love1 gre5 = tem]e to fe>1 light blue = s5tire to he>4 ,ea* c>d has bo? pron\n & v]b =m4 ,?is is n only to simplify & exp$ite ! ex]cise b also to make sure ( auto-ex]cise1 s9ce ! pron\n guides ! ord] ( ! =ms 9 ea* t5se4 ,^! v]b =ms ( a giv5 v]b prec$$ by ! pron\ns are1 accord+ly1 made into a little package4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 ! gr\ps are n s simple z 9 o!r cases4 ,= ! v]b1 ! c>ds are kept 9 a sort ( r$ envelope ti$ ) a ribbon4 ,! inf9itive ( ! v]b is writt5 on ! outside ( ! envelope1 :i*1 ?\gh v simple1 is mo/ attractive4 ,:5 ! :ole v]b is wrapp$ 9 its package & ti$ ) ! ribbon1 x =ms a small r$ prism ( ! foll[+ dim5sions3 cmm4 #ce ,x #d ,x #e4e4 ,on unty+ ! ribbon & op5+ ! envelope ! *ild f9ds inside t5 little volumes ) r$ cov]s4 ,^! volumes repres5t ! moods ( ! v]b & !y h ! foll[+ titles inscrib$ on ! fir/ page3 ,indicative ,mood ,conditional ,mood 7= ,italian7 ,subjunctive ,mood ,imp]ative ,mood ,v]bals ,to facilitate replac+ ^! mat]ials 9 an ord]ly way & to be sure t ?is ord] is recogniz$1 ! *ild f9ds 9 ! corn] ( ea* envelope a ,roman num]al 7,i1 ,,ii1 ,,iii1 ,,iv1 ,v72 & besides t1 an ,arabic num]al indicat+ ! numb] ( t5ses 9 ! giv5 mood4 ,on op5+ ! little volume & tak+ (f ! cov] we f9d _m o!r t9y volumes ) r$ cov]s4 ,^! are ! t5ses4 ,9 ! middle ( ea* cov] is writt5 ! "n &1 to "o side1 ! numb] indicat+ ! relative position ( ! t5ses 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ! simple t5se is m>k$ ) ! lett] ,s & ! comp\nd t5se ) ! lett] ,c4 ,! titles1 !n1 ( ! eight booklets conta9$ 9 ! little volume = a giv5 mood are3 ,pres5t ,t5se #as ,pa/ ,t5se #bs ,future ,t5se #cs ,p]fect ,t5se #a;c ,plup]fect ,t5se #b;c ,future ,p]fect ,t5se #c;c 7,= ,italian ! t5ses are3 ,pres5t1 #as1 ,imp]fect #bs1 ,remote ,pa/ #cs1 ,future #ds1 ,p]fect #a;c1 ,plup]fect #b;c1 ,pa/ ,ant]ior #c;c1 ,future ,p]fect #d;c47 ,f9ally1 on op5+ ea* ( ^! little booklets 7:i*1 by ! way1 are #c4e ,x #d cmm4 & only a b>e millimet] ?ick7 we h ! c>ds ) ! v]b =ms prec$$ by ! correspond+ pron\n4 ,?is r resembles ! fam\s egg 9 :i* a numb] ( small] & small] eggs 7 enclos$4 ,= ?is beautiful package =m+ z a :ole ! entire conjugation ( ! v]b conta9s ! booklets ( ! diff]5t moods1 :i* 9 _! turn conta9 ! small] booklets ( ! t5ses4 ,! ord]ly enum]ation ( ! moods & t5ses1 toge!r ) ! pron\ns :i* s]ve to %[ ! ord] ( ! v]b =ms1 all[s ! *ild to conjugate ! entire v]b by himself & to /udy ! classification ( ! diff]5t =ms t make x up4 ,9 fact ! *ildr5 ne$ no help 9 ?is ex]cise4 ,once !y h ?is attractive1 complicat$1 & my/]i\s little r$ package1 !y evolve on _! little tables 9 an ord]ly way ! entire conjugation ( ! v]b4 ,hav+ le>n$ ! v]b =ms little by little !y %uffle ! c>ds ( ! diff]5t t5ses 9 v>i\s ways & !n try to put !m 9 _! regul> ord]4 ,at l5g? !y are able to %uffle all ! c>ds 9 ! entire v]b z ! *ildr5 9 ! ,*ildr5's ,h\se did ) ! sixty-f\r colors2 & to recon/ruct correctly ! :ole conjugation by t5se & by mood4 ,!y !mselves f9ally ask to write ! v]b & !y prep>e ( _! own accord new booklets writ+ out ! new v]bs z !y meet !m4 ,= ?is purpose we h includ$ 9 our mat]ials _m booklets likewise cov]$ 9 r$ & fill$ ) blank c>ds ( a v>iety ( colors4 ,! *ildr5 !mselves fill out ^! c>ds 9 conjugat+ _! new v]bs4 ,! ex]cises bo? ( work+ out ! conjugation ( ! v]b & ( writ+ out new v]bs may be p]=m$ at home4 ,x ,,conjunctions ,,analyses ,mat]ial3 ,?is box has eight comp>tm5ts = ! title c>ds1 :i* are tan 7article71 black 7n\n71 br[n 7adjective71 r$ 7v]b71 violet 7preposition71 p9k 7adv]b71 gre5 7pron\n71 & yell[ 7conjunction74 ,x also has ! usual place = ! s5t5ces t are to be analyz$4 ,^! aga9 are giv5 9 gr\ps4 ,,gr\p ,a ,coord9ate ,conjunctions 7,copulative1 ,disjunctive1 ,illative1 ,adv]sative7 --,put away ! p5 & ! ink-/&4 ,put away ! p5 or ! ink-/&4 ,put away nei!r ! p5 nor ! ink-/&1 b ! pap]4 --,! table1 !re=e1 is b>e & 9 ord]4 ,= all y\r ?+s are 9 _! places4 --,d n leave ! objects y use "h & !re ab\t ! room1 b put !m all back 9 _! places4 --,speak to y\r ne>e/ s*ool-mate n al\d b 9 a :isp]4 --,move y\r table =w>d a little1 b only a little & )\t mak+ any noise4 ,illu/ration3 ,gramm> ,boxes1 %[+ respectively eight & n9e p>ts ( spee*4 ,,gr\p ,b ,subord9ate ,conjunctions 7,"t1 condition1 cause1 purpose7 --,y c pu% d[n a key ( ! piano )\t mak+ any s\nd if y pu% x d[n sl[ly4 --,y c\ld write ) y\r left h& if y t\*$ ! lett]s ) t h&4 --,y w get sil5ce f ! *ildr5 z soon z y write sil5ce on ! blackbo>d4 --,t *ild is happy3 he always s+s :ile he works4 --,always %ut ! door :5 y g f "o room to ano!r4 --,ev]ybody mu/ be ord]ly 9 ord] t ! ,*ildr5's ,h\se may look neat4 ,,gr\p ,c ,subord9ate conjunctions1 cont9u$ 7,cause1 concession1 alt]native7 --,! ,*ildr5's ,h\se is attractive because x is pretty & because x is s easy to keep busy all ! "t4 --,i %all give x to y s9ce y h ask$ me = x v politely4 --,we %all g to walk 9 ! p>k r ?an 9 ! cr[d$ /reets4 --,i %all give y t toy al?\gh ,i %\ld h pref]r$ to let y h a beautiful book4 --,y may promise to g & visit him to-morr[ provid$ y keep y\r promise4 ,illu/ration3 ,! *ildr5 are p]mitt$ to "w at _! v>i\s occupations 9 complete fre$om4 7,! ,l5ox ,s*ool1 ,montessori ,elem5t>y ,class1 ,new ,york47 ,,p]mutations ,! removal ( ! conjunction de/roys ! relation%ip betwe5 ! words1 & ?is br+s out its function 9 ! s5t5ce3 ,put away ! p5 & ! ink-/&4 ,put away ! p5 ! ink-/&4 ,put away ! p5 or ! ink-/&4 ,put away ! p5 ! ink-/&4 ,y c\ld write ) y\r left h& if y t\*$ ! lett]s ) t h&4 ,y c\ld write ) y\r left h& y t\*$ ! lett]s ) t h&4 ,! conjunction mu/ be plac$ betwe5 ! words x connects3 o!rwise ! mean+ is *ang$ or de/roy$3 ,put away ! p5 & ! ink-/&4 ,put & away ! p5 ! ink-/&4 ,! ,*ildr5's ,h\se is attractive because x is pretty4 ,! ,*ildr5's ,h\se is attractive x is pretty4 ,,lessons ,,& ,,comm&s ,,on ,,! ,,conjunctions ,subject3 ,coord9ate conjunctions3 &1 or1 nei!r1 nor 7e1 o1 n74 ,comm&s3-- --,come to sil5ce :]e y are & move only at my call4 --,come to sil5ce :]e y are or else move sil5tly among ! *airs4 --,walk on tip-toe ab\t ! room1 be+ c>eful nei!r to meet nor to foll[ "o ano!r4 ,subject3 ,decl>ative3 t 7*e74 ,comm&3-- --,tell two ( y\r s*oolmates t y "k a conjunction4 ,subject3 ,adv]satives3 b1 h[ev]1 in/ead 7ma1 invece74 ,comm&3-- --,=m two l9es2 n[ "o l9e face ab\t turn+ f left to "r2 ! o!r l9e1 in/ead1 turn 9 opposite direction4 --,=m 9 "o long l9e & advance2 :5 y rea* ! end ( ! room1 d n /op1 b turn to ! left4 ,subject3 ,condition3 if 7se74 ,comm&3-- --,y w be able to he> ?is drop ( wat] fall1 if y rema9 = a mom5t 9 absolute sil5ce4 ,subject3 ,"t3 :ile1 :51 z soon z 7m5tre1 qu&o1 app5a74 ,comm&3-- --,a few ( y walk ab\t among ! tables2 !n /op 9 ! c5t] ( ! room1 :ile ! o!rs ga!r r\nd y & try to cov] y\r eyes ) _! h&s4 --,"o ( y />t to leave ! room4 ,:5 y are ab\t to cross ! ?re%old1 ! o!rs w block ! way compell+ y to /op4 --,all ( y ready6 ,z soon z ,i say ,g6 run to ! o!r end ( ! room4 ,subject3 ,purpose3 s t1 9 ord] t 7aff9*1 p]*74 ,comm&3-- --,"o ( y /& 9 ! middle ( ! room2 ! o!rs try to pass ne> him quickly s t he _c t\* y4 --,i am go+ to :isp] a comm&3 li/5 9 p]fect sil5ce 9 ord] t y may he> :at ,i comm&4 ,subject3 ,alt]native3 r ?an 7piutto/o*1 anzi*74 ,comm&3-- --,^? *ildr5 :o w\ld r "w ?an g out ( doors rise f _! places4 ,subject3 ,cause3 because1 s9ce 7p]*1 poi*74 ,comm&3-- --,be=e beg9n+ to "w let u become entirely quiet1 because !n we c ?9k ab\t :at we are go+ to d4 ,subject3 ,exception3 except1 save 7fuor*1 salvo*74 ,comm&3-- --,get ! c\nt]s & place "o on e table 9 ! room except on ?is "o4 ,ga!r up all ! c\nt]s save ! r$ ones4 ,return all ! c\nt]s to _! box4 ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,adjectives ,,s]ies ,a --,( ^! two long rods1 ?is "o is ! long]4 ,( ^! ?ree rods1 :i* is ! longe/8 --,?is rod is long] ?an t4 ,t rod 9 ! longe/ ( ! ?ree4 ,:i* is ! longe/ ( ! s]ies8 --,?is clo? is smoo!r ?an t4 ,?is clo? is smoo!/ ( all4 --,( ^! two %ades ( r$ :i* is ! d>k]8 ,( all ^! %ades ( r$ :i* is ! d>ke/8 --,( ^! two prisms :i* is ! ?ick]8 ,?is prism is ?ick] ?an t4 ,( ^! ?ree prisms1 :i* is ?icke/8 --,:i* ( ^! two *ildr5 is ! tall]8 ,:i* is ! talle/ *ild 9 ! room8 ,,s]ies ,b --,:i* ( ^! two pictures is ! m beautiful8 ,?is picture is m beautiful ?an t4 --,:i* ( ^! ?ree pictures is mo/ beautiful8 ,:i* is ! mo/ beautiful picture 9 ! room8 --,:i* ( ^! two games is ! m amus+8 ,?is game is m amus+ ?an t4 ,?is game is mo/ amus+ ( all4 --,?is draw+ is good4 ,t draw+ is bett]4 ,t draw+ is be/4 --,!re are "s beads on ?is table4 ,!re are m beads on t table4 ,!re are mo/ beads on t table4 --,!re is a little wat] 9 ?is glass4 ,!re is less wat] 9 t glass4 ,!re is lea/ wat] 9 t glass4 --,( ^! two *ildr5 ,john is ! eld]4 ,( ^! ?ree *ildr5 ,m>y is ! elde/4 ,m>y is old] ?an ,john4 ,john is old] ?an ,laura4 ,a set ( ex]cises may be arrang$ to br+ out ! p>adymns ( comp>ison by means ( suffixes 7-er1 -e/7 & ( adv]bs 7m1 mo/74 ,"h ! s]ies ( c>ds = ! positive adjectival =ms are1 z usual1 br[n1 ! phonograms = -er & -e/ 9 light] & d>k] %ades ( br[n respectively4 ,! c>ds = m & mo/ z adv]bs are color$ p9k4 ,:5 prop]ly arrang$1 ! c>ds appe> z foll[s3 long tall ?ick smoo? long er tall er ?ick er smoo? er long e/ tall e/ ?ick e/ smoo? e/ %ort d>k light r\gh %ort er d>k er light er r\gh er %ort e/ d>k e/ light e/ r\gh e/ beautiful amus+ int]e/+ m beautiful m amus+ m int]e/+ mo/ beautiful mo/ amus+ mo/ int]e/+ ,a second ex]cise conta9s c>ds = ea* ( ! =ms = ^! same words4 ,!re are ?ree colors3 br[n1 light br[n & d>k br[n 7sup]lative74 ,!re are 9 addition simil> c>ds = ! adjectives ( irregul> comp>isons1 & ?ree title c>ds3 ,positive1 ,comp>ative1 ,sup]lative4 ,! ex]cise results z foll[s3 ,positive ,comp>ative ,sup]lative long long] longe/ tall tall] talle/ ?ick ?ick] ?icke/ smoo? smoo!r smoo!/ %ort %ort] %orte/ d>k d>k] d>ke/ light light] lighte/ r\gh r\gh] r\ghe/ beautiful m beautiful mo/ beautiful amus+ m amus+ mo/ amus+ int]e/+ m int]e/+ mo/ int]e/+ old eld] elde/ _m m mo/ good bett] be/ bad worse wor/ little less lea/ ,,xi ,,int]jections ,s9ce ?is is ! la/ "p ( spee* to be /udi$ ! *ildr5 are n[ able to recognize all ! diff]5t p>ts ( spee* & x is no long] necess>y to make s5t5ces conta9+ only p>ts ( spee* :i* ! *ildr5 "k4 ,!re=e 9 our ,italian lessons we *oose h5ce=? s5t5ces f ! classic au?ors 7mo/ly f ,manzoni74 ,s9ce ! int]jection is really a ?\ght express$ 9 an abbreviat$ =m x l5ds itself readily to dramatic int]pretation4 ,) ! same s5t5ce ! *ildr5 accord+ly c n[ p]=m ! two-fold ex]cise ( g5]al analysis & int]pretative read+4 ,!y n[ recite s5t5ces :i* !y h pick$ out & /udi$ in/ead ( ! comm&s4 ,at ?is "t also !y are giv5 a *>t conta9+ ! complete classification ( int]jections4 ,! *ildr5 read !m1 int]pret+ ea* z !y g along by voice & ge/ure4 ,?is is ! fir/ table ( classification to be pres5t$4 ,lat] on all ! p>ts ( spee* w be giv5 on *>ts ) _! def9itions & classification4 ,,analyses ,mat]ial3 ,! gramm> box is complete4 ,x n[ has n9e sep>ate comp>tm5ts = ! color$ c>ds1 article 7tan71 n\n 7black71 adjective 7br[n71 v]b 7r$71 preposition 7violet71 adv]b 7p9k71 pron\n 7gre571 conjunction 7yell[71 & int]jection 7blue74 ,9 ! comp>tm5t = ! s5t5ce slips are gr\ps ( c>ds :i* correspond exactly to ! numb] ( ! words conta9$ 9 ! s5t5ces4 ,,gr\p ,a 7,p] amor del cielo6 oib6 addio6 ehm6 mis]icordia6 ah67 ,please6 ,don't make s mu* noise6 ,%ame on y6 exclaim$ ,h5ry1 mu* %ock$ at ^? words4 ,good-by6 ,we %all see y to-morr[4 ,look out6 ,if y drop t vase1 y w break x4 ,m]cy on u6 ,:at is ! matt] ) ! poor man8 ,aha6 n[ ,i und]/&6 ,,gr\p ,b 7,eh via6 bravo6 b5e6 ehi6 poh6 p] c>it6 oh67 ,come1 come6 ,d y ?9k ,i am go+ to believe all t nons5se8 ,goodness6 ,i hope ! *ild is n go+ to fall4 ,?anks6 ,x 0 k9d ( y to help me put my objects away4 ,cockadoodl$oo6 sang ! roo/] 9 ! y>d6 ,d+-dong1 d+-dong6 ,! eng9es 7 pass+ by4 ,!re 0 a fire6 ,*e] up6 ,!re is no h>m done6 ,,gr\p ,c 7,oh6 ih6 toh6 pov]etto6 ahi6 ohi6 eh6 animo6 uh6 ton67 ,f>ewell6 ,! %ip gradually drew away f ! %ore6 ,! h\ses fad$ f view "o by "o4 ,! hills =m$ a l[ l9e on ! horizon4 ,f>ewell6 ,x w\ld be mon?s1 ye>s p]haps1 be=e ,george w\ld see ! old famili> t[n aga94 ,f>ewell6 ,help6 ,help6 came a voice ?r\gh ! fog6 ,a man 0 dr[n+4 ,hu%6 ,d y he> t bird s++ 9 ! di/ance8 ,alas6 ,x 0 too late6 ,:5 ! doctor came1 ! poor man 0 dead6 ,hurrah6 ,hurrah6 ,! soldi]s 7 n[ almo/ at ! top ( ! hill4 ,hurrah6 hurrah6 ,! r$-:ite-&-blue 0 wav+ at la/ :]e ! enemy _h held out s long6 ,bang6 ,9 ! /ill night ! s\nd ( a gun r\s$ ! sleep+ inhabitants4 ,,*>t ,,( ,,classifi$ ,,int]jections 7,= int]pretative read+7 ,,italian ,,int]jections3 ,pa93 ahi6 ohi6 ohim6 ahim6 ah6 oh6 pov]etto6 ,pray]3 deh6 m]c6 aiuto6 p] c>it6 p] amor di ,dio6 ,surprise1 wond]3 ,oh6 ih6 ni5t$im5o6 poh6 toh6 eh6 corbezzoli6 bazzecole6 caspita6 cospetto6 uh6 oooh6 mis]icordia6 diavolo6 bubbole6 ,?reat3 ehm6 guai6 ,disgu/1 horror3 puh6 puah6 brr6 ,ang]3 oib6 v]gogna6 ,d\bt3 uhm6 ,we>9ess3 auf6 auff6 ,calls1 sil5ce3 ehi6 oh6 ol6 alto l6 pss6 /6 ps/6 ,demon/ratives3 ecco6 riecco6 eccomi6 eccoci6 ,enc\ragem5t3 ors6 via6 suvvia6 animo6 coraggio6 arri l6 hop hop6 ,greet+3 salve6 vale6 addio6 arriv$]ci6 ave6 ciao6 ,applause3 b5e6 bravo6 viva6 evviva6 gloria6 osanna6 alleluja6 ,onomatapoetic3 crac6 patatrac6 piff paff6 d9 don6 ton ton6 zum zum6 bum bum6 ,animal s\nds3 gnau6 *ic*iri*6 coccod6 cra cra cra6 u u u6 glu glu glu6 pi pi pi6 cri cri6 fron fron6 bu bu6 ,curses3 accid5ti6 accidempoli6 p]bacco6 can*]o6 malanaggia6 ,,engli% ,,int]jections3 ,pa93 oh6 alas6 ah6 ou*6 my6 ,joy3 oh6 ah6 oh my6 good6 spl5did6 ,surprise3 ha6 aha6 oh6 really6 y don't say6 inde$6 well1 well6 ^u my ^w6 ,contempt3 fudge6 p%aw6 fie6 nons5se6 bo!r6 ,hesitation3 hum6 ,resolution3 by ,jove6 ,sil5ce3 hu%6 hi/6 li/56 %h6 ,to animals3 :oa6 gee6 haw6 g$dap6 kitty-kitty6 puss-puss6 ,onomatapoetic3 d+-dong6 bang6 :iz6 b+6 crack6 snap6 etc41 etc4 7,9 g5]al ! use ( int]jections1 especially ( caprici\s "*1 is mu* m *>act]i/ic ( ! be/ ,italian writ+ & spee* ?an x is ( ,engli%47 ,,xii ,,s5t5ce ,,analysis ,i ,,simple ,,s5t5ces ,! mat]ial = logical analysis consi/s ( little rolls ( fairly /iff pap]1 on :i* are pr9t$ simple1 comp\nd & complex s5t5ces1 9 c>efully prep>$ s]ies4 ,!re is also a *>t1 divid$ into two columns ( rectangul> spaces1 ) ! "n ( "o s5t5ce elem5t pr9t$ 9 ea* space4 ,! s5t5ce read on ! roll c be torn (f "p by "p1 & ea* ( ^! p>ts is plac$ 9 "o ( ! rectangles1 accord+ to ! "n pr9t$ on x4 ,?is is ano!r application ( ! comp>tm5t box me?od us$ to analyze fir/ ! alphabet1 !n ! s\nds :i* g to make up ! ^w1 f9ally ! words z p>ts ( spee*4 ,"h1 ! comp>tm5ts are r$uc$ to a simple design4 ,! *>ts = logical analysis are on color$ pap] & are arti/ically drawn & decorat$4 ,we h *>ts ( f\r diff]5t k9ds z reg>ds ornam5t & color1 = su* details ex]t a consid]able influ5ce ^u ! "w ( ! *ildr54 ,on ! foll[+ page is a sample ( ! *>ts ) its sections4 ,,*>t ,a ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,v]b ,:o is x t8 ,:at is x t8 7,! v]bal or nom9al pr$icate47 ,,subject ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,:o8 ,:at8 ,to :om8 ,to :at8 7,direct object47 7,indirect object47 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,by ,:om8 ,by ,:at8 ,( :om8 ,( :at8 7,ag5t47 7,possessive1 mat]ial47 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,:58 ,:]e8 7,"t47 7,place47 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,:5ce8 ,h[8 7,s\rce47 7,mann]47 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,:y8 ,:at =8 7,cause47 7,purpose47 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,by means ( :om8 ,) :om8 ,by means ( :at8 ,) :at8 7,in/rum5t47 7,accompanim5t47 ---------------------------------------- -------------- 7,attributive 7phrases747 7,vocative47 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,! two spaces at ! top1 subject & pr$icate1 are some:at l>g] & are m conspicu\sly decorat$ ?an ! o!r rectangles bel[4 ,! words subject & v]b are pr9t$ entirely 9 l>ge capitals4 ,! o!r spaces1 h[ev]1 are mu* m simply decorat$ & ! words are 9 small lett]s4 ,?is helps to di/+ui% ! pr9cipal f ! second>y elem5ts 9 ! s5t5ces4 ,! names ( ! p>ts ( spee*1 & ! que/ions :i* br+ out ! mean+ ( ^! names1 are 9 diff]5t colors3 = in/ance1 ! names may be black & ! que/ions r$1 or ! names may be 9 r$ & ! que/ions 9 gre54 ,& ! lett]s ( ! que/ions are l>g] ?an ! lett]s ( ! names1 except 9 ! two upp] spaces1 :]e ! words subject & v]b are 9 ! l>ge/ type4 ,! *ild beg9s to see :at a s5t5ce is3 t is1 he beg9s to conc5trate on ?is p>ticul> "q4 ,h[ _m times he has read s5t5ces1 pron\nc$ s5t5ces1 compos$ s5t5ces6 ,b n[ he is exam9+ !m 9 detail1 /udy+ !m4 ,! simple s5t5ce is a %ort proposition1 ) complet$ mean+1 :i* expresses an action or a situation1 organiz+ its diff]5t p>ts ar\nd a v]b4 ,! fir/ ex]cise = ! *ild mu/ be to f9d ! v]b1 a task n v difficult aft] ! prec$+ ex]cises on ! p>ts ( spee* h be5 p]=m$4 ,:5 he has f\nd ! v]b1 x becomes ess5tial = him to f9d ! subject4 ,! subject may be f\nd by ask+ ! "q3 ,:o is x t--8 ,= example3 ,! *ild reads4 ,! ^w reads is ! v]b4 ,! section ( ! roll :]e ! ^w reads appe>s is torn (f & plac$ 9 ! space m>k$ ,v]b4 ,!n ask3 ,:o is x t reads8 ,! answ] is1 ,! *ild reads4 ,! section conta9+ ! ^w ! *ild is torn (f & plac$ 9 ! space m>k$ ,subject4 ,ano!r s5t5ce3 on ! roll ! *ild f9ds writt53 ,! glass is brok54 ,! tea*] c briefly expla9 t ! v]b tak5 by itself1 has no special mean+4 ,is means no?+6 ,is8 ,is :at8 ,"s attribute mu/ be add$3 ,is brok56 ,"h we get a nom9al pr$icate4 ,:5 ! v]b conta9s "s def9ite mean+ 9 t]ms ( action1 = in/ance reads1 we get a v]bal pr$icate4 ,! section ( ! roll conta9+ is brok5 is torn (f1 accord+ly1 & plac$ 9 ! space ( ! v]b4 ,b :at is brok58 ,! glass6 ,! section conta9+ ! words ! glass is plac$ 9 ! space ( ! subject4 ,all ( ?is c be copi$ (f by ! *ild by h&1 z foll[s3 ,simple s5t5ce3 ,! *ild reads4 ,! *ild3 ,subject4 ,reads3 ,pr$icate 7v]bal74 ,,s]ies ,i 7,simple ,s5t5ces7 ,! fir/ roll conta9s ! foll[+ simple s5t5ces )\t modifi]s ( any k9d3 --,! *ild reads4 --,! glass is brok54 --,*>les is tall4 --,! trees are blossom+4 --,! blackbo>d is clean4 --,:o has come8 --,! p5cil is brok54 --,! sky is blue4 --,i am read+4 --,i am /udy+4 --,! *ildr5 are play+4 --,"t flies4 --,! tea*] s+s4 ,,s]ies ,,ii 7,simple ,s5t5ces1 conta9+ a few modifi]s7 ,! roll conta9s ! foll[+ s5t5ces1 writt5 "o aft] ano!r3 --,! "m loves h] *ild de>ly4 --,johnny br\ght 8 tea*] a rose4 --,y may keep ! book = "s days1 ,l\is4 --,m>y1 give ! poor man a p5ny4 --,:]e h y be51 ,m>y8 --,i w d x1 "m4 --,little ,h>ry1 only ?ree ye>s old1 has clean$ ! :ole blackbo>d4 --,:o drew ! pretty picture8 --,la/ night ,i %[$ ! lett] to fa!r4 --,9 ! y>d a r$ :ite & blue flag is wav+4 --,did y g to ! !at] la/ night8 --,! ra9 0 beat+ aga9/ ! w9d[ panes4 --,! dog is b>k+ at ! cat4 --,! poor deaf-mutes talk ) _! h&s4 ,example ( application3 ,! section conta9+ ! fir/ s5t5ce1 ,! "m loves h] *ild de>ly4 is fir/ torn (f f ! roll4 ,!n ! section conta9+ ! ^w loves is plac$ 9 ! space m>k$ v]b4 ,:o loves8--! "m4 ,! section conta9+ ! words ! "m is plac$ 9 ! space m>k$ subject4 ,! "m lov$ :om8 ,h] *ild4 ,! section conta9+ h] *ild is torn (f & plac$ 9 ! space m>k$ direct object4 ,by ?us read+ ! names pr9t$ 9 ! spaces ( ! *>t ! *ild le>ns to classify ! v>i\s k9ds ( modifi]s4 ,h[ does ! "m love h] *ild8 ,9 :at mann]8 ,de>ly4 ,! section conta9+ ! ^w de>ly is plac$ 9 ! space m>k$ ,mann] & ! s5t5ce is complet$4 ,n[ ! *ild c copy (f ^! analyses imm$iately or make o!rs1 z he ?9ks be/4 ,! copy may be z foll[s3 ,! "m loves h] *ild de>ly4 ,! "m3 ,subject4 ,loves3 ,pr$icate 7v]bal74 ,h] *ild3 ,direct object4 ,de>ly3 ,adv]b1 mann]4 ,9 classify+ ! vocatives & attributives1 a little help f ! tea*] may be requir$4 ,example3 ,y may keep ! book = "s days1 ,l\is4 ,! ^w ,l\is c be dramatiz$ some:at into a k9d ( invocation1 z--,o ,l\is1 y may keep ! book & s on4 ,vocatives c almo/ always be id5tifi$ by try+ ! exclamatory ,o be=e !m4 ,9 ! s5t5ce1 ,little ,h>ry1 only ?ree ye>s old1 has clean$ ! :ole blackbo>d4 only ?ree ye>s old is an attributive ( ,h>ry4 ,x %\ld be torn (f & plac$ 9 ! space m>k$ ,attributive4 ,,s]ies ,,iii 7,simple s5t5ces ) two or m modifi]s ( ! same k9d7 ,! roll conta9s ! foll[+ s5t5ces 9 sections :i* may be read & torn (f "o aft] ! o!r z ! *ild unrolls ! /rip3 --,! *ild sleeps & dreams4 --,ev]ybody likes fruit & fl[]s4 --,he took pap]1 p5 & ink to write to 8 fri5ds4 --,*>les op5$ & clos$ ! book4 --,! doctor & ! fa!r left ! sick *ild's room4 --,! wom5 recomm5d$ calmness1 pati5ce & prud5ce4 --,9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$ heav5 & e>?4 --,he w always h money & fri5ds4 --,9 ! /reet we c\ld see cr[ds ( m5 & a few wom54 ,,s]ies ,,iv 7,elliptical s5t5ces ) subject und]/ood7 ,?is situation does n h[ev] arise 9 ,engli%1 :i*1 save 9 ! imp]ative1 always requires at lea/ a pronom9al subject = ! v]b4 ,"h1 ! *ild int]prets ! s5t5ce1 complet+ x & f9d+ ! elem5t t is lack+4 --,la r+razio 7,i ?ank y74 --,v]rete8 7,w y come87 --,sono /anco 7,i am tir$74 --,non mi s5to b5e oggi 7,i don't feel well to-day74 --,com' &ata8 7,h[ did x turn out87 --,dico la v]it 7,i w tell y all ab\t x74 --,siamo cont5tissimi 7,we are delight$74 --,vi saluto 7,i bid y good-by74 --,vado a casa 7,i am go+ home74 --,lampeggia 7,x is light5+74 --,m'impose sil5zio 7,he told me to say no?+74 --,ascolto 7,i am li/5+74 ,,s]ies ,v 7,elliptical s5t5ces :]e ! pr$icate is und]/ood7 --,sil5ce6 --,:y all ?is noise8 --,aft] me1 ! deluge6 --,! soon] ! bett]6 --,good luck to y1 sir6 --,:at na/y wea!r6 --,:at an attractive s*ool6 --,o = a calm1 a ?ankful he>t6 --,a horse1 a horse1 my k+dom = a horse6 --,away ) him6 --,fire6 ,fire6 --,"h1 "h1 quick6 --,honor to ! brave6 ,,s]ies ,,vi 7,elliptical s5t5ces :]e ! direct object is und]/ood3 incomplete pr$ication7 --,!y drove away4 --,he sp5ds l a millionaire4 --,he dr9ks l a fi%4 --,! f>m]'s boy _h j milk$4 --,d y und]/&8 --,! cavalry spurr$ across ! field at full spe$4 --,did y see8 --,! *ild did n he>4 ,,s]ies ,,vii 7,s5t5ces ) num]\s modifi]s & ( increas$ difficulty7 --,! poor boy came home t night1 all tir$ out1 cov]$ ) mud f head to foot1 ) 8 coat torn & ) a black & blue lump on 8 =ehead4 --,e!l hurri$ home z fa/ z possible4 --,we he>d ! clatt] ( horse's ho(s on ! pavem5t4 --,& s ?r\gh ! night w5t 8 cry ( al>m ,to e ,middlesex village & f>m4 --,! beautiful *ild ) ! black hair is "h on ! lawn4 --,& yet ?r\gh ! gloom & ! night ,! fate ( a nation 0 rid+ t night4 --,! woman walk$ along 9 front ( me ) ! *ild 9 h] arms4 --,! girl's voice s\nd$ di/9ctly above all ! o!rs4 --,to-morr[ ,i %all come to t[n on foot4 --,he sp5t ! summ] e ye> ) 8 p>5ts 9 _! old home on ! m\nta9 side4 --,t ev5+ ! old h\se 0 m lonely ?an ev]4 --,!y are v busy ?is morn+4 --,i nev] did su* a ?+ 9 my life6 --,e n[ & !n a gr\p ( p hurri$ly cross$ ! /reet4 --,! doctor :isp]$ some?+ into ! ,mayor's e>4 --,j !n "s "o knock$ at ! door4 --,"h ,i am back aga9 at my "w4 --,m>y _h a little lamb ,) fleece z :ite z sn[4 ,,! ,,ord] ,,( ,,elem5ts ,,9 ,,! ,,s5t5ce3 ,,p]mutations ,rules3 ,! ,engli% 7! ,italian7 language t5ds to foll[ ! direct ord] 9 prose1 inv]sion be+ v r>e4 ,9 poetry1 inv]sion is v common4 ,! direct ord] consi/s 9 plac+3 fir/1 ! subject1 !n ! pr$icate1 !n ! objects1 direct & indirect2 !n ! modifi]s foll[ accord+ to ! importance !y d]ive f ! mean+ ( ! s5t5ce4 ,^! ideas are aft] all s simple & cle> t ! *ild r>ely has any difficulty 9 und]/&+ !m4 ,nev]!less1 x is mu* easi] to give ! *ild a vivid impression ( !m by ! p]mutation ( p>ts ?an by explanation4 ,?is p]mutation is made v conv5i5t by ! s5t5ces be+ pr9t$ 9 sections :i* may be mov$ ab\t & comb9$ at w4 ,j z ! sequ5ce ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( spee* 0 made cle> by transpos+ ! p>ts1 "h ! same result c be accompli%$ by transpos+ ! sections ( ! pr9t$ slip4 ,example3 ,we he>d ! clatt] ( ! horse's ho(s 7subject7 7pr$icate7 7direct object7 7attribute7 on ! pavem5t4 7place3 adv]b7 ,! foll[+ comb9ations are possible results ( p]mutation3 ,we--he>d--! clatt]--( ! horse's ho(s--on ! pavem5t4 ,we--! clatt]--he>d--on ! pavem5t--( ! horse's ho(s4 ,we--( ! horse's ho(s--on ! pavem5t--! clatt]--he>d4 ,( ! horse's ho(s--on ! pavem5t--he>d--! clatt]--we1 etc41 etc4 ,,s]ies ,,viii 7,! inv]t$ ord]7 ,! effect ( direct & inv]t$ ord] c be %[n 9 e s5t5ce4 ,b x is bett] to try examples ( inv]sion f poetic language4 ,9 ?is s]ies1 all ! s5t5ces %[ inv]sion ( "o type or ano!r3 --,mean:ile1 impati5t to m\nt & ride1 ,boot$ & spurr$1 ) a heavy /ride ,on ! opposite %ore walk$ ,paul ,rev]e4 --,^u ! ro( we sat t night6 ,! noise ( bells w5t sweep+ by2 ,awesome bells !y 7 to me4 --,/ill sits ! s*ool-h\se by ! road4 --,be=e !m "u ! g>d5-wall ,=w>d & back ,w5t dre>ily s++ ! *ore-girl small4 --,& day by day m holy grew ,ea* spot ( ! sacr$ gr\nd4 --,!re ?rong$ ! citiz5s ) t]ror dumb4 ,ex]cises on ! putt+ toge!r ( s5t5ce elem5ts c lead to practise 9 ! id5tification & use ( grammatical =ms z p>ts ( spee*1 :i* ! /udy ( s+le words w\ld n at fir/ p]mit2 z = in/ance1 =ms ( ! v]bs us$ z n\ns 7inf9itive & g]und z subject & object71 ! diff]5ce betwe5 p]sonal pron\ns us$ z direct or indirect objects1 & s on4 ,,s]ies ,,ix 7,! =ms ( ! v]b7 ,! roll conta9s ! two =ms ( ! v]b1 active & passive1 9 sections4 ,! analysis is conduct$ on ! *>t = ! simple s5t5ce3 ,,active ,,voice ,,passive ,,voice ,,reflexive 7,action p]=m$ by 7,action p]=m$ by 7,middle ,voice7 subject7 ag5t7 7,subject is direct object7 ,m>y dresses ! little ,! little girl is ,! little girl girl4 dress$ by ,m>y4 dresses h]self4 ,! tea*] prais$ ,*>les 0 prais$ ,*>les prais$ ,*>les = ! by ! tea*] = himself = ! draw+4 ! draw+4 draw+4 ,! little girl excus$ ,george 0 excus$ ,george excuses ,george = 8 = 8 r\ghness by himself = 8 r\ghness4 ! little girl4 r\ghness4 ,! janitor accus$ ,! boy 0 accus$ ,! boy accus$ ! boy4 by ! janitor4 himself4 ,! old man lik$ ,alb]t ,alb]t 0 v mu* ,alb]t lik$ himself v mu*4 lik$ by ! old man4 v mu*4 ,! nurse tuck$ ! ,! *ild 0 tuck$ ,! *ild tuck$ *ild into ! w>m into ! w>m b$ himself into ! b$4 by ! nurse4 w>m b$4 ,! girl rock$ h] ,! little fri5d 0 ,h] little fri5d little fri5d to sleep rock$ to sleep 9 rock$ h]self to 9 ! rock+-*air4 ! rock+-*air by sleep 9 ! ! little girl4 rock+-*air4 ,! tea*] saw ,h5ry ,h5ry 0 se5 9 ! ,h5ry saw himself 9 9 ! l>ge mirror4 l>ge mirror by ! ! l>ge mirror4 tea*]4 ,! angry boy hurt ,l\is 0 hurt by ! ,l\is hurt himself4 ,l\is4 angry boy4 ,,s]ies ,x 7,use ( ! p]sonal pron\n7 ,! s5t5ces previ\sly giv5 = analysis 9 tea*+ ! p]sonal pron\ns c be us$ ov] aga9 at ?is po9t = analysis on ! s5t5ce-*>t4 --,! *ildr5 wrote a lett] to _! "m ,! *ildr5 wrote h] a lett] ,!y wrote x to h] --,!y gave _! "m a surprise ,!y gave h] a surprise --,i told fa!r all ab\t x ,i told him all ab\t x --,*>les soo!d 8 si/] ) a kiss ,he soo!d h] ) a kiss --,w y give y\r draw+ to ! tea*]8 ,w y give h] y\r draw+8 ,w y give x to h]8 --,don't ?9k badly ( y\r s*oolmates ,don't ?9k badly ( !m --,%[ ^? dirty h&s to ! tea*] ,%[ h] ^? dirty h&s ,%[ !m to h] --,tell ! /ory to ! *ildr5 9 ! o!r room ,tell x to ! *ildr5 9 ! o!r room ,tell x to !m !re ,! ex]cise 9 p]mutation br+s out ! relative positions ( ! direct & indirect objects2 z also ! conditions "u :i* ! preposition to is requir$ be=e ! indirect object4 ,,ii ,,comp\nd ,,& ,,complex ,,s5t5ces ,"h we are deal+ ) a numb] ( propositions 7clauses7 :i* comb9e into "o complete mean+4 ,! clauses fit toge!r 9 ! s5t5ces j z did ! v>i\s elem5ts 9 ! simple s5t5ce4 ,! mat]ial = ! analysis is !re=e analog\s to t us$ 9 ! analysis ( ! simple s5t5ce3 /rips ( pap] 9 rolls on :i* are writt5 ! s5t5ces to be analyz$1 & a *>t ) spaces :]e ! deta*$ pieces may be plac$1 accord+ to ! designation ( ^! spaces4 ,! pr9cipal space on ! *>t is res]v$ = ! ma9 clause1 ar\nd :i* ! o!r clauses are arrang$1 z coord9ate or subord9ate4 ,s9ce ! "w ( logical analysis ( ! complex s5t5ce is suffici5tly int]e/+ to attract ! att5tion ( ! *ild to v>i\s =ms ( /udy1 ! mat]ial conta9s 9 addition to ! rolls & ! *>t1 a numb] ( te/-c>ds :]e ! analysis is complet$ & logically demon/rat$4 ,^! c>ds s]ve z te/s ( ! accuracy ( ! "w done by ! *ildr51 & z actual *>ts = analytical /udy4 ,( c\rse1 :5 ! *ild is do+ 8 ex]cise ) ! /rips ( pap] & ! *>t1 he does n h ^! te/-c>ds be=e him4 ,he %\ld1 h[ev]1 always h free access to !m4 ,8 int]e/ 9 ! game is to succe$ by himself 9 plac+ ! diff]5t propositions :]e !y belong4 ,,*>t ,b ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,pr9cipal ,,clause ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,incid5tal ,,clauses 7,p>5!tical clauses7 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,subord9ate ,,attributive ,,clause 7,adjective or ,relative clauses7 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- :o is x t4448 :om4448 :at4448 subord9ate subject clause subord9ate object clause 7subject clause7 7object clause7 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- :54448 :]e4448 subord9ate clause ( "t subord9ate clause ( place 7temporal clause7 7locative clause7 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- = :at purpose4448 :y4448 = :at cause8 subord9ate clause ( purpose subord9ate clause ( cause 7purpose clause7 7causal clause7 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- h[4448 ?an :at8 on :at condition4448 subord9ate clause ( mann] subord9ate clause ( condition or comp>ison 7conditional clause7 7modal clauses7 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- 9 spite ( :at4448 ) :at result4448 subord9ate clause ( concession subord9ate clause ( result 7concessive clause7 7result clause7 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,s]ies ,i 7,comp\nd ,s5t5ces7 ,! clauses are indep5d5t ( ea* o!r4 ,ea* conta9s a complete mean+1 & ea* !re=e c\ld /& alone4 ,x is a "q ( simple s5t5ces coord9at$ ) ea* o!r4 --,i hunt$ c>efully ev]y:]e & at la/ ,i f\nd x4 --,%e />t$ 9 fe>1 lift$ h] face & %ad$ x f ! /rong sun4 --,! bees humm$ 9 ! w>m sun%9e & ! cat sat purr+ at h] side4 --,%e dropp$ h] sew+ & w5t to ! door4 --,! girl cov]$ h] eyes ) h] h&s & wept4 --,!y look$ into ea* o!r's faces3 ea* ( !m _h a "q to ask & nei!r d>$ to speak4 --,i am a l[ly peasant & y are a gallant knight4 --,!y all look$ at ! speak]1 & cr[d$ r\nd him & wait$ = 8 next ^w to attack him4 --,!n he began to weep & he tore 8 hair 9 angui%4 --,l\is clapp$ 8 h&s = joy & began to dance ar\nd ! room4 --,he look$ into ! mirror1 /raight5$ 8 tie1 smoo!d 8 hair & w5t out to greet 8 two fri5ds4 --,%e w5t to ! w9d[ & look$ out ov] ! /ormy sea4 ,! *ild divides ^! s5t5ces into clauses1 analyz+ ea* sep>ately4 ,!n1 plac+ "o "u ! o!r1 he is impress$ by ! fact t ea* has a complete mean+ & c /& by itself2 save t 9 ,engli% ! subject ( ! fir/ clause is (t5 c>ri$ ov] to ! second3 ,i hunt$ c>efully ev]y:]e4 ,& at la/ ,i f\nd x4 ,i am a l[ly peasant4 ,& y are a gallant knight4 ,l\is clapp$ 8 h&s = joy4 began to dance ar\nd ! room4 ,he look$ into ! mirror4 /raight5$ 8 tie4 smoo!d 8 hair4 & w5t out to meet 8 two fri5ds4 ,! bees humm$ 9 ! w>m sun%9e4 ,& ! cat sat purr+ at h] side4 ,!n he began to weep4 ,& he tore 8 hair 9 angui%4 ,! girl cov]$ h] face ) h] h&s4 & wept4 ,!y look$ at ! speak]4 cr[d$ ar\nd him4 & wait$ = 8 next ^w to attack him4 ,,s]ies ,,ii 7,! ,complex ,s5t5ce7 ,"h only ! ma9 clause has a complete mean+4 ,! o!r clauses make s5se only :5 !y are unit$ ) ! ma9 clause4 ,on ?is roll1 ! subord9ate clauses are attributes ( "o ( ! elem5ts ( ! ma9 clause 7relative clauses74 --,! gold r+ :i* y f\nd ye/]day on ! /airs belongs to my "m4 --,! man :o br\ght me to s*ool ?is morn+ 0 my uncle4 --,he 0 educat$ by 8 si/] :o taught him _m beautiful ?+s4 --,! colors :i* ,aunt ,anna gave me ,*ri/mas are v good4 --,a little girl :o 0 at a p>ty sat look+ ) long+ eyes at a plate ( s&wi*es4 --,! knife ) :i* y %>p5$ my p5cil 0 v dull4 --,bees don't c>e ab\t ! sn[6 ,i c tell y :y x's s3 ,once ,i caught a little bee ,:o 0 mu* too w>m = me4--7,f4 ,d4 ,,%]man7 --,we h at home ! prettie/ cat y ev] saw4 --,"h are ! p5nies my "m gave me4 --,! *ildr5 ,i play ) did n come to s*ool to-day4 --,! h\se we live 9 is beautiful & airy4 --,/>s are ! little daisies :ite ,t dot ! mead[ ( ! night4--7,,%]man7 ,,te/ ,,c>ds ,,pr9cipal ,,clause ,,attributive ,,subord9ate ,,clause 7,! words modifi$ by ! relative 7,relative or ,adjective ,clauses7 clause are 9 italics74 7,! clause has no mean+ until unit$ ) "s n\n 9 ! ma9 clause74 ,! gold r+ belongs to :i* y f\nd on ! /airs "m ye/]day ,! man 0 my uncle :o br\ght me to s*ool ?is morn+ ,he 0 educat$ by 8 si/] :o taught him _m beautiful ?+s ,! colors are v good :i* ,aunt ,anna gave me ,*ri/mas ,a little girl sat look+ ) :o 0 at a p>ty long+ eyes at a plate ( s&wi*es ,once ,i caught a little bee :o 0 mu* too w>m = me ,/>s are ! little daisies t dot ! mead[ ( ! :ite night ,,relative ,,omitt$ ,:at ^w is omitt$8 ,"h are ! p5nies --my "m gave me ,! *ildr5 did n come to )--,i play s*ool to-day ,! h\se is beautiful & 9--we live airy ,,s]ies ,,iii ,9 ! prec$+ roll1 ! subord9ate clauses complet$ ! mean+ & con/itut$ an attribute ( "o ^w ( ! pr9cipal clause4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 ! subord9ate clauses ref] to ! :ole cont5t ( ! ma9 clause & complete ! :ole ?\ght ( ! ma9 clause4 ,!y h1 !re=e1 a logical dep5d5ce on ! ma9 clause4 ,! *ild w be guid$ 9 f9d+ ! place ( ! diff]5t subord9ate clauses & 9 classify+ !m accord+ to ! designations ( ! spaces by ! que/ions :i* appe> 9 ! analytical *>t4 ,x is presuppos$ t he c readily id5tify ! ma9 clause itself4 ,! foll[+ s5t5ces come "o aft] ! o!r on ! roll$ /rip ( pap]3 --,d n =get t y\r objects are n 9 _! places4 --,w y play ) me :5 y h f9i%$ y\r "w8 --,:5 ! sun is l[ our %ad[s are long]4 --,i hope t y w write me a long lett] z soon z y arrive 9 ,europe4 --,! little girl /ood on tiptoe s t %e c\ld see ! que5 z ! procession w5t by4 --,br] ,rabbit ?\ght x 0 ! wor/ "t he _h _h 9 all 8 life4 --,all is well t ends well1 says ! prov]b4 --,! p m\rn$ :5 ! good ,presid5t di$4 --,x is n "r t ! big boys %\ld h all ! c&y4 --,z %e sat !re read+1 a beautiful r$ bird flew 9 ?r\gh ! w9d[4 --,!y c\ld n play 9 ! y>d because ! gr\nd 0 too wet4 --,rememb] t y mu/ ?ank ! lady :o gave y ! book4 ,,te/ ,,c>d ,,pr9cipal ,,& ,,incid5tal ,,"q ,,subord9ate ,,& ,,attributive ,,clauses ,,clauses ,d n =get :at8 t y\r objects are n 9 _! places4 ,w y play ) me :58 :5 y h f9i%$ y\r "w8 ,our %ad[s are long] :58 :5 ! sun is l[4 ,i hope :at8 t y w write me a long lett]4 :58 z soon z y arrive 9 ,europe4 ,! little girl /ood on tip-toe :y8 s t %e c\ld see ! que5 :58 z ! procession w5t by4 ,br] ,rabbit ?\ght :at8 7t7 x 0 ! wor/ "t he _h _h 9 all 8 life 7attributive1 relative pron\n omitt$7 ,all is well t ends well says ! prov]b 7incid5tal 7attributive74 clause7 ,! p m\rn$ :58 ! good ,presid5t di$4 ,x is n "r :at8 t ! big boys %\ld h all ! c&y4 ,a beautiful r$ bird flew :58 z %e sat !re 9 ?r\gh ! w9d[ read+4 ,!y c\ld n play 9 ! :y8 because ! gr\nd 0 y>d too wet4 ,rememb] :at8 t y mu/ ?ank ! lady :o gave y ! book 7attributive74 ,,s]ies ,,iv ,"h we h s5t5ces bo? comp\nd & complex1 conta9+ bo? coord9ate & subord9ate clauses4 --,z he said ?is1 he rose f 8 *air & left ! room4 --,! two fri5ds %ook h&s & said !y w\ld always be fai?ful to ea* o!r4 --,:5 ! wolf came out1 ,br] ,rabbit ?rew ! /one on him & laugh$4 --,:5 ! lady knock$ on ! door1 a smil+ old man appe>$ & ask$ :at he might d = h]4 --,! *ildr5 walk$ along 9 ! =e/ & became v hungry because !y _h _h no?+ to eat s9ce morn+4 --,! k+'s face grew v r$ & he angrily ord]$ t ! deceitful g5]al be put to dea?4 --,s9ce ! w9d 0 bl[+ h>d1 ! capta9 told ! *ildr5 to keep (f ! deck & a sailor c>ri$ !m to _! /ate-rooms4 --,! dogs began to b>k & ! p all ran out into ! /reets z ! upro> ( ! combat increas$4 --,:]e t tree n[ /&s1 !re 0 once a beautiful h\se & a f9e road l$ up to x4 --,he _h left ! village & m\nt$ ! /eep1 ,& "u ! ald]s t skirt its edge1 ,n[ s(t on ! s&1 n[ l\d on ! l$ge1 ,is he>d ! tramp ( 8 /e$ z he rides4 ,,te/ ,,c>d ,,subord9ate ,,& ,,pr9cipal ,,clause ,,coord9ate ,,clause ,,"q ,,attributive ,,clauses ,he rose f 8 & left ! :58 z he said ?is *air room ,! two fri5ds & said :at8 t !y w\ld %ook h&s always be fai?ful to ea* o!r ,br] ,rabbit ?rew & laugh$ :58 :5 ! wolf came ! /one on him out ,a smil+ old man & ask$ :at8 :at he might d = appe>$ h] :58 :5 ! lady knock$ on ! door ,! *ildr5 walk$ & became v :y8 because !y _h _h along 9 ! hungry no?+ to eat =e/ s9ce morn+ ,! k+'s face grew & he angrily :at8 t ! deceitful v r$ ord]$ g5]al be put to dea? ,! capta9 told ! & a sailor :y8 because ! w9d 0 *ildr5 to keep c>ri$ !m bl[+ h>d (f ! deck to _! /ate-rooms ,! dogs began to & ! p :58 z ! upro> ( ! b>k all ran into combat increas$ ! /reets ,!re 0 once a & a f9e road :]e8 :]e t tree n[ beautiful h\se l$ up to x /&s ,he _h left ! & m\nt$ ! village /eep "u ! t skirt its edge ald]s n[ 7attributive74 s(t on ! s&1 n[ l\d on ! l$ge1 is he>d ! tramp ( 8 /e$ :58 z he rides ,,s]ies ,v 7,correlative ,s5t5ces7 ,! clauses are "h dep5d5t ^u ea* o!r3 --,! fl[]s 7 s beautiful t we pick$ !m all4 --,t day he 0 s lazy t he did n get 8 "w done4 --,%e s+s mu* bett] ?an %e plays4 --,! m "o /udies1 ! m "o le>ns4 --,ei!r y return y\r objects to _! places or "s "o else mu/ d x4 --,n only 0 ! man v cross1 b he actually puni%$ ! little boy4 ,,te/ ,,c>d ,,pr9cipal ,,clause ,,"q ,,subord9ate ,,clause ,! fl[]s 7 s ) :at result8 t we pick$ !m all4 beautiful ,t day he 0 s ) :at result8 t he did n get 8 lazy "w done4 ,%e s+s mu* ?an :at8 ?an %e plays4 bett] ,! m "o ) :at result8 ! m "o le>ns4 /udies ,ei!r y return ) :at result8 or "s "o else mu/ d y\r objects to x4 _! places ,n only 0 ! man ) :at result8 b he actually puni%$ v cross ! little boy4 ,,s]ies ,,vi 7,! ,ord] ( ,clauses 9 ,s5t5ces3 ,s5t5ce ,=ms 9 ,prose & ,v]se7 ,our mat]ial makes x v easy = ! *ildr5 to und]/& ! mutual dep5d5ce ( ! subord9ate clauses4 ,we take ! commone/ cases )9 easy rea* ( ! *ildr54 ,!re are clauses ( ! fir/ degree ( subord9ation1 dep5d5t directly on ! pr9cipal clause4 ,!re are o!rs ( ! second degree ( subord9ation :i* dep5d on a subord9ate clause 7clause subord9ate to a subord9ate74 ,we h ! same situation 9 coord9ates4 ,we h ! fir/ degree ( coord9ation :5 ! clause is p>allel ) ! pr9cipal clause1 & ! second degree :5 ! clause is p>allel ) a subord9ate clause4 ,s9ce ! slips h z _m sections z !re are clauses1 ! clauses may be arrang$ on ! table 9 ! ord] ( _! subord9ation1 keep+1 = example1 ! pr9cipal clause to ! left1 & arrang+ ! subord9ate clauses d[nw>d & d[nw>d to ! "r4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! s5t5ce3 --,! old man lik$ to tell /ories2 & he w\ld laugh he>tily :5 ! wom5 7 fright5$ at ! t]rible ?+s t he _h to relate4 ,z ! diff]5t clauses are torn (f !y are plac$ on a *>t m>k$ into sections by v]tically plac$ arr[s3 ! pr9cipal clause to ! "r ( ! fir/ arr[2 ! fir/ subord9ate clause to ! "r ( ! second2 ! subord9ate to ! subord9ate to ! "r ( ! ?ird1 & s on4 ,! above s5t5ce results z foll[s3 ,pr9cipal & ,coord9ate #a/ subord9ate subord9ate to subord9ate ,! old man lik$ to tell /ories & he w\ld laugh he>tily :5 ! wom5 7 fright5$ at ! t]rible ?+s t he _h to tell4 ,,*>t ,c _/ ,pr9cipal & #a/ subord9ate subord9ate to coord9ate & its coord9ates subord9ate 7incid5tal7 ,i %all feel bett] _/ if y w let me sit next to ! w9d[ _/ :]e !re is m air4 ,"h is ano!r example3 --,i (t5 sit & wi% t ,i ,c\ld be a kite up 9 ! sky1 ,& ride ^u ! breeze1 & g ,:atev] way x *anc$ to bl[4 _/ ,pr9cipal & #a/ subord9ate & subord9ate to ,coord9ates coord9ate subord9ate ,i (t5 sit & wi% _/ t ,i c\ld be a kite up 9 ! sky & ride ^u ! breeze & g :atev] way _/ x *anc$ to bl[4 ,"h1 f9ally1 is ano!r3 -- ,i 0 a bad boy1 ,i admit1 b no "o ev] paid any att5tion to me1 unless ,i 0 to be blam$ = some?+ wrong t ,i _h done1 or 0 accus$ ( do+4 _/ ,i 0 a bad boy ,i admit 7incid5tal7 b no "o ev] paid any att5tion to me _/ unless ,i 0 to be blam$ = some?+ wrong _/ t ,i _h done1 or 0 accus$ ( do+4 7coord9ate ( second subord9ate7 ,9 us+ ?is mat]ial1 ! *ild te>s (f ! clause-slips us+ ! analytical s5t5ce-*>t 7,*>t ,b74 ,?is gives him ! classification ( ! clauses4 ,! /rips are !n to be plac$ on ! dep5d5ce *>t 7,*>t ,c7 accord+ to ! indications ( ! arr[s4 ,?is br+s out ! mutual relation ( ! clauses4 ,,p]mutations ,! prec$+ ex]cises h creat$ 9 ! *ild a notion ( s5t5ce con/ruction & ( ! position ( ! clauses :i* make x up4 ,our mat]ial p]mits1 ( c\rse1 z an ex]cise supplem5t>y to ! analyses1 dislocations & translocations ( p>ts j z 0 true ) ! simple s5t5ce4 ,to d]ive ! full b5efit ( ?is possibility1 ! tea*] %\ld h 9 m9d ! g5]al rules = location ( clauses3 ,adjective clauses 7relative1 attributive7 always foll[1 & mo/ (t5 directly1 ! n\n !y modify4 ,subject subord9ate clauses may /& ei!r be=e or aft] ! pr9cipal clause4 ,if ! subject clause foll[s1 x is usually anticipat$ be=e ! v]b by ! pron\n x 7j z a foll[+ n\n subject is anticipat$ by !re74 7,9 ,italian1 if ! object clause prec$es ! ma9 clause1 x is usually repeat$ be=e ! n\n by a conjunctive object p]sonal pron\n47 ,! position ( ! o!r clauses dep5ds on consid]ations ( emphasis4 ,! direct ord] = complex s5t5ces is 9 g5]al simil> to t = simple s5t5ces3 subject clause pr9cipal clause object clause adv]bial clauses4 ,coord9ation is possible ) subord9ate z well z ) pr9cipal clauses4 ,! special ex]cises on ! complex s5t5ce conclude ) "s practise 9 turn+ simple inv]sions z f\nd 9 poetry into direct s5t5ce ord]4 ,,s]ies ,,vii ,! deta*able /rips are us$ "h also4 ,! ex]cise %\ld be conduct$ ) ref]5ce to ! s5t5ce *>ts4 #a --,j :]e ! tide ( battle ,old ,john ,burns /ood1 erect & turns1 lonely j :]e ! tide ( ,erect & lonely /ood old battle turns4444 ,john ,burns 444 ,a bright blue coat1 ) a roll+ ,& button$ ov] 8 manly coll>1 0 button$ ov] 8 brea/ manly brea/4 ,0 a bright blue coat ) a roll+ coll>4 #b --,x 0 t]rible3 on ! "r ,x 0 t]rible3 ! deadly ,rag$ = h\rs ! deadly fight rag$ = h\rs on ! fight1 "r2 ! batt]y's d\ble bass ,?und]$ ! batt]y's d\ble ?und]$1--difficult music = bass1 m5 to face2 :ile r\nd %ot ,difficult music = m5 to face2 pl\gh$ ! upl& glades on ,:ile on ! left1 :]e n[ ! left1 :]e n[ ! graves ! graves undulate l ! liv+ waves ,undulate l ! liv+ waves t swept unceas+ all t ,t all t day unceas+ day up to ! pits ! rebels swept kept4 ,up to ! pits ! rebels kept1 ,r\nd %ot pl\gh$ ! upl& glades4 ,,bret ,,h>te4--,john ,burns ( ,gettysburg4 #c --,m]rily rang ! bridle re9s1 ,! bridle re9s rang m]rily & sc>f & plume /eam$ & sc>f & plume /ream$ gay1 gay1 z ! rid]s1 held _! ,z fa/ beside h] fa!r's way fa/ by h] fa!r's gate4 gate ! rid]s held _! way 444 ,n[ break y\r %ield asund] ,n[ break y\r %ield asund] & %att] y\r sign & %att] across y\r knightly & boss1 knee y\r sign & boss unmeet ,unmeet = peasant-w$d$ = peasant-w$d$ arms4 w>ms1 y\r knightly knee across4 ,,:itti]4--,k+ ,volm]4 #d ,! break+ waves da%$ high ,! break+ waves da%$ ,on a /]n & rock b\nd coa/2 high on a /]n & rock-b\nd ,& ! woods aga9/ a /ormy coa/2 & ! woods toss$ _! sky giant bran*es aga9/ a /ormy ,_! giant bran*es toss$4 sky4 ,& ! heavy night hung d>k ,! heavy night hung d>k ,! hills & wat]s o'er1 ov] 7o'er7 ! hills & wat]s1 ,:5 a b& ( ,pilgrims moor$ :5 a b& ( ,pilgrims moor$ _! b>k _! b>k on ! wild ,new ,engl& ,on ! wild ,new ,engl& %ore4 %ore4 ,n z ! conqu]or comes ,!y1 ! true he>t$1 came ,!y ! true he>t$ came1 n z ! conqu]or comes1 n ,n ) ! roll ( ! /irr+ ) ! roll ( ! /irr+ drums drums & ! trumpet t ,& ! trumpet t s+s ( s+s ( fame4 fame4 ,,mrs4 ,,hemans4 #e ,my gold5 spurs n[ br+ to me ,br+ to me n[ my gold5 ,& br+ to me my ri*e/ mail1 spurs & br+ to me my ri*e/ ,= tomorr[ ,i g ov] l& & mail2 = ,i g 9 se>* ( ! sea ,holy ,grail tomorr[ ov] l& ,9 se>* ( ! ,holy ,grail4 & sea2 a b$ %all nev] be ,%all nev] a b$ = me be spread = me1 nor %all a pill[ spread4 be "u my head till ,i beg9 to ,nor %all a pill[ be "u my keep my v[2 ,i w sleep "h head1 on ! ru%es1 & p]*ance a ,till ,i beg9 my v[ to keep2 true vision w come be=e 7ere7 ,"h on ! ru%es w ,i sleep4 day creates ! _w anew4 ,& p]*ance !re may come a vision true ,ere day create ! _w anew4 ,,l[ell4 #f ,glad tid+s ( great joy ,i br+ ,i br+ to y & all mank9d ,to y & all mank9d3 glad tid+s ( great joy4 ,! ,to y1 9 ,david's t[n ?is day ,savi\r1 :o is ,*ri/ ! ,"l1 ,is born ( ,david's l9e is born to y ?is day 9 ,david's ,! ,savi\r1 :o is ,*ri/ ! t[n1 ( ,david's l9e2 & ?is ,"l1 %all be ! sign3 y %all f9d ,& ?is %all be ! sign3 ! heav5ly ,babe !re display$ ,! heav5ly ,babe y !re to human view1 all meanly wrapt %all f9d 9 swaddl+ clo!s & laid 9 ,to human view display$1 a mang]4 ,all meanly wrapt 9 swaddl+ b&s ,& 9 a mang] laid4 ,,tate4--,:ile ,%eph]ds ,wat*$4 #g ,! h>p t once ?r\gh ,! h>p1 t once %$ ! ,t>a's halls s\l ( music ?r\gh ,t>a's ,! s\l ( music %$1 halls1 n[ hangs on ,t>a's walls1 ,n[ hangs on ,t>a's walls z ?\gh t s\l 7 fl$4 ,z if t s\l 7 fl$4 ,s ! pride ( =m] days ,s sleeps ! pride ( =m] sleeps1 s glory's ?rill is ov]1 days1 & he>ts t once beat high ,s glory's ?rill is o'er1 = praise n[ feel t pulse no ,& he>ts t once beat high m4 ,! h>p ( ,t>a swells = praise no m to *iefs & bright ladies3 ,n[ feel t pulse no m4 ! *ord alone1 t breaks at night1 tells its tale ( ru94 ,no m to *iefs & ladies ,?us ,fre$om n[ wakes s seldom bright 7t7 ! only ?rob %e ,! h>p ( ,t>a swells2 gives is :5 "s indignant ,! *ord alone t breaks at he>t breaks to %[ t %e night /ill lives4 ,its tale ( ru9 tells4 ,?us ,fre$om n[ s seldom wakes1 ,! only ?rob %e gives1 ,is :5 "s he>t indignant breaks ,to %[ t /ill %e lives4 ,,?omas ,,moore4 #h ,*ildhood is ! b\gh :]e ,*ildhood is ! b\gh :]e slumb]$ _m numb]$ birds & blossoms ,birds & blossoms _m numb]$2 slumb]$2 ,age encumb]$ ,age t b\gh ) sn[ encumb]$4 t b\gh ) sn[4 ,,longfell[4 ,,te/ ,,c>ds #a ,j :]e ! tide ( battle subord9ate ( place 7locative7 turns ,erect & lonely /ood old ,john pr9cipal ,burns ,&1 button$ ov] 8 manly 7v]bal attributive phrase7 brea/1 ,0 a bright blue coat ) a coord9ate ( pr9cipal roll+ coll> #b ,x 0 t]rible pr9cipal on ! "r rag$ = h\rs ! deadly fight coord9ate ( pr9cipal ?und]$ ! batt]y's d\ble coord9ate ( pr9cipal bass ,difficult music = m5 to face 7v]bal attributive phrase 9 apposition7 ,:ile on ! left 7r\nd %ot subord9ate ( "t 7temporal7 pl\gh$1 etc47 begun :]e n[ 7,:ile may be consid]$ z ! graves adv]sative coord9ate7 ,undulate l ! liv+ waves subord9ate to subord9ate 7locative7 #b;d degree ,t all t day unceas+ swept attributive subord9ate 7relative up to ! pits adjectival clause modify+ waves7 ( #c;d degree ! rebels kept attributive subord9ate 7relative pron\n omitt$7 ( #d? degree ,r\nd %ot pl\gh$ ! upl& subord9ate ( "t 7conclud$74 glades #c ,m]rily rang ! bridle re9s pr9cipal & sc>f & plume coord9ate /ream$ gay ,z fa/ beside h] fa!r's gate ! rid]s held _! way subord9ate ( "t ,n[ break y\r %ield asund] pr9cipal & %att] y\r sign & boss coord9ate ,unmeet = peasant-w$d$ arms y\r knightly knee across #d ,! break+ waves da%$ high ,on a /]n & rock-b\nd coa/ pr9cipal ,& ! woods aga9/ a /ormy sky ,_! giant bran*es toss$ coord9ate ,& ! heavy night hung d>k ,! hills & wat]s o'er pr9cipal 7coord9at$ 9 p>agraph7 ,:5 a b& ( pilgrims moor$ _! b>k ,on a wild ,new ,engl& %ore subord9ate temporal ,n pr9cipal begun z ! conqu]or comes subord9ate ( mann] 7modal7 ,!y ! true he>t$ came pr9cipal conclud$ ,n ) ! roll ( ! /irr+ drums & ! trumpet coord9ate 7elipsis ( v]b !y came cont9u$ f pr9cipal7 t s+s ( fame attributive 7relative7 subord9ate to coord9ate4 #e ,my gold5 spurs n[ br+ to me pr9cipal ,& br+ to me my ri*e/ mail coord9ate ,= tomorr[ ,i g ov] l& & subord9ate ( cause 7causal73 sea may be consid]$ coord9ate ,9 se>* ( ! ,holy ,grail ( reason ,%all nev] a b$ = me be spread pr9cipal ,nor %all a pill[ be "u my head coord9ate ,till ,i beg9 my v[ to keep subord9ate ( "t 7temporal7 ,"h on ! ru%es w ,i sleep pr9cipal ,& p]*ance !re may come a vision true coord9ate ,ere day create ! _w anew subord9ate temporal4 #f ,great tid+s ( great joy ,i br+ ,to y & all mank9d pr9cipal ,to y 9 ,david's t[n ?is day ,is born ( ,david's l9e ,! ,savi\r pr9cipal :o is ,*ri/ ! ,"l attributive 7relative7 subord9ate ,& ?is %all be ! sign coord9ate ,! heav5ly ,babe y !re %all f9d ,to human view display$ ,all meanly wrapp$ 9 swaddl+ b&s ,& 9 a mang] laid4 simple s5t5ce ) ?ree coord9ate v]bal phrases4 #g ,! h>p pr9cipal begun t once ?r\gh ,t>a's hall ,! s\l ( music %$ attributive subord9ate 7relative7 ,n[ hangs on ,t>a's walls pr9cipal conclud$ ,z if t s\l 7 fl$ subord9ate ( mann] 7modal7 ,s sleeps ! pride ( =m] days pr9cipal ,s glory's ?rill is o'er coord9ate ,& he>ts coord9ate begun t once beat high attributive relative subord9ate = praise ,n[ feel t pulse no m coord9ate conclud$4 ,no m to *iefs & ladies bright ,! h>p ( ,t>a swells pr9cipal ,! *ord alone coord9ate begun t breaks at night attributive relative subord9ate ,its tale ( ru9 tells coord9ate conclud$4 ,?us fre$om n[ s seldom wakes pr9cipal ,! only ?rob subord9ate result begun 7conjunction t omitt$7 %e gives subord9ate to subord9ate 7#b;d degree2 relative omitt$7 ,is :5 "s he>t indignant breaks ,to %[ subord9ate result conclud$ t /ill %e lives subord9ate object 7n\n7 clause ( #b;d degree4 #h ,*ildhood is ! b\gh pr9cipal :]e slumb]$ ,birds & blossoms _m-numb]$ subord9ate locative 7( place7 ,age t b[ ) sn[s encumb]$ coord9ate4 7,note3 ! be/ ,engli% poetry makes f> less use ( inv]sion ?an does ,italian4 ,su* ex]cises z ! above c\ld be pr(itably appli$ to ! analysis ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( phrases 7adjective1 adv]bial1 etc474 ,x %\ld be not$ t ,dr4 ,montessori 9 h] own ex]cises treats v]bal phrases 7p>ticiples & inf9itives7 z subord9ate clauses4--,,tr47 ,,coord9at+ ,,& ,,subord9at+ ,,conjunctions ,?is /udy ( ! complex s5t5ce leads ! *ild to a m precise compreh5sion ( ! values ( c]ta9 p>ts ( spee* z1 notably1 ! conjunction4 ,we h f\nd1 9 fact1 t little difficulty is exp]i5c$ 9 realiz+ ! di/9ction betwe5 ! t]ms coord9at+ & subord9at+ z appli$ to conjunctions :i* unite clauses b 9 diff]5t ways4 ,! foll[+ *>ts s]ve to cov] ! va/ majority ( cases t ! *ild is likely to meet4 ,we may add t at ?is po9t x may be f\nd useful to h ! *ild analyze ! complex s5t5ces :i* appe>$ 9 ! comm&s & read+s already famili> to him 7see bel[ "u ,read+74 ,,coord9at+ ,,conjunctions ,copulatives3 &1 also1 too1 besides1 moreov]1 fur!r1 fur!rmore1 nor4 ,disjunctives3 or else1 o!rwise1 r4 ,adv]satives3 b1 nev]!less1 h[ev]1 not)/&+1 yet1 /ill1 :ile1 only1 in/ead4 ,decl>atives3 namely1 9 o!r words1 t is4 ,assev]ative3 9 fact1 assur$ly1 really4 ,illative3 h5ce1 !re=e1 !n1 accord+ly1 s4 ,,pr9cipal ,,& ,,coord9ate ,,clauses ,,may ,,beg9 ,,) ,,"o ,,( ,,^! ,,conjunctions ,,*>t ,d ,,! ,,conjunctions ,,9 ,,! ,,subord9ate ,,clause ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,pr9cipal ,,clause ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,incid5tal 7p>5!tical7 clause ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,adjective 7relative1 attributive7 clause :o1 :i*1 t1 ^:1 :om ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,subord9ate subject clause ,subord9ate object clause t t ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,subord9ate clause ( "t ,subord9ate clause ( place 7temporal7 7locative7 :51 :ile1 z soon z1 :]e1 :5ce1 :]ev]1 :i!r be=e1 aft]1 till1 until ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,subord9ate clause ( purpose ,subord9ate clause ( cause 7f9al1 purpose clause7 7casual clause7 t1 9 ord] t1 s t z1 because1 =1 s9ce1 9 z mu* z ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,subord9ate clause ( ,subord9ate clause ( condition mann] & comp>ison 7modal clause7 7conditional clause7 z 7mann]71 ?an 7comp>ison7 if1 unless1 provid$1 provid$ t ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,subord9ate clause ( ,subord9ate clause ( concession result & correlatives 7concessive clause7 t1 s t 7result7 ?