,transcrib]'s notes3 7#a7 ,numb]s foll[+ lett]s 7)\t space7 l ,c#b 7 orig9ally pr9t$ 9 subscript4 ,lett] subscripts are prec$$ by an und]score1 l ,cn4 7#b7 ,*>act]s foll[+ a c>at 77 7 pr9t$ 9 sup]script4 7#c7 ,side-notes 7 relocat$ to function z titles ( _! respective p>agraphs4 7#d7 ,macrons & breves above lett]s & dots bel[ lett]s 7 n ins]t$4 7#e7 root /&s = ! root symbol2 alpha1 beta1 etc4 = greek lett]s4 7#f7 ,! foll[+ typographical errors h be5 correct$3 ,,article ,,magnetomet]3 444 ! det]m9ation ( ! magnetic elem5ts on bo>d %ip is a matt] ( v consid]able importance4 'det]m9ation' am5d$ f 'det]m9aton'4 ,,article ,,magneto-,,optics3 ,! relation ( ! magnetic rotation to *emical con/itution has be5 /udi$ 9 great detail by ,p]k91 ,wa*smu?1 ,jahn & ,s*nrock4 'con/itution' am5d$ f 'consitution'4 ,,article ,,magnus1 ,,he9ri* ,,gu/av3 444 7',magnus's gre5 salt' is ,pt,cl#b1 #b,,nh#c71 ( sulphov9ic 444 ',pt,cl#b' am5d$ f ',ptll#b'4 ,,article ,,mahomet3 ,) ?is *ange we may p]haps c\ple ! adoption ( ! "n ,allah = ! ,deity 444 ',deity' am5d$ f ',diety'4 ,,article ,,mahomm$an ,,law3 ,x 0 r ! ,moslem lead]s :o 7 compell$ to ab&on _! ideas & = ! sake ( ! spread ( ,islam to accept & incorporate mu* t 0 diametrically oppos$ to ! orig9al legislation ei!r ( ! ,koran or ( ,mahomet's record$ decisions4 'decisions' am5d$ f 'decisons'4 ,,article ,,malay ,,ar*ipelago3 ,9 #afaa ! headqu>t]s ( ! ,dut* 0 *ang$ f ,bantam to ,jak>ta1 :i* 9 #afai 0 r5am$ ,batavia1 & 0 !nce=w>d ! ,dut* capital4 ',jak>ta' am5d$ f ',jakatra'4 ,,article ,,malays3 ,:5 ! fir/ ,europeans visit$ ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago ! ,malays _h already acquir$ ! art ( manufactur+ gunp[d] & =g+ cannon4 'cannon' am5d$ f 'canon'4 ,,article ,,malay ,,/ates3 ,! c\ntry is m\nta9\s except close to ! coa/4 ,! pr9cipal riv]s are ! ,patani & ! ,teloban1 long1 w9d+ & %all[1 & navigable = small boats only4 '!' am5d$ f 'tle'4 ,,article ,,malocello1 ,,lanciloto3 ,?is 0 a ,g5oese exp$ition1 :i* ab\t #abgj seems to h sail$ into ! ,atlantic1 re-discov]$ ! ',=tunate ,isl&s' or ,can>ies ',atlantic' am5d$ f ',alantic'4 ,,encyclopa$ia ,,britannica ,a ,,diction>y ,,( ,,arts1 ,,sci5ces1 ,,lit]ature ,,& ,,g5]al ,,in=mation ,,elev5? ,,edition ,,volume ,,xvii1 ,,slice ,,iv ,magnetite to ,malt ,,articles ,,9 ,,?is ,,slice3 ,,magnetite ,,major1 ,,john ,,magnetograph ,,major ,,magnetomet] ,,majorca ,,magneto-,,optics ,,majorian ,,magnolia ,,majority ,,magnus1 ,,he9ri* ,,gu/av ,,majuba ,,magny1 ,,claude ,,drigon ,,makalaka ,,mago ,,mak>aka ,,magpie ,,mak>t1 ,,hans ,,magwe ,,mak+-,,up ,,price ,,magy>s ,,mak ,,mahabale%w> ,,makran ,,mahaffy1 ,,john ,,p5tl& ,,maksoora ,,mahallat ,,malab> ,,mahan1 ,,alfr$ ,,?ay] ,,malab>i1 ,,behramji ,,mahanadi ,,malabon ,,mahanoy ,,city ,,malacca ,,mah> ,,mala*i ,,mah>ajpur ,,mala*ite ,,mahavamsa ,,mala*[ski1 ,,/anislaw ,,mahayana ,,mala*y1 ,,/ ,,mahdi ,,malaco/raca ,,mahdia ,,malaga 7prov9ce ( ,spa97 ,,mah ,,malaga 7city ( ,spa97 ,,mahe%w> ,,malak& ,,pass ,,mahi ,,malalas1 ,,john ,,mahi ,,kan?a ,,malan1 ,,solomon ,,caes> ,,mahmud ,i4 ,m,,l> ,,mahmud ,,ii4 ,,mal>ia ,,mahmud ,,n$im ,,pa%a ,,malatia ,,mahmud ,,( ,,ghazni ,,malayalam ,,mahoba ,,malay ,,ar*ipelago ,,mahogany ,,malair ,,mahomet ,,malay ,,p59sula ,,mahomm$ ,,ahm$ ,,ibn ,,abdullah ,,malays ,,mahomm$an ,,in/itutions ,,malay ,,/ates 7,briti%7 ,,mahomm$an ,,law ,,malay ,,/ates 7,siamese7 ,,mahomm$an ,,religion ,,mal*9 ,,mahony1 ,,francis ,,sylve/] ,,malcolm ,,mah\t ,,malcolm1 ,,sir ,,john ,,mahrattas ,,malda ,,mahse] ,,mald5 ,,mai1 ,,angelo ,,maldive ,,isl&s ,,maia ,,maldon ,,maida ,,malebran*e1 ,,nicolas ,,maidan ,,mal] ,,kotla ,,maid5 ,,male%]bes1 ,,*r,,ti5 ,,de ,,lamoignon ,,de ,,maid5hair ,,malet1 ,,lucas ,,maid5head ,,malh]be1 ,,fran,,ois ,,de ,,maid ,,m>ian ,,malibran1 ,,m>ie ,f,,licit ,,maid/one ,,malic ,,acid ,,maih> ,,malignant ,,mail ,,malik ,,ibn ,,anas ,,mailly1 ,,l\ise ,,julie ,,mal9es ,,maimana ,,mallanwan ,,maim& ,,mall>m1 ,,fran,,ois ,,r5 ,,augu/e ,,maimb\rg1 ,,l\is ,,mall>m1 ,,/,,phane ,,maim+ ,,malleco ,,maimon1 ,,salomon ,,mallemuck ,,maimonides ,,malleson1 ,,george ,,bruce ,,ma9 7riv] ( ,g]many7 ,,mallet1 ,,david ,,ma9 7p[] or /r5g?7 ,,mallet1 ,,paul ,,h5ri ,,ma9a & ,,ma9otes ,,mallet1 ,,rob]t ,,ma9e1 ,,anne ,,l\ise ,,de ,,b\rbon ,,mallet ,,du ,,pan1 ,,jacques ,,ma9e1 ,,sir ,,h5ry ,,james ,,sumn] ,,mall+1 ,,ea/ & ,,we/ ,,ma9e 7,fr5* prov9ce7 ,,mallock1 ,,william ,,hurrell ,,ma9e 7,u4,s4 /ate7 ,,mall[ 7t[n ( ,irel&7 ,,ma9e ,,de ,,biran1 ,,fran,,ois-,,gon?i] ,,mall[ 7botanical g5us7 ,,ma9e-,,et-,,loire ,,malm$y ,,ma9puri ,,malmesbury1 ,,james ,,h>ris ,,ma9t5ance ,,malmesbury1 ,,james ,,h[>d ,,h>ris ,,ma9t5on1 ,,fran,,oise ,d',,aubign ,,malmesbury ,,ma9z ,,malm ,,mairet1 ,,jean ,,de ,,malmsey ,,mai/re1 ,,joseph ,,de ,,malocello1 ,,lanciloto ,,mai/re1 ,,xavi] ,,de ,,malolos ,,maitl&1 ,,edw>d ,,malone1 ,,edmond ,,maitl&1 ,,fr$]ic ,,william ,,malone ,,maitl&1 ,,sir ,,ri*>d ,,malonic ,,acid ,,maitl&1 ,,william ,,malory1 ,,sir ,,?omas ,,maitl&1 ,,ea/ & ,,we/ ,,malot1 ,,hector ,,h5ri ,,maitreya ,,mal\1 ,,jules ,,d\>d ,,xavi] ,,maiw& ,,mal\et1 ,,pi]re ,,victor ,,maize ,,malpighi1 ,,m>cello ,,maje/y ,,malplaquet ,,majl,,?1 ,j,,nos ,,mal/att-,,burba* ,,majolica ,,malt ,,magnetite1 a m9]al =m+ ! natural magnet 7see ,,magnetism71 & important also z an iron-ore4 ,x is an iron-black1 opaque m9]al1 ) metallic lu/re2 h>dness ab\t #f1 sp4 gr4 #d4i to #e4b4 ,:5 scrat*$1 x yields a black /reak4 ,x is an oxide ( iron hav+ ! =mula ,fe#c,o#d1 correspond+ ) #gb4d ( metal1 :5ce its great value z an ore4 ,x may be reg>d$ z a f]roso-f]ric oxide1 ,fe,o,fe#b,o#c1 or z iron f]rate1 ,fe,fe#b,o#d4 ,titanium is (t5 pres5t1 & occasionally ! m9]al conta9s magnesium1 nickel1 c4 ,x is always /rongly magnetic4 ,magnetite cry/allizes 9 ! cubic sy/em1 usually 9 octah$ra1 less commonly 9 rhombic dodecah$ra1 & n infrequ5tly 9 tw9s ( ! sp9el type 7fig4 #a74 ,! rhombic faces ( ! dodecah$ron are (t5 /riat$ p>allel to ! long] diagonal4 ,!re is no di/9ct cleavage1 b imp]fect p>t+ may be obta9$ along octah$ral planes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,magnetite is a m9]al ( wide di/ribution1 occurr+ z gra9s 9 _m massive & volcanic rocks1 l granite1 diorite & dol]ite4 ,x appe>s to h cry/alliz$ f ! magma at a v e>ly p]iod ( consolidation4 ,its pres5ce contributes to ! d>k col\r ( _m basalts & o!r basic rocks1 & may cause !m to di/urb ! compass4 ,l>ge ore-bodies ( granul> & compact magnetite occur z b$s & l5ticul> masses 9 ,ar*ean gneiss & cry/all9e s*i/s1 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,norway1 ,sw$51 ,f9l& & ! ,urals2 z also 9 ! /ates ( ,new ,york1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania & ,mi*igan1 z well z 9 ,canada4 ,9 "s cases x appe>s to h segregat$ f a basic eruptive magma1 & 9 o!r cases to h result$ f metamorphic action4 ,c]ta9 deposits appe> to h be5 =m$1 directly or indirectly1 by wet processes4 ,iron ru/ sometimes conta9s magnetite4 ,an int]e/+ deposit ( oolitic magnetic ore occurs 9 ! ,dogg] 7,inf]ior ,oolite7 ( ,ros$ale ,abbey1 9 ,york%ire2 & a some:at simil> pisolitic ore1 ( ,jurassic age1 is kn[n on ! cont95t z *amoisite1 hav+ be5 nam$ f ,*amoison 7or ,*amoson7 9 ! ,valais1 ,switz]l&4 ,gra9s ( magnetite occur 9 s]p5t9e1 z an alt]ation-product ( ! oliv9e4 ,9 em]y1 magnetite 9 a granul> =m is l>gely associat$ ) ! corundum2 & 9 c]ta9 k9ds ( mica magnetite occurs z ?9 d5dritic enclosures4 ,haematite is sometimes magnetic1 & ,a4 ,liv]sidge has %[n t magnetite is probably pres5t4 ,by deoxidation1 haematite may be conv]t$ into magnetite1 z prov$ by c]ta9 pseudomorphs2 b on ! o!r h& magnetite is sometimes alt]$ to haematite4 ,on wea!r+1 magnetite commonly passes into limonite1 ! f]r\s oxide hav+ probably be5 remov$ by c>bonat$ wat]s4 ,closely relat$ to magnetite is ! r>e volcanic m9]al f ,vesuvius1 call$ magn(]rite1 or magnesi(]rite1 ) ! =mula ,mg,fe#b,o#d2 & ) ?is may be m5tion$ a m9]al f ,jakobsb]g1 9 ,v]ml&1 ,sw$51 call$ jakobsite1 conta9+ ,mn,fe#b,o#d4 7,f4 ,w4 ,r4997 ,,magnetograph1 an in/rum5t = cont9u\sly record+ ! values ( ! magnetic elem5ts1 ! ?ree univ]sally *os5 be+ ! decl9ation1 ! horizontal compon5t & ! v]tical compon5t 7see ,,t]re/rial ,,magnetism74 ,9 ea* case ! magnetograph only records ! v>iation ( ! elem5t1 ! absolute values be+ det]m9$ by mak+ obs]vations 9 ! neighb\rhood ) ! unifil> magnetomet] 7q4v47 & incl9omet] 7q4v474 ,decl9ation4--,! *anges 9 decl9ation are obta9$ by means ( a magnet :i* is susp5d$ by a long fibre & c>ries a mirror1 imm$iately bel[ :i* a fix$ mirror is atta*$ to ! base ( ! in/rum5t4 ,bo? mirrors are usually concave2 if plane1 a concave l5s is plac$ imm$iately be=e !m4 ,light pass+ ?r\gh a v]tical slit falls ^u ! mirrors1 f :i* x is reflect$1 & two images ( ! slit are produc$1 "o by ! movable mirror atta*$ to ! magnet & ! o!r by ! fix$ mirror4 ,^! images w\ld be %ort l9es ( light2 b a piano-cyl9drical l5s is plac$ ) its axis horizontal j 9 front ( ! record+ surface4 ,9 ?is way a spot ( light is obta9$ f ea* mirror4 ,! record+ surface is a %eet ( photographic pap] wrapp$ r\nd a drum :i* is rotat$ at a con/ant spe$ by clockwork ab\t a horizontal axis4 ,! light reflect$ f ! fix$ mirror traces a /raight l9e on ! pap]1 s]v+ z a base l9e f :i* ! v>iations 9 decl9ation are measur$4 ,z ! decl9ation *anges ! spot ( light reflect$ f ! magnet mirror moves p>allel to ! axis ( ! record+ drum1 & h5ce ! di/ance betwe5 ! l9e trac$ by ?is spot & ! base l9e gives1 = any in/ant1 on an arbitr>y scale ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! decl9ation & a con/ant angle1 namely1 ! decl9ation correspond+ to ! base l9e4 ,! value ( ?is con/ant angle is obta9$ by comp>+ ! record ) ! value = ! decl9ation z measur$ ) a magnetomet]4 ,! value 9 t]ms ( arc ( ! scale ( ! record c be obta9$ by measur+ ! di/ance betwe5 ! magnet mirror & ! record+ drum1 & 9 mo/ obs]vations x is su* t a millimetre on ! record repres5ts "o m9ute ( arc4 ,! "t scale ord9>ily employ$ is #ae mm4 p] h\r1 b 9 mod]n in/rum5ts provision is g5]ally made = ! "t scale to be increas$ at w to #ahj mm4 p] h\r1 s t ! m rapid v>iations ( ! decl9ation c be foll[$4 ,! advantages ( us+ small magnets1 s t _! mom5t ( in]tia may be small & h5ce !y may be able to respond to rapid *anges 9 ! e>?'s field1 7 fir/ insi/$ ^u by ,e4 ,masc>t1#a :ile ,m4 ,es*5hag5#b fir/ design$ a set ( magnetographs 9 :i* ?is idea ( small mom5t ( in]tia 0 c>ri$ to its useful limit1 ! magnets only weigh+ #a4e gram ea*1 & ! susp5sion consi/+ ( a v f9e qu>tz fibre4 ,horizontal ,=ce4--,! v>iation ( ! horizontal =ce is obta9$ by ! motion ( a magnet :i* is c>ri$ ei!r by a bifil> susp5sion or by a fairly /iff metal wire or qu>tz fibre4 ,! upp] end ( ! susp5sion is turn$ till ! axis ( ! magnet is at "r angles to ! magnetic m]idian4 ,9 ?is position ! magnet is 9 equilibrium "u ! action ( ! torsion ( ! susp5sion & ! c\ple ex]t$ by ! horizontal compon5t1 ,h1 ( ! e>?'s field1 ?is c\ple dep5d+ on ! product ( ,h into ! magnetic mom5t1 ,m1 ( ! magnet4 ,h5ce if ,h v>ies ! magnet w rotate 9 su* a way t ! c\ple due to torsion is equal to ! new value ( ,h multipli$ by ,m4 ,s9ce ! movem5ts ( ! magnet are always small1 ! rotation ( ! magnet is proportional to ! *ange 9 ,h1 s long z ,m & ! c\ple1 !ta1 correspond+ to unit twi/ ( ! susp5sion sy/em rema9 con/ant4 ,:5 ! temp]ature *anges1 h[ev]1 bo? ,m & !ta 9 g5]al *ange4 ,) rise ( temp]ature ,m decreases1 & ?is alone w produce ! same effect z w\ld a decrease 9 ,h4 ,to all[ = ?is effect ( temp]ature a comp5sat+ sy/em ( metal b>s is atta*$ to ! upp] end ( ! bifil> susp5sion1 s arrang$ t ) rise ( temp]ature ! fibres are br\ght ne>] toge!r & h5ce ! value ( !ta decreases4 ,s9ce su* a decrease 9 !ta w\ld by itself cause ! magnet to turn 9 ! same direction z if ,h _h increas$1 x is possible 9 a great measure to neutralize ! effects ( temp]ature on ! read+ ( ! in/rum5t4 ,9 ! case ( ! unifil> susp5sion1 ! provision ( a temp]ature comp5sation is n s easy1 s t :at is g5]ally done is to protect ! in/rum5t f temp]ature v>iation z mu* z possible & !n to correct ! indications s z to all[ = ! residual *anges1 a cont9u\s record ( ! temp]ature be+ kept by a record+ !rmograph atta*$ to ! in/rum5t4 ,9 ! ,es*5hag5 patt]n in/rum5t1 9 :i* a s+le qu>tz fibre is us$ = ! susp5sion1 two magnets are plac$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ! susp5d$ magnet & are s arrang$ t _! field p>tly neutralizes ! e>?'s field2 ?us ! torsion requir$ to hold ! magnet ) its axis p]p5dicul> to ! e>?'s field is r$uc$1 & ! arrangem5t p]mits ( ! s5sitiv5ess be+ alt]$ by *ang+ ! position ( ! deflect+ magnets4 ,fur!r1 by suitably *oos+ ! positions ( ! deflectors & ! coeffici5t ( torsion ( ! fibre1 x is possible to make ! temp]ature coeffici5t vani%4 7,see ,adolf ,s*midt1 ,zeits4 fr ,in/rum5t5kunde1 #aijg1 #bg1 #ade47 ,! me?od ( record+ ! v>iations 9 ,h is exactly ! same z t adopt$ 9 ! case ( ! decl9ation1 & ! s5sitiv5ess g5]ally adopt$ is su* t #a mm4 on ! record repres5ts a *ange 9 ,h ( 4#jjjje ,c4,g4,s41 ! "t scale be+ ! same z t employ$ 9 ! case ( ! decl9ation4 ,v]tical ,compon5t4--,to record ! v>iations ( ! v]tical compon5t use is made ( a magnet m\nt$ on knife edges s t x c turn freely ab\t a horizontal axis at "r angles to its l5g? 7,h4 ,lloyd1 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,iri% ,acad41 #ahci1 #a1 #ccd74 ,! magnet is s weight$ t its axis is approximately horizontal1 & any *ange 9 ! incl9ation ( ! axis is obs]v$ by means ( an atta*$ mirror1 a second mirror fix$ to ! /& s]v+ to give a base l9e = ! records1 :i* are obta9$ 9 ! same way z 9 ! case ( ! decl9ation4 ,! magnet is 9 equilibrium "u ! influ5ce ( ! c\ple ,,vm due to ! v]tical compon5t ,v1 & ! c\ple due to ! fact t ! c5tre ( gravity is slightly on "o side ( ! knife-edge4 ,h5ce :51 say1 ,v decreases ! c\ple ,,vm decreases1 & h5ce ! nor? end ( ! balanc$ magnet rises1 & vice v]sa4 ,! *ief difficulty ) ?is =m ( in/rum5t is t x is v s5sitive to *anges ( temp]ature1 = su* *anges n only alt] ,m b also 9 g5]al cause ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! sy/em to be displac$ ) ref]5ce to ! knife-edge4 ,to r$uce ^! effects ! magnet is fitt$ ) comp5sat+ b>s1 g5]ally ( z9c1 s adju/$ by trial t z f> z possible !y neutralize ! effect ( *anges ( temp]ature4 ,9 ! ,es*5hag5 =m ( v]tical =ce balance two deflect+ magnets are us$ to p>tly neutralize ! v]tical compon5t1 s t ! c5tre ( gravity is almo/ exactly ov] ! support4 ,by v>y+ ! positions ( ^! deflect+ magnets x is possible to comp5sate = ! effects ( *anges ( temp]ature 7,a4 ,s*midt1 loc4 cit474 ,9 ord] to elim9ate ! irregul>ity :i* is apt to be introduc$ by du/1 c41 int]f]+ ) ! work+ ( ! knife-edge1 ,w4 ,watson 7,phil4 ,mag41 #aijd #f1 #g1 #cic7 design$ a =m ( v]tical =ce balance 9 :i* ! magnet ) its mirror is atta*$ to ! mid po9t ( a horizontal /ret*$ qu>tz fibre4 ,! temp]ature comp5sation is obta9$ by atta*+ a small weight to ! magnet1 & !n br++ x back to ! horizontal position by twi/+ ! fibre4 ,! scale values ( ! records giv5 by ! horizontal & v]tical =ce magnetographs are det]m9$ by deflect+ ! respective ne$les1 ei!r by means ( a magnet plac$ at a kn[n di/ance or by pass+ an electric curr5t ?r\gh circul> coils ( l>ge diamet] surr\nd+ ! in/rum5ts4 ,! wid? ( ! photographic %eet :i* receives ! spot ( light reflect$ f ! mirrors 9 ! above in/rum5ts is g5]ally s great t 9 ! case ( ord9>y *anges ! curve does n g (f ! pap]4 ,occasionally1 h[ev]1 dur+ a di/urbance su* is n ! case1 & h5ce a portion ( ! trace w\ld be lo/4 ,to ov]come ?is difficulty ,es*5hag5 9 8 e>li] type ( in/rum5ts atta*$ to ea* magnet two mirrors1 _! planes be+ incl9$ at a small angle s t :5 ! spot reflect$ f "o mirror goes (f ! pap]1 t correspond+ to ! o!r comes on4 ,9 ! lat] patt]n a ?ird mirror is add$ ( :i* ! plane is incl9$ at ab\t #cj to ! horizontal4 ,! light f ! slit is reflect$ on to ?is mirror by an incl9$ fix$ mirror1 & aft] reflection at ! movable mirror is aga9 reflect$ at ! fix$ mirror & s rea*es ! record+ drum4 ,by ?is arrangem5t ! angul> rotation ( ! reflect$ beam is less ?an t ( ! magnet1 & h5ce ! spot ( light reflect$ f ?is mirror yields a trace on a mu* small] scale ?an t giv5 by ! ord9>y mirror & s]ves to give a complete record ( ev5 ! mo/ en]getic di/urbance4 ,see also ,balf\r ,/ew>t1 ,report ( ! ,briti% ,association1 ,ab]de51 #ahei1 #bjj1 a description ( ! type ( in/rum5t us$ 9 ! old] obs]vatories2 ,e4 ,masc>t1 ,trait de magntisme t]re/re1 p4 #aia2 ,w4 ,watson1 ,t]re/rial ,magnetism1 #aija1 #f1 #ahg1 describ+ magnetographs us$ 9 ,india2 ,m4 ,es*5hag51 ,v]h&lung5 d] deuts*5 physikalis*5 ,gesells*aft1 #ahii1 #a1 #adg2 ,t]re/rial ,magnetism1 #aijj1 #e1 #ei2 & #aija1 #f1 #ei2 ,zeits4 fr ,in/rum5t5kunde1 #aijg1 #bg1 #acg2 ,w4 ,g4 ,cady1 ,t]re/rial ,magnetism1 #aijd1 #i1 #fi1 describ+ a decl9ation magnetograph 9 :i* ! record is obta9$ by means ( a p5 act+ on a mov+ /rip ( pap]1 s t ! curve c be consult$ at all times to see :e!r a di/urbance is 9 progress4 ,! effects ( temp]ature be+ s m>k$ on ! read+s ( ! horizontal & v]tical =ce magnetographs1 x is usual to place ! in/rum5ts ei!r 9 an und]gr\nd room or 9 a room :i*1 by means ( d\ble walls & simil> devices1 is protect$ z mu* z possible f temp]ature *anges4 ,= descriptions ( ! arrangem5ts adopt$ 9 "s obs]vatories see ! foll[+3 ,u4,s4 obs]vatories1 ,t]re/rial ,magnetism1 #aijc1 #h1 #aa2 ,utre*t1 ,t]re/rial ,magnetism1 #aijj1 #e1 #di2 ,/ ,maur1 ,t]re/rial ,magnetism1 #ahih1 #c1 #a2 ,potsdam1 ,v]ff5tli*ung5 des k4 preuss4 meteorol4 ,in/ituts1 ,ergebnisse d] magnetis*5 ,beoba*tung5 9 ,potsdam 9 d5 ,jahr5 #ahij und #ahia2 ,pavlovsk1 ,das ,kon/ant9['s*e meteorologis*e und magnetis*e ,obs]vatorium 9 ,pavlovsk1 ,ausgabe d] kais]l4 ,akad4 d] ,wiss5s*aft5 zu ,/ ,pet]sburg1 #ahie4 7,w4 ,wn47 ,,footnotes3 #a ,report ,briti% ,association1 ,bri/ol1 #ahih1 p4 #gda4 #b ,v]h&lung5 d] deuts*5 physikalis*5 ,gesells*aft1 #ahii1 #a1 #adg2 or ,t]re/rial ,magnetism1 #aijj1 #e1 #ei4 ,,magnetomet]1 a "n1 9 its mo/ g5]al s5se1 = any in/rum5t us$ to measure ! /r5g? ( any magnetic field2 x is1 h[ev]1 (t5 us$ 9 ! re/rict$ s5se ( an in/rum5t = measur+ a p>ticul> magnetic field1 namely1 t due to ! e>?'s magnetism1 & 9 ?is article ! in/rum5ts us$ = measur+ ! value ( ! e>?'s magnetic field w alone be consid]$4 ,! elem5ts :i* are actually measur$ :5 det]m9+ ! value ( ! e>?'s field are usually ! decl9ation1 ! dip & ! horizontal compon5t 7see ,,magnetism1 ,,t]re/rial74 ,= ! in/rum5ts & me?ods us$ 9 measur+ ! dip see ,,incl9omet]4 ,x rema9s to consid] ! measurem5t ( ! decl9ation & ! horizontal compon5t1 ^! two elem5ts be+ g5]ally measur$ ) ! same in/rum5t1 :i* is call$ a unifil> magnetomet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,unifil> ,magnetomet]1 arrang$ to indicate decl9ation4 ,measurem5t ( ,decl9ation4--,! measurem5t ( ! decl9ation involves two sep>ate obs]vations1 namely1 ! det]m9ation ( 7a7 ! magnetic m]idian & 7b7 ! geographical m]idian1 ! angle betwe5 ! two be+ ! decl9ation4 ,9 ord] to det]m9e ! magnetic m]idian ! ori5tation ( ! magnetic axis ( a freely susp5d$ magnet is obs]v$2 :ile1 9 ! abs5ce ( a di/ant m>k ( :i* ! azimu? is kn[n1 ! geographical m]idian is obta9$ f obs]vations ( ! transit ( ! sun or a />4 ,! geometrical axis ( ! magnet is sometimes def9$ by means ( a mirror rigidly atta*$ to ! magnet & hav+ ! normal to ! mirror z ne>ly z may be p>allel to ! magnetic axis4 ,?is arrangem5t is n v conv5i5t1 z x is difficult to protect ! mirror f accid5tal displacem5t1 s t ! angle betwe5 ! geometrical & magnetic axes may v>y4 ,= ?is reason ! end ( ! magnet is sometimes poli%$ & acts z ! mirror1 9 :i* case no displacem5t ( ! reflect+ surface ) ref]5ce to ! magnet is possible4 ,a diff]5t arrangem5t1 us$ 9 ! in/rum5t describ$ bel[1 consi/s 9 hav+ ! magnet holl[1 ) a small scale engrav$ on glass firmly atta*$ at "o end1 :ile to ! o!r end is atta*$ a l5s1 s *os5 t ! scale is at its pr9cipal focus4 ,9 ?is case ! geometrical axis is ! l9e jo9+ ! c5tral division ( ! scale to ! optical c5tre ( ! l5s4 ,! position ( ! magnet is obs]v$ by means ( a small telescope1 & s9ce ! scale is at ! pr9cipal focus ( ! l5s1 ! scale w be 9 focus :5 ! telescope is adju/$ to obs]ve a di/ant object4 ,?us no alt]ation 9 ! focus ( ! telescope is necess>y :e!r we are obs]v+ ! magnet1 a di/ant fix$ m>k1 or ! sun4 ,! ,kew ,obs]vatory patt]n unifil> magnetomet] is %[n 9 figs4 #a & #b4 ,! magnet consi/s ( a holl[ /eel cyl9d] fitt$ ) a scale & l5s z describ$ above1 & is susp5d$ by a long ?read ( unspun silk1 :i* is atta*$ at ! upp] end to ! torsion head ,h4 ,! magnet is protect$ f draughts by ! box ,a1 :i* is clos$ at ! sides by two %utt]s :5 an obs]vation is be+ tak54 ,! telescope ,b s]ves to obs]ve ! scale atta*$ to ! magnet :5 det]m9+ ! magnetic m]idian1 & to obs]ve ! sun or /> :5 det]m9+ ! geographical m]idian4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,unifil> ,magnetomet]1 arrang$ to %[ deflexion4 ,:5 mak+ a det]m9ation ( decl9ation a brass plummet hav+ ! same weight z ! magnet is fir/ susp5d$ 9 its place1 & ! torsion ( ! fibre is tak5 out4 ,! magnet hav+ be5 atta*$1 ! in/rum5t is rotat$ ab\t its v]tical axis till ! c5tre division ( ! scale appe>s to co9cide ) ! v]tical cross-wire ( ! telescope4 ,! two v]ni]s on ! azimu? circle hav+ be5 read1 ! magnet is !n inv]t$1 i4e4 turn$ ?r\gh #ahj ab\t its axis1 & ! sett+ is repeat$4 ,a second sett+ ) ! magnet inv]t$ is g5]ally made1 & !n ano!r sett+ ) ! magnet 9 its orig9al position4 ,! mean ( all ! read+s ( ! v]ni]s gives ! read+ on ! azimu? circle correspond+ to ! magnetic m]idian4 ,to obta9 ! geographical m]idian ! box ,a is remov$1 & an image ( ! sun or a /> is reflect$ into ! telescope ,b by means ( a small transit mirror ,n4 ,?is mirror c rotate ab\t a horizontal axis :i* is at "r angles to ! l9e ( collimation ( ! telescope1 & is p>allel to ! surface ( ! mirror4 ,! "t ( transit ( ! sun or /> across ! v]tical wire ( ! telescope hav+ be5 obs]v$ by means ( a *ronomet] ( :i* ! error is kn[n1 x is possible to calculate ! azimu? ( ! sun or />1 if ! latitude & longitude ( ! place ( obs]vation are giv54 ,h5ce if ! read+s ( ! v]ni]s on ! azimu? circle are made :5 ! transit is obs]v$ we c d$uce ! read+ correspond+ to ! geographical m]idian4 ,! above me?od ( det]m9+ ! geographical m]idian has ! s]i\s objection t x is necess>y to "k ! error ( ! *ronomet] ) v consid]able accuracy1 a matt] ( "s difficulty :5 obs]v+ at any di/ance f a fix$ obs]vatory4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a !odolite1 fitt$ ) a telescope :i* c rotate ab\t a horizontal axis & hav+ an altitude circle1 is employ$1 s t :5 obs]v+ a transit ! altitude ( ! sun or /> c be read (f1 !n ! "t ne$ only be kn[n to )9 a m9ute or s4 ,h5ce 9 m rec5t patt]ns ( magnetomet] x is usual to d away ) ! transit mirror me?od ( obs]v+ & ei!r to use a sep>ate !odolite to obs]ve ! azimu? ( "s di/ant object1 :i* w !n act z a fix$ m>k :5 mak+ ! decl9ation obs]vations1 or to atta* to ! magnetomet] an altitude telescope & circle = use :5 det]m9+ ! geographical m]idian4 ,! *ief unc]ta9ty 9 decl9ation obs]vations1 at any rate at a fix$ obs]vatory1 lies 9 ! v>iable torsion ( ! silk susp5sion1 z x is f\nd t1 al?\gh ! fibre may be entirely fre$ f torsion be=e beg9n+ ! decl9ation obs]vations1 yet at ! conclusion ( ^! obs]vations a consid]able am\nt ( torsion may h appe>$4 ,soak+ ! fibre ) glyc]9e1 s t ! moi/ure x absorbs does n *ange s mu* ) ! hygrometric /ate ( ! air1 is ( "s advantage1 b does n entirely remove ! difficulty4 ,= ?is reason "s obs]v]s use a ?9 /rip ( phosphor bronze to susp5d ! magnet1 consid]+ t ! abs5ce ( a v>iable torsion m ?an comp5sates = ! increas$ difficulty 9 h&l+ ! m fragile metallic susp5sion4 ,measurem5t ( ! ,horizontal ,compon5t ( ! ,e>?'s ,field4--,! me?od ( measur+ ! horizontal compon5t :i* is almo/ exclusively us$1 bo? 9 fix$ obs]vatories & 9 ! field1 consi/s 9 obs]v+ ! p]iod ( a freely susp5d$ magnet1 & !n obta9+ ! angle ?r\gh :i* an auxili>y susp5d$ magnet is deflect$ by ! magnet us$ 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! exp]im5t4 ,by ! vibration exp]im5t we obta9 ! value ( ! product ( ! magnetic mom5t 7,m7 ( ! magnet into ! horizontal compon5t 7,h71 :ile by ! deflexion exp]im5t we c d$uce ! value ( ! ratio ( ,m to ,h1 & h5ce ! two comb9$ give bo? ,m & ,h4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,kew patt]n unifil> ! same magnet t is us$ = ! decl9ation is usually employ$ = det]m9+ ,h1 & = ! purposes ( ! vibration exp]im5t x is m\nt$ z = ! obs]vation ( ! magnetic m]idian4 ,! "t ( vibration is obta9$ by means ( a *ronomet]1 us+ ! eye-&-e> me?od4 ,! temp]ature ( ! magnet mu/ also be obs]v$1 = :i* purpose a !rmomet] ,c 7fig4 #a7 is atta*$ to ! box ,a4 ,:5 mak+ ! deflection exp]im5t ! magnetomet] is arrang$ z %[n 9 fig4 #b4 ,! auxili>y magnet has a plane mirror atta*$1 ! plane ( :i* is at "r angles to ! axis ( ! magnet4 ,an image ( ! ivory scale ,b is obs]v$ aft] reflection 9 ! magnet mirror by ! telescope ,a4 ,! magnet ,k us$ 9 ! vibration exp]im5t is support$ on a c>riage ,l :i* c slide along ! graduat$ b> ,d4 ,! axis ( ! magnet is horizontal & at ! same level z ! mirror magnet1 :ile :5 ! c5tral division ( ! scale ,b appe>s to co9cide ) ! v]tical cross-wire ( ! telescope ! axes ( ! two magnets are at "r angles4 ,dur+ ! exp]im5t ! mirror magnet is protect$ f draughts by two wood5 doors :i* slide 9 grooves4 ,:at is kn[n z ! me?od ( s9es is us$1 = s9ce ! axes ( ! two magnets are always at "r angles :5 ! mirror magnet is 9 its z]o position1 ! ratio ,m_/,h is proportional to ! s9e ( ! angle betwe5 ! magnetic axis ( ! mirror magnet & ! magnetic m]idian4 ,:5 conduct+ a deflexion exp]im5t ! deflect+ magnet ,k is plac$ ) its c5tre at #cj cm4 f ! mirror magnet & to ! ea/ ( ! latt]1 & ! :ole in/rum5t is turn$ till ! c5tre division ( ! scale ,b co9cides ) ! cross-wire ( ! telescope1 :5 ! read+s ( ! v]ni]s on ! azimu? circle are not$4 ,! magnet ,k is !n rev]s$ 9 ! support1 & a new sett+ tak54 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two sets ( read+s gives twice ! angle :i* ! magnetic axis ( ! mirror magnet makes ) ! magnetic m]idian4 ,9 ord] to elim9ate any error due to ! z]o ( ! scale ,d n be+ exactly bel[ ! mirror magnet1 ! support ,l is !n remov$ to ! we/ side ( ! in/rum5t1 & ! sett+s are repeat$4 ,fur!r1 to all[ ( a correction be+ appli$ = ! f9ite l5g? ( ! magnets ! :ole s]ies ( sett+s is repeat$ ) ! c5tre ( ! deflect+ magnet at #dj cm4 f ! mirror magnet4 ,omitt+ correction t]ms dep5d+ on ! temp]ature & on ! inductive effect ( ! e>?'s magnetism on ! mom5t ( ! deflect+ magnet1 if !ta is ! angle :i* ! axis ( ! deflect$ magnet makes ) ! m]idian :5 ! c5tre ( ! deflect+ magnet is at a di/ance r1 !n r,h ,p ,q --- s9 !ta #a --- --- c41 #b,m r r 9 :i* ,p & ,q are con/ants dep5d+ on ! dim5sions & magnetic /ates ( ! two magnets4 ,! value ( ! con/ants ,p & ,q c be obta9$ by mak+ deflexion exp]im5ts at ?ree di/ances4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 possible by suitably *oos+ ! proportions ( ! two magnets to cause ei!r ,p or ,q to be v small4 ,?us x is usual1 if ! magnets are ( simil> %ape1 to make ! deflect$ magnet #j4dfg ( ! l5g? ( ! deflect+ magnet1 9 :i* case ,q is negligible1 & ?us by means ( deflexion exp]im5ts at two di/ances ! value ( ,p c be obta9$4 7,see ,c4 ,brg51 ,t]re/rial ,magnetism1 #ahif1 i4 p4 #agf1 & ,c4 ,*ree1 ,phil4 ,mag41 #aijd #f1 #g1 p4 #aac47 ,9 ! case ( ! vibration exp]im5t correction t]ms h to be introduc$ to all[ = ! temp]ature ( ! magnet1 = ! inductive effect ( ! e>?'s field1 :i* slightly increases ! magnetic mom5t ( ! magnet1 & = ! torsion ( ! susp5sion fibre1 z well z ! rate ( ! *ronomet]4 ,if ! temp]ature ( ! magnet 7 always exactly ! same 9 bo? ! vibration & deflexion exp]im5t1 !n no correction on acc\nt ( ! effect ( temp]ature 9 ! magnetic mom5t w\ld be necess>y 9 ei!r exp]im5t4 ,! fact t ! mom5t ( in]tia ( ! magnet v>ies ) ! temp]ature mu/1 h[ev]1 be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,9 ! deflexion exp]im5t1 9 addition to ! induction correction1 & t = ! effect ( temp]ature on ! magnetic mom5t1 a correction has to be appli$ = ! effect ( temp]ature on ! l5g? ( ! b> :i* supports ! deflexion magnet4 ,see also ,/ew>t & ,gee1 ,practical ,physics1 vol4 #b1 conta9+ a description ( ! ,kew patt]n unifil> magnetomet] & detail$ in/ructions = p]=m+ ! exp]im5ts2 ,c4 ,*ree1 ,phil4 ,mag41 #aija 7#f71 #b1 p4 #fac1 & ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc41 #ahii1 #fe1 p4 #cge1 conta9+ a discussion ( ! errors to :i* ! ,kew unifil> in/rum5t is subject2 ,e4 ,masc>t1 ,trait de magntisme t]re/re1 conta9+ a description ( ! in/rum5ts us$ 9 ! ,fr5* magnetic survey1 :i* are int]e/+ on acc\nt ( _! small size & consequ5t easy portability2 ,h4 ,e4 ,d4 ,fras]1 ,t]re/rial ,magnetism1 #aija1 #f1 p4 #fe1 conta9+ a description ( a modifi$ ,kew patt]n unifil> z us$ 9 ! ,indian survey2 ,h4 ,wild1 ,mm4 ,acad4 imp4 sc4 ,/ ,pt]sb\rg1 #ahif 7viii471 vol4 #c1 ,no4 #g1 conta9+ a description ( a mo/ elaborate unifil> magnetomet] ) :i* x is claim$ results c be obta9$ ( a v high ord] ( accuracy2 ,k4 ,haufsmann1 ,zeits4 fr ,in/rum5t5kunde1 #aijf1 #bf1 p4 #b1 conta9+ a description ( a magnetomet] = field use1 design$ by ,m4 ,es*5hag51 :i* has _m advantages4 ,measurem5ts ( ! ,magnetic ,elem5ts at ,sea4--,ow+ to ! fact t ! proportion ( ! e>?'s surface cov]$ by sea is s mu* great] ?an ! dry l&1 ! det]m9ation ( ! magnetic elem5ts on bo>d %ip is a matt] ( v consid]able importance4 ,! movem5ts ( a %ip entirely preclude ! employm5t ( any in/rum5t 9 :i* a magnet susp5d$ by a fibre has any "p1 s t ! unifil> is unsuit$ = su* obs]vations4 ,9 ord] to obta9 ! decl9ation a pivot$ magnet is us$ to obta9 ! magnetic m]idian1 ! geographical m]idian be+ obta9$ by obs]vations on ! sun or />s4 ,a c>efully made %ip's compass is usually employ$1 ?\gh 9 "s cases ! compass c>d1 ) its atta*$ magnets1 is made rev]sible1 s t ! incl9ation to ! z]o ( ! c>d ( ! magnetic axis ( ! sy/em ( magnets atta*$ to ! c>d c be elim9at$ by rev]sal4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( su* a rev]sible c>d ! index correction mu/ be det]m9$ by comp>ison ) a unifil> magnetomet]1 simultane\s obs]vations be+ made on %ore1 & ^! obs]vations repeat$ z (t5 z occasion p]mits4 ,to det]m9e ! dip a ,fox's dip circle#a is us$4 ,?is consi/s ( an ord9>y dip circle 7see ,,incl9omet]7 9 :i* ! ends ( ! axle ( ! ne$le are po9t$ & re/ 9 jewell$ holes1 s t ! movem5ts ( ! %ip d n displace ! ne$le4 ,! in/rum5t is1 ( c\rse1 support$ on a gimball$ table1 :ile ! %ip dur+ ! obs]vations is kept on a fix$ c\rse4 ,to obta9 ! /r5g? ( ! field ! me?od usually adopt$ is t kn[n z ,lloyd's me?od4#b ,to c>ry out a det]m9ation ( ! total =ce by ?is me?od ! ,fox dip circle has be5 slightly modifi$ by ,e4 ,w4 ,creak1 & has be5 f\nd to give satisfactory results on bo>d %ip4 ,! circle is provid$ ) two ne$les 9 addition to ^? us$ = det]m9+ ! dip1 "o 7a7 an ord9>y dip ne$le1 & ! o!r 7b7 a ne$le :i* has be5 load$ at "o end by means ( a small peg :i* fits into "o ( two symmetrically plac$ holes 9 ! ne$le4 ,! magnetism ( ^! two ne$les is nev] rev]s$1 & !y are z mu* z possible protect$ f %ock & f approa* to o!r magnets1 s t _! magnetic /ate may rema9 z con/ant z possible4 ,atta*$ to ! cross-arm :i* c>ries ! microscopes us$ to obs]ve ! ends ( ! dipp+ ne$le is a clamp1 :i* w hold ! ne$le b 9 su* a way t its plane is p>allel to ! v]tical circle & its axis is at "r angles to ! l9e jo9+ ! two microscopes4 ,h5ce1 :5 ! microscopes are adju/$ s z to co9cide ) ! po9ts ( ! dipp+ ne$le a1 ! axes ( ! two ne$les mu/ be at "r angles4 ,! ne$le a be+ susp5d$ betwe5 ! jewels1 & ! ne$le b be+ held 9 ! clamp1 ! cross-arm c>ry+ ! read+ microscopes & ! ne$le b is rotat$ till ! ends ( ! ne$le a co9cide ) ! cross-wires ( ! microscopes4 ,! v]ni]s hav+ be5 read1 ! cross-arm is rotat$ s z to deflect ! ne$le a 9 ! opposite direction1 & a new sett+ is tak54 ,half ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two read+s gives ! angle ?r\gh :i* ! ne$le a has be5 deflect$ "u ! action ( ! ne$le b4 ,?is angle dep5ds on ! ratio ( ! magnetic mom5t ( ! ne$le b to ! total =ce ( ! e>?'s field4 ,x also involves1 ( c\rse1 ! di/ance betwe5 ! ne$les & ! di/ribution ( ! magnetism ( ! ne$les2 b ?is factor is det]m9$ by comp>+ ! value giv5 by ! in/rum5t1 at a %ore /ation1 ) t giv5 by an ord9>y magnetomet]4 ,h5ce ! above obs]vation gives u a means ( obta9+ ! ratio ( ! magnetic mom5t ( ! ne$le b to ! value ( ! e>?'s total =ce4 ,! ne$le b is !n sub/itut$ = a1 !re be+ n[ no ne$le 9 ! clamp atta*$ to ! microscope arm1 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! read+ n[ obta9$ & ! dip1 toge!r ) ! weight add$ to ! ne$le1 gives ! product ( ! mom5t ( ! ne$le b into ! e>?'s total =ce4 ,h5ce1 f ! two obs]vations ! value ( ! e>?'s total =ce c be d$uc$4 ,9 an actual obs]vation ! deflect+ ne$le w\ld be rev]s$1 z well z ! deflect$ "o1 :ile diff]5t weights w\ld be us$ to deflect ! ne$le b4 ,= a description ( ! me?od ( us+ ! ,fox circle = obs]vations at sea consult ! ,admiralty ,manual ( ,sci5tific ,inquiry1 p4 #aaf1 :ile a description ( ! mo/ rec5t =m ( ! circle1 kn[n z ! ,lloyd-,creak patt]n1 w be f\nd 9 ,t]re/rial ,magnetism1 #aija1 #f1 p4 #aai4 ,an atta*m5t to ! ord9>y %ip's compass1 by means ( :i* satisfactory measurem5ts ( ! horizontal compon5t h be5 made on bo>d %ip1 is describ$ by ,l4 ,a4 ,bau] 9 ,t]re/rial ,magnetism1 #aijf1 #aa1 p4 #gh4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! me?od consi/s 9 deflect+ ! compass ne$le by means ( a horizontal magnet support$ v]tically ov] ! compass c>d1 ! axis ( ! deflect+ magnet be+ always p]p5dicul> to ! axis ( ! magnet atta*$ to ! c>d4 ,! me?od is n /rictly an absolute "o1 s9ce x presupposes a k ( ! magnetic mom5t ( ! deflect+ magnet4 ,9 practice x is f\nd t a magnet c be prep>$ :i*1 :5 suitably protect$ f %ock1 c41 reta9s its magnetic mom5t suffici5tly con/ant to enable obs]vations ( ,h to be made comp>able 9 accuracy ) t ( ! o!r elem5ts obta9$ by ! in/rum5ts ord9>ily employ$ at sea4 7,w4 ,wn47 ,,footnotes3 #a ,annals ( ,electricity1 #ahci1 #c1 p4 #bhh4 #b ,humphrey ,lloyd1 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,iri% ,acad41 #ahdh1 #d1 p4 #eg4 ,,magneto-,,optics4 ,! fir/ relation betwe5 magnetism & light 0 discov]$ by ,f>aday1#a :o prov$ t ! plane ( pol>ization ( a ray ( light 0 rotat$ :5 ! ray travell$ ?r\gh c]ta9 sub/ances p>allel to ! l9es ( magnetic =ce4 ,?is p[] ( rotat+ ! plane ( pol>ization 9 a magnetic field has be5 %[n to be possess$ by all refract+ sub/ances1 :e!r !y are 9 ! solid1 liquid or gase\s /ate4 ,! rotation by gases 0 e/abli%$ indep5d5tly by ,h4 ,becqu]el1#b & ,kundt & ,rntg51#c :ile ,kundt#d f\nd t films ( ! magnetic metals1 iron1 cobalt1 nickel1 ?9 en\gh to be transp>5t1 produc$ enorm\s rotations1 ^! be+ 9 iron & cobalt magnetiz$ to saturation at ! rate ( #bjj1jjj p] cm4 ( ?ickness1 & 9 nickel ab\t #hi1jjj4 ,! direction ( rotation is n ! same 9 all bodies4 ,if we call ! rotation positive :5 x is relat$ to ! direction ( ! magnetic =ce1 l rotation & translation 9 a "r-h&$ screw1 or1 :at is equival5t1 :5 x is 9 ! direction ( ! electric curr5ts :i* w\ld produce a magnetic field 9 ! same direction z t :i* produces ! rotation1 !n mo/ sub/ances produce positive rotation4 ,among ^? t produce negative rotation are f]r\s & f]ric salts1 f]ricyanide ( potassium1 ! salts ( lan?anum1 c]ium & didymium1 & *loride ( titanium4#e ,! magnetic metals iron1 nickel1 cobalt1 ! salts ( nickel & cobalt1 & oxyg5 7! mo/ magnetic gas7 produce positive rotation4 ,= slightly magnetizable sub/ances ! am\nt ( rotation 9 a space ,,pq is proportional to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! magnetic pot5tial at ,p & ,q2 or if !ta is ! rotation 9 ,,pq1 ,omega,p1 ,omega,q1 ! magnetic pot5tial at ,p & ,q1 !n !ta ,r7,omega,p - ,omega,q71 :]e ,r is a con/ant1 call$ ,v]det's con/ant1 :i* dep5ds ^u ! refract+ sub/ance1 ! wave l5g? ( ! light1 & ! temp]ature4 ,! foll[+ are ! values ( ,r 7:5 ! rotation is express$ 9 circul> measure7 = ! ,d l9e & a temp]ature ( #ah ,c43-- ,sub/ance4 ,r #aje4 ,obs]v]4 ,c>bon bisulphide _/ #a4bbb ,"l ,rayleigh#f & ,kpsel4#g #a4bbe ,rodg] & ,watson4#h ,wat] _/ 4#cgg ,arons4#i 4#chjh ,rodg] & ,watson4#h ,alcohol 4#ccj ,du ,bois4#aj ,e!r 4#cae ,du ,bois4#aj ,oxyg5 7at #a atmosph]e7 4#jjjagi ,kundt & ,rntg5 7loc4 cit47 ,f>aday's heavy glass #a4gch ,! v>iation ( ,v]det's con/ant ) temp]ature has be5 det]m9$ = c>bon bisulphide & wat] by ,rodg] & ,watson 7loc4 cit474 ,!y f9d if ,rt1 ,r#j are ! values ( ,v]det's con/ant at t,c & #j;,c4 respectively1 !n = c>bon bisulphide ,rt ,r#j 7#a - 4#jjafifa71 & = wat] ,rt ,r#j 7#a - 4#jjjjcjet - 4#jjjjjcjet74 ,= ! magnetic metals ,kundt f\nd t ! rotation did n increase s rapidly z ! magnetic =ce1 b t z ?is =ce 0 increas$ ! rotation rea*$ a maximum value4 ,?is sugge/s t ! rotation is proportional to ! int5sity ( magnetization1 & n to ! magnetic =ce4 ,! am\nt ( rotation 9 a giv5 field dep5ds greatly ^u ! wave l5g? ( ! light2 ! %ort] ! wave l5g? ! great] ! rotation1 ! rotation v>y+ a little m rapidly ?an ! inv]se squ>e ( ! wave l5g?4 ,v]det#aa has comp>$ 9 ! cases ( c>bon bisulphide & creosote ! rotation giv5 by ! =mula c _/ di !ta mcgamma --------- 7 c - lamda --------- 7 lambda dlambda_/ ) ^? actually obs]v$2 9 ?is =mula !ta is ! angul> rotation ( ! plane ( pol>ization1 m a con/ant dep5d+ on ! m$ium1 lambda ! wave l5g? ( ! light 9 air1 & i its index ( refraction 9 ! m$ium4 ,v]det f\nd t1 ?\gh ! agreem5t is fair1 ! diff]5ces are great] ?an c be expla9$ by errors ( exp]im5t4 ,v]det#ab has %[n t ! rotation ( a salt solution is ! sum ( ! rotations due to ! salt & ! solv5t2 ?us1 by mix+ a salt :i* produces negative rotation ) wat] :i* produces positive rotation1 x is possible to get a solution :i* does n exhibit any rotation4 ,su* solutions are n 9 g5]al magnetically neutral4 ,by mix+ diamagnetic & p>amagnetic sub/ances we c get magnetically neutral solutions1 :i*1 h[ev]1 produce a f9ite rotation ( ! plane ( pol>ization4 ,! relation ( ! magnetic rotation to *emical con/itution has be5 /udi$ 9 great detail by ,p]k91#ac ,wa*smu?1#ad ,jahn#ae & ,s*nrock4#af ,! rotation ( ! plane ( pol>ization may conv5i5tly be reg>d$ z d5ot+ t ! velocity ( propagation ( circul>-pol>iz$ light travell+ along ! l9es ( magnetic =ce dep5ds ^u ! direction ( rotation ( ! ray1 ! velocity :5 ! rotation is relat$ to ! direction ( ! magnetic =ce1 l rotation & translation on a "r-h&$ screw be+ diff]5t f t = a left-h&$ rotation4 ,a plane-pol>iz$ ray may be reg>d$ z comp\nd$ ( two oppositely circul>ly-pol>iz$ rays1 & z ^! travel along ! l9es ( magnetic =ce ) diff]5t velocities1 ! "o w ga9 or lose 9 phase on ! o!r1 s t :5 !y are aga9 comp\nd$ !y w correspond to a plane-pol>iz$ ray1 b 9 consequ5ce ( ! *ange ( phase ! plane ( pol>ization w n co9cide ) its orig9al position4 ,reflection f a ,magnet4--,k]r#ag 9 #ahgg f\nd t :5 plane-pol>iz$ light is incid5t on ! pole ( an electromagnet1 poli%$ s z to act l a mirror1 ! plane ( pol>ization ( ! reflect$ light is rotat$ by ! magnet4 ,fur!r exp]im5ts on ?is ph5om5on h be5 made by ,righi1#ah ,kundt1#ai ,du ,bois1#bj ,siss+h1#ba ,hall1#bb ,hurion1#bc ,kaz#bd & ,zeeman4#be ,! simple/ case is :5 ! incid5t plane-pol>iz$ light falls normally on ! pole ( an electromagnet4 ,:5 ! magnet is n excit$ ! reflect$ ray is plane-pol>iz$2 :5 ! magnet is excit$ ! plane ( pol>ization is rotat$ ?r\gh a small angle1 ! direction ( rotation be+ opposite to t ( ! curr5ts excit+ ! pole4 ,righi f\nd t ! reflect$ light 0 slightly elliptically pol>iz$1 ! axes ( ! ellipse be+ ( v unequal magnitude4 ,a piece ( gold-leaf plac$ ov] ! pole entirely /ops ! rotation1 %[+ t x is n produc$ 9 ! air ne> ! pole4 ,rotation takes place f magnetiz$ nickel & cobalt z well z f iron1 & is 9 ! same direction 7,hall74 ,righi has %[n t ! rotation at reflection is great] = long waves ?an = %ort1 :]eas1 z we h se51 ! ,f>aday rotation is great] = %ort waves ?an = long4 ,! rotation = diff]5t col\r$ light f iron1 nickel1 cobalt & magnetite has be5 measur$ by ,du ,bois2 9 magnetite ! direction ( rotation is opposite to t ( ! o!r metals4 ,:5 ! light is incid5t obliquely & n normally on ! poli%$ pole ( an electromagnet1 x is elliptically pol>iz$ aft] reflection1 ev5 :5 ! plane ( pol>ization is p>allel or at "r angles to ! plane ( incid5ce4 ,accord+ to ,righi1 ! am\nt ( rotation :5 ! plane ( pol>ization ( ! incid5t light is p]p5dicul> to ! plane ( incid5ce rea*es a maximum :5 ! angle ( incid5ce is betwe5 #dd & #fh1 :ile :5 ! light is pol>iz$ 9 ! plane ( incid5ce ! rotation /eadily decreases z ! angle ( incid5ce is increas$4 ,! rotation :5 ! light is pol>iz$ 9 ! plane ( incid5ce is always less ?an :5 x is pol>iz$ at "r angles to t plane1 except :5 ! incid5ce is normal1 :5 ! two rotations are ( c\rse equal4 ,reflection f ,tang5tially ,magnetiz$ ,iron4--,9 ?is case ,k]r#bf f\nd3 7#a7 ,:5 ! plane ( incid5ce is p]p5dicul> to ! l9es ( magnetic =ce1 no rotation ( ! reflect$ light is produc$ by magnetization2 7#b7 no rotation is produc$ :5 ! light is incid5t normally2 7#c7 :5 ! incid5ce is oblique1 ! l9es ( magnetic =ce be+ 9 ! plane ( incid5ce1 ! reflect$ light is elliptically pol>iz$ aft] reflection1 & ! axes ( ! ellipse are n 9 & at "r angles to ! plane ( incid5ce4 ,:5 ! light is pol>iz$ 9 ! plane ( incid5ce1 ! rotation is at all angles ( incid5ce 9 ! opposite direction to t ( ! curr5ts :i* w\ld produce a magnetic field ( ! same sign z ! magnet4 ,:5 ! light is pol>iz$ at "r angles to ! plane ( incid5ce1 ! rotation is 9 ! same direction z ^! curr5ts :5 ! angle ( incid5ce is betwe5 #j & #ge accord+ to ,k]r1 betwe5 #j & #hj accord+ to ,kundt1 & betwe5 #j & #gh #ed accord+ to ,righi4 ,:5 ! incid5ce is m oblique ?an ?is1 ! rotation ( ! plane ( pol>ization is 9 ! opposite direction to ! electric curr5ts :i* w\ld produce a magnetic field ( ! same sign4 ,! !ory ( ! ph5om5a j describ$ has be5 dealt ) by ,airy1#bg ,c4 ,neumann1#bh ,maxwell1#bi ,fitzg]ald1#cj ,r[l&1#ca ,h4 ,a4 ,lor5tz1#cb ,voight1#cc ,kettel]1#cd van ,loghem1#ce ,poti]1#cf ,basset1#cg ,goldhamm]1#ch ,drude1#ci ,j4 ,j4 ,?omson1#dj & ,lea?am2#da = a critical discussion ( _m ( ^! !ories we ref] ! read] to ,l>mor's#db ,briti% ,association ,report4 ,mo/ ( ^! !ories h proce$$ on ! plan ( add+ to ! expression = ! electromotive =ce t]ms indicat+ a =ce simil> 9 "* to t discov]$ by ,hall 7see ,,magnetism7 9 metallic conductors c>ry+ a curr5t 9 a magnetic field1 i4e4 an electromotive =ce at "r angles to ! plane conta9+ ! magnetic =ce & ! electric curr5t1 & proportional to ! s9e ( ! angle betwe5 ^! vectors4 ,! introduction ( a t]m ( ?is k9d gives rotation ( ! plane ( pol>ization by transmission ?r\gh all refract+ sub/ance1 & by reflection f magnetiz$ metals1 & %[s a fair agreem5t betwe5 ! !oretical & exp]im5tal results4 ,! simple/ way ( treat+ ! que/ions seems1 h[ev]1 to be to g to ! equations :i* repres5t ! propagation ( a wave travell+ ?r\gh a m$ium conta9+ ions4 ,a mov+ ion 9 a magnetic field w be act$ ^u by a me*anical =ce :i* is at "r angles to its direction ( motion1 & also to ! magnetic =ce1 & is equal p] unit *>ge to ! product ( ^! two vectors & ! s9e ( ! angle betwe5 !m4 ,= ! sake ( brevity we w take ! special case ( a wave travell+ p>allel to ! magnetic =ce 9 ! direction ( ! axis ( z4 ,!n suppos+ t all ! ions are ( ! same k9d1 & t !re are n ( ^! ea* ) mass m & *>ge e p] unit volume1 ! equations repres5t+ ! field are 7see ,,electric ,,waves73-- d,x#j dxi dbeta ,k#j --- #dpine ----- -------2 dt dt dz d,x#j dbeta ----- -------2 dz dt d,y#j deta dalpha ,k#j --- #dpine ------ - -------- dt dt dz d,y#j dalpha --- - --------2 dz dt dxi dxi _/ #dpi deta m ------ ,r#a ----- axi 7 ,x#j ----- nexi 7 e ,he ------ dt dt #c _/ dt deta deta _/ #dpi dxi m ------- ,r#a ------ aeta 7 ,y#j ----- neeta 7 e - ,he -----2 dt dt #c _/ dt :]e ,h is ! ext]nal magnetic field1 ,x#j1 ,y#j ! compon5ts ( ! "p ( ! electric =ce 9 ! wave n due to ! *>ges on ! atoms1 alpha & beta ! compon5ts ( ! magnetic =ce1 xi & eta ! co-ord9ates ( an ion1 ,r#a ! coeffici5t ( resi/ance to ! motion ( ! ions1 & alpha ! =ce at unit di/ance t5d+ to br+ ! ion back to its position ( equilibrium1 ,k#j ! specific inductive capacity ( a vacuum4 ,if ! v>iables are proportional to epsilonl7pt - qz7 we f9d by sub/itution t q is giv5 by ! equation #dpinep,p #dpine,hp q - ,k#jp - ----------- -----------1 ,p - ,hep ,p - ,hep :]e ,p 7a - 7#d_/c7pine7 ,r#a;iotap - mp1 or1 by neglect+ ,r1 ,p m7s - p71 :]e s is ! p]iod ( ! free ions4 ,if1 q#a1 q#b are ! roots ( ?is equation1 !n correspond+ to q#a we h ,x#j iota,y#j & to q#b ,x#j -iota,y#j4 ,we ?us get two oppositely circul>-pol>iz$ rays travell+ ) ! velocities p_/q#a & p_/q#b respectively4 ,h5ce if v#a1 v#b are ^! velocities1 & v ! velocity :5 !re is no magnetic field1 we obta91 if we neglect t]ms 9 ,h1 #a #a #dpine,hp --- -- ------------1 v#a v m7s - p7 #a #a #dpine,hp --- -- - ------------4 v#b v m7s - p7 ,! rotation r ( ! plane ( pol>ization p] unit l5g? _/ #a #a #bpine,hpv p 7 --- - --- 7 -------------4 v#a v#b _/ m7s - p7 ,s9ce #a_/v ,k#j #dpine_/m7s - p71 we h if is ! refractive index = light ( frequ5cy p1 & v#j ! velocity ( light 9 vacuo4 - #a #dpinev#j _/ m7s - p7 7#a7 ,s t we may put r 7 - #a7p,h _/ spine v#j 7#b7 ,becqu]el 7,comptes r5dus1 #abe1 p4 #fhc7 gives = r ! expression e ,h d --- ---- ---------1 m v#j dlambda :]e lambda is ! wave l5g?4 ,?is is equival5t to 7#b7 if is giv5 by 7#a74 ,he has %[n t ?is expression is 9 good agreem5t ) exp]im5t4 ,! sign ( r dep5ds on ! sign ( e1 h5ce ! rotation due to negative ions w\ld be opposite to t = positive4 ,= ! great majority ( sub/ances ! direction ( rotation is t correspond+ to ! negation ion4 ,we see f ! equations t ! rotation is v l>ge = su* a value ( p z makes ,p #j3 ?is value corresponds to a free p]iod ( ! ions1 s t ! rotation ought to be v l>ge 9 ! neighb\rhood ( an absorption b&4 ,?is has be5 v]ifi$ = sodium vap\r by ,macaluso & ,corb9o4#dc ,if plane-pol>iz$ light falls normally on a plane face ( ! m$ium conta9+ ! ions1 !n if ! electric =ce 9 ! incid5t wave is p>allel to x & is equal to ! real "p ( ,aepsilonl7pt - qz71 if ! reflect$ beam 9 :i* ! electric =ce is p>allel to x is repres5t$ by ,bepsilonl7pt qz7 & ! reflect$ beam 9 :i* ! electric =ce is p>allel to ! axis ( y by ,cepsilonl7pt qz71 !n ! conditions t ! magnetic =ce p>allel to ! surface is cont9u\s1 & t ! electric =ces p>allel to ! surface 9 ! air are cont9u\s ) ,y#j1 ,x#j 9 ! m$ium1 give ,a ,b iota,c ----------------- ----------- ---------- 7q q#a7 7q q#b7 7q - q#aq#b7 q7q#b - q#a7 or approximately1 s9ce q#a & q#b are ne>ly equal1 iota,c q7q#b - q#a7 7 - #a7p,h ------- ---------- ------------4 ,b q - q#a #dpine ,v#j ,?us 9 transp>5t bodies = :i* is real1 ,c & ,b diff] 9 phase by pi_/#b1 & ! reflect$ light is elliptically pol>iz$1 ! major axis ( ! ellipse be+ 9 ! plane ( pol>ization ( ! incid5t light1 s t 9 ?is case !re is no rotation1 b only elliptic pol>ization2 :5 !re is /rong absorption s t conta9s an imag9>y t]m1 ,c_/,b w conta9 a real "p s t ! reflect$ light w be elliptically pol>iz$1 b ! major axis is no long] 9 ! plane ( pol>ization ( ! incid5t light2 we %\ld ?us h a rotation ( ! plane ( pol>ization sup]pos$ on ! elliptic pol>ization4 ,zeeman's ,effect4--,f>aday1 aft] discov]+ ! effect ( a magnetic field on ! plane ( pol>ization ( light1 made num]\s exp]im5ts to see if su* a field influ5c$ ! nature ( ! light emitt$ by a lum9\s body1 b )\t success4 ,9 #ahhe ,fievez1#dd a ,belgian physici/1 notic$ t ! spectrum ( a sodium flame 0 *ang$ slightly 9 appe>ance by a magnetic field2 b 8 obs]vation does n seem to h attract$ mu* att5tion1 & 0 probably ascrib$ to second>y effects4 ,9 #ahif ,zeeman#de saw a di/9ct broad5+ ( ! l9es ( li?ium & sodium :5 ! flames conta9+ salts ( ^! metals 7 betwe5 ! poles ( a p[]ful electromagnet2 foll[+ up ?is obs]vation1 he obta9$ "s exce$+ly rem>kable & int]e/+ results1 ( :i* ^? obs]v$ ) ! blue-gre5 cadmium l9e may be tak5 z typical4 ,he f\nd t 9 a /rong magnetic field1 :5 ! l9es ( =ce are p>allel to ! direction ( propagation ( ! light1 ! l9e is split up into a d\blet1 ! con/itu5ts ( :i* are on opposite sides ( ! undi/urb$ position ( ! l9e1 & t ! light 9 ! con/itu5ts ( ?is d\blet is circul>ly pol>iz$1 ! rotation 9 ! two l9es be+ 9 opposite directions4 ,:5 ! magnetic =ce is at "r angles to ! direction ( propagation ( ! light1 ! l9e is resolv$ into a triplet1 ( :i* ! middle l9e occupies ! same position z ! undi/urb$ l9e2 all ! con/itu5ts ( ?is triplet are plane-pol>iz$1 ! plane ( pol>ization ( ! middle l9e be+ at "r angles to ! magnetic =ce1 :ile ! outside l9es are pol>iz$ on a plane p>allel to ! l9es ( magnetic =ce4 ,a great deal ( light is ?r[n on ?is ph5om5on by ! foll[+ consid]ations due to ,h4 ,a4 ,lor5tz4#df ,let u consid] an ion attract$ to a c5tre ( =ce by a =ce proportional to ! di/ance1 & act$ on by a magnetic =ce p>allel to ! axis ( z3 !n if m is ! mass ( ! p>ticle & e its *>ge1 ! equations ( motion are dx dy m --- ax -,he --2 dt dt dy dx m --- ay ,he --2 dt dt dz m --- ax #j4 dt ,! solution ( ^! equations is x ,a cos 7p#at beta7 ,b cos 7p#bt beta#a7 y ,a s9 7p#at beta7 - ,b s9 7p#bt beta#a7 z ,c cos 7pt gamma7 :]e a - mp#a - ,he p#a a - mp#b ,he p#b p alpha_/m1 or approximately ,he ,he p#a p ---1 p#b p - ---4 m m ,?us ! motion ( ! ion on ! xy plane may be reg>d$ z made up ( two circul> motions 9 opposite directions describ$ ) frequ5cies p#a & p#b respectively1 :ile ! motion along z has ! p]iod p1 :i* is ! frequ5cy = all ! vibrations :5 ,h #j4 ,n[ suppose t ! cadmium l9e is due to ! motion ( su* an ion2 !n if ! magnetic =ce is along ! direction ( propagation1 ! vibration 9 ?is direction has its p]iod unalt]$1 b s9ce ! direction ( vibration is p]p5dicul> to ! wave front1 x does n give rise to light4 ,?us we are left ) ! two circul> motions 9 ! wave front ) frequ5cies p#a & p#b giv+ ! circul>ly pol>iz$ con/itu5ts ( ! d\blet4 ,n[ suppose ! magnetic =ce is at "r angles to ! direction ( propagation ( ! light2 !n ! vibration p>allel to ! magnetic =ce be+ 9 ! wave front produces lum9\s effects & gives rise to a plane-pol>iz$ ray ( undi/urb$ p]iod 7! middle l9e ( ! triplet71 ! plane ( pol>ization be+ at "r angles to ! magnetic =ce4 ,! compon5ts 9 ! wave-front ( ! circul> orbits at "r angles to ! magnetic =ce w be rectil9e> motions ( frequ5cy p#a & p#b at "r angles to ! magnetic =ce--s t !y w produce plane-pol>iz$ light1 ! plane ( pol>ization be+ p>allel to ! magnetic =ce2 ^! are ! out] l9es ( ! triplet4 ,if ,zeeman's obs]vations are int]pret$ f ?is po9t ( view1 ! directions ( rotation ( ! circul>ly-pol>iz$ light 9 ! d\blet obs]v$ along ! l9es ( magnetic =ce %[ t ! ions :i* produce ! lum9\s vibrations are negatively electrifi$1 :ile ! measurem5t ( ! *>ge ( frequ5cy due to ! magnetic field %[s t e_/m is ( ! ord] #ajg4 ,?is result is ( great int]e/1 z ?is is ! ord] ( ! value ( e_/m 9 ! negatively electrifi$ p>ticles :i* con/itute ! ,ca?ode ,rays 7see ,,conduction1 ,,electric ,,iii4 ,?r\gh ,gases74 ,?us we inf] t ! ca?ode p>ticles are f\nd 9 bodies1 ev5 :]e n subject to ! action ( int5se electrical fields1 & are 9 fact an ord9>y con/itu5t ( ! molecule4 ,simil> p>ticles are f\nd ne> an inc&esc5t wire1 & also ne> a metal plate illum9at$ by ultra-violet light4 ,! value ( e_/m d$uc$ f ! ,zeeman effect ranges f #ajg to #c4d #ajg1 ! value ( e_/m = ! p>ticle 9 ! ca?ode rays is #a4g #ajg4 ,! majority ( ! det]m9ations ( e_/m f ! ,zeeman effect give numb]s l>g] ?an ?is1 ! maximum be+ ab\t twice ?is value4 ,a m ext5d$ /udy ( ! behavi\r ( ! spectroscopic l9es has af=d$ examples 9 :i* ! effects produc$ by a magnet are m complicat$ ?an ^? we h describ$1 inde$ ! simple cases are mu* less num]\s ?an ! m complex4 ,?us ,pre/on#dg & ,cornu#dh h %[n t "u ! action ( a transv]se magnetic field "o ( ! ,d l9es splits up into f\r1 & ! o!r into six l9es2 ,pre/on has giv5 _m o!r examples ( ^! qu>tets & sextets1 & has %[n t ! *ange 9 ! frequ5cy1 :i*1 accord+ to ! simple !ory indicat$1 %\ld be ! same = all l9es1 actually v>ies consid]ably f "o l9e to ano!r1 _m l9es %[+ no appreciable displacem5t4 ,! splitt+ up ( a s+le l9e into a qu>tet or sextet indicates1 f ! po9t ( view ( ! ion !ory1 t ! l9e mu/ h its orig9 9 a sy/em consi/+ ( m ?an "o ion4 ,a s+le ion hav+ only ?ree degrees ( fre$om c only h ?ree p]iods4 ,:5 !re is no magnetic =ce act+ on ! ion ^! p]iods are equal1 b ?\gh "u ! action ( a magnetic =ce !y are sep>at$1 _! numb] _c be increas$4 ,:5 !re=e we get f\r or m l9es1 ! inf]5ce is t ! sy/em giv+ ! l9es mu/ h at lea/ f\r degrees ( fre$om1 & !re=e mu/ consi/ ( m ?an "o ion4 ,! !ory ( a sy/em ( ions mutually influ5c+ ea* o!r %[s1 z we %\ld expect1 t ! effects are m complex ?an 9 ! case ( a s+le ion1 & t ! *ange 9 ! frequ5cy is n necess>ily ! same = all sy/ems 7see ,j4 ,j4 ,?omson1 ,proc4 ,camb4 ,phil4 ,soc4 #ac1 p4 #ci74 ,pre/on#di & ,runge & ,pas*5 h prov$ t1 9 "s cases at any rate1 ! *ange 9 ! frequ5cy ( ! diff]5t l9es is ( su* a "* t !y c be gr\p$ into s]ies su* t ea* l9e 9 ! s]ies has ! same *ange 9 frequ5cy = ! same magnetic =ce1 &1 moreov]1 t homolog\s l9es 9 ! spectra ( diff]5t metals belong+ to ! same gr\p h ! same *ange 9 frequ5cy4 ,a v rem>kable case ( ! ,zeeman effect has be5 discov]$ by ,h4 ,becqu]el & ,desl&res 7,comptes r5dus1 #abg1 p4 #ah74 ,!y f\nd l9es 9 iron :5 ! mo/ deflect$ compon5ts are ^? pol>iz$ 9 ! plane at "r angles to ! magnetic =ce4 ,on ! simple !ory ! light pol>iz$ 9 ?is way is n affect$4 ,?us ! behavi\r ( ! spectrum 9 ! magnetic field promises to ?r[ great light on ! nature ( radiation1 & p]haps on ! con/itution ( ! elem5ts4 ,! /udy ( ^! effects has be5 greatly facilitat$ by ! inv5tion by ,mi*elson#ej ( ! e*elon spectroscope4 ,!re are "s int]e/+ ph5om5a connect$ ) ! ,zeeman effect :i* are m easily obs]v$ ?an ! effect itself4 ,?us ,cotton#ea f\nd t if we h two ,buns5 flames1 ,a & ,b1 col\r$ by ! same salt1 ! absorption ( ! light ( "o by ! o!r is dim9i%$ if ei!r is plac$ betwe5 ! poles ( a magnet3 ?is is at once expla9$ by ! ,zeeman effect1 = ! times ( vibration ( ! molecules ( ! flame 9 ! magnetic field are n ! same z ^? ( ! o!r flame1 & ?us ! absorption is dim9i%$4 ,simil> consid]ations expla9 ! ph5om5on obs]v$ by ,egor(f & ,georgiewsky1#eb t ! light emitt$ f a flame 9 a transv]se field is p>tially pol>iz$ 9 a plane p>allel to ! magnetic =ce2 & also ,righi's#ec obs]vation t if a sodium flame is plac$ 9 a longitud9al field betwe5 two cross$ ,nicols1 & a ray ( :ite light s5t ?r\gh "o ( ! ,nicols1 !n ?r\gh ! flame1 & !n ?r\gh ! second ,nicol1 ! am\nt ( light pass+ ?r\gh ! second ,nicol is great] :5 ! field is on ?an :5 x is (f4 ,voight & ,wie*]t 7,wi$4 ,ann4 #fg1 p4 #cde7 detect$ ! d\ble refraction produc$ :5 light travels ?r\gh a sub/ance expos$ to a magnetic field at "r angles to ! pa? ( ! light2 ?is result _h be5 pr$ict$ by ,voight f !oretical consid]ations4 ,jean ,becqu]el has made "s v int]e/+ exp]im5ts on ! effect ( a magnetic field on ! f9e absorption b&s produc$ by x5otime1 a phosphate ( yttrium & erbium1 & tysonite1 a fluoride ( c]ium1 lan?anum & didymium1 & has obta9$ effects :i* he ascribes to ! pres5ce ( positive electrons4 ,a v complete acc\nt ( magneto- & electro-optics is conta9$ 9 ,voight's ,magneto- & ,elektro-optik4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es1 ,s]ies #ai4 #b ,comptes r5dus1 #hh1 p4 #gji4 #c ,wi$4 ,ann4 #f1 p4 #ccb2 #h1 p4 #bgh2 #aj1 p4 #beg4 #d ,wi$4 ,ann4 #bc1 p4 #bbh2 #bg1 p4 #aia4 #e ,wi$4 ,ann4 #ca1 p4 #ida4 #f ,phil4 ,trans41 ,a4 #ahhe1 ,pt4 #aa1 p4 #cdc4 #g ,wi$4 ,ann4 #bf1 p4 #def4 #h ,phil4 ,trans41 ,a4 #ahie1 ,pt4 #ag1 p4 #fba4 #i ,wi$4 ,ann4 #bd1 p4 #afa4 #aj ,wi$4 ,ann4 #ca1 p4 #igj4 #aa ,comptes r5dus1 #eg1 p4 #fgj4 #ab ,comptes r5dus1 #dc1 p4 #ebi2 #dd1 p4 #abji4 #ac ,j\rn4 ,*em4 ,soc4 #ahhd1 p4 #dba2 #ahhf1 p4 #agg2 #ahhg1 pp4 #cfb & #hjh2 #ahhh1 p4 #efa2 #ahhi1 pp4 #fhj & #gej2 #ahia1 p4 #iha2 #ahib1 p4 #hjj2 #ahic1 pp4 #ge1 #ii & #dhh4 #ad ,wi$4 ,ann4 #dd1 p4 #cgg4 #ae ,wi$4 ,ann4 #dc1 p4 #bhj4 #af ,zeits*rift f4 physikal4 ,*em4 #aa1 p4 #gec4 #ag ,phil4 ,mag4 #e #c1 p4 #cba4 #ah ,ann4 de *im4 et de phys4 #f #d1 p4 #dcc2 #i1 p4 #fe2 #aj1 p4 #bjj4 #ai ,wi$4 ,ann4 #bc1 p4 #bbh2 #bg1 p4 #aia4 #bj ,wi$4 ,ann4 #ci1 p4 #be4 #ba ,wi$4 ,ann4 #db1 p4 #aae4 #bb ,phil4 ,mag4 #e #ab1 p4 #aga4 #bc ,j\rn4 de ,phys4 #ahhd1 p4 #cfj4 #bd ,beibltt] zu ,wi$4 ,ann4 #ahhe1 p4 #bge4 #be ,messung5 b] d4 ,k]r's*e ,ers*e9ung4 ,inaugural ,diss]t4 ,leid51 #ahic4 #bf ,phil4 ,mag4 #e #e1 p4 #afa4 #bg ,phil4 ,mag4 #c #bh1 p4 #dfi4 #bh ,die ,magn4 ,drehung d4 ,pol>isationseb5e des ,li*ts1 ,halle1 #ahfc4 #bi ,electricity & ,magnetism1 *ap4 xxi4 #cj ,phil4 ,trans4 #ahhj 7#b71 p4 #fia4 #ca ,phil4 ,mag4 7#e7 #aa1 p4 #bed1 #ahha4 #cb ,ar*4 ,nerl4 #ai1 p4 #abc4 #cc ,wi$4 ,ann4 #bc1 p4 #dic2 #fg1 p4 #cde4 #cd ,wi$4 ,ann4 #bd1 p4 #aai4 #ce ,wi$4 ,beibltt]1 #h1 p4 #hfi4 #cf ,comptes r5dus1 #ajh1 p4 #eaj4 #cg ,phil4 ,trans4 #ahb1 ,a4 p4 #cga1 #ahib2 ,physical ,optics1 p4 #cic4 #ch ,wi$4 ,ann4 #df1 p4 #ga2 #dg1 p4 #cde2 #dh1 p4 #gdj2 #ej1 p4 #gbb4 #ci ,wi$4 ,ann4 #df1 p4 #cec2 #dh1 p4 #abb2 #di1 p4 #fij4 #dj ,rec5t ,rese>*es1 p4 #dhi et seq4 #da ,phil4 ,trans41 ,a4 #ahig1 p4 #hi4 #db ,brit4 ,assoc4 ,report1 #ahic4 #dc ,comptes r5dus1 #abg1 p4 #edh4 #dd ,bull4 de l',acad4 des ,sci5ces ,belg4 7#c7 #i1 pp4 #cbg1 #cha1 #ahhe2 #ab p4 #cj1 #ahhf4 #de ,communications f ! ,physical ,laboratory1 ,leid51 ,no4 #cc1 #ahif2 ,phil4 ,mag4 #dc1 p4 #bbf2 #dd1 pp4 #ee & #bee2 & #de1 p4 #aig4 #df ,ar*4 ,nerl4 #be1 p4 #aij4 #dg ,phil4 ,mag4 #de1 p4 #cbe2 #dg1 p4 #afe4 #dh ,comptes r5dus1 #abf1 p4 #aha4 #di ,phil4 ,mag4 #df1 p4 #ahg4 #ej ,phil4 ,mag4 #de1 p4 #cdh4 #ea ,comptes r5dus1 #abe1 p4 #hfe4 #eb ,comptes r5dus1 pp4 #gdh & #idi1 #ahig4 #ec ,comptes r5dus1 #abg1 p4 #baf2 #abh1 p4 #de4 7,j4 ,j4 ,t47 ,,magnolia1 ! typical g5us ( ! botanical ord] ,magnoliaceae1 nam$ aft] ,pi]re ,magnol 7#afch-agae71 pr(essor ( m$ic9e & botany at ,montpelli]4 ,x conta9s ab\t tw5ty species1 di/ribut$ 9 ,japan1 ,*9a & ! ,himalayas1 z well z 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,magnolias are trees or %rubs ) decidu\s or r>ely ev]gre5 foliage4 ,!y be> conspicu\s & (t5 l>ge1 fragrant1 :ite1 rose or purple fl[]s4 ,! sepals are ?ree 9 numb]1 ! petals six to twelve1 9 two to f\r s]ies ( ?ree 9 ea*1 ! /am5s & c>pels be+ num]\s4 ,! fruit consi/s ( a numb] ( follicles :i* are borne on a m or less conical receptacle1 & dehisce along ! out] edge to all[ ! sc>let or br[n se$s to escape2 ! se$s h[ev] rema9 susp5d$ by a long sl5d] ?read 7! funicle74 ,( ! old-_w species1 ! e>lie/ 9 cultivation appe>s to h be5 ,m4 ,yulan 7or ,m4 conspicua7 ( ,*9a1 ( :i* ! buds 7 pres]v$1 z well z us$ m$ic9ally & to season rice2 toge!r ) ! gre5h\se species1 ,m4 fuscata1 x 0 transport$ to ,europe 9 #aghi1 & !nce to ,nor? ,am]ica1 & is n[ cultivat$ 9 ! ,middle ,/ates4 ,!re are _m f9e =ms ( ,m4 conspicua1 ! be/ be+ ,s\langeana1 :ite t9t$ ) purple1 ,l5n & /ricta4 ,( ! ,japanese magnolias1 ,m4 ,kobus & ! purple-fl[]$ ,m4 obovata 7 met ) by ,kaempf] 9 #afij1 & 7 introduc$ into ,engl& 9 #agji & #ahjd respectively4 ,m4 pumila1 ! dw>f magnolia1 f ! m\nta9s ( ,amboyna1 is ne>ly ev]gre51 & be>s delici\sly sc5t$ fl[]s2 x 0 introduc$ 9 #aghf4 ,! ,indian species are ?ree 9 numb]1 ,m4 globosa1 alli$ to ,m4 conspicua ( ,japan1 ,m4 sph5oc>pa1 &1 ! mo/ magnific5t ( all magnolias1 ,m4 ,campbellii1 :i* =ms a conspicu\s feature 9 ! sc5]y & vegetation ( ,d>jeel+4 ,x 0 discov]$ by ,dr ,griffi? 9 ,bhutan1 & is a l>ge =e/ tree1 ab\nd+ on ! out] ranges ( ,sikkim1 #hj to #aej ft4 high1 & f #f to #ab ft4 9 gir?4 ,! fl[]s are #f to #aj 94 across1 appe>+ be=e ! leaves1 & v>y f :ite to a deep rose col\r4 ,! fir/ ( ! ,am]ican species br\ght to ,europe 79 #afhh by ,john ,bani/]7 0 ,m4 glauca1 a beautiful ev]gre5 species ab\t #ae ft4 high ) obtuse lea!ry leaves1 blue-gre5 above1 silv]y und]nea?1 & globul> fl[]s v>y+ f creamy :ite to pale yell[ ) age4 ,x is f\nd 9 l[ situations ne> ! sea f ,massa*usetts to ,l\isiana--m especially 9 ,new ,j]sey & ! ,c>ol9as4 ,m4 acum9ata1 ! s-call$ cucumb] tree1 f ! resemblance ( ! "y fruits to small cucumb]s1 ranges f ,p5nsylvania to ,c>ol9a4 ,! wood is yell[1 & us$ = b[ls2 ! fl[]s1 #c to #d 94 across1 are glauc\s gre5 t9t$ ) yell[4 ,x 0 introduc$ into ,engl& f ,virg9ia ab\t #agcf4 ,m4 tripetala 7or ,m4 umbrella71 is kn[n z ! umbrella tree f ! arrangem5t ( ! leaves at ! ends ( ! bran*es resembl+ some:at t ( ! ribs ( an umbrella4 ,! fl[]s1 #e to #h 94 across1 are :ite & h a /rong b n disagreeable sc5t4 ,x 0 br\ght to ,engl& 9 #ageb4 ,m4 ,fras]i 7or ,m4 auriculata71 discov]$ by ,john ,b>tram 9 #aggc1 is a native ( ! we/]n p>ts ( ! ,c>ol9as & ,georgia1 ext5d+ s\?w>d to we/]n ,florida & s\!rn ,alabama4 ,x gr[s #cj to #ej ft4 high1 has leaves a foot or m long1 he>t-%ap$ & bluntly auricl$ at ! base1 & fragrant pale yell[i%-:ite fl[]s1 #c to #d 94 across4 ,! mo/ beautiful species ( ,nor? ,am]ica is ,m4 gr&iflora1 ! laurel magnolia1 a native ( ! s\?-ea/]n ,/ates1 & introduc$ into ,engl& 9 #agcd4 ,x gr[s a /raight trunk1 #b ft4 9 diamet] & upw>ds ( #gj ft4 high1 be>+ a pr(usion ( l>ge1 p[]fully lemon-sc5t$ creamy-:ite fl[]s4 ,x is an ev]gre5 tree1 easily recogniz$ by its glossy gre5 oval oblong leaves ) a ru/y-br[n "u surface4 ,9 ,engl& x is cu/om>y to tra9 x aga9/ a wall 9 ! cold] p>ts1 b x does well z a bu% tree2 & ! orig9al species is surpass$ by ! ,exm\? v>ieties1 :i* orig9at$ z se$l+s at ,exet] f ! tree fir/ rais$ 9 ,engl& by ,sir ,john ,colliton1 & :i* fl[] mu* m freely ?an ! p>5t plant4 ,o!r f9e magnolias n[ to be met ) 9 g>d5s are ,m4 cordata1 a ,nor? ,am]ican decidu\s tree #dj to #ej ft4 high1 ) he>t-%ap$ leaves1 woolly b5ea?1 & yell[ fl[]s l9$ ) purple2 ,m4 hypoleuca1 a f9e ,japanese tree #fj ft4 high or m1 ) leaves a foot or m long1 #f to #g 94 broad1 ! "u surface cov]$ ) hairs2 ,m4 macrophylla1 a h&some decidu\s ,nor? ,am]ican tree1 ) smoo? :iti% b>k1 & v l>ge beautiful gre5 leaves1 #a to #c ft4 long1 #h to #aj 94 broad1 oblong-obovate & he>t-%ap$ at ! base2 ! op5 sweet-sc5t$ bell-%ap$ fl[]s #h to #aj 94 across1 are :ite ) a purple blot* at ! base ( ! petals2 ,m4 /ellata or ,halleana1 a *>m+ decidu\s ,japanese %rub rem>kable = produc+ its pure :ite />ry fl[]s z e>ly z ,febru>y & ,m>* on ! leafless /ems2 & ,m4 ,watsoni1 ano!r f9e decidu\s ,japanese bu% or small tree ) v fragrant pure :ite fl[]s #e to #f 94 across4 ,illu/ration3 ,magnolia gr&iflora1 %oot ) fl[]2 r less ?an nat4 size4 #a4 ,fl[] aft] removal ( ! sepals & petals1 %[+ ! indef9ite /am5s1 s1 & c>pels1 c4 #b4 ,fruit--! ripe c>pels are splitt+1 expos+ ! se$s1 "s ( :i* are susp5d$ by ! long funicle4 #c4 ,floral diagram1 b1 bract4 ,! tulip tree1 ,liriod5dron tulipif]a1 a native ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 frequ5tly cultivat$ 9 ,engl&1 is also a memb] ( ! same family4 ,x rea*es a height ( ov] #ajj ft4 9 a native condition1 & z mu* z #fj to #hj ft4 9 ,engl&4 ,x resembles ! plane tree some:at 9 appe>ance1 b is readily recogniz$ by lob$ leaves hav+ ! apical lobe truncat$1 & by its s(t gre5 & yell[ tulip-l fl[]s--:i* h[ev] are r>ely borne on trees "u tw5ty ye>s ( age4 ,= a description ( ! pr9cipal species ( magnolia "u cultivation see ,j4 ,wea!rs1 ,practical ,guide to ,g>d5 ,plants1 pp4 #agd seq41 & = a detail$ acc\nt ( ! ,am]ican species see ,c4 ,s4 ,s>g5t1 ,silva ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 vol4 i4 ,,magnus1 ,,he9ri* ,,gu/av 7#ahjb-ahgj71 ,g]man *emi/ & physici/1 0 born at ,b]l9 on ! #bnd ( ,may #ahjb4 ,8 fa!r 0 a weal?y m]*ant2 & ( 8 five bro!rs "o1 ,edu>d 7#agii-ahgb71 became a celebrat$ pa9t]4 ,aft] /udy+ at ,b]l91 he w5t to ,/ockholm to "w "u ,b]zelius1 & lat] to ,p>is1 :]e he /udi$ = a :ile "u ,gay-,lussac & ,?n>d4 ,9 #ahca he return$ to ,b]l9 z lectur] on te*nology & physics at ! univ]sity4 ,z a tea*] 8 success 0 rapid & extraord9>y4 ,8 lucid /yle & ! p]fection ( 8 exp]im5tal demon/rations drew to 8 lectures a cr[d ( en?usia/ic s*ol>s1 on :om he impress$ ! importance ( appli$ sci5ce by conduct+ !m r\nd ! factories & work%ops ( ! city2 & he fur!r f\nd "t to hold weekly colloquies on physical que/ions at 8 h\se ) a small circle ( "y /ud5ts4 ,f #ahbg to #ahcc he 0 occupi$ ma9ly ) *emical rese>*es1 :i* result$ 9 ! discov]y ( ! fir/ ( ! plat9o-ammonium comp\nds 7,magnus's gre5 salt is ,pt,cl#b1 #b,,nh#c71 ( sulphov9ic1 e?ionic & ise?ionic acids & _! salts1 &1 9 conjunction ) ,c4 ,f4 ,amm]mll]1 ( p]iodic acid4 ,among o!r subjects at :i* he subsequ5tly work$ 7 ! absorption ( gases 9 blood 7#ahcg-ahde71 ! expansion ( gases by heat 7#ahda-ahdd71 ! vap\r pressures ( wat] & v>i\s solutions 7#ahdd-ahed71 !rmo-electricity 7#ahea71 electrolysis 7#ahef71 induction ( curr5ts 7#aheh-ahfa71 conduction ( heat 9 gases 7#ahfj71 & pol>ization ( heat 7#ahff-ahfh74 ,f #ahfa onw>ds he devot$ mu* att5tion to ! "q ( dia!rmancy 9 gases & vap\rs1 especially to ! behavi\r 9 ?is respect ( dry & moi/ air1 & to ! !rmal effects produc$ by ! cond5sation ( moi/ure on solid surfaces4 ,9 #ahcd ,magnus 0 elect$ extraord9>y1 & 9 #ahde ord9>y pr(essor at ,b]l94 ,he 0 ?ree times elect$ dean ( ! faculty1 9 #ahdg1 #aheh & #ahfc2 & 9 #ahfa1 rector magnificus4 ,8 great reputation l$ to 8 be+ entru/$ by ! gov]nm5t ) sev]al missions2 9 #ahfe he repres5t$ ,prussia 9 ! conf]5ce call$ at ,frank=t to introduce a uni=m metric sy/em ( weights & measures into ,g]many4 ,= =ty-five ye>s 8 lab\r 0 incessant2 8 fir/ memoir 0 publi%$ 9 #ahbe :5 he 0 yet a /ud5t2 8 la/ appe>$ %ortly aft] 8 dea? on ! #d? ( ,april #ahgj4 ,he m>ri$ 9 #ahdj ,b]?a ,humblot1 ( a ,fr5* ,hugu5ot family settl$ 9 ,b]l91 by :om he left a son & two daught]s4 ,see ,allgeme9e deuts*e ,biog4 ,! ,royal ,society's ,catalogue enum]ates #hd pap]s by ,magnus1 mo/ ( :i* orig9ally appe>$ 9 ,pogg5dorff's ,annal54 ,,magny1 ,,claude ,,drigon1 ,,m>quis ,,de 7#agig-ahgi71 ,fr5* h]aldic writ]1 0 born 9 ,p>is4 ,aft] be+ employ$ = "s "t 9 ! po/al s]vice1 he devot$ himself to ! /udy ( h]aldry & g5ealogy1 8 "w 9 ?is direction be+ rew>d$ by ,pope ,gregory ,,xvi4 ) a m>quisate4 ,he f\nd$ a ,fr5* college ( h]aldry1 & wrote sev]al works on h]aldry & g5ealogy1 ( :i* ! mo/ important 7 ,ar*ives nobiliaires univ]selles 7#ahdc7 & ,livre d'or de la noblesse de ,france 7#ahdd-aheb74 ,8 two sons1 ,ed\>d ,drigon & ,a*ille ,ludovice ,drigon1 respectively comte & vicomte de ,magny1 also wrote sev]al works on h]aldry4 ,,mago1 ! "n ( sev]al ,c>?ag9ians1 7#a7 ,! reput$ f\nd] ( ! milit>y p[] ( ,c>?age1 fl4 #eej-ejj ,b4,c4 7,ju/9 xviii4 #g1 xix4 i74 7#b7 ,! y\nge/ ( ! ?ree sons ( ,hamilc> ,b>ca4 ,he accompani$ ,hannibal into ,italy1 & held important comm&s 9 ! great victories ( ! fir/ ?ree ye>s4 ,aft] ! battle ( ,cannae 7#baf ,b4,c47 he sail$ to ,c>?age to report ! successes ga9$4 ,he 0 ab\t to return to ,italy ) /rong re9=cem5ts = ,hannibal1 :5 ! gov]nm5t ord]$ him to g to ! aid ( 8 o!r bro!r1 ,hasdrubal1 :o 0 h>d press$ 9 ,spa94 ,he c>ri$ on ! w> !re ) v>y+ success 9 conc]t ) ! two ,hasdrubals until1 9 #bji1 8 bro!r m>*$ into ,italy to help ,hannibal4 ,mago rema9$ 9 ,spa9 ) ,hasdrubal1 ! son ( ,gisco4 ,9 #bjg he 0 defeat$ by ,m4 ,junius ,silanus1 & 9 #bjf ! comb9$ =ces ( ,mago & ,hasdrubal 7 scatt]$ by ,scipio ,africanus 9 ! decisive battle ( ,silpia4 ,mago ma9ta9$ himself = "s "t 9 ,gades1 b aft]w>ds receiv$ ord]s to c>ry ! w> into ,liguria4 ,he w9t]$ 9 ! ,bale>ic ,isles1 :]e ! h>b\r ,portus ,magonis 7,port ,mahon7 /ill be>s 8 "n4 ,e>ly 9 #bjd he l&$ 9 ,liguria1 :]e he ma9ta9$ a desultory w>f>e till 9 #bjc he 0 defeat$ 9 ,cisalp9e ,gaul by ! ,roman =ces4 ,%ortly aft]w>ds he 0 ord]$ to return to ,c>?age1 b on ! voyage home he di$ ( w\nds receiv$ 9 battle4 ,see ,polybius iii42 ,livy xxi4-xxiii42 xxviii41 *s4 #bc-cg2 xxix41 xxx42 ,appian1 ,hispanica1 #be-cg2 ,t4 ,fri$ri*1 ,biographie des ,b>kid5 ,mago2 ,h4 ,lehmann1 ,d] ,angriff d] drei ,b>kid5 auf ,itali5 7,leipzig1 #aije72 & fur!r ,j4 ,p4 ,mahaffy1 9 ,h]ma!na1 vii4 #bi-cf 7#ahij74 7#c7 ,! "n ( ,mago is also atta*$ to a great "w on agriculture :i* 0 br\ght to ,rome & translat$ by ord] ( ! s5ate aft] ! de/ruction ( ,c>?age4 ,! book 0 reg>d$ z a /&>d au?ority1 & is (t5 ref]r$ to by lat] writ]s4 ,see ,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/1 xviii4 #e2 ,columella1 i4 #a2 ,cic]o1 ,de oratore1 i4 #eh4 ,,magpie1 or simply ,,pie 7,fr4 pie71 ! prefix be+ ! abbreviat$ =m ( a human "n 7,m>g>et#a71 a bird once common ?r\gh\t ,great ,brita91 ?\gh n[ ne>ly ev]y:]e sc>ce4 ,its pilf]+ habits h l$ to ?is result1 yet ! injuries x causes are exagg]at$ by common report2 & 9 _m c\ntries ( ,europe x is /ill ! tol]at$ or ev5 ! *]i%$ neighb\r ( e f>m]1 z x =m]ly 0 9 ,engl& if n 9 ,scotl& also4 ,x did n exi/ 9 ,irel& 9 #afag1 :5 ,fynes ,morison wrote 8 ,it9]>y1 b x _h appe>$ !re )9 a hundr$ ye>s lat]1 :5 ,swift m5tions its occurr5ces 9 8 ,j\rnal to ,/ella1 #i? ,july #agaa4 ,x is n[ common en\gh 9 t c\ntry1 & !re is a widespread b unf\nd$ belief t x 0 introduc$ by ! ,engli% out ( spite4 ,x is a species t :5 n mole/$ is ext5d+ its range1 z ,j4 ,wolley asc]ta9$ 9 ,lapl&1 :]e )9 ! la/ c5tury x has be5 gradually pu%+ its way along ! coa/ & into ! int]ior f "o fi%+-/ation or settl]'s h\se to ! next1 z ! c\ntry has be5 peopl$4 ,s9ce ! p]secution to :i* ! pie has be5 subject$ 9 ,great ,brita91 its habits h alt]$ greatly4 ,x is no long] ! m]ry1 saucy hang]-on ( ! home/ead1 b is become ! suspici\s ?ief1 %unn+ ! gaze ( man1 & kn[+ t dang] may lurk 9 e bu%4 ,h5ce opportunities ( obs]v+ x fall to ! lot ( few1 & mo/ p]sons "k x only z a curtail$ captive 9 a wick] cage1 :]e its vivacity & natural beauty are less5$ or :olly lo/4 ,at l>ge few ,european birds possess great] beauty1 ! pure :ite ( its scapul>s & inn] web ( ! flight-fea!rs contra/+ vividly ) ! deep glossy black on ! re/ ( its body & w+s1 :ile its long tail is lu/r\s ) gre51 bronze1 & purple reflections4 ,! pie's ne/ is a wond]fully +5i\s /ructure1 plac$ ei!r 9 high trees or l[ bu%es1 & s massively built t x w /& = ye>s4 ,its f\ndation consi/s ( /\t /icks1 turf & clay1 wr\ght into a deep1 holl[ cup1 pla/]$ ) e>?1 & l9$ ) fibres2 b ar\nd ?is is erect$ a firmly int]wov51 basket-l outwork ( ?orny /icks1 =m+ a dome ov] ! ne/1 & leav+ b a s+le hole 9 ! side = entrance & exit1 s t ! :ole /ructure is r5d]$ almo/ impregnable4 ,h]e9 are laid f six to n9e eggs1 ( a pale blui%-gre5 freckl$ ) br[n & blot*$ ) a%-col\r4 ,sup]/ition z to ! appe>ance ( ! pie /ill survives ev5 among _m educat$ p]sons1 & !re are sev]al v]sions ( a rhym+ adage z to ! v>i\s turns ( luck :i* its pres5t+ itself1 ei!r alone or 9 company ) o!rs1 is suppos$ to betok51 ?\gh all agree t ! sight ( a s+le pie presages sorr[4 ,! pie belongs to ! same family ( birds z ! cr[1 & is ! ,corvus pica ( ,l9naeus1 ! ,pica caudata1 ,p4 melanoleuca1 or ,p4 ru/ica ( mod]n orni?ologi/s1 :o h recogniz$ x z =m+ a di/9ct g5us1 b ! numb] ( species !reto belong+ has be5 a fruitful s\rce ( discussion4 ,examples f ! s\? ( ,spa9 diff] slightly f ^? inhabit+ ! re/ ( ,europe1 & 9 "s po9ts m resemble ! ,p4 mauritanica ( nor?-we/]n ,africa2 b t species has a pat* ( b>e sk9 ( a f9e blue col\r beh9d ! eye1 & mu* %ort] w+s4 ,no few] ?an five species h be5 discrim9at$ f v>i\s p>ts ( ,asia1 ext5d+ to ,japan2 b only "o ( !m1 ! ,p4 leucopt]a ( ,turke/an & ,tibet1 has ( late be5 admitt$ z valid4 ,9 ! we/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 & 9 "s ( its isl&s1 a pie is f\nd :i* ext5ds to ! upp] valleys ( ! ,miss\ri & ! ,yell[/one1 & has long be5 ?\ght entitl$ to specific di/9ction z ,p4 hudsonia2 b its claim !reto is n[ disall[$ by "s ( ! be/ orni?ologi/s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & x c h>dly be deem$ ev5 a geographical v>iety ( ! ,old-,_w =m4 ,9 ,cali=nia1 h[ev]1 !re is a p]man5t race if n a good species1 ,p4 nuttalli1 easily di/+ui%able by its yell[ bill & ! b>e yell[ sk9 r\nd its eyes2 on two occasions 9 ! ye> #ahfg a bird app>5tly simil> 0 obs]v$ 9 ,great ,brita9 7,zoologi/1 s]4 #b1 pp4 #gjf1 #ajaf74 7,a4 ,n47 ,,footnote3 #a ,magot & ,madge1 ) ! same orig91 are names1 frequ5tly giv5 9 ,engl& to ! pie2 :ile 9 ,france x is commonly kn[n z ,m>got1 if n t]m$1 z x is 9 "s di/ricts1 ,jaquette4 ,,magwe1 a di/rict 9 ! ,m9bu division ( ,upp] ,burma4 ,area1 #biac sq4 m42 pop4 7#aija71 #bdf1gjh1 %[+ an increase ( #ab4ch 9 ! decade4 ,magwe may be divid$ into two portions3 ! l[1 flat c\ntry 9 ! ,taungdw+yi subdivision1 & ! undulat+ high gr\nd ext5d+ ov] ! re/ ( ! di/rict4 ,9 ,taungdw+yi ! soil is ri*1 loamy1 & extremely f]tile4 ,! pla9 is ab\t #de m4 f nor? to s\?4 ,at its s\!rn extremity x is ab\t #cj m4 wide1 & less5s 9 wid? to ! nor? till x ends 9 a po9t at ,natmauk4 ,on ! ea/ are ! ,pegu ,yomas1 :i* at "s po9ts rea* a height ( #aejj ft4 ,a numb] ( /reams run we/w>ds to ! ,irrawaddy1 ( :i* ! ,y9 & ! ,p91 :i* =m ! nor!rn b\nd>y1 are ! *ief4 ,! only p]5nial /ream is ! ,yanp4 ,rice is ! /aple product1 & consid]able quantities are export$4 ,sesamum ( v high quality1 maize1 & millet are also cultivat$1 z well z cotton 9 pat*es "h & !re ov] ! :ole di/rict4 ,9 ?is di/rict are includ$ ! well-kn[n ,y5angyaung petroleum wells4 ,! /ate wells h be5 leas$ to ! ,burma ,oil ,company4 ,! am\nt ( oil-be>+ l&s is e/imat$ at #hj sq4 m4 & ! portion n leas$ to ! company has be5 dem>cat$ into blocks ( #a sq4 m4 & (f]$ on lease4 ,! rema9+ l& belongs to h]$it>y ,burmese own]s call$ tw9sa1 :o dig wells & extract _! oil by ! rope & pulley sy/em z !y h always done4 ,lacqu]$ wood trays1 b[ls & platt]s1 & c>t-:eels1 are ! only manufactures ( any note 9 ! di/rict4 ,! annual ra9fall av]ages ab\t #bg in*es4 ,! maximum temp]ature rises to a little ov] #ajj 9 ! hot season1 & falls to an av]age m9imum ( #ec & #ed 9 ! cold season4 ,! t[n ( ,magwe is ! headqu>t]s ( ! di/rict2 pop4 7#aija71 #fbcb4 ,x is diagonally opposite ,m9bu1 ! headqu>t]s ( ! division1 on ! "r bank ( ! ,irrawaddy4 ,,magy>s1 ! "n ( ! dom9ant race 9 ,hung>y1 or ,hung>ians prop]4 ,?\gh !y h become physically assimilat$ to ! we/]n peoples1 !y belong 9 orig9 & language to ! ,f9no-,ugrian 7q4v47 division ( ! ,ural-,altaic race4 ,!y =m b>ely half ( ! population ( ,hung>y1 b are by f> ! l>ge/ & mo/ compact ( all its racial gr\ps4 ,magy> is ! (ficial language ( ,hung>y1 ! (ficial "n ( :i* 7,magy>orzg1 or c\ntry ( ! ,magy>s7 en%r9es ! ,magy> claim to pr$om9ance4 ,:ile all ,magy>s are prop]ly ,hung>ians1 all ,hung>ians are n necess>ily ,magy>s4 ,hung>ian may be us$ z a g5]ic t]m cov]+ all ! v>i\s races ( ,hung>y1 :ile ,magy> is /rictly specific to a s+le gr\p4 ,! ,magy>s !mselves1 inde$1 sometimes apply ! "n ,magy>orzg to ,hung>y prop]1 exclud+ ,croatia-,slavonia1 ! :ole k+dom be+ call$ ,magy>birodalom1 ! ,magy> mon>*y or realm4 ,see ,,hung>y4 ,,mahabale%w>1 or ,,malcolmpe?1 a hill /ation 9 ,sat>a di/rict1 & ! pr9cipal sanatorium 9 ! ,bombay presid5cy1 ,india4 ,pop4 7#aija71 #ebii4 ,x is rea*$ by c>riage f ,wa?> railway /ation 7#ci m47 or by motor c> f ,poona 7#aai m474 ,mahabale%w> occupies ! summit ( a ridge ( ! ,we/]n ,ghats1 ) a g5]al elevation ( #dejj ft4 above sea-level4 ,x 0 e/abli%$ 9 #ahbh by ,sir ,john ,malcolm1 gov]nor ( ,bombay1 :o obta9$ ! site f ! raja ( ,sat>a 9 ex*ange = ano!r pat* ( t]ritory4 ,! sup]ior elevation ( ,mahabale%w> r5d]s x mu* cool] ?an ,ma!ran 7#bdfj ft471 a sanatorium ab\t #ej m4 ,e4 ( ,bombay1 b its heavy ra9fall 7#bib 94 annual av]age7 makes x almo/ un9habitable dur+ ! ra9y season4 ,! mean annual temp]ature is #fg ,f4 ,9 ! hotte/ season 7,m>*-,april7 an extreme ( a little ov] #ij is rea*$ dur+ ! day4 ,mahabale%w> =ms ! retreat usually dur+ spr+1 & occasionally 9 autumn1 ( ! gov]nor ( ,bombay1 & ! *ief (fic]s ( 8 e/abli%m5t1 & has ! usual public build+s ( a fir/-class sanatorium4 ,,mahaffy1 ,,john ,,p5tl& 7#ahci- 71 ,iri% classical s*ol>1 0 born 9 ,switz]l& on ! #ab? ( ,july #ahci4 ,he receiv$ 8 e>ly education 9 ,switz]l& & ,g]many1 & lat] at ,tr9ity ,college1 ,dubl91 :]e he held ! pr(essor%ip ( anci5t hi/ory4 ,mahaffy1 a man ( great v]satility1 publi%$ num]\s works1 "s ( :i*1 especially ^? deal+ ) :at may be call$ ! ,silv] age ( ,greece1 became /&>d au?orities4 ,! foll[+ des]ve m5tion3 ,hi/ory ( ,classical ,greek ,lit]ature 7#d? ed41 #aijc seq472 ,social ,life 9 ,greece f ,hom] to ,m5&] 7#d? ed41 #aijc72 ,! ,silv] ,age ( ! ,greek ,_w 7#aijf72 ,! ,empire ( ! ,ptolemies 7#ahif72 ,greek ,life & ,?\ght f ,alex&] to ! ,roman ,conque/ 7#bnd ed41 #ahif72 ,! ,greek ,_w "u ,roman ,sway f ,polybius to ,plut>* 7#ahij74 ,8 translation ( ,kuno ,fis*]'s ,comm5t>y on ,kant 7#ahff7 & 8 own exhau/ive analysis1 ) elucidations1 ( ,kant's critical philosophy are ( great value4 ,he also edit$ ! ,petrie papyri 9 ! ,cunn+ham ,memoirs 7#c vols4 #ahia-aije74 ,,mahallat1 a prov9ce ( c5tral ,p]sia1 situat$ betwe5 ,ka%an & ,irak4 ,pop4 ab\t #bj1jjj2 ye>ly rev5ue ab\t #bejj4 ,until #ahij x 0 "o ( ! five c5tral prov9ces 7! o!r f\r be+ ,irak1 ,f]ahan1 ,kezzaz1 & ,savah71 :i* 7 "u a gov]nor appo9t$ by ! %ah2 s9ce !n x has =m$ "p ( ! ,isfahan gov]nm5t4 ,x is trav]s$ by ! ,an>b> or ,kum ,riv]1 & comprises ! city ( ,mahallat1 divid$ into upp] & l[]1 or ,rivkan & ,zanjirvan1 & tw5ty-two fl\ri%+ villages4 ,x 0 kn[n 9 =m] times z ,an>1 ! ,an>us ( ,peut+]'s tables4 ,! city1 capital ( ! prov9ce1 is situat$ at an elevation ( #ehej ft4 9 #cc #ea ,n41 #ej #cj ,e42 pop4 ab\t #ijjj4 ,,mahan1 ,,alfr$ ,,?ay] 7#ahdj- 71 ,am]ican naval (fic] & hi/orian1 0 born on ! #bg? ( ,septemb] #ahdj at ,we/ ,po9t1 ,new ,york4 ,8 fa!r1 ,d5nis ,h>t ,mahan 7#ahjb-ahga7 0 a pr(essor 9 ! milit>y academy1 & ! au?or ( textbooks on civil & milit>y eng9e]+4 ,! son graduat$ at ! naval academy 9 #ahei1 became lieut5ant 9 #ahfa1 s]v$ on ! ,congress1 & on ! ,pocahontas1 ,sem9ole1 & ,james ,adg] dur+ ! ,civil ,w>1 & 0 in/ructor at ! naval academy = a ye>4 ,9 #ahfe he 0 made lieut4-comm&]1 comm&] 9 #ahgb1 capta9 9 #ahhe4 ,mean:ile he saw s]vice 9 ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 ! ,s\? ,atlantic1 ! ,pacific1 & ,asia1 & did %ore duty at ,bo/on1 ,new ,york & ,annapolis4 ,9 #ahhf-hi he 0 presid5t ( ! naval w> college at ,newport1 ,rhode ,isl&4 ,betwe5 #ahhi & #ahib he 0 engag$ 9 special s]vice = ! bureau ( navigation1 & 9 #ahic 0 made comm&] ( ! ,*icago1 ( ! ,european squadron4 ,9 #ahif he retir$ f active s]vice1 b 0 a memb] ( ! naval bo>d ( /rategy dur+ ! w> betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,spa94 ,he 0 a memb] ( ! peace congress at ! ,hague 9 #ahii4 ,?is long & v>i$ s]vice gave him ext5sive opportunities = obs]vation1 :i* he supplem5t$ by con/ant /udy ( naval au?orities & reflection on ! int]pretation ( ! problems ( m>itime hi/ory4 ,8 fir/ book 0 a mode/ & compact /ory ( ! affairs 9 ,! ,gulf & ,inl& ,wat]s 7#ahhc71 9 a s]ies ( volumes by v>i\s writ]s1 entitl$ ,! ,navy 9 ! ,civil ,w>2 9 #ahij he sudd5ly acquir$ fame by ! appe>ance ( 8 ma/]ly "w entitl$ ,! ,influ5ce ( ,sea ,p[] ^u ,hi/ory1 #affj-aghc4 ,hav+ be5 impress$ by ! failure ( hi/orians to all[ = ! influ5ce ( sea p[] 9 /ruggles betwe5 nations1 he 0 l$ to make prolong$ inve/igations ( ?is g5]al !me 7see ,,sea ,,p[]74 ,! reception accord$ ! volume 0 in/ant & he>ty2 9 ,engl&1 9 p>ticul>1 x 0 deem$ almo/ an epo*-mak+ "w1 & 0 /udi$ by naval speciali/s1 cab9et m9i/]s & j\rnali/s1 z well z by a l>ge "p ( ! g5]al public4 ,x 0 foll[$ by ,! ,influ5ce ( ,sea ,p[] ^u ! ,fr5* ,revolution & ,empire 7#b vols4 #ahib72 ,! ,life ( ,nelson1 ! ,embodim5t ( ! ,sea ,p[] ( ,great ,brita9 7#ahig72 & ,sea ,p[] 9 its ,relations to ! ,w> ( #ahab 7#aije74 ,! au?or's g5]al aim 9 ^! works--"s ( :i* h be5 translat$ into ,fr5*1 ,g]man & ,japanese--0 to make ! consid]ation ( m>itime matt]s p>am\nt to t ( milit>y1 political or economic movem5ts1 )\t1 h[ev]1 z he himself says divorc+ !m f _! surr\nd+s ( cause & effect 9 g5]al hi/ory1 b seek+ to %[ h[ !y modifi$ ! latt]1 & 7 modifi$ by !m4 ,he select$ ! ye> #affj z ! beg9n+ ( 8 n>rative1 z be+ ! date :5 ! sail+-%ip era1 ) its di/9ctive features1 _h fairly begun4 ,! s]ies z a :ole has be5 accept$ z f9ally au?oritative1 supplant+ its pr$ecessors ( simil> aim1 & almo/--9 ! words ( ,!odore ,roosevelt--f\nd+ a new s*ool ( naval hi/orical writ+4 ,o!r works by ,mahan are a ,life ( ,admiral ,f>ragut 7#ahib72 ,! ,int]e/ ( ,am]ica 9 ,sea ,p[] 7#ahig72 ,lessons ( ! ,w> ) ,spa9 7#ahii72 ,! ,/ory ( ! ,w> ) ,s\? ,africa & ,! ,problem ( ,asia 7#aijj72 ,types ( ,naval ,(fic]s drawn f ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,briti% ,navy 7#aija72 ,retrospect & ,prospect1 /udies ( int]national relations 7#aijb74 ,,mahanadi1 or ,,mahanuddy 7,! ,great ,riv]71 a riv] ( ,india4 ,x rises 9 #bj #aj ,n41 #hb ,e41 #be m4 ,s4 ( ,raipur t[n1 9 ! wild m\nta9s ( ,ba/> 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces4 ,at fir/ an insignificant /ream1 tak+ a nor!rly direction1 x dra9s ! ea/]n portion ( ! ,*hattisg>h pla91 !n a little above ,seor9>ayan x receives ! wat]s :i* its fir/ great afflu5t1 ! ,seona?1 has collect$ f ! we/]n portion ( ! pla92 !nce fl[+ = "s di/ance due ,e41 its /ream is augm5t$ by ! dra9age ( ! hills ( ,uprora1 ,korba1 & ! ranges t sep>ate ,sambalpur f ,*ota ,nagpur4 ,at ,padampur x turns t[>ds ! s\?1 & /ruggl+ ?r\gh masses ( rock1 fl[s pa/ ! t[n ( ,sambalpur to ,sonpur4 ,f ,sonpur x pursues a tortu\s c\rse among ridges & rocky crags t[>ds ! range ( ! ,ea/]n ,ghats4 ,?is m\nta9 l9e x pi]ces by a gorge ab\t #dj m4 9 l5g?1 ov]look$ by =e/-clad hills4 ,s9ce ! op5+ ( ! ,b5gal-,nagpur railway1 ! ,mahanadi is little us$ = navigation4 ,x p\rs d[n ^u ! ,orissa delta at ,n>aj1 ab\t #g m4 we/ ( ,cuttack t[n2 & aft] trav]s+ ,cuttack di/rict f we/ to ea/1 & ?r[+ (f num]\s bran*es 7! ,katjori1 ,paika1 ,biropa1 ,*it>tala1 c47 x falls into ! ,bay ( ,b5gal at ,false ,po9t by sev]al *annels4 ,! ,mahanadi has an e/imat$ dra9age area ( #dc1hjj sq4 m41 & its rapid fl[ r5d]s its maximum dis*>ge 9 "t ( flood second to t ( no o!r riv] 9 ,india4 ,dur+ unusually high floods #a1ejj1jjj cub4 ft4 ( wat] p\r e second ?r\gh ! ,n>aj gorge1 "o-half ( :i*1 uncontroll$ by ! elaborate embankm5ts1 & heavily lad5 ) silt1 p\rs ov] ! delta1 fill+ ! swamps1 inundat+ ! rice-fields1 & conv]t+ ! pla9s into a sea4 ,9 ! dry wea!r ! dis*>ge ( ! ,mahanadi dw9dles to #aabe cub4 ft4 p] second4 ,ef=ts h be5 made to husb& & utilize ! va/ wat] supply ?r[n ^u ! ,orissa delta dur+ seasons ( flood4 ,ea* ( ! ?ree bran*es into :i* ! p>5t /ream splits at ! delta head is regulat$ by a weir4 ,( ! f\r canals :i* =m ! ,orissa irrigation sy/em1 two take (f f ! ,biropa weir1 & "o1 ) its bran*1 f ! ,mahanadi weir4 ,on ! #ca/ ( ,decemb] #ahfh ! gov]nm5t took ov] ! :ole canal works f ! ,ea/ ,indian ,irrigation ,company1 at a co/ ( #ida1cfh4 ,! canals ?us tak5 ov] & s9ce complet$1 are ! high-level canal1 ! ,k5drap>a canal1 ! ,tald&a canal & ! ,ma*gaon canal1 irrigat+ #bge1jjj acres4 ,,mahanoy ,,city1 a bor\gh ( ,s*uylkill c\nty1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,u4,s4,a41 #ef m4 ,n4,e4 ( ,h>risburg4 ,pop4 7#ahij71 #aa1bhf2 7#aijj71 #ac1ejd1 ( :om #chgg 7 =eign-born1 mo/ly ,slavs2 7#aiaj c5sus7 #ae1icf4 ,x is s]v$ by bran*es ( ! ,lehigh ,valley & ! ,philadelphia ,read+ railways4 ,! bor\gh is situat$ 9 ! valley ( ,mahanoy ,creek1 & has an elevation ( #abdj ft4 above ! sea2 ,broad ,m\nta9 7#agie ft471 a ridge ext5d+ ?r\gh ,s*uylkill c\nty1 ov]looks x on ! ,s4,e4 ,! valley is a "p ( ! an?racite coal region ( ,p5nsylvania1 fire clay ab\nds 9 ! vic9ity1 & ! bor\gh's pr9cipal indu/ries are ! m9+ & %ipp+ ( coal1 & ! manufacture ( %irts & f\ndry products4 ,mahanoy ,city1 orig9ally a "p ( ,mahanoy t[n%ip 7pop4 9 #aiaj1 #fbef71 0 incorporat$ z a bor\gh 9 #ahfc4 ,,mah>1 ! "n ( a s]vile ca/e 9 ! ,deccan1 ,india4 ,_! special function1 ap>t f t ( scav5g]1 is to act z village wat*man1 z gu>dian ( ! village b\nd>ies1 & z public mess5g]4 ,9 "s p>ts !y are also weav]s ( co>se cotton clo?4 ,9 #aija _! total numb] 9 all ,india 0 j "u ?ree millions4 ,,mah>ajpur1 a village 9 ,gwalior /ate1 ,c5tral ,india4 ,pop4 7#aija71 #cff4 ,x 0 ! sc5e ( a battle 7,dec4 #bi1 #ahdc7 9 :i* ,sir ,hugh ,g\gh1 accompani$ by ! gov]nor-g5]al1 ,"l ,ell5bor\gh1 defeat$ ! insurg5t army ( ! ,gwalior /ate4 ,,mahavamsa1 ! ,great ,*ronicle1 a hi/ory ( ,ceylon f ! #e? c5tury ,b4,c4 to ! middle ( ! #e? c5tury ,a4,d41 writt5 9 ,pali v]se by ,mahanama ( ! ,dighas&a ,h]mitage1 %ortly aft] ! close ( ! p]iod ) :i* x deals4 ,9 po9t ( hi/orical value x comp>es well ) e>ly ,european *ronicles4 ,9 ,india prop] ! deciph]m5t ( e>ly ,indian inscriptions 0 facilitat$ to a v great ext5t by ! data f\nd only 9 ! ,mahavamsa4 ,x 0 compos$ on ! basis ( e>li] works writt5 9 ,s9halese1 :i* are n[ lo/1 hav+ be5 supplant$ by ! *ronicles & comm5t>ies 9 :i* _! cont5ts 7 re/at$ 9 ,pali 9 ! c\rse ( ! #e? c5tury4 ,! p>ticul> "o on :i* our ,mahavamsa 0 ma9ly bas$ 0 also call$ ! ,mahavamsa1 & 0 writt5 9 ,s9halese prose ) ,pali memorial v]se int]sp]s$4 ,! extant ,pali "w gives leg5ds ( ! ,buddha & ! g5ealogy ( 8 family2 a sket* ( ! hi/ory ( ,india d[n to ,asoka2 an acc\nt ( ,buddhism 9 ,india d[n to ! same date2 a description ( ! s5d+ out ( mission>ies aft] ,asoka's c\ncil1 & especially ( ! mission ( ,mah9da to ,ceylon2 a sket* ( ! previ\s hi/ory ( ,ceylon2 a long acc\nt ( ! reign ( ,devanam-piya ,tissa1 ! k+ ( ,ceylon :o receiv$ ,mah9da1 & e/abli%$ ,buddhism 9 ! isl&2 %ort acc\nts ( ! k+s succe$+ him d[n to ,dut?a ,gami9 7,dadagamana or ,dutegemunu72 !n a long acc\nt1 am\nt+ to an epic poem1 ( ! adv5tures & reign ( t pr9ce1 a popul> h]o1 born 9 adv]sity1 :o r\s$ ! p1 & drove ! ,tamil invad]s out ( ! isl&4 ,f9ally we h %ort notices ( ! subsequ5t k+s d[n to ! au?or's "t4 ,! ,mahavamsa 0 ! fir/ ,pali book made kn[n to ,europe4 ,x 0 edit$ 9 #ahcg1 ) ,engli% translation & an elaborate introduction1 by ,george ,turn\r1 !n colonial secret>y 9 ,ceylon4 ,its vocabul>y 0 an important "p ( ! mat]ial utiliz$ 9 ,*ild]'s ,pali ,diction>y4 ,its relation to ! s\rces f :i* x drew has be5 c>efully discuss$ by v>i\s s*ol>s & 9 especial detail by ,geig]4 ,x is agre$ t x gives a reasonably fair & correct pres5tation ( ! tradition pres]v$ 9 ! lo/ ,s9halese ,mahavamsa2 t1 except 9 ! e>lie/ p]iod1 its li/ ( k+s1 ) ! ye>s ( ea* reign1 is complete & tru/wor?y2 & t x gives ?r\gh\t ! view1 z to ev5ts 9 ,ceylon1 ( a resid5t 9 ! ,great ,m9/] at ,anuradhapura4 ,see ,! ,mahavamsa1 ed4 by ,geo4 ,turn\r 7,colombo1 #ahcg72 ed4 by ,w4 ,geig] 7,london1 #aijh72 ,h4 ,old5b]g1 9 ! introduction to 8 edition ( ! ,dipavamsa 7,london1 #ahgi72 ,o4 ,franke1 9 ,wi5] ,zeits*rift fr die ,kunde des ,morg5l&es 7#aijg72 ,w4 ,geig]1 ,dipavamsa und ,mahavamsa 7,leipzig1 #aije1 trans4 by ,e!l ,m4 ,coom>aswamy1 ,colombo1 #aijh74 7,t4 ,w4 ,r4 ,d47 ,,mahayana 7,great ,vehicle71 ! "n giv5 to ! lat] ,buddhism1 ! popul> religion :i* embrac$ all ! p & _h its pan!on ( ,buddhas & ,bodhisatvas1 ) att5dant deities & demons1 spaci\s temples & images1 pomp\s c]emonial & noisy fe/ivals4 ,x 0 ?us contra/$ ) ! ,h9ayana 7,little ,vehicle7 ( ! primitive ,buddhism :i* _h be5 only = ! select few4 7,see ,,buddhism47 ,,mahdi 7,arab4 he :o is guid$ aright71 a title assum$ by ! ?ird ,abbasid caliph 7see ,,caliphate3 ,abbasids1 #c74 ,accord+ to ,moslem traditioni/s ,mahomet decl>$ t "o ( 8 desc5dants1 ! imam ( ,god1 :o w\ld fill ! e>? ) equity & ju/ice1 w\ld be> ! "n ( al-mahdi4 ,! ,sunnis hold t ?is mahdi has n yet appe>$4 ,! "n ( mahdi is also giv5 by ! ,%i'ite ,mahomm$ans to ! la/ ( ! imams ( ! h\se ( ',ali4 ,x 0 "u ! "n ( al-mahdi t ,mokht> proclaim$ ',ali's son ,mahomm$ z ! oppon5t ( ! caliph ,abdalmalik1 &1 accord+ to ,%ahra/ani1 ! doctr9e ( ! mahdi1 ! hidd5 deliv]] :o is "o day to appe> & fill ! oppress$ _w ) righte\sness1 fir/ arose 9 connexion ) a belief t ?is ,mahomm$ _h n di$ b liv$ conceal$ at ,m\nt ,radwa1 ne> ,mecca1 gu>d$ by a lion & a pan!r4 ,! hidd5 imam ( ! common ,%i'ites is1 h[ev]1 ! twelf? imam1 ,mahomm$ ,abu',i-,qasim1 :o disappe>$ my/]i\sly 9 #hgi4 ,! belief 9 ! appe>ance ( ! mahdi readily l5t itself to impo/ure4 ,( ! _m pret5d]s to ?is dignity kn[n 9 all p]iods ( ,moslem hi/ory ! mo/ fam\s 0 ! fir/ caliph ( ! ,fatimite dyna/y 9 ,nor? ,africa1 ',obaidallah al-,mahdi1 :o reign$ #iji-icc4 ,aft] him 0 nam$ ! fir/ capital ( ! dyna/y1 ! once important city ( ,mahdia 7q4v474 ,ano!r great hi/orical movem5t1 head$ by a lead] :o proclaim$ himself ! mahdi 7,mahomm$ ibn ,abdallah ibn ,tum>t71 0 t ( ! ,almohades 7q4v474 ,9 #ahha ,mahomm$ ,ahm$ ibn ,seyyid ,abdullah 7q4v471 a ,dongolese1 proclaim$ himself al-mahdi & f\nd$ 9 ! ea/]n ,sudan ! %ort-liv$ empire ov]?r[n by an ,anglo-,egyptian =ce at ! battle ( ,omdurman 9 #ahih4 ,concurr5tly ) ! claim ( ,mahomm$ ,ahm$ to be ! mahdi ! same title 0 claim$ by1 or =1 ! head ( ! ,s5ussites1 a confrat]nity p[]ful 9 _m regions ( ,nor? ,africa4 ,,mahdia 7also spelt ,mehdia1 ,meh$ia1 c471 a t[n ( ,tunisia1 on ! coa/ betwe5 ! gulfs ( ,hammamet & ,gabes1 #dg m4 by rail ,s4,s4,e4 ( ,susa4 ,pop4 ab\t #hjjj4 ,mahdia is built on a rocky p59sula :i* projects ea/w>d ab\t a mile beyond ! normal coa/ l9e1 & is n m ?an a qu>t] ( a mile wide4 ,! extremity ( ! p59sula is call$ ,ras ,mahdia or ,cape ,africa--,africa be+ ! "n by :i* ,mahdia 0 designat$ by ,froiss>t & o!r ,european hi/orians dur+ ! middle ages & ! ,r5aissance4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! p59sula & occupy+ its highe/ po9t is a citadel 7#af? c5tury72 ano!r ca/le f>!r we/ is n[ us$ z a prison & is 9 ! c5tre ( ! native t[n4 ,! ,european qu>t] & ! new port are on ! s\?-we/ side ( ! p59sula4 ,! port is available = small boats only2 /eam]s an*or 9 ! road/ead ab\t a qu>t] ( a mile f ! %ore4 ,on ! s\?-ea/1 cut out ( ! rock1 is ! anci5t h>b\r1 or co?on1 measur+ ab\t #dhj ft by #bdj ft41 ! entrance be+ #db ft4 wide4 ,!re are manufactories ( olive oil1 b ! *ief indu/ry is s>d9e fi%+1 l>gely 9 ! h&s ( ,italians4 ,mahdia occupies ! site ( a ,pho5ician settlem5t & by "s au?orities is id5tifi$ ) ! t[n call$ ,turris ,hannibalis by ! ,romans4 ,hannibal is said to h emb>k$ "h on 8 exile f ,c>?age4 ,aft] ! ,arab conque/ ( ,nor? ,africa ! t[n fell into decay4 ,x 0 ref\nd$ 9 #iab by ! fir/ ,fatimite caliph1 ',obaidallah-al-,mahdi1 aft] :om x 0 nam$4 ,x became ! port ( ,kairawan & 0 = c5turies a city ( consid]able importance1 l>gely ow+ to its great natural /r5g?1 & its position on ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,x c>ri$ on an active trade ) ,egypt1 ,syria & ,spa94 ,! t[n 0 occupi$ by ! ,normans ( ,sicily 9 ! #ab? c5tury1 b aft] hold+ x = ab\t twelve ye>s !y 7 driv5 out 9 #aaei by ! ,almohades4 ,9 #acij a jo9t ,engli% & ,fr5* =ce va9ly besieg$ ,mahdia = sixty-"o days4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! #af? c5tury ! corsair ,dragut seiz$ ! t[n & made x 8 capital1 b 9 #aeej ! place 0 captur$ by ! ,spani>ds1 :o held x until #aegd4 ,be=e evacuat+ ! t[n ! ,spani>ds dismantl$ ! =tifications4 ,"u ! rule ( ! ,turks &1 lat]1 ! beys ( ,tunis ,mahdia became a place ( little importance4 ,x 0 occupi$ by ! ,fr5* 9 #ahha )\t opposition1 & rega9$ "s ( its =m] comm]cial importance4 ,dur+ #aijh numb]s ( bronzes & o!r works ( art 7 recov]$ f a vessel wreck$ (f ,mahdia 9 ! #e? c5tury ,a4,d4 7see ,classical ,review1 ,june #aiji74 ,,mah1 a ,fr5* settlem5t 9 ! ,malab> di/rict ( ,madras1 ,india1 situat$ 9 #aa #dc ,n4 & #ge #cc ,e41 at ! m\? ( a riv] ( ! same "n4 ,area1 #bf sq4 m42 pop4 7#aija71 #aj1bih4 ,x is ! only ,fr5* possession on ! we/ coa/ ( ,india1 & is 9 *>ge ( a *ef de s]vice1 subord9ate to ! gov]nor-g5]al at ,pondi*]ry4 ,x is n[ a decay+ place4 ,,mahe%w>1 a t[n 9 ,indore /ate1 ,c5tral ,india1 on ! ,n4 bank ( ! ,n>bada 7,n]budda74 ,pop4 7#aija71 #gjdb4 ,?\gh ( great antiquity & also ( religi\s sanctity1 x is *iefly not$ z ! resid5ce ( ,ahalya ,bai1 ! reign+ que5 ( ! ,holk> dyna/y dur+ ! la/ half ( ! #ah? c5tury1 ^: ability & munific5ce are fam\s ?r\gh\t ,india4 ,close by h] c5otaph /&s ! family temple ( ! ,holk>s4 ,,mahi1 a riv] ( we/]n ,india1 :i* rises 9 ,c5tral ,india &1 aft] fl[+ ?r\gh s\? ,rajputana1 ent]s ,guj>at & falls into ! sea by a wide e/u>y ne> ,cambay2 total l5g?1 #cjj m42 e/imat$ dra9age area1 #af1jjj sq4 m4 ,x has giv5 its "n to ! ,mahi ,kan?a ag5cy ( ,bombay1 & also to ! mehwasis1 m>aud+ highl&]s (t5 m5tion$ 9 ,mahomm$an *ronicles4 ,,mahi ,,kan?a1 a political ag5cy or collection ( native /ates 9 ,india1 )9 ! ,guj>at division ( ,bombay4 ,ov] half ! t]ritory is cov]$ by ! native /ate ( ,id>4 ,!re are elev5 o!r *ief%ips1 & a l>ge numb] ( e/ates belong+ to ,rajput or ,koli ?akurs1 =m]ly feudatories ( ,b>oda4 ,sev]al ( ! /ates are "u ,briti% adm9i/ration4 ,total area1 #cabe sq4 m42 pop4 7#aija71 #cfa1ede1 %[+ a decrease ( #ch 9 ! decade1 due to fam9e2 e/imat$ rev5ue1 #gf1jjj2 tribute 7mo/ly to ! gaekw> ( ,b>oda71 #ijjj4 ,_m ( ! inhabitants belong to ! wild tribes ( ,bhils & ,kolis4 ,9 #ahig a metre-gauge railway 0 op5$ f ,ahm$abad ?r\gh ,p>antij to ,ahm$nag>4 ,at ,sadra is ! ,scott ,college = ! education ( ! sons ( *iefs on ! l9es ( an ,engli% public s*ool4 ,!re are also ,anglo-v]nacul> s*ools at ,sadra1 ,id> & ,mansa4 ,! fam9e ( #ahii-aijj 0 sev]ely felt 9 ?is tract4 ,,mahmud ,i4 7#afif-aged71 sultan ( ,turkey1 0 ! son ( ,mu/afa ,,ii41 & succe$$ 8 uncle ,ahm$ ,,iii4 9 #agcj4 ,aft] ! suppression ( a milit>y revolt ! w> ) ,p]sia 0 cont9u$ ) v>y+ success1 & t]m9at$ 9 #agcf by a treaty ( peace re/or+ ! /atus quo ante bellum4 ,! next enemy :om ,turkey 0 call$ ^u to face 0 ,russia1 lat] jo9$ by ,au/ria4 ,w> w5t on = f\r ye>s2 ! successes ga9$ by ,russia 7 outweigh$ by ,au/ria's v>i\s rev]ses1 t]m9at+ by ! defeat ( ,wallis at ,krotzka1 & ! peace conclud$ at ,belgrade 0 a triumph = ,turki% diplomacy4 ,! sultan1 ?r\gh\t desir\s = peace1 is said to h be5 mu* "u ! influ5ce ( ! *ief eunu*1 ,haji ,be%ir ,aga4 ,9 #aged ,mahmud di$ ( he>t-disease :5 return+ f ! ,friday s]vice at ! mosque4 ,he _h a passion = build+1 to :i* are due numb]less kiosques1 :]e nocturnal orgies 7 c>ri$ on by him & 8 boon companions4 ,9 ?is reign ! sy/em ( appo9t+ ,phan>iote ,greeks to ! pr9cipalities ( ,moldavia & ,walla*ia 0 in/itut$4 7,see ,,phan>iotes47 ,,mahmud ,,ii4 7#aghe-ahci71 sultan ( ,turkey1 0 ! son ( ,abu-ul-,hamid ,i41 & succe$$ 8 bro!r1 ,mu/afa ,,iv41 9 #ahjh4 ,he _h %>$ ! captivity ( 8 ill-fat$ c\s91 ! ex-sultan1 ,selim ,,iii41 ^: ef=ts at re=m _h end$ 9 8 deposition by ! janiss>ies4 ,mahmud 0 ?us e>ly impress$ ) ! necessity = dissembl+ 8 int5tion to in/itute re=ms until he %\ld be p[]ful en\gh to c>ry !m ?r\gh4 ,! re=m+ ef=ts ( ! gr& vizi] ,bairakd>1 to :om he _h ow$ 8 life & 8 accession1 broke on ! opposition ( ! janiss>ies2 & ,mahmud _h to wait = m fav\rable times4 ,mean:ile ! empire seem$ 9 dang] ( break+ up4 ,n till #ahab 0 ! w> ) ,russia clos$ by ! treaty ( ,bu*>e/1 :i* re/or$ ,moldavia & ! great] "p ( ,walla*ia to ! ,ottoman gov]nm5t4 ,b ?\gh ! w> 0 end$1 ! t]ms ( ! treaty left a numb] ( burn+ que/ions1 bo? int]nal & ext]nal1 unsettl$4 ,?is 0 notably ! case ) ! claim ( ,russia to ,poti & ! valley ( ! ,rion 7,phasis71 :i* 0 /ill out/&+ at ! "t ( ! congress ( ,vi5na 7#ahad-ahae7 & prev5t$ ! "q ( a ,european gu>antee ( ! integrity ( ,turkey f be+ consid]$4 ,mean:ile1 )9 ! empire1 ambiti\s valis 7 "o by "o attempt+ to c>ve out dom9ions = !mselves at ! exp5se ( ! c5tral p[]4 ,! ambitions ( ,mehemet ,ali ( ,egypt 7 n yet fully reveal$2 b ,ali 7q4v47 ( ,jann9a1 :o _h m>*$ to ! aid ( ! sultan aga9/ ! rebelli\s pa%a ,pasvan ,oglu ( ,widd91 soon began to %[ 8 h&1 & x ne$$ ! conc5tration ( all ! =ces ( ! ,turki% empire to effect 8 ov]?r[ & dea? 7#ahbb74 ,! preoccupation ( ! sultan ) ,ali gave _! opportunity to ! ,greeks ^: disaffection _h long be5 organiz$ 9 ! great secret society ( ! ,heta]ia ,philike1 aga9/ :i* ,mett]ni* _h 9 va9 w>n$ ! ,ottoman gov]nm5t4 ,9 #ahba occurr$ ! abortive raid ( ,alex&] ,ypsilanti into ! ,danubian pr9cipalities1 & 9 ,may ( ! same ye> ! revolt ( ! ,greeks ( ! ,morea began ! w> ( ,greek ,indep5d5ce 7see ,,greece3 ,hi/ory74 ,! ris+ 9 ! nor? 0 easily cru%$2 b 9 ! s\? ! ,ottoman p[] 0 hamp]$ by ! defection ( ! sea-f>+ ,greeks1 by :om ! ,turki% navy _h hi!rto be5 mann$4 ,aft] ?ree abortive campaigns ,mahmud 0 compell$1 inf9itely aga9/ 8 w1 to summon to 8 assi/ance ! already too p[]ful pa%a ( ,egypt1 ,mehemet ,ali1 :om he _h already employ$ to suppress ! rebelli\s ,wahhabis 9 ,arabia4 ,! discipl9$ ,egyptian army1 support$ by a well organiz$ fleet1 rapidly accompli%$ :at ! ,turks _h fail$ to d2 & by #ahbf ! ,greeks 7 practically subdu$ on l&1 & ,ibrahim 0 prep>+ to turn 8 att5tion to ! isl&s4 ,b = ! int]v5tion ( ! p[]s & ! battle ( ,nav>9o ,mahmud's au?ority w\ld h be5 re/or$ 9 ,greece4 ,! news ( ,nav>9o betray$ ,mahmud into "o ( ^? p>oxysms ( rage to :i* he 0 liable1 & :i* on critical occasions 7 apt fatally to cl\d 8 usual good s5se4 ,aft] 9 va9 attempt+ to obta9 an apology = ! unp>allel$ outrage aga9/ a fri5dly p[] he issu$ on ! #bj? ( ,decemb] a solemn hatti %]iff summon+ ! fai?ful to a holy w>4 ,?is1 toge!r ) c]ta9 out/&+ grievances & ! pretext ( en=c+ ! settlem5t ( ! ,greek ,"q approv$ by ! p[]s1 gave ,russia ! excuse = decl>+ w> aga9/ ,turkey4 ,aft] two h>dly f\ght campaigns 7#ahbh1 #ahbi7 ,mahmud 0 at l5g?1 on ! #ad? ( ,septemb] #ahbi1 compell$ to sign ! peace ( ,adrianople4 ,f ?is mom5t until 8 dea? ,mahmud 01 to all int5ts & purposes1 ! vassal ( ,russia1 ?\gh n )\t occasional desp]ate ef=ts to break 8 *a9s4 7,= ! political ev5ts ( ! p]iod betwe5 ! fir/ revolt ( ,mehemet ,ali 7,sept4 #ahcb7 & ! dea? ( ,mahmud see ,,mehemet ,,ali47 ,! p]sonal attitude ( ! sultan1 :i* alone conc]ns u "h1 0 det]m9$ ?r\gh\t by 8 ov]ma/]+ hatr$ ( ! up/>t pa%a1 ( :om he _h /oop$ to ask aid1 & :o n[ defi$ 8 w2 & ! importance ( ?is attitude lies 9 ! fact t1 z ! result ( ! success ( 8 c5traliz+ policy1 & notably ( ! de/ruction ( ! janiss>ies 7q4v471 ! supreme au?ority1 hi!rto limit$ by ! practical p[] ( ! m9i/]s ( ! ,porte & by ! turbul5ce ( ! privileg$ milit>y ca/e1 _h become conc5trat$ 9 8 own p]son4 ,x 0 no long] ! ,porte t decid$1 b ! ,s]aglio1 & ! sultan's private secret>y _h m influ5ce on ! policy ( ! ,ottoman empire ?an ! gr& vizi]4 ,?is omnipot5ce ( ! sultan 9 decid+ ! policy ( ! gov]nm5t 0 9 /rik+ contra/ ) 8 impot5ce 9 en=c+ 8 views on 8 subjects & 9 8 relations ) =eign p[]s4 ,mahmud1 9 spite (--or r because (--8 well-meant ef=ts at re=m1 0 hat$ by 8 ,mussulman subjects & /igmatiz$ z an infidel & a traitor to ,islam4 ,he 01 9 fact1 a victim to ^? half-measures :i* ,ma*iavelli condemns z fatal to success4 ,ibrahim1 ! conqu]or ( ,syria1 sc(f$ at ! sultan's idea t re=m consi/$ 9 putt+ 8 soldi]s into tight tr\s]s & epaulettes4 ,! criticism is n entirely unju/4 ,mahmud's policy 0 ! conv]se ( t recomm5d$ by ,ma*iavelli1 viz4 9 mak+ a revolution to *ange ! sub/ance :ile pres]v+ ! semblance ( ! old ord]4 ,mett]ni*'s advice to ,mahmud to rema9 a ,turk 0 s\nd en\gh4 ,8 failure to d s--9 ext]nals--left him isolat$ 9 8 empire3 rayahs & true believ]s alike di/ru/$ & hat$ him4 ,( ?is hatr$ he 0 fully consci\s2 he knew t 8 subjects1 ev5 _m ( 8 own m9i/]s1 reg>d$ ,mehemet ,ali z ! *ampion ( ,islam aga9/ ! infidel sultan2 he suspect$ ! pa%a1 already ma/] ( ! sacr$ cities1 ( an int5tion to proclaim himself caliph 9 8 /ead4 ,?is1 toge!r ) ! weakness due to milit>y re=ms b rec5tly begun1 drove him to rely on =eign aid2 :i*1 9 ! actual conditions ( ,europe1 meant ! aid ( ,russia4 ,! long tradition ( ,fr5* fri5d%ip = ,turkey _h be5 brok51 9 #ahcj1 by ! conque/ ( ,algi]s4 ,au/ria 01 = ! "t1 b ! fai?ful ally ( ! ts>4 ,on ! #i? ( ,augu/ #ahcb ,mahmud made1 ?r\gh ,/rat=d ,cann+1 a =mal proposal = an alliance ) ,great ,brita91 :i* ,palm]/on refus$ to consid] = fe> ( (f5d+ ,france4 ,mahmud bitt]ly contra/$ ! fair pr(essions ( ,engl& ) ! (f]s ( effective help f ,russia4 ,8 old ally hav+ des]t$ him1 he accept$ ! aid ( 8 h]$it>y foe4 ,! ,russian exp$ition to ! ,bosporus1 ! conv5tion ( ,kutaiah1 & ! treaty ( ,unki> ,skelessi 7,july #h1 #ahcc7 foll[$4 ,mahmud 0 "u no illusion z to ! position 9 :i* ! latt] plac$ him t[>ds ,russia2 b 8 fe> ( ,mehemet ,ali & 8 desire to be rev5g$ ^u him outweigh$ all o!r consid]ations4 ,he res5t$ ! action ( ,france & ,engl& 9 =c+ ! settlem5t ( ,kutaiah ^u him1 & rema9$ %ut up 9 8 palace1 inaccessible to all save 8 fav\rites & ! repres5tative ( ,russia4 ,) 8 s+le aim 9 view he busi$ himself ) ! creation ( a national militia1 ) ! aid ( ,moltke & o!r ,g]man (fic]s4 ,9 #ahcd ! revolt ( ,syria aga9/ ,ibrahim seem$ to give him 8 opportunity4 ,he plead$ ! duty ( a sultan to g to ! aid ( 8 subjects :5 oppress$ by "o ( 8 s]vants2 b ! p[]s 7 obdurate1 ev5 ,russia1 mu* occupi$ 9 affairs ne>] home1 leav+ him 9 ! lur*4 ,he 0 a/ute en\gh to take advantage ( ! (f5ce giv5 to ! p[]s by ,mehemet ,ali's sy/em ( monopolies1 & 9 #ahch sign$ ) ,great ,brita91 & aft]w>ds ) o!rs1 a comm]cial treaty :i* cut at ! root ( ! pa%a's sy/em4 ,a few mon?s lat] 8 passionate impati5ce ov]came 8 policy & 8 fe>s4 ,! h& ( dea? 0 ^u him1 & he felt t he mu/ /rike n[ or nev]4 ,9 va9 ! p[]s1 n[ unit$ 9 _! views1 w>n$ him ( ! probable consequ5ces ( any aggressive action on 8 "p4 ,he w\ld r die1 he exclaim$1 or become ! slave ( ,russia1 ?an n de/roy 8 rebelli\s vassal4 ,on 8 sole initiative1 )\t consult+ 8 m9i/]s or ! c\ncil ( ! empire1 he s5t in/ructions to ,hafiz ,pa%a1 comm&+ ! ,ottoman troops conc5trat$ at ,bir on ! ,euphrates1 to advance into ,syria4 ,! fatal outcome ( ! campaign t foll[$ he did n live to he>4 ,:5 ! news ( ,ibrahim's ov]:elm+ victory at ,nessib 7,june #bd1 #ahci7 rea*$ ,con/ant9ople1 ,mahmud lay dy+ & unconsci\s4 ,e>ly 9 ! morn+ ( ! #a/ ( ,july 8 pr\d & passionate _s pass$ away4 ,mahmud ,,ii4 _c be reckon$ among ! great sultans1 nei!r _h he any ( ! calculat+ /atecraft :i* *>act]iz$ ,abd-ul-,hamid ,,ii42 b 8 qualities ( m9d & he>t1 none ! less1 rais$ him f> above ! mass ( 8 pr$ecessors & successors4 ,he 0 well v]s$ 9 /ate affairs & loyal to ^? :o advis$ & s]v$ him1 p]sonally brave1 humane & k9dly :5 n madd5$ by passion1 active & en]getic1 & always a man ( 8 ^w4 ,unhappily1 h[ev]1 ! ta9t ( ! immemorial corruption ( ,byzantium _h fall5 ^u him too1 & ! av5ue to 8 fav\r & to political p[] lay too (t5 ?r\gh unspeakable pa?s4 ,9 view ( ! va/ difficulty ( ! task be=e him at 8 succession x is less surpris+ t he fail$ to c>ry out 8 ideas ?an t he accompli%$ s mu*4 ,:5 he came to ! ?rone ! empire 0 break+ up f )92 "o by "o he fre$ ! prov9ces f ! tyrannical rul]s :o1 l ,ali ( ,jann9a1 7 c>v+ out indep5d5t1 or quasi-indep5d5t1 empires )9 ! empire4 ,if he fail$ 9 8 wid] s*emes ( re=m1 ?is 0 only "o m illu/ration ( a tru? ( :i* o!r enlight5$ sov]eigns besides himself _h exp]i5c$ ! =ce1 namely1 t x is impossible to impose any sy/em1 h[ev] admirable1 f above on a p ^: deepe/ convictions & prejudices x (f5ds4 ,!re is a great deal ( valuable mat]ial = ! hi/ory ( ,mahmud & 8 policy 9 ! unpubli%$ ,f4,o4 records 7#ahcb-ahci71 volumes ( correspond5ce m>k$ ,turkey4--,f ,sir ,/rat=d ,cann+4--,f ,mr4 ,m&eville4--,f ,"l ,ponsonby4 ,see fur!r works m5tion$ "u ,,turkey3 ,hi/ory2 & ,,mehemet ,,ali4 7,w4 ,a4 ,p47 ,,mahmud ,,n$im ,,pa%a 7c4 #ahah-ahhc71 ,turki% /atesman1 0 ! son ( ,nejib ,pa%a1 ex-gov]nor-g5]al ( ,bagdad4 ,aft] occupy+ v>i\s subord9ate po/s at ! ,porte he became successively "u-secret>y ( /ate = =eign affairs1 gov]nor-g5]al ( ,syria & ,smyrna1 m9i/] ( comm]ce1 & gov]nor-g5]al ( ,tripoli2 m9i/] successively ( ju/ice & ( m>9e 7#ahfi72 gr& vizi] f #ahga to #ahgb & f #ahge to #ahgf4 ,he 0 high 9 fav\r ) ,sultan ,abd-ul-,aziz & fell mu* "u ! influ5ce ( ,g5]al ,ignatiev1 ! =ceful ,russian ambassador be=e ! w> ( #ahgg-gh1 8 subs]vi5cy to ,russia e>n+ = him ! nickname ( ,mahmud(f4 ,8 adm9i/ration 0 mo/ unsuccessful f e po9t ( view1 & he 0 l>gely responsible = ! issue ( ! decree susp5d+ ! int]e/ on ! ,turki% funds4 ,he 0 m9i/] ( ! int]ior f #ahgi to #ahhc4 ,,mahmud#a ,,( ,,ghazni 7#iga-ajcj71 son ( ,sabuktag91 ,afghan conqu]or1 0 born on ! #bnd ( ,octob] #iga4 ,8 fame re/s *iefly on 8 successful w>s1 9 p>ticul> 8 num]\s invasions ( ,india4 ,8 milit>y capacity1 inh]it$ f 8 fa!r1 ,nasir-ud-d9 ,sabuktag91 0 /r5g!n$ by y\?ful exp]i5ce 9 ! field4 ,sabuktag91 a ,turki slave ( ,alptag91 gov]nor ( ,khorasan "u ,abdalmalik ,i4 b4 ,nuh ( ! ,samanid dyna/y ( ,bokh>a1 e>ly br\ght himself to notice 7see ,,samanids74 ,he 0 rais$ to high (fice 9 ! /ate by ,alptag9's successor1 ,abu ,i%ak1 & 9 ,a4,h4 #cff 7,a4,d4 #igg71 by ! *oice ( ! nobles ( ,ghazni1 he became _! rul]4 ,he soon began to make conque/s 9 ! neighb\r+ c\ntries1 & 9 ^! w>s he 0 accompani$ by 8 "y son ,mahmud4 ,be=e he _h rea*$ ! age ( f\rte5 he enc\nt]$ 9 two exp$itions "u 8 fa!r ! ,indian =ces ( ,jaipal1 raja ( ,lahore1 :om ,sabuktag9 defeat$ on ! ,punjab fronti]4 ,9 #iid ,mahmud 0 made gov]nor ( ,khorasan1 ) ! title ( ,saif addaula 7ud-daula7 7,sword ( ! ,/ate7 by ! ,samanid ,nuh ,,ii4 ,two ye>s lat]1 8 fa!r ,sabuktag9 di$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,balkh1 hav+ decl>$ 8 second son1 ,ismail1 :o 0 !n ) him1 to be 8 successor4 ,z soon z ,ismail _h assum$ ! sov]eignty at ,balkh1 ,mahmud1 :o 0 at ,ni%apur1 address$ him 9 fri5dly t]ms1 propos+ a division ( ! t]ritories held by _! fa!r at 8 dea?4 ,ismail reject$ ! proposal1 & 0 imm$iately attack$ by ,mahmud & defeat$4 ,retreat+ to ,ghazni1 he !re yield$1 & 0 imprison$1 & ,mahmud obta9$ undisput$ p[] z sov]eign ( ,khorasan & ,ghazni 7#iig74 ,! ,ghaznevid dyna/y is sometimes reckon$ by native hi/orians to comm5ce ) ,sabuktag9's conque/ ( ,bo/ & ,kosd> 7#igh74 ,b ,sabuktag91 ?r\gh\t 8 reign at ,ghazni1 cont9u$ to ackn[l$ge ! ,samanid suz]a9ty1 z did ,mahmud also1 until ! "t1 soon aft] succe$+ to 8 fa!r's dom9ions1 :5 he receiv$ f ,qadir1 caliph ( ,bagdad 7see ,,caliphate1 ,c4 #be71 a khilat 7robe ( hon\r71 ) a lett] recogniz+ 8 sov]eignty1 & conf]r+ on him ! titles ,yami9-addaula 7,"r h& ( ! ,/ate71 & ,am9-ul-,millat 7,gu>dian ( ! ,fai?74 ,f ?is "t x is ! "n ( ! caliph t is inscrib$ on ,mahmud's co9s1 toge!r ) 8 own new titles4 ,previ\sly ! "n ( ! ,samanid sov]eign1 ,mansur ,,ii4 b4 ,nuh is giv5 along ) 8 own =m] title1 ,saif addaula ,mahmud4 ,! e>lie/ ( ^? ( ! new =m gives 8 "n ,mahmud b9 ,sabuktag94 ,!reaft] 8 fa!r's "n does n appe> on 8 co9s1 b x is inscrib$ aga9 on 8 tomb4 ,! new hon\rs receiv$ f ! caliph gave fre% impulse to ,mahmud's zeal on behalf ( ,islam1 & he resolv$ on an annual exp$ition aga9/ ! idolat]s ( ,india4 ,he c\ld n q c>ry out ?is int5tion1 b a great "p ( 8 reign 0 occupi$ ) 8 ,indian campaigns4 ,9 #ajjj he />t$ on ! fir/ ( ^! exp$itions1 b x does n appe> t he w5t f>!r ?an ! hill c\ntry ne> ,pe%aw>4 ,! ho/ile attitude ( ,khalaf ibn ,ahmad1 gov]nor ( ,sei/an1 call$ ,mahmud to t prov9ce = a %ort "t4 ,he 0 appeas$ by ,khalaf's spe$y submission1 toge!r ) ! gift ( a l>ge sum ( money1 & fur!r1 x is said1 by 8 subdu$ oppon5t address+ him z sultan1 a title new at t "t1 & by :i* ,mahmud cont9u$ to be call$1 ?\gh he did n =mally adopt x1 or /amp x on 8 co9s4 ,f\r ye>s lat] ,khalaf1 incurr+ ,mahmud's displeasure aga91 0 imprison$1 & 8 prop]ty confiscat$4 ,mahmud's army fir/ cross$ ! ,indus 9 #ajja1 oppos$ by ,jaipal1 raja ( ,lahore4 ,jaipal 0 defeat$1 & ,mahmud1 aft] 8 return f ?is exp$ition1 is said to h tak5 ! di/9ctive appellation ( ,ghazi 7,valiant = ! ,fai?71 b he is r>ely s-call$4 ,on ! next occasion 7#ajje7 ,mahmud advanc$1 z f> z ,bh]a on ! ,jhelum1 :5 8 adv]s>y ,anang-pal1 son & successor ( ,jaipal1 fl$ to ,ka%mir4 ,! foll[+ ye> saw ,mahmud at ,multan4 ,:5 he 0 9 ! ,punjab at ?is "t1 he he>d ( ! invasion ( ,khorasan by ! ,ilek ,khan ,nasr ,i4 rul] ( ,transoxiana ^: daught] ,mahmud _h m>ri$4 ,aft] a rapid m>* back f ,india1 ,mahmud repell$ ! invad]s4 ,! ,ilek ,khan1 hav+ retreat$ across ! ,oxus1 return$ ) re9=cem5ts1 & took up a position a few miles f ,balkh1 :]e he 0 signally defeat$ by ,mahmud4 ,mahmud aga9 ent]$ ! ,punjab 9 #ajjh1 ?is "t = ! express purpose ( *a/is+ ,sewah ,pal1 :o1 hav+ become a ,mussulman1 & be5 left by ,mahmud 9 *>ge ( ,multan1 _h relaps$ to ,h9duism4 ,! ,indian campaign ( #ajji 0 notable4 ,ne> ! ,indus ,mahmud 0 oppos$ aga9 by ,anang-pal1 support$ by p[]ful rajas f o!r p>ts ( ,india4 ,aft] a sev]e fight1 ,anang-pal's elephants 7 s t]ror-/ruck by ! fire-missiles flung among/ !m by ! invad]s t !y turn$ & fl$1 ! :ole army retreat+ 9 confusion & leav+ ,mahmud ma/] ( ! field4 ,mahmud1 aft] ?is victory1 pu%$ on ?r\gh ! ,punjab to ,nag>-kot 7,kangra71 & c>ri$ (f mu* spoil f ! ,h9du temples to enri* 8 treasury at ,ghazni4 ,9 #ajaa ,mahmud1 aft] a %ort campaign aga9/ ! ,afghans "u ,mahomm$ ibn ,sur 9 ! hill c\ntry ( ,ghur1 m>*$ aga9 into ! ,punjab4 ,! next "t 7#ajad7 he advanc$ to ,?anes>1 ano!r not$ /ronghold ( ,h9duism1 betwe5 ! ,sutlej & ! ,jumna4 ,hav+ n[ f\nd 8 way across all ! ,punjab riv]s1 he 0 induc$ on two subsequ5t occasions to g /ill f>!r4 ,b fir/ he design$ an invasion ( ,ka%mir 7#ajae71 :i* 0 n c>ri$ out1 z 8 progress 0 *eck$ at ,loh-kot1 a /rong hill =t 9 ! nor?-we/ ( ! ,punjab4 ,!n be=e und]tak+ 8 long] inroad into ,h9du/an he _h to m>* nor? into ,khw>izm 7,khiva7 aga9/ 8 bro!r-9-law ,mamun1 :o _h refus$ to ackn[l$ge ,mahmud's supremacy4 ,! result 0 z usual1 & ,mahmud1 hav+ committ$ ,khw>izm to a new rul]1 "o ( ,mamun's *ief (fic]s1 return$ to 8 capital4 ,!n 9 #ajah1 ) a v l>ge =ce1 he proce$$ to ,india aga91 ext5d+ 8 inroad ?is "t to ! great ,h9du cities ( ,ma?ra on ! ,jumna & ,kanauj on ! ,ganges4 ,he r$uc$ ! "o1 receiv$ ! submission ( ! o!r1 & c>ri$ back great /ores ( plund]4 ,?ree ye>s lat] he w5t into ,india aga91 m>*+ ov] ne>ly ! same gr\nd1 to ! support1 ?is "t1 ( ! raja ( ,kanauj1 :o1 hav+ made fri5d%ip ) ! ,mahomm$an invad] on 8 la/ visit1 _h be5 attack$ by ! raja ( ,kal9j>4 ,b ,mahmud f\nd he _h n yet suffici5tly subdu$ ! idolat]s ne>] 8 own bord]1 betwe5 ,kabul & ! ,indus1 & ! campaign ( #ajbb 0 direct$ aga9/ !m1 & rea*$ no f>!r ?an ,pe%aw>4 ,ano!r m>* into ,india ! foll[+ ye> 0 made direct to ,gwalior4 ,! next exp$ition 7#ajbe7 is ! mo/ fam\s ( all4 ,! po9t to :i* x 0 direct$ 0 ! temple ( ,somna? on ! coa/ ( ! ,guj>at p59sula4 ,aft] an ardu\s j\rney by ,multan1 & ?r\gh "p ( ,rajputana1 he rea*$ ,somna?1 & met ) a v vigor\s b fruitless resi/ance on ! "p ( ! ,h9dus ( ,guj>at4 ,moslem feet soon trod ! c\rts ( ! great temple4 ,! *ief object ( wor%ip x conta9$ 0 brok5 up1 & ! fragm5ts kept to be c>ri$ (f to ,ghazni4 ,! /ory is (t5 told ( ! holl[ figure1 cleft by ,mahmud's battle-axe1 p\r+ out great /ore ( co/ly jewels & gold4 ,b ! idol 9 ?is ,sivite temple 0 only a tall block or pill> ( hewn /one1 ( a famili> k9d4 ,! popul> leg5d is a v natural "o4 ,mahmud1 x 0 well kn[n1 made ,h9du temples yield up _! mo/ preci\s ?+s4 ,he 0 a det]m9$ idol-break]4 ,& ! /one block 9 ?is temple 0 enri*$ ) a cr[n ( jewels1 ! gifts ( weal?y wor%ipp]s4 ,^! data readily give ! ,somna? exploit its m dramatic =m4 ,= ! m rec5t /ory ( ! ,somna? gates see ,,somna?4 ,aft] ! successes at ,somna?1 ,mahmud rema9$ "s mon?s 9 ,india be=e return+ to ,ghazni4 ,!n 9 #ajbf he cross$ ! ,indus once m into ! ,punjab4 ,8 brilliant milit>y c>e] clos$ ) an exp$ition to ,p]sia1 9 ! ?ird ye> aft] ?is1 8 la/1 visit to ,india4 ,! ,indian campaigns ( ,mahmud & 8 fa!r 7 almo/1 b n altoge!r1 unv>y+ successes4 ,! ,moslem hi/orians t\* lightly on rev]ses4 ,&1 al?\gh ! annals ( ,rajputana tell h[ ,sabuktag9 0 defeat$ by "o raja ( ,ajm]e & ,mahmud by 8 successor1 ! c\rse ( ev5ts :i* foll[$ %[s h[ little ^! & o!r rev]ses affect$ ! invad]'s progress4 ,mahmud's failure at ,ajm]e1 :5 ! brave raja ,bisal-deo oblig$ him to raise ! siege b 0 himself sla91 0 :5 ! ,moslem army 0 on its way to ,somna?4 ,yet ,mahmud's ,indian conque/s1 /rik+ & important 9 !mselves1 71 aft] all1 9 great measure b>r51 except to ! ,ghazni treasury4 ,mahmud reta9$ no possessions 9 ,india "u 8 own direct rule4 ,b aft] ! repeat$ defeats1 by 8 fa!r & himself1 ( two successive rajas ( ,lahore1 ! conqu]or assum$ ! "r ( nom9at+ ! gov]nors ( ! ,punjab z a dep5d5cy ( ,ghazni1 a "r :i* cont9u$ to be ex]cis$ by sev5 ( 8 successors4 ,& = a "t1 9 ! reign ( ,masa'ud ,,ii4 7#ajih-aaad71 ,lahore 0 ! place ( resid5ce ( ! ,ghaznevid sov]eign4 ,mahmud di$ at ,ghazni 9 #ajcj1 ! ye> foll[+ 8 exp$ition to ,p]sia4 ,he is conspicu\s = 8 milit>y ard\r1 8 ambition1 /rong w1 p]sev]ance1 wat*fulness & en]gy1 comb9$ ) great c\rage & unb\nd$ self-reliance4 ,b 8 ta/es 7 n exclusively milit>y4 ,8 love ( lit]ature br\ght m5 ( le>n+ to ,ghazni1 & 8 acqua9tance ) ,moslem !ology 0 recogniz$ by ! le>n$ doctors4 ,! pr9cipal hi/ories ( ,mahmud's reign are--,kitab-i-,yam9i 7,utbi72 ,t>ikh-u-,subuktig9 7,baihaki72 ,tabakat i ,nasiri 7,m9haj el-,siraj72 ,rauzat-u-,safa 7,mir ,khond72 ,habib-u-,siv> 7,khondamir74 ,see ,elliot1 ,hi/ory ( ,india2 ,elph9/one1 ,hi/ory ( ,india2 & ,roos-,keppel's translation ( ! ,t>ikh-i-,sultan ,mahmud-i-,ghaznavi 7#aija74 ,,footnote3 #a ,! "n is /rictly ,mahmud4 ,,mahoba1 an anci5t t[n 9 ,india1 9 ,hamirpur di/rict ( ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces4 ,pop4 7#aija71 #aj1jgd4 ,z ! capital ( ! ,*&el dyna/y1 :o rul$ ov] ,bundelkh& f ! #i? to ! #ac? c5tury1 ! neighb\rhood is cov]$ ) ar*itectural antiquities1 prom95t among :i* are artificial lakes1 =m$ by bank+ up valleys ) masonry dams4 ,! l>ge/ ( ^! is m ?an #d m4 9 circuit4 ,,mahogany1 a d>k-col\r$ wood l>gely us$ = h\sehold furniture1 ! product ( a l>ge tree indig5\s to ,c5tral ,am]ica & ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,x 0 orig9ally receiv$ f ,jamaica2 #eba1cjj ft4 7 export$ f t isl& 9 #agec4 ,x is kn[n botanically z ,swiet5ia ,mahogani1 & is a memb] ( ! ord] ,meliaceae4 ,x be>s comp\nd leaves1 resembl+ ^? ( ! a%1 & clu/]s ( small fl[]s1 ) five sepals & petals & t5 /am5s :i* are unit$ into a tube4 ,! fruit is a pe>-%ap$ woody capsule1 & conta9s _m w+$ se$s4 ,! d>k-col\r$ b>k has be5 consid]$ a febrifuge1 & ! se$s 7 us$ by ! anci5t ,aztecs ) oil = a cosmetic1 b ! mo/ valuable product is ! timb]1 fir/ notic$ by ! c>p5t] on bo>d ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh's %ip 9 #aeie = its great beauty1 h>dness & durability4 ,dr ,gibbons br\ght x into notice z well adapt$ = furniture 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! #ah? c5tury1 & its use z a cab9et wood 0 fir/ practically e/abli%$ by a cab9et-mak] nam$ ,wolla/on1 :o 0 employ$ by ,gibbons to "w up "s mahogany br\ght to ,engl& by 8 bro!r4 ,x 0 introduc$ into ,india 9 #agie1 & is n[ cultivat$ 9 ,b5gal & z f> nor? z ,sah>unpur4 ,! timb] ( species ( ,c$rela & ,melia1 o!r memb]s ( ! ord] ,meliaceae1 are us$ z ,mahogany1 & ! product ( ! ,we/ ,african ,khaya s5egal5sis is kn[n z ,african mahogany4 ,!re is "s confusion betwe5 ! product ( ^! v>i\s trees4 ,h]b]t ,/one 7,! ,timb]s ( ,comm]ce1 #aijd7 says3 ,! v>i\s species ( mahogany & c$> are s confus+ t x is difficult to make precise /atem5ts z to _! /ructure or orig94 ,i "k ( no conv9c+ pro( t any ( ! ,am]ican k9ds met ) on ! ,engli% m>ket are ! wood ( ,swiet5ia ,mahogani1 nor t ^? %ipp$ f ,africa are ! wood ( ,khaya s5egal5sis4 ,^! two g5]a are v ne>ly alli$ to ,c$rela & ,melia1 & x is difficult to sep>ate any ( ! f\r f ! re/ by ! *>act]s ( ! wood4 ,aft] giv+ ! mo/ c>eful att5tion to e detail1 ,i lean to ! view t mo/ if n all ( ! mahoganies commonly met ) are ,c$relas4 ,kiggel>ia ,dregeana 7natural ord] ,bix9eae71 a native ( ,s\? ,africa1 is kn[n z ,natal mahogany4 ,,mahomet 7/rictly ,,muhammad1 commonly also ,,mohamm$71 f\nd] ( ! religi\s sy/em call$ 9 ,europe aft] him ,mahomm$anism1 & by himself ,islam or ,hanifism4 ,he di$1 accord+ to ! ord9>y syn*ronism1 on ! #g? ( ,june #fcb 7#ab ,rabia1 ,a4,h4 #aa71 & 8 bir?day 0 exactly sixty-?ree or sixty-five ye>s e>li]1 ! latt] numb] be+ evid5tly an int]pretation 9 lun> ye>s ( a numb] ?\ght to ref] to sol> ye>s4 ,! lun> sy/em 0 introduc$ into ,arabia by ,mahomet himself q at ! close ( 8 c>e]2 t :i* exi/$ be=e 0 c]ta9ly sol>1 z x involv$ a process ( int]calation--:i*1 h[ev]1 seems to h be5 arbitr>ily manipulat$ by prie/s1 :5ce c]ta9 syn*ronisms _c be got = ! ev5ts 9 ! ,prophet's c>e]4 ,! numb] #fc = ! ye>s ( 8 life may re/ on tradition1 ?\gh x is unlikely t su* matt]s 7 accurately not$2 x c also be acc\nt$ = by a priori comb9ation4 ,a ,meccan1 x is said1 became a full citiz5 at ! age ( #dj2 ?is !n w\ld be ! age at :i* ! mission might be />t$4 ,! ,m$9a p]iod 7( :i* c\nt 0 kept7 la/$ t5 to elev5 ye>s2 = ! ,meccan p]iod t5 ye>s w\ld seem a likely l5g?4 ,f9ally x 0 kn[n t = "s ye>s--ab\t ?ree--! mission _h be5 conduct$ secretly4 ,! only ev5t 9 contempor>y hi/ory to :i* ! ,koran alludes 9 its e>li] p>ts is ! ,p]sian conque/ ( ,pale/9e 9 #faf4 ,cle>ly ,mahomet _h begun to prophesy at t date4 ,8 ,c\ntry4 ,be=e ! rise ( ,islam1 ,mahomet's native place1 ,mecca1 appe>s to figure n[h]e 9 hi/orical records1 unless !re be a ref]5ce to x 9 ! valley ( ,baca 7,psalm lxxxiv4 #f74 ,its sacr$1 & !re=e ar*aic1 "n is ,bakkah2 h5ce ! id5tification ( ! "n ) t ( ! sanctu>y ,makoraba1 kn[n to ! ,greek geograph]s1 is n philologically t5able2 al?\gh s em95t a l+ui/ z ,dozy evolv$ a !ory ( ! orig9 ( ! city f ?is "n1 :i* appe>s to be ,s\? ,arabian = sanctu>y1 & has no connexion ) ,hebrew 7z ,dozy suppos$74 ,9 ! #crd c5tury ( ,islam ! my?ology ( ,mecca 0 collect$ & publi%$ 9 book =m1 b we le>n little m f x ?an names ( tribes & places2 x is cle> t !re 0 no record ( ! mode 9 :i* ! community inhabit+ ! place _h got !re1 & t little 0 rememb]$ ) accuracy ( ! ev5ts :i* prec$$ ! rise ( its prophet4 ,! city _h a sanctu>y1 call$ ! ,cube 7ka'ba71 ( :i* ! nucleus 0 ! ,black ,/one1 probably to be id5tifi$ ) ,allah1 ! god ( ! community2 bo? /ill exi/1 or r _! legitimate sub/itutes1 z ! ,kaba has be5 repeat$ly recon/ruct$1 & ! orig9al ,black ,/one 0 /ol5 by ! ,c>ma?ians 9 ! #d? c5tury ( ,islam2 !y aft]w>ds return$ "o1 b x may or may n h be5 ! same z t :i* !y remov$4 ,at "s "t 9 ! #f? c5tury--said to h be5 ! bir?-ye> ( ! ,prophet1 b really mu* e>li]--an ,abyss9ian invad] raid$ ,mecca ) ! view ( aboli%+ ?is sanctu>y2 b = "s reason _h to desi/4 ,?is exp$ition1 kn[n z ! ,raid ( ! ,elephant1 "o ( ^! animals be+ employ$ 9 x1 seems to be ( great importance = expla9+ ! rise ( ,islam2 = a sanctu>y :i* c repel an invad] acquires trem5d\s reputation4 ,"s v]ses 9 ! ,koran :i* are p]haps n g5u9e1 record ! miracle :]eby ,allah repell$ ! ,p ( ! ,elephant4 ,! sanctu>y 0 app>5tly 9 ! possession ( ! tribe ,korei% 7,qurai%71 ! orig9 ( ^: "n is unkn[n1 said to h come orig9ally f ,cu?a 9 ,mesopotamia4 ,!y 7 kn[n 7we are told7 z ! p ( ,allah1 &1 by we>+ a badge1 7 sacrosanct ?r\gh\t ,arabia4 ,if ?is be true1 x 0 probably a privilege e>n$ by ! miracul\s def5ce ( ! ,kaba1 & is suffici5t to acc\nt = ! rise ( ,meccan comm]ce ( :i* we he> mu* 9 ! biography ( ! ,prophet1 & to :i* "s v]ses ( ! e>lie/ "p ( ! ,koran allude2 = m]*ants :o 7 safe f attacks by b&its w\ld h an enorm\s advantage4 ,! records seem1 h[ev]1 to be inconsi/5t ) ?is ass]tion2 & ! gr[? ( ! ,meccan comm]ce is suffici5tly acc\nt$ = by ! fact t aft] ! ,abyss9ian invasion pilgrimage to ! ,kaba became ! practice ( num]\s ,arab tribes1 & = f\r mon?s 9 ! ye> 7select$ by ,meccan prie/s7 raid+ 0 =bidd51 9 ord] to enable ! pilgrimage to be safely made4 ,9 addition to ?is x w\ld seem t all ,mecca c\nt$ z sanctu>y--i4e4 no blood might "u any circum/ances be %$ !re4 ,! community liv$ by purvey+ to pilgrims & ! c>ry+ trade2 & bo? ^! op]ations l$ to ! immigration ( /rang]s4 ,mahomet's ,family4 ,!re seems to be no d\bt t ,mahomet 0 himself a memb] ( ! tribe ,korei%1 & inde$ too _m ( 8 relatives figure 9 hi/ory to p]mit ( 8 p>5tage be+ que/ion$4 ,8 c\s9 ',ali1 f\r? caliph1 0 ! son ( ,abu ,talib1 ^: "n atte/s ! hi/orical "* ( ! k9dr$ "n ,abd al-,mottalib1 ,mahomet's gr&fa!r3 = ! fact t ?is "n is 9 "p enigmatical is c]ta9ly no argum5t aga9/ its g5u95ess4 ,9 ! #crd c5tury ( ,islam a docum5t 0 %[n 9 :i* a man ( ,san'a 9 ,yem5 ackn[l$g$ t he _h borr[$ f ,abd al-,mottalib #ajjj silv] dirhems ( ! ,hudaida /&>d1 & ,allah ) ! two angels 7probably a euphemism = ! goddesses ,al-lat & al-,uzza7 s]v$ z witness2 x is difficult to see :y su* a docum5t %\ld h be5 =g$4 ,! "n ,ha%im 7= ,abd al-,mottalib's fa!r7 may or may n be hi/orical2 "h1 z 9 ! asc5d+ l9e ?r\gh\t1 we h subjects )\t pr$icates4 ,! "n ( ,abd al-,mottalib's son1 :o 0 ,mahomet's fa!r1 is giv5 z ,abdallah2 ! correctness ( ?is has be5 que/ion$1 because ,s]vant ( ,allah w\ld seem to be too appropriate1 & ! "n 0 (t5 giv5 by ! ,prophet to conv]ts z a sub/itute = "s pagan appellation4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is hyp]critical1 z ! "n ( ! fa!r c\ld n easily be alt]$1 :5 relatives ab\nd$1 & x w\ld seem t at "o "t ! ,prophet made no !ological use ( ! "n ,allah1 = :i* he int5d$ to sub/itute ,rahman4 ,! "n ( 8 "m is giv5 z ,am9ah1 & ) ?is "o ( 8 own titles1 ,am91 agrees2 al?\gh ! ,arabs d n appe> to br+ ! two into connexion4 ,h] fa!r's "n is giv5 z ,wahb1 & %e is br\ght into relation ) a ,m$9ese tribe call$ ! ,banu ,adi b4 al-,najj>1 to :om %e is said to h br\ght h] son 9 8 e>ly infancy4 ,! circum/ances may h be5 sugge/$ by 8 lat] connexion ) t place2 yet 9 :at seems a hi/orical n>rative h] grave is m5tion$ z kn[n to be at ,abwa1 midway betwe5 ! two cities1 :5ce ?is e>ly bond betwe5 ! ,prophet & 8 future home may h really exi/$4 ,8 own "n is giv5 9 ! ,koran 9 ! =ms ,ahmad & ! famili> ,muhammad2 9 contempor>y poetry we also f9d ! =m ,mahmud4 ,simil> v>iation betwe5 d]ivatives f ! same root is f\nd 9 prop] names :i* occur 9 e>ly poetry2 ! mean+ ( all w\ld be ! prais$1 if ! root be giv5 its ,arabic signification--! desir$ if int]pret$ f ! ,hebrew4 ,! =m ,muhammad 7ord9>ily translit]at$ ,mohamm$2 ,mahomet1 ,mehmet1 c41 repres5t ! ,turki% pronunciation7 is f\nd 9 a pre-,islamic inscription1 & appe>s to h be5 fairly common 9 ,arabia4 ,9 ,hag4 ii4 #g a d]ivative ( ! ,hebrew equival5t root occurs 9 ! prophecy & ! desir$ ( all nations %all come1 & ?is passage has sugge/$ ! idea t ! "n may h be5 tak5 by ! ,prophet z ! equival5t ( ,messiah1 :ile ! ,moslems !mselves f9d its equival5t 9 ! ,p>aclete ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 ?