,,engli% ,,conf]5ces ,,( ,,erne/ ,,r5an4 ,,rome ,,& ,,*ri/ianity4 ,,m>cus ,,aurelius4 ,,translat$ ,,by ,,cl>a ,,ersk9e ,,clem5t4 ,illu/ration ,,bo/on3 ,,james ,r4 ,,osgood ,,& ,,company4 #ahhj4 ,copyright1 #ahhj1 ,by ,,james ,r4 ,,osgood ,,company4 ,frankl9 ,press3 ,/]eotyp$ & ,pr9t$ by ,r&1 ,av]y1 ,co41 ,bo/on4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page4 ,! ,hibb]t ,conf]5ces4 ,fir/ ,conf]5ce4 ,! ,s5se 9 :i* ,*ri/ianity is a ,roman ,"w #i ,second ,conf]5ce4 ,! ,leg5d ( ! ,roman ,*ur*4--,pet] & ,paul #ci ,?ird ,conf]5ce4 ,rome1 ! ,c5tre ( ! ,=mation ( ,ecclesia/ical ,au?ority #gc ,f\r? ,conf]5ce4 ,rome1 ! ,capital ( ,ca?olicism #ajc ,! ,royal ,in/itution ,conf]5ce4 ,m>cus ,aurelius #aci ,,note4 ,! lectures conta9$ 9 ?is volume 7 deliv]$ by ,m4 ,erne/ ,r5an 9 ,london dur+ ,april ( ! pres5t ye>4 ,! fir/ f\r1 ^u ,rome & ,*ri/ianity1 7 giv5 "u ! auspices ( ,! ,hibb]t ,f\ndation1 9 response to an invitation "u :i* ! di/+ui%$ au?or visit$ ,engl&4 ,! fif?1 ,m>cus ,aurelius1 0 incid5tal to ! visit1 & 0 giv5 be=e ,! ,royal ,in/itution4 ,! ^w ,conf]5ces1 ?\gh some:at new to ,engli% usage 9 its pres5t s5se1 has be5 reta9$ z be/ express+ ! au?or's orig9al title1 ,conf]5ces d',anglet]re4 ,,rome ,,& ,,*ri/ianity4 ,,fir/ ,,conf]5ce1 ,london1 ,april #f1 #ahhj4 ,,! ,,s5se ,,9 ,,:i* ,,*ri/ianity ,,is ,a ,,roman ,,"w4 ,,fir/ ,,conf]5ce4 ,,! ,,s5se ,,9 ,,:i* ,,*ri/ianity ,,is ,a ,,roman ,,"w4 ,ladies & ,g5tlem51--,i 0 pr\d & happy to receive f ! curators ( ?is noble in/itution an invitation to cont9ue "h an in/ruction inaugurat$ by my illu/ri\s confrre & fri5d1 ,max ,mll]1 ! usefulness ( :i* w be m & m appreciat$4 ,a broad & s9c]e ?\ght always be>s fruit4 ,x is ?irty ye>s s9ce ! v5]able ,rob]t ,hibb]t made a legacy = ! purpose ( aid+ ! progress ( enlight5$ ,*ri/ianity1 insep>able1 accord+ to 8 idea1 f ! progress ( sci5ce & reason4 ,wisely c>ri$ out1 ?is f\ndation has become1 9 ! h&s ( intellig5t adm9i/rators1 ! c5tre ( conf]5ces ^u all ! great *apt]s ( ! hi/ory ( religion & humanity3 ! promot]s ( ?is re=m h ask$1 ) reason1 :y ! me?od :i* has prov$ good 9 all dep>tm5ts ( intellectual culture %\ld n also be good 9 ! doma9 ( religion8 :y ! pursuit ( tru?1 )\t reg>d to consequ5ces1 %\ld be dang]\s 9 !ology1 :5 x is approv$ ( 9 ! entire doma9 ( social & natural sci5ce8 ,y believ$ ! tru?1 g5tlem51 & y 7 "r4 ,!re is b "o tru?2 & we are want+ 9 respect to its revelation1 if we all[ t ! critic ought to s(t5 8 sev]e processes :5 he treats ( x4 ,no1 g5tlem51 ! tru? is able to disp5se ) complim5ts4 ,i come gladly at y\r call2 = ,i und]/& ! duties t[>ds ! "r exactly z y d4 ,) y1 ,i %\ld believe t ,i injur$ a fai? 9 admitt+ t x requir$ to be treat$ ) a c]ta9 s(tness4 ,i believe ) y t ! wor%ip due f man to ! ideal consi/s 9 indep5d5t sci5tific rese>*1 )\t reg>d to results1 & t ! true mann] ( r5d]+ homage to ! tru? is to pursue x )\t ceas+1 ) ! firm resolution ( sacrific+ all to x4 ,y desire t ^! conf]5ces %all pres5t a great hi/oric ensemble ( ! ef=ts :i* ! human race has made to resolve ! problems :i* surr\nd x1 & affect its de/9y4 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! human m9d1 no "o c hope to resolve ^! problems3 we suspect all dogmatism simply because x is dogmatism4 ,we grant will+ly t a religi\s or philosophical sy/em c1 inde$1 or t x ought to1 enclose a c]ta9 portion ( tru?2 b we d5y to x1 )\t exam9ation1 ! possibility ( enclos+ ! absolute tru?4 ,:at we love is hi/ory4 ,hi/ory well writt5 is always good2 =1 ev5 if x %\ld prove t man 9 seek+ to seize ! inf9ite has pursu$ a *im]a1 ! hi/ory ( ^! attempts1 m g5]\s ?an successful1 w always be useful4 ,x proves1 t1 9 reality1 man goes beyond ! circle ( 8 limit$ life ?r\gh 8 aspirations4 ,x %[s :at en]gy he has exp5d$ = ! sake ( 8 love ( ! good & true2 x tea*es u to e/imate him1--?is poor dis9h]it$ "o1 :o1 9 addition to ! suff]+s :i* nature imposes ^u him1 imposes /ill fur!r ^u himself ! torture ( ! unkn[n1 ! torture ( d\bt1 ! sev]e resi/ances ( virtue1 ! ab/95ces ( au/]ity1 ! volunt>y suff]+s ( ! ascetic4 ,is all ?is a pure loss8 ,is ?is unceas+ ef=t to atta9 ! unatta9able z va9 z ! c\rse ( ! *ild :o pursues ! ev] fly+ object ( 8 desire8 ,x pa9s me to believe x2 & ! fai? :i* eludes me :5 ,i exam9e 9 detail ea* ( ! sy/ems scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! _w1 ,i f9d1 9 a measure1 :5 ,i reflect ^u all ^! sy/ems toge!r4 ,all religions may be defective & incomplete2 religion 9 humanity is no?+ less ?an div9e1 & a m>k ( sup]ior de/9y4 ,no1 !y h n labor$ 9 va9--^? gr& f\nd]s1 ^? re=m]s1 ^? prophets ( all ages--:o h prote/$ aga9/ ! false evid5ces ( gross mat]ialism1 :o h beat5 !mselves aga9/ ! wall ( ! app>5t fatality t encloses u2 :o h employ$ _! ?\ght1 giv5 _! life1 = ! accompli%m5t ( a mission :i* ! _s ( _! age _h impos$ ^u !m4 ,if ! fact ( ! exi/5ce ( ! m>tyrs does n prove ! exclusive tru? ( ?is or t sect 7all sects c %[ a ri* m>tyrology71 ?is fact 9 g5]al proves t religi\s zeal responds to some?+ my/]i\s4 ,all1--z _m z we are1--we are sons ( m>tyrs4 ,^? :o talk ! mo/ ( scepticism are frequ5tly ! mo/ satisfi$ & indiff]5t4 ,^? :o h f\nd$ among y religi\s & political lib]ty1 ^? :o h f\nd$ 9 all ,europe lib]ty ( ?\ght & rese>*1 ^? :o h labor$ = ! amelioration ( ! fate ( m51 ^? :o w d\btless f9d means = fur!r amelioration1 h suff]$1 or w suff]1 = _! good "w2 = no "o is ev] recomp5s$ = :at he does = ! good ( humanity4 ,nev]!less !y w always h imitators4 ,!re w always be "s to c>ry on ! "w ( ! incorrigibles2 "s1 possess$ ( ! div9e _s1 :o w sacrifice _! p]sonal int]e/ to tru? & ju/ice4 ,be x s3 !y h *os5 ! bett] "p4 ,i "k n :at assures me t he :o1 )\t kn[+ :y1 ?r\gh simple nobility ( nature1 has *os5 = himself 9 ?is _w ! ess5tially unproductive lot ( do+ good1 is ! true sage1 & has discov]$ ! legitimate use ( life ) m sagacity ?an ! selfi% man4 ,i4 ,y h ask$ me to retrace be=e y "o ( ^? pages ( religi\s hi/ory :i* places ! ?\ghts :i* ,i come to express 9 _! fulle/ aspect4 ,! orig9s ( ,*ri/ianity =m ! mo/ h]oic episode 9 ! hi/ory ( humanity4 ,man nev] drew f 8 he>t m devotion1 m love ( ! ideal1 ?an 9 ! "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s :i* elaps$ f ! sweet ,galilean vision1 "u ,tib]ius1 to ! dea? ( ,m>cus ,aurelius4 ,! religi\s consci\sness 0 nev] m em95tly creative1 & nev] laid d[n ) m au?ority ! law ( ! future4 ,?is extraord9>y movem5t1 to :i* no o!r c be comp>$1 came =? f ! bosom ( ,judaism4 ,b x is d\btful if ,judaism alone w\ld h conqu]$ ! _w4 ,x 0 necess>y t a "y & bold s*ool1 com+ out ( its mid/1 %\ld take ! audaci\s "p ( r5\nc+ ! l>ge/ portion ( ! ,mosaic ritual4 ,x 0 necess>y1 above all1 t ! new movem5t %\ld be transport$ into ! mid/ ( ! ,greeks & ,lat9s1 :ile await+ ! ,b>b>ians1 & become l yea/ 9 ! bosom ( ^? ,european races by :i* humanity accompli%es its de/9ies4 ,:at a beautiful subject he w disc\rse ^u :o %all "o day expla9 to y ! "p :i* ,greece took 9 t great common "w6 ,y h commission$ me to %[ to y ! "p ( ,rome4 ,! action ( ,rome is ! fir/ 9 date4 ,x 0 sc>cely until ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird c5tury t ! ,greek g5ius1 ) ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria & ,orig51 really seiz$ ^u ,*ri/ianity4 ,i hope to %[ y1 t1 s9ce ! second c5tury1 ,rome has ex]cis$ a decisive influ5ce ^u ! ,*ur* ( ,jesus4 ,9 "o s5se1 ,rome has diffus$ religion ?r\gh ! _w1 z %e has diffus$ civilization1 z %e has f\nd$ ! idea ( a c5tral gov]nm5t1 ext5d+ itself ov] a consid]able "p ( ! _w4 ,b ev5 z ! civilization :i* ,rome has diffus$ has n be5 ! small1 n>r[1 au/]e culture ( anci5t ,latium1 b 9 fact ! gr& & l>ge civilization :i* ,greece creat$1 s ! religion to :i* %e def9itely l5t h] support 0 n ! nigg>dly sup]/ition :i* 0 suffici5t to ! rude & primitive inhabitants ( ! ,palat9e3 x 0 ,judaism1 t is to say1 9 fact1 ! religion :i* ,rome scorn$ & hat$ mo/1 t :i* two or ?ree times %e believ$ h]self to h f9ally vanqui%$ to ! pr(it ( h] own national wor%ip4 ,?is anci5t religion ( ,latium1 :i* cont5t$ a race end[$ ) n>r[ intellectual wants & morals1 among :i* cu/oms & social rank almo/ held ! place ( a religion dur+ "s c5turies1 0 a suffici5tly despicable ?+4 ,z ,m4 ,boissi] has p]fectly prov$1 a m false conception ( ! div9ity 0 nev] se54 ,9 ! ,roman wor%ip1 z 9 mo/ ( ! anci5t ,italiote wor%ips1 pray] 0 a magic =mula1 act+ by its own virtue1 indep5d5t ( ! moral dispositions ( him :o pray$4 ,p pray$ only = a selfi% end4 ,!re exi/ "s regi/]s call$ indigitam5ta1 conta9+ li/s ( ! gods :o supply all ! wants ( m52 ?us !re 0 no ne$ ( be+ deceiv$4 ,if ! god 0 n address$ by 8 true "n1 by t "u :i* x pleas$ him to be invok$1 he 0 capable ( misappreh5sion1 or ( int]pret+ caprici\sly4 ,n[ ^! gods1 :o are 9 "s degree ! =ces ( ! _w1 are innum]able4 ,!re 0 a little god :o made ! infant utt] 8 fir/ cry 7,vaticanus72 !re 0 ano!r :o presid$ ov] 8 fir/ ^w 7,fabul9us72 ano!r :o taught ! baby to eat 7,educa72 ano!r :o taught him to dr9k 7,pot9a72 ano!r :o made him keep quiet 9 8 cradle 7,cuba74 ,9 tru?1 ! good wife ( ,petronius 0 "r1 :51 9 speak+ ( ! ,campagna1 %e said1 ,?is c\ntry is s peopl$ ) div9ities1 t x is easi] to f9d a god ?an a man4 ,besides ^!1 !re 7 un5d+ s]ies ( allegories1 or deifi$ ab/ractions1 ,fe>1 ! ,c\gh1 ,fev]1 ,manly ,=tune1 ,patrician ,*a/ity1 ,plebeian ,*a/ity1 ! ,security ( ! ,age1 ! ,g5ius ( ! ,cu/oms 7or ( ! octroi71 & above all 7li/51 t "o :o1 to say ! tru?1 0 ! great god ( ,rome71 ! ,safety ( ! ,roman ,p4 ,x 0 a civil religion 9 ! full =ce ( ! t]m4 ,x 0 ess5tially ! religion ( ! ,/ate4 ,!re 0 no prie/hood di/9ct f ! functions ( ! ,/ate3 ! ,/ate 0 ! v]itable god ( ,rome4 ,! fa!r _h !re ! "r ( life & dea? ov] 8 son2 b if ?is son _h ! lea/ function1 & ! fa!r met him 9 8 pa?1 he desc5d$ f 8 horse1 & b5t himself be=e him4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is ess5tially political "* 01 t ! ,roman religion rema9$ always an ari/ocratic religion4 ,a man became pontiff z he became prtor or consul4 ,:5 a man desir$ ^! religi\s functions1 he submitt$ to no exam9ation2 he w5t into no retreat 9 a sem9>y2 he did n ask himself :e!r he _h ! ecclesia/ical vocation3 he prov$ t he _h s]v$ 8 c\ntry well1 & t he _h be5 w\nd$ 9 a c]ta9 battle4 ,!re 0 no sac]dotal _s4 ,^! civil pontiffs rema9$ cold1 practical m51 & _h n ! lea/ idea t _! functions %\ld sep>ate !m f ! _w4 ,! religion ( ,rome is1 9 e respect1 ! inv]sion ( !ocracy4 ,civil law rules acts3 x does n tr\ble itself ) ?\ghts2 ?us did ! ,roman religion4 ,rome nev] _h ! lea/ idea ( dogma4 ,! exact obs]vation ( ! rites comm&$ by ! div9ity1 9 :i* x did n reg>d piety or ! s5tim5ts ( ! he>t1 if ! reque/ 0 9 =m1 0 all t 0 requir$4 ,ev5 m1--devotion 0 a fault2 calmness1 ord]1 regul>ity1 only1 7 necess>y3 m ?an t 0 an excess 7sup]/itio74 ,cato absolutely =bade t a slave %\ld be all[$ to conceive any s5tim5t ( piety4 ,"k1 said he1 t x is ! ma/] :o sacrifices = all ! h\sehold4 ,x 0 n ne$ful to neglect :at 0 due to ! gods2 b x 0 n ne$ful to give !m m ?an 0 due3 t 0 sup]/ition1 ( :i* ! true ,roman _h z mu* horror z ( impiety4 ,0 !re ev]1 ,i ask y1 a religion less capable ( becom+ ! religion ( ! human race ?an t8 ,n only 0 ! access to ! prie/hood = a long "t =bidd5 to ! plebeians1 b !y 7 also exclud$ f ! public wor%ip4 ,9 ! great /ruggle = civil equality :i* fills ! hi/ory ( ,rome1 religion is ! great argum5t ) :i* ! revolutioni/s are oppos$4 ,h[1 say !y1 c\ld y become a prtor or consul8 ,y h n ! "r to take ! om5s4 ,above all1 ! p 7 v little atta*$ to religion4 ,ea* popul> victory 0 foll[$1 z "o may say1 by an anti-cl]ical re-action3 on ! contr>y1 ! ari/ocracy rema9$ always fai?ful to a wor%ip :i* gave a div9e sanction to its privileges4 ,! matt] became /ill m press+ :5 ! ,roman p1 by _! manly1 patriotic virtues1 _h conqu]$ all ! nations ^u ! bord]s ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,:at int]e/1 ?9k y an ,african1 a ,gaul1 a ,syrian1 took 9 a wor%ip :i* conc]n$ only a small numb] ( high & (t5 tyrannical families8 ,! local religions 7 cont9u$ ev]y:]e2 b ,augu/us1 :o 0 /ill m a religi\s organiz] ?an a great politician1 made ! ,roman idea to hov] ev]y:]e by ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,roman wor%ip4 ,! alt>s ( ,rome & ( ,augu/us became ! c5tre ( a hi]>*ical organization ( ,flam5s & ,augu/an ,sevirs1 :o s]v$ to f\nd1 m ?an "o imag9es1 ! divisions ( ! dioceses & ecclesia/ical prov9ces4 ,augu/us admitt$ all ! local gods z ,l>es2 he all[$ m ?an ! numb] ( ,l>es 9 ea* h\se2 at ea* cross-road an additional ,l>e 0 plac$1--! ,g5ius ( ! ,emp]or4 ,?anks to ?is fell[%ip1 all ! local gods & all ! special gods became ,augu/an gods4 ,x 0 a great advance4 ,b ?is gr& attempt ( ! wor%ip ( ! ,roman ,/ate 0 notori\sly insuffici5t to satisfy ! religi\s ne$s ( ! he>t4 ,!re 0 else:]e a god :o c\ld n accommodate himself 9 any way to ?is frat]nity3 x 0 ! ,god ( ! ,jews4 ,x 0 impossible to make ,jehovah pass = a ,l>e1 & associate ) ! ,g5ius ( ! ,emp]or4 ,x 0 evid5t t a conflict mu/ be e/abli%$ betwe5 ! ,roman ,/ate & ?is un*angeable & refractory ,god1 :o did n b5d to ! complaisant trans=mations exact$ by ! politics ( ! times4 ,ah1 well6 behold ! mo/ extraord9>y hi/orical ph5om5on1 ! mo/ int5se irony ( all hi/ory3 x is t ! wor%ip :i* ,rome has diffus$ ?r\gh ! _w is n 9 ! lea/ ! old wor%ip ( ,jupit] ,capitol9us1 or ,lati>is1 /ill less ! wor%ip ( ,augu/us & ( ! ,g5ius ( ! ,emp]or3 x is1 9 tru?1 ! wor%ip ( ,jehovah4 ,x is ,judaism 9 its ,*ri/ian =m t ,rome has propagat$1 )\t wi%+ x1 9 s p[]ful a mann]1 t1 f a c]ta9 epo*1 ,romanism & ,*ri/ianity h become almo/ synonym\s words4 ,truly1 ,i repeat x1 x is m ?an d\btful if pure ,judaism--t :i* is develop$ "u ! ,talmudical =m1 & :i* is /ill 9 our day s p[]ful--w\ld h _h ?is extraord9>y =tune4 ,judaism propagates itself ?r\gh ,*ri/ianity4 ,b "o und]/&s no?+ ( religi\s hi/ory 7"s "o1 ,i hope1 w demon/rate x to y "s day71 unless x is fix$ z a fundam5tal pr9ciple t ,*ri/ianity _h its orig9 9 ,judaism itself1--,judaism ) its fruitful pr9ciples ( alms & *>ity1 ) its absolute confid5ce 9 ! future ( humanity1 ) t joy ( ! he>t ( :i* x has always _h ! secret1--only ,judaism fre$ f "s obs]vances & di/9ctive traits :i* _h be5 inv5t$ to *>act]ize ! special religion ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel4 ,,ii4 ,if "o /udies 9 fact ! progress ( ! primitive ,*ri/ian missions1 he rem>ks t !y are all direct$ t[>ds ! ,we/3 9 o!r words1 !y take ! ,roman ,empire z _! !atre & limit4 ,if "o excepts "s small portions ( ! vassal t]ritory ( ! ,arsacid1 ly+ betwe5 ! ,euphrates & ! ,tigris1 ! empire ( ! ,p>?ians receiv$ no ,*ri/ian missions dur+ ! fir/ c5tury4 ,! ,tigris 0 an ea/]n b\nd>y :i* ,*ri/ianity did n pass "u ! ,sassanid4 ,two great causes--! ,m$it]ranean & ! ,roman ,empire--det]m9$ ?is capital fact4 ,! ,m$it]ranean _h be51 dur+ a ?\s& ye>s1 ! great r\te on :i* all civilizations & all ideas _h pass$ ea* o!r4 ,! ,romans1 hav+ fre$ x f piracy1 _h made x an unequall$ way ( communication4 ,x 0 9 a s5se ! railroad ( t "t4 ,a num]\s m>9e ( coa/+-vessels r5d]$ ! voyages along ! bord]s ( ?is great lake v easy4 ,! relative security :i* ! r\tes ( ! empire af=d$1 ! sure gu>anties f\nd 9 ! public p[]s1 ! scatt]+ ( ! ,jews ov] all ! coa/s ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 ! use ( ! ,greek tongue 9 ! ea/]n portion ( ?is sea1 ! unity ( civilization :i* ! ,greeks fir/1 & !n ! ,romans1 _h creat$1 made ! map ( ! empire also ! map ( ! c\ntries res]v$ to ! ,*ri/ian missions & de/9$ to become ,*ri/ian4 ,! ,roman orbis became ! ,*ri/ian orbis 9 ! s5se 9 :i* x may be said t ! f\nd]s ( ! empire 7 ! f\nd]s ( ! ,*ri/ian mon>*y1 or1 at lea/1 t !y h drawn its outl9es4 ,e prov9ce conqu]$ by ! ,roman ,empire became a prov9ce conqu]$ by ,*ri/ianity4 ,let ! figures ( ! apo/les be imag9$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ,asia ,m9or1 ( ,greece1 ( ,italy divid$ into a hundr$ little republics1 ( ,gaul1 ( ,spa91 ( ,africa1 ( ,egypt1 ) its old national in/itutions1 & _! success c no m be ?\ght (1 or r x w\ld seem t _! project c\ld nev] h _h bir?4 ,! union ( ! empire 0 ! necess>y prelim9>y condition ( all great religi\s propag&ism1 plac+ x above nationalities4 ,! empire recogniz$ ?is 9 ! f\r? c5tury4 ,x became ,*ri/ian4 ,x saw t ,*ri/ianity 0 ! religion :i* x _h accept$ )\t kn[+ x1--! religion limit$ by its fronti]s1 id5tifi$ ) x1 capable ( br++ x a second life4 ,! ,*ur*1 on its side1 made itself entirely ,roman1 & has rema9$ to ?is day a fragm5t ( ! empire4 ,dur+ ! middle ages ! ,*ur* 0 ! old ,rome1 seiz+ aga9 its au?ority ov] ! b>b>ians1 impos+ on !m its decretals1 z =m]ly x _h impos$ its laws1 gov]n+ !m by its c>d9als1 z x _h be=e gov]n$ ?r\gh its imp]ial legates & proconsuls4 ,9 creat+ its va/ empire1 ,rome impos$1 !n1 ! mat]ial condition ( ! propagation ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,%e rais$ up1 above all1 ! moral /ate :i* s]v$ z an atmosph]e & a m$ium = ! new doctr9e4 ,:ile de/roy+ politics ev]y:]e1 x creat$ :at may be call$ socialism & religion4 ,at ! close ( ! frightful w>s :i* = "s c5turies _h r5t ! _w1 ! empire _h an era ( prosp]ity & ( welf>e su* z x _h nev] kn[n3 we may ev5 be p]mitt$ to add 7)\t a p>adox7 lib]ty4 ,lib]ty ( ?\ght1 at lea/1 increas$ "u ?is new rgime4 ,?is lib]ty is (t5 m prosp]\s "u a k+ or a pr9ce ?an "u ! jeal\s & n>r[-m9d$ plebeian4 ,! anci5t republics did n h x4 ,! ,greeks did great ?+s )\t x1 ?anks to ! incomp>able p[] ( _! g5ius2 b x mu/ n be =gott5 t ,a!ns _h a f9e & noble ,inquisition4 ,! k+ ,ar*on 0 ! inquisitor2 ! royal ,portico 0 ! holy (fice 9 :i* ! accusations ( impiety 7 adjudg$4 ,^! 7 ! cases 9 :i* ! ,attic orators 7 mo/ frequ5tly engag$4 ,n only philosophical crimes1 su* z ! d5ial ( ,god or ( a ,provid5ce1 b ! lighte/ atta9t ( ! municipal wor%ip1 ! prea*+ ( /range religions1 ! mo/ pu]ile infractions ( ! scrupul\s legislation ( ! my/]ies1 7 crimes guilty ( dea?4 ,! gods :om ,ari/ophanes mock$ on ! /age sometimes de/roy$4 ,!y de/roy$ ,socrates2 !y fail$ to kill ,alcibiades4 ,anaxagoras1 ,protagoras1 ,diagoras ( ,melas1 ,prodicus ( ,ceos1 ,/ilpo1 ,ari/otle1 ,!ophra/us1 ,aspasia1 ,euripides1 7 m or less s]i\sly di/urb$4 ,lib]ty ( ?\ght 01 9 tru?1 ! fruit ( ! royalties result+ f ! ,mac$onian conque/4 ,x 0 ! ,attali1 ! ,ptolemies1 :o fir/ gave to m5 ( ?\ght ! fre$om :i* no "o ( ! old republics _h ev] (f]$ !m4 ,! ,roman ,empire held to ! same traditions4 ,!re 0 "u ! empire m ?an "o arbitr>y law aga9/ ! philosoph]s2 b ^! always result$ f _! m$dl+ ) political affairs4 ,9 ! laws ( ! ,romans1 be=e ! "t ( ,con/ant9e1 no clause is f\nd aga9/ ! lib]ty ( ?\ght2 9 ! hi/ory ( ! emp]ors1 no process ( ab/ract doctr9e4 ,no savant 0 di/urb$ 9 8 rese>*es4 ,m5 :om ! middle ages w\ld h burn$1 su* z ,gal51 ,lucian1 ,plot9us1 liv$ tranquilly1 protect$ by law4 ,! empire inaugurat$ a p]iod ( lib]ty 9 ! s5se t x de/roy$ ! absolute sov]eignty ( ! family1 ! city1 ! tribe1 & replac$ or modifi$ ^! sov]eignties by ^? ( ! ,/ate4 ,n[1 an absolute p[] is z mu* m vexati\s z ! circle 9 :i* x is ex]cis$ is m n>r[4 ,! anci5t republics1 ! feudalities1 tyranniz$ ov] ! individual mu* m ?an did ! ,/ate4 ,unque/ionably ! ,roman ,empire p]secut$ ,*ri/ianity sev]ely at times2 b at lea/ x did n de/roy x4 ,n[ ! republics w\ld h r5d]$ x impossible4 ,judaism1 if x _h n be5 "u ! ,roman au?ority1 w\ld h /ifl$ x4 ,x 0 ! ,roman magi/rates :o h9d]$ ! ,ph>isees f kill+ ,*ri/ianity4 ,"s l(ty ideas ( univ]sal bro!rhood--results1 9 ! ma91 ( /oicism1--a sort ( g5]al s5tim5t ( humanity1 7 ! fruit ( ! lea/ n>r[ rgime & ( ! lea/ exclusive education to :i* ! individual 0 submitt$4 ,! p dream$ ( a new era & new worlds4 ,! public ri*es 7 great2 &1 9 spite ( ! imp]fection ( ! economical doctr9es ( ! "t1 !re 0 g5]al com=t4 ,g5]al cu/oms 7 n su* z are (t5 imag9$4 ,x is true1 t1 9 ,rome1 all ! vices 7 publicly display$ ) a revolt+ cynicism3 ! spectacles1 above all1 _h introduc$ a frightful corruption4 ,c]ta9 c\ntries1 z ,egypt1 _h desc5d$ to ! l[e/ bas5ess4 ,b !re exi/$ 9 mo/ ( ! prov9ces a middle class1 9 :i* goodness1 conjugal fidelity1 ! dome/ic virtues1 & uprightness 7 commonly practis$4 ,does !re any:]e exi/1 9 a _w ( hone/ p 9 small villages1 an ideal ( family life m *>m+ ?an t :i* ,plut>* has left u8 ,:at good fell[%ip6 ,:at sweetness ( mann]s6 ,:at *a/e & attractive simplicity6 ,*ronea 0 evid5tly n ! only place :]e life 0 s pure & s innoc5t4 ,! cu/oms1 ev5 outside ( ,rome1 7 /ill some:at cruel1 ei!r ?r\gh ! rema9+ _s ( anci5t mann]s1 ev]y:]e sangu9>y1 or ?r\gh ! special influ5ce ( ,roman h>%ness4 ,b !re 0 progress dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,:at sweet & pure s5tim5t1 :at feel+ ( melan*oly t5d]ness1 has n f\nd expression by ! p5 ( ,virgil or ( ,tibullus8 ,! _w unb5t1 lo/ its anci5t sev]ity1 & acquir$ "s s(tness & t5d]ness4 ,"s maxims = humanity 7 spread abroad4 ,equality & ! ab/ract idea ( ! rights ( man 7 boldly prea*$ by /oicism4 ,woman became m & m ! mi/ress ( h]self4 ,! precepts = ! treatm5t ( slaves 7 improv$4 ,! slave 0 no long] t necess>ily grotesque & wick$ be+ :i* ! ,lat9 com$y introduc$ 9 ord] to provoke bur/s ( laught]1 & :om ,cato recomm5d$ to be treat$ z a bea/ ( burd54 ,n[1 times are mu* *ang$4 ,! slave is morally equal to 8 ma/]3 x is admitt$ t he is capable ( virtue1 ( fidelity1 ( devotion1 & he gives pro(s ( x4 ,! prejudices conc]n+ noble bir? gr[ less4 ,"s v humane & j laws are made1 ev5 "u ! wor/ emp]ors4 ,tib]ius 0 a skilful f9anci]3 he f\nd$ ^u an excell5t basis an e/abli%m5t ( crdit fonci]4 ,n]o inaugurat$ 9 ! sy/em ( taxation1 until !n unju/ & b>b>\s1 "s improvem5ts :i* %ame ev5 our own "t4 ,legislation 0 consid]ably advanc$1 :ile ! puni%m5t ( dea? 0 /upidly prodigal4 ,love ( ! poor1 sympa?y = all1 & almsgiv+1 came to be consid]$ virtues4 ,,iii4 ,unque/ionably ,i und]/& & %>e ! indignation ( s9c]e lib]als aga9/ a gov]nm5t :i* diffus$ a frightful despotism ov] ! _w4 ,b is x our fault t ! wants ( humanity are div]se1 its aspirations manifold1 its aims contradictory8 ,politics is n e ?