\gh1 al?\gh1 ev5 if1 s 444 z1 s 444 t h[ev]1 not)/&+ t 7correlative1 degree7 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,sequ5ce ,,( ,,t5ses ,a special s]ies ( ex]cises on ! relations ( ! subord9ate to ! pr9cipal clause br+s out ! *anges 9 t5se made necess>y 9 ! subord9ate clause z ! t5se ( ! pr9cipal clause v>ies4 ,,s]ies ,,viii ,sequ5ce ( ,t5ses ,,gr\p ,a 7,causal ,clauses7 --,i am writ+ to y because ,i h "s important news4 wrote _h --,i %all n g because ,i mu/ att5d to my "w4 did _h to --,i am glad t y h done s well4 0 _h --,i w give x to y s9ce y insi/ on hav+ x4 gave insi/$ --,he does n answ] because y\r lett] is insult+4 did 0 ,,gr\p ,b 7,miscellane\s ,clauses7 --,i %all be pr\d ( y if y become a f9e s*ol>4 %\ld became --,i believe t only ! ri* c be happy4 believ$ c\ld --,i am wait+ "h till my fa!r returns f t[n4 wait$ return$ --,!y expect t some?+ w happ5 be=e long4 expect$ w\ld --,he is do+ t = y1 9 ord] t y may g to s*ool4 did might --,he w let y "k :]e he has be54 let _h ,,gr\p ,c 7,object ,clauses7 --,!y are tell+ me :at !y h be5 do+4 7 _h --,i promise y t ,i w d ev]y?+ punctually4 promis$ w\ld --,i ?9k he w n be back be=e ,w$nesday4 ?\ght w\ld --,d y "k t y\r fri5d has gone away8 ,did _h --,i assure y t ,i w take good c>e ( x4 assur$ w\ld --,i repeat t y ought to be a%am$ ( y\rself4 repeat$ h be5 ,,gr\p ,d 7,conditional ,s5t5ces7 --,i w\ld read ?is book too1 if ,i c\ld4 h read _h be5 able4 --,if ,i see him1 ,i %all tell him :at y say4 saw %\ld said4 --,i w f9i% ?is "w1 if y c wait4 w\ld c\ld --,i %all come soon] if ,i c4 %\ld c\ld4 --,he w\ld give x to y if y ask$ him = x4 h giv5 _h ask$ --,he w\ld give x to y if y %\ld ask him = x4 --,i %all g !re if ,i h "t4 %\ld _h %all %\ld h %\ld h gone _h _h ,,xiii ,,punctuation ,! p]mutations ( clauses p]mitt$ by our mat]ials give empirical evid5ce ( ! pauses & accord+ly ( ! functions ( ! or?ographical signs ( susp5se 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,^! signs are includ$ also 9 our alphabets4 ,all ! ex]cises hi!rto giv5 require m or less spontane\s att5tion to punctuation4 ,we (f]1 h[ev]1 9 addition1 sev]al s]ies ( s5t5ces = analysis 9 illu/ration ( ! pr9cipal rules = ! use ( punctuation po9ts4 ,almo/ all ( our ,italian s5t5ces are tak5 f ,manzoni1 a writ] especially notewor?y = 8 c>e 9 punctuation4 7,! majority ( ! s5t5ces bel[ are tak5 f ! ,book ( ,k1 by special p]mission ( ! publi%]s47 ,,s]ies ,i ,! comma may sep>ate coord9ate elem5ts4 --,! "m took a gl[+ pride 9 ! beauty ( h] *ildr5's faces1 ! grace & /r5g? ( _! bodies1 _! reckless d>+ & unfl9*+ c\rage4 --,! little /> fell plump into ! middle ( a big puddle1 & !re x lay sad & %ak5 & quak+ ) fright4 --,x 0 dumb & half bl9d1 x _h a soil$ face1 & c\ld give no m light4 --,a m\se 0 j !n peep+ f its hole to see :e!r x 0 go+ to ra91 & :e!r x w\ld be safe to cross ! fields4 --,! m\se />t$ runn+ aga91 & ran until x 0 tir$ out & _h to sit d[n4 --,! little /> p\r$ a flood ( bright light ov] ! poor woman1 & made h] bright & *e]ful & /rong aga91 & !n ! little girl became v happy4 ,,s]ies ,,ii ,a comma isolates vocatives & incid5tal clauses4 --,cs>1 let y\r m5 g =w>d1 said ! guide4 --,:y d y want to f9d y\r fa!r1 ,mora8 --,no1 said he1 ,i %all be v well pres5tly4 --,boys1 said our ho/1 ,i "k ^: h& x is4 --,t1 excuse me = say+ s1 is n ! way to speak to a fri5d4 --,come ) u1 y h&some "y huntsman1 he cri$4 ,,s]ies ,,iii ,a comma sep>ates clauses1 especially = cle>ness1 :5 ! elem5ts ( "o clause might seem to apply equally well to ano!r clause1 & :5 "o clause is int]polat$ betwe5 ! ess5tial elem5ts ( ano!r4 --,mohamm$ taught t m5 %\ld pray at /at$ times1 :]ev] !y are4 --,george1 :o 0 only five ye>s old1 c\ld n g ) 8 fa!r to fight4 --,! tribem51 aft] qu>rel+ a long "t1 decid$ to m>* away4 --,he w5t t ev5+1 z he _h plann$1 to ! doctor's h\se4 --,! poor ,indian _h be5 kept mov+1 ev] s9ce he 0 born1 to regions f>!r & f>!r nor?4 --,! *ild crept to ! b$1 &1 tak+ 8 little fan1 /ood ov] 8 fa!r all night fann+ him4 ,,s]ies ,,iv ,a comma indicates a pause caus$ by ! ellipsis ( "s ^w or idea 79 su* cases long] susp5se c be indicat$ by a colon or a semi-colon74 --,v well1 :at ( x8 --,good-by1 all y nice p6 --,j :at ,i want$3 a plate ( wild /rawb]ries ) real cream6 --,please1 "m1 j a little m1 a v little m6 --,sil5ce1 ob$i5ce1 & ev]ybody at "w6 --,en\gh said2 ,i "k exactly :at ! matt] is6 ,,s]ies ,v ,a semi-colon m>ks a consid]able halt betwe5 clauses4 ,9 "s special cases1 a colon is us$4 ,! da%4 ,quotations4 --,! knight m\nt$ a sup]b /e$2 ! old huntsman did ! same4 --,"s c>riages op5$ at ! back1 ) ! driv] sitt+ p]*$ high above ! door2 o!rs _h ! driv]'s seat at ! side1 & 9 all sorts ( que] positions4 --,! fir/ trams 7 drawn1 usually1 by horses2 ?\gh _m p c rememb] :5 ,london /reet-c>s 7 drawn by mules--two big ones or ?ree little ones = ea* c>4 --,! lett] began3 ,i hope y w let me "k if ?is lett] does n rea* y4 --,patrick ,h5ry said3 ,give me lib]ty1 or give me dea?6 --,! boy's m9d 0 full ( love & romance b n ( sadness =-- ,s++ he 0 & flut+ all ! day3 ,he 0 z fre% z 9 ! mon? ( ,may4 --,! k+ w ask y ?ree que/ions3 ,h[ old are y8 ,h[ long h y be5 9 8 s]vice8 ,are y satisfi$ ) y\r food & lodg+s8 --,h[ happy !y 73 all k9ds ( toys to play )2 all sorts ( good ?+s to eat2 & a k9d old fa!r to satisfy _! e want6 --,sl[ly "o ( ! dialects ( ,engli%--! language ( ,london--came to be reg>d$ z /&>d ,engli%4 --,wa%+ton is call$ ! ,fa!r ( 8 ,c\ntry4 --,:5 he got home1 he said to 8 wife3 ,see1 ,i h br\ght y a pres5t4 --,he %\t$ gleefully3 ,i am a lion--a t]rible lion4 ,,s]ies ,,vi 7,o!r ,punctuation ,po9ts7 ,! p]iod1 ! "q m>k1 exclamation po9t & o!r signs ( punctuation3 ,9 ?is s]ies %\ld be giv5 dialogues1 int]e/+ /ories1 passages :i* express emotional /ates ( m9d vividly portray$4 ,su* selections1 z is true also ( our %ort] passages1 ought to be tak5 f ! be/ writ]s1 di/+ui%$ by ! naturalness & vivacity ( _! /yle & ! use ( an accurate or?ographical te*nique4 ,at ?is po9t we make use ( ! selections us$ = our int]pretations1 s9ce ! "q ( punctuation co9cides ) ! problems ( text int]pretation itself4 ,,xiv ,,^w ,,classification ,,! ,,k9ds ,,( ,,words ,9 do+ ! "w outl9$ ?us f>1 ! *ildr5 h acquir$ consid]able res\rces 9 vocabul>y4 ,!y h se5 all ! articles1 prepositions1 pron\ns1 conjunctions1 int]jections1 _m ( ! adv]bs2 & !y "k _m n\ns1 adjectives1 & v]bs1 :i* w be increas$ 9 numb] z _! culture is wid5$4 ,!y "k some?+ also ( ! use ( ! p>ts ( spee* & _! functions 9 ! expression ( ?\ght4 ,?is is ! natural place = a classification 9 retrospect ( ^? words :i* ! *ildr5 h 9 writ+ be=e !m on ! c>ds & slips ( diff]5t colors4 ,sep>ate tables %\ld be us$ = ^! ex]cises 9 ^w gr\p+4 ,?is new /ep is prep>atory to a !oretical /udy ( language to be develop$ 9 lat] c\rses 9 ! second p]iod ( _! education4 ,,words ,,classifi$ ,,accord+ ,,to ,,=mation ,root ,d]iv$#c words ,comp\nd#d ,,classification ,,( ,,words ,,accord+ ,,to ,,inflection ,!re are two k9ds ( words1 ?us consid]$3 v>iable & inv>iable3 _/ _/ preposition ,!y may be simple or ,,inv>iables3 conjunction comp\nd1 made up1 int]jection t is1 ( "o ^w or m4 _/ _/ may be ( mascul9e1 fem99e1 neut] or 9 g5d] common g5d]4 & numb] n\ns =m _! plurals by add+ -s or by _/ *ang+ ! root v[el 7umlaut7 _/ h special words = 9 g5d]1 numb] pron\ns ea* =m3 e4g4 he1 p]son & case him1 :o1 :om1 ,i1 _/ me1 etc4 adjectives -er = comp>ative 9 degree adv]bs -e/ = sup]lative _/ %[ ?ird p]son s+ul> by add+ -s1 ,,v>iables & old second p]son s+ul> by add+ -/ %[ moods by add+ -+1 -ed or by v[el 9 p]son1 numb]1 v]bs *ange = p>ticiples3 t5se & mood or by special =ms 7,i be1 he be1 etc47 = subjunctive4 %[ t5se by suffix -ed1 -t3 or by v[el *ange 7,i g1 ,i w5t74 %[ irregul> =ms4 _/ ! has two def9ite pronunciations = article accord+ to phonetic reasons ! foll[+ ^w4 a becomes an be=e _/ indef9ite a v[el4 ,,classification ,,( ,,words ,,accord+ ,,to ,,_! ,,use 7,p>ts ( ,spee*7 ,article ,v]b ,pron\n ,n\n ,adv]b ,conjunction ,adjective ,preposition ,int]jection ,,note3 ,9 actual usage ! p>ts ( spee* p]=m n only _! own functions1 b also ! functions ( o!r p>ts ( spee*1 = in/ance1 ! adjective1 v]b1 adv]b1 conjunction1 etc41 may be us$ z n\ns4 ,! p>ticiples1 etc41 may be us$ z adjectives1 or z clauses1 etc4 ,,! ,,n\n ,prop] ,common ,concrete ,ab/ract ,collective ,individual ,,! ,,article ,def9ite--! ,indef9ite--a1 an ,,! ,,adjective ,descriptive3 ,prop]ties1 qualities ( ?+s & liv+ be+s4 _/ c>d9al3 "o1 two1 ?ree1 f\r1 etc4 ord9al3 fir/1 second1 ?ird1 _/ ,def9ite f\r?1 la/1 etc4 7num]al7 multiple3 s+le1 d\ble1 triple1 quadruple1 etc4 fractional3 half1 ?ird1 etc4 ,quantitative3 _/ _m1 all1 "s1 mu*1 en\gh1 no1 m1 mo/1 o!r1 little1 few1 ,indef9ite :atev]1 ea*1 e1 c]ta91 sev]al1 some:at1 etc4 ,demon/rative 7position 9 space73 ?is1 t1 ^!1 ^?1 su*1 same4 ,possessive3 my1 ?y1 81 h]1 its1 our1 y\r1 _!4 ,int]rogative3 :at8 :i*8 ,,v]b ,! v]b indicates3 exi/5ce3 to be4 /ate or condition3 nom9al pr$icate 7copul>73 e4g41 ,%e is beautiful4 action3 v]bal pr$icate3 e4g41 ,i run4 _/ lay1 ?r[1 toss1 hurl1 roll1 raise1 l[]1 atta*1 t\*1 tie1 cov]1 uncov]1 ,transitive 7action ^u undo1 inv]t1 rub1 spread1 collect1 an object diff]5t scatt]1 spr9kle1 /ir1 beat1 mix1 f subject7 dissolve1 flavor1 arrange1 clean1 du/1 sweep1 button1 lace1 hook1 bru%1 wa%1 wipe1 embrace1 etc41 etc4 _/ gr[1 die1 smile1 laugh1 />e1 walk1 /agg]1 ,intransitive m>*1 s+1 :i/le1 speak1 hum1 dance1 7action rema9s %\t1 d9e1 b>k1 ?9k1 bur/1 blossom1 9 subject7 rema91 /&1 rise1 g1 run1 brea!1 sigh1 hesitate1 weep1 sleep1 etc41 etc4 ,note3 ,c]ta9 v]bs may be by nature bo? transitive & intransitive 7incomplete pr$ication74 ,imp]sonals 7! _/ subject is x ra91 sn[1 hail1 dawn1 light51 ?und]1 )\t ref]5ce to a etc4 specific object73 ,,adv]bs _/ sl[ly1 rapidly1 sil5tly1 noisily1 abruptly1 l\dly1 /rongly1 weakly1 mod]ately1 well1 ill1 ( ,mann]3 bett]1 worse1 o!rwise1 diff]5tly1 ?us1 s1 lightly1 heavily1 etc41 etc4 ( ,place3 "h1 !re1 else:]e1 up1 d[n1 =w>d1 backw>d1 up/airs1 d[n/airs1 etc41 etc4 _/ always1 ev]1 nev]1 aga91 /ill1 ye/]day1 ( ,"t3 tomorr[1 today1 n[1 occasionally1 be=e1 aft]w>ds1 soon1 etc41 etc4 ( ,quantity3 mu*1 little1 en\gh1 no?+1 m1 less1 lea/1 mo/1 ab\t1 only1 too1 v1 etc4 ( ,comp>ison3 m1 less1 ?an1 etc4 ( ,affirmation3 yes1 c]ta9ly1 precisely1 inde$1 surely1 assur$ly1 truly1 ev51 etc4 ( ,negation3 no1 nev]1 n1 at all1 etc4 ( ,d\bt3 p]haps1 p]*ance1 almo/1 probably1 etc4 ,,preposition _/ (1 to1 by1 f1 91 )1 on1 among1 above1 ,simple3 ?r\gh1 "u1 ar\nd1 beside1 beh9d1 save1 except1 ne>1 next1 l1 dur+1 (f1 etc4 ,comp\nd 9 place (1 out (1 away f1 z to1 on bo>d1 7preposition ) reg>d to1 etc4 phrases73 ,,pron\n _/ subject3 ,i1 ?\1 he1 %e1 x1 we1 y1 !y ,p]sonal me1 !e1 him1 h]1 x1 u1 y1 object3 !m _/ def9ite3 ?is1 ?is "o1 t1 t "o1 ^!1 ^? ,demon/rative _/ "o1 ones1 "s1 somebody1 indef9ite3 ev]yone1 ea*1 ea* "o1 no "o1 nobody1 none1 no?+1 etc4 _/ _/ subject3 :o1 t ( p]son3 possessive3 ^: object3 :om1 t ( ?+3 :i*1 t ,relative indef9ite3 :oev]1 :i* ev] comp\nd 7antec$5t und]/ood73 :at 7t :i*71 :]e(1 :]e)1 etc4 _/ :o _/ ^: ( p]son :om :i* ,int]rogative ( ?+ :at :i* ,possessive3 m9e1 y\rs 7?9e71 81 h]s1 ours1 y\rs1 !irs4 ,,conjunction ,disjunctive3 or1 or else1 o!rwise1 r4 ,copulative3 &1 also1 too1 besides1 moreov]1 fur!r1 fur!rmore1 nor1 etc4 ,adv]sative3 b1 nev]!less1 not)/&+1 yet1 /ill1 :ile1 h[ev]1 only1 on ! contr>y1 in/ead1 etc4 ,decl>ative3 namely1 9 o!r words1 t is1 etc4 ,relative3 t4 ,illative3 h5ce1 !re=e1 :]e=e1 !n1 accord+ly1 s1 ) ! result t1 etc4 ,temporal3 :ile1 :51 z soon z1 aft]1 be=e1 until1 till1 h>dly1 etc4 ,concessive3 ?\gh1 al?\gh1 ev5 if4 ,purpose 7,f9al73 t1 9 ord] t1 to ! end t1 etc4 ,conditional3 if1 unless1 provid$1 provid$ t1 etc4 ,causal3 z1 because1 =1 s9ce1 see+ t1 etc4 ,result3 t1 s t1 etc4 ,locative3 :]e1 :5ce1 :i!r1 :]eto1 :]efrom1 etc4 ,degree & ,comp>ison3 z1 ?an4 ,,int]jection ,see li/ already giv5 on pp4 #abb-abc4 ,,footnotes3 #c ,"u ?is head+ we include all d]ivations by suffix3 "s suffixes *ange "o "p ( spee* into ano!r3 love 7v]b71 lovable 7adj471 etc42 o!rs1 su* z dim9utives1 peggioratives1 augm5tatives1 etc41 *ange ! quality ( a ^w's mean+4 ,9 adjectives we h suffixes ( degree 7comp>ison3 -er1 -e/74 #d ,"u ?is head+ we include all words =m$ by ! union ( two words or by prefixes4 ,,"p ,,ii ,,read+ ,i ,,expression ,,& ,,int]pretation ,,me*anical ,,processes ,read+ beg9s 9 ! ,*ildr5's ,h\se z soon z ! *ildr5 r]ead ! ^w !y h already compos$ ) ! movable alphabet4 ,?is e>ly ef=t is n inde$ ! true read+ ( ! ^w1 s9ce int]pretation is lack+4 ,! *ildr51 x has be5 se51 "k ! ^w because !y h actually put x toge!r4 ,!y h n ga9$ an und]/&+ ( x f ! simple recognition ( ! graphic symbols4 ,:at !y h done is1 nev]!less1 an important contribution to real read+4 ,z "o consid]s all ( ! details ( ?is p]iod ( developm5t1 x is app>5t t its me*anism is closely alli$ ) t ( ! spok5 language4 ,:5 ! *ild's att5tion has be5 int5sively appli$ to ! recognition ( ! writt5 ^w1 x c easily be fix$ on ! analysis ( ! s\nds :i* make up ! ^w4 ,at a c]ta9 age ! *ild's int]e/ 0 ar\s$ by t\*+ ! lett]4 ,he c n[ be int]e/$ 9 he>+ ! s\nds ( ! ^w :5 pron\nc$ by o!rs & 9 pron\nc+ x himself4 ,we h %[n t ! "w on ! writt5 language 9 ! ex]cises ) ! alphabet 0 necess>y = develop+ & p]fect+ ! spok5 language4 ,x is by s do+ t we make x possible to correct defects 9 spee* & to pass naturally ov] ! p]iod :5 su* defects are =m$4 ,we n[ aim at f9d+ an ex]cise 9 ! actual me*anism ( pronunciation :i* c be />t$ at ! mom5t ( its natural developm5t 9 su* a way t its gr[? to p]fection w foll[ z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,x is a "q ( br++ ! *ildr5 rapidly to pron\nce )\t hesitation4 ,9 s pron\nc+ well1 9 p]=m+ ext5sive ex]cises 9 he>+ words & 9 ! int]pretation ( !m f graphic signs1 ! *ild br+s toge!r 9 a unit ( effect ! basic processes ( read+ & writ+4 ,a good pronunciation ( ! ^w read is ( great importance4 ,we may say t 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools ( our day ?is is ! pr9cipal purpose ( read+4 ,nev]!less1 x is v difficult to obta9 a good pronunciation :5 defects h be5 all[$ to develop & become habitual 9 ! *ild's previ\s "w4 ,9 fact1 ! elim9ation ( ^! defects1 :i* h be5 ! result ( a fundam5tal error 9 education1 comes to absorb all ( ! en]gies ( ! read+ class 9 ord9>y prim>y s*ools4 ,s f> along z ! fif? grade we see tea*]s /ruggl+ to make ! *ildr5 read1 t !y may acquire a good pronunciation1 & 9 our read+ books !re are graduat$ ex]cises con/ruct$ on ! basis ( ,difficulties 9 ,pronunciation4 ,x is app>5t t all ( ?is /ress on ! physiological me*anics ( pronunciation is =eign to true read+4 ,x is1 r1 an imp$im5t to ! developm5t ( true read+4 ,su* read+ ex]cises con/itute1 z x 71 a =eign body1 :i* op]ates l a disease to prev5t ! developm5t ( ! high intellectual activity :i* int]prets ! my/]i\s language ( writt5 symbols & ar\ses ! *ild's en?usiasm ) ! fasc9at+ revelations !y c give4 ,! eag]ness ( ! *ild to le>n is curb$ & *eat$ :5 he is compell$ to /op 8 m9d f work+ because 8 tongue refuses to act prop]ly & mu/ be labori\sly tra9$ to "w "r4 ,?is tra9+1 if begun at ! prop] "t1 :5 ! *ild's :ole psy*ic & n]v\s organism ye>ns = ! p]fection ( ! me*anism ( spee*1 w\ld h be5 a fasc9at+ task2 & once />t$ along ! "r pa?1 ! pupil w\ld h cont9u$ to foll[ x ) alacrity & confid5ce4 ,:5 ! "t comes = ! intellig5ce to try its w+s1 its w+s %\ld be ready4 ,:at w\ld happ5 to a pa9t]1 if at ! mom5t ( inspiration1 he _h to sit d[n & manufacture 8 bru%es6 ,,analysis ,our fir/ publication on ! me?ods us$ 9 ! ,*ildr5's ,h\se made cle> two di/9ct op]ations involv$ 9 read+3 ! int]pretation ( ! mean+ & ! pronunciation al\d ( ! ^w4 ,! /ress we laid on t analysis z a guide to ! developm5t ( read+ 0 ! result ( actual exp]i5ce4 ,^? :o foll[$ ?is "w dur+ its initial /ages saw h[ ! *ildr51 :5 !y read = ! fir/ "t1 int]pret+ ! mean+ ( ! words be=e !m1 did s )\t speak+1--read+1 t is1 m5tally4 ,int]pretation1 9 fact1 is a "q ( m5tal conc5tration4 ,read+ is an affair ( ! intellig5ce4 ,! pronunciation al\d is q a diff]5t ?+1 n only di/+ui%$ f ! fir/ process1 b second>y to x4 ,talk+ al\d is a "q ( spee*1 involv+ fir/ he>+ & !n ! me*anical reproduction ( s\nds 9 articulate language4 ,its function is to br+ into imm$iate communication two or m p1 :o ?us ex*ange ! ?\ghts :i* !y h already p]fect$ 9 ! secret places ( _! m9ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,int]pret$ read+3 ,smile & clap y\r h&s4 ,! *ild reads sil5tly an ord] writt5 on a slip ( pap]2 !n proves t %e und]/&s by act+ ! direction giv54 7,a ,montessori ,s*ool 9 ,italy47 ,b read+ /&s 9 a direct relation ) writ+4 ,"h !re are no s\nds to be he>d or pron\nc$4 ,! individual1 all by himself1 c put himself into communication n only ) human be+s actually alive on ! e>?1 b also ) ^? :o liv$ c5turies & c5turies ago d[n to ! dawn ( hi/ory4 ,su* communication is made possible n by s\nd b by ! writt5 symbol4 ,! m9d takes 9 ^! symbols 9 sil5ce4 ,books are mute1 z f> z s\nd is conc]n$4 ,x foll[s t read+ al\d is a comb9ation ( two di/9ct op]ations1 ( two languages4 ,x is some?+ f> m complex ?an speak+ & read+ tak5 sep>ately by !mselves4 ,9 read+ al\d ! *ild speaks n to express 8 own ?\ghts1 b ?\ghts reveal$ by ! writt5 symbol4 ,! ^w 9 ?is case no long] has t natural /imulus f )9 :i* creation gives x4 ,9 fact1 x is some?+ =c$ & monoton\s1 some?+ l ! language ( ! deaf-mute4 ,words :i* are ! product ( ! int]pretation ( individual alphabetical symbols come ) ef=t1 & ! mean+ :i* comes f ! int]pretation ( ! entire s5t5ce1 z ! eye reads ^w by ^w1 & translates into s\nd1 is appreh5d$ & r$uc$ to expression ) great difficulty4 ,to give a fairly intelligible expression to ! mean+1 ! eyes h be5 oblig$ rapidly to trav]se ! s5t5ce z a :ole1 :ile ! tongue has be5 labori\sly & monoton\sly pron\nc+ "o ^w aft] ano!r4 ,j imag9e add+ to su* a complex problem = ! *ild ( ! prim>y s*ools ! additional task ( correct+ 8 pronunciation6 ,x is no wond] t read+ is "o ( ! rocks on :i* ! rudd]less %ip ( elem5t>y education inevitably runs agr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,int]pret$ read+3 ,take (f y\r hat & make a l[ b[4 7,a ,montessori ,s*ool 9 ,italy47 _/ _/ me*anical writ+ grammatical 7controll$ by translation into action7 n>ration & description ,composition ( words 7) _/ movable me*anical alphabet7 _/ grammatical 7translations read+ int]pretative into action7#e declamatory 7elocution7 express$ 7al\d7 ,! exp]im5ts we h succe$$ 9 conduct+ on ! subject ( read+ are p]haps among ! mo/ complete we h made4 ,we f\nd ! key to ! problem :5 we discov]$ t ! *ild pass$ f ! m5tal read+ ( ! words writt5 on ! c>ds directly to int]pretation 9 action4 ,?is int]pretation1 ready & facile1 z all ! acts ( *ildr5 are1 reveals to u :at ! *ild has und]/ood & accord+ly :at he is capable ( und]/&+4 ,we h ?us be5 able to obta9 an exp]im5tal graduation ( passages = read+1 :i* on be+ ga!r$ toge!r1 %[ ! nature ( ! difficulties :i* successively pres5t !mselves to ! *ild4 ,! *ildr5 h made = !mselves specim5 clauses & s5t5ces :i* an exp]t gramm>ian c\ld n h devis$ bett] = facilitat+ ! /udy ( language4 ,z we w5t on ) ?is "w1 we became m & m conv9c$ t ! /udy ( gramm> may be made a help 9 ! up-build+ ( ! *ild's language & t x makes its influ5ce felt 9 read+ & 9 ! writt5 composition4 ,! table 7p4 #age7 may be useful 9 %[+ ! successive /eps actually trav]s$ by ! *ild 9 ! ph5om5a ( read+4 ,! fundam5tal po9t to realize is t int]pretation alone con/itutes true read+4 ,read+ al\d1 on ! o!r h&1 is a comb9ation ( read+ & articulate expression1 9 o!r words1 a comb9ation involv+ ! two great me*anisms ( ! spok5 language & ! writt5 language4 ,read+ al\d p]mits an audi5ce to take "p 9 ! read+ communicat$ to x by means ( articulate spee*4 ,ev5 "h1 ! m5tal ef=t requir$ to li/5 to ! voice ( a man passionately int]e/$ 9 ! n>ration ( ?+s :i* he himself has exp]i5c$ is n ! same z t dem&$ 9 li/5+ to a read+ ( ! same ?+s by a p]son :o has n exp]i5c$ !m1 & :o1 to n>rate !m1 mu/ p]=m ! rapid & int5se ef=t ( int]pretation4 ,9 ?is read+1 s to speak1 by transmission1 ! mo/ s]i\s difficulties are enc\nt]$4 ,we all "k by exp]i5ce h[ difficult x is to endure a read+1 & h[ r>e an end[m5t ! gift ( read+ is4 ,h[ev]1 ! p]son :o is ?us gift$ c get a he>+ almo/ z well z ! p]son :o speaks4 ,! tea*+ ( read+1 !n1 9 ?is s5se1 is n m]ely ! tea*+ ( ! int]pretation ( ! mean+1--all t w\ld be necess>y1 if ! sole function ( read+ 7 to ga9 new ideas = ! read]4 ,read+1 ?us conceiv$1 repres5ts really ! addition ( an art ( expression to simple read+1 & s9ce ?is expressive art is purely dramatic1 ! tea*+ ( read+ involves ! developm5t ( dramatic art4 ,only ?r\gh dramatic art c ! transmission ( read+ to a gr\p ( p be made possible4 ,x is cle> t ! (t5] ! ex]cise ( id5tify+ oneself ) :at is read is repeat$ & p]fect$1 ! great] ! possibility ( expression becomes4 ,x foll[s t 9 ! p]fection ( ?is art we %\ld be less conc]n$ ) timbre1 ) tone ( voice & ge/ures1 all extr9sic aspects ( ?is art1 ?an ) int5se vivid int]pretation :i* br+s ! *ild to an id5tification ( himself ) :at he reads4 ,& ?is int]pretation w realize its objects if x is practis$ z a habit & z a =m ( read+4 ,! pro( ( correct int]pretation 0 ! *ild's ability to reproduce 9 action :at 0 describ$ 9 ! words he read4 ,simil>ly1 ! pro( ( ! int]pretation 9 read+ al\d is ! repetition ( ! ?+s he>d by means ( ! spok5 language4 ,t is1 ! *ildr51 9 ord] to prove to u t !y h und]/ood some?+ read al\d1 %\ld be able to repeat 9 n>rative =m :at !y h he>d4 ,! practical results ( our ef=ts 9 ?is direction 7 v int]e/+ to wat*4 ,"s *ildr5 c say no?+4 ,o!rs (f] to tell ! :ole /ory4 ,_! /ory is n cle> or p]haps x is defective 9 "s respect4 ,imm$iately o!r *ildr5 are ready to correct ! ones tell+ ! /ory3 ,no1 no1 t's n :at happ5$1 t's n :at happ5$1 or1 ,wait1 y h =gott5 some?+1 & s on4 ,9 fact1 to und]/& & to be able to n>rate :at has be5 und]/ood is n ! same ?+4 ,9 tell+ a /ory !re is a successive unfold+ ( v complex m5tal activities :i* are bas$ on & add$ to ! primal activity ( hav+ und]/ood4 ,x is a "q aga9 ( ! ?ree diff]5t /ages not$ by u 9 ! fir/ lessons giv5 to *ildr53 ,fir/ /age1 ! caus+ ( ! p]ception3 7,t is r$1 t is blue72 ,second /age1 ! p]fection ( recognition3 7,:at is r$ or blue872 ,?ird /age1 ! provocation ( expression3 7,:at ab\t ?is or t874 ,?us1 ! *ild :o succe$s 9 express+1 ev5 9 an imp]fect way1 :at he has und]/ood ( ! passage he has read1 is 9 a m advanc$ /ate ( developm5t ?an o!r *ildr5 :o are unable to tell ! /ory4 ,h[ev]1 ^! *ildr5 :o are n able to relate :at !y h he>d said may v well be 9 ! prec$+ /age 9 :i* !y are capable ( recognition4 ,^! latt] are ! rel5tless critics1 ! con/ant heckl]s ( ^? :o are try+ to relate--,no1 no1--t's n s1 ,y h =gott5 ?is1 or t4 ,let "o ( u tea*]s try to tell ! /ory 9 ! mo/ p]fect & complete mann]1 & ^! t9y impetu\s heckl]s li/5 to u 9 ec/asy1 %[+ _! approval 9 e =m ( approbation ( :i* !y are capable4 ,by /udy+ su* manife/ations 9 ! *ildr51 we c get suffici5t psy*ological data = det]m9+ :at read+ is adapt$ to *ildr5 ( diff]5t ages1 ! be/ ways ( read+ al\d1 & ! l9e ( developm5t foll[$ by ea* *ild 9 t hidd5 m5tal _w ( 8 :i* is cut (f f our gaze4 ,b to d]ive ^! b5efits f read+1 x is p]fectly cle> t ! *ildr5 mu/ be left absolutely free 9 ! expression ( :at goes on 9 _! m9ds4 ,accord+ to ! me?od us$ 9 ord9>y s*ools a *ild is call$ ^u to read al\d1 & ! tea*] h]self cont9ually int]rupts1 ei!r to correct ! pronunciation1 or to assi/ by explanations & sugge/ions 9 ! int]pretation ( ! mean+4 ,?is is all useless = exp]im5tal purposes4 ,we h no c]ta9 means ( det]m9+ :e!r ! pupil has und]/ood ei!r :at he has read or ! explanations ( ! tea*]4 ,fur!rmore ! corrections ( pronunciation h c5t]$ ! *ild's att5tion on ?is detail :i* is entirely )\t relation to ! mean+ ( ! text he is int]pret+4 ,ano!r situation n infrequ5tly arises4 ,a *ild is select$ at r&om to tell 9 8 own words :at he has be5 read4 ,(t5 ! selection is n made at r&om1 b "s pupil is call$ on because he has %[n himself ! mo/ inatt5tive1 ! lea/ int]e/$ 9 :at is be+ done--! recitation ?us becom+ correctional 9 "*6 ,:ile ! *ild is tell+ 8 /ory1 !re is a con/ant suppression ( int]ruptions3 ,hu%1 ,i did n call on y1 ,wait till y are call$ on1 ,x is n polite to int]rupt "s "o :o is talk+1 etc4 ,x is cle> t ! tea*] w nev] le>n any?+ ab\t h] pupils 9 ?is way4 ,?is expla9s :y1 f ! psy*ological po9t ( view1 our pres5t-day s*ools h n be5 able to contribute any?+ new to a re=m$ sci5tific p$agogy ( read+4 ,,exp]im5tal ,,section3 ,,read+ ,,al\d ,al?\gh we lay all possible /ress on int]pretative read+1 we nev]!less put into ! h&s ( ! *ild a little read+ book :i* he c g ov] by himself fir/ 9 a l[ voice1 & !n1 :5 he has grasp$ ! mean+1 al\d1 provid$ he c express himself cle>ly & easily4 ,! simplicity ( ^! texts occasions surprise :5 "o obs]ves h[ completely & en?usia/ically absorb$ 9 !m ! *ildr5 become4 ,!y f9d !m s delightful t ! books get lit]ally worn out ) ! read+ & r]ead+ to :i* !y are subject$4 ,sometimes a book is read f beg9n+ to end4 ,aga9 ! *ild op5s x by *ance & reads ! page he happ5s on4 ,"s *ildr5 l to read ! :ole book ov] & ov]4 ,o!rs pref] to read "s p>ticul> page a great _m times4 ,"o frequ5tly sees ^! t9y ?+s sudd5ly rise ) great decision & read al\d "o ( ! pages :i* has be5 s s]i\sly exam9$4 ,! little book 0 compos$ v c>efully on ! basis ( rigid exp]im5tation4 ,z ! book is op5$ only "o page ( pr9t appe>s1 ! t]go ( ! "r h& page be+ always blank4 ,nor does ! text always cov] ! entire page4 ,! spaces above & bel[ ! pr9t are decorat$ ) designs4 ,! tw5ty pages ( ?is beg9n]s book are z foll[s3 ,page #a4 ,my s*ool is ! ,*ildr5's ,h\se4 ,page #b4 ,9 ! ,*ildr5's ,h\se !re are ev] s _m little *airs & tables = u4 ,page #c4 ,!re are also "s pretty cab9ets4 ,ea* *ild has 8 own draw]4 ,page #d4 ,!re are gre5 plants & beautiful b\quets ( fl[]s ev]y:]e ab\t ! rooms 9 our s*ool4 ,page #e4 ,i (t5 /op to look at ! pictures :i* are hang+ on ! walls4 ,page #f4 ,we are busy all ! "t4 ,we wa% our faces & h&s4 ,we keep ev]y?+ :]e x belongs4 ,we du/ ! furniture4 ,we /udy & try to le>n all we c4 ,page #g4 ,c y guess h[ we le>n$ to dress ourselves8 ,we kept our f+]s busy work+ on ! canvas frames1 lac+ & unlac+1 fa/5+ & unfa/5+ ! hooks & eyes1 button+ & unbutton+1 ty+ & unty+ knots4 ,page #h4 ,!n are t5 blocks = ?is t[]1 all ( diff]5t sizes4 ,fir/ ,i spread !m ar\nd on ?is c>pet4 ,x is great fun to put !m toge!r aga91 tak+ "o aft] ! o!r & *oos+ ! l>ge/ ea* "t4 ,page #i4 ,i use ! t[] too 9 a balanc+ game4 ,j try to c>ry ! t[] ar\nd ! room )\t lett+ x fall to pieces6 ,sometimes ,i succe$ & !n aga9 ,i sometimes fail4 ,page #aj4 ,i l ! long rods1 too6 ,i mu/ put ! rods ne> ea* o!r accord+ to _! l5g?4 ,i mu/ be c>eful to place ! blue sections ne> ! blue ones & ! r$ ones ne> ! r$4 ,?us1 ,i build "s pretty /airs ) r$ & blue /eps4 ,page #aa4 ,b to get a real /air case ,i use ! br[n prisms4 ,^! prisms are ( diff]5t size1 & ,i get "s f9e /airs ) t5 /eps4 ,page #ab4 ,i h also "s solid insets ( wood into :i* ,i fit little cyl9d]s ( diff]5t dim5sions4 ,!y diff] 9 l5g? & bread?4 ,! game is to put ^! cyl9d]s 9 _! places aft] look+ at !m & t\*+ !m c>efully4 ,page #ac4 ,we (t5 make mi/akes 9 work+ ) ! insets4 ,:5 we put a cyl9d] :]e x doesn't belong1 we f9d t at ! end ( ! game we h "o cyl9d] left ov] & x won't fit 9 any:]e4 ,!n ! ex]cise becomes v excit+4 ,we look at ! inset c>efully2 we f9d ! mi/ake & beg9 all ov] aga94 ,! mo/ skilful pupils "w ! insets ) _! eyes clos$4 ,page #ad4 ,^! colors are call$3 r$1 black1 gre51 yell[1 blue1 br[n1 p9k & violet4 ,page #ae4 ,i amuse myself by pick+ out & pull+ toge!r pieces ( ! same color f ! collection spread out ov] my table4 ,i get ?us a long /rip ( diff]5t colors4 ,page #af4 ,we le>n to arrange sixty-f\r diff]5t colors by graduations4 ,we get eight beautiful bl5ds ( colors1 ea* =m$ by eight t9ts ( diff]5t tones4 ,:5 we become skilful we c make a pretty rug ) bl5d+ /rips4 ,page #ag4 ,we also h two little *e/s full ( pieces ( clo?4 ,! clo?s are ( all k9ds f ! r\ghe/ & h>de/ to ! smoo!/ & s(te/3 canvas1 cotton1 l951 wool1 flannel1 velvet1 etc4 ,if we keep our h&s clean1 we c le>n to recognize all sorts ( ?+s ) ! tips ( our f+]s6 ,page #ah4 ,a *ild is bl9dfold$4 ,he mixes ! pieces ( clo? ) 8 little h&s4 ,he feels ab\t among ! pieces ( clo?4 ,at la/ he smiles & holds up 8 h&s ) two pieces ( clo?1 bo? alike4 ,?\gh he c\ld n see1 ! *ild has f\nd out1 j by us+ 8 f+]s1 t ! two pieces 7 ( ! same clo?4 ,page #ai4 ,^! are my plane insets4 ,"h are ! blue tablets4 ,i mu/ fit !m into ! frames1 :i* h j en\gh room = !m4 ,i run two f+]s1 ! =e-f+] & ! middle-f+]1 ar\nd ! edge ( ! tablet1 & !n ar\nd ! edge ( ! frames4 ,next ,i fit ! tablet into its prop] place4 ,aft] a little practise ,i c put ! six tablets 9 _! places ev5 ) my eyes bl9dfold$4 ,page #bj4 ,) ! plane insets ,i h le>n$ to recognize _m figures3 ! squ>e1 ! circle1 ! rectangle1 ! ellipse1 ! triangle1 ! oval1 ! p5tagon1 ! hexagon1 ! heptagon1 ! octagon1 ! enneagon1 ! decagon4 ,i le>n$ all ^! h>d names v easily because ! insets are s amus+6 ,,int]pretations ,read+ ) ! object ( int]pretation is conduct$ z 9 ! fir/ exp]im5ts ( ! ,*ildr5's ,h\se1 ) c>ds4 ,f ! graduat$ s]ies we h prep>$ ! *ild selects a c>d4 ,he reads x m5tally & !n executes ! action indicat$ on ! c>d4 ,our lat] exp]im5ts became v int]e/+ :5 !y 7 bas$ ^u a m rigor\s me?od4 ,:5 we gave a c>d describ+ two actions to a *ild ( five ye>s1 he w\ld execute only "o ( ! actions4 ,take ! foll[+ = example3 --,%e lean$ ov] ! back ( a *air4 --,%e cov]$ h] face ) h] h&s & wept4 ,! *ild w\ld act out ei!r ! fir/ s5t5ce 7,%e lean$ ov] ! back ( ! *air7 or ! second 7,%e cov]$ h] face )1 h] h&s & wept74 ,9 spite ( ! fact t ?is *ild seem$ extraord9>ily eag] to get ! c>ds into 8 h&s & to int]pret !m1 ^? conta9+ two s5t5ces always ar\s$ 9 him less en?usiasm ?an ^? conta9+ a s+le s5t5ce or indicat+ a s+le action 7= in/ance1 ,! boy ran away z fa/ z he c\ld74 ,9 ?is latt] case ! en?usiasm ( ! little ones1 _! c>e 9 int]pret+ ! action vividly1 _! eag]ness to repeat x1 _! flu%$ faces & %9+ eyes1 told u t at la/ we _h ! read+ adapt$ to _! psy*ology4 ,our fir/ s]ies ( read+s accord+ly is entirely te/$ or exp]im5tal4 ,x is made up ( simple s5t5ces some?+ l ^? analyz$ 9 ! lessons on gramm> 7,v]b to ,pron\n74 ,,s]ies ,i --,%e gaz$ sl[ly ar\nd ! room4 --,he look$ at !m out ( ! corn]s ( 8 eyes4 --,! boy ran away z fa/ z he c\ld4 --,%e ?rew h]self on h] knees be=e him4 --,! man pac$ sl[ly up & d[n ! room4 --,! little girl /ood ) l[]$ head4 --,! tea*] nodd$ h] approval4 --,! little *ild sat ) fold$ arms4 --,he />t$ rapidly t[>d ! door4 --,he began to walk to & fro ab\t ! room4 --,8 "m t5d]ly /rok$ 8 head4 --,%e motion$ to him to keep away4 --,he :isp]$ 9 h] e>4 --,%e plac$ h] h& on 8 %\ld]4 --,!y knock$ at ! door4 --,! little girl fr[n$4 ,! *ildr5 c>ry out ! indicat$ action aft] !y h read m5tally1 b !y put :at am\nts to arti/ic expression into _! int]pretations1 :i* are nev] execut$ li/lessly4 ,= !m x becomes a real int]pretation4 ,!y (t5 /udy ! action1 try+ x ov] & ov] aga91 z ?\gh rehe>s+ = a play4 ,_! aptitude = ?is is some?+ rem>kable4 ,fur!rmore ! words h1 = ! mo/ "p1 already be5 /udi$ 9 ! grammatical ex]cises1 s t ! mean+ ( ea* ^w is becom+ m & m cle>4 ,?is helps 9 ! int]pretation4 ,= example1 ! s5t5ce ,! little girl /ood ) l[]$ head does n mean simply %e l[]$ h] head4 ,if ! *ild has und]/ood he w /& = "s "t ) l[]$ head 9 an attitude m or less expressive accord+ to ! vividness ( 8 feel+ ( ! situation4 ,9 ! s5t5ce ,%e ?rew h]self on h] knees be=e him !re w n be a simple act ( kneel+1 b some?+ m dramatic4 ,! *ild w assume ! kneel+ po/ure ) "s indication ( emotion4 ,! *ildr5 take no end ( int]e/ 9 ea* o!r's int]pretations4 ,9 a second s]ies ( read+s we h two coord9at$ clauses1 ! *ildr5 execut+ two consecutive actions in/ead ( "o4 ,,s]ies ,,ii --,he op5$ ! door & came 94 --,he left ! room & lock$ ! door beh9d him4 --,he w5t on tiptoe to ! door & c>efully op5$ x4 --,%e cov]$ h] face ) h] h&s & began to sob viol5tly4 --,%e gave a cry ( joy & ran to ! door4 --,%e bur/ into a laugh & clapp$ h] h&s4 --,he took (f 8 cap & made a l[ b[4 --,%e %ook h] head sadly & smil$4 --,he ?rew ! w9d[ wide op5 & look$ into ! g>d54 --,he hurri$ to ! table & rang ! bell4 --,) a sigh ( relief he /ret*$ himself out on ! s(a1 & lay !re look+ at ! ceil+ ) 8 m\? op54 --,he %ut 8 eyes & fell asleep4 ,9 ! ?ird s]ies1 !re are s5t5ces ) "o or m coord9ate clauses4 ,,s]ies ,,iii --,%e op5$ ! door1 smoo!d h] hair sl[ly & came 94 --,he w5t to ! w9d[1 op5$ x a little & pe]$ into ! /reet4 --,he clos$ ! w9d[1 w5t back to 8 desk & !n began to walk hurri$ly up & d[n ! room4 --,! doctor b5t ov] ! sick man1 felt 8 pulse ) "o h& & plac$ ! o!r on 8 =ehead4 --,he took a key out ( 8 pocket1 op5$ ! door & came 94 --,%e utt]$ a cry ( joy1 ran to h] "m & sank on h] knees be=e h]4 --,he put 8 left elb[ on 8 knee1 re/$ 8 =ehead 9 8 left h& & began to /roke 8 be>d ) 8 "r4 --,%e lean$ ov] ! back ( ! *air1 cov]$ h] face ) h] h&s & wept4 --,he w5t to ! table1 f\nd ! picture & joyfully took x 9 8 h&s4 --,%e took h] h&k]*ief out ( h] pocket1 unfold$ x & wip$ ! te>s f h] eyes4 --,! *ild 0 sleepy4 ,he re/$ 8 head on 8 arms on ! table & w5t to sleep4 --,he look$ t[>d ! door fix$ly1 ) an expression ( t]ror on 8 face & wait$ = ! man to come 94 ,,s]ies ,,iv 7,complex s5t5ces ) "o subord9ate clause7 --,:ile he 0 mak+ ! draw+1 he kept exam9+ ! fl[] v c>efully4 --,%e cov]$ h] eyes ) h] h&s1 z if %e 7 try+ to collect h] ?\ghts4 --,%e clos$ h] eyes s t %e c\ld feel m int5sely ! s(tness ( ! piece ( velvet4 --,%e look$ t5d]ly aft] ! little boy1 till he disappe>$ ?r\gh ! door4 --,:5 he _h succe$$ 9 turn+ ! knob )\t mak+ any noise1 he /eal?ily op5$ ! door & pe]$ into ! room4 --,george held ! book be=e 8 face s t no "o c\ld see him laugh+4 --,%e walk$ sl[ly across ! room & ) b[$ head1 z ?\gh %e 7 9 great sorr[4 --,! old man /rok$ ! little boy's head z ?\gh he 7 mu* amus$4 --,aft] %e _h motion$ to ! *ild to be sil5t1 ! lady smil+ly approa*$ & took him by ! h&4 --,!y /opp$ sudd5ly & li/5$1 z ?\gh wond]+ :at x c\ld be4 --,:5 ,m>y op5$ ! door1 ,george w5t to meet h] ) a *e]y smile ( welcome4 ,,s]ies ,v 7,s5t5ces some:at m involv$2 descriptions m complex2 an exact int]pretation sometimes requires ! pronunciation ( words al\d7 --,! *ild rose f h] seat1 & ) h] face buri$ 9 h] h&k]*ief1 walk$ sl[ly1 sadly1 t[>d ! w9d[4 --,he lay back 9 8 *air1 8 head sunk betwe5 8 %\ld]s1 :ile 8 arms 7 press$ tightly across 8 brea/1 z ?\gh he 7 cold4 ,illu/ration3 ,int]pret$ read+3 ,:isp] to him4 7,! ,l5ox ,s*ool1 ,montessori ,elem5t>y ,class1 ,new ,york47 --,he dropp$ we>ily into a *air & sat !re look+ at ! floor1 8 "r elb[ on 8 knee & 8 *9 re/+ on 8 h&4 --,he /ood at ! op5 w9d[1 ) figure erect1 & 8 h&s re/+ on ! w9d[-sill1 :ile 9 deep brea?s he took into 8 lungs ! delici\s fre% air t 0 com+ into ! room4 --,! boy l[]$ 8 head1 & rubb$ 8 =ehead ) 8 h&s z ?\gh he 7 try+ to collect 8 ?\ghts4 --,!re %e knelt1 h] face turn$ heav5w>d1 h] h&s cross$ 9 h] lap1 :ile h] body droop$ g5tly z ?\gh %e 7 v1 v tir$4 --,:5 he rea*$ ! door ( 8 h\se1 he ha/ily unlock$ ! door1 op5$ x1 w5t 91 & c>efully lock$ ! door aga9 beh9d him2 & 9 8 eag]ness to confide 8 secret to "s "o he c\ld tru/1 he w5t d[n ! hall call+ ,"m1 ,"m6 --,8 eyes fill$ ) te>s z he w5t to ! wall :]e ! picture ( 8 fa!r hung1 & !re ) 8 head re/+ on 8 arm aga9/ ! wall1 he sobb$ bitt]ly4 --,rizpah spread ! clo? on ! gr\nd at ! foot ( ! tree1 seat$ h]self ^u x1 & ) h] arms re/+ limp ^u h] knees1 h] eyes set 9 unutt]able woe1 wat*$ ! birds & ?\ght ab\t h] lo/ *ildr54 --,! man 0 ly+1 sprawl+1 on ! c\*1 b he jump$ up & ran to ! door & angrily motion$ to 8 s]vant to come to him4 --,! old lady sat %iv]+ ne> ! /ove1 hold+ out h] h&s to get ! w>m? & n]v\sly op5+ & clos+ !m s t ! tips ( h] f+]s kept rubb+ h] palms4 --,i see1 ?\ght ! boy z he /ood ) fold$ arms look+ fix$ly at ! floor4 --,he took ! h&k]*ief1 exam9$ x a mom5t & said3 ,x doesn't belong to me6 --,he /oop$ ov] & pick$ up a p5cil t 0 ly+ on ! floor3 ,p%aw1 said he1 x is brok56 --,pecop91 feel+ t all 0 ov]1 ?rew himself face d[nw>d on ! gr\nd1 & moan$3 ,i %all nev] see h] aga96 --,on wak+1 ,rip ,van ,w9kle rubb$ 8 eyes & look$ ar\nd = 8 gun2 z he rose to walk he f\nd himself /iff 9 ! jo9ts & want+ 9 8 usual agility4 --,! cl]gyman fold$ 8 h&s be=e 8 brea/ &1 b5d+ 8 head above !m1 pray$ f]v5tly4 --,! girl knelt beside ! fall5 soldi]1 :ile ) h] "r h& %e wav$ h] h&k]*ief to & fro 9 ! air4 --,z ! door op5$1 ,flor5ce ran to meet him1 cry+1 ,oh1 de>1 de> papa6 & %e held out h] arms to him2 b1 z he paid no att5tion to h]1 %e put h] h&k]*ief to h] face & bur/ into te>s4 --,beatrice came ?r\gh ! door hold+ h] skirt ) "o beautiful arm1 :ile ) ! o!r %e held a c&le/ick above h] head1 s t ! light %one ^u h] face4 --,%e advanc$ hold+ =w>d h] head z if %e w\ld h him kiss h] z he us$ to :5 %e 0 a *ild2 b !n rememb]+ h]self1 %e made him a deep curtsy1 sweep+ d[n to ! gr\nd almo/1 look+ up mean:ile ) ! sweete/ smile4 --,%e clos$ ! door v c>efully beh9d h]1 & !n leant back aga9/ x1 h] h&s fold$ be=e h]1 look+ at ! boy :o 0 kneel+ beside 8 trunk to pack x4 --,he took ! pap] & /epp$ to ! w9d[2 !n hold+ ! %eet s t ! light fell full ^u x1 he exam9$ x c>efully1 fold$ x z ?\gh mus+ on its cont5ts & put x into 8 ve/ pocket4 --,my ,"l 0 lift+ ! glass to 8 lips1 :5 ,esmond ent]$2 b at ! sight ( ! famili> face1 ! movem5t ( 8 arm ceas$ :5 ! glass 0 on a level ) 8 *92 he held x !re a mom5t 9 a/oni%m5t1 !n1 sudd5ly sett+ x on ! table he ru%$ t[>d ,esmond ) out/ret*$ arms1 & w\ld almo/ h embrac$ him3 ,i ?\ght y 7 9 ,france1 he exclaim$4 --,! ,pr9ce 0 ly+ on ! b$1 b at ! s\nd ( ! foot/eps1 he rose on 8 elb[ 9 al>m1 :ile he rea*$ "u ! pill[ = 8 pi/ols3 ,:o goes !re8 he %\t$ /]nly4 ,illu/ration3 ,9 a simil> mann]1 ! *ildr5 set out or int]pret poses & expressions 9 pictures4 7,a ,montessori ,s*ool 9 ,italy47 --,! *ild playfully drew 8 cap d[n ov] 8 eyes z ?\gh he 7 a v fi]ce b&it1 & ru%$ into ! room hold+ out 8 arm & po9t+ 8 =e-f+] l a pi/ol4 --,z ! ladies rode up1 ! old g5tleman rais$ 8 hat & /ood ) b[$ head till !y _h pass$4 --,! "y man pick$ up ! glove f ! floor1 press$ x f]v5tly to 8 lips & clasp$ x t5d]ly aga9/ 8 bosom1 z ?\gh x 7 a priceless treasure4 ,,s]ies ,,vi 7,m difficult int]pretations ) occasional speak+7 --,dunsey ?rew himself into a *air by ! w9d[1 drew ano!r *air be=e him1 ?rew "o leg ov] x1 & began to beat on ! w9d[ sill ) ! po9ts ( 8 f+]s4 --,godfrey /ood ) 8 back to ! fire1 mov+ 8 f+]s uneasily among ! cont5ts ( 8 side-pockets & look+ at ! floor4 --,a>on repli$ by rubb+ 8 head aga9/ 8 "m's skirt1 pass+ ! backs ( 8 h&s ov] 8 eyes & peep+ ?r\gh 8 f+]s at ,ma/] ,m>n]4 --,mr4 ,macey screw$ up 8 m\?1 lean$ 8 head fur!r on "o side & twirl$ 8 ?umbs rapidly1 ) 8 two h&s re/+ on 8 lap & t\*+ at ! f+]-tips4 --,silas sat ) 8 elb[s on 8 knees1 8 =ehead press$ rigidly into 8 two palms1 8 eyes clos$1 deep sighs t 7 almo/ groans %ak+ 8 sl5d] frame4 --,! little tot squatt$ on ! coat & spread out h] h&s to ! fire2 b ! little eyes refus$ to /ay op51 & f9ally ! gold5 head sank d[n ^u ! floor fa/ asleep4 --,pres5tly ! *ild slipp$ f 8 knee & began to walk ab\t2 b sudd5ly %e fell into a sitt+ po/ure & began to pull at h] little boots1 z ?\gh %e 7 try+ to get at h] toes4 --,at la/1 he said1 /ret*+ back 9 ! arm *air1 cross+ 8 legs & jo9+ 8 h&s beh9d 8 head3 ,i c n[ h a m9ute to myself6 --,ss%h1 said ! boy1 fr[n+1 & wav+ 8 "r arm ) h& outspread t[>ds 8 companion4 ,,s]ies ,,vii 7,int]pretation requir+ m ?an "o p]son7 --,z ,rip ,van ,w9kle approa*$ ! t[n1 ! p all />$ at him ) m>ks ( surprise & inv>iably /rok$ _! *9s1 s t ,rip 0 induc$ involunt>ily to d likewise3 8 be>d 0 a foot long4 --,a self-important old g5tleman pu%$ ?r\gh ! cr[d1 %ov+ ! p to ! "r & left ) 8 elb[s z he pass$2 & plant+ himself be=e ,van ,w9kle1 ) "o h& on 8 side1 ! o!r re/+ on 8 cane1 he dem&$ ) an au/]e tone3 ,:at are y do+ "h8 --,z ,rip ,van ,w9kle told 8 /ory1 ! by/&]s began to look at ea* o!r1 nod1 & w9k significantly & tap _! f+]s aga9/ _! =eheads4 --,an old woman came tott]+ =w>d1 put h] h& to h] br[ & pe]+ "u x into 8 face = a mom5t1 exclaim$3 ,sure en\gh1 x is ,rip ,van ,w9kle6 --,z ! ,emp]or /epp$ into ! c\rt-y>d1 ! ladies 7 all s busy cr[d+ ab\t ! "y pr9ce1 hold+ 8 h&s & c\nt+ ! kisses1 t !y did n see ! old g5tleman3 ,:at's all ?is1 :at's all ?is8 he %\t$ 9 rage2 & !y all scamp]$ (f 9 e direction4 --,trotty sat d[n 9 8 *air & beat 8 knees & laugh$2 he sat d[n 9 8 *air & beat 8 knees & cri$2 he got out ( 8 *air & hugg$ ,m$2 he got out ( 8 *air & hugg$ ,ri*>d2 he got out ( 8 *air & hugg$ !m bo? at once4 ,he 0 con/antly gett+ up & sitt+ d[n1 nev] /opp+ 9 8 *air a s+le m9ute1 be+ beside himself ) joy4 --,"h1 little girl1 c y tell u ! way to t[n8 ,t's n ! way4 ,! t[n is ov] 9 ?is direction6 ,b z ! little girl 0 turn+ to po9t out ! road1 "o ( ! m5 seiz$ h] by ! wai/ & lift$ h] f ! gr\nd4 ,lucia look$ back ov] h] %\ld] t]rifi$ & gave a %riek4 7,manzoni47 7,! *ildr5 7 delight$ ) ?is little action & rehe>s$ x ov] & ov] aga947 --,) a />t1 ,evangel9e look$ wildly ab\t h]3 ,:]e is ,gabriel8 %e ask$ daz$ly4 ,:]e is ,gabriel8 ,:]e is ,gabriel8 ,he is on t %ip t is j sail+ out ( ! h>bor6 "s "o answ]$4 ,= a few mom5ts ,evangel9e /ood %ad+ h] eyes ) h] palm1 gaz+ aft] ! vessel1 fa/ disappe>+ into ! horizon4 ,at la/ %e spoke half al\d3 ,i w foll[ y & f9d y :]ev] !y may take y1 ,gabriel1 %e said1 z ?\gh tak+ a v[4 ,!n %e turn$ to ! soldi] & said3 ,lead on to ! boat1 ,i am com+4 ,i am com+4 --,give me ! b[1 said ,tell4 ,tell *ose two arr[s3 "o he fitt$ to ! b[-/r+1 ! o!r he ?ru/ into 8 girdle4 ,!n = a mom5t he /ood1 a little b[$ ( %\ld]1 ) 8 eyes d[nw>d3 he 0 pray+4 ,y might h he>d a leaf fall1 s /ill 0 ! place4 ,!n ,tell rais$ 8 head2 8 eyes 7 /eady1 8 h&s _h become /ill2 8 face 0 l iron2 he br\ght ! cross b[ to 8 %\ld] & laid 8 eye to ! fea!r ( ! %aft3 ,twang1 ! apple fell4 ,a *e] arose f ! cr[d4 ,tell laid 8 h& ^u ! arr[ 9 8 girdle4 ,if ! fir/ _h hurt my *ild1 he said1 ?is "o by n[ w\ld h be5 ?r\gh y\r he>t1 ,o ,gessl]6 ,! *ildr5 by no means re/rict !mselves to act+ out ^! little sc5es & poses4 ,9 a second /age !y read al\d all ^! slips :i* !y h int]pret$1 & 9 view ( ! prep>ation !y h _h1 _! read+ %[s consid]able p[] ( expression4 ,!y t5d to read ! slips ov] & ov] aga91 _m times1 & n infrequ5tly commit !m to memory4 ,to take advantage ( ?is new activity we got toge!r a numb] ( poems1 mak+ up a little book ( *ildr5's v]se4 ,! pupils read !m bo? m5tally & al\d1 ultimately committ+ !m to memory & recit+ !m4 ,"h are "s specim5s ( our ,italian collection3 ,,il ,,bacio ,,! ,,kiss ,dormiva nella cuna un bel bamb9o1 ,a pretty *ild 0 sleep+ ,e la mamma lo /ava a rimir>e2 9 8 cradle2 its "m 0 ,voleva d>gli il bacio del matt9o1 look+ at x4 ,%e want$ to ,ma il bacio lo poteva risvegli>e2 give x ! morn+ kiss2 b ! ,svegli>lo non voleva1 e con la mano kiss might awak5 x4 ,to avoid ,gli butt c5to baci da lontano4 ?is1 %e ?rew x a ?\s& kisses ) h] h&4 ,,un ,,sogno ,a ,,dream ,vidi una fata un giorno ,i saw a fairy "o day1 ) ,*e avea le trecce d'oro gold5 hair & a dress ( ,e un abito di p]le pe>ls1 ri*] ?an a treasure4 ,pi ricco d'un tesoro ,vi5i con me1 mi disse1 ,come ) me1 ! fairy ,*e ti f> reg9a4 said1 & ,i'll make y a ,non v5go1 bella fata2 que54 ,i _c1 pretty ,io /o con la mamm9a4 fairy1 ,i repli$1 ,i mu/ /ay ) "m4 ,,la ,,neve ,,! ,,sn[ ,l5ta la neve fiocca1 fiocca1 ,! flakes ( sn[ are fall+1 fiocca1 fall+1 fall+4 ,li/51 a ,s5ti1 una culla dondola pian cradle is g5tly1 g5tly piano4 rock+2 a baby cries1 8 ,un bimbo piange1 il piccol dito f+] 9 8 m\?2 ! old 9 bocca1 nurse s+s1 h] *9 9 h] ,canta la vec*ia1 il m5to 9 h&4 su la mano4 ,,la ,,gall9a ,,! ,,h5 ,io vi dom&o se si pu trov>e ,i leave x to y3 is !re a ,un pi bravo animal della gall9a4 nic] animal ?an ! h58 ,if ,se non avesse il vizio di rasp>e only %e w\ldn't scrat*1 ,i w\ld l to h "o ) me ,ne vorrei sempre av] una vic9a4 all ! "t4 ,e day1 at a ,tutti i giorni a quell'ora3 c]ta9 h\r3 ,coccod6 ,cut-cut-cut-cut-cadakut6 ,corri a gu>d> nel covo e l'ovo ,run & look 9 ! ne/1 & ,coccod6 an egg is !re6 ,,la ,,pov]a ,,bamb9a ,,! ,,poor ,,orphan ,,*ild ,disse3 ,mia madre morta6 ,%e said3 ,my "m is ,io son digiuna dead2 ,i h no?+ to eat2 ! ,e la /agion cruda3 wea!r is cold4 ,!re is no "o ,9 t]ra a me non p5sa anima left to ?9k ( me4 ,i am a alcuna3 ragg$ orphan girl4 ,sono orfanella e ignuda4 ,,il ,,pesce ,,! ,,fi% ,un d fuor della vasca del gi>d9o ,"o day a little fi% jump$ ,guizz imprud5tem5te un imprud5tly out ( ! g>d5 pesciol9o4 pool4 ,gigi saw x & all ,gigi lo vide1 e tutto disp]ato excit$ly cri$ out3 ,mamma1 ,grid alla mamma3 un pesce s' mamma1 a fi% has dr[n$ annegato6 himself4 ,,quel ,,*e ,,possi$e ,,un ,,bamb9o ,a ,,*ild',s ,,possessions ,due pi$i le/i le/i p] corr]e ,two little lively feet to run e salt>e4 & jump )4 ,due mani sempre 9 moto p] ,two busy h&s to take & d pr5d]e e p] f>e4 ?+s4 ,la bocca piccol9a p] tutto ,"o little m\? to ask dom&>e4 que/ions )4 ,due orec*ie sempre all'erta ,two e>s always awake to he> int5te ad ascolt>e4 ev]y?+ )4 ,due oc*ioni spalancati p] tutto ,two bright eyes always op5 to inve/ig>e4 see ev]y?+ )4 ,e un cuoric9o buono p] molto1 ,"o little he>t to love )4 molto am>e4 ,,il ,,buon ,,odore ,,! ,,fl[]',s ,,fragrance ,ma1 bimbo mio1 p]* ,:y spoil t pretty fl[]1 ,sciup> que/o bel fiore8 my *ild8 ,c]cavo il buon odore1 ,i 0 look+ = ! sweet ,non s capir dov'4 smell & ,i hav5't be5 able to ,,l9a ,,s*w>z4 f9d x4 ,,n9na-,,nanna ,,di ,,natale ,,*ri/mas ,,lullaby ,n9na-nanna1 gelato il focol>e2 ,lullaby1 ! fire is out1 my fanciul1 non ti svegli>e4 *ild1 d n awak54 ,to keep ,p] coprirti dal fr$do1 o mio y w>m1 my little *ild1 ,i bamb9o1 mu/ make y a little dress ,cucio 9 un vec*io scialle un f ?is old %awl4 ve/it9o4 ,ma il lucignolo trema e l'oc*io ,b ! lamp is dim & my /anco1 eyes are tir$1 ,o *ild ( ! bimbo dal viso bianco4 :ite face4 ,:o kn[s if ev5 ,*i sa se p] domani avr f9ito by tomorr[ ,i c h ?is ,que/o *e aspetti pov]o ve/ito6 poor dress = y4 ,,ada ,,negri4 ,a correspond+ book ( ,engli% v]se might include some?