\gh ?is id5tification requires m +5uity4 ,8 kunyah 7i4e4 ! ,arab title ( respect1 9 :i* a man is call$ aft] 8 son7 is ,abu'l-,qasim2 o!r names by :i* he is call$ are titles ( hon\r1 e4g4 ,mu/afa *os54 7,see fur!r ! g5ealogical table1 ad f947 ,e>ly ,life4 ,9 ! ,koran1 ,allah says t ,he f\nd ! ,prophet an orphan1 poor & a/ray2 x is possible t all ^! expressions %\ld be und]/ood figuratively1 l ! poor1 nak$1 bl9d ( ,*ri/ian hymns2 ! ,arabs1 h[ev]1 take !m lit]ally1 & ,mahomet is said to h be5 a po/hum\s *ild1 ^: "m di$ a few mon?s or ye>s aft] 8 bir?1 & :o 0 br\ght up fir/ by 8 gr&fa!r1 & !n by 8 uncle ,abu ,talib1 "o ( ! poor] memb]s ( ! family2 9 ! controv]sy betwe5 ! ,alid & ,abbasid pret5d]s ( ! #bnd c5tury ( ,islam ! ,abbasid ,mansur claims t 8 ance/or f$ ! ance/or ( ,ali1 i4e4 ,abu ,talib1 o!rwise he w\ld h _h to beg4 ,!re 0 evid5tly an app>5t inconsi/5cy betwe5 ,mahomet's be+ a poor orphan & ! fav\rite gr&*ild ( ! em95t & weal?y ,abd al-,mottalib2 & x 0 solv$ 9 ?is way4 ,!re 0 a tradition t 9 8 e>ly ye>s he 0 s5t into ! des]t to acquire ! habits & ! language ( ! ,b$\9s2 & ?is seems to h be5 atte/$ by ! ,prophet himself4 ,9 a tribal fight he is said to h act$ z arm\r-be>] to "o ( 8 uncles1 ,zubair4 ,!re seems no d\bt t he (t5 accompani$ ,meccan c>avans to ! c\ntries ) :i* ! ,meccans _h trade relations2 su* especially 7 ,syria & s\? ,arabia1 & p]haps ,egypt & ,mesopotamia4 ,x is conceivable t he may h visit$ ,abyss9ia by sea4 ,= ?\gh accurate k is n[h]e to be f\nd 9 ! ,koran1 x exhibits a l>ge am\nt ( miscellane\s in=mation1 su* z a trad] might well pick up4 ,8 c>e] z a c>avan-conductor appe>s to h t]m9at$ ) 8 m>riage to ,khadija1 daught] ( ,khuwailid1 repres5t$ by ! tradition z a weal?y wid[1 fifte5 ye>s 8 s5ior & =ty ye>s ( age at ! "t ( ! union4 ,z %e became ! "m ( a num]\s family1 a special rule 0 discov]$ by ,moslem physiologi/s ext5d+ ! *ild-be>+ p]iod ( ,kora%ite wom5 beyond t ( o!rs4 ,s9ce x is claim$ = ,mahomet t he fir/ gave ,arab wom5 ! "r to inh]it prop]ty1 ! difficulty notic$ is n ! only "o connect$ ) ?is m>riage2 & ,rob]tson ,smi? has call$ att5tion to "s o!rs1 unconnect$ ) 8 !ory ( m>riage & k9%ip 9 e>ly ,arabia4 ,aft] 8 m>riage ,mahomet appe>s to h be5 p>tn] 9 a %op 9 ,mecca2 :]e he app>5tly sold agricultural produce4 ,8 /yle is /rongly m>k$ by phrases & metaphors drawn f trade1 ?\gh z a /atesman he nev] display$ any f9ancial ability4 ,education4 ,writ+ 9 ! monum5tal script ( ,s\? ,arabia _h be5 kn[n = c5turies 9 ! p59sula2 & %ortly be=e ! rise ( ,islam a cursive script--! p>5t ( ! ord9>y ,arabic "*--_h be5 />t$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian /ate ( ,hira1 ) :i* ! beg9n+s ( mod]n ,arabic lit]ature are connect$4 ,a modification ( ?is _h be5 introduc$ into ,mecca1 & 0 probably us$ = contracts & simil> docum5ts4 ,! ^w ummi1 lit]ally popul> or plebeian 7accord+ to "o etymology71 appli$ to ,mahomet 9 ! ,koran1 is said to mean "o :o c nei!r read nor write1 & ! mo/ g5]ally accept$ view is t he c\ld d nei!r1 a supposition :i* ent]s into ! doctr9e ( ! miracul\s nature ( ! ,koran4 ,accord+ to ano!r int]pretation ! ^w means ,meccan1 i4e4 native ( ! ,"m ( ! ,villages 7,umm al-,qura72 & ! mo/ probable !ory is t he c\ld d bo?1 b unskilfully4 ,inde$ on "o hi/oric occasion he eras$ c]ta9 words 9 a docum5t2 & :]e 9 ! ,koran he rebuts ! *>ge ( tak+ notes1 he does n employ ! obvi\s retort t he c\ld n write1 b gives a f> less conv9c+ answ]4 ,= poetry1 :i* seems to h be5 cultivat$ 9 ,arabia long be=e 8 "t1 he possess$ no e>2 b we h little reason = suppos+ t ei!r writ+ or v]sification _h yet ent]$ into ,arabian education4 ,! =m] w\ld be acquir$ by ^? :o ne$$ x1 ! latt] 0 reg>d$ z a natural gift4 ,!re is reason = ?9k+ ! language ( ! ,koran incorrect & ungrammatical 9 p>ts1 b z x aft]w>ds became ! ultimate /&>d ( classical ,arabic1 ?is po9t is n easy to prove4 ,on ! :ole !n 8 e>ly life seems to h be5 su* z 0 normal 9 ! case ( a man belong+ to "o ( ! m important families 9 a community :i* _h n long be5 />t$ on a c>e] ( prosp]ity4 ,social ,sy/em4 ,( ! organization ( t community we un=tunately "k v little1 ?\gh we he> ( a c\ncil-*amb]1 &1 z has be5 se51 ( an age-qualification = admission to x4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 t ! !ory ( decision by majority 0 absolutely unkn[n to ,mahomet's second successor1 :5ce we le>n little f ?is tradition 7ev5 if x be au!ntic7 ( ! mode :]eby ! tribes :o toge!r =m$ ! ,meccan population manag$ _! common conc]ns1 :e!r comm]cial or political4 ,! =m ( gov]nm5t seems to h be5 a rudim5t>y olig>*y1 direct$ by "s ma/]ful individual2 be=e ! ,flight we read ( v>i\s prom95t p]sonages1 aft] ! ,flight & ! battle ( ,badr 7,a4,h4 #b7 "o *iefta91 ,abu ,s(ian 7see ,,caliphate1 ad init471 appe>s to take ! lead :e!r 9 w> or 9 policy4 ,x w\ld seem1 h[ev]1 t ! "r ( indep5d5t action belong$ to ! individual tribes1 ev5 to ! ext5t ( refus+ to take "p 9 a campaign4 ,= ! settlem5t ( ord9>y disputes rec\rse 0 _h 7x appe>s7 r to soo?say]s1 ne> or di/ant1 ?an to any regul>ly con/itut$ au?ority or tribunal4 ,on ! o!r h& we are furni%$ ) a li/ ( (ficials :o 7 conc]n$ ) diff]5t p>ts ( ! fe/al p]=mances & ! ord9>y wor%ip4 ,( ^! we may m5tion ! ,cu/odian ( ! ,kaba1 & ! (ficial ^: duty 0 siqayah 7wat]+71 said to mean furni%+ ! pilgrims ) wat]1 b m +5i\sly int]pret$ 9 rec5t times z ra9-br++1 a function :i* ev5 9 ! #bnd c5tury ( ,islam ! gov]nor 9 "s places 0 suppos$ to ex]cise4 ,beg9n+s ( ! ,mission4 ,( ,arabian paganism we possess no tru/wor?y or complete acc\nt2 s9ce we he> ( no !ological lit]ature belong+ to x1 probably no su* acc\nt c\ld h be5 giv54 ,!re 7 d\btless a v>iety ( practices1 _m ( :i* h be5 cont9u$ to ?is day 9 ! c]emonies ( ! pilgrimage1 & (f]+s ( diff]5t sorts to v>i\s deities1 int]pret$ v>i\sly by ! wor%ipp]s 9 accordance ) _! spiritual1 intellectual & moral levels2 e4g4 z actual /ones1 or z m5 7or m (t5 wom57 resid+ 9 ! /ones or o!rwise connect$ ) !m1 or be>+ a simil> relation to trees1 or />s1 c4 ,9 g5]al e tribe _h its patron ( ! k9d1 & :]e !re 7 aggregations ( tribes1 connexions 7 e/abli%$ betwe5 ^! deities1 & affiliation-!ories excogitat$2 h5ce ! !ory attribut$ 9 ! ,koran to ! ,meccans t ! goddesses al-,uzza1 c4 7 ! daught]s ( ,allah1 may well repres5t ! outcome ( su* speculation4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 7 kn[n to few1 :]eas ! practices 7 famili> to all4 ,"s ( ^! 7 h>mless1 o!rs b>b>\s2 _m (f5sive1 b n v repreh5sible1 sup]/itions4 ,ext]nal ,influ5ces4 ,be=e ,mahomet's "t ,arabian paganism _h already be5 attack$ bo? f ! outside & f ! inside4 ,on ! "o h& ! nor!rn tribes _h gradually be5 *ri/ianiz$1 ow+ to ! influ5ce ( ! ,byzant9e empire2 on ! o!r h& s\? ,arabia _h fall5 successively "u ,jewi%1 ,abyss9ian & ,p]sian influ5ce2 & ! la/1 ?\gh little is kn[n ( ,p]sian rule1 is unlikely to h fav\r$ pagan cults4 ,*ri/ianity _h also "s important repres5tation 9 ,najran f> s\? ( ,mecca1 :ile ,jewi% settlem5ts 7 prosp]+ nor? ( ,mecca 9 ! ,prophet's future home ,ya?rib & its neighb\rhood4 ,p[]1 civilization & le>n+ 7 ?us associat$ ) mono!ism 7,judaism71 dualism 7,mazdaism7 & tri!ism 7z ! ,arabs int]pret$ ,*ri/ianity72 paganism 0 ! religion ( ignorance 7jahiliyyah1 int]pret$ by ,goldzih] z b>b>ism1 b ! diff]5ce is n v consid]able74 ,mecca itself & ! neighb\r+ & alli$ ,taif are said to h produc$ "s mono!i/s or ,*ri/ians1 :o id5tifi$ ! ,allah ( ,mecca ) ! ,allaha or ,god ( ! ,syrian ,*ri/ians1 call$ by ! ,abyss9ian ,*ri/ians ,"l ( ! ,regions1 & by ! ,jews ! ,m]ciful 7,rahmana72 "o su* is said to h be5 a c\s9 ( ,khadija1 ,mahomet's wife2 8 "n is giv5 z ,w>aqah1 son ( ,naufal1 & he is cr$it$ ) copy+ or translat+ a ,gospel4 ,we ev5 he> ( flagellant monks & p]sons v[$ to total ab/95ce among ! precursors ( ,islam4 ,) ^! p]sons ,mahomet _h little 9 common1 s9ce !y d n appe> to h claim$ to en=ce _! views ^u o!rs1 or to h int]f]$ ) politics4 ,he appe>s ma9ly to h be5 /ruck by ! p]sonality ( ! f\nd]s ( ! sy/ems dom9ant 9 ! civiliz$ _w1 & to h aspir$ f ! fir/ to occupy ! place ( legislator or m\?piece ( ! ,deity2 & t he 0 ?is 0 & is ! ma9 proposition ( ! ,mahomm$an cre$4 ,! ,prophet or ,apo/le 7at diff]5t times he employ$ bo? ! ,jewi% & ! ,*ri/ian phrase7 0 ! div9ely appo9t$ dictator ( 8 community2 if he 7 n obey$1 div9e v5geance w\ld ov]take ! disob$i5t4 ,at ?is proposition ,mahomet arriv$ by induction f ! records ( ! ,biblical prophets1 z well z o!rs :o seem to h figur$ 9 ,arabian my?ology1 e4g4 ! de/ruction ( ! tribe ,?amud 7m5tion$ by ,pl9y1 & !re=e hi/orical7 = _! disob$i5ce to _! prophet ,salih1 & ( ,ad 7probably my?ical7 = _! simil> treatm5t ( ,hud4 ,! "* ( ! message did n affect ! necessity = ob$i5ce2 at times x 0 condemnation ( "s moral (f5ce1 at o!rs a trivial ord]4 ,div9e v5geance ov]took ^? :o disobey$ ei!r4 ,! ,prophet's ,call4 ,?is is ! !ory ( ! prophetic (fice :i* p]vades ! ,koran1 :]e9 ! doctr9e is =mulat$ t e nation _h its div9e guide & t ,mecca be=e ,mahomet's "t _h none4 ,?is place1 !n1 ,mahomet felt a div9e call to fill4 ,b we are nev] likely to asc]ta9 :at fir/ put ! idea into 8 m9d4 ,! fables :i* 8 biograph]s tell on ?is subject are n wor? repeat+2 8 own sy/em1 9 :i* he is br\ght into direct communication ) ! ,deity1 ?\gh at a lat] p]iod ! angel ,gabriel appe>s to h act$ z int]m$i>y1 naturally leaves no room = su* speculations2 & s9ce 8 disp5sation 0 ?\ght to be absolutely new1 & to make a tabula rasa ( ! pagan pa/1 8 fir/ foll[]s1 hav+ brok5 ) t pa/1 left no intelligible acc\nt ( ! /ate ( affairs :i* prec$$ _! ma/]'s call4 ,"s g5]ations !re=e elaps$ be=e t pa/ 0 /udi$ ) any sort ( sympa?y1 & details c\ld n !n be recov]$1 any m ?an !y c n[ be suppli$ by conjecture4 ,s f> z ,mahomet may be said f ! fir/ to h =mulat$ a def9ite notion ( 8 "w1 we %\ld probably be "r 9 ?9k+ x to be ! re/oration ( ! religion ( ,abraham1 or 7z ! ,koran calls him7 ,ibrahim4 ,?\gh we h no reason = suppos+ ! "n ( ,abraham or ,i%mael to h be5 kn[n 9 ,mecca g5]ally be=e ,mahomet's "t1 ! ,biblical e?nology 0 n app>5tly que/ion$ by ^? :o 7 told ( x1 & !re are /ories1 n necess>ily apocryphal1 ( precursors ( ,mahomet go+ abroad 9 se>* ( ! religion ( ,abraham4 ,"o feature ( t sy/em1 associat$ 9 ! ,bible ) ! "n ( ,i%mael z well1 0 circumcision1 :i* 0 actually obs]v$ by ! ,meccan tribes1 ?\gh x w\ld appe> ) te*nical diff]5ces f ! ,jewi% me?od2 ! association ( mono!ism ) x w\ld seem reasonable en\gh1 9 view ( ,jewi% traditions1 su* z ,mahomet may h he>d on 8 travels2 :y ! doctr9e ( ! future life %\ld be c\pl$ ) x is less obvi\s4 ,t ! ,meccan temple & its rites _h be5 f\nd$ by ^! two patri>*s appe>s to h be5 d$uc$ by ,mahomet himself1 b p]haps at a lat] /age ( 8 c>e]4 ,t ^! rites1 s f> z !y 7 idolatr\s1 7 9 flagrant defiance ( ! religion ( ,abraham mu/ h /ruck any "o :o accept$ ! acc\nts ( x :i* 7 curr5t among ,jews & ,*ri/ians4 ,! precursors1 h[ev]1 appe> to h felt no call to re=m _! fell[-citiz5s2 :]eas x is evid5t t ,mahomet reg>d$ himself z *>g$ ) a message1 :i* he 0 b\nd to deliv]1 & :i* 8 ,god w\ld 9 "s way r5d] effective4 ,z x 0 obvi\s t ! claim to be ,god's m\?piece 0 to claim autocracy1 ,mahomet employ$ ! utmo/ caution 9 8 mode ( ass]t+ ?is claim2 on ! "q ( 8 s9c]ity !re h be5 diff]5t op9ions held1 & x is n necess>y to take any view on ?is matt]4 ,= ?ree ye>s 8 foll[]s 7 a secret society2 & ?is p]iod appe>s to h be5 prec$$ by "o ( private prep>ation1 ! fir/ revelation be+ receiv$ :5 ! ,prophet 0 9 religi\s retirem5t--a c]emony call$ tahannu?1 ( :i* ! mean+ is unc]ta91 b :i* c h no connexion ) ! ,hebrew teh9no? 7supplications7--on ,m\nt ,hira1 ne> ,mecca4 ,! ,koran4 ,if ! traditional dates assign$ to ! suras 7*apt]s7 ( ! ,koran 7q4v47 are correct1 ! e>lie/ revelations took ! =m ( pages or rolls :i* ! ,prophet 0 to read by ! grace ( ,god1 z ,joseph ,smi?1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,mormon community1 said ( ! p[] giv5 him to read ! ,egyptian *>act]s on ! gold plates :i* he _h f\nd4 ,! comm& to read is accompani$ by ! /atem5t t 8 mo/ g5]\s ,"l _h taught man by ! p5 7calamus7 t :i* he did n "k4 ,w>aqah1 to :om ! ev5t is said to h be5 communicat$ by ,khadija1 call$ ^! communications ! ,great] ,law 7nomos74 ,! ,prophet 0 direct$ to communicate 8 mission at ! fir/ only to 8 ne>e/ relatives4 ,! utt]ances 7 f ! fir/ 9 a sort ( rhyme1 su* z is said to h be5 employ$ = solemn matt] 9 g5]al1 e4g4 oracles or pray]s4 ,at an e>ly p]iod ! production ( a writt5 communication 0 ab&on$ = oral communications1 deliv]$ by ! ,prophet 9 trance2 _! deliv]y 0 prec$$ by copi\s p]spiration1 = :i* ! ,prophet prep>$ 79 accordance ) in/ructions f\nd 9 ! ,koran7 by wrapp+ himself 9 a blanket4 ,tru/y foll[]s 7 in/ruct$ to take ^! utt]ances d[n1 b ! ph5om5a :i* accompani$ _! deliv]y at lea/ 9 "o case sugge/$ impo/ure to ! scribe1 :o apo/atiz$ 9 consequ5ce4 ,x is extraord9>y t !re is no reason to suppose t any (ficial record 0 ev] kept ( ^! revelations2 ! ,prophet treat$ !m some:at z ! ,sibyl did h] leaves4 ,?is c>elessness is equally a/\nd+ :e!r ! ,prophet 0 s9c]e or ins9c]e4 ,if ! matt] aft]w>ds collect$ 9 ! ,koran be g5u9e1 ! e>ly revelations mu/ h be5 miscellane\s 9 cont5t1 magical1 hi/orical & homiletic4 ,to "s /range oa?s are prefix$4 ,app>5tly ! purpose to be compass$ 0 to conv9ce ! audi5ce ( _! miracul\s orig94 ,! =mulation ( doctr9es belongs to a lat] p]iod & t ( jurisprud5ce to ! late/ ( all4 ,9 t la/ p]iod also1 :5 ,mahomet 0 despot ( ,m$9a1 ! ,koran s]v$ z an (ficial *ronicle1 well comp>$ by ,spr5g] to ! lead+ articles on curr5t ev5ts 9 a m9i/]ial organ4 ,:]e ! cont9u\s p>agraph is sub/itut$ = ! ejaculation1 ! div9e au?or apologizes = ! /yle4 ,c]ta9 doctr9es & practices 7e4g4 wa%+ ( ! p]son & ! g>m5ts7 mu/ h be5 enjo9$ f ! fir/1 b our au?orities sc>cely give u any cle> notion :at !y 74 ,! doctr9es to :i* ! ,prophet himself ?r\gh\t assign$ mo/ value seem to h be5 ! unity ( ,god & ! future life1 or resurrection ( ! body4 ,! =m] necessitat$ ! ab&onm5t ( ! idolatr\s wor%ip :i* =m$ "p ( ! daily life ( ,mecca1 & 9 :i* ,mahomet & ,khadija _h be5 accu/om$ to take _! "p4 ,yet x seems to h be5 due to ! initiative ( ! proselytes !mselves r ?an to ! ,prophet's ord]s t ! ,meccan wor%ip 0 actually fl\t$ by !m2 = ! anecdote :i* repres5ts ! ,prophet & 8 "y c\s9 attempt+ to pull d[n ! images 9 or ab\t ! ,ka'ba appe>s to be apocryphal4 ,! fir/ ,moslem c]emony w\ld appe> to h be5 ! religi\s meet+ = ! purpose ( he>+ ! deliv]y ( revelations1 ( :i* aft] ! ,prophet's dea? ! s]mon 7khutbah7 took ! place4 ,aft] v>i\s provisional meet+-places1 ! h\se ( "o al-,arqam on ,mt4 ,safa 0 adopt$ = ?is purpose2 & "h proselytes 7 initiat$4 ,gr[? ( ! ,e>ly ,community4 ,! names :i* ! new community receiv$ f its f\nd] are bo? philological puzzles2 = ! natural s5se ( ,moslem 7,muslim7 appe> to be traitors1 & to ?is a contempor>y w>-song ( ,mahomet's enemies alludes2 :ile ,hanif 7especially appli$ 9 ! ,koran to ,abraham7 seems to be ! ,hebrew ^w = hypocrite4 ,! =m] is expla9$ 9 ! ,koran to mean "o :o h&s ov] 8 face or p]son to ,god1 & is said to h be5 inv5t$ by ,abraham2 ( ! latt] no explanation is giv51 b x seems to signify f ! context devotee4 ,s9ce ! div9e "n ,rahman 0 at "o "t fav\r$ by ,mahomet1 & ?is 0 connect$ ) "o ,maslama ( ! tribe ,hanifa1 :o figures 9 politics at ! end ( ,mahomet's c>e] b mu/ h be5 a religi\s lead] f> e>li]1 x has be5 sugge/$ t ! names orig9ally belong$ to ,maslama's community4 ,! hon\r ( hav+ be5 ,mahomet's fir/ conv]t is claim$ = ?ree p]sons3 8 wife ,khadija1 8 c\s9 ,ali1 :o mu/ h be5 a lad at ! comm5cem5t ( ! mission1 & ,abu ,bekr1 son ( ,abu ,quhafah1 aft]w>ds ,mahomet's fir/ successor4 ,?is la/ p]son became ,mahomet's alt] ego1 & is usually kn[n z ! ,siddiq 7,heb4 ^w signify+ ! sa9t1 b to ! ,arabs mean+ fai?ful fri5d74 ,8 loyalty f fir/ to la/ 0 absolutely unsw]v+2 he 0 select$ to accompany ,mahomet on ! mo/ critical occasion ( 8 life1 ! ,flight f ,mecca2 ,mahomet is said to h decl>$ t _h he ev] made a confidant ( any "o1 t p]son w\ld h be5 ,abu ,bekr2 imply+ t !re 7 ?+s :i* 7 n confid$ ev5 to him4 ,! success ( ! ,prophet's ent]prise seems to h be5 v l>gely due to ! "p play$ by ?is adh]5t1 :o possess$ a v>iety ( atta9m5ts :i* he put at ,mahomet's s]vice2 :o :5 an int]m$i>y 0 requir$ 0 always ready to repres5t him1 & :o plac$ ! comm5dation ( ! ,prophet above e o!r consid]ation1 private or public4 ,! two appe> to h regul>ly laid siege to ^? p]sons 9 ,mecca ^: adh]5ce 0 desirable2 & ! ability :i* _m ( ! e>li] conv]ts aft]w>ds display$1 :e!r z /atesm5 or g5]als1 is a rem>kable te/imony to _! p[] ( gaug+ m54 ,x seems cle> t ! gr[? ( weal? 9 ,mecca _h l$ to ! acc5tuation ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 p]sons ( diff]5t /ation1 & t _m 7 discont5t$ ) ! olig>*y :i* gov]n$ ! city4 ,conv]ts c\ld1 !re=e1 be won )\t s]i\s difficulty among ! ali5s & 9 g5]al ^? :o suff]$ "u v>i\s disqualifications4 ,"s memb]s ( ! ,jewi% community seem also to h jo9$2 & "s relics ( ! ,abyss9ian exp$ition 7i4e4 desc5dants ( ! invad]s74 ,among ! mo/ important conv]ts ( ! ,meccan p]iod 7 ,mahomet's uncle ,hamza1 aft]w>ds = 8 val\r call$ ! ,lion ( ,god2 ',abd al-,rahman 7,abd>-rahman7 son ( ',auf2 ,o?man1 son ( ',affan1 :o m>ri$ two ( ! ,prophet's daught]s successively1 & 0 ,mahomet's ?ird successor2 &1 m important ?an any save ,abu ,bekr1 ,om>1 son ( al-,khattab1 a man ( extraord9>y =ce ( "*1 to :om siege seems to h be5 laid ) extraord9>y skill4 ,at "s "t he receiv$ ! hon\rable title ,f>uq 7,deliv]]72 he is repres5t$ z regul>ly fav\r+ =ce1 :]e ,abu ,bekr fav\r$ g5tle me?ods2 unlike ,abu ,bekr1 8 loyalty 0 n always above suspicion4 ,8 adh]5ce is ascrib$ to ! p]iod ( publicity4 ,! secrecy :i* m>k$ its e>ly ye>s 0 ( ! greate/ value = ! ev5tual success ( ! mission2 = :5 ,mahomet came =w>d publicly he 0 already ! head ( a b& ( unit$ foll[]s4 ,8 own family appe> to h be5 ei!r firm adh]5ts1 or viol5t enemies1 or lukew>m & temporiz+--?is is ! be/ :i* c be said = ',abbas1 eponymus ( ! ,abbasid dyna/y2 or f9ally esp\s]s ( 8 cause1 on family gr\nds1 b n z believ]s4 ,fir/ ,p]iod ( ,publicity4 ,reject+ acc\nts ( ,mahomet's fir/ appe>ance z a public prea*]1 :i* are evid5tly comm5ts on a text ( ! ,koran1 we h reason = suppos+ t 8 h& 0 =c$ by ard5t foll[]s1 :o _m times 9 8 c>e] compell$ him to advance4 ,! a/ute rul]s ( ! community p]ceiv$ t ! claim made by ,mahomet 0 to be dictator or autocrat2 & :ile ?is 0 naturally ridicul$ by !m1 "s appe> to h be5 devot$ adh]5ts ( ! gods or goddesses :om he attack$4 ,! abs5ce ( dat$ docum5ts = ! p]iod betwe5 ?is op5 proclamation 7:i* 9 any case comm5c$ be=e #faf7 & ! ,flight to ,m$9a 9 #fbb r5d]s ! c\rse ( ev5ts some:at conjectural1 ?\gh c]ta9 details appe> to be well e/abli%$4 ,app>5tly !re 0 a w> ( words1 foll[$ by a resort to diplomacy & !n to =ce2 & !n a p]iod 9 :i* ,mahomet's att5tion 0 direct$ to =eign conv]sions1 result+ 9 8 be+ (f]$ & accept+ ! dictator%ip ( ,ya?rib4 ,( ! w> ( words we h an imp]fect record 9 ! ,meccan suras ( ! ,koran1 :i* occasionally /ate ! objections urg$ by ! oppon5ts4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! debate ! !ological position ( bo? p>ties seems to h %ift$1 & ! k ( bo? 0 probably increas$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,! miracle ( ! ,koran1 :i* at fir/ consi/$ 9 its mode ( production1 0 trans=m$ into a m>vel connect$ ) its cont5ts2 fir/ by ,mahomet's claim+ to tell hi/orical n>ratives :i* _h previ\sly be5 unkn[n to him2 aft]w>ds by ! ass]tion t ! unit$ ef=ts ( mank9d & ,j9n w\ld be unable to mat* ! smalle/ passage ( ! ,koran 9 sublimity4 ,probably ! fir/ ( ^! claims c\ld n be long ma9ta9$1 ?\gh ,a4 ,j4 ,davis1 ! ,se] ( ,p\ghkeepsie1 9 our own "t br\ght a simil> "o 9 reg>d to 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,nature4 ,inde$ bo? p>ties evid5tly resort$ to ext]nal aid4 ,to ^? :o und]took to "n ! man :o dictat$ /ories ( ! anci5ts to ,mahomet day & night1 he repli$ t ! individual :om !y _h 9 m9d 0 a =eign]1 :]eas ! ,koran 0 9 pure ,arabic4 ,?is 0 obvi\sly a quibble1 = x 0 sc>cely ass]t$ t he deliv]$ ! matt] dictat$ to him )\t alt]ation4 ,! purity ( ! ,arabic also appe>s to h be5 v que/ionable2 = sev]al expressions appe> to be ,e?iopic r ?an ,arabic1 & ! p]son :om ! ,meccans _h 9 m9d is likely to h be5 an ,abyss9ian ,*ri/ian1 s9ce ! ,*ri/ian te*nicalities ( ! ,koran are ma9ly d]iv$ f ! ,e?iopic ,gospels & ,acts4 ,on "o occasion :5 "s que/ions sugge/$ by le>n$ =eign]s _h be5 prop\nd$ to ! ,prophet he requir$ a =tnight's delay be=e ! revelation :i* solv$ !m came2 ! matt] conta9$ 9 8 reply 0 c]ta9ly su* z requir$ rese>*4 ,8 s\rces ( in=mation seem at all times to h be5 leg5d>y r ?an canonical2 & ! community :i* seem$ to 8 oppon5ts to agree be/ ) 8 views 0 t ( ! ,sabians or ,m&aeans 7qq4v474 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ,mahomet fir/ ?reat5$ ! ,meccans ) temporal puni%m5t1 & only :5 ?is ?reat fail$ to take effect resort$ to ! t]rors ( ! ,day ( ,judgm5t & ! tortures ( ,hell2 x seems h[ev] a mi/ake to di/+ui% betwe5 ! two4 ,^! ?reats provid$ ! ,prophet ) 8 mo/ p[]ful s]mons4 ,! boa/s ( incomp>able eloqu5ce :i* ! ,koran conta9s are evid5ce t 8 oratorical p[] 0 effective ) 8 audi5ces1 s9ce ! m successful among ! ,arabic poets talk ( _! compositions some:at 9 ! same way4 ,^! disc\rses c]ta9ly l$ to occasional conv]sions1 p]haps m frequ5tly among wom5 ?an m54 ,! ,exiles 9 ,axum4 ,! diplomatic w> seems to h be5 due to ! ,prophet's increas+ success1 :i* l$ to s]i\s p]secution ( ,mahomet's less influ5tial foll[]s1 ?\gh1 z has be5 se51 no blood c\ld be %$ 9 ,mecca4 ,abu ,talib1 moreov]1 prev5t$ him f be+ exil$1 ?\gh he probably _h to endure _m p]sonal insults4 ,some?+ h[ev] _h to be done = ! p]secut$ ,moslems1 & 7p]haps at ! sugge/ion ( 8 ,abyss9ian help]7 ,mahomet endeav\r$ to f9d a refuge = !m 9 ! realm ( ,axum4 ,abyss9ia 0 d\btless connect$ 9 e ,meccan m9d ) ! ,exp$ition ( ! ,elephant2 & su* an alliance secur$ by ,mahomet 0 a m5ace to ! exi/5ce ( ! ,meccan community4 ,a deputation 0 !re=e s5t by ! ,meccan lead]s to dem& extradition ( ! exiles2 & z *ief ( ?is exp$ition ! future conqu]or ( ,egypt1 ',amr b4 al-',z 7see ',,amr ,,ibn ,,el-,,ass71 fir/ figures 9 hi/ory4 ,to fru/rate 8 ef=ts ,mahomet s5t 8 c\s9 ,ja'f> arm$ ) an exposition ( ! ,prophet's beliefs & doctr9es aft]w>ds embodi$ 9 ! ,koran z ! ,sura ( ,m>y 7,no4 ,,xix42 ?\gh ) ! addition ( "s anti-,*ri/ian matt]74 ,! orig9al docum5t conta9$ an acc\nt ( ! ,nativity ( ,*ri/ ) v>i\s miracles n kn[n to ei!r ! canonical or ev5 ! apocryphal gospels :i* h be5 pres]v$1 b :i* w\ld be f\nd edify+ r ?an unor?odox by a *ur* "o ( ^: mo/ popul> books is ,! ,miracles ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y4 ,to ?is !re 7 add$ c]ta9 notices ( ,old ,te/am5t prophets4 ,! ,abyss9ian k+ & 8 ecclesia/ical advis]s took ! side ( ,mahomet & 8 foll[]s1 :om !y appe> to h reg>d$ z p]secut$ ,*ri/ians2 & an attempt made probably by ! a/ute ',amr to embroil !m ) ! ,abyss9ians on ! difficult "q ( ! ,natures ( ,*ri/ fail$ completely4 ,!re seems reason = ?9k+ t ! ,abyss9ian k+ contemplat$ br++ back ! exiles by =ce1 b 0 div]t$ f ?is purpose by fronti] w>s2 mean:ile !y 7 safely h>b\r$1 ?\gh !y seem to h suff]$ f extreme pov]ty4 ,! want ( an ,abyss9ian *ronicle = ?is p]iod is a s]i\s disadvantage = ! /udy ( ,islamic orig9s4 ,! sequel %[s t regul> correspond5ce w5t on betwe5 ! exiles & ^? :o rema9$ 9 ,mecca1 :5ce ! =m] 7 reta9$ )9 ! fold ( ,islam1 ) occasional ?\gh r>e apo/asies to ,*ri/ianity4 ,mahomet's diplomatic victory r\s$ ! ,meccan lead]s to fury1 & !y decid$ on ! mo/ vigor\s measures to :i* !y c\ld rise2 ,abu ,talib1 ,mahomet's protector1 & ! clan :i* ackn[l$g$ him z %eikh1 includ+ ! ,prophet & 8 family1 7 blockad$ 9 ! qu>t] :i* !y occupi$2 z 9 o!r sanctu>ies1 ?\gh blood might n be %$1 a culprit might be />v$ to dea?4 ,t ?is did n occur1 ?\gh ! siege appe>s to h la/$ "s mon?s at lea/1 0 due to ! weak good nature ( ! ,meccans1 b d\btless also to ! fact t !re 7 enli/$ on ,mahomet's side _m m5 ( great physical /r5g? & c\rage 7z _! subsequ5t c>e]s prov$71 :o c\ld ) impunity defy ! ,meccan emb>go4 ,aft] a "t h[ev] ! besieg$ f\nd ! situation intol]able1 & any assi/ance :i* !y might h expect$ f ! k+ ( ,axum fail$ to come4 ,! c\rse adopt$ by ,mahomet 0 retractation ( ^? ( 8 utt]ances :i* _h mo/ (f5d$ ! ,meccans1 involv+ some?+ l a return to paganism4 ,a revelation came ackn[l$g+ ! effectiv5ess ( ! ,meccan goddesses z well z ,allah1 & ! ,meccans rais$ ! siege4 ,news ( ! reconciliation rea*$ ! ,abyss9ian exiles & !y proce$$ to return4 ,by ! "t !y rea*$ ! ,arabian coa/ ! dispute _h recomm5c$4 ,! revelation 0 discov]$ to be a fabrication ( ! ,devil1 :o1 x appe>s1 regul>ly int]polates 9 prophetic revelations2 su* at lea/ is ! apology pres]v$ 9 ! ,koran1 :5ce ! fabricat$ v]ses h be5 expung$4 ,s9ce our k ( ?is episode 7reg>d$ z ! mo/ disgraceful 9 ! ,prophet's c>e]7 is fragm5t>y1 we c only guess t ! ,prophet's h& _h once m be5 =c$ by ! m e>ne/ ( 8 foll[]s1 = :om any compromise ) paganism 0 impossible4 ,! exiles w5t back to ,abyss9ia2 & ab\t ?is "t bo? ,abu ,talib & ,khadija di$1 leav+ ! ,prophet unprotect$4 ,he fl$ to ! neighb\r+ oasis ( ,taif1 :]e weal?y ,meccans _h possessions1 & :]e ! goddess al-,uzza 0 wor%ipp$ ) special zeal--:]e %e is said /ill to exi/ 9 ! =m ( a block ( /one4 ,he _h b little success !re 9 proselytiz+1 & inde$ _h to cease prea*+2 b he op5$ negotiations ) v>i\s ,meccan magnates = a promise ( protection 9 case ( 8 return4 ,?is 0 at la/ obta9$ ) difficulty f "o ,motim b4 ,adi4 ,x w\ld appe> t 8 ef=ts 7 n[ conf9$ to prea*+ to ! /rang]s :o assembl$ at or ne> ,mecca = ! c]emonies connect$ ) ! fea/s4 ,he receiv$ 9 consequ5ce "s invitations to come & exp\nd 8 views away f ,mecca1 b _h to wait "s "t be=e "o came ( a sort :i* he c\ld wisely accept4 ,! ,flight to ,ya?rib4 ,! situation :i* l$ to ,mahomet's ,flight 7hijra1 angliciz$ incorrectly hejira1 q4v47 0 s+ul>ly fav\rable to ,mahomet's ent]prise1 & utiliz$ by him ) extraord9>y caution & skill4 ,at ! palm plantation call$ ,ya?rib1 aft]w>ds kn[n z al-,m$9a1 ,m$9a1 ! ,city 7i4e4 ( ! ,prophet71 !re 7 v>i\s tribes1 ! two mo/ important1 call$ ,aus & ,khazraj1 be+ pagan1 & engag$ 9 an int]nec9e feud1 :ile "u _! protection !re 7 c]ta9 ,jewi% tribes1 ^: names h come d[n to u z ,qa9uqa1 ,nadir & ,quraiza--imply+ t ! ,israelites1 z might be expect$1 imitat$ ! totem nom5clature ( _! neighb\rs4 ,! memory ( ^! ,israelites is exclusively pres]v$ by ! ,moslem records2 ! ma9 /ream ( ,jewi% hi/ory fl[$ else:]e4 ,9 ! s]ies ( combats betwe5 ! ,aus & ,khazraj ! =m] _h g5]ally be5 wor/$2 ! ,jews1 z usual1 _h avoid$ tak+ any active "p 9 ! fray4 ,f9ally1 ow+ to an act ( gross p]fidy1 !y 7 compell$ to fight 9 aid ( ! ,aus2 & 9 ! s-call$ battle ( ,bua? ! ,aus aid$ by ! ,jews _h won a victory1 d\btless attribut$ to ! ,god ( ! ,jews4 ,z has be5 se51 ! div9e "n employ$ by ,mahomet 7,rahman7 0 "o famili> to ! ,jews2 & ! ,ya?ribites :o visit$ ,mecca at fea/-"t 7 naturally attract$ by a pr(ess$ repres5tative ( al-,rahman4 ,! fir/ ,ya?ribite conv]ts appe> to h be5 ,khazrajites1 & "o ,zad1 son ( ,zur>ah1 is ! mo/ prom95t figure4 ,_! idea may h be5 9 ! fir/ place to secure ! aid ( ! ,israeliti% ,deity 9 _! next battle ) ! ,aus1 & inde$ ! prim>y object ( _! visit to ,mecca is said to h be5 to reque/ assi/ance = _! w>4 ,= ?is ! plan 0 sub/itut$ ( invit+ ! ,prophet to come to ,mecca z dictator1 to heal ! feud & re/ore ord]1 a proc$ure to :i* ,greek antiquity (f]s p>allels4 ,! new conv]ts 7 told to c>ry on secret propag&a 9 ,ya?rib ) ?is end 9 view4 ,at ! next fea/ "s ( ! rival faction embrac$ ,islam4 ,a tru/y foll[] ( ,mahomet1 ,mus'ab b4',umair1 :o resembl$ ,mahomet 9 p]sonal appe>ance1 0 s5t to ,ya?rib to assi/ 9 ! "w4 ,! correspond5ce betwe5 ?is p]son & ! ,prophet w\ld1 if we possess$ x1 be ( ! greate/ value = ! /udy ( ,islamic antiquity4 ,we fir/ he> at ?is "t ( ! conditions ( ,islam1 i4e4 a s]ies ( und]tak+s into :i* ! conv]t ent]$3 namely1 to ab/a9 f adult]y1 !ft1 infanticide & ly+1 & to obey ,mahomet 9 licitis et hone/is4 ,! :olesale conv]sion ( ,ya?rib 0 det]m9$ by t ( two *iefta9s1 ,usaid b4 ,hurai? & ,sa'd b4 ,mu'adh1 bo? ,ausites4 ,! example ( ^! 0 quickly foll[$1 & iconoclasm became rife 9 ! place4 ,at ! next ,meccan fea/ a deputation ( sev5ty ,ya?ribites br\ght ,mahomet a =mal invitation1 :i* he accept$1 aft] impos+ c]ta9 conditions4 ,! int]views betwe5 ,mahomet & ! ,ya?ribites are kn[n z ! ',aqabah 7probably ) ref]5ce to a text ( ! ,koran74 ,! attitude ( ! ,jews t[>ds ! project appe>s to h be5 fav\rable4 ,! ,refugees4 ,among ! conditions impos$ by ,mahomet on 8 new adh]5ts appe>s to h be5 ! protection & h>b\r+ ( ! old] proselytes1 :om ,mahomet mo/ wisely det]m9$ to s5d be=e him to ,ya?rib1 :]e1 9 ! ev5t ( ! ,ya?ribite loyalty wav]+1 !y c\ld be c\nt$ on ) c]ta9ty4 ,! welcome giv5 ^! refugees 7muhajirun71 z !y 7 f ?is "t kn[n 9 contra-di/9ction to ! help]s 7ans>7 or allies f ,ya?rib1 is said to h be5 ( ! w>me/2 a ,help] ) two wives w\ld h& "o ov] to a wifeless ,refugee4 ,a yet m important condition :i* prec$$ ! ,flight 0 read9ess to fight m5 ( all col\rs 9 def5ce ( ! fai?4 ,al?\gh ! transactions ) ! p ( ,ya?rib _h be5 c>ri$ on ) pr(\nd secrecy1 ! nature ( ,mahomet's contract ) 8 new adh]5ts 0 some:at divulg$ to ! ,meccan magnates1 & ! dang] ( all[+ an implacable enemy to e/abli% himself on ! high-road ( _! nor?-b\nd c>avans fla%$ ^u !m4 ,! rule :i* =bade blood%$ 9 ! sacr$ city _h at la/ to be susp5d$2 b elaborate precautions 7 to be tak5 :]eby e tribe 7except ,mahomet's own clan7 %\ld h _! %>e 9 ! guilt1 :i* w\ld ?us be spread ov] ! :ole community fairly4 ,:5 ! committee appo9t$ to p]petrate ! crime rea*$ ,mahomet's h\se1 !y f\nd t x 0 too late2 ,mahomet _h already dep>t$1 leav+ ,ali 9 8 b$4 ,! actual ,flight f ,mecca to ,ya?rib has naturally be5 a fav\rite subject = romance1 & inde$ appe>s to h be5 execut$ ) ! greate/ cunn+4 ,accompani$ by ,abu ,bekr only1 ,mahomet took refuge 9 a cave ( ,mt ,?aur1 9 ! opposite direction to t :i* he int5d$ to take f9ally1 & !re rema9$ = ?ree days2 provision _h be5 made ( e requisite1 food1 p[]ful camels1 a tru/y & compet5t guide4 ,! date at :i* he rea*$ ,kuba1 on ! outskirts ( ,ya?rib1 :]e !re 0 already "s sort ( ,moslem oratory1 is giv5 z #h ,rabia ,i41 ( ! ye> ,a4,h4 #a2 ! fact t he arriv$ !re on ! ,jewi% ,day ( ,atonem5t gives u ! date ,septemb] #bj1 #fbb4 ,! ,meccans1 :o _h employ$ pr(essional track]s to hunt d[n ! fugitives1 proce$$ to confiscate ! h\ses & goods ( ,mahomet & ( 8 foll[]s :o _h fl$4 ,mahomet z ,despot ( ,ya?rib4 ,! safe arrival ( ,mahomet at 8 de/9ation m>ks ! turn+-po9t 9 8 c>e]1 :i* n[ became "o ( almo/ unbrok5 success2 8 intellectual sup]iority ov] bo? fri5ds & enemies enabl+ him to pr(it by defeat little less ?an by victory4 ,8 policy appe>s to h be5 to b9d 8 foll[]s to himself & !m to ea* o!r by e possible tie2 he in/itut$ bro!rhoods betwe5 ! ,refugees & ,help]s1 :i* 7 to c\nt z relation%ips = legal purposes1 & hav+ himself no sons1 he contract$ num]\s m>riages p>tly ) ! same end 9 view2 e4g4 ) ! infant daught] ( ,abu ,bekr1 ,aye%a 7',a'i%ah71 ^: ability he appe>s to h disc]n$2 & ! unamiable ,hafsa1 daught] ( ,om>4 ,( 8 own daught]s ?ree 7 giv5 to fai?ful allies1 ! "o by :om 8 l9e is suppos$ to h be5 cont9u$ to our "t1 ,fatima1 0 res]v$ = 8 c\s9 ,ali4 ,ow+ to 8 ef=ts ! alliance betwe5 ! ,refugees & ,help]s resi/$ num]\s attempts on ! "p ( enemies to break x up1 & only t[>ds ! end ( ! ,prophet's life1 :5 he appe>$ to fav\r ,meccans unduly1 d we he> ( any bitt]ness betwe5 ! two communities4 ,! ,m$9a ,community4 ,! population ( ,ya?rib1 or1 z x may n[ be call$1 ,m$9a1 soon divid$ into ?ree gr\ps3 ,mahomet's unit$ foll[]s2 ! ,jews2 & a p>ty kn[n z ! ,hypocrites1 i4e4 pr(ess+ ,moslems1 :o 7 lukew>m1 or disaffect$1 among :om ! mo/ prom95t is ,abdallah b4 ,ubayy1 a ,khazrajite *iefta91 :o is said to h himself aspir$ to be despot ( ,ya?rib1 & :o till ne>ly ! end ( ,mahomet's c>e] figures some:at z a lead] ( ! opposition2 ( 8 importance !re is no "q1 b ! reason = x & ! mode :]eby he made x felt are (t5 obscure4 ,x w\ld seem t ! pagans rema9+ 9 ,ya?rib spe$ily adopt$ ,islam aft] ! ,prophet's arrival1 :5ce we he> little ( s]i\s opposition on _! "p4 ,com+ 9 ! capacity ( prophet ( ! ,israeliti% ,god1 ,mahomet at fir/ seems to h c\rt$ alliance ) ! ,jews1 & to h be5 ready to adopt _! sy/em ) v slight modifications--simil> to ^? :i*1 accord+ to 8 op9ion1 ,jesus _h come to introduce4 ,! ,jews met ^! advances by submitt+ him to exam9ation 9 ! intricacies ( ! ,torah1 &1 f9d+ him v poorly equipp$1 proce$$ to d5\nce him z an impo/]2 "o ( 8 exam9]s is said to h ev5 translat$ ! ,torah into ,arabic ) a view ( convict+ him ( ignorance & impo/ure4 ,!y are' fur!r *>g$ ) ex]cis+ _! magical arts on ! ,prophet & 8 foll[]s1 & to h succe$$ !reby 9 produc+ b>r5ness among ! ,moslem wom54 ,_! conduct mu/ n ( c\rse be judg$ by ! /atem5t ( _! enemies2 x is h[ev] cle> t ,mahomet soon f\nd t !re 0 no possibility ( compromis+ ) !m on religi\s que/ions1 or ( obta9+ _! loyal support2 mean:ile he discov]$ t !y 7 incapable ( unit$ & p]si/5t action1 & useless z w>riors except aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,he !re=e resolv$ on _! ext]m9ation4 ,8 ru?lessness 9 _! case comp>$ ) 8 pati5ce & =be>ance 9 ! case ( ! ,hypocrites 0 consi/5t ) 8 pr9ciple 7always fai?fully obs]v$7 t no inquiry 0 p]missible into ! motives ( conv]sion1 & ) 8 division ( mank9d into ! two antagoni/ic factions ,believ]s & ,unbeliev]s4 ,! latt] pr9ciple1 z w be se51 0 some:at modifi$ be=e ! end ( 8 life4 ,developm5t ( ,islam4 ,mahomet's failure to effect a compromise ) ! ,jews caus$ a reaction 9 8 m9d t[>ds paganism1 & aft] ab\t a ye>'s resid5ce at ,m$9a ! direction ( pray]1 :i* _h till !n be5 t[>ds ,j]usalem1 0 turn$ s\?w>d to ! pagan temple at ,mecca4 ,) ?is *ange we may p]haps c\ple ! adoption ( ! "n ,allah = ! ,deity2 9 ! ,moslem =mula 9 ! ,"n ( ,allah ! ,rahman ! ,m]ciful1 ! translation atta*$ to ! ^w ,rahman1 & ! prefix+ to x ( ! "n ,allah furni% cle> evid5ce ( !ological transition1 ?\gh ! /ages are n record$2 we "k1 h[ev]1 t ! ,meccans approv$ ( ! "n ,allah1 b object$ to ! "n ,rahman4 ,pray] 7salat71 said to h be5 prescrib$ on ! occasion ( ! ,prophet's asc5t into heav5 aft] a miracul\s j\rney f ,mecca to ,j]usalem1 began to assume a /]eotyp$ =m 9 ! place ( assembly built by ,mahomet imm$iately aft] 8 arrival2 ! attitudes ( pray] 9 use among _m communities 7e4g4 ! ,jewi% /&+1 ! pro/ration ( "s ,*ri/ian sects7 7 comb9$4 ,9 g5]al x 0 ,mahomet's pr9ciple1 :ile tak+ ov] a practice f "s o!r sect1 to modify x s z to r5d] ! ,moslem me?od absolutely di/9ct2 ?us :5 a summons to pray] became requisite1 a new mode 7by ! voice ( a cri] call$ muaddh9 or muezz97 0 pref]r$ to ! ,*ri/ian hamm]2 a new sacr$ day 0 adopt$1 9 lieu ( ! ,jewi% ,saturday & ! ,*ri/ian ,sunday1 9 ! weekday on :i* he _h safely rea*$ ,kuba1 ,friday2 b ! sanctity 0 r$uc$ to ! actual "t occupi$ by public wor%ip4 ,on ! subject ( food he 0 satisfi$ ) ! regulations ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,j]usalem1 record$ 9 ,acts xv42 :i* 7 obs]v$ by few if any ,*ri/ian sects4 ,! prohibition ( w9e1 :i* 0 enact$ 9 ,a4,h4 #c1 is said to h be5 occasion$ by ! riot\s conduct ( "o ( 8 foll[]s :5 "u ! influ5ce ( liquor2 ,palgrave saw 9 x 7p]haps ) ju/ice7 a delib]ate attempt to prev5t h>mony betwe5 ,moslems & ,*ri/ians1 9 ^: mo/ sacr$ rite w9e is us$4 ,! ,fa/ ( ,ramadan1 9 :i* food bo? liquid & solid is =bidd5 f sunrise to sunset1 is said to be a pagan or semi-pagan in/itution2 its importance = milit>y tra9+ & discipl9e is n likely to h be5 ov]look$ by ! ,prophet4 ,:5 ! direction ( pray] 0 alt]$1 x is probable t ,mahomet already int5d$ to introduce into 8 sy/em ! :ole ( ! pagan pilgrimage ) its antique c]emonial 7)1 ( c\rse1 a new int]pretation72 be=e ?is he is suppos$ to h aim$ at ! abolition ( ! ,kaba & all t app]ta9$ to x4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 religi\s & civil law has nev] be5 recogniz$ by ,islamic juri/s1 ^: manuals deal equally ) ! law ( contract & ! am\nt ( ! body to be wa%$ be=e pray]2 ! ,prophet's ord9ances on bo? subjects 7 sugge/$ by ! occasion 9 ea* case1 & x w\ld seem t ! op9ions ( tru/$ advis]s 7 regul>ly he>d be=e a revelation 0 issu$4 ,ev5 :5 ?is _h be5 done ! ord9ance might be cancell$ by an abrogat+ revelation2 x be+ easy = ,allah to sub/itute = a text already reveal$ ano!r t 0 bett] or at lea/ z good4 ,z ,islam began to spread outside ! limits ( ,m$9a bo? conv]sion to ,islam & p]si/5ce !re9 7 r$uc$ to simple te/s2 ! pronunciation ( ! d\ble =mula ( belief 9 ,allah & ,mahomet 0 suffici5t to indicate conv]sion1 :il/ paym5t ( an income-tax1 call$ by ! ,jewi% names = alms 7zakat & sadaqah71 0 evid5ce ( loyalty4 ,?is income-tax1 ( :i* ! def9ite assessm5t p]haps belongs to a lat] p]iod1 0 = ! support ( necessit\s conv]ts--an elem5t 9 ! community ^: pres5ce acc\nts = ! mode 9 :i* ! developm5t ( ! ,islamic /ate proce$$4 ,fir/ ,campaigns ( ,mahomet4 ,! indu/ries 9 :i* ! ,meccan ,refugees _h be5 engag$ 7 n ( a sort :i* !y c\ld ex]cise at ,m$9a1 :]e ! palm took ! place ( ! camel z ! basis ( society4 ,moreov] ! ,prophet seems to h giv5 "s disa/r\s advice on ! subject ( palmiculture1 & !reby to h acc5tuat$ ! pov]ty ( ! place4 ,he _h1 !re=e1 to f9d "s fre% s\rce ( rev5ue 9 ord] to deal ) ?is difficulty1 & "o ( ! ,help]s is said to h sugge/$ ! plan :i* he adopt$1 viz4 ( attack+ ! ,meccan c>avans4 ,) ?is view he organiz$ a s]ies ( exp$itions1 tak+ ! lead himself sometimes1 :ile at o!rs he gave x to "o ( 8 vet]an foll[]s2 & at fir/ only ,refugees took "p 9 !m4 ,! lead]s ( ! c>avans1 h[ev]1 7 exp]t 9 evad+ attacks ( ?is sort1 :i* 7 d\btless regul>ly attempt$ by ! des]t tribes2 & 9 ! fir/ ye> ( 8 despotism ,mahomet did n score a s+le success ( ! k9d int5d$4 ,! attempts 7 n :olly fruitless2 = :ile on ! "o h& he accu/om$ 8 foll[]s to campaign+1 on ! o!r he made a s]ies ( agreem5ts ) ! *iefta9s ( ! tribes ?r\gh ^: t]ritory ! c>avans ord9>ily pass$4 ,f9d+ cont9u$ failure intol]able1 he resolv$ to take advantage ( 8 p[] to b9d & to loose by s5d+ an exp$ition ( sev5 m5 "u 8 c\s9 ,abdallah b4 ,jah% to attack a c>avan at ! beg9n+ ( ! sacr$ mon? ,rajab1 :51 z raid+ dur+ su* a season 0 unkn[n1 success 0 practically c]ta94 ,! comm&] on ?is1 ! ,nakhlah raid1 0 giv5 seal$ ord]s1 to be op5$ aft] two days' m>*2 ! m5 7 !n to be giv5 ! option ( retir+1 if !y disapprov$4 ,( ?is no "o seems def9itely to h avail$ himself1 & ! raid end$ successfully1 = consid]able booty 0 captur$1 :ile ( ! f\r p]sons :o escort$ ! c>avan two 7 made prison]s1 "o escap$1 & "o1 ,amr b4 al-,hadrami1 0 kill$2 he 0 ! fir/ p]son sla9 fight+ aga9/ an ,islamic =ce4 ,! violation ( ! sacr$ mon? seems to h caus$ consid]able sc&al 9 ,arabia1 b l$ to no s]i\s consequ5ce2 on ! o!r h& ! %$d+ ( blood creat$ a feud betwe5 ! p ( ,mecca & ! ,refugees1 ) :om ! ,meccans long decl9$ to id5tify ! p ( ,m$9a4 ,! fact t ! man :o _h be5 kill$ 0 a cli5t1 n a citiz51 made no diff]5ce4 ,! circum/ance t booty _h be5 actually acquir$ appe>s to h help$ ! ,prophet's cause v consid]ably4 ,attack on ,meccan ,c>avan4 ,bo? ^! consequ5ces1 ! ,meccan desire to av5ge ! blood t _h be5 %$ & ! anxiety ( ! ,m$9ese to take "p 9 a successful raid1 manife/$ !mselves a few mon?s lat]1 :5 an exp$ition 0 organiz$ by ,mahomet to attack a c>avan return+ f ,syria1 :i* _h escap$ him ! previ\s ye>4 ,_m desir$ to take "p 9 ! raid1 & f9ally "s #cjj p]sons 7 select$1 includ+ a l>ge numb] ( ,help]s4 ,! lead] ( ! c>avan le>n$ someh[ t an attack 0 be+ organiz$ by ,mahomet on a l>ge scale1 & s5t to ,mecca = aid1 :ile hurry+ home by =c$ m>*es4 ,?is is ! fir/ hi/orical appe>ance ( ,abu ,s(ian 7! lead] ( ! c>avan71 :o n[ = "s ye>s play$ ! "p ( presid5t 9 ! ,meccan opposition to ,mahomet1 & ^: son 0 de/9$ to f\nd ! second ,mahomm$an dyna/y 7see ,,caliphate1 ,b74 ,! day be=e ! battle to be f\ght at ,badr1 ne> ! po9t :]e ! nor!rn road leaves ! coa/ to turn ea/w>ds to ,mecca1 ! ,moslem army le>n$ t ! ,meccan succ\r 7"s #ajjj /rong7 0 ne>1 b t ! c>avan _h escap$4 ,! ,meccans1 x is ass]t$1 w\ld h return$ home n[ t _! object 0 secur$1 b ! patrons ( ! man :o _h be5 kill$ 9 ! =m] raid 7 compell$ to /rike = v5geance4 ,! battle 7,ramadan #ai1 ,a4,h4 #b1 usually made to syn*ronize ) ,m>* #ag1 #fbd7 end$ 9 a complete victory = ,mahomet1 ^: foll[]s kill$ sev5ty ( ! enemy & took sev5ty prison]s--if we may tru/ :at seem to be r\nd numb]s2 x 0 attribut$ by him to div9e co-op]ation1 tak+ ! =m ( an illusion wr\ght on ! enemy1 & ! despat* ( a regim5t ( angels to ! assi/ance ( ! ,believ]s1 :ile on ! o!r h& ! trea*]y ( ! ,devil did mis*ief to ! ,meccans4 ,! popul> tradition attribut$ x to ! pr[ess ( "s ( ,mahomet's foll[]s1 especially 8 uncle ,hamza & 8 c\s9 ,ali4 ,9 ! n>ratives :i* h come d[n & :i* seem to be au!ntic ! result is amply acc\nt$ = by ! excell5ce ( ! ,moslem discipl9e & ! complete abs5ce ( any on ! ,meccan side4 ,mahomet himself is said to h fa9t$ at ! fir/ sight ( blood1 & to h rema9$ dur+ ! battle 9 a hut built = him to :i* swift camels 7 ti$1 to be us$ 9 case ( a defeat2 yet ^! acc\nts make him responsible = ! tactics1 :il/ assign+ ! cr$it = ! /rategy to "o ,hobab b4 al-,mondhir4 ,sev]al ( ,mahomet's old enemies & fri5ds ( ,meccan days p]i%$ on ?is occasion2 notably "o ,abu ,jahl1 8 uncle1 b repres5t$ z an implacable enemy2 ano!r ho/ile uncle1 ,abu ,lahab1 :o is curs$ 9 ! ,koran1 0 n pres5t b di$ %ortly aft] ! battle4 ,! day is call$ 9 ! ,koran by a ,syriac expression ! ,day ( ,deliv]ance1 & bo? = int]nal & ext]nal politics x 0 ( incalculable advantage to ,islam4 ,! booty & ! ransoms ( ! prison]s provid$ ! means = deal+ ) di/ress2 ! /ory ( sup]natural aid soo!d ! feel+s ( ! defeat$ ,meccans & _h a t5d5cy to dis>m resi/ance else:]e2 :il/ ,mahomet 9 ! popul>ity acquir$ by 8 victory 0 able to /rike =cibly at 8 enemies 9 ,m$9a4 ,"o ( ! sequels to ! victory 0 a s]ies ( assass9ations :]eby critics ( 8 actions 7 remov$4 ,! ,tak+ ( ,mecca4 ,! defeat at ,badr naturally l$ to ef=ts on ! "p ( ! ,meccans to av5ge _! dead & besides to secure ! comm]ce1 by :i* !y liv$1 f an enemy :o 0 gradually gett+ all ! seabo>d t lay betwe5 ,j$dah & ,yanbo )9 8 sph]e ( influ5ce2 & ! ye> aft] ,badr 7,a4,h4 #c7 ,abu ,s(ian 0 able to lead a =ce said to be ?ree times z great z t :i* _h be5 defeat$1 & s numb]+ "s #cjjj m51 aga9/ ,m$9a itself2 "p ( x 0 "u ,khalid b4 al-,walid1 "o ( ! greate/ ( ,arab capta9s1 aft]w>ds conqu]or ( ,syria4 ,x is said t ,mahomet's plan 0 to rema9 9 ,m$9a itself1 & leave x to ! ,meccan comm&] to discov] "s way ( tak+ ! place2 b t 8 h& 0 =c$ by 8 m ard5t foll[]s4 ,o!rs1 h[ev]1 assign ?is advice to ,abdallah b4 ,ubayy1 & make ! ,prophet anxi\s to fight f ! fir/4 ,a battle 0 9 consequ5ce f\ght "u ,mt ,uhud 7or ,ohod71 nor?-we/ ( ,m$9a1 :]e9 ,khalid succe$$ 9 inflict+ a sev]e defeat on ,mahomet's =ces2 8 uncle ,hamza1 h]o ( ,badr1 0 kill$ on ?is occasion4 ,=tunately = ! ,moslems1 ! ,meccans consid]$ t !y _h f9i%$ _! task :5 !y discov]$ t !y _h kill$ a numb] ( ! =m] equal to ^? :o _h fall5 at ,badr on _! own side2 in/ead !re=e ( pursu+ _! victory !y w5t home4 ,! imm$iate effect on ,arabia appe>s to h be5 to dissipate ! illusion t ! ,prophet c\ld c\nt on sup]natural assi/ance 9 8 w>s2 & we he> ( "s bl[s be+ dealt him f outside4 ,mean:ile 8 relations t[>ds ! ,m$9ese ,jews _h gr[n m & m ho/ile1 & ^! are cr$it$ ) do+ _! be/ to r\se ! ,meccans to a s5se ( ! dang] :i* ?reat5$ !m 9 ! cont9uance ( ! ,prophet's p[]1 & 9 g5]al to /ir up ho/ility aga9/ him 9 ,arabia4 ,:e!r ?is "p 0 play$ by !m or n1 9 ! fif? ye> ( ! ,prophet's /ay at ,m$9a a fre% invasion ( ! t]ritory took place by a va/ conf$]ate =ce ( ,meccans ) _! allies1 ! tribes ,faz>ah1 ,asad1 ,murrah1 c41 to ! numb]1 x is said1 ( #aj1jjj4 ,?is "t ! int5tion ( ! lead]s 0 und\bt$ly to /amp out ,islam4 ,= ! fir/ "t 9 ,arab w>f>e ,mahomet resort$ to ! exp$i5t ( def5d+ 8 city by a tr5*1 call$ by a ,p]sian "n1 & sugge/$ by a ,p]sian conv]t4 ,b he also employ$ ag5ts to s[ diss5sion among ! conf$]ates1 & succe$$ ) ?is no less ?an ) ! o!r exp$i5t4 ,aft] a brief /ay1 & sc>cely /rik+ a bl[1 ! conf$]acy disp]s$1 leav+ ! ,jews :o /ill rema9$ 9 ,m$9a to ! summ>y v5geance ( ! ,prophet4 ,! want ( records writt5 f ! ,meccan /&po9t r5d]s ! abortiv5ess ( ?is la/ attempt at /orm+ ! ,prophet's /ronghold sc>cely intelligible4 ,f ?is "t1 h[ev]1 ! road t[>ds ! ev5tual tak+ ( ,mecca became easy1 & we are told t su* 0 ! importance atta*$ to t city ?r\gh\t ,arabia t its acquisition meant = ! ,prophet ! acquisition ( ! :ole p59sula4 ,! next ye> 7,a4,h4 #f7 he deem$ x advisable to make a truce ) ! ,meccans 7! ,truce ( ,hodaibiyah71 :]eby he secur$ = 8 foll[]s ! "r ( p]=m+ ! pilgrimage 9 ! foll[+ ye>2 on ?is occasion he ev5 cons5t$ to =go 8 title ,prophet ( ,allah1 :5 ! ,meccans refus$ to sign a de$ 9 :i* x 0 employ$1 greatly to ! sc&al ( 8 m e>ne/ foll[]s1 includ+ ,om>2 !y 7 h[ev] too deeply committ$ to ,islam to be able to defy ! ,prophet4 ,:5 ! pilgrimage 0 p]=m$ 7,a4,h4 #g71 ,mahomet n only won important conv]ts 9 ! p]sons ( ,khalid & ! no less able ,amr b4 al-,z1 b 9 g5]al impress$ ! population ) ! idea t 8 0 ! w9n+ side4 ,an excuse 0 easily f\nd = invad+ ,mecca itself 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 :5 ,abu ,s(ian took ! opportunity ( embrac+ ,islam be=e x 0 too late4 ,v little resi/ance 0 n[ made by ! ,meccans1 ^: *iefs 7 already 9 ,mahomet's camp1 & ,mahomet us$ 8 victory ) great mod]ation2 8 proscription li/ 0 f9ally r$uc$ to two4 ,! !ory t all (f5ces 7 cancell$ by conv]sion 0 loyally obs]v$4 ,moreov] ! ,prophet incurr$ ! displeasure ( 8 ,m$9ese fri5ds by ! anxiety :i* he display$ to soo! ! feel+s ( 8 =m] enemies & antagoni/s4 ,! ,m$9ese1 h[ev]1 prevail$ ^u him to ma9ta9 _! city z 8 political capital1 :ile mak+ ,mecca ! religi\s c5tre ( 8 sy/em2 & ?is arrangem5t acc\nts p]haps m ?an any?+ else = ! p]si/5ce ( ! sy/em amid s _m dyna/ic *anges4 ,9 ! ma9 he appe>s to h introduc$ little alt]ation into ! gov]nm5t ( ,mecca1 & x is said t he ev5 decl9$ to retaliate on ^? :o _h confiscat$ ! possessions ( ! ,refugees4 ,ev5 ! ,kaba 0 left 9 ! keep+ ( its =m] cu/odian1 ?\gh ( c\rse its int]ior z well z its prec9cts 7 cleans$ ( all t c\ld (f5d mono!i/s4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> ! pilgrimage 0 = ! fir/ "t conduct$ by a ,moslem (ficial1 ,abu ,bekr4 ,a proclamation 0 made on t occasion1 =bidd+ idolat]s 9 future to take "p 9 ! pilgrimage1 & giv+ all ,arabs :o 7 n z yet conv]t$ f\r mon?s' grace be=e =ce 0 to be br\ght to be> ^u !m4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> ,mahomet conduct$ ! ,pilgrimage himself4 ,?is solemn occasion 7! ,f>ewell ,pilgrimage7 0 also employ$ = ! deliv]y ( an important proclamation1 :]e9 ! ,prophet decl>$ t ,god _h complet$ _! religion4 ,! pr9ciple :]eon he specially insi/$ 0 ! bro!rhood ( ,islam2 b !re is "s difficulty 9 enucleat+ ! orig9al s]mon f lat] additions4 ,conque/ ( ,arabia4 ,x w\ld seem t ,mahomet's ent]prise orig9ally compris$ ! conv]sion ( ,mecca only1 & t he ?\ght ( himself z s5t to 8 fell[-citiz5s only1 z _h be5 ! case ) e>li] prophets1 ^: message 0 = _! bre?r54 ,8 views took a some:at diff]5t direction aft] 8 brief exile to ,taif1 & ! conque/ ( ,arabia 0 9 a way =c$ ^u him 9 ! c\rse ( 8 /ruggle ) ! ,meccans4 ,x is n inde$ p]fectly cle> by :at process he arriv$ at ! resolution to exclude paganism f ,arabia2 at fir/ he appe>s to h tol]at$ x at ,m$9a1 & 9 "s ( 8 e>li] contracts ) neighb\r+ tribes he is repres5t$ z all[+ x1 ?\gh "s ( our texts make him res]ve to himself ! "r ( en=c+ ,islam if he *ose2 only ! ,meccans 7 at fir/1 accord+ to ! mo/ au!ntic docum5ts1 exclud$ f all truce or treaty4 ,at ! battle ( ,badr he appe>s to h =mulat$ ! rule t no "o might fight on 8 side :o _h n embrac$ ,islam2 & :5 once he _h won fame z a successful campaign]1 ^? :o wi%$ to %>e 8 adv5tures _h to pass ! ,islamic te/4 ,aft] ! battle ( ,uhud 7,ohod7 we he> ( a tribe dem&+ mission>ies to in/ruct !m 9 ,islamic pr9ciples2 & ?\gh 9 ! case record$ ! dem& 0 trea*]\s1 ! idea ( s5d+ mission>ies appe>s n to h be5 unfamili> ev5 !n1 albeit ! numb] s5t 7#gj71 if rightly record$1 implies t ! ,prophet suspect$ ! good fai? ( ! applicants4 ,aft] ! tak+ ( ,mecca1 :]eby ! *ief sanctu>y at any rate ( nor? ,arabia _h be5 cle>$ ( all idolatr\s associations1 & consecrat$ to mono!ism1 paganism 9 g5]al 0 consci\s ( be+ attack$2 & ! city _h sc>cely be5 br\ght "u ! new rgime be=e ! ,prophet _h to face a conf$]ation ( tribes call$ ,hawaz9 & ,?aqif4 ,! battle :i* ensu$1 kn[n z ! ,day ( ,hona91 0 ne> end+ disa/r\sly = ,islam2 "s ( ,mahomet's /urdie/ foll[]s fl$2 b ! t]rible dang] ( a defeat 9 ! neighb\rhood ( rec5tly conqu]$ ,mecca r\s$ ! ,prophet & ,ali to h]oism1 & !y sav$ ! day4 ,emiss>ies 7 n[ s5t f> & wide dem&+ ! de/ruction ( idols1 & only ,taif appe>s to h made any consid]able resi/ance2 aga9/ ?is place = ! fir/ "t ! ,prophet made use ( siege artill]y1 su* z 0 employ$ by ! ,byzant9es2 ?\gh compell$ by ! brav]y ( ! inhabitants to raise ! siege1 he 0 aft]w>ds able to take ! city by capitulation4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ t "h only d we read ( mu* atta*m5t to ! old deities2 9 mo/ places !y 7 disc>d$ ) few regrets :5 once _! impot5ce _h be5 f\nd out4 ,aft] ! tak+ ( ,mecca & ! victory ( ,hona9 !re appe>s to h be5 a g5]al desire1 ext5d+ ev5 to ! extreme s\? ( ,arabia1 to make ! be/ t]ms ) ! conqu]or s soon z possible2 iconoclasm became g5]al4 ,flatt]]s ( v>i\s k9ds1 includ+ poets1 came to seek ! fav\r ( ! sov]eign2 & a mock w> ( words appe>s to h be5 sub/itut$ by "s tribes = m s]i\s fight+1 to t]m9ate 9 surr5d]4 ,= w>f>e ( 8 sort ,mahomet _h a p[]ful help] 9 ! poet ,hassan b4 ,?abit1 = ^: effusions a pulpit 0 erect$ 9 ! ,m$9a mosque1 & ^: v]ses 7 said to be inspir$ by ! ,holy ,_s2 ?\gh1 z has be5 se51 ,mahomet 0 n himself able to judge ( _! arti/ic m]it4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 f\nd easy to en=ce ! paym5t ( ! alms on ^! new conv]ts2 & ?is taxation caus$ an almo/ g5]al revolt s soon z ,mahomet's dea? _h be5 asc]ta9$4 ,plan ( ,_w-conque/4 ,al?\gh ! c5tral portions ( ! p59sula 9 ,mahomet's "t 7 practically indep5d5t1 l>ge portions ( ! nor?-we/ & s\?-ea/ 7 prov9ces ( ! ,byzant9e & ,p]sian empires respectively1 :5ce any s*eme = ! conque/ ( ,arabia w\ld necess>ily involve ! conqu]or 9 w> ) ^! great p[]s4 ,! conque/ ( ,p]sia is said to h be5 contemplat$ by ! ,prophet z e>ly z ,a4,h4 #e1 :5 ! fam\s ,tr5* 0 be+ dug2 b x 0 n till ! ye> ,a4,h4 #g1 on ! eve ( ! tak+ ( ,mecca1 t ! ,prophet conceiv$ ! idea ( s5d+ missives to all kn[n sov]eigns & pot5tates1 promis+ !m safety if1 b only if1 !y embrac$ ,islam4 ,! text ( ^! lett]s1 :i* only v>i$ 9 ! "n ( ! p]son address$1 is pres]v$ 7d\btless fai?fully7 by ! ,moslem ,oral ,tradition2 9 ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury a ,fr5* explor] pr(ess$ to discov] 9 ,egypt ! orig9al ( "o ( !m--address$ to ! my/]i\s p]sonage call$ ! ,muqauqis 7,mukaukis7 ( ,egypt--& ?is1 x appe>s1 is /ill pres]v$ amid o!r suppos$ relics ( ! ,prophet 9 ,con/ant9ople1 ?\gh !re is little reason = believ+ x to be g5u9e4 ,! anecdotes deal+ ) ! reception ( ^! lett]s by _! addressees are all fabul\s 9 "*4 ,two appe> to h s5t fav\rable replies3 ! k+ ( ,axum1 :o n[ c\ld s5d ! exiles :om he _h s long h>b\r$ to _! successful ma/]2 & ! ,egyptian gov]nor1 :o s5t ,mahomet a valuable pres5t1 includ+ two ,coptic wom5 = 8 h>em4 ,! emp]or ,h]aclius is claim$ z a secret conv]t to ,islam1 on :om pressure _h to be put by 8 advis]s to conceal 8 convictions4 ,! ,p]sian k+ is said to h s5t ord]s to h ,mahomet arre/$2 8 mess5g]s arriv$ 9 ,m$9a1 b 7 unable to c>ry out ! comm&s ( _! ma/]1 :o di$ :ile !y 7 !re4 ,two ( ! lett]s are said to h _h important results4 ,"o 0 address$ to ! ,himy>ite *iefs 7call$ by ! s\? ,arabian appellation qail7 9 ,yem51 & effect$ _! conv]sion2 ano!r to ! gov]nor ( ,bo/ra 9 ,roman ,arabia1 :o put ! be>] ( ?is insol5t message to dea?2 a =ce 0 despat*$ by ,mahomet imm$iately aft]w>ds 7beg9n+ ( ,a4,h4 #h7 to av5ge ?is outrage2 & ?\gh ! ,moslems 7 defeat$ 9 _! fir/ enc\nt] ) ! ,byzant9e =ces at ,mutah1 !y appe> to h giv5 a good acc\nt ( !mselves2 x 0 "h t ,jaf>1 c\s9 ( ! ,prophet1 met 8 dea?4 ,9 ,a4,h4 #i a successful exp$ition 0 l$ by ! ,prophet himself nor?w>d1 9 :i*1 ?\gh no ,byzant9e =ce 0 enc\nt]$1 a consid]able region 0 )drawn f ! ,byzant9e sph]e ( influ5ce1 & made ei!r ,islamic or tribut>y to ,islam4 ,at ! "t ( 8 dea? 7( fev]1 aft] a %ort illness7 he 0 organiz+ an exp$ition = ! conque/ ( ,syria4 ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian ,communities4 ,! ,prophet claim$ ?r\gh\t t 8 revelation confirm$ ! ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian ,scriptures1 & ?is claim is on ! :ole reasonable1 ?\gh 8 acqua9tance ) bo? 0 9 ! highe/ degree vague & inaccurate4 ,/ill he reproduc$ ! ,old ,te/am5t z fai?fully z he c\ld1 & ?\gh he patriotically endeav\rs to %$ "s lu/re on 8 suppos$ ance/or ,i%mael1 he does n appe> to h que/ion$ ! ,biblical !ory accord+ to :i* ! f\nd] ( ! nor? ,arabian nations 0 ! son ( a slave girl4 ,on nei!r ! tru? ( ! ,biblical hi/ory & miracles nor ! validity ( ! ,mosaic legislation does he appe> to h ca/ any d\bt4 ,he ev5 all[s t ,israel 0 ! *os5 p4 ,! ,gospel 0 kn[n to him *iefly ?r\gh apocryphal & h]etical s\rces1 :i* _c c]ta9ly be id5tifi$2 b he accept$ ! doctr9e ( ! ,virg9-bir?1 ! miracles ( heal+ ! sick & rais+ ! dead1 & ! asc5sion2 ! crucifixion & resurrection 7 cle>ly d5i$ by ! sect f :om he _h receiv$ 8 in=mation1 & reject$ by him1 ?\gh c]ta9ly n because ( any miracle :i* ! latt] involv$4 ,8 qu>rel ) ! ,jews at ,m$9a appe>s to h be5 by no means ( 8 own seek+1 b to h aris5 unavoidably1 ow+ to 8 p>ticul> view ( 8 (fice be+ su* z !y c\ld n accept2 & 8 attempt to discr$it1 n ! ,mosaic ,law1 b ! =m 9 :i* !y pres5t$ x1 0 an exp$i5t to :i* he resort$ 9 self-def5ce4 ,an attempt 0 made %ortly aft] 8 arrival at ,m$9a to settle ! relations betwe5 ! two communities by a treaty1 accord+ to :i*1 :ile _! equality 0 gu>ante$ !re %\ld be little int]f]5ce betwe5 ! two2 ?is1 h[ev]1 0 f\nd unworkable1 & ea* victory ( ,mahomet ov] ! ,meccans 0 foll[$ by viol5t measures aga9/ ! ,m$9ese ,israelites4 ,:5 exp]i5ce _h %[n him _! milit>y incompet5ce he appe>s to h be5 unable to resi/ ! temptation to appropriate _! goods = ! b5efit ( 8 foll[]s2 & 8 attack on ! fl\ri%+ ,jewi% settlem5t ( ,khaib>1 aft] ! affair ( ,hodaibiyah1 appe>s to h be5 practically unprovok$1 & design$ to satisfy 8 discont5t$ adh]5ts by an accession ( plund]4 ,yet ! consci\sness t ?is process 0 economically wa/eful sugge/$ to him an idea :i* ,islamic /ates are only n[ ab&on+1 viz4 t ( a tol]at$ ca/e1 :o %\ld till ! soil & provide su/5ance = ! ,believ]s :o 7 to be ! fight+ ca/e4 ,:]eas !n 8 =m] plan 9 deal+ ) ,israelites _h be5 to bani% or massacre1 he n[ left ! =m] own]s ( ,khaib> 7:o _h surviv$ ! capture ( ! place7 9 possession ( ! soil1 ( ^: produce !y 7 to pay a fix$ proportion to ! ,islamic /ate4 ,! same pr9ciple 0 adopt$ 9 ! case ( lat] conque/s ( ,jewi% settlem5ts4 ,disputes ) ,*ri/ians occur some:at lat] 9 ! ,prophet's c>e] ?an ^? ) ,jews1 = nei!r at ,mecca nor ,m$9a 7 ! =m] to be f\nd 9 any numb]s2 individuals are likely to h be5 f\nd 9 bo? cities1 & we he> ( "o ,m$9ese ,abu',amir ! ,monk1 :o aft] ,mahomet's arrival at ,m$9a br&$ him z an impo/or1 &1 go+ himself into exile1 made _m an abortive attempt to discr$it & injure ,mahomet's cause4 ,! notices ( him are meagre & obscure4 ,mahomet's manife/o to ! _w1 ab\t ! "t ( ! tak+ ( ,khaib>1 appe>s to repres5t 8 def9ite brea* ) ,*ri/ianity2 & :5 9 ! ye> ( ! embassies ! ,*ri/ians ( ,najran s5t a deputation to him1 !y f\nd t ! brea* betwe5 ! two sy/ems 0 n to be heal$4 ,( ! ?ree alt]natives op5 to !m--conv]sion1 int]nec9e w>1 & tribute1 !y *ose ! la/4 ,! ,*ri/ian tribes ( nor? ,arabia %[$ great] incl9ation t[>ds ! fir/4 ,! ,prophet's policy 0 to give ,*ri/ians light] t]ms ?an ,jews1 & ?\gh ! ,koran reflects ! gradual adoption by ! ,prophet ( an attitude ( extreme ho/ility to bo? sy/ems1 its tone is on ! :ole f> m fri5dly to ! =m] ?an to ! latt]4 ,"s o!r communities are m5tion$ 9 ! ,koran1 b m]ely 9 casual allusions3 ?us we "k t ,mahomet's sympa?y 0 ) ! ,byzant9es 9 _! /ruggle ) ,p]sia1 b 9 8 mo/ tol]ant utt]ance ! ,magians or ,mazdians z well z ! ,sabians 7) :om 8 foll[]s 7 id5tifi$ by ! ,meccans7 are m5tion$ ) respect4 ,mahomet's ,adm9i/ration4 ,! f9ancial requirem5ts ( ,mahomet's /ate 7 ( ! simple/ k9d1 = !re is no trace ( any =m ( gov]nm5tal dep>tm5t hav+ be5 in/itut$ by him1 ev5 :5 he 0 ma/] ( ! p59sula2 nor c we "n any p]man5t (ficials 9 8 employ except 8 muaddh9 ,bilal1 & p]haps 8 c\rt-poet ,hassan4 ,a /aff ( scribes 0 f9ally requir$ bo? to take d[n 8 revelations & to conduct correspond5ce2 b al?\gh he enc\rag$ ! acquisition ( p5man%ip 7inde$ "s ( ! prison]s at ,badr are said to h be5 all[$ to ransom !mselves by tea*+ x to ! ,m$9ese71 we "k ( no regul> secret>ies 9 8 employ4 ,z despot ( ,m$9a he comb9$ ! functions ( legislator1 adm9i/rator1 g5]al & judge2 8 duties 9 ! la/ ?ree capacities 7 occasionally delegat$ to o!rs1 z :5 he appo9t$ a gov]nor ( ,m$9a dur+ 8 abs5ce1 or lead]s = exp$itions1 ) provision = successors 9 case ( _! fall+1 b we he> ( no p]man5t or regul> delegation ( !m4 ,till ne> ! end ( 8 c>e] at ,m$9a he ma9ta9$ ! pr9ciple t migration to t city 0 a condition ( conv]sion2 b :51 ow+ to ! ext5sion ( 8 p[]1 ?is 0 no long] practicable1 8 plan 0 9 ! ma9 to leave ! newly conv]t$ communities to manage _! int]nal affairs z be=e1 only s5d+ occasional envoys to dis*>ge special duties1 especially in/ruction 9 ! ,koran & ! pr9ciples ( ,islam1 & to collect ! ,alms2 q t[>ds ! end ( 8 life he appe>s to h s5t p]sons to ! prov9ces to act z judges1 ) in/ructions to judge accord+ to ! ,koran1 & :]e t fail$1 ! practice 7sunna71 i4e4 ! practice ( ! community1 = :i* a lat] g5]ation sub/itut$ ! practice ( ! ,prophet4 ,!re 71 !re=e1 no regul> paym5ts to p]man5t (ficials2 & ! taxation call$ ,alms1 :i* develop$ into an income-tax1 b 0 at fir/ a dem& = volunt>y contributions1 0 :olly = ! support ( ! poor ,moslems2 x might n be us$ = ! ma9t5ance ( ! /ate1 i4e4 ,mahomet & 8 family4 ,= !m1 & = public bus9ess1 e4g4 ! pur*ase ( w> mat]ial & gratuities to visitors1 provision 0 made out ( ! booty1 ( :i* ,mahomet claim$ "o-fif? 7! *iefta9's %>e _h previ\sly1 we are told1 be5 "o-f\r?71 :ile ! rema9d]--or at lea/ ! bulk ( x--0 di/ribut$ among ! fight+ m52 ! ,prophet appe>s to h prid$ himself on ! ju/ice ( 8 di/ribution on ^! occasions1 & d\btless won popul>ity !reby1 ?\gh we he> occasionally ( grumbl+2 = difficulties occurr$ :5 a defeat$ tribe embrac$ ,islam1 & s c\ld claim equality ) _! conqu]ors1 or :5 portions ( ! spoil 7 irregul>ly employ$ by ,mahomet to allay res5tm5t3 ! p]sons ^: allegiance 0 ?us pur*as$ 7 euphemi/ically t]m$ ^? ^: he>ts 7 unit$4 ,:at aft]w>ds prov$ ! ma9 s\rce ( rev5ue 9 ,islamic /ates dates f ! tak+ ( ,khaib>2 = ! r5t paid to ! /ate by tol]at$ communities = ! "r to "w _! l& develop$ long aft] ,mahomet's "t into a poll-tax = ,unbeliev]s 7see ,,caliphate1 e4g4 ,b4 #h & ,,mahomm$an ,,in/itutions71 & a l&-tax = all own]s ( l&4 ,imm$iately aft] ! tak+ ( ,khaib> c]ta9 communities1 ( :i* ! mo/ notable 0 ,fadak1 s5t tribute be=e !y _h be5 attack$ & r$uc$2 _! l& 0 reg>d$ by ,mahomet z 8 private doma91 b aft] 8 dea? x 0 )drawn f 8 heirs by 8 successor ,abu ,bekr1 9 virtue ( a maxim t ,prophets left no inh]itance1 :i* 9 ! op9ion ( ,fatima 0 contr>y to ,koranic doctr9e1 & inv5t$ by ,aye%a's fa!r expressly = ! purpose ( exclud+ h] & h] husb& f _! rights2 & ?is is likely to h be5 ! case4 ,z a milit>y organiz] ,mahomet1 z has be5 se51 0 anxi\s to adopt ! mo/ advanc$ ( contempor>y me?ods1 & m ?an once is said to h sc&aliz$ ! ,arabs by =eign innovations1 z at a lat] "t ! ,moslem *iefs :o fir/ us$ gunp[d] sc&aliz$ _! co-religioni/s4 ,! unit 9 8 armies seems to h be51 z ( old1 ! tribe1 "u its natural lead]2 t he introduc$ no m sci5tific division1 & no?+ l a hi]>*y ( (fic]s 0 p]haps due to ! difficulty ( reconcil+ su* a sy/em ) ! equality ( all ,moslems4 ,z has be5 se51 ! ,koran only assum$ ! "* ( a civil code z ! ne$ = "o arose2 & = "s "t aft] ,mahomet's arrival at ,m$9a old-fa%ion$ me?ods ( settl+ disputes cont9u$ 9 use1 & d\btless 9 accordance ) prec$5t :]e su* 0 kn[n4 ,= difficult cases1 ev5 9 ,arab op9ion1 div9e inspiration 0 requir$2 & s9ce ,mahomet naturally claim$ to be 9 sole enjoym5t ( ?is1 8 utt]ances soon became ! unique s\rce ( law1 ?\gh he did n at fir/ ?9k ( organiz+ a code4 ,su* a plan is said to h occurr$ to him1 & he ev5 wi%$ to dictate a code ^u 8 dea?b$2 b 8 fri5ds suppos$ or pr(ess$ to suppose him to be deliri\s4 ,a table regulat+ ! ,alms 0 left by him1 x is said1 9 ! possession ( ,abu ,bekr2 b o!r traditions assign ano!r orig9 to ?is docum5t4 ,j z !re 7 no regul> (ficials = ! arrangem5t ( bus9ess1 s !re 7 none = its execution2 :5 puni%m5t 0 to be adm9i/]$1 any foll[] ( ,mahomet might be call$ ^u to adm9i/] x4 ,9 ! case ( ! massacre ( ! ,banu ,quraizah c>e 0 tak5 to see t "s ( ! heads 7 /ruck (f by _! =m] allies1 9 ord] t ! latt] might be unable at any "t to br+ a dem& = v5geance4 ,! ,prophet hop$ by ! m]e t]ror ( 8 "n to make complete security reign ?r\gh\t ,arabia1 & !re is no evid5ce t any sy/em ( polic+ ei!r x or ev5 ,m$9a occurr$ to him4 ,dome/ic ,life4 ,until ! dea? ( ,khadija ! ,prophet's private life seems to h be5 normal & happy1 = ?\gh ! loss ( 8 sons 9 infancy is said to h e>n$ him a contemptu\s epi!t1 he 0 =tunate 9 8 adoption ( ,zaid b4 ,h>i?ah1 app>5tly a prison] ransom$ by ,khadija or "o ( h] relatives1 :o appe>s z dutiful almo/ to excess & compet5t 9 affairs4 ,! m>riages ( 8 daught]s seem all to h be5 happy1 )1 curi\sly1 ! exception ( t betwe5 ,fatima & ,ali4 ,8 dome/ic tr\bles1 to :i* an unreasonable am\nt ( space seems to be devot$1 ev5 9 ! ,koran1 began aft] ! ,migration1 :51 probably 9 ! ma9 = political reasons1 he in/itut$ a royal h>em4 ,"o ( ^! political motives 0 ! pr9ciple :i* long surviv$1 t ! conque/ ( a /ate 0 consummat$ by possession ( ! =m] mon>*'s wife1 or daught]2 ano!r1 z has be5 se51 ! desire to obta9 ! secure/ possible hold on 8 m9i/]s4 ,9 8 m>riage ) ! daught] ( 8 ar*-enemy ,abu ,s(ian1 be=e ! latt]'s conv]sion1 we c see a comb9ation ( ! two4 ,few1 !re=e1 ( ^! m>riages occasion$ sc&al2 yet public morality seem$ to be violat$ :5 ! ,prophet took to himself ! wife ( 8 adopt$ son ,zaid1 ^: "n has 9 consequ5ce ! hon\r ( m5tion 9 ! ,koran 9 ! revelation :i* 0 deliv]$ 9 def5ce ( ?is act4 ,its purpose 01 accord+ to ?is1 to e/abli% ! diff]5ce betwe5 adoptive & real filiation4 ,s]i\s tr\ble 0 occasion$ by a *>ge ( adult]y br\ght aga9/ ! y\?ful fav\rite ,aye%a1 & ?is _h to be refut$ by a special revelation2 ! *>ge1 :i* 0 back$ up app>5tly by ,ali1 seems to h be5 connect$ ) "s deep] s*eme = caus+ diss5sion betwe5 ! ,prophet & 8 fri5ds4 ,yet ano!r revelation is conc]n$ ) a mut9y 9 ! h>em organiz$ by ,om>'s daught] ,hafsa1 ow+ to undue fav\r %[n to a ,coptic concub9e 7,m>y1 "m ( a son call$ ,ibrahim1 :o di$ 9 infancy2 8 dea? 0 m>k$ by an eclipse1 ,janu>y #bg1 #fcb72 & v>i\s details ( factions )9 ! h>em are told u by ,mahomet's biograph]s4 ,( ! memb]s ( ?is h>em ! only prom95t "o is ,aye%a1 m>ri$ to ! ,prophet %ortly aft] ! ,flight1 :5 %e _h sc>cely pass$ ! p]iod ( infancy1 b :o appe>s to h be5 gift$ ) a/ut5ess & ambition t 7 q beyond h] ye>s1 & :o ma9ta9$ h] asc5dancy ov] ! ,prophet 9 spite ( ! fact t _m c>p+ criticisms ( 8 revelations are attribut$ to h]4 ,"s ( ?is may h be5 due to ! obligations 7includ+ pecuni>y obligations7 "u :i* h] fa!r _h laid ,mahomet2 b h] reputation seems to h be5 greatly enhanc$ by ! s5d+ d[n ( a revelation to exon]ate h] 7,a4,h4 #f71 = :i* %e ?ank$ ,god & n ! ,prophet4 ,ea* accession to ! h>em r5d]$ ! build+ ( a h\se or room necess>y = ! newcom]'s accommodation2 a fact 9 :i* ,rob]tson ,smi? p]haps rightly saw a relic ( ! old] sy/em :]eby ! t5t 0 ! prop]ty ( wom54 ,! tr\ble notic$ above seems to h aris5 f ! want ( a simil> arrangem5t 9 ! case ( slave girls1 ) :om ,mahomet's sy/em p]mits cohabitation4 ,:5 ,mahomet1 :e!r 9 consequ5ce ( ! fatigue incurr$ by ! ,f>ewell ,pilgrimage1 or1 z o!rs ?\ght1 by ! work+ ( "s poison put into 8 food "s ye>s be=e by a ,jewess ( ,khaib>1 0 attack$ by ! illness :i* prov$ fatal1 x 0 to ! h\se ( ,aye%a t he 0 transf]r$ 7f t ( ano!r wife7 to be nurs$2 & he app>5tly di$ 9 ! arms ( ! fav\rite1 on ^: /atem5ts we h to rely = :at we "k ( 8 la/ h\rs4 ,g5]al ,*>act]i/ics4 ,! traditional description ( ,mahomet is ( middle height1 greyi%1 ) hair t 0 nei!r /raight nor curly2 ) a l>ge head1 l>ge eyes1 heavy eyela%es1 r$di% t9t 9 ! eyes1 ?ick-be>d$1 broad-%\ld]$1 ) ?ick h&s & feet2 he 0 9 ! habit ( giv+ viol5t expression to ! emotions ( ang] & mir?4 ,! supposition t he at any "t suff]$ f physical weakness seems absolutely refut$ by 8 c>e] z a lead] ( difficult1 dang]\s & we>isome exp$itions1 f 8 migration to ,m$9a until 8 dea?2 inde$1 dur+ 8 la/ ye>s he exhibit$ a capacity = bo? physical & intellectual activity :i* implies a high degree ( bo? heal? & /r5g?2 & )\t ^! ! previ\s /ruggle at ,mecca c\ld sc>cely h be5 c>ri$ on4 ,! supposition t he 0 liable to fits 7epileptic or cataleptic7 0 int5d$ to acc\nt = c]ta9 ( ! ph5om5a suppos$ to accompany ! deliv]y ( revelations2 "s ( ^! h[ev] re/ on v que/ionable au?ority3 & ! great] numb] ( ! revelations give evid5ce ( c>eful prep>ation r ?an spontaneity4 ,! lit]>y matt] ascrib$ to ! ,prophet consi/s ( 7#a7 ! ,koran 7q4v472 7#b7 c]ta9 contracts1 lett]s & rescripts pres]v$ by 8 biograph]s2 7#c7 a numb] ( say+s on a va/ v>iety ( topics1 collect$ by traditionali/s4 ,! ref]5ces 9 ! ,koran to a =m ( lit]ature call$ ,wisdom 7hikmah7 sugge/ t ev5 9 ! ,prophet's "t "s attempts _h be5 made to collect or at lea/ pres]ve "s ( ! la/2 ! g5]al unc]ta9ty ( oral tradition & ! l5g? ( "t :i* elaps$ be=e any critical treatm5t ( x 0 attempt$1 & ! v>iety ( causes1 cr$itable & discr$itable1 :i* l$ to ! wilful fabrication ( prophetic utt]ances1 r5d] ! use to :i* ,no4 #c c be put v limit$4 ,?us ! l5g?y description ( ! j\rney to heav5 :i* ,spr5g] 0 incl9$ to accept z g5u9e is reg>d$ by mo/ critics z a lat] fabrication4 ,x is v mu* to be regrett$ t ! numb] ( pices ju/ificatives 7,no4 #b7 quot$ by ! biograph]s is s small1 & t = ^! oral tradition 0 pref]r$ to a se>* = ! actual docum5ts1 "s ( :i* may well h be5 9 exi/5ce :5 ! e>lie/ biographies 7 writt54 ,_! /yle appe>s to h be5 pla9 & /raight=w>d1 ?\gh ! allusions :i* !y conta9 are n always intelligible4 ,9 8 p]sonal relations ) m5 ,mahomet appe>s to h be5 able to *>m & impress 9 an extraord9>y degree1 :5ce we f9d him able to control p]sons l ,om> & ,khalid1 :o appe> to h be5 self-will$ & ma/]ful1 & a s+le int]view seems to h be5 suffici5t to turn _m an enemy into a devot$ adh]5t4 ,cases 7p]haps leg5d>y7 are quot$ ( 8 be+ able by a look or a ^w to dis>m int5d+ assass9s4 ,al?\gh ! titles :i* he took 7 religi\s 9 "*1 & 8 (fice might n be describ$ z sov]eignty1 8 int]e/s appe> to h la9 f> m 9 ! build+ up & ma9t5ance ( empire ?an 9 ecclesia/ical matt]s4 ,?us only c we acc\nt = ! viol5t & sudd5 *anges :i* he introduc$ into 8 sy/em1 = 8 tempor>y lapse into paganism1 & = 8 ultimate adoption ( ! cult ( ! ,black ,/one1 :i*1 x is said1 gave (f5ce to "s ( 8 s9c]e adh]5ts 7e4g4 ,om>71 & seems h>d to reconcile ) 8 tirades aga9/ feti%-wor%ip4 ,! same is indicat$ by 8 rem>kable doctr9e t ! utt]ance ( ! cre$ con/itut$ a ,moslem & n its cordial acceptance1 & 8 practice ( at times buy+ adhesion4 ,ev5 an hi/orian s fav\rable to ! ,prophet z ,pr9ce ,caetani recognizes t ultimately :at he reg>d$ z mo/ important 0 t 8 subjects %\ld pay _! taxes4 ,& 9 g5]al 8 sy/em 0 n fav\rable to fanaticism 7al-ghulu fil-d972 he repeat$ly gave p]mission = concealm5t ( fai? :5 ! pr(ession ( x 0 dang]\s2 he took c>e to avoid in/itutions :i*1 l ! ,jewi% ,sabba?1 int]f]$ s]i\sly ) milit>y exp$itions & ! conduct ( bus9ess1 & p]mitt$ consid]able irregul>ity 9 ! matt]s ( pray] & fa/+ :5 circum/ances r5d]$ x desirable4 ,9 8 !ory t ,koranic texts c\ld be abrogat$ he made wise provision aga9/ ! dang] ( ha/y legislation1 ?\gh "s ( its usefulness 0 fru/rat$ by 8 failure to provide = su* abrogation aft] 8 dea?4 ,mahomet's ,re=ms4 ,z has be5 se51 ,mahomet claim$ to introduce a :olly new disp5sation1 & a maxim ( 8 law is t ,islam cancels all t prec$$ x1 except1 inde$1 pecuni>y debts2 x is n c]ta9 t ev5 ?is exception always held good4 ,h5ce 8 sy/em swept away a numb] ( practices 7*iefly connect$ ) ! camel7 t 7 associat$ ) pagan sup]/itions4 ,! mo/ celebrat$ ( ^! is ! arr[-game1 a =m ( gambl+ = %>es 9 slaught]$ camels1 to :i* poetic allusions are v frequ5t4 ,m important ?an ?is 0 8 attitude t[>ds ! blood-feud1 or sy/em ( tribal responsibility = homicide 7:e!r int5tional or accid5tal71 :]eby "o dea? regul>ly l$ to protract$ w>s1 x be+ consid]$ di%on\rable to take blood-money 7usually 9 ! =m ( camels7 or to be satisfi$ ) "o dea? 9 ex*ange4 ,?is sy/em he endeav\r$ to break d[n1 *iefly by s9k+ all e>li] tribal di/9ctions 9 ! new bro!rhood ( ,islam2 b also by limit+ ! v5geance to be dem&$ to su* z 0 no m ?an ! equival5t ( ! (f5ce committ$1 & by urg+ ! acceptance ( money-comp5sation in/ead1 or complete =giv5ess ( ! (f5ce4 ,! remembrance ( pre-,islamic qu>rels 0 visit$ by him ) condign puni%m5t on ^? :o _h embrac$ ,islam2 & ?\gh x 0 long be=e ! tribal sy/em q broke d[n1 ev5 9 ! great cities :i* rose 9 ! new prov9ces1 & ! old /ate ( ?+s seems to h quickly be5 resum$ 9 ! des]t1 8 legislation on ?is subject r5d]$ ord]ly gov]nm5t among ,arabs possible4 ,next 9 importance to ?is is ! abolition ( infanticide1 :i* is condemn$ ev5 9 e>ly ,suras ( ! ,koran4 ,! scanty notices :i* we h ( ! practice are n altoge!r consi/5t2 at times we are told t x 0 conf9$ to c]ta9 tribes1 & consi/$ 9 ! bury+ alive ( infant daught]s2 at o!r times x is ext5d$ to a wid] area1 & said to h be5 c>ri$ out on males z well z females4 ,aft] ! tak+ ( ,mecca ?is prohibition 0 includ$ among ! conditions ( ,islam4 ,9 ! laws relat+ to wom5 x seems likely t he regulat$ curr5t practice r ?an introduc$ mu* t 0 actually new1 ?\gh1 z has be5 se51 he is cr$it$ ) giv+ !m ! "r to inh]it prop]ty2 ! mo/ precise legislation 9 ! ,koran deals ) ?is subject1 ( :i* ! ma9 pr9ciple is t ! %>e ( ! male equals t ( two females4 ,our ignorance ( ! precise nature ( ! m>riage cu/oms preval5t 9 ,arabia at ! rise ( ,islam r5d]s x difficult to e/imate ! ext5t to :i* 8 laws on ?is subject 7 an improvem5t on :at _h be5 be=e4 ,! pre-,islamic family1 unless our records are :olly mislead+1 did n diff] mat]ially f ! ,islamic2 9 bo? polygamy & concub9age 7 recogniz$ & normal2 & x is unc]ta9 t ! text :i* is suppos$ to limit ! numb] ( wives to f\r 0 int5d$ to h t mean+4 ,! condition ( ,islam :]eby adult]y 0 =bidd5 is said to h be5 ridicul$ at ! "t1 on ! gr\nd t ?is practice _h nev] be5 approv$4 ,yet x w\ld seem t c]ta9 =ms ( promiscuity _h be5 tol]at$1 ?\gh ! subject is obscure4 ,aga9/ ^! s]vices we mu/ set ! abrogation ( "s valuable practices4 ,8 un=tunate essay 9 a/ronomy1 :]eby a cal5d> ( twelve lun> mon?s1 be>+ no relation to ! seasons1 0 introduc$1 0 9 any case a retrograde /ep2 b x appe>s to h be5 connect$ ) ! abrogation ( ! sanctity ( ! f\r mon?s dur+ :i* raid+ _h be5 =bidd5 9 ,arabia1 :i*1 z has be5 se51 he 0 ! fir/ to violate4 ,he also1 z has be5 notic$1 p]mitt$ himself a slight am\nt ( blood%$ 9 ,mecca itself1 & t city p]haps nev] q recov]$ its sacrosanct "*4 ,( m s]i\s consequ5ces = ! developm5t ( ! community 0 8 enc\ragem5t ( ! %$d+ ( k9dr$ blood 9 ! cause ( ,islam2 ! consequ5ces ( ! abrogation ( ?is taboo seem to h be5 felt = a great l5g? ( "t4 ,8 assass9ations ( enemies 7 aft]w>ds quot$ z prec$5ts 9 books ( ,tradition4 ,no less un=tunate 0 ! recognition ( ! pr9ciple :]eby atonem5t c\ld be made = oa?s4 ,on ! "q h[ f> ! seclusion ( wom5 0 enjo9$ or c\nt5anc$ by him diff]5t views h be5 held4 ,s\rces4 ,besides ! contempor>y docum5ts enum]at$ above 7,koranic texts1 rescripts & au!ntic traditions7 _m ( ! ev5ts 7 celebrat$ by poets1 ^: v]ses 7 o/5sibly incorporat$ 9 ! /&>d biography ( ,ibn ,i%aq2 9 ! abridgm5t ( t biography :i* we possess _m ( ^! are obeliz$ z spuri\s1 &1 inde$1 :at we "k ( ! proc$ure ( ^? :o pr(ess$ to collect e>ly poetry gives u little confid5ce 9 ! g5u95ess ( su* odes4 ,a few1 h[ev]1 seem to /& criticism1 & ! diwan 7or collection ( poems7 attribut$ to ,hassan b4 ,?abit is ord9>ily reg>d$ z 84 ,?\gh !y r>ely give detail$ descriptions ( ev5ts1 _! atte/ation is at times ( value1 e4g4 = ! /ory t ! bodies ( ! sla9 at ,badr 7 ca/ by ! ,prophet into a pit4 ,besides ?is1 ! n>ratives ( eyewitnesses ( important ev5ts1 or ( ^? :o _h actually tak5 "p 9 !m1 7 eag]ly s\ght by ! second g5]ation1 & "s ( ^! 7 committ$ to writ+ well be=e ! end ( ! #a/ c5tury4 ,! practice in/itut$ by ! second ,caliph1 ( assign+ p5sions proportion$ to ! l5g? ( "t 9 :i* ! recipi5t _h be5 a memb] ( ! ,islamic community1 l$ to ! compilation ( c]ta9 rolls1 & to ! accurate pres]vation ( ! ma9 sequ5ce ( ev5ts f ! comm5cem5t ( ! mission1 & = ! detail$ sequ5ce aft] ! ,flight1 :i* pres5tly became an era 7beg9n+ ) ! fir/ mon? ( ! ye> 9 :i* ! ,flight took place74 ,! proc$ure :]eby ! orig9al dates ( ! ev5ts 7s f> z !y 7 rememb]$7 7 translat$ into ! ,moslem cal5d>--= some?+ ( ?is sort mu/ h be5 done--is unkn[n1 & is unlikely to h be5 sci5tific4 ,mahomet's conduct be+ made ! /&>d ( "r & wrong1 !re 0 little temptation to :itewa% him1 al?\gh ! orig9al biography by ,ibn ,i%aq appe>s to h conta9$ details :i* ! au?or ( ! abridgm5t omitt$ z sc&al\s4 ,! pres]vation ( s mu* t 0 hi/orical left little room = ! introduction ( miracul\s n>rations2 ^! !re=e ei!r belong to ! obscure p]iod ( 8 life or c be easily elim9at$2 ?us ! n>ratives ( ! ,meccan c\ncil at :i* ! assass9ation ( ,mahomet 0 decid$1 ( ! battles ( ,badr1 ,uhud & ,hona91 & ! dea? ( ,sadb4 ,mu adh1 w\ld lose no?+ by ! omission ( ! angels & ! devil1 ?\gh a c]ta9 "p is assign$ ! "o or ! o!r on all ^! occasions4 ,we %\ld h expect$ biographies :i* 7 publi%$ :5 ! ,abbasids 7 reign+ to h falsifi$ hi/ory = ! purpose ( glorify+ ,abbas1 _! prog5itor2 ! v small ext5t to :i* ?is expectation is ju/ifi$ is a rem>kable te/imony to _! g5]al tru/wor?9ess4 ,,relatives ,,( ,,! ,,prohet#a #a4 ,family ( ,abd al-,mottalib1 ,mahomet's mat]nal gr&fa!r3--99,abbas 7d4 ,a4,h4 #cb or #cd71 99,hamza 7d4 ,a4,h4 #c71 ,abdallah1 fa!r ( ! ,prophet1 99,abu ,talib 7said to be nam$ ,abd ,manaf71 8 99,zubair1 ,h>i?1 ,hajal1 ,moqawwam1 ,dir>1 99,abu ,lahab 7said to be nam$ ,abd al-,uzza1 d4 ,a4,h4 #b71 99,safiyyah 7d4 ,a4,h4 #bj71 ,umm ,hakim1 al-,baida1 ,atikah1 ,umaimah1 ,arwa1 ,b>rah4 #b4 ,family ( ,abu ,talib3--99,aqil 7d4 aft] ,a4,h4 #dj71 99,jaf> 7d4 ,a4,h4 #h71 ,talib1 ,tulaiq1 ,ali1 ! caliph1 ,umm ,hani'1 ,jumanah1 ,raitah4 #c4 ,family ( ,mahomet4 ,wives3--99,khadija 7,*ildr53--,qasim2 8 ,abd ,manaf 7,tahir1 ,tayyib72 99,za9ab m4 ,abu'l-,z b4 ,rabi'1 d4 ,a4,h4 #g2 99,ruqayyah1 m4 ,o?man b4 ,affan1 d4 ,a4,h4 #b2 99,umm ,kul?um m4 ,o?man b4 ,affan1 d4 ,a4,h4 #i2 99,fatimah1 m4 ,ali1 d4 ,a4,h4 #aa73 99,saudah b9t ,zamah18 d4 ,a4,h4 #ed1 99,a'i%ah 7,aye%a7 b9t ,abi ,bekr 7d4 ,a4,h4 #ef71 99,hafsa b9t ,om> 7d4 ,a4,h4 #de or #dg71 99,za9ab b9t ,khuzaimah1 d4 be=e ,a4,h4 #aa1 99,za9ab b9t ,jah%1 d4 ,a4,h4 #bj1 99,umm ,salimah1 d4 ,a4,h4 #ei1 99,maimunah1 d4 ,a4,h4 #ch1 99,juwairiyah1 d4 ,a4,h4 #ef1 99,umm ,habibah ,ramlah b9t ,abi ,s(ian1 d4 ,a4,h4 #dd4 ,concub9es3--99,safiyyah b9t ,huyyay1 d4 ,a4,h4 #cf1 99,raihanah b9t ,zaid1 99,m>iyah ! ,copt1 d4 ,a4,h4 #ae or #af1 "m ( ,ibrahim4 7,o!r names giv5 by ,ibn ,sad1 vol4 viii47 ,*ronological ,table ( ,*ief ,ev5ts 9 ! ,life ( ,mahomet4#b 8 #egj ,bir?4 8 #eie ,m>riage ) ,khadija4 8 #faj ,comm5cem5t ( call4 8 #fac ,public appe>ance4 #faf ,p]sian conque/ ( ! ne>] ,ea/4 8 #fag ,flight ( 8 foll[]s to ,abyss9ia4 8 #fah-fai ,siege 9 ,mecca4 ,retractation & subsequ5t repudiation4 ,dea? ( ,abu ,talib & ,khadija4 8 #fbj ,flight to ,taif4 #fbb ,july #af4 ,beg9n+ ( ! ,moslem era4 ,sept4 #bj4 ,arrival at ,kuba aft] ! ,flight4 #fcb ,jan4 #bg4 ,dea? ( 8 son ,ibrahim4 #fcb ,june #g4 ,dea? ( ,mahomet4 ,! foll[+ dates are giv5 by ! ,arabic hi/orians accord+ to _! own cal5d>4 ,= ! reasons :i* h be5 se5 x is impossible to obta9 c]ta9 syn*ronisms4 ,a4,h4 #b4 ,rajab #a4 ,raid ( ,abdallah b4 ,jah% to ,nakhlah4 ,ramadan #ai4 ,battle ( ,badr4 ,%awwal #ae4 ,attack on ! ,banu ,qa9uqa4 #c4 ,rabia ,i4 #ad4 ,assass9ation ( ,kab b4 al-,a%raf4 ,%awwal #g4 ,battle ( ,uhud4 #d4 ,saph>4 ,massacre ( ,mahomet's #gj mission>ies at ,bi'r ,maunah4 ,rabia ,i4 ,attack on ! ,banu ,nadir4 ,dhu'l-,qada4 ,abortive raid call$ ! less] ,badr4 #e4 ,%aaban #b4 ,attack on ! ,banu'l-,mu/aliq 7accord+ to ,waqidi74 ,dhu'l-,qada4 ,battle ( ! ,tr5*4 ,massacre ( ! ,banu ,quraizah4 #f4 ,jomada i4 ,capture ( a c>avan by ,zaid b4 ,h>i?ah4 ,futile attempt to assass9ate ,abu ,s(ian4 ,dhu'l-,qada4 ,affair ( ,hodaibiyah4 #g4 ,jomada i4 ,tak+ ( ,khaib>4 ,mission ext5d$ to ! _w4 ,dhu'l-,qada4 ,pilgrimage to ,mecca 7call$ 'umrat al-qadiyyah7 #h4 ,jomada i4 ,exp$ition to ,mutah4 ,ramadan #bj4 ,tak+ ( ,mecca4 ,%awwal4 ,battle ( ,hona94 ,attack on ,taif4 #i4 ,muh>ram4 ,tax-ga!r]s s5t ov] ,arabia4 ,rajab4 ,exp$ition to ,tabuk4 ,rival ,mosque built at ,kuba1 de/roy$ on ,mahomet's return to ,m$9a4 ,dhu'l-,hijja4 ,pilgrimage conduct$ by ,abu ,bekr4 ,abolition ( idolatry 9 ,arabia4 #aj4 ,ramadan4 ,exp$ition ( ,ali to ,yem54 ,dhu'l-,qada4 ,f>ewell ,pilgrimage4 #aa4 ,saph>4 ,exp$ition ord]$ aga9/ ! ,byzant9es4 ,companions ( ! ,prophet4 ,! sahabah1 z !y are call$1 are ! subject ( a va/ lit]ature1 & ! biographical diction>ies devot$ to !m1 ( :i* ! be/ kn[n are ! ,usd ul-ghaba ( ! hi/orian ,ibn ,a?ir & ! ,isabah ( ,ibn ,haj> al-,asqalani1 enum]ate _m ?\s&s4 ,! foll[+ two li/s are ( special gr\ps4 7a7 ,naqibs1 i4e4 lead]s select$ by ,mahomet f ! ,m$9ese tribes3 i4 ,khazrajites3--,zad b4 ,zur>ah1 ,sad b4 al-,rabi1 ,abdallah b4 ,rawahah1 al-,b>a' b4 ,marur1 ,abdallah b4 ,amr b4 ,h>am1 ,ubadah b4 al-,samit1 ,sad b4 ,ubadah1 al-,mondhir b4 ',amr2 ii4 ,ausites3 ,usaid b4 ,hudair1 ,sad b4 ,khai?amah1 ,rifaah b4 ,abd al-,mondhir4 7b7 ,comm&]s ( ,exp$itions3 names occurr+ 9 7a7 are n repeat$3 ,abdallah b4 ,jah%1 ,abd ar-,rahman b4 ,auf1 ,abu ,bekr1 ,abu ,qatadah1 ,abu ,ubaidah b4 al-,j>rah1 ,ali1 ,alqamah b4 ,mujazziz1 ,amr b4 al-,z 7ibn el-,ass71 ,ba%ir b4 ,sad1 ,dahhak b4 ,s(ian1 ,ghalib b4 ,abdallah1 ,ibn ,abi'l-,auja1 ,kab b4 ,umair1 ,khalid b4 al-,walid1 ,kurz b4 ,jabir1 ,m>?ad b4 ,abi ,m>?ad1 ,muhammad b4 ,maslamah1 ,qutbah b4 ,amir1 ,sad b4 ,abi ,waqqas1 ,sad d4 ,zaid1 ,salama b4 ,abd al-,asad1 ,%uja b4 ,wahb1 ,ubaidah b4 al-,h>i?1 ,ukka%ah b4 ,mihsan1 ,um> b4 al-,khattab1 ,usamah b4 ,zaid1 ,uya9ah b4 ,hisn1 ,zaid b4 ,h>i?ah4 ,,au?orities4--,! biography ( ,ibn ,i%aq 0 be=e ! _w long be=e ! two *ief causes = ! falsification ( tradition _h begun to h s]i\s effects2 ^! 7 ! ne$ = legal prec$5ts1 & ! concept ( sa9tl9ess1 comb9+ ^? ( asceticism & ?aumaturgy4 ,^! gave rise to ! classical works on ! ,evid5ces ( ,mohamm$'s ,mission by ,abu ,nuaim 7d4 ,a4,d4 #ajab-ajac7 & ,baihaqi 7d4 ,a4,d4 #ajff74 ,lives ( ! ,prophet 7 indicates t ! "w is lo/72 ,urwah b4 ,zubair 7d4 #gab-gac72 ,musa b4 ,ukbah 7d4 #geh-gei72 ,mohamm$ b4 ,i%aq 7d4 #gfh72 ,mohamm$ b4 ,hi%am 7d4 #hbh-hbi71 ed4 ,w/5feld 7,gtt+51 #ahfj72 repr9t$ 9 ,egypt by ,zubair ,pa%a1 a s]ies ( exc]pts f ! la/2 ,mohamm$ b4 ,om> al-,waqidi 7d4 #hbc71 portion publi%$ by ,krem] 7,calcutta1 #ahee71 abridg$ trans4 ( a full] copy by ,wellhaus51 ,muhammad 9 ,m$9a 7,b]l91 #ahhb72 ,mohamm$ b4 ,sad 7d4 #hdd-hde71 an encyclopa$ic "w on ! hi/ory ( ,mahomet & 8 foll[]s1 call$ ,tabaqat1 ed4 ,sa*au & o!rs 7,b]l91 foll472 ,mohamm$ b4 ,j>ir al-,tab>i 7see ,,tab>i74 ,_m m writ]s on ?is subject are enum]at$ 9 ! ,fihri/1 cf4 ,spr5g]'s ,leb5 ,muhammads1 iii4 #ed-gf4 ,among ! mo/ popul> compil]s ( lat] times are3 ,ibn al-,a?ir 7q4v47 al ,jaz>i1 ! hi/orian 7d4 #abcc72 ,ahmad b4 ,ali al ,ka/alani 7d4 ,a4,d4 #aeag71 ^: al-,mawahib al-,laduniyyah 0 publi%$ ) comm5t>y 7,cairo1 #abgh72 ,hosa9 b4 ,mohamm$ al ,diy>bakri 7d4 #aegd7 ^: "w ,ta'rikh al-,khamis 0 publi%$ 9 ,cairo1 ,a4,h4 #achb2 ,ali b4 ,burhan al-d9 al-,halabi 7d4 ,a4,d4 #afcd71 ^: biography call$ ,insan al-uyun 0 publi%$ 9 ,cairo1 ,a4,h4 #abib4 ,to ^! mu/ be add$ all ! collections ( ,tradition4 ,mod]n ,au?orities4--,! critical /udy ( ! ,life ( ,mahomet beg9s 9 ,europe ) ! publication by ,?4 ,gagni] 9 #agbc ( ! ,life by ,abulf$a 7q4v474 ,pres5tly !re appe>$ an apologetic biography by ,h5ri ,cmte4 de ,b\la9villi]s 7#bnd ed41 ,am/]dam1 #agca71 to :i* ,gagni] repli$ 9 #agcb 7,la ,vie de ,mahomet1 traduite1 c4 ibid474 ,! next consid]able advance 9 ! treatm5t ( ! subject is m>k$ by ! biography ( ,g4 ,weil 7,muhamm$ d] ,prophet1 ,/uttg>t1 #ahdc71 :i* is :olly )\t religi\s bias2 ! popul> life by ,wa%+ton ,irv+ 7,london1 #ahdi7 is bas$ on ?is4 ,t by ,j4 ,l4 ,m]rick 7! ,life & ,religion ( ,mohamm$1 ,bo/on1 ,u4,s4,a41 #ahej7 re/s on ,%iite s\rces4 ,! se>* = ,,mss4 9 ,india conduct$ by ,a4 ,spr5g] l$ to ! discov]y ( fre% mat]ial1 :i* 0 utiliz$ by ,spr5g] himself 9 8 unf9i%$ ,life ( ,mohammad 7,pt4 #a1 ,allahabad1 #ahea71 & 8 m elaborate ,das ,leb5 und die ,lehre des ,mohammad 7,b]l91 #ahfa-ahfe71 & by ,sir ,william ,muir 9 8 ,life ( ,mahomet1 7,london1 #aheh-ahfa7 #d vols43 aft]w>ds abridg$ 9 "o volume & repr9t$4 ,^! are /ill ! /&>d treatises on ! subject2 ! pro-,*ri/ian bias ( ,muir is v m>k$1 :ile ,spr5g] has haz>d$ num]\s conjectures on subjects ) :i* he _h little famili>ity4 ,! biography by ,s4 ,w4 ,koelle1 ,mohamm$ & ,mohamm$anism 7,london1 #ahhi71 is pro-,*ri/ian1 ! popul> "w ( ,sy$ ,ame] ,ali ,! ,_s ( ,islam1 7,london1 #ahif7 an apology = ,mahomm$anism4 ,lat] treatises1 re/+ on orig9al au?orities1 are ^? by ,h4 ,grimme ,moham$1 7,mn/]1 #ahib1 & ,muni*1 #aijd71 ,f4 ,buhl1 ,moham$s ,liv 7,cop5hag51 #aijc--;,dani%3 s9ce translat$ into ,g]man71 ,d4 ,s4 ,m>goli\? ,mohamm$ & ! ,rise ( ,islam 7,n4,y41 #aije1 c471 & ,pr9ce ,caetani ,annali del ,islam1 i4 ii4 7,milan1 #aije-aijg74 ,= ! direction ( public op9ion 9 ,mahomet's fav\r ! ,lecture on ,! ,h]o z ,prophet 9 ,c>lyle's ,h]oes & ,h]o-wor%ip 7,london1 #ahdf7 0 s+ul>ly effective2 8 views 7 en=c$ by ,r4 ,boswor? ,smi? ,mohamm$ & ,mohamm$anism1 7,london1 #ahgc1 c474 ,a some:at simil> l9e 0 tak5 9 ,france by ,j4 ,b>?lmy ,sa9t-,hilaire1 ,mahomet et le ,coran1 7,p>is1 #ahfe71 :ile ! ,vie de ,mahomet d'aprs la ,tradition ( ,e4 ,lamairesse & ,g4 ,duj>ric 7,p>is1 #ahig7 is writt5 entirely f ! ,moslem /&po9t4 ,see fur!r ,,caliphate1 ad init42 ,,mahomm$an ,,in/itutions2 ,,mahomm$an ,,law2 ,,mahomm$an ,,religion4 7,d4 ,s4 ,m4997 ,,footnotes3 #a 99 is prefix$ to names :i* figure on occasions :i* seem to be hi/orical4 ,female names are 9 italics4 #b ,dates are giv5 ,a4,d4 ,,mahomm$ ,,ahm$ ,,ibn ,,seyyid ,,abdullah 7#ahdh-ahhe71 ,sudanese tyrant1 kn[n z ! ,mahdi1 0 born 9 ,dongola4 ,8 family1 kn[n z excell5t boat-build]s1 claim$ to be ,a%raf 7or ,%]ifs71 i4e4 desc5dants ( ,mahomet4 ,8 fa!r 0 a fiki or religi\s tea*]1 & ,mahomm$ ,ahm$ devot$ himself e>ly to religi\s /udies4 ,:5 ab\t tw5ty ye>s old he w5t to live on ,abba ,isl& on ! ,:ite ,nile ab\t #aej m4 above ,kh>tum4 ,he fir/ acquir$ fame by a qu>rel ) ! head ( ! bro!rhood :i* he _h jo9$1 ,mahomm$ ass]t+ t 8 ma/] condon$ transgression ( ! div9e law4 ,aft] ?is incid5t _m d]vi%es 7religi\s m5dicants7 ga!r$ r\nd ! "y %eikh1 ^: reputation = sanctity spe$ily grew4 ,he travell$ secretly ?r\gh ,kord(an1 :]e 7) ample ju/ification7 he d5\nc$ to ! villag]s ! extortion ( ! tax-ga!r] & told ( ! com+ ( ! mahdi :o %\ld deliv] !m f ! oppressor4 ,he also wrote a pamphlet summon+ true believ]s to purify _! religion f ! defilem5ts ( ! ,turks i4e4 ! ,egyptian (ficials & all non-native inhabitants ( ! ,sudan4 ,! influ5ce he ga9$ at l5g? ar\s$ ! anxiety ( ! au?orities1 & 9 ,may #ahha a c]ta9 ,abu ,saud1 a notori\s sc\ndrel1 0 s5t to ,abba ,isl& to br+ ! %eikh to ,kh>tum4 ,abu ,saud's mission fail$1 & ,mahomm$ ,ahm$ no long] hesitat$ to call himself al-,mahdi al ,montasir1 ,! ,expect$ ,guide4 ,9 ,augu/ he defeat$ ano!r =ce s5t to ,abba ,isl& to arre/ him1 b !reaft] deem$ x prud5t to retire to ,jebel ,g$ir1 9 ! ,nuba c\ntry s\? ( ,kord(an1 :]e he 0 soon at ! head ( a p[]ful =ce2 & #fjjj ,egyptian troops "u ,yusef ,pa%a1 advanc+ f ,fa%oda1 7 ne>ly annihilat$ 9 ,june #ahhb4 ,by ! end ( #ahhb ! :ole ( ! ,sudan s\? ( ,kh>tum 0 9 rebellion1 ) ! exception ( ! ,bahr-el-,ghazal & ! ,equatorial ,prov9ces4 ,9 ,janu>y #ahhc ,el ,obeid1 ! capital ( ,kord(an1 0 captur$4 ,9 ! ,novemb] foll[+ ,hicks ,pa%a's =ce ( #aj1jjj m5 0 de/roy$ at ,ka%gil1 & 9 ! same ye> ! mahdi's lieut5ant1 ,osman ,digna1 rais$ ! tribes 9 ! ea/]n ,sudan1 & besieg$ ,s9kat & ,tok>1 ne> ,suak91 r\t+ ,g5]al ,val5t9e ,bak]'s =ce ( #bejj m5 at ,el ,teb 9 ,febru>y #ahhd4 ,! op]ations und]tak5 by ,great ,brita9 9 face ( ?is /ate ( affairs are n>rat$ "u ,,egypt3 ,milit>y ,op]ations4 ,x ne$ only be add$ t ,g5]al ,gordon 7q4v47 0 besieg$ at ,kh>tum by ! mahdi & 0 kill$ !re :5 ! t[n 0 captur$ by ! mahdi/s on ! #be?-#bf? ( ,janu>y #ahhe4 ,! mahdi himself di$ at ,omdurman a few mon?s lat] 7,june #bb1 #ahhe71 & 0 succe$$ 9 p[] by 8 khalifa ,abdullah4 ,:5 he ann\nc$ 8 div9e mission ,mahomm$ ,ahm$ adopt$ ! ,%iite traditions conc]n+ ! mahdi1 & ?us put himself 9 opposition to ! sultan ( ,turkey z ! only true comm&] ( ! fai?ful4 ,to emphasize 8 position ! mahdi /ruck co9s 9 8 own "n & set himself to suppress all cu/oms introduc$ by ! ,turks4 ,8 social & religi\s re=ms are conta9$ 9 v>i\s proclamations1 "o ( :i* is drawn up 9 ! =m ( t5 comm&m5ts4 ,!y conc]n1 *iefly1 su* matt]s z ritual1 pray]s1 sob]ness 9 food & raim5t1 ! co/ ( m>riage & ! behavi\r ( wom54 ,h[ f> ! mahdi 0 ! controll] ( ! movem5t :i* he />t$ _c be kn[n1 b f ! outset ( 8 public c>e] 8 "r-h& man 0 a ,bagg>a tribesman nam$ ,abdullah 7! khalifa71 :o became 8 successor1 & aft] 8 flight to ,jebel ,g$ir ! mahdi 0 l>gely dep5d5t = 8 support on ,bagg>a %eikhs1 :o gratifi$ "o ( 8 lead+ ta/es by giv+ him numb]s ( _! "y wom54 ,9 ! few mon?s betwe5 ! fall ( ,kh>tum & 8 dea? ! mahdi1 reliev$ f ! incessant /ra9 ( toil1 copi$ 9 8 private life all ! vices ( ,ori5tal despots :ile ma9ta9+ 9 public ! au/]ity he dem&$ ( 8 foll[]s4 ,8 dea? is v>i\sly attribut$ to disease & to poison+ by a woman ( 8 h>em4 ,on ! occupation ( ,omdurman by ! ,briti% 7,sept4 #ahih7 ! mahdi's tomb 0 de/roy$1 8 body burnt & ! a%es ?r[n into ! ,nile 7see ,,sudan3 ,anglo-,egyptian74 ,see ,mahdiism & ! ,egyptian ,sudan by ,f4 ,r4 ,w+ate 7#ahia72 ,t5 ,ye>s' ,captivity 9 ! ,mahdi's ,camp 7#ahhb-ahib7 f ! ,,ms4 ( ,fa!r ,joseph ,ohrwald] by ,f4 ,r4 ,w+ate 7#ahib7 & ,fire & ,sword 9 ! ,sudan 7#ahgi-ahie7 by ,slat9 ,pa%a 7trans4 ,f4 ,r4 ,w+ate1 #ahif74 ,bo? ,ohrwald] & ,slat9 7 p]sonally acqua9t$ ) ! mahdi1 & _! n>ratives conta9 mu* fir/-h& in=mation4 ,w+ate pr9ts _m translations ( ! proclamations & correspond5ce ( ! mahdi4 ,,mahomm$an ,,in/itutions4 ,! ,caliphate4 ,( all ! in/itutions ( ,islam ! caliphate is ! olde/1 ! mo/ fundam5tal1 & 9 ess5ce ! mo/ endur+4 ,= its hi/ory see ,,caliphate2 ! pres5t subject is its orig9 & nature4 ,mahomet enjoy$ absolute rule ov] 8 p z a div9ely inspir$ & guid$ prophet4 ,he l$ ! public pray]s2 he act$ z judge2 he rul$4 ,if he consult$ ) o!rs or paid att5tion to public feel+ or local usage1 x 0 z a matt] ( policy2 ! ultimate decision lay ) himself4 ,he 0 ! /ate4 ,on 8 dea? a lead] 0 put 9 8 place ( simil> au?ority1 ?\gh )\t ! div9e prophetic guidance4 ,he 0 call$ ! successor 7khalifa1 caliph7 ( ! ,prophet1 lat] also ! amir-al-mu'm991 comm&] ( ! fai?ful1 & 0 elect$ by ! ,moslems1 j z ! ,arab tribes _h always elect$ _! *iefs4 ,he 0 ?us an absolute rul]1 b 0 democratically elect$2 & su* is ! ess5ce ( ! caliphate among ,sunnite ,moslems to ?is day4 ,= !m x has be5 a matt] ( agreem5t 7see ,,mahomm$an ,,law7 f ! e>lie/ times t ! ,moslem community mu/ appo9t su* a lead] 7see ,,imam74 ,! ,%iites1 on ! o!r h&1 hold t ! appo9tm5t lies ) ,god1 & t ,god always has appo9t$1 ?\gh 8 appo9tm5t may n always h be5 kn[n & accept$4 ,_! position may be call$ a legitimi/ "o4 ,"s few h]etical sects h held t ! necessity ( a lead] 0 bas$ on reason1 n on ! agreem5t ( ! community4 ,b1 = all1 ! rule ( ! lead] ?us appo9t$ is absolute1 & all au?ority is delegat$ f him &1 9 !ory1 c be resum$ by him at any "t4 ,j z ,god c require unreason+ ob$i5ce f 8 creatures 78 slaves 9 ,arabic71 s c ! caliph1 8 repres5tative on e>?4 ,b ,abu ,bekr1 ! fir/ caliph1 nom9at$ 8 successor1 ,om>1 & t nom9ation 0 accept$ & confirm$ by ! p4 ,s a second prec$5t 0 fix$1 :i* 0 aga9 c>ri$ a /ep f>!r1 :5 ,moawiya ,i41 ! fir/ ,omayyad caliph1 nom9at$ 8 son1 ,yazid ,i41 z 8 successor1 & caus$ an oa? ( allegiance to be tak5 to him4 ,! h]$it>y pr9ciple 0 ?us introduc$1 ?\gh "s relics ( ! =m ( election p]si/$ & /ill p]si/4 ,! true election possible 9 ! e>ly days ( ! small community at ,m$9a became fir/ a =mal acceptance by ! populace ( ! capital2 !n an ass]tion1 by ! palace gu>d1 ( _! p[]2 & n[1 9 ! inve/iture ( ! sultans ( ! ,ottoman ,turks1 :o claim ! caliphate1 a =mal c]emony by ! ulema 7q4v47 ( ,con/ant9ople4 ,! ,ottoman claim is bas$ on an ass]t$ nom9ation by ! la/ ,abbasid1 :o di$ 9 exile 9 ,egypt 9 #aech1 ( ! ,ottoman sultan1 ,suleiman ! ,great1 z 8 successor4 ,su* a nom9ation 9 itself 0 a p]fectly legal act1 b 9 ?is case _h a fatal flaw4 ,x is an absolute condition1 laid d[n 9 tradition1 t ! caliph mu/ be ( ! tribe ( ,korei% 7,qurai%71 t ( ! ,prophet4 ,! duties ( ?is democratically elect$ autocrat are1 9 !ory1 g5]ally /at$ z foll[s4 ,he %all en=ce legal decisions & ma9ta9 ! div9ely reveal$ re/rictive ord9ances2 gu>d ! fronti]s & equip armies2 receive ! alms2 put d[n robb]ies1 ?iev+1 highwaym52 ma9ta9 ! ,friday s]vices & ! fe/ivals2 decide disputes & receive evid5ce be>+ on legal claims2 m>ry m9ors1 male & female1 :o h no gu>dians2 divide booty4 ,he mu/ be a free1 male1 adult ,moslem2 mu/ h adm9i/rative ability2 mu/ be an effective gov]nor & d ju/ice to ! wrong$4 ,s long z he fulfils ^! conditions he is to be absolutely obey$2 private immorality or ev5 tyranny are n gr\nds = depos+ him4 ,?is is a position rea*$ by ,islam practically4 ,b a caliph :o op5ly d5i$ ! fai? w\ld be z impossible z an unbeliev+ pope4 ,! caliph1 !re=e1 is ! highe/ executive (fic] ( a sy/em assum$ to be def9ite & fix$4 ,he1 9 a ^w1 adm9i/]s ,islam2 & ! cont5t ( ,islam is det]m9$ by ! agreem5t ( ! ,moslem p1 express$ imm$iately ?r\gh ! ulema1 & ultimately1 if indirectly & half-consci\sly1 by ! p4 ,to depose him a fatwa 7see ,,mufti7 w\ld be requir$--9 ,turkey f ! ,%eikh-ul-,islam--t he _h violat$ "s ess5tial ( ! ,moslem fai?1 & no long] fulfill$ ! conditions ( a caliph4 ,! ,diwans4 ,b x 0 impossible = ! caliph p]sonally to adm9i/] ! affairs ( ! empire1 & by degrees ! supreme (fice 0 gradually put into commission1 until ! caliph himself became a m]e figure-head1 & vani%$ into ! sacr$ seclusion ( 8 palace4 ,! hi/ory ( ! creation ( gov]nm5t bureaus 7diwans2 see ,,divan7 mu/ !re=e n[ be sket*$4 ,! fir/ ne$ :i* appe>$ 0 t ( a means ( regulat+ & adm9i/]+ ! sy/em ( taxation & ! rev5ues ( ! /ate4 ,imm5se sums fl[$ into ,m$9a f ! ,arab conque/s2 ! surplus1 aft] ! requirem5ts ( ! /ate 7 met1 0 di/ribut$ among ! believ]s4 ,all ,moslems _h a "r to a c]ta9 %>e ( ?is1 :i* 0 reg>d$ z booty4 ,om>1 ! second caliph1 regulat$ ?is di/ribution & also ! sy/em ( taxation1 & ! result 0 ! fir/ divan & ! con/itution ( ,om>1 look$ back to n[ by all ,sunnite ,moslems z an ideal4 ,! s\rces ( rev5ue 7 7i7 ! poor-rate 7zakat71 a ti! paid by e ,moslem2 7ii7 ! fif? ( all booty2 7iii7 ! poll-tax 7jizya7 on non-,moslems2 & 7iv7 ! l&-tax 7kh>aj7 also on non-,moslems4 ,?us ! con/itution det]m9$ ! position ( all non-,moslems 9 a ,moslem /ate4 ,! ideal 0 t ! ,moslems %\ld be kept ap>t z a sup]ior1 fight+ ca/e1 & t ! non-,moslems %\ld support !m 7cf4 ,,caliphate1 ,b4 #h1 on ! reign ( ,om> ,,ii474 ,! ,moslems1 !re=e1 7 =bidd5 to acquire l& 9 conqu]$ c\ntries4 ,! non-,moslems mu/ reta9 _! l&s1 cultivate !m & pay ! l&-tax 7! ,arabic ^w is also us$ ( rev5ue f ! "w ( a slave7 & ! poll-tax 7! ,arabic ^w means also ransom71 & give contributions 9 k9d to support ! local ,moslem g>risons :i* 7 mass$ 9 great camp-cities at /rategic po9ts4 ,if a non-,moslem embrac$ ,islam he ent]$ ! rul+ ca/e2 8 l& 0 di/ribut$ among 8 non-,moslem fell[s1 & he no long] paid ! l&-tax b r receiv$ support f ! public funds4 ,! am\nt ( ^! p5sions v>i$ ) ! /&+ ( ! p5sion] f #aj1jjj dirhems 7a dirhem equall$ ab\t a franc7 to ! wid[s & relations ( ! ,prophet d[n to #cjj4 ,?is bureau _h1 !re=e1 n only to keep ! books ( ! /ate1 b also to ma9ta9 a li/ ( all ,moslems1 classifi$ g5ealogically & socially4 ,its regi/]s 7 kept by ,greeks1 ,copts & ,p]sians2 ! ,arabs1 x may be said 9 g5]al1 adopt$ ! me?od ( adm9i/ration :i* !y f\nd 9 ! captur$ c\ntries & drew ^u ! tra9$ s]vices ( _! inhabitants4 ,su* a sy/em l$ naturally to :olesale conv]sions to ,islam2 & ! consequ5t decl9e 9 rev5ue1 comb9$ ) l>ge donations ( l&s by ,o?man1 ! ?ird caliph1 to 8 own family1 gradually broke x d[n4 ,! fir/ patri>*al p]iod ( conque/1 une>n$ weal? & ! simple life--call$ by ,moslems ! p]iod ( ! f\r rightly guid$ caliphs1 & v happily by ,sa*au1 e9 mn*is*es ,imp]ium--pass$ rapidly into ! g5u9ely ,arab empire ( ! ,omayyads1 ) :om came an imm$iate developm5t ( organization 9 ! /ate4 ,! con/ructive g5ius 9 ?is 0 ,moawiya1 ! fir/ ,omayyad caliph4 ,"u him ! old simplicity vani%$4 ,a spl5did & c]emoni\s c\rt 0 ma9ta9$ at ,damascus4 ,a *amb]la9 kept ! door2 a bodygu>d surr\nd$ ! caliph1 & ev5 9 ! mosque ! caliph1 w>n$ by ! murd] ( ,o?man & ( ,ali1 pray$ 9 a rail$-(f enclosure4 ,! beg9n+ ( ! seclusion ( ! caliph _h come1 & he no long] walk$ famili>ly among 8 fell[ ,moslems4 ,?is seclusion increas$ /ill fur!r :5 ! adm9i/ration ( ! /ate pass$ by delegation into o!r h&s1 & ! caliph himself became a sacrosanct figure-head1 z 9 ! case ( ! lat] ,abbasids2 :5 !ories ( semi-div9e nature & ( !ocratic rule appe>$1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,fatimites2 & f9ally :5 all ! elaborate c\rt ritual ( ,byzantium 0 inh]it$ by ! ,ottoman sultans4 ,b ,moawiya ,i4 0 /ill a v direct & p]sonal rul]4 ,he develop$ a po/-sy/em = ! c>ry+ ( gov]nm5t despat*es by relays1 & ?us receiv$ secret in=mation f & kept control ( ! mo/ di/ant prov9ces4 ,he e/abli%$ a seal+-bureau by :i* /ate pap]s 7 secur$ aga9/ *ange4 ,he dealt arbitr>ily ) ! rev5ues ( ! /ate & ! p5sions ( ! ,moslems4 ,gov]nors ( prov9ces 7 giv5 a mu* fre] h&1 & 7 requir$ to turn ov] to ! c5tral treasury _! surplus rev5ue only4 ,z !y 7 ei!r conqu]ors or direct successors ( conqu]ors !y _h an ess5tially milit>y gov]nm5t1 & 7 really semi-indep5d5t rul]s1 unhamp]$ except by direct action ( ! caliph1 act+ on in=mation s5t by ! po/ma/]1 :o 0 8 local spy4 ,be+ ?us ! heads ( armies ( occupation1 !y 7 n necess>ily *>g$ ) ! control ( religi\s ritual & ( ju/ice4 ,^!1 l e o!r function1 inh]$ 9 ! (fice ( ! caliph & he g5]ally appo9t$ 9 ea* prov9ce indep5d5t cadis ov] ! c\rts & imams to be 9 *>ge ( religi\s s]vices4 ,yet ! gov]nor 0 sometimes p]mitt$ to hold ^! two o!r (fices 7see ,,cadi2 ,,imam74 ,! ,vizi]ate4 ,fur!r adm9i/rative developm5ts came ) ! ,abbasids4 ,!y creat$ a new city1 ,bagdad1 betwe5 ! ,tigris & ! ,euphrates1 :]e ! ?ree races1 ,syrian1 ,arab & ,p]sian1 met & s\ght ) ,bagdad z a capital to consolidate ! empire4 ,! ,arab empire1 x is true1 _h pass$ away ) ! ,omayyads2 yet !re might be a *ance to create a _w-empire ( all ! ,moslem peoples4 ,b n ev5 ! g5ius & adm9i/rative skill ( ! e>ly ,abbasids c\ld hold toge!r t unwieldy mass4 ,! semi-indep5d5t prov9ces soon became fully indep5d5t1 or at mo/ ackn[l$g$ ! caliph z a spiritual head & paid a nom9al tribute4 ,8 "n might /& on ! co9age & pray]s be (f]$ = him 9 ! ,friday s]vice1 ! two signs ( sov]eignty to ?is day 9 ,islam4 ,) ?is crumbl+ ( ! empire w5t a m elaborate organization2 bureaus took ! place ( pr9ciples & ( ! en]gy ( individual rul]s4 ,z ! sy/em ( ,moslem law 0 built on t ( ! ,roman codes1 s 0 ! ma*9]y ( adm9i/ration on t ( ,p]sia4 ,& ) ! ,abbasids ! *ance ( ! ,p]sians _h come4 ,abu 'l-,abbas1 ! fir/ ,abbasid caliph1 0 ! fir/ to appo9t a vizi] 7wazir1 help]1 s ,a>on is wazir to ,moses 9 ! ,koran71 a confid5tial m9i/] to advise him & come betwe5 him & ! p4 ,advis]s ! caliphs _h _h be=e2 b n a def9ite advis] ) ?is "n4 ,he mu/1 we are told1 h a /ra9 ( ! rul] 9 him & a /ra9 ( ! p to be able to "w ) bo?4 ,he mu/ "k h[ to be acceptable2 fidelity & tru?fulness are 8 capital2 sagacity1 firmness1 g5]osity1 clem5cy1 dignity1 effectiv5ess ( spee* are ess5tial4 ,x is pla9 t ! vizi] became z important z ! caliph4 ,b ,abu 'l-,abbas 0 =tunate 9 e>ly secur+ z 8 vizi] ! gr&fa!r ( ! h\se ( ! ,b>mecides 7q4v474 ,on ?is ,p]sian family ! =tunes ( ! ,abbasids hung1 & x secur$ = !m & = ,islam a %ort gold5 age1 l t ( ! ,anton9es1 until ! jeal\s madness ( ,h>un al-,ra%id ca/ !m d[n4 ,!reaft] ! vizi]ate _h _m vicissitudes4 ,te*nically a vizi] c\ld be ei!r limit$ or unlimit$4 ,! limit$ vizi] _h no initiative2 he c>ri$ out ! comm&s ( ! caliph4 ,! unlimit$ vizi]1 (t5 aft]w>ds call$ ! gr& vizi]1 ex]cis$ full au?ority & 0 ! alt] ego ( ! caliph1 to :om he 0 requir$ only to report4 ,naturally ! =mal di/9ction is a lat] !oriz+ ( hi/ory2 = a weak rul] 8 vizi] became absolute1 = a /rong rul] 8 vizi] rema9$ subord9ate4 ,"h1 z ) reg>d to all ,moslem in/itutions1 a m>k$ di/9ction mu/ be made betwe5 ! hi/oric facts & ! speculative edifices rais$ by con/itutional !oriz]s4 ,comp>e especially ,,mahomm$an ,,law4 ,until ! "t ( ,radi 7#icd-idj7 ! vizi]ate ?us fluctuat$ 9 importance4 ,9 t caliphate ! vizi] lo/ all au?ority1 & 9 8 place came ! amir al-om>a--equival5t to ! major domus ( ! ,franks--! head ( ! ,turki% bodygu>d1 9 t]ror ( :om ! caliph n[ /ood4 ,:5 9 #ide ! ,buyids captur$ ,bagdad & ! caliph became a purely spiritual sov]eign1 !y took ! title vizi] = _! own *ief m9i/]1 & ! caliphs reta9$ only a secret>y 7see ,,caliphate1 ,c4 #bb74 ,"u ! ,seljuks1 h[ev]1 !y rega9$ _! vizi]s & "s real au?ority4 ,else:]e1 also ! vizi]ate _h its vicissitudes4 ,"u ! ,mamelukes ! vizi] fell to be m]ely ! c\rt purveyor4 ,"u ! ,omayyads ( ,spa9 ! title 0 giv5 to sev]al responsible (fic]s ( ! /ate1 b _! *ief 0 call$ hajib1 *amb]la94 ,"u ! ,almohades ! *amb]la9 0 call$ vizi]4 ,9 ! mod]n ,turki% empire ! gr& vizi] 7call$ g5]ally sadr ,azam7 is ! sultan's repres5tative 9 secul> matt]s1 & nom9ally /&s betwe5 ! sov]eign & all ! o!r (ficials4 ,he is ! presid5t ( ! c\ncil ( m9i/]s1 b ,abd-ul ,hamid ,,ii4 depriv$ ! (fice ( almo/ all its importance4 ,o!r ,m9i/]s4 ,"u ! e>ly ,abbasids ! f\r mo/ important m9i/]s 7 ! *ief cadi1 ! *ief ( police or head ( ! life gu>ds1 ! m9i/] ( f9ance & ! po/ma/]1 :o 0 ! head ( ! sy/em ( in=mation & espionage :i* cov]$ ! empire4 ,b at diff]5t times ! diff]5t bureaus v>i$ greatly4 ,"u ,motawakkil we f9d ! bureau ( taxes & f9ance2 bureau ( ! cr[n e/ates2 bureau ( /ate book-keep+2 bureau ( w>1 i4e4 ( hir$ troops2 bureau :i* kept reckon+ & control ( ! p5sions ( ! cli5ts & slaves ( ! rul+ family2 bureau ( ! po/ sy/em2 bureau ( exp5ditures4 ,b 9 spite ( ?is elaborate sy/em1 no ,moslem gov]nm5t has1 except sporadically1 be5 highly c5traliz$4 ,provid$ ! taxes are paid1 a l>ge measure ( local autonomy has always be5 enjoy$ by ! c\ntry di/ricts4 ,"u ! ,abbasids almo/ ! only exception 0 ! necess>ily c5traliz$ control ( ! irrigation sy/em ( ! ,tigris & ,euphrates4 ,& simil>ly else:]e4 ,9 ! case ( all ^! (fices1 we h delegation by ! caliph1 "u necessity1 ( 8 too heavy burd5s4 ,b "o duty ( an ,ori5tal rul] he c\ld n s easily lay aside4 ,x _h always to be possible = ! oppress$ to come into 8 pres5ce & claim ju/ice2 he mu/ sit 9 ! gate & judge4 ,!re=e1 :5 ! caliph f\nd x necess>y to delegate ! ord9>y adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 he f\nd x also necess>y to set up a special c\rt ( oppressions1 :i* develop$1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 into a c\rt ( appeals4 ,! fir/ to e/abli% su* a sep>ate c\rt 0 ,abdalmalik ! ,omayyad 7#fhe-gje71 & 8 example 0 foll[$ by ! m vigor\s ( ! caliphs up to ! "t ( ,mohtadi ! ,abbasid 7#hfi-hgj74 ,if any o!r ?an ! caliph presid$ ov] ?is c\rt x _h to be a man ^: dignity1 indep5d5ce & au?ority comm&$ respect4 ,he 0 n b\nd by /rict rules ( evid5ce1 me?od & lit]al application ( law z 0 ! cadi4 ,r1 he appli$ a sy/em ( equity suit$ to ! absolute s\rce ( au?ority :i* he repres5t$4 ,z ! *ief ( police1 m5tion$ above1 0 r ! head ( ! caliph's bodygu>d1 !re 0 also a police sy/em aft] our ideas1 b m ?or\ghgo+4 ,! muhtasib _h *>ge 9 ! broade/ s5se ( public ord] & morals 9 ! /reets1 & _h ov]sight z to weights1 measures & adult]ations2 b _h no "r to int]f]e privately or ent] h\ses save 9 ! cle>e/ & mo/ necess>y cases4 ,he _h a summ>y jurisdiction 9 all m9or cases :]e no trial 0 necess>y2 b :]e witnesses & oa?s ent]$ ! case mu/ g to ! cadi4 ,slaves & bea/s ( burd5 7 "u 8 gu>dian%ip2 he prev5t$ public sc&als1 su* z ! sale ( w9e2 he regulat$ ! public conduct ( ,jews & ,*ri/ians4 ,9 ! int]e/ ( public morals he _h to f9d suitable husb&s = wid[s & see t !y did n m>ry be=e ! legal "t2 que/ions ( pat]nity also he _h to inve/igate4 ,! outdoor co/ume ( ! p he c\ld regulate4 ,x %\ld1 ( c\rse1 be rememb]$ t ! canon law ( ,islam cov]s m9utely all sides ( life 7see ,,mahomm$an ,,law74 ,x is impossible 9 ,islam to sep>ate logically f ! mass ( in/itutions ^? :i* we %\ld call religi\s1 z ,islam on all sides is = ! ,moslem equally religi\s4 ,b p]haps ! foll[+ may practically be sep>at$ "u t rubric4 ,islam1 runs a tradition1 is built on five ?+s3 te/imony t !re is no god save ,allah1 & t ,mahomet is ! apo/le ( ,allah2 pray]2 ! poor-rate2 pilgrimage2 fa/+4 ,= ^! see ,,mahomm$an ,,religion4 ,! law & usage ( religi\s f\ndations 9 p]petuity 7waqf1 mortma97 became z important 9 ,islam z mona/ic end[m5ts 9 m$ieval ,europe1 & su* f\ndations t5d$ simil>ly to absorb ! great] "p ( ! national weal?4 ,x 0 ! only safe way ( provid+ = po/]ity4 ,a pi\s f\ndation c\ld be erect$ 9 su* a way t ei!r s mu* f its funds w\ld be paid ye>ly 9 p]petuity to ! desc5dants ( ! erector1 or ^? desc5dants w\ld be employ$ z (ficials ( ! f\ndation4 ,! ,imam4 ,:5 x became impossible = ! caliph to lead ! p p]sonally 9 pray] 9 ! mosque1 he delegat$ t "p ( 8 duties to ano!r1 h5ce call$ imam 7q4v474 ,naturally1 !n1 ! appo9tm5t ( ! imam w\ld lie ) ! supreme rul]4 ,?is holds ( ! daily pray]s 9 ! pr9cipal mosque 7al-masjid al-jami'7 support$ by ! rul] :]e ! ,friday s]vice is held1 b 9 ! sep>ate small] mosques built by ea* community ! community *ooses its own imam4 ,) reg>d to ! ,friday s]vice1 ! s*ools ( law disagree z to ! necessity ( ! pres5ce ( an imam appo9t$ by ! *ief rul]4 ,b ! imam %\ld c]ta9ly make m5tion ( ! rul] 9 8 s]mon & pray = him4 ,at ! occasional pray]s1 su* z ^? = ra91 c41 ! pres5ce ( an imam appo9t$ by ! rul] is n necess>y4 ,! imam appo9ts ! muaddh91 ! ann\nc] ( ! h\r ( pray] f ! m9>et1 & bo? h a claim on ! /ate treasury4 ,ano!r (fice ex]cis$ :5 possible by ! caliph1 b v frequ5tly delegat$ to "s high dignit>y1 su* z ! heir to ! caliphate or a pr9ce1 0 ! lead]%ip ( ! pilgrimage c>avan to ,mecca & back4 ,sometimes ?is (ficial1 call$ amir-al-hajj1 0 appo9t$ imam z well4 ,he !n l$ all ! pilgrimage c]emonies at ,mecca4 ,:5 outside ( t[ns :]e !re 0 a cadi he ex]cis$ also ov] ! c>avan ! rights ( a judge4 ,! ,cadi4 ,mahomm$an law 7q4v47 is treat$ sep>ately4 ,"h1 aga91 z judg+ is a duty ( ! caliph1 a cadi is ! delegate1 or1 :5 appo9t$ by a vizi] or gov]nor1 a delegate ( 8 delegate4 ,he exam9es into disputes br\ght be=e him & en=ces 8 judgm5ts1 he names adm9i/rators ( ! e/ates ( m9ors1 ! insane1 c42 he sup]vises ! waqf prop]ty ( mosques & s*ools 9 8 di/rict & inspects highways & public build+s2 he wat*es ov] ! execution ( wills2 he inflicts ! due legal p5alties = apo/asy1 neglect ( religi\s duties1 refusal to pay taxes1 !ft1 adult]y1 outrages1 murd]2 he c inflict ! p5alties ( imprisonm5t1 f9e1 corporal puni%m5t1 dea?2 if !re is no imam1 he c p]=m 8 duty1 z 9 fact c anyone :o has ! requisite k4 ,b x %\ld be notic$ t all ?is holds only ( ! un-europeaniz$ ,moslem /ate4 ,! ,army4 ,= ! exi/5ce ( an army 9 ,islam1 !re are two gr\nds1 ! holy w> 7jihad1 q4v47 aga9/ unbeliev]s )\t ! /ate & ! suppression ( rebellion )94 ,"u ! ord9ance ( ,om> ! entire community 0 pres]v$ & us$ z a weapon = ! subdu+ ( ! _w to ,islam1 & e able-bodi$ male ,moslem 0 !oretically a fight+ man1 "p ( ! national militia4 ,?is army 0 divid$ into corps situat$ 9 ! conqu]$ l&s1 z armies ( occupation1 :]e !y ev5tually came to =m milit>y colonies 9 great camp-cities4 ,! occupi$ c\ntries _h to support !m1 & !y 7 b\nd to r5d] milit>y s]vice at any "t4 ,b z ! ideal ( ,om> broke d[n be=e facts ! use ( m]c5>y & slave troops f9ally increas$2 al?\gh !re has always cont9u$ 9 ,moslem armies act+ aga9/ unbeliev]s a proportion ( volunte]s n paid a fix$ wage b subsidiz$ by ! /ate f ! poor-rate & alms funds4 ,! g5]als 7 appo9t$ by ! caliph1 & _h ei!r unlimit$ au?ority to act z 8 repres5tatives1 conclud+ peace1 act+ z cadi & imam1 di/ribut+ booty2 or 7 re/rict$ )9 limits1 e4g4 to simple lead+ ( ! troops & c>ry+ on milit>y op]ations4 ,!y1 9 turn1 appo9t$ _! subord9ates2 ?is pr9ciple ( giv+ a head full p[]s & full responsibility 0 v g5]ally appli$ 9 ,islam4 ,x 0 controll$ ( c\rse by ! espionage ( ! po/al sy/em4 ,z w> by a ,moslem p[] is ess5tially sacr$ w>1 ! regulations ( jihad mu/ be consid]$ "h4 ,unbeliev]s mu/ fir/ be invit$ to embrace ,islam &1 if !y foll[ a sacr$ book & are n idol-wor%ipp]s1 are giv5 a *oice betwe5 7a7 becom+ ,moslems2 or 7b7 submitt+ to ! ,moslems & ent]+ on a treaty ) !m ( protection & tribute2 or 7c7 fight+4 ,if !y accept ,islam1 _! lives1 families & prop]ty are secure1 & !y =m h5ce=? "p ( ! ,moslem community4 ,! ability ( ,islam to create a common feel+ betwe5 highly diff]5t races is "o ( its mo/ /rik+ features4 ,if !y submit & ent] on treaty relations1 !y pay a poll-tax1 = :i* _! p]sonal safety is assur$1 & assume a def9itely inf]ior /atus1 hav+ no te*nical citiz5%ip 9 ! /ate1 only ! condition ( protect$ cli5ts 7dhimmis74 ,if !y elect to fight1 ! door ( rep5tance is op51 ev5 :5 ! armies are face to face4 ,b aft] defeat _! lives are =feit1 _! families are liable to slav]y1 & all _! goods to seizure4 ,x is op5 to ! sov]eign ei!r to put !m to dea?2 or to enslave !m2 or to give !m _! lib]ty2 or to ex*ange !m = ransom or aga9/ ,moslem prison]s4 ,! sov]eign w *oose t :i* is be/ = ,islam4 ,z = _! families & weal?1 ! sov]eign c release !m only ) cons5t ( ! army t has captur$ !m4 ,apo/ates mu/ be put to dea?4 ,f\r-fif?s ( ! booty aft] a battle goes to ! conqu]+ army4 ,! te*nical art ( w> seems to h be5 little /udi$ among ,moslems2 !y h treatises on ar*]y b v little ^u tactics4 ,_! writ]s recognize1 h[ev]1 ! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,european & ,p]sian me?ods ( *>g+ 9 solid l9es & hold+ ! gr\nd /ubbornly1 & ! ,arab & ,b]b] me?od ( fly+ attacks & retreats by cl\ds ( cavalry4 ,!re=e1 "o expla9$1 ! cu/om grew ( us+ a mass ( ,european m]c5>ies z a fix$ nucleus & rally+-po9t4 ,! e>ly ,moslem armies1 too1 _h us$ ! solid1 unyield+ *>ge1 :i* may h be5 ! secret ( _! success4 ,= "o ( ! greate/ puzzles ( hi/ory is ! cause :i* *ang$ ! erratic1 untru/wor?y sw>ms ( ,arab horsem5 ) _! *ildi% /rategy into ! ev]-victori\s legions ( ! fir/ caliphs4 ,!y c]ta9ly le>n$ rapidly4 ,byzantium & ,p]sia taught !m ! use ( milit>y eng9es & ! entr5*$ camp4 ,be=e t !y _h be51 at ! be/1 s+le knights ) mail-%irt1 helmet1 sword & lance4 ,b[m51 too1 !y us$1 b ! pr9cipal use ( ! b[ seems to h come ) ! ,turks4 ,education4 ,! glory ( ,moslem education 0 its univ]sity sy/em1 :i* f$ ! high] le>n+ & did n s]ve ev]yday ne$s4 ,its prim>y sy/em 0 v poor1 almo/ non-exi/5t2 & te*nical education has nev] be5 recogniz$ 9 ,islam4 ,prim>y tea*]s 7 despis$ z ignorant & fooli%4 ,app>5tly1 if we may tru/ ! _m /ories ( h[ ignorant m5 set up = !mselves1 !re 0 no control ( !m by ! /ate4 ,_! pupils 7 "y only2 !y taught ! rudim5ts ( read+1 ,koran1 cate*ism1 pray]1 writ+ & ari?metic1 b v little ( ! latt]4 ,te*nical education 0 giv5 by ! gilds ?r\gh _! appr5tice sy/em1 tea*+ me*anical arts & crafts4 ,?is 0 g5u9e in/ruction1 b 0 n s reg>d$2 x 0 look$ ^u r z are ! my/]ies & secrets ( op]ative masonry4 ,x produc$ artisans ( indep5d5t "*1 b n arti/s4 ,?us !re 0 no di/9ction betwe5 ar*itect & build]2 !re 0 no sculpture2 & pa9t+1 s f> z x w5t1 0 l c>v+1 a craft4 ,all ,moslem univ]sity education1 l all ,moslem sci5ce1 revolv$ r\nd !ology4 ,!re 71 app>5tly1 only two out/&+ exceptions to ?is rule1 ! academy ( ,mamun 7#hac-hcc7 at ,bagdad1 & ! hall ( wisdom ( ! ,fatimites at ,cairo 7#ajjd-aaga72 bo? ( ^! are expla9$ by _! environm5t4 ,f ! e>lie/ times1 indep5d5t s*ol>s in/ruct$ classes 9 mosques--! common places ( meet+ = ! community--& gave _! pupils p]sonal c]tificates4 ,_! subjects 7 ! read+ & int]pretation ( ! ,koran2 ! body ( traditions f ! ,prophet2 ! !nce d$uc$ sy/em ( !ology2 ! canon law4 ,b ! int]pretation ( ! ,koran involv$ grammatical & lexicographical /udies ( e>ly ,arabic1 & h5ce ( ! e>ly ,arabic lit]ature4 ,!ology came to involve metaphysical & logical /udies4 ,canon law requir$ ari?metic & m5suration1 practical a/ronomy1 c4 ,b ^! la/ 7 /rictly ancill>y2 ! object ( ! in/ruction 0 prim>ily to give k ( value = ! life ( ! next _w1 &1 second>ily1 to turn out !ologians & lawy]s4 ,m$ic9e 0 9 ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian h&s2 eng9e]+1 ar*itecture1 c41 ) _! ma!matical bases1 7 crafts4 ,!n ?is in/ruction 0 gradually subsidiz$ & organiz$ by ! /ate1 or end[$ by individuals4 ,h[ e>ly ?is took place is unc]ta94 ,b ! individual tea*]1 ) 8 c]tificate1 rema9$ ! object ( ! /ud5t2 !re 0 no?+ correspond+ to our g5]al degrees4 ,?irdly1 educational in/itutions came to be equipp$ ) s*ol>%ips ( money or 9 k9d = ! /ud5ts4 ,! fir/ in/ance ( ?is is g5]ally ascrib$ to ,ni%apur 7,naisabur7 9 #ajff2 b x soon became g5]al 9 ! sy/em & af=d$ a means ( control & c5tralization4 ,a f9al1 & mo/ important1 *>act]i/ic 0 ! wide j\rney+ ( ! /ud5ts 9 se>* ( k4 ,aid$ by ,arabic z ! univ]sal language ( le>n+1 /ud5ts j\rney$ f tea*] to tea*]1 & f ,sam>k& to ! ,atlantic1 ga!r+ on _! way hundr$s ( p]sonal c]tificates4 ,s*ol>s 7 ?us kept 9 t\* all ov] ! ,moslem _w1 & intellectual unity 0 ma9ta9$4 ,! ,sayyids4 ,to ! democratic equality ( ,islam1 9 :i* ! slave ( to-day may be ! prime m9i/] ( to-morr[1 !re is "o out/&+ exception4 ,! desc5dants ( ! ,prophet & ( 8 relatives 7! family ( ,ha%im7 =m$ & =m a special class1 held 9 social rev]5ce1 & gu>d$ f contam9ation & injury4 ,^! are ! sayyids 7lords71 & g5ealogical regi/]s ( !m are c>efully pres]v$4 ,!y are ( all degrees ( weal? & pov]ty1 b are gu>d$ legally f msalliances ) p]sons ( ignoble orig9 or equivocal occupation4 ,_! influ5ce is v great1 & 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,moslem _w !y h ! /&+ & rev]5ce ( sa9ts4 ,see ,von ,krem]1 ,culturges*i*te des ,ori5ts1 bas$ l>gely on ,maw>di's ,ahkam1 trans4 9 "p by ,o/rorog2 ,mc,g4 de ,slane's trans4 ( ,ibn ,khaldun1 ,prolgomnes2 ,lane1 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,mod]n ,egyptians2 ,r4 ,f4 ,burton1 ,pilgrimage to ,mekka2 ,sn\ck ,hurgronje1 ,mekka2 ,hughes1 ,diction>y ( ,islam2 ,juynboll1 ,de ,mohamm$aans*e ,wet2 ,macdonald1 ,developm5t ( ,muslim ,!ology1 c4 ,= wom5 9 ,islam1 see ,,h>em4 7,d4 ,b4 ,ma47 ,,mahomm$an ,,law4 ,! legal situation 9 ! ,moslem _w is ( ! highe/ complexity1 & c be made intelligible only by trac+ its hi/orical developm5t4 ,fir/ came ! sy/em 7fiqh1 %>ia7 :i* takes ! place 9 ,islam ( canon law 9 ,roman ,*ri/5dom4 ,x beg9s ) ,mahomet sitt+ z judge ov] ! primitive ,moslem community at ,m$9a4 ,he 0 ! ,prophet ( ,god1 & judg$1 z he rul$1 absolutely2 any decision ( 8 0 valid4 ,b he f\nd x1 9 g5]al1 advisable & fitt+ to foll[ ! local law or usage ( ,m$9a :5 ! new fai? did n require a *ange4 ,x ?us came ab\t t 8 decisions foll[$1 at "o "t1 ! usage ( ! ,arab tribes ( ,m$9a2 at ano!r1 ! law respect$ by ! ,jewi% tribes !re--a rabb9ic developm5t ( ! law ( ,moses1 deeply affect$ by ,roman law2 at ano!r1 ! m develop$ comm]cial law ( ,mecca1 kn[n to 8 foll[]s :o _h fl$ !nce ) him2 or1 f9ally1 8 own p]sonal judgm5t1 /at$ x might be z 8 own s5se ( "r or z ! decision ( ,allah & ev5 incorporat$ 9 ! ,koran4 ,9 8 use ( ^! he 0 an eclectic opportuni/1 & evid5tly1 except z reg>ds su* frequ5tly recurr+ subjects z inh]itance1 m>riage1 c41 _h no ?\ght ( build+ up a sy/em or code4 ,at 8 dea? he left beh9d only a few specific prescriptions 9 ! ,koran & a mass ( record$ decisions ( cases t _h come be=e him4 ,he _h us$ himself1 9 our t]ms1 common law1 equity1 legislation2 to guide 8 foll[]s he left 8 legislative enactm5ts & ! record ( 8 use ( common law4 ,s9ce 8 dea? !re has be5 no new legislation 9 or?odox ,islam4 ,) ! dea? ( ,mahomet began ! developm5t & codification ( ,moslem law4 ,x 0 at fir/ entirely practical4 ,cases _h to be decid$1 & to decide !m !re 01 fir/1 ! ,koran2 secondly1 if no?+ ad rem 0 f\nd 9 ! ,koran1 !re 7 ! decisions ( ! ,prophet2 ?irdly1 if ^! fail$1 !re 0 ! common law ( ,m$9a2 &1 f\r?ly1 if x1 9 turn1 fail$1 ! common s5se ( ! judge1 or equity4 ,a k ( ! decisions ( ,mahomet came ?us to be ( great importance1 & records ( su* decisions 7 eag]ly s\ght & pres]v$4 ,b ?is 0 simply a "p ( a mu* wid] movem5t & t5d5cy4 ,z among primitive peoples 9 g5]al1 cu/om & usage h always be5 pot5t among ! ,arabs4 ,! ways ( ! fa!rs1 ! old pa?s1 !y love to tread4 ,v e>ly !re arose a special rev]5ce = ! pa? & usage 7sunna7 ( ,mahomet4 ,:atev] he did or said1 or left unsaid or undone1 & h[ he did x1 has become ( ! fir/ importance to ! pi\s ,moslem1 :o w\ld act 9 e way z did ! ,prophet4 ,!re is evid5ce t = ?is purpose ! imm$iate companions ( ,mahomet took notes1 ei!r 9 memory or 9 writ+1 ( 8 table talk & wise say+s1 j z !y took d[n or le>n$ by he>t = _! private use ! sep>ate fragm5ts ( ! ,koran4 ,8 say+s & do+s1 mann]s & cu/oms1 8 answ]s to que/ions on religi\s life & fai?1 above all 8 decisions 9 legal disputes1 came to be record$ on odd %eets 9 private notebooks4 ,?is 0 ! beg9n+ ( ! enorm\s lit]ature ( traditions 7hadi?7 9 ,islam4 ,! collect+ & pres]v+ ( ^!1 :i* 0 at fir/ private1 = p]sonal guidance & edification1 f9ally became "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful weapons ( political & !ological propag&a1 & col\r$ ! :ole me?od & fabric ( ,moslem ?\ght4 ,all k t5d$ to be express$ 9 t =m1 & ea* elem5t ( x to be trac$ back to1 & giv5 9 ! words (1 "s ma/] or o!r ?r\gh a *a9 ( transmitt]s4 ,above all !re grew up an enorm\s mass ( evid5tly =g$ say+s put into ! m\? ( ,mahomet4 ,at e important political or !ological crisis ea* p>ty w\ld inv5t & put into circulation a tradition f him1 support+ its view4 ,by a /udy ( ^! flatly oppos$ say+s x is possible to recon/ruct ! diff]5t controv]sies ( ,islam 9 ! pa/1 & to discov] :at ea* p>ty reg>d$ z ! ess5ce ( its position4 ,! fir/ collect+ ( traditions 0 = private purposes1 & ! fir/ publication deal+ ) !m 0 legal4 ,?is 0 ! ,muwatta' ( ,malik ibn ,anas 7d4 #gie71 a corpus juris bas$ p>tly on traditions1 & a prote/ 9 its me?ods aga9/ ! too speculative "* ( ! books ( canon law :i* prec$$ x4 ,!reaft] came collections ( two diff]5t types4 ,! e>li] k9d 0 arrang$ accord+ to ! companions ( ,mahomet1 on ^: au?ority ! traditions 7 transmitt$2 aft] ea* companion came ! traditions go+ back to him4 ,! be/ kn[n example ( ?is k9d is ! ,musnad ( ,ahmad ibn ,hanbal4 ,! o!r k9d1 call$ ,musannaf 7classifi$71 conta9s traditions arrang$ 9 *apt]s accord+ to _! subject matt]4 ,t ( ,bukh>i is ! mo/ fam\s1 & is arrang$ to give a traditional basis = a complete sy/em ( canon law2 its rubrics are ^? ( su* a sy/em4 ,ano!r is t ( ,muslim ibn al-,hajjaj1 :o paid less att5tion to legal aspects & m to m9ute accuracy4 ,!re are _m o!rs ( m or less acceptance & canonicity4 ,bukh>i's book enjoys a rev]5ce only second to t ( ! ,koran4 ,b 9 all ^! publications ! prim>y object 0 to purify ! mass ( traditions ( =g$ accretions & to give to ! believ] a s\nd basis = 8 k ( ! usages ( ! ,prophet1 :e!r = 8 p]sonal or = public use4 ,^! two k9ds 7 a natural developm5t4 ,9 ! ,moslem community !re 7 f ! fir/ /ud5ts ( tradition prop] ^: int]e/ lay 9 collect+1 te/+ & transmitt+1 n 9 comb9+1 sy/ematiz+ & elucidat+2 ^: pref]5ce 0 to take a s+le /atem5t f ! ,prophet & apply x to a case1 )\t reason+s or que/ion+s4 ,& !re 7 /ud5ts ( canon law :o 7 int]e/$ r 9 ! sy/em & results1 & :o1 :ile !y us$ traditions1 us$ !m only to an end & insi/$ on ! free application ( speculative pr9ciples4 ,! conflict ( ! future 0 to be betwe5 ^! traditionali/s1 on ! "o h&1 & rationali/s1 on ! o!r2 & ! result 0 to be a compromise4 ,) ! wide sweep ( ,moslem conque/ ano!r elem5t came into ! developm5t4 ,?is 0 ,roman law1 :i* ! ,moslem juri/ f\nd at "w 9 ! conqu]$ ,roman prov9ces & 9 ! law c\rts ( :i* !y w5t to s*ool4 ,x is to be rememb]$ t ! ,arab armies 7 n deva/at+ hordes2 !y recogniz$ ! ne$ ( law & ord] :]ev] !y w5t1 & x 0 ! policy ( _! lead]s to take ov] ! adm9i/rative sy/ems ( ! c\ntries :i* !y seiz$4 ,ev5 ! ,arabic legal nom5clature %[s evid5t signs ( lit]al translation f ,lat91 & _m ,moslem pr9ciples c be trac$ to ! ,roman codes4 ,"o important developm5t 0 pla9ly influ5c$ by ! lib]ty involv$ 9 ! ,responsa prud5tium ( ,roman lawy]s1 & by ! broad conception ( ! law ( nature 9 ! ,edict ( ! ,praetor4 ,9 its e>lie/ /ages ,moslem law recogniz$ 9 ! judge a lib]ty ( op9ion 7ra'y7 :i* w5t beyond ev5 t ( ! ,responsa & became pla9 equity1 9 ! ,engli% s5se1 & "o s*ool 7! ,hanifite7 e/abli%$ z a basis ! "r ( pref]5ce 7i/ihsan7 ev5 :5 ! analogy ( ! code dictat$ o!rwise2 :ile ano!r 7! ,malikite7 us$ ! t]m i/islah1 a seek+ ( 7g5]al7 b5efit to ! community1 9 a simil> situation4 ,b ^! developm5ts 7 bitt]ly conte/$1 & ! lib]ty ( op9ion 0 9 ! end n>r[$ d[n to a pr9ciple ( analogy 7qiyas71 ! ne>e/ approa* to :i* 9 ,we/]n law is legal fiction4 ,x is necess>y n[ to return to ! fir/ successors ( ,mahomet4 ,= ?irty ye>s aft] my dea?1 he is said to h decl>$1 my p w tread 9 my pa? 7sunna72 !reaft] w come k+s & pr9ces4 ,?is tradition cry/allizes ! lat] feel+ ( ,islam4 ,! fir/ ?irty ye>s 7 a gold5 age2 ! c5tre ( ! /ate 0 ! ,prophet's own city ( ,m$9a2 ! conditions ( ! /ate cont9u$ 9 close con=mity to ^? ( 8 own "t4 ,! /udy ( tradition1 i4e4 ( 8 usage1 w5t h& 9 h& ) ! /udy ( law4 ,!y 7 vital functions ( ! /ate1 & x enc\rag$ bo?4 ,!n came ! great dbcle4 ,! anci5 rgime1 a semi-monki%1 !ocratic empire1 w5t d[n1 & ! ,omayyad dyna/y1 k+s & pr9ces ( ! old ,arab type1 took its place 7see ,,caliphate1 ,b74 ,! public life ( ! /ate 0 no long] deeply religi\s2 ! pi\s said t x 0 godless4 ,"u ^! conditions law 0 inde$ /ill ne$$2 b x _h to be opportuni/4 ,its developm5t w5t on1 b became speculative4 ,! /udy ( tradition 0 n[ private1 & its /ud5ts 7 m & m ! p]sonally pi\s4 ,!re 71 ?us1 two results4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! fram]s ( sy/ems ( canon law--z x n[ 0--no long] liv$ 9 contact ) reality2 hypo!tical & ideal /ructures 7 re>$ :i* c\ld nev] /& ! t\* ( ! practical law-c\rt4 ,& on ano!r1 traditions & law1 ev5 ?is hypo!tical law1 came to take sep>ate roads4 ,! int]e/ ( ! /ud5ts ( tradition became ! ga!r+ ( traditions = _! own sake1 go+ no f>!r ?an a /riv+ to regulate ea* detail ( life by "s specific1 concrete1 prophetic dictum4 ,!y _h no use = sy/ems t w5t beyond ! m]e regi/]+ ( ^! dicta4 ,! feel+ also became widespread t any sy/em ( gov]nm5t :i* did n simply reproduce ! patri>*al =m ( ,m$9a 0 ( ! _w & ! devil--a ?+ ) :i* no religi\s man c\ld h aught to d4 ,at e turn he w\ld h to p]il 8 s\l4 ,"h we mu/ place ! transition ( ?is law ) :i* we h hi!rto dealt f be+ ! law ( ! l& to be+ 9 ess5ce a v>iety ( canon law4 ,x 0 always broad] ?an any we/]n secul> law4 ,x regulat$ all ! aspects ( life--duty to ,god1 to "o's neighb\r1 to "o's self4 ,x 0 really a sy/em ( duties1 e?ical1 legal1 religi\s4 ,x did n limit itself to def9+ ! =bidd5 7h>am72 b designat$ actions also z requir$ 7f>d1 wajib71 recomm5d$ 7m&ub1 mu/ahabb71 indiff]5t 7jaiz1 mubah71 dislik$ 7makruh74 ,x play$ ! "p (1 or r5d]$ necess>y1 a religi\s director q z mu* z a lawy]4 ,& = a "t at ,m$9a x 0 really ! law ( ! l&4 ,b f ! ,omayyad p]iod on x has held ! position ( ! canon law ( ! ,roman ,*ur* 9 c\ntries t w n recognize x & yet d>e n utt]ly reject x4 ,x gov]ns1 9 "o or o!r ( its f\r s*ools1 ! private lives ( all pi\s ,moslems2 x regulates "s semi-public relation%ips--e4g4 m>riage1 divorce1 inh]itance2 x compels respect1 if n acceptance1 f ! /ate2 & by its ideal /&>d ! _w1 fill$ ) righte\sness by ! ,mahdi1 w be rul$ 9 ! ,moslem mill5nium4 ,! rise ( ! ,abbasids br\ght a *ange1 b n a great "o4 ,!y _h promis$ a return to ! old religi\s attitudes1 & ! promise 0 =mally kept4 ,b 9 sub/ance !y 7 z mu* z ! ,omayyads1 & ?\gh ! /ate 0 outw>dly on a pi\s foot+1 & ! religi\s s5tim5t ( ! p 0 respect$1 ! old1 absolute canon law 0 n re/or$4 ,x 0 made possible = m !ologians & lawy]s to "w ) ! /ate1 b an irreconcilable p>ty /ill rema9$1 & ! situation 0 fix$ z x is to ?is day4 ,x is true t ! /ruggle to adapt su* a s+le & detail$ sy/em to all ! v>y+ conditions1 climates & times ( ! great empire 0 impossible2 b ! failure m>k$ ! great r5t 9 ! suppos$ unity ( ,islam betwe5 ! *ur* & ! _w1 religion & law4 ,yet ! ,abbasids did1 9 _! way1 enc\rage legal /udies1 & "u !m processes & results1 long pursu$ 9 private1 became public4 ,almo/ )9 ! fir/ c5tury ( _! dyna/y ! f\r legal s*ools1 or rites1 7 =m$ & ! pr9ciples e/abli%$ :i* survive to ?is day4 ,! fir/ s*ool to take def9ite =m 0 ! ,hanifite1 f\nd$ by ,abu ,hanifa 7d4 #gfg71 :o left beh9d him a def9ite sy/em & _m en?usia/ic pupils4 ,he 0 a man ( means1 9 t\* ) comm]cial1 b n ) practical legal life1 a speculative or philosophical juri/4 ,be+ ( non-,arab orig91 ! usage ( ,m$9a _h small int]e/ = him4 ,he !re=e us$ few traditions1 & pref]r$ to g back to ! ,koran1 & extract f x by reason+ ! rul+s :i* fitt$ 8 ideas4 ,?is he call$ ! use ( analogy 7qiyas72 b1 9 8 h&s1 x became practically legal fiction1 ! application ( a law 9 "s s5se undream$ by its fir/ impos]4 ,b he _h ano!r1 & /ill fre] in/rum5t4 ,! effect ( diff]5ces 9 local conditions _h be5 e>ly obs]v$ & admitt$ 9 g5]al t]ms4 ,abu ,hanifa r$uc$ x to a subjective =mula4 ,"u su* conditions he claim$ ! "r ( pref]5ce 7i/ihsan7 ( a rul+ suit$ to ! local ne$s1 ev5 :5 ! /rict analogy indicat$ o!rwise4 ,?is met & meets ) vehem5t prote/ :5 =mally /at$1 b ! usage ( ,islam has practically accept$ x4 ,8 sy/em1 f9ally1 0 n develop$ ?r\gh ! exig5cies ( actual cases1 b 0 work$ out z a sy/em ( casui/ry1 ?