+ "h bel[4 ,:at ! _w desir$1 aft] ^? frightful but*]ies ( ! e>li] c5turies1 0 g5tl5ess1 humanity4 ,!y _h en\gh ( h]oism3 ^? vigor\s goddesses1 et]nally br&i%+ _! spe>s on ! height ( ! ,acropolis1 inspir$ s5tim5t no long]4 ,! e>?1 z 9 ! "t ( ,cadmus1 _h swall[$ h] mo/ noble sons4 ,! pr\d ,grecian races _h kill$ ea* o!r4 ,! ,peloponessus 0 a des]t4 ,! sweet voice ( ,virgil g5tly took up ! cry ( humanity1 peace1 pity6 ,! e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ianity respond$ to ?is cry ( all t5d] & we>y s\ls4 ,*ri/ianity c\ld only h _h bir? & expansion 9 a "t :5 !re 7 no long] free cities4 ,if !re 0 any ?+ totally lack+ 9 ! f\nd]s ( ! ,*ur*1 x 0 patriotism4 ,!y 7 n cosmopolites1 = ! entire planet 0 to !m a place ( exile3 !y 7 ideali/s 9 ! mo/ absolute s5se4 ,a c\ntry is a composition ( s\l & body4 ,! s\l is ! s\v5irs1 ! leg5ds1 ! cu/oms1 ! mis=tunes1 ! hopes1 ! common sorr[s3 ! body is ! soil1 ! race1 ! language1 ! m\nta9s1 ! riv]s1 ! *>act]i/ic productions4 ,n[1 0 a p ev] m want+ 9 all ?is ?an ! fir/ ,*ri/ians8 ,!y did n cl+ to ,juda2 aft] a few ye>s !y _h =gott5 ,galilee2 ! glory ( ,greece & ,rome 0 indiff]5t to !m4 ,! c\ntries 9 :i* ,*ri/ianity 0 fir/ e/abli%$--,syria1 ,cyprus1 & ,asia ,m9or--no long] rememb]$ ! "t :5 !y 7 free4 ,greece & ,rome1 x is true1 /ill _h a gr& national s5tim5t4 ,at ,rome1 patriotism surviv$ 9 a few families2 9 ,greece1 ,*ri/ianity fl\ri%$ only at ,cor9?1--a city :i*1 s9ce its de/ruction by ,mummius1 & its recon/ruction by ,cs>1 0 ! resort ( m5 ( all races4 ,! true ,greek c\ntries1 !n1 z to-day1 v jeal\s1 v mu* absorb$ 9 ! memories ( _! pa/1 gave little c\nt5ance to ! new doctr9es3 !y 7 always lukew>m ,*ri/ians4 ,on ! contr>y1 ^? gay1 indol5t1 voluptu\s c\ntries ( ,asia & ,syria1 c\ntries ( pleasure1 ( free mann]s1 de laiss] all]1 accu/om$ to receive life & gov]nm5t f o!rs1 _h no?+ to resign 9 ! way ( pride & traditions4 ,! mo/ anci5t capitals ( ,*ri/ianity--,antio*1 ,ephesus1 ,!ssalonica1 ,cor9?1 & ,rome--7 common cities1 s to speak1 cities ( ! mod]n type ( ,alex&ria1 9 :i* all races met1 :]e t m>riage betwe5 man & ! soil1 :i* con/itutes a nation1 0 absolutely brok54 ,! importance giv5 to social que/ions is always ! inv]se ( political pre-occupations4 ,socialism takes ! lead :5 patriotism gr[s weak4 ,*ri/ianity explod$ ! social & religi\s ideas1 z 0 inevitable1 s9ce ,augu/us _h put an end to political /ruggles4 ,*ri/ianity1 if a univ]sal wor%ip1 w\ld1 l ,islamism1 9 reality be ! enemy ( nationalities4 ,only c5turies1 only s*isms1 c\ld =m national *ur*es f a religion :i* 0 f ! beg9n+ a d5ial ( all t]re/rial c\ntries1 :i* _h its bir? at an epo* 9 :i* !re 7 no long] 9 ! _w ei!r cities or citiz5s1 & :i* ! old & p[]ful republics ( ,italy & ( ,greece w\ld surely h expell$ z a mortal poison to ! ,/ate4 ,& "h 0 "o ( ! causes ( ! gr&eur ( ! new religion4 ,humanity is a multi=m1 *angeable ?+1 torm5t$ by conflict+ desires4 ,la patrie is gr&1 & ! h]oes ( ,m>a?on & ,!rmopyl are sa9ts4 ,b "o's c\ntry is n all "h bel[3 "o is a man & a son ( ,god1 be=e he is a ,fr5*man1 or a ,g]man4 ,! k+dom ( ,god1 an et]nal dream :i* is nev] de/roy$ 9 ! he>t ( man1 is a prote/ation aga9/ a too exclusive patriotism4 ,! ?\ght ( an organization ( humanity1 9 view ( its greate/ happ9ess & its moral amelioration1 is legitimate4 ,! ,/ate kn[s1 & c only "k1 "o ?+1--to organize a collective egoism4 ,?is is n indiff]5ce1 because egoism is ! mo/ p[]ful & seizable ( human motives1 b is n suffici5t4 ,! gov]nm5ts :i* h re/$ ^u ! supposition t man is compos$ ( covet\s in/9cts only1 h deceiv$ !mselves4 ,devotion is z natural z egoism to a true-born man4 ,! organization ( devotion is religion3 let no "o hope1 !n1 to disp5se ) religion1 or religi\s associations4 ,ea* progression ( mod]n society w r5d] ?is want m imp]i\s4 ,a great exaltation ( religi\s s5tim5t 01 !n1 ! consequ5ce ( ! ,roman peace e/abli%$ by ,augu/us4 ,augu/us realiz$ x4 ,b ,i ask1 ,:at satisfaction c\ld ! in/itutions :i* ,rome d>$ to believe et]nal pres5t to ! religi\s wants :i* 7 aris+8 ,surely almo/ no?+4 ,all ! old wor%ips1 ( v diff]5t orig91 _h "o common trait4 ,!y %>$ equally ! impossibility ( rea*+ a !ological tea*+1 a practical morality1 an edify+ prea*+1 a pa/oral m9i/ry truly fruitful = ! p4 ,! ,pagan temple1 9 its be/ "t1 0 ! same ?+ z ! synagogue & ! *ur*3 ,i wi% to say ! common h\se1 ! s*ool1 ! inn1 ! hospital1 ! %elt] 9 :i* ! poor s\ght an asylum1 x 0 a cold cella1 into :i* "o seldom ent]$1 :]e "o le>n$ no?+4 ,! affectation :i* l$ ! ,roman patricians to di/+ui% ! religion1 t is to say1 _! own wor%ip1 f ! sup]/ition1 t is to say1 ! wor%ip ( /rang]s1 appe>s to u pu]ile4 ,all ! ,pagan wor%ips 7 ess5tially sup]/iti\s4 ,! peasant :o 9 our day places a s\ 9 ! box ( a miracul\s *apel1 :o invokes "s sa9t on acc\nt ( 8 ox51 or 8 horses1 :o dr9ks c]ta9 wat]s = c]ta9 maladies1 is 9 ^! acts a ,pagan4 ,inde$1 ne>ly all our sup]/itions are ! rema9s ( a religion ant]ior to ,*ri/ianity1 :i* t has n be5 able to entirely uproot4 ,if "o w\ld f9d ! image ( ,paganism 9 our day1 x mu/ be s\ght 9 "s obscure village 9 ! dep? ( "s out-(-!-way c\ntry4 ,hav+ z gu>dians a popul>1 vacillat+ tradition1 & selfi% sacri/ans1 ! ,pagan religion c\ld b deg5]ate 9 wor%ip4 ,augu/us1 al?\gh ) a c]ta9 res]ve1 accept$ ! adoration ( 8 subjects 9 ! prov9ces4 ,tib]ius all[$1 "u 8 own eyes1 t ignoble conc\rse ( ! cities ( ,asia to dispute ! honor ( rais+ a temple to him4 ,! extravagant impieties ( ,caligula produc$ no re-action3 outside ( ,judaism !re 0 n f\nd a s+le prie/ to resi/ su* follies4 ,com+ =?1 = ! mo/ "p1 f a primitive wor%ip ( natural =ces t5 times trans=m$ by m+l+s ( all sorts1 & by ! imag9ation ( ! peoples1 ! ,pagan wor%ips 7 limit$ by _! pa/4 ,"o c\ld nev] draw f !m :at _h nev] exi/$ 9 !m1--,deism or in/ruction4 ,! fa!rs ( ! *ur* amuse u :5 !y br+ to notice ! misde$s ( ,saturn z ! fa!r ( a family1 & ( ,jupit] z a husb&4 ,b )\t d\bt1 x 0 /ill m ridicul\s to set up ,jupit] 7t is to say1 ! atmosph]e7 z a moral god :o comm&s1 def5ds1 rew>ds1 & puni%es4 ,9 a _w :i* aspires to possess a cate*ism1 :at c\ld "o d ) a wor%ip l t ( ,v5us1 :i* arose f an old social necessity ( ! fir/ ,phoenician navigation 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 b became 9 "t an outrage to t :i* "o reg>ds m & m z ! ess5ce ( religion8 ,"h is ! explanation ( t s+ul> attraction1 :i*1 t[>ds ! comm5cem5t ( our era1 drew ! populations ( ! ,old ,_w t[>ds ! wor%ips ( ! ,ea/4 ,^! wor%ips _h some?+ m pr(\nd ?an ! ,greek & ,lat9 wor%ips3 !y appeal$1 moreov]1 to ! religi\s s5tim5t4 ,almo/ all 7 relative to ! /ate ( ! s\l 9 ano!r life1 & !y 7 believ$ to conta9 "s pl$ges ( immortality4 ,f ?is arose t favor :i* ! ,?racian & ,sabasian my/]ies enjoy$1 ! wor%ipp]s ( ,bac*us1 & bro!rhoods ( all sorts4 ,!re 0 less ( coldness 9 ^! little circles1 9 :i* "o press$ aga9/ ano!r1 ?an 9 ! great glacial _w else:]e4 ,"s m9or religions1 l t ( ,psy*e1 de/9$ solely to console = dea?1 _h imm5se popul>ity4 ,^? noble ,egyptian wor%ips :i* conceal$ ! empt9ess )9 by gr& spl5dor ( c]emonies c\nt$ _! devotees ?r\gh\t ! empire4 ,isis & ,s]apis _h _! alt>s at ! extremities ( ! _w4 ,9 visit+ ! ru9s ( ,pompeii1 "o w\ld be tempt$ to believe t ! wor%ip ( ,isis 0 ! pr9cipal "o practis$ !re4 ,^? little ,egyptian temples _h "s assidu\s devotees1 among :om 7 c\nt$ a l>ge numb] ( p]sons ( ! class ( ! fri5ds ( ,catullus & ,tibullus4 ,!re 0 a s]vice ea* morn+1--a sort ( mass1 celebrat$ by a tonsur$ & be>dless prie/2 !re 7 "s spr9kl+s ( holy wat]1 & p]haps an ev5+ s]vice3 x occupi$1 amus$1 & quiet$4 ,:at m is necess>y8 ,b1 m ?an all o!rs1 ! ,mi?raic wor%ip enjoy$ 9 ! second & ?ird c5turies an extraord9>y popul>ity4 ,i sometimes all[ myself to say1 t1 _h n ,*ri/ianity tak5 ! lead1 ,mi?raicism w\ld h become ! religion ( ! _w4 ,mi?raicism _h my/]i\s re-unions1 & *apels :i* /rongly resembl$ little *ur*es4 ,x e/abli%$ a v solid bond ( bro!rhood betwe5 its vot>ies2 x _h ! ,eu*>i/1 ! ,"l's ,supp]1 & bore su* a resemblance to ! ,*ri/ian my/]ies1 t ! good ,ju/9 ! ,apologi/ saw only "o explanation ( ^! resemblances3 x is t ,satan1 9 ord] to deceive ! human race1 s\ght to mimic ! ,*ri/ian c]emonies1 & committ$ ?is plagi>ism4 ,! ,mi?raic tomb ( ! ,catacombs ( ,rome is z edify+ & deeply my/]i\s z ! ,*ri/ian tombs4 ,!re 7 "s devot$ ,mi?rai/s1 :o1 ev5 aft] ! triumph ( ,*ri/ianity1 def5d$ ! s9c]ity ( _! fai? ) c\rage4 ,! p gr\p$ !mselves ar\nd ^! =eign gods3 ar\nd ! ,greek & ,italiote gods !re 7 no ga!r+s4 ,we mu/ say a good ^w = x3 x is only ! small sects t lay ! f\ndation & build up4 ,x is s sweet to believe "o's self a little ari/ocracy ( tru?1 to imag9e1 t1 9 common ) a v few1 "o owns ! repository ( tru?6 ,su* a fooli% sect 9 our own "t gives to its adh]5ts m consolation ?an a m heal?y philosophy4 ,9 8 day1 ,abracadabra secur$ "s joy\s foll[]s1 &1 by means ( a little good-w1 a sublime !ology has be5 f\nd 9 him4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we %all see1 h[ev]1 9 our next conf]5ce1 t ! religi\s reign ( ! future belong$ nei!r to ,s]apis1 nor to ,mi?ra4 ,! pr$e/9$ religion grew imp]ceptibly 9 ,juda4 ,?is w\ld h greatly a/oni%$ ! mo/ sagaci\s ,romans1 if x _h be5 ann\nc$ to !m4 ,x w\ld h be5 %ock+ to !m 9 ! highe/ degree4 ,b s (t5 9 hi/ory h improbable pr$ictions become true1 s (t5 has wisdom be5 mi/ak51 t x is n be/ to rely too mu* ^u ! likes & dislikes ( enlight5$ m51 ( bons esprits z we say1 :5 !y und]take to pr$ict ! future4 ,,second ,,conf]5ce1 ,london1 ,april #i1 #ahhj4 ,,! ,,leg5d ,,( ,,! ,,roman ,,*ur*4--,,pet] ,,& ,,paul4 ,,second ,,conf]5ce4 ,,pet] ,,& ,,paul4 ,ladies & ,g5tlem51--,at our la/ meet+ we attempt$ to %[ ! situation ( ! ,roman ,empire 9 reg>d to religi\s que/ions dur+ ! fir/ c5tury4 ,!re 0 9 ! va/ ga!r+ ( populations :i* compos$ ! empire a press+ want ( religion1 a true moral progress1 :i* call$ = a pure wor%ip )\t sup]/iti\s practices or bloody sacrifices2 a t5d5cy to ,mono!ism1 :i* made ! old my?ological recitals appe> ridicul\s2 a g5]al s5tim5t ( sympa?y & ( *>ity1 :i* inspir$ ! desire ( association1 ( assembl+ toge!r = pray]1 = support1 = consolation1 = ! assurance t aft] dea? "o w\ld be int]r$ by 8 bre?r51 :o w\ld also make a little fea/ 9 8 memory4 ,asia ,m9or1 ,greece1 ,syria1 & ,egypt conta9$ masses ( ! poor1--v hone/ m51 aft] _! mann]1 humble1 & )\t di/9ction2 b revolt$ at ! spectacle :i* ! ,roman ari/ocracy made1 full ( horror at ^? hide\s repres5tations 9 ! !atres1 9 :i* ,rome made a div]sion ( suff]+4 ,! moral consci5ce ( ! human race s5t up an imm5se prote/ation1 & !re 0 no prie/ to int]pret x1 no pity+ ,god to reply to ! sighs ( poor suff]+ humanity4 ,slav]y1 9 spite ( ! prote/ations ( ! sages1 rema9$ v cruel4 ,claudius ?\ght to d a gr& & humane act 9 mak+ a law t ! ma/] :o %\ld drive f 8 h\se an old & sick slave %\ld lose 8 "r 9 t slave1 if he 7 cur$4 ,h[ c\ld gods )\t compassion1 & born ( joy & ! primitive imag9ation1 be expect$ to console = su* evils8 ,a ,fa!r 9 heav5 0 requir$1 :o kept a record ( ! ef=ts ( man1 & promis$ him a recomp5se4 ,a future ( ju/ice 0 desir$1 9 :i* ! e>? belong$ to ! feeble & ! poor4 ,! assurance 0 necess>y1 t1 :5 a man suff]$1 x 0 n an entire loss1 & t beyond ^? sad horizons1 veil$ by te>s1 !re 7 happy fields 9 :i* "o day he %\ld console himself = 8 sorr[s4 ,judaism inde$ _h all t4 ,by ! in/itution ( ! synagogues 7d n =get1 g5tlem51 t x is f ! synagogue t ! *ur* comes71 x e/abli%$ association 9 ! mo/ p[]ful =m 9 :i* x _h ev] be5 realiz$4 ,9 appe>ance1 at lea/1 ! wor%ip 0 pure ,deism2 no images1 only scorn & s>casm = idols4 ,b t :i* above all *>act]iz$ ! ,jew 0 8 confid5ce 9 a brilliant & happy future = humanity4 ,hav+ no idea bas$ ^u ! immortality ( ! s\l1 nor ^u ! remun]ations & puni%m5ts beyond ! tomb1 ! ,jew1 disciple ( ! anci5t prophet1 0 z if intoxicat$ ) ! s5tim5t ( ju/ice3 he wi%$ ju/ice n[ ^u e>?4 ,hav+ little confid5ce 9 ! assurances ( ! et]nity :i* made ! ,*ri/ians s easily resign$1 ! ,jew grumbl$ at ,jehovah1 reproa*$ him ) 8 ignorance1 & dem&$ h[ he c\ld leave ! e>? s long 9 ! p[] ( ! impi\s4 ,z = himself1 he did n d\bt t ! e>? w\ld "o day be 81 & t 8 law w\ld make love & ju/ice to reign !re94 ,9 ?is /ruggle1 g5tlem51 ! ,jew w be victori\s4 ,hope1 t :i* ! ,jew calls ! ,tiqva1 t assurance ( some?+ :i* no?+ proves1 b to :i* "o atta*es himself ) s mu* ! m fr5zy because x is n sure1 is ! s\l ( ! ,jew4 ,8 psalms 7 l ! cont9u\s s\nd ( a h>p1 fill+ life ) h>mony & a melan*oly fai?3 8 prophets held ! words ( et]nity4 ,= example1 t second ,isaiah1 ! prophet ( ! captivity1 pictur$ ! future ) m dazzl+ colors ?an man _h ev] se5 9 8 dreams4 ,! ,?ora1 besides t1 gives ! recipe = be+ happy 7= be+ happy "h bel[1 ,i mean71 by obs]v+ ! moral law1 ! _s ( ! family1 & ! _s ( duty4 ,i4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,jews at ,rome dat$ ne>ly sixty ye>s be=e ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,!y multipli$ rapidly4 ,cic]o repres5t$ x z an act ( c\rage to d>e to oppose !m4 ,cs> favor$ !m1 & f\nd !m fai?ful4 ,! p dete/$ !m1 ?\ght !m malevol5t1 accus$ !m ( =m+ a secret society ^: memb]s 7 advanc$ at any price1 to ! detrim5t ( o!rs4 ,b all did n approve ^! sup]ficial judgm5ts4 ,! ,jews _h z _m fri5ds z detractors3 some?+ sup]ior 0 noticeable 9 !m4 ,! poor ,jewi% colport] ( ! ,tra/ev]e (t5 9 ! ev5+ return$ home ri* ) ! *>ities receiv$ f a pi\s h&4 ,wom51 above all1 7 attract$ by ^! mission>ies 9 rags4 ,juv5al c\nts ! weakness t[>ds ! ,jewi% religion among ! vices ( ! ladies ( 8 "t4 ,! ^w ( ,za*>iah 0 v]ifi$ to ! lett]3 ! _w seiz$ ^u ! g>m5ts ( ! ,jews1 & said1 ,lead u to ,j]usalem4 ,! pr9cipal ,jewi% qu>t] ( ,rome 0 situat$ beyond ! ,tib]1 t is to say1 9 ! poore/ & dirtie/ "p ( ! city1 probably ne> ! pres5t ,porta ,portese4 ,!re1 or r opposite to ! foot ( ! ,av5t9e1 ! gate ( ,rome 0 =m]ly situat$1 :]e ! m]*&ise br\ght f ,o/ia 9 b>ges 0 dis*>g$4 ,x 0 a qu>t] ( ,jews & ,syrians1--nations born = s]vitude1 z ,cic]o said4 ,! nucleus ( ! ,jewi% population at ,rome 0 =m$1 9 tru?1 ( fre$m51 desc5d$1 = ! mo/ "p1 f ^? prison]s :om ,pompey _h c>ri$ !re4 ,!y _h pass$ ?r\gh slav]y1 )\t *ang+ _! religi\s cu/oms 9 ! lea/4 ,t :i* is admirable 9 ,judaism is t simplicity ( fai? :i* makes ! ,jew1 transport$ a ?\s& leagues f 8 c\ntry1 at ! end ( sev]al g5]ations1 always a v ,jew4 ,! int]c\rse betwe5 ! synagogues ( ,rome & ,j]usalem 0 cont9ual4 ,! fir/ colony _h be5 re-en=c$ ) num]\s emigrants4 ,^! poor m5 disemb>k$ by hundr$s at ! ,ripa1 & liv$ toge!r 9 ! adjac5t qu>t] ( ! ,tra/ev]e1 s]v+ z /reet-port]s1 engag$ 9 small affairs1 ex*ang+ mat*es = brok5 glasses1 & %[+ to ! pr\d ,italiote populations a type :i* lat] became too famili> to !m1--t ( ! begg> accompli%$ 9 8 art4 ,a ,roman :o respect$ himself nev] plac$ 8 foot 9 ^! abject qu>t]s4 ,x 0 z a suburb giv5 up to despis$ classes & to infecti\s employm5ts3 ! tann]ies1 ! gut-works1 ! rott+ vats 7 bani%$ !re4 ,^! unhappy p liv$ tranquilly en\gh 9 ?is remote corn]1 9 ! mid/ ( bales ( m]*&ise1 l[ inns1 & port]s ( manure 7,syri71 :o _h !re _! g5]al headqu>t]s4 ,! police only ent]$ !re :5 affrays 7 bloody1 or occurr$ too (t54 ,few qu>t]s ( ,rome 7 s free3 politics _h no?+ to d !re4 ,wor%ip 0 n only practis$ !re 9 ord9>y times )\t ob/acles1 b its propagation 0 also accompli%$ ) great facility4 ,protect$ by ! disda9 :i* !y inspir$1 c>+ little1 moreov]1 = ! raill]ies ( ! m5 ( ! _w1 ! ,jews ( ! ,tra/ev]e l$ a v active religi\s & social life4 ,!y _h "s s*ools ( hakam93 n[h]e 0 ! ritual & c]emonial ( ! law obs]v$ m scrupul\sly3 ! organization ( ! synagogue 0 ! mo/ complete ev] kn[n4 ,! titles ( fa!r & "m ( ! synagogues 7 mu* priz$4 ,"s ri* conv]ts took biblical names2 !y br\ght _! slaves into ! *ur* ) !m1 !y _h ! ,scriptures expla9$ by ! doctors1 built places ( pray]1 & manife/$ _! pride ( ! consid]ation :i* !y enjoy$ 9 ?is little _w4 ,! poor ,jew f\nd ! means1 :ile begg+ ) a trembl+ voice1 to :isp] 9 ! e> ( ! great ,roman lady "s words ( ! law1 & frequ5tly won ov] ! matron :o op5$ to him h] h& full ( small co94 ,to obs]ve ! sabba? & ! ,jewi% fea/s 0 to ,horace ! trait :i* class$ a man 9 ! cr[d ( weak m9ds4 ,! univ]sal b5evol5ce1 ! happ9ess ( repos+ ) ! j1 ! assi/ance ( ! poor1 ! purity ( mann]s1 ! g5tle acceptance ( dea? consid]$ z a sleep1 are "s ( ! s5tim5ts :i* are f\nd 9 ! ,jewi% inscriptions1 ) t p>ticul> acc5t ( t\*+ unction1 ( c]ta9 hope1 :i* *>act]izes ! ,*ri/ian inscriptions4 ,!re h be5 _m ri* & p[]ful ,jews 9 ! _w1 su* z ,tib]ius ,alex&]1 :o arriv$ at ! greate/ honors ( ! empire1 :o ex]cis$ two or ?ree times ! /ronge/ influ5ce ^u public affairs1 & ev5 _h1 to ! great grief ( ! ,romans1 8 /atue 9 ! ,=um2 b ^? 7 n good ,jews4 ,! ,h]ods1 ?\gh practis+ _! wor%ip at ,rome ) mu* %[1 7 also f> f be+ true ,israelites1 ev5 if _! only s9s 7 _! relations ) ! ,pagans4 ,a _w ( ideas 0 ?us set 9 motion on ! vulg> quay :]e ! m]*&ise ( ! :ole _w 0 pil$ up2 b all t w\ld be lo/ 9 a great city l ,p>is4 ,und\bt$ly ! pr\d patricians1 :o1 9 _! prom5ades on ! ,av5t9e1 ca/ _! eyes ^u ! o!r side ( ! ,tib]1 did n imag9e ! future t 0 =m+ itself 9 t little clu/] ( poor h\ses at ! foot ( ,janiculum4 ,ne> ! port 0 a sort ( lodg+-h\se well kn[n to ! p & ! soldi]s "u ! "n ( ,tab]na ,m]itoria4 ,9 ord] to attract ! l\ng]s1 a pret5d$ spr+ ( oil com+ out ( a rock 0 %[n !re4 ,f a v e>ly "t ?is spr+ ( oil 0 consid]$ by ! ,*ri/ians z symbolic3 x 0 pret5d$ t its appe>ance 0 co9cid5t ) ! bir? ( ,jesus4 ,x seems t lat] ! ,tab]na became a *ur*4 ,"u ,alex&] ,sev]us we f9d ! ,*ri/ians & ! inn-keep]s 9 a conte/ ov] a place :i* =m]ly _h be5 public3 t good emp]or gave x to ! ,*ri/ians4 ,?is is probably ! orig9 ( ! ,*ur* ( ! ,santa ,m>ia ( ! ,tra/ev]e4 ,x is natural t ! capital %\ld h fully accept$ ! "n ( ,jesus be=e ! int]m$iate c\ntries c\ld be evangeliz$1 z a high summit is light$ up :ile ! valleys betwe5 x & ! sun are /ill obscure4 ,rome 0 ! r5dezv\s = all ! ,ori5tal wor%ips1--! po9t ^u ! coa/ ( ! ,m$it]ranean ) :i* ! ,syrians _h ! mo/ int]c\rse4 ,!y arriv$ !re 9 enorm\s b&s4 ,l all ! poor populations ris+ = ! assault ( ! great cities to :i* !y come to seek _! =tunes1 !y 7 s]viceable & humble4 ,all ! _w spoke ,greek4 ,! anci5t ,roman plebeians1 atta*$ to ! old cu/oms1 lo/ gr\nd ea* day1 dr[n$ z !y 7 9 ?is wave ( /rang]s4 ,we admit !n1 t t[>ds ! ye> #ej ( our era1 "s ,syrian ,jews1 already ,*ri/ians1 ent]$ ! capital ( ! empire1 & communicat$ ! fai? :i* r5d]$ !m happy to _! companions4 ,at ?is "t no "o suspect$ t ! f\nd] ( a second empire 0 9 ,rome1--a second ,romulus1 lodg+ at ! port 9 a b$ ( /raw4 ,a little b& 0 =m$4 ,^! ance/ors ( ! ,roman prelates 7 poor1 dirty1 common p1 )\t di/9ction1 )\t mann]s1 clo!d ) fetid g>m5ts1 hav+ ! bad brea? ( m5 :o are badly f$4 ,_! dwell+s _h t odor ( mis]y :i* is exhal$ f p]sons grossly clo!d & n\ri%$1 & huddl$ toge!r 9 n>r[ rooms4 ,we "k ! names ( two ,jews :o 7 ! mo/ prom95t 9 ^! movem5ts4 ,!y 7 ,aquila1 a ,jew1 orig9ally f ,pontus1 :o 0 l ,/4 ,paul an uphol/]]1 & ,priscilla 8 wife1--a pi\s c\ple4 ,bani%$ f ,rome !y took refuge at ,cor9?1 :]e !y soon became ! intimate fri5ds ( ,/4 ,paul1 & zeal\s work]s ) him4 ,?us ,aquila & ,priscilla are ! mo/ anci5t kn[n memb]s ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome4 ,!re is sc>cely a s\v5ir ( !m !re4 ,tradition1 always unju/1 because x is always rul$ by political motives1 has expell$ ^! two obscure workm5 f ! ,*ri/ian ,pan!on 9 ord] to attribute ! honor ( ! f\ndation ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome to a "n m 9 keep+ ) its pr\d pret5sions4 ,we d n see ! orig9al po9t ( ! orig9 ( ,occid5tal ,*ri/ianity 9 ! !atrical ,basilica consecrat$ to ,/4 ,pet]3 x is at t anci5t ,ghetto1 ! ,porta ,portese4 ,x is 9 trac+ ^! poor vagabond ,jews1 :o bore ) !m ! religion ( ! _w1--^! suff]+ m51 dream+ 9 _! mis]y ( ! k+dom ( ,god1--t we %all f9d x aga94 ,we d n dispute ) ,rome its ess5tial title4 ,rome 0 probably ! fir/ po9t 9 ! ,we/]n ,_w1 & ev5 9 ,europe1 :]e ,*ri/ianity 0 e/abli%$4 ,b1 in/ead ( ^! l(ty basilicas1 9 place ( ^! insult+ devices1--,*ri/us v9cit1 ,*ri/us regnat1 ,*ri/us imp]at1--x w\ld be bett] to raise a poor *apel to ^! good ,jews :o fir/ pron\nc$ on ! quay ( ,rome ! "n ( ,jesus4 ,a capital trait1 :i* x is important to note 9 any case1 is1 t ! ,*ur* ( ,rome 0 n1 l ! *ur*es ( ,asia ,m9or1 ,mac$onia1 & ,greece1 a f\ndation ( ! s*ool ( ,paul4 ,x 0 fundam5tally ,judan-,*ri/ian1 re-atta*+ itself directly to ! ,*ur* ( ,j]usalem4 ,paul "h w nev] be on 8 own gr\nd3 he w f9d 9 ?is great *ur* _m weaknesses :i* he w treat ) indulg5ce1 b :i* w w\nd 8 exalt$ idealism4 ,atta*$ to circumcision & outw>d obs]vances1 ,ebionite ?r\gh its ta/e = ab/95ces1 & by its doctr9e conc]n+ ! p]son & dea? ( ,jesus m ,jewi% ?an ,*ri/ian1 lean+ /rongly t[>ds ,mill5>ianism1 ! ,roman ,*ur* %[$1 s9ce its fir/ days1 ! ess5tial traits :i* w di/+ui% x ?r\gh its long hi/ory4 ,own daught] ( ,j]usalem1 ! ,roman ,*ur* w always h an ascetic1 sac]dotal "*1 oppos$ to ! ,prote/ant t5d5cies ( ,paul4 ,pet] w be its v]itable head2 !n1 ! political & hi]>*ical _s ( old ,rome p5etrat+ x1 x w inde$ become ! new ,j]usalem1 ! city ( ! ,pontificate1 ( ! hi]atic & solemn religion1 ( ! mat]ial sacram5ts :i* ju/ify ( !mselves1 ! city ( ! ascetics ( ! mann] ( ,jacques ,ohliam ) 8 call\s knees & 8 plate ( gold ^u 8 br[4 ,x w be ! au?oritative *ur*4 ,if we c believe x1 ! only m>k ( ! apo/olic mission w be to %[ a lett] sign$ by ! apo/les1 to produce a c]tificate ( or?odoxy4 ,! good & ! evil :i* ! ,*ur* ( ,j]usalem did 9 giv+ bir? to ,*ri/ianity1 ! ,*ur* ( ,rome w d = ! ,univ]sal ,*ur*4 ,x is 9 va9 t ,paul w address to x 8 beautiful epi/le to expla9 ! my/]y ( ! cross ( ,jesus & ( salvation by fai? alone4 ,! ,*ur* ( ,rome w sc>cely compreh5d x2 b ,lu!r f\r & a half c5turies lat] w compreh5d x1 & w op5 a new era 9 a secul> s]ies ( ! alt]nate triumphs ( ,pet] & ,paul4 ,,ii4 ,an important ev5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w took place 9 ! ye> #fa4 ,paul 0 l$ a prison] to ,rome 9 ord] to foll[ up ! appeal :i* he _h made to ! tribunal ( ! emp]or4 ,a sort ( pr(\nd in/9ct _h always made ,paul desire ?is j\rney4 ,8 arrival at ,rome 0 almo/ z m>k$ an ev5t 9 8 life z 8 conv]sion4 ,he believ$ t he _h atta9$ ! summit ( 8 apo/olic life2 & d\btless he recall$ ! dream 9 :i*1 aft] "o ( 8 days ( /ruggle1 ,*ri/ _h appe>$ to him1 & said1 ,be ( good *e]1 ,paul2 = z ?