+ l ! foll[+3 ,,! ,,:ole ,,duty ,,( ,a ,,*ild ,a *ild %\ld always say :at's true1 ,& speak :5 he is spok5 to1 ,& behave mann]ly at table-- ,at lea/ s f> z he is able4 ,,/ev5son4 ,,! ,,ra9 ,! ra9 is ra9+ all ar\nd1 ,x falls on field & tree1 ,x ra9s on ! umbrella "h ,& on ! %ips at sea4 ,,/ev5son4 ,,! ,,c[ ,?ank y1 pretty c[1 t made ,pleasant milk to soak my bread1 ,e day & e night ,w>m & fre% & sweet & :ite4 ,,ann ,,taylor4 ,,! ,,ra9 ,! ra9 is ra9+ all ar\nd1 ,kitt5s to %elt] fly1 ,b human folk we> ov]-%oes ,to keep _! h9d-paws dry4 ,o4 ,,h]=d4 ,,fi%es ,h[ v pleasant x mu/ be ,= little fi%es 9 ! sea6 ,!y nev] le>n to swim at all3 ,x came to !m :5 !y 7 small4 ,swim out l ?is1 _! "m cri$1 ,/raight ?r\gh ! wat]1 foam & tide4 ,!y wav$ _! f9s & wri!d _! scales1 ,& /e]$ _! little rudd] tails4 ,already !y "k :at to d-- ,i wi% t ,i c\ld d x too6 ,,alice ,,f>well ,,br[n4 ,,! ,,little ,,cock ,,sp>r[ ,a little cock-sp>r[ sat on a gre5 tree1 ,& he *irrup$1 he *irrup$1 s m]ry 0 he2 ,a naughty boy came ) 8 wee b[ & arr[1 ,det]m9$ to %oot ?is little cock-sp>r[4 ,?is little cock-sp>r[ %all make me a /ew1 ,& 8 giblets %all make me a little pie too4 ,oh1 no6 said ! sp>r[1 ,i won't make a /ew2 ,s he flapp$ 8 w+s & away he flew4 ,,book ,,( ,,k4 ,,! ,,tree ,:at d we d :5 we plant ! tree8 ,we plant ! h\ses = y & me2 ,we plant ! raft]s1 ! %+le1 ! floors1 ,we plant ! /udd+1 ! la?s1 ! doors1 ,! beams & sid+--all p>ts t be6 ,we plant ! h\se :5 we plant ! tree4 ,,h5ry ,,abbey4 ,,! ,,lamb ,little lamb1 :o made !e8 ,do/ ?\ "k :o made !e1 ,gave !e life & bade !e fe$ ,by ! /ream & o'er ! mead2 ,gave !e clo?+ ( delight1 ,s(te/ clo?+ woolly bright2 ,gave !e su* a t5d] voice1 ,mak+ all ! vales rejoice8 ,little lamb :o made !e8 ,do/ ?\ "k :o made !e8 ,w4 ,,blake4 ,let dogs delight to b>k & bite1 ,= ,god ha? made !m s2 ,let be>s & lions gr[l & fight1 ,= 'tis _! nature too4 ,b1 *ildr51 y %\ld nev] let ,su* angry passions rise3 ,y\r little h&s 7 nev] made ,to te> ea* o!rs' eyes4 ,,watts4 ,! sun%9e flick]s ?r\gh ! lace ,( leaves above my head1 ,& kisses me ^u ! face ,l ,"m be=e b$4 ,! w9d comes /eal+ o'er ! grass ,to :isp] pretty ?+s2 ,& ?\gh ,i _c see him pass ,i feel 8 c>eful w+s4 ,,/ev5son4 ,aft] ?is prep>ation ! *ildr5 are able to und]/& :at !y read4 ,all _! difficulties 9 grasp+ ! s5t5ces & _! mo/ complicat$ con/ructions h be5 ov]come4 ,!y h an insight into ! grammatical =m ( language2 & ! con/ruction ( a s5t5ce1 z well z ! mean+ ( ! words 9 x1 int]e/s !m4 ,!re has be5 creat$ )9 !m a fund ( suppress$ en]gy :i* w v soon break =? into int5se activity4 ,9 fact1 9 our s*ool1 aft] ^! ex]cises ! passion = read+ began to %[ itself4 ,! *ildr5 want$ read+1 read+1 m read+4 ,we got toge!r ha/ily a few books b nev] en\gh to satisfy ! eag]ness ( ! *ildr54 ,we f\nd a surpris+ lack ( read+ = little *ildr5 9 ,italian4 ,! ,am]ican sy/em ( op5+ special rooms 9 public libr>ies = ! use ( little read]s seems to me an excell5t ?+4 ,b to take full advantage ( ?is awak5$ en?usiasm = read+ & to cultivate at ! same "t ! art ( read+ al\d we mu/ n neglect ano!r elem5t 9 read+3 audition4 ,,audition ,:5 ! *ild has advanc$ to "s ext5t 9 ! ex]cises ( int]pretation1 ! tea*] may beg9 read+ al\d4 ,?is %\ld be done z arti/ically z possible4 ,we recomm5d = ! tra9+ ( tea*]s n only a consid]able arti/ic education 9 g5]al b special att5tion to ! art ( read+4 ,"o ( ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! traditional tea*] ( ! pa/ & ! tea*]s we %\ld l to create is t ! =m] us$ to speak ( an art ( tea*+1 :i* consi/$ ( v>i\s devices to make ! *ild le>n1 9 spite ( itself1 :at ! tea*] want$ to tea*4 ,our tea*]s1 r1 %\ld be cultivators ( ! f9e arts4 ,= 9 our me?od art is consid]$ a means to life4 ,x is beauty 9 all its =ms :i* helps ! inn] man to gr[4 ,we h repeat$ly emphasiz$ t bo? 9 ! environm5t at s*ool & 9 ! mat]ials us$1 ev]y?+ %\ld be c>efully consid]$ 9 its arti/ic be>+s1 to provide ample room = developm5t = all ! ph5om5a ( att5tion & p]si/5ce 9 "w :i* are ! secret keys ( self-education4 ,! ,montessori tea*] %\ld be a cultivator ( music1 draw+ & elocution1 responsive to ! h>mony ( ?+s2 %e mu/1 t is1 h suffici5t good ta/e to be able to lay out ! s*ool plant & keep x 9 condition2 & suffici5t delicacy ( mann]--! product ( a s5sitive nature--to be alive to all ! manife/ations ( ! *ild _s4 ,9 ! matt] ( read+ al\d ! tea*] has an important task to accompli%4 ,we f\nd ! draw+ h\r be/ adapt$ = ?is "w4 ,x 0 our exp]i5ce t x is easi] to ga9 a he>+ :5 ! *ildr5 are busy ) some?+ :i* does n require great conc5tration & :i* is n su/a9$ by any p>ticul> inspiration4 ,dur+ ! draw+ lesson1 9 ! placid sil5ce :i* comes f "w1 & :ile ! *ildr5 are int5t on _! designs1 ! tea*] may beg9 h] read+ al\d4 ,x sometimes happ5s t ! sub/ance ( :at %e reads w be suffici5t to engage ! int]e/ ( ! :ole s*ool4 ,b ?is is n always an easy task4 ,x is m (t5 ! musical quality ( ! tea*]'s execution :i* w attract ! little ones ) a s5se = art & br+ !m to t motionless att5tion :i* is ! evid5ce ( eag] enjoym5t4 ,possibly a really p]fect read] might be able s to hold ! :ole gr\p ( *ildr5 ) "s absorb+ selection4 ,! read+s we us$ 7 num]\s & ( great v>iety3 fairy tales1 %ort /ories1 anecdotes1 novels1 hi/orical episodes4 ,specifically !re 7 ! tales ( ,&]s51 "s ( ! %ort /ories ( ,capuana1 ! ,cuore ( ,de ,amicis1 episodes ( ! life ( ,jesus1 ,uncle ,tom's ,cab91 ,! ,betro!d 7,i promessi sposi ( ,manzoni71 ,fabiola1 /ories f ! ,italian w>s = indep5d5ce 7,n9ete5? ,c5tury71 ,it>d's ,education ( ! ,"y ,savage ( ,aveyron4 ,,! ,,mo/ ,,popul> ,,books ,9 g5]al ! *ild w li/5 to any?+ t is really int]e/+4 ,b c]ta9ly "s surprises w be occasion$ by our discov]y t ! *ildr5 lik$ above ev]y?+ else ! read+s on ,italian hi/ory & ! ,education ( ! ,savage ( ,aveyron4 ,! ph5om5on is suffici5tly curi\s to m]it fur!r consid]ation4 ,! hi/ory we us$ 0 n "o commonly ?\ght adapt$ to "y read]s4 ,q ! contr>y3 x 0 ,pasquale de ,luca's ,i ,lib]atori 7,mak]s ( ,fre$om1 ,b]gamo1 #aiji71 writt5 to ar\se a feel+ ( patriotism among ! ,italian emigrants ( ,arg5t9a4 ,! special feature ( ?is publication is its contempor>y docum5ts repr9t$ 9 fac-simile4 ,!re are1 = in/ance1 telegrams1 notices 9 ciph] publi%$ on ! walls ( ! t[ns on ! eve ( upris+s1 commemorative m$als1 a receipt giv5 by an execution] = :ipp+ publicly an ,italian patriot1 etc4 ,patriotic songs are giv5 ) ! music 7^! ! *ildr5 le>n$ by he>t1 foll[+ ! piano72 !re are also copi\s illu/rations4 ,?is docum5t$ hi/ory 0 s absorb+ t ! *ildr5 became entirely possess$ by ! situations4 ,!y />t$ animat$ discussions on v>i\s subjects1 argu+ & decid+4 ,!y 7 p>ticul>ly outrag$ at an edict ( ! k+ ( ,naples :i* 0 int5d$ to mislead ! public4 ,!y rag$ at unju/ p]secutions1 applaud$ h]oic de$s1 & end$ by insi/+ on act+ out "s ( ! sc5es4 ,!y =m$ little companies ( ?ree or f\r & act$ ! episodes ) a mo/ impressive dramatic s5se4 ,"o little girl 0 mov$ to br+ to s*ool a collection ( all ! ,italian patriotic songs4 ,x fasc9at$ _m ( ! *ildr51 :o le>n$ sev]al by he>t & sang !m 9 *orus4 ,9 a ^w1 ! ,italian ,risorgim5to came to live 9 ^? little he>ts ) a fre%ness x has long s9ce lo/ 9 ! s\ls ( _! eld]s4 ,_m ( ! *ildr5 wrote d[n _! impressions ( _! own accord1 (t5 giv+ surpris+ly orig9al judgm5ts4 ,f9ally !y began to take notes4 ,!y ask$ ! tea*] to give an outl9e ( ! pr9cipal ev5ts1 :i* !y took d[n 9 _! copy-books4 ,?is :ole exp]i5ce correct$ _m ( my own ideas on ! tea*+ ( hi/ory4 ,i _h ?\ght ( prep>+ mov+-picture films & giv+ hi/orical repres5tations4 ,b t1 naturally1 be+ beyond my res\rces1 ,i _h be5 compell$ to give up ! plan4 ,! read+ ( ,de ,luca's book 0 a revelation4 ,to tea* hi/ory to *ildr5 x is suffici5t to give a liv+ docum5t$ tru?4 ,we ne$1 n m c9ematographs1 b diff]5t s*ool books4 ,*ildr5 are mu* m s5sible to ! true & beautiful ?an we4 ,!y sugge/ fact & situation4 ,de ,luca1 mov$ by affection = 8 di/ant bro!rs1 tri$ to write a book flam+ bo? ) tru? & ) love1 :i* w\ld awak5 !m & br+ !m back to live among u z ,italians4 ,our task is ! same4 ,we mu/ be fill$ ) a simil>ly int5se human zeal3 we mu/ call back to u ! di/ant s\ls ( ! *ildr54 ,!y too are bro!rs liv+ f> away 9 a di/ant c\ntry4 ,we mu/ ar\se !m1 br+ !m back to u z p>tn]s 9 our own life4 ,aft] our read+s f ,it>d's ,savage1 ! p>5ts ( ! *ildr5 kept com+ to u ) inquiries3 ,:at h y be5 read+ to our *ildr58 ,we %\ld l to he> x ourselves4 ,! little ones _h told ( he>+ an extraord9>y /ory ab\t a *ild :o _h liv$ ) ! animals1 beg9n+ little by little to und]/&1 to feel1 to live l u4 ,all ! psy*ological details ( 8 /udy1 8 attempts at education1 seem$ to h t\*$ ! *ildr5 deeply4 ,x occurr$ to u to take ! old] ( su* *ildr5 to a ,*ildr5's ,h\se & %[ !m our educational me?od4 ,!y took ! greate/ int]e/ 9 x1 & "s ( !m are n[ collaborators 9 ! f\ndation ( o!r ,*ildr5's ,h\ses4 ,su* *ildr5 are able to foll[ ! developm5t ( ! *ild m9d ) extraord9>y sympa?y4 ,h[ev]1 if we reflect t ! be/ tea*]s = *ildr5 are *ildr5 !mselves1 & t little tots l ! company ( ano!r *ild mu* bett] ?an t ( an adult1 we ne$ n be surpris$ at ! d[nfall ( ano!r prejudice4 ,illu/ration3 ,int]pret$ read+3 ,%e 0 sleepy2 %e lean$ h] arms on ! table1 h] head on h] arms1 & w5t to sleep4 ,notice ! slip ( pap] :i* ! *ild has j read4 7,! ,l5ox ,s*ool1 ,montessori ,elem5t>y ,class1 ,new ,york47 ,we h conceiv$ ( *ildr5 accord+ to a fanta/ic idea ( our own1 mak+ ( !m a sort ( human species di/9ct f t to :i* adults belong4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 !y are our *ildr51 m purely human ?an we ourselves4 ,! beautiful & ! true h = !m an int5se fasc9ation1 into :i* !y plunge z into some?+ actually necess>y = _! exi/5ce4 ,! results "h witness$ l$ u to _m a reflection4 ,we succe$$ 9 tea*+ hi/ory & ev5 p$agogy by means ( read+4 ,&1 9 tru?1 does n read+ embrace ev]y?+8 ,travel /ories tea* geography2 insect /ories lead ! *ild into natural sci5ce2 & s on4 ,! tea*]1 9 %ort1 c use read+ to introduce h] pupils to ! mo/ v>i$ subjects2 & ! mom5t !y h be5 ?us />t$1 !y c g on to any limit guid$ by ! s+le passion = read+4 ,our task is to (f] ! *ild ! in/rum5ts ( education1 to keep pure )9 him ! spr+s ( 8 intellectual gr[?1 ( 8 life ( feel+4 ,! re/ foll[s z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,z ! anci5ts said3 ,necess>y education is ! ?ree 'r's'3 read+1 writ+ & ari?metic1 = ^! are ?+s :i* ! *ild _c discov] by himself4 ,we c only add t me?od mu/ be sci5tifically det]m9$ only at ! po9ts :]e x becomes necess>y to assi/ ! =mation ( man1 t he may develop 8 activities by /r5g!n+ !m & n by repress+ !m1 t he may receive ess5tial help )\t los+ any pure fre%ness ( 8 int]ior activities4 ,b ?is does n mean t a rigor\s me?od mu/ guide ! *ild at all times & 9 e /ep t he takes4 ,:5 he has become /rong & is 9 possession ( 8 tools = discov]y1 he w be able to uncov] _m ( life's secrets by himself4 ,we ti$ ! *ild to ! mat]ials 9 8 s5sory ex]cises1 b we left him free to explore 8 environm5t4 ,?is mu/ be ! me?od = all 8 lat] /eps 9 advance3 he mu/ be giv5 ! in/rum5t & ! /r5g? to use x1 & !n left free to f9d ?+s out = himself4 ,illu/ration3 ,ex]cises 9 int]pret$ read+ & ari?metic4 7,! ,riv+ton ,/reet ,montessori ,s*ool1 ,new ,york47 ,! fondness ( *ildr5 = read+ & _! pref]5ce = ! true is some?+ already demon/rat$ by exp]im5ts conduct$ else:]e4 ,i may ref] "h to ! inve/igations on read+s = *ildr5 conduct$ by ! ,education section ( ! ,f$]ation = ,s*ool ,libr>ies ( ! prov9ce ( ,emilia 7,italy74 ,! que/ionnaire 0 z foll[s3 ,d y rememb] :at books y h read & :i* y lik$ be/8 ,h[ did y get !m8 ,d y "k ! title ( "s book y w\ld l to read8 ,d y pref] fairy-tales1 or r /ories ( true or probable facts8 ,:y8 ,d y pref] sad or humor\s /ories8 ,d y l poetry8 ,d y l /ories ( travel & adv5ture8 ,d y subscribe to any weekly or mon?ly newspap]8 ,if s1 to :i*8 ,if y\r "m 7 to (f] y a *oice betwe5 a subscription to a weekly or mon?ly & an illu/rat$ book1 :i* w\ld y take8 ,& :y8 ,! answ]s1 v c>efully sift$1 %[$ t ! va/ majority ( *ildr5 pref]r$ read+s :i* dealt ) fact4 ,"h are "s ( ! reasons alleg$ by ! *ildr5 9 support = _! pref]5ce = tru?3 ,facts tea* me some?+2 fairy-tales are too improbable2 true /ories don't upset my ?9k+2 true /ories tea* me hi/ory2 true /ories always convey "s good idea2 fairy-/ories give me desires impossible to satisfy2 _m good ideas come f actual exp]i5ces2 fanta/ic tales make me ?9k too mu* ab\t sup]natural ?+s2 etc41 etc4 ,9 favor ( ! fairy-tales we f9d3 ,!y amuse me 9 h\rs free f "w2 ,i l to be 9 ! mid/ ( fairies & en*antm5ts2 etc4 ,^? :o pref]r$ sad or s]i\s /ories ju/ifi$ !mselves z foll[s3 ,i feel t ,i am a bett] p]son1 & realize bett] ! wrong ,i d2 ,i feel t my disposition becomes m k9dly2 !y ar\se 9 me feel+s ( k9dness & pity4 ,_m support$ _! pref]5ce = humor\s tales on ! gr\nd t :5 ,i read !m1 ,i am able to =get my own little tr\bles4 ,9 g5]al1 a great majority d5i$ any educational value to joy & humor4 ,9 ?is conviction--or r ?is feel+--s widely diffus$ among *ildr51 h we n evid5ce t some?+ mu/ be wrong 9 ! k9d ( education we h be5 giv+ !m8 ,,footnote3 #e ,! fir/ read+s consi/ ( a special gramm> & a diction>y4 ,,"p ,,iii ,,ari?metic ,i ,,ari?metical ,,op]ations ,,numb]s3 #a-aj ,! *ildr5 already _h p]=m$ ! f\r ari?metical op]ations 9 _! simple/ =ms1 9 ! ,*ildr5's ,h\ses1 ! didactic mat]ial = ^! hav+ consi/$ ( ! rods ( ! long /air :i* gave empirical repres5tation ( ! numb]s #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aj4 ,by means ( its divisions into sections ( alt]nat+ colors1 r$ & blue1 ea* rod repres5t$ ! quantity ( unity = :i* x /ood2 & s ! entrance into ! complex & ardu\s field ( numb]s 0 ?us r5d]$ easy1 int]e/+1 & attractive by ! conception t collective numb] c be repres5t$ by a s+le object conta9+ signs by :i* ! relative quantity ( unity c be recogniz$1 in/ead ( by a numb] ( diff]5t units1 repres5t$ by ! figure 9 "q4 ,= in/ance1 ! fact t five may be repres5t$ by a s+le object ) five di/9ct & equal p>ts in/ead ( by five di/9ct objects :i* ! m9d mu/ r$uce to a concept ( numb]1 saves m5tal ef=t & cl>ifies ! idea4 ,x 0 ?r\gh ! application ( ?is pr9ciple by means ( ! rods t ! *ildr5 succe$$ s easily 9 accompli%+ ! fir/ ari?metical op]ations3 #g #c #aj2 #b #h #aj2 #aj - #d #f2 etc4 ,! long /air mat]ial is excell5t = ?is purpose4 ,b x is too limit$ 9 quantity & is too l>ge to be h&l$ easily & us$ to good advantage 9 meet+ ! dem&s ( a room full ( *ildr5 :o already h be5 initiat$ into ari?metic4 ,!re=e1 keep+ to ! same fundam5tal concepts1 we h prep>$ small]1 m abundant mat]ial1 & "o m readily accessible to a l>ge numb] ( *ildr5 work+ at ! same "t4 ,?is mat]ial consi/s ( beads /rung on wires3 i4e41 bead b>s repres5t+ respectively #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aj4 ,! beads are ( diff]5t colors4 ,! #aj-;bead b> is orange2 #i1 d>k blue2 #h1 lav5d]2 #g1 :ite2 #f1 gray2 #e1 light blue2 #d1 yell[2 #c1 p9k2 #b1 gre52 & !re are sep>ate beads = unity4#f ,! beads are opalesc5t2 & ! :ite metal wire on :i* !y are /rung is b5t at ea* end1 hold+ ! beads rigid & prev5t+ !m f slipp+4 ,!re are five sets ( ^! attractive objects 9 ea* box2 & s ea* *ild has at 8 disposal ! equival5t ( five sets ( ! long /airs us$ = 8 num]ical comb9ations 9 ! e>lie/ ex]cise4 ,! fact t ! rods are small & s easily h&l$ p]mits ( _! be+ us$ at ! small tables4 ,?is v simple & easily prep>$ mat]ial has be5 extraord9>ily successful ) *ildr5 ( five & a half ye>s4 ,!y h work$ ) m>k$ conc5tration1 do+ z _m z sixty successive op]ations & fill+ :ole copybooks )9 a few days' "t4 ,special quadrille pap] is us$ = ! purpose2 & ! %eets are rul$ 9 diff]5t colors3 "s 9 black1 "s 9 r$1 "s 9 gre51 "s 9 blue1 "s 9 p9k1 & "s 9 orange4 ,! v>iety ( colors helps to hold ! *ild's att5tion3 aft] fill+ a %eet l9$ 9 r$1 he w enjoy fill+ "o l9$ 9 blue1 etc4 ,exp]i5ce has taught u to prep>e a l>ge numb] ( ! t5-bead b>s2 = ! *ildr5 w *oose ^! f all ! o!rs1 9 ord] to c\nt ! t5s 9 succession3 #aj1 #bj1 #cj1 #dj1 etc4 ,to ?is fir/ bead mat]ial1 !re=e1 we h add$ boxes fill$ ) no?+ b t5-bead b>s4 ,!re are also small c>ds on :i* are writt5 #aj1 #bj1 etc4 ,! *ildr5 put toge!r two or m ( ! t5-bead b>s to correspond ) ! numb] on ! c>ds4 ,?is is an initial ex]cise :i* leads up to ! multiples ( #aj4 ,by sup]impos+ ^! c>ds on t = ! numb] #ajj & t = ! numb] #ajjj1 su* numb]s z #aiag c be obta9$4 ,! bead "w became at once an e/abli%$ elem5t 9 our me?od1 sci5tifically det]m9$ z a conque/ br\ght to maturity by ! *ild 9 ! v act ( mak+ x4 ,our success 9 amplify+ & mak+ m complex ! e>ly ex]cises ) ! rods has made ! *ild's m5tal calculation m rapid1 m c]ta91 & m compreh5sive4 ,m5tal calculation develops spontane\sly1 z if by a law ( cons]vation t5d+ to realize ! m9imum ( ef=t4 ,inde$1 little by little ! *ild ceases c\nt+ ! beads & recognizes ! numb]s by _! color3 ! d>k blue he kn[s is #i1 ! yell[ #d1 etc4 ,almo/ )\t realiz+ x he comes n[ to c\nt by colors in/ead ( by quantities ( beads1 & ?us p]=ms actual op]ations 9 m5tal ari?metic4 ,z soon z ! *ild becomes consci\s ( ?is p[]1 he joyfully ann\nces 8 transition to ! high] plane1 exclaim+1 ,i c c\nt 9 my head & ,i c d x m quickly6 ,?is decl>ation indicates t he has conqu]$ ! fir/ bead mat]ial4 ,,t5s1 ,,hundr$s1 ,,& ,,?\s&s ,,mat]ial3 ,i h _h a *a9 made by jo9+ t5 t5-bead b>s end to end4 ,?is is call$ ! hundr$ *a94 ,!n1 by means ( %ort & v flexible connect+ l9ks ,i _h t5 ( ^! hundr$ *a9s put toge!r1 mak+ ! ?\s& *a94 ,^! *a9s are ( ! same color z ! t5-bead b>s1 all ( !m be+ con/ruct$ ( orange-color$ beads4 ,! diff]5ce 9 _! reciprocal l5g? is v /rik+4 ,let u fir/ put d[n a s+le bead2 !n a t5-bead b>1 :i* is ab\t sev5 c5timet]s long2 !n a hundr$-bead *a91 :i* is ab\t sev5ty c5timet]s long2 & f9ally ! ?\s&-bead *a91 :i* is ab\t sev5 met]s long4 ,! great l5g? ( ?is ?\s&-bead *a9 leads directly to ano!r idea ( quantity2 = :]eas ! #a1 ! #aj1 & ! #ajj c be plac$ on ! table = conv5i5t /udy1 ! entire l5g? ( ! room w h>dly suffice = ! ?\s&-bead *a96 ,! *ildr5 f9d x necess>y to g into ! corridor or an adjo9+ room2 !y h to =m little gr\ps to accompli% ! pati5t "w ( /ret*+ x out into a /raight l9e4 ,& to exam9e ! :ole ext5t ( ?is *a91 !y h to walk up & d[n its entire l5g?4 ,! realization !y ?us obta9 ( ! relative values ( quantity is 9 tru? an ev5t = !m4 ,= days at a "t ?is amaz+ ?\s& *a9 claims ! *ild's entire activity4 ,! flexible connections betwe5 ! diff]5t hundr$ l5g?s ( ! ?\s&-bead *a9 p]mit ( its be+ fold$ s t ! hundr$ *a9s lie "o next to ! o!r1 =m+ 9 _! entirety a long rectangle4 ,! same quantity :i* =m]ly impress$ ! *ild by its l5g? is n[1 9 its broad1 fold$ =m1 pres5t$ z a surface quantity4 ,n[ all may be plac$ on a small table1 "o bel[ ! o!r3 fir/ ! s+le bead1 !n ! t5-bead b>1 !n ! hundr$ *a91 & f9ally ! broad /rip ( ! ?\s& *a94 ,any tea*] :o has ask$ h]self h[ 9 ! _w a *ild may be taught to express 9 num]ical t]ms quantitative proportions p]ceiv$ ?r\gh ! eye1 has "s idea ( ! problem t confronts u4 ,h[ev]1 our *ildr5 set to "w pati5tly c\nt+ bead by bead f #a to #ajj4 ,!n !y ga!r$ 9 two's & ?ree's ab\t ! ?\s& *a91 z if to help "o ano!r 9 c\nt+ x1 undaunt$ by ! ardu\s und]tak+4 ,!y c\nt$ on hundr$2 & aft] "o hundr$1 :at8 ,"o hundr$ "o4 ,& f9ally two hundr$1 two hundr$ "o4 ,"o day !y rea*$ sev5 hundr$4 ,i am tir$1 said ! *ild4 ,i'll m>k ?is place & come back tomorr[4 ,sev5 hundr$1 sev5 hundr$--,look6 cri$ ano!r *ild4 ,!re are sev5--sev5 hundr$s6 ,yes1 yes2 c\nt ! *a9s6 ,sev5 hundr$1 eight hundr$1 n9e hundr$1 "o ?\s&4 ,signora1 signora1 ! '?\s& *a9' has t5 'hundr$ *a9s'6 ,look at x6 ,& o!r *ildr51 :o _h be5 work+ ) ! hundr$ *a91 9 turn call$ ! att5tion ( _! comrades3 ,oh1 look1 look6 ,! 'hundr$ *a9' has t5 t5-bead b>s6 ,?us we realiz$ t ! num]ical concept ( t5s1 hundr$s1 & ?\s&s 0 giv5 by pres5t+ ^! *a9s to ! *ild's intellig5t curiosity & by respect+ ! spontane\s endeavors ( 8 free activities4 ,& s9ce ?is 0 our exp]i5ce ) mo/ ( ! *ildr51 "o easily c see h[ simple a sugge/ion w\ld be necess>y if ! d$uction did n take place 9 ! case ( "s exceptional *ild4 ,9 fact1 to make ! idea ( decimal relations app>5t to a *ild1 x is suffici5t to direct 8 att5tion to ! mat]ial he is h&l+4 ,! tea*] exp]i5c$ 9 ?is me?od kn[s h[ to wait2 %e realizes t ! *ild ne$s to ex]cise 8 m9d con/antly & sl[ly2 & if ! inn] maturation takes place naturally1 intuitive explosions are b\nd to foll[ z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,! m we all[ ! *ildr5 to foll[ ! int]e/s :i* h claim$ _! fix$ att5tion1 ! great] w be ! value ( ! results4 ,,c\nt+-,,frames ,! direct assi/ance ( ! tea*]1 h] cle> & brief explanation1 is1 h[ev]1 ess5tial :5 %e pres5ts to ! *ild ano!r new mat]ial1 :i* may be consid]$ symbolic ( ! decimal relations4 ,?is mat]ial consi/s ( two v simple bead c\nt+-frames1 simil> 9 size & %ape to ! dress+-frames ( ! fir/ mat]ial4 ,!y are light & easily h&l$ & may be includ$ 9 ! individual possessions ( ea* *ild4 ,! frames are easily made & are inexp5sive4 ,"o frame is arrang$ ) ! longe/ side z base1 & has f\r p>allel metal wires1 ea* ( :i* is /rung ) t5 beads4 ,! ?ree top wires are equidi/ant b ! f\r? is sep>at$ f ! o!rs by a great] di/ance1 & ?is sep>ation is fur!r emphasiz$ by a brass nail-head fix$ on ! left h& side ( ! frame4 ,! frame is pa9t$ "o color above ! nail-head & ano!r color bel[ x2 & on ?is side ( ! frame1 also1 num]als correspond+ to ea* wire are m>k$4 ,! num]al opposite ! top wire is #a1 ! next #aj1 !n #ajj1 & ! l[e/1 #ajjj4 ,we expla9 to ! *ild t ea* bead ( ! fir/ wire is assum$ to /& = "o1 or unity1 z did ! sep>ate beads !y h _h be=e2 b ea* bead ( ! second wire /&s = t5 7or = "o ( ! t5-bead b>s72 ! value ( ea* bead ( ! ?ird wire is "o hundr$ & repres5ts ! hundr$ *a92 & ea* bead on ! la/ wire 7:i* is sep>at$ f ! o!rs by ! brass nail-head7 has ! same value z a ?\s& *a94#g ,at fir/ x is n easy = ! *ild to und]/& ?is symbolism1 b x w be less difficult if he previ\sly has work$ ov] ! *a9s1 c\nt+ & /udy+ !m )\t be+ hurri$4 ,:5 ! concept ( ! relation%ip betwe5 unity1 t5s1 hundr$s1 & ?\s&s has matur$ spontane\sly1 he m readily w be able to recognize & use ! symbol4 ,specially l9$ pap] is design$ = use ) ^! frames4 ,?is pap] is divid$ l5g?wise into two equal p>ts1 & on bo? sides ( ! division are v]tical l9es ( diff]5t colors3 to ! "r a gre5 l9e1 !n a blue1 & next a r$ l9e4 ,^! are p>allel & equidi/ant4 ,a v]tical l9e ( dots sep>ates ?is gr\p ( ?ree l9es f ano!r l9e :i* foll[s4 ,on ! fir/ ?ree l9es f "r to left are writt5 respectively ! units1 t5s1 & hundr$s2 on ! inn] l9e ! ?\s&s4 ,! "r half ( ! page is us$ entirely & exclusively to cl>ify ?is idea & to %[ ! relation%ip ( writt5 numb]s to ! decimal symbolism ( ! c\nt+-frame4 ,) ?is object 9 view1 we fir/ c\nt ! beads on ea* wire ( ! frame2 say+ = ! top wire1 "o unit1 two units1 ?ree units1 f\r units1 five units1 six units1 sev5 units1 eight units1 n9e units1 t5 units4 ,! t5 units ( ?is top wire are equal to "o bead on ! second wire4 ,! beads on ! second wire are c\nt$ 9 ! same way3 "o t51 two t5s1 ?ree t5s1 f\r t5s1 five t5s1 six t5s1 sev5 t5s1 eight t5s1 n9e t5s1 t5 t5s4 ,! t5 t5-beads are equal to "o bead on ! ?ird wire4 ,! beads on ?is ?ird wire !n are c\nt$ "o by "o3 "o hundr$1 two hundr$s1 ?ree hundr$s1 f\r hundr$s1 five hundr$s1 six hundr$s1 sev5 hundr$s1 eight hundr$s1 n9e hundr$s1 t5 hundr$s4 ,^! t5 hundr$-beads are equal to "o ( ! ?\s&-beads4 ,!re also are t5 ?\s&-beads3 "o ?\s&1 two ?\s&s1 ?ree ?\s&s1 f\r ?\s&s1 five ?\s&s1 six ?\s&s1 sev5 ?\s&s1 eight ?\s&s1 n9e ?\s&s1 t5 ?\s&s4 ,! *ild c picture t5 sep>ate ?\s& *a9s2 ?is symbol is 9 direct relation1 !re=e1 to a tangible idea ( quantity4 ,n[ we mu/ transcribe all ^! acts by :i* we h 9 succession c\nt$1 t5 units1 t5 t5s1 t5 hundr$s1 & t5 ?\s&s4 ,on ! fir/ v]tical l9e to ! extreme "r 7! gre5 l9e7 we write ! units1 "o b5ea? ! o!r2 on ! second l9e 7blue7 we write ! t5s2 on ! ?ird l9e 7r$7 ! hundr$s2 &1 f9ally1 on ! l9e beyond ! dots we write ! ?\s&s4 ,!re are suffici5t horizontal l9es = all ! numb]s1 includ+ "o ?\s&4 ,hav+ rea*$ #i1 we mu/ leave ! l9e ( ! units & pass ov] to t ( ! t5s2 9 fact1 t5 units make "o t54 ,&1 simil>ly1 :5 we h writt5 #i 9 ! t5s l9e we mu/ ( necessity pass to ! hundr$s l9e1 because t5 t5s equal "o hundr$4 ,f9ally1 :5 #i 9 ! hundr$s l9e has be5 writt51 we mu/ pass to ! ?\s&s l9e = ! same reason4 ,! units f #a to #i are writt5 on ! l9e f>!/ to ! "r2 on ! next l9e to ! left are writt5 ! t5s 7f #a to #i72 & on ! ?ird l9e1 ! hundr$s 7f #a to #i74 ,?us always we h ! numb]s #a to #i2 & x _c be o!rwise1 = any m w\ld cause ! figure itself to *ange position4 ,x is ?is fact t ! *ild mu/ quietly pond] ov] & all[ to rip5 9 8 m9d4 ,x is ! n9e numb]s t *ange position 9 ord] to =m all ! numb]s t are possible4 ,!re=e1 x is n ! numb] 9 itself b its position 9 respect to ! o!r numb]s :i* gives x ! value n[ ( "o1 n[ ( t51 n[ ( "o hundr$ or "o ?\s&4 ,?us we h ! symbolic translation ( ^? real values :i* increase 9 s prodigi\s a way & :i* are almo/ impossible = u to conceive4 ,"o l9e ( t5 ?\s& beads is sev5ty met]s long6 ,t5 su* l9es w\ld be ! l5g? ( a long /reet6 ,!re=e we are =c$ to h rec\rse to symbols4 ,h[ v important ?is position occupi$ by ! numb] becomes6 ,h[ d we indicate ! position & h5ce ! value ( a c]ta9 numb] ) ref]5ce to o!r numb]s8 ,z !re are n always v]tical l9es to indicate ! relative position ( ! figure1 ! requisite numb] ( z]os are plac$ to ! "r ( ! figure6 ,! *ildr5 already "k1 f ! ,*ildr5's ,h\se1 t z]o has no value & t x c give no value to ! figure ) :i* x is us$4 ,x s]ves m]ely to %[ ! position & ! value ( ! figure writt5 at its left4 ,z]o does n give value to #a & s make x become #aj3 ! z]o ( ! numb] #aj indicates t ! figure #a is n a unit b is 9 ! next prec$+ position--t ( ! t5s--& means !re=e "o t5 & n "o unit4 ,if1 = in/ance1 #d units foll[$ ! #a 9 ! t5s position1 !n ! figure #d w\ld be 9 ! units place & ! #a w\ld be 9 ! t5s position4 ,illu/ration3 ,! bead mat]ial us$ = addition & subtraction4 ,ea* ( ! n9e numb]s is ( diff]5t color$ beads4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\nt+ & calculat+ by means ( ! bead *a9s4 7,a ,montessori ,s*ool 9 ,italy47 ,! ,*ildr5's ,h\se *ild already kn[s h[ to write t5 & ev5 "o hundr$2 & x is n[ v easy = him to write1 ) ! aid ( z]os1 & 9 columns1 f #a to #ajjj3 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i2 #aj1 #bj1 #cj1 #dj1 #ej1 #fj1 #gj1 #hj1 #ij2 #ajj1 #bjj1 #cjj1 #djj1 #ejj1 #fjj1 #gjj1 #hjj1 #ijj2 #a1jjj4 ,:5 ! *ild has le>n$ to c\nt well 9 ?is mann]1 he c easily read any numb] ( f\r figures4 ,let u n[ make up a numb] on ! c\nt+-frame2 = example1 #dhbg4 ,we move f\r beads to ! left on ! ?\s&s-wire1 eight on ! hundr$s-wire1 two on ! t5s-wire1 & sev5 on ! units-wire2 & we read1 f\r ?\s& eight hundr$ & tw5ty-sev54 ,?is numb] is writt5 by plac+ ! numb]s on ! same l9e & 9 ! mutually relative ord] det]m9$ by ! symbolic positions = ! decimal relations1 #dhbg4 ,we c d ! same ) ! date ( our pres5t ye>1 writ+ ! figures on ! left-h& side ( ! pap] z indicat$3 #aiag4 ,let u compose #bjdi on ! symbolic numb] frame4 ,two ( ! ?\s&-beads are mov$ to ! left1 f\r ( ! t5-beads1 & n9e ( ! unit-beads4 ,on ! hundr$s-wire !re is no?+4 ,"h we h a good demon/ration ( ! function ( z]o1 :i* is to occupy ! places t are empty on ?is *>t4 ,simil>ly1 to =m ! numb] #dgjj on ! frame1 f\r ?\s&-beads are mov$ to ! left & sev5 hundr$-beads1 ! t5s-wire & ! units-wire rema9+ empty4 ,9 transcrib+ ?is numb]1 ^! empty places are fill$ by z]os--a figure ( no value 9 itself4 ,illu/ration3 ,! bead cube ( #aj2 t5 squ>es ( #aj2 & *a9s ( #aj1 ( #ajj1 & ( #ajjj beads4 ,illu/ration3 ,?is %[s ! fir/ bead frame :i* ! *ild uses 9 8 /udy ( ari?metic4 ,! numb] =m$ at ! left on ! frame is #a1aaa4 ,:5 ! *ild fully und]/&s ?is process he makes up _m ex]cises ( 8 own accord & ) ! greate/ int]e/4 ,he moves beads to ! left at r&om1 on "o or on all ( ! wires1 !n int]prets & writes ! numb] on ! %eets ( pap] purposely prep>$ = ?is4 ,:5 he has compreh5d$ ! position ( ! figures & p]=m$ op]ations ) numb]s ( sev]al figures he has ma/]$ ! process4 ,! *ild ne$ only be left to 8 auto-ex]cises "h 9 ord] to atta9 p]fection4 ,v soon he w ask to g beyond ! ?\s&s4 ,= ?is !re is ano!r frame1 ) sev5 wires repres5t+ respectively units1 t5s1 & hundr$s2 units1 t5s & hundr$s ( ! ?\s&s2 & a million4 ,?is frame is ! same size z ! o!r "o b 9 ?is ! %ort] side is us$ z ! base & !re are sev5 wires in/ead ( f\r4 ,! "r-h& side is m>k$ by ?ree diff]5t colors accord+ to ! gr\ps ( wires4 ,! units1 t5s1 & hundr$s wires are sep>at$ f ! ?ree ?\s&s wires by a brass tack1 & ^! 9 turn are sep>at$ 9 ! same mann] f ! million wire4 ,! transition f "o frame to ! o!r furni%es mu* int]e/ b no difficulty4 ,*ildr5 w ne$ v few explanations & w try by !mselves to und]/& z mu* z possible4 ,! l>ge numb]s are ! mo/ int]e/+ to !m1 !re=e ! easie/4 ,soon _! copybooks are full ( ! mo/ m>vel\s numb]s2 !y h n[ become deal]s 9 millions4 ,= ?is frame also !re is specially prep>$ pap]4 ,on ! "r-h& side ! *ild writes ! numb]s correspond+ to ! frame1 c\nt+ f "o to a million3 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i2 #aj1 #bj1 #cj1 #dj1 #ej1 #fj1 #gj1 #hj1 #ij2 #ajj1 #bjj1 #cjj1 #djj1 #ejj1 #fjj1 #gjj1 #hjj1 #ijj2 #a1jjj1 #b1jjj1 #c1jjj1 #d1jjj1 #e1jjj1 #f1jjj1 #g1jjj1 #h1jjj1 #i1jjj2 #aj1jjj1 #bj1jjj1 #cj1jjj1 #dj1jjj1 #ej1jjj1 #fj1jjj1 #gj1jjj1 #hj1jjj1 #ij1jjj2 #ajj1jjj1 #bjj1jjj1 #cjj1jjj1 #djj1jjj1 #ejj1jjj1 #fjj1jjj1 #gjj1jjj1 #hjj1jjj1 #ijj1jjj2 #a1jjj1jjj4 ,aft] ?is ! *ild1 mov+ ! beads to ! left on "o or m ( ! wires1 tries to read & !n to write on ! left half ( ! pap] ! numb]s result+ f ^! haphaz>d exp]im5ts4 ,= example1 on ! c\nt+-frame he may h ! numb] #f1bjf1hah1 & on ! pap] ! numb]s #a1aaa1aaa2 #h1fdj1hej2 #a1ejj1jjj2 #c1ghj1jjj2 #e1hdj1gad2 #gbj1jjj2 #ejj1jjj2 #dcj1jjj2 #ce1hdj2 #hj1gbd2 #ae1bbi2 #a1bdj4 ,:5 we come to add & subtract numb]s ( sev]al figures & to write ! results 9 column1 ! facility result+ f ?is prep>ation is some?+ a/oni%+4 ,,footnotes3 #f ,at ! pres5t "t1 because ( ! difficulty ( gett+ beads ( c]ta9 colors1 ow+ to w> conditions1 ! foll[+ colors h be5 approv$ by ,dr4 ,montessori to replace ^? orig9ally us$3 #aj bead b>1 gold2 #i1 d>k blue2 #h1 :ite2 #g1 light gre52 #f1 light blue2 #e1 yell[2 #d1 p9k2 #c1 gre52 #b1 yell[-gre52 #a1 gold4 ,^! same colors are reta9$ = ! bead squ>es & ! bead cubes4 ,!y w be suppli$ by ,! ,h\se ( ,*ildhood1 #af ,horatio ,/reet1 ,new ,york4 #g ,x w\ld1 p]haps1 be bett] 9 ?is fir/ c\nt+-frame to h ! beads n only ( diff]5t colors1 b ( diff]5t sizes1 accord+ to ! value ( ! wires1 z 0 sugge/$ to me by a ,portuguese pr(essor :o _h be5 tak+ my c\rse4 ,,ii ,,! ,,multiplication ,,table ,,mat]ial3 ,! mat]ial = ! multiplication table is 9 sev]al p>ts4 ,!re is a squ>e c>dbo>d ) a hundr$ sockets or ind5tures 7t5 r[s1 t5 9 a r[71 & into ea* ( ^! ind5tures may be plac$ a bead4 ,at ! top ( ! squ>e & correspond+ to ea* v]tical l9e ( ind5tures are pr9t$ ! numb]s #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aj4 ,at ! left is an op5+ into :i* may be slipp$ a small piece ( c>dbo>d ^u :i* are pr9t$ 9 r$ ! numb]s f #a to #aj4 ,?is c>dbo>d s]ves z ! multiplic&2 & x c be *ang$1 = !re are t5 ( ^! slips1 be>+ ! t5 diff]5t numb]s4 ,9 ! upp] left-h& corn] is a small ind5ture = a little r$ m>k]1 b ?is detail is m]ely second>y4 ,?is ari?metic bo>d is a :ite squ>e ) a r$ bord]2 & ) x comes an attractive box conta9+ a hundr$ loose beads4 ,! ex]cise :i* is done ) ?is mat]ial is v simple4 ,suppose t #f is to be multipli$ by ! numb]s 9 turn f #a to #aj3 #f #a2 #f #b2 #f #c2 #f #d2 #f #e2 #f #f2 #f #g2 #f #h2 #f #i2 #f #aj4 ,opposite ! six? horizontal l9e ( ind5tures1 9 ! small op5+ at ! left is slipp$ ! c>d be>+ ! numb] #f4 ,9 multiply+ ! #f by #a1 ! *ild p]=ms two op]ations3 fir/1 he puts ! r$ m>k] above ! pr9t$ #a at ! top ( ! bo>d1 & !n he puts six beads 7correspond+ to ! numb] #f7 9 a v]tical column und]nea? ! numb] #a4 ,to multiply #f by #b1 he places ! r$ m>k] ov] ! pr9t$ #b1 & adds six m beads1 plac$ 9 a column "u numb] #b4 ,simil>ly1 multiply+ #f by #c1 ! r$ m>k] mu/ be plac$ ov] ! #c1 & six m beads add$ 9 a v]tical l9e "u t numb]4 ,9 ?is mann] he proce$s up to #f #aj4 ,! %ift+ ( ! little r$ m>k] s]ves to indicate ! multipli] & requires con/ant att5tion on ! "p ( ! *ild & great exactness 9 8 "w4 #c ,,multiplication ,,table ,,comb9ation ,,( ,,?ree ,,) ,,! ,,numb]s #a ,,to #aj #c #a #c #b #c #c #c #d #c #e #c #f #c #g #c #h #c #i #c #aj ,:ile ! *ild is do+ ^! op]ations he is writ+ d[n ! results4 ,= ?is purpose !re is specially prep>$ pap] ) an attractive head+ :i* ! *ild c place at ! "r ( 8 multiplication bo>d4 ,!re are t5 sets ( ?is pap] 9 a s]ies & t5 s]ies 9 a set1 mak+ a hundr$ %eets ) ea* set ( multiplication mat]ial4 ,! accompany+ cut %[s a %eet prep>$ = ! multiplication ( numb] #c4 ,ev]y?+ is ready on ! pr9t$ %eet2 ! *ild has only to write ! results :i* he obta9s by add+ ! beads 9 columns ( ?ree ea*4 ,if he makes no error he w write3 #c1 #f1 #i1 #ab1 #ae1 #ah1 #ba1 #bd1 #bg1 #cj4 ,9 ?is way he w "w out & write d[n ! :ole s]ies f #a to #aj2 & z !re are t5 copies ( ea* %eet1 he c repeat ea* ex]cise t5 times4 ,?us ! *ild le>ns by memory ea* ( ^! multiplications4 ,& we f9d t he helps himself to memorize ev5 9 o!r ways4 ,he walks up & d[n hold+ ! multiplication %eet1 :i* he looks at f "t to "t4 ,x is a %eet :i* he himself has fill$1 & he may be memoriz+ sev5 times six1 =ty-two2 sev5 times sev51 =ty-n9e2 sev5 times eight1 fifty-six1 etc4 ,?is mat]ial = ! multiplication table is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ to ! *ildr54 ,!y fill six or sev5 sets1 "o aft] ! o!r1 & "w = days & weeks on ?is "o ex]cise4 ,almo/ all ( !m ask to take x home ) !m4 ,) u1 ! fir/ "t ! mat]ial 0 pres5t$ a small upris+ took place1 = !y all wi%$ to c>ry x away ) !m4 ,z ?is 0 n p]mitt$ ! *ildr5 implor$ _! mo!rs to buy x = !m1 & x 0 ) difficulty t we made !m und]/& t x 0 n on ! m>ket & !re=e c\ld n be pur*as$4 ,b ! *ildr5 c\ld n give up ! idea4 ,"o old] girl head$ ! rebellion4 ,! ,dottoressa wants to try an exp]im5t ) u1 %e said4 ,well1 let's tell h] t unless %e gives u ! mat]ial = ! multiplication table we won't come to s*ool any m4 ,?is ?reat 9 itself 0 impolite1 & yet x 0 int]e/+2 = ! multiplication table1 ! bug-be> ( all *ildr51 _h become s attractive & tempt+ a ?+ t x _h made wolves out ( my lambs6 ,:5 ! *ildr5 h repeat$ly fill$ a :ole s]ies ( ^! blanks1 ) ! aid ( ! mat]ial1 !y are giv5 a te/-c>d by means ( :i* !y may comp>e _! "w = v]ification1 & see :e!r !y h made any errors 9 _! multiplication4 ,table by table1 numb] by numb]1 !y d ! "w ( comp>+ ea* result ) ! numb] :i* corresponds to x 9 ea* "o ( ! t5 columns4 ,:5 ?is has be5 done c>efully1 ! *ildr5 possess _! own s]ies1 ! accuracy ( :i* !y are able to gu>antee !mselves4 ,,multiplication ,,table ,,pres5t+ ,,! ,,comb9ations ,,( ,,numb]s ,,9 ,,! ,,progressive ,,s]ies ,,f #a ,,to #aj #a #a #a #b #a #b #c #a #c #d #a #d #e #a #e #a #b #b #b #b #d #c #b #f #d #b #h #e #b #aj #a #c #c #b #c #f #c #c #i #d #c #ab #e #c #ae #a #d #d #b #d #h #c #d #ab #d #d #af #e #d #bj #a #e #e #b #e #aj #c #e #ae #d #e #bj #e #e #be #a #f #f #b #f #ab #c #f #ah #d #f #bd #e #f #cj #a #g #g #b #g #ad #c #g #ba #d #g #bh #e #g #ce #a #h #h #b #h #af #c #h #bd #d #h #cb #e #h #dj #a #i #i #b #i #ah #c #i #bg #d #i #cf #e #i #de #a #aj #aj #b #aj #bj #c #aj #cj #d #aj #dj #e #aj #ej #f #a #f #g #a #g #h #a #h #i #g #i #aj #a #aj #f #b #ab #g #b #ad #h #b #af #i #b #ah #aj #b #bj #f #c #ah #g #c #ba #h #c #bd #i #c #bg #aj #c #cj #f #d #bd #g #d #bh #h #d #cb #i #d #cf #aj #d #dj #f #e #cj #g #e #ce #h #e #dj #i #e #de #aj #e #ej #f #f #cf #g #f #db #h #f #dh #i #f #ed #aj #f #fj #f #g #db #g #g #di #h #g #ef #i #g #fc #aj #g #gj #f #h #dh #g #h #ef #h #h #fd #i #h #gb #aj #h #hj #f #i #ed #g #i #fc #h #i #gb #i #i #ha #aj #i #ij #f #aj #fj #g #aj #gj #h #aj #hj #i #aj #ij #aj #aj #ajj ,! *ildr5 %\ld write d[n on ! foll[+ =m1 9 ! sep>ate columns1 _! v]ifi$ results3 "u ! #b1 ! column ( ! #b's2 "u ! #c1 ! column ( ! #c's2 "u ! #d1 ! column ( ! #d's1 etc4 #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj ,!n !y get ! foll[+ table1 :i* is id5tical ) ! te/ c>ds includ$ 9 ! mat]ial4 ,x is a summ>y ( ! multiplication table--! fam\s ,py?agorean table4 ,,! ,,multiplication ,,table #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj #b #d #f #h #aj #ab #ad #af #ah #bj #c #f #i #ab #ae #ah #ba #bd #bg #cj #d #h #ab #af #bj #bd #bh #cb #cf #dj #e #aj #ae #bj #be #cj #ce #dj #de #ej #f #ab #ah #bd #cj #cf #db #dh #ed #fj #g #ad #ba #bh #ce #db #di #ef #fc #gj #h #af #bd #cb #dj #dh #ef #fd #gb #hj #i #ah #bg #cf #de #ed #fc #gb #ha #ij #aj #bj #cj #dj #ej #fj #gj #hj #ij #ajj ,! *ild has built up 8 multiplication table by a long s]ies ( processes ea* incomplete 9 itself4 ,x w n[ be easy to tea* him to read x z a multiplication table1 = he already kn[s x by memory4 ,inde$1 he w be able to fill ! blanks f memory1 ! only difficulty be+ ! recognition ( ! squ>e 9 :i* he mu/ write ! numb]1 :i* mu/ correspond bo? to ! multiplic& & to ! multipli]4 ,we (f] t5 ( ^! blank =ms 9 our mat]ial4 ,:5 ! *ild1 left free to "w z long z he wi%es on ^! ex]cises1 has f9i%$ !m all1 he has c]ta9ly le>n$ ! multiplication table4 ,,iii ,,division ,,mat]ial3 ,! same mat]ial may be us$ = division1 except ! blanks1 :i* are some:at diff]5t4 ,take any numb] ( beads f ! box & c\nt !m4 ,let u suppose t we h tw5ty-sev54 ,?is numb] is writt5 9 ! vacant space at ! left-h& side ( ! division blank4 -------------------------- ,,division ,,rema9d] -------------------------- 3 #b 3 #c 3 #d 3 #e #bg 3 #f 3 #g 3 #h #c #c 3 #i #c 3#aj #b #g -------------------------- ,!n tak+ ! box ( beads & ! ari?metic bo>d ) ! hundr$ ind5tures we proce$ to ! op]ation4 ,let u fir/ divide #bg by #aj4 ,we place t5 beads 9 a v]tical l9e "u ! #a2 !n 9 ! next r[ t5 m beads "u ! #b4 ,! beads1 h[ev]1 are n suffici5t to fill ! r[ "u ! #c4 ,n[ on ! pap] prep>$ = division we write #b on a l9e ) ! #aj to ! left ( ! v]tical l9e1 & to ! "r ( ! same v]tical l9e we write ! rema9d] #g4 ,to divide #bg by #i1 n9e beads are c\nt$ out 9 ! fir/ r[1 !n n9e 9 ! second r[ "u ! #b1 & /ill ano!r n9e "u ! #c4 ,!re are no beads left ov]4 ,s ! figure #c is writt5 aft] ! equal-sign 77 on a l9e ) #i4 ,to divide #bg by #h we c\nt out eight beads1 place !m 9 a r[ "u ! #a1 & !n fill l r[s "u ! #b & ! #c2 9 ! f\r? r[ !re are only ?ree beads4 ,!y are ! rema9d]4 ,& s on4 ,a package ( "o hundr$ division blanks comes 9 an attractive d>k gre5 cov] ti$ ) a silk ribbon4 ,! multiplication blanks1 ) _! tables = comp>ison & summ>y tables1 come 9 a p>*m5t envelope ti$ ) lea!r /r+s4 -------------------------- ,,division ,,rema9d] -------------------------- 3 #b 3 #c 3 #d 3 #e 3 #f 3 #g 3 #h 3 #i 3#aj -------------------------- ,,iv ,,op]ations ,,9 ,,sev]al ,,figures ,by ?is "t ! *ild c easily p]=m op]ations ) numb]s ( two or m figures1 = he possesses all ! mat]ials necess>y & is already prep>$ to make use ( !m4 ,= ?is "w we h = ! fir/ ?ree op]ations1 addition1 subtraction1 & multiplication1 a c\nt+-frame2 & = division a m complicat$ mat]ial :i* w be describ$ lat] on4 ,,addition ,addition on ! c\nt+ frame is a mo/ simple op]ation1 & !re=e is v attractive4 ,let u take1 = example1 ! foll[+3 #acbj #dce ,fir/ we slide ov] ! beads to repres5t ! fir/ numb]3 #a on ! ?\s&s-wire1 #c on ! hundr$s-wire1 & #b on ! t5s-wire4 ,!n we place next to !m ! beads repres5t+ ! second numb]3 #d on ! hundr$s-wire1 #c on ! t5s-wire1 & #e on ! units-wire4 ,n[ !re rema9s no?+ to be done except to write ! numb] %[n by ! beads 9 _! pres5t position3 #agee4 ,illu/ration3 ,?is %[s ! second c\nt+-frame us$ 9 ari?metic4 ,! *ild is writ+ ! numb] %e has j =m$ on h] frame4 7,! ,riv+ton ,/reet ,montessori ,s*ool1 ,new ,york47 ,:5 ! problem is a m complicat$ "o1 ! beads = any "o wire am\nt+ to m ?an #aj1 ! solution is /ill v easy4 ,9 t case ! entire t5 beads w\ld be return$ to _! orig9al position & 9 _! /ead "o correspond+ bead ( ! next l[] wire w\ld be slipp$ ov]4 ,!n ! op]ation is cont9u$4 ,take1 = example3 #cij #dhb ,we fir/ place ! beads repres5t+ #cij3 t is1 #c on ! hundr$s-wire & #i on ! t5s-wire2 or1 vice v]sa1 beg9n+ ) ! units1 we w\ld fir/ place ! #i t5s & !n ! #c hundr$s4 ,= ! second numb] we place #d beads = ! hundr$s & !n we beg9 to place ! #h t5s4 ,b :5 we h plac$ only "o t51 ! wire is full2 s ! t5 t5s are return$ to _! orig9al position & to repres5t !m we move ov] ano!r bead on ! hundr$s-wire2 !n we cont9ue to place ! beads ( ! t5s :i* n[1 aft] hav+ conv]t$ #aj ( !m into #a hundr$1 rema9 b #g4 ,or we c beg9 ! addition by plac+ ! beads = ! units be=e we place ^? = ! hundr$s2 & 9 t case we move on ! hundr$s-wire fir/ ! bead repres5t+ ! t5 beads on ! wire above1 & !n ! #d hundr$s :i* mu/ be add$4 ,f9ally we write d[n ! sum z n[ indicat$ by ! position ( ! beads3 #hgb4 ,) a l>g] c\nt+-frame x is possible to p]=m 9 ?is mann] v complicat$ problems 9 addition4 ,illu/ration3 ,! two little girls are work+ out problems 9 sev5 figures4 7,! ,wa%+ton ,montessori ,s*ool1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c47 ,,subtraction ,! c\nt+-frame l5ds itself equally well to problems 9 subtraction4 ,let u take1 = example1 ! foll[+3 #hidg - #fgce ,we place ! beads repres5t+ ! fir/ numb]2 !n f !m we take ! beads repres5t+ ! second numb] ,! beads rema9+ indicate ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two numb]s2 & ?is is writt53 #bbab4 ,!n comes ! m complicat$ problem :]e x is necess>y to borr[ f a high] d5om9ation4 ,:5 ! beads ( "o wire are exhau/$1 we move ov] ! entire t5 & take to repres5t !m "o bead f ! l[] wire2 !n we cont9ue ! subtraction4 ,= example3 #hied - #geic ,we move ! beads repres5t+ ! fir/ numb]2 !n we take #c beads f ! units4 ,n[ we beg9 to subtract ! t5s4 ,we wi% to take away #i beads2 b :5 we h mov$ five ! wire is empty1 & !re are /ill f\r m to be mov$4 ,we take away "o bead f ! hundr$s-wire & replace ! entire t5 on ! t5s-wire2 & !n we cont9ue to move beads on ! t5s-wire until we h tak5 a total ( n9e--t is1 we n[ move ! o!r f\r4 ,on ! hundr$s-wire !re rema9 b #h beads1 & f !m we take ! #e1 etc4 ,our f9al rema9d] is #acfa4 ,x is easy to see h[ famili> & cle> to ! *ild ! te*nique ( borr[+ becomes4 ,,multiplication ,:5 !re is a numb] to be multipli$ by m ?an "o figure1 ! *ild n only kn[s ! multiplication table b he easily di/+ui%es ! units f ! t5s1 hundr$s1 etc41 & he is famili> ) _! reciprocal relations4 ,he kn[s all ! numb]s up to a million & also _! positions 9 relation to _! value4 ,he kn[s f habitual practise t a unit ( a high] ord] c be ex*ang$ = t5 ( a l[] ord]4 ,to h ! *ild attack ?is new difficulty successfully "o ne$ only tell him t ea* figure ( ! multipli] mu/ multiply 9 turn ea* figure ( ! multiplic& & t ! sep>ate products are plac$ 9 columns & !n add$4 ,! analytical processes hold ! *ild's att5tion = a long p]iod ( "t2 & = ?is reason !y h too great a =mative value n to be made use ( 9 ! highe/ degree4 ,!y are ! processes :i* lead to t inn] maturation :i* gives a deep] realization ( cognitions & :i* results 9 bur/s ( spontane\s syn!sis & ab/raction4 ,! *ildr51 by rapidly graduat$ ex]cises1 soon become accu/om$ to writ+ ! analysis ( ea* multiplication 7accord+ to its factors7 9 su* a way t1 once ! "w ( arrang+ ! mat]ial is f9i%$1 no?+ is left = !m to d b to p]=m ! multiplications :i* !y already h le>n$ 9 ! simple multiplication table4 ,"h is an example ( ! analysis ( a multiplication ) ?ree figures appe>+ 9 bo? ! multiplic& & ! multipli]3 #cef ,x #gdb4 #b units #f units #gdb #d t5s #cef #e t5s #g hundr$s #c hundr$s ,ea* ( ! fir/ numb]s is comb9$ ) ! ?ree figures ( ! o!r numb] 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 u4 #f #ab units u4 #f #bd t5s t4 #e u4 #b #aj t5s t4 #e t4 #d #bj hundr$s h4 #c #f hundr$s h4 #c #ab ?\s&s u4 #f #db hundr$s t4 #e h4 #g #ce ?\s&s h4 #c #ba t5s ( ?\s&s ,:5 ?is analysis is writt5 d[n1 ! "w on ! c\nt+-frames beg9s4 ,"h ! op]ations are p]=m$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 #b #f units necessitate ! br++ =w>d ( ! t5 beads on ! fir/ wire4 ,h[ev]1 ev5 ^? d n suffice4 ,s !y are slid back & "o bead on ! second wire is br\ght =w>d1 to repres5t ! t5 replac$1 & on ! fir/ wire two beads are br\ght =w>d 7#ab74 ,next we take #b #e t5s4 ,!re is already "o bead on ! t5s-wire & to ?is %\ld be add$ t5 m1 b in/ead we br+ =w>d "o bead on ! hundr$s-wire4 ,at ?is po9t 9 ! op]ation ! beads are di/ribut$ on ! wires 9 ?is mann]3 #b #a #a ,n[ comes #b #c hundr$s1 & six beads on ! correspond+ wire are br\ght =w>d4 ,:5 ! multiplication by ! units ( ! multipli] is f9i%$1 ! beads on ! frame are 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 #b #a #g ,we pass n[ to ! t5s3 #d #f #bd t5s4 ,we mu/ !re=e br+ =w>d f\r beads on ! t5s-wire & two on ! hundr$s-wire3 #b #e #i #d #e #bj hundr$s1 !re=e two ?\s&s3 #b #e #i #b #d #c ?\s&s #ab ?\s&s2 s we br+ =w>d two beads on ! ?\s&s-wire & "o on ! t5-?\s&s-wire3 #b #e #i #d #a ,n[ we take ! hundr$s3 #g #f hundr$s are #db hundr$s2 !re=e we slide f\r beads on ! ?\s&s-wire & two on ! hundr$s-wire4 ,b !re already 7 n9e beads on ?is wire1 s only "o rema9s & ! o!r t5 give u in/ead ano!r bead on ! ?\s&s-wire3 #b #e #a #i #a #e #g ?\s&s #ce ?\s&s1 :i* is ! same z five ?\s&s & ?ree t5-?\s&s4 ,?ree beads on ! fif? wire & five on ! f\r? are br\ght =w>d2 b on ! f\r? wire !re already 7 n9e beads1 s we leave only f\r1 ex*ang+ ! o!r t5 = "o bead on ! fif? wire3 #b #e #a #d #e ,f9ally #g #c t5-?\s&s #ba t5-?\s&s4 ,"o bead is br\ght =w>d on ! fif? wire & two on ! hundr$-?\s&s-wire4 ,at ! end ( ! op]ation ! beads w be di/ribut$ z foll[s3 #b beads on ! fir/ wire 7units7 #e second 7t5s7 #a ?ird 7hundr$s7 #d f\r? 7?\s&s7 #f fif? 7t5s ( ?\s&s7 #b six? 7hundr$s ( ?\s&s7 ,?is di/ribution translat$ into figures gives ! foll[+ numb]3 #bfd1aeb4 ,?is may be writt5 z a result "r aft] ! factors )\t ! p>tial products3 t is1 #gdb #cef #bfd1aeb4 ,al?\gh ?is description may s\nd v complicat$1 ! ex]cise on ! c\nt+-frame is an easy & mo/ int]e/+ ari?metic game4 ,& ?is game1 :i* conta9s ! secret ( su* surpris+ results1 n only is an ex]cise :i* makes m & m cle> ! decimal relations ( reciprocal value & position1 b also x expla9s ! mann] ( proc$ure 9 ab/ract op]ations4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,! disposition ( ! beads = ! numb] #di1aeb4 ,9 fact1 9 ! multiplication z commonly p]=m$3 #cef #gdb #gab #adbd #bdib #bfdaeb ! same op]ations are involv$2 b ! figures1 once writt5 d[n1 _c be modifi$ z is possible on ! frame by mov+ ! beads & sub/itut+ beads ( high] value = ^? ( l[] value :5 ! t5 beads ( "o wire1 z a me*anical result ( ! /ructure ( ! frame1 are all us$4 ,z multiplication is ord9>ily writt51 su* sub/itutions _c be made2 b ! p>tial products mu/ be writt5 d[n 9 ord]1 plac$ 9 column accord+ to _! value1 & f9ally add$4 ,?is is a mu* long] piece ( "w1 because ! act ( writ+ a figure is m complicat$ ?an t ( mov+ a bead :i* slides easily on ! metal wire4 ,aga91 x is n s cle> z ! "w ) ! beads1 once ! *ild is accu/om$ to h&l+ ! frame & no long] has any d\bt z to ! position ( ! diff]5t values1 & :5 x has become a sort ( r\t9e to sub/itute "o bead ( ! l[] wire = ! t5 beads ( ! upp] wire :i* h be5 exhau/$4 ,fur!rmore1 x is mu* easi] to add new products )\t ! possibility ( mak+ a mi/ake4 ,let u g back to ! po9t 9 ! op]ation :]e ! beads on ! frame read ?us3 #b #e #a #i #a & x 0 necess>y to add #ce ?\s&s--five beads to ! ?\s&s-wire & ?ree beads to ! t5-?\s&s-wire4 ,! ?ree beads on ! fif? wire c be br\ght =w>d )\t any ?\ght z to :at w happ5 on ! wire above :5 ! five are add$ to ! n9e4 ,inde$1 :at takes place !re does n make any diff]5ce1 = x is n necess>y t ! op]ation on ! high] wire prec$e t on ! l[] wire4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,! disposition ( ! beads = ! numb] #ed1aeb2 aft] add+ #e ?\s&s to ! numb] #di1aeb4 ,9 add+ ! five beads to ! n9e beads only f\r rema9 on ! f\r? wire1 s9ce ! o!r t5 are sub/itut$ by a bead on ! l[] wire2 ?is bead may be br\ght =w>d ev5 aft] ! ?ree = ! t5-?\s&s h be5 plac$4 ,by ! use ( ! frame ! *ild acquires rem>kable dext]ity & facility 9 calculat+1 & ?is makes 8 "w 9 multiplication mu* m rapid4 ,(t5 "o *ild1 work+ out an example on pap]1 has f9i%$ only ! fir/ p>tial multiplication :5 ano!r *ild1 work+ at ! frame1 has complet$ ! problem & kn[s ! f9al product4 ,x is int]e/+ ev5 among adults to wat* two compete 9 ! same problem1 "o at ! frame & ! o!r us+ ! ord9>y me?od on pap]4 ,x is v int]e/+1 also1 n to "w out on ! frame ! individual products 9 ! sequ5ce indicat$ 9 analyz+ ! factors1 b to "w !m out by *ance4 ,inde$1 x does n matt] :e!r ! beads are mov$ 9 ! ord] ( _! alignm5t or at r&om4 ,! beads on ! t5-?\s&s-wire may be mov$ fir/1 !n ! hundr$s1 ! units1 & f9ally ! ?