\gh 9 a good s5se4 ,he tri$1 t is1 to con/ruct a sy/em ( rules to answ] any conceivable "q4 ,aft] 8 dea? 8 pupils elaborat$ x /ill fur!r1 & accept$ public (fice4 ,! ,abbasids adopt$ 8 s*ool1 & ?rew _! influ5ce on its side2 its philosophic bread? & casui/ic possibilities evid5tly comm5d$ x to !m4 ,lat]1 ! ,ottoman ,turks also adopt$ x1 & x may be said to hold n[ a lead]%ip among ! f\r legal rites4 ,its influ5ce has und\bt$ly t5d$ to broad5 & humanize ,moslem law4 ,tw5ty-eight ye>s aft] ,abu ,hanifa1 ,malik ibn ,anas1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,malikite s*ool1 di$ at ,m$9a4 ,9 _m po9ts 8 situation 0 precisely opposite to t ( ,abu ,hanifa1 & yet 8 results 7 v simil>4 ,he 0 a work+ juri/1 9 practical t\* ) actual life2 he 0 9 ! c5tre ( ! tradition ( ! usage ( ! ,prophet1 9 ! l9e1 "o might say1 ( ! apo/olic succession4 ,he1 !re=e1 us$ traditions mu* m g5]ally ?an did ,abu ,hanifa1 & :5 he1 "u pressure1 took refuge 9 op9ion1 he c]ta9ly felt t he1 "u 8 conditions1 _h a bett] "r to d s ?an any outsid]4 ,b two ( 8 pr9ciples m>k$ a di/9ct advance & %[$ t he 0 no m]e traditionali/4 ,= "o1 he laid d[n ! conception ( public advantage 7i/islah72 :5 a rule f\nd$ on ev5 a valid analogy w\ld "w a g5]al injury x 0 to be set aside2 ju/ice mu/ n be ov]come by logic4 ,&1 = ! o!r1 he laid /ress on ! conception ( ! agreem5t 7ijma71 an idea :i* 0 to h indef9ite importance 9 ! future4 ,:5 ! surviv+ companions ( ! ,prophet1 aft] 8 dea?1 agre$ ^u any po9t z belong+ to _! /ore ( tradition & exp]i5ce1 _! agreem5t 0 accept$ z f9al4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance !y agre$ t su* _h be5 ! /atem5t ( ! ,prophet4 ,t easily pass$ ov] into an agreem5t t su* 0 ! true ,moslem view1 & f9ally into an acceptance ( ! pr9ciple t ! ,moslem ,*ur*1 :5 unanim\s1 c\ld =mulate tru?--practically z 9 ! canon ( ,v9c5t ( ,lr9s1 ,quod semp]1 quod ubique1 quod ab omnibus4 ,b su* a broadly ca?olic position 0 /ill 9 ! future1 & = ,malik1 juri/ic agreem5t meant ! agreem5t ( ,m$9a1 ?\gh !re are signs t he p]mitt$ ! same latitude to o!r places also4 ,x 0 a way ( all[+ = local conditions r ?an ( rea*+ ! voice ( ! ,*ur*4 ,8 law book1 ! ,muwatta'1 ! e>lie/ 9 our possession writt5 by ! f\nd] ( a s*ool1 has already be5 m5tion$4 ,x is a collection ( ab\t sev5te5 hundr$ traditions ( juri/ic importance1 arrang$ accord+ to subject1 ) app5d$ rem>ks on ! usage ( ,m$9a & on 8 own view ( ea* matt]4 ,s f> op9ion & local usage _h fully held _! own1 & ! philosophical juri/ _h be5 free to "w out 8 sy/em4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! i/ihsan ( ,abu ,hanifa & ! i/islah ( ,malik 0 n great2 /ud5ts att5d$ ! lectures ( bo? & comb9$ _! sy/ems4 ,b a reaction n[ began1 & ! traditionali/ p>ty f9ally made itself felt4 ,we h ! inevitable rivalry betwe5 ! hi/orical-empirical & ! speculative-philosophical s*ools ( jurisprud5ce1 r5d]$ all ! m bitt] 9 t ! hi/orical lawy]s believ$1 9 ?is case1 t !y 7 def5d+ a div9e in/itution4 ,!re result$1 fir/1 "o ( ! mo/ important s*ools1 ! ,%afiite2 secondly1 an extremely lit]al s*ool = :i* a%-,%afii did n g f> en\gh1 & :i* has n[ vani%$2 & ?irdly1 ! ,hanbalite s*ool1 /ill surviv+ 9 small numb]s1 m mod]ately traditional ?an ! la/4 ,! s*ool f\nd$ by a%-,%afii 7d4 #hbj71 a pupil ( ,malik1 came fir/ 9 ord] ( "t4 ,! o!rs 7 really revolts aga9/ ! mildness ( 8 compromise4 ,8 *>act]i/ics 7 a broad-m9d$1 /eady grasp ( means & ends1 a p]ception ( :at c\ld & :at c\ld n be done1 a will+ness to admit all ! tri$ pr9ciples 9 due balance1 &1 at "o po9t especially1 ! insight ( g5ius z to ! possibilities ( ^! pr9ciples4 ,he laid great /ress on tradition2 a cle>1 au!ntic tradition he reg>d$ z no less valid ?an ! ,koran itself4 ,if ! tradition 0 *ronologically lat] ?an a ,koranic passage & correct$ t passage1 he foll[$ ! tradition4 ,b 9 ?is he 0 only regulat+ a fix$ t5d5cy4 ,! ,koran may be reg>d$ !oretically z ! fir/ ( all ! s\rces ( law & !ology2 practically its cle> /atem5ts h be5 ov]-ridd5 9 _m cases4 ,mo/ important ( all1 ! pr9ciple ( agreem5t 7ijma7 came f9ally ) him to its full rights4 ,! agreem5t ( ! ,moslem peoples 0 to be ! voice ( ,god4 ,my p1 said a tradition f ,mahomet1 w nev] agree 9 an error4 ,& s1 ov] traditions & ov] ! ,koran itself1 ! agreem5t tacitly or explicitly rul$ & rules4 ,x /amps z au?oritative t :i* ! o!r pr9ciples lay d[n4 ,at ! head ( ea* section ( a ,%afiite law book we read1 ,! basis ( ?is1 be=e ! agreem5t1 is su* & su*4 ,b ) ! aid ( a pr9ciple ( ?is bread? x 0 easy to reject ! op9ion :i* 0 s objectionable to ! traditionali/ p>ty4 ,9 its place he took analogy 7qiyas71 :i*1 discreetly us$1 c\ld s]ve almo/ ! same purpose4 ,! ,koranic passage or ! tradition ) :i* an analogy 0 sugge/$ %\ld1 he taught1 be exam9$ to see if !re 0 a reason cle>ly /at$ = ! comm&4 ,if s1 t reason w\ld give a basis = ! analogy4 ,analogy bas$ on ! me*anical or ext]nal c\ld n hold4 ,! f\r bases ?us laid d[n by a%-,%afii--,koran2 prophetic usage z express$ 9 traditions2 analogy2 agreem5t--h come to be accept$ by all exi/+ s*ools4 ,?is applies to all sph]es ( life1 e?ical1 social1 !ological1 legal1 & x %\ld nev] be =gott5 t ! ,koran is only "o ( ! s\rces = ,moslem fai? & conduct4 ,few words are ne$$ = ! o!r1 reaction>y s*ools4 ,"o1 n[ long ext9ct1 0 f\nd$ by a c]ta9 ,daud uz-,zahiri1 ,david ! ,lit]ali/1 born ?ree or f\r ye>s be=e ! dea? ( a%-,%afii1 & s call$ because he insi/$ ^u an absolutely lit]al int]pretation ( 8 texts--,koran or tradition--)\t acc\nt ( context or metaphor4 ,9 consequ5ce he _h to reject analogy1 & limit$ agreem5t to t ( ! companions ( ,mahomet2 ! ,*ur* ( ,islam 0 to h no con/ructive au?ority4 ,9 "o po9t he %[$ great sanity ( judgm5t1 namely 9 8 rejection ( ! pr9ciple jur>e 9 v]ba magi/ri1 o!rwise regnant 9 ,islam4 ,8 s*ool _h long & int]e/+ consequ5ces1 mo/ly !ological1 b is n[ ext9ct1 & nev] took rank ) ! o!rs4 ,! ,moslem _w f\nd 8 positions too impossible1 & n[ no "o swe>s to 8 words4 ,! o!r1 ! ,hanbalite s*ool1 0 f\nd$ by ! s*ol>s ( ,ahmad ibn ,hanbal aft] 8 dea? 9 #hhe4 ,he himself w\ld nev] h revolt$ aga9/ 8 ma/]1 a%-,%afii1 b x 0 soon felt t 8 sy/em1 s f> z he _h any1 0 9 ess5tial opposition4 ,he _h be5 no lawy]1 b a !ologian & a collector & /ud5t ( traditions4 ,all 8 life _h be5 a prote/ aga9/ speculation 9 div9e ?+s4 ,:]e ! ,koran & traditions 7 sil5t1 he1 too1 _h be5 sil5t4 ,= ?is agno/ic pr9ciple he _h witness$ & suff]$1 & 8 /&+ ) ! p 0 t ( a sa9t4 ,naturally1 !n1 ! la/ /ill exi/5t s*ool ( traditionali/ prote/ 0 laun*$ 9 8 "n4 ,x m9imizes agreem5t & analogy1 is lit]al 9 its int]pretations1 & is n[ by f> ! smalle/ ( ! f\r surviv+ s*ools4 ,its ext]nal hi/ory is t ( a te/ify+ & viol5t m9ority4 ,o!r m51 su* z ,tab>i1 ! hi/orian & comm5tator1 h _h dreams t !y1 too1 might jo9 ! ,f\r ,imams 7see ,,imam7 z f\nd]s ( legal rites1 b none has succe$$4 ,! ,f\r rema9 ! ultimate expon5ts ( ?is canon law1 & "u ! bann] ( "o or o!r ( !m e ,moslem mu/ range himself4 ,z !re is a pr9ciple ( unity 9 ,islam1 express$ 9 ! alleg$ prophetic say+1 ,my p w nev] agree 9 an error1 s !re is a pr9ciple ( v>iety1 also express$ 9 an alleg$ prophetic say+1 ,! disagreem5t ( my p is a m]cy f ,god4 ,! f\r rites may diff] ^u _m po9ts1 yet ! adh]5ts ( "o nev] dream ( reg>d+ ! adh]5ts ( ! o!rs z outside ! ,*ur* ( ,islam2 !y are n diss5t]s 9 ! ,engli% s5se4 ,god is m]ciful to 8 creatures1 & gives !m s mu* lib]ty ( *oice4 ,yet 9 practice ?is lib]ty is n great4 ,! pr9ciple ( swe>+ to ! words ( ! ma/] is a dead h& laid ^u ,islam4 ,a man's legal rite is g5]ally settl$ by ! place & o!r conditions ( 8 bir?1 & aft] he has once accept$ a rite1 he mu/1 if good & pi\s1 foll[ x 9 all its details4 ,only ! av[$ sceptic or ! recogniz$ ecc5tric c be an eclectic4 ,! geographical di/ribution ( ! rites is r\ghly z foll[s3 ,moslems 9 ,c5tral ,asia & nor!rn ,india & ! ,turks ev]y:]e are ,hanifites2 9 ,l[] ,egypt1 ,syria1 s\!rn ,india & ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago !y are ,%afiites2 9 ,upp] ,egypt & 9 nor? ,africa1 we/ ( ,egypt1 !y are ,malikites2 only ! ,wahhabis 7q4v47 9 c5tral ,arabia are ,hanbalites4 ,b ! w ( ! sov]eign has also _h a p[]ful influ5ce & has frequ5tly dictat$ ! legal1 z well z ! !ological1 affiliations ( 8 subjects4 ,! ,turks1 = example1 h ?r[n _! weight almo/ ev]y:]e on ! ,hanifite side4 ,_! policy is to appo9t only ,hanifite judges 7see ,,cadi71 al?\gh = private & p]sonal que/ions !y appo9t & pay ,muftis 7q4v47 ( ! o!r rites4 ,9 o!r cases1 ) a population ( mix$ legal adh]5ce1 ! gov]nm5t has be5 kn[n to appo9t judges ( diff]5t rites4 ,! ,%iite canon law is dealt ) sep>ately1 b "s m5tion ( two out/&+ sects is "h 9 place4 ,! ,ibadites 7see ,,mahomm$an ,,religion3 ,sects7 h a sy/em ( canon law :i* 9 ess5tials is ( old] codification ?an t ( any ( ! or?odox s*ools1 go+ back to ,abdallah ibn ,ibad himself1 ( ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,hijra 7,hejira74 ,its basis is above all ! ,koran1 !n a sp>+ use ( traditions1 natural to _! e>ly orig91 & f9ally ! agreem5t ( _! own le>n$ m51 aga9 natural to an extreme diss5t+ sect1 & x /ill rules ! ,ibadite communities at ,oman1 ,zanzib> & ! ,mzab 9 s\!rn ,alg]ia4 ,at all ^! places !y1 ! la/ desc5dants ( ! ,kh>ijites1 hold sev]ely ap>t1 :ile ! o!r ,moslems %r9k f !m z h]etics ( ! wor/4 ,n ne>ly s f> f ord9>y ,islam1 b /ill ( an extreme self-consci\s ,puritanism are ! ,wahhabis4 ,!y are really ,hanbalites1 b apply ! rules ( t s*ool ) uncompromis+1 re=m+ en]gy4 ,! doctr9e ( ! agreem5t ( ! ,*ur* ( ,islam !y reject2 only t ( ! imm$iate companions ( ,mahomet is valid4 ,! p ( ,mahomet c err & has err$2 ea* man mu/1 on 8 own responsibility1 draw 8 doctr9e f ! ,koran & ! traditions4 ,"h !y foll[ ! ,zahirites4 ,all ^! s*ools ( law adm9i/] a s*eme ( duties1 :i*1 z has already be5 rem>k$1 comes ne>e/ to ! canon law ( ! ,roman ,*ur*1 & :i* = c5turies has _h only a p>tial connexion ) ! real legal sy/ems ( ! ,moslem peoples4 ,among ! ,wahhabis & ,ibadites alone is x ! :ole ( law4 ,else:]e1 s9ce ! ,omayyad p]iod1 its c\rts h be5 9 great "p pu%$ aside by o!rs1 & its s*eme has come to be reg>d$ z an expression ( impossible !ory1 to be realiz$ at be/ ) ! com+ ( ! mill5nium4 ,! causes & me?ods ( ?is *ange call n[ = detail$ notice4 ,z ,islam spread beyond ! des]t & ! conditions 9 :i* ! life ( ,mahomet & 8 companions _h be5 ca/1 x came to regions1 climates1 cu/oms1 :]e ! ,arabian usages no long] held4 ,n only 7 ! prescripts ( ,m$9a ill adapt$ to ! new conditions2 ! new p _h legal usages ( _! own to :i* !y clung & :i* no?+ c\ld make !m ab&on4 ,x 0 r ! ,moslem lead]s :o 7 compell$ to ab&on _! ideas & = ! sake ( ! spread ( ,islam to accept & incorporate mu* t 0 diametrically oppos$ to ! orig9al legislation ei!r ( ! ,koran or ( ,mahomet's record$ decisions4 ,z 9 religion ! fai?s ( ! conqu]$ peoples 7 ?9ly v5e]$ ) ,moslem phrases1 s 9 law !re grew up a cu/om>y code 7adat7 = ea* c\ntry1 diff]+ f e o!r1 :i* (t5 completely obscur$ & annull$ ! prescriptions ( ! canon law4 ,! "o 0 an ideal sy/em1 /udi$ & prais$ by ! pi\s le>n$2 ! o!r 0 ! actual work+ ( law 9 ! c\rts4 ,b besides ! ob/9ate adh]5ce ( v>i\s peoples to _! old pa?s1 ! w ( individual rul]s 0 a det]m9+ factor4 ,:5 ^! ceas$ to be sa9ts & /ud5ts ( div9e ?+s1 & came to be worldly /atesm5 & opportuni/s1 foll[]s ( _! own objects & pleasures1 no sy/em c\ld hold :i* set a limit to _! au?ority4 ,! ,ori5tal rul] mu/ rule & judge on 8 own initiative1 & ! s*ools ( canon law t5d$ to r$uce ev]y?+ to an academic fix$ness4 ,!re ?us arose a new & specific /atute law1 emanat+ f ! sov]eign4 ,at fir/ he judg$ 9 ! gate z seem$ good 9 8 eyes & z 0 8 "r & duty 7cf4 c\rt ( oppressions2 see ,,mahomm$an ,,in/itutions72 lat]1 8 w 0 codifi$ z 9 ! ,turki% /atute law 7qawan97 d]iv$ f v>i\s ,european codes4 ,?us !re has gr[n up 9 almo/ e ,moslem c\ntry at lea/ two sy/ems ( c\rts1 ! "o adm9i/]+ ?is canon law1 & tak+ cognisance ( private & family affairs1 su* z m>riage1 divorce1 inh]itance1 its (ficials also giv+ rul+s on purely p]sonal religi\s que/ions1 su* z details ( ! ritual law1 ! law ( oa?s & v[s1 c42 ! o!r1 ! true law c\rts ( ! l&1 adm9i/]+ codes bas$ on local cu/om & ! decrees ( ! local rul]s4 ,a rift almo/ z important ent]$ ! legal life ( ! ,moslem l&s on ano!r side4 ,non-,moslem communities1 settl$ 9 ,moslem t]ritory1 h be5 uni=mly p]mitt$ to adm9i/] & judge !mselves accord+ to _! own cu/oms & laws4 ,save :5 !y come into direct contact & conflict ) ,moslems1 !y are left to !mselves ) a contemptu\s tol]ance4 ,! orig9 ( ?is attitude 9 ,islam appe>s to be ?reefold3 7i7 ,! ,islam ( !ory _c conceive ( a mix$ /ate2 x takes acc\nt1 only1 ( a /ate conta9+ none b ,moslems1 & its ideal is t ! :ole _w w1 9 ! end1 =m su* a /ate4 ,9 practice1 !n1 ,moslems try to %ut _! eyes to ! exi/5ce ( non-,moslems 9 _! mid/ & make no provision = !m until compell$4 ,t a non-,moslem %\ld h ! same civil position z a ,moslem is un?9kable4 7ii7 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 produces an attitude ( extreme contempt4 ,! only citiz5s are ,moslems & all o!rs are to be look$ d[n ^u & left to !mselves4 ,:at !y d or ?9k among !mselves does n matt]2 !y are outside ! r+-f5ce ( ,islam4 7iii7 ,a diff]5t1 b equally important1 cause is ! ,moslem indol5ce4 ,:5 ! ,arabs conqu]$1 !y knew t !y mu/ adm9i/] ! conqu]$ l&s1 & !y1 v wisely1 s\ght help f ! ma*9]y :i* !y f\nd 9 op]ation4 ,b besides ! ord9>y organization ( ! /ate1 !y f\nd also v>i\s ecclesia/ical organizations1 ,*ri/ian & ,jewi%1 & to ^! !y gave ov] ! adm9i/ration ( ! non-,moslem sections ( ! community1 mak+ _! rabbis & bi%ops _! responsible heads & ! l9ks ( contact ) ! ,moslem rul]s4 ,!y1 unque/ionably1 f\nd ! same me?od 9 use by ! ,byzant9e gov]nm5t2 b 9 ,moslem h&s x w5t s f> z to make a numb] ( little /ates 7millet1 milal7 )9 ! /ate & effectually to preclude ! possibility ( ev] weld+ all ! inhabitants ( ! l& into "o corporate life4 ,b ?is indol5ce1 :5 appli$ to resid5t ali5s1 _h consequ5ces /ill m s]i\s1 because ext]nal z well z int]nal4 ,foll[+ ! same me?od ( leav+ ! unbeliev] to settle 8 affairs = himself1 ! ,european m]*ant1 liv+ & trad+ 9 ! ,ea/1 0 put fir/ by usage & f9ally by treaty "u ! jurisdiction & control ( 8 own consul4 ,?us !re grew up ! extra-t]ritorial law ( ! capitulations & conv5tions1 by :i* ! sanctity ( ! p]son & h\sehold ( an ambassador is ext5d$ to e ,european4 ,& ?is 9 turn1 has react$ on ! /atus ( ! non-,moslem subject races1 & has come to be ! indirect b *ief support on :i* !y lean4 ,?r\gh x1 an elem5t has develop$ :i* makes x practically impossible = a ,moslem /ate to introduce legal *anges ev5 remotely affect+ its non-,moslem population1 ali5 or subject1 )\t ! cons5t ( ! ,european embassies4 ,any *ange may be upset by _! refusal to accept x z incompatible ) ! capitulations & conv5tions4 ,! embassies h ?us1 z int]pret]s ( a "p1 at lea/1 ( ! con/itution1 come to hold a position rem>kably1 if absurdly1 l t ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7see ,"y1 ,corps de droit ,ottoman1 passim74 ,!re may be said1 !n1 9 %ort1 to be ?ree elem5ts 9 ! legal life ( a ,moslem /ate3 ! sacr$ & fix$ canon law ( ,islam2 ! civil law1 bas$ on ! usages ( ! diff]5t peoples1 ,moslem & non-,moslem1 & on /atutes go+ back to ! w ( rul]s2 ! int]national law ( ! capitulations1 ) a contractual sanction ( its own4 ,! hope = ! future 9 ,islam1 !re c be little d\bt1 lies 9 ! pr9ciple ( ! agreem5t ( ! ,moslem p1 ) its conception ( ca?olic unity1 & its ability1 ?r\gh t unity1 to make & abrogate laws4 ,z ! ,moslem peoples advance1 _! law c1 ?us1 advance ) !m1 & ! grasp ( ! dead h& ( ! canon law be gradually & legally releas$4 ,see ,i4 ,goldzih]1 ,muhamm$anis*e ,/udi51 ,i4 & ,,ii4 7,halle a4,s41 #ahhi-ahij72 ,zahirit5 7,leipzig1 #ahhd72 ,e4 ,sa*au1 ,zur lte/5 ,ges*i*te des muhamm$anis*5 ,re*ts 7,vi5na ,akad41 #ahgj7 & ,muhamm$anis*es ,re*t 7,/uttg>t & ,b]l91 #ahig72 ,sn\ck ,hurgronje1 review ( prec$+ 9 ,z4,d4,m4,g4 liii4 #abe seq4 & ,le droit musulman 7,rev4 de l'hi/4 des religions1 xxxvii4 #a seq4 & #agd seq472 ,juynboll1 ,h&leid+ tot de ,k5nis von de mohamm$aans*e ,wet 7,leid51 #aijc72 ,von ,krem]1 ,culturges*i*te des ,ori5ts unt] d5 ,*alif51 i4 #dgj seq4 7,vi5na1 #ahge-ahgg72 ,hughes1 ,diction>y ( ,islam1 pp4 #bhe seq4 7,london1 #ahif72 ,d4 ,b4 ,macdonald1 ,developm5t ( ,muslim ,!ology1 c41 pp4 #fe seq4 7,new ,york1 #aijc72 ,bukh>i1 ,les ,traditions islamiques traduites 444 p> ,o4 ,h\das et ,w4 ,m>cel 7,p>is1 #aijf72 ,n4 ,b4 ,e4 ,bailie1 ,dige/ ( ,moohummadan ,law 7#b vols41 ,london1 #ahge-ahhg74 ,a good bibliography appe>$ 9 ! ,bullet9 ( ! ,new ,york ,public ,libr>y = ,janu>y #aijg4 7,d4 ,b4 ,ma47 ,,mahomm$an ,,religion4 ,! ,mahomm$an religion is g5]ally kn[n z ,islam--! "n giv5 to x by ,mahomet himself--& mean+ ! resign+ or submitt+ oneself to ,god4 ,! p>ticiple ( ! same ,arabic v]b1 ,muslim 79 ,engli% usually spelt ,moslem71 is us$ = "o :o pr(esses ?is religion4 ,! expression ,mahomm$an religion has aris5 9 ! ,we/ probably f analogy ) ,*ri/ian religion1 b is n recogniz$ z a prop] "o by ,moslem writ]s4 ,islam claims to be a div9ely reveal$ religion giv5 to ! _w by ,mahomet1 :o 0 ! la/ ( a succession ( inspir$ prophets4 ,its doctr9e & practices are to be f\nd 9 7i7 ! ,book ( ,god--! ,koran--:i* 0 s5t d[n f ! highe/ heav5 to ,gabriel 9 ! l[e/1 :o 9 turn reveal$ x 9 sections to ,mahomet2 7#b7 ! collections ( tradition 7hadi?7 conta9+ ! say+s & mann] ( life 7sunna7 ( ! ,prophet2 7#c7 ! use ( analogy 7qiyas7 z appli$ to 7i7 & 7#b72 & 7#d7 ! univ]sal cons5t 7ijma'7 ( ! believ]s4 ,! wor%ip ( ,islam consi/s 9 7#a7 ! recital ( ! cre$2 7#b7 ! recital ( ! orda9$ pray]s2 7#c7 ! fa/ dur+ ! mon? ( ,ramadhan2 7#d7 alms-giv+2 7#e7 ! hajj1 ! pilgrimage to ,mecca4 ,! !ology ( ,islam f9ds its fir/ public expression among ! or?odox 9 ! tea*+ ( al-,a%ari 7d4 aft] #icb71 b _h its real beg9n+ among ! sects t arose soon aft] ! dea? ( ,mahomet4 ,islam is ! late/ ( ! s-call$ _w-religions1 & z sev]al ( ! o!rs 7 practis$ 9 ,arabia at ! "t ( ,mahomet1 & ! ,prophet und\bt$ly borr[$ "s ( 8 doctr9es & "s ( 8 practices f ^!1 x is necess>y to enum]ate !m & to indicate ! ext5t to :i* !y prevail$ 9 ! ,arabian _w4 ,relations ) ,o!r ,religions4--,! religions practis$ 9 ,arabia at ! "t ( ,mahomet 7 hea!nism1 ,judaism1 ,*ri/ianity1 & ,zoroa/rianism4 i4 ,hea!nism 0 ! religion ( ! majority ( ! ,arabs4 ,9 ! cities ( s\? ,arabia x 0 a survival f ! =ms repres5t$ 9 ! ,sabaean1 ,m9aean & ,himy>itic inscriptions ( s\? ,arabia 7see ,,arabia3 ,antiquities74 ,! m popul> =m curr5t among ! nomads is kn[n v imp]fectly f ! rema9s ( pre-,islamic poetry & su* works z ! ,kitab ul-,asnam conta9$ 9 ,yaqut's geography1 f ,%ahra/ani's "w on ! sects1 & f ! few ref]5ces 9 classical writ]s4 ,f ^! we h mo/ly names ( local deities 7cf4 ,j4 ,wellhaus51 ,re/e arabis*5 ,heid5tums1 #bnd ed41 ,b]l91 #ahig7 & anci5t religi\s cu/oms1 :i* rema9$ 9 "p aft] ! introduction ( ,islam 7cf4 ,w4 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,! ,religion ( ! ,semites1 ,ed9burgh1 #ahhi1 & ,k9%ip & ,m>riage 9 ,e>ly ,arabia1 ,cambridge1 #ahhe74 ,f ^! s\rces we le>n t ,arabian religion 0 a nature-wor%ip associat$ ) feti%ism4 ,sun1 moon & />s 7 wor%ipp$1 "s tribes be+ devot$ to ! wor%ip ( special con/ellations4 ,c]ta9 /ones1 wells & trees 7 reg>d$ z sacr$ & z conta9+ a deity4 ,_m 7p]haps mo/7 tribes _h _! own idols4 ,hobal 0 ! *ief god ( ! ,kaba 9 ,mecca ) its sacr$ /one1 b r\nd him 7 gr\p$ a numb] ( o!r tribal idols4 ,x 0 aga9/ ?is association 7%irk7 ( gods t ,mahomet inveigh$ 9 8 attempt to unify ! religion & polity ( ! ,arabs4 ,b !re 7 features 9 ?is hea!nism fav\rable to unity1 & ^! ,mahomet ei!r simply took ov] into ,islam or adapt$ = 8 purpose4 ,! popul>ity ( ! ,kaba 9 ,mecca z a place ( resort = wor%ipp]s f all p>ts ( ,arabia l$ ,mahomet n only to in/itute ! hajj z a duty1 b also to take ov] ! cu/oms connect$ ) ! hea!n wor%ip ( ^! visits1 & lat] to make ,mecca ! qibla1 i4e4 ! place to :i* 8 foll[]s turn$ :5 !y pray$4 ,! "n ( ,allah1 :o seems to h be5 ! god ( ! ,korei% 7cf4 ,d4 ,s4 ,m>goli\?1 ,mohamm$1 p4 #ai1 ,london1 #aije71 0 accept$ by ,mahomet z ! "n ( ! "o ,god1 ?\gh he ab&on$ ! correspond+ female deity ,al-lat4 #b4 ,judaism _h long be5 kn[n 9 ,arabia at ! "t ( ! ,prophet4 ,:e!r ,hebrews settl$ 9 ,arabia z e>ly z ! "t ( ,david 7cf4 ,r4 ,dozy1 ,die ,israelit5 zu ,mecca1 ,leipzig1 #ahfd71 or n1 is ( little importance "h z ,judaism _c be said to h exi/$ until ! end ( ! #e? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,! ,seleucid p]secutions & ! political tr\bles t end$ ) ! fall ( ,j]usalem 7,a4,d4 #gj7 probably s5t _m ,jews to ,arabia4 ,9 ! #e? & #f? c5turies ! hi/ory ( s\? ,arabia & ( ,nejran is l>gely t ( ! /rife betwe5 ,jews & ,*ri/ians4 ,9 ! nor?-we/ ! ,jews possess$ ,tema1 ,khaib>1 ,ya?rib 7,m$9a71 ,fadak1 & o!r small] settlem5ts4 ,9 ^! !y liv$ z self-conta9$ communities1 n seek+ to proselytize b work+ at _! trades1 especially conc]n$ ) money & jewelry4 ,mahomet seems to h expect$ _! help 9 8 proclamation ( mono!ism1 & 8 fir/ qibla 0 ,j]usalem4 ,x 0 only :5 !y refus$ to accept him z prophet t he turn$ 9 ang] aga9/ !m4 ,!y _h1 h[ev]1 suppli$ him ) mu* mat]ial f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & ! /ories ( creation1 ! patri>*s & e>ly k+s & prophets occur cont9ually 9 ! ,koran1 told evid5tly z !y 7 recit$ by ! common p & ) _m mi/akes caus$ by 8 own misund]/&+4 #c4 ,*ri/ianity1 ?\gh lat] ?an ,judaism1 _h a sure foot+ 9 ,arabia4 ,x _h suff]$ p]secution 9 ,nejran & _h be5 support$ 9 ! s\? by ! ,abyss9ian invasions4 ,! k+dom ( ,hira 0 l>gely ,*ri/ian2 ! same is true ( ! nor? ,arabian tribes ( ,bakr & ,taghlib1 & ea/ ( ! ,jordan & on ! ,syrian b\nd>y z well z 9 ,yemama ,*ri/ianity _h made progress4 ,pre-,islamic lit]ature conta9s _m allusions to ! tea*+ & practices ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,( ! "t ( its introduction little is kn[n2 little also ( ! =m 9 :i* x 0 taught1 save t x came f ! ,ea/]n ,*ur* & probably to a l>ge ext5t ?r\gh ,monophysite & ,ne/orian sects4 ,tradition says t ,mahomet he>d ,*ri/ian prea*+ at ! fair ( ,ukaz1 & he probably he>d m :5 he conduct$ ! c>avans ( ,khadija4 ,gospel /ories d]iv$ app>5tly f uncanonical works1 su* z ! ,gospel ( ! ,nativity1 occur 9 ! ,koran4 ,! asceticism ( ! monks attract$ 8 admiration4 ,a mi/ak5 notion ( ! ,tr9ity 0 %>ply attack$ by him4 ,x is curi\s t 8 foll[]s 9 ! e>lie/ times 7 call$ by ! hea!n ,arabs1 ,sabians 7q4v471 ?is be+ ! "n ( a semi-,*ri/ian sect4 ,9 ! "t ( ! ,omayyads ,*ri/ianity l$ to "s ( ! e>lie/ !ological sects ( ,islam 7see bel[74 #d4 ,zoroa/rianism 0 kn[n to ! ,arab tribes 9 ! nor?-ea/1 b does n seem to h ex]cis$ any influ5ce 9 ,mecca or ,m$9a except indirectly ?r\gh ,judaism 9 its angelology4 ,z soon1 h[ev]1 z ! armies ( ,islam conqu]$ ,mesopotamia x began to p5etrate ! ?\ght & practices ( ,islam 7see bel[74 ,s\rces ( ,au?ority4--,islam1 z we h said1 is f\nd$ on3 7#a7 ! ,koran2 7#b7 ! tradition or r ! sunna 7mann] ( life ( ,mahomet7 conta9$ 9 ! tradition 7,hadi?72 7#c7 ijma2 ! univ]sal agreem5t2 7#d7 qiyas 7analogy74 #a4 ,! ,koran#a 7prop]ly ,qur'an f q>a'a to collect1 or to read1 recite7 is ! copy ( an uncreat$ orig9al pres]v$ by ,god 7see bel[71 s5t d[n f ! sev5? heav5 to ,gabriel 9 ! fir/ heav51 & reveal$ to ,mahomet 9 sections z occasion requir$4 ,^! revelations 7 recit$ by ! ,prophet & 9 _m cases writt5 d[n at once1 ?\gh f ii4 #ajj x w\ld seem t ?is 0 n always ! case4 ,god is ! speak] ?r\gh\t ! revelations4 ,x seems probable t ! :ole ,koran 0 writt5 9 ,mahomet's lifetime1 b n br\ght toge!r z a :ole or arrang$ 9 ord]4 ,z x exi/s n[ ! ,koran consi/s ( #aad *apt]s call$ suras 7f sura1 a r[ ( bricks 9 a wall1 a degree or /ep74 ,! fir/ is ! ,fatiha 7op5+71 :i* occupies ! place ( ! ,"l's ,pray] 9 ,*ri/ianity4 ,! o!rs are arrang$ g5]ally 9 ord] ( l5g?1 ! longe/ com+ fir/1 ! %orte/ 7(t5 ! e>lie/ 9 date7 com+ at ! end4 ,c]ta9 gr\ps1 h[ev]1 indicat$ by initial unv[ell$ lett]s1 seem to h be5 kept toge!r f ! "t ( ! ,prophet4 ,at ! head ( ea* sura is a title1 ! place ( its orig9 7,mecca or ,m$9a7 & ! numb] ( its v]ses 7ayat7 toge!r ) ! =mula1 ,9 ! "n ( ,god ! ,m]ciful1 ! ,compassionate 7except 9 sura #i74 ,= liturgical purposes ! :ole book is divid$ into #fj sections 7ahzab7 or into #cj divisions 7ajza71 ea* subdivid$ into a numb] ( pro/rations 7ruka or sajda74 ,! orig9 ( ! collect$ & writt5 ,koran is due to ,om>1 :o 9 ! caliphate ( ,abu ,bekr po9t$ out t _m possessors ( suras 7 be+ sla9 9 ! battles ( ,islam & _! prop]ty lo/1 t !re 0 a dang] 9 ?is way t mu* ( ! revelation might disappe>1 & t m5 7 unc]ta9 :at 0 to be accept$ z g5u9e revelation4 ,accord+ly ,zaid ibn ,?abit :o _h be5 secret>y to ,mahomet1 0 commission$ to collect all he c\ld f9d ( ! revelation4 ,8 "w seems to h be5 simply t ( a collector4 ,he seems to h done 8 "w ?or\ghly & made a copy ( ! :ole = ,abu ,bekr4 ,! collection 0 ?us *iefly a private matt]1 & ?is copy pass$ aft] ,abu ,bekr's dea? into ! h&s ( ,om>1 & aft] 8 dea? to ,hafsa1 daught] ( ,om>1 a wid[ ( ,mahomet4 ,9 ! caliphate ( ,o?man x 0 discov]$ t !re 7 s]i\s diff]5ces betwe5 ! read+s ( ! ,koran possess$ by ! ,syrian troops & ^? ( ! ,ea/]n soldi]s1 & ,o?man 0 urg$ to h a copy prep>$ :i* %\ld be au?oritative = ! ,moslem _w4 ,he appo9t$ ,zaid ibn ,?abit & ?ree memb]s ( ! tribe ( ,korei% 7,qurai%7 to d ! "w4 ,ea* ( ^! made a copy ( ,abu ,bekr's collection1 c>efully pres]v+ ,korei%ite =ms ( words4 ,h[ f> ! text 0 am5d$ by ! help ( o!r copies is d\btful2 9 any case ! mode ( proc$ure 0 und\bt$ly v cons]vative4 ,! f\r simil> manuscripts 7 s5t1 "o ea* to ,m$9a1 ,cufa 7,kufa71 ,basra & ,damascus1 & an ord] 0 issu$ t all diff]+ copies %\ld be de/roy$4 ,9 spite ( ! p]sonal unpopul>ity ( ,o?man ?is rec5sion 0 adopt$ by ! ,moslem _w & rema9s ! only /&>d text4 ,a few v>iant read+s & diff]5ces ( ord] ( ! suras 9 ! collections ( ,ubay ibn ,kab & ( ,ibn ,masud 71 h[ev]1 kn[n to lat] comm5tators4 ,! only v>iants aft] ! "t ( ,o?man 7 ow+ to diff]5t possible ways ( pron\nc+ ! consonantal text4 ,^! are usually ( little importance = ! mean+4 ,z ! text is n[ always v[ell$1 v>iations are f\nd 9 ! v[els ( diff]5t copies1 & ! op9ions ( sev5 lead+ read]s are reg>d$ z wor?y ( respect by comm5tators 7see ,?4 ,nldeke1 ,ges*i*te des ,qorans1 pp4 #bgi seq41 ,gtt+51 #ahfj74 ,v>i\s *>act]i/ics enable "o to e/abli% ) m or less c]ta9ty ! relative *ronological ord] ( ! suras 9 ! ,koran1 at any rate s f> z to place !m 9 ! fir/ or second ,meccan p]iod or t ( ,m$9a4 ,! =m ( ! s5t5ces is a guide1 = ! e>lie/ p>ts are usually writt5 9 ! saj =m 7see ,,arabia3 ,lit]ature74 ,! expressions us$ also help2 ?us ! ,o ye p ( ! ,meccan p]iod is replac$ 9 ! ,m$9a suras by ,o ye :o believe4 ,! oa?s 9 ! fir/ ,meccan p]iod are long]1 9 ! second %ort]1 & are abs5t 9 ! ,m$9an4 ,9 ! e>lie/ p]iod ! /yle is m elevat$ & passionate4 ,occasionally ! "t ( orig9 is det]m9$ by ref]5ce to hi/orical ev5ts4 ,9 accordance ) su* pr9ciples ( criticism two lead+ s*ol>s1 ,nldeke 7loc4 cit47 & ,h4 ,grimme 79 8 ,mohamm$ ,zweit] ,teil4 ,e9leitung 9 d5 ,koran4 ,sy/em d] koranis*5 ,!ologie1 ,mn/]1 #ahie71 h arrang$ ! suras z foll[s3-- ,ord] ( ,suras 9 ,koran4 ,n,,ldeke4 ,mecca4 #a/ to #e? yr4 7a74 #if4 #gd4 #aaa4 #ajf4 #ajh4 #ajd4 #ajg4 #ajb4 #aje4 #ib4 #ij4 #id4 #ic4 #ig4 #hf4 #ia4 #hj4 #fh4 #hg4 #ie4 #ajc4 #he4 #gc4 #aja4 #ii4 #hb4 #ha4 #ec4 #hd4 #ajj4 #gi4 #gg4 #gh4 #hh4 #hi4 #ge4 #hc4 #fi4 #ea4 #eb4 #ef4 #gj4 #ee4 #aab4 #aji4 #aac4 #aad4 #a4 #e? & #f? yr4 7b74 #ed4 #cg4 #ga4 #gf4 #dd4 #ej4 #bj4 #bf4 #ae4 #ai4 #ch4 #cf4 #dc4 #gb4 #fg4 #bc4 #ba4 #be4 #ag4 #bg4 #ah4 #g? yr4 to ,flight 7c74 #cb4 #da4 #de4 #af4 #cj4 #aa4 #ad4 #ab4 #dj4 #bh4 #ci4 #bi4 #ca4 #db4 #aj4 #cd4 #ce4 #g4 #df4 #f4 #ac4 ,m$9a4 #b4 #ih4 #fd4 #fb4 #h4 #dg4 #c4 #fa4 #eg4 #d4 #fe4 #ei4 #cc4 #fc4 #bd4 #eh4 #bb4 #dh4 #ff4 #fj4 #aaj4 #di4 #i4 #e4 ,,grimme4 ,mecca1 7#a74 #b ,9 old saj =m3 #aaa4 #ajg4 #ajf4 #aje4 #ajd4 #ajc4 #ajb4 #aja4 #ajj4 #ii4 #ajh4 #if4 #ie4 #id4 #ic4 #ib4 #ia4 #ij4 #hi4 #hh4 #hg4 #hf4 #he4 #hd4 #hc4 #hb4 #ha4 #hj4 #gi4 #gh4 #gg4 #gf4 #ge4 #gd4 #gc4 #gj4 #fi4 #fh4 #aad4 #aac4 #cf4 #ee4 #ed4 #ec4 #eb4 #ea4 #ej4 #ae4 #bb4 #ad4 7#b74 ,9 loos5$ saj =m3 #df4 #gb4 #de4 #dd4 #da4 #ig4 #dj4 #ci4 #ch4 #cg4 #cf4 #ce4 #cd4 #cb4 #ca4 #fg4 #cj4 #bi4 #bh4 #bg4 #bf4 #ga4 #be4 #bj4 #bc4 #dc4 #ba4 #ai4 #a4 #db4 #ah4 #ag4 ,m$9a4 #af4 #ac4 #ab4 #aa4 #aj4 #g4 #f4 #ih4 7#aab4 #aji74 ,f ! ,flight to ,badr4 #b4 #fb4 #e7ae4hh4ajh-abj74 #dg & "s int]polations 9 ,meccan suras4 ,f ,badr to ,ohod #h4 #bd4 #ei4 ,f ,ohod to capture ( ,mecca4 #c4 #bi7a-ab74 #d4 #eg4 #fd4 #fa4 #fj4 #eh4 #fe4 #cc4 #fc4 #di4 #aaj4 #dh4 #e7a-ad74 #ff4 #i7a-bd74 ,aft] capture ( ,mecca4 #i7be-abd74 ,!ology4 ,on ! supposition t ! arrangem5ts giv5 above are at any rate approximately correct1 x is possible to trace a c]ta9 developm5t 9 ! tea*+ ( ! ,koran on "s ( ! *ief dogmas4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be borne 9 m9d t or?odox ,islam recognizes ! ,koran z ! "w n ( ,mahomet b ( ,god4 ,yet ,moslem !ologians recognize t "s revelations are inconsi/5t ) o!rs1 & s h develop$ ! doctr9e ( nasikh & mansukh 7abrogat+ & abrogat$71 :]eby x is taught t 9 c]ta9 def9ite cases a lat] revelation sup]s$es an e>li]4 ,a critical /udy ( ! ,koran %[s 9 ! e>li] revelations ! m>ks ( a reflective m9d tra9$ "u ! influ5ce ( ,arabian education & /irr$ by an acqua9tance 7some:at imp]fect7 ) ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity4 ,! lat] revelations seem to be influ5c$ by ! n[ dom9ant position ( ! ,prophet & a desire aft] ! capture ( ,mecca to incorporate su* hea!n religi\s c]emonies z are national4 ,god is "o & univ]sal f ! beg9n+4 ,8 unity is emphasiz$ z aga9/ ! mi/ak5 conception ( ! ,*ri/ian ,tr9ity4 ,at fir/ 8 might is taught by ! "n ,rabb 7,"l7 :i* is g5]ally us$ ) an attribute z ! highe/ ,"l1 ,"l ( ! worlds1 ,"l ( m51 ,"l ( heav5 & e>?1 ,"l ( ! ,ea/ & ,we/1 or our ,"l4 ,!n he is id5tifi$ ) ! god ,allah 7see above7 & ! fir/ "p ( ! lat] ,moslem cre$ is ann\nc$--la ilaha illa-llaha1 !re is no god b ,allah4 ,b e act ( creation is a pro( n only ( ,god's p[] b also ( 8 b5efic5ce 7xiv4 #cg71 & s he becomes kn[n z ar-,rahman1 ! ,compassionate4 ,! attributes ( ,god may all be arrang$ 9 ! ?ree classes ( 8 p[]1 unity & goodness4 ,!y are express$ by ! n9ety-n9e beautiful names appli$ to him 9 ! ,koran 7see ,e4 ,h4 ,palm]1 ,! ,quran 9 ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 vi41 ,introd4 pp4 #fg-fh1 ,ox=d1 #ahhj74 ,9 ! ,m$9a p]iod ( ,mahomet's life ! nature ( ,god is n s cle>1 & ! description ( x v>ies accord+ to ! moods ( ! ,prophet4 ,spirits4 ,beside ,god are two o!r uncreat$ be+s3 7#a7 ! orig9al ( ! ,koran1 ! "m ( ! ,book 7xliii4 #c7 on a pres]v$ tablet 7lauh mahfuz7 7lxxxv4 #bb71 9 accordance ) :i* ,god acts1 & 7#b7 ! ?rone 7kursi7 7ii4 #bef74 ,:5 ! heav5s are creat$1 ,god sits on 8 ?rone 9 ! sev5? heav52 ar\nd him are angels1 pure1 sexless be+s1 "s ( :om be> ! ?rone1 :ile "s are engag$ 9 prais+ him cont9ually4 ,!y are also 8 mess5g]s & are s5t to fight ) ! believ]s aga9/ ! hea!n4 ,"s are ! gu>dian angels ( m51 o!rs are ! wat*m5 ( hell4 ,m$iate be+s betwe5 ,god & man are ! ^w 7amr7 & f x ! _s 7ruh7 or holy _s 7ruh ul-qudus74 ,ano!r manife/ation ( ,god to ! believ]s only is ! glory 7sak9a74 ,cosmology4 ,e?ics4 ,god creat$ ! _w 9 six days accord+ to ! plan ( ! ,book4 ,ea* new life 0 creat$ by ,god's brea?+ into x a s\l4 ,! duality ( s\l & body is ma9ta9$4 ,9 ea* man is a good & a bad impulse4 ,! bad impulse :i* 0 lat5t 9 ,adam 0 r\s$ to action by ,satan 7,iblis74 ,adam by 8 fall lo/ ! grace ( ,god1 :i* 0 re/or$ to him solely by ! graci\s *oice ( ,god4 ,betwe5 m5 & angels 9 _! nature are ! g5ii 7j9n7 male & female1 inhabitants ( des]t places1 creat$ f smokeless fire4 ,!y _h be5 accu/om$ to spy r\nd heav51 b 9 ,mahomet's "t c\ld le>n no m ( its secrets4 ,"s ( !m 7 conv]t$ by ! ,prophet's tea*+4 ,l[e/ ( creation 9 8 e/ate is ,satan 7,%aitan71 :o 0 an angel b 0 expell$ f heav5 because he refus$ to wor%ip ,adam at 8 ,"l's comm&4 ,god has reveal$ himself to man by 7#a7 writ+ 7kitab71 & 7#b7 prophets4 ,z he _h giv5 to ! ,jews ! ,law 7,taurat7 & to ! ,*ri/ians ! ,gospel 7,injil7 s he reveal$ to ,mahomet ! ,koran 7,quran1 kn[n also by o!r names1 e4g4 al-,furqan1 at-,tafsil1 c471 ea* s+le revelation be+ call$ an aya4 ,) 8 revelation ,god has also s5t an apo/le or prophet to ea* p4 ,sev]al ( ^! are m5tion$ 9 ! ,koran1 ,moses ! prophet ( ! ,jews1 ,jesus 7,isa7 t ( ! ,*ri/ians4 ,mahomet is n only ! apo/le ( ! ,moslems b ! seal ( ! prophets1 i4e4 ! f9al memb] ( ! class4 ,8 mission at fir/ 0 to w>n m5 ( imm95t judgm5t4 ,lat] he became m ( a tea*]4 ,at fir/ he seems to h reli$ = ! salvation ( m5 on 8 natural faculties1 b lat] ann\nc$ ! doctr9e ( ,god's election4 ,! e?ics ( ! ,koran are bas$ on belief 7iman7 & good works1 ! latt] alone occurr+ 9 ! e>ly ,meccan suras4 ,fe> ( ! judgm5t ( ,god 0 a motive ( action2 ?is is foll[$ by rep5tance & turn+ to ,god4 ,a complete surr5d] to ,god's w 7islam7 is ! necess>y condition ( religi\s life & is express$ 9 ! phrase s common 9 ev]yday spee* among ! ,moslems--in%allah1 if ,god w4 ,god has full p[] to ov]look evil de$s if he w4 ,unbeliev]s c acquire no m]it1 h[ev] moral _! actions4 ,a %ort acc\nt ( ! *ief e?ical requirem5ts ( ! ,koran is giv5 9 xvii4 #bc-dj3-- ,put n ,god ) o!r gods1 or ?\ wilt sit despis$ & =sak54 ,?y ,"l has decre$ t ye %all n s]ve o!r ?an ,him2 & k9dness to "o's p>5ts1 :e!r "o or bo? ( !m rea* old age ) !e1 & say n to !m1 ',fie1' & d n grumble at !m1 b speak to !m a g5]\s spee*4 ,& l[] to !m ! w+ ( humility out ( compassion1 & say1 ',o ,"l6 h compassion on !m z !y br\ght me up :5 ,i 0 little6' ,y\r ,"l kn[s be/ :at is 9 y\r s\ls if ye be righte\s1 &1 v]ily1 ,he is =giv+ unto ^? :o come back p5it5t4 ,& give ?y k9sman 8 due & ! poor & ! son ( ! road2 & wa/e n wa/efully1 = ! wa/eful 7 ev] ! devil's bro!rs1 & ! devil is ev] ungrateful to 8 ,"l4 ,b if ?\ do/ turn away f !m to seek aft] m]cy f ?y ,"l1 :i* ?\ hope/ =1 !n speak to !m an easy spee*4 ,make n ?y h& fett]$ to ?y neck1 nor yet spread x out q op51 le/ ?\ %\lde/ h to sit d[n blam$ & /raight5$ 9 means4 ,v]ily1 ?y ,"l spreads out provision to :omsoev] ,he w or ,he doles x out4 ,v]ily1 ,he is ev] well aw>e ( & sees ,8 s]vants4 ,& slay n y\r *ildr5 = fe> ( pov]ty2 we w provide = !m2 bew>e6 = to slay !m is ev] a great s94 ,& draw n ne> to =nication2 v]ily1 x is ev] an abom9ation1 & evil is ! way !re(4 ,& slay n ! s\l t ,god has =bidd5 y1 except = j cause2 = he :o is sla9 unju/ly we h giv5 8 next ( k9 au?ority2 yet let him n exce$ 9 slay+2 v]ily1 he is ev] help$4 ,& draw n ne> to ! weal? ( ! orphan1 save to improve x1 until he rea*es ! age ( pub]ty1 & fulfil y\r compacts2 v]ily1 a compact is ev] enquir$ (4 ,& give full measure :5 ye measure out1 & weigh ) a "r balance2 t is bett] & a fair] det]m9ation4 ,& d n pursue t ( :i* ?\ ha/ no k2 v]ily1 ! he>+1 ! sight & ! he>t1 all ( ^! %all be enquir$ (4 ,& walk n on ! e>? pr\dly2 v]ily1 ?\ can/ n cleave ! e>?1 & ?\ %alt n rea* ! m\nta9s 9 height4 ,all ?is is ev] evil 9 ! sight ( y\r ,"l & abhorr$4 7,e4 ,h4 ,palm]'s translation47 ,es*atology4 ,! es*atology ( ! ,koran is especially prom95t 9 its e>li] p>ts4 ,! resurrection1 la/ judgm5t1 p>adise & hell are all describ$4 ,at dea? ! body aga9 becomes e>?1 :ile ! s\l s9ks into a /ate ( sleep or unconsci\sness4 ,at a "t decre$1 kn[n z ! h\r 7z-,saa71 ! day ( resurrection 7yaum ul-qiyyama71 day ( judgm5t 7yaum-ud-d971 c41 an angel w call or w s\nd a trumpet1 ! e>? w be brok5 up1 & ! s\l w rejo9 ! body4 ,god w appe> on 8 ?rone ) angels4 ,! great book w be op5$1 & a li/ ( 8 de$s w be giv5 to e man1 to ! good 9 8 "r h&1 to ! evil 9 8 left 7sura #fi74 ,a balance w be us$ to weigh ! de$s4 ,! j9n w te/ify aga9/ ! idolat]s4 ,! righte\s w !n obta9 et]nal peace & joy 9 ! g>d5 7al-janna7 & ! wick$ w be ca/ into ! fi]y dit* 7,jahannam71 :]e pa9s ( body & ( s\l are unit$4 #b4 ,! ,tradition4--,! revelation ( ,god is tw(old--9 a writ+ & by a prophet4 ,! =m] 0 conta9$ 9 ! ,koran1 ! latt] 0 kn[n f ! actions ( ,mahomet 9 ! diff]5t circum/ances ( life4 ,! mann] ( life ( ! ,prophet 7sunna7 0 conta9$ 9 ! tradition 7al-hadi?74 ,! in=mation requir$ 0 at fir/ naturally obta9$ by ^w ( m\? f ! companions & help]s ( ,mahomet4 ,^! 9 turn bequea!d _! in=mation to _! y\ng] companions1 :o quot$ traditions & gave decisions 9 _! names4 ,= long ^! traditions circulat$ orally1 ! au?ority ( ea* dep5d+ on ! p]son :o fir/ gave x & ! reliability ( ! *a9 7isnad7 ( m5 :o _h pass$ x on f him4 ,at fir/ ?is tradition 0 reg>d$ z explanatory (1 or at ! mo/ supplem5t>y to1 ! tea*+ ( ! ,koran4 ,e>ly ,moslem tea*]s po9t$ to ! ,jews z hav+ two law-books--! ,taurat & ! ,mi%na--:ile ,islam _h only "o--! ,koran4 ,b op9ion *ang$1 ! value ( tradition z an indep5d5t revelation came to be m highly e/eem$ until at la/ x 0 s]i\sly discuss$ :e!r a tradition might n abrogate a passage ( ! ,koran ) :i* x 0 at v>iance4 ,! writ+ ( traditions 0 at fir/ /rongly disc\rag$1 & = m ?an a c5tury ! /ories ( ! ,prophet's conduct pass$ f m\? to m\?4 ,_h all ! n>rators be5 pi\s m51 ?is might h be5 tol]able1 b ?is 0 n ! case4 ,! ,omayyad dyna/y 0 n a pi\s "o4 ,m5 :o 7 n religi\s b wi%$ to appe> s inv5t$ traditions to ju/ify _! mann] ( life4 ,! sect>ians did n hesitate to adopt ! same means ( spread+ _! own tea*+4 ,_m ,moslem writ]s te/ify to ! fact t =g$ traditions 7 circulat$1 & t religi\s op9ion 0 confus$ !reby4 ,! ne$ = "s sort ( au?oritative collection seems to h be5 felt by ! "o pi\s ,omayyad caliph1 ,om> ,,ii4 7#gag-gbj71 :o is said to h ord]$ ,ibn ,%ihab uz-,zuhri to make su* a collection4 ,( ?is "w1 if x 0 c>ri$ out1 we "k no?+ fur!r4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 by a man born dur+ ?is reign t ! fir/ sy/ematic collection ( traditions 0 made--! ,muwatta ( ,malik ibn ,anas 7q4v474 ,yet ?is "w is n a book ( tradition 9 ! religi\s s5se1 x is really a corpus juris & n a complete "o4 ,! object ( ,malik 0 simply to record e tradition t _h be5 us$ to give effect to a legal decision4 ,! "w ( sift+ ! va/ mass ( traditions & arrang+ !m accord+ to _! relation to ! diff]5t p>ts ( religi\s life & practice 0 fir/ und]tak5 9 ! #crd c5tury ( ,islam 7,a4,d4 #hae-iab74 ,9 ?is c5tury all ! six collections aft]w>ds reg>d$ z canonical by ! ,sunnites 7or?odox7 7 made4 ,by ?is "t an imm5se numb] ( traditions 0 9 circulation4 ,bukh>i 9 ! c\rse ( sixte5 ye>s' j\rney+ ?r\gh ,moslem l&s collect$ #fjj1jjj1 & ( ^! includ$ #gbge 7or1 all[+ = repetitions1 #djjj7 9 8 "w4 ,! six collections ( tradition receiv$ by ! ,sunnites z au?oritative are3 7i7 ,! ,kitab ul-jami u-,sahih ( ,bukh>i 7q4v47 7#haj-hgj74 ,?is is ! mo/ respect$ ?r\gh\t ! ,moslem _w & mo/ c>efully compil$ 7ed4 ,l4 ,krehl & ,t4 ,w4 ,juynboll1 ,leid51 #ahfb--;& frequ5tly 9 ! ,ea/2 also ) _m comm5t>ies4 ,fr5* translation by ,o4 ,h\das & ,w4 ,m>cais1 ,p>is1 #aijc sqq474 7ii7 ,! ,sahih ( ,muslim 7#hag-hge7 ) an introduction on ! sci5ce ( tradition 7ed4 ,calcutta1 #ahdi1 c474 7iii7 ,! ,kitab u-,sunan ( ,abu ,daud 7#hag-hhh7 7ed4 ,cairo1 #ahfc1 ,luckn[1 #ahhh1 ,delhi1 #ahij74 7iv7 ,! ,jami u-,sahih ( ,tirmidhi 7q4v474 7v7 ,! ,kitab u-,sunan ( ,nasa i 7#hcj-iae7 7ed4 ,cairo1 #ahid74 7vi7 ,! ,kitab u-,sunan ( ,ibn ,maja 7#hbd-hff7 7ed4 ,delhi1 #ahfe & #ahhi74 ,! la/ f\r are n held 9 ! same repute z ! fir/ two4 #c4 ,ijma is ! univ]sal cons5t :i* is held to ju/ify practices or beliefs1 al?\gh !y are n w>rant$ by ! ,koran or tradition1 & may be inconsi/5t ) ! app>5t tea*+ ( "o or bo? ( ^!4 ,^! beliefs & practices1 :i* _h (t5 come f ! pre-,islamic cu/oms ( ^? :o _h become believ]s1 seem to h escap$ notice until ! ,abbasid p]iod4 ,!y 7 too deeply root$ 9 ! lives ( m5 to be aboli%$4 ,x became necess>y ei!r to f9d a tradition to abrogate ! e>li] =bidd+ "o1 or to ackn[l$ge t ijma is high] ?an ! tradition4 ,! =m] exp$i5t 0 resort$ to by "s lat] !ologians 7e4g4 ,nawawi7 by a fiction t su* a tradition exi/$ ?\gh x 0 n f\nd n[ 9 writ+4 ,b 9 e>li] times "s 7z ,ibn ,qutaiba7 _h adopt$ ! latt] alt]native1 say+ t ! tru? c be d]iv$ mu* e>li] f ! ijma ?an f ! tradition1 because x is n op5 to ! same *ances ( corruption 9 its transmission z ! latt]4 ,tradition itself 0 f\nd to confirm ?is view1 = ! ,prophet is relat$ to h said1 ,my p does n agree to an error4 ,b ijma itself has be5 us$ 9 diff]5t s5ses3 7i7 ,! ijma ( ,m$9a 0 us$ to indicate ! au?ority com+ f ! practices ( ! p ( ,m$9a 7see bel[74 7ii7 ,! ijma ( ! :ole community ( ,moslems is t mo/ commonly recogniz$4 ,x 0 us$ to support fealty to ! ,abbasid dyna/y4 ,by x ! six books ( tradition m5tion$ above are recogniz$ z au?oritative1 & x is ! ju/ification ( ! conception ( ,mahomet z sup]human4 7iii7 ,"s ( ! m ?\ghtful !ologians recognize only ! ijma ( ! doctors or ! tea*]s ( ,islam 7! mujtahidun71 ^! be+ re/rict$ by ! or?odox to ! fir/ few g5]ations aft] ,mahomet1 :ile ! ,%iites all[ ! exi/5ce ( su* up to ! pres5t "t4 #d4 ,! f\r? basis ( ,islam is qiyas1 i4e4 analogy4 ,x is t process by :i* a belief or practice is ju/ifi$ on ! gr\nd ( some?+ simil> b n id5tical 9 ! ,koran1 ! tradition or ijma4 ,orig9ally x seems to h be5 in/itut$ z a *eck ^u ! use ( private op9ion 7ra'y7 9 ! tea*+ ( doctr9e4 ,! ext5t to :i* x may be us$ is a subject ( mu* discussion among !ologians4 ,"s w\ld apply x only to a mat]ial simil>ity1 o!rs to simil>ity ( motive or cause z well4 ,wor%ip & ,ritual4--,! acts ( wor%ip requir$ by ,islam are five 9 numb]3 7i7 ! recital ( ! cre$2 7ii47 obs]vance ( ! five daily pray]s2 7iii7 ! fa/ 9 ! mon? ( ,ramadhan2 7iv7 giv+ ( ! legal alms2 7v7 ! pilgrimage to ,mecca4 ,cre$4 i4 ,! cre$ is belief--la ilaha illa-llahu1 ,muhammad rasul allahi1 !re is no god b ,god 7,allah71 ,mahomet is ! apo/le ( ,god4 ,x is requir$ t ?is %all be recit$ at lea/ once 9 a lifetime al\d1 correctly1 ) full und]/&+ ( its mean+ & ) he>tfelt belief 9 its tru?4 ,x is to be pr(ess$ )\t hesitation at any "t until dea?4 ,pray]4 ii4 ,e man :o pr(esses ,islam is requir$ 9 ord9>y life to pray five times 9 ea* day4 ,9 ! ,koran ^! pray]s are comm&$1 ?\gh f\r only are m5tion$4 ,:]e=e glorify ,god1 :5 ! ev5+ ov]take? y1 & :5 ye rise 9 ! morn+1 & unto ,him be praise 9 ,heav5 & e>?2 & 9 ! ev5+ & :5 ye re/ at noon 7xxx4 #af-ag71 b comm5tators say ! ev5+ includes ! sunset & aft] sunset4 ,! five times !re=e are3 7#a7 ,dawn or j be=e sunrise1 7#b7 j aft] noon1 7#c7 be=e sunset1 7#d7 j aft] sunset1 & 7#e7 j aft] ! day has clos$4 ,tradition decides )9 :at limits ! recitals may be delay$ )\t impair+ _! validity4 ,pray] is prec$$ by ! less] ablution 7wadu7 consi/+ 9 ! wa%+ ( face1 h&s 7to ! elb[s7 & feet 9 prescrib$ mann]4 ,complete wa%+ ( ! body 7ghusl7 is requir$ only aft] legal pollution4 ,9 pray] ! wor%ipp] faces ! qibla 7direction ( pray]71 :i* 0 at fir/ ,j]usalem1 b 0 *ang$ by ! ,prophet to ,mecca4 ,9 a mosque ! qibla is indicat$ by a ni*e 7mihrab7 9 "o ( ! walls4 ,! pray]s consi/ ( prescrib$ ejaculations1 petitions1 & ! recital ( p>ts ( ! ,koran1 always includ+ ! fir/ sura1 accompani$ by pro/rations ( ! body4 ,detail$ physical positions are prescrib$ = ea* "p ( ! wor%ip2 ^! v>y slightly 9 ! f\r or?odox s*ools 7see bel[74 ,on a j\rney1 9 "t ( w> or 9 o!r special circum/ances1 ! set =m ( pray]s may be modifi$ 9 accordance ) appo9t$ rules4 ,besides ^! private pray]s1 !re is ! pray] ( ! assembly1 :i* is obs]v$ on a ,friday 7yaum ul-jam'a1 ! day ( assembly7 9 a mosque1 & is usually accompani$ by an address or declamation 7khutba7 deliv]$ f a /ep ( ! pulpit 7m9b>74 ,special pray]s are also prescrib$ = c]ta9 occasions1 z on ! eclipse ( ! sun or ! moon1 c4 ,among ! ,sufis special att5tion is giv5 to in=mal pray]1 consi/+ *iefly 9 ! cont9ual repetition ( ! "n ( ,god 7dhikr7 7see ,,sufi',,ism74 ,?is is /ill a *>act]i/ic ( "s ( ! d]vi% 7q4v47 communities4 ,fa/+4 iii4 ,! comm& to fa/ beg9s ) ! words1 ,o ye :o believe6 ,!re is prescrib$ = y ! fa/1 z x 0 prescrib$ = ^? be=e y4 ,! expression ^? be=e y has be5 tak5 to ref] to ! ,jews1 :o fa/$ on ! day ( atonem5t1 b m probably ref]s to ! long fa/ ( ?irty-six days obs]v$ by ! ,ea/]n ,*ri/ians4 ,9 ! passage ( ! ,koran ref]r$ to 7ii4 #agi-aha7 ,moslems are requir$ to fa/ dur+ ! mon? ( ,ramadhan1 :]e9 ! ,koran 0 reveal$1 b if "o is on a j\rney or sick he may fa/ ano!r numb] ( days1 & if he is able to fa/ & does n1 he may r$eem x by fe$+ a poor man1 b if ye fa/1 x is bett] = y4 ,?is fa/ 0 probably in/itut$ 9 ! second ye> at ,m$9a4 ,at t "t ! correct$ lun> ye> 0 9 use & ,ramadhan1 ! n9? mon?1 0 always 9 ! w9t]4 ,a few ye>s lat] ,mahomet decre$ ! use ( ! uncorrect$ lun> ye>1 :i* rema9s ! /&>d ( "t = ! ,moslem _w1 s t ! mon? ( fa/+ n[ occurs at all seasons ( ! ye> 9 turn4 ,! fa/ is sev]e1 & means entire ab/95ce f food & dr9k f sunrise to sunset ea* day ( ! mon?4 ,! fa/ is associat$ ) ! /atem5t t 9 ?is mon? ,god s5t d[n ! ,koran f ! sev5? heav5 to ,gabriel 9 ! l[e/ t x might be reveal$ to ! ,prophet4 ,alms4 iv4 ,alms are ( two k9ds3 7#a7 ! legal & det]m9$ 7zakat71 & 7#b7 volunt>y 7sadaqat74 ,! =m] 7 giv5 9 cattle1 gra91 fruit1 m]*&ise & money once a ye> aft] a ye>'s possession4 ,= cattle a some:at elaborate scale is adopt$4 ,( gra9 & fruit a t5? is giv5 if wat]$ by ra91 a tw5tie? if ! result ( irrigation4 ,( ! value ( m]*&ise & ( money a =tie? is prescrib$4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( ,islam ! alms 7 collect$ by (ficials & us$ = ! build+ ( mosques & simil> religi\s purposes4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! c>ry+ ( ^! prescriptions is left to ! consci5ce ( ! believ]s1 :o pay ! alms to any ne$y fell[-,moslem4 ,a good example ( a sadaqa is f\nd 9 a gift to an unbeliev] 7see ,c4 ,m4 ,d\ghty1 ,arabia des]ta1 i4 #ddf1 ii4 #bgh1 ,cambridge1 #ahhh74 ,pilgrimage4 v4 ,! fif? religi\s duty ( ! ,moslem is ! pilgrimage 7hajj7 to ,mecca1 :i* %\ld be p]=m$ once by e ,moslem if he is able1 t is if he c provide or obta9 ! means to support himself on pilgrimage & 8 family dur+ 8 abs5ce1 & if he is physically capable4 ,! pilgrimage is made at "o "t ( ! 7,moslem7 ye>1 namely1 f ! #g? to ! #aj? ( ! mon? ,dhu'l-,hijja4 ,= ! arrangem5ts = ! j\rney f v>i\s c\ntries to ,mecca see ,,c>avan4 ,:5 ! pilgrim arrives )9 five or six miles ( ! holy city he puts (f 8 ord9>y dress aft] ablution & pray]1 & puts on ! two seamless wrapp]s :i* =m ! dress ( ! pilgrim 7! ihram71 :o goes )\t head-cov]+ or boots or %oes4 ,he mu/ n %ave at all1 or trim ! nails or ano9t ! head dur+ ! c]emonial p]iod4 ,! *ief p>ts ( ! c]emonial are ! visit to ! sacr$ mosque 7masjid ul-h>am71 ! kiss+ ( ! black /one1 ! compass+ ( ! ,kaba 7! ,tawaf7 sev5 times1 ?ree times runn+1 f\r times sl[ly1 ! visit to ! ,maqam ,ibrahim1 ! asc5t ( ,m\nt ,safa & runn+ f x to ,m\nt ,m>wa sev5 times1 ! run to ,m\nt ,arafat1 he>+ a s]mon1 & go+ to ,muzdalifa1 :]e he /ays ! night1 ! ?r[+ ( /ones at ! ?ree pill>s 9 ,m9a on ! great fea/ day1 & ! (f]+ ( sacrifice !re 7= ! localities see ,,mecca74 ,aft] ! accompli%m5t ( ^! c]emonies ! ord9>y dress is resum$1 ! pilgrimage is f9i%$1 b ! pilgrim usually rema9s ano!r ?ree days 9 ,mecca1 !n visits ,m$9a to pay 8 respects to ! tomb ( ,mahomet4 ,beside ! hajj 7great pilgrimage7 ,islam also recognizes ! m]it ( ! umra 7or less] pilgrimage71 i4e4 a religi\s visit to ,mecca at any "t accompani$ by mo/ ( ! c]emonies ( ! hajj4 ,! c]emonies ( ! hajj h be5 describ$ by sev]al ,european travell]s :o h witness$ !m1 su* z ,j4 ,l4 ,burckh>dt 9 #ahad1 ,sir ,ri*>d ,burton 9 #ahec 7see bibliography to ,,mecca74 ,a concise acc\nt ( !m is giv5 9 ,t4 ,p4 ,hughes1 ,notes on ,muhammadanism 7#crd ed41 ,london1 #ahid74 ,details 9 vol4 i4 ( ,bukh>i's traditions 7,h\das & ,m>cais's ,fr5* translation1 i4 #dic-efg74 ,! ,developm5t ( ,islam4--,! battle ( ,siff9 7#feg7 betwe5 ,ali & ,moawiya 0 ! occasion ( ! fir/ brea* 9 ! unity ( ,islam1 & ! results rema9 to ?is day4 ,! occasion 0 9 ! fir/ case political1 b politics 7 at t "t too intimately connect$ ) religion to be consid]$ ap>t f x4 ,aft] ! battle 7see ,,caliphate7 ,ali 0 practically compell$ to submit 8 claims to arbitration1 :]eupon a numb] ( 8 support]s broke away f him1 say+ t !re %\ld h be5 no appeal save to ! ,book ( ,god4 ,^! m5 7 = ! mo/ "p c\ntry ,arabs1 &1 inspir$ by ! free _s ( ! des]t1 7 democratic1 claim+ t ! caliph %\ld be elect$ by ! :ole community f any family 7& n f ! ,korei% alone71 & t ! caliph might be depos$ = s94 ,a few extremi/s 7 republicans & w\ld d )\t a caliph altoge!r4 ,! :ole p>ty 0 kn[n z ! ,kh>ijites 7,kh>ijiyya or ,khaw>ij74 ,! ,moslems :o disagre$ ) !m 7 reg>d$ by !m z r5egades & 7 to be put to dea?4 ,!y 7 soon divid$ into extremi/s & mod]ates4 ,! =m] put to dea? ! *ildr5 ( unbeliev]s & refus$ to hold int]c\rse 9 daily life ) unbeliev]s4 ,! mod]ates1 :o came to be kn[n z ,ibadites 7f _! lead] ,abdallah ibn ,ibad71 w\ld all[ ! *ildr5 ( unbeliev]s to gr[ up1 & w\ld !n deal ) !m accord+ to _! *oice4 ,9 ord9>y life !y w\ld mix ) all m51 b m>riage ) o!r ,moslems outside _! own ranks 0 =bidd54 ,^! /ill rema9 9 ,oman1 p>ts ( ,alg]ia & ,ea/ ,africa4 ,ano!r p>ty1 consi/+ ma9ly ( city ,arabs infect$ ) ,p]sian ideas z to ! div9ity ( ! rul]1 clung to ,ali ) inconv5i5t affection4 ,!y reg>d$ ,ali & 8 desc5dants z ! only legitimate caliphs1 & came to be kn[n z ,%iites 7q4v474 ,!y rema9 to-day ! l>ge/ "p ( ,islam outside or?odoxy4 ,dur+ ! ,omayyad caliphate 7#ffa-gej7 !re 7 ?ree c5tres ( religi\s ?\ght & influ5ce2 /ud5ts & tea*]s (t5 pass$ f "o to ! o!r1 ?us mak+ univ]sal ! tea*+s :i* 9 _! orig9 7 due to local circum/ances4 ,^! c5tres 7 ,damascus 7! seat ( ! caliphate71 ,m$9a & ! ,ea/ 7,irak1 c474 ,9 ,damascus ! c\rt 0 worldly & indiff]5t to ! int]e/s ( ,islam4 ,! e>ly ,omayyads 7 di/+ui%$ = _! /riv+ aft] dom9ion 7mulk74 ,in/ead ( attempt+ to propagate ,islam1 !y tol]at$ o!r religions & fav\r$ ,*ri/ians :o 7 di/+ui%$ z poets 7e4g4 ,akhtal7 or (ficials 7,john ( ,damascus71 or m5 likely to be ( use to !m 9 any way4 ,! doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity began to influ5ce ev5 s]i\s ,moslems & to affect _! way ( /at+ ,moslem belief4 ,john ( ,damascus 7d4 be=e #gfg71 ! ,greek !ologian1 & 8 pupil1 ,!odorus ,abuc>a 7d4 #hbf71 h writt5 controv]sial works on ,islam1 f :i* x seems probable t disputations on subjects p]ta9+ to religion 7 held betwe5 ,*ri/ians & ,moslems4 ,two s*ools ( h]etical ,moslem sects arose "u ^! influ5ces--t ( ! ,murjiites & t ( ! ,qad>ites4 ,! ,murjiites 7po/pon]s7 7 s call$ because !y po/pon$ ! judgm5t ( human actions until ! ,day ( ,judgm5t4 ,9 politics !y accept$ ! ,omayyads z de facto rul]s1 s9ce !y 7 ,moslems1 & left ! judgm5t ( _! actions to ,god4 ,z !ologians !y taught t religion consi/s 9 belief 7iman7 9 ! unity ( ,god & 9 8 apo/le1 & 9 t alone1 consequ5tly no "o :o held ?is fai? w\ld p]i% et]nally1 ?\gh he _h be5 a s9n]4 ,?is 0 oppos$ to ! ,kh>ijite doctr9e t ! unrep5tant s9n] w\ld p]i% et]nally1 ev5 ?\gh he _h pr(ess$ ,islam4 ,! ,qad>ites 7 conc]n$ ) ! doctr9e ( pr$e/9ation & free-w4 ,s long z ,moslems 7 fight+ ! battles ( ,islam !y naturally paid mo/ att5tion to ^? revelations :i* laid /ress on ! absolute det]m9ation ( a man's de/9y by ,god4 ,!y f\ght ) great brav]y because !y believ$ t ,god _h =eorda9$ _! dea? or life & !y c\ld n escape ,8 w4 ,9 ! quiet] realm ( t[n & c\rt life & 9 _! disputations ) ,*ri/ians !y 7 call$ ^u to reconcile ?is belief ) ! appeals made 9 ! ,koran to man's own self-det]m9ation to good1 to c\rage1 c4 ,mahomet 0 n a sy/ematic !ologian & _h done no?+ to help !m4 ,! ,qad>ites decl>$ t man _h p[] ov] 8 own actions4 ,b ! tea*+ ( pr$e/9ation _h ga9$ too great a hold on ,moslems to be ?us displac$4 ,! tea*+ ( ! ,qad>ites 0 held to be h]esy1 & "o ( its fir/ pr(essors1 ,mabad ul-,juhani1 0 put to dea? 9 #fii4c ,dur+ ?is p]iod ,m$9a 0 ! home ( tradition4 ,^? :o _h be5 9 close/ relation ) ! ,prophet dwelt !re4 ,! v p ( ! city d]iv$ a c]ta9 spl5d\r & au?ority f ! fact t ,mahomet _h liv$ & 0 buri$ !re4 ,free ?\ght 9 religion _h little *ance ( aris+1 less ( express+ itself1 9 ! holy city4 ,b ! ,koran 0 dilig5tly /udi$1 traditions 7 collect$ 7& inv5t$7 ?\gh n yet writt5 9 books1 & innovation 7bida7 0 resolutely avoid$4 ,at ! same "t x really did contribute a new elem5t to religi\s practice1 = ! cu/om 7ijma1 see above7 ( ,m$9a ga9$ a c]ta9 au?ority ev5 9 ,syria & ! ,ea/4 ,9 ! ,ea/1 on ! o!r h&1 !re 0 m m5tal activity1 & ! religi\s tea*]s :o came f ,m$9a _h to be prep>$ to meet ) _m que/ions4 ,! wits ( ! ,moslems 7 %>p5$ by daily contact ) ,*ri/ians1 ,buddhi/s1 ,mani*aeans & ,zoroa/rians4 ,hasan ul-,basri 7q4v471 :o has be5 claim$ z "o ( ! fir/ my/ics1 also z "o ( ! fir/ sy/ematic !ologians ( ,islam1 0 rem>kable alike = 8 p]sonal piety & 8 or?odoxy4 ,yet x 0 among 8 pupils t ! great rationali/ movem5t orig9at$4 ,its f\nd] 0 ,wasil ibn ,ata1 :o sep>at$ himself 7:5ce 8 foll[]s 7 call$ ,motazilites1 /rictly ,mutazilites1 ,sep>ati/s7 f 8 tea*] & f\nd$ a s*ool :i* became num]\s & influ5tial4 ,! ,mutazilites object$ to ! attributes ( ,god be+ consid]$ 9 any way z entities beside ,god2 !y expla9$ away ! an?ropomorphisms us$ 9 speak+ ( ! deity2 !y reg>d$ ! ,koran z creat$ & z a product ( ,mahomet writ+ "u ! div9e influ5ce4 ,briefly1 !y ass]t$ ! supremacy ( reason 7aql7 z di/9ct f fai? receiv$ by tradition 7naql74 ,!y also call$ !mselves ! p ( ju/ice & unity 7,ahl ul-adl wat-tauhid74 ,su* a fai? z ?is naturally f\nd fav\r r ) ! ?9k+ classes ?an ) ! un$ucat$ multitude1 & s w5t ?r\gh _m vicissitudes4 ,at ! "t ( its appe>ance & until ! reign ( ,mamun its adh]5ts 7 p]secut$ z h]etics4 ,aft] discussions among ! !ologians ,mamun took ! decid$ /ep ( proclaim+ t ! ,koran 0 creat$1 & t a belief 9 ?is dogma 0 necess>y4 ,o!r ,mutazilite doctr9es 7 proclaim$ lat]4 ,mutazilites 7 appo9t$ to (ficial po/s1 & an inquisition 7mihna7 0 appo9t$ to en=ce belief 9 _! doctr9es4 ,?is movem5t 0 /rongly oppos$ by ! or?odox & especially by ,ahmad ibn ,hanbal 7q4v474 ,by him ! f\nd+ ( !ology on reason 0 reject$1 & he suff]$ p]secution = 8 fai? 7see ,w4 ,n4 ,patton1 ,ahm$ ibn ,hanbal & ! ,mihna1 ,leid51 #ahig74 ,mutazilism reta9$ its sway until #hdi1 :5 ! caliph ,motawakkil aga9 decl>$ ! ,koran uncreate & re/or$ or?odoxy4 ,x 0 dur+ ! e>ly ye>s ( ! ,abbasid rule t ! f\r legal s*ools ( ,abu ,hanifa 7d4 #gfg71 ,malik ibn ,anas 7d4 #gie71 a%-,%afi'i 7d4 #hai7 & ,ibn ,hanbal 7d4 #hee7 came into exi/5ce 7see ,,mahomm$an ,,law74 ,z ! bases ( religion & law 7 ! same1 s ! me?ods appli$ 9 ! treatm5t ( ! "o affect$ ! o!r4 ,abu ,hanifa dep5d$ little on tradition1 b ref]r$ back to ! ,koran1 mak+ use ( individual op9ion 7ray7 z controll$ by analogy 7qiyas7 ) a writt5 ord9ance4 ,malik ,ibn ,anas supplem5t$ ! ,koran & ,sunna by cu/om>y law f\nd$ l>gely on ! cu/om 7ijma7 ( ,m$9a1 & by :at he conceiv$ to be = ! public good 7i/islah74 ,%afii recogniz$ tradition z equal to ! ,koran1 & ev5 z be+ able to sup]s$e its ord9ances1 :ile he also recogniz$ ! univ]sal cu/om 7ijma7 ( ! ,moslem _w z div9e & b9d+4 ,8 f\r bases ( religion--,koran1 sunna1 qiyas & ijma--h be5 g5]ally accept$ 9 ,islam 7see above74 ,ibn ,hanbal's position has be5 already m5tion$4 ,all ^! f\r s*ools are reckon$ or?odox1 & all or?odox ,moslems belong to "o or ano!r ( !m4 ,ano!r tea*] ( ?is "t1 :o f\nd$ a s*ool :i* did n succe$ 9 be+ recogniz$ z or?odox1 0 ,daud uz-,zahiri4 ,tra9$ z a ,%afiite1 he became too /rict = ?is s*ool1 reject$ analogy1 re/rict$ ijma to ! agreem5t or cu/om ( ! companions ( ,mahomet1 & accept$ ! :ole ( ! ,koran & tradition 9 ! mo/ lit]al & ext]nal s5se4 ,8 foll[]s 7 call$ ,zahirites 7i4e4 ext]nali/s74 ,aft] ,a%ari's "t ^! pr9ciples 7 appli$ to !ology by ,ibn ,hazm 7q4v47 see ,i4 ,goldzih]1 ,die ,zahirit51 ihr ,lehrsy/em und ihre ,ges*i*te 7,leipzig1 #ahhd74 ,be=e turn+ to ! re=m ( ,a%ari & ! introduction into or?odox !ology ( s*ola/ic philosophy x is necess>y to notice ano!r phase ( religi\s life :i* became ! common prop]ty ( or?odox & h]etics4 ,?is 0 ! introduction ( asceticism 9 religions practice & ( my/icism 9 religi\s ?\ght4 ,sufiism 7q4v471 :i* comb9$ ^! two1 is rightly n c\nt$ among ! sects ( ,islam4 ,asceticism seems to h won a c]ta9 am\nt ( approval f ,mahomet himself1 :o mu* respect$ ! ,*ri/ian monks4 ,! att5tion paid 9 e>ly ,islam to ! joys & puni%m5ts ( ! future life l$ to self-d5ial & simple liv+ 9 ?is _w4 ,an ,arabian writ]1 speak+ ( ! simplicity ( mann]s ( ! fir/ f\r caliphs1 says t _! affairs 7 conduct$ ) m consid]ation ( ! future life ?an ( ?is _w4 ,_m ,moslems w5t ev5 f>!r ?an ^! caliphs1 & gave up all conc]n z f> z possible ) ! affairs ( ?is _w & liv$ 9 pov]ty1 9 w&]+s or 9 retirem5t 7see ,,d]vi%74 ,= ! hi/orical developm5t ( ?is movem5t1 ) its accompany+ my/icism1 see ,,sufi,,ism4 ,a%ari 7d4 be=e #idb7 0 = =ty ye>s a ,mutazilite1 !n became or?odox 7see ,,a%,,ari71 & at once appli$ rational me?ods = ! support & int]pretation ( ! or?odox fai?4 ,be=e him1 reason _h n be5 all[$ any scope 9 or?odox !ology4 ,he 0 n ! fir/ to use x2 "s tea*]s 7z al-,junaid7 _h employ$ x 9 tea*+1 b only 9 secret & = ! few4 ,! me?ods ( s*ola/ic philosophy 7 n[ introduc$ into ,moslem !ology4 ,! *ief *>act]i/ic ( 8 religi\s tea*+ 0 ! adoption ( ! via m$ia betwe5 mat]iali/ic grossness & ! ideas ( pure speculative philosophy4 ,?us he taught1 z to ! attributes ( ,god1 t !y exi/1 b are n to be comp>$ ) human attributes2 z to ,8 visibility1 t ,he c be se5 b )\t ! limitations ( human sight4 ,z to ! great "q ( free w1 he d5i$ man's p[] b ass]t$ 8 responsibility4 ,s he pass$ 9 review ! doctr9es ( ,god1 fai?1 ! ,koran1 s91 int]cession1 c41 & = ! fir/ "t 9 ! hi/ory ( ,islam produc$ a sy/ematic !ology4 ,! tea*+ ( ,a%ari 0 tak5 up & propagat$ by ! ,buyids soon aft] 8 dea?1 & 0 develop$ & p]fect$ by ,abu ,bekr ul-,baqilani1 ! ,cadi 7d4 #ajab71 b up to ! middle ( ! #e? c5tury ( ,islam 7c4 ,a4,d4 #ajeh7 0 suspect$ else:]e & conf\nd$ ) ,mutazilism4 ,! ,a%arite al-,juwa9i 7kn[n z ,imam ul-,h>ama97 0 p]secut$ "u ,toghrul ,beg 7c4 #ajec7 & exil$1 b 0 re/or$ "u ,alp ,arslan by ! vizi] ,nizam ul-,mulk1 :o f\nd$ an ,a%arite college 7! ,nizamiyya74 ,9 ! ,we/1 ,ibn ,hazm 7q4v47 fi]cely oppos$ ! sy/em1 b ,ghazali e/abli%$ its or?odoxy 9 ! ,ea/1 & x spread f ,p]sia to ,syria & ,egypt "u ! ,ayyubites & ,mamelukes & !nce to ! ,almohades 9 ,africa "u ,ibn ,tum>t 7#aacj74 ,x rema9s ! pr$om9at+ influ5ce to ! pres5t day1 its only s]i\s rival be+ ! !ological sy/em ( al-,mat>idi1 a ,hanifite 7d4 #ide71 ^: cre$ z repres5t$ 9 t ( an-,nasafi is /ill us$ l>gely by ! ,turks4 ,s9ce ! #ab? c5tury no great !ological movem5t has be5 made 9 ,islam4 ,! quiet ( religi\s life has twice be5 brok51 once by ,wahhabism 7q4v47 9 ,arabia1 once by ,babism 7q4v47 9 ,p]sia4 ,,! ,,sects ,accord+ to an e>ly tradition ,mahomet said t ,islam w\ld be divid$ into sev5ty-?ree p>ties 7sects71#d ( :i* sev5ty-two w\ld p]i% & "o w\ld be sav$4 ,! or?odox ,arabian writ]s on h]etical sects ( ,islam feel compell$ by ?is tradition to make up _! numb] to sev5ty-two1 &1 z diff]5t writ]s adopt diff]5t divisions or are famili> ) diff]5t p>ties1 ! names ( sects am\nt to "s hundr$s4 ,ea* writ]1 h[ev]1 adopts c]ta9 ma9 classes "u :i* he attempts to gr\p ! o!rs4 ,abu ,muti ,makhul at ! beg9n+ ( ! #aj? c5tury 9 8 ,refutation 7,,ms4 9 ,bodleian ,libr>y7 has six su* *ief classes3 ,h>urites 7i4e4 ,kh>ijites71 ,rafidites 7i4e4 ,%iites71 ,qad>ites1 ,jab>ites1 ,jahmites & ,murjiites4 ,ibn ,hazm 7q4v47 adopts f\r classes3 ,mutazilites 7,motazilites71 ,murjiites1 ,%iites & ,kh>ijites4 ,%ahra/ani 7q4v47 compla9s ( ! want ( sy/em 9 e>li] writ]s1 & sugge/s z bases ( classification ! position ( p>ties ) reg>d to ! doctr9es z to 7#a7 ! div9e attributes1 7#b7 pr$e/9ation & free-w 7#c7 promises & ?reats1 fai? & error1 7#d7 revelation1 reason1 ! imamate4 ,9 "o "p ( 8 preface he gives z ! *ief p>ties ! ,qad>ites1 ,sifatites1 ,kh>ijites & ,%iites1 propos+ to divide ^! classes accord+ to lead]s :o agre$ ) ! ma9 doctr9es ( _! class b diff]$ 9 "s po9ts4 ,9 ano!r place he m5tions f\r opposite pairs ( sects3 7#a7 ! ,qad>ites ) _! doctr9e ( free-w1 & ! ,jab>ites1 :o are necessit>ians2 7#b7 ! ,sifatites1 :o ma9ta9 ! et]nal nature ( ! attributes ( ,god1 & ! ,mutazilites1 :o d5y x2 7#c7 ! ,murjiites1 :o po/pone judgm5t ( actions until ! ,la/ ,day1 & ! ,waidites1 :o condemn 9 ?is life2 7#d7 ! ,kh>ijites1 :o consid] ! caliphate a human in/itution1 & ! ,%iites1 :o deify _! rul]4 ,9 8 detail$ treatm5t ( ! sects ,%ahra/ani arrang$ !m "u ! head+s3 ,mutazilites1 ,jab>ites1 ,sifatites1 ,kh>ijites1 ,murjiites & ,%iites4 ,ab\t ! same "t z ,%ahra/ani two o!r ,arabian writ]s wrote on ! sects--,tahir ul-,isf>a9i 7d4 #ajgh71 ^: ,,ms4 is 9 ! ,b]l9 libr>y1 & ,abd ul-,qadir ul-,jilani 7#ajgh-aaff7 9 8 ,kitab ul-,ghaniyya li-,talibi ,t>iq il-,haqqi 7,cairo1 #ahga74 ,bo? adopt z ma9 classes ,rafidites 7or ,%iites71 ,qad>ites 7or ,mutazilites71 ,kh>ijites1 ,murjiites1 ,najj>ites1 ,dir>ites1 ,jahmites1 ,mu%abbiha1 to :i* ,tahir adds ,bakrites1 ,k>ramites1 & a class includ+ ^? sects :i* are n reckon$ z ,moslem ?\gh !y h sprung f ,islam4 ,jilani adds to ! eight ! ,kilabites4 ,! foll[+ li/ is n a complete li/ ( names ( sects b is f\nd$ on t ( ,%ahra/ani4#e ,aftahites4--,%iites ( ! ,imamite class1 :o ascribe ! imamate to ,abdallah ul-,aftahi1 ! son ( ,sadiq4 ,aj>ida4--,kh>ijites1 foll[]s ( ,ibn ,aj>rad1 :o agre$ = ! mo/ "p ) ! ,najadat 7bel[71 consid]$ grave s9s z equival5t to unbelief1 b rema9$ fri5dly ) ^? :o pr(ess$ ,islam b did n fight = x4 ,!y reject$ sura #g z a fable4 ,%ahra/ani enum]ates sev5 divisions ( ?is sect4 ,akhnasites4--,a section ( ! ,?aaliba n s /rict 9 treatm5t ( ^? :o fe> to fight = ,islam4 ,a%arites4--,foll[]s ( ,a%ari 7q4v47 :o are c\nt$ by ,%ahra/ani among ! ,sifatites4 ,atrafites4--,a division ( ! ,aj>ida :o agree ) ! ,hamzites except t !y excuse ! l[] classes = inaction :5 !y are ignorant ( ! law4 ,azraqites4--,kh>ijites :o foll[$ al-,azraq 9 ! days ( ,ibn ,zubair4 ,!y held ,ali to be an unbeliev]2 ^? :o did n fight 7 unbeliev]s2 ! *ildr5 ( unbeliev]s 7 to be put to dea? & w5t to hell4 ,s9 is unbelief4 ,bah%amites4--,mutazilites ak9 to ! ,jubbaites4 ,baihasites4--,kh>ijites1 foll[]s ( ,abu ,baihas ul-,hai?am1 :o 0 put to dea? by ! caliph ,walid4 ,!y ass]t$ ! necessity ( k = religion4 ,baqirites4--,%iites :o foll[$ ,abu ,jaf> ul-,baqir1 ! fif? imam1 & look$ = 8 return4 ,bat9ites4--,ismailites1 s call$ because !y believe t e ext]nal has an int]nal 7bat971 & e passage 9 ! ,koran has an allegoric mean+4 ,bi%rites4--,mutazilites1 foll[]s ( ,bi%r ibn ,mutamir1 "o ( ! mo/ le>n$ m5 ( 8 p>ty4 ,8 tea*+ 0 philosophical & 0 di/+ui%$ by 8 doctr9e ( orig9ation 7tawallud74 ,bunanites4--,kaisanites1 foll[]s ( ,bunan ibn ,siman un-,nahdi1 :o claim$ t ! imamate pass$ f ,abu ,ha%im to himself & t he _h also acquir$ ! div9e elem5t ( ,ali4 ,butrites4--,zaidites1 foll[]s ( ,ka?ir un-,nawa ul-,abt>1 :o agre$ ) ! ,suleimanites 7,sulaimanites7 except t he susp5d$ judgm5t z to :e!r ,o?man 0 a believ] or n4 ,dir>ites4--,jab>ites :o empty ,god ( 8 attributes1 & ass]t t man has a six? s5se by :i* he w see ,god on ! day ( resurrection4 ,! actions ( man are creat$ & acquir$ by him4 ,a caliph ne$ n be *os5 f ! ,korei%4 ,ghaliites 7,ghula7 are ! extreme ,%iites 7q4v47 9 ascrib+ deity to ! imams4 ,_! h]esies are said to be f\r 9 numb]3 7#a7 ,mak+ ,god resemble man1 7#b7 ascrib+ *ange ( m9d to ,god1 7#c7 look+ = ! return ( ! imam1 7#d7 metempsy*osis4 ,!y are divid$ by ,%ahra/ani into t5 classes4 ,ghassanites4--,murjiites1 foll[]s ( ,ghassan ibn ul-,kufi1 :o say t fai? consi/s ( k ( ,god1 8 apo/le1 & ! ,koran 9 g5]al n 9 detail1 & t fai? increases b is n dim9i%$4 ,habities ,hayitites 7bel[74 ,hada?ites 7,hudabites7 are ,mutazilites1 foll[]s ( ,fadl ibn ul-,hada?i1 :o agre$ ) ! ,hayitites 7bel[74 ,hafsites4--,ibadites1 foll[]s ( ,hafs ibn abi-l-,miqdam1 :o di/+ui%$ betwe5 idolatry 7%irk7 & unbelief 7kufr74 ,hamzites4--,aj>ida1 foll[]s ( ,hamza ibn ,adrak 9 ,siji/an4 ,!y agree ) ! ,maimunites1 b condemn ! *ildr5 ( unbeliev]s to hell4 ,h>i?ites4--,ibadites :o diff] f o!rs 9 hold+ ! ,mutazilite doctr9e ( free-w4 ,h>urites4--,a "n giv5 to ! fir/ ,kh>ijites1 :o rebell$ aga9/ ,ali1 & met 9 ,h>ura ne> ,kufa4 ,ha%imites4--,%iites :o support$ ,abu ,ha%im1 son ( ,mahomm$ ibn ul-,hanafiyya1 al?\gh !y held t 8 fa!r _h gone a/ray4 ,ha%wiites4--,a p>ty :o ass]t$ ! et]nity ev5 ( ! lett]s ( ! ,koran4 ,!y are n m5tion$ z a sep>ate sect by ,%ahra/ani2 cf4 van ,vlot51 ,les ,ha*wia et ,nabita1 9 ! ,acts ( ! #aa? ,ori5tal ,congress 7,p>is1 #ahii71 pt4 iii41 pp4 #ii sqq4 ,hayitites4--,mutazilites :o agre$ ) ! ,nazzamites1 b add$ ?ree h]esies ( _! own3 7#a7 ! div9ity ( ! ,messiah1 7#b7 metempsy*osis1 7#c7 ! int]pretation ( all ref]5ces to ! vision ( ,god z ref]r+ to ! fir/ ,reason or creative ,reason4 ,hi%amites4--,a "n giv5 to two sects3 7#a7 ,mutazilites1 /rong 9 _! ass]tion ( man's free-w1 ev5 oppos+ ! /atem5t ( ! ,koran4 7#b7 ,%iites ( ! extreme k9d1 :o attribut$ to ,god a body ) quantities 7measurem5ts7 & qualities4 ,hudabites4--,see ,hada?ites4 ,hudhailites 7,hodhailites74--,mutazilites1 foll[]s ( ,abu-l ,hudhail ,hamdan1 :o 0 a lead+ tea*] ( 8 p>ty & develop$ ! philosophical side ( its tea*+4 ,t5 ( 8 ma9 doctr9es are giv5 by ,%ahra/ani4 ,ibadites4--,kh>ijites ( mod]ate t5d5cies 7see above74 ,ilbaites4--,ghaliites :o put ,ali above ,mahomet & blam$ ! latt] because he call$ m5 to himself in/ead ( to ,ali4 ,imamites4--,"o ( ! *ief divisions ( ! ,%iites 7q4v474 ,i%aqites4--,ghaliites agree+ ) ! ,nusairites except t !y incl9e to speak ( ! imams' p>ticipation 9 ! prophetic (fice r ?an ( _! div9ity4 ,ismailites4--,?is "n is appli$ to all :o consid] ,ismail ibn ,jaf> ! la/ imam1 "s believ+ t he did n die b w return1 o!rs1 t at 8 dea? 8 son ,mahomm$ became imam 7see ,,assass9s72 x is also us$ z equival5t to ! ,bat9ites4 ,i?naa%>ites4--,imamites :o accept ! twelve imams 7see ,,%i,,ites74 ,jab>ites4--,^? :o d5y all actions & p[] to act to man & ascribe all to ,god 7see above74 ,jaf>ites4--,imamites :o c>ry ! imamate no f>!r ?an ,jaf> u-,sadiq4 ,jahizites4--,mutazilites1 foll[]s ( ! celebrat$ writ] ,jahiz 7q4v471 :o indulg$ 9 philosophical speculations1 believ$ 9 ! et]nity ( matt]1 & 0 reg>d$ z a naturali/ 7tabai7 r ?an a !i/ 7allahi74 ,jahmites4--,jab>ites1 foll[]s ( ,jahm ibn ,safwan1 :o 0 put to dea? at ,m]v t[>d ! close ( ! ,omayyad p]iod4 ,he 0 extreme 9 8 d5ial ( ! attributes ( ,god4 ,j>udites4--,zaidites :o held t ,mahomet designat$ ,ali z imam1 n by "n b by 8 attributes1 & t ! ,moslem s9n$ by n tak+ suffici5t tr\ble to recognize ^! attributes4 ,jubbaites4--,mutazilites :o foll[$ ! philosophical tea*+ ( ,abu ,ali ,mahomm$ ul-,jubbai ( ,basra4 ,kaisanites4--,a ma9 class ( ! ,%iites 7q4v474 ,kamilites4--,ghaliites1 foll[]s ( ,abu ,kamil1 :o condemn$ ! companions 7,ans>7 because !y did n d allegiance to ,ali1 & ,ali because he surr5d]$ 8 claims4 ,k>ramites4--,sifatites1 foll[]s ( ,ibn ,k>ram1 :o w5t s f> z to ascribe a body to ,god1 & assimilat$ 8 nature to human nature4 ,kayyalites4--,ghaliites1 foll[]s ( ,ahmad ibn ,kayyal1 :o1 aft] support+ a propag&a = an ,aliite1 claim$ to be ! imam himself on ! gr\nd ( 8 p[] ov] ! sph]es4 ,khalafites4--,aj>ida ( ,k]man & ,multan1 :o believ$ t ,god wills good & evil1 b condemn$ ! *ildr5 ( unbeliev]s to hell4 ,kh>ijites4--,"o ( ! e>lie/ sects ( ,islam 7see above74 ,kh>imites4--,aj>ida1 agree+ mo/ly ) ! ,%uaibites & tea*+ t ! relation ( ,god to a man dep5ds on :at he pr(esses at ! end ( 8 life4 ,khattabites4--,ghaliites1 foll[]s ( ,abu-l ,khattab1 :o 0 put to dea? by ,ibn ,musa at ,kufa4 ,he 0 a viol5t support] ( ,jaf> u-,sadiq1 :o h[ev] dis[n$ him4 ,khayyatites4--,mutazilites1 foll[]s ( ,abu-l ,hosa9 ul-,khayyat1 a tea*] 9 ,bagdad1 "p ( ^: philosophical tea*+ 0 t ! non-exi/5t is a ?+4 ,mabadites4--,?alabites :o diff]$ f ! ,akhnasites on ! "q ( ! m>riage ( believ+ wom5 & f ,?alab on ! "q ( tak+ alms f slaves4 ,maimunites4--,aj>ida1 foll[]s ( ,maimun ibn ,khalid1 :o believ$ t ,god wills good only & t man det]m9es 8 actions4 ,majhulites4--,?alabites1 agree+ g5]ally ) ! ,kh>imites1 b tea*+ t he :o kn[s "s names & attributes ( ,god & is ignorant ( "s kn[s ,god4 ,malumites4--,?alabites agree+ g5]ally ) ! ,kh>imites b alleg+ t a believ] mu/ "k all ! names & attributes ( ,god4 ,mansurites4--,ghaliites1 foll[]s ( ,abu ,mansur ul-,ijli1 :o at fir/ support$ al-,baqir1 b1 reject$ by him1 claim$ ! imamate = himself4 ,he 0 crucifi$ by ! caliph ,hi%am ibn ,abd ul-,malik 7,abdalmalik74 ,muamm>ites4#f--,mutazilites :o /rongly d5i$ ! pr$e/9ation ( ,god1 & affirm$ t ,god creat$ bodies only1 & t ! accid5ts spr+ naturally f !m4 ,mufaddalites4#f--,! same z ! ,musaites 7q4v474 ,mughirites4#f--;,ghaliites1 foll[]s ( ,mughira ibn ,said ul-,ijli1 :o claim$ ! imamate & prophetic (fice & held extremely gross views ( ,god4 ,muhakkima#f 7! fir/74--,ano!r "n = ! ,h>urites 7above74 ,muk>ramites4#f--,?alabites :o taught t s9 consi/s 9 ignorance ( ,god4 ,mukht>ites4#f--,kaisanites1 foll[]s ( al-,mukht> ibn ,ubaid1 :o held to ,mahomm$ ibn ul-,hanafiyya b 0 dis[n$ by him4 ,he all[$ ! possibility ( *ange ( m9d on ! "p ( ,god4 ,murjiites4--,^? :o po/pon$ judgm5t ( actions until ! ,day ( ,judgm5t4 ,see above4 ,musaites4--,imamites :o held to ! imamate ( ,musa ibn ,jaf>1 :o 0 imprison$ by ,h>un al-,ra%id & poison$4 ,mu%abbiha4#f--,sifatites :o comp>$ ,god's actions ) human actions4 ,!y said t ! ,koran 0 et]nal ) all its lett]s1 acc5ts & writt5 signs4 ,mutazilites4#f--,! rationali/s ( ,islam4 ,see above1 cf4 also ,h4 ,/e9]1 ,die ,mutazilit5 od] die ,freid5k] im ,islam 7,leipzig1 #ahfe74 ,muzd>ites4#f--,mutazilites1 foll[]s ( al-,muzd>1 a pupil ( ,bi%r 7cf4 ,bi%rites7 ^: tea*+ he develop$ fur!r4 ,he taught t ,god has p[] to d evil1 b1 if he act$ ?us1 w\ld be an evil ,god2 also t man c produce ! equal ( ! ,koran4 ,najadat 7also kn[n z ,adhirites74--,kh>ijites1 :o foll[$ ,najda ibn ,amir ( ,yemama z he w5t to jo9 ! ,azraqites b )drew f ^!1 be+ m or?odox ?an !y4 ,he held t fe> ( fight+ 0 n s94 ,nawisites take _! "n f a p]son or a place4 ,!y are ,jaf>ites :o believe 9 ,sadiq z ! mahdi4 ,nazzamites4--,mutazilites1 foll[]s ( ,ibrahim ibn ,sayy> un-,nazzam1 :o 0 an extremi/ 9 8 tea*+ ( man's free-w & o!r philosophical doctr9es4 ,numanites4#f--;,ghaliites agree+ 9 "s po9ts ) ,hi%amites1 b hold+ t ,god is a light 9 ! =m ( a man1 yet n a body4 ,nusairites4#f--;,ghaliites :o agree ) ! ,i%aqites except t !y lay m /ress on ! incorporation ( ! deity4 ,qad>ites4--,! uphold]s ( free-w 7see above74 ,qataites4--,musaites :o reg>d ! rank ( ! imams z clos$ ) ! dea? ( ,musa4 ,rafidites4--,a t]m us$ by "s writ]s to d5ote ! ,%iites z a :ole2 by o!rs giv5 to a class ( ! ,%iites :o =sook ,zaid ibn ,ali because he =bade !m to abuse ! ,companions4 ,ra%idites4--,?alabites1 foll[]s ( ,ra%id ut-,tusi1 sometimes call$ ,u%rites 7ti!rs7 because !y diff]$ f o!rs on ! "q ( ti?+ ! produce ( l& wat]$ by riv]s & canals4 ,rizamites4--,kaisanites ( ,khorasan at ! "t ( ,abu ,muslim1 to :om !y ascrib$ ! imamate & ! ,_s ( ,god4 ,!y also believ$ 9 metempsy*osis4 ,sabaites4--,ghaliites1 :o foll[$ ,abdallah ibn ,saba 7see ,,%i,,ites74 ,salihites4--7a7 ,zaidites1 foll[]s ( al-,hasan ibn ,salih1 :o agre$ ) ! tea*+s ( ! ,butrites 7above72 7b7 ,murjiites1 foll[]s ( ,salih ibn ,amr1 :o unit$ ) ! doctr9es ( _! own p>ty ^? ( ! ,qad>ites4 ,saltites4--,aj>ida :o _h no?+ to d ) ! *ildr5 ( believ]s until !y _h gr[n up & pr(ess$ ,islam4 ,%aibanites4--,?alabites1 foll[]s ( ,%aiban ibn ,salama1 :o 0 kill$ 9 ! "t ( ,abu ,muslim 7,moslem74 ,!y arose *iefly 9 ,jorjan & ,arm5ia & agre$ 9 doctr9e ) ! ,jahmites4 ,%amitites4--,jaf>ites1 foll[]s ( ,yahya ibn ,abu ,%amit4 ,%iites4--,see sep>ate article4 ,%uaibites4--,aj>ida :o said t ,god creates ! actions ( m51 & m5 appropriate !m4 ,sifatites are ^? :o ascribe et]nity to all ! attributes ( ,god1 :e!r !y d5ote ess5ce or action1 or are ( ! class call$ descriptive attributes4 ,sifrites1 ! same z ,ziyadites 7bel[74 ,sulaimanites 7,suleimanites74--,zaidites1 foll[]s ( ,suleiman ibn ,j>ir1 :o held t ! appo9tm5t to ! imamate 0 a matt] ( consultation & t ! imamates ( ,abu ,bekr & ,om> 7 legal al?\gh ,ali _h a bett] claim4 ,?alabites4--,a p>ty ( ! ,kh>ijites1 foll[]s ( ,?alab ibn ,amir1 :o agre$ ) ! ,aj>ida except t he 0 fri5dly ) *ildr5 until !y actually d5i$ ! fai?4 ,he also took alms f slaves :5 !y 7 ri*1 & gave alms to poor slaves4 ,?aubanites4--,murjiites :o said t fai? consi/s 9 ! k & confession ( ,god & ,8 apo/le1 & :at ! intellect is n capable ( do+4 ,:at ! intellect c d 7or leave7 is n ( fai?4 ,?umamites4--,mutazilites1 foll[]s ( ,?umama ibn ,a%ras 9 ! days ( ,mamun1 :o taught t all non-,moslems w\ld become du/ on ! day ( resurrection4 ,tumanites4--,murjiites :o taught t fai? dep5ds on ob$i5ce r to ! pr9ciples ?an to ! comm&s ( ,islam4 ,ubaidites4--,murjiites :o believ$ t any?+ b idolatry might be =giv51 & t if a man di$ pr(ess+ ! unity ( ,god 8 s9s w\ld n hurt him4 ,waidites4--,^? :o1 oppos$ to ! ,murjiites1 pron\nc$ judgm5t 9 ?is life2 !y are n c\nt$ z a sep>ate sect by ,%ahra/ani 7see above74 ,wasilites4--,a "n giv5 to ^? :o foll[$ ,wasil ibn ,ata1 ! f\nd] ( ,mutazilitism1 :o d5i$ ! attributes ( ,god1 ass]t$ ! p[] ( man ov] 8 own actions1 taught ! exi/5ce ( a middle place betwe5 heav5 & hell1 & despis$ ! p>ties ( ,o?man & ,ali alike4 ,yazidites4--,ibadites :o said t !y foll[$ ! religion ( ! ,sabians 9 ! ,koran1 & believ$ t ,god w\ld s5d an apo/le f ! ,p]sians4 ,yunusites4--,murjiites :o taught t fai? consi/s 9 k ( ,god1 subjection to ,him1 ab&onm5t ( pride be=e ,him1 & love 9 ! he>t4 ,ob$i5ce ap>t f k is n ( fai?4 ,zaidites4--,! mod]ate ,%iites 7see ,,%i,,ites74 ,ziyadites4--,kh>ijites1 foll[]s ( ,ziyad ibn ul-,asf>1 :o did n reg>d ^? :o ab/a9$ f fight+ = ,islam z unbeliev]s1 & did n kill ! *ildr5 ( idolat]s or condemn !m to hell4 ,,au?orities4--,= ! philosophy & !ology ( ,a%ari see ,m4 ,a4 ,f4 ,mehr51 ,expos de la r=me de l',islamisme p> ,ab\-l ,hasan ,ali el-,a%ari 7,leid51 #ahgh72 ,w4 ,spitta1 ,zur ,ges*i*te ,abu-l ,hasan al-,a%aris 7,leipzig1 #ahgf72 ,m4 ,s*re9]1 ,zur ,ges*i*te des ,a%arit5?ums 7,leid51 #ahia72 ,d4 ,b4 ,macdonald1 ,developm5t ( ,muslim ,!ology1 ,jurisprud5ce & ,con/itutional ,!ory 7,london1 #aijc74 ,! la/ "w conta9s translations ( ! cre$s ( ,a%ari & ,nasafi 7,mat>idite74 ,a fur!r bibliography ( works on ! fai? & outlook ( ,islam w be f\nd 9 ,d4 ,b4 ,macdonald's ,muslim ,!ology4 ,! text ( ! ,koran has be5 edit$ by ,g4 ,flgel1 ,leipzig1 v>i\s dates2 & by ,g4 ,m4 ,r$slob1 ,p>is1 #ahfh & #ahhj4 ,!re are also hundr$s ( ,ea/]n editions4 ,concordances h be5 publi%$ by ,g4 ,flgel1 ,leipzig1 #ahdb 7sev]al times repr9t$71 also 9 ,egypt1 ,pale/9e & ,india4 ,a diction>y & gloss>y 7 publi%$ by ,j4 ,p5rice1 ,london1 #ahgc4 ,engli% translations h be5 made by ,g4 ,sale1 ,london1 #agcd 7! fulle/ edition is t ) notes by ,e4 ,m4 ,:]ry1 #d vols41 ,london1 #ahhb-ahhf72 by ,j4 ,m4 ,rodwell ) notes1 ,london1 #ahfa & #ahgf2 & by ,e4 ,h4 ,palm] 9 vols1 vi4 & ix4 ( ! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 ,ox=d1 #ahhj-ahhb4 ,among ! be/ or be/-kn[n ,arabic comm5t>ies are ^? ( ,tab>i 7q4v471 ,zamakh%>i 7q4v471 ,baidhawi 7q4v471 ! ,jalala9 7see ,,suyuti71 & su* lat] ones z ! ,mafatih ul-,ghaib ( ar-,razi 7d4 #abaj74 ,! composition & !ology ( ! ,koran are treat$ 9 ! works ( ,nldeke & ,grimme ref]r$ to above4 ,on ! es*atology ( ,islam see ,m4 ,wolff1 ,muhamm$anis*e ,es*atologie 7,leipzig1 #ahgb72 & on ! doctr9e ( revelation4 ,otto ,pautz1 ,muhamm$s ,lehre von d] ,(f5b>ung 7,leipzig1 #ahih74 7,g4 ,w4 ,t47 ,,footnotes3 #a ,see also ,,koran4 #b ,und]l9$ ) int]polations4 #c ,= ! doctr9es ( ^! two sects see ,%ahra/ani's ,book ( ,sects1 & = ! ,qad>ites1 ,a4 de ,vlieg]'s ,kitab ul-,qadr1 matriaux p\r s]vir l'tude de la doctr9e de la prde/9ation dans la ?ologie musulmane 7,leid51 #aijc74 #d ,= ! orig9 & significance ( ?is numb] see ,m4 ,/e9s*neid]1 ,die kanonis*e ,zahl d] muhamm$anis*5 ,sect5 und die ,symbolik d] ,zahl1 #gj-gc1 9 ,zeits*r4 d4 deuts*5 morg5l4 ,gesells*aft1 iv41 #ade-agj 7#ahej72 & ,i4 ,goldzih]1 ,le ,d5ombrem5t des sectes mohamtanes 9 ,revue de l'hi/4 des religions1 xxvi4 #abi-acg 7#ahib74 #e ,! names are giv5 ?r\gh\t 9 ! angliciz$ =m on ! analogy ( ,%iites1 :i* is recogniz$ 9 common usage4 ,! /rict t]m9ation accord+ to ! s*eme ( translit]ation adopt$ 9 ?is "w is iyya1 or iya1 e4g4 ,hi%amiyya = ,hi%amites4 ,= in=mation reg>d+ ! important sects see sep>ate articles & ! prec$+ portion ( ?is article4 #f ,all ^! names are alt]natively spelt ,mo- in/ead ( ,mu-4 ,,mahony1 ,,francis ,,sylve/] 7#ahjd-ahff71 kn[n z ,fa!r ,pr\t1 ,iri% prie/ & au?or1 son ( a wooll5 manufactur]1 0 born 9 ,cork 9 #ahjd4 ,8 classical education 0 *iefly obta9$ at a ,jesuit college at ,ami5s1 & aft] /udy+ 9 ,p>is he ent]$ ! ,jesuit college at ,rome & 0 admitt$ into ! ,society ( ,jesus4 ,he s]v$ 9 ,switz]l& & at ,clong[eswood1 ,irel&1 :]e he 0 prefect ( /udies & subsequ5tly ma/] ( rhetoric4 ,"h he 0 involv$ 9 sc&als t l$ to 8 resignation4 ,on go+ to ,italy he 0 told at ,flor5ce t he 0 expell$ f ! ,society4 ,he succe$$1 h[ev]1 9 obta9+ prie/'s ord]s at ,rome 9 #ahcb1 & return$ to ,irel&1 b subsequ5tly w5t to ,london1 (ficiat+ = "s "t 9 ! *apel ( ! ,bav>ian ,legation4 ,:ile !re he fell 9 ) ,william ,mag9n1 & ab\t #ahcd began to contribute 8 celebrat$ ,pr\t ,pap]s to ,fras]'s ,magaz9e4 ,^! consi/ ( episodes 9 ! life ( ! p>i% prie/ ,fa!r ,pr\t1 & dialogues aft] ! model ( ,*ri/oph] ,nor?1 v>i$ by translations ( well-kn[n ,engli% songs into ,lat91 ,greek1 ,fr5* & ,italian v]se1 :i* he humor\sly repres5ts z be+ ! true orig9als f :i* ! ,engli% au?ors _h m]ely plagi>iz$ !m4 ,mahony's translations h be5 univ]sally admir$ = ! extraord9>y comm& :i* !y display ( ! v>i\s languages into :i* 8 r5d]+s are made1 & = _! _s & fre$om bo? ( ?\ght & expression4 ,8 orig9al v]se t5ds *iefly to %[ t ) all 8 s>ca/ic & cynical wit 8 g5ius _h also its t5d]1 s]i\s & s5tim5tal side4 ,8 ,bells ( ,%&on has always be5 greatly admir$4 ,9 #ahdf ,mahony became correspond5t at ,rome to ! ,daily ,news1 & 8 lett]s f t capital gave v vivid pictures ( ! fir/ ye>s ( ! reign ( ,pius ,,ix4 ,! la/ twelve or fifte5 ye>s ( 8 life 7 sp5t 9 ,p>is1 :5ce he suppli$ ! ,globe ) a s]ies ( piquant lett]s on ! incid5ts ( ! day4 ,he di$ 9 ,p>is on ! #ah? ( ,may #ahff4 ,! ,reliques ( ,fa!r ,pr\t 7 collect$ f ,fras]'s ,magaz9e & publi%$ 9 two volumes 9 #ahcf2 ,! ,f9al ,reliques ( ,fa!r ,pr\t1 *iefly extract$ f ! ,daily ,news & ! ,globe1 7 edit$ by ,blan*>d ,j]rold 9 #ahgf1 & an edition ( 8 works1 edit$ by ,*>les ,k5t1 0 publi%$ 9 #ahha4 ,,mah\t 7,h9d4 mahawat71 an elephant-driv]4 ,! mah\t sits on ! elephant's neck & directs him by voice & by ! use ( a goad call$ ankus4 ,,mahrattas1 a p ( ,india1 inhabit+ ! di/rict kn[n by ! anci5t "n ( ,mah>a%tra 7,sans4 great k+dom or region74 ,?is l>ge tract1 ext5d+ f ! ,arabian ,sea on ! we/ to ! ,satpura m\nta9s 9 ! nor?1 comprises a good "p ( we/]n & c5tral ,india1 includ+ ! mod]n prov9ces ( ! ,konkan1 ,kh&e%1 ,b]>1 ! ,briti% ,deccan1 "p ( ,nagpur1 & ab\t half ! nizam's ,deccan4 ,! etymology ( ! ^w ,mahratta 7,m>a?a7 is unc]ta94 ,! "n does n indicate a social ca/e1 or a religi\s sect2 x is n ev5 tribal4 ,/rictly1 x is conf9$ to ! upp] class f :om ,sivaji's g5]als 7 mo/ly drawn1 & :o sometimes claim a ,rajput orig94 ,9 a wid] s5se x may be ext5d$ to include all :o inhabit ,mah>a%tra & speak ,mahratti z _! "m-tongue4 ,9 #aija ! total numb] ( speak]s ( ,mahratti 9 all ,india exce$$ #ah millions4 ,! ,mahrattas h always be5 a sep>ate nation or p1 & /ill reg>d !mselves z su*1 ?\gh n[adays !y are almo/ all "u ,briti% or ,mahomm$an jurisdiction2 t is1 !y belong ei!r to ,briti% ,india or to ! nizam's dom9ions4 ,!re are inde$ /ill ?ree l>ge native /ates nom9ally ,mahratta3 t ( ,s9dhia ne> ! bord]s ( ,h9du/an 9 ! nor?1 t ( ,holk> 9 ,malwa 9 ! he>t ( ! ,indian cont95t1 & t ( ! gaekw> 9 ,guj>at on ! we/]n coa/4 ,b 9 ^! /ates ! pr9ce1 8 relatives & "s ( 8 m9i/]s or (ficials only are ,mahrattas2 ! mass ( ! p belong to o!r sections ( ! ,h9du race4 ,^! /ates !n are n to be includ$ 9 ! ,mahratta nation1 ?\gh !y h a %>e 9 ,mahratta hi/ory4 ,9 g5]al t]ms ! ,mahrattas1 9 ! wid] s5se1 may be describ$ "u two ma9 heads3 fir/ ! ,brahmans1 & secondly ! l[-ca/e m54 ,! ,mahratta ,brahmans possess1 9 an int5se degree1 ! qualities ( t fam\s ca/e1 physical1 intellectual & moral4 ,!y h g5]ally ! l(ty br[1 ! regul> features1 ! sp>e upright figure1 & ! calm aspect :i* might be expect$ 9 a race ma9ta9$ 9 great purity yet ^u a broad basis4 ,9 mod]n times !y h prov$ !mselves ! mo/ able & ambiti\s ( all ! ,brahmans 9 ! ,indian ,empire4 ,!y are notably divid$ into two sections3 ! ,konkana/1 com+ f ! ,konkan or littoral tract on ! we/ coa/ bel[ ! ,we/]n ,ghat m\nta9s2 & ! ,de%a/1 com+ f ! upl&s or ,deccan1 on ! ea/ ( ! m\nta9s4 ,?\gh !re h be5 _m di/+ui%$ ,de%a/s1 yet ! mo/ rem>kable ( all h be5 ,konkana/s4 ,= in/ance1 ! pe%was1 or heads ( ! ,mahratta conf$]ation :i* at "o "t dom9at$ ne>ly all ,india1 7 ,konkana/ ,brahmans4 ,! bir?places ( ^! p]sons are /ill kn[n1 & to ?is day !re are seque/]$ villages1 ne/l+ ne> ! we/]n base ( ! ,ghats1 :i* are po9t$ to z be+ ! ance/ral homes ( m5 :o two c5turies ago _h political control ov] half ,india4 ,ap>t f ! ,brahmans1 ! ,mahrattas may be g5]ally designat$ z ,sudras1 ! humble/ ( ! f\r great ca/es into :i* ! ,h9du race is !oretically divid$4 ,b ! upp] classes claim to be ,k%attriyas or ,rajputs4 ,!y probably are aborig9es fundam5tally1 ) a mixture ( :at are n[ call$ ! ,scy?ian tribes1 :i* at a v e>ly "t ov]ran ,india4 ,! ord9>y ,mahrattas1 :o =m ! backbone ( ! nation1 h pla9 features1 an unc\? mann]1 %ort /ature1 a small b wiry frame4 ,?\gh n p[]ful physically z comp>$ ) ! nor!rn races ( ! ,punjab & ,oudh1 !y h mu* activity & an unsurpass$ endurance4 ,born & br$ 9 or ne> ! ,we/]n ,ghat m\nta9s & ! num]\s tribut>y ranges1 !y h all ! qualities ( m\nta9e]s4 ,9 rec5t times !y ent] milit>y s]vice less & less1 betak+ !mselves ma9ly to cultivation & to ! c>ry+ bus9ess connect$ ) agriculture4 ,z husb&m5 !y are n rem>kable2 b z grazi]s1 z c>tm51 z lab\r]s1 !y are excell5t4 ,z artisans !y h seldom signaliz$ !mselves1 save z arm\r]s & clo?weav]s4 ,9 ! ,konkan !re are "s sup]ior proprietors t]m$ ,khots4 ,) ?is & p]haps "s o!r exceptions1 !re are n 9 ! ,mahratta c\ntry _m l>ge l&lords1 nor _m ( ! sup]ior t5ure-hold]s ^: position relatively to t ( ! peasantry has caus$ mu* discussion 9 o!r p>ts ( ,india4 ,!re are inde$ _m ,mahratta *iefs /ill resid5t 9 ! c\ntry1 memb]s ( ! ari/ocracy :i* =m]ly enjoy$ mu* weal? & p[]4 ,!y are sometimes 9 ! position ( l&lords1 b (t5 !y are ! assignees ( ! l& rev5ue1 :i* !y are entitl$ "u special grants to collect = !mselves in/ead ( = gov]nm5t1 pay+ m]ely a small sum to ,gov]nm5t by way ( quit-r5t4 ,"u !m ! cultivators are by ,briti% arrangem5ts plac$ 9 ! position ( peasant proprietors4 ,! village community has always exi/$ z ! social unit 9 ! ,mahratta t]ritories1 ?\gh ) less cohesion among its memb]s ?an 9 ! village communities ( ,h9du/an & ! ,punjab4 ,! anci5t (fices p]ta9+ to ! village1 z ^? ( ! headm5 7patel71 ! village acc\ntant1 c41 are 9 work+ ord] ?r\gh\t ! ,mahratta c\ntry4 ,! ,mahratta peasantry possess manly =titude "u suff]+ & mis=tune4 ,?\gh pati5t & good-temp]$ 9 ! ma91 !y h a lat5t w>m? ( temp]1 & if oppress$ beyond a c]ta9 limit !y w\ld fi]cely turn ^u _! torm5tors4 ,z a rule !y are ord]ly & law-abid+1 b traditions ( plund] h be5 h&$ d[n to !m f e>ly times1 & _m ( !m reta9 ! pr$atory in/9cts ( _! =efa!rs4 ,! neighb\rhood ( d5se =e/s1 /eep hill-sides1 & fa/nesses h>d ( access (f]s extraord9>y facilities to plund]]s = scre5+ !mselves & _! booty4 ,?us gang robb]y is apt to break out1 ga9s head ) rapidity1 & is suppress$ ) difficulty4 ,9 times ( peace x is kept "u1 b dur+ w>1 or :5ev] ! b&s ( civil ord] are loos5$1 x becomes a cause ( anxiety & a s\rce ( dang]4 ,! wom5 h frankness & /r5g? ( "*2 !y "w h>d 9 ! fields1 & z a rule ev9ce dome/ic virtue4 ,! peasantry pres]ve a grave & quiet demean\r1 b !y h _! humble ideas ( gaiety1 & hold _! ga!r+s on occasions ( bir?s or m>riages4 ,!y frequ5tly beguile _! toil ) c>ols4 ,!y l ! gossip+ & b>t]+ at ! rural m>kets & 9 ! l>g] fairs1 :i* are sometimes held 9 /rik+ly picturesque localities4 ,!y are sup]/iti\s1 & wor%ip ) he>ty v5]ation any be+ or ?+ ^: de/ructive ag5cy !y fe>4 ,!y ev5 speak ( ! tig] ) honorific titles4 ,!y are ,h9dus1 b _! ,h9duism is held to be ( a non-,aryan type4 ,!y are s9c]ely dev\t 9 religion1 & feel an awe reg>d+ ! holy ,brahmans1 hold+ ! life & ! p]son ( a ,brahman sacr$1 ev5 ?\gh he be a crim9al ( ! deepe/ dye4 ,!y ( c\rse reg>d ! c[ z equally sacr$4 ,!re are two pr9cipal sects among mod]n ,h9dus--^? :o foll[ ,vi%nu1 & ^? :o foll[ ,siva4 ,! ,mahrattas g5]ally foll[ ,siva & 8 wife1 a dread goddess kn[n "u _m names4 ,! ,mahratta w>-cry1 ,h>1 ,h>1 ,mahadeo1 ref]r$ to ,siva4 ,all classes high & l[ are fond ( ! religi\s fe/ivals1 ! pr9cipal ( :i*1 ! ,dasahra1 occurs 9 ,octob]1 :5 ! fir/ h>ve/ ( ! ye> has be5 secur$ & ! second crops s[n4 ,?is has always be5 held ) ! utmo/ pomp & magnific5ce at e c5tre ( ,mahratta weal? & p[]4 ,! p frequ5tly assemble 9 b[]s & arb\rs con/ruct$ ( leafy b\ghs to he> ka?as recit$4 ,^! recitations are p>tly religi\s1 p>tly also romantic & quasi-hi/orical4 ,aft] !m national resolves ( j resi/ance or ( aggressive ambition h (t5 be5 =m$4 ,ap>t f ! ,mahratta ,brahmans1 z already m5tion$1 ! ,mahratta nobles & pr9ces are n g5]ally f9e-look+ m54 ,!re is g5]al tru? 9 :at 0 once said by a high au?ority to ! effect t1 :ile !re w be some?+ dignifi$ 9 ! humble/ ,rajput1 !re w be some?+ mean 9 ! highe/ ,mahratta4 ,bluff good-nature1 a c]ta9 jocos5ess1 a hum\r pung5t & ready1 ?\gh some:at co>se1 a hot or ev5 viol5t disposition1 are *>act]i/ics ( ,mahratta *iefta9s4 ,!y usually %[ little aptitude = bus9ess or = s$5t>y pursuits2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 !y are born eque/rians & sportsm54 ,mahratta ladies & pr9cesses h (t5 tak5 a prom95t "p1 = good or evil1 9 public affairs & dyna/ic intrigues4 ,?\gh !y h produc$ "s poetry1 ! ,mahrattas h nev] done mu* = lit]ature4 ,nor h !y be5 di/+ui%$ 9 indu/rial art4 ,_! ar*itecture 9 wood1 h[ev]1 0 excell5t2 & ! teak =e/s ( _! c\ntry af=d$ ! f9e/ timb] = build+ & = c>v+4 ,!y _h also mu* skill 9 ! con/ruction ( works = ! supply ( dr9k+ wat] on a l>ge scale & = irrigation4 ,! range ( ! ,we/]n ,ghats enabl$ ! ,mahrattas to rise aga9/ _! ,mahomm$an conqu]ors1 to reass]t _! ,h9du nationality aga9/ ! :ole p[] ( ! ,mogul ,empire1 & to e/abli% 9 its place an empire ( _! own4 ,x is (t5 /at$ t 9 ,india ,briti% conque/ or annexation succe$$ ,mahomm$an rule2 & to a consid]able ext5t ?is 0 ! case4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! pr9cipal p[]1 ! wide/ sov]eignty1 :i* ! ,briti% ov]?rew 9 ,india 0 t ( ! ,mahrattas4 ,dur+ ! e>li] ,moslem invasions 9 #aajj & 9 subsequ5t ye>s1 ! ,mahrattas d n seem to h made mu* resi/ance4 ,!y submitt$ to sev]al ,mahomm$an k+s "u ! *ang+ circum/ances ( ^? times4 ,x 0 aga9/ ! ,mahomm$an k+ ( ,bijapur 9 ! ,deccan t ,sivaji1 ! h]o ( ,mahratta hi/ory1 fir/ rebell$ 9 #afeg4 ,sivaji & 8 fight+ (fic]s 7 ,mahrattas ( humble ca/e1 b 8 m9i/]s 7 ,brahmans4 ,:5 ! ,mogul ,empire absorb$ ! ,bijapur k+dom he defi$ ! emp]or4 ,he imp>t$ a self-reliant en?usiasm to 8 c\ntrym51 =m$ !m into an army1 & organiz$ !m z a political community2 8 m\nta9e] infantry1 ?\gh limit$ 9 numb]s1 prov$ desp]ately c\rage\s2 8 cavalry 0 d>+ & ubiquit\s4 ,! ,moslems1 hav+ once ov]come ! ,h9dus 9 almo/ all p>ts ( ,india1 _h n = c5turies met ) any notewor?y upris+4 ,sivaji1 h[ev]1 plann$ _! expulsion1 & be=e ! end ( 8 re/less life made mu* progress 9 ! execution ( t design4 ,! new /ate :i* he f\nd$ 0 ma9ta9$ "u v>i\s vicissitudes aft] 8 dea?4 ,mahratta resi/ance1 once ar\s$ by him1 0 nev] ext+ui%$1 & ! imp]ial res\rces 7 worn out by ceaseless ?\gh va9 ef=ts to quell x4 ,! great ,mogul emp]or's impov]i%$ & enfeebl$ successor 0 fa9 to recognize ! ,mahratta /ate by a =mal in/rum5t4 ,! ,mahratta k+1 a desc5dant ( ,sivaji1 _h become a roi fa9ant1 & ! arrangem5t 0 negotiat$ by 8 ,brahman m9i/]1 ^: (ficial designation 0 ! pe%wa4 ,! (fice ( pe%wa !n became h]$it>y 9 ! m9i/]'s family1 & grew 9 importance z ! ,mahratta k+dom rose1 :ile ! k+ sunk into ! condition ( a puppet4 ,?us ! ,mahratta p[] 0 consolidat$ ?r\gh\t ne>ly ! :ole ( ,mah>a%tra "u ! ,brahman pe%wa z virtual sov]eign1 ) 8 capital at ,poona1 :ile ! titul> ,mahratta raja or k+ _h 8 c\rt at ! neighb\r+ city ( ,sat>a4 ,despite 8 political importance1 h[ev]1 ! raja 0 /ill v5]at$ z ! desc5dant ( ,sivaji4 ,!n sev]al *iefs c>v$ out pr9cipalities ( _! own f among ! ru9s ( ! ,mogul ,empire4 ,?us ,raghoji ,bhonsla e/abli%$ himself 9 ! tracts ly+ und]nea? ! s\!rn base ( ! ,satpura range 7namely1 ,nagpur & ,b]>71 ov]ran ,orissa & ent]$ ,b5gal4 ,damaji ,gaekw> desc5d$ f ! ,we/]n ,ghats ^u ! alluvial pla9s ( ,guj>at ar\nd ,b>oda2 ,tukoji ,holk> subdu$ ! upl&s ( ,malwa beyond ! ,v9dhya range on ! nor? bank ( ! ,n]budda2 & ,mahadji ,s9dhia obta9$ possession ( l>ge tracts imm$iately s\? ( ,agra & ,delhi1 m>*$ into ,h9du/an & became virtually ! ma/] ( ! ,mogul emp]or himself 7see ,,gwalior74 ,sivaji's own fa!r _h f\nd$ a dom9ion at ,tanjore 9 ! extreme s\?1 :i*1 h[ev]1 nev] _h relations ) ! c5tral p[] at ,poona4 ,! same may be said ( ! /ate ( ,kolhapur1 allott$ to a y\ng] bran* ( ,sivaji's family4 ,b ^! pr9cipalities1 ?\gh indep5d5t respect+ int]nal adm9i/ration1 & mak+ w> or peace ) _! neighb\rs accord+ to opportunity1 own$ allegiance to ! pe%wa at ,poona z ! head ( ! ,mahratta race4 ,on /ate occasions heads ( pr9cipalities w\ld visit ,poona by way ( ackn[l$g+ ! sup]ior position ( ! pe%wa4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! pe%wa 0 c>eful to obta9 ! sanction ( 8 nom9al sov]eign at ,sat>a to e important act ( /ate4 ,?us a conf$]ation 0 =m$ ( :i* ! ,brahman pe%wa or head 0 at ,poona1 gov]n+ ! adjac5t t]ritories1 :ile ! memb]s1 belong+ to ! l[] ca/es1 7 scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! cont95t ( ,india4 ,su* 0 ! ,mahratta ,empire :i* supplant$ ! ,mogul ,empire4 ,! ,mahratta p[] grew & prosp]$ till x embrac$ all we/]n & mo/ ( c5tral ,india4 ,its culm9at+ po9t 0 rea*$ ab\t #agej1 or ab\t a c5tury aft] ,sivaji fir/ rebell$ aga9/ 8 ,mahomm$an sov]eign4 ,its armies drew soldi]s f all p>ts ( ,india4 ,! infantry 0 n ( good quality2 b its cavalry 0 really an enorm\s =ce1 numb]+ fully a hundr$ ?\s& 9 all4 ,! horsem5 7 spl5didly audaci\s 9 rid+ = long di/ances into ! he>t ( a ho/ile c\ntry1 )\t support1 /rik+ "s t]rific bl[s1 & !n return+ rapidly beyond rea* ( pursuit4 ,!y c\ld truly boa/ ( hav+ wat]$ _! horses 9 e ,indian riv] f ! ,cauv]y to ! ,indus4 ,if attack$1 h[ev]1 9 a compet5t mann]1 !y w\ld n /&2 & aft]w>ds1 9 conflict ) ! ,briti%1 :ole masses ( !m behav$ 9 a da/>dly mann]4 ,z _! ambition grew ! *iefs began to organize _! troops aft] ! sy/em le>nt f ! ,engli% & ,fr5*4 ,9 ?is way sev]al ,fr5*m5--,b5oit de ,boigne1 ,p]ron & o!rs--rose 9 ! ,mahratta s]vice to a position dang]\s to ! ,briti%4 ,b ! new sy/em 0 unsuit$ to ! ,mahratta g5ius2 x hamp]$ ! meteoric movem5ts ( ! cavalry1 :i* 0 oblig$ to manoeuvre 9 comb9ation ) ! new artill]y & ! discipl9$ battalions4 ,mahratta eld]s h5ce utt]$ pr$ictions ( milit>y disa/] :i* 7 9 ! end m ?an fulfill$4 ,! rapid & amaz+ success ( ! ,mahratta conf$]ation r5d]$ x ! l>ge/ ,h9du p[] t ev] exi/$ 9 ,india4 ,b x lack$ ! elem5ts ( true greatness4 ,x 0 f\nd$ by plund]+ exp$itions1 & its subsequ5t exi/5ce 0 ta9t$ by ! bas5ess ( ?is pr$atory orig94 ,) ! exception ( ! pe%was1 its *iefs 7 little m ?an free-boot+ w>riors1 = ! mo/ "p rude1 viol5t & unlett]$4 ,_! cu/om 0 to (f] _! neighb\rs or victims ! alt]native ( pay+ *\?1 t is1 "o-f\r? ( ! rev5ue1 or be+ plund]$ & ravag$4 ,?us ! ,mahratta *\? came to h an om9\s significance 9 ,indian hi/ory4 ,desultory ef=ts 7 made to e/abli% a civil gov]nm5t1 b 9 ! ma9 !re 0 no adm9i/ration =m$ on /atesmanlike pr9ciples4 ,! pe%was1 on ! o!r h&1 z ,brahmans1 7 m5 ( ! highe/ education !n possible 9 ,india4 ,b !y 7 absorb$ by ! direction ( milit>y & political comb9ations1 & by intrigues = ! pres]vation ( _! own p[]2 &1 ev5 all[+ = all ?is1 !y fail$ to ev9ce ! civil capacity :i* might h be5 anticipat$4 ,:ile sev]al display$ comm&+ abilities1 & "s possess$ _m virtues1 "o alone attempt$ to conduct an adm9i/ration 9 an enlight5$ mann]1 & he di$ prematurely4 ,!re 7 at ! same "t p[]s exi/+ 9 ,india to keep ! ,mahrattas 9 *eck1 & "s p>ts ( ,india 7 except$ f _! depr$ations4 ,! ,engli% p[] 0 ris+ at ,calcutta1 ,madras & ,bombay4 ,! nasc5t ,sikh p[] prev5t$ ,mahratta incursions f be+ p]man5tly successful 9 ! ,punjab4 ,z ! ,mogul ,empire broke up1 "s sep>ate ,mahomm$an p[]s rose ^u its ru9s4 ,! nizam ( ! ,deccan e/abli%$ himself at ,hyd]abad1 comp>atively ne> ! headqu>t]s ( ! pe%wa4 ,hyd] ,ali 0 proclaim$ sultan ( ,mysore 9 ! s\?4 ,ahm$ ,%ah ,abdali bur/ ^u ,india f ,afghani/an4 ,! ,mahrattas bravely enc\nt]$ him at ,panipat ne> ,delhi 9 #agfa1 & 7 decisively defeat$4 ,! defeat1 h[ev]1 did n ess5tially %ake ! ,mahratta conf$]ation4 ,x 0 collision ) ! ,engli% t broke t wond]ful fabric to pieces4 ,! fir/ collision ) ! ,engli% occurr$ 9 #agge1 aris+ f a disput$ succession to ! pe%wa%ip4 ,! ,engli% gov]nm5t at ,bombay support$ "o ( ! claimants1 & ! affair became critical = ! ,engli% z well z = ! ,mahrattas4 ,x 0 at ?is conjuncture t ,w>r5 ,ha/+s display$ 8 political g5ius & r5d]$ signal s]vice to 8 c\ntry1 by succ\r+ f ,b5gal ! defeat$ ,bombay army & negotiat+ a peace 79 #aghb7 t re/or$ ! /atus quo4 ,! next collision happ5$ 9 #ahjc4 ,! pe%wa _h fall5 into grave difficulties ) "s ( ! pr9cipal memb]s ( ! ,mahratta conf$]ation4 ,he !re=e plac$ himself "u ,briti% protection1 & ?is l$ to ! great ,mahratta ,w>1 9 :i* ! ,m>quis ,wellesley display$ ^? tal5ts = milit>y & political comb9ation :i* r5d]$ him illu/ri\s4 ,x 0 dur+ ! campaigns :i* ensu$ t ,g5]al ,ar?ur ,wellesley defeat$ ,s9dhia & ! ,bhonsla raja at ,assaye1 & ,g5]al ,lake won ! victories ( ,f>rukhabad1 ,dig & ,lasw>i ov] ,s9dhia & ,holk>4 ,! ?ree conf$]ates1 ,s9dhia1 ,holk> & ! ,bhonsla1 conclud$ peace ) ! ,briti% gov]nm5t1 aft] mak+ l>ge sacrifices ( t]ritory 9 fav\r ( ! victor1 & submitt+ to ,briti% control politically4 ,x 0 dur+ ^! ev5ts t ! ,briti% won ! prov9ce ( ,orissa1 ! old ,h9du/an aft]w>ds "p ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces1 & a "p ( ! we/]n coa/ 9 ,guj>at4 ,! ?ird collision came to pass betwe5 #ahaf & #ahah1 ?r\gh ! conduct1 n only ( ! conf$]ates1 b also ( ! pe%wa 7,baji ,bao7 himself4 ,dur+ ! previ\s w> ! pe%wa _h be5 ! protg & ally ( ! ,briti%2 & s9ce ! w> he _h fall5 m completely ?an be=e "u ,briti% protection--,briti% political (fic]s & ,briti% troops be+ /ation$ at 8 capital4 ,he app>5tly felt enc\rag$ by circum/ances to rebel4 ,holk> & ! ,bhonsla committ$ ho/ile acts4 ,! pr$atory ,p9d>is (f]$ a =midable resi/ance to ! ,briti% troops4 ,s ! pe%wa v5tur$ to take "p 9 ! comb9ation aga9/ ! ,briti% p[]1 :i* ev5 yet ! ,mahrattas did n despair ( ov]?r[+4 ,aft] long-protract$ m5aces1 he attack$ ! ,briti% at ,kirkee1 b fail$ utt]ly1 & fl$ a ru9$ man4 ,ultimately he surr5d]$ to ,sir ,john ,malcolm1 & 0 s5t z a /ate p5sion] to ,bi?ur1 ne> ,cawnpore4 ,! ,briti%1 h[ev]1 releas$ ! raja ( ,sat>a f ! captivity 9 :i* he _h be5 kept dur+ ! pe%wa's "t1 & re9/at$ him on ! ?rone1 ) a limit$ t]ritory4 ,ow+ to ^! ev5ts ! ,briti% gov]nm5t became possess$ ( ! ,konkan & ( ! great] "p ( ! ,deccan4 ,x rema9s to m5tion briefly ! =tunes ( ea* rema9+ memb] ( ! once imp]ial conf$]ation4 ,! pr9cipality ( ,sat>a 0 held to h laps$ 9 #ahdh by ! dea? ( ! raja )\t l9eal heirs1 & 0 annex$ by ! ,briti% gov]nm5t4 ,! ,bhonsla raja ( ,nagpur di$ )\t l9eal heirs 9 #ahec1 & 8 t]ritory 0 likewise annex$4 ,! h\se ( ,holk> rema9$ fai?ful to its engagem5ts ) ! ,briti% gov]nm5t1 & its position z a feudatory ( ! empire 0 ma9ta9$4 ,9 ,s9dhia's t]ritory1 by reason ( int]nal feuds1 ! ,briti% _h to und]take measures :i* 7 successfully t]m9at$ aft] ! battles ( ,mah>ajpur & ,panni> 9 #ahdc4 ,b on ! :ole ! h\se ( ,s9dhia rema9$ fai?ful4 ,s9dhia himself 0 actively loyal dur+ ! ,mut9y4 ,! gaekw> gradually fell "u ,briti% control t[>ds ! close ( ! #ah? c5tury1 & 8 h\se nev] engag$ 9 ho/ilities ) ! ,briti% gov]nm5t4 ,! ex-pe%wa liv$ to old age at ,bi?ur1 & di$ 9 #aheg4 ,8 adopt$ son grew up to be ! ,nana ,sahib1 ( infam\s memory1 :o took a lead+ "p 9 ! ,mut9y4 ,see ,j4 ,grant ,duff1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,mahrattas 7#c vols41 #ahbf72 ,t4 ,d4 ,br\ghton1 ,lett]s writt5 9 a ,mahratta ,camp 7#ahac72 ,m4 ,g4 ,ranade1 ,rise ( ! ,m>a?a ,p[] 7,bombay1 #aijj74 7,r4 ,t42 ,j4 ,s4 ,co47 ,,mahse]1 or ,,mahase] 7,b>bus mosal71 a k9d ( b>bel1 abundant 9 ! riv]s ( ,india1 especially 9 pools ( ! upp] & m rapid /reams :]e !y issue f ! m\nta9\s "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,x is "o ( ! l>ge/ species ( ! ,cypr9id family1 atta9+ to a l5g? ( #c to #e ft41 & sometimes exce$+ a weight ( #gj lb4 ,its body is well-proportion$1 r elongate1 & some:at l t ( ! ,european b>bel1 b cov]$ ) v l>ge scales1 ( :i* !re are only tw5ty-five or tw5ty-sev5 plac$ along ! lat]al l9e2 ! dorsal f9 is arm$ ) a long & /rong sp9e1 & ! m\? provid$ ) f\r sl5d] & %ort b>bels4 ,! lips are sometimes produc$ into fle%y lobes4 ,to ! fi%]man 9 ,india ! mahse] af=ds ! same k9d ( sport z ! salmon 9 ! ,briti% ,isles1 & x rivals t fi% z reg>ds size1 /r5g? & activity4 ,its fle% is likewise mu* e/eem$4 ,,mai1 ,,angelo 7#aghb-ahed71 ,italian c>d9al & philologi/1 0 born ( humble p>5ts at ,s*ilp>io 9 ! prov9ce ( ,b]gamo1 ,lomb>dy1 on ! #g? ( ,m>* #aghb4 ,9 #agii he ent]$ ! ,society ( ,jesus1 & 9 #ahjd he became a tea*] ( classics 9 ! college ( ,naples4 ,aft] complet+ 8 /udies at ! ,collegium ,romanum1 he liv$ = "s "t at ,orvieto1 :]e he 0 engag$ 9 tea*+ & palaeographical /udies4 ,! political ev5ts ( #ahjh necessitat$ 8 )drawal f ,rome 7to :i* he _h mean:ile return$7 to ,milan1 :]e 9 #ahac he 0 made cu/odian ( ! ,ambrosian libr>y4 ,he n[ ?rew himself ) *>act]i/ic en]gy & zeal into ! task ( exam9+ ! num]\s ,,mss4 committ$ to 8 *>ge1 & 9 ! c\rse ( ! next six ye>s 0 able to re/ore to ! _w a consid]able numb] ( long-lo/ works4 ,hav+ )drawn f ! ,society ( ,jesus1 he 0 invit$ to ,rome 9 #ahai z *ief keep] ( ! ,vatican libr>y4 ,9 #ahcc he 0 transf]r$ to ! (fice ( secret>y ( ! congregation ( ! ,propag&a2 on ! #ab? ( ,febru>y #ahch he 0 rais$ to ! dignity ( c>d9al4 ,he di$ at ,ca/elg&olfo1 ne> ,albano1 on ! #h? ( ,septemb] #ahed4 ,x is on 8 skill z a read] ( palimpse/s t ,mai's fame *iefly re/s4 ,to ! p]iod ( 8 resid5ce at ,milan belong3 ,fragm5ts ( ,cic]o's ,pro ,scauro1 ,pro ,tullio1 ,pro ,flacco1 ,9 ,clodium et ,curionem1 ,de a]e ali5o ,milonis1 ,de rege 7,alex&r9o 7#ahad72 ,m4 ,corn4 ,frontonis op]a in$ita1 cum epi/olis item in$itis1 ,anton9i ,pii1 ,m>ci ,aurelii1 ,lucii ,v]i et ,appiani 7#ahae2 new ed41 #ahbc1 ) m ?an #ajj additional lett]s f\nd 9 ! ,vatican libr>y72 portions ( eight spee*es ( ,qu9tus ,aurelius ,symma*us2 fragm5ts ( ,plautus2 ! oration ( ,isaeus ,de h]$itate ,cleonymi2 ! la/ n9e books ( ! ,antiquities ( ,dionysius ( ,halic>nassus1 & a numb] ( o!r works4 ,m4 ,tullii ,cic]onis de republica quae sup]sunt appe>$ at ,rome 9 #ahbb2 ,scriptorum vet]um nova collectio1 e vaticanis codicibus edita 9 #ahbe-ahch2 ,classici scriptores e vaticanis codicibus editi 9 #ahbh-ahch2 ,spicilegium romanum 9 #ahci-ahdd2 & ,patrum nova biblio!ca 9 #ahde-ahec4 ,8 edition ( ! celebrat$ ,codex vaticanus1 complet$ 9 #ahch1 b n publi%$ 7o/5sibly on ! gr\nd ( inaccuracies7 till f\r ye>s aft] 8 dea? 7#aheh71 is ! lea/ satisfactory ( 8 lab\rs & 0 sup]s$$ by ! edition ( ,v]cellone & ,cozza 7#ahfh71 :i* itself leaves mu* to be desir$4 ,al?\gh ,mai 0 n z successful 9 textual criticism z 9 ! deciph]m5t ( manuscripts1 he w always be rememb]$ z a labori\s & p]sev]+ pione]1 by ^: ef=ts _m anci5t writ+s h be5 rescu$ f oblivion4 ,see ,b4 ,pr9a1 ,biografia del c>d9ale ,angelo ,mai 7,b]gamo1 #ahhb71 a sci5tific "w1 :i* gives a full &1 at ! same "t1 a j appreciation ( 8 "w2 ,cozza-,luzi1 ,epi/ol>io del c>d4 ,angelo ,mai 7,b]gamo1 #ahhc72 life by ,g4 ,poletto 7,si5a1 #ahhg74 ,,maia1 9 ,greek my?ology1 ! elde/ ( ! ,pleiades1 ! sev5 daught]s ( ,atlas & ! ,oceanid ,ple"o4 ,%e & h] si/]s1 born on ,mt ,cyll5e 9 ,arcadia1 are sometimes call$ m\nta9 goddesses4 ,9 a cave ( ,cyll5e ,maia became by ,zeus ! "m ( ! god ,h]mes4 ,! /ory is told 9 ! ,hymn to ,h]mes attribut$ to ,hom]4 ,%e 0 id5tifi$ by ! ,romans ) ,maia ,maje/a1 an old ,italian goddess ( spr+1 to :om a sacrifice 0 (f]$ on ! #a/ ( ,may by ! prie/ ( ,vulcan4 ,,maida1 a t[n ( ,calabria1 ,italy1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,catanz>o1 f :i* x is #cj m4 ,w4,s4,w4 direct1 & #ab m4 ,n4,n4,e4 ( ,pizzo by rail 7! /ation is #h m4 ,w4 ( ! t[n74 ,pop4 7#aija71 #eaij4 ,! t[n gives its "n to ! pla9 ( ,maida1 :]e 9 #ahjf ,briti% troops "u ,sir ,john ,/u>t defeat$ ! ,fr5* "u ,regni]4 ,! names ,maida ,hill & ,maida ,vale 9 ,london are d]iv$ f ?is battle4 ,,maidan1 an ,indian t]m = any op5 pla94 ,! ,maidan is ! "n ( ! p>k 9 ,calcutta1 surr\nd+ ,=t ,william1 :]e society p drive 9 ! aft]noon4 ,! "n is also appli$ to "o ( ! valleys 9 ! ,afridi c\ntry ( ,tirah1 & to ! plateau portion ( ! /ate ( ,mysore4 ,,maid51 or ,,maid1 a "y unm>ri$ girl4 ,maid is a %ort5$ =m ( maid51 ,o4 ,eng4 maegd51 :i* repres5ts a dim9utive ( a ,teutonic ^w mean+ "y p]son1 ( ei!r sex4 ,an old ,engli% ^w may1 mean+ a k9sman or k9swoman1 & also a virg9 or girl1 repres5ts ! orig9al4 ,9 e>ly usage maid5 z mean+ virg9 is frequ5tly appli$ to ! male sex1 ?us1 9 ,malory's ,morte d',ar?ur1 ,sir ,p]cyvale is call$ a p>fyte cl5e megd54 ,ap>t f ! direct applications ( ! ^w to ! unm>ri$ /ate1 su* z maid5 "n1 maid5 lady1 c41 ! ^w is us$ adjectivally1 imply+ ! pres]vation ( ! fir/ /ate ( an object1 or indicat+ a fir/ ef=t ( any k9d4 ,probably a maid5 =tress is "o :i* has nev] fall51 ?\gh ! ,new ,engli% ,diction>y sugge/s t ! v>i\s maid5 ca/les 9 ,engl&1 usually anci5t e>?works1 may h be5 s call$ f be+ s /rong t !y c\ld be def5d$ by maid5s1 & po9ts out t ,ed9burgh ,ca/le1 call$ maid5-ca/le by ,william ,drummond ( ,haw?ornd5 7,spee* = ,ed9burgh to ! ,k+71 is /yl$ ,ca/rum puell>um1 ! ca/le ( ! maid5s1 9 ,ge(frey ( ,monm\?4 ,a maid5 assize1 circuit or session is "o at :i* !re are no prison]s = trial2 a maid5 ov] or maid5 9 cricket is an ov] f :i* no runs are scor$4 ,a maid5 spee* is ! fir/ spee* made by a memb] ( p>liam5t 9 ! h\se4 ,9 ! ,annual ,regi/] = #agid 7quot$ 9 ,n4,e4,d47 ! expression1 ) ref]5ce to ,cann+'s fir/ spee*1 is said to be accord+ to ! te*nical language ( ! h\se4 ,maid5 is appli$ to sev]al objects1 to a movable framework or horse = dry+ & air+ ( l951 to a wa%]woman's dolly or wood5 beat]1 to ! kirnbaby =m$ ( ! la/ %eaf ( corn reap$ :i* =m]ly figur$ 9 ! ,scotti% h>ve/ homes1 & to ! behead+ in/rum5t1 kn[n z ! ,scotti% maid5 7see bel[74 ,maid1 ap>t f its prim>y s5se ( an unm>ri$ woman1 is *iefly us$ = a dome/ic female s]vant1 usually ) a qualify+ ^w prefix$1 su* z h\semaid1 p>l\r-maid1 c4 ,! title ( ,,maid ,,( ,,hon\r is giv5 to an unm>ri$ lady atta*$ to ! p]sonal suite ( a que54 ,! cu/om ( s5d+ "y girls ( noble or good bir? to ! c\rt ( a pr9ce or feudal sup]ior1 = ! purpose1 prim>ily1 ( education1 goes back to e>ly feudal times1 & is p>allel ) ! s5d+ ( boys to act z pages & squires to ! feudal ca/les4 ,! regul> e/abli%m5t ( maids ( hon\r 7filles d'honneur7 appe>s fir/ 9 ! royal c\rt ( ,france4 ,?is has usually be5 attribut$ to ,anne ( ,brittany1 wife ( ,*>les ,,viii42 %e _h a gr\p ( unm>ri$ girls ( high rank at h] c\rt z "p ( h] h\sehold1 9 :om %e took a lively & p>5tal int]e/1 educat+ !m & be/[+ a d[ry ^u !m on _! m>riage4 ,a slightly e>li] in/ance1 h[ev]1 has be5 f\nd4 ,:5 ! "y ,m>g>et ( ,au/ria came to ,france on h] esp\sal to ,*>les ,,viii41 brok5 by 8 m>riage to ,anne ( ,brittany1 !re 7 9 h] tra9 sev]al filles d'honneur1 ^: names appe> 9 ! ,comptes d'arg5t]ie de la re9e ,m>gu]ite d',autri*e1 f #adhd-adhe & #adhh-adhi 7,ar*ives de l'empire ,k4 ,k4 #hj & #ha quot$ by ,a4 ,jal1 ,dictionnaire critique de biographie et d'hi/oire74 ,x is f ! days ( ,francis ,i4 t ! *roniques sc&aleuses beg9 :i* circle r\nd ! maids ( hon\r ( ! ,fr5* c\rt4 ,! maids ( ,ca!r9e de ,m$ici1 celebrat$ z ! fly+ squadron1 l'escadron volant1 are famili> f ! pages ( ,pi]re de l',e/oile 7#aegd-afaa7 & ,brantme4 ,among ^? ^: beauty ,ca!r9e us$ 9 h] political intrigues1 ! mo/ fam\s 7 ,isabelle de ,limeuil1 ,mlle de ,montmor5cy-,fosseux1 kn[n z la belle ,fosseuse1 & ,*>lotte de ,baune4 ,! filles d'honneur1 z an in/itution1 7 suppress$ 9 ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 at ! in/igation ( ,mme de ,montespan--:o _h be5 "o ( !m--& _! place 0 tak5 by ! dames de palais4 ,9 ! ,engli% c\rt1 ?is cu/om ( atta*+ maids ( hon\r to ! que5's p]son 0 no d\bt adopt$ f ,france4 ,at ! pres5t day a que5 regnant has eight maids ( hon\r1 a que5 consort f\r4 ,!y take prec$5ce next aft] ! daught]s ( b>ons1 & :]e !y h n by "r or c\rtesy a title ( _! own1 !y are /yl$ ,hon\rable4 ,,! ,,scotti% ,,maid5 0 an in/rum5t ( capital puni%m5t =m]ly 9 use 9 ,scotl&4 ,x is said to h be5 inv5t$ by ! e>l ( ,morton1 :o is also said to h be5 its fir/ victim4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 c\ld n h be5 ! case1 z ! maid5 0 fir/ us$ at ! execution ( ! inf]ior ag5ts 9 ! assass9ation ( ,rizzio 7#aefa7 & ,morton 0 n behead$ till #aeha4 ,! maid5 0 practically an e>ly =m ( guillot9e4 ,a load$ blade or axe mov+ 9 grooves 0 fix$ 9 a frame ab\t t5 feet high4 ,! axe 0 rais$ to ! full height ( ! frame & !n releas$1 sev]+ ! victim's head f 8 body4 ,at lea/ #abj1 suff]$ dea? by ! maid51 includ+ ! reg5t ,morton1 ,sir ,john ,gordon ( ,haddo1 ,presid5t ,spottiswood1 ! m>quis & e>l ( ,argyll4 ,9 #agaj x ceas$ to be us$2 x is n[ pres]v$ 9 ! museum ( ! ,society ( ,antiqu>ies ( ,scotl&1 9 ,ed9burgh4 ,,maid5hair1 9 botany1 ! common "n = a f]n1 ,adiantum ,capillus-,v5]is1 *>act]iz$ by ! spread+ hairlike bran*es ( ! frond1 ! ultimate p9nules ( :i* are to #a 94 long ) a r\nd$ cr5ate out] edge & repeat$ly =k$ ve9s2 ! sori 7or masses ( spore-capsules7 are 9 ! cr5atures ( ! p9nules1 & are protect$ by a kidney-%ap$ involucre4 ,! plant is widely di/ribut$ 9 temp]ate & tropical regions1 & is occasionally f\nd 9 ! we/]n c\nties ( ,engl&1 ! ,isle ( ,man1 & we/ ,irel&1 gr[+ on damp rocks or walls especially ne> ! sea4 ,! g5us ,adiantum is a l>ge "o conta9+ _m h&some species bo? tropical & temp]ate1 well kn[n 9 gre5h\se & ho?\se cultivation4 ,,maid5hair-,,tree is a popul> "n = ,g9kgo biloba1 a rem>kable & h&some gymnosp]m\s tree1 ! fan-%ap$ leaves ( :i* ) _! =k$ ve9s recall ^? ( ! maid5hair 7see ,,gymnosp]ms74 ,,maid5head1 a m>ket t[n & municipal bor\gh 9 ! ,wok+ham p>liam5t>y division ( ,b]k%ire1 ,engl&2 #bd m4 ,w4 ( ,london by ! ,great ,we/]n railway4 ,pop4 7#aija71 #ab1ihj4 ,area1 #babe acres4 ,x is pleasantly situat$ on & above ! we/ 7"r7 bank ( ! ,?ames1 & is mu* 9 fav\r z a resid5tial t[n & a resort ( boat+ p>ties4 ,?\gh ( high antiquity x is :olly mod]n 9 appe>ance1 & a l>ge numb] ( h&some h\ses h be5 built 9 its vic9ity4 ,a beautiful timb]$ h\se ( ! #ae? c5tury1 h[ev]1 survives 9 ,ockwells1 a %ort di/ance s\? ( ! t[n4 ,! /one bridge c>ry+ ! ,london road ov] ! ,?ames dates f #aggb2 b ! cross+ is ( anci5t importance4 ,maid5head has trade 9 malt & gra94 ,! bor\gh is "u a mayor1 #d ald]m5 & #ab c\ncillors4 ,! hi/ory ( ,maid5head 7,mayd5hutt1 ,mayd5hi?7 is b\nd up ) t ( ! anci5t bridge4 ,x is n m5tion$ 9 ,domesday4 ,edw>d ,i4 7#abig7 gave a grant ( pontage 9 aid ( ! bridge1 :i* 0 almo/ brok5 d[n2 simil> grants to ! bailiffs & good m5 ( ,mayd5hi! 7 made by succe$+ sov]eigns4 ,9 #adea ,h5ry ,,vi4 incorporat$ ! gild ( ! ,bre?r5 & ,si/]s ( ,mayd5hi? to provide c]ta9 necess>ies = ! celebration ( ,mass & to keep ! bridge 9 ord]3 ! gild1 dissolv$ at ! ,re=mation1 0 reviv$ by ,elizabe?1 :o1 h[ev]1 lat] 7#aeha7 sub/itut$ = x a corporation consi/+ ( a w>d51 bridgema/]1 burgesses & commonalty3 ! gov]n+ *>t] until ! #ai? c5tury 0 t ( ,james ,i4 7#afhe7 incorporat+ ! t[n "u ! title ( ! mayor1 bridgema/] & burgesses4 ,9 #adjj ,?omas ,hol&1 e>l ( ,k5t1 held ! bridge 9 ! int]e/s ( ! depos$ ,ri*>d ,,ii41 b 0 ev5tually =c$ to retire4 ,9 #afdc a meet+ took place 9 ! t[n betwe5 ,*>les ,i4 & ?ree ( 8 *ildr54 ,9 ! #ah? c5tury a consid]able trade 0 done 9 c>ry+ malt1 meal & timb] 9 b>ges to ,london3 at t "t ?ree fairs 7 held :i* h n[ practically disappe>$4 ,! ,w$nesday m>ket is held "u a *>t] ( ,elizabe? 7#aehb74 ,,maid ,,m>ian1 a p]sonage incorporat$ 9 ! ,engli% leg5d ( ,rob9 ,hood4 ,!re is no evid5ce t %e _h orig9ally any connexion ) ! ,rob9 ,hood cycle4 ,%e seems to h be5 an ess5tial feature ( ! morris dance1 & 9 ! may-game 0 pair$ sometimes ) ,rob9-,hood1 b (t5] ) ,fri> ,tuck4 ,! well-kn[n pa/oral play ( ,adam de la ,hale1 ,jeu de ,rob9 et ,m>ion1 & ! _m ,fr5* songs on ! subject1 acc\nt = ! association ( ! names4 ,9 ! ballads on ,rob9 ,hood h] "n is twice casually m5tion$1 b !re is a late ballad1 by a c]ta9 ,s4 ,g4 7,f4 ,j4 ,*ild1 ,engli% & ,scotti% ,ballads1 i4 #bai71 :i* tells h[ ,maid ,m>ian s\ght ,rob9 9 ! =e/ disguis$ z a page1 & f\ght ) him = an h\r be=e %e recogniz$ him by 8 voice4 ,s4 ,g4 0 p]haps acqua9t$ ) ! two plays1 writt5 9 #aeih1 ( ,! ,d[nfall & ,! ,dea? ( ,rob]t ,e>l ( ,hunt+don1 by ,an?ony ,munday & ,h>ry ,*ettle4 ,9 ,! ,d[nfall ,matilda ,fitz ,walt] escapes f ! p]secution ( ,k+ ,john by foll[+ h] lov] to ,%]wood ,=e/1 :]e !y took ! names ( ,rob9 ,hood & ,maid ,m>ian1 & liv$ ap>t until !y c\ld be legally unit$4 ,p]haps ?is tale has "s connexion ) ! romance ( ! outlaw ,fulk ,fitz ,w>94 ,matilda or ,mahaud1 wid[ ( ,!obald ,walt]1 escap$ f ,john's solicitations by m>ry+ ! outlaw$ ,fulk & foll[+ him to ! =e/4 ,!re 7 9 semi-hi/orical leg5ds ?ree ,matildas pursu$ by ,k+ ,john1 ( :om p>ticul>s are giv5 by ,h4 ,l4 ,d4 ,w>d 9 8 ,catalogue ( ,romances 7i4 #ejb74 ,_! sev]al hi/ories 7 fus$ by ! ,elizabe?an dramati/s1 & associat$ ) ! ,maid ,m>ian ( ! morris dance1 :o up to t "t _h probably only a vague connexion ) ,rob9 ,hood4 ,,maid/one1 a m>ket t[n & municipal & p>liam5t>y bor\gh1 & ! c\nty t[n ( ,k5t1 ,engl&1 #da m4 ,e4,s4,e4 ( ,london by ! ,s\? ,ea/]n ,*a?am railway4 ,pop4 7#aija71 #cc1eaf2 area1 #djjh acres4 ,x lies pr9cipally on ! ea/]n bank ( ! riv] ,m$way1 ! mod]n "p spread+ ov] ! we/]n slopes ( a picturesque valley1 :i* is int]sect$ & environ$ by or*>ds & hop g>d5s1 ?is be+ ! ri*e/ agricultural di/rict ( ,k5t4 ,! hop gr\nds =m ! s-call$ middle gr[? ( ,k5t1 & ! t[n has ! pr9cipal gra9 m>ket 9 ! c\nty4 ,ar*bi%op ,boniface 9 #abfj e/abli%$ a hospital "h 7,new>k hospital7 = poor pilgrims1 ! *apel ( :i*1 ) mod]n additions1 is n[ ,/ ,pet]'s ,*ur*4 ,! p>i% *ur* ( ,/ ,m>y1 :i* _h exi/$ f ,norman times1 0 demoli%$ 9 #acie by ,ar*bi%op ,c\rt5ay1 :o erect$ on ! site ! pres5t *ur* ( ,all ,sa9ts4 ,?is f9e ,p]p5dicul> build+ conta9s1 besides _m excell5t monum5ts1 ! ri*ly c>v$ s$ilia & ! tw5ty-eight oak seats us$ by ! collegiate prie/s4 ,c\rt5ay also f\nd$ a college ( secul> canons1 ! ru9s ( :i* are an int]e/+ specim5 ( #ad?-c5tury ar*itecture4 ,f ! reign ( ,john until ! ,re=mation ! ar*bi%ops _h a resid5ce "h1 at :i* ,/af=d & ,c\rt5ay di$4 ,?is ,p]p5dicul> build+1 ) its ,elizabe?an ea/ front1 0 acquir$ by ! corporation z a memorial ( ,que5 ,victoria's ,jubilee 9 #ahhg1 & h\ses ! s*ool ( sci5ce & art4 ,! rectory1 ) ! manor1 pass$ into lay h&s at ! ,re=mation2 &1 hav+ be5 a p]petual curacy = ?ree hundr$ & tw5ty ye>s1 ! liv+ became a vic>age 9 #ahff4 ,! gramm> s*ool 0 f\nd$ 9 #aedi1 & end[$ ) ! e/ates ( ! local ,corpus ,*ri/i frat]nity1 !n dissolv$2 ! hall 9 :i* ! gild assembl$ rema9s1 b ! s*ool is e/abli%$ 9 mod]n build+s on a new site4 ,!re are oil-mills1 rope1 sack+ & tw9e factories1 & cem5t1 lime1 & brick works4 ,!re is a consid]able c>ry+ trade on ! ,m$way4 ,a museum1 ) public libr>y1 0 op5$ 9 #aheh1 9 an int]e/+ build+ ( ! e>ly "p ( ! #af? c5tury4 ,?is is ! headqu>t]s ( ! ,k5t ,ar*aeological ,society1 f\nd$ by ! ,rev4 ,l4 ,b4 ,l>k+ 9 #aheh4 ,9 #ahij an art gall]y 0 add$4 ,! ,we/ ,k5t & ,g5]al hospital1 ! c\nty oph?almic hospital1 c\nty gaol & b>racks may be m5tion$ among o!r in/itutions4 ,f ,saxon times d[n to #ahcj condemn$ malefactors 7 execut$1 & all ! great c\nty meet+s 7 held1 on ,p55d5 ,hea?1 a common situat$ ab\t a mile nor?-ea/ ( ! t[n1 & enclos$ by ! corporation z a public recreation gr\nd4 ,! p>liam5t>y bor\gh ( ,maid/one returns "o memb]4 ,! t[n is gov]n$ by a mayor1 #f ald]m5 & #ah c\ncillors4 ,!re is evid5ce ( a ,roman settlem5t at ,maid/one4 ,! "n ,maid/one 7,m$wege/un1 ,m$de/ane1 ,mayde/an71 probably mean+ ,m$way ,t[n1 is presumably ( ,saxon orig94 ,at ! "t ( ! ,domesday ,survey x belong$ to ! ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 & f ! reign ( ,john ! ar*bi%ops _h a resid5ce !re4 ,its position 9 ! c5tre ( ,k5t gave x an e>ly importance2 ! %ire-moot 0 held on ,p55d5 ,hea? 9 ! #aa? c5tury1 & ,maid/one 0 an assize t[n 9 ! reign ( ,edw>d ,i4 ,9 #aecg ,cranm] ex*ang$ ! manor ( ,maid/one ) ! k+1 & x 0 grant$ by ,edw>d ,,vi4 to ,sir ,?omas ,wyatt4 ,edw>d also incorporat$ ! t[n by ! title ( ! mayor1 jurats & commonalty2 x _h =m]ly be5 gov]n$ by a portreve & #ab bre?r54 ,?is *>t] 0 =feit$ ?r\gh ,wyatt's rebellion2 a second *>t] 0 grant$ by ,elizabe? 9 #aeei & confirm$ by subsequ5t sov]eigns4 ,a new *>t] con/itut+ a gov]n+ body ( a mayor1 #ab jurats & #dj common c\ncilm5 0 giv5 at ! petition ( ! inhabitants by ,george ,,ii4 9 #agdg1 & rema9$ ! gov]n+ *>t] until #ahce4 ,f\r fairs 7 grant$ by ! *>t] ( #aeei2 ^! are n[ held on ! #ac? ( ,febru>y1 ! #ab? ( ,may1 ! #bj? ( ,june & ! #ag? ( ,octob]4 ,a ,?ursday m>ket 0 grant$ by ,h5ry ,,iii4 to ,ar*bi%op ,boniface1 & a m>ket e second ,tuesday 9 ! mon? by *>t] ( ,george ,,ii4 ,a corn m>ket on ,tuesday & a cattle m>ket on ,?ursday are /ill held4 ,! manufacture ( l95 & wooll5 goods 0 introduc$ by ,walloons1 :o settl$ "h 9 #aefg4 ,?is 0 succe$$ by pap]-mak+1 n[ ! *ief indu/ry ( ! t[n4 ,! cultivation ( hops has be5 c>ri$ on s9ce ! #ag? c5tury4 ,maid/one has be5 associat$ ) v>i\s incid5ts ( g5]al hi/ory4 ,wat ,tyl] broke into ! prison1 lib]at$ ,john ,ball ! rebel prea*]1 & committ$ v>i\s depr$ations4 ,sev]al ( ! lead+ inhabitants jo9$ ,jack ,cade's ris+4 ,! ris+ ( ! ,k5ti% ,royali/s 9 #afdh collaps$ at ,maid/one1 :]e on ! #a/ ( ,june ,fairfax1 aft] five h\rs' ob/9ate fight+1 captur$ ! t[n at midnight4 ,see ,victoria ,c\nty ,hi/ory1 ,k5t2 ,i4 ,m4 ,russell1 ,hi/ory ( ,maid/one 7#ahha74 ,,maih>1 a native /ate ( ,c5tral ,india1 9 ! ,baghelkh& ag5cy4 ,area1 #djg sq4 m42 pop4 7#aija71 #fc1gjb2 e/imat$ rev5ue1 #dgjj4 ,! /ate1 :i* is wat]$ by ! ,tons riv]1 consi/s ma9ly ( alluvial soil cov]+ s&/one1 & is f]tile except 9 ! hilly di/rict ( ! s\?4 ,a l>ge area is "u =e/1 ! produce ( :i* provides a small export trade4 ,! *ief1 ^: title is raja1 claims desc5t f ! ,ka*waha ,rajput clan4 ,! /ate suff]$ sev]ely f fam9e 9 #ahif-ahig4 ,! t[n ( ,maih> 7pop4 #fhjb7 is on ! ,ea/ ,indian railway1 #ig m4 ,n4 ( ,jubbulpore4 ,ext5sive ru9s ( %r9es & o!r build+s 9 its neighb\rhood indicate a =m] mu* great] ext5t ( ! place4 ,,mail4 7#a7 7,?r\gh ,fr4 maille1 f ,lat4 macula1 a spot or hole1 ! me% ( a net71 prop]ly a metal r+ or l9k :i*1 jo9$ closely ) o!r l9ks1 =m$ ! fabric ( body & o!r arm\r 9 ! middle ages1 till x 0 sup]s$$ by plate-arm\r4 ,! ^w mail1 prop]ly appli$ to ?is =m ( *a9-arm\r1 is also us$ ( arm\r g5]ally1 :e!r plate or *a91 & is also transf]r$ to ! horny def5sive cov]+s ( animals1 su* z ! tortoise1 crab1 c4 7see ,,arms ,,& ,,arm\r74 7#b7 7,o4 ,eng4 ml1 spee*2 probably ! same z ,o4 ,saxon mahal1 assembly2 9 mean+ connect$ ) ,o4 ,norse mle1 /ipulation71 a ,scots law t]m mean+ r5t1 tax4 ,mails & duties are ! r5ts1 :e!r 9 k9d or money1 ( an e/ate4 ,9 ,engli% ! ^w only survives 9 blackmail 7q4v474 7#c7 7,?r\gh ,o4 ,fr4 male1 mod4 malle1 a ,teutonic ^w surviv+ 9 ,dut* maal71 prop]ly a bag1 especially "o us$ 9 travell+2 ?is ^w1 :i* appe>s 9 ,*auc]1 is n[ appli$ *iefly to ! despat* & deliv]y ( po/al matt]4 ,9 ?is s5se mail is prop]ly ! bag 9 :i* su* matt] is convey$1 & h5ce is appli$ to ! cont5ts ( ! mail1 po/al matt] collectively1 & to ! tra91 c>ts1 or o!r means us$ 9 ! despat* & deliv]y ( ! same4 ,9 g5]al usage mail is conf9$ to ! =eign z oppos$ to ! inl& despat* ( lett]s1 c41 & to :i* ! ^w po/ is *iefly appli$2 9 (ficial language1 ! ^w ref]s to ! inl& despat*4 ,! ^w appe>s also 9 mail-coa*1 a coa* us$ = convey+ ! mails1 & 9 mail-c>t1 a c>t simil>ly employ$4 ,?is ^w is also appli$ to a light l[ vehicle propell$ or drawn by h&1 suitable = "y *ildr54 ,! mail phaeton is a type ( phaeton ) high seat = two p]sons & drawn by a pair ( horses4 ,,mailly1 ,,l\ise ,,julie1 ,,comtesse ,,de 7#agaj-agea71 mi/ress ( ,l\is ,,xv4 ( ,france1 0 ! daught] ( ,l\is1 m>quis de ,nesle4 ,%e 0 ! elde/ ( ?ree si/]s :o succe$$ "o ano!r z fav\rites ( ! k+4 ,9 #agbf %e m>ri$ h] c\s91 ,l\is ,alex&re de ,mailly4 ,al?\gh ,l\is ,,xv4 _h paid h] att5tions f #agcb1 %e did n become titul> mi/ress until #agch4 ,%e did n use h] position ei!r to enri* h]self or to int]f]e 9 politics4 ,%e 0 supplant$ by h] si/]1 ! du*ess ( ,*teaur\x1 & oblig$ to leave c\rt 9 #agdb4 ,see ,e4 & ,j4 de ,gonc\rt1 ,la ,du*esse de ,*teaur\x et ses soeurs 7#ahgi72 ,t\ssa9t1 ,anecdotes curieuses de 444 ,l\is ,,xv4 7#b vols41 #aije72 ,j4 ,b4 ,h4 ,r4 ,capefigue1 ,mesdemoiselles de ,nesle et la jeunesse de ,l\is ,,xv4 7#ahfd74 ,,maimana1 a t[n & khanate ( ,afghan ,turke/an4 ,! t[n is situat$ #ajj m4 ,s4,w4 ( ,balkh1 & only "s #be m4 f ! fronti] ( ,russian ,turke/an4 ,x is ab\t two-?irds ! size ( ,h]at1 squ>e built & surr\nd$ by a ru9$ wall & moat4 ,! khanate 0 = long 9 dispute betwe5 ,bokh>a & ,kabul1 b 9 #ahfh ,abdur ,rahman laid siege to ! t[n1 & x 0 compell$ to come to t]ms4 ,its political /atus z an ,afghan prov9ce 0 def9itely fix$ by ! ,russo-,afghan b\nd>y commission ( #ahhe4 ,! inhabitants are *iefly ,uzbegs4 ,,maim&1 a t[n 9 ! prov9ce ( ,f>s1 ,p]sia1 a few miles ea/ ( ,firuzabad & ab\t #gj m4 f ,%iraz4 ,x has a population ( ab\t #ejjj1 almo/ :olly occupi$ ) ! manufacture & sale ( rose-wat]1 :i* is l>gely export$ to _m p>ts ( ,p]sia z well z to ,arabia1 ,india & ,java4 ,! di/rict also produces great quantities ( almonds4 ,! rose g>d5s cov] sev]al squ>e miles4 ,9 #acdi a great "p ( ,maim& & ( ?ree little villages belong+ to x became wakf 7pi\s end[m5t7 ( ! %r9e at ,%iraz ( ,mr ,ahm$1 surnam$ ,%ah ,*iragh1 a son ( ,musa ,kazim1 ! sev5? imam ( ! ,%iahs1 & ! rema9d] ( ! ,maim& gr\nds 0 giv5 to ! %r9e by ,mir ,habbib ,ullah ,%>ifi & by ,%ah ,ismail 9 #aejd2 ! adm9i/ration ( ! ,maim& prop]ty z well z ! gu>dian%ip ( ! %r9e is /ill ) ! desc5dants ( ,mir ,habbib ,ullah4 ,,maimb\rg1 ,,l\is 7#afaj-afhf71 ,fr5* ,jesuit & hi/orian1 0 born at ,nancy4 ,he ent]$ ! ,society ( ,jesus at ! age ( sixte51 & aft] /udy+ at ,rome became a classical ma/] 9 ! ,jesuit college at ,r\54 ,he aft]w>ds devot$ himself to prea*+1 b ) only mod]ate success4 ,aft] hav+ tak5 "s "p 9 m9or controv]sies he ?rew himself ) en]gy into ! dispute :i* _h aris5 z to ! ,gallican lib]ties2 = 8 ,trait hi/orique sur les prrogatives de l'glise de ,rome 7#afhb7 he 0 by comm& ( ,innoc5t ,,xi4 expell$ f ! ,society1 b rew>d$ by ,l\is ,,xiv4 ) a resid5ce at ! abbey ( ,/ ,victor1 ,p>is1 & a p5sion4 ,he di$ on ! #ac? ( ,augu/ #afhf4 ,8 num]\s works include hi/ories ( ,arianism1 ! iconocla/ic controv]sy1 ! ,greek s*ism1 ,lu!ranism1 ,calv9ism1 & ( ! pontificates ( ,leo ,i4 & ,gregory ,i42 !y are m]e compilations1 writt5 inde$ 9 a v lively & attractive /yle1 b inaccurate & untru/wor?y4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,arianism 0 publi%$ 9 ,engli% 7#agbh-agbi7 by ,william ,web/]1 ) an app5dix on ! ,engli% writ]s 9 ! ,soc9ian & ,arian controv]sies4 ,,maim+1 mutilation1 a physical injury :i* involves ! loss (1 or incapacity to use1 a bodily memb]4 ,! v]b to maim1 9 ,m4 ,e4 maynhe1 mahayme1 mayme1 c4 0 adopt$ f ,o4 ,fr4 mahaigni]3 cf4 ,x4 magagn>s1 ,m$4 ,lat4 mahemi>e1 mah5n>e1 c4 7see ,du ,cange1 ,gloss41 s4v4 ,mahamium74 ,maim+ or mutilation is & has be5 practis$ by _m races ) v>i\s e?nical & religi\s significances1 & 0 a cu/om>y =m ( puni%m5t on ! pr9ciple ( an eye = an eye 7see ,,mutilation74 ,9 law maim+ is a crim9al (f5ce2 ! old law t]m = a special case ( maim+ ( p]sons 0 mayhem 7q4v471 an ,anglo-,fr5* v>iant =m ( ! ^w4 ,maim+ ( animals by o!rs ?an _! own]s is a p>ticul> =m ( ! (f5ces g5]ally gr\p$ z malici\s damage4 ,= ! purpose ( ! law z to ?is (f5ce animals are divid$ into cattle1 :i* includes horses1 pigs & asses1 & o!r animals :i* are ei!r subjects ( l>c5y at common law or are usually kept 9 conf9em5t or = dome/ic purposes4 ,! puni%m5t = maim+ ( cattle is ?ree to f\rte5 ye>s' p5al s]vitude4 ,malici\s injury to o!r animals is a misdemean\r puni%able on summ>y conviction4 ,= a second (f5ce ! p5alty is imprisonm5t ) h>d lab\r = ov] twelve mon?s4 7,malici\s ,damage ,act #ahfa47 ,maim+ ( animals by _! own] falls "u ! ,cruelty to ,animals ,acts4 ,,maimon1 ,,salomon 7#aged-ahjj71 ,g]man philosoph]1 0 born ( ,jewi% p>5tage 9 ,poli% ,li?uania1 & di$ at ,ni$]-,sieg]sdorf on ! #bbnd ( ,novemb] #ahjj4 ,he m>ri$ at ! age ( twelve1 & /udi$ m$ic9e 9 ,b]l94 ,9 #aggj he sev]$ 8 connexion ) 8 or?odox co-religioni/s by 8 critical comm5t>y on ! ,moreh ,nebuhim ( ,maimonides1 & devot$ himself to ! /udy ( philosophy on ! l9es ( ,wolff & ,moses ,m5delssohn4 ,aft] _m vicissitudes he f\nd a peaceful resid5ce 9 ! h\se ( ,c\nt ,kalkreu? at ,ni$]-,sieg]sdorf 9 #agij4 ,dur+ ! ensu+ t5 ye>s he publi%$ ! works :i* h made 8 reputation z a critical philosoph]4 ,hi!rto 8 life _h be5 a long /ruggle aga9/ difficulties ( all k9ds4 ,f 8 autobiography1 x is cle> t 8 ke5 critical faculty 0 develop$ 9 great measure by ! sl5d] means ( culture at 8 disposal4 ,x 0 n till #aghh t he made ! acqua9tance ( ! ,kantian philosophy1 :i* 0 to =m ! basis ( 8 lifework1 & z e>ly z #agij he publi%$ ! ,v]su* b] die ,transc5d5talphilosophie1 9 :i* he =mulates 8 objections to ! sy/em4 ,he seizes ^u ! fundam5tal incompatibility ( a consci\sness :i* c appreh5d1 & yet is sep>at$ f1 ! ?+-9-itself4 ,t :i* is object ( ?\ght _c be outside consci\sness2 j z 9 ma!matics root7-#a7 is an unreal quantity1 s ?