\ ha/ te/ifi$ ( me 9 ,j]usalem1 s mu/ ?\ be> witness also at ,rome4 ,y w n =get ! wide divisions :i* sep>at$ ! disciples ( ,jesus dur+ ! fir/ c5tury f ! f\ndation ( ,*ri/ianity1--divisions s broad1 t all ! diff]5ces :i* to-day sep>ate ! or?odox1 ! h]etics1 & ! s*ismatics ( ! :ole _w1 are no?+ beside ! diss5sions ( ,pet] & ,paul4 ,! ,*ur* ( ,j]usalem1 ob/9ately atta*$ to ,judaism1 refus$ all int]c\rse ) ! uncircumcis$1 h[ev] pi\s !y might be4 ,paul1 on ! contr>y1 ?\ght t to ma9ta9 ! anci5t law 0 an injury to ,jesus1 s9ce ?us x might be suppos$1 t1 outside ! m]its ( ,jesus1 su* or su* a "w c\ld s]ve = ! ju/ification ( ! fai?ful4 ,h[ev] /range x may appe>1 x is c]ta9 t ! ,judan-,*ri/ians ( ,j]usalem1 ) ,james at _! head1 organiz$ "s active contra-missions 9 ord] to combat ! effect ( ! missions ( ,paul1 & t ! emiss>ies ( ^! ard5t cons]vatives foll[$ 9 "s sort ! lead ( ! apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles4 ,pet] belong$ to ! p>ty at ,j]usalem1 b %[$ 9 8 conduct t sort ( timid mod]ation :i* seems to h be5 ! f\ndation ( 8 "*4 ,did ,pet] also come to ,rome8 ,=m]ly1 g5tlem51 ?is "q 0 "o ( ! mo/ excit+ :i* c\ld be agitat$4 ,=m]ly ! hi/ory ( religion 0 writt51 n to rec\nt x1 b 9 ord] to prove x3 religi\s hi/ory 0 an annex ( !ology4 ,dur+ ! gr& revolt1 s full ( c\rage & ( ard5t conviction1 :i*1 dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury1 plac$ "o-half ( ,europe 9 opposition to ,rome1 ! negation ( ! soj\rn ( ,pet] at ,rome became a sort ( dogma4 ,! ,bi%op ( ,rome is ! successor ( ,/4 ,pet]1 said ! ,ca?olics1 & z su* ! head ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,h[ c\ld t reason+ be m /rongly refut$ ?an by ma9ta9+ t ,pet] nev] plac$ 8 foot 9 ,rome8 ,z = u1 we are p]mitt$ to reg>d ?is "q ) ! mo/ p]fect dis9t]e/$ness4 ,we d n believe1 9 any s5se1 t ,jesus int5d$ to give any head :atev] to 8 *ur*2 & above all1 x is d\btful :e!r ! idea ( su* a *ur* z develop$ lat] _h exi/$ 9 ! m9d ( ! f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! ^w ecclesia occurs only 9 ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,mat!w4 ,! idea ( ! episcopos1 z x exi/$ 9 ! second c5tury1 _h no place 9 ! m9d ( ,jesus4 ,he himself 0 ! liv+ episcopos dur+ 8 brief ,galilean appe>ance3 f t "t x is ! ,_s :o inspires ea* "o until he may return4 ,9 any case1 if x _h be5 possible t ,jesus %\ld h _h any idea :atev] ( ! ecclesia & episcopos1 x is absolutely beyond d\bt1 t ,jesus nev] ?\ght ( giv+ ! future episcopos ( ! city ( ,rome to be ! head ( 8 *ur*1--t impi\s city1 ! c5tre ( all ! impurities ( ! e>?1 ( ^: exi/5ce he p]haps knew sc>cely any ?+1 & ( :i* he %\ld h ent]ta9$ ! gloomy op9ions :i* all ! ,jews pr(ess$4 ,if !re is any ?+ 9 ! _w :i* 0 n in/itut$ by ,jesus1 x is ! ,papacy1 t is to say1 ! idea t ! ,*ur* is a mon>*y4 ,we are1 !n1 p]fectly at lib]ty to discuss ! "q ( ,pet]'s com+ to ,rome4 ,?is "q is absolutely )\t consequ5ce = u2 & f our solution ! only result w be to say :e!r ,leo ,,xiii4 is or is n ! head ( ! ,*ri/ian consci5ce4 ,:e!r ,pet] 0 or 0 n 9 ,rome1 x has = u no political nor moral be>+4 ,x is a curi\s "q ( hi/ory3 x is useless to pursue x fur!r4 ,fir/1 let u say1 t ! ,ca?olics h laid !mselves op5 to ! p]emptory objections ( _! adv]s>ies by _! un=tunate reckon+ ( ! com+ ( ,pet] to ,rome 9 ! ye> #db1--;a reckon+ borr[$ f ,eusebius & ,/4 ,j]ome1 :i* ext5ds ! duration ( ! pontificate ( ,pet] to tw5ty-?ree or tw5ty-f\r ye>s4 ,!re is no?+ m inadmissible4 ,9 ord] to leave no d\bt 9 reg>d to ?is1 x is suffici5t to consid] t ! p]secution ( ,pet] at ,j]usalem by ,h]od ,agrippa occurr$ 9 ! ye> #dd4 ,x w\ld be sup]flu\s to oppose long] a !sis :i* c h no "o reasonable def5ce4 ,x is possible1 9 fact1 to g mu* fur!r1 & to affirm t ,pet] _h n yet come to ,rome :5 ,paul 0 tak5 !re1 t is to say1 9 ! ye> #fa4 ,! ,epi/le ( ,paul to ! ,romans1 writt5 ab\t ! ye> #eh1 is a v consid]able argum5t "h4 ,"o c sc>cely imag9e ,/4 ,paul writ+ to ! fai?ful1 ( :om ,/4 ,pet] 0 ! head1 )\t mak+ ! lea/ m5tion ( ! latt]4 ,! la/ *apt] ( ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les is /ill m demon/rative4 ,?is *apt]1 especially f ! sev5te5? to ! tw5ty-n9? v]se1 _c be expla9$1 if ,pet] 0 at ,rome :5 ,paul arriv$ !re4 ,let u1 !n1 consid] x absolutely c]ta9 t ,pet] did n come to ,rome be=e ,paul1 t is to say1 be=e or ab\t ! ye> #fa4 ,b did he n come !re aft] ,paul8 ,?is has nev] be5 positively prov$2 ?is late j\rney ( ,pet]'s to ,rome 0 n only probable1 b !re are /rong argum5ts 9 its favor4 ,besides ! te/imony ( ! ,fa!rs ( ! second & ?ird c5turies1 !re are ?ree reasons :i* d n appe> to me unwor?y3-- #a/1 ,x is indisputably c]ta9 t ,pet] suff]$ a m>tyr's dea?4 ,! te/imony ( ! f\r? evangeli/1 ( ,clem5t ,romanus1 ( ! fragm5t :i* is call$ ! ,canon de ,muratori1 ( ,d5is ( ,cor9?1 ( ,caius1 ( ,t]tullian1 leave no d\bt 9 ?is respect4 ,let ! f\r? ,gospel be apocryphal1 all[ t *apt] xxi4 has be5 add$ 9 lat] times1 x makes no diff]5ce4 ,x is cle>1 t1 9 ! v]ses 9 :i* ,jesus ann\nces to ,pet] t he %all die by ! same suff]+ z 8 own1 we h ! expression ( an op9ion e/abli%$ 9 ! ,*ur* ab\t #abj or #acj1 to :i* allusions are made z to a fact kn[n to all4 ,n[1 x is n possible to imag9e t ,pet] di$ a m>tyr outside ( ,rome4 ,x 0 only at ,rome1 9 fact1 t ! p]secution ( ,n]o 0 viol5t4 ,at ,j]usalem1 at ,antio*1 ! m>tyrdom ( ,pet] w\ld h be5 mu* less probable4 #b;d1 ,! second reason is f\nd 9 ! ,epi/le attribut$ to ,/4 ,pet] 7v4 #ac73 ,! *ur* t is at ,babylon 444 salute? y4 ,babylon1 9 ?is passage1 evid5tly indicates ,rome4 ,if ! ,epi/le is au!ntic1 ! passage is decisive3 if x is apocryphal1 ! conclusion to be drawn f ! text is n weak5$4 ,! au?or1 9 %ort1 :oev] he may be1 wi%es x to be reg>d$ z ! "w ( ,pet]4 ,he 0 consequ5tly =c$1 9 ord] to give an appe>ance ( tru? to 8 fraud1 to arrange ! circum/ances :i* he relat$1 accord+ to :at he knew1 or believ$ 0 kn[n 9 8 "t1 ( ! life ( ,pet]4 ,if1 9 su* a _s1 he dat$ ! lett] at ,rome1 x %[s1 t1 9 8 day1 x 0 ! g5]al op9ion t ,pet] _h resid$ at ,rome4 ,b1 9 any case1 ! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,pet] is a v anci5t "w1 & _h v e>ly a high au?ority4 #c;d1 ,! !ory :i* is f\nd$ ^u ! ,ebionite ,acts ( ,/4 ,pet] is also wor?y ( mu* consid]ation4 ,?is !ory repres5ts ,/4 ,pet] z foll[+ ,simon ! ,magician ev]y:]e 7accord+ to ,/4 ,paul71 9 ord] to dispute 8 false doctr9es4 ,m4 ,lipsius has %[n an admirable critical sagacity 9 8 analysis ( ?is leg5d4 ,he has %[n t ! base ( all ! diff]5t v]sions ( x :i* h come to u 0 writt5 ab\t ! ye> #acj4 ,x seems improbable t an ,ebionite au?or ( su* e>ly date c\ld h giv5 s mu* importance to ,pet]'s j\rney to ,rome1 if ?is j\rney _h n tak5 place 9 reality4 ,! !ory ( ! ,ebionite leg5d mu/ conta9 "s tru? at ! bottom1 9 spite ( ! fables :i* are m+l$ ) x4 ,x is q admissible t ,/4 ,pet] might h come to ,rome1 z he w5t to ,antio*1 foll[+ ,/4 ,paul1 & 9 "p to neutralize 8 influ5ce4 ,! missions ( ,/4 ,paul1 & ! facility :i* ! ,jews _h acquir$ 9 _! voyages _h made long exp$itions q ! cu/om4 ,! apo/le ,philip is ev5 repres5t$ by an anci5t & p]si/5t tradition z hav+ settl$ himself 9 ,hi]apolis1 9 ,asia ,m9or4 ,i reg>d1 !n1 z probable1 ! tradition ( ! soj\rn ( ,pet] at ,rome2 b ,i believe t ?is soj\rn 0 %ort1 & t ,pet] suff]$ m>tyrdom soon aft] 8 arrival 9 ! ,et]nal ,city4 ,,iii4 ,y "k ! my/]y :i* hov]s above ! hi/ory ( primitive ,*ri/ianity1 :i* we might desire to "k m 9 detail4 ,! dea? ( ! apo/les ,pet] & ,paul rema9s envelop$ 9 a veil :i* w nev] be p5etrat$4 ,t :i* appe>s ! mo/ probable is1 t !y bo? disappe>$ 9 ! great massacre ( ,*ri/ians comm&$ by ,n]o4 ,on ! #ai? ( ,july1 9 ! ye> #fd1 a viol5t fire bur/ out at ,rome4 ,x orig9at$ 9 t portion ( ! great ,circus ne> to ! ,palat9e & ,coelian ,hills4 ,9 ?is qu>t] !re 7 _m little %ops1 fill$ ) inflammable matt]1 9 :i* ! flames spread ) prodigi\s rapidity4 ,!nce x made ! turn ( ! ,palat9e1 ravag$ ! ,velabra1 ! ,=um1 ! ,c>91 asc5d$ ! hills1 greatly injur$ ! ,palat9e1 desc5d$ aga9 to ! valleys1 dev\r+ compact qu>t]s1 & pi]c+ tortu\s /reets1 cont9u+ six days & sev5 nights4 ,an enorm\s pile ( h\ses :i* 7 torn d[n ne> ! foot ( ! ,esquil9e1 arre/$ its progress = a "t2 !n x aga9 broke out1 & endur$ ?ree days m4 ,a consid]able numb] ( p p]i%$4 ,( ! f\rte5 portions :i* compos$ ! city1 ?ree 7 entirely de/roy$2 ( sev51 only black5$ walls rema9$4 ,rome 0 an extremely compact city1 & ! population v d5se4 ,?is disa/] 0 frightful1 & ! l ( x _h nev] be=e be5 se54 ,:5 ! fire broke out1 ,n]o 0 at ,antium4 ,he return$ to ! city ab\t ! "t :5 x approa*$ 8 transitory h\se4 ,x 0 n possible to arre/ ! flames4 ,! imp]ial h\ses ( ! ,palat9e1 ! transitory h\se itself ) its dep5d5cies1 & ! :ole surr\nd+ qu>t]1 7 de/roy$4 ,n]o did n seem mu* to regret ! loss ( 8 h\se4 ,! sublime horror ( ! spectacle transport$ him4 ,lat] x 0 said t he _h wat*$ ! fire f a t[]1 :]e1 9 a !atrical co/ume1 ) a lyre 9 8 h&1 he *ant$ ! ru9 ( ,ilion to ! rhy?m ( an anci5t elegy4 ,?is 0 a leg5d1 ! fruit ( a p]iod ( successive exagg]ations2 b "o po9t ^u :i* ! univ]sal op9ion 0 decisive f ! fir/ 01 t ,n]o _h comm&$ ?is fire1 or at lea/ _h reviv$ x :5 x seem$ ab\t to die out4 ,^! suspicions 7 confirm$ by ! fact1 t1 aft] ! fire1 ,n]o1 "u pretext ( remov+ ! ru9s at 8 own co/1 9 ord] to leave ! place free to ! proprietors1 und]took to cle> away ! dbris2 & ! p 7 n all[$ to approa*4 ,?is seem$ worse :5 x 0 se5 t he drew f ! ru9s :at belong$ to ! c\ntry1 :5 ! new palace1 t gold5 h\se :i* _h be5 ! play?+ ( 8 deliri\s imag9ation1 0 se5 ris+ ^u ! site ( ! anci5t provisory resid5ce1 enl>g$ by ! spaces :i* ! fire _h cle>$4 ,x 0 believ$ t he _h desir$ to prep>e ! place = 8 new palace1 to ju/ify ! recon/ruction :i* he _h long contemplat$1 to procure money by appropriat+ ! wreck ( ! fire1 9 %ort1 to satisfy 8 mad vanity1 :i* l$ him to desire to rebuild ! :ole ( ,rome1 s t x might date f him1 & be call$ ,n]opolis4 ,all ! hone/ m5 ( ! city 7 outrag$4 ,! mo/ preci\s antiquities ( ,rome1 ! h\ses ( ! anci5t lead]s1 decorat$ ) triumphal spoils1 ! mo/ holy objects1 ! trophies1 ! anci5t ex-votos1 ! mo/ rev]$ temples1 all ! belong+s ( ! old wor%ip ( ! ,romans1 _h disappe>$4 ,x 0 z if !y m\rn$ ! s\v5irs & ! traditions ( ! :ole c\ntry4 ,!y celebrat$ expiatory s]vices2 !y consult$ ! books ( ! ,sibyl3 ! ladies especially obs]v$ v>i\s piacula4 ,b ! secret consci\sness ( a crime & infamy /ill rema9$4 ,!n an inf]nal idea took possession ( ! m9d ( ,n]o4 ,he ca/ ab\t to see if he c\ld f9d any:]e "s mis]able wret*es1 /ill m dete/$ by ! ,roman plebeians ?an himself1 ^u :om he c\ld re/ ! odium ( ! inc5di>ism4 ,he ?\ght ( ! ,*ri/ians4 ,! horror :i* !y te/ifi$ t[>ds ! temples & ! mo/ v5]at$ edifices ( ! ,romans made ! idea plausible1 t !y %\ld h be5 ! au?ors ( ?is fire1 ! result ( :i* 0 ! de/ruction ( ^! sanctu>ies4 ,_! air ( sadness 9 reg>d+ ! monum5ts appe>$ l an injury to ! nation4 ,rome 0 a v religi\s city1 & :oev] prote/$ aga9/ ! national wor%ip 0 at once rem>k$4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t c]ta9 rigor\s ,jews w5t s f> z to refuse to t\* money :i* bore an effigy3 !y ev5 saw a great crime 9 be>+ or look+ at an image1 unless engag$ 9 ! occupation ( c>v+4 ,o!rs refus$ to pass b5ea? a city gate surm\nt$ by a /atue4 ,all ?is excit$ ! ridicule & ill-w ( ! p4 ,p]haps ! idea t ! ,*ri/ians 7 inc5di>ies ga9$ =ce f _! mann] ( talk+ ab\t ! f9al conflagration1 _! s9i/] prophecies1 _! love ( reit]at+ t ! _w w\ld soon be end$1 & end$ by fire4 ,x is ev5 admissible t "s ( ! fai?ful might h committ$ imprud5ces1 & t !re 7 pretexts = accus+ !m ( hav+ wi%$1 by anticipat+ ! cele/ial flames1 to ju/ify _! oracles1 at any price4 ,f\r & a half ye>s lat] ! ,apocalypse 0 to pres5t a *ant ^u ! burn+ ( ,rome1 = :i* ! ev5t ( #fd probably furni%$ m ?an "o feature4 ,! de/ruction ( ,rome by fire _h be5 a ,*ri/ian & ,jewi% dream2 & x 0 n m]ely a dream3 ! pi\s sect>ies 7 pleas$ to see 9 _s ! sa9ts & angels applaud+ f ! heights ( heav5 :at !y reg>d$ z a j expiation4 ,a c]ta9 numb] ( p]sons suspect$ ( belong+ to ! new sect 7 arre/$1 & ?r[n into prison1 :i* 0 ( itself a puni%m5t4 ,! fir/ arre/s 7 foll[$ by _m o!rs4 ,! p 7 surpris$ at ! multitude ( conv]ts :o _h accept$ ^! gloomy doctr9es3 x 0 only spok5 ( ) al>m4 ,all s5sible m5 consid]$ ! accusation ( hav+ caus$ ! fire z extremely weak4 ,_! true crime1 said !y1 is hatr$ ( ! human race4 ,al?\gh p]suad$ t ! burn+ 0 ! crime ( ,n]o1 _m s]i\s ,romans saw 9 ?is "w ( ! police a mode ( deliv]+ ! city f a dreadful nuisance4 ,tacitus1 9 spite ( 8 pity1 0 ( ?is op9ion4 ,& ,suetonius c\nt$ ! suff]+s :i* ,n]o heap$ ^u ! p>tisans ( ! new & mis*iev\s sup]/itions z among 8 laudable measures4 ,^! suff]+s 7 some?+ frightful4 ,su* ref9em5ts ( cruelty _h nev] be5 se54 ,almo/ all ^? arre/$ 7 ( ! humiliores 7! poore/ classes74 ,! s5t5ce ( ^! un=tunates1 :5 x conc]n$ high treason or sacrilege1 0 to be ?r[n to ! bea/s1 or to be burn$ alive 9 ! amphi!atre4 ,"o ( ! mo/ hide\s traits ( ,roman mann]s 0 t ( mak+ a fte1 a public amusem5t1 ( ^! tortures4 ,! amphi!atres _h become places ( execution3 ! tribunals furni%$ ! victims4 ,! condemn$ ( ! entire _w 7 =w>d$ to ,rome = ! provisionm5t ( ! circus & ! amusem5t ( ! p4 ,at ?is "t d]ision 0 add$ to ! b>b>ism ( ^! tortures4 ,! victims 7 kept = a fea/ day1 to :i* 0 giv51 )\t d\bt1 an expiatory "*4 ,! morn+ spectacle1 consecrat$ to ! combats ( animals1 pres5t$ an appe>ance hi!rto unkn[n4 ,! condemn$1 cov]$ ) ! tawny sk9s ( bea/s1 7 hurri$ into ! ar5a1 :]e !y 7 torn by dogs4 ,"s 7 crucifi$3 o!rs1 reclo!d ) tunics /eep$ 9 oil1 wax1 or res91 7 b\nd to po/s1 & res]v$ to light up ! ev5+ ftes4 ,:5 ! day l[]$1 ^! liv+ tor*es 7 ignit$4 ,= ?is spectacle1 ,n]o (f]$ 8 magnific5t g>d5s beyond ! ,tib]1 :i* occupi$ ! site ( ! pres5t ,borgo1 ! ,squ>e1 & ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,pet]4 ,ne> by 0 a circus comm5c$ by ,caligula1 9 :i* ! middle ( ! ,sp9a 0 m>k$ by an obelisk br\ght f ,heliopolis 7! same "o :i* 9 our day /&s 9 ! c5tre ( ! ,squ>e ( ,/4 ,pet]74 ,?is place _h already be5 ! sc5e ( massacres by ! light ( tor*es4 ,caligula1 9 "o ( 8 walks1 decapitat$ a c]ta9 numb] ( consul> p]sonages1 s5ators1 & ,roman ladies1 by ! light ( tor*es4 ,! idea ( replac+ lant]ns by human bodies impregnat$ ) inflammable sub/ances _h occurr$ to ! +5i\s ,n]o4 ,burn+ alive 0 n a new mode ( suff]+2 x 0 ! ord9>y p5ance ( inc5di>ies3 b x _h nev] be5 made a sy/em ( illum9ation4 ,by ! light ( ^! hide\s tor*es1 ,n]o1 :o _h e/abli%$ ! cu/om ( ev5+ ent]ta9m5ts1 %[$ himself 9 ! ar5a1 sometimes m+l+ ) ! p 9 ! dress ( a *>iote]1 sometimes conduct+ 8 *>iot & seek+ applause4 ,wom5 & "y girls 7 involv$ 9 ^! horrible games3 a fte 0 made ( ! nameless indignities :i* !y suff]$4 ,"u ,n]o1 ! cu/om 0 e/abli%$ ( compell+ ! condemn$ to play 9 ! amphi!atre "s my?ological "p entail+ ! dea? ( ! actor4 ,^! hide\s op]as1 :]e me*anical sci5ce atta9$ to prodigi\s effects1 7 v popul>4 ,! mis]able wret* 0 introduc$ into ! ar5a1 ri*ly co/um$ z god or h]o devot$ to dea?4 ,he !n repres5t$ by 8 suff]+ "s tragic sc5e ( ! fables consecrat$ by sculptors & poets4 ,sometimes x 0 ! furi\s ,h]cules burn$ on ,m\nt ,,oeta1 te>+ ! wax$ tunic f 8 sk92 sometimes ,orpheus torn 9 pieces by a be>2 ,ddalus ?r[n f heav51 & dev\r$ by bea/s2 ,pasiph /ruggl+ 9 ! embraces ( ! bull2 ,attys murd]$4 ,sometimes !re 7 horrible masqu]ades1 9 :i* ! m5 7 dress$ l prie/s ( ,saturn ) a r$ cloak1 ! wom5 z prie/esses ( ,c]es ) fillets on ! br[2 f9ally1 at o!r times1 "s dramatic "w ( ! "t1 9 :i* ! h]o 0 really condemn$ to dea? z ,laureolus2 or ! repres5tations 7 ^? ( su* tragic acts z t ( ,mucius ,scvola4 ,at ! end ( ^! hide\s spectacles1 ,m]cury1 ) a r$-hot iron w&1 t\*$ ea* corpse to see if x mov$4 ,"s mask$ valets1 dress$ l ,pluto or ,orcus1 dragg$ away ! dead by ! feet1 kill+ ) hamm]s all :o /ill brea!d4 ,! ,*ri/ian ladies ( ! highe/ respectability ev5 suff]$ ^! mon/rosities4 ,"s play$ ! rle ( ! ,danades1 o!rs t ( ,dirce4 ,x is difficult to say :at fable furni%es a m bloody picture ?an t ( ! ,danades4 ,! suff]+ :i* all my?ological tradition attributes to ^! guilty wom5 0 n cruel en\gh to suffice = ! pleasure ( ,n]o & ! habitus ( 8 amphi!atre4 ,sometimes !y 7 l$ out be>+ urns1 & receiv$ ! fatal bl[ f an actor figur+ z ,lynceus4 ,sometimes ^! unhappy be+s w5t ?r\gh ! s]ies ( ! suff]+s ( ,t>t>us be=e ! spectators1 & only di$ aft] h\rs ( torm5ts4 ,! repres5tations ( ,hell 7 q la mode4 ,"s ye>s previ\s 7! ye> #da71 "s ,egyptians & ,nubians came to ,rome1 & made a great success 9 giv+ ev5+ p]=mances1 9 :i* !y display$ 9 ord] ! horrors ( ! subt]ranean _w1 con=m+ to ! pa9t+s ( ! burial-places ( ,!bes1 notably ^? ( ! tomb ( ,seti ,i4 ,z = ! suff]+s ( ! ,dirces1 !re 0 no d\bt ab\t !m4 ,p "k ! colossal gr\p n[ 9 ! ,museum ( ,naples1 call$ ! ,toro ,f>nese1--,amphion & ,ze?us atta*+ ,dirce to ! horns ( an unmanageable bull1 :i* is to drag h] ov] ! rocks & bri]s ( ,ci?ron4 ,?is m$iocre ,rhodian m>ble1 br\ght to ,rome 9 ! "t ( ,augu/us1 0 ! object ( univ]sal admiration4 ,h[ c\ld !re be a f9] subject = ! hide\s art :i* ! cruelty ( ! "t _h made 9 vogue1 & :i* consi/$ 9 reproduc+ ! celebrat$ /atues 9 liv+ tableaux8 ,an inscription & a fresco ( ,pompeii seem to prove t ?is t]rible sc5e 0 frequ5tly repeat$ 9 ! ar5as1 :5 a woman 0 ! suff]]4 ,nak$1 atta*$ by ! hair to ! horns ( a furi\s bull1 ^! poor wret*es glutt$ ! eyes ( a f]oci\s p4 ,"s ( ! ,*ri/ians immolat$ 9 ?is way 7 feeble 9 body3 _! c\rage 0 sup]human4 ,b ! infam\s cr[d _h eyes alone = _! torn b[els & lac]at$ bosoms4 ,aft] ! day :5 ,jesus expir$ 9 ,golgo?a1 ! fte day 9 ! ,g>d5s ( ,n]o 7x may be fix$ ab\t ! fir/ ( ,augu/1 #fd7 0 ! mo/ solemn 9 ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! solidity ( any con/ruction is 9 proportion to ! sum ( virtue1 ( sacrifices1 & ( devotion :i* has be5 laid d[n at its base4 ,only fanatics lay f\ndations4 ,judaism endures /ill on acc\nt ( ! int5se fr5zy ( its zealots2 ,*ri/ianity1 on acc\nt ( its fir/ witnesses4 ,! orgy ( ,n]o 0 ! gr& baptism ( blood :i* set ,rome ap>t z ! city ( m>tyrs 9 ord] to play a di/9ct rle 9 ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity & to be ! second ,holy ,city4 ,x 0 ! tak+ possession ( ! ,vatican ,hill by conqu]ors hi!rto unkn[n !re4 ,! odi\s1 hair-bra9$ man :o gov]n$ ! _w did n p]ceive t he 0 ! f\nd] ( a new ord]1 & t he sign$ a *>t] = ! future1 ! effects ( :i* w\ld be claim$ aft] eighte5 hundr$ ye>s4 ,,iv4 ,z we h said1 x is all[able1 )\t improbability1 to connect ! dea?s ( ! apo/les ,pet] & ,paul ) ! acc\nt :i* we h j giv54 ,! only hi/orical incid5t kn[n1 by :i* ! m>tyrdom ( ,pet] c be expla9$1 is ! episode rec\nt$ by ,tacitus4 ,"s solid reasons also lead u to believe t ,paul suff]$ ! dea? ( a m>tyr at ,rome4 ,x is !n natural to suppose t he also di$ 9 ! massacre ( ,july & ,augu/1 #fd4 ,z to ! mann] ( dea? ( ! two apo/les1 we "k ) c]ta9ty t ,pet] 0 crucifi$4 ,accord+ to "s anci5t writ+s1 8 wife 0 execut$ ) him1 & he saw h] l$ to ! sacrifice4 ,"o accept$ acc\nt ( ! ?ird c5tury says1 t1 too humble to equal ,jesus1 he suff]$ ) 8 head d[n4 ,! *>act]i/ic trait ( ! but*]y ( #fd hav+ be5 ! se>* = odi\s r>ities 9 torture1 x is possible t 9 tru? ,pet] 0 %[n to ! cr[d 9 ?is hide\s attitude4 ,s5eca m5tions "s cases 9 :i* tyrants h be5 kn[n to turn ! heads ( ! crucifi$ t[>ds ! e>?4 ,*ri/ian piety has se5 a my/ical ref9em5t 9 t :i* 0 inde$ an odd caprice ( ! execution]4 ,p]haps ?is extract f ! ,f\r? ,gospel--,?\ %alt /ret* =? ?y h&s1 & ano!r %all gird !e1 & c>ry !e :i!r ?\ w\lde/ n--includes "s allusion to a peculi>ity 9 ! suff]+ ( ,pet]4 ,paul1 9 8 quality ( hone/ior1 _h 8 head cut (f4 ,x is also probable t he 0 judg$ regul>ly1 & t he 0 n includ$ 9 ! summ>y condemnations ( ! victims 9 ! fte ( ,n]o4 ,all t1 ,i repeat1 is d\btful1 & ( little importance4 ,true or n1 ! leg5d is believ$4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ?ird c5tury1 ne> ,rome1 !re 7 already se5 two monum5ts be>+ ! names ( ,pet] & ,paul4 ,"o 0 situat$ at ! foot ( ! ,vatican ,hill1 t ( ,/4 ,pet]3 ! o!r1 9 ! way to ,o/ia1 0 t ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,!y 7 call$ 9 oratorial /yle ! trophies ( ! apo/les4 ,9 ! f\r? c5tury two basilicas 7 rais$ above ^! trophies4 ,"o ( !m is ! pres5t basilica ( ,/4 ,pet]3 ! o!r1 ,/4 ,paul-)\t-!