\s&s4 ,^! ex]cises1 :i* give su* a deep und]/&+ ( ! op]ations ( ari?metic1 w\ld be impossible ) ! ab/ract op]ation :i* is p]=m$ only by means ( figures4 ,& x is evid5t t ! ex]cises c be amplifi$ to any ext5t z a pleas+ game4 ,,multiply+ ,,on ,,rul$ ,,pap] ,take1 = example1 #hfdj #beca4 ,we write ! figures ( ! multiplic& "o "u ! o!r b 9 _! relative positions2 ?is also c be writt5 by fill+ 9 ! vacant spaces ) z]os4 ,9 ?is way we repeat ! multiplic& z _m times z !re are figures 9 ! multipli]2 b in/ead ( writ+ beside ^! figures ! words units1 t5s1 etc41 we indicate ?is ) z]os1 :i*1 = ! sake ( cle>ness1 we fill 9 till !y resemble l>ge dots4 ,! *ild already kn[s1 f 8 previ\s ex]cises1 t z]o indicates ! position ( a figure & t multiply+ by t5 *anges ?is position4 ,!re=e z]os 9 ! multipli] w\ld cause a correspond+ *ange ( position 9 ! figures ( ! multiplic&4 ,! accompany+ figure %[s cle>ly :at x is n s easy to expla9 9 words4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,we are n[ ready = ! usual proc$ure ( multiplication4 ,a *ild ( sev5 ye>s rea*es ?is /age v easily aft] hav+ done our prelim9>y ex]cises1 & !n x does n matt] to him h[ _m figures he has to use4 ,inde$1 he is v fond ( work+ ) numb]s ( unhe>d ( figures1 z is %[n 9 ! foll[+ example--"o ( ! usual ex]cises done by ! *ildr51 :o ( !mselves *oose ! multiplic& & ! multipli]2 ! tea*] w\ld nev] ?9k ( giv+ su* enorm\s numb]s4 ,!y c n[ p]=m ! op]ation #bb1cfd1bec #cde1bcd1faa #bbcfdbec #cdebcdfaa #bbcfdbec #bbcfdbec #acdaheeah #hidegjab #fgjibgei #ddgbhejf #aaahbabfe #hidegjab #fgjibgei #ggbjiadahdgfjehc )\t analysis ( factors & )\t help f ! frames b by ! me?od commonly us$4 ,?is may be se5 by ! way 9 :i* ! example is writt5 out & !n done by ! *ild4 ,,long ,,division ,n only is x possible to p]=m long division ) our bead mat]ial1 b ! "w is s delightful t x becomes an ari?metical pa/ime especially adapt$ to ! *ild's home activities4 ,us+ ! beads cl>ifies ! diff]5t /eps ( ! op]ation1 creat+ almo/ a rational ari?metic :i* sup]s$es ! common empirical me?ods1 t r$uce ! me*anism ( ab/ract op]ations to a simple r\t9e4 ,= ?is reason1 ^! pa/imes prep>e ! way = ! rational processes ( ma!matics :i* ! *ild meets 9 ! high] grades4 ,! bead frame w no long] suffice "h4 ,we ne$ ! squ>e ari?metic bo>d us$ = ! fir/ p>tial multiplications & = %ort division4 ,h[ev]1 we require sev]al su* bo>ds & an adequate provision ( beads4 ,! "w is too complicat$ to be describ$ cle>ly1 b 9 practise x is easy & mo/ int]e/+4 ,x is suffici5t "h to sugge/ ! me?od ( proc$ure ) ! mat]ial4 ,! units1 t5s1 hundr$s1 etc41 are express$ by diff]5t-color$ beads3 units1 :ite2 t5s1 gre52 hundr$s1 r$4 ,!n !re are racks ( diff]5t colors3 :ite = ! simple units1 t5s1 & hundr$s2 gray = ! ?\s&s2 black = ! millions4 ,!re also are boxes1 :i* on ! outside are :ite1 gray1 or black1 & on ! inside :ite1 gre51 or r$4 ,& = ea* box !re is a correspond+ rack conta9+ t5 tubes ) t5 beads 9 ea*4 ,suppose we mu/ divide #hg1fcb by #fd4 ,five ( ! boxes are put 9 a r[1 arrang$ f left to "r accord+ to ! value ( _! color1 z foll[s3 two gray boxes--"o gre5 inside & ! o!r :ite--& ?ree :ite boxes ) ! inside respectively r$1 gre51 & :ite4 ,9 ! fir/ box to ! left we put #h gre5 beads2 9 ! second box #g :ite beads2 9 ! ?ird1 #f r$ beads2 9 ! f\r? #c gre5 beads2 & 9 ! fif? box #b :ite beads4 ,back ( ea* box is "o ( ! racks ) t5 tubes fill$ ) beads ( correspond+ colors4 ,^! beads--t5 9 ea* tube--are us$ 9 ex*ang+ ! units ( a high] d5om9ation = ^? ( a l[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,! *ild "h is solv+ a problem 9 long division4 7,a ,montessori ,s*ool1 ,b>celona1 ,spa947 ,!re are two ari?metic bo>ds1 "o next to ! o!r1 plac$ bel[ ! r[ ( boxes4 ,9 ! "o to ! left1 ! little c>dbo>d ) ! figure #f is ins]t$ 9 ! slot we h describ$1 & 9 ! o!r to ! "r ! figure #d4 ,n[ to divide #hg1fcb by #fd1 place ! fir/ two boxes at ! left 7conta9+ #h & #g beads respectively7 above ! two ari?metic bo>ds4 ,on ! fir/ bo>d ! eight beads are arrang$ 9 r[s ( six1 z 9 ! m simple division4 ,on ! second bo>d ! sev5 beads are arrang$ 9 r[s ( f\r1 correspond+ to ! numb] indicat$ by ! r$ figure4 ,! two quoti5ts mu/ be r$uc$ ) ref]5ce to ! quoti5t 9 ! fir/ ari?metic bo>d4 ,all ! o!r is consid]$ z a rema9d]4 ,! quoti5t 9 ?is case is #a & ! rema9d]s are #b on ! fir/ bo>d & #c on ! second4 ,:5 ?is is f9i%$1 ! boxes are mov$ up "o place & !n ! fir/ box is out ( ! game1 its place hav+ be5 tak5 by ! second box2 s ! gray-gre5 box is no long] above ! fir/ bo>d b ! gray-:ite "o in/ead1 & above ! second bo>d we mu/ place ! box ) ! r$ beads4 ,illu/ration3 ,! illu/ration at ! top %[s ! squ>e & ! cube ( #d & ( #e4 ,t 9 ! middle %[s ! ari?metic bo>d be+ us$ = multiplication4 ,9 ! photograph at ! bottom a problem 9 division is be+ work$ out on ! ari?metic-bo>d3 #bf #d #f & #b rema9d]4 ,n[ ! beads mu/ be adju/$4 ,! two beads t are left ov] on ! c>d m>k$ ) ! numb] #f are gre5 b ! box above ?is c>d is ! gray-:ite "o4 ,we mu/ !re=e *ange ! gre5 beads into :ite beads1 tak+ = ea* "o ( !m a tube ( t5 :ite beads4 ,! :ite beads :i* 7 left ov] on ! o!r c>d mu/ be br\ght to ! c>d above :i* ! :ite box is n[ plac$4 ,we h only to arrange ! :ite beads n[ 9 r[s ( six :ile ! o!r box ( r$ beads is empti$ on to ! second bo>d 9 r[s ( f\r1 z 9 simple division4 ,) ! mat]ial arrang$ 9 ?is way accord+ to color1 we proce$ to ! r$uction1 :i* is done by ex*ang+ "o bead ( a high] d5om9ation = t5 ( a l[]4 ,?us1 = example1 9 ! pres5t case we h tw5ty-?ree :ite beads di/ribut$ on ! fir/ bo>d 9 r[s ( six1 :i* gives a quoti5t ( ?ree & a rema9d] ( five4 ,on ! second bo>d !re are six r$ beads di/ribut$ 9 r[s ( f\r1 giv+ a quoti5t ( "o ) a rema9d] ( two4 ,n[ ! "w ( r$uction beg9s4 ,?is consi/s 9 tak+ "o by "o ! beads f ! bo>d to ! left--9 ?is case ! :ite--& ex*ang+ !m = t5 r$ beads1 :i* 9 turn are plac$ 9 r[s ( f\r on ! o!r bo>d until ! quoti5ts on ! two c>ds are alike4 ,:at is left ov] is ! rema9d]4 ,9 ?is case x is necess>y to *ange only ! "o :ite bead s z to h ! o!r quoti5t rea* ?ree ) a rema9d] ( f\r4 ,! same process is cont9u$ until all ! boxes are us$4 ,! f9al rema9d] is ! "o to be writt5 d[n ) ! quoti5t4 ,! ex]cise requires great pati5ce & exactness1 b x is mo/ int]e/+ & might be call$ an excell5t game ( solitaire = *ildr5 = home use4 ,!re is no intellectual fatigue b mu* movem5t & mu* int5se att5tion4 ,! quoti5ts & rema9d]s may be writt5 on a prep>$ %eet ( pap]1 s z to be v]ifi$ by ! tea*]4 ,:5 ! *ild has p]=m$ _m ( ^! ex]cises he comes spontane\sly to try to =esee ! result ( an op]ation )\t hav+ to make ! mat]ial ex*ange & arrangem5t ( ! beads2 h5ce to %ort5 ! me*anical process4 ,:5 at l5g? he c see ! situation at a glance1 he w be able to d ! mo/ difficult division by ! ord9>y processes )\t exp]i5c+ any fatigue1 or )\t hav+ be5 oblig$ to endure tir+ progressive lessons & humiliat+ corrections4 ,n only w he h le>n$ h[ to p]=m long divisions b he w h become a ma/] ( _! me*anism4 ,he w realize ea* /ep1 9 ways t ! *ildr5 ( ord9>y second>y s*ools possibly nev] w be able to und]/&1 :5 ?r\gh ! usual me?ods ( rational ma!matics !y approa* ! incompreh5sible op]ations :i* !y h p]=m$ = sev]al ye>s )\t consid]+ ! reasons = !m4 ,v ,,ex]cises ,,) ,,numb]s ,,multiples1 ,,prime ,,numb]s1 ,,factor+ ,:5 ! *ild1 by ! aid ( all ?is mat]ial1 has _h a *ance to grasp ! fundam5tal ideas relat+ to ! f\r op]ations & has pass$ on to ! execution ( !m 9 ! ab/ract1 he is ready to cont9ue on ! num]ical processes :i* w lead to a m pr(\nd /udy prep>atory to ! m complex problems t await him 9 ! second>y s*ools4 ,^! /udies are1 h[ev]1 a means ( help+ him to rememb] ! ?+s he already kn[s & to enl>ge ^u !m4 ,!y come to him z a pa/ime1 z an agreeable mann] ( ?9k+ ov] ei!r 9 s*ool or at home ! ideas :i* he already has ga9$4 ,"o ( ! fir/ ex]cises is t ( cont9u+ ! multiplication ( ea* numb] by ! s]ies ( #a to #aj :i* 0 begun by ! ex]cises on ! multiplication tables4 ,?is %\ld be done 9 ! ab/ract3 t is1 )\t rec\rse to ! mat]ial4 ,let u1 h[ev]1 set "s limit--we w /op :5 ea* product has rea*$ #ajj4 ,9 ord] t ^! s]ies ( ex]cises may ea* be 9 "o column ! fir/ ex]cises w /op ) #ej & ano!r c be us$ = ! numb]s f #ea to #ajj4 ,! two foll[+ tables 7,a & ,b7 are ! result4 ,^! are prep>$ 9 ?is mann] 9 our mat]ial s t ! *ild may comp>e 8 "w ) !m4 ,,table ,a #b #a #b #c #a #c #d #a #d #e #a #e #f #a #f #g #a #g #h #a #h #i #a #i #aj #aaj #b #b #d #c #b #f #d #b #h #e #baj #f #bab #g #bad #h #baf #i #bah #aj #bbj #b #c #f #c #c #i #d #cab #e #cae #f #cah #g #cba #h #cbd #i #cbg #aj #ccj #b #d #h #c #dab #d #daf #e #dbj #f #dbd #g #dbh #h #dcb #i #dcf #aj #ddj #b #eaj #c #eae #d #ebj #e #ebe #f #ecj #g #ece #h #edj #i #ede #aj #eej #b #fab #c #fah #d #fbd #e #fcj #f #fcf #g #fdb #h #fdh #b #gad #c #gba #d #gbh #e #gce #f #gdb #g #gdi #b #haf #c #hbd #d #hcb #e #hdj #f #hdh #b #iah #c #ibg #d #icf #e #ide #bajbj #cajcj #dajdj #eajej #baabb #caacc #daadd #babbd #cabcf #dabdh #bacbf #cacci #badbh #caddb #baecj #caede #bafcb #cafdh #bagcd #bahcf #baich #bbjdj #bbadb #bbbdd #bbcdf #bbddh #bbeej ,,table ,b #bbf #eb #cagea #dac #eb #eaa #ee #f #ied #g #hef #h #gef #i #fed #aj #f #fj #bbg #ed #cahed #dad #ef #eab #fj #fajfj #g #ifc #h #hfd #i #gfc #aj #g #gj #bbh #ef #caieg #dae #fj #eac #fe #faaff #gajgj #h #igb #i #hgb #aj #h #hj #bbi #eh #cbjfj #daf #fd #ead #gj #fabgb #gaagg #hajhj #i #iha #aj #i #ij #bcj #fj #cbafc #dag #fh #eae #ge #facgh #gabhd #haahh #iajij #ajajajj #bca #fb #cbbff #dah #gb #eaf #hj #fadhd #gacia #habif #iaaii #bcb #fd #cbcfi #dai #gf #eag #he #faeij #gadih #bcc #ff #cbdgb #dbj #hj #eah #ij #fafif #bcd #fh #cbege #dba #hd #eai #ie #bce #gj #cbfgh #dbb #hh #ebjajj #bcf #gb #cbgha #dbc #ib #bcg #gd #cbhhd #dbd #if #bch #gf #cbihg #dbeajj #bci #gh #ccjij #bdj #hj #ccaic #bda #hb #ccbif #bdb #hd #cccii #bdc #hf #bdd #hh #bde #ij #bdf #ib #bdg #id #bdh #if #bdi #ih #bejajj ,,table ,c #a #ea #b #eb #c #ec #d #ed #e #ee #f #ef #g #eg #h #eh #i #ei #aj #fj #aa #fa #ab #fb #ac #fc #ad #fd #ae #fe #af #ff #ag #fg #ah #fh #ai #fi #bj #gj #ba #ga #bb #gb #bc #gc #bd #gd #be #ge #bf #gf #bg #gg #bh #gh #bi #gi #cj #hj #ca #ha #cb #hb #cc #hc #cd #hd #ce #he #cf #hf #cg #hg #ch #hh #ci #hi #dj #ij #da #ia #db #ib #dc #ic #dd #id #de #ie #df #if #dg #ig #dh #ih #di #ii #ej #ajj ,,table ,d #a #ec #b #ed #bbg #cah #fi #c #if #d #bb #ee #eaa #e #ef #bbh #dad #gh #f #bc #cb #hg #g #eg #cai #h #bd #db #eh #bbi #i #cc #ei #aj #be #eb #fj #bcj #cbj #dae #aa #eab #faj #aed #ab #bf #cd #dc #fb #fa #ac #fb #bca #ad #bg #gb #fc #cba #gi #ig #ae #ce #ec #fd #bcb #daf #hh #af #bh #dd #hb #fe #eac #ag #ff #bcc #cbb #faa #ah #bi #cf #fc #ib #fg #ai #fh #bcd #dag #bj #baj #de #ed #fi #cbc #ajb #gj #bce #ead #gaj #ba #gc #cg #ajg #bb #baa #ga #bc #gb #bcf #cbd #dah #bd #bab #ch #df #fab #hi #ih #fd #hc #gc #be #ee #gd #bcg #bf #bac #ge #cbe #eae #bg #ci #ic #gf #bch #dai #bh #bad #dg #gd #gg #gaa #bi #gh #bci #cbf #fac #cj #bae #caj #ef #gi #fe #ajc #hj #bdj #dbj #eaf #ca #haj #ajh #cb #baf #dh #hd #ha #cbg #ii #cc #caa #hb #bda #cd #bag #hc #ce #eg #ge #hd #bdb #cbh #dba #cf #bah #cab #di #fad #gab #ff #id #he #eag #cg #hf #bdc #ch #bai #hg #cbi #ci #cac #hh #bdd #dbb #haa #dj #bbj #daj #eh #hi #he #ajd #ij #bde #ccj #eah #da #fae #iaj #aji #db #bba #cad #fg #ia #gac #gf #ib #bdf #dbc #dc #ic #cca #dd #bbb #daa #id #bdg #de #cae #ei #ie #ie #eai #df #bbc #if #bdh #ccb #dbd #dg #faf #hab #dh #bbd #caf #dab #ig #fh #hf #ih #bdi #gad #di #gg #ii #ccc #iaa #ej #bbe #eaj #aje #ajj #bej #dbe #ebj #ea #cag #ajaj #eb #bbf #dac ,to read ov] a column ( ! results ( ea* numb] is to le>n !m by he>t1 & x impresses ^u ! *ild's memory ! s]ies ( multiples ( ea* numb] f #a to #ajj4 ,) ^! tables a *ild c p]=m _m int]e/+ ex]cises4 ,he has %eets ( long n>r[ pap]4 ,on ! left are writt5 ! s]ies ( numb]s f #a to #ej & f #ea to #ajj4 ,he comp>es ! numb]s on ^! %eets ) ! same numb]s 9 ! tables1 s]ies by s]ies1 & writes d[n ! diff]5t factors :i* he ?us f9ds2 = example1 #f #b #c2 #h #b #d2 #aj #b #e4 ,!n f9d+ ! same numb] 9 ! second column & ! o!r columns 8 result w read1 #f #b #c #c #b2 #ah #b #i #c #f #f #c #i #b4 ,9 ?is comp>ison ! *ild w f9d t "s numb]s _c be resolv$ into factors & _! l9e is blank4 ,by ?is means he gets 8 fir/ intuition ( prime numb]s 7,tables ,c & ,d74 ,:5 ! *ild has fill$ 9 ?is "w f #a to #ej & f #ea to #ajj & has r$uc$ ! numb]s to factors & prime numb]s he may pass on to "s ex]cises ) ! beads4 ,! *ildr5 n[ m$itate1 us+ ! mat]ial1 on ! results t !y h obta9$ by comp>+ ^! tables4 ,let u consid]1 = example1 #f #b #c #c #b4 ,! *ild takes six beads1 & fir/ makes two gr\ps ( ?ree beads & !n ?ree gr\ps ( two4 ,& s on = ea* numb] he *ooses4 ,= example3 #ah #b #i #i #b ,illu/ration #f #c #c #f ,! *ild w try 9 e way to make o!r comb9ations & he w try also to divide ! prime numb]s into factors4 ,?is intellig5t & pleas+ game makes cle> to ! *ild ! divisibility ( numb]s4 ,! "w t he does 9 gett+ ^! factors by multiplication is really a way ( divid+ ! numb]s4 ,= example1 he has divid$ #ah into #b equal gr\ps1 #i equal gr\ps1 #f equal gr\ps1 & #c equal gr\ps4 ,previ\sly he has divid$ #f into #b equal gr\ps & !n into #c equal gr\ps4 ,!re=e :5 x is a "q ( multiply+ ! two factors !re is no diff]5ce 9 ! result :e!r he multiplies #b by #c or #c by #b2 = ! inv]t$ ord] ( ! factors does n *ange ! product4 ,b 9 division ! object is to arrange ! numb] 9 equal p>ts & any modification 9 ?is equal di/ribution ( objects *anges ! "* ( ! gr\p+4 ,ea* sep>ate comb9ation is a diff]5t way ( divid+ ! numb]4 ,! idea ( division is made v cle> to ! *ild's m9d3 #f #c #b1 means t ! #f c be divid$ into ?ree gr\ps1 ea* ( :i* has two units or objects2 & #f #b #c1 means t ! #f also c be divid$ into b two equal gr\ps1 ea* gr\p made up ( ?ree units or objects4 ,! relations betwe5 multiplication & division are v evid5t s9ce we />t$ ) #f #c #b2 #f #b #c4 ,?is br+s out ! fact t multiplication may be us$ to prove division2 & x prep>es ! *ild to und]/& ! practical /eps tak5 9 division4 ,!n "s day :5 he has to d an example 9 long division1 he w f9d no difficulty ) ! m5tal calculation requir$ to det]m9e :e!r ! divid5d1 or a "p ( x1 is divisible by ! divisor4 ,?is is n ! usual prep>ation = division1 ?\gh memoriz+ ! multiplication table is inde$ us$ z a prep>ation = multiplication4 ,f ! above ex]cises 7,table ,d7 o!rs might be d]iv$ involv+ fur!r analysis ( ! same numb]s4 ,= example1 "o ( ! possible factor gr\ps = ! numb] #dj is #b #bj4 ,b #bj #b #aj2 & #aj #b #e4 ,br++ toge!r ! small] figures into :i* ! l>g] numb]s h be5 brok51 we get #dj #b #b #b #e2 9 o!r words #dj #bc #e4 ,?is is ! result = #fj3 #fj #b #cj #b #b #ae #b #b #c #e #bb #c #e ,= ^! two numb]s we get accord+ly ! prime factors3 #bc #e2 & #bb #c #e4 ,:at !n h ! two l>g] numb]s1 #dj & #fj 9 common8 ,! #bb is includ$ 9 ! #bc2 ! s]ies !re=e may be writt53 #bb #b #e2 & #bb #c #e4 ,! common elem5t 7! greate/ common divisor7 is #bb #e #bj4 ,! pro( consi/s 9 divid+ #fj & #dj by #bj1 some?+ :i* w n be possible = any numb] high] ?an #bj4 ,we h te/ %eets :]e ! numb]s f #a to #ajj are arrang$ 9 r[s ( #aj1 =m+ a squ>e4 ,"h ! *ild's ex]cise consi/s 9 und]l9+1 9 diff]5t squ>es1 ! multiples ( #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aj4 ,! numb]s s und]l9$ /& out l a design 9 su* a way t ! *ild easily c /udy & comp>e ! tables4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! squ>e :]e he und]l9es ! multiples ( #b all ! ev5 numb]s 9 ! v]tical columns are m>k$2 9 ! multiple ( #d we h ! same l9e> gr\p+--a v]tical l9e--b ! numb]s m>k$ are alt]nate numb]s2 9 #f ! same v]tical gr\p+ cont9ues1 b "o numb] is m>k$ & two are skipp$2 & aga9 9 ! multiples ( #h ! same design is repeat$ ) ! diff]5ce t e f\r? numb] is und]l9$4 ,on ! squ>e m>k$ (f = ! multiples ( #c ! numb]s m>k$ =m oblique l9es runn+ f "r to left & all ! numb]s 9 ^! oblique l9es are und]l9$4 ,9 ! multiples ( #f ! design is ! same b only ! alt]nat+ numb]s are und]l9$4 ,! #f !re=e1 p>takes ( ! type ( ! #b & ( ! #c2 & bo? ( ^! are inde$ its factors4 ,,table ,e #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj #aa #ab #ac #ad #ae #af #ag #ah #ai #bj #aa #ab #ac #ad #ae #af #ag #ah #ai #bj #ba #bb #bc #bd #be #bf #bg #bh #bi #cj #ba #bb #bc #bd #be #bf #bg #bh #bi #cj #ca #cb #cc #cd #ce #cf #cg #ch #ci #dj #ca #cb #cc #cd #ce #cf #cg #ch #ci #dj #da #db #dc #dd #de #df #dg #dh #di #ej #da #db #dc #dd #de #df #dg #dh #di #ej #ea #eb #ec #ed #ee #ef #eg #eh #ei #fj #ea #eb #ec #ed #ee #ef #eg #eh #ei #fj #fa #fb #fc #fd #fe #ff #fg #fh #fi #gj #fa #fb #fc #fd #fe #ff #fg #fh #fi #gj #ga #gb #gc #gd #ge #gf #gg #gh #gi #hj #ga #gb #gc #gd #ge #gf #gg #gh #gi #hj #ha #hb #hc #hd #he #hf #hg #hh #hi #ij #ha #hb #hc #hd #he #hf #hg #hh #hi #ij #ia #ib #ic #id #ie #if #ig #ih #ii #ajj #ia #ib #ic #id #ie #if #ig #ih #ii #ajj #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj #aa #ab #ac #ad #ae #af #ag #ah #ai #bj #aa #ab #ac #ad #ae #af #ag #ah #ai #bj #ba #bb #bc #bd #be #bf #bg #bh #bi #cj #ba #bb #bc #bd #be #bf #bg #bh #bi #cj #ca #cb #cc #cd #ce #cf #cg #ch #ci #dj #ca #cb #cc #cd #ce #cf #cg #ch #ci #dj #da #db #dc #dd #de #df #dg #dh #di #ej #da #db #dc #dd #de #df #dg #dh #di #ej #ea #eb #ec #ed #ee #ef #eg #eh #ei #fj #ea #eb #ec #ed #ee #ef #eg #eh #ei #fj #fa #fb #fc #fd #fe #ff #fg #fh #fi #gj #fa #fb #fc #fd #fe #ff #fg #fh #fi #gj #ga #gb #gc #gd #ge #gf #gg #gh #gi #hj #ga #gb #gc #gd #ge #gf #gg #gh #gi #hj #ha #hb #hc #hd #he #hf #hg #hh #hi #ij #ha #hb #hc #hd #he #hf #hg #hh #hi #ij #ia #ib #ic #id #ie #if #ig #ih #ii #ajj #ia #ib #ic #id #ie #if #ig #ih #ii #ajj #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj #aa #ab #ac #ad #ae #af #ag #ah #ai #bj #aa #ab #ac #ad #ae #af #ag #ah #ai #bj #ba #bb #bc #bd #be #bf #bg #bh #bi #cj #ba #bb #bc #bd #be #bf #bg #bh #bi #cj #ca #cb #cc #cd #ce #cf #cg #ch #ci #dj #ca #cb #cc #cd #ce #cf #cg #ch #ci #dj #da #db #dc #dd #de #df #dg #dh #di #ej #da #db #dc #dd #de #df #dg #dh #di #ej #ea #eb #ec #ed #ee #ef #eg #eh #ei #fj #ea #eb #ec #ed #ee #ef #eg #eh #ei #fj #fa #fb #fc #fd #fe #ff #fg #fh #fi #gj #fa #fb #fc #fd #fe #ff #fg #fh #fi #gj #ga #gb #gc #gd #ge #gf #gg #gh #gi #hj #ga #gb #gc #gd #ge #gf #gg #gh #gi #hj #ha #hb #hc #hd #he #hf #hg #hh #hi #ij #ha #hb #hc #hd #he #hf #hg #hh #hi #ij #ia #ib #ic #id #ie #if #ig #ih #ii #ajj #ia #ib #ic #id #ie #if #ig #ih #ii #ajj #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj #aa #ab #ac #ad #ae #af #ag #ah #ai #bj #aa #ab #ac #ad #ae #af #ag #ah #ai #bj #ba #bb #bc #bd #be #bf #bg #bh #bi #cj #ba #bb #bc #bd #be #bf #bg #bh #bi #cj #ca #cb #cc #cd #ce #cf #cg #ch #ci #dj #ca #cb #cc #cd #ce #cf #cg #ch #ci #dj #da #db #dc #dd #de #df #dg #dh #di #ej #da #db #dc #dd #de #df #dg #dh #di #ej #ea #eb #ec #ed #ee #ef #eg #eh #ei #fj #ea #eb #ec #ed #ee #ef #eg #eh #ei #fj #fa #fb #fc #fd #fe #ff #fg #fh #fi #gj #fa #fb #fc #fd #fe #ff #fg #fh #fi #gj #ga #gb #gc #gd #ge #gf #gg #gh #gi #hj #ga #gb #gc #gd #ge #gf #gg #gh #gi #hj #ha #hb #hc #hd #he #hf #hg #hh #hi #ij #ha #hb #hc #hd #he #hf #hg #hh #hi #ij #ia #ib #ic #id #ie #if #ig #ih #ii #ajj #ia #ib #ic #id #ie #if #ig #ih #ii #ajj #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj #aa #ab #ac #ad #ae #af #ag #ah #ai #bj #ba #bb #bc #bd #be #bf #bg #bh #bi #cj #ca #cb #cc #cd #ce #cf #cg #ch #ci #dj #da #db #dc #dd #de #df #dg #dh #di #ej #ea #eb #ec #ed #ee #ef #eg #eh #ei #fj #fa #fb #fc #fd #fe #ff #fg #fh #fi #gj #ga #gb #gc #gd #ge #gf #gg #gh #gi #hj #ha #hb #hc #hd #he #hf #hg #hh #hi #ij #ia #ib #ic #id #ie #if #ig #ih #ii #ajj ,,vi ,,squ>e ,,& ,,cube ,,( ,,numb]s ,let u take two ( ! two-bead b>s 7gre57 :i* 7 us$ 9 c\nt+ 9 ! fir/ bead ex]cises4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 ^! =m "p ( ano!r s]ies ( beads4 ,along ) ^! two b>s !re is a small *a93 - ,by jo9+ two l b>s1 ! *a9s repres5t #b #b4 ,!re is ano!r comb9ation ( ^! same objects--! two b>s are jo9$ toge!r n 9 a *a9 b 9 ! =m ( a squ>e3 ,!y repres5t ! same ?+3 t is to say1 z numb]s !y are #b #b2 b !y diff] 9 position--"o has ! =m ( a l9e1 ! o!r ( a squ>e4 ,x c be se5 f ?is t if z _m b>s z !re are beads on a b> are plac$ side by side !y =m a squ>e4 ,9 ! s]ies 9 fact we (f] squ>es ( #c #c p9k beads2 #d #d yell[ beads2 #e #e pale blue beads2 #f #f gray beads2 #g #g :ite beads2 #h #h lav5d] beads2 #i #i d>k blue beads2 & #aj #aj orange beads2 ?us reproduc+ ! same colors z 7 us$ at ! beg9n+ 9 c\nt+4 ,= e numb] !re are z _m b>s z !re are beads = ! numb]1 #c b>s = ! #c1 #d = ! #d1 etc42 9 addition !re is a *a9 consi/+ ( an equal numb] ( b>s1 #c #c2 #d #d2 &1 z we h se51 !re is a squ>e conta9+ ano!r equal quantity4 ,! *ild n only c c\nt ! beads ( ! *a9s & squ>es1 b he c reproduce !m by plac+ ! correspond+ s+le b>s ei!r 9 a horizontal l9e or lay+ !m side by side 9 ! %ape ( a squ>e4 ,! numb] repeat$ z _m times z ! unit x conta9s is really ! multiplication ( ! numb] by itself4 ,= example1 tak+ ! small squ>e ( f\r ! *ild c c\nt f\r beads on ea* side2 multiply+ #d by #d we h ! numb] ( beads 9 ! squ>e1 #af4 ,multiply+ "o side by itself 7squ>+ "o side7 we h ! area ( ! little squ>e4 ,?is c be cont9u$ = #e1 #h1 #i1 etc4 ,! squ>e ( #aj has t5 beads on ea* side4 ,multiply+ #aj by #aj1 9 o!r words1 squ>+ "o side we get ! entire numb] ( beads =m+ ! area ( ! squ>e3 #ajj4 ,h[ev]1 x is n ! =m alone :i* gives ^! results2 = if ! t5 b>s :i* =m$ ! squ>e are plac$ end to end 9 a horizontal l9e1 we get ! hundr$ *a94 ,?is c be done ) ea* squ>e2 ! *a9 #e #e1 l ! squ>e #e #e1 conta9s ! same numb] ( beads1 #be4 ,we tea* ! *ild to write ! numb]s ) symbol = ! squ>e3 #eb #be2 #gb #di2 #ajb #ajj1 etc4 ,our mat]ial "h is manufactur$ ) ref]5ce to ! numb]s #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aj4 ,x is (f]$ to ! *ild1 beg9n+ ) ! small] numb]s4 ,giv5 ! mat]ial & fre$om1 ! idea w come ( itself & ! *ild w "w x into 8 consci\sness on !m4 ,9 ?is same p]iod we take up also ! cubes ( ! numb]s1 & !re is a simil> mat]ial = ?is3 t is1 ! *a9 ( ! cube ( ! numb] is made up ( *a9s ( ! squ>e ( t numb] jo9$ by sev]al l9ks :i* p]mit ( its be+ fold$4 ,!re are z _m squ>es = a numb] z !re are units 9 t numb]--f\r squ>es = numb] #d1 six squ>es = #f1 t5 squ>es = #aj--;& a cube ( ! beads is =m$ by plac+ ! necess>y numb] ( squ>es "o on top ( ! o!r4 ,illu/ration ,let u consid] ! cube ( f\r4 ,!re is a *a9 =m$ by f\r *a9s ea* repres5t+ ! squ>e ( f\r4 ,!y are jo9$ by small l9ks s t ! *a9 c be roll$ up l5g?wise4 ,! *a9 ( ! cube1 :5 ?us roll$1 gives f\r squ>es simil> to ! sep>ate squ>es :i*1 :5 drawn out aga91 = a /raight l9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4--,?is %[s only "p ( ! entire *a9 = #dc4 ,! quantity is always ! same3 f\r times ! squ>e ( f\r4 #d #d #d #db #d #dc4 ,! cube ( f\r comes ) ! mat]ial2 b x c be reproduc$ by plac+ f\r loose squ>es "o on top ( ! o!r4 ,look+ at ?is cube we see t x has all its edges ( f\r4 ,multiply+ ! area ( a squ>e by ! numb] ( units conta9$ 9 ! side gives ! volume ( ! cube3 #db #d4 ,9 ?is way ! *ild receives 8 fir/ intuitions ( ! processes necess>y = f9d+ a surface & volume4 ,) ?is mat]ial we %\ld n try to tea* a great deal b %\ld leave ! *ild free to pond] ov] 8 own obs]vations--obs]v+1 exp]im5t+1 & m$itat+ ^u ! easily h&l$ & attractive mat]ial4 999999 ,little by little we %all see ! slates & copybooks fill$ ) ex]cises ( numb]s rais$ to ! squ>e or cube indep5d5tly ( ! ri* s]ies ( objects :i* ! mat]ial itself (f]s ! *ild4 ,9 8 ex]cises ) ! squ>e & cube ( ! numb]s he easily w discov] t to multiply by t5 x suffices to *ange ! position ( ! figures--t is to say1 to add a z]o4 ,multiply+ unity by t5 gives #aj2 t5 multipli$ by t5 is equal to #ajj2 "o hundr$ multipli$ by t5 is equal to #a1jjj1 etc4 ,be=e arriv+ at ?is po9t ! *ild w (t5 ei!r h discov]$ ?is fact = himself or h le>n$ x by obs]v+ 8 companions4 ,"s ( ! fundam5tal ideas acquir$ only ?r\gh labori\s lessons by our common s*ool me?ods are "h le>n$ intuitively1 naturally1 & spontane\sly4 ,an int]e/+ /udy :i* completes t already made ) ! hundr$ *a9 & ! ?\s& *a9 is ! comp>ison ( ! respective squ>e *a9 & cube *a94 ,su* diff]+ relations %[+ ! increas+ l5g? are mo/ illu/rative & make a m>k$ impression ^u ! *ild4 ,fur!rmore1 !y prep>e = k t is to be us$ lat]4 ,"s day :5 ! *ild he>s ( geometric progressions or l9e> squ>es he w und]/& imm$iately & cle>ly4 ,x is int]e/+ to build a small t[] ) ! bead cubes4 ,?\gh x w resemble ! p9k t[]1 ?is t[]1 :i* seems to be built ( jewels1 gives a pr(\nd notion ( ! relations ( quantity4 ,by ?is "t ^! cubes are no long] recogniz$ sup]ficially ?r\gh s5sorial impressions1 b _! m9ute/ details are kn[n to ! *ild ?r\gh ! progressively intellig5t "w :i* !y h occasion$4 ,,"p ,,iv ,,geometry ,i ,,plane ,,geometry ,! geometric insets us$ = s5sorial ex]cises 9 ! ,*ildr5's ,h\se made x possible = ! *ild to become famili> ) _m figures ( plane geometry3 ! squ>e1 rectangle1 triangle1 polygon1 circle1 ellipse1 etc4 ,by means ( ! ?ird s]ies ( correspond+ c>ds1 :]e ! figures are m]ely outl9$1 he =m$ ! habit ( recogniz+ a geometric figure repres5t$ m]ely by a l9e4 ,fur!rmore1 he has us$ a s]ies ( iron insets reproduc+ "s ( ! geometric figures :i* he previ\sly _h le>n$ ?r\gh ! use ( wood5 geometric insets4 ,he us$ ^! iron insets to draw ! outl9e ( a figure1 :i* he !n fill$ 9 ) p>allel l9es by means ( color$ p5cils 7an ex]cise 9 h&l+ ! in/rum5ts ( writ+74 ,! geometric mat]ial "h pres5t$ to ! elem5t>y classes supplem5ts t us$ 9 ! ,*ildr5's ,h\se4 ,x is simil> to ! iron insets2 b 9 ?is mat]ial ea* frame is fa/5$ to an iron f\ndation ( exactly ! same size z ! frame4 ,s9ce ea* piece is complete 9 itself1 no rack is ne$$ to hold !m4 ,! frame ( ! inset is gre51 ! f\ndation is :ite1 & ! inset itself--! movable portion--is r$4 ,:5 ! inset is 9 ! frame1 ! r$ surface & ! gre5 frame are 9 ! same plane4 ,?is mat]ial fur!r diff]s f ! o!r 9 t ea* inset is compos$ n ( a s+le piece1 z 9 ! fir/ mat]ial1 b ( _m pieces :i*1 :5 put toge!r on ! :ite f\ndation1 exactly reproduce ! geometric figure !re designat$4 ,! use to :i* ^! modifi$ insets may be put is mo/ v>i$4 ,! ma9 purpose is to facilitate ! *ild's auto-education ?r\gh ex]cises 9 geometry & (t5 ?r\gh ! solution ( real problems4 ,! fact ( be+ able actually to h&le geometric figures1 to arrange !m 9 diff]5t ways1 & to judge ( ! relations betwe5 !m1 comm&s ! *ild's absorb$ att5tion4 ,! putt+ toge!r ( ! insets1 :i* deal ) equival5t figures1 rem9ds "o ( ! games ( pati5ce--picture puzzles--:i* h be5 inv5t$ = *ildr5 b :i*1 :ile amus+ !m1 h no def9ite educational aim4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 ! *ild leaves ! ex]cises ) cle> concepts & n m]ely ) g5]al notions ( ! pr9ciples ( geometry1 a ?+ :i* is v h>d to accompli% by ! me?ods common to ! old] s*ools4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 l figures1 simil> figures1 & equival5t figures1 ! possibility ( r$uc+ e regul> plane figure to an equival5t rectangle1 & f9ally ! solution ( ! !orem ( ,py?agoras--all ^! are acquir$ eag]ly & spontane\sly by ! *ild4 ,! same may be said ab\t "w 9 fractions1 :i* is made mo/ int]e/+ by ! ex]cises ) ! circul> insets4 ,! real mean+ ( ! ^w fraction1 op]ations 9 fractions1 ! r$uction ( common fractions to decimal fractions--all ( ?is is ma/]$ & becomes p]fectly cle> 9 ! *ild's m9d4 ,^! are =mative conque/s & at ! same "t a dynamic "p ( ! *ild's intellectual activity4 ,a *ild :o works spontane\sly & = a long p]iod ( "t ) ?is mat]ial n only /r5g!ns 8 reason+ p[]s & 8 "* b acquires high] & cle>] cognitions1 :i* increase 8 m5tal capacity4 ,9 8 succe$+ spontane\s flights into ! ab/ract he w %[ ability = surpris+ progress4 ,:ile a high s*ool *ild is /ill wa/+ 8 m5tal ef=t 9 try+ to und]/& ! relation betwe5 geometrical figures1 :i* x seems impossible = him to compreh5d1 our *ild 9 ! prim>y grades is f9d+ x out = himself & is s elat$ by 8 discov]y t he imm$iately beg9s ! se>* = o!r geometrical relations4 ,our *ildr5 gallop freely along ov] a smoo? road1 urg$ on by ! inn] en]gy ( _! gr[+ psy*ic organism1 :ile _m o!r *ildr5 plod on b>efoot$ & 9 %ackles ov] /ony pa?s4 ,e positive conque/ ga9$ ?r\gh objects ) our me?od ( fre$om--all[+ ! *ild to ex]cise himself at ! "t :5 he is mo/ ready = ! ex]cise & p]mitt+ him to complete ?is ex]cise--results 9 spontane\s ab/ractions4 ,h[ is x possible to lead a *ild to p]=m ab/ractions if 8 m9d is n suffici5tly mature & he is )\t adequate in=mation8 ,^! two po9ts ( support are1 z x 71 ! feet ( ! psy*ic man :o is travel+ t[>d 8 highe/ m5tal activities4 ,we %all always see ! repetition ( ?is ph5om5on4 ,e ult]ior ex]cise ( inn] developm5t1 e ult]ior cognition1 w lead ! *ild to new & ev] high] flights into ! realm ( ! ab/ract4 ,x is well1 h[ev]1 to emphasize ?is pr9ciple3 t ! m9d1 9 ord] to fly1 mu/ leave f "s po9t ( contact1 j z ! a]oplane />ts f its hang>1 & t x mu/ h rea*$ a c]ta9 degree ( maturity1 z is ! case ) ! small bird :5 x tries its w+s & />ts on its fir/ flight f ! ne/ :]e x 0 born & ga9$ 8 /r5g?4 ,an a]oplane ( p]petual flight )\t a means ( repl5i%+ its supplies1 & a bird ) only an in/9ct ( flight )\t ! process ( developm5t t takes place f ! egg to ! fir/ flight1 are ?+s t d n exi/4 ,a ma*9e fly+ p]petually )\t ne$ ( repl5i%+ ! fuel = its propell+ en]gy1 & an in/9ct )\t a correspond+ organism1 are pure fancies4 ,! same is true ( ! flight ( man's imag9ation1 :i* so>s ?r\gh space & creates4 ,?\gh ?is is ! m9d's mann] ( be+1 its highe/ in/9ct1 yet x also ne$s to f9d support 9 reality1 to organize its inn] =ces f "t to "t4 ,! long] a mat]ial c claim & hold a *ild's att5tion1 ! great] promise x gives t an ab/ract process1 an imag9ative creation w foll[ z ! result ( a develop$ pot5tiality4 ,?is creative imag9ation1 :i* is ev] return+ to reality to ga9 inspiration & to acquire new en]gies1 w n be a va91 exhau/ible1 & fickle ?+1 l ! s-call$ imag9ation :i* our ord9>y s*ools are try+ to develop4 ,)\t positive repl5i%m5t 9 reality !re nev] w be a spontane\s flight ( ! m9d2 ?is is ! unsurm\ntable difficulty ( ! common s*ools 9 _! attempt to develop ! imag9ation & to lead to education4 ,! *ild :o )\t any impell+ =ce f )9 is artificially borne al(t by ! tea*]1 :o =ces him into ! ab/ract1 c at mo/ le>n only h[ to desc5d sl[ly l a p>a*ute4 ,he c nev] le>n to lift himself en]getically to dizzy heights4 ,?is is ! diff]5ce2 h5ce ! necessity = consid]+ ! positive basis :i* holds ! m9d ( ! *ild to sy/ematic auto-ex]cises ( prep>ation4 ,aft] ?is x suffices m]ely to grant fre$om to ! *ild's g5ius 9 ord] t x may take its own flight4 ,i ne$ n repeat t ev5 9 ! p]iod ( repl5i%+1 fre$om is ! guide 9 f9d+ ! p>ticul> mom5t & ! necess>y "t2 = ,i already h spok5 insi/5tly & at l5g? conc]n+ ?is4 ,x is well1 h[ev]1 to reaffirm "h ev5 m cle>ly t a mat]ial = developm5t pr$et]m9$ by exp]im5tal rese>* & put into relation ) ! *ild 7?r\gh lessons7 accompli%es s complete a "w by ! psy*ic reactions :i* x is capable ( /imulat+ t m>vel\s ph5om5a ( intellectual developm5t may be obta9$4 ,^! geometric insets furni% ri* mat]ials = ! application ( ?is pr9ciple & respond wond]fully to ! in/9ct = "w 9 ! *ild m9d4 ,! ex]cises ) ?is mat]ial n only are ex]cises ( composition ) ! pieces ( an inset or ( ! sub/itution ( !m into _! relative metal plates2 !y are also ex]cises 9 draw+ :i*1 because ( ! labor !y require1 all[ ! *ild to take cognizance ( e detail & to m$itate ^u x4 ,! design+ done ) ^! geometric insets1 z w be expla9$1 is ( two k9ds3 geometric & arti/ic 7me*anical & decorative74 ,& ! union ( ! two k9ds ( draw+s gives new ways ( apply+ ! mat]ial4 ,! geometric design consi/s 9 reproduc+ ! figure outl9$ by ! correspond+ insets4 ,9 ?is way ! *ild le>ns to use ! diff]5t in/rum5ts ( draw+--! squ>e1 ! rul]1 ! compass1 & ! protractor4 ,9 ^! ex]cises he acquires1 ) ! aid ( ! special portfolio :i* comes ) ! mat]ial1 actual & real cognitions 9 geometry4 ,arti/ic designs are made by comb9+ ! small pieces ( ! v>i\s geometric insets4 ,! result+ figures are !n outl9$ & fill$ 9 ) color$ p5cils or wat]colors4 ,su* comb9ations on ! "p ( ! *ild are real e/hetic creations4 ,! insets are ( su* reciprocal proportions t _! comb9ation results 9 an arti/ic h>mony :i* facilitates ! developm5t ( ! *ild's e/hetic s5se4 ,) our insets we 7 able to reproduce "s ( ! classic decorations f\nd 9 our ma/]pieces ( art1 su* z decorations by ,giotto4 ,a comb9ation ( geometric design & arti/ic design is =m$ by decorat+ ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! geometric figure--z ! c5t]1 ! sides1 ! angles1 ! circumf]5ce1 etc42 or by elaborat+ ) free-h& details ! decorations :i* h result$ f ! comb9ation ( ! insets4 ,b a f> bett] concept ( all ?is w be ga9$ z we pass on to expla9 our didactic mat]ial4 ,,ii ,,! ,,didactic ,,mat]ial ,,us$ ,,= ,,geometry ,,equival5t1 ,,id5tical ,,& ,,simil> ,,figures ,,fir/ ,,s]ies ,,( ,,insets3 ,squ>es & ,divid$ ,figures4 ,?is is a s]ies ( n9e squ>e insets1 t5 by t5 c5timet]s1 ea* ( :i* has a :ite f\ndation ( ! same size z ! inset4 ,"o inset consi/s ( an entire squ>e2 ! o!rs are made up 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,a squ>e divid$ into two equal rectangles f\r equal squ>es eight equal rectangles sixte5 equal squ>es two equal triangles f\r equal triangles eight equal triangles sixte5 equal triangles ,! *ild c take ! squ>e divid$ into two rectangles & ! "o divid$ into two triangles & int]*ange !m3 t is1 he c build ! fir/ squ>e ) triangles & ! second ) rectangles4 ,! two triangles c be sup]impos$ by plac+ !m 9 contact at ! "u side :]e !re is no knob1 & ! same c be done ) ! rectangles1 ?us %[+ _! equival5ce by plac+ "o on ! o!r4 ,b !re also is a c]ta9 relation betwe5 ! triangles & ! rectangles2 inde$1 !y are ea* half ( ! same squ>e2 yet !y diff] greatly 9 =m4 ,inductively ! *ild ga9s an idea ( equival5t figures4 ,! two triangles are id5tical2 ! two rectangles also are id5tical2 :]eas ! triangle & ! rectangle are equival5ts4 ,! *ild soon makes comp>isons by plac+ ! triangle on ! rectangle1 & he notices at once t ! small triangle :i* is left ov] on ! rectangle equals ! small triangle :i* rema9s uncov]$ on ! l>g] triangle1 & !re=e t ! triangle & ! rectangle1 ?\gh !y d n h ! same =m1 h ! same area4 ,illu/ration ,?is ex]cise 9 obs]vation is repeat$ 9 a l mann] ) all ! o!r insets1 :i* are divid$ successively into f\r1 eight1 & sixte5 p>ts4 ,! small squ>e :i* is a f\r? ( ! orig9al squ>e1 result+ f ! division ( ?is latt] by two m$ial l9es1 is equival5t to ! triangle :i* 0 =m$ by divid+ ?is same orig9al squ>e into f\r triangles by two diagonal l9es4 ,& s on4 ,by comp>+ ! diff]5t figures ! *ild le>ns ! diff]5ce betwe5 equival5t figures & id5tical figures4 ,! two rectangles are ! result ( divid+ ! l>ge squ>e by a m$ial l9e & are id5tical2 ! two triangles are =m$ by divid+ ! orig9al squ>e by a diagonal l9e1 etc4 ,simil> figures1 on ! o!r h&1 are ^? :i* h ! same =m b diff] 9 dim5sion4 ,= example1 ! rectangle :i* is half ( ! orig9al squ>e & ! "o :i* is half ( ! small] squ>e--t is1 an eigh? ( ! orig9al squ>e--are nei!r id5tical nor equival5t b !y are simil> figures4 ,! same may be said ( ! l>ge squ>e & ( ! small] ones :i* repres5t a f\r?1 a sixte5?1 etc4 ,?r\gh ^! divisions ( ! squ>e an idea ( fractions is ga9$ intuitively4 ,h[ev]1 ?is is n ! mat]ial us$ = ! /udy ( fractions4 ,= ?is purpose !re is ano!r s]ies ( insets4 ,,second ,,s]ies ,,( ,,insets3 ,fractions4 ,!re are t5 metal plates1 ea* ( :i* has a circul> op5+ t5 c5timet]s 9 diamet]4 ,"o inset is a complete circle2 ! o!r circul> insets are divid$ respectively into #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i1 & #aj equal p>ts4 ,illu/ration ,! *ildr5 le>n to measure ! angles ( ea* piece1 & s to c\nt ! degrees4 ,= ?is "w !re is a circul> piece ( :ite c>d-bo>d1 on :i* is drawn 9 black a semicircle ) a radius ( ! same l5g? z t ( ! circul> insets4 ,?is semicircle is divid$ into #ah sectors by radii :i* ext5d beyond ! circumf]5ce on to ! backgr\nd2 & ^! radii are numb]$ by t5s f #j to #ahj4 ,ea* sector is !n subdivid$ into t5 p>ts or degrees4 ,illu/ration ,! diamet] f #j to #ahj is outl9$ heavily & ext5ds beyond ! circumf]5ce1 9 ord] to facilitate ! adju/m5t ( ! angle to be measur$ & to give a /rict exactness ( position4 ,?is is done also ) ! radius :i* m>ks #ij4 ,! *ild places a piece ( an inset 9 su* a way t ! v]tex ( ! angle t\*es ! middle ( ! diamet] & "o ( its sides re/s on ! radius m>k$ #j4 ,at ! o!r end ( ! arc ( ! inset he c read ! degrees ( ! angle4 ,aft] ^! ex]cises1 ! *ildr5 are able to measure any angle ) a common protractor4 ,fur!rmore1 !y le>n t a circle measures #cfj1 half a circle #ahj1 & a "r angle #ij4 ,once hav+ le>n$ t a circumf]5ce measures #cfj !y c f9d ! numb] ( degrees 9 any angle2 = example1 9 ! angle ( an inset repres5t+ ! sev5? ( ! circle1 !y "k t #cfj #g 7approximately7 #ea4 ,?is !y c easily v]ify ) _! in/rum5ts by plac+ ! sector on ! graduat$ circle4 ,^! calculations & measurem5ts are repeat$ ) all ! diff]5t sectors ( ?is s]ies ( insets :]e ! circle is divid$ into f two to t5 p>ts4 ,! protractor %[s approximately t3 #a_/c circle #abj & #cfj #c #abj #a_/d #ij #cfj #d #ij #a_/e #gb #cfj #e #gb #a_/f #fj #cfj #f #fj #a_/g #ea #cfj #g #ea #a_/h #de #cfj #h #de #a_/i #dj #cfj #i #dj #a_/aj #cf #cfj #aj #cf ,9 ?is way ! *ild le>ns to write fractions3 #a_/b #a_/c #a_/d #a_/e #a_/f #a_/g #a_/h #a_/i #a_/aj ,he has concrete impressions ( !m z well z an intuition ( _! ari?metical relation%ips4 ,! mat]ial l5ds itself to an inf9ite numb] ( comb9ations1 all ( :i* are real ari?metical ex]cises 9 fractions4 ,= example1 ! *ild c take f ! circle ! two half circles & replace !m by f\r sectors ( #ij1 fill+ ! same circul> op5+ ) entirely diff]5t pieces4 ,f ?is he c draw ! foll[+ conclusion3 #a_/b #a_/b #a_/d #a_/d #a_/d #a_/d4 ,he also may say t two halves are equal to f\r f\r?s1 & write accord+ly3 #b_/b #d_/d4 ,illu/ration ,?is is m]ely ! expression ( ! same ?+4 ,see+ ! pieces1 he has done an example m5tally & !n has writt5 x out4 ,let u write x accord+ to ! fir/ =m1 :i* is1 9 reality1 an analysis ( ?is example3 #a_/b #a_/b #a_/d #a_/d #a_/d #a_/d4 ,:5 ! d5om9ator is ! same1 ! sum ( ! fractions is f\nd by add+ ! num]ators3 #a_/b #a_/b #b_/b2 #a_/d #a_/d #a_/d #a_/d #d_/d4 ,! two halves make an entire circle1 z d ! f\r f\r?s4 ,n[ let u fill a circle ) diff]5t pieces3 = example1 ) a half circle & two qu>t] circles4 ,! result is #a #a_/b #b_/d4 ,& 9 ! inset itself x is %[n t #a_/b #b_/d4 ,if we %\ld wi% to fill ! circle ) ! l>ge/ piece 7#a_/b7 comb9$ ) ! fewe/ numb] ( pieces possible1 x w\ld be necess>y to )draw ! two qu>t] sectors & replace !m by ano!r half circle2 result3 #a #a_/b #a_/b #b_/b #a4 ,let u fill a circle ) ?ree #a_/e sectors & f\r #a_/aj sectors3 #a #c_/e #d_/aj4 ,if ! l>g] pieces are left 9 & ! circle is !n fill$ ) ! fewe/ numb] ( pieces possible1 x w\ld necessitate replac+ ! f\r t5?s by two fif?s4 ,result3 #a #c_/e #b_/e #e_/e #a4 ,let u fill ! circle ?us3 #e_/aj #a_/d #b_/h #a4 ,n[ try to put 9 ! l>ge/ pieces possible by sub/itut+ = sev]al small pieces a l>ge piece :i* is equal to !m4 ,9 ! space occupi$ by ! five t5?s may be plac$ "o half1 & 9 t occupi$ by ! two eigh?s1 "o f\r?2 !n ! circle is fill$ ?us3 #a #a_/b #a_/d #a_/d #a_/b #b_/d4 ,we c cont9ue to d ! same ?+1 t is to replace ! small] pieces by z l>ge a sector z possible1 & ! two f\r?s c be replac$ by ano!r half circle4 ,result3 #a #a_/b #a_/b #b_/b #a4 ,all ^! sub/itutions may be express$ 9 figures ?us3 #e_/aj #a_/d #b_/h #a_/b #a_/d #a_/d #a_/b #b_/d #a_/b #a_/b #b_/b #a4 ,?is is "o means ( initiat+ a *ild intuitively into ! op]ations us$ = ! r$uction ( fractions to _! l[e/ t]ms4 ,improp] fractions also int]e/ !m v mu*4 ,!y come to ^! by add+ a numb] ( sectors :i* fill two1 ?ree1 or f\r circles4 ,to f9d ! :ole numb]s :i* exi/ "u ! guise ( fractions is a little l putt+ away 9 _! prop] places ! circul> insets :i* h be5 all mix$ up4 ,! *ildr5 manife/ a desire to le>n ! real op]ations ( fractions4 ,) improp] fractions !y orig9ate mo/ unusual sums1 l ! foll[+3 #h 7#g_/g #ah_/i #bd_/b7 #a ------------------------------ #h #h 7#a #b #ab7 #a ---------------------- #h #h #ae #a ---------- #bd_/h #c4 #h ,we h a s]ies ( comm&s :i* may be us$ z a guide = ! *ild's "w4 ,"h are "s examples3 --,take #a_/e ( #be beads --,take #a_/d #cf c\nt]s --,take #a_/f #bd beans --,take #a_/c #bg beans --,take #a_/aj #dj beans --,take #b_/e #fj c\nt]s ,9 ?is la/ !re are two op]ations3 #fj #e #ab2 #ab ,x #b #bd2 or #b ,x #fj #abj2 #abj #e #bd1 etc4 ,,r$uction ,,( ,,common ,,fractions ,,to ,,decimal ,,fractions3 ,! mat]ial = ?is purpose is simil> to t ( ! circul> insets1 except t ! frame is :ite & is m>k$ into t5 equal p>ts1 & ea* "p is !n subdivid$ into t54 ,9 ^! subdivisions ! little l9e :i* m>ks ! five is di/+ui%$ f ! o!rs by its great] l5g?4 ,ea* ( ! l>g] divisions is m>k$ respectively ) ! numb]s1 #aj1 #bj1 #cj1 #dj1 #ej1 #fj1 #gj1 #hj1 #ij1 & #j4 ,! #j is at ! top & !re is a rais$ radius aga9/ :i* are plac$ ! sectors to be measur$4 ,illu/ration ,to r$uce a common fraction to a decimal fraction ! sector is plac$ c>efully aga9/ ! rais$ radius1 ) ! arc t\*+ ! circumf]5ce ( ! inset4 ,:]e ! arc ends !re is a numb] :i* repres5ts ! hundr$?s correspond+ to ! sector4 ,= example1 if ! #a_/d sector is us$ its arc ends at #be2 h5ce #a_/d equals #j4be4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,page #bge %[s 9 detail ! practical me?od ( us+ our mat]ial to r$uce common fractions to decimal fractions4 ,9 ! upp] figure ! segm5ts correspond to #a_/c1 #a_/d1 & #a_/h ( a circle are plac$ )9 ! circle divid$ into hundr$?s4 ,result3 #a_/c #a_/d #a_/h #j4gj4 ,! l[] figure %[s h[ ! #a_/c sector is plac$3 #a_/c #j4cc4 ,if in/ead we use ! #a_/e sector we h3 #a_/e #j4bj1 etc4 ,num]\s sectors may be plac$ )9 ! circle2 = example3 #a_/d #a_/g #a_/i #a_/aj4 ,9 ord] to f9d ! sum ( ! fraction r$uc$ to decimals1 x is necess>y to read only ! numb] at ! out] edge ( ! la/ sector4 ,illu/ration ,us+ ?is z a basis1 x is v easy to develop an ari?metical idea4 ,in/ead ( #a1 :i* repres5ts ! :ole circle1 let u write #ajj1 :i* repres5ts its subdivisions :5 us$ = decimals1 & let u divide ! #ajj into z _m p>ts ( a circle z !re are sectors 9 ! circle1 & ! r$uction is made4 ,all ! p>ts :i* result are s _m hundr$?s4 ,h5ce3 #a_/d #ajj #d #be hundr$?s3 t is1 #be_/ajj or #j4be4 ,! division is p]=m$ by divid+ ! num]ator by ! demon9ator3 #a #d #j4be4 ,,?ird ,,s]ies ,,( ,,insets3 ,equival5t ,figures4 ,two concepts 7 giv5 by ! squ>es divid$ into rectangles & triangles3 t ( fractions & t ( equival5t figures4 ,!re is a special mat]ial = ! concept ( fractions :i*1 besides develop+ ! intuitive notion ( fractions1 has p]mitt$ ! solution ( examples 9 fractions & ( r$uc+ fractions to decimals2 & x has fur!rmore br\ght cognizance ( o!r ?+s1 su* z ! measur+ ( angles 9 t]ms ( degrees4 ,= ! concept ( equival5t figures !re is /ill ano!r mat]ial4 ,?is w lead to f9d+ ! area ( diff]5t geometric =ms & also to an intuition ( "s !orems :i* h]et(ore h be5 =eign to elem5t>y s*ools1 be+ consid]$ beyond ! und]/&+ ( a *ild4 ,,mat]ial3 ,%[+ t a triangle is equal to a rectangle :i* has "o side equal to ! base ( ! triangle1 ! o!r side equal to half ( ! altitude ( ! triangle4 ,9 a l>ge rectangul> metal frame !re are two :ite op5+s3 ! triangle & ! equival5t rectangle4 ,! pieces :i* compose ! rectangle are su* t !y may fit into ! op5+s ( ei!r ! rectangle or ! triangle4 ,?is demon/rates t ! rectangle & ! triangle are equival5t4 ,! triangul> space is fill$ by two pieces =m$ by a horizontal l9e drawn ?r\gh ! triangle p>allel to ! base & cross+ at half ! altitude4 ,tak+ ! two pieces out & putt+ !m "o on top ( ! o!r ! id5tity ( ! height may be v]ifi$4 ,illu/ration ,already ! "w ) ! beads & ! squ>+ ( numb]s has l$ to f9d+ ! area ( a squ>e by multiply+ "o side by ! o!r2 & 9 l mann] ! area ( a rectangle is f\nd by multiply+ ! base by half o!r4 ,s9ce a triangle may be r$uc$ to a rectangle1 x is easy to f9d its area by multiply+ ! base by half ! height4 ,,mat]ial3 ,%[+ t a rhombus is equal to a rectangle :i* has "o side equal to "o side ( ! rhombus & ! o!r equal to ! height ( ! rhombus4 ,! frame conta9s a rhombus divid$ by a diagonal l9e into two triangles & a rectangle fill$ ) pieces :i* c be put into ! rhombus :5 ! triangles h be5 remov$1 & w fill x completely4 ,9 ! mat]ial !re are also an entire rhombus & an entire rectangle4 ,if !y are plac$ "o on top ( ! o!r !y w be f\nd to h ! same height4 ,z ! equival5ce ( ! two figures is demon/rat$ by ^! pieces ( ! rectangle :i* may be us$ to fill 9 ! two figures1 x is easily se5 t ! area ( a rhombus is f\nd by multiply+ ! side or base by ! height4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration 99 99 99 99 99 ,,mat]ial3 ,to %[ ! equival5ce ( a trapezoid & a rectangle hav+ "o side equal to ! sum ( ! two bases & ! o!r equal to half ! height4 ,! *ild himself c make ! o!r comp>ison3 t is1 a trapezoid equals a rectangle hav+ "o side equal to ! height & ! o!r equal to "o-half ! sum ( ! bases4 ,= ! latt] x is only necess>y to cut ! long rectangle 9 half & sup]impose ! two halves4 ,! l>ge rectangul> frame conta9s ?ree op5+s3 two equal trapezoids & ! equival5t rectangle hav+ "o side equal to ! sum ( ! two bases & ! o!r side equal to half ! height4 ,"o trapezoid is made ( two pieces1 be+ cut 9 half horizontally at ! height ( half its altitude2 ! id5tity 9 height may be prov$ by plac+ "o piece on top ( ! o!r4 ,! second trapezoid is compos$ ( pieces :i* c be plac$ 9 ! rectangle1 fill+ x completely4 ,?us ! equival5ce is prov$ & also ! fact t ! area ( a trapezoid is f\nd by multiply+ ! sum ( ! bases by half ! height1 or half ! sum ( ! bases by ! height4 ,illu/ration ,) a rul] ! *ildr5 !mselves actually calculate ! area ( ! geometrical figures1 & lat] calculate ! area ( _! little tables1 etc4 ,,mat]ial3 ,to %[ ! equival5ce betwe5 a regul> polygon & a rectangle hav+ "o side equal to ! p]imet] & ! o!r equal to half ( ! hypot5use4 ,illu/ration3 ,! analysis ( ! decagon4 ,9 ! mat]ial !re are two decagon insets1 "o consi/+ ( a :ole decagon & ! o!r ( a decagon divid$ into t5 triangles4 ,page #bha %[s a table tak5 f our geometry portfolio1 repres5t+ ! equival5ce ( a decagon to a rectangle hav+ "o side equal to ! p]imet] & ! o!r equal to half ! hypot5use4 ,illu/ration3 ,! bead numb] cubes built into a t[]4 ,! photograph %[s ! pieces ( ! insets--! decagon & ! equival5t rectangle--& b5ea? ea* "o !re are ! small equal triangles into :i* x c be subdivid$4 ,"h x is demon/rat$ t a rectangle equival5t to a decagon may h "o side equal to ! :ole hypot5use & ! o!r equal to half ( ! p]imet]4 ,ano!r inset %[s ! equival5ce ( ! decagon & a rectangle :i* has "o side equal to ! p]imet] ( ! decagon & ! o!r equal to half ( ! altitude ( ea* triangle compos+ ! decagon4 ,small triangles divid$ horizontally 9 half c be fitt$ into ?is figure1 ) "o ( ! upp] triangles divid$ 9 half l5g?wise4 ,?us we demon/rate t ! surface ( a regul> polygon may be f\nd by multiply+ ! p]imet] by half ! hypot5use4 ,,"s ,,!orems ,,bas$ ,,on ,,equival5t ,,figures ,a4 ,all triangles hav+ ! same base & altitude are equal4 ,?is is easily und]/ood f ! fact t ! area ( a triangle is f\nd by multiply+ ! base by half ! altitude2 !re=e triangles hav+ ! same base & ! same altitude mu/ be equal4 ,= ! inductive demon/ration ( ?is !orem we h ! foll[+ mat]ial3 ,! rhombus & ! equival5t rectangle are ea* divid$ into two triangles4 ,! triangles ( ! rhombus are diff]5t1 = !y are divid$ by opposite diagonal l9es4 ,! ?ree diff]5t triangles result+ f ^! divisions h ! same base 7?is c be actually v]ifi$ by measur+ ! bases ( ! diff]5t pieces7 & fit into ! same long rectangle :i* is f\nd bel[ ! fir/ ?ree figures4 ,!re=e1 x is demon/rat$ t ! ?ree triangles h ! same altitude4 ,!y are equival5t because ea* "o is ! half ( an equival5t figure4 ,illu/ration3 ,! decagon & ! rectangle c be compos$ ( ! same triangul> insets4 ,illu/ration3 ,! triangul> insets fitt$ into _! metal plates4 ,illu/ration ,b4 ,,! ,,!orem ,,( ,,py?agoras3 ,9 a "r-angl$ triangle ! squ>e ( ! hypot5use is equal to ! sum ( ! squ>es ( ! two sides4 ,,mat]ial3 ,! mat]ial illu/rates ?ree diff]5t cases3 ,fir/ case3 ,9 :i* ! two sides ( ! triangle are equal4 ,second case3 ,9 :i* ! two sides are 9 ! proportion ( #c3d4 ,?ird case3 ,g5]al4 ,fir/ case3 ,! demon/ration ( ?is fir/ case af=ds an impressive induction4 ,9 ! frame = ?is1 %[n bel[1 ! squ>es ( ! two sides are divid$ 9 half by a diagonal l9e s z to =m two triangles & ! squ>e ( ! hypot5use is divid$ by two diagonal l9es into f\r triangles4 ,! eight result+ triangles are all id5tical2 h5ce ! triangles ( ! squ>es ( ! two sides w fill ! squ>e ( ! hypot5use2 &1 vice v]sa1 ! f\r triangles ( ! squ>e ( ! hypot5use may be us$ to fill ! two squ>es ( ! sides4 ,! sub/itution ( ^! diff]5t pieces is v int]e/+1 & all ! m because ! triangles ( ! squ>es ( ! sides are all ( ! same color1 :]eas ! triangles =m$ 9 ! squ>e ( ! hypot5use are ( a diff]5t color4 ,illu/ration ,second case3 ,:]e ! sides are z ! proportion ( #c3d4 ,9 ?is figure ! ?ree squ>es are fill$ ) small squ>es ( ?ree diff]5t colors1 arrang$ z foll[s3 9 ! squ>e on ! %ort] side1 #cb #i2 9 t on ! l>g] side1 #db #af2 9 t on ! hypot5use1 #eb #be4 ,illu/ration3 ,second ,case ,! sub/itution game sugge/s itself4 ,! two squ>es =m$ on ! sides c be entirely fill$ by ! small squ>es compos+ ! squ>e on ! hypot5use1 s t !y are bo? ( ! same color2 :ile ! squ>e =m$ on ! hypot5use c be fill$ ) v>i$ designs by v>i\s comb9ations ( ! small squ>es ( ! sides :i* are 9 two diff]5t colors4 ,?ird case3 ,?is is ! g5]al case4 ,! l>ge frame is some:at complicat$ & difficult to describe4 ,x develops a consid]able intellectual ex]cise4 ,! entire frame measures #dd #bd cm4 & may be lik5$ to a *ess-bo>d1 :]e ! movable pieces are susceptible ( v>i\s comb9ations4 ,! pr9ciples already prov$ or inductively sugge/$ :i* lead to ! demon/ration ( ! !orem are3 7#a7 ,t two quadrilat]als hav+ an equal base & equal altitude are equival5t4 7#b7 ,t two figures equival5t to a ?ird figure are equival5t to ea* o!r4 ,9 ?is figure ! squ>e =m$ on ! hypot5use is divid$ into two rectangles4 ,! additional side is det]m9$ by ! division made 9 ! hypot5use by dropp+ a p]p5dicul> l9e f ! apex ( ! triangle to ! hypot5use4 ,!re are also two rhomboids 9 ?is frame1 ea* ( :i* has "o side equal respectively to ! l>ge & to ! small squ>e ( ! sides ( ! triangle & ! o!r side equal to ! hypot5use4 ,! %ort] altitude ( ! two rhomboids1 z may be se5 9 ! figure itself1 corresponds to ! respective altitudes1 