+s-9-!mselves are ex hypo!si outside consci\sness1 i4e4 are un?9kable4 ,! ,kantian p>adox he expla9s z ! result ( an attempt to expla9 ! orig9 ( ! giv5 9 consci\sness4 ,! =m ( ?+s is admitt$ly subjective2 ! m9d endeav\rs to expla9 ! mat]ial ( ! giv5 9 ! same t]ms1 an attempt :i* is n only impossible b involves a d5ial ( ! elem5t>y laws ( ?\ght4 ,k ( ! giv5 is1 !re=e1 ess5tially incomplete4 ,complete or p]fect k is conf9$ to ! doma9 ( pure ?\ght1 to logic & ma!matics4 ,?us ! problem ( ! ?+-9-itself is dismiss$ f ! inquiry1 & philosophy is limit$ to ! sph]e ( pure ?\ght4 ,! ,kantian categories are1 inde$1 demon/rable & true1 b _! application to ! giv5 is mean+less & un?9kable4 ,by ?is critical scepticism ,maimon takes up a position int]m$iate betwe5 ,kant & ,hume4 ,hume's attitude to ! empirical is entirely support$ by ,maimon4 ,! casual concept1 z giv5 by exp]i5ce1 expresses n a necess>y objective ord] ( ?+s1 b an ord]$ s*eme ( p]ception2 x is subjective & _c be po/ulat$ z a concrete law ap>t f consci\sness4 ,! ma9 argum5t ( ! ,transc5d5talphilosophie n only drew f ,kant1 :o saw x 9 ,,ms41 ! rem>k t ,maimon alone ( 8 all critics _h ma/]$ ! true mean+ ( 8 philosophy1 b also direct$ ! pa? ( mo/ subsequ5t criticism4 ,maimon's *ief works1 9 addition to ! above quot$1 are ,philos4 ,wrt]bu* 7#agia72 ,/reif]ei5 im ,gebiete d] ,philos47#agic72 b] die ,progresse d] ,philos4 7#agic72 ,die ,kategori5 des ,ari/oteles mit ,anm]kung5 erlut]t 7#agid72 ,v]su* e9] neu5 ,logik 7#agid & #agih72 ,kritis*e ,unt]su*ung5 b] d5 m5s*l4 ,gei/ 7#agig74 ,see ,s4 ,maimons ,leb5sges*i*te von ihm selb/ bes*rieb5 7#agib1 ed4 ,k4 ,p4 ,moritz2 ,eng4 trans4 by ,j4 ,c4 ,murray1 #ahhh72 ,wolff1 ,maimoniana 7#ahac72 ,witte1 ,s4 ,maimon 7#ahgf74 ,,maimonides1 ! common "n ( ,,rabbi ,,moses ,,b5 ,,maimon 7#aace-abjd71 also kn[n f ! initials ( ^! la/ words z ,,rambam1 ,jewi% philosoph]4 ,8 life falls into ?ree epo*s1 :i* may be typifi$ by ! t[ns 9 :i* !y 7 pass$1 viz4 ,cordova1 ,fez & ,cairo4 ,he 0 born 9 ,cordova on ! #bj? ( ,m>* #aace1 ! eve ( ,passov]2 he _h a bro!r1 ,david1 & "o si/]4 ,8 e>ly ye>s 7 sp5t 9 8 native t[n1 :i* _h !n j pass$ ! z5i? ( its glory4 ,! ,arab rul]s _h fo/]$ ! developm5t ( sci5ce1 art1 m$ic9e1 philosophy1 lit]ature & le>n+4 ,all ^! influ5ces play$ _! "p 9 ! education ( ,maimonides1 ^: fa!r1 besides tra9+ him 9 all bran*es ( ,hebrew & ,jewi% s*ol>%ip1 implant$ 9 ! y\? a s\nd k ( ^! secul> /udies z well4 ,9 #aadh ,cordova 0 tak5 f ! la/ ,fatimite caliph by ! victori\s ,almohades1 :o _h spread ov] ,spa9 f ,n4 ,africa4 ,^! militant revivali/s /rove to re-e/abli% ,islam 9 :at !y consid]$ its primitive simplicity4 ,!y laid great /ress on ! unity ( ,god1 & tol]at$ nei!r s*ism )9 ! fai? nor diss5t )\t4 ,! position ( ! or?odox ,spani% ,jews became intol]able1 & ,maimon1 aft] t5 ye>s ( h>d%ips1 w&]+s & escapes1 decid$ to take 8 family out ( ! c\ntry4 ,he settl$ 9 ,fez4 ,! ye>s :i* ,maimonides sp5t !re 7#aafj-aafe7 7 memorable = 8 fri5d%ip ) ,abdul ,arab ,ibn ,mui%a--a ,moslem poet & !ologian--& = ! comm5cem5t ( 8 lit]>y activity4 ,8 en]gies 7 div]t$ t[>ds /imulat+ ! religi\s feel+s ( 8 bre?r5 & combat+ assimilation4 ,9 consequ5ce he became al>m$ = 8 own safety1 & 9 #aafe left = ,egypt1 :]e he settl$ aft] a pass+ visit to ! ,holy ,l&4 ,cordova taught him ! humanities2 ,fez humanity4 ,cairo1 besides giv+ him prom95ce at c\rt & 9 ! ,jewi% community1 0 ! c5tre ( ! almo/ _w-wide influ5ce :i* he ex]cis$ ov] ,jewry by 8 monum5tal writ+s & dom9ant p]sonality4 ,by #aagg ,maimonides 0 ! recogniz$ *ief ( ! ,cair5e congregation & consult$ on important matt]s by communities f> & wide4 ,"h he 0 jo9$ by 8 mo/ fam\s disciple1 ,joseph ,akn94 ,b 8 e>ly life 9 ,egypt 0 fraught ) deep sorr[4 ,8 fa!r di$ soon aft] _! arrival1 & ,maimonides himself suff]$ sev]ely f pro/ration & sickness4 ,8 bro!r ,david1 jo9tly ) :om he c>ri$ on a trade 9 gems1 0 %ipwreck$ 9 ! ,indian ,ocean4 ,) him p]i%$ ! entire =tune ( ! family4 ,=c$ to e>n a livelihood1 ,maimonides turn$ to m$ic9e4 ,! fame ( 8 skill ev5tually br\ght him ! appo9tm5t ( body physician to ,salad91 to :om1 x is said1 he 0 s atta*$ t :5 ,ri*>d ,i4 wrote f ,ascalon1 (f]+ him a simil> po/ at ! ,engli% c\rt1 ,maimonides refus$4 ,he m>ri$ ! si/] ( ,ibn al ,mali1 "o ( ! royal secret>ies4 ,9 #aahf1 8 son ,abraham 0 born4 ,8 rema9+ ye>s 7 sp5t 9 ceaseless activity & 9 controv]sy1 :i* he s\ght to avoid4 ,he di$ amid/ univ]sal sorr[ & v5]ation4 ,! works ( ,maimonides fall into ?ree p]iods3 7a7 ,to ! ,spani% p]iod belong 8 comm5t>y on ! :ole ,talmud 7n fully c>ri$ out71 a treatise on ! cal5d> 7,maam> ha-ibbur71 a treatise on logic 7,millo? ,higgayon71 & 8 comm5t>y on ! ,mi%nah 7?is 0 call$ ,siraj or ,maor1 i4e4 ,light3 begun #aaeh1 complet$ #aafh 9 ,egypt74 7b7 ,:ile he 0 9 ,fez1 he wrote an essay on ! ,sanctification ( ! ,"n ( ,god 7,maam> ,kiddu% ,ha%em1 ,igg]e? ,ha%emad74 7c7 ,! works writt5 9 ,egypt 73 ,lett] to ! ,yem5ites 7,igg]e? ,teman or ,pe?ah ,tiqvah72 ,responsa on que/ions ( law2 ,biblical & ,rabb9ical ,code 7,misnheh ,torah or ,yad ,hahazaka1 complet$ #aahj72 ,seph] hamitzvo?1 an abbreviat$ h&book ( ! prec$+2 & 8 great philosophical "w ,moreh ,nebuhim or ! guide ( ! p]plex$ 7#aaij74 ,to ^! mu/ be add$ c]ta9 portions ( ! ,mi%nah comm5t>y1 su* z ! ,eight ,*apt]s1 ! discussion on rew>d & puni%m5t & immortality1 ! ,jewi% ,cre$1 :i* h acquir$ fame z indep5d5t works4 ,! influ5ce ( ,moses b5 ,maimon is incalculable4 ,f ,moses unto ,moses !re arose n "o l ,moses1 is ! v]dict ( po/]ity4 ,maimonides 0 ! great expon5t ( reason 9 fai? & tol]ation 9 !ology4 ,"o ( ! ma9 s]vices to ,european ?\ght ( ! ,guide 0 its indep5d5t criticism ( "s ( ,ari/otle's pr9ciples4 ,8 codification ( ! ,talmud 0 equally appreciat$ 9 ! /udy ( ! s*ol> & 9 practical life4 ,*ri/ian ,europe ow$ mu* to ,maimonides4 ,n only did 8 ,guide influ5ce s*ola/icism 9 g5]al1 b x 0 f 8 ,code t ! ,*ur* d]iv$ its m$ieval k ( ! ,synagogue4 ,a complete bibliography w be f\nd 9 ,maimonides1 by ,david ,yell9 & ,israel ,abrahams 7,london1 #aijc72 ! f9al *apt] ( t "w gives a summ>y ( ! influ5ce ( ,maimonides on ,*ri/ian philosoph]s su* z ,aqu9as1 & ,jewi% su* z ,sp9oza4 ,! ,guide has be5 translat$ into ,engli% by ,m4 ,fri$l&] 7#ahha-ahhe2 new ed41 #aije74 ,see also ,jewi% ,encyclop$ia1 articles s4v41 & ! volumes edit$ by ,guttmann1 ,moses b5 ,maimon 7,leipzig1 #aijh1 c474 7,h4 ,le47 ,,ma9 7,lat4 ,mo5us71 a riv] ( ,g]many1 & ! mo/ important "r-bank tribut>y ( ! ,rh9e4 ,x has two s\rces1 ! ,weisse ,ma9 7,:ite ,ma971 :i* rises 9 ! ,fi*telgebirge on ! ea/ side ( ! ,o*s5kopf1 & ! ,rote ,ma9 7,r$ ,ma971 :i*1 ris+ on ! ea/]n slope ( ! ,franki% ,jura1 fl[s pa/ ,bayreu?4 ,!y unite #c m4 bel[ ,kulmba*1 #ibj ft4 above ! sea4 ,h5ce ! riv]1 already ( consid]able size1 pursues a nor?-we/]ly direction1 skirt+ ! spurs ( ! ,franki% ,jura 9 a pleasant valley4 ,at ,li*t5fels ! riv] takes a s\?-we/]ly c\rse1 :i* x reta9s until ent]+ ! f]tile bas9 ( ,bamb]g4 ,"h x receives f ! s\?-ea/ ! wat]s ( its *ief tribut>y1 ! ,regnitz1 & ent]s ^u its middle c\rse4 ,its direction is n[ aga9 nor?-we/1 & me&]+ ?r\gh pleasant vales & pa/ures x passes ,hassfurt & rea*es ,s*we9furt4 ,its c\rse is n[ almo/ due s\? to ,o*s5furt1 :5 x aga9 proce$s nor?-we/4 ,cont9u+ 9 ?is direction amid v9e-clad hills1 x wa%es ! walls ( ! univ]sity city ( ,wrzburg1 & !nce1 divid+ ! =e/-clad ranges ( ! ,spess>t & ! ,od5wald1 rea*es ,gemnd54 ,"h x is jo9$ f ! "r by ! ,franki% ,saale &1 turn+ abruptly s\?1 receives at ,w]!im ! beautiful ,taub]4 ,feudal ca/les & m$ieval t[ns n[ cr[n its banks1 notably1 ,freud5b]g & ,milt5b]g4 ,f ! latt] x proce$s due nor? to ,as*aff5burg1 :5ce pass+ ,frank=t x p\rs its yell[ wat]s into ! gre5 wat]s ( ! ,rh9e j above ,ma9z4 ,! ,ma9 has a total l5g? ( #caj m4 & dra9s a bas9 ( approximately #aa1jjj sq4 m4 ,x is navigable f ! conflu5ce ( ! ,regnitz1 #bdj m4 f its m\?1 = b>ges & o!r small craft1 & ?r\gh ! ,ludwig ,canal is connect$ ) ! ,danube4 ,see ,ulrici1 ,das ,ma+ebiet 9 se9] natrli*5 ,bes*aff5heit 7,kassel1 #ahhe72 ,e4 ,fab]1 ,zur ,hydrographie des ,ma+ebiets 7,muni*1 #ahie71 & ,lill1 ,ma9?al1 ,ma9 und ,ma9s*iffahrt 7,b]l91 #aijd74 ,,ma9 7f ! ,aryan root :i* appe>s 9 may & might1 & ,lat4 magnus1 great71 a ^w mean+ prop]ly p[] or /r5g?1 especially physical4 ,?is use *iefly survives 9 ! expression ) might & ma94 ,! ^w is m common z a sub/antival elliptical use ( ! adjective1 :i* usually has ! s5se ( pr9cipal or *ief 9 size1 /r5g?1 importance1 c4 ,?us ! ma91 ! high op5 sea1 is = ma9 sea1 cf4 ma9l&1 ! pr9cipal "p ( a t]ritory exclud+ isl&s & sometimes f>-project+ p59sulas4 ,! expression ! ,spani% ma9 prop]ly meant t "p ( ! ma9 l& ( ! ,n4,e4 coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica /ret*+ f ! ,or9oco to ! ,i/hmus ( ,panama1 & ! =m] ,spani% possessions 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica bord]+ on ! ,c>ibbean ,sea1 b x is (t5 loosely us$1 especially 9 connexion ) ! buccane]s1 ( ! ,c>ibbean ,sea itself4 ,! t]m ma9 is also ?us us$ ( a pr9cipal pipe or cable = conduct+ gas1 wat]1 electricity1 c4 ,! elliptical use does n appe>1 h[ev]1 9 su* expressions z ma9 road1 l9e1 /ream4 ,ano!r use ( ! ^w ma9 has a some:at obscure hi/ory4 ,x appe>s z a t]m 9 ! game ( haz>d1 & also 9 cock-fight+4 ,9 ! la/ x is us$ = a mat*1 & = ! cocks engag$ 9 a mat*4 ,9 haz>d x is ! numb] call$ by ! ca/] be=e ! dice are ?r[n2 ?is may be any numb] f five to n9e inclusive4 ,! usual d]ivation is f ! ,fr5* ma91 a h&1 b accord+ to ! ,new ,engli% ,diction>y !re is no evid5ce = ?is1 & ! m probable explanation is t x is an adaptation ( ma9 mean+ pr9cipal or *ief4 ,f ?is use ( ! ^w 9 haz>d ! expression ma9 *ance is d]iv$4 ,ma91 a %ort5$ =m ( doma9 or demesne1 only n[ survives 9 ,scotl&1 usually 9 ! plural ma9s = a home f>m4 ,,ma9a 7or ,,mani7 & ,,ma9otes1 a di/rict & p ( ! ,peloponnesus1 ! mod]n ,morea4 ,ma9a is ! c\ntry occupi$ by ! m\nta9 range ( ,taygetus f ,sp>ta to ,cape ,matapan1 ! anci5t ,ta5>um4 ,x is n[ divid$ betwe5 ! mod]n di/ricts ,oetylos & ,gy?ion4 ,be=e ! organization ( ! pres5t k+dom ( ,greece1 ,ma9a 0 subdivid$ into ,greek3 ,ex ,man1 ,out] ,ma9a1 f ! fronti] ( ,kalamata1 on ! ,gulf ( ,mess5ia1 to ,vitylo 7,oetylos7 & inl& to ! summit ( ,taygetus2 ,greek3 ,kat ,man1 ,l[] ,ma9a1 f ,vitylo to ,cape ,matapan2 & ,greek3 ,mesa ,man1 or ,inn] ,ma9a1 on ! ea/1 & on ! ,gulf ( ,laconia z f> z ! pla9 ( ,elos4 ,x conta9$ ov] a hundr$ villages4 ,! c\ntry is m\nta9\s & inaccessible1 a =mation to :i* x owes its hi/orical importance4 ,! ,ma9otes claim to desc5d f ! ,sp>tans1 & probably repres5t ! ,eleu!ro1 or free1 ,laconians :o 7 deliv]$ by ,rome f ! p[] ( ,sp>ta1 z is sugge/$ by ! traces ( anci5t ,greek 9 _! dialect & by _! physical type4 ,_! c\ntry be+ a natural =tress1 !y 7 able to def5d !mselves aga9/ ! ,byzant9e emp]ors1 ! b>b>ians :o broke into ! empire1 ! ,lat9 pr9ces ( ,a*aea ( ! h\se ( ,villeh>d\91 & ! ,turks4 ,z _! c\ntry is also poor & m>itime1 !y 7 e>ly tempt$ to take to piratical adv5ture4 ,gibbon says t 9 ! "t ( ,con/ant9e ,porphyrog5itus !y _h acquir$ ! "n ( ,ma9otes1 "u :i* !y di%on\r ! claim ( lib]ty by ! inhuman pillage ( all t is %ipwreck$ on _! rocky %ore4 ,_! neighb\rs gave _! c\ntry ! "n ( ,kakab\lia--! l& ( wick$ c\nsels4 ,! passes ( _! m\nta9s 7 elaborately =tifi$ & _! villages 7 full ( =tifi$ t[]s 7pyrgoi7 f :i* !y =m$ _! own fav\rite epi!t1 ,ma9a ,polypyrgos--_m-t[]$ ,ma9a4 ,on ! we/]n side x also conta9s ! rema9s ( feudal keeps1 erect$ by ,william ,,ii4 de ,villeh>d\9 7#abde-abgh7 & o!r ,lat9 pr9ces ( ,a*aea4 ,! ,ma9otes did n become ,*ri/ians till ! #i? c5tury4 ,f ! #ae? till ! #ag? c5tury !y recogniz$ a family :i* claim$ to belong to ! ,comn5i ( ,trebizond z head *iefs4 ,b ! real p[] 0 9 ! h&s ( ! *iefs ( ! diff]5t families & villages1 :o =m$ a turbul5t & m>tial ari/ocracy4 ,endur+ & f]oci\s feuds 7 common among !m4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! #ah? c5tury ! family ( ,mavromi*eli 7,black ,mi*ael71 :i* belong$ to l[] ,ma9a1 e/abli%$ a g5]al head%ip ov] ! ,ma9otes aft] mu* /rife & _m murd]s4 ,:5 ,russia endeav\r$ to promote a ris+ aga9/ ! ,turks 9 ! ,morea 9 #aggj ! ,ma9otes act$ ) h]1 & ! /r5g? ( _! c\ntry enabl$ !m to escape ! v5geance ( ! ,turks :5 ! ,*ri/ians 7 cynically des]t$ by ! ,russians4 ,9 #aggg _! practical indep5d5ce 0 recogniz$ by ! sultan's (fic]s4 ,dur+ ! ,greek w> ( indep5d5ce ! ,ma9otes 7 *iefly l$ by ,petros 7,petro ,bey7 ,mavromi*eli1 kn[n to 8 c\ntrym5 z ! k+ ( ,ma9a1 :o und\bt$ly *]i%$ ! hope ( e/abli%+ a pr9cipality = himself4 ,! fre$om ( ,greece1 = :i* he _h f\ght 9 8 own way1 prov$ ! ru9 ( 8 ambition4 ,he f\nd ! new ord] less compatible ) 8 s*emes ?an ! ,turki% dom9ion4 ,petro ,bey 0 imprison$ by ! ,greek presid5t ,capodi/rias 7see ,,capo ,d',,i/ria1 ,,c\nt471 :o 0 9 rev5ge murd]$ by ! ,mavromi*elis4 ,! family 7 f9ally cont5t to become c\rti]s & (ficials 9 ! reign ( ,k+ ,otto ,i4 ,9 ! #ai? c5tury ,ma9a 0 b little affect$ by civilization1 except 9 s f> z ! effici5cy ( mod]n navies deb>r$ ! ,ma9otes f _! old res\rce ( piracy4 ,see ,w4 ,m>t9 ,leake1 ,travels 9 ! ,morea 7#ahcj72 ,m4 ,e4 ,yem5iz1 ,la ,ma9a1 9 ,revue des deux mondes 7,m>* #a1 #ahfe72 & ,philipson1 ,zur ,e?nographie des ,peloponnes1 9 ,pet]manns ,mit!ilung51 vol4 #cf 7,go?a74 ,,ma9e1 ,,anne ,,l\ise ,b,n,,dicte ,,de ,,b\rbon1 ,,du*esse ,,du 7#afgf-agec71 daught] ( ,h5ri ,jules de ,b\rbon1 pr9ce de ,cond & ,anne ( ,bav>ia1 0 born on ! #h? ( ,novemb] #afgf4 ,on ! #ai? ( ,m>* #afib %e m>ri$ ,l\is ,augu/e de ,b\rbon1 duc du ,ma9e1 son ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 & ,mme de ,montespan4 ,! du*esse du ,ma9e held a little c\rt at ,sceaux1 :]e %e gave brilliant ent]ta9m5ts & imm]s$ h]self 9 political intrigues4 ,displeas$ ) ! action ( ! reg5t ,orleans 9 degrad+ ! illegitimate *ildr5 ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 f _! prec$5ce above ! pe]s ( ,france1 %e induc$ h] husb& to jo9 9 ! ,cellam>e conspiracy = ! transf]5ce ( ! reg5cy to ! k+ ( ,spa94 ,! plot1 h[ev]1 0 discov]$1 & %e 0 imprison$ 9 #agai4 ,! foll[+ ye> %e return$ to ,sceaux1 :]e %e resum$ h] salon & ga!r$ r\nd h] a brilliant company ( wits & poets4 ,%e di$ 9 ,p>is on ! #bcrd ( ,janu>y #agec4 ,see ,gnral de ,pipape1 ,la ,du*esse du ,ma9e 7#aiaj74 ,,ma9e1 ,,sir ,,h5ry ,,james ,,sumn] 7#ahbb-ahhh71 ,engli% comp>ative juri/ & hi/orian1 son ( ,dr ,james ,ma9e1 ( ,kelso1 ,roxburgh%ire1 0 born on ! #ae? ( ,augu/ #ahbb4 ,he 0 at s*ool at ,*ri/'s ,hospital1 & !nce w5t up to ,pembroke ,college1 ,cambridge1 9 #ahdj4 ,at ,cambridge he 0 "o ( ! mo/ brilliant classical s*ol>s ( 8 "t4 ,he won a ,crav5 s*ol>%ip & graduat$ z s5ior classic 9 #ahdd1 be+ also s5ior *ancellor's m$alli/ 9 classics4 ,%ortly aft]w>ds he accept$ a tutor%ip at ,tr9ity ,hall4 ,9 #ahdg he 0 appo9t$ regius pr(essor ( civil law1 & he 0 call$ to ! b> ?ree ye>s lat]2 he held ?is *air till #ahed4 ,ev5 ! rudim5ts ( ,roman law 7 n !n includ$ 9 ! ord9>y tra9+ ( ,engli% lawy]s2 x 0 assum$ at ! univ]sities t any good ,lat9 s*ol> c\ld qualify himself at %ort notice = keep+ up su* tradition ( civilian /udies z surviv$4 ,ma9e _c h kn[n mu* ,roman law 9 #ahdg1 b 9 #ahef he contribut$ to ! ,cambridge ,essays ! essay on ,roman law & legal education1 republi%$ 9 ! lat] editions ( ,village ,communities1 :i* 0 ! fir/ *>act]i/ic evid5ce ( 8 g5ius4 ,mean:ile he _h become "o ( ! read]s appo9t$ by ! ,inns ( ,c\rt1 9 ! fir/ ( _! _m half-he>t$ attempts at legal education1 9 #aheb4 ,lectures deliv]$ by ,ma9e 9 ?is capacity 7 ! gr\ndwork ( ,anci5t ,law 7#ahfa71 ! book by :i* 8 reputation 0 made at "o /roke4 ,its object1 z mode/ly /at$ 9 ! preface1 0 to indicate "s ( ! e>lie/ ideas ( mank9d1 z !y are reflect$ 9 anci5t law1 & to po9t out ! relation ( ^? ideas to mod]n ?\ght4 ,)9 a ye> ( its publication ! po/ ( legal memb] ( c\ncil 9 ,india 0 (f]$ to ,ma9e1 !n a junior memb] ( ! b> ) little practice1 few advantages ( connexion1 & no political or (ficial claims4 ,he decl9$ once1 on gr\nds ( heal?2 ! v next ye> ! (fice 0 aga9 vacant4 ,?is "t ,ma9e 0 p]suad$ to accept1 n t 8 heal? _h improv$1 b t he ?\ght ,india might n make x mu* worse4 ,x turn$ out t ,india suit$ him mu* bett] ?an ,cambridge or ,london4 ,8 "w1 l mo/ ( ! "w done by ,engli%m5 9 ,india 9 "t ( peace1 0 n ( a %[y k9d--its value is %[n by ! fact t he 0 ask$ to prolong 8 s]vices beyond ! regul> t]m ( five ye>s1 & return$ to ,engl& only 9 #ahfi4 ,! subjects on :i* x 0 8 duty to advise ! gov]nm5t ( ,india 7 z mu* political z legal4 ,!y rang$ f su* problems z ! l& settlem5t ( ! ,punjab1 or ! introduction ( civil m>riage to provide = ! ne$s ( unor?odox ,h9dus1 to ! "q h[ f> ! /udy ( ,p]sian %\ld be requir$ or enc\rag$ among ,european civil s]vants4 ,on ! civil m>riage "q 9 p>ticul>1 & "s ye>s e>li] on ! /ill m tr\blesome "o ( all[+ ! rem>riage ( native conv]ts to ,*ri/ianity1 8 guidance1 be+ n only le>n$ b /atesmanlike1 0 ( ! greate/ value4 ,plans ( codification1 moreov]1 7 prep>$1 & l>gely %ap$1 "u ,ma9e's direction1 :i* 7 c>ri$ into effect by 8 successors1 ,sir ,j4 ,fitzjames ,/eph5 & ,dr ,:itley ,/okes4 ,! results are op5 to criticism 9 details1 b =m on ! :ole a rem>kable a*ievem5t 9 ! conv]sion ( unwritt5 & highly te*nical law into a body ( writt5 law suffici5tly cle> to be adm9i/]$ by (fic]s to _m ( :om its ideas & language are =eign4 ,all ?is 0 9 addition to ! r\t9e ( legislative & consult+ "w & ! e/abli%m5t ( ! legislative dep>tm5t ( ! gov]nm5t ( ,india on sub/antially its pres5t foot+4 ,ma9e's p[] ( swiftly assimilat+ new ideas & appreciat+ modes ( ?\ght & conduct remote f mod]n ,we/]n life came into contact ) ! facts ( ,indian society at exactly ! "r "t1 & 8 colleagues & o!r compet5t obs]v]s express$ ! highe/ op9ion ( 8 "w4 ,9 return ,ma9e br\ght back f 8 ,indian (fice a /ore ( k :i* enri*$ all 8 lat] writ+s1 ?\gh he took ,india by "n = 8 !me only once4 ,?is essay on ,india 0 8 contribution to ! composite "w entitl$ ,! ,reign ( ,que5 ,victoria 7ed4 ,t4 ,h4 ,w>d1 #ahhg74 ,n hav+ be5 sep>ately publi%$1 x is p]haps ! lea/ kn[n ( ,ma9e's writ+s2 b its comb9ation ( j p]ception & l>ge grasp ) comm& ( detail is n easily mat*$ outside ,w4 ,/ubbs's prefaces to "s ( ! *ronicles 9 ! ,rolls s]ies1 & 7m lately7 ,f4 ,w4 ,maitl&'s monographs4 ,z vice-*ancellor ( ! univ]sity ( ,calcutta1 ,ma9e comm5t$1 ) 8 usual pregnant +5uity1 on ! results produc$ by ! contact ( ,ea/]n & ,we/]n ?\ght4 ,?ree ( ^! addresses 7 publi%$1 :olly or 9 "p1 9 ! lat] editions ( ,village ,communities2 ! sub/ance ( o!rs is und]/ood to be embodi$ 9 ! ,cambridge ,r$e lecture ( #ahge1 :i* is to be f\nd 9 ! same volume4 ,! practical side ( ,ma9e's exp]i5ce 0 n long lo/ to ,india2 he became a memb] ( ! secret>y ( /ate's c\ncil 9 #ahga1 & rema9$ s = ! re/ ( 8 life4 ,9 ! same ye> he 0 gazett$ a ,k4,c4,s4,i4 ,9 #ahfi ,ma9e 0 appo9t$ to ! *air ( hi/orical & comp>ative jurisprud5ce newly f\nd$ 9 ! univ]sity ( ,ox=d by ,corpus ,*ri/i ,college4 ,resid5ce at ,ox=d 0 n requir$1 & ! election am\nt$ to an invitation to ! new pr(essor to resume & cont9ue 9 8 own way ! "w he _h begun 9 ,anci5t ,law4 ,dur+ ! succe$+ ye>s he publi%$ ! pr9cipal matt]s ( 8 lectures 9 a c>efully revis$ lit]>y =m3 ,village ,communities 9 ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/ 7#ahga72 ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,in/itutions 7#ahge72 ,e>ly ,law & ,cu/om 7#ahhc74 ,9 all ^! works ! ph5om5a ( societies 9 an ar*aic /age1 :e!r /ill capable ( obs]vation or surviv+ 9 a fragm5t>y mann] among m mod]n surr\nd+s or pres]v$ 9 contempor>y records1 are br\ght into l9e1 (t5 ) s+ul> felicity1 to e/abli% & illu/rate ! normal process ( developm5t 9 legal & political ideas4 ,9 #ahgg ! ma/]%ip ( ,tr9ity ,hall1 ,cambridge1 :]e ,ma9e _h =m]ly be5 tutor1 became vacant4 ,!re 7 two /rong c&idates ^: claims 7 s ne>ly equal t x 0 difficult to elect ei!r2 ! difficulty 0 solv$ by a unanim\s invitation to ,ma9e to accept ! po/4 ,8 acceptance entail$ ! resignation ( ! ,ox=d *air1 ?\gh n cont9u\s resid5ce at ,cambridge4 ,t5 ye>s lat] consid]ations ( a some:at simil> k9d l$ to 8 election to succe$ ,sir ,william ,h>c\rt z ,:ewell pr(essor ( int]national law at ,cambridge4 ,8 all too %ort p]=mance 9 ?is (fice is repres5t$ by a po/hum\s volume :i* _h n receiv$ 8 own f9al revision1 ,int]national ,law 7#ahhh74 ,mean:ile ,ma9e _h publi%$ 9 #ahhe 8 "o "w ( speculative politics1 a volume ( essays on ,popul> ,gov]nm5t1 design$ to %[ t democracy is n 9 itself m /able ?an any o!r =m ( gov]nm5t1 & t !re is no necess>y connexion betwe5 democracy & progress4 ,! book 0 delib]ately unpopul> 9 tone2 x excit$ mu* controv]sial comm5t & "s s]i\s & useful discussion4 ,9 #ahhf !re appe>$ 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,review 7clxii4 #aha7 an article on ! po/hum\s "w ( ,j4 ,f4 ,m',l5nan1 edit$ & complet$ by 8 bro!r1 entitl$ ,! ,patri>*al ,!ory4 ,! article1 ?\gh necess>ily unsign$ 79 accordance ) ! rule ( ! ,qu>t]ly z x !n /ood71 0 ,ma9e's reply to ! ,m',l5nan bro!rs' attack on ! hi/orical recon/ruction ( ! ,indo-,european family sy/em put =w>d 9 ,anci5t ,law & supplem5t$ 9 ,e>ly ,law & ,cu/om4 ,ma9e 0 g5]ally av]se f controv]sy1 b %[$ on ?is occasion t x 0 n = want ( controv]sial p[]4 ,he c>ri$ ! w> back into ! invad]'s c\ntry1 & *>g$ ,j4 ,f4 ,m',l5nan's !ory ( primitive society ) ow+ its plausible appe>ance ( univ]sal validity to g5]al neglect ( ! ,indo-,european evid5ce & misappreh5sion ( su* portions ( x z ,m',l5nan did attempt to h&le4 ,ma9e's heal?1 :i* _h nev] be5 /rong1 gave way t[>ds ! end ( #ahhg4 ,he w5t to ! ,rivi]a "u m$ical advice1 & di$ at ,cannes on ! #crd ( ,febru>y #ahhh4 ,he left a wife & two sons1 ( :om ! eld] di$ soon aft]w>ds4 ,an excell5t summ>y ( ,ma9e's pr9cipal writ+s may be se5 9 ,sir ,m\nt/u>t ,grant ,duff's memoir4 ,! prompt & full recognition ( ,ma9e's g5ius by cont95tal publici/s mu/ n pass unm5tion$ ev5 9 ! briefe/ notice4 ,france1 ,g]many1 ,italy1 ,russia h all contribut$ to d him hon\r2 ?is is ! m rem>kable z "o or two ,engli% publici/s ( an old] s*ool signally fail$ to appreciate him4 ,ma9e w>n$ 8 c\ntrym5 aga9/ ! insul>ity :i* results f ignorance ( all law & in/itutions save "o's own2 8 example has %[n ! b5efit ( ! contr>y habit4 ,8 prom95t use ( ,roman law & ! wide range ( 8 obs]vation h made 8 works z intelligible abroad z at home1 & !reby mu* valuable in=mation--= example1 conc]n+ ! nature ( ,briti% supremacy 9 ,india1 & ! position ( native in/itutions !re--has be5 made ! prop]ty ( ! _w ( lett]s in/ead ( ! peculi> & obscure possession ( a limit$ class ( ,briti% public s]vants4 ,=eign read]s ( ,ma9e h p]haps und]/ood ev5 bett] ?an ,engli% ones t he is n ! prop\nd] ( a sy/em b ! pione] ( a me?od1 & t detail$ criticism1 pr(itable z x may be & necess>y z 9 "t x mu/ be1 w n leave ! me?od itself less valid or dim9i% ! wor? ( ! ma/]'s lessons 9 its use4 ,! r small bulk ( ,ma9e's publi%$ & av[$ "w may be expla9$ p>tly by a f9e lit]>y s5se :i* w\ld let no?+ g out "u 8 "n unf9i%$1 p>tly by ! drawbacks incid5t to prec>i\s heal?4 ,ma9e's temp]am5t 0 av]se f ! lab\r ( m9ute criticism1 & 8 avoidance ( x 0 no less a matt] ( prud5ce4 ,b x has to be rememb]$ t ,ma9e also wrote mu* :i* 0 nev] publicly ackn[l$g$4 ,be=e he w5t to ,india he 0 "o ( ! orig9al contributors to ! ,saturday ,review1 f\nd$ 9 #ahee1 & ! inv5tor ( its "n4 ,l 8 intimate fri5d ,fitzjames ,/eph51 he 0 an accompli%$ j\rnali/1 enjoy$ occasional article-writ+ z a div]sion f (ficial duties1 & nev] q ab&on$ x4 ,! practice ( su* writ+ probably c\nt$ = some?+ 9 ! fre$om & cle>ness ( ,ma9e's /yle & ! effectiv5ess ( 8 dialectic4 ,8 books are a model ( sci5tific exposition :i* nev] ceases to be lit]ature4 ,see ,sir ,a4 ,lyall & o!rs1 9 ,law ,qu>t4 ,rev4 iv4 #abi seq4 7#ahhh72 ,sir ,f4 ,pollock1 ,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e & 8 ,"w1 9 ,ox=d ,lectures1 c4 7#ahij72 ,sir ,h4 ,ma9e z a ,juri/1 ,ed94 ,rev4 7,july #ahic72 ,introduction & ,notes to new ed4 ( ,anci5t ,law 7#aijf72 ,sir ,m4 ,e4 ,grant ,duff1 ,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e3 a brief ,memoir ( 8 ,life1 c4 7#ahib72 ,notes f a ,di>y1 passim2 ,l4 ,/eph51 ,ma9e 9 ,dict4 ,nat4 ,biog4 7#ahic72 ,paul ,v9ograd(f1 ,! ,tea*+ ( ,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e 7#aijd74 7,f4 ,po47 ,,ma9e1 an old ,fr5* prov9ce1 b\nd$ ,n4 by ,norm&y1 ,e4 by ,orlanais1 ,s4 by ,t\ra9e & ,anj\1 & ,w4 by ,brittany4 ,be=e ! ,roman ,conque/ ! region occupi$ by ?is prov9ce 0 inhabit$ by ! ,aul]ci ,c5omanni & ! ,aul]ci ,diabl9tes2 "u ! ,roman empire x consi/$ ( two civitates compris$ 9 ! ,prov9cia ,lugdun5sis ,t]tia--! ,civitas ,c5omannorum & ! ,civitas ,diabl9tum1 ^: *ief t[ns 7 ,le ,mans & ,jubla9s4 ,^! two civitates 7 unit$ dur+ ! b>b>ian p]iod & =m$ a s+le bi%opric1 t ( ,le ,mans1 suffragan to ! metropolitan see ( ,t\rs4 ,"u ! ,m]ov+ians & ,c>ol+ians ! diocese ( ,le ,mans correspond$ to ! ,pagus ,c5oman5sis1 & 9 ! feudal p]iod to ! c\nty ( ,ma9e4 ,9 ! #af? c5tury ! c\nty ( ,ma9e1 ) ! addition ( ,p]*e1 =m$ a milit>y gov]nm5t--! prov9ce ( ,ma9e4 ,s9ce #agij ?is prov9ce has be5 repres5t$ approximately by ! dep>tm5ts ( ,s>! & ,may5ne1 ! respective capitals ( :i* are ,le ,mans & ,laval4 ,9 #ahee ! bi%opric ( ,laval 0 sep>at$ f t ( ,le ,mans4 ,ma9e 0 evangeliz$ 9 ! #crd c5tury by ,/ ,julian4 ,aft] =m+ "p ( ! k+dom ( ,syagrius1 x 0 conqu]$ by ,clovis at ! end ( ! #e? c5tury4 ,ow+ to ! sc>city ( docum5ts ! hi/ory ( ,ma9e until ! end ( ! #i? c5tury is m]g$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! bi%ops ( ,le ,mans1 :i* has come d[n to u 9 ! ,actus pontificum ,c5omannis 9 urbe deg5tium 7ed4 ,busson-,l$ru1 ,le ,mans1 #aija71 compos$ "u ! direction ( ,bi%op ,aldric 7#hcb-heg74 ,rog] 7c4 #hib-;c4 #hih7 0 p]haps ! fir/ h]$it>y c\nt ( ,ma9e2 ! c\nts ^: exi/5ce is c]ta9 are ,hugh ,i4 7c4 #ici-;be=e #iib71 ,hugh ,,ii4 7be=e #iib-ajae71 ,h]b]t ,i4 7#ajae-ajcb to #ajcf71 ,hugh ,,iii4 7#ajcb to #ajcf-ajea71 ,h]b]t ,,ii4 7#ajea-ajfb71 ,william ! ,ba/>d 7#ajfc-ajhg71 ,rob]t ,cur?ose 7#ajhg-ajia71 ,hugh ,,iv4 7#ajia-ajib7 & ,helias 7#ajib-aaaj74 ,ma9e1 :i* 0 9 ! vassalage ( ,anj\ z e>ly z ! #i? c5tury1 0 unit$ to ,anj\ 9 #aaaj by ! m>riage ( ,c\nt ,helias's daught] to ,fulk ,v41 c\nt ( ,anj\1 & pass$ to ! ,engli% cr[n 9 #aaed1 :5 ,h5ry ,plantag5et 7:o 0 born at ,le ,mans7 became k+ ( ,engl&4 ,9 #abjd1 aft] ! confiscation ( ! e/ates ( ,john ( ,engl&1 ,ma9e 0 unit$ to ,france2 9 #abdf x 0 sep>at$ f ,france by ,l\is ,,ix41 :o h&$ x ov] to 8 bro!r ,*>les1 c\nt ( ,prov5ce4 ,aga9 unit$ to ,france 9 #acbh1 x 0 giv5 9 #acef z an apanage to ,l\is1 second son ( ,k+ ,john ,,ii41 & did n def9itely return to ! ,fr5* cr[n until #adha1 aft] ! dea? ( ,*>les ,,ii41 c\nt ( ,ma9e4 ,dur+ ! ,hundr$ ,ye>s' ,w> ,ma9e 0 tak5 9 #adbe by ! ,engli%1 :o lo/ x 9 #addh4 ,see ,hi/oire de l'glise du ,mans1 by ,dom ,piol9 7,p>is1 #ahea-aheh71 :i* is useful b out ( date2 ,revue hi/orique et ar*ologique du ,ma9e 7#ahgf72 ,la ,prov9ce du ,ma9e 7#ahic72 ,b4 ,haurau1 ,hi/oire littraire du ,ma9e 7#ahgj-ahgg74 ,,ma9e1 a ,nor? ,atlantic /ate ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 ! mo/ nor?-ea/]ly /ate 9 ! ,union1 & ! l>ge/ ( ! ,new ,engl& gr\p4 ,x lies betwe5 #dc #d & #dg #bg #cc ,n41 & betwe5 #ff #ef #dh & #ga #f #da ,w4 ,x is b\nd$ ,n4,w4 by ! ,canadian prov9ce ( ,quebec2 ,n4 & ,e4 by ! ,canadian prov9ce ( ,new ,brunswick1 f :i* x is sep>at$ 9 "p by ! natural b>ri]s ( ! ,sa9t ,john ,riv]1 ! ,gr& 7or ,s*oodic7 ,lakes1 ! ,sa9t ,croix ,riv]1 & ,passamaquoddy ,bay2 ,s4,s4,e4 by ! ,atlantic ,ocean2 & ,w4 by ,new ,hamp%ire1 ! ,piscataqua & ,salmon ,falls riv]s be+ ! natural b\nd>y l9es at ! ,s4,w4 ,! area ( ! /ate is #cc1jdj sq4 m41 #cade sq4 m4 be+ wat] surface4 ,ma9e attracts m summ] visitors ?an any o!r /ate 9 ! ,union4 ,?is is due to ! cool & refre%+ summ] climate2 ! picturesque coa/ & its _m isl&s1 :i* are fav\rite gr\nds = camps & summ] cottages2 ! m\nta9s1 & ! beautiful lakes & riv]s1 _m ( :i* af=d opportunities = good fi%+ & canoe+4 ,among ! m widely kn[n resorts are ,m\nt ,des]t ,isl&1 on :i* is ,b> ,h>bor1 a fa%ionable summ] place ( great beauty2 ,long ,isl&1 ,orr's & o!r isl&s 9 ,casco ,bay2 ,old ,or*>d1 ) a g5tly slop+ :ite s& sea-bea* #i m4 long1 ,rangeley & ,moosehead ,lakes1 fav\rite resorts ( fi%]m5 & hunt]s2 ,mt ,katahd91 9 ! he>t ( ! moose c\ntry2 & ,pol& ,spr+s 7#ch m4 by rail f ,portl&7 9 ,&roscogg9 c\nty1 ne> lake ,anasigunticook4 ,ab\t #ahgj1 camps1 summ] cottages1 summ] hotels & bo>d+ h\ses began to multiply ?r\gh\t ! /ate4 ,! ne$s ( ?is summ] population gave a new impulse & a new turn to agriculture2 & ! dem& = s\v5irs reviv$ among ! ,indians basket-weav+1 moccas9-mak+1 & su* crafts4 ,physical ,features4--,! surface is a g5tly roll+ upl&1 =m+ a "p ( ! ,new ,engl& upl&s1 above :i* rise isolat$ m\nta9 peaks & clu/]s ( peaks1 & bel[ :i* are cut num]\s riv] valleys4#a ,! highe/ peak is ,mt ,katahd9 7#ebjj ft471 a little ,n4,e4 ( ! c5tre ( ! /ate 9 ,piscataquis c\nty1 :i* rises f a comp>atively level upl&4 ,s\?-we/ ( ,katahd91 9 ,frankl9 c\nty1 are mo/ ( ! o!r high peaks ( ! /ate3 ,saddleback ,m\nta9 7#djjj ft471 ,mt ,abraham 7#cchh ft471 ,mt ,bigel[ 7#cfjj ft471 & ,mt ,blue 7#cbjj ft474 ,a little ,n4 ( ?is l9e ( m\nta9 peaks is ! wat]-p>t+ :i* divides ! /ate into a nor? slope & a s\? slope4 ,! nor? slope desc5ds g5tly bo? to ! ,n4 & to ! ,e42 al?\gh q hilly 9 ! middle & we/]n portions x is s poorly dra9$ t swamps ab\nd 9 all sections4 ,! s\? slope :i* conta9s ne>ly all ! m\nta9s & is g5]ally m hilly1 has a mean desc5t t[>d ! sea ( ab\t #g ft4 to ! mile1 ! fall be+ great] 9 ! ,w41 :]e ! m\nta9s are high at ! ,n4 & ! %ore l[ at ! ,s41 & less to ! ,e41 :]e ! wat]-p>t+ is l[] & ! %ore high & rocky4 ,aft] ! uplift :i* caus$ ! riv]s to cut bel[ ! g5]al upl&s1 & develop well m>k$ valleys = !mselves1 came ! p]iod ( ! great cont95tal glaciation4 ,! glaci] or ice %eet ov]ran all ,ma9e1 irregul>ly sc\r+ out ! b$ rock to produce rock bas9s1 damm+ up _m riv] valleys ) glacial deposits & completely dis>rang+ ! dra9age l9es4 ,:5 ! ice melt$1 ! rock bas9s & ! damm$-up valleys fill$ ) wat] to produce lakes4 ,?is is ! orig9 ( ! num]\s lakes ( ,ma9e1 :i* give x "s ( its mo/ beautiful sc5]y1 & help to make x a holiday resort 9 summ]4 ,^! lakes are ab\t #afjj 9 numb]1 are scatt]$ 9 all p>ts ( ! /ate1 are especially num]\s at high elevations1 & h an aggregate area ( m ?an #bjjj sq4 m4 ,few o!r regions h s _m l>ge lakes s v>i\sly situat$1 & ) su* beauty ( aspect & surr\nd+s4 ,!y contribute l>gely to a con/ant supply ( wat] p[] = :i* ! c\rse ( ! riv]s ( ,s4,w4 ,ma9e are exceptionally well adapt$1 _m ( !m ab\nd 9 tr\t1 salmon1 togue1 black bass & pick]el2 & ne> !m !re is /ill mu* game4 ,moosehead ,lake 7ab\t #abj sq4 m42 #ce m4 long & f #b m4 to #aj m4 wide71 on ! b\nd>y betwe5 ,piscataquis & ,som]set c\nties1 is ! l>ge/ 9 ,ma9e & ! l>ge/ inl& body ( wat] :olly 9 ,new ,engl&2 ! ,k5nebec ,riv] is its pr9cipal outlet & ,mt ,k9eo rises abruptly to ab\t #agfj ft4 above ! sea 7ab\t #gjj ft4 above ! lake7 on its ea/]n %ore4 ,o!r lakes1 su* z ! ,rangeley ,lakes1#b ,*esuncook & ,tw9 ,lakes on ! ,p5obscot1 & ! ,gr& or ,s*oodic ,lakes1 9 ! we/]n b\nd>y at ! head wat]s ( ! ,sa9t ,croix ,riv]1 equal or surpass ,moosehead 9 picturesqu5ess4 ,! glaci] or ice %eet1 above ref]r$ to1 deposit$ till or b\ld] clay1 :i* 0 compact$ "u ! enorm\s pressure ( ! ice %eet to =m ! h>d-pan ref]r$ to lat]4 ,! glaciation is also responsible = ! poor soil ( mo/ ( ! /ate1 =1 al?\gh ! rocks are ! same cry/all9es :i* give good soils fur!r s\? 9 unglaciat$ regions1 all ! decay$ portions ( ! ,ma9e rocks h be5 remov$ by glacial erosion1 reveal+ fre%1 b>r5 rock ov] great areas1 or deposit+ ! r /]ile h>d-pan z a ?9 coat+ 9 o!r places4 ,aft] ! uplift came a p]iod ( subsid5ce1 dur+ :i* ?is region sank "o or m ?\s& feet1 all[+ ! sea to encroa* on ! l& & run f> inl& into ! previ\sly made riv] valleys4 ,?is depression probably occurr$ dur+ ! glacial p]iod1 p]haps t[>d its close1 & is responsible = ! second mo/ important feature ( ,ma9e physiography1 ! embay$ coa/4 ,to ?is subsid5ce are due ! picturesque coa/al sc5]y1 ! num]\s isl&s & bays1 ! good h>b\rs & ! peculi> coa/-l9e4 ,! %orte/ di/ance betwe5 ! ,n4,e4 & ! ,s4,w4 extremities ( ! coa/ is only #bbe m42 b1 on acc\nt ( projections & ind5tations1 ! coa/-l9e measures n less ?an #bejj m4 ,! headl&s1 ! deep ind5tations & ! num]\s isl&s 9 ! bays & beyond produce a beautiful m+l+ ( l& & sea & give to ! :ole ocean front ! appe>ance ( a fr+$ & tassell$ bord]2 we/ ( ! m\? ( ! ,k5nebec ,riv] are a m>%y %ore & _m l[ grassy isl&s2 b ea/ ( ?is riv] ! %ore becomes m & m bold1 ris+ 9 ! precipit\s cliffs & r\nd$ summits ( ,mt ,des]t & ,quoddy ,head1 #aebg & #ajjj ft4 high respectively4 ,all along ! coa/-l9e !re are capaci\s & well-protect$ h>b\rs1 ,casco1 ,p5obscot1 ,fr5*man's1 ,ma*ias & ,passamaquoddy bays be+ especially notewor?y4 ,aft] ! subsid5ce came ano!r p]iod ( uplift1 possibly /ill 9 progress4 ,?is uplift has br\ght up subm>9e deposits ( s&1 c41 to =m little coa/al pla9s at "s po9ts along ! coa/1 provid+ good l& = settlem5t & clay = brick & pott]y4 ,fur!r evid5ce ( ?is uplift is f\nd 9 old bea* l9es n[ well above sea-level4 ,! pr9cipal riv] sy/ems ( ,ma9e are ! ,sa9t ,john on ! nor? slope1 & ! ,p5obscot1 ! ,k5nebec1 ! ,&roscogg91 & ! ,saco on ! s\? slope4 ,! mean height ( ! bas9 ( ! ,/ ,john is exce$$ only by t ( ! ,&roscogg91 b ! fall ( ! ,/ ,john ,riv] ?r\gh ! great] "p ( its c\rse 9 ,ma9e is only suffici5t to give a sluggi% or a g5tle curr5t4 ,! ,p5obscot1 ,k5nebec1 ,&roscogg9 & ,saco h num]\s falls & rapids4 ,fauna4--,! animal life ( ,ma9e %[s a mixture ( nor!rn & s\!rn =ms1 & v little t is peculi> z comp>$ ) surr\nd+ regions4 ,! /ate has moose1 c>ib\ & de]1 especially 9 ! nor!rn "p4 ,! black be>1 wolf1 catam\nt1 wolv]9e1 wild cat1 fox1 beav]1 racoon1 m>t51 sable1 wood*uck1 skunk1 ott]1 m9k1 rabbit & squirrel are also f\nd4 ,geese1 ducks & o!r wat] f[l frequ5t ! lakes & bays 9 ! migratory season1 & eagles1 gulls1 hawks1 k+fi%]s1 owls1 plov]1 woodcock1 p>tridge 7ruff$ gr\se71 rob9s1 orioles1 bobol9ks1 blue birds1 swall[s1 sp>r[s1 & _m o!r insectivor\s birds are common4 ,9 ! inl& wat]s salmon1 tr\t1 togue 7,salvel9us namaycu%71 pick]el & bass ab\nd2 along ! %ore !re are lob/]s1 clams & scallops 7,pect5 irradians72 & (f ! %ore are h]r+1 alewives1 mack]el1 cod1 halibut1 haddock1 smelts1 hake1 m5had51 porgies & porpoises4 ,! game 9 ! ,nor? ,woods attracts l>ge numb]s ( sportsm5 dur+ ! autumn season4 ,illu/ration3 ,map ( ,ma9e4 ,flora4--,ma9e 0 =m]ly cov]$ ) =e/s1 pr9cipally ( :ite p9e & spruce1 b mix$ ) ^! 7 "s hemlock1 tam>ack1 c$>1 &1 on ! s\? slope1 bir*1 popl>1 oak1 maple & bee*4 ,*e/nut & walnut are r>e & are f\nd only ne> ! s\?-we/ bord]4 ,9 #aijj ab\t #ba ( ! /ate's area 0 cle>$1 & mu* besides _h once be5 cle>$1 b n be+ suit$ to agriculture _h become re=e/$4 ,( fruit trees ! *ief is ! apple4 ,! plum1 *]ry & pe> also ?rive4 ,! pea* gr[s well only 9 ! s\?-we/ ne> ! bord]4 ,species ( grape1 gooseb]ry & currant are native1 & o!rs are cultivat$ ) advantage4 ,! blackb]ry1 raspb]ry1 blueb]ry & /rawb]ry gr[ wild 9 pr(usion ?r\gh\t ! /ate4 ,climate4--,! climate ( ! /ate is moi/ &1 = its latitude1 cold4 ,extremes ( temp]ature are n s great z f>!r inl& 9 ! same latitude2 = ! summ] heats are temp]$ by ! sea & ! cool nor? w9ds1 & ! w9t] cold is s con/ant z to be less sev]ely felt ?an ! *ang+ temp]ature ( m s\!rn di/ricts4 ,! summ]s are %ort1 !re be+ only ab\t #d mon?s betwe5 fro/s ev5 9 ! s\!rn sections1 & ! mean summ] temp]ature is ab\t #fb ,f4 ,! mean w9t] temp]ature is approximately #bj ,f41 & ! mean annual temp]ature = ! entire /ate is #db ,f41 t = ! nor? slope be+ ab\t #e ,f4 less ?an t = ! s\? slope4 ,al?\gh ! temp]ature rema9s pretty /eadily bel[ ! freez+ po9t = at lea/ ?ree mon?s ( ! ye>1 _m ( ! h>b\rs rema9 unob/ruct$2 = ! tides & ! prevail+ (f-%ore w9ds break up & drive (f ! ice4 ,! precipitation is ab\t #db 94 annually1 & is di/ribut$ v ev5ly ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 #aj-aa 94 ( ra9 or its equival5t 9 sn[ fall+ ea* season4 ,dur+ #d mon?s ab\t #dd ( ! precipitation is 9 ! =m ( sn[2 b ! sn[-fall v>ies f ab\t #fj 94 on ! coa/ to m ?an #ajj 94 on ! nor? slope4 ,! w9ds are v>iable2 at no season ( ! ye> is x usual = !m to bl[ f ! same direction = _m days 9 succession4 ,b1 ) ! exception ( ^? f ! we/1 !y are m>itime & consequ5tly moi/ure-be>+4 ,9 summ]1 especially 9 ! latt] "p ( x1 ! cool & moi/ ,n4 or ,n4,e4 w9ds (t5 cause a consid]able "p ( ! /ate to be envelop$ 9 fog = sev]al days 9 succession4 ,agriculture4--,! soil is = ! mo/ "p glacial drift1 conta9+ a l>ge mixture ( clay ) s& or gravel1 & ! subsoil is mo/ly h>d-pan1 i4e4 m+l$ clay & b\ld]s :i* h be5 s mu* compress$ by glacial action z to make ! mixture h>d & l$ge-l4 ,except 9 ! valley ( ! ,aroo/ook & along ! ,k5nebec1 ! ,p5obscot1 & "s o!r riv]s1 ! soil is g5]ally unfit = cultivation1 !re be+ too little alluvium mix$ ) x to make x f]tile4 ,9 ! ,aroo/ook valley1 h[ev]1 is ! l>ge/ undivid$ area ( good arable l& 9 all ,new ,engl&1 ! soil be+ a deep1 por\s1 yell[ loam well adapt$ to ! gr[? ( c]eals & to m>ket g>d5+4 ,! mo/ /]ile regions are on ! m\nta9s & along ! coa/4 ,because ( ! cold climate1 ! l>ge areas 9 :i* !re is little or no good arable l&1 ! gr[+ dem& = timb] l&1 & ! l>ge & con/ant supply ( wat]-p[] af=d$ by ! pr9cipal riv]s1 agriculture 9 ,ma9e1 z 9 all ! o!r ,new ,engl& /ates except ,v]mont1 is a small] indu/ry ?an manufactur+2 9 #aijj !re 7 #hg1icb p engag$ 9 manufactur+ & only #gf1icb engag$ 9 agriculture4 ,only #cb4i ( ! /ate's l& area 0 9 t ye> includ$ 9 f>ms1 only #cg4i ( ?is f>m l& 0 improv$1 & only #af4c ( ! improv$ l& 0 9 crops o!r ?an hay & =age4 ,nev]!less1 z indicat$ by ! unusually l>ge proportion ( f>m]s :o ei!r own _! f>ms or pay ca% r5t = !m1 f>m+ usually is pr(itable4 ,! numb] ( f>ms 9 #aijj 0 #ei1bii2 ( ^! #ah1fdd conta9$ betwe5 #ej & #ajj acres & #ag1aia conta9$ betwe5 #ajj & #age acres1 ! av]age size be+ #ajf4b acres2 #ed1bfc 7or #ia4e7 7 op]at$ by _! own]s1 #gge 7 op]at$ by "p own]s1 #bjcj by ca% t5ants1 & only #gde by %>e t5ants4 ,beg9n+ ) ! middle ( ! #ai? c5tury1 ! increas+ competition ( ! m productive soils ( ! ,we/1 ! gr[? ( urban population 9 ! /ate1 & ! numb] ( summ] visitors effect$ ! re=e/+ ( mu* poor l& & ! m int5sive cultivation ( ! bett] arable l&4 ,! cultivation ( c]eals1 = example1 has giv5 way to a m>k$ ext5t 9 ne>ly all ! f>m+ di/ricts except 9 ,aroo/ook c\nty to m>ket g>d5+1 dairy+1 & egg & p\ltry production4 ,! numb] ( dairy c[s increas$ f #aeg1bdj 9 #ahij to #ahc1jjj 9 #aijh1 & ! annual production ( milk increas$ f #eg1ifi1gia gallons 9 #ahij to #ii1ehf1ahh gallons 9 #aijj4 ,! numb] ( o!r neat cattle 7#ahj1hgh 9 #aijj2 #aea1jjj 9 #aijh7 decreas$ dur+ e decade f #ahfj to #aijj2 ! numb] ( %eep 9 #aijj 0 #dbg1bji 7#ca4i less ?an 9 #ahij71 & 9 #aijh x 0 #bfg1jjj2 b ! numb] ( horses 9 #ahij & #aijj 0 ab\t ! same 7#adj1caj 9 #aifj1 b only #aaf1jjj 9 #aijh74 ,hay is /ill by f> ! l>ge/ crop1 ! acreage ( x & ( =age 9 #ahii be+ #a1bgj1bed acres1 or #gf4e ( t ( all crops1 & ! yield 0 #a1acc1icb tons2 9 #aijg ! acreage 0 #a1djj1jjj acres1 & ! crop 0 #b1ajj1jjj tons4 ,! acreage ( c]eals decreas$ f #ahg1jac 9 #ahhj1 :5 agriculture 9 ,aroo/ook c\nty 0 little develop$1 to #aff1hif 9 #ahii1 :5 ! c]eal acreage 9 ,aroo/ook c\nty alone 0 #hb1jfi4 ,ma9e potatoes are ( a sup]ior quality1 & ! acreage ( ?is crop increas$ f #di1fag 9 #ahhi to #aah1jjj 9 #aijg4 ,sweet ,indian corn1 cabbages1 turnips1 cucumb]s & tomatoes are gr[n 9 l>ge quantities4 ,! fruit crop consi/s v l>gely ( apples & /rawb]ries 7#a1dba1ggc bu%els ( apples & #a1jff1hfj qu>ts ( /rawb]ries 9 #ahii74 ,! output ( eggs increas$ f #i1cfi1ecd doz5 9 #ahhi to #ac1cjd1aej doz5 9 #ahii4 ,! mo/ productive dairy section ( ! /ate is a belt ext5d+ f ! s\?-we/ corn] ,n4,e4 entirely across ! /ate & embrac+ ! :ole or p>ts ( ! c\nties ( ,york1 ,ox=d1 ,cumb]l&1 ,&roscogg91 ,k5nebec1 ,p5obscot & ,aroo/ook4 ,lumb] ,indu/ry4--,except 9 ! remote p>ts1 ! valuable :ite p9e1 = :i* ,ma9e 0 long not$1 has be5 cut2 b ! woodl& ( ! /ate 0 e/imat$ 9 #aijj at #bc1gjj sq4 m4 or #gi ( its area4 ,! t5d5cy is = ?is area to increase1 = ! e/abli%m5t betwe5 #ahij & #aijj ( l>ge pap] & pulp mills on "s ( ! pr9cipal riv]s ( ! s\? slope greatly increas$ ! value ( =e/s1 especially ^? ( spruce & popl>4 ,! /ate makes l>ge appropriations = prev5t+ & ext+ui%+ =e/ fires1 & 9 #aijc e/abli%$ a dep>tm5t ( =e/ry 9 ! univ]sity ( ,ma9e4 ,good spruce1 :i* is by f> ! mo/ valuable timb] 9 ! /ate & is us$ mo/ l>gely = ! manufacture ( pap] & pulp1 /&s 9 l>ge quantities 9 ! ,/ ,john1 ,p5obscot1 ,&roscogg9 & ,k5nebec bas9s4 ,popl>1 also us$ = ! manufacture ( pap]1 ab\nds 9 sev]al sections ( ! s\? slope1 b is mo/ abundant 9 ! bas9 ( ! ,k5nebec4 ,:ite bir*1 us$ l>gely = ! manufacture ( spools1 is f\nd ?r\gh\t a wide belt ext5d+ across ! middle ( ! /ate4 ,!re is mu* c$> on ! nor? slope4 ,oak1 maple & bee* are r sc>ce4 ,a new gr[? ( :ite p9e & o!r timb] is gradually becom+ valuable4 ,! value ( ! timb] product increas$ f #aa1hdi1fed 9 #ahij to #ac1dhi1dja 9 #aijj1 & to #ag1icg1fhc 9 #aije4 ,fi%]ies4--,fi%+ has always be5 an important indu/ry 9 ,ma9e4 ,f #aija to #aijd inclusive1 ! av]age annual cat* am\nt$ to #aie1cce1fdf lb41 & its av]age value 0 #e1eeg1jhc4 ,9 #aijh1 accord+ to /ate reports1 ! cat* 0 #ahe1dgf1cdc lb41 valu$ at #c1hdi1ijj4 ,h]r+s are caught 9 l>ge/ quantities 79 #aijh1 accord+ to /ate reports1 #fh1baj1hjj lb41 valu$ at #dej1ffe71 & ,ma9e is not$ = ! cann+ ( ! small] h]r+s "u ! "n ( s>d9es4 ,9 #aijh1 accord+ to /ate reports1 ! take ( lob/]s 0 #ag1fce1ihj lb4 valu$ at #a1eeh1beb4 ,ma9e m>kets m clams ?an any o!r /ate 9 ! ,union1 & ! cat*es ( cod1 hake1 haddock1 smelt1 mack]el1 swordfi%1 %ad1 pollock1 cusk1 salmon1 alewives1 eels & halibut are ( importance4 ,! scallop fi%]y is becom+ m & m valuable4 ,= ! protection & promotion ( ! lob/] fi%]y ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t has e/abli%$ a lob/] hat*]y at ,boo?bay ,h>bor2 & ! /ate legislature enact$ a law 9 #ahie prohibit+ ! tak+ ( lob/]s less ?an #aj-a_/b 94 9 l5g? 7"o effect ( ?is law be+ to drive ! lob/]-cann+ indu/ry f ! /ate7 & ano!r law 9 #aijc = ! protection ( lob/]s ) eggs atta*$4 ,?is latt] law directs ! /ate fi% commission] to pur*ase su* lob/]s :5ev] caught & ei!r to lib]ate !m or to sell !m to ! ,unit$ ,/ates = keep+ 9 a fi% hat*]y4 ,m9]als4--,! pr9cipal m9]al products are granite1 lime/one1 slate1 clay products & m9]al wat]s4 ,9 #aije ,ma9e held fir/ rank among ! /ates ( ! ,union z a produc] ( granite1 ! value ( ! output be+ #b1gac1gie4 ,9 #aijg ,ma9e's granite 0 valu$ at #b1adf1dbj1 t ( ,massa*usetts at #b1cbh1ggg1 & t ( ,v]mont at #b1fic1hhi4 ,! /one is ( sup]ior quality1 & ! l>ge/ "p ( x is us$ = build+ purposes2 mu* ( x is us$ z pav+ blocks & "s = monum5ts4 ,x ab\nds all along ! coa/ ea/ ( ! ,k5nebec & on ! adjac5t isl&s1 & is f\nd f>!r inl&1 especially ab\t ! ,rangeley lakes 9 ,frankl9 & ,ox=d c\nties1 &1 ne> ,mt ,katahd91 9 ,p5obscot & ,piscataquis c\nties4 ,! pr9cipal qu>ries1 h[ev]1 are situat$ 9 positions mo/ conv5i5t = %ipm5t by wat]1 9 ! vic9ity ( ,p5obscot bay & 9 ,k5nebec c\nty1 & ^! h suppli$ ! bulk ( ! mat]ial us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( _m prom95t build+s & monum5ts 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ,fox ,isl& granite comes f ! qu>ries on ,v9alhav5 ,isl& & ! surr\nd+ isl&s1 & on ,v9alhav5 7 qu>ri$ monoli?ic columns #ea4e to #ed ft4 long & #f ft4 9 diamet] = ! ,ca!dral ( ,/ ,john ! ,div9e 9 ,new ,york ,city4 ,black granite 0 qu>ri$ 9 #aijg at #ab qu>ries1 9 ,york1 ,l9coln1 ,waldo1 ,p5obscot & ,wa%+ton c\nties4 ,lime/one ab\nds1 especially 9 ! s\?-ea/ "p ( ! /ate1 b x is qu>ri$ *iefly 9 ,knox c\nty4 ,z its col\r--blue & blue-black /reak$ ) :ite--r5d]s x undesirable = build+ purposes1 ne>ly all ( x is burn$ into lime1 :i* has become a v important article ( manufacture 9 ! city ( ,rockl&2 ! indu/ry dates back to #agcc 9 ,knox c\nty4 ,9 #aijg ! quantity ( lime burn$ 9 ,ma9e 0 #aei1did tons & its value 0 #gdg1idg4 ,slate is qu>ri$ *iefly 9 ,piscataquis c\nty1 mo/ ( x be+ us$ = ro(+1 b "s = blackbo>ds2 9 #aijg ! am\nt qu>ri$ 9 ,ma9e 0 valu$ at #bcf1ajf4 ,ab\t #ahif "s rem>kably :ite & pure feldsp> began to be qu>ri$ 9 ,&roscogg91 ,ox=d & ,sagadahoc c\nties1 b aft]w>ds ! sp> m9$ 9 ,ma9e 0 ( less excell5t quality2 9 #aijg ! production 9 ,ma9e 0 valu$ at #aeg1ccd1 ! total = ! entire c\ntry be+ #dii1jfi4 ,clay is obta9$ 9 v>i\s places1 & 9 #aije ! total value ( ! clay products 0 #fai1bid4 ,9 ,ox=d c\nty t\rmal9e1 spodum5e 7or kunzite7 & b]yl occur1 ! t\rmal9e cry/als be+ notably l>ge & beautiful4 ,m9]al wat] occurs 9 _m localities1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,&roscogg91 ,york1 ,cumb]l& & ,ox=d c\nties2 ! mo/ fam\s spr+s are ! ,pol& ,spr+s 9 ,&roscogg9 c\nty4 ,mo/ ( ! m9]al wat]s bottl$ 9 ! /ate are *alybeate & slightly alkal9e--sal9e2 _! av]age temp]ature is ab\t #dc4 ,9 #aijh #bg spr+s 7 report$1 _! aggregate sales am\nt+ to #a1ahb1cbb gallons4 ,copp]1 gold alloy$ ) plat9um1 iron ore1 b>ytes1 graphite & lead occur 9 small quantities 9 ! /ate4 ,9 #aijh ! total m9]al product ( ! /ate 0 valu$ at #g1jdd1fgh4 ,manufactures4--,al?\gh ,ma9e has no coal & only a v small am\nt ( iron ore )9 h] bord]s = ! enc\ragem5t ( manufactur+1 yet ! abundance ( f9e timb] & ! num]\s coves1 bays & navigable /reams along or ne> ! coa/ promot$ %ip-build+ f ! fir/1 & ?is 0 ! lead+ indu/ry ( ! /ate until ab\t ! middle ( ! #ai? c5tury1 :5 wood5 %ips began to be supplant$ by ^? ( iron & /eel4 ,until ab\t ! same "t1 :5 ! ,ma9e liquor law 0 pass$1 ! manufacture ( rum f molasses1 receiv$ 9 ex*ange = lumb] & fi% 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 0 also an important indu/ry4 ,x 0 n until e>ly 9 ! #ai? c5tury t ! l>ge & con/ant supply ( wat] p[] af=d$ by ! riv]s began to be us$ to any consid]able ext5t4 ,! fir/ cotton mill 0 built at ,brunswick on ! ,&roscogg9 ab\t #ahji1 & f #ahcj ! developm5t ( cotton manufactur+ 0 rapid2 wooll5 mills foll[$1 & late 9 ! #ai? c5tury 7 erect$ "s ( ! l>ge/ pap] & pulp mills 9 ! c\ntry1 :i* are run by wat] p[] f ! riv]s1 & use ! spruce & popl> timb] 9 ! riv] bas9s4 ,! total value ( ! manufactures ( ! /ate increas$ f #ie1fhi1ejj 9 #ahij to #abg1cfa1dhe 9 #aijj2 & 9 #aije ! value ( factory-made products alone 0 #add1jbj1aig1 or #bg4e great] ?an _! value 9 #aijj4c ,measur$ by ! value ( ! output1 pap] & wood pulp rose f fif? among ! /ate's manufactures 9 #ahij to ?ird 9 #aijj & to fir/ 9 #aije2 f #c1bha1jea 9 #ahij to #ac1bbc1bge 9 #aijj1 an increase ( #cjc )9 ! decade1 & to #bb1iea1abd 9 #aije1 a fur!r increase ( #gc4f 9 ?is p]iod4 ,lumb] & timb] products rank$ second 7#aije7--aa1hdi1fed 9 #ahij1 #ac1dhi1dja 9 #aijj1 & #ag1icg1fhc 9 #aije4 ,cotton goods rank$ ?ird 7#aije7 9 value--#ae1caf1iji 9 #ahij1 #ad1fca1jhf 9 #aijj1 & #ae1djd1hbc 9 #aije4 ,wooll5 goods rank$ f\r? 7#aije7--h1gcg1fec 9 #ahij1 #ac1gdd1abf 9 #aijj1 an increase ( #eg4c )9 ! decade2 & ! value ( ! factory-made product alone 9 #aije 0 #ac1ifi1fjj1 or #bj4a great] ?an 9 #aijj4 ,boots & %oes rank$ fif? 7#aije7--ab1bie1hdg 9 #aijj1 & #ab1cea1bic 9 #aije4 ,fi%1 cann$ & pres]v$1 foll[$ next1 #a1ffj1hha 9 #ahij & #d1ggi1ggc 9 #aijj1 an increase )9 ! decade ( #ahg4h1 mo/ ( :i* 0 9 "o bran*--! cann+ ( small h]r+ "u ! "n s>d9es2 f #aijj to #aije ! increase 0 slight1 only #bge1ceh1 or #e4h4 ,9 ! value ( its manufactures z comp>$ ) ^? ( ! o!r /ates ( ! ,union1 9 wood5 %ips & boats1 ,ma9e 9 #aijj & 9 #aije 0 outrank$ by ,new ,york only2 9 cann$ & pres]v$ fi% by ,wa%+ton only 7! value ( fi% cann$ & pres]v$ 9 ,ma9e 9 #aijj 0 #ba4g ( ! total = ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & 9 #aije #ai4b72 9 ! output ( wooll5 mills by ,massa*usetts & ,p5nsylvania only2 9 ! output ( pap] mills by ,new ,york & ,massa*usetts only4 ,x rank$ n9? 9 #aijj & t5? 9 #aije 9 ! value ( its cotton goods4 ,portl&1 ,lewi/on1 ,bidde=d1 & ,auburn are ! lead+ manufactur+ cities1 & 9 #aije ! total value ( _! manufactures 0 #ba4e ( ^? ( ! entire /ate4 ,b f #aijj to #aije ! value ( manufactures grew mo/ rapidly 9 ,rockl& 7especially not$ = lime71 ! increase be+ f #a1bdc1hha to #a1hbb1eia 7#df4e71 & 9 ,wat]ville1 :]e ! increase 0 f #b1bhc1ecf to #c1jfi1cji 7#cd4d74 ,among ! l>ge/ pap] mills are ^? at ,mill9ocket1 9 ,p5obscot c\nty1 at ,madison on ! ,k5nebec riv]1 & at ,rum=d ,falls on ! ,&roscogg9 riv]4 ,lewi/on leads 9 ! manufacture ( cotton goods2 ,auburn1 ,bangor & ,augu/a1 9 ! manufacture ( boots & %oes2 ,ba?1 9 %ip & boat build+2 ,ea/port & ,lubec1 9 cann+ s>d9es4 ,transportation & ,comm]ce4--,! s\?-we/]n "p ( ! /ate1 includ+ ! manufactur+1 ! qu>ry+1 & mu* ( ! old] agricultural di/rict1 e>ly _h fairly satisfactory means ( transportation ei!r by wat] or by rail2 = ! coa/ has _m excell5t h>b\rs1 ! ,k5nebec riv] is navigable = coa/ vessels to ,augu/a1 ! ,p5obscot to ,bangor1 & railway s]vice 0 soon suppli$ = ! villages ( ! s\?-we/1 b x 0 n until ! la/ decade ( ! #ai? c5tury t ! =e/s1 ! f>m+ l&s1 & ! summ] resorts ( ,aroo/ook c\nty 7 rea*$ by a railway1 ! ,bangor ,aroo/ook4 ,! fir/ railway 9 ! /ate1 f ,bangor to ,old ,t[n1 0 complet$ 9 #ahcf1 & ! /ate's railway mileage increas$ f #ab m4 9 t ye> to #bde m4 9 #ahej1 to #acgg4dg m4 9 #ahij1 & to #bbaj4gi 9 ,janu>y #aiji4 ,! pr9cipal railway sy/ems are ! ,ma9e ,c5tral1 :i* ent]s e c\nty b "o1 ! ,bo/on ,ma9e1 ! ,bangor ,aroo/ook1 ! ,gr& ,trunk & ! ,canadian ,pacific4 ,l9es ( /eamboats ply regul>ly betwe5 ! l>ge/ cities ( ! /ate & ,bo/on1 betwe5 ,portl& & ,new ,york1 & betwe5 ,portl& & sev]al ,canadian ports4 ,! =eign trade1 especially t ) ! ,we/ ,indies & ) ,great ,brita91 decreas$ aft] #ahge1 & yet mu* trade f ! ,we/ t goes to ,montreal dur+ ! w>m] mon?s passes ?r\gh ,portl& dur+ ! w9t] season4 ,! *ief exports to =eign c\ntries are textile fabrics1 ,indian corn1 meat1 dairy products1 apples1 p>aff91 bo>ds & %ooks2 ! *ief imports f =eign c\ntries are sug>1 molasses & wool4 ,fi%1 cann$ goods1 potatoes1 granite1 lime1 pap]1 & boots & %oes are also export$ to =eign c\ntries to "s ext5t1 b !y are %ipp$ 9 l>g] quantities to o!r /ates ( ! ,union1 f :i* ,ma9e receives 9 return cotton1 coal1 iron1 oil1 c4 ,! ports ( entry 9 ,ma9e are ,bangor1 ,ba?1 ,belfa/1 ,ca/9e1 ,ea/port1 ,ellswor?1 ,h\lton1 ,k5nebunk1 ,ma*ias1 ,portl&1 ,wiscasset & ,york4 ,population4--,! population 9 #ahhj 0 #fdh1icf2 9 #ahij1 #ffa1jhf2 9 #aijj1 #fid1dff2 & 9 #aiaj1 #gdb1cga4d ,f #ahhj to #aijj !re 0 an increase ( only #g1 a p]c5tage :i* 0 exce$$ 9 e o!r /ate 9 ! ,union except ,nevada & ,v]mont4 ,( ! total population ( #aijj1 #eii1bia1 or #hf4c1 7 native :ites1 #ic1ccj 7 =eign-born1 #a1cai 7 negroes1 #gih 7 ,indians1 #aai 7 ,*9ese1 & #d 7 ,japanese4 ,( ! inhabitants born 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #ehh1baa1 or #ig4h1 7 natives ( ,new ,engl& & #efj1ejf 7 natives ( ,ma9e1 & ( ! =eign-born #fg1jgg1 or #ga4h1 7 natives ( ,canada 7#cf1afi ,engli% & #cj1ijh ,fr5*71 & #aj1aei1 or #aj4h1 7 natives ( ,irel&4 ,( ! total population1 #aii1gcd 7 ( =eign p>5tage--i4e4 ei!r "o or bo? p>5ts 7 =eign-born--& #hi1heg 7 ( ,canadian p>5tage1 bo? on ! fa!r's & on ! "m's side 7#da1cee ,engli% & #dh1ejb ,fr5*74 ,! ,fr5*-speak+ inhabitants probably numb] consid]ably m ?an #ej1jjj4 ,!y are ( two q di/9ct classes4 ,"o1 numb]+ ab\t #ae1jjj1 includes ^? :o became citiz5s by ! e/abli%m5t ( ! nor!rn b\nd>y 9 #ahdb & _! desc5dants4 ,!y are l>gely ( ,acadian /ock4 ,! /ate has e/abli%$ among !m a well-appo9t$ tra9+ s*ool = tea*]s1 conduct$ 9 ! ,engli% language1 ! graduates ( :i* r5d] excell5t s]vice 9 ! common s*ools4 ,! o!r class is ( ,fr5*-,canadian immigrants1 :o f9d pr(itable employm5t 9 ! manufactur+ c5tres4 ,! colony ( ,sw$es e/abli%$ by ! /ate ne> its nor?-ea/]n bord] 9 #ahgj has prov$ 9 e way successful4 ,! ,indians are remnants ( ! ,p5obscot & ,passamaquoddy tribes1 ! ,passamaquoddies be+ a little ! m num]\s4 ,! ,p5obscots' *ief ga!r+ places are on ! isl&s ( ! ,p5obscot riv] nor? ( ,old ,t[n2 ! ,passamaquoddies'1 on ! %ores ( ,passamaquoddy ,bay & ! banks ( ! ,sa9t ,croix riv]4 ,roman ,ca?olics are m num]\s ?an all ! ,prote/ant sects tak5 toge!r1 hav+ 9 #aijf a memb]%ip ( #aac1dai out ( a total ( #bab1ihh 9 all d5om9ations4 ,9 ! la/ decade ( ! #ai? c5tury ! urban population 7i4e4 population ( places hav+ #d1jjj inhabitants or m7 increas$ f #bbf1bfh to #bea1fhe1 or #aa4b2 ! semi-urban population 7i4e4 population ( incorporat$ places1 or ! approximate equival5t1 hav+ less ?an #d1jjj inhabitants7 increas$ f #ad1bba to #bf1fgd1 or #hg4e2 :ile ! rural population 7i4e4 population outside ( incorporat$ places7 decreas$ f #dbj1eig to #daf1acd1 or #a4 ,! pr9cipal cities ( ! /ate are3 ,portl&1 pop4 7#aiaj71 #eh1ega2 ,lewi/on1 #bf1bdg2 ,bangor1 #bd1hjc2 ,bidde=d1 #ag1jgi2 ,auburn1 #ae1jfd2 ,augu/a 7! capital71 #ac1baa2 ,wat]ville1 #aa1deh2 ,ba?1 #i1cif2 ,we/brook1 #h1bha2 & ,rockl&1 #h1agd4 ,adm9i/ration4--,ma9e has _h b "o /ate con/itution2 ?is 0 ratifi$ 9 ,decemb] #ahai1 ab\t ?ree mon?s be=e ! admission ( ! /ate into ! ,union4 ,x admits ( am5dm5t by a two-?irds vote ( bo? h\ses ( ! legislature foll[$ by a majority vote ( ! electorate at ! next ,septemb] election2 or1 z provid$ by an am5dm5t adopt$ 9 #ahge1 ! legislature may by a two-?irds vote ( ea* h\se summon a con/itutional conv5tion4 ,f #ahai to #ahge twelve am5dm5ts 7 adopt$2 9 #ahge1 aft] n9e m 7 add$1 ! tw5ty-"o 7 incorporat$ 9 ! text2 & betwe5 #ahge & #ahii n9e m 7 adopt$4 ,suffrage is conf]r$ by ! con/itution on all male citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates :o are at lea/ tw5ty-"o ye>s ( age & h1 = "s o!r reason ?an because ( be+ 9 ! milit>y1 naval or m>9e s]vice ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or ( be+ /ud5ts at college1 liv$ 9 ! /ate = ?ree mon?s next prec$+ any election2 ! foll[+ classes1 h[ev]1 are except$3 paup]s1 p]sons "u gu>dian%ip1 ,indians n tax$1 &1 z provid$ by an am5dm5t adopt$ 9 #ahib1 p]sons intellectually incapable ( read+ ! /ate con/itution 9 ! ,engli% language or ( writ+ _! names4 ,/ate elections 7 annual until #ahig :5 !y 7 made bi5nial2 !y are held on ! second ,monday 9 ,septemb] 9 ev5 numb]$ ye>s1 ,ma9e be+ "o ( ! few /ates 9 ! ,union 9 :i* !y are n held 9 ,novemb]4 ,! gov]nor is ! only executive (fic] ( ! /ate elect$ by popul> vote4 ,!re is no lieut5ant-gov]nor1 ! presid5t ( ! ,s5ate succe$+ to ! (fice ( gov]nor 9 case ( a vacancy1 b !re is a c\ncil ( sev5 memb]s elect$ by ! legislature 7n m ?an "o f any "o s5atorial di/rict71 ^: sole function is to advise ! gov]nor4 ,! gov]nor's t]m ( (fice is two ye>s 7be=e #ahgi x 0 "o ye>72 & ! con/itution fur!r directs t he %all be at lea/ ?irty ye>s ( age at ! beg9n+ ( 8 t]m1 t he %all be a native-born citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 t :5 elect$ he %all h be5 a resid5t ( ! /ate = five ye>s1 & t he %all reside 9 ! /ate :ile 9 (fice4 ,8 p[] ( appo9tm5t is unusually ext5sive & ! advice & cons5t ( ! c\ncil 7in/ead ( t ( ! ,s5ate z 9 o!r /ates7 are requir$ = 8 appo9tm5ts4 ,he appo9ts all judges1 coron]s & not>ies public1 besides all o!r civil & milit>y (fic]s = ^: appo9tm5t nei!r ! con/itution nor ! laws provide o!rwise4 ,! gov]nor is comm&]-9-*ief ( ! /ate militia4 ,any bill ( :i* he disapproves he c )9 five days aft] its passage prev5t f becom+ a law unless x is pass$ ov] 8 veto by a two-?irds vote ( ea* h\se ( ! legislature4 ,he & ! c\ncil exam9e & pass ^u election returns2 he may summon extra sessions ( ! legislature1 & he may grant p>dons1 reprieves1 & commutations 9 all cases except impea*m5t1 b ! mann] ( he>+ applications = p>don is 9 a measure prescrib$ by /atute1 & he mu/ pres5t to ! legislature an acc\nt ( ea* case 9 :i* he grants a p>don4 ,8 sal>y is #b1jjj a ye>4 ,! sev5 memb]s ( ! c\ncil1 ! secret>y ( /ate1 ! treasur]1 ! attorney g5]al & ! commission] ( agriculture are elect$ bi5nially by a jo9t ballot ( ! two h\ses ( ! legislature1 :i* also elects1 "o e two ye>s1 ! ?ree /ate assessors1 ^: t]m is six ye>s4 ,! legislature meets bi5nially at ,augu/a1 ! capital1 & is compos$ ( a ,s5ate ( ?irty-"o memb]s & a ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives ( "o hundr$ & fifty-"o memb]s4 ,memb]s ( ea* h\se are elect$ = a t]m ( two ye>s3 "o s5ator f ea* s5atorial di/rict & "o to sev5 repres5tatives 7"o = a population ( #a1ejj1 & sev5 = a population ( #bf1bej7 f ea* t[n%ip1 or1 :]e ! t[n%ip or plantation has less ?an #a1ejj inhabitants1 f ea* repres5tative di/rict1 accord+ to its population4 ,!re is a new reapportionm5t e t5 ye>s1 c\nt+ f #ahba4 ,e s5ator & e repres5tative mu/ at ! beg9n+ ( 8 t]m h be5 = five ye>s a citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 = "o ye> a resid5t ( ! /ate1 & = ?ree mon?s next prec$+ 8 election1 z well z dur+ 8 t]m ( (fice1 a resid5t ( ! t[n%ip or di/rict :i* he repres5ts2 & e s5ator mu/ be at lea/ tw5ty-five ye>s ( age4 ,all rev5ue bills mu/ orig9ate 9 ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 b to su* bills ! ,s5ate may propose am5dm5ts provid$ !y relate solely to rais+ rev5ue4 ,o!r bills may orig9ate 9 ei!r h\se4 ,9 ,septemb] #aijh a con/itutional am5dm5t 0 adopt$ provid+ = ref]5dum & initiative by ! p4 ,any bill propos$ 9 ! legislature or pass$ by x mu/ be ref]r$ to popul> vote be=e becom+ law1 if !re is a ref]5dum petition !re= sign$ by #aj1jjj vot]s2 & a petition sign$ by #ab1jjj vot]s initiates new legislation4 ,at ! head ( ! dep>tm5t ( ju/ice is ! supreme judicial c\rt1 :i* consi/s ( a *ief ju/ice & sev5 associate ju/ices appo9t$ by ! gov]nor & c\ncil = a t]m ( sev5 ye>s4 ,:5 x sits z a law c\rt1 at lea/ five ( its ju/ices mu/ be pres5t1 & x holds ?ree su* sessions annually3 "o at ,augu/a1 "o at ,bangor1 & "o at ,portl&4 ,b only "o ( its ju/ices is requir$ = a trial c\rt1 & trial c\rts are held two or ?ree times a ye> 9 ea* c\nty = ! trial ( bo? civil & crim9al cases :i* come be=e x 9 ! fir/ in/ance or ^u appeal4 ,9 ,cumb]l& & ,k5nebec c\nties !re is a sup]ior c\rt presid$ ov] by "o ju/ice & hav+ ext5sive civil & crim9al jurisdiction2 & 9 ea* ( ! c\nties !re are a probate c\rt = ! settlem5t ( ! e/ates ( deceas$ p]sons & c\rts ( ! trial ju/ice & ! ju/ice ( ! peace = ! trial ( petty (f5ces & ( civil cases 9 :i* ! debt or damage involv$ does n exce$ #bj4 ,! pr9cipal =ms ( local gov]nm5t are ! t[n 7or t[n%ip71 ! plantation1 ! c\nty & ! city4 ,z 9 o!r p>ts ( ,new ,engl&1 ! t[n is ! mo/ important ( ^!4 ,at ! regul> t[n meet+ held 9 ,m>* ! electorate ( ! t[n assembles1 decides :at %all be done = ! t[n dur+ ! ensu+ ye>1 elects (fic]s to execute its decisions ) limit$ discretion1 & votes money to meet ! exp5ses4 ,! pr9cipal (fic]s are ! selectm5 7usually ?ree71 t[n cl]k1 assessors1 collector1 treasur]1 s*ool committee & road commission]4 ,a popul\s section ( a t[n1 9 ord] to promote c]ta9 f9ancial ends1 is commonly incorporat$ z a village )\t h[ev] becom+ a gov]n+ organization di/9ct f ! t[n4 ,ma9e is ! only /ate 9 ! ,union t reta9s :at is kn[n z ! organiz$ plantation4 ,?is is a gov]nm5tal unit organiz$ f an un9corporat$ t[n%ip hav+ at lea/ #bjj inhabitants1#e & its pr9cipal (fic]s are ! mod]ator1 cl]k1 ?ree assessors1 treasur]1 collector1 con/able & s*ool committee4 ,! c\nty is a sort ( int]m$iate organization betwe5 ! /ate & ! t[ns to assi/ *iefly 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 especially 9 ! cu/ody ( (f5d]s1 & 9 ! mak+ & c>e ( roads4 ,its (fic]s are ?ree commission]s1 a treasur]1 a regi/] ( de$s1 a judge & a regi/] ( probate1 & a %]iff4 ,!y are all elect$3 ! commission]s = a t]m ( six ye>s1 "o retir+ e two ye>s1 ! regi/] ( de$s & ! judge & ! regi/] ( probate = a t]m ( f\r ye>s1 & ! o!rs = two ye>s4 ,among o!r duties ! commission]s c>e = c\nty prop]ty1 manage c\nty bus9ess & take *>ge ( c\nty roads4 ,ma9e has no g5]al law "u :i* cities are *>t]$1 & does n ev5 set a m9imum population4 ,a t[n may1 !re=e1 be incorporat$ z a city :5ev] x c obta9 f ! legislature a city *>t] :i* a majority ( its electorate pref]s to a cont9uance "u its t[n gov]nm5t2 consequ5tly !re is mu* v>iety 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! v>i\s cities ( ! /ate4 ,by ! laws ( ,ma9e ! prop]ty rights ( a wife are approximately equal to ^? ( a husb&4 ,a woman does n lose nor a man acquire "r to prop]ty by m>riage1 & a wife may manage1 sell1 or w h] prop]ty )\t ! ass5t ( h] husb&4 ,%e may ev5 receive z h] own ! wages ( h] p]sonal lab\r :i* 0 n p]=m$ = h] own family4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( a w1 b> or release1 !re is no legal di/9ction betwe5 ! rights ( a wid[] 9 ! e/ate ( 8 deceas$ wife & ^? ( a wid[ 9 ! e/ate ( h] deceas$ husb&4 ,! gr\nds = divorce 9 ! /ate are adult]y1 impot5ce1 extreme cruelty1 des]tion = ?ree consecutive ye>s next prec$+ ! application1 gross & confirm$ habits ( intoxication1 cruel & abusive treatm5t1 or a husb&'s gross or wanton refusal or neglect to provide a suitable ma9t5ance = 8 wife4 ,"u ! laws ( ,ma9e a h\sehold] own+ & occupy+ a h\se & lot may hold ! same1 or su* "p ( x z does n exce$ #ejj 9 value1 z a home/ead exempt f atta*m5t1 except = ! satisfaction ( li5s = lab\r or mat]ial1 by fil+ 9 ! regi/ry ( de$s a c]tificate /at+ 8 desire = su* an exemption1 provid$ he is n ! own] ( an exempt$ lot pur*as$ f ! /ate2 & ! exemption may be cont9u$ dur+ ! wid[hood ( 8 wid[ or ! m9ority ( 8 *ildr54 ,a consid]able am\nt ( p]sonal prop]ty1 includ+ app>el1 h\sehold furniture n exce$+ #ajj 9 value1 a libr>y n exce$+ #aej 9 value1 int]e/ 9 a pew 9 a meet+-h\se1 & a specifi$ am\nt ( fuel1 provisions1 tools or f>m+ implem5ts1 & dome/ic animals1 & "o fi%+ boat1 is also exempt f atta*m5t4 ,ma9e 0 ! fir/ /ate 9 ! ,union to enact a law = prohibit+ ! sale ( intoxicat+ liquors4 ,an act = re/rict+ ! sale ( su* liquors 0 pass$ 9 #ahdf2 ! fir/ prohibitory act 0 pass$1 l>gely ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ,neal ,d[1 9 #ahea2 ?is 0 frequ5tly am5d$2 & 9 #ahhd an am5dm5t to ! con/itution 0 adopt$ :i* decl>es ! manufacture ( intoxicat+ liquors & _! sale1 except = m$ic9al & me*anical purposes & ! arts1 =ev] prohibit$4 ,by ! law enact$ = en=c+ ?is prohibition ! gov]nor & c\ncil appo9t a /ate liquor commission] f :om alone ! selectm5 ( a t[n1 ! mayor or ald]m5 ( a city1 are au?oriz$ to receive ! liquors :i* may be sold )9 ! exceptions nam$ 9 ! am5dm5t1 & ! selectm51 mayor or ald]m5 appo9t an ag5t :o alone is au?oriz$ to sell any ( ^! liquors )9 _! jurisdiction & :o is =bidd5 to sell any :atev] to m9ors1 ,indians1 soldi]s & drunk>ds4 ,b ! law lab\rs "u ! disadvantage ( all laws n vigor\sly su/a9$ by g5]al public s5tim5t1 & is grossly violat$4 ,= ! mo/ "p x is execut$ to ! degree dem&$ by local s5tim5t 9 ! sev]al municipalities1 ?us op]at+ 9 practice mu* ! same z a local option law4 ,! law looks to *eck+ ! dem& by prev5t+ ! supply2 & s9ce habitual reliance on ! /r+5cy ( law t5ds to ! neglect ( o!r influ5ces = ! removal ( evils f ! community1 ! citiz5s seem to absolve !mselves f p]sonal responsibility1 bo? = ! execution ( ! law & = ! exi/5ce ( ! evil itself4 ,!re has be5 a /rong movem5t = ! repeal ( ! law1 & ! "q ( prohibition has long be5 an important "o 9 /ate politics4 ,! dea? p5alty 0 aboli%$ 9 ,ma9e 9 #ahgf1 re/or$ 9 #ahhc1 & aga9 aboli%$ 9 #ahhg4 ,p5al & ,*>itable ,in/itutions4--,! /ate p5al & re=matory in/itutions consi/ ( ! /ate prison at ,?oma/on1 ! /ate 7re=m7 s*ool = boys at ,s\? ,portl&1 & a /ate indu/rial s*ool = girls at ,hall[ell1 e/abli%$ 9 #ahge & tak5 ov] by ! /ate 9 #ahii4 ,! two s*ools are n places ( puni%m5t1 b re=matory s*ools = del9qu5t boys 7f #h to #af ye>s ( age7 & girls 7f #f to #af ye>s71 :o h be5 committ$ by ! c\rts = violations ( law1 &1 9 ! case ( girls1 :o1 by =ce ( circum/ances or associations1 are 9 manife/ dang] ( becom+ outca/s ( society4 ,! prison is 9 *>ge ( a bo>d ( ?ree inspectors & a w>d51 & ea* ( ! o!r two in/itutions is 9 *>ge ( a bo>d ( tru/ees2 ! inspectors1 w>d51 & tru/ees are all appo9t$ by ! gov]nor & c\ncil4 ,convicts 9 ! prison are usually employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( articles t are n ext5sively made else:]e 9 ! /ate1 su* z c>riages1 h>ness1 furniture & brooms4 ,! inmates ( ! /ate s*ool = boys receive in/ruction 9 f>m+1 c>p5try1 tailor+1 laundry "w1 & v>i\s o!r trades & occupations2 & ! girls 9 ! /ate indu/rial s*ool are tra9$ 9 h\sework1 laund]+1 dressmak+1 c4 ,paup]s are c>$ = *iefly by ! t[ns & cities1 ^? :olly dep5d5t be+ plac$ 9 alm%\ses & ^? only p>tially dep5d5t receiv+ aid at _! homes4 ,! *>itable in/itutions ma9ta9$ by ! /ate are3 ! milit>y & naval orphan asylum at ,ba?1 ! ,ma9e in/itution = ! bl9d at ,portl&1 ! ,ma9e s*ool = ! deaf 7e/abli%$ 9 #ahgf1 & tak5 ov] by ! /ate 9 #ahig7 at ,portl&1 ! ,ma9e insane hospital at ,augu/a1 ! ,ea/]n ,ma9e insane hospital at ,bangor1 & a s*ool = ! feeble-m9d$ 7e/abli%$ 9 #aijg7 at ,we/ ,p[nal1 ea* ( :i* is gov]n$ by tru/ees appo9t$ by ! gov]nor & c\ncil1 ) ! exception ( a "p ( ^? ( ! orphan asylum1 :o are appo9t$ by ! corporation4 ,besides ! /rictly /ate in/itutions1 !re are a numb] ( private *>itable in/itutions :i* are assi/$ by /ate funds2 among ^! are ! eye & e> infirm>y at ,portl&1 ! ,ma9e /ate sanatorium at ,hebron = ! treatm5t ( tub]culosis1 & v>i\s hospitals1 orphanages1 c4 ,! national gov]nm5t has a bran* ( ! national home = disabl$ volunte] soldi]s at ,togus1 & a m>9e hospital at ,portl&4 ,education4--,! s*ool-di/rict sy/em 0 e/abli%$ 9 #ahjj :ile ,ma9e 0 /ill a "p ( ,massa*usetts & 0 ma9ta9$ by ! fir/ s*ool law pass$1 9 #ahba1 by ! /ate legislature2 b1 beg9n+ 9 ! next ye>1 "o t[n aft] ano!r receiv$ ! privilege ( aboli%+ its di/ricts1 & 9 #ahic ! sy/em 0 aboli%$ by act ( ! legislature4 ,a /ate bo>d ( education1 compos$ ( "o memb] f ea* c\nty1 0 e/abli%$ 9 #ahdf1 b = ?is 0 sub/itut$1 9 #aheb1 a commission] ( s*ools = ea* c\nty1 appo9t$ by ! gov]nor1 & two ye>s lat] a /ate sup]9t5d5t ( s*ools 0 sub/itut$ = ! c\nty commission]s4 ,c\nty sup]vision by c\nty sup]visors 0 tri$ 9 #ahfi-ahgb4 ,s9ce ^! sev]al *anges ! common s*ool sy/em has be5 adm9i/]$ by t[ns & cities subject to an increas+ am\nt ( control ?r\gh enactm5ts ( ! /ate legislature & ! g5]al sup]vision ( ! /ate sup]9t5d5t4 ,! t[n (fic]s are a sup]9t5d+ s*ool committee ( ?ree memb]s & a sup]9t5d5t4 ,! memb]s ( ! committee are elect$ = a t]m ( ?ree ye>s1 "o retir+ e ye>1 & wom5 z well z m5 are eligible = ! (fice4 ,! sup]9t5d5t may be elect$ by ! t[n or appo9t$ by ! committee1 or t[ns hav+ n less ?an tw5ty or m ?an fifty s*ools may unite 9 employ+ a sup]9t5d5t4 ,9 cities ! committee is usually l>g] ?an 9 t[ns & is commonly elect$ by w>ds4 ,s9ce #ahhi ea* t[n & city has be5 requir$ to furni% textbooks1 app>atus & supplies1 )\t co/ to ! pupils4 ,! m9imum l5g? ( ! s*ool ye> is fix$ by a /atute ( #ahic at tw5ty weeks2 ! av]age l5g? is ab\t tw5ty-eight weeks4 ,a compulsory education law1 enact$ 9 #aija1 requires ! att5dance at "s public or approv$ private s*ool ( ea* *ild betwe5 ! ages ( sev5 & fifte5 dur+ all ! "t t s*ool is 9 session1 except t necess>y abs5ces may be excus$4 ,= ! ma9t5ance ( ! common s*ools ea* t[n is requir$ 7s9ce #aije7 to raise annually at lea/ fifty-five c5ts p] capita1 exclusive ( :at may be receiv$ f o!r s\rces1 & to ?is is add$ ! proce$s ( a /ate tax ( "o & a half mills on a doll>1 "o-half ! proce$s ( ! tax on sav+s banks1 a #f income f ! p]man5t s*ool fund 7d]iv$ ma9ly f ! sale ( s*ool l&s71 & /ate appropriations = ! paym5t 9 "p ( ! sup]9t5d5ce 9 t[ns t h unit$ = t purpose4 ,any section ( a t[n may e/abli% & ma9ta9 a high s*ool provid$ !re be n m ?an two su* s*ools 9 "o t[n1 & ! /ate makes appropriations = ! support ( su* s*ools equal to "o-half ! co/ ( in/ruction1 b ! maximum grant to any "o su* s*ool is #bej4 ,! /ate ma9ta9s five normal s*ools3 t at ,f>m+ton 7e/abli%$ #ahfd71 t at ,ca/9e 7#ahff71 t at ,gorham 7#ahgi72 t at ,presque ,isle 7! ,aroo/ook /ate normal s*ool1 #aijc71 & ! ,madawaska tra9+ s*ool at ,=t ,k5t1 ea* ( :i* is "u ! direction ( a bo>d ( tru/ees consi/+ ( ! gov]nor1 ! /ate sup]9t5d5t ( s*ools1 & five o!r memb]s appo9t$ by ! gov]nor & c\ncil = n m ?an ?ree ye>s4 ,at ! head ( ! public s*ool sy/em is ! univ]sity ( ,ma9e1 ne> ! village ( ,orono 9 ,orono t[n%ip 7pop4 9 #aijj1 #cbeg71 ,p5obscot c\nty4 ,?is in/itution 0 f\nd$ 9 #ahfe z ! /ate college ( agriculture & ! me*anic arts2 9 #ahig ! pres5t "n 0 adopt$4 ,x embraces a college ( arts & sci5ces1 a college ( agriculture1 a college ( te*nology 7includ+ a dep>tm5t ( =e/ry71 a college ( law 7at ,bangor71 & a college ( ph>macy4 ,! mo/ conspicu\s ( its tw5ty-five build+s is ! libr>y1 built ) funds contribut$ by ,&rew ,c>negie4 ,9 #aijh-aiji ! univ]sity _h #ajd in/ructors & #hhd /ud5ts1 ( :om #aac 7 9 ! college ( law at ,bangor & #dbj 9 ! college ( te*nology4 ,! univ]sity is ma9ta9$ ) ! proce$s ( an end[m5t fund d]iv$ *iefly f public l&s giv5 by ! national gov]nm5t 9 accordance ) ! l& grant1 or ,morrill1 ,act ( #ahfb 7see ,morrill1 ,ju/9 ,s47 & f ! beque/ 7#ajj1jjj7 ( ,abn] ,coburn 7#ahjc-ahhe72 by appropriations ( ,congress "u ! second ,morrill ,act 7#ahij71 & "u ! ,nelson ,am5dm5t ( #aijg1 by appropriations ( ! /ate legislature1 & by fees paid by ! /ud5ts4 ,connect$ ) ! univ]sity is an agricultural exp]im5t /ation1 e/abli%$ & ma9ta9$ "u ! ,hat* ,act 7#ahhg7 & ! ,adams ,act 7#aijf7 ( ! national ,congress4 ,! gov]nm5t ( ! univ]sity is entru/$1 subject to inspection ( ! gov]nor & c\ncil1 to a bo>d ( eight tru/ees4 ,among ! important in/itutions ( le>n+ :i* h no (ficial connexion ) ! /ate are ,b[do9 ,college 7op5$ 9 #ahjb71 at ,brunswick2 ,colby ,college 7,bapti/1 op5$ 9 #ahah71 at ,wat]ville2 & ,bates ,college 7orig9ally ,free ,bapti/ b n[ unsect>ian2 op5$ 9 #ahfc71 at ,lewi/on4 ,9 #aijj #e4a ( ! /ate's inhabitants t5 ye>s ( age & ov] 7 illit]ate 7i4e4 c\ld nei!r read nor write1 or c\ld read b n write72 ( ! native :ites )9 ?is age limit #b4d 7 illit]ate1 ( ! =eign :ites1 #ai4d4 ,( ! =eign-born :ites #ae4g 7 unable to speak ,engli%4 ,f9ance4--,! *ief s\rces ( ! /ate's rev5ue are a g5]al prop]ty tax & taxes on ! fran*ises ( corporations1 especially ^? ( railway & insurance companies & sav+s banks2 among ! small] s\rces are lic5ces or fees1 a poll tax1 & a collat]al inh]itance tax4 ,! g5]al prop]ty tax = /ate & local purposes is assess$ by local assessors1 b _! "w is review$ = ! purpose ( equalization among ! sev]al t[ns & c\nties by a bo>d ( /ate assessors1 :i* also assesses ! corporations4 ,?is bo>d ( ?ree memb]s 7n m ?an two ( :om may be ( ! same political p>ty7 is elect$ by a jo9t ballot ( ! two h\ses ( ! legislature = a t]m ( six ye>s1 "o memb] retir+ e two ye>s4 ,! /ate is prohibit$ by ! con/itution f creat+ a debt exce$+ #cjj1jjj except = ! suppression ( a rebellion1 = repell+ an invasion1 or = w> purposes2 & e city & t[n is =bidd5 by an am5dm5t adopt$ 9 #ahgg f creat+ "o exce$+ #e ( ! assess$ value ( its prop]ty4 ,b ! /ate 0 au?oriz$ by an am5dm5t adopt$ 9 #ahfh to issue bonds = ! reimbursem5t ( ! exp5ses incurr$ by its cities1 t[ns1 & plantations on acc\nt ( ! ,civil ,w>1 & ^! bonds1 ) ^? issu$ by ! /ate itself dur+ ! ,civil ,w>1 con/itut$ ! l>ge/ "p ( ! /ate's bond$ indebt$ness4 ,! bond$ debt1 h[ev]1 is rapidly be+ paid2 9 ,janu>y #aija x 0 #b1ajc1jjj1 & 9 ,janu>y #aiji only #fih1jjj4 ,hi/ory4--,dur+ ! #af? c5tury & ! e>ly "p ( ! #ag?1 ! coa/ ( ,ma9e attract$ v>i\s explor]s1 among !m ,giovanni da ,v]razano 7#aebd71 ,e/ban ,gomez 7#aebe71 ,b>?olomew ,gosnold 7#afjb71 ,m>t9 ,pr+ 7#afjc71 ,pi]re du ,gua/1 ,sieur ,de ,monts 7#afjd71 ,george ,weym\? 7#afje71 & ,john ,smi? 7#afad71 :o explor$ & mapp$ ! coa/ & gave to ! c\ntry ! "n ,new ,engl&2 b no p]man5t ,engli% settlem5t 0 e/abli%$ )9 :at are n[ ! bord]s ( ! /ate until "s "t betwe5 #afbc & #afbi4 ,9 #afjc ,de ,monts receiv$ f ,h5ry ,,iv4 ( ,france a *>t] = all ! region betwe5 #dj & #df ,n4 "u ! "n ( ,acadie1 or ,acadia1 & 9 #afjd he built a =t on ,neutral ,isl& at ! m\? ( ! ,sa9t ,croix riv]4 ,?is he ab&on$ 9 #afje1 b "s ( 8 foll[]s 7 9 ! vic9ity a few ye>s lat]4 ,9 ! same ye> ,george ,weym\? explor$ ! s\?-we/ coa/1 kidnapp$ five ,indians1 & c>ri$ !m to ,engl&1 :]e ?ree ( !m liv$ = a "t 9 ! family ( ,sir ,f]d9&o ,gorges1 :o soon became ! lead] 9 f\nd+ ,ma9e4 ,9 #afjg ! ,plym\? ,company1 ( :i* he 0 an influ5tial memb] & :i* _h receiv$ a grant ( ?is region f ,james ,i4 ( ,engl& 9 ! prec$+ ye>1 s5t out a colony numb]+ #abj "u ,george ,popham 7c4 #aeej-afjh71 bro!r ( ,sir ,john ,popham1 & ,raleigh ,gilb]t1 son ( ,sir ,humphrey ,gilb]t4 ,! colony e/abli%$ itself at ! m\? ( ! ,k5nebec riv] 9 ,augu/1 b1 f9d+ its supplies insuffici5t1 ab\t ?ree-fif?s ( its numb] return$ to ,engl& 9 ,decemb]2 a sev]e w9t] foll[$ & ,popham di$2 !n ,gilb]t1 :o succe$$ to ! presid5cy ( ! c\ncil = ! colony1 became especially int]e/$ 9 8 claim to ! t]ritory "u 8 fa!r's *>t]1#f & 9 #afjh ! colony 0 ab&on$4 ,9 #afji ! ,fr5* ,jesuits ,bi>d & ,masse e/abli%$ a =tifi$ mission /ation on ! isl& ( ,m\nt ,des]t1 & al?\gh ?is z well z ! remnant ( ,de ,monts' settlem5t at ! m\? ( ! ,sa9t ,croix 0 tak5 9 #afac by ,sir ,samuel ,argall 7d4 #afbf71 act+ "u ! in/ructions ( ! ,engli% at ,jame/[n1 ,virg9ia1 "s ( ^! coloni/s return$ lat]4 ,9 #afbj ! ,c\ncil = ,new ,engl&1 ! successor ( ! ,plym\? ,company1 obta9$ a grant ( ! c\ntry betwe5 latitude #dj & #dh ,n4 ext5d+ f sea to sea1 & two ye>s lat] ,gorges & ,john ,mason 7#aehf-afce7 receiv$ f ! ,c\ncil a grant ( ! t]ritory betwe5 ! ,m]rimac & ! ,k5nebec riv]s = #fj m4 inl& "u ! "n ( ! ,prov9ce ( ,ma9e4 ,9 #afbi !y divid$ _! possession1 ,gorges tak+ ! portion betwe5 ! ,piscataqua & ! ,k5nebec4 ,num]\s grants ( l& 9 ?is vic9ity foll[$ )9 a few ye>s2 & 9 ! meantime p]man5t settlem5ts at ,york1 ,saco1 ,bidde=d1 ,port ,elizabe?1 ,falm\? 7n[ ,portl&7 & ,sc>bor\gh 7 e/abli%$ 9 rapid succession4 ,! ,c\ncil = ,new ,engl& surr5d]$ its *>t] 9 #afce4 ,9 ! division ( its t]ritory ,gorges reta9$ ! portion previ\sly grant$ to him1 & ! region betwe5 ! ,k5nebec & ! ,sa9t ,croix nor? to ! ,sa9t ,lawr5ce1 ?\gh /ill claim$ by ! ,fr5* z "p ( ,acadia1 0 convey$ to ,sir ,william ,alex&] 7#aefg8-afdj72 lat]1 9 #affd1 ?is 0 convey$ to ! duke ( ,york1 aft]w>ds ,james ,,ii4 ( ,engl&4 ,gorges nam$ 8 tract ! ,c\nty ( ,new ,som]set%ire1 & imm$iately began ! adm9i/ration ( gov]nm5t1 sett+ up 9 #afce or #afcf a c\rt at ,saco "u ! direction ( 8 k9sman ,william ,gorges4 ,9 #afci he procur$ = 8 prov9ce a royal *>t] modell$ aft] t ( ,m>yl&1 :i* inve/$ him ) ! feudal t5ure ( a c\nty palat9e & vice-regal p[]s ( gov]nm5t4 ,he call$ into exi/5ce a =midably l>ge numb] ( (fic]s to gov]n x1 b 8 *>t] 0 9 conflict ) ! o!r 7mutually conflict+7 grants ( ! ,c\ncil = ,new ,engl&1 ea/ ( ! ,piscataqua2 & ,gorges & 8 ag5ts met ) a det]m9$ opposition "u ! lead]%ip ( ,george ,cleeve1 ! deputy-presid5t ( ! ,lygonia1 or ,pl\gh ,pat5t1 :i* ext5d$ along ! coa/ f ,cape ,porpoise to ,casco1 & 9 issu+ :i* ! ,c\ncil = ,new ,engl& _h grant$ gov]nm5tal z well z t]ritorial rights4 ,moreov]1 ,puritan ,massa*usetts1 :i* 0 naturally ho/ile to ! ,anglicanism ( ,gorges & 8 foll[]s1 int]pret$ h] *>t] s z to make h] nor!rn b\nd>y run ea/ & we/ f a po9t #c m4 nor? ( ! s\rce ( ! ,m]rimac riv]1 & on ?is basis laid claim to practically ! :ole ( ,ma9e !n settl$4 ,! factional qu>rels !re1 toge!r ) ! ,commonweal? gov]nm5t 9 ,engl&1 made x easy = ,massa*usetts to en=ce ?is claim at ! "t1 & betwe5 #afeb & #afeh ,ma9e 0 gradually annex$ to ,massa*usetts4 ,9 #afgb ,massa*usetts ext5d$ h] b\nd>y ea/w>d z f> z ,p5obscot ,bay4 ,f]d9&o ,gorges1 a gr&son ( ! orig9al proprietor1 br\ght be=e p>liam5t 8 claim to ,ma9e & 9 #affd a committee ( t body decid$ 9 8 fav\r2 b ,massa*usetts successfully resi/$ until #afgg1 :5 ! k+ 9 c\ncil decid$ aga9/ h]4 ,%e !n quietly pur*as$ ! ,gorges claim = #a1bej & held ! prov9ce z a proprietor until #afia1 :5 by ! new ,massa*usetts *>t] ,ma9e 0 ext5d$ to ! ,sa9t ,croix riv]1 & 0 made an integral "p ( ,massa*usetts4 ,! ,fr5* /ill claim$ all t]ritory ea/ ( ! ,p5obscot1 & n only 0 ,ma9e an expos$ fronti] & battlegr\nd dur+ ! long /ruggle ( ! ,engli% aga9/ ! ,indians & ! ,fr5*1 b its citiz5s bore a conspicu\s "p 9 ! exp$itions beyond its bord]s4 ,port ,royal 0 tak5 9 ,may #afij by ,sir ,william ,phipps & ,l\isburg 9 ,june #agde by ,sir ,william ,pepp]ell1 bo? ^! comm&]s be+ f ,ma9e4 ,^! exp$itions 7 su* a dra9 on ,ma9e's population t ,massa*usetts 0 call$ ^u to s5d m5 to g>rison ! little =ts t protect$ ! homes left def5celess by m5 :o _h gone to ! front4 ,dur+ ! ,w> ( ,indep5d5ce1 ! t[n ( ,falm\? 7n[ ,portl&71 :i* _h ard5tly resi/$ ! claims ( ! ,briti%1 0 bomb>d$ & burn$1 9 #agge2 9 ! same ye> ,b5$ict ,arnold foll[$ ! c\rse ( ! ,k5nebec & ,dead riv]s on 8 exp$ition to ,quebec2 & f #aggi to #aghc a ,briti% =ce 0 e/abli%$ at ,ca/9e4 ,! emb>go & non-int]c\rse laws f #ahjg to #ahab 7 a sev]e bl[ to ,ma9e's %ipp+1 & 9 ! ,w> ( #ahab ,ea/port1 ,ca/9e1 ,hampd51 ,bangor & ,ma*ias fell into ! h&s ( ! ,briti%4 ,ma9e 0 9 g5]al well gov]n$ z a "p ( ,massa*usetts1 b a geographical sep>ation1 a desire to be rid ( ! burd5 ( a l>ge /ate debt1 & a diff]5ce ( economic int]e/s z well z ( politics 7,ma9e 0 l>gely ,democratic & ,massa*usetts 0 l>gely ,f$]ali/7 creat$ a desire = an indep5d5t commonweal?4 ,?is 0 felt be=e ! close ( ! ,w> ( ,indep5d5ce & 9 #aghe-aghg conv5tions 7 held at ,falm\? 7,portl&7 to consid] ! matt]1 b ! opposition prevail$4 ,! want ( protection dur+ ! ,w> ( #ahab reviv$ ! "q1 & 9 #ahaf ! ,g5]al ,c\rt 9 response to a great numb] ( petitions submitt$ to a vote 9 ! t[ns & plantations ( ! ,di/rict ! "q3 ,%all ! legislature be reque/$ to give its cons5t to ! sep>ation ( ! ,di/rict ( ,ma9e f ,massa*usetts1 & ! erection ( said ,di/rict into a sep>ate /ate8 ,! returns %[$ #aj1cic yeas to #feja nays1 b !y also %[$ t less ?an "o-half ! full vote _h be5 ca/4 ,act+ ^u ^! returns ! legislature pass$ a bill prescrib+ ! t]ms ( sep>ation1 & direct$ ano!r vote ( ! t[ns & plantations ^u ! "q ( sep>ation & ! election ( delegates to a conv5tion at ,brunswick :i* %\ld proce$ to frame a con/itution 9 case ! second popul> vote gave a majority ( five to f\r = sep>ation2 b z t vote 0 only #aa1ifi yeas to #aj1cdg nays ! advocates ( sep>ation 7 unsuccessful4 ,b a l>ge s\rce ( opposition to sep>ation 0 remov$ 9 #ahai :5 ,congress1 divid+ ! ea/ coa/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates into two great di/ricts1 did away ) ! regulation :i*1 mak+ ea* /ate a di/rict = ent]+ & cle>+ vessels1 w\ld h requir$ coa/+ vessels f ! ports ( ,ma9e z a sep>ate /ate to ent] & cle> on e trip to or f ,bo/on2 z a consequ5ce1 ! sep>ation measures 7 c>ri$ by l>ge majorities ?is ye>1 a con/itution 0 fram$ by a conv5tion :i* met at ,portl& 9 ,octob]1 ?is 0 ratifi$ by t[n meet+s 9 ,decemb]1 & ,ma9e appli$ = admission into ! ,union4 ,ow+ to ! peculi> situation at ! "t 9 ,congress1 aris+ f ! conte/ ov] ! admission ( ,miss\ri1 ! "q ( ! admission ( ,ma9e became an important "o 9 national politics4 ,by an ,act ( ! #crd ( ,m>* #ahbj1 h[ev]1 ,ma9e 0 f9ally admitt$ into ! ,union z a sep>ate /ate1 h] admission be+ a "p ( ! ,miss\ri compromise 7q4v474 ,! b\nd>y on ! nor? _h n yet be5 asc]ta9$1 & x _h long be5 a subject ( dispute betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,great ,brita94 ,! treaty ( #aghc 7,article ,,ii47 _h def9$ ! nor?-ea/ b\nd>y ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates z ext5d+ along ! middle ( ! riv] ,/ ,croix f its m\? 9 ! bay ( ,fundy to its s\rce & due nor? f ! s\rce ( ,/ ,croix riv] to ! highl&s2 along ! said highl&s :i* divide ^? riv]s t empty !mselves into ! riv] ,/ ,lawr5ce f ^? :i* fall into ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 to ! nor?-we/]nmo/ head ( ,connecticut riv]2 !nce d[n along ! middle ( t riv] to ! =ty-fif? degree ( nor? latitude4 ,great ,brita9 claim$ t ! due nor? l9e 0 #dj m4 long & ran to ,m>s ,hill 9 ,aroo/ook c\nty1 & t ! highl&s ran !nce we/]ly #aae m4 to ! s\rce ( ! ,*audire2 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 on ! o!r h&1 claim$ t ! nor!rly l9e 0 #adj m4 long1 runn+ to highl&s divid+ ! ,ri/ig\*e & ! tribut>ies ( ! ,metis2 & !re 0 a fur!r disagreem5t ) reg>d to ! side ( ! highl&s on :i* ! b\nd>y %\ld be1 & z to :at /ream 0 ! nor?-we/]nmo/ head ( ,connecticut riv]4 ,! fif? article ( ! ,jay treaty ( #agid provid$ = a commission to decide :at ! ,/ ,croix riv] actually 01 & ?is commission 9 #agih def9$ ! ,/ ,croix1 say+ t its m\? 0 9 ,passamaquoddy bay & t ! b\nd>y ran up ?is riv] & ! ,*eputnatecook to a m>k$ monum5t4 ,! treaty ( ,gh5t 9 #ahad 7,article ,,iv47 ref]r$ ! "q ( ! own]%ip ( ! isl&s 9 ,passamaquoddy bay to a commission :i* gave ,moose1 ,dudley & ,fr$]ick isl&s to ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & ! same treaty by ,article ,v4 provid$ = ! survey 7:i* 0 made 9 #ahag-ahah7 ( a "p ( ! disput$ t]ritory1 & = a g5]al commission4 ,! g5]al commission]s met at ,/ ,&rews1 ,n4,b41 9 #ahaf1 & 9 ,new ,york ,city 9 #ahbb1 only to disagree2 & :5 ! k+ ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 *os5 z arbitrator 9 #ahbi 7"u ! ,conv5tion ( #ahbg7 r5d]$ 9 #ahca a decision aga9/ :i* ! /ate ( ,ma9e prote/$1 ! ,f$]al ,s5ate )held its ass5t to 8 decision4 ,9 #ahch-ahci ! t]ritory 9 dispute betwe5 ,new ,brunswick & ,ma9e became ! sc5e ( a bord] w>1 kn[n z ! ,aroo/ook di/urbance2 ,ma9e erect$ =ts along ! l9e %e claim$1 ,congress au?oriz$ ! presid5t to resi/ any attempt ( ,great ,brita9 to en=ce exclusive jurisdiction ov] ! disput$ t]ritory1 & an arm$ conflict seem$ imm95t4 ,g5]al ,w9field ,scott 0 s5t to take comm& on ! ,ma9e fronti]1 & on ! #ba/ ( ,m>* #ahci he arrang$ a truce & a jo9t occupancy ( ! t]ritory 9 dispute until a satisfactory settlem5t %\ld be rea*$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,great ,brita94 ,! ,web/]-,a%burton treaty ( #ahdb 0 a compromise1 :i* all[$ ,ma9e ab\t #eejj sq4 m4 less ?an %e _h claim$ & all[$ ,great ,brita9 ab\t z mu* less ?an h] claim2 all grants ( l& previ\sly made by ei!r p>ty )9 ! limits ( ! t]ritory :i* by ?is treaty fell )9 ! dom9ions ( ! o!r p>ty 7 to be held valid1 ratifi$ & confirm$ to ! p]sons 9 possession "u su* grants1 to ! same ext5t z if su* t]ritory _h 444 fall5 )9 ! dom9ions ( ! p>ty by :om su* grants 7 made2 & ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates agre$ to pay to ,ma9e & ,massa*usetts#g 9 equal moieties ! sum ( #cjj1jjj z comp5sation = ! l&s :i* !y _h claim$ & :i* "u ! treaty !y 7 call$ ^u to surr5d]4 ,! long controv]sy1 :i* is kn[n 9 ,am]ican hi/ory z ,! ,nor?-,ea/ b\nd>y dispute1 0 n f9ally settl$ h[ev] until #aiaj4 ,x 0 ! ,democratic majority 9 ! di/rict ( ,ma9e t effect$ ! sep>ation f ,massa*usetts1 & f ! date ( t sep>ation until #ahec ,ma9e 0 class$ z a ,democratic /ate1 al?\gh x elect$ a ,:ig gov]nor 9 #ahch & 9 #ahdj1 & ca/ its electoral vote = ,john ,qu9cy ,adams 9 #ahbd & #ahbh & = ,w4 ,h4 ,h>rison 9 #ahdj4 ,z a result ( ! slav]y "q1 !re 0 a p>ty dis9tegration betwe5 #ahej & #ahee1 foll[$ by ! supremacy ( ! ,republican p>ty f #ahef to #ahgh4 ,9 #ahgh1 ( ! #abf1afi votes ca/ 9 ! election = gov]nor1 ,seld5 ,connor 7b4 #ahci71 re-nom9at$ by ! ,republicans1 receiv$ #ef1eed2 ,joseph ,l4 ,smi? 7,national or ,gre5back71 #da1cga2 ,alonzo ,g>celon 7#ahac-aijf7 7,democratic71 #bh1bah2 z no c&idate receiv$ a majority ( ! votes1 ! election 0 left to ! legislature4#h ,! vote ( ! ,h\se elim9at$ ,connor1 & ,g>celon 0 *os5 9 ! ,s5ate by a ,democratic-,national fusion4 ,aga9 !re 0 no election by popul> vote 9 #ahgi1 & ,g>celon & 8 c\ncil1 to secure ! election ( a fusion gov]nm5t1 c\nt$-9 a fusion majority 9 ! legislature by evid5t falsification ( ! returns4 ,on ! #crd ( ,janu>y #ahhj ! ,supreme ,c\rt decl>$ ! gov]nor & c\ncil 9 error 9 c\nt+ 9 a fusion majority1 b on ! #g? ! gov]nor swore 9 a legislature ) #gh fusion & only two ,republican memb]s1 &1 ! gov]nor's t]m hav+ expir$1 ! presid5t ( ! ,s5ate1 ,james ,d4 ,lamson1 became gov]nor1 ex-(ficio4 ,on ! #ab? ! legislative *amb]s 7 seiz$ by ! ,republicans1 ^: organiz$ legislature 0 decl>$ legal by ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 & :o *ose z gov]nor ,daniel ,frankl9 ,davis 7#ahdc-ahig72 :]eupon1 on ! #ag?1 ,jo%ua ,l4 ,*amb]la91 to :om ! peaceful solution ( ! difficulty _h l>gely be5 due1 retir$ f ! task assign$ him by ,g>celon on ! #e? ( ,janu>y to protect ! public prop]ty & in/itutions ( ! /ate until ,g>celon's successor %\ld be duly qualifi$4 ,9 #ahhj ! ,democrats & ,gre5backs unit$ & elect$ _! c&idate1 b aft] #ahhc ,ma9e 0 /rongly ,republican until #aiaj4 ,! gov]nors ( ! /ate h be5 z foll[s3-- ,william ,k+ ,democrat #ahbj ,william ,durkee ,williamson 7act+7 #ahba ,b5jam9 ,ames 7act+7 #ahba ,albion ,kei? ,p>ris #ahbb ,eno* ,l9coln #ahbg ,na?an ,cutl] 7act+7 #ahbi ,jona?an ,g4 ,hunton #ahcj ,samuel ,em]son ,smi? #ahca ,rob]t ,p9ckney ,dunlap #ahcd ,edw>d ,k5t ,:ig #ahch ,john ,fairfield ,democrat #ahci ,edw>d ,k5t ,:ig #ahda ,john ,fairfield ,democrat #ahdb ,edw>d ,kavanagh 7act+7 #ahdc ,hugh ,j4 ,&]son #ahdd ,john ,w9*e/] ,dana #ahdg ,john ,hubb>d #ahej ,william ,george ,crosby ,:ig & ,free ,soil #ahec ,anson ,peaslee ,morrill ,republican #ahee ,samuel ,wells ,democrat #ahef ,hannibal ,haml9 ,republican #aheg ,joseph ,h4 ,williams 7act+7 #aheg ,lot ,myrick ,morrill #aheh ,israel ,wa%burn #ahfa ,abn] ,coburn #ahfc ,samuel ,cony ,republican #ahfd ,jo%ua ,lawr5ce ,*amb]la9 #ahfg ,sidney ,p]ham #ahga ,nelson ,d+ley #ahgd ,seld5 ,connor #ahgf ,alonzo ,g>celon ,democrat #ahgi ,daniel ,f4 ,davis ,republican #ahhj ,h>ris ,m]rill ,plai/$ ,democrat-,gre5back #ahha ,fr$]ick ,robie ,republican #ahhc ,joseph ,r4 ,bodwell #ahhg ,seba/ian ,s4 ,m>ble 7act+7 #ahhg ,edw9 ,c4 ,burleigh #ahhi ,h5ry ,b4 ,cleaves #ahic ,llewellyn ,p[]s #ahig ,john ,fremont ,hill #aija ,william ,t4 ,cobb #aije ,b]t ,m4 ,f]nald #aiji ,fr$]ick ,w4 ,plai/$ ,democrat #aiaa ,see ,s4 ,l4 ,bo>dman1 ,climate1 c41 ( ,ma9e 7,wa%+ton1 #ahhd72 ,walton ,wells1 ,! ,wat] ,p[] ( ,ma9e 7,augu/a1 #ahfi72 ,g4 ,h4 ,hit*cock1 ,g5]al ,report on ! ,geology ( ,ma9e 7,augu/a1 #ahfa72 ,g4 ,h4 ,/one1 ,! ,glacial ,gravels ( ,ma9e & _! ,associat$ ,deposits 7,wa%+ton1 #ahii72 ,t4 ,nelson ,dale1 ,! ,granites ( ,ma9e 7,wa%+ton1 #aijg71 be+ ,bullet9 #cac ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey2 ,b4 ,f4 ,de ,co/a1 ,sket*es ( ! ,coa/ ( ,ma9e & ,isle ( ,%oals 7,new ,york1 #ahfi72 ,h4 ,d4 ,?oreau1 ,! ,ma9e ,woods 7,bo/on1 #ahha 72 ,l4 ,l4 ,hubb>d1 ,woods & ,lakes ( ,ma9e 7,bo/on1 #ahhc72 ,t4 ,s4 ,/eele1 ,canoe & ,cam]a1 a ,two ,hundr$ ,mile ,t\r ?r\gh ! ,ma9e ,=e/s 7,new ,york1 #ahhb72 ,william ,mac,donald1 ,! ,gov]nm5t ( ,ma9e1 ,its ,hi/ory & ,adm9i/ration 7,new ,york1 #aijb72 ,ma9e ,hi/orical ,society ,collections 7,portl&1 #ahca- 72 ,w4 ,d4 ,williamson1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,/ate ( ,ma9e 7,hall[ell1 #ahcb72 ,j4 ,p4 ,baxt]1 ,sir ,f]d9&o ,gorges & 8 ,prov9ce ( ,ma9e 7,bo/on1 #ahij7 & ,george ,cleeve ( ,casco ,bay 7,portl&1 #ahhe72 ,george ,folsom1 ,hi/ory ( ,saco & ,bidde=d1 ) notices ( o!r ,e>ly ,settlem5ts & ( ! ,propriet>y ,gov]nm5ts 9 ,ma9e 7,saco1 #ahcj72 ,j4 ,l4 ,*amb]la91 ,ma9e1 ,h] ,place 9 ,hi/ory 7,augu/a1 #ahgg72 ,e4 ,s4 ,:it91 ,factory ,legislation 9 ,ma9e 7,new ,york1 #aijh74 ,,footnotes3 #a ,?is condition results f ! fact t ,ma9e & ! adjac5t region 7 worn d[n ne>ly to sea-level by /ream erosion1 except c]ta9 peaks & ridges inl&2 !n ! region 0 elevat$ & num]\s riv] valleys 7 cut d[n bel[ ! g5]al erosion surface =m$ be=e4 ,?us we h a g5]al upl& surface1 above :i* ! m\nta9 remnants t[]1 & bel[ :i* ! riv]s h be5 entr5*$4 #b ,?is "n is appli$ to a *a9 ( lakes 7! ,rangeley1 or ,oquossoc1 ! ,cupsuptic1 ! ,mooselookmeguntic1 ! ,mole*unkamunk or ,upp] ,ri*>dson1 ! ,welok5ebacook or ,l[] ,ri*>dson1 & ! ,umbagog7 9 ,frankl9 & ,ox=d c\nties1 9 ! we/]n "p ( ! /ate2 ! ,umbagog ext5ds into ,new ,hamp%ire & its outlet helps to =m ! ,&roscogg9 ,riv]4 ,^! lakes are connect$ by /raits1 h a total area ( betwe5 #hj & #ij sq4 m41 & are f #abjj to #aejj ft4 above ! sea4 ,!y are sometimes call$ ! ,&roscogg9 ,lakes4 #c ,! c5sus ( #aije 0 tak5 "u ! direction ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates c5sus bureau1 b ! /ati/ics = h& trades 7 omitt$4 #d ,accord+ to previ\s c5suses ! population 0 z foll[s3 7#agij7 #if1edj2 7#ahjj7 #aea1gai2 7#ahaj7 #bbh1gje2 7#ahbj7 #bih1cce2 7#ahcj7 #cii1dee2 7#ahdj7 #eja1gic2 7#ahej7 #ehc1afi2 7#ahfj7 #fbh1bgi2 7#ahgj7 #fbf1iae4 #e ,an un9corporat$ t[n%ip conta9+ less ?an #bjj inhabitants may1 on ! application ( ?ree resid5t vot]s1 be organiz$ z a plantation1 b does n pay /ate or c\nty taxes unless by special legislative ord]4 ,o!r un9corporat$ di/ricts1 especially isl&s along ! coa/1 are call$ grants1 surpluses1 gores or tracts4 #f ,by ?is *>t]1 issu$ 9 #aegh1 ,sir ,humphrey ,gilb]t 0 entitl$ to all t]ritory ly+ )9 two hundr$ leagues ( any colony t he might plant )9 six ye>s2 al?\gh x _h long s9ce laps$1 ,raleigh ,gilb]t seems n to h be5 aw>e ( x4 #g ,an article 9 ! ,act relat+ to ! sep>ation ( ,ma9e f ,massa*usetts /ipulat$ t ! l&s )9 ! ,di/rict ( ,ma9e :i* prior to ! sep>ation _h belong$ to ,massa*usetts %\ld aft] ! sep>ation belong "o-half to ,ma9e & "o-half to ,massa*usetts4 ,9 #ahbf ! wild l&s ( ,ma9e 7 survey$ & divid$ betwe5 ! two /ates2 & 9 #ahec ,ma9e acquir$ f ,massa*usetts1 = #cfb1ejj1 all ( ?is l& /ill rema9+ 9 possession ( ! latt] /ate4 #h ,accord+ to ,art4 ,v4 ( ! con/itution a majority ( ! total numb] ( votes ca/ 0 requir$ = election2 9 case no c&idate %\ld receive a majority1 x 0 prescrib$ t ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives %all1 by ballot1 f ! p]sons hav+ ! f\r highe/ numb]s ( votes on ! li/s1 if s _m !re be1 elect two p]sons & make returns ( _! names to ! ,s5ate1 ( :om ! ,s5ate %all1 by ballot1 elect "o1 :o %all be decl>$ ! gov]nor4 ,an am5dm5t1 :i* became a "p ( ! con/itution on ! #i? ( ,novemb] #ahhj1 provid$ t a plurality ( ! total numb] ( votes ca/ %\ld be suffici5t = election4 ,,ma9e ,,de ,,biran1 ,,fran,,ois-,,pi]re-,,gon?i] 7#agff-ahbd71 ,fr5* philosoph]1 0 born at ,b]g]ac1 on ! #bi? ( ,novemb]1 #agff4 ,! "n ,ma9e he assum$ 7"s "t be=e #aghg7 f an e/ate call$ ,le ,ma9e1 ne> ,m\leydi]4 ,aft] /udy+ ) di/9ction "u ! doctr9aires ( ,prigueux1 he ent]$ ! life-gu>ds ( ,l\is ,,xvi41 & 0 pres5t at ,v]sailles on ! memorable #e? & #f? ( ,octob] #aghi4 ,on ! break+ up ( ! g>des du corps ,biran retir$ to 8 patrimonial inh]itance ( ,gratel\p1 ne> ,b]g]ac1 :]e 8 retir$ life pres]v$ him f ! horrors ( ! ,revolution4 ,x 0 at ?is p]iod t1 to use 8 own words1 he pass$ p] saltum f frivolity to philosophy4 ,he began ) psy*ology1 :i* he made ! /udy ( 8 life4 ,aft] ! ,reign ( ,t]ror ,ma9e de ,biran took "p 9 political affairs4 ,hav+ be5 exclud$ f ! c\ncil ( ! ,five ,hundr$ on suspicion ( royalism1 he took "p ) 8 fri5d ,lan 9 ! commission ( #ahac1 :i* gave expression = ! fir/ "t to direct opposition to ! w ( ! emp]or4 ,aft] ! ,re/oration he held ! (fice ( treasur] to ! *amb] ( deputies1 & habitually retir$ dur+ ! autumn recess to 8 native di/rict to pursue 8 fav\rite /udy4 ,he di$ on ! #bj? 7#af?1 or #bcrd1 accord+ to o!rs7 ( ,july #ahbd4 ,ma9e de ,biran's philosophical reputation has suff]$ f two causes--8 obscure & lab\r$ /yle1 & ! fact t only a few1 & ^! ! lea/ *>act]i/ic1 ( 8 writ+s appe>$ dur+ 8 lifetime4 ,^! consi/$ ( ! essay on habit 7,sur l'influ5ce de l'habitude1 #ahjc71 a critical review ( ,p4 ,l>omiguire's lectures 7#ahag71 & ! philosophical portion ( ! article ,leibnitz 9 ! ,biographie univ]selle 7#ahai74 ,a treatise on ! analysis ( ?\ght 7,sur la dcomposition de la p5se71 al?\gh s5t to press1 0 nev] pr9t$4 ,9 #ahcd ^! writ+s1 toge!r ) ! essay entitl$ ,n\velles considrations sur les rapports du physique et du moral de l'homme1 7 publi%$ by ,victor ,c\s91 :o 9 #ahda add$ ?ree volumes1 "u ! title ,oeuvres philosophiques de ,ma9e de ,biran4 ,b ! publication 79 #ahei7 by ,e4 ,naville 7f ,,mss4 plac$ at 8 fa!r's disposal by ,biran's son7 ( ! ,oeuvres 9dites de ,ma9e de ,biran1 9 ?ree volumes1 fir/ r5d]$ possible a connect$ view ( 8 philosophical developm5t4 ,at fir/ a s5suali/1 l ,condillac & ,locke1 next an intellectuali/1 he f9ally %[s himself a my/ical !osophi/4 ,! ,essai sur les fondem5ts de la psy*ologie repres5ts ! second or complete/ /age ( 8 philosophy1 ! fragm5ts ( ! ,n\veaux essais d'an?ropologie ! ?ird4 ,ma9e de ,biran's fir/ essays 9 philosophy 7 writt5 av[$ly f ! po9t ( view ( ,locke & ,condillac1 b ev5 9 !m he 0 br\ght to signalize ! ess5tial fact on :i* 8 lat] speculation turns4 ,deal+ ) ! =mation ( habits1 he is compell$ to note t passive impressions1 h[ev] trans=m$1 d n furni% a complete or adequate explanation4 ,) ,l>omiguire he di/+ui%es att5tion z an active ef=t1 ( no less importance ?an ! passive receptivity ( s5se1 & ) ,butl] di/+ui%es passively =m$ cu/oms f active habits4 ,he f9ally arriv$ at ! conclusion t ,condillac's notion ( passive receptivity z ! "o s\rce ( consci\s exp]i5ce 0 n only an error 9 fact b an error ( me?od--9 %ort1 t ! me*anical mode ( view+ consci\sness z =m$ by ext]nal influ5ce 0 fallaci\s & deceptive4 ,= x he propos$ to sub/itute ! g5etic me?od1 :]eby human consci\s exp]i5ce might be exhibit$ z gr[+ or develop+ f its ess5tial basis 9 connexion ) ext]nal conditions4 ,! ess5tial basis he f9ds 9 ! real consci\sness1 ( self z an active /riv+ p[]1 & ! /ages ( its developm5t1 correspond+ to :at "o may call ! relative importance ( ! ext]nal conditions & ! reflective cle>ness ( self-consci\sness he designates z ! affective1 ! p]ceptive & ! reflective4 ,9 connexion ) ?is ,biran treats mo/ ( ! obscure problems :i* arise 9 deal+ ) consci\s exp]i5ce1 su* z ! mode by :i* ! organism is cogniz$1 ! mode by :i* ! organism is di/+ui%$ f extra-organic ?+s1 & ! nature ( ^? g5]al ideas by :i* ! relations ( ?+s are kn[n to u--cause1 p[]1 =ce1 c4 ,9 ! late/ /age ( 8 speculation ,biran di/+ui%es ! animal exi/5ce f ! human1 "u :i* ! ?ree =ms above not$ are class$1 & bo? f ! life ( ! _s1 9 :i* human ?\ght is br\ght into relation ) ! sup]s5sible1 div9e sy/em ( ?+s4 ,?is /age is left imp]fect4 ,altoge!r ,biran's "w pres5ts a v rem>kable specim5 ( deep metaphysical ?9k+ direct$ by pref]5ce to ! psy*ological aspect ( exp]i5ce4 ,! ,oeuvres 9dites ( ,ma9e de ,biran by ,e4 ,naville conta9 an introductory /udy2 9 #ahhg appe>$ ,sci5ce et psy*ologie3 n\velles oeuvres 9dites1 ) introduction by ,a4 ,b]tr&4 ,see also ,o4 ,m]ton1 tude critique sur ,ma9e de ,biran 7#ahfe72 ,e4 ,naville1 ,ma9e de ,biran1 sa vie et ses p5ses 7#ahgd72 ,j4 ,gr>d1 ,ma9e de ,biran1 essai sur sa philosophie 7#ahgf72 ,mayonade1 ,p5ses et pages 9dites de ,ma9e de ,biran 7,prigueux1 #ahif72 ,g4 ,allievo1 ,ma9e de ,biran e la sua dottr9a antropologica 7,tur91 #ahif1 9 ,memorie dell' accademia delle sci5ze1 #bnd s]41 xlv1 pt4 #b72 ,a4 ,lang1 ,ma9e de ,biran und die neu]e ,philosophie 7,cologne1 #aija72 monographs by ,a4 ,khtmann 7,brem51 #aija7 & ,m4 ,c\ailhac 7#aije72 ,n4 ,e4 ,truman 9 ,cornell ,/udies 9 ,philosophy1 ,no4 #e 7#aijd7 on ,ma9e de ,biran's ,philosophy ( ,w4 ,,ma9e-,,et-,,loire1 a dep>tm5t ( we/]n ,france1 =m$ 9 #agij = ! mo/ "p out ( ! s\!rn portion ( ! =m] prov9ce ( ,anj\1 & b\nd$ ,n4 by ! dep>tm5ts ( ,may5ne & ,s>!1 ,e4 by ,indre-et-,loire1 ,s4,e4 by ,vi5ne1 ,s4 by ,deux-,svres & ,v5de1 ,w4 by ,loire-,infrieure1 & ,n4,w4 by ,ille-et-,vila9e4 ,area1 #bghf sq4 m4 ,pop4 7#aijf71 #eac1dij4 ,ma9e-et-,loire is made up ( two di/9ct regions1 ! l9e ( dem>cation runn+ r\ghly f nor? to s\? along ! valley ( ! ,s>!1 !n turn+ s\?-we/ & pass+ ,brissac & ,d\2 t to ! we/ consi/s ( granites1 felsp>s1 & a cont9uation ( ! geological =mations ( ,brittany & ,v5de2 to ! ea/1 s*i/s1 lime/one & *alk prevail4 ,! dep>tm5t is trav]s$ f ea/ to we/ by ! maje/ic valley ( ! ,loire1 ) its ri* or*>ds1 nurs]ies & m>ket-g>d5s4 ,! highe/ altitudes are f\nd 9 ! s\?-we/1 :]e nor?-ea/ ( ,*olet "o em95ce rea*es #fhi ft4 ,else:]e ! surface is l[ & undulat+ 9 "*4 ,! dep>tm5t belongs entirely to ! bas9 ( ! ,loire1 ! b$ ( :i* is wide b %all[1 & full ( isl&s1 ! dep? ( ! wat] 9 summ] be+ at "s places little m ?an #b ft4 ,floods are sudd5 & de/ructive4 ,! *ief afflu5t ( ! ,loire )9 ! dep>tm5t is ! ,ma9e1 =m$ a little above ,ang]s by ! junction ( ! ,may5ne & ! ,s>!1 ! latt] hav+ previ\sly receiv$ ! wat]s ( ! ,loire4 ,all ?ree are navigable4 ,o!r tribut>ies ( ! ,loire are ! ,?\et 7) its tribut>y ! ,dive71 ! ,layon1 ! ,evre1 & ! ,divatte on ! left1 & ! ,au?ion on ! "r4 ,! ,may5ne is jo9$ on ! "r by ! ,oudon1 :i* c be navigat$ bel[ ,segr4 ,! ,erdre1 :i* jo9s ! ,loire at ,nantes1 & ! ,mo9e1 a tribut>y ( ! ,svre-,nantaise1 bo? rise )9 ?is dep>tm5t4 ,! climate is v mild4 ,! mean annual temp]ature ( ,ang]s is ab\t #ec1 slightly exce$+ t ( ,p>is2 ! ra9fall 7betwe5 #bc & #bd 94 annually7 is di/9ctly l[] ?an t ( ! re/ ( ,france4 ,not)/&+ ?is defici5cy1 ! frequ5t fogs1 comb9$ ) ! peculi> nature ( ! soil 9 ! s\?-ea/ ( ! dep>tm5t1 produce a degree ( moi/ure :i* is highly fav\rable to mead[ gr[?s4 ,! w9t] colds are nev] sev]e1 & readily p]mit ! cultivation ( c]ta9 trees :i* _c be re>$ 9 ! adjo9+ dep>tm5ts4 ,! agriculture ( ! dep>tm5t is v prosp]\s4 ,! produce ( c]eals1 *iefly :eat1 oats & b>ley1 is 9 excess ( its ne$s1 & potatoes & mangels also give good returns4 ,ext5sive areas 9 ! valley ( ! ,loire are "u hemp1 & ! vegetables1 melons & o!r fruits ( t region are ( ! f9e/ quality4 ,good w9e is produc$ at ,s]rant & o!r places ne> ,ang]s1 & on ! "r bank ( ! ,layon & ne> ,saumur1 ! sp>kl+ :ite w9e ( :i* is a rival ( ! *eap] br&s ( *ampagne4 ,cid] is also produc$1 & ! cultivation ( fruit is g5]al4 ,=e/s & woodl& 9 :i* oak & bee* are ! *ief trees cov] l>ge tracts4 ,! fatt5+ ( cattle is an important indu/ry r\nd ,*olet1 & horses mu* us$ = light cavalry are re>$4 ,sev]al ?\s& workm5 are employ$ 9 ! slate qu>ries 9 ! vic9ity ( ,ang]s1 tufa is work$ 9 ! riv] valleys1 & free/one & o!r /one1 mispickel1 iron & coal are also f\nd4 ,*olet1 ! *ief indu/rial t[n1 & its di/rict manufacture pocket-h&k]*iefs1 z well z l95 clo?s1 flannels1 cotton goods1 & hemp5 & o!r co>se fabrics1 & simil> indu/ries are c>ri$ on at ,ang]s1 :i* also manufactures liqueurs1 rope1 boots & %oes & p>asols4 ,saumur1 besides its production ( w9e1 makes beads & enamels4 ,! comm]ce ( ,ma9e-et-,loire comprises ! exportation ( live /ock & ( ! v>i\s products ( its soil & indu/ries1 & ! importation ( hemp1 cotton1 & o!r raw mat]ials4 ,! dep>tm5t is s]v$ by ! railways ( ! /ate & ! ,orlans & ,we/]n companies4 ,! ,may5ne1 ! ,s>! & ! ,loir1 toge!r ) "s ( ! less] riv]s1 provide ab\t #acj m4 ( navigable wat]way4 ,9 ! s\?-ea/ ! canal ( ! ,dive cov]s "s #aj m4 9 ! dep>tm5t4 ,!re are five arrondissem5ts--,ang]s1 ,baug1 ,*olet1 ,saumur & ,segr1 ) #cd cantons & #cha communes4 ,ma9e-et-,loire belongs to ! acadmie 7educational division7 ( ,r5nes1 to ! region ( ! ,,viii4 army corps1 & to ! ecclesia/ical prov9ce ( ,t\rs4 ,ang]s 7q4v471 ! capital1 is ! seat ( a bi%opric & ( a c\rt ( appeal4 ,o!r pr9cipal places are ,*olet1 ,saumur1 & ,fontevrault1 :i* receive sep>ate treatm5t4 ,= ar*itectural int]e/ !re may also be m5tion$ ! *teaux ( ,brissac 7#ag? c5tury71 ,s]rant 7#ae? & #af? c5turies71 ,montreuil-,bellay 7#ad? & #ae? c5turies71 & ,ecuill 7#ae? c5tury71 & ! *ur*es ( ,puy-,notre-,dame 7#ac? c5tury7 & ,/ ,flor5t-le-,vieil 7#ac?1 #ag?1 & #ai? c5turies71 ! la/ conta9+ ! f9e monum5t to ,*>les ,bon*amps1 ! ,v5dean lead]1 by ,david d',ang]s4 ,g5nes has rema9s ( a !atre & o!r ru9s ( ! ,roman p]iod1 z well z two *ur*es dat+ 9 "p f ! #aj? c5tury4 ,ponts-de-,c1 an int]e/+ old t[n built p>tly on isl&s 9 ! ,loire1 is hi/orically important1 because till ! ,revolution its bridges =m$ ! only way across ! ,loire betwe5 ,saumur & ,nantes4 ,,ma9puri1 or ,,mynpooree1 a t[n & di/rict ( ,briti% ,india1 9 ! ,agra division ( ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces4 ,! t[n has a /ation on a bran* ( ! ,ea/ ,indian railway rec5tly op5$ f ,%ikohabad4 ,pop4 7#aija71 #ai1jjj4 ,x consi/s ( two sep>ate portions1 ,ma9puri prop] & ,mukhamganj4 ,holk> plund]$ & burn$ "p ( ! t[n 9 #ahjd1 b 0 repuls$ by ! local militia4 ,s9ce ! ,briti% occupation ! population has rapidly increas$ & _m improvem5ts h be5 c>ri$ out4 ,! ,agra bran* ( ! ,gr& ,trunk road runs ?r\gh ! t[n1 =m+ a wide /reet l9$ on bo? sides by %ops1 :i* con/itute ! pr9cipal baza>4 ,ma9puri has a speciality 9 ! production ( c>v$ wood5 articles inlaid ) brass wire4 ,! ,am]ican ,presbyt]ian mission manages a high s*ool4 ,! ,,di/rict ,,( ,,ma9puri lies 9 ! c5tral ,doab4 ,area1 #afge sq4 m4 ,pop4 7#aija71 #hbi1ceg1 an increase ( #h4h 9 ! decade4 ,x consi/s ( an almo/ unbrok5 pla91 int]sect$ by small riv]s1 ) a few undulat+ s& ridges4 ,x is wood$ ?r\gh\t ) mango groves1 & isolat$ clumps ( bbul trees occasionally relieve ! b>5ess ( its sal9e us> pla9s4 ,on ! s\?-we/]n b\nd>y ! ,jumna fl[s 9 a deep alluvial b$1 sometimes sweep+ close to ! high banks :i* ov]hang its valley1 & else:]e leav+ room = a n>r[ /rip ( f]tile soil betwe5 ! riv] & ! upl& pla94 ,f ! l[-ly+ l&s ?us =m$ a belt ( rav9es /ret*es inl& = "s #b m41 (t5 cov]$ ) jungle1 b af=d+ good pa/urage = cattle4 ,! di/rict is wat]$ by two bran*es ( ! ,ganges canal1 & is trav]s$ by ! ma9 l9e ( ! ,ea/ ,indian railway4 ,ma9puri anci5tly =m$ "p ( ! great k+dom ( ,kanauj1 & aft] ! fall ( t fam\s /ate x 0 divid$ into a numb] ( petty pr9cipalities1 ( :i* ,rapri & ,bhongaon 7 ! *ief4 ,9 #aaid ,rapri 0 made ! seat ( a ,moslem gov]nor4 ,ma9puri fell to ! ,moguls on ,bab]'s invasion 9 #aebf1 &1 al?\gh tempor>ily wre/$ f !m by ! %ort-liv$ ,afghan dyna/y ( ,%]e ,%ah1 0 aga9 occupi$ by !m on ! re9/atem5t ( ,humayun aft] ! victory ( ,panipat4 ,l ! re/ ( ! l[] ,doab1 ,ma9puri pass$1 t[>ds ! end ( ! #ah? c5tury1 into ! p[] ( ! ,mahrattas1 & f9ally became a portion ( ! prov9ce ( ,oudh4 ,:5 ?is "p ( ! c\ntry 0 c$$ to ! ,briti%1 9 #ahja1 ,ma9puri t[n became ! headqu>t]s ( ! ext5sive di/rict ( ,etawah1 :i* 0 9 #ahef r$uc$ by ! =mation ( ,etah & ,ma9puri into sep>ate collectorates4 ,on ! outbreak ( ! ,mut9y 9 #aheg ! regim5t /ation$ at ,ma9puri revolt$ & attack$ ! t[n1 :i* 0 successfully def5d$ by ! few ,europeans ( ! /ation = a week1 until ! arrival ( ! ,jhansi mut9e]s made x necess>y to ab&on ! di/rict4 ,,ma9t5ance 7,fr4 ma9t5ance1 f ma9t5ir1 to ma9ta91 support1 ,lat4 manu t5]e1 to hold 9 ! h&74 ,! action ( giv+ support1 supply+ means ( subsi/5ce1 keep+ effici5t or 9 work+ ord]4 ,9 ,engli% law ma9t5ance is an (fici\s int]m$dl+ 9 an action t 9 no way belongs to "o by ma9ta9+ or assi/+ ei!r p>ty1 ) money or o!rwise1 to prosecute or def5d x4 ,x is an indictable (f5ce1 bo? at common law & by /atute1 & puni%able by f9e & imprisonm5t4 ,x invalidates all contracts involv+ x4 ,x is also actionable4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 cases 9 :i* ma9t5ance is ju/ifiable1 e4g4 any "o :o has an int]e/1 ev5 if x be only cont+5t1 9 ! matt] at v>iance c ma9ta9 ano!r 9 an action conc]n+ ! matt]2 or sev]al p>ties :o h a common int]e/ 9 ! same ?+ may ma9ta9 "o ano!r 9 a suit conc]n+ ! same4 ,nei!r is x reckon$ ma9t5ance to assi/ ano!r 9 8 suit on *>itable gr\nds1 or = a ma/] to assi/ 8 s]vant1 or a p>5t 8 son1 or a husb& 8 wife4 ,! law ) reg>d to ! subject is consid]$ at l5g? 9 ,bradlaugh v4 ,newdegate1 #ahhc1 #aa ,q4,b4,d4 #a4 ,see also ,,*amp]ty4 ,= ! practice ( liv]y & ma9t5ance see ,,engli% ,,hi/ory1 v4 & vi4 ,a ,,cap ,,( ,,ma9t5ance1 i4e4 a cap ( crimson velvet turn$ up ) erm9e1 is borne1 z "o ( ! insignia ( ! ,briti% sov]eign1 imm$iately be=e him at 8 coronation or on su* /ate occasions z ! op5+ ( p>liam5t4 ,x is c>ri$ by ! h]$it>y be>]1 ! m>quess ( ,w9*e/]1 ^u a :ite w&4 ,a simil> cap is also borne be=e ! "l mayor ( ,london4 ,! orig9 ( ?is symbol ( dignity is obscure4 ,x is /at$ 9 ! ,new ,engli% ,diction>y t x 0 grant$ by ! pope to ,h5ry ,,vii4 & ,h5ry ,,viii4 ,x is probably connect$ ) ! cap ( e/ate or dignity1 sometimes also /yl$ cap ( ma9t5ance1 simil> to ! royal symbol ) two peaks or horns beh9d1 :i* is borne z a h]aldic *>ge by c]ta9 families4 ,x seems orig9ally to h be5 a privilege ( dukes4 ,:]e x is us$ ! cre/ is plac$ ^u x1 in/ead ( on ! usual wrea?4 ,,ma9t5on1 ,,fran,,oise ,d',,aubign1 ,,m>quise ,,de 7#afce-agai71 ! second wife ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 0 born 9 a prison at ,niort1 on ! #bg? ( ,novemb] #afce4 ,h] fa!r1 ,con/ant d',aubign1 0 ! son ( ,agrippa d',aubign1 ! fam\s fri5d & g5]al ( ,h5ry ,,iv41 & _h be5 imprison$ z a ,hugu5ot malcont5t1 b h] "m1 a f]v5t ,ca?olic1 _h ! *ild baptiz$ 9 h] religion1 h] sponsors be+ ! duc de la ,ro*ef\cauld1 fa!r ( ! au?or ( ! ,maxims1 & ! comtesse de ,neuillant4 ,9 #afci ,con/ant d',aubign 0 releas$ f prison & took all 8 family ) him to ,m>t9ique1 :]e he di$ 9 #afde1 aft] hav+ lo/ :at =tune rema9$ to him at c>ds4 ,mme d',aubign return$ to ,france1 & f %e] pov]ty unwill+ly yield$ h] daught] to h] si/]-9-law1 ,mme de ,villette1 :o made ! *ild v happy1 b conv]t$ or pret5d$ to conv]t h] to ,prote/antism4 ,:5 ?is 0 kn[n an ord] ( /ate 0 issu$ t %e %\ld be entru/$ to ,mme de ,neuillant1 h] godmo!r4 ,e means 0 n[ us$ to conv]t h] back to ,ca?olicism1 b at ! la/ %e only yield$ on ! condition t %e ne$ n believe t ! s\l ( ,mme de ,villette 0 lo/4 ,once reconv]t$1 %e 0 neglect$ & s5t home to live ) h] "m1 :o _h only a small p5sion ( #bjj livres a ye>1 :i* ceas$ on h] dea? 9 #afej4 ,! *evali] de ,m]1 a man ( "s lit]>y di/9ction1 :o _h made h] acqua9tance at ,mme de ,neuillant's1 discov]$ h] p5niless condition1 & introduc$ 8 "y ,indian1 z he call$ h]1 to ,sc>ron1 ! fam\s wit & comic writ]1 at ^: h\se all ! lit]>y society ( ! day assembl$4 ,sc>ron took a fancy to ! fri5dless girl1 & (f]$ ei!r to pay = h] admission to a conv5t1 or1 ?\gh he 0 de=m$ & an invalid1 to m>ry h] himself4 ,%e accept$ 8 (f] ( m>riage1 & became ,mme ,sc>ron 9 #afea4 ,= n9e ye>s %e 0 n only 8 mo/ fai?ful nurse1 b an attraction to 8 h\se1 :]e %e tri$ to bridle ! lic5ce ( ! conv]sation ( ! "t4 ,on ! dea? ( ,sc>ron1 9 #affj1 ,anne ( ,au/ria cont9u$ 8 p5sion to 8 wid[1 & ev5 increas$ x to #bjjj livres a ye>1 :i* enabl$ h] to ent]ta9 & frequ5t ! lit]>y society h] husb& _h made h] acqua9t$ )2 b on ! que5-"m's dea? 9 #afff ! k+ refus$ to cont9ue h] p5sion1 & %e prep>$ to leave ,p>is = ,lisbon z lady att5dant to ! que5 ( ,portugal4 ,b be=e %e />t$ %e met ,mme de ,montespan1 :o 0 already1 ?\gh n av[$ly1 ! k+'s mi/ress1 & :o took su* a fancy to h] t %e obta9$ ! cont9uance ( h] p5sion1 :i* put (f = ev] ! "q ( go+ to ,portugal4 ,mme de ,montespan did yet m = h]1 = :51 9 #affi1 h] fir/ *ild by ! k+ 0 born1 ,mme ,sc>ron 0 e/abli%$ ) a l>ge income & a l>ge /aff ( s]vants at ,vaugir>d to br+ up ! k+'s *ildr5 9 secrecy z !y 7 born4 ,9 #afgd ! k+ det]m9$ to h 8 *ildr5 at c\rt1 & _! gov]ness1 :o _h n[ made suffici5t =tune to buy ! e/ate ( ,ma9t5on1 accompani$ !m4 ,! k+ _h n[ _m opportunities ( see+ ,mme ,sc>ron1 &1 ?\gh at fir/ he 0 prejudic$ aga9/ h]1 h] ev5 temp] contra/$ s advantage\sly ) ! /orms ( passion & jeal\sy exhibit$ by ,mme de ,montespan1 t %e grew /eadily 9 8 fav\r1 & _h 9 #afgh ! gratification ( hav+ h] e/ate at ,ma9t5on rais$ to a m>quisate & h]self entitl$ ,mme de ,ma9t5on by ! k+4 ,su* fav\rs br\ght d[n ! fury ( ,mme de ,montespan's jeal\sy1 & ,mme de ,ma9t5on's position 0 almo/ un5durable1 until1 9 #afhj1 ! k+ sev]$ _! connexion by mak+ ! latt] second lady 9 wait+ to ! dauph9ess1 & soon aft] ,mme de ,montespan left ! c\rt4 ,! new amie us$ h] influ5ce on ! side ( dec5cy1 & ! que5 op5ly decl>$ %e _h nev] be5 s well treat$ z at ?is "t1 & ev5tually di$ 9 ,mme de ,ma9t5on's arms 9 #afhc4 ,! que5's dea? op5$ ! way to yet great] advancem5t2 9 #afhd ,mme de ,ma9t5on 0 made fir/ lady 9 wait+ to ! dauph9ess1 & 9 ! w9t] ( #afhe-afhf %e 0 privately m>ri$ to ! k+ by ,h>lay1 ar*bi%op ( ,p>is1 9 ! pres5ce1 x is believ$1 ( ,pre la ,*aise1 ! k+'s confessor1 ! m>quis de ,mont*evreuil1 ! *evali] de ,=b91 & ,bontemps4 ,no writt5 pro( ( ! m>riage is extant1 b t x took place is nev]!less c]ta94 ,h] life dur+ ! next ?irty ye>s c be fully /udi$ 9 h] lett]s1 ( :i* _m au!ntic examples are extant4 ,z a wife %e 0 :olly admirable2 %e _h to ent]ta9 a man :o w\ld n be amus$1 & _h to submit to t t]ribly /rict c\rt etiquette ( absolute ob$i5ce to ! k+'s incl9ation1 :i* ,sa9t-,simon s vividly describes1 & yet be always *e]ful & nev] compla9 ( we>9ess or ill-heal?4 ,h] political influ5ce has probably be5 exagg]at$1 b x 0 supreme 9 matt]s ( detail4 ,! m9i/]s ( ! day us$ to discuss & arrange all ! bus9ess to be done ) ! k+ be=eh& ) h]1 & x 0 all done 9 h] cab9et & 9 h] pres5ce1 b ! k+ 9 m important matt]s (t5 *ose n to consult h]4 ,su* mi/akes z1 = in/ance1 ! replac+ ( ,cat9at by ,vill]oi may be attribut$ to h]1 b n :ole policies--notably1 accord+ to ,sa9t-,simon1 n ! policy ) reg>d to ! ,spani% succession4 ,ev5 ! revocation ( ! edict ( ,nantes & ! dragonnades h be5 laid to h] *>ge1 b rec5t inve/igations h t5d$ to %[ t 9 spite ( ard5t ,ca?olicism1 %e at lea/ oppos$1 if n v vigor\sly1 ! cruelties ( ! dragonnades1 al?\gh %e 0 pleas$ ) ! conv]sions !y procur$4 ,%e 0 app>5tly afraid to imp]il h] great reputation = devotion1 :i* _h 9 #afib obta9$ = h] f ,innoc5t ,,xii4 ! "r ( visitation ov] all ! conv5ts 9 ,france4 ,:]e %e des]ves blame is 9 h] use ( h] p[] = p]sonal patronage1 z 9 compass+ ! promotions ( ,*amill>t & ,vill]oi1 & ! frequ5t assi/ance giv5 to h] bro!r ,comte ,*>les d',aubign4 ,h] influ5ce 0 on ! :ole a mod]at+ & prud5t =ce4 ,h] social influ5ce 0 n z great z x might h be51 ow+ to h] hold+ no recogniz$ position at c\rt1 b x 0 always ex]cis$ on ! side ( dec5cy & morality1 & x mu/ n be =gott5 t f h] =m] life %e 0 intimate ) ! lit]>y p ( ! day4 ,side by side ) ?is public life1 :i* we>i$ h] ) its %ad[y p[]1 occasionally cross$ by a desire to be recognis$ z que51 %e pass$ a nobl] & sweet] private exi/5ce z ! f\ndress ( ,/ ,cyr4 ,mme de ,ma9t5on 0 a born tea*]2 %e _h s won ! he>ts ( h] fir/ pupils t !y pref]r$ h] to _! own "m1 & 0 simil>ly successful lat] ) ! "y & impetu\s du*ess ( ,burgundy1 & %e _h always wi%$ to e/abli% a home = poor girls ( good family plac$ 9 su* /raits z %e h]self _h exp]i5c$4 ,z soon z h] =tunes began to m5d %e />t$ a small home = poor girls at ,ruel1 :i* %e aft]w>ds mov$ to ,noisy1 & :i* 0 ! nucleus ( ! spl5did in/itution ( ,/ ,cyr1 :i* ! k+ end[$ 9 #afhf1 at h] reque/1 out ( ! funds ( ! ,abbey ( ,/ ,d5is4 ,%e 0 9 h] elem5t !re4 ,%e h]self drew up ! rules ( ! in/itution2 %e exam9$ e m9ute detail2 %e befri5d$ h] pupils 9 e way2 & h] he>t (t5 turn$ f ! we>9ess ( ,v]sailles or ( ,m>ly to h] little girls at ,/ ,cyr4 ,x 0 = !m t ,rac9e wrote 8 ,e/h] & 8 ,a?alie1 & x 0 because he manag$ ! affairs ( ,/ ,cyr well t ,mi*el ,*amill>t became controll]-g5]al ( ! f9ances4 ,! lat] ye>s ( h] p[] 7 m>k$ by ! promotion ( h] old pupils1 ! *ildr5 ( ! k+ & ,mme de ,montespan1 to high dignity betwe5 ! blood royal & ! pe]s ( ! realm1 & x 0 d\btless "u ! influ5ce ( h] dislike = ! duke ( ,orleans t ! k+ drew up 8 w1 leav+ ! p]sonal c>e ( 8 successor to ! duke ( ,ma9e1 & hamp]+ ! duke ( ,orleans by a c\ncil ( reg5cy4 ,on or ev5 be=e h] husb&'s dea? %e retir$ to ,/ ,cyr1 & _h ! *agr9 ( see+ all h] plans = ! advancem5t ( ! duke ( ,ma9e ov]?r[n by means ( ! p>liam5t ( ,p>is4 ,h[ev]1 ! reg5t ,orleans 9 no way mole/$ h]1 b1 on ! contr>y1 visit$ h] at ,/ ,cyr & cont9u$ h] p5sion ( #dh1jjj livres4 ,%e sp5t h] la/ ye>s at ,/ ,cyr 9 p]fect seclusion1 b an object ( great int]e/ to all visitors to ,france1 :o1 h[ev]1 ) ! exception ( ,pet] ! ,great1 f\nd x impossible to get an audi5ce ) h]4 ,on ! #ae? ( ,april #agai %e di$1 & 0 buri$ 9 ! *oir at ,/ ,cyr1 bequea?+ h] e/ate at ,ma9t5on to h] niece1 ! only daught] ( h] bro!r ,*>les & wife ( ! m>*al de ,noailles1 to ^: family x /ill belongs4 ,l4 ,a4 la ,beaumelle publi%$ ! ,lettres de ,madame de ,ma9t5on1 b mu* g>bl$1 9 #b vols4 9 #ageb1 & on a l>g] scale 9 #i vols4 9 #agef4 ,he also1 9 #agee1 publi%$ ,mmoires de ,madame de ,ma9t5on1 9 #f vols41 :i* caus$ him to be imprison$ 9 ! ,ba/ille4 ,all e>li] biographies 7 sup]s$$ by ,?ophile ,lavalle's ,hi/oire de ,/ ,cyr1 review$ 9 ,caus]ies du lundi1 vol4 viii41 & by 8 edition ( h] ,lettres hi/oriques et difiantes1 c41 9 #g vols4 & ( h] ,correspondance gnrale1 9 #d vols4 7#ahhh71 :i* latt] mu/1 h[ev]1 be read ) ! k ( _m =g$ lett]s1 notic$ 9 ,p4 ,grimblot's ,faux autographes de ,madame de ,ma9t5on4 ,sa9t-,simon's f9e b bias$ acc\nt ( ! c\rt 9 h] day & ( h] c>e] is conta9$ 9 ! twelf? volume ( ,*ruel & ,regni]'s edition ( 8 ,mmoires4 ,see also ,mademoiselle d',aumale's ,s\v5irs sur ,madame de ,ma9t5on1 publi%$ by ! ,comte d',haussonville & ,g4 ,hanotaux 7,p>is1 #c vols41 #aijb-aijd72 an excell5t acc\nt by ,a4 ,geffroy1 ,madame de ,ma9t5on d'aprs sa correspondance au!ntique 7,p>is1 #b vols41 #ahhg72 ,p4 de ,noailles1 ,hi/oire de ,madame de ,ma9t5on et des pr9cipaux vnem5ts du rgne de ,l\is ,,xiv4 7#d vols41 #ahdh-aheh72 ,a4 de ,boislisle1 ,paul ,sc>ron et ,franoise d',aubign d'aprs des docum5ts n\veaux 7#ahid72 4 ,pila/re1 ,vie et c>actre de ,madame de ,ma9t5on d'aprs les oeuvres du duc de ,sa9t-,simon et des docum5ts anci5s ou rc5ts 7#aijg72 ,a4 ,rosset1 ,madame de ,ma9t5on et la rvocation de l'dit de ,nantes 7#ahig74 7,h4 ,m4 ,s47 ,,ma9z 7,fr4 ,may5ce7 a city1 episcopal see & =tress ( ,g]many1 situat$ on ! left bank ( ! ,rh9e1 almo/ opposite ! influx ( ! ,ma91 at ! junction ( ! important ma9 l9es ( railway f ,cologne to ,mannheim & ,frank=t-on-,ma91 #be m4 ,w4 ( ! latt]4 ,pop4 7#aije71 #ia1abd 7includ+ a g>rison ( #gejj m571 ( :om two-?irds are ,roman ,ca?olic4 ,! ,rh9e1 :i* "h atta9s ! greate/ bread? ( its upp] c\rse1 is cross$ by a magnific5t bridge ( five ar*es1 lead+ to ! opposite t[n ( ,ca/el & by two railway bridges4 ,! old =tifications h rec5tly be5 pu%$ f>!r back1 & _! place occupi$ by pleasant b\lev>ds4 ,! riv] front has be5 conv]t$ into a f9e prom5ade1 comm&+ ext5sive views ( ! ,taunus range ( m\nta9s1 & ! ,rhe+au1 ! mo/ fav\r$ w9e di/rict ( ,g]many4 ,alongside ! quay are ! l&+-places ( ! /eamboats navigat+ ! ,rh9e4 ,! railway1 :i* =m]ly incommod$ ! bank1 has be5 div]t$1 & n[1 foll[+ ! ce9ture ( ! new l9e ( inn] =tifications1 runs into a c5tral /ation ly+ to ! s\? ( ! city4 ,! int]ior ( ! old t[n consi/s *iefly ( n>r[ & irregul> /reets1 ) _m qua9t & picturesque h\ses4 ,! pr9cipal /reet ( ! new t[n is ! ,kais]/rasse1 lead+ f ! railway /ation to ! riv]4 ,! fir/ object ( hi/orical & ar*itectural int]e/ 9 ,ma9z is ! gr& old ca!dral1 an impos+ ,romanesque edifice ) num]\s ,go?ic additions & details 7= plan1 c4 see ,,ar*itecture3 ,romanesque & ,go?ic 9 ,g]many74 ,x 0 orig9ally erect$ betwe5 #ige & #ajji1 b has s9ce be5 repeat$ly burn$ d[n & rebuilt1 & 9 its pres5t =m dates *iefly f ! #ab?1 #ac? & #ad? c5turies4 ,! l>ge/ ( its six t[]s is #cjj ft4 high4 ,! :ole build+ 0 re/or$ by ord] ( ,napoleon 9 #ahad1 & ano!r ?or\gh r5ovation 0 made m rec5tly4 ,! int]ior conta9s ! tombs ( ,boniface1 ! fir/ ar*bi%op ( ,ma9z1 ( ,frau5lob1 ! ,m9nes+]1 & ( _m ( ! electors4 ,ma9z possesses n9e o!r ,roman ,ca?olic *ur*es1 ! mo/ notewor?y ( :i* are ^? ( ,/ ,ignatius1 ) a f9ely pa9t$ ceil+1 ( ,/ ,/eph51 built #abeg-acbh1 & re/or$ aft] an explosion 9 #aheg1 & ( ,/ ,pet]4 ,! old electoral palace 7#afbg-afgh71 a l>ge build+ ( r$ s&/one1 n[ conta9s a valuable collection ( ,roman & ,g]manic antiquities1 a picture gall]y1 a natural hi/ory museum1 ! ,gut5b]g ,museum1 & a libr>y ( #bbj1jjj volumes4 ,among ! o!r pr9cipal build+s are ! palace ( ! gr& duke ( ,hesse1 built 9 #agca-agci z a lodge ( ! ,teutonic ord]1 ! !atre1 ! ars5al1 & ! gov]nm5t build+s4 ,a h&some /atue ( ,gut5b]g1 by ,?orwalds51 0 erect$ at ,ma9z 9 #ahcg4 ,ma9z /ill reta9s _m relics ( ! ,roman p]iod1 ! mo/ important ( :i* is ! ,eigel/e91 a monum5t believ$ to h be5 erect$ by ! ,roman legions 9 hon\r ( ,drusus4 ,x /&s )9 ! citadel1 :i* occupies ! site ( ! ,roman ca/rum4 ,a little to ! s\?-we/ ( ! t[n are ! rema9s ( a l>ge ,roman aqu$uct1 ( :i* upw>ds ( sixty pill>s are /ill /&+4 ,! educational & sci5tific in/itutions ( ,ma9z include an episcopal sem9>y1 two gymnasia & o!r s*ools1 a society = lit]ature & art1 a musical society1 & an antiqu>ian society4 ,! univ]sity1 f\nd$ 9 #adgg1 0 suppress$ by ! ,fr5* 9 #agih4 ,! site ( ,ma9z w\ld seem to m>k x out naturally z a great c5tre ( trade1 b ! illib]al rule ( ! ar*bi%ops & its milit>y importance s]i\sly hamp]$ its comm]cial & indu/rial developm5t1 & prev5t$ x f rivall+ its neighb\r ,frank=t4 ,x is n[1 h[ev]1 ! *ief emporium ( ! ,rh5i% w9e traffic1 & also c>ries on an ext5sive transit trade 9 gra91 timb]1 fl\r1 petroleum1 pap] & vegetables4 ,! natural facilities = c>riage by wat] are supplem5t$ by ! ext5sive railway sy/em4 ,l>ge new h>b\rs to ! nor? ( ! city 7 op5$ 9 #ahhg4 ,! pr9cipal manufactures are lea!r goods1 furniture1 c>riages1 *emicals1 musical in/rum5ts & c>pets1 = ! fir/ two ( :i* ! city has atta9$ a wide reputation4 ,o!r indu/ries include brew+ & pr9t+4 ,ma9z is ! seat ( ! adm9i/rative & judicial au?orities ( ! prov9ce ( ,rhe9-,hess51 & also ( a ,roman ,ca?olic bi%op4 ,hi/ory4--,ma9z1 "o ( ! olde/ cities 9 ,g]many1 0 orig9ally a ,celtic settlem5t4 ,its /rategic importance 0 e>ly recogniz$ by ! ,romans1 & ab\t #ac ,b4,c4 ,drusus1 ! son-9-law ( ,augu/us1 erect$ a =tifi$ camp "h1 to :i* ! ca/ellum ,mattiacorum 7! mod]n ,ca/el7 on ! opposite bank 0 aft]w>ds add$1 ! two be+ connect$ ) a bridge at ! op5+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,! ,celtic "n became lat9iz$ z ,maguntiacum1 or ,moguntiacum1 & a t[n gradually arose ar\nd ! camp1 :i* became ! capital ( ,g]mania ,sup]ior4 ,dur+ ! ,vlk]w&]ung ,ma9z suff]$ sev]ely1 be+ de/roy$ on diff]5t occasions by ! ,alamanni1 ! ,v&als & ! ,huns4 ,*ri/ianity seems to h be5 introduc$ into ! t[n at a v e>ly p]iod1 & 9 ! #f? c5tury a new ,ma9z 0 f\nd$ by ,bi%op ,sidonius4 ,9 ! middle ( ! #h? c5tury "u ,boniface x became an ar*bi%opric1 & to ?is ! primacy ( ,g]many 0 soon annex$4 ,*>lemagne1 :o _h a palace 9 ! neighb\rhood1 gave privileges to ,ma9z1 :i* rose rapidly 9 weal? & importance1 becom+ a free city 9 #aaah4 ,dur+ ! lat] middle ages x 0 ! seat ( sev]al diets1 t ( #aahd be+ ( unusual size & spl5d\r4 ,9 #aafj ! citiz5s revolt$ aga9/ ,ar*bi%op ,arnold1 & 9 #aafc ! walls ( ! city 7 pull$ d[n by ord] ( ! emp]or ,fr$]ick ,i4 ,b ^! ev5ts did n ret>d its progress4 ,9 #abdd c]ta9 rights ( self-gov]nm5t 7 giv5 to ! citiz5s2 & 9 #abed ,ma9z 0 ! c5tre & ma9spr+ ( a p[]ful league ( ,rh5i% t[ns4 ,ow+ to its comm]cial prosp]ity x 0 kn[n z gold5e ,ma9z1 & its population is believ$ to h be5 z great z x is at ! pres5t day4 ,b soon a decl9e set 94 ,9 #adfb !re 0 w>f>e betwe5 two rival ar*bi%ops1 ,die!r or ,dietri* ,,ii4 ( ,is5burg 7d4 #adfc7 & ,adolph ,,ii4 ( ,nassau 7d4 #adge74 ,! citiz5s esp\s$ ! cause ( ,die!r1 b _! city 0 captur$ by ,adolph2 x 0 !n depriv$ ( its privileges & 0 made subject to ! ar*bi%op4 ,_m ( ! inhabitants 7 driv5 into exile1 & ^! c>ri$ into o!r l&s a k ( ! art ( pr9t+1 :i* _h be5 inv5t$ at ,ma9z by ,johann ,gut5b]g 9 #adej4 ,dur+ ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w> ,ma9z 0 occupi$ by ! ,sw$es 9 #afca & by ! ,fr5* 9 #afdd1 ! =tifications be+ /r5g!n$ by ! =m] "u ,gu/avus ,adolphus2 9 #afhh x 0 captur$ aga9 by ! ,fr5*1 b !y 7 driv5 out 9 ! foll[+ ye>4 ,9 #agib ! citiz5s welcom$ ! ideas ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution2 !y expell$ _! ar*bi%op1 ,fri$ri* ,k>l ,joseph d',er?al1 & op5$ _! gates to ! ,fr5* troops4 ,tak5 & retak5 sev]al times dur+ ! next few ye>s1 ,ma9z 0 c$$ to ,france by ! treaty ( ,campo ,=mio 9 #agig1 & aga9 by ! ,treaty ( ,lunville 9 #ahja4 ,9 #ahad x 0 re/or$ to ,g]many & 9 #ahaf x 0 h&$ ov] to ! gr& duke ( ,hesse2 x rema9$1 h[ev]1 a =tress ( ! ,g]man conf$]ation & 0 g>rison$ by ,prussian & ,au/rian troops4 ,s9ce #ahga x has be5 a =tress ( ! ,g]man ,empire4 ,!re 7 di/urbances 9 ! city 9 #ahdh4 ,see ,brhl1 ,ma9z1 ges*i*tli*1 topographis* und mal]is* 7,ma9z1 #ahbi72 ,c4 ,a4 ,s*aab1 ,ges*i*te d] ,/adt ,ma9z 7,ma9z1 #ahda-ahde72 ,k4 ,kle91 ,ma9z und se9e ,umgebung5 7#ahfh72 ,c4 ,g4 ,bock5heim]1 ,beitrge zur ,ges*i*te d] ,/adt ,ma9z 7#ahgd72 ,neeb1 ,fhr] dur* ,ma9z und ,umgebung 7,/uttg>t1 #aijc72 & ,o4 ,beck1 ,ma9z und se9 ,h&el 7,ma9z1 #ahha74 ,! ,,ar*bi%opric ,,( ,,ma9z1 "o ( ! sev5 electorates ( ! ,holy ,roman ,empire1 became a p[]ful /ate dur+ ! middle ages & reta9$ "s ( its importance until ! dissolution ( ! empire 9 #ahjf4 ,its ar*bi%op 0 presid5t ( ! electoral college1 ar*-*ancellor ( ! empire & primate ( ,g]many4 ,its orig9 dates back to #gdg1 :5 ! city ( ,ma9z 0 made ! seat ( an ar*bi%op1 & a succession ( able & ambiti\s prelates1 obta9+ l&s & privileges f emp]ors & o!rs1 made ( ! di/rict "u _! rule a /rong & vigor\s /ate4 ,among ^! m5 7 ,hatto ,i4 7d4 #iac71 ,siegfri$ ,,iii4 ( ,epp/e9 7d4 #abdi71 ,g]h>d ( ,epp/e9 7d4 #acje71 & ,alb]t ( ,br&5burg 7d4 #aede71 all ( :om play$ important p>ts 9 ! hi/ory ( ,g]many4 ,!re 7 sev]al viol5t conte/s betwe5 rivals anxi\s to secure s spl5did a position z ! electorate1 & ! pret5sions ( ! ar*bi%ops occasionally mov$ ! citiz5s ( ,ma9z to revolt4 ,! l&s ( ! electorate lay ar\nd ,ma9z1 & 7 on bo? banks ( ! ,rh9e2 _! area at ! "t ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution 0 ab\t #cbjj sq4 m4 ,! la/ elector 0 ,k>l ,!odor von ,dalb]g4 ,! ar*bi%opric 0 secul>iz$ 9 #ahjc1 two ye>s aft] ! l&s on ! left bank ( ! ,rh9e _h be5 seiz$ by ,france4 ,"s ( ^? on ! "r bank ( ! riv] 7 giv5 to ,prussia & to ,hesse2 o!rs 7 =m$ into a gr& du*y = ,dalb]g4 ,! ar*bi%opric itself 0 transf]r$ to ,reg5sburg4 ,= ! hi/ory ( ! electorate see ! ,scriptores r]um moguntiac>um1 edit$ by ,g4 ,c4 ,joannis 7,frank=t1 #agbb-agbg72 ,s*unk1 ,beitrge zur ,ma9z] ,ges*i*te 7,frank=t1 #aghh-agia72 ,h5nes1 ,die ,erzbis*fe von ,ma9z 7,ma9z1 #ahgi72 ,ph4 ,jaff1 ,monum5ta mogunt9a 7,b]l91 #ahff71 & ,j4 ,f4 ,bhm] & ,c4 ,w1 ,rege/a ar*iepiscoporum mogunt95sium 7,innsbruck1 #ahgg-ahhf74 ,,mairet1 ,,jean ,,de 7#afjd-afhf71 ,fr5* dramati/1 0 born at ,besanon1 & baptiz$ on ! #aj? ( ,may #afjd4 ,8 own /atem5t t he 0 born 9 #afaj has be5 disprov$4 ,he w5t to ,p>is to /udy at ! ,collge des ,grass9s ab\t #afbe1 9 :i* ye> he produc$ 8 fir/ piece ,*riside et ,arim&1 foll[$ 9 #afbf by ,sylvie1 a pa/oral tragi-com$y4 ,9 #afcd appe>$ 8 ma/]piece1 ,sophonisbe1 :i* m>ks1 9 its obs]vance ( ! rules1 ! beg9n+ ( ! regul> trag$ies4 ,mairet 0 "o ( ! bitt]e/ assailants ( ,corneille 9 ! controv]sy ov] ,! ,cid4 ,x 0 p]haps 8 jeal\sy ( ,corneille t made him give up writ+ = ! /age4 ,he 0 appo9t$ 9 #afdh (ficial repres5tative ( ! ,fran*e-,comt 9 ,p>is1 b 9 #afec he 0 bani%$ by ,maz>94 ,he 0 subsequ5tly all[$ to return1 b 9 #affh he retir$ to ,besanon1 :]e he di$ on ! #ca/ ( ,janu>y #afhf4 ,8 o!r plays include ,silvanire ou la ,morte-vive1 publi%$ 9 #afca ) an elaborate preface on ! obs]vance ( ! unities1 ,les ,galant]ies du duc d',orsonne 7#afcb71 ,virg9ie 7#afcc71 ,m>c-,anto9e 7#afce71 & ,le ,gr& et d]ni] ,solyman 7#afcg74 ,see ,g4 ,bizos1 tude sur la vie et les oeuvres de ,jean de ,mairet 7#ahgg74 ,sophonisbe 0 edit$ by ,k4 ,vollmll] 7,heilbronn1 #ahhh71 & ,silvanire by ,r4 ,otto 7,bamb]g1 #ahij74 ,,mai/re1 ,,joseph ,,de 7#aged-ahba71 ,fr5* diplomati/ & polemical writ]1 0 born at ,*ambry on ! #a/ ( ,april #aged4 ,8 family 0 an anci5t & noble "o1 enjoy+ ! title ( c\nt1 & is said to h be5 ( ,langu$ocian extraction4 ,! fa!r ( ,joseph 0 presid5t ( ! s5ate ( ,savoy1 & held o!r important (fices4 ,joseph himself1 aft] /udy+ at ,tur91 receiv$ v>i\s appo9tm5ts 9 ! civil s]vice ( ,savoy1 f9ally becom+ a memb] ( ! s5ate4 ,9 #aghf he m>ri$ ,franoise de ,mor&4 ,! invasion & annexation ( ,savoy by ! ,fr5* ,republicans made him an exile4 ,he did n take refuge 9 t "p ( ! k+ ( ,s>d9ia's doma9s :i* 0 = ! "t sp>$1 b betook himself to ! z yet neutral t]ritory ( ,lausanne4 ,!re1 9 #agif1 he publi%$ 8 fir/ important "w 7he _h previ\sly writt5 c]ta9 disc\rses1 pamphlets1 lett]s1 c471 ,considrations sur la ,france4 ,9 ?is he develop$ 8 views1 :i* 7 ^? ( a ,legitimi/1 b a ,legitimi/ entirely f ! religi\s & ,roman ,ca?olic po9t ( view4 ,! philosophism ( ! #ah? c5tury 0 ,joseph de ,mai/re's lifelong object ( assault4 ,aft] ! /ill fur!r losses :i*1 9 ! ye> ( ! publication ( ?is book1 ! ,fr5* ,revolution inflict$ on ,s>d9ia1 ,*>les ,emmanuel summon$ ,joseph de ,mai/re to ,tur91 & he rema9$ !re = ! brief space dur+ :i* ! k+ reta9$ a remnant ( t]ritory on ! ma9l&4 ,!n he w5t to ! isl& ( ,s>d9ia1 & held (fice at ,cagli>i4 ,9 #ahjb he 0 appo9t$ envoy extraord9>y & m9i/] pl5ipot5ti>y at ,/ ,pet]sburg1 & j\rney$ ?i!r ! next ye>4 ,al?