-,walls1 has reta9$ its ess5tial features until our own c5tury4 ,did ! trophies :i* ! ,*ri/ians v5]at$ ab\t ! ye> #bjj designate ! spots ^u :i* ^! apo/les suff]$8 ,x is possible4 ,x is n unlikely t ,paul1 t[>d ! end ( 8 life1 dwelt 9 ! suburb :i* ext5d$ beyond ! ,lav]nal gate z f> z ! p9e ( ! ,salvian spr+s 9 ! way to ,o/ia4 ,! %ade ( ,pet]1 on ! o!r h&1 w&]s always1 accord+ to ! ,*ri/ian leg5d1 t[>ds ! turp5t9e-tree ( ! ,vatican1 n f> f ! g>d5s ( ! ,circus ( ,n]o1 & especially ab\t ! obelisk4 ,x may be t ! anci5t place ( ! obelisk 9 ! sacri/y ( ,/4 ,pet]1 n[ indicat$ by an inscription1 is ne>] to ! place :]e ,/4 ,pet] ^u ! cross ( 8 frightful agony surfeit$ ! eyes ( a populace gre$y to see him suff]4 ,h[ev]1 t is a second>y "q4 ,if ! basilica ( ! ,vatican does n really cov] ! tomb ( ,/4 ,pet]1 x po9ts out n ! less = our remembrance "o ( ! spots mo/ truly hall[$ by ,*ri/ianity4 ,! place :i* ! sev5te5? c5tury surr\nd$ ) a !atrical colonnade 0 a second ,calv>y2 &1 ev5 suppos+ t ,pet] 0 n crucifi$ !re1 at lea/ we _c d\bt ! suff]+s ( ! ,danades & ! ,dirces4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we %all %[ 9 our next assembly h[ tradition disposes ( all ^! d\bts1 & h[ ! ,*ur* consummates reconciliation betwe5 ,pet] & ,paul1 :i* dea? p]haps began4 ,?is 0 ! price ( success4 ,! ,judan-,*ri/ianity ( ,pet] & ! ,hell5ism ( ,paul1 app>5tly irreconcilable1 7 equally necess>y to ! success ( ! future "w4 ,! ,judan-,*ri/ianity repres5t$ ! cons]vative _s )\t :i* no?+ is solid2 ,hell5ism1 advance & progress1 )\t :i* no?+ truly exi/s4 ,life is ! result ( a conflict betwe5 two contr>y =ces4 ,! abs5ce ( all revolution>y _s is z fatal z ! excess ( revolution4 ,,?ird ,,conf]5ce1 ,london1 ,april #ac1 #ahhj4 ,,rome1 ,,! ,,c5tre ,,( ,,! ,,=mation ,,( ,,ecclesia/ical ,,au?ority4 ,,?ird ,,conf]5ce4 ,,rome ,,! ,,c5tre ,,( ,,! ,,=mation ,,( ,,ecclesia/ical ,,au?ority4 ,i4 ,almo/ always ! nations creat$ to play a "p 9 univ]sal civilization1 l ,juda1 ,greece1 & ! ,italy ( ! r5aissance1 ex]cise _! full action ^u ! _w1 only aft] becom+ victims to _! own gr&eur4 ,!y mu/ fir/ die2 !n ! _w lives on !m1 assimilates to itself t :i* !y h creat$ at ! price ( _! fev] & _! suff]+s4 ,nations ought to *oose 9 fact betwe5 ! long1 tranquil1 obscure de/9y ( t :i* lives = itself1 & ! tr\bl$1 /ormy c>e] ( t :i* lives = humanity4 ,! nation :i* works out social & religi\s problems 9 its own bosom is almo/ always weak politically4 ,e c\ntry :i* dreams ( a k+dom ( ,god1 :i* lives = g5]al ideas1 :i* pursues a "w ( univ]sal int]e/1 sacrifices ?r\gh ! same its individual de/9y1 enfeebles & de/roys its rle z a t]re/rial c\ntry4 ,"o c nev] set himself on fire ) impunity4 ,s9ce ,juda made ! religi\s conque/ ( ! _w1 x 0 necess>y t %e %\ld disappe> z a nation4 ,a revolution ( extreme viol5ce broke out 9 ?is c\ntry 9 ! ye> #ff4 ,dur+ f\r ye>s1 ?is /range race1 :i* seem$ creat$ to defy equally t :i* bless$ & t :i* curs$ x1 0 9 a convulsion be=e :i* ! hi/orian %\ld pause ) respect z he w\ld be=e all my/]y4 ,! causes ( ?is crisis 7 v old1 & ! crisis itself 0 inevitable4 ,! ,mosaic law1 a "w ( exalt$ ,utopians possess$ ( a p[]ful sociali/ ideal1--! lea/ politic ( m51--01 l ! ,islam1 exclusive ( a civil society p>allel ) a religi\s society4 ,?is law1 :i* appe>s to h be5 drawn up1 z we n[ read x1 9 ! sev5? c5tury be=e ,jesus ,*ri/1 w\ld h be5 ! means ( de/roy+ ! little k+dom ( ! desc5dants ( ,david1 ev5 )\t ! ,assyrian conque/4 ,s9ce ! prepond]ance assum$ by ! prophetic elem5t1 ! k+dom ( ,judah--embroil$ ) all its neighbors1 seiz$ ) a p]man5t rage aga9/ ,tyre1 hat+ ,edom1 ,moab1 & ,ammon--c\ld no long] survive4 ,i repeat1 a nation :i* devotes itself to social & religi\s problems neglects its politics4 ,! day 9 :i* ,israel became a peculi> p ( ,god1 a k+dom ( prie/s1 a holy nation1 x 0 writt5 t %e %\ld no long] be a nation z o!r nations4 ,contr>y de/9ies _c be unit$3 an exaltation is always expiat$ by an abasem5t4 ,! ,a*em5idean k+dom gave ,israel little repose4 ,?is gr& feudality1 tol]ant t[>ds all prov9cial diff]5ces1 almo/ analog\s to ! ,califat ( ,bagdad & to ! ,ottoman ,empire1 0 ! rule "u :i* ! ,jews f\nd !mselves mo/ at ease4 ,! ,ptolemaic rule 9 ! ?ird c5tury be=e ,jesus ,*ri/ seem$ equally sympa!tic to !m3 !re 7 ev5 no ,seleucid4 ,antio* _h become an active c5tre ( ,hell5ic propag&ism4 ,antio*us ,epiphanus felt x necess>y to set up ev]y:]e ! image ( ,jupit] ,olympus z ! sign ( 8 p[]4 ,!n broke out ! fir/ great ,jewi% revolt aga9/ pr(ane civilization4 ,israel _h pati5tly support$ ! disappe>ance ( its political exi/5ce s9ce ,nebu*adnezz>4 ,x reta9$ no measure 9 :i* x saw a dang] to its religi\s in/itutions4 ,a race1 9 g5]al n milit>y1 0 seiz$ ) an access ( h]oism2 )\t a regul> army1 )\t g5]als1 )\t tactics1 x conqu]$ ! ,seleucid1 ma9ta9$ its reveal$ rights1 & creat$ a second p]iod ( autonomy4 ,! ,asmonean royalty1 nev]!less1 0 always di/ract$ by pr(\nd int]ior vices4 ,x endur$ b "o c5tury4 ,! de/9y ( ! ,jewi% p 0 n to con/itute a sep>ate nationality4 ,t p dream$ always ( some?+ int]national4 ,its ideal 0 n ! city1 x 0 ! synagogue1 ! free congregation4 ,! same is true ( ! ,islam1 :i* has creat$ an imm5se empire1 b has de/roy$ all nationality1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* we und]/& x1 among ! peoples :i* x has subjugat$1 & leaves !m no o!r c\ntry ?an ! mosque & ! ,za\ia4 ,! "n ( !ocracy is (t5 appli$ to su* a social condition1 & rightly s1 if we mean by x t ! pr(\nd idea ( ! ,semitic religions1 & ( ! empires :i* came out f !m1 is ! k+dom ( ,god consid]$ z ! ma/] ( ! _w1 & univ]sal suz]a94 ,b !ocracy ) ^! nations 0 n synonym\s ) ! dom9ation ( prie/s4 ,! prie/1 prop]ly speak+1 plays an unimportant rle 9 ! hi/ory ( ,judaism & ,islamism4 ,! p[] belongs to ! repres5tative ( ,god1--to him :om ,god inspires1 to ! prophet1 to ! holy man1 to him :o has receiv$ 8 mission f ,heav51 & :o proves 8 mission by a miracle1 t is to say1 by success4 ,9 default ( a prophet1 ! p[] belongs to ! au?or ( apocalypses1 & ( apocryphal books attribut$ to ! anci5t prophets1 or1 bett]1 to ! doctor :o int]prets ! div9e law1 to ! head ( ! synagogue1 &1 /ill m1 to ! head ( ! family :o gu>ds ! depository ( ! law1 & transmits x to 8 *ildr54 ,a civil p[]1 a royalty1 has little to d ) su* social organization4 ,?is organization nev] works bett] ?an among spread-out peoples1 "u ! rights ( tol]at$ =eign]s1 9 a gr& empire :]e uni=mity does n rule4 ,x is ! nature ( ,judaism to be politically subord9ate1 s9ce x _c draw f its own bosom a pr9ciple ( milit>y p[]4 ,its animus has be5 to =m communities ) _! own laws & _! own magi/rates 9 ! mid/ ( o!r /ates1 until mod]n lib]alism introduc$ ! pr9ciple ( ! equality ( all be=e ! law4 ,! ,roman rule1 e/abli%$ 9 ,juda sixty-?ree ye>s be=e ,*ri/ by ! armies ( ,pompey1 seem$ at fir/ to realize "s ( ! conditions ( ,jewi% life4 ,rome at ?is epo* did n pursue ! policy ( assimilat+ ! c\ntries :i* %e annex$ to h] va/ empire4 ,%e robb$ !m ( ! "r ( peace & w>1 & arrogat$ to h]self only ! arbitration 9 great political que/ions4 ,"u ! deg5]at$ rema9s ( ! ,asmonean dyna/y & "u ! ,h]ods1 ! ,jewi% nation pres]v$ a half indep5d5ce1 9 :i* its religi\s /ate 0 respect$4 ,b ! int]ior feel+ ( ! p 0 too /rong4 ,beyond a c]ta9 degree ( religi\s fanaticism1 man is ungov]nable4 ,x %\ld be said t ,rome /rove )\t ceas+ to r5d] h] p[] 9 ! ,ea/ m effective4 ,! little vassal k+doms :i* %e _h at fir/ pres]v$1 disappe>$ day by day1 & ! prov9ces made returns to ! empire pure & simple4 ,! adm9i/rative cu/oms ( ! ,romans1 ev5 9 _! mo/ reasonable aspects1 7 odi\s to ! ,jews4 ,9 g5]al1 ! ,romans %[$ ! greate/ condesc5sion to ! fa/idi\s scruples ( ! nation2 b t 0 n suffici5t3 ?+s _h come to a po9t :]e no?+ c\ld be done )\t t\*+ ^u a canonical "q4 ,^! absolute religions1 l ,islamism & ,judaism1 all[ no p>ticipation3 if !y d n reign1 !y call !mselves p]secut$4 ,if !y feel !mselves protect$1 !y become exact+1 & seek to r5d] life impossible to o!r wor%ips ab\t !m4 ,i %\ld dep>t f my plan if ,i rec\nt$ to y t /range /ruggle ( :i* ,josephus tells u1--! t]ror 9 ,j]usalem1 ,simon ,b>-,gioras1 comm&ant 9 ! city1 ,john ( ,giscala ) 8 assass9s1 ma/] ( ! temple4 ,fanatical movem5ts are f> f exclud+ hate1 jeal\sy1 & defiance1 f ^? :o take "p 9 !m4 ,v decid$ & passionate m5 associat$ toge!r ord9>ily suspect ea* o!r1 & 9 ?is !re is a =ce2 = reciprocal suspicion e/abli%es t]ror among !m1 b9ds !m z ) an iron *a91 h9d]s defections & mom5ts ( weakness4 ,int]e/ creates ! cot]ie4 ,absolute pr9ciples create division1 & inspire ! temptation to decimate1 to expel1 to kill enemies4 ,^? :o judge human affairs sup]ficially believe t a revolution is quell$ :5 ! revolutioni/s eat "o ano!r1 z x is express$4 ,x is1 on ! contr>y1 a pro( t ! revolution has all its en]gy1 t an imp]sonal ardor presides ov] x4 ,?is is n[h]e m cle>ly se5 ?an 9 ! t]rible drama at ,j]usalem4 ,! actors seem to h ent]$ into ! compact ( dea? l "s inf]nal r\nds1 9 :i*1 accord+ to ! belief ( ! middle ages1 ,satan 0 se5 =m+ a *a9 to draw into a fanta/ic gulf numb]s ( m51 danc+1 & hold+ ea* o!r by ! h&4 ,s revolution all[s no "o to escape f ! dance :i* x leads4 ,t]ror is beh9d ! lukew>m4 ,turn by turn1 exalt+ "s1 & exalt$ by o!rs1 !y ru% into ! abyss4 ,none c rec$e2 = beh9d ea* "o is a conceal$ sword1 :i*1 at ! mom5t t he wi%es to draw back1 =ces him to advance4 ,! /range/ ?+ ( all is t ^! madm5 7 n :olly wrong4 ,! fanatics ( ,j]usalem1 :o affirm$ t ,j]usalem 0 et]nal ev5 :ile x 0 burn+1 7 ne>] ! tru? ?an ^? :o reg>d$ !m z m]e assass9s4 ,!y deceiv$ !mselves ^u ! milit>y "q1 b n ^u ! di/ant religi\s result4 ,^! tr\bl$ days po9t out1 9 fact1 ! mom5t :5 ,j]usalem became ! spiritual capital ( ! _w4 ,! ,apocalypse1 a burn+ expression ( ! love :i* %e inspir$1 has tak5 its place among ! religi\s writ+s ( humanity1 & has !re consecrat$ ! image ( ! belov$ city4 ,ah1 h[ important x is nev] to pr$ict ! future ( a sa9t or a villa91 a fool or a sage6 ,j]usalem1 a city ( common p1 w\ld h pursu$ indef9itely its un9t]e/+ hi/ory4 ,x is because x _h ! incomp>able honor ( be+ ! cradle ( ,*ri/ianity1 t x 0 ! victim ( ! ,johns ( ,giscala1 ( ! ,b>-,gioras1--9 appe>ance ! sc\rges ( _! c\ntry1 9 reality ! in/rum5ts ( its apo!osis4 ,^! zealots1 :om ,josephus treats z brig&s & assass9s1 7 politicians ( ! highe/ ord]1 b unskilful soldi]s3 /ill !y lo/ h]oically a c\ntry :i* c\ld n be sav$4 ,!y lo/ a mat]ial city3 !y e/abli%$ ! spiritual reign ( ,j]usalem1 sitt+ 9 h] desolation f> m glori\s ?an %e 0 9 ! days ( ,h]od & ( ,solomon4 ,:at did ^! cons]vatives1 ^! ,sadducees1 really desire8 ,!y wi%$ some?+ mean1--! cont9uation ( a city ( prie/s l ,emesa1 ,tyane1 ,comane4 ,assur$ly !y did n deceive !mselves :5 !y decl>$ t ! surg+ en?usiasm 0 ! ru9 ( ! nation4 ,revolution & ,messianism de/roy$ ! national exi/5ce ( ! ,jewi% p2 b revolution & ,messianism 7 ! true vocation ( ?is p1--t by :i* !y contribut$ to ! univ]sal civilization4 ,,ii4 ,! victory ( ,rome 0 complete4 ,a capta9 ( our race1 ( our blood1 a man l u1 at ! head ( legions 9 ^: roll1 if we c\ld read x1 we %\ld meet _m ( our ance/ors1 _h come to cru% ! =tress ( ,semitism1 to inflict ^u ! reveal$1 accept$ law ! greate/ injury :i* x _h receiv$4 ,x 0 ! triumph ( ,roman "r1 or r rational "r1 a creation utt]ly philosophical1 presuppos+ no revelation1 above ! ,jewi% ,?ora1 ! fruit ( a revelation4 ,?is "r1 ^: roots 7 p>tly ,greek1 b 9 :i* ! practical g5ius ( ! ,lat9s made s f9e a "p1 0 ! excell5t gift :i* ,rome br\ght to ! vanqui%$ 9 return = _! indep5d5ce4 ,ea* victory = ,rome 0 a victory = "r4 ,rome bore into ! _w a bett] pr9ciple 9 sev]al respects ?an t ( ! ,jews3 ,i mean ! pr(ane /ate1 repos+ on a purely civil conception ( society4 ,! triumph ( ,titus 0 !n legitimate 9 _m ways1 & /ill !re nev] 0 a m useless triumph4 ,! deplorable religi\s no?+ness ( ,rome r5d]$ its victory unfruitful4 ,?is victory did n ret>d ! progress ( ,judaism a s+le day3 x did n give ! religion ( ! empire an add$ *ance to /ruggle aga9/ ?is r$\btable rival4 ,! national exi/5ce ( ! ,jewi% p 0 lo/ =ev]2 b t 0 a bless+4 ,! true glory ( ,judaism 0 ,*ri/ianity1 ab\t to be born4 ,! ru9 ( ,j]usalem & ! temple 0 an unequall$ good = ,*ri/ianity4 ,if ! reason+ ( ,titus accord+ to ,tacitus is correctly report$1 ! victori\s g5]al believ$ t ! de/ruction ( ! temple w\ld be ! ru9 ( ,*ri/ianity z well z t ( ,judaism4 ,no "o 0 ev] m completely deceiv$4 ,! ,romans imag9$1 t1 9 te>+ up ! root1 !y %\ld eradicate ! %oot at ! same "t2 b ! %oot 0 already a %rub t liv$ its own life4 ,if ! temple _h surviv$1 ,*ri/ianity w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 arre/$ 9 its developm5t4 ,! surviv+ temple w\ld h cont9u$ to be ! c5tre ( all ,judaic works4 ,x w\ld always h be5 reg>d$ z ! mo/ holy place ( ! _w3 pilgrims w\ld h come !re1 & w\ld !re h br\ght _! tributes4 ,! ,*ur* ( ,j]usalem1 gr\p$ ar\nd by consecrat$ p>vises1 w\ld h cont9u$1 by ! /r5g? ( its primacy1 to receive ! homage ( all ! _w1 to p]secute ! ,*ri/ians ( ! ,*ur* ( ,paul1 to exact1 t1 9 ord] to h ! "r to call "o's self ! disciple ( ,jesus1 "o %\ld practise ! circumcision1 & obs]ve ! ,mosaic code4 ,all effectual propag&ism w\ld h be5 int]dict$3 lett]s ( ob$i5ce sign$ at ,j]usalem w\ld h be5 exact$ f ! mission>y4 ,a c5tre ( irrefragable au?ority1 a patri>*ate compos$ ( a sort ( college ( c>d9als "u ! presid5cy ( m5 l ,james1 pure ,jews belong+ to ! family ( ,jesus1 w\ld h be5 e/abli%$1 & w\ld h con/itut$ an imm5se dang] = ! new-born ,*ur*4 ,:5 "o sees ,/4 ,paul aft] s _m mi%aps rema9+ always atta*$ to ! ,*ur* ( ,j]usalem1 "o und]/&s :at difficulties a rupture ) ^! holy p]sonages w\ld h pres5t$4 ,su* a s*ism w\ld h be5 consid]$ z an enormity4 ,! sep>ation f ,judaism w\ld h be5 impossible2 & ?is sep>ation 0 ! indisp5sable condition ( ! exi/5ce ( ! new religion4 ,! "m 0 ab\t to kill ! *ild4 ,! temple1 on ! contr>y1 once de/roy$1 ! ,*ri/ians ?\ght no m ( x3 v soon1 inde$1 !y w consid] x a pr(ane place3 ,jesus w be e ?+ to !m4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* ( ,j]usalem 0 by ! same /roke r$uc$ to a second>y importance4 ,x 0 re-organiz$ ar\nd ! elem5t :i* made its =ce1 ! desposyni1 ! memb]s ( ! family ( ,jesus1 ! sons ( ,clopas2 b x w reign no m4 ,?is c5tre ( hate & exclusion once de/roy$1 ! reconciliation ( ! oppos+ p>ties 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,jesus w become easy4 ,pet] & ,paul w be br\ght into accord1 & ! t]rible duality ( ! new-born ,*ri/ianity w cease to be a mortal sore4 ,lo/ 9 ! dep? ( ! int]ior ( ! ,batana & ! ,hauran1 ! little gr\p :i* atta*$ itself to ,james & ,clopas becomes ! ,ebionite sect1 & sl[ly dies4 ,^! relatives ( ,jesus 7 pi\s1 tranquil1 mild1 mode/1 h>d-work+ m51 fai?ful to ! sev]e/ precepts ( ,jesus conc]n+ pov]ty1 b at ! same "t v exact ,jews1 consid]+ ! title ( ,*ild ( ,israel be=e e o!r advantage4 ,f ! ye> #gj to ab\t ! ye> #aaj1 !y really gov]n$ ! *ur*es beyond ! ,jordan1 & =m$ a sort ( ,*ri/ian s5ate4 ,!re is no ne$ to demon/rate ! imm5se dang] :i* ^! pre-occupations1 ) g5ealogies1 7 to ! new-born ,*ri/ianity4 ,a sort ( nobility ( ,*ri/ianity 0 ab\t to be =m$4 ,9 ! political ord] ! nobility is almo/ a necessity to ! /ate4 ,politics hav+ elem5ts ( gross /ruggles :i* r5d] x m mat]ial ?an ideal1 a /ate is v /rong only :5 a c]ta9 numb] ( families has1 by tradition & privilege1 ! duty & int]e/ ( gu>d+ its welf>e1 repres5t+ & def5d+ x4 ,b1 9 ! ord] ( ! ideal gov]nm5t1 bir? is no?+3 ea* "o is valu$ 9 proportion to ! tru? he %[s1 & ! good he does4 ,! in/itutions :i* h a religi\s1 lit]>y1 moral end1 are lo/1 :5 consid]ations ( family1 ca/e1 h]$ity1 prevail 9 !m4 ,! nephews & c\s9s ( ,jesus w\ld h ru9$ ,*ri/ianity1 if ! *ur*es ( ,paul _h n already be5 /rong en\gh to act z a c\nt]poise to ?is ari/ocracy1 ! t5d5cy ( :i* w\ld h be5 to proclaim itself alone respectable1 & to treat all conv]ts z intrud]s4 ,"s pret5sions analog\s to ^? ( ! ,alides 9 ,islam 7 e/abli%$4 ,islamism w\ld c]ta9ly h p]i%$ "u ! emb>rassm5t caus$ by ! family ( ! prophet1 if ! result ( ! /ruggles ( ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,hegira _h n be5 to reject1 ^u second ?\ght1 all ^? :o 7 too ne> ! p]son ( ! prophet4 ,! true heirs ( a great man are ^? :o cont9ue 8 "w1 & n 8 relatives by blood4 ,consid]+ ! tradition ( ,jesus z 8 own possession1 ! little cot]ie ( ! ,naz>5es1 z !y are call$1 w\ld c]ta9ly h /ifl$ x4 ,happily ?is n>r[ circle disappe>$ 9 good season3 ! relatives ( ,jesus 7 soon =gott5 9 ! int]ior ( ! ,hauran4 ,!y lo/ all importance1 & left ,jesus to 8 true family1 ! only "o :i* he has recogniz$1--^? ( :om he said1 ,!y he> ! ^w ( ,god1 & keep x4 ,,iii4 ,accord+ z ! ,*ur* ( ,j]usalem sank1 ! ,*ur* ( ,rome rose1 or1 r1 a ph5om5on 0 evid5tly manife/$ 9 ! ye>s :i* foll[$ ! victory ( ,titus4 ,x 0 t ! ,*ur* ( ,rome became m & m ! inh]itor & ! sub/itute ( ! ,*ur* ( ,j]usalem4 ,! _s ( ! two *ur*es 0 ! same3 :at 0 a dang] at ,j]usalem became an advantage at ,rome4 ,! ta/e = tradition & ! hi]>*y1 & ! respect = au?ority1 7 9 "s sort transplant$ f ! p>vises ( ! temple to ! ,occid5t4 ,james1 ! bro!r ( ! ,"l1 _h be5 a sort ( pope at ,j]usalem4 ,rome is ab\t to take up ! "p ( ,james4 ,we %all h ! pope at ,rome4 ,)\t ,titus1 we %\ld h _h ! pope 9 ,j]usalem1 b ) ?is great diff]5ce1 t ! pope at ,j]usalem w\ld h ext+ui%$ ,*ri/ianity 9 ab\t "o or two hundr$ ye>s1 :ile ! ,pope ( ,rome has made x ! religion ( ! univ]se4 ,"h appe>s a v important p]son1 :o seems to h be5 ! head ( ! ,roman ,*ur* 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! fir/ c5tury1 conc]n+ :om ,i am happy to f9d myself 9 accord ) "o ( y\r mo/ s*ol>ly & enlight5$ critics1 ,mr4 ,lightfoot4 ,i speak ( ,clem5t ,romanus4 ,9 ! p5umbra 9 :i* he rema9s1 envelop$ & almo/ lo/ 9 ! lum9\s du/ ( a beautiful f>-(f hi/ory1 ,clem5t is "o ( ! gr& figures ( e>ly ,*ri/ianity3 "o w\ld say t x 0 ! head ( an old effac$ fresco ( ,giotto's1 recognizable /ill f 8 gold5 aureola1 & "s dim features ( /rik+ purity & sweetness4 ,"o ?+ is beyond d\bt3 x is ! high rank :i* he held 9 ! utt]ly spiritual hi]>*y ( ! *ur* ( 8 "t1 & ! unequall$ cr$it ) :i* he su/a9$ x4 ,8 approval made ! law4 ,all p>ties clung to him1 & wi%$ to %ield !mselves "u 8 au?ority4 ,x is probable t he 0 "o ( ! mo/ en]getic ag5ts ( ! gr& "w t 0 ab\t to be accompli%$3 ,i mean ! po/hum\s reconciliation ( ,pet] & ,paul1 )\t :i* union ! "w ( ,*ri/ c\ld only h p]i%$4 ,8 high p]sonality1 aggr&iz$ by tradition1 01 aft] t ( ,pet]1 ! mo/ holy figure ( ! primitive ,*ri/ian ,rome4 ,already ! idea ( a c]ta9 primacy 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,rome began to %[ itself4 ,! "r ( advis+ ! o!r *ur*es & ( settl+ _! diff]5ces 0 accord$ to ?is *ur*4 ,x is believ$ t l privileges _h be5 all[$ to ,pet] among ! disciples4 ,n[ a /ill clos] bond 0 e/abli%$ betwe5 ,pet] & ,rome4 ,9 ! "t ( ,clem5t1 great diss5sions divid$ ! ,*ur* at ,cor9?4 ,! ,roman ,*ur*1 be+ appli$ to 9 ^! tr\bles1 repli$ by an epi/le1 :i* has be5 pres]v$ to u4 ,! epi/le is anonym\s2 b a v anci5t tradition tea*es t ,clem5t 0 ! au?or ( x4 ,! ,*ur* at ,cor9? _h *ang$ b little s9ce ,/4 ,paul4 ,x _h ! same pr\d1 disputant1 feeble _s4 ,x is evid5t t ! pr9cipal opposition to ! hi]>*y 0 f\nd 9 ?is ,greek _s1 always mobile1 because x 0 always full ( life1 undiscipl9$ 7& = my "p ,i l x71 n kn[+ h[ to =m a flock f a cr[d4 ,! wom5 & ! *ildr5 7 9 full revolt4 ,"s sup]ior doctors imag9$ t !y possess$ a pr(\nd s5se 9 e ?+1 & my/ic secrets analog\s to ! gift ( tongues & ! disc]nm5t ( spirits4 ,^? :o 7 honor$ ) ^! sup]natural gifts scorn$ ! anci5ts1 & aspir$ to replace !m4 ,cor9? _h a respectable presbyt]y1 :i*1 h[ev]1 did n receive ! highe/ my/icism4 ,! advanc$ pret5d]s ca/ x 9 ! %ade1 & put !mselves 9 its place4 ,"s ( ! presbyt]i 7 ev5 dismiss$4 ,! /ruggle betwe5 ! e/abli%$ hi]>*y & p]sonal revelations began1 & ?is /ruggle fills ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*2 ! privileg$ s\l compla9+1 t1 9 spite ( ! favors ) :i* x is honor$1 a gross cl]gy1 want+ 9 spiritual life1 dom9ates x (ficially4 ,we see t ?is 0 ! h]esy ( individual my/icism1 ma9ta9+ ! rights ( ! _s aga9/ au?ority1 pret5d+ to rise above common mortals & ! ord9>y cl]gy by "r ( its direct int]c\rse ) div9ity4 ,! ,roman ,*ur* 0 always ! *ur* ( ord]1 ( subord9ation1 & ( rule4 ,its fundam5tal pr9ciple 0 t humility & submission 7 ( m value ?an ! mo/ sublime gifts4 ,its epi/le is ! fir/ manife/ation 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* ( ! pr9ciple ( au?ority4 ,a few ye>s s9ce1 !re 0 mu* surprise :5 a ,fr5* ar*bi%op1 !n a s5ator1 said 9 ! ,tribune1 ,my cl]gy is my regim5t4 ,clem5t _h said ?is be=e him4 ,ord] & ob$i5ce 7 ! supreme laws ( ! family & ! *ur*4 ,let u consid] ! soldi]s :o s]ve "u our sov]eigns4 ,) :at ord]1 :at punctuality1 :at submission1 !y obey _! comm&s3 all are n prefects1 nor tribunes1 nor c5turions2 b ea* "o 9 8 rank executes ! ord]s ( ! emp]or & ( 8 *iefs4 ,! great _c exi/ )\t ! small1 nor ! small )\t ! great4 ,9 e ?+ !re is a m+l+ ( div]se elem5ts1 & by ?is m+l+ all advances4 ,let u take1 = example1 our bodies4 ,! head is no?+ )\t ! feet2 ! feet are no?