or %ort] sides1 ( ! rectangles4 ,b ! long] side corresponds respectively to ! side ( ! l>g] & ( ! small] squ>es ( ! sides ( ! triangle4 ,x is n necess>y t ^! correspond+ dim5sions be kn[n by ! *ild4 ,he sees r$ & yell[ pieces ( an inset & simply moves !m ab\t1 plac+ !m 9 ! ind5tures ( ! frame4 ,x is ! fact t ^! movable pieces actually fit into ?is :ite backgr\nd :i* gives ! *ild ! opportunity = reason+ out ! !orem1 & n ! ab/ract idea ( ! correspond+ relations betwe5 ! dim5sions ( ! sides & ! diff]5t heights ( ! figures4 ,r$uc$ to ^! t]ms ! ex]cise is easily p]=m$ & proves v int]e/+4 ,?is mat]ial may be us$ = o!r demon/rations3 ,,demon/ration ,a3 ,! sub/itution ( ! pieces4 ,let u />t ) ! frame z x %\ld be fill$ orig9ally4 ,fir/ take out ! two rectangles =m$ on ! hypot5use2 place !m 9 ! two lat]al grooves1 & l[] ! triangle4 ,fill ! rema9+ empty space ) ! two rhomboids4 ,! same space is fill$ 9 bo? cases )3 ,a triangle plus two rectangles1 & !n ,a triangle plus two rhomboids4 ,h5ce ! sum ( ! two rectangles 7:i* =m ! squ>e ( ! hypot5use7 is equal to ! sum ( ! two rhomboids4 ,9 a lat] sub/itution we consid] ! rhomboids in/ead ( ! rectangles 9 ord] to demon/rate _! respective equival5ce to ! two squ>es =m$ on ! sides ( ! triangle4 ,beg9n+1 = example ) ! l>g] squ>e1 we />t ) ! insets 9 ! orig9al position & consid] ! space occupi$ by ! triangle & ! l>g] squ>e4 ,to analyze ?is space ! pieces are all tak5 out & !n x is fill$ successively by3 ,! triangle & ! l>ge squ>e 9 _! orig9al positions4 ,! triangle & ! l>ge rhomboid4 ,illu/ration3 ,%[+ t ! two rhomboids are equal to ! two rectangles4 ,,demon/ration ,b3 ,bas$ on ,equival5ce4 ,9 ?is second demon/ration ! relative equival5ce ( ! rhomboid1 ! rectangles1 & ! squ>es is %[n outside ! figure by means ( ! p>allel ind5tures :i* are on bo? sides ( ! frame4 ,^! ind5tures1 :5 ! pieces are plac$ 9 !m1 %[ t ! pieces h ! same altitude4 ,?is is ! mann] ( proc$ure3 ,/>t+ aga9 ) ! orig9al position1 take out ! two rectangles & place !m 9 ! p>allel ind5tures to ! left1 ! l>g] 9 ! wid] ind5ture & ! small] 9 ! n>r[] ind5ture4 ,! diff]5t figures 9 ! same ind5ture h ! same altitude2 !re=e ! pieces ne$ only to be plac$ toge!r at ! base to prove t !y are equal--h5ce ! figures are equal 9 pairs3 ! small] rectangle equals ! small] rhomboid & ! l>g] rectangle equals ! l>g] rhomboid4 ,/>t+ aga9 f ! orig9al position y proce$ analog\sly ) ! squ>es4 ,9 ! p>allel ind5tures to ! "r ! l>ge squ>e may be plac$ 9 ! same ind5ture ) ! l>ge rhomboid1 :i*1 h[ev]1 mu/ be turn$ 9 ! opposite direction 79 ! direction ( its greate/ l5g?72 & ! small] squ>e & ! small] rhomboid fit into ! n>r[] ind5ture4 ,!y h ! same altitude2 & t ! bases are equal is easily v]ifi$ by putt+ !m toge!r2 !re=e "h is pro( t ! squ>es & ! rhomboids are respectively equival5t4 ,rectangles & squ>es :i* are equival5t to ! same rhomboids are equival5t to ea* o!r4 ,h5ce ! !orem is prov$4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,illu/ration3 ,%[+ t ! two rhomboids are equal to ! two squ>es4 ,?is s]ies ( geometric mat]ial is us$ = o!r purposes1 b !y are ( m9or importance4 ,,f\r? ,,s]ies ,,( ,,insets3 ,division ( a ,triangle4 ,?is mat]ial made up ( f\r frames ( equal size1 ea* conta9+ an equilat]al triangle measur+ t5 c5timet]s to a side4 ,! diff]5t pieces %\ld fill ! triangul> spaces exactly4 ,"o is fill$ by an entire equilat]al triangle4 ,"o is fill$ by two rectangul> scal5e triangles1 ea* equal to half ( ! orig9al equilat]al triangle1 :i* is bisect$ by dropp+ a l9e p]p5dicul>ly to ! base4 ,illu/ration ,! ?ird is fill$ by ?ree obtuse isosceles triangles1 =m$ by l9es bisect+ ! ?ree angles ( ! orig9al triangle4 ,! f\r? is divid$ into f\r equilat]al triangles :i* are simil> 9 %ape to ! orig9al triangle4 ,) ^! triangles a *ild c make a m exact analytical /udy ?an he made :5 he 0 obs]v+ ! triangles ( ! plane insets us$ 9 ! ,*ildr5's ,h\se4 ,he measures ! degrees ( ! angles & le>ns to di/+ui% a "r angle 7#ij7 f an acute angle 7#ij7 & f an obtuse angle 7#ij74 ,fur!rmore he f9ds 9 measur+ ! angles ( any triangle t _! sum is always equal to #ahj or to two "r angles4 ,he c obs]ve t 9 equilat]al triangles all ! angles are equal 7#fj72 t 9 ! isosceles triangle ! two angles at ! opposite ends ( ! unequal side are equal2 :ile 9 ! scal5e triangle no two angles are alike4 ,9 ! "r-angl$ triangle ! sum ( ! two acute angles is equal to a "r angle4 ,a g5]al def9ition is t ^? triangles are simil> 9 :i* ! correspond+ angles are equal4 ,,mat]ial ,,= ,,inscrib$ ,,& ,,conc5tric ,,figures3 ,9 ?is mat]ial1 :i* = ! mo/ "p is made up ( t already describ$1 & :i* is !re=e m]ely an application ( x1 inscrib$ or conc5tric figures may be plac$ 9 ! :ite backgr\nd ( ! diff]5t inset frames4 ,= example1 on ! :ite backgr\nd ( ! l>ge equilat]al triangle ! small r$ equilat]al triangle1 :i* is a f\r? ( x1 may be plac$ 9 su* a way t ea* v]tex is tang5t to ! middle ( ea* side ( ! l>g] triangle4 ,!re are also two squ>es1 "o ( #g c5timet]s on a side & ! o!r #c4e4 ,!y h _! respective frames ) :ite backgr\nds4 ,! #g c5timet]s squ>e may be plac$ on ! backgr\nd ( ! #aj c5timet]s squ>e 9 su* a way t ea* corn] t\*es ! middle ( ea* side ( ! frame4 ,9 l mann] ! #e c5timet]s squ>e1 :i* is a f\r? ( ! l>ge squ>e1 may be put 9 ! #g c5timet]s squ>e2 ! #c4e c5timet]s squ>e 9 ! #e c5timet]s squ>e2 & f9ally ! t9y squ>e1 :i* is #a_/af "p ( ! l>ge squ>e1 9 ! #c4e c5timet]s squ>e4 ,!re is also a circle :i* is tang5t to ! edges ( ! l>ge equilat]al triangle4 ,?is circle may be plac$ on ! backgr\nd ( ! #aj c5timet]s circle1 & 9 t case a :ite circul> /rip rema9s all ! way r\nd 7conc5tric circles74 ,)9 ?is circle ! small] equilat]al triangle 7#a_/d ( ! l>ge triangle7 is p]fectly inscrib$4 ,!n !re is a small circle :i* is tang5t to ! smalle/ equilat]al triangle4 ,besides ^! circles :i* are us$ ) ! triangles !re are two o!rs tang5t to ! squ>es3 "o to ! #g c5timet]s squ>e & ! o!r to ! #c4e c5timet]s squ>e4 ,! l>ge circle1 #aj c5timet]s 9 diamet]1 fits exactly into ! #aj c5timet]s squ>e2 & ! o!r circles are conc5tric to x4 ,^! correspond+ relations make ! figures easily adaptable to our arti/ic composition ( decorative design 7see foll[+ *apt]74 ,f9ally1 toge!r ) ! o!r mat]ial1 !re are two />s :i* are also us$ = decorative design4 ,! two />s1 or fl[]s1 are bas$ on ! #c4e c5timet]s squ>e4 ,9 "o ! circle re/s on ! side z a semi-circle 7simple fl[]72 & 9 ! o!r ! same circle goes ar\nd ! v]tex & beyond ! semi-circle until x meets ! reciprocal ( f\r circles 7fl[] & foliage74 ,,iii ,,solid ,,geometry ,s9ce ! *ildr5 already "k h[ to f9d ! area ( ord9>y geometric =ms x is v easy1 ) ! k ( ! ari?metic !y h acquir$ ?r\gh "w ) ! beads 7! squ>e & cube ( numb]s71 to initiate !m into ! mann] ( f9d+ ! volume ( solids4 ,aft] hav+ /udi$ ! cube ( numb]s by ! aid ( ! cube ( beads x is easy to recognize ! fact t ! volume ( a prism is f\nd by multiply+ ! area by ! altitude4 ,9 our didactic mat]ial we h ?ree objects = solid geometry3 a prism1 a pyramid hav+ ! same base & altitude1 & a prism ) ! same base b ) only "o-?ird ! altitude4 ,!y are all empty4 ,! two prisms h a cov] & are really boxes2 ! uncov]$ pyramid c be fill$ ) diff]5t sub/ances & !n empti$1 s]v+ z a sort ( scoop4 ,^! solids may be fill$ ) :eat or s&4 ,?us we put into practise ! same te*nique z is us$ to calculate capacity1 z 9 an?ropology1 = in/ance1 :5 we wi% to measure ! capacity ( a cranium4 ,x is difficult to fill a receptacle completely 9 su* a way t ! measur$ result does n v>y2 s we usually put 9 a sc>ce measure1 :i* !re=e does n correspond to ! exact volume b to a small] volume4 ,"o mu/ "k h[ to fill a receptacle1 j z "o mu/ "k h[ to d up a bundle1 s t ! v>i\s objects may take up ! lea/ possible space4 ,! *ildr5 l ?is ex]cise ( %ak+ ! receptacle & gett+ 9 z great a quantity z possible2 & !y l to level x (f :5 x is entirely fill$4 ,! receptacles may be fill$ also ) liquids4 ,9 ?is case ! *ild mu/ be c>eful to p\r out ! cont5ts )\t los+ a s+le drop4 ,?is te*nical drill s]ves z a prep>ation = us+ metric measures4 ,by ^! exp]im5ts ! *ild f9ds t ! pyramid has ! same volume z ! small prism 7:i* is "o-?ird ( ! l>ge prism72 h5ce ! volume ( ! pyramid is f\nd by multiply+ ! area ( ! base by "o-?ird ! altitude4 ,! small prism may be fill$ ) clay & ! same piece ( clay w be f\nd to fill ! pyramid4 ,! two solids ( equal volume may be made ( clay4 ,all ?ree solids c be made by tak+ five times z mu* clay z is ne$$ to fill ! same prism4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,hav+ ma/]$ ^! fundam5tal ideas1 x is easy to /udy ! re/1 & few explanations w be ne$$4 ,9 _m cases ! inc5tive to d orig9al problems may be develop$ by giv+ ! *ildr5 def9ite examples3 z1 h[ c ! area ( a circle be f\nd8 ! volume ( a cyl9d]8 ( a cone8 ,problems on ! total area ( "s solids also may be sugge/$4 ,_m times ! *ildr5 w risk spontane\s inductions & (t5 ( _! own accord proce$ to measure ! total surface area ( all ! solids at _! disposal1 ev5 go+ back to ! mat]ials us$ 9 ! ,*ildr5's ,h\se4 ,! mat]ial includes a s]ies ( wood5 solids ) a base measurem5t ( #aj cm43 ,a quadrangul> p>allelopip$ 7#aj ,x #aj ,x #bj cm47 ,a quadrangul> p>allelopip$ equal to #a_/c ( above ,a quadrangul> pyramid 7#aj ,x #aj ,x #bj cm47 ,a triangul> prism 7#aj ,x #bj cm47 ,a triangul> prism equal to #a_/c ( above ,! correspond+ pyramid 7#aj ,x #bj cm47 ,a cyl9d] 7#aj cm4 diamet]1 #bj altitude7 ,a cyl9d] equal to #a_/c ( above ,a cone 7#aj cm4 diamet]1 #bj altitude7 ,a sph]e 7#aj cm4 diamet]7 ,an ovoid 7maximum diamet] #aj cm47 ,an ellipsoid 7maximum diamet] #aj cm47 ,regul> ,polyh$rons ,tetrah$ron ,hexah$ron 7cube7 ,octah$ron ,dodecah$ron ,icosah$ron 7,! faces ( ^! polyh$rons are 9 diff]5t colors47 ,,applications3 ,! ,p[]s ( ,numb]s4 ,,mat]ial3 ,two equal cubes ( #b cm4 on a side2 a prism twice ! size ( ! cubes2 a prism d\ble ?is prec$+ prism2 sev5 cubes #d cm4 on a side4 ,! foll[+ comb9ations are made3 ,! two small] cubes are plac$ side by side #b4 ,9 front ( ^! is plac$ ! prism :i* is twice z l>ge z ! cube #bb4 ,on top ( ^! is plac$ ! d\ble prism1 mak+ a cube ) #d cm4 on a side #bc4 ,"o ( ! sev5 cubes is put beside ?is #bd4 ,9 front are plac$ two m ( ! sev5 cubes #be4 ,on top are put ! rema9+ f\r equal cubes #bf4 ,9 ?is way we h made a cube measur+ #h cm4 on a side4 ,f ?is we see t3 #bc1 #bf h ! =m ( a cube4 #bb1 #be h ! =m ( a squ>e4 #b1 #bd h a l9e> =m4 ,! ,cube ( a ,b9omial3 7a b7#c a#c b#c #c;a#b;b #c;ba4 ,,mat]ial3 ,a cube ) a #f cm4 edge1 a cube ) a #d cm4 edge2 ?ree prisms ) a squ>e base ( #d cm4 on a side & #f cm4 high2 ?ree prisms ) a squ>e base ( #f cm4 to a side & #d cm4 high4 ,! #aj cm4 cube c be made ) ^!4 ,^! two comb9ations are 9 special cube-%ap$ boxes into :i* ! #aj cm4 cube fits exactly4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,weights & ,measures3 ,all t ref]s to weights & measures is m]ely an application ( simil> op]ations & reason+s4 ,! *ildr5 h at _! disposal & le>n to h&le _m ( ! objects :i* are us$ = measur+ bo? 9 comm]ce & 9 e-day life4 ,9 ! ,*ildr5's ,h\se days !y _h ! long /air rods :i* conta9 ! met] & its decimet] subdivisions4 ,"h !y h a tape-measure ) :i* !y measure floors1 etc41 & f9d ! area4 ,!y h ! met] 9 _m =ms3 9 ! an?ropomet]1 9 ! rul]4 ,!n1 too1 !y use ! metal tape1 ! dressmak]'s tape measure1 & ! met]/ick us$ by m]*ants4 ,illu/ration3 ,holl[ geometric solids1 us$ = det]m9+ equival5ce by measur+ s&1 sug>1 etc4 ,! tw5ty c5timet] rul] divid$ into millimet]s !y use con/antly 9 design2 & !y love to calculate ! area ( ! geometric figures !y h design$ or ( ! metal insets4 ,(t5 !y calculate ! surface ( ! :ite backgr\nd ( an inset & t ( ! diff]5t pieces :i* exactly fit ?is op5+1 s z to v]ify ! =m]4 ,z !y already h "s prep>ation 9 decimals x is no task = !m to recognize & to rememb] t ! measures increase by t5s & take on new names ea* "t4 ,! ex]cises 9 gramm> h greatly facilitat$ ! increase 9 _! vocabul>y4 ,!y calculate ! reciprocal relations betwe5 l5g?1 surface1 & volume by go+ back to ! ?ree sets :i* fir/ repres5t$ long1 ?ick1 & l>ge4 ,! objects :i* diff] 9 l5g? v>y by #aj's2 ^? diff]+ 9 areas v>y by #ajj's2 & ^? :i* diff] 9 volume v>y by #ajjj's4 ,! comp>ison betwe5 ! bead mat]ial & ! cubes ( ! p9k t[] 7"o ( ! fir/ ?+s !y built7 enc\rages a m pr(\nd /udy ( ! s5sory objects :i* 7 once ! subject ( assidu\s application4 ,by ! aid ( ! d\ble decimet] ! *ildr5 make ! calculations = f9d+ ! volume ( all ! diff]5t objects grad$ by t5s1 su* z ! rods1 ! prisms ( ! broad /air1 ! cubes ( ! p9k t[]4 ,by tak+ ! extremes 9 ea* case !y le>n ! relations betwe5 objects :i* diff] 9 "o dim5sion1 9 two dim5sions1 & 9 ?ree dim5sions4 ,besides1 !y already "k t ! squ>e ( #aj is #ajj1 & ! cube ( #aj is #ajjj4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,illu/ration3 ,designs =m$ by arrang+ sections ( ! insets )9 ! frames4 ,! *ildr5 make use ( v>i\s sci5tific in/rum5ts3 !rmomet]s1 di/ill]s1 scales1 &1 z previ\sly /at$1 ! pr9cipal measures commonly us$4 ,by fill+ an empty metal cubical decimet]1 :i* l ! geometric solids is us$ = ! calculation ( volume1 !y h a lit] measure ( wat]1 :i* may be p\r$ into a glass lit] bottle4 ,all ! decimal multiples & subdivisions ( ! lit] are easily und]/ood4 ,our *ildr5 sp5t mu* "t p\r+ liquids into all ! small measures us$ 9 comm]ce = measur+ w9e & oil4 ,!y di/il wat] ) ! di/ill]4 ,!y use ! !rmomet] to measure ! temp]ature ( wat] 9 ebullition & ! temp]ature ( ! freez+ mixture4 ,!y take ! wat] :i* is us$ to det]m9e ! weight ( ! kilogram1 keep+ x at ! temp]ature ( #d;,c4 ,! objects :i* s]ve to measure capacity also are at ! disposal ( ! *ildr54 ,!re is no ne$ to g into m details ^u ! multitud9\s consequ5ces result+ f bo? a me?odical prep>ation ( ! intellect & ! possibility ( actually be+ 9 contact ) real objects4 ,a great numb] ( problems giv5 by u1 z well z problems orig9at$ by ! *ildr5 !mselves1 be> witness to ! ease ) :i* ext]nal effects may he spontane\sly produc$ :5 once ! inn] causes h be5 adequately /imulat$4 ,,"p ,v ,,draw+ ,i ,,l9e> ,,geometric ,,design ,,decoration ,i already h m5tion$ ! fact t ! mat]ial ( ! geometric insets may be appli$ also to design4 ,x is ?r\gh design t ! *ild may be l$ to pond] on ! geometric figures :i* he has h&l$1 tak5 out1 comb9$ 9 num]\s ways1 & replac$4 ,9 do+ ?is he completes an ex]cise necessitat+ mu* use ( ! reason+ faculties4 ,inde$1 he reproduces all ( ! figures by l9e> design1 le>n+ to h&le _m in/rum5ts--! c5timet] rul]1 ! d\ble decimet]1 ! squ>e1 ! protractor1 ! compass1 & ! /eel p5 us$ = l9e rul+4 ,= ?is "w we h includ$ 9 ! geometric mat]ial a l>ge portfolio :]e1 toge!r ) ! pages reproduc+ ! figures1 !re are also "s illu/rative %eets ) brief explanations ( ! figures & conta9+ ! relative nom5clature4 ,aside f copy+ designs ! *ild may copy also ! explanatory notes & ?us reproduce ! :ole geometry portfolio4 ,^! explanatory notes are v simple4 ,"h1 = example1 is ! "o :i* ref]s to ! squ>e3 ,,squ>e3 ,! side or base is divid$ into #aj cm4 ,all ! o!r sides are equal1 h5ce ea* measures #aj cm4 ,! squ>e has f\r equal sides & f\r equal angles :i* are always "r angles4 ,! numb] #d & ! id5tity ( ! sides & angles are ! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics ( ! squ>e4 ,! *ildr5 measure pap] & con/ruct ! figure ) att5tion & application t are truly rem>kable4 ,!y love to h&le ! compasses & are v pr\d ( possess+ a pair4 ,"o *ild ask$ h] "m = a ,*ri/mas gift ( "o la/ doll & a box ( compasses1 z if %e 7 end+ "o epo* ( h] life & beg9n+ ano!r4 ,"o little boy begg$ 8 "m to let him accompany h] :5 %e w5t to buy ! compass = him4 ,:5 !y 7 9 ! /ore ! salesman 0 surpris$ to f9d t s "y a *ild 0 to use ! compass & gave !m a box ( ! simple/ k9d4 ,n ^?1 prote/$ ! little fell[2 ,i want an eng9e]'s compass2 & he pick$ out "o ( ! mo/ complicat$ ones4 ,?is 0 ! v reason :y he 0 s anxi\s to g ) 8 "m4 ,z ! *ildr5 draw1 !y le>n _m p>ticul>s conc]n+ ! geometric figures3 ! sides1 angles1 bases1 c5t]s1 m$ian l9es1 radii1 diamet]s1 sectors1 segm5ts1 diagonals1 hypot5uses1 circumf]5ces1 p]imet]s1 etc4 ,!y d n1 h[ev]1 le>n all ?is z s mu* dry in=mation nor d !y limit !mselves to reproduc+ ! designs 9 ! geometry portfolio4 ,ea* *ild adds to 8 own portfolio o!r designs :i* he *ooses & sometimes orig9ates4 ,! designs reproduc$ 9 ! portfolio are drawn on pla9 :ite draw+ pap] ) ,*9a inks1 b ! *ildr5's special designs are drawn on color$ pap] ) diff]5t color$ inks & ) gild+s 7silv]1 gold74 ,! *ildr5 reproduce ! geometric figures & !n !y fill !m 9 ) decorations made ei!r ) p5 or wat]-colors4 ,^! decorations s]ve especially to emphasize1 9 a geometric analysis1 ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! figure1 su* z c5t]1 angles1 circumf]5ce1 m$ians1 diagonals1 etc4 ,! decorat$ motif is select$ or else inv5t$ by ! *ild himself4 ,he is all[$ ! same fre$om ( *oice 9 8 backgr\nds z he enjoys = 8 inks or wat]-colors4 ,! obs]vation ( nature 7fl[]s & _! diff]5t p>ts--poll51 leaves1 a section ( "s "p obs]v$ "u ! microscope1 plant se$s1 %ells1 etc47 s]ves to n\ri% ! *ild's /hetic imag9ation4 ,! *ildr5 also h access to arti/ic designs1 collections ( photographs reproduc+ ! great ma/]pieces1 & ,haeckel's fam\s "w1 ,nature's ,arti/ic ,=ms1 all ( :i* equipm5t is s int]e/+ & delightful to a *ild4 ,! *ildr5 "w _m1 _m h\rs on draw+4 ,?is is ! "t we seize = read+ to !m 7see above p4 #aig7 & almo/ all _! hi/ory is le>n$ dur+ ?is quiet p]iod ( copy & simple decoration :i* is s conducive to conc5tration ( ?\ght4 ,copy+ "s design1 or draw+ a decoration :i* has be5 directly inspir$ by some?+ se52 ! *oice ( colors to fill 9 a geometric figure or to br+ out1 by small & simple designs1 ! c5t] or side ( ! figure2 ! me*anical act ( mix+ a color1 ( dissolv+ ! gild+s1 or ( *oos+ "o k9d ( ink f a s]ies ( diff]5t colors2 %>p5+ a p5cil1 or gett+ "o's pap] 9 ! prop] position2 det]m9+ ?r\gh t5tative means ! requir$ ext5sion ( ! compass--all ?is is a complex op]ation requir+ pati5ce & exactitude4 ,b x does n require great intellectual conc5tration4 ,x is1 !re=e1 a "w ( application r ?an ( inspiration2 & ! obs]vation ( ea* detail1 9 ord] to reproduce x exactly1 cl>ifies & re/s ! m9d in/ead ( r\s+ x to ! int5se activity dem&$ by ! labor ( association & creation4 ,! *ild is busy ) 8 h&s r ?an ) 8 m9d2 b yet 8 m9d is suffici5tly /imulat$ by ?is "w z n easily to w&] away into ! _w ( dreams4 ,^! are quiet h\rs ( "w 9 :i* ! *ildr5 use only a "p ( _! en]gies1 :ile ! o!r "p is rea*+ out aft] some?+ else2 j z a family sits quietly by ! fireside 9 long w9t] ev5+s engag$ 9 light manual labors requir+ little intellig5ce1 wat*+ ! flames ) a s5se ( enjoym5t1 will+ to pass 9 ?is way _m peaceful h\rs1 yet feel+ t a c]ta9 side ( _! ne$s is n satisfi$4 ,?is is ! "t *os5 = /ory tell+ or = light read+4 ,simil>ly ?is is ! be/ "t = our little *ildr5 to li/5 to read+ ( all k9ds4 ,dur+ ^! h\rs !y li/5$ to ! read+ ( books l ,! ,betro!d 7( ,manzoni71 psy*ological books l ,it>d's ,education ( ! ,savage ( ,aveyron1 or hi/orical n>ratives4 ,! *ildr5 took a deep int]e/ 9 ! read+4 ,ea* *ild may be occupi$ ) 8 own design z well z ) ! facts :i* he is he>+ describ$4 ,x seems z ?\gh ! "o occupation furni%es ! en]gy necess>y = p]fection 9 ! o!r4 ,! me*anical att5tion :i* ! *ild gives to 8 design frees 8 m9d f idle dream+ & r5d]s x m capable ( completely absorb+ ! read+ t is go+ on2 & ! pleasure ga9$ f ! read+ :i*1 little by little1 p5etrates 8 :ole be+ seems to give new en]gy to bo? h& & eye4 ,8 l9es become mo/ exact & ! colors m delicate4 ,:5 ! read+ has rea*$ "s po9t ( climax we he> rem>ks1 exclamations1 applause or discussions1 :i* animate & light5 ! "w )\t int]rupt+ x4 ,b !re are times :51 ) "o accord1 our *ildr5 ab&on _! draw+ s z to act out "s humor\s selection or to repres5t an hi/orical fact :i* has t\*$ !m deeply2 or1 inde$1 z happ5$ dur+ ! read+ ( ! ,savage ( ,aveyron1 _! h&s rema9$ almo/ unconsci\sly rais$ 9 ! int5sity ( _! emotion1 :ile on _! faces 0 an expression ( ec/asy1 z if !y 7 witness+ wond]ful unhe>d-( ?+s4 ,_! actions seem$ to int]pret ! well-kn[n s5tim5t3 ,nev] h ,i se5 woman l unto ?is4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,arti/ic ,,composition ,,) ,,! ,,insets3 ,our geometric insets1 :i* are all def9itely relat$ to "o ano!r 9 dim5sions & include a s]ies ( figures :i* c be conta9$ "o )9 ! o!r1 l5d !mselves to v beautiful comb9ations4 ,) ^! ! *ildr5 make real creations & (t5 foll[ out _! arti/ic ideas = days & ev5 weeks4 ,by mov+ ! small pieces or by comb9+ !m 9 diff]5t ways on ! :ite backgr\nd1 ^! v insets produce v>i\s decorations4 ,! ease ) :i* ! *ild may =m designs by arrang+ ! little pieces ( iron on a %eet ( pap] & !n outl9+ !m1 & ! h>mony :i* is ?us s easily obta9$1 af=ds endless delight4 ,really wond]ful pieces ( "w are (t5 produc$ 9 ?is way4 ,dur+ ^! p]iods ( creative design1 z inde$ dur+ ! p]iods ( draw+ f life1 ! *ild is deeply & :olly conc5trat$4 ,8 entire intellect is at "w & no k9d ( in/ructive read+ w\ld be at all fitt+ :ile he is engag$ 9 draw+ or design+ ( ?is nature4 ,) ! insets1 z we h said1 we h reproduc$ "s ( ! classic decorations s greatly admir$ 9 ! ,italian ma/]pieces2 = in/ance1 ^? ( ,giotto 9 ,flor5t9e ,art4 ,:5 ! *ildr5 try ) ! insets to reproduce ^! classic decorations f photographs !y are l$ to make mo/ m9ute obs]vations1 :i* may be consid]$ a real /udy ( art4 ,!y judge ! relative proportions ( ! v>i\s figures 9 su* a way t _! eye le>ns to appreciate ! h>mony ( ! "w4 ,& ?us1 ev5 9 *ildhood1 a f9e /hetic enjoym5t beg9s to engage _! m9ds on ! high] & m noble planes4 ,,ii ,,free-,,h& ,,draw+--,,/udies ,,f ,,life ,all ! prec$+ ex]cises are =mative = ! art ( draw+4 ,!y develop 9 ! *ild ! manual ability to execute a geometric design & prep>e 8 eye to appreciate ! h>mony ( proportions betwe5 geometric figures4 ,! c\ntless obs]vations ( draw+s1 ! habit ( m9ute exam9ation ( natural objects1 con/itute s _m prep>atory drills4 ,we c1 h[ev]1 say t ! :ole me?od1 educat+ ! eye & ! h& at ! same "t & tra9+ ! *ild to obs]ve & execute draw+s ) int5se application1 prep>es ! me*anical means = design1 :ile ! m9d1 left free to take its flight & to create1 is ready to produce4 ,x is by develop+ ! individual t he is prep>$ = t wond]ful manife/ation ( ! human intellig5ce1 :i* draw+ con/itutes4 ,! ability to see reality 9 =m1 9 color1 9 proportion1 to be ma/] ( ! movem5ts ( "o's own h&--t is :at is necess>y4 ,inspiration is an individual ?+1 & :5 a *ild possesses ^! =mative elem5ts he c give expression to all he happ5s to h4 ,!re c be no graduat$ ex]cises 9 draw+ lead+ up to an arti/ic creation4 ,t goal c be atta9$ only ?r\gh ! developm5t ( me*anical te*nique & ?r\gh ! fre$om ( ! _s4 ,t is our reason = n tea*+ draw+ directly to ! *ild4 ,we prep>e him indirectly1 leav+ him free to ! my/]i\s & div9e labor ( reproduc+ ?+s accord+ to 8 own feel+s4 ,?us draw+ comes to satisfy a ne$ = expression1 z does language2 & almo/ e idea may seek expression 9 draw+4 ,! ef=t to p]fect su* expression is v simil> to t :i* ! *ild makes :5 he is spurr$ on to p]fect 8 language 9 ord] to see 8 ?\ghts translat$ into reality4 ,?is ef=t is spontane\s2 & ! real draw+ tea*] is 9 ! inn] life1 :i* ( itself develops1 atta9s ref9em5t1 & seeks irresi/ibly to be born into ext]nal exi/5ce 9 "s empirical =m4 ,ev5 ! smalle/ *ildr5 try spontane\sly to draw outl9es ( ! objects :i* !y see2 b ! hide\s draw+s :i* are exhibit$ 9 ! common s*ools1 z free draw+s *>act]i/ic ( *ildhood1 are n f\nd among our *ildr54 ,^! horrible daubs s c>efully collect$1 obs]v$1 & catalogu$ by mod]n psy*ologi/s z docum5ts ( ! infant m9d are no?+ b mon/r\s expressions ( intellectual lawlessness2 !y %[ only t ! eye ( _! *ild is un$ucat$1 ! h& in]t1 ! m9d ins5sible alike to ! beautiful & to ! ugly1 bl9d to ! true z well z to ! false4 ,l mo/ docum5ts collect$ by psy*ologi/s :o /udy ! *ildr5 ( our s*ools1 !y reveal n ! s\l b ! errors ( ! s\l2 & ^! draw+s1 ) _! mon/r\s de=mities1 %[ simply :at ! un$ucat$ human be+ is l4 ,su* ?+s are n free draw+s by *ildr54 ,free draw+s are possible only :5 we h a free *ild :o has be5 left free to gr[ & p]fect himself 9 ! assimilation ( 8 surr\nd+s & 9 me*anical reproduction2 & :o :5 left free to create & express himself actually does create & express himself4 ,! s5sory & manual prep>ation = draw+ is no?+ m ?an an alphabet2 b )\t x ! *ild is an illit]ate & _c express himself4 ,& j z x is impossible to /udy ! writ+ ( p :o _c write1 s !re c be no psy*ological /udy ( ! draw+s ( *ildr5 :o h be5 ab&on$ to spiritual & muscul> *aos4 ,all psy*ic expressions acquire value :5 ! inn] p]sonality has acquir$ value by ! developm5t ( its =mative processes4 ,until ?is fundam5tal pr9ciple has become an absolute acquisition we c h no idea ( ! psy*ology ( a *ild z reg>ds 8 creative p[]s4 ,?us1 unless we "k h[ a *ild %\ld develop 9 ord] to unfold 8 natural en]gies1 we %all n "k h[ draw+ z a natural expression is develop$4 ,! univ]sal developm5t ( ! wondr\s language ( ! h& w come n f a s*ool ( design b f a s*ool ( ! new man :i* w cause ?is language to spr+ =? spontane\sly l wat] f an inexhau/ible spr+4 ,to conf] ! gift ( draw+ we mu/ create an eye t sees1 a h& t obeys1 a s\l t feels2 & 9 ?is task ! :ole life mu/ coop]ate4 ,9 ?is s5se life itself is ! only prep>ation = draw+4 ,once we h liv$1 ! inn] sp>k ( vision does ! re/4 ,illu/ration3 ,designs =m$ by ! use ( ! geometry squ>es1 circles1 & equilat]al triangle1 modifi$ by free-h& draw+4 ,9 ! design on ! "r ! fl[] )9 ! cross is made ) compasses3 ! decorative detail 9 ! arms ( ! cross & ! circle 9 ! c5t] are free-h&4 ,! design on ! left is simil> to a decoration 9 ! ,ca!dral at ,flor5ce1 9 ! w9d[s r\nd ! apse4 ,leave to man !n ?is sublime ge/ure :i* transf]s to ! canvas ! m>ks ( creative div9ity4 ,leave x free to develop f ! v "t :5 ! t9y *ild takes a piece ( *alk & reproduces a simple outl9e on ! blackbo>d1 :5 he sees a leaf & makes 8 fir/ reproduction ( x on ! :ite page4 ,su* a *ild is 9 se>* ( e possible means ( expression1 because no "o language is ri* en\gh to give expression to ! gu%+ life )9 him4 ,he speaks1 he writes1 he draws1 he s+s l a night+ale w>bl+ 9 ! spr+time4 99 99 99 99 99 ,let u consid]1 !n1 ! elem5ts :i* our *ildr5 h acquir$ 9 _! developm5t ) ref]5ce to draw+3 !y are obs]v]s ( reality1 kn[+ h[ to di/+ui% ! =ms & colors !y see !re4 ,illu/ration3 ,decorations =m$ by ! use ( ! geometry insets4 ,t on ! "r is a copy ( ! design by ,giotto %[n bel[ ! picture ( ! ,madonna 9 ! ,upp] ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,francis d',assisi 7,umbria74 ,illu/ration3 ,mak+ decorative designs ) ! aid ( geometric insets4 7,! ,wa%+ton ,montessori ,s*ool1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c47 ,*ildr5 are peculi>ly s5sitive 9 _! appreciation ( color4 ,?is s5sibility began to gr[ 9 ! s5sory ex]cises 9 ! e>ly ye>s4 ,_! h&s h be5 tra9$ to ! mo/ delicate movem5ts & ! *ildr5 h be5 ma/]s ( !m s9ce ! days ( ! ,*ildr5's ,h\se4 ,:5 !y beg9 to draw outl9es !y copy ! mo/ div]se objects--n only fl[]s b ev]y?+ :i* int]e/s !m3 vases1 columns & ev5 l&scapes4 ,_! attempts are spontane\s2 & !y draw bo? on ! blackbo>d & on pap]4 ,z reg>ds colors1 x %\ld be recall$ t :ile /ill 9 ! ,*ildr5's ,h\se ! *ildr5 le>n$ to prep>e ! diff]5t %ades1 mix+ !m !mselves & mak+ ! v>i\s bl5ds4 ,?is always held _! eag] int]e/4 ,lat] ! c>e ) :i* !y seek to get %ades correspond+ exactly to natural color+s is some?+ truly rem>kable4#h ,ov] & ov] aga9 ! *ildr5 try to mix ! mo/ div]se colors1 dilut+ or saturat+ !m until !y h succe$$ 9 reproduc+ ! desir$ %ade4 ,x is surpris+ also to see h[ (t5 _! eye succe$s 9 appreciat+ ! f9e/ diff]5ces ( color & 9 reproduc+ !m ) /rik+ accuracy4 ,illu/ration3 ,wat]-color pa9t+s f nature1 %[+ spontane\s expression result+ f "w 9 natural sci5ce4 ,! /udy ( natural sci5ce prov$ to be a great help 9 draw+4 ,once ,i tri$ to %[ "s *ildr5 h[ a fl[] %\ld be dissect$1 & = ?is purpose ,i provid$ all ! necess>y in/rum5ts3 ! botani/'s ne$le1 p9c]s1 ?9 glass plates1 etc41 j z is done at ! univ]sity = ! exp]im5ts 9 natural sci5ce4 ,my only aim 0 to see :e!r ! prep>ations :i* univ]sity /ud5ts make = botanical anatomy 7 9 any way adaptable to ! ne$s ( little *ildr54 ,ev5 at ! "t :5 ,i /udi$ 9 ! botanical laboratory at ! univ]sity ,i felt t ^! ex]cises 9 ! prep>ation ( mat]ial might be put to su* use4 ,/ud5ts "k h[ difficult x is to prep>e a /em1 a /am51 an epi!lium1 = dissection1 & h[ only ) difficulty ! h&1 accu/om$ = ye>s exclusively to writ+1 adapts itself to ?is delicate "w4 ,see+ h[ skilful our *ildr5 7 ) _! little h&s ,i decid$ to give !m a complete sci5tific outfit & to te/ by exp]im5t :e!r ! *ild m9d & ! *>act]i/ic manual dext]ity %[n by *ildr5 7 n m adapt$ to su* labors ?an ! m9d & h& ( a n9ete5-ye>-old /ud5t4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,my suspicion prov$ correct4 ,! *ildr5 ) ! ke5e/ int]e/ dissect$ a section ( ! violet ) rem>kable accuracy1 & !y quickly le>n$ to use all ! in/rum5ts4 ,b my greate/ surprise 0 to f9d t !y did n despise or ?r[ away ! dissect$ p>ts1 z we old] /ud5ts us$ to d4 ,) great c>e !y plac$ !m all 9 attractive ord] on a piece ( :ite pap]1 z if !y _h 9 m9d "s secret purpose4 ,!n ) great joy !y began to draw !m2 & !y 7 accurate1 skill$1 tireless1 & pati5t1 z !y are 9 ev]y?+ else4 ,!y began to mix & dilute _! colors to obta9 ! correct %ades4 ,!y work$ up to ! la/ m9ute ( ! s*ool session1 f9i%+ (f _! designs 9 wat]color3 ! /em & leaves gre51 ! individual petals violet1 ! /am5s--all 9 a r[--yell[1 & ! dissect$ pi/il light gre54 ,! foll[+ day a little girl br\ght me a *>m+ly vivaci\s writt5 composition1 9 :i* %e told ( h] en?usiasm ov] ! new "w1 describ+ ev5 ! less noticeable details ( ! little violet4 ,^! two expressions--draw+ & composition--7 ! spontane\s manife/ations ( _! happy entrance into ! realms ( sci5ce4 ,enc\rag$ by ?is great success1 ,i took "s simple microscopes to s*ool4 ,! *ildr5 began to obs]ve ! poll5 & ev5 "s ( ! membrane cov]+s ( ! fl[]4 ,by !mselves !y made "s spl5did cross-sections ( ! /ems1 :i* !y /udi$ mo/ att5tively4 ,!y drew ev]y?+ !y saw4 ,draw+ seem$ to be ! natural complem5t ( _! obs]vation "w4 ,9 ?is way ! *ildr5 le>n$ to draw & pa9t )\t a draw+ tea*]4 ,!y produc$ works :i*1 9 geometric designs z well z 9 /udies f life1 7 consid]$ f> above ! av]age draw+s ( *ildr54 ,,footnote3 #h ,we give to ! *ildr5 fir/ only tubes conta9+ ! ?ree fundam5tal colors1 r$1 yell[1 & blue2 & ) ^! !y produce a l>ge numb] ( %ades4 ,,"p ,,vi ,,music ,i ,,! ,,scale ,s9ce ! publication ( my fir/ volume on ! education ( small *ildr51 consid]able progress has be5 made 9 ! matt] ( musical education4 ,miss ,mac*]oni1 :o came to ,rome to "w ) me on exp]im5ts look+ to ! cont9uation ( ! me?ods us$ ) prim>y classes1 0 successful 9 e/abli%+ a numb] ( te/s :i* con/itut$ our fir/ /eps into ?is important field ( education4 ,we are "u great obligations to ! ,tronci firm ( ,pi/oja1 :i* took *>ge ( ! manufacture ( mat]ials & gave u ! mo/ sympa!tic coop]ation4 ,we _h already prep>$ at ! "t ( t fir/ publication an equipm5t ( bells to be us$ 9 tra9+ ! e> to p]ceive diff]5ces betwe5 musical s\nds4 ,! me?ods ( us+ ?is mat]ial 7 consid]ably modifi$ & p]fect$ aga9 aft] ! publication ( my ,own ,h&book 7,new ,york1 ,/okes1 #aiad71 9 :i* = ! fir/ "t appe>$ a treatise on musical me?od4 ,! f\ndation ( ! sy/em consi/s ( a s]ies ( bells repres5t+ ! :ole tones & semi-tones ( "o octave4 ,! mat]ial foll[s ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( t us$ 9 ! s5sorial me?od1 t is1 ! objects diff] f ea* o!r 9 "o & only "o quality1 ! "o :i* conc]ns ! /imulation ( ! s5se "u education4 ,! bells1 = in/ance1 mu/ be app>5tly id5tical 9 dim5sions1 %ape1 etc41 b !y mu/ produce diff]5t s\nds4 ,! basic ex]cise is to h ! *ild recognize id5tities4 ,he mu/ pair (f ! bells :i* give ! same s\nd4 ,illu/ration ,! bell sy/em is con/ruct$ z foll[s3 ,we h a v simple support1 made ( wood 7( c\rse any o!r mat]ial might be us$7 #aae cm4 long & #be cm4 wide4 ,on ?is ! bells re/4 ,! bo>d is wide en\gh to hold two bells plac$ l5g?wise & end to end across x4 ,! bo>d is m>k$ (f into black & :ite spaces1 ea* wide en\gh to hold "o bell4 ,! :ite spaces repres5t :ole tones1 ! black spaces semi-tones4 ,?\gh ! app>5t purpose ( ?is bo>d is to s]ve z a support1 x is 9 reality a measure1 s9ce x indicates ! regul> position ( ! notes 9 ! simple diatonic scale4 ,! comb9ation ( :ite & black rectangles indicates ! int]val betwe5 ! v>i\s notes 9 ! scale3 9 o!r words1 a semi-tone betwe5 ! ?ird & f\r? & betwe5 ! sev5? & eigh?1 & a :ole tone betwe5 ! o!rs4 ,bells %[+ ! value ( ea* rectangle are fix$ 9 prop] ord] 9 ! upp] portion ( ! support4 ,^! bells are n all ( ! same size1 b v>y 9 dim5sion regul>ly f ! bottom to ! top ( ! scale4 ,?is p]mits consid]able sav+ 9 manufacture2 =1 to get a diff]5t s\nd f bells ( ! same size1 diff]5t ?icknesses are requir$1 & ?is entails m labor = con/ruction & consequ5tly great] co/4 ,b 9 addition ! *ild "h sees a mat]ial v>iation correspond+ to ! diff]5ces 9 quality ( s\nd4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! o!r bells on :i* ! *ild is to p]=m 8 critical ex]cises are ( id5tical dim5sions4 ,9 ! ex]cise ! *ild /rikes ) a small mallet "o ( ! bells fix$ on ! support4 ,!n1 f among ! o!rs scatt]$ at r&om on ! table1 he f9ds "o :i* gives ! same s\nd & places x on ! bo>d 9 front ( ! fix$ bell correspond+ to x4 ,9 ! mo/ elem5t>y ex]cises1 only ! :ole tone bells correspond+ to ! :ite spaces are us$4 ,lat]1 ! semi-tones are br\ght 94 ,?is fir/ ex]cise 9 s5se p]ception corresponds to ! pair+ practis$ 9 o!r s5sory ex]cises 7color1 t\*1 etc47 ,! next /ep is = ! *ild to di/+ui% diff]5ces1 & at ! same "t1 gradations ( /imuli 7l ! ex]cises ) ! color *>ts1 he>+1 etc47 ,9 ?is case ! *ild mixes at r&om ! eight bells1 all ( ! same size1 :i* give ! :ole tones ( ! scale4 ,he is to f9d d1 !n re1 & s on ?r\gh ! octave "o note aft] ! o!r1 plac+ ! bells 9 ord] 9 _! prop] places4 ,nom5clature is taught /ep by /ep z 9 ! o!r s5sorial ex]cises4 ,to famili>ize ! *ild ) ! names1 d1 re1 mi1 fa1 sol1 la1 si1 we use small r\nd disks1 ! circul> =m s]v+ to sugge/ ! head ( ! writt5 note4 ,on ea* disk ! "n ( ! note is writt54 ,! disks are to be plac$ on ! bases ( ! bells t correspond to !m4 ,! ex]cises 9 nam+ ! notes may be begun ) ! fix$ bells1 9 ord] 7) *ildr5 :o already "k h[ to read7 to associate ! s\nds ) _! names 9 ! fir/ ex]cise ( pair+4 ,lat]1 :5 ! *ild comes to ! ex]cise ( putt+ ! bells 9 gradation1 he c place ! correspond+ disk on ea* bell z he f9ds x4 ,"s individuals1 comm5t+ on ?is mat]ial1 h solemnly prote/$ _! native inability to und]/& music1 insi/+ t music reveals its secrets only to a *os5 few4 ,we may po9t out 9 reply t1 s f>1 our pr9cipal object is simply to di/+ui% notes s widely diff]5t f ea* o!r t ! diff]5t numb] ( vibrations c easily be measur$ ) in/rum5ts4 ,x is a "q ( a mat]ial diff]5ce :i* any normal e> c naturally detect )\t any miracul\s aptitude ( a musical "*4 ,"o might z well claim t x is ! privilege only ( g5ius to di/+ui% "o color f ano!r some:at l x4 ,p>ticul> aptitude = music is det]m9$ by conditions ( a q diff]5t & a mu* high] ord]1 su* z intuition ( ! laws ( h>mony & c\nt]po9t1 inspiration = composition1 & s on4 ,9 actual practise1 we f\nd t :5 ! mat]ial 0 us$ ) "s re/rictions by =ty *ildr5 betwe5 ?ree & six ye>s ( age1 only six or sev5 prov$ capable ( fill+ out ! major scale by e>4 ,b :5 ! mat]ial 0 freely plac$ at _! disposal1 !y all progress$ along ! same l9es & %[$ ab\t ! same rate ( improvem5t1 z 0 ! case 9 our exp]im5ts ) read+1 writ+1 etc4 ,:5 individual diff]5ces appe>$1 x 0 by no means due to ! possibility ( p]=m+ ^! tasks1 b r to ! am\nt ( int]e/ tak5 9 ! ex]cises1 = :i* "s *ildr5 %[$ actual en?usiasm4 ,eag]ness = surm\nt+ difficulties & = high atta9m5t is mu* m frequ5tly f\nd 9 *ildr5 ?an we1 judg+ by our own exp]i5ce z adults1 easily suspect4 ,9 any ev5t1 actual p]=mance is ! only guide to ! revelation ( p>ticul> aptitude1 ( p]sonal call+4 ,:5 "o ( ! l>g] *ildr5 spreads on ! table ! eight bells ( simil> size to make up ! scale by e>1 ! little ones pick up a s+le bell1 sometimes rea*+ out = x ) ! greate/ eag]ness4 ,!y beat x ) ! mallet = a long "t1 !y feel ( x1 exam9+ x c>efully1 mak+ x r+ m & m sl[ly4 ,! old] *ildr5 take special int]e/ 9 ! pair+1 (t5 repeat+ ! same ex]cise _m times2 b an unusual *>m is f\nd 9 ! successive s\nds ( ! eight bells :5 plac$ 9 ord]2 9 o!r words1 9 he>+ ! scale4 ,n5nella1 "o ( ! *ildr5 ( ! ,*ildr5's ,h\se ( ,via ,giu/i1 play$ ! scale ov] two hundr$ times 9 succession1 "o hundr$ = ! asc5d+ scale & "o hundr$ back aga94 ,! :ole class is sometimes int]e/$ 9 li/5+1 ! *ildr5 foll[+ ) absolute sil5ce ! classic beauty ( ?is succession ( s\nds4 ,ano!r *ild1 ,m>io1 us$ to g to ! v end ( ! table--z f> away z possible1 & re/+ 8 elb[s on ! table ) 8 head 9 8 h&s1 he w\ld rema9 )\t /irr+ 9 ! sil5ce ( ! d>k5$ room1 %[+ 8 extraord9>y int]e/ 9 ! ex]cise 9 e detail ( demeanor & facial expression4 ,at a c]ta91 mom5t1 int]e/ 9 reproduc+ ! note vocally appe>s4 ,! *ildr5 accompany ! scale ) _! voices4 ,!y /rive = ! exact reproduction ( ! s\nd :i* ! bell gives4 ,_! voices become s(t & musical 9 ?is ex]cise1 %[+ no?+ ( t %rillness1 s *>act]i/ic ( *ildr5's voices 9 ! usual popul> songs4 ,9 ! classes ( ,via ,trionfale x happ5$ t "s *ildr5 ask$ p]mission to accompany vocally ! scale t a *ild 0 play+ s(tly on ! bells4 ,! int]e/ tak5 9 ?is ex]cise 0 ( a high] ord] ?an t %[n by *ildr5 9 ! s++ ( songs4 ,x 0 easy to see t songs ) _! caprici\s int]vals betwe5 widely sep>at$ notes & call+ = pronunciation ( words1 musical expression1 diff]5ces 9 "t1 etc41 are unadapt$ to ! mo/ elem5t>y ex]cises 9 s++4 ,x 0 possible to te/ ! absolute memory ( ! *ild = ! diff]5t notes )\t any set ex]cise4 ,aft] a long s]ies ( exp]im5ts 9 pair+1 ! *ildr5 beg9 to make scales1 us+ only "o s]ies ( bells1 & !y repeat ?is ex]cise _m times & 9 diff]5t ways4 ,sometimes1 = in/ance1 a *ild always looks = ! l[e/ note1 d1 !n = ! next above x1 re1 etc4 ,aga91 a *ild w take any bell at r&om1 look+ next = ! note imm$iately above or imm$iately bel[1 & s on4 ,x also happ5s t on pick+ up "s bell or o!r1 ! *ild w exclaim on he>+ its s\nd1 ?is is mi1 ?is is d1 & s on4 ,"o *ild _h made a spl5did demon/ration ( ! use ( ! bells be=e h] ,maje/y1 ! ,que5 ,"m4 ,?is 0 9 ! mon? ( ,may4 ,al?\gh he _h _h no fur!r access to ! mat]ials 9 8 ,*ildr5's ,h\se ( ,via ,giu/i1 9 ! ,novemb] foll[+ he 0 ask$ to use "s musical pipes1#i :i* he _h h>dly se5 be=e1 & :i* happ5$ to be 9 great disord] s9ce !y _h j arriv$ f ! factory4 ,!re 7 sixte5 pipes mix$ at r&om1 compris+ a d\ble diatonic scale4 ,he took "o ( ! pipes1 /ruck x & said1 ,?is is si1 & imm$iately hung x on ! appropriate hook ( ! support4 ,on r++ ! next "o1 he said1 ?is is mi1 & aga9 put ! pipe 9 ! "r place4 ,s he w5t on & arrang$ ! sixte5 pipes 9 accurate ord] on ! two p>allel frames4 ,he _h _h a good deal ( ex]cise dur+ ! prec$+ ye> & _h pres]v$ an absolutely accurate memory ( ! notes4 ,z is ! case ) colors1 geometrical %apes1 etc41 ! *ildr5 beg9 at ?is po9t to explore ! environm5t4 ,"o w come to ! tea*] at ! piano & say1 /rik+ a key1 ,?is is /ee1 mean+ t ! note corresponds to ! fir/ syllable ( ! fir/ ^w 9 "s song he kn[s 7,/ella1 ,/ell9a74 ,x happ5s t ! key /ruck by ! *ild is a d1 ! v note correspond+ to ! syllable /e 9 ! song4 ,we _h _m t\*+ examples ( ?is musical exploration ( ! environm5t4 ,,footnote3 #i ,! pipes are an equipm5t p>allel to ! bells4 ,!y are to be recomm5d$ = s*ools1 :i* c af=d a m sumptu\s outlay4 ,,ii ,,! ,,read+ ,,& ,,writ+ ,,( ,,music ,,mat]ial3 ,9 ,! ,*ildr5's ,h\se ! musical /aff is introduc$ by means ( a bo>d pa9t$ gre5 ) ! l9es 9 bas relief4 ,on ea* l9e & 9 ea* space repres5t+ ! octave to :i* ! s\nds ( ! bells respectively correspond1 is a small circul> ind5ture1 or socket1 into :i* ! disk = ea* note may be ins]t$4 ,inside ea* ind5ture is writt5 a numb]3 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g4 ,! disks us$ 9 ?is ex]cise h a numb] writt5 on ! l[] face & ! "n ( a note on ! upp]3 = in/ance1 #a1 d2 #b1 re2 #c1 mi2 #d1 fa2 #e1 sol2 #f1 la2 #g1 si3 d--re--mi--fa--sol--la--si--d4 ,illu/ration ,?is device enables ! *ild to place ! notes on _! respective l9es )\t mak+ any mi/akes & to exam9e _! relative positions4 ,! ind5tures are s arrang$ z to %[ an empty space :]ev] a semi-tone appe>s3 d1 re1 mi1 fa1 sol1 la1 si1 d4 ,9 ! semi-tone spaces black c\nt]s are to be plac$4 ,at a lat] /age ( ?is ex]cise ! /aff is repres5t$ by a wood5 bo>d simil> to ! "o describ$ above1 b )\t ! ind5tures4 ,! *ild has at 8 disposal a great _m disks ) ! notes writt5 out 9 full on "o face4 ,he c arrange ?irty or =ty ( ^! disks at r&om on ! bo>d1 keep+ !m1 h[ev]1 9 _! places accord+ to ! names ( ! notes2 b ea* "t ! surface %[+ ! "n ( ! note %\ld be plac$ d[nw>d on ! bo>d1 s t on ! l9e only disks )\t names are visible4 ,:5 a *ild has f9i%$ ?is ex]cise1 he is to turn ! disks ov] )\t dis>rang+ !m & s det]m9e f _! names :e!r he has plac$ !m prop]ly4 ,all ! disks on a giv5 l9e or 9 a giv5 space %\ld h ! same names4 ,%\ld any d\bt arise z to ! prop] place ( a note1 ! o!r bo>d ) ! numb]$ ind5tures c be us$ z a *eck4 ,illu/ration ,:5 a *ild has rea*$ ?is /age ( developm5t1 he c practice read+ ! musical script1 r++ ! bells accord+ to ! notes he is int]pret+4 ,! musical /affs are prep>$ on oblong c>ds ab\t sev5te5 c5timet]s broad4 ,! notes are ab\t two c5timet]s 9 diamet]4 ,! c>ds are v>i\sly color$--blue1 violet1 yell[1 r$4 ,! next /ep is = ! *ildr5 to write notes !mselves4 ,= ?is purpose we h prep>$ little %eets :i* c be b\nd toge!r into a book or album4 ,we (f] also a few songs employ+ two or ?ree notes s simple 9 "* t ! *ild c make !m out by e> on 8 bells4 ,:51 aft] "s practise1 he is c]ta9 he c copy ! song1 he writes ! notes on 8 /aff & s becomes ! editor ( 8 own music4 ,,treble ,,& ,,bass ,,clefs ,arrangem5t ( ! notes 9 ! =m ( a rhombus3 ,all ! ex]cises ?us f> h be5 9 ref]5ce to ! high] clef4 ,h[ev]1 no repres5tation ( ?is key has z yet be5 giv5 ! *ild4 ,8 fir/ task is to le>n ! relative position ( ! notes on ! two /affs4 ,to supply ?is want1 foll[+ ! sy/em ( ! ,musical ,cons]vatory ( ,milan1 we h adopt$ ! d\ble /aff4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,a %eet on :i* ! *ild writes 8 own music4 ,illu/ration3 ,! notes writt5 by ! *ild4 ,! brok5 l9e 7p4 #cbh7 indicates ! position ( d1 ! po9t ( dep>ture = ! scale4 ,9 fact1 z ! notes pass f l9e to space & space to l9e1 !y =m ! natural s]ies3 d1 re1 mi1 fa1 sol1 la1 si1 d4 ,! same situation develops z !y g d[n ! scale3 d1 si1 la1 sol1 fa1 mi1 re1 d4 ,:5 ! position ( d has be5 det]m9$1 ! o!r notes above & bel[ x are easily f\nd4 ,f ! d on ! left ! *ild c f9d 8 way to ! d on ! next octave high] & come d[n aga94 ,likewise f ! same po9t on ! "r 7d7 he c g d[n to ! d ( ! l[] octave & !n g up ! scale aga94 ,:5 ^! notes are repres5t$ on ! comb9$ /affs ) ! c\nt]s1 ! result+ design is a rhombus4 ,illu/ration ,sep>at+ ! two /affs1 ! arrangem5t ( ! notes 9 ! high] & l[] key 7! ,c scale & bass7 becomes app>5t & ! diff]5t significance ( ! two s]ies c be emphasiz$ by plac+ to ! left ( ! /aff ! two clef signs1 :i* h be5 prep>$ z special portions ( our mat]ial4 ,illu/ration ,9 ?is way ! *ildr5 h le>n$ ! scale 9 d major 9 ! two keys4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! black & :ite spaces puts !m 9 a position to recognize ^! notes ev5 on ! piano4 ,our mat]ial1 9 fact1 includes a dim9utive keybo>d :]e ! keys are small en\gh to fit ! size ( a *ild's h&4 ,x c be us$ z an ex]cise = ! f+] muscles4 ,z ea* key is t\*$ x raises a hamm] m>k$ ) ! "n ( ! note /ruck1 :i* ! *ild c see ?r\gh a glass4 ,?us :ile ! *ild is practis+ 8 f+] movem5ts1 he fixes 8 acqua9tance ) ! arrangem5t ( ! notes on ! keybo>d4 ,?is small piano makes no noise4 ,h[ev]1 a sort ( organ-pipe me*anism c be fitt$ on above ! hamm]s 9 su* a way t ea* /roke1 z ! hamm] rises1 connects ) a re$ :i* gives a correspond+ s\nd4 ,all ! ex]cises ?us f> h be5 bas$ ^u s5sory exp]i5ce z ! po9t ( dep>ture4 ,! *ild's e> has recogniz$ ! fundam5tal s\nds & initiat$ him into real musical education4 ,all ! re/1 su* z ! music writ+1 etc41 is n music4 ,,iii ,,! ,,major ,,scales ,we h develop$ additional mat]ial = ! tea*+ ( ! scales4 ,"h we %[ a *>t some:at sugge/+ ! arrangem5t ( ! bell mat]ial us$ 9 ! fir/ ex]cises4 ,t is1 ! relative int]vals betwe5 ! v>i\s notes ( ! scale are cle>ly indicat$4 ,! scale is1 9 fact1 a s]ies ( eight s\nds1 ! int]vals betwe5 ea* be+ z indicat$ by ! black m>ks 9 ! design3 :ole tone1 :ole tone1 semi-tone1 :ole tone1 :ole tone1 :ole tone1 semi-tone4 ,9 ! d major scale ! int]vals are indicat$ z foll[s3 a :ole tone betwe5 d & re2 re & mi2 fa & sol2 sol & la2 la & si2 & a semi-tone betwe5 mi & fa & si & d4 ,if1 h[ev]1 in/ead ( beg9n+ ) d1 ! scale />ts f "s o!r note1 ! mutual int]vals *>act]iz+ ! scale rema9 un*ang$4 ,x is z ?