\gh 8 po/ 0 no s9ecure1 its duties 7 naturally less engross+ ?an ! (ficial life1 ) int]vals ( uneasy exile & travell+1 :i* he _h hi!rto kn[n1 & 8 lit]>y activity 0 great4 ,he only publi%$ a s+le treatise1 on ! ,pr9cipe gnrateur des ,con/itutions2 b he wrote 8 be/ & mo/ fam\s works1 ,du ,pape1 ,de ,l'glise gallicane & ! ,soires de ,/ ,pt]sb\rg1 ! la/ ( :i* 0 nev] f9i%$4 ,du ,pape1 :i* ! second-nam$ book completes1 is a treatise 9 regul> =m1 deal+ ) ! relations ( ! sov]eign pontiff to ! ,*ur*1 to temporal sov]eigns1 to civilization g5]ally1 & to s*ismatics1 especially ,anglicans & ! ,greek ,*ur*4 ,x is writt5 f ! highe/ possible /&po9t ( papal absolutism4 ,! ,soires de ,/ ,pt]sb\rg1 s f> z x is any?+ 7= ! arrangem5t is some:at desultory71 is a k9d ( ?odice1 deal+ ) ! =tunes ( virtue & vice 9 ?is _w4 ,x conta9s two ( ,de ,mai/re's mo/ fam\s pieces1 8 panegyric on ! execution] z ! f\ndation ( social ord]1 & 8 acrimoni\s1 & 9 "p unfair1 b also 9 "p v damag+1 attack on ,locke4 ,! ,du ,pape is dat$ ,may #ahag2 on ! ,soires ! au?or 0 /ill engag$ at 8 dea?4 ,besides ^! works he wrote an exam9ation ( ! philosophy ( ,bacon1 "s lett]s on ! ,inquisition 7an in/itution :i*1 z may be guess$ f ! rem>ks j notic$ ab\t ! execution]1 0 no /umbl+-block to him71 &1 e>li] ?an any ( ^!1 a translation ( ,plut>*'s ,essay on ! ,delay ( ,div9e ,ju/ice1 ) some:at copi\s notes4 ,aft] #ahae he return$ to ,savoy1 & 0 appo9t$ to high (fice1 :ile 8 ,du ,pape made a great s5sation4 ,b ! _w to :i* he _h return$ 0 n altoge!r 9 accordance ) 8 desires4 ,he _h dome/ic tr\bles2 & *agr9 ( "o sort & ano!r is said to h _h n a little to d ) 8 dea? by p>alysis on ! #bf? ( ,febru>y #ahba at ,tur94 ,mo/ ( ! works m5tion$ 7 n publi%$ till aft] 8 dea?1 & x 0 n till #ahea t a collection ( ,lettres et opuscules appe>$1 :ile ev5 s9ce t "t fre% matt] has be5 publi%$4 ,joseph de ,mai/re 0 "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful1 & by f> ! able/1 ( ! lead]s ( ! neo-,ca?olic & anti-revolution>y movem5t4 ,! mo/ rem>kable ?+ ab\t 8 /&po9t is t1 layman z he 01 x 0 entirely ecclesia/ical4 ,unlike 8 contempor>y ,bonald1 ,joseph de ,mai/re reg>d$ ! temporal mon>*y z an in/itution ( altoge!r inf]ior importance to ! spiritual primacy ( ! pope4 ,he 0 by no means a political absoluti/1 except 9 s f> z he reg>d$ ob$i5ce z ! fir/ ( political virtues1 & he seldom loses an opportunity ( /ipulat+ = a temp]$ mon>*y4 ,b ! pope's p[] is n to be temp]$ at all1 ei!r by c\ncils or by ! temporal p[] or by national *ur*es1 lea/ ( all by private judgm5t4 ,! peculi>ity ( ,joseph de ,mai/re is t he supports 8 conclusions1 or if x be pref]r$ 8 p>adoxes1 by ! h>de/ & heavie/ argum5t4 ,al?\gh a great ma/] ( rhetoric1 he nev] makes rhetoric d duty = logic4 ,e n[ & !n x is possible to detect fallacies 9 him1 b = ! mo/ "p he has succe$$ 9 c>ry+ matt]s back to ^? fundam5tal diff]5ces ( op9ion :i* h>dly admit ( argum5t1 & on :i* m5 take sides 9 consequ5ce *iefly ( natural b5t1 & ( pr$ilection = "o /ate ( ?+s r ?an = ano!r4 ,! absolute necessity ( ord] may be said to h be5 ! fir/ pr9ciple ( ?is ?9k]1 :o1 9 m ways ?an "o1 w invite comp>ison ) ,hobbes4 ,he c\ld n conceive su* ord] )\t a s+le visible au?ority1 ref]5ce to :i* %\ld settle all dispute4 ,he saw t !re c\ld be no su* temporal head1 & 9 ! pope he ?\ght t he saw a spiritual sub/itute4 ,! an>*ic t5d5cies ( ! ,revolution 9 politics & religion 7 :at (f5d$ him4 ,x ought to be add$ t he 0 pr(\ndly & accurately le>n$ 9 hi/ory & philosophy1 & t ! sup]ficial blund]s ( ! #ah?-c5tury philosophes irritat$ him z mu* z _! doctr9es4 ,to ,voltaire 9 p>ticul> he %[s no m]cy4 ,( ! two works nam$ z 8 ma/]pieces1 ,du ,pape & ! ,soires de ,/ ,pt]sb\rg1 editions are extremely num]\s4 ,no complete edition ( 8 works appe>$ till #ahhd-ahhg1 :5 "o 0 publi%$ at ,lyons 9 #ad volumes4 ,?is _h be5 prec$$1 & has be5 foll[$1 by num]\s biographies & discussions3 ,c4 ,b>?lemy1 ,l',esprit de ,joseph de ,mai/re 7#ahei72 ,r4 de ,szeval1 ,joseph de ,mai/re 7#ahfe71 & ,j4 ,c4 ,glas]1 ,graf ,joseph ,mai/re 7same ye>72 ,l4 ,i4 ,moreau1 ,joseph de ,mai/re 7#ahgi72 ,f4 ,paulhan1 ,joseph de ,mai/re et sa philosophie 7#ahic72 ,l4 ,cogordan1 ,joseph de ,mai/re 9 ! ,gr&s criva9s franais 7#ahid72 ,f4 ,desco/es1 ,joseph de ,mai/re avant la rvolution 7#ahif71 & o!r works by ! same writ]2 ,j4 ,m&\l1 ,un ,homme d'tat itali53 ,joseph de ,mai/re et la politique de la maison de ,savoie 7#aijj72 & ,e4 ,grasset1 ,joseph de ,mai/re 7#aija74 7,g4 ,sa47 ,,mai/re1 ,,xavi] ,,de 7#agfc-aheb71 y\ng] bro!r ( ,joseph de ,mai/re1 0 born at ,*ambry 9 ,octob] #agfc4 ,he s]v$ :5 "y 9 ! ,pi$montese army1 & wrote 8 delightful fantasy1 ,voyage aut\r de ma *ambre 7publi%$ #agid7 :5 he 0 "u arre/ at ,tur9 9 consequ5ce ( a duel4 ,xavi] %>$ ! politics & ! loyalty ( 8 bro!r1 & on ! annexation ( ,savoy to ,france1 he left ! s]vice1 & took a commission 9 ! ,russian army4 ,he s]v$ "u ,suv>ov 9 8 victori\s ,au/ro-,russian campaign & accompani$ ! m>%al to ,russia4 ,he %>$ ! disgrace ( 8 g5]al1 & support$ himself = "s "t 9 ,/ ,pet]sburg by m9iature pa9t+4 ,b on 8 bro!r's arrival 9 ,/ ,pet]sburg he 0 introduc$ to ! m9i/] ( m>9e4 ,he 0 appo9t$ to sev]al po/s 9 ! capital1 b also saw active s]vice1 0 w\nd$ 9 ! ,caucasus1 & atta9$ ! rank ( major-g5]al4 ,he m>ri$ a ,russian lady & e/abli%$ himself 9 8 adopt$ c\ntry1 ev5 aft] ! ov]?r[ ( ,napoleon1 & ! consequ5t re/oration ( ! ,pi$montese dyna/y4 ,= a "t1 h[ev]1 he liv$ at ,naples1 b he return$ to ,/ ,pet]sburg & di$ !re on ! #ab? ( ,june #aheb4 ,he 0 only once 9 ,p>is 79 #ahci71 :5 ,sa9te-,beuve1 :o has left "s pleasant rem9isc5ces ( him1 met him4 ,besides ! ,voyage already m5tion$1 ,xavi] de ,mai/re's works 7all ( :i* are ( v mode/ dim5sions7 are ,le ,lpreux de la cit d',ao/e 7#ahaa71 a t\*+ little /ory ( human mis=tune2 ,les ,prisonni]s du ,caucase1 a p[]ful sket* ( ,russian "*1 ,la ,jeune ,sibri5ne1 & ! ,expdition nocturne1 a sequel to ! ,voyage aut\r de ma *ambre 7#ahbe74 ,8 /yle is ( rem>kable ease & purity4 ,8 works1 ) ! exception ( "s brief *emical tractates1 are includ$ 9 ! collections ( ,*>p5ti]1 ,g>ni]1 c4 ,see ,sa9te-,beuve's ,portraits contempora9s1 vol4 iii4 ,,maitl&1 ,,edw>d 7#ahbd-ahig71 ,engli% humanit>ian writ]1 0 born at ,ipswi* on ! #bg? ( ,octob] #ahbd1 & 0 educat$ at ,caius ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,! son ( ,*>les ,david ,maitl&1 p]petual curate ( ,/ ,james's ,*apel1 ,brighton1 he 0 int5d$ = ! ,*ur*1 b 8 religi\s views did n p]mit him to take holy ord]s4 ,= "s ye>s he liv$ abroad1 fir/ 9 ,cali=nia & !n z a commission] ( ,cr[nl&s 9 ,au/ralia4 ,aft] 8 return to ,engl& 9 #aheg he took up an advanc$ humanit>ian position1 & claim$ to h acquir$ a new s5se by :i* he 0 able to disc]n ! spiritual condition ( o!r p4 ,he 0 associat$ ) ,mrs ,anna ,k+s=d 7#ahdf-ahhh71 ! lady-doctor & support] ( veget>ianism & anti-vivisectionism1 :o1 besides be+ "o ( ! pione]s ( high] education = wom51 _h become a devotee ( my/ical !osophy2 ) h] he br\ght out ,keys ( ! ,cre$s 7#ahge71 ,! ,p]fect ,way3 or ! ,f9d+ ( ,*ri/ 7#ahhb71 & f\nd$ ! ,h]metic ,society 9 #ahhd4 ,aft] h] dea? he f\nd$ ! ,esot]ic ,*ri/ian ,union 9 #ahia1 & wrote h] ,life & ,lett]s 7#ahif74 ,he di$ on ! #bnd ( ,octob] #ahig4 ,,maitl&1 ,,fr$]ic ,,william 7#ahej-aijf71 ,engli% juri/ & hi/orian1 son ( ,john ,gorham ,maitl&1 0 born on ! #bh? ( ,may #ahej1 & educat$ at ,eton & ,tr9ity1 ,cambridge1 be+ bracket$ at ! head ( ! moral sci5ces tripos ( #ahgb1 & w9n+ a ,:ewell s*ol>%ip = int]national law4 ,he 0 call$ to ! b> 7,l9coln's ,inn7 9 #ahgf1 & made himself a ?or\ghly compet5t equity lawy] & conveyanc]1 b f9ally devot$ himself to comp>ative jurisprud5ce & especially ! hi/ory ( ,engli% law4 ,9 #ahhd he 0 appo9t$ read] 9 ,engli% law at ,cambridge1 & 9 #ahhh became ,d[n+ pr(essor ( ! laws ( ,engl&4 ,?\gh h&icapp$ 9 8 lat] ye>s by delicate heal?1 8 intellectual grasp & wide k & rese>* gradually made him fam\s z a juri/ & hi/orian4 ,he edit$ num]\s volumes = ! ,seld5 ,society1 includ+ ,select ,pleas = ! ,cr[n1 #abjj-abbe1 ,select ,pleas 9 ,manorial ,c\rts & ,! ,c\rt ,b>on2 & among 8 pr9cipal works 7 ,gl\ce/] ,pleas 7#ahhd71 ,ju/ice & ,police 7#ahhe71 ,bracton's ,note-,book 7#ahhg71 ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,law 7) ,sir ,f4 ,pollock1 #ahie2 new ed4 #ahih2 see also 8 article ,,engli% ,,law 9 ?is encyclopa$ia71 ,domesday ,book & ,beyond 7#ahig71 ,t[n%ip & ,bor\gh 7#ahih71 ,canon ,law 9 ,engl& 7#ahih71 ,engli% ,law & ! ,r5aissance 7#aija71 ! ,life ( ,leslie ,/eph5 7#aijf71 besides important contributions to ! ,cambridge ,mod]n ,hi/ory1 ! ,engli% ,hi/orical ,review1 ! ,law ,qu>t]ly ,review1 ,h>v>d ,law ,review & o!r publications4 ,8 writ+s are m>k$ by vig\r & vitality ( /yle1 z well z by ! highe/ qualities ( ! hi/orian :o recreates ! pa/ f ! orig9al s\rces2 he _h no sympa?y ) ei!r legal or hi/orical p$antry2 & 8 dea? at ,gr& ,can>y on ! #ai? ( ,decemb] #aijf depriv$ ,engli% law & lett]s ( "o ( _! mo/ s*ol>ly & mo/ inspir+ repres5tatives1 notable alike = sweetness ( "*1 acut5ess 9 criticism1 & wisdom 9 c\nsel4 ,see ,p4 ,v9ograd(f's article on ,maitl& 9 ! ,engli% ,hi/orical ,review 7#aijg72 ,sir ,f4 ,pollock's 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,review 7#aijg72 ,g4 ,t4 ,lapsley's 9 ,! ,gre5 ,bag 7,bo/on1 ,mass41 #aijg72 ,a4 ,l4 ,smi?1 ,f4 ,w4 ,maitl& 7#aijh72 ,h4 ,a4 ,l4 ,fi%]1 ,f4 ,w4 ,maitl& 7#aiaj74 ,,maitl&1 ,,sir ,,ri*>d 7,,"l ,,le?+ton7 7#adif-aehf71 ,scotti% lawy]1 poet1 & collector ( ,scotti% v]se1 0 born 9 #adif4 ,8 fa!r1 ,sir ,william ,maitl& ( ,le?+ton & ,?irle/ane1 fell at ,flodd52 8 "m 0 a daught] ( ,george1 ,"l ,seton4 ,he /udi$ law at ! univ]sity ( ,/ ,&rews1 & aft]w>ds 9 ,p>is4 ,8 ca/le at ,le?+ton 0 burnt by ! ,engli% 9 #aedi4 ,he 0 9 #aeeb "o ( ! commission]s to settle matt]s ) ! ,engli% ab\t ! debateable l&s4 ,ab\t #aefa he seems to h lo/ 8 sight1 b ?is did n r5d] him incapable ( att5d+ to public bus9ess1 z he 0 ! same ye> admitt$ an ord9>y "l ( session ) ! title ( ,"l ,le?+ton1 & a memb] ( ! privy c\ncil2 & 9 #aefb he 0 appo9t$ keep] ( ! ,great ,seal4 ,he resign$ ?is la/ (fice 9 #aefg1 9 fav\r ( ,john1 prior ( ,cold+ham1 8 second son1 b he sat on ! b5* till he atta9$ 8 eighty-eigh? ye>4 ,he di$ on ! #bj? ( ,m>* #aehf4 ,8 elde/ son1 by 8 wife ,m>y ,cran/\n ( ,crosbie1 0 ,william ,maitl& 7q4v473 8 second son1 ,john 7c4 #aede-aeie71 0 a "l ( session1 & 0 made a "l ( p>liam5t 9 #aeij1 ) ! title ( ,"l ,maitl& ( ,?irle/ane1 9 :i* he 0 succe$$ by 8 son ,john1 also = "s "t a "l ( session1 :o 0 creat$ e>l ( ,laud]dale 9 #afbd4 ,"o ( ,sir ,ri*>d's daught]s1 ,m>g>et1 assi/$ h] fa!r 9 prep>+ 8 collection ( old ,scots v]se4 ,! poems ( ,sir ,ri*>d ,maitl&1 none ( !m l5g?y1 are = ! mo/ "p satirical1 & are pr9cipally direct$ aga9/ ! social & political abuses ( 8 "t4 ,he is *iefly rememb]$ z ! indu/rial collector & pres]v] ( _m pieces ( ,scots poetry4 ,^! 7 copi$ into two l>ge volumes1 "o 9 folio & ano!r 9 qu>to1 ! =m] writt5 by himself1 & ! latt] by 8 daught]4 ,aft] be+ 9 ! possession ( 8 desc5dant ! duke ( ,laud]dale1 ^! volumes 7 pur*as$ at ! sale ( ! duke's libr>y by ,samuel ,pepys1 & h s9ce be5 pres]v$ 9 ! ,pepysian ,libr>y1 ,magdal5e ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,!y lay !re unnotic$ = _m ye>s till ,bi%op ,p]cy publi%$ "o ( ! poems 9 8 ,reliques ( ,engli% ,poetry4 ,sev]al ( ! prices 7 !n transcrib$ by ,john ,p9k]ton1 :o aft]w>ds publi%$ !m "u ! title ( ,anci5t ,scotti% ,poems 7#b vols41 #aghf47 ,= an acc\nt ( ! ,maitl& ,folio ,,ms4 see ,gregory ,smi?'s ,specim5s ( ,middle ,scots1 #aijb 7p4 lxxiii474 ,! ,scotti% ,text ,society has und]tak5 an edition ( ! entire manuscript4 ,maitl&'s own poems 7 repr9t$ by ,sibbald 9 8 ,*ronicle ( ,scotti% ,poetry 7#ahjb71 & 9 #ahcj by ! ,maitl& ,club1 nam$ aft] him1 & f\nd$ = ! purpose ( cont9u+ 8 ef=ts to pres]ve ! rema9s ( e>ly ,scots lit]ature4 ,sir ,ri*>d left 9 manuscript a hi/ory ( ! family ( ,seton1 & a volume ( legal decisions collect$ by him betwe5 ! ye>s #aeej & #aefe4 ,bo? are pres]v$ 9 ! ,advocates' ,libr>y1 ,ed9burgh2 ! =m] 0 publi%$ by ! ,maitl& ,club1 9 #ahbi4 ,,maitl& 7,,maitl& ,,( ,,le?+ton71 ,,william 7c4 #aebh-aegc71 ,scotti% /atesman1 elde/ son ( ! prec$+1 0 educat$ at ,/ ,&rews4 ,at an e>ly age he ent]$ public life & began 9 v>i\s ways to s]ve ! reg5t1 ,m>y ( ,lorra9e1 becom+ h] secret>y ( /ate 9 #aeeh4 ,9 #aeei1 h[ev]1 he des]t$ h] & ?rew 9 8 lot ) ! lords ( ! congregation1 to :om 8 k ( =eign1 & especially ( ,engli%1 politics & 8 g5]al ability 7 assets ( ! highe/ value4 ,! lords s5t him to ,engl& to ask = assi/ance f ,elizabe?1 & 8 con/ant aim ?r\gh\t 8 political c>e] 0 to br+ ab\t a union betwe5 ! two cr[ns4 ,he appe>s to h fe>$ ! return ( ,m>y ,que5 ( ,scots to ,scotl&1 b aft] h] arrival 9 #aefa he 0 appo9t$ secret>y ( /ate1 & = ab\t six ye>s he direct$ ! policy ( ,scotl& & enjoy$ ! confid5ce ( ! que54 ,8 pr9cipal antagoni/ 0 ,john ,knox2 !re 7 sev]al tussles betwe5 !m1 ! mo/ fam\s1 p]haps1 be+ ! "o 9 ! g5]al assembly ( #aefd1 & on ! :ole ,maitl& held 8 own aga9/ ! prea*]s4 ,he 0 d\btless conc]n$ 9 ! conspiracy aga9/ ,david ,rizzio1 & aft] ! fav\rite's murd] he 0 oblig$ to leave ! c\rt & 0 himself 9 dang] ( assass9ation4 ,9 #aefg1 h[ev]1 he 0 aga9 at ,m>y's side4 ,he 0 a cons5t+ p>ty to ! murd] ( ,d>nley1 al?\gh he _h fav\r$ 8 m>riage ) ,m>y1 b ! enmity betwe5 ,bo?well & himself 0 "o ( ! reasons :i* drove him into ! arms ( ! que5's enemies1 among :om he figur$ at ,langside4 ,he 0 "o ( ! ,scots :o met ,elizabe?'s repres5tatives at ,york 9 #aefh2 "h he %[$ a desire to exculpate ,m>y & to m>ry h] to ! duke ( ,norfolk1 a c\rse ( action probably dictat$ by a desire to avoid all revelations ab\t ! ,d>nley murd]4 ,b ?is did n prev5t him f be+ arre/$ 9 ,septemb] #aefi on acc\nt ( 8 %>e 9 ! crime4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 deliv]$ f 8 captors by a ruse on ! "p ( 8 fri5d1 ,sir ,william ,kirkcaldy ( ,grange1 & 0 br\ght into ,ed9burgh ,ca/le1 :ile 8 trial 0 put (f because ! city 0 ?rong$ ) 8 adh]5ts4 ,maitl& n[ became ! lead] ( ! remnant :i* /ood by ! cause ( ! imprison$ que54 ,already a physical wreck1 he 0 borne into ,ed9burgh ,ca/le 9 ,april #aega & ) ,kirkcaldy he held ?is =tress aga9/ ! reg5t ,morton & 8 ,engli% auxili>ies4 ,! ca/le surr5d]$ 9 ,may #aegc & on ! #g? or ! #i? ( ,june foll[+ ,maitl& di$ at ,lei?1 !re be+ v little evid5ce = ! !ory t he poison$ himself4 ,secret>y ,maitl& 0 a man ( great le>n+ ) a ready wit & a cau/ic tongue4 ,he 0 reput$ to be ! mo/ v]satile & accompli%$ /atesman ( 8 age1 & almo/ alone among 8 ,scotti% contempor>ies he plac$ 8 c\ntry above ! claims ( ei!r ! ,roman ,ca?olic or ! ,prote/ant religions4 ,among ! te/imonies to 8 great abilities are ^? ( ,que5 ,elizabe?1 ( ,william ,cecil & ( ,knox4 ,by 8 second wife1 ,m>y ,flem+1 "o ( ,que5 ,m>y's ladies1 :om he m>ri$ 9 #aefg1 he _h a son & daught]4 ,8 son ,james di$ )\t issue ab\t #afbj4 ,see ,john ,skelton1 ,maitl& ( ,le?+ton 7#ahid72 ,a4 ,lang1 ,hi/ory ( ,scotl&1 vol4 ii4 7#aijb74 ,,maitl&1 ,,ea/ & ,,we/1 adjo9+ municipalities 9 ,nor?umb]l& c\nty1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,au/ralia1 #abj m4 by rail ,n4 ( ,sydney4 ,pop4 7#aija71 ,we/ ,maitl&1 #fgih2 ,ea/ ,maitl&1 #cbhg4 ,^! t[ns are situat$ 9 a valley on ! ,hunt] ,riv]1 :i* is liable to sudd5 floods1 to gu>d aga9/ :i* ! riv] is protect$ by /one embankm5ts at ,we/ ,maitl&1 :ile !re are flood-gates at ,ea/ ,maitl&4 ,maitl& is ! c5tre ( ! ri* agricultural di/rict ( ! ,hunt] ,valley1 :i* produces maize1 :eat & o!r c]eals1 luc]ne1 tobacco1 fruit & w9e2 excell5t coal also is work$ 9 ! vic9ity4 ,ea/ ,maitl& is ! see ( a ,roman ,ca?olic bi%op1 ^: ca!dral 7,/ ,john's71 h[ev]1 is situat$ 9 ! l>g] t[n4 ,besides ?is1 ,we/ ,maitl& conta9s sev]al h&some public & comm]cial build+s4 ,,maitreya1 ! "n ( ! future ,buddha4 ,9 "o ( ! works includ$ 9 ! ,pali canon1 ! ,digha ,nikaya1 a prophecy is put into ! ,buddha's m\? t aft] ! decay ( ! religion ano!r ,buddha1 nam$ ,metteyya1 w arise :o w h ?\s&s ( foll[]s in/ead ( ! hundr$s t ! hi/orical ,buddha _h4 ,?is is ! only m5tion ( ! future ,buddha 9 ! canon4 ,= "s c5turies we he> no?+ m ab\t him4 ,b :51 9 ! p]iod j be=e & aft] ! ,*ri/ian era1 "s ,buddhi/s began to write 9 ,sanskrit in/ead ( ,pali1 !y compos$ new works 9 :i* ,maitreya 7! ,sanskrit =m ( ,metteyya7 is m (t5 m5tion$1 & details are giv5 z to 8 bir?place & hi/ory4 ,^! are entirely devis$ 9 imitation ( ! details ( ! life ( ! hi/orical ,buddha1 & h no indep5d5t value4 ,only ! names diff]4 ,! docum5t 9 :i* ! orig9al prophecy occurs 0 put toge!r at "s date dur+ ! #a/ c5tury aft] ! ,buddha's dea? 7see ,,nikaya74 ,x is impossible to say :e!r tradition 01 at t "t1 correct 9 attribut+ x to ! ,buddha4 ,b :oev] *ose ! "n 7x is a patronymic or family1 n a p]sonal "n71 _h no d\bt reg>d to ! etymological connexion ) ! ^w = love1 :i* is ,metta 9 ,pali4 ,?is w\ld only be "o ( ^? punn+ allusions s frequ5t 9 ,indian lit]ature4 ,long aft]w>ds1 probably 9 ! #f? or #g? c5tury1 a re=m] 9 s\? ,india1 at a "t :5 ! incom+ flood ( ritualism & sup]/ition ?reat5$ to ov]:elm ! simple tea*+ ( ! e>li] ,buddhism1 wrote a ,pali poem1 entitl$ ! ,anagata ,vamsa4 ,9 ?is he describ$ ! gold5 age ( ! future :51 9 ! "t ( ,metteyya1 k+s1 m9i/]s & p w\ld vie "o ) ! o!r 9 ! ma9t5ance ( ! orig9al simple doctr9e1 & 9 ! re/oration ( ! good times ( old4 ,! o!r side also claim$ ! au?ority ( ! future ,buddha = _! innovations4 ,/atues ( ,maitreya are f\nd 9 ,buddhi/ temples1 ( all sects1 at ! pres5t day2 & ! belief 9 8 future adv5t is univ]sal among ,buddhi/s4 ,au?orities4--,digha ,nikaya1 vol4 iii41 edit$ by ,j4 ,e4 ,c>p5t]1 7,london1 #aijh72 ,anagata ,vamsa1 edit$ by ,j4 ,m9ayeff 9 ,j\rnal ( ! ,pali ,text ,society 7#ahhf72 ,watt]s on ,yuan ,*wang1 edit$ by ,rhys ,davids & ,s4 ,w4 ,bu%ell 7,london1 #aijd-aije74 7,t4 ,w4 ,r4 ,d47 ,,maiw&1 a village ( ,afghani/an1 #ej m4 ,n4,w4 ( ,k&ah>4 ,x is *iefly notable = ! defeat inflict$ on a ,briti% brigade "u ,g5]al ,burr[s by ,ayub ,khan on ! #bg? ( ,july #ahhj dur+ ! second ,afghan ,w> 7see ,,afghani/an74 ,ayub ,khan1 ,%]e ,ali's y\ng] son1 :o _h be5 hold+ ,h]at dur+ ! ,briti% op]ations at ,kabul & ,k&ah>1 set out t[>ds ,k&ah> ) a small army 9 ,june #ahhj1 & a brigade "u ,g5]al ,burr[s 0 deta*$ f ,k&ah> to oppose him4 ,burr[s advanc$ to ! ,helmund1 opposite ,giri%k1 to oppose ,ayub ,khan1 b 0 !re des]t$ by ! troops ( ,%]e ,ali1 ! wali ( ,k&ah>1 & =c$ to retreat to ,ku%k-i-,nakhud1 half way to ,k&ah>4 ,9 ord] to prev5t ,ayub pass+ to ,ghazni1 ,burr[s advanc$ to ,maiw& on ! #bg? ( ,july1 & attack$ ,ayub1 :o _h already seiz$ t place4 ,! ,afghans1 :o numb]$ #be1jjj1 outflank$ ! ,briti%1 ! artill]y exp5d$ _! ammunition1 & ! native portion ( ! ,brigade got out ( h& & press$ back on ! few ,briti% infantry4 ,! ,briti% 7 completely r\t$1 & _h to ?ank ! apa?y ( ! ,afghans = escap+ total annihilation4 ,( ! #bdgf ,briti% troops engag$1 #icd 7 kill$ & #age w\nd$ or miss+4 ,?is defeat necessitat$ ,sir ,fr$]ick ,rob]ts' fam\s m>* f ,kabul to ,k&ah>4 ,see ,"l ,rob]ts1 ,=ty-"o ,ye>s 9 ,india 7#ahif74 ,,maize1 or ,,indian ,,corn1 ,zea ,mays 7f ,greek3 ze or ,greek3 zei1 :i* appe>s to h be5 spelt1 ,triticum spelta1 accord+ to ! description ( ,!ophra/us71 a plant ( ! tribe ,maydeae ( ! ord] ,gram9eae or grasses 7see fig4 #a74 ,x is unkn[n 9 ! native /ate1 b is mo/ probably indig5\s to tropical ,am]ica4 ,small gra9s ( an unkn[n v>iety h be5 f\nd 9 ! anci5t tombs ( ,p]u1 & ,d>w9 f\nd heads ( maize emb$d$ on ! %ore 9 ,p]u at #he ft4 above ! pres5t sea-level4 ,bonaf\s1 h[ev] 7,hi/oire naturelle du mas71 quotes au?orities 7,bock1 #aecb1 ,ruel & ,fu*s7 z believ+ t x came f ,asia1 & maize 0 said by ,santa ,rosa de ,vit]bo to h be5 br\ght by ! ,arabs into ,spa9 9 ! #ac? c5tury4 ,a draw+ ( maize is also giv5 by ,bonaf\s f a ,*9ese "w on natural hi/ory1 ,li-*i-t*91 dat$ #aefb1 a little ov] sixty ye>s aft] ! discov]y ( ! ,new ,_w4 ,x is n figur$ on ,egyptian monum5ts1 nor 0 any m5tion made ( x by ,ea/]n travell]s 9 ,africa or ,asia prior to ! #af? c5tury4 ,humboldt1 ,alphonse de ,c&olle & o!rs1 h[ev]1 d n hesitate to say t x orig9at$ solely 9 ,am]ica1 :]e x _h be5 long & ext5sively cultivat$ at ! p]iod ( ! discov]y ( ! ,new ,_w2 & t is ! g5]ally accept$ mod]n view4 ,"s hold ! view t maize orig9at$ f a common ,mexican fodd] grass1 ,eu*la5a mexicana1 kn[n z ,teos9te1 a closely alli$ plant :i* :5 cross$ ) maize yields a maize-l hybrid4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,maize--,zea ,mays--unripe cob4 ,! membran\s spa!s h be5 cut & drawn aside1 reveal+ ! spike ( fruit :i* be>s ! long silky /yles4 ,"o-?ird nat4 size4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,spike ( ,male ,fl[]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,male ,spikelet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--;,female ,spike4 ,! plant is monoeci\s1 produc+ ! /am9ate 7male7 fl[]s 9 a l>ge fea!ry panicle at ! summit1 & ! 7female7 d5se spikes ( fl[]s1 or cobs1 9 ! axils ( ! leaves bel[1 ! long p9k /yles hang+ out l a silk5 tassel4 ,!y are inve/$ by ! %ea?s ( leaves1 mu* us$ 9 pack+ oranges 9 s\? ,europe1 & ! m delicate ones = cig>ettes 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,fig4 #b %[s a bran* ( ! t]m9al male infloresc5ce4 ,fig4 #c is a s+le spikelet ( ! same1 conta9+ two florets1 ) ! ?ree /am5s ( "o only protrud$4 ,fig4 #d is a spike ( ! female infloresc5ce1 protect$ by ! %ea?s ( leaves--! blades be+ also pres5t4 ,usually ! %ea?s t]m9ate 9 a po9t1 ! blades be+ arre/$4 ,fig4 #e is a spikelet ( ! female infloresc5ce1 consi/+ ( two out] glumes1 ! l[] "o ciliat$1 :i* enclose two florets--"o 7a7 b>r5 7sometimes f]tile71 consi/+ ( a fl[]+ glume & pale only1 & ! o!r 7b7 f]tile1 conta9+ ! pi/il ) elongat$ /yle4 ,! mass ( /yles f ! :ole spike is p5dul\s f ! summit ( ! %ea?s1 z 9 fig4 #d4 ,fig4 #f %[s ! fruit or gra94 ,m ?an ?ree hundr$ v>ieties are kn[n1 :i* diff] m among !mselves ?an ^? ( any o!r c]eal4 ,"s come to maturity 9 two mon?s1 o!rs require sev5 mon?s2 "s are z _m feet high z o!rs are in*es2 "s h k]nels elev5 times l>g] ?an o!rs4 ,!y v>y simil>ly 9 %ape & size ( e>s1 col\r ( ! gra91 :i* may be :ite1 yell[1 purple1 /rip$1 c41 & also 9 physical *>act]s & *emical composition4 ,dr ,e4 ,lewis ,/urtevant1 :o has made an ext5d$ /udy ( ! =ms & v>ieties1 classes into sev5 gr\ps ^? gr[n prim>ily = ! gra91 ! di/+ui%+ *>act]s ( :i* are bas$ on ! gra9s or k]nels2 !re are1 9 addition1 =ms ( horticultural int]e/ gr[n = ornam5t4 ,pod corn 7v>4 tunicata7 is *>act]iz$ by hav+ ea* k]nel enclos$ 9 a husk4 ,pop corn 7v>4 ev]ta7 has a v l>ge proportion ( ! endosp]m--! nutriti\s matt] :i* ) ! small embryo makes up ! gra9--( a horny consi/5cy1 :i* causes ! gra9 to pop :5 heat$1 t is to say1 ! k]nel becomes turn$ inside out by ! explosion ( ! conta9$ moi/ure4 ,x is also *>act]iz$ by ! small size ( ! gra9 & e>4 ,fl9t corn 7v>4 indurata7 has a />*y endosp]m enclos$ 9 a horny lay] ( v>y+ ?ickness 9 ! diff]5t v>ieties4 ,! col\r ( ! gra9 is :ite1 yell[1 r$1 blue or v>iegat$4 ,x is commonly cultivat$ 9 ,canada & nor!rn ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e ! seasons are too %ort = ,d5t corn1 & has be5 gr[n z f> nor? z #ej ,n4 lat4 ,d5t or field corn 7v>4 ind5tata7 has ! />*y endosp]m ext5d+ to ! summit ( ! gra91 ) horny endosp]m at ! sides4 ,! top ( ! gra9 becomes ind5t$1 ow+ to ! dry+ & %r9kage ( ! />*y matt]2 ! "* ( ! ind5t$ surface v>ies ) ! height & ?ickness ( ! horny endosp]m4 ,?is is ! =m commonly gr[n 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 ! v>ieties diff] widely 9 ! size ( ! plants & ! appe>ance ( ! e>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--;,female ,spikelet4 ,! col\r ( ! gra9 v>ies greatly1 be+ g5]ally :ite1 yell[1 mottl$ r$1 or less commonly r$4 ,s(t corn 7v>4 amylacea7 has no horny endosp]m1 & h5ce ! gra9s %r9k uni=mly4 ,x is cultivat$ only to a limit$ ext5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b seems to h be5 commonly gr[n by ! ,indians 9 _m localities 9 ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,sweet corn 7v>4 sac*>ata7 is *>act]iz$ by ! transluc5t horny appe>ance ( ! gra9s & _! m or less wr9kl$ condition4 ,x is pre-em95tly a g>d5 vegetable1 ! e> be+ us$ be=e ! gra9 h>d5s1 :5 x is well fill$ b s(t & milky4 ,x is (t5 cook$ & s]v$ 9 ! cob2 :5 cann$ x is cut f ! cob4 ,cann$ sweet corn is an important article ( dome/ic comm]ce 9 ,canada & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 />*y sweet corn 7v>4 amylea-sac*>ata7 ! gra9 has ! ext]nal appe>ance ( sweet corn1 b exam9ation %[s ! l[] half to be />*y1 ! upp] horny & transluc5t4 ,a =m ( fl9t corn1 ) v>iegat$ leaves1 is gr[n = ornam5t "u ! "n ,zea japonica or ,japanese /rip$ corn4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--;,gra94 ,*emical analysis1 l common exp]i5ce1 %[s t ,indian corn is a v nutriti\s article ( food1 be+ ri*] 9 album9oids ?an any o!r c]eals :5 ripe 7calculat$ 9 ! dry weight74 ,x c be gr[n 9 ! tropics f ! level ( ! sea to a height equal to t ( ! ,pyr5ees & 9 ! s\? & middle ( ,europe1 b x _c be gr[n 9 ,engl& ) any *ance ( pr(it1 except p]haps z fodd]4 ,fro/ kills ! plant 9 all its /ages & all its v>ieties2 & ! crop does n fl\ri% well if ! nights are cool1 no matt] h[ fav\rable ! o!r conditions4 ,consequ5tly x is ! fir/ crop to disappe> z "o asc5ds into ! m\nta9 regions1 & comp>atively little is gr[n we/ ( ! great pla9s ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,9 ,brittany1 :]e x sc>cely rip5s ! gra91 x furni%es a /rong crop 9 ! autumn ^u s&y soil :]e clov] & luc]ne w yield b a poor produce4 ,x pref]s a deep1 ri*1 w>m1 dry & mell[ soil1 & h5ce ! ri* bottoms & f]tile prairies ( ! ,mississippi bas9 con/itute ! region ( its greate/ production4 ,x is ext5sively gr[n ?r\gh\t ,india1 bo? = ! ripe gra9 & = use ( ! unripe cob z a gre5 vegetable4 ,x is ! mo/ common crop ?r\gh\t ,s\? ,africa1 :]e x is kn[n z mealies1 be+ ! /aple food ( ! natives4 ,x is also l>gely us$ = fodd] & is an important article ( export4 ,z an article ( food maize is "o ( ! mo/ ext5sively us$ gra9s 9 ! _w4 ,al?\gh ri* 9 nitrog5\s matt] & fat1 x does n make good bread4 ,a mixture ( rye & corn meal1 h[ev]1 makes an excell5t co>se bread1 =m]ly mu* us$ 9 ! ,atlantic /ates1 & a simil> bread is n[ ! *ief co>se bread ( ,portugal & "s p>ts ( ,spa94 ,x is ei!r bak$ into cakes1 call$ tortilla by ! ,indians ( ,yucatan1 or made into a k9d ( porridge1 z 9 ,irel&4 ,:5 depriv$ ( ! glut5 x con/itutes oswego1 maiz5a or corn fl\r4 ,maize conta9s m oil ?an any o!r c]eal1 rang+ f #c4e to #i4e 9 ! comm]cial gra94 ,?is is "o ( ! factors 9 its value = fatt5+ purposes4 ,9 di/ill+ & "s o!r processes ?is oil is sep>at$ & =ms an article ( comm]ce4 ,:5 maize is s[n1 broadca/ or closely plant$ 9 drills ! e>s may n develop at all1 b ! /alk is ri*] 9 sug> & sweet]2 & ?is is ! basis ( gr[+ corn-fodd]4 ,! am\nt ( =age t may be produc$ 9 ?is way is enorm\s2 #ej1jjj to #hj1jjj lb4 ( gre5 fodd] are gr[n p] acre1 :i* makes #hjjj to #ab1jjj lb4 z field-cur$4 ,sug> & molasses h f "t to "t be5 manufactur$ f ! corn /alks4 ,see articles on corn & ,zea ,mays 9 ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey's ,cyclopa$ia ( ,am]ican ,horticulture 7#aijj-aijb72 & = cultivation 9 ,india1 ,watt's ,diction>y ( ! ,economic ,products ( ,india1 vi4 7#ahic74 ,,maje/y 7,fr4 maje/2 ,lat4 maje/as1 gr&eur1 greatness1 f ! base mag-1 z 9 magnus1 great1 major1 great]1 c471 dignity1 greatness1 a t]m especially us$ to express ! dignity & p[] ( a sov]eign4 ,?is application is to be trac$ to ! use ( maje/as 9 ,lat9 to express ! supreme sov]eign dignity ( ! ,roman /ate1 ! maje/as reipublicae or populi ,romani1 h5ce maje/atem la$]e or m9u]e1 0 to commit high treason1 crim5 maje/atis4 7,= ! mod]n law & usage ( laesa maje/as1 lse maje/1 ,maje/tsbeleidigung1 see ,,treason47 ,f ! republic maje/as 0 transf]r$ to ! emp]ors1 & ! maje/as populi ,romani became ! maje/as imp]ii1 & augu/alis maje/as is us$ z a t]m to express ! sov]eign p]son ( ! emp]or4 ,honorius & ,!odosius speak ( !mselves 9 ! fir/ p]son z no/ra maje/as4 ,! t]m maje/y 0 /rictly conf9$ 9 ! middle ages to ! successors ( ! ,roman emp]ors 9 ! ,we/1 & at ! treaty ( ,cambrai 7#aebi7 x is res]v$ = ! emp]or ,*>les ,v4 ,lat] ! ^w is us$ ( k+s also1 & ! di/9ction is made betwe5 imp]ial maje/y 7caes>eana maje/as7 & k+ly or royal maje/y4 ,f ! #af? c5tury dates ! application ( ,mo/ ,*ri/ian & ,ca?olic ,maje/y to ! k+s ( ,france1 ( ,ca?olic ,maje/y to ! k+s ( ,spa91 ( ,mo/ ,fai?ful ,maje/y to ! k+s ( ,portugal1 & ,apo/olic ,maje/y to ! k+s ( ,hung>y4 ,9 ,engl& ! use is g5]ally assign$ to ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii41 b x is f\nd1 ?\gh n 9 g5]al usage1 e>li]2 ?us ! ,new ,engli% ,diction>y quotes f an ,address ( ! ,k+s ,cl]ks to ,h5ry ,,ii4 9 #aaga 7,mat]ials = ! ,hi/ory ( ,ar*bi%op ,becket1 vii4 #dga1 ,rolls ,s]ies1 #ahhe71 :]e ! k+ is /yl$ ve/ra maje/as1 & ,seld5 7,titles ( ,hon\r1 "p i4 *4 #g1 p4 #ih1 ed4 #afgb7 f9ds _m e>ly uses 9 lett]s to ,edw>d ,i41 9 *>t]s ( creation ( pe]s1 c4 ,! fulle/ =m 9 ,engli% usage is ,8 ,mo/ ,graci\s ,maje/y2 ano!r =m is ,! ,k+'s ,mo/ ,excell5t ,maje/y1 z 9 ! ,engli% ,pray]-book4 ,8 ,sacr$ ,maje/y 0 common 9 ! #ag? c5tury2 & ( ?is =m ,seld5 says3 ,x is true1 ,i ?9k1 t 9 our memory or ! memory ( our fa!rs1 ! use ( x fir/ began 9 ,engl&4 ,8 ,maje/y1 abbreviat$ ,h4,m41 is n[ ! univ]sal ,european use 9 speak+ ( any reign+ k+1 & ,8 ,imp]ial ,maje/y1 ,h4,i4,m41 ( any reign+ emp]or4 ,f ! p>ticul> & v e>ly use ( maje/y = ! glory & spl5d\r ( ,god1 ! t]m has be5 us$ 9 ecclesia/ical art ( ! repres5tation ( ,god ! ,fa!r en?ron$ 9 glory1 sometimes ) ! o!r p]sons ( ! ,tr9ity1 & ( ! ,savi\r alone1 en?ron$ ) an aureole4 ,,majl,,?1 ,j,,nos1 or ,,john1 ,,c\nt 7#aghf-ahee71 ,hung>ian hi/orian & poet1 0 born at ,pe/ on ! #e? ( ,octob] #aghf4 ,fir/ educat$ at home1 he subsequ5tly /udi$ philosophy at ,eg] 7,erlau7 & law at ,gyr 7,raab71 8 fa!r1 ,c\nt ,joseph ,majl?1 an ,au/rian m9i/] ( /ate1 ev5tually obta9+ = him an appo9tm5t 9 ! public s]vice4 ,majl? devot$ himself to hi/orical rese>* & ! translation into ,g]man ( ,magy> folk-tales1 & ( selections f ! works ( ! be/ ( 8 c\ntry's native poets4 ,moreov]1 z an orig9al lyrical writ]1 & z an editor & adapt] ( old ,g]man poems1 ,majl? %[$ consid]able tal5t4 ,dur+ ! great] "p ( 8 life he resid$ ei!r at ,pe/ or ,vi5na1 b a few ye>s be=e 8 dea? he remov$ to ,muni*1 :]e he fell into a /ate ( de/itution & extreme despond5cy4 ,seiz$ at la/ by a t]rible infatuation1 he & 8 daught] ,h5riette1 :o _h long be5 8 con/ant companion & amanu5sis1 dr[n$ !mselves 9 ! ,lake ( ,/>nb]g1 a few miles s\?-we/ ( ,muni*1 on ! #crd ( ,janu>y #ahee4 ,( 8 hi/orical works ! mo/ important are ! ,ges*i*te d] ,magy>5 7,vi5na1 #ahbh-ahca1 #e vols42 #bnd ed41 ,ratisbon1 #aheb-ahec7 & 8 ,ges*i*te des /]rei*is*5 ,kais]/aats 7,hamburg1 #ahcd-ahej1 #e vols474 ,specially notewor?y among 8 metrical translations f ! ,hung>ian are ! ,magy>is*e ,g$i*te 7,/uttg>t & ,tb+51 #ahbe72 & ,himfy's aus]les5e ,liebesli$] 7,pe/1 #ahbi2 #bnd ed41 #ahca74 ,a valuable contribution to folk-lore appe>$ 9 ! ,magy>is*e ,sag51 ,mr*5 und ,erzhlung5 7,brnn1 #ahbe2 #bnd ed41 ,/uttg>t & ,tb+51 #ahcg1 #b vols474 ,,majolica1 a "n prop]ly appli$ to a species ( ,italian w>e 9 :i* ! body is coat$ ) a t9-enamel1 on :i* is laid & fir$ a pa9t$ decoration4 ,x is also appli$ to simil> w>es made 9 imitation ( ! ,italian w>e 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,! ^w 9 ,italian is maiolica4 ,du ,cange 7,gloss4 s4v4 ,majorica7 quotes f a *ronicle ( ,v]ona ( #acfh1 9 :i* ! =m majolica occurs = ! m usual ,lat9 =m majorica4 ,x has usually be5 suppos$ t ?is type ( pott]y 0 fir/ made 9 ! isl& ( ,majorca1 b x is m probable t ! "n 0 giv5 by ! ,italians to ! lu/r$ ,spani% w>e import$ by %ips hail+ f ! ,bale>ic ,isl&s4 7,see ,,c]amics3 ,m$ieval & ,lat] ,italian47 ,,major 7or ,,mair71 ,,john 7#adgj-aeej71 ,scotti% !ological & hi/orical writ]1 0 born at ! village ( ,gleghornie1 ne> ,nor? ,b]wick1 ,scotl&1 9 ! ye> #adgj4 ,he 0 educat$ at ! s*ool ( ,hadd+ton1 :]e ,john ,knox 0 lat] a pupil4 ,aft] a %ort p]iod sp5t at ,cambridge 7at ,god's ,h\se1 aft]w>ds ,*ri/'s ,college7 he ent]$ ! univ]sity ( ,p>is 9 #adic1 /udy+ successively at ! colleges ( ,/ ,b>be1 ,montaigu & ,nav>re1 & graduat+ z ma/] ( arts 9 #adif4 ,promot$ to ! doctorate 9 #aeje1 he lectur$ on philosophy at ,montaigu ,college & on !ology at ,nav>re4 ,he visit$ ,scotl& 9 #aeae & return$ 9 #aeah1 :5 he 0 appo9t$ pr9cipal reg5t 9 ! univ]sity ( ,glasg[1 ,john ,knox be+ among ! numb] ( ^? :o att5d$ 8 lectures !re4 ,9 #aebb he remov$ to ,/ ,&rew's ,univ]sity1 :]e 9 #aebe ,george ,bu*anan 0 "o ( 8 pupils4 ,he return$ to ! college ( ,montaigu 9 #aebe1 b 0 once m at ,/ ,&rew's 9 #aeca1 :]e he 0 head ( ,/ ,salvator's ,college f #aecd until 8 dea?4 ,major's volum9\s writ+s may be gr\p$ "u 7a7 logic & philosophy1 7b7 ,scripture comm5t>y1 & 7c7 hi/ory4 ,all are 9 ,lat91 all appe>$ betwe5 #aejc & #aecj1 & all 7 pr9t$ at ,p>is4 ,! fir/ gr\p includes 8 ,exponabilia 7#aejc71 8 comm5t>y on ,petrus ,hispanus 7#aeje-aejf71 8 ,inclit>um artium libri 7#aejf1 c471 8 comm5t>y on ,joannes ,dorp 7#aejd1 c471 8 ,insolubilia 7#aeaf1 c471 8 introduction to ,ari/otle's logic 7#aeba1 c471 8 comm5t>y on ! e?ics 7#aecj71 &1 *ief ( all1 8 comm5t>y on ,pet] ,lomb>d's ,s5t5ces 7#aeji1 c472 ! second consi/s ( a comm5t>y on ,mat!w 7#aeah7 & ano!r on ! ,f\r ,gospels 7#aebi72 ! la/ is repres5t$ by 8 fam\s ,hi/oria ,majoris ,britanniae tam ,angliae quam ,scotiae p] ,j4 ,m4 7#aeba74 ,9 political philosophy he ma9ta9$ ! ,scoti/ position1 t civil au?ority 0 d]iv$ f ! popul> w1 b 9 !ology he 0 a s*ola/ic cons]vative1 ?\gh he nev] fail$ to %[ 8 approbation ( ,gallicanism & its plea = ! re=m ( ecclesia/ical abuses4 ,he has left on record t x 0 8 aim & hope to reconcile realism & nom9alism 9 ! int]e/s ( !ological peace4 ,he _h a _w-wide reputation z a tea*] & writ]4 ,bu*anan's sev]e epigram1 p]haps ! only unfri5dly words 9 ! flood ( contempor>y praise1 may be expla9$ z a prote/ aga9/ ! compromise :i* ,major appe>$ to (f] r ?an z a p]sonal attack on 8 tea*]4 ,major takes a m indep5d5t attitude 9 8 ,hi/ory1 :i* is a rem>kable example ( hi/orical accuracy & insight4 ,he claims t ! hi/orian's *ief duty is to write tru?fully1 & he is c>eful to %[ t a !ologian may fulfil ?is condition4 ,! ,hi/ory1 on :i* 8 fame n[ re/s1 0 repr9t$ by ,freebairn 7,ed9burgh1 #agdj71 & 0 translat$ 9 #ahib by ,ar*ibald ,con/able = ! ,scotti% ,hi/ory ,society4 ,! latt] volume conta9s a full acc\nt ( ! au?or by ,a5eas ,j4 ,g4 ,mackay & a bibliography by ,?omas ,graves ,law4 ,,major 7,lat4 = great]71 a ^w us$1 bo? z a sub/antive & adjective1 = t :i* is great] ?an ano!r 9 size1 quality1 degree1 importance1 c41 (t5 oppos$ correlatively to t to :i* m9or is appli$ 9 ! same connotation4 ,9 ! categorical syllogism 9 logic1 ! major t]m is ! t]m :i* =ms ! pr$icate ( ! conclusion1 ! major premise is t :i* conta9s ! major t]m4 7,= ! di/9ction betwe5 major & m9or int]vals1 & o!r applications 9 music1 see ,,music & ,,h>mony47 ,! use ( ,major z "p ( an (ficial title 9 ,m$4 ,lat4 has giv5 ! ,span4 mayor1 ,fr4 maire1 & ,eng4 mayor 7q4v474 ,9 ,engli% ! unadapt$ =m major is ! title ( a milit>y (fic] n[ rank+ betwe5 a capta9 & a lieut5ant-colonel4 ,orig9ally ! ^w 0 us$ adjectivally 9 ! title s]geant-major1 an (fic] ( high rank 7?ird 9 comm& ( an army7 :o p]=m$ ! same duties ( adm9i/ration1 drill & encampm5ts on ! /aff ( ! *ief comm&] z ! s]geant 9 a company p]=ms z assi/ant to ! capta94 ,?is 0 9 ! latt] half ( ! #af? c5tury1 & v soon aft]w>ds ! s]geant-major became kn[n z ! s]geant-major-g5]al--h5ce ! mod]n title ( major-g5]al4 ,by ! "t ( ! ,engli% ,civil ,w> majors _h be5 introduc$ 9 ea* regim5t ( foot1 :o correspond$ 9 a less] sph]e to ! major-g5]al ( ! :ole army4 ,! major's sph]e ( duties1 prec$5ce & title h s9ce v>i$ b little1 ?\gh he has1 9 ! ,briti% s]vice1 tak5 ! place ( ! lieut5ant-colonel z second 9 comm&--! latt] (fic] ex]cis+ ! comm& ( ! cavalry regim5t1 infantry battalion or artill]y brigade1 & ! colonel be+1 save = c]ta9 adm9i/rative functions1 little m ?an ! titul> *ief ( 8 regim5t4 ,junior majors comm& companies ( infantry2 squadrons ( cavalry & batt]ies ( artill]y are also comm&$ by majors4 ,9 mo/ ,european armies1 h[ev]1 & ( late ye>s 9 ! army ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates also1 ! major has become a battalion comm&] "u ! ord]s ( a regim5tal comm&] 7colonel or lieut5ant-colonel74 ,! ^w appe>s also 9 ! ,briti% s]vice 9 brigade-major 7! adjutant or /aff (fic] ( a brigade74 ,t[n-majors 7g>rison /aff (fic]s7 are n[ no long] appo9t$4 ,9 ! ,fr5* s]vice up to #ahga ! major-g5]al 0 ! *ief ( ! g5]al /aff ( a field army1 & ?us pres]v$ ! tradition ( ! =m] s]geant-major or s]geant-major-g5]al4 ,,majorca 7,mallorca71 ! l>ge/ ( ! gr\p ( ,spani% isl&s 9 ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea kn[n z ! ,bale>ic ,isl&s 7q4v474 ,pop4 7#aijj71 #bdh1aia2 area1 #dcj sq4 m4 ,majorca has ! %ape ( a trapezoid1 ) ! angles direct$ to ! c>d9al po9ts2 & its diagonal1 f ,cape ,groz] 9 ! we/ to ,cape ,p]a 9 ! ea/1 is ab\t #fj m4 ,on ! nor?-we/ ! coa/ is precipit\s1 b on ! o!r sides x is l[ & slop+4 ,on ! nor?-ea/ !re are sev]al consid]able bays1 ( :i* ! *ief are ^? ( ,alcudia & ,poll5sa2 :ile on ! s\?-we/ is ! /ill m important bay ( ,palma4 ,no few] ?an twelve ports or h>b\rs are enum]at$ r\nd ! isl&1 ( :i* may be m5tion$ ,&raitx & ,sll]4 ,9 ! nor?-we/ ,majorca is trav]s$ by a *a9 ( m\nta9s runn+ p>allel ) ! coa/1 & atta9+ its highe/ elevation 9 ,silla de ,torrellas 7#eaed ft474 ,t[>ds ! s\? & ea/ ! surface is comp>atively level1 ?\gh brok5 by isolat$ peaks ( consid]able height4 ,! nor!rn m\nta9s af=d great protection to ! re/ ( ! isl& f ! viol5t gales to :i* x w\ld o!rwise be expos$1 & r5d] ! climate rem>kably mild & pleasant4 ,! sc5]y ( ,majorca has all ! picturesqu5ess ( outl9e t usually belongs to a lime/one =mation4 ,"s ( ! valleys1 su* z ^? ( ,valdemosa & ,sll]1 ) _! luxuriant vegetation1 are delightful resorts4 ,!re are qu>ries ( m>ble ( v>i\s gra9s & col\rs--^? ne> ,santay1 9 ! di/rict ( ,manacor1 be+ especially celebrat$2 :ile lead1 iron & c9nab> h also be5 obta9$4 ,coal ( a jet-l "* is f\nd at ,b5isalem1 :]e x 0 fir/ work$ 9 #ahcf2 at ,selva1 :]e x has be5 m9$ s9ce #ahea2 ne> ,santa ,m>ia & else:]e4 ,x is us$ 9 ! indu/rial e/abli%m5ts ( ,palma1 & 9 ! manufacture ( lime1 pla/] & bricks ne> ! m9es4 ,a consid]able quantity is also export$ to ,b>celona4 ,! inhabitants are pr9cipally devot$ to agriculture1 & mo/ ( ! arable l& is cultivat$4 ,! m\nta9s are t]rac$2 & ! old p9e woods h 9 _m places giv5 way to ! olive1 ! v9e & ! almond tree1 to fields ( :eat & flax1 or to or*>ds ( figs & oranges4 ,= ! la/-m5tion$ fruits ! valley ( ,sll] is "o ( ! mo/ important di/ricts1 ! produce be+ l>gely transmitt$ to ,france4 ,! yield ( oil is v consid]able1 & ,inca is ! c5tre ( ! oil di/rict4 ,! w9es are light b excell5t1 especially ! ,muscadel & ,montona4 ,dur+ ! summ] !re is (t5 great sc>city ( wat]2 b1 accord+ to a sy/em h&$ d[n by ! ,moors1 ! ra9s ( autumn & w9t] are collect$ 9 enorm\s res]voirs1 :i* conta9 suffici5t wat] to la/ ?r\gh ! dry season2 & on ! paym5t ( a c]ta9 rate1 ea* l&hold] has 8 fields flood$ at c]ta9 int]vals4 ,mules are us$ 9 ! agriculture & traffic ( ! isl&4 ,! cattle are small1 b ! %eep are l>ge & well fleec$4 ,pigs are re>$ = export to ,b>celona1 & !re is abundance ( p\ltry & small game4 ,br&y is made & export$ 9 l>ge quantities4 ,excell5t wooll5 & l95 clo?s are wov52 ! silkworm is re>$ & its produce manufactur$2 & canvas1 rope & cord are l>gely made1 f bo? native & =eign mat]ials4 ,! roads are excell5t1 ! f\r pr9cipal be+ ^? f ,alcudia1 ,manacor1 ,sll] & ,&raitx to ! capital4 ,=ty-eight miles ( railway 7 op5 at ! beg9n+ ( ! #bj? c5tury4 ,! ma9 l9e runs f ,palma to ,manacor & ,alcudia4 ,! telegraphic sy/em is fairly complete1 & !re is regul> /eam communication ) ,b>celona & ,alicante4 ,! pr9cipal t[ns include--besides ,palma 7#fc1icg71 ,felanitx 7#aa1bid7 & ,manacor 7#ab1djh71 :i* are describ$ 9 sep>ate articles--,&raitx 7#feaf71 ,inca 7#gegi71 ,llummayor 7#hhei71 ,poll5sa 7#hcjh71 ,santay 7#ffib7 & ,sll] 7#hjbf74 ,,majorian 7,,julius ,,val]ius ,,majorianus71 emp]or ( ! ,we/ f #deg to #dfa4 ,he _h di/+ui%$ himself z a g5]al by victories ov] ! ,franks & ,alemanni1 & six mon?s aft] ! deposition ( ,avitus he 0 decl>$ emp]or by ! reg5t ,ricim]4 ,aft] repell+ an attack by ! ,v&als ^u ,campania 7#deh7 he prep>$ a l>ge =ce1 compos$ *iefly ( b>b>ians1 to invade ,africa1 :i* he previ\sly visit$ 9 disguise4 ,hav+ dur+ 8 /ay 9 ,gaul defeat$ & conclud$ an alliance ) ,!odoric ! ,visigo?1 at ! beg9n+ ( #dfj he cross$ ! ,pyr5ees = ! purpose ( jo9+ ! p[]ful fleet :i* he _h collect$ at ,c>?ag5a4 ,! ,v&al k+ ,g5s]ic1 h[ev]1 aft] all ov]tures ( peace _h be5 reject$1 succe$$ ?r\gh ! trea*]y ( c]ta9 (fic]s 9 surpris+ ! ,roman fleet1 mo/ ( ! %ips be+ ei!r tak5 or de/roy$4 ,majorian !reupon made peace ) ,g5s]ic4 ,b 8 ill-success _h de/roy$ 8 milit>y reputation2 8 ef=ts to put d[n abuses & improve ! condition ( ! p _h r\s$ ! hatr$ ( ! (ficials2 & ,ricim]1 jeal\s ( 8 fame & influ5ce1 /irr$ up ! =eign troops aga9/ him4 ,a mut9y broke out 9 ,lomb>dy1 & on ! #bnd ( ,augu/ #dfa ,majorian 0 =c$ to resign4 ,he di$ five days aft]w>ds1 ei!r ( dys5t]y or by viol5ce4 ,majorian 0 ! au?or ( a numb] ( rem>kable laws1 conta9$ 9 ! ,!odosian ,code4 ,he remitt$ all arre>s ( taxes1 ! collection ( :i* 0 = ! future plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ! local (ficials4 ,he reviv$ ! in/itution ( def5sores1 def5d]s ( cities1 ^: duty x 0 to protect ! poor & in=m ! emp]or ( abuses committ$ 9 8 "n4 ,! practice ( pull+ d[n ! anci5t monum5ts to be us$ z build+ mat]ial1 :i* 0 conniv$ at by v5al (ficials1 0 /rictly prohibit$4 ,he also pass$ laws aga9/ compulsory ord9ation & premature v[s ( celibacy4 ,see ,sidonius ,apoll9>is1 ,panegyric ( ,majorian2 ,gibbon1 ,decl9e & ,fall1 *4 xxxvi4 7:]e an outl9e ( ! novels ( ,majorian is giv572 ,j4 ,b4 ,bury1 ,lat] ,roman ,empire1 bk4 iii4 ,,majority 7,fr4 majorit2 ,m$4 ,lat4 majoritas2 ,lat4 major1 great]71 a t]m signify+ ! great] numb]4 ,9 legislative & delib]ative assemblies x is usual to decide que/ions by a majority ( ^? pres5t at a meet+ & vot+4 ,9 law1 majority is ! /ate ( be+ ( full age1 :i* 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom is tw5ty-"o ye>s ( age4 ,a p]son atta9s 8 majority at twelve o'clock at night ( ! day prec$+ 8 tw5ty-fir/ bir?day 7see ,,infant2 ,,age74 ,,majuba 7prop]ly ,,amajuba1 ,zulu = ! hill ( doves71 a m\nta9 9 nor!rn ,natal1 "p ( ! ,drak5sb]g range1 ris+ ab\t #gjjj ft4 above ! sea & ov] #bjjj ft4 above ! level ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,x ov]looks ! pass ?r\gh ! ,drak5sb]g kn[n z ,la+'s ,nek1 is #h m4 ,s4 ( ! ,transvaal bord] & #ah m4 ,n4 ( ! t[n ( ,newca/le4 ,! railway f ,durban to ,johannesburg skirts ! base ( ! m\nta94 ,dur+ ! ,bo] ,w> ( #ahhj-ha ,majuba 0 occupi$ on ! night ( ! #bf? ( ,febru>y #ahha by "s #fjj ,briti% troops "u ,sir ,george ,pom]oy ,colley4 ,on ! foll[+ morn+ ! hill 0 /orm$ by ! ,bo]s "u ,piet ,j\b]t & ! ,briti% r\t$1 ,colley be+ among ! sla94 ,,makalaka1 a g5]al designation us$ by ! ,be*uana1 ,matabele & k9dr$ peoples1 = conqu]$ or slave tribes4 ,?us _m ( ! tribes subjugat$ by ! ,makololo *ief1 ,sebituane1 ab\t #ahcj 7 call$ ,makalaka 7see ,david ,liv+/one's ,mission>y ,travels & ,rese>*es 9 ,s\? ,africa1 ,london1 #aheg74 ,by e>ly writ]s on s\?-c5tral ,africa c]ta9 ( ! inhabitants ( ,b>otsel& 7 /yl$ ,makalaka2 ! "n is m frequ5tly us$ to designate ! ,makalanga1 "o ( ! tribes n[ class$ z ,ma%onas 7q4v471 :o 7 br\ght into subjection by ! ,matabele4 ,,mak>aka1 or ,,iddio 7,cannibals71 a negroid p ( ,c5tral ,africa1 closely relat$ to ! p[]ful ,az&eh or ,niam-,niam race1 occupy+ ! ,bahr-el-,ghazal we/ ( ,lado4 ,!y came orig9ally f ! c\ntry ( ! ,kibas1 nor? ( ! ,welle4 ,dr ,w4 ,junk] describ$ !m z among ! mo/ tru/wor?y1 indu/ri\s & intellig5t p ( ! ,bahr-el-,ghazal4 ,!y are a r$di%-black1 ) nose less flat & *eek-bones less prom95t ?an ! ord9>y negroes1 &1 unlike ! latt]1 d n extract ! incisors4 ,_! long silky hair is built up 9 ! mo/ fanta/ic =m by means ( vegetable sub/ances4 ,!y are well-kn[n = /r5g? & /ay+ p[]4 ,see ,w4 ,junk]1 ,travels 9 ,africa 7#ahij-ahib74 ,,mak>t1 ,,hans 7#ahdj-ahhd71 ,au/rian pa9t]1 born at ,salzburg1 0 ! son ( an inspector ( ! imp]ial ca/le4 ,he has be5 aptly call$ ! fir/ ,g]man pa9t] ( ! #ai? c5tury4 ,:5 he1 z a y\?1 ent]$ ! ,vi5na ,academy ,g]man art 0 "u ! rule ( ,cornelius's cold classicism4 ,x 0 entirely intellectual & academic4 ,cle> & precise draw+1 sculpturesque modell+1 & pictorial erudition 7 ! qualities mo/ e/eem$2 & x is n surpris+ t ,mak>t1 poor draughtsman to ! v la/1 ) a passionate & s5sual love ( col\r1 & ev] impati5t to escape ! r\t9e ( art-s*ool draw+1 0 f\nd to be devoid ( all tal5t & =c$ to leave ! ,vi5na ,academy4 ,he w5t to ,muni*1 & aft] two ye>s ( indep5d5t /udy attract$ ! att5tion ( ,piloty1 "u ^: guidance he made rapid & a/oni%+ progress4 ,! fir/ picture he pa9t$ "u ,piloty1 ,lavoisi] 9 ,prison1 ?\gh timid & conv5tional1 attract$ att5tion by its s5se ( col\r4 ,9 ! next1 ,! ,knight & ! ,wat] ,nymphs1 he fir/ display$ ! decorative qualities to :i* he aft]w>ds sacrific$ ev]y?+ else 9 8 "w4 ,) ! ,cupids & ,! ,plague 9 ,flor5ce ( ! next ye> 8 fame became firmly e/abli%$4 ,romeo & ,juliet 0 soon aft] b\ght by ! ,au/rian emp]or = ! ,vi5na ,museum1 & ,mak>t 0 invit$ to come to ,vi5na1 :]e a l>ge /udio 0 plac$ at 8 disposal4 ,9 ,vi5na ,mak>t became ! ackn[l$g$ lead] ( ! arti/ic life ( ! city1 :i* 9 ! 'sev5ties pass$ ?r\gh a p]iod ( fev]i% activity1 ! *ief results ( :i* are ! sumptu\sly decorat$ public build+s ( ! ,r+/rasse4 ,! en?usiasm ( ! "t1 ! spl5d\r ( ! ftes ov] :i* ,mak>t presid$1 & ! v obvi\s appeal ( 8 huge compositions 9 _! gl[+ ri*ness ( col\r1 9 :i* he tri$ to emulate ,rub5s1 made him appe> a v giant to 8 contempor>ies 9 ,vi5na1 & inde$ 9 all ,au/ria & ,g]many4 ,! appe>ance ( ea* ( 8 ambiti\s hi/orical & allegorical pa9t+s 0 hail$ ) en?usiasm--! ,ca!r9a ,corn>o1 ,diana's ,hunt1 ,! ,entry ( ,*>les ,v4 into ,antw]p1 ,abundantia1 ,spr+1 ,summ]1 ,! ,dea? ( ,cleopatra & ! ,five ,s5ses4 ,he rea*$ ! z5i? ( 8 fame :51 9 #ahgi1 he design$1 s+le-h&$1 ! co/umes1 sc5ic sett+1 & triumphal c>s ( ! gr& pageant ) :i* ! citiz5s ( ,vi5na celebrat$ ! silv] w$d+ ( _! rul]s4 ,"s #ae1jjj p p>ticipat$ 9 ! pageant1 all dress$ 9 ! co/umes ( ! ,rub5s & ,rembr&t p]iod4 ,mak>t di$ 9 ,vi5na 9 ,octob] #ahhd4 ,un=tunately ,mak>t 0 9 ! habit ( us+ su* villa9\s pigm5ts & m$iums t 9 ! few decades :i* h pass$ s9ce 8 dea?1 ! va/ majority ( 8 l>ge pa9t+s h practically p]i%$4 ,! blues h turn$ into gre52 ! bitum5 has eat5 away ! ri* gl[ ( ! col\r h>monies2 ! ?ickly appli$ pa9t has crack$ & 9 "s in/ances crumbl$ away4 ,& ?is loss ( _! *ief quality has acc5tuat$ ! weaknesses ( ^! pictures--! faulty draw+1 c>eless & ha/y execution1 lack ( deep] significance & preval5ce ( gl>+ ana*ronisms4 ,important examples ( 8 "w are to be f\nd at ! gall]ies ( ,vi5na1 ,b]l91 ,hamburg & ,/uttg>t4 ,= ! ,vi5na ,museum he also execut$ a s]ies ( decorative lunettes4 ,,mak+-,,up ,,price1 a t]m us$ 9 ! ,london & o!r ,briti% ,/ock ,ex*anges1 to d5ote ! price at :i* speculative b>ga9s are c>ri$ ov] f "o acc\nt to ! next4 ,! c>ry+ ov] ( a bull position 9 ,eries1 = example1 implies a sale = ca% & a simultane\s repur*ase = ! new acc\nt1 bo? b>ga9s be+ done at ! mak+-up price4 ,?is is fix$ at noon on c>ry-ov] day1 9 accordance ) ! m>ket price !n curr5t 7see ,,acc\nt2 ,,/ock ,,ex*ange74 ,! t]m is also us$ 9 ,new ,york1 :]e ! mak+-up prices are fix$ at ! end ( a day's bus9ess1 9 accordance ) ! ,am]ican sy/em ( daily settlem5ts4 ,,mak1 a t[n ( ,hung>y1 capital ( ! c\nty ( ,csand #ace m4 ,s4,e4 ( ,budape/ by rail4 ,pop4 7#aijj71 #cc1gja4 ,x is situat$ ne> ! "r bank ( ! ,m>os1 & is a typical ,hung>ian t[n ( ! ,alfld4 ,! mo/ notewor?y build+ is ! palace ( ! bi%op ( ,csand1 ^: usual resid5ce is 9 ,temesvr4 ,! t[n possesses num]\s mills1 & ! surr\nd+ c\ntry is f]tile4 ,! communal l&s are ext5sive2 !y af=d excell5t pa/urage = horses & %eep & also = l>ge h]ds ( horn$ cattle1 = ! size & quality ( :i* ,mak has obta9$ a high repute4 ,,makran1 or ,,mekran1 a prov9ce ( ,balu*i/an1 fr++ ! ,arabian ,sea f ,p]sia almo/ to ,s9d = ab\t #bjj m4 ,x is subject to ! khan ( ,kalat "u ,briti% political sup]vision4 ,e/imat$ area1 #bf1jjj sq4 m42 e/imat$ pop4 7#aijc71 #gh1jjj4 ,! long lat]al valley ( ,kej is usually associat$ ) ,makran 9 e>ly geographical records4 ,! ,kej-,macoran ( ,m>co ,polo is ! ,makran ( to-day4 ,! long /ret* ( s&y =e%ore is brok5 on ! coa/-l9e by ! magnific5t cliffs ( ,malan1 ! hamm]-%ap$ headl&s ( ,orm>ah & ,gwad>1 & ! precipit\s cliffs ( ,jebel ,z>a91 ne> ,pasni4 ,)9 !m lies ! usual fronti] b& ( p>allel ridges1 alt]nat+ ) n>r[ valleys4 ,among/ !m ! ranges call$ ,talana & ,talur are conspicu\s by _! height & regul> configuration4 ,! normal con=mation ( ! ,balu*i/an fronti] is some:at emphasiz$ 9 ,makran4 ,"h ! volcanic action1 :i* prec$$ ! g5]al upheaval ( rec5t /rata & ! fold+ ( ! edges ( ! int]ior highl&s1 is /ill 9 evid5ce 9 occasional boil+ mud volcanoes on ! coa/-l9e4 ,x is repeat$ 9 ! blaz+ summit ( ! ,kuh-i-taftan 7! burn+ m\nta9 ( ! ,p]sian fronti]7 :i* is ! highe/ active volcano 9 ,asia 7#ac1jjj ft471 & probably ! f>!/ inl&4 ,evid5ce ( ext9ct mud volcanoes exi/s ?r\gh a v wide area 9 ,balu*i/an & ,sei/an4 ,probably ! miri1 or =t1 at ,quetta repres5ts "o ( !m4 ,! coa/ is ind5t$ by sev]al h>b\rs4 ,orm>ah1 ,khor ,kalmat1 ,pasni & ,gwad> are all some:at difficult ( approa* by reason ( a s&-b> :i* appe>s to ext5d along ! :ole coa/-l9e1 & :i* is v possibly ! la/ evid5ce ( a subm]g$ ridge2 & !y are all subject to a v lively surf "u c]ta9 conditions ( w9d4 ,( ^! ! port ( ,gwad> 7:i* belongs to ,muscat & is !re=e =eign t]ritory7 is ! mo/ important4 ,!y all are 7or 77 /ations ( ! ,indo-,p]sian telegraph sy/em :i* unites ,k>a*i ) ,bu%ire4 ,) ! exception ( ! ,kej valley1 & t ( ! ,bolida1 :i* is an afflu5t ( ! ,kej1 !re are no consid]able spaces ( cultivation 9 ,makran4 ,^! two valleys seem to conc5trate ! :ole agricultural weal? ( ! c\ntry4 ,!y are picturesque1 ) ?ick groves ( date palms at int]vals1 & are fill$ ) crops & or*>ds4 ,!y are inde$ exce$+ly beautiful2 & yet ! surr\nd+ wa/e ( hills is *iefly a b>r5 repetition ( sun-crack$ crags & ridges ) p>*$ & )]$ valleys int]sect+ !m1 :]e a trickle ( salt wat] leaves a :ite & lepr\s /reak among/ ! fad$ tam>isk or ! yell[ /alks ( la/ season's grass4 ,makran is ! home ( remnants ( an innum]able company ( mix$ p ga!r$ f ! f\r corn]s ( ,asia & ea/]n ,africa4 ,! anci5t ,dravidians1 ( :om ! ,brahui is typical1 /ill exi/ 9 _m ( ! di/ricts :i* are assign$ to !m 9 ,h]odotus4 ,among/ !m !re is always a prom95t ,arab elem5t1 = ! ,arabs held ,makran ev5 be=e !y conqu]$ ,s9d & made ! ,kej valley _! trade highway to ,india4 ,!re are negroes on ! coa/1 br$ f import$ slaves4 ,! ,m$s ( ! ,indus valley /ill =m ! great] "p ( ! fi%+ population1 repres5t+ ! ,i*?yophagi ( ,arrian4 ,! old ,tajik elem5t ( ,p]sia is n s evid5t 9 ,makran z x is f>!r nor?2 & ! ,k>ak pirates ^: depr$ations l$ to ! invasion ( ,india & ! conque/ ( ,s9d1 seem to h disappe>$ altoge!r4 ,! f\r? section includes ! valleys =m$ by ! ,rak%an & ,ma%kel1 :i*1 sweep+ d[nw>ds f ! ,kalat highl&s & ! ,p]sian bord] ea/ & we/1 unite to break ?r\gh ! int]v5+ *a9 ( hills nor?w>d to =m ! ,ma%kel swamps1 & def9e ! nor!rn limits ( ,makran4 ,9 ^! valleys are n>r[ /rips ( v advanc$ cultivation1 ! dates ( ,panjgur be+ g5]ally reckon$ sup]ior ev5 to ^? ( ! ,euphrates4 ,! great ,ma%kel swamp & ! ,kh>an des]t to ! ea/ ( x1 m>k ! flat phase ( s\!rn ,balu*i/an topography4 ,x is geologically "p ( an anci5t inl& lake or sea :i* includ$ ! pres5t swamp regions ( ! ,helmund1 b n ! c5tral depression ( ! ,lora4 ,! latt] is buttress$ aga9/ hills at a mu* high] elevation ?an ! ,kh>an des]t1 :i* is sep>at$ f ! great expanse ( ! ,helmund des]t )9 ! bord]s ( ,afghani/an by a transv]se b& ( s]rat$ hills =m+ a di/9ct wat]%$ f ,nu%ki to ,sei/an4 ,"h & !re ^! jagg$ peaks appe> z if half ov]:elm$ by an advanc+ sea ( s&4 ,!y are treeless & b>r51 & wat] is b r>ely f\nd at ! edges ( _! foo?ills4 ,! ,koh-i-,sultan1 at ! we/]n extremity ( ! nor!rn gr\p ( ^! irregul> hills1 is ov] #fjjj ft4 above sea-level1 b ! g5]al level ( ! surr\nd+ des]ts is only ab\t #bjjj ft41 s9k+ to #aejj ft4 9 ! ,ma%kel ,hamun & ! ,gaod-i-,zirreh4 ,! :ole ( ?is c\ntry has be5 survey$ by ,indian surveyors & ! b\nd>y betwe5 ,p]sian & ,briti% ,balu*i/an 0 dem>cat$ by a commission 9 #ahie-ahif4 ,9 #ahih a column ( ,briti% troops "u ,colonel ,mayne 0 despat*$ to ,makran by sea1 ow+ to a rebellion aga9/ ! au?ority ( ! khan ( ,kalat1 & an attack made by "s ,makran *iefs on a ,briti% survey p>ty4 ,! campaign 0 %ort & t]m9at$ ) ! capture ( ! ,kej citadel4 ,ano!r simil> exp$ition 0 requir$ 9 #aija to /orm ! =t at ,nodiz4 ,! headqu>t]s ( ! native gov]nor1 "u ! khan ( ,kalat1 are at ,turbat1 ) deputies at ,tump1 ,kolwa1 ,pasni & ,panjgur4 ,a levy corps1 ) two ,briti% (fic]s1 is /ation$ along ! we/]n fronti]4 ,! port ( ,gwadur =ms an enclave belong+ to ! sultan ( ,muscat4 ,balu*i/an ,di/rict ,gazette]1 vol4 vii4 7,bombay1 #aijg74 7,t4 ,h4 ,h4997 ,,maksoora1 ! t]m 9 ,mahomm$an ar*itecture giv5 to ! sanctu>y or pray+-*amb] 9 a mosque1 :i* 0 sometimes enclos$ ) a scre5 ( lattice-"w2 ! ^w is occasionally us$ = a simil> enclosure r\nd a tomb4 ,,malab>1 a di/rict ( ,briti% ,india1 9 ! ,madras ,presid5cy4 ,geographically ! "n is sometimes ext5d$ to ! entire we/]n coa/ ( ! p59sula4 ,prop]ly x %\ld apply to ! /rip bel[ ! ,ghats1 :i* is inhabit$ by p speak+ ! ,malayalam language1 a bran* ( ! ,dravidian /ock1 :o =m a peculi> race1 ) ca/es1 cu/oms & traditions ( _! own4 ,x w\ld ?us be coext5sive ) ! old k+dom ( ,*]a1 includ+ ! mod]n /ates ( ,travancore & ,co*91 & "p ( ,kan>a4 ,9 #aija ! total numb] ( p]sons speak+ ,malayalam 9 all ,india 0 #f1jbi1cjd4 ,! di/rict ( ,malab> ext5ds = #ade m4 along ! coa/1 runn+ inl& to ! ,ghats ) a bread? v>y+ f #gj to #be m4 ,! adm9i/rative headqu>t]s are at ,calicut4 ,area1 #egie sq4 m4 ,malab> is s+ul>ly div]sifi$ 9 its configuration2 f ! ea/w>d1 ! great range ( ! ,we/]n ,ghats1 only int]rupt$ by ! ,palghat gap1 looks d[n on a c\ntry brok5 by long spurs1 ext5sive rav9es1 d5se =e/s & tangl$ jungle4 ,to ! we/w>d1 g5tl] slopes & d[ns1 & gradually wid5+ valleys closely cultivat$1 succe$ ! =e/ upl&s1 till1 ne>] ! seabo>d1 ! l[ lat]ite table-l&s %elve into rice pla9s & backwat]s fr+$ ) coco-nut palms4 ,! coa/ runs 9 a s\?-ea/]ly direction1 & =ms a few headl&s & small bays1 ) a natural h>b\r 9 ! s\? at ,co*94 ,9 ! s\? !re is consid]able ext5t ( table-l&4 ,! m\nta9s ( ! ,we/]n ,ghats run almo/ p>allel to ! coa/1 & v>y f #cjjj to #gjjj ft4 9 height4 ,"o ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic features ( ,malab> is an all b cont9u\s *a9 ( lagoons or backwat]s ly+ p>allel to ! coa/1 :i* h be5 =m$ by ! action ( ! waves & %ore curr5ts 9 ob/ruct+ ! wat]s ( ! riv]s4 ,connect$ by artificial canals1 !y =m a *eap means ( transit2 & a l>ge local trade is c>ri$ on by inl& navigation4 ,fi%+ & fi%cur+ is an important indu/ry4 ,! =e/s are ext5sive & ( great value1 b !y are almo/ entirely private prop]ty4 ,! few tracts :i* are cons]v$ h come into gov]nm5t h&s by es*eat or by contract4 ,wild animals include ! elephant1 tig]1 pan!r1 bison1 sambh>1 spott$ de]1 ,nilgiri ibex1 & be>4 ,! population 9 #aija 0 #b1hjj1eee1 %[+ an increase ( #e4f 9 ! decade4 ,! /aple crop is rice1 ! next mo/ important product be+ coco-nuts4 ,c(fee is gr[n *iefly 9 ! upl& tract kn[n z ! ,wynaad1 :]e !re are also a few acres "u tea4 ,! ,madras railway crosses ! di/rict & has be5 ext5d$ f ,calicut to ,cannanore along ! coa/4 ,!re are elev5 seaports1 ( :i* ! pr9cipal are ,calicut1 ,telli*]ry1 ,cannanore & ,co*94 ,! pr9cipal exports are c(fee1 coco-nut products & timb]4 ,!re are factories = clean+ c(fee1 press+ coir & mak+ matt+1 mak+ tiles1 saw+ timb] & weav+ cotton4 ,see ,malab> ,di/rict ,gazette] 7,madras1 #aijh74 ,,malab>i1 ,,behramji 7#ahec- 71 ,indian j\rnali/ & social re=m]1 0 born 9 #ahec at ,b>oda1 ! son ( a poor ,p>si 9 ! employm5t ( ! /ate1 :o di$ %ortly aft] 8 bir?4 ,8 "m took him to ,surat1 :]e he 0 educat$ 9 a mission s*ool1 b he nev] succe$$ 9 ga9+ an academical degree4 ,com+ to ,bombay1 he fell "u ! influ5ce ( ,dr ,john ,wilson1 pr9cipal ( ! ,scotti% ,college4 ,z e>ly z #ahge he publi%$ a volume ( poems 9 ,guj>ati1 foll[$ 9 #ahgg by ,! ,indian ,muse 9 ,engli% ,g>b1 :i* attract$ att5tion 9 ,engl&1 notably f ,t5nyson1 ,max ,mll]1 & ,flor5ce ,night+ale4 ,8 life "w began 9 #ahhj :5 he acquir$ ! ,indian ,spectator1 :i* he edit$ = tw5ty ye>s until x 0 m]g$ 9 ! ,voice ( ,india4 ,9 #aija he became editor ( ,ea/ & ,we/4 ,always hold+ alo( f politics1 he 0 an ard5t & indefatigable advocate ( social re=m 9 ,india1 especially z reg>ds *ild m>riage & ! rem>riage ( wid[s4 ,x 0 l>gely by 8 ef=ts1 bo? 9 ! press & 9 t\rs ?r\gh ! c\ntry1 t ! ,age ( ,cons5t ,act 0 pass$ 9 #ahia4 ,8 acc\nt ( 8 visits to ,engl&1 entitl$ ,! ,indian ,eye on ,engli% ,life 7#ahic71 pass$ ?r\gh ?ree editions1 & an e>li] book ( a some:at satirical nature1 ,guj>at & ! ,guj>atis 7#ahhc71 0 equally popul>4 ,see ,r4 ,p4 ,k>k>ia1 ,india1 ,=ty ,ye>s ( ,progress & ,re=m1 7,london1 #ahif74 ,,malabon1 a t[n ( ! prov9ce ( ,rizal1 ,luzon1 ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 #a m4 inl& f ! %ore ( ,manila ,bay & #c m4 ,n4 ( ! city ( ,manila1 ) :i* x is connect$ by an electric tramway4 ,pop4 7#aijc71 #bj1acf4 ,! lead+ indu/ries are ! ref9+ ( sug>1 fi%+1 trade1 ! weav+ ( jusi clo?1 ! mak+ ( cig>s1 & ! cultivation ( ilang-ilang-trees 7,cananga odorata7 = _! fl[]s1 f :i* a f9e p]fume is di/ill$2 ilang-ilang is "o ( ! pr9cipal exports1 mo/ly to ,france4 ,tagalog & ,spani% are ! pr9cipal languages4 ,malabon 0 =m]ly kn[n z ,tambbong4 ,,malacca1 a t[n on ! we/ coa/ ( ! ,malay ,p59sula1 9 #b #ad ,n41 #ajb #ab ,e41 :i*1 ) ! t]ritory ly+ imm$iately ar\nd & beh9d x =ms "o ( ! ,/raits ,settlem5ts1 & gives its "n to ! ,/raits :i* divide ,sumatra f ! ,malay ,p59sula4 ,its "n1 :i* is m correctly translit]at$ melaka1 is t ( a species ( jungle fruit1 & is also borne by ! small riv] on ! "r bank ( :i* ! old ,dut* t[n /&s4 ,! ,dut* t[n is connect$ by a bridge ) ! bus9ess qu>t] on ! left bank1 :i* is inhabit$ almo/ exclusively by ,*9ese1 ,eurasians & ,malays4 ,malacca1 n[ a somnol5t little t[n1 a fav\rite resort ( ri* ,*9ese :o h retir$ f bus9ess1 is visit$ by few %ips & is ! lea/ important ( ! ?ree ,briti% settlem5ts on ! ,/raits :i* give _! "n to ! colony4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 a rem>kable hi/ory4 ,! precise date ( its f\ndation _c be asc]ta9$1 b !re is /rong reason to believe t ?is ev5t took place at ! e>lie/ 9 ! #ad? c5tury4 ,! ,roman y\? ,ludovigo ,b>!ma is believ$ to h be5 ! fir/ ,european to visit x1 "s "t be=e #aejc2 & 9 #aeji ,diogo ,lopez de ,siqueira sail$ f ,portugal = ! express purpose ( exploit+ ,malacca4 ,at fir/ he 0 hospitably receiv$1 b disagreem5ts ) ! natives ensu$ & ^w 0 br\ght to ,siqueira by ,magellan1 :o 0 "o ( 8 company1 t a trea*]\s attack 0 ab\t to be made ^u 8 %ips4 ,siqueira !n s5t a native man & woman a%ore ) an arr[ pass$ ?r\gh _! skulls to ! sultan1 :o 0 ?us in=m$1 says de ,b>ros1 ?r\gh 8 subjects t unless he kept a good wat* ! treason :i* he _h p]petrat$ w\ld be puni%$ ) fire & sword4 ,! sultan retaliat$ by arre/+ ,ruy de ,araujo1 ! factor1 & tw5ty o!r m5 :o 7 a%ore ) him collect+ c>go = ! %ips4 ,siqueira imm$iately burn$ "o ( 8 vessels & sail$ direct = ,portugal4 ,9 #aeaj ,m5dez de ,vasconcellos ) a fleet ( f\r %ips set out f ,portugal to g & conqu] ,malacca1 b d',alboqu]que deta9$ him at ,goa1 & x 0 n until #aeaa t d',alboqu]que himself f\nd "t to visit ,malacca & seek to rescue ! ,portuguese prison]s :o all ?is "t _h rema9$ 9 ! h&s ( ! sultan4 ,an attack 0 deliv]$ by d',alboqu]que on ! #be? ( ,july #aeaa1 b x 0 only p>tially successful1 & x 0 n until ! #d? ( ,augu/1 :5 ! assault 0 repeat$1 t ! place f9ally fell4 ,s9ce t "t ,malacca has cont9u$ to be ! possession ( "o or ano!r ( ! ,european ,p[]s4 ,x 0 a ,portuguese possession = #acj ye>s1 & 0 ! headqu>t]s ( _! trade & ! base ( _! comm]cial explorations 9 s\?-ea/]n ,asia :ile !y enjoy$1 & lat] :ile !y s\ght to hold1 _! monopoly 9 ! ,ea/4 ,x 0 f ,malacca1 imm$iately aft] its conque/1 t d',alboqu]que s5t d',abreu on 8 voyage ( discov]y to ! ,moluccas1 or ,spice ,isl&s1 :i* lat] 7 ! objective ( ,magellan's voyage ( circumnavigation4 ,dur+ ! ,portuguese t5ure ( ,malacca ! place 0 attack$ at lea/ twice by ! ,a*9ese2 its %ipp+ 0 h>ri$ by ,lanca/] 9 #aeib1 :5 ! fir/ ,briti% fleet made its way into ^! seas2 x 0 besieg$ by ! ,dut* 9 #afjf1 & f9ally fell to a jo9t attack ( ! ,dut* & ! ,a*9ese 9 #afda4 ,x 0 "u ! ,portuguese gov]nm5t t ,/ ,francis ,xavi] />t$ a mission 9 ,malacca1 ! fir/ ,*ri/ian mission 9 ,malayan l&s4 ,! ,dut* held ,malacca till #agie1 :5 x 0 tak5 f !m by ,great ,brita91 & ! ,dut* sy/em ( monopoly 9 ! /raits 0 =?) aboli%$4 ,! colony 0 re/or$ to ! ,dut*1 h[ev]1 9 #ahah1 b six ye>s lat] x came f9ally into ! h&s ( ,great ,brita91 be+ ex*ang$ by a treaty ) ,holl& = ! ,ea/ ,india ,company's settlem5t ( ,b5kul5 & a few o!r unimportant places on ! we/]n coa/ ( ,sumatra4 ,by ?is treaty ! ,dut* 7 preclud$ f int]f]5ce 9 ! affairs ( ! ,malay ,p59sula1 & ,great ,brita9 f simil> action 9 reg>d to ! ,/ates ( ,sumatra1 ) ! sole exception ( ,a*91 ! "r to protect t /ate be+ ma9ta9$ by ,great ,brita9 until #ahgb :5 x 0 f9ally ab&on$ by a treaty conclud$ ) ,holl& 9 t ye>4 ,! ,dut* took advantage ( ?is imm$iately to invade ,a*91 & ! /rife begun 9 #ahgc /ill cont9ues & is n[ a m]e w> ( ext]m9ation4 ,x 0 n until #ahcc t ! :ole t]ritory ly+ at ! back ( ,malacca 0 f9ally br\ght "u ,briti% control1 & z late z #ahhg ! ,negri ,sembilan1 or ,n9e ,/ates1 :i* adjo9 ,malacca t]ritory on ! ea/ & nor?-ea/1 7 completely indep5d5t4 ,!y to-day =m "p ( ! ,f$]at$ ,malay ,/ates1 :i* are "u ! protection ( ,great ,brita91 & are gov]n$ ) ! assi/ance & by ! advice ( ,briti% (fic]s4 ,malacca1 9 common ) ! re/ ( ! ,/raits ,settlem5ts1 0 adm9i/]$ by ! gov]nm5t ( ,india until #ahfg1 :5 x became a cr[n colony "u ! control ( ! ,colonial ,(fice4 ,x is to-day adm9i/]$ by a resid5t c\ncillor1 :o is responsible to ! gov]nor ( ! ,/raits ,settlem5ts1 & by a numb] ( di/rict (fic]s & o!r (ficials "u 8 direction4 ,! population ( ! t[n & t]ritory ( ,malacca 9 #aija 0 #id1dhg1 ( :om #gd 7 ,europeans & ,am]icans1 #aeih 7 ,eurasians1 ! re/ be+ ,asiatics 7*iefly ,malays ) a consid]able spr9kl+ ( ,*9ese74 ,! population 9 #ahia 0 #ib1agj1 & ! e/imat$ population = #aije 0 #ig1jjj4 ,! bir?-rate is ab\t #ce p] ?\s&1 & ! dea?-rate ab\t #bi p] ?\s&4 ,! trade ( ?is once fl\ri%+ port has decl9$1 mo/ ( ! vessels be+ m]ely coa/+ craft1 & no l>ge l9e ( /eam]s hold+ any communication ) ! place4 ,?is is due p>tly to ! %all[ness ( ! h>b\r1 & p>tly to ! fact t ! ports ( ,p5ang & ,s+apore1 at ei!r entrance to ! /raits1 draw all ! trade & %ipp+ to !mselves4 ,! total area ( ! settlem5t is ab\t #gjj sq4 m4 ,! colony is :olly agricultural1 & ! l& is almo/ entirely 9 ! h&s ( ! natives4 ,ab\t #ej1jjj acres are "u tapioca1 & ab\t #ijjj acres are "u rubb] 7hevea74 ,?is cultivation is rapidly ext5d+4 ,!re are /ill consid]able areas unoccupi$ :i* are suitable = rubb] & = coco-nuts4 ,! settlem5t is well op5$ up by roads2 & a railway1 :i* is "p ( ! ,f$]at$ ,malay ,/ates railway sy/em1 has be5 con/ruct$ f ! t[n ( ,malacca to ,tamp9 9 ! ,negri ,sembilan4 ,!re is a good re/-h\se at ,malacca & a com=table seaside bungal[ at ,tanjong ,kl+1 sev5 miles f ! t[n4 ,malacca is #aah m4 by sea f ,s+apore & #ej m4 by rail f ,s]emban1 ! capital ( ! ,negri ,sembilan4 ,!re is excell5t snipe-%oot+ to be _h 9 ! vic9ity ( ,malacca4 ,see ,! ,comm5t>ies ( d',alboqu]que 7,hakluyt ,society72 ,! ,voyages & ,adv5tures ( ,f]n& ,m5dez ,p9to 7,london1 #afec72 ,an ,acc\nt ( ! ,ea/ ,indies1 by ,capta9 ,alex&] ,hamilton 7,ed9burgh4 #agbg72 ,val5tyn's ,hi/ory ( ,malacca1 translat$ by ,dudley ,h]vey2 ,j\rnal ( ! ,/raits ,bran* ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society2 ,our ,tropical ,possessions 9 ,malayan ,india1 by ! same au?or1 ibid42 ,fur!r ,india1 by ,hugh ,clif=d 7,london1 #aijd72 ,briti% ,malaya1 by ,sir ,frank ,swett5ham 7,london1 #aijf74 7,h4 ,cl47 ,,mala*i1 ! "n assign$ to ! la/ book ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ,engli% 7! la/ ( ! prophets 9 ! ,hebrew ,bible71 :i* accord+ to ! title 7,mal4 i4 #a7 conta9s ! ^w ( ,yahweh to ,israel by ! h& ( ,mala*i4 ,9 =m ! ^w means my mess5g]4 ,x c\ld be expla9$ z a contraction ( ,mala*iah1 mess5g] ( ,yahweh2 b ! ,septuag9t is probably "r 9 n reg>d+ x z a prop] "n 7by ! h& ( ,8 mess5g]74 ,n only d we "k no?+ f int]nal or ext]nal evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( a prophet ( ?is "n1#a b ! occurr5ce ( ! ^w 9 ! title is naturally expla9$ z d]iv$ f iii4 #a3 ,behold1 ,i s5d my mess5g] 7cf4 ii4 #g74 ,! prophecy mu/1 !re=e1 be reg>d$ z anonym\s2 ! title 0 add$ by ! compil] :o wrote simil> editorial titles to ! anonym\s prophecies beg9n+ ,ze*4 ix4 #a1 xii4 #a4 ,! cont5ts ( ! prophecy fall into a s]ies ( cle>ly m>k$ sections1 z 9 ! p>agraph division ( ! ,revis$ ,v]sion4 ,^! apply1 9 v>i\s ways1 ! tru? emphasiz$ at ! outset3 ,yahweh's love = ,israel 9 contra/ ) 8 treatm5t ( ,edom 7i4 #b-e74 ,israel's response %\ld be a prop] reg>d = ! ritual ( ,8 wor%ip2 yet any (f]+1 h[ev] imp]fect1 is ?\ght good en\gh = ,yahweh's alt> 7i4 #f-ad74 ,let ! prie/s1 :o are responsible1 take w>n+1 & return to _! anci5t ideals 7ii4 #a-i74 ,aga91 ! common ,fa!rhood ( ,god %\ld inspire a "r relation among fell[ ,israelites1 n su* conduct z ! divorce ( ,israelite wives 9 ord] to m>ry non-,israelite wom5 7ii4 #aj-af74b ,! preval5ce ( wrong-do+ has provok$ scepticism z to righte\s judgm5t2 b ! mess5g] ( ,yahweh is at h& to purge away indiff]5tism f wor%ip & immorality f conduct 7ii4 #ag-;iii4 #f74 ,! paym5t ( ti!s n[ )held w be foll[$ by ! return ( prosp]ity 7iii4 #g-ab74 ,religion may seem useless1 b ,yahweh rememb]s ,8 own1 & w soon 9 op5 judgm5t di/+ui% !m f ! irreligi\s 7iii4 #ac-;iv4 #c74 ,! book closes ) an appeal to obs]ve ! law ( ,moses1 & ) a promise t ,elijah %all come be=e ! ?reat5$ judgm5t4#c ,! topics notic$ cle>ly relate ! prophecy to ! p]iod ( ,ezra & ,nehemiah1 :5 ! ,temple _h be5 rebuilt 7i4 #aj2 iii4 #a1 #aj71 ! prov9ce ( ,judah 0 "u a ,p]sian gov]nor 7i4 #h71 & !re _h be5 "t en\gh = ! loss ( e>li] en?usiasm4 ,! majority ( mod]n s*ol>s are agre$ t ! prophet prep>es = ! "w ( ^? re=m]s 7,ezra1 #deh2 ,nehemiah1 #ddd1 #dcb ,b4,c474 ,! abuses ( :i* he p>ticul>ly compla9s are su* z 7 f\nd rampant by ,ezra & ,nehemiah--m>riage ) =eign wom5 7ii4 #aa2 cf4 ,ezra ix42 ,neh4 xiii4 #bc seq42 ,deut4 vii4 #c7 & failure 9 paym5t ( sacr$ dues 7iii4 #h seq42 cf4 ,neh4 x4 #cd seq42 xiii4 #aj seq42 ,deut4 xxvi4 #ab seq474 ,! prie/s h fall5 into contempt 7ii4 #i7 & h neglect$ :at is /ill "o ( _! *ief tru/s1 ! oral law 7ii4 #f seq474 ,! prie/ly code ( writt5 law 0 n promulgat$ until #ddd ,b4,c4 7,neh4 viii4-x472 ,mala*i writes "u ! influ5ce ( ! e>li] ,code ( ,deut]onomy only1#d & mu/ !re=e belong to a date prior to #ddd4 ,! indep5d5t "* ( ! attack on curr5t abuses also sugge/s priority to ! "w ( ,ezra 9 #deh4 ,! prophecy af=ds an int]e/+ & valuable glimpse ( ! po/-exilic community1 ) its v>i\s curr5ts ( ?\ght & life4 ,! completion ( ! second ,temple 7#eaf ,b4,c47 has be5 foll[$ by disillusionm5t z to ! anticipat$ prosp]ity1 by indiff]5ce to wor%ip1 scepticism z to provid5ce1 & moral laxity4#e ,9 view ( ^! conditions1 ! prophet's message is to reass]t ! true relation ( ,israel to ,yahweh1 & to call = a correspond+ hol9ess1 especially 9 reg>d to que/ions ( ritual & ( m>riage4 ,he saw t ! disob$i5ce ( 8 "t 0 ! outcome ( a l[]$ morality1 n ( a cle>] spiritual vision4#f ,a /rong s5se ( ! unique privileges ( ! *ildr5 ( ,jacob1 ! objects ( elect+ love 7i4 #b71 ! *ildr5 ( ! ,div9e ,fa!r 7ii4 #aj71 is comb9$ ) an equally /rong assurance ( ,yahweh's righte\sness not)/&+ ! _m mis]ies t press$ on ! unhappy inhabitants ( ,judaea4 ,at an e>li] date ! prophet ,haggai _h taught t ! p c\ld n expect ,yahweh's bless+ :ile ! ,temple lay 9 ru9s4 ,9 ,mala*i's "t ! ,temple 0 built 7i4 #aj7 & ! prie/s wait$ 9 _! (fice1 b /ill a curse seem$ to re/ on ! nation's lab\rs 7iii4 #i74 ,to ,mala*i ! reason ( ?is is pla94 ,! law ( ,moses 0 =gott5 7iv4 #d iii4 #bb72 let ! p return to ,yahweh1 & ,he w return to !m4 ,x 0 9 va9 to compla91 say+1 ,e "o t doe? evil is good 9 ! eyes ( ,yahweh1 or ,:]e is ! ,god ( judgm5t8--va9 to ask ,:]e9 %all we return8 ,ob$i5ce to ! law is ! sure pa? to bless+ 7ii4 #ag-;iii4 #ab74 ,he calls ! p to rep5tance1 & he en=ces ! call by proclaim+ ! approa* ( ,yahweh 9 judgm5t aga9/ ! sorc]]s1 ! adult]]s1 ! false swe>]s1 ! oppressors ( ! poor1 ! orphan & ! /rang]4 ,!n x %all be se5 t ,he is inde$ a ,god ( righte\s judgm5t1 di/+ui%+ betwe5 ^? t s]ve ,him & ^? t s]ve ,him n4 ,! ,sun ( ,righte\sness %all %9e =? on ^? t fe> ,yahweh's "n2 !y %all g =? ) joy1 & tread ! wick$ "u foot4 ,! conception ( ! day ( f9al decision1 :5 ,yahweh %all come sudd5ly to ,8 temple 7iii4 #a7 & conf\nd ^? :o ?9k ! presumptu\s godless happy 7iii4 #ae71 is tak5 f e>li] prophets1 b is appli$ :olly )9 ! ,jewi% nation4 ,! day ( ,yahweh w\ld be a curse1 n a bless+1 if x f\nd ! nation 9 its pres5t /ate3 ! prie/s li/lessly p]=m+ a fraudul5t s]vice 7i4 #g-;ii4 #i71 ! p b\nd by m>riage to hea!n wom51 :ile ! te>s ( ! daught]s ( ,israel1 ?ru/ aside to make way = /rang]s1 cov] ! alt> 7ii4 #aa-af71 all fai? 9 div9e ju/ice gone 7ii4 #ag2 iii4 #ad seq471 sorc]y1 uncleanness1 falsehood & oppression rampant 7iii4 #e71 ! h\se ( ,god depriv$ ( its dues 7iii4 #h71 & ! true fe>]s ( ,god a little flock ga!r$ toge!r 9 private ex]cises ( religion 7p]haps ! g]m ( ! lat] synagogue7 9 ! mid/ ( a godless nation 7iii4 #af74 ,t ! day ( ,yahweh is delay$ 9 su* a /ate ( ?+s is b a new pro( ( ,8 un*ang+ love 7iii4 #f71 :i* refuses to consume ! sons ( ,jacob4 ,meantime ,he is ab\t to s5d ,8 mess5g] to prep>e ,8 way be=e ,him4 ,! prophet ,elijah mu/ reappe> to br+ back ! he>ts ( fa!rs & *ildr5 be=e ! great & t]rible day ( ,yahweh come4 ,elijah 0 ! advocate ( national decision 9 ! great conc]ns ( ,israel's religion2 & x is su* decision1 a cle> recognition ( :at ! s]vice ( ,yahweh means1 a purg+ ( ,8 pr(ess$ wor%ipp]s f hypocritical & half-he>t$ s]vice 7iii4 #c7 t ,mala*i ) 8 int5se religi\s e>ne/ness sees to be ! only salvation ( ! nation4 ,9 ?us look+ to ! return ( ! anci5t prophet to d ! "w = :i* lat] prophecy is too weak1 ,mala*i unconsci\sly signalizes ! decay ( ! ord] ( :i* he 0 "o ( ! la/ repres5tatives2 & ! some:at me*anical measure :i* he applies to ! p's s9s1 z = example :5 he tea*es t if ! sacr$ dues 7 rightly paid prosp]\s seasons w\ld at once return 7iii4 #aj71 h]alds ! adv5t ( t sy/em ( =mal legalism :i* ?\ght t all religi\s duty c\ld be r$uc$ to a sy/em ( set rules4 ,yet ,mala*i himself is no m]e =mali/4 ,to him1 z to ! ,deut]onomic legislation1 ! =ms ( legal obs]vance are ( value only z ! fitt+ expression ( ,israel's peculi> son%ip & s]vice1 & he %[s himself a true prophet :5 he contra/s ! wor?less m9i/ry ( unwill+ prie/s ) ! pure (f]+ ( pray] & praise t rises f ! implicit mono!ism ( ev5 ,g5tile wor%ip#g 7i4 #aa71 or :5 he ass]ts ! bro!rhood ( all ,israelites "u _! "o ,fa!r 7ii4 #aj71 n m]ely z a gr\nd ( sep>ation f ! hea!n1 b z inconsi/5t ) ! selfi% & cruel fre$om ( divorce curr5t 9 8 "t4#h ,! book is a significant l&m>k 9 ! religi\s hi/ory ( ,israel4 ,its emphasis on ! obs]vance ( ritual f9ds fulle/ developm5t 9 ! ,prie/ly ,code1 subsequ5tly promulgat$2 its prote/ aga9/ =eign m>riages is made effective ?r\gh ! re=ms ( ,ezra & ,nehemiah2#i ! influ5ce ( its clos+ words on lat] expectation is famili> to e read] ( ! new ,te/am5t4#aj ,! /yle ( ,mala*i1 l 8 argum5t1 corresponds 9 its g5]ally prosaic "* to t trans=mation or decay ( prophecy :i* began ) ,ezekiel2 & ,ewald rightly call$ att5tion to ! fact t ! conduct ( ! argum5t already %[s traces ( ! dialectic mann] ( ! s*ools4 ,yet !re is a simple dignity 9 ! mann] n unwor?y ( a prophet1 & ris+ f "t to "t to poetical rhy?m4 ,,lit]ature4--,n[ack1 ,die kle95 ,prophet5 7#ahig2 #bnd ed41 #aijd72 ,wellhaus51 id4 7iii4 #ahih72 ,g4 ,a4 ,smi?1 ,! ,book ( ! ,twelve 7ii4 #ahih72 ,a4 ,c4 ,wel*1 art4 ,mala*i 9 ,ha/+s's ,dict4 ( ! ,bible1 iii4 #bah-bbb 7#aijj72 ,c4 ,c4 ,torrey1 id4 9 ,ency4 ,bib4 iii4 c4 #bijg-biaj 7#aijb72 ,m>ti1 ,dodekapropheton 7#aijd72 ,/ade1 ,biblis*e ,!ologie des ,alt5 ,te/4 #ada 7#aije72 ,driv]1 ,! ,m9or ,prophets1 ii4 7,c5tury ,bible1 #aijf74 7,w4 ,r4 ,s42 ,h4 ,w4 ,r4997 ,,footnotes3 #a ,a ,hebrew tradition giv5 9 ! ,t>gum ( ,jona?an1 & approv$ by ,j]ome1 id5tifies ,mala*i ) ,ezra ! prie/ & scribe4 #b ,torrey 7,ency4 ,bib4 c4 #bijh7 holds t ! ref]5ce "h is purely figurative2 ,judah has dealt falsely ) ! wife ( 8 y\?1 ! cov5ant religion1 & is w$d+ a /range cult4 ,b he assigns ! book to ! #d? c5tury4 #c ,?is clos+ prophecy may possibly be a lat] addition 7s ,m>ti7 r\nd+ (f ! prophetic canon by ref]5ce to ! two great names ( ,moses & ,elijah1 & _! *>act]i/ic activities4 ,9 ?is case1 ,elijah w repres5t an e>ly int]pretation 7cf4 ,ecclus4 xlviii4 #aj7 ( ! mess5g]1 orig9ally conceiv$ z a purely ideal figure4 ,! only o!r passage 9 ! book ^: orig9ality is n g5]ally accept$ is t ref]r+ to mix$ m>riages 7ii4 #aa1 #ab74 #d ,x is ! ,deut]onomic law t is mo/ famili> to him1 z appe>s f 8 use ( ! "n ,horeb = ! m\nta9 ( ! law1 & ! ,deut]onomic phrase /atutes & judgm5ts 7iv4 #d71 f 8 language z to ti!s & (f]+s 7iii4 #h1 #aj2 cf4 ,deut4 xii4 #aa2 xxvi4 #ab71 & especially f 8 conception ( ! prie/hood z re/+ on a cov5ant ) ,levi 7ii4 #d seq474 ,mala*i inde$ assumes t ! :ole ti!--! ,deut]onomic phrase = ! ti! 9 :i* ! ,levites %>$--is n /or$ 9 ea* t[n%ip1 b br\ght into ! treasury at ! ,temple4 ,b ?is 0 a modification ( ! ,deut]onomic law naturally call$ = "u ! circum/ances ( ! return f ,babylon1 & ,neh4 x4 & xiii4 produce ! impression t x 0 n introduc$ = ! fir/ "t by ,ezra & ,nehemiah1 ?\gh ! collection ( ! ti! 0 en=c$ by !m4 ,see fur!r1 ,w4,r4,s4 9 ,o4,t4,j4,c4 ii4 #dbe-dbg4 #e ,cf4 ,/ade's recon/ruction1 ,g4,v4,i4 ii4 #abh-ach4 #f ,wel* 9 ,d4,b4 iii4 #bbj4 #g ,?is rem>kable utt]ance is sometimes 7z by ,w4,r4,s47 int]pret$ ( ! wor%ip ( ,jews scatt]$ 9 ! ,disp]sion3 reasons = ! above view are giv5 by ,driv]4 #h ,9 ii4 #af ! ,t>gum r5d]s ,if ?\ hate/ h] put h] away4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( lat] ,judaism t an arbitr>y exegesis trans=m$ ! above anticipation ( ! doctr9e ( m>riage laid d[n 9 ! gospel into an express sanction ( ! "r ( ! husb& to put away 8 wife at w4 #i ,! p]man5ce ( ,judaism dep5d$ on ! religi\s sep>at5ess ( ! ,jews 7,ryle1 ,ezra & ,nehemiah1 p4 #adc74 #aj ,matt4 xvii4 #c1 #d1 #aj-ac2 xxvii4 #dg1 #di2 ,john i4 #ba1 #be4 ,,mala*ite1 a copp]-ore ( f9e gre5 col\r1 sometimes poli%$ z an ornam5tal /one4 ,! "n is d]iv$ f ,gr4 ,greek3 mal*1 ! mall[1 9 allusion to ! col\r ( ! m9]al be+ r l t ( ! mall[-leaf4 ,mala*ite 0 p]haps "o ( ! gre5 m9]als describ$ by ,!ophra/us "u ! g5]al "n ( ,greek3 sm>agdos2 & accord+ to ! late ,rev4 ,c4 ,w4 ,k+ x 0 probably ! sm>agdus m$icus ( ,pl9y1 :il/ 8 molo*ites seems to h be5 a diff]5t /one f our mala*ite & may h be5 a gre5 jasp]4 ,x is sugge/$ by ,j4 ,l4 ,myres 7,ency4 ,bib47 t mala*ite may h be5 ! ,heb4 soham1 ( ! high prie/'s brea/plate4 ,mala*ite is a basic cupric c>bonate1 repres5t$ by ! =mula ,cu,c,o#c;,cu7,,ho7#b1 & has usually be5 =m$ by ! action ( meteoric ag5cies on o!r copp]-m9]als2 h5ce x is f\nd 9 ! upp] "p ( ore-deposits1 (t5 z an incru/ation1 & occasionally z a pseudomorph aft] cuprite1 *alcocite1 c4 ,:5 =m$1 z commonly happ5s1 by ! alt]ation ( copp]-pyrites ! iron ( ?is m9]al usually takes ! =m ( limonite1 :i* may rema9 associat$ ) ! mala*ite4 ,occasionally1 ?\gh b r>ely1 mala*ite occurs 9 small d>k-gre5 prismatic cry/als ( ! monocl9ic sy/em4 ,its usual mode ( occurr5ce is 9 nodul> or /alagmitic =ms1 ) a mammillat$1 r5i=m or botryoidal surface1 :il/ 9 o!r cases x =ms fibr\s1 compact or ev5 e>?y masses4 ,! nodules1 ?\gh commonly dull on ! outside1 may display on fracture a beautiful zon>y /ructure1 ! successive lay]s (t5 succe$+ ea* o!r z curv$ deposits ( light & d>k t9ts4 ,! col\rs include v>i\s %ades ( apple-gre51 grass-gre51 em]ald-gre5 & v]digris-gre54 ,c]ta9 v>ieties exhibit a f9ely fibr\s /ructure1 produc+ on ! fractur$ surface a s(t silky %e54 ,:il/ mala*ite is f\nd 9 great] or less quantity 9 mo/ copp]-m9es1 ! f9] v>ieties useful = ornam5tal purposes are ( v limit$ occurr5ce1 & ! lapid>y has g5]ally drawn 8 supply f ,russia & ,au/ralia4 ,! pr9cipal s\rce 9 rec5t ye>s has be5 ! ,m$no-,rudiansk m9e ne> ,nizhne ,tagilsk1 on ! ,sib]ian side ( ! ,urals1 b x 0 =m]ly obta9$ f m9es ne> ,bogoslovsk to ! nor? & ,gumi%ev to ! s\? ( ?is locality4 ,a mass f ,gumi%ev1 pres]v$ 9 ! museum ( ! ,m9+ ,in/itute ( ,/ ,pet]sburg weighs #cbdjlb4 & /ill l>g] masses h be5 f\nd ne> ,nizhne ,tagilsk4 ,! m9]al is priz$ 9 ,russia = use 9 mosaic-"w1 & = ! manufacture ( vases1 snuff-boxes & v>i\s ornam5tal objects4 ,ev5 fold+ doors1 mantelpieces1 table-tops & o!r articles ( furniture h be5 execut$ 9 mala*ite1 ! objects be+ v5e]$ ) ?9 slabs clev]ly fitt$ toge!r s z to pres]ve ! patt]n1 & hav+ ! int]spaces fill$ up ) fragm5ts & p[d] ( mala*ite appli$ ) a cem5t4 ,! mala*ite is sawn into slabs1 gr\nd ) em]y & poli%$ ) tripoli4 ,its h>dness is less ?an #d1 b x takes a good poli% l m>ble3 x is r d5s] ?an m>ble1 hav+ a specific gravity ( #c4g to #d1 b x is m difficult to "w1 9 consequ5ce ( a t5d5cy to break along ! curv$ planes ( deposition4 ,exceptionally f9e examples ( ! application ( mala*ite are se5 9 "s ( ! columns ( ,/ ,isaac's ,ca!dral 9 ,/ ,pet]sburg1 :i* are holl[ iron columns encru/$ ) mala*ite4 ,l>ge masses ( ornam5tal mala*ite h be5 f\nd 9 ,au/ralia1 especially at ! old ,burra ,burra copp]-m9e 9 ,s\? ,au/ralia4 ,! ,copp] ,que5 & o!r m9es 9 ,arizona h yield$ f9e specim5s ( mala*ite associat$ ) azurite1 & poli%$ slabs ( ! mix$ m9]als sometimes %[ ! vivid gre5 & ! deep blue c>bonate 9 v /rik+ contra/4 ,?is natural association1 cut z an ornam5tal /one1 has be5 nam$1 by ,dr ,g4 ,f4 ,kunz1 azurmala*ite4 ,mala*ite is occasionally us$ = cameo-"w1 & "s f9e antique examples are kn[n4 ,x 0 =m]ly worn z an amulet to pres]ve ! we>] f lightn+1 contagion & wit*craft4 ,! m9]al1 :5 gr\nd1 has be5 us$ z a pigm5t "u ! "n ( m\nta9 gre54 ,! co>s] masses are ext5sively us$1 ) o!r m9]als1 z ores ( copp]1 mala*ite conta9+ ab\t #eg ( metal4 ,blue mala*ite is a "n sometimes giv5 to azurite 7q4v471 :il/ silice\s mala*ite is a t]m inappropriately appli$ to *rysocolla 7q4v474 7,f4 ,w4 ,r4997 ,,mala*[ski1 ,,/anislaw 7#agcf-ahji71 ,poli% /atesman1 ! y\ng] son ( ,/anislaw ,mala*[ski1 palat9e ( ,pos51 ! companion 9 arms ( ,sobieski4 ,f 8 y\? ,mala*[ski lab\r$ zeal\sly = ! good ( 8 c\ntry1 & z presid5t ( ! royal c\rt ( ju/ice won ! hon\rable title ( ! ,poli% ,ari/ides4 ,he 0 fir/ elect$ a deputy to ! ,coronation ,diet ( #agfd1 & ! great ,f\r ,ye>s' ,diet unanim\sly elect$ him its speak] at ! beg9n+ ( its session 9 #aghh4 ,accurately gaug+ ! situation1 ,mala*[ski spe$ily ga!r$ r\nd him all ^? :o 7 /riv+ to uphold ! fall+ republic & w>mly support$ e promis+ project ( re=m4 ,he 0 "o ( ! fram]s ( ! con/itution ( ! #crd ( ,may #agia1 exce$+ 9 lib]ality all 8 colleagues & advocat+ ! ext5sion ( ! fran*ise to ! t[ns & ! emancipation ( ! s]fs4 ,he 0 ! fir/ to ent] 8 "n z a citiz5 ( ,w>saw 9 ! civic regi/] & to op5 negotiations ) 8 own peasantry = _! complete lib]ation4 ,disappo9t$ 9 8 hopes by ! ov]?r[ ( ! con/itution1 he resign$ (fice & left ! c\ntry 9 #agib1 go+ fir/ to ,italy & subsequ5tly to 8 e/ates 9 ,galicia1 :]e he 0 imprison$ = a "t on a false suspicion ( conspiracy4 ,9 #ahjg ,mala*[ski 0 plac$ at ! head ( ! executive committee appo9t$ at ,w>saw aft] its evacuation by ! ,prussians1 & :5 ! gr& du*y ( ,w>saw 0 creat$ ,mala*[ski became presid5t ( ! s5ate "u ,k+ ,fr$]ick ,augu/us ( ,saxony4 ,9 ! negotiations ) ! ,au/rian gov]nm5t conc]n+ ! ,galician salt-m9es ,mala*[ski came to ! assi/ance ( ! deplet$ treasury by hypo!cat+ all 8 e/ates z an additional gu>antee4 ,9 #ahji he di$ at ,w>saw4 ,8 dea? 0 reg>d$ z a public calamity1 & multitudes foll[$ 8 rema9s to _! la/ re/+-place 9 ! ,*ur* ( ! ,holy ,cross4 ,9 all ! o!r t[ns ( ! gr& du*y fun]al s]vices 7 held simultane\sly z a tribute ( ! respect & gratitude ( ! ,poli% nation4 ,see ,augu/ ,sokol[ski1 ,illu/rat$ ,hi/ory ( ,pol& 7,pol471 vol4 iv4 7,vi5na1 #aijj72 ,life & ,memoirs ( ,s4 ,mala*[ski1 edit$ by ,lucyan ,siemi5ski 7,pol2 ,crac[1 #ahec74 7,r4 ,n4 ,b47 ,,mala*y1 ,,/ 7c4 #ajid-aadh71 o!rwise kn[n z ,maol-,maodhog 7or ,maelma$hog7 ,ua ,morgair1 ar*bi%op ( ,armagh & papal legate 9 ,irel&1 0 born at ,armagh4 ,8 fa!r1 an ,iri% cl]gyman1 ! ,fe>leighl9n1 or lector1 at ! univ]sity1 0 said to h be5 ( noble family4 ,hav+ be5 orda9$ to ! prie/hood1 he = "s "t act$ z vic> ( ,ar*bi%op ,celsus or ,cealla* ( ,armagh1 & c>ri$ out _m re=ms t5d+ to increase con=mity ) ! usage ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome4 ,9 ord] to improve 8 k ( ! ,roman ritual he sp5t f\r ye>s ) ,mal*us1 bi%op ( ,lismore 79 ,mun/]71 a /rong advocate ( ,romanism4 ,"h he became acqua9t$ ) ,cormac ,mac,carthy1 k+ ( ,desmond1 :o _h s\ght refuge ) ,mal*us1 &1 :5 he subsequ5tly rega9$ 8 k+dom1 r5d]$ great s]vices to ,mala*y4 ,on 8 return f ,lismore1 ,mala*y und]took ! gov]nm5t ( ! decay$ mona/]y ( ,bangor 79 ,co4 ,d[n71 b v soon aft]w>ds he 0 elect$ bi%op ( ,connor 7n[ a small village ne> ,ballym5a74 ,aft] ! sack ( t place by ! k+ ( ,ul/] he )drew into ,mun/]2 "h he 0 k9dly receiv$ by ,cormac ,mac,carthy1 ) ^: assi/ance he built ! mona/]y ( ,ibra* 79 ,k]ry74 ,mean:ile he _h be5 designat$ by ,celsus 79 ^: family ! see ( ,armagh _h be5 h]$it>y = _m ye>s7 to succe$ him 9 ! ar*bi%opric2 9 ! int]e/s ( re=m he reluctantly accept$ ! dignity1 & ?us became involv$ = "s ye>s 9 a /ruggle ) ! s-call$ heirs4 ,hav+ f9ally settl$ ! diocese1 he 0 p]mitt$1 z _h be5 previ\sly /ipulat$ by himself1 to return to 8 =m] diocese1 or r to ! small] & poor] portion ( x1 ! bi%opric ( ,d[n4 ,al?\gh ! ,roman p>ty _h by ?is "t obta9$ a firm hold 9 ! nor? ( ,irel&1 ! organization ( ! ,*ur* _h n yet receiv$ ! sanction ( ! pope4 ,accord+ly1 9 #aaci1 ,mala*y set out f ,irel& ) ! purpose ( solicit+ f ! pope ! pallium 7! tok5 ( ar*iepiscopal subjection to ,rome7 = ! ar*bi%op ( ,armagh4 ,on 8 way to ,rome he visit$ ,clairvaux1 & ?us began a lifelong fri5d%ip ) ,/ ,b]n>d4 ,mala*y 0 receiv$ by ,innoc5t ,,ii4 ) great hon\r1 & made papal legate 9 ,irel&1 ?\gh ! pope refus$ to grant ! pallium until x _h be5 unanim\sly appli$ = by a g5]al c\ncil ( ! bi%ops1 cl]gy & nobles4 ,on 8 way home ,mala*y revisit$ ,clairvaux1 & took ) him f !re f\r memb]s ( ! ,ci/]cian ord]1 by :om ! abbey ( ,mellifont 79 ! c\nty ( ,l\?7 0 aft]w>ds f\nd$ 9 #aada4 ,= ! next eight ye>s aft] 8 return f ,rome ,mala*y 0 active 9 ! dis*>ge ( 8 legat9e duties1 & 9 #aadh1 at a synod ( bi%ops & cl]gy held at ,inis-,patrick 7,/ ,patrick's ,isl&1 ne> ,sk]ries1 ,co4 ,dubl971 he 0 commission$ to return to ,rome & make fre% application = ! pallium2 he did n1 h[ev]1 get beyond ,clairvaux1 :]e he di$ 9 ! arms ( ,/ ,b]n>d on ! #bnd ( ,novemb] #aadh4 ,! object ( 8 life 0 realiz$ f\r ye>s aft]w>ds1 9 #aaeb1 dur+ ! legate%ip ( 8 successor4 ,mala*y 0 canoniz$ by ,clem5t ,,iii4 9 #aaij4 ,! influ5ce ( ,mala*y 9 ,iri% ecclesia/ical affairs has be5 comp>$ ) t ( ,boniface 9 ,g]many4 ,he re=m$ & reorganiz$ ! ,iri% ,*ur* & br\ght x into subjection to ,rome2 l ,boniface1 he 0 a zeal\s re=m] & a promot] ( mona/icism4 ,b p]haps 8 *ief claim to di/9ction is t ( hav+ op5$ ! fir/ ,ci/]cian mona/]y 9 ,irel&1 five m be+ soon aft]w>ds e/abli%$4 ,sev]al works are attribut$ to him1 b are all probably spuri\s4 ,! mo/ curi\s ( ^! is a ,prophecy conc]n+ ! ,future ,roman ,pontiffs1 :i* has produc$ an ext5sive lit]ature4 ,x is n[ g5]ally attribut$ to ! ye> #aeij1 & is suppos$ to h be5 =g$ to support ! election ( ,c>d9al ,simoncelli to ! papal *air4 ,/ ,b]n>d's ,life ( ,mala*y1 & two s]mons on 8 dea? w be f\nd 9 ,j4 ,p4 ,migne1 ,patrologia ,lat9a2 clxxxii41 clxxxiii42 see also ,annals ( ! ,k+dom ( ,irel& by ! ,f\r ,ma/]s1 ed4 ,j4 ,o',donovan 7,dubl91 #ahea72 ,g4 ,g]mano1 ,vita1 ge/i e pr$ittioni del padre san ,mala*ia 7,naples1 #afgj72 ! ecclesia/ical hi/ories ( ,irel& by ,j4 ,lanigan 7#ahbi7 & ,w4 ,d4 ,kill5 7#ahge72 ,a4 ,belle%eim1 ,ges*i*te d] ka?olis*5 ,kir*e 9 ,irl&1 ,bd4 ,i4 7,ma9z1 #ahij72 ,g4 ,t4 ,/okes1 ,irel& & ! ,celtic ,*ur* 7#f? ed41 #aijg72 ,j4 ,o',hanlon1 ,life ( ,sa9t ,mala*y 7,dubl91 #ahei72 articles 9 ,diction>y ( ,national ,biography & ,h]zog-,hauck's ,real5cyklopdie fr prote/antis*e ,!ologie4 ,on ! ,prophecy1 see ! treatise by ,c4 ,f4 ,m5tri] 7,p>is1 #afhi72 ,m>quis ( ,bute 9 ,dubl9 ,review 7#ahhe72 ,a4 ,h>nack 9 ,zeits*rift fr ,kir*5ges*i*te1 ,bd4 ,,iii4 ,,malaco/raca4 ,"u ?is zoological title are includ$ sev]al gr\ps ( ,cru/acea 7q4v471 unit$ by *>act]s :i* atte/ _! common orig91 ?\gh "s1 & probably all ( !m1 7 already sep>at$ 9 di/ant geological ages1 & "s h n[ atta9$ a peculi> isolation4 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole1 ! rese>*es made s9ce #ahfj h n only add$ a great ?rong ( new species1 g5]a & families1 b h ?r[n a flood ( light ^u que/ions ( _! phylog5y1 sy/ematic arrangem5t1 horizontal & ba?ymetric di/ribution1 organization1 habits ( life & economic importance4 ,!re are at lea/ sev5 ord]s3 ! /alk-ey$ ,bra*yura1 ,macrura1 ,s*izopoda1 ,/omatopoda1 & ! sessile-ey$ ,sympoda1 ,isopoda1 ,amphipoda4 ,an ocul> segm5t claim$ by ! =m] division is n pres5t or 9 no case demon/rable 9 ! latt]4 ,9 nei!r does ! t]m9al segm5t or telson1 :e!r l>ge or obsolesc5t1 :e!r articulat$ or coalesc5t1 c>ry app5dages1 unless occasionally 9 fusion ) itself4 ,betwe5 ! eyes & ! tail-piece 9 all ! ord]s n9ete5 segm5ts are c\nt$1 ! pro( ( a segm5t's exi/5ce dep5d+ on its sep>at5ess1 complete or p>tial1 or on a sutural indication1 or else on ! pair ( app5dages kn[n to belong to x4 ,all ^! m>ks may fail1 & !n ! species mu/ be prov$ to be ,malaco/racan by o!r evid5ce ?an ! numb] ( its segm5ts2 b if "s exceptions exhibit few]1 none ( ! ,malaco/raca exhibits m ?an #ai 7#a or #b7 segm5ts1 unless ! ,nebaliidae be includ$4 ,( ! correspond+ pairs ( app5dages ?irte5 belong to ! head & trunk1 two pairs ( ant5nae1 "o pair ( m&ibles1 two pairs ( maxillae1 foll[$ by ?ree :i* may be all maxillip$s or may help to swell ! numb] ( trunk-legs to :i* ! next five pairs belong4 ,! abdom5 or pleon c>ries ! rema9+ six pairs1 ( :i* f ?ree to five are call$ pleopods & ! rema9d] uropods4 ,und]ly+ ! div]sity ( names & functions & c\ntless v>ieties ( %ape1 !re is a common /&>d to :i* ! app5dages 9 g5]al c be ref]r$4 ,9 ! maxillip$s & ! trunk-legs x is common to f9d or o!rwise easy to trace a sev5-jo9t$ /em1 ! endopod1 f :i* may spr+ two bran*es1 ! epipod f ! fir/ jo9t1 ! exopod f ! second4#a ,! fir/ ant5nae are exceptional 9 bran*+1 if at all1 at ! ?ird jo9t4 ,9 ! m&ibles & maxillae "s ( ! t]m9al jo9ts ( ! /em are inv>iably want+4 ,9 ! re/ ( ! app5dages !y may ei!r be want+ or indi/+ui%able4 ,! latt] obscurity results ei!r f coalesc5ce1 to :i* all jo9ts & segm5ts are liable1 or f subdivision1 :i* occasionally affects jo9ts ev5 9 ! trunk-legs4 ,! c>apace1 =m]ly ref]r$ only to ! ant5n>-m&ibul> segm5ts1 may p]haps 9 fact conta9 elem5ts f any numb] ( o!r segm5ts ( head & trunk1 ,huxley1 ,alcock1 ,b\vi] giv+ support to ?is op9ion by ! sutural or o!r divisional l9es 9 ,potamobius1 ,nephrops1 ,?alass9a1 & v>i\s fossil g5]a4 ,n all que/ions ( classification int]nal to ?is division are yet f9ally settl$4 ,betwe5 ! ,bra*yura & ,macrura "s au?ors uphold an ord] ,anomura1 ?\gh 9 a mu* re/rict$ s5se1 ! lab\rs ( ,huxley1 ,boas1 ,alcock & conjo9tly ,alphonse ,milne-,edw>ds & ,b\vi]1 hav+ result$ 9 re/or+ ! ,dromiidea & ,ran9idae to ! ,bra*yura1 among :i* de ,haan long ago plac$ !m4 ,! ,fr5* au?ors argue t f ! macruran lob/]s 7,nephropsidae7 anci5tly div]g$ two l9es3 "o lead+ ?r\gh ! ,dromiidea to ! g5u9e ,bra*yura2 or crabs1 ! o!r indep5d5tly to ! ,anomura prop]1 :i* may conv5i5tly be nam$ & class$ z ,macrura anomala4 ,sp5ce ,bate ma9ta9$ t ! ,s*izopoda ought n to =m a sep>ate ord]1 b to be rang$ z a macruran tribe1 m ne>ly alli$ to ! degrad$ =ms ( ! ,p5aeidea ?an to ^? ( any o!r gr\p 7,*all5g] ,reports1 ,macrura1 p4 #dgb1 #ahhh74 ,accord+ to ,s>s1 ! ,sympoda 7or ,cumaceans71 9 spite ( _! sessile eyes1 h clos] aff9ities ) ! /alk-ey$ ord]s4 ,h4 ,j4 ,hans5 & o!rs =m a di/9ct ord] ,tanaidea = ! decid$ly anomal\s gr\p call$ by ,s>s ,isopoda *elif]a4 #a4 ,,bra*yura4--,= ! pres5t1 z ( old1 ! true ,bra*yura are divid$ into f\r tribes3 ,cyclometopa1 ) ar*$ front z 9 ! common eatable crab2 ,catometopa1 ) front b5t d[n z 9 ! l&-crabs & ! little oy/]-crab2 ,oxyrhyn*a1 ) %>p5$ beak-l front z 9 ! v>i\s spid]-crabs2 ,oxy/omata1 includ+ ! ,ran9idae1 & nam$ n f ! "* ( ! front b f t ( ! buccal frame :i* is usually n>r[$ =w>ds4 ,9 ^! tribes ! bold & active habits1 ! /rik+ col\rs1 or ! fanta/ic div]sities ( /ructure1 h s long attract$ rem>k t rec5t inve/igations1 :ile add+ a multitude ( new species & supply+ ! speciali/ ) an inf9ity ( new details1 h n mat]ially alt]$ ! sci5tific /&po9t4 ,new light1 h[ev]1 has be5 ?r[n ^u ! intellectual capacity ( ,cru/acea by ! pro( t ! spid]-crabs delib]ately use *anges ( raim5t to h>monize ) _! surr\nd+s1 donn+ & d(f+ v>i\s natural objects z we d our manufactur$ clo!s4 ,o!rs h ! p[] ( produc+ s\nds1 "o use to :i* !y put ?is faculty be+ app>5tly to signal f _! burr[ 9 ! s& t !y are n at home to an inopportune visitor4 ,deep-sea exploration has %[n t "s species h an imm5sely ext5d$ range1 & /ill m1 t species ( ! same g5us1 & g5]a ( ! same family1 ?\gh sep>at$ by great int]vals ( space1 may be closely alli$ 9 "*4 ,a curi\s effect ( p>asitism1 well illu/rat$ 9 crabs1 ?\gh n conf9$ to !m1 has be5 exp\nd$ by ,pr(essor ,gi>d1 namely1 t x t5ds to oblit]ate ! second>y sexual *>act]s4 ,mod]n rese>* has discov]$ no crab to surpass ,macro*eira kmpf]i1 ,de ,haan1 t c span betwe5 ?ree & f\r y>ds ) ! tips ( its toes1 b at ! o!r end ( ! scale x has yield$ ,collodes malab>icus1 ,alcock1 ( :i* ! c>apace1 9 an adult & egg-lad5 female1 is less ?an "o-six? ( an in* 9 its greate/ diamet]4 ,! mo/ abyssal ( all crabs yet kn[n is ,e?us9a abyssicola1 ,smi?1 or :at is p]haps only a v>iety ( x1 ,e4 *all5g]i1 ,mi]s4 ,( ! latt] ! ,albatross obta9$ a specim5 f a dep? ( #bbcb fa?oms 7,faxon1 #ahie71 ( ! =m] f #bbba fa?oms1 & ( ?is ,s4 ,i4 ,smi? rem>ks t x has di/9ctly facet$ black eyes1 al?\gh 9 !m !re are only a v few visual elem5ts at ! tips ( ! immobile eye-/alks4 ,! ,bra*yura anomala1 or ,dromiidea1 h pres]v$ ! ext]nal *>act]s & probably also ! organization ( ! ,bra*yura ( ! ,second>y epo* 7,milne-,edw>ds & ,b\vi]1 #aija74 ,!y agree ) ! true crabs 9 n hav+ app5dages 7uropods7 to ! six? segm5t ( ! pleon1 ! atrophy be+ complete 9 ! ,homolidae & ,homolodromiidae1 :]eas 9 ! ,dromiidae & ,dynom5idae a pair ( small plates appe> to be ve/iges ( ^! organs4 ,9 ! family ,homolidae /&s ! /range g5us ,latreillia1 ,r\x1 ) long sl5d] limbs & triangul> c>apace aft] ! fa%ion ( oxyrhyn* spid]-crabs4 ,9 ,homola ! c>apace is quadrilat]al4 ,betwe5 ^! two a v int]e/+ l9k 0 discov]$ by ! ,*all5g] 9 ! species ,latreillopsis bisp9osa4 ,h5d]son4 ,b\vi] 7#ahif7 has %[n t ,palae9a*us longipes1 ,woodw>d1 f ! ,=e/ ,m>ble ( ,wilt%ire1 is 9 close relation%ip1 n to ! oxyrhyn* ,ina*idae1 b to ! g5]a ,homolodromia & ,dicranodromia ( ! ,homolodromiidae1 & t ! ,jurassic crabs 9 g5]al1 ( ! family ,prosoponidae 7,mey]71 are ,dromiidea4 #b4 ,,macrura4--,! ,macrura anomala1 or ,anomura 9 re/rict$ s5se1 are popul>ly kn[n ?r\gh ! h]mit-crabs alone4 ,^! only p>tially repres5t "o ( ! ?ree ma9 divisions1 ,paguridea1 ,gala!idea1 ,hippidea4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is subdivid$ into ,pagur9ea1 ,li?od9ea1 ,lomis9ea1 ea* ) a lit]ature ( its own4 ,among ! ,pagur9ea is ! ,birgus latro1 or robb]-crab1 ^: exp]tness 9 climb+ ! coco-nut palm ne$ no long] be d\bt$1 s9ce 9 rec5t ye>s x has be5 not$ & photograph$ by tru/wor?y naturali/s 9 ! v act4 ,alcock obs]v$ "o ( ^! crabs dr9k+ f a runnel ( ra9-wat]1 by dipp+ ! f+]s ( "o ( its *elip$s into ! wat] & !n c>ry+ ! wet f+]s to its m\?4 ,h]mits ( ! g5us ,co5obita he f\nd fe$+ voraci\sly on ne/l+ sea-t]ns4 ,t pagurids mu/ h ! usually s(t pleon or abdom5 protect$ by ! %ell ( a mollusc is n[ kn[n to be subject to a multitude ( exceptions4 ,birgus disp5ses ) a cov]+2 ,co5obita c make %ift ) half ! %ell ( a coco-nut2 ,*la5opagurus wraps itself up 9 a blanket ( colonial polyps2 ,cancellus tann]i1 ,faxon1 0 f\nd 9 a piece ( dead coral rock2 ,xylopagurus rectus1 ,a4 ,milne-,edw>ds1 lodges 9 tubes ( timb] or bits ( holl[ re$4 ,! la/-nam$ species has a /raight symmetrical abdom51 ) ! p5ultimate segm5t exp&$ & /rongly calcifi$ to =m a back-door to ! v unconv5tional habitation4 ,?is x ent]s head-=emo/ f ! re>1 :ile h]mits 9 g5]al are =c$ to g backw>ds into _! spiral or tap]+ %elt]s by ! front4 ,"s ( ! species c live 9 ! ocean at a dep? ( two or ?ree miles4 ,"s c range inl& up to a consid]able height on m\nta9s4 ,! advantage t ?is gr\p has d]iv$ f ! adoption ( mollusc %ells z h\ses or =tresses1 ready built & light en\gh = easy transport1 is obvi\sly disc\nt$ by a tw(old inconv5i5ce4 ,!re is no?+ to ensure t ! supply w be equal to ! dem&1 & ,nature has n arrang$ t ! borr[$ t5em5t %all cont9ue to gr[ ) ! gr[? ( its new t5ant4 ,to meet ^! defects x is f\nd t num]\s species enc\rage or dem& ! companion%ip ( v>i\s zoophytes1 simple or colonial4 ,^! sometimes completely absorb ! %ell on :i* !y are settl$1 b !n act z a sub/itute = x1 & 9 any case by _! outgr[? !y ext5d ! limits ( ! dwell+1 s t ! inmate c gr[ 9 com=t )\t hav+ to hunt or fight = a l>g] abode4 ,among ! ,li?od9ea1 or /one crabs1 besides important readju/m5ts ( classification 7,b\vi]1 #ahie1 #ahif71 %\ld be notic$ ! evid5ce ( _! cosmopolitan range1 & ! species ,neoli?odes agassizii 7,smi?7 & ,n4 grimaldii1 ,milne-,edw>ds & ,b\vi]1 :i* c>ry to an extreme ! sp9osity *>act]i/ic ( ! gr\p 7fig4 #a74 ,s4 ,i4 ,smi?'s inve/igations on ! e>ly /ages ( ,hippa talpoida1 ,say1 7 publi%$ 9 #ahgg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,neoli?odes grimaldii1 ,a4 ,milne-,edw>ds & ,b\vi]4 ,) reg>d to ! accessions to k 9 ! enorm\s gr\p ( ! g5u9e ,macrura1 ref]5ce ne$ only be made to ! ext5sive reports 9 :i* ,sp5ce ,bate1 ,s4 ,i4 ,smi?1 ,faxon1 ,wood-,mason1 ,alcock1 & o!rs h made kn[n ! results ( celebrat$ explorations4 ,v>i\s l>val /ages h be5 successfully inve/igat$ by ,s>s4 ,alcock 7#aija7 describes f 8 own obs]vation ! newly hat*$ ,phyllosoma l>va ( ,!nus ori5talis1 ,fabricius4 ,an admirable discrim9ation ( ! l>val & adult *>act]s ( ! g5us ,s]ge/es has be5 giv5 by ,h4 ,j4 ,hans5 7,proc4 ,zool4 ,soc41 ,london1 #ahif74 ,s+ul>ity excites our wond] 9 ,?auma/o*eles zaleucus1 v4 ,willemoes ,suhm1 :i* makes up = its vani%$ eyes by its extraord9>ily elongate & d5tat$ claws2 9 ,psalidopus huxleyi1 ,wood-,mason & ,alcock 7#ahib71 bri/l+ ) spikes f head to tail2 9 ! ,nematoc>c9idae1 ) _! long ?read-l limbs & long] ant5nae2 9 species ( ,ari/aeopsis report$ by ,*un f deep wat] (f ! ea/ coa/ ( ,africa1 bright r$ prawns ne>ly a foot long1 ) ant5nae ab\t five times ! l5g? ( ! body4 ,t c]ta9 species1 p>ticul>ly _m f deep wat]1 h disproportionately l>ge eggs1 is expla9$ by ! supposition t ! "y d]ive ! advantage ( be+ hat*$ 9 an advanc$ /age ( developm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,anaspides tasmaniae1 ,?omson4 #c4 ,,s*izopoda4--,?is ord] ( animals = ! mo/ "p delicately beautiful1 has = ! mom5t five families--,lophoga/ridae1 ,eucopiidae1 ,euphausiidae1 ,mysidae & ,anaspididae4 ,9 ! ,euphausiidae ! digiti=m-arboresc5t bran*iae1 z if consci\s ( _! own extreme elegance1 rema9 :olly uncov]$4 ,9 ! two prec$+ families !y are p>tially cov]$4 ,9 ! ,mysidae ! bran*iae are want+1 & "s w\ld =m ?is family into a sep>ate ord]1 ,mysidacea4 ,9 ,anaspides1 a peculi> fre%-wat] g5us discov]$ 9 #ahib by ,g4 ,m4 ,?omson on ,m\nt ,well+ton1 9 ,tasmania1 ! gills are n arboresc5t1 & !re are sev5 segm5ts ( ! trunk free ( ! c>apace 7fig4 #b74 ,a membranace\s c>apace sep>ates ! ,eucopiidae f ! m solidly inve/$ ,lophoga/ridae4 ,among _m pap]s t ! /ud5t w f9d x necess>y to consult may be m5tion$ ! ,*all5g] ,report on ,s*izopoda1 by ,s>s1 #ahhe1 deal+ ) ! ord] at l>ge2 ,briti% ,s*izopoda1 by ,norman ,ann4 ,nat4 ,hi/4 7#ahib72 ,decapod5 und ,s*izopod51 ,plankton-,exp$ition 7,ortmann1 #ahic72 ,euphausiidae1 by ,/ebb+1 ,proc4 ,zool4 ,soc4 7,london1 #aijj72 ,mysidae ( ! ,russian ,empire1 by ,cz]niavski 7#ahhb-ahhc72 & ,mysidae ( ! ,caspian1 by ,s>s 7#ahic-ahie-ahig74 #d4 ,,/omatopoda4--,?is ord]1 at "o "t a m$ley ( het]og5e\s =ms1 is n[ conf9$ to ! s+ul>ly compact gr\p ( ! ,squillidae4 ,"h ! articulation ( ! ocul> segm5t is unusually di/9ct1 & "h two *>act]s q =eign to all ! prec$+ gr\ps come into view4 ,! second maxillip$s are develop$ into p[]ful preh5sile organs1 & ! bran*iae1 in/ead ( be+ connect$ ) ! app5dages ( head & trunk1 are develop$ on ! pleopods1 app5dages ( ! abdom54 ,at lea/ ?ree segm5ts ( ! trunk are left uncov]$ by ! c>apace4 ,! develop+ eggs are n c>ri$ ab\t by ! "m1 b deposit$ 9 h] subaque\s burr[1 :]e !y are a]at$ by ! curr5ts ( wat] produc$ by ! abdom9al feet ( ! p>5t4 ,an excell5t synopsis ( ! g5]a & species is provid$ by ,r4 ,p4 ,bigel[ 7,proc4 ,u4,s4 ,mus4 vol4 xvii41 #ahid74 ,= ! habits & peculi>ities ( ^! & _m o!r ,cru/aceans1 ,a4 ,e4 ,v]rill & ,s4 ,i4 ,smi? on ! ,inv]tebrates ( ,v9ey>d ,s\nd %\ld be consult$ 7#ahgd74 ,! g5]al subject has be5 illum9at$ by ! lab\rs ( ,claus1 ,mi]s1 ,brooks 7,*all5g] ,report1 #ahhf71 & ! late/ ^w on ! relation%ip betwe5 ! v>i\s l>vae & _! respective g5]a has be5 spok5 by ,h4 ,j4 ,hans5 7,plankton-,exp$ition ,report1 #ahie74 ,! /rik+ =ms ( ,alima & ,eri*?us1 at "o "t reg>d$ z di/9ct g5]a1 are n[ ) m or less c]ta9ty affiliat$ to _! sev]al squillid p>5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,pseudocuma pect9atum1 ,s[9sky4 #e4 ,,sympoda4--,?is ord] ( sessile-ey$ decapods 0 absolutely unkn[n to sci5ce till #aggi4 ,a species c]ta9ly belong+ to x 0 describ$ by ,lepekh9 9 #aghj1 b ! obscure ,gamm>us esca1 food ,gamm>us belov$ ( h]r+s1 describ$ by ,j4 ,c4 ,fabricius 9 ! prec$+ ye>1 may also be "o ( its memb]s4 ,nutriti\s possibilities are impli$ 9 ,dia/ylis ra?kii1 ,kry]1 "o ( ! l>ge/ =ms1 :i*1 ?\gh sl5d] & r>ely an in* long1 9 its fav\rite ,arctic wat]s is f\nd 9 incalculable masses1 9 ?\s&s ( specim5s 7,/uxb]g1 #ahhj74 ,f> on 9 ! #ai? c5tury em95t naturali/s 7 /ill debat+ :e!r 9 ?is gr\p !re 7 eyes or no eyes1 :e!r ! eyes 7 /alk$ or sessile1 :e!r ! animals obs]v$ 7 l>val or adult4 ,! ,am]ican ,t4 ,say 9 #ahah gave a good description ( a new species & f\nd$ ! premi] g5us ,dia/ylis1 b o!r inve/igators d]iv$ little cr$it f ! subject till m ?an sixty ye>s aft] its introduction by ! ,russian ,lepekh94 ,!n ,goodsir1 ,kry]1 ,lilljeborg1 ,sp5ce ,bate & "o or two o!rs made consid]able advances1 & 9 #ahfe a memorable pap] by ,g4 ,o4 ,s>s l$ ! way to ! great s]ies ( rese>*es :i* he has cont9u$ to ! pres5t day4 ,! "n ,cumacea1 h[ev]1 :i* he uses _c be reta9$1 be+ f\nd$ on ! preoccupi$ "n ,cuma 7,milne-,edw>ds1 #ahbh74 ,! m rec5t "n ,sympoda 7see ,willey1 ,results1 pt4 v4 p4 #fji1 #aijj7 alludes to ! huddl+ toge!r ( ! legs1 :i* is conspicu\s 9 mo/ ( ! species4 ,t5 families are n[ di/+ui%$--,dia/ylidae1 ,lampropidae1 ,platyaspidae1 ,pseudocumidae1 all ) an articulat$ telson2 )\t "o1 ! ,bodotriidae 7=m]ly call$ ,cumidae71 ,vaun?ompsoniidae1 ,leuconidae1 ,nanna/acidae1 ,campylaspidae1 ,procampylaspidae4 ,all ! ,leuconidae & ,procampylaspidae are bl9d1 & "s species 9 mo/ ( ! o!r families4 ,usually ! sides ( ! c>apace are /rangely produc$ into a mock ro/rum 9 front ( ! ocul> lobe1 be x oculif]\s or n4 ,! la/ f\r or five segm5ts ( ! trunk are free f ! c>apace4 ,! sl5d] pleon has always six di/9ct segm5ts1 ! six? c>ry+ two-bran*$ uropods1 ! prec$+ five arm$ ) no pleopods 9 ! female1 :]eas 9 ! male ! numb] ( pairs v>ies f five to none4 ,! resemblance ( ^! creatures to m9iature ,macrura is allud$ to 9 ! g5]ic "n ,nanna/acus1 mean+ dw>f-lob/]4 ,9 ?is g5us alone ( ! kn[n ,sympoda ! eyes sometimes =m a pair1 9 accordance ) ! cu/om ( all o!r malaco/racan ord]s except ?is & ( ?is ord] itself 9 ! embryo 7,s>s1 #aijj74 ,! mo/ b n ! only rem>kable "* lies 9 ! fir/ maxillip$s4 ,^!1 ) ! ma9 /em m or less p$i=m1 h ! epipod & exopod modifi$ = respiratory purposes4 ,! backw>d-direct$ epipods usually c>ry bran*ial vesicles4 ,! =w>d-direct$ exopods ei!r act z valves or =m a tube 7r>ely two tubes71 prot5sile & retractile1 = regulat+ egress ( wat] f ! bran*ial regions4 ,?is me*anism z a :ole is unique1 al?\gh1 z ,s>s obs]ves1 ! epipod ( ! fir/ maxillip$s has a respiratory function also 9 ! ,lophoga/ridae & ,mysidae & 9 ! *elif]\s isopods4 ,z a rule armature ( ! c>apace is mu* m develop$ 9 ! comp>atively s$5t>y female ?an 9 ! usually m active male4 ,only 9 ! male d ! second ant5nae atta9 consid]able l5g?1 ) /rong resemblance to :at is f\nd 9 "s ( ! ,amphipoda4 ,ab\t #aej species di/ribut$ among ?irty-f\r g5]a are n[ kn[n1 _m f %all[ wat] & f betwe5 tide-m>ks1 "s f v great dep?s4 ,h4 ,j4 ,hans5 concludes t !y are all typically gr\nd animals1 & z yet no species has be5 tak5 "u su* conditions t x c\ld be reckon$ to ! pelagic plankton4 ,z !y h be5 f\nd 9 all zones & *iefly by a v few obs]v]s1 x is probable t a great _m m species rema9 to be discov]$4 ,9 rec5t ye>s ?irte5 species1 all belong+ to ! same g5us ,pseudocuma 7fig4 #c71 h be5 record$ by ,s>s f ! ,caspian ,sea4 ,a bibliography ( ! ord] is giv5 9 t au?or's ,cru/acea ( ,norway1 vol4 iii4 7#ahii-aijj74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4--,rhabdosoma piratum1 ,/ebb+4 #f4 ,,isopoda4--,?is va/ & popul\s ord] c be trac$ f> back 9 geological "t4 ,x is n[ repres5t$ 9 all seas & l&s1 9 fre%-wat] lakes & /reams1 & ev5 9 w>m spr+s4 ,x adapts itself to p>asitic life n only 9 fi%es1 b 9 its own class ,cru/acea1 & t 9 species ( e ord]1 its own includ$4 ,9 ?is process *anges ( /ructure are apt to occur1 & sometimes unimag9able sacrifices ( ! normal appe>ance4 ,! ord] has be5 divid$ into sev5 tribes1 ( :i* a full] summ>y ?an c "h be giv5 w be f\nd 9 ,/ebb+1 ,hi/ory ( ,cru/acea 7#ahic74 ,! fir/ tribe1 call$ ,*elif]a1 f ! usually *elate or claw-be>+ fir/ limbs1 may be reg>d$ z ,isopoda anomala1 ( :i* "s au?ors w\ld =m a sep>ate ord]1 ,tanaidea4 ,l ! g5u9e isopods1 !y h sev5 pairs ( trunk-legs1 b in/ead ( hav+ sev5 segm5ts ( ! middle body 7or p]aeon7 normally free1 !y h ! fir/ "o or two ( its segm5ts coalesc$ ) ! head4 ,in/ead ( ! brea?+ organs be+ furni%$ by ! app5dages ( ! pleon ) ! he>t 9 _! vic9ity1 ! respiration is controll$ by ! maxillip$s1 ) ! he>t 9 ! p]aeon 7see ,delage1 ,ar*4 ,zool4 expr4 et gn41 vol4 ix41 #ahha74 ,!re are two families1 ,tanaidae & ,apseudidae4 ,occasionally ! ocul> lobes are articulat$4 ,! g5u9e ,isopoda are divid$ among ! ,flabellif]a1 9 :i* ! t]m9al segm5t & uropods =m a flabellum or swimm+ fan2 ! ,epic>idea1 p>asitic on ,cru/aceans2 ! ,valvif]a1 9 :i* ! uropods fold valve-l ov] ! bran*ial pleopods2 ! ,asellota1 9 :i* ! fir/ pair ( pleopods ( ! female are usually trans=m$ into a s+le op]cul> plate2 ! ,phreatoicidea1 a fre%-wat] tribe1 kn[n z yet only f subt]ranean wat]s 9 ,new ,zeal& & an ,au/ralian swamp ne>ly #fjjj ft4 above sea-level2 & la/ly1 ! ,oniscidea1 :i* are t]re/rial4 ,only ! la/ ( ^!1 "u ! contemptu\s designation ( wood-lice1 has e/abli%$ a feeble claim to popul> recognition4 ,few p]sons he> )\t surprise t ,engl& itself possesses m ?an a score ( species 9 ?is air-brea?+ tribe4 ,^? kn[n f ! _w at l>ge numb] hundr$s ( species1 di/ribut$ among doz5s ( g5]a 9 six families4 ,t a wood-l\se & a l&-crab are alike ,malaco/racans1 & t !y h by diff]5t pa?s alike become adapt$ to t]re/rial life1 are facts :i* ev5 a philosoph] might condesc5d to notice4 ,( ! o!r tribes :i* are aquatic !re is n space to give ev5 ! b>e/ outl9e4 ,_! sw>m+ multitudes are ( enorm\s importance 9 ! economy ( ! sea4 ,if 9 _! relation to fi% x mu/ be admitt$ t _m ( !m plague ! liv+ & dev\r ! dead1 9 return ! fi% fe$ rapaci\sly ^u !m4 ,among ! mo/ curi\s ( rec5t discov]ies is t relat+ to "s ( ! p>asitic ,cymo?oidae1 z to :i* ,bull> has %[n t ! same individual c be develop$ fir/ z a male & !n z a female4 ,( lately discov]$ species ! mo/ /rik+ is "o ( ! deep-sea ,cirolanidae1 ,ba?ynomus giganteus1 ,a4 ,m4 ,edw>ds 7#ahgi71 :i* is unique 9 hav+ supplem5t>y ramifi$ bran*iae develop$ at ! bases ( ! pleopods4 ,its eyes are said to conta9 ne>ly #djjj facets4 ,! animal atta9s :at 9 ?is ord] is ! mon/r\s size ( #i 94 by #d4 ,a g5]al uni=mity ( ! trunk-limbs 9 ,isopoda ju/ifies ! ord9al "n1 b ! valvif]\s ,a/acillidae1 & among ! ,asellota ! ,munnopsidae1 (f] "s rem>kable exceptions to ?is *>act]i/ic4 ,among _m ess5tial works on ?is gr\p may be nam$ ! ,monogr4 ,cymo?o>um ( ,s*idte & ,me9]t 7#ahgi-ahhc72 ,*all5g] ,report1 ,b$d>d 7#ahhd-ahhf72 ,cirolanidae1 ,h4 ,j4 ,hans5 7#ahij72 ,isopoda ,t]re/ria1 ,budde-,lund 7#ahhe72 ,bopyridae1 ,bonni] 7#aijj72 ,cru/acea ( ,norway1 vol4 ii4 7,isopoda71 ,s>s 7#ahif-ahii71 :ile _! multitude precludes specification ( important contributions by ,b5$ict1 ,bovallius1 ,*ilton1 ,dohrn1 ,dollfus1 ,fraisse1 ,gi>d & ,bonni]1 ,h>g]1 ,haswell1 ,kossmann1 ,mi]s1 ,m',murri*1 ,norman1 ,h>riet ,ri*>dson1 ,ohl91 ,/ud]1 ,g4 ,m4 ,?omson1 ,a4 ,o4 ,walk]1 ,max ,web] & _m o!rs4 #g4 ,,amphipoda4--,z 9 ! g5u9e ,isopoda1 ! eyes ( ,amphipoda are always sessile1 & g5]ally pair$1 &1 9 contra/ to crabs & lob/]s1 ^! two gr\ps h only f\r pairs ( m\?-organs in/ead ( six1 b sev5 pairs ( trunk-legs in/ead ( five4 ,f ! above-nam$ isopods ! pres5t ord] is /rongly diff]5tiat$ by hav+ he>t & brea?+ organs n 9 ! pleon1 b 9 ! p]aeon1 or middle body1 ! m or less simple bran*ial vesicles be+ atta*$ to "s or all ( ! la/ six pairs ( trunk-legs4 ,normally ! pleon c>ries six pairs ( two-bran*$ app5dages1 ( :i* ! fir/ ?ree are mu* articulat$ flexible swimm+ feet1 ! la/ ?ree few-jo9t$ comp>atively indurat$ uropods4 ,!re are ?ree tribes1 ,gamm>idea1 ,caprellidea1 ,hyp]iidea4 ,! middle "o conta9s b two families1 ! cyl9drical & (t5 ?read-l skeleton %rimps1 ,caprellidae1 & _! ne> c\s9s1 ! broad1 flatt5$1 s-call$ :ale-lice1 ,cyamidae4 ,?is tribe has ! pleon dw9dl$ into insignificance1 :]eas 9 ! o!r two tribes x is p[]fully develop$4 ,! ,hyp]iidea are di/+ui%$ by hav+ _! maxillip$s nev] m ?an ?ree-jo9t$4 ,9 ! companion tribes ^! app5dages h normally sev5 jo9ts1 & always m ?an ?ree4 ,! ord] ?us %>ply divid$ is unit$ by an intimate int]lac+ ( *>act]s1 & =ms a compact :ole at pres5t defy+ intrusion f any o!r cru/acean gr\p4 ,s9ce #agge1 :5 ,j4 ,c4 ,fabricius in/itut$ ! g5us ,gamm>us = five species1 ( :i* only ?ree 7 amphipods1 :ile he left five o!r amphipods 9 ! g5us ,oniscus1 f ?is total ( eight sci5ce has develop$ ! ord]1 at fir/ v sl[ly1 b ( late by great leaps & b\nds1 s t n[ ! ,gamm>idea alone comprise m ?an #acjj species1 di/ribut$ among "s #cjj g5]a & #ci families4 ,!y burr[ 9 ! s&s ( e %ore2 !y ?rong ! we$s betwe5 tide-m>ks2 !y asc5d all /reams2 !y are f\nd 9 deep wells1 9 cav]ns1 9 lakes2 9 ,arctic wat]s !y sw>m 9 numb]s beyond computation2 !y f9d lodg+s on crabs1 on turtles1 on we$-gr[n buoys2 !y desc5d into dep?s ( ! ocean d[n to hundr$s or ?\s&s ( fa?oms2 !y are f\nd 9 m\nta9 /reams z f> above sea-level z "s ( _! cong5]s live bel[ x4 ,! ,talitridae1 bett] kn[n z s&hopp]s1 c =go ! br9y %ore & cont5t !mselves ) ! damp foliage ( inl& =e/s or casual humidity 9 ! crat] ( an ext9ct volcano4 ,ov] ! ocean surface1 z well z at v>i\s dep?s1 float & swim innum]able ,hyp]iidea--! wond]ful ,phronima1 glass-l 9 its glassy b>rel holl[$ out ( "s ,tunicate2 ! ,cy/isoma1 #d or #e 94 long1 ) its eye-cov]$ head2 ! ,rhabdosoma1 l a ?9 rod ( glass1 ) ne$le-l head & tail1 l>ge eyes1 b limbs & m\?-organs all 9 m9iature1 & ! second ant5nae ( ! male fold+ up l a c>p5t]'s rule 7fig4 #d74 ,on jelly-fi%es are to be f\nd species ( ,hyp]ia & _! k9dr$1 s fat & :olesome t !y h be5 comm5d$ to %ipwreck$ m5 9 op5 boats z an easily procurable res\rce aga9/ />vation4 ,_m ( ! ,amphipoda are extremely voraci\s4 ,"s ( !m are ev5 cannibals4 ,! ,cyamid afflict ! giant :ale by nibbl+ away its sk92 ! ,*elura t]ebrans is de/ructive to subm]g$ timb]4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 !y l>gely help to cle> ! sea & o!r wat]s ( refuse & c>rion1 & = fi%es1 seals & :ales !y are food desirable & (t5 a/\nd+ly copi\s4 ,f ! little flea-l species1 sc>cely a t5? ( an in* long1 up to ! great & r>e b cosmopolitan ,eury!nes gryllus1 ,li*t5/e91 & ! /ill l>g] ,alicella gigantea1 ,*evreux1 ne>ly half a foot long1 captur$ by ! pr9ce ( ,monaco f a dep? ( #bicf fa?oms1 n "o ( ^! ubiquit\s1 unc\ntable hordes has ev] be5 accus$ ( assail+ man4 ,= ! naturali/ !y h ! recomm5dation t _m are easy to obta91 t mo/1 ap>t f ! v m9ute1 are easy to h&le1 & t all1 except z to ! fleet+ col\rs1 are easy to pres]ve4 ,a ne>ly complete bibliography ( ! ord] d[n to #ahhh w be f\nd 9 ! ,*all5g] ,reports1 vol4 xxviii41 & supplem5t>y notices 9 ,della ,valle's ,monograph ( ! ,gamm>9i 7#ahic71 ! scope ( 8 "w1 h[ev]1 n cov]+ ! ,hyp]iidea & ,oxycephalidae ( ,bovallius 7#ahhi1 #ahij72 b s9ce ^! dates v num]\s additions to ! lit]ature h be5 made by ,birula1 ,bonni]1 ,norman1 ,walk] & o!rs1 especially ! ,cru/acea ( ,norway1 vol4 i4 7,amphipoda71 ,s>s 7#ahij-ahie71 dem&+ att5tion1 & ! q rec5t ,amphipoda ( ! ,hirondelle1 ,*evreux 7#aijj71 & ,hyp]iidea ( ! ,plankton-,exp$ition1 ,vossel] 7#aija74 7,t4 ,r4 ,r4 ,s47 ,,footnote3 #a ,9 ,huxley's t]m9ology ! fir/ two or ?ree jo9ts ( ! /em con/itute a protopodite1 f :i* spr+ ! endopodite & exopodite4 ,,malaga1 a m>itime prov9ce ( s\!rn ,spa91 "o ( ! eight mod]n subdivisions ( ,&alusia2 b\nd$ on ! ,w4 by ,cadiz1 ,n4 by ,seville & ,cordova1 ,e4 by ,granada1 & ,s4 by ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea4 ,pop4 7#aijj71 #eaa1ihi2 area1 #bhab sq4 m4 ,! nor!rn half ( ,malaga belongs to ! great ,&alusian pla9 wat]$ by ! ,guadalquivir1 ! s\!rn is m\nta9\s1 & rises /eeply f ! coa/4 ,( ! num]\s si]ras may be m5tion$ t ( ,alhama1 sep>at+ ! prov9ce f ,granada1 & at "o po9t ris+ above #gjjj ft42 its we/w>d cont9uation 9 ! ,si]ra de ,abdalajis & ! ,ax>quia betwe5 ,antequ]a & ,malaga2 & n f> f ! ,cadiz b\nd>y ! ,si]ras de ,ronda1 de ,mijas1 de ,tolox & ,b]meja1 conv]g+ & culm9at+ 9 a summit ( ne>ly #fejj ft4 ,! riv]s :i* rise 9 ! wat]%$ =m$ by all ^! ranges rea* ! sea aft] a %ort & precipit\s desc5t1 & 9 ra9y seasons are v liable to ov]fl[ _! banks4 ,9 #aijg great loss ( life & de/ruction ( prop]ty 7 caus$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,! pr9cipal riv] is ! ,guadalhorce1 :i* rises 9 ! ,si]ra de ,alhama1 &1 aft] a we/]ly c\rse pa/ ! vic9ity ( ,antequ]a1 b5ds s\?w>d ?r\gh ! wild defile ( ,pearrubia & ! beautiful vega or vale ( ,malaga1 fall+ into ! sea ne> t city4 ,! only o!r consid]able /ream is ! ,guadi>o1 :i* has ! great] "p ( its c\rse )9 ! prov9ce & fl[s pa/ ,ronda4 ,!re is an ext5sive salt lagoon ne> ! nor!rn b\nd>y4 ,! m\nta9s are ri* 9 m9]als1 lead1 & 79 ! neighb\rhood ( ,m>bella7 iron1 be+ obta9$ 9 l>ge quantities4 ,!re are w>m sulphur\s spr+s & ba?s at ,c>ratraca4 ,?\gh ! me?ods ( agriculture are = ! mo/ "p rude1 ! yield ( :eat 9 good seasons is consid]ably 9 excess ( ! local dem&2 & l>ge quantities ( grapes & rais9s1 oranges & lemons1 figs & almonds1 are annually export$4 ,! oil & w9es ( ,malaga are also highly e/eem$1 & aft] #ahgj ! manufacture ( beet & cane sug> develop$ into an important indu/ry4 ,9 #aije !re 7 ab\t #ejj fl\r mills & #bcj oil factories beside #ie /ills & #ajj w9e-presses 9 ! prov9ce4 ,malaga has suff]$ sev]ely f ! agricultural depression preval5t ?r\gh\t s\!rn ,spa91 b its manufactur+ indu/ries t5d to exp&4 ,! fi%]ies are important2 a fleet ( ab\t #cjj boats br+s 9 #ah1jjj1jjj lb4 annually1 ( :i* #be is export$4 ,! int]nal communications are 9 _m p>ts defective1 ow+ to ! brok5 nature ( ! surface2 b ! prov9ce is trav]s$ f nor? to s\? by ! ,cordova-,malaga railway1 :i* s5ds (f bran*es f ,bobadilla to ,granada & ,algeciras4 ,a bran* l9e along ! coa/ f ,malaga to ,vlez ,malaga 0 op5$ 9 #aijh4 ,malaga1 ! capital 7pop4 #acj1aji71 ,antequ]a 7#ca1fji71 ,vlez ,malaga 7#bc1ehf71 ,ronda 7#bj1iie71 ,con 7#ab1cbf71 & ,alora 7#aj1cbe71 are describ$ 9 sep>ate articles4 ,o!r t[ns ) m ?an #gjjj inhabitants are ,m>bella 7#ifbi71 ,e/epona 7#icaj71 ,ar*idona 7#hhhj7 & ,n]ja 7#gaab74 ,! population ( ! prov9ce t5ds gradually to decrease1 z _m families emigrate to ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,alg]ia & ,hawaii4 ,,malaga1 ! capital ( ! prov9ce ( ,malaga1 an episcopal see1 &1 next to ,b>celona1 ! mo/ important seaport ( ,spa91 f9ely situat$ on ! ,m$it]ranean coa/1 at ! s\!rn base ( ! ,ax>quia hills & at ! ea/]n extremity ( ! f]tile vega 7pla97 ( ,malaga 9 #cf #dc ,n4 & #d #be ,w4 ,pop4 7#aijj71 #acj1aji4 ,f ! cle>ness ( its sky1 & ! beautiful sweep ( its bay1 ,malaga has sometimes be5 comp>$ ) ,naples4 ,! climate is "o ( ! milde/ & mo/ equable 9 ,europe1 ! mean annual temp]ature be+ #ff4g ,fahr4 ,! pr9cipal railway inl& gives access ?r\gh ,bobadilla to all p>ts ( ,spa91 & a bran* l9e along ! coa/ to ,vlez-,malaga 0 op5$ 9 #aijh4 ,malaga lies pr9cipally on ! left bank ( a m\nta9 torr5t1 ! ,guadalm$9a 7riv] ( ! city72 ! /reets ne> ! sea are spaci\s & comp>atively mod]n1 b ^? 9 ! old] "p ( ! t[n1 :]e ! build+s are huddl$ ar\nd ! anci5t citadel1 are n>r[1 w9d+ & (t5 dilapidat$4 ,well-built suburbs h also spread on all sides into ! ri* & pleasant c\ntry :i* surr\nds ,malaga1 & sev]al acres ( l& reclaim$ f ! sea h be5 conv]t$ into a public p>k4 ,!re are v>i\s squ>es or plazas & public prom5ades2 ( ! =m] ! mo/ important are ! ,plaza de ,riego 7conta9+ ! monum5t to ,g5]al ,jos ,m>ia ,torrijos1 :o1 ) =ty-eight o!rs1 0 execut$ 9 ,malaga on ! #aa? ( ,decemb] #ahca1 = promot+ an insurrection 9 fav\r ( ! con/itution7 & ! ,plaza de la ,con/itucion2 adjo9+ ! quays is ! f9e ,paseo de la ,alam$a4 ,! city has no public build+s ( comm&+ ar*itectural or hi/orical importance4 ,! ca!dral1 on ! site ( an anci5t mosque1 0 begun ab\t #aebh2 aft] its con/ruction _h be5 twice int]rupt$1 x 0 complet$ to its pres5t /ate 9 ! #ah? c5tury1 & is 9 consequ5ce an obtrusive record ( ! deg5]ation ( ,spani% ar*itecture4 ,! woodwork ( ! *oir1 h[ev]1 is wor?y ( att5tion4 ,! *ur* ( ,el ,cri/o de la ,victoria conta9s "s relics ( ! siege ( #adhg4 ,!re are an ,engli% *ur* & an ,engli% cemet]y1 :i* dates f #ahcj2 up to t ye> all ,prote/ants :o di$ 9 ,malaga 7 buri$ on ! =e%ore1 :]e _! bodies 7 frequ5tly expos$ by ! action ( w9d & sea4 ,( ! old ,moori% ars5al only a s+le horse%oe gateway rema9s1 ! re/ ( ! site be+ *iefly occupi$ by an iron /ructure us$ z a m>ket2 ! ,alcazba1 or citadel1 has almo/ disappe>$4 ,! ca/le ( ,gibralf>o1 on a bold em95ce to ! nor?-ea/ dates f ! #ac? c5tury1 & is /ill 9 fairly good pres]vation4 ,dur+ ! #ai? c5tury s mu* silt accumulat$ 9 ! h>b\r t vessels 7 oblig$ to lie 9 ! roads outside1 & receive & dis*>ge c>go by means ( light]s2 b new h>b\r works 7 und]tak5 9 #ahhj1 & l>ge %ips c n[ aga9 load or dis*>ge at ! quays1 :i* are connect$ ) ! ma9 railway sy/em by a bran* l9e4 ,ab\t #baej %ips ( #a1gej1jjj tons ent] at ,malaga e ye>4 ,iron1 lead1 w9e1 olive oil1 almonds1 fre% & dri$ fruit1 palmetto hats & can>y se$ are export$ 9 l>ge quantities1 :ile ! imports include gra91 codfi%1 fuel1 *emicals1 iron & /eel1 ma*9]y1 manures & /aves = casks4 ,al?\gh trade 0 imp$$ dur+ ! e>ly ye>s ( ! #bj? c5tury by a succession ( bad h>ve/s & by ! disa/r\s floods ( ,septemb] #aijg1 ! numb] ( indu/ries c>ri$ on 9 & ne> ,malaga t5ds /eadily to increase4 ,!re are l>ge cotton mills1 iron f\ndries1 smelt+ works & eng9e]+ works4 ,pott]y1 mosaic1 artificial /one & tiles are produc$ *iefly = ! home m>ket1 ?\gh small] quantities are s5t abroad4 ,!re is a *romo-li?ographic e/abli%m5t1 & ! o!r indu/ries include tann+1 di/ill+ & ! manufacture ( sug>1 *ocolate1 soap1 c&les1 artificial ice1 *emical products1 :ite lead & pianos4 ,=eign capital has play$ a prom95t "p 9 ! developm5t ( ,malaga2 a ,fr5* syndicate owns ! gas-works1 & ! electric light+ ( ! /reets is controll$ by ,briti% & ,g]man companies4 ,malaga is ! ,greek3 ,mlaka ( ,/rabo 7iii4 #aef7 & ,ptolemy 7ii4 #d1 #g7 & ! ,malaca fo$]atorum ( ,pl9y 7iii4 #c74 ,! place seems to h be5 ( "s importance ev5 dur+ ! ,c>?ag9ian p]iod2 "u ! ,romans x became a municipium1 & "u ! ,visigo?s an episcopal see4 ,9 #gaa x pass$ into ! possession ( ! ,moors1 & soon came to be reg>d$ z "o ( ! mo/ important cities ( ,&alusia4 ,x 0 atta*$ to ! caliphate ( ,cordova1 b on ! fall ( ! ,omayyad dyna/y x became = a %ort "t ! capital ( an indep5d5t k+dom2 aft]w>ds x 0 dep5d5t on ,granada4 ,9 #adhg x 0 tak5 & treat$ ) great h>%ness by ,f]d9& & ,isabella aft] a protract$ siege4 ,9 #ahaj x 0 sack$ by ! ,fr5* "u ,g5]al ,seba/iani4 ,! citiz5s ( ,malaga are not$ = _! opposition to ! ,madrid gov]nm5t2 !y took a prom95t "p 9 ! movem5ts aga9/ ,esp>t]o 7#ahdc71 aga9/ ,que5 ,isabella 7#ahfh7 & 9 fav\r ( a republic 7#ahgc74 ,,malak& ,,pass1 a m\nta9 pass 9 ! ,nor?-,we/ ,prov9ce ( ,india1 connect+ ! ,briti% di/rict ( ,pe%aw> ) ! ,swat ,valley4 ,x is n[ a milit>y po/ & ! headqu>t]s ( a political ag5cy4 ,x came into prom95ce = ! fir/ "t 9 #ahie dur+ ! ,*itral campaign1 :5 #gjjj ,pa?ans held x aga9/ ,sir ,rob]t ,l['s advance1 b 7 easily r\t$4 ,aft] ! campaign 0 ov] a =tifi$ camp 0 =m$ on ! ,malak& to gu>d ! road to ,*itral4 ,dur+ ! fronti] ris+s ( #ahig ! ,swatis made a det]m9$ attack on ! ,malak&1 :]e #gjj 7 kill$1 & on ! adjac5t po/ ( ,*akd>a1 :]e #bjjj 7 kill$4 ,?is 0 ! orig9 ( ! ,malak& ,exp$ition ( ! same ye>4 7,see ,,swat47 ,,malalas 7or ,,malelas7 7,syriac = orator71 ,,john 7c4 #dia-egh71 ,byzant9e *ronicl]1 0 born at ,antio*4 ,he wrote a ,greek3 ,*ronographia 9 #ah books1 ! beg9n+ & ! end ( :i* are lo/4 ,9 its pres5t /ate x beg9s ) ! my?ical hi/ory ( ,egypt & ends ) ! exp$ition to ,africa "u ,m>cianus1 ! nephew ( ,ju/9ian4 ,except = ! hi/ory ( ,ju/9ian & 8 imm$iate pr$ecessors1 x possesses little hi/orical value2 x is writt5 )\t any idea ( proportion & conta9s a/oni%+ blund]s4 ,! writ] is a support] ( ,*ur* & ,/ate1 an uphold] ( mon>*ical pr9ciples4 ,! "w is r a *ronicle writt5 r\nd ,antio*1 :i* he reg>d$ z ! c5tre ( ! _w1 & 79 ! lat] books7 r\nd ,con/ant9ople4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 important z ! fir/ specim5 ( a *ronicle writt5 n = ! le>n$ b = ! in/ruction ( ! monks & ! common p1 9 ! language ( ! vulg>1 ) an admixture ( ,lat9 & ,ori5tal words4 ,x obta9$ great popul>ity1 & 0 consci5ti\sly exploit$ by v>i\s writ]s until ! #aa? c5tury1 be+ translat$ ev5 into ! ,slavonic languages4 ,x is pres]v$ 9 an abridg$ =m 9 a s+le ,,ms4 n[ at ,ox=d4 ,= ! au?orities consult$ by ,malalas1 ! influ5ce ( 8 "w on ,slavonic & ,ori5tal lit]ature1 ! /ate ( ! text1 ! orig9al =m & ext5t ( ! "w1 ! date ( its composition1 ! relation ( ! conclud+ "p to ! :ole1 & ! lit]ature ( ! subject1 see ,c4 ,krumba*]'s ,ges*i*te d] byzant9is*5 ,litt]atur 7#ahig74 ,see also ! editio pr9ceps1 by ,e4 ,*ilmead 7,ox=d1 #afia71 conta9+ an essay by ,humphrey ,hody & ,b5tley's well-kn[n lett] to ,mill2 o!r editions 9 ! ,bonn ,corpus scriptorum hi/4 byz41 by ,l4 ,d9dorf 7#ahca71 & 9 ,j4 ,p4 ,migne ,patrologia graeca1 xcvii4 ,,malan1 ,,solomon ,,caes> 7#ahab-ahid71 ,briti% div9e & ori5tali/1 0 by bir? a ,swiss desc5d$ f an exil$ ,fr5* family1 & 0 born at ,g5eva on ! #bbnd ( ,april #ahab1 :]e 8 fa!r1 ,dr ,h5ry ,abraham ,caes> ,malan 7#aghg-ahfd7 enjoy$ a great reputation z a ,prote/ant div9e4 ,f 8 e>lie/ y\? he manife/$ a rem>kable faculty = ! /udy ( languages1 & :5 he came to ,scotl& z tutor 9 ! m>quis ( ,twe$dale's family at ! age ( #ah he _h already made progress 9 ,sanskrit1 ,arabic & ,hebrew4 ,9 #ahcc he matriculat$ at ,/ ,edmund ,hall1 ,ox=d2 & ,engli% be+ almo/ an unkn[n tongue to him1 he petition$ ! exam9]s to all[ him to d 8 pap] "w ( ! exam9ation 9 ,fr5*1 ,g]man1 ,spani%1 ,italian1 ,lat9 or ,greek1 r ?an 9 ,engli%4 ,b 8 reque/ 0 n grant$4 ,aft] ga9+ ! ,bod5 & ! ,pusey & ,ell]ton s*ol>%ips1 he graduat$ #bnd class 9 ,lit4 hum4 9 #ahcg4 ,he !n proce$$ to ,india z classical lectur] at ,bi%op's ,college1 ,calcutta1 to :i* po/ he add$ ! duties ( secret>y to ! ,b5gal bran* ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society2 & al?