+ )\t ! head4 ,! smalle/ ( our organs are necess>y1 & s]ve ! :ole body3 all conspire1 & obey ! same pr9ciple ( subord9ation = ! pres]vation ( ! :ole4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ecclesia/ical hi]>*y is ! hi/ory ( a triple abdication2 ! community ( ! fai?ful fir/ plac+ all its p[]s 9 ! h&s ( ! anci5ts1 or presbyt]i2 ! presbyt]al body at l5g? delegat+ its au?ority to "o p]son :o 0 ! episcopos2 !n ! episcopi ( ! ,lat9 ,*ur* recogniz$ z _! head "o ( !mselves1 :o became ! pope4 ,?is la/ progress1 if we may call x s1 0 n accompli%$ until our "t4 ,! creation ( ! episcopate1 on ! contr>y1 0 ! "w ( ! second c5tury4 ,! absorption ( ! *ur* by ! presbyt]i 0 accompli%$ be=e ! ye> #ajj4 ,9 ! ,epi/le ( ,clem5t ,romanus x is n yet ) ! episcopate1 b ) ! presbyt]y1 t he deals4 ,we f9d !re no trace ( a presbyt]os sup]ior to ! o!rs1 & entitl$ to de?rone !m2 b ! au?or proclaims positively t ! presbyt]y & ! cl]gy are above ! p4 ,! apo/les1 9 e/abli%+ *ur*es1 *ose ?r\gh ! inspiration ( ! ,_s ! bi%ops & ! deacons ( ! future believ]s4 ,! p[] emanat+ f ! apo/les has be5 transmitt$ by regul> succession4 ,no *ur* has !n ! "r to de?rone its s5iors4 ,! privilege ( ! ri* is no?+ 9 ! *ur*4 ,accord+ly1 ^? :o are favor$ ) my/ic gifts1 in/ead ( believ+ !mselves above ! hi]>*y1 %\ld be ! m submissive4 ,?is involves ! great problem1 ,:o exi/s 9 ! *ur*8 ,is x ! p8 ,is x ! cl]gy8 ,is x inspiration8 ,?is problem 0 already giv5 9 ! "t ( ,/4 ,paul1 :o resolv$ x 9 ! true mann] by mutual *>ity4 ,"o epi/le tr5*es ^u ! "q 9 ! s5se ( pure ,ca?olicism4 ,! apo/olic title is e ?+3 ! "r ( ! p is r$uc$ to no?+4 ,we may !n safely ass]t t ,ca?olicism _h its orig9 at ,rome1 s9ce ! ,*ur* ( ,rome laid d[n its fir/ rules4 ,presci5ce p]ta9s to spiritual gifts1 to sci5ce & di/9ction3 x belongs to ! hi]>*y1 to ! p[]s transmitt$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! canonical ord9ation1 :i* atta*es itself to ! apo/les by an unbrok5 *a94 ,! free *ur* z ,*ri/ conceiv$ x1 & z ,/4 ,paul also reg>d$ x1 0 a ,utopia :i* held no?+ = ! future4 ,evangelical lib]ty _h de/roy$ x2 & x 0 n realiz$1 t1 ) ! hi]>*y uni=mity & dea? w\ld come 9 "t4 ,,iv4 ,clem5t _h probably n se5 ei!r ,pet] or ,paul4 ,8 great practical s5se %[$ him t ! salvation ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* dem&$ ! reconciliation ( ! two f\nd]s4 ,did he influ5ce ! au?or ( ! ,acts :i* repres5t to u ?is reconciliation z accompli%$1 & ) :om he seems to h _h "s int]c\rse1 or did ^! two pi\s s\ls spontane\sly fall into accord on acc\nt ( ! bias :i* he _h giv5 to ,*ri/ian op9ion8 ,we are ignorant = want ( pro(s4 ,"o ?+ is sure1 ! reconciliation ( ,pet] & ,paul 0 a ,roman "w4 ,rome _h two *ur*es1--"o com+ f ,pet]1 ! o!r f ,paul4 ,^? num]\s conv]ts :o came to ,jesus--"s ?r\gh ! s*ool ( ,pet]1 & "s ?r\gh t ( ,paul--7 tempt$ to exclaim1 ,:at6 ,are !re1 !n1 two ,*ri/s8 ,x 0 necess>y to be able to reply1 ,no3 ,pet] & ,paul und]/& ea* o!r p]fectly3 ! ,*ri/ianity ( "o is ! ,*ri/ianity ( ! o!r4 ,p]haps 7?is is an +5i\s hypo!sis ( ,m4 ,/rauss7 a light cl\d 0 introduc$ = ?is purpose into ! evangelical leg5d ( ! miracul\s fi%+4 ,accord+ to ! recital ( ,luke1 ! nets ( ,pet] w\ld n conta9 ! multitudes ( fi% :i* c\ld easily h be5 tak52 ,pet] 0 oblig$ to make a sign to 8 co-work]s to come to 8 aid4 ,a second b>k 7,paul & 8 fri5ds7 0 fill$ z ! fir/1 & ! fi%+ ( ! k+dom ( ,god 0 sup]abundant4 ,! life ( ! apo/les beg9s to become obscure4 ,all ^? :o h se5 !m h disappe>$3 mo/ ( !m left no writ+s4 ,"o _h entire lib]ty to embroid] on ?is virg9 canvas /ill4 ,fri5ds & enemies pr(it$ by ! unkn[n to set up argum5ts 9 support ( _! !ses1 & to satisfy _! hates4 ,t[>ds ! ye> #acj1 t is to say ab\t sixty-six ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ! apo/les1 a va/ ,ebionite leg5d 0 produc$ at ,rome1 & designat$ by ! title ( ! prea*+1 or ! travels1 ( ,pet]4 ,! missions ( ! *ief ( ! apo/les 7 rec\nt$ !re1 pr9cipally ^? along ! coa/ ( ,phoenicia2 ! conv]sions :i* he _h made2 above all1 8 /ruggles aga9/ ! great anti-,*ri/1 ,simon ! ,magician1 :o 0 at ?is epo* ! spectre ( ! ,*ri/ian consci5ce4 ,b frequ5tly "u ?is abhorr$ "n ano!r p]son 0 conceal$3 x 0 ! false apo/le ,paul1 ! enemy ( ! law1 ! v]itable de/roy] ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! true ,*ur* 0 t at ,j]usalem1 presid$ ov] by ,james1 ! bro!r ( ! ,"l4 ,no apo/olate 0 ( any value1 if x c\ld n %[ lett]s emanat+ f ?is c5tral college4 ,paul _h none3 !re=e he 0 an intrud]4 ,he 0 ! man enemy1 :o came beh9d to s[ ! t>es 9 ! /eps ( ! true s[]4 ,) :at fury ,pet] gave ! d5ial to 8 impo/ures1 to 8 false allegations ( p]sonal revelations1 8 asc5sion to ! ?ird heav51 81 pret5sion ( kn[+ ab\t ,jesus "s ?+s :i* ! he>]s ( ! gospel _h n und]/ood1 ! exagg]at$ mann] 9 :i* he & 8 disciples int]pret$ ! div9ity ( ,jesus6 ,^! /range ideas ( half ignorant sect>ies w\ld h be5 )\t consequ5ces outside ( ,rome2 b e ?+ :i* relat$ to ,pet] assum$ importance 9 ! capital ( ! _w4 ,9 spite ( its h]esies1 ,! ,prea*+s ( ,pet] _h mu* int]e/ = ! or?odox4 ,! primacy ( ,pet] 0 !re proclaim$4 ,/4 ,paul 0 ?us injur$2 b a few ret\*es ext5uat$ :at 0 %ock+ 9 ^! attacks4 ,sev]al attempts 7 made to dim9i% ! peculi>ities ( ! new book1 & adapt x to ! ,ca?olics4 ,?is mode ( re-modell+ books to suit ! sect to :i* "o belong$ 0 ! ord] ( ! day4 ,little by little ! =ce ( ?+s 0 und]/ood3 all s5sible m5 saw t !re 0 safety = ! "w ( ,jesus only 9 ! p]fect reconciliation ( ! two heads ( ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e4 ,paul _h1 ev5 9 ! six? c5tury1 "s bitt] enemies3 he _h always "s en?usia/ic foll[]s l ,m>cion4 ,outside ( ^! ob/9ate m5 ( ! "r & left1 !re 0 a union ( ! mod]ate masses1 :o1 be=e _! ,*ri/ianism 9 "o ( ! s*ools1 fully recogniz$ ! "r ( ! o!r to be call$ ,*ri/ian4 ,james1 ! p>tisan ( absolute ,judaism1 0 sacrific$1 al?\gh he _h be5 ! true *ief ( ! circumcision4 ,pet]1 :o 0 mu* less objectionable to ! disciples ( ,paul1 0 pref]r$ be=e him4 ,james reta9$ no devot$ p>tisans outside ( ! ,judan-,*ri/ians4 ,x is difficult to say :o ga9$ ! mo/ 9 ?is reconciliation4 ,! concessions came pr9cipally f ! side ( ,paul3 all ,paul's disciples receiv$ ! o!rs )\t difficulty1 :ile ^? ( ,pet] repuls$ ! foll[]s ( ,paul4 ,b concessions usually come f ! /rong4 ,9 tru?1 ea* day confirm$ ,paul's victory4 ,ea* ,g5tile conv]t weight$ ! balance on 8 side4 ,outside ( ,syria1 ! ,judan-,*ri/ians 7 swall[$ up by ! wave ( new conv]ts4 ,! *ur*es ( ,paul prosp]$3 !y _h good judgm5t1 solidity ( m9d1 & "s pecuni>y res\rces :i* ! o!rs _h n4 ,! ,ebionite *ur*es1 on ! contr>y1 grew poor] ea* day4 ,! money ( ! *ur*es ( ,paul 0 sp5t 9 ! support ( "s glori\s poor m51 :o 7 unable to e>n any ?+1 b :o possess$ ! traditional life ( ! primitive _s4 ,! elevat$ piety & sev]e mann]s ( ^! la/ 7 admir$ by ! ,*ri/ian communities ( ,pagan orig91 :o imitat$ & assimilat$ !mselves to ^! cu/oms4 ,x soon happ5$ t no di/9ction 0 manife/3 ! sweet & conciliatory _s ( ,/4 ,luke & ,clem5t ,romanus prevail$4 ,! compact ( peace 0 seal$4 ,x 0 agre$ t ,pet] _h conv]t$ ! fir/-fruits ( ! ,g5tiles1 t he _h fir/ absolv$ !m f ! yoke ( ! law4 ,x 0 admitt$ t ,pet] & ,paul _h be5 ! two heads1 ! f\nd]s ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome2 ,pet] & ,paul became ! halves ( an insep>able c\ple1--two lum9>ies1 l ! sun & moon4 ,:at "o taught1 ! o!r taught also4 ,!y _h always be5 9 accord3 !y _h oppos$ ! same enemies1 _h be5 victims ( ,simon ! ,magician4 ,at ,rome !y liv$ l bro!rs2 ! ,*ur* ( ,rome 0 _! common "w4 ,! supremacy ( ?is *ur* 0 e/abli%$ = ages4 ,?us1 f ! reconciliation ( ^! p>ties1 ! settlem5t ( ^! primitive /ruggles1 !re came =? a gr& unity1--! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 ! ,*ur* ( ,pet] & ( ,paul1 a /rang] to ! rivalries :i* _h m>k$ ! fir/ c5tury4 ,x 01 above all1 ! dea? ( ! two apo/les :i* pre-occupi$ ! p>ties1 & gave an opportunity = ! mo/ div]se comb9ations4 ,! tissue ( tradition grew 9 ?is respect1 by an in/9ctive travail1 almo/ z imp]i\s z t :i* _h presid$ at ! con/ruction ( ! leg5d ( ,jesus4 ,! end ( ! life ( ,pet] & ( ,paul 0 comm&$ priori4 ,x 0 ma9ta9$ t ,*ri/ _h pr$ict$ ! m>tyrdom ( ,pet]1 z he _h ann\nc$ ! dea? ( ! sons ( ,zeb$ee4 ,! ne$ 0 felt ( associat+ 9 dea? ! two p]sons :o _h be5 reconcil$ by =ce4 ,x 0 hop$1 & p]haps ?is 0 n f> f "r1 t !y di$ toge!r1 or at lea/ z ! consequ5ce ( ! same ev5t4 ,! places :i* 7 believ$ to h be5 sanctifi$ by ?is bloody drama 7 e>ly fix$ ^u1 & consecrat$ by memori4 ,9 ea* case1 :atev] ! p desir$ came 9 ! end to be true4 ,tradition makes hi/ory1 retrospectively1 z x ought to h be51 & z x nev] is4 ,n long ago ! portraits ( ,victor ,emmanuel & ,pius ,,ix4 hung side by side 9 e frequ5t$ place 9 ,italy2 & ! p desir$ t ^! two m51 :o repres5t$ pr9ciples ^: reconciliation 0 g5]ally consid]$ necess>y to ,italy1 %\ld be 9 reality completely unit$4 ,if1 9 our "t1 su* views impose !mselves on hi/ory1 x w "o day appe>1 9 docum5ts reput$ to be s]i\s1 t ,victor ,emmanuel & ,pius ,,ix4 7probably ,g>ibaldi w be add$7 met ea* o!r secretly1 und]/ood & lov$ ea* o!r4 ,dur+ ! middle ages1 at diff]5t times1 simil> attempts 7 made to appease ! hatr$s ( ! ,dom9icans & ,franciscans2 to prove t ! f\nd]s ( ^! two ord]s 7 two bro!rs liv+ toge!r 9 ! mo/ affectionate int]c\rse2 t at fir/ _! rules 7 ! same2 & t ,/4 ,dom9ic gird$ himself ) ! cord ( ,/4 ,francis4 ,conc]n+ ,pet] & ,paul1 ! increase ( ! leg5d 0 ri* & rapid4 ,rome & all its environs1 above all ! way to ,o/ia1 7 full ( s\v5irs :i* 7 pret5d$ to be connect$ ) ! la/ days ( ! two apo/les4 ,a cr[d ( t\*+ circum/ances2 ! flight ( ,pet]2 ! vision ( ,jesus be>+ 8 cross1 it]um crucifigi2 ! f9al adieu ( ,pet] & ,paul2 ! meet+ ( ,pet] ) 8 wife2 ,paul at ! ,salvian wat]s2 ,plautilla s5d+ ! h&k]*ief :i* b\nd h] hair to b&age ! eyes ( ,paul1--all ?is pres5t$ a beautiful ensemble1 to :i* 0 only want+ an +5u\s & skilful writ]4 ,x 0 too late2 ! ve9 ( ! fir/ ,*ri/ian lit]ature 0 sp5t2 ! s]5ity ( ! n>rator ( ! ,acts 0 lo/2 8 voice 0 rais$ no m 9 /ory or 9 romance4 ,x is impossible to *oose betwe5 a cr[d ( equally apocryphal writ+s3 9 va9 "o seeks to %ield ^! recitals ) ! mo/ v5]able names 7pseudo-,l9us1 pseudo-,m>cellus72 ! ,roman leg5d ( ,pet] & ,paul rema9s always 9 a sporadic /ate4 ,x 0 m (t5 rec\nt$ by ! pi\s guides ?an s]i\sly read4 ,x 0 a local affair3 no text conc]n+ x has be5 consecrat$ & made au?oritative = read+ 9 ! *ur*es4 99 99 99 99 99 ,_m among y1 ladies & g5tlem51 w g to ,rome1 or w return !re4 ,ah1 well6 if y pres]ve any good remembrance ( ^! conf]5ces1 g1 9 memory ( me1 to ! ,salvian wat]s1 alle tre fontane1 to ,/4 ,paul-)\t-!-,walls4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful p>ts ( ! ,roman ,campagna1--des]t$1 damp1 gre51 & sad4 ,!re1 9 a deep depression 9 ! soil1 cr[n$ by ^? gr& horizontal l9es1 di/urb$ by no liv+ detail1--!re are "s cle> & cold spr+s4 ,! fev] & m\ld9ess ( ! tomb are inhal$ !re4 ,"s ,trappi/s are !re e/abli%$1 consci5ti\sly practis+ _! religi\s suicide4 ,:5 y are !re1 sit d[n a mom5t1 n too long 7"o quickly cat*es ! fev] !re71 &1 :ile ! ,trappi/s give y to dr9k ! wat] :i* gu%es f ! ?ree b\nds :i* ! head ( ,paul made1 ?9k ( him :o came "h to talk ( ^! leg5ds ) y1 & to :om y h li/5$ ) s mu* c\rtesy & k9d att5tion4 ,,f\r? ,,conf]5ce1 ,london1 ,april #ad1 #ahhj4 ,,rome1 ,,! ,,capital ,,( ,,ca?olicism4 ,,f\r? ,,conf]5ce4 ,,rome1 ,,! ,,capital ,,( ,,ca?olicism4 ,ladies & ,g5tlem51--,x is pla9 t ! importance ( ! *ur*es 9 ! primitive ,*ri/ian community 0 9 proportion to _! apo/olic nobility4 ,! gu>anty ( or?odoxy 0 9 ! succession ( ! bi%ops1 by :i* ! great *ur*es 7 l9k$ to ! apo/les4 ,a direct l9e appe>$ to af=d a v /rong assurance ( con=mity ( doctr9e1 & x 0 jeal\sly ma9ta9$4 ,n[1 :at c be said ( a *ur* f\nd$ by bo? ,pet] & ,paul8 ,x is cle> t su* a *ur* ought to endure 9 ord] to h a v]itable sup]iority ov] o!rs4 ,! *ef-d'oeuvre ( ! compet5cy ( ! ,roman ,*ur* 0 ! e/abli%m5t ( ?is sup]iority4 ,t once assur$1 ! ecclesia/ical de/9y ( ,rome 0 e/abli%$4 ,:5 ?is city %\ld h ca/ (f h] secul> "*1 %e w\ld h ano!r1--a sacr$ capacity1 correspond+ to t ( ,j]usalem4 ,%e w\ld "k h[ to confiscate to h] pr(it ?is ,*ri/ianity :i* %e _h s cruelly combat$1--s mu* _h humanity suff]$1 to escape f ^? :om fate _h design$ = ?is great secul> task1 reg]e imp]io populos6 ,"u ,anton9e & ,m>cus ,aurelius1 ,rome rea*$ its highe/ gr&eur2 its rule ( ! :ole _w seem$ to be undisput$2 no cl\d c\ld be se5 ^u its horizon4 ,! emigration f ! prov9ces1 above all f ! ,ori5t1 0 augm5t$ r ?an less5$4 ,! ,greek-speak+ population 0 l>g] ?an x _h ev] be54 ,all :o desir$ a place 9 ! _w aspir$ to come to ,rome3 no?+ 0 sanction$ until x _h receiv$ ! /amp ( ?is univ]sal exposition ( ! products ( ! entire univ]se4 ,! c5tre ( a future ca?olic or?odoxy 0 evid5tly !re4 ,! well-develop$ g]m ( ! ,papacy exi/$ "u ,anton9e4 ,! ,*ur* ( ,rome %[$ itself m & m indiff]5t to ^? crude ,gno/ic speculations :i* occupi$ "s m9ds fill$ ) ! intellectual activity ( ! ,greeks1 b ta9t$ ) ! rev]ies ( ! ,ori5t4 ,! organization ( ,*ri/ian society 0 ! pr9cipal labor at ,rome4 ,?is extraord9>y city appli$ to ?is object ! en]getic moral /r5g? & ! practical g5ius :i* %e has employ$ 9 ! mo/ div]se causes4 ,c>eless ( speculation1 decid$ly ho/ile to dogmatic innovations1 %e presid$ !re1--a mi/ress already tra9$ by all ! *anges :i* _h be5 br\ght ab\t 9 discipl9e & 9 ! hi]>*y4 ,i4 ,f ! ye> #abj to #acj ! ,episcopate 0 elaborat$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 & ! creation ( ! ,episcopate 0 em95tly a ,roman "w4 ,all ecclesi imply a little hi]>*y1--a bureau z x is call$ to-day1--a presid5t1 "s assessors1 & a small /aff ( m5 9 its s]vice4 ,democratic associations are c>eful t ^! functions %all be limit$ z f> z possible z to p[] & duration2 b f ?is arises t prec>i\s some?+ :i* has prev5t$ any democratic association f outla/+ ! circum/ances :i* h creat$ x4 ,! ,jewi% synagogues h _h m cont9uity1 al?\gh ! synagogical body has nev] come to be a cl]gy4 ,?is is ! result ( ! subord9ate place :i* ,judaism has held dur+ sev]al c5turies3 ! pressure f )\t has c\nt]act$ ! effects ( int]nal divisions4 ,if ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* _h be5 left ) ! same abs5ce ( director%ip1 x w\ld d\btless h miss$ its de/9y4 ,if its ecclesia/ical p[]s _h cont9u$ to be reg>d$ z emanat+ f ! ,*ur* itself1 x w\ld h lo/ all its hi]atic & !ocratic "*4 ,x 0 writt51 on ! contr>y1 t a cl]gy %\ld monopolize ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 & sub/itute !mselves = x4 ,act+ z its spokesman1 pres5t+ itself z hav+ ! sole p[] ( attorney 9 e ?+1 ?is cl]gy w be its /r5g?1 & at ! same "t its gnaw+ worm1--! pr9cipal cause ( its future falls4 ,i repeat1 t hi/ory has no example ( a m complete trans=mation ?an t :i* occurr$ 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* ab\t ! "t ( ,hadrian & ,anton9e4 ,:at happ5$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* w happ5 9 any association 9 :i* ! subord9ates c\ld resign 9 favor ( ! bureau1 & t aga9 9 favor ( ! presid5t2 s t aft]w>ds ! subord9ates & ! s5iors w\ld h no delib]ative voice nor influ5ce1 nor any control 9 ! managem5t ( ! funds1 & ! presid5t w\ld be able to say1 ,i alone1 ,i1 am ! association4 ,! presbyt]i 7s5iors7 or episcopi 7sup]9t5d+ (fic]s7 became v soon ! only repres5tatives ( ! ,*ur*2 & almo/ imm$iately ano!r /ill m important revolution took place4 ,among ! presbyt]i or episcopi1 !re _h be5 "o1 :o1 ?r\gh ! habit ( occupy+ ! pr9cipal seat1 absorb$ ! p[] ( ! o!rs1 & became pre-em95tly ! episcopos or ! presbyt]os4 ,! =m ( wor%ip contribut$ p[]fully to ! e/abli%m5t ( ?is unity4 ,! eu*>i/ic act c\ld only be celebrat$ by "o p]son1 & gave to ! celebrant an extreme importance4 ,t episcopos1 ) a surpris+ rapidity1 became ! head ( ! presbyt]y1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! entire ,*ur*4 ,8 ca!dra 0 plac$ ap>t1 &1 hav+ ! =m ( an arm-*air1 became ! seat ( honor1 ! symbol ( primacy4 ,f ?is "t1 ea* *ur* has b "o *ief presbyt]os1 :o is ?us call$ to ! exclusion ( ! o!r episcopi4 ,beside ?is bi%op1 !re 7 deacons1 wid[s1 & a c\ncil ( presbyt]i3 b ! great /ep has be5 tak52 ! bi%op is ! sole successor ( ! prophets1 8 associates h disappe>$4 ,apo/olic au?ority1 reput$ z transmitt$ by ! lay+-on ( h&s1 suppress$ ! au?ority ( ! community4 ,! bi%ops ( ! v>i\s *ur*es soon plac$ !mselves 9 communication ) ! o!rs1 & =m$ ( ! ,univ]sal ,*ur* a sort ( olig>*y1 :i* held assemblies1 c5sur$ its memb]s1 decid$ que/ions ( fai?1 & 0 9 itself a true sov]eign p[]4 ,on "o side1 ! %eph]ds2 on ! o!r1 ! flock4 ,primitive equality no long] exi/$3 9 fact1 x _h endur$ b a s+le day4 ,! ,*ur*1 h[ev]1 0 only an in/rum5t 9 ! h&s ( ^? :o guid$ h]2 & ^! held _! p[]1 n f ! community1 b f ! spiritual inh]itance ( a transmission claim+ to date back to ! apo/les 9 a cont9u\s l9e4 ,x is evid5t t ! repres5tative sy/em w nev] be 9 any degree :atev] ! law ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,x 0 ! ,episcopate1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( civil p[]1 ) no support f ! tribunals1 :i* ?us e/abli%$ ord] above lib]ty 9 a society orig9ally f\nd$ ^u individual inspiration4 ,?is is :y ! ,ebionites1 :o _h no ,episcopate1 _h also no idea ( ,ca?olicity4 ,at fir/ sight1 ! "w ( ,jesus 0 n made to la/4 ,f\nd$ ^u a belief 9 ! de/ruction ( ! _w1 :i*1 z ye>s roll$ on1 0 prov$ an error1 x seem$ t 8 congregation c\ld only dissolve 9 an>*y4 ,! prophetic book1 ! *>ismes1 ! speak+ ( tongues1 individual inspiration1 7 no m ?an 7 necess>y to br+ all aga9 into ! proportions ( a common *apel4 ,individual inspiration creat$1 b imm$iately de/roy$ :at x creat$4 ,aft] lib]ty1 law is necess>y4 ,! "w ( ,jesus might be consid]$ z sav$ ! day 9 :i* x 0 admitt$ t ! ,*ur* has a direct p[]1 a p[] repres5t+ t ( ,jesus4 ,s9ce !n ! ,*ur* dom9ates ! individual1 draw+ him to h] bosom ?r\gh 8 ne$4 ,inspiration passes f ! individual to ! community4 ,! cl]gy is ! disp5s] ( all p>dons1 ! int]m$i>y betwe5 ,god & ! fai?ful4 ,ob$i5ce1 fir/ to ! ,*ur*1 !n to ! bi%op1 becomes ! highe/ duty4 ,innovation is ! sign ( error3 s*ism1 h5ce=?1 w be = ! ,*ri/ian ! wor/ ( crimes4 ,9 a c]ta9 reg>d "o may say t ?is 0 a decad5ce1 a dim9ution ( t spontaneity :i* _h be5 em95tly creative until n[4 ,x 0 evid5t t ecclesia/ical =ms 7 ab\t to absorb1 to /ifle1 ! "w ( ,jesus1 t all free manife/ations ( ,*ri/ian life w\ld soon be arre/$4 ,"u ! c5sure ( ! ,episcopate1 ! speak+ ( tongues1 prophecy1 ! creation ( leg5ds1 ! mak+ ( new sacr$ books1 w\ld soon become )]$ p[]s1 ! *>ismes w\ld be r$uc$ to (ficial sacram5ts4 ,9 ano!r s5se1 h[ev]1 su* a trans=mation 0 ! ess5tial condition ( ! /r5g? ( humanity4 ,&1 moreov]1 ! c5tralization ( p[]s became necess>y :5 *ur*es 7 m num]\s3 int]c\rse betwe5 ^! little pi\s societies w\ld be impossible1 unless !y _h repres5tatives appo9t$ to act = !m4 ,x is und5iable1 moreov]1 t1 )\t ! ,episcopate1 ! *ur*es1 re-unit$ = a "t by ! s\v5irs ( ,jesus1 w\ld gradually h be5 disp]s$4 ,! div]g5ces ( op9ion1 ! diff]5ce 9 ! turn ( imag9ation1 &1 above all1 ! rivalries1 & ! unsatisfi$ am\rs-propres1 w\ld h op]at$ by _! inf9ite effects ( disunion & dis9tegration4 ,*ri/ianity w\ld h expir$ at ! end ( ?ree or f\r c5turies1 l ,mi?raicism & s _m o!r sects :i* 7 n all[$ to endure4 ,democracy is sometimes em95tly creative2 b x is ^u ! condition t ! democracy comes =? f cons]vative in/itutions :i* prev5t ! revolution>y fev] f prolong+ itself indef9itely4 ,"h 0 ! greate/ miracle ( ! new ,*ri/ianity4 ,x drew ord]1 hi]>*y1 au?ority1 & ob$i5ce f ! free subjection ( desires3 x organiz$ ! cr[d2 x discipl9$ an>*y4 ,:at does ?is miracle accompli% o!r ?an to /rike at ! pret5d$ d]ogations to ! laws ( physical nature8 ,! _s ( ,jesus /rongly inoculat$ 9 8 disciples t _s ( sweetness1 ( abnegation1 ( =getfulness ( ! pres5t2 t unique pursuit ( int]ior joys :i* kills ambition2 t /rong pref]5ce giv5 to *ildhood2 ^? words repeat$ )\t ceas+1 z f ,jesus1 ,:oev] is fir/ among y1 let him be ! s]vant ( all4 ,! influ5ce ( ! apo/les 0 n less 9 t direction4 ,! apo/les liv$ & rul$ aft] _! dea?4 ,! idea t ! head ( ! ,*ur* held 8 comm& "u ! memb]s ( ! ,*ur* :o _h elect$ him nev] once occurs 9 ! lit]ature ( ?is "t4 ,! ,*ur* ?us escap$ ?r\gh ! sup]natural orig9 ( its p[]1 t elem5t ( decay :i* exi/s 9 delegat$ au?ority4 ,a legislative & executive au?ority may come f ! p2 b sacram5ts & disp5sations ( cele/ial p>dons h no?+ 9 common ) univ]sal suffrage4 ,su* privileges come f heav51 or1 accord+ to ! ,*ri/ian =mula1 f ,jesus ,*ri/1 ! s\rce ( all p>don & ( all good4 ,! religion ( ,jesus ?us became some?+ solid & consi/5t4 ,! great dang] ( ,gno/icism1 :i* 0 to divide ,*ri/ianity into numb]less sects1 0 exorcis$4 ,! ^w ,ca?olic ,*ur* res\nd$ ev]y:]e1 z ! "n ( t great body :i* w\ld !nce=? survive ! ages unbrok54 ,! "* ( ?is ca?olicity is already se54 ,! ,montani/s are reg>d$ z sect>ian2 ! ,m>cionites are conv9c$ ( ! fals5ess ( ! apo/olic doctr9e2 ! diff]5t ,gno/ic s*ools are m & m driv5 f ! bosom ( ! g5]al *ur*4 ,some?