\gh ! :ole scale ) its *>act]i/ic con/ruction z reg>ds tone diff]5ces 7 mov$ along4 ,accord+ly1 z our plate %[s1 "u ! figure ( ! two octaves !re is ano!r figure4 ,?is latt] is a movable piece ( c>dbo>d :i* %[s ! con/ruction ( ! octave 9 black & :ite4 ,?is movable c>d is fa/5$ to ! l>ge *>t by a ribbon4 ,suppos+ n[ we slide ?is movable piece1 z indicat$ 9 ! figure1 to ! level ( mi4 ,! int]vals betwe5 ! tones ( ! mi scale are ! same z 9 all ! o!r scales4 ,9 o!r words1 !y rema9 z indicat$ on ! small movable c>d4 ,x is necess>y1 accord+ly1 to /rike on ! gr& scale ! notes correspond+ to ! :ite spaces ( ! movable slip3 viz41 mi1 fa diesis1 sol diesis1 la1 si1 d diesis1 re diesis4 ,?is process may be repeat$ by slid+ ! movable c>d to all ! notes 9 succession4 ,9 ?is way all ! scales are gradually con/ruct$4 ,?is becomes an int]e/+ !oretical ex]cise1 s9ce ! *ild discov]s t he is able to build all possible scales by himself4 ,illu/ration3 ,! monocord4 ,9 ! fir/ in/rum5t ! notes are indicat$ by frets4 ,on ! monocord 9 ! =egr\nd ! *ild places ! frets z he discov]s ! notes by draw+ ! b[ across ! /r+4 ,illu/ration3 ,mat]ial = indicat+ ! int]vals ( ! major scale & its transposition f "o key to ano!r4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 = ?is purpose a real musical mat]ial1 z appe>s f our design4 ,"h on a wood5 =m l t us$ = ! bells1 b two octaves in/ead ( "o octave long1 we h arrang$ prisms ( equal dim5sions b pa9t$ black & :ite accord+ to ! tones !y repres5t4 ,ea* prism %[s a rectangul> plate expos$ to view4 ,! plates are id5tical 9 appe>ance on all ! prisms4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 really ( diff]5t l5g?s accord+ to ! diff]5t prisms4 ,:5 ^! plates are /ruck1 !y give ! notes ( two octaves1 ! prisms act+ z s\nd+ bo>ds4 ,! s\nds are s(t & mell[ & unusually cle>1 s t we d n exagg]ate 9 describ+ ?is me*anism z really a musical in/rum5t 7resembl+ ! ,xylophone74 ,9 our design ea* piece is arrang$ 9 its prop] position 9 ! d major scale4 ,s9ce ! int]vals betwe5 ! tones are ! same = all ! scales )\t di/9ction1 if ! gr\p ( prisms is mov$ z a :ole f "r to left1 slid+ along ! wood5 =m1 "s ( ! prisms w fall4 ,! result+ effect is ! same z t produc$ :5 ! small c>d 0 mov$ ov] ! l>g] *>t 7see above74 ,no matt] h[ f> ! gr\p ( prisms is mov$1 ! scale c be obta9$ by /rik+ all ! prisms correspond+ to ! :ite spaces on ! wood5 =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,! upp] cut %[s ! music b>s arrang$ = ! scale ( ,c major4 ,! l[] cut %[s ! transposition ( ! scale1 pres]v+1 h[ev]1 ! same int]vals4 ,= in/ance1 let u take away ! two fir/ prisms1 d & d diesis on ! left1 & pu% ! :ole gr\p ( prisms f "r to left until re rea*es ! po9t =m]ly occupi$ by d4 ,if1 n[1 we /rike ! plates :i* correspond to ! notes ( ! major scale1 we obta9 ! major scale 9 re4 ,on exam9+ ! notes :i* make up ?is scale1 we f9d3 re1 mi1 fa diesis1 sol1 la1 si1 d diesis1 re4 ,?is brief description w indicate h[ int]e/+ ?is in/rum5t is4 ,x conta9s 9 v simple =m & expresses 9 a cle> & delightful way ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( h>mony4 ,its use c be made app>5t to tea*]s by ! ?ree foll[+ tables4 ,z ! *ildr5 d]ive 9 ?is way all ! possible scales1 !y %\ld transf] !m to _! copy books1 mak+ use ( all ! symbols ( musical notation4 ,! copy+ ( ! scales %\ld be develop$ progressively3 fir/ ! scale ) "o diesis1 next ! scale ) two1 !n ! "o ) ?ree dieses1 etc4 ,f9e opportunities = obs]vation are "h (f]$4 ,a *ild may see = in/ance t a scale ) two dieses has ! same diesis :i* appe>$ 9 ! prec$+ scale2 a scale ) ?ree dieses has ! two dieses ( ! prec$+ scales1 & s on4 ,! dieses recur at int]vals ( five notes4 ,s9ce 9 us+ ! fir/ mat]ial1 by *ang+ ! ?ird & six? bell1 ! *ild 0 taught to recognize ! h>monic m9or scale1 to con/ruct x & li/5 to x1 x is n[ an obvi\sly simple matt] = him to make up all ! m9or scales4 ,we h ?us develop$ ex]cises :i* prep>e = ! recognition ( ! major & m9or tones z well z = ! recognition ( ! diff]5t tones4 ,x also becomes an easy matt] to play a simple motif 9 diff]5t keys4 ,x is suffici5t to move ! s]ies ( plates1 z has be5 indicat$1 & play !m ov] accord+ to ! indications ( ! :ite & black spaces ( ! wood5 =m4 ,) all ! plates 9 position4 ,illu/ration ,) two plates remov$4 ,scale ( ,d4 ,illu/ration ,) f\r plates remov$4 ,scale ( ,e4 ,illu/ration ,) five plates remov$4 ,scale ( ,f4 ,illu/ration ,) sev5 plates remov$4 ,scale ( ,g4 ,illu/ration ,) n9e plates remov$4 ,scale ( ,a4 ,illu/ration ,) elev5 plates remov$4 ,scale ( ,b4 ,illu/ration ,scale ( ,cflat4 ,illu/ration ,) "o plate remov$4 ,scale ( ,dflat4 ,illu/ration ,scale ( ,c%>p4 ,illu/ration ,) ?ree plates remov$4 ,scale ( ,eflat4 ,illu/ration ,) six plates remov$4 ,scale ( ,gflat4 ,illu/ration ,scale ( ,f%>p4 ,illu/ration ,) eight plates remov$4 ,scale ( ,aflat4 ,illu/ration ,) t5 plates remov$4 ,scale ( ,bflat4 ,illu/ration ,"h is a specim5 ( key transposition3 ,illu/ration ,at ?is po9t *ildr5 usually develop great ke5ness = produc+ s\nds & scales on all k9ds ( in/rum5ts 7/r+$ in/rum5ts1 w9d in/rum5ts1 etc47 ,"o ( ! in/rum5ts :i* br+s ! *ild to produc+ & recogniz+ notes is ! mono*ord4 ,x is a simple1 resonant box ) "o /r+4 ,! fir/ ,scale ( ,c4 ,illu/ration ,scale ) %>ps4 ,scale ) flats4 ,illu/ration ex]cise is 9 tun+4 ,! /r+ is made to correspond ) "o ( ! resonant prisms 7d74 ,?is is made possible by a key ) :i* ! /r+ c be loos5$ or tight5$4 ,! *ild may n[ be taught to h&le ! viol9 b[ or m&ol9 plectrum1 or he may be in/ruct$ 9 ! f+] ?rumm+ us$ = ! h>p or banjo4 ,on "o ( our mono*ords1 ! notes are indicat$ by fix$ transv]sal frets1 ! "n ( ea* note be+ pr9t$ 9 ! prop] space4 ,^! notes are1 h[ev]1 n writt5 on ! o!r mono*ord1 :]e ! *ild mu/ le>n to discov] by e> ! prop] di/ances at :i* ! notes are produc$4 ,9 ?is case ! *ild has at 8 disposal movable frets ) :i* he c indicate ! po9ts he has discov]$ z produc+ a giv5 note4 ,^! frets %\ld be left 9 position by ! *ild to s]ve z a *eck on 8 "w4 ,! *ildr5 h %[n consid]able int]e/ also 9 little pit*pipes1 :i* give v pleas+ tones4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,?us 9 compos+ ! scales & 9 li/5+ to !m ! *ild p]=ms real ex]cises 9 musical education4 ,a giv5 melody 9 ! major scale is repeat$ 9 v>i\s keys4 ,9 li/5+ to x c>efully1 9 repeat+ x1 9 obs]v+ ! notes :i* make x up1 ! *ild has an ex]cise simil> to ! audition ( ! note1 b an ex]cise ( a f> m advanc$ "*4 ,c ,pit*4 ,illu/ration ,d ,pit*4 ,illu/ration ,e ,pit*4 ,illu/ration ,f ,pit*4 ,illu/ration ,?is ex]cise is to be ! />t+ po9t = und]/&+ melody4 ,to make ! he>+ ( music an intellig5t act & n l ! me*anical process :i* appe>s :5 *ildr5 read1 9 l\d monotone1 books :i* !y _c und]/& & ( ! mean+ ( :i* !y h no idea1 prep>atory ex]cises are requir$4 ,we get ?is prep>ation ?r\gh v>i\s ex]cises 9 ! audition ( v>i\s scales = ! recognition ( key1 & 9 ex]cises on ! int]pretation ( rhy?m4 ,,iv ,,ex]cises ,,9 ,,rhy?m ,"o ( our mo/ successful ex]cises has prov$ to be t orig9ally conceiv$ z a help 9 tea*+ *ildr5 to walk1 viz41 walk+ ! l9e4 ,x w be rememb]$ t among ! ex]cises 9 motor education us$ at ! outset ( our me?od1 appe>$ t ( walk+ ) "o foot 9 front ( ! o!r on a l9e drawn on ! floor1 mu* z d tight-rope-walk+ acrobats4 ,! purpose ( ?is ex]cise 0 to /abilize equilibrium1 to tea* erect c>riage & to make movem5t fre] & m c]ta94 ,miss ,mac*]oni began h] ex]cises 9 rhy?m by accompany+ ?is walk+ ( ! *ildr5 ) piano music4 ,9 fact1 ! s\nd ( ! piano came to be ! call signal = ! *ildr5 to take up ?is ex]cise4 ,! tea*] />ts to play & imm$iately ! *ildr5 come ( _! own accord1 & almo/ )\t exception1 to take up _! positions on ! l9e4 ,at ! v beg9n+ ! music seems to be purely a signal1 at be/ a pleasant accompanim5t to ! motor ex]cise4 ,!re is no app>5t adaptation ( ! *ild's movem5ts to ! musical rhy?m4 ,h[ev]1 z ! same measure is repeat$ = a consid]able p]iod1 ! rudim5ts ( ?is adaptation beg9 to appe>4 ,"o ( ! *ildr5 beg9s to keep /ep ) ! rhy?m ( ! music4 ,individual diff]5ces 9 adaptation p]si/ = "s "t2 b if ! same musical rhy?m is kept up1 almo/ all ! *ildr5 f9ally become s5sible to x4 ,9 fact1 ^! little p beg9 to develop g5]al attitudes ( body1 9 relation to ! music1 :i* are ( ! greate/ int]e/4 ,fir/ ( all1 ! *ildr5 *ange _! gait accord+ to ! music3 ! light walk1 ! w>-l m>*1 ! run1 develop on ! impulse ( ! rhy?mic movem5t4 ,x is n t ! tea*] tea*es ! *ild to *ange 8 walk accord+ to ! music3 ! ph5om5on arises ( its own accord4 ,! *ild beg9s to int]pret ! rhy?m by mov+ 9 h>mony ) x4 ,b to obta9 ?is result ! tea*] mu/ play p]fectly1 c>efully not+ all ! details ( musical punctuation4 ,! creation ( musical feel+ 9 ! *ildr5 dep5ds ^u ! tea*]'s own feel+ & ! rigor\s accuracy ( h] own execution4 ,x w be useful to give "h a few details on ! execution ( ^! fir/ rhy?mic ex]cises4 ,! *ildr5 beg91 z we h said1 by le>n+ to walk on ! l9e4 ,!y develop a passion = walk+ on t l9e1 yield+ to a fasc9ation :i* gr[n-up p _c conceive4 ,!y seem to put _! :ole s\ls into x4 ,?is is ! mom5t = ! tea*] to sit d[n at ! piano & )\t say+ any?+ to play ! fir/ melody 9 our s]ies4 ,! *ildr5 smile1 !y look at ! piano & cont9ue to walk1 becom+ m & m conc5trat$ on :at !y are do+4 ,! melody acts z a p]suad+ voice2 ! *ildr5 beg9 to consid] ! "t ( ! music & little by little _! t9y feet beg9 to /rike ! l9e 9 /ep ) x4 ,"s ( our ?ree-ye>-old]s beg9 to keep /ep z e>ly z ! fir/ or second trial4 ,aft] a v few attempts a :ole class ( =ty *ildr5 w be walk+ 9 "t4 ,we mu/ w>n aga9/ ! error ( play+ ) special emphasis on ! measure2 9 o!r words1 ( /rik+ m l\dly ?an is requir$ ! note 7!sis7 :i* m>ks ! inception ( ! rhy?mic p]iod4 ,! tea*] %\ld be c>eful simply to br+ out all ! expression t ! melody requires4 ,%e may be sure t ! rhy?mic cad5ce w become app>5t f ! tune itself4 ,! play+ ( "o note m l\dly ?an ! o!rs1 ?us to emphasize ! rhy?mic acc5t 7!sis71 is to deprive ! selection ( all its value z melody & !re=e ( its p[] to cause ! motory action correspond+ to rhy?m4 ,x is necess>y to play accurately & ) feel+1 giv+ an int]pretation z real z possible4 ,we get ?us a musical "t :i*1 z e "o kn[s1 is n ! me*anical "t ( ! metronome4 ,if x is c]ta9ly absurd to play a ,nocturne ( ,*op9 on ! metronome1 x is h>dly less absurd & c]ta9ly q z disagreeable to play a piece ( dance music on t in/rum5t4 ,ev5 ^? p :o h a great aptitude = feel+ "t & :o play ) special att5tion to exactness ( measure1 "k t !y _c foll[ ! metronome )\t positive discom=t4 ,*ildr5 feel ! rhy?m ( a piece ( music if x is play$ ) musical feel+2 & n only d !y foll[ ! "t ) _! foot/eps1 b1 z ! rhy?mic p]iods v>y1 !y adapt ! :ole attitude ( _! bodies to ! melodic p]iod1 :i* is develop$ ar\nd ! beats con/itut+ ! rhy?m z ar\nd po9ts ( support4 ,!re is a va/ diff]5ce betwe5 ?is ex]cise & t ( hav+ *ildr5 m>* to ! clapp+ ( h&s or to ! "t ( "o1 two1 ?ree1 etc41 c\nt$ 9 a tone ( comm&4 ,a *ild ( t5 ye>s 0 danc+ to ! music ( a ,*op9 waltz play$ ) mo/ g5]\s concessions to ! diff]5t colorations indicat$ 9 ! text4 ,%e put into h] movem5ts a c]ta9 fullness ( sw+1 to br+ out ! effect :i* a m>k$ rall5t&o gives ! notes4 ,( c\rse ?is me?od ( danc+ dem&s on ! "p ( ! *ildr5 a p]fect & intimate id5tification ( _s ) ! music2 b ?is is some?+ :i* *ildr51 ev5 :5 !y are small1 possess 9 a v special way1 & :i* !y develop 9 _! long & un9t]rupt$ walks on ! l9e to ! s\nds ( a tune (t5 repeat$4 ,x is curi\s to see !m assume a demeanor entirely 9 h>mony ) ! expression ( ! music !y are foll[+4 ,a little boy ( ?ree1 dur+ ! play+ ( our fir/ melody1 held ! palms ( 8 h&s turn$ p>allel ) ! floor & z he walk$ he b5t 8 knees slightly ) ea* /ep4 ,on pass+ f our fir/ to our second tunes1 he *ang$ n only ! rapidity ( 8 foot/eps1 b ! attitude ( 8 :ole body4 ,consid]$ z some?+ ext]nal ?is may be ( slight importance1 b consid]$ z evid5ce ( a m5tal /ate1 ! *ange 9 demeanor be>s witness to a di/9ct arti/ic exp]i5ce4 ,! compos] ( ! tune c\ld well be pr\d ( su* a s9c]e response to 8 "w1 if ! te/ ( musical beauty be reg>d$ z successful communication ( feel+4 ,our second tune is a rapid &ante some:at /accato4 ,! fir/ 0 sl[ & bl5d+ 7legato74 ,! *ildr5 feel ! legato1 answ]+ x ) v res]v$ movem5ts4 ,! /accato lifts !m f ! floor4 ,! cresc5do makes !m hurry & /amp _! feet4 ,! =te sometimes br+s !m to clap _! h&s1 :ile cal&o re/ores !m to ! sil5t m>*1 :i* turns1 dur+ ! piano1 to p]fect sil5ce4 ,! completion ( ! musical p]iod br+s !m to a halt & !y /& !re expectant until x is tak5 up aga92 or if x be ! end ( ! :ole tune1 !y sudd5ly /op4 ,bepp9o1 a little boy ( ?ree1 us$ to keep "t ) ! ext5d$ =ef+] ( 8 "r h&4 ,! music 0 a song 9 two p>ts repeat$ alt]nately1 ! "o 9 legato & ! o!r 9 /accato2 ) ! legato he us$ a uni=m regul> movem5t2 he foll[$ ! /accato ) sudd5 spasmodic beats4 ,to-day =ty *ildr5 may be se5 walk+ z s(tly z possible dur+ a tune play$ pianissimo4 ,^! same *ildr5 on ! day :5 !y fir/ he>d ! piano kept call+ to ! tea*] play l\d]2 we c't he> & yet at t "t ! tea*] 0 play+ n pianissimo1 b mezzo =te6 ,at fir/ ! *ildr5 int]e/$ 9 ! fir/ tune are deaf to any o!r4 ,! *ildr5 9 ! ,/4 ,b>naba ,s*ool 9 ,milan got 9 /ep ) ! fir/ tune4 ,!y did n notice t ! tea*] _h *ang$ to ! second & kept _! /ep s well t :5 ! fir/ tune 0 resum$1 ! tea*] f\nd !m 9 p]fect "t1 :ile on ! faces ( ! *ildr5 appe>$ a smile ( recognition1 z x 71 ( an old fri5d4 ,if ! tea*] is suffici5tly cauti\s1 %e c discov] )\t di/urb+ ! *ildr5 ! mom5t :5 !y h caught a new tune2 & ev5 if only a few succe$ 9 foll[+ bo? ( ! fir/ two melodies1 ! tea*] c satisfy ^! few by alt]nat+ ! tunes4 ,?is does n di/urb ! o!rs :o come1 little by little1 to notice ! *ange 9 ! music & to fall 9 ) ! new movem5t4 ,9 a public k9d]g>t5 at ,p]ugia an attempt ( ?is nature 0 made )\t w>n+ by a lady1 :o1 be+ a visitor1 felt free to take ?is lib]ty4 ,! *ildr5 7 invit$ into ! l>ge hall & left to !mselves :ile ! lady 0 play+ on ! piano our ?ird melody1 a m>*4 ,! old] *ildr5 caught ! movem5t at once4 ,aft] !y _h be5 m>*+ = "s "t a galop 0 play$4 ,"s hesitation appe>$ 9 a few pupils :ile o!rs app>5tly 7 n aw>e ( ! *ange 9 ! music4 ,sudd5ly two or ?ree began to run1 z ?\gh swept away by ! rhy?mic wave1 z ?\gh borne along by ! music4 ,!y h>dly seem$ to t\* t floor to :i*1 b a few mom5ts previ\sly1 ! m>* seem$ to h glu$ !m at e /ep6 ,a portion ( ! *ildr5 9 ?is class _h tak5 seats 9 ! slop+ auditorium ar\nd ! room4 ,!y 7 ! y\nge/ *ildr52 & :5 ! victori\s *>ge broke out to ! tune ( ! galop1 !y began to clap _! h&s en?usia/ically4 ,"s ( ! tea*]s felt al>m$1 b c]ta9ly ! spectacle 0 an inspir+ "o4 ,x foll[s t if we are to tell ! *ildr5 to hop1 run1 or m>*1 !re is no use 9 our giv+ !m music4 ,we mu/ take our *oice3 ei!r music or comm&s4 ,ev5 9 our read+ lessons ) ! slips1 we d n tell ! *ild ! ^w t he mu/ read4 ,we mu/ d )\t comm&s1 )\t false acc5tuation ( notes1 )\t en=c$ positions4 ,music1 if x be 9 reality an expressive language1 sugge/s ev]y?+ to *ildr5 if !y are left to !mselves4 ,rhy?mic int]pretation ( ! musical ?\ght is express$ by ! attitude & movem5t ( body & _s4 ,nann9a1 a girl f\r ye>s old1 w\ld gracefully spread h] skirt1 & relax h] arms along h] body4 ,%e w\ld b5d h] knees slightly1 ?r[ h] head back & turn+ h] pretty little face to "o side1 smile at ^? beh9d h] z ?\gh ext5d+ h] amiability 9 all directions4 ,bepp9o1 f\r & a half ye>s old1 /ood ) 8 feet toge!r motionless at ! c5t] ( ! ellipse drawn on ! floor1 on :i* ! *ildr5 7 walk+4 ,he beat ! "t ( ! fir/ tune ) an out/ret*$ arm1 b[+ f ! wai/ 9 p]fectly correct =m at e measure4 ,! "t consum$ 9 ?is b[ ( ,bepp9o exactly fill$ ! int]val betwe5 "o !sis & ! next & 0 9 p]fect accord ) ! movem5t ( ! tune4 ,nann9a1 ! same pretty girl we m5tion$ above1 always grew /iff :5 a milit>y m>* 0 play$2 %e w\ld fr[n & walk heavily4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! int]v5tion ( ! tea*] to give "s apposite lesson1 t5d+ to p]fect c]ta9 movem5ts1 is some?+ :i* gives ! *ildr5 extraord9>y delight4 ,five ( our little girls embrac$ ea* o!r raptur\sly & smo!r$ ! tea*] ) kisses :5 !y _h le>n$ a few new movem5ts ( a rhy?mic dance4 ,otello1 ,v9c5z9o & ,t]esa _h be5 taught to get a bett] effect f _! tamb\r9es1 _! /eps & ge/ures4 ,ea* ( !m ?ank$ ! tea*] = ! pr(itable lesson 9 a special way4 ,v9c5z9o gave h] a beam+ smile :5ev] he m>*$ pa/ h]2 ,t]esa w\ld furtively t\* h] ) h] h&2 ,otello 0 ev5 m demon/rative--z he w5t by h] he w\ld leave ! l9e1 run to h] & embrace h] = a second or two4 ,if ! spontaneity ( e *ild has be5 respect$2 if1 9 o!r words1 e *ild has be5 able to gr[ 9 8 or h] own way1 li/5+ to ! tunes1 foll[+ !m ) ! foot/eps & ) free movem5ts--int]pret+ !m2 if ea* *ild has be5 able to p5etrate1 )\t be+ di/urb$ by any "o1 into ! he>t ( ! beautiful fact :i* ! und]/&+ ( music con/itutes2 !n x is easy = ! tea*] :o has =ty *ildr5 7betwe5 ?ree & five & a half ye>s ( age7 only "o assi/ant1 & pref]ably p]haps a :ole ap>tm5t in/ead ( a clos$ room1 to sit d[n at ! piano & tea* eight *ildr5 a long & intricate dance1--! lanci]s 9 five p>ts4 ,& !n j l ! or*e/ra lead] :o has prep>$ 8 pupils1 ! tea*] ) a m9imum ( ef=t gets ! v effect 9 danc+1 etc41 :i* tea*]s g5]ally are s anxi\s to obta94 ,!n we c get m>*es1 c\nt] m>*es1 simultane\s movem5ts1 alt]nate movem5ts1 int]weav+ l9es1--any?+ 9 fact1 t we wi%1 & ) p]fect accuracy besides2 s9ce e movem5t 9 ! *ildr5 corresponds exactly ) ! developm5t ( ! tune4 ,= in/ance1 ! *ildr5 are m>*+ two by two1 hold+ ea* o!r's h&1 dur+ ! play+ ( a %ort tune4 ,at ! end ( ?is melody !y sl[ly kneel1 b 9 su* a way t on ! s\nd ( ! la/ note !y are t\*+ ! floor v g5tly ) _! knees4 ,!re is some?+ sweet ab\t ! accuracy & ! p]fect simultane\sness atta9$ by ! *ildr51 "u ! guidance ( ! tune4 ,! effect ( ^! ex]cises on !m is to br+ repose to _! :ole body & a s5se ( peace to _! little s\ls4 ,on "o occasion 9 a s*ool j op5$ 9 ,milan1 #aijh1 ! *ildr5 re-act$ to ! piano by jump+ ab\t 9 confusion1 wav+ _! arms1 mov+ _! %\ld]s & legs4 ,?is 0 really an attempt to repres5t by a sort ( *aos ! complexity ( ! rhy?mic movem5ts !y 7 he>+4 ,!y 7 actually mak+1 )\t any assi/ance f o!rs1 a spontane\s attempt at musical int]pretation4 ,!y soon grew tir$ ( ?is1 say+ t ! ?+ 0 ugly4 ,!y _h1 h[ev]1 div9$ ! possibilities ( an ord]ly motory action2 & :5 !y _h become quiet aga91 !y began to li/5 to ! music ) great int]e/ wait+ = ! revelation ( its deep secret4 ,!n sudd5ly !y began to walk aga91 ?is "t regul>ly & accord+ to ! real measure4 ,"o ( ! *ildr51 ^: graph 0 some:at z foll[s3 ,illu/ration 7pauses1 t is1 on ! l9e ( quiesc5ce1 ) frequ5t excursions into ! negative field71 took no "p 9 ^! rhy?mic ex]cises4 ,on ! contr>y1 he 0 always break+ !m up by pu%+ ! o!r *ildr5 out ( l9e or mak+ a noise4 ,f9ally1 h[ev]1 he did le>n n to di/urb o!rs2 9 o!r words1 to /ay quiet1 some?+ :i* he _h nev] kn[n h[ to d be=e4 ,x is a great conque/ = a disord]ly *ild to ga9 ! ability to become q motionless1 9 a g5tly placid /ate ( m9d4 ,8 next /ep 0 to le>n to move delicately1 ) respect = o!r p2 & he came to h a c]ta9 s5sitiv5ess ab\t 8 relations ) 8 s*oolmates4 ,= example1 he us$ to blu% :5 !y smil$ at him & ev5 :5 he took no "p 9 :at !y 7 do+1 he %>$ _! activities ) an affectionate att5tion4 ,f ?is po9t on ,rizi]o 7t 0 ! *ild's "n7 ent]$ on a high] plane ( exi/5ce--"o ( ord]1 labor & polit5ess4 ,! fact also t *ildr5 at times li/5 to ! music1 :ile rema9+ seat$ com=tably ar\nd ! room1 wat*+ ! o!r *ildr5 dance & m>*1 is 9 itself a pretty ?+4 ,! *ildr5 :o are seat$ become v self-controll$4 ,!y wat* _! s*oolmates or ex*ange a few words cauti\sly ) ea* o!r4 ,at times1 ev51 !y let !mselves g 9 int]e/+ expressions ( movem5t ) _! arms4 ,! manife/ations ( placidity & int]e/ "h se5 _c be disjo9$ f a heal?ful1 spiritual upbuild+--a beautiful ord]l9ess1 :i* is be+ e/abli%$ )9 !m4 ,obvi\sly1 a wond]ful h>mony spr+s up betwe5 ! tea*]1 :o plays ) en?usia/ic feel+ & ) all possible skill ( h& & abundance ( _s simply because %e feels ! musical ph5om5a ar\nd h] 9 ! *ildr51 & ! pupils :o1 little by little1 are trans=m$ "u ?is influ5ce1 & %[ an und]/&+ ( ! music1 :i* becomes = !m some?+ m & m intimate1 m & m complete4 ,x is no long] a "q ( ! /ep1 b ( ! position ( ! :ole body3 arms1 heads1 *e/s are mov$ by ! music4 ,f9ally1 _m ( ! *ildr5 beat "t ) _! h&s1 & int]pret correctly )\t ev] hav+ be5 taught di/9ctions betwe5 #c & #d "t1 etc4 ,:5 a ke5 int]e/ 9 guess+ ! "t is awak5$ 9 !m1 ! *ildr5 look ab\t = v>i\s objects--w&s1 tamb\r9es1 ca/agnettes1 etc41 & ! class ex]cise is develop$ to p]fection4 ,! *ild comes to be possess$ by ! music4 ,he obeys ! musical comm& ) 8 :ole body & becomes m & m p]fect 9 ?is ob$i5ce %[n by 8 muscles4 ,"h is a pretty /ory :i* w %[ to :at ext5t *ildr5 c feel !mselves dep5d5t on ! music :i* makes !m move4 ,once my fa!r w5t into a room :]e a little ,p>isian girl :om he 0 v fond ( 0 passionately m>*+ to ! rhy?m ( a tune play$ on ! piano4 ,! *ild usually ran to meet ! old g5tleman2 b t day ! mom5t %e saw him %e began to %\t to ,miss ,mac*]oni1 :o 0 play+1 ,arrte1 arrte6 ,%e want$ to g & %ake h&s ) my fa!r1 some?+ %e c\ld n d z long z ! music 0 cont9u+ to comm& h] to move ) ! rhy?m4 ,& 9 fact1 x 0 n until ,miss ,mac*]oni /opp$ play+ t ! little girl 0 able to run & deliv] h] greet+4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,we h prep>$ a s]ies ( tunes = ?is "w & ,i ?9k x w be useful to give "h ?ree :i* we f9ally select$ because !y h succe$$1 :5ev] !y 7 tri$1 9 ar\s+ 9 ! *ildr5 ! ph5om5a above describ$4 ,!re are eight movem5ts *os5 f repeat$ ov] & ov] aga9 & play$ ) all possible accuracy1 w surely1 soon] or lat]1 be felt 9 e rhy?m by ! *ildr54 ,! transition f foll[+ ! "t by ones 7t is1 "o beat = e rhy?mic elem5t7 to ! indication ( simply ! beg9n+ ( ! measure 7t is1 "o beat on ! !sis7 appe>$ = ! fir/ "t 9 a ,*ildr5's ,h\se direct$ by ,miss ,mac*]oni4 ,!re1 "o morn+ :5 ! *ildr5 7 foll[+ ! music ) great pleasure1 m>*+ ab\t & beat+ on tamb\r9es1 x 0 a girl :o fir/ caught ! /rong beat 7!sis74 ,a little boy beh9d h] made ! conque/ a second lat]2 b :ile ! little girl lo/ :at %e _h ga9$ almo/ imm$iately1 ! little boy develop$ x to p]fection4 ,%ortly aft] o!r *ildr5 made ! same progress1 app>5tly z a sav+ ( ef=t2 !y began1 t is1 by beat+ once on e /ep4 ,?is requir$ a rapid movem5t & an endless succession ( beats4 ,all ( a sudd5 !y began to beat on ! fir/ note ( a measure4 ,illu/ration3 ,! *ildr5 us+ ! music bells & wood5 keybo>ds4 7,! ,wa%+ton ,montessori ,s*ool1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c47 ,"h1 = in/ance1 is a case ( #d_/d "t3 ,! *ildr5 at fir/ m>k$ ! "t )\t reg>d to ! measure1 ?us3 ,b ! mom5t comes sudd5ly :5 !y cat* ! measure3 !n !y beat x z foll[s3 ,9 o!r words1 _! beats fall only on ! fir/ note at ! measure4 ,m>ia ,l\ise1 a little "u f\r ye>s ( age1 0 walk+ to ! s\nd ( a #b_/d m>*1 play$ r lightly4 ,sudd5ly %e call$ to ! tea*]3 ,reg>de1 reg>de1 comme je fais6 ,%e 0 mak+ little skips1 gracefully rais+ h] arms on ! fir/ beat ( ! measure4 ,h] inv5tion 0 extraord9>ily happy & graceful4 ,usually 9 tea*+ ! divisions ( musical "t1 x has be5 ! cu/om to play =te ! "t call$ !oretically tempo =te3 9 o!r words1 to /rike h>d on ! fir/ note ( e rhy?mic measure4 ,9 fact1 tea*]s ( *ildr5 or "y p c (t5 be he>d play+ a tune ) special emphasis on ! fir/ note ( e measure & play+ ! successive notes pianissimo4 ,naturally ! motory action corresponds to ?is3 x w be t5se = ! /rong beats & light = ! weak beats4 ,b :at value has all ?is 9 relation to ! feel+ ( ! rhy?mic measure8 ,:at is call$ !oretically tempo =te has no relation to ! mean+ ( ! words /rong & weak 9 _! ord9>y s5se4 ,x is a "q ( emphasis & expression1 :i* d]ive _! nature f ! laws ( musical "t & melodic composition & c]ta9ly n f ! wri/ muscles ( ! p]son play+4 ,if ?is 7 n s1 a p]son c\ld play ! fir/1 second or ?ird note ( a measure z =te1 :]eas1 9 reality1 x is ! fir/ t is always /rong4 ,illu/ration3 ,analyz+ ! beat ( a measure :ile walk+ on a l9e4 7,a ,montessori ,s*ool 9 ,italy47 ,9 practise1 *ildr51 to :om ! six tunes we propos$ = ! beg9n+ ( ?is /udy 7 play$--& play$ always ) rigor\s musical int]pretation & ) expressiv5ess--succe$$ 9 recogniz+ ! fir/ beat ( ! measure z /rong1 & w5t on ?us to divide into measures "s ?irty pieces ( music ( v>i$ rhy?m4 ,ev5 ! foll[+ ye>1 aft] ! summ] vacation1 !y kept ask+ = new pieces ( music j = ! fun ( work+ out ! measure 9 !m4 ,!y w\ld /& at ! side ( ! tea*] at ! piano & ei!r ) _! h&s or ) s(t play+ on ! ca/agnettes or tamb\r9es1 accompany _! new piece ( music4 ,9 g5]al !y w\ld li/5 9 sil5ce to ! fir/ measure & !n fall 9 ) _! little beats l any well-tra9$ or*e/ra4 ,!y took ! tr\ble no long] to m>* to ! music3 !y 7 int]e/$ 9 ?is new =m ( /udy2 :ile ! small] tots1 delight$ ) ! new music1 7 /ill walk+ undi/urb$ along ! elliptical l9e on ! floor :i* 0 to guide !m to su* great conque/s6 ,! /rong beat 7!sis7 is ! key t op5s to ! high] laws ( music4 ,sometimes x is play$1 = reasons ( expression1 v s(tly & always possesses ! solemnity ( ! note :i* dom9ates ! rhy?m4 ,x may ev5 be syncopat$ or lack+ entirely1 j z :5 ! orator on rea*+ 8 climax pron\nces 9 a v l[ voice ! phrase :i* is to produce ! great effect1 or ev5 pauses & is sil5t3 ?is s5t5ce r+s p[]fully 9 ! e>s ( ^? :o li/54 ,! same error :i* leads to heavy /ress1 9 play+1 on ! fir/ beat ( e measure 9 ord] to attract ! att5tion ( ! *ildr5 to x1 also leads to sugge/+ second>y movem5ts 9 addition to ! "o :i* m>ks ! !sis4 ,! *ildr51 = in/ance1 mu/ make f\r movem5ts = a #d_/d "t3 movem5ts 9 ! air = ! second>y beats1 & a m en]getic movem5t = ! !sis4 ,! result is t int]e/ 9 ! succession ( movem5ts replace att5tion to ! fact ( mo/ importance1 :i* is to feel ! value ( ! fir/ beat4 ,*ildr5 :o feel ! fir/ note because x is play$ /rong & :o proce$ f "o /rong beat to ! foll[+ /rong beat guid$ by a succession ( movem5ts1 are n1 x is obvi\s1 foll[+ ! tune4 ,"o little girl :o _h be5 prep>$ by ?is me?od f\nd h]self1 on hav+ mi/ak5 ! beat1 con/antly p]si/+ 9 h] mi/ake "u ! guidance ( h] f\r movem5ts4 ,x is l pres5t+ a cube or a triangle to *ildr5 ( ?ree ye>s ) ! tea*] enum]at+ ! sides1 ! angles1 ! apexes1 etc4 ,9 reality ! *ildr5 d n get any notion ( ! triangle or ! cube4 ,our *ildr5 come ultimately to repres5t ! second>y beats ) ! slight movem5ts1 z foll[s3 & !n !y c\nt !m4 ,:5 we h1 gone ?us f> we rea* ! po9t :i* is exactly ! po9t ( dep>ture = ord9>y me?ods1 namely1 c\nt+ "o6 two6 ?ree6 f\r6 to keep /ep 9 "t4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,z a practical application ( ! in=mation already acquir$ 9 ! division ( "t into measures1 we next pass to ! ex]cise ( play+ ! scales 9 #b_/d1 #c_/d & #d_/d "t & ) ! triplets4 ,! scale1 ! classic type ( ! melody1 l5ds itself beautifully to ^! int]pretations ( v>i\s measures4 ,e "o mu/ h pass$ h\rs at ! piano play+ simple scales & f9d+ a delici\s v>iety 9 ! ex]cise4 ,! d scale itself may be play$1 = in/ance1 ?us3 ,illu/ration or ?us3 ,illu/ration or ?us3 ,illu/ration ,our little piano may be ( use 9 ?is ex]cise2 b x is bett] fir/ to use an ex]cise m easy = f+] movem5t & = ! position ( ! h&3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,*ildr5 :o h succe$$ 9 id5tify+ & divid+ ! melody into measures & ! measure itself into #b1 #c1 #d1 und]/& v easily ! "t values ( ! notes4 ,x is suffici5t to let ! *ild he> ea* ex]cise fir/ & he w repeat x ) precision4 ,?us all k9ds ( dry explanation ( musical values disappe>4 ,illu/ration ,! foll[+ notation ,illu/ration pres5ts no special difficulty if ! *ild has once he>d x4 ,our next /ep is to use "s ex]cises = ! analysis ( ! measure1 = in/ance3 ,illu/ration ,! *ildr5 foll[ ^! ex]cises1 m>*+ s z to put "o /ep on e note4 ,ev5 *ildr5 ( f\r ye>s :5 prep>$ ) ! prec$+ ex]cises succe$ 9 foll[+ ^! ) ! v greate/ int]e/4 ,!y are especially delight$ ) ! long note :i* keeps !m hang+ 9 position ) "o foot 9 front ( !m on ! l9e & ! o!r "o beh9d !m also on ! l9e4 ,! position is t ( a p]son :o /ops be=e br++ up ! foot :i* is /ill beh9d him4 ,s9ce ! *ildr5 already "k h[ to read music1 !re is hung up be=e !m a gre5 *>t 7simil> 9 dim5sions to ! musical /affs already famili> to !m7 on :i* is writt5 ! ex]cise :i* is be+ play$ at ! piano by ! tea*] & :i* !y execute on ! floor-l9e4 ,examples3 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,"h is ano!r3 ,illu/ration ,we ev5 give a simple "t l ?is "o 7compos$ by ,pr(essor ,jean ,gib]t ( ! ,montessori ,prim>y ,s*ool ( ,b>celona73 ,illu/ration ,( c\rse1 soon] or lat] *ildr5 fix _! att5tion on ! v>y+ =m ( ! notes & discov] t ?is diff]5ce 9 =m be>s a relation to diff]5ces 9 "t-value ( ! notes3 ,illu/ration ,?is is ! "t to give 9 v brief explanation ! lesson on ! value ( ! notes4 ,!reaft] ! *ild may write f memory a simple melody :i* ! tea*] has fir/ play$ on ! piano4 ,almo/ always ! *ild writes ?is d[n ) accuracy1 %[+ t he has control ov] ! musical values appe>+ 9 ! melody 9 "q4 ,! *ild uses = ?is purpose a l>ge gre5 *>t conta9+ v>i\s musical /affs on :i* movable notes may be fix$ at pleasure4 ,^! notes are equipp$ ) a p9 :i* may be pu%$ into ! wood4 ,! simple ex]cises giv5 = ! analysis ( ! measures1 transf]r$ into v>i\s keys1 c aft] "s practise 9 play+ !m on ! sy/em ( plates be put into _! copy books by ! *ildr54 ,^! ex]cises = measure-analysis are s simple t ! *ildr5 !mselves h sometimes le>n$ to play !m on ! piano4 ,x !n has happ5$ t ! class w5t ( its own accord into ! piano room2 "o *ild began to play & ! o!rs foll[$ ! music on ! floor-l9e4 ,! *ildr5 z !y walk ultimately come to s+ ! scales & ! easy tunes 7( :i* !y h recogniz$ ! notes7 pron\nc+ ! names ( ! notes2 b 9 s pron\nc+ !m !y s(t51 _! voices to ! po9t ( atta9+ an expression :i* may be call$ ev5 arti/ic4 ,:5 ! tea*] plays1 ! music ga9s ! add$ *>m ( h>mony1 s9ce ! tea*] c give n only ! simple scale1 b ! relative *ords1 & ?is gives ! scale a vigor\s & v sweet fullness4 ,^! ex]cises 9 measure analysis h also be5 p>ticul>ly useful 9 _! application to gymna/ic ex]cises4 ,! *ildr5 foll[ !m ) gymna/ic movem5ts1 us+ especially ! movem5ts ( ,dalcroze1 :i* are admirably adapt$ to ! measures ( #b_/d1 #c_/d1 #d_/d1 etc41 & :i* h a real beauty4 ,we discov]$ t ^! ex]cises prov$ to be complexly difficult = ! *ildr5 :o _h n practis$ suffici5tly 9 ! int]pretation ( ! diff]5t note values4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y 7 v easy = ^? :o _h come to h a cle> feel+ = ^! diff]5t values4 ,?is 0 pro( to u t s5sorial prep>ation mu/ prec$e ^! ex]cises1 & fur!rmore1 t ! only difficulty ,dalcroze movem5ts enc\nt] 9 *ildr5 arises f insuffici5t s5sory prep>ation 9 ! *ildr5 !mselves4 ,9 ! same way we illu/rate ! diff]5t details ( ( musical writ+3 ! dott$ note1 ,illu/ration ! triplet3 ,illu/ration ! legato1 ! /accato1 etc4 ,"h is an example ( a legato effect3 ,illu/ration3 7,sonnambula4 ,qu9tet7 ,?is example :i* d]ives all its expressive value f ! ties1 also br+s out ! value ( ! note3 ,illu/ration ,we ne$1 accord+ly1 a collection ( musical selections 9 :i* ! value ( ! notes is obvi\s & cle> to su* an ext5t t ! *ildr5 come to recognize ! diff]5t values4 ,?is recognition mu/ be obta9$ by e> ?r\gh li/5+ to ! music1 n by eye look+ at ! symbols :ile ! tea*] expla9s4 ,! #a_/d note always has a diff]5t musical cont5t f ! #a_/af note4 ,a musical piece made up ( ! #af? or #cb;d notes has a "* ( its own 7joy or agitation72 & a piece made up ( half or :ole notes has likewise its peculi> "* 7religi\s1 sad1 impressive74 ,! same may be said ( e musical symbol1 ! value ( :i* is br\ght out by ! note be+ play$ ) t value & 9 ref]5ce to t symbol4 ,x has be5 held t 9 play+ = *ildr5 & 9 copy+ music = ! use ( *ildr5 ! expression-symbols %\ld be suppress$4 ,we %\ld obs]ve t ^! signs ( expression be> to ! music ! relation t punctuation be>s to ! writt5 s5t5ce2 _! suppression takes away all value f ! notes4 ,= example1 ! legato & symbols :i* indicate t diff]5ce 7image & 7 h !re=e ! greate/ value4 ,! *ildr5 succe$ q easily 9 us+ & read+ ! accessory symbols ( music4 ,!y already "k _! mean+ ?r\gh hav+ he>d !m4 ,we h n f\nd x necess>y to use su* signs z s5se objects1 su* z b>s 7to be plac$ on ! wood5 /aff to divide measure f measure71 "t fractions1 p>5!ses & s on4 ,al?\gh we _h ^! manufactur$1 we ultimately ab&on$ !m because we f\nd t !y 7 simply 9 ! way4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we f\nd consid]able utility 9 our l>ge color$ c>ds ) a s+le /aff already describ$4 ,on ^! are writt5 v>i\s measures :i* ! *ildr5 read ) a special pleasure & execute on _! bells4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,) all ?is a way has be5 op5$ to a really musical education4 ,once ,miss ,mac*]oni1 :ile execut+ h] cu/om>y rhy?mic tunes1 reproduc$ a melodi\s religi\s movem5t1 ,o ,sanctissima1 :i* ! *ildr5 he>d = ! fir/ "t4 ,! *ildr5 all left ! l9e & ga!r$ ar\nd ! piano to li/54 ,two or ?ree little girls kneel$ on ! floor & o!rs rema9$ motionless execut+ pla/ic poses ) _! arms4 ,?is reveal$ to u _! s5sitiv5ess to melody2 !y felt mov$ n to m>* b to pray & assume v>i\s poses4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,we h n yet be5 able to pu% our exp]im5ts f> en\gh precisely to def9e ! musical mat]ial adapt$ to *ildr5 ( v>i\s ages4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 made a v great numb] ( successful attempts to br+ *ildr5 to enjoy melody & s5tim5tal expression 9 music4 ,! practicabl5ess & utility ( musical auditions1 or1 if y wi%1 ( conc]ts = *ildr51 graduat$ 9 difficulty1 execut$ on v>i\s in/rum5ts1 b on "o in/rum5t at a "t1 are beyond all "q2 ?is applies above all to songs reproduc$ by ! human voice1 :5 a well-tra9$ voice is available4 ,if a real arti/ %\ld take up ! task ( analyz+ = *ildr5 ! language ( music1 br++ !m to enjoy x phrase by phrase & "u diff]5t timbres 7voice1 /r+s1 etc471 8 new & sci5tific application ( ! art w\ld be produc$ 9 ! future f ^! gr\ps ( little ones1 s intellig5t 9 music1 :o foll[ ! mo/ expressive tunes ) s mu* passion & 9 a sil5ce m absolute ?an any celebrat$ arti/ c dream ( atta9+ 9 a meet+ ( adults6 ,no "o among ^! little he>]s is cold1 f> away 9 ?\ght4 ,b on ! faces ( ! *ildr5 appe>s ! int]ior work+ ( a _s1 ta/+ a nect> ess5tial to its v live4 ,h[ _m times a pla/ic pose1 a kneel+ po/ure1 an ec/atic face1 w move ! he>t ( ! arti/ to a s5se ( joy great] ?an t :i* any applause ( a ?rong ( p (t5 indiff]5t or inatt5tive1 c possibly give him6 ,usually only ^? w\nd$ at he>t by ! difficulty ( be+ und]/ood by o!rs1 or disc\rag$ by ! coldness or rud5ess ( o!r p1 or oppress$ by disillusion1 or fill$ ) a s5se ( pa9ful lonel9ess or ne$ ( expansion 9 "s o!r way1 feel 9 music ! voice :i* op5s ! doors ( ! he>t & causes a heal?-giv+ flood ( te>s or raises ! _s to a l(ty s5se ( peace4 ,only !y c und]/& h[ necess>y a companion = humanity music is4 ,we "k1 ( c\rse1 to-day t music is an indisp5sable /imulant = soldi]s ru%+ =? to die4 ,h[ mu* m truly w\ld x !n become a /imulant = all :o are to live6 ,?is conviction is already 9 ! he>ts ( _m p4 ,9 fact1 attempts h already be5 made to rea* ! populace by conc]ts 9 ! public squ>es & by mak+ conc]t halls accessible to p ( e class2 b aft] all1 d su* attempts am\nt to m ?an putt+ ! *eap editions ( ! classics into circulation among illit]ates8 ,education is ! prime requisite2 )\t su* education we h a p ( deaf mutes =ev] b>r$ f any music4 ,! e> ( ! un$ucat$ man _c p]ceive ! sublime s\nds :i* music w\ld br+ )9 8 rea*4 ,t is :y ?\gh ! music ( ,bell9i & ,wagn] is be+ play$ 9 public squ>es1 ! saloons are j z full z be=e4 ,if1 h[ev]1 f ^! pupils ( ours a :ole p c\ld gr[ up1 x w\ld be suffici5t to g ?r\gh ! /reets ) a good piece ( music & ev]ybody w\ld come out to he>4 ,all ^? places :]e ! r\gh & ab&on$ wrecks ( humanity seek enjoym5t1 l homeless dogs look+ = food 9 our a%-cans1 w\ld be empti$ z if by magic4 ,we w\ld h an actual realization ( ! ,allegory ( ,orpheus2 = he>ts :i* are to-day ( /one w\ld !n be /irr$ & br\ght to life by a sublime melody4 ,,s++ ,s++ began ) ! scale4 ,! s++ ( a scale1 fir/ 9 accompanim5t ) ! bells & lat] ) ! piano is a fir/ & great delight to ! *ildr54 ,!y s+ x 9 v>i\s ways1 n[ 9 a l[ voice1 n[ v l\d1 n[ all toge!r 9 unison1 n[ "o by "o4 ,!y s+ divid$ into two gr\ps1 %>+ ! notes alt]nately betwe5 !m4 ,among ! songs :i* we (f] to ! *ildr51 ! greate/ favorite prov$ to be ! syllabic ,gregorian ,*ant4 ,x is some?+ l a v p]fect =m ( spee*4 ,x has a conv]sational intonation1 ! s(tness ( a s5t5ce well pron\nc$1 ! full r\ndness ( ! musical phrase4 ,! examples giv5 "h h almo/ ! movem5t ( ! scale4 ,_m o!r v]ses ( ! ,gregorian ,*ant h1 l ^!1 prov$ to be ! delight ( ! ,montessori ,elem5t>y ,s*ool ( ,b>celona4 ,!re ! *ildr5 are especially ke5 ab\t ?is v simple music :i* !y l to play on ! piano1 on _! plates 7,xylophones7 or on _! mono*ords4 ,illu/ration3 ,music ,rorate ,coeli de sup] et nubes pluant ju/um ,pu] natus 9 ,be?lehem1 alleluia4 ,unde gaudet ,j]usalem ,alleluia ,alleluia ,9 ,cordis jubilo ,*ri/um natum adoremus1 ,cum novo ,cantico4 ,,musical ,,phrases ,,= ,,! ,,initial ,,rhy?mic ,,ex]cises ,we give "h 9 complete =m ! musical phrases us$ by u = ! fir/ rhy?mic ex]cises4 ,!y are adequate = giv+ ! s5sation ( rhy?m & = sugge/+ ! motory actions associat$ ) ! rhy?m4 ,?is musical mat]ial n[ =ms 9 our s*ools "p ( ! mat]ial :i* is exp]im5tally e/abli%$4 ,works f :i* ,selections are ,tak5 ,motor ,reactions ,provok$ #a4 ,ancora un bacio1 mazurka1 ,ba/ianelli ,sl[ walk4 #b4 ,si j'tais roi1 ,adolphe ,adam ,accel]at$ walk4 #c4 ,eagle ,m>*1 ,wagn] ,m>* /ep4 #d4 ,galop1 ,/rauss ,run4 #e4 ,italian folk-song ,hop4 #f4 ,pas des pat9eurs ,s$ate walk4 ,,ancora ,,un ,,bacio ,illu/ration3 ,music ,,si ,j',,tais ,,roi ,illu/ration3 ,music ,,eagle ,,m>* ,illu/ration3 ,music ,,galop ,illu/ration3 ,music ,,italian ,,folk ,,song ,illu/ration3 ,music ,,pas ,,des ,,pat9eurs ,illu/ration3 ,music ,o ,,sanctissima ,illu/ration3 ,music ,v ,,musical ,,auditions ,! movem5t entitl$ ,o ,sanctissima1 play$ by ,miss ,mac*]oni "o day by *ance among ! rhy?mic ex]cises1 is reg>d$ by u z an introduction to musical audition4 ,x w be recall$ t ! *ildr5 _h be5 accu/om$ to alt] _! /yle ( m>*+ on ! floor-l9e accord+ to *anges 9 ! music4 ,x _h nev]1 h[ev]1 occurr$ to !m to leave ! l9e4 ,:5 ?is piece 0 play$ !y all cr[d$ ar\nd ! piano1 motionless1 ?\ghtful1 absorb$2 :ile two or ?ree little ones fell to _! knees & assum$ v>i\s poses4 ,?is exp]i5ce sugge/$ to u ! idea ( musical auditions1 if y wi% conc]ts = *ildr54 ,*ildr51 little by little to be sure1 b no less admirably1 ent] into ! _s ( music4 ,aft] ! num]\s rhy?mic ex]cises1 z soon1 t is1 z !y h ma/]$ ! problem ( measure1 almo/ any sonata is )9 _! rea*4 ,!y c h&le n isolat$ movem5ts m]ely1 b :ole pieces ( music4 ,! same is true ( ! auditions4 ,at fir/1 ( c\rse1 x is bett] to select simple phrases2 b gradually ! *ildr5 come to enjoy ! be/ music1 joyfully recogniz+ ! feel+ :i* x expresses & :i* inspir$ x4 ,our pupils us$ to exclaim1 = in/ance3 ,?is piece is = weep+1 ,?is is = pray]1 ,n[ we mu/ laugh1 ,n[ we mu/ %\t1 etc4 ,we _c1 h[ev]1 insi/ too /rongly on ! ne$ = ! greate/ possible c>e 9 ! execution ( ! selections us$4 ,a *ild audi5ce is a v special "o4 ,x dem&s some?+ m ?an is expect$ by ! av]age intellig5t audi5ce4 ,x is "o 9 :i* musical intellig5ce mu/ be develop$4 ,our object mu/ be ! creation n m]ely ( high] & high] grades ( und]/&+ b also ( high] & high] grades ( feel+4 ,9 ?is s5se1 we c nev] d too mu* = ! *ildr54 ,x is a task n b5ea? ! dignity ( ! greate/ compos]s1 ! mo/ accompli%$ te*nicians4 ,inde$1 any "o ( su* might well e/eem x a privilege "s day to he> x said ( 8 "w t x ar\s$ ! fir/ love = music 9 ! he>ts ( "o ( ^! little ones4 ,= ?us music w\ld h be5 made a companion1 a consol]1 a gu>dian angel ( man6 ,x is ( c\rse n ! lot ( all ( u to atta9 ! exalt$ position ( greatness :e!r z arti/s or te*nicians4 ,we mu/ cont5t ourselves ) assum+ an obligation3 ) giv+ all ! s\l & all ! skill we possess4 ,we mu/ conceive ( ourselves z transmitt]s ( ! l>gess ( music to our *ildr54 ,we mu/ deeply feel our call+ z be/[]s ( a div9e gift4 ,! foll[+ titles 7 all us$ successfully by u 9 our exp]im5ts4 ,!y are supplem5ts to ! ,o ,sanctissima & a ,pat] ,no/]4 ,a4 ,,n>ratives4 ,trovatore3 ,tacea la notte placida4 ,lucrezia ,borgia3 ,nella fatal di ,rim9i e memorabil gu]ra4 ,lucia di ,lam]moor3 ,regnava nel sil5zio4 ,trovatore3 ,racconto di ,azuc5a4 ,sonnambula3 ,a fosco cielo1 a notte bruna4 ,rigoletto3 ,tutte le frese al tempio4 ,fra ,diavolo3 ,quell'uom dal fi]o aspetto4 ,b4 ,,description4 ,bee?ov53 ,moonlight4 ,bohme3 ,nevica2 qualcuno passa e p>la 7,act ,,ii1 prelude74 ,aida1 prelude z f> z ,cieli azzurri4 ,aida1 ,m>cia trionfale 7conta9+ ! motive ( ! sc5e to :i* x belongs74 ,c4 ,,s5tim5t ,,& ,,passion3 ,gaiety3 ,traviata3 ,libiam nei lieti celici4 ,sonnambula3 ,9 ,elvezia non v'ha rosa fresca e bella al p> d',al9a4 ,traviata3 ,sempre lib]a deggi' io folleggi>4 ,fau/3 ,peasant song1 ,la vaga pupilla4 ,cont5tm5t3 ,aida3 ,riv$r le =e/e imbalsamate4 ,passion3 ,traviata3 ,amami ,alfr$o4 ,lucrezia ,borgia3 ,era desso il figliuol mio4 ,angui%3 ,lucrezia ,borgia3 ,mio figlio1 ridate a me il mio figlio4 ,infelice1 il vel5o beve/i4 ,?reat3 ,cavall]ia ,ru/icana3 ,bada1 ,santuzza1 s*iavo non son4 ,allurem5t3 ,b>bi]e di ,siviglia3 ,la calunnia un v5ticello4 ,iris3 ,la ,piovra4 ,comic3 ,b>bi]e di ,siviglia3 ,pace e gioia sia con voi4 ,fra ,diavolo3 ,grazie al ciel p] una s]va4 ,invitation3 ,fau/3 ,p]mett]e/i a me4 ,bohme3 song ( ,rudolph1 ,*e gelida man9a4 ,ang]3 ,sonnambula3 ,ah p]* non posso odi>ti4 ,sorr[ ( sacrifice3 ,bohme3 ,vec*ia zim>ra s5ti4 ,m$itation3 ,m5delsohn3 ,romances4 ,moz>t4 ,*op94 ,d4 ,,folk ,,songs ,,& ,,dances4 ,,"p ,,vii ,,metrics ,i ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,metrics ,,9 ,,elem5t>y ,,s*ools ,"o ( ! novelties includ$ 9 our exp]im5ts 0 ! tea*+ ( metrics1 hi!rto res]v$ = high s*ools4 ,! love %[n by *ildr5 = poetry1 _! exquisite s5sitiv5ess to rhy?m1 l$ me to suspect t ! native roots ( poetry might be pres5t 9 little *ildr54 ,i sugge/$ to ,miss ,m>ia ,fancello1 a tea*] ( lit]ature 9 ! high s*ools & my colleague1 to attempt su* an exp]im5t4 ,%e began ) *ildr5 ( diff]5t ages1 &1 toge!r1 we succe$$ 9 discov]+ a highly int]e/+ dep>tm5t ( education1 ! object ( :i* might be to give ! mass ( ! p1 prep>$ = life 9 ! prim>y s*ools1 ! basic elem5ts ( lit]>y appreciation1 ?us op5+ a new s\rce ( pleasure calculat$ also to increase g5]al enlight5m5t4 ,a populace capable ( enjoy+ poetry1 ( judg+ ! beauty ( v]se1 & h5ce ( com+ 9 contact ) ! spirits ( our greate/ poets1 w\ld be some?+ q diff]5t to ! masses we new "k4 ,to f9d ! l we h to imag9e ! p ( anci5t /ory1 :o talk$ 9 poetry & mov$ _! bodies to ! rhy?m1 ?us lay+ ! f\ndations ( ref9$ civilization4 ,x is n our int5tion to describe 9 detail all we did 9 ^! exp]im5ts4 ,x w be suffici5t to summ>ize ! results1 :i* may sugge/ useful mat]ial end me?ods to o!rs4 ,z soon z ! *ildr5 are some:at advanc$ 9 read+1 poetry1 :i* !y lov$ s mu* 9 ,*ildr5's ,h\se1 may be includ$ 9 ! mat]ials (f]$ 9 p>tial satisfaction ( _! insatiable desire to read4 ,x is be/ to beg9 ) poems compos$ ( /anzas ( diff]5t l5g?s1 ! /anzas be+ pr9t$ at easily noticeable int]vals f ea* o!r4 ,! l9es may be c\nt$1 9 tea*+ ! two new words /anza & l9e4 ,! process involv$ is a recognition ( objects1 sugge/+ ! fir/ ex]cise 9 read+1 :]e ! *ildr5 put names on ?+s2 ?\gh "h ! situation is mu* simpl]4 ,at ! same "t we h ! ex]cise ( c\nt+ ! l9es4 ,9 %ort1 x is a review ex]cise ( ! greate/ simplicity4 ,! c\nt+ ( ! l9es leads at once to ! id5tification ( su* gr\ps z ! c\plet1 quatra91 octave1 etc4 ,b little "t is sp5t on su* a crude detail4 ,! little ones almo/ imm$iately become int]e/$ 9 ! rhyme4 ,! fir/ /ep is ! recognition ( rhym+ syllables :i* are und]l9$ ) color$ p5cils1 us+ a diff]5t color = ea* rhyme4 ,sev5-ye>-old]s take ! greate/ delight 9 ?is "w1 :i* is too simple to ar\se int]e/ 9 *ildr5 ( eight or n9e4 ,^? ( sev5 d su* "w ab\t z quickly z ^? ( t51 ! spe$ ( ! y\ng] *ildr5 be+ due app>5tly to _! en?usiasm1 ! sl[ness ( ! old] to _! lack ( int]e/4 ,we may note 9 pass+ t ^! ex]cises furni% te/s ( absolute exactness z to rapidity ( "w4 ,*ildr5 ( eight are able to g "o /ep beyond m>k+ ! rhymes ) color$ p5cils4 ,!y c use ! m complicat$ device ( m>k+ l9es ) ! lett]s ( ! alphabet3 aa1 bb1 cc1 etc4 ,m>k+ ) numb]s to ! left ! l9es 9 _! ord]1 & ! rhymes ) lett]s to ! "r1 we get a specim5 result z foll[s3 #ao ,rond9ella pellegrina a #bo ,*e ti posi sul v]"o b #co ,ricant&o ogni mattina a #do ,quella flebile canz"o b #eo ,*e vuoi dirmi 9 tua favella c #fo ,pellegr9a rond9ella8 c 7,translation3 ,w&]+ swall[1 z y sit !re on my balcony ea* morn+1 s++ to me y\r te>ful song1 :at is x y are try+ to tell me 9 y\r language1 w&]+ swall[87 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is br+s out ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! alt]nat+ rhyme 7a1 b1 a1 b7 & ! c\plet 7c1 c71 z well z ! morphology ( ! /anza4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,9 read+ ! l9es ov] & ov] aga9 to "w out ! rhyme s*eme1 ! *ildr5 spontane\sly beg9 to cat* ! tonic acc5ts4 ,_! read9ess 9 ?is respect is a matt] ( common obs]vation4 ,9 fact1 9 ord9>y s*ools1 ! tea*]s are cont9ually /ruggl+ aga9/ ! s+-song develop$ by *ildr5 9 read+ poetry4 ,?is s+-song is no?+ m nor less t /ress on ! rhy?mic movem5t4 ,on "o occasion1 "o ( our *ildr51 a little boy1 _h be5 sp5d+ "s "t ov] a numb] ( decasyllabic l9es4 ,:ile wait+ 9 ! corridor = ! doors to op5 at dismissal "t1 he sudd5ly began to walk up & d[n "r-ab\t-fac+ at e ?ree /eps & say+ al\d3 tatat1 tatat1 tatattta1 "r-ab\t-face1 !n tatat1 tatat1 tatattta4 ,ea* /ep 0 accompani$ by a ge/ure 9 ! air ) 8 little cl5*$ fi/4 ,?is tot 0 m>*+ to ! v]se rhy?m1 j z he w\ld h m>*$ to music4 ,x 0 a case ( p]fectly int]pretative gymna/ic rhy?m4 ,8 ge/ures fell on ! ?ree tonic acc5ts ( ! ,italian decasyllable1 ! "r-ab\t m>k$ ! end ( ! v]se--! turn 9 ! l9e1 :i* he indicat$ by turn+ himself ar\nd to beg9 ov] aga94 ,:5 ! *ildr5 h rea*$ su* a /age ( s5sory developm5t1 !y h no difficulty 9 recogniz+ ! tonic acc5ts4 ,= ?is purpose1 we h prep>$ %eets ) poems writt5 9 a cle> h&4 ,! *ildr5 m>k ) a neatly drawn acc5t ! lett] on :i* ! rhy?mic acc5t falls4 ,! mat]ial %\ld be sy/ematically pres5t$4 ,we f\nd f exp]i5ce t ! *ildr5 fir/ discov] ! acc5ts 9 long l9es made up ( ev5-numb]$ syllables 7p>isyllabic l9es71 :]e ! acc5ts recur at regul> int]vals & are cle>ly call$ = bo? by s5se1 ^w acc5t & rhy?m4 ,we 7 able to e/abli% ! foll[+ sequ5ce = v>i\s ,italian l9es1 :i* pres5t a graduat$ s]ies ( difficulties to ! *ild 9 recogniz+ ! acc5ts3 #a4 ,decasyllables3 example3 ,s'ode a d/ra uno squllo di trmba ,a s9/ra rispnde uno squllo3 ,d'ambo i lti calp/o rimbmba ,da cavlli e da fnti il t]rn4 ,qu9ci spnta p] l'ria un vessllo3 ,qu9di un ltro s'avnza spiegto3 ,ecco appre un drappllo s*i]to2 ,ecco un ltro *e incntro gli vin4 7,,manzoni1 ,la battaglia di ,maclodio47 7,translation3 ,a trumpet call s\nds to ! "r2 a trumpet calls answ]s to ! left2 all ar\nd ! e>? %akes ) ! *>ge ( horses & m54 ,"h a /&>d is brok5 out to ! breeze2 !re ano!r advances wav+2 "h a l9e ( troops appe>s1 !re ano!r ru%+ aga9/ x47 #b4 ,dodecasyllables3 example3 ,rullo1 ,rullo1 divra la va1 ,portteci a vlo1 bufre del cil4 prsso alla mrte la vrg9e ma1 ,galppa1 galppa1 galppa ,rul4 7,,prati1 ,galoppo notturno47 7,translation3 ,ruello1 ,ruello1 z fa/ z y c6 ,o /orm-w9ds ( heav51 l5d u y\r w+s2 my lov$ "o is ly+ ne> dea?2 onw>d1 onw>d1 onw>d1 ,ruello67 #c4 ,eight syllable l9es 7otton>io73 example3 ,solitrio bosco ombrs1 ,a te vine afflitto cr1 ,p] trovr qual*e rips ,fra i silnzi 9 que/'orrr4 7,,rolli1 ,la lontananza47 7,translation3 ,o des]t$ wood6 ,to y\r %ade ! sorr[+ he>t comes to f9d "s re/ 9 y\r cool sil5ce47 #d4 ,six syllable l9es 7s5>io73 example3 ,pur bldo di spme ,l'uom ltimo ginto ,le cn]i prme ,d'un mndo defnto2 ,inclza di scoli ,non nco matri ,i flgidi agri4 7,,zanella1 ,la con*iglia fossile47 7,translation3 ,radiant ) hope1 ! late/ com] treads on ! a%es ( a dead _w1 pursu+ ! gl[+ aspirations ( ages n yet ripe47 ,,note3 ,9 ! above selections ! v[els 9 broad-fac$ type h be5 m>k$ ) an acc5t by ! *ild1 to indicate ! rhy?mic beat4 ,we f\nd1 on ! o!r h&1 t great] difficulty is exp]i5c$ by ! *ildr5 9 l9es :]e ! syllables are 9 odd-numb]s 7imp>isyllabics71 ! h>de/ ( ! ,italian l9es be+ ! h5decasyllable1 :i* is a comb9ation ( ! sev5 syllable & ! five syllable l9e1 fus$ toge!r ) all _! great v>ieties ( movem5t4 ,we e/abli%$ ! foll[+ gradation ( difficulties3 #a4 ,sev5 syllable l9e 7sett5>io73 example3 ,gi ride ,prmavra ,col so florto asptto1 ,gi il grto zffirtto ,s*rza fra l'rbe e i fir4 7,,meta/asio1 ,primav]a47 7,translation3 ,n[ already fl[]y ,spr+ returns2 aga9 ! lovely zephyrs dance amid/ ! grass & blossoms47 #b4 ,five syllable l9e 7qu9>io73 example3 ,vivce smbolo ,d la famglia1 ,le di la trmula ,mdre a la fglia1 ,le di la suc]a ,buna a la nura ,ne l'ltim' ra4 7,,mazzoni1 ,p] un mazzo di *iavi47 7,translation3 ,z a vivid symbol ( ! home1 !y 7 pass$ on by ! dy+ "m to h] daught] or to h] son's wife47 #c4 ,n9e syllable l9e 7nov5>io73 example3 ,te tr/e6 ,*e a vlle t'aspttano ,i girni di cntici prvi2 ,ah n1 non dai mrti *e t'mano1 ,ti gurda1 fratllo1 dai vvi4 7,,cavallotti1 ,su 9 alto47 7,translation3 ,alas1 = !e1 ,o bro!r6 ,yond]1 songless days await !e4 ,ah no1 h no fe> ( ! dead3 !y love !e6 ,! liv+ only %\ld/ ?\ fe>67 #d4 ,h5decasyllable3 example3 ,p] me si v nella citt dolnte1 ,p] me si v nell'etrno dolre1 ,p] me si v tra la p]dta gnte4 7,,dante1 ,div9a ,comm$ia1 ,inf]no47 7,translation3 ,?r\gh me ye ent] ! city ( sorr[2 ?r\gh me ye ent] ! realm ( et]nal grief2 ?r\gh me ye ent] ! regions ( ! damn$74 99 99 99 99 99 ,! typical end+ ( ^! v>i\s l9es is ! tro*ee 7-- ,u1 v]so piano74 ,! iambic 7,u --1 v]so tronco7 & ! dactyllic 7-- ,u ,u1 v]so sdrucciolo7 end+s 7requir+ respectively "o syllable less & "o syllable m ?an ! v]so piano7 con/itute occasional v>iations4 ,we h f\nd t ^! r>] l9es are recogniz$ r z curiosities ?an z difficulties by ! *ildr5 :o easily ref] !m to _! respective normal types4 ,!y are accord+ly pres5t$ 9 our mat]ial along ) ! common v]ses ( tro*aic end+s4 ,our illu/ration ( ! five syllable l9e giv5 above %[$ specim5s ( ! dactyllic end+ 7sdrucciolo1 -- ,u ,u74 ,"h is ano!r example ( alt]nat+ tro*aic 7piano7 & dactyllic end+s3 ,9 cma a un lb]o ,c' un uccellno ,di nuvo gn]e4444 ,*e sa un bambno8 7,l4 ,,s*w>z1 ,uccell9o47 7,translation3 ,!re's a v /range little bird up 9 t tree6 ,:y1 x's a little *ild67 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! foll[+ decasyllables1 ! tro*aic end+ alt]nates ) ! iambic 7tronco73 ,lungi1 lngi1 su l'li del cnto ,di qui lngi recre io ti v' ,l1 ne i cmpi fiorti del snto ,gange1 un lug bellssimo1 io s4 7,,c>ducci1 ,lungi1 lungi47 7,translation3 ,i w take !e f>1 f> away on ! w+s ( my song3 !re1 among ! fl[]y fields ( ! sacr$ ,ganges1 ,i "k ( a beautiful spot74 99 99 99 99 99 ,"s difficulty arose1 h[ev]1 :5 we came to l9es ) alt]nations ( p>isyllables & imp>isyllables2 ?\gh ?is new movem5t ar\s$ real en?usiasm among ! *ildr51 :o greet$ x z a new & /range music4 ,x (t5 happ5$ t aft] ! pleasurable ef=t ( analyz+ a poem ) l9es alt]nat+ 9 ?is way1 ! pupils w\ld *oose z recreation ! /udy ( l9es ( ev5-numb]$ syllables4 ,"h is an example ( ! new type3 ,eran trecnto1 eran givani e frti1 ,e sno mrti6 ,me ne &vo al mattno a spigolre ,qu&o ho v/o una brca 9 mezzo al mre3 ,era una brca *e &va a vapre1 ,e alzva una b&ira tricolre4 ,all'sola di ,pnza s' f]mta1 /ata un pco e pi si ritornta2 ,s' ritornta ed v5ta a trra3 ,sces] con l'rmi1 e a noi non fc] gurra4 7,,prati1 ,la spigolatrice di ,sapri47 7,translation3 ,!re 7 ?ree hundr$1 "y & /rong6 ,& n[ !y are dead6 ,t morn+ ,i 0 glean+ 9 ! fields2 ,i saw a boat at sea1--a /eam] fly+ ! :ite1 r$ & gre54 ,x /opp$ at ,ponza1 rema9$ a :ile & !n came back--came back & approa*$ ! %ore4 ,!y came a%ore 9 arms1 b to u !y did no h>m74 99 99 99 99 99 ,:ile ! rhy?mic acc5ts 7 be+ /udi$1 we f\nd t ! discov]y ( ! csura 7int]ior pause7 =m$ an int]e/+ recreative div]sion4 ,9 fact ?is "w ar\s$ s mu* en?usiasm t ! *ildr5 w5t f ex]cise to ex]cise1 cont9u+ at /udy = ext5d$ p]iods1 & f> f %[+ signs ( we>9ess1 actually increas$ _! joy\s application4 ,"o little girl1 9 ! fir/ six m9utes ( h] "w1 m>k$ ! csura ( sev5ty-six t5-syllable l9es )\t mak+ a mi/ake4 ,an abundant mat]ial is necess>y = ?is ex]cise4 ,example3 ,dagli atri muscosi1 dai =i cad5ti1 ,dai bos*i1 dall'arse fuc9e /rid5ti1 ,dai sol*i bagnati di s]vo sudor1 ,un volgo disp]so rep5te si de/a1 ,int5de l'orec*io1 solleva la te/a1 ,p]cosso da novo cresc5te rumor4 7,,manzoni1 ,italiani e ,longob>di47 7,translation3 ,f ! damp atria1 f ! ru9$ squ>es1 f ! =e/s1 f ! hiss+ =ges1 f ! fields ba!d ) ! sweat ( slaves1 a scatt]$ horde ( m5 sudd5ly is r\s$4 ,!y li/51 lift _! heads1 />tl$ at ?is /range increas+ ro>74 99 99 99 99 99 ,! /ep =w>d to ! p]ception ( ! syllabic units ( ! l9e is a purely s5sory ph5om5on3 x is analog\s to m>k+ ! "t ( music )\t tak+ acc\nt ( ! measure divisions4 ,syllabiat+ accord+ to rhy?m & beat+ on ! table ) ! f+]s solve ev5 ! subtl] difficulties su* z di]esis & synalepha1 9 recogniz+ ! rhy?mic syllables4 ,examples3 ,la s mma sa pi en za e'l pri mo ,a mo re ,we pr9t ?is v]se 9 ! above =m1 because x 0 ?us divid$ by a *ild 9 8 v fir/ spontane\s ef=t at syllabiation4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 we pres5t ! mat]ial normally accord+ to grad$ difficulties1 us+ ov] aga9 = ?is purpose ! mat]ials us$ 9 ! /udy ( acc5ts4 ,at ?is po9t also ! acc5ts !mselves sudd5ly acquire a new int]e/1 = ! *ild is able to obs]ve on :at syllable !y fall4 ,?us 8 metrical /udy approa*es completion1 = n[ he c readily acquire ! nom5clature ( metrics & v]sification3 dodecasyllable1 h5decasyllable1 etc4 ,!n1 comb9+ 8 k ( ! numb]s ( syllables & ! location ( ! rhy?mic acc5ts1 ! *ild is at ! po9t ( discov]+ ! rhy?mic laws ( v]se con/ruction4 ,we 7 expect+ ! *ildr5 to beg9 produc+ def9itions l ! foll[+3 ,! dodecasyllable l9e has twelve syllables & f\r acc5ts :i* fall on ! second1 fif?1 eigh? & elev5? syllables1 etc4 ,! spontane\s impulse ( ! pupils l$ in/ead to ! con/ruction ( mirrors or *eck]bo>ds l ! foll[+3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #a #b #cd #e #f #g #h #i #aj #aa #abac ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,decasyllable piano #c;d #f? #i? 7tro*aic7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ tronco 7iambic7 #c;d #f? #i? ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,eight syllable piano #c;d #g? ---------------------------------------- ------------------ tronco #c;d #g? ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,dodecasyllable piano #b;d #e? #h? #aa? ---------------------------------------- ------------------ tronco #b;d #e? #h? #aa? ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,! additional /ep to us+ ! symbols ( metrics 0 an easy "o1 & a graphic diagram result$ mu* z foll[s3 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,eight syllable #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj #aa #ab #ac ---------------------------------------- --------------- 7,title ( ,u ,u -- ,u ,u ,u -- ,u ,poem7 --------------------------------------- e4g4 ,u ,u -- ,u ,u ,u -- ,il ritorno 9 --------------------------------------- ,italia ,u ,u -- ,u ,u ,u -- ,u ,return to --------------------------------------- ,italy ,u ,u -- ,u ,u ,u -- --------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,u ,u -- ,u ,u ,u -- ,u --------------------------------------- ,u ,u -- ,u ,u ,u -- --------------------------------------- ,solitude ,u ,u -- ,u ,u ,u -- ,u --------------------------------------- ,u ,u -- ,u ,u ,u -- --------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,decasyllable #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj #aa #ab #ac ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,u ,u -- ,u ,u -- ,u ,u -- ,u 7,title ( --------------------------------------- ,poem7 ,u ,u -- ,u ,u -- ,u ,u -- ,u ,passion --------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,u ,u -- ,u ,u -- ,u ,u -- ,u ,! ,oa? ( --------------------------------------- ,pontida ,u ,u -- ,u ,u -- ,u ,u -- ,u --------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,u ,u -- ,u ,u -- ,u ,u -- ,u ,! ,battle --------------------------------------- ( ,macl\d ,u ,u -- ,u ,u -- ,u ,u -- ,u --------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,u ,u -- ,u ,u -- ,u ,u -- ,u ,f>1 f> --------------------------------------- away ,u ,u -- ,u ,u -- ,u ,u -- --------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,! next developm5t is a complete /udy ( ! /anza or /rophe 9 ! =m ( a summ>y2 ! numb] ( l9es1 ! rhymes1 ! acc5ts1 numb] & location ( ! syllables4 ,to di/+ui% betwe5 ! /anzas is also to classify !m1 :i* becomes a pleas+ task = ! *ildr54 ,"o little girl1 :o 0 mak+ a summ>y /udy ( f\r t]zets ( ,dante1 sudd5ly call$ ! tea*] to in=m h] ) an expression ( complete surprise3 ,see1 ! rhyme always beg9s at ! la/ acc5t6 ,%e _h be=e h]3 ,p] me si va nella citt dolente2 ,p] me si va nell'et]no dolore2 ,p] me si va tra la p]duta gente4 ,giu/izia mosse il mio alto fattore2 ,fecemi la div9a pote/ate1 ,la somma sapi5za e il primo amore4 ,d9anzi a me non fur cose create4444 7,dante3 ,inscription ov] ,gate ( ,hell47 ,s 9 metrics also ! *ildr51 foll[+ ! natural incl9ations ( _! gr[?1 pass f s5sory discipl9e1 to intellig5t cognition1 & graphic repres5tation4 ,!n !y become ! explor]s ( _! environm5t1 ! discov]]s ( g5]al laws4 99 99 99 ,translator's ,note3 ,! basis ( ,italian v]se is 9 ! syllable c\nt1 & ! rhy?mic acc5t4 ,9 ,engli% v]se1 h[ev]1 ! "q ( ! syllable c\nt is dep5d5t on a mu* m complex consid]ation3 syllable l5g?2 & syllable l5g?1 9 its turn1 is condition$ n only by ! phonetic situation 9 & ar\nd ! syllable1 b by rhetorical /ress z well4 ,x is cle> t ,signora ,montessori's exp]im5ts on ! simpl] ,italian l9e h little direct be>+1 save z an illu/ration ( me?od1 on ! p$agogy ( ,engli% ,metrics4 ,= :]eas1 ! pr9cipal classifications ( ,italian l9es involve m]ely ! problem ( syllabiation 7complicat$ by di]esis & synalepha71 ) a num]ical t]m9ology 7qu9>io1 otton>io1 decasillabo1 etc471 ! /udy ( ,engli% v]sification dem&s an analysis ( measure 7feet7 & ( numb] ( feet1 ) a t]m9ology relative to ea*3 tro*ee1 iambus1 dactyl1 spondee1 anape/1 etc41 hexamet]1 p5tamet]1 etc41 to m5tion only ! mo/ obvi\s elem5ts ( a sci5ce :i*1 appli$ ev5 to simple ,engli% v]se1 soon becomes extremely complicat$4 ,h[ mu*1 !n1 ( ! /udy ( ,engli% metrics1 beyond ! elem5t>y concepts ( /anza & rhyme1 %\ld be includ$ 9 ! ,montessori ,advanc$ ,me?od1 & :at ord] ( pres5tation ( facts %\ld be foll[$1 /ill rema9s to be exp]im5tally det]m9$4 ,h[ev]1 ! mo/ illum9at+ fact1 z reg>ds me?od1 :i* deta*es f ,signora ,montessori's exp]im5ts ) metrical =ms1 is t long p>isyllables are m readily analyz$ by *ildr5 ?an imp>isyllables2 & secondly t %ort imp>isyllables prove easi] ?an long imp>isyllables4 ,we might wi% m explicit evid5ce t ! h>de/ p>isyllable is easi]1 !re=e m natural1 ?an ! easie/ imp>isyllable--impli$ 9 ,signora ,montessori's pres5tation ( ?is subject4 ,ev5 s1 h] conclusions are int]e/+1 & f m ?an "o po9t ( view4 ,x w be recall$ t ! mo/ anci5t & ! mo/ =tunate ( ! met]s us$ 9 ,fr5*1 ,spani%1 & ,prov5al poetry is precisely ! decasyllable 7,song ( ,rol&1 ! ,prov5al ,boecis1 etc471 :]eas ! favorite l9e ( old ,italian popul> poetry 0 ! octo-syllabic v]se4 ,^! are bo? p>isyllables1 ?\gh ! succession ( !ses1 or rhy?mic beats1 is n q analog\s to t ( ! mod]n ,italian v]ses us$ 9 ?is exp]im5t4 ,x w\ld seem1 9 fact1 z ?\gh ! *ildr5 initiat$ by ,signora ,montessori into metrical /udies1 7 actually trav]s+ ! e>li] exp]i5ces ( _! ,lat9 race4 ,d\btless ! reason :y ! p>isyllable submits m readily to rhy?mic analysis ?an imp>isyllables1 is t :5 ! syllables are 9 ev5 numb]s1 ! l9e t5ds to r$uce to two simple rhy?mic gr\ps--! decasyllable to gr\ps ( #d & #f1 ) two rhy?mic beats 9 ea* gr\p2 ! dodecasyllable to gr\ps ( #f & #f 7!re=e ( #c & #c & #c & #c72 ! octosyllables to gr\ps ( #d & #d2 ! six syllable to gr\ps ( #c & #c4 ,! imp>isyllables on ! contr>y are r>ely capable ( su* division--( su* monotony1 if y wi%4 ,!y l5d !mselves to m complex rhy?m1 especially to p>agraphic treatm5t4 ,!y are di/9ctly ! rhy?ms ( erudite1 cultivat$1 lit]>y poetry4 ,we %\ld suspect1 accord+ly1 t :at appe>s 9 ! above exp]im5ts z l5g? is 9 reality r$ucibility to simpl] =ms2 & t l9es capable ( su* r$uction %\ld be giv5 fir/ 9 an adaptation ( ,signora ,montessori's me?od4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 highly improbable t 9 ,engli%1 :]e ! only con/ant elem5t 9 rhy?m is ! /ress & n ! syllable c\nt1 ! l9e comp\nd$ ( two simpl] rhy?mic gr\ps %\ld prove easi] = ! *ild ?an ei!r ( ^? simpl] gr\ps !mselves4 ,we see no reason to assume1 = in/ance1 ?an an eight-/ress l9e1 r$ucible to two f\r-/ress l9es1 %\ld be m readily analyz$ ?an a f\r-/ress l9e2 or t a sev5-/ress l9e1 r$ucible to a f\r-/ress & a ?ree-/ress l9e1 %\ld be easi] ?an ei!r "o ( ^!4 ,9 fact1 ! pr$om9ance ( ^! simpl] elem5ts 9 ! ,engli% feel+ = ^! long] gr\ps is indicat$ by ! fact t su* comp\nd l9es are commonly brok5 into _! con/itu5t p>ts :5 pr9t$ 7cf4 ,! ,anci5t ,m>9]71 ev5 9 cases :]e ! isolation ( ^! p>ts is n emphasiz$ & r5d]$ natural by rhyme4 ,x w be obs]v$ t 9 ! ,montessori exp]im5t ! ord] ( pres5tation 0 fir/1 ?ree-/ress 7anape/ic71 !n f\r-/ress 7iambic71 !n two-/ress 7iambic7 l9es4 ,?is situation happ5s to correspond to t f\nd 9 ! commone/ popul> ,engli% v]se1 :i* gives und\bt$ pref]5ce1 z witness our nurs]y rimes1 to ?ree-/ress & f\r-/ress iambics4 ,two-/ress l9es con/itute 9 reality f\r-/ress l9es divid$ by rhyme2 j z1 9 poems ( di/9ctly lit]>y savor1 ! two-/ress l9e is fur!r r$ucible by int]ior rhyme to two "o-/ress l9es4 ,,?ree-,,/ress ,,l9es 7,,trimet]7 ,iambic3 ,o lt ! slid grond ,n fal b5e? my fet ,befre my lfe has fond ,:at sme h fond s swet4 ,,t5nyson4 ,! monta9 %ep are swet]1 ,b ! vlley %ep are ftt]2 ,we ?re=e dem$ x met] ,to crry ff ! ltt]4 ,we mde an xp$tion2 ,we mt an h/ & qull$ x2 ,we frc$ a /rng postion1 ,& kll$ ! mn :o hld x4 ,,peacock4 ,tro*aic3 ,hal to ! bli! sprit6 ,brd ?\ nv] wrt1 ,?t f hev5 or ner x ,pore/ ? full hert4444 ,,%elley4 ,anape/ic3 ,i am mn>* ( ll ,i survy2 ,my rght !re is nne to dispte2 ,f ! cntre all rond to ! se ,i am lrd ( ! fwl & ! brte4 ,,c[p]4 ,dactyllic3 ,?s is a spry ! bird clng to1 ,mk+ x blssom ) plesure1 re ! high tre-tops %e sprng to1 ,ft = h] n/ & h] tresure4#aj ,,br[n+4 ,,f\r-,,/ress ,,l9es 7,,tetramet]7 ,iambic3 ,examples3 ,byron1 ,! ,prison] ( ,*illon2 ,scott1 ,! ,lady ( ! ,lake2 ,milton1 ,il p5si]oso4 ,we cold n mve a sngle pce1 ,we cold n se ea* !r's fce ,b w? t ple & lvid lght ,!y mde u /rng]s n our sght4444 ,,byron4 ,tro*aic3 ,examples3 ,longfell[1 ,hiawa?a2 ,george ,eliot1 ,! ,spani% ,gipsy4 ,w/w>d1 w/w>d1 ,haw?a ,sal$ int ! firy snset1 ,sal$ int ! prple vpors1 ,sal$ int ! dsk ( v5+4 ,?is l9e is mu* m common 9 its catalectic =m3 ,h/e !e nmph & brng ) ?e ,j/ & yo?ful jllit1 ,qups & crnks & wnton wles1 ,nds & bcks & wre!d smles4444 ,,milton1 ,l',allegro4 ,anape/ic3 ,examples3 ,goldsmi?1 ,retaliation2 ,byron1 ,! ,de/ruction ( ,s5na*]ib4 ,! smll birds rejoce 9 ! gren leaves retrn+1 ,! mrmur+ /remlet w9ds cler ?r\gh ! vle4 ,,burns4 ,dactyllic3 ,examples3 ,byron1 ,song ( ,saul2 ,dryd51 ,an ,ev5+'s ,love4 ft] ! pngs ( a dsp]ate lv]1 ,:n day & nght ,i h sgh$ all 9 van1 h :at a plesure x s to discv] n h] eyes pty1 :o cases my p94 ,,dryd54 ,,two-,,/ress ,,l9es ,iambic3 ,examples3 ,h]rick1 ,to ! ,l>k2 ,%akespe>e1 ,midsumm]night's ,dream 7,bottom's ,song74 ,! rg+ rcks ,& %v]+ %cks ,%all brek ! lcks ,( prson gtes4 ,,%akespe>e4 ,tro*aic3 ,examples3 ,george ,eliot1 ,! ,spani% ,gipsy2 ,campion1 ,art ( ,poesie4 ,cold ,i ct* t ,nmble trator1 ,scrnful ,lara1 ,swft-foot ,lara1 ,sn !n wold ,i ,sek avngem5t4 ,,campion4 ,anape/ic3 ,examples3 ,%elley1 ,are?usa2 ,scott1 ,! ,lady ( ! ,lake 7,corona*74 ,he is gne on ! monta91 ,he is l/ to ! fre/1 ,l a smm]-dri$ fonta91 ,:5 our ned 0 ! sre/4 ,,scott4 ,dactyllic3 ,examples3 ,t5nyson1 ,*>ge ( ! ,light ,brigade2 ,longfell[1 ,saga ( ,k+ ,olaf4 ,cnnon to rght ( !m1 ,cnnon to lft ( !m1 ,cnnon 9 frnt ( !m1 ,vlley$ & ?nd]$4 ,,"o-,,/ress ,,l9e ,iambic3 ,example3 ,?us ,pass b ,& de ,z ne ,unknwn ,& gne4 ,,h]rick4 ,,sev5-,,/ress ,,l9es 7,,heptamet]7 ,iambic3 ,examples3 ,h[e1 ,battle ,hymn ( ! ,republic2 ,byron1 ,/anzas = ,music2 ,kipl+1 ,wolcott ,bale/i]2 ,col]idge1 ,! ,anci5t ,m>9]4 ,m9e eys h sen ! glry f ! cm+ f ! ,lrd4 ,,h[e4 ,tro*aic3 ,example3 ,sw9burne1 ,cle> ! ,way4 ,cler ! wy1 my lrds & lckeys1 yo h hd y\r dy4 ,hre y hve y\r nsw]1 ngl&'s ye agan/ y\r ny4 ,anape/ic3 ,example3 ,sw9burne1 ,! ,birds4 ,come n !n ye dwll]s by nture 9 drkness & lke to ! leves' g5]tions4 ,dactyllic3 ,example3 ,anonym\s4 ,out ( ! kngdom ( ,*r/ %all be g!r$ by ngels o'er ,stan victri\s1 ,all t (fnde?1 t li?1 t file? to hnor 8 nme ev] glri\s4 ,,six-,,/ress ,,l9es 7,,hexamet]7 ,iambic 7alex&r9e73 ,example3 ,wordswor?1 ,! ,pet ,lamb4 ,! dw 0 fll+ f/1 ! /rs begn to blnk2 ,i herd a voce3 x sad1 ,dr9k1 prtty creture1 drnk6 ,tro*aic3 ,example3 ,sw9burne1 ,! ,la/ ,oracle4 ,kng1 ! wys ( hev5 befre ?y fet gr[ gld52 ,gd1 ! sl ( er? is kndl$ w? ?y grce4 ,anape/ic3 ,examples3 ,t5nyson1 ,maud2 ,sw9burne1 ,! ,g>d5 ( ,cymodoce4 ,& ! r%+ bttle-bolt sng f ! ?re-deck] ot ( ! fom4 ,,t5nyson4 ,dactyllic3 ,examples3 ,sw9burne1 ,hesp]ia2 ,longfell[1 ,evangel9e4 ,?s is ! fre/ primval2 ! mrmur+ pnes & ! hmlocks ,berd$ ) mss & ) grm5ts gren1 indi/nct 9 ! twlight4 ,,longfell[4 ,,eight-,,/ress ,,l9es ,iambic3 ,example3 ,william ,webbe1 ,disc\rse ( ,engli% ,poetrie4 ,:]e vrtue wnts & vce abonds1 !re wel? is bt a bat$ hok4 ,tro*aic3 ,examples3 ,t5nyson1 ,locksley ,hall2 ,poe1 ,! ,rav54 p5 ?n ,i flng ! %tt]1 :n ) mny a flrt & fltt]1 n !re /pp$ a /tely rv5 f ! santly dys ( yre4 ,,poe4 ,anape/ic3 ,example3 ,sw9burne1 ,m>*4 ,ere fr/-fl[] & snw-blossom fd$ & fll1 & ! splndor ( wnt] _h pss$ out ( sght1 ,! was ( ! wodl&s 7 far] & /rng] ?an drems t fulfl u 9 slep ) delght4 ,dactyllic3 ,example3 ,longfell[1 ,gold5 ,leg5d1 #d4 nw>d & nw>d ! hghway rns to ! d/ant cty1 impti5tly ber+ ,td+s ( hman jy & dis/]1 ( lve & hte1 ( d+ & dr+4 ,,five-,,/ress ,,l9es 7,,p5tamet]7 ,iambic 7,h]oic p5tamet]73 ,examples3 ,milton1 ,p>adise ,lo/2 ,bryant1 ,?anatopsis1 etc41 etc4 ,sweet ,aburn1 lvelie/ vllage f ! plan ,:]e hel? & beaty *er ! lbor+ swan 444 ,,goldsmi?4 ,tro*aic3 ,examples3 ,br[n+1 ,"o ^w m2 ,t5nyson1 ,! ,vision ( ,s94 ,?n me?oght ,i herd a mll[ snd1 ,g!r+ p f ll ! lw] grond4 ,anape/ic3 ,examples3 ,br[n+1 ,saul2 ,t5nyson1 ,maud4 ,we h prv$ we h herts 9 a case3 we are nble /ll4 ,,t5nyson4 ,dactyllic3 ,v r>e 9 ,engli%4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,:ile ! rema9d] ( ! ex]cises 9 syllabication & graphic transcription1 z describ$ by ,dr4 ,montessori1 w\ld seem to foll[ naturally on ! above ex]cises 9 ! analysis ( l9e /ress1 x is cle> t additional att5tion mu/ be giv5 to que/ions ( t]m9ology4 ,= ! metrical syn!ses p]=m$ 9 ! tables at ! end ( ! prec$+ section w n be possible = ,engli% poetry unless ! *ild is able to id5tify ! k9ds ( feet & ! k9ds ( l9es4 ,we sugge/ accord+ly two supplem5t>y drills ) ! c>d sy/em famili> to ! *ild f 8 ex]cises 9 gramm>4 ,! fir/ consi/s ( a li/ ( words1 ea* on a sep>ate c>d1 ) ! tonic acc5t m>k$4 ,ea* ^w ) its acc5t repres5ts a foot 7iambus1 tro*ee1 anape/1 dactyl71 indicat$ on ! c>d 9 graphic transcription b5ea? ! ^w3 wnd]+ -- ,u ,u ,correspond+ to ea* ^w is ano!r c>d be>+ simply ! graphic transcription & ! "n ( ! foot4 ,! ex]cise1 ( ! greate/ simplicity1 is to pair (f ! c>ds1 arrang+ ! words 9 a column on ! table1 putt+ aft] ea* ! c>d t describes x4 ,! c>ds1 :5 prop]ly arrang$1 read z foll[s3 betwen ,u -- iambus ,u -- m!r -- ,u tro*ee -- ,u disrepte ,u ,u -- anape/ ,u ,u -- wnd]ful -- ,u ,u dactyl -- ,u ,u ,a second /age ( ?is ex]cise consi/s 9 (f]+ a simil> s]ies ( c>ds :]e1 h[ev]1 ! ^w-c>ds are )\t ! indication ( ! tonic acc5t & )\t ! graphic transcription ( ! measure3 sugge/ ,u -- iambus acc5t -- ,u tro*ee und]nea? ,u ,u -- anape/ metrical -- ,u ,u dactyl ,an id5tical ex]cise is possible = :ole l9es4 ,! fir/ /age consi/s ( nam+ ! l9es accompani$ by ! metrical transcription ) c>ds conta9+ simply ! transcription & ! "n ( ! met]2 9 ! second /age1 ! same l9es are giv5 b on c>ds )\t ! graphic transcription3 = example3 #a,,/ ,,/age ,g :]e glory waits !e ,tro*aic trimet] -- ,u -- ,u -- ,u -- ,u -- ,u -- ,u ,! ,assyrian came d[n l ! wolf on ! fold ,u ,u -- ,u ,u -- ,u ,u -- ,u ,u -- ,anape/ic tetramet] ,u ,u -- ,u ,u -- ,u ,u -- ,u ,u -- ,v5us ?y "m 9 ye>s :5 ! _w 0 a wat] at re/ -- ,u ,u -- ,u ,u -- ,u ,u -- ,u ,u -- ,u ,u -- ,dactyllic hexamet] -- ,u ,u -- ,u ,u -- ,u ,u -- ,u ,u -- ,u ,u -- #b;,d ,,/age ,g :]e glory waits !e ,tro*aic trimet] -- ,u -- ,u -- ,u ,x 0 b ,john ! ,r$ & ,i ,iambic ,tetramet] ,u -- ,u -- ,u -- ,u -- etc41 etc4 ,:5 ^! fundam5tal notions h be5 acquir$ ! *ild is ready = ! m difficult problems ( anacrusis1 catalexis1 irregul> feet & irregul> pauses1 :i* he c recognize 9 almo/ any poem ( consid]able l5g? by comp>+ ! transcription ( a giv5 foot ) specim5 transcriptions ( regul> l9es1 :i* are always accessible to him4 ,,footnote3 #aj ,mo/ ( our examples ( v>i\s types & comb9ations ( v]se are tak5 f ,ald51 ,engli% ,v]se1 ,new ,york1 ,h5ry ,holt4 ,,app5dices ,,app5dix ,i ,,*>t ,,= ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,! ,,individual ,,*ild ,copies ( ?is ,*>t 7pages #dji-dbb7 w be suppli$1 9 conv5i5t =m1 by ! publi%]s1 ,fr$]ick ,a4 ,/okes ,company1 #ddc-ddi4 ,f\r? ,av5ue1 ,new ,york1 at #bj c5ts = ! set4 ,di>y pads are #aj c5ts additional4 ,,s*ool ,,data ,s*ool ,ye> #aia444444444444444444444444444444 ,h\rs ( ,sessions4444444444444444444444444444 ,vacations444444444444444444444444444444 444444 ,subjects ,taught444444444444444444444444444444 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444 ,meals4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 ,tea*+ ,/aff4444444444444444444444444444444 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444 ,address ( ,s*ool4444444444444444444444444444 ,rooms4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 ,consultations ) ,p>5ts & ,public44444444 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444 ,,data ,,on ,,! ,,*ild ,family ,"n4444444444,names444444444444 ,date ( ,bir?44444444444444444444444444444444 ,date ( ,entrance44444444444444444444444444444 ,age ( ,p>5ts3 ,fa!r44444,"m44444 ,occupations ( ,p>5ts3 ,fa!r4444444444444444444444444 ,"m4444444444444444444444444 ,home ,address44444444444444444444444444444444 4 ,p]sonal ,hi/ory ( ! ,*ild4444444444444444 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444 ,p]sonal ,appe>ance ( ! ,*ild4444444444444 ,notes on ,*ild's ,family4444444444444444444444 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444 ,,s*ool ,,ye> #aia44 #aia44 ,"n44444444444444,date ( ,bir?4444444 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444 ,date ( ,ent]+ ,s*ool4444444444444444 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,cephalic ,,notes ,,on ,,*ild',s ,,physical ,index 44444 ,,developm5t ------------------ ,transv]sal 44444444444444444444444444 ,,head ,diamet] 44444 7mm47 ------------------ 44444444444444444444444444 ,ant]o-po/4 diamet] 44444 44444444444444444444444444 ------------------ ,circumf]5ce44444 44444444444444444444444444 ------------------------- ,index 44444444444444444444444444 ( ,weight 44444 -------------------------- 44444444444444444444444444 ,index ( ,,an?ropological ,/ature 44444 44444444444444444444444444 ,,notes -------------------------- ,/ature 44444444444444444444444444 7sitt+7 44444 7m47 44444444444444444444444444 -------------------------- ,?oracic 44444444444444444444444444 circum4 44444 7m47 44444444444444444444444444 -------------------------- ,weight 44444444444444444444444444 7,kg47 44444 -------------------------- 44444444444444444444444444 ,/ature 7/&+7 44444 44444444444444444444444444 7m47 ,,s*ool ,,ye> #aia44-aia44 ,"n44444444,date ( bir?4444444444444 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444 ---------------------------------------- --- ,,/ature ,,9 ,,met]s ,,notes ,,mon? ------------------- ,/&+ ,sitt+ ------------------------------- ,septemb] 44444444444444444444 44444444444 ------------------- ,octob] 44444444444444444444444444444444 ------------------- ,novemb] 44444444444444444444444444444444 ------------------- ,decemb] 44444444444444444444444444444444 ------------------- ,janu>y 44444444444444444444444444444444 ------------------- ,febru>y 44444444444444444444444444444444 ------------------- ,m>* 44444444444444444444444444444444 ------------------- ,april 44444444444444444444444444444444 ------------------- ,may 44444444444444444444444444444444 ------------------- ,june 44444444444444444444444444444444 ------------------- ,july 44444444444444444444444444444444 ------------------- ,augu/ 44444444444444444444444444444444 ,,s*ool ,,ye> #aia44-aia44 ,"n4444444444444444444444444444444444444 4444 ,date ( ,bir?44444444444444444444444444444444 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,,mon? ,,weight ,,9 ,,kilograms ---------------------------------------- ------------- #a/ week #bnd week #crd week #d? week ,septemb] 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 ,octob] 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 ,novemb] 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 ,decemb] 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 ,janu>y 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 ,febru>y 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 ,m>* 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 ,april 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 ,may 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 ,june 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 ,july 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 ,augu/ 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 7,family ,"n7 7,names7 ,,"n ,,9 ,,full4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444 ,,s*ool ,,ye> #aia44-aia44 ,,psy*ological ,,di>y ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,di>y ,"n ( ,page ,numb] ,*ild ---------------------------------------- ---- #aia44 ,mon?4444444444444,day444444444444444 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,,guide ,,= ,,psy*ological ,,obs]vation ,,"w4 ,,note3 ,:5 a *ild beg9s to %[ con/ant application to a piece ( "w4 ,:at ?is "w is & h[ long he rema9s at x 7spe$ or sl[ness he %[s 9 complet+ x1 ! numb] ( times he repeats ! same ex]cise74 ,individual peculi>ities 9 application to p>ticul> tasks4 ,to :at tasks ! *ild successively applies himself on ! same day & ) h[ mu* p]si/5cy to ea*4 ,:e!r he has p]iods ( spontane\s activity at "w & on h[ _m days4 ,h[ ! *ild's ne$ ( progress is manife/$ by him4 ,:at tasks he *ooses & ! ord] 9 :i* he *ooses !m2 ! p]si/5cy he %[s 9 ea*4 ,8 p[] ( application 9 spite ( di/ractions ab\t him t might t5d to div]t him f 8 "w4 ,:e!r aft] a compulsory di/raction he takes up aga9 ! task t has be5 int]rupt$4 ,,conduct4 ,,note3 ,ord]l9ess or disord]l9ess 9 ! actions ( ! *ild4 ,! nature ( 8 disord]l9ess4 ,:e!r !re are any *anges 9 conduct z 8 work+ ability develops4 ,:e!r1 z 8 activities become m ord]ly1 ! *ild gives evid5ce (3 accesses ( joy2 p]iods ( placidity2 expressions ( affection4 ,! "p ! *ildr5 take & ! int]e/ !y %[ 9 ! progress ( _! s*oolmates4 ,,ob$i5ce4 ,,note3 ,:e!r ! *ild answ]s readily :5 he is call$4 ,:e!r & at :at times ! *ild beg9s to %[ int]e/ 9 :at o!rs are do+ & to make intellig5t ef=t to jo9 9 _! "w4 ,! progress ( 8 ob$i5ce to calls4 ,! progress ( 8 ob$i5ce to comm&s4 ,:at eag]ness & en?usiasm ! *ild %[s 9 8 ob$i5ce4 ,! relation betwe5 ! v>i\s ph5om5a ( ob$i5ce & 7a7 ! developm5t ( 8 work+ capacity2 7b7 *anges 9 conduct1 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,s*ool ,ye> #aia44-aia44 ,,p]sonal ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,*ild ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,,s*ool ,,ye> #aia44--aia44 ,,biological ,,hi/ory ,,p>5ts3 ,age ( p>5ts at m>riage444444444444444444444444 ,are ! p>5ts relat$ to ea* o!r8444444444444 ,sickness & diseases ( ! p>5ts84444444444444 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444 ,,*ild3 ,7 pregnancy & p>turition normal8444444444444 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444 ,0 ! nurs+ done by ! "m1 or artificially844444 ,! *ild's heal? dur+ ! fir/ ye>34444444444 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444 ,subsequ5t sicknesses ( ! *ild3444444444444444 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444 ,date ( tee?+1 le>n+ to walk1 & le>n+ to speak344444 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444 ,,s*ool ,,ye> #aia44-aia44 ,,social ,,hi/ory ,,fa!r3 ,age1 education & occupation344444444444444444444 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444 ,,"m3 ,age1 education & occupation344444444444444444444 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,are acc\nts kept 9 ! family8444444444444444444 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444 ,family habits 7amusem5ts1 home life74444444444444 ,numb] ( p]sons 9 ! family 7h[ _m adults1 h[ _m *ildr57444444444444444444444444444444444 44444444444 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444 ,does ! family employ s]vants8444444444444444444 ,h[ _m wage e>n]s 9 ! family844444444444444 ,does ! family h income f prop]ty844444444 ,does ! family keep room]s or bo>d]s8444444444 ,is ! h\sekeep+ satisfactory844444444444444444 ,,s*ool ,,ye> #aia44-aia44 ,,e?ical ,,exam9ation ,,que/ionnaire ,,= ,,moral ,,hi/ory ,,crit]ia ,,( ,,praise ,,& ,,pride ,,9 ,,! ,,family ,,note3 ,:at is comm5d$ 9 ! family1 e4g41 dev\tness1 patriotism1 or _! opposites1 affectionat5ess1 hone/y1 mode/1 neatness1 g5]osity1 k9dness1 indep5d5ce1 etc4 ,! social relation%ips betwe5 husb& & wife 7rights1 privileges1 or equality74 ,special di/9ctions ( family memb]s 7public honors1 acts ( c\rage1 etc474 ,,crit]ia ,,( ,,blame ,,& ,,excuse ,,9 ,,! ,,family ,,note3 ,:at compla9ts are made 9 ! home aga9/ memb]s ( ! family1 e4g41 dr9k+1 lack ( affectionat5ess1 gambl+1 irreligion1 disord]l9ess1 lawlessness1 extravagance1 laz9ess1 etc4 ,,educational ,,crit]ia ,,9 ,,! ,,family ,,note3 ,:at concept d ! p>5ts h ( education8 e4g41 sev]ity g5tl5ess1 rew>ds1 puni%m5ts1 und]/&+ ( *ildr51 ! fre$om accord$ ! *ildr51 etc4 ,,"m',s ,,op9ion ,,( ,,h] ,,*ildr5 ,,note3 ,:at c>e is tak5 ( ! *ild & :at rights are recogniz$ by ! family z belong+ to him4 ,,app5dix ,,ii ,,summ>y ,,( ,,! ,,lectures ,,on ,,p$agogy ,,deliv]$ ,,9 ,,home ,,at ,,! ,,scuola ,,magi/rale ,,ort(r5ica ,,9 #aijj ,?is app5dix conta9s a summ>y ( a few ( my lectures deliv]$ 9 #aijj 9 ! ,scuola ,magi/rate ,ort(r5ica 9 ,rome & publi%$ 9 pamphlet =m = ! b5efit ( ! tea*]-/ud5ts :o 7 att5d+ t c\rse4 ,a numb] ( di/+ui%$ physicians 7 at ! same "t lectur+ 9 ! s*ool on v>i\s subjects--su* z ,psy*ology1 ,e/hesiology1 ,anatomy ( ! ,n]ve ,c5tres1 etc4 ,i _h res]v$ = myself ! tea*+1 or r ! developm5t1 ( a special p$agogy = defective *ildr51 along ! l9es previ\sly laid d[n by ,it>d & ,sgu94 ,9 ! summ>y ( ^! old lectures ( m9e are includ$ "s ( my exp]im5ts ) c]ta9 subjects taught 9 ! elem5t>y grades4 ,!y %[ t ! orig9 ( my pres5t "w ) old] *ildr5 is to be s\ght 9 my tea*+ ( defectives4 ,i /ill possess1 z docum5t>y relics ( ?is c\rse1 a hundr$ copies ( a pamphlet entitl$3 ,riassunte delle lezioni di didattica della ,pr(ssa ,montessori1 anno #aijj1 ,/ab4 ,lit4 ,romano1 via ,fratt9a #fb1 ,roma4 ,m ?an ?ree hundr$ tea*]s foll[$ my c\rse1 & are able to be> witness to ! "w done !re4 ,i republi% ! foll[+ exc]pts n because ,i consid] my "w s important z to m]it ! pres]vation ( all ! docum5ts t\*+ on its orig91 b to prev5t ! giv+ ( undue prom95ce to ^? remnants ( my e>li] attempts & /udies :i* are /ill to be f\nd 9 ! ,scuola ,magi/rale ,ort(r5ica 9 ,rome4 ,! *ild %\ld be l$ f ! education ( ! muscul> sy/em to t ( ! n]v\s end s5sory sy/ems2 f ! education ( ! s5ses to concepts2 f concepts to g5]al ideas2 f g5]al ideas to morality4 ,?is is ! educational me?od ( ,sgu94 ,h[ev]1 be=e we beg9 education1 we mu/ prep>e ! *ild to receive x by ano!r education :i* is to-day reg>d$ z ( ! v fir/ importance4 ,?is prep>atory education is ! f\ndation on :i* all subsequ5t education mu/ be bas$1 & ! success we obta9 9 x w det]m9e ! success ( our subsequ5t ef=ts4 by prep>atory education ,i "h mean hygi5ic education1 :i* 9 defective *ildr5 sometimes includes m$ical treatm5t4 ,t is :y ! educational me?od = defectives is sometimes describ$ z m$ico-p$agogical4 ,^? :o realize t importance ( feel+ & int]nal s5sation 9 education w und]/& t ! bodily organism mu/ function prop]ly 9 ord] to respond to our educational ef=ts4 ,we mu/ pres]ve good heal? :]e good heal? exi/s3 we mu/ re/ore x :]e x is lack+4 ,we are !re=e "u /rict obligation to pay close att5tion to nutrition & to ! condition ( ! vital organs4 ,e "o is aw>e ( ! close relation exi/+ betwe5 g5]al s5sibility & morality4 ,crim9als & pro/itutes %[ v scant s5sitiv5ess to pa9 & to tactile /imuli4 ,! same situation is frequ5tly app>5t 9 defectives2 h5ce ! necessity ( re/or+ ! tactile s5se ) adequate att5tion to hygi5e4 ,we _c educate ! muscles to p]=m a giv5 coord9ate movem5t if !y h lo/ _! p[] ( function+ 7z 9 p>esis1 etc474 ,education1 prop]ly s-call$1 mu/ be prec$$ by a m$ical treatm5t to re/ore ! muscles1 if possible1 to good heal?4 ,x w be impossible to educate1 = example1 ! s5se ( he>+1 if "s pa?ological situation has produc$ p>tial deafness4 ,we _c educate ! s5se ( smell if ! excessive excretion ( mucus prev5ts ext]nal /imuli f act+ on ! ends ( ! s5sory n]ves4 ,obvi\sly1 we ne$ a m$ical treatm5t to remove ^! diseas$ conditions4 ,,m$ical ,,education ,g5]al ba?s3 ,:5 n too prolong$ !y develop ! s5sibility ( ! n]v\s papill4 ,!y give tone to ! cellul> & muscul> tissues1 especially to ! sk94 ,hot & cold ba?s giv5 alt]nately are a p[]ful educational in/rum5t 9 attract+ ! att5tion ( a *ild to 8 ext]nal environm5t4 ,local hot ba?s may be giv5 to areas defici5t 9 s5sibility4 ,= in/ance1 try ba?+ ! h&s if tactile education proves impossible1 or ba! ! feet if ! defect 9 /&+ upright or 9 walk+ comes f ! ins5sitiv5ess ( ! soles4 ,local cold ba?s3 ,giv5 to ! head :ile ! pati5t is entirely cov]$ 9 w>m wat] are a tonic to ! scalp2 !y facilitate ! knitt+ ( ! bones ( ! skull & ! =mation ( wormian bones1 prev5t+ also c]ebral conge/ion4 ,!y /imulate & regul>ize ! c]ebral circulation4 ,su* ba?s are p>ticul>ly useful = hydro-cephalics & micro-cephalics1 b all pati5ts are b5efit$ by su* ba?s1 :i* are ! mo/ g5]ally useful ( all4 ,/eam ba?s develop p]spiration :i* at times is completely abs5t or p>tial 9 defectives1 caus+ s]i\s physical di/urbances4 ,^! ba?s1 fur!rmore1 pr$ispose ! n]ve ends to ! mo/ int5se s5sitiv5ess4 ,su* ba?s are1 h[ev]1 n to be us$ on epileptics or on *ildr5 suff]+ f rickets1 weak circulation or g5]al debility4 ,9 g5]al1 local /eam ba?s are us$ especially = h&s & feet1 & also = ! tongue4 ,g5]al cold ba?s are us$ 9 cases ( sup]-excitation1 motor-hyp]activity1 excessive s5sitiv5ess to pa9 & t\*4 ,^! ba?s mu/ be accompani$ by con/ant cold lotions on ! head4 ,ba?s may be accompani$1 ) good results1 by massage & rubb+4 ,rubb+s may be giv5 dry or ) wat]1 alcohol1 aromatic creams or o9tm5ts4 ,local rubb+s may be appli$3 7a7 ,to ! sp9e1 c>efully avoid+ ! lumb> region s z n to excite ! sexual s5sibilities4 ,dry rubb+s %\ld be made ) a piece ( flannel & cont9u$ until ! sk9 r$d5s4 ,!y are especially useful aft] hot ba?s foll[$ by cold d\*es4 7b7 ,to ! *e/ to /imulate respiration4 7c7 ,to ! abdom5 to correct v>i\s int]nal disord]s 7"h1 h[ev]1 massage is m efficaci\s74 7d7 ,to ! jo9ts 7rubb+s ) aromatic creams & ) alcohol are v effective74 ,a brief rubb+ ) alcohol or creams c be foll[$ ) good effect by massage 9 ! case ( abdom5 & jo9ts4 ,massage on ! abdom5 /imulates circulation 9 ! inte/9es & int5sifies & regul>izes ! movem5ts ( ! muscul> walls4 ,massage has a surpris+ effect on ! muscles ( ! jo9ts2 x %ocks ! muscul> fib]s 9 _! inn]mo/ p>ts & sets !m 9 motion2 x regul>izes ! function+ ( ! muscles by r$uc+ excessive contraction & re/or+ defici5t contractibility4 ,emaciat$ muscles are reg5]at$1 ! muscul> bulk is vigor\sly augm5t$1 :ile ! fat tissues are absorb$4 ,! repetition sev]al times a day ( ba?+1 rubb+ & massage has produc$ real miracles ( physical reg5]ation4 ,,fe$+ ,inte/9al di/urbances h a direct influ5ce on ! functional p[] ( ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em4 ,!y m]it1 !re=e1 special consid]ation4 ,= 9 defectives an inte/9al inflammation may produce symptoms ( m5+itis1 & a disord] 9 dige/ion ev5 unatt5d$ by fev] may occasionally give rise to convulsions4 ,! hygi5e ( fe$+ :i* is almo/ ! same z t = normal *ildr5 mu/ !re=e be rigor\sly obs]v$4 ,! g5]al rule is li/ ! *ildr5 %\ld h regul> meals & be all[$ no?+ :atev] to eat betwe5 meals4 ,x is commonly believ$ t a piece ( c&y or a bit ( fruit giv5 betwe5 meals has no bad effect4 ,?is is a common error ( _m mo!rs1 :o by all[+ su* slight irregul>ities 9 diet1 become ! unwitt+ cause ( s]i\s illnesses 9 _! *ildr54 ,:5 we say t *ildr5 %\ld be f$ at mealtimes1 we mean t no?+ %\ld be giv5 !m except at meal times2 no?+1 n ev5 ! mo/ innoc5t confection2 n a crumb ( bread1 n a drop ( milk4 ,?is sev]ity has ! quantity & quality ( food all[$ 9 ea*4 ,numb]3 ,= *ildr5 betwe5 #b & #g ye>s3 #d meals a day2 = *ildr5 betwe5 #h & #ad ye>s3 #c meals a day4 ,^! meals %\ld be at regul> h\rs1 & foll[$ )\t exception by a p]iod ( m5tal re/1 :i* mu/ be provid$ = 9 mak+ up ! daily program ( lessons4 ,we ne$ special rese>*es z to :at type ( activity may be all[$ *ildr5 dur+ dige/ion & :at organs may be active )\t damage to ! *ild :ile ! /oma* is tax$ ) ! labor ( dige/ion4 ,a few ?+s are cle>4 ,! *ildr5 %\ld be s5t out ( clos$ rooms :]e _! play raises m or less du/1 & kept 9 well-v5tilat$ places1 if possible1 9 a g>d5 or 9 a woods well suppli$ ) aromatic trees4 ,! be/ ?+ a *ild c d imm$iately aft] a meal is to take a %ort walk 9 ! op5 air )\t mu* ex]tion4 ,quantity3 ,9 ! case ( *ildr5 betwe5 #b & #g ye>s ( age1 !re %\ld be two full meals & two lun*eons4 ,aft] ! age ( #g !re %\ld be "o lun* & two full meals4 ,we _c be m specific4 ,quality3 ,9 ! case ( defectives x w\ld be useful = ! doctor to ord] a diet day by day aft] hav+ exam9$ ! di>ies ( ! nurses z is done 9 hospitals4 ,= x may be possible to introduce into ! food elem5ts :i* con/itute an actual cure = c]ta9 diseas$ conditions & prev5tives ( c]ta9 k9ds ( attacks4 ,9 food we %\ld realize ! di/9ctions betwe5 ! elem5ts :i* build tissues--true food sub/ances1 & o!rs ^: function is purely /imulatory--alcohol1 c(fee1 tea1 etc41 :i* %\ld be us$ only occasionally4 ,among ! food sub/ances prop]ly s-call$ are ! album9oids 7prote9s71 fats1 & c>bo-hydrates 7sug>s1 />*es1 :eat & potato fl\rs1 etc474 ,! fats are ! lea/ dige/ible foods1 b !y produce ! greate/ numb] ( calories4 ,! proportion ( ! diff]5t elem5ts 9 ! food %\ld be det]m9$ by ! am\nt ( album91 :i* con/itutes ! real food elem5t4 ,album9 is ( bo? vegetable & animal orig94 ,its animal =ms are m nutriti\s1 m easily dige/ible1 & products m calories ?an ! vegetable =ms4 ,! foods :i* produce animal-album9 are milk1 eggs1 & meats4 ,vegetables !mselves furni% :at is kn[n z vegetable-album94 ,*ildr5 up to #h ye>s ( age are suppli$ usually ) ! foll[+ album9\s foods3 eggs1 milk & vegetables4 ,= *ildr5 betwe5 #f & #h3 eggs1 milk1 fi% & vegetables may be provid$4 ,old] *ildr5 may be giv5 *ick51 veal1 & f9ally beef4 ,?\gh = normal *ildr5 a re/rict$ meat diet is desirable1 9 ! case ( defectives a ri* supply ( meat z well z ( album9oids 9 g5]al is to be s\ght4 ,_! treatm5t resembles t ( weak convalesc5t pati5ts ^: /r5g? is to be re/or$4 ,! meats be/ adapt$ to su* *ildr5 are ^? conta9+ l>ge am\nts ( mucilag9\s sub/ances & sug> 7veal1 lamb & "y animals 9 g5]al74 ,vegetable pures1 fat gravies1 butt]1 etc41 are to be recomm5d$ 9 ^! cases4 ,= n]v\s *ildr51 fats1 oils1 acids1 & fl\rs %\ld be avoid$4 ,= apa!tic *ildr51 :o exp]i5ce difficulty 9 dige/ion1 tonics & ri* season+s %\ld be us$1 su* z spices1 :i* h come to be almo/ exclud$ f ord9>y cook+1 especially = *ildr54 ,spices may well be re/or$ to ! diet ( in/itutions = defectives1 s9ce !y h ! additional advantage ( p]mitt+ mixture ) irons1 ( :i* !y neutralize ! ta/e4 ,que/ions ( food dep5d l>gely ^u ! individual condition ( ! *ildr54 ,! important ?+ is to avoid ! s*ool ration4 ,?is is all ! m true ( bev]ages4 ,bev]ages3 ,:ile /imulants are usually to be exclud$ f ! diet ( normal *ildr5 ( #g or "u1 x is (t5 desirable to introduce tea1 c(fee1 etc41 into ! meals ( defectives4 ,?is %\ld be done1 h[ev]1 only 9 ! daily diets ord]$ by ! physician = individuals4 ,n]v\s *ildr5 %\ld be re/rict$ to milk & wat] = _! meals ) "s mod]ately sweet dr9k 7orange juice1 weak lemonade1 etc47 aft] eat+4 ,apa!tics1 %[+ atonic dige/ion1 may h c(fee ei!r be=e eat+ or dur+ _! meals4 ,special education is necess>y to accu/om ! *ildr5 to complete ma/ication4 ,su* practice 9 ! use ( ! organs ( ma/ication assi/s also 9 ! lat] developm5t ( spee*4 ,,excretion ,among ! physiological irregul>ities t appe> among *ildr5 special importance atta*es to excretions4 ,defecation3 ,among defectives especially1 s-call$ dirty *ildr5 are (t5 s num]\s t special sections h to be made = !m 9 in/itutions4 ,su* *ildr5 %[ involunt>y losses ( fces & ur9e1 z 9 ! case ( infants4 ,mo/ frequ5tly ! defecations are ( liquid consi/5cy ?\gh sometimes ! rev]se is true4 ,our rem$ial ef=t %\ld be 9 two directions3 we %\ld try to regul>ize ! op]ation ( ! inte/9es by giv+ solidity to ! excretions2 secondly1 we %\ld endeavor to /r5g!n ! sph9ct] muscles4 ,a /rict obs]vance ( ! diet hygi5e outl9$ above1 especially z conc]ns regul>ity ( meals & ma/ication ( food1 w assi/ 9 ! atta9m5t ( ! fir/ object4 ,we %\ld try 9 addition to regul>ize defecation by /imulat+ x at regul> int]vals 7to be gradually increas$ 9 l5g?7 ?r\gh light massages & hot rubb+s on ! abdom54 ,to /r5g!n ! sph9ct]s g5]al tonics 7iron1 /ry*n9e71 & local tonics 7su* z cold sitz-ba?s1 cold %[]s & electric ba?s7 may be us$4 ,suppositories may also be us$ to advantage 9 /imulat+ sph9ct] contractions & accu/om+ ! muscles to con/rictive action4 ,ur9e3 "s defectives %[ involunt>y loss ( ur9e1 especially at night1 up to v advanc$ ages4 ,epileptics are p>ticul>ly pr$ispos$ to ?is4 ,! treatm5t is analog\s to t j describ$4 ,bev]ages %\ld be c>efully sup]vis$4 ,diuretics & excessive dr9k+ 9 g5]al %\ld be avoid$4 ,g5]al recomm5dations3 ,local ba?s1 & rigor\s cleanl9ess to avoid any /imulus to onanism4 ,education c d mu* 9 ! treatm5t ( ?is situation4 ,ur9ation %\ld be regul>ly sugge/$ to ! *ild be=e he goes to b$ & :5 he wakes 9 ! morn+4 ,9 special cases x might be well to wak5 ! *ild once or twice dur+ ! night = ! same purpose4 ,?is defect is (t5 associat$ 9 a *ild ) "s abnormality 9 ! ph5om5a ( p]spiration4 ,p]spiration3 ,! sweat has almo/ ! same composition z ur9e1 & p]spiration is a process supplem5t>y to ! action ( ! kidneys4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ t (t5 9 defective *ildr5 p]spiration is ei!r entirely lack+ or limit$ to c]ta9 areas 7! palms ( ! h&s1 ! nose1 etc474 ,x is absolutely necess>y to /imulate & regul>ize p]spiration ov] ! :ole surface ( ! body4 ,?is may be done by hot & /eam ba?s1 by dry rubs ) flannels 7long su/a9$ if necess>y71 by wool5 g>m5ts con/antly worn next to ! sk91 & o!r simil> me*anical devices4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 absolutely avoid ! use ( special diaphoretic drugs1 :i* (t5 br+ ab\t a fatal weak5+ ( ! organs ( p]spiration4 ,! treatm5ts we h sugge/$ above are1 fir/ ( all1 h>mless1 b besides !y contribute to ! g5]al ton+ & s5sitiz+ ( ! sk94 ,nasal mucus & te>s3 ,te>s are (t5 lack+ 9 defectives4 ,on ! o!r h& nasal excretion is v abundant & replaces ! te>s1 :i* are (t5 s r>e t "s *ildr5 rea* a relatively advanc$ age )\t hav+ wept4 ,9 su* cases !re is a pr$isposition to c]ta9 diseases ( ! eyes2 & excessive nasal excretion prev5ts ! function+ ( ! olfactory organs4 ,= ?is we recomm5d inhal+ ( hot vapors & ( fragrant irritants1 :i* correct ! excessive excretion ( mucus & ex]cise ! olfactory s5se4 ,usually ! regul> secretion ( te>s foll[s z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,saliva3 ,"o ( ! mo/ unpleasant abnormalities 9 defectives is ! cont9u\s loss ( saliva f hang+ lips4 ,b ! effects are n only une/hetic4 ,! cont9u\s ov]-excretion ( saliva makes ! inn] organs ( ! m\? flabby & swoll54 ,! tongue & ! organs ( spee* 9 g5]al gradually lose _! contractive p[]1 & articulation is ultimately r5d]$ impossible4 ,ta/e & tactile ability (t5 disappe> altoge!r4 ,ma/ication becomes difficult & deglutition irregul>4 ,! second>y effects on ! dige/ive organs are bad4 ,we possess a v>iety ( effici5t curatives & educational treatm5ts = ?is defect3 fir/1 g5]al tonics2 second1 local cold d\*es on ! lip muscles1 electric massage ( ! lips2 ?ird1 ! use ( licorice /icks1 l>ge at fir/ b gradually r$uc+ 9 diamet]1 to be introduc$ betwe5 ! lips to /imulate ! suck+ activity & ! ex]cise ( ! contractive muscles4 ,?is w ultimately give ! necess>y muscul> tone4 ,! lips ( ! *ild %\ld be clos$ me*anically f "t to "t to =ce him to swall[ ! saliva & to create ! habit ( deglutition4 ,,clo?+ ,,& ,,environm5t ,! pr9ciples ( hygi5e mu/ be ext5d$ to ! dress ( ! *ild & to ! environm5t 9 :i* x lives4 ,clo?+3 ,! *ild's clo!s %\ld be s made z to be easily put on & (f4 ,!y %\ld n h9d] normal function+ ( ! body 7brea?+74 ,!y %\ld af=d no opportunity = dang]\s vices 7onanism74 ,if ! *ild c dress & undress )\t difficulty1 x w le>n ! m readily to look aft] itself ev5 9 ^? little necessities ( daily life :]e p>tial undress+ is necess>y4 ,special att5tion %\ld be giv5 to /ock+s1 :i* affect ! developm5t ( s5sitiv5ess 9 ! soles ( ! feet & also conc]n ! process ( le>n+ to walk4 ,environm5t3 ,j a few rem9d]s3 = defectives p]fect v5tilation ( c\rse2 b ! walls & furniture %\ld be uphol/]$ 9 ! case ( impulsive defectives or ( defectives :o d n "k h[ to walk4 ,!re is dang] 9 furniture ) %>p projections & 9 toys :i* may be ?r[n ab\t4 ,a *ild's room1 ! luxury ( :i* consi/s 9 x hygi5ic location1 its ela/ic walls1 & its v empt9ess1 is ! be/ gift a ri* family c make to ! education ( a defective *ild4 ,,muscul> ,,education ,muscul> education has = its object ! br++ ( ! individual to "s labor useful = society4 ,?is labor mu/ always be execut$ by means ( ! muscles1 :e!r x be manual labor1 speak+ or writ+4 ,9 a ^w1 ! intellig5ce mu/ subject ! muscles to its own purposes &1 t ! muscles may be equipp$ = su* ob$i5ce1 x is necess>y to prep>e !m by "s education :i* w r$uce !m to coord9ation4 ,muscul> education 9 defectives accord+ly has = its object ! /imulation & coord9ation ( useful movem5ts4 ,x prep>es3 = ex]cise2 = ! activities ( dome/ic s]vice 7wa%+1 dress+1 prep>+ food1 sett+ & cle>+ ! table1 etc472 = manual labor 7trades72 = language 7use ( ! vocal organs74 ,! prep>ation consi/s 9 br++ ! *ild to tonic quiesc5ce 9 /&+ po/ure4 ,! *ild mu/ le>n fir/ to /& /ill ) head erect & ) 8 eyes fix$ on ! eyes ( ! tea*]4 ,f ?is position ( tonic quiesc5ce we mu/ pass to ex]cises 9 imitation4 ,we obta9 tonic quiesc5ce by a v>iety ( proc$ures1 ! v>iation dep5d+ ^u individual cases4 ,we mu/ /imulate ! apa!tic & ! sluggi%2 we mu/ mod]ate ! hyp]active2 we mu/ correct p>esis1 tics1 etc4 ,9 o!r words1 m$ical education mu/ prec$e p$agogy itself4 ,x may be a "q ( apply+ m$ical gymna/ics bo? = active & passive movem5ts1 alt]nat+ ?is treatm5t ) massage1 electric ba?s1 etc4 ,let u note "o or two motor abnormalities :i* are easy to detect 9 defectives4 ,atony3 ! *ild does n move2 he _c /&2 he _c sit upright nor execute any movem5t :atev]4 ,hyp]activity3 ?is is *>act]iz$ by almo/ con/ant incoord9at$ or disorganiz$ movem5ts :i* h no useful purpose1 e4g41 jump+1 beat+1 te>+ up ( objects )9 rea* & s on4 ,su* pati5ts are dang]\s to !mselves & to o!rs4 ,,me*anical ,,movem5ts 7,a74--,movem5ts execut$ ^u ! p]son ( ! *ild3 suck+ ( ! f+]s2 bit+ ( ! nails2 con/ant /rok+ ( "s "p ( ! body4 ,^! movem5ts are caus$ by imp]fectly develop$ s5sibility2 ! *ildr5 /roke or c>ess1 = example1 t area ( ! sk9 :i* possesses greate/ tactile s5sitiv5ess1 etc4 7,b74--,movem5ts execut$ ^u surr\nd+ objects3 rapp+ on tables2 con/ant & c>eful te>+ ( pieces ( pap] into small bits1 etc4 ,?is too is associat$ ) "s s5sory pleasure on ! "p ( ! pati5t4 ,rock+3 7a7 ) pati5t recl9+3 ! head is nodd$ f left to "r1 f "r to left2 7b7 ) pati5t sitt+3 ! trunk is rock$ backw>d & =w>d2 7c7 ) pati5t /&+3 ! :ole bod2 rocks f left to "r1 ! :ole weight re/+ n[ on "o foot & n[ on ! o!r4 ,difficulty & hesitation are exp]i5c$ 9 walk+4 ,^! motory defects proce$ f ! difficulty exp]i5c$ by ! *ild 9 f9d+ 8 c5t] ( gravity1 8 equilibrium4 ,inability to p]=m local movem5ts3 7a7 ,inability to move c]ta9 ( ! f+]s1 ! tongue1 ! lips1 etc4 ,f su* defects arises ! impossibility ( p]=m+ c]ta9 simple manual ex]cises 7br++ ! f+] tips ( ! two h&s toge!r2 tak+ hold ( objects1 e4g41 inability to button1 etc47 & ! inability to pron\nce c]ta9 words2 7b7 ,inability to contract ! lip & sph9ct] muscles 7loss ( saliva1 involunt>y defecation74 ,atony & hyp]activity may be ov]come by appropriate educational rem$ies :i* we w n[ discuss4 ,local agitations disappe> ) ! g5]al education ( ! s5ses2 :ile rock+ is cur$ by ex]cises 9 balanc+4 7,a74--,/imulate active movem5ts 9 ! atonic *ild until he is able to /& erect 9 tonic quiesc5ce4 ,beg9 by /imulat+ ! simple movem5ts1 gradually work+ up to ! mo/ complicat$4 ,we h a sure guide = ?is education 9 ! spontane\s developm5ts ( movem5ts 9 ! normal *ild3 he beg9s ) ! easie/ spontane\s movem5ts & gradually arrives at ! h>d] ones4 ,! fir/ movem5t :i* develops 9 ! *ild is ! preh5sile act 7grasp+74 ,next comes ! movem5ts ( ! l[] jo9ts us$ 9 creep+ & walk+2 next ! ability to /&2 & f9ally ! ability to walk alone4 ,grasp+3 if no ext]nal /imulation is capable ( int]e/+ ! defective ( l[ type1 grasp+ _c be /imulat$ m]ely by pres5t+ to ! *ild "s object or o!r :i* might seem to be int]e/+ = color ta/e or "s o!r quality4 ,9 su* a case we mu/ h rec\rse to ! in/9ct ( self-pres]vation1 to t innate fe> ( void :i* defectives almo/ always h4 ,! *ild feel+ himself fall w in/9ctively grasp at "s support )9 8 rea*4 ,?is is ! simple/ po9t ( dep>ture = our possible developm5t ( ! grasp+ faculty 9 ! defective *ild4 ,me?od3 ,! h&s ( ! *ild am me*anically fix$ ar\nd ! rung ( a ladd] susp5d$ to ! ceil+4 ,!n ! *ild 9 left to himself4 ,s9ce 8 f+]s are already ar\nd ! support he ne$s only to cl5* 8 h&s to f9d support4 ,he may n succe$ ev5 9 ?is simple act ! fir/ "t4 ,! tea*] mu/ pati5tly repeat ! ex]cise1 always be+ ready1 ( c\rse1 to cat* ! *ild if he %\ld fall4 ,9 ?is ex]cise ! defective is v mu* al>m$ z a rule & all 8 muscles are z a result m or less /imulat$4 ,likewise bas$ on ! in/9ct ( self-pres]vation is ! sw+1 :]e ! defective mu/ cl+ to "s support ) 8 h&s to keep f fall+4 ,f9ally a ball is hung f ! ceil+ & swung 9 su* a way z cont9ually to /rike ! *ild 9 ! face4 ,to protect himself he mu/ keep x away by seiz+ x4 ,9 /ill l[] types we mu/ h rec\rse to ! in/9ct = nutrition :i* exi/s ev5 9 su* *ildr54 ,/&+3 ,"u ?is head+ we include also ! movem5ts :i* prec$e ! actual atta9m5t ( ! /&+ po/ure4 ,to ov]come ! s9k+ ( ! knees1 :i* imp$es /&+1 ! sw++ *air may be us$4 ,! seat mu/ rea* ne>ly to ! *ild's feet & ! knees are ti$ to ! seat4 ,! *ild's foot1 z he sw+s1 /rike aga9/ a bo>d4 ,?is ex]cise prep>es ! l[] jo9ts to hold !mselves 9 position :5 re/+ on a plane surface4 ,next ! *ild is plac$ on p>allel b>s4 ,! b>s pass "u ! arm-pits & support ! *ild :ile 8 feet re/ on ! floor4 ,9 ^! ex]cises we try to /imulate ! movem5ts :i* appe> 9 walk+ 7ex]cises ( ! l[] jo9ts74 ,next we ex]cise ! muscles :i* support ! sp9al column4 ,! *ild is made to sit d[n3 fir/ ! sp9e 9 upright aga9/ ! back ( ! *air2 f9ally x rema9s upright :5 ! support is remov$4 ,little by little walk+ c be produc$ if ! *ild is tak5 away f ! b>s & support$ ) a simple gymna/ic belt4 ,! ex]cise is cont9u$ until he c be left entirely )\t support4 ,:5 ! *ild has le>n$ to walk we c comm& him to /op 9 ! position ( tonic quiesc5ce4 7,b74--,mod]ation ( hyp]activity by =c$ quiesc5ce4 ,9 hyp]active *ildr5 ! arms mu/ fir/ be re/ra9$ by hold+ !m tight 9 our h&s4 ,! movem5ts ( ! l[] limbs may be *eck$ by hold+ ! *ild's legs tight betwe5 our knees4 ,f9ally ! *ild may be kept entirely quiesc5t ) 8 legs held betwe5 ! tea*]'s knees1 8 arms 9 ! tea*]'s h&s1 ) ! trunk pu%$ back & held firmly aga9/ ! wall4 ,by a simil> process he c be kept quiet :ile /&+2 !n lat] 9 a position ( tonic quiesc5ce4 ,g5]al ,rule3 ,ex]cises ( ! limbs beg9n+ ) ! arms %\ld prec$e ^? specifically direct$ t[>d ! sp9al column4 ,sgu9 says tonic quiesc5ce is necess>ily ! fir/ /ep f atonic quiesc5ce2 or if y wi%1 f a disord]$ activity to an activity :i* repres5ts h>mony betwe5 ! muscul> sy/em & ! m9d4 ,we not$ above t ! po/ure ( tonic quiesc5ce involves a fixity ( gaze on ! "p ( ! *ild4 ,?is is ! po9t ( dep>ture = ! developm5t ( coord9ative movem5ts & imitation ( :at ! *ild sees ! tea*] d4 ,,education ,,( ,,! ,,fix$ ,,gaze ,if ! *ild is kept 9 ! d>k = "s "t & is sudd5ly %[n a bright light he w exp]i5ce ! s5sation ( r$4 ,keep+ ! *ild 9 a d>k room = a %ort] "t a sudd5 light w attract 8 gaze4 ,move ! light along ! wall until ! *ild's gaze foll[s x4 ,next1 9 a light room1 ! *ild is %[n a r$ clo? kept 9 motion2 a r$ balloon hung f ! ceil+ keeps /rik+ him 9 ! face4 ,aft] ^! prep>atory ex]cises ! tea*] c try to get ! *ild to fix its eyes on 8 own & to ma9ta9 ! fix$ gaze4 ,"h use may be made also ( ! s5se ( he>+ 7words ( comm&1 enc\ragem5t1 etc474 ,f9ally to obta9 complete fixity ( gaze1 "o may use ! l>ge mirror1 be=e :i* lights may be pass$4 ,!re ! *ild c gaze at 8 own face & at ! face ( ! tea*]1 :i* w be kept motionless & :i* ! *ild may come to imitate4 ,ex]cises ( imitation3 7#a7 ,! *ild is taught to become acqua9t$ ) himself4 ,! v>i\s p>ts ( 8 body are po9t$ out to him & he is made to t\* !m4 ,?is cont9ues up to ! po9t ( di/+ui%+ "r f left4 ,beg9 ) ! l>g] memb]s ( ! body 7arms1 legs1 trunk1 head7 to be nam$ 9 connection ) movem5ts ( ! :ole body4 ,!n pass to ! small] memb]s 7! f+]s1 knuckles1 ! organs ( ! m\?71 to be ref]r$ to respectively 9 ! education ( ! h& & 9 ! tea*+ ( spee*4 7#b7 ,! *ild is taught coord9ative movem5ts relat+ to gymna/ics 7walk+1 runn+1 jump+1 pu%+1 etc474 7#c7 ,movem5ts relat+3 7a7 to ! simpl] =ms ( manual labor 7ex]cises ( practical life3 wa%+1 dress+1 pick+ up & lay+ d[n v>i\s objects1 op5+ & clos+ draw]s72 7b7 to m complex k9ds ( manual labor 7elem5ts ( v>i\s trades2 weav+1 ,froebel ex]cises1 etc474 7#d7 ,movem5ts relat+ to articulate language4 ,= ?is educational process ! foll[+ g5]al rules are to be foll[$3 fir/1 movem5ts ( ! :ole body mu/ prec$e movem5ts ( specific p>ts2 second1 only by analyz+ complex movem5ts 9 _! successive /ages & by work+ out _! details