\gh compell$ by illness to return 9 #ahdj1 laid ! f\ndation ( a k ( ,tibetan & ,*9ese4 ,aft] s]v+ v>i\s curacies1 he 0 pres5t$ 9 #ahde to ! liv+ ( ,broadw9dsor1 ,dorset1 :i* he held until #ahhf4 ,dur+ ?is entire p]iod he cont9u$ to augm5t 8 l+ui/ic k1 :i* he c>ri$ s f> z to be able to prea* 9 t mo/ difficult language1 ,georgian1 on a visit :i* he paid to ,n9eveh 9 #ahgb4 ,8 translations f ! ,arm5ian1 ,georgian & ,coptic 7 num]\s4 ,he appli$ 8 ,*9ese le>n+ to ! det]m9ation ( important po9ts connect$ ) ,*9ese religion1 & publi%$ a va/ numb] ( p>allel passages illu/rative ( ! ,book ( ,prov]bs4 ,9 #ahhj ! univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh conf]r$ ^u him ! honor>y degree ( ,d4,d4 ,no mod]n s*ol>1 p]haps1 has s ne>ly approa*$ ! l+ui/ic omnisci5ce ( ,mezz(anti2 b1 l ,mezz(anti1 ,dr ,malan 0 m ( a l+ui/ ?an a critic4 ,he made himself conspicu\s by ! vehem5ce ( 8 opposition to ,we/cott & ,hort's text ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & to ! translit]ation ( ,ori5tal languages1 on nei!r ( :i* po9ts did he 9 g5]al obta9 ! suffrages ( s*ol>s4 ,8 ext5sive & valuable libr>y1 "s special collections except$1 0 pres5t$ by him 9 8 lifetime to ! ,indian ,in/itute at ,ox=d4 ,he di$ at ,b\rnem\? on ! #be? ( ,novemb] #ahid4 ,8 life has be5 writt5 by 8 son4 ,m,,l>1 a lake ( ,sw$51 ext5d+ #gc m4 we/w>d f ,/ockholm1 :i* lies at its junction ) ! ,saltsj1 an arm ( ! ,baltic ,sea4 ,! height ( ! lake is normally only f #aa 94 to #b ft4 above sea-level1 & its outfl[ is sometimes rev]s$4 ,! area is #ddi sq4 m4 ,! bottom consi/s ( a s]ies ( bas9s sep>ate by ridges f :i* rise num]\s isl&s4 ,! deepe/ s\nd+ is #baj ft4 ,! outl9e is v irregul>1 ! mean bread? be+ ab\t #ae m41 b an arm ext5ds nor?w>d = #cj m4 ne>ly to ! city ( ,upsala ) _m ramifications4 ,! area ( ! dra9age bas9 is #hghi sq4 m41 ( :i* #aabd are occupi$ by lakes4 ,! navigable connexions ) ! lake are--7#a7 ) lake ,hjelm> to ! s\?-we/ by ! ,arboga riv] & ! ,hjelm> canal2 & by ! ,eskil/una riv] & ! ,?or%lla canal2 7#b7 ) ! ,baltic s\?w>d ?r\gh ! ,sd]telge canal1 ! r\te foll[$ by ! ,gta canal /eam]s2 7#c7 ) ! ,baltic by two *annels at ,/ockholm4 ,! m important t[ns1 besides ,/ockholm1 are ,ve/]s on ! nor?1 ,sd]telge & ,eskil/una ne> ! s\? %ore4 ,! lake (f]s a field = recreation fully appreciat$ by ! inhabitants ( ! capital1 & _m ( ^? ^: bus9ess lies at ,/ockholm h _! resid5ces on ! %ores ( ,ml>4 ,on ,drottn+holm 7,que5's ,isl&1 nam$ f ,ca!r9e1 wife ( ,john ,,iii47 is a palace ) a f9e p>k & =mal g>d5s4 ,john ,,iii4 built a palace at ! close ( ! #af? c5tury1 b ! exi/+ build+1 by ,nicodemus ,tess9 & 8 son ,nicodemus1 dates f ! second half ( ! #ag? c5tury4 ,at ,m>iefr$ on ! s\? %ore !re is ! ca/le ( ,grip%olm 7#aecg71 built by ,gu/avus ,vasa1 a picturesque erection ) f\r t[]s1 ri*ly adorn$ )91 & conta9+ a l>ge collection ( portraits4 ,/r5gns1 on ! same %ore1 became an episcopal see 9 #abia1 :5 ! f9e ca!dral1 mu* alt]$ s9ce1 0 consecrat$4 ,9 ! episcopal palace1 a build+ ( ! #ae? c5tury n[ us$ z a s*ool1 ,gu/avus ,vasa 0 elect$ to ! ?rone ( ,sw$5 9 #aebc4 ,on ! nor?w>d arm ( ! lake is ! palace ( ,ros5b]g1 us$ z a s*ool ( gunn]y1 9 a well-wood$ p>k4 ,on a bran* ( ! same arm is ,sigtuna1 a village ^: ru9$ *ur*es are a memorial ( its rank among ! pr9cipal t[ns ( ,sw$5 aft] its f\ndation 9 ! #aa? c5tury4 ,rema9s prove t on ,bjrk1 an isl& 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ! lake1 !re 0 a l>ge settlem5t ( e>li] importance ?an ,sigtuna4 ,"h a cross commemorates ! prea*+ ( ,*ri/ianity by ,/ ,ansg> 9 #hbi4 ,f9ally1 on ! nor!rn arm ab\t #aj m4 s\? ( ,upsala1 !re is ! *teau ( ,skoklo/]1 occupy+ ! site ( a mona/]y1 & pres5t$ by ,gu/avus ,adolphus to ,m>%al ,h]man ,wrangel1 ^: son ,*>les ,gu/avus ,wrangel /or$ x ) a rem>kable collection ( trophies f ,g]many1 tak5 dur+ ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>2 includ+ a libr>y1 an arm\ry1 & a great accumulation ( curios4 ,,mal>ia1 an ,italian colloquial ^w 7f mala1 bad1 & aria1 air71 introduc$ into ,engli% m$ical lit]ature by ,maccullo* 7#ahbg7 z a sub/itute = ! m re/rict$ t]ms m>% miasm or paludal poison4 ,x is g5]ally appli$ to ! def9ite unheal?y condition ( body kn[n by a v>iety ( names1 su* z ague1 int]mitt5t 7& remitt5t7 fev]1 m>% fev]1 jungle fev]1 hill fev]1 fev] ( ! c\ntry & fev] & ague4 ,a s+le p>oxysm ( simple ague may come ^u ! pati5t 9 ! mid/ ( good heal? or x may be prec$$ by "s malaise4 ,! ague-fit beg9s ) *ills proce$+ z if f ! l[] "p ( ! back1 & gradually ext5d+ until ! coldness ov]takes ! :ole body4 ,tremors ( ! muscles m or less viol5t accompany ! cold s5sations1 beg9n+ ) ! muscles ( ! l[] jaw 7*att]+ ( ! tee?71 & ext5d+ to ! extremities & trunk4 ,! expression has mean:ile *ang$3 ! face is pale or livid2 !re are d>k r+s "u ! eyes2 ! features are p9*$ & %>p1 & ! :ole sk9 %runk52 ! f+]s are dead :ite1 ! nails blue4 ,all ^? symptoms are ref]able to spasmodic con/riction ( ! small surface art]ies1 ! pulse at ! wri/ be+ itself small1 h>d & quick4 ,9 ! int]ior organs !re are indications ( a comp5sat+ accumulation ( blood1 su* z swell+ ( ! sple51 engorgem5t 7v r>ely rupture7 ( ! he>t1 ) a feel+ ( oppression 9 ! *e/1 & a copi\s fl[ ( cle> & wat]y ur9e f ! conge/$ kidneys4 ,! body temp]ature w h ris5 sudd5ly f ! normal to #ajc or high]4 ,?is fir/ or cold /age ( ! p>oxysm v>ies mu* 9 l5g?2 9 temp]ate climates x la/s f "o to two h\rs1 :ile 9 tropical & subtropical c\ntries x may be %ort5$4 ,x is foll[$ by ! /age ( dry heat1 :i* w be prolong$ 9 proportion z ! previ\s /age is curtail$4 ,! feel+ ( heat is at fir/ an int]nal "o1 b x spreads outw>ds to ! surface & to ! extremities2 ! sk9 becomes w>m & r$1 b rema9s dry2 ! pulse becomes s(t] & m full1 b /ill quick2 & ! ?robb+s occur 9 expos$ art]ies1 su* z ! temporal4 ,! sple5 cont9ues to enl>ge2 ! ur9e is n[ scanty & high-col\r$2 ! body temp]ature is high1 b ! highe/ temp]atures occur dur+ ! *ill2 !re is consid]able ?ir/2 & !re is ! usual intellectual unfitness1 & x may be confusion1 ( ! fev]i% /ate4 ,?is p]iod ( dry heat1 hav+ la/$ ?ree or f\r h\rs or long]1 comes to an end 9 p]spiration1 at fir/ a m]e moi/ness ( ! sk91 pass+ into sweat+ t may be pr(use & ev5 dr5*+4 ,sleep may ov]take ! pati5t 9 ! mid/ ( ! sweat+ /age1 & he awakes1 n )\t "s feel+ ( :at he has pass$ ?r\gh1 b on ! :ole well1 ) ! temp]ature fall5 almo/ or altoge!r to ! normal1 or x may be ev5 bel[ ! normal2 ! pulse mod]ate & full2 ! sple5 aga9 ( its ord9>y size2 ! ur9e t is pass$ aft] ! p>oxysm deposits a ?ick brick-r$ s$im5t ( urates4 ,! ?ree /ages toge!r w probably h la/$ six to twelve h\rs4 ,! p>oxysm is foll[$ by a def9ite int]val 9 :i* !re is n only no fev]1 b ev5 a fair degree ( bodily com=t & fitness2 ?is is ! int]mission ( ! fev]4 ,ano!r p>oxysm beg9s at or ne> ! same h\r next day 7quotidian ague71 :i* results f a d\ble t]tian infection1 or ! int]val may be =ty-eight h\rs 7t]tian ague71 or sev5ty-two h\rs 7qu>tan ague74 ,x is ! g5]al rule1 ) frequ5t exceptions1 t ! quotidian p>oxysm comes on 9 ! morn+1 ! t]tian ab\t noon1 & ! qu>tan 9 ! aft]noon4 ,ano!r rule is t ! qu>tan has ! longe/ cold /age1 :ile its p>oxysm is %orte/ z a :ole2 ! quotidian has ! %orte/ cold /age & a long hot /age1 :ile its p>oxysm is longe/ z a :ole4 ,! po9t common to ! v>i\s =ms ( ague is t ! p>oxysm ceases ab\t midnight or e>ly morn+4 ,quotidian int]mitt5t is on ! :ole m common ?an t]tian 9 hot c\ntries2 else:]e ! t]tian is ! usual type1 & qu>tan is only occasional4 ,if ! fir/ p>oxysm %\ld n cease )9 ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 ! fev] is n reckon$ z an int]mitt5t1 b z a remitt5t4 ,remitt5t is a n unusual =m ( ! mal>ial process 9 tropical & subtropical c\ntries1 & 9 "s localities or 9 "s seasons x is m common ?an int]mitt5t4 ,x may be said to arise out ( t type ( int]mitt5t 9 :i* ! cold /age is %ort5$ :ile ! hot /age t5ds to be prolong$4 ,a c]ta9 abatem5t or remission ( ! fev] takes place1 ) or )\t sweat+1 b !re is no true int]mission or int]val ( absolute apyrexia4 ,! p]iodicity %[s itself 9 ! =m ( an exac]bation ( ! /ill cont9u+ fev]1 & t exac]bation may take place tw5ty-f\r h\rs aft] ! fir/ onset1 or ! int]val may be only half t p]iod1 or x may be d\ble4 ,a fev] t is to be remitt5t w usually decl>e itself f ! outset3 x beg9s ) *ills1 b )\t ! %iv]+ & %ak+ fit ( ! int]mitt5t2 ! hot /age soon foll[s1 pres5t+ ! same *>act]s z ! prolong$ hot /age ( ! quotidian1 ) ! frequ5t addition ( bili\s symptoms1 & x may be ev5 ( jaundice & ( t5d]ness ov] ! /oma* & liv]4 ,t[>ds morn+ ! fev] abates2 ! pulse falls 9 frequ5cy1 b does n come d[n to ! normal2 heada*e & a*+ 9 ! lo9s & limbs become less1 b d n cease altoge!r2 ! body temp]ature falls1 b does n t\* ! level ( apyrexia4 ,! remission or abatem5t la/s g5]ally ?r\gh\t ! morn+2 & ab\t noon !re is an exac]bation1 seldom u%]$ 9 by *ills1 :i* cont9ues till ! e>ly morn+ foll[+1 :5 x remits or abates z be=e4 ,a pati5t ) remitt5t may get well 9 a week "u treatm5t1 b ! fev] may g on = sev]al weeks2 ! return to heal? is (t5 ann\nc$ by ! fev] assum+ ! int]mitt5t type1 or1 9 o!r words1 by ! remissions t\*+ ! level ( absolute apyrexia4 ,remitt5t fev]s 7z well z int]mitt5ts7 v>y consid]ably 9 int5sity2 "s cases are int5se f ! outset1 or p]nici\s1 ) aggravation ( all ! symptoms--lead+ to /upor1 delirium1 collapse1 int5se jaundice1 blood 9 ! /ools1 blood & album5 9 ! ur9e1 &1 x may be1 suppression ( ur9e foll[$ by convulsions4 ,! sev]e =ms ( int]mitt5t are mo/ apt to occur 9 ! v "y1 or 9 ! ag$1 or 9 debilitat$ p]sons g5]ally4 ,mild] cases ( mal>ial fev] are apt to become dang]\s f ! complications ( dys5t]y1 bron*itis or pneumonia4 ,sev]e remitt5ts 7p]nici\s or bili\s remitt5ts7 approximate to ! type ( yell[ fev] 7q4v471 :i* is conv5tionally limit$ to epidemic outbreaks 9 we/]n longitudes & on ! we/ coa/ ( ,africa4 ,( ! mortality due to mal>ial disease a small "p only is ref]able to ! direct attack ( int]mitt5t1 & *iefly to ! fev] 9 its p]nici\s =m4 ,remitt5t fev] is mu* m fatal 9 its direct attack4 ,b probably ! great] "p ( ! enorm\s total ( dea?s set d[n to mal>ia is due to ! mal>ial ca*exia4 ,! dwell]s 9 a mal>i\s region l ! ,t]ai 7at ! foot ( ! ,himalayas7 are mis]able1 li/less & ugly1 ) l>ge heads & p>ticul>ly prom95t e>s1 flat noses1 tumid bellies1 sl5d] limbs & sall[ complexions2 ! *ildr5 are impregnat$ ) mal>ia f _! bir?1 & _! gr[? is att5d$ ) ab]rations f ! normal :i* practically am\nt to ! disease ( rickets4 ,! mal>ial ca*exia t foll[s def9ite attacks ( ague consi/s 9 a /ate ( ill-def9$ suff]+1 associat$ ) a sall[ sk91 enl>g$ sple5 & liv]1 & sometimes ) dropsy4 ,causation4--,f ! "t ( ,hippocrates onw>ds ! mal>ial or p]iodical fev]s h engag$ ! att5tion ( innum]able obs]v]s1 :o h sugge/$ v>i\s !ories ( causation1 & h sometimes anticipat$--vaguely1 inde$1 b ) surpris+ accuracy--! results ( mod]n rese>*2 b ! true nature ( ! disease rema9$ 9 d\bt until ! clos+ ye>s ( ! #ai? c5tury4 ,x has n[ be5 demon/rat$ by a s]ies ( accurate inve/igations1 contribut$ by _m work]s1 t mal>ia is caus$ by a microscopic p>asite 9 ! blood1 into :i* x is introduc$ by ! bites ( c]ta9 species ( mosquito4 7,see ,,p>asitic ,,diseases & ,,mosquitoes47 ,hi/ory ( ,discov]y4 ,! successive /eps by :i* ! pres5t position has be5 rea*$ =m an int]e/+ *apt] 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5tific progress4 ,! fir/ sub/antial l9k 9 ! actual *a9 ( discov]y 0 contribut$ 9 #ahhj by ,lav]an1 a ,fr5* army surgeon s]v+ 9 ,alg]ia4 ,on ! #f? ( ,novemb] 9 t ye> he pla9ly saw ! liv+ p>asites "u ! microscope 9 ! blood ( a mal>ial pati5t1 & he %ortly aft]w>ds communicat$ 8 obs]vations to ! ,p>is ,acadmie de ,mdec9e4 ,!y 7 confirm$1 b met ) little acceptance 9 ! sci5tific _w1 :i* 0 preoccupi$ ) ! claims ( a subsequ5tly discr$it$ ,bacillus mal>iae4 ,9 #ahhe ! ,italian pa?ologi/s came r\nd to ,lav]an's views1 & began to "w out ! life hi/ory ( 8 p>asites4 ,! subject has a special int]e/ = ,italy1 :i* is deva/at$ by mal>ia1 & ,italian sci5ce has contribut$ mat]ially to ! solution ( ! problem4 ,! lab\rs ( ,golgi1 ,m>*iafava1 ,celli & o!rs e/abli%$ ! nature ( ! p>asite & its behavi\r 9 ! blood2 !y prov$ ! fact1 guess$ by ,rasori s f> back z #ahdf1 t ! p]iodical febrile p>oxysm corresponds ) ! developm5t ( ! organisms2 & !y %[$ t ! diff]5t =ms ( mal>ial fev] h _! di/9ct p>asites1 & consequ5tly fall into di/9ct gr\ps1 def9$ on an etiological z well z a cl9ical basis--namely1 ! mild or spr+ gr\p1 :i* includes t]tian & qu>tan ague1 & ! malignant or ae/ivo-autumnal gr\p1 :i* includes a t]tian or a semi-t]tian & ! true quotidian type4 ,?ree di/9ct p>asites1 correspond+ ) ! t]tian1 qu>tan & malignant types ( fev]1 h be5 describ$ by ,italian obs]v]s1 & ! classification is g5]ally accept$2 int]m$iate types are ascrib$ to mix$ & multiple infections4 ,s f>1 h[ev]1 only half ! problem1 & f ! practical po9t ( view ! less important half1 _h be5 solv$4 ,! orig9 ( ! p>asite & its mode ( introduction into ! blood rema9$ to be discov]$4 ,an old popul> belief curr5t 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 & d]iv$ f common obs]vation1 connect$ mosquitoes ) mal>ia1 & f "t to "t ?is !ory f\nd support 9 m sci5tific qu>t]s on g5]al gr\nds1 b x lack$ demon/ration & attract$ little att5tion4 ,9 #ahid1 h[ev]1 ,sir ,patrick ,manson1 argu+ ) great] precision by analogy f 8 own discov]y ( ! cause ( fil>iasis & ! "p play$ by mosquitoes1 sugge/$ t ! mal>ial p>asite _h a simil> int]m$iate ho/ outside ! human body1 & t a suctorial insect1 :i* w\ld probably be f\nd to be a p>ticul> mosquito1 0 requir$ = its developm5t4 ,foll[+ up ?is l9e ( inve/igation1 ,major ,ronald ,ross 9 #ahie f\nd t if a mosquito suck$ blood conta9+ ! p>asites !y soon began to ?r[ out flagellae1 :i* broke away & became free2 & 9 #ahig he discov]$ peculi> pigm5t$ cells1 :i* aft]w>ds turn$ out to be ! p>asites ( ae/ivo-autumnal mal>ia 9 an e>ly /age ( developm5t1 )9 ! /oma*-wall ( mosquitoes :i* _h be5 f$ on mal>ial blood4 ,he fur!r f\nd t only mosquitoes ( ! g5us ,anopheles _h ^! cells1 & t !y did n get !m :5 f$ on heal?y blood4 ,!n1 turn+ 8 att5tion to ! mal>ia ( birds1 he work$ out ! life-hi/ory ( ^! cells )9 ! body ( ! mosquito4 ,he saw t !y increas$ 9 size1 divid$1 & became full ( fili=m spores1 !n ruptur$ & p\r$ out _! multitud9\s prog5y into ! body-cavity ( _! insect ho/4 ,f9ally1 he saw ! spores accumulate )9 ! cells ( ! saliv>y gl&s1 & discov]$ t !y actually pass$ d[n ! saliv>y ducts & along ! groov$ hypoph>ynx into ! seat ( puncture1 ?us caus+ infection 9 a fre% v]tebrate ho/ 7,sambon74 ,to apply ^! discov]ies to ! mal>ia ( man 0 an obvi\s /ep4 ,9 work+ out ! details ! ,italian s*ool h aga9 tak5 a prom95t "p4 ,exp]im5t4 ,?us we get a complete sci5tific demon/ration ( ! causation ( mal>ia 9 ?ree /ages3 7#a7 ! discov]y ( ! p>asite by ,lav]an2 7#b7 its life-hi/ory 9 ! human ho/ & connexion ) ! fev] demon/rat$ by ! ,italian obs]v]s2 7#c7 its life-hi/ory 9 ! alt]nate ho/1 & ! id5tification ( ! latt] ) a p>ticul> species ( mosquito by ,ross & ,manson4 ,! conclusions d]iv$ f ! microscopical laboratory 7 confirm$ by actual exp]im5t4 ,9 #ahih x 0 conclusively %[n 9 ,italy t if a mosquito ( ! ,anopheles v>iety bites a p]son suff]+ f mal>ia1 & is kept long en\gh = ! p>asite to develop 9 ! saliv>y gl&1 & is !n all[$ to bite a heal?y p]son1 ! latt] w 9 due "t develop mal>ia4 ,! conv]se proposition1 t p]sons effici5tly protect$ f mosquito bites escape mal>ia1 has be5 made ! subject ( sev]al rem>kable exp]im5ts4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ 0 c>ri$ out 9 #aijj = ! ,london ,s*ool ( ,tropical ,m$ic9e by ,dr ,sambon & ,dr ,l[1 :o w5t to reside 9 "o ( ! mo/ mal>i\s di/ricts 9 ! ,roman ,campagna dur+ ! mo/ dang]\s season4 ,toge!r ) ,signor ,t]zi & two ,italian s]vants1 !y liv$ f ! beg9n+ ( ,july until ! #ai? ( ,octob] 9 a specially protect$ hut1 erect$ ne> ,o/ia4 ,! sole precaution tak5 0 to conf9e !mselves betwe5 sunset & sunrise to _! mosquito-pro( dwell+4 ,all escap$ mal>ia1 :i* 0 rife 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood4 ,mosquitoes caught by ! exp]im5t]s1 & s5t to ,london1 produc$ mal>ia 9 p]sons :o submitt$ !mselves to ! bites ( ^! insects at ! ,london ,s*ool ( ,tropical ,m$ic9e4 ,exp]im5ts 9 protection on a l>g] scale1 & "u m ord9>y conditions1 h be5 c>ri$ out ) equal success by ,pr(essor ,celli & o!r ,italian au?orities4 ,! fir/ ( ^! 0 9 #ahii1 & ! subjects 7 ! railwaym5 employ$ on c]ta9 l9es runn+ ?r\gh highly mal>i\s di/ricts4 ,( #bd protect$ p]sons1 all escap$ b f\r1 & ^! _h to be out at night or o!rwise neglect$ precautions2 ( #ch unprotect$ p]sons1 all contract$ mal>ia except two1 :o _h app>5tly acquir$ immunity4 ,9 #aijj fur!r exp]im5ts gave /ill bett] results4 ,( #eb protect$ p]sons on "o l9e1 all escap$ except two1 :o 7 c>eless2 ( #eb protect$ on ano!r l9e1 all escap$2 :ile ( #ea unprotect$ p]sons1 liv+ 9 alt]nate h\ses1 all suff]$ except sev54 ,out ( a total ( #bjg p]sons protect$ 9 ^! railway exp]im5ts1 #aig escap$4 ,9 two peasants' cottages 9 ! ,campagna1 protect$ ) wire nett+ by ,pr(essor ,celli1 all ! inmates--#aj 9 numb]--escap$1 :ile ! neighb\rs suff]$ sev]ely2 & ?ree out ( f\r p]sons liv+ 9 a ?ird hut1 f :i* protection 0 remov$ ow+ to ! indiff]5ce ( ! inmates1 contract$ mal>ia4 ,9 ! mal>i\s islet ( ,as9>a a pond ( /agnant wat] 0 treat$ ) petroleum & all w9d[s 7 protect$ ) gauze4 ,! result 0 t ! h\ses 7 free f mosquitoes & no mal>ia occurr$ ?r\gh\t ! entire season1 ?\gh !re _h be5 #dj cases 9 ! previ\s ye>4 ,eight ,r$ ,cross ambulances1 ea* ) a doctor & att5dant1 7 s5t into ! mo/ mal>i\s p>ts ( ! ,campagna 9 #aijj4 ,by liv+ 9 protect$ h\ses & we>+ gloves & veils at night all ! /aff escap$ mal>ia except "o or two att5dants4 ,^! & o!r exp]im5ts1 describ$ by ,dr ,manson 9 ! ,practition] = ,m>* #aijj1 confirm+ ! laboratory evid5ce z !y d1 leave no d\bt :atev] ( ! correctness ( ! mosquito-p>asitic !ory ( mal>ia4 ,x is possible1 ?\gh n probable1 t mal>ia may also be contract$ 9 "s o!r way ?an by mosquito bite1 b !re are no well-au!nticat$ facts :i* require any o!r !ory = _! explanation4 ,! alleg$ occurr5ce ( ! disease 9 localities free f mosquitoes or )\t _! ag5cy is n well atte/$2 its abs5ce f o!r localities :]e !y ab\nd is acc\nt$ = by _! be+ ( an innoc5t species1 or--z 9 ,engl&--free f ! p>asite4 ,! old !ory ( paludism or ( a noxi\s miasma exhal$ f ! gr\nd is no long] necess>y4 ,! broad facts on :i* x is bas$ are suffici5tly acc\nt$ = by ! habits ( mosquitoes4 ,= in/ance1 ! swampy "* ( mal>ial areas is expla9$ by _! bre$+ 9 /agnant wat]2 ! effect ( dra9age1 & ! g5]al immunity ( high-ly+1 dry localities1 by ! lack ( bre$+ facilities2 ! dang] ( ! night air1 by _! nocturnal habits2 ! comp>ative immunity ( ! upp] /oreys ( h\ses1 by ! fact t !y fly l[2 ! conf9em5t ( mal>ia to well-m>k$ areas & ! dim9ution ( dang] ) di/ance1 by _! habit ( cl++ to ! bre$+-gr\nds & n fly+ f>4 ,simil>ly1 ! subsid5ce ( mal>ia dur+ cold wea!r & its seasonal preval5ce f9d an adequate explanation 9 ! conditions gov]n+ insect life4 ,at ! same "t x %\ld be rememb]$ t _m po9ts await elucidation1 & x is unwise to assume conclusions 9 advance ( ! evid5ce4 ,p>asites4 ,) reg>d to ! p>asites1 :i* are ! actual cause ( mal>ia 9 man1 an acc\nt ( !m is giv5 "u ! head+ ( ,,p>asitic ,,diseases1 & little ne$ be said ab\t !m "h4 ,!y belong to ! gr\p ( ,protozoa1 &1 z already expla9$1 h a d\ble cycle ( exi/5ce3 7#a7 a sexual cycle 9 ! body ( ! mosquito1 7#b7 an asexual cycle 9 ! blood ( human be+s4 ,!y occupy & de/roy ! r$ corpuscles1 conv]t+ ! haemoglob9 into melan92 !y multiply 9 ! blood by sporulation1 & produce accessions ( fev] by ! lib]ation ( a tox9 at ! "t ( sporulation 7,ross74 ,! numb] 9 ! blood 9 an acute attack is reckon$ by ,ross to be n less ?an #bej millions4 ,a m g5]al & practical int]e/ atta*es to ! insects :i* act z _! int]m$iate ho/s4 ,^! mosquitoes or gnats--! t]ms are synonym\s--belong to ! family ,culicidae & ! g5us ,anopheles1 :i* 0 fir/ classifi$ by ,meig5 9 #ahah4 ,x has a wide geographical di/ribution1 be+ f\nd 9 ,europe 7includ+ ,engl&71 ,asia ,m9or1 ,burma1 ,/raits ,settlem5ts1 ,java1 ,*9a1 ,=mosa1 ,egypt2 we/1 s\? & ,c5tral ,africa2 ,au/ralia1 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,we/ ,indies1 ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada1 b is g5]ally conf9$ to local c5tres 9 ^? c\ntries4 ,ab\t fifty species are recogniz$ at pres5t4 ,x is believ$ t all ( !m may s]ve z ho/s ( ! p>asite4 ,! species be/ kn[n 9 connexion ) mal>ia are ,a4 maculip5nis 7,europe & ,am]ica71 ,a4 fune/us & ,a4 co/ales 7,africa74 ,9 col\r ,anopheles is usually br[ni% or slaty1 b sometimes buff1 & ! ?orax frequ5tly has a d>k /ripe on ea* side4 ,! w+s 9 ne>ly all species h a dappl$ or speckl$ appe>ance1 ow+ to ! occurr5ce ( blot*es on ! front m>g9 & to ! arrangem5t ( ! scales cov]+ ! ve9s 9 alt]nat+ light & d>k pat*es 7,au/574 ,! g5us ) :i* ,anopheles is mo/ likely to be conf\nd$ is ,culex1 :i* is ! commone/ ( all mosquitoes1 has a _w-wide di/ribution1 & is g5]ally a gre$y blood-suck]4 ,a di/9ctive feature is ! position assum$ 9 re/+2 ,culex has a humpback$ attitude1 :ile 9 ,anopheles ! proboscis1 head & body are 9 a /raight l9e1 & 9 _m species incl9$ at an angle to ! wall1 ! tail /ick+ outw>ds4 ,9 ! female ( ,culex ! palpi are mu* %ort] ?an ! proboscis2 9 ,anopheles !y are ( ! same l5g?4 ,! w+s 9 ,culex h n ! same dappl$ appe>ance4 ,anopheles is also a m sl5d] insect1 ) a small] head1 n>r[] body & ?9n] legs4 ,!re are fur!r diff]5ces 9 ! o!r /ages ( life4 ,mosquitoes g ?r\gh f\r phases3 7#a7 ovum1 7#b7 l>va1 7#c7 nympha1 7#d7 complete insect4 ,! ova ( ,anopheles are t9y black rod-%ap$ objects1 :i* are deposit$ on ! wat] ( natural puddles1 ponds1 or sl[ly mov+ /reams1 by pref]5ce ^? :i* are well suppli$ ) vegetation2 !y float1 s+ly or atta*$ to o!r objects or clu/]$ toge!r 9 patt]ns4 ,!y c live 9 bracki% & ev5 9 sea wat]4 ,! l>va has no brea?+-tube1 & floats horizontally at ! surface1 except :5 fe$+2 x does n frequ5t sewage or f\l wat]4 ,! ova ( ,culex1 on ! o!r h&1 are deposit$ 9 any /agnant wat]1 includ+ cesspools1 dra9s1 ci/]ns1 or wat] collect$ 9 any vessel2 !y float 9 boat-%ap$ masses on ! surface4 ,! l>va has a brea?+-tube1 & floats head d[nw>ds2 :5 di/urb$ x wriggles to ! bottom 7,*ri/y74 ,"s obs]v]s ma9ta9 t ,anopheles does n s+1 l ! common mosquito1 & its bite is mu* less irritat+4 ,only ! females suck blood2 ! act is believ$ to be necess>y = f]tilization & reproduction4 ,anopheles r>ely bites by day1 & !n only 9 d>k places4 ,9 ! daytime ! gorg$ females re/ motionless on ! walls & ceil+s ( rooms1 *oos+ always ! d>ke/ situations = ?is purpose 7,au/574 ,9 temp]ate climates ! impregnat$ females hib]nate dur+ ! w9t] 9 h\ses1 cell>s1 /ables1 ! trunks ( trees1 c41 com+ out to lay _! eggs 9 ! spr+4 ,! f\r phases are pass$ 9 ?irty days 9 a fav\rable season1 & consequ5tly !re are ord9>ily f\r or five g5]ations f ,april to ,septemb] 7,celli74 ,! mo/ important "q rais$ by ! mosquito-p>asitic !ory ( mal>ia is t ( prev5tion4 ,?is may be consid]$ "u two heads3 7#a7 individual prophylaxis2 7#b7 adm9i/rative prev5tion on a l>ge scale4 ,prophylaxis4 7#a7 ,9 ! fir/ place1 common s5se sugge/s ! avoidance1 9 mal>i\s c\ntries1 ( unheal?y situations1 & p>ticul>ly ! neighb\rhood ( /agnant wat]4 ,among elem5ts ( unheal?9ess is next to be reckon$ ! proximity ( native villages1 ! inhabitants ( :i* are infect$4 ,9 ! tropics no ,european h\se %\ld be locat$ ne>] to a native village ?an half a mile 7,manson71 &1 s9ce *ildr5 are almo/ univ]sally infect$1 ! pres5ce ( "y natives 9 ! h\se %\ld be absolutely int]dict$ 7,manson74 ,:5 unheal?y situations _c be avoid$1 !y may be r5d]$ m heal?y by de/roy+ ! bre$+-gr\nds ( mosquitoes 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,all puddles & collections ( wat] %\ld be fill$ 9 or dra9$2 z a tempor>y exp$i5t !y may be treat$ ) petroleum1 :i* prev5ts ! developm5t ( ! l>vae4 ,:5 a place _c be kept free f mosquitoes ! h\se may be protect$1 z 9 ! exp]im5ts 9 ,italy1 by wire gauze at ! doors & w9d[s4 ,! arrangem5t us$ = ! entrance is a wire cage ) d\ble doors4 ,fail+ su* protection mosquito curta9s %\ld be us$4 ,mosquitoes 9 ! h\se may be de/roy$ by ! fumes ( burn+ sulphur or tobacco smoke4 ,accord+ to ! exp]im5ts ( ,celli & ,casagr&i1 ^! are ! mo/ effective culicides2 :5 us$ 9 suffici5t quantity !y kill mosquitoes 9 "o m9ute4 ,! same au?orities recomm5d a p[d]1 compos$ ( l>vicide 7an anil9e sub/ance71 *rysan!mum fl[]s1 & val]ian root1 to be burnt 9 b$rooms4 ,ano9t+ ! sk9 ) /rong-smell+ sub/ances is ( little use 9 ! op5 air1 b m effective 9 ! h\se2 turp5t9e appe>s to be ! be/4 ,exposure at night %\ld be avoid$4 ,all ^! prophylactic measures are direct$ aga9/ mosquitoes4 ,!re rema9s ! "q ( protection aga9/ ! p>asite4 ,*ills are recogniz$ z pr$ispos+ bo? to prim>y infection & to relapses1 & malnutrition is also believ$ to increase susceptibility2 bo? %\ld !re=e be avoid$4 ,!n a c]ta9 am\nt ( immunity may be acquir$ by ! sy/ematic use ( qu99e4 ,manson recomm5ds five to t5 gra9s once or twice a week2 ,ross recomm5ds ! same quantity e day be=e breakfa/4 ,!re is "s evid5ce t ars5ic has a prophylactic effect4 ,an exp]im5t made on ! railway /aff at ,bov9o1 a highly mal>i\s di/rict on ! ,adriatic1 gave a /rik+ result4 ,! numb] ( p]sons 0 #gh1 & !y 7 divid$ into two equal gr\ps ( #ci ea*4 ,"o gr\p 0 treat$ ) ars5ic1 & ( ^! #cf escap$ altoge!r1 :ile ?ree _h mild attacks2 ! rema9+ #ci :o 7 n treat$1 all _h fev]4 ,9 a m ext5d$ exp]im5t on #feg railwaym5 #djb escap$4 ,?is 0 9 #ahhi2 b 9 spite ( ! enc\rag+ results ! use ( ars5ic does n appe> to h made any fur!r progress4 ,exp]im5ts 9 immuniz+ by s]o-!rapeutic me?ods h n z yet met ) success4 ,adm9i/rative ,measures4 7#b7 ,mu* att5tion has be5 direct$ 9 sci5tific circles to ! possibility ( /amp+ out epidemic mal>ia by adm9i/rative measures4 ,! problem is "o ( great practical importance1 especially to ! ,briti% ,empire4 ,!re are no data = e/imat+ ! damage inflict$ by mal>ia 9 ! ,briti% colonies4 ,x is1 inde$1 q incalculable4 ,9 ,italy ! annual mortality f ?is cause av]ages #ae1jjj1 :i* is e/imat$ to repres5t two million cases ( sickness & a consequ5t loss ( sev]al million francs4 ,9 ,briti% tropical possessions ! bill is incomp>ably heavi]4 ,!re is n only ! heavy toll 9 life & heal? exact$ f ,europeans1 b ! virtual clos+ ( enorm\s tracts ( productive c\ntry :i* w\ld o!rwise af=d scope = ,briti% ent]prise4 ,! deadly climates1 to :i* s mu* dread atta*es1 g5]ally mean mal>ia1 & ! ma/]y ( ?is disease w\ld be equival5t to ! addition ( va/ & valuable areas to ! empire4 ,! problem1 !re=e1 is em95tly "o = ! /atesman & adm9i/rator4 ,a solution may be s\ght 9 sev]al directions1 sugge/$ by ! facts already expla9$4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! p>asite is ma9ta9$ by a vici\s int]*ange betwe5 its alt]nate ho/s1 mosquitoes & man1 ea* infect+ ! o!r4 ,if ! cycle be brok5 at any po9t ! p>asite mu/ die out1 assum+ t x has no o!r orig9 or mode ( exi/5ce4 ,! mo/ effective /ep w\ld obvi\sly be ! ext]m9ation ( ! ,anopheles mosquito4 ,a great deal may be done t[>ds ?is end by suppress+ _! bre$+-places1 :i* means ! dry+ ( ! gr\nd4 ,x is a "q = ! eng9e]1 & may require diff]5t me?ods 9 diff]5t circum/ances4 ,put compreh5sively1 x involves ! control ( ! subsoil & surface wat]s by dra9age1 ! regulation ( riv]s & floods1 suitable agriculture1 ! cle>+ ( =e/s or jungles1 :i* t5d to increase ! ra9fall & keep ! gr\nd swampy4 ,! city ( ,rome is an example ( :at c be done by dra9age2 situat$ 9 ! mid/ ( mal>ia1 x is itself q heal?y4 ,rec5t reports also %[ u h[ mu* may be done 9 infect$ di/ricts4 ,at ,ismailia mal>ia 0 r$uc$ f #aeea cases 9 #aijb to #cg cases 9 #aije4 ,! co/ ( op]ations am\nt$ to an initial exp5diture ( #f4be francs1 & an annual exp5diture ( ab\t #b4c francs p] head ( ! population4 ,! results are due to mosquito r$uction toge!r ) c9*onization4 ,! foll[+ is a tabulat$ li/ ( ! cases4 ,! population ( ,ismailia is ab\t #fjjj4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,ye> #aijj #aija #aijb99 #aijc #aijd #aije ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,cases ( ,mal>ia #bbej #aiij #aedh #bad #ij #cgbb ---------------------------------------- ----------------- 99 ,dra9age works begun4 ,klang & ,port ,swett5ham are contigu\s t[ns 9 ! ,f$]at$ ,malay ,/ates1 hav+ a population ( #djjj & a ra9fall ( #ajj 94 a ye>4 ,at ,klang ! exp5diture has be5 #cajj1 ) an annual exp5diture ( #bgj1 devot$ to cle>+ & dra9+ #ccb acres4 ,at ,port ,swett5ham #gjjj1 ) an annual upkeep ( #bdj1 has be5 devot$ to treat+ #aaj acres4 ,9 ,hong-,kong simil> measures 7 c>ri$ out1 ) ! result t ! hospital admissions = mal>ia dim9i%$ f #abid 9 #aija1 ! ye> :5 op]ations 7 begun1 to #dai 9 #aije4 ,klang & ,port ,swett5ham4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,ye> #aijj #aija99 #aijb #aijc #aijd #aije ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,cases ( ,mal>ia #eaj #faj #aii #fi #cb #bc ---------------------------------------- --------------- 99 ,ne>ly all 7 relapses ( previ\s infection4 ,a sy/ematic campaign = ! de/ruction ( bre$+-places has be5 inaugurat$ 9 ! ,briti% ,we/ ,african colonies1 ) enc\rag+ results4 ,! plant+ ( eucalyptus trees is out ( fav\r at pres5t1 b x appe>s to h be5 successful 9 ,portugal1 n f any prophylactic virtues 9 ! plant1 b ?r\gh ! great absorption ( moi/ure by its deep roots1 :i* t5ds to dry ! subsoil4 ,treat+ ! bre$+-ponds ) petroleum or simil> prep>ations seems to be h>dly applicable on a l>ge scale1 & 9 any case c only be a tempor>y exp$i5t4 ,h4 ,ziemann advocates ! de/ruction ( mosquito l>vae by ! gr[+ ( su* plants z ! wat]-pe/ 7,ana*>is als9atrum7 :i* cov]s ! surface ( ! wat] & suffocates l>vae & nymphae4 ,%ort ( suppress+ mosquitoes1 ! p>asitic cycle may !oretically be brok5 by prev5t+ !m f giv+ ! infection to man or tak+ x f him4 ,! means ( accompli%+ ! =m] h be5 already po9t$ out1 b !y are obvi\sly difficult to c>ry out on a l>ge scale1 p>ticul>ly 9 native communities4 ,x is "o ?+ to protect individuals f mosquito bites1 ano!r to prev5t ! propagation ( ! p>asite 9 a :ole community4 ,p]haps ! conv]se is m feasible 9 "s circum/ances--t is to say1 prev5t+ mosquitoes f hav+ access to mal>ial p]sons1 & s propagat+ ! p>asite 9 !mselves4 ,x c\ld be c>ri$ out :]e ! infect$ p]sons are few1 by isolat+ & protect+ !m1 b n :]e _m are infect$1 z 9 native villages4 ,ko* has sugge/$ t ! dis9fection ( mal>ial p]sons by qu99e w\ld h ! desir$ effect1 b o!r au?orities ( great] exp]i5ce d n consid] x practicable4 ,9 spite ( ! difficulties1 h[ev]1 !re is no d\bt t a great deal c be done to r$uce1 if n /amp out1 mal>ia by ! me?ods indicat$1 :i* %\ld be appli$ accord+ to circum/ances4 ,an enc\rag+ example is af=d$ by ! rem>kable fact t mal>ia1 :i* 0 once rife 9 c]ta9 di/ricts ( ,engl&1 has n[ di$ out1 al?\gh ! ,anopheles maculip5nis mosquito /ill exi/s !re4 ,! p>asitic cycle has be5 brok51 & ! insect is no long] infect$4 ,! sugge/$ causes are 7#a7 r$uction ( insects by dra9age1 7#b7 r$uc$ population1 7#c7 ! use ( qu99e4 ,sir ,patrick ,manson has sugge/$ t ! problem ( /amp+ out mal>ia may be assi/$ by ! discov]y ( "s at pres5t unkn[n factors4 ,he has po9t$ out t c]ta9 areas & c]ta9 isl&s are entirely free f ! disease1 :ile neighb\r+ areas & isl&s are deva/at$4 ,?is immunity is app>5tly n due to ! abs5ce ( fav\rable conditions1 b r to ! pres5ce ( "s inimical factor :i* prev5ts ! developm5t ( ! p>asite4 ,if ?is factor c\ld be discov]$ x might be appli$ to ! suppression ( ! disease 9 mal>i\s localities4 ,a few o!r po9ts may be not$4 ,! pa?ological *anges 9 mal>ia are due to ! deposition ( melan9 & ! detritus ( r$ corpuscles & haemoglob91 & to ! congregation ( p>asites 9 c]ta9 sites 7,ross74 ,9 *ronic cases ! ev5tual effects are anaemia1 melanosis1 enl>gem5t ( ! sple5 & liv]1 & g5]al ca*exia4 ,app>5tly ! p>asites may rema9 quiesc5t 9 ! blood = ye>s & may cause relapses by fre% sporulation4 ,rec5t discov]ies h done little or no?+ = treatm5t4 ,qu99e /ill rema9s ! "o specific4 ,9 s]i\s cases x %\ld n be giv5 9 solid =m1 b 9 solution by ! /oma*1 rectum1 or--bett]--hypod]mically 7,manson74 ,accord+ to ,ross1 x %\ld be giv5 promptly1 9 suffici5t doses 7up to #cj gra9s71 & %\ld be cont9u$ = mon?s4 ,euqu99e is by "s pref]r$ to qu99e1 b x is m exp5sive4 ,nucleog5 & ,ari/o*9 h also be5 recomm5d$ in/ead ( qu99e4 ,! nature ( immunity is n kn[n4 ,"s p]sons are naturally absolutely immune 7,celli71 b ?is is r>e2 immunity is also sometimes acquir$ by infection1 b z a rule p]sons once infect$ are m pr$ispos$ ?an o!rs4 ,races inhabit+ mal>i\s di/ricts acquire a c]ta9 degree ( resi/ance1 no d\bt ?r\gh natural selection4 ,*ildr5 are mu* m susceptible ?an adults4 ,mal>ia 9 ! ,l[] ,v]tebrates4--,birds are subject to mal>ia1 :i* is caus$ by blood p>asites ak9 to ^? 9 man & hav+ a simil> life-hi/ory4 ,two species1 affect+ diff]5t k9ds ( birds1 h be5 id5tifi$4 ,_! alt]nate ho/s are mosquitoes ( ! ,culex g5us4 ,ox51 %eep1 dogs1 monkeys1 bats1 & probably horses also suff] f simil> p>asitic diseases4 ,9 ! case ( ox5 ! alt]nate ho/ ( ! p>asite is a special tick 7,smi? & ,kilborne74 ,9 ! o!r animals sev]al p>asites h be5 describ$ by diff]5t obs]v]s1 b ! alt]nate ho/s are n kn[n4 ,,au?orities4--,celli1 ,mal>ia2 ,*ri/y1 ,mosquitoes & ,mal>ia2 ,manson1 ,tropical ,diseases2 ,allbutt's ,sy/em ( ,m$ic9e2 ,ross1 ,mal>ia1 ,qua9's ,diction>y ( ,m$ic9e1 #crd ed42 ,! ,practition]1 ,m>*1 #aija 7,mal>ia ,numb]72 ,lancet 7,sept4 #bi1 #aijg72 ,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal 7,oct4 #ai1 #aijg72 ,indian ,m$ical ,gazette 7,febru>y #aijh74 7,a4 ,sl42 ,h4 ,l4 ,h47 ,,malatia 7,,malatieh or ,,aspuzu7 ! *ief t[n ( a sanjak ( ! same "n 9 ! ,mamuret el-,aziz vilayet ( ,asia ,m9or1 & a milit>y /ation on ! ,samsun-,sivas-,di>bekr road1 altitude #bijj ft41 situat$ ab\t #aj m4 ,s4,w4 ( ! junction ( ! ,tokhma ,su 7m$4 ,kubakib7 ) ! ,euphrates1 ne> ! s\? end ( a f]tile pla91 & at ! nor!rn foot ( ! ,taurus4 ,pop4 ab\t #cj1jjj1 includ+1 besides _m ,arm5ian ,*ri/ians1 bodies ( ,kurds & ,kizilba%4 ,x is a :olly mod]n place1 rebuilt s9ce ! e>?quake ( #ahic1 conta9s f9e public build+s1 & is not$ = its fruit or*>ds4 ,!re are ,prote/ant 7,am]ican7 & ,roman ,ca?olic missions1 & an ,arm5ian ,ca?olic ar*bi%op has 8 seat "h4 ,eski%ehr or ,old ,malatia 7,melit5e71 #e m4 ,n4,e4 & #c m4 f ! great m$ieval bridge 7,kirkgeuz7 ov] ! ,tokhma ,su1 is said to owe its pres5t desolation l>gely to its occupation by ,hafiz ,pa%a z 8 headqu>t]s 9 #ahch be=e 8 advance to fight ! disa/r\s battle ( ,nizib ) ! ,egyptian1 ,ibrahim4 ,b x has /ill _m inhabitants & l>ge g>d5s & _m ru9\s mosques1 ba?s1 c41 relics ( ,mansur's city4 ,x 0 ! resid5ce ( von ,moltke = "s mon?s1 :ile atta*$ to ,hafiz's army4 ,! e>lie/ site 0 possibly ,arslan ,tepe ab\t #b m4 s\? ( ,eski%ehr 7 two ,hittite /elae1 repres5t+ hunt+ sc5es1 n[ 9 ! ,con/ant9ople & ,p>is museums1 7 f\nd 9 #ahid4 ,9 ! "t ( ,/rabo 7xii4 #ecg7 !re 0 no t[n 9 ! di/rict ( ,melit5e1 :i* 0 reckon$ "p ( ,cappadocia4 ,"u ,titus ! place became ! p]man5t /ation ( ! #ab? 7,?und]+7 legion2 ,trajan rais$ x to a city4 ,ly+ 9 a v f]tile c\ntry at ! cross+ po9t ( important r\tes1 includ+ ! ,p]sian ,royal ,road1 & two imp]ial milit>y highways f ,caes>ea & along ! ,euphrates bank1 x grew 9 size & importance1 & 0 ! capital ( ,arm5ia ,m9or or ,secunda4 ,ju/9ian1 :o complet$ ! walls comm5c$ by ,ana/asius1 made x ! capital ( ,arm5ia ,t]tia2 x 0 !n a v great place 7,procop41 ,de a$41 iii4 #d74 ,! t[n 0 burnt by ,*osroes on 8 retreat aft] 8 great defeat !re 9 #egg4 ,tak5 by ! ,s>ac5s1 retak5 & de/roy$ by ,con/ant9e ,copronymus1 x 0 pres5tly recov]$ to ,islam1 & rebuilt "u ,mansur 7,a4,d4 #gef74 ,x aga9 *ang$ h&s m ?an once1 be+ reckon$ among ! fronti] t[ns ( ,syria 7,i/akhry1 pp4 #ee1 #fb74 ,at l5g? ! ,greeks recov]$ x 9 #icd1 & ,nicephorus ,,ii41 f9d+ ! di/rict mu* wa/$1 enc\rag$ ! ,jacobites to settle 9 x1 :i* !y did 9 great numb]s4 ,a conv5t ( ! ,virg91 & ! great *ur* :i* be>s 8 "n1 7 erect$ by ! bi%op ,ignatius 7,isaac ! ,runn]74 ,f ?is "t ,malatia cont9u$ to be a great seat ( ! ,jacobites1 & x 0 ! bir?place ( _! fam\s maphrian ,b>hebraeus 7or ,abulf>agius74 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! #aa? c5tury ! population 0 said to numb] #fj1jjj fight+ m5 7,assem41 ,bib4 ,or41 ii4 #adi2 cf4 ,b>heb41 ,*r4 ,eccl41 i4 #daa1 #dbc74 ,at ! "t ( ! fir/ crusade1 ! city1 be+ h>d press$ by ! ,turks "u ,ibn ,dani%m5d1 0 reliev$ by ,baldw91 aft] ,bohemund _h fail$ & lo/ 8 lib]ty 9 ! attempt4 ,b ! ,jacobites _h no cause to love ,byzantium1 & ! ,greek gov]nor ,gabriel 0 s cruel & fai?less t ! t[nsm5 7 soon glad to op5 _! gates to ,ibn ,dani%m5d 7#aajb71 & ! city subsequ5tly became "p ( ! realm ( ,kilij ,arslan1 sultan ( ,iconium4 ,see ,h4 ,c4 ,b4 v4 ,moltke1 ,briefe b] ,zu/nde1 c4 9 d] ,trkei 7#ahce-ahci74 7,d4 ,g4 ,h47 ,,malayalam1 a language ( ! ,dravidian family1 spok5 on ! we/ coa/ ( s\!rn ,india4 ,x is believ$ to h develop$ out ( ,tamil z rec5tly z ! #i? c5tury4 ,x possesses a l>ge lit]ature1 9 :i* words borr[$ f ,sanskrit are conspicu\s4 ,9 #aija ! total numb] ( speak]s ( ,malayalam 9 all ,india 0 j ab\t six millions4 ,,malay ,,ar*ipelago#a 7v>i\sly call$ ,malaysia1 ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 ! ,ea/ ,indies1 ,indonesia1 ,insul9de71 ! l>ge/ gr\p ( isl&s 9 ! _w1 ly+ s\?-ea/ ( ,asia & nor? & nor?-we/ ( ,au/ralia4 ,x includes ! ,sunda ,isl&s1 ! ,moluccas1 ,new ,gu9ea1 & ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 b excludes ! ,&aman-,nicob> gr\p4 ,! equator passes ?r\gh ! middle ( ! ar*ipelago2 x successively cuts ,sumatra1 ,borneo1 ,celebes & ,halmah]a1 f\r ( ! mo/ important isl&s4 ,a4 ,r4 ,wallace 7:o includes ! ,solomon ,isl&s z well z ,new ,gu9ea 9 ! gr\p7 po9ts out t ! ar*ipelago includes two isl&s l>g] ?an ,great ,brita92 & 9 "o ( !m1 ,borneo1 ! :ole ( ! ,briti% ,isles might be set d[n1 & w\ld be surr\nd$ by a sea ( =e/s4 ,sumatra is ab\t equal 9 ext5t to ,great ,brita92 ,java1 ,luzon1 & ,celebes are ea* ab\t ! size ( ,irel&4 ,eighte5 m isl&s are on ! av]age z l>ge z ,jamaica2 & m ?an a hundr$ are z l>ge z ! ,isle ( ,wight4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,area4 ,e/imat$ ,population4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,sunda ,isl&s #dei1egh #cb1fcb1djj ,moluccas1 ) ,celebes #aae1ccd #c1jjj1jjj ,new ,gu9ea #cab1cbi #hjj1jjj ,philipp9e ,isl&s #aae1jbf #g1fce1djj ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,! isl&s ( ! ar*ipelago ne>ly all pres5t bold & picturesque pr(iles aga9/ ! horizon1 & at ! same "t ! "* ( ! sc5]y v>ies f isl& to isl& & ev5 f di/rict to di/rict4 ,! m\nta9s are arrang$ = ! mo/ "p 9 l9es runn+ ei!r f nor?-we/ to s\?-ea/ or f we/ to ea/4 ,9 ,sumatra & 9 ! isl&s betwe5 ,sumatra & ,borneo ! =m] direction is di/9ctly m>k$1 & ! latt] is equally noticeable 9 ,java & ! o!r s\!rn isl&s4 ,! m\nta9s ( ,borneo1 h[ev]1 rise r 9 %ort ridges & clu/]s4 ,no?+ 9 ! g5]al physiognomy ( ! isl&s is m rem>kable ?an ! numb] & di/ribution ( ! volcanoes1 active or ext9ct4 ,runn+ s\?-ea/ ?r\gh ,sumatra1 ea/ ?r\gh ,java & ! s\!rn isl&s to ,timor1 curv+ nor? ?r\gh ! ,moluccas1 & aga9 nor?1 f ! end ( ,celebes ?r\gh ! :ole l9e ( ! ,philipp9es1 !y foll[ a l9e r\ghly resembl+ a horse%oe n>r[$ t[>ds ! po9t4 ,! l(tie/ m\nta9 9 ! ar*ipelago w\ld appe> to be ,k9abalu 9 ,borneo 7#ac1fih ft474 ,an important fact 9 ! physical geography ( ! ar*ipelago is t ,java1 ,bali1 ,sumatra & ,borneo1 & ! less] isl&s betwe5 !m & ! ,asiatic ma9l&1 all re/ on a great subm]g$ bank1 n[h]e m ?an #ajj fa?oms bel[ sea-level1 :i* may be consid]$ a cont9uation ( ! cont95t2 :ile to ! ea/ ! dep? ( ! sea has be5 f\nd at v>i\s places to be f #ajjj to #bejj fa?oms4 ,z ! value ( ?is fact 0 p>ticul>ly emphasiz$ by ,wallace1 ! limit ( ! %all[ wat]1 :i* is f\nd 9 ! n>r[ b deep *annel betwe5 ,bali & ,lombok1 & /rikes nor? to ! ea/ ( ,borneo1 has receiv$ ! "n ( ,wallace's ,l9e4 ,! ,philipp9es on ! o!r h&1 are almo/ surr\nd$ by deep sea1 b are connect$ ) ,borneo by means ( two n>r[ subm>9e banks 7,a4 ,r4 ,wallace1 ,isl& ,life74 ,! ar*ipelago1 9 effect1 is divid$ betwe5 two great regions1 ! ,asiatic & ! ,au/ralian1 & ! fact is evid5t 9 v>i\s bran*es ( its geography--zoological1 botanical1 & ev5 human4 ,x is believ$ t !re 0 a l&-connexion betwe5 ,asia & ,au/ralia 9 ! lat] "p ( ! ,second>y epo*1 & t ! ,au/ralian cont95t1 :5 sep>at$1 became divid$ into isl&s be=e ! s\?-ea/]n "p ( ! ,asiatic did s4 ,! mo/ notable fact 9 ! geological hi/ory ( ! ar*ipelago is ! discov]y 9 ,java ( ! fossil rema9s ( ,pi!can?ropus erectus1 a =m int]m$iate betwe5 ! high] apes & man4 ,9 its /ructure & cranial capacity x is entitl$ to a high] place 9 ! zoological scale ?an any an?ropoid1 = x almo/ c]ta9ly walk$ erect2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 9 its intellectual p[]s x mu/ h be5 mu* bel[ ! l[e/ ( ! human race at pres5t kn[n4 ,! /rata 9 :i* x 0 f\nd belong to ! ,mioc5e or ,upp] ,plioc5e4 ,among ! rocks ( economic importance may be m5tion$ granite ( num]\s k9ds1 sy5ite1 s]p5t9e1 porphyry1 m>ble1 s&/ones & m>ls4 ,coal is work$ 9 ,sumatra1 ,borneo & ,labuan4 ,diamonds are obta9$ 9 ,borneo1 g>nets 9 ,sumatra1 ,ba*ian & ,timor1 & topazes 9 ,ba*ian1 antimony 9 ,borneo & ! ,philipp9es2 lead 9 ,sumatra1 ,borneo & ! ,philipp9es2 copp] & mala*ite 9 ! ,philipp9es1 ,timor1 ,borneo & ,sumatra2 &1 mo/ important ( all1 t9 9 ,banka1 ,billiton & ,s+kep4 ,iron is pretty frequ5t 9 v>i\s =ms4 ,gold is n uncommon 9 ! old] ranges ( ,sumatra1 ,banka1 ,celebes1 ,ba*ian1 ,timor & ,borneo4 ,manganese c\ld be readily work$ 9 ,timor1 :]e x lies 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s ,lime/one4 ,plat9um is f\nd 9 ,l&ak & o!r p>ts ( ,borneo4 ,petroleum is a valuable product ( ,sumatra & ,java1 & is also f\nd 9 ,borneo4 ,climate1 ,flora1 ,fauna4--,! mo/ /rik+ g5]al fact z reg>ds climate 9 ! ar*ipelago is t :]ev] t "p ( ! s\?-ea/ monsoon :i* has pass$ ov] ,au/ralia /rikes1 ! climate is comp>atively dry1 & ! vegetation is less luxuriant4 ,! ea/ end ( ,java1 e4g4 has a less ra9fall ?an ! we/2 ! di/ribution ( ! ra9 on ! nor? coa/ is q diff]5t f t on ! s\?1 & a simil> diff]5ce is obs]v$ betwe5 ! ea/ & ! we/ ( ,celebes4 ,! nor?-we/ monsoon1 beg9n+ 9 ,octob] & la/+ till ,m>*1 br+s ! pr9cipal ra9y season 9 ! ar*ipelago4 ,mo/ ( ! isl&s ( ! ar*ipelago belong to ! great equatorial =e/-belt4 ,9 its economical aspect ! vegetation1 :e!r natural or cultivat$1 is ( prime int]e/4 ,! li/ ( fruits is v ext5sive1 ?\gh few ( !m are widely kn[n4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 include ! orange1 mango1 mango/e51 %addock1 guava & ! durian4 ,! v>iety ( food-plants is equally notable4 ,n only are rice & maize1 sug> & c(fee1 among ! widely cultivat$ crops1 b ! coco-nut1 ! bread-fruit1 ! banana & planta91 ! sug>-palm1 ! tea-plant1 ! sago-palm1 ! coco-tree1 ! gr\nd-nut1 ! yam1 ! cassava1 & o!rs besides1 are ( practical importance4 ,! cultivation ( sug> & c(fee owes its developm5t ma9ly to ! ,dut*2 & to !m also is due ! introduction ( tea4 ,!y h greatly enc\rag$ ! cultivation ( ! coco-nut among ! natives1 & x fl\ri%es1 especially 9 ! coa/ di/ricts1 9 almo/ e isl& 9 _! t]ritory4 ,! oil is l>gely employ$ 9 native cook]y4 ,pepp]1 nutmegs & cloves 7 long ! objects ( ! mo/ important bran* ( ,dut* comm]ce2 & gutta-p]*a1 camphor1 damm>1 b5zo9 & o!r =e/ products h a place among ! exports4 ,to ! naturali/ ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago is a region ( ! highe/ int]e/2 & f an e>ly p]iod x has attract$ ! att5tion ( explor]s ( ! fir/ rank4 ,! physical division betwe5 ! ,asiatic & ,au/ralian regions is cle>ly reflect$ 9 ! botany & zoology4 ,! flora ( ! ,asiatic isl&s 7?us di/+ui%$7 is a special developm5t ( t prevail+ f ! ,himalayas to ! ,malay ,p59sula & s\? ,*9a4 ,f>!r ea/ ?is flora int]m+les ) t ( ,au/ralia 7,f4 ,h4 ,h4 ,guillem>d1 ,au/ralasia74 ,simil>ly1 9 ! ,asiatic isl&s are f\nd ! great mammals ( ! cont95t--! elephant1 tig]1 rh9oc]os1 an?ropoid ape1 c41 :i* are want+ 9 ! ,au/ralian region1 ) :i* ! ea/]n "p ( ! ar*ipelago is associat$4 7,= details conc]n+ flora & fauna1 see sep>ate articles1 especially ,,java47 ,illu/ration3 ,map ( ,malay ,ar*ipelago4 ,inhabitants4--,! majority ( ! native inhabitants ( ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago belong to two races1 ! ,malays & ! ,melanesians 7,papuans74 ,z reg>ds ! pres5t racial di/ribution1 ! view accept$ by _m an?ropologi/s1 foll[+ ,a4 ,h4 ,keane1 is t ! ,negritos1 /ill f\nd 9 ! ,philipp9es1 are ! true aborig9es ( ,indo-,*9a & we/]n ,malaysia1 :ile ! ,melanesians1 probably _! k9sm51 7 ! e>lie/ occupants ( ea/]n ,malaysia & we/]n ,polynesia4 ,at "s date long ant]ior to hi/ory x is suppos$ t ,indo-,*9a 0 occupi$ fir/ by a fair ,caucasian p & lat] by a yell[ ,mongolian race4 ,f ^! two h come all ! peoples--o!r ?an ,negrito or ,papuan--f\nd to-day f ! ,malay ,p59sula to ! f>!/ isl&s ( ,polynesia4 ,! ,malay ,ar*ipelago 0 ?us fir/ invad$ by ! ,caucasians1 :o ev5tually pass$ ea/w>d & are to-day repres5t$ 9 ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago only by ! ,m5tawi isl&]s4 ,!y 7 foll[$ by an immigration ( ,mongol-,caucasic peoples ) a prepond]ance ( ,caucasic blood--! ,indonesians ( "s1 ! pre-,malays ( o!r writ]s--:o are to-day repres5t$ 9 ! ar*ipelago by su* peoples z ! ,dyaks ( ,borneo & ! ,battas ( ,sumatra4 ,at a f> lat] date1 probably almo/ )9 hi/oric times1 ! true ,malay race1 a comb9ation ( ,mongol & ,caucasic elem5ts1 came into exi/5ce & ov]ran ! ar*ipelago1 9 "t becom+ ! dom9ant race4 ,a ,h9du /ra9 is evid5t 9 ,java & o!rs ( ! we/]n isl&s2 ,moors & ,arabs 7t is1 z ! names are us$ 9 ! ar*ipelago1 ,mahomm$ans f v>i\s c\ntries betwe5 ,arabia & ,india7 are f\nd m or less amalgamat$ ) _m ( ! ,malay peoples2 & ! ,*9ese =m1 f an economical po9t ( view1 "o ( ! mo/ important sections ( ! community 9 _m ( ! m civiliz$ di/ricts4 ,*9ese h be5 e/abli%$ 9 ! ar*ipelago f a v e>ly date3 ! fir/ ,dut* invad]s f\nd !m settl$ at ,jacatra2 & _m ( !m1 z1 = in/ance1 ! colony ( ,t]nate1 h tak5 s k9dly to _! new home t !y h acquir$ ,malay to ! disuse ( _! native tongue4 ,*9ese tombs are among ! objects t /rike ! travell]'s att5tion at ,amboyna & o!r anci5t settlem5ts4 ,!re is a va/ field = philological explorations 9 ! ar*ipelago4 ,( ! great numb] ( di/9ct languages kn[n to exi/1 few h be5 /udi$ sci5tifically4 ,! mo/ widely di/ribut$ is ! ,malay1 :i* has n only be5 diffus$ by ! ,malays !mselves ?r\gh\t ! coa/ regions ( ! v>i\s isl&s1 b1 ow+ p>tly to ! read9ess ) :i* x c be le>n$1 has become ! common m$ium betwe5 ! ,europeans & ! natives4 ,! mo/ cultivat$ ( ! native tongues is ! ,javanese1 & x is spok5 by a great] numb] ( p ?an any ( ! o!rs4 ,to x ,sundanese /&s 9 ! relation t ,l[ ,g]man holds to ,high ,g]man1 & ! ,madurese 9 ! relation ( a /rongly individualiz$ dialect4 ,among ! o!r languages :i* h be5 r$uc$ to writ+ & grammatically analys$ are ! ,bal9ese1 closely connect$ ) ! ,javanese1 ! ,batta 7) its dialect ! ,toba71 ! ,dyak & ! ,macass>ese4 ,alfurese1 a vague t]m mean+ 9 ! m\?s ( ! natives little else ?an non-,mahomm$an1 has be5 m p>ticul>ly appli$ by ,dut* philologi/s to ! native spee* ( c]ta9 tribes 9 ,celebes4 ,! comm]cial activity ( ! ,bug9ese causes _! language to be fairly widely spok5--little1 h[ev]1 by ,europeans4 ,political ,division4--,politically ! :ole ( ! ar*ipelago1 except ,briti% ,nor? ,borneo1 c4 7see ,,borneo71 "p ( ,timor 7,portuguese71 ,new ,gu9ea ea/ ( ! #ada/ m]idian 7,briti% & ,g]man71 & ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 belongs to ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,! ,philipp9e ,isl&s :i* _h be5 = sev]al c5turies a ,spani% possession1 pass$ 9 #ahih by conque/ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,= ^! sev]al political units see ! sep>ate articles2 a g5]al view1 h[ev]1 is "h giv5 ( ! gov]nm5t1 economic conditions1 c41 ( ! ,dut* possessions1 :i* ! ,dut* call ,n$]l&s*-,indi4 ,,ne!rl&s ,,india ,adm9i/ration4--,! ,dut* possessions 9 ,asia lie betwe5 #f ,n4 & #aa ,s4 & #ie ,e4 & #ada ,e4 ,politically !y are divid$ into l&s "u ! direct gov]nm5t ( ! ,ne!rl&s vassal l&s & conf$]at$ l&s4 ,adm9i/ratively !y are fur!r divid$ into resid5cies1 divisions1 reg5cies1 di/ricts1 & dessas or villages4 ,9 ! pr9cipal t[ns & villages !re are p>i% c\ncils1 & 9 "s prov9ces c\nty c\ncils h be5 e/abli%$4 ,natives1 ,*9ese & ,arabs1 are giv5 seats1 & 9 c]ta9 in/ances "s ( ! memb]s are elect$1 b m g5]ally !y are appo9t$ by gov]nm5t4 ,! isl&s are (t5 describ$ z ( two gr\ps1 ,java & ,madura =m+ "o1 & ! o!r consi/+ ( ,sumatra1 ,borneo1 ,ri\w-,l+ga ,ar*ipelago1 ,banka1 ,billiton1 ,celebes1 ,molucca ,ar*ipelago1 ! small ,sunda ,isl&s1 & a "p ( ,new ,gu9ea--! ,outpo/s z !y are collectively nam$4 ,! ,outpo/s are divid$ into #bj prov9ces4 ,a gov]nor-g5]al holds ! sup]ior adm9i/rative & executive au?ority1 & is assi/$ by a c\ncil ( five memb]s1 p>tly ( a legislative & p>tly ( an advisory "*1 b ) no %>e 9 ! executive "w ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,9 #aijg a ,bill 0 introduc$ to add f\r extraord9>y memb]s to ! c\ncil1 b no imm$iate action 0 tak54 ,! gov]nor-g5]al n only has supreme executive au?ority1 b c ( 8 own accord pass laws & regulations1 except 9 s f> z ^!1 f _! nature1 belong ( "r to ! home gov]nm5t1 & z he is b\nd by ! con/itutional pr9ciples on :i*1 accord+ to ! ,regulations = ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,ne!rl&s ,india1 pass$ by ! k+ & ,/ates-,g5]al 9 #ahed1 ! ,dut* ,ea/ ,indies mu/ be gov]n$4 ,!re are n9e dep>tm5ts1 ea* "u a director3 namely1 ju/ice2 int]ior2 in/ruction1 public wor%ip & indu/ry2 agriculture 7creat$ 9 #aije72 civil public works2 gov]nm5t works 7creat$ 9 #aijh72 f9ance2 w>2 m>9e4 ,! adm9i/ration ( ! l>g] t]ritorial divisions 7g\v]nem5t1 resid5tie7 is 9 ! h&s ( ,dut* gov]nors1 resid5ts1 assi/ant resid5ts & contrleurs4 ,9 local gov]nm5t a wide use is made ( natives1 9 ! appo9tm5t ( :om a prim>y consid]ation is t if possible ! p %\ld be "u _! own *iefta9s4 ,9 ,surak>ta & ,jokjak>ta 9 ,java1 & 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,outpo/s1 native pr9ces pres]ve _! positions z vassals2 !y h limit$ p[]1 & act g5]ally "u ! sup]vision ( a ,dut* (ficial4 ,9 conclud+ treaties ) ! vassal pr9ces s9ce #aije1 ! ,dut* h kept 9 view ! necessity ( compell+ !m prop]ly to adm9i/] ! rev5ues ( _! /ates1 :i* "s ( !m =m]ly squ&]$ 9 _! p]sonal uses4 ,prov9cial banks h be5 e/abli%$ :i* defray ! co/ ( public works4 ,population4--,! foll[+ table gives ! area & population ( ,java 7includ+ ,madura7 & ( ! ,outpo/s3-- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,area3 ,pop4 ,engli% ------------------------ sq4 m4 #aijj4 #aije4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,java & ,madura #ej1igj #bh1gdf1fhh #cj1jih1jjh _/ ,sumatra1 ,we/ ,coa/ #ca1fdi #a1ebg1big ,sumatra1 ,ea/ ,coa/ #ce1cab #dba1jij ,b5kul5 #i1cii #afb1cif ,sumatra ,lampong ,di/ricts #aa1bhd #adb1dbf #d1jbi1eje ,palembang #ec1dig #hjd1bii ,a*9 #bj1dga #aaj1hjd _/ ,ri\w-,l+ga ,ar*ipelago #af1cja #hf1ahf #aab1baf ,banka #d1ddf #ajf1cje #aae1ahi ,billiton #a1hfc #dc1chf #cf1heh ,borneo1 ,we/ ,coa/ #ee1hbe #dac1jfg ,borneo1 ,s\? & ,ea/ #a1bcc1fee ,di/ricts #aef1iab #gaf1hbb _/ ,celebes _/ ,celebes #di1cij #ded1cfh #dae1dii ,m5ado #bb1jhj #dbi1ggc #dcf1djf ,molucca ,isl&s #dc1hfd #daj1aij #djg1dai ,timor ,ar*ipelago #ag1fih #aai1bci #cjh1fjj ,bali & ,lombok #d1jfe #a1jda1fif #ebc1ece ,new ,gu9ea to #ada ,e4 #aea1ghi #bjj1jjj 4444 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,total #gcf1hae #cf1jjj1jjj #cg1gag1cgg99 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- 99 ,includ+ #dhg 9 ,m]auke1 ! capital ( ,dut* ,new ,gu9ea4 ,9 no case are ! above figures = population m ?an fairly accurate1 & 9 "s in/ances !y are purely conjectural4 ,! population is legally divid$ into ,europeans & p]sons assimilat$ to !m1 & natives & p]sons assimilat$ to !m4 ,! fir/ class includes half-ca/es 7:o are num]\s1 = ! ,dut* are 9 clos] relation%ip ) ! natives ?an is ! case ) mo/ coloniz+ peoples71 & also ,arm5ians1 ,japanese1 c4 ,! total numb] ( ?is class 9 #aijj 0 #ge1hcc2 #gb1jai ( ^! 7 call$ ,dut*1 b #fa1jbb ( !m 7 born 9 ,ne!rl&s ,india2 !re 7 also #achb ,g]mans1 #dda ,briti% & #cej ,belgians4 ,among ! natives & p]sons assimilat$ to !m 7 ab\t #ecg1jjj ,*9ese & #bg1jjj ,arabs4 ,9 ! decade #ahij-aijj ! increase ( ! ,european population 0 #cj4i1 ( ! ,arabs #bf4f1 & ( ! ,*9ese #af4e4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ! ,europeans are gov]nm5t (ficials1 or retir$ (ficials1 = _m ( ! ,dut*1 once e/abli%$ 9 ! colonies1 settle !re = life4 ,! rema9+ ,europeans are mo/ly plant]s & heads ( indu/rial e/abli%m5ts2 ! ,arabs are ne>ly all trad]s1 z are "s ( ! ,*9ese1 b a l>ge numb] ( ! latt] are lab\r]s 9 ! ,sumatra tobacco plantations & ! t9 m9es ( ,banka1 ,billiton1 c4 ,! bulk ( ! natives are agriculturi/s4 ,religion & ,in/ruction4--,entire lib]ty is grant$ to ! memb]s ( all religi\s confessions4 ,! ,re=m$ ,*ur* has ab\t #dj m9i/]s & #cj assi/ants1 ! ,roman ,ca?olic #ce curates & #bj prie/s1 n sal>i$ out ( ! public funds4 ,!re are ab\t #agj ,*ri/ian mission>ies1 & ! progress ( _! "w may be illu/rat$ by %[+ t ! numb] ( ,*ri/ians among ! natives & =eign ,ori5tals 03-- ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,9 #ahgc4 ,9 #ahif4 ,9 #aijc4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,9 ,java & ,madura #e1fgc #ai1aic ,ab\t #cd1jjj ,9 ! ,outpo/s #adh1fgb #bij1jfe #cij1jjj ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,ab\t #aj1jjj natives g annually to ,mecca on pilgrimage4 ,bo? ! gov]nm5t & private ent]prise ma9ta9 v]nacul> s*ools4 ,l>ge sums h be5 vot$ 9 ,holl& = ! e/abli%m5t ( prim>y & second>y s*ools1 & ! gov]nm5t has und]tak5 to assi/ 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( p>o*ial s*ools1 ! object be+ t e village1 at lea/ 9 ,java1 %\ld possess "o4 ,!re are s*ools = high] education at ,batavia1 ,surabaya & ,sem>ang2 at ! fir/ two ( ^! t[ns are gov]nm5t s*ools = me*anical eng9e]+1 & at ,batavia a crafts s*ool & a m$ical s*ool = natives4 ,!re are five colleges = native s*oolma/]s & f\r = sons ( native (ficials4 ,gov]nm5t s*ools = ! ,european education ( ,*9ese *ildr5 are e/abli%$ 9 ! pr9cipal t[ns4 ,private me*anical & crafts s*ools are e/abli%$ at ,jokjak>ta1 ,surabaya & ,sem>ang1 & !re is an agricultural s*ool at ,buit5zorg4 ,ju/ice4--,z reg>ds ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 ! di/9ction is ma9ta9$ betwe5 7#a7 ,europeans & p]sons assimilat$ ) !m 7:o include ,*ri/ians & ,japanese71 & 7#b7 natives1 toge!r ) ,*9ese1 ,arabs1 c4 ,! =m] are subject to laws closely resembl+ ^? ( ! "m c\ntry1 :ile ! cu/oms & in/itutions ( natives are respect$ 9 connexion ) ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice to ! latt]4 ,9 #aijf a bill 0 pass$ some:at modify+ ! exi/+ /atus ( ! classes above m5tion$1 & especially direct+ new ord9ances ) reg>d to ! judicial treatm5t ( ,*ri/ian natives4 ,a g5]al judicial revision be+ also 9 contemplation1 ?is bill did n imm$iately come into =ce4 ,ju/ice = ,europeans is adm9i/]$ by ,european judges1 b1 z ) adm9i/ration at l>ge s 9 judicial matt]s1 native *iefs h ext5sive p[]s 9 native affairs4 ,= ,european ju/ice ! ,high ,c\rt ( ,ju/ice is e/abli%$ at ,batavia2 !re are c\ncils ( ju/ice at ,batavia1 ,sem>ang & ,surabaya1 ) au?ority n only ov] ,java b ov] p>ts ( ! ,outpo/s2 !re is a resid5t c\rt ( ju/ice 9 ea* resid5cy4 ,= native ju/ice !re are c\rts 9 ! di/ricts & reg5cies2 resid5ts act z police judges2 prov9cial c\ncils h judicial p[]s1 & !re are c\ncils ( prie/s ) p[]s 9 matrimonial disputes1 que/ions ( succession1 c4 ,z reg>ds paup]ism1 ! gov]nm5t subsidizes ,prote/ant & ,ca?olic orphan h\ses4 ,f9ance4--,! rev5ue ( ,ne!rl&s ,india has be5 d]iv$ ma9ly f cu/oms1 excise1 gr\nd-tax1 lic5ces1 poll-tax1 c41 f monopolies--opium1 salt & pawn-%ops 7! managem5t ( :i* began to be tak5 ov] by ! gov]nm5t 9 #aijc1 9 place ( ! previ\s sy/em ( f>m+-out71 c(fee1 c41 railways1 t9 m9es & =e/s1 & f agricultural & o!r concessions4 ,b attempts h be5 made1 & h be5 l>gely successful1 to make ! rev5ue dep5d5t to a less ext5t on monopolies & ! products 7especially agricultural7 ( ! l&2 & to aboli% lic5ces & sub/itute direct taxes4 ,!re is a progressive income-tax = ,europeans1 & ! sy/em has also be5 appli$ 9 ! case ( natives4 ,! foll[+ table af=ds comp>isons 9 ! rev5ue & exp5diture3-- --------------------------------- ,ye>4 ,rev5ue4 ,exp5diture4 --------------------------------- #ahhj #ab1bcf1ejj #ab1bdd1fff #ahij #aa1dhb1deg #aj1fdd1gbh #aijj #aa1hcb1dag #ab1cac1hed #aije #ab1iea1dig #ac1hdd1agc --------------------------------- ,! monet>y sy/em is simil> to t ( ,holl& 7! unit be+ ! guild]71 b !re are also c]ta9 silv] & copp] co9s ( small value be>+ ,malay or ,javanese inscriptions4 ,! ,java ,bank1 e/abli%$ 9 #ahbh1 ) headqu>t]s at ,batavia1 is ! only bank issu+ notes1 two-fif?s ( ! am\nt ( :i* mu/ be cov]$ by specie or bullion4 ,! gov]nm5t has a control ov] ! adm9i/ration ( ?is bank4 ,def5ce4--,! army is purely colonial1 i4e4 di/9ct f t ( ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,its /r5g? is a little "u #dj1jjj1 ab\t "o-?ird be+ ,europeans ( v>i\s nationalities & two-?irds natives ( v>i\s races4 ,no portion ( ! regul> army ( ! ,ne!rl&s is all[$ to be s5t on colonial s]vice1 b individual soldi]s are at lib]ty to enli/1 by p]mission ( _! comm&+ (fic]s1 9 ! army ( ,ne!rl&s ,india1 & !y =m its nucleus4 ,native & ,european soldi]s are g5]ally mix$ toge!r 9 ! same battalions1 ?\gh 9 sep>ate companies4 ,! (fic]s 7 all ,dut* till #aijh1 :5 a trial 0 made ( native (fic]s f noble ,javanese families4 ,! artill]y is compos$ ( ,european gunn]s1 ) native rid]s1 :ile ! cavalry are ,europeans & natives4 ,a milit>y academy is e/abli%$ at ,mee/] ,cornelis1 ne> ,batavia4 ,s*ools = soldi]s are atta*$ to e battalion4 ,!re are c]ta9 local =ces outside ! regul> army--militia 9 "s ( ! l>ge t[ns1 native infantry 9 ,madura1 & gu>ds ( "s ( ! vassal pr9ces4 ,unlike ! army1 :i* is purely colonial1 ! navy 9 ,ne!rl&s ,india is p>tly colonial1 p>tly belong+ to ! royal navy ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 & its exp5ses are !re=e borne p>tly by ! "m c\ntry & p>tly by ! colony4 ,ab\t six ironclads & tw5ty small] vessels ( ! royal navy are /ation$ 9 colonial wat]s2 ! vessels ( ! colonial m>9e numb] ab\t tw5ty-f\r1 & und]take police sup]vision1 prev5tion ( slave trad+1 c4 ,trade & ,indu/ries4--,! pr9cipal articles ( export are sug>1 tobacco1 copra1 =e/ products 7v>i\s gums1 c471 c(fee1 petroleum1 tea1 c9*ona1 t91 rice1 pepp]1 spices & gambi]4 ,! av]age annual value ( exports dur+ #aijj-aije 0 #bb1dif1dfh1 & ( imports #ag1jej1cch4 ,a great proportion ( ! exports goes to ! "m c\ntry1 ?\gh a consid]able quantity ( rice is export$ to ,*9a4 ,an indication ( ! m9]al products has already be5 giv52 z reg>ds ! export trade1 t9 is ! mo/ important ( ^!1 b ! ,ombil9 coalfields ( ,sumatra1 connect$ by a railway ) ! coa/1 call = m5tion "h also4 ,agricultural lab\r is v c>efully regulat$ by law1 9 ! en=cem5t ( :i* ! resid5ts & l[] (ficials h wide p[]s4 ,"o day's gratuit\s lab\r out ( sev5 or m c be dem&$ ( lab\r]s ei!r on private or on gov]nm5t e/ates2 b 9 #ahhb ?is =m ( lab\r 0 = ! mo/ "p aboli%$ z f> z gov]nm5t e/ates 7 conc]n$1 ea* lab\r] s exempt$ pay+ "o guild] p] ye>4 ,! pr9cipal private agricultural e/ates are 9 ! we/ ( ,java1 9 :i* isl& ! great] "p ( ! soil is gov]nm5t prop]ty4 ,su* e/ates h increas$ greatly 9 numb] & ext5t1 n only 9 ,java b else:]e1 s9ce ! agr>ian law ( #ahgj1 "u :i* x became possible = settl]s to obta9 wa/e l&s on h]$it>y lease = #ge ye>s4 ,9 #ahii ! total acreage ( l& c$$ 0 #a1jjb1gff acres2 9 #aijc x 0 #a1jgg1bie4 ,! gov]nm5t ceas$ to cultivate sug> 9 #ahia1 b c(fee1 & to "s ext5t c9*ona1 are cultivat$ on gov]nm5t plantations1 ?\gh n 9 equal quantity to t gr[n on l& held on emphyteusis4 ,! av]age annual yield ( sug> 9 #aijj-aije 0 #heb1djj tons1 b x increas$ /eadily dur+ t p]iod4 ,! av]age annual yield ( c(fee dur+ ! same p]iod 0 #aja1iga1acb lb42 x fluctuates greatly4 ,! av]age annual production ( tobacco is ab\t fifty million p\nds f ea* ( ! isl&s ( ,java & ,sumatra4 ,! total annual yield ( ! t9 m9es is ab\t #ae1jjj tons1 & ( ! coal m9es #bdj1jjj tons4 ,! av]age output ( petroleum annually 9 #aijj-aije 0 #abj1jjj1jjj gallons2 ?is1 aga91 has fluctuat$ greatly4 ,!re are upw>ds ( #cjjj miles ( railways & /eam tramways 9 ,ne!rl&s ,india1 b ^! are almo/ entirely 9 ,java2 else:]e only ,sumatra has a few %ort l9es4 ,! pr9cipal /eam%ip company 9 ! ar*ipelago is ! ,royal ,packet 7,kon9klyke ,paketva>t7 ,company4 ,,bibliography4--,see ,a>drijkskundig en /ati/is* ,woord5boek van ,n$]l4 ,indi 7,am/]dam1 #ahfi71 to :i* ,p4 ,j4 ,ve? & o!r speciali/s 7 contributors4 ,a g5]al survey ( ! p1 adm9i/ration & res\rces ( ! ,dut* colony is provid$ 9 ,tw5tie? ,c5tury ,impressions ( ,ne!rl&s ,india1 ed4 by ,arnold ,wright 7,london1 #aiaj74 ,see also ,a4 ,r4 ,wallace1 ,malay ,ar*ipelago 7,london1 #ahfi1 & lat] editions1 notably = zoological di/ribution7 & ,isl& ,life 7,london1 #ahhj1 notably = orni?ology74 ,h4 ,o4 ,=bes1 ,a ,naturali/'s ,w&]+s 9 ! ,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago 7,london1 #ahhe72 ,p4 van d] ,li?1 ,n$]l&s* ,oo/9di 7#bnd ed41 ,leid51 #ahic-ahie72 ,f4 ,h4 ,h4 ,guillem>d1 ,au/ralasia1 vol4 ii41 9 ,/am=d's ,comp5dium 7,london1 #ahid72 ,encyclopa$ie van ,n$]l&s*-,indi 7! ,hague1 #ahie-aijd72 ,guide trav]s la section des ,indes nerl&aises1 ,p>is ,exhibition 7! ,hague1 #aijj72 ,a4 ,r4 ,colquh\n1 ,! ,ma/]y ( ! ,pacific 7,london1 #aijb72 ,m4 ,web]1 ,d] indo-au/ralis*e ,ar*ipel und die ,ges*i*te se9] ,ti]welt 7,j5a1 #aijb72 ,g4 ,k>/5 & ,h4 ,s*5ck1 ,vegetationsbild]1 vol4 ii4 7,j5a1 #aijc72 ,j4 van ,bemmel5 & ,g4 ,b4 ,hooy]1 ,guide ?r\gh ,ne!rl&s ,india 7,london1 #aijc72 ,d4 ,bezem]1 ,n$]l&s* ,oo/-,indi 7! ,hague1 #aijd72 ,h4 ,bl9k1 ,n$]l&s* ,oo/- en ,we/-,indi1 geographis*1 e?nologis*1 en economis* bes*rev5 7,leid51 #aijd1 sqq474 ,among ,dut* (ficial publications may be m5tion$ ,ja>cijf]s door het ,c5traal ,bureau voor de ,/ati/iek2 ,ja>boek van het ,mijnwez5 9 ,n$]l&s* ,oo/-,indi 7,am/]dam72 ,koloniale-,economis*e ,bijdrag5 7! ,hague72 ,koloniaal ,v]slag 7! ,hague72 ,rege]+s-,almanak voor ,n$]l&s*-,indi 7,batavia74 ,a numb] ( important p]iodicals 7,tijds*rift7 ( v>i\s in/itutions are issu$ at ,batavia1 c4 ,languages3 ,p4 ,j4 ,ve? 9 ,de ,gids 7#ahfd72 ,r4 ,n4 ,cu/1 ,sket* ( ! ,mod]n ,languages ( ! ,ea/ ,indies 7,london1 #ahgh72 & = bibliography1 ,boele van ,neusbroek1 ,de ,beoef5+ d] oo/]s*e tal5 444 7,leid51 #ahge74 ,,hi/ory ,portuguese & ,spani% ,asc5dancy1 #aeaa-aeie4--,ptolemy & o!r anci5t geograph]s describe ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago1 or "p ( x1 9 vague & inaccurate t]ms1 & ! traditions !y pres]v$ 7 supplem5t$ 9 ! middle ages by ! n>ratives ( a few fam\s travell]s1 su* z ,ibn ,batuta1 ,m>co ,polo1 ,odoric ( ,pord5one & ,niccol ,conti4 ,malay & ,*9ese records also furni% mat]ial = ! e>ly hi/ory ( individual isl&s1 b ! kn[n hi/ory ( ! ar*ipelago z a :ole beg9s 9 ! #af? c5tury4 ,at ?is p]iod a civilization1 l>gely ( ,h9du orig91 _h fl\ri%$ & decay$ 9 ,java1 :]e1 z 9 all ! m important isl&s1 ,mahomm$anism _h aft]w>ds become ! dom9ant cre$4 ,b ! small] isl&s & ! remot] di/ricts1 ev5 ( ,java & ,sumatra1 rema9$ 9 a condition ( complete savag]y4 ,! ,portuguese 7 ! fir/ ,europeans to colonize any "p ( ! ar*ipelago4 ,a ,portuguese squadron "u ,diogo ,lopes de ,sequeira arriv$ (f ,sumatra 9 #aeji1 explor$ ! nor? coa/ = "s di/ance1 & not$ t ! inhabitants ( ! int]ior 7 cannibals1 :ile ^? ( ! littoral 7 civiliz$ & possess$ a gold co9age4 ,! ma9 object ( ! ,portuguese 0 to obta9 a %>e 9 ! lucrative spice trade c>ri$ on by ! ,malays1 ,*9ese & ,japanese2 ! trade-r\tes ( ! ar*ipelago conv]g$ ^u ,malacca1 :i* 0 ! po9t ( dep>ture = spice m]*ants trad+ ) e c\ntry on ! %ores ( ! ,indian ,ocean & ,arabian ,sea4 ,9 #aeaa ! ,portuguese "u ,alphonso d',albuqu]que occupi$ ,malacca1 & 9 ,novemb] ( t ye> an exp$ition "u ,antonio de ,abreu 0 despat*$ to f9d a r\te to ! ,moluccas & ,b&a ,isl&s1 !n fam\s = _! cloves & nutmegs4 ,! explor]s rea*$ ,amboyna & ,t]nate1 aft] ga9+ "s k ( ,java1 ,madura1 ,sumbawa & o!r isl&s1 possibly includ+ ,new ,gu9ea4 ,dur+ ! return voyage ! second-9-comm&1 ,francisco ,s]ro1 0 %ipwreck$1 b succe$$ 9 mak+ 8 way 9 a native boat to ,m9danao4 ,?us ! ,philipp9es 7 discov]$3 ,9 #aead a second ,portuguese fleet arriv$ at ,t]nate1 :i* dur+ ! next five ye>s became ! c5tre ( ,portuguese ent]prise 9 ! ar*ipelago2 regul> traffic ) ,malacca & ,co*9 0 e/abli%$1 & ! native raja became a vassal ( ,portugal4 ,mean:ile ! ,spani% gov]nm5t 0 consid]+ :e!r ! ,moluccas did n fall )9 ! ,spani% sph]e ( influ5ce z def9$ by ! ,treaty ( ,tordesillas 9 #adid2 & 9 ,augu/ #aeai an exp$ition comm&$ by ,f]d9& ,magellan 7q4v47 sail$ f ,seville to seek a we/w>d passage to ! ar*ipelago4 ,aft] los+ ! comm&] 9 ! ,philipp9es & discov]+ ,borneo1 ! two surviv+ %ips rea*$ ! ,moluccas late 9 #aebj4 ,"o vessel return$ to ,seville by ! ,cape r\te1 ?us complet+ ! fir/ voyage r\nd ! _w2 ! o!r attempt$ to return by ! ,pacific1 b 0 driv5 back to ,tidore & !re welcom$ by ! natives z a useful ally aga9/ ! ,portuguese4 ,re9=cem5ts f ,spa9 arriv$ 9 #aebe & #aebh2 b 9 #aebi a treaty 0 conclud$ betwe5 ! emp]or ,*>les ,v4 & ,john ,,iii4 ( ,portugal1 by :i*1 9 return = #cej1jjj gold ducats1 ! ,spani% claim to ! ,moluccas 0 )drawn4 ,! b\nd>y betwe5 ! ,spani% & ,portuguese sph]es 0 fix$ at #ag ,e4 ( ! ,moluccas1 b by a geographical fiction ! ,philipp9es 7 includ$ )9 ! ,spani% sph]e4 ,fur!r disputes occurr$ f "t to "t1 & 9 #aedb a ,spani% fleet came into conflict ) ! ,portuguese (f ,amboyna2 b aft] #aebi ! supremacy ( ea* p[] 9 its own sph]e 0 nev] s]i\sly endang]$4 ,?\gh ! ,portuguese trad]s frequ5t$ ! coa/ ( ,java1 !y annex$ no t]ritory ei!r !re or 9 ,sumatra2 b f>!r ea/ !y f\nd$ num]\s =ts & factories1 notably 9 ,amboyna1 ! ,b&a ,isl&1 ,celebes & ,halmah]a4 ,t]nate rema9$ ! seat ( ! gov]nor ( ! ,moluccas1 :o 0 ! highe/ (ficial 9 ! ar*ipelago1 ?\gh subord9ate to ! vic]oy or gov]nor ( ,portuguese ,india4 ,! fir/ attempt to ent] into relations ) ! /ates ( ,borneo 0 made by ,d4 ,jorge de ,m5ezes1 :o visit$ ,brunci 9 #aebf1 & 9 #aebh s5t an envoy to its raja4 ,! embassy fail$ 9 a curi\s mann]4 ,among ! gifts s5t by ,m5ezes 0 a piece ( tape/ry repres5t+ ! m>riage ( ,ca!r9e ( ,aragon to ,ar?ur1 pr9ce ( ,wales4 ,! raja 0 p]suad$ t ^! my/]i\s figures 7 demons "u a spell1 :i* might come to life & kill him z he slept4 ,! envoy 0 !re=e dismiss$4 ,9 #aecf1 aft] a p]iod ( w> & an>*y caus$ by ! tyrannical rule ( ,m5ezes1 ,antonio ,galvo1 ! hi/orian1 0 appo9t$ gov]nor ( ! ,moluccas4 ,he cru%$ ! rebellion & won ! affection ( ! natives by 8 j & enlight5$ adm9i/ration1 :i* _h no p>allel 9 ! annals ( ,portuguese rule 9 ! ar*ipelago4 ,he return$ to ,europe 9 #aedj 7see ,,portugal3 ,lit]ature71 aft] inaugurat+ an active mission>y movem5t1 :i* 0 reviv$ 9 #aedf-aedg by ,francis ,xavi] 7q4v474 ,at ?is p]iod ! ,portuguese p[] 9 ! ,ea/ 0 already beg9n+ to wane2 9 ! ar*ipelago x 0 weak5$ by adm9i/rative corruption & by incessant w> ) native /ates1 notably ,b9tang & ,a*92 bitt] ho/ility 0 ar\s$ by ! attempts :i* ! ,portuguese made to e/abli% a comm]cial monopoly & to =ce ,*ri/ianity ^u _! native subjects & allies 7see ,,portugal3 ,hi/ory74 ,f #aehj to #afdj ,portugal 0 itself unit$ to ,spa9--a union :i* diff]$ f annexation 9 little b "n4 ,! ,engli% & ,dut*1 #aeie-afgd4--,pirates f ,dieppe visit$ ! ar*ipelago betwe5 #aebg & #aeci4 ,x is possible t !y rea*$ ,au/ralia#b--m ?an sixty ye>s be=e ! fir/ voyage ?i!r ( :i* !re is any cle> record2 b _! cruise _h no political significance1 & ! ,spani>ds & ,portuguese rema9$ )\t ,european competitors until ! appe>ance ( ,sir ,francis ,drake 9 #aegi4 ,an ,engli% squadron "u ,sir ,james ,lanca/] came into conflict ) ! ,portuguese 9 #aeia1 & an exp$ition "u ,sir ,h5ry ,middleton trad$ 9 ! ar*ipelago 9 #afjd4 ,b ! ,engli% 7 simple trad]s or explor]s2 f> m =midable 7 ! ,dut*1 :o came to ! ,ea/ p>tly to av5ge ! injuries inflict$ on _! c\ntry by ! ,spani>ds1 p>tly to break ! comm]cial monopoly ( ! p59sul> /ates4 ,z middlem5 !y already possess$ a l>ge int]e/ 9 ! spice trade1 = ! ,portuguese1 hav+ no direct access to ! pr9cipal ,european m>kets1 _h made a practice ( s5d+ c>go to ! ,ne!rl&s = di/ribution by way ( ! ,s*eldt & ,rh9e4 ,! ,dut* n[ s\ght to monopolize n only ! di/ribution b ! production ( spices--an ent]prise facilitat$ by ! co-op]ation ( _m exil$ ,portuguese ,jews :o _h settl$ 9 ,holl&4 ,! fir/ ,dut* fleet sail$ f ,texel1 "u ! comm& ( ,cornelis ,h\tman1 on ! #bnd ( ,april #aeie & rea*$ ,sumatra on ! #a/ ( ,janu>y #aeif4 ,x visit$ ,madura1 & came into conflict ) ! ,portuguese at ,bantam 9 ,java1 return+ to ,holl& 9 #aeig4 ,?\gh n a comm]cial success1 ! exp$ition _h demon/rat$ ! weakness ( ! ,portuguese4 ,9 #afjb ! ,dut* ,ea/ ,india ,company 7q4v47 0 incorporat$1 & = ne>ly two c5turies ?is organization play$ ! *ief "p 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ar*ipelago4 ,by #afjd ! ,dut* c\ld already claim to be ! /rong] p[] at sea4 ,!y _h attack$ ! ,portuguese 9 ,ceylon 7#afja71 e/abli%$ fri5dly relations ) ,a*9 7#afjb71 & defeat$ a p[]ful fleet (f ,b&a 7#afjb74 ,9 #afjf !y conclud$ a treaty ( alliance ) ! sultan ( ,johor1 & 9 #afjh !y =c$ ! ,portuguese to ass5t to an armi/ice = twelve ye>s4 ,on ! #bi? ( ,novemb] #afji ,piet] ,bo? 0 *os5 by ! /ates-g5]al1 on ! nom9ation ( ! ,dut* ,ea/ ,india ,company1 z fir/ gov]nor-g5]al ( ,ne!rl&s ,india4 ,9 #afaa ! headqu>t]s ( ! ,dut* 0 *ang$ f ,bantam to ,jak>ta1 :i* 9 #afai 0 r5am$ ,batavia1 & 0 !nce=w>d ! ,dut* capital4 ,mean:ile ! ,engli% ,ea/ ,india ,company1 *>t]$ 9 #afjj1 _h also ext5d$ its op]ations to ! ar*ipelago4 ,aft] #afaa ! comm]cial rivalry betwe5 ! ,dut* & ,briti% became acute1 & 9 #afac1 #afae & #afah commission]s met 9 ,london to discuss ! matt]s 9 dispute4 ,! result ( _! delib]ations 0 ! ,treaty ( ,def5ce1 sign$ on ! #bnd ( ,june #afai & modifi$ on ! #bd? ( ,janu>y #afbj1 :i* arrang$ = co-op]ation betwe5 ! ,dut* & ,briti% companies1 & especially = ! ma9t5ance ( a jo9t fleet4 ,b nei!r company c\ld re/ra9 its ag5ts 9 ! ,ea/ f aggressive action1 & _m fre% causes ( dispute arose1 ! *ief be+ ! failure ( ! ,briti% to provide ! naval =ces requir$ = s]vice aga9/ ! ,portuguese1 & ! s-call$ massacre ( ,amboyna 7q4v47 9 #afbc4 ,! ,treaty ( ,def5ce laps$ 9 #afcg1 b z e>ly z #afcd ! ,briti% made peace ) ,portugal4 ,ev5 )\t allies1 h[ev]1 ! ,dut* cont9u$ to ext5d _! trade & to annex fre% t]ritory1 = ! ,briti% 7 weak5$ by civil w> at home1 :ile1 aft] #afdj1 ! ,portuguese 7 /ruggl+ to ma9ta9 _! indep5d5ce aga9/ ,spa94 ,! ,dut* company op5$ up a pr(itable trade ) ,japan & ,*9a1 & prosecut$ ! w> aga9/ ,portugal ) great vig\r1 invad+ ,portuguese ,india & captur+ ,po9t de ,galle 9 #afdj1 ,malacca 9 #afda1 ,co*9 & ,cannanore 9 #affc4 ,! w> ) ,engl& 9 #afeb-ed & ! r5ewal ( ! ,anglo-,portuguese alliance by ! m>riage ( ,*>les ,,ii4 to ,ca!r9e ( ,braganza 9 #affa 7 unable to *eck ! gr[? ( ,dut* p[]2 m s]i\s 0 ! resi/ance (f]$ by "s ( ! native /ates4 ,rebellions 9 ,java 7#afbi7 & ! ,moluccas 7#afej7 7 suppress$ ) great sev]ity1 b 9 #affb ! company suff]$ a heavy rev]se 9 ,=mosa1 all its coloni/s be+ expell$ f ! isl&4 ,a new w> betwe5 ,great ,brita9 & ,holl& broke out 9 #afgb & 0 t]m9at$ by ! ,treaty ( ,we/m9/] 7,febru>y #ag1 #afgd71 by :i* ! po9ts at issue betwe5 ! two companies 7 ref]r$ fir/ to commission]s & f9ally to an arbitrator4 ,! full details ( ! settlem5t are unkn[n1 b !nce=w>d ! ,briti% company devot$ its en]gies *iefly to ! developm5t ( its ,indian possessions1 :ile ! ,dut* 7 left supreme 9 ! ar*ipelago4 ,9 #afhd ! ,briti% ev5 evacuat$ ,bantam1 _! *ief settlem5t1 & retir$ to ,b5kul5 9 ,sumatra1 :i* rema9$ = m ?an a c5tury _! sole t]ritorial possession 9 ! ar*ipelago4 ,dut* ,asc5dancy1 #afgd-agdi4--,! weakness ( ,spa9 & ,portugal & ! )drawal ( ! ,briti% left ! ,dut* company free to develop its va/ colonial & comm]cial int]e/s4 ,9 #afbg ! s-call$ ,dut* colonial sy/em _h be5 inaugurat$ by ! f\r? gov]nor-g5]al1 ,jan ,piet]szoon ,co5 7q4v474 ,"u ?is sy/em1 :i* 0 int5d$ to provide ,ne!rl&s ,india ) a fix$ population ( ,european desc5t1 ,dut* girls 7 s5t to ! ar*ipelago to be m>ri$ to :ite settl]s1 & subsequ5tly m>riages betwe5 ,dut*m5 & captive native wom5 7 enc\rag$4 ,z e>ly z #afbd va/ =tunes _h be5 acquir$ by trade3 two memb]s ( ! company :o di$ 9 t ye> 7 /at$ to possess sev5 & eight tons ( gold respectively1 an am\nt approximately equival5t1 9 ! aggregate1 to #b1jjj1jjj4 ,! use ( slave lab\r1 & ! application ( ! corve sy/em to natives :o 7 nom9ally free1 enabl$ ! company to l[] ! co/ ( production1 :ile ! abs5ce ( competition enabl$ x to raise prices4 ,! h>d%ip inflict$ on ! native races provok$ an insurrection ?r\gh\t ,java1 9 :i* ! ,*9ese settl]s p>ticipat$2 b ! ,dut* ma9ta9$ naval & milit>y =ces /rong en\gh to cru% all resi/ance1 & a treaty betwe5 ! company & ! ,susuhunan 9 ,novemb] #agdi made !m practically supreme ?r\gh\t ! isl&4 ,decl9e ( ,dut* ,p[]1 #agdi-ahaa4--;,9 ! second half ( ! #ag? c5tury ! monopoly sy/em & ! employm5t ( slaves & =c$ lab\r gave rise to _m abuses1 & !re 0 a rapid decl9e 9 ! rev5ue f sug>1 c(fee & opium1 :ile ! competition ( ! ,briti% ,ea/ ,india ,company1 :i* n[ export$ spices1 indigo1 c4 f ,india to ,europe1 0 sev]ely felt4 ,! adm9i/ration 0 corrupt1 l>gely because ( ! va/ p[]s giv5 to (ficials1 :o 7 inv>iably und]paid2 & ! f9ancial me?ods ( ! company precipitat$ its ru91 l>ge divid5ds be+ paid out ( borr[$ money4 ,! burd5 ( def5ce c\ld no long] be su/a9$2 piracy & smuggl+ became s common t ! company 0 compell$ to appeal to ! /ates-g5]al = aid4 ,9 #agih x 0 aboli%$ & its au?ority ve/$ 9 a ,c\ncil ( ! ,asiatic ,possessions4 ,9 #ahjc a commission met to consid] ! /ate ( ! ,dut* colonies1 & advocat$ dra/ic adm9i/rative & comm]cial re=ms1 notably fre$om ( trade 9 all commodities except fire>ms1 opium1 rice & wood--) c(fee1 pepp] & spices1 :i* 7 /ate monopolies4 ,"s ( ^! re=ms 7 c>ri$ out by ,h4 ,w4 ,da5dels 7#ahjh-ahaa71 :o 0 s5t out z gov]nor-g5]al by ,l\is ,bonap>te1 aft] ! ,fr5* conque/ ( ,holl&4 ,da5dels1 h[ev]1 ma9ta9$ ! exi/+ re/rictions ^u trade & ev5 made rice a /ate monopoly4 ,8 h>% rule ar\s$ great antagonism2 9 #ahaa he 0 recall$ & ,j4 ,w4 ,janss5s became gov]nor-g5]al4 ,briti% ,occupation1 #ahaa-ahaf4--,ne!rl&s ,india 0 at ?is "t reg>d$ z a "p ( ! ,napoleonic ,empire1 ) :i* ,great ,brita9 0 at w>4 ,a ,briti% naval squadron arriv$ 9 ! ,moluccas 9 ,febru>y #ahaj & captur$ ,amboyna1 ,b&a1 ,t]nate & o!r isl&s4 ,9 #ahaa a /rong fleet 0 equipp$ by ,"l ,m9to1 !n gov]nor-g5]al ( ,india1 = ! conque/ ( ,java2 a ,briti% =ce 0 l&$ on ! #d? ( ,augu/2 ,batavia 0 captur$ on ! #bf?1 & on ! #ah? ( ,septemb] ,janss5s & ! remnant ( 8 army surr5d]$4 ,"l ,m9to _h issu$ a proclamation e/abli%+ ,briti% rule on ! #aa? ( ,septemb]1 & ,?omas 7aft]w>ds ,sir ,?omas7 ,/am=d ,raffles 0 appo9t$ lieut5ant-gov]nor4 ,raffles 7q4v47 held (fice until ,m>* #ahaf1 & introduc$ _m important *anges 9 ! dep>tm5ts ( rev5ue1 comm]ce & judicature4 ,he 0 succe$$ by ,john ,f5dall1 :o 9 #ahaf c>ri$ out ! retrocession ( ,ne!rl&s ,india to ! ,dut*1 9 accordance ) ! ,treaty ( ,vi5na 7#ahad74 ,re/oration & ,re=m ( ,dut* ,p[]1 #ahaf-aiaj4--,v>i\s disputes betwe5 ,great ,brita9 & ! ,ne!rl&s1 aris+ *iefly out ( ! transf] ( p[] 9 ,java & ! ,briti% occupation ( ,s+apore 7#ahai71 7 settl$ by treaty betwe5 ! two p[]s 9 #ahbd4 ,by ?is treaty ! ,dut* 7 giv5 almo/ entire fre$om ( action 9 ,sumatra1 :ile ! ,malay ,p59sula 0 recogniz$ z )9 ! ,briti% sph]e ( influ5ce4 ,9 #ahbe-cj a s]i\s rebellion 9 ,java involv$ ! despat* ( a l>ge milit>y =ce f ! ,ne!rl&s1 & 0 ) difficulty suppress$4 ,an outbreak ( ,mahomm$an fanaticism 9 ,sumatra also gave mu* tr\ble4 ,! re=m movem5t inaugurat$ by ! commission ( #ahjc 0 resum$ 9 #ahcj1 :5 ,gov]nor-,g5]al ,johannes van d5 ,bos* endeav\r$ to improve ! conditions ( l&-t5ure & agriculture by introduc+ ! s-call$ culture sy/em4 ,! native cultivators 7 to be exempt$ f ! gr\nd-tax1 b 7 to cultivate "o-fif? ( _! l& z ! gov]nm5t might direct1 ! gov]nm5t tak+ ! produce4 ,?is culture-sy/em work$ fairly dur+ ,van d5 ,bos*'s t5ure ( (fice1 b gave rise to _m abuses betwe5 #ahcc & #ahdd1 involv+1 z x did1 a comb9ation ( ! mtay] & corve sy/ems4 ,9 #ahdh ! ,grondwet1 or fundam5tal law ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 recogniz$ = ! fir/ "t ! responsibility ( ! ,dut* nation = its colonial dep5d5cies4 ,! ,grondwet involv$ c]ta9 important *anges1 :i* 7 embodi$ 9 an act pass$ 9 #ahed & commonly kn[n z ! ,regulations = ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,ne!rl&s ,india4 ,! ,regulations sub/itut$ /atute law = adm9i/rative & milit>y despotism1 & made ! gov]nor-g5]al 9 c\ncil responsible to ! m9i/] ( ! colonies at ! ,hague4 ,!y re=m$ ! judicature1 introduc$ elem5t>y education = ! natives1 & aboli%$ slav]y 9 ,java z f ! #a/ ( ,janu>y #ahfj4 ,!y also prep>$ ! way = fur!r legislation t5d+ t[>ds ! gradual emancipation ( ! natives f ! culture sy/em1 & f semi-feudal s]vitude to _! native rul]s4 ,t s]vitude exi/$ 9 _m =ms all ov] ! ar*ipelago1 b among ! mo/ curi\s mu/ be reckon$ ! p&el+s*ap or pl$g$om1 :i* orig9at$ 9 ,borneo1 & accord+ to :i* a man _h ! p[] to make 8 debtors 8 s]fs until _! debts 7 paid4 ,! re=m movem5t 0 aid$ by ! publication 9 #ahfj ( ,max ,havela>1 a romance by ,e4 ,d\wes ,dekk] 7q4v471 :i* conta9$ a sca?+ indictm5t ( ! colonial sy/em4 ,_m important f9ancial & agr>ian measures 7 c>ri$ betwe5 #ahfj & #ahij4 ,9 #ahfc ,frans5 van de ,putte1 m9i/] = ! colonies1 introduc$ ! fir/ ( ! annual colonial budgets = :i* ! ,regulations _h provid$1 ?us enabl+ ! /ates-g5]al to control ! rev5ue & exp5diture ( ,ne!rl&s ,india2 9 #ahfe he r$uc$ & 9 #ahgb aboli%$ ! diff]5tiation ( cu/oms dues 9 fav\r ( goods import$ f ,holl&1 sub/itut+ a uni=m import duty ( #f & e/abli%+ a numb] ( free ports ?r\gh\t ! ar*ipelago4 ,! import duty 0 consid]$ s mod]ate t an increase requir$ = rev5ue purposes 0 readily conc$$ 9 #ahhf4 ,9 #ahgf ! practice ( pay+ a ye>ly surplus 7batig slot7 f ! rev5ues ( ,ne!rl&s ,india to ! treasury at ! ,hague 0 discont9u$4 ,! *ief re=ms 9 ! l& sy/em 7 ^? introduc$ by ,de ,waal1 !n m9i/] = ! colonies1 9 #ahgj4 ,! cultivation ( pepp]1 co*9eal1 c9namon & indigo = ! gov]nm5t _h already ceas$2 ,de ,waal re/rict$ ! area ( ! sug> plantations 7c>ri$ on by =c$ native lab\r7 z f #ahgh1 & provid$ = _! abolition aft] #ahij4 ,he also enabl$ natives to secure propriet>y rights ov] ! l& !y cultivat$1 & legaliz$ ! leas+ ( ,cr[n =e/-l&s to ,europeans4 ,! ext5sion ( ,dut* political p[]--notably 9 ,java1 ,sumatra1 ,celebes1 ! ,moluccas1 ,borneo1 ! ,sunda ,isl&s & ,new ,gu9ea--proce$$ simultane\sly ) ! re=m movem5t1 & f "t to "t involv$ w> ) v>i\s native /ates4 ,a l>ge exp$ition 0 s5t to ,lombok 9 #ahid1 & almo/ ! :ole ( t isl& 0 incorporat$ 9 ! ,dut* dom9ions4 ,! long & co/ly w> ) ,a*9 7q4v47 began 9 #ahgc & rea*$ its climax 9 ! milit>y occupation ( ! c\ntry aft] #aije1 :5 ! native sultan surr5d]$ & 0 deport$4 ,a gu]rilla w> 0 /ill c>ri$ on by 8 subjects1 b _! pr9cipal lead]1 ! *ief ,panglima ,polim1 0 captur$ 9 #aijg2 9 #aijh-aiaj ! condition ( ,a*9 "u ! milit>y rule ( ,g5]al ,sw>t 0 "o ( almo/ unbrok5 peace1 & taxes 7 regul>ly paid4 ,:ile ! ,dut* 7 ?us consolidat+ _! au?ority1 o!r c\ntries 7 acquir+ new comm]cial or colonial int]e/s 9 ! ar*ipelago4 ,immigration f ,*9a & ,japan /eadily increas$1 especially t[>ds ! end ( ! p]iod #ahaf-aiaj4 ,! ent]prise ( ,sir ,james ,brooke 7q4v47 l$1 aft] #ahch1 to ! e/abli%m5t ( ,briti% sov]eignty 9 ,nor? ,borneo2 9 #ahie ,new ,gu9ea 0 divid$ betwe5 ,great ,brita91 ,g]many & ! ,ne!rl&s2 & ! ,spani%-,am]ican ,w> ( #ahih result$ 9 ! cession ( ! ,philipp9es1 ,sulu ,isl& & ! l>ge/ ( ! ,m>iana ,isl&s to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ! sale ( ! ,c>ol9e gr\p to ,g]many4 ,au/ralian & ,japanese trade 9 ! ar*ipelago 0 /imulat$ by ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,au/ralian ,commonweal? 7#aija7 & ! ,russo-,japanese ,w> 7#aijd-e74 ,9 #aiaj ! nations mo/ directly int]e/$ 9 ! future ( ! ar*ipelago 7 ! ,ne!rl&s1 ,great ,brita91 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,g]many1 ,japan1 ,*9a & ,portugal4 ,,bibliography4--,= ! p]iod #aeaa-aeie1 ! *ief ,portuguese au?orities are ! *ronicles ( ,b>ros1 ,corra1 ,ca/anh$a & ,c\to 7see ,,portugal3 ,hi/ory71 ) ! lett]s ( ,xavi] 7q4v471 & ! ,tratado ( ,a4 ,galvo 7,lisbon1 #aefc & #agca71 ( :i* a translation entitl$ ,discov]ies ( ! ,_w 0 made = ,ri*>d ,hakluyt & repr9t$ by ! ,hakluyt ,society 7,london1 #ahfb74 ,see also ,m4 ,f4 de ,nav>ette1 ,coleccion de los viages 7vols4 #d & #e1 ,madrid1 #ahcg74 ,= lat] hi/ory see ,john ,crawfurd1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago 7,ed9burgh1 #ahbj71 :i* quotes f native z well z ,european records1 & ,tw5tie?-,c5tury ,impressions ( ,ne!rl&s ,india 7ed4 ,a4 ,wright1 ,london1 #aiaj71 :i* gives ref]5ces to ! pr9cipal ,engli% & ,dut* au?orities4 ,fur!r bibliography w be f\nd 9 ,j4 ,a4 van d] ,*ijs1 ,proeve e5] n$]l&s*-indis*e ,bibliografie1 #afei-ahgj 7,batavia1 #ahge74 7,k4 ,g4 ,j47 ,,footnotes3 #a ,= m detail$ in=mation respect+ ! sev]al isl&s & gr\ps ( ! ar*ipelago1 see ! sep>ate articles ,,borneo2 ,,java2 ,,philipp9e ,,isl&s2 ,,sumatra1 c4 #b ,see ,! ,geographical ,j\rnal1 ix4 #hj seq4 7,london1 #ahig74 ,,malair1 a small prov9ce ( ,p]sia1 situat$ betwe5 ,hamadan & ,burujird4 ,x has a population ( ab\t #gj1jjj1 &1 toge!r ) ! di/rict ,tusirkhan1 pays a ye>ly rev5ue ( ab\t #ac1jjj4 ,x produces mu* corn & fruit2 a great quantity ( ! latt]1 dri$1 is export$4 ,its capital & seat ( gov]nm5t is ,doletabad 7,d[letabad71 a ?riv+ little city1 ) a population ( ab\t #ejjj1 situat$ at an elevation ( #efhj ft41 #ch m4 f ,hamadan & #cb m4 f ,burujird4 ,x has po/ & telegraph (fices4 ,,malay ,,p59sula 7call$ by ! ,malays ,tanah ,malayu1 i4e4 ! ,malay ,l&71 a loz5ge-%ap$ /rip ( l& project+ into ! ,*9a ,sea1 & =m+ ! mo/ s\!rly portion ( ! cont95t ( ,asia4 ,geographically1 ! p59sula beg9s at ! i/hmus ( ,kra1 #aj ,n41 at :i* po9t x is only betwe5 #fj & #gj m4 9 wid?1 & ! di/ance f sea to sea is fur!r dim9i%$ by a l>ge irregul> salt-wat] inlet4 ,politically & an?ropologically1 h[ev]1 ?is upp] portion mu/ be reg>d$ z a cont9uation ( ! k+dom ( ,siam r ?an z a section ( ,malaya4 ,f ! i/hmus ( ,kra ! p59sula ext5ds s\? ) a g5]al incl9ation t[>ds ! ea/1 ! mo/ s\!rly po9t be+ ,tanjong ,bulus 9 #a #af ,n4 ,a l9e drawn diagonally d[n ! c5tre f ! i/hmus ( ,kra to ,cape ,romania 7,ramunya7 gives ! extreme l5g? at ab\t #gej miles4 ,! bread? at ! wide/ po9t1 f ,tanjong ,p5-unjut 9 ,tr5gganu to ,tanjong ,hantu 9 ! ,d9d+s t]ritory1 is ab\t #bjj m4 ,! area is e/imat$ at ab\t #gj1jjj sq4 m4 ,! p59sula is b\nd$ on ! ,n4 by ,siam1 on ! ,s4 by ! isl& & /rait ( ,s+apore1 on ! ,e4 by ! ,*9a ,sea1 & on ! ,w4 by ! ,/rait ( ,malacca4 ,physical ,*>act]i/ics4--,a range ( granite m\nta9s =ms a backbone :i* divides ! p59sula into two unequal portions1 ! l>g] ( :i* lies to ! ea/ & ! small] to ! we/ ( ! *a94 ,small] ranges run p>allel to ! ma9 m\nta9 *a9 9 _m places1 & !re are num]\s isolat$ spurs :i* h no connexion ) ei!r4 ,! c\ntry is cov]$ ) lime/one 9 _m p>ts1 & l>ge isolat$ bluffs ( ?is =mation /& up 9 ! pla9s bo? on ! ea/]n & ! we/]n slopes4 ,! desc5t f ! summits ( ! range into ! pla9 is some:at less abrupt on ! we/]n ?an x is on ! ea/]n side1 & betwe5 ! foot ( ! m\nta9s & ! ,/rait ( ,malacca ! l>ge/ kn[n alluvial deposits ( t9 are situat$4 ,on ! ea/]n side ( ! range1 aft] a /eep desc5t1 ! granite =mation spe$ily gives place to slates ( va/ dep?1 int]sect$ "h & !reby fissures ( qu>tz conta9+ gold1 & 9 _m places cov]$ by lime/one :i* has be5 sup]impos$ ^u ! slates4 ,! highe/ kn[n peak 9 ! ma9 range is t ( ,gunong ,korbu1 #gbag ft4 above sea-level4 ,! highe/ m\nta9 is believ$ to be ,gunong ,tahan1 :i* =ms "p ( an isolat$ range on ! ea/]n side1 betwe5 ,pahang & ,kelantan1 & is e/imat$ at ab\t #hjjj ft4 ,! we/ coa/ ?r\gh\t its :ole l5g? is cov]$ to a dep? ( "s miles ) mangrove swamps1 ) only a few isolat$ /ret*es ( s&y bea*1 ! dim foliage ( ! mangroves & ! hide\s mud flats pres5t+ a depress+ spectacle4 ,on ! ea/ coa/ ! =ce ( ! nor?-ea/ monsoon1 :i* beats ^u ! %ores ( ! ,*9a ,sea annually f ,novemb] to ,febru>y1 has kept ! l& = ! mo/ "p free f mangroves1 & ! s&s1 brok5 "h & !re by rocky headl&s ?ickly wood$1 & fr+$ by casu>9a trees1 /ret* = miles )\t int]ruption4 ,! isl&s on ea* coa/ pres5t ! features ( ! %ore to :i* !y are adjac5t4 ,on bo? ! ea/ & ! we/ coa/ ! isl&s are ?ickly wood$1 b :]eas ! =m] are surr\nd$ by beautiful s&s & bea*es1 ! latt] are fr+$ by mangrove-swamps4 ,! :ole p59sula may be describ$ z "o va/ =e/1 int]sect$ 9 e direction by c\ntless /reams & riv]s :i* toge!r =m ! mo/ lavi% wat]-sy/em 9 ! _w4 ,only an insignificant fraction ( ^! =e/s has ev] be5 visit$ by human be+s1 ! ,malays & ev5 ! aborig9al tribe hav+ _! homes on ! banks ( ! riv]s1 & nev]1 ev5 :5 travell+ f "o "p ( ! c\ntry to ano!r1 leav+ ! banks ( a /ream except = a %ort "t :5 pass+ f "o riv]-sy/em to ano!r4 ,! bulk ( ! jungle1 !re=e1 :i* lies betwe5 /ream & /ream1 has nev] be5 trodd5 by ! foot ( man4 ,! pr9cipal riv]s on ! we/ coa/ are ! ,p]ak1 ! ,b]nam & ! ,mu>4 ,! fir/-nam$ is f> f9] ?an its fell[s1 & is navigable = /eam]s = ab\t #dj m4 f its m\?1 & = native craft = ov] #bej m4 ,x is exce$+ly %all[1 h[ev]1 & is n ( mu* importance z a wat]way4 ,! ,b]nam runs ?r\gh flat swampy c\ntry = ! great] "p ( its c\rse1 & /eam-laun*es c p5etrate to a di/ance ( ov] #ajj m4 f its m\?1 & x is !re=e probably ! deepe/ riv]4 ,! c\ntry :i* x wat]s1 h[ev]1 is n ( any value1 & x is n mu* us$4 ,! ,mu> wat]s a v f]tile valley1 & is navigable = native boats = ov] #aej m4 ,on ! ea/ coa/ ! pr9cipal /reams are ! ,petani1 ,telub91 ,kelantan1 ,besut1 ,tr5gganu1 ,dungun1 ,kmamun1 ,kuantan1 ,pahang1 ,romp91 ,endau & ,s$eli1 all gu>d$ by difficult b>s at _! m\?s1 & dang]\s dur+ ! cont9uance ( ! nor?-ea/ monsoon4 ,! deepe/ riv]s are ! ,kuantan & ,romp92 ! l>ge/ are ! ,kelantan & ! ,pahang1 bo? ( :i* are navigable = native boats = a di/ance ( ov] #bej m4 ,! ,tr5gganu riv] is ob/ruct$ by impassable rapids at a di/ance ( ab\t #cj m4 f its m\?4 ,! riv]s on ! ea/ coa/ are practically ! only highways1 ! ,malays always travell+ by boat 9 pref]5ce to walk+1 b !y s]ve _! purpose v indiff]5tly1 & _! great beauty is _! *ief claim to di/9ction4 ,magnific5t caves are f\nd on bo? slopes ( ! p59sula1 ^? at ,batu 9 ,selangor be+ ! f9e/ on ! we/ coa/1 :ile ^? ( ,*adu & ,koto ,glanggi 9 ,pahang are ! mo/ ext5sive yet visit$ by ,europeans on ! ea/ coa/4 ,!y are all ( lime/one =mation4 ,s f> z is kn[n1 ! ,malay ,p59sula consi/s ( an axial zone ( cry/all9e rocks1 flank$ on ea* side by an incomplete b& ( s$im5t>y deposits4 ,granite is ! mo/ widely spread ( ! cry/all9e rocks2 b dikes ( v>i\s k9ds occur1 & gneiss1 s*i/ & m>ble are also met )4 ,^! rocks =m ! great] "p ( ! c5tral range1 & !y are (t5--especially ! granite--decompos$ & rott5 to a consid]able dep?4 ,! s$im5t>y deposits include slate1 lime/one & s&/one4 ,impure coal has also be5 record$4 ,! lime/one has yield$ ,proetus1 ,*onetes & o!r fossils1 & is believ$ to be ( ,c>bonif]\s age4 ,9 ! s&/one ,myophoria & o!r ,triassic fossils h be5 f\nd1 & x appe>s to belong to ! ,rhaetic or ,upp] ,trias4#a ,! m9]als produc$ are t91 gold1 iron1 gal5a & o!rs1 9 insignificant quantities4 ,! t9 occurs 9 ! =m ( cassit]ite1 & is f\nd *iefly 9 or ne> ! cry/all9e rocks1 especially ! granite4 ,z /ream t9 x occurs abundantly 9 "s ( ! alluvial deposits d]iv$ f ! cry/all9e area1 especially on ! we/ coa/4 ,only two t9 lodes are work$1 h[ev]1 & bo? are situat$ on ! ea/ coa/1 ! "o at ,kuantan 9 ,pahang1 ! o!r at ,b&i 9 ,tr5gganu t]ritory4 ,on ! we/ coa/ no true lode has yet be5 discov]$1 ?\gh ! va/ alluvial deposits ( t9 f\nd !re seem to make su* a discov]y probable 9 ! future4 ,s9ce #ahij ! t9 produc$ f ^! alluvial b$s has suppli$ betwe5 #ej & #ge ( ! t9 ( ! _w4 ,gold is work$ ) success 9 ,pahang1 & has be5 exploit$ f "t immemorial by ! natives ( t /ate & ( ,kelantan4 ,small quantities h also be5 f\nd on ! we/]n slope 9 ,p]ak4 ,climate1 c4--,x 0 =m]ly ! cu/om to speak ( ! ,malay ,p59sula z an unheal?y climate1 & ev5 to comp>e x ) ! we/ coa/ ( ,africa4 ,x is n[ g5]ally admitt$1 h[ev]1 t1 ?\gh hot1 x comp>es fav\rably ) t ( ,burma4 ,! *ief compla9t :i* ,europeans make conc]n+ x is ! extreme humidity1 :i* causes ! heat to be m oppressive ?an is ! case :]e ! air is dry4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! !rmomet]1 ev5 at ,s+apore on ! s\!rn coa/1 :i* is ! hotte/ portion ( ! p59sula1 seldom rises above #ih 9 ! %ade1 :]eas ! mean = ! ye> at t place is g5]ally bel[ #hj4 ,on ! ma9l&1 & m especially on ! ea/]n slope1 ! temp]ature is cool]1 ! !rmomet] seldom ris+ above #ic 9 ! %ade1 & fall+ at night bel[ #gj4 ,on an av]age day 9 ?is "p ( ! p59sula ! temp]ature 9 a ,european h\se rang$ f #hh to #fh4 ,! numb] ( ra9y days ?r\gh\t ! p59sula v>ies f #afj to ov] #bjj 9 ea* ye>1 b viol5t gu/s ( w9d1 call$ ,sumatras1 accompani$ by a heavy d[np\r ( %ort duration1 are m common ?an p]si/5t ra94 ,! ra9fall on ! we/ coa/ v>ies f #ge to #abj 94 p] annum1 & t ( ! ea/ coa/1 :]e ! nor?-ea/ monsoon breaks ) all its fury1 is usually ab\t #aee 94 p] annum4 ,mal>ial fev]s make _! appe>ance 9 places :]e ! =e/ has be5 rec5tly fell$1 or :]e ! surface e>? has be5 di/urb$4 ,x is notic$ t lab\r]s employ$ 9 deep m9es work$ by %afts suff] less f fev] ?an d ^? :o are engag$ 9 /ripp+ ! alluvial deposits4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 means t a new /ation1 :]e cle>+1 digg+1 & build+ are 9 progress1 is (t5 unheal?y = a "t1 & to ?is mu/ be attribut$ ! evil reputation :i* ! p59sula =m]ly enjoy$4 ,to ,europeans ! climate is f\nd to be relax+ & en]vat+1 b if1 9 spite ( "s dis9cl9ation = ex]tion1 regul> ex]cise is tak5 f ! beg9n+1 & ord9>y precautions aga9/ *ills1 m especially to ! /oma*1 are adopt$1 a ,european has almo/ z good a *ance ( rema9+ 9 good heal? 9 ! p59sula z 9 ,europe4 ,a *ange ( climate1 h[ev]1 is imp]atively necess>y e five or six ye>s1 & ! *ildr5 ( ,european p>5ts %\ld n be kept 9 ! p59sula aft] !y h atta9$ ! age ( f\r or five ye>s4 ,! ,*9ese immigrants suff] *iefly f fev] ( a mal>ial type1 f b]i-b]i1 a species ( tropical dropsy1 & f dys5t]y4 ,! ,malays =m]ly suff]$ sev]ely f smallpox epidemics1 b 9 ! portion ( ! p59sula "u ,briti% rule vacc9ation has be5 introduc$1 & ! ravages ( ! disease no long] assume s]i\s dim5sions4 ,occasional outbreaks ( *ol]a occur f "t to "t1 & 9 ! indep5d5t /ates ^! cause t]rible loss ( life1 z ! natives fly f ! disease & spread ! infection 9 e direction4 ,z a :ole1 ! ,malays are1 h[ev]1 a rem>kably heal?y p1 & de=mity & h]$it>y diseases are r>e among !m4 ,!re is little leprosy 9 ! p59sula1 b !re is a lep] hospital ne> ,p5ang on ,pula ,d]aja & ano!r on an isl& on ! we/ coa/ = ! reception ( lep]s f ! ,f$]at$ ,malay ,/ates4 ,flora & ,fauna4--,! soil ( ! p59sula is rem>kably f]tile bo? 9 ! pla9s & on ! m\nta9 slopes4 ,9 ! va/ =e/s ! decay ( vegetable matt] dur+ c\ntless ages has enri*$ ! soil to ! dep? ( _m feet1 & f x spr+s ! mo/ m>vell\s tangle ( huge trees1 %rubs1 bu%es1 und]wood1 creep]s1 climb+ plants & trail+ v9es1 ! :ole hung ) f]ns1 mosses1 & p>asitic gr[?s1 & b\nd toge!r by rattans & huge rope-l trail]s4 ,9 mo/ places ! jungle is s d5se t x is impossible to =ce a way ?r\gh x )\t ! aid ( a wood-knife1 & ev5 ! wild bea/s use well-worn game-tracks ?r\gh ! =e/4 ,9 ! int]ior brakes ( bamboos are f\nd1 _m ( :i* spread = miles along ! riv] banks4 ,good h>d-wood timb] is f\nd 9 pl5ty1 ! be/ be+ ! m]abau1 p5ak1 rasok & *5gal4 ,or*ids ( c\ntless v>ieties ab\nd4 ,! pr9cipal fruit trees are ! duri-an1 mango/e51 cu/>d-apple1 pomegranate1 rambut-an1 pulas-an1 langsat1 rambai1 jack-fruit1 coco-nut1 areca-nut1 sug>-palm1 & banana4 ,c(fee1 tobacco1 sug>-cane1 rice1 pepp]1 gambi]1 cotton & sago are cultivat$ ) success4 ,great developm5ts h be5 made ( rec5t ye>s 9 ! cultivation ( rubb] 9 ,briti% ,malaya4 ,! pr9cipal jungle products are gutta & rubb] ( sev]al v>ieties1 & _m k9ds ( rattan4 ,! mangrove gr[s on ! %ores ( ! we/ coa/ 9 pr(usion4 ,agilawood1 ! camphor tree1 & ebony are also f\nd 9 small] quantities4 ,! fauna ( ! p59sula is v>i$ & no less pr(use ?an is ! vegetable life4 ,! ,asiatic elephant2 ! seladang1 a bison ( a l>g] type ?an ! ,indian gaur2 two v>ieties ( rh9oc]os2 ! honey be> 7bruang71 ! tapir1 ! sambhur 7rusa72 ! speckl$ de] 7kijang71 ?ree v>ieties ( m\se-de] 7napoh1 pl&ok & kan*il72 ! gibbon 7ungka or wawa'71 ! siamang1 ano!r species ( an?ropoid ape1 ! brok or coco-nut monkey1 s call$ because x is tra9$ by ! ,malays to ga!r ! nuts f ! coco-nut trees1 ! lotong1 kra1 & at lea/ tw5ty o!r k9ds ( monkey2 ! b9turong 7arctictis b9turong71 ! lemur2 ! ,asiatic tig]1 ! black pan!r1 ! leop>d1 ! l>ge wild cat 7h>imau ak>71 sev]al v>ieties ( jungle cat2 ! wild bo>1 ! wild dog2 ! fly+ squirrel1 ! fly+ fox2 ! py?on1 ! cobra1 & _m o!r v>ieties ( snake1 includ+ ! hamadryad2 ! alligator1 ! ott] & ! gavial1 z well z c\ntless k9ds ( squirrel1 rat1 c41 are f\nd ?r\gh\t ! jungles ( ! p59sula 9 great numb]s4 ,on ! ea/ coa/ peaf[l are f\nd1 & ?r\gh\t ! int]ior ! argus pheasant1 ! fireback$ pheasant1 ! blue p>tridge1 ! adjutant-bird1 sev]al k9ds ( h]on & crane1 duck1 teal1 cotton-teal1 snipe1 wood-pigeon1 gre5-pigeon ( sev]al v>ieties1 swifts1 swall[s1 pi$-rob9s1 hornbills1 p>akeets1 fly-cat*]s1 nightj>s1 & _m o!r k9ds ( bird are met ) frequ5tly4 ,a few specim5s ( solit>y goose h be5 procur$1 b ! bird is r>ely met )4 ,! =e/s lit]ally sw>m ) insects ( all k9ds1 f cicadae to beautiful butt]flies1 & f /ick- & leaf-insects to endless v>ieties ( ants4 ,! scorpion & ! c5tip$e are bo? common4 ,! /udy ( ! insect life ( ! p59sula op5s a spl5did field = sci5tific rese>*1 & ! pr(usion & v>iety ( insects f\nd 9 ^! =e/s probably surpass ^? to be met ) any:]e else 9 ! _w4 ,political ,divisions & ,population4--,politically ! ,malay ,p59sula is divid$ into f\r sections3 ! colony ( ! ,/raits ,settlem5ts & ! ,f$]at$ ,malay ,/ates2 ! indep5d5t ,malay ,/ate ( ,johor1 :i* is )9 ! ,briti% sph]e ( influ5ce2 ! non-f$]at$ /ates "u ,briti% protection2 & ! gr\ps ( /ates to ! nor? ( ,p]ak & ,pahang :i* are n[ recogniz$ z ly+ )9 ! sph]e ( influ5ce ( ,siam4 ,! colony ( ! ,/raits ,settlem5ts consi/s ( ! isl&s ( ,s+apore1 ,p5ang & ! ,d9d+s1 ! t]ritory ( ,prov9ce ,wellesley1 on ! ma9l& opposite to ,p5ang1 ! insignificant t]ritory ( ! ,d9d+s1 & ! t[n & t]ritory ( ,malacca4 ,! ,f$]at$ ,malay ,/ates "u ,briti% protection consi/ ( ! sultanates ( ,p]ak1 ,selangor & ! ,negri ,sambilan on ! we/ coa/1 & ! sultanate ( ,pahang on ! ea/ coa/4 ,johor is ! only ,malay /ate 9 ! s\!rn portion ( ! p59sula1 ! :ole ( :i* is )9 ! ,briti% sph]e1 :i* has be5 suff]$ to rema9 "u native rule4 ,! non-f$]at$ /ates "u ,briti% protection 7s9ce #aiji7 are ,kelantan1 ,tr5gganu1 ,k$ah & ,p]lis 7,palit74 ,! population ( ! p59sula numb]s ab\t #b1jjj1jjj1 ( :om ab\t #fjj1jjj inhabit ! colony ( ! ,/raits ,settlem5ts1 ab\t #ijj1jjj ! ,f$]at$ ,malay ,/ates1 ab\t #bjj1jjj ! ,malay ,/ate ( ,johor1 & ab\t #bej1jjj to #cjj1jjj ! rema9d] ( ! p59sula4 ,! population ( ! p59sula includes ab\t #hej1jjj ,*9ese1 mo/ly immigrants or desc5dants ( immigrants f ! s\!rn prov9ces ( ,*9a1 ( :om ab\t #cjj1jjj reside 9 ! colony ( ! ,/raits ,settlem5ts1 #cfe1jjj 9 ! ,f$]at$ ,malay ,/ates1 #aej1jjj 9 ,johor1 & ! rema9d] 9 small] communities or z isolat$ trad]s scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! villages & small t[ns ( ! p59sula4 ,! ,malay population ( ! p59sula1 includ+ immigrants f ! ea/]n ar*ipelago1 numb] "s #gej1jjj to #hjj1jjj1 :ile ! ,tamils & o!r natives ( ,india numb] ab\t #ajj1jjj1 ! aborig9al natives ( ! p59sula p]haps #bj1jjj1 ,europeans & ,am]icans ab\t #fejj1 & ,eurasians ab\t #ijjj4 ,! colony ( ! ,/raits ,settlem5ts1 & to a less] ext5t ! t[ns ( ! ,f$]at$ ,malay ,/ates1 c>ry a consid]able het]og5\s population1 9 :i* mo/ ( ! races ( ,asia f9d _! repres5tatives4 ,illu/ration3 ,map ( ,malay ,p59sula4 ,races ( ! ,p59sula4--,exclud+ ! ,tai1 or ,siamese1 :o are und\bt$ly rec5t intrud]s f ! nor?1 !re are ?ree races :i* = an ext5d$ p]iod ( "t h _h _! home 9 ! ,malay ,p59sula4 ,^! are ! ,semang or ,pangan1 ! ,sakai or ,jakun1 & ! ,malays4 ,! ,semang1 z !y are mo/ usually call$ by ! ,malays1 are ,negritos--a small1 v d>k p1 ) features ( ! negroid type1 v progna?\s1 & ) %ort1 woolly hair cl++ to ! scalp 9 t9y crisp curls4 ,^! p belong to ! race :i* w\ld seem to be ! true aborig9al /ock ( s\!rn ,asia4 ,repres5tatives ( x are f\nd scatt]$ ab\t ! isl&s f ! ,&aman gr\p s\?w>ds4 ,! /ate ( civilization to :i* !y h atta9$ is v l[4 ,!y nei!r plant nor h !y any manufactures except _! rude bamboo & rattan vessels1 ! fi% & game traps :i* !y set ) mu* skill1 & ! b[s1 bl[-pipes & bamboo spe>s ) :i* !y are arm$4 ,!y are skilful hunt]s1 h[ev]1 cat* fi% by +5i\sly con/ruct$ traps1 & live almo/ entirely on jungle-roots & ! produce ( _! hunt+ & fi%+4 ,! mo/ civiliz$ ( ^! p is f\nd 9 ,upp] ,p]ak1 & ! memb]s ( ?is clan h acquir$ "s k ( ! art ( plant+1 c4 ,!y _c1 h[ev]1 be tak5 z typical ( _! race1 & o!r specim5s ( ?is p are seldom se5 ev5 by ! ,sakai4 ,f "t to "t !y h be5 raid$ by ! latt]1 & _m ,negritos are to be f\nd 9 captivity 9 "s ( ! ,malayan villages on ! ea/]n side ( ! p59sula4 ,! mi/ake ( speak+ ( ! ,sakai tribes z practically id5tical ) ! ,semang or ,pangan has v frequ5tly be5 made1 b z a matt] ( fact ! two races are absolutely di/9ct f "o ano!r4 ,x has also be5 cu/om>y to include ! ,sakai 9 ! category ( ,malayan races1 b ?is too is und\bt$ly incorrect4 ,! ,sakai /ill inhabit 9 greate/ numb]s ! c\ntry :i* =ms ! int]ior ( ,pahang1 ! ,plus & ,k9ta di/ricts ( ,p]ak1 & ! valley ( ,n5ggiri 9 ,kelantan4 ,repres5tatives ( _! race are also f\nd scatt]$ among ! ,malayan villages ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 & also along ! coa/1 b ^! h int]mix$ s mu* ) ! ,malays1 & h acquir$ s _m cu/oms1 c41 f _! m civiliz$ neighb\rs1 t !y c no long] be reg>d$ z typical ( ! race to :i* !y belong4 ,! pure ,sakai 9 ! int]ior h a good k ( plant+ rice1 tapioca1 c41 fa%ion pretty vessels f bamboos1 :i* !y decorate ) patt]ns trac$ by ! aid ( fire1 make lo9-clo?s 7_! only g>m5t7 f ! b>k ( ! trap & ipoh trees2 are v musical1 us+ a rude lute ( bamboo1 & a nose-flute ( a v sweet tone1 & s++ 9 *orus v melodi\sly2 & altoge!r h atta9$ 9 _! primitive /ate to a high] degree ( civilization ?an h ! ,semang4 ,!y are ab\t z tall z ! av]age ,malay1 are slimly built1 light ( col\r1 & h wavy f9e hair4 ,9 _! own language !y usually h only ?ree num]als1 viz4 na-nun1 "o2 n>1 two2 & ne'1 ?ree1 or v>iants ( ^!2 all high] ari?metical ideas be+ express$ by ! ^w k]pn1 :i* means _m4 ,a few cases h be5 record$1 h[ev]1 ( tribes :o c c\nt 9 _! own tongue up to f\r & five4 ,among ! m civiliz$1 h[ev]1 ! ,malay num]als up to t5 are adopt$ by ! ,sakai4 ,an exam9ation ( _! language seems to indicate t x belongs to ! ,mon-,khm] gr\p ( languages1 & ! an?ropological in=mation =?com+ conc]n+ ! ,sakai po9ts to ! conclusion t !y %[ a great] aff9ity to ! p ( ! ,mon-,khm] races ?an to ! ,malayan /ock4 ,?\gh !y n[ use metal tools import$ by ! ,malays1 x is noticeable t ! names :i* !y give to ^? weapons :i* mo/ closely resemble 9 "* ! /one implem5ts f\nd 9 su* numb]s all ov] ! p59sula are native names :olly unconnect$ ) _! ,malay equival5ts4 ,on acc\nt ( ?is1 x has be5 sugge/$ t 9 a =gott5 pa/ ! ,sakai 7 !mselves ! fa%ion]s ( ! /one implem5ts1 & c]ta9 x is t all tools :i* h no repres5tatives among ! /one kelts are kn[n to ! ,sakai by obvi\s corruptions ( _! ,malayan names4 ,! pres5ce ( ! ,sakai1 a p ( ! ,mon-,khm] /ock1 9 ! int]ior ( ! p59sula has also be5 consid]$ z "o ( _m pro(s t ! ,malays intrud$ f ! s\? & approa*$ ! p59sula by means ( a sea-r\te1 s9ce _h !y swept d[n f ! nor?1 be+ driv5 !nce by ! p ( a /rong] bre$1 x might be expect$ t ! fr+e ( c\ntry divid+ ! two cont5d+ races w\ld be inhabit$ by m5 ( ! m feeble /ock4 ,in/ead1 we f9d ! ,sakai occupy+ ?is position1 ?us indicat+ t !y h be5 driv5 nor?w>d by ! ,malays1 & t ! latt] p has n be5 expell$ by ! ,mon-,khm] races f ! c\ntries n[ repres5t$ by ,burma1 ,siam & ,fr5* ,indo-,*9a4 ,! ,sakai population is dy+ out1 & mu/ ev5tually disappe>4 7,) reg>d to ! ,malay1 see ,,malays47 ,ar*aeology4--,! only anci5t rema9s f\nd 9 ! p59sula are ! /one implem5ts1 ( :i* m5tion has already be5 made1 & "s rem>kable anci5t m9es1 :i* are situat$ 9 ! ,jelai valley 9 ,pahang4 ,! /one implem5ts are g5]ally ( "o or two types3 a long rectangul> adze or w$ge rudely po9t$ at "o end1 & us$ 9 conjunction ) a mallet or flat /one1 & a r\ghly triangul> axe-head1 :i* has evid5tly be5 fix$ 9 ! cleft ( a split /ick4 ,a few /ones1 :i* might p]haps be arr[heads1 h be5 f\nd1 b !y are v r>e4 ,! m9es1 :i* h be5 con/ruct$ = ! purpose ( work+ qu>tz lodes conta9+ gold1 are v ext5sive1 & argue a high /age ( civilization possess$ by ! anci5t m9]s4 ,!y consi/ ( a numb] ( circul> or rectangul> pits sunk f ! cap ( a hill1 & go+ d[n to a dep? ( 9 "s cases z mu* z #abj ft41 until 9 fact ! m9]s h be5 /opp$ by be+ unable to cope ) ! quantity ( wat] made :5 ! level ( ! valley 0 rea*$4 ,! %afts are plac$ s close toge!r t 9 _m in/ances !y are divid$ by only a c\ple ( feet ( solid gr\nd1 b at _! bases a consid]able am\nt ( gall]y "w has be5 excavat$1 ?\gh x is possible t ?is 0 done by m9]s :o came aft] ! p :o orig9ally sank ! %afts4 ,native tradition attributes ^! m9es to ! ,siamese1 b no importance c be atta*$ to ?is1 z x is v g5]al = ! ,malays to give ?is explanation = any?+ :i* is obvi\sly n ! "w ( _! own ance/ors4 ,a !ory1 :i* seems to h "s probability 9 its fav\r1 is t ^! m9es 7 work$ by ! ,khm] p dur+ ! p]iod ( p[]1 en]gy & prosp]ity :i* f\nd its mo/ l(ty expression 9 ! n[ ru9$ & des]t$ city ( ,angkor ,?om2 :ile ano!r attributes ^! works to ! natives ( ,india ^: ,h9du rema9s are f\nd 9 ,java & else:]e1 ^: influ5ce 0 at "o "t widespread ?r\gh\t ,malayan l&s1 & ( ^: religi\s tea*+ remnants /ill l+] 9 ! sup]/itions ( ! ,malays & are pres]v$ 9 "s purity 9 ,lombok & ,bali4 ,9 ! abs5ce1 h[ev]1 ( any relics ( a k9d :i* might lead to ! id5tification ( ! anci5t m9]s1 _! nationality & orig9 are matt]s :i* mu/ cont9ue to be m]e que/ions ( speculation & conjecture4 ,hi/ory4--,! fir/ h9t to rea* ,europe conc]n+ ! exi/5ce ( habitable l&s to ! ea/w>d ( ! ,ganges is to be f\nd 9 ! writ+s ( ,pomponius ,mela 7,a4,d4 #dc7 :i* speak ( ,*ryse1 or ! ,gold5 ,isle1 z ly+ (f ,cape ,tamus--suppos$ to be ! mo/ ea/]ly po9t 9 ,asia--& ov] aga9/ ! e/u>y ( ! ,ganges4 ,!reaft] !re occur vague ref]5ces to ,*ryse 9 ! ,p]iplus ( ! ,ery?rean ,sea1 c41 b ! e>lie/ trace ( any?+ resembl+ fir/-h& k conc]n+ ! p59sula ( ,indo-,*9a & ,malaya is reveal$ 9 ! writ+s ( ,ptolemy1 ^: views 7 ma9ly d]iv$ f ^? ( 8 pr$ecessor ,m>9us ( ,tyre1 :o 9 8 turn drew 8 d$uctions f in=mation suppli$ to him by ! m>9] ,alex&] :o1 !re is e reason to ?9k1 _h himself voyag$ to ! ,malay ,p59sula & beyond4 ,9 ! light ( pres5t k conc]n+ ! trade-r\tes ( ,asia1 :i* _h be5 9 exi/5ce = ?\s&s ( ye>s ere ev] ,europeans attempt$ to make use ( !m1 x is safe to id5tify ,ptolemy's ,s9us ,p]imulicus ) ! ,gulf ( ,siam1 ! ,s9us ,sab>icus ) ! ,/raits ( ,malacca f _! s\!rn portals to ! ,gulf ( ,m>taban1 ! ,aurea ,*]sonesus ) ! ,malay ,p59sula1 & ! isl& ( ,iabadius or ,sabadius--! read+ ( ! "n is d\btful--) ,sumatra1 n z has (t5 be5 mi/ak5ly attempt$ ) ,java4 ,al?\gh ! fir/ def9ite endeav\r to locate ! ,gold5 ,*]sonese ?us dates f ! middle ( ! #bnd c5tury ( our era1 ! "n 0 app>5tly well kn[n to ! le>n$ ( ,europe at a some:at e>li] p]iod1 & 9 8 ,antiquities ( ! ,jews1 writt5 dur+ ! latt] half ( ! #a/ c5tury1 ,josephus says t ,solomon gave to ! pilots furni%$ to him by ,hiram ( ,tyre comm&s t !y %\ld g along ) 8 /ew>ds to ! l& t ( old 0 call$ ,ophir1 b n[ ! ,aurea ,*]sonesus1 :i* belongs to ,india1 to fet* gold4 ,aft] ! "t ( ,ptolemy no advance 9 k conc]n+ ! geography ( s\?-ea/]n ,asia 0 made until ,cosmas ,indicopleu/es1 a monk & an ,alex&rian ,greek1 wrote f p]sonal k betwe5 ,a4,d4 #ecj & #eej4 ,8 prim>y object 0 to prove t ! _w 0 built aft] ! same %ape & fa%ion z ! ,ark made by ! ,*ildr5 ( ,israel 9 ! des]t2 b he 0 able to %[ t ! ,malay ,p59sula _h to be r\nd$ & !reaft] a c\rse /e]$ 9 a nor!rly direction if ,*9a 0 to be rea*$4 ,mean:ile int]-,asiatic int]c\rse by means ( sea-r\tes _h be5 /eadily on ! increase s9ce ! discov]y ( ! way to utilize ! monsoons & to sail directly to & fro across ! ,indian ,ocean 7attribut$ to ! ,greek pilot ,hippalus7 _h be5 made4 ,aft] ! decl9e ( ! p[] ( ,rome1 ! dom9ant =ce 9 ,asiatic comm]ce & navigation 0 ,p]sia1 & f t "t onw>d1 until ! arrival ( ! ,portuguese ^u ! sc5e e>ly 9 ! #af? c5tury ! spice trade1 ^: *ief emporia 7 9 or ne> ! ,malay ,p59sula1 0 9 ,p]sian or ,arab h&s4 ,!re is consid]able reason to ?9k1 h[ev]1 t ! m frequ5t ports ( call 9 ! ,/raits ( ,malacca 7 situat$ 9 ,sumatra1 r ?an on ! %ores ( ! ,malay ,p59sula1 & two fam\s m$ieval travell]s1 ,m>co ,polo & ,ibn ,batuta1 bo? call$ & w9t]$ at ! =m]1 & make scant m5tion ( ! latt]4 ,! importance ( ! ,malay ,p59sula1 z has be5 not$1 consi/$ 9 ! privilege :i* its locality conf]r$ ^u x ( be+ ! di/ribut+ c5tre ( ! spices br\ght ?i!r f ! ,moluccas en r\te = ,india & ,europe4 ,z e>ly z ! #crd c5tury ,b4,c4 ,mega/h5es makes m5tion ( spices br\ght to ! %ores ( ! ,ganges f ! s\!rn p>ts ( ,india1 & ! trade 9 "q 0 probably "o ( ! mo/ anci5t 9 ! _w4 ,s long1 h[ev]1 z ,india held ! monopoly ( ! clove1 ! ,malay ,p59sula 0 ignor$1 ! ,h9dus spread+ _! influ5ce ?r\gh ! isl&s ( ! ar*ipelago & leav+ traces !re( ev5 to ?is day4 ,! ,mahomm$an trad]s f ,p]sia & ,arabia1 foll[+ ! r\tes :i* _h be5 prep>$ = !m by _! =ebe>s1 broke d[n ! ,h9du monopoly & ou/$ ! e>li] exploit]s s effectually t by ! beg9n+ ( ! #af? c5tury ! spice trade 0 almo/ exclusively 9 _! h&s4 ,^! trad]s 7 also mission>ies ( _! religion1 z inde$ is e ,mahomm$an1 & to !m is due ! conv]sion ( ! ,malays f rude pan!ism1 some:at t9ctur$ by ,h9du my?ology1 to ! ,mahomm$an cre$4 ,! desire to obta9 ! monopoly ( ! spice trade has be5 a pot5t =ce 9 ! fa%ion+ ( ,asiatic hi/ory4 ,! ,moluccas 71 f ! fir/1 ! objective ( ! ,portuguese invad]s1 & no soon] _h ! :ite m5 f\nd _! way r\nd ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope & e/abli%$ !mselves successively ^u ! coa/ ( ,ea/ ,africa1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,gulf ( ,ad5 & ! ,malab> coa/1 ?an ,malacca1 !n ! *ief trad+ c5tre ( ! ,malayan ,ar*ipelago1 became ! object ( _! desire4 ,! fir/ ,portuguese exp$ition s5t out to capture ,malacca 0 "u ! comm& ( ,diogo ,lopez de ,siqueira & sail$ f ,portugal 9 #aejh4 ,at ,co*9 ,siqueira took on bo>d c]ta9 adh]5ts ( ,alphonso d',alboqu]que :o 7 9 bad od\r ) 8 rival d',almeida1 among !m be+ ,magellan1 ! future circumnavigator ( ! _w1 & ,francisco ,s]ro1 ! fir/ ,european :o ev] liv$ 9 ! ,spice ,isl&s4 ,siqueira's exp$ition end$ 9 failure1 ow+ p>tly to ! aggressive attitude ( ! ,portuguese1 p>tly to ! v ju/ifiable suspicions ( ! ,malays1 & he 0 pres5tly =c$ to de/roy "o ( 8 vessels1 to leave a numb] ( 8 m5 9 captivity1 & to sail direct = ,portugal4 ,9 #aeaj a second exp$ition aga9/ ,malacca 0 s5t out f ,portugal "u ! comm& ( ,diogo ,m5dez de ,vasconcellos1 b d',alboqu]que reta9$ x at ,co*9 to aid him 9 ! retak+ ( ,goa1 & x 0 n until #aeaa t ! great vic]oy c\ld sp>e "t to turn 8 att5tion to ! sc5e ( ,siqueira's failure4 ,aft] "s futile negotiations1 :i* _h = _! object ! recov]y ( ! ,portuguese captives be=e ho/ilities %\ld beg91 an assault 0 deliv]$ ^u ,malacca1 & ?\gh ! fir/ attempt to take ! city fail$ aft] "s h>d fight+1 a second assault made "s days lat] succe$$1 & ,malacca pass$ = ev] into ,european h&s4 ,! ,portuguese 7 satisfi$ ) ! possession ( ,malacca itself & did n seek fur!r to ext5d _! empire 9 ,malaya4 ,in/ead !y us$ e endeav\r to e/abli% fri5dly relations ) ! rul]s ( all ! neighb\r+ k+doms1 & be=e d',alboqu]que return$ to ,india he despat*$ embassies to ,*9a1 ,siam1 & sev]al k+doms ( ,sumatra1 & s5t a small fleet1 ) ord]s to assume a highly conciliatory attitude t[>d all natives1 9 se>* ( ! ,moluccas4 ,v soon ! spice trade _h become a ,portuguese monopoly1 & ,malacca 0 ! great headqu>t]s ( ! trade4 ,x %\ld moreov] be not$ t ,magellan's fam\s exp$ition _h = its object n ! b>r5 feat ( circumnavigation b ! break+ d[n ( ?is monopoly1 )\t violat+ ! t]ms ( ! papal bull :i* gave to ,spa9 ! conque/ ( ! ,we/1 to ,portugal ! possession ( ! ,ea/4 ,9 #aebh a ,fr5* exp$ition sail$ f ,dieppe1 p5etrat$ z f> z ,a*9 9 ,sumatra1 b return$ )\t rea*+ ! ,malay ,p59sula4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 ! fir/ attempt ev] made to defy ! papal bull4 ,9 #aeia1 ?ree ye>s aft] ! defeat ( ! ,armada1 ,raymond & ,lanca/] r\nd$ ! ,cape1 & aft] cruis+ (f ,p5ang1 decid$ to w9t] 9 ,a*94 ,!y subsequ5tly hid among ! ,pulau ,sambilan ne> ! m\? ( ! ,p]ak riv]1 & !nce captur$ a l>ge ,portuguese vessel :i* 0 sail+ f ,malacca 9 company ) two ,burmese %ips4 ,9 #aeie ! fir/ ,dut* exp$ition sail$ f ! ,texel1 b x took a m s\!rly c\rse ?an its pr$ecessors & conf9$ its op]ations to ,java & ! neighb\r+ isl&s4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ,a*9 develop$ a det]m9$ enmity to ! ,portuguese1 & m ?an "o attempt 0 made to drive ! /rang]s f ,malacca4 ,ev5tually1 9 #afda1 a jo9t attack 0 made by ! ,a*9ese & ! ,dut*1 b ! latt]1 n ! p ( ! /urdy little ,sumatran k+dom1 became ! own]s ( ! covet$ port4 ,malacca 0 tak5 f ! ,dut* by ! ,briti% 9 #agie2 0 re/or$ to ! latt] 9 #ahah2 b 9 #ahbd 0 ex*ang$ = ,b5kul5 & a few m unimportant places 9 ,sumatra4 ,! fir/ ,briti% factory 9 ! p59sula 0 e/abli%$ 9 ! native /ate ( ,patani on ! ea/ coa/ 9 #afac1 ! place hav+ be5 us$ by ! ,portuguese 9 ! #af? c5tury = a simil> purpose2 b ! ent]prise came to an untimely end 9 #afbj :5 ,capta9 ,j\rda91 ! fir/ presid5t1 0 kill$ 9 a naval engagem5t 9 ,patani ,roads by ! ,dut*4 ,p5ang 0 pur*as$ f ,k$ah 9 #aghf1 & ,s+apore f ! !n sultan ( ,johor 9 #ahai4 ,! ,/raits ,settlem5ts--,s+apore1 ,malacca & ,p5ang--7 rul$ f ,india until #ahfg1 :5 !y 7 erect$ into a cr[n colony "u ! *>ge ( ! ,colonial ,(fice4 ,9 #ahgd ! ,malay /ate ( ,p]ak 0 plac$ "u ,briti% protection by a treaty ent]$ into ) its sultan2 & ?is ev5tually l$ to ! inclusion 9 a ,briti% protectorate ( ! neighb\r+ ,malay ,/ates ( ,selangor1 ,sungei ,ujong1 ! clu/] ( small /ates call$ ! ,negri ,sembilan & ,pahang1 :i* n[ =m ! ,f$]at$ ,malay ,/ates4 ,by a treaty made betwe5 ,great ,brita9 & ,siam 9 #aijb ! nor!rn ,malay /ates ( ! p59sula 7 admitt$ to lie )9 ! ,siamese sph]e ( influ5ce1 b by a treaty ( #aiji ,siam c$$ h] suz]a9 rights ov] ! /ates ( ,kelantan1 ,tr5gganu1 ,k$ah & ,p]lis to ,brita94 ,s+apore is ! political1 comm]cial & adm9i/rative headqu>t]s ( ! colony ( ! ,/raits ,settlem5ts1 & ! gov]nor = ! "t be+ is ex (ficio high commission] ( ! ,f$]at$ ,malay ,/ates1 ,briti% ,nor? ,borneo1 ,s>awak1 ! ,cocos-,keel+ & ,*ri/mas ,isl&s1 & gov]nor ( ,labuan4 ,see ,sir ,f4 ,swett5ham1 ,briti% ,malaya 7#aijf72 ,h4 ,clif=d1 ,fur!r ,india 7#aijd72 ,j\rnal ( ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago1 ,logan 7,s+apore72 ,j\rnal ( ! ,/raits ,bran* ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society 7,s+apore72 ,weld1 ,maxwell1 ,swett5ham & ,clif=d 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,colonial ,in/itute 7,london72 ,clif=d 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,geographical ,society 7,london74 7,h4 ,cl47 ,,footnote3 #a ,see ,r4 ,b4 ,newton1 ,notes on ,lit]ature be>+ ^u ! ,geology ( ! ,malay ,p59sula2 ) an ,acc\nt ( a ,neoli?ic ,implem5t f t ,c\ntry 7,geol4 ,mag41 #aija1 pp4 #abh-acd74 ,see also ! v>i\s reports by ,j4 ,b4 ,scriv5or 9 ,suppl4 ,p]ak ,gov4 ,gazette1 #aije4 ,,malays1 ! "n giv5 by ,europeans to ! p call+ !mselves ,orang ,malayu1 i4e4 ,malayan folk1 :o are ! dom9ant race ( ! ,malay ,p59sula & ( ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago4 ,broadly speak+1 all ! br[n races :i* inhabit ! portion ( ,asia s\? ( ,siam & ,indo-,*9a1 & ! isl&s f ! ,philipp9es to ,java1 & f ,sumatra to ,timor1 may be describ$ z belong+ to ! ,malayan family1 if ! aborig9al tribes1 su* z ! ,sakai & ,semang 9 ! ,malay ,p59sula1 ! ,bataks 9 ,sumatra1 & ! ,muruts 9 ,borneo1 be except$4 ,= ! purposes ( ?is article1 h[ev]1 only ^? among ^! races :i* be> ! "n ( ,orang ,malayu1 speak ! ,malayan language1 & repres5t ! dom9ant p ( ! l&1 c be includ$ "u ! title ( ,malays4 ,^! p inhabit ! :ole ( ! ,malayan ,p59sula to ! bord]s ( l[] ,siam1 ! isl&s 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ma9l&1 ! %ores ( ,sumatra & "s portions ( ! int]ior ( t isl&1 ,s>awak & ,brunei 9 ,borneo1 & "s p>ts ( ,dut* ,borneo1 ,batavia & c]ta9 di/ricts 9 ,java1 & "s ( ! small] isl&s ( ! ar*ipelago4 ,?\gh 9 ^! l&s !y h = n less ?an a ?\s& ye>s enjoy$ ! position ( ! dom9ant race1 !y all possess a tradition t !y are n indig5\s1 & t _! fir/ rul]s came out ( ! sea1 ) a l>ge b& ( ,malayan w>riors 9 _! tra94 ,9 ! p59sula especially1 :]e ! pres5ce ( ! ,malays is m rec5t ?an else:]e1 _m traditions exi/ :i* po9t to a comp>atively rec5t occupation ( ! c\ntry4 ,x has be5 rem>k$ t !re is evid5ce t ! ,malays _h atta9$ to a c]ta9 /age ( civilization be=e ev] !y set foot 9 ,malaya4 ,= in/ance1 ! names :i* !y give to c]ta9 fruits1 su* z ! duri-an1 ! rambut-an & ! pulas-an1 :i* are indig5\s 9 ! ,malayan c\ntries1 & are n f\nd else:]e1 are all comp\nd words mean+ respectively ! ?orny1 ! hairy & ! twi/$ fruit4 ,^! words are =m$ by ! addition ( ! sub/antial affix -an1 ! use ( :i* is "o ( ! recogniz$ me?ods by :i* ! ,malays turn primitive words into t]ms ( m complex mean+4 ,?is may be tak5 to indicate t :5 fir/ ! ,malays became acqua9t$ ) ! fruits :i* are indig5\s 9 ,malayan l&s !y already possess$ a language 9 :i* mo/ prim>y words 7 repres5t$1 & also t _! tongue _h atta9$ to a /age ( developm5t :i* provid$ = ! =mation ( comp\nd words by a sy/em sanction$ by cu/om & ! same l+ui/ic in/9ct :i* causes a ,malay to-day to =m simil> comp\nds f ,european & o!r =eign roots4 ,= any aborig9al race inhabit+ ^! c\ntries1 su* important articles ( diet z ! duri-an1 c41 c\ld n fail to be among ! fir/ natural objects to receive a "n1 & ?us we f9d prim>y t]ms 9 use among ! ,sakai & ,semang1 ! aborig9es ( ! ,p59sula1 to describe ^! fruits4 ,! use by ! ,malays ( artificially con/ruct$ t]ms to d5ote ^! ?+s may c]ta9ly be tak5 to /r5g!n ! op9ion t ! ,malays arriv$ 9 ! l&s !y n[ inhabit at a comp>atively late p]iod 9 _! hi/ory1 & at a "t :5 !y _h develop$ consid]ably f ! orig9al /ate ( primitive man4 ,9 ! ,malay ,p59sula itself !re is abundant evid5ce1 e?nological & philological1 ( at lea/ two di/9ct immigrations ( p ( ! ,malayan /ock1 ! e>li] incursions1 x is probable1 tak+ place f ! ea/]n ar*ipelago to ! s\?1 ! lat] invasion spread+ across ! ,/raits ( ,malacca f ,sumatra at a comp>atively rec5t date4 ,! fact t ! semi-wild tribes1 :i* are e?nologically ,malayan & di/9ct f ! aborig9al ,semang & ,sakai1 are met ) almo/ inv>iably 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! coa/ w\ld seem to indicate t !y rea*$ ! p59sula by a sea1 n by a l& r\te1 a supposition :i* is /r5g!n$ by _! almo/ amphibi\s habits4 ,_m ( ^! tribes h reta9$ _! pri/9e paganism1 b _m o!rs x is c]ta9 h adopt$ ! ,mahomm$an religion & h be5 assimilat$ by ! subsequ5t & /rong] wave ( ,sumatran immigrants4 ,a /udy ( ! local dialects to be met ) 9 "s ( ! di/ricts ( ! f> int]ior1 e4g4 ! ,tembel+ valley 9 ,pahang1 ^: p are n[ ,mahomm$ans & 9 _m respects indi/+ui%able f ! ord9>y ,malays ( ! p59sula1 reveals ! fact t words1 curr5t 9 ! ar*ipelago to ! s\? b incompreh5sible to ! av]age p59sula ,malays1 by :om ^! m anci5t populations are n[ completely surr\nd$1 h be5 pres]v$ z local words1 :]eas !y really belong to an old] dialect once spok5 widely 9 ! p59sula1 z to-day x is spok5 9 ! ,malayan isl&s4 ,?is w\ld seem to %[ t 9 "s in/ances ! e>li] ,malay immigrants fell or 7 driv5 by ! lat] invad]s back f ! coa/ & s\ght refuge 9 ! f> int]ior4 ,!ories ( ,orig94 ,until rec5tly _m em95t sci5ti/s held ! !ory t ! ,malayan peoples 7 m]ely an (fspr+ ( ! ,mongol /ock1 & t _! advance into ! l&s !y n[ inhabit _h tak5 place f ! cradle ( ! ,mongolian race--t is to say1 f ! nor?4 ,9 ! fif? edition ( 8 ,malay ,ar*ipelago1 ,a4 ,r4 ,wallace notes ! resemblance :i* he trac$ betwe5 ! ,malays & ! ,mongolians1 & o!rs h record$ simil> obs]vations z to ! physical appe>ance ( ! two races4 ,to-day1 h[ev]1 full] data are available ?an :5 ,wallace wrote1 & ! m g5]ally accept$ !ory is t ! ,malayan race is di/9ct1 & came f ! s\?1 until x 0 /ay$ by ! ,mongolian races liv+ on ! ma9l& ( s\!rn ,asia4 ,! cranial measurem5ts ( ! ,malays & an exam9ation ( _! hair sections seem to be> out ! !ory t !y are di/9ct f ! ,mongolian races4 ,_! language1 :i* is nei!r monosyllabic nor tonic1 has no?+ 9 common ) t ( ! ,mon-,annam gr\p4 ,x has1 moreov]1 be5 po9t$ out t _h ! ,malays be5 driv5 s\?w>ds by ! /rong] races ( ! ma9l& ( ,asia1 x might be expect$ t ! p inhabit+ ! c\ntry ne>e/ to ! bord] betwe5 ,siam & ,malaya w\ld belong to ! ,malayan & n to ! ,mon-,annam or ,mon-,khm] /ock4 ,z a matt] ( fact ! ,skai ( ! int]ior ( ! p59sula belong to ! latt] race4 ,x might also be anticipat$1 7 ! !ory ( a s\?w>d immigration to be su/a9$1 t ! ,malays w\ld be new-com]s 9 ! isl&s ( ! ar*ipelago1 & h _! olde/ settlem5ts on ! ,malayan ,p59sula4 ,! facts1 h[ev]1 are 9 exact contradiction to ?is2 & accord+ly ! !ory n[ mo/ g5]ally held by ^? :o h /udi$ ! "q is t ! ,malays =m a di/9ct race1 & _h _! orig9al home 9 ! s\?4 ,:]e ?is home lay x is n easy to say1 b ! facts record$ by _m writ]s z to ! resemblance betwe5 ! ,polynesian & ! ,malayan races1 & ! /rong ,malayan elem5t f\nd 9 ! languages ( ! =m] 7see ,trege>'s ,maori & ,comp>ative ,polynesian ,diction>y1 ,london1 #ahia71 h l$ "s /ud5ts to ?9k t ! two races may h _h a common orig94 ,john ,crawfurd1 9 ! ,diss]tation to 8 ,diction>y ( ! ,malay ,language1 publi%$ 9 #ahdj1 not$ ! preval5ce ( ,malayan t]ms 9 ! ,polynesian languages1 & attribut$ ! fact to ! ca/+ away ( %ips mann$ by ,malays ^u ! isl&s ( ! ,polynesian ,ar*ipelago4 ,! appe>ance ( ! same ,malayan words 9 localities s widely sep>at$ f ea* o!r1 h[ev]1 _c be satisfactorily acc\nt$ = by any su* explanation1 & ! !ory is n[ m g5]ally held t ! two races are probably alli$ & may at "s remote p]iod ( hi/ory h %>$ a common home4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t _! sep>ation did n take place until aft] ! cont95t :i* once exi/$ 9 ! nor? ,pacific _h become subm]g$1 & t ! ,malays w&]$ nor?w>d1 :ile ! ,polynesian race spread itself ov] ! isl&s ( ! s\!rn ar*ipelago4 ,all ?is1 h[ev]1 mu/ necess>ily be ( ! nature ( ! pure/ speculation1 & ! only facts :i* we are able to d$uce 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k ( ! subject may be summ$ up z foll[s3 7a7 ,t ! ,malays e?nologically belong to a race :i* is alli$ to ! ,polynesians2 7b7 t ! !ory =m]ly curr5t to ! effect t ! ,sakai & o!r simil> races ( ! p59sula & ar*ipelago belong$ to ! ,malayan /ock _c be ma9ta9$1 s9ce rec5t inve/igations t5d to id5tify !m ) ! ,mon-,annam or ,mon-,khm] family ( races2 7c7 t ! ,malays are1 comp>atively speak+1 new-com]s 9 ! l&s :i* !y n[ inhabit2 7d7 t x is almo/ c]ta9 t _! emigration took place f ! s\?2 7e7 & t1 at "s remote p]iod ( _! hi/ory1 !y came into close contact ) ! ,polynesian race1 probably be=e its disp]sion ov] ! ext5sive area :i* x n[ occupies4 ,religion & ,sup]/itions4 ,! ,malays to-day are ,sunni ,mahomm$ans ( ! s*ool ( ,%afi'i1 & !y habitually use ! t]ms ,orang ,malayu1 i4e4 a ,malay1 & ,orang ,islam1 i4e4 a ,mahomm$an1 z synonym\s expressions4 ,_! conv]sion f paganism took place dur+ ! #ac?1 #ad? & #ae? c5turies ( our era4 ,! raja ( ,a*91 9 nor!rn ,sumatra1 is said to h be5 conv]t$ z e>ly z #abjf1 :ile ! ,bugis p 9 ,celebes are suppos$ n to h become ,mahomm$ans until #adie4 ,mahomm$anism und\bt$ly spread to ! ,malays ( ! p59sula f ,sumatra1 b _! conv]sion 0 sl[ & gradual1 & may ev5 n[ 9 "s respects be reg>d$ z imp]fect4 ,^u ! bulk ( ! ,malayan peoples _! religion sits b lightly4 ,few are f\nd to obs]ve ! law conc]n+ ! ,five ,h\rs ( ,pray]1 & _m fail to put 9 an appe>ance at ! ,friday congregational s]vices 9 ! mosques4 ,! ,fa/ ( ,ramadhan1 h[ev]1 is g5]ally obs]v$ ) "s fai?fulness4 ,comp>$ ) o!r ,mahomm$an peoples1 ! ,malays are n fanatical1 ?\gh occasionally an outbreak aga9/ ^? ( a diff]5t cre$ is glorifi$ by !m into a holy w>4 ,! reason ( su* outbreaks1 h[ev]1 is usually to be f\nd 9 political & social r ?an 9 religi\s grievances4 ,prior to _! conv]sion to ,mahomm$anism ! ,malays 7 subject$ to a consid]able ,h9du influ5ce1 :i* rea*$ !m by means ( ! trad]s :o visit$ ! ar*ipelago f ,india4 ,9 ! isl&s ( ,bali & ,lombok ! p /ill pr(ess a =m ( ,h9duism1 & ,h9du rema9s are to be f\nd 9 _m o!r p>ts ( ! ar*ipelago1 ?\gh _! traces d n ext5d to ! p59sula4 ,?r\gh\t1 h[ev]1 ! sup]/itions ( ! ,malays %[ indications ( ?is ,h9du influ5ce1 & _m ( ! demons :om _! m$ic9e-m5 invoke 9 _! magic practices are cle>ly borr[$ f ! pan!on ( ,india4 ,= ! re/1 a sub/ratum ( sup]/iti\s beliefs1 :i* survives f ! days :5 ! ,malays pr(ess$ only _! natural religion1 is to be f\nd firmly root$ 9 ! m9ds ( ! p1 & ! influ5ce ( ,mahomm$anism1 :i* reg>ds su* ?