+ _h aris5 :i* 0 nei!r ,montanism1 nor ,m>cionism1 nor ,gno/icism2 :i* 0 ,*ri/ianity1 n sect>ian1--! ,*ri/ianity ( ! majority ( bi%ops1 resi/+ sects1 & us+ !m all1 hav+1 if y w1 only negative *>act]s1 b pres]v$ by ^! negative *>act]s f ! pieti/ ab]rations1 & f dissolv+ rationalism4 ,*ri/ianity1 l all p>ties :o wi% to live1 discipl9es itself1 & re/ra9s its own excesses4 ,x unites to my/ical exaltation a fund ( good s5se & mod]ation :i* w kill ,mill5>ism1 ,*>isms1 ,glossolaly1 & all ! primitive ph5om5al spirits4 ,a h&ful ( excit$ m51 l ! ,montani/s1 runn+ into m>tyrdom1 disc\rag+ p5it5ce1 condemn+ m>riage1 are n ! ,*ur*4 ,! ju/e milieu triumphs4 ,radicals ( any sort w nev] be all[$ to de/roy ! "w ( ,jesus4 ,! ,*ur* is always ( a m$ium op9ion3 x belongs to all ! _w1 & is n ! privilege ( an ari/ocracy4 ,! pieti/ ari/ocracy ( ! ,phrygian sects & ! speculative ari/ocracy ( ! ,gno/ics are equally /ripp$ ( _! pret5sions4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ! enorm\s v>iety ( op9ions :i* fill ! fir/ ,*ri/ian age1 ! ,ca?olic op9ion con/itutes a sort ( /&>d4 ,x 0 n necess>y to reason ) ! h]etic 9 ord] to conv9ce him4 ,x 0 suffici5t to %[ him t he 0 n 9 communion ) ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 ) ! gr& *ur*es :i* trace ! succession ( _! bi%ops to ! apo/les4 ,quod semp]1 quod ubique became ! absolute rule ( tru?4 ,! argum5t ( prescription to :i* ,t]tullian gave su* eloqu5t =ce reviews all ! ,ca?olic controv]sy4 ,to prove to any "o t he 0 an innovator1 a di/urb]1 0 to prove t he 0 wrong1--an insuffici5t rule1 s9ce1 by a s+ul> irony ( fate1 ! doctor himself :o develop$ ?is me?od ( refutation 9 s imp]i\s a mann]1 ,t]tullian1 di$ a h]etic4 ,correspond5ce betwe5 ! *ur*es 0 an e>ly cu/om4 ,circul> lett]s f ! heads ( ! great *ur*es1 read on ,sunday 9 ! re-unions ( ! fai?ful1 7 a sort ( cont9uation ( ! apo/olic lit]ature4 ,! ecclesia/ical prov9ce1 que/ion+ ! prec$5cy ( ! great *ur*es1 appe>$ 9 g]m4 ,! ,*ur*1 l ! synagogue & ! mosque1 is ess5tially a citadel4 ,*ri/ianity1 l ,judaism & ,islamism1 is a religion ( cities4 ,! c\ntryman1 ! paganus1 w be ! la/ resi/ance :i* ,*ri/ianity w enc\nt]4 ,! few rural ,*ri/ians came to ! *ur* ( ! neighbor+ city4 ,! ,roman municipality ?us enclos$ ! *ur*4 ,among ! cities1 ! civitas1 ! gr& city1 0 alone a v]itable *ur*1 ) an episcopos4 ,! small city 0 9 ecclesia/ical dep5d5ce on ! great city4 ,?is primacy ( ! great cities 0 an important fact4 ,! great city once conv]t$1 ! small city & ! c\ntry foll[$ ! movem5t4 ,! diocese 0 ?us ! unity ( ! conglom]ate ,*ri/ians4 ,z = ! ecclesia/ical prov9ce1 x correspond$ to ! ,roman prov9ce3 ! divisions ( wor%ip ( ,rome & ,augu/us 7 ! secret law :i* rul$ all4 ,^? cities :i* _h a flam51 or ar*i]eus1 are ^? :i* lat] _h an ar*bi%op3 ! flam5 civitatis became ! bi%op4 ,aft] ! ?ird c5tury1 ! flam5 held ! rank 9 ! city :i* 0 lat] t ( ! bi%op 9 ! diocese4 ,?us x happ5$ t ! ecclesia/ical geography ( a c\ntry 0 v ne>ly ! geography ( ! same c\ntry 9 ! ,roman epo*4 ,! picture ( ! bi%ops & ! ar*bi%ops is t ( ! anci5t civitates1 accord+ to _! l9e ( subord9ation4 ,! empire 0 z ! m\ld 9 :i* ! new religion 0 =m$4 ,! int]ior framework1 ! outl9es1 ! hi]>*ical divisions1 7 ^? ( ! empire4 ,! anci5t ar*ives ( ! ,roman adm9i/ration1 & ! *ur*-regi/]s ( ! middle ages1 & ev5 ^? ( our own day1 are ne>ly ! same ?+4 ,?us ! gr& organisms :i* h become s ess5tial a "p ( ! moral & political life ( ,european nations 7 all creat$ by ^? nave & s9c]e ,*ri/ians1 ^: fai? has become insep>able f ! moral culture ( humanity4 ,! ,episcopate "u ,m>cus ,aurelius 0 fully ripe3 ! ,papacy exi/$ 9 g]m4 ,,oecum5ical c\ncils 7 impossible4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,empire alone c\ld au?orize great assemblies2 b ! prov9cial synod 0 us$ 9 ! affairs ( ! ,montani/s & ( ! ,passov]4 ,! bi%op ( ! capital ( ! prov9ce 0 all[$ to preside )\t conte/4 ,,ii4 ,rome 0 ! place 9 :i* ! gr& idea ( ,ca?olicity 0 conceiv$4 ,rome became ea* day m & m ! capital ( ,*ri/ianity1 & replac$ ,j]usalem z ! religi\s c5tre ( humanity4 ,its *ur* _h a g5]ally recogniz$ prec$5ce ov] o!rs4 ,all d\btful que/ions :i* di/urb$ ! ,*ri/ian consci5ce dem&$ an arbitration1 if n a solution1 at ,rome4 ,?is v defective reason+ 0 us$1--t1 s9ce ,*ri/ _h made ,cephas ! corn]-/one ( 8 *ur*1 ?is privilege ought to ext5d to 8 successors4 ,by an unequall$ /roke1 ! ,*ur* ( ,rome _h succe$$ 9 mak+ itself at ! same "t ! ,*ur* ( ,pet] & ! ,*ur* ( ,paul1 a new my?ical duality1 replac+ t ( ,romulus & ,remus4 ,! ,bi%op ( ,rome became ! bi%op ( bi%ops1 ! "o :o admoni%$ o!rs4 ,rome proclaims its "r 7a dang]\s "r7 to excommunicate ^? :o d n entirely agree ) h]4 ,! poor ,artemonites 7a sort ( anticipat$ ,arians7 _h mu* to compla9 ( 9 ! inju/ice ( ! fate :i* made !m h]etics2 :ile1 ev5 until ,victor1 all ! ,*ur* ( ,rome ?\ght ) !m2 b !y 7 n he>d4 ,f ?is po9t1 ! ,*ur* ( ,rome plac$ itself above hi/ory4 ,! _s :i* 9 #ahgj c\ld proclaim ! infallibility ( ! ,pope might see itself reflect$ at ! end ( ! second c5tury by c]ta9 cle> indications4 ,! writ+ made at ,rome ab\t #ahj1 ( :i* ! ,roman fragm5t kn[n z ! ,canon de ,muratori makes a "p1 %[s u ,rome already regulat+ ! canon ( ! *ur*es1 mak+ ! passion ( ,pet] ! basis ( ,ca?olicity1 & repuls+ equally ,montanism & ,gno/icism4 ,ir5u refutes all h]esies by ! fai? ( ?is *ur*1 ! gr&e/1 ! mo/ anci5t1 ! mo/ illu/ri\s1 :i* possesses by cont9u\s succession ! true tradition ( ! apo/les ,pet] & ,paul2 to :i*1 on acc\nt ( its primacy1 all ! re/ ( ! ,*ur* %\ld h rec\rse4 ,"o mat]ial cause contribut$ mu* to t pre-em95ce :i* mo/ ( ! *ur*es recogniz$ 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,rome4 ,?is ,*ur* 0 extremely ri*3 its goods1 skilfully adm9i/]$1 s]v$ to succor & propagate o!r *ur*es4 ,! h]etics condemn$ to ! m9es receiv$ a subsidy f x3 ! common treasury 0 9 a c]ta9 s5se at ,rome4 ,! ,sunday collection1 practis$ cont9ually 9 ! ,roman ,*ur*1 0 probably already e/abli%$4 ,a m>vell\s _s ( tradition animat$ ?is little community1 9 :i* ,juda1 ,greece1 & ,latium seem$ to h conf\nd$ _! v diff]5t gifts1 9 view ( a prodigi\s future4 ,:ile ! ,jewi% ,mono!ism furni%$ ! immovable base ( ! new =mation1 :ile ,greece cont9u$ ?r\gh ,gno/icism its "w ( free speculation1 ,rome atta*$ itself ) an a/oni%+ read9ess to ! "w ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,all its au?orities & artifices s]v$ well = t4 ,politics recoils n be=e fraud4 ,n[1 politics _h already tak5 up its home 9 ! mo/ secret c\ncils ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome4 ,"s ve9s ( apocryphal lit]ature1 con/antly refill$1 sometimes "u ! "n ( ! apo/les1 sometimes "u t ( apo/olic p]sonages1 su* z ,clem5t & ,h]mas1 7 receiv$ ) confid5ce to ! limits ( ! ,*ri/ian _w on acc\nt ( ! gu>anty ( ,rome4 ,?is prec$5ce ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome cont9u$ to increase up to ! ?ird c5tury4 ,! bi%ops ( ,rome %[$ a r>e compet5cy1 evad+ !ological que/ions1 b always 9 ! fir/ rank 9 matt]s ( organization & adm9i/ration4 ,! tradition ( ! ,roman ,*ur* passes = ! mo/ anci5t ( all4 ,pope ,cornelius took ! lead 9 ! matt] ( sub/itution4 ,?is 0 p>ticul>ly se5 9 ! dismissal ( ! bi%ops ( ,italy1 & ! appo9tm5t ( _! successors4 ,rome 0 also ! c5tral au?ority ( ! *ur*es ( ,africa4 ,?is au?ority 0 already excessive1 & %[$ itself above all 9 ! affair ( ! ,passov]4 ,?is "q 0 mu* m important ?an x appe>s to u4 ,9 ! e>ly times all ,*ri/ians cont9u$ to make ! ,jewi% ,passov] _! pr9cipal fea/4 ,!y celebrat$ ?is fea/ on ! same day z ! ,jews1--on ! #ad? ( ,nisan1 ^u :atev] day ( ! week x happ5$ to fall4 ,p]suad$1 accord+ to ! acc\nt ( all ! old gospels1 t ,jesus1 ! ev5+ be=e 8 dea?1 _h eat5 ! ,passov] ) 8 disciples1 !y reg>d$ su* a solemnity z a commemoration ( ! la/ supp]1 r ?an z a memorial ( ! resurrection4 ,z ,*ri/ianity became m & m sep>at$ f ,judaism1 su* a mann] ( reg>d+ x 0 v mu* que/ion$4 ,at fir/ a new tradition 0 promulgat$1--t ,jesus1 be+ ab\t to die1 _h n eat5 ! ,passov]1 b _h di$ ! v day ( ! ,jewi% fea/1 ?us con/itut+ himself ! ,pascal ,lamb4 ,moreov]1 ?is purely ,jewi% fea/ w\nd$ ! ,*ri/ian consci5ce1 especially 9 ! *ur*es ( ,paul4 ,! great fea/ ( ! ,*ri/ians1 ! resurrection ( ,jesus1 occurr$ 9 any case ! ,sunday aft] ! ,jewi% ,passov]4 ,accord+ to ?is idea1 ! fea/ 0 celebrat$ ! ,sunday :i* foll[$ ! ,friday aft] ! #ad? ( ,nisan4 ,9 ,rome ?is cu/om prevail$1 at lea/ s9ce ! pontificates ( ,xy/us & ,telesphorus 7ab\t #abj74 ,9 ,asia !re 7 great divisions4 ,! cons]vatives1 l ,polyc>p1 ,meliton1 & all ! anci5t s*ool1 believ$ t ! old ,jewi% cu/om con=m$ to ! fir/ ,gospels & to ! usage ( ! apo/les ,john & ,philip4 ,?is 0 ! object ( ! voyage to ,rome :i* ,polyc>p und]took ab\t ! ye> #aed1 "u ! ,pope ,anicetus4 ,! int]view betwe5 ,polyc>p & ,anicetus 0 v cordial4 ,! discussion ( c]ta9 po9ts appe>s to h be5 %>p1 b !y und]/ood ea* o!r4 ,polyc>p 0 n able to p]suade ,anicetus to r5\nce a practice :i* _h be5 t ( ! bi%ops ( ,rome be=e 8 "t4 ,anicetus1 on ! o!r h&1 hesitat$ :5 ,polyc>p told him t he gov]n$ himself accord+ to ! rule ( ,john & ! o!r apo/les1 ) :om he _h liv$ on a famili> foot+4 ,! two religi\s lead]s rema9$ 9 full communion ) ea* o!r2 & ,anicetus %[$ ,polyc>p an almo/ unprec$5t$ honor4 ,9 fact he desir$ t ,polyc>p1 9 ! ,assembly ( ! ,fai?ful at ,rome1 %\ld pron\nce1 9 8 /ead & 9 8 pres5ce1 ! words ( ! eu*>i/ic consecration4 ,^! ard5t m5 7 full ( too l(ty a s5tim5t to re/ ! unity ( _! s\ls ^u ! uni=mity ( rites & ext]ior obs]vances4 ,lat]1 unhappily1 ,rome took ! /& ( insi/+ ^u its "r4 ,ab\t ! ye> #aif ! "q 0 m excit+ ?an ev]4 ,! *ur*es ( ,asia p]si/$ 9 _! old usage4 ,rome1 always en?usia/ic = unity1 wi%$ to co]ce !m4 ,^u ! invitation ( ,pope ,victor1 convocations ( bi%ops 7 held3 a va/ correspond5ce 0 ex*ang$4 ,b ! bi%ops ( ,asia1 /rong 9 ! tradition ( two apo/les & ( s _m illu/ri\s m51 w\ld n submit4 ,! old ,polycrates1 ,bi%op ( ,ephesus1 wrote 9 _! "n a v %>p lett] to ,victor & to ! ,*ur* ( ,rome4 ,! incr$ible design :i* ,victor conceiv$ on acc\nt ( ! acrimony ( ?is lett] proves t ! ,papacy 0 already born1 & well born4 ,he pret5d$ to excommunicate1 to sep>ate f ! ,univ]sal ,*ur*1 ! mo/ illu/ri\s prov9ce1 because x _h n b5t its traditions be=e ! ,roman discipl9e4 ,he publi%$ a decree by virtue ( :i* ,asia 0 plac$ "u ! ban ( ! ,*ri/ian community4 ,b ! o!r bi%ops oppos$ ?is viol5t measure1 & recall$ ,victor to *>ity4 ,/4 ,ir5u1 9 p>ticul>1 :o1 ?r\gh ! necessity ( ! c\ntry 9 :i* he liv$1 _h accept$ = himself & 8 *ur*es 9 ,gaul ! ,occid5tal cu/om1 c\ld n support ! ?\ght t ! "m-*ur*es ( ,asia1 to :i* he felt himself b\nd 9 ! dep?s ( 8 s\l1 %\ld be sep>at$ f ! body ( ! ,univ]sal ,*ur*4 ,he en]getically p]suad$ ,victor f ! excommunication ( ! *ur*es :i* held to ! traditions ( _! fa!rs1 & recall$ to him ! examples ( 8 m tol]ant pr$ecessors4 ,?is act ( r>e good s5se prev5t$ ! s*ism ( ! ,ori5t & ! ,occid5t f occurr+ 9 ! second c5tury4 ,ir5u wrote to ! bi%ops on all sides1 & ! "q rema9$ op5 to ! *ur*es ( ,asia4 ,9 "o s5se1 ! process :i* br\ght ab\t ! debate 0 ( m importance ?an ! debate itself4 ,by reason ( ?is diff]5ce1 ! ,*ur* 0 br\ght to a cle>] idea ( its organization4 ,& fir/ x 0 evid5t t ! laity 7 no long] any ?+4 ,! bi%ops alone h&l$ que/ions1 & promulgat$ _! op9ions4 ,! bi%ops collect$ toge!r 9 prov9cial synods1 ov] :i* ! bi%op ( ! capital ( ! prov9ce presid$ 7! ar*bi%op ( ! future71 or1 at times1 ! olde/ bi%op4 ,! synodal assembly came out ) a lett]1 :i* 0 s5t to o!r *ur*es4 ,?is 0 !n l an attempt at f$]ative organization1--an attempt to resolve que/ions by means ( prov9cial assemblies1 presid$ ov] by bi%ops agree+ among !mselves4 ,lat]1 que/ions conc]n+ ! presid+ ov] synods & ! hi]>*y ( ! ,*ur* s\ght solution 9 ! docum5ts ( ?is great debate4 ,among all ! *ur*es1 t ( ,rome appe>$ to h a p>ticul> initiative "r4 ,b t initiative 0 f> f be+ synonym\s ) infallibility2 = ,eusebius decl>es t he read ! lett]s 9 :i* ! bi%ops sev]ely blam$ ! conduct ( ,victor4 ,,iii4 ,au?ority1 g5tlem51 loves au?ority4 ,! au?oritaires1 z we say to-day1 9 ! mo/ div]se ranks1 ext5d ! h& to ea* o!r4 ,m5 z cons]vative z ! lead]s ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome mu/ be /rongly tempt$ to favor public =ce1 ! effect ( :i* is (t5 = good1 z !y mu/ admit4 ,?is t5d5cy _h be5 manife/ s9ce ! fir/ days ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,jesus _h laid d[n ! rule4 ,! image ( ! money 0 = him ! supreme crit]ion ( its lawfulness1 beyond :i* !re 0 no?+ to seek4 ,9 ! height ( ! reign ( ,n]o1 ,/4 ,paul wrote1 ,let e s\l be subject unto ! high] p[]s4 ,= !re is no p[] b ( ,god3 ! p[]s t be are orda9$ ( ,god4 ,:osoev]1 !re=e1 resi/e? ! p[]1 resi/e? ! ord9ance ( ,god4 ,"s ye>s lat]1 ,pet]1 or ! p]son :o wrote 9 8 "n ! ,epi/le kn[n z ! ,fir/ ( ,pet]1 expresses himself 9 an id5tical mann]4 ,clem5t 0 an equally devot$ subject ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,9 f9e1 "o ( ! traits ( ,/4 ,luke 7accord+ to my idea !re 0 a bond betwe5 ,/4 ,luke & ! _s ( ! *ur* at ,rome7 is 8 respect ( ! imp]ial au?ority1 & ! precautions :i* he took n to injure x4 ,! au?or ( ! ,acts evad$ e ?+ :i* w\ld pres5t ! ,romans z ! enemies ( ,*ri/4 ,on ! contr>y1 he seeks to %[1 t1 "u _m circum/ances1 !y def5d$ ,/4 ,paul & ! ,*ri/ians aga9/ ! ,jews4 ,nev] a disp>ag+ ^w aga9/ ! civil magi/rates4 ,luke lov$ to %[ h[ ! ,roman function>ies 7 favorable to ! new religion1 sometimes ev5 embrac+ x2 & h[ ,roman ju/ice 0 equitable1 & sup]ior to ! passions ( ! local p[]s4 ,he insi/s ^u ! advantages :i* ,paul ow$ to 8 title ( ,roman citiz54 ,if he ends 8 recital ) ! arrival ( ,paul at ,rome1 x is p]haps 9 ord] n to rec\nt ! mon/rosities ( ,n]o4 ,)\t d\bt1 !re 7 9 o!r p>ts ( ! empire devot$ ,*ri/ians :o sympa?iz$ entirely ) ! ang] ( ! ,jews1 & dream$ only ( ! de/ruction ( ! idolatr\s city :i* !y id5tifi$ ) ,babylon4 ,su* 7 ! au?ors ( apocalypses & sibyll9e writ+s4 ,b ! fai?ful ( ! great *ur*es 7 ( q a diff]5t way ( ?9k+4 ,9 #gj1 ! ,*ur* ( ,j]usalem1 ) a s5tim5t m ,*ri/ian ?an patriotic1 left ! revolution>y city1 & s\ght peace beyond ! ,jordan4 ,9 ! revolt ( ,b>kokbas1 ! division 0 /ill m pron\nc$4 ,n a s+le ,*ri/ian 0 will+ to take "p 9 ?is attempt ( bl9d despair4 ,/4 ,ju/9 9 8 ,apologies nev] combats ! pr9ciple ( empire4 ,he desir$ t ! empire %\ld exam9e ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 approve & c\nt]sign x 9 "s way1 & condemn ^? :o calumniat$ x4 ,! mo/ le>n$ doctor ( ! "t ( ,m>cus ,aurelius1 ,meliton1 ,bi%op ( ,s>dis1 made /ill m decid$ advances1 & und]took to %[ t !re is always 9 ,*ri/ianity some?+ to recomm5d x to a true ,roman4 ,9 8 ,treaty ^u ,tru?1 pres]v$ 9 ,syriac1 ,meliton expresses himself 9 ! same way z a bi%op ( ! f\r? c5tury1 expla9+ to "o ,!odosius t 8 fir/ duty is to e/abli% by 8 au?ority ! triumph ( tru? 7)\t tell+ u1 alas6 by :at sign "o recognizes tru?74 ,let ! empire become ,*ri/ian1 & ! p]secut$ ( to-day w\ld f9d t ! int]f]5ce ( ! /ate 9 ! doma9 ( consci5ce is p]fectly legitimate4 ,! sy/em ( ! apologi/s1 s w>mly su/a9$ by ,t]tullian1 accord+ to :i* ! good emp]ors favor$ ,*ri/ianity1 & ! bad ones p]secut$ x1 0 already full bl[n4 ,born toge!r1 said !y1 ,*ri/ianity & ! empire h gr[n up toge!r1 & prosp]$ toge!r4 ,_! int]e/s1 _! suff]+s1 _! =tunes1 _! future1--all 0 9 common4 ,! apologi/s 7 advocates2 & advocates 9 all ord]s resemble ea* o!r4 ,!y h argum5ts = e situation & all ta/es4 ,ne>ly a hundr$ & fifty ye>s roll$ on be=e ^! sweet & half s9c]e invitations 7 und]/ood4 ,b ! only impression !y made 9 ! "t ( ,m>cus ,aurelius ^u ! m9d ( "o ( ! mo/ enlight5$ lead]s ( ! ,*ur* 0 z a progno/ic ( ! future4 ,*ri/ianity & ! empire w become reconcil$4 ,!y are made = ea* o!r4 ,! %ade ( ,meliton w tremble ) joy :5 ! empire becomes ,*ri/ian1 & ! emp]or takes 9 h& ! cause ( tru?4 ,?us ! ,*ur* already took m ?an "o /ep t[>d empire4 ,?r\gh polit5ess1 )\t d\bt1 b only z a v legitimate consequ5ce ( 8 pr9ciples1 ,meliton does n all[ t an emp]or c give an unju/ ord]4 ,x 0 easy to believe t c]ta9 emp]ors _h n be5 absolutely oppos$ to ,*ri/ianity4 ,x is pleasant to relate t ,tib]ius _h propos$ to place ,jesus 9 ! rank ( ! gods3 x 0 ! s5ate :i* object$4 ,! decid$ pref]5ce ( ,*ri/ianity = p[] :]e x hopes = favors is already v transp>5t4 ,x is %[n1 contr>y to all tru?1 t ,hadrian & ,anton9e s\ght to repair ! evil done by ,n]o & ,domitian4 ,t]tullian & 8 g5]ation say ! same ?+ ( ,m>cus ,aurelius4 ,t]tullian d\bt$1 x is true1 :e!r "o c\ld be at ! same "t a ,cs> & a ,*ri/ian2 b ?is incompatibility a c5tury lat] /ruck no "o1 & ,con/ant9e prov$ t ,meliton ( ,s>dis 0 a v sagaci\s man :5 he disc]n$ s well--a c5tury & a half 9 advance1 see+ ?r\gh ! proconsul> p]secutions--! possibility ( a ,*ri/ian ,empire4 ,! hatr$ ( ,*ri/ianity & ( ! empire 0 t ( m5 :o mu/ "o day love !m4 ,"u ! ,sev]i1 ! language ( ! ,*ur* rema9$ pla9tive & t5d]1 z x _h be5 "u ! ,anton9es4 ,! apologi/s affix$ a species ( legitimism1 a pret5sion t ! ,*ur* _h always f ! fir/ salut$ ! emp]or4 ,!re 7 nev] among u1 said ,t]tullian1 p>tisans ( ,cassius1 p>tisans ( ,alb9us1 p>tisans ( ,nig]4 ,fooli% illusion6 ,c]ta9ly ! revolt ( ,avidius ,cassius aga9/ ,m>cus ,aurelius 0 a political crime1 & ! ,*ri/ians did well n to be involv$ 9 x4 ,z = ,sev]us1 ,alb9us1 & ,nig]1 x 0 success t decid$ betwe5 !m2 & ! ,*ur* _h no o!r m]it 9 atta*+ itself to ,sev]us ?an t ( see+ cle>ly :o w\ld be ! /ronge/4 ,?is pret5d$ wor%ip ( legitimacy 0 9 tru? only ! wor%ip ( a fix$ fact4 ,! pr9ciple ( ,/4 ,paul bore fruit3 ,all p[] comes f ,god3 he :o holds ! sword holds x f ,god = good4 ,?is correct attitude 9 reg>d to p[] clung to ext]ior necessities z mu* z to ! pr9ciples :i* ! ,*ur* _h receiv$ f its f\nd]s4 ,! ,*ur* 0 already a p[]ful association4 ,x 0 ess5tially cons]vative4 ,x ne$$ ord] & legal gu>anties4 ,?is 0 admirably %[n 9 ! act ( ,paul ( ,samos1 ,bi%op ( ,antio*1 "u ,aurelian4 ,! ,bi%op ( ,antio* _h become a p[]ful p]sonage at ?is epo*4 ,! goods ( ! ,*ur* 7 9 8 keep+3 a cr[d ( m5 liv$ on 8 favors4 ,paul 0 a brilliant man1 some:at my/ical1 worldly1 a great secul> "l1 seek+ to r5d] ,*ri/ianity acceptable to m5 ( ! _w & au?ority4 ,! ,pieti/s1 z might be expect$1 consid]$ him h]etical1 & dismiss$ him4 ,paul resi/$1 & refus$ to quit ! ,episcopal h\se4 ,see into :at ! mo/ exalt$ sects are l$6 ,!y 7 9 possession1 & :o c\ld decide a "q ( proprietor%ip & possession1 if n ! civil au?ority4 ,aurelian1 ab\t ?is "t1 pass$ on 8 way t[>ds ,antio*2 & ! "q 0 ref]r$ to him4 ,"h 0 se5 ?is orig9al spectacle ( an infidel sov]eign & p]secutor deput$ to decide :i* 0 ! true bi%op4 ,aurelian %[$ "u ^! circum/ances rem>kably good s5se = a layman4 ,he exam9$ ! correspond5ce ( ! two bi%ops1 took note z to :i* 0 9 relation ) ,rome & ,italy1 & decid$ t he 0 ! true ,bi%op ( ,antio*4 ,aurelian made "s objections to ! !ological reason+ us$ on ?is occasion2 b "o fact 0 evid5t3 x 01 t ,*ri/ianity c\ld n live )\t ! empire1 & t ! empire1 on ! o!r h&1 c\ld n d bett] ?an adopt ,*ri/ianity z its religion4 ,! _w desir$ a religion ( congregations1 ( *ur*es1 or ( synagogues & *apels1--a religion 9 :i* ! ess5ce ( ! wor%ip %\ld be re-union1 association1 & frat]nity4 ,*ri/ianity answ]$ to all ^! conditions4 ,its admirable wor%ip1 its well-organiz$ cl]gy1 assur$ its future4 ,sev]al times 9 ! ?ird c5tury ?is hi/orical necessity fell %ort ( realization4 ,?is is se5 mo/ pla9ly "u ^? ,syrian emp]ors :om _! quality ( =eign]s & base orig9 plac$ beyond prejudices1 & :o1 9 spite ( _! vices1 inaugurat$ a l>g5ess ( ideas & a tol]ance hi!rto unkn[n4 ,^? ,syrian wom5 ( ,emesa1--,julia ,domna1 ,julia ,msa1 ,julia ,mamma1 ,julia ,soemia1--beautiful1 intellig5t1 p]fectly fe>less1 & held by no tradition or social law1 hesitat$ at no?+4 ,!y did :at ,roman wom5 w\ld nev] h d>$4 ,!y ent]$ ! ,s5ate1 delib]at$ !re1 & gov]n$ ! empire effectively1 dream+ ( ,semiramis & ,nitocris4 ,! ,roman wor%ip seem$ cold & insignificant to !m4 ,n be+ b\nd by any family reasons1 & _! imag9ation be+ m 9 h>mony ) ,*ri/ianity ?an ) ,italian ,paganism1 ^! wom5 amus$ !mselves ) ! recitals ( ! de$ ( ! gods ^u e>?4 ,philo/ratus en*ant$ !m ) 8 ,life ( ,apollonius ,tyane4 ,p]haps !y _h m ?an "o secret aff9ity ) ,*ri/ianity4 ,c]ta9ly ,heliogabalus 0 mad2 & yet 8 *im]a ( a c5tral1 ,mono!i/ic wor%ip1 e/abli%$ at ,rome1 & absorb+ all ! o!r wor%ips1 prov$ t ! n>r[ circle ( ideas ( ! ,anton9es 0 brok54 ,alex&] ,sev]us w5t /ill f>!r4 ,he 0 sympa!tic ) ! ,*ri/ians3 n cont5t ) accord+ !m lib]ty1 he plac$ ,jesus 9 8 l>>ium ) a t\*+ eclecticism4 ,peace seem$ to be made1 n1 z "u ,con/ant9e1 by ! defection ( "o ( ! p>ties1 b by a l>ge reconciliation4 ,! same ?+ 0 se5 aga9 "u ,philip ! ,arab1 9 ! ,ea/ "u ,z5obia1 & g5]ally "u ^? emp]ors ^: =eign orig9 plac$ !m beyond ,roman patriotism4 ,! /ruggle r$\bl$ 9 rage :5 ^? gr& re=m]s1 ,diocletian & ,maximian1 animat$ by ! anci5t _s1 believ$ !mselves able to give new life = ! empire by hold+ x to ! n>r[ circle ( ,roman ideas4 ,! ,*ur* triumph$ ?r\gh its m>tyrs4 ,roman pride 0 humbl$4 ,con/ant9e saw ! int]ior /r5g? ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! population ( ,asia ,m9or1 ,syria1 ,?race1 & ,mac$onia1 9 a ^w ! ea/]n "p ( ! empire1 0 already m ?an half ,*ri/ian4 ,8 "m1 :o _h be5 a s]vant 9 an inn at ,nicom$ia1 dazzl$ 8 eyes ) ! picture ( an ,ea/]n empire hav+ its c5tre ne> ,nica or ,nicom$ia1 ^: n]ves %\ld be ! bi%ops & ^? multitudes ( poor matriculates ( ! ,*ur* :o controll$ op9ion 9 l>ge cities4 ,con/ant9e made ! empire ,*ri/ian4 ,f ! ,occid5tal po9t ( view1 t 0 a/oni%+2 = ! ,*ri/ians 7 /ill b a feeble m9ority 9 ! ,we/3 9 ! ,ori5t1 ! politics ( ,con/ant9e 0 n only natural1 b comm&$4 ,wond]ful ?