po9t by po9t c we arrive at ! execution ( a p]fect complex movem5t4 ,?is latt] rule applies especially to manual education & ! tea*+ ( language4 ,:5 movem5ts ( ! :ole body h be5 obta9$ x w (t5 be necess>y1 be=e go+ on to movem5ts ( p>ticul> memb]s1 to alt]nate ! educational cure ) ! m$ical3 7#a7 to ov]come ! weakness ( "s ( ! muscles 7p]haps ( "s f+]71 use local electric ba?s1 passive gymna/ics1 etc42 7#b7 = retractions1 ret>d$ developm5t ( aponeurosis ( ! palms1 etc41 use or?op$ic treatm5t4 ,gymna/ics1 manual labor1 trades & speak+ are special bran*es ( tea*+1 t usually require specially tra9$ tea*]s4 ,,education ,,( ,,! ,,s5ses ,outl9e = exam9ation4 ,sight3 ,s5se ( color4 ,x is necess>y to call ! att5tion ( ! *ild sev]al times to ! same color by pres5t+ x to him "u diff]5t aspects & 9 diff]5t environm5ts4 ,! /imulus %\ld be /rong4 ,o!r s5ses t5d to associate !mselves ) ! *romatic s5se1 = example1 ! /]eogno/ic & gu/atory s5ses4 ,:5ev] ! tea*] gives an idea %e %\ld unite ) x ! ^w1 ! only ^w :i* is relat$ to ! idea4 ,! words %\ld be emphatically & di/9ctly pron\nc$4 7#a7 ,p$agogical aprons3 ,! colors are pres5t$ on a l>ge mov+ surface1 z = in/ance1 an apron worn by ! tea*]2 e4g41 a r$ apron4 ,! tea*] po9ts to x1 t\*es x1 lift+ x ) noticeable movem5ts ( ! arms1 cont9ually calls ! att5tion ( ! *ild to x4 ,look6 ,see "h6 ,att5tion6 & s on2 !n say+ 9 a l[ voice & sl[ly1 ,?is is 7& !n 9 a l\d] voice71 r$1 r$1 r$666 ,n[ take two aprons1 "o r$1 ! o!r blue2 repeat ! same process = ! blue4 ,!re are ?ree /ages 9 ! process ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 colors3 7a7 ,?is is 444 r$6 7b7 ,y\r apron is r$6 7c7 ,:at color is ?is8 ,!n try ?ree aprons1 r$1 blue1 & yell[1 bord]$ ) :ite & black4 7#b7 ,insets--color & =m4 ,! r$ circle1 ! blue squ>e4 ,!re are ?ree /ages3 7a7 ,?is is r$1 r$1 r$6 ,t\* x6 ,d y feel8 ,y\r f+] goes all ! way ar\nd1 all ! way ar\nd4 ,x is r\nd1 x is r\nd1 all r\nd4 ,put x 9 its place6 7b7 ,give me ! r$ "o6 7c7 ,:at color is ?is circle8 7#c7 ,! d>k room4 ,a ,b5gal r$ color is %[n3 ,x is r$6 ,! color appe>s beh9d a circul> disc3 ,x is r$6 ,! blue is %[n beh9d a squ>e w9d[3 ,x is blue1 blue1 blue1 etc4 7#d7 ,! *ild is giv5 a circul> tablet ( r$ sug> to eat & a squ>e lump ( blue sug>4 ,he is made to smell a r$ piece ( clo? /rongly sc5t$ ) musk2 or a blue piece ( clo? sc5t$ ) asafetida1 etc4 7#e7 ,! color *>t4 7#f7 ,! fir/ game ( ,froebel4 ,! fir/ p$agogical mat]ial giv5 %\ld conta9 ! color already taught4 ,! notion ( color %\ld be associat$ ) its orig9al environm5t4 ,%apes3 ,solids1 ,insets3 ,! proc$ure is always 9 ! ?ree /ages m5tion$4 7#a7 ,%[ ! object to ! *ild4 7#b7 ,h him recognize x4 7#c7 ,h him give x its "n4 ,dim5sions3 ,rods ( ! same ?ickness1 b ( graduat$ l5g?4 ,fir/ ! longe/ & ! %orte/ are %[n4 ,! *ild is made to t\* !m & int]*ange !m ,pick up ! longe/6 ,place x on ! table6 etc4 ,repeat ?is ex]cise1 add+ "s int]m$iate l5g?s2 aga9 f9ally1 ) all ! rods4 ,next ! rods may be dis>rang$2 ! *ild is to put !m back 9 ord] ( l5g?4 ,notice :e!r ! *ild makes an accurate *oice 9 ! confus$ pile ( ! graduat$ dim5sions2 or :e!r x is only by plac+ two rods toge!r t he comes to notice ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m4 ,notice h[ long x is be=e ! *ild makes an accurate *oice 9 ! pile & ( :at degrees ( diff]5ce 9 l5g? he is accurately aw>e4 ,try ! same ex]cise = ?ickness3 prisms ( equal l5g?1 b ( graduat$ ?ickness1 us+ ! same proc$ure 9 analog\s ex]cises4 ,games may be us$ = ! e/imation ( di/ances4 ,! tactile s5se prop]3 ,"o bo>d ) a corrugat$ surface 7l a grat]7 & "o smoo?4 ,ano!r bo>d ) five adjac5t surfaces ( graduat$ r\ghness4 ,simil> ex]cises may be us$ 9 ! feel+ ( clo?s 7guess+ games74 ,games3 ,! *ild is bl9dfold$ & lightly tickl$4 ,he mu/ seize :at is tickl+ him1 putt+ 8 h& rapidly to ! irritant4 7,fly cat*+1 a game = ! localization ( /imulants47 ,a/r+5ts ,liquids ,glues ,oils ,tactile muscul> s5se3 ,ela/ic bodies ,rubb] ,balls ,non-resili5t bodies ,wood5 ,use sk9s1 lea!r gloves1 & v>i\s k9ds ( clo?s = feel+4 ,! muscul> s5se3 ,balls ( ! same appe>ance1 b ( graduat$ weights4 ,diff]5tiation ( co9s by weight4 ,! /]eogno/ic s5se3 ,recognition ( elem5t>y =ms1 ( r>e objects1 ( co9s4 ,!rmal s5ses3 ,hot liquids1 ic$ liquids2 relative w>m? ( l95 & wool1 wood1 wax1 metal4 ,olfactory s5se3 ,asafetida1 oil ( rose1 m9t1 etc41 ,tobacco smoke ,burn$ sug> ,odors ( ,inc5se ,burn$ maple ,wood ,odors ( burn+ ,/raw sub/ances ,pap] ,v>i\s applications ,wool to practical life4 ,guess+ games ,cotton ,edibles ,odors ( foods 7practical life73 fre% milk1 s\r milk1 fre% meat1 /ale meat1 rancid butt]1 fre% butt]1 etc4 ,ta/e3 ,! f\r fundam5tal ta/es 7guess+ games74 ,in/ructive applications to practise 9 ! kit*5 & at meals4 ,ta/es ( v>i\s food sub/ances3 milk gruel 7milk & fl\r72 dilut$ w9e2 ,ex]cises ( practical life sweet w9e2 turn$ w9e 7v9eg>71 etc4 ,! practise ( ! s5ses beg9s 9 ! l[] classes 9 ! =m ( guess+ games2 9 ! high] classes ! education ( ! s5ses is appli$ to ex]cises ( practical life4 ,he>+3 ,empirical measurem5t ( ! acut5ess ( ! s5se ( he>+4 ,specim5 game3 ! tea*] ab\t #ce feet away f ! bl9dfold$ *ildr5 & /&+ :]e an object has be5 hidd51 :isp]s ! words ,f9d x6 ,^? :o h he>d h] w be able to f9d ! object4 ,hav+ remov$ f ! l9e ! *ildr5 :o h he>d1 ! tea*] /eps to ano!r place ab\t a y>d ne>] & repeats ! exp]im5t to ! *ildr5 :o are left ov]1 etc4 ,int5sity ( s\nd3 ,?r[ to ! floor metal blocks ( v>i\s sizes1 co9s ( graduat$ weight4 ,/rike glasses "o aft] ! o!r accord+ to size4 ,bells ( graduat$ size4 ,quality ( s\nd3 ,produce diff]5t s\nds & noises4 ( metal ,bells ( t]racotta ,op5 ,bells4 ,clos$ ,bells4 ,/rike ) a wood5 /ick on t9 plates1 glasses1 etc4 ,id5tify v>i\s musical in/rum5ts4 ,id5tify diff]5t human voices 7( diff]5t p74 ,id5tify ! voice ( a man1 a woman1 a *ild4 ,recognize diff]5t p by _! /ep1 etc41 etc4 ,pit*3 ,int]vals ( an octave1 ( a major triad1 & s on2 major & m9or *ords4 ,h[ev]1 musical education requires a sep>ate *apt]4 ,s\nd projection1 localization ( s\nd 9 space3 ,! *ild is bl9dfold$4 ,! s\nd is produc$2 7#a7 9 front ( him2 beh9d him2 to ! "r2 to ! left2 above 8 head2 7#b7 ! bl9dfold$ *ild recognizes ! relative di/ance at :i* ! s\nds are produc$2 7#c7 ! *ild decides f :i* side ( ! room ! s\nds come2 he is made to foll[ "s "o :o is speak+4 ,! horizontal plane3 ,?is is ! fir/ notion imp>t$ to ! *ild conc]n+ 8 relation%ip to ! objects ab\t him4 ,almo/ all ! objects ! *ild may p]ceive ar\nd him ) 8 s5ses re/ on ! horizontal plane3 8 table1 8 *air1 & s on4 ,! v objects on :i* ! *ild sits or puts 8 toys are horizontal planes4 ,if ! plane 7 n horizontal1 ! objects w\ld fall1 b !y w\ld /rike on ! floor :i*1 aga91 is a horizontal plane4 ,place an object on ! *ild's table & tip "o end ( ! table to %[ him t ! object falls4 ,guess+ game = ! plane surface3 ,?is game s]ves to fix ! notion ( ! plane surface & at ! same "t tra9s ! eye & ! att5tion ( ! *ild4 #a4 ,"u "o ( ?ree alum9um cups is plac$ a small r$ ball1 a *]ry or a piece ( c&y4 ,! *ild mu/ rememb] "u :i* cup ! object is hidd54 ,! tea*] tries h]self & fails1 always rais+ ! empty cups & return+ !m to _! places4 ,! *ild1 h[ev]1 f9ds ! object imm$iately4 #b4 ,! tea*] n[ beg9s to move ! ?ree cups ab\t on ! plane surface4 ,! *ild has to keep 8 eye on 8 cup & nev] loses sight ( x4 #c4 ,repeat ?is ex]cise ) six cups4 ,*eck]bo>d game3 ,?is s]ves to tea* ! *ild ! limits & ! v>i\s divisions ( a plane4 ,! squ>es are l>ge & 9 black & :ite4 ,! :ole bo>d %\ld be surr\nd$ by a bord] 9 relief4 ,v>i\s po9ts are indicat$ on ! plane3 =w>d1 backw>d1 "r1 left1 c5t]1 by plac+ a t9 soldi] at ea* po9t indicat$4 ,! soldi]s may be mov$ ab\t by ! *ild 9 ob$i5ce to directions ( ! tea*]3 ,! (fic] on horseback to ! c5t]3 ,/&>d-be>] to ! "r1 etc46 ,f9ally1 make all ! soldi]s advance t[>d ! c5t] ( ! bo>d ov] ! black squ>es only2 !n ov] ! :ite squ>es only1 etc4 ,^! notions may be appli$ to ex]cises ( practical life4 ,! *ildr5 already "k h[ to set ! table )\t ?9k+ ( :at !y are do+4 ,f n[ on1 ! tea*] may say3 ,put ! plates on ! plane surface ( ! tables6 ,put ! bottle to ! left6 ,9 ! c5t]6 etc4 ,h a small table set ) little di%es1 hav+ ! objects arrang$ 9 ob$i5ce to comm&s ( ! tea*]4 ,aft] ?is1 we may proce$ to ! ,froebel games on ! plane surface ) ! cubes1 blocks1 & s on4 ,inset game z a prep>ation = read+1 draw+1 & writ+3 ,aft] ! *ild kn[s ! diff]5t colors & %apes 9 ! inset1 ! color tablets ( ! big inset c be put 9 place3 7#a7 on a piece ( c>dbo>d :]e ! figures h be5 drawn 9 %ad+ 9 ! respective colors2 7#b7 on a c>dbo>d :]e ! same figures h be5 drawn m]ely 9 color$ outl9e 7l9e> ab/raction ( a regul> figure74 ,inset ( %apes :]e ! pieces are all ( ! same color 7blue73 ,! *ild recognizes ! %ape & puts ! pieces 9 place3 7#a7 on a c>dbo>d :]e ! figure is %ad$2 7#b7 on a c>dbo>d :]e ! figure is m]ely outl9$ 7l9e> ab/raction ( regul> geometrical figures74 ,mean:ile1 ! *ild has be5 t\*+ ! pieces3 ,! tablet is smoo?4 ,x turns r\nd & r\nd & r\nd4 ,x is a circle4 ,"h we h a squ>e4 ,y g ?is way & !re is a po9t2 ?is way1 & !re is ano!r po9t1 & ano!r1 & ano!r2 !re are f\r po9ts6 ,9 ! triangle !re are ?ree po9ts6 ,!n ! *ild foll[s ) 8 f+] ! figures outl9$ on ! c>dbo>d4 ,?is "o is entirely r\nd3 x is a circle6 ,?is "o has f\r po9ts3 x is a squ>e6 ,?is "o has ?ree po9ts3 x is a triangle6 ,! *ild runs ov] ! same figures ) a small rod ( wood 7skew]71 etc4 ,,simultane\s ,,read+ ,,& ,,writ+ ,at ?is po9t1 we may br+ 9 ! *>t ) ! v[els1 pa9t$ r$4 ,! *ild sees irregul> figures outl9$ 9 color4 ,give ! *ild ! v[els made ( r$ wood4 ,he is to place !m on ! correspond+ figures ( ! *>t4 ,he is made to t\* ! wood5 v[els1 runn+ 8 f+] ar\nd !m 9 ! way !y are writt54 ,!y are call$ by _! names4 ,! v[els are arrang$ accord+ to simil>ity 9 %ape 7read+73 o e a i u ,!n ! *ild is comm&$3 ,%[ me ! lett] o6 ,put x 9 its place6 ,!n he is ask$3 ,:at lett] is ?is8 ,x w be f\nd at ?is po9t t _m *ildr5 make a mi/ake1 if !y m]ely look at ! lett]1 b guess rightly :5 !y t\* x4 ,x is possible accord+ly to di/+ui% ! v>i\s individual types1 visual1 motory1 etc4 ,next ! *ild is made to t\* ! lett] outl9$ on ! *>t1 fir/ ) 8 =ef+] only1 !n ) ! =e & middle f+]s1 f9ally ) a little wood5 skew] to be held l a p54 ,! lett] mu/ always be foll[$ ar\nd 9 ! way x is writt54 ,! consonants are drawn 9 blue & arrang$ on v>i\s *>ts1 accord+ to simil>ity 9 %ape 7read+1 writ+74 ,! movable alphabet 9 blue wood is add$ to ?is4 ,! lett]s are to be sup]impos$ on ! *>t z 0 done = ! v[els4 ,along ) ! alphabet we h ano!r s]ies ( *>ts1 :]e1 beside ! consonant id5tical ) ! wood5 lett] !re are pa9t$ "o or m figures ( objects1 ! names ( :i* beg9 ) ! lett] 9 "q4 ,beside ! long-h& lett]1 !re is also pa9t$ 9 ! same color a small] lett] 9 pr9t type4 ,! tea*]1 nam+ ! consonants 9 ! phonic me?od1 po9ts to ! lett]1 !n to ! *>t1 pron\nc+ ! "n ( ! objects :i* are pa9t$ !re1 & /ress+ ! fir/ lett]3 e4g41 m 444 man 444 m3 ,give me ,m6 ,put x :]e x belongs6 ,foll[ ar\nd x ) y\r f+]6 ,"h ! l+ui/ic defects ( ! *ildr5 may be /udi$4 ,! trac+ ( ! lett]s 9 ! way !y are writt5 beg9s ! muscul> education prep>atory to writ+4 ,"o ( our little girls ( ! motory type :5 taught by ?is me?od reproduc$ all ! lett]s 9 p5 & ink long be=e %e c\ld id5tify !m4 ,h] lett]s 7 ab\t eight millimetres high & 7 writt5 ) surpris+ regul>ity4 ,?is same *ild 0 g5]ally successful 9 h] manual "w4 ,! *ild1 9 look+ at ! lett]s1 id5tify+ !m1 & trac+ !m 9 ! way !y are writt51 is prep>+ himself bo? = read+ & writ+ at ! same "t4 ,! two processes are exactly contemporane\s4 ,t\*+ !m & look+ at !m br+s sev]al s5ses to be> on ! fix+ ( ! image4 ,lat] ! two acts are sep>at$3 fir/ look+ 7read+71 !n t\*+ 7writ+74 ,accord+ to _! respective type1 "s *ildr5 le>n to read fir/1 o!rs to write fir/4 ,read+3 ,z soon z ! *ild has le>n$ to id5tify ! lett]s & also to write !m1 he is made to pron\nce !m4 ,!n ! alphabet is arrang$ 9 phonetic ord]4 ,?is ord] is to be v>i$ accord+ to individual defects made app>5t :ile ! *ild is pron\nc+ spontane\sly ! s\nds ( ! consonants or v[els1 or ! words illu/rat+ ! consonants on ! *>ts4 ,we beg9 by %[+ ! *ild & hav+ him pron\nce1 fir/1 syllables &1 !n1 words :i* conta9 ! lett]s he is able to pron\nce well4 ,!n we g on to ! s\nds he has tr\ble )1 f9ally to ^? he _c pron\nce at all 7l+ui/ic correction74 ,! phonomimic correction ( spee* requires special discussion4 ,9 prim>y s*ools spee* correction %\ld be 9 ! h&s ( a specially tra9$ tea*]1 l gymna/ics1 manual tra9+ & s++4 ,%\ld no defects 9 spee* appe> 9 ! *ild1 ! lett]s ( ! alphabet %\ld be taught 9 ! ord] ( physiological phonetics4 ,beside ! big long-h& lett]s %\ld be plac$ ! small lett]s 9 pr9t type4 ,! lett] is taught2 !n recognition is prompt$ by ask+ z ea* l>ge lett] is rea*$3 ,i want ! little "o l x4 ,! two types ( lett] appe> also on ! illu/rat$ *>ts4 ,next ! pr9t$ lett] is %[n1 ) ! reque/3 ,give me ! big lett] t goes ) x4 ,f9ally3 ,:at lett] is x8 ,! little lett]s are n t\*$1 because !y are nev] to be writt54 ,,draw+ ,,& ,,writ+ ,! *ild is giv5 a %eet on :i* appe> a circle & a squ>e 9 outl9e4 ,! circle is fill$ 9 ) a r$ p5cil1 ! squ>e ) blue 7insets74 ,small] & small] circles are next giv51 also circles & triangles4 ,!y are v>i\sly dispos$ on ! page4 ,!y are to be fill$ 9 ) color$ p5cils4 ,!n comes ! trac+4 ,! black l9es are foll[$ ar\nd ) color$ p5cils3 ! circle1 ! triangle1 ! squ>e4 ,?is comes easily to ! *ild :o has be5 taught to trace ) ! wood5 skew] ! figures outl9$ on ! inset-*>ts4 ,writ+ foll[s imm$iately on ! ex]cises 9 trac+ ) ! skew] on ! *>ts ( ! writt5 alphabet4 ,"s help c be giv5 ! *ild by hav+ him d>k5 ) a black p5cil ! lett] writt5 on ! copy book by ! tea*]4 ,z ! *ild writes1 8 att5tion %\ld be direct$ to ! fact t he is writ+ on a limit$ plane surface2 t he beg9s at ! top1 mov+ f left to "r & little by little com+ d[n ! page4 ,sgu9's me?od began ) %afts & curves4 ,8 copybooks = ! %afts 7 prep>$ z foll[s3 ! %aft to be execut$ by ! *ild 0 delimit$ by two po9ts1 connect$ by a v light l9e4 ,9 ! m>g9 ( ! pages appe> two %afts to be execut$ by ! tea*]4 ,simil>ly = ! curves3 7 7 7 74 ,he has ! pr9t$ capitals drawn z comb9ations ( %afts & curves3 ,b1 ,d1 etc4 ,,simultane\s ,,read+ ,,& ,,writ+ ,,( ,,words ,! *ild1 ?r\gh s5sory education1 has acquir$ "s notions ( color1 %ape1 surface 7smoo? & r\gh71 smell1 ta/e1 etc4 ,at ! same "t1 he has le>n$ to c\nt 7"o1 two1 ?ree1 f\r po9ts74 ,unit+ all possible notions conc]n+ a s+le object1 we arrive at 8 fir/ concrete idea ( ! object itself3 ! object lesson4 ,to ! idea ?us acquir$1 we give ! ^w :i* repres5ts ! object4 ,j z ! concrete idea results f ! assembl+ ( acquir$ notions1 s ! ^w results f ! union ( kn[n s\nds1 & p]ceiv$ symbols4 ,read+ lesson3 ,on ! tea*]'s table is ! l>ge /& = ! movable alphabet 9 black pr9t$ lett]s4 ,! tea*] arranges on x ! v[els & a few consonants4 ,ea* *ild1 9 8 own place1 has ! small movable alphabet 9 ! pa/ebo>d boxes4 ,! *ildr5 take f ! box ! same lett]s !y see on ! l>ge /&1 & arrange !m 9 ! same ord]4 ,! tea*] takes up "s object :i* has a simple ^w = a "n1 e4g41 pane 7bread74 ,%e calls ! att5tion ( ! *ild to ! object1 review+ an objective lesson already le>n$1 ?us ar\s+ ! *ild's int]e/ 9 ! object4 ,%all we write ! ^w pane8 ,he> h[ ,i say x6 ,see h[ ,i say x6 ,! tea*] pron\nces sep>ately & di/9ctly ! s\nds ( ! lett]s :i* make up ! ^w1 exagg]at+ ! movem5ts ( ! vocal organs s t !y are pla9ly visible to ! *ildr54 ,z ! pupils repeat ! ^w !y cont9ue _! education 9 speak+4 ,a *ild n[ comes to ! tea*]'s desk to *oose ! lett]s correspond+ to ! s\nds & tries to arrange !m 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y appe> 9 ! ^w4 ,! *ildr5 d ! same ) ! small lett]s at _! seats4 ,e mi/ake gives rise to a correction useful to ! :ole class4 ,! tea*] repeats ! ^w 9 front ( ea* "o :o has made a mi/ake1 try+ to get ! *ild to correct himself4 ,:5 all ! *ildr5 h arrang$ _! lett]s prop]ly1 ! tea*] %[s a c>d 7visit+-c>d size7 on :i* is pr9t$ 79 pr9t-type lett]s ab\t a c5timet] high7 ! ^w pane4 ,all ! *ildr5 are made to read x4 ,!n "s *ild is ask$ to put ! c>d :]e he f9ds ! ^w writt5 be=e him2 next1 on ! object ! ^w /&s =4 ,! process is repeat$ ) two or ?ree o!r objects1 ) _! respective names3 pane 7bread71 lume 7lamp71 cece 7peas74 ,!n ! tea*] ga!rs up ! c>ds f ! v>i\s objects1 %uffles !m & calls on "s *ild3 ,:i* object d y l be/8 ,lume6 ,f9d me ! c>d ) ! ^w lume6 ,:5 ! c>d has be5 select$1 all ! *ildr5 are ask$ to read x3 ,is ,m>y "r 9 say+ t ?is is ! ^w lume8 ,put ! c>d back :]e x belongs6 7i4e41 on its object74 ,9 ! subsequ5t lessons1 ! old c>ds1 ) ! objects !y /& = remov$1 %\ld be mix$ ) ! new ones4 ,f ! entire pack ! *ildr5 are to select ! new c>ds & place !m on _! objects4 ,a prim>y read+ book ought to pres5t ^! words next to a picture ( ! object = :i* !y /&4 ,9 ?is way ! *ildr5 are br\ght to unite ! individual symbol into words4 ,:5 !y h be5 taught to make ! syllable1 ! read+ lesson may be cont9u$ )\t ! use ( objects1 ?\gh x is /ill pref]able to use words :i* w1 if possible1 h a concrete mean+ = ! *ildr54 ,writ+3 ,! *ildr5 are already able to use ! cursive 7writ+7 alphabet :i* corresponds to ! small lett] 7pr9t-type7 t is nei!r t\*$ nor writt51 b is m]ely read4 ,!y mu/ n[ write 9 h& writ+1 & place close toge!r1 ! little lett]s :i* !y h assembl$ 9 ! movable alphabet to compose words4 ,z ea* ^w is read or writt5 = e object lesson1 = e action1 pr9t$ c>ds are be+ assembl$ :i* w lat] be us$ to make clauses & s5t5ces ) movable words t may be mov$ ab\t j z ! individual lett]s 7 mov$ ab\t 9 mak+ ! words !mselves4 ,lat] on1 ! simple clauses or s5t5ces %\ld ref] to actions p]=m$ by ! *ildr54 ,! fir/ /ep %\ld be to br+ two or m words toge!r3 e4g41 r$-wool1 sweet-c&y1 f\r-foot$ dog1 etc4 ,!n we may g on to ! s5t5ce itself3 ,! wool is r$2 ,! s\p is hot2 ,! dog has f\r feet2 ,m>y eats ! c&y1 etc4 ,! *ildr5 fir/ compose ! s5t5ces ) _! c>ds2 !n !y copy !m 9 _! writ+ books4 ,to facilitate ! *oice ( ! c>ds1 !y are arrang$ 9 special boxes3 = in/ance1 "o box is label$ n\n3 or its comp>tm5ts are di/+ui%$ ?us3 food1 clo?+1 animals1 p1 etc4 ,!re %\ld be a box = adjectives ) comp>tm5ts = colors1 %apes1 qualities1 etc4 ,!re %\ld be ano!r = p>ticles ) comp>tm5ts = articles1 conjunctions1 prepositions1 etc4 ,a box %\ld be res]v$ = actions ) ! label v]bs above2 & !n 9 a comp>tm5t %\ld be res]v$ = ! inf9itive1 pres5t1 pa/ & future respectively4 ,! *ildr5 gradually le>n by practice to take _! c>ds f ! boxes & put !m back 9 _! prop] places4 ,!y soon le>n to "k _! ^w boxes & !y readily f9d ! c>ds !y want among ! colors1 %apes1 qualities1 etc41 or among animals1 foods1 etc4 ,ultimately ! tea*] w f9d occasion to expla9 ! mean+ ( ! big words at ! top ( ! draw]s1 n\n1 adjective1 v]b1 etc41 & ?is w be ! fir/ /ep into ! subject ( gramm>4 ,,gramm> ,,n\n ,,lesson ,we may call p]sons & objects by _! "n 7_! n\n74 ,p answ] if we call !m1 s d animals4 ,inanimate objects1 h[ev]1 nev] answ]1 because !y _c2 b if !y c\ld answ] !y w\ld2 = example1 if ,i say ,m>y1 ,m>y answ]s2 if ,i say peas1 ! peas d n answ]1 because !y _c4 ,y *ildr5 d und]/& :5 ,i call an object & y br+ x to me4 ,i say = example1 book1 beans1 peas4 ,if ,i don't tell y ! "n ( ! object y don't und]/& :at ,i am talk+ ab\t2 because e object has a diff]5t "n4 ,?is "n is ! ^w t /&s = ! object4 ,?is "n is a n\n4 ,:5 ,i m5tion a n\n y und]/& imm$iately ! object :i* ! n\n repres5ts3 tree1 *air1 p51 book1 lamb1 etc4 ,if ,i d n give ?is n\n1 y don't "k :at ,i am talk+ ab\t2 =1 if ,i say simply1 ,br+ me 444 at once1 ,i want x1 y d n "k :at ,i want1 unless ,i tell y ! "n ( ! object4 ,unless ,i give y ! n\n1 y d n und]/&4 ,?us e object is repres5t$ by a ^w :i* is its "n & ?is "n is a n\n4 ,to und]/& :e!r a ^w is a n\n or n1 y simple ask ,is x a ?+8 ,w\ld x answ] if ,i spoke to x6 ,c\ld ,i c>ry x to ! tea*]8 ,= in/ance1 bread4 ,yes1 bread is an object2 table1 yes1 x is an object2 conductor1 yes1 ! conductor w\ld answ]1 if ,i 7 to speak to him4 ,let u look ?r\gh our c>ds n[4 ,i take sev]al c>ds f diff]5t boxes & %uffle !m4 ,"h is ! ^w sweet4 ,br+ me sweet4 ,is !re any?+ to answ] :5 ,i call sweet8 ,b y are br++ me a piece ( c&y6 ,i didn't say c&y3 ,i said sweet6 ,& n[ y h giv5 me sug>6 ,i said sweet4 ,if ,i say c&y1 sug>1 !n y und]/& :at ,i want1 :at object ,i am ?9k+ ab\t1 because ! words c&y1 sug>1 /& = objects4 ,^? words are n\ns4 ,n[ let u look ?r\gh ! n\n c>ds4 ,let u read a c\ple ( l9es 9 our read+ books & see :e!r !re are any n\ns !re4 ,tell me1 are !re any n\ns8 ,h[ are we to f9d "s n\ns8 ,look ar\nd y6 ,look at y\rself1 y\r clo!s1 etc46 ,"n e object t y see6 ,e ^w y ?us pron\nce w be a n\n3 ,tea*]1 clo?+1 necktie1 *air1 class1 *ildr51 books1 etc4 ,j look at ?is picture :i* repres5ts s _m ?+s6 ,! figures repres5t p]sons & objects4 ,"n ea* ( ^! figures6 ,e ^w y pron\nce w be a n\n6 ,,v]b3 ,,action ,m>y1 rise f y\r seat6 ,walk6 ,m>y has p]=m$ a numb] ( actions4 ,%e has ris54 ,%e has p]=m$ ! action ( ris+4 ,%e has walk$4 ,walk /&s = an action4 ,n[ write y\r "n on ! blackbo>d6 ,writ+ is an action4 ,erase :at y h writt54 ,eras+ is an action4 ,:5 ,i spoke to ,m>y1 ,i p]=m$ ! action ( speak+4 7,j z ! n\n 0 taught ) objects1 "h we mu/ h actions4 ,objects repres5t$ 9 pictures w be ( no use1 s9ce actions _c be portray$ by pictures47 ,! next /ep w be to sugge/ a little ex]cise ( imag9ation4 ,look at all ^! objects6 ,try to imag9e "s action :i* ea* might p]=m6 ,a class1 = in/ance2 :at actions might a class p]=m8 ,/ore3 :at actions might take place 9 a /ore8 ,let u n[ look ?r\gh our c>ds aft] we h %uffl$ !m4 ,next try our read+ book4 ,%[ me :i* ( ! words are v]bs4 ,give me "s words :i* are v]bs 7inf9itive74 ,,n\n ,p]sons1 ?+s 7prop] & common n\ns74 ,s+ul>1 plural1 mascul9e & fem99e4 ,! articles3 ,*oose ! article t goes ) ?is n\n6 etc4 ,,v]b ,pres5t1 pa/1 future4 ,i am p]=m+ an action n[4 ,h ,i p]=m$ x be=e8 ,did ,i d x ye/]day8 ,h ,i always done x 9 ! pa/8 ,:5 ,i walk n[1 ,i say ,i am walk+1 ,i walk4 ,:5 ,i mean ! action t ,i p]=m$ ye/]day1 ,i say3 ,i 0 walk+1 ,i walk$4 ,! same action p]=m$ at diff]5t times is describ$ diff]5tly4 ,h[ /range t is6 ,! ^w ref]r+ to an object nev] *anges4 ,! beads are beads to-day4 ,!y 7 beads ye/]day4 ,actions1 h[ev]1 are repres5t$ by words :i* *ange accord+ to ! "t 9 :i* !y are p]=m$4 ,to-day ,i walk4 ,ye/]day ,i walk$4 ,to-morr[ ,i %all walk4 ,x is always ,i :o d ! walk+1 ,i :o p]=m ! action ( walk+2 & ,i walk always 9 ! same way1 putt+ "o foot 9 front ( ! o!r4 ,! objects y see p]=m an action always p]=m x4 ,d y see t little bird :i* is fly+--:i* is p]=m+ ! action ( fly+8 ,x 0 fly+ ye/]day4 ,x flew at "s "t 9 ! pa/4 ,to-morr[ also1 t is1 at "s future "t1 if ! little bird lives1 x w fly & x w fly always 9 ! same way1 beat+ its w+s to & fro4 ,y see :at a /range ?+ a v]b is6 ,x *anges its words accord+ to ! "t 9 :i* ! action is p]=m$4 ,x is diff]5t accord+ z x repres5ts action 9 pres5t "t1 or action 9 pa/ "t1 or action 9 future "t4 ,n[1 see6 ,i am go+ to take out "s ( my c>ds & make up a little s5t5ce3 ----- -------- ------ ---- ------- ,n[ ,george eats an apple ----- -------- ------ ---- ------- ,n[ ,i am go+ to *ange ! ^w :i* /&s = ! "t :5 ! action takes place4 ,9 place ( ! c>d n[ ,i am go+ to use ?is "o3 ----------- ye/]day ----------- ,is ?is a good s5t5ce8 ,no6 ,suppos+ we *ange ! "t ( ! v]b3 ,ye/]day ,george ate an apple4 ,?is makes good s5se4 ,put ^! c>ds back n[ 9 ! boxes :]e !y belong4 ,,adjective ,e object possesses c]ta9 qualities4 ,tell me :at y c ab\t ?is apple4 ,x is r$1 x is r\nd1 x is sweet4 ,:at qualities c y f9d 9 ?is *air8 ,x is h>d1 x is br[n1 x is wood54 ,:at ab\t y\r s*ool-mates1 ! *ildr58 ,are !y good1 are !y pretty1 are !y polite1 are !y ob$i5t1 or are !y naughty1 impolite1 disob$i5t1 disord]ly8 ,let u look ?r\gh our c>ds to see :e!r we c f9d words :i* /& = ! qualities ( objects4 ,suppos+ we select "s f ! draw] ( ! adjective & "s f ! draw] ( ! n\n4 ,n[ let u place beside ea* n\n a c>d :i* makes s5se ) x3 "h1 = in/ance1 ,i h ,*>les1 r$1 quadrup$1 transp>5t4 ,does t mean any?+8 ,well !n f9d me "s adjectives :i* w g well ) ,*>les4 ,adjectives are words :i* /& = qualities ( a giv5 object4 ,!y mu/ g well ) _! n\n4 ,f9d me "s adjectives :i* fit well ) ! n\n dog4 ,!y mu/ be words :i* /& = "s quality ( ! dog4 ,n[ put all ! c>ds back 9 ! comp>tm5ts :]e !y belong4 7,?is latt] ex]cise is v in/ructive47 ,9 ?is me?od ( tea*+ gramm> we make use ( objects & actions directly relat+ to life4 ,su* lessons may be made m attractive ) /ory tell+1 etc4 ,! tea*+ ( gramm> at ?is p]iod %\ld be ext5d$ z f> z is possible )\t =c+ ! pupil4 ,,object ,,lessons ,!re %\ld be concise & vivid descriptions ( "s object4 ,! att5tion ( ! *ild %\ld be su/a9$ by *ang+ ! tone ( voice1 by exclamations calculat$ to excite ! *ild's curiosity1 by praise1 etc4 ,nev] beg9 ) ! ^w1 b always ) ! object4 ,all ! notions possess$ by ! *ild %\ld be z f> z practicable 9 a giv5 case appli$ to 8 /udy ( ! object4 ,fir/ x %\ld be describ$ z to its qualities2 next z to its uses1 !n z to its orig92 = example1 ,"h is an object6 ,:at color is x8 ,:at is its %ape8 ,feel ( x6 ,ta/e ( x6 etc4 ,if possible1 h ! *ild see ! use ( ! object & its orig9 9 e possible way4 ,j z ! concrete idea ( ! object is imp>t$ by v]bal description & by v>i\s appeals to ! s5ses ( ! *ild1 s ! diff]5t uses ( ! object %\ld be br\ght out 9 describ+ actions :i* ! *ild sees p]=m$ ) x be=e him4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is an ideal :i* ! tea*] %\ld try to realize z f> z possible4 ,! object %\ld be %[n ! *ild 9 diff]5t circum/ances & "u diff]5t aspects s z to give x always ! appe>ance ( some?+ new & some?+ to excite & hold ! att5tion ( ! *ild4 ,take1 = in/ance1 a lesson on ! ^w h54 ,%[ a pap] model ( ! h51 ! live h5 9 ! c\rty>d1 ! /]eopticon slide ( ! h52 ! pr9t ( ! h5 9 ! read+ book2 ! h5 alive among o!r dome/ic f[ls2 pictures ( ! h5 among pictures ( o!r birds1 etc4 ,ea* new /ep %\ld be tak5 on a diff]5t day & ea* "t ! ^w %\ld be connect$ ) ! object4 ,write ! ^w on ! blackbo>d2 make up ! pr9t$ c>d = ! c>d file & put x 9 its prop] box4 ,:o wants to take ! blackbo>d out-doors8 ,we are go+ to write "s words 9 ! y>d4 ,n[ 9 y\r read+ books !re is ! figure ( ! h54 ,next to x is ! ^w h54 ,write ?is ^w 9 y\r copy books4 ,:o c repeat :at we h said ab\t ! h58 ,write d[n :at y "k ab\t ! h54 ,! am\nt ( in=mation giv5 ab\t a p>ticul> object w dep5d1 ( c\rse1 ^u ! class4 ,! simple/ description %\ld be foll[$ by "o m m9ute1 pass+ ?us to speak ( uses1 habits1 orig91 etc4 ,! writ+ ( a simple ^w may be develop$ into a writt5 description4 ,b ! lessons on ! giv5 object %\ld always be %ort1 & !y %\ld be repeat$ on diff]5t days4 ,= ! lessons on trees1 plants1 & vegetables1 a g>d5 is necess>y3 ! *ildr5 %\ld see ! se$s plant$1 a gr[+ vegetable1 a picture ( ! fruit1 etc4 ,if possible ! dome/ic use ( ! g>d5 products %\ld be demon/rat$4 ,?is applies also to fl[]s4 ,! blackbo>d ) crayon %\ld nev] be lack+ 9 ! g>d54 ,= object lessons we ne$ toys to repres5t furniture1 di%es1 v>i\s objects us$ 9 ! home1 tools ( diff]5t trades1 rooms & ! furniture t goes 9 ea*1 h\ses1 trees1 a *ur* 7to build villages71 etc42 dolls equipp$ ) all ! necess>ies = dress+4 ,!re %\ld be a %elf = bottles conta9+ specim5s ( diff]5t dr9ks2 v>i\s k9ds ( clo?s 7= tactile ex]cises72 ! raw mat]ials out ( :i* !y are made1 demon/rations ( ! way !y are manufactur$1 etc4 ,%[ also specim5s ( ! v>i\s m9]als1 etc4 ,,hi/ory ,hi/ory is taught fir/ on a little /age ) liv+ tableaux1 gradually advanc+ to action2 second1 by descriptions ( l>ge illu/rations & color$ pictures2 ?ird1 by /ory-tell+ bas$ on /]eopticon views4 ,! tea*] %\ld /rive = brevity1 concis5ess1 & vivacity 9 descriptions4 ,hi/orical /ory tell+ %\ld1 z 9 ! case ( all o!r lessons1 br+ ab\t additions ( pr9t$ c>ds to ! ^w boxes4 ,v>i\s in=mation ( ! seasons1 mon?s ( ! ye>1 etc41 %\ld be imp>t$ by illu/rations & pictures4 ,e morn+ ! *ild %\ld be ask$3 ,:at day is x8 ,:at day 0 ye/]day8 ,:at day w to-morr[ be8 & ,:at day ( ! mon? is x8 ,,geography #a4 ,ex]cises on ! plane = ! c>d9al po9ts1 ) v>i\s gymna/ic & guess+ games4 #b4 ,build+ games out ( doors4 ,make a lake1 an isl&1 a p59sula1 a riv]4 #c4 ,c>ry ! h\ses & *ur* into ! y>d & con/ruct a small village4 ,put ! *ur* on ! nor?2 ! s*oolh\se on ! ea/2 ! m\nta9 on ! we/2 9 front ( ! s*ool place ! national flag4 #d4 ,9 ! classroom fit out a room ) its prop] furniture to be plac$ on a map ( ! room outl9$ on a l>ge *>t4 ,z ! furniture is remov$1 make a m>k on ! map to indicate :]e ea* article 04 ,make a little village 9 ! same way1 h\ses1 *ur*1 etc4 ,take away ! *ur*1 etc42 m>k ! place ( ea* object on ! map z x is remov$4 ,!n id5tify ea* spot4 ,:]e 0 ! *ur*8 ,:at 0 ov] "h8 etc4 ,?us we get a conception ( ! geographical map4 ,read ! map1 mak+ use ( ! c>d9al po9ts4 #e4 ,physical *>act]i/ics ( regions may be %[n by clay model+ to repres5t hills1 etc4 ,draw outl9es ar\nd ea* model1 remove ! clay & read ! geographical map result+4 ,,ari?metic ,! *ildr5 are to c\nt3 #a nose2 #a m\?2 #a1 #b h&s2 #a1 #b feet2 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d po9ts 9 ! insets2 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f soldi]s on ! plane4 ,h[ _m blocks did !y use 9 ! build+8 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i4 ,?us = ! elem5t>y /eps 9 c\nt+4 ,,computation ,computation %\ld be taught practically 9 ! /ore f ! v beg9n+4 ,! %opkeep] sells #a *]ry = #a;c4 ,! *ildr5 h #b;c & get two *]ries4 ,next !y get two nuts = #a;c4 ,place #a;c on ! c\nt] & place #b nuts beside x4 ,!n c\nt all ! nuts & !re are #b = #a;c1 etc4 ,! *ild mu/ give him #a;c 9 *ange 7#b #b #d2 #b - #a #a74 ,9 money *ang+ x w be obs]v$ t at fir/ "s *ildr5 recognize ! co9s m easily by t\* ?an by sight 7motor types74 ,,writt5 ,,numb]s ,*>ts ) ! n9e numb]s3 "o = ea* numb]4 ,ea* *>t has picture repres5t+ quantities ( ! mo/ v>i$ objects arrang$ ar\nd ! numb]1 :i* is indicat$ by a l>ge design on ! *>t4 ,= in/ance3 on ! #a c>d !re is "o *]ry1 "o dog1 "o ball1 etc4 ,ye/]day ! %opkeep] sold "o *]ry = #a;c4 ,is ! *]ry "h8 ,yes1 !re is ! *]ry6 ,& :at is ?is8 ,"o *ur*6 ,& ?is8 ,"o c5t6 etc4 ,:at is ?is figure "h8 ,x is ! numb] "o4 ,n[ br+ out ! wood5 figure3 ,:at is ?is8 ,numb] "o6 ,put x on ! figure on ! *>t6 ,x is "o4 ,n[ take ! *>ts to ! /ore4 ,:o has #a;c8 ,:o has #b;c8 etc4 ,let u look = ! numb] among ! *>ts4 ,! %opkeep] is sell+ ?ree peas = #a;c4 ,let u look = numb] #c among ! *>ts6 ,numb]s %\ld be taught 9 ! aft]noon lesson 9 ! /ore4 ,! designs repres5t+ ! figures %\ld be %[n ! foll[+ morn+4 ,next "t ! *>ts ) ! figures previ\sly taught %\ld be tak5 to ! %op to be recogniz$ aga94 ,o!r numb]s are br\ght out 9 ! new computations4 ,! figures = ! new numb]s !n taught 9 ! /ore %\ld be %[n ! foll[+ day1 etc4 ,to make ! /ore int]e/+1 ! topic lesson on ! objects (f]$ = sale %\ld be frequ5tly repeat$4 ,! *ild %\ld be taught to buy only p]fect objects1 s t on receiv+ !m he may exam9e !m c>efully1 obs]v+ !m 9 all _! p>ts4 ,he %\ld give !m back if !y are n p]fect or if mi/akes are made by ! %opkeep] 9 giv+ !m out4 ,= in/ance3 ,a spoil$ apple %\ld n be accept$4 ,i refuse to buy x6 ,beans %\ld n be accept$ = peas4 ,aga9 ! *ild refuses to buy !m4 ,he mu/ pay only :5 he is sure he has be5 s]v$ prop]ly 7ex]cise 9 practical life74 ,! /orekeep] w make mi/akes3 fir/1 9 k9ds ( objects1 to %>p5 ! obs]vation ( qualities by ! *ildr5 :o pur*ase2 second1 9 ! numb] ( objects giv51 to accu/om ! *ild to pur*as+ prop] quantities4 ,,odd ,,& ,,ev5 ,,numb]s ,ev5 numb]s are r$4 ,odd numb]s are blue4 ,!re are3 movable figures 9 wood2 r$ & blue cubes 9 numb]s correspond+ to ! figures on !m2 f9ally1 *>ts ) numb]s drawn 9 color4 ,"u ea* design are small r$ & blue squ>es arrang$ 9 su* a way z to emphasize ! divisibility ( ev5 numb]s by #b & simil>ly ! indivisibility by #b ( odd numb]s4 ,9 ! latt] case "o squ>e is always left by itself 9 ! c5t]4 #a #b #c #d #e #f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,! *ild places ! movable numb]s & ! cubes on ! figures on ! *>ts4 ,! tea*] !n makes two equal r[s ( cubes to correspond to ! ev5 numb]s 7r$74 ,! division is easy6 ,b try to sep>ate ! odd numb]s 7blue74 ,x is n possible6 ,a block is always left 9 ! middle6 ,! *ild takes ! figures & ! blocks & arranges !m on 8 table1 imitat+ ! design on ! *>t4 ,he tries to make two equal r[s ( cubes = ! ev5 numb]s4 ,he succe$s4 ,he does n succe$ 9 do+ s ) ! odd numb]s4 ,! numb]s :i* c be divid$ ?us are ev52 ^? :i* _c be s divid$ are odd4 ,numb] boxes3 ,on ^! boxes are design$ r$ & blue figures id5tical ) ^? on ! *>ts4 ,! *ild puts into ea* box ! numb] ( cubes call$ = by ! figure on ! box4 ,?is ex]cise foll[s imm$iately ! "w on odd & ev5 numb]s describ$ above4 ,z ! *ild transf]s ea* s]ies ( cubes f 8 table to ! boxes1 he pron\nces ! numb] & adds odd or ev54 ,ex]cises 9 att5tion & memory3 ,a *>t ( odd & ev5 numb]s 9 colors is plac$ on ! tea*]'s desk 9 view ( all ! *ildr54 ,! r$ & blue cubes are pil$ on ! tea*]'s desk4 ,! tea*] passes ! wood5 figures to ! *ildr5 & tells !m to exam9e !m4 ,imm$iately aft]w>ds ! *ildr5 leave _! seats1 g to ! tea*]'s desk1 & get ! numb]s :i* correspond to _! own figures4 ,on go+ back to _! places !y fit ! cubes "u ! correspond+ figure 9 ! arrangem5t j le>n$4 ,! tea*] is to obs]ve #a4 ,:e!r ! *ild has rememb]$ ! color ( 8 figure 7frequ5tly a *ild ) a r$ numb] takes ! blue cubes74 #b4 ,:e!r he has rememb]$ 8 numb]4 #c4 ,:e!r he rememb]s ! prop] arrangem5t4 #d4 ,:e!r ! *ild rememb]s t ! *>t f :i* he c copy is be=e him on ! /& & :e!r he ?9ks ( look+ at x4 ,:5 mi/akes are made1 ! tea*] has ! *ild correct himself by call+ 8 att5tion to ! *>t4 ,,c\nt+ ,,by ,,t5s 7,= m advanc$ classes7 ,9 ! /ore t5 objects are sold = "o c5t1 e4g43 7#aj beans71 "o c5t = ea* t54 ,"o t5 t51 #aj4 ,two t5s tw5ty1 #bj4 ,?ree t5s ?irty1 #cj1 etc4 ,f =ty on 79 ,engli% f sixty on7 ! numb]s are m easily le>n$ because _! names are l simple numb]s ) ! end+ -ty 7,italian -anta74 ,*>ts %\ld be prep>$ 7rectangul> 9 %ape7 on :i* n9e t5s appe> arrang$ "o "u ! o!r2 !n n9e c>ds :]e ea* t5 is repeat$ n9e times 9 a column2 f9ally1 num]\s c>ds ) ! unit figures #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i1 to be fitt$ on ! z]os on ! c>ds :]e ! t5s are repeat$ n9e times4 #aj--aj--bj #bj--aj--bj #cj--aj--bj #dj--aj--bj #ej--aj--bj #fj--aj--bj #gj--aj--bj #hj--aj--bj #ij--aj--bj ,"s difficulty w be exp]i5c$ ) ! t5s :]e ! names d n correspond to ! simple numb]s3 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 etc4 ,! o!r t5s1 h[ev]1 w be v easy4 ,:5 a little *ild is able to c\nt to #bj1 he c g on to #ajj )\t difficulty4 ,! next /ep is to sup]impose ! little c>ds on ! fir/ *>t ( ! t5s s]ies1 hav+ ! resultant numb]s read al\d4 ,problems3 ,problems are1 at fir/1 simple memory ex]cises = ! *ildr54 ,9 fact ! problems are solv$ practically 9 ! /ore 9 ! =m ( a game2 buy+1 l5d+1 %>+ ) _! s*oolmates1 tak+ a "p ( :at is b\ght & giv+ x to "s o!r *ild1 etc4 ,! /ore ex]cises %\ld be repeat$ 9 ! =m ( a problem on ! foll[+ morn+4 ,! *ildr5 h simply to rememb] :at happ5$ & reproduce x 9 writ+4 ,problems are next develop$ contemporane\sly ) ! v>i\s ari?metical op]ations & computations 7addition1 multiplication1 etc474 ,! tea*] expla9s ! op]ations />t+ ) ! problem1 :i* becomes = ! *ildr5 a v amus+ game4 ,! problem1 f9ally1 becomes an imag9ative ex]cise3 ,suppose y are go+ to ! /ore to buy1 etc41 etc4 ,we c ultimately arrive at real problems t require reason+4 ,9 ! /ore ! tea*] illu/rates ! v>i\s op]ations on ! blackbo>d1 us+ simple m>ks at fir/3 ,y h b\ght #b;c wor? ( beans1 at ?ree = a c5t4 ,let u write t d[n3 ,,iii--,,iii4 ,!n let u c\nt4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f4 ,!re are six4 ,well1 !n1 #c #c7;,,iii ,,iii7 #f4 ,we c also say3 #b gr\ps ( ,,iii equals #f2 twice1 ?ree1 six2 two times ?ree1 six2 #b #c #f4 ,h[ mu* is #c #c8 ,h[ mu* is #b #c8 ,h[ mu* is #c #b8 ,! foll[+ morn+1 :5 ! writt5 problem is giv51 ! *ild %\ld h be=e him = ref]5ce ! computation *>ts ) all ! comb9ations possible4 ,! transition to m5tal computation w come aft] ?is & n be=e4 ,,sample ,,c>ds 7,addition7 #a #a #b #b #a #c #c #a #d #a #b #c #b #b #d #c #b #e #a #c #d #b #c #e #c #c #f #a #d #e #b #d #f #c #d #g 7,multiplication7 #a #a #a #b #a #b #c #a #c #a #b #b #b #b #d #c #b #f #a #c #c #b #c #f #c #c #i ,subtraction 9 ! same way4 ,! developm5t ( ^! v>i\s op]ations foll[$ logically on ! practical ex]cise 9 ! /ore1 :]e multiplication prov$ to be a product ( sums1 division1 a process ( successive subtractions4 ,9 our classes we h ari?metic lessons e day4 ,! aft]noon practice 9 ! /ore prep>es = ! !oretical lesson ( ! foll[+ morn+4 ,accord+ly1 on ! day :5 ! practical ex]cise occurs1 !re is no !oretical lesson & vice v]sa4 ,! decimal metric sy/em appli$ to weights1 measures & co9age is taught 9 ! same way4 ,! /ore %\ld be equipp$ ) scales1 weights1 dry & liquid measures1 etc4 ,all k9ds ( co9s %\ld be available1 includ+ bills up to #bj 7#ajj francs74 ,"w 9 ! /ore %\ld cont9ue to be n only a help t[>d ari?metical computation b also t[>d ! prep>ation = practical life4 ,= in/ance1 :5 clo? is sold1 "s att5tion %\ld be giv5 to its actual m>ket value2 its qualities %\ld be emphasiz$ by feel+1 etc42 & ! *ild %\ld be taught to obs]ve :e!r ! /orekeep] has giv5 him ! "r am\nt & ! "r quality4 ,money *ang+ %\ld be made ready & easy4 ,! money :i* ! *ildr5 sp5d at ! /ore %\ld be e>n$ by !m z a rew>d = _! application to /udy & _! good behavior4 ,,g5]al ,,rules ,to attract ! att5tion ( defective *ildr5 /rong s5sory /imulants are necess>y4 ,! lessons1 !re=e1 %\ld be em95tly practical4 ,e lesson %\ld beg9 ) ! pres5tation ( ! object to be illu/rat$ by ! tea*] 9 a few words di/9ctly pron\nc$ ) cont9ual modulations ( ! voice & accompani$ by vivid imitative expression4 ,! lessons %\ld be made z attractive z possible &1 z f> z practicable1 pres5t$ "u ! =m ( games1 s z to ar\se ! curiosity ( ! *ild3 guess+ games1 bl9dman's buff1 /ore-keep+1 ! sleep walk]1 ! bl9d /ore-keep]1 etc4 ,b h[ev] amus+ ! game may be1 ! lesson %\ld always be /opp$ :ile ! *ild is /ill will+ to cont9ue4 ,8 att5tion1 :i* is easily fatigu$1 %\ld nev] be exhau/$4 ,to fix ideas1 lessons %\ld be repeat$ _m times4 ,ea* "t1 h[ev]1 ! same objects %\ld be pres5t$ "u diff]5t =ms & 9 a diff]5t environm5t1 s t x w always be int]e/+ by appe>+ z some?+ new3 /ory-tell+1 liv+ tableaux1 l>ge illu/rations2 color$ pictures2 /]eopticon views1 etc4 ,9 case individual tea*+ is necess>y1 z happ5s 9 ! mo/ elem5t>y classes1 c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ to keep all ! o!r *ildr5 busy ) diff]5t toys3 insets1 lac+-&-button+-frames1 hooks & eyes1 etc4 ,:5 *ildr5 refuse to take "p 9 _! lessons x is bett] n to use co]cion1 b to aim at obta9+ ob$i5ce indirectly ?r\gh ! *ild's imitation ( 8 s*oolmates4 ,gl[+ praise ( ! pupils :o are %[+ good w 9 _! "w almo/ always br+s ! recalcitrants to "t4 ,:5 a *ild %[s he has und]/ood ! po9t "u discussion1 x is bett] n to ask = a repetition4 ,8 att5tion is easily fatigu$1 & ! second "t he may say badly :at at fir/ he gave successfully2 & ! failure may disc\rage him4 ,x is well to be satisfi$ ) ! fir/ good answ]1 be/[ su* praise z w af=d ! *ild a pleasant memory ( :at he has be5 do+2 & g back to ! subject on ! foll[+ day1 or1 at ! e>lie/1 sev]al h\rs lat]4 ,9 manual tra9+1 h[ev]1 ! situation is diff]5t4 ,! lesson 9 ?is subject c be a :ole h\r long & %\ld take ! =m ( s]i\s "w & n ( play4 ,! *ild %\ld be set e>ly at "s useful task1 ev5 if a little h>d "w1 n unatt5d$ ) risk1 be involv$ 7wood-cutt+1 bor+1 etc474 ,f ! outset1 ?us1 ! *ild w become famili> ) ! difficulties ( bread-w9n+ ef=t & w le>n to ov]come !m4 ,int]e/ 9 "w may be /imulat$ by appropriate rew>ds4 ,! *ild may e>n dur+ "w-h\rs ! money = 8 pur*ases at ! /ore1 = 8 tickets to ! !at] & ! /]eopticon lecture4 ,! *ild :o does n "w may be kept away f ! m attractive lessons1 su* z danc+ & music1 :i* come imm$iately aft] ! "w h\r4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ^! *ildr5 take to manual tra9+ v readily1 provid$ ! tasks assign$ are adapt$ to ! natural incl9ations ( ! individual *ild 9 su* a way t he may take 9 8 "w ! greate/ possible satisfaction & ?us by natural b5t atta9 a skill useful to himself & society4 ,,moral ,,education ,by ! expression moral education we mean an education :i* t5ds to make a social be+ ( an individual :o is by nature extra- or anti-social4 ,x pres5ts two aspects :i* may be p>allel$ ) ! education ?us f> treat$ & :i* we call intellectual education4 ,9 ?is latt] tra9+ ( ! m9d1 we began by an appropriate hygi5ic cure ( all ^? physical defects :i* c\ld /& 9 ! way ( successful m5tal education4 ,9 moral education1 likewise1 we try to elim9ate su* defects z arise f "s pass+ physical ailm5t4 ,we %\ld c>efully consid] ! app>5tly causeless naught9ess ( *ildr51 to see :e!r x may n be due to "s inte/9al di/urbance1 or to ! e>ly /ages ( "s infecti\s disease4 ,! symptoms ( su* diseases %\ld be kn[n to ! tea*]4 ,i h be5 told t ,engli% mo!rs use ! empirical me?od ( adm9i/]+ purgatives or cold %[] ba?s to naughty *ildr51 (t5 ) good correctional effect4 ,i sugge/ t su* empiricism is h>dly prud5t :]e sci5ce is able to prescribe mu* saf] & m efficaci\s me?ods4 ,*ild hygi5e mu/ be well kn[n to ! educator & %\ld be ! pivotal po9t ( e educational sy/em4 ,9 m5tal education1 we began by r$uc+ ! *ild to tonic quiesc5ce2 "h we mu/ beg9 by r$uc+ ! *ild to ob$i5ce4 ,9 m5tal education1 to give ! *ild 8 fir/ notions ( 8 physical p]son 7p]sonal imitation3 t\*+ ( ! p>ts ( ! body7 & ( 8 relations to environm5t 7p]sonal imitation3 mov+ ( objects1 etc47 we _h rec\rse to imitation2 "h1 to in/il 9 ! *ild elem5t>y notions ( 8 duties1 we mu/ ?r[ ar\nd ! *ild an atmosph]e morally correct1 an environm5t 9 :i*1 aft] atta9+ ob$i5ce1 he c imitate p]sons :o act prop]ly4 ,9 m5tal education we w5t on to ! tra9+ ( ! s5ses2 "h we pass to ! education ( feel+s4 ,our next /ep1 9 ! "o case1 0 to ! education prop] ( ! m9d2 "h x is to ! tra9+ ( ! w4 ,! p>allel is p]fect3 hygi5ic tra9+3 hygi5e2 tonic quiesc5ce3 ob$i5ce2 imitation3 imitation 7environm5t72 s5sory education3 education ( ! feel+s 7s5sibilities72 m5tal education prop]3 education ( ! w4 ,,ob$i5ce ,9 a comm& ! w ( ! tea*] is impos$ ^u ! defective *ild :o is lack+ 9 w4 ,! w ( ! tea*] is sub/itut$ = ! *ild's w 9 impell+ to action or inhibit+ ! *ild's impulses4 ,f ! v fir/ ! *ild mu/ feel ?is w1 :i* is impos$ ^u him & is irrevocably de/9$ to ov]come him4 ,! *ild mu/ und]/& t aga9/ ?is w he _c (f] any resi/ance4 ,! tea*]'s comm& mu/ be obey$ at :atev] co/1 ev5 if co]cive measures mu/ be resort$ to4 ,no consid]ation %\ld ev] lead ! tea*] to desi/ f en=c+ h] comm&4 ,! *ild mu/ submit & obey4 ,! tea*] accord+ly1 %\ld be c>eful at fir/ to comm& ! *ild to move2 s9ce1 if necess>y %e c =ce him to move4 ,%e may comm& ! *ild to /& motionless because1 if necess>y1 %e c tie him or put him 9 a /raight-jacket4 ,%e %\ld nev]1 on ! o!r h&1 comm& ! *ild to beg p>don1 because ! *ild may refuse1 & 9 ! face ( ?is refusal ! tea*] may f9d h]self helpless & lose h] au?ority4 ,to acquire au?ority 9 comm&1 ! tea*] mu/ possess a consid]able p[] ( sugge/ion2 & ?is %e c p>tially acquire4 ,! tea*] %\ld be physically attractive1 ( an impos+ p]sonality4 ,%e %\ld h a cle> musical voice1 & "s p[] ( facial expression & ge/ure4 ,^! ?+s may be 9 l>ge "p acquir$ by actual /udy ( declamation & imitation1 subjects 9 :i* ! p]fect tea*] %\ld be pr(ici5t4 ,! arti/ic /udy ( comm&1 :i* ! tea*] may und]take1 pres5ts itself "u ?ree aspects3 voice /udy1 ge/ure1 facial expression4 ,voice & spee*3 ,! voice %\ld be cle> & musical1 ^w articulation p]fect4 ,any defect 9 pronunciation %\ld effectually b> a tea*] f ! education ( defective *ildr54 ,on days :5 ! tea*] has a cold & h] voice is likely to assume false or ridicul\s intonations1 %e %\ld n ?9k ( correct+ or comm&+ a defective *ild4 ,! tea*]'s voice mu/ be impressive & sugge/ive to ! *ild4 ,if %\t+ & declamatory tirades h gone out ( fa%ion 9 ! education ( normal *ildr51 !y may s]ve v well 9 ! education ( defectives4 ,:]eas1 9 ! m5tal education ( ^! un=tunates1 we are to pron\nce a few words1 b v di/9ctly1 "h !re is no objection to a v]itable flood ( spee*1 provid$ su* lectures be free f monotony1 ! voice pass+ f tones ( repro( to tones ( sorr[1 pa?os1 t5d]ness1 etc4 ,a few words are to receive special emphasis--^? :i* we int5d %all convey to ! *ild :at we wi% him to und]/&4 ,! re/ ( all we say w con/itute = ! *ild m]ely modulat$1 musical or pa9ful s\nd4 ,x is 9 ! music ( ! human voice t ! elem5ts ( ! education ( ! feel+s reside2 :e!r 9 ! prohibition aga9/ do+ some?+ wrong1 we introduce ! corrective comm&1 or1 9 ! ord] to p]=m "s action1 we include enc\ragem5t1 m5ace1 or promise ( rew>d4 ,(t5 ! comm& is v simple4 ,:5 ! *ild is told to d some?+1 he does n refuse4 ,nev]!less he is n easily p]suad$4 ,he mu/ try to und]/&1 fir/ ( all1 :at we want ( him4 ,! te*nique ( su* a simple comm& falls into two p>ts4 ,we may call ! fir/ incitem5t1 & ! second explanation4 ,! :ole comm& %\ld be repeat$ sev]al times ) v>i$ intonations & ) /ress on diff]5t words until ea* ^w 9 its ord] has be5 emphasiz$4 ,james1 put t book on ! table4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance ! comm& w be incitive 9 "*1 call+ ! att5tion ( ! *ild to ! action & urg+ him to p]=m x4 ,"h ! acc5t %\ld fall on ! "n ( ! *ild & on ! imp]ative4 ,! tone %\ld be t ( absolute comm&4 ,james1 put t book on ! table4 ,z we pass f ! comm& to ! explanation1 ! tone %\ld be *ang$ & some:at s(t5$4 ,! fir/ ^w %\ld be cle> & impell+1 foll[$ by sl[1 insi/5t words--,james1 put t book on ! table3 ,james1 put t book on ! table3 ,james1 put t book on ! table4 ,?us ! voice bo? 9 comm&+ & 9 describ+ :at 0 comm&$1 :ile urg+ ! *ild to p]=m ! requir$ action & guid+ him to d x1 0 also af=d+ u help 9 its sugge/ive p[] & by explanation4 ,ge/ure3 ,! tea*] mu/ /udy p>ticul>ly expressive ge/ure4 ,%e mu/ always accompany :at %e says ) ge/ures s]v+ bo? to impel ! *ild to actions & :i* sugge/ imitation & expla9 ! comm&4 ,ge/ures %\ld be expressive en\gh to be readily intelligible ev5 )\t words2 = example1 if x is desirable to br+ ! *ild to p]fect quiesc5ce1 z ! comm& is giv51 ! tea*] %\ld /op1 become almo/ rigid1 look+ %>ply at ! *ild 9 su* a way t he may be impress$ by t rigid fixity :i* he sees be=e him & be br\ght by sugge/+ to imitate x4 ,!n to keep ! *ild motionless1 ! tea*] may attract 8 att5tion by a slight almo/ cont9u\s hypnotiz+ sort ( :i/le4 ,to excite an apa!tic *ild to movem5t ! tea*] %\ld h]self move1 accompany+ ! /ress ( h] voice ) motion 9 h] :ole body4 ,9 ! simple comm&1 arm ge/ure only %\ld be us$ & z foll[s3 ,= ,incitem5t3 rapid movem5t 9 /raight l9e4 ,= ,explanation3 sl[ movem5t 9 curve4 ,comm& ( quiesc5ce3 ge/ure up & d[n1 f )\t t[>d ! body4 ,comm& ( movem5t3 ge/ure f d[n1 up1 f )91 out f ! body4 ,facial expression & gaze3 ,! gaze has a p[]ful effect on ! *ild4 ,x is ! same gaze :i* impress$ ! *ild & br\ght him to ! fir/ /eps 9 8 education 7see our *apt] on ! ,education ( ! ,gaze74 ,all ! expressions ( ! eye are useful provid$ ! tea*] employs !m prop]ly4 ,x is n a "q ( sc[l+ at ! *ild to fright5 him1 z might be suppos$2 b r ( br++ ! eye z well z ! :ole face to express all ^? emotions :i* ! tea*] mu/ h]self actually feel 9 ! pres5ce ( an ob$i5t or rebelli\s1 a pati5t or angry *ild2 & ( giv+ to ?is expression su* cle>ness t ! *ild _c possibly be mi/ak5 z to its mean+ 7,sgu91 page #fgi74 ,! tea*]'s face mu/ be expressive1 mobile1 h5ce 9 h>moni\s relation%ip ) :at is to be express$ 7calmness1 gaiety1 ef=t74 ,! expression mu/ nev] v>y mom5t>ily on acc\nt ( any extrane\s div]sion :i* may occur2 o!rwise ! *ildr5 w soon le>n to provoke su* di/ractions ( ! tea*]'s att5tion4 ,su* comm&s1 :i* dem& on ! tea*]'s "p s mu* arti/ic /udy1 w1 ( c\rse1 n be necess>y dur+ ! :ole p]iod ( ! *ild's education4 ,,! ,,end 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,obvi\s punctuation errors repair$4 ,v>i$ hyph5ation 0 reta9$4 ,page #bi1 ! translations = il lavoratore & l'italiano 7 rev]s$4 ,?is 0 correct$4 ,page #bi1 ord] ( fem99e column ( li/ f la santa d[n 7 out ( ord]4 ,! orig9al read3 il santo la tagliatrice ! sa9t il tagliatore la donna ! cutt] l'uomo la vec*ia ! man il vec*io la visitatrice ! old man il visitatore la zia ! visitor lo zio la santa ! uncle ,?is 0 repair$4 ,page #cj1 visitor *ang$ to visitors 7le visitatrici ! visitors7 ,page #gh1 v9c9o *ang$ to vic9o 7vic9o a1 acco/o a7 ,page #ij1 ziz-zag *ang$ to zig-zag 7/raight1 zig-zag7 ,page #ic1 repeat$ ^w a delet$4 ,orig9al read 7into a a new k9d ( activity7 ,page #abb1 oihm *ang$ to ohim 7ahi6 ohi6 ohim67 ,page #aef1 casual *ang$ to causal 7causal clause7 ,page #aih1 promesai *ang$ to promessi 7,i promessi sposi7 ,page #bca1 discription *ang$ to description 7,al?\gh ?is description may7 ,page #bgg1 demonator *ang$ to d5om9ator 7by ! d5om9ator7 ,page #cff1 song1 ,be?leem *ang$ to ,be?lehem 7,pu] natus ,be?lehem7 ,page #cgh1 passe *ang$ to passa 7qualcuno passa e p>la7 ,page #chf1 spunta *ang$ to spnta 7,qu9ci spnta p] l'ria7 ,page #cid1 ! symbols us$ 7 ,u & -- 9 ! tables z ! figures us$ 7 n available4 ,/>t+ ) ?is table1 ! orig9al puts an acute acc5t above ! --4 ,page #djc1 ,9 *ang$ to n 7n !re /pp$7 ,page #dcg1 processs *ang$ to process 79 ! process ( di/+ui%+7