+s ) horror1 has be5 p[]less to eradicate ?is4 ,mr ,w4 ,w4 ,skeat's ,malay ,magic 7,london1 #aijj7 is a compilation ( all ! writ+s on ! subject ( ,malay sup]/itions by ! be/ au?orities & conta9s consid]able orig9al matt]4 ,mode ( ,life1 c4 ,! ,malays ( ! coa/ are a m>itime p1 & 7 long fam\s = ! d>+ "* ( _! acts ( piracy4 ,!y are n[ peaceable fi%]-folk1 :o %[ consid]able +5uity 9 _! call+4 ,inl& ! ,malays live by pref]5ce on ! banks ( riv]s1 build+ h\ses on piles "s feet f ! gr\nd1 & plant+ groves ( coco-nut1 betel-nut1 sug>-palm & fruit-trees ar\nd _! dwell+s4 ,beh9d _! villages ! rice-fields usually spread1 & rice1 :i* is ! /aple food ( ! p1 is ! pr9cipal article ( agriculture among !m4 ,sug>-cane1 maize1 tapioca & o!r simil> products are gr[n1 h[ev]1 9 small] quantities4 ,9 plant+ rice ?ree me?ods are 9 use3 ! cultivation ( swamp-rice 9 irrigat$ fields2 ! plant+ ( pl\gh$ areas2 & ! plant+ ( hill-rice by s[+ ea* gra9 sep>ately 9 holes bor$ = ! purpose4 ,9 ! irrigat$ fields ! rice plants are fir/ gr[n 9 nurs]ies1 & are subsequ5tly transplant$ :5 !y h rea*$ a c]ta9 /age ( developm5t4 ,! ,malays also "w jungle produce1 ( :i* ! mo/ important are gutta1 rattans1 agila wood1 camphor wood1 & ! beautiful kamun+ wood :i* is us$ by ! natives = ! hilts ( _! weapons4 ,! pr9cipal manufactures ( ! ,malays are cotton & silk clo?s1 e>!nw>e & silv] vessels1 mats & native weapons4 ,! be/ cotton clo?s are ^? manufactur$ by ! ,bugis p 9 ,celebes1 & ! batek clo?s :i* come f ,java & are /amp$ ) patt]ns4 ,! be/ silks are produc$ by ! natives ( ,pahang1 ,kelantan & ,johor 9 ! ,malay ,p59sula4 ,"l ,leighton pron\nc$ ! silv] w>e f ,malaya to be ! mo/ arti/ic ( any exhibit$ at ! ,colonial ,exhibition held 9 ,london 9 #ahhf4 ,! pott]y ( ! ,malays is rude b curi\s4 ,:5 ! fir/ ,europeans visit$ ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago ! ,malays _h already acquir$ ! art ( manufactur+ gunp[d] & =g+ cannon4 ,! art ( writ+ also appe>s to h be5 indep5d5tly inv5t$ by ! ,malayan races1 s9ce num]\s alphabets are 9 use among ! peoples ( ! ar*ipelago1 al?\gh = ! writ+ ( ,malay itself ! ,arabic "* has be5 adopt$ = "s hundr$s ( ye>s4 ,! ,malays are excell5t boat-build]s4 ,"*1 c4 ,:ile ! ,malays 7 fam\s almo/ exclusively = _! piratical exp$itions !y naturally bore an evil reputation among ,europeans1 b n[ t we h come into clos] contact ) !m1 & h le>n$ to und]/& !m bett]1 ! old op9ions conc]n+ !m h be5 greatly modifi$4 ,!y us$ to be describ$ z ! mo/ cruel & trea*]\s p 9 ! _w1 & !y c]ta9ly are call\s ( ! pa9 suff]$ by o!rs1 & reg>d any /rategy ( :i* _! enemies are ! victims ) op5 admiration4 ,9 ord9>y circum/ances1 h[ev]1 ! ,malay is n trea*]\s1 & !re are _m in/ances record$ 9 :i* m5 ( ?is race h risk$ _! own lives on behalf ( ,europeans :o *anc$ to be _! fri5ds4 ,z a race !y are exce$+ly c\rte\s & self-respect+4 ,_! own code ( mann]s is m9ute & /rict1 & !y obs]ve its provisions fai?fully4 ,unlike _m ,ori5tals1 ! ,malays c be treat$ ) a fri5dly famili>ity )\t su* treatm5t bre$+ lack ( respect or lead+ to lib]ties be+ tak5 ) ! sup]ior4 ,! ,malays are indol5t1 pleasure-lov+1 improvid5t beyond belief1 fond ( bright clo?+1 ( com=t1 ( ease1 & !y dislike toil exce$+ly4 ,!y h no idea ( ! value ( money1 & little notion ( hone/y :]e money is conc]n$4 ,!y w\ld always borr[ r ?an e>n money1 & !y feel no %ame 9 adopt+ ! =m] c\rse4 ,!y w frequ5tly refuse to "w = a wage :5 !y mo/ /& 9 ne$ ( ca%1 & yet at ! invitation ( "o :o is _! fri5d !y w toil unremitt+ly )\t any ?\ght ( rew>d4 ,!y are mu* addict$ to gambl+1 & =m]ly 7 mu* giv5 to fight+1 ?\gh !y nev] display t passion = w> 9 ! ab/ract :i* is *>act]i/ic ( "s ( ! :ite races1 & _! c\rage on ! :ole is n high if judg$ by ,european /&>ds4 ,x is notori\s1 h[ev]1 on ! coa/s t a ,malay gang on bo>d a %ip inv>iably gets ! bett] ( any fight :i* may arise betwe5 x & ! ,*9ese crew4 ,! sexual morality ( ! ,malays is v lax1 b pro/itution is n common 9 consequ5ce4 ,polygamy1 ?\gh all[$ by _! religion1 is practis$ = ! mo/ "p among ! weal?y classes only4 ,! ,malays are an int5sely ari/ocratic p1 & %[ a m>vell\s loyalty to _! rajas & *iefs4 ,_! respect = rank is n m>r$ by any vulg>ity or snobb]y4 ,! rul+ classes among !m display all ! vices ( ! l[] classes1 & few ( ! virtues except t ( c\rtesy4 ,!y are = ! mo/ "p1 :5 left to _! own res\rces1 cruel1 unju/1 selfi% & improvid5t4 ,mu* has be5 writt5 conc]n+ ! acts ( homicidal mania call$ amuck 7amok71 :i* ^w 9 ! v]nacul> means to attack4 ,x 0 =m]ly believ$ t ^! outbur/s 7 to be attribut$ to madness pur et simple1 & "s cases ( amok c c]ta9ly be trac$ to ?is s\rce4 ,^! are n1 h[ev]1 9 any s5se typical1 & might equally h be5 p]petrat$ by m5 ( ano!r race4 ,! typical amok is usually ! result ( circum/ances :i* r5d] a ,malay desp]ate4 ,! motive is (t5 inadequate f ! po9t ( view ( a ,european1 b to ! ,malay x is suffici5t to make him we>y ( life & anxi\s to c\rt dea?4 ,briefly1 :]e a man ( ano!r race might n improbably commit suicide1 a ,malay runs amok1 kill+ all :om he may meet until he himself is sla94 ,! n]v\s affliction call$ latah1 to :i* _m ,malays are subject1 is also a curi\s trait ( ! p4 ,! victims ( ?is affliction lose = ! "t all self-control & all s5se ( _! own id5tity1 imitat+ ! actions ( any p]son :o *ances to rivet _! att5tion4 ,acc\nts ( ^! manife/ations w be f\nd 9 ,swett5ham's ,malay ,sket*es 7,london1 #ahie7 & ,clif=d's ,/udies 9 ,br[n ,humanity 7,london1 #ahig74 ,co/ume1 ,weapons1 c4 ,! ,malays we> a loose coat & tr\s]s1 & a cap or head-k]*ief1 b ! *>act]i/ic item ( _! co/ume is ! s>ong1 a silk or cotton clo? ab\t two y>ds long by a y>d & a qu>t] wide1 ! ends ( :i* are sewn toge!r1 =m+ a k9d ( skirt4 ,?is is worn r\nd ! wai/ fold$ 9 a knot1 ! wom5 all[+ x to fall to ! ankle1 ! m51 :5 prop]ly dress$ 9 accordance ) anci5t cu/om1 fold+ x ov] ! hilt ( _! wai/-weapon1 & drap+ x ar\nd !m s t x rea*es ne>ly to ! knee4 ,9 ! hall ( a raja on /ate occasions a head-k]*ief twi/$ into a peak is worn1 & ! coat is furni%$ ) a high coll> ext5d+ r\nd ! back ( ! neck only4 ,?is coat is op5 9 front1 leav+ ! *e/ b>e4 ,! tr\s]s are %ort & ( a peculi> cut & mat]ial1 be+ col\r$ _m hues 9 p>allel horizontal l9es4 ,! s>ong is ( ,celebes manufacture & made ( cotton1 to ! surface ( :i* a high poli% is imp>t$ by friction ) a %ell4 ,! typical fight+ co/ume ( ! ,malay is a sleeveless jacket ) texts f ! ,koran writt5 ^u x1 %ort tight draw]s rea*+ to ! middle ( ! ?igh1 & ! s>ong is !n b\nd tightly ar\nd ! wai/1 leav+ ! hilt ( ! dagg] worn 9 ! girdle expos$ to view4 ,! pr9cipal weapon ( ! ,malays is ! kris1 a %ort dagg] ) a small wood5 or ivory h&le1 ( :i* !re are _m v>ieties4 ,! blade ( a kris may ei!r be wavy or /raight1 b if wavy ! numb] ( waves mu/ always be unev5 9 numb]4 ,! kris mo/ priz$ by ! ,malays are ^? ( ,bugis 7,celebes7 manufacture1 & ( ^! ! k9d call$ tuasek are ( ! greate/ value4 ,besides ! %ort kris1 ! ,malays use long /raight kris ) v n>r[ blades1 %ort] /raight kris ( ! same =m1 %ort broad swords call$ sundang1 long swords ( ord9>y patt]n call$ p$ang1 some:at %ort] swords curv$ l scimit>s ) curi\sly c>v$ h&les call$ *5angkas1 & %ort /abb+ dagg]s call$ tumbok lada4 ,! pr9cipal tools ( ! ,malays are ! p>ang or glok1 a heavy knife us$ 9 ! jungle1 )\t :i* no peasant ev] /irs abroad f 8 h\se1 ! beliong or native axe1 & ! pisau raut1 :i* is us$ = scrap+ rattan4 ,_! implem5ts are v primitive1 consi/+ ( a pl\gh fa%ion$ f a =k ( a tree1 & a rude h>r[4 ,reap+ is usually p]=m$ by ! aid ( a curi\s little knife :i* sev]s ea* e> ( gra9 sep>ately4 ,! fi%]-folk use _m k9ds ( nets1 :i* !y manufacture !mselves4 ,sails1 paddles1 o>s & punt+-poles are all 9 use4 ,,malay ,,language ,,& ,,lit]ature ,! ,malay language is a memb] ( ! ,malayan section ( ! ,malayo-,polynesian class ( languages1 b x is by no means a repres5tative type ( ! section :i* has tak5 its "n f x4 ,! area ov] :i* x is spok5 comprises ! p59sula ( ,malacca ) ! adjac5t isl&s 7! ,rhio-,l+ga ,ar*ipelago71 ! great] "p ( ! coa/ di/ricts ( ,sumatra & ,borneo1 ! seaports ( ,java1 ! ,sunda & ,b&a ,isl&s4 ,x is ! g5]al m$ium ( communication ?r\gh\t ! ar*ipelago f ,sumatra to ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 & x 0 s upw>ds ( ?ree hundr$ & fifty ye>s ago :5 ! ,portuguese fir/ appe>$ 9 ^? p>ts4 ,!re are no ,malay manuscripts extant1 no monum5tal records ) inscriptions 9 ,malay1 dat+ f be=e ! spread+ ( ,islam 9 ! ar*ipelago1 ab\t ! end ( ! #ac? c5tury4 ,by "s x has be5 argu$ f ?is fact t ! ,malays possess$ no k9d ( writ+ prior to ! introduction ( ! ,arabic alphabet 7,w4 ,rob9son1 ,j4 ,j4 de ,holl&]72 :]eas o!rs h ma9ta9$1 ) great] %[ ( probability1 t ! ,malays 7 9 possession ( an anci5t alphabet1 & t x 0 ! same z ! ,re*ang 7,m>sd51 ,fri$]i*71 z ! ,kawi 7,van d] ,tuuk71 or mo/ l ! ,lampong 7,k]n7--all ( :i* alphabets1 ) ! ,battak1 ,bugi & ,macass>1 are ultimately traceable to ! anci5t ,cambojan *>act]s4 ,) ! ,mahomm$an conque/ ! ,p]so-,arabic alphabet 0 introduc$ among ! ,malays2 x has cont9u$ ev] s9ce to be 9 use = lit]>y1 religi\s & bus9ess purposes4 ,:]e ,javanese is ! pr9cipal language1 ,malay is sometimes f\nd writt5 ) ,javanese *>act]s2 & 9 ,palembang1 9 ! ,m5angkabo c\ntry ( ,middle ,sumatra1 ! ,re*ang or ,r5*ong *>act]s are 9 g5]al use1 s call$ f ! %>p & po9t$ knife ) :i* !y are cut on ! smoo? side ( bamboo /aves4 ,x is only s9ce ! ,dut* h e/abli%$ _! supremacy 9 ! ar*ipelago t ! ,roman "* has come to be l>gely us$ 9 writ+ & pr9t+ ,malay4 ,?is is also ! case 9 ! ,/raits ,settlem5ts4 ,by ! simplicity ( its phonetic elem5ts1 ! regul>ity ( its grammatical /ructure1 & ! copi\sness ( its nautical vocabul>y1 ! ,malay language is s+ul>ly well fitt$ to be ! l+ua franca ?r\gh\t ! ,indian ar*ipelago4 ,x possesses ! five v[els a1 i1 u1 e1 o1 bo? %ort & long1 & "o pure diph?ong1 au4 ,its consonants are k1 g1 ng1 *1 j1 1 t1 d1 n1 p1 b1 m1 y1 r1 l1 w1 s1 h4 ,long v[els c only occur 9 op5 syllables4 ,! only possible consonantal nexus 9 purely ,malay words is t ( a nasal & mute1 a liquid & mute & vice v]sa1 & a liquid & nasal4 ,f9al k & h are all b suppress$ 9 ! utt]ance4 ,purely ,arabic lett]s are only us$ 9 ,arabic words1 a great numb] ( :i* h be5 receiv$ into ! ,malay vocabul>y4 ,b ! ,arabic "* is ev5 less suit$ to ,malay ?an to ! o!r ,ea/]n languages on :i* x has be5 foi/$4 ,z ! %ort v[els are n m>k$1 "o w\ld1 9 see+1 e4g4 ! ^w bntng1 ?9k fir/ ( b9tang1 a />2 b ! ^w might also mean a l>ge sc>1 to ?r[ d[n1 to spread1 rigid1 mutilat$1 ence9te1 a k9d ( cucumb]1 a r$\bt1 accord+ z x is pron\nc$1 bantang1 bant+1 b5tang1 buntang1 buntung1 bunt+1 bont5g1 b5t5g4 ,malay is ess5tially1 ) few exceptions1 a dissyllabic language1 & ! syllabic acc5t re/s on ! p5ultimate unless t syllable is op5 & %ort2 e4g4 datang1 namaa1 besr1 diumpatkanalah4 ,no?+ 9 ! =m ( a root ^w indicates ! grammatical category to :i* x belongs2 ?us1 kasih1 k9dness1 affectionate1 to love2 ganti1 a proxy1 to ex*ange1 in/ead (4 ,x is only 9 d]ivative words t ?is vagu5ess is avoid$4 ,d]ivation is effect$ by infixes1 prefixes1 affixes & r$uplication4 ,infixes occur m r>ely 9 ,malay ?an 9 ! cognate tongues4 ,examples are--guruh1 a rumbl+ noise1 gumuruh1 to make su* a noise2 tunjuk1 to po9t1 telunjuk1 ! =ef+]2 *u*uk1 to pi]ce1 *]u*uk1 a /ockade4 ,! import ( ! prefixes--me 7m5g1 me1 m51 mem71 pe 7p5g1 pe1 p51 pem b] 7bel71 p]1 pel1 ka1 di1 t]1--& affixes--an1 kan1 i1 lah--w be/ appe> f ! foll[+ examples--root ^w aj>1 to tea*1 to le>n2 m5gaj>1 to in/ruct 7expresses an action72 bleaj>1 to /udy 7/ate or condition72 m5gaj>i1 to in/ruct 7"s "o1 trans472 m5gaj>kan1 to in/ruct 79 some?+1 causative72 p5gaj>1 ! in/ructor2 pelaj>1 ! le>n]2 p5gaj>an1 ! lesson taught1 also ! s*ool2 pelaj>an1 ! lesson le>nt2 diaj>1 to be le>nt2 t]aj>1 le>nt2 t]aj>kan1 taught2 t]aj>i1 in/ruct$2 p]aja 7f raja1 pr9ce71 to recognize z pr9ce2 p]ajakan1 to cr[n z pr9ce2 k>ajaan1 royalty2 aj>kanlah1 tea*6 ,examples ( r$uplication are--aj>-aj>1 a sa9t$ p]son2 aj>-b]aj> 7or belaj>71 to be le>n+ & tea*+ by turns2 simil>ly !re are =ms l aj>-m5gaj>1 b]aj>-aj>an1 aj>-aj>i1 memp]aj>1 memp]aj>kan1 memp]aj>i1 t]belaj>kan1 p]belaj>kan1 c4 ,altoge!r !re are upw>ds ( a hundr$ possible d]ivative =ms1 9 ! idiomatic use ( :i* ! ,malays exhibit mu* skill4 ,see especially ,h4 von ,dewall1 ,de vormv]&]+5 d] ,maleis*e taal 7,batavia1 #ahfd7 & ,i4 ,pijnappel1 ,maleis*-,holl&s* ,woord5boek 7,am/]dam1 #ahge71 ,inleid+4 ,9 e o!r respect ! language is *>act]iz$ by great simplicity & indef9it5ess4 ,!re is no inflexion to di/+ui% numb]1 g5d] or case4 ,numb] is nev] indicat$ :5 ! s5se is obvi\s or c be ga!r$ f ! context2 o!rwise plurality is express$ by adjectives su* z sagala1 all1 & baak1 _m2 m r>ely by ! repetition ( ! n\n1 & ! indef9ite s+ul> by sa or satu1 "o1 ) a class-^w4 ,g5d] may1 if necess>y1 be di/+ui%$ by ! words laki-laki1 male1 & p]ampuan1 female1 9 ! case ( p]sons1 & ( jantan & bet9a 9 ! case ( animals4 ,! g5itive case is g5]ally indicat$ by ! position ( ! ^w aft] its gov]n+ n\n4 ,also adjectives & demon/rative pron\ns h _! places aft] ! n\n4 ,comp>ison is effect$ by ! use ( p>ticles4 ,in/ead ( ! p]sonal pron\ns1 bo? 9 _! full & abbreviat$ =ms1 conv5tional n\ns are 9 frequ5t use to indicate ! social position or relation ( ! respective int]locutors1 z1 e4g4 hamba tuan1 ! ma/]'s slave1 i4e4 ,i4 ,^! n\ns v>y accord+ to ! diff]5t localities4 ,ano!r peculi>ity ( ,malay 7& likewise ( ,*9ese1 ,%an1 ,tala+1 ,burmese & ,siamese7 is ! use ( c]ta9 class-words or coeffici5ts ) num]als1 su* z orang 7man71 :5 speak+ ( p]sons1 ekor 7tail7 ( animals1 kep+ 7piece7 ( flat ?+s1 biji 7se$7 ( r\ndi% ?+s2 e4g4 lima biji1 telor1 five eggs4 ,! numb] ( ^! class-words is consid]able4 ,malay v]bs h nei!r p]son or numb] nor mood or t5se4 ,! la/ two are sometimes indicat$ by p>ticles or auxili>y v]bs2 b ^! are g5]ally disp5s$ ) if ! mean+ is suffici5tly pla9 )\t !m4 ,! ,malays avoid ! build+ up ( long s5t5ces4 ,! two ma9 rules by :i* ! ord] ( ! words 9 a s5t5ce is regulat$ are--subject1 v]b1 object2 & qualify+ words foll[ ^? :i* !y qualify4 ,?is is q ! rev]se ( :at is ! rule 9 ,burmese4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,malays amply acc\nts = ! numb] & v>iety ( =eign +r$i5ts 9 _! language4 ,h9dus appe> to h settl$ 9 ,sumatra & ,java z e>ly z ! #d? c5tury ( our era1 & to h cont9u$ to ex]cise sway ov] ! native populations = _m c5turies4 ,^! receiv$ f !m into _! language a v l>ge numb] ( ,sanskrit t]ms1 f :i* we c inf] ! nature ( ! civiliz+ influ5ce imp>t$ by ! ,h9du rul]s4 ,n only 9 words conc]n+ comm]ce & agriculture1 b also 9 t]ms connect$ ) social1 religi\s & adm9i/rative matt]s t influ5ce is traceable 9 ,malay4 ,see ,w4 ,e4 ,maxwell1 ,manual ( ! ,malay ,language 7#ahhb71 pp4 #e-cd1 :]e ?is subject is treat$ m fully ?an by previ\s writ]s4 ,?is ,sanskrit elem5t =ms su* an integral "p ( ! ,malay vocabul>y t 9 spite ( ! subsequ5t infusion ( ,arabic & ,p]sian words adopt$ 9 ! usual c\rse ( ,mahomm$an conque/ x has reta9$ its anci5t citiz5%ip 9 ! language4 ,! numb] ( ,portuguese1 ,engli%1 ,dut* & ,*9ese words 9 ,malay is n consid]able2 _! pres5ce is easily acc\nt$ = by political or comm]cial contact4 ,! ,malay language ab\nds 9 idiomatic expressions1 :i* con/itute ! *ief difficulty 9 its acquisition4 ,x is sp>+ 9 ! use ( p]sonal pron\ns1 & pref]s imp]sonal & elliptical diction4 ,z x is ri* 9 specific expressions = ! v>i\s aspects ( c]ta9 ideas1 x is requisite to employ always ! mo/ appropriate t]m suit$ to ! p>ticul> aspect4 ,9 ,maxwell's ,manual1 pp4 #abj seq41 no less ?an sixte5 t]ms are giv5 to express ! diff]5t k9ds ( /rik+1 z _m = ! diff]5t k9ds ( speak+1 eighte5 = ! v>i\s modes ( c>ry+1 c4 ,an unnecess>y di/9ction has be5 made betwe5 ,high ,malay & ,l[ ,malay4 ,! latt] is no sep>ate dialect at all1 b a m]e brogue or j>gon1 ! m$ium ( int]c\rse betwe5 illit]ate natives & ,europeans too indol5t to apply !mselves to ! acquisition ( ! language ( ! p2 its vocabul>y is made up ( ,malay words1 ) a conv5tional admixture ( words f o!r languages2 & x v>ies1 n only 9 diff]5t localities1 b also 9 proportion to ! individual speak]'s acqua9tance ) ,malay prop]4 ,a few words are us$1 h[ev]1 only 9 speak+ ) p]sons ( royal rank--e4g4 santap1 to eat 7( a raja7 in/ead ( makan2 b]adu1 to sleep1 in/ead ( tidor2 gr+1 unwell1 in/ead ( sakit2 mangkat1 to die1 in/ead ( mati1 c4 ,! use is diff]5t z reg>ds ! t]m ,jawi z appli$ to ! ,malay language4 ,?is has its orig9 9 ! names ,great ,java & ,less] ,java1 by :i* ! m$ieval ,java & ,sumatra 7 call$1 & x accord+ly means ! language spok5 along ! coa/s ( ! two great isl&s4 ,lit]ature4 ,! ,malays _c1 /rictly speak+1 be said to possess a lit]ature1 = none ( _! writ+s c boa/ any lit]>y beauty or value4 ,_! mo/ *>act]i/ic lit]ature is to be f\nd1 n 9 _! writ+s1 b 9 ! folk-tales :i* are transmitt$ orally f g5]ation to g5]ation1 & repeat$ by ! w&]+ m9/rels call$ by ! p ,p5g-lipor ,l>a1 i4e4 ,soo!rs ( ,c>e4 ,"s specim5s ( ^! are to be f\nd 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,/raits ,bran* ( ! ,asiatic ,society 7,s+apore74 ,! collections ( ,malay ,prob]bs made by ,kl9k]t1 ,maxwell & ,clif=d also give a good idea ( ! lit]>y me?ods ( ! ,malays4 ,_! v]se is ( a v primitive description1 & is *iefly us$ = purposes ( love-mak+4 ,!re are num]\s rhym$ fairy tales1 :i* are mu* lik$ by ! p1 b !y are ( no lit]>y m]it4 ,! be/ ,malay books are ! ,hikayat ,hang ,tuak1 ,be/amam & ! ,hikayat ,abdullah4 ,! latt] is a di>y ( ev5ts kept dur+ ,sir ,/am=d ,raffle's adm9i/ration by 8 ,malay scribe4 ,,au?orities4--,hugh ,clif=d1 ,9 ,c\rt & ,kampong 7,london1 #ahig72 ,/udies 9 ,br[n ,humanity 7,london1 #ahih72 ,9 a ,corn] ( ,asia 7,london1 #ahii72 ,bu%-:ack+ 7,london #aija72 ,clif=d & ,swett5ham1 ,diction>y ( ! ,malay ,language1 p>ts i4 to v4 ,a-,g4 ,taip+ 7,p]ak1 #ahid-ahih72 ,john ,crawfurd1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago 7#c vols41 ,ed9burgh1 #ahbj72 ,gramm> & ,diction>y ( ! ,malay ,language 7#b vols41 ,london1 #aheb72 ,a ,descriptive ,diction>y ( ! ,indian ,isl&s & ,adjac5t ,c\ntries 7,london1 #ahef72 ,j\rnal ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago 7#ab vols41 ,s+apore1 #ahdg-ahfb72 ,j\rnal ( ! ,/raits ,bran* ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society1 #cc ,nos4 7,s+apore1 #ahgh-aijj72 ,h4 ,c4 ,kl9k]t1 ,nieuw ,maleis*-,n$]l&is* ,woord5boek 7,leid51 #ahic72 ,john ,leyd51 ,malay ,annals 7,london1 #ahba72 ,william ,m>sd51 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,sumatra 7,london1 #ahaa72 ,malay ,diction>y 7,london1 #ahbd72 ,sir ,william ,maxwell1 ,a ,manual ( ! ,malay ,language 7,london1 #ahhh72 ,t4 ,j4 ,newbold1 ,political & ,/ati/ical ,acc\nt ( ! ,briti% ,settlem5ts 9 ! ,/raits ( ,malacca2 ,w4 ,w4 ,skeat1 ,malay ,magic 7,london1 #aijj72 ,skeat & ,blagd51 ,pagan ,races ( ! ,malay ,p59sula 7,london1 #aijf72 ,sir ,frank ,swett5ham1 ,malay ,sket*es 7,london1 #ahie72 ,! ,real ,malay 7,london1 #ahii72 ,briti% ,malaya 7,london1 #aijf72 ,h4 von-de ,wall1 edit$ by ,h4 ,n4 van d] ,tuuk1 ,maleis*-,n$]l&is* ,woord5boek 7,batavia1 #ahgg-ahhj72 ,malay ,diction>y 7,s+apore1 #aijc71 ,wilk9son4 7,h4 ,cl47 ,,malay ,,/ates 7,,briti%74 ,! native /ates ( ! ,malay ,p59sula "u ,briti% protection are divid$ into two gr\ps3 7#a7 f$]at$1 & 7#b7 non-f$]at$4 ,i4--,,f$]at$ ,,/ates ,! f$]at$ /ates1 "u ! protection ( ,great ,brita91 b n ,briti% possessions1 are ,p]ak1 ,selangor & ! conf$]ation ( small /ates kn[n z ! ,negri ,sembilan 7i4e4 ,n9e ,/ates7 on ! we/ coa/1 & ! /ate ( ,pahang on ! ea/ coa/4 ,ea* /ate is "u ! rule ( a sultan1 :o is assi/$ 9 8 legislative duties by a /ate c\ncil1 ^u :i* ! resid5t1 & 9 "s cases ! secret>y to ! resid5t1 has a seat1 & :i* is compos$ ( native *iefs & "o or m ,*9ese memb]s nom9at$ by ! sultan ) ! advice & cons5t ( ! resid5t4 ,! c\ncil1 9 addition to legislative & o!r duties1 revises all s5t5ces ( capital puni%m5t4 ,! adm9i/rative "w ( ea* /ate is c>ri$ on by ! resid5t & 8 /aff ( ,european (ficials1 ^: ranks are recruit$ by successful c&idates 9 ! competitive exam9ations held annually by ! ,civil ,s]vice commission]s4 ,! sultan ( ea* /ate is b\nd by treaty ) ! ,briti% gov]nm5t to accept ! advice ( ! resid5t1 :o is ?us practically p>am\nt2 b great def]5ce is paid to ! op9ions & wi%es ( ! sultans & _! *iefs1 & ! ,briti% (ficials are pl$g$ n to int]f]e ) ! religi\s affairs ( ! ,mahomm$an community4 ,9 ! actual adm9i/ration ( ! ,malay population great use is made ( ! native ari/ocratic sy/em1 ! peasants be+ gov]n$ l>gely by _! own *iefs1 headm5 & village eld]s1 "u ! close sup]vision ( ,briti% di/rict (fic]s4 ,! result is a b5evol5t autocracy admirably adapt$ to local conditions & to ! "* & traditions ( ! p4 ,a recognition ( ! fact t ! welf>e ( ! ,malays1 :o are ! p ( ! l& & ^: sultans h nev] c$$ _! t]ritories to ! ,briti%1 mu/ be reg>d$ z ! fir/ consid]ation has be5 ! guid+ pr9ciple ( ! adm9i/ration ( ! ,malay ,/ates1 & ?is has result$ 9 an extraord9>y amelioration ( ! condition ( ! natives1 :i* has proce$$ concurr5tly ) a notable developm5t ( ! c\ntry & its res\rces1 m9]al & agricultural4 ,to ! "w ( developm5t1 h[ev]1 ! ,malays h !mselves contribut$ little1 s\nd adm9i/ration hav+ be5 secur$ by ! ,briti% (ficials1 ent]prise & capital hav+ be5 suppli$ ma9ly by ! ,*9ese1 & ! lab\r employ$ be+ almo/ entirely ,*9ese or ,tamil4 ,mean:ile ! ,malays h improv$ _! ance/ral hold+s1 h enjoy$ a peace & a security to :i* _! pa/ hi/ory furni%es no p>allel1 h obta9$ easy access to new & important m>kets = _! agricultural produce1 & = ! re/ h be5 suff]$ to lead ! lives be/ suit$ to _! *>act]s & _! desires4 ,ea* pr9cipal dep>tm5t ( ! adm9i/ration has its f$]al head1 & all ! resid5ts correspond ) & are controll$ by ! resid5t-g5]al1 :o1 9 8 turn1 is responsible to ! high commission]1 ! gov]nor ( ! ,/raits ,settlem5ts = ! "t be+4 ,! e/imat$ aggregate area ( ! ,f$]at$ ,malay ,/ates is #bh1jjj sq4 m41 & ! e/imat$ population 9 #aije 0 #hfj1jjj1 z aga9/ #fgh1eie 9 #aija4 ,( ^! only ab\t #bcj1jjj are ,malays4 ,! rev5ue ( ! f$]ation 9 #aije 0 #bc1ifd1eic 7ab\t #b1gie1jjj71 & ! exp5diture 0 #bj1gej1cie 7ab\t #b1dfj1jjj74 ,! imports = ! same ye> 7 valu$ at #ej1ege1dee 7ab\t #e1ijj1jjj71 & ! exports at #hj1jeg1fed 7ab\t #i1cdj1jjj71 mak+ a total trade ( ne>ly #ae millions /]l+4 ,! pr9cipal s\rces ( rev5ue are an export duty on t91 ! r5ts paid = ! rev5ue f>ms ( ! "r to collect import duties on opium1 w9e & spirits1 & to keep lic5s$ gambl+-h\ses = ! exclusive use ( ! ,*9ese population1 railway receipts1 l& & =e/ rev5ue & po/al rev5ue4 ,! t9 is won f l>ge alluvial deposits f\nd 9 ! /ates ( ! we/]n seabo>d1 & ! m9es are work$ almo/ exclusively by ,*9ese capital & lab\r4 ,s9ce #ahhi ! ,f$]at$ ,malay ,/ates h produc$ consid]ably m ?an half ! t9 ( ! _w4 ,rec5tly !re has be5 a great developm5t 9 agricultural ent]prise1 especially ) reg>d to rubb]1 :i* is n[ gr[n 9 l>ge quantities1 ! e/ates be+ ma9ly 9 ! h&s ( ,europeans1 & ! lab\r mo/ly ,tamil4 ,! /ates are op5$ up by ov] #bejj m4 ( "s ( ! be/ metall$ c>t-roads 9 ! _w1 & by a railway sy/em1 #cej m4 ( :i*1 ext5d+ f ! ma9l& opposite ,p5ang to ! anci5t t[n ( ,malacca1 are op5 to traffic4 ,ano!r #aej m4 ( railway is "u con/ruction4 ,! gov]nm5t (fices at ,kuala ,lumpor1 ! f$]al capital ( ! /ates1 are among ! f9e/ build+s ( ! k9d 9 ,asia4 ,! :ole ( ?is extraord9>y developm5t1 x %\ld be not$1 has be5 effect$ by c>eful1 s\nd & wise adm9i/ration c\pl$ ) a c\rage\s & en]getic policy ( exp5diture ^u public works4 ,?r\gh\t1 n "o p5ny ( debt has be5 incurr$1 ! roads1 railways1 c41 be+ con/ruct$ entirely f curr5t balances4 ,?is ( c\rse has only be5 r5d]$ possible by ! extraord9>y m9]al weal? :i* ! /ates on ! we/]n seabo>d h develop$ 9 ! h&s ( ,*9ese m9]s amid ! peace & security :i* ,briti% rule has br\ght to ^! once lawless l&s4 ,! value ( ! t9 output = ! ye> #aije am\nt$ to #fi1dfj1iic 7#h1ajd1aii74 ,al?\gh agricultural ent]prise 9 ! ,malay ,/ates is assum+ consid]able proportions & a gr[+ importance1 ! total value ( ! pr9cipal agricultural products1 includ+ timb]1 = ! ye> #aije only aggregat$ #b1dce1eac 7#bhi1adc74 ,! :ole ( ! ,malay ,p59sula is "o va/ =e/1 ?r\gh :i* fl[ c\ntless /reams t =m "o ( ! mo/ lavi% wat]-sy/ems 9 ! _w4 ,! riv]s1 ?\gh _m ( !m are ( impos+ appe>ance & ( consid]able l5g?1 are uni=mly %all[1 only a few on ! we/ coa/ be+ navigable by %ips = a di/ance ( "s #dj m4 f _! m\?s4 ,9 spite ( ! notable developm5t above ref]r$ to1 only a v small fraction ( ! entire area ( ! /ates has z yet be5 t\*$ ei!r by m9+ or agricultural ent]prise4 ,x is n too mu* to ass]t t ! l>g] half ( ! =e/-l&s has nev] be5 trodd5 by ! foot ( man4 7,= in=mation conc]n+ ! botany1 geology1 c41 ( ! ,malay ,/ates see ,,malay ,,p59sula4 ,= ! e?nology see ,,malays47 ,,p]ak is situat$ betwe5 ! p>allels #c #cg & #f #e ,n4 & #ajj #c to #aja #ea ,e4 on ! we/]n side ( ! ,malay ,p59sula4 ,x is b\nd$ on ! ,n4 by ! ,briti% possession ( ,prov9ce ,wellesley & ! ,malay /ate ( ,k$ah2 on ! ,s4 by ! protect$ native /ate ( ,selangor2 on ! ,e4 by ! protect$ native /ate ( ,pahang & ! indep5d5t /ates ( ,kelantan & ,petani2 & on ! ,w4 by ! ,/raits ( ,malacca4 ,! coa/-l9e is ab\t #ij m4 9 l5g?4 ,! extreme di/ance f ! mo/ nor!rly to ! mo/ s\!rly portions ( ! /ate is ab\t #agb m41 & ! greate/ bread? f ea/ to we/ is ab\t #ajj m4 ,! total area ( ! c\ntry is e/imat$ at ab\t #aj1jjj sq4 m4 ,! ,p]ak riv]1 :i* runs 9 a s\!rly direction almo/ p>allel ) ! coa/ = ne>ly #aej m4 ( its c\rse1 is navigable = small /eam]s = ab\t #dj m4 f its m\?1 & by native trad+ boats = ne>ly #bjj m4 ,! ,plus1 ,batang1 ,padang & ,k9ta riv]s are its pr9cipal tribut>ies1 all ( !m fall+ into ! ,p]ak on its left bank4 ,! o!r pr9cipal riv]s ( ! /ate are ! ,krian1 ,kurau1 ,l>ut & ,bruas to ! nor? ( ! m\? ( ! ,p]ak1 & ! ,b]nam to ! s\?4 ,none ( ^! riv]s is ( any great importance z a wat]way1 al?\gh ! ,b]nam ,riv] is navigable = small /eam]s = ne>ly #ajj m4 ( its c\rse4 ,! m\nta9 ranges1 :i* cov] a consid]able area1 run f ! nor?-ea/ to ! s\?-we/4 ,! highe/ altitudes atta9$ by !m d n exce$ #gejj ft41 b !y av]age ab\t #bejj ft4 ,!y are all ?ickly cov]$ ) jungle4 ,! ranges are two1 runn+ p>allel to "o ano!r1 ) ! valley ( ! ,p]ak betwe5 !m4 ,! l>g] is a portion ( ! ma9 *a91 :i* runs d[n ! p59sula f nor? to s\?4 ,! less] is situat$ 9 ! di/rict ( ,l>ut4 ,!re are sev]al hill sanatoria 9 ! /ate at heights :i* v>y f #bejj to #dgjj ft4 above sea-level1 b ! extreme humidity ( ! atmosph]e r5d]s ! coolness ?us obta9able ! rev]se ( enjoyable4 ,geology4 ,mr ,leon>d ,wray1 curator ( ! ,p]ak museum1 writes z foll[s on ! subject ( ! geological =mation ( ! /ate3 ,!re are really only f\r =mations repres5t$--fir/ly1 ! granitic rocks2 secondly1 a l>ge s]ies ( b$s ( gneiss1 qu>tzite1 s*i/ & s&/one1 ov]laid 9 _m places by ?ick b$s ( cry/all9e lime/one2 ?irdly1 small %eets ( trap rock2 & f\r?ly1 riv]-gravels & o!r ,quat]n>y deposits4 ,! granites are ( _m v>ieties1 & also1 9 all probability1 ( sev]al diff]5t geological p]iods4 ,! s]ies ( qu>tzites1 s*i/s1 & lime/one are ( great age1 b z no fossils h ev] be5 f\nd 9 any ( !m1 no?+ def9ite c be /at$ z to _! exact *ronological position4 ,_! li?ological *>act]i/ics & ! total abs5ce ( all organic rema9s po9t to ! ,ar*aean p]iod4 ,! failure to discov] signs ( life 9 !m is1 ( c\rse1 m]ely negative evid5ce1 & ! f9d+ ( a s+le fossil w\ld at once upset x4 ,h[ev]1 until ?is happ5s !y may be conv5i5tly class$ z ,laur5tian4 ,x is at pres5t impossible to =m any?+ approa*+ an accurate e/imate ( ! ?ickness ( ?is ext5sive s]ies1 b x is probable t x is some:]e betwe5 #djjj & #ejjj ft4 ,uncon=mability has be5 notic$ betwe5 ! lime/ones & ! b$s b5ea?1 b :e!r ?is is suffici5t to sep>ate !m or n is a matt] = future inve/igation4444 ,! tall] hills are exclusively compos$ ( granite1 z also are "s ( ! l[] ones4444 ,! ores ( ! foll[+ metals h be5 f\nd 9 ! =mations nam$3 ,granite--t91 lead1 iron1 ars5ic1 tung/5 & titanium2 ,laur5tian--t91 gold1 lead1 silv]1 iron1 ars5ic1 copp]1 z9c1 tung/51 manganese & bismu?2 ,quat]n>y--t91 gold1 copp]1 tung/51 iron & titanium4 ,?is is n to be consid]$ a complete li/1 z small quantities ( o!r metals h also be5 f\nd4 ,hi/ory4 ,! e>ly hi/ory ( ,p]ak is obscure1 ! only in=mation on ! subject be+ obta9$ f native traditions1 :i* are altoge!r untru/wor?y4 ,accord+ to ^! au?orities1 h[ev]1 a settlem5t 0 fir/ made by ,malays 9 ,p]ak at ,bruas1 & ! capital 0 lat] mov$ to ! banks ( ! ,p]ak ,riv]1 ! site *os5 be+ a little village call$ ,temong1 :i* lies "s miles up /ream f ,kuala ,kangs>1 ! pres5t resid5ce ( ! sultan4 ,:5 ! ,malacca sultanate fell1 ow+ to ! invasion ( ! ,portuguese 9 #aeaa1 a memb] ( t royal h\se is said to h migrat$ to ,p]ak1 & ! pres5t dyna/y claims to h be5 desc5d$ f him4 ,z ?is boa/ is also made by almo/ e rul+ family 9 ! p59sula1 ! tradition is n wor?y ( any special att5tion4 ,:at is m c]ta9 is ! tradition t ,p]ak 0 twice invad$ by ! ,a*9ese1 & its rul]s c>ri$ (f into captivity1 "o ( !m1 ,sultan ,mansur ,%ah1 subsequ5tly becom+ ! rul] ( ,a*94 ,! fir/ ,european settlem5t 9 ,p]ak 0 made by ! ,dut* 9 #afej1 "u a treaty ent]$ into ) ! ,a*9ese1 b ! natives ( ! c\ntry rose aga9/ ! ,dut* aga9 & aga91 & x 0 ab&on$ 9 #aghc1 ?\gh x 0 aft]w>ds reoccupi$1 ! ,dut* be+ f9ally eject$ by ! ,briti% 9 #agie4 ,9 #ahah ! ,siamese conqu]$ ,p]ak1 b its indep5d5ce 0 secur$ by a treaty betwe5 ! ,briti% & ,siamese gov]nm5ts 9 #ahbd4 ,f t date until #ahgd ,p]ak 0 rul$ by its own sultans1 b 9 t ye>1 ow+ to int]nal /rife1 ,sultan ,abdullah appli$ to ! !n gov]nor ( ! ,/raits ,settlem5ts1 ,sir ,&rew ,cl>ke1 = ! assi/ance ( a ,briti% ,resid5t4 ,! treaty ( ,pangkor 0 conclud$ on ! #bj? ( ,janu>y #ahgd1 & ! fir/ resid5t1 ,mr ,j4 ,w4 ,w4 ,bir*1 0 murd]$ on ! #bnd ( ,novemb] #ahge4 ,a punitive exp$ition became necess>y2 sultan ,abdullah & ! o!r *iefs conc]n$ 9 ! murd] 7 bani%$1 ! actual murd]]s 7 hang$1 & ,raja ,muda ,jusuf 0 decl>$ reg5t4 ,he di$ 9 #ahhh1 & 0 succe$$ by ! sultan ,raja ,idris1 ,k4,c4,m4,g41 a mo/ enlight5$ rul]1 :o 0 f ! fir/ a /rong & intellig5t advocate ( ,briti% me?ods ( adm9i/ration4 ,sir ,hugh ,l[ 0 appo9t$ resid5t1 a position :i* he held until #ahhi1 :5 he 0 succe$$ by ,sir ,frank ,swett5ham4 ,s9ce !n ! hi/ory ( ,p]ak has be5 "o ( cont9u\s peace & gr[+ prosp]ity & weal?4 ,al?\gh ! f$]al capital is ,kuala ,lumpor 9 ,selangor1 ,p]ak /ill enjoys ! hon\r ( be+ ! s5ior & lead+ /ate ( ! f$]ation4 ,population4 ,by ! c5sus tak5 on ! #e? ( ,april #ahia ! population ( ,p]ak 0 %[n to be z foll[s3 ,europeans1 #cff2 ,eurasians1 ,jews & ,arm5ians1 #bic2 ,malays1 #if1gai2 ,*9ese1 #id1cde2 ,tamils1 #ac1jhf2 aborig9es1 #eggi2 o!r nationalities1 #cfff2 ?us mak+ a gr& total ( #bad1bed1 ( :om #aef1djh 7 males & #eg1hdf 7 females4 ,! e/imat$ population 9 #aije 0 #djj1jjj1 ( :om #bjj1jjj 7 ,*9ese & #afj1jjj 7 ,malays1 b ow+ to ! disp>ity ( ! proportions betwe5 ! sexes ! dea?s 9 ea* ye> l>gely outnumb] ! bir?s1 & ! increase 9 ! population is acc\nt$ = solely by ! numb] ( immigrants1 *iefly f ! ma9l& ( ,*9a1 & to a less] ext5t f ,india also4 ,! rev5ue ( ,p]ak 9 #ahgd am\nt$ to #bbf1ccc4 ,t = #aije am\nt$ to #ab1bdb1hig4 ,( ?is latt] sum #d1hgf1djj 0 d]iv$ f duty on export$ t91 #b1dhi1cjj f railway receipts1 #eje1cjj f l& rev5ue & #adb1hjj f po/al & telegraphic rev5ue4 ,! rema9d] is ma9ly d]iv$ f ! rev5ue f>ms1 :i* are leas$ to ,*9ese capitali/s = a %ort t]m ( ye>s1 convey+ to ! lessee ! "r to collect import duties ^u opium1 w9e & spirits1 to keep pawnbrok+ %ops1 & to keep public lic5s$ gambl+-h\ses = ! use ( ,*9ese only4 ,! exp5diture = #aije am\nt$ to #aj1ada1ihj4 ,( ?is sum #d1bcf1jjj 0 exp5d$ ^u railway upkeep & con/ruction & #b1agf1ajj ^u public works4 ,! value ( ! imports into ,p]ak dur+ #aije 0 ov] #bj1jjj1jjj1 & t ( ! exports exce$$ #dj1jjj1jjj1 mak+ a total ( ov] #fj1jjj1jjj1 equival5t to ab\t sev5 million /]l+4 ,! output ( t9 f ,p]ak rang$ betwe5 #ah1ifj tons1 valu$ at #bc1jii1ejf 9 #ahii1 & #bf1fjj tons1 valu$ at #ce1ejj1jjj1 9 #aije4 ,! fluctuat+ "* ( ! output is due1 n to any exhau/ion ( ! m9]al deposits ( ! /ate--t is n to be anticipat$ = _m ye>s yet to come--b to ! unc]ta9ty ( ! lab\r supply4 ,! m9+ population is recruit$ exclusively f ! di/ricts ( s\!rn ,*9a1 & dur+ c]ta9 ye>s an increas$ dem& = lab\r]s 9 ,*9a itself1 9 ,fr5* ,indo-,*9a1 9 ! ,dut* colonies1 & 9 ,s\? ,africa tempor>ily & adv]sely affect$ immigration to ! ,/raits ( ,malacca4 ,! output has1 moreov]1 be5 affect$ f "t to "t by ! price ( t91 :i* 0 #cb4bj p] pikul 9 #ahif1 rose to #db4if 9 #ahih1 to #gd4ae 9 #aijj1 & av]ag$ #hj4fj 9 #aije4 ,exclusive ( t91 ! pr9cipal exports 7 #ajh1jjj wor? ( ,p>a rubb]1 #aha1jjj ( copra1 #ed1jjj ( hides1 #dh1jjj ( pat*\li1 & consid]able quantities ( timb]1 rattans & o!r jungle produce4 ,! agricultural developm5t ( ! /ate is /ill 9 its infancy1 b rubb] is cultivat$ 9 rapidly increas+ areas1 & ! kn[n f]tility ( ! soil1 ! /eady & regul> ra9fall1 ! excell5t means ( communication1 & ! natural & artificial conditions ( ! c\ntry1 ju/ify ! expectation t ! future ( ,p]ak z an agricultural c\ntry w be prosp]\s4 ,g5]al4 ,al?\gh s mu* has be5 done to develop ! res\rces ( ,p]ak1 by f> ! great] portion ( ! /ate is /ill cov]$ by d5se & virg9 =e/4 ,9 #ahih x 0 calculat$ t only #ccj1bdi acres ( l& 7 occupi$ or cultivat$ out ( a total acreage ( #f1djj1jjj4 ,! area ( agricultural hold+s has notably increas$1 b a consid]able p]iod mu/ yet elapse be=e x w am\nt to ev5 "o-t5? ( ! :ole4 ,a l9e ( railway connects ! port ( ,teluk ,anson ) ! great m9+ di/rict ( ,k9ta1 :5ce ! l9e runs1 cross+ ! ,p]ak ,riv] at ,enggor1 to ,kuala ,kangs>1 ! resid5ce ( ! sultan1 !nce to ,taip+1 ! adm9i/rative capital ( ! /ate1 & via ,krian to a po9t opposite to ! isl& ( ,p5ang4 ,a second l9e runs s\? f ,p]ak & connects ) ! railway sy/em ( ,selangor1 :i* 9 its turn connects ) ! ,negri ,sembilan & ,malacca l9e1 ?us giv+ ?r\gh railway communication betwe5 ! la/-nam$ t[n & ,p5ang4 ,p]ak also possesses "s #fjj miles ( excell5t metall$ c>t-road1 & ! l5g? ( complet$ road is annually increas+4 ,= adm9i/rative purposes ! /ate is divid$ into six di/ricts3 ,upp] ,p]ak1 ,kuala ,kangs> & ,l[] ,p]ak1 on ! ,p]ak ,riv]2 ,k9ta2 ,batany ,padang & ,l>ut & ,krian4 ,( ^!1 ,l>ut & ,k9ta are ! pr9cipal m9+ c5tres1 :ile ,krian is ! mo/ prosp]\s agricultural di/rict4 ,! di/ricts on ! ,p]ak ,riv] are mo/ly peopl$ by ,malays4 ,! adm9i/rative capital is ,taip+1 ! *ief t[n ( ,l>ut4 ,kuala ,kangs> is *iefly memorable z hav+ be5 ! sc5e ( ! fir/ f$]al meet+ ( native *iefs1 :o1 ) ! ,briti% ,resid5ts f ea* /ate1 met toge!r 9 #ahig = fri5dly discussion ( _! common int]e/s = ! fir/ "t 9 hi/ory1 "u ! auspices ( ! high commission]1 ,sir ,*>les ,h4 ,b4 ,mit*ell4 ,?is1 9 ! eyes ( ^? :o are acqua9t$ ) ! "* ( ! ,malays & ( ! relations :i* =m]ly subsi/$ betwe5 ! rul]s ( ! v>i\s /ates1 is p]haps ! mo/ signal tok5 ( ! *anges :i* ,briti% influ5ce has wr\ght 9 ! p59sula4 ,,selangor is situat$ betwe5 ! p>allels #b #cb & #c #cg ,n4 & #ajj #ch & #ajb ,e41 on ! we/]n side ( ! ,malay ,p59sula4 ,x is b\nd$ on ! ,n4 by ! protect$ native /ate ( ,p]ak1 on ! ,s4 by ! protect$ /ates ( ! ,negri ,sembilan1 on ! ,e4 by ,pahang & ! ,negri ,sembilan1 & on ! ,w4 by ! ,/raits ( ,malacca4 ,! coa/-l9e is ab\t #ajj m4 9 l5g?1 greate/ l5g? ab\t #ajd m41 & greate/ bread? ab\t #dh m41 total area e/imat$ at ab\t #cjjj sq4 m4 ,! /ate consi/s ( a n>r[ /rip ( l& betwe5 ! m\nta9 range :i* =ms ! backbone ( ! p59sula & ! ,/raits ( ,malacca4 ,comp>$ ) o!r /ates 9 ! p59sula1 ,selangor is poorly wat]$4 ,! pr9cipal riv]s are ! ,selangor1 ! ,klang & ! ,langat4 ,! pr9cipal port ( ! /ate is ,port ,swett5ham1 situat$ at ! m\? ( ! ,klang ,riv]1 & is connect$ ) ! capital1 ,kuala ,lumpor1 by a railway4 ,! geology ( ! /ate closely resembles t ( ,p]ak4 ,! /ate is possess$ ( mo/ valuable deposits ( alluvial t91 & m9+ = ?is metal is ! *ief indu/ry ( ! population4 ,kuala ,lumpor is also ! f$]al capital ( ! ,malay ,/ates4 ,hi/ory4 ,accord+ to native tradition1 ! rul+ h\se ( ,selangor is desc5d$ f a ,bugis raja1 :o1 ) two ( 8 bro!rs1 settl$ 9 ! /ate 9 #agah1 ! son ( ! y\nge/ bro!r ev5tually becom+ rul] ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 #aghc ! !n sultan ( ,selangor jo9$ ) ! ,iang-di-p]-,tuan ,muda ( ,riau 9 an unsuccessful attack ^u ! ,dut* :o !n held ,malacca4 ,9 retaliation ! ,dut*1 "u ,admiral ,van ,braam1 invad$ ,selangor & drove ! sultan out ( 8 c\ntry4 ,9 #aghe1 aid$ by ! ,b5dah>a ( ,pahang1 ,sultan ,ibrahim ( ,selangor reconqu]$ 8 /ate2 b ! ,dut* blockad$ 8 ports1 & ev5tually =c$ him to ent] into a treaty :]eby he cons5t$ to ackn[l$ge _! sov]eignty4 ,! e>lie/ ,briti% political communication ) ,selangor began 9 #ahah1 :5 a comm]cial treaty 0 conclud$ ) ! gov]nor ( ,p5ang4 ,9 #ahfg ,sultan ,abdul ,samad ( ,selangor appo9t$ 8 son-9-law1 ,tungku ,dia ,ud91 to be vic]oy2 & ?is gave rise to a civil w> :i* la/$ almo/ )\t int]mission till #ahgc1 :5 ! enemies ( ,tungku ,dia ,ud9 7 f9ally vanqui%$1 l>gely by ! ag5cy ( ! ,b5dah>a ( ,pahang1 :o1 at ! invitation ( ! gov]nor ( ! ,/raits ,settlem5ts1 s5t a w>like exp$ition to ! assi/ance ( ! vic]oy4 ,9 #ahgd ! occurr5ce ( an atroci\s act ( piracy (f ! m\? ( ! ,langat ,riv] l$ to ! gov]nor1 ,sir ,&rew ,cl>ke1 appo9t+1 at ! reque/ ( ! sultan1 a ,briti% ,resid5t to aid him 9 ! adm9i/ration ( 8 k+dom4 ,s9ce t date !re has be5 no fur!r brea* ( ! peace1 & ! prosp]ity ( ,selangor has increas$ annually4 ,by ! c5sus tak5 on ! #e? ( ,april #ahia ! population ( ,selangor 0 giv5 at #ha1eib s\ls1 ( :om #fg1jea 7 males & only #ad1eda 7 females4 ,! c5sus tak5 on ! #e? ( ,april #aija gave a total population ( #afh1ghi s\ls1 ( :om #acf1hbc 7 males & #ca1iff females4 ,( ^! #ajh1gfh 7 ,*9ese1 #cc1iig 7 ,malays1 #af1gdh 7 ,tamils1 & only #dhg 7 ,europeans4 ,! returns deal ) ne>ly a score ( diff]5t nationalities4 ,s9ce #aija ! population has be5 mu* increas$ & n[ c]ta9ly exce$s #bjj1jjj s\ls4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 t in/ead ( a s+le port ( entry !re exi/ easy means ( access to ! /ate by rail bo? f ! nor? & ! s\?1 x is no long] possible to e/imate ! annual increase by immigration ) any approa* to accuracy4 ,x w be not$ t ! inhabitants ( ?is er/:ile ,malayan /ate 71 ev5 at ! "t ( ! c5sus ( #aija1 ov] #fd ,*9ese1 :ile ! ,malays 7 little m ?an #bj ( ! population4 ,9 ,selangor1 z else:]e 9 ! ,malay ,p59sula1 ! dea?s annually f> outnumb] ! bir?s record$ 7e4g4 9 #aije bir?s #hbic1 dea?s #ab1ejj74 ,! disproportion ( ! female to ! male sections ( ! population is great] 9 ,selangor ?an 9 any o!r "p ( ! colony or ,malay ,/ates4 ,! developm5t ( plant+ ent]prise 9 ,selangor1 & m especially ! cultivation ( rubb]1 has l$ dur+ rec5t ye>s to ! immigration ( a consid]able numb] ( ,tamil coolies1 b ! ,tamil population is /ill insignificant z comp>$ ) ! ,*9ese4 ,f9ance1 ,trade1 c4 ,! rev5ue ( ,selangor 9 #ahge am\nt$ to only #aae1fef2 9 #aije x _h increas$ to #h1heg1gic4 ,( ?is latt] sum #c1aie1cah 0 d]iv$ f duty on t9 export$1 #a1igb1fbh f f$]al receipts1 & #cdj1cfj f l& rev5ue4 ,! balance is *iefly d]iv$ f ! rev5ue f>ms1 :i* include ! "r to collect import duty on opium & spirits4 ,! exp5diture = #aije am\nt$ to #g1ahf1adf1 ( :i* sum #c1gag1bch 0 on acc\nt ( f$]al *>ges & #a1hej1gaa = public works4 ,! value ( ! imports 9 #aije 0 #bd1fdc1fai & t ( ! exports 0 #bf1fhc1caf1 mak+ a total ( #ea1cbf1ice1 equival5t to #e1ihh1jjj4 ,t9 is ! pr9cipal export4 ,! am\nt export$ 9 #aije 0 #ag1bed tons4 ,! total area ( ali5at$ m9+ l& at ! end ( #aije am\nt$ to #fe1egc acres1 & x 0 e/imat$ t ov] #fj1jjj ,*9ese 7 employ$ 9 ! m9es4 ,! ma9 trunk l9e ( ! ,f$]at$ ,malay ,/ates railways passes ?r\gh ,selangor4 ,x ent]s ! /ate at ,tanjong ,malim on ! ,p]ak b\nd>y1 runs s\?w>d ?r\gh ,kuala ,lumpor & s into ! ,negri ,sembilan4 ,x runs = #ha m4 9 ,selangor t]ritory4 ,a bran* l9e #bg m4 long connects ,kuala ,lumpor ) ,port ,swett5ham on ! ,klang ,/raits :]e ext5sive :>ves1 capable ( accommodat+ ocean-go+ vessels1 h be5 con/ruct$4 ,a second bran* l9e1 measur+ r m ?an #d m4 9 l5g?1 has be5 op5$ to traffic4 ,x connects ! caves at ,batu ) ,kuala ,lumpor4 ,frequ5t communication is ma9ta9$ by /eam] betwe5 ,port ,swett5ham & ,s+apore1 & by coa/+ vessels betwe5 ! =m] port & ^? on ! %ores ( ! ,/raits ( ,malacca4 ,all ! pr9cipal places 9 ! /ate are connect$ ) "o ano!r by telegraph4 ,= adm9i/rative purposes ,selangor is divid$ into six di/ricts3 ,kuala ,lumpor1 9 :i* ! capital & ! pr9cipal t9-fields are situat$2 ,ulu ,selangor1 :i* is also a prosp]\s m9+ di/rict2 ,kuala ,selangor1 :i* is agricultural1 & poorly populat$ by ,malays2 ,ulu ,langat1 m9+ & agricultural2 ,kuala ,langat1 ! resid5ce ( ! late sultan ,abdul ,samad1 agricultural2 & ,klang1 ! only prosp]\s port ( ! /ate4 ,mu* money has be5 exp5d$ ^u ! capital1 ,kuala ,lumpor1 :i* possesses "s f9e public build+s1 wat]works1 c41 & :]e ! pr9cipal resid5ce ( ! ,resid5t-,g5]al is situat$4 ,9 "s sort ,kuala ,lumpor is ! capital n only ( ,selangor1 b also ( ! :ole f$]ation4 ,its sc5]y is v attractive4 ,,negri ,,sembilan 7! ,n9e ,/ates7 is a f$]ation ( small native /ates :i* is n[ treat$ z a s+le entity1 be+ "u ! control ( a ,briti% ,resid5t1 & is situat$ betwe5 p>allels #b #bh & #c #ah ,n4 & #aja #de & #ajb #de ,e41 on ! we/]n side ( ! ,malay ,p59sula4 ,x is b\nd$ on ! ,n4 by ! protect$ /ate ( ,pahang1 on ! ,s4 by ! t]ritory ( ,malacca1 on ! ,e4 by ,pahang & ! indep5d5t /ate ( ,johor1 & on ! ,w4 by ! ,/raits ( ,malacca4 ,! coa/-l9e is ab\t #bh m4 9 l5g?1 & ! extreme di/ance f nor? to s\? is #ee m41 & t f ea/ to we/ ab\t #fe m4 ,! e/imat$ area is ab\t #cjjj sq4 m4 ,port ,dickson1 or ,arang-,arang1 is ! only port on ! coa/4 ,x is connect$ ) ! capital1 ,s]emban1 by a railway #bd m4 9 l5g?4 ,mo/ ( ! /ates compris+ ! f$]ation dep5d l>gely = _! prosp]ity ^u agriculture1 b 9 "s ( ! di/ricts t9 is be+ work$ 9 consid]able quantities1 ) good results4 ,hi/ory4 ,z is ! case ) ! hi/ory ( mo/ ,malayan /ates1 mu* re/s ^u no sur] gr\nd ?an tradition1 9 s f> z ! records ( ! ,negri ,sembilan are conc]n$4 ,at ! same "t ! native /ory t ! /ates :i* n[ =m ! f$]ation ( ! ,negri ,sembilan 7 orig9ally peopl$ by tribes ( ,sakai1 or aborig9es ( ! p59sula1 :o desc5d$ f ! m\nta9s ( ! int]ior & peopl$ ! valleys1 is support$ by mu* corroborative evid5ce4 ,n only does ! ,malay's contempt = ! ,sakai make x exce$+ly unlikely t ! tradition1 :i* is h>dly a matt] = pride1 %\ld h be5 pres]v$ if x 7 n true1 b also _m ( ! laws & cu/oms 9 =ce 9 ^! /ates are :olly =eign to ^? ( ! ,malays1 & c pla9ly be trac$ to ! aborig9es4 ,z an in/ance1 ! cu/om ( inh]it+ rank & prop]ty ?r\gh ! "m in/ead ( ?r\gh ! fa!r may be m5tion$4 ,tradition fur!r relates t t[>ds ! end ( ! #ah? c5tury a raja ( ! royal h\se ( ,m5angkabu came f ,sumatra to rule ov] ! f$]ation ( small /ates1 ea* ( :i* cont9u$ to be gov]n$ 9 all its local affairs by its own *ief & by ! village & o!r c\ncils sanction$ by anci5t cu/om4 ,! ,sumatran raja took ! title ( ,iang-di-p]-,tuan ( ,sri ,m5anti4 ,al?\gh !y bore ! "n ( ! ,n9e ,/ates1 only six seem to h belong$ to ! f$]ation dur+ ! "t ( :i* hi/ory speaks4 ,^! are ,sri ,m5anti1 ,johol1 ,tamp91 ,rembau1 ,jelebu1 & ,sungei ,ujong4 ,lat] ! two latt] sep>at$ !mselves f ! conf$]ation4 ,anci5t tradition says t ! names ( ! n9e /ates 7 orig9ally ,klang1 ,jelebu1 ,sungei ,ujong1 ,johol1 ,segamat1 ,pasir ,bes>1 ,nan+1 ,rembau & ,jelai4 ,( ^! ,klang 0 annex$ by ,selangor1 ,segamat & ,pasir ,bes> by ,johor1 & ,nan+ by ,malacca4 ,dur+ ! la/ ye>s ( ! #ah? c5tury ! ,iang-di-p]-,tuan appo9t$ an ,iang-di-p]-,tuan ,muda to rule ,rembau1 & ! /ate ( ,tamp9 0 creat$ to provide = ! family ( ! new *ief4 ,9 #ahhg ! gov]nor ( ! ,/raits ,settlem5ts s5t ,mr ,m>t9 ,li/] to ! ,negri ,sembilan1 :i* _h become dis9tegrat$1 & by 8 influ5ce ! anci5t f$]al sy/em 0 reviv$ "u ! control ( a ,resid5t appo9t$ by ! gov]nor4 ,! /ates :i* =m$ ?is new conf$]ation 7 ,johol1 ,ulu ,mu>1 ,jempol1 ,t]a*i1 ,inas1 ,gunong ,pasir1 ,rembau1 ,tamp9 & ,gem5*eh4 ,prior to ?is1 9 #ahgc1 ow+ to a civil w> 9 ,sungei ,ujong1 ,sir ,&rew ,cl>ke s5t a milit>y =ce to t /ate1 put an end to ! di/urbances1 & plac$ ! c\ntry "u ! control ( a ,briti% ,resid5t4 ,jelebu 0 tak5 "u ,briti% protection 9 #ahhf1 & 0 !nce=? manag$ by a magi/rate "u ! ord]s ( ! ,resid5t ( ,sungei ,ujong4 ,9 #ahif1 :5 ! f$]ation ( all ! ,malayan /ates "u ,briti% control 0 effect$1 ,sungei ,ujong & ,jelebu 7 reunit$ to ! conf$]ation ( small /ates f :i* !y _h s long be5 sep>at$ & ! :ole1 "u ! old "n ( ! ,negri ,sembilan1 or ,n9e ,/ates1 0 plac$ "u "o ,resid5t4 ,! population ( ! ,negri ,sembilan1 :i* accord+ to ! c5sus tak5 9 ,april #ahia 0 only #gj1gcj1 _h increas$ to #if1jbh by #aija1 & 0 e/imat$ at #aai1ded 9 #aije4 ,( ^! #df1ejj are ,*9ese1 #fe1jjj ,malays1 #fgjj ,tamils1 & #ijj ,europeans & ,eurasians4 ,! bir?s regi/]$ slightly exce$ ! dea?s 9 numb]1 !re be+ a l>ge ,malay population 9 ! ,negri ,sembilan among :om ! proportion ( wom5 to m5 is fair1 a condition ( ?+s n f\nd 9 localities :]e ! inhabitants are mo/ly ,*9ese immigrants4 ,f9ance & ,trade4 ,! rev5ue ( ! ,negri ,sembilan am\nt$ to only #bbc1dce 9 #ahhh4 ,9 #ahih x _h increas$ to #gja1ccd1 9 #aijj to #a1bea1cff1 & 9 #aije to #b1cce1ecd4 ,! rev5ue = #aije 0 d]iv$ ma9ly z foll[s3--cu/oms #a1bfh1fjb1 l& rev5ue #ade1dge1 l& sales #ba1djg1 :ile ! rev5ue f>ms contribut$ #ehd1dei4 ,! exp5diture 9 #aije am\nt$ to #b1bad1jic1 ( :i* #a1abe1cee 0 exp5d$ ^u public works4 ,! trade returns = #aije1 :i* are n1 h[ev]1 complete1 %[ an aggregate value ( ab\t #ac1jjj1jjj4 ,! value ( ! t9 export$ dur+ #aije exce$$ #f1ijj1jjj1 & ! value ( ! agricultural produce1 ( :i* gambi] repres5t$ #baa1jjj & dam> #hj1jjj1 am\nt$ to #djg1iij4 ,g5]al4 ,s]emban1 ! adm9i/rative capital ( ! ,negri ,sembilan1 is connect$ ) ,port ,dickson by a railway l9e1 own$ by ! ,sungei ,ujong ,railway ,company1 :i* is #bd m4 9 l5g?4 ,x is also situat$ on ! trunk l9e ( ! ,f$]at$ ,malay ,/ates1 & is ?us jo9$ by rail to ,selangor on ! nor? & to ,malacca on ! s\?4 ,frequ5t /eam communication is ma9ta9$ betwe5 ,port ,dickson & ! ports on ! ,/raits ( ,malacca & ) ,s+apore4 ,= adm9i/rative purposes ! ,negri ,sembilan is divid$ into five di/ricts1 viz4 ! ,s]emban ,di/rict1 ! ,coa/ ,di/rict1 ,jelebu1 ,kuala ,pilah & ,tamp94 ,ea* ( ^! is "u ! *>ge ( a ,european di/rict (fic]1 :o is responsible to ! ,resid5t4 ,! ,iang-di-p]-,tuan lives at ,kuala ,pilah1 b ! capital ( ! f$]ation is at ,s]emban 9 ,sungei ,ujong1 :]e ! ,resid5t is /ation$4 ,! h]$it>y *iefs ( ! v>i\s /ates aid 9 ! gov]nm5t ( _! di/ricts1 & h seats ^u ! /ate c\ncil1 ov] :i* ! ,iang-di-p]-,tuan presides4 ,! wat]+-place ( ,magnolia ,bay1 :]e excell5t sea-ba?+ is obta9able1 is "o ( ! pleasure resorts ( ?is "p ( ! p59sula4 ,,pahang1 on ! ea/ coa/ ( ! p59sula1 is situat$ betwe5 p>allels #b #bh & #c #de ,n4 & #aja #cj & #ajc #cj ,e4 ,x is b\nd$ on ! ,n4 by ! indep5d5t native /ates ( ,kelantan & ,tr5gganu2 on ! ,s4 by ! ,negri ,sembilan & ,johor2 on ! ,e4 by ! ,*9a ,sea2 & on ! ,w4 by ! protect$ /ates ( ,p]ak & ,selangor4 ,! coa/-l9e is ab\t #aab m4 9 l5g?2 ! greate/ l5g? is ab\t #baj m41 & greate/ bread? ab\t #acj m4 ,! /ate is ! l>ge/ 9 ! p59sula1 its area be+ e/imat$ at #ae1jjj sq4 m4 ,! ports on ! coa/ are ! m\?s ( ! ,endau1 ,romp91 ,pahang & ,kuantan riv]s1 b dur+ ! nor?-ea/ monsoon ! coa/ is n easy ( approa*1 & ! riv]s1 all ( :i* are gu>d$ by difficult b>s1 are impossible ( access except at high tides4 ,! pr9cipal riv] ( ! /ate is ! ,pahang1 f :i* x takes its "n4 ,at a di/ance ( #ahj m4 f ! coa/ ?is riv] is =m$ by two o!rs nam$ respectively ! ,jelai & ! ,tembel+4 ,! =m] is jo9$ #bj m4 f>!r up /ream by ! ,lipis1 :i* has its rise 9 ! m\nta9s :i* =m ! b\nd>y ) ,p]ak4 ,! ,jelai itself has its rise also 9 a m nor!rly portion ( ?is range1 :ile its two pr9cipal tribut>ies above ! m\? ( ! ,lipis1 ! ,telom & ! ,s]au1 rise1 ! "o 9 ! plateau :i* divides ,p]ak f ,pahang1 ! o!r 9 ! hills :i* sep>ate ,pahang f ,kelantan4 ,! ,tembel+ has its rise 9 ! hills :i* divide ,pahang f ,kelantan1 b "s ( its tribut>ies rise on ! ,tr5gganu fronti]1 :ile ! l>ge/ ( its conflu5ts comes f ! hills 9 :i* ! ,kuantan ,riv] takes its rise4 ,! ,pahang is navigable = l>ge boats z f> z ,kuala ,lipis1 #bjj m4 f ! m\?1 & light-draught laun*es c also get up to t po9t4 ,small] boats c be tak5 "s #hj m4 high] up ! ,jelai & ,telom4 ,! riv]1 h[ev]1 z a wat]way is ( little use1 s9ce x is uni=mly %all[4 ,! ,romp9 & ,kuantan riv]s are some:at m easily navigat$ = ! fir/ #cj m4 ( _! c\rse1 b tak5 z a :ole ! wat]ways ( ,pahang are ( little value4 ,! int]ior ( ,pahang is *iefly not$ = its aurif]\s deposits4 ,gunong ,tahan is situat$ on ! b\nd>y betwe5 ,pahang & ,kelantan4 ,its height is e/imat$ at #hjjj ft4 above sea-level1 b x has nev] yet be5 asc5d$4 ,pahang1 l ! /ates on ! we/ coa/1 is cov]$ almo/ entirely by "o va/ =e/1 b 9 ! ,lipis valley1 :i* =m]ly 0 ?ickly populat$1 !re is a consid]able expanse ( op5 grass pla9 unlike any?+ to be se5 on ! we/]n seabo>d4 ,! coa/ is = ! mo/ "p a s&y bea* fr+$ ) casu>9a trees & !re are only a few pat*es ( mangrove-swamp ?r\gh\t its entire l5g?4 ,hi/ory4 ,! anci5t "n ( ,pahang 0 ,indrapura4 ,x is m5tion$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ,hang ,tuah1 ! great ,malacca brave1 :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! #af? c5tury1 & succe$$ 9 abduct+ a daught] ( ! !n rul+ h\se ( ,pahang = 8 ma/]1 ! sultan ( ,malacca4 ,prior to ?is1 ,pahang _h be5 rul$ by ! ,siamese4 ,:5 ,malacca fell into ! h&s ( ! ,portuguese 9 #aeaa ! sultan1 ,muhammad ,%ah1 fl$ to ,pahang1 & ! pres5t rul+ h\se claims to h be5 desc5d$ f him4 ,! title ( ! rul] ( ,pahang 0 ,b5dah>a until #ahhb1 :5 ! pres5t 7#aijb7 rul]1 ,wan ,ahmad1 assum$ ! title ( sultan1 tak+ ! "n ( ,sultan ,ahmad ,maa?am ,%ah4 ,up to t "t ! ,b5dah>a _h be5 in/all$ on 8 accession by ! sultan ( ,riau1 & held 8 (fice by virtue ( t *ief's lett] ( au?ority4 ,ab\t #ahee ! fa!r ( ! pres5t sultan di$ at ,pekan1 & 8 son ,b5dah>a ,kori%1 :o succe$$ him1 drove ,wan ,ahmad f ! c\ntry4 ,aft] mak+ ?ree unsuccessful attempts to conqu] ! l& & to de?rone 8 eld] bro!r1 ,wan ,ahmad at la/ succe$$ 9 #ahfe 9 invad+ ! /ate & wre/+ ! ?rone f 8 nephew1 :o _h succe$$ 8 fa!r "s ye>s e>li]4 ,f t "t1 9 spite ( two attempts to %ake 8 p[] by invasions f ,selangor :i* 7 und]tak5 by 8 nephews ,wan ,aman & ,wan ,da1 ,b5dah>a ,ahmad rul$ 8 c\ntry ) a rod ( iron4 ,9 #ahhg he cons5t$ to ent] into a treaty ) ! gov]nor ( ! ,/raits by :i* he accept$ a consul> ag5t at 8 c\rt4 ,?is treaty 0 f9ally sign$ on ! #h? ( ,octob] #ahhg4 ,9 ,febru>y ( ! foll[+ ye> a ,*9ese ,briti% subject 0 murd]$ at ,pekan 9 circum/ances :i* po9t$ to ! responsibility ( ! sultan = ! crime1 & 9 ,octob] #ahhh a ,resid5t 0 appo9t$ to assi/ ! sultan 9 ! adm9i/ration ( 8 c\ntry1 t be+1 9 ! op9ion ( ! ,briti% gov]nm5t1 ! only gu>antee = ! safety ( ! life & prop]ty ( ,briti% subjects :i* x c\ld accept4 ,9 ,decemb] #ahia di/urbances broke out 9 ,pahang1 ! nom9al lead]s ( :i* 7 c]ta9 ( ! sultan's mo/ tru/$ *iefs4 ,! sultan himself took no "p 9 ! outbreak1 b x und\bt$ly _h 8 sympa?y1 ev5 if x 0 n caus$ by 8 direct comm&s4 ,! rebels 7 driv5 to seek safety 9 flight 9 ,novemb] #ahib1 b 9 ,june #ahid !y ga!r$ /r5g? = a second di/urbance1 & raid$ ,pahang f ,kelantan1 9 :i* /ate !y _h be5 giv5 %elt] by ! ,mahomm$an rul]s4 ,?is ev5t1 add$ to ! occurr5ce ( o!r raids f across ! bord]1 l$ to an irregul> exp$ition be+ l$ into ,tr5gganu & ,kelantan by ! ,resid5t ( ,pahang 7,mr ,hugh ,clif=d7 9 #ahie1 & ?is _h ! desir$ result4 ,! rebel *iefs 7 bani%$ to ,siam1 & no fur!r brea* ( ! peace has tr\bl$ ! tranquillity ( ,pahang s9ce t "t4 ,pahang jo9$ ! ,f$]at$ ,malay ,/ates by a treaty sign$ 9 #ahie1 & ! sultan & 8 pr9cipal *iefs 7 pres5t at ! f$]al durb> held at ,kuala ,kangs> 9 ,p]ak 9 #ahig4 ,population4 ,! c5sus tak5 9 ,april #aija gave ! total population ( ,pahang at #hd1aac1 ( :om #gc1dfb 7 ,malays1 #hfie ,*9ese1 #abbg ,tamils & o!r natives ( ,india1 #ahj ,europeans & ,eurasians1 & #edi p ( o!r nationalities4 ,! population 9 #aije 0 e/imat$ at #ajj1jjj1 ! increase be+ due to immigration ma9ly f ! /ates on ! we/]n seabo>d4 ,9 =m] days ,pahang 0 f> m ?ickly populat$ ?an 9 mod]n times1 b ! long succession ( civil w>s :i* rack$ ! l& aft] ! dea? ( ,b5dah>a ,ali caus$ ?\s&s ( ,pahang ,malays to fly ! c\ntry4 ,to-day ! valley ( ! ,lebir ,riv] 9 ,kelantan & ! upp] portions ( sev]al riv]s ne> ! ,p]ak & ,selangor b\nd>ies are inhabit$ by ,pahang ,malays1 ! desc5dants ( ^! fugitives4 ,! ,pahang natives are almo/ all engag$ 9 agriculture4 ,! "w ( ! m9es1 c41 is p]=m$ by ,*9ese & =eign ,malays4 ,9 ! ,lipis valley ! desc5dants ( ! ,rawa ,malays1 :o at "o "t possess$ ! :ole ( ! int]ior 9 defiance ( ! ,pahang rajas1 /ill outnumb] ! p ( ! l&4 ,f9ance & ,trade4 ,! rev5ue ( ,pahang 9 #ahii am\nt$ to only #fb1jgg2 9 #aijj to #dai1aej4 ,9 #aije x 0 #ebh1cfh4 ,! exp5diture 9 #aije am\nt$ to #a1bjh1agf4 ,( ?is sum #gcf1hhf 0 exp5d$ on public works4 ,pahang is /ill a s\rce ( exp5se to ! f$]ation1 its progress hav+ be5 ret>d$ by ! di/urbances :i* la/$ f ,decemb] #ahia until #ahie1 ) %ort int]vals ( peace1 b ! rev5ue is n[ /eadily increas+1 & ! ultimate f9ancial success ( ! /ate is consid]$ to be secure4 ,pahang owes some?+ ov] #c1iff1ejj to ,selangor & #a1age1jjj to ,p]ak1 :i* h f9anc$ x n[ = "s ye>s out ( surplus rev5ue4 ,! value ( ! imports 9 #aije 0 #a1cdd1cdf1 t ( ! exports 0 #c1hch1ibh1 ?us mak+ a total trade value ( #e1ahc1bgd4 ,! mo/ valuable export is t91 ! value ( :i* 9 #aije am\nt$ to #b1hbj1gde4 ,! value ( ! gutta export$ exce$$ #adj1jjj1 t ( dri$ & salt$ fi% am\nt$ to ne>ly #gj1jjj1 & t ( timb] to #cbe1jjj4 ,g5]al4 ,! geological =mation ( ! /ates ly+ to ! ea/w>d ( ! ma9 range ( m\nta9s :i* splits ! p59sula 9 twa9 diff]s mat]ially f t ( ! we/]n /ates4 ,at a di/ance ( ab\t a doz5 miles f ! summits ( ! m\nta9s ! granite =mation is replac$ by slates1 :i* 9 _m places are int]sect$ by fissures ( qu>tz1 & 9 o!rs are ov]laid by va/ ?icknesses ( lime/one4 ,^? ( ! qu>tz fissures :i* h be5 exploit$ are f\nd to be aurif]\s1 & sev]al m9+ companies h attempt$ to "w ! deposits4 ,_! ef=ts1 h[ev]1 h n hi!rto be5 successful4 ,a magnific5t road ov] ! m\nta9s1 ) a rul+ grade ( #a 9 #cj1 jo9s ,kuala ,lipis1 ! adm9i/rative capital ( ,pahang1 to ,kuala ,kubu1 ! ne>e/ railway /ation 9 ,selangor4 ,! road measures #hb m4 9 l5g?4 ,pekan1 :]e ! sultan has 8 resid5ce1 0 ! capital ( ,pahang until ! middle ( #ahih1 :5 ! adm9i/rative headqu>t]s 7 transf]r$ to ! int]ior z be+ m c5tral4 ,none ( ^! t[ns is ( any size or importance4 ,9 ! ,kuantan valley1 :i* lies p>allel to ! ,pahang ,riv]1 a ,european company is work+ t9 lodes ) consid]able success4 ,^! lodes are ! only m9es ( ! k9d be+ work$ 9 ! ,f$]at$ ,malay ,/ates4 ,pahang is f]tile & well suit$ = agriculture ( _m k9ds4 ,! ra9fall is heavy & regul>4 ,! climate is cool] ?an t ( ! we/ coa/1 & ! full =ce ( ! monsoon is felt f ,octob] to ,febru>y 9 ea* ye>4 ,= adm9i/rative purposes ,pahang is divid$ into f\r di/ricts--,ulu ,pahang1 9 :i* ! pres5t capital is situat$2 ,tem]loh1 :i* includes #hj odd miles ( ! ,pahang valley & ! ,semantan ,riv]2 ,pekan1 :i* includes ! coa/ riv]s d[n to ,endau2 & ,kuantan4 ,ea* ( ^! is "u ! *>ge ( a di/rict (fic]1 :o is responsible to ! resid5t4 ,! b\nd>y ) ,johor & ! ,negri ,sembilan 0 rectifi$ by a commission :i* sat 9 ,london 9 #ahig-ahih4 ,,au?orities4--,j\rnal ( ! ,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago 7,s+apore72 ,j\rnal ( ! ,/raits ,bran* ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society 7,s+apore72 ,maxwell1 ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,colonial ,in/itute1 vol4 xxiii42 ,swett5ham1 ibid4 vol4 xxvii2 ,clif=d1 ibid4 vol4 xxx4 7,london1 #ahib1 #ahie1 #ahii72 ,swett5ham1 ,ab\t ,p]ak 7,s+apore1 #ahic72 ,malay ,sket*es 7,london1 #ahie72 ,! ,real ,malay 7,london1 #ahii72 ,briti% ,malaya 7,london1 #aijf72 ,clif=d1 ,9 ,c\rt & ,kampong 7,london1 #ahig72 ,/udies 9 ,br[n ,humanity 7,london1 #ahih72 ,9 a ,corn] ( ,asia 7,london1 #ahii72 ,bu%-:ack+ 7,london1 #aija72 ,fur!r ,india 7,london1 #aijd72 ,de la ,croix1 ,les ,m9es d'et9s de ,p]ak 7,p>is1 #ahhb72 ,bluebook1 ,c4 #iebd 7,london1 #ahii72 ,! ,/raits ,directory 7,s+apore1 #aijf72 ,skeat1 ,malay ,magic 7,london1 #aijj72 ,skeat & ,blagd51 ,pagan ,races ( ! ,malay ,p59sula 7,london1 #aijf74 7,h4 ,cl47 ,,ii4--,,non-,,f$]at$ ,,/ates ,9 #aiji a treaty 0 made betwe5 ,great ,brita9 & ,siam1 "o provision ( :i* 0 ! cession to ! =m] ( ! suz]a9 rights enjoy$ by ! latt] ov] c]ta9 t]ritories 9 ! ,malay ,p59sula4 ,^! t]ritories consi/$ ( ! f\r ,siamese ,malay ,/ates3 ,kelantan1 ,tr5gganu1 ,k$ah & ,p]lis1 v anci5t dep5d5cies ( ,siam1 all ( :i* except ,tr5gganu1 7 9 a fl\ri%+ condition & _h be5 adm9i/]$ by ,briti% (fic]s 9 ! s]vice ( ,siam = "s ye>s prior to _! transf]5ce4 ,?\gh ! f\r /ates 7 loyal to ,siam & wi%$ to reta9 _! =m] allegiance1 ! *ange 0 effect$ )\t di/urbance ( any k9d1 ! ,briti% gov]nm5t on assum+ ! rights ( suz]a9ty plac+ an advis] at ! c\rt ( ea* raja & gu>antee+ ! cont9uance ( ! adm9i/ration on ! l9es already laid d[n by ,siam s f> z might be compatible ) ju/ice & fair treatm5t = all4 ,! f\r /ates lie to ! nor? ( ! ,f$]at$ ,malay ,/ates1 two on ! ea/ & two on ! we/ side ( ! p59sula4 ,,kelantan4--,?is /ate on ! ea/ coa/1 b\nd$ ,n4 & ,n4,e4 by ! ,*9a ,sea1 ,e4 by ,tr5gganu1 ,s4 by ,pahang & ,w4 by ,p]ak & ,ra-ng1 lies betwe5 #d #dh & #f #bj ,n4 & #aja #cc & #ajb #de ,e4 ,! greate/ l5g? f nor? to s\? is #aae m4 & ! greate/ bread? f ea/ to we/ #fj m4 ,! area is ab\t #ejjj sq4 m4 ,! nor!rn "p ( ! /ate is flat & f]tile1 b ! s\!rn di/rict :i* comprises m ?an half ! total area1 is m\nta9\s & uncultivat$4 ,next to ! ,pahang1 ! ,kelantan ,riv] is ! l>ge/ on ! ea/ coa/4 ,x is #abj miles long & is navigable = %all[-draft laun*es & big c\ntry boats = ab\t #hj miles1 & = vessels ( #h ft4 draft = ab\t six miles4 ,its pr9cipal tribut>ies are ! ,galas1 ,p]gau & ,lebir4 ,! ,golok & ,sem>ak riv]s wat] ! we/ & ea/ p>ts ( ! /ate1 fall+ into ! sea a few miles on ei!r side ( ! m\? ( ! ,kelantan ,riv]4 ,! climate ( ,kelantan is mild & s+ul>ly heal?y 9 ! op5 cultivat$ regions4 ,! population is ab\t #cjj1jjj ( :i* #aj1jjj are aborig9al tribes 7,sakeis & ,jakuns71 #aj1jjj ,siamese & ,*9ese & ! re/ ,malays4 ,! ,*9ese are increas+ & natives ( diff]5t p>ts ( ,india are resort+ to ! /ate = purposes ( trade4 ,kota ,bh>u 7pop4 #aj1jjj7 is ! only t[n 9 ! /ate4 ,x lies on ! "r bank ( ! riv]1 ab\t six miles f ! sea4 ,s9ce #aijd x has be5 laid out ) metall$ roads & _m public & private build+s h be5 erect$4 ,! t[n is ! comm]cial z well z ! adm9i/rative c5tre ( ! /ate4 ,tumpat & ,tab> on ! coa/1 ) population #djjj & #cjjj respectively1 are ! places next 9 importance aft] ,kota ,bh>u4 ,a network ( creeks r5d] communication easy 9 ! nor!rn di/ricts1 ! riv] & its tribut>ies af=d means ( access to all p>ts ( ! s\?2 #bj miles ( road h be5 made 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,kota ,bh>u4 ,kelantan is connect$ by telegraph ) ,bangkok & ,s+apore1 & ma9ta9s regul> po/al communication ) ^? places4 ,rice cultivation is ! pr9cipal indu/ry & is increas+ rapidly4 ,coco-nut & betel-nut gr[+ are also l>gely practis$4 ,mu* live/ock is rais$4 ,ab\t #djj1jjj acres ( l& are "u cultivation4 ,?\gh reput$ ri* 9 m9]als1 pa/ misrule prev5t$ m9+ ent]prise 9 ,kelantan until1 9 #aijj1 a l>ge concession 0 giv5 to an ,engli%man & ! c\ntry 0 op5$ to =eign]s4 ,9 #aiji ?ree m9+ syndicates 7 at "w1 & sev]al o!rs 7 9 process ( =mation4 ,gold1 t9 & gal5a h be5 f\nd 9 sev]al localities & dur+ ! ye>s #aijf-aiji #bh1jjj ounces ( gold 7 dr$g$ f ! ,kelantan ,riv]4 ,! ,kelantanese are exp]t fi%]m51 "s #cj1jjj f9d+ employm5t 9 fi%+ & fi%-dry+4 ,silk-weav+ is a gr[+ indu/ry4 ,=eign trade1 :i* 9 #aiji rea*$ ! value ( two & a half million doll>s1 is *iefly ) ,s+apore4 ,pr9cipal exports are copra1 rice1 fi%1 cattle & gold2 *ief imports are cotton goods1 h>dw>e & specie4 ,! curr5cy is ! ,/raits ,settlem5ts doll> & small silv] co91 supplem5t$ by a locally made t9 co9 ( l[ value4 ,by virtue ( a mutual agreem5t made 9 #aijb ,siam appo9t$ a resid5t commission] to ,kelantan & cons5t$1 s long z ! advice ( t (fic] %\ld be foll[$1 to leave int]nal affairs to be conduct$ locally4 ,"u ?is arrangem5t a c\ncil ( /ate 0 appo9t$1 dep>tm5ts ( gov]nm5t 7 organiz$1 p5al1 civil & rev5ue laws 7 pass$ & en=c$1 c\rts 7 e/abli%$ & a police =ce 0 rais$4 ,?\gh =m]ly ( an evil reputation1 ! p 7 f\nd to be naturally peaceful & law-abid+1 & s]i\s crime is r>e4 ,! /ate rev5ue1 :i* 0 practically no?+ 9 #aijb1 am\nt$ to #cbj1jjj 9 #aijg4 ,islamism 0 adopt$ ab\t #cjj ye>s ago b ! old animi/ic sup]/itions are /ill /rong4 ,! /ate is divid$ into mukim or p>i%es1 b ! imam no long] ex]cise temporal au?ority4 ,!re are ?ree s*ools at ,kota ,bh>u1 education 9 ! int]ior be+ 9 ! h&s ( ! imam assi/$ ) gov]nm5t grants4 ,no hi/orical records ( ,kelantan exi/1 & ! /ate 0 n notic$ by ! ,european m]*ants ( ! #af? & #ag? c5turies4 ,consequ5tly little is kn[n ( its e>ly hi/ory beyond :at is to be ga!r$ f brief ref]5ces 9 ! ,malay annals & ! old *ronicles ( ,siam4 ,! sites ( anci5t t[ns & ! rema9s ( =m] gold digg+s are visible "h & !re1 b all k ( ! m5 :o made ^! m>ks has be5 lo/4 ,! pres5t rul+ family dates f ab\t #agij4 ,siam 0 frequ5tly call$ ^u to ma9ta9 int]nal peace & 9 #ahib a royal pr9ce 0 s5t to reside 9 ,kelantan z commission]4 ,complications br\ght ab\t by ! incapacity ( ! rul] l$ to ! mak+ ( ! agreem5t ( #aijb above m5tion$1 to ! fix+ ( a regul> tribute 9 money to ,siam1 & ultimately to ! m]g+ ( ! /ate f *aotic lawlessness into ! pa? ( re=m4 ,on ! #ae? ( ,july #aiji ! /ate came "u ,briti% suz]a9ty & ! commission] ( ,siam 0 replac$ by a ,briti% advis]1 f :i* date ! liability to paym5t ( tribute ceas$1 ?\gh 9 all o!r respects ! adm9i/rative arrangem5ts ( ,siam rema9$ unalt]$4 ,,tr5gganu4--,?is /ate on ! ea/ coa/1 b\nd$ ,n4 & ,n4,e4 by ! ,*9a ,sea1 ,s4 by ,pahang & ,w4 by ,pahang & ,kelantan1 lies betwe5 p>allels #d #d & #d #df ,n4 & #ajb #cj & #ajc #bf ,e4 ,! greate/ l5g? f nor? to s\? is #abj m41 & ! greate/ bread? f ea/ to we/ #ej m4 ,x has a coa/-l9e ( #acj m4 & an e/imat$ area ( ab\t #ejjj sq4 m4 ,!re are sev]al isl&s (f ! coa/1 "s ( :i* are inhabit$4 ,! surface is g5]ally m\nta9\s4 ,pr9cipal riv]s are ! ,besut1 ,/iu1 ,tr5gganu1 ,dungun & ,kmamun1 none ( :i* is navigable = any di/ance4 ,! climate is mild & fairly heal?y4 ,! population numb]s ab\t #ahj1jjj1 almo/ all ,malays1 & mo/ly clu/]s r\nd ! m\?s & l[] rea*es ( ! riv]s4 ,! capital1 :i* is situat$ at ! m\? ( ! ,tr5gganu ,riv]1 conta9s1 ) its suburbs1 n less ?an #cj1jjj p4 ,difficulty ( access by riv] & by l& r5d] ! int]ior di/ricts almo/ un9habitable4 ,communication is ma9ta9$ by boat along ! coa/4 ,!re are no roads & no po/al or telegraphic communications4 ,! majority ( ! p are sailors & fi%]m54 ,rice is gr[n1 b n 9 suffici5t quantities to supply local ne$s4 ,mu* pepp] & gambi] 7 at "o "t gr[n & export$1 b ab\t ! ye> #aijc agriculture began to fall (f ow+ to prevail+ insecurity ( life & prop]ty4 ,n mu* live/ock is rais$1 ! few head ( cattle export$ f ,besut be+ mo/ly /ol5 f across ! neighb\r+ ,kelantan bord]4 ,a successful t9 m9e "u ,european control exi/s 9 ! ,kmamun di/rict1 b z ev]y?+ possible 0 done 9 ! pa/ to disc\rage all =eign ent]prise1 ! probable m9]al weal? ( ! c\ntry is /ill practically unt\*$4 ,silk-weav+1 c>ri$ on entirely by ! wom51 is a consid]able indu/ry4 ,! silk is import$ raw & is re-export$ 9 ! =m ( ,malay clo?+ 7s>ongs7 ( patt]ns & quality :i* are widely celebrat$4 ,! manufacture ( native weapons & ( brassw>e 0 at "o "t brisk b is decl9+4 ,! trade ( ,tr5gganu is n increas+4 ,x is valu$ r\ghly at ab\t "o & a half million doll>s a ye>1 is *iefly ) ,s+apore1 & is to a great ext5t c>ri$ 9 ,tr5gganu-built %ips1 :i* latt] also d "s c>ry+ trade = o!r /ates on ! ea/ coa/4 ,! ,tr5gganu sultanate is "o ( ! mo/ anci5t 9 ! p59sula & ranks ) t ( ,riau4 ,! /ate 0 feudatory to ,malacca 9 ! #ac? c5tury & dur+ ! #ad?1 #ae? & #af? c5turies its possession 0 frequ5tly disput$ betwe5 ,malacca & ,siam4 ,! pres5t sultan is ! desc5dant ( an anci5t family1 ! memb]s ( :i* h qu>rell$ & f\ght ) ea* o!r = ! succession f "t immemorial4 ,! la/ s]i\s di/urbance 0 9 #ahcg :5 ! gr&fa!r ( ! pres5t sultan /ole ! ?rone f 8 nephew4 ,until ! acquisition ( ! /ate by ,great ,brita9 a tri5nial tribute ( gold fl[]s 0 paid to ,siam1 & ?is ) occasional lett]s ( in/ructions & advice1 con/itut$ almo/ ! only tangible evid5ce ( ,siamese suz]a9ty4 ,( gov]nm5t !re 0 practically none4 ,! sultan1 hav+ ali5at$ mo/ ( 8 p[]s & pr]ogatives to 8 relatives1 pass$ 8 life 9 religi\s seclusion & 0 rul] 9 no m ?an "n4 ,! rev5ues 7 dev\r$ by ! relatives1 a small "p ( ^? accru+ f ! capital suffic+ = ! sultan's ne$s4 ,!re 7 no writt5 laws1 no c\rts & no police4 ,all mann] ( crime 0 rampant1 ! peasantry 0 m]cilessly d[ntrodd51 b ! l& 0 full ( holy m5 & ! cries ( ! mis]able 7 dr[n$ 9 ! noise ( o/5tati\s pray]4 ,9 f9e1 ,tr5gganu pres5t$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ye> #aiji ! type ( untrammell$ ,malay rule :i* _h =tunately disappe>$ f e o!r /ate 9 ! p59sula4 ,9 ,july ( t ye>1 h[ev]1 ! fir/ ,briti% advis] or ag5t arriv$ 9 ! /ate1 :i* 0 %ortly aft]w>ds visit$ by ! gov]nor ( ! ,/raits ,settlem5ts1 :o discuss$ ) ! sultan ! *ang$ conditions consequ5t ^u ! ,anglo-,siamese treaty & laid ! f\ndations ( future re=m4 ,,k$ah4--,?is /ate1 on ! we/ coa/ ( ! p59sula1 lies betwe5 p>allels #e #bj & #f #db ,n41 & is b\nd$1 ,n4 by ,palit & ,songkla1 ,e4 by ,songkla & ,raman1 ,s4 by ,prov9ce ,wellesley & ,p]ak1 & ,w4 by ! sea4 ,! coa/-l9e is #fe m4 long1 ! greate/ di/ance f nor? to s\? is #aae m4 & ! greate/ bread? #df m4 ,(f ! coa/ lies a gr\p ( isl&s1 ! l>ge/ ( :i* is ,langkawi1 well peopl$ & =m+ a di/rict ( ! /ate4 ,! total area ( ,k$ah is ab\t #djjj sq4 m4 ,! l& is l[-ly+ & swampy ne> ! coa/ except t[>ds ! s\? :]e ! height kn[n z ,k$ah ,hill rises f ! %ore opposite ,p5ang1 flat & f]tile f>!r inl&1 & m\nta9\s t[>ds ! ea/]n bord]4 ,! riv]s are small1 ! ,sungei ,k$ah1 navigable = a few miles = vessels ( #ej tons1 & ! ,s4 ,muda1 :i* =ms ! b\nd>y ) ,prov9ce ,wellesley1 be+ ! only /reams wor?y ( notice4 ,! pla9s are =m$ ( m>9e deposit1 & 9 ! m\nta9s lime/one & granite prepond]ate4 ,! population is e/imat$ at #bbj1jjj1 ( :om ab\t #ajj1jjj are ,malays1 #ej1jjj ,siamese & ,samsams & #gj1jjj ,*9ese & ,madrassis 7,kl+s74 ,!re are ?ree t[ns ( importance4 ,alor ,/>1 ! capital1 on ! ,k$ah riv]1 #aj miles f ! sea1 9 a flat1 unheal?y1 b f]tile locality1 is a well laid out t[n ) good /reets1 _m h&some public & private build+s1 & good :>fage = small vessels4 ,! population is ab\t #bj1jjj1 ( :om m ?an half are ,*9ese & ! rema9d] gov]nm5t s]vants & reta9]s ( ! local ari/ocracy4 ,kuala ,muda 7pop4 #aj1jjj7 & ,kulim 7pop4 #hjjj7 situat$ 9 ! s\?1 are unimpos+ collections ( small bir* h\ses & ?at*$ bamboo huts2 ! latt] is ! c5tre ( ! ,k$ah t9 m9+ indu/ry4 ,! bulk ( ! population is scatt]$ ov] ! pla9s 9 small villages4 ,a good road runs nor? f ,alor ,/> to ! bord] ( ! /ate1 a di/ance ( #dj miles1 & o!r roads are be+ con/ruct$4 ,! /ate has #ahe miles ( telegraph l9e & #ge miles ( telephone l9e4 ,mails are clos$ daily at ,alor ,/> = ,p5ang & !re is a good int]nal po/al s]vice4 ,! *ief indu/ry is rice cultivation4 ,coco-nut1 betel-nut & fruit plantations are _m1 & ! cultivation ( rubb] has rec5tly be5 tak5 up ) prospects ( success4 ,! e/imat$ area "u cultivation is ab\t #cjj1jjj acres4 ,!re are rice-mills at ,alor ,/> & at ,kuala ,muda4 ,! pr9cipal exports are rice1 cattle & t94 ,! *ief imports are cotton goods1 provisions1 h>dw>e & raw silk4 ,accurate trade /ati/ics are n available4 ,! rul] holds ! rank ( sultan & is assi/$ 9 ! gov]nm5t by a c\ncil & by ! ,briti% advis] :o s9ce ! /ate pass$ f ,siamese to ,briti% protection 9 #aiji1 has replac$ ! (fic] =m]ly appo9t$ by ,siam4 ,! sultan comes ( a family long recogniz$ by ,siam z hav+ h]$it>y "r to ! rul]%ip4 ,! p5al & civil laws are adm9i/]$ 9 accordance ) ! precepts ( ,islamism1 ! (ficial religion ( ! /ate4 ,?\gh mu* has be5 done to improve ! c\rts1 ju/ice is n easily obta9able4 ,a l& regi/ration sy/em is 9 =ce b is 9 a /ate ( confusion1 ?\gh a l& law pass$ 9 #aije gives security ( t5ure ov] l&s newly acquir$4 ,! m9+ laws are simil> to ^? ( ,siam4 ,9 #aije ! ,siamese gov]nm5t advanc$ two & a half million doll>s to ,k$ah1 to pay ! debts ( ! /ate1 :i* sum 0 refund$ by ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t on assum+ ! position ( protector4 ,! annual rev5ue is #a1jjj1jjj & ! exp5diture ab\t ! same4 ,*ief heads ( rev5ue are opium & l& tax4 ,_m rev5ue monopolies1 creat$ 9 ! pa/1 h n yet expir$2 b = ?is ! rev5ue w\ld be great] ?an x is4 ,!re is no army4 ,9 #aijf ! police s]vice 0 reorganiz$ "u ,briti% (fic]s1 result+ 9 great improvem5t to ?is dep>tm5t4 ,! /ate is divid$ into a numb] ( adm9i/rative di/ricts "u ,malay (ficials4 ,ea* di/rict comprises sev]al mukim or p>i%es1 ! imam ( :i* ex]cise bo? spiritual & temporal control4 ,!re are s*ools 9 ! *ief t[ns1 b education has n yet be5 s]i\sly und]tak54 ,k$ah 0 f\nd$ by coloni/s f ,india 9 ,a4,d4 #abjj1 ab\t :i* "t ! ,siamese _h subdu$ ,nakhon ,sri ,tamm>at & claim$ ! :ole ,malay ,p59sula4 ,:5 ! rise ( ,malacca %ook ,siamese au?ority 9 ! p59sula1 ,k$ah oscillat$ betwe5 !m1 & on ! conque/ ( ,malacca by ! ,portuguese1 fell to ,siam1 ?\gh ! capital 0 raid$ & burnt by ! ,europeans4 ,! rul] & 8 p 7 conv]t$ to ,islam 9 ! #ae? c5tury4 ,9 #agfh1 ! ,siamese k+dom be+ disorganiz$1 ! sultan ( ,k$ah ent]$ into direct political relations ) ! ,hon4 ,ea/ ,india ,company1 leas+ ! isl& ( ,p5ang to ! latt]4 ,fur!r treaties foll[$ 9 #agia & #ahjb1 b 9 #ahba ,siam reass]t$ h] control1 expell+ ! rebelli\s sultan aft] a sangu9>y w>4 ,! sultan made sev]al fruitless ef=ts to recov] ! /ate1 & at l5g? made full submission1 :5 he 0 re9/at$4 ,9 #ahfh an agreem5t betwe5 ,great ,brita9 & ,siam 0 sub/itut$ = ! treaties ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company ) ! sultan4 ,! pres5t sultan succe$$ 9 #ahha1 & = #ad ye>s gov]n$ well1 b 9 #ahie he began to contract debts & to leave ! gov]nm5t to 8 m9ions4 ,! result 0 *aos1 & 9 #aije ! ,siamese gov]nm5t _h to int]v5e to av]t a condition ( bankruptcy1 adju/+ ! f9ances & reorganiz+ ! g5]al adm9i/ration to su* effect t :51 f\r ye>s lat]1 ! /ate became a ,briti% dep5d5cy1 a gov]nm5t 0 f\nd e/abli%$ on a s\nd basis & requir+ no?+ b ! pres5ce ( a firm & exp]i5c$ (fic] z advis] to ma9ta9 its effici5cy & assi/ its fur!r advance4 ,,p]lis 7,palit74--,?is small /ate1 consi/+ ( ! left bank dra9age area ( ! ,p]lis ,riv]1 lies betwe5 ,setul & ,k$ah1 :i* b\nd x on ! ,n4 & ,w4 & on ! ,e4 respectively4 ,x t\*es ! sea only r\nd ! m\? ( ! riv]4 ,! population is ab\t #aj1jjj1 ,malays & ,*9ese4 ,! *ief t[n1 ,p]lis1 is situat$ ab\t #ab m4 up ! riv]4 ,a good deal ( t9 is work$1 & rice & pepp] are gr[n & export$4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! #ai? c5tury ,p]lis 0 a di/rict ( ,k$ah1 b dur+ a p]iod ( di/urbance 9 ! latt] /ate x e/abli%$ itself z a sep>ate *iefdom4 ,9 #ahig ,siam re/or$ ! nom9al au?ority ( ,k$ah1 b ! measure 0 n productive ( good4 ,9 #aije ! ,siamese gov]nm5t advanc$ a loan ( #bjj1jjj to ,p]lis1 & appo9t$ an ,engli% advis] to assi/ 9 ! g5]al adm9i/ration4 ,?is money 0 refund$ to ,siam & ! advis] reliev$ by a ,briti% (fic] :5 ! /ate became ,briti% 9 ,july #aiji4 ,! condition ( ! /ate has improv$1 b ! rev5ue1 #hj1jjj1 is n suffici5t = ! imm$iate ne$s ( gov]nm5t4 ,au?orities4--,norman1 ,! ,f> ,ea/ 7,london1 #ahie72 ,h4 ,clif=d1 9 ! ,geographical ,j\rnal 7,london1 #ahif72 ,c>t]1 ,! ,k+dom ( ,siam 7,london1 #aijd72 ,graham1 ,reports on ,kelantan 7,bangkok1 #aije-aiji72 ,skeat & ,blagd51 ,pagan ,races ( ! ,malay ,p59sula 7,london1 #aijf72 ,h>t1 ,reports on ,k$ah 7,calcutta1 #aijg-aiji72 ,graham1 ,kelantan1 a ,h&book 7,glasg[1 #aijg74 7,w4 ,a4 ,g47 ,,malay ,,/ates 7,,siamese74 ,! au?ority ( ,siam1 :i* at "o "t cov]$ ! :ole ( ! ,malay p59sula1 n[ ext5ds s\?w>d to an irregul> l9e drawn across ! ,p59sula at ab\t #f #cj ,n4 ,betwe5 t l9e & ! ,i/hmus ( ,kra1 usually accept$ z ! nor!rnmo/ po9t ( ! ,malay ,p59sula1 !re lie "s #bj1jjj sq4 m4 ( t]ritory inhabit$ by a mix$ population ( ,siamese & ,malays ) "h & !re a few remnants ( ! aborig9al inhabitants cl++ to ! wild] di/ricts1 & ) a few ,*9ese settl]s engag$ 9 comm]ce4 ,=m]ly ?is tract 0 divid$ into a numb] ( /ates1 ea* ( :i* 0 rul$ by a *ief 7,siamese1 ,*ao ,muang2 ,malay1 raja71 :o held 8 title f ! k+ ( ,siam1 b1 subject to a few re/rictions1 conduct$ ! affairs ( 8 /ate 9 accordance ) 8 own desires2 ! (fice ( *ief1 moreov]1 0 h]$it>y1 subject always to ! approval ( ! suz]a94 ,! /ates =m$ two gr\ps3 a nor!rn1 includ+ ,langsuan1 ,*aya1 ,nakhon ,sri ,tamm>at1 ,songkla1 ,r5awng1 ,takoapa1 ,pang ,nga1 ,tongka & ,trang1 9 :i* ! ,siamese elem5t pr$om9at$ & ( :i* ! *iefs 7 usually ,siamese or ,*9ese2 & a s\!rn1 includ+ ,palean1 ,satun 7,setul71 ,patani1 ,raman1 ,j]+1 ,sai 7,teloban71 ,re ,nge 7,legeh71 ,yala 7,jalor7 & ,nong ,*ik1 9 :i* ! population 0 pr9cipally ,malay & ! rul] also ,malay4 ,f\r o!r /ates ( ! s\!rn gr\p1 ,kelantan1 ,tr5gganu1 ,k$ah & ,p]lis1 ( :i* ! population is entirely ,malay1 pass$ f ,siamese to ,briti% protection 9 #aiji4 ,) ! gradual consolidation ( ! ,siamese k+dom all ! /ates ( ! nor!rn gr\p h be5 incorporat$ z ord9>y prov9ces ( ,siam 7q4v471 ! h]$it>y ,*ao ,muang hav+ di$ or be5 p5sion$ & replac$ by (ficials ( ! ,siamese ,civil ,s]vice1 :ile ! /ates !mselves n[ con/itute prov9ces ( ! adm9i/rative divisions ( ,*umpon1 ,nakhon ,sri ,tamm>at & ,puket4 ,! /ates ( ! s\!rn gr\p1 h[ev]1 reta9 _! h]$it>y rul]s1 ea* ( :om presides ov] a c\ncil & gov]ns ) ! aid ( a ,siamese assi/ant commission] & ) a /aff ( ,siamese di/rict (ficials1 subject to ! g5]al control ( high commission]s "u :om ! /ates are gr\p$4 ,?is s\!rn gr\p1 ) a total area ( ab\t #gjjj sq4 m4 & a population ( #cge1jjj1 con/itutes ! ,siamese ,malay ,/ates4 ,a ,briti% consul ) headqu>t]s at ,puket1 & a vice-consul :o resides at ,songkla1 wat* ov] ! int]e/s ( ,briti% subjects 9 ! /ates ( ! we/ & ea/ sides ( ! p59sula respectively4 ,o!r =eign p[]s are unrepres5t$4 ,palean4--,?is small /ate on ! we/ coa/1 b\nd$ ,n4 by ! prov9ce ( ,trang1 ,e4 by ! ,songkla division1 ,s4 by ! /ate ( ,setul1 & ,w4 by ! sea1 is ab\t #ijj sq4 m4 9 area1 & has a population ( ab\t #bj1jjj4 ,x is atta*$ = adm9i/rative purposes to ! prov9ce ( ,trang1 & its p are *iefly engag$ 9 ! cultivation ( pepp]1 ( :i* ab\t #aej tons are annually export$4 ,a few t9 m9es are also work$4 ,satun 7,setul74--,?is small /ate1 b\nd$ ,n4 by ,palean1 ,e4 by ,songkla1 ,s4 by ,p]lis1 & ,w4 by ! sea1 conta9s ab\t #ajjj sq4 m4 area ) a population ( ab\t #be1jjj1 ,malays1 ,siamese & a few ,*9ese4 ,! pr9cipal production is pepp]1 :i* is export$ 9 junks & 9 ! small ,p5ang /eam]s :i* ply on ! we/ coa/ ( ! p59sula4 ,9 #ahig ,setul 0 plac$ "u ! control ( ,k$ah1 !n a ,siamese dep5d5cy1 b ! arrangem5t 0 n a success1 & 9 #aijg ! ,siamese gov]nm5t 0 =c$1 ow+ to prevail+ corruption & misrule1 to re/rict ! p[]s ( ! *ief &1 cancell+ ! au?ority ( ,k$ah1 to place him to "s ext5t "u ! ord]s ( ! high commission] ( ,songkla4 ,by ! t]ms ( ! ,anglo-,siamese treaty ( #aiji ab\t half ( ! /ate ( ,p]lis 0 add$ to ,satun1 an arrangem5t by :i* ! importance ( ! latt] 0 consid]ably increas$4 ,patani4--,! sev5 ,malay /ates ( ,nawng ,*ik1 ,patani1 ,j]+1 ,yala 7,jalor71 ,sai 7,teloban71 ,raman & ,ra-ng 7,legeh7 7 con/itut$ f ! old /ate ( ,patani at ! beg9n+ ( ! #ai? c5tury4 ,9 #aijf !y 7 reunit$ to =m ! ,patani adm9i/rative division ( ,siam1 b ea* /ate reta9s its ,malay rul]1 :o gov]ns jo9tly ) a ,siamese (fic] "u ! direction ( ! ,siamese high commission]1 & _m ( ! anci5t privileges & cu/oms ( ,malay gov]nm5t are pres]v$4 ,! gr\p ( ,/ates is situat$ betwe5 #e #cd & #f #eb ,n4 & #ajj #ed & #aja #eh ,e4 ,x is b\nd$ ,n4 by ! ,*9a ,sea1 ,e4 by ! ,*9a ,sea & ,kelantan1 ,s4 by ,p]ak1 & ,w4 by ,k$ah4 ,! total area is ab\t #ejjj sq4 m4 ,! c\ntry is m\nta9\s except close to ! coa/4 ,! pr9cipal riv]s are ! ,patani & ! ,teloban1 long1 w9d+ & %all[1 & navigable = small boats only4 ,! population is ab\t #cce1jjj1 ( :om ! great majority are ,malays4 ,ea* /ate has its capital1 b ,patani 7! headqu>t]s ( ! high commission]7 is ! only t[n ( importance4 ,communications are poor & are *iefly by riv]1 b roads are "u con/ruction4 ,patani & ,sai are 9 telegraphic communication ) ,bangkok & ,s+apore1 & regul> weekly mails are despat*$ to ^? places4 ,! area "u cultivation is small except r\nd ab\t ,patani & 9 ,nawng ,*ik1 :]e mu* rice is gr[n4 ,t9 m9+ is a gr[+ indu/ry2 _m ,*9ese own m9es & sev]al ,european syndicates are at "w 9 ,raman1 ,ra-ng & ,patani1 prospect+ =1 or m9+1 ?is metal4 ,fi%+ & salt-evaporation occupy a l>ge proportion ( ! population4 ,! annual export ( t9 is ab\t #djj tons1 & dri$ fi%1 salt1 cattle & elephants are o!r exports4 ,/eam]s up to #cjj tons ma9ta9 frequ5t communication ) ,bangkok & ,s+apore1 & ! ,patani roads af=d good an*orage at all seasons4 ,mahomm$an law is foll[$ 9 ! settlem5t ( inh]it$ prop]ty disputes & ( matrimonial affairs2 o!rwise ! laws ( ,siam obta94 ,effici5t law c\rts h be5 e/abli%$ 9 ea* /ate1 & !re is a s]viceable =ce ( g5d>m]ie recruit$ f among/ ,malays & ,siamese alike4 ,! rev5ue am\nts to ab\t #fjj1jjj ticals1 or #de1jjj a ye>1 "o-?ird be+ payable to ! rul]s z private income = !mselves & _! relatives1 "o-?ird exp5d$ on ! adm9i/ration1 & "o-?ird res]v$ = special purposes1 b x is usually f\nd necess>y to devote ! la/-m5tion$ ?ird to ! exp5ses ( adm9i/ration4 ,patani has be5 subject to ,siam f ! remote/ times4 ,x is said t ! old /ate adopt$ ,islamism 9 ! #af? c5tury1 ! *ief1 a relative ( ! k+s ( ,siam1 embrac+ t religion & at ! same "t revolt+ to ,malacca4 ,x has sev]al times be5 necess>y to s5d punitive exp$itions to recall ! /ate to its allegiance4 ,! pres5t rul]s are mo/ly desc5d$ f ! rul+ families ( ! neighb\r+ /ate ( ,kelantan1 b ! *ief ( ,patani itself is a memb] ( ! family :i* rul$ !re 9 ! days ( its greatness4 ,?r\gh\t ! #ag? c5tury ,patani 0 resort$ to by ,portuguese1 ,dut* & ,engli% m]*ants1 :o _h factories a%ore & us$ ! place z an emporium = trade ) ,siam4 ,9 #afba an engagem5t took place 9 ! ,patani roads betwe5 ?ree ,dut* & two ,briti% %ips1 ! latt] be+ tak5 aft] ! presid5t ( ! ,briti% m]*ants1 ,john ,j\rda91 _h be5 kill$4 ,9 #ahii ! bord] betwe5 ! /ate ( ,p]ak & ,raman 0 fix$ by an agreem5t betwe5 ,engl& & ,siam1 a dispute ( old /&+ be+ !reby settl$1 b ! "q 0 reop5$ 9 ! negotiations :i* prec$$ ! ,anglo-,siamese treaty ( #aiji1 :5 a new bord] l9e 0 fix$ betwe5 ,briti% & ,siamese possessions 9 ! ,p59sula4 7,w4 ,a4 ,g47 ,,mal*91 a t[n ( ,g]many1 9 ! gr&-du*y ( ,meckl5burg-,s*w]91 on ! riv] ,pe5e1 betwe5 lakes ,mal*9 & ,kumm][1 #bh m4 by rail ,n4,w4 ( ,neu-,br&5burg4 ,pop4 7#aijj71 #gddi4 ,x is1 alt]nately ) ,/]nb]g1 ! place ( assembly ( ! ,diet ( ,meckl5burg4 ,"h are ! *teaux ( ,rempl91 ,bas$[ & ,s*litz2 a *ur* dat+ f ! #ad? c5tury1 & a f9e t[n-hall4 ,! well-wood$ & undulat+ c\ntry1 environ+ ! %ores ( ,lake ,mal*91 is kn[n z ! ,meckl5burg ,switz]l&1 & is increas+ 9 fav\r z a summ] resort4 ,a canal unites ,lake ,kumm][ ) ! ,pe5e4 ,! indu/ries ( ! t[n include ! manufacture ( sug> & bricks1 & brew+ & malt+4 ,mal*9 became a t[n 9 #abcf4 ,,malcolm1 ! "n ( f\r k+s ( ! ,scots1 two ( :om1 ,,malcolm ,i41 k+ f #idc to #ied1 & ,,malcolm ,,ii41 k+ f #ajje to #ajcd1 are %ad[y & unimportant p]sonages4 ,,malcolm ,,iii4 7d4 #ajic71 call$ ,canmore or ! l>ge-head$1 0 a son ( ,k+ ,duncan ,i41 & became k+ aft] ! defeat ( ! usurp] ,macbe? 9 ,july #ajed1 be+ cr[n$ at ,scone 9 ,april #ajeg4 ,hav+ m>ri$ z 8 second wife1 7,/7 ,m>g>et 7q4v471 a si/] ( ,edg> !l+1 :o 0 a fugitive at 8 c\rt1 he invad$ ,engl& 9 #ajgj to support ! claim ( ,edg> to ! ,engli% ?rone1 return+ to ,scotl& ) _m captives aft] h>ry+ ,nor?umbria4 ,william ! ,conqu]or answ]$ ?is attack by m>*+ into ,scotl& 9 #ajgb1 :]eupon ,malcolm made peace ) ! ,engli% k+ at ,ab]ne?y & 0 8 man4 ,h[ev]1 9 spite ( ?is promise he ravag$ ! nor? ( ,engl& aga9 & aga91 until 9 #ajia ,william ,rufus invad$ ,scotl& & receiv$ 8 submission4 ,!n 9 #ajib a fre% dispute arose betwe5 ! two k+s1 & ,william summon$ ,malcolm to 8 c\rt at ,gl\ce/]4 ,! ,scot obey$1 & call+ at ,durham on 8 s\?w>d j\rney 0 pres5t at ! f\ndation ( ,durham ,ca!dral4 ,:5 he rea*$ ,gl\ce/] ,rufus refus$ to receive him unless he did homage = 8 k+dom2 he decl9$ & return$ home 9 high dudgeon4 ,almo/ at once he invad$ ,nor?umbria1 & 0 kill$ at a place aft]w>ds call$ ,malcolm's ,cross1 ne> ,alnwick1 on ! #ac? ( ,novemb] #ajic4 ,f\r ( ,malcolm's sons1 ,duncan ,,ii41 ,edg>1 ,alex&] ,i41 & ,david ,i41 became k+s ( ,scotl&2 & "o ( 8 daught]s1 ,matilda1 became ! wife ( ,h5ry ,i4 ( ,engl&1 a m>riage :i* unit$ ! ,saxon & ! ,norman royal h\ses4 ,,malcolm ,,iv4 7c4 #aada-aafe7 0 ! elde/ son ( ,h5ry1 e>l ( ,hunt+don 7d4 #aaeb71 son ( ,k+ ,david ,i41 & succe$$ 8 gr&fa!r ,david z k+ ( ,scotl& 9 #aaec4 ,he is call$ ! ,maid51 & di$ unm>ri$ on ! #i? ( ,decemb] #aafe4 ,see ,e4 ,a4 ,freeman1 ,! ,norman ,conque/1 vols4 iv4 & v4 7#ahfg-ahgi71 & ,! ,reign ( ,william ,rufus 7#ahhb72 ,w4 ,f4 ,sk5e1 ,celtic ,scotl& 7#ahgf-ahhj72 ,e4 ,w4 ,rob]tson1 ,scotl& "u h] ,e>ly ,k+s 7#ahfb72 & ,a4 ,lang1 ,hi/ory ( ,scotl&1 vol4 i4 7#aijj74 ,,malcolm1 ,,sir ,,john 7#agfi-ahcc71 ,anglo-,indian soldi]1 diplomati/1 adm9i/rator & au?or1 0 born at ,burnfoot on ! ,esk1 ne> ,langholm1 ,dumfries%ire1 ,scotl&1 on ! #bnd ( ,may #agfi4 ,8 fa!r 0 a humble f>m]1 b ?ree ( 8 sons atta9$ ! hon\r ( knigh?ood4 ,at ! age ( twelve he receiv$ a cadet%ip 9 ! ,indian army1 & 9 ,april #aghc he l&$ at ,madras1 %ortly aft]w>ds jo9+ 8 regim5t at ,vellore4 ,9 #agib1 hav+ = "s "t devot$ himself to ! /udy ( ,p]sian1 he 0 appo9t$ to ! /aff ( ,"l ,cornwallis z ,p]sian int]pret]1 b two ye>s aft]w>ds 0 compell$ by ill heal? to leave = ,engl&4 ,on 8 return to ,india 9 #agif he became milit>y secret>y to ,sir ,alur$ ,cl>ke1 comm&]-9-*ief at ,madras1 & aft]w>ds to 8 successor ,g5]al ,h>ris2 & 9 #agih he 0 appo9t$ by ,"l ,wellesley assi/ant to ! resid5t at ,hyd]abad4 ,9 ! la/-m5tion$ capacity he highly di/+ui%$ himself by ! mann] 9 :i* he gave effect to ! difficult measure ( disb&+ ! ,fr5* corps 9 ! pay ( ! nizam4 ,9 #agii1 "u ! walls ( ,s]+apatam1 began 8 intimacy ) ,colonel ,ar?ur ,wellesley1 :i* 9 a %ort "t rip5$ into a lifelong fri5d%ip4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! same ye> he act$ z fir/ secret>y to ! commission appo9t$ to settle ! ,mysore gov]nm5t1 & be=e its close he 0 appo9t$ by ,"l ,wellesley to proce$ z envoy to ! c\rt ( ,p]sia = ! purpose ( c\nt]act+ ! policy ( ! ,fr5* by induc+ t c\ntry to =m a ,briti% alliance4 ,arriv+ at ,teh]an 9 ,decemb] #ahjj1 he 0 successful 9 negotiat+ fav\rable treaties1 bo? political & comm]cial1 & return$ to ,bombay by way ( ,bagdad 9 ,may #ahja4 ,he n[ = "s "t held ! int]im po/ ( private secret>y to ,"l ,wellesley1 & 9 #ahjc 0 appo9t$ to ! ,mysore resid5cy4 ,at ! close ( ! ,mahratta ,w>1 9 #ahjd1 & aga9 9 #ahje1 he negotiat$ important treaties ) ,s9dhia & ,holk>1 & 9 #ahjf1 besides see+ ! arrangem5ts aris+ out ( ^! alliances c>ri$ out1 he direct$ ! difficult "w ( r$uc+ ! imm5se body ( irregul> native troops4 ,9 #ahjh he 0 aga9 s5t on a mission to ,p]sia1 b circum/ances prev5t$ him f gett+ beyond ,bu%ire2 on 8 reappo9tm5t 9 #ahaj1 he 0 successful inde$ 9 procur+ a fav\rable reception at c\rt1 b o!rwise 8 embassy1 if ! in=mation :i* he aft]w>ds incorporat$ 9 8 works on ,p]sia be left out ( acc\nt1 0 7?r\gh no fault ( 87 )\t any sub/antial result4 ,he sail$ = ,engl& 9 #ahaa1 & %ortly aft] 8 arrival 9 ! foll[+ ye> 0 knight$4 ,8 int]vals ( leisure he devot$ to lit]>y "w1 & especially to ! composition ( a ,hi/ory ( ,p]sia1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 two qu>to volumes 9 #ahae4 ,on 8 return to ,india 9 #ahag he 0 appo9t$ by ,"l ,moira 8 political ag5t 9 ! ,deccan1 ) eligibility = milit>y comm&2 z brigadi]-g5]al "u ,sir ,t4 ,hislop he took a di/+ui%$ "p 9 ! victory ( ,mehidpur 7,decemb] #ba1 #ahag71 z also 9 ! subsequ5t "w ( foll[+ up ! fugitives1 det]m9+ ! conditions ( peace & settl+ ! c\ntry4 ,9 #ahba he return$ once m to ,engl&1 :]e he rema9$ until #ahbg1 :5 he 0 appo9t$ gov]nor ( ,bombay4 ,8 influ5ce 9 ?is (fice 0 direct$ to ! promotion ( v>i\s economical re=ms & useful adm9i/rative measures4 ,leav+ ,india = ! la/ "t 9 #ahcj1 he %ortly aft] 8 arrival 9 ,engl& ent]$ p>liam5t z memb] = ,launce/on1 & 0 an active oppon5t ( ! ,re=m ,bill4 ,he di$ ( p>alysis on ! #cj? ( ,may #ahcc4 ,besides ! "w m5tion$ above1 ,sir ,john ,malcolm publi%$ ,sket* ( ! ,political ,hi/ory ( ,india s9ce 444 #aghd 79 #ahaa & #ahbf72 ,sket* ( ! ,sikhs 7#ahab72 ,obs]vations on ! ,di/urbances 9 ! ,madras ,army 9 #ahji 7#ahab72 ,p]sia1 a ,poem1 anonym\s 7#ahad72 ,a ,memoir ( ,c5tral ,india 7#b vols41 #ahbc72 & ,sket*es ( ,p]sia1 anonym\s 7#ahbg74 ,a po/hum\s "w1 ,life ( ,rob]t1 ,"l ,clive1 appe>$ 9 #ahcf4 ,see ,life & ,correspond5ce ( ,sir ,john ,malcolm1 by ,j4 ,w4 ,kaye 7#b vols41 #ahef74 ,,malda1 a di/rict ( ,briti% ,india1 9 ! ,raj%ahi division ( ,ea/]n ,b5gal & ,assam4 ,area1 #ahii sq4 m42 pop4 7#aija71 #hhd1jcj1 %[+ an increase ( #h4e 9 ! decade4 ,! adm9i/rative headqu>t]s are at ,engli% ,baz> 7pop4 #ac1ffg7 ne> ! t[n ( ,old ,malda4 ,! di/rict is divid$ into two almo/ equal p>ts by ! ,mahan&a riv]1 fl[+ f nor? to s\?4 ,! we/]n tract betwe5 ! ,mahan&a & ! ma9 /ream ( ! ,ganges is an alluvial pla9 ( s&y soil & great f]tility4 ,! ea/]n half is an elevat$ region brok5 by ! deep valleys ( ! ,tangan & ,purnabhaba riv]s & _! small tribut>y /reams4 ,! soil "h is a h>d r$ clay2 & ! :ole is ov]gr[n ) ?orny tree jungle kn[n z ! katal4 ,agricultural prosp]ity c5tres on ! ,mahan&a1 :]e mango or*>ds & high rais$ plots ( mulb]ry l& ext5d cont9u\sly along bo? banks ( ! riv]4 ,! ,ganges n[h]e int]sects ! di/rict1 b skirts x f its nor?-we/]n corn] to ! extreme s\?4 ,! ,mahan&a fl[s 9 a deep well-def9$ *annel ?r\gh ! c5tre1 & jo9s ! ,ganges at ! s\!rn corn]4 ,its tribut>ies are ! ,kal9dri on ! "r1 & ! ,tangan & ,purnabhaba on ! left bank4 ,! two pr9cipal indu/ries are ! production ( indigo & silk4 ,! fir/ has decl9$1 & s has ! second z f> z conc]ns ! weav+ ( piece goods1 b ! re>+ ( silkworms & ! export ( raw silk & silk ?read are c>ri$ on ^u a l>ge scale4 ,no railway t\*es ! di/rict1 b ! communications by wat] are good4 ,malda suppli$ two great capitals to ! e>ly ,mahomm$an k+s ( ,b5gal2 & ! sites ( ,gaur & ,p&ua exhibit ! mo/ int]e/+ rema9s to be f\nd 9 ! l[] valley ( ! ,ganges4 7,see ,,gaur47 ,! connexion ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company ) ,malda dates f a v e>ly p]iod4 ,z f> back z #afgf !re 0 a factory !re4 ,9 #aggj ,engli% ,baz> 0 fix$ ^u = a comm]cial resid5cy1 ! build+s ( :i* at ! pres5t day =m bo? ! public (fices & private resid5ce ( ! collector4 ,,mald51 a city1 includ+ sev]al villages1 ( ,middlesex c\nty1 ,massa*usetts1 ,u4,s4,a41 on ! ,mald5 riv]1 ab\t #e m4 ,n4 ( ,bo/on4 ,pop4 7#ahij71 #bc1jca1 7#aijj71 #cc1ffd1 ( :om #ieac 7 =eign-born1 #cfgc be+ ,engli% ,canadians1 #hgj ,engli%1 & #fag ,sw$es2 7#aiaj c5sus7 #dd1djd4 ,mald5 _h 9 #aijf a l& area ( #d4gh sq4 m4 ,x is s]v$ by ! ,bo/on ,ma9e railroad1 & by int]-urban electric railways4 ,al?\gh x is l>gely a resid5tial suburb ( ,bo/on--its po/ (fice is a ,bo/on sub-/ation--x has important manufactur+ indu/ries4 ,! mo/ valuable manufactur$ product is rubb] boots & %oes4 ,! capital inve/$ 9 manufactur+ 9 #aije 0 #e1eec1dcb2 & ! value ( ! factory product1 #aa1bce1fce1 0 #gj4b great] ?an ! value ( ! factory product 9 #aijj4 ,among ,mald5's in/itutions are ! public libr>y 7end[$ by ,eli%a ,s4 ,conv]se71 ! ,mald5 hospital1 ! ,mald5 day nurs]y1 a ,"y ,m5's ,*ri/ian ,association1 & a home = ! ag$4 ,a f9e sy/em ( p>ks is ma9ta9$2 ! be/ kn[n is possibly ,p9e ,banks4 ,to ! nor? & we/ is ! ,middlesex ,fells1 a /ate res]vation2 ab\t #fj acres ( ?is & ab\t #bj acres ( ! ,middlesex ,fells ,p>kway lie )9 ,mald54 ,mald51 :5 fir/ settl$ ab\t #afdj1 0 "p ( ,*>le/[n1 & 0 kn[n = "s ye>s z ,my/ic ,side4 ,x 0 incorporat$ z a t[n "u ! "n ( ,mauldon 9 #afdj1 & 0 *>t]$ z a city 9 #ahha4 ,! nor? "p ( ,mald5 0 set (f 9 #ahej to =m ,melrose1 & ! s\? "p 9 #ahgj to =m ! t[n ( ,ev]ett4 ,mald5 0 ! bir?place ( ,adoniram ,judson1 ! apo/le to ,burma4 ,mi*ael ,wiggleswor? 0 pa/or "h f #afef until #agje4 ,see ,d4 ,p4 ,corey1 ,hi/ory ( ,mald5 7,mald51 #ahii72 & ,mald51 ,pa/ & ,pres5t 7,mald51 #ahii74 ,,maldive ,,isl&s1 an ar*ipelago ( coral islets 9 ! ,indian ,ocean1 =m+ a *a9 betwe5 #g #f ,n4 & #j #db ,s4 ,x consi/s ( sev5te5 atolls ) an imm5se numb] ( isl&s1 ( :i* "s ?ree hundr$ are inhabit$4 ,9 ! extreme s\? are ! isolat$ atolls ( ,addu & ,fua-,mulaku1 sep>at$ f ,suvadiva by ! ,equatorial ,*annel1 :i* is itself sep>at$ f ! ma9 *a9 ( atolls by ,"o-&-a-half-degree ,*annel4#a ,foll[+ ! *a9 nor?w>d f ?is *annel1 we h ,haddumati & ,kolumadulu1 aft] :i* ! *a9 becomes d\ble3 to ! ea/ ! *ief atolls are ,mulaku1 ,felidu1 ,s\? ,mal1 ,nor? ,mal1 ,k>diva 7:]e ! *annel ( ! same "n1 #ce m4 broad1 p>tly breaks ! *a971 & ,fadiffolu4 ,to ! we/ are ,s\? ,nil&u1 ,nor? ,nil&u1 ,ari1 ,s\? ,mahlos1 ,nor? ,mahlos & ,miladumadulu4 ,to ! nor? aga9 are ,tiladumati & ,ihav&ifulu4 ,f9ally1 to ! nor? ( ,eight-degree ,*annel is ,m9ikoi1 #ga m4 f ! ne>e/ po9t ( ! ,maldives1 & #aaj m4 f t ( ! ,laccadives to ! nor?4 ,! ma9 "p ( ! ar*ipelago1 nor? ( ,"o-&-a-half-degree ,*annel1 consi/s ( a s]ies ( banks ei!r surr\nd$ or /udd$ all ov] ) reefs 7see ,j4 ,s4 ,g>d9]1 ,=mation ( ! ,maldives1 9 ,geographical ,j\rn4 xix4 #bgg seq474 ,mr ,g>d9] reg>d$ ^! banks z plateaus ris+ to diff]5t elevations b5ea? ! surface ( ! sea f a ma9 plateau ris+ /eeply f ! great dep?s ( ! ,indian ,ocean4 ,aft] ! ,portuguese1 f ab\t #aeah onw>ds1 _h attempt$ _m times to e/abli% !mselves on ! isl&s by =ce1 & aft] ! ,maldivians _h endur$ frequ5t raids by ! ,mopla pirates ( ! ,malab> coa/1 !y began to s5d tok5s ( homage & claims ( protection 7! fir/ record$ be+ 9 #afde7 to ! rul]s ( ,ceylon1 & _! association ) ?is isl& has cont9u$ practically ev] s9ce4 ,! h]$it>y sultan ( ! ar*ipelago is tribut>y to ! ,briti% gov]nm5t ( ,ceylon4 ,! population ( ! ,maldives is e/imat$ at #cj1jjj4 ,all are ,mahomm$ans4 ,by ,messrs4 ,g>d9] & ,coop] !y are class$ 9 f\r e?nological divisions4 7#a7 ,^? ( ! atolls nor? ( ! ,k>diva ,*annel4 ,"h ! reefs are g5]ally less p]fect ?an else:]e1 seldom =m+ complete c5tral lagoons1 & z !y 7 =m]ly expos$ to ! con/ant attacks ( ! ,mopla pirates f ,india1 ! p are h>di] & m vigor\s ?an _! less w>like s\!rn neighb\rs4 ,!y annually visit$ ! coa/s ( ,india or ,ceylon1 & (t5 m>ri$ ,indian wives1 ?us acquir+ di/9ct racial *>act]s ( an approximately ,dravidian type4 7#b7 ,^? ( ! c5tral division1 compris+ ! atolls betwe5 ,nor? ,mal & ,haddumati1 :o are "u ! direct rule ( ! sultan1 & h be5 m expos$ to ,arab influ5ces4 ,!y =m]ly trad$ ) ,arabia & ,malaysia1 & _m ,arabs settl$ among/ !m1 s t !y betray a /rong /ra9 ( ,semitic blood 9 _! features4 7#c & #d7 ,! natives ( ,suvadiva1 ,addu1 ,mulaku & ! o!r s\!rn clu/]s1 :o h _h little communication ) ! ,c5tral ,mal p1 & probably pres]ve m ( ! primitive type1 approximat+ 9 appe>ance to ! ,s9halese villag]s ( ,ceylon4 ,!y are an intellig5t & indu/ri\s p1 gr[+ _! own crops1 manufactur+ _! own clo? & mats1 & build+ _! own boats1 :ile _m read ,arabic m or less flu5tly1 al?\gh /ill believ]s 9 magic & wit*craft4 ,! language is a dialect ( ,s9halese1 b indicat+ a sep>ation ( anci5t date & m or less mahomm$aniz$4 ,! sultan's resid5ce & ! capital ( ! ar*ipelago is ! isl& ( ,mal4 ,f ! e>lie/ notices ! production ( coir1 ! collection ( c[ries1 & ! weav+ ( excell5t textures on ^! isl&s h be5 not$4 ,! *ief exports ( ! isl&s besides coir & c[ries 7a decreas+ trade7 are coco-nuts1 copra1 tortoise-%ell & dri$ bonito-fi%4 ,m9ikoi atoll1 ) ! num]\s wrecks on its reefs1 its ligh?\se1 & its position on ! track ( all ea/w>d-b\nd vessels1 is a famili> sight to seaf>]s 9 ^! wat]s4 ,! atoll1 :i* is pe>-%ap$ & dispos$ 9 ! direction f ,s4,w4 to ,n4,e4 is #e m4 long1 ) an extreme bread? ( ne>ly #c m41 ) a l>ge b %all[ lagoon approa*$ f ! nor? by a passage two fa?oms deep4 ,! atoll is gr[+ outw>ds on e side1 & at "o place rises #ai ft4 above sea-level4 ,! population1 :i* numb]s ab\t #cjjj1 is %>ply divid$ into five ca/es1 ( :i* ! ?ree highe/ are pure ,maldivians1 ! l[] two ! same z 9 ! ,laccadives4 ,all are c5tr$ 9 a small village opposite ,m\ ,rambu ,po9t on ! we/ or lagoon side2 b mo/ ( ! m5 are g5]ally abs5t1 _m be+ employ$ ) ! ,lasc> crews on bo>d ! l>ge l9]s ply+ 9 ! ea/]n seas4 ,9 #ahii-aijj ,messrs4 ,j4 ,/anley ,g>d9] & ,c4 ,=/] ,coop] c>ri$ out an exp$ition to ! ,maldives & ,laccadives1 = ! important results ( :i* see ,! ,fauna & ,geography ( ! ,maldive & ,laccadive ,ar*ipelagoes1 ed4 ,j4 ,s4 ,g>d9] 7,cambridge1 #aija-aije71 also ,proce$+s ( ! ,cambridge ,philosophical ,society1 vol4 xi4 pt4 #a 7#aijj71 & ! ,geographical ,j\rn41 loc4 cit41 c4 ,a ,fr5* adv5tur]1 ,franois ,pyr>d de la ,val1 0 wreck$ 9 ! ,maldives 9 #afjb & deta9$ !re five ye>s2 he wrote an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! ar*ipelago1 ,voyage de ,f4 ,p4 de la ,val 7,p>is1 #afgi2 previ\s editions #afaa1 c474 ,see also ,a4 ,agassiz1 ,an ,exp$ition to ! ,maldives 9 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ,sci5ce1 vol4 xiii4 7#aijb74 ,,footnote3 #a ,^! & o!r *annels 9 ! locality are nam$ f _! position "u p>allels ( latitude4 ,,maldon1 a m>ket t[n1 municipal bor\gh & port1 9 ! ,maldon p>liam5t>y bor\gh ( ,essex1 ,engl&1 on an acclivity ris+ f ! s\? side ( ! ,blackwat]1 #dc m4 ,e4,n4,e4 f ,london by a bran* f ,)am ( ! ,great ,ea/]n railway4 ,pop4 7#aija71 #eefe4 ,!re are ea/ & we/ railway /ations4 ,! *ur* ( ,all ,sa9ts1 dat+ f #ajef1 b1 z x /&s1 ,e>ly ,engli% & lat]1 consi/s ( *ancel1 nave & aisles1 ) a triangul> ,e>ly ,engli% t[] 7a unique =m7 at ! we/ end surm\nt$ by a hexagonal spire4 ,! t[] ( ,/ ,m>y's ,*ur* %[s ,norman "w ) ,roman mat]ials4 ,! o!r public build+s are ! gramm> s*ool1 f\nd$ 9 #aedg2 ! t[n-hall1 =m]ly ,d',arcy's t[]1 built 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,vi42 & ! public hall4 ,!re are manufactures ( cry/alliz$ salt1 brew]ies1 an oy/] fi%]y & "s %ipp+4 ,on ,osea ,isl&1 9 ! ,blackwat] e/u>y1 !re is a f>m colony = ! unemploy$4 ,a mile we/ ( ,maldon are rema9s ( ,beeleigh ,abbey1 a ,premon/rat5sian f\ndation ( ! #ab? c5tury4 ,!y consi/ ( ! *apt]-h\se & ano!r *amb]1 & are ( f9e ,e>ly ,engli% "w4 ,! bor\gh is "u a mayor1 #d ald]m5 & #ab c\ncillors4 ,area1 #cjbh acres4 ,at ,maldon 7,maelduna1 ,melduna1 ,mealdon or ,meaudon7 palaeoli?ic1 neoli?ic & ,roman rema9s t h be5 f\nd seem to indicate an e>ly settlem5t4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 an important ,roman site4 ,an e>?work1 ( :i* traces exi/1 may be ,saxon or ,dani%4 ,! ,anglo-,saxon ,*ronicle relates t ,edw>d ! ,eld] e/abli%$ a burh !re ab\t #iba1 & t ,ealdorman ,brihtno? 0 kill$ !re by ! ,danes 9 #iia4 ,! position ( ,maldon may h giv5 x "s comm]cial importance1 b ! =tress is ! po9t emphasiz$ by ! ,*ronicle4 ,maldon rema9$ a royal t[n up to ! reign ( ,h5ry ,i41 & ?us is ent]$ z on t]ra regis 9 ,domesday4 ,h5ry ,,ii4 grant$ ! burgesses _! fir/ *>t]1 probably 9 #aaee1 giv+ !m ! l& ( ! bor\gh & suburb ) sac & soc & o!r judicial rights1 also fre$om f c\nty & =e/ jurisdiction1 danegeld1 scutage1 tallage & all tolls1 by ! s]vice ( "o %ip a ye> = =ty days4 ,?is *>t] 0 confirm$ by ,edw>d ,i4 9 #abij1 by ,edw>d ,,iii4 9 #acdd1 & by ,ri*>d ,,ii4 9 #acgh4 ,9 #adjc ! bi%op ( ,london grant$ fur!r judicial & f9ancial rights1 & ,h5ry ,v4 confirm$ ! *>t]s 9 #adag1 ,h5ry ,,vi4 9 #addc1 & ,h5ry ,,viii4 9 #aebe4 ,maldon 0 incorporat$ by ,philip & ,m>y 9 #aeed1 & receiv$ confirmatory *>t]s f ,elizabe? 9 #aefc & #aeib1 f ,*>les ,i4 9 #afca1 ,*>les ,,ii4 & ,james ,,ii4 ,9 #agfh ! incorporation *>t] 0 regrant$1 ) modifications 9 #ahaj4 ,,malebran*e1 ,,nicolas 7#afch-agae71 ,fr5* philosoph] ( ! ,c>tesian s*ool1 ! y\nge/ *ild ( ,nicolas ,malebran*e1 secret>y to ,l\is ,,xiii41 & ,ca!r9e de ,lauzon1 si/] ( a vic]oy ( ,canada1 0 born at ,p>is on ! #f? ( ,augu/ #afch4 ,de=m$ & con/itutionally feeble1 he receiv$ 8 elem5t>y education f a tutor1 & left home only :5 suffici5tly advanc$ to ent] ^u a c\rse ( philosophy at ! ,collge de la ,m>*e1 & subsequ5tly to /udy !ology at ! ,sorbonne4 ,he _h resolv$ to take holy ord]s1 b 8 /udi\s disposition l$ him to decl9e a /all 9 ,notre ,dame1 & 9 #affj he jo9$ ! congregation ( ! ,oratory4 ,he 0 fir/ advis$ by ,pre ,leco9te to devote himself to ecclesia/ical hi/ory1 & labori\sly /udi$ ,eusebius1 ,socrates1 ,sozom5 & ,!odoret1 b ! facts refus$ to arrange !mselves 9 8 m9d1 & mutually effac$ "o ano!r4 ,ri*>d ,simon und]took to tea* him ,hebrew & ,biblical criticism ) no bett] success4 ,at la/ 9 #affd he *anc$ to read ,desc>tes's ,trait de l'homme 7de hom9e71 :i* mov$ him s deeply t 7x is said7 he 0 repeat$ly compell$ by palpitations ( ! he>t to lay aside 8 read+4 ,malebran*e 0 f t h\r consecrat$ to philosophy1 & aft] t5 ye>s' /udy ( ! works ( ,desc>tes he produc$ ! fam\s ,de la re*]*e de la vrit1 foll[$ at int]vals by o!r works1 bo? speculative & controv]sial4 ,l mo/ ( ! great metaphysicians ( ! #ag? c5tury1 ,malebran*e int]e/$ himself also 9 que/ions ( ma!matics & natural philosophy1 & 9 #afii 0 admitt$ an honor>y memb] ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces4 ,dur+ 8 lat] ye>s 8 society 0 mu* c\rt$1 & he receiv$ _m visits f =eign]s ( di/9ction4 ,he di$ on ! #ac? ( ,octob] #agae2 8 end 0 said to h be5 ha/5$ by a metaphysical argum5t into :i* he _h be5 drawn 9 ! c\rse ( an int]view ) ,bi%op ,b]keley4 ,= a critical acc\nt ( ,malebran*e's place 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy1 see ,,c>tesianism4 ,,works4--,de ,la re*]*e de la vrit 7#afgd2 #f? ed41 #agab2 ed4 ,b\illi]1 #ahhj2 ,lat9 trans1 by ,j4 ,l5fant at ,g5eva 9 #afhe2 ,engli% trans4 by ,r4 ,sault1 #afid2 & ,t4 ,taylor1 #afid1 #agab72 ,conv]sations *rti5nes 7#afgg1 & frequ5tly2 ,eng4 trans41 ,london1 #afie72 ,trait de la nature et de la grce 7#afhj2 ,eng4 trans41 ,london1 #afie72 ,mditations *rti5nes et mtaphysiques 7#afhc72 ,trait de morale 7#afhd2 sep>ate ed4 by ,h4 ,joly1 #ahhb2 ,eng4 trans1 by ,sir ,j4 ,%ipton1 #afii72 sev]al polemical works aga9/ ,arnauld f #afhd to #afhh2 ,entreti5s sur la mtaphysique et sur la religion 7#afhh72 ,trait de l'am\r de ,dieu 7#afig72 ,entreti5s d'un philosophe *rti5 et d'un philosophe *9ois sur l'exi/5ce et la nature de ,dieu 7#agjh72 ,rflexions sur la prmotion physique 7#agae74 ,a conv5i5t edition ( 8 works 9 two volumes1 ) an introduction1 0 publi%$ by ,jules ,simon 9 #ahdb4 ,a full acc\nt by ,mrs ,norman ,smi? ( 8 !ory ( vision1 9 :i* he unque/ionably anticipat$ & 9 "s respects surpass$ ! subsequ5t "w ( ,b]keley1 w be f\nd 9 ! ,briti% ,j\rnal ( ,psy*ology 7,jan4 #aije74 ,= rec5t criticism see ,h4 ,joly1 9 ! s]ies ,les ,gr&s philosophes 7,p>is1 #aija72 ,l4 ,oll-,laprune1 ,la ,philosophie de ,malebran*e 7#ahgj72 ,m4 ,nov>o1 ,die ,philosophie des ,nicolaus ,malebran*e 7#ahic74 ,,mal] ,,kotla1 a native /ate ( ,india1 )9 ! ,punjab4 ,x ranks z "o ( ! ,cis-,sutlej /ates1 :i* came "u ,briti% influ5ce 9 #ahji4 ,! t]ritory lies s\? ( ,ludhiana4 ,area1 #afg sq4 m4 ,pop4 7#aija71 #gg1ejf1 %[+ an increase ( #b 9 ! decade4 ,e/imat$ gross rev5ue1 #cj1ajj4 ,! milit>y =ce numb]s #bhj m52 & !re is no tribute4 ,! t[n ,mal] ,kotla is #cj m4 ,s4 ( ,ludhiana2 pop4 7#aija71 #ba1abb4 ,! nawab or *ief is ( ,afghan desc5t2 8 family orig9ally came f ,kabul1 & occupi$ positions ( tru/ 9 ,sirh9d "u ! ,mogul emp]ors4 ,!y gradually became indep5d5t z ! ,mogul ,empire sank into decay 9 ! c\rse ( ! #ah? c5tury4 ,9 ,g5]al ,lake's campaign aga9/ ,holk> 9 #ahje ! nawab ( ,mal] ,kotla sid$ ) ! ,briti%4 ,aft] ! subjugation & flight ( ,holk>1 ! ,engli% gov]nm5t succe$$ to ! p[] ( ! ,mahrattas 9 ! di/ricts betwe5 ! ,sutlej & ! ,jumna2 & 9 #ahji its protection 0 =mally ext5d$ to ,mal] ,kotla1 z to ! o!r ,cis-,sutlej /ates1 aga9/ ! =midable encroa*m5ts ( ,ranjit ,s+h4 ,9 ! campaigns ( #ahjf1 #ahjg & #ahjh ,ranjit ,s+h _h made consid]able conque/s across ! ,sutlej2 9 #ahjh he m>*$ on ,mal] ,kotla & dem&$ a ransom ( #aj1jjj f ! nawab4 ,?is l$ to ! int]f]5ce ( ! ,briti%1 :o address$ an ultimatum to ,ranjit ,s+h1 decl>+ ! ,cis-,sutlej /ates to be "u ,briti% protection4 ,f9ally ! raja ( ,lahore submitt$1 & ! nawab 0 re9/at$ 9 ,febru>y #ahji4 ,ow+ to ! m5tal incapacity ( nawab ,ibrahim ,ali ,khan1 ! /ate 0 adm9i/]$ 9 rec5t ye>s = "s "t by ! *ief ( ,loh>u2 b 8 son1 ,ahm$ ,ali ,khan1 0 made reg5t 9 ,febru>y #aije4 ,see ,mal] ,kotla ,/ate ,gazette] 7,lahore1 #aijh74 ,,male%]bes1 ,,*r,,ti5 ,,guillaume ,,de ,,lamoignon ,,de 7#agba-agid71 commonly kn[n z ,lamoignon-,male%]bes1 ,fr5* /atesman1 m9i/]1 & aft]w>ds c\nsel = ! def5ce ( ,l\is ,,xvi41 came ( a fam\s legal family4 ,he 0 born at ,p>is on ! #f? ( ,decemb] #agba1 & 0 educat$ = ! legal pr(ession4 ,! "y lawy] soon prov$ 8 intellectual capacity1 :5 he 0 appo9t$ presid5t ( ! c\r des aides 9 ! p>lem5t ( ,p>is 9 #agej on ! promotion ( 8 fa!r1 ,guillaume de ,lamoignon1 to be *ancellor4 ,"o ( ! *ancellor's duties 0 to control ! press1 & ?is duty 0 entru/$ to ,male%]bes by 8 fa!r dur+ 8 eighte5 ye>s ( (fice1 & br\ght him into connexion ) ! public f> m ?an 8 judicial functions4 ,to c>ry x out effici5tly he kept 9 communication ) ! lit]>y lead]s ( ,p>is1 & especially ) ,did]ot1 & ,grimm ev5 goes s f> z to say t )\t ! assi/ance ( ,male%]bes ! ,encyclopdie w\ld probably nev] h be5 publi%$4 ,9 #agga he 0 call$ ^u to mix 9 politics2 ! p>lem5ts ( ,france _h be5 dissolv$1 & a new me?od ( adm9i/]+ ju/ice devis$ by ,maupe\1 :i* 0 9 itself comm5dable z t5d+ to ! bett] & quick] adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 b p]nici\s z exhibit+ a t5d5cy to ov]-c5tralization1 & z aboli%+ ! h]$it>y nobility ( ! robe1 :i*1 ) all its faults1 _h f its nature pres]v$ "s indep5d5ce1 & be5 a *eck on ! royal p[]4 ,male%]bes pres5t$ a /rong remon/rance aga9/ ! new sy/em1 & 0 at once bani%$ to 8 c\ntry seat at ,/ ,lucie1 to be recall$1 h[ev]1 ) ! old p>lem5t on ! accession ( ,l\is ,,xvi41 & to be made m9i/] ( ! maison du roi 9 #agge4 ,he only held (fice n9e mon?s1 dur+ :i*1 h[ev]1 he direct$ 8 att5tion to ! police ( ! k+dom1 :i* came "u 8 dep>tm5t1 & did mu* to *eck ! odi\s practice ( issu+ lettres de ca*et4 ,! prote/ ( ! c\r des aides 9 #agge is "o ( ! mo/ important docum5ts ( ! old rgime 9 ,france4 ,x gives a complete survey ( ! corrupt & ineffici5t adm9i/ration1 & pres5t$ ! k+ ) mo/ outspok5 criticism4 ,on retir+ f ! m9i/ry ) ,turgot 9 #aggf1 he betook himself entirely to a happy c\ntry & dome/ic life & travell$ ?r\gh ,switz]l&1 ,g]many & ,holl&4 ,an essay on ,prote/ant m>riages 7#aghg7 did mu* to procure = !m ! civil recognition 9 ,france4 ,he _h always be5 an en?usia/ic botani/2 8 av5ue at ,/ ,lucie 0 _w fam\s2 he _h writt5 aga9/ ,buffon on behalf ( ! botani/s :om ,buffon _h attack$1 & _h be5 elect$ a memb] ( ! ,acadmie des sci5ces z f> back z #agej4 ,he 0 n[ elect$ a memb] ( ! ,acadmie franaise1 & ev]y?+ seem$ to promise a quiet & peaceful old age sp5t 9 ! bosom ( 8 family & occupi$ ) sci5tific & lit]>y pursuits1 :5 ! k+ 9 8 difficulties wi%$ = ! support ( 8 "n1 & summon$ him back to ! m9i/ry 9 #aghg4 ,lamoignon-,male%]bes held (fice b a %ort "t1 b return$ to 8 c\ntry life ?is "t ) a feel+ ( insecurity & disquiet1 &1 z ! tr\bles increas$1 retir$ to ,switz]l&4 ,nev]!less1 9 ,decemb] #agib1 9 spite ( ! fair excuse 8 old age & long retirem5t w\ld h giv5 him1 he volunt>ily left 8 asylum & und]took ) ,tron*et & ,desze ! def5ce ( ! k+ be=e ! ,conv5tion1 & x 0 8 pa9ful task to break ! news ( 8 condemnation to ! k+4 ,aft] ?is ef=t he return$ once m to ! c\ntry1 b 9 ,decemb] #agic he 0 arre/$ ) 8 daught]1 8 son-9-law ,m4 de ,rosambo1 & 8 gr&*ildr51 & on ! #bcrd ( ,april #agid he 0 guillot9$1 aft] hav+ se5 all :om he lov$ 9 ! _w execut$ be=e 8 eyes = _! relation%ip to him4 ,male%]bes is "o ( ! sweete/ *>act]s ( ! #ah? c5tury2 ?\gh no man ( action1 h>dly a man ( ! _w1 by 8 *>ity & unfeign$ goodness he became "o ( ! mo/ popul> m5 9 ,france1 & x 0 an act ( true/ self-devotion 9 him to sacrifice himself = a k+ :o _h done little or no?+ = him4 ,!re are 9 pr9t sev]al sci5tific works ( ,male%]bes ( v>y+ value1 ( :i* ! mo/ int]e/+ is 8 ,obs]vations sur ,buffon et ,daub5ton1 writt5 :5 he 0 v "y1 & publi%$ ) a notice by ,abeille 9 #agih4 ,!re exi/ also 8 ,mmoire p\r ,l\is ,,xvi41 8 ,mmoire sur la lib]t de la presse 7publi%$ #ahji7 & extracts f 8 remon/rances1 publi%$ z ,oeuvres *oisies de ,male%]bes 9 #ahji4 ,= 8 life %\ld be read ! ,notice hi/orique 7#crd ed41 #ahjf7 ( ,dubois1 ! loge hi/orique 7#ahje7 ( ,gaill>d1 & ! int]e/+ ,essai sur la vie1 les crits et les op9ions de ,m4 de ,male%]bes 79 #b vols41 #ahah71 ( ,f4 ,a4 de ,boissy d',anglas4 ,!re are also _m loges on him 9 pr9t1 ( :i* ! be/-kn[n is t ( ,m4 ,dup91 :i* 0 deliv]$ at ! ,academy 9 #ahda1 & 0 review$ ) mu* light on ,male%]bes's control ( ! press by ,sa9te-,beuve 9 ! #bnd volume ( ! ,caus]ies du lundi4 ,! prote/ ( ! c\r des aides has be5 publi%$ ) translation by ,g4 ,rob9son 9 ! ,translations & ,repr9ts ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania 7#aijj74 ,= 8 def5ce ( ,l\is ,,xvi4 see ,m>quis de ,beauc\rt1 ,captivit et d]ni]s mom5ts de ,l\is ,,xvi4 7#b vols41 #ahib1 ,soc4 d'hi/4 contemp471 & ,a4 ,tuetey1 ,rp]toire gnral des s\rces manuscrites de l'hi/4 de ,p>is p5dant la ,rev4 fr41 vol4 viii4 7#aijh74 ,,malet1 ,,lucas1 ! p5-"n ( ,m>y ,/ ,leg] ,h>rison 7#aheb- 71 ,engli% noveli/4 ,%e 0 ! elde/ daught] ( ,*>les ,k+sley1 & 0 born at ,ev]sley on ! #d? ( ,june #aheb4 ,%e /udi$ at ! ,slade s*ool & at ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london1 & m>ri$ 9 #ahgf ,william ,h>rison1 rector ( ,clovelly4 ,aft] h] husb&'s dea? 9 #ahig %e ev5tually settl$ 9 ,london4 ,%e _h already writt5 sev]al books--,mrs ,lorim] 7#ahhb71 ,colonel ,end]by's ,wife 7#ahhe71 ,little ,pet] 7#ahhg71 ,a ,c\nsel ( ,p]fection 7#ahhh7--:5 %e publi%$ h] p[]ful /ory1 ,! ,wages ( ,s9 7#ahia71 :i* attract$ great att5tion4 ,h] ,hi/ory ( ,sir ,ri*>d ,calmady 7#aija7 _h an ev5 great] success4 ,h] o!r novels include ,! ,c>issima 7#ahif71 ,! ,gateless ,b>ri] 7#aijj71 ,on ! ,f> ,horizon 7#aijf74 ,,malh]be1 ,,fran,,ois ,,de 7#aeee-afbh71 ,fr5* poet1 critic & translator1 0 born at ,ca5 9 #aeee4 ,8 family 0 ( "s position1 ?\gh x seems n to h be5 able to e/abli% to ! satisfaction ( h]alds ! claims :i* x made to nobility old] ?an ! #af? c5tury4 ,! poet 0 ! elde/ son ( ano!r ,franois de ,malh]be1 conseill] du roi 9 ! magi/racy ( ,ca54 ,he himself 0 elaborately educat$ at ,ca51 at ,p>is1 at ,heidelb]g & at ,basel4 ,at ! age ( tw5ty-"o1 pref]r+ arms to ! g[n1 he ent]$ ! h\sehold ( ,h5ri d',ang\lme1 gr& prior ( ,france1 ! natural son ( ,h5ry ,,ii4 ,he s]v$ ?is pr9ce z secret>y 9 ,prov5ce1 & m>ri$ !re 9 #aeha4 ,x seems t he wrote v]ses at ?is p]iod1 b1 to judge f a quotation ( ,tallemant des ,raux1 !y mu/ h be5 v bad ones4 ,8 patron di$ :5 ,malh]be 0 on a visit 9 8 native prov9ce1 & = a "t he _h no p>ticul> employm5t1 ?\gh by "s s]vile v]ses he obta9$ a consid]able gift ( money f ,h5ry ,,iii41 :om he aft]w>ds libell$4 ,he liv$ p>tly 9 ,prov5ce & p>tly 9 ,norm&y = _m ye>s aft] ?is ev5t2 b v little is kn[n ( 8 life dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,8 ,l>mes de ,sa9t ,pi]re1 imitat$ f ,luigi ,tansillo1 appe>$ 9 #aehg4 ,x 0 9 ! ye> p>t+ ! two c5turies 7#afjj7 t he pres5t$ to ,m>ie de' ,m$ici an ode ( welcome1 ! fir/ ( 8 rem>kable poems4 ,b f\r or five ye>s m pass$ be=e 8 =tune1 :i* _h hi!rto be5 indiff]5t1 turn$4 ,he 0 pres5t$ by 8 c\ntryman1 ! ,c>d9al ,du ,p]ron1 to ,h5ry ,,iv42 &1 ?\gh t economical pr9ce did n at fir/ %[ any great eag]ness to ent]ta9 ! poet1 he 0 at la/ summon$ to c\rt & end[$ aft] "o fa%ion or ano!r4 ,x is said t ! p5sion promis$ him 0 n paid till ! next reign4 ,8 fa!r di$ 9 #afjf1 & he came into 8 inh]itance4 ,f ?is "t =w>d he liv$ at c\rt1 correspond+ affectionately ) 8 wife1 b see+ h] only twice 9 "s tw5ty ye>s4 ,8 old age 0 sadd5$ by a great mis=tune4 ,8 son1 ,m>c ,anto9e1 a "y man ( promise1 fell 9 a duel 9 #afbf4 ,8 fa!r us$ 8 utmo/ influ5ce to h ! guilty p>ties 7= m ?an "o 7 conc]n$1 & !re are gr\nds = ?9k+ t x 0 n a fair duel7 br\ght to ju/ice4 ,b he di$ be=e ! suit 0 decid$ 7x is said 9 consequ5ce ( disease caught at ! camp ( ,la ,ro*elle1 :i!r he _h gone to petition ! k+71 9 ,p>is1 on ! #af? ( ,octob]1 #afbh1 at ! age ( sev5ty-?ree4 ,! p]sonal "* ( ,malh]be 0 f> f amiable1 b he ex]cis$1 or at lea/ indicat$ ! ex]cise (1 a great & endur+ effect ^u ,fr5* lit]ature1 ?\gh by no means a :olly b5eficial "o4 ,! l9es ( ,boileau beg9n+ ,enf9 ,malh]be v9t are r5d]$ only p>tially applicable by ! extraord9>y ignorance ( old] ,fr5* poetry :i* di/+ui%$ t p]emptory critic4 ,b ! good z well z bad side ( ,malh]be's !ory & practice is excell5tly describ$ by 8 contempor>y & sup]ior ,regni]1 :o 0 animat$ aga9/ him1 n m]ely by reason ( 8 own devotion to ,rons>d b because ( ,malh]be's disc\rtesy t[>ds ,regni]'s uncle ,p4 ,desportes1 :om ! ,norman poet _h at fir/ di/9ctly copi$4 ,^! are ! l9es3-- ,cep5dant leur savoir ne s't5d nullem5t ,qu' rgratt] un mot d\teuse au jugem5t1 ,pr5dre g>de qu'un qui ne heurte une diph?ongue1 ,epi] si des v]s la rime e/ brve ou longue1 ,ou bi5 si la voyelle l'autre s'unissant ,ne r5d po9t l'oreille un v]s trop languissant4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,c'e/ pros] de la rime et rim] de la prose4 ,?is is p]fectly true1 & f ! "t ( ,malh]be dates t great & deplorable fall+ (f ( ,fr5* poetry 9 its m poetic qualities1 :i* 0 n made good till #ahcj4 ,nev]!less ! critical & re/ra9+ t5d5cy ( ,malh]be 0 n ill 9 place aft] ! luxuriant importation & innovation ( ! ,pliade2 & if he _h conf9$ himself to prea*+ great] te*nical p]fection1 & especially great] simplicity & purity 9 vocabul>y & v]sification1 in/ead ( sup]cili\sly /rik+ 8 p5 ?r\gh ! great works ( 8 pr$ecessors1 he w\ld h des]v$ :olly well4 ,z x 01 8 re=ms help$ to elaborate ! k9d ( v]se necess>y = ! classical trag$y1 & t is ! mo/ t c be said = him4 ,8 own poetical "w is scanty 9 am\nt1 & = ! mo/ "p frigid & devoid ( inspiration4 ,! beautiful ,consolation ,dup]i]1 9 :i* occurs ! fam\s l9e-- ,et1 rose1 elle a vcu ce que viv5t les roses-- ! odes to ,m>ie de' ,m$ici & to ,l\is ,,xiii41 & a few o!r pieces comprise all t is really wor? rememb]+ ( him4 ,8 prose "w is mu* m abundant1 n less rem>kable = c>e z to /yle & expression1 & ( great] positive value4 ,x consi/s ( "s translations ( ,livy & ,s5eca1 & ( a v l>ge numb] ( int]e/+ & admirably writt5 lett]s1 _m ( :i* are address$ to ,peiresc1 ! man ( sci5ce ( :om ,gass5di has left a delightful ,lat9 life4 ,x conta9s also a mo/ curi\s comm5t>y on ,desportes1 9 :i* ,malh]be's m9ute & c>p+ /yle ( v]bal criticism is display$ on ! great scale4 ,! *ief au?orities = ! biography ( ,malh]be are ! ,vie de ,malh]be by 8 fri5d & pupil ,racan1 & ! long ,hi/oriette :i* ,tallemant des ,raux has devot$ to him4 ,! /&>d edition is ! admirable "o ( ,ludovic ,lalanne 7#e vols41 ,p>is1 #ahfb-ahfi74 ,( ! poems only1 !re is an excell5t & h&some little issue 9 ! ,n\velle collection ,jannet 7,p>is1 #ahgd74 ,( mod]n works devot$ to him1 ,la ,doctr9e de ,malh]be1 by ,g4 ,brunot 7#ahia71 is n only ! mo/ important b a "w altoge!r capital 9 reg>d to ! /udy ( ,fr5* language & lit]ature4 ,o!rs are ,a4 ,ga/1 ,la ,jeunesse de ,malh]be 7#ahij72 ,v4 ,b\rri5ne1 ,po9ts obscurs dans la vie norm&e de ,malh]be 7#ahie72 & ! duc de ,broglie's ,malh]be 9 ,les ,gr&s criva9s franais4 ,on 8 position 9 ,fr5* & g5]al critical hi/ory1 ,g4 ,sa9tsbury's ,hi/ory ( ,criticism1 vol4 ii41 may be consult$4 7,g4 ,sa47 ,,malibran1 ,,m>ie ,f,,licit 7#ahjh-ahcf71 op]atic s+]1 daught] ( ,manoel ,g>cia1 0 born 9 ,p>is on ! #bd? ( ,m>* #ahjh4 ,h] fa!r 0 !n a memb] ( ! company ( ! ,?tre des ,itali5s1 & %e accompani$ him to ,italy & ,london4 ,%e possess$ a soprano voice ( unusual beauty & ph5om5al compass1 :i* 0 c>efully cultivat$ by h] fa!r4 ,%e 0 only sev5te5 :51 9 consequ5ce ( an indisposition ( ,madame ,pa/a1 %e 0 sudd5ly ask$ to take h] place 9 ,! ,b>b] ( ,seville at ,cov5t ,g>d54 ,%e 0 =?) engag$ = ! rema9+ six weeks ( ! season1 & !n foll[$ h] fa!r to ,new ,york1 :]e %e appe>$ 9 ,o!llo1 ,! ,b>b] ( ,seville1 ,don ,juan1 ,romeo & ,juliet1 ,tancr$4 ,h] gifts z an actress 7 on a p> ) h] magnific5t voice1 & h] gaiety made h] irresi/ible 9 light op]a1 al?\gh h] great triumphs 7 obta9$ *iefly 9 tragic p>ts4 ,%e m>ri$ a ,fr5* bank] ( ,new ,york1 nam$ ,malibran1 :o 0 mu* old] ?an h]self4 ,! m>riage 0 an unhappy "o1 & ,mme ,malibran return$ alone to ,europe 9 #ahbh1 :5 %e began ! s]ies ( repres5tations at ! ,?tre des ,itali5s1 :i* excit$ an en?usiasm 9 ,p>is only exce$$ by ! reception %e receiv$ 9 ! pr9cipal t[ns ( ,italy4 ,%e 0 =mally divorc$ f ,malibran 9 #ahce1 & m>ri$ ! ,belgian viol9i/1 ,*>les de ,b]iot2 b %e di$ ( fev] on ! #bcrd ( ,septemb] #ahcf4 ,see ,memoirs ( ,mme ,malibran by ! comtesse de ,m]l9 & o!r intimate fri5ds1 ) a selection f h] correspond5ce 7#b vols41 #ahdj72 & ,m4 ,t5eo1 ,la ,malibran1 d'aprs des docum5ts 9dits1 9 ,sammelbnde d] int]national5 ,musik-,gesells*aft 7,leipzig1 #aijf74 ,,malic ,,acid 7,,hydroxye?yl5e ,,succ9ic ,,acid71 ,c#d;,h#f,o#e1 an organic acid f\nd abundantly 9 ! juices ( _m plants1 p>ticul>ly 9 m\nta9-a% b]ries1 9 unripe apples & 9 grapes4 ,! acid potassium salt is also f\nd 9 ! leaves & /alks ( rhub>b4 ,s9ce ! acid conta9s an asymmetric c>bon atom1 x c exi/ 9 ?ree =ms1 a dextro-rotatory1 a laevo-rotatory & an inactive =m2 ! acid obta9$ 9 ! v>i\s syn!tical processes is ! inactive =m4 ,x may be prep>$ by heat+ racemic acid 7see ,,t>t>ic ,,acid7 ) fum+ hydriodic acid2 by heat+ fum>ic acid 7q4v47 ) wat] at #aej-bjj ,c42 by ! action ( nitr\s acid on inactive asp>tic acid2 & by ! action ( moi/ silv] oxide on monobromsucc9ic acid4 ,x =ms deliquesc5t cry/als1 :i* are readily soluble 9 alcohol & melt at #ajj ,c4 ,:5 heat$ = "s "t at #acj ,c4 x yields fum>ic acid 7q4v471 & on rapid heat+ at #ahj ,c4 gives maleic anhydride & fum>ic acid4 ,x yields c\m>9s :5 w>m$ ) sulphuric acid & ph5ols 7,h4 v4 ,pe*mann1 ,b]41 #ahhd1 #ag1 #ibi1 #afdi et seq474 ,potassium bi*romate oxidizes x to malonic acid2 nitric acid oxidizes x to oxalic acid2 & hydriodic acid r$uces x to succ9ic acid4 ,! inactive v>iety may be split into ! compon5t active =ms by means ( its c9*on9e salt 7,g4 ,j4 ,w4 ,brem]1 ,b]41 #ahhj1 #ac1 #ceb74 ,,malignant 7,lat4 malignus1 evil-dispos$1 f malig5us71 wick$1 ( a malici\s or wilfully evil disposition4 ,! ^w 0 e>ly appli$ by ! ,prote/ants to ! ,romani/s1 ) an allusion to ! congregation ( evil do]s 7,vulgate ,ecclesiam malignantium7 ( ,psalm xxvi4 #e4 ,9 ,engli% hi/ory1 dur+ ! ,great ,rebellion1 ! "n 0 giv5 to ! ,royali/s by ! ,p>liam5t>y p>ty4 ,9 ! ,great ,remon/rance ( #afda occur ! words ! malignant p>tie1 :]( ! ,ar*bi%op 7,laud7 & ! e>l ( ,/raf=d be+ heads4 ,! "n ?r\gh\t ! p]iod _h special ref]5ce to ! religi\s diff]5ces betwe5 ! p>ties4 ,9 m$ical sci5ce1 ! t]m malignant is appli$ to a p>ticul>ly virul5t or dang]\s =m :i* a disease may take1 or to a tum\r or gr[? ( rapid gr[?1 ext5sion to ! lymphatic gl&s1 & recurr5ce aft] op]ation4 ,,malik ,,ibn ,,anas 7c4 #gah-gie71 ! f\nd] ( ! ,malikite s*ool ( canon law1 0 born at ,m$9a ab\t ,a4,d4 #gah3 ! precise date is n c]ta94 ,he /udi$ & pass$ 8 life !re1 & came to be reg>d$ z ! greate/ local au?ority 9 !ology & law4 7,= 8 legal sy/em & its hi/ory see ,,mahomm$an ,,law47 ,8 life 0 "o ( extreme hon\r & dignity1 b unev5tful1 be+ giv5 to /udy1 lectur+ on law & act+ z mufti & judge4 ,only two episodes /& out 9 8 biography4 ,:5 ,mahomm$ ibn ',abdallah1 ! ',alid1 rose 9 ,a4,d4 #gfb at ,m$9a aga9/ ! ',abbasids1 ,malik gave a fatwa1 or legal op9ion1 t ! oa? ( allegiance to ! ',abbasids 0 invalid1 z extort$ by =ce4 ,= ?is indep5d5ce he 0 sev]ely sc\rg$ by ! ',abbasid gov]nor1 :o1 app>5tly1 did n d>e to g beyond sc\rg+ ) a man ( 8 /&+ ) ! p4 ,! second episode gave equal pro( ( indep5d5ce4 ,9 #gie ,h>un al-,ra%id made ! pilgrimage1 came ) two ( 8 sons to ,m$9a1 & sat at ! feet ( ,malik z he lectur$ 9 ! mosque4 ,! /ory1 leg5d>y or hi/orical1 adds t ,malik _h refus$ to g to ! caliph1 say+ t x 0 = ! /ud5t to come to 8 tea*]4 ,late 9 life he seems to h turn$ to asceticism & contemplation4 ,x is said t he retir$ f all active1 public life & ev5 neglect$ pla91 public duties1 reply+ to reproa*es1 ,n e "o c speak 9 8 own excuse 7,ibn ,qutaiba1 ,ma 'arif1 #bej74 ,he is also ent]$ among ! e>ly ascetic ,sufis 7cf4 ,fihri/1 #ahc74 ,he di$ 9 ,m$9a1 ,a4,d4 #gie4 ,= a description ( 8 pr9cipal book1 ! ,muwatta'1 see ,goldzih]'s ,muhamm$anis*e ,/udi51 ii4 #bac sqq4 ,he wrote also a ,koran comm5t>y1 n[ app>5tly lo/1 & a hortatory epi/le to ,h>un al-,ra%id4 ,see fur!r1 de ,slane's trans4 ( ,ibn ,khallikan1 ii4 #ede sqq42 von ,krem]1 ,culturges*i*te1 i4 #dgg sqq42 ,brockelmann1 ,ges*4 d] arab4 ,litt41 i4 #age sqq42 ,macdonald1 ,muslim ,!ology1 c41 #ii sqq4 & index2 ,fihri/1 #aih seq42 ,nawawi1 #ecj sqq4 7,d4 ,b4 ,ma47 ,,mal9es 7,flemi%1 ,me*el51 call$ 9 ! middle ages by ! ,lat9 "n ,me*l9ia1 :5ce ! spell+ ,me*l971 an anci5t & important city ( ,belgium1 & ! seat s9ce #aeei ( ! only ar*bi%opric 9 t c\ntry4 ,pop4 7#aijd71 #eh1aja4 ,! "n is suppos$ to be d]iv$ f m>is l9ea1 & to indicate t orig9ally ! sea came up to x4 ,x is n[ situat$ on ! ,dyle1 & is 9 ! prov9ce ( ,antw]p1 ly+ ab\t half-way betwe5 ,antw]p & ,brussels4 ,! *ief importance ( ,mal9es is d]iv$ f ! fact t x is 9 a s5se ! religi\s capital ( ,belgium--! ar*bi%op be+ ! primate ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* 9 t c\ntry4 ,! ar*bi%op's palace is 9 a picturesque situation1 & dates f ! creation ( ! dignity4 ,! pr9cipal build+ 9 ! city is ! exce$+ly f9e ca!dral d$icat$ to ,/ ,rombaut4 ,?is ca!dral 0 begun 9 ! #ab? & f9i%$ e>ly 9 ! #ad? c5tury1 & al?\gh modifi$ 9 ! #ae? aft] a fire1 x rema9s "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable specim5s ( ,go?ic ar*itecture 9 ,europe4 ,! massive t[] ( ov] #cjj ft41 :i* is describ$ z unf9i%$ because ! orig9al int5tion 0 to c>ry x to #ejj ft41 is its mo/ /rik+ ext]nal feature4 ,! p ( ,mal9es ga9$ 9 ! old di/i*--gaudet ,me*l9ia /ultis--! reputation ( be+ fools1 because "o ( ! citiz5s on see+ ! moon ?r\gh ! dorm] w9d[s ( ,/ ,rombaut call$ out t ! place 0 on fire1 & 8 fell[-citiz5s1 foll[+ 8 example1 endeav\r$ to put out ! conflagration until !y realiz$ ! tru?4 ,! ca!dral conta9s a f9e alt>-piece by ,van ,dyck1 & ! pulpit is 9 c>v$ oak ( ! #ag? c5tury4 ,ano!r old palace is t ( ,m>g>et ( ,au/ria1 reg5t = ,*>les ,v41 :i* has be5 c>efully pres]v$ & is n[ us$ z a c\rt ( ju/ice4 ,9 ! *ur* ( ,notre ,dame 7#af? c5tury7 is ,rub5s' ma/]piece ! miracul\s draught ( fi%es1 & 9 t ( ,/ ,john is a f9e tripty* by ! same ma/]4 ,mal9es1 al?\gh no long] fam\s = its lace1 c>ries on a l>ge trade 9 l951 ne$les1 furniture & oil1 :ile z a junction = ! l9e f ,gh5t to ,l\va9 & ,lige1 z well z = t f ,antw]p to ,brussels & ! s\?1 its /ation is "o ( ! busie/ 9 ,belgium1 & ?is fact has contribut$ to ! g5]al prosp]ity ( ! city4 ,! lord%ip ( ,mal9es 0 conf]r$ z a sep>ate fief by ,pipp9 ! ,%ort on 8 k9sman ,c\nt ,adon 9 #ged4 ,9 ! #i? c5tury ,*>les ! ,bald be/[$ ! fief on ! bi%op ( ,lige1 & aft] be+ %>$ betwe5 ,brabant & ,fl&]s x pass$ into ! h&s ( ,philip ! ,bold1 f\nd] ( ! h\se ( ,burgundy1 9 #achd4 ,dur+ ! religi\s tr\bles ( ! #af? c5tury ,mal9es suff]$ greatly1 & 9 #aegb x 0 sack$ by ,alva's troops dur+ ?ree days4 ,9 ! w>s ( ! #ag? & #ah? c5turies x 0 besieg$ _m times & captur$ by ! ,fr5*1 ,dut* & ,engli% on sev]al occasions4 ,! ,fr5* f9ally remov$ ! =tifications 9 #ahjd1 s9ce :i* ye> x has be5 an op5 t[n4 ,,mallanwan1 a t[n 9 ,h>doi di/rict1 ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces1 ,india4 ,pop4 7#aija71 #aa1aeh4 ,"u native rule ! t[n possess$ consid]able political importance1 & ^u ! ,briti% annexation ( ,oudh x 0 select$ z ! headqu>t]s ( ! di/rict1 b 0 ab&on$ 9 fav\r ( ,h>doi aft] ! ,mut9y4 ,saltpetre & brass ut5sils are manufactur$4 ,,mall>m1 ,,fran,,ois ,,r5 ,,augu/e 7#agee-ahce71 ,fr5* ,revolutioni/1 ! son ( a lawy]1 0 born at ,nancy on ! #be? ( ,febru>y #agee4 ,he 0 br\ght up 9 8 fa!r's pr(ession1 & 0 appo9t$ procureur-syndic ( ! di/rict ( ,pont--,m\sson4 ,dur+ ! ,revolution he 0 elect$ by ! dep>tm5t ( ,meur! deputy to ! ,legislative ,assembly & ! ,conv5tion1 :]e he atta*$ himself to ! ,m\nta9 & vot$ = ! dea? ( ,l\is ,,xvi4 ,he 0 elect$ presid5t ( ! ,conv5tion on ! #cj? ( ,may #agic1 & by 8 weakness dur+ ! crisis ( ! foll[+ day contribut$ mu* to ! success ( ! insurrection aga9/ ! ,girondi/s4 ,he took an active "p 9 ! leve-en-masse1 & 9 ,novemb] #agic 0 giv5 ! task ( e/abli%+ ! revolution>y gov]nm5t 9 ! dep>tm5ts ( ,meuse & ,moselle1 :]e he ga9$ an un5viable notoriety by ord]+ ! execution ( ! s5t5ce ( dea? decre$ by ! revolution>y tribunal on "s "y girls at ,v]dun :o _h (f]$ fl[]s to ! ,prussians :5 !y ent]$ ! t[n4 ,aft] ! fall ( ,robespi]re he jo9$ ! gr\p ( ,!rmidorians & 0 s5t on mission to ! s\? ( ,france1 :]e he clos$ ! ,jacob9 club at ,t\l\se & set free a numb] ( imprison$ suspects4 ,on ! #a/ ( ,june #agie he 0 d5\nc$ & arre/$1 b 0 soon set at lib]ty4 ,9 #agif he 0 appo9t$ by ! ,directory commission] = ! organization ( ! dep>tm5ts ( ,dyle & ,mont-,tonn]re4 ,"u ! empire he 0 receiv] ( ! droits runis at ,nancy1 & lo/ 8 money 9 #ahad 9 rais+ a levy ( volunte]s4 ,appo9t$ sub-prefect ( ,avesnes dur+ ! ,hundr$ ,days1 he 0 imprison$ by ! ,prussians 9 rev5ge = ! dea? ( ! maid5s ( ,v]dun1 & liv$ 9 exile dur+ ! ,re/oration4 ,he return$ to ,france aft] ! revolution ( #ahcj1 & di$ at ,ri*emont 7,se9e-,infrieure7 on ! #be? ( ,july #ahce4 ,,mall>m1 ,,/,,phane 7#ahdb-ahih71 ,fr5* poet & !ori/1 0 born at ,p>is1 on ! #ah? ( ,m>* #ahdb4 ,8 life 0 simple & )\t ev5t4 ,8 small income z pr(essor ( ,engli% 9 a ,fr5* college 0 suffici5t = 8 ne$s1 &1 ) 8 wife & daught]1 he divid$ ! ye> betwe5 a f\r?-floor flat 9 ,p>is & a cottage on ! banks ( ! ,se9e4 ,8 ,tuesday ev5+ receptions1 :i* did s mu* to =m ! ?