+6 ,! city ( ,rome receiv$ f t politics ! heavie/ bl[ x _h ev] suff]$4 ,*ri/ianity 0 successful "u ,con/ant9e2 b x 0 ,ori5tal ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 build+ a new ,rome on ! ,bosphorus1 ,con/ant9e made ! old ,rome ! capital ( ! ,we/ alone4 ,! cataclysms :i* foll[$1 ! invasions ( ! b>b>ians :o sp>$ ,con/ant9ople1 & fell ^u ,rome ) all _! weight1 r$uc$ ! anci5t capital ( ! _w to a limit$ & (t5 humble condition4 ,t ecclesia/ical primacy ( ,rome :i* bur/ ) s mu* effect ^u ! second & ?ird c5turies fl\ri%$ no long] :5 ! ,ori5t _h an exi/5ce & a sep>ate capital4 ,con/ant9e 0 ! real au?or ( ! s*ism ( ! ,lat9 ,*ur* & ! ,*ur* ( ! ,ori5t4 ,rome took its rev5ge1 pr9cipally by ! s]i\sness & dep? ( its _s ( organization4 ,:at m5 7 ,/4 ,sylve/]1 ,/4 ,damasus1 & ,gregory ! ,great6 ,) an admirable c\rage !y labor$ = ! conv]sion ( ! b>b>ians1 atta*$ !m to !mselves1 & made !m _! fri5ds & subjects4 ,! ma/]-"w ( its politics 0 its alliance ) ! ,c>lov+ian h\se1 & ! bold /roke by :i* x re-e/abli%$ 9 t h\se ! empire :i* _h be5 dead ?ree hundr$ ye>s4 ,! ,*ur* ( ,rome rose aga9 m p[]ful ?an ev]1 & became aga9 ! c5tre ( all ! gr& affairs ( ! ,occid5t dur+ eight c5turies4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"h my task is end$1 g5tlem54 ,y w confide to o!rs ! c>e ( rec\nt+ ! prodigi\s hi/ory ( ! feudal *ur*1 its gr&eurs & its abuses4 ,ano!r /ill w %[ y ! re-action aga9/ ^! abuses1--,prote/antism return+ to ! primitive idea ( ,*ri/ianity1 & divid+1 9 its turn1 ! ,lat9 ,*ur*4 ,ea* "o ( ^! gr& hi/orical pages w h its *>m & its in/ruction4 ,:at ,i h rec\nt$ to y is full ( gr&eur4 ,"o is imp>tial only to ! dead4 ,s9ce ,ca?olicism 0 an inimical p[]1 a dang] to ! lib]ty ( ! human m9d1 x 0 "r to oppose x4 ,our age is ! age ( hi/ory1 because x is ! age ( d\bt ^u dogmatic matt]s3 x is ! age 9 :i*1 )\t ent]+ into ! discussion ( sy/ems1 an enlight5$ m9d says to itself1 ,if1 s9ce "r exi/s1 & s _m ?\s& symbols h made ! pret5sion ( pres5t+ ! complete tru?1 & if ?is pret5sion is always f\nd va91 is x inde$ probable t ,i %all be m happy ?an s _m o!rs1 & t ! tru? has await$ my com+ "h bel[ 9 ord] to make its def9ite revelation8 ,!re is no def9ite revelation4 ,x is ! t\*+ ef=t ( man to r5d] 8 de/9y supportable4 ,b its rew>d is n disda91 x is gratitude4 ,:oev] believes t he has some?+ to tea* u conc]n+ our de/9y & our end %\ld be welcome4 ,recall ! acc\nt 9 y\r old hi/ories ( ! judici\s & discreet words ( ! ,saxon *ief ( ,nor?umbria1 9 ! assembly :]e ! "q 0 discuss$ conc]n+ ! adoption ( ! doctr9e ( ! ,roman mission>ies4 ,p]haps ?\ rememb]e/1 ,o k+6 some?+ :i* happ5s sometimes 9 ! w9t] days1 :5 ?\ art seat$ at table ) ?y capta9s & ?y m5-at-arms2 t a good fire is light$1 t ?y *amb] is v w>m1 :ile x ra9s1 sn[s1 & bl[s )\t4 ,!re comes a little bird1 :i* crosses ! *amb] on ! w+1 ent]+ at "o door1 & go+ out by ! o!r4 ,! mom5t ( ?is passage is full ( sweetness = him3 he no m feels ! ra9 nor ! /orm4 ,! bird is gone 9 an in/ant1 & f ! w9t] he passes aga9 into ! w9t]4 ,su* seems to me ! life ( m5 on ?is e>?1 & its c\rse ( a mom5t1 comp>$ to ! l5g? ( "t :i* prec$es & foll[s x4 ,! "t be=e bir? & aft] dea? is gloomy4 ,x torm5ts u by its impossibility ( compreh5sion3 if1 !n1 ! new doctr9e c tea* u any ?+ a little c]ta91 x des]ves to be consid]$4 ,alas6 ! ,roman mission>ies did n be> ?is m9imum ( c]ta9ty1 ) :i* ! old ,nor?umbrian *ief1 sage z he 01 decl>$ himself cont5t4 ,life always appe>s to u a %ort passage betwe5 two long nights4 ,happy ^? :o c sleep 9 ! empty noise ( m5aces :i* tr\ble at times ! human consci5ce1 & %\ld no m ?an cradle x6 ,"o ?+ is c]ta93 x is ! pat]nal smile :i* at c]ta9 h\rs pi]ces nature1 atte/+ t "o eye reg>ds u1 & "o he>t foll[s u4 ,let u gu>d ourselves f all absolute =mula :i* might become "o day an ob/acle to ! free expansion ( our spirits4 ,!re is no religi\s communion :i* does n /ill possess "s gifts ( life & p>don2 b x is on ! condition only t an humble docility succe$s sympa!tic adhesion4 ,! comp>ison ( ! regim5t1 inv5t$ by ,clem5t ,romanus1 & s9ce s _m times repeat$1 ought to be utt]ly ab&on$4 ,y wi%$ t ,i %\ld recall to y ! gr&eurs ( ,ca?olicism 9 its f9e/ epo*4 ,i ?ank y = x4 ,"s associations ( *ildhood1 ! mo/ pr(\nd ( all1 atta* me to ,ca?olicism2 &1 al?\gh ,i am sep>at$ f x1 ,i am (t5 tempt$ to say1 z ,job said 7at lea/ 9 our ,lat9 v]sion71 ,etiam si occid]et me1 9 ipso sp]abo4 ,?is great ,ca?olic family is too num]\s n to h /ill a gr& future4 ,! /range excesses :i* x has support$ dur+ fifty ye>s1 ?is unequall$ pontificate ( ,pius ,,ix41 ! mo/ a/oni%+ 9 hi/ory1 _c be t]m9at$ 9 any ord9>y way4 ,!re w be ?und]s & lightn+s su* z accompany all ! great judgm5t-days ( ,god4 ,& w %e h mu* to d 9 ord] to /ill rema9 acceptable to ^? :o love h]1--?is old "m1 :o w n die s soon8 ,p]haps %e w f9d1 9 ord] to arre/ ! arms ( h] conqu]or1 :i* is mod]n reason1 "s magician's arts1 "s words su* z ,bald] murmur$4 ,! ,ca?olic ,*ur* is a woman3 let u di/ru/ ! *>m+ words ( h] agony4 ,let u imag9e t %e says to u1 ,my *ildr51 e ?+ "h bel[ is b a symbol & a dream4 ,9 ?is _w !re is only "o little ray ( light :i* pi]ces ! d>kness1 & seems to be ! reflection ( a b5evol5t w4 ,come into my bosom1 :]e "o f9ds =getfulness4 ,= ^? :o wi% feti%es1 ,i h !m2 to ^? :o wi% works1 ,i (f] !m2 = ^? :o wi% intoxication ( he>t1 ,i h ! milk ( my brea/1 :i* w make drunk2 = ^? :o desire love1 ,i h an abundance2 to ^? :o crave irony1 ,i p\r out freely4 ,come all3 ! "t ( dogmatic sadness is pa/4 ,i h music & inc5se = y\r fun]als1 fl[]s = y\r m>riages1 ! joy\s welcome ( bells = y\r new-born ones4 ,ah1 well6 if %e %\ld say t1 our emb>rassm5t w\ld be extreme4 ,b %e nev] w4 ,y\r great & glori\s ,engl& has resolv$1 g5tlem51 ! practical "p ( ! "q4 ,x is z easy to trace ! l9e ( conduct :i* ! /ate & individuals %\ld foll[ 9 ! same matt]1 z x is impossible to arrive at a !oretic solution ( ! religi\s problem4 ,all ?is may be convey$ 9 a s+le ^w1 g5tlem51--lib]ty4 ,:at c\ld be m simple8 ,fai? does n control itself4 ,we believe :at we believe true4 ,no "o is b\nd to believe :at he ?9ks false1 :e!r x is false or n4 ,to d5y lib]ty ( ?\ght is a sort ( contradiction4 ,f lib]ty ( ?\ght to ! "r to express "o's ?\ght1 !re is b "o /ep2 = "r is ! same = all4 ,i h no "r to prev5t a p]son f express+ 8 m9d2 b no "o has ! "r to prev5t me f express+ m9e4 ,"h is a !ory :i* w appe> v humble to ! le>n$ doctors :o believe !mselves to be 9 possession ( absolute tru?4 ,we h a great advantage ov] !m1 g5tlem54 ,!y are oblig$ to be p]secutors 9 ord] to be consi/5t2 to u x is p]mitt$ to be tol]ant1--tol]ant = all1 ev5 = ^?1 :o1 if !y c\ld1 w\ld n be s to u4 ,yes1 let u ev5 make ?is p>adox3 lib]ty is ! be/ weapon aga9/ ! enemies ( lib]ty4 ,"s fanatics say to u ) s9c]ity1 ,we take y\r lib]ty1 because y owe x to u accord+ to y\r pr9ciples2 b y %all n h ours1 because we d n owe x to y4 ,ah1 well6 let u give !m lib]ty all ! same1 & we d n imag9e t 9 ?is ex*ange we %all be dup$4 ,no3 lib]ty is ! great dissolv5t ( all fanaticisms4 ,9 giv+ back lib]ty to my enemy1 :o w\ld suppress me if he _h ! p[]1 ,i %all really make him ! wor/ gift4 ,i oblige him to dr9k a /rong bev]age :i* %all turn 8 head1 :ile ,i %all keep my own4 ,sci5ce supports ! /range rgime ( lib]ty3 fanaticism & sup]/ition d n support x4 ,we d m h>m to dogmatism by treat+ x ) an implacable sweetness ?an by p]secut+ x4 ,by ?is sweetness we ev5 inculcate ! pr9ciple :i* de/roys all dogmatism at its root1 by und]/&+ t all metaphysical controv]sy is /]ile1 & t1 = ?is reason1 ! tru? = ea* "o is z he believes x4 ,! ess5tial1 !n1 is n to sil5ce dang]\s tea*+1 & hu% ! discordant voice3 ! ess5tial is to place ! human m9d 9 a /ate 9 :i* ! mass c see ! uselessness ( its rage4 ,:5 ?is _s becomes ! atmosph]e ( society1 ! fanatic c no long] live4 ,he is conqu]$ by a p]vad+ g5tl5ess4 ,if1 in/ead ( conduct+ ,polyeuctus to puni%m5t1 ! ,roman magi/rate _h dismiss$ him smil+1 & tak5 him amicably by ! h&1 ,polyeuctus w\ld n h cont9u$3 p]haps ev5 9 8 old age he w\ld h laugh$ at 8 escapade1 & w\ld h become a man ( good s5se4 ,,conf]5ce1 ,royal ,academy1 ,london1 ,april #af1 #ahhj4 ,,m>cus ,,aurelius4 ,,conf]5ce ,,at ,,! ,,royal ,,in/itution4 ,,m>cus ,,aurelius4 ,ladies & ,g5tlem51--,i h accept$ ) great pleasure ! invitation to address y 9 ?is illu/ri\s in/itution devot$ to ! noble/ rese>*es ( sci5ce & ( true philosophy4 ,i h dream$ s9ce my *ildhood ( ?is isl&1 :]e ,i h s _m fri5ds1 & :i* ,i visit s t>dily4 ,i am a ,briton ( ,france4 ,9 our old books1 ,engl& is always call$ ! ,isl& ( ! ,sa9ts2 &1 9 tru?1 all our sa9ts ( ,armorican ,brittany1 ^? sa9ts ( d\btful or?odoxy1 :o1 if !y 7 aga9 alive1 w\ld be m 9 h>mony ) u ?an ) ! ,jesuits1 came f ! ,isl& ( ,brita94 ,i h se5 9 _! *apel ! tr\gh ( /one 9 :i* !y cross$ ! sea4 ,( all races1 ! ,brita9 race is t :i* has ev] tak5 religion ! mo/ s]i\sly4 ,ev5 :5 ! progress ( reflection has %[n u t "s articles among ! catalogues ( ?+s :i* we h always reg>d$ z fix$ %\ld be modifi$1 we nev] break away f ! symbol "u :i* we h f ! fir/ approv$ ! ideal4 ,= our fai? is n conta9$ 9 obscure metaphysical propositions3 x is 9 ! affirmations ( ! he>t4 ,i h !re=e *os5 = my disc\rse to y1 n "o ( ^? subtleties :i* divide1 b "o ( ^? !mes1 de> to ! s\l1 :i* br+ ne>]1 & reconcile4 ,i %all speak to y ( t book respl5d5t ) ! div9e _s1 t manual ( submissive life :i* ! mo/ godly ( m5 has left u1--! ,cs>1 ,m>cus ,aurelius ,anton9e4 ,x is ! glory ( sov]eigns t ! mo/ irreproa*able model ( virtue may be f\nd 9 _! ranks1 & t ! mo/ beautiful lessons ( pati5ce & ( self-control may come f a condition :i* "o naturally believes to be subject to all ! s$uctions ( pleasure & ( vanity4 ,i4 ,! inh]itance ( wisdom ) a ?rone is always r>e3 ,i f9d 9 hi/ory b two /rik+ examples ( x1--9 ,india1 ! succession ( ! ?ree ,mongol emp]ors1 ,bb]1 ,hoomyoon1 & ,akb>2 at ,rome1 at ! head ( ! greate/ empire t ev] exi/$1 ! two admirable reigns ( ,anton9e ! ,pi\s & ,m>cus ,aurelius4 ,( ! la/ two1 ,i consid] ,anton9e ! greate/4 ,8 goodness did n lead him into faults3 he 0 n torm5t$ ) t int]nal tr\ble :i* di/urb$ )\t ceas+ ! he>t ( 8 adopt$ son4 ,?is /range malady1 ?is re/less /udy ( himself1 ?is demon ( scrupul\sness1 ?is fev] ( p]fection1 are signs ( a less /rong & di/+ui%$ nature4 ,z ! f9e/ ?\ghts are ^? :i* are n writt51 ,anton9e _h 9 ?is respect also a sup]iority ov] ,m>cus ,aurelius4 ,b let u add t we %\ld be ignorant ( ,anton9e1 if ,m>cus ,aurelius _h n transmitt$ to u t exquisite portrait ( 8 adopt$ fa!r1 9 :i* he seems to h appli$ himself1 ?r\gh humility1 to pa9t+ ! picture ( a bett] man ?an himself4 ,x is he :o has sket*$ 9 ! fir/ book ( 8 ,?\ghts1--t admirable backgr\nd :]e ! noble & pure =ms ( 8 fa!r1 "m1 gr&fa!r1 & tutors1 move 9 a cele/ial light4 ,?anks to ,m>cus ,aurelius1 we are able to und]/& h[ ^! old ,roman families1 :o _h se5 ! reign ( ! wick$ emp]ors1 /ill reta9$ hone/y1 dignity1 ju/ice1 ! civil1 &1 if ,i may d>e to say x1 ! republican _s4 ,!y liv$ !re 9 admiration ( ,cato1 ( ,brutus1 ( ,?rasea1 & ( ! great /oics ^: s\ls _h nev] b[$ "u tyranny4 ,! reign ( ,domitian 0 abhorr$ by !m4 ,! sages :o _h endur$ x )\t submission 7 honor$ z h]oes4 ,! accession ( ! ,anton9es 0 only ! com+ to p[] ( ! society ( sages1 ( ^: j ang] ,tacitus has in=m$ u1--a society ( wise m5 =m$ by ! league ( all ^? :o _h revolt$ aga9/ ! despotism ( ! fir/ ,cs>s4 ,! salut>y pr9ciple ( adoption made ! imp]ial c\rt ( ! second c5tury a true cradle ( virtue4 ,! noble & le>n$ ,n]va1 9 e/abli%+ ?is pr9ciple1 assur$ ! happ9ess ( ! human race dur+ almo/ a hundr$ ye>s1 & gave to ! _w ! be/ c5tury ( progress ( :i* any k has be5 pres]v$4 ,! sov]eignty ?us possess$ 9 common by a gr\p ( *oice m5 :o delegat$ x or %>$ x1 accord+ to ! ne$s ( ! mom5t1 lo/ a "p ( t attraction :i* r5d]s x s dang]\s4 ,m5 came to ! ?rone )\t seek+ x1 b also )\t ! "r ( bir?1 or 9 any s5se ! div9e "r3 m5 came !re und]/&+ !mselves1 exp]i5c$1 hav+ be5 long prep>$4 ,! empire 0 a civil burd5 :i* ea* accept$ 9 8 turn1 )\t dream+ ( ha/5+ ! h\r4 ,m>cus ,aurelius 0 made emp]or s "y1 t ! idea ( rul+ _h sc>cely occurr$ to him1 & _h n = a mom5t ex]cis$ its *>m ^u 8 m9d4 ,at eight ye>s1 :5 he 0 already prsul ( ! ,salian prie/s1 ,hadrian rem>k$ ?is sad *ild1 & lov$ him = 8 good-nature1 8 docility1 & 8 incapability ( falsehood4 ,at eighte5 ye>s ! empire 0 assur$ to him4 ,he await$ x pati5tly = tw5ty-two ye>s4 ,! ev5+ :5 ,anton9e1 feel+ himself ab\t to die1 aft] hav+ giv5 to ! tribune ! wat*word1 quanimitas1 comm&$ ! gold5 /atue ( ,=tune1 :i* 0 always 9 ! ap>tm5t ( ! emp]or1 to be borne into t ( 8 adopt$ son1 he exp]i5c$ nei!r surprise nor joy4 ,he _h long be5 sat$ ) all joys1 )\t hav+ ta/$ !m3 he _h se5 ! absolute vanity ( !m by ! pr(\ndness ( 8 philosophy4 ,! great inconv5i5ce ( practical life1 & t :i* r5d]s x insupportable to a sup]ior man1 is1 t1 if "o c>ries into x ! pr9ciples ( ! ideal1 tal5ts become defects2 s t v (t5 ! accompli%$ man is less successful 9 x ?an "o :o is fitt$ by egotism or ord9>y r\t9e4 ,?ree or f\r times ! virtue ( ,m>cus ,aurelius came ne> be+ 8 ru94 ,! fir/ fault into :i* x l$ him 0 t ( %>+ ! empire ) ,lucius ,v]us1 to :om he 0 "u no obligation4 ,v]us 0 a frivol\s & wor?less man4 ,prodigies ( goodness & delicacy 7 necess>y 9 ord] to prev5t 8 committ+ disa/r\s follies4 ,! wise emp]or1 e>ne/ & indu/ri\s1 took ) him 9 8 lectica 7s$an7 ! s5seless colleague :om he _h giv5 himself4 ,he p]si/$ 9 treat+ him s]i\sly3 he nev] once revolt$ aga9/ ?is sorry companion%ip4 ,l all well-br$ m51 ,m>cus ,aurelius discommod$ himself cont9ually3 8 mann]s came f a g5]al habit ( firmness & dignity4 ,s\ls ( ?is k9d1 ei!r f respect = human nature1 or 9 ord] n to w\nd o!rs1 resign !mselves to ! appe>ance ( see+ no evil4 ,_! life is a p]petual dissimulation4 ,accord+ to "s1 he ev5 deceiv$ himself1 s9ce1 9 8 intimate int]c\rse ) ! gods1 on ! bord]s ( ! ,granicus1 speak+ ( 8 unwor?y wife1 he ?ank$ !m = hav+ giv5 him a wife s amiable1 s affectionate1 s pure4 ,i h %[n else:]e t ! pati5ce1 or1 if "o *ooses1 ! weakness1 on ?is po9t1 ( ,m>cus ,aurelius1 has be5 some:at exagg]at$4 ,fau/9a _h faults3 ! greate/ "o 0 t %e dislik$ ! fri5ds ( h] husb&2 &1 z ^! fri5ds wrote hi/ory1 %e has paid ! p5alty be=e po/]ity4 ,b a discrim9at+ critic has no tr\ble 9 %[+ ! exagg]ations ( ! leg5d4 ,e ?+ indicates t ,fau/9a at fir/ f\nd happ9ess & love 9 t villa at ,lorium1 or 9 t beautiful retreat at ,lanuvium ^u ! highe/ po9ts ( ! ,alban m\nt1 :i* ,m>cus ,aurelius describ$ to 8 tutor ,fronto z an abode full ( ! pure/ joys4 ,!n %e became we>y ( too mu* wisdom4 ,let u tell all3 ! beautiful s5t5ces ( ,m>cus ,aurelius1 8 au/]e virtue1 8 p]petual melan*oly1 might h become tiresome to a "y & caprici\s woman possess$ ( an ard5t temp]am5t & m>vell\s beauty4 ,he und]/ood x1 suff]$ x1 & spoke n4 ,fau/9a rema9$ always 8 v good & v fai?ful wife4 ,no "o succe$$1 ev5 aft] h] dea?1 9 p]suad+ him to give up ?is pi\s lie4 ,9 a bas-relief :i* is /ill se5 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,capitol at ,rome1 :ile ,fau/9a is borne to heav5 by a mess5g] ( ! gods1 ! excell5t emp]or reg>ds h] ) a look full ( love4 ,x seems t at la/ he _h deceiv$ himself1 & =gott5 all4 ,b ?r\gh :at a /ruggle he mu/ h pass$ 9 ord] to d ?is6 ,dur+ long ye>s1 a sickness at he>t sl[ly consum$ him4 ,! desp]ate ef=t :i* 0 ! ess5ce ( 8 philosophy1 ?is fr5zy ( r5unciation1 c>ri$ sometimes ev5 to sophism1 conceal$ an imm5se w\nd at ! bottom4 ,h[ necess>y x mu/ h be5 to bid adieu to happ9ess 9 ord] to rea* su* an excess6 ,no "o w ev] und]/& all t ?is poor w\nd$ he>t suff]$1 ! bitt]ness :i* t pale face conceal$1 always calm1 always smil+4 ,x is true t ! f>ewell to happ9ess is ! beg9n+ ( wisdom & ! sure/ means ( f9d+ peace4 ,!re is no?+ s sweet z ! return ( joy :i* foll[s ! r5unciation ( joy2 no?+ s ke51 s pr(\nd1 s *>m+1 z ! en*antm5t ( ! dis5*ant$4 ,"s hi/orians1 m or less imbu$ ) t policy :i* believes itself to be sup]ior1 because x is n suspect$ ( any philosophy1 h naturally s\ght to prove t s accompli%$ a man 0 a bad adm9i/rator & a m$iocre sov]eign4 ,x appe>s1 9 fact1 t ,m>cus ,aurelius s9n$ m ?an once by too mu* l5ity4 ,b nev] 0 !re a reign m fruitful 9 re=ms & progress4 ,! public *>ity f\nd$ by ,n]va & ,trajan 0 admirably develop$ by him4 ,new s*ools 7 e/abli%$ = poor *ildr52 ! sup]9t5d5ts ( provisions became function>ies ( ! fir/ rank1 & 7 *os5 ) extreme c>e2 :ile ! wants ( poor "y girls 7 c>$ = by ! ,in/itute ( ,jeunes ,fau/9i5nes4 ,! pr9ciple t ! /ate has duties 9 "s degree pat]nal t[>ds its memb]s 7a pr9ciple :i* %\ld be rememb]$ ) gratitude1 ev5 :5 x has be5 disp5s$ )71--?is pr9ciple1 ,i say1 0 proclaim$ = ! fir/ "t 9 ! _w by ,trajan & 8 successors4 ,nei!r ! pu]ile pomp ( ,ori5tal k+doms1 f\nd$ on ! bas5ess & /upidity ( m51 nor ! p$antic pride ( ! k+doms ( ! middle ages1 f\nd$ on an exagg]at$ s5tim5t = h]$it>y succession1 & on a simple fai? 9 ! rights ( blood1 c\ld give an idea ( ! utt]ly republican sov]eignty ( ,n]va1 ,trajan1 ,hadrian1 ,anton9e1 & ,m>cus ,aurelius4 ,no?+ ( ! pr9ce by h]$it>y or div9e "r1 no?+ ( ! milit>y *iefta93 x 0 a sort ( gr& civil magi/racy1 )\t resembl+ a c\rt 9 any way1 or depriv+ ! emp]or ( 8 private "*4 ,m>cus ,aurelius1 9 p>ticul>1 0 nei!r mu* nor little a k+ 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w4 ,8 =tune 0 imm5se1 b all employ$ = good3 8 av]sion = ! ,cs>s1 :om he consid]$ z a species ( ,s>danapali1 magnific5t1 debau*$1 & cruel1 bur/ out at ea* in/ant4 ,! civility ( 8 mann]s 0 extreme4 ,he gave to ! ,s5ate all its anci5t importance3 :5 he 0 at ,rome1 he nev] miss$ a session1 & left 8 place only :5 ! ,consul _h pron\nc$ ! =mula1 ,nihil vos moram>1 patres conscripti4 ,almo/ e ye> ( 8 reign he made w>1 & he made x well1 al?\gh he f\nd 9 x only ennui4 ,8 li/less campaigns aga9/ ! ,quadi & ,m>comanni 7 v well conduct$3 ! disgu/ :i* he felt = !m did n prev5t 8 mo/ consci5ti\s att5tion to !m4 ,x 0 9 ! c\rse ( "o ( ^! exp$itions1 t1 encamp$ on ! banks ( ! ,granicus1 9 ! mid/ ( ! monoton\s pla9s ( ,hung>y1 he wrote ! mo/ beautiful pages ( ! exquisite book :i* has reveal$ 8 :ole s\l to u4 ,x is probable1 t1 :5 v "y1 he kept a j\rnal ( 8 secret ?\ghts4 ,he inscrib$ !re ! maxims to :i* he _h rec\rse 9 ord] to =tify himself1 ! rem9isc5ces ( 8 favorite au?ors1 ! passages ( ! morali/s :i* appeal$ mo/ to him1 ! pr9ciples :i* _h su/a9$ him ?r\gh ! day1 sometimes ! reproa*es :i* 8 scrupul\s consci5ce address$ to him4 ,"o seeks = himself solit>y retreats1 ru/ic cottages1 sea-%ore1 or m\nta9s3 l o!rs1 ?\ love/ to dream ( ^! good ?+s4 ,to :at end1 s9ce x is p]mitt$ to !e to retire )9 ?y s\l ea* h\r8 ,man has n[h]e a m tranquil retreat1 above all1 if he has )9 himself ^? ?+s1 ! contemplation ( :i* w calm him4 ,le>n1 !n1 h[ to enjoy ?is retreat1 & !re r5ew ?y /r5g?4 ,let !re be ^? %ort fundam5tal maxims1 :i* above all w give aga9 s]5ity to ?y s\l1 & re/ore !e to a /ate 9 :i* to support ) resignation ! _w to :i* ?\ %\lde/ return4 ,dur+ ! sad w9t]s ( ! ,nor?1 ?is consolation became /ill m necess>y to him4 ,he 0 ne>ly sixty ye>s old3 old age 0 premature ) him4 ,"o ev5+ all ! pictures ( 8 pi\s y\? return$ to 8 remembrance1 & he pass$ "s delici\s h\rs 9 calculat+ h[ mu* he ow$ to ea* "o ( ! virtu\s be+s :o _h surr\nd$ him4 ,examples ( my gr&fa!r ,v]us1--sweetness ( mann]s1 un*angeable pati5ce4 ,qualities :i* "o valu$ 9 my fa!r1 ! s\v5ir :i* he has left me1--mode/y1 manly "*4 ,to imitate ! piety ( my "m1 h] b5evol5ce2 to ab/a91 l h]1 n only f do+ evil1 b f conceiv+ ! ?\ght ( x2 to lead h] frugal life1 :i* s little resembl$ ! habitual luxury ( ! ri*4 ,!n appe>$ to him1 9 turn1 ,diagnotus1 :o _h inspir$ him ) a ta/e = philosophy1 & made agreeable to 8 eyes ! pallet1 ! cov]+ made ( a simple sk91 & all ! app>el ( ,hell5ic discipl9e2 ,junius ,ru/icus1 :o taught him to avoid all affectation ( elegance 9 /yle1 & loan$ him ! ,conv]sations ( ,epictetus2 ,apollonius ( ,*alcis1 :o realiz$ ! ,/oic ideal ( extreme firmness & p]fect sweetness2 ,sextus ( ,*a]oneia1 s grave & s good2 ,alex&] ! gramm>ian1 :o c5sur$ ) su* ref9$ polit5ess2 ,fronto1 :o taught him ! envy1 duplicity1 & hypocrisy ( a tyrant1 & ! h>dness :i* may exi/ 9 ! he>t ( a patrician2 8 bro!r ,sev]us1 :o made him und]/& ,?rasia1 ,helvidius1 ,cato1 ,brutus1 :o gave him ! idea ( :at a free gov]nm5t is1 :]e ! rule is ! natural equality ( ! citiz5s & ! equality ( _! rights2 ( a royalty :i* places be=e all else ! respect = ! lib]ty ( ! citiz5s2 &1 ris+ above all o!rs 9 8 immaculate gr&eur1 ,anton9e1 8 fa!r by adoption1 ^: picture he traces = u ) r$\bl$ gratitude & love4 ,i ?ank ! gods1 said he f9ally1 = hav+ giv5 me good ance/ors1 good p>5ts1 a good si/]1 good tea*]s1 & 9 my surr\nd+s1 9 my relations1 9 my fri5ds1 m5 almo/ all fill$ ) goodness4 ,i nev] all[$ myself to be want+ 9 def]5ce t[>ds !m3 f my natural disposition1 ,i c\ld sometimes h %[n irrev]5ce2 b ! b5evol5ce ( ! gods nev] p]mitt$ ! occasion to pres5t itself4 ,i am also indebt$ to ! gods1 :o pres]v$ pure ! fl[] ( my y\?1 = hav+ be5 re>$ "u ! rule ( a pr9ce1 & a fa!r :o /rove to free my s\l f all trace ( pride1 to make me und]/& t x is possible1 :ile liv+ 9 a palace1 to disp5se ) gu>ds1 ) spl5did clo!s1 ) tor*es1 ) /atues1 to tea* me1 9 %ort1 t a pr9ce c almo/ contract 8 life )9 ! limits ( t ( a simple citiz51 )\t1 on t acc\nt1 %[+ less nobility & vigor :5 he comes to be an emp]or1 & transact ! affairs ( /ate4 ,!y gave me a bro!r1 ^: mann]s 7 a cont9ual exhortation to wat* ov] myself1 :ile 8 def]5ce & atta*m5t %\ld h made ! joy ( my he>t4 ,?anks to ! gods aga91 t ,i h made ha/e to raise ^? :o h c>$ = my education1 to ! honors :i* !y seem$ to desire4 ,!y h enabl$ me to und]/& ,apollonius1 ,ru/icus1 ,maximus1 & h held out to me1 surr\nd$ ) brilliant light1 ! picture ( a life con=m$ to nature4 ,i h fall5 %ort ( x 9 ! end1 x is true2 b x is my fault4 ,if my body has long support$ ! rude life :i* ,i lead2 if1 9 spite ( my frequ5t neglect ( ,ru/icus1 ,i h nev] ov]/epp$ ! b\nds1 or done any ?