\ght ( ! m int]e/+ ( ! y\ng] ,fr5* m5 ( lett]s1 7 almo/ z important a "p ( 8 c>e] z ! few c>efully elaborat$ books :i* he produc$ at long int]vals4 ,l',aprs-midi d'un faune 7#ahgf7 & o!r fragm5ts ( 8 v]se & prose _h be5 kn[n to a few p long be=e ! publication ( ! ,posies compltes ( #ahhg1 9 a facsimile ( 8 cle> & elegant h&writ+1 & ( ! ,pages ( #ahia & ! ,v]s et prose ( #ahic4 ,8 rem>kable translation ( poems ( ,poe appe>$ 9 #ahhh1 ,! ,rav5 hav+ be5 publi%$ z e>ly z #ahge1 ) illu/rations by ,manet4 ,divagations1 8 own f9al edition ( 8 prose1 0 publi%$ 9 #ahig1 & a m or less complete edition ( ! ,posies1 po/hum\sly1 9 #ahii4 ,he di$ at ,valv9s1 ,fonta9ebleau1 on ! #i? ( ,septemb] #ahih4 ,all 8 life ,mall>m 0 9 se>* ( a new ae/hetics1 & 8 discov]ies by ! way 7 (t5 admirable4 ,b he 0 too critical ev] to create freely1 & too limit$ ev] to create abundantly4 ,8 great a*ievem5t rema9s unf9i%$1 & all t he left t[>ds x is n ( equal value4 ,!re are a few poems & a few pieces ( imag9ative prose :i* h ! haunt+ quality ( ,gu/ave ,moreau's pictures1 ) ! same jewell$ magnific5ce1 my/]i\s & yet def9ite4 ,8 lat] "w became m & m obscure1 z he seem$ to himself to h aboli%$ limit aft] limit :i* holds back spee* f ! expression ( ! absolute4 ,f9ally1 he ab&on$ punctuation 9 v]se1 & inv5t$ a new punctuation1 along ) a new con/ruction1 = prose4 ,pati5ce 9 ! /udy ( s difficult an au?or has its rew>d4 ,no "o 9 our "t has v9dicat$ ) m pride ! self-suffici5cy ( ! arti/ 9 8 /ruggle ) ! mat]ial _w4 ,to ^? :o knew him only by 8 writ+s 8 conv]sation 0 />tl+ 9 its cle>ness2 x 0 always1 l all 8 "w1 at ! s]vice ( a few dignifi$ & misund]/ood ideas4 ,see also ,paul ,v]la9e1 ,les ,potes maudits 7#ahhd72 ,j4 ,lematre1 ,les ,contempora9s 7#e? s]ies1 #ahia72 ,alb]t ,moekel1 ,/phane ,mall>m1 un hros 7#ahii72 ,e4 ,w4 ,gosse1 ,fr5* ,pr(iles 7#aije7 & ,a4 ,symons1 ,! ,symboli/ ,movem5t 9 ,lit]ature 7#aijj74 ,a complete bibliography is giv5 9 ! ,potes d'auj\rd'hui 7#ahhj-aijj1 #aa? ed41 #aije7 ( ,,mm4 ,a4 van ,bev] & ,p4 ,lautaud4 7,a4 ,sy47 ,,malleco1 a prov9ce ( s\!rn ,*ile1 once a "p ( ! ,indian t]ritory ( ,araucania 7q4v471 ly+ betwe5 ! prov9ces ( ,bio-,bio on ! ,n4 & ,e41 ,caut9 on ! ,s4 & ,arauco on ! ,w4 ,area1 #bigc sq4 m4 ,pop4 7#ahie71 #ih1jcb4 ,x belongs to ! ra9y1 =e/$ region ( s\!rn ,*ile1 & is ?9ly populat$1 a consid]able "p ( its population be+ ,araucanian ,indians1 :o occupy di/ricts 9 ! ,&ean foo?ills4 ,gold plac] m9+ has attract$ "s att5tion1 b ! output is small4 ,! pr9cipal indu/ries are cattle & :eat rais+ & timb]-cutt+4 ,! capital is ,angol 7pop41 #gjef 9 #ahie2 e/imat$ at #gfch 9 #aijb71 a small t[n 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! prov9ce1 on ! ,malleco riv]1 & a /ation on ! ,traigu5 bran* ( ! /ate railway4 ,traigu5 7pop41 #egcb 9 #ahie2 e/imat$ at #gjii 9 #aijb7 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! prov9ce is ! second t[n 9 importance1 & ,victoria 7pop41 #fihi 9 #ahie2 e/imat$ at #aj1jjb 9 #aijb71 ab\t #bj m4 ,e4 ( ! la/-nam$ t[n1 0 = a "t ! t]m9al /ation ( ! ma9 l9e ( ! railway4 ,,mallemuck1 f ! ,g]man r5d]+ ( ! ,dut* ,mallemugge 7:i* orig9ally meant small flies or midges t madly :irl r\nd a light71 a "n giv5 by ! e>ly ,dut* ,arctic voyag]s to ! ,fulm> 7q4v471 ( :i* ! ,engli% =m is n[adays mo/ commonly appli$ by our sailors to ! small] albatrosses1 ( ab\t ! size ( a goose1 met ) 9 ! ,s\!rn ,ocean--corrupt$ into molly mawk1 or mollymauk4 ,a numb] ( species h be5 id5tifi$4 ,diom$ea irrorata ( ,we/ ,p]u is sooty-br[n ) :ite mottl+s & a :ite head2 ,d4 migripes ( ! ,nor? ,pacific is simil> 9 col\r b ) :ite only ne> ! eye & at ! base ( ! tail & bill2 ,d4 immutabilis ( ,japan is d>k] b has a :ite head4 ,d4 melanophrys ( ! s\!rn oceans has be5 f\nd 9 summ] bo? 9 ,cali=nia1 9 ,engl&1 & z f> nor? z ! ,fa]oes4 ,accord+ to ,j4 ,g\ld ! latt] is ! commone/ species ( albatross inhabit+ ! ,s\!rn ,ocean1 & its greg>i\s habits & famili> disposition make x well kn[n to e voyag] to or f ,au/ralia1 = x is equally common 9 ! ,atlantic z well z ! ,pacific4 ,! back1 w+s & tail are ( a blacki%-grey1 b all ! re/ ( ! plumage is :ite1 except a dusky sup]cili>y /reak1 :5ce its "n ( black-br[$ albatross1 z also its sci5tific epi!t1 are tak54 ,! bill ( ! adult is ( an o*re\s-yell[1 :ile t ( ! "y is d>k4 ,?is species bre$s on ! ,falkl& ,isl&s4 ,d4 bull]i ( ! ,new ,zeal& seas is greyi%-br[n1 ) :ite und]p>ts & rump & a%y head4 ,diom$ea 7or ,?alassog]on7 culm9ata & *lororhyn*a ( ! s\!rn seas1 ,d4 7or ,t47 cauta ( ,tasmania1 salv9i ( ,new ,zeal& & lay>di ( ! ,cape resemble ,d4 bull]i1 b h a /rip ( nak$ sk9 betwe5 ! plates ( ! maxilla t[>ds its base4 ,h4 ,n4 ,moseley 7,notes ( a ,naturali/1 #acj7 describes ,d4 culm9ata z mak+ a cyl9drical ne/ ( grass1 s$ge & clay1 ) a %all[ bas9 atop & an ov]hang+ rim--! :ole be+ ab\t #ad 94 9 diamet] & #aj 9 height4 ,! bird lays a s+le :ite egg1 :i* is held 9 a sort ( p\*1 =m$ by ! sk9 ( ! abdom51 :ile %e is incubat+4 ,! feet ( ,d4 bull]i are r$1 ( ,d4 *lororhyn*a fle%-col\r$1 ( ! o!rs yell[4 7,a4 ,n47 ,,malleson1 ,,george ,,bruce 7#ahbe-ahih71 ,indian (fic] & au?or1 0 born at ,wimbl$on1 on ! #h? ( ,may #ahbe4 ,educat$ at ,w9*e/]1 he obta9$ a cadet%ip 9 ! ,b5gal infantry 9 #ahdb1 & s]v$ ?r\gh ! second ,burmese ,w>4 ,8 subsequ5t appo9tm5ts 7 9 ! civil l9e1 ! la/ be+ t ( gu>dian to ! "y mah>aja ( ,mysore4 ,he retir$ ) ! rank ( colonel 9 #ahgg1 hav+ be5 creat$ ,c4,s4,i4 9 #ahgb4 ,he di$ at ,k5s+ton1 on ! #a/ ( ,m>* #ahih4 ,he 0 a volum9\s writ]1 8 fir/ "w to attract att5tion be+ ! fam\s ,r$ ,pamphlet1 publi%$ at ,calcutta 9 #aheg1 :5 ! ,mut9y 0 at its height4 ,he cont9u$1 & consid]ably rewrote ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,indian ,mut9y 7#f vols41 #ahgh-ahhj71 :i* 0 begun b left unf9i%$ by ,sir ,john ,kaye4 ,among 8 o!r books ! mo/ valuable are ,hi/ory ( ! ,fr5* 9 ,india 7#bnd ed41 #ahic7 & ,! ,decisive ,battles ( ,india 7#crd ed41 #ahhh74 ,,mallet 7or ,,mallo*71 ,,david 78#agje-agfe71 ,scotti% poet & dramati/1 ! son ( a ,p]?%ire f>m]1 0 born 9 t c\nty1 probably 9 #agje4 ,9 #agag he w5t to ! high s*ool at ,ed9burgh1 & "s ?ree ye>s lat] to ! univ]sity1 :]e he made ! fri5d%ip ( ,james ,?omson1 au?or ( ,! ,seasons4 ,z e>ly z #agbj he began to publi% %ort poems 9 ! mann] ( ! p]iod1 a numb] ( :i* appe>$ dur+ ! next few ye>s 9 collections su* z ! ,ed9burgh ,miscellany & ,allan ,ramsay's ,tea ,table ,miscellany1 9 :i* 8 ballad ,william & ,m>g>et 0 publi%$ 9 #agbd4 ,= "s ye>s f #agbc he 0 private tutor to ! duke ( ,montrose's sons1 ) :om he travell$ on ! ,cont95t 9 #agbg4 ,8 real "n 0 ,mallo*2 b ?is he *ang$ to ,mallet 9 #agbd4 ,9 #agce he took ! ,m4,a4 degree at ,ox=d4 ,he _h already made ! fri5d%ip ( ,pope1 ^: vanity he flatt]$ 9 a poem on ,v]bal ,criticism1 9 #agcc2 & ?r\gh ,pope he became acqua9t$ ) ,bol+broke & o!r ,tory politicians1 especially ^? atta*$ to ! p>ty ( ! pr9ce ( ,wales1 :o 9 #agdb appo9t$ ,mallet to be 8 paid secret>y4 ,aft] ,pope's dea?1 9 #agdd1 ,mallet1 at ! in/igation ( ,bol+broke & =getful ( pa/ fav\rs & fri5d%ip1 vilifi$ ! poet's memory1 !reby incurr+ ! res5tm5t ( ,pope's fri5ds4 ,= 8 s]vices z a p>ty pamphlete]1 9 :i* "* he publi%$ an attack on ,admiral ,byng1 ,mallet receiv$ f ,"l ,bute a lucrative s9ecure 9 #agfj4 ,he di$ on ! #ba/ ( ,april #agfe4 ,mallet 0 a small man1 9 8 y\ng] days some?+ ( a d&y & inord9ately va94 ,he 0 twice m>ri$2 by 8 fir/ wife he _h a daught]1 ,doro?y1 :o m>ri$ ,pietro ,paolo ,celesia1 a ,g5oese g5tleman1 & 0 ! au?or ( sev]al poems & plays1 notably ,almida1 produc$ by ,g>rick at ,drury ,lane 9 #agga4 ,mallet's own works includ$ sev]al plays1 "s ( :i* 7 produc$ by ,g>rick1 :o 0 ,mallet's p]sonal fri5d4 ,eurydice1 a trag$y1 ) prologue & epilogue by ,a>on ,hill1 0 produc$ at ,drury ,lane 9 #agca2 ,mu/apha1 also a trag$y1 _h consid]able success at ! same !atre 9 #agci2 9 #agdj1 9 collaboration ) ,?omson1 he produc$ ! masque ,alfr$1 ( :i* he publi%$ a new v]sion 9 #agea1 aft] ,?omson's dea?1 claim+ x to be almo/ entirely 8 own "w4 ,?is masque is notable z conta9+ ! well-kn[n patriotic song1 ,rule ,britannia1 ! au?or%ip ( :i* has be5 attribut$ to ,mallet1 al?\gh he all[$ x to appe> )\t prote/ 9 8 lifetime ) ,?omson's "n atta*$4 ,8 o!r writ+s include ,poems on ,sev]al ,occasions 7#agdc72 ,amyntor & ,!odora1 or ! ,h]mit 7#agdg72 ano!r volume ( ,poems 7#agfb74 ,9 #agei a collect$ edition ( ,mallet's ,works 0 publi%$ 9 ?ree volumes2 & 9 #aheg 8 ,ballads & ,songs 7 edit$ by ,f4 ,d9sdale ) notes1 & a biographical memoir ( ! au?or4 ,,mallet1 ,,paul ,,h5ri 7#agcj-ahjg71 ,swiss writ]1 0 born on ! #bj? ( ,augu/ #agcj1 9 ,g5eva4 ,aft] hav+ be5 educat$ !re1 he became tutor 9 ! family ( ! c\nt ( ,cal5b]g 9 ,saxony4 ,9 #ageb he 0 appo9t$ pr(essor ( belles lettres to ! academy at ,cop5hag54 ,he 0 naturally attract$ to ! /udy ( ! anci5t lit]ature & hi/ory ( 8 adopt$ c\ntry1 & 9 #agee he publi%$ ! fir/ fruits ( 8 rese>*es1 "u ! title ,introduction l'hi/oire du ,danem>ck o l'on traite de la religion1 des moeurs1 des lois1 et des usages des anci5s ,danois4 ,a second "p1 m p>ticul>ly relat+ to ! anci5t lit]ature ( ! c\ntry1 ,monum5ts de la my?ologie et de la poesie des ,celtes1 et p>ticulirem5t des anci5s ,sc&9aves1 0 issu$ 9 #agef1 & 0 also translat$ into ,dani%4 ,a translation into ,engli%1 ) notes & preface1 by ,bi%op ,p]cy1 0 issu$ 9 #aggj "u ! title ( ,nor!rn ,antiquities 7republi%$ ) additions 9 #ahdg74 ,! book _h a wide circulation1 & attract$ mu* att5tion on acc\nt ( its be+ ! fir/ 7?\gh a v defective7 translation into ,fr5* ( ! ,edda4 ,! k+ ( ,d5m>k %[$ 8 appreciation by *oos+ ,mallet to be preceptor ( ! cr[n pr9ce4 ,9 #agfj he return$ to ,g5eva1 & became pr(essor ( hi/ory 9 8 native city4 ,:ile !re he 0 reque/$ by ! cz>9a to und]take ! education ( ! heir-app>5t ( ,russia 7aft]w>ds ! cz> ,paul ,i471 b decl9$ ! hon\r4 ,an invitation m cong5ial to 8 ta/es l$ to 8 accompany+ ,"l ,m\nt/u>t 9 8 travels ?r\gh ,italy & !nce to ,engl&1 :]e he 0 pres5t$ at c\rt & commission$ to write ! hi/ory ( ! h\se ( ,brunswick4 ,he _h previ\sly receiv$ a simil> commission f ! l&grave ( ,hesse-,cassel = ! prep>ation ( a hi/ory ( ! h\se ( ,hesse1 & bo? works 7 complet$ 9 #aghe4 ,! quietude ( a lit]>y life 0 rudely brok5 by ! %ock ( ! ,revolution1 to :i* he 0 op5ly ho/ile4 ,8 lean+s to ! unpopul> side 7 s obnoxi\s to 8 fell[-citiz5s t he 0 oblig$ to quit 8 native c\ntry 9 #agib1 & rema9$ 9 exile till #ahja4 ,he di$ at ,g5eva1 on ! #h? ( ,febru>y #ahjg4 ,a memoir ( 8 life & writ+s1 by ,sismondi1 0 publi%$ at ,g5eva 9 #ahjg4 ,besides ! ,introduction to ! ,hi/ory ( ,d5m>k1 8 pr9cipal works are3 ,hi/oire du ,danem>ck 7#c vols41 ,cop5hag51 #ageh-aggg72 ,hi/oire de la maison de ,hesse 7#d vols41 #agfg-aghe72 ,hi/oire de la maison de ,brunswick 7#d vols41 #agfg-aghe72 ,hi/oire de la maison et des tats du ,meckl5b\rg 7#agif72 ,hi/oire des ,suisses ou ,helvti5s 7#d vols41 ,g5eva1 #ahjc7 7ma9ly an abridgm5t ( ,j4 von ,mll]'s great hi/ory72 ,hi/oire de la ligue hansatique 7#ahje74 ,,mallet1 ,,rob]t 7#ahaj-ahha71 ,iri% eng9e]1 physici/ & geologi/1 0 born 9 ,dubl91 on ! #crd ( ,june #ahaj4 ,he 0 educat$ at ,tr9ity ,college 9 t city1 & graduat$ ,b4,a4 9 #ahcj4 ,tra9$ z an eng9e]1 he 0 elect$ ,m4,in/4,c4,e4 9 #ahdb2 he built 9 #ahdh-ahdi ! ,fa/net ,rock ligh?\se1 s\?-we/ ( ,cape ,cle>1 & 0 engag$ 9 o!r important works4 ,devot+ mu* att5tion to pure sci5ce1 he became especially di/+ui%$ = 8 rese>*es on e>?quakes1 & f #aheb-aheh he 0 engag$ 7) 8 son ,john ,william ,mallet7 9 ! prep>ation ( 8 great "w1 ,! ,e>?quake ,catalogue ( ! ,briti% ,association 7#aheh74 ,9 #ahfb he publi%$ two volumes1 deal+ ) ! ,great ,neapolitan ,e>?quake ( #aheg & ,! ,fir/ ,pr9ciples ( ,obs]vational ,seismology4 ,he !n br\ght =w>d evid5ce to %[ t ! dep? bel[ ! e>?'s surface1 :5ce came ! impulse ( ! ,neapolitan e>?quake1 0 ab\t #h or #i geographical miles4 ,"o ( 8 mo/ important essays 0 t communicat$ to ! ,royal ,society 7,phil4 ,trans4 clxiii4 #adg2 #ahgd71 entitl$ ,volcanic ,en]gy3 an ,attempt to develop its ,true ,orig9 & ,cosmical ,relations4 ,he s\ght to %[ t volcanic heat may be attribut$ to ! effects ( cru%+1 contortion & o!r di/urbances 9 ! cru/ ( ! e>?2 ! di/urbances lead+ to ! =mation ( l9es ( fracture1 m or less v]tical1 d[n :i* wat] w\ld f9d its way1 & if ! temp]ature g5]at$ be suffici5t volcanic eruptions ( /eam or lava w\ld foll[4 ,he 0 elect$ ,f4,r4,s4 9 #ahed1 & he 0 aw>d$ ! ,wolla/on m$al by ! ,geological ,society ( ,london 9 #ahgg4 ,he di$ at ,clapham1 ,london1 on ! #e? ( ,novemb] #ahha4 ,,mallet ,,du ,,pan1 ,,jacques 7#agdi-ahjj71 ,fr5* j\rnali/1 ( an old ,hugu5ot family1 0 born ne> ,g5eva 9 #agdi1 ! son ( a ,prote/ant m9i/]4 ,he 0 educat$ at ,g5eva1 & ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ,voltaire obta9$ a pr(essor%ip at ,cassel4 ,he soon1 h[ev]1 resign$ ?is po/1 & go+ to ,london jo9$ ,h4,s4,n4 ,l+uet 9 ! production ( 8 ,annales politiques 7#aggh-aghj74 ,dur+ ,l+uet's imprisonm5t 9 ! ,ba/ille ,mallet du ,pan cont9u$ ! ,annales by himself 7#agha-aghc72 b ,l+uet res5t$ ?is on 8 release1 & ,mallet du ,pan *ang$ ! title ( 8 own publication to ,mmoires hi/oriques 7#aghc74 ,f #aghc he incorporat$ ?is "w ) ! ,m]cure de ,france 9 ,p>is1 ! political direction ( :i* _h be5 plac$ 9 8 h&s4 ,on ! outbreak ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution he sid$ ) ! ,royali/s1 & 0 s5t on a mission 7#agia-agib7 by ,l\is ,,xvi4 to ,frank=t to try & secure ! sympa?y & int]v5tion ( ! ,g]man pr9ces4 ,f ,g]many he travell$ to ,switz]l& & f ,switz]l& to ,brussels 9 ! ,royali/ int]e/4 ,he publi%$ a numb] ( anti-revolution>y pamphlets1 & a viol5t attack on ,bonap>te & ! ,directory result$ 9 8 be+ exil$ 9 #agig to ,b]ne4 ,9 #agih he came to ,london1 :]e he f\nd$ ! ,m]cure britannique4 ,he di$ at ,ri*mond1 ,surrey1 on ! #aj? ( ,may #ahjj1 8 wid[ be+ p5sion$ by ! ,engli% gov]nm5t4 ,mallet du ,pan has a place 9 hi/ory z a pione] ( mod]n political j\rnalism4 ,8 son ,,john ,,lewis ,,mallet 7#agge-ahfa7 sp5t a useful life 9 ! ,engli% civil s]vice1 becom+ secret>y ( ! ,bo>d ( ,audit2 & ,j4 ,l4 ,mallet's second son1 ,,sir ,,l\is ,,mallet 7#ahbc-ahij7 also ent]$ ! civil s]vice 9 ! ,bo>d ( ,trade & rose to be a di/+ui%$ economi/ & a memb] ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,india4 ,mallet du ,pan's ,mmoires et correspondance 0 edit$ by ,a4 ,say\s 7,p>is1 #ahea74 ,see ,mallet du ,pan & ! ,fr5* ,revolution 7#aijb71 by ,b]n>d ,mallet1 son ( ,sir ,l\is ,mallet1 au?or also ( a biography ( 8 fa!r 7#aijj74 ,,mall+1 ,,ea/ & ,,we/1 two popul\s villages 9 ! ,m$way p>liam5t>y division ( ,k5t1 ,engl&1 respectively #e & #f m4 ,w4 by ,n4 ( ,maid/one1 ) a /ation on ! ,s\?-,ea/]n & ,*a?am railway4 ,pop4 7#aija71 ,ea/ ,mall+1 #bcia2 ,we/ ,mall+1 #bcab4 ,!y are situat$ 9 a ri* agricultural di/rict on ! we/]n slope ( ! valley ( ! ,m$way1 & ,ea/ ,mall+ has l>ge pap] mills4 ,at ,we/ ,mall+ are rema9s ( ,mall+ ,abbey1 a ,b5$ict9e nunn]y f\nd$ 9 #ajij by ,gundulf1 bi%op ( ,ro*e/]4 ,! rema9s1 :i* are p>tly incorporat$ 9 a mod]n build+1 include ! ,norman we/ front ( ! *ur*1 ! ,e>ly ,engli% cloi/]s1 ! *apt]-h\se1 gate-h\se 7! *apel ( :i* is re/or$ to use71 & o!r portions4 ,ab\t ,add+ton ne> ,we/ ,mall+ are consid]able prehi/oric rema9s1 includ+ m\nds1 s+le /ones1 /one circles & pits 9 ! *alk hills2 :ile at ,leyb\rne are ! gateway & o!r fragm5ts ( ! ca/le held by ! ,leyb\rne family f ! #ab? to ! #ad? c5tury4 ,,mallock1 ,,william ,,hurrell 7#ahdi- 71 ,engli% au?or1 0 born at ,cock+ton ,c\rt1 ,devon%ire4 ,he 0 educat$ privately1 & at ,balliol ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,he won ! ,newdigate prize 9 #ahgb1 & took a second class 9 ! f9al classical s*ools 9 #ahgd4 ,he attract$ consid]able att5tion by 8 satirical /ory ,! ,new ,republic 7#b vols41 #ahgg71 9 :i* he introduc$ *>act]s easily recogniz$ z prom95t liv+ m51 ,m>k ,pattison1 ,mat!w ,arnold1 ,w4 ,k4 ,clif=d & o!rs4 ,8 ke5 logic & gift = acute exposition & criticism 7 display$ 9 lat] ye>s bo? 9 fiction & 9 controv]sial works4 ,9 a s]ies ( books deal+ ) religi\s que/ions he insi/$ on dogma z ! basis ( religion & on ! impossibility ( f\nd+ religion on purely sci5tific data4 ,9 ,is ,life ,wor? ,liv+8 7#ahgi7 & ,! ,new ,paul & ,virg9ia 7#ahgh7 he attack$ ,positivi/ !ories1 & 9 a volume on ! intellectual position ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 ,doctr9e & ,doctr9al ,disruption 7#aijj71 he advocat$ ! necessity ( a /rictly def9$ cre$4 ,lat] volumes on simil> topics 7 ,religion z a ,cr$ible ,doctr9e 7#aijc7 & ,! ,recon/ruction ( ,belief 7#aije74 ,he publi%$ sev]al brilliant works on economics1 direct$ aga9/ ,radical & ,sociali/ !ories3 ,social ,equality 7#ahhb71 ,prop]ty & ,progress 7#ahhd71 ,lab\r & ! ,popul> ,welf>e 7#ahic71 ,classes & ,masses 7#ahif7 & ,ari/ocracy & ,evolution 7#ahih72 & among 8 anti-sociali/ works %\ld be class$ 8 novel1 ,! ,old ,ord] ,*anges 7#ahhf74 ,8 o!r novels include ,a ,romance ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury 7#ahha71 ,a ,human ,docum5t 7#ahib71 ,! ,he>t ( ,life 7#ahie7 & ,! ,veil ( ! ,temple 7#aijd74 ,he publi%$ a volume ( ,poems 9 #ahhj1 & 9 #aijj ,lucretius on ,life & ,dea? 9 v]se4 ,,mall[1 a m>ket t[n & wat]+ place ( ,co4 ,cork1 ,irel&1 on ! ,blackwat]1 #add m4 ,s4,w4 f ,dubl91 & #ba ,n4 f ,cork by ! ,great ,s\!rn & ,we/]n railway4 ,pop4 7#aija71 #dedb4 ,x is a junction = l9es we/w>d to ,kill>ney & ,co4 ,k]ry1 & ea/w>d to ,lismore & ,co4 ,wat]=d4 ,! t[n owes its prosp]ity to its beautiful situation 9 a f9e valley surr\nd$ by m\nta9s1 & possesses a tepid m9]al spr+1 consid]$ efficaci\s 9 cases ( g5]al debility & = scorbutic & consumptive compla9ts4 ,a spa-h\se ) pump-room & ba?s 0 erect$ 9 #ahbh4 ,! p>i% *ur* dates f #ahah1 b !re are rema9s ( an e>li] build+ adjo9+ x4 ,!re are manufactures ( m9]al wat] & cond5s$ milk1 corn-mills & tann]ies4 ,mall[ receiv$ a *>t] ( incorporation f ,james ,i4 ,its "n 0 orig9ally ,magh ,allo1 t is1 ,pla9 ( ! ,allo 7! old "n us$ by ,sp5s] = ?is "p ( ! riv]71 & ! =d 0 def5d$ by a ca/le1 built by ! ,desmonds1 ! ru9s ( :i* rema94 ,a bridge connects ! t[n ) ! suburb ( ,ballydahe54 ,mall[ is a c5tre = ! f9e salmon fi%+ on ! ,blackwat]4 ,! climate is v mild4 ,! t[n 0 a p>liam5t>y bor\gh till #ahhe4 ,x is gov]n$ by an urban di/rict c\ncil4 ,,mall[1 botanically ,malva1 ! typical g5us ( ! natural ord] ,malvaceae1 embrac+ ab\t sixte5 species ( annual & p]5nial h]bace\s plants1 widely di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! nor!rn hemisph]e4 ,! mall[s possess ! r5i=m "o-cell$ an!rs :i* specially *>act]ize ! ,malvaceae 7q4v474 ,! petals also are unit$ by _! base to ! tube =m$ by ! coalesc$ filam5ts ( ! /am5s4 ,! special *>act]s :i* sep>ate ! g5us ,malva f o!rs mo/ ne>ly alli$ to x are ! involucre1 consi/+ ( a r[ ( ?ree sep>ate bracts atta*$ to ! l[] "p ( ! true calyx1 & ! num]\s s+le-se$$ c>pels dispos$ 9 a circle ar\nd a c5tral axis1 f :i* !y become deta*$ :5 ripe4 ,! fl[]s are mo/ly :ite or p9ki%1 nev] yell[1 ! leaves radiate-ve9$1 & m or less lob$ or cut4 ,?ree species are natives ( ,brita94 ,! musk mall[ 7,malva mos*ata7 is a p]5nial h]b ) five-p>tite1 deeply-cut leaves1 & l>ge rose-col\r$ fl[]s clu/]$ toge!r at ! ends ( ! bran*$ /ems1 & is f\nd gr[+ along h$ges & bord]s ( fields1 blossom+ 9 ,july & ,augu/4 ,x owes its "n to a slight musky od\r diffus$ by ! plant 9 w>m dry wea!r :5 x is kept 9 a conf9$ situation4 ,! r\nd-leav$ dw>f mall[ 7,malva rotundifolia7 is a creep+ p]5nial1 gr[+ 9 wa/e s&y places1 ) r\ndi% s]rate leaves & small p9ki%-:ite fl[]s produc$ 9 ! axils ( ! leaves f ,june to ,septemb]4 ,x is common ?r\gh\t ,europe & ! nor? ( ,africa1 ext5d+ to we/]n & nor!rn ,asia4 ,! common mall[ 7,malva sylve/ris71 ! mauve ( ! ,fr5*1 is an erect bi5nial or p]5nial plant ) long-/alk$ r\ndi%-angul> s]rate leaves1 & conspicu\s axill>y r$di%-purple fl[]s1 blossom+ f ,may to ,septemb]4 ,l mo/ plants ( ! ord] x ab\nds 9 mucilage1 & h5ce =ms a fav\rite dome/ic rem$y = colds & sore ?roats4 ,! anil9e dye call$ mauve d]ives its "n f its resemblance to ! col\r ( ?is plant4 ,illu/ration3 ,mall[ 7,malva sylve/ris71 #a_/c nat4 size4 #a4 ,fl[] 9 section4 #b4 ,/am5s %[+ ! union ( ! filam5ts into a common tube 7monadelph\s74 #c4 ,fruit ) p]si/5t calyx4 #a1 #b & #e enl>g$4 #d4 ,same se5 f ! back %[+ ! #c-leav$ epicalyx4 #e4 ,se$4 ,! m>% mall[ 7,al?aea (fic9alis71 ! guimauve ( ! ,fr5*1 belongs to ano!r g5us hav+ an involucre ( num]\s bracts4 ,x is a native ( m>%y gr\nd ne> ! sea or 9 ! neighb\rhood ( sal9e spr+s4 ,x is an erect p]5nial h]b1 ) some:at woody /ems1 velvety1 ovate1 acute1 unequally s]rate leaves1 & delicate p9k %[y fl[]s bloom+ f ,july to ,septemb]4 ,! fl[]s are said to yield a good deal ( honey to bees4 ,! m>% mall[ is rem>kable = conta9+ asp>ag91 ,c#d;,h#h,n#b,o#c1 ,h#b,o1 :i*1 if ! root be long kept 9 a damp place1 disappe>s1 butyric acid be+ develop$4 ,! root also conta9s ab\t #be ( />* & ! same quantity ( mucilage1 :i* diff]s f t ( gum arabic 9 conta9+ "o molecule less ( wat] & 9 be+ precipitat$ by neutral acetate ( lead4 ,x is us$ 9 pte de guimauve loz5ges4 ,al?aea rosea is ! hollyhock 7q4v474 ,! mall[ ( ,scripture1 ,job xxx4 #d1 has be5 sometimes id5tifi$ ) ,jew's mall[ 7,cor*orus olitorius71 a memb] ( ! closely alli$ ord] ,tiliaceae1 b m plausibly 7! ^w ,hebrew3 maluah imply+ a sal9e plant7 ) ,atriplex ,halimus1 or sea ora*e4 ,9 ,syria ! ,halimus 0 /ill kn[n by ! "n ,malluh 9 ! "t ( ,ibn ,beit>4 ,see ,bo*>t1 ,hi]oz4 iii4 #af4 ,,malm$y1 a t[n ( ,g]many1 9 ! ,prussian ,rh9e ,prov9ce1 ly+ 9 a wild & deep bas91 on ! ,w>*e1 #bj m4 ,s4 ( ,aix-la-,*apelle by rail via ,eup54 ,x conta9s two ,roman ,ca?olic *ur*es1 a mod]n t[n-hall & a classical s*ool4 ,its indu/ries include tann+1 dye+ & pap]-mak+4 ,pop4 7#aijj71 #dfhj4 ,malm$y 0 fam\s = its ,b5$ict9e abbey1 f\nd$ ab\t #fge1 :i* 0 unit$ ) t ( ,/ablo1 ! abbot ( ! jo9t h\se be+ a pr9ce ( ! empire4 ,9 #ahjb ! l&s ( ! abbey pass$ to ,france1 & 9 #ahae !y 7 divid$ betwe5 ,prussia & ,ne!rl&s4 ,see ,kell51 ,malm$y und die preussis*e ,wallonie 7,ess51 #ahig74 ,,malmesbury1 ,,james ,,h>ris1 #a,,/ ,,e>l ,,( 7#agdf-ahbj71 ,engli% diplomati/1 0 born at ,salisbury on ! #ba/ ( ,april #agdf1 be+ ! son ( ,james ,h>ris 7q4v471 ! au?or ( ,h]mes4 ,educat$ at ,w9*e/]1 ,ox=d & ,leid51 "y ,h>ris became secret>y 9 #agfh to ! ,briti% embassy at ,madrid1 & 0 left z *>g d'affaires at t c\rt on ! dep>ture ( ,sir ,james ,grey until ! arrival ( ,george ,pitt1 aft]w>ds ,"l ,riv]s4 ,?is int]val gave him 8 opportunity2 he discov]$ ! int5tion ( ,spa9 to attack ! ,falkl& ,isl&s1 & 0 in/rum5tal 9 ?w>t+ x by putt+ on a bold c\nt5ance4 ,z a rew>d he 0 appo9t$ m9i/] ad int]im at ,madrid1 & 9 ,janu>y #aggb m9i/] pl5ipot5ti>y to ! c\rt ( ,prussia4 ,8 success 0 m>k$1 & 9 #aggg he 0 transf]r$ to ! c\rt ( ,russia4 ,at ,/ ,pet]sburg he made 8 reputation1 = he manag$ to get on ) ,ca!r9e 9 spite ( h] pr$ilections = ,france1 & /e]$ adroitly ?r\gh ! accumulat$ difficulties ( ! fir/ ,arm$ ,neutrality4 ,he 0 made a knight ( ! ,ba? at ! end ( #aggh1 b 9 #aghb he return$ home ow+ to ill-heal?1 & 0 appo9t$ by 8 fri5d ,fox to be m9i/] at ! ,hague1 an appo9tm5t confirm$ aft] "s delay by ,pitt 7#aghd74 ,he did v great s]vice 9 fur!r+ ,pitt's policy ( ma9ta9+ ,engl&'s influ5ce on ! ,cont95t by ! arms ( h] allies1 & held ! ?reads ( ! diplomacy :i* end$ 9 ! k+ ( ,prussia's ov]?r[+ ! republican p>ty 9 ,holl&1 :i* 0 incl9$ to ,france1 & re-e/abli%+ ! pr9ce ( ,orange4 ,9 recognition ( 8 s]vices he 0 creat$ ,b>on ,malmesbury ( ,malmesbury 7,sept4 #aghh71 & p]mitt$ by ! k+ ( ,prussia to be> ! ,prussian eagle on 8 arms1 & by ! pr9ce ( ,orange to use 8 motto ,je ma9ti5drai4 ,he return$ to ,engl&1 & took an anxi\s int]e/ 9 politics1 :i* end$ 9 8 sec$+ f ! ,:ig p>ty ) ! duke ( ,portl& 9 #agic2 & 9 t ye> he 0 s5t by ,pitt1 b 9 va91 to try to keep ,prussia true to ! fir/ coalition aga9/ ,france4 ,9 #agid he 0 s5t to ,brunswick to solicit ! h& ( ! un=tunate ,pr9cess ,c>ol9e = ! pr9ce ( ,wales1 to m>ry h] z proxy1 & conduct h] to h] husb& 9 ,engl&4 ,9 #agif & #agig he 0 at ,p>is & ,lille va9ly negotiat+ ) ! ,fr5* ,directory4 ,aft] #agig he became p>tially deaf1 & quitt$ diplomacy altoge!r2 b = 8 long & em95t s]vices he 0 9 #ahjj creat$ e>l ( ,malmesbury1 & ,visc\nt ,fitzh>ris1 ( ,h]on ,c\rt 9 ! c\nty ( ,hants4 ,he n[ became a sort ( political ,ne/or1 consult$ on =eign policy by successive =eign m9i/]s1 tru/$ by m5 ( ! mo/ diff]5t ideas 9 political crises1 & above all ! confidant1 & = a %ort "t aft] ,pitt's dea? almo/ ! political director1 ( ,cann+4 ,y\ng] m5 7 also wont to g to him = advice1 & ,"l ,palm]/on p>ticul>ly1 :o 0 8 w>d1 0 t5d]ly atta*$ to him1 & ow$ _m ( 8 ideas on =eign policy directly to 8 tea*+4 ,8 lat] ye>s 7 free f politics1 & till 8 dea? on ! #ba/ ( ,novemb] #ahbj he liv$ v quietly & almo/ =gott54 ,z a /atesman1 ,malmesbury _h an influ5ce among 8 contempor>ies :i* is sc>cely to be und]/ood f 8 writ+s1 b :i* mu/ h ow$ mu* to p]sonal *>m ( mann] & p]suasiv5ess ( tongue2 z a diplomati/1 he seems to h des]v$ 8 reputation1 & %>es ) ,mac>tney1 ,auckl& & ,:itwor? ! cr$it ( rais+ diplomacy f a pr(ession 9 :i* only great nobles won ! prizes to a c>e] op5+ ! pa? ( hon\r to ability4 ,he 0 succe$$ z #bnd e>l by 8 son ,james ,edw>d 7#aggh-ahda71 "u-secret>y = =eign affairs "u ,cann+2 f :om ! title pass$ to ,james ,h[>d1 #crd e>l ( ,malmesbury 7q4v474 ,malmesbury did n publi% any?+ himself1 except an acc\nt ( ! ,dut* revolution1 & an edition ( 8 fa!r's works1 b 8 important ,di>ies 7#ahdd7 & ,lett]s 7#ahgj7 7 edit$ by 8 gr&son4 ,,malmesbury1 ,,james ,,h[>d ,,h>ris1 #c,,rd ,,e>l ,,( 7#ahjg-ahhi71 ,engli% /atesman1 son ( ! #bnd e>l1 0 born on ! #be? ( ,m>* #ahjg1 & educat$ at ,eton & ,oriel ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,he l$ a life ( travel = sev]al ye>s1 mak+ acqua9tance ) fam\s p2 & 9 #ahda he _h only j be5 elect$ to ! ,h\se ( ,commons z a ,cons]vative1 :5 8 fa!r di$ & he succe$$ to ! pe]age4 ,8 political c>e]1 ?\gh n "o :i* made any p]man5t impression on hi/ory1 attract$ a good deal ( contempor>y att5tion1 p>tly f 8 be+ =eign secret>y 9 #aheb & aga9 9 #aheh-ahei 7he 0 also "l privy seal 9 #ahff-ahfh & 9 #ahgd-ahgf71 & p>tly f 8 influ5tial position z an active ,tory ( ! old s*ool 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords at a "t :5 ,"l ,d]by & ,mr ,disraeli 71 9 _! diff]5t ways1 m\ld+ ! ,cons]vatism ( ! p]iod4 ,moreov] 8 long life--he surviv$ till ! #ag? ( ,may #ahhi--;& ! publication ( 8 ,memoirs ( an ,ex-,m9i/] 9 #ahhd1 contribut$ to ! reputation he enjoy$4 ,^! ,memoirs1 *>m+ly writt51 full ( anecdote1 & conta9+ mu* int]e/+ mat]ial = ! hi/ory ( ! "t1 rema9 8 *ief title to remembrance4 ,"l ,malmesbury also edit$ 8 gr&fa!r's ,di>ies & ,correspond5ce 7#ahdd71 & 9 #ahgj publi%$ ,! ,fir/ ,"l ,malmesbury & ,8 ,fri5ds3 ,lett]s f #agde to #ahbj4 ,he 0 succe$$ z #d? e>l by 8 nephew1 ,edw>d ,james 7#ahdb-ahii71 ^: son1 ,james ,edw>d 7b4 #ahgb7 became ! #e? e>l 9 #ahii4 ,,malmesbury1 a m>ket t[n & municipal bor\gh 9 ! ,*ipp5ham p>liam5t>y division ( ,wilt%ire1 ,engl&1 #id m4 ,w4 ( ,london by ! ,great ,we/]n railway4 ,pop4 7#aija71 #bhed4 ,x lies on a ridge surr\nd$ on all sides except ! nor?-we/ by ! riv] ,avon & a small tribut>y4 ,! *ur* ( ,/ ,m>y & ,/ ,aldhelm1 /&+ high1 is a maje/ic fragm5t consi/+ ( ! great] "p ( ! nave 7) aisles7 ( a ,b5$ict9e abbey *ur*4 ,! ru9$ skeleton ( ! great t[] ar*es n[ t]m9ates ! build+ ea/w>d4 ,! nave is transitional ,norman1 ) a ,decorat$ sup]/ructure includ+ ! cl]e/ory4 ,! s\? por* is "o ( ! f9e/ ,norman examples extant1 bo? ! out] & ! inn] doorways 7especially ! fir/7 exhibit+ ! typical ornam5t ( ! p]iod 9 rem>kable exub]ance4 ,) ! exception ( a crypt1 ! mona/ic build+s h disappe>$4 ,9 ! m>ket squ>e /&s a f9e m>ket cross ( ! #af? c5tury1 borne ^u an octagonal battlem5t$ basem5t4 ,e>ly ,engli% fragm5ts ( a hospital ( ,/ ,john ( ,j]usalem appe> 9 ! corporation alm%\se4 ,malmesbury has an agricultural trade1 ) brew]ies1 tann]ies & manufactures ( silk & pill[ lace4 ,x is gov]n$ by a mayor1 #d ald]m5 & #ab c\ncillors4 ,area1 #agh acres4 ,maildulphus1 a ,scotti% or ,iri% monk1 :o came into ,engl& ab\t #fce1 built a h]mitage ne> ! site ( ! mod]n ,malmesbury 7,maildulphi-urbs1 ,maldelmesburh1 ,malmesbiri7 & ga!r$ disciples r\nd him1 ?us =m+ ! nucleus ( ! lat] abbey ( :i* ,aldhelm 8 pupil became ! fir/ abbot4 !l/an1 :o 0 buri$ "h 7?\gh 8 tomb 9 ! *ur* only dates f ! #af? c5tury71 rebuilt & end[$ ! mona/]y4 ,r\nd ! abbey ! t[n ( ,malmesbury grew up1 & by ! "t ( ! ,domesday ,survey x _h become "o ( ! only two ,wilt%ire bor\ghs4 ,! fir/ *>t]1 said to be a =g]y1 purports to h be5 giv5 by !l/an4 ,x grant$ to ! burgesses all privileges & free cu/oms su* z !y held 9 ! "t ( ,edw>d ! ,eld]1 ) _m additional exemptions1 9 return = help r5d]$ aga9/ ! ,danes4 ,! ca/le built at ,malmesbury dur+ ! reign ( ,h5ry ,i4 gave a fur!r impetus to ! gr[? ( ! t[n dur+ ! #ab? & #ac? c5turies4 ,x 0 n incorporat$1 h[ev]1 until #afde1 :5 x 0 made a free bor\gh "u ! title ( ald]m5 & burgesses ( ! bor\gh ( ,malmesbury1 ,c\nty ,wilts4 ,by ?is *>t] x 0 gov]n$ until #ahhe4 ,! bor\gh return$ two memb]s to p>liam5t f #abie to #ahcb :5 ! numb] 0 r$uc$ to "o4 ,f9ally 9 #ahhe its repres5tation 0 m]g$ 9 t ( ! c\nty4 ,a grant ( a ye>ly fair on ! #ca/ ( ,m>*1 ! fea/ ( ,/ ,aldhelm1 0 obta9$ f ,william ,,ii41 & ano!r = ?ree days f ! #be? ( ,july f ,john4 ,9 #agib fairs 7 held on ! #bh? ( ,m>*1 ! #bh? ( ,april & ! #bi? ( ,june1 b 9 #ahia !y _h ceas$ entirely4 ,john also grant$ a weekly m>ket on ,?ursday4 ,9 ! #af? & #ah? c5turies x 0 held on ,saturday1 & 9 #ahia on ! ?ird ,w$nesday 9 ea* mon?4 ,9 ! middle ages ,malmesbury possess$ a consid]able clo? manufacture1 & at ! ,dissolution ! abbey 0 b\ght by a ri* clo?i] & fitt$ ) looms = weav+4 ,! trade 9 wool /ill fl\ri%$ 9 #agea4 ,see ,victoria ,c\nty ,hi/ory3 ,wilt%ire2 & ,regi/rum malmesburi5se 7#ahgi-ahhj74 ,,malm1 a seaport ( ,sw$51 *ief t[n ( ! di/rict 7ln7 ( ,malmhus1 on a small bay ( ! ,s\nd1 #chd m4 ,s4,s4,w4 ( ,/ockholm by rail4 ,pop4 7#ahjj71 #ch1jed2 7#aijj71 #fj1heg4 ,x is connect$ ) ,cop5hag51 #ag m4 ,w4 by ,n41 by /eam-f]ry1 ! ,s\nd be+ kept op5 9 w9t] by an ice-break]4 ,x is also ! fir/ important /ation 9 ,sw$5 on ! ,b]l9-,/ockholm r\te1 :i* crosses ! sea betwe5 ,sassnitz 9 ,rg5 & ,trelleborg1 #bj m4 ,s4,e4 ( ,malm4 ,! t[n1 :i* /&s ^u a level pla91 =m]ly _h /rong =tifications1 ( :i* only ! citadel 7,malmhus7 rema9s2 9 x ! e>l ( ,bo?well 0 imprison$ by ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 ( ,d5m>k = "s "t aft] 8 dep>ture f ,scotl& 9 #aefg4 ,! t[n-hall 7#aedf1 l>gely re/or$ 9 #ahfd7 conta9s a h&some *amb]1 ! ,knutssal1 =m]ly us$ by ! c\ncil ( ! gild ( ,canute4 ,! hall fronts ! c5tral squ>e 7,/ortorg7 :i* is plant$ ) trees & conta9s a colossal /atue ( ,*>les ,x4 by ,johan ,hel5us ,brjeson 7b4 #ahce7 erect$ 9 #ahif4 ,! mo/ notable *ur* is t ( ,/4 ,pet] 7,pet]kyrka71 dat+ 9 "p f #acai4 ,malm is second to ,/ockholm z an indu/rial c5tre4 ,!re are brew]ies & l>ge works = ! manufacture ( ma*9]y1 among :i* may be m5tion$ ! ,kockum me*anical works1 ) y>ds = ! con/ruction ( vessels ( w>1 & o!rs2 ( cotton & wooll5 goods1 gloves1 *ocolate1 sweetmeats & tobacco4 ,a l>ge export trade is c>ri$ on 9 butt] & o!r agricultural produce1 & mat*es4 ,coal is ! *ief import4 ,! h>borage includes an out] h>b\r ( #bb ft4 dep?1 & two inn] bas9s admitt+ vessels ( #ba ft4 draught1 ) dry dock & pat5t slip4 ,malm returns f\r memb]s to ! second *amb] ( ! ,riksdag 7p>liam5t74 ,malm 7,malmhauge1 ,malmey1 ,malmye1 ,malm\ghe71 sometimes call$ ,ancona ,scanorum or ,ell5bog51 fir/ appe>s 9 hi/ory ab\t ! middle ( ! #ac? c5tury4 ,dur+ ! ,hanseatic p]iod x 0 ! mo/ important comm]cial t[n on ! ,s\nd1 b 9 ! #af? & #ag? c5turies greatly lo/ gr\nd ow+ to ! decay ( its h]r+ fi%]ies & ! rise ( its rival1 ,cop5hag54 ,its mod]n prosp]ity is l>gely due to ! ent]prise ( ,frans ,snell1 "o ( its m]*ants 9 ! second half ( ! #ah? c5tury1 :o fir/ con/ruct$ ! h>b\r4 ,,malmsey1 a /rong sweet w9e1 orig9ally made at ,monemvasia 7,gr4 ,greek3 ,monembasia71 ,napoli di ,malvasia1 9 ! ,morea1 ,greece4 ,! "n ( ! place 0 corrupt$ 9 ,m$4 ,lat4 into malmasia1 :5ce ! ,engli% =m ( ! ^w4 ,! corruption malvasia gives ! ,o4 ,fr4 malvesie1 f :i* comes ! alt]native ,engli% =m malvoisie4 ,! w9e is n[ made n only 9 ,greece b also 9 ,spa91 ,madeira & ! ,azores4 ,,malocello1 ,,lanciloto 7,,lanz>ote1 ! ',lancelot ,maloisiel' ( ! ,fr5*71 lead] ( ! fir/ ( mod]n ,european oceanic ent]prises4 ,?is 0 a ,g5oese exp$ition1 :i* ab\t #abgj seems to h sail$ into ! ,atlantic1 re-discov]$ ! ,=tunate ,isl&s or ,can>ies1 & made some?+ ( a conque/ & settlem5t 9 "o ( ! mo/ nor!rly isles ( ?is ar*ipelago1 /ill kn[n 7aft] ! ,italian capta97 z ,lanz>ote4 ,accord+ to a ,spani% au?ority ( ab\t #acde1 ! anonym\s ,franciscan's ,conosimi5to de todos los re9os1 ,lanc>ote 0 kill$ by ! ,can>ian natives2 b ! ca/le built by him 0 /&+ 9 #adjb-adjd1 :5 x 0 utiliz$ = ! /orage ( gra9 by ! ,fr5* conqu]ors "u ,gadif] de la ,salle4 ,to ,malocello's ent]prise1 moreov]1 x is probable t ,petr>* 7born #acjd7 alludes :5 he tells h[1 )9 ! memory ( 8 p>5ts1 an arm$ fleet ( ,g5oese p5etrat$ to ! ,=tunatae2 ?is passage "s w\ld ref]1 )\t suffici5t au?ority1 to ! exp$ition ( #abia4 ,malocello's "n & nationality are c]ta9ly pres]v$ by ^? e>ly ,portolani or sci5tific *>ts 7su* z ! ,dulc]t ( #acci & ! ,laur5tian ,portolano ( #acea71 9 :i* ! ,african isl&s appe>1 = ! fir/ "t 9 hi/ory1 9 cle> & recognizable =m4 ,?us ,dulc]t reads ,insula de ,lanz>otus & ,m>ocelus1 ! ,laur5tian map ,i4 de ,lanz>ote1 aga9/ ,lanz>ote ,isl&1 :i* is well depict$ on bo? designs1 & m>k$ ) ! cross ( ,g5oa4 ,! ,conosimi5to 7z notic$ above7 explicitly d]ives ! isl&-"n f ! ,g5oese comm&] :o p]i%$ "h4 ,malocello's ent]prise n only m>ks ! beg9n+ ( ! ov]sea expansion ( we/]n ,europe 9 exploration1 conque/ & colonization 7aft] ! age ( ,sc&9avian _w-rov+ _h pass$72 x is also probably n unconnect$ ) ! great ,g5oese v5ture ( #abia 79 se>* ( a wat]way to ,india1 :i* soon foll[s71 ) :i* ?is attempt at ,can>ian discov]y & dom9ion has be5 by "s unju/ifiably id5tifi$4 ,see ! ,conosimi5to1 p4 #ajj1 z edit$ by ,m>cos ,jim5ez de la ,espada 9 ! ,bolet9 de la soci$ad geogrfica de ,madrid1 7,febru>y #ahgg72 ,le ,can>i5 9 ,p4 ,m>gry1 ,conqute des 444 ,can>ies1 p4 #agg2 ,m4 ,a4 ,p4 d',avezac 9 vol4 vi41 "p ii41 ( ,l',univ]s1 pp4 #a-da 7les africa9es de l'ocan atlantique72 ,c4 ,r4 ,beazley1 ,dawn ( ,mod]n ,geography1 iii4 #daa-dac1 #ddi1 #dea4 ,,malolos1 a t[n & ! capital ( ! prov9ce ( ,bulacn1 isl& ( ,luzon1 ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 on a bran* ( ! ,pampanga ,gr&e riv]4 ,pop4 7#aijc71 aft] ! annexation ( ,b>asoa9 & ,santa ,isabel1 #bg1jbe4 ,!re are ?irty-eight villages1 or b>rios1 ( :i* eight _h1 9 #aijc1 #ajjj inhabitants or m4 ,! pr9cipal language is ,tagalog1 b ,spani% is spok5 to "s ext5t4 ,malolos is s]v$ by ! ,manila ,dagupan railway1 & is a trade c5tre ( consid]able importance4 ,! cultivation ( rice is an important indu/ry4 ,9 #ahih-ii1 dur+ ! ,filip9o revolt1 ,malolos 0 ! seat ( ! rebel gov]nm5t1 b x 0 captur$ & r$uc$ to desolation 9 ,m>* #ahii4 ,9 #aijd a new municipal s*ool build+1 a municipal m>ket & a prov9cial build+ 7 erect$4 ,,malone1 ,,edmond 7#agda-ahab71 ,iri% ,%akespe>ian s*ol> & editor1 0 born 9 ,dubl91 on ! #d? ( ,octob] #agda1 ! son ( a b>ri/] & a memb] ( ! ,iri% ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,he 0 educat$ at ,tr9ity ,college1 ,dubl91 & 0 call$ to ! ,iri% b> 9 #agfg4 ,! dea? ( 8 fa!r 9 #aggd assur$ him a compet5cy1 & he w5t to ,london1 :]e he frequ5t$ lit]>y & arti/ic circles4 ,he frequ5tly visit$ ,dr ,johnson & 0 ( great assi/ance to ,boswell 9 revis+ & pro(read+ 8 ,life1 f\r ( ! lat] editions ( :i* he annotat$4 ,he 0 intimate ) ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds1 to :om he sat = a portrait n[ 9 ! ,national ,portrait ,gall]y4 ,he 0 "o ( ,reynolds' executors1 & publi%$ a po/hum\s collection ( 8 works 7#agih7 ) a memoir4 ,horace ,walpole1 ,burke1 ,cann+1 ,"l ,*>lemont1 &1 at fir/1 ,george ,/eev5s1 7 among ,malone's fri5ds4 ,enc\rag$ by ! two la/ he devot$ himself to ! /udy ( ,%akespe>ian *ronology1 & ! results ( 8 ,attempt to asc]ta9 ! ,ord] 9 :i* ! ,plays ( ,%akespe>e 7 writt5 7#aggh7 are /ill l>gely accept$4 ,?is 0 foll[$ 9 #aghj by two supplem5t>y volumes to ,/eev5s's v]sion ( ,dr ,johnson's ,%akespe>e1 p>tly consi/+ ( obs]vations on ! hi/ory ( ! ,elizabe?an /age1 & ( ! text ( d\btful plays2 & ?is aga91 9 #aghc1 by an app5dix volume4 ,8 refusal to alt] "s ( 8 notes to ,isaac ,re$'s edition ( #aghe1 :i* disagre$ ) ,/eev5s's1 result$ 9 a qu>rel ) ! latt]4 ,! next sev5 ye>s 7 devot$ to ,malone's own edition ( ,%akespe>e 9 elev5 volumes1 ( :i* 8 essays on ! hi/ory ( ! /age1 8 biography ( ,%akespe>e1 & 8 attack on ! g5u95ess ( ! ?ree p>ts ( ,h5ry ,,vi41 7 especially valuable4 ,8 editorial "w 0 laud$ by ,burke1 criticiz$ by ,walpole & damn$ by ,joseph ,ritson4 ,x c]ta9ly %[$ indefatigable rese>* & prop] respect = ! text ( ! e>li] editions4 ,malone publi%$ a d5ial ( ! claim to antiquity ( ! ,r[ley poems 7see ,,*att]ton71 & 9 ?is 7#aghb7 z 9 8 br&+ 7#agif7 ( ! ,irel& ,,mss4 7see ,,irel&1 ,,william ,,h5ry7 z =g]ies1 he 0 among ! fir/ to guess & /ate ! tru?4 ,8 elaborate edition ( ,dryd5's works 7#ahjj71 ) a memoir1 0 ano!r monum5t to 8 indu/ry1 accuracy & s*ol>ly c>e4 ,9 #ahja ! univ]sity ( ,dubl9 made him an ,,ll4,d4 ,at ! "t ( 8 dea?1 on ! #be? ( ,april #ahab1 ,malone 0 at "w on a new octavo edition ( ,%akespe>e1 & he left 8 mat]ial to ,james ,boswell ! y\ng]2 ! result 0 ! edition ( #ahba--;g5]ally kn[n z ! ,?ird ,v>iorum edition--9 tw5ty-"o volumes4 ,"l ,sund]l9 7#agch-ahaf71 8 eld] bro!r & executor1 pres5t$ ! l>g] "p ( ,malone's spl5did collection ( books1 includ+ dramatic v>ieties1 to ! ,bodleian ,libr>y1 :i* aft]w>ds b\ght _m ( 8 ,,ms4 notes & 8 lit]>y correspond5ce4 ,! ,briti% ,museum also owns "s ( 8 lett]s & 8 annotat$ copy ( ,johnson's ,diction>y4 ,a memoir ( ,malone by ,james ,boswell is includ$ 9 ! ,prolegom5a to ! edition ( #ahba4 ,see also ,sir ,j4 ,prior's ,life ( ,edmond ,malone 7#ahfj74 ,,malone1 a village & ! c\nty-seat ( ,frankl9 c\nty1 9 ! t[n%ip ( ,malone1 9 ! ,n4,e4 "p ( ,new ,york1 ,u4,s4,a41 ab\t #fj m4 ,e4,n4,e4 ( ,ogd5sburg4 ,pop4 7#ahij71 #dihf2 7#aijj71 #eice 7#iaj =eign-born72 7#aije1 /ate c5sus71 #fdgh2 7#aiaj71 #fdfg4 ,x is s]v$ by ! ,new ,york ,c5tral ,hudson ,riv] & ! ,rutl& 7,n4,y4 ,c5tral ,l9es7 railways4 ,! village has a ,memorial ,p>k1 ,ars5al ,gre51 on ! site ( an ars5al & p>ade-gr\nd sold by ! /ate 9 #ahej1 a /ate arm\ry1 ! ,nor!rn ,new ,york ,in/itute = ,deaf ,mutes1 ,frankl9 ,academy1 ,/ ,joseph's ,ursul9e ,academy1 & a det5tion-h\se = ,*9am5 ent]+ ! /ate f ,canada4 ,f ,malone t\ri/s visit ! ,great ,nor? ,woods1 9 ! ,adirondack foo?ills1 ab\t #ae m4 di/ant4 ,iron ore & ,potsdam s&/one are f\nd ne> ,malone4 ,9 ! surr\nd+ region hops1 potatoes1 c41 are gr[n1 & !re are dairy+ & live/ock int]e/s4 ,! village is a c5tre = ! collection ( hides & pelts4 ,x manufactures wooll5 goods1 pap] & pulp1 c41 & has f\ndry & ma*9e %ops & c> repair %ops4 ,malone1 be+ on ! l9e ( communication betwe5 lakes ,*ampla9 & ,ont>io1 0 ( /rategic importance 9 ! w> ( #ahab1 & lat] 0 twice ! r5dezv\s ( ,f5ians = attacks on ,canada4 ,! t[n%ip ( ,malone 0 settl$ & erect$ f ,*ateaugay 9 #ahje4 ,! village 0 fir/ kn[n z ,h>ison1 0 nam$ ,ezraville1 9 hon\r ( ,ezra ,l',homm$ieu1 9 #ahjh1 receiv$ its pres5t "n 9 #ahab1 & 0 incorporat$ 9 #ahec4 ,,malonic ,,acid1 ,c#c;,h#d,o#d or ,,*#b7;,,cooh7#b1 occurs 9 ! =m ( its calcium salt 9 ! sug> beet4 ,x 0 fir/ prep>$ 9 #aheh by ,v4 ,dessaignes1 :o obta9$ x by oxidiz+ malic acid 7,ann41 #aheh1 #ajg1 p4 #bea74 ,x may also be obta9$ by oxidiz+ allyl5e & propyl5e ) cold potassium p]manganate solution1 by ! hydrolysis ( b>bituric acid 7malonyl urea7 ) alkalis 7,a4 ,baey]1 ,ann41 #ahfd1 #acj1 p4 #adc72 by ! hydrolysis ( cyanacetic acid 7,h4 ,kolbe1 ,ann41 #ahfd1 #aca1 p4 #cdi2 ,h4 ,mull]1 ,ann41 #ahfd1 #aca1 p4 #ceb71 & by ! action ( silv] oxide on beta-di-*loracrylic e/] at #abe ,c4 7,o4 ,walla*1 ,ann41 #ahgh1 #aic1 ,p4 #be7 ,c,cl#b3;,,*,,cooc#b;,h#e ,ag#b,o ,h#b,o #b;,ag,cl ,,hooc,,*#b;,,cooc#b;,h#e4 ,x cry/allizes 9 monocl9ic tables1 & is readily soluble 9 wat]1 alcohol & e!r4 ,! acid melts at #acb ,c41 & at a high] temp]ature x rapidly decomposes into acetic acid & c>bon dioxide4 ,:5 heat$ ) brom9e & wat] to #ajj ,c4 x =ms tribromacetic acid1 "s brom(orm be+ produc$ at ! same "t4 ,malonic acid1 z well z its e/]s1 is *>act]iz$ by ! l>ge numb] ( cond5sation products x c =m4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( a dehydrat+ ag5t 7su* z acetic anhydride71 x comb9es ) aldehydes to =m comp\nds ( ! type ,r,,*3,c7,,cooh7#b1 or _! decomposition products 7=m$ by loss ( ,,co#b7 ,r,,*3,,*,,cooh4 ,_m salts ( ! acid are kn[n &1 ) ! exception ( ^? ( ! alkali metals1 !y are difficultly soluble 9 wat]4 ,_m e/]s ( malonic acid h be5 prep>$1 ! mo/ important be+ ! die?yl e/] 7malonic e/]71 ,,*#b7;,,cooc#b;,h#e7b1 :i* is obta9$ by dissolv+ mono*loracetic acid 9 wat]1 neutraliz+ ! solution ) potassium c>bonate1 & !n add+ potassium cyanide & w>m+ ! mixture until ! reaction beg9s4 ,:5 ! reaction has f9i%$1 ! :ole is evaporat$ & heat$ to ab\t #acj-adj ,c4 & !n all[$ to cool4 ,! mass is !n cov]$ ) two-?irds ( its weight ( alcohol1 & saturat$ ) hydro*loric acid gas4 ,! :ole is !n p\r$ into ice-cold wat]1 extract$ by e!r & ! e!real solution di/ill$ 7,l4 ,clais51 ,ann41 #ahhc1 #bah1 p4 #aca74 ,x is a col\rless liquid boil+ at #aig4g-aih4b ,c4 7,w4 ,h4 ,p]k974 ,x is a mo/ important syn!tic reag5t2 ) sodium or sodium e?ylate x =ms sodio-malonic e/]1 :i* reacts readily ) alkyl halides1 =m+ alkyl malonic e/]s1 :i* are aga9 capable ( =m+ sodium d]ivatives1 t by fur!r treatm5t ) alkyl halides yield ! di-alkyl malonic e/]s4 ,^! e/]s are readily hydrolys$ & yield ! mono- & di-alkyl malonic acids :i*1 on heat+1 are readily decompos$1 ) evolution ( c>bon dioxide & ! =mation ( mono- & di-alkyl acetic acids4 ,! s*eme ( reactions is %[n ?us3 ,r,i ,,*#b7;,,coor7#b -- ,,*na 7,,coor7#b -- ,,*r7,,coor7#b ,na,o,h _/ ,,co#b ,,*#b,r,,cooh -- ,,*r7,,cooh7#b ,r,i ,,*r7,,cooh7#b,na,o,h -- ,c,na,r7,,coor7#b -- ,,cr,r7,,coor7#b _/ ,na,o,h ,,co#b ,,*r,r,,cooh -- ,,cr,r7,,cooh7#b ,:5 sodio-malonic e/] is heat$ to #ade ,c41 x und]goes cond5sation1 ) elim9ation ( alcohol & =mation ( ! b5z5e d]ivative1 phlorogluc9 tric>boxylic e/]4 ,! addition ( urea to an alcoholic solution ( sodio-malonic e/] results 9 ! =mation ( b>bituric acid 7,a4 ,mi*ael1 ,j\r4 pr4 ,*em41 #ahhg #b1 #ce1 p4 #def7 ,! half nitrile ( malonic acid is cyanacetic acid1 ,,cn,,*#b ,,cooh1 :i*1 9 ! =m ( its e/]1 may be obta9$ by ! action ( a solution ( potassium cyanide on mono*loracetic acid4 ,! solution obta9$ is neutraliz$1 conc5trat$ on ! wat]-ba?1 acidifi$ by sulphuric acid & extract$ ) e!r4 ,x is !n conv]t$ into ! lead salt1 :i* is decompos$ by sulphurett$ hydrog5 & ! solution is c>efully conc5trat$ 7,?4 ,meves1 ,ann41 #ahfg1 #adc1 p4 #bja74 ,x melts at #gj ,c4 & at high] temp]atures decomposes1 ) evolution ( c>bon dioxide & =mation ( aceto-nitrile1 ,,*#c;,,cn4 ,! true nitrile ( malonic acid is me?yl5e cyanide1 ,,*#b7;,,cn7#b1 :i* is obta9$ by di/ill+ a mixture ( cyanacetamide & phosphorus p5toxide4 ,x is a cry/all9e solid1 :i* melts at #bi-cj ,c4 & boils at #bah-bai ,c41 & is readily soluble 9 alcohol & e!r4 ,,malory1 ,,sir ,,?omas1 translator & compil] ( ! fam\s ,engli% classic1 ! ,morte d',ar?ur4 ,previ\s to ! publication ( ,pr(essor ,kittr$ge's monograph1 ,:o 0 ,sir ,?omas ,malory8 ! id5tity ( ?is writ] rema9$ an unsolv$ problem4 ,mr4 ,sidney ,lee1 9 ! ,diction>y ( ,national ,biography1 0 compell$ to admit t he c\ld f9d no "o ( t "n fulfill+ ! necess>y conditions4 ,( direct evid5ce we h v little2 9 ! conclud+ passage ( ! book ! au?or asks ! pray]s ( ! read] = ,syr ,?omas ,maleore knyght1 & /ates t ! book 0 end$ ! ix4 y]e ( ! reygne ( ,kyng ,edw>d ! f\r?4 ,caxton1 9 8 preface1 says t he pr9t$ ! book aft] a copye unto me deliv]$ :y*e copye ,syr ,?omas ,malorye dyd take oute ( c]teyn bookes ( fr5s%e & r$uc$ x 9 to ,englys%e2 9 8 colophon he repeats ?is /atem5t1 add+ t he himself is responsible = ! division ( ! "w into books & *apt]s1 & t x 0 pr9t$ 9 #adhe4 ,x w be not$ t ,caxton does n say t he receiv$ ! book f ,malory1 only t he _h receiv$ a copy made by ,malory2 f ?is ,pr(essor ,kittr$ge draws ! conclusion t ! compil] 0 no long] liv+4 ,! problem !n is to f9d a ,?omas ,malory :o 0 7a7 a knight1 7b7 alive 9 ! n9? ye> ( ,k+ ,edw>d ,,iv4 7,m>4 #d1 #adfi-,m>4 #c1 #adgj71 & 7c7 :o 0 no long] liv+ 9 ,july 7or ,june7 #adhe4 ,all ^! conditions ,pr(essor ,kittr$ge f9ds fulfill$ 9 ! life ( ,sir ,?omas ,malory1 knight1 ( ,newbold ,revell 7or ,f5ny ,newbold71 ,m4,p4 = ,w>wick%ire 9 #adde4 ,! date ( ,sir ,?omas's bir? is unc]ta91 b he succe$$ 8 fa!r1 ,sir ,john1 9 #adcc or #adcd4 ,previ\sly to ?is he _h s]v$ 9 ,france1 9 ! ret9ue ( ! e>l ( ,w>wick1 mo/ probably dur+ ! "t t t nobleman held ! (fice ( capta9 ( ,calais4 ,x seems probable t he is also to be id5tifi$ ) a ,?omas ,malorie1 miles1 :o 9 #adfh 01 on acc\nt ( ! "p play$ by him 9 ! ,w>s ( ! ,roses1 exclud$ ) sev]al o!rs f ! op]ation ( a p>don issu$ by ,edw>d ,,iv4 ,z1 h[ev]1 on ! dea? ( ,sir ,?omas on ! #ad? ( ,m>* #adgj1 !re 0 no difficulty z to inh]itance1 8 e/ates pass+ to 8 gr&son1 he mu/1 if ?is id5tification be correct1 h come "u ! g5]al amne/y ( #adfi4 ,x w be se51 !re=e1 t s f> z x is 9 our p[] to /ate ! "q ?is ,sir ,?omas ,malory fulfils all ! necess>y conditions4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ! c>e] ( ! e>l ( ,w>wick 9 ,france 0 m>k$ by c]ta9 picturesque & *ivalric features :i* might well impress ! imag9ation ( a "y reta9]4 ,john ,r\s1 9 8 ,life ( ,ri*>d ,e>l ( ,w>wick1 tells u t at a c]ta9 t\rney held ne> ,calais at ,*ri/ma/ide1 ,e>l ,ri*>d appe>$ ?ree days runn+ 9 diff]5t arm\r1 ov]?r[+ 8 adv]s>y on ea* occasion--an exploit obvi\sly imitat$ f ! *ivalric romances ( ! p]iod4 ,! "w ) :i* ,malory's "n is connect$ is an abridg$ compilation ( ! great body ( ,ar?urian romance 9 its late/ =m4 ,! ,m]l9 7,vulgate & ,suite71 ,tri/an1 ,lancelot1 ,que/e & ,mort ,artus are all repres5t$1 ! only bran* omitt$ is t deal+ ) ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! ,grail1 ! ,joseph ( ,arima!a & ,gr& ,s4 ,graal4 ,?anks ma9ly to ! lab\rs ( ,dr ,osk> ,somm]1 we c n[ assign ! majority ( ! books to _! sep>ate s\rces1 al?\gh c]ta9 /ories1 su* z ! adv5tures ( ,sir ,g>e? "u ! pseudonym ( ,beauma9s1 ! h&l+ ( ,sir ,urre ( ,hung>y1 & ! details ( ! abduction ( ,gu5ev]e by ,meleagaunt1 /ill rema9 unid5tifi$4 ,b we d n yet "k :e!r ,malory himself 0 responsible = ?is selection1 or :e!r he f\nd x ready to h& 9 a ,,ms41 ! ,fr5s%e ,booke to :i* he (t5 ref]s4 ,to make su* a compilation at fir/ h&1 consid]+ ! ext5t ( ! gr\nd cov]$1 w\ld involve an enorm\s am\nt ( /udy & selection1 & ! access to a v l>ge libr>y--conditions :i* sc>cely seem to fit 9 ) ! social position & activities ( ,sir ,?omas4 ,on ! o!r h& x is und5iable t ! m$ieval copyi/s1 at ! in/ance ( _! patrons1 did make compilations f ! v>i\s romances )9 _! rea*1 su* z e4g4 ! enorm\s codex #aab 7fonds ,fran47 ( ! ,biblio?que ,nationale1 :i* includes l>ge sections ( ! ,tri/an1 ! ,lancelot1 & ! ,m]l9 ,suite4 ,tak+ into consid]ation alike :at ,malory reta9s & :at he omits1 x seems mo/ probable t he 0 9 possession1 n ( complete copies ( ! romances1 b ( "o or m volumes ( compilations f ^! s\rces4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( matt] x mu/ be admitt$ t ! ,morte d' ,ar?ur does n repres5t ! ,ar?urian cycle at its be/1 b r 9 ! p]iod ( its decad5ce2 nor does ,malory 9 any way endeav\r to ov]come ! difficulties caus$ by ! juxtaposition ( a numb] ( indep5d5t 7& (t5 contradictory7 v]sions4 ,?is is especially noticeable 9 8 treatm5t ( ,gawa92 9 ! section d]iv$ f ! ,lancelot & ,mort ,artus he is a good & valiant knight1 a ful noble knyghte z ev] 0 borne1 9 ^? d]iv$ f ! ,tri/an & ! ,que/e1 he is trea*]\s1 dissolute1 & a murd]] ( good knights4 ,! great *>m ( ,malory's "w lies 9 8 /yle2 /ately1 e>ne/ & dignifi$1 x has l5t to ! relations betwe5 ,lancelot & ,gu5ev]e a "* ( tru? & vitality 9 :i* ! ,fr5* orig9al is :olly lack+4 ,malory a*iev$ a rem>kable feat--he took ! ,ar?urian /ory 9 its wor/ & weake/ =m & he imp>t$ to x a moral =ce & elevation :i* ! cycle1 ev5 9 its e>li] & f9] /age1 _h1 save 9 ! unique case ( ,von ,es*5ba*'s ,p>zival1 nev] possess$4 ,:ile g5u9e lov]s ( ! ,ar?urian cycle mu/ regret t ! romances %\ld only be kn[n to ! great majority ( ,engli% read]s ?r\gh ! v]sions ( ,malory & ,t5nyson1 x is impossible to )hold f ! ,morte d' ,ar?ur ! admiration due to an imp]i%able monum5t ( ,engli% language & lit]ature4 ,see ,:o 0 ,sir ,?omas ,malory8 ,g4 ,l4 ,kittr$ge 7,h>v>d ,/udies & ,notes1 vol4 v41 #ahif72 ,morte d' ,ar?ur1 ed4 by ,dr ,osk> ,somm] 7an exact reproduction ( ! orig9al text 9 #b vols47--vol4 iii4 a /udy on ,! ,s\rces ( ,malory4 ,! sections on ,lancelot & ,que/e are un=tunately v inadequate2 = ^! cf4 ,! ,leg5d ( ,sir ,lancelot1 ,grimm ,libr>y1 vol4 xii4 7,j4 ,l4 ,w47 ,,malot1 ,,hector ,,h5ri 7#ahcj-aijg71 ,fr5* noveli/ & man ( lett]s1 ! son ( a not>y1 0 born at ,la ,b\ille 7,se9e ,infrieure7 on ! #bj? ( ,may #ahcj4 ,he /udi$ law at ,r\5 & ,p>is1 b lit]ature e>ly absorb$ 8 att5tion4 ,he collaborat$ 9 ! ,biographie gnrale ( ,didot1 became lit]>y critic ( ,l',op9ion ,nationale1 & dramatic critic ( ! ,lloyd franais4 ,he is ! au?or ( a long s]ies ( popul> novels deal+ ) contempor>y life1 includ+3 a trilogy ( dome/ic novels entitl$ ,victimes d'am\r 7#ahei1 #ahfe1 #ahff72 ,un ,beau frre 7#ahfi72 ,madame ,ob]n9 7#ahgj72 ,le ,docteur ,claude 7#ahgi72 ,ju/ice 7#ahhi74 ,les ,av5tures de ,roma9 ,kalbris 7#ahfi7 & ,sans famille 7#ahhh7 are excell5t /ories = *ildr54 ,a complete edition ( ,hector ,malot's works appe>$ 9 #ahid-ahig4 ,he di$ at ,v9c5nes 9 ,july #aijg4 ,,mal\1 ,,jules ,,d\>d ,,xavi] 7#ahaj-ahhf71 ,belgian /atesman1 "o ( ! lead]s ( ! cl]ical p>ty1 0 born at ,ypres on ! #ai? ( ,octob] #ahaj4 ,he 0 a civil s]vant 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ju/ice :5 he 0 elect$ to ! ,*amb] ( ,deputies by 8 native con/itu5cy 9 #ahda1 & 0 = "s "t gov]nor ( ! prov9ce ( ,antw]p4 ,he 0 m9i/] ( f9ance 9 ! coalition m9i/ry ( ,j4 ,b4 ,no?omb 9 #ahdd1 & =m$ ) ,b4 ,t4 de ,!ux a ,ca?olic cab9et 9 #ahdf1 :i* 0 ov]?r[n 9 ! ,lib]al victory ( #ahdg4 ,mal\ !n became a memb] ( ! s5ate1 & 8 p>ty only rega9$ asc5dancy 9 #ahgj4 ,! extreme cl]ical m9i/ry ( ,b>on d',ane?an retir$ 9 ,decemb] #ahga aft] s]i\s riot+ 9 ,brussels1 & ,mal\ 0 ! real1 ?\gh n ! nom9al1 head ( ! m mod]ate cl]ical adm9i/rations ( de ,!ux & ,aspremont-,lynd5 7#ahgj-ahgh74 ,he 0 wise en\gh to disav[ ! noisy sympa?y ( ,belgian ,ultramontane politicians ) ! ,g]man victims ( ! ,kulturkampf1 &1 reta9+ 9 8 own h&s ! portfolio ( f9ance1 he subord9at$ 8 cl]ical policy to a useful adm9i/ration 9 comm]cial matt]s1 includ+ a developm5t ( ! railway sy/em4 ,x 0 only aft] ! fall ( ! m9i/ry 9 #ahgh t he adopt$ a frankly cl]ical policy1 & :5 he became *ief ( a new gov]nm5t 9 ,june #ahhd he proce$$ to undo ! educational compromise ( 8 pr$ecessors 9 ! ,frre-,orban m9i/ry4 ,8 legislation 9 fav\r ( ! ,ca?olic s*ools caus$ riot+ 9 ,brussels1 & 9 ,octob] ! k+ dem&$ ! retirem5t ( ,,mm4 ,jacobs & ,woe/e1 ! memb]s ( ! cab9et aga9/ :om popul> indignation 0 *iefly direct$4 ,mal\ foll[$ !m into retirem5t1 & di$ at ,woluwe ,sa9t ,lamb]t1 9 ,brabant1 on ! #aa? ( ,july #ahhf4 ,he 0 a f9anci] ( great k & exp]i5ce1 & 8 works 7( :i* a long li/ is giv5 9 ,kon9ck's ,bibliographie nationale de ,belgique7 include ?ree s]ies 7#ahgd-ahhj7 ( memoirs on f9ancial que/ions1 edit$ by him = ! ,*amb] ( ,deputies1 besides pamphlets on railroad proposals1 m9+ & o!r practical que/ions4 ,8 bro!r ,jean ,bapti/e ,mal\ 7#ahji-ahfd7 0 a well-kn[n div9e4 ,,mal\et1 ,,pi]re ,,victor1 ,,b>on 7#agdj-ahad71 ,fr5* publici/ & politician1 0 born at ,riom 7,puy-de-,dme7 on ! #aa? ( ,febru>y #agdj1 ! son ( a lawy]4 ,he ent]$ ! civil s]vice & 0 employ$ successively at ! ,fr5* embassy 9 ,lisbon1 9 ! adm9i/rative dep>tm5t ( ! duc de ,broglie's army1 z commiss>y 9 ,san ,dom+o f #agfg-aggd1 &1 aft] 8 return to ,france1 z commiss>y-g5]al ( ! m>9e4 ,9 #aggf he 0 entru/$ to c>ry out plans ( colonization 9 ,fr5* ,guiana1 b 0 sup]s$$ 9 #aggi4 ,on 8 return to ,france he 0 well receiv$ at c\rt1 & ! execution ( 8 plans 9 ,guiana 0 assur$4 ,he became int5dant ( ! port ( ,t\lon1 & 9 #aghi 0 return$ to ! /ates-g5]al1 :]e he soon became well kn[n z a def5d] ( ! mon>*ical pr9ciple4 ,he emigrat$ to ,engl& 9 ,septemb]1 #agib1 b %ortly aft]w>ds s\ght 9 va9 p]mission to return to assi/ 9 ! def5ce ( ,l\is ,,xvi4 ,8 "n 0 eras$ f ! li/ ( emigrants 9 #ahja by ,napoleon1 :o re/or$ him to 8 position 9 ! s]vice & s5t him to ,antw]p z commission]-g5]al & m>itime prefect to sup]9t5d ! erection ( def5ce works1 & ! creation ( a fleet4 ,he ent]$ ! c\ncil ( /ate 9 #ahaj1 b1 hav+ (f5d$ ! emp]or by 8 pla9ness ( spee*1 he 0 disgrac$ 9 #ahab4 ,at ! ,re/oration1 ,l\is ,,xviii4 made him m9i/] ( m>9e2 & he di$ on ! #g? ( ,septemb] #ahad4 ,! mo/ important docum5ts = 8 dome/ic & colonial policy are a ,collection de ses op9ions l',assemble ,nationale 7#c vols41 #agia-agib72 & ,collection de mmoires et correspondances (ficielles sur l'adm9i/ration des colonies et notamm5t sur la ,guiane franaise et holl&aise 7#e vols41 #ahjb74 ,,malpighi1 ,,m>cello 7#afbh-afid71 ,italian physiologi/1 0 born at ,crevalcuore ne> ,bologna1 on ! #aj? ( ,m>* #afbh4 ,at ! age ( sev5te5 he began ! /udy ( philosophy2 x appe>s t he 0 also 9 ! habit ( amus+ himself ) ! microscope4 ,9 #afdi he />t$ to /udy m$ic9e2 aft] f\r ye>s at ,bologna he graduat$ !re z doctor4 ,he at once appli$ to be admitt$ to lecture 9 ! univ]sity1 b x 0 n till aft] ?ree ye>s 7#afef7 t 8 reque/ 0 grant$4 ,a few mon?s lat] he 0 appo9t$ to ! *air ( !oretical m$ic9e at ,pisa1 :]e he enjoy$ ! fri5d%ip & c\nt5ance ( ,g4 ,a4 ,borelli4 ,at ! end ( f\r ye>s he left ,pisa1 on ! gr\nd ( ill-heal?1 & return$ to ,bologna4 ,a call to be pr(essor prim>ius at ,mess9a 7procur$ = him ?r\gh ,borelli1 :o _h 9 ! meantime become pr(essor !re7 induc$ him to leave ,bologna 9 #affb4 ,8 engagem5t at ,mess9a 0 = a t]m ( f\r ye>s1 at an annual /ip5d ( #ajjj scudi4 ,an attempt 0 made to reta9 him at ,mess9a beyond t p]iod1 b 8 s]vices 7 secur$ = 8 native univ]sity1 & he sp5t ! next tw5ty-five ye>s !re4 ,9 #afia1 be+ !n 9 8 sixty-f\r? ye>1 & 9 fail+ heal?1 he remov$ to ,rome to become private physician to ,pope ,innoc5t ,,xii41 & he di$ !re ( apoplexy ?ree ye>s lat]1 on ! #cj? ( ,novemb] #afid4 ,%ortly be=e 8 dea?1 he drew up a long acc\nt ( 8 academical & sci5tific lab\rs1 correspond5ce & controv]sies1 & committ$ x to ! *>ge ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,london1 a body ) :i* he _h be5 9 intimate relations = m ?an tw5ty ye>s4 ,! autobiography1 along ) "s o!r po/hum\s writ+s1 0 publi%$ 9 ,london 9 #afif1 at ! co/ ( ! ,society4 ,! p]sonal details left by ,malpighi are few & dry4 ,8 n>rative is ma9ly occupi$ ) a summ>y ( 8 sci5tific contributions & an acc\nt ( 8 relations to contempor>y anatomi/s1 & is entirely )\t graces ( /yle or elem5ts ( ord9>y human int]e/4 ,malpighi 0 "o ( ! fir/ to apply ! microscope to ! /udy ( animal & vegetable /ructure2 & 8 discov]ies 7 s important t he may be consid]$ to be ! f\nd] ( microscopic anatomy4 ,x 0 8 practice to op5 animals alive1 & "s ( 8 mo/ /rik+ discov]ies 7 made 9 ^? circum/ances4 ,al?\gh ,h>vey _h correctly inf]r$ ! exi/5ce ( ! capill>y circulation1 he _h nev] se5 x2 x 0 res]v$ = ,malpighi 9 #affa 7f\r ye>s aft] ,h>vey's dea?7 to see = ! fir/ "t ! m>vell\s spectacle ( ! blood c\rs+ ?r\gh a network ( small tubes on ! surface ( ! lung & ( ! di/5d$ ur9>y bladd] ( ! frog4 ,we are enabl$ to measure ! difficulties ( microscopic obs]vation at ! "t by ! fact t x took ,malpighi f\r ye>s long] to rea* a cle> und]/&+ ( ! corpuscles 9 ! frog's blood1 al?\gh !y are ! p>ts ( ! blood by :i* its movem5t 9 ! capill>ies is made visible4 ,8 discov]y ( ! capill>y circulation 0 giv5 to ! _w 9 ! =m ( two lett]s ,de ,pulmonibus1 address$ to ,borelli1 publi%$ at ,bologna 9 #affa & repr9t$ at ,leid5 & o!r places 9 ! ye>s foll[+2 ^! lett]s conta9$ also ! fir/ acc\nt ( ! vesicul> /ructure ( ! human lung1 & !y made a !ory ( respiration = ! fir/ "t possible4 ,! a*ievem5t t comes next bo? 9 importance & 9 ord] ( "t 0 a demon/ration ( ! plan ( /ructure ( secret+ gl&s2 aga9/ ! curr5t op9ion 7reviv$ by ,f4 ,ruys* =ty ye>s lat]7 t ! gl&ul> /ructure 0 ess5tially t ( a clos$ vascul> coil f :i* ! secretion exud$1 he ma9ta9$ t ! secretion 0 =m$ 9 t]m9al ac9i /&+ 9 op5 communication ) ! ducts4 ,! "n ( ,malpighi is /ill associat$ ) 8 discov]y ( ! s(t or muc\s "* ( ! l[] /ratum ( ! epid]mis1 ( ! vascul> coils 9 ! cortex ( ! kidney1 & ( ! follicul> bodies 9 ! sple54 ,he 0 ! fir/ to attempt ! f9] anatomy ( ! bra91 & 8 descriptions ( ! di/ribution ( grey matt] & ( ! fibre-tracts 9 ! cord1 ) _! ext5sions to ! c]ebrum & c]ebellum1 are di/+ui%$ by accuracy2 b 8 microscopic /udy ( ! grey matt] conduct$ him to ! op9ion t x 0 ( gl&ul> /ructure & t x secret$ ! vital spirits4 ,at an e>ly p]iod he appli$ himself to vegetable hi/ology z an introduction to ! m difficult /udy ( ! animal tissues1 & he 0 acqua9t$ ) ! spiral vessels ( plants 9 #affb4 ,x 0 n till #afga t he wrote 8 ,anatome plant>um & s5t x to ! ,royal ,society1 :o publi%$ x 9 ! foll[+ ye>4 ,an ,engli% "w "u a simil> title 7,anatomy ( ,vegetables7 _h be5 publi%$ 9 ,london a few mon?s e>li]1 by ,nehemiah ,grew2 s t ,malpighi's priority z a vegetable hi/ologi/ is n s inconte/able z x is 9 animal hi/ology4 ,! ,anatome plant>um conta9$ an app5dix1 ,obs]vations de ovo incubato1 :i* gave an acc\nt 7) good plates7 ( ! developm5t ( ! *ick 7especially ( ! lat] /ages7 9 _m po9ts m complete ?an t ( ,h>vey1 al?\gh ! obs]vations 7 ne$lessly less5$ 9 value by be+ jo9$ to ! metaphysical notion ( pra$el9eation 9 ! undevelop$ ovum4 ,he also wrote ,epi/olae anatomicae ,m>c4 ,malpighii et ,c>4 ,fracassati 7,am/]dam1 #affb7 7on ! tongue1 bra91 sk91 om5tum1 c472 ,de visc]um /ructura3 ex]citatio anatomica 7,london1 #affi72 ,de /ructura gl&ul>um conglobat>um 7,london1 #afhi72 ,op]a po/huma1 et vita a seipso scripta 7,london1 #afig2 ano!r edition1 ) preface & additions1 0 publi%$ at ,am/]dam 9 #agjj474 ,an edition conta9+ all 8 works except ! la/ two 0 publi%$ 9 ,london 9 #afhg1 9 #b vols4 folio1 ) portrait & plates4 ,,malplaquet1 a village ( ,france 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ! ,nord1 close to ! ,belgian fronti] & ab\t #aj miles ,s4 by ,e4 ( ,mons1 fam\s z ! sc5e ( ! battle1 ,septemb] #agji1 betwe5 ! ,allies "u ! duke ( ,m>lbor\gh & ,pr9ce ,eugne & ! ,fr5* comm&$ by ,m>%al ,vill>s1 9 :i* ! =m] 7 victori\s4 ,! c\ntry to ! we/ & s\? ( ,mons is enclos$ by a semicircul> wall ( woods & brok5 gr\nd1 ?r\gh :i* !re are only two important gaps--t ( ,jemappes 7fam\s 9 #agib7 to ! we/1 & t ( ,aulnois1 9 :i* /&s ! village ( ,malplaquet1 to ! s\?4 ,9 ! latt] gap & ! woods on ei!r side ,vill>s took up 8 position fac+ nor?-ea/w>ds1 on ,augu/ #bi_/,septemb] #i4 ,! =ces 9 pres5ce1 ov] #ij1jjj on ea* side1 7 exceptionally l>ge1 & ! ,fr5* army 9 p>ticul> repres5t$ ! _s ( its nation to a degree unusual 9 ! armies ( t "t4 ,vill>s 0 ! be/ g5]al 9 ! s]vice ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 & ! vet]an ,m>%al ,b\ffl]s1 ?\gh s5ior to him1 _h volunte]$ to s]ve z 8 second 9 comm&4 ,m>lbor\gh & ,eugne lay ) _! army betwe5 ,mons & ! ,fr5* camps1 :i* 7 almo/ )9 cannon %ot4 ,m>lbor\gh's own wi% 0 = an imm$iate battle1 b he 0 oppos$ by ! ,dut* deputies at 8 headqu>t]s1 & ev5 by ,eugne1 s t x 0 only on ,augu/ #ca_/,septemb] #aa t ! attack actually took place4 ,vill>s _h made full use ( 8 respite4 ,! ,fr5* "r /ood at ! fr+e ( ! wood ( ,lanire1 ! left 0 /rongly po/$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! wood ( ,taisnire1 & across ! two & a half miles ( op5 gr\nd betwe5 ! woods ! position 0 entr5*$ ) sev]al successive l9es ( works4 ,! troops 7 almo/ equally di/ribut$ along ! :ole l9e z usual1 & ! cavalry 0 mass$ 9 re> ( ! infantry4 ,9 ! ,alli$ army ! m\nt$ troops 7 also kept back1 b = ! mo/ "p di/ribut$ to ! v>i\s infantry comm&s4 ,! int5tion ( ,m>lbor\gh & ,eugne1 :5 on ! morn+ ( ! battle !y exam9$ ?is =midable position1 0 to deliv] ! ma9 attack ^u ! ,fr5* left w+1 comb9+ ! assaults ( sev]al columns on its front & flanks4 ,9 ?is qu>t] ! ,fr5* n only held ! int]ior ( ! wood b also 7 ?r[n =w>d s z to occupy ! edges ( its nor?-ea/]n sali5t1 & ^u ! two faces ( ?is sali5t ,c\nt ,lottum 7#afej-agai7 ) ! ,prussians1 & ,c\nt von d] ,s*ul5burg 7#affa-agdg7 ) ! ,au/rian infantry 7 to deliv] a d\ble attack1 :ile f>!r to ! ,alli$ "r a column "u ! ,engli% ,g5]al ,)]s 0 deta*$ to make a wide turn+ movem5t ?r\gh ! woods4 ,m>lbor\gh took comm& on ! "r1 ,eugne on ! left4 ,! c5tre1 :i* 0 int5d$ only to obs]ve ! enemy until ! decision _h be5 =c$ at ! wood ( ,taisnire1 consi/$ ( ,"l ,orkney's ,briti% corps & ! pr9ce ( ,orange's ,dut* cont+5t4 ,^! ext5d$ across ! ,tr\e d',aulnois z soon z ! comb9$ attack ( ,lottum & ,s*ul5burg op5$4 ,! g5]al advance 0 cov]$ by a heavy cannonade1 & ! sali5t ( ! ,taisnire wood 0 duly attack$ on its two faces by ! ,prussians & ,au/rians ab\t #i a4m4 ,!y enc\nt]$ a /]n] resi/ance ?an 9 any ( ! battles & combats ( ! pa/ sev5 campaigns1 = on ?is field ! def5d]s 7 fight+1 n z hi!rto = ! int]e/s ( _! k+1 b to def5d _! c\ntry1 & ! regim5ts ( ,pic>die & ,*ampagne :i* held ! sali5t 7 ! olde/ & mo/ fam\s ( ! ,fr5* l9e4 ,lottum attack$ ! works on ! ea/]n edge1 aga9 & aga9 )\t success1 until ?ree ,briti% battalions _h to be s5t to re9=ce him1 & ,m>lbor\gh plac$ himself ) a corps ( cavalry 9 close support4 ,at la/ ! entr5*m5ts 7 /orm$4 ,s*ul5burg1 ) ! ,au/rians1 _h by ?is "t f\ght 8 way ?r\gh ! woods & und]gr[?1 & ! unit$ =ce press$ back ! ,fr5* f>!r & f>!r into ! wood4 ,/ill1 s /ubborn 0 ! def5ce & s d5se ! wood t ! impetus ( ! assault di$ away & ! troops on bo? sides broke up into small disconnect$ bodies1 fight+ too fi]cely to be am5able to sup]ior control4 ,illu/ration3 ,aft] ,hon4 ,j4 ,w4 ,=tescue1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,briti% ,army1 by p]mission ( ,macmillan ,co41 ,ltd4 ,b ! ,fr5* 7 n re9=c$ f _! "r w+ z ,vill>s expect$4 ,! pr9ce ( ,orange1 f> f m]ely obs]v+ ! ho/ile "r z he _h be5 ord]$ to d1 committ$ 8 corps1 v e>ly 9 ! battle1 to a s]i\s assault ^u x1 :i* ,b\ffl]s repuls$ ) enorm\s loss4 ,! ,dut* infantry nev] recov]$ f its casualties on ?is day1 & ! memory ( ,malplaquet 0 /rong ev5 at ,font5oy ne>ly =ty ye>s aft]w>ds4 ,"s ,hanov]ian troops :i* took "p 9 ?is futile attack suff]$ equally heavily4 ,! only advantage to ! ,allies--an advantage :i*1 z x happ5$1 c\nt$ = mu*--0 t ,b\ffl]s did n d>e to s5d re9=cem5ts to ! h>d-press$ left w+4 ,?anks to ?is ! ,au/rians & ,prussians1 ) ! ,engli% deta*$ to _! aid1 made /eady progress 9 ! wood ( ,taisnire4 ,vill>s laun*$ ! ,iri% brigade to *eck ! advance ( ! ,allies1 & ?is fam\s corps *>g$ into ! =e/4 ,vill>s1 ,eugne & ,m>lbor\gh p]sonally l$ _! troops 9 ! enc\nt] :i* foll[$4 ,eugne 0 w\nd$1 b refus$ to quit ! field4 ,vill>s 0 m s]i\sly hurt1 & aft] try+ 9 va9 to direct ! fight+ f a *air 0 c>ri$ ins5sible f ! field4 ,at ?is crisis ,g5]al ,)]s1 :o comm&$ ! =ce t _h be5 ord]$ to turn ! ,fr5* extreme left1 & _h f\ght 8 way ?r\gh ! =e/1 appe>$ on ! sc5e4 ,! ,briti% #ah? regim5t 7,royal ,iri%71 enc\nt]+ ! ,fr5* ,royal ,irl&ais1 put x to ! r\t1 & ,vill>s's c\nt]/roke 0 at an end4 ,! ,fr5* ma9ta9$ !mselves on ?is side only by ! aid ( troops drawn f ! c5tre & "r1 & ?is gave ! ,alli$ c5tre ! opportunity :i* ! pr9ce ( ,orange _h s ra%ly anticipat$4 ,! great attack ov] ! op5 0 c>ri$ out1 9 spite ( ! previ\s repulse1 ) ! greate/ det]m9ation4 ,prec$$ by =ty guns1 ! corps ( ! pr9ce ( ,orange & ,"l ,orkney swiftly c>ri$ ! fir/ l9e ( works4 ,! ,alli$ cavalry !n pu%$ out to ! front1 & horse1 foot & artill]y 7 comb9$ 9 ! la/ advance4 ,b\ffl]s's cavalry masses1 com+ into play = ! fir/ "t1 f\ght h>d1 & ! /ruggle fluctuat$ ) ! arrival ( successive res]ves on ei!r side1 b 9 ! end1 %ortly be=e #c p4m41 ,b\ffl]s 7:o _h be5 9 comm& s9ce ,vill>s's fall7 decid$ to retreat4 ,! ,allies _h no troops left intact = ! pursuit1 & ^? engag$ _h exp5d$ _! la/ ef=ts4 ,moreov] ,b\ffl]s1 exp]i5c$ soldi] z he 01 drew (f 8 m5 be=e !y _h lo/ _! ord] & discipl9e4 ,?us ?is v murd]+ battle z ,m>lbor\gh call$ x--! la/ & greate/ pit*$ battle ( ! w>--0 almo/ b>r5 ( results4 ,! ,allies lo/ n less ?an tw5ty ?\s& m51 or ne>ly a qu>t] ( ! :ole =ce1 ! ?irty battalions ( ! ,dut* infantry los+ half _! numb]s4 ,on ! ,fr5* side !re 7 "s twelve ?\s& casualties4 ,if fur!r evid5ce 7 necess>y to prove t ! ,fr5* f\ght _! h>de/1 x c\ld be f\nd 9 ! fact t :]eas 9 almo/ e o!r battle1 f #affj to #agib1 !re 7 des]t]s & prison]s by ! ?\s&1 at ,malplaquet only #ejj ( ! ,fr5* fell into ! h&s ( ! victors unw\nd$4 ,,mal/att-,,burba*1 a t[n ( ,g]many1 9 ! ,prussian ,rh9e prov9ce on ! "r bank ( ! ,sa> 7,s>re71 :i* sep>ates x f ,sa>brck54 ,pop4 7#aijj71 #ca1aie4 ,x lies 9 ! mid/ ( an important coal-m9+ & indu/rial di/rict1 & is itself little m ?an a long & n>r[ r[ ( manufactories & workm5's h\ses4 ,! l>ge/ factories are engag$ 9 ! production ( iron1 /eel & cem5t4 ,!re is a l>ge :>f on ! riv] = ! export ( coal4 ,mal/att receiv$ municipal rights 9 #acba4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 7 aft]w>ds resign$ to ! new] t[n ( ,sa>brck51 & 9 #ahah ,mal/att & ,burba* 7 two small villages ) a jo9t population ( only ab\t #hjj4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! c5tury ! population began to increase rapidly1 9 consequ5ce ( ! developm5t ( ! m9+ indu/ry ( ! di/rict & ! ext5sion ( ! railway sy/em1 & 9 #ahgd ! two villages 7 unit$ to =m a t[n4 ,,malt 7,o4 ,eng41 mealt2 ,o4 ,sax41 malt2 ,o4 ,teut41 maltos2 ,mod4 ,g]41 ,malz2 ,sc&41 malt2 probably d]iv$ f ! ,sanskrit mrdu1 s(t1 ?us hav+ ref]5ce to ! fact t malt is raw gra9 r5d]$ s(t or t5d]71 ! "n giv5 to gra9 9 :i* g]m9ation has be5 caus$ to proce$ to a c]ta9 /age & has !n be5 arre/$ by ! removal ( wat] & ! application ( heat4 ,dur+ ?is limit$ g]m9ation enzymes are develop$ 7see ,,f]m5tation71 & ! con/itu5ts ( ! gra9 modifi$ s t ! f9i%$ malt1 :5 gr\nd & submitt$ to ! ma%+ process 7see ,,brew+71 diff]s f ! orig9al raw gra9 9 t ! great] portion dissolves4 ,?is solubility is1 h[ev]1 a direct "o to a slight ext5t only2 x is due = ! mo/ "p to ! action ( ! malt enzymes1 dia/ase1 c4 on ! con/itu5ts ( ! gra91 ! ma9 portion ( :i* are ( !mselves insoluble4 ,?us />*1 ! ma9 con/itu5t ( all gram9ace\s se$s1 probably exi/s 9 ! same condition 9 raw gra9 & 9 malt4 ,:5 h[ev] ! malt is ma%$1 ! />* is attack$ by ! enzyme dia/ase1 & conv]t$ by ! process ( hydrolysis into a mixture ( soluble comp\nds1 e4g4 ! cry/all9e sug>1 maltose1 & a numb] ( gummy sub/ances kn[n z maltodextr9s4 ,b to a c]ta9 ext5t />* & o!r c>bohydrate sub/ances are r5d]$ directly soluble & diffusible dur+ ! malt+ process1 "s ( ! products s]v+ ! respiratory ne$s ( ! gr[+ g]m1 o!rs be+ assimilat$ by ! plantlet & reconv]t$ into res]ve c>bohydrates 9 ! tissues ( ! g]m & rootlets1 :il/ ! rema9+ portions are reta9$ z su* 9 ! f9i%$ malt4 ,simil>ly c]ta9 ( ! nitrog5\s con/itu5ts ( ! gra91 ! protens1 are brok5 d[n & r5d]$ soluble by proteolytic enzymes1 ! products be+ assimilat$ to a c]ta9 ext5t by ! g]m & rootlets1 by ! cells ( :i* !y are aga9 built up into complex protens1 :il/ o!rs rema9 9 _! simplifi$ =m4 ,x is n[ kn[n t proteolytic enzymes exi/ 9 f9i%$ malt1 & t1 :5 ! ma%+ process is conduct$ "u c]ta9 conditions1 ^! are able to degrade & r5d] soluble "s ( ! high] protens pres5t 9 ! malt4 ,:5 g]m9ation is all[$ to proce$ z x does :5 ! gra9 is plant$ 9 ! soil1 ! :ole ( ! cont5ts are r5d]$ soluble by degrees & 9 turn assimilat$ by ! gr[+ plantlet4 ,by ! limit$ g]m9ation :i* con/itutes ! malt+ process1 h[ev]1 ! balance ( soluble comp\nds left 9 ! f9i%$ malt is f #ae to #be ( ! total weight ( ! corn4 ,al?\gh o!r se$s ( ! natural ord] ,gram9eae are occasionally malt$1 ! great] portion ( malt is made f ! v>i\s species ( ,hordeum1 kn[n by ! "n ( b>ley 7q4v471 bigg1 or b]e4 ,inde$ ord9>y be] d]ives its *>act]i/ic flav\r to ! greate/ ext5t f b>ley malt4 ,a small proportion ( malt$ oats or malt$ :eat is sometimes us$ 9 conjunction ) b>ley malt = c]ta9 k9ds ( be]1 :il/ rye1 maize1 & ev5 rice are occasionally malt$4 ,b>ley is1 h[ev]1 ! gra9 be/ adapt$ = mak+ malt int5d$ = brew+ be]1 & accord+ly "s space w be devot$ to a description ( ^? v>ieties ( ?is gra9 :i* are us$ by ! brew]4 ,b>ley belongs to ! g5us ,hordeum1 ( :i* !re are num]\s species & v>ieties4 ,l9naeus & ! e>li] botani/s recogniz$ six species ( cultivat$ b>leys1 b mod]n botani/s usually consid] all cultivat$ b>leys z belong+ to "o species to :i* ! "n ,h4 sativum has be5 giv54 ,krnicke reg>ds ,h4 spontaneum1 a v long ?9-gra9$ two-r[$ b>ley 7see bel[7 :i* gr[s 9 ! ,ea/1 z be+ ! p>5t =m2 b ,e4 ,s4 ,beav5 incl9es to ! view t wild species ( m ?an "o =m 7 orig9ally us$ z food & subsequ5tly cultivat$4 ,! la/-nam$ au?or has drawn up a s*eme ( classification = ! v>ieties & races ( cultivat$ b>leys4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,fig4 #b4 ,,fig4 #c4 ,,fig4 #d4 _/ ,,fig4 #a4--;,h4 hexa/i*um4 a4 ,?ree spikelets 9 situ on ! ra*is1 %[+ %ort int]nodes4 b4 ,spike4 ,m$ian spikelets upp]mo/1 & ) l[] awns remov$4 ,six-r[$ c4 ,spike4 ,lat]al spikelets upp]mo/1 & ) l[] awns b>leys4 remov$4 ,,fig4 #b4--;,h4 vulg>e4 a4 ,?ree spikelets 9 situ on ! ra*is1 %[+ long int]nodes4 b4 ,spike4 ,m$ian spikelets upp]mo/4 c4 ,spike4 ,lat]al spikelets upp]mo/4 _/ ,,fig4 #c4--;,h4 zeocriton4 a1 d4 ,spikelets4 ,ra*is edgewise1 %[+ %ort int]nodes4 b4 ,v>4 zeocri?um 7fan b>ley74 ,spike conv]g+4 ,two-r[$ c4 ,v>4 erectum 7,gold?orpe74 ,spike p>allel4 b>leys4 ,,fig4 #d4--;,h4 di/i*um4 a4 d4 ,spikelets4 ,ra*is edgewise1 %[+ long int]nodes4 b4 ,v>4 nutans 7,*evalli]74 c4 ,ou*ak b>ley4 ,figures #a-d r$rawn f a pap] by ,e4 ,s4 ,beav5 9 ,j\rn4 ,f$4 ,in/4 ,brew+ 7#aijb71 #h4 #edb4 ,9 an e> ( b>ley ! prim>y axis or ra*is is divid$ into int]nodes ( :i* !re may be any numb] up to =ty4 ,ea* int]node be>s ?ree s+le-fl[]$ spikelets arrang$ alt]nately on ei!r side ( ! ra*is4 ,9 ! six-r[$ v>ieties ! :ole ( ^! spikelets atta9 maturity1 :il/ 9 ! two-r[$ v>ieties only "o on ea* side ( ! ra*is1 viz4 ! m$ian1 develops4 ,briti% be] is brew$ pr9cipally f ! malt made f home-gr[n two-r[$ b>leys4 ,( late ye>s1 h[ev]1 x has be5 f\nd advantage\s to employ a proportion ( malt made f ! ?9n] & m husky =eign b>leys1 mo/ly six-r[$ v>ieties4 ,! corns ( two-r[$ b>leys are z a rule plump] ?an ^? ( six-r[$ b>leys4 ,! mo/ fav\rite b>ley = malt+ purposes gr[n 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom is ! n>r[-e>$ two-r[$ ,h4 di/i*um1 commonly kn[n z ,*evalli]1 f ! "n ( ! orig9al cultivator1 ! ,rev4 ,john ,*evalli]4 ,( late ye>s ! quantity ( b>ley ( ! s-call$ ,gold?orpe type 7,h4 zeocriton71 us$ = malt+1 has increas$4 ,! paleae or out] cov]+s ( ! corns ( ?is v>iety are some:at greasy 9 appe>ance1 & d n adh]e s closely to ! corn z 9 ! ,*evalli]4 ,! corns ( ,gold?orpe b>ley possess a small dimple or transv]se furr[ ne> ! basal end4 ,fur!r ! basal bri/le or ra*illa 7! prolongation ( ! axis or po9t f :i* ! corn 0 orig9ally develop$7 is inv>iably cov]$ ) long hairs1 :il/ 9 ! case ( ,*evalli] x has g5]ally v %ort hairs4 ,9 ! v>iety ( ,*evalli] kn[n z ,ar*]1 h[ev]1 ! ra*illa has some:at long hairs4 ,fur!r ! corns ( ,*evalli] b>ley lie ne>ly v]tical1 t is almo/ p>allel to ! ra*is1 :]eas 9 ,gold?orpe !y are spread out at a great] angle1 h5ce ! "n fan or peacock b>ley giv5 to t v>iety commonly kn[n z sprat4 ,x is believ$ by "s brew]s t ,gold?orpe b>leys nev] yield malt ( s high a quality z d ,*evalli] b>leys4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 well matur$1 ,gold?orpes "w ev5ly & freely on ! malt+ floors2 & f an agricultural po9t ( view !y h ! advantage ( /&+ up bett] aga9/ unfav\rable wea!r conditions on acc\nt ( _! /\t] /raws4 ,num]\s fre% v>ieties ( b>ley are cont9ually be+ introduc$ z a result ( artificial cross-f]tilization1 b cross-f]tilization r>ely if ev] occurs naturally4 ,hung>ian two-r[$ b>leys are excell5t z reg>ds quality1 & comm& a high price4 ,! s-call$ ,cali=nian ,*evalli] & ,*ilean ,*evalli] conta9 a c]ta9 admixture ( ! six-r[$ ,h4 vulg>e4 ,( ! import$ ?9 b>leys may be m5tion$ ,brew+ ,cali=nian1 ,brew+ ,*ilean1 ,danubian & ,smyrna 7,y]li71 all = ! mo/ "p six-r[$ v>ieties2 also ,ou*ak1 consi/+ pr9cipally ( a two-r[$ v>iety4 ,= ! manufacture ( gra9 _s a malt ( high dia/atic activity is requir$1 & ?is is l>gely made f a v ?9 b>ley %ipp$ f ,odessa4 ,9 ! common six-r[$ ,engli% b>ley or ,scotti% b]e 7,h4 vulg>e71 ! two lat]al r[s ( spikelets spr++ f "o side ( ! ra*is1 ei!r p>tially or entirely int]sect & ov]lap ! alt]nate lat]al spikelets :i* spr+ f ! opposite side ( ! ra*is4 ,?is has giv5 rise to ! t]m f\r-r[$ b>ley4 ,figs4 #a-d %[ "s typical b>leys 9 ! e>4 ,! production ( new v>ieties by cross-f]tilization has ( late ye>s atta9$ a degree ( almo/ ma!matical precision by ! application ( ! law ( inh]itance fir/ discov]$ by ,gregor ,m5del 9 #ahfe1 & br\ght to light 9 #aija indep5d5tly by de ,vries1 ,corr5s & ,ts*]mak4 ,con/itution ( ,b>ley4--,a gra9 ( b>ley is %uttle-%ap$2 ! end conta9+ ! g]m :i* 0 orig9ally atta*$ to ! ra*is is kn[n z ! proximal end1 :il/ ! opposite end ( ! corn is call$ ! di/al end4 ,a deep furr[ runs d[n ! m convex side1 :i* is accord+ly d5ot$ ! v5tral side1 ! opposite side be+ di/+ui%$ z ! dorsal side4 ,)9 ! v5tral furr[ at ! proximal end is ! ra*illa already ref]r$ to4 ,! sk9 or husk ( a b>leycorn consi/s ( two paleae1 "o adh]+ to ! dorsal side 7! palea inf]ior7 & ! o!r to ! v5tral side 7! palea sup]ior72 ! =m] ov]laps ! edges ( ! latt]4 ,! awn or be>d is m]ely an elongation ( ! palea inf]ior4 ,if ! two paleae are remov$ f a b>leycorn aft] soak+ x 9 wat]1 x w be se5 t !re are o!r sk9s completely envelop+ ! embryo & endosp]m4 ,^! are ! true sk9s1 & are kn[n z ! p]ic>p & ! te/a respectively4 ,x may "h be m5tion$ t ,a4 ,j4 ,br[n has %[n rec5tly t ! embryo & endosp]m ( a b>leycorn are enclos$ 9 a semi-p]meable membrane1 i4e4 "o :i* all[s ! passage ( wat] to ! int]ior ( ! corn1 b n ( c]ta9 salts & acids4 ,?is prop]ty appe>s to be associat$ ) "o ( ! lay]s ( ! te/a4 ,next to ^! sk9s w be se5 ! triple lay] ( ?ick-wall$ squ>e-%ap$ aleurone cells4 ,! hi/ology ( ! b>leycorn is be/ /udi$ by ! exam9ation ( sections "u ! microscope4 ,! gra9 consi/s ( two ma9 portions1 ! embryo or g]m1 & ! endosp]m1 ! /oreh\se ( res]ve mat]ials = ! gr[+ plant4 ,! accompany+ illu/rations %[ portions ( longitud9al sections ( a b>leycorn magnifi$ to diff]5t degrees4 ,on exam9+ fig4 #e1 :i* repres5ts a section ( ! g]m end ( a gra9 ( b>ley cut ?r\gh ! v5tral furr[1 x w be notic$ t ! rudim5t>y leaves1 /em & roots are di/+ui%able4 ,! embryo lies emb$d$ 9 a mass ( cells1 ! "p divid+ x f ! endosp]m be+ kn[n z ! scutellum4 ,special note %\ld be tak5 ( ! elongat$ cells kn[n z ! absorptive epi!lial lay]1 :i* has c]ta9 v important functions to fulfil dur+ ! process ( g]m9ation1 notably 9 fe$+ ! embryo :5 x beg9s to develop into a "y plant4 ,next to ?is1 actually betwe5 ! scutellum & ! endosp]m1 w be se5 a lay] ( empty cells4 ,^! at "o "t 9 ! hi/ory & ! developm5t ( ! corn conta9$ />* granules1 b ?is />* 0 absorb$ dur+ its lat] developm5t by ! embryo4 ,x w be obs]v$ fur!r t ! endosp]m is fill$ ) a network ( ?9-wall$ cells closely pack$ ) />* granules1 & small] granules ( proten matt] 7fig4 #f74 ,ne>e/ ! sk9 w be se5 ! triple lay] ( aleurone cells already ref]r$ to 7fig4 #g74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--,m$ian longitud9al section ( a b>leycorn %[+ ! g]m & its app5dages4 a1 ,rudim5t>y leaves or plumules2 b1 ,rudim5t>y /em2 c1 ,rudim5t>y root2 d1 ,empty />* cells ( ! endosp]m2 e1 ,absorptive epi!lial lay]2 f1 ,compress$ lay] ( empty cells2 g1 ,/>* cells 7fill$74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--,section %[+ absorptive epi!lial lay] m highly magnifi$4 d1 ,walls ( />* cells2 e1 ,epi!lial lay]2 f1 ,compress$ lay] ( empty cells2 g1 ,cells fill$ ) />* granules2 h1 ,cells ( ! scutellum4 ,g]m9ation4--,! b>leycorn 9 its re/+ /age is 9 a /ate :i* may be describ$ z "o ( dormant vitality2 x respires v sl[ly & ?us loses weight dur+ /orage4 ,! be/ & drie/ b>leys are said to lose #a4c ( _! weight 9 ! fir/ ye>1 #j4i 9 ! second1 & #j4e 9 ! ?ird4 ,! loss is consid]ably m ) co>se & damp samples4 ,:5 ! gra9 is /eep$ ?is dormant vitality gives place to t complicat$ s]ies ( processes compris$ "u ! g5]al t]m g]m9ation4 ,:5 g]m9ation beg9s1 enzymes are secret$1 & ^! act on ! res]ve mat]ials1 />* & protens ( ! endosp]m1 conv]t+ !m into simpl] comp\nds1 capable ( diffus+ to v>i\s p>ts ( ! gr[+ g]m4 ,foll[+ ?is1 />* & protens are re-=m$1 ! =m] be+ deposit$ 9 ! tissues ( ! g]m & 9 ! cells ( ! scutellum1 :i* previ\sly 7 almo/ free f />*2 ! proten matt] deposit$ 9 ! latt] disappe>s to a consid]able ext5t1 & ! protoplasmic cont5t ( ! cells assumes a v granul> appe>ance4 ,! po9t$ mass ( cells con/itut+ ! root-%ea? is pu%$ =w>d by ! root :i* protrudes ?r\gh ! base ( ! gra94 ,x is at ?is /age t ! b>ley is said by ! malt/] to *it4 ,aft] ! fir/ rootlet has brok5 ?r\gh ! ends ( ! %ea?1 x is foll[$ by o!rs4 ,! cotyl$on>y %ea? beg9s to elongate on ! ?ird or f\r? day ( g]m9ation & ruptures ! true cov]+ ( ! se$2 x !n gr[s upw>ds betwe5 ?is & ! husk & =ms ! acrospire or spire ( ! malt/]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--,section %[+ ! aleurone lay]4 g1 ,/>* cells2 i1 ,aleurone lay]2 k1 ,lay]s :i* collectively con/itute ! husk4 ,figs4 #e-g f ,sykes ,l+1 ,pr9ciples & ,practice ( ,brew+ 7#aijg71 ,*>les ,griff9 ,co41 ,ltd4 ,accord+ to ,br[n & ,morris1 :5 ! fir/ rootlet is break+ ?r\gh ! %ea?1 />* beg9s to appe> 9 ! tissues ( ! gra91 also 9 ! protoplasm ( ^? cells :i* are ne>e/ ! epi!lial lay]1 & x gradually invades ! deep]-seat$ cells4 ,fur!r ! cellulose walls ( ! endosp]m1 situat$ imm$iately above ! secretory lay]1 are p>tially dissolv$1 ! dissolv$ matt] pass+ into ! scutellum1 !re to be trans=m$ into />*4 ,br[n & ,morris /ate t ?is process gradually ext5ds to ! cellulose walls ( ! endosp]m1 & until ^! are affect$ !re is no evid5ce ( any solv5t action on ! />* granules !mselves4 ,?us accord+ to ^! au?ors ! fir/ enzyme to be =m$ is "o :i* dissolves cell walls1 & x 0 consequ5tly t]m$ by !m a cytohydroly/4 ,!y ass]t fur!r t ! s-call$ mealy or modifi$ condition1 :i* ! malt/] desires to br+ ab\t to ! fulle/ degree1 dep5ds on ! ext5t to :i* ! cell walls h be5 affect$1 & !y ent] into a m9ute description ( ! entire disappe>ance ( ^! dur+ ! malt+ process4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,j4 ,grss has po9t$ out t ! action :i* takes place on ! cell walls ( ! endosp]m dur+ g]m9ation does n consi/ 9 _! complete solution4 ,s*ulze has %[n t ^! cell walls consi/ ( two c>bohydrates1 an araban & a xylan4 ,grss /ates t ! araban is completely dissolv$1 :il/ ! xylan is m or less unattack$4 ,! cell walls become1 h[ev]1 transp>5t s t !y c only be se5 9 sections :i* h be5 /a9$2 ,br[n & ,morris exam9$ un/a9$ sections4 ,! writ] 7,a4 ,r4 ,l+7 has prov$ t ! cell wall is pres5t 9 ! mo/ friable & well modifi$ f9i%$ malt4 ,condition4--,b>ley is b\ght 9 ! op5 m>ket solely on ! evid5ce ( c]ta9 ext]nal signs1 & judgm5t c only be acquir$ by long exp]i5ce4 ,! corns %\ld be plump1 ev5 9 size1 & ! col\r %\ld be uni=m f end to end4 ,! sample %\ld h a sweet od\r1 & x %\ld be dry to ! t\*4 ,! pres5ce ( light or weevill$ corns may be detect$ by ! fact t !y float 9 wat]4 ,c>eless ?re%+ or dress+ is responsible = mu* damage done to b>ley4 ,9 ?is way _m ( ! corns may be brok51 h ! palcae p>tly /ripp$ (f or portions remov$ along ) ! awn4 ,all brok5 & dead corns are prone to become m\ldy on ! malt+ floors1 ! contagion ?us pres5t$ becom+ g5]al4 ,e4 ,r4 ,moritz drew att5tion 9 #ahie to ! ill effects ( close dress+1 & m rec5tly 7#aije7 ! matt] has be5 br\ght be=e ! ,highl& & ,agricultural ,society1 *iefly ?r\gh ,montagu ,baird1 :o ) ,c4 ,h4 ,bab+ton 0 in/rum5tal 9 induc+ ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture to publi% a leaflet recomm5d+ m c>eful me?ods ( ?re%+ b>ley4 ,close dress+ 0 at "o "t practis$ z a means ( rais+ ! bu%el weight1 & ?us giv+ a fictiti\s value to ! b>ley4 ,immature b>ley feels cold to ! h&1 has a gre5i%-yell[ col\r1 &1 :5 dry1 a />v$ wr9kl$ appe>ance4 ,ov]-rip5ess 9 b>ley is di/+ui%$ by a :ite dead appe>ance ( ! corn4 ,mature or dry gra9s slip ?r\gh ! f+]s m readily ?an unripe or damp ones4 ,! cont5ts ( ! endosp]m %\ld pres5t a :ite friable or mealy appe>ance :5 ! corns are bitt5 or cut 9 two ) a p5knife4 ,! condition ( ! gra9 may be det]m9$ by means ( a me*anical cutt]1 :i* cuts a c]ta9 numb] ( corns 7fifty or m7 at "o "t4 ,"s cutt]s are con/ruct$ to cut ! corns transv]sely1 o!rs to cut !m longitud9ally4 ,! s-call$ transp>5cy te/ may be us$ = ! same purpose4 ,x is c>ri$ out 9 an app>atus kn[n z ! diaphanoscope1 :i* consi/s ( a box fitt$ ) a slid+ tray1 furni%$ ) a c]ta9 numb] ( %uttle-%ap$ holes 7usually #ejj71 ea* ( su* a size z j to hold a b>leycorn longitud9ally4 ,into ! portion ( ! box bel[ ?is tray an electric lamp is plac$1 & ! corns are look$ at f above4 ,?or\ghly mealy corns are opaque1 :il/ /eely corns are transp>5t4 ,:5 c]ta9 portions ( a corn are /eely1 ^! pres5t ! appe>ance ( lakes4 ,by ?is means ! p]c5tage ( mealy1 /eely1 or half /eely corns 9 a sample may readily be e/imat$4 ,e4 ,prior po9ts out t /eel9ess ( b>ley is ( two k9ds1 "o ( :i* disappe>s aft] ! gra9 has be5 /eep$ & dri$1 & !re=e does n necess>ily influ5ce ! malt+ value ( ! sample1 & ! o!r :i* is p]man5t1 & !re=e ret>ds ! modification ( ! corn4 ,he propos$ to det]m9e :at he call$ ! coeffici5t ( mell[ness ( a sample ( b>ley by means ( ! =mula3-- 7,m#a - ,m7#ajj ,a ----------- ,m1 #ajj - ,m 9 :i* ,a is ! degree ( mell[ness1 ,m is ! p]c5tage ( mealy corns 9 ! orig9al b>ley1 & ,m#a is ! p]c5tage ( mealy corns aft] /eep+ & dry+ ! b>ley4 ,prior po9ts out t1 g5]ally speak+1 ! degree ( mell[ness v>ies inv]sely z ! proten cont5t4 ,! physical diff]5ces betwe5 /eely & mealy gra9s 7 fir/ inve/igat$ by ,johans51 :o arriv$ at ! conclusion t meal9ess is always accompani$ by ! pres5ce ( air spaces 9 ! endosp]m4 ,munro & ,beav5 confirm$ & ext5d$ ?is4 ,_! conclusions are z foll[3 ,mealy gra9s h a l[] specific gravity ?an /eely gra9s1 & conta9 a l>g] am\nt ( int]/itial air4 ,! total nitrog5 cont5t ( mealy gra9s is less ?an t ( /eely gra9s4 ,/eely gra9s conta9 a relatively high proportion ( nitrog5\s sub/ances soluble 7a7 9 #e salt solution1 & 7b7 9 alcohol ( specific gravity #j4i4 ,mealy b>ley modifies bett] ?an /eely dur+ g]m9ation4 ,! process ( dry+ damp & "u-matur$ b>ley intact at #ajj ,f4 produc$ an app>5t mell[+ or maturation4 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 maturation1 :i* is physiologically a po/-rip5+ process1 is correlat$ ) ! mealy appe>ance ( ! endosp]m4 ,h4 ,t4 ,br[n & 8 collaborators po9t out t ?9 sections ( /eely corns :5 exam9$ "u ! microscope no long] exhibit a transluc5t appe>ance1 b %[ ! mealy prop]ties z completely z if !y _h be5 cut f a mealy gra91 & !y sugge/ t 9 a /eely corn ! :ole ( ! endosp]m is "u a /ate ( t5sile /ress :i* _c be ma9ta9$ 9 ! ?9 sections4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a ?9 section ( a /eely b>ley be cem5t$ to a slide ) ,canada balsam & !n p>$ away ) a razor1 /eel9ess & transluc5cy may be pres]v$ ev5 9 ! ?9ne/ sections4 ,! mealy appe>ance 9 ! endosp]m ( b>ley is assum$ to be a direct consequ5ce ( ! =mation ( int]spaces ar\nd ! cell-cont5ts & )9 ! cell walls4 ,"u ord9>y conditions x is conjectur$ t ^! int]spaces are fill$ ) air1 b x is po9t$ out t !y c also be produc$ "u circum/ances :i* sugge/ t !y are at times vacu\s or p>tly s4 ,accord+ to ! la/-m5tion$ au?ors !y appe> to orig9ate f a sy/em ( /resses & /ra9s induc$ )9 ! endosp]m by its gradual loss ( wat]1 a break ( cont9uity tak+ place :i* gives rise to ^! int]spaces :5 ! cohesive p[] ( ! het]og5e\s cell-cont5ts falls bel[ a c]ta9 po9t4 ,x is fur!r sugge/$ by !m t ! mo/ important factor 9 produc+ ! /resses & /ra9s is probably ! %r9kage ( ! />* granules z _! wat] cont5t is r$uc$ f1 say1 #dj to ab\t #ae4 ,x is po9t$ out1 h[ev]1 t actual discont9uity 9 ! cell-cont5ts c only take place :5 ! t5sile /r5g? ( ! protoplasmic matrix 9 :i* ! />* granules are emb$d$ has be5 surpass$1 & ?is be+ s x might be anticipat$ t ^? cells :i* conta9 ! l>g] am\nt ( proten mat]ial w\ld probably be/ resi/ ! int]nal /resses & /ra9s1 a d$uction 9 close agreem5t ) obs]v$ facts1 /eely gra9s be+ z a rule ri*] 9 proten ?an mealy gra9s4 ,br[n & 8 co-work]s det]m9e ! coeffici5t ( meal9ess ( a b>ley z foll[s3 ,five hundr$ corns are cut transv]sely 9 a corn cutt] & ! p]c5tage ( mealy1 half mealy & /eely corns is not$4 ,! numb] #ajj is tak5 to repres5t complete meal9ess1 #a complete /eel9ess1 & #ej ! int]m$iate class4 ,if ! p]c5tage ( ea* class be multipli$ by its special value1 & ! sum ( ! products divid$ by #ajj1 ! result is ! coeffici5t ( meal9ess4 ,by /eep+ & dry+ a v /eely ,scotti% b>ley1 ! coeffici5t ( meal9ess 0 rais$ f #bi4g to #hg4a1 :il/ concurr5tly ! specific gravity fell f #a4dag to #a4bhi4 ,b>ley ev5 ( ! same k9d v>ies widely 9 its *emical composition1 b on an av]age ! proximate con/itu5ts ( ,briti% malt+ b>leys be )9 ! foll[+ limits3-- ,moi/ure #ah --#ab p] c5t4 ,nitrog5\s matt]s express$ z protens #h --#ae ,fat #b -- #b4e ,/>* #fj --#fe ,sug>s #a4e-- #b4j ,gums #a4g-- #b4j ,fibre 7cellulose7 #e -- #g ,a% #b -- #b4e ,any sample ( b>ley :i* conta9s m ?an #bj ( moi/ure w\ld be consid]$ damp4 ,! late ,pr(essor ,l9tn] express$ ! view sev]al ye>s ago t a good malt+ b>ley %\ld n conta9 m ?an #aj ( proten1 b ,r4 ,wahl ass]ts t 9 ,am]ica six-r[$ b>leys conta9+ a f> high] p]c5tage ( proten are us$ successfully1 inde$ pref]ably1 = malt+ purposes4 ,! only precise k we possess ( ! proten comp\nds ( b>ley is due to ! rese>*es ( ,t4 ,b4 ,osborne4 ,accord+ to ?is obs]v]1 b>ley conta9s ! "u-m5tion$ comp\nds ( ?is class 9 ! foll[+ proportions3-- ,soluble 9 wat] _/ ,leucos9 7album97 #j4cj p] c5t4 ,proteose _/ ,soluble 9 salt solution3 ,ede/9 7globul97 #a4ie ,soluble 9 #ge alcohol _/ ,horden #d4jj ,insoluble proten #d4ej ----- ,total #aj4ge ,x %\ld be po9t$ out "h t ! above are only av]age values = ! p>ticul> samples ( b>ley inve/igat$4 ,und\bt$ly ! nitrog5\s con/itu5ts ( diff]5t b>leys v>y widely 9 nature z well z 9 am\nt4 ,raw b>ley conta9s enzymes1 ?us dia/ase ( translocation1 s call$ by ,horace ,t4 ,br[n & ,g4 ,h4 ,morris1 & catalase 7,h4 van ,la]74 ,proteolytic enzymes appe> only to arise ) ! beg9n+ ( g]m9ation2 b x has be5 ass]t$ t raw b>ley conta9s pro5zymes 7zymog5s71 :i* c be r5d]$ active by treatm5t ) dilute lactic acid at an appropriate temp]ature4 ,! action ( ! dia/ase ( raw b>ley on />* has be5 /udi$ by ,julian ,l4 ,bak]4 ,b>ley %\ld n be cut until x is prop]ly ripe1 b ov]-rip5ess is mu* m to be gu>d$ aga9/ by ! malt/] ?an premature cutt+1 z x is accompani$ by a loss 9 g]m9ative p[]4 ,moreov]1 unripe corn may to a c]ta9 ext5t be matur$ 9 /ack1 :il/ a great improvem5t 9 g]m9ative capacity is frequ5tly produc$ by sweat+4 ,v wet seasons are prejudicial to ! rip5+ ( ! gra91 & :5 ! latt] is /ack$ 9 too moi/ a condition x is apt to become :at is kn[n z m[ burnt4 ,especially is ?is ! case ) b>leys conta9+ l>ge p]c5tages ( nitrog5 & ( high enzymatic activities4 ,su* b>leys are d5ot$ w>m by ,m4 ,delbrck f _! t5d5cy to heat :5 /or$ 9 a moi/ condition4 ,! effect ( ?is heat+ is exhibit$ 9 ! corns becom+ black & discol\r$ at ! tips2 !y are !n said to be magpi$4 ,ev5 9 an o!rwise dry season a l>ge am\nt ( ra9 dur+ h>ve/ causes ! corns to become wea!r$1 :il/ "s ( !m beg9 g]m9at+ & rot4 ,at ! same "t heavy dews at night :il/ ! b>ley lies cut 9 ! field1 or ev5 a spr9kl+ ( ra91 assi/s 9 mell[+ ! gra91 :i* (t5 9 consequ5ce works ! m freely on ! malt+ floors4 ,prop]ly h>ve/$ b>ley is all ! bett] = rema9+ 9 /ack = two or ?ree mon?s1 z 0 ! practice 9 =m] ye>s2 if1 h[ev]1 x has be5 /ack$ too wet ! soon] x is brok5 d[n ! bett]4 ,x is difficult to give any specific te/ = rip5ess1 b a s]ies ( obs]vations has be5 made by ,h4 ,t4 ,br[n & ,f4 ,escombe4 ,samples ( b>ley 7 tak5 f ! field on ! #bj?1 #bd? & #bi? ( ,july1 & on ! #bnd1 #f? & #aj? ( ,augu/1 & pres]v$ 9 _s s t !y rema9$ 9 ! same /ate z :5 !y 7 ga!r$4 ,sections 7 !n cut ( ^! corns1 :5 x 0 f\nd t ! progress ( maturation is att5d$ by de=mation & ultimate dis9tegration ( ! cell nuclei4 ,! *ange :i* is d5ot$ by ! t]m nucle> s5esc5ce is said to beg9 9 ! />*-conta9+ cells1 ne> ! p]iph]y ( ! corn1 imm$iately und]ly+ ! lay] next to ! aleurone lay]4 ,?is de=mation is foll[$ by complete dis9tegration ( ! nucleus1 & at ! end ( sev5 or eight days ne>ly ! :ole ( ! endosp]m has be5 involv$4 ,br[n & ,escombe /ate t :5 ?is nucle> te/ is prop]ly appli$ x /amps z immature ^? corns 9 a sample :i* are manife/ly unripe ow+ to premature desiccation z well z ^? 9 :i* ! ratio ( nitrog5 to c>bohydrate is unduly high1 ow+ to an excess ( nitrog5\s manure 9 ! soil1 or to sp>s] s[+ ) its consequ5t r$uction ( root competition4 ,?is me?od1 int]e/+ ?\gh x be1 is n fitt$ = practical use1 & ! agriculturi/ mu/ rely z h]et(ore ^u empirical me?ods = decid+ :e!r or n ! gra9 has atta9$ rip5ess or maturity4 ,! bu%el weight is a useful crit]ion 9 arriv+ at an op9ion reg>d+ ! value ( a sample ( b>ley2 b 9 bas+ judgm5t ^u ?is factor reg>d mu/ be paid to ! fact already m5tion$ t if ! gra9s be dress$ closely ! bu%el weight is increas$4 ,! reason ( ?is is t ) ! removal ( ! awns ! corns pack m closely toge!r4 ,! be/ ,briti% malt+ b>leys %\ld weigh #eb-ef lb4 p] bu%el1 ! /&>d weight = malt+ b>leys be+ #ef lb4 ,dur+ ! /orage ( b>ley access ( air is necess>y1 o!rwise ! gra9 dies f asphyxiation4 ,s\nd b>ley aft] be+ kiln-dri$ reta9s its vitality = a numb] ( ye>s2 b ! /atem5t t ! corns f\nd 9 ! ,egyptian mummy cases1 9 :i* !y _h rema9$ = sev]al ?\s&s ( ye>s1 7 /ill capable ( g]m9ation1 is contr>y to mod]n exp]i5ce4 ,moi/ure mu/ also be c>efully exclud$1 z x initiates g]m9ation 9 a few cells only ( ! endosp]m & causes heat+4 ,a con/ant repetition ( wett+ su* z may take place on acc\nt ( alt]ations ( ! atmosph]ic temp]ature1 :i* causes moi/ure to be deposit$1 9 ! =m ( dew1 may ultimately de/roy ! vitality & fo/] ! gr[? & developm5t ( m\ld fungi :i* usually gr[ on brok5 & damag$ corns4 ,9 ?is connexion ! advantage ( scre5+ & sweat+ ( b>ley be=e /or+ x w be app>5t 7see bel[74 ,an imm5se am\nt ( damage is caus$ to ! gra91 dur+ /orage1 by v>i\s insects1 "o ( ! mo/ de/ructive ( ^! be+ ! common weevil 7,cal&ra gran>ia74 ,:5 fully develop$ ?is insect measures 7#a_/f7? to 7#a_/h7? ( an in* 9 l5g?1 & is ( a bright *e/nut col\r4 ,! l>vae are fle%y legless grubs1 %ort] ?an ! p]fect insect1 ) a s]ies ( tub]cles along ea* side ( ! body2 ! head is r\nd ) /rong jaws4 ,! pupa is :ite1 cle> & transp>5t1 %[+ ! =m ( ! future weevil4 ,! female bores a hole 9 ! gra9 ) h] sn\t & deposits an egg4 ,! l>va :5 hat*$ lives on ! cont5ts ( ! gra9 & und]goes its *anges !re94 ,w9dis* ass]ts t only b>ley :i* has rip5$ 9 ! gran>y is attack$ by weevil4 ,gra9 :i* is only slightly attack$ %\ld be kiln$ at a temp]ature ( #abb ,f41 :i* de/roys ! weevil 9 all /ages ( developm5t4 ,to detect weevil 9 a sample ( b>ley1 ! gra9 %\ld be spread out on a %eet ( :ite pap] 9 bright sunlight4 ,if weevils are pres5t !y soon appe>1 & betake !mselves to a position outside ! sunlight1 to :i* !y are av]se4 ,treatm5t ( ! gra9 ) c>bon bisulphide has be5 sugge/$ z a means ( de/roy+ weevil2 ev5 if efficaci\s1 h[ev]1 su* a process c\ld n be recomm5d$ on acc\nt ( its dang]1 c>bon bisulphide be+ highly inflammable4 ,! only practical means ( ridd+ a gran>y or %op ( weevil is to cle> out all ! gra9 & leave x empty = a ye> or m4 ,! vitality ( b>ley may be det]m9$ by caus+ a sample to g]m9ate 9 any ( ! well-kn[n =ms ( app>atus devis$ = t purpose1 & c\nt+ ! p]c5tage ( g]m9at+ & idle corns4 ,! g]m9ative capacity ( a sample ( b>ley may frequ5tly be rais$ by sweat+ 7see bel[71 :i*1 z already m5tion$1 br+s ab\t a k9d ( artificial maturation4 ,malt+4--,!re are two sy/ems ( malt+ us$ 9 ,engl&3 floor malt+ & pneumatic or drum malt+4 ,^! sy/ems w be describ$ sep>ately4 ,a floor malt+ consi/s ( a rectangul> build+ ( sev]al /oreys1 hav+ ! ci/]ns at "o end & ! kilns at ! o!r4 ,! upp]mo/ floor is devot$ to b>ley4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--,longitud9al section ( #bjj qu>t] malt+ at ,mortlake4 7,julian ,l4 ,bak]1 ar*itect47 ,figure #h %[s a longitud9al section ( ,messrs ,watney1 ,combe1 ,reid ,co4's #bjj qu>t] malt+ at ,mortlake4 ,! b>ley is c>ri$ to ! top ( ! build+ by ! elevator ,a1 :]e ! scre5+ & dress+ ma*9]y is situat$4 ,aft] leav+ ^! ma*9es ! gra9 is convey$ on b&s to ! b>ley floors ,b & ,c4 ,! floor ,c conta9s also ! /eep+ ci/]ns4 ,! six work+ floors are ,d1 ,e1 ,f1 ,g1 ,h1 ,k4 ,! floors are v5tilat$ by l\vres1 ,n1 ,n1 ,n4 ,! ci/]ns are connect$ to ! floors by means ( plugs4 ,! pieces1 z !y are t]m$1 ( g]m9at+ b>ley are gradually work$ along ! floors to ! kilns ,m1 ,m1 on to :i* !y are load$ by rot>y b&s4 ,! fire-places ,o1 ,o1 are arrang$ s t ! draught may be easily controll$4 ,! hot air & products ( combu/ion pass up ! %afts ,p1 ,p1 to ! hot-air *amb] ,r1 ,r1 :]e !y /rike ! baffle plates ,s1 ,s4 ,^! plates disp]se ! hot air & gases ev5ly b5ea? ! kiln floors ,t1 ,t1 ?r\gh ! gre5 malt4 ,aft] dry+ & cur+1 ! malt is all[$ to cool & is !n c>ri$ by b&s to ! floor ,u1 :]e by suitable ma*9]y ! coombs or rootlets are remov$4 ,! f9i%$ malt is /or$ 9 ! b9s ,v1 ,v1 ,v4 ,on arrival at ! malt+ ! b>ley has to be put ?r\gh ! foll[+ op]ations s]iatim3 receiv+1 hoi/+ & weigh+1 r\gh scre5+1 dry+ & sweat+1 /or+ until requir$ = use1 scre5+1 grad+ & remov+ brok5 corns1 /eep+1 c\*+1 floor+1 )]+1 dry+ & cur+1 dress+ & poli%+1 /or+1 weigh+1 sack+ & dis*>g+ ! f9i%$ malt4 ,9 sweat+ b>ley ! temp]ature %\ld n be all[$ to rise above #abj ,f42 x is usually conduct$ at #ajj ,f42 & subsequ5tly ! b>ley %\ld be /or$ = "s weeks be=e x is /eep$4 ,! capacity ( a malt+ is describ$ by ! numb] ( qu>t]s :i* are put ?r\gh x e f\r days4 ,a fifty qu>t] malt+ does n m]ely mean t ! ci/]ns h a capacity ( fifty qu>t]s1 b t ?is quantity ( b>ley goes ?r\gh ! h\se e f\r days4 ,! av]age "t ! g]m9at+ b>ley is on ! floors is twelve days1 &1 z a rule1 kiln+ occupies f\r days4 ,if1 z sometimes happ5s1 ! malt has to be kept on ! floors ?irte51 f\rte51 fifte5 days1 or ev5 long]1 ! malt+ is n be+ work$ at ! capacity "u :i* x is describ$1 & ! kilns may rema9 unus$ = a day or m4 ,conv]sely1 :5 ! malt is load$ at less ?an twelve days1 a day or two has to be miss$ 9 /eep+4 ,9 ! =m] case :5 ! kilns are n be+ us$ = dry+ & cur+ malt1 advantage may be tak5 to utilize !m = sweat+ b>ley4 ,/eep+ ci/]ns 7 =m]ly rectangul> vessels1 ( slate1 brick or cem5t1 f :i* ! b>ley _h to be dis*>g$ by %ovell+ x out4 ,! =ms approv$ mo/ at ! pres5t day are conical & con/ruct$ ( iron2 !y h arrangem5ts at ! apex ( ! cone1 ! l[] portion1 = dis*>g+ ! gra9 by gravitation4 ,! /eep+ p]iod ranges f #dh to #gj h\rs2 x v>ies accord+ to ! k9d ( b>ley1 & ! "t ( ! ye>4 ,9 "s ( ! old] malt+s !re are no arrangem5ts = heat+ ! /eep wat]1 & 9 ! w9t] /eep+ has occasionally to be p]=m$ ) wat] at a temp]ature ne> its freez+-po9t4 ,/eep+ %\ld be c>ri$ out at a temp]ature z ne> z possible to #ee & n high] ?an #fj ,f4 ,! usual practice is to fill ! ci/]n up to a c]ta9 height ) wat] & ?r[ ! b>ley into x1 /irr+ x until x is ab\t level2 ! heavy corns w !n s9k directly to ! bottom1 :il/ ! light corns & refuse float on ! surface & may be skimm$ (f4 ,dur+ ! "t ! b>ley rema9s 9 ! ci/]n x is usual to *ange ! /eep wat] two or ?ree times1 g5]ally at int]vals ( twelve h\rs or tides4 ,! advantage ( ?is is n m]ely to keep ! gra9 fre% & sweet1 b to br+ x into contact ) ! air dur+ ! "t x is tak+ up wat]4 ,aration ( ! /eep has long be5 recogniz$ 9 ,g]many z promot+ g]m9ation1 & sev]al arrangem5ts are on ! m>ket enabl+ air to be pass$ ?r\gh ! gra9 :ile x is 9 ! ci/]n4 ,x has be5 recomm5d$ by ,graham1 ,/opes1 ,moritz & ,morris1 & exp]im5tal evid5ce z to its b5eficial effects has be5 publi%$ by ,w9dis*1 ,bleis*1 ,w1 & ,bak] & ,dick4 ,:5 ! corn is /eep ripe x conta9s "s #fj ( wat]4 ,/eep+ does n consi/1 h[ev]1 m]ely 9 ! imbibition ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( wat]2 9 ord] to br+ ab\t g]m9ation ?is wat] mu/ rema9 )9 ! corn a c]ta9 l5g? ( "t4 ,?us1 al?\gh x is q possible to =ce ! necess>y am\nt ( wat] into ! gra9 9 less ?an ! #dh-gj h\rs usually tak5 up by ! /eep+ process1 ! gra9 is n /eep-ripe until c]ta9 *anges initiat$ by ! wat] h tak5 place1 & ^! require "t = _! completion4 ,! foll[+ av]age data are useful to rememb] 9 connexion ) ! /eep+ process3-- ,am\nt ( wat] 9 /eep-ripe b>ley 7ab\t7 #fj4 ,matt] remov$ f b>ley dur+ /eep+ 7ab\t7 #a4e4 ,increase 9 volume ( b>ley due to wat] absorption 7ab\t7 #ah-bj4 ,!re has be5 mu* discussion z to ! influ5ce ( sal9e matt]s 9 wat] on ! /eep+ process4 ,! late ,pr(essor ,l9tn] /at$ t common salt 9 wat] t5d$ to extract ! nitrog5\s con/itu5ts ( ! gra91 b imp$$ its g]m9ation4 ,mills & ,pettigrew f\nd t wat]s conta9+ calcium salts extract$ a m9imum ( nitrog5\s comp\nds f ! b>ley2 !y also came to ! conclusion t ! e/eem 9 :i* ! ,li*field wat] is held = /eep+ purposes is due to ! pres5ce ( nitrates :i*1 !y ass]t1 h a /imulat+ effect on ! subsequ5t g]m9ation ( ! gra94 ,! writ] has add$ lime-wat] to ! ext5t ( "o-?ird ( ! total volume ( wat] at ! fir/ *ange1 believ+ x to promote regul>ity ( g]m9ation4 ,be>+ 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 ! obs]vations ( ,adrian ,j4 ,br[n1 t ! b>leycorn is enclos$ 9 a membrane p]meable to wat] b imp]meable to mo/ salts1 x is difficult to see h[ ! sal9e con/itu5ts ( wat] c h any effect except 9 remov+ matt] f ! ext]nal portions ( ! gra9 & on ^? corns :i* are brok54 ,! app>5t b5eficial effect ( lime-wat] 9 ! /eep is probably entirely due to ! removal ( matt]s f ! husks or paleae4 ,malt+ floors may be con/ruct$ ( cem5t1 tiles or slate1 ! two =m] be+ pref]able to ! latt]4 ,=d1 9 #ahdi1 recomm5d$ #bjj sq4 ft4 p] qu>t] ( b>ley /eep$ z ! area ( ! work+ floors1 & he 0 q conv9c$ ( ! necessity ( all[+ ample floor room1 s t ! gra9 c\ld be work$ on ! sl[1 cool sy/em4 ,subsequ5tly1 h[ev]1 malt/]s r$uc$ _! floor area1 & put ! gra9 rapidly ?r\gh ! malt+1 ?us produc+ :at is t]m$ =c$ malt4 ,?is k9d ( malt 01 h[ev]1 condemn$ by practical brew]s1 & a *emical te/ :]eby =c+ c\ld be detect$ hav+ be5 devis$ by ,e4 ,r4 ,moritz & ,g4 ,h4 ,morris1 malt/]s h be5 compell$ aga9 to increase ! area ( _! work+ floors4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! approv$ area may be plac$ at #age-bjj sq4 ft4 p] qu>t] ( b>ley /eep$4 ,! area is1 h[ev]1 l>gely rul$ by ! k9d ( b>ley to be malt$4 ,aft] ! b>ley has be5 ?r[n out ( ! ci/]n x is made up 9 a rectangul> heap #af-bj 94 deep1 call$ ! c\*2 ! object ( ?is is to enable x to ga!r heat & s />t g]m9at+4 ,x usually rema9s 9 c\* = #ab-bd h\rs1 until 9 fact ! int]ior portion ( ! heap regi/]s a temp]ature ( ab\t #fj ,f4 ,dur+ ! days ( ! malt tax ! exciseman gaug$ ! quantity ( ! b>ley :ile x 0 9 ! c\*4 ,aft] c\*+ ! b>ley is spread ?9ly & ev5ly on ! floor1 =m+ :at is kn[n z ! "y floor or ,no4 #a piece4 ,! fir/ visible sign ( g]m9ation is ! spr\t+ ( ! rootlet1 t]m$ *itt+1 & ?is occurs ei!r :ile ! gra9 is on ! c\* or on ! "y floor4 ,z already m5tion$1 x may be quick5$ by a]at+ ! gra9 9 ! ci/]n4 ,f ! "t ! b>ley is fir/ ca/ out ( ! ci/]n up to ! /age ( ! "y floor1 or ,no4 #a piece1 x has a pleasant e!real od\r resembl+ apples4 ,drs ,?omson1 ,hope & ,cov5try /at$ 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! #ai? c5tury t !y di/ill$ spirits f g]m9at+ b>ley at ?is /age4 ,9 ! light ( our pres5t k x w\ld n be surpris+ if alcoholic f]m5tation 7 prov$ to occur )9 ! gra9 at ?is /age1 s9ce intramolecul> or ana]obic respiration 9 c]ta9 vegetables has be5 f\nd to be due to alcoholic f]m5tation4 ,! ?ickness at :i* ! "y floor is spread dep5ds ^u ! outside temp]ature & ! nature ( ! b>ley4 ,if ! wea!r be w>m1 or if !re be a t5d5cy = ! b>ley to heat1 ! piece mu/ be spread all ! ?9n]4 ,at ?is /age ! gra9 loses its ext]nal wet appe>ance4 ,:5 spread too ?ickly ! gra9 w beg9 to sweat1 & ! rootlets w be ?r[n out sudd5ly & unev5ly4 ,z a rule1 "u ^! circum/ances1 ! rootlets w be long & ?91 :5 !y are said to be wild4 ,a piece :i* has be5 all[$ to get into ?is condition mu/ at once be spread ?9n]4 ,if ! sweat+ has n cont9u$ long1 ! h>m done may be conf9$ to increas$ loss by respiration4 ,! "y floor is usually turn$ ) a pl\gh twice dur+ twelve h\rs1 & x may be =k$ betwe5 :iles1 b no h>d & fa/ rule c be laid d[n z to :5 ?is is necess>y2 x mu/ be left to ! malt/]'s judgm5t1 z x dep5ds entirely on :at is go+ on )9 ! gra94 ,! object ( turn+ is 9 ! fir/ place to a]ate ! gra9 & fre%5 x1 secondly to *eck excessive rise ( temp]ature1 & ?irdly to promote ev5ness ( gr[?4 ,too frequ5t turn+ is n to be advis$4 ,aft] rema9+ f\r days on ! "y floor ?ree or f\r rootlets %\ld h appe>$1 & ! acrospire %\ld h begun to gr[ up ! back ( ! corn4 ,! apple-l od\r ( ! piece !n gives place to "o resembl+ t ( ! common ru%1 & ?is %\ld cont9ue ! :ole "t t ! malt rema9s on ! floor4 ,on ! fif? day ! piece is next mov$ to ,no4 #b position1 a /age ne>] ! kiln4 ,x is "h t spr9kl+ is resort$ to :5 necess>y4 ,! am\nt ( spr9kl+ & ! "t x is giv5 _c be exactly prescrib$4 ,! am\nt may v>y f two to five gallons p] qu>t]1 & x %\ld only be giv5 :5 ! rootlets1 :i* ought to be %ort & curly1 & five or m 9 numb]1 %[ signs ( los+ _! fre%ness4 ,if an excessive am\nt ( spr9kl+ be giv5 =c$ gr[? ensues4 ,x is pref]able n to add ! :ole ( ! wat] at "o "t1 b to divide x ov] two lots2 & imm$iately aft] ! piece has be5 spr9kl$ x %\ld be ?or\ghly & c>efully mix$1 o!rwise "s ( ! gra9 w receive an undue proportion ( wat]4 ,:5 all ! spr9kl+ wat] has be5 giv5 to ! piece1 :i* z a rule %\ld n be done lat] ?an at ! six? or sev5? day ( floor+1 ! temp]ature %\ld be kept d[n to ab\t #ee ,f4 by turn+4 ,too frequ5t turn+ may1 h[ev]1 deta* ! rootlet1 & x may cause ! gra9 to lose its vitality prematurely1 s t gr[? ( ! acrospire /ops4 ,by ab\t ! eigh? day ( floor+ ! acrospire %\ld be ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s up ! corn4 ,aft] ?is ! g]m9at+ corn is mov$ =w>d to ,no4 #c piece1 :i* is at fir/ spread z ?9ly on ! floors z 9 ! previ\s pieces4 ,"h x gradually dries & incipi5t )]+ ( ! rootlets sets 94 ,! only treatm5t :i* is n[ giv5 to ! gra9 is to heap x up ?ick] & ?ick] by degrees until x is ready = load+ on ! kiln4 ,?is increase 9 ?ickness ( ! piece 7n[ call$ ! old piece7 %\ld n be too sudd51 especially if ! gra9 be fre% 9 appe>ance & conta9 a l>ge quantity ( wat]4 ,:5 ! piece is ?ick5$ up to say #aj 94 9 dep?1 :ile x is 9 a v moi/ condition1 heat+ & sweat+ take place1 ) additional gr[? ( acrospire & rootlet4 ,"u su* =c+ conditions a l>ge production ( sug> & degradation ( ! protens w take place4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! moi/ure has be5 gradually r$uc$ be=e ?ick5+ up1 ! rootlet dies (f2 & al?\gh increase ( temp]ature may occur1 ?is is accompani$ by little or no fur!r gr[? ( ! acrospire1 action be+ conf9$ to ! mell[+ ( ! gra9 by ! enzymes4 ,:5 ! malt is ready = load+ on ! kiln x %\ld be possible to break d[n ! cont5ts ( ea* corn betwe5 ! ?umb & f+]4 ,op9ions diff] z to :at ! f9al temp]ature on ! )]+ floor %\ld be4 ,if ! moi/ure cont5t ( ! malt be ab\t #ej1 ! piece mu/ be kept ?9 to avoid sweat+4 ,b "u ^! conditions mell[+ does n occur1 h5ce ! necessity ( r$uc+ ! moi/ure cont5t gradually aft] ! la/ spr9kl+ wat] has be5 giv54 ,:5 ! process has be5 conduct$ prop]ly ! temp]ature ( ! old piece may be all[$ to rise z high z #gj ,f4 dur+ ! six h\rs previ\s to load+4 ,! moi/ure cont5t ( ! gre5 malt :5 load$ %\ld n be mu* above #dj4 ,! endosp]m ( gre5 malt :i* is ready = ! kiln %\ld be s(t & mealy1 & %\ld n exude moi/ure :5 press$ betwe5 ! ?umb-nails1 b %\ld crumble & dis9tegrate to a *alky mass hav+ little or no adhesiv5ess4 ,! =ego+ obs]vations are n to be reg>d$ z h>d & fa/ rules1 b !y are simply int5d$ to give "s indications ( ! malt+ process :5 x proce$s on normal l9es2 x may be t on acc\nt ( ! pres5ce ( damag$ corns ! piece beg9s to develop m\ld by ab\t ! t5? day1 & x !n has to be kept ?9 & sometimes ev5 load$ on kiln prematurely4 ,! malt made = gra9 di/ill]s1 9 :i* a high dia/atic activity is requir$1 is manufactur$ on q diff]5t l9es f ^? above indicat$4 ,x is (t5 spr9kl$ late1 & load$ on kiln (t5 9 a sodd5 condition4 ,9 "s cases spr9kl+ on kiln is resort$ to1 b x is d\btful if ?is leads to ! desir$ object4 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ! small] ! corns--i4e4 ! great] numb] ( embryos 9 a giv5 weight--! high] ! dia/atic activity ( ! malt4 ,9 select+ a b>ley = ! production ( highly dia/atic malt1 ! dia/atic p[] ( ! orig9al raw gra9 is a factor ( great importance4 ,kiln+4--,:5 load$ on kiln1 malt int5d$ = brew+ ale & /\t is1 if prop]ly )]$1 9 a moribund condition2 nev]!less1 dur+ ! fir/ /ages ( ! kiln+ process a c]ta9 am\nt ( vital activity is manife/$1 & ! malt und]goes mell[+ by ! action ( enzymes on ! cont5ts ( ! endosp]m4 ,if ! malt be load$ :ile ! rootlets appe> fre% on acc\nt ( ! pres5ce ( too mu* moi/ure1 rapid gr[? ( ! acrospire ensues1 giv+ rise to ov]%ot corns1 kn[n 9 ,g]many z huss>s4 ,to *eck ?is ! moi/ure mu/ be rapidly remov$ by ! passage ( l>ge volumes ( air ?r\gh ! malt4 ,b "u su* circum/ances mell[+ does n occur4 ,! ideal conditions ( kiln+ are :5 ! malt has be5 prop]ly )]$ on ! floors be=e load+1 &1 assum+ t dry+ & cur+ occupy f\r days1 t #be-cj ( ! moi/ure be remov$ v gradually1 ?is occupy+ ! fir/ ?ree days1 at ! end ( :i* ! malt is said to be h&-dry4 ,! ?ickness at :i* ! malt is spread on ! kiln %\ld n exce$ #g-h 941 & until h&-dry 7t is to say1 r$uc$ to a moi/ure cont5t ( #ab-ae7 x %\ld n be turn$2 if mov$ at all 7& t only is necess>y :5 reek occurs71 x %\ld only be lightly =k$4 ,! rate at :i* ! temp]ature is rais$ dep5ds l>gely on ! k9d ( malt to be made & ! con/ruction ( ! kiln4 ,if high flav\r & col\r are requir$1 ^! are produc$ by keep+ ! malt = sev]al h\rs ne> a temp]ature ( #afj ,f4 :ile x /ill conta9s #ab-ae ( moi/ure4 ,if m ?an ?is am\nt ( moi/ure be pres5t :5 ! temp]ature rea*es ! limit j m5tion$1 ! conditions kn[n z /ew+ w\ld obta91 ) ! result t =c$ malt w\ld be produc$4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( col\r is produc$ at ! f9al temp]ature to :i* ! malt is rais$2 b :5 su* means are reli$ ^u = ! production ( ! great] "p ( ! col\r1 r$uction ( extract & defici5cy ( flav\r foll[1 ! col\r be+ !n almo/ exclusively ! result ( c>amelization ( ! c>bohydrates4 ,! s-call$ cur+ /age con/itutes ! la/ "p ( ! kiln+ process1 & ! malt mu/ !n be turn$ frequ5tly to ensure uni=mity ( action4 ,me*anical turn]s are exce$+ly useful = ?is purpose4 ,cur+ 9 a drum1 z 9 ! s-call$ pneumatic malt+ process 7see bel[71 also effects satisfactory cur+4 ,! foll[+ table w give an idea ( ! kiln+ temp]atures usually employ$ = ! ?ree k9ds ( malt m5tion$1 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ^! temp]atures are l>gely regulat$ by ! con/ruction ( ! kiln & ! am\nt ( draught available4 ,9 ?is connexion x may be m5tion$ t ! f9al cur+ temp]ature is n necess>ily a crit]ion ( ! t9t ( ! malt4 ,a malt may h be5 f9i%$ (f at a v high temp]ature & /ill be a pale malt1 provid$ ! moi/ure p]c5tage has be5 suffici5tly r$uc$ 9 ! initial /ages ( kiln+4 ,runn+ ,pale ,malt4 ,ale ,malt4 ,amb] ,malt4 #a/ day temp4 #ij-ajj ,f4 #ij-ajj ,f4 #ij-ajj ,f4 #bnd #ajj-abj #ajj-abj #ajj-acj #crd #abj-acj7aj hrs47 #abj-acj7 #f hrs47 #acj-aej7 #f hrs47 #crd #acj-ahj7 #h 7 #acj-aej7ab 7 #aej-afj7ab 7 #crd #ahj-aij7 #f 7 #aej-ahj7 #f 7 #afj-ahj7 #f 7 #d? drop to #agj7ab 7 #ahj-aij7ab 7 #ahj-bjj7ab 7 #d? #aij-bjj7 #f 7 #bjj-bbj7 #f 7 #d? drop to #ahj7 #f 7 drop to #aij7 #f 7 ,! av]age laboratory values obta9$ f malts ( ! descriptions aft] ab\t two mon?s' /orage %\ld be z foll[s3-- ,runn+ ,pale ,malt4 ,ale ,malt4 ,amb] ,malt4 ,extract p] /&>d qu>t] ( #ccf lb4 #ie-ih lb4 #id-if lb4 #id-if lb4 ,moi/ure ab\t #b4j 9 ea* case ,dia/atic activity 7,l9tn]7 #cj-ce #bj-cj #h-aj ,t9t 7,lovibond #eb s]ies neutral7 #c-e #f-h #bj-be ,metabolic ,*anges4--,all ?r\gh ! malt+ process metabolic *anges are proce$+1 9 :i* bo? c>bohydrates & protens are conc]n$4 ,9 its re/+ /age ! embryo ( a b>leycorn is g5]ally free f />*2 z soon z g]m9ation sets 91 h[ev]1 />* appe>s 9 ! scutellum1 :ile ! am\nt ( sucrose !re pres5t increases1 ^! be+ app>5tly =m$ f maltose orig9at+ f ! action ( dia/ase on ! />* ( ! endosp]m4 ,sucrose also augm5ts 9 ! aleurone lay]1 b />* is nev] =m$ 9 ! aleurone cells4 ,^! *anges occur :5 ! malt is fir/ load$ on kiln2 inde$1 at no "p ( ! malt+ process is !re great] physiological activity4 ,kiln+ has be5 specially /udi$ by ,j4 ,grss1 :o divides ! process into f\r /ages1 ! fir/ be+ t at :i* ! temp]ature limit is #aac ,f4 ,x is *>act]iz$ by a cont9uation ( ! liv+ processes1 especially gr[? ( ! acrospire1 :i*1 z already /at$1 proce$s too f> if ! malt be load$ too wet4 ,9 any case ! rootlet dies away4 ,! metabolism ( ! c>bohydrates already m5tion$ is accompani$ by t ( ! nitrog5\s con/itu5ts1 ! res]ve proten ( ! sub-aleurone lay] be+ attack$ by proteolytic enzymes & brok5 d[n into simpl] comp\nds4 ,?is is a mo/ important matt] f ! po9t ( view ( ! brew+ value ( b>ley1 = ! degradation products ( ! protens are necess>y con/itu5ts ( wort z yea/ food4 ,moreov]1 unless prop] modification ( ^! proten bodies occurs x is impossible to produce t5d] malt4 ,a b>ley :i* conta9s a high p]c5tage ( res]ve proten is z a rule unfitt$ = malt+ purposes1 & inde$1 ! high] ! proten cont5t ! great] ! difficulty ! malt/] exp]i5ces 9 deal+ ) x4 ,proten hydrolysis requires ! pres5ce ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( moi/ure1 & if ?is be remov$ too rapidly by a =c$ draught at ! e>ly /ages ( kiln+ ! proteolytic enzymes _c p]=m _! function4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! gra9 be load$ 9 too moi/ a condition1 & ! temp]ature be rais$ too quickly1 ! proteolytic enzymes lose _! activity & ! protens rema9 = ! mo/ "p unattack$4 ,:5 g]m9ation is all[$ to proce$ on ! kiln too great degradation ( ! proten occurs1 & ! malt is liable to produce fretty be]s1 on acc\nt ( ! pres5ce ( an excessive am\nt ( nitrog5\s nutritive matt]1 :i* leads to ! developm5t ( disease organisms4 ,! second /age ( ! kiln+ process1 accord+ to ,grss1 is t at :i* ! temp]atures range f #aac to #afg ,f4 ,! life ( ! corn is n[ susp5d$1 b enzymatic processes cont9ue4 ,! />* is fur!r sac*>ifi$1 & ! divid+ l9e ( ! aleurone lay] at ! furr[ is attack$1 z are also ! cell walls ( ! endosp]m1 :i* are /ill intact1 ^! be+ p>tially conv]t$ into gummy sub/ances4 ,?is *ange1 h[ev]1 also requires ! pres5ce ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( moi/ure4 ,if too mu* air be pass$ ?r\gh ! malt at ?is /age ! above-nam$ divid+ p>tition ( ! cell walls is n attack$4 ,! air may exp& ! gra9 to "s ext5t & produce malt ( a l[ bu%el weight1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is n prop]ly modifi$ & _c give satisfactory results 9 practice4 ,dur+ ! ?ird /age ( kiln+1 an enzyme1 :i* ,grss claims to h recogniz$1 & :i* he d5otes sp]moxidase1 is said to ex]t its activity4 ,s*nfeld has confirm$ ! discov]ies ( ,grss by practical exp]im5ts4 ,fuel4--,! fuel us$ = dry+ & cur+ malt is ei!r an?racite or coke1 & ! greate/ c>e is necess>y 9 select+ x on acc\nt ( its liability to conta9 ars5ic1 :i* is to a great] or less ext5t an inv>iable con/itu5t ( all coal4 ,! fuel us$ = malt+ purposes %\ld n conta9 m ars5ic ?an 7#a_/bj7? gra9 p] lb4 ,gas coke %\ld on no acc\nt be us$1 unless x has be5 prov$ to be suffici5tly free f ars5ic2 b ! be/ ov5 coke frequ5tly conta9s s little ars5ic t x may be employ$ ) p]fect safety1 especially if x be mix$ ) a proportion 7e4g4 #e7 ( milk ( lime1 :i* reta9s ! ars5ic z calcium ars5ate4 ,9 ,g]many malt is1 z a rule1 dri$ & cur$ ) hot air1 :il/ 9 ,great ,brita9 ! products ( combu/ion are pass$ ?r\gh ! malt1 z x is believ$ t !y ex]t a b5eficial influ5ce on ! flav\r4 ,! proportion ( fuel us$ = dry+ & cur+ malt v>ies accord+ to ! quality ( ! fuel & ! con/ruction ( ! kiln1 b on an av]age x may be plac$ at #ej-hj lb4 p] qu>t]4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,sykes ,l+1 ,pr9ciples & ,practice ( ,brew+ 7#aijg71 ,*>les ,griff9 ,co41 ,ltd4 ,fig4 #i4--;,diagrammatic view ( pneumatic malt+1 %[+ pneumatic wa%+ & /eep+ ci/]ns4 ,/or+4--,aft] ! malt has pass$ ?r\gh ! cur+ /age x is g5]ally heap$ up = a few h\rs4 ,?is is believ$ to increase its flav\r4 ,! malt is !n /ripp$ f ! kiln1 & ! rootlets1 te*nically kn[n z ! coombs1 are remov$4 ,=m]ly ?is 0 effect$ by workm5 tread+ ! malt1 :o wore heavy boots = ! purpose4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 h[ev]1 ! rootlets are usually remov$ by ma*9]y1 special =ms ( :i* h be5 devis$ = ?is z well z = dress+ & poli%+ ! malt4 ,x is ! cu/om ( "s malt/]s to /ore malt ) ! rootlets /ill atta*$2 b ?is is an objectionable practice1 s9ce malt coombs attract moi/ure1 & ! pres5ce ( m ?an #c ( moi/ure 9 malt produces ! condition kn[n z slackness4 ,:5 ! malt is pack$ 9 b9 x is (t5 cov]$ ) a lay] ( coombs1 :i* !n prev5t access ( atmosph]ic moi/ure4 ,malt1 to pres]ve its good qualities intact1 %\ld be /or$ 9 b9s made z ne>ly z possible air-tight1 & x %\ld nev] be plac$ 9 b9 until x is q cool4 ,x is probably wrong to /ore malt 9 b9s adjac5t to ! kilns1 :]e x is kept at a high] temp]ature ?an t ( ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e4 ,dur+ /orage ( ! malt a k9d ( mell[+ occurs1 ! me*anism ( :i* is n und]/ood4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 kn[n by practical brew]s t ! be/ results _c be obta9$ :5 new malt is us$4 ,premature ,malt+4--,sev]al ye>s ago ,gall& sugge/$ g]m9at+ b>ley 9 a drum1 8 idea be+ to d away ) h&l+ ( ! gra91 & also to be indep5d5t ( *anges ( atmosph]ic temp]ature4 ,! late/ developm5t ( ?is sy/em1 ! s-call$ ,gall&-,h5n+ process ( pneumatic malt+1 has be5 improv$ by ,mr ,r4 ,blair ,rob]tson1 & a diagrammatic view ( ! int]ior ( "o ( ^! malt+s1 %[+ ! drums & conical /eep+ ci/]ns1 is %[n 9 fig4 #i4 ,! drums are provid$ ) a p]=at$ *annel = ! passage ( air ?r\gh ! malt1 :i* is pack$ 9 ! annul> space betwe5 ?is *annel & outside wall ( ! drum4 ,ea* drum is capable ( revolv+ on its axis1 & !re are arrangem5ts = pass+ ei!r moi/1 saturat$ or dry air ?r\gh ! malt4 ,! sy/em z n[ improv$ is capable ( produc+ "s ( ! be/ malt1 especially if1 aft] g]m9ation has be5 complet$ 9 ! drums1 ! gre5 malt is load$ on an ord9>y kiln & ! initial /ages ( kiln+ 7see above7 conduct$ 9 ! usual way2 ! cur+1 h[ev]1 may be c>ri$ out successfully 9 a special =m ( drum4 ,yield & ,weight4--,! malt+ process is att5d$ ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( loss ( dry sub/ance ( ! b>ley1 z foll[s3-- ,9 ! /eep #a4e to #b4j ,by respiration on floors & on kilns #c4j #e4j ,coombs #c4j #d4j --- ----- ,total #g4e #aa4j ,9 addition to ?is1 b>ley1 z already m5tion$1 conta9s f #ae to #bj ( moi/ure1 :]eas f9i%$ malt conta9s #a to #b4 ,! total loss 9 weight :i* b>ley und]goes 9 ! malt+ process may be put d[n at f #ag to #bh4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 malt is light] ?an b>ley 7& ! quantity ( bo? 0 9 =m] ye>s measur$ exclusively by volume71 x frequ5tly happ5s t a giv5 numb] ( qu>t]s ( b>ley yields a l>g] numb] ( qu>t]s ( f9i%$ malt4 ,:5 ?is happ5s x is usual to speak ( an increase hav+ be5 obta9$4 ,at ! pres5t "t weight replaces measure = bo? b>ley & malt1 & al?\gh x is usual to speak ( ! quantity ( gra9 9 t]ms ( qu>t]s1 :at is meant is n ! measur$ qu>t]1 b s _m weigh$ /&>d qu>t]s4 ,! /&>d qu>t] = ,engli% malt+ b>ley is #ddh lb4 & = malt #ccf lb4 ,f ?is x w be se5 t :5 a giv5 numb] ( weigh$ qu>t]s ( b>ley yields ! same numb] ( qu>t]s ( f9i%$ malt1 ! actual yield is #ge1 & !re is !n said to be nei!r increase nor decrease4 ,z a rule1 9 practical work+ ! yield ( malt v>ies f a #d decrease to a #aj increase1 correspond+ to an actual yield on ! orig9al b>ley ( #gb to #hb4e4 ,j4 ,bav]/ock1 an old writ]1 says t f9i%$ malt %\ld weigh "o-fif? less ?an ! b>ley f :i* x is produc$4 ,?is corresponds to a malt+ increase ( ab\t #g1 :i* is a high yield4 ,z a rule1 =eign b>ley w give a great] malt+ increase ?an ,engli% b>ley1 because1 on ! "o h&1 ! =m] usually conta9s less moi/ure ?an ! latt]1 &1 fur!r1 because !re is less loss on ! floors by respiration & rootlet gr[?4 ,! yield ( malt f b>ley may be det]m9$ 9 ! laboratory 9 an extremely simple mann]4 ,s9ce e gra9 ( b>ley mu/ yield a gra9 ( malt1 if we "k ! respective weights ( a def9ite numb] ( b>ley & malt gra9s1 provid$ t ?is numb] is l>ge en\gh to repres5t ! av]age1 !n obvi\sly ?is gives ! data requisite = calculat+ ! yield ( malt f b>ley4 ,! numb] ( corns ! weight ( :i* is det]m9$ = ?is purpose is usually #ajjj1 & if ! weight ( ?is numb] be det]m9$ on sev]al diff]5t #ajjj corns1 ! av]age w closely approximate to ! tru?4 ,in/ead ( c\nt+ ! corns by h&1 an in/rum5t may be us$ = ?is purpose4 ,if #ajjj corns ( a b>ley 7 f\nd to weigh #db grammes1 & #ajjj corns ( a f9i%$ malt f ! same b>ley #cb grammes1 !n ! yield ( malt is 7#cb #ajj7_/db #gf4a1 ?is correspond+ to a #a increase4 ,assum+ t ! moi/ure cont5t ( ! b>ley 0 #ae & t ( ! f9i%$ malt #b1 #ajj grammes ( malt w conta9 #b grammes ( moi/ure1 & #gf4a grammes w conta9 7#gf4a #b7_/ajj #a4e grammes moi/ure2 !re=e #gf4a grammes ( malt conta9 #gf4a - #a4e #gd4f grammes ( dry matt]4 ,?is 0 obta9$ f #ajj - #ae #he grammes ( b>ley dry sub/ance4 ,h5ce #ajj p>ts ( b>ley dry sub/ance w yield 7#gd4f #ajj7_/he #hg4g correspond+ ) a loss ( dry sub/ance equal to #ab4e ( ! dry sub/ance ( ! b>ley1 or ) a loss ( #aj4g on ! b>ley conta9+ #ae ( moi/ure4 ,! results obta9$ by ?is me?od ( laboratory control :5 x is accurately c>ri$ out agree v closely ) ^? d$uc$ f ! practical results ( weigh+ ! b>ley1 malt & coombs 9 ! malt+4 ,special ,malts4--,9 addition to ! k9ds ( malt consid]$ 9 :at prec$es1 !re are o!rs mo/ly us$ = imp>t+ specific flav\rs & col\r to be]s & /\t4 ,^! are cry/al malt1 imp]ial malt1 br[n or bl[n malt1 & black or roa/$ malt4 ,cry/al malt is gr[n = a %ort5$ p]iod on ! floors1 & !n plac$ 9 a wire cyl9d]1 :i* is rotat$ ov] a fire s t x is dri$ at a v high temp]ature4 ,! weight p] qu>t] is f #bej to #bhj lb4 ,imp]ial malt is dri$ (f on an ord9>y kiln at a f9al temp]ature ( #bdj-bgj ,f41 b x is n all[$ ! usual l5g? ( "t on ! )]+ floor4 ,x is plac$ on ! dry+ kiln 9 a lay] n exce$+ "o in* & a half 9 ?ickness4 ,a mod]ate heat f burnt wood is fir/ appli$ until ! bulk ( ! moi/ure has be5 driv5 (f1 :5 ! temp]ature is sudd5ly rais$ s t ! gra9s swell "s #be & ! malt takes up a /rong empyreumatic flav\r f ! products ( combu/ion4 ,?is k9d ( malt weighs #bgj-cjj lb4 p] qu>t]4 ,black or roa/$ malt is prep>$ by roa/+ malt 9 a cyl9d]4 ,=d /ates t p]fectly malt$ corn gives a col\r ( less int5sity & p]man5ce ?an does p>tially malt$ corn1 & ?is has be5 confirm$ by o!r obs]v]s4 ,a c]ta9 quantity ( ! s-call$ black malt is actually made f raw b>ley1 b ?is gives a product ( inf]ior flav\r4 ,! weight p] qu>t] ( black malt v>ies z mu* z f #bae to #bij lb4 ,valuation4--,= ! valuation ( malt ! foll[+ det]m9ations are usually c>ri$ out3 ,extract p] /&>d qu>t]1 moi/ure1 dia/atic activity by ! ,l9tn] process1 t9t1 & matt]s soluble 9 cold wat]4 ,! physical exam9ation ( malt is also a matt] ( importance1 inasmu* z direct evid5ce is obta9$ !reby ( ! modification ( ! malt4 ,among ! me?ods adopt$ = ?is purpose may be m5tion$ c\nt+ ! p]c5tage ( corns 9 :i* ! acrospire has gr[n up to "o-half1 two-?irds & ?ree-f\r?s ! entire l5g? ( ! corn4 ,9 prop]ly made malt ! modification ( ! endosp]m %\ld proce$ p>i passu ) ! gr[? ( ! acrospire4 ,! s9k] te/ is also useful :5 c>ri$ out 9 an intellig5t mann]4 ,^? corns :i* s9k 9 wat] & lie flat are improp]ly modifi$4 ,normal malt has a specific gravity less ?an wat] & ! corns h equal d5sity ?r\gh\t2 consequ5tly !y float horizontally 9 wat]4 ,9 =c$ samples ! proximal ends are frequ5tly light] ?an ! di/al ends1 & ! corns float horizontally 9 wat]1 ) ! g]m direct$ upw>ds4 ,! latt]1 h[ev]1 may 9 "s cases fill ) wat]1 & ! corns lie flat or s9k4 ,?is is a *>act]i/ic ( ov]-modifi$ malt4 ,x w be se5 f ^! rem>ks t x is ess5tial to c>ry out ! s9k] te/ "u /&>d conditions4 ,! modification ( ! malt may also be det]m9$ by means ( ! diaphanoscope already ref]r$ to "u ,b>ley4 ,,bibliography4--,m4 ,m4 ,w4 ,baird1 ,j\rn4 ,in/4 ,brew+ 7#aije71 #aa1 #dca2 ,j4 ,l4 ,bak]1 ,j\rn4 ,*em4 ,soc4 ,trans4 7#aijb71 #ha1 #aagg2 ,! ,brew+ ,indu/ry2 ,j4 ,l4 ,bak] & ,w4 ,d4 ,dick1 ,j\rn4 ,in/4 ,brew+ 7#aije71 #aa1 #chj2 ,j4 ,bav]/ock1 ,treatise on ,brew+ & ,malt+ 7#ahbd72 ,e4 ,s4 ,beav51 ,j\rn4 ,f$4 ,in/4 ,brew+ 7#aijb71 #h1 #edb2 ,r4 ,h4 ,biff51 ,j\rn4 ,in/4 ,brew+ 7#aijf71 #ab1 #cff2 ,bo>d ( ,agriculture & ,fi%]ies 7,leaflet #adi72 ,a4 ,j4 ,br[n1 ,annals ( ,botany 7#aijg71 #ba1 #gi2 ,h4 ,t4 ,br[n & ,g4 ,h4 ,morris1 ,j\rn4 ,*em4 ,soc4 ,trans4 7#ahij71 #eg1 #deh2 ,h4 ,t4 ,br[n & o!rs1 ,trans4 ,gu9ness ,rese>* ,lab4 7#aijc71 vol4--pt4 ,i4 7#aijf71 pt4 ,,ii42 ,m4 ,delbrck1 ,j\rn4 ,in/4 ,brew+ 7#aijf71 #ab1 #fdb2 ,=d1 ,a ,treatise on ,malt+ 7#ahdi72 ,c4 ,graham1 ,cantor ,lectures1 ,society ( ,arts 7#ahgd72 ,j4 ,grss1 ,wo*5s*rift fr ,brau]ei 7#ahie71 #ab1 #abeg2 7#ahif71 #ac1 #gbi2 7#ahig71 #ad1 #cba1 #dji2 7#ahih71 #ae1 #ha1 #bfi2 7#ahii71 #af1 #eai1 #fba2 7#aijb71 #ai1 #bdc2 ,w4 ,johanns51 ,rsum4 ,comptes r5dus trav4 lab4 ,c>lsb]g 7#ahhd71 #b1 #fj2 ,a4 ,r4 ,l+1 ,brew]s' ,j\rnal 7#aijd71 #dj1 #gda2 ,e4 ,j4 ,mills & ,j4 ,b4 ,pettigrew1 ,j\rn4 ,*em4 ,soc4 ,trans4 7#ahhb71 #da1 #ch2 ,e4 ,r4 ,moritz1 ,j\rn4 ,f$4 ,in/4 ,brew+ 7#ahie71 #a1 #bbh2 ,e4 ,r4 ,moritz & ,g4 ,h4 ,morris1 ,a ,textbook ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,brew+ 7#ahia72 ,j4 ,m4 ,h4 ,munro & ,e4 ,s4 ,beav51 ,j\rn4 ,roy4 ,agric4 ,soc4 7#aijj71 #aa1 pt4 ,,ii41 #e2 ,t4 ,b4 ,osborne1 ,report ( ,connecticut ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation 7#ahid72 ,h4 ,/opes1 ,malt & ,malt+ 7#ahie72 ,w4 ,j4 ,sykes & ,a4 ,r4 ,l+1 ,pr9ciples & ,practice ( ,brew+ 7#aijg72 ,h4 ,van ,la] ,bull4 de la soc4 *im4 de ,belgique 7#aije71 #ccg2 ,r4 ,wahl1 ,am]4 ,brew]s' ,rev4 7#aijd71 #ah1 #hi4 7,a4 ,r4 ,l4997