+ ( :i* ,i %\ld rep5t2 if my "m1 :o di$ "y1 0 able1 nev]!less1 to pass h] la/ ye>s ne> me2 if1 :5ev] ,i h wi%$ to succor ! poor or afflict$1 money has nev] be5 want+2 if ,i h nev] ne$$ to accept any ?+ f o!rs2 if ,i h a wife ( an amiable1 affectionate1 & pure "*2 if ,i h f\nd _m capable m5 = ! education ( my *ildr52 if1 at ! beg9n+ ( my passion = philosophy1 ,i did n become ! prey ( a sophi/1--x is to ! gods t ,i owe x all4 ,yes1 s _m bless+s c\ld only be ! result ( ! aid ( ! gods & a happy =tune4 ,?is div9e c&or brea!s 9 e page4 ,no "o has ev] writt5 m simply ?an did he = ! sole purpose ( unburd5+ 8 he>t to ,god1 8 only witness4 ,!re is n a %ad[ ( sy/em 9 x4 ,m>cus ,aurelius1 to speak exactly1 _h no philosophy3 al?\gh he ow$ almo/ e ?+ to /oicism trans=m$ by ! ,roman _s1 x is ( no s*ool4 ,accord+ to our idea1 he has too little curiosity2 = he kn[s n all t a contempor>y ( ,ptolemy & ,gal5 %\ld "k3 he has "s op9ions on ! sy/em ( ! _w1 :i* 7 n up to ! highe/ sci5ce ( 8 "t4 ,b 8 moral ?\ght1 ?us deta*$ f all alliance ) a sy/em1 rea*es a s+ul> height4 ,! au?or ( ! book1 ,! ,imitation1 himself1 al?\gh free f ! qu>rels ( ! s*ools1 does n rise to ?is1 = 8 mann] ( feel+ is ess5tially ,*ri/ian4 ,take away 8 ,*ri/ian dogmas1 & 8 book reta9s only a portion ( its *>m4 ,! book ( ,m>cus ,aurelius1 hav+ no dogmatic base1 pres]ves its fre%ness et]nally4 ,e "o1 f ! a!i/1 or he :o believes himself "o1 to ! man :o is ! mo/ devot$ to ! especial cre$s ( ea* wor%ip1 c f9d 9 x "s fruits ( edification4 ,x is ! mo/ purely human book :i* exi/s4 ,x deals ) no "q ( controv]sy4 ,9 !ology1 ,m>cus ,aurelius floats betwe5 pure ,deism1 ,poly!ism int]pret$ 9 a physical s5se accord+ to ! mann] ( ! ,/oics1 & a sort ( cosmic ,pan!ism4 ,he holds n mu* m firmly to "o hypo!sis ?an to ! o!r1 & he uses indiscrim9ately ! ?ree vocabul>ies ( ! ,dei/1 ,poly!i/1 & ,pan!i/4 ,8 consid]ations h always two sides1 accord+ z ,god & ! s\l h1 or h n1 reality4 ,x is ! reason+ :i* we d ea* h\r2 =1 if ! mo/ complete ,mat]ialism is "r1 we :o h believ$ 9 tru? & goodness %all be no m dup$ ?an o!rs4 ,if ,idealism is "r1 we h be5 ! true sages1 & we h be5 wise 9 ! only mann] :i* becomes u1 t is to say1 ) no selfi% wait+1 )\t hav+ look$ = a remun]ation4 ,,ii4 ,we "h t\* a great secret ( moral philosophy & religion4 ,m>cus ,aurelius has no speculative philosophy2 8 !ology is utt]ly contradictory2 he has no idea f\nd$ ^u ! s\l & immortality4 ,h[ c\ld he be s moral )\t ! beliefs t are n[ reg>d$ z ! f\ndations ( morality8 h[ s pr(\ndly religi\s1 )\t hav+ pr(ess$ "o ( ! dogmas ( :at is call$ natural religion8 ,x is important to make ?is inquiry4 ,! d\bts1 :i*1 to ! view ( speculative reason1 hov] above ! tru?s ( natural religion1 are n1 z ,kant has admirably %[n1 accid5tal d\bts1 capable ( be+ remov$1 belong+1 z is sometimes imag9$1 to c]ta9 conditions ( ! human m9d4 ,^! d\bts are inh]5t to ! nature ev5 ( ^! tru?s1 if "o may say x )\t a p>adox2 &1 if ^! d\bts 7 remov$1 ! tru?s ) :i* !y qu>rel w\ld disappe> at ! same "t4 ,let u suppose1 9 %ort1 a direct1 positive pro(1 evid5t to all1 ( future suff]+s & rew>ds3 :]e w be ! m]it ( do+ good8 ,!y w\ld be b fools :om gayety ( he>t %\ld ha/5 to damnation4 ,a cr[d ( base s\ls w\ld secure _! salvation )\t concealm5t3 !y w\ld1 9 a s5se1 =ce ! div9e p[]4 ,:o does n see1 t1 9 su* a sy/em1 !re is nei!r morality nor religion8 ,9 ! moral & religi\s ord] x is indisp5sable to believe )\t demon/ration4 ,x deals n ) c]ta9ty3 x acts by fai?4 ,?is is :at ,deism =gets1 ) its habits ( intemp]ate affirmation4 ,x =gets t cre$s too precise conc]n+ human de/9y w\ld de/roy all moral m]it4 ,= u1 !y w\ld say t we %\ld d z did ,/4 ,l\is :5 he 0 told ( ! miracul\s waf]1--we %\ld refuse to see x4 ,:at ne$ h we ( ^! brutal pro(s :i* trammel our lib]ty8 ,we %\ld fe> to become assimilat$ to ^? speculators 9 virtue1 or ^? vulg> c[>ds1 :o m+le ) spiritual ?+s ! gross selfi%ness ( practical life4 ,9 ! days :i* foll[$ ! belief 9 ! resurrection ( ,jesus1 ?is s5tim5t 0 manife/$ 9 ! mo/ t\*+ mann]4 ,! fai?ful 9 he>t1 ! s5sitive ones1 pref]r$ to believe )\t see+4 ,bless$ are !y t h n se51 & yet h believ$1 became ! ^w = ! "t4 ,*>m+ words6 ,et]nal symbol ( t5d] & g5]\s ,idealism1 :i* has a horror ( t\*+ ) ! h&s t :i* %\ld only be se5 ) ! he>t6 ,our good ,m>cus ,aurelius1 on ?is po9t z on all o!rs1 0 9 advance ( ! ages4 ,he nev] c>$ to argue ) himself conc]n+ ,god & ! s\l4 ,z if he _h read ! ,criticism ( ,practical ,reason1 he saw cle>ly1 t1 :]e ! ,inf9ite is conc]n$1 no =mula is absolute2 & t1 9 su* matt]s1 "o has no *ance ( see+ ! tru? dur+ 8 life1 )\t mu* self-contradiction4 ,he di/9ctly sep>ates moral beauty f all !oretical !ology4 ,he all[s duty to dep5d on no metaphysical op9ion ( ! ,fir/ ,cause4 ,! intimate union ) an unse5 god 0 nev] c>ri$ to a m unhe>d-( delicacy4 ,to (f] to ! gov]nm5t ( ,god t :i* is )9 !e1--a /rong be+ rip5$ by age1 a fri5d ( ! public good1 a ,roman1 an emp]or1 a soldi] at 8 po/ await+ ! signal ( ! trumpet1 a man ready to quit life )\t regret4 ,!re are _m gra9s ( inc5se de/9$ to ! same alt>3 "o falls soon]1 ! o!r lat]1 9 ! fire2 b ! diff]5ce is no?+4 ,man %\ld live accord+ to nature dur+ ! few days t are giv5 him on ! e>?1 &1 :5 ! mom5t ( leav+ x comes1 %\ld submit himself sweetly1 z an olive1 :i*1 9 fall+1 blesses ! tree :i* has produc$ x1 & r5d]s ?anks to ! bran* :i* has borne x4 ,all t :i* ?\ arrange/ is suit$ to me1 ,o ,cosmos6 ,no?+ ( t :i* comes f !e is premature or backw>d to me4 ,i f9d my fruit 9 t :i* ?y seasons be>1 ,o ,nature6 ,f !e comes all2 9 !e is all2 to !e all returns4 ,o man6 ?\ ha/ be5 a citiz5 9 ! great city3 :at matt]s x to !e to h rema9$ ?ree or five ye>s8 ,t :i* is gov]n$ by laws is unju/ = no "o4 ,:at is !re1 !n1 s sorr[ful 9 be+ s5t f ! city1 n by a tyrant1 n by an unju/ judge1 b by ! same nature :i* all[$ !e to ent] !re8 ,x is z if a com$ian is dis*>g$ f ! !atre by ! same prtor :o engag$ him4 ,b wilt ?\ say1 ',i h n play$ ! five acts2 ,i h play$ b ?ree8' ,?\ saye/ well2 b 9 life ?ree acts suffice to complete ! entire piece4444 ,g1 !n1 cont5t1 s9ce he :o dismisses !e is cont5t4 ,is ?is to say t he nev] revolt$ aga9/ ! /range fate :i* leaves man alone face to face ) ! ne$s ( devotion1 ( sacrifice1 ( h]oism1 & nature ) its transc5d5t immorality1 its supreme disda9 = virtue8 ,no4 ,once at lea/ ! absurdity1 ! colossal iniquity1 ( dea?1 /rikes him4 ,b soon 8 temp]am5t1 completely mortifi$1 resumes its p[]1 & he becomes calm4 ,h[ happ5s x t ! gods1 :o h ord]$ all ?+s s well1 & ) s mu* love = m51 %\ld h =gott5 "o ?+ only2 t is1 t m5 ( tri$ virtue1 :o dur+ _! lives h _h a sort ( int]*ange ( relations ) div9ity1 :o h made !mselves lov$ by x on acc\nt ( _! pi\s acts & _! sacrifices1 live n aft] dea?1 b may be ext+ui%$ =ev]8 ,s9ce x is s1 be sure1 t1 if x %\ld be o!rwise1 !y 7! gods7 w\ld n h fail$2 =1 if x _h be5 j1 x w\ld h be5 possible2 if x _h be5 suitable to nature1 nature w\ld h p]mitt$ x4 ,consequ5tly1 :5 x is n ?us1 /r5g!n ?yself 9 ?is consid]ation1 t x 0 n necess>y t x %\ld be ?us4 ,?\ ?yself see/ pla9ly t to make su* a dem& is to dispute 8 "r ) ,god4 ,n[1 we w\ld n ?us cont5d ) ! gods if !y 7 n absolutely good & absolutely j3 if !y are s1 !y h all[$ no?+ to make a "p ( ! ord] ( ! _w :i* is contr>y to ju/ice & "r4 ,ah6 is x too mu* resignation1 ladies & g5tlem58 ,if x is v]itably ?us1 we h ! "r to compla94 ,to say1 t1 if ?is _w has n its c\nt]p>t1 ! man :o is sacrific$ to tru? or "r ought to leave x cont5t1 & absolve ! gods1--t is too nave4 ,no1 he has a "r to blaspheme !m4 ,=1 9 %ort1 :y has 8 cr$ulity be5 ?us abus$8 ,:y %\ld he h be5 end[$ ) deceitful in/9cts1 ( :i* he has be5 ! hone/ dupe8 ,:]e=e is ?is premium giv5 to ! frivol\s or wick$ man8 ,is x1 !n1 he :o is n deceiv$ :o is ! wise man8 ,!n curs$ be ! gods :o s adjudge _! pref]5ces6 ,i desire t ! future may be an enigma2 b1 if !re is no future1 !n ?is _w is a frightful ambuscade4 ,take notice t our wi% is n t ( ! vulg> cl[n4 ,we wi% n to see ! *a/isem5t ( ! culpable1 nor to m$dle ) ! int]e/s ( our virtue4 ,our wi% has no selfi%ness3 x is simply to be1 to rema9 9 accord ) light1 to cont9ue ! ?\ght we h begun1 to "k m ( x1 to enjoy "s day t tru? :i* we seek ) s mu* labor1 to see ! triumph ( ! good :i* we h lov$4 ,no?+ is m legitimate4 ,! wor?y emp]or1 moreov]1 0 also s5sible ( x3 ,:at6 ! light ( a lamp burns until ! mom5t 9 :i* x is ext+ui%$1 & loses no?+ ( its brilliancy1 & ! tru?1 ju/ice1 temp]ance1 :i* are 9 !e %all be ext+ui%$ ) !e6 ,all 8 life 0 pass$ 9 ?is noble hesitation4 ,if he s9n$1 x 0 ?r\gh too mu* piety4 ,less resign$1 he w\ld h be5 m j2 = surely to dem& t !re %\ld be an intimate & sympa!tic witness ( ! /ruggles :i* we endure = goodness & tru? is n to ask too mu*4 ,x is possible1 also1 t if 8 philosophy _h be5 less exclusively moral1 if x _h impli$ a m curi\s /udy ( hi/ory & ( ! univ]se1 x w\ld h escap$ a c]ta9 excessive rigor4 ,l ! ascetic ,*ri/ians1 ,m>cus ,aurelius sometimes c>ri$ r5unciation to dryness & subtlety4 ,"o feels t ?is calmness1 :i* nev] belies itself1 is obta9$ ?r\gh an imm5se ef=t4 ,c]ta9ly1 evil _h nev] an attraction = him3 he _h no passion to /ruggle aga9/4 ,:atev] "o may d or say1 writes he1 x is necess>y t ,i %\ld be a good man2 z ! em]ald might say1 ',:atev] "o may say or d1 ,i mu/ rema9 an em]ald1 & reta9 my color4' ,b1 9 ord] to hold "o's self always ^u ! icy summit ( /oicism1 x is necess>y to d cruel viol5ce to nature1 & to cut away f x m ?an "o noble elem5t4 ,?is p]petual repetition ( ! same reason+1 ! ?\s& figures "u :i* he seeks to repres5t to himself ! vanity ( all ?+s1 ^! frequ5tly artless pro(s ( univ]sal frivolity1 te/ify to /rifes :i* he has pass$ ?r\gh 9 ord] to ext+ui% all desire 9 himself4 ,at times we f9d 9 x some?+ h>% & sad4 ,! read+ ( ,m>cus ,aurelius /r5g!ns1 b x does n console3 x leaves a void 9 ! s\l :i* is at once cruel & delightful1 :i* "o w\ld n ex*ange = full satisfaction4 ,humility1 r5unciation1 sev]ity t[>ds self1 7 nev] c>ri$ fur!r4 ,glory--t la/ illusion ( great s\ls--is r$uc$ to no?+ness4 ,x is ne$ful to d "r )\t di/urb+ "o's self z to :e!r any "o kn[s t we d x4 ,he p]ceives t hi/ory w speak ( him3 he sometimes dreams ( ! m5 ( ! pa/ ) :om ! future w associate him4 ,if !y h only play$ ! "p ( tragic actors1 said he1 no "o has condemn$ me to imitate !m4 ,! absolute mortification at :i* he _h arriv$ _h de/roy$ ! la/ fibre ( self-love 9 him4 ,! consequ5ces ( ?is au/]e philosophy might h be5 h>dness & ob/9acy4 ,x is "h t ! r>e goodness ( ! nature ( ,m>cus ,aurelius %9es out 9 its full brilliancy4 ,8 sev]ity is only = himself4 ,! fruit ( ?is great t5sion ( s\l is an inf9ite b5evol5ce4 ,all 8 life 0 a /udy ( h[ to return good = evil4 ,at ev5+1 aft] "s sad exp]i5ce ( human p]v]sity1 he wrote only z foll[s3 ,if ?\ can/1 correct !m2 on ! o!r h&1 rememb] t ?\ %\lde/ ex]cise b5evol5ce t[>ds ^? :o h be5 giv5 to !e4 ,! gods !mselves are b5evol5t to m53 !y aid !m1--s great is _! goodness6--to acquire heal?1 ri*es1 glory4 ,?\ art p]mitt$ to be l ! gods4 ,ano!r day1 "s "o 0 v wick$2 = see :at he wrote ^u 8 tablets3 ,su* is ! ord] ( nature3 m5 ( ?is sort mu/ act ?us f necessity4 ,to wi% x to be o!rwise is to wi% t ! fig-tree %all be> no figs4 ,rememb]1 ?\1 9 "o ^w1 ?is ?+3 9 a v %ort "t ?\ & he w die2 soon aft]1 y\r names ev5 w be kn[n no m4 ,! ?\ghts ( a univ]sal p>don recur )\t ceas+4 ,at times a sc>cely p]ceptible smile is m+l$ ) ?is *>m+ goodness1--,! be/ me?od ( av5g+ "o's self ^u ! wick$ is n to be l !m2 or a light /roke ( pride1--,x is a royal ?+ to he> evil said ( "o's self :5 "o does "r4 ,"o day he ?us reproa*$ himself3 ,?\ ha/ =gott51 said he1 :at holy relation%ip unites ea* man to ! human race1--a relation%ip n ( blood1 or ( bir?1 b ! p>ticipation 9 ! same intellig5ce4 ,?\ ha/ =gott5 t ! reason+ p[] ( ea* "o is a god1 d]iv$ f ! ,supreme ,be+4 ,9 ! bus9ess ( life he 0 always exact1 al?\gh a little +5u\s1 z v good m5 usually are4 ,! n9e reasons = =be>ance :i* he valu$ = himself 7book xi4 art4 #ah7 %[ u 8 *>m+ good-nature be=e family tr\bles1 :i* p]haps came to him ?r\gh 8 unwor?y son4 ,if1 ^u occasion1 said he to himself1 ?\ exhorte/ him quietly1 & %alt give to him )\t ang] "s lessons l ^!1--',no1 my *ild2 we are born = ea* o!r4 ,x is n ,i :o suff] ! evil1 x is ?\ :o doe/ x ?yself1 my *ild6'--%[ him adroitly1 by a g5]al consid]ation1 t su* is ! rule2 t nei!r ! bees1 nor ! animals :o live naturally 9 h]ds1 resemble him4 ,say ?is )\t mock]y or insult1 ) an air ( true affection1 ) a he>t :i* is n excit$ by ang]2 n z a p$ant1 n = ! sake ( be+ admir$ by ^? :o are pres5t2 ?9k only ( him4 ,commodus 7if x 0 = him t he ?us act$7 01 )\t d\bt1 little t\*$ by ?is good pat]nal rhetoric4 ,"o ( ! maxims ( ! excell5t emp]or 01 t ! wick$ are unhappy1 t "o is only wick$ 9 spite ( himself1 & ?r\gh ignorance4 ,he piti$ ^? :o 7 n l himself3 he did n believe t he _h ! "r to obtrude himself ^u !m4 ,he well und]/ood ! bas5ess ( m52 b he did n av[ x4 ,?is will+ bl9dness is ! defect ( *oice spirits4 ,! _w n be+ all t !y c\ld wi%1 !y lie to !mselves 9 ord] n to see x z x is4 ,f !nce arises an exp$i5cy 9 _! judgm5ts4 ,9 ,m>cus ,aurelius1 ?is exp$i5cy sometimes provokes u a little4 ,if we wi%$ to believe him1 8 in/ructors1 sev]al ( :om 7 m5 ( m$iocrity1 71 )\t exception1 sup]ior m54 ,"o w\ld say t e "o ne> him _h be5 virtu\s4 ,?is is c>ri$ to su* a po9t1 t "o is =c$ to ask if ! bro!r = :om he pron\nces su* a gr& eulogy 9 8 ?anks to ! gods 0 n 8 adopt$ bro!r1 ,lucius ,v]us4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! good emp]or 0 capable ( /rong illusions :5 he und]took to l5d to o!rs 8 own virtues4 ,?is quality1 express$ z an anci5t op9ion1 especially by ! p5 ( ! ,emp]or ,julian1 caus$ him to commit an enorm\s error1 :i* 0 t ( n dis9h]it+ ,commodus4 ,?is is "o ( ^? ?+s :i* x is easy to say at a di/ance1 :5 !re are no ob/acles pres5t1 & :5 "o reasons )\t facts4 ,x is =gott5 at fir/ t ! emp]ors1 :o1 aft] ,n]va1 made adoption s fruitful a political sy/em1 _h no sons4 ,adoption1 ) ! exh]$ation ( ! son or gr&son1 occurr$ 9 ! fir/ c5tury ( ! empire )\t good results4 ,m>cus ,aurelius 0 evid5tly f pr9ciple 9 favor ( direct inh]itance1 9 :i* he saw ! advantage ( ! prev5tion ( competition4 ,aft] ! bir? ( ,commodus1 9 #afa1 he pres5t$ him alone to ! p1 al?\gh he _h a tw9-bro!r3 he frequ5tly took him 9 8 arms & r5ew$ ?is act1 :i* 0 a sort ( proclamation4 ,9 #aff ,lucius ,v]us dem&$ t ! two sons ( ,m>cus1 ,commodus & ,annius ,v]us1 %\ld be made ,cs>s4 ,9 #agb ,commodus %>$ ) 8 fa!r ! title ( ,g]manicus4 ,9 #agc1 aft] ! repression ( ! revolt ( ,avidius1 ! ,s5ate1 9 ord] to recognize 9 "s way ! family dis9t]e/$ness :i* ,m>cus ,aurelius _h %[n1 dem&$ by acclamation ! empire & ! tribunitial p[] = ,commodus4 ,already ! natural wick$ness ( ! latt] _h betray$ itself by m ?an "o symptom kn[n to 8 tutors2 b h[ %all "o =esee ! future f a few naughty acts ( a *ild ( twelve ye>s8 ,9 #agf-agg 8 fa!r made him ,imp]ator1 ,consul1 ,augu/us4 ,?is 0 c]ta9ly an imprud5ce2 b he 0 b\nd by 8 previ\s acts3 ,commodus1 moreov]1 /ill re/ra9$ himself4 ,9 lat] ye>s1 ! evil completely reveal$ itself4 ,on ea* page ( ! la/ books ( ! ,?\ghts1 we see ! trace ( ! m>tyr )9 ! excell5t fa!r1 ( ! accompli%$ emp]or1 :o saw a mon/] gr[+ up beside him1 ready to succe$ him1 & to take 9 e ?+ ?r\gh antipa?y1 ! opposite c\rse f t :i* he _h believ$ to be = ! good ( m54 ,! ?\ght ( dis9h]it+ ,commodus mu/1 )\t d\bt1 h come (t5 to ,m>cus ,aurelius4 ,b x 0 too late4 ,aft] hav+ associat$ him 9 ! empire1 aft] hav+ s _m times proclaim$ him to ! legions z p]fect & accompli%$1 to come be=e ! _w & decl>e him to be unwor?y w\ld be a sc&al4 ,m>cus 0 caught 9 8 own phrases1 by t /yle ( b5evol5t exp$i5cy :i* 0 too habitual ) him4 ,&1 aft] all1 ,commodus 0 only sev5te5 ye>s old3 :o c\ld be sure t he w\ld n re=m8 ,ev5 aft] ! dea? ( ,m>cus ,aurelius ?is 0 hop$ =4 ,commodus at fir/ %[$ ! int5tion ( foll[+ ! c\nsels ( m]itori\s p]sons ) :om 8 fa!r _h surr\nd$ him4 ,! reproa* :i* is made1 !n1 aga9/ ,m>cus ,aurelius1 is n t ( n hav+1 b ( hav+1 a son4 ,x 0 n 8 fault if ! age c\ld n support s mu* wisdom4 ,9 philosophy1 ! great emp]or _h plac$ ! ideal ( virtue s high1 t no "o w\ld c>e to foll[ him4 ,9 politics1 8 b5evol5t optimism _h enfeebl$ ! /ate s]vices1 above all1 ! army4 ,9 religion1 9 ord] n to be too mu* b\nd by a religion ( ! /ate1 ( :i* he saw ! weakness1 he prep>$ ! great triumph ( ! non-(ficial wor%ip1 & left a reproa* to hov] above 8 memory1--unju/1 x is true2 b ev5 its %ad[ %\ld n be f\nd 9 s pure a life4 ,we t\* "h ^u "o ( ! mo/ delicate po9ts 9 ! biography ( ,m>cus ,aurelius4 ,x is unhappily c]ta91 t1 "u 8 reign1 ,*ri/ians 7 condemn$ to dea?1 & execut$4 ,! policy ( 8 pr$ecessors _h be5 firm 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,trajan1 ,anton9e1 ,hadrian himself1 saw 9 ! ,*ri/ians a secret sect1 anti-social1 dream+ ( ov]turn+ ! empire4 ,l all m5 true to ! old ,roman pr9ciples1 !y believ$ 9 ! necessity ( repress+ !m4 ,!re 0 no ne$ ( special edicts3 ! laws aga9/ ! coetus illiciti1 ! illicita collegia1 7 num]\s4 ,! ,*ri/ians fell 9 ! mo/ explicit s5se "u ! =ce ( ^! laws4 ,truly1 x w\ld h be5 wor?y ( ! wise emp]or :o introduc$ s _m re=ms full ( humanity1 to suppress ! edicts :i* entail$ su* cruel & unju/ consequ5ces4 ,b x is necess>y to obs]ve prim>ily1 t ! true _s ( lib]ty1 z we und]/& x1 0 n !n und]/ood by any "o2 & t ,*ri/ianity1 :5 x 0 ma/]1 practis$ x no m ?an ! ,pagan emp]ors4 ,9 ! second place1 ! abrogation ( ! laws aga9/ illicit societies w\ld h be5 ! ru9 ( ! empire1 f\nd$ ess5tially ^u ! pr9ciple t ! /ate ought n to admit )9 its bosom any society diff]+ f x4 ,! pr9ciple 0 bad1 accord+ to our ideas3 x is v c]ta91 at lea/1 t x 0 ! corn]-/one 9 ! ,roman con/itution4 ,m>cus ,aurelius1 f> f exagg]at+ x1 ext5uat$ x ) all 8 p[]s2 & "o ( ! glories ( 8 reign is ! ext5sion ( ! "r ( association4 ,h[ev]1 he did n g to ! root3 he did n completely aboli% ! laws aga9/ ! collegia illicita1 & 9 ! prov9ces !re result$ f !m "s processes inf9itely to be regrett$4 ,! reproa* :i* c be made aga9/ him is ! same t might be made to ! rul]s ( our day1 :o d n suppress ) a /roke ( ! p5 all ! laws re/rictive ( ! lib]ties ( re-union1 ( association1 & ( ! press4 ,f ! di/ance at :i* we /&1 we c see t ,m>cus ,aurelius1 9 be+ m completely lib]al1 w\ld h be5 wis]4 ,p]haps ,*ri/ianity left free w\ld h develop$ 9 a mann] less disa/r\s ! !ocratic & absolute pr9ciple :i* 0 9 x2 b "o _c reproa* a man ) n hav+ /irr$ up a radical revolution on acc\nt ( a prevision ( :at w\ld occur sev]al c5turies aft] him4 ,trajan1 ,hadrian1 ,anton9e1 ,m>cus ,aurelius1 c\ld n "k ! pr9ciples ( g5]al hi/ory & political economy :i* h be5 und]/ood only 9 our "t1 & :i* only our la/ revolutions c\ld reveal4 ,9 any case1 ! mansuetude ( ! good emp]or 0 9 ?is respect %ield$ f all reproa*4 ,no "o has ! "r to be m exact+ 9 ?is respect ?an 0 ,t]tullian4 ,consult y\r annals1 said he to ! ,roman magi/rates4 ,y w !n see t ! pr9ces :o h be5 sev]e t[>ds u are ( ^? :o h held to ! honor ( hav+ be5 our p]secutors4 ,on ! contr>y1 all ! pr9ces :o h respect$ div9e & human laws include b "o :o p]secut$ ! ,*ri/ians4 ,we c ev5 "n "o ( !m :o decl>$ himself _! protector1--! wise ,m>cus ,aurelius4 ,if he did n op5ly revoke ! edicts aga9/ our bre?r51 he de/roy$ _! p[] by ! sev]e p5alties :i* he decl>$ aga9/ _! accus]s4 ,x is necess>y to rememb] t ! ,roman ,empire 0 t5 or twelve times z l>ge z ,france1 & t ! responsibility ( ! emp]or 0 v little 9 ! judgm5ts :i* 7 r5d]$ 9 ! prov9ces4 ,x is necess>y1 moreov]1 to recall ! fact t ,*ri/ianity claim$ n only ! lib]ty ( wor%ip3 all ! cre$s :i* tol]at$ ea* o!r 7 all[$ mu* fre$om 9 ! empire4 ,*ri/ianity & ,judaism 7 ! exceptions to ?is rule on acc\nt ( _! intol]ance & _s ( exclusion4 ,we h1 !n1 good reason to m\rn s9c]ely = ,m>cus ,aurelius4 ,"u him philosophy reign$4 ,"o mom5t1 ?anks to him1 ! _w 0 gov]n$ by ! be/ & greate/ man ( 8 age4 ,frightful decad5ces foll[$2 b ! little casket :i* conta9$ ! ,?\ghts on ! banks ( ! ,granicus 0 sav$4 ,f x came =? t incomp>able book 9 :i* ,epictetus 0 surpass$1 t ,evangel ( ^? :o believe n 9 ! sup]natural1 :i* has n be5 compreh5d$ until our day4 ,v]itable1 et]nal ,evangel1 ! book ( ,?\ghts1 :i* w nev] gr[ old1 because x ass]ts no dogma4 ,! virtue ( ,m>cus ,aurelius1 l our own1 re/s ^u reason1 ^u nature4 ,/4 ,l\is 0 a v virtu\s man1 because he 0 a ,*ri/ian3 ,m>cus ,aurelius 0 ! mo/ godly ( m51 n because he 0 a ,pagan1 b because he 0 a gift$ man4 ,he 0 ! honor ( human nature1 & n ( an e/abli%$ religion4 ,sci5ce may yet de/roy1 9 appe>ance1 ,god & ! immortal s\l2 b ! book ( ! ,?\ghts w /ill rema9 "y ) life & tru?4 ,! religion ( ,m>cus ,aurelius is ! absolute religion1 t :i* results f ! simple fact ( a high moral consci5ce plac$ face to face ) ! univ]se4 ,x is ( no race1 nei!r ( any c\ntry4 ,no revolution1 no *ange1 no discov]y1 w h p[] to affect x4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,phrases 9 italics are indicat$ by italics4 ,words 9 ! text :i* 7 9 small-caps 7 conv]t$ to title-case4 ,! oe ligature is indicat$ by oe 7e4g4 ,phoenician74 ,miss+ ^w add$3 pg #cd ! ^w x has be5 add$ to ! phrase3 if 7x7 _h be5 ann\nc$ ,words re-arrang$3 pg #abf ! be /ronge/ -- be ! /ronge/ ,typos correct$3 pg #cb ,pys*e -- ,psy*e pg #ed apo*ryphal -- apocryphal pg #ie ,judean -- ,judan 7#b occurr5ces7 pg #aji ,mi?racism -- ,mi?raicism pg #aej ctiz5s -- citiz5s